,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,creation3 ,,by ,,john ,,&]son1 ,d4,d4 ,,) ,a ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,t]ms4 8,9 ^! morn+-days ( exi/5ce1 ,nature at once /amp$1 ) h] pla/ic h&1 h] l9eam5ts ( beauty & adaptation on ev]y?+ %e made4 ,!re is no?+ omitt$ to be aft]w>d suppli$--no?+ =m$ defective 9 a s+le "p or organ t requir$ to be correct$4 ,! fir/ discov]ies 9 ,geology at once speak conclusively ( a plan or ,c\rse ( ,creation devis$ f ! beg9n+--a p[]1 n delegat$1 b l9k$ =ev] ) ! fir/ intellig5t ,cause--a _w1 ?r\gh all its *anges1 cont9ually presid$ ov] & rul$ by ,him :o made x40 ,,c9c9nati3 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,moore ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #aah ,,ma9 ,,/reet4 #ahea4 ,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahea1 by ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,moore ,,co41 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt = ! ,di/rict ( ,ohio4 ,e4 ,,morgan ,,co41 ,,/]eotyp]s1 ,,pr9t]s ,,& ,,b9d]s1 #aaa ,,ma9 ,,/reet4 ,,preface4 ,x is no mitigation ( an au?or's tem]ity 9 publi%+1 t he c say = himself he _h no int5tion1 :5 collect+ & arrang+ 8 mat]ials1 ( ev] submitt+ !m to ! eye ( ! public1 or ( provok+ criticism by 8 speculations4 ,c]ta9 x is1 h[ev]1 ,i h (t51 & ) sev]ity at times1 que/ion$ myself z to ! propriety ( my geological pursuits1 my ard5t love ( !m1 & _! compatibility ) ! /rict dis*>ge ( pr(essional duty4 ,my answ] g5]ally 01 ,i s\ght n ^! ?+s ( !mselves2 !y 7 hung up & display$ be=e me1 :]ev] ,i w5t on pleasure1 on bus9ess1 or on duty4 ,i simply inquir$ aft] _! names2 & ( all ! geological ph5om5a t h pass$ "u my review1 ,i c safely affirm ( !m1 9 _! d>ke/1 deepe/ places1 !y h uni=mly l$ me 8f nature up to nature's ,god10 & h inscrib$ ^u !m 9 brighte/ *>act]s--,,b5$ictum ,,sit ,,nom5 ,,dei4 ,h[ (t51 ,i h argu$1 9 ! leisure h\rs ( life d we f9d m5 idl+ away _! "t1 wa/+ x 9 va9 talk1 or consum+ x 9 ! mo/ trifl+ pursuits1 :5 a mo/ int]e/+ bran* ( sci5ce c be le>n$ by w&]+ ov] ! gre5 fields1 ! rocky dell1 ! m\nta9 side1 or by ! walk at ev5-tide1 & !re to hold conv]se ) ! ,creator's works & ! records ( 8 w8 ,i h recall$ ! li/ ( great & good m51 ^: names are imp]i%ably connect$ ) ! sci5ce ( geology1 :o h giv5 mu* ( _! "t to ^! rese>*es1 & :o h reap$ laurels f _! discov]ies4 ,c ,buckl&1 ,conybe>e1 ,s$gwick1 ,sumn]1 ,smi?1 ,flem+1 & ,*alm]s--all ei!r explor]s or expositors--& o!r em95t div9es1 h be5 engag$ 9 improp] pursuits1 or h giv5 ! sanction ( _! au?ority to t5ets & views connect$ ) ! s*eme ( nature t d n accord ) ! religi\s pr9ciple8 ,(t5 on su* occasions h ,i dwelt ^u1 & comp>$ ) my own humble pursuits1 ! l(ty & impassion$ descriptions ( ! ,psalmi/1 :]e1 sometimes 9 a s+le piece1 he takes a magnific5t sweep ( ! great ma/]-keys ( creation--! f\ndations ( ! /eadfa/ e>?--! c\rse ( ! fluid wat]s--! revolutions ( ! sun & moon--! vicissitude ( ! seasons--! habits & in/9cts ( ! l[] animals--! e>?quake & volcano--& all recit$ z demon/rations ( ,div9e wisdom & goodness1 & all calculat$ to awak5 & to su/a9 ! devotional feel+s ( ! he>t4 ,hav+1 "u ! influ5ce ( su* impressions1 ga!r$1 & n[ put toge!r 9 ?is =m1 ! notes ( my rese>*es1 ,i d n mean to av] t ,i h visit$ e locality ref]r$ to1 or p]sonally obs]v$ ev]y?+ notic$ 9 ! publication4 ,:]e s mu* has be5 done by o!rs ,i h c>efully exam9$ _! works4 ,:]e ! field is s b\ndless1 & ! c\rse ( illu/ration necess>ily s discursive1 ,i h freely made use ( _! collect$ mat]ials4 ,/ill1 ,i h be5 *iefly induc$ to adopt ! l9e ( description f ! ,grampians to ! ,alps1 because1 at sundry ?\gh (t5 di/ant p]iods1 ,i h exam9$ ! v>i\s suites ( rocks compris$ betwixt ^! m\nta9 b\nd>ies4 ,if !re be any novelty 9 ! volume1 x w be f\nd1 n 9 ! subject-matt] itself nor 9 ! mode ( treat+ x1 b by foll[+ ! geographical sequ5ce 9 ! descriptions ( ! sev]al geological =mations1 & _! relations to ea* o!r 9 ! c\ntries pass$ ov]4 ,i h to express my ackn[l$gm5ts to ,messrs4 ,w4 & ,r4 ,*amb]s = a consid]able numb] ( ! figures conta9$ 9 ! volume1 & :i* h already appe>$ 9 "o or o!r ( _! num]\s publications4 ,to ,mr4 ,david ,page1 ?an :om ,i d n "k a bett] practical geologi/1 ,i am indebt$ = mu* valuable in=mation1 glean$ by him 9 an ext5sive acqua9tance ) mo/ ( ! gr\nd pass$ "u review4 ,! errors ( ! volume are my own1 & ^!1 ,i d\bt n1 9 a sci5ce subject to su* daily mutations & receiv+ daily su* additions z ! sci5ce ( geology1 w be f\nd nei!r few nor v5ial4 ,,newburgh ,,manse1 ,may1 #ahej4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i4 ,,geology ,,( ,,scotl&4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introductory--,g5]al ,sket* ( ! ,sci5ce1 #ac ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,prim>y ,sy/em4--,b5-,mac-,dhui4--,! ,grampians1 #bb ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,silurian ,sy/em4--,fir/ ,traces ( ,organic ,life1 #cd ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,devonian ,sy/em4--,fossils ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 #dc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,yell[ ,s&/one4--,dura ,d5--,fossils (1 #fb ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,trap ,rocks4--,! ,sidlaws & ,o*ils1 #gi ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s ,sy/em4--,p]iod ( ,gigantic ,vegetables1 #ic ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s ,sy/em--cont9u$4--,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,coal4--,! ,great ,coal-,field ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,virg9ia1 & ,ohio4--,coal ,deposits ( ,k5tucky1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 & ,mi*igan4--,economic ,hi/ory ( ,coal4--,conditions ( ,=mation1 #aae ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,geological ,/ructure ( ,fife%ire1 #acb ,,*apt] ,x4 ,geology ( ,ed9burgh & its ,environs4--,mid-,lo?ian ,coal-,bas94--,! ,p5tl&s1 #ach ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,lamm]muirs4--,! ,bord] ,l&4--,reptilian ,foot-,pr9ts 9 ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,p5nsylvania4--,g5]al ,/ructure ( ,scotl&1 #aej ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,geology ,,( ,,engl&4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,g5]al ,sket*4--,geology ( ! ,lake ,di/rict1 #afj ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,p]mian ,sy/em4--,! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one4--,foot-,pr9ts ne> ,pottsville1 ,p5nsylvania--,9 ,connecticut1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,virg9ia4--,rock-,salt4--,exhumation ( imm5se ,skeletons ( ,birds1 #afh ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,oolite ,sy/em4--,p]iod ( ,gigantic ,reptiles1 #ahc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,weald5 ,=mation--,rem>kable ,fossils (1 #aih ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,cretace\s ,sy/em4--,g5]al ,reflections1 #bjf ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,t]ti>y ,sy/em--,eoc5e & ,mioc5e ,=mations (4--,london ,bas91 #baf ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,mammo? ,p]iod4--,rema9s (1 on ,banks ( ,miss\ri4--,conclud+ ,rem>ks1 #bbi ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,france ,,& ,,switz]l&4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,physical ,union ( ,france ) ,engl&4--,bas9s ( ,p>is & ! ,loire4--,volcanic ,di/rict ( ,c5tral ,france--,auv]gne1 #bda ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,geological ,/ructure ( ,switz]l&--,! ,alps--,mont ,blanc--,b[ld] ,=mation--,glaci]s1 #bfe ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,?ickness ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/4--,c5tral ,heat--,!ories (1 #bgi ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,rsum1 #bhf ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,!ories ( ,organic ,life--8,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation10 #bic ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,analogical ,ord]--,physical & ,moral--( ,progression1 #caa ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,ext9ction ( ,organic ,life1 #cbj ,,*apt] ,v4 ,"t1 & ! ,geological ,epo*s1 #cbh ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,mosaic ,acc\nt ( ,creation--,geology1 h[ reconcilable )1 #cdh ,,conclusion4 ,,! ,,creator1 #cff ,gloss>y1 #cgg ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,creation4 ,,geology ,,( ,,scotl&4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,geology is t bran* ( sci5ce :i* compreh5ds ! k ( all t relates to ! =m1 /ructure1 m9]al & fossil con/itu5ts1 ( ! e>?4 ,! ,scotti% ,grampians1 x is g5]ally admitt$1 =m "p ( ! l[e/ sections ( its cru/1 to :i* ! rese>*es ( geologi/s ext5d4 ,we mu/ g to o!r c\ntries = any coeval1 &1 to ,nor? ,am]ica = any old]1 compet+ l&3 & /ill1 !re1 ! rocks are ( ! same m9]al qualities & arrangem5t4 ,! ,b5-,mac-,dhui gr\p =m ! highe/ & mo/ prom95t masses 9 ! :ole range ( ^! cry/all9e m\nta9s4 ,:5 ,i fir/ /ood on ! broad flat top ( ,b5-,mac-,dhui1 ,i _h no ?\ght or purpose ( ev] record+ its geological hi/ory4 ,! excursion 0 und]tak5 simply = recreation1 & a delightful "o x prov$4 ,i long$ to plunge into ! deep recesses ( ! old =e/1 & to see ! trees :i* nature _h /rew$ ) c>eless h&1 ere1 p]haps1 ,cal$onia 0 t5ant$ by ! human family4 ,i look$ d[n f its rugg$ sides1 z ,i asc5d$1 ) awe & wond]--snat*$ a little alp9e z ,i drew brea? = ! next spr+--*ipp$ a piece ( granite z ,i obta9$ a foot+ ov] a yawn+ *asm1 or brea/$ along by jagg$ precipit\s defile1--& :51 hav+ fairly scal$ ! summit1 ,i gaz$ out ^u ! _w b5ea?1 ! feel+ :i* = a mom5t flitt$ across my m9d 0 "o ( no m]ely va9 complac5cy1 t ,i 0 !n ! mo/ elevat$ subject ( all ! tw5ty-six or tw5ty-sev5 millions inhabit+ ! ,briti% ,isl&s--& ! l[e/1 too1 9 _! /ony regions6 ,! m\nta9s ( ! e>? s]ve to inspire "s ( ! l(tie/ s5tim5ts t c fill ! brea/ ( its intellig5t inhabitants4 ,imbosom$ 9 _! deep solitudes1 man feels 8 own littl5ess1 & is =c$ to inquire :o made ^! wond]s1 & :o su/a9s !m8 ,we are all ! bett]1 morally speak+1 = leav+ occasionally our daily-trodd5 haunts1 :]e we see only human ?+s1 & he> only ( ! triumphs ( human craft1 ! excitem5t ( human passions1 ! littl5ess & vanity ( ev5 ! noble/ human d>+4 ,!re is an image ( ,jehovah's greatness impress$ ^u ! outw>d face ( nature1 :i* = a "t w awak5 & su/a9 ! mo/ salut>y reflections1 brea?+1 z x 71 a new life into ! s\l ( ! wayf>]4 ,a man escapes f himself1 =gett+ ! burd5 ( a ?\s& petty c>es1 & ris+ above 8 s5sual condition1 :5 he looks ^u ! physical _w 9 ^! its gr&] features & seclud$ sc5es1 :i* irresi/ibly speak to ! inn] s5se ( div9ity1 wisdom1 & omnipot5ce4 ,! philosophy ( ! m\nta9s1 9 ! classic ages ( ,greece & ,rome1 incl9$ b little to any analysis ( _! gross] mat]ials ( e>? & /one4 ,! poetic & ideal 7 exclusively associat$ ) _! /ructures & =m4 ,! dii majores dwelt ^u1 & ?und]$ f1 _! l(ty summits4 ,! cl\ds hov]$ 9 peaceful maje/y ov] _! c\ncil ( sage or fi]ce debate4 ,! elem5ts 7 ! ready m9i/]s ( _! w2 & ,oreads1 ,dryads1 & ,naiads1 peopl+ all ! hills1 =e/s1 & /reams1 7 ! creations ( t pr9ciple ( ! inn] man1 :i* has always se>*$ = ! spiritual beh9d & beyond ! tangible attributes ( ,nature4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! gnomes ( ! cav]ns1 ! spirits ( ! mi/s1 ! fairies ( ! gl5s1 ! kelpies ( ! torr5ts1 7 all ! embodim5t ( =ms1 :i* fancy1 9 h] lat] sup]/itions1 has ca/ ar\nd ! m\nta9 l&scape1 ) ! wit*]y at once ( ! t]rible & beautiful4 ,! *>m t spell-b\nd ! human m9d = ages1 is n dissolv$ :51 ) rud] int5t1 we trav]se ^! rocky solitudes1 li/5+ to ! e*o ( our ob$i5t hamm]1 le>n+ ! secrets ( ! univ]se amid/ ! voices ( ! ev]la/+ hills1 & see+ ! wond]s ( ! mat]ial _w ?r[+ light on ! wond]s ( ! spiritual4 ,we are rem9d$1 among ! m\nta9s1 ( "o ( ! fir/ & lovelie/ ( all mat]ial ?+s1 ! creation ( light4 ,lov+ !m = _! own sakes1 z well z = ! leg5ds ( ! old _w ) :i* !y are ev]y:]e inscrib$1 ! geologi/ takes to ! hills ) ! fir/ fa9t fre% /reak ( dawn4 ,em]g+ ) e>lie/ day f ! somb] %ades ( ! =e/ :i*1 l night1 inve/s ! prospects ) its own sadness & gloom1 spe$ily a sc5e ( joy & activity bur/s ^u ! sight4 ,! light comes ^u y l a real tangible ?+4 ,y see x gl9t+ & break+ on ! l(ty ridge1 !n ne>+ d[n along ! br[n slope ( ! m\nta91 "h project+ 9 long bright l9es ?r\gh ! trees1 & !re--delici\s1 gold5 morn6 fir/-born ( ,nature's *ildr51 h>b+] ( life & gladness4 ,h[ beautiful are ?y fir/ foot/eps ^u ! hea?-clad m\nta9s6 ,:at a brood ( gloomy ?\ghts ?\ dispelle/1 *as+ !m be=e !e1 l yond] envi\s mi/s ris+ lazily f ! pla9s1 valleys1 & /reams1 :i* !y w\ld fa9 hide f ! eyes t n[ revel amid _! exub]ant lovel9ess4 ,^! l(ty peaks are wor?y alt>s = ! beacon-fires ( ! orb ( day1 aft] he has f9i%$ 8 j\rney ?r\gh ! nations2 & comes back to u1 ov] ! float+ spl5dor ( ! sea1 9 ! ea/]n heav5s4 ,& see6 he ha? lit a hundr$ on ^! spl9t]$ summits1 :i* blaze n[ z !y blaz$ c5turies ago1 & dim9i% n6 ,! view f ?is rem>kable gr\p ( m\nta9s--! mo/ rem>kable by f> 9 ! isl&--diff]s mu* f any o!r ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,! impressions at fir/ are all v confus$1 & "s "t is requir$ to resolve into di/9ct pictures ! wondr\s panorama be=e y4 ,we h /ood ^u ,skiddaw1 :]e ev]y?+ is cle>1 di/9ct1 & palpable 9 di/ance & =m2 on ,b5 ,lomond1 :]e ! f>-/ret* ( p]spective ov] lakes1 riv]s1 & pla9s1 is l a fir/ lesson 9 pa9t+2 on ,b5 ,law]s1 :]e ! eye sweeps rapidly ov] well kn[n1 famili> objects1 spots ( wood1 gl51 & mansion2 on ,b5 ,nevis1 :]e y fancy y\rself 9 mid-air1 e object is s sep>ate & ap>t1 & s dispos$ ! :ole y are look+ on1 t ! view is all d[nw>d ^u ! picture4 ,b "h1 ^! d>k giant masses cr[d z x 7 aga9/ y4 ,!re is a /ruggle = ! po/ ( elevation4 ,y are highe/1 no d\bt ( t2 b s jeal\s all are ^! pr\d somb] peaks1 t e "o seems to ov]look1 ?\gh yet actually b5ea?1 ! broad ample table-head ( ! c5t] ( ! gr\p4 ,sometimes "o is tempt$ to leap across ! n>r[ dells ( sep>ation1 & at once ma/] ! geology ( ! di/rict1 s ne> seems e hill-top z almo/ to be t\*$4 ,b z y approa* _! sev]al positions1 exp&+ valleys1 deep fa?omless *asms1 & ! *annels ( noble riv]s1 b> f>!r approa*1 & atte/ ! wide1 indep5d5t doma9s ( ea*4 ,!y are mon>*s e "o ( !m--,brae-,ria*1 ,cairn-,t\l1 ,cairn-,gorm1 ,b5-,avon1 ,b5-y-,b\rd--ea* holds 8 own regal c\rt1 ov] t>n1 lake1 & /ream2 torr5ts1 cat>acts1 & all ! appurt5ances ( ! bolde/ m\nta9 sc5]y4 ,aft] "o has "t to ga!r up 8 ?\ghts & p]ceptions1 ! sc5e resolves itself1 /ill inde$ z ( "o :ole1 b ( di/9ct compon5t p>ts4 ,9 ! f> di/ance y attempt 9 va9 to numb] ! peaks t ev]y:]e rise aga9/ ! sky l9e2 b m closely ar\nd1 five or six summits are se5 to spr+ f a s+le root2 a common circumf]5ce m>ks out ! limits ( ! gr\p2 &1 by no unreasonable lib]ty ) ! imag9ation1 y easily replace ! old mat]ials into ! vacant int]/ices1 be=e ! wat] _h begun its "w ( abrasion1 or ! e>?quake com+ to its assi/ance %iv]$ _! solid r\nd$ =ms into ^! hide\s1 precipit\s gorges & *asms4 ,! great hills "h /&1 e "o ( !m1 upw>d ( f\r ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea2 & :5 entire1 "o aggregat$ :ole1 z possibly !y orig9ally 71 ! c5t] mass may h t[]$ ?\s&s m into ! ov]hang+ firmam5t4 ,! sc5e is utt]ly unmat*$1 z x _c be describ$1 by any o!r 9 ,great ,brita93 & make y\r asc5t :5 y may1 !re are sights & objects to be met ) at e /ep1 9 e sali5t dell1 t w cause y ev]more to rejoice y comm5c$ y\r travels among ! ,aiguilles ( ,b5-,mui*-,dhui4 ,x is 9 ! great m\nta9 gr\ps t ! true key is to be f\nd to ! sci5ce ( geology1 z well z all ^? collat]al circum/ances :i* imp>t s mu* *>m to x z a heal?ful & invigorat+ ex]cise to m9d & body4 ,"h1 amid/ ^! pil$-up masses1 we are furni%$ ) ! l[e/ asc]ta9$ sections ( ! e>?'s cru/1 f :i* we c at once /udy ! nature ( its rocky divisions1 & ! laws :i* prevail 9 ! ord] ( _! sup]position4 ,:5 ! _w 0 9 its primeval /ate ( *aos1 )\t =m & void1 we are w>rant$ to assume t ! m\nta9s z yet _h no place on its surface1 b subsequ5tly arose out ( ! bosom ( ! deep2 & lift$ up1 z !y em]g$ above ! wat]s1 ! rocky /rata already envelop+ ! globe4 ,^! /rata are /ill to be se5 fold$ r\nd ! c5tral masses1 disrupt$ & torn l a g>m5t too tight = ! body1 & display+ ?r\gh innum]able cracks & fissures ! inclos$ rocks4 ,?is fact lies at ! f\ndation ( all geological inquiries1 gives to ! subject all its pret5sions z a sci5ce1 & be=e proce$+ on our 8,c\rse0 a ^w ( explanation w be 9 place4 ,! fir/ condition ( ! e>?1 ( :i* we h any hi/orical notice1 is t :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,g5esis1 :]e1 aft] ! initial decl>ation t ,god 0 creator ( all ?+s1 we are told ( a p]iod :5 ! :ole ( its mat]ials 7 z yet un>rang$1 8& d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep40 ,! ,div9e ,_s mov$ ^u ! surface ( ! %apeless mass1 :5 ! v>i\s elem5ts ( air1 e>?1 & wat] gradually assum$ _! respective positions4 ,! =m :i* ! e>? _h impress$ ^u x1 z philosophy has demon/rat$1 0 t ( a sph]ical body1 flatt5$ at ! poles1 a figure resembl+ z ne>ly z possible t ( an orange4 ,!re is reason to believe1 !re=e1 t e "p ( ! solid mass ( e>? is symmetrically arrang$1 & t e individual p>ticle occupies ! position :i* ,div9e wisdom has assign$ x4 ,rocks1 let ! read] be assur$1 h n be5 indiscrim9ately heap$ toge!r4 ,ev]y?+ "h1 amid/ all ! app>5t confusion :i* surr\nds u1 is 9 ! mo/ p]fect ord]1 foll[+ "o uni=m law ( sup]position4 ,:5 ,god fix$ ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1 /ret*$ 8 compass 8^u ! face ( ! deep10 & laid 8! beams ( 8 *amb]s 9 ! wat]s10 he complet$ ! mighty edifice agreeably to ! plan :i* he _h det]m9$ ^u 8f ! beg9n+30 ! diff]5t portions ( ! build+ rise "o above ano!r 9 regul> succession2 & ! "w1 s f> z we c survey ! int]ior1 displays ! sev]al c\rses into :i* ! mat]ials h be5 ?r[n4 ,^! con/itute :at geologi/s call ! /rata ( ! e>?1 lay]s ( v>y+ ?ickness1 su* z our slates1 s&/ones1 & lime/ones exhibit1 & :i* ne>ly envelope ! circumf]5ce ( ! globe4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! /rata are dispos$ is uni=m f bel[ upw>d1 & ?is ord] is nev] inv]t$4 ,f ! blue slates ( ! ,grampians to ! ,*alk cliffs at ,dov]1 !re is a regul> succession ( int]m$iate rocks1 pil$ "o ^u ano!r l ! mason-"w ( our h\ses2 & :ile to _m !re appe>s no?+ b confusion1 to ! sci5tific eye e portion ( ! s]ies1 al?\gh ! same +r$i5ts ent] into sev]al classes ( rocks1 is z well def9$ & z easily recogniz$1 z ! two memb]s at ! extreme po9ts are by ! common obs]v]4 ,b beside ! /ratifi$ rocks1 !re is ano!r class ( rocks equally ext5sive1 & :i* occupy an important place 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,^! are ! granites & :9/ones ( :i* ! highe/ m\nta9 ranges are usually compos$4 ,!re are _m subord9ate v>ieties belong+ to bo? classes1 :i* are *>act]iz$ by slight %ades ( texture & composition & di/+ui%$ by diff]5t names4 ,"o ?+ is common to ! memb]s ( ea* gr\p4 ,!y are n dispos$ 9 lay]s1 & exhibit no l9es ( /ratification1 except 9 ! granite r>ely1 ?r\gh\t ! entire m\nta9 *a94 ,^! rocks occupy no fix$ place 9 ! ord] ( sup]position1 b seem to be intrud$ 9 ! mo/ irregul> mann] among ! /ratifi$ rocks1 sep>at+ "o b$ f ano!r1 fill+ up fissures & r5ts2 & b9d+ & int]lac+ ! v>i\s deposits m closely & firmly toge!r4 ,!y are (t5 compos$ ( ! fragm5ts ( o!r rocks1 agglut9at$ into a comp\nd mass by a base ( clay4 ,rem>kable *anges are also produc$ ^u all ! /rata :]e !y come 9 contact ) granite & :9/one--*alk be+ conv]t$ into cry/all9e lime/one--lime/one into *]t--clay & s&/one into a sub/ance z h>d & compact z fl9t--& coal is depriv$ ( its bitum5 or ! quality :i* r5d]s x s useful z a combu/ible body4 ,f ^!1 & o!r appe>ances1 geologi/s h be5 l$ to ! conclusion1 t ^! rocks are ( lat] orig9 ?an ^? :i* are /ratifi$1 t !y h be5 inject$ among !m 9 a /ate ( fusion2 & by ! expansive =ce ( int]nal heat1 t !y h bur/ ?r\gh ! /ony cru/ ( ! e>?1 & elevat$ & disrupt$ ! /rata :i* compose x4 ,!y are1 if we may use ! expression1 ! lev]s :i* ! ,almighty has employ$ 9 br++ up ! l[] deposits to ! surface1 9 lay+ op5 ! int]ior *amb]s1 & 9 produc+ all t inf9ite v>iety 9 our e>?ly habitation :i* m9i/]s to ! com=t & well-be+ ( man4 ,mu* seem+ confusion & di/urbance m>k ev]y:]e ! c\rse ( ^! rocks1 simil>1 ?\gh ^u a m ext5sive scale1 to ! disord]s att5dant ^u ! irruption ( a mod]n volcano2 b ?r\gh\t ! :ole !re reigns su* a h>mony ( purpose1 t ! conclusion is irresi/ible1 ^! op]ations c\ld only h tak5 place by ,div9e p]mission1 & are 9 accordance ) ! ,div9e plan1 controll+ ! mo/ refractory ag5cies ( nature1 & caus+ !m to contribute to ! g5]al good4 ,^! eruptive rocks h be5 produc$ "u ! sea1 at a p]iod1 _m ( !m1 :5 ! wat]s & ! dry l& 7 n z yet sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,!y are !re=e t]m$ sub-aque\s products1 & are1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pressure to :i* !y h be5 subject$1 h>d1 compact1 & heavy4 ,!y diff] 9 ?is respect f ! products ( mod]n volcanoes1 :i* are light & por\s1 z be+ =m$ "u ! simple pressure ( atmosph]e1 & are d5om9at$ sub-a]ial4 ,! mo/ prevail+ +r$i5t bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n lavas is feldsp>3 ?is1 comb9$ ) hornbl5de1 qu>tz1 & augite1 *>act]izes ! :ole ( ! two families ( ! trap & granitic rocks2 & completely e/abli%es _! claim to be reg>d$ z orig9at+ 9 subm>9e volcanoes4 ,geology is ?us 9 its fir/ /ep1 & initial pr9ciples1 9 p]fect accordance ) ! scripture record2 &1 9 walk+ ov] ! v>i$ fields ( creation1 we %all tread all ! firm]1 & enjoy our recreations all ! m1 t we f9d ! ^w & works ( ,god illu/rative ( ea* o!r1 revelation nev] contradict$1 & sci5ce be>+ enlight5$ te/imony to ! wond]ful tru?--t ! hills melt$ l wax be=e ! ,"l4 ,two reasons1 !re=e1 are to be assign$ = ! />t+ po9t ( our inve/igations1 & ! r\te fix$ ^u 9 foll[+ !m out4 ,?is c5t] gr\p ( m\nta9s comprises ! fir/ or l[e/ ph5om5a connect$ ) ! sci5ce ( geology3 "h ! e>lie/ lessons are inscrib$2 & "h1 develop$ on a great scale1 we are pres5t$ ) ! axis ( elevation :i* has giv5 "* & outl9e to ! :ole surr\nd+ di/rict4 ,b5-,mac-,dhui is ! mo/ prom95t type ( our prim>y m\nta9s1 & has be5 ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 lift+ up a l>ge portion ( ! ,grampian range4 ,look+ abroad f its summit1 ov] all t v>i$ l&scape ( pla9 & valley1 & fur!r ?an ! eye c rea*1 summon+ 9 imag9ation be=e u ! successive /rata z !y rec$e 9 ! f> di/ance1 a diagram :i* w\ld fai?fully repres5t ! ord] ( ! rocks & _! relation & proximity to ! granite1 w\ld be q correct 9 mak+ ,b5-,mac-,dhui a pyramidal basis1 & ! o!r =mations z /eps to ! apex ( ! pyramid4 ,?is l(ty *a9 ( prim>y rocks on ! "o h&1 & ! ,alp9e region ( ,switz]l& on ! o!r1 may likewise be reg>d$ z con/itut+ ! b>ri]s or edges ( "o great bas91 )9 :i* are inclos$ memb]s ( almo/ e rock =mation1 fossilif]\s z well z non-fossilif]\s1 exi/+ any:]e on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,along ! l9e ( t\r indicat$1 y pass ov] e int]m$iate deposit1 f bel[ upw>d2 & h laid be=e y1 = inspection1 specim5s ( all t is int]e/+ & curi\s 9 ! sci5ce4 ,betwixt ! two po9ts1 select$ z our t]m9i1 lie /rata ^u /rata1 organic b$ ^u b$1 n pil$ up 9 "o colossal mass1 b drawn out & slipp$ ov] ! edges ( "o ano!r1 & s arrang$ & dispos$ at successive int]vals z mo/ happily to suit ! conv5i5ce & successive /ages ( ! j\rney4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts 9 descriptive geology1 :]eby we le>n t a dep? ( ne>ly t5 miles ( solid rock c be duly exam9$1 e p>ticle & fossil ( x1 n by p]=ation d[nw>d to ! bottom1 b by ! natural incl9ation ( ! b$s1 & _! sev]al outcrops ris+ to ! surface l ! inv]t$ tiles on a ro(4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is p]si/5t arrangem5t1 objects1 bo? new & /range1 w at e /ep meet ! view4 ,!re ! :ole sy/em ( geology1 page aft] page1 is spread out be=e y4 ,e day op5s up a new *apt] geographically1 z well z m9]alogically divid$4 ,& :5 y h ga9$ ! summit ( ,m\nt ,blanc1 y c leisurely1 9 ! m9d's eye1 look back ov] ! :ole ,,c\rse ,,( ,,creation4 ,x is a reproa*1 ,i am aw>e1 sometimes ca/ ^u geological rese>*es1 t ! portion ( ! e>?'s surface expos$ to view is z no?+ comp>$ ) ! entire mass1 & t ano!r portion1 by f> ! l>ge/ segm5t1 is conceal$ by ! ocean1 & its own debris4 ,9 addition to ^! disadvantages1 x may n[ be object$ t ! l9e ( description indicat$ n>r[s ! field ( rese>* /ill f>!r1 & t a few disconnect$ mat]ials only are all t c !refrom be extract$4 ,x may be answ]$1--8,t ! e>? is con/ruct$ ) su* a degree ( uni=mity1 t a tract ( no v l>ge ext5t may af=d in/ances1 9 all ! lead+ facts1 t we c ev] obs]ve 9 ! m9]al k+dom4 ,! v>iety ( geological appe>ances :i* a travel] meets )1 is n at all 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( c\ntry he trav]ses2 & if he take 9 a portion ( l& suffici5t to include primitive & second>y /rata1 toge!r ) m\nta9s1 riv]s1 & pla9s1 & un/ratifi$ bodies1 9 ve9s & 9 masses1 ?\gh x be n a v l>ge "p ( ! e>?'s surface1 he may f9d examples ( all ! mo/ important facts 9 ! hi/ory ( fossils40#a ,we %all1 h[ev]1 along ) our l9eal descriptions ( ! m9]al k+dom1 notice ! occurr5ce1 position1 & fossil cont5ts ( ! /rata z repres5t$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,nature ,,& ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,grampians4 ,,prim>y ,,rocks4 ,9 beg9n+ a description ( ! e>?1 e "o is prep>$ = ! in=mation1 t x mu/ h exi/$ 9 "s =m or o!r antec$5t to ! developm5t ( life ^u its surface4 ,revelation ass]ts a succession 9 ! objects creat$1 z well z 9 all ! cosmical arrangem5ts connect$ ) ! e>ly hi/ory ( our planet4 ,?+s 7 n p]fect$ at once1 & br\ght simultane\sly into adaptation & =m2 a prep>ation & a fitt+ up1 z x 71 ( ! inorganic prec$$ ! introduction ( ! organic /ructures ( creation2 &1 accord+ly1 ! solid framework ( ! globe gives corroborative evid5ce ( ?is ant]ior condition ( its hi/ory4 ,! rocks ( ! p]iod are1 f ?is circum/ance1 d5om9at$ ,,prim>y1 because !y n m]ely d5ote ! abs5ce1 b are assum$ to h be5 =m$ be=e ! exi/5ce1 ( any types ( organic matt]1 vegetable or animal4 ,n[h]e c ?is fir/ lesson 9 geology be m =cibly taught ?an by an exam9ation ( ! /]ile rocks & rapidly decompos+ precipices ( ?is bleak & ho>y region4 ,once ?r\gh ! gl5s1 & fairly comm5c+ ! asc5t ( ! c5t] m\nta91 e symptom ( exi/+ life has disappe>$2 & amid ! huge1 tabul> masses t accompany y 9 ! upw>d j\rney1 !re is no trace ( organic =ms 9 ^! ve/iges ( ! pa/4 ,! nucleus ( ! :ole gr\p is granite1 "o d5se aggregation ( cry/als2 n[ r5t & furr[$ by a ?\s& seams1 ! he>t & p5etralia b>$ & op51 a convuls$ sea ( molt5 matt] /ill & motionless z ! grave6 ,! associat$ rocks1 all ( ! prim>y class1 are gneiss1 mica-slate1 qu>tz-rock1 *lorite-slate1 & lime/one2 & ^! inclose no relic ( a liv+ ?+4 ,geology ?us asc5ds ! /ream ( ,"t2 b x gives no f>!r tid+s ( a sc5e l ?is1 save t x arose f ! dep? b5ea? at ! ,creator's bidd+4 ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,di/rict4--,! m\nta9 ( ,b5-,mac-,dhui1 accord+ to rec5t measurem5ts1 is #d1dah feet 9 height1 & cov]s a sup]ficial area ( ne>ly =ty miles 9 ext5t4 ,x occupies a c5tral position 9 ! ,grampian range1 be+ ab\t equidi/ant betwixt ,ab]de5 on ! ,g]man ,sea & ! we/]n coa/1 s ribb$ & ind5t$ by ! ,atlantic4 ,ranges ( granitoid rocks1 ( ! prim>y class1 div]ge = ne>ly =ty miles s\? & nor? ( ,b5-,mac-,dhui1 !reby giv+ ?is m\nta9 a prom95ce 9 position possess$ by no o!r )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! isl&4 ,! valleys by :i* ?is mon>* is surr\nd$1 op5 9 e direction1 & run t[>d e po9t ( ! compass4 ,two great riv]s1 ! ,don & ,dee1 take _! rise 9 "s ( ! deep gullies ( ! m\nta91 :ile ! ,spey is f$ by ! innum]able /reams t issue f its sides4 ,^! riv]s h ea* an ea/]ly direction1 :i*1 by _! wat]-%$1 give %ape & "* to ! :ole di/rict4 ,a hundr$ lat]al gl5s1 ) _! tribut>y /reams1 & all _! t>n-head or lo*1 deb\* ^u ! ?ree pr9cipal /ra?s1 :]eby _! deepe/ solitudes are rea*$1 & ! v f\ndations ( _! l(tie/ peaks b>$ & laid op54 ,!re1 remote f human habitation1 ! geologi/ sees z x 7 two conditions ( ! _w1--! "o1 ! %att]$ framework & fragm5ts ( its e>ly convulsions1 huge m\nta9s pro/rate & crumbl+ b5ea? 8 feet1--& ! o!r1 ! spr+-heads ( r5ew$ vitality collect+ 9 c\ntless dripp+ rills1 ea* to su/a9 its own little plot ( pa/urage & fl[]ets1 n ! less welcome t !y are all s r>e & alp9e1 & look+ 9 _! fre%ness z if !y 7 !re purposely to cicatrize & heal up ! deep sc>s 9 ! rugg$ precipices ar\nd4 ,lo*-na-g> on ! s\?-ea/1 & ,b5-y-gloe on ! s\?-we/1 h also _! sep>ate cong]ies ( l(ty hills & precipit\s defiles1 inclos+ t>ns1 lo*s1 & riv]s2 likewise _! own peculi> gr\p+ ( gl5s & /ra?s1 ^: inn] recesses are all mo/ spe$ily atta9$ ?r\gh ! velvet pa?ways ( _! moss & cr[-b]ry4 ,f ! poetic peak ! prospect is wor?y ( its fame4 ,all ar\nd is a va/ roll+ surface ( m\nta9s1 ) /eep mural precipices1 & sep>at$ by deep rav9es1 :ile imm$iately und]nea? a cliff ( #a1cjj feet lies ! lake1 contract$ to a span1 & r5d]$ ev5 d>k] 9 its gloom by ! sn[y glaci]s t sp>kle "h & !re on ! ov]hang+ rocks4 ,f ,lo*-na-g> ea/w>d to ,craigd>ro* & ! m di/ant ,morv51 & ?r\gh ! great =e/s ( ,ballo*-b[ie1 ,gl5tann]1 & ,gl5esk1 granite is ! prevail+ rock4 ,ar\nd ,balmoral1 imm$iately "u 8^! /eep fr[n+ glories10 ! granite rises into a numb] ( small] & beautifully dome-%ap$ hills4 ,clo*-na-be9 & ,m\nt ,battock1 wa%$ by ! ,feugh & ! ,dye1 are likewise compos$ ( granite4 ,gneiss1 mica-s*i/1 qu>tz-rock1 & clay-slate hang on ! s\!rn slopes1 tra9+ d[n into ! pla9s ( ,k9c>d9e & ,=f>%ire4 ,to ! we/ ( ,lo*-na-g>1 & int]m$iate betwixt t range & ! granitoid masses :i* clu/] r\nd ,b5-,mac-,dhui1 ! same alt]nat+ s]ies ( /ratifi$ rocks occur4 ,f ,ca/leton to ! head ( ,lo* ,callat]1 & along by ,gl5-clunie to ! junction ) ,gl5-beg1 :]e ! c\nties ( ,ab]de5 & ,p]? meet1 ! /rike ( ^! rocks is aga9 pass$ ov] 9 a walk ( a few miles2 ! b$s p5etrat$ & tilt$ up by ve9s ( granite & feldsp>4 ,sev]al dykes ( ! latt] m9]al1 ( an extremely deep-r$ color & glassy cry/all9e texture1 trav]se ! di/rict1 ext5d+ ov] a va/ range ( c\ntry1 p5etrat+ indiff]5tly ! granites & s*i/s1 & always =m+ attractive objects 9 ! b$s ( ! riv]s4 ,9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,ca/leton & ,inv]cauld1 ! geological ph5om5a ( ! di/rict are v accessible z well z in/ructive1 9 consequ5ce ( ! comp>ative smallness ( ! m\nta9s1 & isolat$ position into :i* !y are ?r[n4 ,a magnific5t amphi!at] ( hill & pla9 is spread out be=e ! travel]1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,dee1 aft] a c\rse ( upw>d ( tw5ty miles f its wells--my/]i\s z ! f\nta9s ( ! ,nile--rolls its wat]s1 n[ jo9$ by ! ,quio*1 ,clunie1 ,c&lie1 & all ! tribut>ies ( ! surr\nd+ peaks4 ,"s ( ! hills pres5t b>e precipit\s cliffs1 z ,craig ,koyna* & ! ,lion's ,face1 :]e ! granite1 s*i/ose1 & calc>e\s rocks are f9ely expos$ to view4 ,_! /rike is cont9u$ we/w>d1 :5 !y are sev]ally cross$ 9 ! easy asc5t ( ,morne1 half ( ^: dome-%ap$ top is cov]$ ) qu>tz-rock1 :i* "h1 z 9 mo/ ( ! neighbor+ heights1 atta9s to an enorm\s ?ickness1 & %[s 9 wea!r+ ! yell[ granul> texture ( s&/one4 ,s rem>kably l are "s specim5s we pick$ up by ! roadside1 t = a "t we imag9$ ourselves to be approa*+ a region ( second>y deposits4 ,int]nally1 h[ev]1 ! bright cry/all9e /ructure is un9vad$ by decay4 ,b5-,beck1 ,cairn-a-dro*el1 & ,b5-,via* beh9d ,m> ,lodge1 are *iefly compos$ ( gneiss1 pass+ into a slaty micace\s s*i/4 ,! same "* ( rock cont9ues upw>d ?r\gh ,gl5-lui until its junction ) ,gl5-lui-beg & ,gl5-d]ry1 :]e ! granite ma9ta9s its sov]eignty ov] all t primitive l(ty region4 ,! geologi/1 9 p5etrat+ ^! primeval wilds1 has b little *oice left him z to ! com=ts ( 8 pa?way4 ,arriv$ at ! top ( ,gl5-lui1 ! two div]g+ passes1 "r & left1 are equally desolate1 savage1 & gr&4 ,he may make 8 selection z ! feel+ ( ! mom5t prompts1 b he w n be able to congratulate himself z ! travel] 9 a diff]5t field-- ,hic locus e/1 p>tes ubi se via fundit 9 ambas3 ,dext]a1 qu ditis magni sub mnia t5dit2 ,hac it] ,elysium nobis3 ut lva malorum ,ex]cet pnas1 et ad impia ,t>t>a mittit4 ,no 8fi5ds10 inde$1 z ,dryd5 r5d]s x1 are "h1 unless ! belat$ travel] may all[ 8 fancy to %ape ^! gn>l$ )]$ /umps ( ! old =e/1 z x well may1 into grisly liv+ =ms2 or ! r$ de] break+ f _! cov]ts1 & gaz+ 9 wild amazem5t f ! crags1 />tle him f 8 propriety4 ,/ill ,lo* ,avon1 black z pit*1 & imbosom$ 9 horrid rocks1 is n an unfitt+ emblem ( ! ,t>t>ean lake4 ,pursu+ 8 r\te to ,/ra?spey1 ei!r ?r\gh ! desolate op5+s ( ,b5-,avon1 or by ! wild passes ( ,brae-,ria* & ,cairn-gorm1 ! geologi/ aga9 drops d[n among ! gneiss1 s*i/s1 lime/one1 & qu>tz4 ,^! types ( rock l9e ! tr\gh ( ! ,spey1 on bo? sides1 z f> z ! granite di/rict ( ,eri*t & ,laggan1 pres5t+ ! usual ph5om5a ( granitic & feldspa?ic dykes1 & 9 "s places1 z at ,lo*-an-,eilan1 rem>kable twi/+s & flexures 9 ! mica-s*i/ ar\nd ?is eagle-haunt$ lake4 ,gl5 ,tilt1 on ! s\?-we/1 is di/+ui%$ by a s+ul> display ( granitic ve9s1 appe>+ to radiate f a common c5t]--! well-kn[n ph5om5a :i* ! philosoph]s ( ! ,hutton & ,playfair s*ool press$ s ke5ly & successfully into ! s]vice ( _! !ory4 ,! gneiss is g5]ally to be obs]v$ 9 ! =m ( l[ ridges1 int]/ratifi$ ) qu>tz-rock1 & approa*+ 9 m9]al qualities to ! mica-slate4 ,! be>+ ( all ^! /ratifi$ rocks is1 on ! ma91 suffici5tly indicat$ by ! outl9e ( ! ,grampian range4 ,! qu>tz1 mica1 & *lorite slates1 are ne>ly cont9u\s along ! *a91 trav]s+ 9 a ,s4 ,w4 by ,n4 ,e4 direction ! bread? ( ! isl&1 f sea to sea4 ,! l9e ( /rike1 h[ev]1 is (t5 int]rupt$1 ei!r by ! eruptive ve9s above m5tion$1 or by ! upheaval ( ! c5tral axis1 :i*1 z x rose ) great] viol5ce1 or 0 p>t$ into high] & unequal ridges1 w\ld necess>ily occasion correspond+ *anges 9 ! lie & direction ( _! cov]+s4 ,?is pr9ciple 9 geological dynamics has be5 satisfactorily e/abli%$ by ,mr4 ,hopk9s ( ,cambridge1 :o has %[n1 t 9 ! production ( any great l9e ( elevatory di/urbance1 :e!r affect+ /raight1 curvil9e>1 or ellipsoidal masses1 ! /rata w\ld frequ5tly be brok5 by fissures at v>i\s angles to ! *ief l9e ( /ra9 or elevation4 ,h5ce ^! int]m9able gl5s1 transv]se /ra?s1 cul-de-sacs1 & c\ntless depressions1 =m+ t>ns & lo*s1 all inosculat+ into ea* o!r1 & :i* give su* v>iety & gr&eur to ?is alp9e region4 ,! p5t up ebulli5t matt] b5ea? ! cru/ w\ld !reby =ce its way to ! surface--n[ 9 ! =m ( ve9s--n[ 9 long n>r[ ridges--& 9 o!r qu>t]s assum+ ! cont\r ( broad m\nta9 domes4 ,! dip1 9 l mann]1 correspond+ to ^! p>tial /rikes1 z well z great axis ( ! *a91 is (t5 v>i\s--z at ! ,l9n ( ,dee1 & along ! braes ( ,corry ,mulzie1 ! b$s be+ almo/ horizontal1 :ile g5]ally !y are s highly incl9$ z to be ne>ly v]tical4 ,!re are also num]\s examples :]e ! cry/all9e /rata dip inw>d t[>d ! granite ridges1 & 9 ?is mann] =m an acute angle ) ! base1 in/ead ( be+ infold$ ov] & weld$ to !m4 ,! only admissible explanation 9 ^! in/ances ( ! dip is1 t ! ends ( ! /rata adjac5t to ! eruptive masses h sunk into depressions occasion$ by ! evolution ( igne\s matt]1 :ile _! upp] edges h be5 tilt$ backw>d4 ,h5ce ! s*i/s (t5 rise into indep5d5t elevat$ cre/s all along ! *a91 & ev5 :]e no granite appe>s at ! surface4 ,! rocks 9 ,gl5-,beg & ,gl5-,clunie af=d examples ( ?is k9d1 :]e1 z 9 ,cairn-na-well1 & ! o!r m\nta9s "h1 !y are highly incl9$1 & plunge 9 ! direction ( ! pr9cipal range4 ,geology1 view$ 9 ?is light1 becomes an auxili>y to physical geography1 expla9s _m anomal\s appe>ances on ! e>?'s surface1 & successfully acc\nts = all ! flexures1 breaks1 undulations1 & inequalities1 t con/itute su* m>k$ features 9 ! prim>y /rata4 ,until v rec5tly1 ! doctr9e ma9ta9$ 01 t ne>ly all ! inequalities on ! e>?'s surface 7 produc$ by ! erosive & d5ud+ effects ( wat]2 t n m]ely ! small lat]al valleys & bran*es ( riv]s1 b likewise all _! ma9 trunks1 7 caus$ by ! sl[ & gradual work+ ( ! /ream1 cutt+ ! mo/ solid & massive rocks 9 ! same way & almo/ ) ! same in/rum5t by :i* ! lapid>y divides a block ( m>ble or granite4 ,nay1 ) su* a ready ag5t1 act+ ?r\gh incalculably remote & indef9ite p]iods ( "t1 ! conclusion 0 arriv$ at1 t 8on our cont95ts !re is no spot on :i* a riv] may n =m]ly h run40 ,a s\nd] philosophy1 & "o f> m accordant ) ! facts1 is n[ beg9n+ to prevail1 namely1 t ne>ly all transv]se gorges1 by :i* riv]s escape across ridges f "o wat] bas9 to ano!r1 are no?+ m ?an anci5t ap]tures 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 :i* h result$ f ! =m] disruption & d5udation ( ! rocks3 & t riv]s1 prop]ly s call$1 h nev] cut sections ?r\gh *a9s1 b simply fl[ 9 *asms prep>$ = !m4 ,,nature ,,& ,,qualities ,,( ,,! ,,rocks4--,! granite is ! mo/ prevail+1 z well z ! mo/ /rik+ 9 its appe>ance & texture1 9 ! :ole range4 ,m9]alogically consid]$1 e specim5 is a gem4 ,granite is a comp\nd1 aggregate rock1 "h ( a lively fle% or rose color1 consi/+ ( p]fectly =m$ cry/als ( qu>tz1 feldsp>1 mica1 & 9 "s in/ances hornbl5de1 :5 x m]ges into :at is t]m$ sy5ite4 ,! sp>kl+ film is mica4 ,x is n metallic2 b x %9es ) metallic lu/]2 & 9 "s places ( ! *a91 z at ,ro!s on ! ,spey side1 x is f\nd 9 plates s l>ge z to become a sub/itute = glass4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( mica are silex1 alum9e1 pota%1 iron1 manganese1 & traces ( o!r sub/ances4 ,! colors ( ! m9]al are v>i\s1 accord+ to ! proportions ( "s ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,! lam9 are divisible into plates no ?ick] ?an #a_/cjj1jjj? "p ( an in*4 ,ent]+ into ! composition ( almo/ e rock f ! olde/ to ! newe/1 x ab\nds *iefly 9 granite & s*i/1 b also occurs 9 s&/ones1 & ! slaty %ales ( ! coal =mation4 ,i nev] look at a piece ( granite1 fragm5ts ( :i* are /rew$ on e hea?1 )\t be+ rem9d$ ( ,paley's inaccurate & disp>ag+ comp>ison betwixt 8! /one0 & 8! wat*10 9 8 celebrat$ argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( ,deity4 ,take a specim5 fre% & liv+ f ! rock1 or f any b[ld] t meets y on ! way4 ,!re is n a /a9 9 all t composite mass3 h[ bright e +r$i5t6 ,no workman%ip ( man c rival x 9 its clos5ess ( texture1 beauty ( color1 di/9ctness & delicacy ( %ad+ & outl9e4 ,:at *emi/ry elaborat$ ^! p>ticles z !y sep>at$ & unit$8 ,:at scales weigh$ _! impalpable elem5ts8 ,:at h&s con/ruct$ _! nicely h>moniz+ proportions8 ,:5ce d]iv$ _! pr9ciple ( cohesion z !y cool$ & inosculat$ 9 ! burn+ crucible8 ,z t fragm5t ( rock1 s is ! :ole int]ior ( ! mighty range--! :ole basis ( ! cont95ts ( ! _w--c\ntless myriads ( sp>kl+ gems wr\ght into symmetry & =m2 ! f\ndations ( our e>?ly habitation lit]ally 8g>ni%$ ) all mann] ( preci\s /ones40 ,paley1 =getful ( e law or purpose s conspicu\sly develop$ 9 ! :ole ( ^! beautiful arrangem5ts1 ?us comm5ces 8 great "w on ,natural ,!ology3--8,9 cross+ a hea?1 suppose ,i pit*$ my foot aga9/ a /one1 & 7 ask$ h[ ! /one came to be !re1 ,i might possibly answ]1 t1 = any?+ ,i knew to ! contr>y1 x _h la9 !re =ev]3 nor w\ld x p]haps be v easy to %[ ! absurdity ( ?is answ]4 ,b1 suppose ,i _h f\nd a wat* ^u ! gr\nd1 & x %\ld be inquir$ h[ ! wat* happ5$ to be 9 t place1 ,i %\ld h>dly ?9k ( ! answ] :i* ,i _h be=e giv51 t = any?+ ,i knew1 ! wat* might h always be5 !re40 ,h[ _m fallacies are !re 9 ?is /atem5t s f> z m5tion is made ( ! /one8 ,! sci5ce ( geognosie1 n s f> advanc$ 9 ,paley's "t1 n[ cle>ly e/abli%es ! 8absurdity0 ( suppos+ its hav+ la9 f 8et]nity0 9 ! place :]e x is f\nd4 ,! relative ages ( m\nta9s1 & !re=e _! succession 9 ,"t1 are n[ demon/rable & well und]/ood4 ,!n1 ! compon5t p>ts ( ! m9]al are z well def9$1 z accurately proportion$1 & arrang$ 9 mann] & ord] z precisely1 z ! sev]al p>ts ( ! wat*4 ,! mica1 ! qu>tz1 ! feldsp>1 h ea* _! law or ord] ( /ructure1 z well z _! pr9ciple ( aggregation2 & !y h tak5 _! respective =ms & no o!r1 & h assum$ _! comp\nd /ructure & no o!r1 9 ob$i5ce to *emical aff9ities & an atomic adju/m5t1 z c]ta9 & unalt]able z are ! conditions & requirem5ts ( dynamics4 ,nay1 m1 ! p>5t rock1 f :i* t /one 0 tak51 has its own place 9 ! sy/em2 its position1 amid/ ! upheav$ disrupt$ /rata ar\nd1 has be5 assum$ = a purpose2 & ! v size1 =m1 & outl9e ( ! giant mass1 are all %ap$ to an end4 ,rocks are z easily di/+ui%$ z trees or animals1 :i* h n ris5 up by accid5t1 b h be5 con/ruct$ out ( c]ta9 mat]ials1 & arrang$ ea* accord+ to its own class4 ,_! int]nal *>act]s1 & ev5 outw>d %ape1 are m>k$ & def9$4 ,! gn>l$ oak 9 fib] & texture diff]s n m f ! s(t1 p5dul\s1 graceful will[1 ?an are ! diff]5ces ( rocks & m9]als 9 _! normal arrangem5t ( p>ticles2 9 _! div]sity ( fracture1 cleavage1 lu/]1 & d5sity4 ,we see at once ! me*anism ( ! wat*1 ! gr[? & expansion ( plants & animals4 ,b s1 ^u ga9+ ! lea/ k ( its frame-"w & /ructure1 we _c op5 our eyes ^u any "p ( ! ext]nal _w1 )\t be+ impress$ ) ! conviction1 t all :i* we see & admire1 mu/ be ! "w ( a high] p[]4 ,design is /amp$ ^u ev]y?+4 ,w1 ord]1 & might are ev]y:]e visible4--,geology1 discov]+ h>mony amid/ app>5t confusion1 r5ovation 9 decay1 %[s t e rock is fitt$ to its place2 t sy/ems & s]ies ( =mations are arrang$ ^u a pr9ciple ( utility2 & s ?or\ghly calculat$ to ex]cise _! assign$ functions h all ! p>ts be5 =m$1 t ! mo/ elaborate ma*9]y ( man's contrivance falls inf9itely %ort ( ! beauty & p]fection ev]y:]e display$ 9 ! mat]ial creation4 ,la9 =ev]6 ,no2 su* a sc5e ( m\nta91 valley1 riv]1 pla91 & ocean--all relat$ to ea* o!r--does n exi/ by *ance1 is n cons]v$ nor arrang$ by accid5t4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,=mation4--,:5 we exam9e a piece ( granite1 no?+ appe>s less likely1 to a common obs]v]1 ?an t x 0 once 9 a molt5 /ate ?r\gh ! action ( fire1 & t its cry/all9e /ructure 0 assum$ 9 process ( cool+4 ,n[1 ! fact ( its cry/allization1 ! beautiful & p]fect arrangem5t ( its p>ts1 ! impress ( ! "o cry/al ^u ! o!r reciprocally communicat+ _! respective %apes to ea* o!r1 & ! compact1 agglut9at$ /ate ( ! :ole1 is reg>d$ z ! /ronge/ pro( ( ! igne\s orig9 ( ?is rem>kable rock4 ,granite is n a m]e cong]ies ( p>ts1 :i*1 aft] be+ sep>ately =m$1 0 someh[ br\ght toge!r & unit$2 b x is c]ta9 t ! qu>tz1 at lea/1 0 fluid :5 x 0 mold$ on ! feldsp>4 ,9 "s granites1 ! impressions ( ! sub/ances on "o ano!r are obs]v$ 9 a diff]5t ord]1 & ! qu>tz gives its =m to ! feldsp>4 ,! +r$i5ts ( granite 7 !re=e fluid :5 mix$2 & ?is fluidity 0 n ! effect ( solution 9 a m5/ruum1 z 9 t case "o k9d ( cry/al does n impress ano!r1 b ea* reta9s its own peculi> %ape2 & ! conclusion is1 t !y cry/alliz$ f a /ate ( simple fluidity1 su* z1 ( all kn[n causes1 heat alone is able to produce4 ,?is is ! acc\nt giv5 9 ! ,huttonian !ory1 z express$ ne>ly 9 ! words ( ,playfair1 :i*1 along ) ! position ( ve9s1 ! disruption ( sup]9cumb5t /rata1 & o!r ph5om5a1 has result$ 9 ! univ]sally receiv$ admission ( ! ,plutonic "* ( ?is class ( rocks4 ,dr4 ,maccullo* has ext5d$ ! pr9ciple1 & has satisfactorily prov$1 t granite is b "o t]m 9 ! s]ies ( igne\s products1 ! passages f :i* are di/9ctly traceable into granitoid sy5ite1 & sy5itic gre5/one1 & !nce into gre5/one1 basalt1 & lava4 ,pr(essor ,=*hamm] consid]s granite1 :5 melt$1 z "o simple comp\nd1 & :i* only on cool+ becomes sep>at$ into ! diff]5t m9]als t compose x4 ,granite1 :]ev] x is f\nd1 is inf]ior to e o!r rock2 & z x composes _m ( ! greate/ m\nta9 *a9s1 x has ! pre-em95ce ( be+ elevat$ ! highe/ into ! atmosph]e & sunk ! deepe/ "u ! surface1 ( all ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! globe to :i* our rese>*es ext5d4 ,! associat$ prim>y rocks 9 ?is upl& region ov]lie ! granite1 & possess a di/9ctly /ratifi$ /ructure4 ,!y are n n[ 9 _! orig9al position4 ,!y h be5 tilt$ up1 trav]s$1 & int]lac$ by ! granite :ile 9 fusion1 & h be5 alt]$ greatly 9 _! texture & qualities by _! contact ) ! heat$ mass4 ,h5ce !y are call$ ,,metamorphic ,,rocks1 because ( ! *ange to :i* !y h be5 subject$4 ,! rocks t imm$iately ov]lie ! granite are gneiss1 mica-slate1 qu>tz-rock1 & lime/one4 ,!y all p>take ( ! cry/all9e /ructure1 & all1 except ! la/1 possess ! same +r$i5ts1 & assume int]*angeably ! same aspect4 ,( gneiss !re are ?ree v>ieties1 ea* compos$ ( feldsp>1 qu>tz1 & mica1 & di/+ui%$ by ! size & =m ( ! cry/als t con/itute ! mass4 ,?is rock1 consi/+ 9 all cases ( ?9 l5ticul> plates1 has a ribbon-l appe>ance1 &1 accord+ to ! pr$om9ance ( "o ( ! p>ts1 becomes gl&ul>1 slaty1 or aggregate4 ,mica-slate consi/s ( qu>tz & mica--! latt] pr$om9at+--& feldsp> frequ5tly ent]+ z an adjunct4 ,qu>tz-rock1 z ! t]m implies1 is =m$ ( ! pure silice\s matt]1 ne>ly homog5e\s 9 _m in/ances--b scales ( mica are (t5 pres5t--& feldsp> n always abs5t4 ,! lime/one1 aga91 diff]s f all ! above 9 ! excess ( ! calc>e\s elem5t1 :ile1 along ) talc1 /eatite1 actynolite1 asbe/us1 & o!r simple m9]als1 mica1 qu>tz1 & feldsp> are likewise to be numb]$ among ! imb$d$ cry/als4 ,^! rocks1 ov] ! entire surface ( ! globe1 are ( "o family1 & g5]ally associat$4 ,!y are always ! l[e/ ( ! /ratifi$ s]ies1 & foll[ 9 ! ord] n[ describ$4 ,!y are ess5tially "o & ! same 9 _! con/itu5t m9]al qualities--diff]5t 9 ! =m & proportions 9 :i* !y are aggregat$--& geographically connect$ ) ! granite 9 _! di/ribution4 ,?us ^! cry/all9e rocks n only con/itute ! floor ( our e>?1 b h 9 all probability suppli$ ! mat]ials "u ^: plutonic ag5cy1 :5 fus$ & molt51 ! massive pavem5t 0 rais$ above ! wat]s & temp]$ into its pres5t consi/5cy4 ,granite1 ! d]ivative rock1 is f\nd1 accord+ly1 9 e region ( ! globe--! l[e/ z well z ! mo/ univ]sally di/ribut$--! basis z well z ! apex ( e great m\nta9 *a94 ,no true ,highl& sc5]y is any:]e to be f\nd t does n embrace granite z ! mo/ prom95t feature 9 ! picture4 ,n a hill 9 ,scotl&1 two ?\s& feet high1 b incloses a portion ( ?is rock4 ,! beauties ( ! ,engli% lake c\ntry are all d]iv$ f ?is s\rce4 ,! l(ty s]rat$ peaks ( ,wales h be5 rais$ ^u its cry/al f\ndations4 ,! nor?-we/ & c5tral portions ( ,france1 ! ,swiss & ,tyrolese ,alps1 ! va/ expanse betwixt ,dresd5 & ,vi5na1 ! ,caucasus1 great "p ( ! ,himalayan1 ,uralian1 & ,altai m\nta9s1 & l>ge elevat$ di/ricts 9 ,*9a1 are all less or m ( granite =mation4 ,?r\gh ,nor!rn ,russia & ,sc&9avia ! granite may be reg>d$ z m]ely a cont9uation ( our ,scotti% range--"o great /ony girdle1 :i* =ms ! prim>y m9]al b\nd>y ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,am]ica1 ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 possess n a s+le ridge ( celebrity ?r\gh :i* ! same fundam5tal rock is n traceable 9 e di/rict4 ,h[ simple1 uni=m1 univ]sal ! compon5t elem5ts ( ! globe6 ,"o & ! same atmosph]e surr\nds x1 "o ocean wa%es x1 "o sy/em ( massive pill>s supports x1 "o sun enlight5s x4 ,h[ direct & irresi/ible ! inf]5ce1 t "o intellig5t1 all-p[]ful ,be+ fa%ion$ & fram$ x6 ,! sep>ation ( ! dry l& f ! wat]s 01 d\btless1 effect$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( means4 ,! igne\s !ory ( granite1 & o!r amorph\s rocks1 is 9 accordance ) ?is supposition1 :i* !reby imp>ts a sacr$ & peculi> int]e/ to all our inve/igations respect+ ! orig9 & elevation ( m\nta9s4 ,! range ( geological inve/igation is ?us wide z ! circumf]5ce ( ! globe--deep z ! f\ndations ( ! e>?--& sublime ?\ghts are ev]y:]e awak5$ ( ,him-- ,^: dwell+ is ! light ( sett+ suns1 ,& ! r\nd ocean1 & ! liv+ air1 ,& ! blue sky1 & 9 ! m9d ( man3 ,a motion & a _s t impels ,all ?9k+ ?+s1 all objects ( all ?\ght1 ,& rolls ?r\gh all ?+s6 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,silurian ,,sy/em4 ,,fir/ ,,traces ,,( ,,life4 ,! gr\p ( rocks on :i* we next ent] are t]m$ fossilif]\s1 t is1 !re is conta9$ 9 _! h>d /ony sub/ance ! impressions & actual rema9s ( organic bodies4 ,z we proce$ upw>d ?r\gh ! s]ies 9 _! asc5d+ ord]1 we w f9d diff]5t rocks di/+ui%$ by diff]5t classes ( fossils1 & *>act]iz$ by di/9ct li?ological appe>ances4 ,!y are 9 consequ5ce divid$ into diff]5t =mations1 & call$ by p>ticul> names4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ,,sy/ems1 ( :i* !re are five or six recogniz$ by geologi/s1 sep>able into _! respective gr\ps ( /rata4 ,desc5d+ f ! prim>y1 ! highe/ z well z l[e/ 9 ! s]ies ( rocky comb9ations1 ! gr\p :i* fir/ invites att5tion is ! ,,silurian2 s d5om9at$ because ! /rata are widely spread ov] ! di/ricts 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 anci5tly inhabit$ by a p call$ ! 8,silures40 ,!y are f\nd 9 v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! _w1 & occupy a l>ge area on ! s\!rn fronti]s ( ,scotl&4 ,! rocks ( ?is class consi/ ( a gr\p ( argillace\s1 calc>e\s1 & ar5ace\s deposits1 v>y+ 9 color & texture4 ,!y are ( great ?ickness & sev]ally impress$ ) _! own writt5 /ory1 ! fossil memor&a ( ! *anges & ev5ts t occurr$ betwixt ! =mation ( ea*4 ,^! are ! transition rocks ( ,w]n]4 ,! newly-adopt$ t]m ( ,silurian implies no peculi> !ory z to _! orig94 ,x simply expresses ! fact t 9 ! di/rict 9 "q a complete succession ( fossilif]\s /rata is int]polat$ betwe5 ! olde/ slaty cry/all9e rocks & ! old r$ s&/one4 ,! sy/em is divid$ by _! discov]] & hi/orian1 ,sir ,r4 ,i4 ,mur*ison1 "u ! asc5d+ s]ies1 into ! ,cambrian ,sy/em1 ,ll&eilo-flags1 ,c>adoc ,s&/one1 ,w5lock ,%ales & ,lime/ones1 & ,l[] & ,upp] ,ludl[ ,rocks4 ,d ! equival5ts ( all1 or ( any1 ( ^! gr\ps exi/ 9 ! ,grampian range8 ,geologi/s = ! mo/ "p h be5 answ]+ ^! que/ions 9 ! negative4 ,hi!rto no true silurian deposits h be5 recogniz$ z exi/+ among ! nor!rn ,scotti% m\nta9s1 & no well-au!nticat$ organism ( ! sy/em has be5 detect$ 9 any ( _! localities4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w h>dly be tak5 z a conclusive argum5t aft] ! admission into ! family ( ! ,skiddaw slate1 9 :i* ! fa9te/ traces ( organiz$ matt] h only v rec5tly be5 obs]v$1 :ile ! ov]-ly+ s]ies consi/+ ( *lorite-slate1 & alt]nat+ b$s ( porphyry & gre5/one1 f tw5ty to ?irty ?\s& feet ?ick1 h n yet be5 prov$ to conta9 a s+le fossil4 8,good fossil gr\ps10 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick argues1 8are ! f\ndation ( all geology2 & are out ( all comp>ison ! mo/ rem>kable monum5ts ( ! pa/ physical hi/ory ( our globe1 s f> z x is made out 9 any sep>ate physical region40 ,we are conv9c$ t ! clayslates & graywackes :i* repose on ! s\!rn flank ( ! ,grampians1 z well z abundantly 9 ! int]ior1 w1 ^u /rict exam9ation1 h _! place assign$ among ! ,silurian class4 ,mr4 ,nicol1 :o has done s mu* = ! ,lamm]muir deposits1 w f9d ample scope = 8 inve/igations1 & all 8 +5i\s speculations1 9 det]m9+ ! true position ( ^! argillace\s b$s1 :i* are ( prodigi\s ?ickness & va/ ext5t4 ,?is is n ! place to ent] into details1 b 9 support ( ! view n[ advanc$1 ! foll[+ among o!r reasons may be giv54 ,fir/ ( all1 ! clayslate ( ! ,grampians resembles 9 its li?ology ! slates ( ,wales & ,cumb]l&1 admitt$ to be silurian4 ,9 h& specim5s !y _c easily be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r3 practical m5 consid] ! slates ( ,dunkeld & ,gl5almond z s(t] & less fl9ty ?an ^? ( ! s\?4 ,!y pass f extremely co>se into ! f9e/ gra9$ v>ieties1 :5 ! graywacke "* is entirely lo/ 9 ! homog5e\s mass4 ,_! position 9 ref]5ce to ! cry/all9e rocks1 9 ! next place1 is v di/9ct1 nev] alt]nat+ )1 nor ly+ con=mable to1 ei!r ! gneiss or mica-s*i/s4 ,!y =m ! out] zone1 f ea/ to we/1 ( ! ,grampian range1 :]e feldsp>1 porphyries1 & trappean rocks are along ! :ole l9e mix$ up or associat$ ) !m4 ,!n ov]ly+ ! clayslate1 precisely z 9 ,cumb]l&1 ! old r$ s&/one is f\nd 9 imm$iate succession & re/+ uncon=mably4 ,%all we add t1 ev5 9 a topographical po9t ( view1 ^! b$s w be admitt$ to v9dicate _! claim to ,silurian orig91 con/itut+1 z !y d1 9 ext5sion1 a portion ( ! great prim>y belt t encompasses ! we/]n %ores ( ,great ,brita91 & beyond ! *annel1 /ret*es ?r\gh ,brittany & ,norm&y8 ,f consid]ations su* z ^! !re are suffici5t gr\nds1 we ?9k1 = con/itut+ ! clayslates & porphyries ( ! ,grampians into a 8physical gr\p10 exi/+ 9 a 8sep>ate physical region40 ,! abs5ce ( organic rema9s may be acc\nt$ = by ! fact ( ! va/ di/urbance prevail+ 9 ! seas at ! p]iod1 & indicat$ by ! prodigi\s quantity ( igne\s matt] spread repeat$ly ov] _! bottom4 ,^! causes w\ld act 9 s f> 9 prev5t+ ! exi/5ce & increase ( liv+ ?+s1 ov] all ^! p>ts1 & mo/ c]ta9ly 9 oblit]at+ ! traces ( _! rema9s1 if any 7 deposit$4 ,b z future explor]s may yet detect !m 9 abundance we proce$ to consid] ! nature & classes ( fossils else:]e discov]$ 9 ! ,silurian /rata4 ,,animal ,,rema9s4 ,"h1 9 ?is s]ies ( rocks1 we are c>ri$ back to ! beg9n+ ( life ^u ! globe1 9 :i* we see ! v dawn & comm5cem5t ( e>?ly enjoym5t1 ! fir/ =ms & races ( creatures :i* 7 privileg$ to eat at ! banquet ( creation4 ,z matt] ( hi/ory1 !re=e1 no?+ c be m int]e/+2 z a subject ( m]e curiosity conc]n+ anci5t relics1 ! mo/ ard5t ar*ologi/ w be amply gratifi$2 & z %[+ ! mann] ( ! div9e act+s 9 repl5i%+ ! e>? ) liv+ ?+s1 ! ^w & ! works ( ,deity are aga9 to ! dev\t inquir+ m9d br\ght into pleas+ h>moni\s comp>ison4 ,we f9d t ! creatures belong+ to ?is fir/ epo* ( organic exi/5ce are1 g5]ally1 l[ 9 ! scale ( animat$ be+4 ,! rocks 9 :i* _! rema9s are imb$d$ are1 9 "s in/ances almo/ entirely compos$ ( organic matt]1 %[+ t life at fir/ 0 n be/[$ sp>+ly1 or1 ?r\gh "s hidd5 my/]i\s processes1 /eal?ily introduc$ ^u ! /age2 x r appe>s 9 an abundance & v>iety1 speak+ ( a purpose 9 ob$i5ce to a design+ creative act4 ,z suitable to ! condition ( ! planet1 n at once b by successive arrangem5ts br\ght into a /ate ( adaptation = su/a9+ life1 ! animals n[ =m$ appe> to h be5 *iefly ( ! inv]tebrate division1 t is1 animals ( comp>atively simple /ructure1 de/itute ( a bony skeleton1 suit$ to live 9 %all[ wat]s & muddy bottoms1 & to be cont5t ) su* f>e z an infant /ate ( ?+s ov] ! "y e>? c\ld produce4 ,among ^! anci5t families are graptolites1--_m ( !m zoophytic bodies1 alli$ to ! mod]n sea-p52 cr9oids1 or lily-%ap$ animals1 ( beautifully-develop$ =ms2 & trilobites1 cru/acean creatures divid$ into ?ree dorsal lobes4 ,!re are sev]al species ( ea*4 ,& s accurately has nature adh]$ to h] plan ( op]ations1 t we f9d ! corals ( t e>ly age do+ ! same (fices1 & pil+ up simil> subm>9e reefs1 by :i* ^! busy little ar*itects are /ill di/+ui%$4 ,! mollusca ( ! p]iod are v num]\s1 embrac+ almo/ e ord] & =m ( %ell t are f\nd 9 our pres5t seas1 ?\gh :olly ( diff]5t species2 con*if]a1 bra*iopoda1 ga/]opoda1 cephalopoda1 pt]opoda1 beside ! het]opoda1 ( :i* !re are no exi/+ analogues4 ,! habits ( all ^! ord]s mu/ h be5 ne>ly ! same z ^? ( our mod]n types4 ,! cephalopoda1 embrac+ ! nautilus & or?oc]as tribes1 7 !n z !y are n[1 ! tyrants ( ! deep1 furni%$ ) eyes & e>s1 & arm$ ) p[]s t enabl$ !m to roam & prey at w 9 ! bays & e/u>ies ( ! primeval _w4 ,!re h be5 nam$ & catalogu$ ( ^! fir/ =ms ( ! mov+ creatures ( ! deep ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty di/9ct species4 ,b1 beside ^!1 !re h be5 discov]$ 9 ! silurian rocks six or sev5 g5]a1 involv+ a /ill great] numb] ( species1 ( fi%es ( ! ord] ( ! ,placoids1 s d5om9at$ f ! broad scales or plates ) :i* !y are cov]$4 ,! probability is1 t m ( ^! high] organisms w yet be br\ght to light1 z all ! /rata ( ! sy/em consi/ ( m>9e deposits1 & only ! mo/ limit$ sections h any:]e be5 explor$4 ,!y con/itute ! l[e/ ( ! fossilif]\s b$s2 are g5]ally f\nd1 except 9 ,russia1 9 a v]tical or highly incl9$ position1 & consequ5tly b little ( _! sup]ficial area is expos$4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 geologi/s h nam$ & describ$ an ,on*us ,mur*isoni1 a ,!lodus p>vid5s1 & o!r f\r g5]a ( equally erudite-s\nd+ names4 ,! on*us type is cont9u$1 & greatly multipli$ 9 species1 9 ! two succe$+ =mations1 :5 x dies out1 or at lea/ no trace ( ! g5us is f\nd 9 lat] times2 :ile ! re/ appe> to come & to dep>t )9 _! own geological epo*4 ,^! organisms are all z yet t]m$ ,i*?yolites1 t is1 simply fossil fragm5ts ( fi%1 z no entire animal has be5 any:]e detect$1 :ile ( _! true class ,m4 ,agassiz affirms ) confid5ce4 ,tee?1 f9s1 sp9es1 occur s abundantly 9 a /ratum ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ s]ies 9 ,wales z n[ to be t]m$ 8! bone-b$10 giv+ assurance t ! seas 7 ?us e>ly /ock$ ) ! f9ny tribes4 ,! families ( mo/ ( ^! fi%es h yet to be det]m9$4 ,b nature1 ?\gh 9 h] op]ations 8simpl] ?an man's wit w\ld make h]10 0 /ill pret5d+ en\gh to be %ap+ out ?us e>ly ! high] types ( life4 ,! sci5ce :i* introduces to su* sights & /udies1 occupies no mean place among ! v>i\s bran*es ( human inquiry4 ,to neglect to deciph] :at is s indelibly record$ on ^! pages ( creation1 is willfully to %ut oneself out f :at has be5 actually pres]v$ = in=mation--a voice f ! pa/1 :i* speaks 9 ! same di/9ct articulate language z ! pres5t ( ! fiat ( ,omnipot5ce4 ,no object is mean or contemptible :i* div9e wisdom has =m$1 & no subject is unwor?y ( inve/igation :i* illu/rates ,8 ways & works dur+ any p]iod ( creation4 ,! m9d1 at ?is />t+ po9t ( life1 is curi\s to "k :at am\nt ( in=mation c be obta9$ z to ! organic /ructure & specific *>act]s ( ^! fir/ d5iz5s ( e>?1 s z to comp>e !m ) ! =ms & species ( ! analog\s families n[ exi/+4 ,! in=mation d]iv$ f ?is fir/ *apt] 9 palontology1 we believe is1 t ! e>lie/ specim5s ( organization are z p]fect z ! late/1 ea* aft] its k9d2 & t1 9 ^! morn+-days ( exi/5ce1 nature at once /amp$1 ) h] pla/ic h&1 h] l9eam5ts ( beauty & adaptation on ev]y?+ %e made4 ,!re is no?+ omitt$ to be aft]w>d suppli$--no?+ =m$ defective 9 a s+le "p or organ t requires to be correct$4 ,! fir/ discov]ies 9 geology at once speak conclusively ( a plan or c\rse ( creation d]iv$ f ! beg9n+--a p[]1 n delegat$1 b l9k$ =ev] ) ! fir/ intellig5t cause--a _w1 ?r\gh all its *anges1 cont9ually presid$ ov] & rul$ by ,him :o made x4 ,,vegetable ,,rema9s 7 long want+1 & s\ght = 9 va91 to complete dur+ ?is p]iod ! picture ( ! anci5t _w1 z describ$ 9 ! pages ( revelation4 ,geology1 inde$1 _h ev]y:]e /]nly held back ! requir$ evid5ce1 & animals 7 ann\nc$ to be ! fir/ ( liv+ ?+s4 ,?is1 ?\gh contr>y to all analogy ) reg>d to ! conditions ( animal subsi/5ce1 0 g5]ally receiv$ z a well e/abli%$ dogma2 & ! e>lie/ book ( hi/ory 0 laid aside1 or its /atem5ts 9 ^! circum/ances reg>d$ z irrelevant4 ,vegetable rema9s1 h[ev]1 h be5 detect$ 9 ! olde/ fossilif]\s gr\p ( rocks1 & ?is app>5t discrepancy has be5 =ev]more disprov$4 ,fucoid plants are f\nd 9 great abundance 9 ! transition s]ies ( ,sc&9avia z well z 9 ! silurian /rata ( our own isl&4 ,t !y are n m widely di/ribut$ is satisfactorily acc\nt$ = by exp]im5ts :i* %[ t "s species ( plants entirely disappe> 9 wat]4 ,a productive flora1 !re=e1 may h exi/$ f ! e>lie/ p]iod1 b1 unable to resi/ decomposition1 all traces !re( h long disappe>$ f ! tablets ( ! e>?4 ,nay1 s abundant 9 "s qu>t]s ( ! globe has vegetable matt] be5 at ?is p]iod1 t !re are traces ( b$s1 approximat+ to coal1 entirely compos$ ( x1 & ! rocks inclos+ ^! b$s s *>g$ ) bitum5 & c>bon z to be us$ z fuel4 8,! silurian /rata ( ! ,sc&9avian p59sula & ! ,isl& ( ,bornholm1 conta910 says ,pr(essor ,=*hamm]1 89 _! olde/ p>ts1 l>ge b$s ( alum9\s slate1 :i* is us$ 9 a great numb] ( manufactories = mak+ alum2 & ?is alum9\s slate has ! great advantage ov] ^? slates ( ! c>bonif]\s sy/em ( ,g]many & a "p ( ,france1 t x conta9s ! suffici5t quantity ( pota% :i* is requir$ to make alum40 ,x is well kn[n t pota% con/itutes an +r$i5t 9 mo/ vegetable bodies2 & t :5 a plant is burn$ !re rema9s a skeleton ( ?is sub/ance4 ,h5ce1 possibly1 ! orig9 ( ! pota% 9 ! alum slate4 ,b ! argum5t does n re/ ^u inf]5ce4 ,! same au?ority relates1 t 9 ,bornholm & 9 ,scania1 ! s\!rnmo/ "p ( ,sw$51 ?is slate conta9s a great numb] ( impressions ( a fucoidal plant1 ( :i* ,liebmann has giv5 m9ute botanical descriptions4 ,!n1 pursu+ 8 int]e/+ tale ( ?is fir/ flora ( creation1 he says1--8,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,keilhau1 ,pr(essor ,bock1 & ,m4 ,esm>k1 ! same c]amites occurs frequ5tly 9 ! alum9\s silurian slate ( ,s\!rn ,norway4 ,rec5tly ,m4 ,his+] has figur$ an imp]fect specim5 ( x f ,b]g1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,o/]go?l&1 9 ,sw$54 ,?us ?is fucus appe>s to be *>act]i/ic ( ! alum slate ( ,sc&9avia3 & ,i c sc>cely d\bt t ! mo/ *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( ! alum slate1 z dep5d+ ^u its c>bon1 its sulphur1 & its pota%1 are d]iv$ f ! great quantity ( sea-we$ :i* has be5 mix$ up ) ! clay1 & ^: c>bonace\s matt] s affects ! :ole rock1 t ! slate is us$ z fuel = boil+ ! alum9\s liquor1 & burn+ lime2 & 9 "s p>ts ( ! prov9ce ( ,we/]go?l& 9 ,sw$51 ev5 small c\rses ( true coal occur4 ,!re c h>dly rema9 any d\bt t ?is coal is d]iv$ f sea-we$s1 ( :i* fossil p>ts h be5 f\nd1 = n ! slighte/ trace ( l& plants has ev] be5 discov]$40 ,^! are in/ructive facts1 yet greatly to be ext5d$1 :51 we "q n1 ! l& w also contribute ( its flora to complete our k ( ! mo/ anci5t fossilif]\s /rata4--,b rec5tly1 b&s ( true coal h be5 discov]$ completely inclos$ 9 ?is gr\p ( rocks ne> ,oporto1 ! t[n ( :i* /&s on a ridge ( granite1 f\r or five miles wide1 ) mica-slate & gneiss re/+ on bo? sides4 ,to ! ea/w>d1 ^! aga9 are ov]laid by s$im5t>y rocks1 *iefly clayslate2 :i*1 comm5c+ on ! coa/ ab\t ?irty miles nor? ( ,oporto1 run d[n & cross ! ,d\ro1 ab\t sixte5 miles above t t[n4--,to ! s\? ( ,vallango1 ! /rata ov]lie a deposit ( an?racite 9 sev]al b$s1 "s ( !m f f\r to six feet ?ick4--,?is coal is n[ work$ 9 sev]al pits1 & pr9cipally s5t to ,oporto4 ,along ) x are b$s ( r$ s&/one & black c>bonace\s slates1 ) vegetable impressions too indi/9ct to be det]m9$1 b /rongly resembl+ f]ns ( ! coal measures4 ,9 ! %ales above ?is coal ,mr4 ,%>pe1 ! discov]]1 f\nd _m fossils1 z or?ides1 trilobites1 & graptolites1 mo/ ( !m new species1 b o!rs well kn[n 9 ! l[] silurian rocks ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ! coal deposits ( ,oporto are includ$ 9 ! silurian =mation1 & are f> bel[ ! usual level ( ! coal4 ,we _c ov]value ! !oretic importance ( ^! discov]ies1 :i* d n inde$ br+ to light any exub]ant v>iety ( ! vegetable tribes1 su* z ! e>? aft]w>d ?rew out ( h] afflu5t bosom4 ,b !y m>k suffici5tly ! p]iod :5 plants1 accord+ to ! geological read+ ( ! hi/ory1 fir/ make _! appe>ance on ^! li?ological pages3 fucoids & alg are !re 9 abundance1 to give ! vegetable portion ( ! n>rative1 z trilobites & molluscs =m unque/ionably ! pr$om9at+ features ( ! animal dep>tm5t4 ,! coal-b$s ( ,oporto--%\ld _! position turn out to be truly def9$--%[ ! dawn+ ( a t]re/rial flora1 n sp>+ly b luxuriantly develop$3 & ?us ! silurian p]iod may be reg>d$ ?r\gh\t z suffici5tly *>act]iz$ by well-m>k$ types ( vegetation1 m d\btful 9 ! high] =ms1 b det]m9ate 9 ! acotyl$on\s & cryptogamic tribes :i* prevail indiff]5tly f ! l[] to ! upp] b$s ( ! sy/em4 ,nor d we require to ov]/ra9 ! /atem5t1 by que/ion+ nature or revelation z to ! species1 g5]a1 ord]s1 & classes ( vegetables ref]r$ to 9 _! respective pages4 ,!y are co9cid5t z to ! great tru? itself1 t ,,plants did exi/ 9 ! e>lie/ 8days0 ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,z a sci5ce1 no?+ is taught 9 ! ,sacr$ ,record4 ,none ( ! te*nicalities ( physical inquiry are employ$4 ,b a beautiful progression1 & elim9ation ( "o ?+ aft] ano!r1 are intimat$4 ,! light is sep>at$ f ! d>kness4 ,a firmam5t is set 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s4 ,! fir/ plant t bur/ f ! soil _h ?us e elem5t provid$ :i* its nature & habits requir$--! light1 to :i* x turns & ev] ye>ns aft]--! air1 9 :i* to p]=m its respiratory functions--! wat]1 f :i* to secrete ! juices ( circulation--& a dry l&1 out ( :i* to elaborate mat]ials = its /ructure4 ,?is is a ,wisdom :i* is above all philosophy1 in/ruct+ 9 ! elem5ts & pr9ciples ( ?+s1 long be=e botanical arrangem5ts 7 dream$ (1 or 8bu%y dell0 !re 01 :]e 8ho>y-head$ fro/s ,fall 9 ! fre% lap ( ! crimson rose40 ,! silurian gr\p ( rocks is v widely ext5d$1 z 9 ,brita91 ,france1 ,russia1 ! nor?-we/ ( ,asia2 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 & ,au/ralia4 ,! mo/ anci5t physical features ( ! ,old ,_w c almo/ be recall$1 z we ?us trace ! outl9e ( ! deposit1 m>k+ out1 by its geographical di/ribution1 ! prim>y isl&s & m\nta9 peaks ( ! aborig9al l&4 ,h[ *ang$ ! v face ( ?+s--cont9uity betwe5 /ates & k+doms :]e seas n[ roll--& all ! great cont95ts occupy+ ! sites ov] :i* ! wat]s held unb\nd$ sway6 ,illu/ration3 ,trilobites ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,devonian ,,sy/em1 ,,or ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one4 ,a geologi/ requires n1 l ! t\ri/1 to be told ( ! v>i\s conflict+ roads t run among ! m\nta9s1 9 :at precise c\rse he is to w5d 8 way4 ,he w foll[ 8 own pa?ways1 roads ( nature's =m+1 guid$ by ! /rike & lie ( ! rocks r ?an by ! beat5 tracks ( e-day life4 ,b come :i!r he w--?r\gh ,gl5tilt1 ,gl5]i*t1 ,gl5beg1 & ! ,spittal1 ,gl5isla1 & ,clova1--or along ! ,dee1 ! heights ( ,gl5tann]1 & p5etrat+ to ! s\rces ( ! ,esks--sure we are1 :5 he rea*es by any ( ^? passes ! fronti]s ( ! ,grampians1 he w pause & gaze wi/fully1 ?\ghtfully1 admir+ly1 ere he desc5ds1 ^u ! magnific5t prospect t /ret*es be=e him1 unrival$ by any on ! t]raque\s globe4 ,! ,,gran-,,p51 celtic1 ! %elvy or precipit\s summit1 ,romaniz$ into ,grampius1 has its own inn] *>ms1 peaceful rock-girt valleys :]e pr9ces dwell1 & happy z ,rasselas ev] trod4--,& escap$ f ^!1 :at an out] _w b5ea?1 f]tile1 abundant1 replete ) ev]y?+ t c *>m ! eye or int]e/ ! /ud5t4 ,loom+ 9 ! f> di/ance1 ! ,lamm]muirs1 ( silurian orig91 c j be descri$ z a d>k-blue l9e on ! v]ge ( ! horizon2 ! ,o*ils & ,lomonds1 ( c>bonif]\s age1 repose l islets on ! p5dant sky2 :ile1 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! picture1 !re is ! mo/ *>m+ v>iety ( woodl&1 mead[1 f>m/ead1 t[n1 & mansion1 all z ,i n[ gaze ^u !m 9 _! autumn color+1 inve/$ ) a ,claud-l mell[ness t speaks ) a moral yet romantic sympa?y to ! he>t4 ,! r\nd t[] ( ,bre*91 ! mold]+ walls ( ,edzell1 ! fr[n+ battlem5ts ( ,glammis1 ! worn-out & n[ v]dant ramp>ts ( ,duns9ane1 h ea* _! cr[ds ( visitants1 & are all )9 ! compass ( a s+le day's j\rney4 ,! eye ( ! geologi/ is 9 se>* ( ano!r object z x w&]s ov] t lovely sc5e3 ,k9nordie1 ! bir?-place ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 mu/ ev] be classic gr\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( our sci5ce4 ,x re/s on ! old r$ s&/one1 & furni%es "s ( ! mo/ valuable illu/rations 9 ,sir ,*>les's e>ly sket*es4 ,:at influ5ces1 may we "h ask1 gave be+ & %ape to ! +5i\s & spl5did g5]alizations ( ?is accompli%$ geologi/8 ,is x too mu* to assume t ! philosoph]1 z well z ! poet1 is all 8 life-long captive to fir/ impressions1 t ! sc5es ( 8 boyhood claim 8a local habitation0 = _m ( 8 future speculations1 & t 8 mo/ matur$ tra9s ( ?9k+ h be5 dep5d5t ^u casual circum/ances8 ,born & educat$ 9 ! %ad[ ( ! ,grampians1 :o c d\bt t ! _s )9 0 e>ly /irr$ to l(ty views z he gaz$ ^u _! elevat$ =ms1 & wond]$ h[ _! peaks rose s high 9 air1 & 7 ?us lift$ above ! valleys8 ,may x n be presum$1 ?\gh ! philosoph] himself may h no recollection ( ! matt]1 t 8 speculations reg>d+ ! alt]nate elevation & depression ( l& & sea _h its g]m 9 "s su* happy mom5t ( m\nta9 inspiration8 ,byron own$ ! influ5ce 9 all its p[]1 :51 9 ! rocky defiles & d>k p9e =e/s ( ,lo*nag>1 he _h e>ly commun+s ) spiritual be+s1 ! wrea!-=ms & kelpies ( ! /reams2 & 9 visions imp>t$ amid/ ! wilds ( ! ,dee1 prep>$ 8 m9d = ! d>+ flights ( ! ,alps4 ,! geologi/ _h "h all ! mat]ials ( aft]-?\ght1 :i* 9 8 v>i\s essays & works he has s skillfully exp&$--f 8 explorations ( ,bakie-lo* ) its alluvions1 peat1 m>l1 %ells1 & horns1 9 :i* he _h ! type ( "s ( 8 ,alp9e t]ti>ies--! old canoe & ripple-m>k "h too1 ! repres5tatives ( _! f>-sund]$ ages & onw>d to 8 bold speculations on ! elevatory hypo!sis1 ( :i* ! ,grampians1 z well z ,sidlaws1 suppli$ him ) ample illu/rations4 ,! desc5t f ! m\nta9s ^u ! s]ies ( rocks t occupy ! pla9s1 is "o n m]ely ( space1 b likewise ( "t4 ,a geological epo* has vani%$1 & a new ord] ( ?+s has be5 call$ into exi/5ce4 ,?is implies a *ange 9 ! animal z well z 9 ! m9]al k+dom4 ,! *ange may n h be5 sudd51 b x has be5 ?or\gh & p]vad+1 accompani$ by circum/ances t %[ a g5]al %ift 9 ! sea-bottom1 & causes t h be5 ne>ly uni=m 9 _! op]ation ov] ! surface ( ! globe4 ,! %ift 9 ! sea-bottom is detect$ 9 ! elevation ( ! silurian gr\p ( rocks1 :i* h be5 lift$ f a horizontal into a highly-incl9$ position3 9 "s in/ances !y are ne>ly v]tical2 & 9 mo/ cases :]e ! igne\s rocks occur1 !y are b5t & twi/$1 greatly alt]$ & disrupt$1 by ! process ( upheaval to :i* !y h be5 subject$4 ,geology notes 9 ?is an epo* or age ( organic exi/5ce4 ,! sup]jac5t s]ies ( rocks are se5 ly+ uncon=mably ^u ! silurians1 t is1 ! old] s]ies _h be5 consolidat$ & upheav$1 & a p]iod ( int]v5+ "t _h elaps$ be=e ! deposition ( ! new]4 ,! fossils imb$d$ are likewise di/9ct & peculi>--"o & ! same ov] ! sup]ficial area ( ! globe--& ?us we le>n to m>k ! great & int]e/+ cosmical *anges :i* _h already begun to be effect$4 ,we are n[ among ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 or ,devonian sy/em ( rocks1 s d5om9at$ f _! great developm5t 9 t di/rict ( ! si/] k+dom4 ,z contra/$ ) ! =m] sy/em1 ! rocks ( ?is p]iod indicate consid]able di/urbance 9 ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 curr5ts & agitations widely prevail+1 & p]haps also deep] seas4 ,! cru/ ( ! e>? 0 /ill ris+1 & ! m\nta9s becom+ high]1 & ^! effects w\ld necess>ily foll[4 ,a sup]ior ord] ( animals 7 introduc$4 ,! fi%es1 :i* beg9 to appe> 9 ! upp] b$s ( ! silurian gr\p1 are n[ increas$ bo? 9 numb]s & 9 v>iety ( /ructures4 ,! inv]tebrata 7 ! prevail+ types ( ! =m] age4 ,! old r$ s&/one is pre-em95tly *>act]iz$ by ! v]tebrata1 :51 completely adapt$ to ! elem5t to be inhabit$1 mail$ & plat$ ov] ) ?ick horny scales1 huge bony heads1 f9s & tails ( correspond+ /r5g? & size2 ! ,sauroid family appe> ^u ! /age1 capable all ( buffet+ ! waves & fulfill+ _! de/9y amid ! greate/ commotions4 ,! fi% ( ?is e>ly p]iod are g5]ally well pres]v$1 ev5 bett] ?an ^? ( ! t]ti>y age1 9 consequ5ce ( _! osse\s scales be+ h>d] ?an ! bones1 & :i*1 f _! int]lock$ arrangem5t1 h contribut$ to pres]ve ! g5]al =m ( ! body :5 ! inn] skeleton has disappe>$ & e o!r "p & organ h be5 de/roy$4 ,! old r$ s&/one =mation is v ext5sively di/ribut$ 9 ! nor!rn c\nties1 =m+ a great belt r\nd ! coa/ f ,cai?ness-%ire to ,ab]de5%ire1 & consi/+ ( ?ree well-m>k$ divisions1 ! l[]1 middle1 & upp] s]ies ( b$s4 ,! /rata flank ! nor!rn walls ( ! ,grampians & _! out-li]s1 trav]s+ ! great c5tral or ,cal$onian valley = a hundr$ miles1 & tra9+ r\nd ! we/]n coa/ by ,oban1 ! %ores ( ,mull & ,morv54 ,!y are ( great ?ickness 9 _m places2 & 9 "s ( ! b$s1 z at ,crom>ty1 ,le!n-b>1 & ,gamrie1 conta9 ne>ly all ! fossils peculi> to ! =mation4 ,! ord] ( ,ganoid fi%es1 :i* aft]w>d fulfill s di/+ui%$ a "p 9 ! k+dom ( nature1 is :olly abs5t f ! silurian gr\p1 :ile1 9 ! ,devonian1 ne>ly ?irty g5]a1 & consid]ably above sixty species1 h be5 describ$ & nam$4 ,! scales ( ^! creatures w\ld appe> to h be5 ri*ly ornam5t$1 enamel$1 & %9+1 & h5ce ! t]m ,ganoid appli$ to ! ord]4 ,9 ! nor!rn di/ricts1 beyond ,b5 ,mac-,dhui1 ! foll[+ g5]a1 ) sev]al species belong+ to ea*1 h be5 f\nd1 namely1 cocco/eus1 *eiracan?us1 *eirolepis1 dipt]us1 diplopt]us1 diplocan?us1 glyptolepis1 o/eolepis1 pt]i*?ys4 ,! pr9cipal localities ( ^! fossils are--! ,dipple on ! ,spey1 ,tynet ,burn 9 ,banff%ire1 ,seat-,craig ne> ,elg91 ,altyre on ! ,f9dhorn1 ,clune1 & ,le!n-b> 9 ,nairn%ire1 ,gamrie1 ,crom>ty1 & v>i\s places 9 ,su!rl& & ,cai?ness4 ,%etl& is *iefly compos$ ( ! old r$ s&/one1 :i* yields abundantly ! fossils peculi> to ! deposit4 ,! =mation ext5ds ?r\gh ! ,orkney isl&s1 inexhau/ibly f]tile 9 organic rema9s1 & among :i* h be5 f\nd plates & fragm5ts ( ! ,a/]olepis1 ! l>ge/ ( all ! g5]a belong+ to ! p]iod3 ! head & jaws1 at lea/1 appe> to h be5 ( enorm\s dim5sions1 & portions ( ! inn] skeleton mu/ h be5 bony1 contr>y to ! g5]al c>tilag9\s /ructure ( ! class4 ,! ,placoids ( ! subjac5t rocks h _m resemblances to ! ce/racions1 c5tr91 & sp9axes ( our pres5t seas1 _! scales be+ set l plates at irregul> di/ances ov] ! body4 ,! ,ganoids1 on ! o!r h&1 ^: scales 7 cont9u\s1 & envelop$ ! entire animal1 h no aff9ities to any liv+ types4 ,specim5s ( vegetable organisms are v common 9 "s ( ! flag/ones ( ,orkney1 resembl+1 9 "s in/ances1 ! ,lycopodiace1 or club-mosses1 s abundant 9 ! c>bonif]\s /rata3 & bran*+ fucoid plants1 ( :i* portions h be5 f\nd f two to ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 & ( ne>ly ! same diamet] ( /em ?r\gh\t4 ,b 9 trac+ ! ,,c\rse ( ,,creation 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( h] works1 ! mo/ important fact to relate is1 ! discov]y ( a conif]\s lignite1 imb$d$ 9 ! old r$ s&/one ( ,crom>ty4 ,?is int]e/+ relic 0 obta9$ f ^! b$s1 sev]al ye>s ago1 by ,mr4 ,mill]2 &1 ?\gh /ill ( t remote age an in/antia solit>ia ( its k9d1 l ! foot-pr9t ( ,rob9son ,crusoe1 x is ! sure tok5 ( a race t inhabit$ ! isl&1 & h>b+] ( a luxuriant flora !n wav+ along ! %ores ( ! b\ndless wat]s4 ,^! nor!rn localities1 on ! ma9l&1 z well z 9 ! isl&s1 are also rem>kable = _! %ell-b$s 9 ?is deposit1 :ile v few ( su* organisms h yet be5 detect$ 9 any ( ! ,scotti% rocks ( ! sy/em to ! s\? ( ! ,grampians4 ,! relics are conf9$ to "o species ( %ell1 resembl+ 9 g5]al appe>ance ! =m ( ! ,cyclas1 & are f\nd 9 v>i\s qu>ries 9 ! di/rict4 ,:at a revolution 9 lett]s1 k1 & civilization s9ce ! days ( ! ,romans6 ,?is1 _! ,ultima ,?ule6 & a sci5ce 9 ! v rocks ( :i* !y nev] ev5 dream$4 ,pr\d !y 7 ( _! fabl$ orig9 f ! tw9 boys suckl$ by ! wolves4 ,"h are ! spoils ( ages long ant]ior to _! my?s ( remote/ g5ealogy--families ( creatures t _h fulfill$ _! de/9y--buri$ 9 ! s&1 & upheav$ into l(ty m\nta9s1 :ile ! ,sev5 ,hills ( _! pr\d city slept b5ea? ! waves4 ,we n[ proce$ to trace ! ord] ( ! =mation s\?w>d ( ! ,grampian *a94 #a4 ,! conglom]ate1 a deep r$ & well-m>k$ deposit1 skirts ! base ( ! m\nta9s1 & 9 "s places is ( va/ ?ickness1 betwixt ,/onehav5 & ,blairg[rie4 ,?is rock is compos$ ( fragm5ts ( ! prim>y s]ies1 gneiss1 mica-slate1 qu>tz1 & porphyry2 ! granite con/itutes ! pa/e 9 :i* ^! are set & agglut9at$ toge!r4 ,excell5t sections are to be se5 9 ^? localities1 :]e ! pr9cipal riv]s1 ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,esks1 ! ,wa/ ,wat]1 ! ,isla1 & ! ,eri*t1 make _! passage 9 deb\*+ ^u ! pla9s4 ,9 all ^! defiles ! cliffs are precipit\s1 & (t5 v picturesque1 _! v>iegat$ & bright fle%-color$ sides =m+ a pleas+ contra/ ) ! d>k wat]s z !y eddy into pools1 or da% headlong ov] _! brok5 l$ges4 ,a mom5t>y inspection ( ?is composite rock leaves n ! %ad[ ( a d\bt ^u ! m9d z to its d]ivative orig91 :ile its vic9ity to ! great *a9 :]e its sev]al +r$i5ts are to be f\nd z directly po9ts to ! qu>ry :5ce x 0 hewn3 n1 x may be1 sl[ly accumulat+1 z g5]ally ass]t$1 dur+ ! lapse ( indef9ite p]iods ( "t1 b rapidly br\ght toge!r & consolidat$1 z s _m ( ! %>p angul> edges ( ! mat]ials mo/ unequivocally atte/4 ,! f9] b$s t occur 9 ! vic9ity w\ld seem to h be5 ! talus or outgo+ ( ! co>s] conglom]ate1 =m$ ( ! m9ute p>ticles ( ! same +r$i5ts :i* _h accumulat$ 9 ! m tranquil holl[s ( ! sea-bottom4 ,! slaty fissile s&/one ( ,cov5try ,qu>ry ne> ,fett]cairn 7s rem>kably tilt$ up & weld$ lit]ally to ! igne\s dyke71 /ret*+ ?r\gh\t ! nor?-ea/ & s\?-we/ p>ts ( ! c\nties ( ,k9c>d9e & ,=f>1 & prevail+ ov] ! di/ricts ( ,au*t]gav51 ,crieff1 & ,call&]1 may be mi/ak5 9 _m places = ! clay-slate itself slightly alt]$ 9 texture & appe>ance4 ,^! conclusions z to ! d]ivative orig9 ( ! conglom]ate are fully confirm$ & borne out by ! fact1 t ! deposit is ev]y:]e f\nd precisely :]e su* mat]ials w\ld be collect$1 all ar\nd ! %ores ( ! ,scotti% ,highl&s1 ov]ly+ or fr++ ! base ( ! cry/all9e rocks1 fill+ up ! creeks & bays ( ! primeval _w4 ,aft] ?\s&s ( ye>s ! massive blocks ( sy5ite1 *isel$ & half-dress$1 are /ill ly+ 9 ! qu>ries ( ,upp] ,syria1 :ile ! cities = :i* !y 7 prep>+ are heaps ( ru9s 9 ! des]t4 ,nature1 left to h] own op]ations1 treasures up ! wa/e occasion$ by ! elem5ts & o!r =ces1 & by ?us rais+ outworks & buttresses protects h] cry/al f\ndations aga9/ ! inroads ( consum+ "t4 #b4 ,=m+ an out] zone or ramp>t1 & ov]lapp+ ! conglom]ate1 a gray fossilif]\s s&/one con/itutes ! next memb] ( ! ,devonian gr\p4 ,?is deposit is widely ext5d$1 & consi/s ( sev]al b$s4 ,"o ( ^! is a f9e-gra9$1 compact build+ /one4 ,ano!r1 ! well-kn[n flag-/one1 is ( a m slaty texture1 ( a d>k-blue color1 & ab\nds 9 mica4 ,^! s&/ones occupy a great "p ( ! sea-w>d b>ri] by ,montrose1 ,arbroa?1 & ! high gr\nds ( ,c>mylie4 ,!y fold ov] ! ,sidlaws on bo? acclivities ( ! range1 :]e !y =m a well def9$ example ( :at geologi/s t]m ! anticl9al & syncl9al axes1 t is1 ! rock curves & r$uplicates1 l a s(t flexible sub/ance1 accord+ to ! undulations ( ! surface4 ,! sev]al b$s cross ! ,tay 9 ! direction ( ,dundee1 & em]ge on ! opposite banks at ,wormit-bay1 ,p>khill1 & ,newburgh2 rang+ ea/w>d along ! nor!rn slope ( ! ,o*ils by ,norman's ,law & ! high table-l& ( ,balm]9o4 #c4 ,a lime/one rock1 t]m$ ,,corn/one1 f its practical application to gr9d+ purposes 9 ,engl&1 occupies a place among ! old r$ s&/one s]ies4 ,?is deposit occurs 9 ?9 b&s ( a dull yell[i% or blue-color$ /one1 conta9+ num]\s *]ty nodules1 &1 :]e compact1 is ( a sub-cry/all9e texture4 ,! corn/one g5]ally conta9s m ( silici\s ?an ( calc>e\s matt]1 & is consequ5tly n mu* priz$ = build+ or agricultural purposes4 ,9 ,scotl& no organisms h be5 z yet detect$ 9 x1 b 9 ,engl& x yields abundantly rema9s ( ! cephalaspis & v>i\s cru/aceans4 ,?is rock is n co-ext5sive ) ! o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p1 nor d we f9d x cont9u\s 9 any "p ( ! di/rict :i* x occupies4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd 9 small deta*$ pat*es1 z at ,gl5-,f9lay1 ,meigle1 ,c>gill1 on ! nor? ( ! ,sidlaws2 at ,ball5dean1 ,rait1 ,meurie1 9 ! ,c>se ( ,g[rie2 at ,p>khill1 ,newburgh1 ,clunie1 ,k9naird1 on ! s\? bank ( ! ,tay2 & at ,newton & ,craigfoodie1 on ! s\!rn face ( ! ,o*ils4 ,at ! ,newburgh /ation ( ! ,ed9burgh & ,nor!rn ,railway ! corn/one is inclos$ among ! eruptive rocks1 p>tak+ ( _! common induration1 &1 except 9 its di/9ct lam9ation1 _c be di/+ui%$ 9 color or texture f ! traps4 #d4 ,a rock-m>l und]lies ! corn/one 9 ! =m ( a r$di%1 v>iegat$ s&/one1 & conta9s ab\t fifte5 p] c5t4 ( lime4 ,deep sections ( ?is calc>eo-ar5ace\s deposit are display$ along ! bas9 ( ! ,tay1 on bo? sides1 f ! conflu5ce ( ! ,isla to ,/anley1 at ,pitcairn ,gre5 on ! ,almond1 & occupy ! ridge f ,me?v5 to ,crieff4 ,a rem>kable ve9 ( s]p5t9e skirts ! base ( ! ,grampians 9 a s\?-ea/ & nor?-we/ direction1 ( a beautiful d>k olive-gre51 9 "s places ( a blue & :iti% color1 & at ,corta*ie ,bridge1 :]e x crosses ! ,esk1 conta9+ cry/als ( diallage4 ,?is dyke wid5s 9 "s p>ts to ne>ly n9ety feet1 ( a h>d compact texture1 &1 z ! m>ble ( ! di/rict on ! lakes ( ,clunie1 x is ext5sively us$ = ornam5tal purposes4 #e4 ,! geologi/1 z he pursues 8 j\rney by ei!r ( ! l9es ( railway t int]sect ,=f>%ire1 has /ill _m int]e/+ localities & objects be=e him4 ,trav]s+ 8! f]tile pla9s ( ,g[rie0 by ! ,p]? & ,dundee ,junction1 he ent]s at ,in*ture ^u a high] memb] ( ! old r$ s&/one1 a f9e-gra9$ yell[-spott$ b$4 ,! deposit fir/ appe>s to ! ea/w>d ( ,in*ture1 9 ! d5 ( ,balrudd]y1 :]e its outcrop is se5 imm$iately to ov]lie ! gray fossilif]\s b$s4--,! same v>iety em]ges on ! opposite bank ( ! ,tay at ,birkhill2 at ,ab]ne?y1 :]e x abuts at ne>ly "r angles aga9/ ! trap 9 a small rav9e to ! s\? ( ! village2 :5ce x skirts ! base ( ! ,o*ils1 & occupies ! c5t] ( ,/ra!>n at ,dumb>nie4 ,! ,cla%-b5nie s&/one1 d\bly int]e/+ f hav+ furni%$ ! fir/ & be/ specim5 ( holopty*ius1 ! type ( its age1 may be reg>d$ z an ext5sion ( ! ,balrudd]y & ,in*ture rock4 ,! b$s v>y a little 9 _! li?ological *>act]s1 z well z 9 ! deep fle%-color pr$om9ant 9 ! latt]2 /ill ! sph]ical m>k+s are !re1 &1 z _! organic rema9s are id5tical1 _! position 9 ! s]ies may be consid]$ z "o & ! same4 ,! yell[ or upp] b$s ( ! old r$ s&/one fall next to be consid]$2 b ^!1 f _! geographical limits1 are def]r$ to ! subsequ5t *apt]4 #f4 ,approa*+ ,p]? by ! ,midl& ,junction1 ! geologi/ _c fail to be arre/$ by ! va/ accumulations ( s& & gravel1 :i* ev]y:]e pres5t !mselves1 sometimes 9 ! deep cutt+s & railway sections2 sometimes 9 ! %ape ( r\nd$ hillocks or long n>r[ ridges2 & at o!r places z ext5d$ plateaux or sea-m>g9s ( diff]5t elevations4 ,along ! :ole we/]n & s\!rn slopes t ov]hang ! city1 ^! objects give a pleas+ v>iety to ! l&scape1 & =m int]e/+ subjects ( speculation z to _! orig91 d\btless ! ga!r$ wreck ( all ! rocks we h be5 contemplat+2 = aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( _! cont5ts ! conclusion _c be avoid$1 t ) mu* ( ! spoil ( ! prim>y rocks1 we h "h ! detrital wa/e ( ! entire old r$ s&/one s]ies4 ,! ,c>p[ cutt+1 9 ,/ra!>n ne> ,newburgh1 conta9s l>ge r\nd$ masses ( all ! v>ieties1 ) _! peculi> i*?yolites2 ! gray1 r$1 & yell[ deposit t prevails 9 ,fife%ire1 & "o solit>y pat* ( :i* /ill exi/s 9 situ1 ne> ! ,kirk ( ,dron1 z if on purpose to m>k its anci5t & m ext5d$ b\nd>ies4 ,nodules & b[ld]s ( ! corn/one are likewise abundant4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,p]?1 ! wa/e ( ! yell[ s&/one is to be f\nd1 unmix$ 9 sev]al spots1 consi/+ ( ?ick b$s ( f9e argillace\s s&4 ,simil> masses ( gravelly debris are spread ov] ! middle-bas9 ( ! ,e>n1 f ,=teviot to ,mu?il4 ,! ,scotti% ,c5tral cleaves its way = t5 miles ?r\gh sc>cely any o!r mat]ial4 ,! dre>y monotony ( ^! endless hillocks1 ar\nd ,au*t]>d] & ,black=d1 is reliev$ 9 "p by ! f9e undulat+ grassy braes ( ! ,o*ils1 & ! ri*ly-wood$ ris+ gr\nds skirt+ ! left bank ( ! riv]4 ,! geologi/'s eye w&]s ea/w>d1 ?r\gh ! di/rict occupi$ by ! l[] bas9 ( ! ,tay1 :]e ! :ole 0 "o great e/u>y or /rait1 & ^! ! %oals cov]$ by ! anci5t wat]s4 ,! ea/]n %ores1 f ,wormit-bay to ,leu*>s1 are accord+ly *>act]iz$ by va/ accumulations ( s& & gravel1 orig9at+ 9 ! same causes & deposit$ at ! same p]iod4 ,x w excite no surprise1 !re=e1 %\ld we rem>k t ! v>i\s b$s ( old r$ s&/one n[ s disjo9$1 or appe>+ only z pat*es1 once cov]$ ! great] "p ( ! di/rict trac$ above1 ext5d+ f ! ,o*ils across ! ,sidlaws to ! ,grampians4 ,nor c !re be difficulty 9 f9d+ an adequate cause = _! up-break1 especially 9 ! upp] memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,consid] n m]ely ! con/ant wa/e aris+ f aque\s abrasion & met]oic influ5ces1 b also ! te>+ effects occasion$ by ! convulsive ?roes & elevatory movem5ts ( ! ,grampian1 ,sidlaw1 & ,o*il ranges1 ei!r s+ly1 or1 z x may h happ5$1 9 comb9ation1 :5 ! ov]ly+ rocks mu/ h be5 %att]$ & brok5 9 e direction1 & r5d]$ capable ( easy transportation4 ,al?\gh belong+ to a po/]ior geological epo*1 ^! hillocks ( gravel & s& are ?us ! collect$ records ( primeval times1 atte/+ t mighty ag5cies h be5 at "w 9 r5d+ ! globe1 re-adju/+ its mat]ials1 & prep>+ !m = future comb9ations4 ,h[ spe$ily1 9 ^! fir/ days ( creation1 does geology make u acqua9t$ ) ! liability to *ange & mutation /amp$ ^u all e>?ly ?+s6 ,! m\nta9s are rais$ up1 & _! e>lie/ /ruggles are to get d[n aga94 ,nor is x ! law ( matt]1 if we may use ! expression1 to rise4 ,! wat]s seek ! holl[s ( ! e>?1 because !y are mat]ial4 ,! rocks1 m solid1 are subject to ! same pr9ciple ( gravitation1 & _! c\rse is d[nw>d1 & _! natural place ! bottom ( ! wat]s4 ,:5 ! rocks 7 sep>at$ f & elevat$ above ! wat]s1 x 0 n by any virtue or p[] 9 !mselves to assume ^! positions4 ,! sep>ation z well z ! elevation 7 ! results ( direct arrangem5t2 bo? c]ta9ly provid$ = 9 ! orig9al plan1 & yet n ! less br\ght ab\t aga9/ _! own mat]ial t5d5cies by a special ag5cy4 ,geology !reby e/abli%es ! fact1 t ! m\nta9s 7 rais$ up & ! dry l& ,,comm&$ to appe>4 ,& n[1 decompos+ & wa/+ d[n1 we see !m seek+ back to _! old places1 to be !re re-con/ruct$1 & to subs]ve o!r purposes4 ,,! ,,organic ,,rema9s1 :i* fall next to be describ$1 are conf9$ to ?ree ( ! b$s1 z enum]at$ above4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 9 ! ord] ( sup]position1 is ! micace\s flag/one ( ,c>mylie & ,arbroa?1 likewise ext5d+ along ! s\? bank ( ! ,tay1 & di/+ui%$ by ! vegetable culmif]\s impressions ) :i* x ab\nds4 ,^!1 9 "s places1 are s num]\s1 z to cov] ! entire surface ( ! rock4 ,! idea ( an anci5t m>% is imm$iately call$ up 9 ! m9d1 z "o sees /one aft] /one split up1 & all ! int]/ices mottl$ & /reak$ ov] ) ! /ems & leaves ( ! plants :i* 7 f$ by its wat]s4 ,:ile we write1 e pond1 & e lake 9 ! neighborhood has crept quietly "u its c>pet+ ( ice1 a congelation ( ! liv+ ) ! dead4 ,h[ beautiful & di/9ctly del9eat$ ! culms & leaves ( ! *>a lock$ 9 its cry/al embrace2 ! fl[] ( ! juncus yet l+]s on ! /alk2 & !re1 h[ gracefully float ! long broad cont9u\s /ems ( ! scirpus lacu/ris6 ,! pike & p]*1 bo? typifi$ 9 ! old5 rocks1 may be se5 motionless z a /one1 or s(tly buoyant z ! d[n1 9 ! cle> dep?s bel[4 ,n s brightly1 b n[ z fix$ly set1 & z m9utely pres]v$1 are ! fragm5ts ( ! flora ( ! ,devonian age3 if black5$ & jetty 9 _! ho>y antiquity1 ^! films ( mica give light & relief to ! d>k] backgr\nd ( ! picture2 & %apes1 too1 7 !re sport+ 9 ! wat]s1--! s]aphim & buckl]-head$ cephalaspis1--:i* pa9t] nev] conceiv$1 nor poet feign$4 ,^! fossils are n 9 a /ate ( petrifaction1 b g5]ally consi/ 9 ! =m ( an easily-sep>at$ film ( c>bonace\s matt]1 or m frequ5tly z a simple coaly m>k+4 ,sometimes1 b v r>ely1 ! plant is f\nd betwixt ! slaty lay]s1 z x 7 9 a dri$ /ate1 & /ill p]fectly flexible2 & ! impressions n unfrequ5tly resemble ! n>r[ /riat$ leaves ( ! alopecurus g5iculatus1 ! float+ foxtail-grass1 ) its knott$ culms4 ,!re are o!r specim5s1 t look l ! b>k ( trees1 or ! bran*es ( ! gn>l$ oak1 ribb$ & jo9t$ crosswise4 ,! r\nd dott$ pat*es1 v>y+ f ! size ( a g>d5 pea to an in* 9 diamet]1 n unlike1 9 %ape & appe>ance1 ! =m ( a compress$ /rawb]ry1 are v pl5tiful4 ,dr4 ,flem+1 9 ,*eek's 8,ed9burgh ,j\rnal0 = ,febru>y1 #ahca1 has figur$ ?is organism 9 connection ) ! /em1 :i* !reby =ms a graceful & well-def9$ fl[]+ plant1 :ile ,sir ,*>les ,lyell consid]s ^! b]ry-%ap$ =ms to be ! relics ( ! ova ( "s ga/]opoda ( ! p]iod4 ,b at ,wormit & ,p>khill !y are s uni=mly1 & 9 su* numb]s1 associat$ ) ! culmif]\s & leaf impressions1 z mo/ /rongly to v9dicate _! claim to a vegetable orig94 ,we h 9 our collection sev]al specim5s1 ) ?is organism sep>at$ c]ta9ly f ! culm1 b /ill 9 su* clos5ess & proportionate size1 z1 ) little aid f ! imag9ation1 to inf] _! =m] connection1 & assign to !m a place among ! phan]ogam\s & se$-yield+ plants4 ,if s1 we _c too highly prize ^! relics1 reg>d+ !m1 z !y und\bt$ly are1 among ! olde/ ( organic sub/ances--! fir/ ( ! gre5 h]bs t sprung f ! e>?--! fragile fl[]1 t )]s (t5 9 a day1 !re to atte/ ! m&ate ( primeval creation4 ,h[ _m seasons h return$2 h[ _m se$-times & h>ve/s h cov]$ ! fields2 :at revolutions & *anges ov] all ^! hills & pla9s1 s9ce t fl9ty rock =m$ ! soil1 & ^! vegetables sprung f its f]tility6 ,!y are n admitt$ among ! economic ord] ( ! gram9e2 nor :e!r ( m>9e1 semi-m>9e1 or lacu/r9e orig91 h geologi/s be5 able to det]m9e4 ,( ! ,,animal ,,rema9s ( fi%es belong+ to ! gray s&/one1 ! ,cephalaspis ,lyellii 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ discov]$1 z x /ill con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! fossil relics4 ,! head ( ?is creature1 & h5ce ! "n buckl]-head$1 is l>ge 9 proportion to ! body1 =m+ ne>ly "o-?ird ( its l5g?4 ,! outl9e is r\nd$ 9 ! =m ( a cresc5t1 ! lat]al horns incl9+ slightly t[>d ea* o!r1 :ile ! ant]ior or c5tral p>ts project consid]ably outw>d2 ?is peculi>ity ( /ructure is occasion$ by ! intimate an*ylosis ( all ! plates :i* compose ! cranium4 ,! body resembles 9 appe>ance an elongat$ sp9dle1 swell+ out on ! ridge ( ! back1 & n>r[+ to ! extremity ( ! tail1 :i* t]m9ates 9 a long sl5d] po9t4 ,h[ l1 p]adv5ture1 ! v dagg] ) :i* ! murd]\s ,?ane ( ,glammis ?reat5$ to r5d]-- 8,! multitud9\s seas inc>nad9e1 ,mak+ ! gre5 "o r$60 ,! sangu9e\s fluid1 9 ^? days1 0 n inde$ v pl5tiful2 b ! %>p-horn$ or?oc]1 & ! swift pr$ace\s nautili 7 cotempor>ies2 & h5ce1 ei!r = protection or attack1 we f9d t1 :ile ! head ( ! ,cephalaspis 0 "o entire plate ( enamel$ bone 9 ! upp] division1 ! body 0 wrapp$ 9 a closely wov5 net-"w ( bony scales1 ( peculi> =m1 & diff]+ f ! scales ( e o!r g5us ( ganoids4 ,! scales along ! c5t] ( ! sides are s high1 t _! bread? exce$s _! l5g? eight or t5 times1 occupy+ m ?an half ! height ( ! animal4 ,ev]y:]e me%$ 9 small] b equally imp]vi\s nett+s1 !re are ( ! l>g] scales1 f tw5ty-six to ?irty cov]+ ! sides1 !reby complet+ a mail-clad figure ( a s+ul>ly w>like aspect1 & bidd+ defiance1 l 8 great anti-type1 to all 8 foes1--8let fall ?y blade on vuln]able ,,cre/s0--b n[1 l ,banquo's gho/1 8! bones are m>r[less40 ,^! curi\s fossils 7 fir/ detect$ 9 ! qu>ries at ,glammis1 by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 & f _! /rik+ resemblance to ! cephalic %ield ( c]ta9 trilobites1 7 suppos$1 = a "t1 to belong to ! class ( cru/aceans4 ,! b$s ( ,c>mylie & ,balrudd]y1 yield ^! organisms 9 ! greate/ abundance4 ,"o solit>y specim51 a fragm5t ( two in*es 9 l5g?1 ( ! small] scaly net-me%1 has be5 obta9$ by me 9 ! gray rock1 on ! s\? bank ( ! ,tay4 ,! heads are uni=mly 9 ! be/ /ate ( pres]vation2 inde$ hundr$s ( ^! lie entire1 :]e no "p ( ! body has left ! trace ( an impression4 ,m4 ,agassiz assigns1 z ! reason ( ?is1 ! great diff]5ce t exi/s 9 ! /ructure ( ^! two p>ts1 & especially 9 ! disproportion ( _! dim5sions & =ms1 :i* w\ld (f] a di/9ct resi/ance to ! pressure to :i* ! animals mu/ h be5 expos$4 8,if1 on ! o!r h&10 he adds1 8! heads usually pres5t _! sup]ior surface to u1 x is because _! inf]ior surface1 ! cavity ( ! m\?1 ! bran*ial ar* & s9uosities ( ! inf]ior bones ( ! cranium1 are po9ts ( support comp>atively m solid1 & m adapt$ = su/a9+ ! matt] :i* has filt]$ into !m1 ?an a l>g] surface slightly convex1 :i* w\ld naturally be deta*$ f ! rock :]ev] a sep>ation 0 f\nd 9 x40 ,,! ,,d5 ,,( ,,balrudd]y pres5ts u ) a gr\p ( v rem>kable fossils1 compris+1 9 an area ( ! gray s&/one ( a few squ>e y>ds1 innum]able impressions ( ! plant-m>k+s already notic$1 multitudes ( ! ,cephalaspis1 sp9es1 & o!r i*?yolites1 along ) two entirely new g5]a ( fi%es ( ! ord] ( ,placoids4 ,! s&/one "h is ( a v slaty "*1 splitt+ up into ?9 lay]s1 betwixt e "o ( :i* "s organism or o!r has impress$ its =m2 & ! diff]5t k9ds are (t5 s promiscu\sly huddl$ toge!r1 z to sugge/ ! idea ( "s viol5t commotion 9 ! elem5t :i* collect$ & de/roy$ !m4 ,9 ! 8,synoptical ,table ( ,briti% ,fossil ,fi%es10 by ,m4 ,agassiz1 we f9d ins]t$ a ,p>exus recurvus1 & a ,clematius reticulatus1 f ?is locality2 !y are repres5t$ simply z i*?yodorulites1 no complete specim5s ( ! creatures hav+ be5 pres5t$ to him1 nor inde$ h any be5 z yet obta9$4 ,"o ( ! specim5s 9 ! ,balrudd]y collection1 :5 return$ by ,m4 ,agassiz1 0 label$ z a ,paloc>c9us alatus3 & 9 ! #ad? ,livraison ( 8 8,poisson ,fossiles10 he ?us writes3--8,enf9 j'en dois aussi plusieurs espces ,m4 ,web/] de ,balrudd]y4 ,p>mi ses *antillons j'en ai tr\v plusieurs d'un gr& intrt1 p>ce qu'ils m'ont fait connatre que le g5re ,pt]ygotus que j'avais tabli1 il y a plusieurs annes1 sur des fragm5s trs-imp>faits1 n'app>ti5t po9t la classe de poissons1 mais bi5 en celle des cru/aces4 ,une p>eille erreur semble pe9e possible1 et cep5dant elle p>at excusable lorsque je f]ai connatre les c>actres de ce fossile2 des botani/es clbres n'avai5t pas hsit les rang] p>mi les ,algues4 ,les ,s]aphius fossiles des c>rires de ,=f>%ire1 que ,m4 ,lyell a s\mit la ,section de ,geologie de l',association ,britannique runie ,ed9b\rg en #ahcd1 sont des ces mmes cru/aces gigantesques du t]ra9 ,dvoni54 ,ils (fr5t des rapports loigns avec les ,entome/racs gigantesques du t]ra9 h\ill]1 dcrits s\s les noms d',edotea et d',eurypt]us40 ,! ,lob/]1 accord+ly1 ( ,balrudd]y is ! fir/ discov]y ( its fossil k9d2 portions ( ne>ly e organ ( ! body h be5 f\nd1 s z to make ! re/oration ( ! cru/acean complete3 a creature ( at lea/ f\r feet 9 l5g?1 & z 9 ! fi%es ( ?is epo*1 ! %elly cov]+ is dott$ all ov] ) enamel$ scale-l m>k+s4 ,?is magnific5t collection rema9s /ill undescrib$1 hundr$s ( ! specim5s1 f ! m9ute to ! gigantic1 & ( ! greate/ div]sity ( "*1 be+ only deta*$ fragm5ts ( ! /ructures to :i* !y belong$2 b en\gh h we !re to te/ify z to ! e>ly prolific abundance ( ,nature1 & t1 ?r\gh\t all ages1 h] types & =ms ( life are wond]fully alli$4 ,! int]e/+ locality ( ,balrudd]y is succe$$ by ano!r 9 ! asc5d+ ord] ( ! /rata1 b l[] on ! pla9 ( ! ,c>se ( ,g[rie1--,cla%b5nie1 situat$ ab\t six miles to ! we/w>d4 ,?is rock is well entitl$ to be d5om9at$ ! ,holopty*ius ,b$1 z "h ! fir/ complete specim5 ( t rem>kable g5us 0 obta9$1 & ( :i* !re are ?ree species 9 ! deposit1 namely1 ,h4 ,giganteus1 ,noblissimus1 & ,mur*isoni4 ,?ree o!r g5]a1 ( ! ganoid ord] ( fi%es1 h left _! relics 9 ?is b$1 "s ( !m 9 a beautiful /ate ( pres]vation3 ^! are ,glypto/eus reticulatus1 ,phyllolepis conc5tricus1 & ,glyptolepis elegans1 all nam$ & describ$ by ,m4 ,agassiz4 ,! ,holopty*ius ranks among ! family ( ,clacan!s1 & ! t]m ,holopty*ius 7holos1 entire2 & pty*e1 a wr9kle7 is appli$ to ! fossil f ! circum/ance ( ! scales be+ cov]$ ) wr9kl$ dots or m>k+s1 ! enamel$ surface ( :i* is ind5t$ ) deep undulat+ furr[s4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic feature ( ?is g5us consi/s 9 ! di/ant position ( ! v5trical f9s1 be+ consid]ably remov$ t[>d ! tail1 & 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! bran*ial organs1 :i* =m two l>ge plates betwe5 ! bran*es ( ! inf]ior ray1 z 9 ! g5us ,megali*?ys4 ,! /ructure ( ! 8nageoirs10 ! r\nd$ =m ( ! v5trical f91 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! rays ( its ant]ior edge are ins5sibly prolong$1 9 connection ) _! relative ?9ness1 are also m>k$ di/9ctions4 ,! head ( ! ,holopty*ius is rem>kably small 9 comp>ison ) ! size ( ! body1 :i*1 9 ! ,cla%b5nie specim5 measures ?irty in*es 9 l5g? by twelve 9 bread?4 ,! scales are /ill disproportionately l>g] ?an ei!r ! head or body1 "s ( !m be+ ne>ly ?ree in*es 9 l5g? by two & a half 9 bread?1 ) a correspond+ ?ickness4 ,! /ructure ( ! d]mal cov]+ is beautiful 9 ! extreme2 x is compos$ ( ^! scale-plates1 articulat+1 & lac$ toge!r 9 su* a way z to comb9e ! greate/ possible /r5g? ) ! highe/ degree ( flexibility2 &1 protect$ by a ri* coat+ ( enamel1 x mu/ h be5 capable ( ! greate/ endurance1 & ( resi/+ any pressure4 ,two ?ickly set r[s ( tee?2 "o inn]1 & extremely m9ute1 ! o!r l>ge & po9t$1 complet$ ! equipm5ts ( a m\? adapt$ to seize & cru% to p[d] any intrud] ^u its pa/urage4 ,! v]tebral column ext5d$ to ! extremity ( ! tail1 :i* 0 =k$ or divid$ into two unequal lobes1 a contrivance ( nature t enabl$ ! animal to turn quickly on its back be=e /rik+ its prey4 ,?is =m ( ! tail is call$ ! ,,het]oc]cal2 x is *>act]i/ic ( mo/ ( ! fi%es ( ! p]iod1 & prevail$ dur+ ! palozoic age2 :5 x gave way1 at ! era ( ! *alk =mation1 to :at is t]m$ ! ,,homoc]cal /ructure1 & :i* /ill exi/s 9 ! fi%es ( ! curr5t epo*4 ,! ,phyllolepis is a v /rik+ g5us ( ! same family1 & has also be5 notic$ at consid]able l5g? by ! ,swiss naturali/4 ,! scales1 or o!r plates1 :i* cov]$ ! body ( ?is fi% are ( enorm\s dim5sions1 be+ ne>ly half a foot 9 diamet]1 & r\nd$ to an obtuse angle4 ,:at di/+ui%es !m f all o!r scales1 & p>ticul>ly f ^? ( ! ,holopty*ius1 ) :i* !y h c]ta9 ext]nal resemblances1 is _! extreme t5uity1 consi/+ simply ( a film ( enamel spread ov] a ?9 osse\s membrane1 sc>cely s ?ick z ! blade ( a knife1 & v>y+ f ?ree to five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,_! surface is smoo?1 or slightly m>k$ ) conc5tric wr9kles p>allel to ! edge ( ! scale4 ,two species ( ?is g5us h be5 f\nd1 "o 9 ! old r$1 & ! o!r 9 ! coal =mation4 ,9 ! ,cla%b5nie s&/one only a few deta*$ scales h be5 detect$1 b suffici5tly well pres]v$ to %[ ! sup]position1 or imbrication1 p]haps1 9 :i* !y /ood relatively to ea* o!r1 ! wr9kles s]v+ z grooves by :i* _! adhesion 0 m firmly effect$4 ,"o decid$ *>act]i/ic ( ?is organ 9 ! ,phyllolepis conc5tricus is1 t x is a little rais$ t[>d ! middle1 :5ce x aga9 decl9es or s9ks on all sides1 aft] ! mann] ( a ro(4 ,! s&/ones flank+ ! hill ( ,k9n\l1 & /ret*+ along ! left bank ( ! ,tay1 by ,scone & ,le!ndy1 appe> to be a cont9uation ( ! ,cla%b5nie b$s1 z also ^? occupy+ ! ridges by ,ru?v5 & ,duppl91 :]e !y assume mu* ( ! fissile "* & micace\s aspect ( ! ,c>mylie flag-/one1 b ev]y:]e de/itute ( organic rema9s 9 ! :ole we/]n di/rict f ,p]? to ,call&]4 ,! abs5ce ( fossils f p>ticul> b$s has be5 acc\nt$ = 9 v>i\s ways4 ,b ev5 9 ! same s]ies ( rocks1 & :]e !re is no break 9 ! cont9uity ( ! /rata1 x is a maxim ( geology t ! range ( fossils is n always co-ext5sive ) ! m9]al deposits4 ,!n1 z n[1 ! explanation is1 t ! slighte/ physical *anges affect$ ! ta/es & habits ( ! animal k+dom2 ! direction & /r5g? ( a curr5t2 ! dep? ( wat]2 ! "* & qualities ( ! sea-bottom2 ! =ce ( tidal action2 ! season ( ! ye>1 be+1 x is well kn[n1 s+ly suffici5t to produce great diff]5ces z to ! migrations & favorite haunts ( almo/ e aquatic race4 ,& h5ce x is laid d[n z a recogniz$ pr9ciple 9 ! sci5ce1 t a p>ticul> b$ ( rock )9 c]ta9 limits is n to be exclud$ f its place 9 a sy/em1 & ano!r sub/itut$ !re91 by ! m]e pres5ce or abs5ce ( a c]ta9 class ( fossils4 ,individuals1 too1 w (t5 outlive ! family to :i* !y belong1 & be f\nd 9 c]ta9 localities int]mix$ ) ! races ( a high] gr\p ( rocks4--,& ^! rem>ks are applicable to all ! =mations1 less or m1 f ! l[e/ fossilif]\s /rata to ! late/ ( ! t]ti>ies4 ,appli$ to ! old r$ s&/one1 !y s]ve to expla9 ! fact t1 :ile ! precise relative position ( ! we/]n b$s 9 ! di/rict "u review _c 9 e in/ance be det]m9$1 l>ge spaces or areas are entirely de/itute ( organic rema9s :i* 9 ! ea/]n1 & n di/ant1 localities are detect$ 9 ! greate/ abundance & v>iety4 ,! sy/em ( rocks is unque/ionably ! same1 b nei!r cephalaspis1 p>exus1 clematius1 holopty*ius1 glypto/eus1 phyllolepis1 nor glyptolepis1 ev] w\ld seem to h frequ5t$ ^! p>ts2 :e!r = ! reasons above assign$1 or = any o!r local cause1 or simply t !y did n l ! region--z ! gr\se & pt>migan1 ev5 n[1 w n desc5d to ! pla9s--is "o ( ! recondite problems ( animal life connect$ ) ! new z well z ! old] /ate ( ?+s4 ,^! b$s may yet1 h[ev]1 be discov]$ to be fossilif]\s1 z ! smalle/ space 9 local di/ance may reveal _! hidd5 /ores1 to rew>d ! dilig5t obs]v]1 & add to our k ( ! aborig9al fauna ( ! di/rict4 ,! lesson f>!r taught by ! v>i$ ph5om5a :i* h pass$ "u review 9 ?is *apt] w\ld seem to be1 t !re is no?+ fix$ or p]man5t 9 su* arrangem5ts ( nature4--,^! are ! beg9n+s ( creation1 & bo? z respects organic & inorganic matt]1 *ange & re-con/ruction h prevail$ f ! e>lie/ p]iods to :i* our rese>*es c p5etrate4--,! ,div9e ,ar*itect did n complete ?+s z we n[ see !m1 9 "o initial act2 nor1 z we reg>d quiesc5ce & /ability1 7 ! elem5ts & =ces ( nature s balanc$ z n to int]f]e ev5 9 viol5t collision ) "o ano!r4 ,a _w is call$ into exi/5ce4 ,/orms & commotions r5d its frame4--,sea & l& cont5d = ma/]y4 ,& ev]y?+ )9 its b\nds1 l ! flux ( "t1 l day & night1 summ] & w9t]1 life & dea?1 is obs]v$ to h em]g$ into be+ & =m1 to h assum$ new arrangem5ts1 !n to h p]i%$2 or gradually1 z its nature might be1 to h consum$ away4 ,no reason c be assign$ = all ?is1 z ! law or ord] ( ev5ts1 except ! appo9tm5t ( ,him :o made & cont9ues ! con/itution ( nature z x is4 ,no adequate cause ( creation c ev] be conceiv$ b t ( ! ,div9e ,goodness2 & :ile we nev] c expect fully to compreh5d ! wisdom t plann$1 & ! p[] t c>ri$ into effect1 ! purposes ( t wisdom1 /ill ! v ef=t to atta9 k conc]n+ !m1 fulfills "o great object = :i* man is made curi\s ab\t ! works ( 8 ,mak]4 ,9 contemplat+ ! wond]s ( ^? days1 ! v>iety1 adaptation & p]fection ( ev]y?+ 9 itself z !n con/ruct$1 he w always ref] to t ,inf9ite ,intellig5ce ?r\gh ^: goodness he is p]mitt$ to enjoy k4 ,9 becom+ wis] he w become bett]4 ,8 increas+ k w be made subs]vi5t to a m exalt$ fai? 9 t ev]la/+ 8,^w0 :o fram$ ! worlds2 & 9 proportion z ! vail becomes ?9n] ?r\gh :i* he sees ! orig9 & c\rse ( ?+s1 he w admire all ! m ! brightness ( ,him :o 0 ! true light :i* lighte? e man t come? into ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,holopty*ius ,noblissimus4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,yell[ ,,s&/one4 ,dura ,d51 :i!r ! sc5e ( our explorations n[ %ifts1 occupies a c5tral position 9 ,fife%ire1 & lies equidi/ant betwixt ,/4 ,&rews & ,cup>1 ! c\nty t[n4 ,?is classic field ( geology is !re=e ( ! easie/ access4 ,! railway trav]ses ! op5+ to ! rav9e1 a lovely valley ( *oice ar*ological z well z fossil rema9s1 :]e p>liam5ts h assembl$ & a scept] 0 cont5d$ =1 ! retreat ( le>n$ *ur*m51 & a refuge 9 ! cav]ns ( its rock = p]secut$ sa9ts4 ,a day's excursion to su* a place _c fail to be a pr(itable z well z agreeable "o1 :]e ! /ud5ts ( geology1 or ( botany1 or ( hi/ory1 w sev]ally meet ) objects suitable to _! ta/e2 &1 if lov]s ( ! tragic1 a %ort det\r to ! left w furni% a sight ( ,magus ,muir1 ( cruel memory & mo/ indef5sible policy4 ,! geological /ructure ( ,dura ,d5 is m ?an ord9>ily int]e/+1 pres5t+1 z x does )9 a limit$ di/ance1 & 9 close juxtaposition1 ! two s]ies ( ! old r$ s&/one & c>bonif]\s sy/ems1 an includ$ mass ( ov]ly+ trap1 a gre5/one dyke1 & a ve9 ( gal5a4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ! dell1 ) its w9d+s1 f ! ru9s ( ! ca/le re/+ on ! conglom]ate r$1 to ! outgo+ on ! s\? into ,c]es bas9 ( ! coal =mation1 does n exce$ a mile & a half4 ,! rocks ov]hang ! road :i* passes ?r\gh ! valley1 ! s&/one 9 "s places ris+ precipit\sly into bold mural cliffs ( a hundr$ feet 9 height1 & pres5t+ color$ & well-def9$ sections ( ! diff]5t lay]s ( :i* x is compos$4 ,^! con/itute ! fi% b$s ( ! yell[ s&/one gr\p1 ly+ t[>d ! nor!rn extremity ( ! d51 & consi/ ( b$s ( v>iegat$ m>ls1 int]mix$ ) friable ar5ace\s b&s1 & h>d1 compact1 f9e-gra9$ build+ /one4 ,! c>bonif]\s s]ies are sep>at$ f ^? ( ! yell[ s&/one by ! gre5/one dyke ref]r$ to1 :i* imm$iately1 & inconv5i5tly = sight ( ! junction1 int]poses betwixt ! two sy/ems4 ,! l[] b$s ( ! indep5d5t coal =mation are "h ?r[n up to an angle ( #bf1 ! yell[ s&/one adjac5t be+ ne>ly horizontal1 & 9 no place exce$+ an incl9ation ( eight or t5 degrees4 ,! coal b$s h be5 lift$ up by & repose anticl9ally ^u ! trap1 :]e ! cutt+ = ! road has expos$ ! outcrop ( ! seams2 & ?us1 9 a n>r[ space & ly+ on ! surface1 we may m>k ! outgo+ & ! incom+ ( a va/ revolution>y epo*1 organic & inorganic1 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,! /rata1 consi/+ ( alt]nat+ b&s ( coal1 %ale1 iron/one1 & s&/one1 assume t[>d ! head ( ! valley a ne>ly horizontal position1 abutt+ aga9/ a mass ( trap :i* sep>ates ! l[] f ! upp] workable b$s ( ! bitum9\s m9]al 9 ! ,c]es bas94 ,dura ,d51 9 addition to ! int]e/ aris+ f li?ological /ructure1 pres5ts an excell5t example ( a valley ( erosion4 ,! riv] :i* trav]ses x rises at times into consid]able volume1 & sweeps ) viol5ce ?r\gh ! pass2 connect$ above1 at "o p]iod1 ) a lake1 & act+ cont9u\sly on s(t friable matt]1 ! abrad+ p[]s ( ! in/rum5t are suffici5tly adequate to ! production ( ! effect4 ,! qualities ( ! rocks p5etrat$ may be easily inf]r$ f ! w9d+s ( ! /ream--! h>d] sub/ances occasion+ a div]g5ce f ! /raight c\rse--! s(t & m>ly scoop$ out into wid] & m ext5d$ areas4 ,a section ( any "o ( !m is !reby label$ = ! fulle/ inspection1 :i* are arrang$1 n p]p5dicul>ly "o ^u ano!r1 b drawn out 9 longitud9al succession on ! floor & sidewalls ( ! valley1 & exhibit+ to ! geologi/1 aft] s _m types & =ms ( ! old r$ s&/one1 ! fir/ break & mo/ nor!rn limit ( ! coal metals 9 ! great c5tral bas9 ( ,scotl&4 ,,! ,,yell[ ,,s&/one1 z x is t]m$ f its prevail+ color1 ?\gh n uni=mly s1 belongs to ! old r$ or devonian sy/em ( rocks1 ( :i* ! corn/one & conglom]ate b$s are 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity1 & ! position & relation ( ! ?ree to "o ano!r easily det]m9able4 ,! upp] or yell[ deposit occupies ! valley ( ,/ra!d5 ne>ly ?r\gh\t its entire l5g? & bread?1 & ranges along ! base ( ! heights ( ,nydie1 ,cults1 ! ,lomonds1 ,b9n>ty1 & ! ,clei% hills1 dipp+ "u ! c>bonif]\s l[] gr\p1 & g5]ally sep>at$ by ov]ly+ masses ( trap4 ,! s&/ones1 inde$1 ( bo? sy/ems1 resemble ea* o!r s mu* 9 color & texture1 t 9 _m in/ances along ! l9e n[ indicat$ ! trap mu/ be tak5 z a guide by :i* to asc]ta9 ! qualities & respective positions ( ! two s]ies4 ,gl5vale1 a beautiful rav9e :i* int]sects ! ,lomond range1 pres5ts admirable sections ( ! :ole gr\p1 9 _! regul> ord] ( sup]position & f9ely display+ _! contra/+ m9]al *>act]s4 ,,organic ,,rema9s4 ,^! are abundantly di/ribut$ 9 scales1 tee?1 sp9es1 coprolites1 & o!r rema9s1 & are to be f\nd 9 e op5+ & qu>ry ?r\gh\t ! range ( ! deposit4 ,x is only 9 ,dura ,d51 h[ev]1 t any entire animal =ms h z yet be5 obta9$1 & ^! all conf9$ to a portion ( ! rock n exce$+ ?irty y>ds by ?ree 9 bread?1 a n>r[ tr\gh excavat$ = ! purpose ( =m+ a wat]-%$ to ! mill1 :i* /&s 9 ! c5t] ( ! valley4 ,! fossils d]iv$ f ?is s+le spot consi/ ( f\r new g5]a1 & sev5 or eight new species1 t h be5 add$ to our catalogue ( ext9ct animals4 ,^! rema9s 7 all 9 a /ate ( beautiful pres]vation2 ! scales & f9s are brightly enamel$1 & contra/$ ) ! matrix 9 :i* !y are set1 ! colors are z vivid & gli/5+ z :5 ! animals 7 sport+ 9 _! native elem5t4 ,! specim5s1 ,i believe1 ( ! v>i\s collections made 9 ?is ri* depository by diff]5t p>ties 7 all submitt$ to ! exam9ation ( ,m4 ,agassiz1 :o has figur$ sev]al ( !m 9 8 8,monograph0 on ! old r$ s&/one1 b )\t complet+1 x is mu* to be regrett$1 8 descriptions ( ! v>i\s fossils4 ,we give ! foll[+ abridgm5t ( su* descriptions z are conta9$ 9 ! "w4 ,!re are two new species ( ,holopty*ius repres5t$1 namely1 ,&]soni & ,flem+ii1 & ^! are di/+ui%$ entirely by ! =m & trac]y ( _! respective scales4 ,! ,h4 ,&]soni is describ$ z a small sp9dle-%ap$ 7fusi=me7 fi%1 ?ick & %ort1 & n>r[+ rapidly t[>d ! tail4 ,illu/ration3 ,holopty*ius ,&]soni4 ,! scales are mu* less ?an ^? ( ! o!r species1 z deep z !y are broad1 & resembl+ 9 g5]al =m ! scales ( ! ,h4 ,mur*isoni f\nd 9 ,cla%b5nie4 ,:at peculi>ly di/+ui%es !m is ! figure ( ! ornam5ts 7le dess9 des ornem5s7 ( ! surface1 :i* are p>allel1 horizontal1 v m>k$ & di/ant 9 ! ,a4 & nev] ext5d+ 9 ! /ri to ! po/]ior edge4 ,! scales1 aga91 ( ,h4 ,flem+ii are on ! sides ( ! fi% deep] ?an !y are broad1 & on ! belly !y become r\nd]4 ,_! ornam5ts are also v di/9ct 9 ! ,f41 consi/+ ( a sy/em ( wav+ l9es1 :i* run horizontally t[>d ! out] edge )\t any p]ceptible ramification1 :ile ! wr9kles ( ! scale rise f a s]ies ( little hills 7coll9es7 rang$ p>allel ov] ! l5g? ( ! inn] edge1 undulat+ & v close4 ,?is specim5 is repres5t$ z v imp]fect4 ,! o!r is ne>ly entire1 ! plates ( ! head & sev]al ( ! tee? are well pres]v$1 e scale is 9 its place1 & ! f9s are only want+ to re/ore ! normal outl9e ( ! fi%4 ,?is fossil has be5 figur$ & errone\sly describ$ 9 ! au?or's 8,geology ( ! ,c\nty ( ,fife0 "u ! "n ( gyrolepis 7holopty*ius n[7 giganteus1 f :i*1 says ,m4 ,agassiz1 x diff]s specifically4 ,f ! fossils ( ?is locality has be5 e/abli%$ ! new g5us ( ,,glyptopomus1 ! specim5 ( :i* be+ orig9ally mi/ak5 by ,agassiz = a platygna?us1 b s9ce f\nd by him to diff] f t g5us 9 sev]al mat]ial po9ts4 ,! scales ( ! platygna?us1 = example1 are r\nd & imbricat$1 possess+ 9 ?is respect all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! scales ( ! clacan!s1 :ile on ! o!r h& ^? ( ! glyptopomus resemble ! scales ( ! sauroids1 :i* are rhomboidal or squ>e 7ou c>res71 closely set & nev] imbricat$1 z %[n 9 ! subjo9$ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,glyptopomus ,m9or4 ,moreov]1 ! platygna!s are l5g?y 7allongs7 9 ! body1 likewise long 7longue7 9 ! tail1 :i* is furni%$ ) a v /rong f91 :]eas ! body ( ! glyptopomes is v ?ick1 & ! tail %ort4 ,! ornam5ts ( ! scales ( ,g4 be> a close aff9ity to ^? g5]ally ( ! clacan!s4 ,only "o species z yet has be5 f\nd1 ! glytopomus m9or1 & figur$ 9 ! tab4 #bf ( ! 8,monograph0 "u ! "n ( platygna?us m9or4 ,! glyptopomus m9or1 says ,m4 ,agassiz1 f\nd 9 ,dura ,d51 & ( :i* !re is b "o specim51 is possess$ ( a body broad & ?ick1 approa*+ 9 =m to t ( ! holopty*ius4 ,! fi% is ly+ on ! belly1 & turn$ slightly to ! left1 s t x is ! back & "r side :i* are repres5t$ 9 ! plate4 ,! head is proportionally small1 cov]$ ) bones v irregul>ly c>v$1 pres5t+ a d5se & div]sifi$ granul> aspect4 ,on ! side ( ! head !re is a l>ge enamel$ plate1 :i* %[s t ! *eek 0 cov]$1 z 9 ! polypt]us1 ) "o s+le osse\s plate1 on ! "u edge ( :i* 0 fix$ ! l>ge ma/icatory muscle4 ,! scales on ! body ( ! fi% are l>ge1 high on ! sides1 & ne>ly squ>e on ! back1 :]e 9 ! middle !y =m an oblique s]ies conv]g+ to an acute angle4 ,! scales are v ?ick set on ! side ( ea* o!r1 & app>5tly connect$ only by means ( ! sk9 to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,! enamel$ surface is n smoo?1 b r m>k$ ) a f9e granulation1 :i* imp>ts a ri* velvet gloss to ! scale4 ,traces only ( ! f9s are pres]v$1 p>tly ( ! v5tral1 p>tly ( ! dorsal or caudal1 & ! rays ( :i* are all app>5tly %ort & sl5d]4 ,?is specim5 =ms a "p ( ! au?or's collection1 b inadv]t5tly describ$ z belong+ to t ( ,pr(essor ,jameson4 ,ano!r g5us1 e/abli%$ f ! fossils ( ,dura ,d5 by ,m4 ,agassiz1 is ! ,pamphractus1 ( :i* !re are two species1 ,hydrophilus & ,&]soni4 ,^! are bo? 9 ! collection ( ! au?or1 & h a special hi/ory ( _! own1 f :i*1 :5 read 9 all its details1 x w\ld appe> !y h suff]$ z r\ghly at ! h&s ( geologi/s 9 simply det]m9+ _! class1 ord]1 or g5us1 z !y ev] did f ! physical revolutions amid/ :i* _! lot 0 orig9ally ca/4 ,be=e ! type ( a new & /range =m call$ ,pt]i*?ys1 _h be5 det]m9$ by ?is le>n$ palontologi/1 collectors 7 ev]y:]e puzzl$ by ! specim5s ( ! animal t1 f "t to "t 7 ca/+ up4 ,! w+$ app5dages ( ! sides ( ! head1 z movable f9s1 _h easily giv5 rise to a v>iety ( op9ions conc]n+ _! true aff9ities1 & :i*1 says ,m4 ,agassiz1 8h be5 reg>d$ by ! mo/ able naturali/s successively z ,tortoises1 ,fi%es1 ,cru/acea1 & ev5 ,coleopt]a40 ,! fossils ( ,dura ,d5 7 at fir/ reg>d$ by him z belong+ to ! type z well z g5us ,pt]i*?ys1 & my specim5s 7 actually return$ f ,neuf*tel s nam$--! 8broad0 & 8n>r[0 species--& ! label /ill rema9s atta*$4 ,mean:ile1 five or six species ( ! g5us ,pt]i*?ys _h be5 already det]m9$ & describ$ by him1 f ! fossils ( ,crom>ty & ,moray%ire--^! 9 ! collection *iefly ( ,mr4 ,hugh ,mill]2 & ,mr4 ,mill] be+1 ab\t ! same p]iod1 engag$ 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 "w1 8,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one10 spe$ily "u ! new nom5clature1 z he 0 s opportunely furni%$ ) ! mat]ials1 gave ! public ! b5efit ( ,m4 ,agassiz's discov]y & v]sion ( _! true & au!ntic hi/ory4 ,:at we _h ha/ily1 c]ta9ly1 b /ill influ5c$ mu* 9 ! matt] by ! judgm5t ( o!rs1 ref]r$ to ! ord] ( ,coleopt]a1 he 0 enabl$ at once1 ^u ! inspection ( a ,dura ,d5 specim51 & f its v /rik+ resemblance to 8 own1 to pron\nce to be a ,pt]i*?ys4 ,a few pages be=e he _h /at$ t he c\ld make no?+ ( ! creature1 al?\gh "s specim5s ( ! fossil _h be5 9 8 possession = a p]iod ( ne>ly t5 ye>s2 b ,,n[1 he 0 able to record1--8,i v lately enjoy$ ! pleasure ( exam9+ ! bona fide i*?yolite itself1--"o ( ! specim5s ( ,dura ,d51 & app>5tly "o ( ! m entire1 9 ! collection ( ,pr(essor ,flem+4 ,its "* z a ,pt]i*?ys ,i f\nd v obvi\s40 ,b %ort-liv$1 inde$1 are all mundane enjoym5ts4 ,! mo/ intellectual1 9 ! revolutions ( sci5ce1 are n exempt f _! g5]al "* ( vanity4 ,:ile ! two nor!rn sages 7 ?us gaz+1 9 all ! raptures ( a new discov]y1 8^u ! bona fide i*?yolite itself10 ! philosoph]1 "u ! %elt] ( ! ,jura1 0 d\bt+1 re-exam9+1 & f9ally correct+1 8 own fir/ judgm5t2 &1 :ile ! virg9 pages ( 8,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one0 _h sc>cely "t to rea* _! au?or1 ! 8,monograph0 0 ann\nc+ to ! _w ! det]m9ation ( a new g5us1 & t ! fossil ( ,dura ,d5 0 a ,pamphractus1 & no ,pt]i*?ys at all4 8,i _h at fir/10 says ,agassiz1 8connect$ ) pt]i*?ys ! only species kn[n ( t g5us1 by call+ x pt]i*?ys hydrophilus1 b a m pr(\nd /udy & att5tive comp>ison ( t species ) ! g5us cocco/eus1 h prov$ t x ought to =m a di/9ct g5us1 int]m$iate betwixt pt]i*?ys & cocco/eus1 :i* ,i h nam$ pamphractus1 9 consequ5ce ( ! divid$ =m ( ! c>apace4 ,! pectoral f9s ( pamphractus resemble v mu* ^? ( ! pt]i*?ys 9 _! =m1 be+ sl5d]1 elongat$1 & crook$ 7c\rbe74 ,b ! plates ( ! c>apace are all diff]5tly arrang$4 ,! c5tral plate is v l>ge 7norme72 x cov]s two-?irds ( ! :ole c>apace1 & unites ! ant]ior articulation ( ! head ) ! c>apace4 ,! lat]al plates1 :i* acquire s great a developm5t 9 ! pt]i*?ys1 are "h r$uc$ to n>r[ /ripes1 /ret*+ to ! edge ( ! c>apace2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&2 ! po/]ior plates are ( v great size1 & =m ) a small int]calat$ plate ! extremity ( ! c>apace4 ,! disposition ( ! plates ( ! head is likewise v diff]5t f t ( ! pt]i*?ys1 9 :i* we disc]n no ?oracic c9cture z 9 t g5us1 b a transv]se l9e1 :i* sep>ates 9 a /rik+ mann] ! plates ( ! head f ^? ( ! c>apace4 ,we see n any portion ( ! tail2 b ,i presume t x w\ld be> a resemblance to ! =m ( t ( pt]i*?ys40 ,agassiz ?us concludes 8 description ( pamphractus1 :i* we h p>tly abridg$3--8,! excessive developm5t ( ! c5tral plate ( ! c>apace :i* rea*es ! articulation ( ! head--! abs5ce ( a ?oracic c9cture mak+ ! r\nd ( ! body--& ! di/9ct sep>ation ( ! occipital articulation1 w always di/+ui% ?is g5us f t ( pt]i*?ys40 ,aga91 h[ev]1 ! a%es ( ! dead h be5 di/urb$1 ! hi/ory has be5 reca/1 & ! old g5ealogy attempt$ to be re/or$4 ,sir ,p4 ,g4 ,eg]ton1 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 on ! #ai? ,april1 #ahdh1 & a copy ( :i* he did me ! honor to transmit1 has exam9$ v m9utely e organ & portion ( ! animal z del9eat$ 9 ! 8,monograph10 & is satisfi$ t x is1 inde$1 /ill to be reg>d$ z a g5u9e pt]i*?ys4 ,h[ev]1 ,sir ,philip v cauti\sly adds1--8,hav+ nev] se5 a specim5 ( pamphractus1 ,i %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 express+ any positive op9ion respect+ ?is g5us1 b ,i _c help ?9k+ t x is f\nd$ on a specim51 %[+ ! true dorsal arrangem5t ( ! lorication ( ! ,pt]i*?ys40 ,accord+ly1 ,mr4 ,mill]1 :o supplies a consid]able portion ( ! pap] 9 "q1 affirms1 ) abundant confid5ce1 t he has be5 able to p5etrate ! my/]y ( ! error4 8,i h succe$$10 he says1 89 trac+ to its orig9 ! ,pamphractus ( ,agassiz4 ,! specim5s :i* he figures c\ld nev] h furni%$ ! mat]ials ( 8 re/oration--,^! mat]ials he evid5tly d]iv$ f ! pr9t ( a ,pt]i*?ys ( ! upp] ,old ,r$ 7%[+ ! dorsal sup]ficies ( ! creature71 giv5 by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,&]son ( ,newburgh1 9 8 ,essay on ! ,geology ( ,fife%ire 7#8,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture1' ,vol4 ,,xi1 #ahdj71 z t ( a fossil beetle40 ,n[1 ) all submission1 ?is hypo!sis is wide ( ! fact4 ,:ile ,mr4 ,mill] 0 inspect+1 at ,ab]de51 8! bona fide i*?yolite itself10 & :i*1 z we %all imm$iately see1 0 n a ,pt]i*?ys1 ,agassiz _h bo? ! pr9t & ! real specim5s ly+ be=e him4 ,! impressions on ! slab are ,,elev5 9 numb]1 ?ree ( ! 8broad0 & eight ( ! 8n>r[0 species2 &1 comp>+ ! "o ) ! o!r1 ! pr9t ) ! fossil1 he records1 8,!y h be5 figur$ ,,v ,,fairly by ,mr4 ,&]son1 9 8 int]e/+ ,memoir on ! ,geology ( ,fife%ire40 8,b10 adds ,mr4 ,mill]1 8,i h asc]ta9$1 by ! exam9ation ( ! great] numb] ( specim5s ( ?is species yet f\nd1 9 ! g5]al outl9e ( ! c>apace1 :i* 0 long] 9 proportion to its bread? ?an 9 ! pr9t1 & n def9$ by su* regul> curves40 444 ,! pr9t is a p]fect transcript ( ! fossil1 z if tak5 9 a mold1--curves1 projections1 & tub]cles all duly & 8fairly0 pres]v$1 z 9 ! orig9al2 &1 ) all ! mat]ials1 & s _m actual impressions be=e him1 ,agassiz hesitat$ n to *ange 8 views1 & to feel assur$ t x 0 really a ,pamphractus1 n a ,pt]i*?ys1 t he 0 exam9+4 ,f>!r1 we h only to add1 t 9 ! ,essay 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture1 x is n true t ! pr9t ( a ,pt]i*?ys is !re 8giv5 z t ( a fossil beetle20 ! high] patronymic _h1 ere ! publication ( ! prize essay1 be5 )drawn2 & ! au?or1 along ) all o!rs1 /ates1 he 0 wait+ ! judgm5t ( ! highe/ & mo/ compet5t au?ority f ! blue lake ( ,neuf*tel4 ,& ?i!r also1 x w\ld n[ appe>1 t o!r inquiries _h be5 transmitt$ respect+ ! organisms ( ,dura ,d51 to be fam$ by mod]n1 z x _h already be5 by anci5t1 g5ealogical claims4 ,we suspect1 at lea/1 x is ( 8! bona fide i*?yolite itself0 t ,m4 ,agassiz1 9 ! 8,monograph10 speaks 9 ! foll[+ extract3--8,dr4 ,flem+ m'a communiqu le dess9 d'une ptrifaction recueillie p> lui ,dura ,d51 qui resemble beauc\p1 quant la =me du ,pamphractus hydrophilus4 ,la tte e/ c\rte1 arrondie1 l>ge1 presque en =me de croissant1 le corps e/ allong1 =mant avec la tte un ovale qui se t]m9e en po9te en arrire4 ,les pectorales sont grles1 c\rbes et aussi longues que le corps4 ,l'articulation de la tte avec le corps e/ trs-nettem5t m>que1 d'une manire qu'a la =me de la c>apace prs1 qui e/ beauc\p plus po9tue1 on croirait voir un ,pamphractus4 ,mais ce qui di/+ue surt\t ce fossile 7 en jug] du mo9s d'aprs le dess9 qui n'e/1 vrai dire1 qu'une esquisse7 c'e/ qu'il n'y a pas de plaques sep>es1 et que t\te la surface de sa c>apace ne montre qu'une granulation uni=me et cont9ue1 si t\tefois la dl9ation des plaques n'a pas t omise p> le dess9ateur4 ,n\s aurions donc dans ce fossile un g5re n\veau de cephalaspide1 c>actris p> la =me de sa tte et p> sa c>apace uni=me4 ,quoi qu'il en soit1 j'att5ds de plus amples in=mations sur ce sujet1 avant de prcis] davantage les c>actres de ce type1 et je me borne reproduire les cont\rs de ce dess91 ,tab4 #ca1 fig4 #f1 af9 de fix] d'une manire plus p>ticulire l'att5tion sur ce fossile40 ,n[1 mak+ e all[ance = ! imp]fection ( ! sket* ( ,dr4 ,flem+1 7qu'une esquisse71 & :i* _h n ! aggravation ( be+ a 8pr9t10 only see h[ _m m>vels h be5 successively evolv$ out ( 8! bona fide i*?yolite itself30--x is n a ,pamphractus1 ?\gh v mu* resembl+ x 9 =m--x is n a ,pt]i*?ys1 ( :i* alliance !re is n a h9t ev5 dropp$ by ,agassiz1 ?\gh its "* z a ,pt]i*?ys ,mr4 ,mill] 8f\nd v obvi\s20 b 8we h 9 t fossil a new k9d 7g5re7 ( cephalaspis1 *>act]iz$ by ! =m ( its head1 & by its uni=m c>apace10 all :i* *>act]s h be5 ov]look$ 9 8! pleasure ( exam9+ ! bona fide i*?yolite itself--"o ( ! specim5s ( ,dura ,d51 & app>5tly "o ( ! m entire40 ,has ?is creature und]gone a /ill fur!r metamorphosis1 num]\s z ^? ( ! ,pt]i*?ys itself8 ,or :at specim5 is x :i* n[ rejoices 9 ! appellation ( ,homo?orax ,flem+ii1 also aga9 *all5g$ or suspect$ at lea/ by ,sir ,p4 ,eg]ton1 n to be its true designation6 ,b1 quocunque nom9e gaudeat1 ! cab9et ( sci5ce is enri*$ by ! addition ( a new & rem>kable fossil fi%4 ,repeat$ly1 s9ce ! notice 9 ,mr4 ,mill]'s "w ( ! ,dura ,d5 fossil1 & 8 fanciful comm5t>y on ! tru? & accuracy ( ! plate 9 ! 8,geology ( ,fife%ire10 h ,i exam9$1 comp>$1 & recomp>$ ! design & ! orig9al1 & nev] h ,i be5 able to detect ! slighte/ disagreem5t1 ev5 9 ! m9ute/ feature4 ,o!rs1 & p>ties innum]able h exam9$ !m freely 9 my pres5ce1 h pron\nc$ z to ! fairness ( ! repres5tation4 ,!re are five figures 9 all ^u ! plate ( ! ,dura ,d5 fossils2 !y 7 all1 fossils & figures1 "u ! ocul> inspection ( ,m4 ,agassiz2 "o ( ^!1 ,holopty*ius ,&]soni1 he has figur$ 9 ! 8,monograph20 ! repres5tations are id5tical1 & all are decl>$ to be 8figur$ v fairly40 ,true1 ! pamphractus _h n be5 able to pres]ve ! tail1 nor any trace ev5 ( t memb]4 ,agassiz did n ?9k himself ju/ifi$ 9 supply+ ! defici5cy4 ,i add$ none ei!r1 8c>efully s9k+0 ! non5tity4 ,b ,mr4 ,mill] _h a po9t to e/abli%3 ! fossil ,,mu/ be "o & ! same ) ! bona fide i*?yolite itself1 :i* appe>s to h reta9$ ! caudal app5dage4 ,x w n c]ta9ly acc\nt = ! oblit]ation ( ?is organ 9 ,,all ! specim5s ( ,dura ,d51 t1 9 common ) ,pt]i*?ys & ,cocco/eus1 ! ,pamphractus 0 n possess$ ( ! het]oc]cal /ructure1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! fi%es ( ! p]iod4 ,b yet x is n !re4 ,!n1 8! tub]cles se5 9 pr(ile10 are exagg]at$3 ,agassiz ?\ght fit1 ^u exam9ation1 to reta9 ! exagg]ation1 z ,nature1 he p]ceiv$1 _h design$4 ,& n[1 ,mr4 ,mill] f9ds x prop] to communicate to ,sir ,p4 ,eg]ton1 t aft] exam9+ ! specim5s 7pres5t$ by me7 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society 9 ,ed9burgh1 8"o ( ! ,,mo/ ,,/rik+ specific di/9ctions ( ! creature consi/s 9 ! l5g? & bulk ( ! arms1 & ! comp>atively great prom95ce ( ^? angul> projections by :i* !y are /udd$ on ! edges--projections :i* seem to be b exagg]ations ( ^? conflu5t l9es ( tub]cles by :i* ! arms ( all ! o!r species are fr+$40 ,s1 ,nature has h] 8exagg]ations10 likewise6 & ! fir/ ( ! g5us :i* ev] rose to ! /roke ( ! hamm]1 has 9 no degree be5 misrepres5t$ 9 its fair proportions1 except t ! angul> projections ref]r$ to are n s prom95tly develop$ z 9 o!r specim5s 9 ! au?or's collection4 ,x w readily be inf]r$ f all ?is t ! locality ( ,dura ,d5 is entitl$ to mu* consid]ation 9 consequ5ce ( ! v>iety ( its int]e/+ rema9s1 n to speak ( ! div]sity ( views :i* ! rema9s !mselves h occasion$ 9 s _m qu>t]s4 ,! ,pt]i*?ys1 ,pamphractus1 ,homo?orax1 & ,cephalaspis are all ( ! family ,lpidides1 & h su* a close aff9ity 9 outw>d =m z readily1 9 mutilat$ specim5s at lea/1 to be mi/ak5 = ea* o!r4 ,! app5dages ( ! head1 hav+ ! appe>ance ( w+s1 sugge/$ ! t]m pt]i*?ys1 ! w+$ fi%3 ! plates cov]+ ! body1 accord+ to _! numb] & =m1 gave rise to ! g5]ic di/9ctions2 & ! species ( ea* h subsequ5tly be5 det]m9$ by m9or diff]5ces4 ,! ext]nal organs 9 all 7 enamel$1 & discov]1 l ! fi% ( ! p]iod1 ! tub]culat$ surface4 ,! ,pt]i*?ys ( ! m nor!rn c\nties v>y 9 size f ne>ly a foot to an in* 9 l5g?1 & g5]ally ! w+s ( ^!1 s f> z !y h be5 figur$ 9 works1 are ext5d$ horizontally & p]p5dicul>ly to ! body4 ,! ,pamphractus ( ,dura ,d5 are all ne>ly ( a size--ab\t two in*es & a half 9 l5g?1--! w+s 9 e in/ance depress$ & incl9$ to ! sides1 & 9 no in/ance ( ! tw5ty to ?irty specim5s exhum$ f ! rock1 has ! tail be5 app5d$1 or a fragm5t ( ! caudal organ detect$4 ,! cephalaspis has only be5 f\nd 9 ! l[] b$s ( ! sy/em1 & highly important w\ld be its discov]y 9 ! upp]1 :]e1 h[ev]1 we h reason to ?9k ! new g5us ,homo?orax has be5 sub/itut$ 9 its place4 ,mrs4 ,dalglie% ( ,dura1 9 ^: collection we f\nd a ,glyptopomus1 & a slab conta9+ sev]al impressions ( ! ,pamphractus1 has k9dly1 & ) a comm5dable love ( sci5ce1 in=m$ u t h] qu>ries are freely op5 = ! rese>*es & explorations ( geologi/s1 & t e facility w be af=d$ !m 9 _! int]e/+ task4 ,9 addition to ! fossils already ref]r$ to1 ,i f9d 9 ! specim5s ( my collection return$ f ,neuf*tel1 t two are label$ z ,diplopt]us1 new species2 two z ,glypticus1 new species2 & "o z ,holopty*ius1 new species4 ,?is la/ is n[ figur$ 9 ! 8,monograph0 z ! ,platygna?us ,jamesoni4 ,none ( ^! are describ$ 9 ! n>rative ( ! "w1 s t until 8 return f ,am]ica1 :]e palontology w unque/ionably reap mu* f 8 indomitable p]sev]ance1 8 almo/ in/9ctive skill1 & va/ le>n+1 we _c expect t ,m4 ,agassiz w h leisure ei!r to supplem5t ! defici5cies ( 8 great "w1 or confirm 8 =m] conclusions aga9/ ! alt]ations sugge/$ 9 8 abs5ce--sugge/$ c]ta9ly 9 no small degree ^u fanciful organization & mi/ak5 assumption4 ,illu/ration3 ,platygna?us ,jamesoni4 ,9 clos+ our review ( ! old r$ s&/one1 we %all briefly /ate ! pr9ciples ( classification ( fossil fi%es1 z det]m9$ by ,m4 ,agassiz1 f :i* x w be se5 by ! e>lie/ types ( ! m>9e v]tebrata1 :ile admirably suit$ to ! p]turb$ condition ( ! elem5t 9 :i* ! /rata 7 =m$1 diff] widely 9 _! /ructure f all exi/+ races4 ,! fi%es ( ! pres5t era1 x is well kn[n1 are divid$ into two great classes1 ! c>tilag9\s & ! osse\s4 ,9 ! =m] are compreh5d$ ! %>ks1 rays1 & /urgeons ( our pres5t seas2 ! latt] embrace ! salmon1 cod1 h]r+1 & ! v>i\s k9ds possess$ ( simil> =ms4 ,! bony /ructure 9 all ! c>tilag9\s class is s(t1 de/itute ( fib]s1 & conta9s sc>cely a trace ( e>?y or calc>e\s matt]4 ,! osse\s fi%es1 on ! o!r h&1 are con/ruct$ int]nally ( true bone1 compos$ ( calc>e\s matt]1 l t ( birds & quadrup$s1 :i* is possess$ ( a fibr\s arrangem5t1 ( great h>dness & capable ( long endurance4 ,n[1 x w\ld appe> t ! fi%es ( ! old r$ s&/one belong almo/ exclusively to ! c>tilag9\s class4 ,! int]nal frame 0 compos$ *iefly ( ?is s(t1 soluble sub/ance2 h5ce x is t no portion ( ! inn] body ( ! fi%1 9 any ( ! fossil specim5s1 rema9s4--,! tee? & scales1 ) fragm5ts ( ! bones ( ! head1 are all t h surviv$1 b s h>d & endur+ has be5 ! scaly out] coat+1 t ! figure & cont\r ( ! animal h be5 pres]v$ entire4 ,! specim5 ( ,holopty*ius ,&]soni1 f ,dura ,d51 is /ill envelop$ 9 its orig9al cov]+1 n a scale 9 ! :ole body displac$ or miss+1 ! head & belly slightly compress$1 :ile ! po/]ior ridge ( ! back & tail is %>p & angul>4 ,"h1 !n1 9 ?is class ( animal life1 we f9d t :at is defective 9 ! int]nal /ructure--if x be a defect--is completely suppli$ 9 ! out] app5dages1 :]eby ! fi%es :i* h ! s(te/ bodies are possess$ ( h>d1 horny sk9s1 coat$ ) enamel4 ,_! bones are ?us all on ! surface1 sometimes 9 ! =m ( scales2 sometimes assum+ ! %ape ( sp9es & tub]cles2 n[ 9 small1 n[ 9 l>ge plates2 & (t5 dispos$ 9 ! mo/ s+ul> & grotesque arrangem5ts1 z 9 ! g5us cocco/eus1 or ! o/eolepis1 ^: entire skull consi/$ ( %9+ nak$ bone1 & 9 ! *eiracan?us1 a creature possess$ ( f9s scal$ & enamel$ all ov]4 ,! ,swiss naturali/1 accord+ly1 9 adopt+ a new pr9ciple ( classification1 s ess5tial 9 ! case ( ! fossils ( ! old r$ s&/one1 has made ! scales & ext]nal organs ! gr\ndwork ( 8 sy/em4 ,! classification ( ,cuvi] & ! old] naturali/s proce$s ma9ly ^u ! "* & disposition ( ! f9s4 ,h5ce ! ord] ( ! ,acan?opt]ygii1 or ?orny-f9n$2 & ! ,malacopt]ygii1 or ! s(t f9n$ ord]4--,! classification ( ,m4 ,agassiz1 proce$+ ^u ! *>act]s ( ! scales & plates1 has giv5 rise to ! foll[+ ord]s1 namely1 ! ,placoid1 or broad-plat$ scale2 ! ,ganoid1 or ! %9+-scale2 ! ,ct5oid1 or comb-%ap$ scale2 & ! ,cycloid1 or m>g9at$ scale4 ,^u ! simple basis ( ^! f\r ord]s1 he has con/ruct$ 8 sy/em & compos$ 8 8,poissons ,fossiles10 ! /&>d au?ority 9 fossil i*?yology1 & elaborate monum5t ( 8 le>n+ & g5ius4 ,! relations1 z well z di/+ui%+ peculi>ities1 ( ! fi%es ( ! old r$1 are ?us describ$ by ,agassiz3--8,( ! ,placoidian ord]10 he says1 8! g5]a ct5acan?us1 on*us1 ct5opty*ius1 & pty*acan?us1 are provid$ ) sp9\s rays to ! dorsal f9s1 resembl+ ! gigantic i*?yodorulites ( ! c>bonif]\s & jurassic =mations1 b diff]+ 9 _! less consid]able size2 !y are di/+ui%$ among !mselves by ! =ms & ornam5ts ( _! rays4 ,9 ! ord] ( ganoid fi%es1 ! g5]a acan?odes1 diplacan?us1 *eiracan?us1 & *eirolepis pres5t !mselves at fir/ sight z a sep>ate gr\p2 = al?\gh cov]$1 l ! o!rs1 ) enamel$ scales1 ^! are s small1 t !y imp>t to ! sk9 ! appe>ance ( %agre54 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! f9s are su/a9$ by sp9\s rays1 or ! abs5ce ( ^! rays1 & ! position ( ! f9s !mselves1 h s]v$ z *>act]s 9 ! e/abli%+ ( ^! g5]a4 ,! g5]a pt]i*?ys1 cocco/eus1 & cephalaspis1 =m a second gr\p exce$+ly curi\s3 ! consid]able developm5t ( ! head1 its size1 l>ge plates :i* cov] x1 & :i* likewise ext5d ov] ! great] portion ( ! trunk1 & ! movable app5dages 9 ! =m ( a w+1 plac$ on ! side ( ! head1 give to !m ! mo/ rem>kable appe>ance4 ,x is ^! peculi>ities1 inde$1 :i* caus$ ! class to :i* ^! g5]a belong = a long "t to be misund]/ood4 ,! l>ge bony & granulat$ plates ( cocco/eus1 l$ to _! be+ consid]$ z belong+ to trionyx3 & x w be suffici5t excuse = ?is error to call to recollection1 t ! greate/ anatomi/ ( our age _h sanction$ ?is approximation4 ,! =m ( ! disc ( ! head ( ! cephalaspides1 :i* has ! appe>ance ( a l>ge cresc5t1 & _! m num]\s1 b v elevat$ scales1 resembl+ ! transv]se articulations ( ! body1 expla9 h[ x 0 possible to see 9 ^! fi%es ! trilobites ( a p>ticul> g5us4 ,la/ly1 ! w+$ app5dages ( ! sides ( ! head ( pt]i*?ys1 z movable z f9s1 h easily giv5 rise to ! v>iety ( op9ions conc]n+ ! true aff9ity ( ^! s+ul> creatures1 & has caus$ !m to be tak5 at "o "t = gigantic coleopt]a1 at ano!r = cru/acea1 or small m>9e tortoises2 s little d ! types ( ! classes appe> fix$ 9 c]ta9 respects at ^! remote times4 ,ano!r s+ul>ity ( ^! g5]a is ! association to ! bony plates ( ! head ( a v]tebral app5dage1 :i* is f> f hav+ acquir$ ! same solidity2 b appe>s1 on ! contr>y1 to h rema9$ fibro-c>tilag9\s dur+ ! :ole life ( ! animal--resembl+ 9 ?is respect ! skeleton ( ! /urgeon4 8,x w\ld be difficult to f9d among rec5t fi%es1 types pres5t+ any direct analogy ) ! g5]a pt]i*?ys1 cocco/eus1 & cephalaspis2 x is only f af> t !y c be comp>$ to "s abnormal g5]a ( our epo*4444 ,! analogy :i* !y (f]1 on ! "o h&1 9 =m ) ! dorsal cord ( ! embryo ( fi%es1 toge!r ) ! inf]ior position ( _! m\?1 :i* is equally met ) 9 ! embryos2 & on ! o!r h&1 ! di/ant resemblance ( ^! fi%es to c]ta9 types ( reptiles1 pres5t ! mo/ curi\s assemblage ( *>act]s t c possibly be conceiv$4 ,a ?ird gr\p ( fi%es belong+ to ?is =mation1 comprises ^? g5]a ^: v]tical f9s are d\ble on ! back & "u ! tail1 & :i* approa* v ne> to ! caudal4 ,^! are ! g5]a dipt]us1 o/eolepis1 diplopt]us1 & glyptolepis1 :i* diff] f "o ano!r by ! =m ( _! scales & _! d5tition4 ,& la/ly1 x seems necess>y to reg>d z a f\r? gr\p ( ?is ord]1 ! g5]a :i* are *>act]iz$ by l>ge conical tee?1 situat$ on ! m>g9 ( ! jaws1 betwe5 :i* are alt]nately small]1 & inde$ v small ones1 9 ! =m ( a bru%4 ,su* are ! g5]a holopty*ius & platygna?us1 & ! g5us rec5tly e/abli%$ by ,mr4 ,ow5 "u ! "n ( d5drodus1 & respect+ :i* ?is le>n$ anatomi/ has giv5 "s exce$+ly int]e/+ microscopical details40 ,! philosoph] "h1 9 ^! views z to ! primitive div]sity ( ! i*?yoid types 9 ! old r$ s&/one1 adduces su* illu/rations & o!rs n quot$1 z subv]sive ( ! !ory ( ! successive trans=mation ( species1 & ( ! desc5t ( organiz$ be+s n[ liv+1 f a small numb] ( primitive =ms4 ,he ass]ts ! doctr9e t ! *>act]i/ic fossils ( ea* well-m>k$ geological epo* are ! repres5tatives ( s _m di/9ct creations1 & affirms t he has demon/rat$ by a va/ numb] ( species t ! presum$ id5tifications are exagg]at$ approximations ( species1 resembl+ "o ano!r1 b nev]!less specifically di/9ct4 ,m4 ,agassiz introduces ! same doctr9e 9 8 late/ great "w1 ! 8,iconographie10 :]e9 he goes ! l5g? ( say+1 t1 ev5 :5 species are1 s f> z ! eye c judge1 id5tical1 !y may n be s--t !re may exi/ species s ne>ly alli$1 z to r5d] x impossible to di/+ui% !m--& reit]ates t ea* geological epo* is *>act]iz$ by a di/9ct sy/em ( creat$ be+s 7! results ( a new int]v5tion ( creative p[]71 includ+ n only diff]5t species f ^? ( ! prec$+ sy/em1 b also new types4 ,"u 8 safe guidance we h glanc$ at ! e>lie/ gr\ps & =ms ( life ^u ! globe1 & h se5 ! simple /ructures ( ! beg9n+ succe$$ by high]1 if n m p]fect or m complex1 at lea/ by creatures capable ( a wid] range ( action & enjoym5t4 ,! d$uctions & sweep+ inf]5ces ( geologi/s may be (t5 vague & unc]ta92 b a sci5ce1 ^: direct aim is to deciph] ! records ( ! pa/ & comp>e ! successive types ( animal life ^u ! e>?1 deals ) important objects1 & leads to salut>y tra9s ( ?\ght1 keep+ cont9ually be=e ! view ! ,f\nta9-,head ( all be+2 & add+ a new pro( to ! sublime doctr9e1 t ,man :o is privileg$ s to range ?r\gh creation & "t w himself outlive a t]m ( exi/5ce1 measurable by a few po9ts ( space & a few mom5ts ( et]nity4 ,illu/ration3 ,pamphractus ,&]soni4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,trap ,,rocks4 ,we d n select ! rocks :i* =m ! title ( ?is *apt] f m]e arbitr>y *oice1 or because !y are geographically connect$ ) ! di/rict "u review1 b because !y are imm$iately ! next 9 ! *ronological ord] ( our c\rse4 ,! ,sidlaws & ,o*ils h _! position z precisely det]m9$ 9 relation to "t z to space1 = difficult (t5 z x may be to fix ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts )9 ! hi/orical era1 !re is g5]ally no lack ( evid5ce by :i* to asc]ta91 9 ! f> remot] times1 :5 ! sev]al /rata & ! igne\s masses assum$ _! respective places on ! surface ( ! globe4 ,! pro(s "h are ( a cumulative "*1 & irresi/ibly conclusive4 ,! animate & inanimate ?+s ( e>?1 ! liv+ & ! dead1 are bo? admissible witnesses 9 ! "q1 & _! te/imony is alike unexceptionable4 ,! saurian seas _h be5 di/urb$ ^u ! upheaval ( _! b$s2 ^! ) _! organic cont5ts 7 elevat$ by ! irruption ( plutonic matt]1 & 9 _! alt]$ position gave a bold] cont\r & additional bulk to ! primitive l&4 ,new accumulations 7 =m+ dur+ ! devonian p]iod 9 ! wat]s /ill mightily agitat$ along ! l9es ( di/urbance2 new races ( scale-enamel$ creatures occupi$ _! dep?s1 & huge cru/aceans an*or$ among _! rocky %all[s4 ,! int]ior regions aga9 let loose _! giant =ces1 & ^! *a9s ( hills rose above ! surface1 disrupt+ & heav+ into day ! v>i\s deposits ( ! old r$ s&/one4 ,h5ce ! =mation ( ! "o set ( rocks prec$$1 9 ! ord] ( "t1 ! elevation ( ! o!r3 n an islet appe>$ ov] all ^! p>ts :ile ! s$im5t>y /rata 7 accumulat+ b5ea?3 plants & trees cov]$ ! flanks ( ! ,grampians1 alg & fuci ab\nd$ 9 ! wat]s1 & myriads ( fi%es sport$ amid _! luxuriance2 b z yet !re 0 no bas9 ( ! ,tay1 no f]tile ,c>se ( ,g[rie1 no k+dom ( ,fife /or$ to repletion ) its preci\s metals ( iron1 lime1 & coal4 ,! ,sidlaws & ,o*ils1 !re=e1 become inve/$ ) ev5 a romantic int]e/1 :5 we ?us view !m 9 _! geological relations--_! age precisely def9$--& !mselves1 fl9ty & wea!r-/a9$1 ! memorials ( ! va/ convulsions & *anges ( nature4 ,!y m>k ! outgo+ ( a p]iod comp>atively b>r5 ( vegetable life1 & ! incom+ ( ! exub]ant products ( ! c>bonif]\s epo*4 ,i4 ,,! ,,/ructure ( ! ,sidlaw & ,o*il ranges1 f ! amorph\s "* ( ! rocks1 furni%es little or no room = geological description4 ,^! ne>ly p>allel *a9s ( hills1 sep>at$ only by an int]val ( f two to five miles1 & =m+ ! l[] wat]-%$ ( ! bas9 ( ! ,tay1 consi/ ( ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! trap family usually d5om9at$ :9/one1 & ^: /ructure is v diff]5t1 ^u a glance1 f t ( ! s&/ones & o!r s$im5t>y deposits we h be5 consid]+4 ,?is class ( rocks h all a t5d5cy1 9 m9]alogical phraseology1 to a spa?ose /ructure1 & discov] at lea/ ! rudim5ts ( cry/allization3 !re is no lam9ation 9 _! int]nal texture1 & ! l9es ( /ratification :i* !y sometimes exhibit are assum$1 or impress$ by ! previ\sly consolidat$ /rata among :i* !y h be5 inject$4 ,!y are n lavas1 :i* are sub-arial products1 nor are !y aque\s =mations1 ^: mat]ials h be5 deposit$ 9 wat]4 ,^! rocks are ! results ( igne\s fusion deep "u ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 p\r$ ov] ! bottom ( ! sea1 & protrud$ into ! div]sifi$ dome-%ap$ =ms :i* !y g5]ally pres5t4 ,trap-rock consi/s ( sev]al v>ieties1 z porphyry1 cl9k/one1 compact feldsp>1 amygdaloid1 gre5/one1 & basalt4 ,^! all pass into ea* o!r by ins5sible gradations1 (t5 =m+ "o cont9u\s mass1 = ! mo/ "p compos$ ( ! same +r$i5ts1 & h 9 consequ5ce be5 reg>d$ by geologi/s z belong+ to "o gr\p1 produc$ "u simil> circum/ances1 & elevat$ at int]vals ab\t ! same p]iod4 ,! porphyritic /ructure prevails g5]ally 9 bo? *a9s1 & 8porphyry has ! peculi>ity ( be+ r>ely f\nd 9 any b ! prim>y /rata3 x seems to be ! :9/one ( ! ,old ,_w1 or at lea/ t :i* is ( highe/ antiquity 9 ! pres5t40#b ,b n only are bo? ranges *>act]iz$ by ! same qualities & texture ( rocks 9 h&-specim5s1 "o hill answ]+ to ano!r2 !y also pres]ve ! same g5]al features ( outl9e1 & ! same relations to ! disrupt$ s&/ones among :i* !y h be5 inject$4 ,! highe/ po9t1 = in/ance1 9 ! ea/]n division ( ! ,o*ils1 is ,norman's ,law1 atta9+ an elevation ( ne>ly "o ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea3 9 its uprise ! mass has br\ght along ) x ! l[] b$s ( ! gray s&/one1 :i* flank its nor!rn & ea/]n sides1 )9 ?ree hundr$ feet ( ! summit4 ,to ! nor? & we/ ( ,dundee ! highe/ po9ts ( ! ,sidlaws are encompass$ 9 l mann] ) _! analog\s b$s ( ! gray rock4 ,& s 9 e locality1 :e!r along _! base l9es1 or among ! num]\s rav9es & valleys t int]sect _! cultivat$ slopes1 ! /rata may be se5 cropp+ out1 be>+ te/imony to ! convulsive movem5ts to :i* !y h be5 expos$1 & ! alt]$ positions !y h 9 consequ5ce assum$4 ,a rem>kable b$ ( conglom]ate or tuface\s trap int]sects ! *a9s at diff]5t1 b g5]ally correspond+1 po9ts ( elevation1 v>y+ f two to f\r hundr$ feet above ! sea-level4 ,on ! ,o*il side ?is b$ crosses ! *a9 ( hills f ,le?am s*ool-h\se to ,l9dores ,lo*1 :]e1 along ! l9e ( ! ,ed9burgh & ,nor!rn ,railway1 ! out-crop may be obs]v$ at v>i\s places--v int]e/+ly on ! we/]n slope ( ,clat*>t--& aga9 appe>+ at int]vals t[>d ,ab]ne?y1 :5ce x is traceable ?r\gh ! gl54 ,9 ! rav9es ( ! ,sidlaws1 beh9d ,rossie ,priory1 9 ! d5 ( ,pitroddy1 on ! face ( ,k9n\l & ,moncrieffe ,hills1 & across ! ridge int]sect$ by ! ,p]? tunnel1 indications ( ! same tuface\s b$ c be trac$1 consi/+1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( qu>tz rock1 s*i/1 & r\nd$ masses ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ! trap1 mix$ n unfrequ5tly ) b[ld]s & small] pieces ( ! gray & r$ s&/ones4 ,?is =mation has1 d\btless1 be5 produc$ on ! bottom ( a tr\bl$ sea1 :]e ! cru/ has be5 expos$ to viol5t action--mu* ( x comm9ut$ & brok5 into fragm5ts1 roll$ & fa%ion$ into nodules1 l>ge portions ( x torn up1 b reta9+ _! cont9uity = a space--:5 ! molt5 flood has p\r$ f bel[1 & diffus+ itself ?r\gh ! mass1 ! :ole1 aft] successive eruptions1 has be5 lift$ to its pres5t elevation4 ,,ii4 ,! amygdaloidal portion ( ^! hills =ms an int]e/+ feature1 & prevails v widely 9 bo? *a9s4 ,?is rock has a conglom]at$ /ratifi$ appe>ance 9 "s places2 b g5]ally ! matrix is v compact1 r porphyritic1 ( a d>k br[n or gre5i% hue1 & :5 expos$ to wea!r+1 ! innum]able small cavities or vesicul> tissue by :i* x is lam9at$ are prom95tly expos$4 ,^! cavities are fill$ ) zeolites1 c>bonate ( lime1 *alc$ony1 prebnite1 & v>i\s o!r cry/all9e silici\s deposits4 ,! gre5 hue is d]iv$ f ! decomposition1 on ! expos$ surfaces1 ( ! imb$d$ sub/ances4 ,?is rock =ms ! true habitat ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ beautiful specim5s ( ! agate & jasp] family1 ( ! pure/ ,scotti% pebble1 & ( l>ge sp>kl+ geodes ( ame?y/9e cry/als4 ,! agates ( ,k9n\l & ,moncrieffe are priz$ by lapid>ies1 z !y are admir$ by amateurs1 & no m9]alogi/ %\ld fail to visit ! romantic pass ( ,gl5 ,f>g--illu/rat$ by ! classic p5s ( ,galt1 ,laud]1 & ,scott--adorn$ & /or$1 9 e ni*e ( its s]p5t9e c\rse1 ) calc-sp>s1 analcime1 *abasie1 /ilbite1 heul&ite1 konilite1 & ! entire family ( ! zeolites1 pres5t+ (t5 fasciculi ( cry/als sev]al in*es 9 l5g?1 ?9 z silk5 ?reads1 & rival+ fro/-"w 9 ! transp>5cy & brilliancy ( _! texture4 ,! mass ( rock con/itut+ ,be9 ,hill1 & int]sect$ by ! turnpike = miles1 appe>s z a simple agglut9ation ( nodules ( ! size & color ( g>d5 peas1 & consi/+ pr9cipally ( analcime1 zeolite1 & *alc$onic pebbles4 ,:at acc\nt is giv5 ( ^! curi\s =mations--( _! color1 /ructure1 & qualities--all s diff]5t f ^? ( ! surr\nd+ matrix8 ,assum+ ! igne\s orig9 ( ! trap family ( rocks1 & aga9/ :i* !re c sc>cely exi/ ! possibility ( an argum5t1 x is suppos$ t1 :5 9 ! act ( cool+1 cavities w\ld necess>ily be produc$ 9 ! heat$ molt5 mass by ! expansive p[] ( gases1 & t ^u _! escape silici\s & o!r deposits w\ld be =m$ 9 ! empty spaces4 ,all ! +r$i5ts ( ! includ$ cry/als1 ( e g5us1 are pl5tifully diffus$ ?r\gh nature1 mix$ up ) ! matt] ( e k9d ( rock2 air & wat] are n[h]e want+1 & sub/ances suffici5tly por\s1 = _! transmission2 a lam9ation or sep>ation ( coat+1 lay] ^u lay]1 is disc]nible 9 e agate2 :ile ! /ill p>tially exi/+ holl[s 9 "s nodules1 & ! conc5tric nature ( ! b&s ( e>?y matt] :i* l9es _! surface1 cle>ly demon/rate ! deposition ( ! out] prior to t ( ! inn] lay]1 & prove t at ! v "t :5 ! cry/allization _h comm5c$1 ! cavities _h assum$ ! =m & %ape :i* !y n[ reta94 ,sometimes1 too1 ! nodules h a compress$ or flatt5$ appe>ance2 & ! explanation 9 su* cases is1 t ! cavities1 if =m$ dur+ ! cool+ ( ! b$s1 mu/ h be5 alt]$ 9 _! %ape by pressure ei!r be=e ! deposition ( ! silici\s matt]1 or dur+ ! successive =mation ( ! lay]s4 ,o!r1 & inde$ _m1 !ories are broa*$1 among :i* ! mo/ plausible is1 t ! cavities 9 :i* ! agates are n[ f\nd 7 caus$ by ! 8molecul> aggregation ( ! silici\s p>ticles compell+ ! surr\nd+ matt] to yield 9 proportion to ! attraction ( ^! homog5e\s p>ticles40 ,! =m] explanation1 h[ev]1 is ! mo/ g5]ally adopt$1 ! mo/ obvi\s 9 its conditions1 & ! mo/ accordant ) ! exi/+ processes ( nature1 ! laws ( heat1 & ! ord] ( cry/allization4 ,! porosity & fibr\s /ructure ( agates1 consi/+ ( a cong]ies ( m9ute radiat+ fib]s at "r angles to ! r+s or conc5tric lay]s1 h also be5 e/abli%$ f microscopical exam9ation1 & h5ce ! div]sity ( _! colors1 :e!r f vegetable matt] or metallic oxides ev]y:]e s abundant 9 ! soils & cru/ ( ! globe4 ,! same law or mode ( =mation applies to cry/alliz$ m9]als g5]ally1 & has cont9u$ to op]ate f primitive times to our own 9 _! production4 ,! sp>kl+ topazes ( ,cairngorm & gigantic cry/als ( ! ,alps--! semi-opal ( ,icel& & ! heliotrope ( ,k9n\l--! dazzl+ em]alds ( ,brazil & ,e?iopia--! /up5d\s g>nets ( ,fahlun--! delicately-color$ fluors & calc-sp>s ( ,d]by%ire & ,cumb]l&--! gorge\s rubies & sapphires ( ,india & ,ceylon--! beautiful prismatic idocrase ( ,vesuvius & ,etna--! spl5did ame?y/9e geodes ( ,ob]/e91 ,sib]ia1 & ,spa91 little grottoes l9$ ) poli%$ geometrical figures1 all decl>e a common bir? z !y all ne/le 9 rocks ( a common orig94 ,! diamond1 ! ri*e/ z x is ! r>e/ ( all1 belongs to a totally diff]5t class ( cry/alliz$ bodies1 & owes its =mation to ! ag5cy ( entirely diff]5t causes4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,dykes ,,or ,,ve9s =m ano!r /rik+ feature among ! geological ph5om5a ( ^! hills1 & seem z if nature int5d$ !m = lac+s or b&s to give great] cohesion & /ability to its p>ts4 ,!y consi/ ( long n>r[ /rips ( rock1 :i* h made _! way ?r\gh ! previ\sly consolidat$ /rata1 int]sect+ ! planes ( _! sev]al b$s at ne>ly "r angles1 & con/itut+ among !mselves a sy/em ( p>allel & v]tical p>titions 9 ! rock4 ,once obs]v$ 9 any di/rict1 ^! dykes are ( too m>k$ a "* n to excite inquiries z to _! uses & mode ( =mation2 & occurr+1 z !y d1 9 e region & among all classes1 f ! olde/ prim>y to ! newe/ t]ti>y deposits1 !y are obvi\sly design$ = "s great purpose 9 ! plan ( ,creation4 ,ve9s may be describ$ z tabul> masses t p5etrate ! e>?'s cru/ to an unkn[n dep?1 & almo/ inv>iably consi/ ( diff]5t mat]ials f ! rocks !y trav]se4 ,!y are suppos$ to h all be5 9 a /ate ( fusion1 & ei!r !mselves to h produc$ r5ts & fissures 9 _! pressure upw>d1 or to h fill$ ) _! molt5 +r$i5ts su* z f o!r causes 7 already exi/+4 ,:5 detect$ 9 s&/one or o!r /ratifi$ =mations1 !y are readily di/+ui%$1 & ackn[l$g$ to be ( =eign orig9 z well z ( po/]ior date4 ,! matt] ( !m consi/s g5]ally1 among ! second>y =mations1 ( basalt or gre5/one2 m frequ5tly ( porphyry & feldsp> among ! old] & cry/all9e rocks4 ,9 _! passage ?r\gh :9/one ! sides ( ! ve9s are usually smoo!d & poli%$ z if by ! action ( ano!r body rubb+ aga9/ !m2 ! s&/ones & o!r s$im5t>y rocks are indurat$1 or discoloration may be trac$ = a consid]able space inw>d f ! walls ( ! ve94 ,!re is no mix+ up ( ! mat]ials ( ! dyke1 nor any approa* to incorporation ) ^? ( ! includ+ mass4 ,aft] exposure on ! surface to atmosph]ic influ5ces1 ! basalt or gre5/one splits up into l>ge tabul> blocks1 :i* become extremely friable1 & scale (f 9 ?9 lay]s1 leav+ a c5tral ball1 :i* exfoliates 9 l mann]1 & gradually mold]s into du/4 ,^! dykes are v num]\s 9 ! ,grampians1 occurr+ ev]y:]e1 & div]g+ 9 e direction ?r\gh ! prim>y rocks4 ,!y trav]se ! l[] di/rict on ! s\? ( ! range1 five or six cross+ ! ,tay1 & runn+ ne>ly p>allel 9 a nor?-we/]ly c\rse4 ,!y rise above ! s&/one 9 v>i\s places ( ,/ra!>n1 =m+ mural ridges1 furr[$ into broad jo9t$ masses1 or pil$ loosely above ea* o!r4 ,! outgo+ ( "s ( ^! rem>kable concretions c be trac$ into ! ,g]man ocean4 ,f ,/4 ,&rews we/w>d1 _! l9e ( be>+ may be detect$1 bo? among ! trap-hills & ! s&/ones :i* flank !m1 & l well-run /ags1 aft] deb\*+ f ! ,o*ills & ,sidlaws1 conv]g+ ^u ! =e/ ( ,gl5>tney4 ,d\bl+1 w9d+1 & dragg+ out & 9 among ! passes f ,crieff to ,comrie1 two ( !m may be descri$ on ! /eep face ( ,ab]u*ill1 fairly scal+ its l(ty summits2 & driv+ onw>d1 may o!rs be obs]v$ on ! s\? ( ! ,ru*le1 to ! f> heights ( ,uam-,v>4 ,! etymology ( ! t]m ,o*il1 w\ld seem to be connect$ 9 "s way ) ^! geological ph5om5a4 ,a tradition exi/s t1 f "t immemorial1 ! e>?quakes ( ,comrie 7 cotemporane\s ) subt]ranean movem5ts or noises 9 ! ,o*il range1 ne> ,devon4 ,! ,glic ^w o*a91 or o*ail1 signifies1 accord+ to ,arm/rong1 8moan+1 wail+1 h[l+20 & h5ce x is inf]r$ t ! "n ( ! 8,moan+ ,hills0 may h be5 giv5 to ! range1 f ! s\nds s frequ5tly he>d 9 ! di/rict4 ,!re c be no "q z to ! probability ( a subt]ranean sympa?y betwixt ! two localities1 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ^! dykes1 or o!rwise2 &1 ?\gh ! s]ies ( ev5ts ref]r$ to above belong to an ant]ior age--f> remote1 inde$1 f ! human & all its traditions--a plausible orig9 is ?us giv5 to ! "n1 9 connection ) an analog\s s]ies ( ev5ts t did happ5 )9 ! human p]iod4 ,,iv4 ,a va/ hi/orical int]e/1 !re=e1 is to be atta*$ to ^! hills1 & _! ph5om5a ( ve9s1 connect$ z !y are ) ! fir/ elevatory movem5ts ( ! globe1 & :5 =m & outl9e 7 be+ giv5 to its massive fullness4 ,! h& ( ! ,creator is cle>ly se5 9 rais+ !m up f ! dep?s bel[4 ,n a p>ticle ( ! entire volume is 9 its orig9al position1 or t :i* x w\ld ( itself /atically assume4 ,god =m$ ev]y?+ = use1 :ile beauty & agreeabl5ess ( %ape are insep>ably comb9$4 ,:5 view$ 9 ! light ( causation1 x is n en\gh m]ely to say1 & !re to /op %ort1 t we see 9 ! outw>d face ( nature ! impress ( p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness--t none ( ^! ?+s made !mselves--t ! rocks & m\nta9s are an image ( ,jehovah's greatness--! /reams1 pla9s1 trees1 corns1 animals1 ! effect ( ,8 love & c>e4 ,all ?is !y unque/ionably are1 b !y are m4 ,_! arrangem5t & disposition1 beside _! m]e exi/5ce1 ev9ce a cont9u$ sup]9t5d5ce--a purpose & a w to ma9ta9 an ord] & con/ruction ( elem5ts :i* w\ld o!rwise sep>ate & dissolve--a keep+ toge!r1 & z "o1 ea* aft] _! own k9d1 ! inorganic & organic p>ts ( creation4 ,! philosophy1 z well z !ology1 ( ^! arrangem5ts h be5 ?us beautifully record$3 ,?\ cov]$/ ! e>? ) ! deep z ) a g>m5t1 ! wat]s /ood above ! m\nta9s2 at ?y rebuke !y fl$1 at ! voice ( ?y ?und] !y ha/5$ away into ! place ?\ ha/ prep>$ = !m4 ,?\ ha/ set a b\nd t !y may n pass ov]2 t !y turn n aga9 to cov] ! e>?4--,x is demon/rable t1 7 all ! rocks :i* compose our m\nta9 ranges & dry l& to be dissolv$ & c>ri$ into ! sea1 ! wat]s ( ! globe are suffici5t aga9 to cov] & conceal f view _! va/ & multi=m mat]ials1 & to replace !m 9 ^? dep?s :5ce !y orig9ally arose4 ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 9 8 "w on natural !ology1#c has n1 we ?9k1 correctly appreh5d$ ! be>+s ( ! argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( a ,god drawn f ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( a mat]ial _w4 8,we d n p]ceive10 he says1 8h[1 on ! obs]vation ( an un%ap5 mass1 !re c f its be+ alone1 be drawn any cle> or /rong inf]5ce 9 favor ( its non-et]nity3 or t simply because x n[ is1 a "t mu/ h be5 :5 x 0 n4 ,we _c ?us read 9 ! entity ( matt]1 a prior non-entity1 or an orig9al comm5cem5t = x3 & some?+ m mu/ be affirm$ ( matt] ?an m]ely t x is1 ere we c disc]n t ei!r an arti/'s m9d or an arti/'s h& has at all be5 conc]n$ ) x40 ,is ?is ei!r s\nd reason+ or good philosophy8 ,! fact ( ! entity ( matt] does1 necess>ily & directly1 lead to ! inf]5ce t x _h a beg9n+4 ,x c\ld n orig9ate itself1 & j ! m z x is view$ 9 its m]e mat]iality1 s mu* ! /rong] & irresi/ible ! conclusion t !re 0 no pot5tiality inh]5t 9 itself to cause x to beg9 to exi/4 ,/rip ^! hills ( all _! v]dure--remove f ! m9d all consid]ation ( _! beauty1 v>iety1 & s(tness ( outl9e--dive/ t l&scape ( its ebb & fl[ ( tide--( all t con/itutes ! sc5e "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ on ! face ( ! e>?1 & 9 its desolation & /]ility y w\ld /ill 9 idea rev]t to a p]iod :5 x 0 n4 ,^! %apeless1 in]t1 b>r5 masses ( rock1 & soil1 & s&1 did n place !mselves !re by any p[] ( _! own4 ,:e!r on ,m\nt ,horeb or ,b5cleugh1 ! m9d w le>n1 f its own inn] voice1 t ! traces ( ,jehovah are !re--a ,p[]1 beyond & above1 t call$ ^! rude piles into be+--! abs5ce ( all =m & vitality 9 !mselves ! pro( & ! witness ( ! ,creator's m9d & ! ,creator's h&4 ,dea? _c orig9ate any?+ into life4 ,matt]1 z matt]1 _c con/itute nor beg9 ( itself to be4 ,a sc5e l ?is c\ld n n[ comm5ce its own be+1 & at no p]iod 9 ! pa/ did x possess a s+le prop]ty ( self-exi/5ce4 ,! entity & et]nity ( matt] are1 !re=e1 two physically impossible ?+s1 z no?+ b ! "o supreme intellig5t ,god c be at once self-exi/5t & et]nal1 & t :i* is ,god _c be mat]ial4 ,b1 if ! reason+ "h is bad1 ! philosophy is /ill worse4 ,x is n philosophy at all to speak ( any?+ 9 nature z un%ap54 ,matt] is nev] pres5t$ to u 9 its simple elem5ts4 ,:at we see ( ! visible1 mat]ial _w1 is some?+ 9 comb9ation ) some?+ else1 sub/ance unit$ ) sub/ance1 & ! union & comb9ation are n accid5tal or *ancework4 ,!re are law1 ord]1 & def9ite proportion 9 e comp\nd body4 ,?+s g toge!r by det]m9ate arrangem5t4 ,:5 fir/ summon$ into be+1 ! elem5ts ( ! univ]se _h ea* sep>ately _! own communicat$ prop]ties2 !y took _! places 9 ! mass1 ea* accord+ to _! natures2 & n[ ! little & ! great1 ! b[ld] on ! hea? & ! orbs on high1 ! concrete rock & our :ole planet>y sy/em1 are model$ ^u a plan1 & all subs]vi5t to a purpose4 ,9 decomposition none ( !m wa/e or decay4 ,resolv$ into _! prim>y atoms1 !y unite 9 new arrangem5ts1 & collect into new bodies2 & 9 ! putrid corrupt+ mass1 ! law ( ord]1 symmetry1 & beauty1 reigns 9 active op]ation1 elim9at+ new /ructures & e/abli%+ new h>monies4 ,m5 h long be5 acqua9t$ ) ! fact1 t 9 all comb9ations ( two or m sub/ances1 !re are c]ta9 proportions :i* obta9 among ! diff]5t +r$i5ts1 & t ! be/ mixtures are ^? :i* are regulat$ accord+ to a scale4 ,! arts h fl\ri%$1 & improv$ 9 "o age above ^? 9 ano!r1 j 9 proportion z ?is pr9ciple has be5 att5d$ to1 & ! degree 9 :i* ! prop]ties ( comp\nds h be5 asc]ta9$4 ,we h5ce le>n to imitate ! cry/al 9 its cle>ness1 & to rival ! colors ( gems & fl[]s4 ,! metals are ?us temp]$ = ! use & b5efit ( society4 ,! acids are neutraliz$1 & salts are =m$1 & ! heal? ( man is re/or$ or pres]v$4 ,dalton discov]$ ! law ( comb9ation 9 def9ite & multiple proportions to be con/ant 9 ! ?9 air we brea!--t wat]1 9 all conditions & situations1 consi/s ( ! two +r$i5ts oxyg5 & hydrog51 & t ^! 9 weight are always z eight ( ! =m] to "o ( ! latt]--t ev5 ! mo/ ela/ic gases are compos$ ( p>ticles ( real1 pond]able1 def9able matt]--& t ?r\gh all sub/ances1 palpable or impalpable1 gross or e!real1 ! pr9ciple ( aggregation1 accord+ to ! atomic !ory1 is univ]sal4 ,sci5ce has n1 inde$1 z yet det]m9$ :at is ! law ( connection betwe5 ! *emical composition & ! cry/all9e =ms ( bodies2 al?\gh ,sir ,david ,brew/] has cle>ly e/abli%$ t !re is an exact correspond5ce betwe5 _! optical prop]ties & _! cry/all9e =ms1--! law ( ! transmission ( light ?r\gh specific sub/ances4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton _h long be=e cone to ! conclusion--& f ! heav5s br\ght d[n a philosophy to expla9 ! !ory ( ! e>?--t 8,all ?+s consid]$1 x seems probable t ,god1 9 ! beg9n+1 =m$ matt] 9 solid1 massy1 h>d1 imp5etrable p>ticles1 ( su* sizes1 figures1 & ) su* o!r prop]ties1 & 9 su* proportion to space1 z mo/ conduc$ to ! end = :i* he =m$ !m2 & t ^! primitive p>ticles1 be+ solids1 are incomp>ably h>d] ?an any por\s bodies comp\nd$ ( !m2 ev5 s v h>d z nev] to we> or break to pieces1 no ord9>y p[] be+ able to divide :at ,god made "o 9 ! fir/ creation40 ,philosophy su* z ?is1 v]ifi$1 mu* ( x1 by an induction ( rigid exp]im5ts1 discov]s a univ]se ( matt] wor?y ( its au?or1 & l him--a ,god1 n ( confusion1 b ( ord]2 ?+s fram$1 e "o ( !m1 accord+ to rule & me?od1 & all /amp$ ) ! indelible impress ( utility1 design & lovel9ess4 ,! 8un%ap50 has no place 9 ! physical _w4 8,x is n10 cont9ues ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 8f "s matt] be+ h>d] ?an o!rs1 t we inf] a ,god2 b :5 we behold ! h>d] plac$ :]e x is obvi\sly ! mo/ effective = a b5eficial end1 z 9 ! nails1 & claws1 & tee? ( animals1 9 ?is we see evid5ce ( a ,god40 ,n[1 ?is is precisely :at has be5 done 9 ! con/ruction & disposition ( ! sev]al p>ts ( our planet4 ,! h>de/ matt] is plac$ :]e x c subs]ve a b5eficial end1 on ! bottom ( ! sea1 ! %ores ( a cont95t1 ! hills t bord] ! valleys ( a c\ntry4 ,! framework ( ! globe is 9 itself ( ! mo/ durable mat]ials1 & ^! mat]ials h be5 all s arrang$ z to r5d] ! e>? solid1 f]tile1 & beautiful div]sity ( climate1 comb9$ ) div]sity ( soil1 moi/ure1 & %elt]4 ,^! rocks may h be5 molt5 9 ! dep?s b5ea?2 b no innate p[]s ( nature rais$ !m unto m\nta9s1 & sep>at$ ! h>d f ! s(t1 lift+ ! heavi] sub/ance into ! highe/ places1 & scoop+ out ! holl[s = ! light]4 ,^! are acts1 all ( !m1 ( div9e might1 direct$ to a purpose1 & :at alone c\ld r5d] ?is _w a fitt+ abode = liv+ ?+s4 ,wond]fully made are all ! creatures ( our e>?1--e bone1 s9ew1 & muscle 9 its appropriate place--& s con/ruct$ z be/ to p]=m _! respective functions4 ,b equally wond]ful ! adju/m5t & adaptation1 ?r\gh all its p>ts1 ( t e>? on :i* !y are domicil$1 & :i* m9i/]s s admirably to ! v>i\s wants & requirem5ts ( its div]sifi$ tribes ( plants & animals4 ,n m significant ( design1 nor m effective = a b5eficial end1 ! bony heads & enamel$ scales ( ! f9ny inhabitants ( ! p]iod1 ! cephalaspes & holopty*ii ( ! /ratifi$ rocks1 ?an ! indurat$ texture ( ! traps z a solid casem5t 9 :i* _! wat]s 7 to be reta9$1 & a /oreh\se ( well-assort$ mat]ials1 :5ce sub/ance & nutrim5t 7 to be extract$ = ! l&4 ,! argum5t1 9 %ort1 s f> z fitness & utility are conc]n$1 is "o & ! same 9 bo? classes ( objects--! h\se & its inmates alike illu/rative ( contrivance & skill--equally eloqu5t 9 praise ( ! arti/'s m9d or ! arti/'s h&4 ,& 9 ?is way x is1 t ! /ory ( our e>? %\ld be read1 & ! c\rse ( creation %\ld be trac$4 ,9 ! fir/ ord]+ ( ?+s1 we see ! int]position ( a great ,fir/ ,cause2 & ! f>!r back we g 9 our geological rese>*es1 ! m closely d we disc]n ! *a9 t connects our globe1 & all t is 9 x1 ) ! ?rone ( ! ,et]nal4 ,! ev]la/+ hills1 we are con/antly rem9d$ 9 ,scripture1 are ! witnesses ( 8 p[]4 ,!y are appeal$ to z ! evid5ces ( 8 ev]-active1 ev]-su/a9+ pres5ce4 ,:at wond]ful manife/ations ( 8 might & wisdom h !y be5 call$ to te/ify6 ,m\nt ,ar>at1 ! symbol ( 8 sav+ int]position--,m\nt ,s9ai1 = ! giv+ ( ! law1 & surr\nd$ ) ! ?und] & t]ror ( 8 great "n--,horeb1 proclaim+ 8 m]cy & ! g5tl5ess ( 8 love--,gilboa1 dr5*$ 9 ! blood ( 8 swift v5geance--,h]mon1 a tok5 ( ! m9ut5ess ( 8 c>e & ! sweetness ( 8 grace--,tabor1 ,olivet1 & ,calv>y6 sc5es ( ! my/]y ( inc>nation & awful purity ( inflexible ju/ice4--,& ^! v hills & m\nta9s ar\nd1 /&+ memorials ?r\gh all ages & _! revolutions1 t at 8 bidd+ !y arose1 & by 8 su/a9+ ag5cy !y are /ill upheld & pres]v$ on high4 ,we reg>d z utt]ly unt5able ! doctr9e1 !re=e1 t f ! 8entity0 ( matt] we _c inf] ! exi/5ce ( a ,god4 ,matt]1 z m]e matt]1 we d n see1 & "k no?+ (4 ,all ! matt] t is br\ght "u our notice1 is ei!r organiz$ or elaborat$ into arrangem5t & disposition ( p>ts1 z nicely h>moniz$ & adju/$ z organic %ape & =m4--,! organic & inorganic /ructure may diff]1 b ! diff]5ce is "o ( degree1 z mu* z ( k9d4 ,! argum5t1 f ! exi/5ce & composition ( ! atmosph]e1 ! salubri\s mixture ( gases 9 ! =mation ( wat]1 ! capacity & adaptation ( soils = ! g]m9ation ( se$s & ! gr[? ( plants1 is equally po9t$ z to ! pro( ( design & b5eficial end1 z t :i* is d]iv$ f ! fleece ( ! %eep1 ! fea!rs ( ! bird1 & ! silici\s coat+ ( ! :eat-/alk4 ,! uses ( ^! ?+s are obvi\s1 & se5 & appreciat$ at once4--,b s is e molecule ( matt] & aggregation ( rock1 9 ! l>ge/ amorph\s mass z 9 ! poli%$ cry/alliz$ gem1 assimilat$ by law & indurat$ = use4 ,& :5 we see ! /ructure ( ! entire globe s directly conducive to ! well be+ ( its num]\sly div]sifi$ families1 we h ! argum5t ! same 9 ! ,,:ole z 9 ! p>ts1 9 ! lumpi% mass z 9 ! ord] & symmetry ( ! bones1 muscles1 & organs ( ! animal frame4 ,b = ^! hills ! ra9 w\ld fall p]nici\sly1 & ! dews di/ill 9 va94 ,( :at use ! return ( ! seasons1 ) no v>iety ( climate8 & :ile ! ocean encompass$ ! globe1 :]e w\ld be ! c\rses ( ! riv]s1 ! mi/s & exhalations ( ! valleys8 ,we may (t5 mi/ake ! uses ( ?+s1 ! end & purpose ( p>ticul> arrangem5ts2 b ! doctr9e ( ,,f9al ,,causes we ought nev] to leave out ( our calculations4 ,!y p]vade all nature4 ,!y p]meate all bodies4 ,! _w z con/itut$1 ! creation :i* we contemplate & admire1 is 9 all its p>ts & dispositions a sy/em ( means & ends1 a comb9ation ( in/rum5ts end skillfully-balanc$ ag5cies1 a bright ev]-disc\rs+ record ( ! ,et]nal ,m9d1 :i* yet %r\ds itself 9 light inaccessible & utt]ly unfa?omable to ! compreh5sion ( all creat$1 f9ite intellig5ces1 :e!r human or angelic4 ,?us geology takes u up to ! beg9n+s ( creation--%[s u ! +r$i5ts & arrangem5ts ( matt]--lays b>e ! f\ndations ( our e>?ly dwell+1 ! divisions & conv5i5ces ( its ap>tm5ts--& see+ wisdom 9 adaptation1 design 9 endurance & suitability1 we inf]1 ^u equally irresi/ible gr\nds1 t ! e>? is ( ,god1 & manife/s 9 ev]y?+ ! p]fections ( its ,au?or4 ,! ,,s*eme ( creation1 9 all its p>ts & relations1 we may nev] "k2 its c\rse & ord] we c di/9ctly trace ?r\gh _m ( its arrangem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,relative ,positions ( ,trap4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,c>bonif]\s ,,sy/em--,,p]iod ,,( ,,gigantic ,,vegetables4 ,! sy/em ( rocks t]m$ ! ,c>bonif]\s con/itutes ! mo/ rem>kable1 z well z ! mo/ valuable1 gr\p 9 ! :ole range ( geological inve/igation4 ,! /rata ( :i* ?is sy/em is compos$1 ev9ce design 9 ! cle>e/ & ! mo/ unequivocal mann]1 te/ify+ to ! m&ate giv5 on ! ?ird day ( ,creation1 t ! e>? 0 to br+ =? grass1 ! h]b yield+ se$1 & ! fruit-tree yield+ fruit aft] its k9d2 & :i*1 9 ! prodigi\s developm5t ( vegetable matt] t s e>ly & rapidly ensu$1 demon/rate su* productive p[]s ( nature to h be5 *iefly prospective1 & prep>atory to ! /ill high] developm5t ( life t 0 to foll[4 ,milton has f9ely imag9$ a tradition 9 heav51 long subsi/+1 conc]n+ ! creation ( a new _w1 & ( man = ^: habitation x 0 int5d$3 8,space may produce new worlds1 :]e( s rife1 ,!re w5t a fame 9 heav51 t ,he ere long ,int5d$ to create1 & !re9 plant ,a g5]ation1 :om 8 *oice reg>d ,%\ld favor equal to ! sons ( heav52 ,! happy seat ,( "s new race1 call$ ,man40 ,! idea "h s beautifully express$ is1 t ! cosmical arrangem5ts ( ! e>? 71 f ! beg9n+1 s conduct$ z to be subs]vi5t to man's well-be+2 &1 c]ta9ly1 no?+ c\ld %[ m ! dignity ( ! new race1 or ! int]e/ tak5 9 !m by _! ,creator1 ?an ?is tradition :i* ran ( !m 9 o!r sph]es4 ,b geology1 m to be reli$ on ?an poetry1 furni%es demon/rative evid5ce ( ! ant]ior designs & purposes ( ,omnipot5t ,wisdom 9 actually fitt+ up 8! happy seat10 & 9 /or+ x be=eh& ) mat]ials suit$ to ! wants & com=table subsi/5ce ( him :o 0 to be its l(tie/ inhabitant4 ,! coal-metals1 9 ! discov]y ( _! hi/ory & position1 alone v9dicate ! importance ( geology z a sci5ce4 ,! :ole gr\p ) :i* !y are associat$1 9 _! m9]al & vegetable cont5ts1 _! place 9 ! sy/em1 & ! means provid$ at once = protection & excavation1 manife/ a s]ies ( contrivances s expressive ( design1 z _c fail1 :5 read aright1 to draw =? our gratitude & wond]4 ,i4 ,,! ,,m9]al ,,+r$i5ts1 ,,position1 ,,& ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,c>bonif]\s ,,sy/em4--,! rocks belong+ to ?is =mation1 9 ! ord] ( sup]position1 succe$ ! old r$ s&/one1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( deposits ( great ?ickness1 ( an inf9ite numb] ( alt]nations & v>ieties1 & ne>ly ! same 9 e coal-field all ov] ! e>?4 ,!y con/itute "o great gr\p ( m>k$ physical *>act]s1 =m$ "u simil> conditions1 & produc$ dur+ ! same epo* or p]iod ( "t4 ,! out-crop ( ! b$s meets ! eye along ! ridge ( :i* ! ,lomonds may be tak5 z ! c5t]1 rang+ ea/w>d by ,/4 ,&rews to ,fif5ess ,po9t1 & ext5d+ indef9itely we/w>d by ,/irl+1 ,campsie ,hills1 ,port-,glasg[1 to ! coa/ ( ,arran4 ,! s\!rn lip ( ! great coal bas9 ( ,scotl& /ret*es f ! ,g]man ,ocean1 ne> ,dunb>1 to ! ,ayr%ire coa/ 9 ! ,nor? ,*annel1 flank$ by ! old r$ s&/one & ,silurian rocks almo/ cont9u\sly ?r\gh\t4 ,& )9 ! space n[ indicat$ are situat$ all ! pr9cipal coal-fields ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! empire4 ,! l[] b$s ( ! =mation consi/ g5]ally ( co>se-gra9$ s&/one1 t]m$ by ! ,engli% geologi/s mill/one grit1 & inclose a few ?9 unworkable seams ( coal4 ,b&s ( iron/one1 %ale1 & s&/one are sup]impos$ 9 repeat$ alt]nations4 ,a ?ick massive lime/one l9es ! edges1 fea!r+ 9 & out ?r\gh ! area ( ! bas9 :i* conta9s ! coal metals4 ,?is is ! m\nta9 lime/one1 ! mo/ ( :i* is suppos$ to h once exi/$ z coral reefs1 rais$ on ! bottom ( %all[ seas1 s subdivid$ z to =m suitable comp>tm5ts = receiv+ & reta9+ ! matt] ( ! coal4 ,accord+ly1 corals1 encr9ites1 & %ells ev]y:]e prevail 9 ! rocks ( ?is deposit1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 pres5t ! appe>ance ( a homog5e\s1 agglut9at$ mass ( ! rema9s ( ^! m>9e animals--! fir/ ( liv+ creatures :i* ! wat]s 7 *>g$ to br+ =?1 & ) :i* !y 7 n[ sw>m+4 ,! bitum9\s b$s1 ! true coal1 g5]ally occupy a c5tral position 9 ! gr\p1 firmly cak$ & inclos$ betwe5 ! ar5ace\s & %aly /rata4 ,! numb] ( seams v>y 9 diff]5t bas9s1 rang+ 9 ,scotl& f elev5 to ?irty-two or ?irty-?ree1 & compris+ an av]age ?ickness ( ! useful m9]al ( a hundr$ & tw5ty feet4 ,! v>ieties ( coal--z an?racite or bl9d-coal1 cannel or p>rot1 & ! common h\se or glance-coal--are occasion$ *iefly by ! diff]5t proportions ( ! bitum9\s elem5ts :i* ent] into _! composition4 ,comp>$ ) ,scotl&1 ! coal-measures ( ,engl& & ,wales are ( a great] av]age ?ickness1 lie f> b5ea? ! surface1 & conta9 9 g5]al a great] proportion ( bitum54 ,! bas9 conta9+ ! coals1 z def9$ above1 is inclos$ )9 ! great *a9s ( prim>y & second>y m\nta9s ( ! c5tral di/rict ( ,scotl&1 :i* 7 upheav$ into dry l& be=e ! coal-measures 7 =m$4 ,a p]iod ( viol5t di/urbance _h ?us pass$ away1 :5 ! c>bonif]\s =mation be>s evid5t tok5s ( hav+ be5 begun & complet$ 9 tranquil wat]s4 ,b aft] be+ collect$1 ! coal-metals 7 expos$ to ! action ( di/urb+ =ces3 eruptive masses1 ( igne\s orig91 h invad$ _! doma92 basalts & gre5/one1 trap dykes & ve9s1 are ev]y:]e f\nd )9 _! inclosure2 & app>5tly ! utmo/ disord] & irregul>ity n[ reign1 :]e ord] & /illness once prevail$4 ,b look a little clos]3 exam9e ! l5g? & bread? ( any coal-field 9 any "p ( ! _w1 & y w disc]n pro(s ( a purpose1 n only 9 ! quality ( _! mat]ials1 b 9 ! position1 arrangem5t1 & gr\p+ ( ! metals2 ^? v di/urb+ =ces1 to :i* !y & all e>?ly ?+s h be5 expos$1 giv+ unequivocal te/imony ( an ov]rul+ intellig5ce cont9u+1 ?r\gh all ages1 to sup]9t5d & guide _! v>i\s op]ations4 ,/udy any coal-field 9 y\r neighborhood1 & obs]ve ! place ( ! m9]al4 ,x does n lie expos$ ^u ! surface1 b is plac$ at a consid]able dep? 9 ! e>?2 ( :i* _m are apt to compla91 ?9k+ t1 if a diff]5t arrangem5t _h prevail$1 mu* ne$less labor & exp5se w\ld h be5 sav$4 ,b ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( coal are su*1 t by exposure on ! surface ! m9]al w\ld1 9 a comp>atively %ort p]iod ( "t1 h run to wa/e & decay4 ,ev5 a ?ick cov]+ ( e>?y mold w\ld n h be5 suffici5t to protect x2 & !re=e 0 ! treasure purposely hid 9 ! e>?1 & s inclos$ t ! floods c\ld n wa% x away4 ,!n consid] ! quality ( ! rocks by :i* ! coal is protect$1 & along ) :i* x is inv>iably associat$4 ,^! consi/ ( lime/one1 s&/one1 %ale1 & clay iron/one1 :i* always occupy ! same bas9s1 & alt]nate ) ! coal sometimes 9 a s]ies ( m ?an a hundr$ b$s4 ,su* a gr\p ( well-*>act]iz$ rocks n only act z a guide = det]m9+ ! localities ( ! valuable m9]al1 b !y s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( facilitat+ ! excavation1 by af=d+ at once a safe ro(+ to ! m9e1 & an easy passage = ! dra9age ( ! wat] :i* accumulates 9 ! pits4 ,no o!r class ( rocks w\ld h be5 s suitable4 ,! granite & cry/all9e rocks w\ld h be5 inconv5i5t1 or :olly unfit3 no bor+s c\ld h be5 effect$ ?r\gh su* mat]ials to any ext5t2 ! op]ations und]nea? w\ld h be5 equally difficult & unmanageable2 & ?r\gh su* h>d compact sub/ances ! dra9age mu/ h be5 impracticable4 ,b a /ill m rem>kable indication ( contrivance arises f ! elevat$ & incl9$ position into :i* ! coal /rata h be5 ?r[n4 ,_h !y rema9$ 9 ! position :i* !y orig9ally occupi$1 & be5 cov]$ ) ! va/ accumulations :i* h subsequ5tly tak5 place1 _! dep? w\ld h be5 utt]ly beyond ! indu/ry ( man to h rea*$4 ,h5ce ! wat]s h disappe>$1 hav+ accompli%$ ! purpose = :i* !y 71 9 ?is in/ance1 spread ov] ! e>?1 & ! rocks =m$ b5ea? !m h lift$ up _! heads2 n uni=mly1 or 9 "o cont9u\s unbrok5 mass1 b divid$ into small sections1 & incl9$ 9 e possible direction4 ,! wisdom ( ?is appe>s f two consid]ations3 ,f _! incl9$ position1 ! v>i\s b$s ( coal are work$ ) great] facility ?an if !y _h be5 horizontal1 a level is produc$ = ! dra9age ( ! wat]1 & ! edges ( ! coal b5t upw>d are br\ght ne>] ! surface4 ,b ^! advantages are1 e "o ( !m1 increas$ incalculably by ! division ( ! coal-field into limit$ sections1 :]eby less wat] is all[$ to accumulate ?an if ! b$s _h be5 indef9itely ext5d$2 _! l[] extremities are prev5t$ f be+ plung$ to a dep? t w\ld be inaccessible2 & _! sev]al portions arrang$ 9 a s]ies ( tables1 l ! /eps ( a /air1 ris+ "o beh9d ano!r1 & gradually incl9+ outw>d f ! l[] to ! upp] seams ( ! bas94 ,aga91 e coal-field is furni%$ ) a sy/em ( *ecks1 9 ! %ape ( faults or dykes1 aga9/ flood+s1 fire-blaze1 & o!r accid5ts t occur 9 ! op]ations ( m9+4 ,^! faults or dykes consi/ ( clay1 ! detritus ( ! associat$ rocks1 or ( intrud$ :9/one1 ) :i* ! fractures produc$ at ! p]iod ( ! disruption & elevation ( ! coal-field h be5 fill$ up1 & ! v>i\s sections ( ! metal insulat$1 & contract$ to m workable dim5sions4 ,!y pres5t ! appe>ance ( a v]tical wall1 cutt+ ! /rata at "r angles2 &1 ?\gh (t5 occasion+ mu* inconv5i5ce & int]ruption1 yet1 z e exp]i5c$ colli] well kn[s1 =m+ ^u ! :ole 8 greate/ safegu>d1 & ess5tial e way to 8 op]ations4 ,to all :i* add1 z con/ants 9 e coal-field1 ! m9]als ( lime & iron1 gifts1 bo? ( !m1 ( ine/imable value3 ! =m] 9 ! amelioration ( ! soil & con/ruction ( e social edifice2 ! latt] ductile & pla/ic z wax1 capable ( be+ weld$1 & yet1 by a slight *emical *ange1 possess$ ( adamant9e h>dness2 & ! coal always !re1 9 juxta-position1 to s]ve z a fuel = ! r$uction ( ! lime/one & iron/one into _! economic prop]ties--prop]ties />t+ into ag5cy z if by a miracle4 ,^! are a few ( ! facts connect$ ) ! arrangem5t & di/ribution ( ! coal-measures1 9 :atev] qu>t] ( ! globe !y are f\nd4 ,is x possible to resi/ ! conclusion1 t1 9 su* a disposition ( ?+s1 !re are ! cle>e/ indications ( contrivance & design8 ,nay1 t ! argum5t d]iv$ f ! con/ruction & positions ( ! solid p>ts ( ! e>? is ! same 9 k9d1 if n 9 degree1 ) t :i* is s irresi/ibly demon/rative 9 ! case ( ! organic /ructure ( ! liv+ frame8 ,! dance ( atoms imag9$ by ! philosoph] ( antiquity1 c\ld nev] h t]m9at$ 9 ! p]fect ord] & h>mony ( ! heav5ly bodies--innum]able sy/ems ( worlds ma9ta9$1--ea* hung ^u no?+1 & duly pres]v$ all ( !m 9 _! respective sph]es4 ,equally impossible is x to contemplate a disposition ( ?+s s adapt$1 & inde$ s indisp5sable1 = avail+ ourselves ( ! m9]al treasures ( ! e>?--ess5tial to our wants1 & m9i/]+ s directly to our social com=t & improvem5t--& yet to ref] ! :ole1 or any "p1 to ! bl9d op]ation ( =tuit\s causes4 ,impossible1 inde$1 x ev] w be1 = ! human m9d to embrace or unravel all ! my/]ies ( creation2 b ?us admitt$ to ! mighty wond]s ( ! int]ior1 we are almo/ enabl$ to trace ! hi/ory ( ! mov+ atoms f _! *aotic disord] into _! places & arrangem5t 9 ! visible univ]se--to see dead matt] assum+ ! =ms ( life & organization--clo?+ ! e>? = a season ) luxuriance & beauty--buri$ = ages "u ! solid rock--& aga91 out ( coldness & dea?1 af=d+ light1 & w>m?1 & p[] to ! successive g5]ations ( m54 ,,ii4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,c>bonif]\s ,,rocks4--,! /rata compris$ )9 ! coal-measures are v>i\sly e/imat$2 be+1 9 "s in/ances1 ab\t elev5 ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness2 9 o!r cases1 ( mu* great] dep?2 & ( ?is mass ( matt]1 ! coal itself does n occupy m ?an a maximum av]age ( "o hundr$ & fifty feet4 ,! %ales consi/ ( ?9 b$s ( mud1 wa%$ d[n by ! riv]s f ! neighbor+ heights1 & w\ld appe> to h =m$ ! soil on :i* subsi/$ a rank vegetation2 ! impressions ( plants1 roots1 & trunks ( trees be+ /ill f\nd 9 a /&+ position4 ,x is f ^! b&s ( mud/one t ! be/ specim5s ( ! flora ( ! p]iod are d]iv$2 e ?9 splitt+ pres5t+ ! mo/ entire & beautifully-pres]v$ figures ( fronds & /ems4 ,! iron/one is usually mix$ up or associat$ ) ! %ales1 & consi/s1 l !m1 ( comp>atively ?9 b$s ( f]rug9\s clay4 ,! s&/ones1 ( :i* ! great] proportion ( ! mass consi/s1 h cle>ly result$ 9 ! cont9u$ action ( ! same causes t produc$ ! old r$ deposit ( ! ant]ior p]iod4 ,b ! two rem>kable products ( ! age are ! calc>e\s & coaly /rata1 :i* give "* to ! sy/em z well z ! epo* 9 :i* !y 7 =m$2 ! "o %[+ a sudd5 developm5t ( c>bonate ( lime1 & ! o!r an increase ( vegetable matt]1 ^: endur+ monum5ts po9t !m out z ! mo/ /rik+ cotemporane\s & co-ext5sive =mations on ! surface ( ! globe1 or connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( our planet4 ,! bitum9\s products ( ! ,silurian p]iod1 if ! ana*ronism may be p>don$1 are b z ! glean+s aft] ! full h>ve/4 ,! lime/one is unque/ionably ( m>9e orig91 z ! c\ntless myriads ( te/acea inclos$ 9 x te/ify1 & 0 probably con/ruct$ by ! primeval families ( ^? isl&-mak+ ar*itects by :i* ! coral-reefs ( our pres5t seas are rais$1 & ^: in/9cts h f\nd !m simil> employm5t 9 all ages ( ! _w4 ,! lime/ones ( ! e>li] sy/ems may h be5 =m$ 9 ! same mann]2 & !n1 z 9 ! subsequ5t p]iod1 we mu/ g to ! great orig9al /oreh\se ( ,nature = ! mat]ials on :i* !y work$4 ,! spoils ( ! prim>y rocks c\ld n supply !m1 z ! quantity ( ! c>bonate ( lime !re9 conta9$ be>s no proportion to ! masses :i* con/itute ! m\nta9 lime/one gr\p4 ,b ! calc>e\s sub/ance 0 already1 9 "s elem5t>y =m1 9 comb9ation or o!rwise1 9 exi/5ce--! animals capable ( secret+ & arrang+ x anew1 z ! second>y in/rum5ts ( creation1 7 ab\nd+ 9 ! seas--%all[ bottoms ov] ! subjac5t s&/ones ( ! devonian sy/em1 & )9 ! requir$ conditions ( life1 7 prep>$ = _! op]ations4 ,! wat]s _h n[ br\ght =? abundantly ! mov+ creatures1 :i*1 at fir/ m scantily di/ribut$1 produc$ ! lime/one ( ! silurian rocks1 z ! arborial rema9s ( ! l&1 9 l /9t$ measure1 are inclos$ 9 ! old] palozoic deposits4 ,_! day ( increase z x advanc$1 ea* aft] _! k9d1 is record$ 9 ! va/ accumulations ( animal & vegetable matt] :i* compose ! /rata ( ! c>bonif]\s sy/em1 bo? ( an ord] & quality purposely s arrang$1 & nev] ^u ! same scale ( magnitude to be repeat$ 9 ! combu/ible m9]al4 ,?is acc\nt1 z giv5 by geologi/s1 ( ! orig9 ( ! m\nta9 lime/one1 is r5d]$ n only probable1 b almo/ c]ta91 by ! mann] 9 :i* we f9d ^! little insects1 ! coral-build]s1 con/ruct+ _! piles ( masonry at ! pres5t day4 ,= example1 c]ta9 species ( polyps1 ( solit>y habits1 "w alone1 ea* re>+ a s+le /em or /alk1 f :i* o!rs project2 !n m /ems are produc$1 until1 ^u ! completion ( ! :ole1 !re results "o ( ^? beautiful arboresc5t /ructures s mu* priz$ z ornam5ts = cab9ets & draw+-rooms4 ,"s1 aga91 atta* !mselves to ! loose /ones1 ^u :i* !y =m _! little tree or fl[]-top2 o!rs adh]e to ! solid rock1 f :i* !re spr+s a /ony vegetation1 rival+ (t51 9 v>iety1 luxuriance1 & brilliancy1 ! mo/ %[y vegetable productions ( tropical climes4 ,b a c]ta9 class are greg>i\s1 & w only "w 9 company4 ,myriads ( ^! inhabit ! ,pacific1 con/ruct+ entire isl&s1 & ?r[+ up mighty b>ri]s ( rock1 & ?read+ ov] va/ areas ( ! sea ) inosculat+ l9es ( coral reef4 ,! calc>e\s accumulation1 kn[n z ! ,great ,b>ri] ,reef1 ext5ds = ab\t a ?\s& miles 9 l5g?1 by ab\t ?irty 9 mean bread?1 fill+ up1 ) its v>i\s reticulations1 ! :ole int]m$iate space betwixt ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia & ,bri/[ ,isl&1 (f ! coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! works ( ^! m9ute creatures ?us occupy an area :i* may be r\ghly e/imat$ at ?irty ?\s& squ>e miles2 ! diff]5t bran*es =m+ comp>tm5ts ( v>iable ext5t1 :i* are divid$ into l9e>1 out]1 & inn] reefs1 & embrac+ )9 _! ample folds ! entire spoils ( ocean liv+ or float+ 9 ^! p>ts4 ,! m\nta9 lime/one ( our own c\ntry1 =m$ 9 l mann] on ! sea-bottom ( corall9es1 has a wide geographical range1 ext5d+ f ! bay ( ,/4 ,&rew's on ! nor?1 to ! extremity ( ,wales on ! s\?2 pass+ into ,irel&1 :]e x is elevat$ into long ridges1 or occupies ! m\nta9-slopes2 & =m+ outli]s or ext5d$ b>ri]s 9 all ! s\!rn c\nties ( ,scotl&1 & 9 ! great] portion ( ! nor!rn1 ! middle1 & ! s\?-we/]n di/ricts ( ,engl&4 ,^! 7 ! coral reefs ( an ocean n[ rais$ into dry l&1 divid$1 too1 into out] & inn] comp>tm5ts1 or arrang$ into sy/ems ( l9es & bran*es1 :i* div]g$ f or inosculat$ ) ea* o!r4 ,nor does ! resemblance betwe5 ! rec5t & ! m anci5t =mations /op "h1 b ext5ds to ! /ructure ( ! deposits1 li?ologically consid]$1 ! me*anical1 sub-cry/all9e1 & cry/all9e texture be+ exhibit$ 9 bo? sets ( rocks4 ,?us1 9 ! exam9ation ( ,h]on ,isl&1 ! coral b$s1 "o to two feet ?ick1 are f\nd to h a t5d5cy to split into slabs1 & jo9ts are obs]v$ to cross ea* o!r at "r angles1 p>allel to ! dip & /rike1 respectively1 giv+ to ! /ill liv+ coral rock ! jo9t+s1 cleavage1 & /ratification ( ! great] palozoic deposits4 ,naturali/s divide ^! polyps into exi/+ & ext9ct races4 ,b :e!r ext9ct & specifically diff]5t1 or o!rwise1 !y are creatures ( a family1 possess$ ( ! same habits & p]=m+ ! same op]ations1 n[ z ( old2 & if1 z geologi/s say1 millions ( ages h elaps$ betwe5 ! act+s ( ! fir/ & la/ g5]ations1 our admiration w be only all ! m unb\nd$ by ?us witness+ ! h>mony ( creation ?r\gh indef9ite "t1 & ! accuracy ( ! ,book :i* conta9s ! record ( x4 ,! coal itself1 z n[ univ]sally admitt$1 is ( vegetable orig94 ,"u ! microscope1 9 ! mo/ compact specim5s1 ! tissues by :i* all ! coal plants are m or less di/+ui%$ c be di/9ctly trac$4 ,*emically consid]$1 its vegetable orig9 is equally well e/abli%$4 ,c>bon con/itutes ! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( ! m9]al ! quality ( :i* ent]s mo/ abundantly into ! composition ( vegetables4 ,"o !ory ( its =mation is1 t vegetable matt]1 c>ri$ to ! sea or ext5sive lakes1 has und]gone a process ( decomposition1 by :i*1 :ile "s ( its pr9ciples may h escap$ or be5 evolv$ 9 new comb9ations1 ! c>bon1 ) a portion ( ! hydrog51 has rema9$2 ?is1 mix$ ) m or less e>?y matt]1 has 9 its s(t /ate be5 consolidat$ by ! =ce ( aggregation simply1 or by compression f ! sup]9cumb5t /rata1 & ! action ( a high] degree ( temp]ature ?an n[ exi/s4 ,o!rs are ( op9ion t coal is ! alt]$ residuum ( trees & small] plants t h gr[n on ! spot :]e we n[ f9d !m--t ! =e/s 7 subm]g$ & cov]$ by detrital matt]1 :i* 0 uprais$ to =m a f\ndation & a soil = ano!r =e/1 to be 9 its turn subm]g$ & conv]t$ into coal--& t ?us ! alt]nations :i* ! v]tical section ( a coal-field exhibits are to be acc\nt$ =4 ,! =m] views are ma9ta9$ by ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison & o!r em95t geologi/s4 ,! latt] h be5 adopt$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 9 consequ5ce ma9ly ( ! arrangem5ts & /ructure obs]v$ 9 ! rem>kable coal-field ( ,nova ,scotia1 :]e he /ates t !re is a range ( p]p5dicul> cliffs 9 ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 compos$ ( regul> coal-measures1 incl9$ at an angle betwe5 tw5ty-f\r & ?irty degrees1 ^: unit$ ?ickness is betwe5 f\r & five miles4 ,by nei!r !ory1 p]haps1 nor by any o!r yet advanc$1 is x possible to reconcile all ! appe>ances :i* t s+ul> comp\nd1 a ,,coal-,,field exhibits--! v>i\s *anges :i* ! vegetable matt] has und]gone to conv]t x into lignite1 jet1 common coal1 cannel coal1 & an?racite1 two or m ( ^! v>ieties (t5 occurr+ 9 ! same coal-measures--9 "o qu>t] ! cle>e/ indications t ! sea has let 9 its floods & m+l$ its spoils ) ^? ( ! l&1 & 9 ano!r qu>t]1 ?r\gh f\rte5 ?\s& feet1 = example1 ( ! drift accumulations 9 ,nova ,scotia1 t !re is n a trace ev5 ( any sub/ance ( a m>9e "*1 all appe>+ to h be5 deposit$ 9 fre% wat]4 ,b :ile no explanation yet giv5 ( ! ph5om5a c be reg>d$ z satisfactory1 :ile ,nature )holds mu*1 & ev] w1 ( ! wond]ful processes ?r\gh :i* %e atta9s h] ends1 ! vegetable s\rce ( ! product _c be que/ion$2 nay1 ! orig9 ( coal f ! ext9ct =e/s1 f ! trees & plants ( a =m] age1 is s v probable1 t "s b$s s\nd l wood "u ! beat ( ! hamm]2 & l>ge areas1 :5 ?9 slices are plac$ "u ! microscope1 are f\nd 9 e portion to reta9 ! woody-fibr\s /ructure4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,botanical ,,*>act]s ( ! flora ( ! coal p]iod =m ( !mselves an int]e/+ subject ( /udy1 & sugge/ "s v important consid]ations z to ! hi/ory & purpose ( ! =mation4 ,^! w be be/ und]/ood by a ref]5ce to ! /ructure & habits ( plants 9 g5]al4 ,^? ( ! coal1 x w !nce be se51 belong exclusively to "o or two families1--z f]ns1 palms1 & conif]1--:i* seem to h gr[n 9 e soil1 & to h be5 adapt$ to e climate4 ,! mo/ g5]al divisions ( exi/+ plants are into ! vascul>es & cellul>es4 ,! =m] k9ds all be> fl[]s1 possess a sy/em ( spiral vessels1 & are t]m$ phonogam\s4 ,! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 are fl[]less1 h no spiral vessels1 & are d5om9at$ cryptogam\s4 ,ano!r ext5sive subdivision ( plants proce$s ^u _! anatomical /ructure1 & ! laws :i* regulate _! mode ( gr[?4 ,?us "o class1 x has be5 obs]v$1 increase 9 bulk by additional increm5ts to ! outside ( all ! p>ts :i* compose ! plant1 z ! roots1 /ems1 & bran*es2 ano!r1 by additions to ! inside ( all ^! memb]s3 & = ?is reason ! =m] are call$ exog5\s1 & ! latt] endog5\s4 ,9 ! "o case ! new or y\nge/ gr[? is always ext]ior to ! old2 & if ?us left unprotect$1 x w be readily admitt$ t ! gr[? ( all su* plants w\ld be greatly & con/antly endang]$ by atmosph]ic z well z innum]able o!r causes4 ,! rem$y provid$ by nature aga9/ ?is1 is a cov]+ ( ! sub/ance call$ b>k1 :i* is fold$ r\nd ! entire ext]ior1 /em & bran*es1 ( ! :ole exog5s1 & )9 :i* ! newly-=m$ tissue is all safely deposit$4 ,no plant1 on ! o!r h&1 ^: gr[? is f )91 ne$s any su* protection1 & accord+ly none ( !m--z all ! grasses1 corns1 canes1 & fungi--are possess$ ( b>k1 or any analog\s membrane4 ,! b>k is an ephem]al sub/ance1 :i* la/s only = a ye>1 & has annually to be r5ew$4 ,! additions to all exog5\s plants are indicat$ 9 ! /em or trunk1 by conc5tric l9es or circles4 ,9 ! c5t] !re is a cellul> sub/ance call$ pi?4 ,:5 y take1 !re=e1 a cross section ( ! trunk ( ?is class1 ! /ructure & p>ts w be arrang$ ?us--b>k on ! outside1 pi? 9 ! c5t]1 & betwe5 ^!1 conc5tric deposits ( woody matt]1 & all connect$ into a solid mass by plates ( comb-l tissue1 radiat+ f ! int]ior to ! circumf]5ce1 & t]m$ m$ull>y rays4 ,a /ructure l ?is1 s closely & firmly unit$1 & fill$ up ?r\gh all its p>ts1 0 surely int5d$ = endurance2 & yet out ( ?is class ( ! vegetable tribes1 nature has select$ few ( h] c>bonif]\s models4 ,! plants ( ! p]iod1 z yet detect$1 are compos$ *iefly ( cellul> tissue1 mix$ up ) ! sub/ance ( ! /em1 & )\t pi?1 m$ull>y rays1 conc5tric woody deposits1 or ! b9d+ ligam5t ( b>k4 ,! h>dy oak & tall sl5d] cane may be tak5 z examples ( ! two modes ( /ructure--! =m] alli$ to exi/+1 ! latt] to ext9ct families4 ,ano!r gr\nd ( di/9ction among plants consi/s 9 ! leaves or flatt5$ expansions1 f :i* !y d]ive all _! grace & symmetry4 ,?is is f>!r connect$ ) ! se$ & rudim5t>y organs1 & gives rise to ! division into cotyl$on\s & acotyl$on\s plants4 ,! non-fl[]+ or cryptogam\s are all ( ! latt] k9d4 ,! fl[]+ or phonogam\s n only belong to ! =m]1 b are aga9 subdivid$ into monocotyl$on\s or dicotyl$on\s1 accord+ z _! se$-vessels are possess$ ( "o or ( two lobes4 ,:]e !re are two lobes ! expansion ( ! g]m ^u bur/+ f ! gr\nd t]m9ates 9 two imp]fect leaves1 by :i* ! botani/ c at once det]m9e ! class to :i* x belongs4 ,! corns & grasses h s+le cotyl$ons1 f "o extremity ( :i* desc5d ! roots1 & f ! o!r ! /em spr+s up1 t]m9at$ ) a s+le leaf4 ,! leaves p]=m important functions 9 all ^? ord]s ( plants ) :i* !y are connect$1 & s]ve z int]e/+ guides 9 fossil botany1 :i* seldom d]ives any assi/ance f ! m de/ructible & 8fleet+ fl[]40 ,! leaves ( plants consi/ ( a complicat$ net-"w ( vessels1 fill$ up 9 ! int]/ices by cellul> tissue1 & cov]$ ov] ) a ?9 epid]mis or sk94 ,^? belong+ to ! monocotyl$on\s sub-class are trav]s$ by a numb] ( p>allel ve9s1 :ile dicotyl$on\s leaves are divid$ into regul> comp>tm5ts1 "s ( :i* ^u )]+ display ! mo/ p]fect & beautiful sy/em ( reticulation1 rival+ 9 delicacy ( texture ! w+ ( ! gossam]4 ,leaves :i* outla/ ! season1 z 9 ev]gre5s1 are t]m$ non-decidu\s1 & are cov]$ or int]wov5 ) a ?9 cru/ ( silex1 :i* at once s]ves to protect & communicate to ^! ornam5tal %rubs _! bright enamel$ appe>ance4 ,! grasses possess ?is prop]ty1 & "s ( !m c elaborate 9 _! jo9ts cry/als ( consid]able magnitude4 ,! leaves ( f]ns are call$ fronds1 & diff] f true leaves 9 be>+ ! reproductive organs on ! surface1 :ile ! slighte/ inspection ( _! =m & mode ( expansion readily di/+ui%es !m f all o!rs4 ,fronds1 prop]ly s t]m$1 orig9ate 9 ! /em & are "p ( x2 !re is no di/9ct l9e ( dem>kation betwe5 !m3 /em1 leaf1 & spori1 or se$2 are all z "o body2 & ?us1 z be+ ( "o piece1 ^! membran\s organs h be5 qua9tly lik5$ to a g>m5t )\t a seam4 ,f ?is brief description x w be se5 t all plants & trees arrange !mselves "u two great classes1 namely1 ! s(t & spongy1 or ! h>d & fibr\s-woody /ructure4 ,! rema9s ( su* z h be5 detect$ 9 ! c>bonif]\s rocks belong almo/ exclusively to ! =m] class1 ! cryptogami & endog51 :ile ( ! ?ree hundr$ & upw>d ( fossil species :i* h be5 describ$ & figur$1 n m ?an t51 & "s ( ^! /ill ( d\btful *>act]s1 c be reg>d$ z ( exog5\s & true woody gr[?4 ,f]ns1 mosses1 palms1 & gigantic succul5t plants1 n[ all alli$ to ^? ( tropical climates1 con/itute ! va/ prepond]ancy ( ! fossil flora ( ! age 9 "q4 ,are we to inf] f ?is t ! o!r families & tribes :i* at pres5t s abundantly cov] ! e>? 7 n !n 9 exi/5ce8 ,! botani/ c n[ ref] to 8 catalogue ( eighty to a hundr$ ?\s& species ( exi/+ plants1 gr[+ 9 ! diff]5t regions ( ! globe1 & ( widely di/+ui%$ habits & =ms2 & 7 few or none ( ^! 9 be+ !n8 ,we possess n1 z yet1 suffici5t data = ! solution ( ?is v int]e/+ problem1 al?\gh 9 ! progress ( geological discov]y1 e ye> is add+ to ! li/1 & giv+ u a m ext5d$ acqua9tance ) ! vegetable products ( ! coal p]iod4 ,an important exp]im5t rec5tly made by ,pr(essor ,l9dley w\ld seem to favor ! probability t a f> m num]ically abundant flora _h !n exi/$4 ,"o hundr$ & sev5ty plants 7 ?r[n into a vessel conta9+ fre% wat]1 & among !m 7 species belong+ to all ! natural ord]s ( :i* ! flora ( ! coal-measures consi/s1 & also to o!r natural ord]s :i* x might h be5 expect$ w\ld be f\nd associat$ ) !m4 ,9 ! c\rse ( two ye>s1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-"o species _h disappe>$1 be+ entirely decompos$1 & ( ! fifty :i* rema9$1 ! mo/ p]fect specim5s 7 ^? ( conif]\s plants1 f]ns1 palms1 lycopodiace1 & ! l--! families1 all ( !m1 mo/ alli$ to ^? pres]v$ 9 ! coal-measures4 ,n[ ! important fact to be att5d$ to 9 ?is exp]im5t is1 ! wide geographical di/ribution dur+ ! c>bonif]\s era ( ^? tribes ( plants :i* ent] mo/ c]ta9ly & abundantly into ! composition ( ! coal metals4 ,_m o!rs may1 & d\btless did1 fl\ri% )9 ! p]iod ( ! =mation4 ,b t ! plants1 possess$ ( ! mo/ cons]vative vegetable qualities1 & ! mo/ capable ( resi/+ solution 9 wat]1 %\ld be precisely ! k9ds :i* _h !n a univ]sal range ov] ! e>?'s surface1 c be ascrib$ to no?+ else ?an to a wise pr$et]m9$ purpose & arrangem5t4 ,^! plants 7 gr[+ 9 e region4 ,e clime favor$ !m--e soil n\ri%$ !m4 ,! bitum9\s product 0 int5d$ = man's use1 ^: family 0 de/9$ to inhabit ! :ole e>?4 ,h[ irresi/ible ! conclusion1 corroborative ( all ! pro(s ( design d]iv$ f ! nature & /ructure ( ! coal-measures1 t1 anticipat+ 8 wants & provid+ = 8 improvem5t1 nature purposely con/ruct$ su* =ms ( vegetable life1 possess$1 l ! wat*1 ) a comp5sation balance s z to suit e condition1 & to ?rive 9 e l&2 or1 :at is equally probable & consonant to ! requirem5ts ( ! problem1 t !re 0 su* a uni=mity ( climate & temp]ature1 & o!r *emical adju/m5ts1 z 7 mo/ adapt$ to ! peculi> & prevail+ vegetation ( ! p]iod4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,organic ,,rema9s we proce$ to consid] m 9 detail1 :]e a rem>kable contra/ w be obs]v$ betwe5 ! vegetable & animal types pres5t$1 s f> z !y h be5 respectively fossiliz$ & pres]v$4 ,! vegetables are ne>ly all ( t]re/rial1 ! animals are z g5]ally & pr$om9antly ( m>9e1 *>act]s4 ,is ?is ! result ( bl9d *ance1 or ( contrivance & =esight8 ,! plants ( ! coal epo* consi/ *iefly ( ! cryptogamia1 & ( ^! ! f]ns are ! mo/ abundant1 compos+1 accord+ to ! e/imate ( ,m4 ,brongni>t1 ab\t two-?irds ( ! entire c>bonif]\s flora4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,sph5opt]is l9e>is2 #b4 ,pecopt]is ,mantelli2 #c4 ,sph5opt]is aff9is4 ,! numb] ( kn[n exi/+ f]ns am\nts to betwe5 sev5 & eight hundr$1 ( :i* ab\t fifty species belong to ,great ,brita91 & upw>d ( two hundr$ to ! int]-tropical isl& ( ,jamaica4 ,ne>ly two hundr$ fossil species h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,briti% coal /rata alone4 ,! fossil g5]a mo/ common to ! di/rict ar\nd1 & occurr+ 9 e section ( ! great valley ( ! ,scotti% l[l&s1 are cyclopt]is1 neuropt]is1 pecopt]is1 & sph5opt]is4 ,! %ales & clay-iron/ones 9 :i* ^! beautiful plants are detect$1 are g5]ally ( a d>k br[ni% color1 :ile ! impressions are all ( ! deepe/ jet1 br++ out 9 lively contra/ ! complete ca/ ( ! fronds4 ,!re is a great resemblance betwe5 ! specim5s ( ext9ct f]ns & ! exi/+ families ( our filices1 n[ gr[+ on e hill1 brae1 or m\nta9 corrie2 &1 if ?is 7 all ! diff]5ce1 nature w\ld seem to h dep>t$ b little f h] orig9al models4 ,b ! presumption is t mo/1 if n all1 ! f]ns ( ! coal era 7 trees :i* atta9$ to a great height1 & simil> to ! tree-f]ns n[ gr[+ s abundantly 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific4 ,! decorticat$ /ems & trunks are deeply ind5t$ ) sc>s1 ! m>k+s1 x is suppos$1 ( ! fronds :i* dropp$ f _! fea!ry sides4 ,?is inf]5ce is borne out by ! additional circum/ance1 t ! fossils are g5]ally mu* flatt5$ & compress$1 z w\ld necess>ily happ5 to succul5t plants & su* trees z consi/$ ( ! cellul> tissue ( ! endog5\s class4 ,:at a /rik+ *ange 9 ! vegetation ( our c\ntry1 :]e purple hea?s1 & *e]ful grasses1 & luxuriant corns1 & =e/s ( e t9t & /ructure1 h replac$ ! long gre5 /ems1 & d>k somb] hues ( ! f]n-clad regions ( ! old5 times6 ,! rema9s ( ?is tribe are s num]\s z to h /9t$1 "o w\ld suppose1 or utt]ly to h prev5t$ ! gr[? & increase ( e o!r ord] ( plants1 br++ be=e ! imag9ation ! sc5es ( our ,au/ralian colonies1 s wild & wondr\s to ,european eyes--& c>ry+ back ! m9d to ! vision ( primeval ages1 ?r\gh a long succession ( times & _! ev5ts1 ! vi/a ( an infant _w4 ,! lycopodia1 or club-moss tribe1 are also v widely di/ribut$ among ! coal-measures1 & atta9$ 9 ! e>li] ages ( ! e>?'s hi/ory an equally gigantic size ) ! tree-f]ns4 ,at ! pres5t day1 !y are all weak1 pro/rate plants1 ( f two to ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 &1 foll[+ ! same laws z ! mosses & f]ns1 !y are mo/ abundant 9 hot1 humid situations )9 ! tropics1 & especially 9 ! small] isl&s4 ,z respects _! botanical aff9ities1 ! lycopodiums are int]m$iate betwe5 f]ns & conif] on ! "o h&1 & f]ns & mosses on ! o!r2 relat$ to ! fir/ ( ^? families 9 ! abundance ( annul> ducts conta9$ 9 _! axis1 & to ! second 9 ! :ole aspect & outl9e ( ! /em ( ! l>g] k9ds4 ,inde$1 s great is ! resemblance betwe5 lycopodia & c]ta9 conif]1 t !re is no o!r ext]nal "*1 except size1 by :i* !y c be di/+ui%$2 &1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,l9dley1 x is1 at lea/1 z probable t "s ( ^? specim5s detect$ 9 ! anci5t flora ( ! _w1 :i* h be5 consid]$ gigantic club-mosses1 are really & truly p9es1 z t !y are fl[]less plants4 ,ano!r family ( fossil plants abundant 9 ! coal =mation are ! calamites1 s nam$ f _! jo9t$ re$-l /ructure4 ,!y atta9$ to ! size ( trees1 trunks upw>d ( a foot 9 diamet] be+ (t5 met )1 b /ill ( su* a s(t succul5t texture z to ma9ta9 ! "* ( be+1 if re$s1 easily %ak5 by ! w9ds4 ,^!1 & v>i\s specim5s ( ! palm tribe1 are to be f\nd 9 e coal-field1 & (t5 9 su* va/ masses z to %[ t !y con/itut$ no inconsid]able proportion ( ! flora ( ! p]iod4 ,palms n[ only fl\ri% )9 ! regions ( ! tropics1 :]e1 f _! v>i\s prop]ties1 z well z great productiv5ess z fruit-be>]s1 !y con/itute ! *ief s\rce ( dep5d5ce to ! inhabitants = all _! supplies ( ! necess>ies1 luxuries1 & m$ic9es ( life4 ,a s+le spa! ( ! date conta9s ab\t #ab1jjj male fl[]s3 ano!r species has be5 comput$ to h #bjg1jjj 9 a spa!1 or #fjj1jjj ^u a s+le individual4 ,! spa! con/itutes ! raceme or fl[]-/em ( ! tree1 & on a s+le raceme ( a ,seje palm1 ,humboldt e/imat$ ! fl[]s at =ty-f\r ?\s&1 & ! fruits at eight ?\s&4 ,:5 ^! magnific5t productions ( nature cov]$ ! pla9s & m>%es ( our nor!rn climes1 !re 7 no roam+ tribes to ga!r _! fruits1 inhale _! fragrance1 or bask 9 _! %ades4 ,& yet !y 7 n =m$ 9 va94 ,buri$ 9 ! rocks1 _! collect$ rema9s n[ yield a product z useful & valuable to ! human family--z contributive to intellectual improvem5t1 z !y w\ld h be5 to m]e animal enjoym5t4 ,! g5us sigill>ia1 "o ( ! mo/ common ( ! coal plants1 possess$ ! s+ul> prop]ties ( be+ app>5tly holl[ 9 ! c5t]1 yet ) an inn] woody axis float+ 9 a woody succul5t jelly1 & inclos$ 9 a ?ick out] coat+ ( b>k4 ,! trunk is beautifully flut$ ) longitud9al p>allel l9es1 regul>ly arrang$ along ! surface1 & dott$ all ov] ) small sc>s1 z if impress$ by ! leaves p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! b>k into ! c5tral woody axis4 ,! /igm>i1 once suppos$ to be a di/9ct g5us1 are n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z simply ! roots ( ! sigill>i2 !y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 f\nd re/+ 9 _! natural position1 9 l>ge clu/]s (t52 & =m+ ) _! d5se matt$ fib]s a floor ( consid]able ?ickness1 on :i*1 season aft] season1 ! leaves fell z ! coaly matt] accumulat$4 ,?is tree grew to an enorm\s size1 specim5s ( f\r feet 9 diamet] by fifty feet 9 l5g? be+ frequ5tly met )2 traces ( a vascul> & fibr\s /ructure c be obs]v$ 9 ! /ems--also ! annul> wood lay]s are sometimes beautifully def9$2 &1 comb9$ ) a coat+ ( b>k ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 ! probability is1 t ! sigill>ia belong$ to ! exog5\s class ( vegetables4 ,illu/ration3 ,calamite4 ,b ( all ! plants f\nd 9 ! coal-measures1 ! ,,conif] or p9e tribe1 di/+ui%$ by _! punctat$ woody tissue1 are ! mo/ int]e/+1 :e!r we consid] _! *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 ext5sive di/ribution1 antiquity1 & consi/5cy ( habit ?r\gh all ! epo*s & *anges ( creation4 ,unlike ! tree-=ms already notic$1 ! p9es gr[ n[ z !y grew be=e1 inhabit+ ! same places1 & pres]v+ ! same appe>ances 9 bulk & figure4 ,9 /ructure ! conif] occupy a place int]m$iate betwe5 cellur>es & vascul>es1 connect$ ) ! =m] ?r\gh ! lycopodiums1 & ) ! latt] by ! myrice1 or aromatic gale tribe4 ,! scales ( ! cones are reg>d$ by botani/s z true foliage or r$uc$ leaves1 & 9 ?is respect !y approximate to ! g5us zamia1 ( ! ord] cycade1 :]e ^! organs are di/9ctly develop$ z c>pell>y leaves4 ,?us widely connect$ ?r\gh ! *a9 ( vegetable life1 ! fossil p9es1 discov]$ 9 our coal-fields1 =m also ! mo/ int]e/+ l9k betwe5 ! pres5t & ! remote pa/1 %[+ simil> conditions ( vegetable exi/5ce & =e/ l&scape4 ,no class ( plants h be5 m useful to man ?an ! :ole p9e family2 none are m univ]sal 9 _! di/ribution ov] ! face ( ! globe2 none are possess$ ( su* p[]s ( endurance1 exi/+ ?r\gh all "t1 & natives ( e "p ( ! _w1 f ! p]petual sn[s ( ,arctic ,am]ica1 to ! hotte/ regions ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,^! trees diff] z rem>kably 9 =m z 9 size1 rang+ ?r\gh e gradation f ! /9t$ junip] ( ! ,grampians to ! /ately c$>s ( ,lebanon4 ,& ! fossil specim5s1 huge 9 dim5sions z ^? ( ,craiglei? are1 d n excel ! exi/+ races4 ,! arauc>ia1 or ,norfolk ,isl& p9e1 atta9s a height ( two hundr$ feet2 & 9 ! ,oregon t]ritory ( ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica1 !re are species ( ! fir tribe 7,p4 ,lamb]tiana & ,p4 ,d\glasii71 :i* rise to ev5 /ill m gigantic proportions4 ,figuratively1 x is said ( ! c$>1 t its bran*es %all cov] ! e>?1 & 9 ! %ad[ !re( all f[l ( e w+ %all dwell3 lit]ally & truly we f9d1 t memb]s ( ! same family h exi/$ 9 all l&s1 & fl\ri%$ 9 ! m\nta9s ?r\gh all ages4 ,comp>$ ) ! pres5t condition ( ?+s1 ,new ,zeal& be>s ! mo/ /rik+ resemblance 9 ! "* ( its vegetation to ! flora ( ! anci5t c>bonif]\s age4 8,! numb] ( species ( plants at pres5t kn[n is #fcb1 ( :i* #cad are dicotyl$on\s1 & ! re/1 or #cah1 are monocotyl$on\s & cellul>4 ,! numb] ( monocotyl$on\s is v small 9 comp>ison ) ! cellul>2 !re are #gf species4 ,! grasses h giv5 way to f]ns1 = ! f]ns & f]n-l plants are ! mo/ num]\s 9 ,new ,zeal&1 & cov] imm5se di/ricts4 ,!y replace ! gram9e or grasses ( o!r c\ntries1 & give a "* to all ! op5 l& ( ! hills & pla9s4 ,"s ( ! arboresc5t species gr[ to ?irty feet & m 9 height1 & ! v>iety & elegance ( _! =ms1 f ! m9ute/ species to ! giants ( _! k9d1 are mo/ rem>kable40#d ,^! few types ( ! flora ( ! anci5t _w cle>ly indicate ! c\rse & progress ( creation4 ,a d5se vegetable cov]+ already exi/$ ov] all ! e>?4 ,no grasses1 inde$1 z yet are f\nd to h clo!d ! pla9s4 ,b m>% plants grew luxuriantly 9 ! wat]s4 ,fucoids & alg ab\nd$ 9 ! seas4 ,! hills & m\nta9s rais$ high 9 air _! p9es1 palms1 & f]n-trees2 nor w\ld creep]s & p>asites be want+1 climb+ to _! topmo/ bran*es & m+l+ _! bright enliv5+ hues ) ! d>k somb] %ades ( ! =e/4 ,e>? he>d ! voice ( its ,mak]1 & ev]y?+ good & seasonable sprang f its teem+ bosom4 ,! c>bonif]\s lime/ones are ev]y:]e load$ ) ,,animal rema9s4 ,e memb] ( ! s]ies1 ! iron/ones1 s&/ones1 %ales1 & ev5 ! coal itself1 all ab\nd 9 relics ( ! pa/2 &1 z 0 to be expect$1 ! fossils *iefly belong to m>9e =ms ( life4 ,& 9 ^! !re is no great dep>ture1 z might likewise be inf]r$1 f ! ord]s1 & ev5 g5]ic types1 we h be5 survey+ 9 ! l[] =mations4 ,b !re is an increase 9 ! species ( "s ( !m1 z well z ! introduction ( new & di/9ct creations altoge!r4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,product4 scabriculus2 #b4 ,inoc]amus vetu/us2 #c4 ,bell]ophon tang5tialis4 ,?us ! corals & encr9ites rema9 ) sc>cely a *ange 9 outw>d =m1 b ( increas+ v>iety1 & 9 c\ntless myriads4 ,! trilobites are ne>ly ext9ct1 :ile ! annelid1 :i* appe> n 9 ! devonian sy/em1 return to ! /age 9 great] numb]s & div]sity ( /ructure4 ,! con*if] are likewise enl>g$ 9 e ord]2 z also ! cru/ace1 :i* are m ?an quadrupl$4 ,pt]opod pres5t f\r g5]a 9 ! silurian gr\p1 decl9e to "o 9 ! devonian1 :i* g5us is n f\nd 9 ! c>bonif]\s1 b a new "o takes its place4 ,! bra*iopod are aga9 v abundant1 z !y 7 9 ! two =m] gr\ps4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic %ells ( ! ord] & p]iod are ! productus1 spirif]1 t]ebratula4 ,"o g5us ( het]opoda1 ! bell]ophon1 appe>$ 9 ! silurian rocks1 ( :i* !re 7 elev5 species4 ,eight species occur 9 ! devonian sy/em along ) a new g5us1 porcellia4 ,! bell]ophon numb]s n9ete5 species 9 ! c>bonif]\s rocks1 & ! porcellia1 :i* occurs also1 conta9s ?ree4 ,! cephalopods1 ! mo/ pr$ace\s ( _! k9d1 lose g5]ically1 :ile !y multiply prodigi\sly 9 species dur+ ! latt] epo*4 ,?us ! goniatites alone am\nt to fifty-f\r1 ! nautili to =ty-two1 & ! or?oc]atites1 :i* _h decl9$ to twelve 9 ! devonian1 swell to ?irty-two species 9 ! c>bonif]\s s]ies4 ,b ! fi%es 9 ?is gr\p ( rocks exhibit1 unque/ionably1 ! l>ge/ am\nt1 bo? 9 numb] & =m1 ( new types4 ,"h ! %>ks & sauroids appe>1 = ! fir/ "t1 n small1 or att5uat$ 9 bulk1 b vigor\s1 robu/ specim5s ( _! k9d1 /rong & exp]t swimm]s1 arm$ ) enl>g$ de/ructive organs1 & e way equipp$ = ma9ta9+ ! due proportion ( numb]s1 & ! free trade ( ! ocean4 ,?us ( ! ord] ( placoids1 !re are tw5ty-eight g5]a1 & n9ety-f\r species2 ( ganoids !re are five g5]a1 & twelve species2 & sauroids enum]ate ?irte5 g5]a1 & tw5ty-f\r di/9ct & entirely new specific creations4 ,a specim5 ( reptilian life has "h also be5 detect$2 & :at is ( /ill great] !oretic importance1 9 trac+ ! c\rse ( creation1 ! imm$iately ov]ly+ s&/ones h yield$ up impressions ( ! w+$ tribes t 8fly 9 ! op5 firmam5t ( heav540 ,?is int]e/+ fact w1 9 its prop] place 9 ! ord] ( sup]position1 be m fully allud$ to4 ,! g5us holopty*ius1 :i* began 9 ! old r$ s&/one1 aga9 occurs 9 ! c>bonif]\s sy/em1 "u eight new specific =ms4 ,along ) ! megali*?ys1 aft]w>d notic$1 ^! con/itute ! two great natural families ( fi%es ( c>nivor\s prop5sities1 :i* give a m>k$ "* to ! p]iod4 ,! prodigi\s increase ( ! %>k-l creatures1 ( :i* n less ?an sixty species h be5 describ$ f ?\s&s ( tee?1 f9s1 deta*$ v]tebr1 & o!r fragm5ts1 is equally /rik+4 ,?us1 9 all1 ! faun ( ! c>bonif]\s p]iod am\nt to upw>d ( a ?\s& species1 :i* h be5 ei!r figur$ or describ$4 ,9 contemplat+ ! p]iod ( creation "u review1 we are /ruck n m ) ! =ms ( life :i* actually exi/$1 ?an ) ! abs5ce ( races :i* 7 aft]w>d s abundant4 ,no quadrup$ or true t]re/rial animal is f\nd s l[ 9 ! s]ies ( rocks1 or mix$ up 9 any way ) all ?is pr(usion ( m>9e exuvi4 ,fossil insects & indications ( o!r w+$ tribes h be5 detect$2 b no bone nor foot-pr9t ( bea/1 or inhabitant ( l&1 has any:]e be5 discov]$4 ,! fact is all-important1 z %[+ n only a plan1 b a progress & succession 9 ! "w ( creation4 ,a vegetation1 s rank & luxuriant z has be5 trac$1 trees t[]+ hundr$s ( feet into ! sky1 & bran*es ( ! d5se/ foliage /ret*+ on e side1 0 amply fitt$ to af=d %elt] & food to families ( t]re/rial creatures ( e k9d4 ,b 9 ! circum/ance1 t dur+ ?is p]iod !re 7 repeat$ alt]nations ( m>9e & fre% wat] deposits1 & consequ5tly repeat$ subm]g5ce & elevation ( l&1 we see a reason :y ! t]re/rial races 7 n yet call$ into be+4 ,great cont95ts1 comp>atively speak+1 did n exi/2 & !re 0 no ark ( safety provid$ to float !m ov] ! bill[s4 ,race aft] race w\ld h viol5tly p]i%$ dur+ e %ift or subsid5ce ( ! sea bottom3 & h5ce1 until ! c>bonif]\s s]ies 0 complet$ & a /atical equilibrium e/abli%$ betwe5 ! l& & wat]s1 few or none ( ! races :i* aft]w>d sw>m$ 9 our pla9s & =e/s 7 introduc$ ^u ! sc5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fragm5t ( ,encr9ital ,lime/one4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,coal--,,great ,,coal ,,field ,,( ,,p5nsylvania1 ,,virg9ia ,,& ,,ohio--,,coal ,,deposits ,,( ,,ill9ois1 ,,indiana ,,& ,,k5tucky--,,economic ,,hi/ory--,,conditions ,,( ,,=mation4 ,consid]$ m9]alogically1 & n[ demon/rat$ beyond a d\bt1 coal & ! diamond are f\nd to be "o & ! same 9 sub/ance1 & ne>ly also 9 _! modes ( =mation4 ,newton detect$ ! prop]ties ( ! diamond 9 its refractive p[] ov] ! rays ( light1 & inf]r$ t1 l amb]1 x 0 an unctu\s body cry/alliz$4 ,9 ! crucible he r$uc$ x to a /ate ( pure c>bon1 burn+1 volatiliz+1 & result+ 9 ! same elem5t>y products z *>coal4 ,liebig goes a /ep f>!r1 & decl>es ! diamond to be a cry/all9e residuum f decay$ vegetables4 ,! action ( fire c\ld n produce ! m9]al1 b w\ld r h ! effect ( draw+ out its inflammable t5d5cies4 8,sci5ce10 he adds1 8c po9t to no process capable ( acc\nt+ = ! orig9 & =mation ( diamonds1 except t ( decay4 ,& !re is ! greate/ reason = believ+ t !y h be5 =m$ 9 a liquid40 ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 9 8 beautiful optical analysis1 has arriv$ at ! same g5]al conclusions4 ,coal is also a product ( vegetable decay1 collect$ & =m$ 9 a liquid4 ,x has n cry/alliz$1 & !re=e wants ! sp>kle & ! lu/] ( ! diamond4 ,x reta9s all ! c>bon1 & m ( ! hydrog51 & is 9 consequ5ce inf9itely m useful & valuable ?an ev5 ! preci\s gem4 ,x is c>efully incas$ & pres]v$ among ! rocks ( ! e>?1 & !reby 9 l mann] ak9 to ! glitt]+ idol1 ^: true habitat has be5 f\nd to be ! s&/ones#e imm$iately ov]ly+ ! c>bonif]\s =mation4 ,?us f> ! p>allel c be trac$ betwe5 ! two app>5tly v dissimil> & unequally priz$ m9]als3 9 ext5t ( sub/ance & geographical di/ribution1 ! hi/ory ( ea* /&s ap>t4 ,i4 ,,! ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,coal ,,metals4--,our k on ?is subject is increas+ ) e new geographical detail connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,until v rec5tly ! c>bonif]\s sy/em 0 suppos$ to be ( v limit$ ext5t4 ,! return ( e vessel1 engag$ 9 a voyage ( discov]y or o!rwise1 br+s tid+s ( "s new isl& or cont95t on :i* x is f\nd4 ,! same tribes ( plants & animals are ev]y:]e obs]v$ to accompany ! deposit--all pres5t+ ! same g5]ic & (t5 ! same specific *>act]s--& uni=mly on ! same great scale ( developm5t4 ,?is circum/ance alone bespeaks a univ]sal =mation1 :5 e region 0 capable ( produc+ all ! requisite conditions 9 climate1 vegetables1 corall9es1 & sea-bottom1 & prep>es ! m9d = ! ready admission ( ! exi/5ce ( ! m9]al 9 e unexplor$ qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,accord+ly1 all ! great cont95ts ( ! old _w ab\nd 9 coal4 ,9 ,russia1 ! c>bonif]\s sy/em occupies1 betwixt ! ,dniep] & ! ,don1 an area ( ab\t elev5 ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,india1 ,*9a1 & ! ,au/ralian ar*ipelago give up ye>ly m & m ( ! bitum9\s sub/ance4 ,egypt is n de/itute ( ! jetty m9]al3 = rec5tly b$s sev]al feet ?ick h be5 discov]$ ne> ,asuan1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,nile4 ,! va/ cont95t ( ,am]ica has x 9 proportion to its own va/ness4 ,& man1 g :]e he w ) ! k ( ! arts1 & ! diffusive bless+s ( religion & civilization1 w always f9d t a wise ,provid5ce has anticipat$ 8 wants1 & prep>$ ! treasure = 8 use4 ,! coal =mation 9 ,scotl& has be5 already trac$ z occupy+ ! great c5tral valley ( ! ,l[l&s1 :i* sep>ates ! primitive cry/all9e & feldspa?ic rocks ( ! nor? f ! silurian s]ies ( ! s\!rn bord]1 & trav]s+ ! ma9l& f sea to sea4 ,! middle & nor!rn coal bas9s ( ,engl& h an av]age un9t]rupt$ /ret* ( ab\t two hundr$ miles 9 l5g?1 by =ty 9 bread?4 ,! ,bri/ol & ,wel% coal-fields1 are also v ext5sive4 ,t ( ,s\? ,wales =ms an imm5se d\ble tr\gh1 compris$ )9 a great oval elongat$ tract1 betwixt ,/4 ,bride's ,bay1 & ,pontypool1 ) an anticl9al axis rang+ ea/ & we/1 & embrac+ an area ( "o ?\s& & fifty-five squ>e miles4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ coal-field 9 ,brita91 9 :i* !re are sixty-f\r seams ( coal1 ( all qualities1 f ! highe/ bitum9\s to ! pure/ an?racite1 & hav+ an aggregate ?ickness ( "o hundr$ & n9ety-feet4 ,9 ,irel& ! coal bas9s are comp>atively small1 & isolat$ f "o ano!r3 ! pr9cipal workable seams are 9 ! c\nties ( ,kilk5ny1 ,tipp]>y1 ,cork1 ,tyrone1 & ! nor!rn extremity ( ,roscommon4 ,! coal metals imm$iately pres5t !mselves on ! ,fr5* coa/ at ,b\logne1 m inl& at ,mons1 & 9 ! c5tral di/rict at ,/4 ,eti5ne1 betwixt ! valleys ( ! ,loire & ,rhone4 ,?is la/ bas9 is ( small ext5t1 b possesses great geological int]e/ f its position among ! prim>y & metamorphic rocks1 & ! mat]ials ( :i* ! s]ies is compos$4 ,! metals are inclos$ 9 a long n>r[ tr\gh1 ( ab\t tw5ty-five miles by less ?an a mile at its greate/ bread?4 ,granite1 gneiss1 mica-slate1 und]lie !m ?r\gh\t3 in/ead ( %ales1 & s&/ones ( ! usual k9d1 ! coals are imb$d$ 9 micace\s grit1 & ! detrital alluvia ( ! cry/all9e rocks4 ,x has be5 describ$ z a self conta9$ repository1 ) its own furni%+s & equipm5ts all1 z x 71 self-orig9at+3 ! vegetable matt] is ( native gr[?1 ! trees are /ill v]tical1 & 9 "o "p ( ! field pres5t ! appe>ance ( a sudd5ly petrifi$ =e/2 ! iron1 too1 is native1 & seems to h be5 actually smelt$ on ! spot1 by subt]ranean self-combu/ion4 ,! coal1 und]ly+ "o ( ! b&s ( iron/one1 has und]gone fusion1 & be5 *ang$ into coke2 :ile sulphur & cry/als ( sulphate ( lime h be5 sep>at$ 9 ! crucible by ! process ( sublimation1 z if to complete ?is sc5e ( m>vels4 ,9 ! l[ c\ntries1 at ,namur & ,liege1 & o!r places along ! banks ( ! ,meuse--9 ,g]many1 ,silesia1 ,moravia1 ,pol&1 ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s--on ! banks ( ! ,volga1 ! ,dniep]1 & ! ,don1 ! coal-measures are f\nd to occupy tracts ( great] or less] ext5t4 ,^! are sometimes accompani$ ) ! usual alt]nat+ s]ies entire & unbrok51 sometimes ) ! abs5ce ( "o or m memb]s4 ,9 ,russia ! metals are imb$d$ 9 ! middle m\nta9 lime/one s]ies 9 "o field1 :ile 9 ano!r di/rict !y are situat$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! s]ies1 or b5ea? ! calc>e\s deposit1 z 9 ! ?9 b$s ( ,fife%ire4 ,! ,liege coal-bas9 is ( a rem>kably complex /ructure--! metals ly+ 9 small holl[s ( contort$ /rata1 :i* are b5t & twi/$ l a sapl+--elevat$ into e v>y+ position & degree ( incl9ation--& ?us1 by obta9+ cross or horizontal sections1 y pass repeat$ly ov] ! edges ( ! same b$s4 ,an ent]pris+ ,scot*man has long be5 lessee ( "o ( ^! coal-fields1 out ( ^: iron b&s he has mold$ cannon & ball = e nation 9 ,europe2 & ^: locomotives1 =g$ f ! same /rata1 n[ ply 9 pleasure excursions along e railway ( ! ,ne!rl&s & v9e-clad banks ( ! ,rh9e & ,moselle4 ,! ,am]ican coal-fields1 l its int]m9able =e/s1 endless riv]s1 & ev]y?+ 9 t va/ cont95t1 are all on ! gigantic scale4 ,! bas9 ( ! ,mississippi1 ext5d+ f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ! ,alleghanies1 =ms an area equal to two-?irds ( ! /ates ( ,europe1 almo/ e "p ( :i* is cov]$ ) ! c>bonif]\s lime/one1 support+ ! coal metals & ! new] palozoic rocks4 ,! great coal-field ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,virg9ia1 & ,ohio1 ext5ds1 accord+ to ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 cont9u\sly f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/ = a di/ance ( #bjg miles1 its bread? be+ 9 "s places #ahj miles4 ,! bas9 ( ,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 & ,k5tucky1 is n mu* inf]ior 9 dim5sions to ! :ole ( ,engl&1 :ile ano!r coal deposit1 #agj by #ajj miles1 lies f>!r to ! nor?1 betwe5 lakes ,mi*igan & ,huron4 ,mr4 ,logan1 9 8 report on ! geology ( ,canada1 /ates t ! coal-measures occupy ne>ly ! :ole ( ,new ,brunswick1 a great "p ( ,nova ,scotia1 ,cape ,breton isl&1 & ! s\?-we/ di/rict ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,& 9 ! mo/ remote nor!rn regions1 along ! %ores ( ! froz5 sea1 & ! v>i\s riv]s & _! tribut>ies :i* fall into x1 ! c>bonif]\s rocks ) _! inclos$ b$s ( coal1 "s ( consid]able ?ickness1 are f\nd to prevail4 ,a s+le seam1 ( an av]age ?ickness ( t5 feet1 occurs 9 ,p5nsylvania1 9 ! di/rict ( ,pittsburgh1 cov]+ a sup]ficial ext5t ( ab\t #ad1jjj squ>e miles2 :i* %[s h[ inexhau/ible ! res\rces1 & h[ limitless ! means1 ( social advancem5t1 ( progress 9 ! arts & sci5ces1 g>n]$ up = ! g5]ations to come 9 t mighty cont95t4 ,^u ! au?ority ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell we le>n1 t all ! floral fossil ph5om5a are sub/antially ! same z 9 ,europe--a great prepond]ance ( /igm>i1 f]ns1 lepidod5dra1 & calamites--"s consi/+ ( trees 9 an erect position1 & ( brok5 trunks1 ) _! rootlets atta*$1 & ext5d+ 9 all directions2 & ! same grits or s&/ones1 are f\nd1 z ^? us$ = build+ ne> ,ed9burgh & ,newca/le4 ,( =ty-eight species ( fossil plants or trees1 detect$ 9 ! /rata ( ,nova ,scotia1 ?irty-sev5 are id5tical ) ^? discov]$ 9 ! ,briti% b$s2 &1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?irty-five out ( fifty-?ree species are describ$ z specifically ! same ) ! ,european fossils4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable ( ,sir ,*>les's discov]ies is t1 9 ! prodigi\s ?ickness & s+ul> /ructure ( ! coal-bas9 9 ,nova ,scotia1 !re are ! rema9s ( m ?an t5 =e/s :i* rose up successively "o ov] ! o!r1 & :i*1 ) _! int]pos$ lay]s ( clays & solid /one1 deposit$ at int]vals1 con/itute a s]ies ( b$s1 ^: v]tical ?ickness is #ad1egj feet4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,economic ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,coal4--,x does n appe>1 f any well au!nticat$ records1 at :at precise p]iod man avail$ himself ( ?is useful m9]al1 ei!r = ! purposes ( art1 or ( dome/ic com=t4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( nations is tradition>y2 b !re is no tradition f v remote times1 9 any ( !m1 z to ! discov]y ( coal--no philosoph] speculat+ ab\t ! importance ( ! fact & its be>+s on ! progress ( civilization--no poet extoll+ ! g5ius ( ! new ,prome!us1 t br\ght up ! fi]y combu/ible f ! b[els ( e>?4 ,! aborig9es :o dwelt amid/ ! primeval =e/s _h no occasion to seek f>!r = fuel1 :5 e hill & pla9 suppli$ !m ) all t 0 ne$$1 & m ?an 0 conv5i5t1 z ! cultivation ( ! soil engag$ att5tion4 ,accid5t1 d\btless1 w\ld fir/ lead to ! k ( ! virtues ( ! hidd5 treasure4 ,z ! gr\nd 0 cle>$1 & cities became popul\s1 & ! arts advanc$1 m dilig5ce w\ld be ex]cis$ 9 its se>*2 & 9 proportion z x came1 f ! de/ruction ( ! woods1 to be reg>d$ z a necess>y or luxury ( life1 coal w\ld be s\ght = z an article ( b>t]1 or ( comm]ce4 ,?us _m ages might elapse be=e coal 0 introduc$ into g5]al consumption1 & ?\gh /or$ up specially = man1 x 0 wisely ord]$ t ! supplies & incumbrances on ! surface %\ld fir/ be exhau/$ or remov$1 ere ! inn] *amb]s ( 8 habitation 7 brok5 into & explor$4 ,bitum9\s matt]1 if n ! c>bonif]\s sy/em itself1 exi/s abundantly on ! banks ( ! ,euphrates4 ,9 ! bas9 ( ! ,nile coal has be5 rec5tly detect$4 ,x occurs sp>+ly 9 "s ( ! /ates ( ,greece3 & ,!ophra/us1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,/ones10 ref]s to m9]al coal 7li?an?rax7 be+ f\nd 9 ,liguria1 & 9 ,elis1 & us$ by ! smi?s2 ! /ones are e>?y1 he adds1 b k9dle & burn l wood coals 7! an?rax74 ,b by none ( ! ori5tal nations does x appe> t ! va/ lat5t p[]s & virtues ( ! m9]al 7 ?us e>ly discov]$1 s z to r5d] x an object ( comm]ce or ( geological rese>*4 ,:at ! ,romans t]m$ lapis ampelites1 is g5]ally und]/ood to mean our cannel coal1 :i* !y us$ n z fuel1 b 9 mak+ toys1 bracelets1 & o!r ornam5ts2 :ile _! c>bo1 :i* ,pl9y describes z 8vehem5t] p]lucet10 0 simply ! petroleum or naph?a1 :i* issues s abundantly f all ! t]ti>y deposits4 ,coal is f\nd 9 ,syria1 & ! t]m frequ5tly occurs 9 ! sacr$ writ+s4 ,b !re is no ref]5ce any:]e 9 ! inspir$ record z to digg+ or bor+ = ! m9]al--no directions = its use--no in/ructions z to its con/itut+ a portion ( ! promis$ treasures ( ! l&4 ,9 _! burnt-(f]+s1 wood appe>s uni=mly to h be5 employ$2 9 ,leviticus1 ! t]m is us$ z synonym\s ) fire1 :]e x is said t 8! prie/s %all lay ! p>ts 9 ord] ^u ! wood1 t is1 on ! fire :i* is ^u ! alt>40 ,& 9 ! same mann] = all dome/ic purposes1 wood & *>coal 7 inv>iably made use (4 ,d\btless ! anci5t ,hebrews w\ld be acqua9t$ ) natural coal1 z 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,lebanon1 :i!r !y cont9ually resort$ = _! timb]1 seams ( coal ne> ,beir\t 7 se5 to protrude ?r\gh ! sup]9cumb5t /rata 9 v>i\s directions4 ,/ill !re are no traces ( pits or excavations into ! rock to %[ t !y duly appreciat$ ! ext5t & uses ( ! article4 ,_! t]m 1 :i* prop]ly signifies *>coal1 appe>s to h pass$ into ! nor!rn languages1 z 9 ! ,isl&ic gloa2 ! ,dani% gloe2 ! ,wel% glo1 a coal1 gol5 to give light2 ! ,iri% o-gual2 & ! ,corni% kolan--t]ms all expressive ( ! act ( burn+ or ( giv+ light4 ,= _m reasons x w\ld seem t1 among mod]n nations1 ! primitive ,britons 7 ! fir/ to avail !mselves ( ! valuable combu/ible4 ,! ^w by :i* x is designat$ is n ( ,saxon1 b ( ,briti% extraction1 & is /ill employ$ to ?is day by ! ,iri%1 9 _! =m ( o-gual1 & 9 t ( kolan by ! ,corni%4 ,9 ,york%ire /one hamm]s & hat*ets h be5 f\nd 9 old m9es1 %[+ t ! e>ly ,britons work$ coals be=e ! invasion ( ! ,romans4 ,man*e/]1#f :i* has ris5 ^u ! v a%es ( ! m9]al1 & gr[n to all its weal? & greatness "u ! influ5ce ( its heat & light1 next claims ! m]it ( ! discov]y4 ,portions ( coal h be5 f\nd "u or imb$d$ 9 ! s& ( a ,roman way1 excavat$ "s ye>s ago = ! con/ruction ( a h\se1 & :i*1 at ! "t1 7 +5i\sly conjectur$ by ! local antiqu>ies to h be5 collect$ = ! use ( ! g>rison1 /ation$ on ! r\te ( ^! w>like invad]s at ,manc5ion1 or ! ,place ( ,t5ts4 ,c]ta9 x is1 t fragm5ts ( coal are be+ con/antly1 9 ! di/rict1 wa%$ out & br\ght d[n by ! ,m$lock & o!r /reams1 :i* break f ! m\nta9s ?r\gh ! coal /rata4 ,! att5tion ( ! inhabitants w\ld1 9 ?is way1 be ! m e>ly & readily attract$ by ! gli/5+ sub/ance4 ,nev]!less1 = long aft]1 coal 0 b little valu$ or appreciat$1 turf & wood be+ ! common articles ( consumption ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury1 a grant ( l& 0 made by ! ,abbey ( ,pet]bor\gh1 "u ! re/riction ( c]ta9 paym5ts 9 k9d to ! mona/]y1 among :i* are specifi$ sixty c>ts ( wood1 & z %[+ _! comp>ative wor?1 only twelve c>ts ( pit-coal4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,newca/le is said to h trad$ 9 ! article1 & by a *>t] ( ,h5ry ,,iii1 ( date #abhd1 a lic5se is grant$ to ! burgesses to dig = ! m9]al4 ,ab\t ?is p]iod1 coals1 = ! fir/ "t1 began to be import$ into ,london1 b 7 made use ( only by smi?s1 brew]s1 dy]s1 & o!r artisans1 :51 9 consequ5ce ( ! smoke be+ reg>d$ z v injuri\s to ! public heal?1 ,p>liam5t petition$ ! k+1 ,edw>d ,i1 to prohibit ! burn+ ( coal1 on ! gr\nd ( be+ an intol]able nuisance4 ,a proclamation 0 grant$1 con=mable to ! pray] ( ! petition2 & ! mo/ sev]e inquisitorial measures 7 adopt$ to re/rict or altoge!r aboli% ! use ( ! combu/ible1 by f9e1 imprisonm5t1 & de/ruction ( ! furnaces & work%ops6 ,!y 7 aga9 br\ght into common use 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,i1 & h cont9u$ to increase /eadily ) ! ext5sion ( ! arts & manufactures1 & ! advanc+ tide ( population1 until n[1 9 ! metropolis & suburbs1 coals are annually consum$ to ! am\nt ( ab\t ?ree millions ( tons4 ,! use ( coal 9 ,scotl& seems to be connect$ ) ! rise ( ! mona/]ies1 in/itutions :i* 7 admirably suit$ to ! times1 ! cons]vators ( le>n+1 & pione]s ( art & indu/ry all ov] ,europe1 & 9 ^: mo/ rigor\s exactions evid5ces c always be trac$ ( a judici\s & enlight5$ conc]n = ! g5]al improvem5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,"u ! regime ( mona/ic rule at ,dunf]ml9e1 coals 7 work$ 9 ! ye> #abia--;at ,dys>t1 & o!r places along ! coa/1 ab\t half a c5tury lat]--&1 g5]ally1 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies ! inhabitants 7 assess$ 9 coals to ! *ur*es & *apels1 :i*1 aft] ! ,re=mation1 h /ill cont9u$ to be paid 9 _m p>i%es4 ,bo?ius records t1 9 8 "t1 ! inhabitants ( ,fife & ! ,lo?ians dug 8a black /one10 :i*1 :5 k9dl$1 gave out a heat suffici5t to melt iron4 ,h[ long w ! coal-metals ( ! ,briti% isles la/ at ! pres5t1 or ev5 an increas$ exp5diture ( ! fuel8 ,s great has be5 ! discrepancy1 & s little und]/ood ! data on :i* to =m a calculation1 t ! au?orities v>i\sly e/imate f two hundr$ to two ?\s& ye>s4 ,= home consumption ! pres5t rate is ab\t ,,?irty-,,two ,,millions ( tons annually4 ,! export is ab\t ,,six ,,millions3 & yet su* is ! enorm\s mass ( ?is combu/ible inclos$ 9 "o field alone1 t no b\nd>y c be fix$1 ev5 ! mo/ remote1 = its exhau/ion4 ,! coal trade ( ,great ,brita9 is ne>ly 9 ! proportion ( ?ree to two ( t ( all ! o!r nations ( ! _w2 :ile 9 sup]ficial area h] coal measures are to ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates only z #aa1hei squ>e miles to #acc1acb squ>e miles4 ,:at a vision ( ! future is h]eby disclos$6 ,if rightly employ$1 if ! arts & progressive developm5t ( society at all keep pace ) ! means provid$1 ! human race 9 ! ,new ,_w h a de/9y to run1 & a "w ( civilization to accompli%1 to :i* ! ,old1 9 its brighte/ a*ievem5ts1 c furni% b a fa9t analogy4 ,sc>cely two c5turies h elaps$ s9ce coal 0 employ$ z an article ( dome/ic use1 or introduc$ ^u ! mo/ limit$ scale into ! manufactures2 its n[ asc]ta9$ ext5t & b\ndless lat5t p[]s 7 n dreamt ( or imag9$ ev5 b half a c5tury ago2 & v rec5tly ! lam5tation 0 g5]al1 t no coal-measures exi/$ 9 ! mighty cont95t ( ,am]ica4 ,:o n[ c fancy a limit to ! social movem5t ) :i* t va/ hemisph]e is heav+ all ov]--! advanc+ tide ( its population spread+ 9 e region--! =e/s cle>$ & cov]$ ) a net-"w ( railways1 ! riv]s bridg$ f end to end ) a navy ( /eam%ips--& all vivifi$ & 9 motion ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ?is long undiscov]$ product ( ! e>?8 ,geological "t roll$ on1 & ! surface ( our planet 0 repl5i%$ ) ! hidd5 treasure1 & ! man ( sci5ce has no numb]s to reckon ! ye>s t are pa/4 ,m agreeable f> to look ?r\gh ! vi/a ( com+ ev5ts1 :]e a moral era has comm5c$ out ( :i* a mighti] s]ies ( ph5om5a w em]ge1 ! purposes ( a wise ,provid5ce be illu/rat$ 9 s transmut+ & pres]v+ ! entomb$ relics ( di/ant ages1 & ! glories ( ! latt] day arise1 :5 ! des]t place %all teem ) a new life1 & ! wild]ness give praise to ! ,creator ( all4 ,,iii4 ,univ]sal1 & %all we add1 syn*ron\s z a =mation1 !re is a v int]e/+ "q connect$ ) ?is subject1 namely1 ,,is ,,coal ,,n[ ,,=m+8 ,! g5]al op9ion among geologi/s leans to ! affirmative side ( ! "q1 & t "h1 z 9 all ! o!r cosmical arrangem5ts go+ =w>d on ! e>?'s surface1 "t is ! gr& requisite4 ,! necess>y ag5cies are all at "w1 ! o!r conditions are all admitt$1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "s future untold ages a new bitum9\s product w arise1 simil> 9 all respects to ! old4 ,! subject & ! conclusions arriv$ at are n1 h[ev]1 free ( _m & great difficulties1 to "s ( :i* we %all m]ely adv]t4 ,rev]t+ to all ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! geographical di/ribution ( ! coal metals1 we are incl9$ to ?9k t ! era :i* produc$ !m 0 n only peculi> 9 ! wide geographical di/ribution ( its families ( plants1 b equally1 if n m s1 9 its limitation ( all ^? physical conditions :i* 7 necess>y = _! conv]sion into coal4 ,! bas9s1 x w be obs]v$1 9 :i* ! vegetable matt] 0 deposit$1 71 z comp>$ ) ! exi/+ ocean1 small & %all[2 = mo/ ( ! plants & trees grew )9 _! area or _! imm$iate neighborhood1 & are /ill f\nd 9 _! erect position1 un9jur$ by r\gh+ or transport 9 _! smalle/ ve9lets & ev5 m9ute fructifications4 ,!n x is highly probable1 t ! great cont95ts 7 n yet =m$1 b t a s]ies ( isl&s1 b>ri] reefs1 & inl& seas1 prevail$ g5]ally ov] ! e>?'s surface1 be+ /ill *iefly oceanic4 ,consequ5tly no great riv]s c\ld1 9 su* circum/ances1 be 9 exi/5ce1 roll+ d[n l ! ,ganges1 ,nile1 & ,mississippi m /ony detritus & mud ?an arboresc5t matt]1 & all to be mix$ & conf\nd$ 9 "o indiscrim9ate mass4 ,atmosph]ic influ5ces1 too1 mu/ h be5 widely diff]5t f :at !y n[ are2 = all ! ca/-(f app>el ( a summ]'s luxuriance is1 we see ye> aft] ye>1 spe$ily dissipat$ by ! dr\ghts1 or absorb$ back z humus into ! e>?1 & :5 spr+ returns ! gr\nd is p>*$ & b>e4 ,a diff]5ce ( temp]ature mu/ also be tak5 into ! li/ ( modify+ causes2 = ! plants1 dur+ ! coal era1 are ne>ly ( a class--a few great types ) little v>iety ( /ructure--"o & ! same 9 e region--& approa*+ ! *>act]s1 mo/ ( !m1 ( ! exi/+ tropical flora4 ,! climate1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,bunbury1 0 *>act]iz$ by excessive moi/ure1 by a mild & /eady temp]ature1 & ! entire abs5ce ( fro/2 & x has be5 e/abli%$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9's int]e/+ obs]vations on ,*iloe & o!r isl&s ( ! s\!rn temp]ate zone1 t extreme heat is n necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( a v luxuriant & quasi-tropical vegetation4 ,mr4 ,au/51 on ! o!r h&1 ?9ks t ! temp]ature ( ,great ,brita9 has n mu* *ang$ s9ce ! coal p]iod1 because few ( ! fossil-f]ns1 f\nd 9 ! coal-measures1 pres5t any fructification1 :ile ^? 9 m s\!rn latitudes possess x2 &1 by exp]im5ts made by himself1 x appe>s t ! exi/+ f]ns ( tropical climates w\ld n fructify at a l[ temp]ature4 ,/ill1 ! great g5]al fact rema9s unque/ion$1 t tree-f]ns dur+ ! c>bonif]\s age grew gigantically & 9 va/ =e/s1 :]e !y d n gr[ at pres5t ov] all ! zones ( ! e>?2 & :]e n[ gr[+1 9 ?ree out ( ! f\r zones1 t ! :ole family are r$uc$ to ! size ( small h]bace\s plants4 ,n[1 is x n a legitimate inf]5ce f all ?is1 t1 out ( s _m concurr+ circum/ances1 n "o ( :i* is simil> 9 all respects n[1 a det]m9ate effect 0 ,,int5d$ to be produc$1 & :i* _c1 9 ! alt]$ condition ( ?+s1 be produc$ aga98 ,! argum5t is cumulative1 & be>s ! /ronge/ presumptive evid5ce on its side4 ,! c>bonif]\s s]ies _c be repeat$--n = want ( vegetable or animal matt]1 = !re is a hundr$ times m ( bo? at pres5t on ! surface ( ! e>? ?an p]haps ev] exi/$ 9 any =m] p]iod--b because !re are s _m new causes n[ 9 op]ation1 s _m *anges 9 ! relative position ( sea & l&1 to modify its di/ribution & qualities1 & to influ5ce its place 9 ! sy/em g5]ally1 t ! same cons]vative arrangem5ts & *emical appliances _c occur1 nor any simil> bitum9\s comp\nd z a geological =mation issue f ,nature's laboratory4 ,leon>d ,horn]1 9 enum]at+ ! difficulties connect$ ) ! =mation ( ! coal deposit ^u ! !ory ( ! :ole ( ! matt]1 vegetable & e>?y1 be+ spread ov] ! sea-bottom1 says--8,t ! t]re/rial vegetable matt]1 f :i* coal has be5 =m$1 has 9 v _m in/ances be5 deposit$ 9 ! sea1 is unque/ionable1 f _! alt]nations ) lime/ones conta9+ m>9e rema9s40 ,su* deposits & alt]nations 9 an e/u>y at ! m\? ( a great riv] are conceivable2 b :e!r su* enorm\s b$s ( lime/one1 ) ! corals & molluscs :i* !y conta91 c\ld be =m$ 9 an e/u>y1 may admit ( d\bt4 ,b x is n s easy to conceive ! v di/9ct sep>ation ( ! coal & ! /ony matt]1 if =m$ ( drift$ mat]ials br\ght into ! bay by a riv]4 ,x has be5 said t ! vegetable matt] is br\ght d[n at int]vals1 9 fre%ets1 9 masses unit$ toge!r1 l ! rafts 9 ! ,mississippi4 ,b !re c\ld n be masses ( matt$ vegetable matt] ( uni=m ?ickness1 #ad1jjj squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 l ! ,br[nsville b$ on ! ,monongahela & ,ohio 7! ,pittsburgh seam73 & fre%ets br+ d[n gravel1 & s&1 & mud1 z well z plants & trees4 ,!y mu/ occur sev]al times a ye> 9 e riv]2 b _m ye>s mu/ h elaps$ dur+ ! gradual deposit ( ! s&/ones & %ales t sep>ate ! seams ( coal4 ,humboldt tells u 78,cosmos10 p4 #bie71--,t 9 ! =e/ l&s ( ! temp]ate zone1 ! c>bon conta9$ 9 ! trees on a giv5 surface w\ld n1 on an av]age ( a hundr$ ye>s1 =m a lay] ov] t surface m ?an sev5 l9es 9 ?ickness4 ,if ?is be a well-asc]ta9$ fact1 :at an enorm\s accumulation ( vegetable matt] mu/ be requir$ to =m a coal-seam ( ev5 mod]ate dim5sions6 ,x is extremely improbable t ! vegetable matt] br\ght d[n by riv]s c\ld fall to ! bottom ( ! sea 9 cle> unmix$ lay]s2 x w\ld =m a confus$ mass ) /ones1 s&1 & mud4 ,aga91 h[ difficult to conceive1 h[ extremely improbable 9 su* circum/ances1 is ! pres]vation ( delicate plants1 spread out ) ! mo/ p]fect arrangem5t ( _! p>ts1 un9jur$ by ! rude action ( rapid /reams & curr5ts1 c>ry+ gravel & s&1 & bran*es & trunks ( trees80 ,nor1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,horn]1 are ! objections to ! lacu/r9e !ory1 requir+ s _m oscillations ( l& & wat]1 ( less magnitude4 8,9 ! !ory10 he says1 8:i* acc\nts = ! =mation ( b$s ( coal1 by suppos+ t !y are ! rema9s ( trees & o!r plants t grew on ! spot :]e ! coal n[ exi/s1 t ! l& 0 subm]g$ to admit ( ! cov]+ ( s&/ones or %ale be+ deposit$1 & aga9 elevat$1 s t ! s&/one or %ale might become ! subsoil ( a new gr[?1 to be aga9 subm]g$1 & ?is process repeat$ z (t5 z !re are seams ( coal 9 ! s]ies--^! are dem&s on our ass5t ( a mo/ />tl+ k9d4 ,! mat]ials ( ea* ( ^! seams1 h[ev] ?9 7& !re are "s n an in* ?ick1 ly+ ^u & cov]$ by great dep?s ( s&/ones & %ales71 mu/1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 h gr[n on l&1 & ! cov]+ ( ea* mu/ h be5 deposit$ "u wat]4--,!re mu/ ?us h be5 an equal numb] ( successive upw>d & d[nw>d movem5ts1 & ^! s g5tle1 su* s(t heav+s1 z n to break ! cont9uity1 or di/urb ! p>allelism ( horizontal l9es spread ov] hundr$s ( squ>e miles2 & ! movem5ts mu/1 moreov]1 h be5 s nicely adju/$1 t !y %\ld always be d[nw>d :5 a lay] ( vegetable matt] 0 to be cov]$ up2 &1 9 ! upw>d movem5ts1 ! motion mu/ always h ceas$ s soon z ! la/ lay]s ( s& or %ale _h rea*$ ! surface1 to be imm$iately cov]$ by ! fre% vegetable gr[?2 = o!rwise we %\ld h f\nd evid5ce1 9 ! s]ies ( successive deposits1 ( "s be+ furr[$1 brok5 up1 or cov]$ ) pebbles or o!r detrital matt] ( l&1 long expos$ to ! waves break+ on a %ore1 & to meteoric ag5cies4 ,^! conditions1 :i* seem to be insep>able f ! !ory 9 "q1 x w\ld be difficult to f9d any?+ analog\s to 9 any o!r case ( *anges 9 ! relative level ( sea & l& ) :i* we are acqua9t$40 ,:ile ^! /atem5ts %[ t we are /ill b imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) all ! conditions & circum/ances "u :i* coal 0 =m$1 two d$uctions may be made f !m1 n only z aga9/ ! rival !ories !mselves1 ( ,mur*ison & ,lyell1 b /ill m /rongly aga9/ ! application ( ei!r !ory to exi/+ causes 9 ! =mation ( ! true bitum9\s product4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! vegetable matt] br\ght d[n by ! riv]s1 & spread ov] ! bottom ( ! sea1 does n am\nt to an inf9itesimal fraction ( :at con/itutes ! enorm\s comp\nd ( ! c>bonif]\s age2 & a diff]5t effect1 accord+ to ! laws ( nature ( :i* we h exp]i5ce1 w necess>ily result f ! causes n[ 9 op]ation4 ,secondly1 :atev]1 z a "q ( fact1 x may h be5 ) our coal-bas9s 9 ! times gone by1 c]ta9 x is t ,,n[ !re are no su* oscillatory movem5ts1 caus+ ! requir$ *anges 9 ! relative level ( sea & l&1 9 ^? qu>t]s ( ! globe ! mo/ d5sely cov]$ ) =e/s & jungle1 & out ( :i* ! new coal-measures are expect$ to rise4 ,! ?9 accumulations ( woody residuum1 obs]v$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 9 ! sections expos$ along ! banks ( riv]s1 railways1 & o!r passages ?r\gh ,am]ican prairies & =e/s1 are all unfavorably circum/anc$--firm z ! ev]la/+ hills on _! rocky f\ndations4 ,we may be rem9d$ ( ! numb]less ages requir$ = ! production ( coal1 t man's exp]i5ce is b ( ye/]day1 & himself an ephem]al ( a mom5t z comp>$ ) ! revolutions ( "t record$ on ! fabric ( ! globe4 ,?is record1 we h reason to ?9k1 %\ld be va/ly abridg$4 ,b grant x1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 9 all its indef9ite dim5sions1 & /ill ! answ] is1 t a mom5t 9 a "q ( ?is k9d is j z in/ructive z ! lapse ( a million ( ye>s4 ,"t1 :ile x witnesses *ange1 does n create or ( itself produce any?+4 ,x is r a passive ?an an active ag5t4 ,"t m>ks on its horoscope ! effects ( exi/+ causes1 b ! causes !mselves x nei!r fa%ions or elim9ates4 ,geologi/s ent] into m9ute calculations z to ! annual decay ( vegetables1 & ! transport+ p[]s ( wat]1 ! wa/e ( =e/s & ! upte>+ ( hurricanes4 ,grant !m all to be correct1 & ! data 9 ^! respects to be un*all5geably s\nd1 we aga9 beg !m to consid] t ! ,mississippi be>s on its bosom ! e>?y spoils ( half a cont95t--t ! ,ganges mixes 9 its fabl$ flood ! v>i$ wreck ( all ! ,himalaya1--& :5 all are duly borne onw>d by ^! & ! mighty riv]s else:]e on ! globe1 t ! arrangem5t ( ! m+l$ composite has yet to be effect$--! clays1 s&s1 coals1 conglom]ates1 all 9 _! s]ial sup]position--! sep>ation ( ! clean f ! unclean--& :]e is ! ag5cy ?us to dispose & to proportion8 ,! deep says1 x is n 9 me4 ,! riv]s %[ x is n 9 !m4 ,are !re any cosmical aff9ities 9 ! ?+s !mselves to cause ea* to ea*1 k9d to k9d1 to take _! respective places8 ,:5 we are told1 t we "k n :at is go+ on 9 ! dep?s ( ocean1 & o!r holl[ places ( ! e>?1 our answ] is two-fold4 ,= fir/ we reply1 !re 7 dep?s & holl[s1 lakes1 e/u>ies1 & seas1 dur+ all ! int]m$iate succe$+ epo*s to ! pres5t age1 & no true coal 0 produc$3 accumulation aft] accumulation ( detrital alluvia foll[$1 lapidifi$1 & 0 di/ribut$ ov] ext5sive areas1 & common to e region ( ! globe2 b ! real bitum9\s treasure has n be5 uni=mly an accompanim5t4 ,a second answ] is1 t :5 & :]e vegetable matt]1 9 any quantity1 did accumulate1 ! result ( ! process 0 n ,,coal4 ,! lignites ( ! t]ti>y deposits1 & _m ( ! oolites1 h be5 subject$ to ! fir/ & second /ages only 9 ^? *anges :i* plants und]go 9 _! transition into ! bitum9\s combu/ible4 ,nature 9 ^! in/ances1 if we may use ! expression1 has made ! ef=t1 b ! same results h n foll[$2 ! process is incomplete1 & ! product is only 9 pat*es4 ,if we are rem9d$ ( ! great oolitic deposit ( ,ri*mond1 9 ,virg9ia1 re-exam9$ & pron\nc$ to be s by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell1 "s may /ill say non-cont5t1 t ! problem is n yet solv$ z to ! true position ( ! coal !re4 ,_m anomalies 9 geogno/ic arrangem5ts occur 9 t va/ cont95t3 _m ( ! int]m$iate s]ies up to ! *alk are abs5t altoge!r1 & ! s&/ones1 discrim9at+ ! new f ! old r$1 are n fully det]m9$4 ,lignite1 9 consid]able quantity1 exi/s among ! t]ti>y deposits ( ! ,alps1 & has rec5tly be5 f\nd 9 ! nor?-we/ prov9ces ( ,india1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,kalibag2 b all p>tak+ ( ! usual qualities--wood1 only p>tially alt]$ by inhumation1 & imp]fectly adapt$ = dome/ic purposes4 ,"o ov]:elm+ consid]ation ) u1 9 ! discussion ( ?is "q1 is ! position :i* ,,man occupies1 & ! "p he n[ plays on ! !at] ( creation4 ,! bea/s & quadrup$s ( ! e>? d n appe> to h be5 =m$ s e>ly z ! c>bonif]\s epo*4 ,_h !y exi/$ at ! p]iod x is impossible to say :at effects w\ld h result$ f _! gram9ivor\s prop5sities 9 modify+ ! am\nt ( ! vegetable exuvi4 ,b man has appe>$1 modify+1 *ang+1 controll+ ev]y?+--! e>? & all its /ores "u 8 dom9ion--& all submissive to 8 w4 ,he has little influ5ce1 inde$1 ov] ! m solid dep>tm5ts or /ructure ( ! globe--! =m ( its cont95ts--! direction ( its oceanic curr5ts--! rise ( isl&s & depression ( l&--! movem5ts ( ! e>?quake1 & fi]y torr5ts ( ! volcano2 b ov] all its liv+ products1 especially its vegetable & t]re/rial animal tribes1 8 influ5ce is imm5se--increas+ly incalculable4 ,&1 ! geologi/ says1 _h ?is new d5iz5 left ! e>? to itself1 & nature to h] own arrangem5ts--7 !re no till+1 dra9+1 & reap+--7 ! jungle & ! wild]ness to be /ill un9vad$--! m>% & ! lagoon to welt] 9 _! dre>y desolation--a va/ coal deposit w\ld be prep>+ 9 all ! great lakes & seas ( ! globe4 ,^! po/ulates & conditions1 h[ev]1 c no long] be grant$4 ,e day & e season !y are all curtail$ & limit$ 9 _! influ5ces4 ,man cuts d[n ! =e/1 & applies x 9 its gre51 woody /ate to 8 own use4--,! wa/e is reclaim$4 ,! des]t he makes 8 habitation2 a place ( beauty & civilization4 ,! moral triumphs ov] ! mat]ial1 ! spiritual ov] ! e>?y1 & 8 *>t]-"r is to subdue all ?+s to himself4 ,?us ! geologi/ _c1 if he w\ld1 =get or ov]look ! rem>kable human epo* 9 :i* 8 own lot has be5 ca/4 ,z reg>ds ! future1 !re is a new elem5t to :i* a due place mu/ be assign$ 9 8 speculations2 & all ! great revolutions1 & aft]-phases ( our globe1 he mu/ h5ce=? read & int]pret 9 ! ,,reveal$ de/9y ( 8 own race4 ,f9ally1 let x be assum$1 9 ! argum5t = ! geologi/s1 t va/ masses ( vegetable matt] are already /or$ up & duly arrang$ ov] ! sea-bottom1 t m is cont9ually accumulat+1 & t !re is heat en\gh "u ! e>?'s cru/ to bitum9ize & indurate ! :ole4 ,a new coal epo* is ?us approa*+1 or r1 ev5 n[1 we are liv+ )9 its influ5ces4 ,b ! "q occurs1 :5 complet$1 ( :at avail w\ld x be to man1 :o w\ld inevitably be swept (f ! e>? 9 ! elevation & break+ up ( ! /rata f ! dep?s b5ea?8 ,geology makes kn[n ! und\bt$ fact1 t our planet has be5 subject$ to _m & mo/ ext5sive *anges be=e x 0 r$uc$ to its pres5t condition4 ,^!1 f ! beg9n+1 h be5 all f\nd subs]vi5t to ! improvem5t & well-be+ ( ! human family4 ,! next1 ^u a simil> scale ( magnitude1 w\ld inevitably prove ! de/ruction ( ! race4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,sigill>ia pa*yd]ma4 #b4 ,/igm>ia ficoides4 #c4 ,lepidod5dron ,/]nb]gii4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,geological ,,/ructure ,,( ,,fife%ire--,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,coal-,,field4 ,! g5]al rem>ks on ! coal deposit1 9 :i* we h be5 l$ to indulge 9 ! two la/ *apt]s1 may be v]ifi$ by1 z !y all receive ! mo/ ample illu/rations f1 ! admirable arrangem5t1 position1 & di/ribution ( ! metals 9 ! c\nties ( ,fife1 ,clackmannan1 ,/irl+1 ,lan>k1 & ,r5frew1 :i* are ext5sions ( "o great bas94 ,fife%ire alone conta9s an epitome ( ! sy/em1 divid$ z x is into num]\s comp>tm5ts1 ! encr9ital lime/one cropp+ out & m>k+ _! sev]al b\nd>ies4 ,inde$1 ! :ole s]ies ( ! c>bonif]\s rocks are "h laid op5 = exam9ation on e hill-side1 9 ! num]\s rav9es :i* int]sect ! di/rict1 & along ! ea/]n & s\!rn coa/-l9es4 ,approa*+ ! coal-field f ! nor?1 a panoramic section at once fills ! eye1 & w rivet ! att5tion1 z1 /epp+ f ! /rata ( ! antec$5t epo*1 y f9d1 9 imm$iate sup]position z well z contra/ ( color1 ! multipli$ & m div]sifi$ reliqui ( ! coal-measures4 ,! eruptive rocks w also be "h /udi$ to great advantage1 :]e !y h play$ no insignificant "p 9 giv+ %ape & outl9e to ! l&scape1 & 9 lay+ op5 ! inclos$ m9]als4 ,x is impossible to convey any adequate idea1 9 m]e description1 ( ! m>vel\s display ( plutonic action ( :i* ?is p59sula has once be5 ! !at]3 subt]ranean movem5ts cru%+ & gr9d+ into fragm5ts ! solid /rata1 p>t+ & heav+ !m asund]1 or crumpl+ into complicat$ folds ! t\gh] & m unyield+ b$s1 z if x _h be5 "s fabric ( manufacture toss$ & twi/$ by ! w9d4 ,! bitum9\s breccia at ,pettycur1 ,elie1 ,balc>ras ,d51 & :i* appe>s aga9 at ! ,rock & ,sp9dle ne> ,/4 ,&rews1 af=ds a rem>kable in/ance ( ! action ( ! intrusive rocks 9 break+1 & transmut+ into a composite pa/e1 ! s]ies ( b$s con/itut+ ! coal-measures1 9 :i* e "o ( ! /rata has its repres5tative 9 fragm5ts1 f ! size ( a g>d5 pea to masses a foot 9 diamet] or ev5 upw>d4 ,! /orm lifts ! ocean into l(ty curl+ bill[s1 leav+ long n>r[ tr\ghs & frightful yawn+ *asms b5ea?4 ,"h1 9 l mann]1 & all ov] ! surface1 ! cru/ has be5 brok5 up1 & ! m9]als toss$ ab\t1 or agitat$ l wreck ^u ! waves1 &1 ^u subsid+1 h be5 ca/ into ! =m ( ridges1 or broad tabul> masses4 ,! ridges1 ) _! s]rat$ outcrops1 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\nty1 h be5 gradually r\nd$ (f & cov]$ ) soil2 :ile1 by ! %ore1 !y /ill pres5t ! effects ( ! viol5t commotions to :i* !y h be5 subject$1 expos$ & laid b>e by ! action ( ! sea1 ^u ! l[] levels ( ! disrupt$ /rata4 ,! ,o*ils1 ,lamm]muirs1 & ,p5tl&s1 7 already above ! wat]s1 calmly contemplat+ ! tr\bl$ sc5e1 z an inn] circle ( basalt & gre5/one hills arose--! ,lomonds1 ,l>go ,law1 ! ,b9n1 & ,b9n>ty1 on ! nor?2 ,/irl+ rock1 ,cor/orph9e hill1 ,ar?ur's ,seat1 ,b]wick ,law1 & ! ,bass1 on ! s\?--:i* 7 sev]ally lift$ into view1 to be /ation$ z s _m s5t9els on ! outpo/s ( ! field4 ,! coal metals %>$ 9 ! g5]al elevation ( ! hills1 :]e !y are ei!r fold$ r\nd _! bases1 or are dep5d+1 drap]y-wise1 f _! tops4 ,?us ! memb]s ( ! inf]ior c>bonif]\s s]ies are rais$ ab\t elev5 hundr$ feet along ! ,lomond ridge1 encompass+ ! ea/ & we/ cones1 & tra9+ we/w>d by ,b9n>ty & ! ,clei% hills4 ,l>go & ,kellie ,laws h ea* _! coal bas9s1 ( workable m9]als1 /ret*$ along _! em95ces1 & dipp+ t[>d ! ,teasses & ,c]es bas9s4 ,on ! l[ gr\nds :i* skirt !m on ! s\?1 ! metals dip rapidly into ! ,=?1 & are collect$ 9 v>i\s holl[s or indep5d5t b&s by ! %ore4 ,! int]m$iate coal-fields1 :i* occupy ! c5t] ( ! bas91 are regulat$ 9 _! /rike & incl9ation by ! dykes & outbur/s ( trap by :i* ! /rata h be5 invad$4 ,a lime/one trav]ses ! c\nty at "r angles f nor? to s\?1 em]g+ at ,rav5scrag1 :i* =ms a l9e ( dem>kation betwixt ! numb] ( ! coal seams on its opposite sides4 ,! ,lo*gellic1 ,c[d5bea?1 & ,dunf]ml9e bas9s1 on ! we/1 av]age ab\t twelve to f\rte5 workable coal-b&s1 :ile on ! ea/ ( ! lime/one1 ! ,dys>t1 ,wemyss1 ,teasses1 & ,c]es bas9s run f tw5ty to ?irty-?ree ( v>i\s quality & ?ickness4 ,! ,clackmannan coal-field recov]s 9 num]ical proportion1 :]e !re are tw5ty-f\r seams ( coal1 f two in*es to n9e feet ?ick1 & two great slips1 :i* raise ! metals successively #gjj & #abcj feet1 z !y abut aga9/ ! ,o*il range4 ,9 ! ,elg9 bas9 !re are tw5ty-sev5 b$s ( coal1 ) a ?ickness ( fifty-six feet4 ,fife%ire ?us owes its div]sifi$ %ape & cont\r1 & access to all its va/ m9]al treasures1 to ! e>ly di/urbances by :i* x has be5 s ?or\ghly dislocat$ & furr[$4 ,e di/rict has a section1 sep>ate & indep5d5t1 ( its own4 ,! gr\nd y tread on is1 e foot ( x1 a cab9et ( wond]s--lit]ally a necropolis1 a city ( ! dead4 ,g :]e y w1 *ronicles ( ! old5 "t are be=e & ar\nd y1 :ile ev]y:]e-- 8& at y\r side ,rises a m\nta9-rock 9 rugg$ pride1 ,& 9 t rock are %apes ( %ells1 & =ms ,( creatures 9 old worlds40 ,! cutt+s ( ! ,ed9burgh & ,p]? ,railway give excell5t sections ( ! v>i\s m9]als ( ! c\nty1 f ! gray s&/one to ! upp]mo/ cov]+s ( ! coal-field4 ,ent]+ ,fife%ire f ! we/1 y\r c\rse lies deep among ! detritus ( ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! old r$ s]ies already notic$4 ,at ! ,newburgh ,/ation1 & "u ! cliffs ( ,clat*>t1 ! gray s&/one & corn/one may be obs]v$--! latt] is regul>ly /ratifi$2 ! =m] is embrac$ among ! igne\s rocks1 brok51 isolat$1 & incl9$ at e possible degree to ! horizon4 ,clat*>t ,crag itself has be5 /irr$ to its f\ndations2 ! huge mass1 rev]b]at+ n[ to ! passage ( o!r fires1 re/s on highly incl9$ b$s ( ! gray s&/one2 ! black transv]se dyke ( basalt1 a few hundr$ y>ds on ! we/1 may be conjectur$ to h be5 ! in/rum5t ( upheaval1 z 9 fancy we c /ill disc]n 9 ! half-rais$1 half-susp5d$ position ( ! rock1 ! enorm\s pressure requir$ = its elevation4 ,! ,lomonds & ,cults hills are conspicu\s objects 9 ! l&scape4 ,! l9e trav]ses = miles ! yell[ s&/one & ov]lay+ grits :i* =m _! base4 ,gre5/one & augitic trap 9 bo? ranges cap ! summits1 bur/+ ?r\gh ! coal metals1 & elevat+ ! v>i\s b$s ( lime/one4 ,! encr9ital lime/one sweeps r\nd ! peaks ( ! ,lomonds1 fill+ up ! int]m$iate plateau1 9 "s places b>e ( h]bage or any cov]+ ( soil1 & ! fossils are ly+ expos$ on ! surface fre% z :5 wa%$ by ! waves1 ab\t elev5 hundr$ feet above _! anci5t sea-bottom4 ,a ve9 ( gal5a occurs on ! s\? side ( ! hill1 int]sect+ ! lime/one at "r angles to ! pla9 ( /ratification1 & is describ$ 9 ! notices ( ! p]iod ( its discov]y z ri* 9 silv] ore4 ,b x has no great claim1 we believe1 to be reg>d$ z arg5tif]\s4 ,two simil> ve9s trav]se ! c\nty1 "o already notic$ 9 ,dura ,d51 & ! o!r 9 ! p>i% ( ,inv]kei?+1 situat$ among ! same s]ies ( rocks1 & hav+ ! same g5]al l9e ( be>+ f ne>ly nor?-ea/ by s\?-we/4 ,! lead ore 9 all ( !m is p>tly massive1 & p>tly 9 regul> hexah$ral cry/als4 ,lead1 copp]1 cobalt1 & silv] are likewise f\nd 9 ! ,o*il range1 b 9 no great quantities1 9 ! culm9at+ heights betwixt ,doll>1 ,b5cleugh1 & ,dalmyat4 ,on approa*+ ! riv] ,lev5 at ,m>k9*1 ! out-crop ( ! c5tral coal-bas9 comes to ! surface4 ,aft] cross+ ! viaduct ! l9e lies deep among ! metals--a repetition ( faults1 upheavals1 & depressions1 :]e 9 succession ! edges ( ! same b$s are sev]al times pass$ ov]4 ,! dip is v>i\s1 ! /rike g5]ally to ! s\?-ea/1 & "u ! sea at ,dys>t ! metals are wr\ght at ! dep? ( sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,! igne\s rocks along ! coa/ w n fail to call =? surprise & admiration1 unrival$ z !y probably are 9 ! numb] ( alt]nations ) ! deposits ( ! c>bonif]\s s]ies1 & all ! int]e/+ ph5om5a :i* accompany _! intrusion4 ,no description1 inde$1 c d ju/ice to ! int]lac+s & alt]nations pres5t$ ( ! two classes ( rocks1 s diff]5t 9 _! orig91 z ^? ( ! traps & coal-measures2 :]e1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! =m]1 ! latt] s]ies are b5t1 twi/$1 re-unit$1 alt]$1 & ly+ at e angle betwixt ! horizontal & p]p5dicul>4 ,ne>+ ,kirkaldy ! coal is split up1 & ! fus$ matt] inject$ betwe5 ! lay]s1 conv]t+ !m into c9d]4 ,)9 ! di/ance ( a mile1 f ,sea=? to ,k+horn1 !re are f =ty to fifty alt]nations ( ! igne\s & s$im5t>y rocks2 & aga91 on ! we/1 t[>d ,pittycur1 !re is a recurr5ce ( z _m1 ) examples ( ! jo9t$ column> basalt repos+ on s&/ones r5d]$ qu>tzose1 or conv]t$ into *]t1 & on %ales bak$ into brick4 ,! outbur/ at ! ,burntisl& t]m9us1 9 ?ree p>allel ridges1 ?r[s up ! /rata1 incl9+ !m t[>d ! nor?1 :5ce tr5d+ r\nd ! t[n !y dip "u ! ,b9n-hill4 ,orrock-hill1 ly+ imm$iately to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,b9n-hill1 furni%es a beautiful example ( jo9t$ basalt3 ! entire rock1 ?ree hundr$ feet high1 & ne>ly a mile long1 by half-a-mile 9 bread?1 is compos$ ( regul>ly con/ruct$ columns1 :i* divide into concretion>y masses f "o to ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 & pres5t+ g5]ally ! p5tagonal or hexagonal =m4 ,! columns are gr\p$ into di/9ct clu/]s1 :i*1 incl9+ at v>i\s angles1 imp>t to ! expos$ face ( ! rock a pleas+ picturesque effect4 ,! erosive action ( wat]1 or swell ( ! ocean tide1 is all t is requir$ "h to %ape ano!r ,/affa--8t wondr\s dome0--out ( ^! magnific5t mat]ials4 ,a fre%-wat]1 or r p]haps an e/u>y1 lime/one is an object ( consid]able geological int]e/ 9 ?is locality1 mix$ up & alt]$ 9 _m places by ! igne\s matt]4 ,! be/ sections occur a little back f ,pittycur h>bor1 & on ! we/]n slope ( ,b9n-hill1 :]e x is ext5sively qu>ri$4 ,scales ( fi%es & o!r i*?yolites are v abundant3 also innum]able microscopic %ells1 belong+ to ! ord] ( entomo/raca & ! g5us cypris4 ,sev]al species ( paloniscus h be5 f\nd 9 good pres]vation1 namely1 ,p4 ariolatis1 ,p4 ornatissimus1 & ,p4 ,robisoni4 ,! ,pygopt]is ,jamesoni & specim5s ( ! ,eurynotus & ,cr5atis h likewise be5 detect$ 9 ! deposit4 ,vegetable rema9s are v pl5tiful1 especially ( ! f]n tribe & ! lycopodiums3 ! impressions ( ! sph5opt]is1 ( :i* !re are sev]al species1 are extremely num]\s1 fre%1 & beautiful4 ,?is lime/one is ( a dull1 e>?y aspect1 acquir$ obvi\sly f ! bitum9\s matt] diffus$ ?r\gh ! mass2 n cry/all9e1 ?\gh v compact 9 texture1 & possess$ ( great h>dness4 ,w>die bea*1 on ! opposite %ore1 displays a b$ hav+ _m po9ts ( resemblance1 :i* ab\nds 9 nodul> masses1 inclos+ coprolites & fi%es2 & inl&1 ! celebrat$ ,burdieh\se lime/one is an ext5sion ( ! ,fife%ire deposit4 ,?us v>i$ & important is ?is small p59sula1 a speck on ! face ( ! globe1 & af=d+ s mu* room = speculation & detail4 ,inclos$ betwe5 ! e/u>ies ( ! ,tay & ,=? are to be f\nd "s ( ! mo/ legible & rem>kable *ronicles ( our planet's hi/ory4 ,fife%ire has be5 /irr$ & upheav$ all ov]1 ab\nd+ 9 all ! life-mov+ & plutonic en]gies ( ! c>bonif]\s age4 ,! vegetable & animal k+doms supply a va/ proportion ( ! mat]ials ( ! s$im5t>y rocks1 :ile ! fires ( ! int]ior h ma9ly contribut$ to ! production ( ! re/4 ,%all we look across ! wat]s1 & replace !m1 9 imag9ation1 by ! =m] cont9uity ( l&1 :5 ! c5t] ( ! coal-bas9 0 rais$ above !m1 & _! num]\s islets 7 high & dry ^u ! surface8 ,c]ta9 x is1 t ! erupt$ matt] s abundantly scatt]$ along ! %ores & pil$ up 9 su* masses l&w>d1 w\ld leave room = subsid5ce1 :ile ! outgo+ ( ! deposits on bo? sides %[s su* an aff9ity 9 quality & /rike z to demon/rate an anci5t union & geological connection4 ,illu/ration3 ,diplopt]us--new species4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,c>bonif]\s ,,rocks--,,cont9u$4 ,! geology ( ! nor!rn division ( ,scotl& is1 almo/ 9 e p>ticul> 9 ! s]ies ( rocks t h be5 describ$1 ! c\nt]p>t ( ! s\!rn1 :i* n[ falls to be notic$4 ,! fossils s ri*ly imb$d$ 9 ! =m] are "h repeat$1 m sp>+ly 9 "s1 m abundantly 9 o!r families1 &1 9 sev]al in/ances1 9 ! introduction ( entirely new =ms ( organic life4 ,along ! we/ & s\? bord] c\nties1 ! granites1 ) _! associat$ cry/all9e gr\p1 are sp>+ly develop$1 /ret*+1 at int]vals1 f ! isl& ( ,arran ?r\gh ,gall[ay & ,kirkcudbright into ,dumfries-%ire4 ,! silurians foll[ 9 _! ord] ( sup]position1 occupy+ an ext5sive area f sea to sea across ! isl&4 ,! devonian sy/em1 *iefly 9 ! upp] & middle b$s1 wraps r\nd ! base ( ! old] =mation1 & re/s uncon=mably on its highly-incl9$ /rata4 ,! c>bonif]\s deposits are widely di/ribut$1 "s 9 isolat$ bas9s1 & envelop$ by ! old r$1 & pregnant all ( !m ) ! fossils ( ! p]iod4 ,! ignig5\s rocks1 ! traps & porphyries1 are also v abundant1 "s 9 ! =m ( deta*$ cones1 "s 9 ext5sive ranges1 & all demon/rative ( _! "* z ! ag5ts t h lift$ up1 disrupt$1 & twi/$ ! /rata ( ! di/rict4 ,9 pass+ ov] ?is section ( our c\rse1 x w n be necess>y1 !re=e1 to dwell 9 any m9ute or l5g!n$ descriptions4 ,i4 ,! geological /ud5t1 9 comm5c+ 8 rese>*es at ,ed9burgh1 is imm$iately arre/$ by ! m prom95t objects t ev]y:]e rise into view--! ,ca/le ,rock--! ,calton ,hill--,salisbury ,crag--,ar?ur's ,seat--& ! ,p5tl&s4 ,a wondr\s1 glori\s sc5e1 e "o involunt>ily exclaims1 ^u rea*+ any ( ^! heights1 ?r[n1 z if by ! h& ( an en*ant]1 9 & ar\nd ?is lovely city4 ,geology "h has its favorite resid5ce--! bir?-place & cradle ( ! ,,huttonian ,,!ory--,ar?ur's seat !re to atte/ its tru?4 ,:at a hi/ory ( bygone times record$ 9 ^! two words6 ,:at a revolution produc$ 9 ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d z to ! sci5ce ( _w-mak+6 ,&1 /ill m1 h[ deeply 7 m5's m9ds agitat$1 & ! f\ndations ( religi\s tru? /irr$1 by ! novel views :i* 7 !n ann\nc$6 ,! assumption ly+ at ! f\ndation ( ! rival1 or ,w]n]ian !ory1 is1 t ! mat]ials ( :i* ! v>i\s /rata ( ! globe consi/ 7 orig9ally dissolv$ or susp5d$ 9 wat]3 !y 7 ?us 9 a condition to assume any =m :i* _! physical qualities & ! laws ( matt] might det]m9e2 &1 accord+ly1 9 ?is fluid m5/ruum !y 7 consolidat$ into v>i\s comb9ations1 p>tly by means ( cry/allization1 & p>tly by me*anical deposition4 ,! ,huttonian !ory1 on ! o!r h&1 employs ! =ce ( subt]rane\s fire z its pr9cipal ma*9]y1 :i* is plac$ at imm5se dep?s1 & ! mat]ials on :i* x op]ates are "u a va/ pressure2 &1 consequ5tly1 :ile !y are indurat$ into lime/one1 s&/one1 & coal1 along ) _! includ$ fossils1 _! ess5tial qualities are b v slightly affect$1 & ! arrangem5t & disposition ( _! p>ticles b little di/urb$4 ,! hills ar\nd1 by :i* ?is !ory 0 to be te/$1 & to ^: s+ul> /ructure x ow$ its orig91 consi/ ( an alt]nat+ s]ies ( tabul> masses ( trap & ! s$im5t>y deposits1 basalt =m+ g5]ally ! c5tral nucleus1 ) tufa1 gre5/one1 & s&/one v>i\sly dispos$ & fold$ ov]4 ,all ! conditions ( upheaval1 tortion1 angul>ity1 induration1 fracture1 & dislocation1 are amply furni%$2 ! column>1 jo9t$ /ructure is well def9$ 9 ,samson's ,ribs2 ! v mom5tum ( pressure1 =c+ ! s&/one into ! p]p5dicul>1 may be /udi$ z a nice dynamical problem on ! ,ca/le rock2 & :5 ,sir ,james ,hall br\ght f 8 crucible a recon/ruct$ :9/one1 regul>ly jo9t$ & ) no trace ( vitre\s fusion1 ! demon/ration ( ! !ory 0 felt & ackn[l$g$1 9 its lead+ features1 to be complete4 ,palontology has add$ its liv+ wond]s to ! m]e li?ological speculations :i* 7 !n 9 vogue & engross$ all att5tion4 ,& geologi/s c n[ af=d to smile at ! mis9t]pretations1 made by bo? p>ties1 ( e/abli%$ facts & well-asc]ta9$ ?+s--nay1 at ! eag]ness ) :i* !y irrelevantly press$ facts to b5d to _! conflict+ views--! vehem5ce ) :i* ! ,w]n]ian decl>$ :9/one to conta9 organisms1 & to be no exception to ! law ( me*anical deposition2 :ile ! ,huttonian z delib]ately set himself to prove t ! nodules 9 *alk c\ld only be ! product ( fire--! =mation itself1 z n[ det]m9$1 be+ m]ely a concretion ( %ells ( ! mo/ p]fect /ructure & undim9i%$ lu/]4 ,tru?1 l light1 em]ges sl[ly1 feeble 9 its dawn+s :5 objects are obscurely se5 or readily mi/ak51 a portion ( ! view half 9 %ade1 & half 9 brightness4 ,& ?us x has happ5$ ) bo? sy/ems1 z 9 ! progress ( ! sci5ce errors h be5 detect$ & defici5cies suppli$1 peculi> to ea*4 ,! acrimony ( ! conte/1 too1 has pass$ away4 ,!ology has be5 dis5tangl$1 & decl>$ by ! div9e to be 9 no way affect$ by ! issue4 ,& :ile ! scurrilities ( ! indiscreet abettors ( bo? are utt]ly =gott51 ! d$uctions ( ,hutton & ! ma/]ly expositions ( 8 illu/rator are 9 ! ma9 adopt$ z ! basis ( ! only true sy/em ( geology4 ,,ii4 ,9 ! g5]al /ructure ( ! environs ( ! ,scotti% metropolis ?is plutonic ma*9]y is deeply impress$1 z x has be5 mo/ vigor\sly ex]t$4 ,!re is ev]y:]e ! greate/ d]angem5t exi/+ among ! s$im5t>y deposits1 ev]y?+ is toss$ out ( its orig9al place1 & divid$ into small sections & deta*$ gr\ps4 ,! connections & relative positions are v difficult to trace4 ,/ill1 amid/ all ! disord]1 ! m g5]al be>+s ( ! diff]5t =mations may be asc]ta9$4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,macl>51 inde$1 has exam9$ ev]y?+ ) a pa9s-tak+ c>e1 & describ$ !m ) a m9ut5ess & fidelity ( detail1 :i* _c be surpass$1 z !y ne$ sc>cely be repeat$4 ,8 8,geology ( ,fife & ! ,lo?ians10 w be 9 e /ud5t's h&s :o desires to be acqua9t$ ) ! /ructure ( ! di/rict1 conv]sant m especially z ?is le>n$ geologi/ is ) ! position1 fragm5ts1 & m$al-/amp ( e rock--_! relations to ea* o!r1 hi/orical value1 & be>+s 9 ! sci5ce--& illu/rat$ ) su* div]sity ( section & diagram1 t we feel z we accompany him1-- 8,p&itur int]ea domus ,omnipot5tis40 ,! g5]al cont\r ( ! city1 s picturesque & rem>kable 9 its gr\p+ ( /reets1 may be tak5 z a pretty safe guide 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( ! geology4 ,! t[n is built ov] two p>allel ridges1 :i* completely expose ! "* ( ! inf]ior m9]als4 ,! nor!rn division re/s ^u a s]ies ( b$s1 :i* appe> imm$iately to und]lie ! true workable coal seams2 ! ,old ,t[n ridge & ,ca/le rock be> up ! l[] memb]s ( ! c>bonif]\s deposit1 :ile along ! ext5d$ plateau on ! s\? ! yell[ s&/one ( ! old r$ has be5 br\ght to ! surface4 ,! :ole w\ld ?us seem to occupy ! uprais$ floor ( ! great coal bas9 ( ,mid ,lo?ian1 dislocat$ & sep>at$ by ! igne\s matt] ( ,ar?ur's ,seat & ! ,calton1 :5ce ! metals all plunge to ! ea/w>d4--,! flat1 ext5d+ f ,re/alrig t[>d ,granton & ,craiglei?1 consi/s ( ! same s]ies ( b$s z ^? ^u :i* ! ,new ,t[n /&s1 & :i* h be5 elevat$ by ! dykes & bosses ( trap t s frequ5tly int]sect ! /rata4 ,! range ( ! yell[ deposit1 suppos$ to belong to ! old r$1 is well def9$2 x comm5ces on ! nor!rn slope & face ( ,salisbury ,crags1 & cov]s ne>ly ! :ole ea/]n side1 dep5d+ to ! ,hunt]'s ,bog4 ,! same s]ies ( b$s1 readily di/+ui%$ by _! r$di% hue1 tra9 r\nd by ,samson's ,ribs1 !nce proce$+ by ,/4 ,john's ,hill1 ,h]iot's ,hospital1 ,burntsfield ,l9ks1 !y be> t[>d ! ,new ,cemet]y on ! e/ate ( ,grange4 ,! b$s "h1 expos$ 9 sev]al qu>ries1 consi/ ( an alt]nat+ s]ies ( m>ls1 concretion>y lime/one1 & s&/one1 simil> 9 all _! li?ological *>act]s to ! deposits ( ,dura ,d5 & ,gl5vale4 ,n a fragm5t1 inde$1 ( scale or organism has yet1 s f> z we "k1 be5 detect$ 9 ! locality n[ def9$1 s z unequivocally to det]m9e ! position ( ! gr\p 9 "q4 ,b is n ! abs5ce ( ! fossil te/ z fatal to its connection ) ! c>bonif]\s s]ies8 :ile1 consid]+ its remote geographical di/ance f ! undisput$ doma9 ( ! new r$1 & its proximity to a surr\nd+ belt ( ! true silurian1 flank$ ) ! old r$1 ! presumption is t ! deposit w yet be class$ ) ! upp] or yell[ s&/one division ( ! devonian family4 ,/ill we m]ely indicate an unpresum+ judgm5t1 leav+ x to s mu* gift$ local rese>* to confirm or disprove ! correctness ( ! propos$ classification4 ,,iii4 ,! ,mid ,lo?ian coal-bas91 s ri* 9 m9]als1 =ms "p ( ! great c>bonif]\s valley ( ,scotl&1 & may be consid]$ z simply an ext5sion ( ! coal-field ( ,fife%ire1 ! metals dipp+ on bo? sides t[>d ! middle ( ! ,fri?4 ,! out-crop rises t[>d ! ,lamm]muirs & ! ,p5tl&s4--,! area occupi$ by ! coal-measures includes a space ( ab\t eighte5 miles 9 l5g?1 by twelve 9 bread?4 ,! s]ies ( b$s compos+ ! =mation1 are ne>ly five ?\s& feet ?ick1 or ab\t a mile 9 dep? f ! upp] to ! l[] /rata1 & ! :ole fractur$ & dislocat$ 9 e "p ( ! field4 ,!re are fifty-two slips1 inde$1 enum]at$ by ! m9]s1 :i* occasion a depression t[>d ! nor? to ! ext5t ( #e1aif feet2 ! metals are aga9 rais$ by a s]ies ( ?irty-sev5 slips to ! height ( #b1dab feet2 !reby caus+ a *ange ( relative level 9 ! /rata1 correspond+ to ! altitude ( ! highe/ po9ts 9 ! ,lamm]muir range1 namely1 #b1geg feet4 ,! di/urbances above & bel[ ?us approximate to ea* o!r4 ,h !y be5 direct$ & modifi$ by ! same ag5cies1 ! silurian gr\p ris+ high] & high] z ! c>bonif]\s subsid$ into ! depressions occasion$ by ! evolution ( ! igne\s matt]8 ,! ,bass1 ,nor? ,b]wick ,law1 & ,ar?ur's ,seat1 are ! products ( ! *ange1 ?\gh inde$ ^! scatt]$ po9ts ( igne\s rock on ! surface c give no idea ( its subt]ranean ext5t1 s9ce basalt & gre5/one are met ) at unv>y+ dep?s 9 a great portion ( ! coal di/rict 9 "q4 ,! :ole field is prolific 9 organic rema9s4 ,b ,,burdieh\se ,,lime/one claims a sep>ate notice1 n only f ! abundance b ! v rem>kable *>act]s ( ! fossils conta9$ 9 x1 _m ( !m met ) = ! fir/ "t 9 ! progress ( our sket*es4 ,?is rock imm$iately und]lies ! encr9ital lime/one b$s ( ,gilm]ton1 & is ab\t tw5ty-sev5 feet ?ick1 ( a d>k d+y color1 aris+ f s mu* bitum9\s matt] mix$ up ) ! calc>e\s4 ,! vegetable rema9s are v num]\s1 & 9 a /ate ( beautiful pres]vation4 ,n[h]e1 inde$1 9 ! be/ arrang$ h]b>ium1 h we any?+ s graceful1 s m9utely & skillfully del9eat$1 z are ! figures ( ^! plants ^u ! /one4 ,!re are sev]al species ( lycopodium2 also /igm>ia1 sigill>ia1 equisetum1 calamus1 & cyclopt]is1 9 great abundance4 ,! fronds ( ! fossil sph5opt]is furni% exquisite trac+s ( nature's p5cil+4 ,nor are ! relics belong+ to ! animal k+dom less rem>kable = _! fre%ness & v>iety4 ,"h are ! extremes ( organic life1 microscopic %ells innum]able1 ) ! claws1 eyes1 sl5d] feel]s ( _! occupants1 all entire2 & ! gigantic ,megali*?ys1 ) a body sixty feet long1 tee? ( f\r to six in*es /ill sp>kl+ ) lu/]1 & scales ( correspond+ magnitude brightly enamel$4 ,!re are also ! bones & plates ( ano!r huge creature1 ! ,gyracan?us1 along ) ! jaws ( sauroid fi%es1 measur+ f a foot to a foot & half 9 l5g?1 ?ickly /udd$ ) tee?4 ,& !re1 too1 lovely tr\t-l animals1 ! ,paloniscus--) all ! f9s & organs & body fre% & gli/]+1 z if ready to leap to _! prey1 /rew$ 9 c\ntless myriads ar\nd4 ,nor is ! enum]ation complete z to ! k9d & quality ( ! fossils ( ?is curi\s deposit3 !re coprolites m>k ! habits ( ! pr$ace\s mon/]s ( ! p]iod--fcal excrem5ts compos$ ( ! rema9s ( _! victims--& 9 "s places s num]\s z to outweigh ! calc>e\s matrix 9 :i* !y are imb$d$4 ,m4 ,agassiz1 9 8 synoptical table ( ,briti% fossil fi%es1 #ahdc1 gives ! foll[+ li/ belong+ to ! ,burdieh\se lime/one4 ,9 ! ,ord] ( ,placoids1 ,i*?yodorulites1 !re is a ,pty*acan?us sublvis1 ,sph5acan?us s]rulatus1 & ,gyracan?us =mosus3 ( ,ce/raciontes1 ,ot5opty*ius pect9atus & d5ticulatus1 & ,ct5odus ,rob]tsoni3 ( ,hybodontes1 ,cladodus acutus1 p>rus1 & ,hibb]ti1 & ,diplodus gibbosus1 & m9utus4 ,9 ! ,ord] ( ,ganoids ! foll[+ occur3 ( ,lepidoides1 ,paloniscus ornatissimus1 ,robisoni1 & /riolatus1 & ,eurynotus cr5atus1 & fimbriatus2 ( ,sauroids1 ,megali*?ys ,hibb]ti1 ,diplopt]us ,rob]tsoni1 ,pygopt]us ,buckl&i & ,jamesoni2 ( ,clacan!s1 ,holopty*ius ,hibb]ti1 sauroides1 & /riatus1 ,uronemus lobatus1 & a ,phyllolepis t5uissimus4 ,s9ce ?is li/ 0 drawn up1 _m additional fossils h be5 obta9$ f ! same locality2 "s ( !m exhibit *>act]s :i* w e/abli%1 9 all probability1 new g5]a z well z species4 ,! collection 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,college ,museum conta9s gigantic specim5s 9 ! highe/ condition ( pres]vation1 excit+ our wond] at ! /range =ms :i* peopl$ our anci5t seas1 & admiration ( ^? s+ul> processes by :i* !y h be5 embalm$ by ! *emi/ry ( nature1 surviv+ s _m *anges & di/urbances 9 ! hi/ory ( our planet4 ,! comp>ative hi/ory ( ! fi%es enum]at$1 9 relation to ! sy/ems ( rocks ?r\gh :i* !y ext5d1 is bo? int]e/+ & curi\s4 ,= example1 ! g5us pty*acan?us beg9s 9 ! devonian & ends 9 ! c>bonif]\s p]iod1 "o species peculi> to ea* =mation4 ,paloniscus beg9s 9 ! c>bonif]\s1 & cont9ues ?r\gh ! p]mian age1 9 five new specific =ms4 ,! megali*?ys beg9s 9 ! devonian & becomes ext9ct 9 ! c>bonif]\s types2 diplopt]us1 holopty*ius1 & phyllolepis h ea* ! same t]ms ( exi/5ce2 & aga9 ! pygopt]us beg9s 9 ! c>bonif]\s1 & survives1 9 two new species1 ?r\gh ! p]mian era4 ,?us five g5]a are common to ! devonian & c>bonif]\s sy/ems2 two to ! c>bonif]\s & p]mian2 eight belong exclusively to & become ext9ct 9 ! c>bonif]\s4 ,^! results cle>ly manife/ an adaptation on ! "p ( nature1 z well z "s arbitr>y pr9ciple 9 ! ord] ( h] creations1 & all speak to ! fact ( progression 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts & ( direct int]position 9 ! successive orig9 ( organic exi/5ce4 ,look aga9 into ^! rocks4 ,consid] ! causes :i* s fill$ !m ) ^! memorials ( w>f>e & dea?4 ,two families only1 ! lea/ pr$ace\s ( _! k9d1 surviv$ ! age :i* produc$ !m--"o wide revolution cov]$ ) its spoils ! surface ( ! e>?--! wreck is clos$ ov] & silt$ b5ea? ! waves--& ! c>bonif]\s era1 teem+ ) animal & vegetable life1 =ev] pass$ away4 ,! deposit1 s fruitful 9 ^! organisms1 has1 ) mu* probability1 be5 reg>d$ z a fre%-wat] lime/one1 f ! circum/ance t x conta9s no corall9es or m>9e %ells4 ,! plants1 too1 are all ( a t]re/rial or fluviatile k9d1 & s p]fectly entire z to w>rant ! inf]5ce t !y h n be5 toss$ & drift$ ab\t 9 an ocean nor transport$ f a di/ance1 b h p]i%$ 9 situ1 & dropp$ amid /ill wat]s4 ,x may h be5 an e/u>y on ! bord]s ( an anci5t sea1 :i!r ! ,megali*?ys resembl+ ! crocodile family 9 bulk1 & ! ,gyracan?i ak9 to ! %>ks 9 voracity1 may h roam$ 9 que/ ( food1 gambol$ = pleasure amid/ a luxuriance ( tropical vegetation1 or indol5tly repos$ by ! umbrage\s %ades ( slimy lagoons4 ,h[ diff]5t ! sc5e ov] :i* !y ma9ta9$ undisput$ sway f all t is n[ 9 ^! p>ts subject to man's dom9ion4 ,transpose ! zones ( ! e>?1 & !n only c\ld !re be an approximation to ! m anci5t condition ( ?+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,bas9 ,=m ( ,coal-fields4 #a4a4 ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 ,,iv4 ,! ,mid ,lo?ian coal-bas9 is b\nd$ on ! we/ & nor?-we/ by ! ,p5tl&s1 ! ,braid1 & ,black=d ,hills4 ,! ,cor/orph9e ,hills /& out 9 bold relief above ! pla91 & are rem>kable ( _! k9d2 !y consi/ ( a s&/one basis1 capp$ by an enorm\s mass ( gre5/one1 9 :i* ! groov+s & poli% ( diluvial or glacial action h long be5 famili> to ! geologi/4 ,! c>bonif]\s b$s occupy1 at int]vals1 ! di/rict t[>d ,falkirk & ,/irl+1 mu* brok5 & int]sect$ by ! igne\s rocks4 ,/irl+1 l ,ed9burgh1 is greatly indebt$ to its physical features1 ! ,abbey-,crag1 ! dome-%ap$ & wood$ rock ( ,crag=?1 ! ,ca/le-,hill1 & ! ,gillies ,hill1 ov]look+ & %>+ 9 ! glories ( ! pla9 ( ,bannockburn4 ,^! all consi/ ( gre5/one or dol]ite trap1 re/+ on s&/one1 or (t5 alt]nat+ 9 ne>ly con=mable b$s ) s&/one1 iron/one1 & lime/one4 ,! ,p5tl&s /ret* ab\t sixte5 miles 9 l5g? by six 9 _! extreme bread?1 ! axis ( ! *a9 be>+ almo/ due ,n4 ,e4 & ,s4 ,w4 ,! ea/]n division pres5ts ! diff]5t v>ieties ( feldspa?ic rocks--9 ! c5t] or middle gr\p ( hills ! graywacke s]ies are m develop$--& on ! we/ ! old r$ s&/one & c>bonif]\s deposits prevail4 ,! axis ( ! *a9 9 "s ( ! high] po9ts is capp$ ) ! s$im5t>y rocks1 & along ! entire range ! ph5om5a ( upheaval1 dislocation1 subsid5ce1 & d5udation all pres5t !mselves 9 turn1 & 9 mo/ in/ructive =ms4 ,! ,c>lops & ,kaim-,valley coal-bas9 exhibits "s rem>kable appe>ances2 )9 a tr\gh-%ap$1 n>r[ space1 b$s ( feldsp>1 porphyry1 gre5/one1 & conglom]ate are mix$ up ) ! coal metals1 all less or m d5ud$1 sep>at$ by transv]se op5+s1 & irregul>ly brok5 (f at _! outcrop4 ,fossils1 ?\gh sp>+ly1 are f\nd 9 ! graywacke1 z trilobites & or?oc]atites4 ,! ,braid & ,black=d ,hills are outli]s ( ! ,p5tl&s1 & pres5t ! same v>ieties ( rock & g5]al li?ological /ructure4 ,rapid & brief z ! above sket* is1 let ! read] be assur$ !re is mu*1 v mu*1 9 ! di/rict to int]e/ & in/ruct4 ,make ! circuit ( ! ,p5tl&s :5 he may1 & he w n be satisfi$ until he has p5etrat$ e valley1 scal$ e height1 & become famili> z h\sehold words ) e "n & call+ ?r\gh ! l5g? & bread? ( _! v>i$ range4 ,habbie's ,h[1 a v pa/oral 9 ! s\nd1 ,c>lops1 ,kaim-,valley1 ,m\nt-,maw1 ,de]hop]igg1 ,dalmahoy-,crags1 ! ,m5dick ,hills1 h[ de> to e lov] ( nature 9 _! sweet retreats & cool %ady banks6 ,& ,t9tock1 ri* 9 prophetic lore1 to be und]/ood mu/ be asc5d$1 ! eye rang+ ov] ! :ole c5tral valley ( ,scotl&1 embrac+ bo? oceans 9 its field ( vision1 & numb]+ all ov] ! l(ty granite peaks ( ! ,grampians4 ,re/+-spots l ^! imp>t a delici\s *>m to ! geologi/ amid/ 8 w&]+s4 ,if pregnant ) ! mat]ials ( d\btful reason+s1 p]plex+ arrangem5ts1 & intricate s\nd+s1 ! sci5ce has its sunny sides & *e]ful fields ( recreation4 ,& if compell$ to trav]se regions ( dang]\s /epp+1 d>k pr(\nd abysses1 he is spe$ily aga9 by ! side ( sp>kl+ riv]s1 among grassy holms & pa/oral dales1 r$ol5t ) ! brac+ airs ( crag & m\nta94 ,nor are ! moral influ5ces ( su* speculations ( a less heal?ful & refre%+ k9d4 ,geology1 :i* deals ) ! cycles ( "t1 is yet ! y\nge/ ( ! sci5ces4 ,"o exclusively ( obs]vation1 all its objects lie scatt]$ ar\nd ! daily pa?ways ( m54 ,& /ill1 b z ye/]day1 has x be5 look$ ^u ) a favorable eye1 z a means ( inve/igat+ & e/abli%+ tru?1 & its tru?s !mselves recogniz$ z ( good "* & t5d5cy4 ,h]e91 until v rec5tly1 ! tree ( k 0 suppos$ to yield ( its fruits ( good & evil1 mo/ abundantly ( ! latt]1 & m5 long p]t9aci\sly refus$ to p>take (1 or ev5 to look at1 ! preci\s ?+s t dropp$ f its num]\s well-lad5 bran*es4 ,hume _h attempt$ to demon/rate t !re 0 no ext]nal _w at all4 ,rese>*es into ! /ructure ( m9d1 metaphysics1 ! doma9 ( 8common s5se0 z di/+ui%$ f ! ab/ractions ( ! ideal philosophy1 engag$ & conf\nd$ alike ! le>n$ & ! unle>n$4 ,b5ea?1 9 ! /rata ( ! e>?1 lay ! records & memorials1 x 0 said1 ( va/ untold ages1 & all %runk f an abyss on ^: br9k x 0 p]il\s to walk4 ,! int]ior 0 lit]ally reg>d$ z unhall[$ gr\nd1 f ^: ,p&ora recesses1 op5 :o might1 no?+ b evils c\ld issue1 at utt] v>iance ) e fix$ & e/abli%$ pr9ciple4 8,hic specus horr5dum et svi spiracula ditis40 ,religion & sci5ce ?us /ood 9 direct antagonism to ea* o!r1 divorc$ by g5]al cons5t f an unnatural alliance2 & m51 9 ^? days1 9 ! ,scotti% metropolis1 7 gr\p$ into cot]ies :o ey$ ea* o!r ) a bitt] jeal\sy4 ,"s m lib]al m9d1 inde$1 a ,blair & a ,rob]tson1 w\ld pass occasionally into ! ho/ile camp1 b return$ aga9 to 8 own ranks1 to be receiv$ ) no v cordial embrace or flatt]+ approval4 ,b n[1 7 "o ( ! sages ( sc>cely half a c5tury ago p]mitt$ to rise f ! du/1 & to take 8 place among ! intellectuals ( ! pres5t "t1 no?+ w\ld be m likely to excite 8 wond] ?an ! controv]sies1 & _! subjects1 :i* figure 9 _! works4 ,!ory !re is sc>cely any among ^? :o n[ give law 9 ,mod]n ,a!ns 9 lett]s & sci5ce4--,:e!r 9 ! regions ( m5tal philosophy1 ! walks ( physical sci5ce1 or ! sacr$ prec9cts ( religion1 m5's m9ds are ne>ly at "o z to ! objects & di/9ctive prov9ce ( ea*4 ,!y d n fe> or dread ! pursuits 9 :i* !y are respectively engag$1 assur$ t skepticism1 or any desire to ma9ta9 x1 has n[ nei!r p>ty nor /&+2 or come to :at conclusion !y may1 ! ,,wisdom ,,f ,,above w 9 its own pure & elevat$ region rema9 sca?less aga9/ any or all ! bolts ) :i* x may be assail$4 ,! ev]la/+ hills are /ill !re on _! old f\ndations--! rem>kable v>iety ( /ructure1 :i*1 all ar\nd ! city !y s m>vel\sly pres5t1 /ill speaks 9 impressive language ( ord] & disruption1 /ability & *ange--& und]nea?1 9 ! imp]i%able =ms ( buri$ g5]ations1 are ! records ( a hi/ory 9 :i* man has no "p1 & ) :i* 8 de/9y w\ld seem 9 no wise conc]n$4 ,b ! language writt5 !reon1 & ! leaves on :i* x is impress$1 are dive/$ ( ! awful sibyll9e my/]y 9 :i* !y 7 !n involv$4 ,! sa9t is sc>$ n away by ! frightful *>act]s & d>k mean+s :i* ! sage pret5ds he c trace 9 !m4 ,nor is ! sage himself />tl$ at ! al*emy ( 8 own art1 & ! s+ul> =ms he c summon to 8 pres5ce f 8 subt]ranean doma9s4 ,a delightful repose all ?is f ! fi]ce p]sonal controv]sies ( a few ye>s ago4 ,heal?ful tru?s are br\ght to light4 ,on "o & ! same page1 p5etrate z deep z !y may1 all pr(essions & _! abettors jo9 alike 9 admiration ( ! ineffaceable impress ( ! ord]1 wisdom1 & goodness ev]y:]e to be trac$ 9 ! /ructure ( ! globe4 ,!re is no long] ! metaphysician va9ly attempt+ to resolve ! :ole concrete mass into ! ideal2 or ridicul\sly /riv+ to raise a /ructure ( mat]ialism1 on ! assumption t all our ideas1 :atev] we "k & all we excogitate ab\t1 are d]iv$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( our s5sations4 ,! regions ( inf9ite space are explor$1 & ! devotional t5d5cies ( ! age h become ! m decid$ & int5se 9 proportion z ! m5tal vision has be5 enl>g$4 ,! m9d seizes ) a firm] grasp1 & advances ) a /eadi] pace ov] ! fields ( creation1 because !re is a ,creator ^: invisible ,godhead is und]/ood f ! ?+s :i* are made4 ,& n[1 9 se>* ( tru?1 "o & ! same ?r\gh all ?+s1 religion & sci5ce g h& 9 h&1 sanctifi$ & enlight5$ by ! union1 & imp>t+ ! mo/ salut>y lessons f ! physical & moral revelations ( ,him ^: pa? is 9 ! deep places ( ! e>?1 & :o = ! display ( 8 own glory has become ! ,in/ructor & ,r$eem] ( ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,lamm]muirs--,,! ,,bord] ,,l&--,,g5]al ,,/ructure ,,( ,,scotl&4 ,! int]e/ :i* atta*es to ?is division ( our sket*es ( ,scotti% geology is 9 no degree impair$ by ! consid]ation t ! rocks1 all ( !m1 belong to "o or o!r ( ! sy/ems :i* h already pass$ "u review4 ,a belt ( undisput$ ,silurian deposit "h meets u = ! fir/ "t1 flank$ on all sides1 & ne>ly ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 by ! old r$ s&/one4 ,porphyritic hills1 gre5/one bosses & dykes1 & ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( trap intrusion & dislocation1 are aga9 pres5t$ 9 _m & v /rik+ illu/rative details4 8,! bord] l&10 physically z well z morally1 c\ld n well be )\t its po9ts ( cont5tion2 &1 accord+ly1 geologi/s h made 8raide across ! m>*es10 & claim$ z ( ,scotti% orig9 an ext5sive doma9 ( ! ,engli% ,,new ,,r$ s&/one1 or ,p]mian sy/em4 ,corncockle ,moor1 too1 & ! qu>ries ne> ,dumfries1 unfold z curi\s a page 9 ! hi/ory ( ! old _w z does ! ,crigup ,lynn1 hewn out ( ! same family ( rocks1 ( ! /]n w>f>e & fi]ce cont5d+s :i* adorn1 z !y likewise disgrace1 ! annals ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! ,,g5]al ,,/ructure ( ! di/rict1 z n[ indicat$1 is det]m9$ 9 ! ma9 by ! ,lamm]muirs1 a high m\nta9-range ( s$im5t>y rocks1 :i* =m$ ! nor!rn b>ri] ( an ext5sive inl& bas9 or sea1 & ( :i* ! ,solway & ,twe$ occupy ! c5tral /ret* or depression4 ,! old r$ s&/one 0 h]e9 deposit$1 ! /rata ( :i* re/ uncon=mably ^u ! old] rocks4 ,! c>bonif]\s b$s succe$$1 b at a p]iod :5 ! floor ( ! bas9 0 elevat$1 & ! dim5sions contract$2 h5ce ^! b$s1 ?\gh repos+ con=mably = ! mo/ "p on ^? ( ! old r$ & n sep>able on physical gr\nds1 d n occupy ! same ext5t ( surface4 ,creeks & bays exi/$ ar\nd ! silurian %ores1 into :i* ! mat]ials ( ! s&/one 7 c>ri$1 & ?us along ! s\!rn slope1 f ,/4 ,abb's ,head to ,portpatrick1 ! old r$ is traceable 9 e op5+ & ind5tation1 runn+ up 9 long n>r[ tongues1 or deta*$ /ripes1 among ! m\nta9s4 ,! coal s]ies appe> at v>i\s int]vals 9 small isolat$ bas9s1 =m+ on ! we/ ! coal-field ( ,:itehav51 :i* dips into ! ,solway1 & on ! ea/ occupy+ f ,kelso to ,b]wick1 ! valley ( ! ,twe$1 :]e ! metals lie 9 v ?9 b&s1 & und]nea? ! m\nta9 lime/one4 ,"h are porphyries1 :i* h disrupt$ & brok5 ?r\gh ! old r$ s&/one1 & !re=e1 correspond+ 9 age to ^? ( ! ,sidlaws1 ,o*ils1 & ,p5tl&s2 & augite traps & gre5/one1 scatt]$ ov] ! coal-measures1 :i* are z cle>ly ! product ( ! movem5ts t issu$ 9 ! elevation ( ,ar?ur's ,seat & ! ,lomonds4 ,! ,lamm]muirs h an ext5t ( ne>ly "o hundr$ & fifty miles 9 l5g?1 by an av]age bread? ( tw5ty-five to ?irty miles4 ,! axis ( ! *a9 runs f ,e4,n4,e4 to ,w4,s4,w41 brok5 at int]vals by riv]s & _! div]g5t valleys1 & con/itut+ ! great fronti] b>ri] ( ,scotl&4 ,! ,l[!rs1 ,cor/on-cone1 ,que5sb]ry1 & ! high gr\nds along ! upp] "r bank ( ! ,ni?1 =m outli]s or ext5sions ( ! g5]al mass4 ,long reg>d$ z furni%+ a true type ( ,graywacke rock1 ! ,lamm]muirs are n[1 by g5]al cons5t1 admitt$ into ! family ( ,,silurians1 be>+ aff9ities bo? to ! ,upp] & ,l[] s]ies1 & p>tak+ likewise 9 "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,cambrian gr\p4 ,! ea/]n division ( ! *a9 consi/s ( v ?ick b$s ( a co>se brecciat$ rock1 cov]$ on ! s\!rn side by a f9e-gra9$ clay slate4 ,9 ,kirkcudbright%ire1 ! slate-b& & conglom]ate1 se5 on ! ma9 l&1 & at ,:ite ,bay1 9 ,little ,ross ,isl&1 are v closely alli$ 9 _! m9]alogical *>act]s4 ,& 9 ! c5t] division1 ab\t ,inn]lei!n1 ! intrusive traps con/itute a m>k$ & int]e/+ feature1 m p>ticul>ly z !y !re assume a subcry/all9e granite /ructure1 & conv]t ! s$im5t>y deposits into h>d fl9ty slates1 or ,lydian /one4 ,! organic rema9s are n abundant3 !y are scatt]$1 too1 at wide int]vals1 b /ill suffici5tly *>act]i/ic ( ! =mation4 ,!y consi/ ( graptolites1 encr9ites1 trilobites1 & sev]al g5]a ( %ells4 ,! li/ ( con*if]1 9 "s b$s1 is almo/ entirely ,l[] ,silurian1 :ile ! smoo? ,asaphi w\ld seem to connect ?is range ( hills ) ! l[] ,silurian rocks ( ,tyrone & ,f]managh1 9 ,irel&1 :i* h furni%$ ! only o!r specim5s yet detect$ 9 ,brita94 ,! fossil localities are ! lime qu>ries ( ,wrae1 ne> ,br\ghton1 ,grei/on slate qu>ry1 ne> ,traquair1 ,/4 ,m>y's ,isle1 ,kirkcudbright1 ,lo* ,ryan1 & ,little ,ross ,isl&2 & 9 c]ta9 graywacke b$s 9 ,liddesdale1 ,mr4 ,nicol records ! discov]y ( 8fragm5ts ( plants1 n unlike ! brok5 re$s1 & o!r imp]fect vegetable rema9s1 se5 on "s c>bonif]\s s&/ones40 ,! collection ( ,"l ,selkirk1 f ! vic9ity ( 8 resid5ce1 consi/s accord+ to ,mr4 ,salt]1 (--,t]ebratula semisulcata1 ,leptna s>c9ulata1 ,atrypa reticul>is1 ,bell]ophon trilobatus1 ,natica1 ,turritell1 ,mur*isonia1 ,avicula l9eata1 ,or?onaia c+ulata1 ,phacops caudatus1 ,beyri*ia tub]culata1 & ,graptolites lud5sis4 ,^! *>act]i/ic ,upp] ,silurian fossils are accompani$ by a ,leptna s]icea1 & ,or?oc]as t5uic9ctum ( ,portlock1 & appe> to be ( ! date ( ,w5lock %ale4 ,_! late/ hi/orian1 inde$1 ascribes a va/ indef9ite antiquity to ! :ole range1 & consid]s t ! depository matt] has be5 twice r$uc$ to a muddy ar5ace\s /ate3 t a *a9 ( hills exi/$ 9 ^! p>ts at an age long ant]ior to ! ,lamm]muirs1 & t ano!r /ratifi$ =mation has to be int]calat$ 9 ?is di/rict1 betwe5 ! olde/ exi/+ /rata & ! p>5t rock1 :5ce ! s$im5t 0 d]iv$4 ,?is op9ion is f\nd$ *iefly on ! circum/ance1 t 9 none ( ! b$s h !re ev] be5 obs]v$ any fragm5ts ( granite1 or ! associat$ cry/all9e gneiss & s*i/s1 :ile fragm5ts ( clay-slate & graywacke are n uncommon among/ ! conglom]ate or co>s] v>ieties4 ,b1 admitt+ ! tru? ( ! /atem5t1 does x w>rant ! inf]5ce d$uc$8 ,! clay-slates & graywacke ( ! ,highl&s are equally de/itute ( ! inclos$ granitoid portions s abundant 9 ! sup]impos$ conglom]ates ( ! old r$2 &1 ^u ! supposition ( an int5sely b unequally heat$ sea-bottom1 & p>tial outbur/s ( irruptive matt]1 ^! appe>ances 9 ! ,lamm]muirs1 :]e c]ta9 /rata conta9 includ$ fragm5ts ( simil> consolidat$ rock1 receive an intelligible & less extravagant explanation4 ,we m will+ly acc$e to ! conclusion ( ,mr4 ,nicol1 t we h /ill "h mu* ( ! orig9al %ape & cont\r ( ?is anci5t l&2 t ! riv]s & valleys are all 9 _! old5 places1 & t s9ce ! elevation ( ! gr\p !re has be5 no important *ange 9 _! g5]al "* & physical outl9e4 ,! ,lamm]muirs1 too1 connect$ z !y are ) ! great silurian deposits ( ,engl&1 ,wales1 & ,irel&1 l5d confirmation to ! !ory1 repeat$ly adv]t$ to1 t ^! m\nta9s1 z well z ^? ( ! prec$+ epo*1 =m$ ! l& on :i* grew "p at lea/ ( ! exub]ant vegetation entomb$ 9 ! coal =mations ( ,great ,brita94 ,x may h be5 a p59sula project+ into a sea1 ^: waves wa%$ ! ,grampians on ! nor?1 cov]$ all ! midl& & ea/]n di/ricts ( ,engl& on ! s\?1 & 7 b\nd$ by ! prim>y & silurian girdle ( rocks on ! we/4 ,?r\gh ^! dep?s roam$ ! successive races ( holopty*ius1 paloniscus1 gyracan?us1 & megali*?ys2 ! %all[s & bottom teem$ ) sw>ms ( molluscs1 trilobites1 cephalaspes1 pamphracti2 :ile ! d5se =e/s ( f]ns1 palms1 & p9es1 :i* clo!d ! %ores & upl&s1 h be5 di/ribut$ among ! v>i\s bas9s ( ! coal-measures4 ,asc5d ! ,eildons1 or1 z ! r\te may be1 ,c>t]fell1 ,h>tfell1 or ,criffel1 & witness ! *anges1 z ! diff]5t sy/ems ( rocks 7 drift$ into _! places1 & rose above t expanse ( wat]s4 ,criffel1 ! l(tie/ m\nta9 on ! we/1 is compos$ ( granite1 & =m$ a solit>y islet !re1 or "o ( a s]ies ( isl&s1 ( ! prim>y cry/all9e =mation4 ,! silurian *a9s1 9 _! respective positions1 are next elevat$ to ! surface4 ,! old r$ s&/ones collect & =m along _! bases1 spread+ ov] va/ areas all ar\nd4 ,^! are lift$ into day by ! ,eildons1 & ! num]\s hills ( clay/one porphyry1 :i* give su* div]sity ( "* ?r\gh ,liddesdale1 ,laud]dale1 ,*eviotdale1 & ! :ole bord] l&scape4 ,c>t]fell1 :i* consi/s ( a d>k gre5/one trap1 re/+ on a :ite or light r$di% s&/one1 m>ks ! upheaval ( ! c>bonif]\s /rata1 & probable retirem5t ( ! sea f ^! di/ricts1 :]e we f9d no traces ( any ( ! second>y or new] sy/ems ( rocks4 ,?us ! l9e ( ! ,scotti% ,bord]1 f ,annan to ,roxburgh%ire1 consi/s ( ! "u s]ies ( ! coal =mation pass+ d[n ! ,twe$1 by ,kelso1 ,spr\/on1 ,cold/ream1 to ,b]wick4 ,! old r$ s&/one is l>gely develop$ by ,*e/]1 ,hawick1 ,melrose1 ,gre5law1 ,dunse2 & aga91 aft] an int]ruption ( trap & ! coal-measures1 x resumes its c\rse by ,*irnside1 ,f\ld51 & ,morn+ton1 to ! sea4 ,scales ( ! ,holopty*ius & ,d5drodus are f\nd 9 ! /rata at ,pre/onhaugh1 ne> ,j$burgh1 & likewise at ! ,knock ,hill1 9 ,b]wick%ire4 ,on ! high] gr\nds1 f ! ,eildons to ,h>tfell & ,peebles1 ! graywacke & slate b$s ev]y:]e prevail1 pres5t+ at ,/4 ,abb's ,head1 ,selkirk1 & ,ettrick ,bridge1 int]e/+ specim5s ( crumpl$ & b5t /rata4 ,rem>kable ve9s ( trap & calc-sp> are to be obs]v$ ne> ,/4 ,m>y's ,lo*2 silv] & o!r metallic ores are said to h be5 f\nd 9 ! neighbor+ hills3 ne> ,m(fat1 gypsum1 pyrit\s graywacke1 & alum slate1 are v abundant--=mations probably connect$ ) ! m9]al wat]s ( ,m(fat ,well & ,h>tfell spa4 ,at ,gl5d9n+1 9 ! p>i% ( ,we/]kirk1 an antimony m9e has be5 long wr\ght1 :i* is ab\t tw5ty in*es wide1 & once ri* 9 ! valuable m9]al4 ,a ve9 ( gal5a or lead1 l9$ ) heavy-sp>1 crosses ! ,esk at ,broomholm1 bel[ ,langholm1 & "h ! usual s]ies ( %ales1 lime/one1 s&/one1 & ?9 b&s ( coal1 are develop$ = miles1 re/+ on ! graywacke ( ,h]mitage1 ,ernton1 & ,witt]hope ,burn hills4 ,! valley ( ! ,ni?1 f ! pass ( ,dalve5 to ,b>j>g1 incloses a space ( ne>ly t5 miles 9 l5g? by f\r 9 bread?1 fill$ ) r$ s&/one & b$s ( lime/one1 & exhibits "o ( ^? orig9al creeks or bays 9 ! prim>y & silurian rocks :i* *>act]ize ?is anci5t belt4 ,! l[] bas91 t[>d ,dumfries & ! ,solway1 pres5ts ! same s]ies ( extremely f9e-gra9$ /rata4 ,! small isolat$ bas9 ( r$ s&/one ne> ,lo*mab51 & :i* conta9s ! celebrat$ impressions ( foot-m>ks 9 ! b$s at ,corncockle ,moor1 z well z ! v limit$ pat* ( s&/one 9 ! vale ( ! ,annan ne> ,m(fat1 are probably ref]able to "o & ! same sy/em ) ! above4 ,& :at is t sy/em--! ,devonian or ,p]mian8 ,! position ( all ^! b$s1 & ( o!rs 9 ,ann&ale1 has long =m$ a fruitful subject ( discussion ) geologi/s & practical eng9e]s1 :e!r to reg>d !m z an ext5sion ( ! ,engli% new r$1 or to ref] !m to ! pr$om9ant rock ( ! c\ntry4 ,! latt] view is borne out s f> by ! fact1 t no bor+s1 :i* h be5 bo? num]\s & deep1 h p5etrat$ to ! coal metals4 ,on ,gre5\gh's map1 on ! o!r h&1 ! =m] !ory is adopt$1 :]e ! coal-measures are repres5t$ z ext5d+ und]nea? f ,canobie1 ?r\gh ,ann&ale to ,arkit ,muir1 & z aga9 em]g+ at ,arbigl& ne> ,criffel4 ,x has likewise be5 argu$1 t ! foot-impressions on ! slabs ne> ,dumfries & at ,corncockle ,moor1 h no analogues any:]e 9 ! true old r$ ( ,scotl&1 :ile !y are abundantly repres5t$ by ! foot-pr9ts ( ! new] s&/ones ( ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,b n[ inde$ su* pro(s are n want+ 9 ,am]ica1 t wide field ( all organic ?+s2 ! discov]y has be5 made & ass5t$ to by ! mo/ compet5t au?orities1 t1 9 ! old r$ s&/one ( ,p5nsylvania1 & #h1ejj feet bel[ ! upp] "p ( ! coal =mation1 reptilian foot-pr9ts are num]\sly & di/9ctly impress$1 alli$ 9 =m to ! tread ( ! exi/+ alligator4 ,!n ! l>g] or?oc] & o!r te/ace1 f\nd s pl5tifully 9 ! lime/ones ( ,closeburn & ,b>j>g1 also at ,l9burn & ,%ielgre51 w\ld seem to claim v cle>ly & decid$ly = ! deposit 9 ! middle bas9 ( ,ni?sdale a ,devonian orig94 ,we mu/ refra9 f ent]+ ^u ! details ( ! ext5sive geological fields :i* h j be5 glanc$ at4 ,a volume w\ld n suffice to exhau/ ! subject4 ,b1 rapid z our sket* has necess>ily be51 en\gh has be5 advanc$ to %[ h[ intimately connect$ ) ! great fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce1 & ) ! orig9al configuration ( our planet m especially1 are all ! deeply-int]e/+ ph5om5a ( ! region 9 "q4 ,if at times ! read]1 z well z explor]1 is apt to compla9 ( ! dryness ( p>ticul>s1 t ! nom5clature is h>% & s*ola/ic1 h[ delightful to close1 ev5 9 imag9ation1 ! day's excursion amid ^! lovely valleys1 to be /eep$ 9 fairy lore by ,/4 ,m>y's ,lo*1 to dream ( leg5ds & m9/relsy until morn+ dawn by ,new>k's ,t[]4 ,ni?1 ,gala1 ,ettrick1 ,y>r[1 ,teviot1 silv]y ,twe$6--:o1 inde$1 w ev] associate ) ! m9]als1 sections1 & te*nicalities ( geology4 ,/ill h[ refre%+ to lie d[n1 travel$ & we>y-worn1 by _! gre5 pa/ures & pure wat]s4 ,h[ beautifully d ^! riv]s1 all ( !m ) an orig9 s remote1 hold on 9 _! pebbly c\rses--w9d+ & ga!r+ f s _m rills amid/ ! pa/oral upl&s--8mak+ sweet music ) ?' enamel$ /ones0--& anon ) all _! afflu5ts sweep+ 9 placid maje/y to ! ma94 ,hi!r w m5 ( all pr(essions & pursuits1--! sportsman1 poet1 philosoph]1--eag]ly & rejoic+ly resort1 ea* ) 8 own object or 8 own c>e4 ,f9ely1 9 imp]i%able v]se1 has ! tru? be5 express$ ( t _m-color$ tide ( human life on :i* all are emb>k$-- 8,:i*1 ?\gh x *ange 9 ceaseless fl[1 ,reta9s ea* grief1 reta9s ea* crime0-- --b ,,n[ ^! /reams1 dales1 & hills reta9 no impress ( /rife or blood2 & h5ce w ! wi%1 age aft] age1 brea! f _m a he>t-- 8,by ,y>r['s /ream /ill let me /ray1 ,?\gh none %\ld guide my feeble way3 ,/ill feel ! breeze d[n ,ettrick break1 ,al?\gh x *ill my )]$ *eek2 ,/ill lay my head by ,teviot /one1 ,?\gh !re =gott5 & alone40 ,& s human life w glide away1 a new epo* w come1 & ! developm5t ( man's immortal be+ w be accompli%$ 9 ! new & bright] e>? t is to arise4 ,we "h close our review1 ov] ,scotti% gr\nd1 ( ! e>lie/ lessons to :i* we h access ( ! m9]al /ructure ( our globe4 ,all ! prim>y1 palozoic1 & old] class ( ! second>y rocks1 are l>gely develop$1 lead+ u1 inde$1 a v little way into ! inn] *amb]s ( ! e>?1 b back ?r\gh p]iods ( "t into ! records ( its hi/ory1 = :i* ! sci5ce itself furni%es no real /&>d ( measurem5t4 ,va/1 inconceivable cycles pass be=e ! imag9ation1 & fasc9ate ! speculati/1 :ile ! sob] inquir] pauses1 d\bts--nay1 />tles--at su* remote undef9$ annals ( creation4 ,! leg5ds & *ronicles ( ,scotl& are old inde$2 b give geologi/s _! own way1 & :at an antiquity w\ld !y assign to ! m\nta9s1 valleys1 & riv]s ( anci5t ,cal$on6 ,& yet1 true x is1 no rocks on ! face ( ! e>? c claim a deep] orig91 an e>li] arrangem5t1 a m anci5t asc5t above ! wat]s1 ?an ^? ^: nature & position we h s cursorily describ$4 ,leav+ = ! pres5t ! "q z to ,"t1 geology has ?is advantage1 9 facilitat+ an acqua9tance ) its pr9ciples1 t its lessons are z g5]al z !y are p>ticul>4 ,g :]e y w ! record is be=e y1 s t1 g5]ally speak+1 :at is obs]v$ ( its subject 9 "o di/rict or c\ntry1 or ev5 cont95t1 has its c\nt]p>t 9 "s o!r place ne> or remote4 ,! rocks ( ,scotl& are all on ! great scale1 n solit>y & individual specim5s1 b wide-spread =mations along ! face ( ! c\ntry4 ,) sc>cely a s+le exception1 e class ( rocks describ$ 9 our c\rse /ret*es f sea to sea ov] ! isl&4 ,! /ructure ( ,scotl& is peculi> 9 ?is1 t ! be>+ & ! /rike ( ! v>i\s /rata1 are correspond5t & cont9u\s4 ,h5ce ! p>allelism ( ! great /ra?s & valleys4 ,! pr9cipal riv]s are obs]vant ( ! same law4 ,! sev]al =mations1 f ! prim>y cry/all9e to ! coal & upp] s&/ones1 h a common axis ( elevation f ne>ly ,e4 ,n4 ,e4 to ,w4 ,s4 ,w41 p>tak+ m ( an equatorial ?an ( a m]idional direction4 ,! porphyries & *a9s ( ! old] traps ma9ta9 a simil> direction4 ,! gre5/ones & basalts1 polygonal & jo9t$1 or o!rwise1 are = ! mo/ "p to be f\nd )9 ! area ( ! coal measures1 or ris+ along ! out-crop ( ! bas9s4 ,h5ce a description ( any "o locality w g5]ally1 9 respect ( ! same s]ies ( rocks1 be f\nd applicable to ano!r4 ,! /ud5t may indiff]5tly beg9 8 rese>*es z 8 conv5i5ce or soj\rn = ! "t may direct4 ,& :e!r x be ! granite on ! coa/s ( ,ab]de5 or ( ,arran--! s*i/s ( ,gl5isla or ! ,mull ( ,cantire--! silurian ( ,/4 ,abb's ,head or ,portpatrick--! devonian ( ,/onehav5 or ,girvan--! porphyries ( ,dundee or ,l>gs--! %ales & lime/ones ( ,/4 ,&rews1 ,glasg[1 or ,ayr--! column> basalts ( ,e>lsf]ry1 ,orrock1 ,campsie1 or ,/affa--! lesson ?r\gh\t w be "o & ! same1 ei!r z respects ! m9]al texture or ! geological position ( ! rocks exam9$4 ,a section1 !re=e1 comm5c+ at ,b5 ,nevis & t]m9at+ at ,kirkcudbright on ! ,solway1 w\ld pres5t ! v same s]ies 9 all ! ma9 ph5om5a ( sup]position1 /ructure1 dislocation1 & fossil rema9s1 z ! section adopt$ f ,b5-,mac-,dhui to ! ,*eviots4 ,granite1 gneiss1 qu>tz rock1 mica s*i/1 & clay slate1 und]lie ! old r$ s&/one :i* trav]ses ! upp] di/rict ( ,/irl+%ire4 ,! traps ( ! ,campsie ,hills h ?r[n up1 & =m ! b\nd>y ( ! great coal-bas91 ( :i* ,glasg[ con/itutes ! c5t]1 & )9 ^: area & suburbs are exhibit$ all ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! basalt & gre5/one family--! elevation at ! ,necropolis beautifully %[+ ! effects ( _! intrusion1 & ! induration ( ! s$im5t>y deposits4 ,on ! s\?1 ! coal metals are aga9 succe$$ by ! old r$ s&/one & ! porphyries1 :i* 9 _! turn are replac$ by ! silurian or graywacke rocks ( ! bord] c\nties4 ,! section ?r\gh\t is ( ! mo/ v>i$ & in/ructive "*1 div]sifi$ by ! gr&e/ m\nta9 sc5]y1 ! lovelie/ ( ! ,scotti% lakes1 & a developm5t ( ! arts & sci5ces ov] inexhau/ible coal & iron treasures :i* has r5d]$ ! "n ( ! we/]n metropolis illu/ri\s among ! cities ( ! _w4 ,%\ld ! geologi/ desire to ext5d 8 rese>*es along ! we/]n coa/ & among ! isl&s1 he w exp]i5ce an additional int]e/1 aris+ *iefly f ! num]\s junctions ( ! diff]5t =mations or sets ( rocks :i* ! con/ant erosion ( ! ,atlantic has ev]y:]e expos$ to view4 ,gigantic isolat$ portions ( granite or sy5ite1 b>$ all ar\nd1 are to be se5 on e headl&4 ,! twi/+s & flexures ( gneiss & ! s*i/s are frequ5t & rem>kable4 ,column> basalt1 simil> to ,/affa1 fr+es ! base ( e islet & promontory2 & f appe>ances l ^!1 he w inv>iably inf] ! pres5ce ( ! c>bonif]\s deposits1 :i*1 9 small deta*$ pat*es are ( common occurr5ce4 ,"h1 likewise1 are to be f\nd ! lias & oolites1 9 m>g9al /ripes on sev]al ( ! isl&s1 easily di/+ui%$ by _! *>act]i/ic fossils1 & giv+ unequivocal indications ( a f> great] ext5sion1 & cont9uity ) ! ma9 l&1 ere ! inroads ( ! sea _h brok5 up & p>t$ s mu* ( ! aborig9al /ructure ( ! di/rict4 ,! vi et spe cad5do ( geological ag5cy--! convulsions ( subt]ranean =ces1 & ! de/roy+ p[]s ( wat]--are exhibit$ 9 all _! gr&eur1 :]e1 9 ! face ( cliffs expos$ to _! f\ndations1 ! h>de/ rocks may be obs]v$ yield+ to e wave1 & ! :ole inn] ma*9]y ( granitic & basaltic dykes :i* upheav$ !m f _! basis trac$ 9 _! mo/ v>y+ =ms & complicity4 ,out ( ! gean a f9] gr\p ( isl&s is n[h]e to be ?read$--"s sc>cely rais$ above sea-level--"s t[]+ into ! cl\ds1 z 9 ! l(ty peaks ( ,mull1 ,jura1 & ,rum1 ) an altitude almo/ equal to _! l5g?--mo/ ( !m glory+ 9 names s(t & euphoni\s z ! *oice/ ( classic ,greece--& yet1 all fragm5t>y & disrupt$1 z if b ye/]day %iv]$ by ! ?und] cl\d4 ,skye exhibits an epitome n ( ! isl&s only1 b ne>ly ( our :ole ,briti% geology1 9 :i* !re is e v>iety ( trap1 comb9$ ) ! prim>y s]ies--coal1 :ite s&/one1 & lime/one--! lias & oolites ( second>y =mation--& m\nta9s #c1cjj feet 9 height1 compos$ ( ,labrador feldsp> & hyp]/h5e1 ^: cry/als 9 ! d>k composite mass rival 9 /ructure1 if n 9 beauty1 ! /alactitic concretions ( ! ,sp> ,cave itself4 ,rocks1 too1 are "h1 ( metamorphic texture1 to :i* a ,maccullo* did n v5ture to assign a "n or position 9 8 li/4 ,& ! s]rat$ jagg$ p9nacles ( ! ,cool9 ridge1 ) ! black ,coruisk inclos$ z 9 a crat]1 :o w attempt to describe--unlike to ev]y?+ else 9 bleak1 nak$1 precipit\s gr&eur6 ,! poet ( ! ,isles has sket*$ ! picture-- 8,su* are ! sc5es1 :]e savage gr&eur wakes ,an awful ?rill t s(t5s into sighs2 ,su* feel+s r\se !m by dim ,ranno*'s lakes1 ,9 d>k ,gl5coe su* gloomy raptures rise3 ,or f>!r1 :]e1 b5ea? ! nor!rn skies1 ,*ides wild ,lo*-,eribol1 8 cav]ns ho>-- ,b1 be ! m9/rel judge1 !y yield ! prize ,( des]t dignity to t dread %ore ,t sees grim ,cool9 rise1 & he>s ,corisk9 ro>40 ,,engl&4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,engl&--,,g5]al ,,sket*4 ,diff]+ z ,engl& does 9 p1 mann]s1 language1 laws1 & in/itutions f ,scotl&1 a /ill great] diff]5ce w be f\nd to exi/ 9 ! physical /ructure1 ! m9]al qualities1 ! organic rema9s1 & 9 all ! o!r ph5om5a ( h] geological developm5t4 ,9 ! asc5d+ s]ies ( rocks1 ,scotl& furni%es only a few /eps ( ! build+--! l[] c\rses ( a gigantic pyramid2 across ! bord]s1 /rata ^u /rata foll[ ea* o!r 9 regul> gradation1 until !y atta9 _! apex ( elevation 9 ! c5t] ( ! capital4 ,ano!r di/9ction exi/s 9 ! quantity & ext5t ( ^? rocks :i* are common to bo? c\ntries4 ,all ! prim>y1 transition1 & igne\s =mations are m abundant 9 ! nor!rn division ( ! isl&1 con/itut+ ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ( its surface1 :ile 9 ! s\!rn division !y d n am\nt to a fiftie? "p2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! second>y & t]ti>y =mations1 :i* 9 ,scotl& are sc>cely recogniz$1 or only f\nd 9 pat*es1 =m 9 ,engl& ab\t two-?irds ( its sup]ficial area4 ,h5ce1 on ,engli% gr\nd1 a new int]e/ beg9s z a totally new s]ies ( m9]al /rata rises into view1 & all *>g$ ) types & families ( creatures ( equally new & m>vel\s organization4 ,! new s]ies ( rocks to be describ$1 are t]m$ ! ,p]mian1 triassic1 oolitic1 cretace\s1 & t]ti>y sy/ems4 ,"s ( ^! deposits are ( va/ ?ickness & ext5t4 ,!y all ab\nd 9 fossils1 "s 9 ! greate/ pr(usion1 o!rs only 9 ! r>e/ & mo/ rem>kable types4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! accumulations1 ,engl&1 z comp>$ ) h] si/] k+dom1 may be describ$ z ! full organic =m 9 bones1 muscles1 & fle%y app5dages1 plump & r\nd$ all ov]1 :]e "o sees little ( ! framework or int]nal ossification4 ,! great masses are s cov]$ ov]1 ! ribs & memb]s are s silt$ up1 t ! ridges & hills ( ! c\ntry1 save on ! outskirts1 dw9dle into insignificance4 ,e orig9al depression has be5 conceal$1 new increm5ts ( matt] are ev]y:]e add$1 lay] ^u lay] sup]9duc$1 until ! old] fabric is ne>ly oblit]at$1 or only at wide int]vals obs]v$ to rise above ! surface4 ,scotl& exhibits ! huge trunk1 /ripp$ & laid b>e2 e yield+ ?+ has be5 erod$ & torn (f2 & little rema9s1 except ! giant skeleton1 ! l9eam5t>y fragm5ts ( ! primeval _w4 ,:at is common to ! two c\ntries1 among ! prim>y & cry/all9e rocks1 occupies ! :ole we/]n l9e ( coa/4 ,! ea/]n %ores ( ,irel&1 correspond 9 m9]alogical "* ) ! opposite %ores ( ,scotl&1 ,engl&1 & ,wales1 :]e a great silurian belt cov]s1 almo/ cont9u\sly1 bo? l9es ( coa/4 ,^! di/ricts h ?us all a common orig91 are all ( ! same geological epo*1 & 7 probably at "o p]iod m unit$ ?an appe>ances n[ indicate4 ,! ,cumbrian gr\p is isolat$ f ! o!r portions ( ! sy/em1 &1 z describ$ by ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 compreh5ds ! l[e/ fossilif]\s b$s 9 ! isl&1 or p]haps z yet kn[n 9 ! cru/ ( ! globe4 ,! elaborate "w ( ,sir ,r4 ,i4 ,mur*ison on 8,,! ,,silurian ,,sy/em10 has made e "o acqua9t$ ) ! ext5sive deposits 9 ,wales & ,cornwall1 9 :i* ! divisions ( ! sy/em are fully po9t$ out1 _! fossil cont5ts amply detail$1 & _! relations to analog\s deposits 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w satisfactorily demon/rat$4 ,?r\gh all ^! regions1 !re=e1 we are aga9 c>ri$ back among ! e>li] records already notic$4 ,co9cid5t ) ! same are ! old r$ s&/one deposits :i* /ret* along ! base ( ! m highly-incl9$ silurians1 cov]+ ! great] portion ( ,h]e=d%ire & ,devon%ire2 & "h1 z 9 ,scotl&1 ! s&/ones & conglom]ates are imm$iately succe$$ by ! ri* treasures ( ! c>bonif]\s age4 ,9 ! rocks ( ! ?ree families lie1 9 pr(use abundance1 ! organic rema9s ( ! epo*s :i* produc$ !m--ca/ l wreck among ! silts & s&s n[ h>d5$ & upheav$ into m\nta9s--! peaks ( ,skiddaw & ,sn[don1 ( ,pl9limmon & ,helvellyn1 once ! bea*es or floors ( our anci5t seas4 ,! ,cumb]l& gr\p ( m\nta9s1 ) its v>i$ sc5]y & lakes1 is surr\nd$ ) ! c>bonif]\s rocks--z bright & lovely a picture1 set 9 a framework ( jet or ebony1 z ! m9d c contemplate4 ,! great sc>1 or m\nta9 lime/one1 con/itutes ! base ( ! coal s]ies1 re/+ on ! old r$ conglom]ate4 ,?is calc>e\s deposit is ( va/ ?ickness1 range1 & ext5t--a concrete mass ( animal rema9s ( five or six hundr$ feet4 ,x pres5ts ! outl9e ( a great coral reef :i* anci5tly fr+$ ! c5t] clu/] ( ! lake m\nta9s3 & is /ill1 ) a few breaks1 traceable along _! wide & irregul> circumf]5ce4 ,! sublime gorge ( ,gordale1 ! f9e gray precipices at ! foot ( ,+lebor\gh1 ! cav]ns ( ,*apel-le-,dale & ,clapham1 ! rocks ( ,kirby ,londsdale ,bridge1 & ! great :ite t]race ( ,:itb>r[1 all d]ive _! peculi> features f ! effects ( erosive action on ?is =mation4 ,div]g+ f ! great t]m9al gr\p ( ! ,cumbrians1 ! same deposit rises along ! c5t] ( ! di/rict into an indep5d5t ridge1 tak+ up ! mo/ comm&+ positions--! t[]+ summit ( ,cross ,fell on ! "o h&1 & ! celebrat$ ,high ,peak ( ,d]by on ! o!r1 ) all its wondr\s caves & sp>kl+ fluor-cry/als4 ,! int]m$iate range ( ! ,p59e ,alps1 s d5om9at$ by ! ,romans1 is *iefly compos$ ( ! =mation4 ,! caves ( ,kirkdale1 ! haunt ( ! ,briti% hy5a & o!r ext9ct c>nivora1 are situat$ 9 ! same lime/one1 :i* is also ! repository ( num]\s lead m9es1 di/+ui%$ = _! spl5did metallic concretions & fluor-sp>s4 ,& "h1 too1 are riv]s :i* are lo/ 9 its d>k cav]ns2 & t wond] ( wond]s1 an a/ronomical p>adox1 :]e1 f ! peculi> con=mation ( ! hills & rav9es1 ! sun does n rise ^u ! inhabitants ( ,n>r[dale1 until he has pass$ 8 m]idian1 &1 z if to repair ! loss1 twice sets ^u _! horizon 9 ! c\rse ( e ev5+4 ,! coal-measures on ! ea/]n side ( ?is *a9 consi/ ( ! ,nor?umb]l&1 ,durham1 ,york%ire1 ,nott+ham1 & ,d]by fields2 on ! we/ & nor?1 ,:itehav51 ,lanca%ire1 ,man*e/]1 & ,nor? ,/af=d2 & on ! s\? lie ! bas9s ( ,a%borne1 ,l\ghbor\gh1 ,wolv]hampton1 & ,dudley4 ,! lime/one skirts ! out-crop ( ! metals 9 all ^! localities1 & ?us s]ves to def9e ! relations ( ! sev]al bas9s1 & ! cause ( s _m divisions 9 ! field1 occasion$ by ! net-"w ( coral reef ) :i* x has be5 orig9ally p5etrat$4 ,! ,wolv]hampton bas9 is rem>kable = ! numb] ( roots & /umps ( fossil trees f\nd 89 situ20 9 ! ,d]by field ! railway tunnel has expos$ to view a gr\p ( sigill>ia1 =ty 9 numb]1 /&+ at "r angles to ! plane ( ! b$s1 & n m ?an ?ree or f\r feet ap>t4 ,_m ( ! tree fossils occupy a simil> position 9 ! ,nor?umb]l& & ,newca/le coal-measures1 rem9d+ u ( ! subm]g$ =e/s ( :i*1 )9 ! mod]n epo*1 our sea-coa/s furni% s _m examples4 ,! ,newca/le coal-field embraces an area ( ne>ly eight hundr$ squ>e miles1 be+ =ty-eight miles 9 l5g? by tw5ty-f\r 9 bread?2 ! dep? ( ! %aft is ab\t ?ree hundr$ fa?oms1 f :i* are annually br\ght to ! surface an av]age ( six million tons ( coal4 ,sixty ?\s& p]sons are employ$ 9 ! m9+ op]ations2 & f\rte5 hundr$ vessels are engag$ 9 c>ry+ ! m9]al to ,london & its environs4 ,! iron trade1 connect$ ) ! diff]5t ,engli% coal-fields1 is ^u a correspond+ scale ( magnitude1 !re be+ little %ort ( a million & a half tons ( ! metal annually smelt$ & br\ght to ! m>ket1 e/imat$ to be wor?1 ^u an av]age1 tw5ty millions ( p\nds /]l+1 & compris+ )9 ! dim5sions ( ?is small isl&1 z mu* z is exhum$ by all ! o!r nations ( ! globe4 ,! ,newca/le coal-measures h be5 s+ul>ly di/urb$4 ,a basaltic dyke1 9 "s places eighte5 y>ds wide1 crosses ! s\!rn "p ( ! field1 ?r[+ d[n ! metals on "o side n9ety fa?oms1 & r$uc+ ! coal1 at ! di/ance ( fifty y>ds1 to a /ate ( c9d]4 ,?is great dyke is traceable ?r\gh a c\rse ( sev5ty miles4 ,z an example ( ! prodigi\s p[] ) :i* ^! subt]ranean =ces h act$ 9 ! di/rict1 suffice x to m5tion1 t ! lime/one :i* und]lies ! coal metals has be5 elevat$ ne>ly to ! summit ( ,cross ,fell1 a m\nta9 ?ree ?\s& feet 9 height2 & e/imat+ ! ?ickness ( ! =mation at f\r ?\s& feet1 ! lime/one1 x w ?us appe>1 has be5 rais$ above its orig9al position upw>d ( six ?\s& feet4 ,! 8gre5 rock10 or basaltic gre5/one ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire coal-field1 pres5ts an int]e/+ subject ( geological rese>*4 ,! c5t] ( ! =mation1 z also t ( ! eruptive ag5cy ( ! tract1 may be consid]$ to be 9 ! ,r[ley ,hills1 f :i* ! latt] div]ges on all sides1 sett+ (f innum]able ve9s or v]tical dykes1 :i* are subdivid$ into small] ve9s ( a :ite color1 & ev]y:]e p5etrat+ & alt]+ ! %ales1 s&/ones1 & coal metals4 ,?is igne\s mass is m ( an und]gr\nd ?an sup]-surface rock1 occupy+ an area ( tw5ty-five squ>e miles1 & ris+ only into slightly-elevat$ & deta*$ ridges4 ,x corresponds1 9 m9]al *>act]s & position1 ) ano!r ext5sive effusion ( trap 9 ! nor!rn coal-fields1 t]m$ ! 8,:9sill40 ,?is consi/s ( a b$ ( basalt1 :i* has be5 inject$ among ! /rata ( ! coal-measures1 or1 z "s conjecture1 has be5 p\r$ ov] !m z a cotemporane\s =mation--an ov]flood ( lava produc$ dur+ ! deposition ( ! m\nta9 lime/one gr\p1 & ov]laid 9 turn by ! succe$+ s]ies ( upp] /rata4 ,ne>ly ! entire coal-measures ( ! nor? ( ,engl& h be5 m or less influ5c$ by ! eruption ( ! ,:9sill1 f :i* dykes are ?r[n (f 9 e direction1 accompani$ by ph5om5a precisely simil> to ^? exhibit$ 9 ! coal di/ricts ( ,scotl&4 ,9 bo? c\ntries ! same ag5cies are !reby demon/rat$ to h be5 at "w1 orig9at+ 9 ! same causes & produc+ simil> effects1 & d\btless cotemporane\s 9 _! op]ations ov] ^! & o!r imm5se areas ( ! globe4 ,! rocks :i* con/itute ! ,,second>y & ,,t]ti>y ,,divisions 9 ! great geological s]ies rema9 to be describ$4 ,^!1 g5]ally1 all range ea/w>d f ! old] =mations1 to :i* !y succe$ 9 ! ord] ( sup]position4 ,! l9e ( section ( ! :ole be>s f ,:itehav5 on ! nor?-we/1 to ,ne:av5 on ! ,g]man ,ocean by s\?-ea/1 :]e1 along ?is c\rse1 e =mation 9 ! isl& is int]sect$1 asc5d+ f ! granite ( ! ,cumbrian m\nta9s ?r\gh all ! int]m$iate s]ies to ! ,london clay & upp] t]ti>ies4 ,! /rata ( :i* ^! =mations consi/ are all1 m or less1 incl9$ to ! horizon1 dipp+ "u ea* o!r1 & em]g+ 9 succession to ! surface4 ,! outcrop is at "r angles to ! l9e ( section1 s t ea* class ( rocks rises to & faces ! nor?-we/1 meet+ ! eye ( ! geologi/ z !y are 9 turn approa*$1 & n>r[+ 9 ext5t & rec$+ 9 proportion z !y are v]tically remov$ f ! old] sy/ems4 ,h5ce1 7 our rese>*es to beg9 "h1 in/ead ( 9 ! ,grampian range1 ! />t+ po9t w\ld necess>ily be 9 ! ,lake m\nta9s4 ,! cry/all9e prim>y rocks are develop$1 ?\gh sp>+ly1 9 ?is di/rict2 & ^!1 aga91 are surr\nd$ & ov]laid by ! l[e/ fossilif]\s deposits1 t]m$ by _! explor] & hi/orian1 8,! ,cumbrian ,sy/em40 ,all ! drie/ details ( ! sci5ce are "h too amply reliev$ by ! *>m+ & magnific5t sc5]y amid/ :i* !y fall to be wr\ght out1 :]e ! inn] & out] arrangem5ts ( ,nature1 9 ! disposition ( h] works1 are alike fitt$ to call =? our admiration & delight4 ,! au?or ( 8,elia10 :o _h sp5t 8 days 9 a city life & _h a prejudice aga9/ e o!r mode ( consum+ "t1 ^u 8 fir/ excursion s f> into ! c\ntry1 describes ,col]idge z 8dwell+ ^u a small hill by ! side ( ,keswick1 9 a com=table h\se1 q envelop$ on all sides by a net ( m\nta9s2 great fl\nd]+ be>s & mon/]s !y seem$1 all c\*ant & asleep40 ,x 0 en\gh2 ! s\l ( ! man ( g5ius 0 /irr$4 ,he clamb]$ up to ! top ( ,skiddaw2 & he wad$ up ! b$ ( ! ,lodore2 & he satisfi$ himself1 8t !re is su* a ?+ z t\ri/s call romantic40 ,b ,lamb 0 nev] meant = a geologi/1 & = sci5ce ( any k9d he _h no aptitude4 ,! a?letic ,wordswor? is ( a diff]5t mold1 compact$ ( diff]5t elem5ts1 a m9d /or$ ) ! lovelie/ images2 an und]/&+ capable ( s\nd+ ! dep?s ( any subject1 & a ?ir/ aft] k f all & e s\rce ( visible creation2 & yet1 m>k h[ disp>ag+ly he pron\nces judgm5t ^u ! /ud5t ( unque/ionably ! mo/ poetical ( all ! bran*es ( physical inquiry--8t fell[ w&]]0-- 8,he :o ) pocket hamm] smites ! edge ,( luckless rock or prom95t /one1 ,! sub/ance classes by "s b>b>\s "n1 ,& hurries on2 & ?9ks himself enri*$1 ,weal?i]1 & d\btless wis]1 ?an be=e40 ,b m51 x w\ld seem1 c no m comm& _! moods ( ?\ght ?an _! prejudices4 ,! poetical ve91 l ! geological1 w bur/ ?r\gh all re/ra9ts to illu/rate & v9dicate ! pr9ciples ( tru?4 ,we h (t5 repeat$1 recall+ !m f memory1 z ! index ( our own frame ( m9d1 :ile se>*+ 9 ! crypts ( ! primeval _w1 ! beautiful l9es--a hymn to ,nature's works1 & ! /udy ( !m-- 8,^! b>r5 rocks1 our /]n inh]itance1 ,^! f]tile fields1 t recomp5se our pa9s1 ,! %ad[y vale1 ! sunny m\nta9 top1 ,woods wav+ 9 ! w9d _! l(ty heads1 ,or hu%$2 ! ro>+ wat]s1 & ! /ill4 ,!y see ! (f]+ ( my lift$ h&s-- ,!y he> my lips pres5t _! sacrifice-- ,!y "k if ,i be sil5t1 morn or ev540 ,nor does x re/ "h1 = directly is our sci5ce "u a deep debt ( gratitude to ! au?or ( ! 8,excursion10 :o s\ght = & obta9$ ! aid ( ! geologi/'s p5cil to fill up ! outl9e ( 8 own sweet picture ( ! 8,sc5]y ( ! ,lakes40 ,read side by side1 "o may well ask1 :e!r ! descriptions ( ! poet1 or ! sket*es ( ! philosoph]1 are ! m buoyant 9 diction1 div]sifi$ 9 illu/ration1 or pregnant ) devotional inspiration4 ,! "w ( ,wordswor? & ,s$gwick z a companion ( travel is )\t a rival1 9 :i*1 & out ( ! d>ke/ pages ( creation1 we see ! light ( sci5ce fall+ ^u1 z if int5d+ 9 v]ity to produce1 an illum9at$ volume1 & ov] :i*1 at "o & ! same mom5t imag9ation is ?r[+ h] gay] & s(t] color+s4 ,! physical /ructure ( ! di/rict1 9 fact1 furni%es ! key to all its picturesque & delici\s sc5]y4 ,! geology & ! poetry are ! c\nt]p>ts ( ea* o!r4 ,wordswor? has drank deep at ! f\nta9s1 & told ! /ory ( ! "o3 ! lessons ( ! o!r h be5 read by a k9dr$ _s1 :o has he>d ! mighty voice mutt]$ 9 ! d>k recesses ( ! e>?1 &1 9 8 own eloqu5tly impassion$ diction1 ,s$gwick has record$ ! tru?s 8( wisdom1 ( inspiration1 & ( gladness2 tell+ u ( ?+s unse5 by vulg> eyes--( ! my/]ies ( creation--( ! records ( ,god's w be=e man's be+--( a _s brea?+ ov] matt] be=e a liv+ s\l 0 plac$ )9 x--( laws z un*angeable z ! oracles ( nature40 ,& out ( all ! app>5t confusion1 & multiplicity ( objects s bl5d$ toge!r1 he has br\ght 8h>monies0 to light1 :i* are to h 8_! full consummation only 9 ! end ( "t1 :5 all ! bonds ( matt] %all be ca/ away1 & !re %all beg9 ! reign ( k & univ]sal love40 ,illu/ration3 ,/ructure ( ! ,cumbrian ,gr\p4 #a4 ,granite4 #b4 ,skiddaw ,slate4 #c4 ,gre5 ,ro(+ ,slate1 ,porphyry1 c4 #d4 ,coni/on ,lime/one4 #e4 ,silici\s ,grits4 #f4 ,irele? ,slates4 #g4 ,slaty ,flag/one4 #h4 ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 #i4 ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one4 #aj4 ,magnesian ,lime/one1 & ,new ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,?us1 z se5 9 ! prec$+ section1 f\r geological sy/ems are1 9 ?is *>m+ di/rict ( lakes & m\nta9s1 all clu/]$ toge!r & roll$ up = ! conv5i5t inspection ( a few days' rambles3 ,! ,silurian1 ,devonian1 ,c>bonif]\s1 & ,p]mian3 & to ^! are to be add$ ! ,granites1 ,porphyries1 & ,plutonic family ( gre5/ones & basalts4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,p]mian ,,sy/em--,,new ,,r$ ,,s&/one4 ,! geological =mations describ$ are succe$$ 9 ! asc5d+ ord] by ! ,,p]mian sy/em ( deposits--a t]m borr[$ f ! dep>tm5t ( ,p]m 9 ,russia1 :]e ! /rata cov] an area ab\t twice ! size ( ,france4 ,?is con/itutes ! new r$ s&/one ( ,engli% geology1 & has _m equival5ts 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,?us1 9 ! l[] division ( ! gr\p or true ,p]mian1 !re occurs ! ,ze*/e9 & ,l[] ,bunt] s]ies ( /rata3 9 ! upp] or triassic division1 ! equival5ts are ! ,upp] ,bunt] & ,grs ,big>r1 or v>iegat$ s&/one1 ! ,mus*elkalk & ,keup] ( ,fr5* & ,g]man au?ors4 ,! sy/em is l>gely develop$ 9 ,am]ica1 ,africa1 ,india & ,*9a2 :]e1 z 9 ,brita91 ! deposits are ( extremely v>i$ m9]al *>act]s1 consi/+ ( grits1 s&/ones1 m>ls1 lime/ones1 gypsum1 & rock-salt1 ea* pres5t+ its own family types ( vegetable & animal life4 ,! new r$ s&/one ext5ds across ,engl& )\t int]ruption1 ?r\gh ! m$ial or c5tral c\nties1 & ranges ne>ly nor?-ea/ by s\?-we/4 ,! two great divisions ( :i* x consi/s are ev]y:]e well m>k$1 ! dolomitic or magnesian lime/one =m+ ! base1 & giv+ "* to ! l[] p]mian gr\p2 ! upp] triassic gr\p is suffici5tly di/+ui%$ by ! rock-salt deposit :i* is :olly includ$ 9 ?is "p ( ! =mation4 ,ea*1 too1 has its own peculi> set ( fossils4 ,^? ( ! =m] are alli$ to animals t fl\ri%$ dur+ ! c>bonif]\s p]iod2 two g5]a ( fi%es1 ! paloniscus & pylopt]us1 are common to bo?4 ,! fauna & flora ( ! triassic gr\p are reg>d$ z entirely new1 nei!r borr[+ f nor imp>t+ any?+ to illu/rate ! organisms ( ! old] families ( rocks4 ,! "o s]ies ( /rata ?us repres5ts ! com+ ( a new1 ! o!r records ! dep>ture ( a pa/ /ate ( ?+s4 ,9 ! c5tral c\nties ( ,engl& ?is deposit exp&s into a great pla91 surr\nd$ on all sides by ! coal-measures1 :ile )9 its own area sev]al bas9s--z ^? ( ,leice/]1 ,w>wick1 & ,s\? ,/af=d--are includ$1 be+ completely isolat$ by ! new r$4 ,an int]e/+ economic "q h5ce arises--,d ! coal m9]als occupy ! :ole or any consid]able portion1 ( ! ext5sive area cov]$ by ?is =mation8 ,an equally important geological problem is connect$ ) ! solution ( ! "q--namely1 ,:at are ! g5]al relations ( ! old] to ! new] deposits ( ! di/rict8 ,! rese>*es ( ,sir ,r4 ,i4 ,mur*ison1 & m rec5tly1 ( ! geological survey1 h %[n t ! ?ree gr\ps ( /ratifi$ rocks 9 ,s\? ,/af=d%ire1 ! new r$ s&/one1 coal-measures1 & silurian b$s1 are ea* uncon=mable to ! o!r--t ! upp] re/s indiff]5tly ^u ! two l[] =mations--& t :]e ! old r$ occurs1 ! new is sometimes 9 imm$iate contact4 ,x is inf]r$ f ?is1 t !re 0 an uplift+ ( ! silurian rocks1 along ) consid]able d5udation1 previ\s to ! deposition ( ! c>bonif]\s /rata4 ,mr4 ,jukes has obs]v$ pebbles ( coal1 9 great abundance1 9 ! l[] b$s ( ! new r$ s&/one1 & !nce d$uces ! foll[+ conclusions3--#a4 ,t !re 0 a movem5t & d5udation ( ! coal-measures1 am\nt+1 9 "s localities1 to _! entire de/ruction & removal1 be=e ! deposition ( ! new r$ s&/one4 #b4 ,t1 subsequ5tly to ! deposition ( ! new r$ s&/one1 !re 0 a v great movem5t ( all ^! rocks1 produc+ _! pres5t faults & incl9$ positions4 #c4 ,t ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire coal-field1 z f> z exam9$1 pres5t examples ( ?ree k9ds ( relation betwe5 ! coal-measures & new r$ s&/ones2 i4 e41 by con=mable succession2 by fault1 ! coal-measures be+ pres5t on ! d[nca/ side2 &1 ?irdly1 :]e ! de/ruction ( ! coal-measures has br\ght ! new r$ s&/one into imm$iate contact ) ! silurian /rata4 ,! au?or ( ?is pap] is f>!r ( op9ion t1 :ile !re is a great probability t ! l>g] "p ( ! new r$ s&/one pla9 conceals productive coal-measures1 !re is ! presumption t ^! w n be f\nd at a dep? ( less ?an #ejj or #fjj y>ds bel[ ! surface4 ,correspond+ ) ^! views x w be rememb]$ t1 aft] ! deposition ( ! coal-measures1 !re succe$$ a p]iod ( viol5t plutonic action1 :]eby ! =mation 0 dislocat$1 brok5 up into small] sections or bas9s1 & pi]c$ by ! igne\s rocks4 ,!re w\ld1 consequ5tly1 dur+ ?is season ( p>oxysm1 be a va/ de/ruction ( animal & vegetable life4 ,! indurat$ cru/ w\ld ev]y:]e und]go great trituration4 ,gravel1 s&1 & mud ( e quality w\ld be ca/ along ! %ores1 or silt$ up 9 ! deep] holl[s4 ,& !n aga9 w\ld come a t]m ( g5]al repose1 z ! angry elem5ts subsid$1 exhau/$ by _! own viol5ce4 ,! sc5e 0 actually or ne>ly z describ$2 &1 9 ! aspect ( ! old] d5ud$ & uplift$ rocks1 z above repres5t$1 !re are ! mo/ /rik+ evid5ces ( ! agitations ( ! p]iod4 ,! exub]ant flora ( ! c>bonif]\s age1 suff]$ prodigi\sly1 or became utt]ly ext9ct4 ,conglom]ates 7 =m$ :i* exhibit few traces ( organic life4 ,to ^! succe$$ ! va/ areas ( ! f9e-gra9$ s&/ones1 & gypse\s & salif]\s m>ls1 ev]y:]e ne>ly horizontal1 & /ill undi/urb$ on _! anci5t b$s4 ,! tribes ( animals 7 abridg$ 9 numb]s1 *ang$ or modifi$ 9 /ructure1 s z to suit ! alt]$ /ate ( ?+s4 ,! ra9-drop1 ripple-m>k1 & foot-pr9t are all witnesses to be adduc$ ( ! mighty *ange1 z !y are all pro(s ( ! do+s ( ,him :o holds ! wat]s 9 ! holl[ ( 8 h&1 makes ! cl\ds to di/ill 9 %[]s1 issues 8 comm& to ! hurricane & ! e>?quake1 & re/ores 9 r5ovat$ beauty ! face ( nature4 ,! l[e/ b$ ( ! =mation is ! magnesian lime/one1 :i* d]ives its "n f ! quantity ( c>bonate ( magnesia di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! matt] ( ! rock1 am\nt+ 9 "s in/ances to z mu* z sixty p] c5t4 ,x is likewise call$ ! dolomitic lime/one1 f ,m4 ,dolomieu1 :o fir/ inve/igat$ its granul> cry/all9e /ructure4 ,?is lime/one is g5]ally ( a yell[ color1 glimm]+ lu/]1 pass+ occasionally into blue & brick-r$ v>ieties1 & exfoliates 9 ?9 plates1 or breaks up 9 l>ge botryoidal masses4 ,9 ?is =m x occurs at ! cliffs ( ,durham1 :]e x assumes ! gr\p+ & arrangem5t ( *a9-%ot2 &1 z ! b$s are di/9ctly /ratifi$1 ! face ( ! rock has a v /rik+ & pleas+ effect4 ,9 ! m s\!rn c\nties1 ?is =mation exi/s g5]ally 9 ! =m ( a conglom]ate1 suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! debris ( ! old] c>bonif]\s lime/one unit$ by a dolomitic pa/e2 ?us illu/rat+ ! s\rce & mode ( ! deposit1 :ile 9 ! organic rema9s !re has be5 trac$ a regul> gradation betwe5 ! types ( ! old] sub-c>bonif]\s & ! successive new] /rata4 ,let u consid] "s ( ! m rem>kable =ms1 trac+s1 & +r$i5ts ( ! =mation4 ,i4 ,,! ,,organic ,,rema9s are scanty z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! age imm$iately ant]ior4 ,! vegetable =ms1 z yet detect$1 are new & di/9ct4 ,! fi%es consi/ ( six or sev5 g5]a1 & ab\t z _m diff]5t species4 ,& "h comm5ces1 x is suppos$1 ! s+ul> *ange 9 _! ossification1 = :i* sci5ce c assign no reason1 z x _c detect ! lea/ appe>ance ( graduation into ! new1 = ! fir/ "t1 begun & complet$ *ange4 ,! fi%es ( ! =mation pres5t ! ,,homoc]cal--t is1 ! equally-lob$1 or "o-lob$ tail-f91--a /ructure peculi> to exi/+ races1 ) ! exception ( ! %>k1 /urgeon1 & a few o!rs1 & =m a /rik+ contra/ to ^? 9 ! antec$5t gr\ps1 :i* 7 all possess$ ( ! ,,het]oc]cal1 or unequally-lob$ tail-f94 ,illu/ration3 ,het]oc]cal4 ,homoc]cal4 ,! ,p]mian sy/em ( /rata has hi!rto be5 not$ = ! introduction ( walk+1 air-brea?+ animals2 h5ce x has be5 a canon ( ! sci5ce1 t 9 ^! deposits lie entomb$ ! la/ l9ks ( t anci5t *a9 ( organic life :i* prevail$ f ! beg9n+1 & also ! fir/ t]ms ( ! new s]ies :i* atta9$ to su* mon/rosities & prolific exub]ance 9 ! succe$+ epo*4 ,d\btful z to ! exi/5ce ( reptilian & orni?ic creatures dur+ ! c>bonif]\s p]iod1 bo? =ms ( creation are "h di/9ctly manife/$2 &1 9 ! high] memb]s ( ! triassic gr\p1 birds & reptiles h left traces ( _! pa?4 ,?us rem>kably def9$1 9 an inv>iable *ronological s]ies1 0 ! new r$ s&/one =mation2 all ! anci5t types ( organic life 7 disappe>+2 completely new =ms _h j begun to replace !m4 ,b1 :ile we are writ+1 ! discov]y has be5 ann\nc$ t1 s old z ! devonian age1 reptiles exi/$2 alligator-l foot-pr9ts1 9 regul> alt]nat+ ord]1 h be5 f\nd impress$ 9 ! old r$ s&/one1 ne> ,pottsville 9 ,p5nsylvania1 & by ,mr4 ,lea1 _! discov]] & ,am]ican con*ologi/1 ! animal :i* own$ !m has be5 nam$ ! ,,sauropus ,,prim,,vus4 ,a revolution 9 geology is decre$ 9 ! words4 ,_m divisions 9 ! sy/ems ( rocks w h to be revis$1 _m di/9ctions altoge!r oblit]at$1 !ories ( developm5t & ( _m o!r ?+s are n[ sadly misplac$1 & out ( keep+ ) ! newly-decl>$ ord] & progress ( organic life4#g ,b )\t v5tur+ at pres5t to ent] ^u ! consequ5ces to palontology involv$ 9 ?is important discov]y1 we proce$ ) ! kn[n & recogniz$ hi/ory ( ! =mation 9 "q4 ,! organic rema9s conta9$ 9 ! upp]1 or triassic gr\p1 diff] consid]ably f ^? ( ! l[] division ( b$s4--,:ile ! same families ( vegetable fossils are pres]v$ :i* *>act]iz$ ! coal-measures1 ! p>ticul> species & g5]a h disappe>$4 ,ab\t tw5ty species ( f]ns & conif]1 a few calamites1 sev]al fucoid plants1 & a gigantic g5us nam$ ,voltzia1 & resembl+ ! ,arauc>ia or ,norfolk ,isl& fir1 comprise ! ?9ly-scatt]$ specim5s ( ! flora ( ! p]iod4 ,! qu>ries at ,cov5try yield "s undet]m9$ /ems ( trees1 & leaves l ^? ( our ?ick-ribb$ cabbages h be5 f\nd 9 ! /rata ne> ,liv]pool4 ,! animal rema9s are m num]\s z well z v>i$ 9 _! /ructures2 "s1 inde$1 altoge!r anomal\s 9 _! organization1 & foot-pr9ts ( ! mo/ puzzl+ *>act]s & dim5sions4 ,!re are sev]al new types ( mollusca & cr9oidea1 among ! latt] ! ,encr9us =mosus1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful =ms 9 any dep>tm5t ( ! animal k+dom4 ,! fi%es ( ! placoid ord] consi/ ( sev5 g5]a & f\rte5 species1 ( ganoids ?ree g5]a & sev5 species4 ,! ,,reptilia supply ! m>vels ( ! p]iod4 ,pr(4 ,ow5 has describ$ six di/9ct g5]a f ^! s+ul> fossils1 9 :i* he has e/abli%$ an aff9ity to ! batra*ia4 ,f ! curi\sly-complicat$ texture ( ! tee?1 ! t]m labyr9?odon has be5 giv5 to "o g5us1 :ile ! same au?ority sugge/s1 t ! foot-impressions to :i* ! t]m *eiro!rium _h already be5 appli$1 might belong to ?is animal4 ,! two g5]a1 claydyodon & rhyncosaurus1 are rem>kable specim5s ( organic /ructure1 ! latt] comb9+ ! lac]tian type ( skull1 ) ed5tul\s jaws1 :i* imp>t to ! =ep>t ( ! head ! pr(ile ( a p>rot4 ,,ii4 ,! ,,i*nolites1 or foot-pr9ts1 con/itute a m>k$ feature ( ! =mation4 ,^! geological ph5om5a 7 fir/ introduc$ to ! notice ( ! public1 ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 by ! late ,dr4 ,duncan ( ,ru?well1 :5 8 ann\ncem5t ( ! tracks & foot-m>ks ( animals along ! anci5t %ores ( ,dumfries-%ire creat$ a s5sation among all classes hi!rto unprec$5t$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! fossil dep>tm5t ( ! sci5ce4 ,rob9son ,crusoe 0 n m mov$ at ! discov]y ( a human foot-pr9t on ! s&s ( 8 lonely isl& 9 ! di/ant ma91 ?an 7 m5 ( sci5ce1 t traces ( organic life %\ld ?us be /]eotyp$ 9 a deposit believ$ to be utt]ly de/itute ( fossil relics4 ,! creatures :i* _h trac$ !m1 s l to exi/+ walk+ ?+s1 greatly increas$ ! int]e/ & ! wond] excit$ by ! picture--! tread 9 all ! fre%ness ( ye/]day ( ! inhabitants ( ! ant$iluvian _w6 ,! ph5om5on1 h[ev]1 is n[ "o ( v g5]al & common occurr5ce1 sev]al qu>ries 9 ! same locality--v>i\s places 9 ,engl&--9 ,saxony--9 ! /ates ( ,connecticut1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,virg9ia--hav+ s9ce be5 f\nd to yield ! impressions 9 ! greate/ abundance1 & ( num]\s types & =ms4 ,& s well del9eat$ & p]fect are ! impressions1 t1 9 ! abs5ce ( any o!r rem9isc5ce ( ! animal1 ^! *>act]s h suppli$ ! same aid to ! skillful palontologi/ t ! fragm5t ( a bone1 a f91 or a scale1 did to ,cuvi] & ,agassiz1 9 ! recon/ruction ( _! organic models1 & det]m9ation ( ext9ct g5]a & species4 ,birds & reptilian quadrup$s h all contribut$ _! %>e 9 ! production ( ^! curi\s li?ographs4 ,small toe-look+ scrat*es1 deep-palmy impressions1 clov5 ho(-l ind5tations1 & l>ge gigantic holl[s1 h all be5 pictur$ 9 cle> di/9ct outl9e1 cov]$ up1 & n[ aga9 laid pat5t be=e y z by ! removal ( ! cov]lit ( y\r album4 ,! ,bo/on 8,j\rnal ( ,natural ,hi/ory0 communicates ! foll[+ int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,deane3--8,i h 9 my possession10 he says1 8consecutive impressions ( tridactyle feet1 :i* measure eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 by f\rte5 9 bread?1 betwe5 ! extremities ( ! lat]al toes4 ,ea* foot/ep w hold half a gallon ( wat]1 & ! /ride is f\r feet4 ,! orig9al bird mu/ h be5 f\r or five times l>g] ?an ! ,african o/ri*1 & !re=e c\ld n h weigh$ less ?an #fjj p\nds4 ,e /ep ! creature took sank deep1 & ! sub/rata b5t b5ea? ! enorm\s load4 ,if an ox walk ov] /iff5$ clay1 he w\ld n s9k s deeply z did ?is trem5d\s bird40 ,sir ,c4 ,lyell has exam9$ mo/ ( ! foot-pr9t di/ricts 9 ,am]ica1 & f\nd ! m>k+s s num]\s 9 "s places z to resemble ! puddl$ /& ( a %eep-fold or m>ket-place2 ! v spots1 d\btless1 :i!r ! animals _h resort$ to qu5* _! ?ir/1 or scre5 !m at mid-day f ! scor*+ heat4 ,! v>i\s trac+s become m di/9ct 9 proportion to ! di/ance f ! sc5e ( common r5dezv\s1 & ! sev]al r\tes by :i* !y w\ld return to _! respective haunts1 or fields ( pa/urage1 are cle>ly def9$4 ,a consid]able d\bt hung ov] ! acc\nts f "t to "t detail$ 9 ! ,am]ican j\rnals & o!r publications1 conc]n+ ^! novel & extraord9>y discov]ies1 until !y 7 m ?an mat*$ by ! actual exhumation ( ! entire skeletons ( ! fea!ry tribes1 f> exce$+ 9 dim5sions any?+ hi!rto dream$ ( 9 ! sci5ce ( orni?ology4 ,! collections ( ,mr4 ,williams1 & ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,mantell1 f ! alluvial deposits ( ,new ,zeal&1 utt]ly conf\nd$ all previ\s calculations z to ! size & bulk atta9able by ! bird tribe4 ,! tibia ( a ,d9ornis1 9 ! collection ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 measures ?irty-"o in*es 9 l5g?1 a femur sev5te5 in*es1 ! av]age circumf]5ce ( bo? be+ ne>ly twelve in*es4 ,f ! foot to ! top ( ! clavicle1 ! animal mu/ h /ood at lea/ ?irte5 feet 9 height4 ,) ! /rut ( ! turkey1 or ! pride ( ! peacock--head & neck ( correspond+ altitude--:at a d5iz5 = ! wilds & =e/s ( ?is region ( ! new _w6 ,:5 animals ( simil> dim5sions1 b ( an e>li] epo*1 frequ5t$ ! bea*es ( ,great ,brita91 we h to imag9e ! ,cumbrian m\nta9s1 ! ,p59e *a91 ,d]by ,peak1 & ! l(ty cliffs ( ,avon1 surr\nd$ by an inl& sea /ret*+ by c5tral ,france1 ! ,black ,=e/1 & ! ,h>tz m\nta9s1 & ! %ores all r\nd silt$ ) ! mat]ials :i* n[ con/itute ! triassic gr\p4 ,tortoises1 turtles1 bird-head$ liz>ds1 birds !mselves1 salam&] & frog-l creatures l>g] ?an crocodiles1 resort$ z n[ to ! sea-%ore1 9 ! cool fre% ( ! ev5+ or z tide-m>k p]mitt$1 & regal$ !mselves at w on ! food :i* an ev]-b\nte\s elem5t furni%$ to _! v>i\s wants4 ,! sci5ce :i*1 f su* indicia z ^!1 has succe$$ 9 det]m9+ n only ! class1 b ! v =m & habits1 ( ! animals :i* impress$ !m--no o!r traces rema9+ ?an ^? petrifi$ foot/eps1 cov]$ up & hidd5 = ages--pres5ts subjects ( /udy to ! inquir+ m9d1 :i* may well rank among ! mo/ valuable1 z well z curi\s1 ( human rese>*4 ,is x n wond]ful en\gh1 t organic impressions m]ely %\ld h be5 transmitt$ s fre% & entire1 z to admit ( classification1 equal 9 sci5tific precision to t ( ! families ( liv+ ?+s8 ,:at matt] ( sugge/ive reflection1 inscrib$ on e page ( t hi/ory8 ,! tribes :i* 7 creat$ & fl\ri%$ dur+ ! ,p]mian-triassic age p]i%$1 _! e>?y p>ts 9 mo/ cases 7 all aga9 absorb$ by ! e>?1 dissipat$ or melt$ into ! viewless air4 ,/ill !re are memorials ( _! exi/5ce1 endur+ & indelible1 n ( bones & s9ews1 b ( actions & habits1 :i* ! wat]s _c oblit]ate1 nor ! floods wa% away6 ,man1 a be+ ( a diff]5t mold1--& ) him 8,w all great ,neptune's ocean wa% ?is blood ,clean f my h&80 0 ! cry ( in/9ctive dread--! =ebod+ ( an assur$ consci5ce1 t ! f\l & guilty de$ c\ld nev] be effac$ f ! memory1 nor blott$ f ! records ( creation4 ,! foot-tread ( ! robb] has track$ him to 8 d52 ! m9ute/ /a9 ( blood has e/abli%$ ! crime ( murd]2 a dream or vision ( ! night has po9t$ to ! mangl$ corse2 a ^w utt]$ ye>s aft] all 0 =gott51 or a rude ditty *ant$1 h recall$ ! pictures ( infancy1 & ! w&]] to 8 home4 ,"h we behold1 /amp$ ^u ! rock1 legible z ! law ^u ! tablets ( ! he>t1 intimations ( ! great univ]sal law1 t an act once committ$ _c be cancel$2 t a cause w be foll[$ by a sequ5ce ( effects2 indef9ite & ev]-ext5d+2 & t ! ,div9e ,_s1 :i* drew illu/rations f ! fields & taught wisdom among ! rocks ( ,horeb1 /ill po9ts ! moral 9 ^! ineffaceable memorials--t ! record+ angel s traces 9 ! book ( life ! /ory ( e age1 ( e g5]ation1 ( e individual1 nev] to be lo/ nor =gott5 9 t et]nity :i!r _! works d all foll[ !m4 ,,iii4 ,o!r s+ul> records ( ! age "u review h be5 pres]v$ 9 a simil> mann]2 = ! ocean itself has n fail$ to impress its own movem5ts on ! s&s lav$ by its wat]s4 ,h5ce ! ,,ripple-,,m>k has be5 detect$1 a recogniz$ object ( ! sci5ce1 & a ph5om5on to be se5 9 ! s&/ones ( all ages & 9 all c\ntries4 ,! new r$1 f ! /ill] wat]s p]haps 9 :i* x 0 =m$1 conta9s ev]y:]e beautifully m9ute & p]fect del9eations ( ! k9d4 ,! furr[$ s&/ones =m a class by !mselves1 be+ select$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,brighton1 z pav+-/ones = ! /reets1 & 9 ! /able-y>ds z a protection = ! horses aga9/ slipp+4 ,! traces (t5 ( ! m de/ructive viol5ce ( ! sea1 ev5 ( rec5t date1 9 level+ villages1 sweep+ d[n pla9s1 und]m9+ cliffs1 ov]:elm+ pr\d navies1 are completely oblit]at$ or =gott51 :ile "h ! records ( its /ill voice are indelibly engrav5 on ! rock4 ,obs]ve o!r m>k+s z y walk along ! sea-%ore on a summ]'s eve2 h[ e wavelet t breaks ^u ! bea* leaves its t9y ind5tation1 until ! :ole surface becomes furr[$ z ! reflex ( ! ev]-%ift+ flood2 !re spr+ up on e side innum]able hillocks ( s&1 little bli/]s ?r\gh :i* y detect ! movem5ts ( a creature )91 & !n ! trail ( ! sea-worm is visible all ov]4 ,^! 7 v]mes & annelides burr[+ 9 ! s&s1 9 ^? anci5t times1 ) in/9cts & habits precisely ! same4 8,we f9d10 says ,dr4 ,buckl&1 8on ! surface ( slabs1 bo? ( ! calc>e\s grit1 & ,/onesfield slate1 ne> ,ox=d1 & on s&/ones ( ! ,weald5 =mation1 9 ,sussex & ,dorset%ire1 p]fectly-pres]v$ & petrifi$ ca/+s ( m>9e worms1 at ! upp] extremity ( holes bor$ by !m 9 ! s&1 :ile x 0 yet s(t at ! bottom ( ! wat]2 & )9 ! s&/ones1 traces ( tubul> holes 9 :i* ! worms resid$40 ,nature "h has *ang$ little f h] fir/ models2 ! same elem5t1 :i* is n[ *aff+ ^u ! same mat]ials ( s& & rock1 has possess$ ?r\gh all "t ! same +r$i5ts ( life-/irr+ action4 ,,iv4 ,nor has ! atmosph]e--t tw9 ocean ( upp] e>?--fail$ to give evid5ce ( ! prop]ties & laws by :i* x 0 !n gov]n$4 ,! ,,ra9-,,drop1 a s+ul> unmi/akeable m>k+1 has also be5 detect$ ^u ! s&/ones ( ! p]iod4 ,^! impressions h be5 describ$ & adopt$ by m5 ( sci5ce z ! true v]itable indices ( ! %[]s & cl\d-falls ( ! old _w4 ,! v size ( ! drop may be measur$1 ! ?ick patt]+ ( ! ra9 comp>$ ) ! scanty or copi\s %[]s ( ! pres5t day1 & ! v po9t detect$ f :i* ! w9d blew on ! day t ^! %[]s fell4 ,:at a curi\s tale is ?us disclos$1 by a record1 no mod]n v]sion ( :i* any "o w /ay to read a mom5t long] ?an he c escape to %elt] f its influ5ces4 ,a/ronom]s tell u1 ^u ! fai? ( ! ,h]s*els1 ! measurem5ts ( ,/rve1 ,bessel1 & ,mdl]1 t1 not)/&+ t light travels at ! inconceivable spe$ ( two hundr$ & ?irte5 ?\s& miles 9 a second1 ! light f ,uranus1 "o ( our own planet>y sy/em1 does n rea* our e>? until two h\rs aft] x has be5 emitt$ f its orb2 t1 f ! edge ( ! ,milky ,way1 a /> ( ! twelf? magnitude1 c>e]+ 9 all ! effulg5ce ( t lum9\s e!r1 _c be descri$ until f\r ?\s& ye>s aft] ! ray has begun its j\rney+s2 & yet m1 z ! results ( ! mo/ rigid induction1 x is reveal$ to u t ! spots ( cl\ds1 :i* "u ! resolv+ p[] ( ! be/ telescopes seem m oval flakes or small specks ( :it5ess1 are really di/9ct & indep5d5t sy/ems1 float+ at su* an immeasurable di/ance t ! light has to w&] millions ( ye>s be=e x c break 9 its fa9te/ morn+-/reak ^u our horizon4 ,m>k ! analogy1 !re=e1 ere y sc(f at ! cr$ulity ( ! geologi/1 or ! p[] ( ! ra9-drop to transmit an image ( itself ?r\gh s _m revolutions & ages ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,h[ impalpable a sub/ance is light6 h[ readily effac$ its impressions1 or int]cept$ its brilliant color+s1 by ! int]position ( ! fraile/ creation ( matt]--an insect's w+1 ! cov]+ ( a leaf1 ! disc ( a fl[]-petal4 ,b ! light1 ?us easily oblit]at$ or dimm$ on e>?1 has be5 ma9ta9+ its own solit>y indep5d5t c\rse ?r\gh e m$ium1 e *ange1 ( upp] & ne!rworlds4 ,! mom5t ( its efflux f remote/ orb1 9 dep? ( inf9ite space1 gave to e p>ticle ( t feebly or int5sely lum9\s beam1 a sep>ate be+ & direction1 ) no return back to its p>5t s\rce4 ,& n[1 says ! intellig5t a/ronom]1 z x drops g5tly into ! se>*] ( 8 telescope1 t is a ray f yon f> di/ant unresolvable clu/] ( />s1 or ( a/ral sy/ems1 = millions ( ye>s travel+ ?r\gh ^! incalculable heights1 :5 z yet ! ,*aldee sages _h po9t$ no in/rum5t to ! heav5s1 nor ! le>n$ ( ,memphis record$ an obs]vation4 ,c y d5y to o!r matt]1 argues ! geologi/1 a simil> t5acity ( self-pres]vation1 ! vitality ( impress :i* m]ely records ! uni=mity ( ! laws & con/itution ( nature1 & :i* intimates t1 ?r\gh all pa/ "t1 !re 7 %[]s to *e] & to refre% ! products ( ! e>?8 ,tru? becomes m m>vel\s ?an fiction :5 trac$ 9 rese>*es su* z ^!--%[+ ! illimitable range ov] "t & space p]mitt$ to human inquiry--& produc+1 at ! same "t1 ?+s bo? ( heav5 & ( e>? sc>cely to be dreamt ( 9 human philosophy4 ,v4 ,b ! economic & practically useful1 no less ?an ! speculative or fanciful1 =m con/itu5ts ( ! new r$ s&/one =mation4 ,! /rata are n only ind5t$ ) impressions ( /range & d\btful orig92 !y inclose1 l ^? ( ! c>bonif]\s sy/em1 treasures ( ! greate/ value2 & nature1 9 ceas+ to ab\nd 9 "o k9d ( product1 has be5 no less exub]ant 9 o!rs1 equally contributive to ! com=t & conv5i5ce ( man4 ,9 ?is class ( rocks are situat$ our great deposits ( ,,rock-,,salt & gypsum1 ( ! =m] ( :i*1 beside supply+ ! dem&s ( ! home m>ket1 ! m9es ( ,*e%ire alone export f ,liv]pool upw>d ( half a million ( tons weight4 ,! di/ribution ( ! sal9e m9]al is v g5]al ov] ! e>?1 & by no means con/ant 9 its geogno/ic position2 z1 = example1 9 ,galicia1 x is f\nd among ! t]ti>y deposits2 9 ,new ,york1 x occupies ! middle ( ! silurians2 :ile 9 ,hung>y1 ,pol&1 & ,engl&1 x is uni=mly associat$ ) ! new r$ s&/one4 ,rock-salt has be5 long kn[n to & priz$ by mank9d2 x became an object ( taxation or tribute six hundr$ & =ty ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 z n>rat$ ( ,ancus ,m>t9s1 8sal9>um vectigal in/ituit20 & h5ce c5turies aft]w>d1 :5 ,great ,brita9 0 9 possession ( ! ,romans1 ! legions receiv$ salt z "p ( _! pay or 8sal>y40 ,our ri*e/ m9es are 9 ,*e%ire1 & along ! di/ricts wat]$ by ! ,dee1 ! ,weav]1 & ! ,m]sey4 ,! b$s1 or r masses1 are imp]fectly /ratifi$1 & v>y 9 ?ickness f a few in*es to #abj feet & upw>d3 gypsum & v>iegat$ m>ls may be reg>d$ z con/ants 9 ! =mation1 ! gypse\s deposits sometimes atta9+ ! enorm\s dep? ( #aej feet4 ,we speak ( ! b$s ( gypsum z deposits1 9 common ) ^? ( ! s&/one matrix 9 :i* !y are imb$d$4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 on inquir+ into ! !ory ( _! orig91 t !y are n /rictly su* 9 ! true s5se ( deposits--orig9ally z gypse\s deposits--b alt]$ lime/ones1 metamorphos$ by ! action ( gases :i* h escap$ f b5ea?1 & p]meat$ ! calc>e\s mass4 ,! c>bonates ( lime h be5 conv]t$ into ! sulphates ( lime1 by means ( gase\s emanations produc$ 9 unkn[n volcanic dep?s4 ,ev5 ! dolomitic memb] ( ! gr\p is suppos$ to h a l metamorphic orig92 ! ne$ful elem5t>y ag5cies hav+ ent]$ into ! p>5t lime/one1 & conv]t$ x into ! magnesian type4 ,:y nature %\ld n h done ^! ?+s directly1 at ! fir/ (f-?r[1 sci5ce c\ld n1 p]haps1 v satisfactorily answ] ! skeptically inquir+ m9d2 b1 z ! +r$i5ts are all *emically well kn[n1 & m especially z !re is a va/ laboratory ev] at "w1 fill$ ) all k9ds ( elem5ts1 9 h] subt]ranean regions1 any hypo!sis ( =mation is z rapidly e/abli%$ z x is conceiv$1 & ! int]e/ ( ! subject humanly speak+ augm5t$4 ,! celebrat$ ,b]zelius1 :5 que/ion$ on ! po9t1 _h 8 ready solution ( ! problem1 easily d]iv$ f 8 unp>allel$ /ores ( *emical k3--8,give me a sub/ance conta9+ sulphur--admit ! pres5ce ( ! vapors ( sulphur1 or sulphur\s or sulph-hydr\s vapors1--let lime/one be also pres5t1 & wat] on ! surface or 9 ! atmosph]e1 ,,& ,,we ,,%all ,,readily ,,h ,,gypsum40 ,! orig9 ( ! saltness ( ! ocean is /ill a my/]y 9 sci5ce2 equally involv$ 9 d\bt & conjecture is t ( ! o!r memb] ( ! s]ies1 ! rock-salt =mation4 ,! g5]ally adopt$ !ory1 h[ev]1 is1 t x 0 dep5d5t on volcanic ag5cy = developm5t1 z x bo? conta9s1 & is uni=mly associat$ )1 ! acids1 & o!r mat]ials f\nd 9 connection ) volcanoes4 ,! *lorides ( sodium & gypsum1 = example1 are at pres5t sublim$ f volcanic v5ts2 vapors *>g$ ) sulphuric acid are con/antly issu+ f ! same s\rces2 & ^! pass+ ?r\gh or associat$ ) ! sal9e wat]s ( ! p]iod1 mu/ h aid$ 9 ! =mation ( rock-salt & gypsum1 :i* occur m frequ5tly 9 irregul> masses ?an 9 true /ratifi$ deposits4 ,an additional corroboration ( ! !ory is inf]r$ f ! circum/ance1 t ! gypsum accompany+ ! rock-salt is anhydr\s1 t is1 free f wat] be=e exposure to ! action ( ! atmosph]e4 ,h5ce ! conclusion1 t ! consolidation ( bo? ! rock-salt & ! gypsum mu/ h be5 effect$ by ! ag5cy ( heat1 z1 by means ( aque\s deposition1 a hydrometric influ5ce w\ld h be5 s5sibly p]ceiv$4 ,wond]ful c]ta9ly is all ?is--! inclos+1 ! consolidation1 ! arrangem5t ( ^! rem>kable sub/ances4 ,! sea1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 may readily & abundantly h suppli$ all ! elem5ts ( ! =mation2 b h[ collect$ & reta9$1 cry/alliz$ & incru/$1 lay] ^u lay]1 ov] ! rocky bottom & volcanic inn] *amb]s1 are po9ts /ill ( nice geological inquiry4 ,! celebrat$ salt m9es ( ,crac[1 9 ,pol&1 are wondr\s op]ations ( ! art ( man1 into ! /ill m wondr\s products & recesses ( nature4 ,"h ! entire arrangem5ts ( a city are almo/ p]fect$2 ! /reets1 m>ketplace1 *apel1 riv]s1 res]voirs1 grottoes1 & all ! requirem5ts ( com=t & safety gleam+ 9 a blaze ( sal9e cry/als4 8,scoop'd 9 ! br9y rock long /reets ext5d ,_! ho>y c\rse1 & glitt]+ domes asc5d2 ,d[n ! bright /eeps1 em]g+ into day1 ,impetu\s f\nta9s bur/ _! headlong way1 ,o'er milk-:ite vales 9 ivory *annels spread1 ,& wond]+ seek _! subt]rane\s b$4 ,long l9es ( lu/]s p\r _! trembl+ rays1 ,& ! bright vault returns ! m+l$ blaze40 ,! deposit ne> ,crac[ is work$ on f\r diff]5t levels or /ories1 divid$ into innum]able comp>tm5ts1 ) ?\s&s ( excavations 9 e direction1 & desc5d+ to ! va/ dep? ( "o ?\s& feet bel[ ! surface4 ,! l5g? ( ! sev]al passages1 9 _! w9d+s & turn+s1 is calculat$ to be ne>ly ?ree hundr$ miles2 ab\t two ?\s& m5 are con/antly employ$ 9 ! m9+ op]ations2 &1 ?\gh ! op]ations h be5 c>ry+ on = ! kn[n p]iod at lea/ ( six hundr$ ye>s1 ! mass ( rock-salt 9 ! locality is /ill ( inexhau/ible ext5t4 ,! m9es 9 our own l& are equally rem>kable aft] _! k9d1 & _c fail to int]e/1 if n to a/oni%1 ! neophyte :o v5tures a desc5t4 ,f ! mode 9 :i* !y are work$1 ! huge pill>s left to support ! ro(1 ! ?\s& lights t illum9ate ! cav]ns1 ! rev]b]ations f ! bla/+ :i* at int]vals r+ ?r\gh _! dep?s1 a gr&eur & impressiv5ess are imp>t$ to a sc5e :i* sc>cely any o!r comb9ation ( objects c\ld produce4 ,& ano!r _w--a _w ( coal & iron--9 all its magnific5ce & ri*es1 lies int]r$ "u ^! gli/]+ /ores ( lime & salt6 ,h[ /rangely contra/+ 9 _! qualities & /ructure ! two =mations4 ,b except t a wise & f>-see+ ,provid5ce collect$ & g>n]$ up ! wa/e & decay ( bo? = man's use1 no pr9ciple h we to guide u :5 speculat+ on _! m9]al prop]ties & arrangem5t--no natural law c]ta9ly1 self-act+ ^u matt] & evolv+ new creations ( its own1 organic or inorganic1 to reveal ,8 inscrutable purposes4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,oolitic ,,or ,,jurassic ,,sy/em--,,age ,,( ,,reptiles4 ,:5 "o is ab\t to travel1 or to und]take a j\rney ( any di/ance f ! daily beat ( home1 x is v seldom inde$ t he puts into 8 pocket a book ( sci5ce4 ,voyages1 travels1 a review at mo/1 or ! newe/ novel1 may fill up a sp>e place 9 ! portmanteau3 any?+ t requires /udy1 or w\ld draw ^u ! reflective faculties1 c be no fitt+ companion = ! occasion1 ) at lea/ n9e-t5?s ( our mov+ public4 ,if ! prec$+ pages h be5 p]us$ ) any att5tion at all1 x is to be hop$ t o!r ?+s w be consid]$ z wor?y ( a pass+ glance1 z sure we are !y _c fail to be replete ) lessons ( in/ructive wisdom4 ,on ! gr\nd ( m]e ephem]al curiosities by ! way1 geological matt]s claim consid]ation4 ,!y are exhau/less1 too1 & ev] v>y+ z y proce$4 ,:5 y imag9e t ! la/ m\nta9 rock or qu>ry conta9$ ! :ole catalogue ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 & %[$ y m ?an ,goldsmi?1 or ,buffon1 y f9d t ov] ! next ridge1 or 9 ! neighbor+ field1 !re are new subjects = /udy1 & /ill r5ew+ matt]s = wond]4 ,if y h tak5 up y\r abode = ! night at classic ,rugby1 at sport+ ,melton-m[bray1 or among ! academic b[]s ( ,ox=d1 !re are objects all ar\nd1 9 e hill-side1 rav9e1 or railway section1 to fill y at once ) admiration & a/oni%m5t4 ,g1 inquire ( t rock4 ,x is ! lias lime/one2 beyond x1 & at no great di/ance1 lies ! oolite2 & !re1 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( bo?1 y h ! ,/onesfield slate4 ,we invite y to exam9e any "o ( ^! common-place look+ /ones2 & n 9 ,gulliv]1 n 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,knight ( ,la ,man*a1 n 9 all ! ,my/]ies ( ,udolpho1 n 9 ! ,romance ( ! ,=e/ ^: h>moni\s p]iods s *>m$ our y\?1 w y f9d any?+ to comp>e ) ! m>vels !re9 to be disclos$4 ,! ma*9]y ( a tale may require ! aid ( giants & g5ii1 b "h is 8tru? )\t fiction10 m />tl+1 m>vel\s1 & s beyond ! b\nds ( nature z n[ felt & se51 t ! mo/ d>+ fancy is utt]ly out/ripp$ 9 its l(tie/ flights into ! regions ( ! ideal4 ,! s]ies ( b$s :i* con/itute ! m9]al features ( ?is ext5sive di/rict conta9s ! full developm5t ( ! reptilian type to :i* we 7 introduc$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,animals !re are 9 ^! rocks1 ) =ms & features1 s fanta/ic1 & app>5tly disproportion$1 t ! tales ( ! mo/ unscrupul\s travel] w\ld suff] 9 comp>ison4 ,& 9 tru?1 !re is no page 9 ! book ( nature--none1 c]ta9ly1 9 all ! works ( man--s fraught ) wond]s1 or rem>kable = /irr+ incid5t1 z ! epo* ( animal life ^: hi/ory is !re inscrib$4 ,i4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,rocks4 ,! oolitic or ,jurassic sy/em1 l t ( ! new r$ s&/one1 comprises ! subdivisions ( two well-m>k$ natural gr\ps1 9 :i* ! lias or l[] s]ies is includ$4 ,9 po9t ( geographical range1 ! oolite =mation is ext5sively di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( ! globe2 9 m9]al "* x is v>i$ 9 e possible degree ( texture & composition2 9 geogno/ic arrangem5t !re are int]calations1 )\t end1 ( m>9e & t]re/rial detritus2 ! organic rema9s are 9 ! greate/ pr(usion1 bo? z to div]sity ( type & increase ( new creations2 &1 locally1 su* has be5 ! appreciation ( its v>i\s memb]s1 t !re is sc>cely a t[n or p>i% 9 ! s\?-ea/]n "p ( ,engl&1 t has n receiv$ f or giv5 habitations & "n to1 "s "o ( its num]\s subdivisions4 ,re/+ ^u ! triassic =mation1 !re are b&s ( lias %ales1 lime/ones1 s&y & f]rug9\s /rata1 & upp] %ales1 includ+ nodul> concretions & b$s ( lime/one4 ,?is s]ies is di/ribut$ ov] ! c\nties ( ,york1 ,nor?ampton1 ,som]set1 & ,dorset4 ,! next are ! l[] oolites1 :i* comprise an ext5sive s]ies ( calc>e\s1 concretion>y s&s & s&/ones1 lime/one1 ?9 seams ( coal & ligne\s clays1 & ! ,cornbra% lime/one1 :i* 9 _m localities is a m]e aggregation ( %ells & o!r m>9e exuvi4 ,! ,/onesfield slate1 ! ,=e/ m>ble1 & ! ,full]'s e>? b$s1 are includ$ 9 ! gr\p1 rang+ along ! ,york%ire coa/1 ?r\gh ,nor?ampton1 ,ox=d1 & ,gl\ce/] %ires2 & 9 ,scotl& we h _! equival5ts 9 ! ,brora coal & oolitic lime/one ( ,su!rl&%ire1 ,skye1 & ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,! middle oolite succe$s1 :i* includes ! ,ox=d clay1 ! ,kell[ay rock1 & ! coral-rag1 all m or less di/+ui%$ by _! pr(usion & peculi>ity ( fossils1 *iefly %ells1 e*9i1 & corals4 ,! :ole =mation t]m9ates 9 two well kn[n deposits1 ! ,kimm]idge clay & ,portl& oolite1 ) its b&s ( gre5 & r$ s&s1 lay]s ( *]t & drift-wood4 ,?is gr\p prevails 9 ,ox=d%ire1 ,b]ks1 ,wilts1 ,bucks1 & ! ,isle ( ,portl&2 ! matrix ( fossiliz$ reptilia1 fi%es1 & cycade\s plants4 ,! t]m ,,oolite or roe/one1 z appli$ to ! :ole ( ! gr\ps enum]at$ above1 is d]iv$ f ! resemblance betwe5 ! small r\nd$ gra9s ( :i* ! lime/ones are g5]ally compos$1 & ! roe ( a fi%4 ,! ,jura m\nta9s1 :i* divide ,france f ,switz]l&1 consi/ ma9ly ( ^! deposits1 & h5ce ,jurassic--! ,t]ra9s ,jurrassiques ( cont95tal geologi/s4 ,! ^w lias is simply a corruption ( li]s 7lay]s71 & has f "t immemorial be5 appli$ to ! rocks ( ?is gr\p4 ,_! relation & ord] ( sup]position are fully br\ght out along ! sections ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway f ,london to ,ba?4 ,! ,birm+ham l9e f ,d]by by ,rugby to ! metropolis int]sects ne>ly e memb] ( ! s]ies1 until !y are cov]$ ab\t ,wall+=d by ! *alk4 ,:5 "o looks at ^! innum]able b&s ( rock1 & ! great div]sity ( e>?y matt] ( :i* !y are compos$1 ! m9d becomes utt]ly ov]:elm$ by ! rapidity & va/ness ( ! *anges :i*1 dur+ ?is epo*1 occurr$ ^u ! surface ( ! globe4 ,a turbid1 & (t5 agitat$1 condition ( ! wat]s 9 :i* !y 7 deposit$ is v cle>ly indicat$4 ,! animals ( ! p]iod 7 manife/ly ( a class peculi>ly adapt$ to ! impregnat$ elem5t1 ! slimy banks1 & %all[s :i* prevail$4 ,! flora 0 abundant1 ( a k9d1 & produc$ 9 circum/ances1 favorable = ! =mation ( a lignite coal4 ,! spasmodic action :i* prevail$ aft] ! deposition ( ! c>bonif]\s b$s _h n entirely subsid$ at ! ,p]mian p]iod4 ,! *ange 0 ( too viol5t a k9d to h be5 br\ght ab\t )\t great int]nal1 z well z ext]nal1 commotion4 ,we f9d1 accord+ly1 9 mo/ di/ricts1 t ! rocks ( ?is class are upturn$ & disrupt$4 ,! detritus ( ! new r$ s&/one & magnesian lime/one1 !reby occasion$1 w\ld g to =m new l& dur+ ! subm]g5ce ( su* portions ( ! surface z 7 reta9$ b5ea? ! wat]s4 ,! oscillations 7 num]\s & frequ5t1 correspond+ ) ! aggregate ( b$s :i* compose ! sy/em2 :ile ! quality & arrangem5t ( ! s$im5t po9t to *anges & alt]ations 9 sea-levels1 riv] c\rses1 l& b\nd>ies1 e/u>ies1 ! size & di/ribution ( ! bas9s into :i* ! alluvia 7 transport$4 ,! geographic ext5t1 comb9$ ) ! frequ5tly insulat$ position ( ! oolitic s]ies1 cle>ly demon/rates a va/ alt]ation 9 ! b$ ( ! ocean1 z well z 9 ! ridges & elevations :i* gave div]sity to ! l&4 ,! oolites1 9 fact1 con/itute va/ calc>e\s reefs1 rais$ ^u ! inv]t$ /rata ( ! old] =mations1 :i* =m$ ! cliffs & headl&s ( a sea sw>m+ ) liz>ds & crocodilians1 & ov] ^: ?ick umbrage\s banks roam$ ! fly+ pt]odactyle1 wat*+ or p]haps escap+ f1 ! s+ul> saurians t repos$ 9 ! ?ickets b5ea?4 ,! sub/itution ( ! pyrit\s clays = ! salif]\s m>ls2 ! d>k argillace\s oolites & blue mottl$ lias = ! yell[ cry/all9e dolomite1 is 9 h>mony & keep+ ) ! plants & animals :i* n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 sprang into exi/5ce4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,organic ,,rema9s are v abundant1 & 9 bo? plants & animals !re are v>i\s new k9ds4 ,( ! =m] are ! cycade1 alli$ to ! exi/+ p9e-apple2 also ! lilace1 & "s o!r undescrib$ g5]a4 ,) reg>d to animals1 ?is has be5 emphatically call$ 8! age ( reptiles10 along ) :i* !re are new families ( fi%es1 cru/acea1 mollusca1 & corals4 ,! w>m-blood$ animals n[ = ! fir/ "t appe>1 ( :i* !re are two g5]a1 ! ,amphi!rium & ,phascolo!rium1 f\nd 9 ! ,/onesfield slate ne> ,ox=d1 & consid]$1 by analogy ( /ructure1 to be alli$ to ! m>supials t inhabit ! ,au/ralian cont95t4 ,! same int]e/+ locality has furni%$ two new g5]a ( insects1 ! ,prionus ,ooliticus & ,cocc9ella ,wittsii2 9 ! lias1 ( diff]5t places1 elev5 g5]a & species h be5 discov]$1 b ( :i* only w+s & fragm5ts h be5 obta9$4 ,a p]fect specim5 ( ?is ord] has rec5tly be5 f\nd1 by ! ,rev4 ,p4 ,b4 ,brodie1 9 ! upp] lias1 ne> ,*elt5ham1 resembl+ ! g5us diplax2 b s %att]$ 9 ! head1 t its precise "* _c be det]m9$4 ,! reptilians supply alike new t]re/rial & m>9e tortoises & turtles--liz>ds1 ^: arms & legs 7 provid$ ) a filmy membrane1 l bats1 to enable !m to fly--amphibi\s saurians1 & wat] saurians unlike any?+ n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,contra/ ?is catalogue ) ! few organic rema9s to be met ) 9 ! prec$+ p]iod1 & ask :at call$ su* a newly-inhabit$ _w into be+8 ,! face ( nature1 s rem>kably elaborat$ out ( ! wa/e & decay ( ^! old /ony mat]ials1 is mov+ all ov] ) life--repl5i%$1 s f> z yet discov]$1 ) sev5ty-five g5]ic & specific =ms ( new vegetation--a hundr$ & t5 new =ms ( h>d-work+ corall9es--sev5 hundr$ & ?irte5 g5]a & species ( ! %elly tribes1 f ! simple/ to ! mo/ complicat$ ( ! *amb]$ ord]s--a hundr$ & sixty di/9ct races ( fi%es1 placoids & ganoids--?ree v>ieties ( ! mo/ /rangely con/ruct$ mammalian quadrup$s1 ) ?irte5 k9ds ( insects to titillate & keep !m 9 action--& all ?is array ( organic life mov+ side by side ) =ty families ( gigantic reptiles1 h]bivor\s & c>nivor\s1 creep+1 swimm+1 & fly+6 ,! wond]s ( art h no?+ to comp>e ) ?is4 ,! /ructure ( a blade ( grass w n suff] an a!i/ to live4 ,dur+ ! six ?\s& ye>s ( man's exi/5ce1 "o new liv+ ?+1 ( any ord] or type1 has n be5 call$ into be+4 ,a/ronomy is daily add+ to h] a*ievem5ts1 & p5etrat+ f>!r among ! sy/ems ( ! univ]se2 b ! nebul> !ory ( creation is gone1 & ! new-_w g]ms w n exp& at its fanciful bidd+4 ,geology nobly be>s te/imony 9 e page to ! rule ( "o supreme intellig5t ,creator--an exub]ance ( life & =ms :i* ann\nces ! au?oritative int]position ( ,him 8,^: ^w leaps =? at once to its effect2 ,:o calls = ?+s t are n--& !y come40 ,& ! m&ate goes =?1 9 t awful simplicity ( ,,omnipot5ce1 :i* le>n+ _c my/ify nor ignorance ov]look4 ,?is =mation ab\nds 9 ! rema9s ( radiata1 mollusca1 & cru/acea1--all ( !m diff]+ specifically f ^? ( ! old] second>y /rata4 ,! gigantic cr9oidea ( ! c>bonif]\s age h disappe>$1 succe$$ only by a few dw>fi% specim5s ( ! apiocr9ite & p5tacr9ite1 :ile ! ammonites m>k an increase ( ne>ly two hundr$ species1 pres]v$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect /ate 9 ! %ales & lime/ones ( ! lias & oolite4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,ammonites obtusus2 #b4 ,section ( ,ammonites obtusus1 %[+ ! int]ior *amb]s & siphuncle2 #c4 ,ammonites nodosus4 ,! t]m ,ammonite has be5 be/[$ ^u ?is rem>kable %ell-fi% f its fanci$ resemblance to ! curv$ horn on ! head ( ! /atue ( ,jupit]-,ammon4 ,! spiral =m ( ! %ell is divid$ into sev]al *amb]s or comp>tm5ts1 all ( :i* are connect$ by means ( an int]ior tube or siphuncle4 ,x belongs to ! ord] ( ,cephalopoda1 among :i* are includ$ ancyloc]os1 belemnites1 nautilus1 or?oc]atite1 & o!r _m-*amb]$ %ells4 ,l ! nautilus1 ! ammonite 0 gift$ ) a s+ul> app>atus by :i* x c\ld pursue its in/9cts ei!r at ! bottom or on ! surface ( ! elem5t 9 :i* x liv$4 ,! organs ( motion 7 arrang$ r\nd ! head 7h5ce ! "n cephalopoda72 &1 by ! nicely adaptive arrangem5ts ( nature1 ! out] *amb] ( ! %ell 0 capable ( reta9+ ! entire body ( ! animal1 :ile ! int]ior *amb]s 7 holl[1 !reby r5d]+ ! :ole /ructure ( ne>ly ! same specific gravity ) ! wat]s 9 :i* x mov$4 ,an ela/ic tube pass+ ?r\gh ! siphuncle connect$ ! cavity ( ! he>t ) ! extremity ( ! %ell1 :i* enabl$ ! animal to contract or exp& itself z its exig5cies requir$4 ,be+ fill$ ) a d5se fluid1 excret$ by ! gl&ul> organs1 ! creature1 :5 al>m$ or wi%+ to desc5d1 )drew itself )9 ! out] *amb]1 :]eby ! contraction ( ! tube =c$ ! fluid f ! he>t into ! siphuncle1 & increas+ ! gravity enabl$ x to desc5d to ! bottom4 ,^u a rev]sal ( ! process--! simple projection ( ! arms ( ! head1 & ! consequ5t expansion ( ! body--! ammonite rose ) equal facility to ! surface1 disport+ itself at w 9 its native elem5t4 ,) a view to resi/ ! pressure1 :5 at ! bottom1 a provision 0 made by means ( ! ar*-=m 9 ! /ructure ( ! %ell2 &1 additionally1 by ! ins]tion ( a s]ies ( transv]se ribs1 :i* comprise all ! me*anical contrivances = giv+ /r5g? & solidity :i* are s\ght by ! divisions & subdivisions 9 ! vault$ ro(s ( our ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,! geographical di/ribution ( ! ammonite p>takes ( ! univ]sality s m>k$ 9 ! vegetable economy ( ! c>bonif]\s age1 ! same species ev5 be+ common to ,europe1 ,asia1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica2 & always1 along ) all its num]\s cong5]s1 manife/+ ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( t adaptation ( means to ends :i* prevails 9 e dep>tm5t ( creation4 ,we %all n[ select a few details ( ! m rem>kable ( ! reptilian types ( ?is p]iod1 ref]r+ ! read] to ! ample & graphic descriptions ( ,buckl&1 ,conybe>e1 ,mantell1 ,phillips1 & m especially to ! ,reports ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 9 ! volumes publi%$ by ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahdj-'a4 ,illu/ration3 ,i*?yosaurus communis4 #a4 ,! fir/ g5us to be notic$ is t]m$ ! ,i*?yosaurus1 :i* p>takes at once ( ! *>act]s ( crocodiles1 liz>ds1 & fi%es4 ,s lavi% has nature be5 9 provid+ = ! accommodation & wants ( ?is anomal\s creature1 t to ! paddles ( a :ale1 is add$ ! /]num ( an orni?orhyn*us2 ! head ( a liz>d is jo9$ to ! v]tebr ( a fi%2 & ! sn\t ( a porpoise is comb9$ ) ! jaws & tee? ( a crocodile4 ,! magnitude ( ! eye is prodigi\s1 & ! jaws1 sometimes exce$+ six feet 9 l5g?1 are /udd$ ) an app>atus ( tee?1 am\nt+ 9 "s in/ances1 to a hundr$ & eighty4 8,f ! quantity ( light admitt$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! prodigi\s size ( ! eye10 says ,dr4 ,buckl&1 8x mu/ h possess$ v great p[]s ( vision3 we h also evid5ce t x _h bo? microscopic & telescopic prop]ties4 ,we f9d on ! front ( ! orbital cavity1 9 :i* ?is eye 0 lodg$10--a cavity sometimes f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]1--8a circul> s]ies ( petrifi$ ?9 bony plates1 rang$ r\nd a c5tral ap]ture1 :]e once 0 plac$ ! pupil2 ! =m & ?ickness ( ea* ( ^! plates v mu* resembles t ( ! scales ( ! arti*oke4 ,x also t5ds to associate ! animal 9 :i* x exi/$1 ) ! family ( liz>ds1 & exclude x f t ( fi%es40 ,^! bony plates gave /r5g? to ! surface ( ! eye-ball1 :i* requir$ protection above & bel[1 f ! da%+ ( ! waves :5 x re>$ its head to ! /orm1 & f ! pressure ( deep wat] :5 x sc\r$ ! bottom4 ,! no/rils1 x w\ld seem1 7 plac$ s close to ! ant]ior angle ( ! eye1 z to r5d] x impossible to brea! )\t rais+ ! organs ( sight to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,an ocean1 peopl$ ) su* mon/]s6 ,imag9e s _m eyes1 l>g] ?an a man's head /udd+ its surface1 & illum9at+1 z ) fire-balls1 _! t]rific jaws1 gl>+ out f ! br9y flood2 & :at a sc5e to gaze ^u1 s diff]5t f all t n[ cov]s ^! ri* alluvial pla9s6 ,illu/ration3 ,plesiosaurus4 #b4 ,! ,plesiosaurus is alli$ 9 "s respects to ! =m]1 b 9 o!r po9ts diff]s s mat]ially1 & possesses *>act]s s /range1 z to claim = x a degree ( mon/rosity unp>allel$1 ev5 amid ! ru9s ( ! old _w4 ,"h we h ! union ( ! s]p5t & *ameleon1 ) a trunk & tail hav+ ! proportions ( an ord9>y quadrup$4 ,! me*anism ( ! lungs & ribs is peculi>1 %[+ t ! animal mu/ h brea!d ) su* =ce & rapidity1 z to h r5d]$ ! color ( ! sk9 *angeable1 l ! *ameleon or dy+ dolph94 ,! neck bore a resemblance to t ( ! swan2 ! feet & motions 7 alli$ to ^? ( ! turtle2 &1 f ! v>i$ int5sity ( its inspirations1 x is conjectur$ t ! creature inhabit$ ! %all[ pools & m>%y wat]s along ! coa/4 ,! body w\ld ?us be conceal$ among ! rank vegetable aquatics2 :ile1 ) its long flexible neck1 x w\ld be prep>$ sudd5ly to p\nce ^u its prey4 ,mr4 ,conybe>e comp>es ! ,plesiosaurus to a turtle /ripp$ ( its %ell2 & ! ribs1 be+ connect$ by transv]se abdom9al processes1 pres5t a close analogy to ^? ( ! *ameleon4 ,i*?yosauri & ,plesiosauri h be5 f\nd 9 ! second>y /rata1 f ! lias to ! *alk inclusive2 ( ! =m]1 twelve species are kn[n & describ$1 & ne>ly tw5ty ( ! latt]4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ! enalio-saurii or m>9e reptiles1 is ! ,plesiosaurus-doli*odeirus1 discov]$ 9 ! lias ( ,lyme-,regis1 & :i* is f]tile 9 ! rema9s ( all ! animals ( t remote & wond]-produc+ epo*4 ,illu/ration3 ,pt]odactyle4 #c4 ,ano!r example1 tak5 f ! lias1 is ( its k9d ev5 m />tl+ ?an ei!r ( ! prec$+4 ,?is consi/s ( ! rema9s ( an animal call$ ! ,pt]odactyle1 or fly+ reptile1 :i*1 m ?an any?+ ev] conceiv$ or br$ 9 poet's bra91 resembles :at ,milton mu/ h int5d$1 :5 to ! great ar*-fi5d he gave a =m & flexibility ( body1 t 8,swims1 or s9ks1 or wades1 or creeps1 or flies40 ,c]ta9ly ea* & "o ( all ^! evolutions ! ,pt]odactyle c\ld execute1 & he 0 amply provid$ ) ! fitt+ in/rum5ts to p]=m !m4 ,?is animal possess$ a head int]m$iate betwixt t ( a bird & a reptile1 :i* 9 bo? cases is comp>atively small1 & (f]+ ! lea/ resi/ance to ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* x pass$1 9 que/ :e!r ( pleasure or subsi/5ce4 ,! h&s 7 ( ! mo/ preh5sile "*1 adapt$ by ! claws atta*$ at once to fix & firmly grasp its prey1 &1 :5 ne$$ = pursuit1 to sw+ itself squirrel-l f bran* to bran*1 & f tree to tree4 ,! w+s resembl$ ^? ( ! bat1 b 9 l5g? & size alli$ to no?+ 9 exi/+ nature1 & f9d+ _! mat* only among ! dragons ( romance4 ,!n1 z to feet & limbs1 ^! 7 ( su* a con/ruction z to all[ ! animal safely to repose aft] its toils 9 a /&+ position on ! gr\nd1 or to p]* on trees1 or to climb on rocks1 or disport f cliff to cliff4 ,! eyes 7 l>ge2 ! w+s t]m9at$ 9 f+]s1 f :i* project$ long hooks2 ! beak 0 furni%$ ) ab\t sixty %>p pi]c+ tee?4 ,no wond] t naturali/s 7 a/oni%$ at su* het]og5\s comb9ations1 z !y rose ^u _! sight-- 8,t look n l ! inhabitants o' ! e>?2 ,& yet are on't20 & knew n :e!r to ascribe !m to ! air1 or ! e>?1 or ! doma9 ( wat]s4 ,b1 9 ! h&s ( ,cuvi]1 ! entire /ructure & relations ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ! framework h be5 expla9$ & develop$2 ! libellul & o!r insects on :i* !y f$ h be5 detect$ 9 ! same rocks ) _! own relics2 & out ( t app>5t mass ( inconsi/5cies & contradictions1 ! g5ius ( ! skillful anatomi/ has produc$ "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( ! h>mony t p]vades all nature1 t has be5 ext5d$ ?r\gh all ages1 & t manife/s ! b\nte\s c>e ( ! common ,creator 9 adapt+ all liv+ ?+s1 ea* aft] its k9d1 to ! conditions ( its exi/5ce4 #d4 ,! ,/onesfield /rata belong to ! l[] division ( ! great oolite4 ,! slate ( ! di/rict has be5 long kn[n & priz$ = ro(+ purposes4 ,! village ( ,/onesfield lies ab\t twelve miles to ! nor?-we/ ( ,ox=d1 beautifully situat$ on ! br[ ( a valley1 bo? sides ( :i* h be5 deeply excavat$ = ! extraction ( ! slate4 ,wood/ock & ,bl5heim are bo? 9 ! vic9ity1 nei!r ( ^: rem>kable h]oes ev] dream$ ( ! mighty w>s1 wag$ 9 a f> di/ant age f _! own1 by ! fi]ce assailants ^: rema9s h n[ be5 di/urb$ by ^! op]ations4 ,"h are abundant ! rema9s ( palms1 aboresc5t f]ns1 se$-vessels1 leaves1 /ems ( sev]al g5]a ( conif]1 & traces ( re$s & grasses4 ,w+s & _! cases1 ! elytra ( beetles1 & o!r relics ( insects1 are m+l$ ) ! tee?1 scales1 f9-bones1 rays ( fi%es1 9 ! greate/ pr(usion4 ,& "h1 on ! site ( ?is anci5t m5ag]ie or battle-field1 are ! only kn[n ve/iges ( mammalian animals 9 ! second>y =mations4 ,"o set ( ^! rema9s resembles ! ,wombat1 a m>supial didelphys ( ,new ,s\? ,wales2 ! o!r rema9s indicate a small insectivor\s mammal1 ! ,amphi!rium1 ) ?irty tee? 9 ! l[] jaw4 ,au/ralia1 !re=e1 suppos$ to furni% evid5ce ( an entirely new ord] ( ?+s1 has be5 long anticipat$ 9 all its types ( plants & animals by ! d5iz5s ( our own l&--our wat]s sw>m+ ) ce/raceonts1 trigoni1 & t]ebratul--& our fields clo!d ) arauc>i & cycade\s plants--:5 p]haps b little ( t cont95t rose above ! wat]s4 #e4 ,! ,,d9osauria con/itute a tribe or sub-ord] ( ! lac]tians1 *>act]iz$ by ! l>ge developm5t ( ! sacrum1 ! dorsal v]tebr1 ! bones ( ! extremities1 :i* are all provid$ ) l>ge m$ull>y cavities4 ,( ?is tribe !re are ?ree well e/abli%$ g5]a--! ,megalosaurus1 ! ,hylosaurus1 & ! ,iguanodon4 ,^! 7 ! gigantic crocodile liz>ds ( ! dry l&1 ^: peculi>ities ( o/eological /ructure di/+ui% !m z cle>ly f ! mod]n t]re/rial & amphibi\s sauria1 z ! opposite modifications = an aquatic life1 *>act]ize ! ext9ct enaliosauria1 or m>9e liz>ds4 ,! ,d9osaurians belong prop]ly to ! ,weald5 fre% wat] =mations1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! true habitat ( ?is ord] ( t]re/rial fossil reptiles4 ,! ,megalosaurus 0 fir/ describ$ by ,cuvi]1 & ! family det]m9$2 he calculat$ ! dim5sions ( ! animal at f =ty to fifty feet 9 l5g?4 ,pr(essor ,ow51 f bett] pres]v$ specim5s1 has r$uc$ x to ?irty feet long3 ! head is five feet1 ! l5g? ( trunk ) sacrum ?irte5 feet1 & ! tail ab\t ! same1 all[+ ! ,megalosaur to h _h ! same numb] ( caudal v]tebr z ! crocodile4 ,! sacrum consi/$ ( five an*ylos$ v]tebr1 new 9 saurian anatomy3 ! h9d-legs measure two y>ds1 a metat>sal bone ?irte5 in*es2 ! tee? are ( correspond+ dim5sions1 & curve backw>d 9 ! =m ( a prun+-knife4 ,! /ructure ( ! jaw indicates a long project+ sn\t1 :ile ! curvature ( ! tee? fitt$ !m to reta9 l b>bs ! prey :i* !y _h once p5etrat$4 ,all ! organs ( ! mon/] decl>e ! ,megalosaur to h be5 a l& animal1 ( c>nivor\s prop5sities1 & 9 all probability p]=m$1 z headsman ! same (fice ^u ! small] h]d ( reptiles1 sometimes mak+ a snat* at a ,plesiosaur1 z bo? 9 turn did ^u fi%es & cru/aceans4 ,! sport ( an ,indian jungle is *ild's play comp>$ to ! onslaught ( ^! grim k+s amid/ _! anci5t pres]ves4 ,! rema9s occur 9 ! deposits at ,malton 9 ,york%ire1 ,cuckfield 9 ,sussex1 ,ba?1 ! ,purbeck lime/one1 ,tilgate ,=e/1 & ! ,weald54 ,! next g5us ( ! l& reptiles 0 rem>kable = ! size ( ! horny plates by :i* ! body 0 protect$4 ,?is is ! ,hylosaurus--t is1 =e/-reptile--ab\t tw5ty-five feet long1 & cov]$ ) a s]ies ( l>ge1 flat1 & po9t$ bones4 ,^! v>y 9 l5g? f five to sev5te5 in*es1 & are f ?ree to sev5 & a half in*es 9 bread?4 ,9 addition1 z %[+ ! k9d ( w>f>e to :i* he 0 expos$1 a ridge ( ?ick ?orny scales pass along ! back1 & =m an enorm\s d]mal fr+e1 l ! sp9es on ! back ( ! liv+ iguana tribes4 ,! skeleton ( ! ,hylosaur has be5 f\nd ne>ly entire1 & all ! p>ts 9 almo/ natural juxtaposition4 ,! ,weald5 ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 ! deposits at ,bolney & ,battle ( ! same =mation1 conta9 ! rema9s 9 consid]able abundance4 ,:at %all be said ( ! next figure t crosses ! tragic /age1 dur+ ?is age ( tyrant prodigies8 ,! ,iguanodon--a gigantic h]bivor\s liz>d--is relat$ to a family ( h>mless creatures 7,iguana71 :i* sw>m 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & 9 all ! tropical =e/s ( ,am]ica1 9 c]ta9 peculi>ities ( ! tee? greatly diff]+ f ^? ( o!r reptiles4 ,! l>ge/ ( liv+ ,iguanas1 d n exce$ five feet 9 l5g?3 ! ext9ct g5us atta9$ a longitude ( upw>d ( tw5ty-eight to ?irty feet4 ,! caudal memb] 0 ab\t ?irte51 head ?ree1 trunk ) sacrum twelve1 & ! gir? ( ! body ab\t fifte5 feet4 ,! tee? resemble ! tee? ( ! rh9oc]os z to bulk & g5]al appe>ance1 &1 consi/+ z !y d ( incisors & mol>s1 7 recogniz$ to belong to ! ord] ( h]bivor\s quadrup$s4 ,! ?igh-bone exce$s t ( ! l>ge/-siz$ elephant1 be+ f f\r to five feet 9 height1 & pres5t+ a circumf]5ce ( ne>ly two feet 9 its smalle/ "p4 ,?is animal1 at its fir/ discov]y1 0 suppos$ to h atta9$ ! exagg]at$ proportions ( ne>ly a hundr$ feet 9 l5g?4 ,b ev5 "u ! r$uc$ dim5sions & m accurate d$uctions ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 confirm$ by ^? ( ,dr4 ,mantell1 !re is /ill size suffici5t1 z well z peculi>ities ( /ructure1 to lead u to reg>d x z "o ( ! wond]s ( geology4 ,"o femur ( a rec5tly-discov]$ ,iguanodon is tw5ty-sev5 in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 & mu/ h be5 ne>ly five feet 9 l5g?2 & a tibia1 f\nd ) ! same1 is f\r feet long4 ,dr4 ,melville has e/abli%$ ! important physiological fact1 t ! c]vical & ant]ior dorsal v]tebr 7 convexo-concave1--t is1 convex 9 front & concave beh9d1 z 9 ! exi/+ pa*yd]ms2 :ile ! rev]se =m1 ! concavo-convex1 pr$om9ates 9 ! exi/+ crocodilians & liz>ds4 ,x is f>!r e/abli%$1 t 9 ! ,iguanodon1 z 9 _m fossil & rec5t reptiles1 ! ant]ior extremities 7 mu* %ort] & less bulky ?an ! po/]ior4 ,z 9 ! exi/+ family1 s 9 ! ext9ct1 ! huge body 0 ornam5t$ ) a horn ( bone :i* project$ f ! nose4 ,?is nasal organ seems to h be5 worn m = decoration ?an = use2 unless1 p]haps1 to assi/ 9 p]=at+ its way ?r\gh ! ?ickets ( vegetation on :i* x subsi/$1 to pu% aside an unwelcome intrud] ^u 8 pa/urage1 or z a m]e set-(f aga9/ ! unprec$5t$ l5g? ( tail4 ,imag9e a h]d ( ^! mon/]s fe$+ 9 a prairie--! d5iz5s ( a p]iod :5 all ?+s p>took ( ! gigantic6 8,! concurr5ce ( peculi>ities s rem>kable10 says ,buckl&1 8z ! union ( ?is nasal horn ) a mode ( d5tition ( :i* !re is no example1 except 9 ! ,iguanas1 af=ds "o ( ! _m pro(s ( ! univ]sality ( ! laws ( co-exi/5ce1 :i* prevail$ no less con/antly ?r\gh\t ! ext9ct g5]a & species ( ! fossil _w1 ?an !y d among ! liv+ memb]s ( ! animal k+dom40 ,pr(essor ,ow5 writes--8,no reptile n[ exi/s :i* comb9es a complicat$ & !codont d5tition ) limbs s proportionally l>ge & /rong1 hav+ su* well-develop$ m>r[-bones1 & su/a9+ ! weight ( ! trunk by sy*ondrosis or an*ylosis to s long & complicat$ a sacrum1 z 9 ! ord] ,d9osauria4 ,! ,megalosaurus & ,iguanodons1 rejoic+ 9 ^! und5iably mo/ p]fect modifications ( ! reptilian type1 atta9$ ! greate/ bulk1 & mu/ h play$ ! mo/ conspicu\s p>ts1 9 _! respective *>act]s z dev\r]s ( animals & fe$]s ^u vegetables1 t ?is e>? has ev] witness$ 9 ovip>\s & cold-blood$ creatures4 ,!y 7 z sup]ior 9 organization & 9 bulk to ! crocodiles t prec$$ !m z to ^? :i* came aft] !m40 #f4 ,we close our enum]ation ( ^! fossils by simply /at+1 t ! ,,crocodilians also fl\ri%$ at ?is p]iod4 ,! liv+ species are twelve 9 numb]1 all rem>kable = ! size ( _! m\?1 & _! exub]ant abundance ( tee?4 ,! ext9ct species 7 ne>ly z num]\s1 b all m alli$ to ! gavials ( ,new ,holl& ?an to ! o!r memb]s ( ! family4 ,!y seem *iefly to h subsi/$ on fi%es1 :ile _! mod]n cong5]s are furni%$ ) p[]s :i* enable !m to prey ^u mammalia & o!r quadrup$s4 ,:5 ,hobbes1 ! philosoph] ( ,malmesbury--! old haunt ( all ^! mon/]s--adopt$ ! title 8levia?an0 = 8 political & anti-,*ri/ian views1 he did x m 9 d]ision ( ! "n ?an f any belief t su* ?+s z ! t]m repres5ts _h ev] or c\ld ev] h exi/$ 89 r]um natura40 ,p]sons1 ev5 n[1 to :om ! subject is pres5t$ = ! fir/ "t1 w turn ) av]sion f its details "u ! influ5ce ( ! v opposite feel+s f ^? ( ! infidel metaphysician4 ,! evid5ce ( facts h[ev]1 w yield nei!r to prejudices nor to !ories4 ,&1 :ile we dream n ( repres5t+ ! patri>* ( ,uz z draw+ 8 inf]5ces f geology1 /ill 8 m9d 0 alive to convictions ( ! gr&eur & div]sity ( ! works ( creation--to a s5se ( 8 own ignorance--& fill$ at ! same "t ) awe & v5]ation at ! unse>*able wisdom ( ! ways ( ,provid5ce4 8,,/& ,,/ill ,,& ,,consid] ,,! ,,wondr\s ,,works ,,( ,,god4 ,,ha/ ,,?\ ,,ent]$ ,,into ,,! ,,spr+s ,,( ,,! ,,sea8 ,,ha/ ,,?\ ,,p]ceiv$ ,,! ,,bread? ,,( ,,! ,,e>?8 ,,decl>e1 ,,if ,,?\ ,,kn[e/ ,,x ,,all40 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,weald5 ,,=mation4 ,! ,weald5 =mation is m local ?an any ( ! deposits we h yet consid]$4 ,! t]m has a p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! di/rict features ( ,k5t1 ,surrey1 ,sussex1 & ,hamp%ire1 kn[n z ! ,wolds1 f ! ,g]man wald1 signify+ a wood or =e/3 & z ! geological position ( ! gr\p is 9 imm$iate sup]ior connection ) ! oolites1 & inf]ior to ! *alk1 ! "* & hi/ory ( ! ,weald5 fall to be giv5 9 ?is place4 ,! ,specton clay ( ,york%ire1 display$ along ! cliffs adjo9+ ,filey ,bay1 is consid]$ to belong to ! same s]ies z ! gault or blue & gray m>ls ( ,cambridge1 ,k5t & ,sussex2 b x conta9s "s *>act]i/ic indications ( ! ,kimm]idge clay1 &1 !re=e1 we %\ld expect t1 9 ,york%ire1 ^! two /rata are n sep>at$ z 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&4 ,i4 ,,nature ,,& ,,ext5t ,,( ,,! ,,deposit4 ,! ,weald5 is a fre% wat] or e/u>y =mation1 z is cle>ly e/abli%$ by its fossils z well z by its li?ology4 ,! gr\p consi/s ( lay]s ( clay1 s&1 %ale1 ) subord9ate b$s ( lime/one1 grit1 & friable s&/one4 ,! ,ha/+s s&s1 ,tilgate ,=e/ b$s1 ,tunbridge ,wells deposits1 & ! ,a%burn lignite %ales & f]rug9\s s&s1 are all con/itu5ts ( ! s]ies4 ,! ,dov] ,railway trav]ses ! =mation betwe5 ,r$ ,hill & ,a%=d3 ! bran* lead+ to ,tunbridge ,wells af=ds excell5t sections ( ! clay & s&s4 ,?us occupy+1 9 an irregul> triangul> =m1 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&1 ! weald5 aga9 em]ges 9 ! pr9cipality ( ,hanov]1 & o!r places 9 ! nor? ( ,g]many3 cont9u+ 9 ! same c\rse1 x is aga9 f\nd on ! ,briti% %ores1 occurr+ at ,l9ksfield1 ne> ,elg94 ,x w\ld n be easy to re/ore1 9 imag9ation1 ! surr\nd+ aspect ( ! sup]ficial area n[ occupi$ by pat*es ( ! weald5 =mation4 ,take y\r /ation on ! ,peak ( ,d]by1 or ,%otov] ,hill1 or ! heights ( ,ivanhoe--n s p]il\s adv5ture z t ( ! h]o9e ( ! tale on ! battlem5ts ( ,malvois9--& y ov]look a va/ ext5t ( vale & woodl&1 all !n "o broad expanse ( wat]4 ,?is inl& sea fill$ ! :ole int]m$iate di/rict trac$ above1 /udd$1 9 all probability1 ) isl&s1 & fr+$ ) %all[s & ri* arboresc5t headl&s4 ,%>ks pr[l$ & d>t$ 9 e direction2 pt]odactyles may be descri$ loom+ along ! wa/e2 :ile 9 t]ror or 9 joy1 ! plesiosaurus re>$ al(t 8 f>-/ret*+ neck1 & !n )drew into 8 f5ny retreats4 ,! saurians1 ) _! /rong muscul> jaws1 are actively engag$1 ea* accord+ to 8 k9d1 by ! %ores or 9 ! wat]s2 :ile ov] ! busy sc5e1 ! fi]ce-welt]+ i*?yosaurus looks 9 wild amazem5t1 8 l>ge eyes leap+ 9 _! sockets1 & spread+ dismay among ! t5ants ( ! deep1 z ev5 n[1 :5 a kite ent]s a ?orny brake1 or pursues 8 /eal?y flight ov] ! mead[s & gre5 fields ( timid ne/l+ bird4 ,nor w\ld ! l& animals be less actively employ$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! laws ( _! creation4 ,no skeletons ( birds h yet be5 detect$2 b _! foot-pr9ts1 we h se51 are num]\s4 ,^! cl\ds ( insects1 & o!r brilliant objects t flit ) su* rapidity across ! sky1 h all be5 /irr$1 & are leap+ !y "k n :i!r1 = ! tread ( a mon/]'s feet is he>d ?r\gh ! =e/1 mail$ 9 plat$ horn ?ick] ?an ,ajax's %ield1 &1 pursu$ by ano!r1 presses & plunges onw>d 9 reckless ha/e4 ,imag9e ! _m enc\nt]s dur+ a s+le season betwe5 "o set ( ! t]re/rials only1 ! saurians2 ( ! class1 !re are ! rema9s ( ! megalosaurus1 ! great saurian--( ! geosaurus1 ! l& saurian--( ! hylosaurus1 ! =e/ saurian--( ! teleosaurus1 ! p]fect saurian1--all fitt$ ) jaws & tee?1 mo/ cruelly b5t on mis*ief1 & re/ra9$ by no bro!rly sympa?ies :5 accid5t or bold defiance br+ !m 9 ! way ( ea* o!r4 ,! fell onslaughts ( g5]\s man1 tribe aga9/ tribe1 clan to clan1 nation to nation1 = "s inconceivable no?+ or un9t5d$ provocation1 record$ )9 ! brief hi/orical epo*1 may reconcile "o to a picture ( ! irrationals simil>ly engag$1 & ?r\gh\t p]iods ( "t suffici5t = ! deposition ( ! entire oolitic s]ies1 be=e :i* ! rule ( e>?ly dyna/ies %r9ks into utt] insignificance4 ,^! depositions accompli%$1 & successive races entomb$ )9 !m1 !re is evid5ce t ! floor ( ! ocean 0 rais$ above ! wat]s1 & t c5tral ,europe pres5t$1 all ar\nd1 a brea/ ( high l&4 ,!re are v>i\s int]calations1 9 ! s]ies ( m>9e & t]re/rial deposits z well z ( fre% & salt wat] fossils4 ,viol5t int]nal convulsions prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! p]iod1 & ! animals 7 all ( a k9d to c>e little = ! w> ( ! elem5ts4 ,mean:ile a fre% wat] =mation is complet$ 9 _m places a ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness1 & consi/+ ( a s]ies ( b$s2 n cont9u\s all r\nd ! %ores ( ! oolitic detritus1 b conf9$ to a few localities1 & *>act]iz$ ev]y:]e by its own gr\p ( organisms4 ,?is is ! weald5 =mation4 ,& ! "q arises1 ,h[ ?is s]ies ( fre% wat] clays1 & s&s1 & grits1 0 produc$ at a "t :5 ! sea prevail$ s univ]sally ov] ! :ole ( cont95tal ,europe1 & ! ea/]n division ( ,great ,brita98 ,! solution is simpl] ?an at fir/ sight might appe>1 :5 view$ 9 connection ) ! exi/+ di/ribution ( all our great prim>y =mations4 ,! ext5t ( dry l& 0 su* z to furni% wat]%$ = num]\s riv]s4 ,! m\nta9s suppli$ ! detrital matt]4 ,?is 0 br\ght to ! riv]'s m\?1 :]e x =m$ deltas2 or spread out on ! floor ( e/u>ies1 :]e x receiv$ ! few m>9e fossils :i* are f\nd 9 ! =mation4 ,ca/ y\r eye along ! geological map ( we/]n ,europe1 &--9 ! m\nta9s ( ,wales1 ! silurian di/rict ( ! nor?-we/ ( ,france1 ! prim>y rocks ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,elbe1 ! ,h>tz m\nta9s1 & ! gneiss & granites ( ,su!rl& & ,cai?ness--we h all ! mat]ials & requisites t are necess>y = ! silt+ process ( ! weald51 its accumulation1 & geographical di/ribution z ref]r$ to 9 its range & ext5t4 ,! cont9uity ( ! coa/s ( ,france & ,engl& is h]e9 suppos$1 &1 ^u geological data1 ?is is a matt] ( f> simpl] inf]5ce ?an ! fram+ ev5 ( a political con/itution t w /& a decade ( ! ye>s ( our fleet+ pilgrimage4 ,! vision ( ,plato's ,atlantis 9 ! great ocean becomes 9 ! geologi/'s cre$ a reality1 :o believes t a va/ cont95t mu/ h exi/$ on our s\? & we/1 all n[ sunk & :elm$ 9 ! deep abyss4 ,a *a9 ( isl&s w\ld j indicate ! positions ( ! ,alps1 ! ,pyr5ees1 ! ,c>pa?ians1 & ! ,caucasian ranges1 all !n ov]look+ c5tral & ea/]n ,europe1 n yet elevat$ above ! waves4 8,at ?is p]iod10 says ,pr(essor ,an/$1 8x is mo/ probable t no great ea/ & we/ subt]ranean movem5t _h act$ on ! "p ( ! e>?'s cru/ n[ above ! wat] 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & possibly ! fir/ intimation ( su* a di/urb+ =ce1 may be trac$1 ?\gh fa9tly1 9 ! exi/5ce ( a consid]able e/u>y1 9 :i* our weald5 b$s 7 deposit$4 ,f ! condition ( ! upp] ,portl& b$s1 we f9d1 t1 j at ! close ( ! oolitic p]iod1 !re 7 v num]\s *anges ( level induc$ ov] a small area 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&1 !n1 mo/ likely1 n f> f ! coa/ l9e ( a l>ge cont95t40 ,x may seem to _m presumptu\s1 & beyond all ! usual latitude ( exagg]at$ description to attempt to dwell ?us m9utely on physical arrangem5ts1 & a vegetable & animal economy1 s remote & beyond ! sph]e ( obs]vation4 ,rem>kable en\gh t our great heal+ spr+s ( ,ba?1 ,*elt5ham1 ,leam+ton1 ,tunbridge1 & ,h>wi*1 are all situat$ among1 or h _! orig9 91 ! s]ies ( deposits we h be5 consid]+4 ,b ! judgm5t1 m ?an ! fancy1 is employ$ 9 /udy+ ! geography ( ! anci5t _w1 9 look+ out f ! heights ar\nd1 & try+ aga9 to unite ! wat]s & ! dry l&1 to recall ! vani%+ traces ( =m] sea-m>ks1 & f ! dis9t]r$ rema9s ( ! rem>kable races t inhabit$ ! isl&1 & sw>m$ ar\nd its coa/s1 to contemplate ! ways & do+s ( 8,t ,et]nal ,m9d1 ,:o built ! spaci\s univ]se1 & deck$ ,ea* "p s ri*ly ) :ate'er p]ta9s ,to life1 to heal?1 to pleasure40 ,& ^! ?ree bless+s all are /riv+ to ma9ta91 to re/ore1 or to acquire4 ,life1 heal?1 pleasure--^! are ! great /imulants to all human ex]tion1 & h[ be/ to promote !m ought to be ! aim ( human /udy4 ,! suite ( rocks :i* compose ! c>bonif]\s sy/em is "o cle>ly ( pre-arrangem5t1 & design$ = man's use4 ,! /rata1 n[ b5ea? u1 z und5iably ev9ce a l b5efic5t purpose4 ,! treasures ( sal9e rock1 gypse\s m>ls1 iron s&s1 & pyrit\s clays1 may be my/]i\s all1 9 _! orig93 b _! uses & _! ends1 human wants & frailties h long s9ce e/abli%$4 ,! crav+s ( appetite satisfi$1 e creature has an in/9ct1 :i* un]r+ly leads x to seek a rem$y aga9/ injury & disease2 & a provision = ! "o equally ) ! o!r1 has be5 made by ,him :o notices ! sp>r[ 9 8 fall1 & c>e? = ! rav5s ( ! des]t4 ,sl[ ( appreh5sion ! m9d1 t _c disc]n 9 ! /rata "u review1 a /rik+ in/ance ( =esight1 a gift ( b5evol5t wisdom1 recesses long s9ce /or$ ) m$icam5ts & re/oratives = human frailties2 &1 ?\gh no angel n[ is !re to tr\ble ! wat]s1 a k9d ,provid5ce has design$ !m1 & a good he>t w use !m1 z tok5s ( its love4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,organic ,,rema9s are *iefly ( a fluviatile & t]re/rial "*4 ,! b$s 9 :i* !y occur 7 deposit$ 9 ! *annel1 or delta1 ( a riv] ( great bread?1 & demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( a l>ge ext5t ( neighbor+ c\ntry4 ,^! b$s range f ,ha/+s into ,dorset%ire1 b are n f\nd to ! nor? ( ! ,?ames4 ,9 ,portl& & ! ,isle ( ,wight !y likewise exi/ ) all _! peculi> organisms 9 ! greate/ abundance4 ,9 ! latt] locality1 ! weald5 b$s =m ! cliffs betwe5 ,a!rfield ,po9t & ,compton ,bay2 !y also ov]hang ! ,bay ( ,s&[n4 ,! ,purbeck b$s & s&s are well display$ at ,durdle ,cove1 ,w>b>r[1 & ,swanage ,bays2 & 9 ! ,vale ( ,w>d\r ! same /rata are develop$4 ,9 e "o ( ^! beautiful1 picturesque1 accessible1 & v limit$ di/ricts1 y h congregat$ specim5s ( ! fauna & flora ( riv]s1 groves1 =e/s1 & pla9s1 :i* h no long] a place on ! t]raque\s globe4 ,comp>$ ) ! liv+ or ext9ct races !y con/itute a *apt] 9 natural hi/ory n[h]e else to be se5 or /udi$4 ,?us ( eight g5]a ( plants 9 ! weald51 !re are only f\r common to x & ! oolites1 b n a s+le species4 ,( ! hundr$s ( zoophytes 9 ! old] =mation1 n "o occurs 9 ! new]4 ,tw5ty g5]a ( insects exi/$ 9 ! p]iod ( ! weald51 "o only ( :i* is prolong$ f ! antec$5t p]iod ( oolitic life2 "o new g5us ( ,cru/acean 7! ,cypris71 & five species2 :ile ! con*if]a h little 9 common1 save ! mytilus & unio1 & bo? ( :i*1 g5]ically1 h be5 transmitt$ f ! c>bonif]\s era4 ,! fi%es ( ! weald5 consi/ ( sev5 g5]a1 ( :i* only "o is new1 ! ,sph5on*us4 ,! reptilians am\nt to elev5 g5]a1 ?ree ( :i* pres5t rema9s 9 ! oolitic gr\p1 ,cetiosaurus1 ,*elonia1 & ,megalosaurus--same species 9 bo?4 ,! ,cetiosaurus belongs to ! :ale race ( animals1 & x is s+ul> to f9d ! tribe exhibit+ ! same /upidity1 or h>dihood x may be1 9 =sak+1 !n z n[1 _! br9y elem5t1 & seek+ a grave 9 ! clays & s&s ( fre% wat] %oals6 ,! ,hylosaurus & ,iguanodon 7 bo? f\nd 9 ! ,tilgate ,=e/ b$s1 b h be5 notic$ "u ! fauna ( ! oolite s]ies1 z probably liv+ 9 ! age (1 z !y approa* s closely 9 /ructure & size to1 ! reptilian types ( ! deposit2 frequ5t+ ! woods & pa/ures1 :ile _! mighty cotempor>ies 7 foll[+ _! in/9cts 9 ! seas & lakes ( ! di/rict4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ! close ( ! oolitic p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory resembles ! close ( ! c>bonif]\s p]iod1 9 ! sudd5 transition f an exub]ant to a rem>kably b>r5 display ( vegetable fossils4 ,9 ! comp>ative scant9ess ( ! sauroid family ( fi%es1 by :i* ! outgo+ ( ! coal era is likewise di/+ui%$1 we may fancy ano!r po9t ( analogy 9 ! dim9ution ( ! mon/r\s reptilians t appe>s to h tak5 place aft] ?is s]ies ( deposits4 ,may x be inf]r$ t ^! two p]iods enjoy$ a high] degree ( temp]ature ?an has prevail$1 ei!r be=e or s9ce1 g5]ally ov] ! e>?'s surface1 & m c]ta9ly 9 ^! nor!rn latitudes8 ,int]r$ among ! /rata ( bo? lie ! rema9s ( races1 vegetable & animal1 :i* h p]i%$3 & :at we describe by k9dr$ names are conf9$ to climes & regions bask+ ne> ! equator1 & enlight5$ by o!r con/ellations4 ,!n ! alt]nat+ deposits ( clay1 lime1 iron/one1 coal1 salt1 gypsum1 speak ( lakes & e/u>ies1 roll+ riv]s & high l&s no long] exi/+ 9 ^! p>ts4 ,a few leaves ( _! annals are inscrib$ ) =ms ( grotesque life1 & /irr+ activities1 :i* are !re to atte/ ! maje/y ( _! revolutions4 ,geology1 9 little m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 has made ! discov]y1 collect$ ! facts1 arrang$ & sy/ematiz$ ! k ( ! "* & habits ( ! successive g5]ations ^: doma91 :e!r ( l& or wat]1 0 s diff]5t f ours1 & n[ all pass$ away4 ,a high] temp]ature1 f c5tral heat1 w n expla9 ^! facts1 = t %\ld h prevail$ m 9 ! devonian1 & /ill m 9 ! silurian p]iods1--& ( ?is we h no evid5ce4 ,appe>ances w\ld r support an opposite conclusion4 ,! sweep ( ! comet aga91 resort$ to ^u occasions1 may h de/roy$1 b c\ld n ma9ta91 su* a /ate ( ?+s4 ,a *ange ( ! pol> axis1 ( ! mo/ inconsid]able ext5t1 is demon/rat$ to be highly improbable1 or almo/ impossible4 ,& n[1 9 ! unwe>i$ m>* ( sci5ce1 (t5 baffl$ b nev] ca/ d[n1 x has be5 ann\nc$ z ! probable solution ( all ! *anges ( ! pa/1 ,,! ,,progression ,,( ,,! ,,:ole ,,sol> ,,sy/em1 :]eby ! e>?1 & all ! si/] planets1 are dragg$ ?r\gh inf9ite space1 & br\ght successively )9 ! sph]e ( new con/ellations--n[ 9 a hott] & n[ 9 a mild] efflux ( e!r--comb9+ its own ) a m g5]al movem5t 9 a univ]sal :irl--& ?us con/antly subject$1 9 all its p>ts1 to ev]-v>y+ ext]nal influ5ces6 ,?is1 at lea/1 is ! +5i\s !ory ( ,m4 ,poisson1 :i*1 he ?9ks1 w acc\nt = ! c5tral heat ( ! globe1 dipp$ = a "t into a burn+ atmosph]e1 & cool+ (f m rapidly on ! surface1 & w give a no less plausible explanation z to ! ext5t & frequ5cy ( *ange effect$ on ! surface4 ,geology & a/ronomy become1 :5 view$ 9 ?is light1 correlative sci5ces1 & imp>t an illu/rative int]e/ to ! rese>*es ( ea* o!r4 ,! l(ty flights ( ! "o are br\ght d[n1 z x 71 to m e>?ly ?+s2 :ile ! geologi/1 on ! o!r h&1 is lift$ f 8 miry pit & d[nw>d /udies1 to m$itate on ! 8sweet influ5ces & b&s0 t h>monize & l9k all ! planets 9 _! orbits1 & rejoices to see 8 own e>? tak+ "p 9 ! et]nal music ( ! sph]es4 ,he is pleas$ to believe1 accord+ to ! view ( ! a/ronom]1 t ?is ball ( /one & clay enjoys at times a vitality all ov]1 :i* w>ms & *]i%es into life natant =ms1 & creep+ ?+s1 & fly+ dragons1 ^: developm5t ( p[]s c\ld n h be5 su/a9$1 on s great a scale1 9 ! l[] & less favor$ regions4 ,b :ile ! cause may be adequate to ! effect--& 9 ! approximation to ! tru? !re is a feel+ ( satisfaction1 an elevation ( vision & ela/icity ( ?\ght1 z 8,rays div9e d>t r\nd ! globe10 --/ill ! speculation ref]r$ to belongs r to ! poetry ?an to ! philosophy ( sci5ce1 influ5c+ ! imag9ation m ?an ! judgm5t1 & tr5*+ on relations t lie beyond ! field ( legitimate rese>*4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,cretace\s ,,sy/em4 ,! hi/ory ( our globe dur+ ! deposition ( ! ,,*alk ,,=mation1 & ! *anges !re) connect$1 h n[ to be consid]$4 ,by :atev] causes effect$--f :atev] s\rces d]iv$ ! mat]ials--! l9e ( dem>kation is "h complete4 ,! s&s ( ,africa1 sudd5ly conv]t$ into or drift$ ov] by ! sn[s ( ! ,alps1 w\ld n pres5t a great] div]sity ( outl9e ?an is ! transition to ! geologi/1 :5 = ! fir/ "t he /eps into a *alk di/rict1 & m>ks ! obvi\s contra/ ) all ! surr\nd+ sc5]y4 ,f ,gl\ce/] into ,wilt%ire we pass1 z x 71 into a new zone ( latitude4 ,! details conta9$ 9 ! two la/ *apt]s are 9 /rict con=mity ) ! laws ( nature3 ! animals connect$ ) ! epo* possess$ functions ( life & an ext]nal adaptation ( ?+s suit$ to ea* o!r4 ,simil> arrangem5ts exi/ at pres5t "u ne>ly simil> circum/ances3 ! tropical animals be> a close aff9ity to ! ext9ct races2 & %[ t1 h[ev] nature may contrive to display h] exhau/less p[]s ( inv5tion 9 h] =ms ( liv+ creatures1 %e /ill con=ms to a type1 & has h] limits ( div]g5ce4 ,! pa/ & ! pres5t s agree 9 all ess5tial po9ts z cle>ly to demon/rate a wise & controll+ ag5cy1 a measure ( enjoym5t comb9$ ) an adju/m5t ( figure1 :i*1 ?\gh approa*+ ! m>vel\s1 has result$ f design & ! pr(\nde/ intellig5ce4 ,accord+ly1 ! symptoms ( ! *ange we n[ witness are cotemporane\s4 ,) ! cretace\s sy/em are introduc$ new m9]al conditions1 & along ) ^! !re are new =ms ( exi/5ce4 ,! animals ( ! *alk & oolite p]iods are ess5tially diff]5t--/ill g5]ically %ad+1 inde$1 into ea* o!r--b s diff]+ 9 species1 & ! appe>ance = ! fir/ "t ( new creations1 z aga9 to ann\nce to u t we tread on sacr$ gr\nd1 & witness 9 its arrangem5t & cont5ts ! direct ag5cy ( ,omnipot5ce4 ,we c =m no op9ion1 no notion :atev]1 9 ^! *anges1 ( ! modus op]&i4 ,we rem>k simply ! effects2 & sci5ce1 amid/ all its o!rwise b>r5 & useless details1 !n a*ieves its l(tie/ purposes :5 x ?us traces ! foot/eps & act+s ( ! ,great ,fir/ ,cause4 #a4 ,,range ,,& ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,*alk ,,=mation4 ,consid]$ m9]alogically1 ?is rock c nev] fail to arre/ att5tion or inquiries1 ev5 among ! lea/ obs]vant1 z to its nature & orig94 ,!re is no trace ( x 9 ! nor!rn portion ( ! isl&2 & :5 "o = ! fir/ "t sees :ole m\nta9s ( x1 8 s5sations are n a little excit+4 ,= our own "p1 we felt z if we ent]$ a new _w :5 we gaz$ ^u hills1 & _! long-furr[$ esc>pm5ts1 ( ?is calc>e\s sn[-drift4 ,our acqua9tance ) ! m9]al _h hi!rto be5 limit$ to ! fragm5ts ) :i* we 7 wont to trace ! l9es ( our s*oolboy pa/imes4 ,we got no deep] into its my/]ies :51 on a high] scale ( action1 we saw x del9eate ! diagram1 or run ov] ! fluxional problem on ! black-bo>d 9 academy & college-hall4 ,b "h6 & half an isl& is cov]$ ) ^! /ores ( k & ( indu/ry4 ,n9e or t5 c\nties on a /ret*1 f ,dorset to ,flambor\gh ,head1 & f ,bridport to ,deal1 are cov]$ ov]1 & = hundr$s ( feet 9 dep?1 ) ! milk-:ite e>?2 &1 :i*ev] way y turn & b5d t[>d ! ,capital1 !re are ample opportunities = ! /udy ( ?is curi\s page ( geological hi/ory4 ,! *alk b$s are n compos$ ( "o uni=m compact mass ( ! useful m9]al itself1 :i* consi/s ( ne>ly pure c>bonate ( lime1 ( s(t e>?y texture4 ,geologically consid]$1 ! cretace\s sy/em comprises a s]ies ( gre5 & f]rug9\s s&s1 clays1 m>ls1 gray & :ite lime/ones2 & ^! aga9 are arrang$ "u ?ree lead+ gr\ps--*alk1 gault1 & gre5 s&4 ,! *alk--prop]ly s call$--is subdivid$ into ! upp] & l[]1--conta9+ 9 ! upp] num]\s ve9s & nodules ( fl9t1 & v>ies 9 color ?r\gh sev]al int]m$iate hues1 until1 9 its contact ) trap1 x assumes a deep r$4 ,! gault is an argillace\s deposit ( /iff1 d>k blue clays1 highly calc>e\s1 & eff]vesces freely ) acids4 ,! gre5 s& is a triple alt]nation ( s&s1 *]ty lime/one1 & friable s&/one1 ) b$s1 9 "s places ( o*] & ,full]'s e>?4 ,! :ole s]ies may be e/imat$ at ne>ly two ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness1 =m$ 9 a deep sea bas91 ! mat]ials float+ 9 v /ill wat]s1 & aggregat$ successively ?r\gh ! comb9$ influ5ce ( me*anical1 *emical1 & organic ag5cies4 ,! me*anical influ5ce is v app>5t 9 ! s&s & m>ls1 :i* are evid5tly ! spoils ( isl&s & cont95ts1 wa%$ d[n by curr5ts & floods ( fre% wat]1 & deposit$ ov] an anci5t ocean b$4 ,! *emical composition ( ! fl9ts or concretion>y nodules1 :i* give su* a rem>kable "* & appe>ance (t5 to ! *alk1 is equally demon/rable2 f fifty to a hundr$ b$s ( *alk1 pure & beautifully :ite1 w sometimes be se5 alt]nat+ ) z _m b&s ( d>k-color$ fl9ts1 all regul>ly arrang$ z cannon-%ot ( all sizes on a floor1 & pres5t+1 = miles along ! cliffs ( ! sea-%ore1 l9es ( beautifully def9$ =tifications4 ,! organic ag5t is visible 9 ! nucleus ( ^! r\nd masses1 :i* consi/s ( an animal or vegetable sub/ance1 z a coral1 a %ell1 a piece ( flu/ra1 or sponge4 ,! nodules assume v>i\s %apes1 t seem to be mold$ accord+ to ! cavities ( ! matrix 9 :i* !y are imb$d$1 b are actually ! =ms ( ! bodies or organic sub/ances to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,! explanation giv5 is1 t a *emical attraction has tak5 place betwe5 ! vegetable or animal rema9s1 /rew$ abundantly ?r\gh ! wat]s1 & ! silici\s matt] held 9 solution4 ,! silex 9 solution gradually incru/s1 or incorporates )1 ! organiz$ sub/ance1--& ?us 7 produc$ at once ! fl9ty concretions & ! wond]ful petrifactions conta9$ 9 !m4 ,break any "o ( ^! nodul> masses1 & m9ute drops ( moi/ure w1 if imm$iately inspect$1 be se5 to ooze out f its pores3 ?us cle>ly furni%+ a pro( ( ! /ate ( solution 9 :i* x orig9ally exi/$1 & ! wat]y m5/ruum 9 :i* x 0 produc$4 ,! m9]alogical hi/ory & arrangem5t ( ! *alk gr\p ( rocks are !re=e 9 _m respects v int]e/+4 ,! *alk ov]lies ! weald51 :i* 0 a m]e delta at ! riv]'s m\?4 ,! b$ ( ! riv] sudd5ly disappe>s1 & n[ !re re/s ^u x a deep sea =mation4 ,h[ /up5d\s & ov]:elm+ ! =ces ( nature ?r\gh all h] op]ations6 ,h[ va/ h] afflu5ce & prodigality1 :i* c\ld s ?or\ghly alt] all h] ext]ior & int]ior arrangem5ts1 & fill ! seas ) ?is new matt]4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,organic ,,rema9s display ! b\ndless pr(usion ( animal life :i* prevail$ dur+ ! cretace\s p]iod4 ,! weald5 furni%es no gr\nds ( comp>ison1 z t is simply a local fre% wat] deposit1 & consequ5tly c furni% no te/ ( ! g5]al condition ( life ^u ! surface ( ! globe4 ,b :5 we g back to ! oolitic p]iod we obta9 a /&>d by :i* to measure ! do+s ( nature 9 ! int]val1 :at new creations />t$ into be+1 & :at provisions 7 made = _! subsi/5ce4 ,! /ate ( ! temp]ature _c be det]m9$1 z ! products1 ) ! r>e/ possible exceptions1 are :olly m>9e1 & !re=e affect$ by atmosph]ic influ5ces 9 a v small degree4 ,nei!r c mu* be conjectur$ conc]n+ ! /ate ( ! l&1 z sc>cely a fragm5t ( true t]re/rial life has be5 detect$ 9 ! deposit2 & yet1 f ! /illness & comp>atively small dim5sions ( sea-bas9s into :i* ! e>?y +r$i5ts 7 float$1 ! probability is t ! l& 0 bo? l(ty & widely ext5d$4 ,"o mammalian1 & ! rema9s ( a solit>y bird1 & a meag] spr9kl+ ( vegetables1 con/itute ! :ole1 & ev5 dubi\s1 am\nt ( contributions f ?is dep>tm5t ( nature4 ,to ,neptune1 !re=e1 ! palontologi/ turns 8 undivid$ att5tion2 &1 comp>+ "o p]iod ) ano!r1 he f9ds ! foll[+ results3 ,! cretace\s deposits all lie ,,)9 ,,! ,,area ( ! oolites4 ,!y are con=mable g5]ally 9 position1 & display1 9 proportion to _! ext5t1 a l sup]abundance ( calc>e\s e>?4 ,h5ce a return to polyp & %elly types ( life1 :i* we f9d s *>act]i/ic & div]sifi$ 9 bo? epo*s4 ,?us ( ! fir/ ord]1 ,amorphozoa1 ! oolitic age produc$ only "o g5us2 9 ! cretace\s we f9d ?irte5 g5]a1 9 ! li/ ,spongia1 :i* is common to bo?4 ,( ,zoophytes1 !re are tw5ty-?ree g5]a 9 ! =m]1 & sev5te5 9 ! latt]--( :i* n9e are common to bo? p]iods4 ,! ,e*9od]mata numb] eighte5 9 ! oolite1 & tw5ty-five 9 ! *alk--five only common4 ,! g5us ,=am9if]a is entirely new 9 ! latt] =mation1 & consi/s ( twelve asc]ta9$ g5]a1 & ne>ly d\ble ! numb] ( species4 ,( ,annelida !re are f\r g5]a 9 ! oolite1 & six 9 ! *alk1 9 :i* ! new ord] ( ,cirrhip$a occurs likewise4 ,! ,a/acus is ! only cru/acean 9 ! oolitic gr\p3 ?is & ?ree new g5]a are f\nd 9 ! *alk4 ,! ,con*if]a are v num]\s 9 bo? deposits2 =ty-six 9 ! old]1 & ?irty-eight g5]a 9 ! new]1 ( :i* eight are peculi> to ! *alk4 ,monym>ia are ne>ly 9 ! same relative proportions4 ,rudi/es occurs1 z a new ord]1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! *alk1 :ile aga9 ! ,bra*iopods1 ,ga/]opods1 & ,cephalopods1 are ab\t equally abundant 9 bo? =mations1 ) additions 9 ! *alk to ! g5]ic models4 ,& "h too ! new ord] ,pt]opoda1 ( a s+le g5us & species1 is introduc$ to our contemplation4 ,ammonites & ,belemnites d n pass ?is age4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,pect5 qu9que-co/atus4 #b4 ,plagio/oma ,sp9osum4 #c4 ,hamites int]m$ius4 #d4 ,spatangus cor-angu9um4 #e4 ,gal]ites albogal]us4 #f4 ,scaphites ,/riatus4 #g4 ,belemnites mucronatus4 ,! fi%es ( ! two p]iods are equally /rik+ 9 _! contra/s2 ! two ord]s ( ,ganoids & ,placoids are common to bo?1 :ile ! ,ct5oids & ,cycloids appe> = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( our planet1 & :i* 7 aft]w>d to contribute s l>gely to ! su/5ance & com=ts ( man4 ,! ,reptilians %[ a decl5sion 9 ! latt] p]iod 9 numb]s1 ) ! introduction1 h[ev]1 ( f\r new g5]a--"o ( :i* 7! ,iguanodon ,mantelli71 is also f\nd 9 ! weald54 ,! ,cimoliornis ,diom$eus1 describ$ by ,pr(essor ,ow51 is ! only specim5 ( ! ord] ,aves or bird-tribe t z yet appe>s ov] ?is wa/e ( wat]s4 ,! t]m cimoliornis means simply ! *alk-bird1 & is alli$1 9 "s ( its osse\s processes1 to ! albatross1 b also diff]s 9 too _m po9ts to be reg>d$ z ! ance/or ( t c\rage\s /orm-brav+ animal4 ,! claims ( ?is fossil1 inde$1 to its true place 9 ! sy/em1 h n yet be5 fully e/abli%$4 8,( ! few actually fossiliz$ rema9s ( birds10 says ,pr(essor ,ow51 8t h be5 discov]$ 9 ,engl&1 ! mo/ complete & *>act]i/ic are ^? f ! ,london clay4 ,"s fragm5t>y ,orni?olites h be5 discov]$ 9 ! old] plioc5e crag1 & 9 ! new] plioc5e fre% wat] deposits & bone caves4 ,extremely scanty h hi!rto be5 ! recognizable rema9s ( birds f ! *alk =mations4 ,! fossil f ! weald51 :i* ,i =m]ly believ$1 ) ,cuvi] & ,dr4 ,mantell1 to belong to a wad+ bird1 ,i h s9ce adduc$ reasons = ref]r+ to ! ext9ct g5us ( fly+ reptiles call$ ,pt]odactyle40 ,! fossil bones ( ! ,cimoliornis 7 obta9$ by ! ,e>l ( ,enniskill5 f ! *alk b$s ne> ,maid/one1 & resemble ! hum]us ( ! albatross 9 =m1 proportions & size2 !re are no di/9ct traces ( ! atta*m5ts ( ! quill-fea!rs 9 any ( ! fragm5ts2 b 9 o!r po9ts !re are analogies to ! osse\s /ructure ( birds2 & !re are bones s gigantic z w assign !m a place1 if ! pro(s are complet$1 among ! enorm\s foot-pr9t class ( ! p]mian age1 & g almo/ to realize ! fabul\s 8roc0 ( ! ,arabian romance4 ,our att5tion 9 ?is gr\p ( deposits1 h[ev]1 is rivet$ m by ! little ?an ! great--by ! microscopic ?an ! gigantic =ms ( life4 ,x is a/\nd+1 inde$1 to contemplate ! myriads ( creatures :i* sw>m$ 9 ! seas dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,a fragm5t ( *alk1 ! size ( a g>d5 pea1 conta9s ?\s&s ( p]fect %ells2 ^! %ells inclose /ill1 9 _m in/ances1 ! pulpy animal matt]2 & consi/ ( a s]ies ( di/9ct well-def9$ *amb]s4 ,9 a cubic in* ( ! rock x is calculat$ t !re are upw>d ( a million ( infusorial animalcules4 ,yet _! ord]s are det]m9$1 _! g5]a fix$1 _! v species are describ$1 s p]fect is ! /ructure1 & s ?or\ghly pres]v$ all ! p>ts ( _! m9ute %elly cov]lets4 ,! microscope has re/or$1 "u ! action ( c]ta9 dilute acids1 ! cont\r & %ape ( entire ho/s ( ^! creatures4 ,"s specim5s1 s positively c x speak ( !m1 appe> to consi/ ( tubes plac$ edgewise1--"o project+ sometimes beyond ano!r4 ,o!rs are se5 to possess a s]ies ( tubul> organs plac$ p>allel1 & dispos$ 9 long l9es ( fragile reticulat$ rib&4 ,"s are oblong figures4 ,o!rs are complicat$1 exhibit+ num]\s project+ processes1 & ( e v>iety ( %ape4 ,"s resemble ! %ell ( ! nautilus2 o!rs are /ill detect$ ) ! sk9 adh]+ to ! skeleton2 :ile 9 ! /oma*s & dige/ive sacs ( o!rs ! m m9ute infusoria1 :i* ! dim9utive mon/] _h swall[$1 are made palpable to ! sight4 ,all ?is may be call$ trifl+1 a misapplication ( tal5t1 a wa/e ( +5uity4 ,:at t]ms too gr& to describe ! l(ty speculations ( ! a/ronom]1 :o po9ts 8 telescope to "s d>k po9t 9 ! blue sky1 & descries 9 its inf9ite dep?s a clu/] ( closely aggregat$ %9+ p>ticles1 m9ute z ! motes 9 ! sunbeam1 & hails x z ! discov]y ( a new sy/em ( worlds4 ,he _c c\nt !m1 = !y are innum]able4 ,he _c measure !m1 = !y h no dim5sions4 ,he _c tell _! relations1 nor describe _! orbits ( motion1 = a sp>kl+ heap ( />-du/ is all t flits be=e ! reflector4 ,b ! b\nd>ies ( k are enl>g$1 & ?\gh man nor any ( ! arts may ev] be b5efit$ !reby1 ! =tunate discov]] w h 8 "n inscrib$ 9 t di/ant region ( ! univ]se1 & transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation ) increas+ lu/]4 ,! discov]ies ( ! geologi/ may be inf]ior 9 gr&eur1 b are !y practically less illu/rative 9 _! be>+s on exi/+ arrangem5ts8 ,he sees ! pa/ 9 ! pres5t1 ! ne> & ! di/ant 9 "t br\ght toge!r4 ,a *>m is !reby ?r[n ov] /udies & speculations :i* w\ld o!rwise be useless4 ,?us1 9 ! m9]al /ructures result+ f ! ag5cies ( ^! invisible organic bodies1 ! m9d is /ruck ) ! resemblance to simil> processes t may be n[ go+ =w>d 9 ! ocean3 x sees 9 ! discoloration ( ! waves1 z ! voyag] /e]s 8 vessel ov] ! ma91 a light by :i* to deciph] ! /ory ( an age2 &1 :ile no voice issues f ! c\ntless myriads ( animals :i* ?ick5 ! wat]s1 rocks are elaborat+ & depositions made t w yet be rais$ into isl&s or cont95ts4 8,on ! coa/ ( ,*ili1 a few leagues nor? ( ,conception1 ! ,beagle10 says ,dr4 ,d>w91 8"o day pass$ ?r\gh great b&s ( muddy wat]1 :i*1 :5 tak5 up 9 a glass1 0 f\nd to be slightly /a9$ z if by r$ du/1 & aft] leav+ x = "s "t quiet1 a cl\d collect$ at ! bottom4 ,) a l5s ( "o-f\r? ( an in* focal di/ance1 small hyal9e po9ts c\ld be se51 d>t+ ab\t ) great rapidity1 & frequ5tly explod+4 ,exam9$ ) a mu* high] p[]1 _! %ape 0 f\nd to be oval1 & contract$ by a r+ r\nd ! middle1 f :i* l9e curv$ little set proce$$ on all sides2 & ^! 7 ! organs ( motion4 ,! animals move ) ! n>r[ apex =w>d1 by ! aid ( _! vibratory cilia1 & g5]ally by rapid />ts4 ,_! numb]s 7 inf9ite1 & 9 "o day we pass$ ?r\gh two spaces ( wat] ?us /a9$1 "o ( :i* alone mu/ h ext5d$ ov] sev]al squ>e miles4 ,! color ( ! wat]1 z se5 at "s di/ance1 0 l t ( a riv] :i* has fl[$ ?r\gh a r$ clay di/rict2 b "u ! %ade ( ! vessel's side1 x 0 q z d>k z *ocolate40 ,^! are ! f\ndation-build]s ( future isl&s1 ( ! v color & size1 x may be1 z ^? :i* pil$ up ^! masses ( ! brick-r$ *alk4 ,9 an ounce ( sea-s&1 f ?ree to f\r millions ( ^! m9ute bodies h be5 enum]at$4 ,tw5ty-two ?\s& c be plac$ side by side on a l9e> in* ( surface4 ,"o s+le individual1 9 ! c\rse ( a mon? 9 summ]1 w produce z _m z #hjj1jjj1jjj4 ,9 a globule ( wat]1 a cubic in* conta9s m inhabitants ?an are n[ exi/+ ( ! human family on ! face ( ! globe4 ,! skeletons ( ! animalcula are transport$ ?r\gh ! air 9 ! =m ( a f9e impalpable du/1 cov]+ ! decks ( vessels1 & d>k5+ ! atmosph]e _m hundr$ miles di/ant at sea4 ,! eye c trace no?+ ( /ructure--n ev5 ( granul> =m--& :ile clo!s1 rigg+1 & e crevice is fill$ & discolor$ ) ! organic nebul1 x is n until ! highe/ microscopic p[]s are appli$1 t x becomes resolvable & demon/rat$ to be a sy/em ( liv+ creatures1 mov+ ?r\gh space1 & fulfill+ _! de/9y6 ,! views ( nature ?us op5$ up are b\ndless & inf9ite1 9 ei!r t]ms ( ! scale1 asc5d+ or desc5d+4 ,! imm5sity ( ?+s on ! "o side1 & _! m9ut5ess on ! o!r1 c>ry !m equally beyond ! rea* ( direct obs]vation1 & ! int]v5tion ( means mu/ 9 bo? cases be provid$1 ere !y c become ! subjects ( human p]ception & exam9ation4 ,b :at is x to me1 "s w reason1 if !re lie )9 ! dep?s ( space myriads ( roll+ worlds1 :5 ,i see !m n1 & ^: revolutions c 9 no way affect my condition on e>?8 ,^! rocks ar\nd are b ob/acles 9 my way1 or /ones = :i* ,i h no reg>d1 z ,i c apply !m to no useful purpose4 ,i "k t e blade ( grass1 e leaf 9 ! =e/1 e drop ( wat]1 e gra9 ( s&1 teem ) liv+ creatures4 ,&1 9 ! air ,i brea!1 sy/ems m1 beyond ! k5 ( human view 8bo? :5 we wake & :5 we sleep10 revel 9 ! irresponsible enjoym5t ( s5ti5t exi/5ce4 ,sci5ce1 view$ 9 ?is light1 & calculat$ ^u ! rule ( m]e /ati/ical enum]ation1 may be reckon$ z utt]ly valueless1 & k z b a t]m = ,,mat]ialism4 ,b nei!r a/ronomy nor geology w p]mit our speculations ?us to t]m9ate4 ,a pr9ciple ( causation is involv$ 9 bo?1 & to trace ?is ?r\gh a *a9 ( sequ5ces & effects1 :e!r 9 ! great or little1 9 ! remote or ne>1 is ! "o gr& aim ( philosophy4 ,if ,i c p]ceive no b\nds to ! va/ expanse 9 :i* natural causes op]ate1 & c fix no bord] or t]m9ation ( ! univ]se2 & if ,i am equally at a loss to disc]n ?+s 9 _! elem5ts1 & to discov] ! limits :i* t]m9ate ! subdivisions ( organic matt]1 my inquiries w n "h cease4 ,! m9d w n be satisfi$ s to close & to %ut up ! !sis prop\nd$4 ,i am compell$ to advance onw>d1 ev5 z ! objects rec$e f ! view1 or exp& 9 magnitude beyond ! grasp ( compreh5sion4 ,! s\l is fill$ ) ! idea ( imm5sity1 z x famili>izes itself to ! ?\ght ( ! highe/ m\nta9s ( ! e>? be+ b specks on its surface--! t]raque\s globe z an atom comp>$ ) ! sun--! sun itself dw9dl+ to a /> f "s po9t 9 ! di/ant fields ( space--& ev5 all ! sy/ems t sp>kle 9 ! cle>e/ sky only z fa9t /reaks ( light1 or n disc]nible ev5 = millions ( ye>s aft] _! creation1 9 ! sy/ems t repl5i% & %9e 9 ! /ill remot] void4 ,speculations1 l(ty z ^!1 d leave some?+ beh9d--some?+ nobl] ?an ari?metical calculation--& k becomes ,,spiritualiz$ by !m4 ,! same result foll[s1 :5 we desc5d 9 ! scale ( nature t[>d ! o!r limit1 :5 we p]ceive a l gradation f m9ute bodies to o!rs incompreh5sibly m m9ute1 & are l$ z f> bel[ s5sible measures ( p]ception1 z we 7 be=e c>ri$ beyond !m1 until vision is lo/ 9 utt] vacuity & oblit]ation ( all organic =m4 ,b ! m att5uat$ & fragile ! /ructure1 ! m ! manife/ation ( ,omnipot5ce & sup]9t5d+ c>e4 ,if f microscopical obs]vation we discov] animals1 ?\s&s ( :i* sc>ce =m an atom p]ceptible to unassi/$ s5se--ea* ( :i* are end[$ ) a sy/em ( vessels1 & fluids circulat+ 9 ^? vessels--if we c trace ! propagation1 n\ri%m5t1 & gr[? ( ^! animals--obs]ve _! motions1 capacities ( action1 limits & conditions ( exi/5ce--all ?is ?r\gh c\ntless millions & multiplications ( tribes & g5]ations--&1 f9ally1 aft] _! t]m ( be+ end$1 n[ f9d !m entomb$ 9 rocks1 & elaborat$ into useful m9]als2--k ?us pursu$ becomes aga9 ! h&maid ( ,,religion1 & t]m9ates 9 ! conviction1 t we live 9 a univ]se ov] :i* ! eye ( ,omnisci5ce & love has be5 ev] wakeful & pr$om9ant4 ,! telescope leads to "o v]ge ( inf9ity1 ! microscope br+s u to ano!r2 & 9 ! discov]ies ( bo? !re is ! firme/ assurance1 t z no?+ is too di/ant & va/ = ! ,creator's control1 s no?+ is too m9ute = ,8 wise & fa!rly c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,t]ti>y ,,sy/em4 ,! ,t]ti>y ,sy/em =ms ! la/ great subdivision ( ! rocky /rata ( ! e>?--! la/ 9 ! creative1 z well z geographical1 di/ribution ( organic & inorganic matt]--antec$5t to ! human epo*4 ,all ! ,european & p>tly ,asiatic *a9s ( m\nta9s 7 aga9 f>!r elevat$ t[>d ! close ( ! prec$+ p]iod4 ,europe itself assum$ a m di/9ctive %ape & cont\r1 a bold] coa/-l9e1 high] plateaux1 deep] & m ext5sive lakes4 ,great ,brita9 0 r\nd$ into =m1 settl$ ^u new f\ndations1 & already /ood out1 9 h] we/]n & nor!rn belt ( granitic & prim>y rocks1 ! empress ( ! ocean4 ,9 ?us recall+ ! features ( ! old _w1 & m>k+ ! configuration ( a new] /ate ( ?+s1 geology furni%es indubitable evid5ce ^u :i* to e/abli% ^! & o!r m g5]al conclusions4 ,! physical geography ( ! globe is insep>ably connect$ ) ! s]ies ( *anges we h be5 contemplat+4 ,! elevation1 small & isolat$ z x appe>s1 ( ! =mation t]m$ ! weald51 supplies a key by :i* to measure ! riv]s & deltas ( our own isl&4 ,! *alk1 =m+ at ! "t ! b$ ( ! ocean1 rema9$ = a p]iod 9 undi/urb$ repose1 z evid5c$ by ! holl[s & erosive action se5 on its surface4 ,!n a s]ies ( convulsive movem5ts1 ov] a va/ area1 are indicat$ by ! disrupt$ & alt]$ position ( ! /rata1 :5 ! bottom ( ! sea 0 lift$ up1 & its :ole m>9e fauna completely *ang$4 ,! second>y era pass$ away3 ! new t]ti>y arrangem5ts1 animate & inanimate1 f h5ce=? comm5ce4 ,?us rolls on ! mighty c\rse ( "t4 ,a cont95t is ! gift ( "o age3 half a globe is %att]$ & wa/$ 9 ! next4 ,all liv+ ?+s become ext9ct & entomb$ 9 ?is qu>t]3 9 t1 !re are new & m abundant creations4 ,! face ( nature is aga9 r$ol5t ) beauty3 life1 pr(usion1 & enjoym5t are ev]y:]e ab\nd+4 8,look d[n on e>?4 ,:at see/ ?\8 ,wondr\s ?+s1 ,t]re/rial wond]s t eclipse ! skies4 ,nor c ! et]nal rocks ,8 w )/&-- ,:at level$ m\nta9s1 & :at lift$ vales6 ,high ?r\gh mid air1 "h /reams are taught to fl[-- ,:ole riv]s !re1 laid by 9 bas9s1 sleep-- ,"h pla9s turn oceans2 !re va/ oceans jo91 ,?r\gh k+doms1 *annel'd deep f %ore to %ore40 ,! geological di/rict ^u :i* we n[ ent]1 embraces ,london z ne>ly ! c5t] ( its range1 f :i* 9 e direction1 along e l9e ( railway1 sections ( ! t]ti>y deposits are laid op53 cab9ets ( con*ology are to be met ) 9 e pit = =ty miles ar\nd2 & :at facilities to visit & exam9e !m all ) ! spe$ ( ! w9d4 ,n a spot b may be rea*$ at a wi%1 sections m ?an c be numb]$ are 9 e locality1 & 9 half ! "t "o makes ! asc5t ( ,s*ehalion1 he has tak5 ! circuit ( sev]al c\nties4 ,london6 :at c x be lik5$ or comp>$ to8 ,no?+ is s unlike z a simile1 & we ne$ n try to describe ?is emporium ( ! _w by a comp>ison4 ,x is n ,rome nor ,!bes1 nor ,n9eveh1 nor ,babylon1 b m ?an !m all 9 ! /irr+ activities ( m]e animal exi/5ce--m b\ndless 9 weal?--m dom9ant 9 conque/s--m all-embrac+ 9 comm]ce2 z deep 9 its s9s1 arrogant 9 its pride1 haughty 9 its supremacy1 z ,que5 ,city ( ! nations4 ,ab\t twelve hundr$ s\ls are e week add$ to t d5se mass ( human be+s4 ,z _m1 ne>ly1 are e week blott$ f ! sum ( mortal exi/5ce4 ,no metropolis on ?is mundane sc5e ev] /ood 9 a simil> relation to all o!r nations & cities ( ! _w1 ^: e wi%1 = weal or woe1 s affect$ ! de/9ies ( all ! families ( m54 ,a "p ( e "o ( !m is !re9 conc5trat$4 ,n a tribe b has its repres5tative4 ,n a specim5 or production ( human skill b is borne ?i!r4 ,g5ius1 wit1 indu/ry1 +5uity1 are 9 all _! mo/ beautiful creative ef=ts indelibly embalm$2 & 7 t mighty pile to be +ulf$ 9 ! bosom ( ! wat]s1 out ( :i* its f\ndations 7 rec5tly lift$ up1 ! g5us homo w\ld1 9 all its entir5ess1 be cons]v$ toge!r--! type & wond] ( our own geological epo*4 ,?is city1 too1 conta9s ev]y?+ else t ! _w conta9s4 ,a specim5 ( e liv+ ?+ is "h2 & ?+s :i* _c live1 b p9e & die away f _! native haunts1 h be5 c>efully pres]v$ & skillfully arrang$ = ! inspection ( ! curi\s4 ,! kaleidoscope1 9 all its phantasmagoria ( *ange & inf9ite div]sity ( hues1 c display no?+ half s v>i\s z ! realities ( nature2 & types ( ! entire mod]n era1 f ! ext9ct ,dodo to ! rec5tly-discov]$ ,moas ( ,wanganui1 are be=e y 9 all _! div]sifi$ =ms1 f ! mis%ap5 & fanta/ic to ! lovelie/ ( e>?ly creations4 ,:5 ,adam gave names to ! creatures ( ! field1 !y are simply said to h be5 8br\ght unto him to see :at he w\ld call !m20 e tree pleasant to ! sight grew out ( ! gr\nd2 & ,eve1 ,milton beautifully repres5ts 8w5t =? among h] fruits & fl[]s1 ,to visit h[ !y prosp]'d1 bud & bloom1 ,h] nurs]y2 !y at h] com+ sprung40 ,"h are all ?+s once m assembl$1 & z ! tree ( k no long] b>s f ! tree ( life1 we c innoc5tly se>* into all ! my/]ies1 & see all ! qualities & %apes1 ( e e>?ly object4 ,nor is ,london less privileg$ & di/+ui%$ by its geological treasures & multif>i\s condition ( ?+s b5ea?4 ,! capital /&s on ! t]ti>y ,eoc5e /rata1 or la/ ( ! rocky s]ies ( ! isl&4 ,! pre-,adamic arrangem5ts all "h cease1 ! b\nd>ies betwixt ! old & ! new _w are "h drawn4 ,! age ( ,,humanity dawns4 ,&1 int]r$ 9 ! deposits imm$iately bel[1 lie ! la/ ( a s]ies ( mon/]s :i* prec$$ man's introduction ^u ! /age1 & betwe5 :om & all 8 race an unequal w> ( m]ciless ext]m9ation mu/ h prevail$4 ,! reason+ animal1 inde$1 at once ! mo/ helpless & mo/ pot5t ( nature's (fspr+1 c\ld b ill h exi/$ "u a con/itution ( ! elem5ts :i* fo/]$ ! ,palo!riums & ,*ropotami ( ! t]ti>y age4 ,nei!r ! romance ( geology nor ! era ( prodigies1 !re=e1 are yet ov]4 ,! curta9 once m requires to be lift$ f ! d>k regions ( ! pa/1 ere we approa* ! arrangem5ts1 =ms1 & di/ribution ( animal & vegetable life1 ( ! epo* 9 :i* our own lot has be5 ca/4 ,i4 ,,! ,,t]ti>y ,,gr\p consi/s ( a s]ies ( well-m>k$ & closely connect$ b$s ( clays1 s&s1 gravel1 brecciat$ conglom]ate1 m>ls1 & lime/ones2 "s ( :i* are ( m>9e1 & "s ( fre% wat] orig9--po9ts only to be det]m9$ by _! respective fossil rema9s4 ,"s li?ological di/9ctions may also be e/abli%$2 ! m>9e deposits are less m9utely lam9at$ ?an ^? ( ! fre% wat]2 & also1 9 g5]al1 ! b$s are ?ick]1 & _! s$im5ts m confus$ 9 _! arrangem5t4 8,lime/ones1 & f9e light-color$ clays10 says ,mr4 ,phillips1 8con/itute ! pr9cipal mass ( ! fre% wat] s$im5ts2 :ile s&s1 & blue & v>i\sly-color$ clays1 m p>ticul>ly m>k ! m>9e depositions4 ,! latt] appe> l ! products ( littoral agitation1 z if ! we>+ ( cliffs ( old] /rata _h furni%$ ! mat]ials ( ^! new] rocks2 :ile ! =m] resemble ! accumulations f ! wa/+ surface ( *alky & argillace\s c\ntries40 ,^! deposits lie 9 holl[s & depressions ( ! *alk =mation1 & con/itute :at is t]m$ ! ,london bas94 ,a simil> s]ies ( mat]ials occur 9 ,hamp%ire1 sep>at$ f ! =m] by ! uprais$ edges ( ! subjac5t /rata1 :i*1 cropp+ out 9 l mann] on ! s\?1 inclose !m also 9 a bas9-%ap$ area4 ,! same arrangem5t prevails across ! *annel1 :]e a suite ( rocks ref]able to ! same age lie )9 ! *alks1 & con/itute ! well-kn[n ,p>is bas91 ^: rem>kable rema9s 7 fir/ br\ght to light f _! tomb ( ages 9 ,montm>tre by ,m4 ,brongni>t & ,cuvi]1 upw>d ( ?irty ye>s ago4 ,! ,auv]gne bas9s1 9 c5tral ,france1 are equally well *>act]iz$4 ,&1 /ret*+ onw>d ?r\gh s\!rn ,europe1 ! t]ti>y deposits occupy positions ne>ly simil>2 & all compos$1 ) slight local v>iations1 ( k9dr$ fossils & s$im5ts4 ,geology has be5 comp>$ to hi/ory4 ,we also see h[ x embraces ! :ole range ( physical geography1 re/or+ ! l&-m>ks ( ! pa/1 & pres5t+ pictures ( ! e>?'s surface :i* ! m]e travel] c no long] detect4 ,! roll+ ,?ames1 ) t[n1 spire1 & villa ne/l+ 9 e slope1 & tunnel1 bridges1 & 8,cr[d$ ports1 ,:]e ris+ ma/s an endless prospect yield10-- we seek 9 va9 = on ! geological map ( ! p]iod4 ,!re 7 spice isl&s1 ) aromatic gales1 palm trees1 dates1 turtles lazily pac+ ! s&s1 & crocodiles heavily climb+ ! banks1 or plung+ & gambol+ 9 ! deep] pools4 ,a ,polynesia1 ) a tropical climate & correspond+ luxuriance ( vegetable & animal life1 occupi$ ! int]m$iate regions ( ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia4 ,on ! s\? & we/ a va/ cont95t loom$ ov] ! ma91 :5ce1 9 "p at lea/1 ! detrital matt] ( ! sev]al bas9s allud$ to 0 d]iv$2 & !re1 too1 9 all probability1 ! s\rce ( ! spasmodic action :i* successively elevat$ & depress$ ! b$ ( ! sea on :i* 7 accumulat+ ! t]ti>y deposits1 & ^: ?roes f9ally t]m9at$ 9 its own subm]g5ce1 & upheaval ( ! s\?-ea/ coa/ ( ,brita91 & ! :ole ( c5tral ,europe4 ,gulliv] return$ ) a report ( /range p1 fly+ isl&s1 & f]tile descriptions ( impossible mon/rosities4 ,geology deals 9 a simple %ift+ ( ! sc5es1 new arrangem5ts 9 ! drama ( creation1 & is entitl$ to cr$it 9 its bolde/ assumptions1 furni%+ pro(1 z x abundantly does1 f ! exi/+ wreck ( ^? vani%$ realities to :i* x n[ assigns local habitation & "n4 ,london occupies ! bottom ( an anci5t sea1 ^: spoils1 six or sev5 hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 are !re to atte/ ! fact2 & = miles ar\nd1 e excavation into ! m>9e mass multiplies ! evid5ce1 & repeats ! /ory ( its exi/5ce4 ,! pla/ic & ,london clays con/itute ! l[] b$s ( ! s]ies imm$iately above ! *alk1 & are ne>ly co-ext5sive 9 _! range4 ,f ,read+ on ! we/1 ^! s$im5ts /ret* ea/w>d ?r\gh ! valley ( ! ,?ames along ! "r bank to ,m>gate2 on ! left1 !y cov] ! entire di/rict to ,ipswi*2 & con/itute a v l>ge "p ( ! soil ( ! adjac5t c\nties f ,norfolk to ,hamp%ire1 prevail+ m especially ?r\gh ! c5tral & ea/]n di/ricts4 ,mr4 ,pre/wick has rec5tly %[n1 t ! l[] ,engli% t]ti>ies =m sev]al di/9ct subdivisions1 ea* m>k$ by diff]5t conditions1 & ^! conditions indicat+ anci5t hydrographical & palontological *anges ( importance4 ,a conglom]ate b$ ( r\nd fl9t pebbles1 mix$ ) yell[1 gre51 or f]rug9\s s&s1 ext5ds almo/ un9t]rupt$ly f ! ,isle ( ,wight to ,woodbridge1 9 ,suffolk2 ?is b$ und]lies ! ,london clay1 int]calat$ betwixt x & ! pla/ic clay1 & =ms a well-m>k$ geological horizon1 divid+ ?is =mation f ! old] ,eoc5e deposits4 ,x conta9s ?irty kn[n1 & eight or t5 /ill undescrib$ species ( te/acea1 tw5ty ( :i* are n f\nd 9 ! l[] deposits1 :ile all are ne>ly id5tical ) ^? ( ! sup]ior & ,london clay b$s4 ,! pla/ic =mation ?us embraces ! ,london clay1 z ! *alk does bo?1 :i* aga9 9 its turn is embrac$ by ! oolites2 :5ce ! old] & inf]ior sy/ems all wid51 & ext5d successively z ! b$ ( ! sea 0 elevat$2 & h5ce ! bas9s 7 gradually n>r[$ & contract$ z !y approa*$ ! la/ & clos+ ante-human epo*4 ,a k9d ( conv]g5cy 9 all ?is c be di/9ctly trac$ 9 ! sup]ficies ( ! e>? to ! /ate :i* x has n[ assum$4 ,a simil> approximation 9 its liv+ inhabitants1 z w imm$iately appe>1 c z cle>ly be po9t$ out to its pres5t occupants4 ,intellig5t w & design are equally manife/ 9 ! arrangem5ts2 =1 h[ev] great ! am\nt ( *ange1 ! re/ra9+ h& ( =esight is visibly pres5t 9 !m all1 &1 9 e successive advance to ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 a purpose is disc]nible 9 mak+ ! m effectual provision = ! p]man5t /ability ( ! human sy/em4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,organic ,,rema9s ( ! t]ti>y deposits1 if !y possess n s mu* ( antiquity z ^? :i* h already pass$ 9 review1 are all ! m int]e/+ & wor?y ( att5tion1 z !y admit ( a clos] comp>ison ) ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s1 & ! laws n[ regulat+ ! di/ribution ( animal & vegetable life4 ,! locality mo/ f]tile 9 ! organic rema9s ( ?is p]iod is ! small isl& ( ,%eppey1 situat$ ne> ! m\? ( ! ,?ames1 :i* is n m welcomely descri$ by ! home-b\nd m>9] z a ,ph>os ( light & safety f ! h[l+ wa/e ( wat]s1 ?an x has prov$ to ! palontologi/ a repository & beacon-light = det]m9+ ! mo/ recondite my/]ies connect$ ) almo/ e liv+ ?+1 9 sea or l&1 dur+ ! ,eoc5e age4 ,x consi/s entirely ( ! ,london clay deposit1 ( an av]age ?ickness ( five hundr$ feet1 & display+ 9 ! cliffs v]tical faces two hundr$ feet high4 ,! fossils 9 bo? localities are almo/ id5tical2 9 ! isle ( ,%eppey !y are m abundant1 z well z accessible2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 !y h be5 m m9utely & g5]ally describ$4 #a4 ,! %ells are v abundant4 ,a few g5]a h surviv$ ! *anges & di/urbances succe$+ ! upheaval ( ! *alk1 & a s+le species ( ,ga/]opodes 7,acton elongatus71 is common to bo? =mations4 ,! ,belemnites & ,ammonites1 sw>m+ 9 ! seas ( ! second>y p]iod1 are n[ entirely )drawn4 ,! ,nautilus is b sp>+ly repres5t$4 ,! new g5us ,c]i?ium is introduc$1 a long1 tap]+1 spiral-=m$ %ell1 & app>5tly ( /rong pr$ace\s habits4 ,lob/]s resembl+ exi/+ species are v abundant4 ,! ,nummulites1 ( :i* entire rocks 7 =m$ dur+ ! second>y age1 /ill survive4 ,&1 z an index to ! /ate ( temp]ature1 x requires to be m5tion$1 t _m species1 n[ f\nd only 9 tropical seas1 are mix$ ) ! te/ace\s fossils ( ^! localities4 #b4 ,! fi%es are equally peculi> & *>act]i/ic ( ! era ^u :i* we ent]4 ,no?+ c m /rik+ly %[ ! viol5ce & univ]sality ( ! *ange t 0 cotemporane\s ) ! t]ti>y arrangem5ts1 ?an ! total disappe>ance ( ! old tribes ( fi%es1 & _! replacem5t by entirely new specific1 & a l>ge infusion likewise ( new g5]ic1 types4 ,! *ange is no less rem>kable :5 view$ 9 its relation to exi/+ races1 e "o ( :i*1 ) ! solit>y exception ( ! salmon family1 h "h _! repres5tatives4 ,p]*1 cod1 h]r+1 mack]el1 eels1 _h all become occupants ( ! seas ( ?is p]iod1 & _! rema9s deposit$ 9 ! clays ( ,%eppey are 9 ! greate/ pr(usion4 8,! numb] ( fossil fi% f ! ,london clay10 says ,agassiz1 8am\nts to n9ety-two 9 ! "o s+le locality ( ,%eppey1 )\t c\nt+ t5 species to :i* ,i h n yet assign$ names1 n hav+ hi!rto be5 able to *>act]ize !m 9 a satisfactory mann]40 ,! difficulty arises f two causes--! imp]fect & fragm5t>y /ate ( ! fossils !mselves1 & ! new pr9ciple adopt$ by him = _! classification4 ,mo/ ( ! fi%es belong+ to ! t]ti>y era are ( ! ,cycloid & ,ct5oid ord]s1 ) ?9 fragile scales1 :i*1 unlike ! ,ganoids ^: cuirass$ bodies 7 protect$ by a ?ick cov]+ ( plates1 h be5 unable to pres]ve ! integrity ( _! =m & outl9e4 ,! great] numb] ( ^! int]e/+ rema9s1 accord+ly1 h rott$ 9 ! matrix1 _! bones sep>at+1 & ! s(t p>ts all replac$ by clay4 ,! scales are disaggregat$ 7leur scailles dsagrges71 & ! cranium alone ( ! osse\s /ructure rema9+ entire1 ow+ to ! sold]+ ( ! pieces compos+ x1 ! +5i\s naturali/ has adopt$ ?is s+le organ z ! basis ( ! new sy/em4 8,! *>act]i/ic features ( ! skulls ( ! mammalia & reptilia are kn[n2 ! v>iations :i* su* a bone1 su* a cre/1 su* a groove may und]go 9 su* & su* a family are und]/ood2 & already1 at ! fir/ glance1 x is possible to asc]ta9 :e!r ! animal "u consid]ation is c>nivor\s1 rum9ant1 or solip$al4 ,b no?+ is m v>iable ?an ! =ms ( ! cranium & ( ! heads ( fi%4 ,! multitude ( bones & ( sp9es :i* s]ve = ! atta*m5t ( ! muscles1 ! inf9ite v>iety ( =ms 9 ! families !mselves1 imp>t su* a div]sity to ! crania ( ! fi%1 t ! i*?yologi/ frequ5tly despairs ( be+ able to r$uce !m to _! respective types1 & 9 fact a comp>ative craniology ( fi% does n exi/4 ,!re is no "o1 t ,i "k1 :o c tell at fir/ sight1 :e!r su* & su* a cranium belongs to a p]coid1 to a sp>oid1 or to a *etodontal type40#h ,isolat$ crania & deta*$ v]tebr are ne>ly all t rema9 ( ! ,%eppey fossils1 & ! conclusions e/abli%$ f !m by ,m4 ,agassiz1 are z foll[s1 ?r[+ new & important light ^u ! two la/ great & approximat+ geological epo*s4 ,! ,engli% coa/s1 at pres5t1 are inhabit$ by "o hundr$ & sixty-?ree species ( fi%1 ( :i* !re are eighty-"o g5]a1 divid$ among six pr$om9ant families1 :ile two or ?ree are only occasionally domicil$4 ,sixty species belong to ! ord] ( ,ct5oids1 fifty to t ( ! ,cycloids1 & elev5 to ! ,ganoids4 ,! fossil di/ribution e/abli%es ! foll[+ results3 ( ,ct5oids twelve species1 elev5 g5]a1 & ?ree families1 ( :i* ! p]* tribe is ! mo/ num]\s2 ?ree g5]a ( ! ,teu?i1 a family ess5tially m]idional1 & occurr+ only 9 s\!rn seas1 a fact :i* %[s a high] climatic condition ( temp]ature ?an n[ exi/s 9 ?is latitude2 ?irty-two species ( ! ,cycloid ord]1 tw5ty-six g5]a1 & elev5 families--( ^! ! cod & mack]el tribes are ! mo/ num]\s4 ,:ile no trace ( ! family ,salmonid has be5 detect$ 9 ! t]ti>y deposit1 a family exclusively tropical1 ! ,*>acid1 is f\nd to h _h cong5]s ( v consid]able size 9 ! m anci5t epo*4 ,! haddock1 cod1 & l+ races are v abundant--a fact1 says ,agassiz1 :i* proves t1 not)/&+ ! m m]idional physiognomy ( ! ,%eppey deposit z a :ole1 !re is nev]!less already an approximation 9 ! fi% ( ?is int]e/+ locality t[>d ! actual "* ( ! i*?yological fauna ( ,engl&4 ,! liv+ repres5tatives ( mo/ ( ^! fossils are1 if any:]e1 to be look$ = 9 s\!rn & tropical latitudes2 =1 not)/&+ ( an approximation1 !re is n mu* ( real id5tity ( type betwe5 ! exi/+ & ext9ct races ( ! ,briti% seas4 ,9 fact1 !re are b f\r g5]a1 ,megalops1 ,cybium1 ,tetrapt]us1 & ,myripri/is1 ^: families are /ill kn[n 9 ! curr5t epo*2 & b v few species1 f ! ri* prolific b$s ( ,%eppey1 h be5 z yet r5d]$ into liv+ =ms4--,! fi%es mo/ ne>ly relat$ to ! pres5t inhabitants ( w>m] climes are ^? :i* are obta9$ f ! fossil t]ti>y deposits ( ,monte ,bolca 9 nor!rn ,italy1 & 9 ! little explor$ region ( ,m\nt ,lebanon4 ,mu* rema9s to be done1 !re=e1 be=e wid] g5]alizations c be fully e/abli%$4 ,! k already acquir$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( i*?yology confirms e previ\s inf]5ce relat+ to p]iodic physical *anges ( ! globe1 & _! conv]g5cy to ! ord] & arrangem5ts ( nature :i* n[ prevail ov] ! e>?4 #c4 ,! reptiles & semi-natants ( ! t]ti>y p]iod lead to ! same g5]al conclusions4 ,! int]c\rse n[ s closely e/abli%$ betwixt ?is c\ntry & ,borneo ?r[s new light1 e day m & m1 ^u ! anci5t condition ( our isl&4 ,! resemblance1 bo? 9 ! fauna & flora ( ^! remote places1 is /rik+ ?r\gh\t2 :51 = space on ! "o h& we sub/itute "t on ! o!r1 we h ne>ly a transcript ( _! respective conditions4 ,! nor!rn sw>m$ ) ! crocodiles ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e3 ! boa con/rictor has 8 repres5tatives 9 ! s]p5ts ( ! ,london clay2 & turtles1 bo? ( m>9e & fre% wat] *>act]s1 are equally abundant4 ,! ,py?onic mon/] is also !re1 repres5t$ by reptilians :i* n[ only inhabit tropical c\ntries1 & prey on quadrup$s & birds1 bo? ( :i* became abundant dur+ ! t]ti>y age4 #d4 ,! mammalia consi/$ ( l>ge pa*yd]ms or ?ick-sk9n$ animals1 n[ repres5t$ by ! rh9oc]os1 tapir1 & elephant4 ,wolves1 foxes1 & raccoons1 mice1 rats1 rabbits1 hogs1 ev5 monkeys1 began also to flit ov] ! /age ( /irr+ life4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! ord] ,quadrumana & ! ape g5us ,macacus1 dur+ ! e>li] t]ti>y p]iod1 0 det]m9$ by ! discov]y ( ! fragm5t ( a l[] jaw1 includ+ ! socket ( ! la/ mol> too?1 9 a /ratum ( blue clay 9 ,suffolk1 & describ$ 9 ! 8,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory10 = #ahci1 by ,pr(essor ,ow54 ,o!r rema9s h be5 detect$ ( ! same animal 9 ,france1 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 e/abli%+ beyond a d\bt ! co-exi/5ce ( f\r diff]5t g5]a ( apes & monkeys ) ! ext9ct mammalians ( ! ,engli% t]ti>y deposits4--,t ^! creatures 7 ant]ior to ,,man1 9 po9t ( creation1 is 9 accordance ) all geological evid5ce reg>d+ ! animal k+dom4 ,! progressive developm5t !ory avails itself ( ! fact1 b c e/abli% less ^u x ?an if x took ! example ( ! bat--:i*1 9 anatomical /ructure1 resembles ! human family sc>cely less ?an ! monkey6 ,b geographically consid]$1 x furni%es a /rik+ in/ance ( ! wond]ful revolution :i* ?is isl& has und]gone s9ce ! comp>atively rec5t epo* ( ! t]ti>y =mation4 ,images & pictures ( life are ?us call$ up 9 ! vi/a ( ! pa/1 :i* at once transport ! m9d into ! bosom ( ! wild]ness or remote ,afric =e/2 & long ere man _h betak5 himself to cities1 or a /one ( all t huge capital _h be5 dug out ( ! e>?1 or a sail ( all its va/ comm]cial greatness _h be5 waft$ ov] ! wat]s1 ! v spot on :i* he has develop$ ! greate/ res\rces ( 8 p[]1 ent]prise1 & g5ius1 0 t5ant$ by ^? tribes :i* approa* him ne>e/ 9 =m1 :i* philosoph]s h mi/ak5 = 8 type1 b 9 :i* ! semblance ( ext]nal figure is lam5tably contra/$ by ! abs5ce ( all t moral framework1 m9d1 & _s1 :i* pre-em95tly di/+ui% & glorify ! human race6 ,a rem>kable peculi>ity 9 ! mammalian rema9s ( ! t]ti>y p]iod is ! total abs5ce ( ! rum9at+ animals1 :i* d n appe> until ! mod]n epo*1 :5 we recognize !m at once z ! companions & useful contributors to ! com=ts ( man4 ,^! /ill reta9 8! names0 :i* ,adam be/[$ ^u !m4 ,! m anci5t creations rejoice 9 ! my?ical nom5clature ( sci5ce1 ( :i* betwe5 fifty & sixty species h be5 det]m9$4 ,! great] proportion are f ! ,p>is bas92 b ! di/rict "u review conta9s1 9 its l[] & middle divisions1 ! rema9s ( "s ( ! m rem>kable ( ! gr\p--z ! ,palo!rium1 ,anoplo!rium1 ,lophiodon1 ,*ropotamus1 ,didelphis1 ,balenodon1 & ! huge ,ma/odon4--,^! animals are specifically diff]5t f ev]y?+ n[ 9 exi/5ce2 ev5 ,macacus ,eoc5us w f9d no l9eal desc5dant 9 ,ceylon1 ,madagasc>1 or ! ,cape2 & no ,celtic p$igree w meet ! case4 ,! race h left our isl&1 & dep>t$ f ! e>?2 & to re/ore !m 9 imag9ation1 we mu/ seek _! ne>e/ analogies 9 ! imp5etrable fa/nesses & prairies ( unreclaim$ nature4 #e4 ,,birds are di/9ctly traceable 9 ?is =mation4 ,! ,eoc5e clays ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey h produc$ mat]ials suffici5tly indicative ( ! class1 9 :i* ! true aff9ities ( ! a]ial inhabitants are detect$1 & a new g5us completely e/abli%$4 ,! specim5s f\nd be> a resemblance to ! o/eology ( ! small] k9ds ( vultures1 & "o has be5 designat$ ,li?ornis ,vultur9us4 ,! #8,icones fossilium sectiles' ( ,knig conta9s a description ( "s o!r orni?olites f\nd 9 ! same locality1 consid]$ by ! au?or z belong+ to a natatorial or long-to$ bird1 & d5om9at$ ,buckl&ium ,diluvii4 ,! ,p>is bas9 is m fruitful 9 ^! fossils ?an ! ,london2 f ^! sev]al species h be5 det]m9$--m or less alli$ to ! pelican1 ! sea-l>k1 curlew1 woodcock1 buzz>d1 owl1 & quail2 ?us cle>ly e/abli%+ ! l9k 9 ! *a9 ( be+1 b /ill at a wide int]val f ! gay *ori/]s & dome/icat$ tribes :i* m9i/] s mu* to ! solace & happ9ess ( man4 ,! geologi/ traces ! connection1 & sees 9 ! expanse ( ages1 z race aft] race em]ge ^u ! sc5e1 a gradual prep>ation & t5d5cy ( all ?+s to a f9al result2 sea1 e>?1 & air successively possess$ by creatures approximat+ z !y advance to ^? ( ! human epo*2 & man pr\dly or presumptu\sly concludes1 t all has be5 8work$ solely = 8 good40 ,b z ! poet has sung--may we n ask1 & ask conc]n+ ! humble/ life :i* man (t5 despises & z (t5 t]ribly de/roys1 b :i* is nev] ov]look$ by ,him :o made man & all ?+s1 & ^: t5d] c>e is ov] all 8 works8-- 8,is x = !e1 ! l>k asc5ds & s+s8 ,joy tunes 8 voice1 joy elevates 8 w+s4 ,is x = !e1 ! l9net p\rs 8 ?roat8 ,loves ( 8 own1 & raptures swell ! note4 ,is ?9e alone1 ! se$ t /rews ! pla98 ,! birds ( ,heav5 %all v9dicate _! gra940 #f4 ,& 9 ! ,flora :i* !n deck$ ! pla9s1 fr+$ ! m>%es1 or clo!d ! heights1 8! birds ( heav50 _h ample provision 9 se$1 fruit1 & h]bage = all _! wants4 ,rem>kable inde$ ! adaptation ( ! animal tribes ref]r$ to 9 ! previ\s section to ! lacu/r9e condition ( ! surface :i* /ill s g5]ally prevail$4 ,! plants ( ! p]iod are su* z are n[ exclusively conf9$ to w>m or tropical latitudes4 ,! palms & cocoa-nut be>+ trees are abundant & ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,"o family belongs to ! ,nipadites1 :i* are f\nd 9 ,japan & ! ,spice ,isl&s1 g5]ally 9 ! e/u>ies ( riv]s1 or along ! tracts ( damp m>%y gr\nds4 ,! lovely ,acacia 0 "h naturaliz$4 ,pepp]1 dates1 & cucumb]s add$ to ! v>iety ( ! sylvan banquet1 :i* tall bran*+ p9es %ad$ f ! scor*+ heat4 ,if we are no long] 9 possession ( ! luxuri\s fruits & condim5t-be>+ plants ( ?is e>ly age1 ! *ange has l$ to o!r & bett] productions4 ,= deep lakes we h ^! v]dant mead[s & corn pla9s2 ! /agnant m>%es are dra9$ ( _! mephitic vapors2 ! !roid mon/]s are supplant$ by ! labor+ ox & ! indu/rial horse2 & ) all ! arts fl\ri%+1 & c>ri$ to ! highe/ pit* along h] bord]s1 ! pr\de/ a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce waft$ on h] bosom--! 8fruitful ,?ame0 may *all5ge ! nations ( ! e>? = e product :i* climate yields or g5ial suns rip54 ,su* 0 ! dawn or introduction to ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s4 ,9 ! language ( geology x is call$ ! ,,eoc5e ,,age ( ! _w1 because x approa*es 9 its organic productions to ^? :i* are n[ exi/+1 & conta9+ a v few rec5t species1 n m ?an ?ree or f\r p] c5t4 ,nature did n all at once leap f "o epo* to ano!r4 ,9 ! t]ti>y deposits !re is evid5ce ( successive creations1 re/s & pauses1 z x 71 be=e ! f9al & cr[n+ consummation ( h] works4 ,m & m analogies beg9 to manife/ !mselves 9 ! asc5d+ s]ies ( ! gr\p4 ,! ,mioc5e1 or middle p]iod1 develops a yet l>g] proportion1 ?\gh n a majority1 ( ! pres5t inhabitants ( ! sea4 ,! ,pleioc5e arrangem5ts foll[2 & 9 ! %ells & t]re/rial products ( ?is gr\p ! mod]n *>act]s & types are /ill m cle>ly disc]nible4 ,:5 we rea* ! highe/ memb]s1 ! difficulties ( sep>ation f ! mod]n deposits beg9 to multiply2 ! m9]al qualities & m]e e>?y b$s are n di/+ui%able2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 9 all ! animal =ms & huge colossal proportions ( ,ma/odons & ,!riums1 !re are ! unequivocal m>k+s ( an ext9ct ant]ior age4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,mammo? ,,p]iod4 ,! t]ti>y deposits are ref]able to ?ree great divisions1 conta9+ subdivisions1 "s ( m>9e1 "s ( fre% wat] orig91 & sev]ally *>act]iz$ by _! fossil rema9s4 ,! t]ms ,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,pleioc5e1 are appli$ to !m 9 _! respective ord] ( sup]position1 z ! l[]1 middle1 & upp] gr\ps4 ,! ,london bas9 belongs to ! fir/ ( ^! divisions4 ,:5 ^! cong]ies ( b$s 7 complet$1 & ! bottom ( ! sea 0 elevat$1 a fre% wat] occupation ( ! di/rict appe>s to h prevail$4 ,& dur+ ! supremacy ( ?is reign ( ! ,naads x 01 t ,engl& 0 t5ant$ by h]ds ( l>ge quadrup$s1 tig]s1 hy5as1 & ! companions ( ! untamable class1 ^: haunts are n[ 9 ! ,indian jungle1 or ! =e/s & prairies ( ,am]ica4 ,?is has be5 d5om9at$ ! ,mammo? ,epo*1 :5 ! elephant race lit]ally sw>m$ ov] nor!rn ,europe1 f ,italy to ! ,arctic regions4 ,great ,brita9 at ?is era =m$ "p ( ! cont95t1 or r ( ! great s]ies ( lakes & m>%y swamps :i* !n prevail$4 ,h5ce only c geologi/s acc\nt = ! id5tity ( fossils scatt]$ ov] ?is area4 ,! organisms are all ( a type1 all ( ! rem>kable ord]s n[ conf9$ to w>m] climes4 ,& :5 we f9d ^! fossils ca/ up 9 e field f ! same s]ies ( deposits--9 ,switz]l&1 on ! banks ( ! ,danube1 ?r\gh ! pla9s ( ,sib]ia1 & nor!rn ,russia--9 ! bas9s ( ! ,rh9e1 & ! :ole ( l[] ,g]many--9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ov] c5tral & nor!rn ,france1 ! entire s\? & ea/ coa/s ( ,engl&--we deciph] 9 all ?is1 n only ! organic *>act]s ( ! same p]iod ( "t1 b ! connect+ l9ks ( "o & ! same sup]ficial portion ( ! globe4 ,?is is a v rem>kable *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( our isl&1 :e!r we consid] ! m9]al or animal arrangem5ts t prevail$1 & _! relations to cont95tal ,europe4 ,"h we contemplate ! relics ( h]ds ( ! l>g] mammals :i* !n rang$ ov] a qu>t] ( ! e>?'s surface1 all n[ ext9ct2 :ile1 t[>d ! close ( ! epo*1 ev]y?+ conspires to favor ! notion1 t our insul> position 0 !n1 = ! fir/ "t1 e/abli%$4 ,! type ( ! p]iod is ! ,mammo?1 or ! ,elephas ,primog5ius4 ,!re are only two exi/+ species1 namely1 ! ,asiatic1 :i* is limit$ to )9 #ca nor? latitude1 & ! ,african1 ^: range ext5ds to ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 z f> s\? z ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,am]ica1 ?r\gh all its =e/s & b\ndless wa/es1 possesses n a s+le individual ( ! mod]n family1 :ile ! rema9s ( ! ext9ct race are to be f\nd 9 e prairie1 along ! banks ( ! ,miss\ri1 & abundantly 9 ! great salt m>%es1 :i!r !y _h resort$ 9 va/ h]ds 9 que/ ( ! salt1 & be5 mir$1 z heavy animals are frequ5tly at ! pres5t day4 ,! int]tropical pla9s ( ! new _w1 & ! pol> regions ( ! old1 7 equally cong5ial to _! habits4 ,nay1 s adaptive 7 !y 9 _! nature & ta/es--^! gigantic pa*yd]ms ( ! middle t]ti>y p]iod--t 9 e int]m$iate c\ntry1 !y h left 9 _! huge skeletons unequivocal traces ( _! soj\rn or migration4 ,f ! ,briti% /rata alone1 no less ?an ?ree ?\s& & upw>d ( fossil tee? h be5 dug up belong+ to ?is colossal animal4 ,^! are f\nd *iefly 9 ! drift along ! ea/ coa/ ( ,engl&1 f ,rob9 ,hood's ,bay1 ne> ,:itby1 to ,hold]ness4 ,9 a p]iod ( little m ?an ?irte5 ye>s1 ! fi%]m5 ( ! village ( ,happisburgh h dragg$ up m ?an two ?\s& gr9d]s ( ! mammo?4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,?ames ! relics h be5 discov]$ v num]\sly1 at ,%eppey1 ,woolwi*1 ! ,isle ( ,dogs1 ,lewi%am1--9 ! gravel b5ea? ! /reets ( ,london1--at ,k5s+ton1 ,kew1 ,wall+=d1 ,ox=d1--& all ar\nd ! s\?-ea/ coa/ f ,brighton to ,lyme-,regis1 9 ,dorset%ire4 ,! c5tral c\nties ( ,/af=d1 ,nor?ampton1 ,w>wick1 & ,york1 are ev]y:]e /rew$ a few feet "u gr\nd ) ^! rema9s4 ,at ,/r\d1 a railway section laid op5 a tusk1 measur+ n9e feet 9 l5g?2 & ev]y:]e 9 ! ,briti% ,*annel ! fi%]y ( ! ext9ct quadrup$ is z ard5tly pursu$1 & (t5 is z remun]ative1 z ! fi%]y ( ! f9ny tribes !mselves n[ exi/+ on our %ores4 ,^! animals1 once fill+ ! pla9s ( ,engl& ) h]ds equal$ only by ^? ( ! buffalo race :i* n[ d>k5 ! prairies ( ,am]ica1 h fulfill$ _! de/9y1 & h p]i%$ f ! e>?4 8,! diff]5ce10 says ,pr(essor ,ow51 8betwe5 ! ext9ct & exi/+ species ( elephant 9 reg>d to ! /ructure ( ! tee?1 has be5 m or less manife/$ by e specim5 ( fossil elephant's too? t ,i h hi!rto se5 f ! ,briti% /rata2 & ^? n[ am\nt to upw>d ( ?ree ?\s&4 ,v few ( !m c\ld be mi/ak51 by a comp>ative anatomi/1 = ! too? ( an ,asiatic elephant1 & !y are all obvi\sly di/9ct f ! peculi> mol>s ( ! ,african elephant40 ,cuvi] asc]ta9$ l di/9ctions betwe5 ! ext9ct & ! exi/+ ,indian elephants2 & conclud$1 f ! recon/ruction ( ! complete framework1 t ! mammo? type is no long] 9 be+4 ,! pro( t ! elephant race actually inhabit$ ?is c\ntry is z satisfactory1 & z well e/abli%$1 z t ! species 7 diff]5t f any n[ exi/+4 ,little1 inde$1 c x be wond]$ at1 ^u ! fir/ discov]y ( _! rema9s1 t ! acc\nts giv5 by geologi/s & o!rs 7 receiv$ ) ! greate/ di/ru/4 ,_! appe>ance1 9 ^! high latitudes1 0 attribut$ to ! inroad ( armies r ?an to any indig5\s connection ) ! soil t cov]s !m4 ,cs>1 x 0 rememb]$1 br\ght _m elephants ) him into ,gaul4 ,accord+ to ,pol9u1 "o at lea/ 0 transport$ across ! *annel into ,brita93 h5ce an easy & ready explanation ( ! fossils1 z ,voltaire1 9 8 "t1 fanci$ ! %ells f\nd on m\nta9 tops to be ! /ray specim5s dropp$ by pi\s pilgrims or sup]/iti\s monks on _! j\rney+s4 ,b z _! numb]s increas$--"s f ,irel& :]e ! soldi]s ( ,rome nev] set foot1 along ) ! bones ( ! rh9oc]os & hippopotamus :i* c\ld be in/ruct$ 9 no milit>y tactics1 & all ov] ! l5g? & bread? ( ! l& bones & entire skeletons began to be exhum$--all gr\nds = skepticism aga9/ _! aborig9al national desc5t 7 =ev] swept away4 ,& ,brita91 x 0 admitt$1 lit]ally & truly1 _h once be5 /ock$1 among its mo/ rec5tly ext9ct families1 ) ^! mon/] t5ants ( ! wild]ness4 ,an entire c>cass1 x is well kn[n1 cov]$ ) long woolly hair1 0 f\nd at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,l5a1 z f> nor? z ! #gd? degree ( latitude1 imb$d$ 9 ice4 ,?is discov]y op5$ up m enl>g$ & correct views z to ! hi/ory & habits ( ^! animals4 ,subsequ5t ye>s increas$ prodigi\sly ! /ock ( fossils1 entire & p]fect 9 hide & fle%y muscle2 & n[1 s abundant are ! rema9s ( ! fossil mammalia 9 ! arctic regions1 t !y h n only become an article ( comm]cial traffic to man1 b s]ve z an unfail+ repository ( food to ! pres5t d5iz5s ( ^? c\ntries1 ! hordes ( m>aud+ wolves1 foxes1 & be>s1 :i* prey amid ! pol> regions & /]ility4 ,x has f>!r be5 asc]ta9$ t1 :]e ! li*5 & ! scanty moss n[ only gr[1 a ri* arboreal vegetation once fl\ri%$ 9 ^! latitudes2 bir* trees1 ( l>ge dim5sions1 are ev]y:]e imb$d$ 9 ! s&y cliffs2 & x is conjectur$1 ) ! greate/ probability1 t h]ds ( elephants migrat$ f ! w>m int]ior1 dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 to ! emb\*ures ( ! riv]s & bord]s ( ! arctic sea1 cov]$ z !y 7 ) %elt]+ =e/s1 or %rubby bru%wood /eppes4 8,z we advance10 says ,mur*ison1 8into ! pla9s ( ,sib]ia1 or desc5d into ! valleys ( ,tobol & ! ,obe1 ! bones are 9 great] quantities1 & 9 a bett] /ate ( pres]vation2 & ! f>!r ! ,sib]ian riv]s are foll[$ to _! m\?s1 ! m d ! mammalian rema9s increase1 until at l5g? :ole skeletons1 & ev5 c>casses1 are f\nd4 ,! s+le fact ( ! v wide diffusion ( ! mammo? bones1 ov] enorm\s regions1 9 itself indicates t ^? creatures _h long be5 inhabitants ( su* c\ntries1 liv+ & dy+ !re = ages2 :ile _! f9al de/ruction may h result$ f aque\s dbacles dep5d5t on oscillations ( ! l&1 ! elevation ( m\nta9-*a9s1 & ! =mation ( mu* local detritus40 ,! same causes w acc\nt = _! de/ruction 9 ?is c\ntry--causes1 ^: effects are /ill traceable ov] ! :ole ( cont95tal ,europe4 ,d\btless1 ^! causes ext5d$ across ! *annel1 & may h be5 cotemporane\s ) ! movem5ts :i* result$ 9 sep>at+ u f ,france1 occasion+ dbacles by ! alt]nate upheaval & depression ( ! sea-bottom1 :i* ev5 ! l>ge/ animals w\ld be unable to cont5d aga9/4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! movem5ts1 multitudes w\ld resort to ! high] protect$ gr\nds1 9 que/ ( food1 or retire = %elt] to caves & o!r concealm5ts t 7 elevat$ above ! wat]s4 ,rema9s1 accord+ly1 ( ne>ly all ! quadrup$s ( ! p]iod1 ! rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 lion1 tig]1 hy5a1 be>1 elk1 are to be f\nd 9 su* places1 associat$ ) bones ( ! elephant family1 & mix$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) ! alluvia & detrital gravel ( ! di/rict4 ,^! animals appe> n to h p]i%$ simultane\sly or sudd5ly2 b f ! condition ( ! celebrat$ ,kirkdale caves1 :5 fir/ discov]$1 x w\ld r seem t !y _h long haunt$ ^! places1 ! cav]ns be+ g5]ally at a consid]able elevation1 ) an entrance on ! side ( ! valley4 ,! floors 7 entirely cov]$ ) mud1 tee?1 bones1 & /alagmitic incru/ations1 sev]al feet deep--a d5 ( mon/]s t 7 dev\r+ ea* o!r1 :ile ! common enemy ( de/ruction 0 approa*+ to seal ! fate ( all6 ,! 8,reliqui ,diluvian0 ( ,buckl&1 :i* fir/ introduc$ ! notice ( ^! caves to ! public1 assum$ ! ,mosaic deluge z ! cause ( ! cata/rophe3 o!r hypo!ses h be5 resort$ to1 z t c]ta9ly w\ld n apply to all ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,bones ( a species ( h>e or rabbit1 ! wat]-rat1 m\se1 weasel1 ) fragm5ts ( ! skeletons ( rav5s1 pigeons1 l>ks1 & ducks1 are also includ$ among ! relics ( ! fi]c] tribes2 & _m h suppos$ t ^! 7 drift$ 9 by subaque\s curr5ts1 or dropp$ ?r\gh ! fissures1 :i* are bo? num]\s & l>ge 9 ! lime/one 9 :i* ! cav]ns1 = ! mo/ "p1 are situat$4 ,! ,ma/odon1 t is1 ! mammill>y-too!d elephant1 0 ano!r ( ! ext9ct pa*yd]m class !n inhabit+ ! isl&4 ,rema9s ( ?is animal h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,norwi* ,crag2 !re are sev]al species1 all ( gigantic proportions1 "s ( :i* h be5 detect$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica only1 & o!rs 9 ,europe4 ,! tig]s ( ! p]iod 7 l>g] ?an ! l>ge/ ( ! ,b5gal race1 z is prov$ by ! fossil tee? & bones ( ! extremities t h be5 discov]$1 bo? at ,kirkdale & o!r places4 ,& s1 g5]ally1 ( all ! ext9ct c>nivora1 9 ! qualities ( /r5g? & size1 sup]ior to all exi/+ types1 & ca/ 9 ! mold (1 z !y _h to cont5d )1 ! mammo?s & mon/] !ria among :i* _! de/9y 0 ca/4 ,& aga91 & aga91 w ! que/ions recur to e curi\s read] ( ^! details--:51 & h[1 7 ^! huge quadrup$s ext]m9at$1 or driv5 f ?is isl&1 "s ( !m n[ utt]ly ext9ct1 & "s ( !m only g5]ically alli$ to exi/+ tropical races8 ,! epo* ( _! rule1 accord+ to ! geological te/imony1 v]ges on ! human age1 if x does n actually run into x4 ,t]ror-/rick51 %all we suppose1 by ! t]r5e & subaque\s movem5ts :i* sev]$ ,great ,brita9 f ! cont95t--! ru% ( wat]s--! r5d+ ( ! rocks--& ! dry+ up ( lakes1 consequ5t on ! *ange--!y s\ght a refuge above ! g5]al wreck1 :]e ! weak 7 prey$ ^u by ! /rong1 & a fi]ce c>nival1 = a season1 0 ma9ta9$8 ,on ! cont95t1 :ile simil> alt]ations 7 tak+ place ov] l>ge sup]ficial areas1 & ! t]ti>y deposits 7 be+ drift$ up1 _m ( ! animals1 & :ole families1 w\ld escape into s\!rn & w>m] c\ntries1 & "s ( ! species1 9 consequ5ce1 might long survive ! de/ruction ( o!rs4 ,b "h1 insulat$ & depriv$ ( ! means ( p]=m+ _! annual migrations1 ! races ( e k9d w\ld all m spe$ily p]i%1 prey+ m easily ^u ea* o!r1 & weak5$ by alt]ation ( habits1 & ! great physical *anges to :i* !y 7 subject$4 ,on ! ,ar>at ( ,york%ire1 & o!r favor$ heights1 !y f\nd a tempor>y re/+-place6 ,b1 x 0 only tempor>y2 =1 z ! isl& approximat$ to its pres5t condition1 x prov$ no long] a suitable dwell+ to creatures ( _! mold--_! c\rse 0 run--& a new creation 0 to occupy _! place4 ,9 clos+ ^! sket*es ( ! geology ( ,great ,brita91 "o may well m>vel at ! va/ *anges ov] ! face ( ?is isl& & ( all its productions1 z read 9 ! v>i$ & multi=m disclosures :i* ! int]ior /ructure1 =mation ^u =mation1 makes kn[n to u4 #a4 ,m>k ! di/9ct "* ( ! geological evid5ce ( all ! *anges1 organic & inorganic1 to :i* ! isl& & its inhabitants h be5 subject$4 ,! evid5ce re/s ^u direct obs]vation4 ,! regi/]s are grav5 z ) a p5 ( iron1 & 9 *>act]s :i* to be und]/ood h only to be read4 ,! hi/orical p]iod1 beyond two decades ( c5turies1 is an utt] blank4 ,:5 ,cs> came into ! isl&1 pa9t$ savages peopl$ ! l&1 ,druids immolat$ 9 ?\s&s _! human victims1 &1 ! brief occupation ( ! invad]s pa/1 we are aga9 involv$ 9 ! d>kness ( b>b>\s annals & ext]m9at+ w>s ( unkn[n tribes4 ,:5ce ! migrations ( its fir/ inhabitants8 :o 7 ! ,cymri t spoke ! language ( ,cwm ,llewelyn1 & ( ,cefn y ,bdd8 :o 7 ! ,silures1 ! ,tr9obantes1 ! ,cantii1 & ! ,atribates8 & :i!r & :at ! ev]-conflict+ l9es betwixt ! t]ritories ( ,picts1 ,celts1 & ,scots8--que/ions ^! t w ev] puzzle & di/urb ! slumb]s ( ! unhappy wight :o deals 9 *ronicle lore & ar*ological hi/ory4 ,:at n[ ( ! olde/ civiliz$ /ates ( ! old _w :o gave law1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 art1 language1 & blood1 to all ! families ( ! e>?1 z ! tide ( population roll$ we/w>d1 & ! ,quadrumana & ! ,bimana cont5d$ = ma/]y amid ! d5se aborig9al =e/s on ! banks ( ! ,danube1 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,rhone1 ! ,se9e1 ! ,?ames1 ! m\nta9s ( ,cambria & ,cal$onia8 ,rome sits 9 ru9$ maje/y by ! wat]s ( ! ,tib]4 ,greece kn[s n1 & m\rns n1 ! buri$ a%es ( h] mighty dead4 ,c>?age has be5 blott$ out4 ,tyre has fulfill$ h] de/9y--8a place = ! spread+ ( nets 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea40 ,! %eph]d k+s ( ! pyramids h n a "n ev5 among m52 & ,!bes1 ,luxor1 & ,c>nac1 lie z fossils 9 ! des]t4 ,:at ( ,babylon & h] ,t[] on ! pla9s ( ,%9>1 t 0 to rea* unto ! heav5s8 & ( ,n9eveh1 8a city ( ?ree days' j\rney0 to be compass$8 ,m\nds ( e>? & rubbi%1 ov] :i* ! ,arab has pit*$ 8 rude t5t1 & into :i* ! pry+ antiqu>y1 at ! risk ( 8 life1 digs = fragm5ts1 :ile ! ,tigris & ,euphrates pursue _! he$less c\rse ?r\gh ! wa/e slimy bord]s ( ,uz & ,mesopotamia4 ,?us m>k h[ _m illu/ri\s h]oes1 s*ol>s1 lawgiv]s1 :o once fill$ ! _w ) _! fame1 h1 ) all _! spl5did or useful b5efactions to _! race1 pass$ "u ! ?ick cl\d ( oblivion6 ,! v names ( ! mo/ not$ ( !m is matt] ( dispute4 ,& ( ! multitudes :o pant$ aft] glory 9 ^! anci5t days1 n an incid5t 9 ! life ( millions has rea*$ ! pres5t times4 ,b geology1 z ,,hi/ory1 is tru?ful 9 ! olde/ z 9 ! mo/ rec5t ( its n>rations4 ,h[ g5]ally accurate 9 its family g5ealogies3 _! relations1 k9dr$s1 alliances1 & individual peculi>ities2 ! l5g? & /r5g? ( body1 cont\r ( face1 size1 /ructure1 & capacity ( head1 eye1 & /oma*--all z precisely det]m9$ & describ$ 9 reg>d to ! 8habitans0 ( ! mo/ anci5t fossilif]\s rocks1 z ! liv+ possessors ( e>?1 sea1 or air4 ,look into our museums1 cab9ets1 monographs1 & palontological li/s1 & types ( organic life are !re1 f :i* n only to numb] ! tribes1 b to tell ( _! own v>y+ /ates & conditions4 ,wond]s !re are 9 geology4 ,b its mo/ seem+ fables are realities4 ,! placoids & ganoids ( ! silurian & devonian age1 ! exub]ant flora ( ! c>bonif]\s1 ! giant birds ( ! triassic1 ! mat*less reptilian =ms ( ! oolite1 ! microscopic organisms ( ! *alk1 ! colossal mammo?s & mammalia ( ! t]ti>ies1 7 all z v]itable productions ( ! isl& z ! mo/ famili> gra9s1 grasses1 & dome/icat$ bre$s :i* m9i/] to our daily wants4 ,h[ obscure1 unc]ta91 & limit$ ! range ( human hi/ory6 ,h[ ext5sive1 & b\ndless1 & m9ute ! pursuits ( geology1 :i* t\*es on ! hi/ory ( all creatures t ev] liv$ ?r\gh all _! species1 g5]a1 ord]s1 & classes1 & ev5 rem\nts to ! primeval condition ( ! planet itself dur+ all ! p]iods1 phases1 & revolutions ( its exi/5ce6 ,b ( man !re is no trace4 ,no voice f ! pa/1 issu+ out ( ! solid framework ( ! globe1 intimates ! exi/5ce ( ! human family ant]ior to ! la/ ( ^? great physical *anges :i* we h be5 contemplat+1 & ov] ! wreck ( ^: organic tribes ! epo* ( ! t]ti>y sections ( its cru/ closes4 #b4 ,! tea*+s ( ?is sci5ce 9 physical geography are no less def9ite ?an ! a/\nd+ disclosures :i* x makes 9 hi/ory--%ad[+ out1 :]e m\nta9 *a9s n[ rise1 ! seats ( anci5t sea bottoms--creeks & bays by l9es ( mud/ones & conglom]ates--cont95ts t h be5 =m$ f isl&s1 & isl&s disrupt$ f cont95ts--lakes1 e/u>ies1 & riv]s displac$ & silt$ up1 & n[ become ! ri*e/ depositories ( our m9]al treasures4 ,! connection ( ,great ,brita9 ) ,france is a matt] almo/ ( demon/ration4 ,a zone ( prim>y cry/all9e rocks encompasses ! we/]n coa/ ( bo? c\ntries1 :5ce geology foll[s !m f ,wales & ,cornwall into ,brittany & ,norm&y4 ,! silurian1 devonian1 & c>bonif]\s sy/ems are arrang$ 9 ! same ord] on bo? sides ( ! *annel4 ,_! *alk coa/s are id5tical4 ,a succession ( elevat+ movem5ts1 depressions1 & dislocations1 is traceable ev]y:]e along ! s\!rn c\nties ( ,engl&1 :]e ! l9e ( di/urbance1 f ea/ to we/1 has sep>at$ ! *alk on ! nor? & s\?1 & elevat$ ! ,weald5 into an anticl9al axis on ! ,sussex coa/4 ,! ,isle ( ,wight has be5 s %ak5 by ! convulsion1 z to h be5 lit]ally tumbl$ ov]1 ! :ole cretace\s =mation1 & e inf]ior deposit subjac5t to ! t]ti>ies1 be+ 9 an inv]t$ position4 ,! exi/5ce1 too1 ( a va/ connect+ /ret* ( l& 9 ! ,atlantic is f> f be+ improbable1 :5ce ! riv]s ( ! ,weald5 may h issu$1 z well z mu* ( ! detrital matt] be5 transport$ :i* n[ con/itutes1 ) _! rem>kable & v>i$ organic exuvi1 ! bas9s ( ,london1 ,hamp%ire1 & ,p>is4 ,v rec5tly botany has come to ! assi/ance ( geology1 9 a mann] z rem>kable z x 0 unsuspect$4 ,x appe>s t1 along ! coa/ l9e ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 !re are sev]al di/9ct floras or gr\ps ( plants1 & all geographically relat$ to exi/+ families on ! opposite coa/s ( ! ,cont95t4 ,! flora ( ! we/ ( ,irel& corresponds to t on ! nor?-we/ ( ,spa9--! s\?-we/ ( ,engl&1 & also ( ,irel&1 pres5ts gr\ps alli$ to ^? on ! nor?-we/ ( ,france1--&1 aga91 "o is common to ! nor? coa/ l9e ( ,france1 & s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&1--:ile ! f\r? & fif? h _! types 9 ! alp9e flora develop$ 9 ! ,scotti% & ,wel% m\nta9s1 & ! mix$ & div]sifi$ tribes m g5]ally di/ribut$ ov] ,irel&1 ,engl&1 & ,g]many4 ,! assumption impli$ 9 ?is botanic speculation is1 t ^! are ! rema9s ( a /ate ( ?+s no long] endur+1 pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( hott] or cold] climates ?an n[ prevail1 & ! indications ( a configuration ( l& & sea :5 a great m\nta9 b>ri] ext5d$ across ! ,atlantic f ,irel& to ,spa94 ,! di/ribution ( ! second & ?ird sets ( vegetation dep5d$ on ! connection ( ,engl& ) ,france & ,g]many1 :5 a sea cov]$ a l>ge portion ( ! s\? ( ,europe1 & ! upheaval ( ^: b$1 :i* con/itutes ! late/ ( ! t]ti>y deposits1 gave rise to a va/ cont95t1 compris+ ,spa91 ,irel&1 ! nor? ( ,africa1 ! ,azores1 & ! ,can>ies4 ,! alp9e flora ( ,scotl& & ,wales 0 effect$ dur+ ! glacial p]iod--to be aft]w>d notic$--:5 ! m\nta9 summits ( ,brita9 7 l[ isl&s or memb]s ( an ar*ipelago ext5d+ ov] ! ,froz5 ,ocean1 & clo!d ) an arctic vegetation :i*1 9 ! gradual upheaval ( ^? isl&s & consequ5t *ange ( climate1 became limit$ to ! summits ( ! /ill exi/+ m\nta9s4 ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes1 adopt+ 9 ?is curi\s speculation ! views ( ,mr4 ,hewet ,watson1 f9ds a corroboration ( !m 9 ! peculi> di/ribution ( endemic animals1 especially ( ! m>9e & t]re/rial mollusca4 ,& he ju/ly concludes t all ! *anges requir$ = ! ev5ts :i* he w\ld connect ) ! di/ribution ( ! ,briti% flora1 are borne out by ! geological ph5om5a t prevail$ dur+ ! epo* ( ! sev]al t]ti>y deposits4 #c4 ,geology1 moreov]1 9 deciph]+ ! evid5ces ( ^? /up5d\s op]ations :i* result$ 9 ! /atical1 m9]al1 & organic arrangem5ts m]g+ 9 ! mod]n epo*1 inculcates "s important tru?s connect$ ) ! sci5ce ( natural !ology4 ,! m9d1 inde$1 c nev] escape1 9 ^! inve/igations1 f !i/ic conclusions4 ,/ep by /ep1 z we asc5d$ ?r\gh ! compon5t /rata ( ! globe1 witness$ ! modifications to :i* !y 7 subject$1 & obs]v$ ! successive introduction & ext9ction ( s _m types ( animal & vegetable life1 we 7 j furni%$ ) s _m inconte/able pro(s ( ! direct int]position ( ,almighty p[]4 ,if1 inde$1 ,i c read any?+ m cle>ly ?an ano!r 9 ^! con/antly recurr+ geological ph5om5a1 t]m$ epo*s & =mations1 x is t ( ,,int]f]5ce ) ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s4 ,i am consci\s t matt] did n orig9ate itself4 ,i c see no p[] 9 :at is t]m$ a law ( matt] to con/itute organic bodies4 ,! orig9ator ( matt] mu/ be ! dispos] ( all its =ms4 ,& :5 ,i see ^! =ms s repeat$ly *ang$1 assum+ new %apes1 & giv+ new scope = v>i$ & multipli$ degrees ( enjoym5t1 ,i h only ! m evid5ces & illu/rations be=e me1 t creation & *ange are1 9 ^! in/ances1 correlative t]ms4 ,! quadrup$s ( ! t]ti>y age are l no?+ t prec$$ !m 9 any ( ! ord]s or sections ( animal exi/5ce4 ,_! size1 /ructure1 & abundance1 equally rivet ! att5tion4 ,&1 h[ev] long or %ort ! p]iod assign$ !m on e>?1 !y con/itute a gr\p ( organic /atu>y1 too rem>kable to h be5 slid 9 & out by ! simple op]ations ( mat]ial law4 ,! geological fact1 ( =mation aft] =mation1 & ( life aft] life1 lies at ! f\ndation ( ! sublime tru?1 t ,god is pot5tially 91 arrang+ & dispos+ anew1 ! entire s]ies ( 8 works3 & :5 ,i see ?is mundane sc5e %ift$ 9 all its p>ts1 "o sy/em subv]t$1 & ano!r s v diff]5t introduc$2 &1 aga91 ! organic & inorganic condition ( ?+s readju/$1 & 9 keep+ z be=e1 ,i at once rise 9 ! contemplation ( ! *ange 8f nature up to nature's ,god40 ,geology1 ,i %\ld ?us conclude1 admits u a /ep ne>] ?an any ( ! o!r sci5ces1 ev5 ?an a/ronomy itself1 to ! act+s ( ! div9e ,ar*itect4 ,! revolution ( e season demon/rates a provid5ce--! work+s ( a p]petual miracle--9 its su/a9+ en]gies4 ,b geology %[s u1 n ! m]e annual r5ovation ( ?+s already exi/+1 b ! circum/ances "u :i* !y ,,began to exi/4 ,! fiat ( ,omnipot5ce peals ?r\gh ! b\nds ( creation4 ,! e>? & ! seas obey4 ,we see new ?+s />t+ into be+4 ,we are pres5t1 z x 71 at ! mom5t ( _! bir?4 ,we see ! molds out ( :i* !y are fa%ion$1 & ! fir/ provision made to su/a9 !m4 ,geology1 9 a ^w1 hangs up be=e u "o ( ! brighte/ & mo/ div]sifi$ pages 9 ! book ( nature1 induc+ habits ( ?9k+1 & con/antly rem9d+ u ( ! facts & relations1 t bodily & vividly keep be=e ! m9d ! ev]-active impress ( ! ,div9ity at ^: bidd+-- 8,awak5+ nature he>s ,! new creat+ ^w1 & />ts to life ,9 e height5'd =m40 ,,france ,,& ,,switz]l&4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,geological ,,/ructure ,,( ,,france--,,bas9 ,,( ,,p>is4 ,,organic ,,rema9s4 ,on ! cont95tal side ( ! ,*annel x w n be necess>y to dwell1 9 m9ute details1 ^u any ( ! sy/ems ( rocks :i* are "h pres5t$4 ,:at is ,france8 ,! t\ri/ w say--,a two h\rs' voyage f ! si/] isle--a salt lake sep>ates !m--a pleasure trip is ! measure ( _! e/rangem5t4 ,! geologi/ w add--,& :5 safely l&$1 "o f9ds himself among ! sights & objects1 ! rocks & fossils1 :i* engag$ 8 att5tion on ! coa/ ( ,albion1 ! cliffs & d[ns ( bo? c\ntries be+ compos$ ( ! self-same mat]ials4 ,i4 ,,! ,,physical ,,union ,,( ,,france ,,& ,,engl&1 al?\gh already adv]t$ to1 falls aga9 to be notic$4 ,! geographical di/ribution ( ! respective rocks ( ,france & ,great ,brita9 =ms a rem>kable co9cid5ce 9 giv+ %ape & cont\r to _! g5]al outl9e4 ,?us1 ! prim>y sy/ems 9 bo? /ret* along _! we/]n %ores1 pres5t+ a va/ b>ri]-wall ( ! olde/ & h>de/ rock aga9/ ! incessant encroa*m5ts ( ! ,atlantic4 ,britanny & ,norm&y consi/ almo/ entirely ( granite1 gneiss1 mica-s*i/1 & silurian rocks2 on ^! repose ! upp] suites ( ! second>y /rata1--! lias1 oolite1 & *alk--tra9+ to ! s\? & ea/4 ,on ! t]ti>y =mations re/ ! second>y1 n>r[+ 9 _! bas9s1 & pres]v+ ! same g5]al l9e ( be>+ ) ! ,engli% b$s1 & 9 bo? cases rea*+ _! maximum ( ?ickness & exub]ance ( fossils ar\nd ! capitals ( ,p>is & ,london4 ,! old r$ s&/one is n indicat$ on ! maps1 nor is x cle>ly asc]ta9$ to possess a habitat 9 ! di/rict 9 "q4 ,! coal-measures are ( v limit$ dim5sions1 b 9 _! due ord] ( position at ,h>d+]1 ne> ,b\logne1 & pass+ "u ! *alk & gre5 s&1 cont9ue 9 an ea/]ly direction by ,val5ci5nes1 ,mons1 ,namur1 & ,liege1 to ,es*weil]1 ne> ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,! new r$ s&/one1 ( bo? divisions1 is amply develop$ along ! ea/]n b\nd>ies f ,semoy 9 ,ard5nes to ,langrs & ! bord]s ( ,switz]l&4 ,on ! we/ aga91 ! t]ti>ies prevail f ! m\? ( ! ,gironde to ,bayonne on ! ,ad\r1 :]e !y are expos$ to ! con/ant te>+ & erosion ( ! rude surges ( ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 :ile 9 ! int]ior1 & ov] ! di/rict ( ,auv]gne1 ! granites & gneiss are widely ov]laid by ! ov]fl[+s ( ! mo/ rec5t ext9ct volcanoes2 ! olde/ & ! newe/ plutonic rocks ?us ly+ 9 imm$iate sup]position & contact4 ,! rocks on ?is side ( ! *annel are n inde$ ev]y:]e s well display$1 nor d !y crop out ) ! same successive regul>ity z 9 ,brita94 ,ov] ext5sive di/ricts "s disappe> altoge!r1 :ile 9 o!r places pat*es are se5 ly+ out ( _! due ord] ( sup]position2 n t 9 ^! in/ances ! ord] is ev] violat$1 b t "s ( ! int]m$iate memb]s seem to be want+1 & ! remot] ones are 9 consequ5ce f\nd 9 contact4 ,/ill !y con=m to ea* o!r 9 _! great l9e ( section1 & occupy ! same con/ant relative position 9 _! respective bas9s4 ,"h1 z 9 ,engl&1 ! ,oolitic sy/em embraces ! ,cretace\s1 & ext5ds 9 a l>g] semicircle r\nd ,p>is z a common c5t]1 /ret*+ f ,ard5nes to ,norm&y4 ,! ,lias1 aga91 is inf]ior to ! ,oolite1 &1 fill+ a wid] space1 reposes on ! transition slates ( ,virreville on ! we/]n coa/4 ,! ,pla/ic clay1 ,london ,clay1 & fre%wat] b$s em]ge 9 succession1 & ma9ta9 ea* _! correspond+ dim5sions4 ,a rem>kable gr\p+ ( rocks1 illu/rative ( ! ord] ( sup]position1 occurs )9 ! circuit ( a few miles 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,b\logne1 :]e re/+ ^u ! m\nta9 lime/one ! foll[+ s]ies may be obs]v$3 ,coal1 ,oolitic m>ble1 ,purbeck & ,portl& /one1 ,iron-s&1 ,weald5 clay1 ,*alk m>l1 ,gre5 s&1 & ,*alk4 ,! ,pla/ic clay reposes ^u ! *alk at ,calais on ! ea/ ( ?is gr\p1 & on ! we/ /ret*es along ! coa/ f ,etaples to ,treport4 ,! p]iod dur+ :i* ! two c\ntries cont9u$ to be unit$ sup]ficially1 ext5d$ d[n at lea/ to ! la/ great upheaval ( ! b$ ( ! ocean1 subsequ5t to ! ,pleioc5e deposits1 & probably ev5 aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! curr5t epo*4 ,! diff]5t =mations we h be5 trac+ are geologically connect$ ov] va/ tracts ( c\ntry2 ^! tracts once =m$ bas9s or inl& seas1 into :i* _! sev]al suites ( mat]ials 7 drift$2 ! ext5sive regions ( ! old] =mations 7 amply fitt$ to inclose !m2 &1 :5 ! upp]mo/ or pleioc5e s]ies ( ! ,engli% b$s 7 deposit$1 "o & ! same %ores & wat]s mu/ h be5 common to ! two c\ntries--to ! n[ insul> z well z to ! cont95tal bas9s ( ! clos+ t]ti>y age4 ,"o feels a real & enhanc$ pleasure 9 8 rese>*es1 & 8 speculations assume a wid] & a l(ti] range1 z he ca/s a glance back to ! :ite %ores ( ,brita91 & ar\nd ^u ! aspect ( ! c\ntry be=e him1 & sees t he is /ill tread+ ! same soil1 ?read+ 8 way among ! same rocks1 asc5d+ & desc5d+ ! slopes & valleys ( ! same e>?y accumulations1 v>i$ only by slight local causes4 ,emb>k$ ^u ! ,se9e1 & along ! banks ( t lovely riv]1 !re is laid op5 = inspection a s]ies ( deposits1 ) e "o ( :i* we are already acqua9t$4 ,! resemblance is ev5 m /rik+ :5 we exam9e ! va/ undulat+ pla9s ar\nd1 & f9d ! depressions1 elevations1 hills1 & g5]al outl9e ( surface all ( a class2 & :5 we obs]ve also ! rocky f\ndations b5ea? to be "o & ! same--ext5sions m]ely ( ! same s]ies ( deposits1 & =m+ at no v di/ant geological p]iod integral portions ( "o great cont95t4 ,comb9$ ) ! subt]ranean movem5ts :i* occasion$ ! dislocations1 & inv]sions (t51 ( ! /rata on bo? sides ( ! *annel1 ! action ( oceanic curr5ts & incessant beat+ ( ! waves may be look$ to z ! in/rum5ts :i* produc$ _! sev]ance4 ,! pro(s are ample ( ! encroa*m5ts ( ! sea ^u ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,engl&1 ! sites ( t[ns1 villages1 & ext5sive fields1 z m>k$ on maps1 n[ =m+ s&-banks1 isl&s1 & m>%y swamps4 ,! promontories & cliffs ( ,york%ire1 ,norfolk1 & ,suffolk are /ill1 z !y 7 9 ,p5nant's "t1 8p]petually prey$ on by ! fury ( ! ,g]man sea20 ! :ole site ( anci5t ,crom] is n[ "u its waves2 ! t[ns ( ,%ipd51 ,wimpwell1 & ,eccles1 h entirely disappe>$2 l>ge manors & ev5 p>i%es h1 piece aft] piece1 be5 swall[$ up2 nor has !re be5 any int]mission1 f "t immemorial1 9 ! inroads ( ! sea along a l9e ( coa/ tw5ty miles 9 l5g?1 9 :i* ^! places /ood4#i ,! ravages1 f ! same cause1 h be5 equally if n m viol5t on ! %ores ( ! *annel1 ! ,/raits ( ,dov]1 & ! :ole s\? coa/2 :]e slips ( enorm\s magnitude are frequ5tly record$1 cliffs und]m9$1 & l&s ( consid]able ext5t c>ri$ into ! sea4 ,! ,isle ( ,wight1 ! p59sulas ( ,purbeck & ,portl&1 ! promontories ( ,devon%ire & ,cornwall1 h all receiv$ _! %ape f ! de/ructive ag5cy1 z !y are /ill prey$ ^u & consum$ by ! tides & curr5ts to :i* !y are incessantly expos$4 ,! ,fr5* coa/ be>s simil> te/imony to ! inroads ( ! sea4 ,f ,calais to ,*]b\rg1 ) its magnific5t dock-y>d1 ! l9e ( %ore is ev]y:]e ind5t$ & /ripp$ b>e1 ! /rata und]m9$1 & huge masses toppl+ ov] ! abyss or ris+ into l(ty pyramids ( ! mo/ grotesque & v>i$ =ms4 ,britanny lies op51 on e side1 to ! full swell ( ! ,atlantic1 :]e v rec5t z well z m anci5t hi/ory atte/s ! ravages ( ! wat]s 9 ! de/ruction ( t[ns & woods1 ! inundation ( :ole p>i%es1 ! sev]ance ( ! hill ( ,/4 ,mi*ael f ! ma9 l&1 &1 accord+ to tradition1 9 ! oblit]ation ( ! s\?-we/]n di/rict1 ( unkn[n ext5t4 ,famili>iz$ to facts su* z ^!1 & _! necess>y d$uctions1 ! m9d no long] />tles at ! notion ( ! =m] physical union ( ! two c\ntries4 ,! ag5cy se5 9 op]ation is demon/rably adequate to ! effect4 ,! /raits are n>r[4 ,_! greate/ dep? betwe5 ,dov] & ,calais is tw5ty-n9e fa?oms4 ,! b$ ?r\gh\t is compos$ ( ! same /ratum ( *alk-rock1 :ile a subm>9e *a9 ext5d+ f ,b\logne to ,folke/one is only a few fa?oms "u l[ wat]4 ,accord+ly ! wave ( ! mighty 8ocean /ream10 p>t$ on ! we/]n coa/1 met tide aft] tide on ! opposite banks ( ! connect+ p59sula or n>r[ tongue ( l&1 ! "o portion w9d+ r\nd by ! ,orcades & roll+ up ! ,g]man ,sea1 & ! o!r portion beat+ on ! l9e ( cliffs fac+ to ! we/4 ,! s(t] s$im5t>y deposits ( ! t]ti>ies w\ld rapidly yield to ! con/ant erosive action2 ! h>d] /rata ( ! *alk1 b>$ & und]m9$1 w\ld spe$ily foll[2 & ?us1 9 a p]iod comp>atively %ort1 ! entire mass w\ld be c>ri$ away1 & ! gulf ( sep>ation be irrevocably effect$4 ,z a pro( t ,france & ,engl& 7 unit$1 & t ^! op]ations 7 cont9u$ )9 ! human epo*1 ,m4 ,desm>e/1 9 8 prize essay on ?is subject1 propos$ 9 #agec by a society at ,ami5s1 adduces ! fact1 t ! noxi\s animals 9 bo? c\ntries are id5tical1 creatures :i* 7 n fitt$ to swim across ! /raits1 & 7 n ( a k9d to be will+ly introduc$ by man4 ,b ,desm>e/ 9 ?is only foll[$ ! views ( an old] writ]1 & f ^: "w1 8,re/itution ( ,decay$ ,intellig5ce10 all 8 facts & reason+s are obvi\sly borr[$4 ,?is curi\s volume is ! production ( ,ri*>d ,v]/egan1 writt5 ab\t two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 & d$icat$ to ,james ,i4 ( ,great ,brita94 ,! pr9cipal object ( ! au?or is to trace out ! orig9 ( ! we/]n nations1 & m especially ( 8! mo/ noble & r5[n$ ,engli% nation10 z discov]able 9 _! language & o!r antiquities4 ,! f\r? *apt] ( ?is qua9t "w is entitl$1 8,h[ ! ,isle ( ,albion is %[$ to h be5 cont95t or firm l& ) ,gallia1 n[ nam$ ,france1 s9ce ! ,flood ( ,noah40 ,v]/egan holds ! doctr9e t 89 :atev] mann] & =m x pleas$ ,almighty ,god1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 to divide ! sea f ! dry l&1 is unto u :olly unkn[n2 b altoge!r unlikely x is t !re 7 any isles be=e ! deluge20 & to ?is ev5t he ascribes ! disruption ( mu* ( ! dry l& & ! =mation ( isl&s4 ,! connection ( ,france & ,engl& cont9u$ long aft] ?is1 & _! sev]ance1 he believes1 0 produc$ by ! op]ation ( exi/+ causes4 ,! n>r[ i/hmus by :i* !y 7 conjo9$ ext5d$ across ! ,/raits ( ,dov]1 j z ,africa is unit$ to ,asia by ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 or ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica by ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,?is i/hmus 0 brea*$ by ! action ( ! sea on bo? sides1 b ! sea be+ l[] on ! we/ side1 ! curr5t swept ) great] viol5ce ?r\gh ?is new *annel1 8t[>d ! mo/ huge ,we/]n ,ocean1 ! great] divid] ( ,europe & ,africa1 f ! late f\nd ,am]ica40 ,he notices ! id5tity ( cliffs on ! opposite sides ( ! /raits1 ! subm>9e ridge :i* ext5ds f ,folke/one to ,b\logne1 ! exi/5ce ( m>9e %ells all ov] ! ,ne!rl&s & adjac5t c\ntries1 & _! consequ5t subm]g5ce be=e ! sea 0 p]mitt$ to retreat ?r\gh ! new c\rse produc$ 9 ! i/hmus1 8& no way is !re else to be f\nd or imag9$1 :]eby ^! seas might be dra9$ or drawn away40 ,he ref]s to ! id5tity also ( ! noxi\s animals 9 ,engl& & ,france1 :5 our isle1 cont9u+ s9ce ! flood fa/5$ by nature to ! great cont95t1 ^! wick$ bea/s did ( !mselves pass ov]2 nor is ! e>?quake omitt$ by ! writ]1 9 8 enum]ation ( causes :]eby ! sea1 fir/ break+ ?r\gh1 might aft]w>d by little & little enl>ge h] passage2 & ! labor ( man1 too1 _h its %>e1 :5 ! inhabitants ( ! "o side or ! o!r by occasion ( w> did cut x1 !reby to be seque/]$ & fre$ f _! enemies4 ,su* is ! tra9 ( illu/ration employ$ by ,ri*>d ,v]/egan1 at a "t :5 ! /ate ( ! sci5ce ( geology c\ld furni% him ) few helps2 & b little inde$ has be5 add$ by subsequ5t obs]v]s1 except a few additional facts & inf]5ces1 :i* s]ve to confirm 8 conclusions4 ,he rem>ks t su* too _h be5 ! op9ions ( o!rs1 z ( ,antonius ,volscus1 ,m>ius ,nig]1 ,s]vius ,honoratus1 ! ,fr5* poet ,b>tas1 & our own c\ntrym51 ,john ,tw9 & ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,:ite2 b ^! simply held ! connection ( ! two c\ntries z a matt] ( op9ion1 )\t labor+ to f9d out 8by sundry frequ5t reasons1 t s x 0 inde$40#aj ,engl& long dom9at$ 9 ,france1 cr[n$ h] pr9ces ,sov]eigns ( ,nav>re & ! adjac5t prov9ces1 & ,ag9c\rt1 ,cressy1 & ,poicti]s tell :]e man wag$ w> aga9/ 8 fell[-man1 ov] ! rema9s ( races long ext9ct1 d5iz5s ( ! same l&1 & propell$ by in/9cts fi]ce alike = ma/]y or de/ruction4 ,:at a moral effect has be5 produc$ by ! physical sev]ance ( ! two nations1 n only to !mselves1 b to ! re/ ( ! _w6 ,great ,brita91 fre$ f ! connection1 c well af=d to repose 9 peaceful maje/y on h] own %ores1 improv+ ! arts1 ext5d+ h] comm]ce1 & communicat+1 z ! mo/ noble & r5[n$ nation ! bless+s ( religion to ! remote/ p>ts ( ! globe4 ,,ii4 ,,organic ,,rema9s4 ,!re are ?ree di/ricts 9 ,france :i* claim ! special consid]ation ( ! geologi/4 ,! fir/ comprises ! bas9 ( ! ,se9e1 ( :i* ,p>is may be reg>d$ z ! c5t]2 ! second is ! bas9 ( ! ,loire1 ext5d+ 9 ! direction ( ! riv]s ,gironde & ,ad\r2 ! ?ird is ! volcanic di/rict ( ,auv]gue1 embrac+ ! t]ti>y & lacu/r9e =mations1 :i* h excit$ mu* geological speculation4 ,! ,silurian b$s ( ,britanny are 9 _m places absolutely load$ ) ,trilobites1 :i* h f\nd an able expositor 9 ,m4 ,m>ie ,r\ault2 & ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 :i* skirts ! ,vosges m\nta9s1 is equally rem>kable = ! fossils1 vegetable & animal1 peculi> to ! ,p]mian sy/em4 ,,! ,,bas9 ,,( ,,! ,,se9e4 ,! s]ies ( rocks includ$ 9 ?is di/rict1 are describ$ z ! ,p>is bas9 =mation1 :]e1 amid/ _! fossilif]\s rema9s1 ! g5ius ( ,cuvi] %one =? & captivat$ ! _w by 8 wond]ful disclosures 9 ! sci5ce ( comp>ative anatomy4 ,! deposits occupy a depression 9 ! *alk ^u :i* !y re/ uncon=mably1 l ^? ( ! ,london bas93 !y agree g5]ally 9 _! organisms1 b diff] consid]ably 9 ! quality ( _! respective mat]ials4 ,blue clay ) imb$d$ calc>e\s & argillace\s b&s *>act]ize ! ,london =mation1 :ile t ( ,p>is is di/+ui%$ by a sup]abundance ( :ite lime/ones1 m>ls1 & gypsum4 ,^! rocks range ov] a va/ ext5t ( sup]ficial area1 be+ 9 _! greate/ l5g? f ,n4 ,e4 to ,s4 ,w4 ab\t "o hundr$ & eighty miles1 & f ,e4 to ,w4 ab\t n9ety miles4 ,!y belong to ! ,eoc5e p]iod1 consi/ ( alt]nat+ gr\ps ( m>9e & fre% wat] /rata1 & h be5 arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]1 accord+ to ! correct$ diagram ( ,m4 ,con/ant ,prevo/1 :o has consid]ably modifi$ ! e>li] tabul> arrangem5ts ( ,cuvi] & ,brongni>t3--,pla/ic clay1 ,calcaire grossi]1 ,calcaire silicieux1 ,gypsum1 ,m>ls1 ,m>9e & fre% wat] /rata4 ,! pla/ic clay & s& consi/ ( int]calat+ argillace\s & gritty b$s1 conta9+ a consid]able quantity ( lignite & fre% wat] %ells4 ,?is deposit is n cont9u\s ?r\gh\t ! bas91 nor is x always l[e/ 9 position4 ,9 "s places x re/s ^u a m>9e calcaire grossi]1 & 9 o!r places x is mix$ up & imb$d$ 9 x1 cle>ly %[+ t a riv] *>g$ ) argillace\s s$im5t ent]$ a bay ( ! sea & drift$ d[n1 f "t to "t1 wood & fre% wat] %ells4 ,no rema9s ( mammalia h be5 detect$ 9 ! pla/ic clay repos+ on ! *alk4 ,! ,calcaire grossi] is compos$ ( a co>se lime/one1 (t5 pass+ into s&1 & extremely ri* 9 te/acea1 a locality ne> ,gignon alone furni%+ ab\t f\r hundr$ di/9ct species4 ,! ,calcaire silicieux is a compact silici\s lime/one1 almo/ de/itute ( organisms1 & f its /rong resemblance to ! precipitates ( m9]al spr+s1 z well z ! fact t ! few fossils conta9$ 9 x are all ( ! l& & fre% wat] species1 x is ju/ly inf]r$ t ! deposit is ( fre% wat] orig94 ,! ,gypsum1 ) its associat$ ,m>ls1 is a sac*>oid rock ( consid]able ?ickness1 & con/itutes ! hill ( ,montm>tre & o!r elevations t[>d ! c5t] ( ! bas94 ,"h occur ! rem>kable v>iety z well z abundance ( ^? organic rema9s :i* h giv5 s mu* celebrity to ! ,p>is bas94 ,fi%es1 reptiles1 crocodiles1 tortoises1 birds1 bats1 mice1 squirrels1 opossums1 gigantic mammo?s1 ,anoplo!riums1 & palm-wood1 are all int]r$ 9 ?is receptacle ( ! ext9ct dead4 ,! rema9s ( ab\t fifty species ( quadrup$s alone h be5 detect$ 9 ! deposit1 "s ( !m1 to ! m9ute/ organ1 9 ! highe/ /ate ( pres]vation--all ( !m ext9ct--& ne>ly f\r-fif?s belong+ to a division ,pa*yd]mata or ?ick-sk9n$ animals4 ,imm$iately above ! gypse\s =mation is an oy/]-b$1 ( great sup]ficial ext5t2 ?is is succe$$ by b$s ( s&1 entirely de/itute ( fossils1 =m+ a suitable cov]+ to ! c\ntless millions :i* lie int]r$ b5ea?4 ,read]6 pause & reflect ^u ?is enum]ation ( ! rocky /rata1 & _! cont5ts1 :i* compose ! ,p>is bas94 ,:at va/ accumulations1 n[ ( t]re/rial floods1 n[ ( inroads f ! ocean--"h a deposit1 te/ify+ to ! fact ( "s great inl& lake1 ) huge mon/]s br[s+ on its banks or repos+ 9 its %all[s--!re ano!r1 be>+ witness to 8! /r5g? ( a m\nta9 riv]10 combat+ ) ! waves ( an e/u>y1 & ea* we>y+ ( ! conflict & m+l+ _! spoils f l& & sea 9 "o common mass4 ,neptune is aga9 triumphant1 & leaves z ! trophies ( victory :ole families & tribes ( 8 own doma9s4 ,silvanus n[ ass]ts & e/abli%es 8 reign1 & ! ,g5et1 ,raccoon1 ,opossom1 ! ,squirrel1 ,woodcock1 & ,buzz>d are !re to proclaim 8 sway4 ,! ,n]eids too _h _! do+s1 & bo? g5]a & species ( sev5 ext9ct nondescript fi%es %[ _! p[]s4 ,&1 la/ ( all1 come ! ,naads ( ! /reams1 pres5t+ y ) _! (f]+ 9 ! ,quail1 ,curlew1 & ,pelican1 along ) ,tortoises & ,crocodilians4 ,c\nt & ent] ^u y\r li/1 z f\nd 9 ! gypse\s =mation alone1 elev5 or twelve species ( ! ,palo!rium1 an animal p>tak+ ( ! respective /ructures ( ! rh9oc]os1 ! horse1 & ! tapir2 ( ! ,anoplo!rium five species1 comm+l+ ! light & graceful =m ( ! gazelle ) ! con=mation ( ! camel2 fifte5 species ( ! ,lophiodon1 closely alli$ to ! =m]1 b p>tak+ also ( ! qualities ( ! hippopotamus2 sev5 species ( ! ,an?raco!rium1 a creature ^: dim5sions ?r\gh ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! family swell out f ! size ( ! hog to t ( ! hippopotamus2 ! ,*ropotamus1 alli$ to ! suid1 & =m+ a l9k betwe5 ! ,anoplo!rium & ! exi/+ ,pecc>y2 &1 la/ly1 z clos+ ! li/ ( ?is rem>kable race ( ?ick-sk9n$ animals1 we are pres5t$ ) specim5s ( ! ,adapis1 ( h$gehog appe>ance1 b 9 size ?ree times l>g]1 & unit+ 9 *>act]s ! insectivor\s c>nivora ) ! ,pa*yd]mata4 ,x is record$ ( ,newton1 t1 t[>d ! close ( 8 wond]ful calculations1 :5 x seem$ t ! ari?metical results 7 to be 9 h>mony ) ! dynamical problem to be solv$1 :5 he felt on ! v]ge ( det]m9+ "o ( ! mo/ important laws ev] discov]$ by man1 & :i* =ev] w\ld b9d ! heav5s to ! e>?--! n]ves ( ! calculator gave way = a "t1 & he 0 unable to f9i% 8 task4 ,he call$ 9 ! aid ( a fri5d1 pac+ ! room 9 tumultu\s agitation :ile ! few la/ t]ms 7 be+ add$4 ,x is impossible = any o!r m9d to realize ! int5sity ( ! geomet]'s feel+s :5 ! result 0 ann\nc$6 ,kn[+ h[ trifl+ a novelty w at times agitate ! f9e/ m9ds1 no wond] ne$ be t ,newton 0 affect$ by an uncontrollable tremor1 :5 he saw t ! discov]y 0 made & te/$1 n only ( ! law t b9ds toge!r ! p>ticles ( matt] :i* compose our e>?1 b also t :i* unites ! heav5ly orbs 9 all _! maje/y ) ! simple/ ( t]re/rial ph5om5a2 & demon/rates t1 ov] ! desc5t ( a leaf 9 ! =e/--! droop+ ( a blade ( grass--a pebble toss$ ^u ! %ore--a mote ris+ & fall+ 9 ! sunbeam--a drop issu+ f ! ra9-cl\d--!re is ! same regulat+ p[] z t :i* reta9s ! planets 9 _! orbits1 & det]m9es _! c\rse ?r\gh inf9ite space4 ,cuvi]1 9 simple b eloqu5t words1 has record$1 9 ! ,introduction to 8 8,ossem5s ,fossiles10 ! /ate ( 8 feel+s z he e/abli%$ 8 discov]ies1 & proce$$ 9 8 task ( recon/ruct+ 8 s+ul> m5ag]ie f ! dry bones ( ,montm>tre 9 ! bas9 ( ,p>is4 8,i at l5g?10 he says1 8f\nd myself z if plac$ 9 a *>nel-h\se1 surr\nd$ by mutilat$ fragm5ts ( _m hundr$ skeletons1 ( m ?an tw5ty k9ds ( animals1 pil$ confus$ly ar\nd me2 & ! task assign$ me 0 to re/ore !m all to _! orig9al position4 ,at ! voice ( comp>ative anatomy1 e bone & fragm5t ( a bone resum$ its place4 ,i _c f9d words to express ! pleasure ,i exp]i5c$ 9 see+1 z ,i discov]$ ,,"o ,,"*1 h[ all ! consequ5ces :i* ,i pr$ict$ f x 7 successively confirm$2 ! feet 7 f\nd 9 accordance ) ! *>act]s ann\nc$ by ! tee?2 ! tee? 9 h>mony ) ^? indicat$ be=eh& by ! feet2 ! bones ( ! legs & ?ighs1 & e connect+ portion ( ! extremities1 7 f\nd set toge!r precisely z ,i _h arrang$ !m be=e my conjectures 7 v]ifi$ by ! discov]y ( ! p>ts entire2 9 %ort1 ea* species 01 z x 71 recon/ruct$ f a s+le "o ( its compon5t elem5ts40 ,cuvi] proce$$ ^u ! pr9ciple1 t e organiz$ individual =ms an entire sy/em ( its own1 all ! p>ts ( :i* mutually correspond1 & t none ( ^! sep>ate p>ts c *ange _! =ms )\t a correspond+ *ange on ! o!r p>ts ( ! same individual body4 ,:]e ! visc]a1 = example1 are s con/ruct$ z only to be fitt$ = ! dige/ion ( rec5t fle%1 x is requisite t ! jaws %\ld be s =m$ z to fit !m = dev\r+ prey--! claws = seiz+ & te>+ x to pieces--! tee? = cutt+ & divid+ its fle%--! limbs or organs ( motion = pursu+ & ov]tak+ x--& ! organs ( s5se = discov]+ x at a di/ance4 ,b "u ?is g5]al pr9ciple 9 ! /ructure ( c>nivor\s animals1 ! +5i\s anatomi/ fur!r discov]$ t !re are sev]al p>ticul> modifications1 dep5d+ ^u ! size1 ! mann]s1 & ! haunts ( prey = :i* ea* species is de/9$ or fitt$ by nature2 & t1 f ea* ( ^! p>ticul> modifications1 !re result c]ta9 diff]5ces 9 ! m m9ute con=mations ( p>ticul> p>ts4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t !re w exi/ di/9ct indications 9 e "o ( _! p>ts1 n only ( ! classes & ord]s ( animals1 b also ( _! g5]a & species4 ,?us1 9 ord] t ! jaw may be well adapt$ = lay+ hold ( objects1 x is necess>y t its condyle %\ld h a c]ta9 =m2 t ! resi/ance1 ! mov+ p[]1 & ! fulcrum1 %\ld all h a c]ta9 relative position ) respect to ea* o!r4 ,to enable ! animal to c>ry (f its prey :5 seiz$1 a correspond+ =ce is requisite 9 ! muscles :i* elevate ! head2 & ?is aga9 gives rise to a det]m9ate =m ( ! v]tebr to :i* ^! muscles are atta*$1 & ( ! occiput into :i* !y are ins]t$4 ,! tee? ( a c>nivor\s animal require to be %>p1 9 proportion to ! great] or less quantity ( fle% t !y h to cut2 _! roots to be solid & /rong1 9 proportion to ! quantity & ! size ( ! bones t h to be brok52 & ^! conditions ( /ructure w necess>ily influ5ce ! developm5t & =m ( ! sev]al p>ts t contribute to move ! jaws4 ,! /r5g? ( ! claws1 9 l mann]1 & ! mobility ( ! paws & toes1 h a necess>y relation to ! =ms ( ! bones 9 ! feet1 & ! di/ribution ( ! muscles & t5dons by :i* !y are mov$4 ,z ! bones ( ! =e>m are articulat$ ) ! hum]us1 no *ange c be made 9 ! =m & /ructure ( ! =m] )\t occasion+ correspond5t *anges 9 ! =m ( ! latt]4 ,! %\ld]-blade also1 or scapula1 requires a correspond5t degree ( /r5g? 9 all c>nivor\s animals1 :ile ! play & action ( ! sev]al p>ts are dep5d5t on ! muscles :i* set !m 9 motion1 & ! impressions =m$ by ^! muscles /ill fur!r det]m9e ! =ms ( all ^! bones4 ,aga91 ! %ape & /ructure ( ! tee? regulate ! =ms ( ! condyle1 ( ! scapula1 & ( ! claws1 9 ! same mann] z ! equation ( a curve regulates all its o!r prop]ties2--&1 z 9 reg>d to any p>ticul> curve1 all its prop]ties may be asc]ta9$ by assum+ ea* sep>ate prop]ty z ! f\ndation ( a p>ticul> equation1 9 ! same mann] a claw1 a %\ld]-blade1 a condyle1 a leg or arm bone1 or any o!r bone sep>ately consid]$1 leads to ! discov]y ( ! *>act]s ( tee? to :i* !y h belong$2 & reciprocally f ! tee? we are enabl$ to discov] ! /ructure & =ms ( ! o!r bones4 ,?us1 conduct+ 8 inve/igations by a c>eful survey ( ! bones & organs individually & sep>ately1 ! skillful anatomi/ 0 enabl$ to recon/ruct ! :ole animal to :i* !y sev]ally _h belong$4 ,! ord]s likewise & subdivisions ( h]bivor\s1 rum9ant1 ho($1 & clov5-ho($ animals1 he det]m9$ ) equal precision1 & f\nd to result f ! same con/ant laws ( organization4 ,by employ+ ! me?od ( obs]vation1 :]e !ory 0 no long] able to direct 8 views1 ,cuvi] 0 furni%$ ) o!r a/oni%+ results4 ,! smalle/ fragm5t ( bone1 ev5 ! mo/ app>5tly insignificant apophysis1 he f\nd to possess a fix$ & det]m9ate "*1 relative to ! class1 ord]1 & g5us ( ! animal to :i* x belong$2 insomu* t1 :5 he obs]v$ m]ely ! articulat+ extremity ( a well-pres]v$ bone1 he c\ld at once asc]ta9 ! species z c]ta9ly z if ! entire animal _h be5 be=e him4 ,proce$+ aft] ?is me?od1 assi/$ by analogy & exact comp>ison1 ,cuvi] has be5 enabl$ to det]m9e ! fossil rema9s ( sev5ty-eight diff]5t quadrup$s1 9 ! vivip>\s & ovip>\s classes4 ,( ^!1 =ty-n9e are di/9ct species hi!rto unkn[n1 tw5ty-sev5 ( :i* are ref]able to sev5 new g5]a1 & ! o!r tw5ty-two new species belong to sixte5 g5]a1 or sub-g5]a1 already kn[n2 :ile ! :ole numb] ( g5]a & sub-g5]a1 to :i* ! fossil rema9s ( quadrup$s inve/igat$ belong1 are ?irty-six1 includ+ ^? bo? ( kn[n & unkn[n species2 "s ho($ animals n rum9ant1 & "s rum9ant--o!rs gnaw]s & o!rs c>nivor\s--two1 ( ! slo? g5us1 too?less--& two1 amphibi\s animals1 ( two di/9ct g5]a4 ,su* are ! triumphs ( sci5ce1 :i* always lead to a pr(\nd] admiration ( ! works ( ,nature1 9 ! imm5sity & con/ancy ( ^? laws t h prevail$ ?r\gh all "t1 & :]e h] wisdom & =esight are demon/rat$ by a s]ies ( sy/ematic contrivances & mutual adaptations to :i* %e inv>iably adh]es4 ,9 ! remote invisible dep?s ( space1 slight oscillations h f "t to "t be5 detect$1 & foll[+ up ! rese>*es1 a/ronomy1 z ann\nc$ be=eh&1 is rew>d$ by ! discov]y ( a new planet4 ,! e>? gives up its dead1 entomb$ = ages 9 its /ony matrix4 ,at ! bidd+ ( sci5ce _! figures are re/or$1 _! habits det]m9$1 _! v food asc]ta9$1 _! *>act]s = f]ocity or o!rwise br\ght to light1 & !y are all1 ea* aft] _! k9d1 call$ by _! names4 ,:at a ma/]y 9 all ?is ov] ! ext9ct =ms ( organic nature1 z ,newton manife/$ 9 a diff]5t way 9 8 wond]ful d$uctions & calculations respect+ ! molecules ( inorganic nature & ! physical heav5s6 ,,iii4 ,! ,p>is bas91 :i* consi/s ( ! l[] or eoc5e s]ies ( ! t]ti>y sy/em1 is inclos$ ne>ly on all sides by ! middle or mioc5e gr\p ( /rata4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are mo/ fully develop$ along ! di/rict ( ! ,loire & its tribut>ies1 z ! =m] are *iefly conf9$ to ! wat]-%$ ( ! ,se9e & ! environs ( ,p>is4 ,we ?us advance a /ep upw>d 9 ! ,c\rse ( ,creation1 :ile s f> z geology has be5 able to m>k ! progress1 ! la/ /ages ( ! /up5d\s "w1 prior to ! introduction ( its noble/ inhabitant1 are to be discov]$ 9 ! ,,pleioc5e deposits t imm$iately succe$1 /ret*+ ov] ! we/]n %ores f ,bordeaux to ,bayonne4 ,,! ,,bas9 ,,( ,,! ,,loire4 ,! rocks :i* compose ^! upp] lay]s ( ! e>?'s cru/1 h all a family resemblance to ! t]ti>ies already describ$4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ! ,loire ! mioc5e b$s consi/ g5]ally ( qu>tzose s&1 gravel1 & brok5 %ells1 mo/ly loose & e>?y1 b 9 _m places agglut9at$ by a calc>e\s or f]rug9\s cem5t1 s z to be fit = build+ purposes4 ,! 8faluns10 z !y are prov9cially t]m$1 resemble ! crag ( ,engl&1 ab\nd+ 9 %ells1 & mammif]\s rema9s incru/$ ) s]pul1 flu/ra1 & balani1 ,! deposit is seldom above sev5ty feet 9 its greate/ ?ickness4 ,betwixt ,sologne & ! sea1 pat*es are f\nd to re/ successively ^u gneiss1 clayslate1 ! coal-measures1 ,jura lime/one1 gre5/one trap1 *alk1 & ! upp] b$s ( ! eoc5e s]ies4 ,! pleioc5e b$s are n mat]ially diff]5t 9 _! li?ological *>act]s f ^? ( ! mioc5e gr\p3 blue clays1 m>ls1 & osse\s breccias are among ! prevail+ /rata2 & silt+s ( s& & gravel1 only di/+ui%able by _! organic rema9s f ! alluvia & sup]ficial drifts ( ! curr5t era4 ,volcanic products are (t5 l>gely mix$ up ) ^! pleioc5e b$s1 & 9 di/ricts :]e1 9 addition to ! fossil evid5ce1 !y cle>ly e/abli% t !y belong to ! class ( ext9ct volcanoes1 z ! s$im5t>y deposits are !mselves det]m9$ to belong to ! pleioc5e age4 ,illu/ration3 ,re/or$ ,=m ( ,d9o!rium4 ,! int]e/+ peculi>ity connect$ ) ^! two gr\ps ( ! t]ti>y sy/em is1 t "h all animal z well z vegetable life approa*es a /ep ne>] to ! exi/+ family types4 ,analog\s species ( molluscs are m num]\s1 ! te/acea 9 _m in/ances be+ id5tical ) ^? ( our mod]n seas4 ,! mammalia are likewise m ak9 to ^? ( our dome/icat$ tribes1 :]e ! horse is /rik+ly prefigur$ 9 ! hippo!rium1 ! dog 9 ! agno!rium1 & ! cat 9 fel9e =ms z l>ge z lions4 ,! glutton & ! be> h also _! compe]s1 nor are ! fox1 h>e1 & m\se1 )\t _! repres5tatives4 ,b ! m>vel ( ! =mation is ! ,,d9o!rium or gigantic tapir1 ^: dim5sions 9 e organ & memb] are /up5d\s4 ,! d9o!rium 0 seem+ly possess$ ( p[]s :i* enabl$ him at once to ex]cise ! digg+ prop5sities ( ! mole & amphibi\s habits ( ! walrus1 a trunk project+ ne>ly z long z t ( ! elephant1 & two enorm\s tusks dep5d+ f ! l[] jaw4 ,?is animal 0 p>tly t]re/rial & p>tly aquatic1 & h5ce1 says ,dr4 ,buckl&1 ! tusks may also h be5 appli$ to hook on ! head to ! bank1 ) ! no/rils su/a9$ above ! wat]1 s z to brea! securely dur+ sleep1 :ile ! body rema9$ float+ at ease b5ea? ! surface4 ,?us w\ld he repose1 moor$ to ! m>g9 ( a lake or riv]--! huge body1 ( eighte5 feet 9 l5g?1 ) a correspond+ ?ickness1 indol5tly bask+ 9 ! sun-beams1 or quietly cool+ aft] ex]tion 9 ! limpid wave--& ^! enorm\s tusks1 ready to release him at a b\nd1 :5 attack$ by ! enemy b5ea?4 ,! d9o!rium exi/$ dur+ ! mioc5e p]iod1 & con/itutes an int]m$iate l9k betwe5 ! tapir & ! ma/odon4 ,x has left abundant rema9s 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,rh9e1 9 ,bav>ia & ,au/ria1 & 9 sev]al di/ricts ( ! =mation 9 ,france4 ,! t]ti>ies h a wide geographical di/ribution1 & cov] a va/ ext5t ( sup]ficial area4 ,/ret*+ f ! ,rhone to ! ,danube1 !y are f\nd 9 e "p ( c5tral & s\!rn ,europe1 along ! ,julian ,alps1 & ov] ! int]ior ( ,italy1 f ,ancona to ,tur94 ,! eoc5e gr\p is asc]ta9$1 f ! "* ( its fossils1 & especially by its nummulites & e*9od]ms1 to ext5d f ! ,m$it]ranean1 ?r\gh ,egypt1 ,asia-,m9or1 & ,p]sia1 to ,h9do/an1 & !re to occupy l>ge regions =m+ ! we/]n & nor!rn limits ( ,briti% ,india4 ,?is enorm\s mass ( t]ti>y /rata 0 drift$ into lakes or e/u>ies1 :]eby ! m9d is c>ri$ back to a p]iod :5 ,europe 0 *iefly lacu/r9e1 & all ^! c\ntries ea/w>d 7 z yet subm]g$ 9 _! wat]s4 ,:at explanation c geology give ( _! elevation to ! surface8 ,a sc5e ( volcanic ag5cy1 n[ & be=e ! mod]n epo* ext9ct1 rema9s to be notic$1 :i* 9 "p at lea/ w furni% a probable solution ( ! *anges !n 9 op]ation or complet$4 ,,c5tral ,,france1 consi/+ ( ! di/ricts ( ,auv]gne1 ,velay1 & ,viv]ais1 is univ]sally admitt$ by geologi/s to be ( volcanic orig94 ,! mo/ cursory glance at ! dome-%ap$ hills1 ! basalt1 tra*yte1 & scoriacc\s +r$i5ts ( :i* !y are compos$1 at once satisfies ! /ud5t ( nature z to ! class ( rocks among :i* he "h treads4 ,?is region lies ^u ! riv] ,rhone1 ne>ly 9 ! angle =m$ by x ) ! ,m$it]ranean1 & cov]s an area ( =ty or fifty leagues 9 diamet]4 ,"h are associat$1 p]haps1 ! e>lie/ & ! late/ products ( ,plutonic action1 ! prim>y granites1 & ! basaltic lavas ( comp>atively rec5t times4 ,! granite is flank$ on ! s\? & we/ by imm5se ov]li]s ( gneiss4 ,x may be describ$ z ! highl&s ( ! c\ntry1 :5ce all ! great riv]s1 ! ,se9e1 ! ,loire1 ! ,gironde1 & _! pr9cipal fe$]s1 take _! rise4 ,! m\nta9s1 ?\gh n rem>kable = elevation1 n[ t we are approa*+ true ,alp9e peaks1 rea* ! height ( f\r1 five1 & six ?\s&1 & ! ,aurillac gr\p to ne>ly sev5 ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea2 b :at a geological s]ies ( ev5ts is embrac$ )9 ! p]iod ( _! physical hi/ory6 ,! great depository arrangem5ts ( ! globe h1 "o & all1 succe$$ to ^? p>oxysmal movem5ts t rais$ _! tops above ! primeval seas4 ,race aft] race ( liv+ creatures h enjoy$ _! span ( exi/5ce1 to be mix$ up ) ! /rata :i* dur+ ! int]val h be5 collect$ & arrang$ 9 _! v>i\s sy/ems4 ,! cru/ ( ! e>? f "t to "t 0 disrupt$4 ,! depressions & fissures 7 z repeat$ly replac$ ) new matt]4 ,! t]ti>y p]iod dawn$ ^u ,creation1 :5 pla91 lake1 & seas1 7 all teem+ ) an exub]ance ( t]re/rial & aquatic life1--& :5 aga9 all 9 ! region ( ,c5tral ,france 0 di/urb$1 & ^! new] molt5 rocks 7 erupt$ f b5ea?4 ,! subt]ranean fires1 :]ev] seat$1 7 ?us1 aft] ! lapse ( geological epo*s1 /ill gl[+ ) int5se vigor4 ,&1 j bord]+ on ! adv5t ( man1 ! two classes ( rocks w\ld seem to h be5 plac$ 9 ! close/ proximity1 z if to rem9d him1 t ! same ,omnipot5t ag5cy :i* creat$ e s+le atom ( 8 e>?ly habitation1 likewise det]m9es e movem5t & advance ( ! /ructure1 & makes ! ne> & ! remote equally manife/ ! ?und] ( 8 p[]4 ,!re _c exi/ a d\bt t ! di/rict 9 "q 0 ! seat ( an ext5sive *a9 ( lakes1 imbosom$ amid/ ! prim>y rocks1 & silt$ up dur+ ! curr5cy ( ! t]ti>y age1 p>tly by s$im5t>y & p>tly by igne\s matt]4 ,! un/ratifi$ masses :i* encircl$ _! wat]s1 /ill /& out 9 bold relief f ! well-def9$ /rata t n[ occupy _! bas9s4 ,a walk up any "o ( ^! valleys--& !y are innum]able--or among ! cones1 hundr$s ( :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! high gr\nds 9 ! vic9ity ( ,g]govia1 w pres5t to y 9 /rik+ contra/ ^! extremes ( natural masonry4 ,"o c almo/ trace1 9 "s localities1 ! v fissures :i* op5$ 9 ! sides ( ! granite rocks1 :5ce issu$ ! molt5 flood t fir/ p]turb$ ! wat]s ( ! pure sil5t lakes4 ,no /ra9+ ( ! imag9ation is inde$ requir$ to trace ! :ole progress ( _! silt+--n[ 9 ! d>k lava-curr5t f ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & n[ 9 ! collect$ debris f ! m\nta9 sides1 hurri$ d[n by ! torr5t or by _! own convulsive ?roes--"h ! f9e comm9ut$ s&1 g5tly c>ri$ 9 by ! /ream1 & !re ! wa/e ( animal life =m+ entire b$s ( calc>e\s m>ls ( /ill unsulli$ fre%ness4 ,9 ! :ole range ( geology !re is n1 9 fact1 to be f\nd any?+ m in/ructive & int]e/+ ?an is display$ 9 ^! lacu/r9e deposits1 ! extreme ?9ness (t5 ( ! b$s1 & ! beautiful regul>ity ( _! sup]position4 ,! lavas int]mix1 & alt]nate repeat$ly1 ) ! alluvial & organic /rata4 ,a myriad ( trickl+ rills fl+ !mselves f ! upheav$ ridges1 s gre5 & fl[]y to _! summits2 !y are collect$ into /reams 9 ! diff]5t rav9es1 & sweep+ ?r\gh ! deep-cut gorges1 lay op5 ! int]ior to ! dep? ( _m hundr$ feet4 ,"h ! v>i\s igne\s & aque\s gr\ps c be read & /udi$ 9 detail1 z !y 7 quietly deposit$ or viol5tly /rewn ^u "o ano!r4 ,! hill ( ,la ,ro*e1 9 ! ,puy de ,jussat1 pres5ts a face ( a v>iegat$ qu>tzose grit ( ne>ly sev5 hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness4 ,at ,*amalires1 ne> ,cl]mont1 ! same deposit is equally well expos$4 ,gre5 & :ite foliat$ m>ls are v abundant1 atta9+ a ?ickness sometimes ( six to sev5 hundr$ feet1 & consi/+ *iefly ?r\gh\t ?is imm5se dep? ( ! %ells ( ,cypris1 a g5us :i* comprises sev]al species1 "s ( :i* are rec5t1 & /ill exi/+ 9 ! wat]s ( our /agnant pools & dit*es4 ,! /ructure ( ^! b$s1 9 ?is volcanic region1 is z rem>kable z ! mat]ials ( _! composition4 ,! /rata divide into plates ?9 z pap]1 :i* are pil$ up into lam9at$ masses ( sev]al hundr$ feet1 ( v>i\s colors1 b ! :ite & gre5 prevail+1 & ! :ole sometimes cov]$ by rocky curr5ts ( tra*ytic or basaltic lava4 ,gypse\s m>ls1 simil> to ^? ( ,montm>tre1 h also contribut$ to ! silt+ up ( ! lakes1 :]e1 z at ,/4 ,roma91 !y are work$1 & ext5sively us$ = ornam5tal purposes4 ,a rem>kable deposit occurs among ! s]ies1 t]m$ ! indusial lime/one1 f ! circum/ance ( its conta9+ ! cases or inducia ( a tubul>-=m species ( insects2 a creature t n only assi/$ individually t[>d ! increm5t ( ! rock1 b possess$ ! p[]1 l its exi/+ analogues1 ( atta*+ to its body a load ( %elly molluscs1 9 "s cases no less ?an a hundr$ ( ^! m9ute %ells be+ arrang$ ar\nd "o tube1 :ile t5 or twelve tubes are pack$ )9 ! compass ( a cubic in*4 ,"s b$s ( ?is lime/one are six feet ?ick1 & may be trac$ ov] a consid]able area1 %[+ ! c\ntless numb] ( insects & molluscs :i* contribut$ _! integum5ts & %ells to compose ?is s+ul>ly con/ruct$ rock4 ,! fibul> corall9e rocks ( ! ,keelan isl&s be> "s fa9t resemblance to ^! anci5t organic deposits1 :]e ! insects build f b5ea?1 & gradually m\nt to ! surface ( ! ocean :5 _! "w is done1 & !y p]i%4 ,! ,phrygane ( ! t]ti>y age enjoy$ _! brief h\r 9 ! sun%9e1 fulfill$ _! de/9y1 sank into ! wat]s1 & contribut$ to =m rocks ov] _! bottom4 ,!y weav$ n1 l ! exi/+ races ( build]s1 _! own %r\d1 ?\gh ! mat]ials 9 :i* !y are entomb$ are ma9ly ( _! own con/ruction--concretion>y plates ( ! f9e/ texture1 & inde/ructible z m>ble4 ,! lacu/r9e deposits 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,haute ,loire are ne>ly id5tical ) ^? n[ describ$1 b conceal$ v mu* by ! lava & scori t h fl[$ out 9 imm5se quantities 9 ! tr\gh ( ! riv]4 ,! be/ sections are expos$ ne> ! t[n ( ,le ,puy1 :]e ! s$im5t>y & erupt$ rocks are beautifully int]/ratifi$4 ,! ,aurillac bas91 9 ,cantal1 is fill$ ) simil> mat]ials1 al?\gh !re is a great] proportion ( silici\s /rata mix$ ) ! calc>e\s m>ls4 ,inde$1 s mu* 9 ?is di/rict does ! silex pr$om9ate1 t a b$ ( t]ti>y lime/one is cov]$ ) nodules ( fl9t1 & resembl+ 9 appe>ance ! upp] *alks ( ,engl&4 ,! fossil rema9s1 h[ev]1 cle>ly m>k ! di/9ction1 :]e we h ! %ells ( ! ,planorbis = ^? ( ! ,e*9us1 & o!r fre% wat] te/acea in/ead ( ! m>9e types ( ! ,cretace\s =mation4 ,,iv4 ,,g5]al ,,conclusions4 ,?is di/rict has be5 ! !at] ( great volcanic action4 ,! epo* ( its activity is cle>ly det]m9$ by ! und\bt$ t]ti>y "* ( ! =mations ) :i* its por\s lavas & scori are int]mix$4 ,basalts & tra*ytes1 ( ! same age1 texture1 & qualities1 are to be f\nd 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries ?r\gh :i* ! deposits h be5 trac$4 ,! granites1 porphyries1 & gre5/ones we h se5 successively employ$ 9 rais+ up ! symmetrical rocks ( ! gr& palozoic sy/ems1 & !reby giv+ %ape1 /ability1 & access to ! economic & gradually-augm5t+ volume ( ! cru/ ( ! globe4 ,c we see 9 ^! la/ ext9ct ?roes ( ! int]ior1 ! op]ations ( ! same great ,,f9al ,,cause--! ov]rul+ h& ( p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness 9 ! m9]al arrangem5ts & div]sifi$ +r$i5ts ( our e>?ly habitation8 ,take a glance at ! ext5t & geographical situation ( ?is family ( rocks4 ,ev]y:]e among ! ,&es & ,cordill]as1 !re are evid5ces ( ! elevation ( l>ge m\nta9-tracts1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( volcanoes n[ ext9ct1 & probably ( ! age 9 "q4 ,a volcanic region 9 ! nor? ( ,spa91 ext5d+ ov] tw5ty squ>e leagues1 f ,am] to ,massanet 9 ,catalonia1 is situat$ among ! l[] b$s ( ! sy/em1 p5etrat+ a nummulitic lime/one & o!r /rata1 conjectur$ to belong to ! age ( our gre5 s& & *alk4 ,! ,dra*5fels on ! ,rh9e & ! ,eifel *a9 ( hills ne> ,bonn1 are likewise ref]able to ?is class ( volcanic ejections4 ,! ,katakekaum5e tract ( m\nta9s1 9 ,asia-,m9or1 is compos$ ( comp>atively rec5t volcanoes1 :]e ,mr4 ,hamilton conceives ! great cones ( ,mont ,dore1 ! ,cantal1 & ,mont ,mez5 9 c5tral ,france are repres5t$ by ,ak ,dgh1 ,morad ,dgh1 ! tra*ytic hills ea/ ( ,takmak1 ,hassan ,dgh1 & ,m\nt ,argu4 ,simil> eruptive indications h be5 trac$ by ,mr4 ,grant 9 ! di/rict ( ,cut*1 situat$ ne> ! ea/]n bran* ( ! ,indus1 & consi/+ ( l>ge tracts ( t]ti>y deposits4 ,! elevat$ regions ( ! ,tyrol1 ! flanks ( ! ,b]nese & ,swiss ,alps1 h be5 ! sc5e ( viol5t di/urbance1 dur+ & s9ce ! deposition ( ! t]ti>y =mations2 &1 9 ! p59sula ( ,italy1 !re are num]\s gr\ps ( volcanic orig91 z 9 ,tuscany ! igne\s rocks ( ,radic(ani1 ,vit]bo1 & ,aquap5d5te1 & ^? ( ! ,campagna di ,roma1 :i* are ( ! same *ronological s]ies1 or probably n lat] ?an ! pleioc5e p]iod4 ,! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 ! ,azores1 ,icel&1 ,o:yhee :]e ! peaks ( ,mauna-,roa & ,m\na-,kaa rise to ! height ( betwe5 #ae1jjj & #af1jjj feet above ! sea1 belong to ! same class ( ph5om5a4 ,?us 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe !re h exi/$ ,phlegran fields ( anci5t z well z ( mod]n date1 ^: convulsions ant]ior to all hi/oric records are /ill traceable 9 ! subm]g5ce & clos+ up ( lakes1 ! dra9age ( l>ge tracts ( l&1 ! upheaval ( m\nta9s1 & ! r$uction ( ! e>? to exi/+ sup]ficial arrangem5ts4 ,! products ( ^! t]ti>y ext9ct volcanoes are inde$ va/ly inf]ior 9 am\nt to ! ejections ( ! m anci5t p]iods1 ^: /up5d\s monum5ts are se5 9 ! prim>y & second>y m\nta9-*a9s ( granite1 porphyry1 & gre5/one2 b /ill !y _h =ce en\gh to influ5ce v ext5sive tracts ( c\ntry1 to convulse & move l>ge portions ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,ev5 n[ x is impossible to guess ?r\gh h[ wide an ext5t1 9 ! subt]ranean regions1 ! %ock ( e>?quakes is simultane\sly felt4 ,n less ?an #ajj1jjj squ>e miles ( c\ntry 7 p]man5tly elevat$ by ! ,*ili e>?quake ( #ahbb1 f two to six feet above its =m] level1 & "p ( ! bottom ( ! sea rema9$ dry at high wat]1 ) b$s ( oy/]s1 muscles1 & o!r %ells adh]+ to ! rocks on :i* !y grew4 ,! contemplation ( volcanic ph5om5a 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 has l$ ,mr4 ,d>w9 to rem>k t1 9 ord] to compreh5d ! va/ surface :i* 0 affect$ by ! e>?quake 9 ,*ili1 & :i* de/roy$ ,conception1 9 ,febru>y #ahce1 x _h a nor? & s\? range equal 9 ext5t to ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,nor? ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean--t we mu/ imag9e ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,engl& to be p]man5tly rais$1 & a tra9 ( volcanoes to become active 9 ! s\!rn extremity ( ,norway--also t a subm>9e volcano bur/ =? ne> ! nor!rn extremity ( ,irel&--& t ! long dormant volcanoes ( ! ,cantal & ,auv]gne1 ea* s5t up a column ( smoke4 ,x ne$1 !re=e1 excite no wond] t geologi/s h felt !mselves w>rant$ to ascribe ! elevation n only ( ! s$im5t>y =mations 9 c5tral ,france to ! volcanic movem5ts ( ! di/rict1 b likewise ^? ( ! ,p>is & ,london bas9s1 z well z ! g5]al rise & dislocation ( ! /rata along ! s\!rn & ea/]n coa/s ( ,engl&4 ,! cause1 z comp>$ ) rec5t & /ill daily obs]v$ ph5om5a1 0 abundantly adequate to effect ! results4 ,o!r di/ricts w\ld be simultane\sly influ5c$2 ! t]ti>y deposits 9 _! v>i\s successive gr\ps 7 all arrang$ "u simil> circum/ances & expos$ to simil> *anges2 & h5ce a d\bt c sc>cely exi/1 t all ^! geological bas9s1 & ?is va/ sup]ficies ( t]ti>y matt]1 7 cotemporane\sly elevat$1 z well z subject$ to "o & ! same range ( subt]ranean convulsion4 ,z an approximation to ! p]iod :5 ?is di/rict 0 la/ subject to volcanic action1 x may be notic$ t ! crat]s ( ,auv]gne & ! ,cantal _h all ceas$ to emit fire or 7 j expir+1 :5 ^? ( ,etna & ,vesuvius began _! op]ations4 ,f :atev] cause1 x w\ld appe> t ! inc&esc5t elem5ts _h "h p>t$ ) _! caloric or _h %ift$ _! position1 & t new v5ts 7 op5$ = !m 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,^! latt] volcanoes may h be5 9 activity be=e ! hi/orical epo*1 al?\gh ! evid5ce mu/ /ill be reg>d$ z inconclusive1 & ! viol5t ef=ts to fa/5 a collision ^u revelation h utt]ly fail$4 ,b 9 ,auv]gne1 on ! contr>y1 little d\bt exi/s ( ! priority ( all ! volcanic emissions to ! human epo*4 ,:5 ,cs> encamp$ among ^! n>r[ defiles1 8 ,comm5t>y is sil5t z to any eruptions save ! irruption ( 8 own legions4 ,! inhabitants1 z n[1 7 cultivat+ ! v9e or peacefully engag$ 9 rural occupations1 z little dream+ ( any di/urbances f ! int]ior1 z !y 7 unprep>$ to resi/ ! torr5t ( mail-clad w>riors t p\r$ ?r\gh _! valleys & deva/at$ _! fields4 ,! poet ,sidonius ,apoll9>is _h 8 resid5ce on ! bord]s ( ,lake ,aidat1 b he sung n ( ! 8sublime0 9 ^! up?roes ( 8 native prov9ce4 ,nev]!less1 an imm5se degree ( hi/oric int]e/ mu/ ev] atta* to ^! volcanic rocks1 inasmu* z !y are inf9itely mod]n :5 comp>$ ) ! prim>y & second>y =mations1 ! granites & ! traps ( ,brita94 ,!y keep cont9ually1 too1 be=e our eyes ! fact ( a succession ( igne\s op]ations1 & rem9d u t plutonic ag5cies h prevail$ ?r\gh all "t1 & ov] regions :i* h only rec5tly be5 lib]at$ f _! ravages2 t at any mom5t1 & at any place1 !y may aga9 bur/ =?1 :5 isl&s w be rais$1 cont95ts subm]g$1 ! f]tile pla9 laid wa/e1 & lakes1 e/u>ies1 & seas conv]t$ into dry l&4 ,nor are !re evid5ces want+1 9 exi/+ volcanoes1 ( ! int5sity ( ! fires :i* /ill gl[ )9 ! int]ior ( our e>?4 ,!re are at pres5t m ?an ,,two ,,hundr$ volcanoes 9 active op]ation2 ^! are n conf9$ to any p>ticul> zone1 b are di/ribut$ l ^? ( ! old] families ?r\gh ! diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,! great] c5t]s ( action are situat$ 9 ! m\nta9-ranges ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & 9 ! num]\s isl&s ( ! ,s\!rn ,pacific2 b at ! same "t !re is sc>cely a portion ( ! e>?'s cru/ t is n subject$ to ! %ock ( volcanic influ5ce & ! movem5t ( e>?quakes4 ,!re are two !ories by :i* all volcanic ph5om5a are attempt$ to be expla9$4 ,! m prevail+ "o among geologi/s is t :i* connects !m ) "o great s\rce ( c5tral heat--int]ior lakes ( molt5 /one--! residue ( t inc&esc5t condition 9 :i* ! globe orig9ally appe>$1 & out ( :i* ! prim>y cry/all9e /rata 7 =m$4 ,! o!r mode ( explanation is t :i* supposes ! int]nal heat to be ! result ( *emical & galvanic action among ! mat]ials compos+ ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! metallic & e>?y bases1 ^u contact ) wat]1 ev]y:]e transmitt$ ?r\gh fissures & ap]tures on ! surface1 burn1 melt1 & are conv]t$ into lava=m matt]1 & :i* act+ aga9 z fuel1 s]ve to fuse ! rocks among :i* !y occur4 ,h5ce v>i\s gases w be g5]at$ suffici5t to occasion mu* local di/urbance2 ?\gh c]ta9ly n ^u a scale to correspond ) ! magnitude1 univ]sality1 & p]petuity ( ^? *anges t h result$ 9 ! igne\s products ( ! prim>y1 second>y1 or ev5 t]ti>y =mations4 ,b :atev] be ! s\rce or cause1 ! heat & ! elem5ts ( heat h be5 9 con/ant activity1 volcanoes & e>?quakes1 l ! hurricane & disease1 subs]v+ important necess>y purposes 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,humboldt 0 ! fir/ to rem>k ! l9e> di/ribution ( volcanic domes1 :i* he consid]$ z v5ts plac$ along ! edge ( va/ fissures1 communicat+ ) res]voirs ( igne\s matt]1 & ext5d+ across :ole cont95ts4 ,lyell1 consid]+ t ! e>?quake & ! volcano are probably ! effects ( ! same subt]ranean process1 & t ! subt]ranean movem5ts are lea/ viol5t 9 ! imm$iate proximity ( volcanic v5ts1 obs]ves1 8t if ! fus$ matt] has fail$ sev]al times to rea* ! surface1 ! consolidation ( ! lava fir/ rais$ & congeal$ w /r5g!n ! e>?'s cru/1 & become an additional ob/acle to ! protrusion ( o!r fus$ matt] dur+ subsequ5t convulsions40 ,?us1 ne$ful 9 all pa/ "t1 ^! igne\s ph5om5a are ne$ful /ill--9 supply+ & indurat+ new l&s--9 repair+ ! wa/e & cont9ual encroa*m5ts ( ! sea--9 keep+ up a salut>y degree ( heat ov] ! e>?'s cru/1 & !reby p]haps ess5tial t[>d ma9ta9+ ! necess>y volume ( ! e>?'s bulk4 ,nor w ! fires )9 h fulfill$ _! law & purpose ( inclosure until ! ord9ance ( ,heav5 9 its creation be complet$1 :5 ! e>? & ! works !re9 %all be burnt up4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,alps--,,mont ,,blanc4 ,! ,p5n9e or ,we/]n ,alps con/itute ! l(tie/ gr\p ( m\nta9s 9 ,europe4 ,!y consi/ ( a va/ *a9 ( isolat$ peaks1 all ( :i* are elevat$ above ! region ( p]petual sn[4 ,mont ,blanc1 ,mont ,c]v91 & ,mont ,comb9 atta9 respectively to ! heights ( fifte5 ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & ?irty-two feet1 f\rte5 ?\s& eight hundr$ & fifty-five feet1 & f\rte5 ?\s& "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet1 above ! level ( ! sea4 ,?is gr\p is succe$$ by t ( ! ,b]nese ,alps1 ( :i* ! ,jungfrau is ! mo/ conspicu\s1 rea*+ ! altitude ( ?irte5 ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & eighte5 feet4 ,! ,helvetian ,alps lie to ! ea/ & s\? ( ^! two ranges1 ris+ 9 ,mont ,rosa to ! height ( fifte5 ?\s& "o hundr$ & fifty feet into ! same a]ial froz5 regions4 ,! riv]s ,rh9e & ,rhone spr+ f ! glaci]s :i* occupy ! valleys int]m$iate betwixt ! ,b]nese & ,helvetian m\nta9s1 :ile ! ,po1 ris+ among ! ,cottian ,alps on ! s\?-we/1 d]ives its pr9cipal tribut>ies f ! same alp9e s\rces ) its l>g] tw9-si/]s4 ,switz]l&1 ?us b\nd$ on ! s\?1 is wall$ 9 along ! entire nor!rn fronti] by ! range ( ! ,jura m\nta9s1 ^: l(tie/ po9t1 ! ,le ,reculet1 is five ?\s& six hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 feet above ! sea level4 ,! m\nta9s ( ,savoy /ret* along ! left bank ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva4 ,mont ,pilatus1 ! ,rigi1 & o!r not$ hills ( t\ri/s1 occupy ! ea/]n c5tral division ( ! c\ntry1 among :i* are situat$ ! l>ge/ clu/] z well z ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! lakes4 ,! great valley ( ,switz]l&1 ! t]ritory prop] ( ! cantons ,vaud1 ,frib\rg1 ,b]ne1 & ,soleure--)9 :i* lie all ! pr9cipal t[ns1 ^? ( ! old ,roman & all ( mod]n times--=ms an ext5d$ plateau or bas91 inclos$ by an amphi!at] ( m\nta9 l&1 div]sifi$ at int]vals by l[ swell+ ridges1 undulat+ hills1 precipit\s rav9es1 ! deep-set *annels ( turbid /reams1 & lovely lakes imbosom$ 9 or*>ds1 v9ey>ds1 & mead[s ( ! mo/ luxuriant pa/urage4 ,! two great riv]s1 embrac+ ! entire dra9age ( ! c\ntry & ( all ! lakes1 deb\* ?r\gh n>r[ gorges at opposite sides ( ! ,swiss t]ritory1 & pursue1 ne>ly at "r angles to ea* o!r1 _! respective c\rses until !y m+le _! wat]s--! "o 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! o!r 9 ! ,nor!rn ,ocean4 ,! little t[n ( ,neuf*tel1 s (t5 allud$ to1 lies on ! nor? bank ( ! lake ( ! same "n1 ! ,jura m\nta9s g5tly slop+ up beh9d4 ,9 ! suburbs1 =m+ "o ( a r[ ( deta*$ unpret5d+ h\ses1 is situat$ ! neat *teau ( ,m4 ,agassiz 9 ! middle ( a small g>d51 :i* re/s aga9/ ! hills1 & is b\nd$ on ! s\? by ! wat]s ( ! lake4 ,a mo/ fitt+ habitation = ! great i*?yologi/1 surr\nd$ z x is ) ! noble/ sc5]y1 & replete 9 e locality ) ! ri*e/ treasures ( 8 favorite /udy4 ,i visit$ ! place 9 ! autumn ( #ahdf1 un=tunately :5 ,m4 ,agassiz _h j left = ,am]ica3 9 a beautiful ev5+ /roll$ ?r\gh ! g>d5 & adjo9+ inclosures1 & 0 pleas$ to obs]ve num]\s traces 9 ! rocks1 & 9 "s fossil relics ly+ ab\t1 ( 8 /udies & rese>*es4 ,! geology ( ! ,alps1 ! la/ /age 9 our self-elect$ c\rse1 is ( ! mo/ complicat$ "*4 ,! rese>*es ( ,/ud]1 ,es*]1 & ,brunn]1 natives ( ! c\ntry1 h s]v$ to e/abli% ! g5]al sup]position & normal arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s gr\ps ( /rata1 z ^? ( ! illu/ri\s ,de ,saussure _h long be=e be5 direct$ to det]m9e _! m9]al di/9ctions1 & *iefly _! classification ^u m9]alogical pr9ciples1 into sep>ate cry/all9e masses4 ,! labors aga9 ( ,brongni>t1 ,de%ayes1 ,agassiz1 ,d',orbigny1 & ,br[n1 h be5 ma9ly employ$ ^u _! organic rema9s1 ) a view to asc]ta9 ! geological epo*s )9 :i* ! sev]al suites ( rocks h orig9at$4 ,our own c\ntrym51 ,buckl&1 ,lyell1 ,s$gwick1 & ,mur*ison1 h attempt$ to sy/ematize /ill fur!r ! alp9e deposits1 z well z ^? ( ,italy & ,g]many1 by %[+ _! relations to ! well-m>k$ divisions ( our ,briti% sy/ems2 & ! result is1 t ov] all ^! widely-ext5d$ regions1 & amid/ all ! metamorphism1 contortion1 dislocation1 & upheaval ( su* l(ty ranges1 !re is a true transition f ! ,silurian1 ,devonian1 & ,c>bonif]\s rocks exi/+ 9 ! ea/]n ,alps into ! high] second>y & t]ti>y /rata ( ! we/]n or ,swiss ,alps4 ,x w\ld be impossible )9 our limits to furni% ev5 a moiety ( ! details & evid5ces by :i* ! intricate /ructure ( ! ,alps has be5 s successfully unravel$1 & ! arrangem5t ( nature 9 ! due ord] ( sup]position s p]si/5tly ma9ta9$4 ,we %all simply adv]t to ! equival5ts ( ! ,engli% /rata :i* h be5 satisfactorily asc]ta9$1 & %all !n consid] "s ( ! m int]e/+ ph5om5a connect$ ) ! age1 elevation1 erratic blocks1 & glaci]s ( ?is ,alp9e c\ntry4 ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,/ructure4 ,! great c5tral axis ( ! ,alp9e region1 /ret*+ f ! ,rhone to ! ,danube1 consi/s ma9ly ( ! prim>y cry/all9e rocks4 ,! granite is ev]y:]e accompani$ by gneiss1 mica-s*i/1 *lorite-s*i/1 silici\s & s]p5t9e lime/ones4 ,! upp] silurian1 devonian1 & c>bonif]\s sy/ems are di/9ctly repres5t$ 9 ! ea/]n ,alps2 b no traces ( ! ,p]mian deposits h be5 detect$ 9 !m or 9 any "p ( s\!rn ,europe2 :ile aga9 9 foll[+ ! c5tral p>ts ( ! *a9 f ,au/ria into ,switz]l& & ,savoy1 all fossil evid5ces ( ! f\r s$im5t>y sy/ems disappe>4 ,! conclusion arriv$ at by geologi/s1 !re=e1 is t = ^! palozoic & triassic =mations !re exi/ no repres5tatives among any ( ! va/ piles ( /rata ( ! we/]n ,alps2 or1 if !y ev] _h a place 9 ?is "p ( ! *a91 t !y h be5 oblit]at$ by ! p[]ful transmut+ action ( metamorphism1 or plung$ to inaccessible dep?s b5ea? ! uprais$ edges ( ! prim>y s]ies4 ,coal plants1 & an?racite coal itself1 h bo? inde$ be5 f\nd 9 ! valley ( ! ,arve 9 ,savoy1 at ,t>5taise1 ,mauri5ne1 & along ! base ( ,mont ,blanc2 b z !y occur 9 connection ) belemnites1 ^! b$s h be5 ref]r$ by ,m4 ,e4 de ,beaumont & o!rs to ! ,lias =mation1 :i* is cle>ly det]m9$ by its num]\s animal fossils to exi/ 9 ?is "p ( ! *a94 ,! rem>kable picturesque rocks ( ,v>5nes1 ,duron1 & ! ,col de ,balme belong to ! lias deposit--! gr&e/ specim5s1 p]haps1 ( natural ar*itecture any:]e to be se54 ,b1 mak+ all[ance = all ! unc]ta9ties ( _! li?ological complem5t1 & quitt+ all po9ts ( a d\btful "*1 x has be5 satisfactorily e/abli%$ t ! flanks ( ! ,swiss ,alps are cov]$ by a s]ies ( s$im5t>y deposits ( va/ ?ickness1 :i* =m a true transition f ! new] second>y into ! old] t]ti>y /rata4 ,! normal arrangem5t ( rocks )9 ^! limits is complete1 beg9n+ ) ! lias & t]m9at+ 9 di/9ctly recogniz$ b$s ( ! t]ti>y pleioc5e gr\p4 ,! lias =mation is l>gely develop$ along ! nor!rn1 ea/]n1 & s\?-we/]n side ( ! *a91 =m+ an imm5se belt f ne> ! foot ( ! ,jungfrau1 9 ! c5tral di/rict ( ,switz]l&1 to ,savona 9 ! ,gulf ( ,g5oa4 ,! oolitic =mation succe$s1 on a scale ( /ill great] magnitude1 hav+ a cont9u\s /ret* f ! ,m$it]ranean at ,t\lon to ,vi5na1 on ! ,danube2 aga9 con/itut+ an enorm\s deposit along ! ,jura range ( m\nta9s2 & !n by ,ulm1 ,altmuhl1 & ,amb]g1 to ,beyru?1 ) its celebrat$ bone caves1 9 ! he>t ( ,g]many4 ,! ,ox=dian gr\p are repres5t$ by ! 8,neocomian0 lime/ones1 a s]ies ( h>d subcry/all9e /rata1 ab\nd+ 9 fossils ( ! gault & upp] gre5-s&4 ,to ^! succe$ b$s ( r$1 gray1 & :ite m>ly lime/ones1 conta9+ ,gryph1 ,inoc]ami1 & ,anan*ytes1 & reg>d$ z ! equival5ts1 z !y are und\bt$ly 9 ! position1 ( ! :ite *alks ( ,engl&4 ,a sup]cretace\s gr\p1 consi/+ ( nummulitic & %elly rocks1 ! 8flys*0 ( ! ,swiss1 con/itutes ! close ( ! second>y1 & graduates con=mably & ins5sibly upw>d1 by m9]al & zoological passages1 into ! eoc5e sy/em4 ,! va/ b$s ( /rata1 :i* are t]m$ ! 8molasse0 & 8nagelflue10 conta9 9 ! l[] s]ies a l>ge proportion ( liv+ species ( m>9e %ells1 :ile ! associat$ & ov]lay+ /rata ( t]re/rial orig9 are load$ ) =ms all ( :i* are ext9ct4 ,9 ?is gr\p !re is nev]!less %ad[$ =? a type ( rocks *>act]i/ic bo? ( a mioc5e & pleioc5e age2 b s anomal\s is _! arrangem5t1 t ! y\ng] are (t5 f\nd to dip "u ! old] rocks out ( :i* !y h be5 =m$4 ,& z ( ^!1 s g5]ally ( ! entire ,alp9e s]ies n[ ref]r$ to1 ! position ( ! v>i\s gr\ps 9 p>ticul> localities c only be unravel$ 9 _! flexures1 dislocations1 & displacem5ts1 by means ( ! organic rema9s ) :i* !y sev]ally ab\nd4 ,,ii4 ,! ,,sup]ficial ,,accumulations embrace a wide-spread class ( geological ph5om5a4 ,^! h orig9at$ 9 causes "s ( :i* are /ill 9 active op]ation1 o!rs are dormant1 & o!rs aga9 may be consid]$ z belong+ to ag5cies :i* may be t]m$ extraord9>y1 or p]mitt$ only at int]vals to display !mselves4 ,! effects ( _! op]ations are visible1 less or m1 9 e "p ( ! surface ( ! globe4 ,!y h be5 t]m$ ! ,,plei/oc5e gr\p1 & consi/ ( bo? m>9e & fre% wat] mat]ials4 ,to ^! are ref]r$ ! b[ld]-clay =mation1 ! va/ deposits ( s& & gravel heap$ up 9 valleys1 ! erratic blocks spread ov] hill-tops1 & ! v>i\s k9ds ( detrital matt] :i*1 al?\gh (t5 lam9at$1 is loose & un/ratifi$1 & cle>ly di/+ui%able f ! m indurat$ & subjac5t b$s compos+ ! e>?'s cru/4 ,nor 9 ga!r+ up ! l9ks ( ?is ext5d$ field ( review1 w x be possible to omit all m5tion ( glaci]s & _! mora9es1 s intimately connect$ ) ,alp9e sc5]y4 ,! s&1 gravel1 & drift accumulations ( e k9d are common to e c\ntry :]e wat]s fl[ or valleys exi/4 ,!y cov] ! great /ra?s ( ,scotl&1 ! l[ /eppes ( ,russia1 ! l(ty gorges ( ! ,himalaya1 ! des]t wa/es ( ,africa1 & ! elevat$ plateaux ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,among ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s !y are ( ! mo/ v>i$ "*1 & are spread ov] ext5sive areas 9 ^? /]ile regions1 high up among ! s\rces ( ! great ,am]ican riv]s4 ,:]ev] a /ream falls into ano!r /ream1 a /ream into a lake1 a lake into a riv]1 or a riv] into ! sea1 b>s1 gravelly %oals1 & deltas are f\nd to exi/1 or to be 9 ! act ( =mation4 ,accumulations ( ?is class1 !re=e1 are to be reg>d$ z ( v>i\s p]iods1 z !y are evid5tly ! results ( causes ( cont9ual op]ation1 ord9>y z well z extraord9>y4 ,_m ( su* ph5om5a1 h[ev]1 are z cle>ly ! indication ( a /ate ( ?+s :i* no long] exi/s4 ,:e!r by a subsid5ce 9 ! sea-bottom1 or an elevation ( ! l&1 !y are n[ rais$ f> above ! influ5ce ( ! elem5t )9 :i* !y 7 collect$1 & to ^: abrad+ p[]s !y owe _! lam9at$ /ructure4 ,su*1 9 p>ticul>1 are ^? regul>-%ap$ t]races z well z deta*$ hillocks ( s& & gravel1 sev]al hundr$ feet 9 dep?1 s common 9 ! /ra?s ( ,scotl& & valleys ( ,switz]l&1 ?r\gh :i* arms ( ! sea or ( great inl& lakes once p5etrat$1 & ov] ^: %ores & bottoms ! debris ( ! m\nta9s gradually accumulat$4 8,! ,sea ,m>g9s10 ! "w ( ! accompli%$ ,rob]t ,*amb]s1 conta9s a m9ute & int]e/+ detail ( ^! facts1 glean$ f v>i$ s\rces ( read+ & mo/ ext5sive p]sonal obs]vation1 & cle>ly w>rant+ ! inf]5ce t ! sea at no v remote p]iod cov]$ va/ di/ricts ( c\ntry f :i* x has n[ rec$$4 ,,! ,,b[ld] ,,clay imm$iately und]lies ! gravelly b$s :i* h be5 notic$4 ,betwixt ! two classes ( drift !re is a cle> l9e ( dem>kation1 al?\gh bo? s& & gravel are (t5 9 consid]able masses includ$ 9 ! pla/ic mud :i* *iefly *>act]izes ! b[ld] clay4 ,?is =mation is ( great ext5t1 cov]+ ! :ole ( ! nor? ( ,europe1 a l>ge portion ( nor!rn ,asia1 & 9 ,am]ica ext5d+ f ! ,arctic ,sea to ,bo/on2 mass$ up 9 e rav9e1 & rang+ f ! l[e/ valleys to two ?\s& feet on ! m\nta9 slopes1 :]e x is (t5 accumulat$ to a great dep?4 ,"o /rik+ peculi>ity ( ! b[ld] clay is1 t huge blocks ( /ones ( all ages are imb$d$ 9 ! mass 9 e region & c\ntry :]e x is f\nd3 h5ce ! "n4 ,! b[ld]s are n always ( local orig92 on ! contr>y1 ! p>5t rock is m g5]ally situat$ at remote di/ances1 ev5 f five to eight hundr$ miles4 ,?us ! ,scotti% ,grampians furni% ! great] proportion ( ! huge blocks :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! l[l& & midl& c\nties ( ,scotl&4 ,! ,lamm]muirs1 ! ,*eviots1 ! ,lake ,m\nta9s ( ,cumb]l&1 h /rew$ _! wreck ov] ! vales ( ! ,twe$ & ,nor?umb]l&1 ?r\gh ,york%ire & ! midl& pla9s ( ,engl&4 ,! *alks ( ,d5m>k & ,norway are spread out on e %oal & bank 9 ! ,g]man ,ocean to ! ,briti% %ores2 :ile aga91 ?r\gh all ,friesl& & c5tral ,g]many1 ! prim>y rocks ( ,sc&9avia are z di/9ctly to be trac$4 ,! erratic-block family h 9 l mann] travel$ ov] ,france1 ^? ( ,britanny & ,norm&y p5etrat+ to ! bas9 ( ! ,loire2 ! ,cantal d[n ev5 to ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,switz]l&1 p]haps1 conta9s ! mo/ int]e/+ specim5s ( ?is univ]sal drift-wreck2 z1 on ! sides ( ! ,jura1 at an elevation ( f\r ?\s& feet1 at ,mon!y1 :]e !y give a feature to ! l&scape1 & on ! ea/ bank ( ! lake ( ,g5eva1 lies ! celebrat$ ,pi]re de ,g\t1 :i* figures 9 ! ,huttonian controv]sy1 measur+ ab\t t5 feet 9 height by fifte5 to tw5ty 9 bread? & l5g?4 ,mont ,blanc is conjectur$ to h be5 ! s\rce ( mo/ ( ^! pi]res r\ls1 :i* h be5 transport$ across ! valley ( ! ,rhone1 or lift$ %e] ov] ! m\nta9s ( ,savoy1 & are n[ at ! di/ance ( sixty & sev5ty miles1 ly+ 9 all ! passes & ridges ( ! ,jura4 ,v>i\s explanations h be5 giv5 ( ! orig9 & deposition ( ! b[ld]-clay =mation1 z well z ( ! erratic block-drift1 = ! two c sc>cely be sep>at$ 9 ! "q ( cause & effect4 ,! b[ld]s1 = example1 are sometimes 9 ! mass ( clay itself1 sometimes !y are ly+ loose on ! surface1 9 _m in/ances !y are spread ov] areas :]e no clay exi/s2 b 9 mo/ cases ma9ta9+ _! unmi/akable "* ( be+ wat]-worn1 r\nd$1 & cov]$ ) /ri4 ,bo? classes ( ph5om5a1 !re=e1 are suppos$ to be ref]able to ! same p]iod ( "t1 z !y probably h orig9at$ 9 ! same s]ies ( causes4 ,"o !ory advanc$ 9 explanation ( bo?1 is ! ag5cy ( p[]ful curr5ts t swept ov] ,brita9 & ! adjac5t cont95ts1 g5]ally 9 a nor? & nor?-we/]ly direction1 be>+ along ) !m soil1 gravel1 & ! l>g] debris ( rocks2 & z ob/ructions occurr$1 or ! viol5ce ( ! curr5ts subsid$1 ! het]og5\s mat]ials 7 deposit$ 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries & at ! diff]5t elevations 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,! direction ( ! curr5ts1 (t5 f diff]5t c5t]s1 is indicat$ cle>ly by ! position & li?ology ( ! m\nta9s f :i* ! blocks h be5 transport$1 no less ?an by ! fact t ! greate/ accumulations ( drift & b[ld]s are to be obs]v$ at ! s\?-ea/]n extremities ( su* gorges & valleys z 7 op5 to ! diluvial action4 ,b ! hypo!sis fails 9 giv+ a satisfactory acc\nt ( ! transport ( ! l>g] blocks1 (t5 ( sixty to a hundr$ tons weight1 ov] a c\rse ( _m hundr$s ( miles1 plung+ ?r\gh holl[s1 & n[ /r&$ on m\nta9 slopes sev]al ?\s& feet above4 ,! !ory ( iceb]gs1 z ! transport+ ag5cy1 meets ?is difficulty2 & accord+ly1 9 "o =m or o!r1 su* a cause or ag5t1 ( widely-prevail+ influ5ce1 is almo/ univ]sally adopt$ into ! cre$ ( geologi/s4 ,?is !ory implies1 t ^? portions ( ,europe n[ cov]$ ) ! b[ld]-clay =mation 7 subm]g$ aft] ! deposition & consolidation ( ! t]ti>y /rata--t ?is subm]g5ce 0 ! result ( a *ange 9 ! e>?'s axis or "s extraord9>y alt]ation 9 its planet>y relations--t a great arctic glacial cont95t subsid$ & disappe>$ b5ea? ! wat]s--& t va/ float+ masses ( ice1 inclos+ rock loos5$ f ! s9k+ l&1 p5etrat$ s\?w>d1 graz+ & poli%+ ! h>d] sub/ances t lay 9 _! c\rse1 or c>ry+ along ) !m ! m yield+ & transportable mat]ials4 ,admit all or ev5 a limit$ numb] ( su* assumptions1 & we "k f :at is occurr+ 9 rec5t times1 t ! cause is q adequate to ! production ( ! effect4 ,sir ,james ,ross1 9 8 late humane exploratory exp$ition1 enc\nt]$ 9 ! pol> regions iceb]gs f a hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ feet 9 height1 & f a qu>t] to half a mile 9 l5g?4 ,two-?irds ( e iceb]g float b5ea? ! wat]4 ,:at a c>ri] p[]1 at once = erosion & transport1 9 e "o ( ^! froz5 float+ m\nta9s6 ,! ,pol> ocean /ill ma9ta9s its great s\?w>d curr5t to ! equatorial seas1 modifi$ by ! headl&s & inequalities ( bottom :i* occur 9 its progress2 & !n1 z n[1 ! iceb]gs driv5 along ?is highway ( wat]s w\ld drop1 at int]vals1 portions ( _! /ony load1 to take up at o!r /ations :atev] 0 prep>$ to adh]e to !m4 ,h5ce ! difficulty vani%es z to ! l>ge deta*$ blocks s (t5 f\nd on ! elevat$ sides ( m\nta9s4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! explanation ( ^? collect$ gr\ps :i* are entirely free f any admixture ( clay4 ,& h5ce1 ^u ! retreat ( ! wat]s & ! elevation ( ! l&1 x is reasonable to inf] t _m di/ricts w\ld be swept b>e aga9 ( _! mud1 :ile ! b[ld]s w\ld rema91 & t 9 o!r qu>t]s ridges & ! deep] accumulations w\ld be =m$4 8,bo? !ories10 h[ev]1 z /at$ by ,mr4 ,page 9 8 excell5t treatise1 8,rudim5ts ( ,geology10 8are beset ) difficulties2 & ?\gh ! latt] acc\nts m satisfactorily = mo/ ( ! ph5om5a ( ! erratic block gr\p1 /ill !re are _m po9ts respect+ ! di/ribution & ext5t ( ! deposit to be inve/igat$ be=e ei!r c be f9ally adopt$4 ,all t c be affirm$ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! sci5ce is ! composition & nature ( ! clay1 gravel1 & b[ld]s--! c\rse ( ! curr5ts conc]n$ 9 _! deposition--! fact ( ! l& hav+ a configuration ( hill & valley1 n diff]+ mu* f :at n[ exi/s--& ! peculi> scant9ess1 if n total abs5ce1 ( organic rema9s40 ,:e!r ?is my/]i\s cataclysm occurr$ be=e or )9 ! mod]n epo* is a "q :i*1 z yet1 has n by any means be5 det]m9$4 ,! few organic rema9s detect$ 9 ! deposit are ( m>9e orig9--"o or two species ( %ells--b all id5tical ) species n[ exi/+4 ,! presumption is t ! climate :i* prevail$ ov] ^! nor!rn regions dur+ ! p]iod 0 extremely l[4 ,b h[ long x la/$1 & :y !re are no types pres]v$1 9 all t cong]ies ( mat]ials ( ! t]re/rial fauna & flora ( ! p]iod1 are po9ts bo? ( !m ( a v p]plex+ k9d4 ,:e!r j dawn+ ^u ! adv5t ( man1 or )9 ! actual era ( 8 hi/ory1 c]ta9 x is t ^! are ! results ( a *aotic condition ov] a l>ge portion ( our planet1 ( :i*1 if we except ! deluge1 we h no record nor memorials 9 any ( ! aft] *anges & modifications ( its surface4 ,%all we add1 z indicative ( a ,,f9al ,,cause appe>+ 9 & ov]rul+ ! tumultu\s agitation1 t to ?is s\rce is to be trac$ great "p ( ! soil :i* cov]s ! valleys & m\nta9 sides ( all ! subm]g$ di/ricts8 t h]eby ext5sive lakes 7 silt$ up1 ! fl9ty rock conceal$ by f]tile e>?1 & ! /eep acclivity made accessible to ! husb&man8 ,"o ?+ is cle>1 t all ! late/ t]ti>y /rata 9 ?is alp9e region h1 aft] _! consolidation1 be5 di/urb$ & brok5 up3 x is ^u _! inv]t$ edges t ! sup]ficial accumulations h be5 deposit$ & n[ re/3 & :e!r ! subm]g5ce ( ,europe1 & o!r p>ts ( ! globe1 0 simultane\s or n ) ! cause ( _! movem5t & ov]?r[1 a sup]9t5d+ wisdom & purpose are unque/ionably disc]nible 9 ^? accessions ( soil & o!r economic arrangem5ts t result$ f ! *ange4 ,!re is ano!r !ory1 h[ev]1 :i* has be5 appli$ to ! explanation ( ^! ph5om5a--namely1 ! ,,!ory ,,( ,,glaci]s1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! works ( ,v5etz1 ,*>p5ti]1 ,agassiz1 & ,=bes4 ,a glaci] is a mov+ /ream ( ice =m$ 9 ! transv]se valleys & furr[$ gorges ( alp9e *a9s4 ,!y are ( great dep? & indef9ite l5g?2 & z !y proce$ sl[ly b progressively 9 _! c\rses !y c>ry along ) !m all ! loose & preh5sible m\nta9 debris ) :i* !y come 9 contact4 ,on _! surface !y be> e fall+ spl9t]1 small & great1 f ! ov]hang+ rocks4 ,! sides & bottom ( ! rav9es ?r\gh :i* !y pass are /ripp$1 poli%$1 & /riat$4 ,! avalan*e breaks ^u !m ) its accumulat$ load2 & e m\nta9 rill1 ^u ! melt+ ( ! sn[s 9 summ]1 deposits ov] _! flanks ! mat]ials ) :i* !y are *>g$4 ,imm5se masses ( matt] are1 9 ^! v>i\s ways1 collect$ & transport$ f ! high] into ! l[] valleys3 ^! at ! outgo+ ( ! glaci] g5]ally assume a ridge %ap$ =m1 & are t]m$ mora9es4 ,! und]ly+ blocks are all r\nd$ & groov$3 ^? borne on ! surface are %>p & angul>1 until !y are swept away by ! torr5ts into ! riv]s1 :]e !y are 9 turn subject$ to _! smoo?+ op]ations4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 !re=e1 ei!r z to ! dis9tegrat+ or transport+ p[] ( ?is mighty ag5t4 ,:5 ,i /ood ^u ! ,m] de ,glace ,i saw be=e me1 9 "o gorge ( ! m\nta91 a cont9u\s /ret* ( icy ma*9]y f\rte5 miles 9 l5g? by two to ?ree 9 bread?1 & sev]al hundr$ feet 9 dep?4 ,! :ole 0 9 motion2 &1 :e!r we adopt z ! pr9ciple ( translation ! me*anical pressure ( ,agassiz1 or ! hydraulic law ( ,=bes1 ! in/rum5t ( an incalculable c>riage-p[] 0 !re4 ,& yet1 ^u ! fir/ glance1 x %rank into a span1 or appe>$ b z a small lake1 z we view$ ! glaci] p\r+ d[n t deep gorge ( ,mont ,blanc2 a %e] dep? ( d>k p]p5dicul> rocks ris+ on its edges _m ?\s& feet 9 height2 sev]al ( ! %>p-po9t$ ,aiguilles1 ! ,gr&es ,mullets1 & above all1 ! ,peak de ,dru1 unrival$ 9 symmetrical gr&eur1 p5etrat+ /ill high] into ! cle> sky above4 ,h[ _m su* glaci]s are disp]s$ ?r\gh t va/ alp9e *a92 & h[ imm5se1 ^u any rule ( calculation1 h be5 ! e>?y & rocky mat]ials :i* !y h borne d[nw>d 9 ! lapse ( "t6 ,famili>iz$ to su* gigantic op]ations among 8 native ,alps1 ,m4 ,agassiz came to ! conclusion t n only ! b[ld] drift ( ,switz]l&1 b ne>ly all ! sup]ficial accumulations ( nor!rn ,europe1 7 to be ascrib$ to glacial action4 ,9 ! /ra?s & gl5s ( ,scotl& he fanci$ a mora9e 9 e talus ( a m\nta91 & 9 e b> ( a riv]4 ,he saw ! poli%+ ( glaci]s 9 ! pass ( ,killiecrankie1 on ! sides ( ,b5 ,nevis1 & ! /eep promontories ( ,morv54 ,! p>allel roads ( ,gl5roy orig9at$ 9 ! same cause4 ,f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,arctic zone a pol> climate univ]sally prevail$1 & ! :ole 0 cov]$ ) a mantle ( ice2 va/ fields ( ice1 too1 dep5d+ f ! m\nta9s p5etrat$ into ! adjac5t valleys2 ! pla9s 9 succession 7 invad$1 & erratic blocks 7 scatt]$ 9 e direction2 :5 at la/1 ^u a *ange ( temp]ature consequ5t ^u o!r *anges 9 ! planet>y relations ( ! e>?1 all ^! erosive influ5ces 7 = a "t increas$1 & ! glacial p[] atta9$ its maximum4 ,n only ! upp] & transv]se furr[s 9 ! ,alps b all ! l[] & great longitud9al valleys ( ! ,cantons 7 ! seats ( glaci]s dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,along ! passes ( ! ,rh9e1 ! ,rhone1 ! ,drance1 ! ,doire1 ! ,arve1 & ! ,isre1 ! irrepressible tide ( ice ma9ta9$ its c\rse1 leav+ portions ( ! drift at diff]5t elevations1 & dropp+ b[ld]s on ! int]m$iate hills & on ! m di/ant & l(ti] b>ri]s ( ! ,jura4 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison opposes all ^! speculations ( ,agassiz & o!rs4 ,! elevation ( ! alp9e *a91 ( :i* !re is abundant evid5ce 9 comp>atively rec5t times1 he reg>ds z cotemporane\s ) ! translation ( ! b[ld]-drift1 & consid]s t dur+ ! sub-aque\s condition ( nor!rn ,europe1 ! ,alps & ! ,jura 7 f two to ?ree ?\s& feet bel[ _! pres5t altitude4 ,he f9ds t ! fam\s blocks ( ,mon!y opposite ,bex are compos$ exclusively ( ! granite ( ,mont ,blanc--t !y h be5 transport$ on ice-rafts ?r\gh ! gorge ( ,/4 ,maurice to _! pres5t locality--& reasons ) ju/ice t _h !y =m$ "p ( a mora9e ! debris ( all ! int]v5+ rocks1 along ! valley ?r\gh :i* ! glaci] pass$1 mu/ h be5 associat$ ) !m4 ,none ( ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps1 he ?9ks1 c\ld h be5 ( ! ext5t impli$ 9 ! transport ?r\gh _! ag5cy ( ! ,jura blocks1 nor h ev] ! upp] longitud9al & flank+ valleys ar\nd ,mont ,blanc be5 fill$ ) g5]al ice-/reams4 ,! mat]ials1 likewise1 ( true glaci] mora9es he conceives c be readily di/+ui%$1 on ! "o h&1 f ! m anci5t alluvia1 &1 on ! o!r1 f tumultu\s accumulations ( gravel b[ld]s & f>-transport$ erratic blocks4 ,&1 look+ at ! v>i\s causes :i* h affect$ ! surface1 ,sir ,rod]ick concludes1 t all ! *ief difficulties ( ! b[ld]-clay =mation are remov$1 :5 x is admitt$ t frequ5t & va/ *anges ( ! l& & wat]s h tak5 place s9ce ! di/ribution ( l>ge erratics--t a great nor!rn glacial cont95t has subsid$--t ! bottom ( ! sea ov] ,brita9 & ! adjac5t cont95t has be5 rais$ into dry l&1 :ile ! ,alps & ,jura1 =m]ly at l[] levels1 h be5 consid]ably & irregul>ly elevat$4 ,! elevation ( ?is /up5d\s *a9 ( rocks1 n by "o b by a succession ( upheavals & depressions ere !y assum$ _! pres5t position & gr\p+1 is a po9t g5]ally admitt$1 & n difficult to demon/rate4 ,! ,alps1 = example1 are fold$ all r\nd ) successive belts or zones ( s$im5t>y matt]1 m>k+1 z s _m mile/ones at diff]5t po9ts ( altitude1 ! measure ( increm5t atta9$ dur+ ! int]vals ( _! deposition4 ,^! belts conta9 ea* _! own peculi> class ( fossils :i* det]m9e _! relative ages4 ,9 succession1 ! sev]al suites or families ( rocks re/ ^u ! inv]t$ outcrop or incl9$ edges ( ! old] gr\ps4 ,?us ! hi/ory ( organic life ^u ! globe1 ! incom+ ( new races & ! ext9ction ( old ones1 z conta9$ 9 ^! deposits1 becomes a scale ( measurem5t ( ! elevations1 disruptions1 & ev]-v>y+ conditions ( ! inorganic cru/1 :ile 9 ! inv]t$1 dislocat$ /ate ( ! cru/ itself1 we m>k ! sev]al ?roes by :i* x 0 lift$ above ! wat]s4 ,n "o ( ! fossilif]\s b$s envelop+ ! granitic & cry/all9e nucleus ( ! *a9 ( ! ,alps b has be5 %ift$ out ( its orig9al horizontal position1 & ! %ift ( ! subjac5t hav+ always prec$$ ! deposition ( ! ov]ly+ =mation1 x foll[s t1 9 addition to ! intumesc5ce ( ! *a91 !re mu/ h be5 a s]ies ( oscillatory & elevatory movem5ts be=e atta9+ its f9al altitude4 ,b aft] ! consolidation ( ! :ole rocky /rata1 & :ile ! wat]s 7 /ill _m ?\s&s ( feet 9 dep?1 ! sup]ficial accumulations 7 be+ deposit$--! b[ld] drift1 & erratic blocks1 ei!r by iceb]gs or o!r causes1 7 float$ into position--& x 0 n until e "o ( ^! travel$ /ones1 fre% ev5 n[ z :5 torn f ! liv+ rock1 7 quietly settl$ d[n into ! bottom ( ! sea1 t ,mont ,blanc _h display$ a moiety ( its massive outl9e1 or t[]$ to "o-half ( its pres5t colossal gr&eur4 ,! elevation ( ,b5-,mac-,dhui dates f ! era ( ! old r$ s&/one =mation4 ,mont ,blanc 0 invad$ on all sides by a sea t receiv$ ! late/ ( ! t]ti>y deposits4 ,bo? 7 subm]g$ dur+ ! cataclysm :i* produc$ ! b[ld] clay2 b z no increm5t to its bulk 0 d]iv$ f ?is cause1 ,b5-,mac-,dhui falls geologically to be reckon$ a complet$1 & !re=e a f> old]1 m\nta9 ?an ,mont ,blanc1 :i* _h n atta9$ its full altitude & bulk until ! expiration ( ! ,pleioc5e age6 ,su* are ! mighty ag5cies contemplat$ by ! geologi/ 9 ! v>i\s lat] *anges :i* h affect$ ! surface ( our globe4 ,! rill1 ! riv]1 ! torr5t1 ! glaci]1 ! e>?quake1 ! volcano1 are /ill 9 op]ation1 b only z fa9t images ( ! enorm\s p[]s :i* 9 ! m anci5t times h be5 at "w4 ,t ! e>? has be5 repeat$ly encroa*$ ^u by ! wat]s e pr9ciple ( 8 sci5ce goes to e/abli%2 b out ( e convulsion he sees a bett] & m /able condition ( ?+s to h em]g$4 ,if ! b[ld] drift & ! cold pla/ic clay =mation po9t to a cont9uance ( sunless1 lifeless seasons1 he =gets n1 z ! products ( ! p]iod1 t two-?irds ( ! soil ( ,great ,brita9 & ( ! gra9-be>+ l&s ( ! cont95t1 h be5 d]iv$ f ^! accumulations--! indu/rial monum5ts ( _! invasion 9 e qu>t] ( ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,?ickness ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,cru/--,,c5tral ,,heat4 ,! "q arises1 s9ce ^u geological gr\nds x is demon/rable t ! cru/ ( ! e>? has be5 repeat$ly upheav$ & brok51 h we reason to conclude t simil> /ates ( p>oxysm & convulsion may n aga9 return8 ,?is br+s u to ! consid]ation ( two v int]e/+ problems1 namely1--,,! ,,?ickness ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,cru/--,& ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,c5tral ,,heat4 ,h we any means ( det]m9+ ei!r ( ^! po9ts8 ,! doctr9e ( ! igne\s orig9 ( granite & o!r rocks proce$s ^u ! assumption ( a va/ res]voir ( heat exi/+ some:]e )9 ! int]ior2 & ! "q to be solv$ is--,:at is ! ?ickness ( ! solid cru/ b5ea? :i* ! molt5 rocks h _! orig98 & :at ! cause ( _! fusion8 ,i4 ,an op9ion has long prevail$ among geologi/s ( a c]ta9 s*ool1 t ! cru/ ( ! e>? is ( v limit$ dim5sions4 ,a ?9 coat+ ( prim>y cry/all9e rock is int]pos$ betwixt ! s$im5t>y /rata above1 & ! int5sely inc&esc5t mass ( :i* ! int]ior is compos$4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,f\ri] e/abli% a =mula ( increas+ temp]ature ( ! /rata 9 a desc5d+ s]ies1 & f ! rate ( ?is increase1 x is inf]r$1 t ab\t "o hundr$ miles bel[ ! surface ! entire nucleus is 9 a /ate ( complete fusion4 ,"s h ev5 assum$ ! melt+ po9t to be less ?an ?irty miles1 :5 8! next contigu\s matt] is 9 a /ate ( fusion1 at a temp]ature probably high] ?an any t man c produce by artificial means1 or any natural heat t c exi/ on ! surface40#aa ,sir ,john ,leslie attempt$ a demon/ration ( ! ultimate resolution ( ! mat]ials into light1 z ! only elem5t capable ( resi/+ ! va/ pressure ( ! out] cru/2 &1 errone\sly assum+ ! modulus ( compressibility ( air1 wat]1 ! metals1 & all kn[n e>?y sub/ances to be inv>iable1 h[ev] greatly ! pressure may be increas$1 ?is +5i\s philosoph] came to ! conclusion1 t1 in/ead ( ,t>t>ean d>kness1 ! (fspr+ ( sup]/ition1 ! inn] *amb]s ( ! e>? are fill$ ) lum9\s e!r1 ! mo/ pure1 conc5trat$1 & respl5d5t4 ,d>w9 believes t mu* ( ! va/ cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica is susp5d$ ov] an inn] sea ( liquid fire1 & says1 t1 8daily x is =c$ home on ! m9d ( ! geologi/1 t no?+1 n ev5 ! w9d t bl[s1 is s un/able z ! level ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?40 ,) ! fires ( ,etna & ,vesuvius rag+ on ! "o side1 & ! rec5t ?\gh ext9ct volcanoes ( ,auv]gne & ! ,cantal seat$ s ne> on ! o!r side1 :at security is !re1 amid/ s _m und\bt$ facts ( ! mobility ( ! l&1 t ^! va/ piles ( ,alp9e m\nta9s may n aga91 ?r\gh m]e me*anical weight1 break ?r\gh ! film ( cru/ on :i* !y re/1 & s9k into ! abyss f :i* !y s lately em]g$6 ,! doctr9e ( c5tral heat1 x may be repli$1 does n necess>ily imply ! univ]sal fluidity ( ! c5tral mass1 an op9ion support$ by ,lyell1 ,poisson1 & o!r em95t philosoph]s2 :ile !re is reason to inf]1 z repeat$ly /at$1 t !re is no id5tity ( scale & me*anism betwe5 volcanoes n[ active1 & ! igne\s causes :i* gave bir? to ^! & o!r /up5d\s m\nta9-*a9s4 ,b a/ronomy gives a diff]5t & m com=table solution ( ! problem4 ,! influ5ce ( ! moon alone1 x w\ld appe>1 act+ ^u our planet1 requires a ?ickness ( cru/ ( at lea/ ,,"o ,,?\s& ,,miles1 to prev5t ! fabric ( ! globe f be+ sev]$ into fragm5ts4 ,! e>?1 consid]$ 9 connection ) its own planet>y sy/em1 has ?ree di/9ct motions 9 space1 a fact 9 sci5ce usually illu/rat$ by ! movem5ts ( ! common sp9n+-top4 ,a m /rik+ illu/ration may be se5 9 ! /eam-vapor :i* has aid$ y onw>d1 t liv+ cl\d ( light & heat :i* t[]s & floats away 9 ^! beautifully curl+ wrea?s4 ,l ! trail ( ! comet1 h[ gracefully x sweeps ov] ! pla9s 9 its =w>d movem5t3 !n x turns to ! "r or left 9 ! direction ( ! w9d3 & !n1 9 a ?ird convolution1 e globule ( ! airy mass is twirl+ on an axis ( its own4 ,equally buoyant is ! e>?1 hung ^u no?+1 & cleav+ ! liquid firmam5t4 ,x turns on its axis1 caus+ ! vicissitude ( day & night2 x moves ?r\gh its orbit1 mak+ ! circuit ( ! sun & ! div]sity ( ! seasons2 &1 9 addition1 !re is an oscillatory motion l ! un/eady zig-zag twi/+s ( ! c>riage-tra91 occasion$ by ! excess ( ! equatorial ov] ! pol> diamet]4 ,?is excess am\nts to ab\t a ?ree-hundr$? "p4 ,b1 small z x is1 x ex]ts an assignable influ5ce ov] ! cohesion or attraction ( ! solid framework4 ,n[1 by a nice ma!matical demon/ration1 re/+ on ! sun & moon's attraction1 ,mr4 ,hopk9s inf]s1 z indicat$ by ! ph5om5a ( precession & nutation1 t ! m9imum ?ickness ( ! e>?'s cru/ _c be less ?an "o-f\r? or "o-fif? ( ! e>?'s radius4 ,! !orem is ( too ab/ract a nature to be "h introduc$2 b x appe>s f x t ! obs]v$ am\nt ( precession requires ?is degree ( solid matt]1 :i* gives a cle> dep? ( solid ar* ov] ei!r vacuum1 respl5d5t light1 or fi]y fluid1 ( f eight hundr$ to a ?\s& miles4 ,?is may well allay ! fe>s ( ! mo/ timid z to ! /ability ( ! gr\nd b5ea? 8 feet1 :atev] be ! /ate ( ! int]ior1 or "u :atev] modifications ! mat]ials !re9 may exi/4 ,,ii4 ,b if ?is ?ickness ( cru/ is requir$ n[1 x mu/ h be5 equally requir$ 9 all pa/ "t3 h5ce1 x may be argu$1 no security is !reby af=d$ aga9/ ! bur/+ out ( ! p5t-up fires1 or disruption ( ! out] cru/8 ,n[1 x has be5 que/ion$ :e!r !re be su* a ?+ z a ,,c5tral fluid heat at all1 :ile ! solidity ( ! e>? ?r\gh\t has be5 ma9ta9$ z m 9 unison ) ! pr9ciples ( e/abli%$ sci5ce4 ,! doctr9e ( a c5tral heat is z old z ! days ( ,bi%op ,burnet1 :o imag9$ t ! int]nal fire1 pre-exi/5t 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 0 ! ag5t employ$ 9 break+ up ! f\nta9s ( ! deep = ! production ( ! deluge4 ,leibnitz & ,buffon reg>d$ ! e>? z an ext+ui%$ sun or vitrifi$ globe1 :i*1 accord+ to ! calculations ( ! latt]1 requir$ sev5ty-five ?\s& ye>s to cool d[n to its pres5t temp]ature2 & t1 9 n9ety-eight ?\s& ye>s m1 ! heat w be utt]ly exhau/$1 & productive nature ext+ui%$4 ,:i/on fanci$ t ! e>? 0 creat$ f ! atmosph]e ( "o blaz+ comet1 & delug$ by ! humid tail ( ano!r4 ,& ,:itehur/1 "o ( ! olde/ ( mod]n geologi/s1 reg>d$ all ! /rata ( e =mation1 z conc5trically arrang$ ov] ! surface ( ! globe1 & !n employ$ ! expansive ag5cy ( int]nal fire to acc\nt = _! upheav$ disrupt$ condition4 ,^! cosmogonies1 x is ne$less to rem>k1 all n[ rank ) ! speculations ( ! al*emi/s1 & t ,behm5 & _! au?ors are consid]$ z ( equal au?ority 9 ! sci5ces ( *emi/ry & geology4 ,! se>*+ te/s ( exp]im5t1 z already notic$1 h be5 br\ght to illu/rate ! subject ( int]nal heat1 b ! results h n be5 decisive1 nor v satisfactory4 ,x has be5 /at$1 z a g5]al rule 9 ! m9es exam9$1 t1 9 proportion to _! dep?1 ! heat increases z we desc5d2 & ! mean result ( all ! be/ obs]vations1 z giv5 by ,cordi]1 am\nts to "o degree ( heat = e =ty-five feet ( dep?4 ,diff]5t m9es1 h[ev]1 x has be5 asc]ta9$1 v>y 9 _! degrees ( d[nw>d temp]ature2 z 9 ! ,durham & ,newca/le coal-pits1 ! increase is e/imat$ at "o degree = e =ty-f\r feet1--9 ! ,cornwall iron-m9es at "o 9 sev5ty-five feet1--& 9 ,saxony "s ( ! m9es give an increase ( only "o degree 9 "o hundr$ & eighty or "o hundr$ & n9ety feet ( p]p5dicul> desc5t4 ,mu* ( ?is diff]5ce may1 inde$1 be readily acc\nt$ = by ! nature ( ! cont5ts ( ! m9es !mselves1 _! position 9 ! sy/em1 & ! quality ( ! rocks among :i* !y are situat$4 ,b a difficulty w rema91 h[ to dispose ( ! increas+ ratio ( temp]ature1 & ! *anges t mu/ necess>ily result f x 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,?us1 assum+ x to be a uni=mly increas+ ratio 9 proportion to ! dep?1 x w foll[ f ?is law ( increase t we rea* a po9t1 ab\t tw5ty-f\r miles d[n1 hot en\gh to melt iron3 at d\ble t di/ance1 su* a heat z w fuse e sub/ance ) :i* we are acqua9t$3 & at a hundr$ miles1 t a temp]ature w exi/1 ( ^: resolv+ p[]s we h no exp]i5ce1 & _c ev5 conjecture4 ,! a/ronomical !ory ( a ?\s& miles ( cru/ melts into airy no?+ 9 its pres5ce1 & ! =mula ( ,f\ri]1 be=e x has rea*$ ! requir$ hundr$1 w h f\nd a nucleus 9 complete fusion1 act+ int5sely ^u ! ?9 ext]nal cru/1 & seek+ ?r\gh e crevice ( ^! 8flagrantia mnia mundi10 to issue =? 9 torr5ts ( fire4 ,x has be5 f>!r object$ to a c5tral fluidity1 t su* a fluid mu/ be 9 con/ant circulation by ! cool+ ( its ext]ior--a fact asc]ta9$ 9 ! case ( all fus$ metals4 ,tides too1 x has be5 argu$1 w\ld be produc$ 9 ! fluid matt]1 h[ev] deeply seat$1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! sun & moon1 & :i* tides w\ld necess>ily occasion su* oscillatory & expansive movem5ts z a/ronomy has nei!r notic$ nor acc\nt$ =4 ,aga91 ! supposition ( a c5tral heat ( ! e>?1 prevail+ f ! beg9n+ & ?r\gh all ! phases ( its hi/ory1 implies t its cool+ is /ill go+ on2 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 a contraction 9 ! mass or bulk ( ! e>? w foll[ ! law obs]v$ by all o!r bodies 9 p>t+ ) _! heat4 ,h5ce ?is contraction might lead to ! %ort5+ ( ! day & o!r me*anical results4 ,b ,laplace satisfi$ himself1 by ref]5ce to anci5t a/ronomical records1 t !re _h be5 no alt]ation 9 ! l5g? ( ! day1 ev5 to ! smalle/ calculable degree or po9t ( a second2 & t !nce1 ! hypo!sis ( a fluid1 or ev5 primitive heat ( ! e>?1 _h "h no confirmation4 ,an objection to ! !ory has likewise be5 urg$1 f ! well-kn[n prop]ty & t5d5cy ( heat to become equally diffus$ ?r\gh all ! p>ticles ( any body 9 :i* x exi/s4 ,?us1 x is an e/abli%$ pr9ciple1 t heat n only diffuses itself on all sides1 b passes cont9ually f bodies 9 :i* ! temp]ature is great] to ^? 9 :i* x is less2 & t if a body be plac$ 9 a m$ium hav+ a temp]ature diff]5t f its own1 ! mom5t>y v>iations ( its temp]ature w be z ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ! body & ( ! m$ium4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! heat b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 at :atev] dep?1 becomes ( suffici5t int5sity to melt iron1 x _c pass beyond ?is until ! :ole surr\nd+ mass is heat$ to ! same degree ( int5sity4 ,! law ( increm5t & transmission ( caloric1 x is argu$1 mu/ be ! same bel[ z above2 &1 assum+ ! nucleus ( ! e>? to be fluid1 no solid cru/ c\ld ?us be =m$ ^u ! surface until e p>ticle ( ! heat$ fluid mass 0 cool$ d[n to ! po9t ( consolidation4 ,?is pr9ciple is well und]/ood 9 ! =mation ( a cru/ ( ice ^u wat]4 ,if ext5dible to o!r bodies1 & to subt]ranean di/ances1 !n ! simple fact ( an exi/+ out] cru/1 solid & cool$ d[n to ! exi/+ temp]ature1 militates aga9/ ! probability ( a c5tral fire1 & is utt]ly repugnant to ! hypo!sis ( a liquid c5tral mass4 ,x is ma9ta9$1 h[ev]1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! c5tral caloric1 h[ev] int5se at any dep?1 has long ago arriv$ at ! po9t at :i* ! conduct+ p[] ( ! rocky cru/ has ei!r entirely ceas$ or p]mits no fur!r s5sible decrease2 t ?is po9t 0 rea*$ "s "t be=e ! creation ( man1 :5 ! process ( cool+ _h acquir$ a maximum or /ation>y condition1 & t x =m$ a "p ( ! processes by :i* ! e>? 0 adapt$ to its high de/9ation among ! works ( ,god4 ,b may n ! adaptation h be5 effect$ by ! gradual conduction ( ! heat outw>dly1 n by suff]+ x to rema9 & gl[ 9 opposition to its kn[n prop]ties 9 ! inn] regions8 ,x may be ma9ta9$ z a safe pr9ciple 9 physical sci5ce1 t if !re be heat 9 ! c5t] ( ! globe1 x mu/ h ! prop]ties ( heat & none o!r4 ,no geologi/ hesitates to admit1 ^u evid5ce am\nt+ to demon/ration1 t a va/ s\rce ( heat exi/s 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 widely spread b5ea? ! /ony pavem5t1 & t x has exi/$ at all times4 ,b :e!r t heat is local or g5]ally diffus$--:e!r x is c5tral or infra-sup]ficial--:e!r x is con/antly ma9ta9$1 or is excit$ at int]vals by c]ta9 comb9ations--are que/ions z yet ( m]e speculation1 & = ! solution ( :i* we h no data to lead u1 beyond probable inf]5ces4 ,^u ! :ole1 z ! kn[n d5sity ( ! e>? is consid]ably great] ?an t ( a solid sph]e1 compos$ ( any su* rocks z we are acqua9t$ )1 ! presumption is1 t heavi] mat]ials1 9 an increas+ ratio1 ?an any con/itut+ ! sup]ficial cru/1 ent] into ! composition & /ructure ( ! c5tral p>ts4 ,all ! great m\nta9 sy/ems 9 ! diff]5t zones ( ! globe are ! product ( palozoic times4 ,! fires :i* ca/ !m out h gradually dim9i%$ by e succe$+ ef=t4 ,a /eadi] equilibrium betwixt ! conflict+ elem5ts ( ! upp] & ! l[] _w1 appe>s to h tak5 place--once only di/urb$1 at ! deluge1 s9ce man's occupation--& = ! repetition ( :i* !re exi/s no prep>ation 9 ! e/abli%$ c\rse ( nature4 ,! v convulsions :i* h %att]$ ! e>? to its f\ndations1 :ile !y are evid5ces ( b5evol5t wisdom1 furni%1 at ! same "t1 ! be/ gu>antee aga9/ bl9d =tuit\s d]angem5ts to come2 ! result1 z !y are1 ( p]iodical causes1 act+ 9 a way & ) an int5sity ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce1 & = :i*1 inde$1 we h no expression 9 any ( ! sci5ces4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,r,,sum4 ,geology1 z w be se5 f ! prec$+ details1 is among ! mo/ compreh5sive ( ! sci5ces4 ,x invades ! prov9ce ( e "o ( !m1 & lays !m all "u contribution :ile foll[+ out its own peculi> rese>*es4 ,a dry description ( rocks1 9 _! simple m9]al qualities1 does n limit or exhau/ its ample res\rces4 ,botany1 zoology1 meteorology--a "p1 9 %ort1 ( e bran* ( natural hi/ory1 z well z *emi/ry1 physics1 & a/ronomy1 are sev]ally enli/$ 9 its s]vice1 & all give int]e/ & importance to its discursive inve/igations4 ,& ?us1 receiv+ gifts f e walk ( sci5ce1 geology gives back 9 turn1 & imp>ts to ea*1 illu/rations new & r>e1 f its own wond]ful /oreh\se4 ,geology1 consid]$ 9 itself1 may be pursu$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways1 z x resolves into ?ree great lead+ bran*es ( inve/igation4 ,obs]v+ ! arrangem5t & sup]position ( rocks1 z exhibit$ 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 along ) _! m9]al di/9ctions & fossil cont5ts1 we embrace all ! objects includ$ 9 descriptive or ph5om5al geology4 ,! exposition1 aga91 ( ! g5]al pr9ciples by :i* su* ph5om5a c be produc$1 con/itutes :at has be5 t]m$ geological dynamics1--by :i* are trac$ ! laws ( action ( kn[n causes1 & _! relation to su* *anges z ^? :i* geology consid]s4 ,! la/ bran* leads to a consid]ation ( ! causes 9 :i* ! ph5om5a h orig9at$ & ! doctr9es d$ucible f !m4 ,?is has be5 call$ physical geology1 & embraces all t is !oretic 9 ! sci5ce4 ,^! ?ree bran*es1 :ile ?us def9itively di/9ct 9 !mselves1 are yet frequ5tly comb9$ 9 ! works ( writ]s on ! subject2 nor is x easy1 or ev5 possible1 9 practice1 to sep>ate !m1 z few w be cont5t to describe )\t attempt+ also to expla94 ,x has be5 no "p ( our vocation 9 ^! inve/igations to inquire into ! orig9 ( a mat]ial univ]se2--:at 0 its pre-exi/5t /ate1 & by :at process ?is globe at fir/ 0 br\ght into an e>?y concrete =m4 ,a/ronomy has tri$ v>i\s solutions4 ,b :e!r by ! spl9t]+ ( o!r worlds1 or ! evolution ( matt] f a ,saturnian r+1 or by ! cond5sation ( gase\s />-du/ diffus$ ?r\gh inf9ite space1 no a/ronomical hypo!sis has prov$ satisfactory4 ,geology is bett] employ$ :5 %e assumes a beg9n+ to h] rese>*es ^u ! visible cru/ ( ! globe4 ,! my/]y ( creation is n )9 ! range ( h] legitimate t]ritory2 &1 :ile ! inve/igation ( laws & ( ! influ5ce ( second>y causes falls )9 ! prov9ce ( bo?1 x may be safely admitt$ t nei!r a/ronomy nor geology are1 ( !mselves1 capable ( giv+ u any real or precise acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 or ( any ( its p>ts4 ,t we h begun ) ! prim>y rocks ( ! ,grampians1 z ! mo/ anci5t division ( sy/ematic li?ology1 0 m ) a view to h "s #8pr9cipia' = description ?an assumptions = !ory1 & because no geological rese>* has p5etrat$ deep]4 ,! cru/ ( ! e>?1 z f> z obs]vation ext5ds1 is prov$ to consi/ 9 its l[] p>ts ( a s]ies ( cry/all9e rocks1 "s ( :i* are /ratifi$1 & o!rs un/ratifi$1 int]calat+ "o ) ano!r1 & ma9ta9+ ! same relative position1 ea* to ea*1 z a sy/em1 9 e region ( ! globe4 ,granite1 gneiss1 mi*a-s*i/1 qu>tz-rock1 & lime/one1 con/itute ^! fir/ outwork c\rses ( creation2 "o uni=m cause act+ simultane\sly ov] ! e>?1 appe>s to h plac$ !m all 9 position2 & z no brea?+ animal or blossom+ plant witness$ ?is morn-dawn ( nature1 ! rocks belong+ to ! p]iod are t]m$ ! prim>y or azoic s]ies4 ,! fossilif]\s deposits foll[ 9 _! due ord] ( sup]position1 arrang$ into gr\ps & sy/ems accord+ to ! organic rema9s by :i* !y are respectively *>act]iz$1 & pres]v+1 9 _! geographical di/ribution1 ! same uni=m & p]si/5t v]tical arrangem5t z ! =m]4 ,amorph\s rocks1 ( all ages & ext5t1 are di/ribut$ among ! /ratifi$ portions ( ! cru/1 :e!r cry/all9e or s$im5t>y1 :]eby ! latt] are dislocat$ & upheav$1 & ! inequalities ( ! surface1 & all ! pleas+ div]sity ( pla91 hill1 & m\nta9 h be5 produc$4 ,x is ! special object ( descriptive or ph5om5al geology to note all ! facts connect$ ) ^! appe>ances & *anges1 to collate & comp>e !m "o ) ano!r1 & f9ally1 to sy/ematize !m accord+ to _! natural aff9ities & relations4 ,dynamical & !oretical geology1 aga91 inquires into ! suppos$ pr9ciples & causes 9 :i* all ^! arrangem5ts h orig9at$1 & by :i* !y h be5 modifi$4 ,! ag5cies1 processes1 & *anges :i* we n[ obs]ve 9 ! exi/+ c\rse ( nature1 furni% ! gr\nds & analogies by :i* alone we c speculate respect+ ! pa/ condition ( ?+s1 subject always to ! consid]ation t1 9 proportion to ! diff]5ce ( effects & *anges 9 ! two p]iods1 s are ! causes & ag5cies :i* produc$ !m1 z well 9 relation to "t z to =ce4 ,! enorm\s magnitude ( ! results witness$ dur+ ! m anci5t geological epo*s1 demon/rates ! int5sity ( ! causes !n 9 op]ation2 &1 admitt+ ^! causes to be ! same 9 k9d ) su* z prevail at pres5t1 we are yet w>rant$ to inf] _! m viol5t activity1 z likewise to assume a m rapid increm5t 9 _! effects4 ,?us ! geologi/1 f obs]vation ( ! laws ( cry/allization n[ manife/$ 9 ! aggregation ( ! elem5t>y p>ticles ( bodies1 rev]ts to ! exi/5ce ( simil> =ces1 :atev] !y be1 :i* produc$ ! cry/all9e texture ( ! prim>y rocks1 _! fissile /ructure1 & ! sep>ation ( all ^? mat]ials :i* exi/ among !m 9 ! =m ( gems1 agates & metallif]\s ve9s4 ,igne\s causes he /ill f9ds 9 op]ation1 z volcanoes1 e>?quakes1 & *emical ag5cies closely connect$ ) bo?2 & ! same =ces he hesitates n to connect ) ! elevation ( m\nta9-*a9s1 ! va/ masses ( plutonic matt] ev]y:]e diffus$ ?r\gh ! e>?'s cru/1 & ! di/urbance1 dislocation1 & o!r *anges produc$ ^u all ! /ratifi$ rocks ?r\gh :i* ?is matt] has p5etrat$4 ,a mighty p[] 9 cont9ual action1 he fur!r p]ceives 9 ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 ( ! atmosph]e1 ( ! rills & riv]s t issue f ! m\nta9s' side3 & to su* aque\s causes1 op]ative 9 ! pa/ z 9 ! pres5t day1 he ref]s ! transport1 lam9ation1 & detrital /ructure ( ! mat]ials ( all ! s$im5t>y deposits4 ,nor does he leave out ( e/imation ! effect ( assum$ cosmical *anges ^u ! temp]ature ( ! planet1 & ! laws t regulate ! di/ribution ( heat ov] ! surface3 causes su* z ^! ! geologi/ sees greatly to influ5ce1 at pres5t1 ! conditions ( organic life 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe2 & h5ce1 he ju/ly calls = _! assi/ance 9 expla9+ ! hi/ory ( ^? rem>kable organic rema9s :i* *>act]ize ! sev]al geological epo*s4 ,:5 ! geologi/ proce$s sy/ematically to trace ! s]ies ( ^! ph5om5a1 to asc]ta9 _! causes1 & to connect toge!r all ! indications ( *ange t are f\nd 9 ! organic & inorganic k+doms ( nature1 he attempts ! /ructure ( a ,,!ory ,,( ,,creation1 :i* %all embrace ! :ole c\rse ( ! _w1 f ! e>lie/ to ! pres5t times2 & :i*1 x may reasonably be conclud$1 may be resolv$ into "o great cycle1 yet unf9i%$4 ,b = ?is ! mat]ials ( ! sci5ce are by no means prep>$1 nor is its progress suffici5tly advanc$4 ,! hi/ory ( organic rema9s =ms an int]e/+ bran* ( descriptive geology1 :]e1 x may be said1 we f9d ! m$al-/amps ( creation 9 ! fir/ =ms ( organic life t came f ! h&s ( ! ,creator4 ,! fact is all important1 & ! sci5ce is prep>$ to ann\nce x1 t 9 ! l[e/ fossilif]\s /rata ( ! e>?1 ,,vegetables appe> among ! fir/ ( all liv+ ?+s3 ! impressions ( plants1 & entire b$s ( c>bonace\s matt]1 are f\nd 9 ! mo/ anci5t /rata ( ! ,silurian gr\p ( rocks4 ,nor less important is ! fact1 t ! fossils :i* next arre/ ! att5tion are ! rema9s ( m>9e animals1 myriads ( %ells1 & va/ numb]s ( fi%es4 ,!n1 9 ! asc5d+ s]ies ( /rata1 ! foot-pr9ts ( birds are l[] d[n ?an ! impressions ( ! bea/s ( ! e>?4 ,! sea1 x is next discov]$1 sw>m$ ) huge reptilian bodies1 be=e mammalian quadrup$s & cattle _h yet a place on dry l&2 & man1 ! noble/ specim5 ( organic /ructure1 ! cr[n+ apex ( ! pyramid ( t]re/rial be+1 is1 accord+ to ! geological n>rative1 precisely 9 8 place--no bone nor fragm5t ( 8 k9d1 hav+ be5 detect$ 9 ! solid frame ( ! globe4 ,su* is ! vi/a into ! pa/ op5$ up ?r\gh ^! rocky entablatures ( ! globe4 ,comp>$ ) o!r bran*es ( k1 9 po9t ( m]e excit+ topics ( int]e/1 geology occupies a di/+ui%$ position4 ,nay1 ! tru? "h1 to ^? n conv]sant ) ! sci5ce1 is ev5 m incr$ible ?an fiction4 ,z a /udy into ! records ( creation1 geology has disclos$ views1 & elicit$ discov]ies1 ( ! works ( ! ,div9e ,ar*itect ( ! _w1 :i* ! religi\s inquir] w z cordially embrace1 z ignorance only c ov]look or misappreh5d4--,newton imag9$1 s por\s is all e>?y matt]1 t ?is t]r5e globe c\ld be cru%$ into ! size ( two or ?ree cubic in*es ( solid sub/ance4 ,geology n[ %[s t ! mo/ concrete rocks1 *a9s ( hills & ev5 ( m\nta9s1 ! s(t clays ( ,virg9ia1 & loose float+ des]ts ( s&1 are _m ( !m compos$ ( ! %ields & skeletons ( animalcules2 evid5ces1 ?r\gh all pa/ "t1 ( ! wondr\s prodigality ( nature1 & ( ! sup]abundant goodness ( its ,au?or4 ,no?+1 inde$1 at fir/ sight c appe> m b>r5 ( e po9t ( int]e/+ illu/ration ?an ! rocky masses ( ! e>?4 ,te> (f ! grassy cov]+ :i* conceals1 :ile x fre%5s1 ! out] cru/ ( ! globe1 & to m]e disord] & confusion !re seems to be sup]add$ ! m repulsive features ( /]ility & dea?4 ,b exam9e a little deep]1 & y w see ord]1 symmetry1 & beauty2 :at is n[ frigid & motionless1 0 once animat$ ) ! brea? ( life2 ^! /ony *amb]s b5ea?1 ! necropolis ( a buri$ _w4 ,! /udy ( ! ,c\rse ( ,creation1 !re=e1 :5 read aright--:e!r 9 its organic or inorganic lessons--_c fail to pres5t ! mo/ v>i$ & sublime illu/rations ( ! p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness ( ,him :o re>$ ! /up5d\s fabric1 & made our e>? "o ( ! bright roll+ planets ( ! univ]se4 ,!re are _m po9ts1 h[ev]1 & que/ions ( ! deepe/ importance1 t are f> f be+ satisfactorily det]m9$4--,! progress ( vegetable & animal life1 = example1 is suppos$ to correspond ) ! v>y+ conditions & *anges ( ! e>?'s surface1 :5 ! races are summon$ into exi/5ce1 n at once1 nor aft] %ort int]vals1 b successively1 & aft] ages ( unfa?omable ext5t4 ,! record1 ev5 z a *ronicle ( m]e life & dea?1 is a m>vel\s "o1 full ( s+ul> revelations1 & disclos+ types ( organiz$ be+ t h long be5 oblit]at$4 ,b :5 z yet !re 0 no rational head 9 ?is mundane sc5e1 ! assumption is1 t ! inf]ior tribes 7 = ,,millions ( ye>s ! sole liv+ occupants ( ! planet6 ,c all ! data be s\nd1 rightly und]/ood1 & prop]ly int]pret$1 t lead to su* conclusions8 ,! epic ( ?is l5g!n$ s]ies ( ev5ts is yet1 x may be said1 )\t a h]o4 ,! trag$y ( wild revolution & c>nage lacks romance 9 ! v monotony ( its deva/ation4 ,& de/itute alike ( a moral1 & ( a fitt+ audi5ce1 ! brilliancy ( ! repres5tation loses half its attractions 9 los+ all its humanity4 ,"o e/abli%$ pr9ciple ( ! sci5ce connect$ ) ?is po9t is1 t !re are c]ta9 gr\ps ( animal species f\nd fossil 9 ! diff]5t sets ( /rata :i* compose ! e>?'s cru/1 & t ^! demon/rate some?+ l a s]ies ( di/9ct faunas correspond+ to ! numb] ( =mations4 ,sev5 or eight sets ( rocks1 at lea/1 are z di/9ctly *>act]iz$ by p>ticul> sets ( fossils4 ,b ! exceptions to ! law are likewise v num]\s1 inasmu* z bo? species & g5]a h be5 c>ri$ =w>d1 & are id5tically ! same1 f "o =mation & epo* into ano!r4 ,h5ce1 po9ts nei!r ( diff]5ce nor ( resemblance1 f age to age1 are absolute1 & _c v m9utely be appli$ z reg>ds ! sev]al =mations & _! organic cont5ts4 ,! types ( "o =mation are repeat$ly m+l$ ) ^? ( ano!r4 ,& ! value ( all ! evid5ce collect$ f fossil rema9s1 :ile x e/abli%es und5iably a succession 9 ! m9]al deposits1 leaves ! "q z to ! limits ( ! epo*s1 & _! relation to ,"t1 /ill p>tially undet]m9$4 ,! !ory too ( progressive developm5t1 or t ( indep5d5t acts ( creation--! causes ( ! ext9ction ( old1 & ! introduction ( new races--! ext5t ( "t impli$ or indicat$ 9 ! :ole s]ies ( ev5ts--& ! all-important po9t involv$ 9 ?is *ronology1 :e!r all or any ( ! geological s]ies are allud$ to 9 ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( creation--are que/ions t necess>ily press ^u ! att5tion1 z we w\ld solve or n ! inquiries sugge/$4 ,! s\nd+-l9e ( geology is n to be despis$1 or ca/ at once aside1 %\ld x fail 9 furni%+ a j e/imate & measure ( su* pr(\nd inve/igations4 ,e failure w only prove a /imulus to r5ew$ ex]tion1 z e discov]$ pa? ( error leads "o /ep 9 advance t[>d ! pa? ( tru?1 & t 9 turn to h>mony ) ! ,book ( ,,all ,,tru?4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,organic ,,life4 ,aft] inquir+ into _! ord] ( succession1 ! relation :i* organic fossils h to ea* o!r1 z g5]a & species1 falls naturally to be consid]$4 ,h[ h ^! v>i\s families ( creatures1 br\ght to light by geology1 be5 =m$8 ,9 :at mann] h !y become ext9ct8 ,h !y all proce$$ f a few orig9al types1 :i* h be5 modifi$ by circum/ances1 increas$ 9 v>iety1 & p]fect$ 9 =m1 z !y advance f ! old] to ! new] =mations8 ,& does geology furni% any data on :i* to build a !ory ( _! ext9ction z ! high] & succe$+ k9ds em]g$ into be+8 ,a le>n$ au?or1 ,pr(essor ,pictet ( ,g5eva1 has spok5 ( ^! speculations 9 t]ms ( a rule or law1 z foll[s3--8,! faunas ( ! mo/ anci5t =mations are made up ( ! less p]fectly organiz$ animals1 & ! degree ( p]fection increases z we approa* ! m rec5t epo*s40 ,?is 0 long held z a favorite dogma among geologi/s1 :51 9 proportion to ! scant9ess ( facts1 !re 0 an increas+ eag]ness to magnify _! value1 & to build ^u !m ! wide/ g5]alizations4 ,b n[1 s9ce accurate obs]vations are m & m multipli$1 & ! pr9ciples ( palontology are bett] und]/ood1 ! doctr9e ( a gradual advance ( animal organization t[>d high] & m p]fect =ms z we asc5d ?r\gh ! successive deposits ( ! e>?'s cru/1 is daily los+ gr\nd among ! cultivators ( ! sci5ce4 ,! notion is bas$ ^u ! !ory ( a scale ( be+s1 9 :i* all animals are suppos$ to =m a s]ies1 or to con/itute l9ks ( an unbrok5 *a91 :]e( ea* species is m p]fect ?an t :i* prec$es x1 & ! v>y+ degrees ( p]fection con/antly increas+ until !y rea* _! maximum 9 man1 ! highe/ l9k 9 ! *a94 ,m4 ,pictet himself reg>ds ?is !ory z vague & unsupport$ by facts1 z well 9 ! organization ( ! ext9ct z ( ! exi/+ races ( animals4 ,^! be+s1 he says1 are divid$ into a c]ta9 numb] ( gr\ps1 ea* ( :i* exhibits a peculi> type2 b :ile "s ( ! gr\ps are manife/ly sup]ior to o!rs :5 we consid] _! organization g5]ally1 x happ5s also t ! result ( a comp>ison sometimes fails to e/abli% any real sup]iority4 ,! faunas ( ! m anci5t =mations he holds to be f> less imp]fect ?an has be5 (t5 suppos$1 :]e ! v]tebrate type is repres5t$ by ! fi%es1 & ^: /ructure is z complicat$ & f9i%$ z ! mo/ rec5t ( _! k9d2 :ile ! inv]tebrate aga9 furni%es num]\s examples ( fossiliz$ ga/]opoda & cephalopoda1 ! mo/ p]fect ord]s ( ! mollusc\s class4 ,z ) ^!1 s ) ! relics ( e succe$+ epo*1 9 :i* all ! types1 ! g5]a1 & species ( e family ( ! animal k+dom1 are repres5t$ by organic /ructures z p]fect z ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,we quote ! foll[+ important caution>y rem>k by ! same au?or3--8,we ought n10 says ,pr(essor ,pictet1 8to be too ha/y 9 assum+ ! abs5ce ( c]ta9 m p]fect types 9 ! old] faunas1 m]ely because we h n yet discov]$ any rema9s ( !m4 ,we h>dly "k any?+ ( ^! faunas1 except ) reg>d to "s ( ! inhabitants ( ! sea2 & x is well kn[n1 t 9 ! pres5t condition ( ! globe1 ^? animals liv+ on l& exhibit ! high] =ms ( /ructure4 ,is x n possible t 9 ^! fir/ ages ( ! _w1 t]re/rial animals also exi/$1 m highly organiz$ ?an _! m>9e cotempor>ies1 al?\gh _! rema9s ei!r h n be5 pres]v$1 or are /ill to be discov]$8 ,! exi/5ce ( didelph9e mammals 9 ! oolites has be5 made out by ! discov]y ( a v small numb] ( fragm5ts2 & ! rema9s ( l& animals g5]ally are h>dly fossiliz$1 except by sudd5 deluges & inundations1 :i* are always trifl+ 9 _! results1 comp>$ ) ! sl[ b unceas+ deposits f ! wat] ( ! sea4 ,may we n yet expect new discov]ies 9 ^! anci5t /rata1 reveal+ to u ! exi/5ce ( primeval animals at pres5t little suspect$80 ,! same mode ( reason+ may be ext5d$ to ! anci5t floras1 or t]re/rial plants ( ! primeval ages4 ,:at a revelation1 = in/ance1 is made 9 ! rec5tly discov]$ coal deposits ( ,oporto & ! ,upp] ,d\ro1 :]e1 along ) ! or?ides1 trilobites1 & graptolites ( ! l[] silurian rocks1 are f\nd vegetable impressions /rongly resembl+ ! f]ns ( ! c>bonif]\s age8 ,! ,crom>ty fossil p9e1 f ! l[] old r$ s&/one1 has be5 already notic$4 ,:ile ^! pages h be5 pass+ ?r\gh ! press we h to record ! discov]y ( a specim51 ne>ly two feet 9 l5g? & half a foot 9 ?ickness1 f ! b$s ( ! middle old r$ & imm$iately und]ly+ ! yell[ s&/one ( ,dura ,d54 ,?is fossil is consid]ably flatt5$ & furr$ ) ! sc>s or m>k+s s *>act]i/ic ( ! decorticat$ trees belong+ to ! coal =mation4 ,does n ?is w>rant ! expectation ( a ri*] h>ve/ to be yet glean$ 9 ^! anci5t fields ?an ! m>9e fuci & alg t h hi!rto be5 ma9ly ga!r$ 9 by ! geological sickle8 ,ano!r mode ( acc\nt+ = ! succession ( organiz$ be+s on ! surface ( ! globe1 & consequ5tly also _! successive ext9ction & outgo+1 z se5 9 ! fossilif]\s rocks1 is t :i* is t]m$ ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,developm5t1 or ! doctr9e ( ! transmutation ( species4 ,! same has be5 a v anci5t & favorite notion among mank9d4 ,e>ly 9 ?is c5tury x assum$ ! =m ( a sy/em1 "u ! adaptive pr9ciple ( ,lam>ck1 :o conceiv$ t animals1 accord+ to ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are plac$1 by ! use or disuse ( c]ta9 organs1 ! frequ5cy & degree ( ex]tion or /ra9 ^u p>ticul> p>ts ( ! body1 7 !mselves ! ag5ts 9 induc+ all ! v>iety ( /ructures by :i* !y are di/+ui%$ into s _m ord]s & families4 ,! aquatic f[l1 = example1 is attract$ to ! wat]s 9 que/ ( food1 & s 9 "t becomes web-foot$4 ,! h]on dislikes to plunge into ! flood1 or w only v5ture into ! %oals1 & h5ce he becomes a wad]1 & is equipp$ ) long legs4 ,! woodpeck] rejoices 9 ^? little aphides & creatures t ne/le "u ! b>k ( trees1 & ?us1 f con/ant ex]cise1 acquires 8 /r5g? ( bill4 ,! eagle seeks ! blaze ( ! sun1 & so>s to ! gates ( heav51 & h5ce 8 p5etrat+ eye & spe$ ( desc5t ^u 8 all-unconsci\s victim b5ea?4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 ?r\gh ! :ole range ( animat$ nature1 & 9 all pa/ ages1 g5]a & species h all acquir$ _! adaptive p[]s1 & di/9ctive =ms ( organization1 aris+ f a c]ta9 pla/ic "* 9 _! diff]5t con/itutions1 & _! own volunt>y attempts to supply _! con/antly increas+ wants4 ,!re 7 a few great lead+ /amps or dies ( nature's own mold+2 b all ! re/--ev5 man himself--are m]ely (fsets f ! primitive type1 ) su* ext5sion ( organs & modification ( excresc5ces z 7 requir$ 9 ea* p>ticul> case2 succe$+ races always reta9+ a /rong aff9ity to _! imm$iate pr$ecessors1 & a t5d5cy to impress _! own features on _! k9dr$ :i* succe$ !m4 ,!re is a limit ( div]g5ce2 b )9 t limit1 ! human family h _! place assign$ !m among ! monkeys & wild m5 ( ! woods4 ,x is ! same extravagant idea1 t ( a con/ant progression t[>d animal p]fection1 :i* has become s popul>iz$ 9 8,! ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation40 ,?is au?or1 inde$1 has tak5 a wid] & bold] flight ?an ev5 ! ,fr5* philosoph]1 ,m4 ,lam>ck4 ,he br+s ! rudim5t>y elem5ts & molecul> =ms ( all creation be=e him4 ,he expatiates ?r\gh inf9ite space1 & amid/ ! orig9al fire-mi/ ( ! a/ral worlds4 ,he f9ds b "o gr& law p]vad+ ! :ole univ]se ( be+1 op]at+ 9 ! self-same way 9 ! production ( planets & suns1 z 9 ! g]m9ation ( insects & animalcules1 ! life-impregnat+ pr9ciple 9 ! "o be+ only a modification ( ! aggregat+ & rot>y t5d5cies t rule 9 ! o!r--! bl9d & casual evolution ( "s ag5cy ( a mat]ial sy/em1 sub/itut$ = ! creative w ( an intellig5t ev]-active ,fir/ ,cause4 8,a nucleat$ vesicle0 is ! fundam5tal =m ( all organization1 z nuclei ( lum9\s matt] are ! s\rces ( ! />s2 ?is is ! meet+ po9t betwe5 ! organic & ! inorganic1 ! end ( ! m9]al & beg9n+ ( ! vegetable & animal k+doms2 :5ce !y />t 9 diff]5t directions1 b 9 a g5]al p>allelism & analogy4 ,assum+ ! va/ indef9ite p]iods ( ! geological epo*s to be correct1 ! au?or makes great acc\nt ( "t1 & ! mighty *anges :i* w be produc$ 9 ! lapse ( c\ntless ages1 & ?us rebuts ! argum5t aga9/ 8 !ory t is s obvi\sly furni%$ f ! fix$ unalt]$ *>act]s ( organization t h prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! entire mod]n epo*4 ,?is he argues is m]ely a po9t1 an inf9itesimal fraction1 :5 comp>$ ) ! epo*s ( geology4 ,! eye detects n ! *anges :i* all specific =ms are sl[ly b unceas+ly und]go+ )9 limit$ portions ( "t1 ev5 z ! nice/ in/rum5ts _c always enable ! a/ronom] to note ! *anges ( position among ! heav5ly bodies4 ,h5ce ! appe>ance ( s _m ( ! />s z un*ang+ly fix$ 9 _! relations to ea* o!r4 ,! :ole sol> sy/em1 too1 ^u ! gr\nd ( imp]fect unrecord+ vision1 seems to be an*or$ 9 "o portion ( space4 ,& h5ce likewise ! argum5t aga9/ ! motion ( ! e>? itself1 :i* s long prevail$1 d]iv$ f ! fact ( !re be+ no s5sible p>allax1 & n[ s easily acc\nt$ = by ! insignificant smallness ( its orbit1 z comp>$ ) ! remot5ess ( ! />s4 ,limit$1 9 l mann]1 to ! n>r[ field ( obs]vation af=d$ )9 ! human p]iod1 ! modifications ( species & _! transmutations into ! high] grades ( animals are n appreciable1 because its six ?\s& ye>s are z a mom5t1 9 comp>ison ) ^? incalculable ages ( geology :i* h be5 conc]n$ 9 ! ph5om5on6 ,?us does ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 revel amid/ ! sublimities & copi\s mat]ials ( 8 subject4 ,"t & space1 ! elem5ts ( ! a/ral heav5s & ! e>?1 are alike indef9itely 9 8 grasp4 ,t he has fail$ to frame a bett] sy/em ( ?+s ?an ! "o we see actually ar\nd u1 is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! re/ra9ts impos$ on human inve/igation4 ,facts w n be supplant$ by any heights1 or dep?s1 or +5uities ( speculation4 ,& z exi/+ nature is all aga9/ ! doctr9e ( transmutation & developm5t1 s ! discov]ies ( geology ?r\gh all its =mations are equally oppos$ to su* views ( creation4 ,a %ort sket* ( bo? w abundantly illu/rate ?is4 ,z to ! c\rse ( liv+ nature1 ! developm5t !ory is !re at once repudiat$ 9 ! n[ cle>ly e/abli%$ fact1 t ! fir/ g]m9al vesicles are diff]5t 9 ! diff]5t tribes ( animals4 ,a non-id5tity ( type is discov]able 9 ! m9ute/ microscopical beg9n+s ( organic life4 ,& 8by no *ange ( conditions c two ova ( animals ( ! same species be develop$ into diff]5t animal species2 nei!r by any provision ( id5tical conditions c two ova ( diff]5t species be develop$ into animals ( ! same k9d40 ,correspond+ to ^! diff]5ces 9 _! ftal =ms1 !re are 9 all ! /ages t[>d p>turition a simil>ity ( progress 9 ! v>i\s organs & app5dages 9 ! same k9ds ( animals4 ,fi%es1 birds1 quadrup$s1 all manife/ a div]g5ce f ea* o!r 9 ! fir/ action ( ! respirat+ organs--9 ! n]v\s sy/em--& 9 all ! app>atus connect$ ) ! movem5ts ( ! he>t & blood-vessels4 ,!re is no /ructural int]*ange1 9 ! m9ute/ "p1 t di/+ui%es ! ord]s ( ! p]fect animal 9 any ( ! antec$5t ftal conditions2 ! organic contrivances )9 ! egg be+ z complete & z ?or\ghly prospective to ! future use & habits ( ! bird1 z are ! petals ( ! fl[] inclos$ )9 ! bud1 ! arms ( ! giant oak )9 ! acorn1 or man 9 8 evolv+ capacity t[>d intellectual be+4 ,:at is ?us true 9 all ! rudim5t>y /ages ( organic developm5t is /rik+ly confirm$ by ! unalt]able condition ( all liv+ nature4 ,plants & animals nev] div]ge1 beyond small asc]ta9$ limits1 f ! fix$ *>act]s ( _! families1 resi/+ ! effects ( e k9d ( influ5ce1 :e!r proce$+ f natural causes or human int]f]5ce4 ,! lapse ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s has left ! embalm$ c>casses ( m5 & animals1 9 ,egypt1 wrapp$ & swa!d 9 a mat]ial wov5 f ! same species ( plants :i* /ill fl\ri% on ! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,! crocodile & ! ibis /ill dr9k ( its wat]s4 ,no?+ *ang$ 9 =m or appe>ance1 ! sw>?y ,arab repairs to its cool+ f\nta9s to qu5* 8 ?ir/4 ,nature has be5 tortur$ 9 a ?\s& ways1 to cause h] to dep>t f h] long beat5 pa?s2 b %e is obdurate on e po9t4 ,man w\ld improve h] k9ds1 & hybrids are produc$2 b !re ! v>iety ends4 ,crosses are con/antly attempt$2 b 8! hi!rto & no f>!r0 is soon approa*$4 ,our fruit-be>+ trees are coax$ ) all ! appliances ( horticultural skill2 & yet 9 all _! sem9al & floral organs1 ! texture ( _! leaves & b>k1 ! /ructure ( _! roots & /em1 ! rudim5t>y /ock rema9s "o & ! same4 ,dome/ication has1 inde$1 wr\ght wond]ful *anges & improvem5ts 9 ! bre$ ( _m creatures4 ,horses1 ox51 %eep1 pigs1 dogs1 & p\ltry ( all sorts1 are increas$ 9 bulk1 tam$1 ameliorat$ 9 habit & disposition4 ,b ! skeletons ( all cont9ue ess5tially z !y 7 9 _! natural /ate2 & ev5 ! individuals ! mo/ widely remov$ f ! primitive type1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! can9e race1 nev] pres5t any real diff]5ce ( =m 9 ! important organs4--,:5 aga9 ab&on$ to _! own guidance1 & ! re/ra9ts impos$ by man are remov$1 ! dome/icat$ animals1 "o & all1 return to _! =m] condition1 & spe$ily resume ! in/9cts & appe>ance ( ! jungle & ! =e/4 ,if su* are ! unv>y+ laws ( physiology n[1 ! presumption is t !y h be5 ! same 9 all pa/ ages4 ,creatures are br\ght f ! extremities ( ! e>?--! pol>1 temp]ate1 & tropical d5iz5s1 all mix$ up & cross$ ) ea* o!r--food1 climate1 & treatm5t1 all *ang$--&1 ?r\gh all1 ! type ( e species cont9ues z be=e--no transmutation ( "o k9d into ano!r "u all ! viol5t tutor+ ag5cies to :i* !y h be5 subject$4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s su* has be5 ! unsw]v+ c\rse ( nature4 ,w\ld x n cle>ly be a solecism 9 reason+ to argue diff]5tly ov] ! geological epo*s1 h[ev] indef9ite 9 ext5t1 because1 9 ! f>-(f regions ( space1 our eyes c note no *ange 9 ! relative position ( ! />s8 ,! ?+s w n comp>e4 ,"t & space are n co-ord9ate t]ms4 ,& an appeal f positive k to suppos$1 assum$ ignorance does n meet ! "q4 ,mean:ile1 ! amplitude ( ! curr5t epo*1 if we may s speak1 gives scope & v]ge en\gh = all ! requirem5ts ( ! problem to be solv$1 ! conditions ( ! argum5t to be e/abli%$1 ! process ( reason+ to be employ$4 ,an exp]i5ce n m]ely ( six ?\s& ye>s1 b an exp]i5ce embrac+ a uni=mity ( results 9 all ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( in/ances into :i* animate nature is divid$1 9 all ! c\ntless species ( plants & animals :i* h exi/$ successively ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( t p]iod1 furni%es pro( ( su* a cumulative k9d z approa*es1 if n to demon/ration1 at lea/ to ! ne>e/ possible degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,!re is no in/ance ( a s+le transmutation ( a vegetable species into ano!r species1 ( alg into fuci or conv]sely1 ( grasses into c]eals1 ( endog5s into exog5s1 ( ! p9e into ! oak2 & ! same ( animal species1 :]e1 ?r\gh all ! liv+ tribes1 ! fixity ( family law has ma9ta9$ its /eady1 un*ang+ c\rse s9ce ,adam gave names to !m1 d[n to ! pres5t h\r4 ,:at l9k 9 ! *a9 is want+8 ,! c\rse ( creation is v]ifi$ & complete4 ,! exception w\ld be a miracle4 ,& we are n at lib]ty1 ^u j pr9ciples ( ratioc9ation1 to refuse our ass5t1 :]e all ! facts1 indef9ite z to numb]1 are exclusively on "o side1 & none ^u ! o!r4 ,our belief 9 ! case is def9$ & re/ra9$ by ! absolute uni=mity ( /ubborn1 unb5d+ nature2 & an appeal f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 f ! human to ! geological epo*s1 is j to rel9qui% reason = ! dom9ion ( imag9ation1 ! evid5ces ( ! s5ses = ! visions ( fancy4 ,! %>k1 rapaci\s z ev]1 holds ! empire ( ! seas--! lion1 ! doma9 ( ! =e/--! eagle1 ! region ( ! air--& man1 progressive man1 alone looks unto ! heav5s & blesses 8 ,mak]4 ,hume 0 s impress$ ) ! =ce ( ?is argum5t1 z to ma9ta91 ^u ! gr\nd ( x1 ! absolute impossibility ( e/abli%+ ! tru? ( a s+le miracul\s ev5t1 or ( any ev5t t did n h>monize ) ! exi/+ c\rse ( nature4 ,! ,laws ( ,nature h be5 s uni=m1 )9 ! entire range ( human exp]i5ce1 z t no te/imony or reason+ ( man1 says t subtile dialectitian1 c invalidate _! au?ority1 or r5d] cr$ible any alleg$ case ( discrepancy or ( deviation4--,! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 = ! fir/ "t1 has ca/ ! :ole weight ( ?is evid5ce aside1 or holds x z ev5 sc>cely relevant 9 a "q ( pro(4 ,& ?us out/ripp+1 z he does1 bo? ! measure & ! requirem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian's fai?1 he may be safely left to ! logic ( its mo/ m]ciless adv]s>y 9 deal+ ) ! ph5om5al or imag9>y transmutations ( ! geological epo*s4 ,b ! facts ( geology1 f its remote/ p]iods1 are 9 !mselves no less /rongly oppos$ to ?is extravagant1 unt5able hypo!sis4 ,?is might be presum$ f ! di/9ct tea*+s ( geology1 z already /at$1 aga9/ ! !ory ( a scale ( be+s becom+ m p]fect z we asc5d f ! faunas ( ! old] to ^? ( ! new] =mations4 ,! families ( ! v>i\s =mations are di/9ct1 & consi/ ( real non-int]*ang+ =ms ( /ructure1 :e!r !y die out & disappe> ) a p>ticul> =mation1 or are c>ri$ =w>d & int]mix$ ) ! fossils ( ano!r4 ,! fi%es ( ! silurian rocks1 are z p]fect aft] _! k9d z ^? ( ! ,devonian1 ,c>bonif]\s1 or ,cretace\s deposits2 & n less p]fect ?an !y are g5u9e types ( all _! successors4 ,! sauroids ( ! old r$ s&/one h reptilian resemblances1 b yet ! saurians ( ! oolite age h no aff9ities ( true k9dr$ desc5t2 :ile1 aga91 ( all ! mammalia ( ! t]ti>y p]iod1 !re is n "o t boa/s a lik5ess1 9 habit or organization1 to a s+le creature ( an antec$5t or po/]ior epo*4 8,?us betwe5 ! palo!rium & ! species ( our own days10 says ,cuvi]1 8we %\ld be able to discov] "s int]m$iate =ms3 & yet no su* discov]y has ev] be5 made4 ,s9ce ! b[els ( ! e>? h n pres]v$ monum5ts ( ?is /range g5ealogy1 we h a "r to conclude1 t ! anci5t & n[ ext9ct species 7 z p]man5t 9 _! =ms & *>act]s z ^? :i* exi/ at pres5t3 or at lea/1 t ! cata/rophe :i* de/roy$ !m did n leave suffici5t "t = ! production ( ! *anges t are alleg$ to h tak5 place40 ,agassiz1 9 8 own dep>tm5t ( fi%es1 is equally oppos$ 9 all 8 d$uctions to ! trans=mation ( species f "o =mation to ano!r1 :i* he ass]ts1 8! imag9ation inv5ts ) z mu* facility z ! reason refutes40 ,pr(essor ,ow51 aft] m9utely exam9+ ! organic /ructure ( ! n9e ord]s ( fossil reptiles1 decl>es no less /rongly aga9/ ! !ory1 & adds--8,! ne>e/ approximation to ! organization ( fi%es is made by ! ,i*?yosaurus1 an ext9ct g5us :i* appe>s to h be5 introduc$ into ! anci5t seas subsequ5t to ! deposition ( ! /rata inclos+ ! rema9s ( ! !codont liz>ds4 ,b by no kn[n =ms ( ! fossil animals c we dim9i% ! wide int]val :i* divides ! mo/ sauroid ( fi%es f an ,i*?yosaurus40#ab ,! developm5t !ory is n m at fault 9 ! rudim5t>y /ructure & primitive size ( animals1 z br\ght to light by ! deepe/ rese>*es ( geology1 ?an x is 9 ! p]fection & complication ( ! sev]al organs ) :i* !y 7 end[$4 ,^! organs 9 ! e>li] types ought1 ^u ! pr9ciples ( ?is !ory1 to h all p>tak5 ( ! simplicity & sam5ess ( ! g]m9al vesicles2 v>y+1 inde$1 9 _! complexity1 z 9 _! complet5ess1 9 proportion z we asc5d among ! fossilif]\s /rata4 ,b ! facts are n s4 ,nay1 s f> o!rwise1 t 9 ! v e>lie/ specim5s ( ,nature's workman%ip we f9d ! me*anism ( ! p>ts z m9ute1 v>i$1 & multipli$1 z 9 ^? ( h] mo/ rec5t productions4 ,exam9e ! eye ( ! ,trilobite1 ! olde/ ( cru/aceans1 & ! di/+ui%+ type ( ! l[e/ ( ! fossilif]\s rocks4 ,^! creatures sw>m$ 9 ! ,silurian seas4 ,_! de/9y 0 n fulfill$ by ! close ( ! t]ti>y p]iods1 = !y /ill exi/4 ,b 9 none ( h] subsequ5t creations has ,nature display$ great] elaboration 9 ! p>ts1 or m skillful adaptive contrivance 9 _! arrangem5t1 ?an 9 ! visual organ ( ?is palozoic family4 ,! eye ( ! trilobite is =m$ ( f\r hundr$ sph]ical l5ses1 arrang$ 9 di/9ct comp>tm5ts on ! surface ( ! cornea1 :i* aga9 projects conically upw>d1 s z to enable ! animal :ile re/+1 or seek+ its food at ! bottom ( ! wat]s1 to take 9 ! l>ge/ possible field ( view--?is1 z x might require1 ei!r = ! purpose ( def5se or attack4 ,fi%es1 birds1 & mammals1 h all1 x is well kn[n1 an optical app>atus precisely adju/$ to _! respective habits & ! elem5t 9 :i* !y live4 ,fi%es & f[ls h _! eyes diff]5tly con/ruct$4--,! bat1 :i* preys 9 ! d>k1--! eagle1 :i* so>s 9 ! blaze ( ! sun1--& ! mole1 :i* burr[s 9 ! e>?1 h ea* peculi> & appropriate organisms4 ,b 9 none is !re great] complication or p]fection1 ?an :at is manife/$ 9 ! eye ( ^! e>lie/ & /ill liv+ tribes ( ! wat]s4 ,! numb] ( plates or cyl9d]s :i* compose ! eyes ( insects1 a high] & m gift$ class1 diff]s 9 diff]5t species1 am\nt+ 9 ! ant1 s provid5t & wise1 to only fifty1 9 ! h\se-fly to eight ?\s&1 & 9 ! mordella to ! amaz+ numb] ( tw5ty-five ?\s& & eighty-eight4 ,& yet h[ mu* is all ?is surpass$ by ! a/\nd+ me*anism display$ 9 ! eye ( ! cod-fi%1 9 ^: cry/all9e l5s !re h be5 detect$ ab\t five million fib]s1 e fib] conta9+ ab\t twelve ?\s& five hundr$ tee?2 & ! total numb] ( ^! tee? or processes rea*+ ! num]ical1 ?\gh to u utt]ly inconceivable1 am\nt ( sixty-two billions five hundr$ ?\s& millions6 ,b m ?an all ?is4 ,look at ! multipli$ appliances furni%$ to ! humble/ & l[e/ ( all liv+ creatures = p]=m+ ! functions ( an exi/5ce sc>cely remov$ above ! vegetable4 8,! t5tacula ( polypi10 says ,dr4 ,roget1 8are exquisitely s5sible1 & are frequ5tly se51 ei!r s+ly or altoge!r1 b5d+ _! extremities t[>d ! m\?1 :5 any m9ute float+ body comes 9 contact ) !m4 ,:5 a polypi is exp&$1 a con/ant curr5t ( wat] is obs]v$ to take place1 direct$ t[>d ! m\?4 ,^! curr5ts are nev] produc$ by ! motions ( ! t5tacula !mselves2 b are inv>iably ! effects ( ! rapid vibrations ( ! cilia plac$ on ! t5tacula4 ,n[1 ( ^! organs a s+le flu/ra foliaca has be5 calculat$ to possess ab\t #djj1jjj1jjj40 ,?us mu* = ! ,zoophyte class ( animals--plac$ on ! extreme v]ge ( organiz$ bodies--& memb]s ( a sy/em ( be+1 accord+ to ! developm5t !ory1 ^: primitive productions are ( ! simple/ k9d1 ! monads ( a g]m9at+ vesicle6 ,nor w ! developm5t !ory d bett]1 :5 x w\ld acc\nt = ! div]sity ( in/9cts :i* prevail 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,! in/9cts1 inde$1 x assumes z ! cause ( all _! div]sity ( /ructural organization4 ,b ?is is to beg ! :ole "q4 ,geology c>ries u back to ! beg9n+s ( organic life1 :5 animals1 ea* aft] _! k9d1 7 already p]fect$1 & end[$ ) a ready-made app>atus = ! p>ticul> sph]e ( exi/5ce assign$ !m4 ,! polypi are /ill a di/9ct race1 unv>y+ 9 _! in/9cts1 n ! lea/ improv$ 9 ! build+ art1 /ill pil+ up reefs1 & do+ ! same ?+ :i* !y did :5 fir/ creat$4 ,! nautilus has liv$ ?r\gh all "t1 swimm+ 8 fragile b>k z dextr\sly ov] ! ,silurian seas z he n[ does amid/ ! break]s ( ! ,pacific4 ,! cephalopoda & ! f9ny tribes !n w>r$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & ev] s9ce !y meet 9 mortal conflict4 ,! same ) all ! great families :i* 7 successively br\ght ^u ! /age3 species & g5]a h *ang$1 ! old )drawn1 & new ones introduc$2 b 9 _! respective ord]s--reptiles1 insects1 birds1 & quadrup$s--! type ev] cont9ues1 & ! in/9cts rema92 & !re is no ne>] an approximation to or cross+ ( ea* o!r's doma9s n[1 ?an :5 fir/ summon$ into be+4 ,7 ! developm5t !ory true 9 nature1 & ! epo*s ( geology ! myriads ( ages assum$1 ! presumption w\ld be1 t ! old primitive =ms w\ld h be5 all oblit]at$ & figures ( creatures sub/itut$1 all ( ! mo/ remote & indi/9ct analogies4 ,! monodal races1 :y h !y n all pass$ away8 ,_h ! reptiles sprung f fi%es1 :y1 ^u ! pr9ciple ( progression1 %\ld !re be fi%es /ill8 ,_h man d]iv$ 8 p>5tage f ! monkey1 :y are !re s _m species ( ! "o class1 & only a s+le great family ( ! o!r8 ,! vegetable tribes h be5 equally true to _! k9d--! fucoids & alg1 /ill abundant 9 ! seas--! p9es ( ,m> =e/1 rival+ 9 conif]\s qualities ! mo/ gigantic ( ! olde/ relics--& ! palms & f]n trees ( ,au/ralia ma9ta9+ ! v types t fl\ri%$ 9 ! c>bonif]\s era4 ,! s*eme ( creation1 moreov]1 impli$ 9 ! developm5t !ory1 proce$s1 z x appe>s to u1 ^u an inconsi/5cy ( assumption t is completely at v>iance ) its own lead+ c>d9al pr9ciple1 namely1 a cont9u\s progression f ! less to ! m p]fect =ms ( organic exi/5ce4 ,if ?is be true ) ! p>ticul>s1 :y n also 9 ! g5]als ( all t is end[$ ) ! my/]y ( life8 ,e great type or class ( be+1 ^: rema9s are detect$ 9 ! mo/ anci5t rocks ( ! e>?1 has /ill its repres5tatives 9 liv+ nature4 ,! two ends ( ! *a91 ! infusorial & mammalian families1 are /ill produc$ di/9ct1 & ea* p]fect aft] its k9d4 ,! c\rse ( creation is ?us always1 ?r\gh indef9ite "t1 return+ ^u itself l ! fallacy 9 dialectics ( reason+ 9 a circle1 in/ead ( advanc+ f ! successively high] /&>ds ( ! p]fect$ models to /ill m v>i$ & p]fect degrees ( excell5ce4 ,! circum/ances & conditions1 too1 ( ! planet are diff]5t f :at !y 7 9 ! palozoic times1 & yet ! tribes develop$ !n are all develop$ /ill2 diff]5t 9 ! species & g5]a1 b ( ! same =ms & families2 n l>g]1 b m frequ5tly less1 9 size1 & n ( bett] or m complex workman%ip4 ,! pr9ciple is1 !re=e1 inconsi/5t ) itself1 :ile x leaves unexpla9$ its own assumption ( progression 9 "o p>ticul> direction only1 in/ead1 z x ought to be1 9 all ! primitive types ( organic exi/5ce4 ,! !ory is imp]fect beside1 9 attempt+ no explanation ( ! inorganic /ructures ( creation2 = ! orig9al molecules ( matt] :i* assimilat$1 aggregat$1 & produc$ ! prim>y rocks ( granite1 gneiss1 s*i/1 lime/one1 %\ld h _h _! law 9 ?is direction z well z 9 ! o!r1 ( progressive p]fection4 ,b ^! rocks1 9 no su* s5se z ?is1 h be5 repeat$ or reproduc$3 matt]1 ess5tially ! same1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ! 8,ve/iges10 :e!r organic or inorganic1 has "h retrograd$ r ?an progress$2 & if we w\ld contemplate its mo/ elaborate & beautiful =ms1 ei!r igne\s or s$im5t>y1 we mu/ g1 n to ! second>y & t]ti>y =mations = our specim5s1 b to ! cry/all9e gr\ps ( ! prim>y epo*4 ,:atev] x may h be5 ) ,lam>ck1 x is c]ta91 9 ! case ( ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 t ! speculations orig9at+ 9 ! nebul> hypo!sis lie at ! f\ndation ( all 8 philosophy4 ,?is ,essay w\ld nev] h be5 execut$1 z x c\ld n ev5 h be5 imag9$1 b = ! data s abundantly suppli$ by a univ]sal />-du/ lett]+1 fill+ all space & inscrib$ ov] all "t4 ,b *ange ! names1 & x is only ! atoms ( ,democritus & ! vortices ( ,desc>tes t con/itute ! elem5ts1 "o & all1 ( ! mod]n cosmogony4 ,cic]o 9 8 fir/ & second books 8,de ,natura ,deorum10 has giv5 a full & ample refutation ( ! =m]2 & 8 m]it is ! great]1 :5 x is consid]$ t ! inductive me?ods ( philosophiz+ 7 n 9 use nor ev5 guess$ at 9 8 "t4 ,! argum5t1 z qua9tly translat$ 9 ,ray's 8,wisdom ( ,creation10 is ?us /at$--8,if ! works ( nature are bett]1 m exact & p]fect1 ?an ! works ( art1 & art effects no?+ )\t reason1 nei!r c ! works ( nature be ?\ght to be effect$ )\t reason2 = is x n absurd & incongru\s1 t :5 ?\ beholde/ a /atue or curi\s picture1 ?\ %\ld/ ackn[l$ge t art 0 us$ to ! mak+ ( x2 or1 :5 ?\ see/ ! c\rse ( a %ip ^u ! wat]s ?\ %\ld/ n d\bt b ! motion ( x is regulat$ & direct$ by reason & art2 or1 :5 ?\ consid]e/ a ,,sun-,,dial or ,,clock1 ?\ %\ld/ und]/& pres5tly1 t ! h\rs are %[n by art & n by *ance2 & yet imag9e or believe1 t ! _w1 :i* compreh5ds all ^! arts & artific]s1 0 made )\t c\nsel or reason8 ,if "o %\ld c>ry into ,scy?ia or ,brita9 su* a sph]e z our fri5d ,posidonius lately made1 ea* ( ^: conv]sions did ! same ?+ 9 ! sun & moon & o!r five planets1 :i* we see effect$ e night & day 9 ! heav5s1 :o among ^? b>b>ians w\ld d\bt t t sph]e 0 compos$ by reason & art80 ,! inhabitants ( ?is isl& are no long] ! 8b>b>ians40 ,! ,scy?ians /ill are s1 & h ev] be54 ,^u ! developm5t hypo!sis1 might we n pause to ask1 has our intellectual1 & moral1 & social progress affect$ our physical condition s z 9 aught to *ange ! organic relation ( ! two nations1 b>b>\s bo? 9 ! "t ( ,cic]o8 ,b we proce$3--8,a wond] !n x mu/ ne$s be10 cont9ues ! philosoph]1 8t !re %\ld be any man f\nd s /upid & =sak5 ( reason1 z to p]suade himself t ?is mo/ beautiful & adorn$ _w 0 or c\ld be produc$ by ! =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms4 ,he t c prevail ) himself to believe ?is1 ,i d n see :y he may n z well admit1 t if !re 7 made innum]able figures ( ! "o-&-tw5ty lett]s1--9 gold suppose or any o!r metal1--& ^! well %ak5 & mix$ toge!r1 & ?r[n d[n f "s high place to ! gr\nd1 !y1 :5 !y light$ ^u ! e>?1 w\ld be s dispos$ & rank$1 t a man might see & read 9 !m ,ennius's ,annals2 :]eas1 x 7 a great *ance if he %\ld f9d "o v]se !re( among !m all3 = if ?is conc\rse ( atoms c\ld make a ,,:ole ,,_w1 :y may x n sometimes make1 & ha? x n some:]e or o!r 9 ! e>? made1 a temple1 or a gall]y1 or a portico1 or a h\se1 or a city8 :i* yet x is s f> f do+1 & e man s f> f believ+1 t %\ld any "o ( u be ca/1 suppose ^u a desolate isl&1 & f9d !re a magnific5t palace1 artificially contriv$ accord+ to ! exacte/ rules ( ar*itecture1 & curi\sly adorn$ & furni%$1 x w\ld nev] once ent] into 8 head t ?is 0 done by an e>?quake1 or ! =tuit\s %uffl+ toge!r ( its compon5t mat]ials1 or t x _h /ood !re ev] s9ce ! con/ruction ( ! _w1 or fir/ cohesion ( atoms2 b w\ld pres5tly conclude t !re _h be5 "s intellig5t ar*itect !re1 ! effect ( ^: art & skill x 04 ,or1 %\ld he f9d !re b "o s+le %eet ( p>*m5t or pap]1 an epi/le or oration writt5 full ( pr(\nd s5se1 express$ 9 prop] & significant words1 illu/rat$ & adorn$ ) elegant phrase1--x 7 beyond ! possibility ( ! wit ( man to p]suade him t ?is 0 done by ! tem]>i\s da%es ( an unguid$ p51 or by ! rude scatt]+ ( ink ^u ! pap]1 or by ! lucky projection ( s _m lett]s at all adv5tures2 b he w\ld be conv9c$1 by ! evid5ce ( ! ?+ at fir/ sight1 t !re _h be5 n only "s man1 b "s s*ol>1 !re40 ,n[1 "h let !re be b ! sub/itution ( a few t]ms--8=tuit\s conc\rse0 = ! 8nucleat$ vesicle0--8atoms0 t :irl 9 mazy dance ?r\gh indef9ite "t1 = ! 8/>du/0 revolv+ ?r\gh inf9ite space--8transmutation ( species0 = 8! lucky projection ( s _m lett]s0--& ! ov]?r[ ( ! "o hypo!sis is z ru9\sly complete z ! demolition ( ! o!r4 ,?us geology1 :ile x reveals a succession ( animal types1 pron\nces ea* aft] its k9d p]fect 9 its own degree & measure ( organic developm5t4 ,! olde/ kn[n fossil fi% 7! ,on*us ,mur*isoni1 & inhum$ 9 ! l[e/ fossilif]\s b$s71 belongs to ! highe/ type ( ! ,ce/raciont division ( ! v]tebrata4 ,:at !y 7 made at fir/1 !y all v9dicate _! capacity ( cont9u+ to ! end4 ,! v>i\s tribes & ord]s _h _! own limits ( organization1 _! own sph]e )9 :i* ! functions ( ea* 7 to be p]=m$1 & adapt$ to ! condition 9 :i* !y 7 plac$1 ea* reap$ ! full enjoym5t t div9e b5evol5ce _h appo9t$4 ,man 0 ! la/ 9 ! c\rse ( successive creation1 end[$ ) ! highe/ & mo/ enl>g$ capacities1 &1 alli$ to none1 0 con/itut$ ! prie/ ( nature1 t he might collect ! sil5t praises ( ! univ]se1 & (f] !m to ! ,creator 9 intellig5t devotion4 ,b "h x is1 :5 we h rea*$ ?is l9k ( ! *a91 t ! mo/ vitiat+ elem5t 9 ! :ole doctr9e ( progressive developm5t is manife/$4 ,! anti-!ism & mat]ialism1 involv$ inevitably & undisguis$ly 9 ! noxi\s dogma1 are br\ght out 9 bold relief4 ,?is dogma implies1 t ! cosmical arrangem5ts & all ! organic transmutations ( liv+ types1 are none ( !m directly ! result ( any p]sonal1 imm$iate creative act+s on ! "p ( ,deity4 ,^! arrangem5ts1 f ! beg9n+1 are all dep5d5t on "o un*ang+ law1 applicable alike to organic & inorganic bodies1 to ! my/]i\s pr9ciple ( life1 & to ?+s inanimate1--to m9d z to matt]4 ,! simple effect ( ?is may appe> to be1 ! removal ( ! ,creator m]ely a /ep f>!r f 8 own works1 :i* he c /ill hold 9 ! holl[ ( 8 h&1 & b5d :i!r ,he w4 ,b ! /atem5t goes a great deal f>!r4 ,x /rikes directly at ! root ( all moral di/9ctions z well z ( all reveal$ tru?4 ,! creature man1 ^u ?is hypo!sis1 ! la/ l9k 9 ! t]re/rial *a91 comes n f 8 ,mak]'s h&s 8made 9 8 own lik5ess40 ,he too is ! product ( a natural law1 evolv$ aft] a long s]ies ( metamorphoses1 to ^: op]ation ! moral & ! physical are equally subject1--! s\l & ! body alike ! result ( its rigid inflexible ag5cy4 ,front ! fire-mi/ & electro-nebul\s matt]1 :i* is assum$ to h orig9ally fill$ all space1 ,man1 along ) suns & />s1 & all planet>y bodies1 d]iv$ ! fir/ g]m ( 8 be+4 ,at fir/ gase\s1 x became 9 process ( "t concrete4 ,!re 0 no life until ! electric sp>k1 /ruck 9 "s my/]i\s way f ! dance ( atoms & wild :irl ( ! elem5ts1 vivifi$ ! g]m ) ?is newly-develop$ pr9ciple4 ,!n ! g]m9al vesicle became a self-mov+1 self-act+ ?+--n at fir/1 b aft] a s]ies ( *anges1 adapt$ into ! type ( ! human family1 ^: life 0 b ! life = ages ( ! animals t h p]i%$1 & are n[ fossiliz$ 9 _! v>i\s =mations4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,life1 9 %ort1 z impli$ 9 ?is acc\nt ( its orig91 is ! same ess5tially ) ! light & heat t sp>kle & gl[ 9 ! roll+ orbs :i* deck ! firmam5t6 ,mu* ( ! developm5t !ory is built ^u ! influ5ce ( ! in/9cts z manife/$ 9 ! l[] tribes4 ,let its abettors li/5 to ! indignant cry ( ,,! ,,:ole ,,family ,,( ,,man aga9/ ?is !ory ( 8 orig92 & say1 if !re is n an in/9ct "h1 peculi> & di/9ct1 to v9dicate 8 claim to a sep>ate & di/9ct position 9 ! great sy/em ( be+4 8,quanta ad eam rem vis10 says ,cic]o1 8ut 9 suo quoque g5]e p]maneat40 ,! cont95tal philosophy1 at no "t = ! la/ c5tury1 has p>tak5 ( a religi\s1 heal?y tone4 ,x has be5 pr(\ndly subtile 9 its speculations & analysis1 b nev] truly spiritual4 ,! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 f 8 own turn ( m9d1 has be5 all ! m enamor$ ( x1 &1 unwitt+ly dragg$ into its vortex1 has be5 c>ri$ f> beyond ! k5 ( all rightful philosophies4 ,^! are n ! subjects ( legitimate inve/igation4 ,man has no plummet-l9e1 9 all 8 armory ( sci5ce1 :]e) to s\nd !m4 ,grant t 9 ! mann] n[ describ$1 ! human race orig9at$1 & became liv+ creatures--de/9$1 x may be1 to und]go new *anges & to asc5d into new ord]s ( be+--! animal nature to be p]fect$ 9 ! progressive modifications ( 8 type4 ,b ! div9e e!real sp>k1 z m5 vulg>ly dream ( !mselves1 :at acc\nt is giv5 ( ?is8 ,! s\l1 :at8 & :5ce d]iv$8 ,! ?9k+ pr9ciple ( m9d1--:]e its place1 & :at provision made = its efflux1 9 ! nebul\s e!r8 ,! inf]5ce unque/ionably is1 t if su* be its s\rce1 ! human ,,und]/&+ mu/ be ( ! ess5ce ( matt] out ( :i* x evolv$1--glori\s z ! sun & fair z ! moon1--b n ! heav5ly elem5t1 animate ) ! immat]ial1 incorruptible be+ ( ,div9ity4 ,b ?is is n ! tea*+ ( geology4 ,?r\gh all ! /ory ( its undef9able epo*s1 & 9 ! myriad s>cophagi ( its ext9ct g5]ations1 !re is no record1 no trace ( man4 ,he /&s1 utt]ly & f> ap>t1 f e fossiliz$ ?+1 :ile-- 8,! mo/ di/ant />'s invisible beam1 ,or comet on 8 f>!/ j\rney+s1 ,or all ! ext5t :i* philosophic k5 ,has giv5 to inf9ite space1 ! ela/ic s\l ,spr+s ov]0---- & claims k9dr$ ) ! image ( ! heav5ly1 :5ce x came1 & :i!r x seeks & aspires to return4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 to wild speculations l ^! nature & geology give no c\nt5ance1 b demon/rate ! rev]se to h be5 ! c\rse ( creation 9 all ! pres5t1 & 9 e pa/ epo*1--t races1 l individuals1 h _! t]ms ( exi/5ce1--t all die out or are viol5tly ext]m9at$1--& t new families are creat$1 adapt$ to ! *anges :i* h tak5 place1 & organically di/9ct f all t prec$$ !m1--!re is1 at ! same "t1 a !ory ( progression & developm5t di/9ctly traceable 9 all ! div9e act+s 9 ?is _w4 ,?is view ( ?+s is 9 e /age ( x visibly dep5d5t ^u ,8 w1 z x emanates directly f ,8 appo9tm5t1 & /&s 9 pleas+ contra/ to ! rationali/ phasis ( creation4 8,wisdom's artful aim ,dispos+ e "p1 & ga9+ /ill ,by means proportion$1 h] b5ignant end40 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,analogical ,,ord]--,,physical ,,& ,,moral--,,( ,,progression4 ,! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 devotes two *apt]s to :at he t]ms g5]al & p>ticul> consid]ations respect+ ! orig9 ( ! animat$ tribes4 ,he reg>ds x z a ?+ completely demon/rat$1 or z requir+ s little pro( z to be tak5 = grant$1 t ! inorganic elem5ts all took toge!r by a process ( natural law1 :i* ,deity 0 n requir$ to sup]9t5d1 b simply to beg94 ,he supposes1 hypo!tically1 t ?is also w\ld be ! case ) ! organic /ructures1 t1 9 ! orig9at+ ( ! fir/ tribes1 ,god suppli$ ! mat]ials1 & t natural law assimilat$ & fa%ion$ !m into _! diff]5t ord]s & families4 ,?is might be pr$icat$ ( ! ,creator1 he fancies1 z ! mode 9 :i* he w\ld act2 & by remov+ him a /ep away f 8 own works1 & all[+ all ! subsequ5t g5]a & species ( ! epo*s ( geology to g out & to come 9 accord+ to ! same process1 8 special int]f]5ce 9 su* arrangem5ts is r5d]$ unnecess>y2 & ! great] honor is reflect$ ^u op]ations 9 !mselves s complicat$ & va/1 & yet all s m9utely1 ord]ly1 & prospectively orda9$4 ,we ne$ n employ m ?an a s5t5ce 9 reply to ?is mode ( reason+4 ,hypo!tically ,i w\ld say1 if ,god 0 to create a _w at all1 & to /ore x ) liv+ creatures1 he w\ld d all ^! ?+s directly ( ,himself4 ,he creat$ e individual p>ticle ( ! orig9al matt]1 9 all _! inf9itesimally m9ute & myriad atoms4 ,we d n "k h[1 nor ! mann] !re(4 ,b e "o ( !m requir$ 8 special int]f]5ce s+ly1 z 9 comb9ation & a :ole2 & _h n ,deity s specially act$ ) ! p>ts z ) ! mass 9 will+ !m into be+1 none ( !m1 ( any k9d or quality1 w\ld h be5 9 exi/5ce4--,:y n ! same mann] ( creat+ z to ! species1 g5]a1 & ord]s ( ! animat$ tribes8 ,^! requir$ n less ,8 direct p]sonal int]f]5ce ?an ! elem5t>y p>ticles & m9ims out ( :i* !y 7 =m$2 & sup]9t5d5ce 9 ! "o case is z dignifi$1 if ! t]m may be s appli$1 z 9 ! o!r4 ,admit ! omnipot5ce1 omnisci5ce1 & omnipres5ce ( ,deity--& ! au?or admits !m all--& any o!r mode ( reason+ is :olly nugatory--z useless 9 sci5ce z x is inadmissible 9 fact--z inconsi/5t ) ! subtilties ( ! pr(\nde/ analysis z ) ! conclusions ( ! mo/ confid+ !ology4 ,b ! creation ( ! _w by ,god be+ admitt$1 x is no less true1 & x is equally a necess>y tru?1 t ! arrangem5t & disposition ( its p>ts1 ! ord] & succession ( its ev5ts1 are ea* imm$iately an effect ( ! great ,fir/ ,cause4 ,z no mat]ial sub/ance c\ld orig9ate itself1 s nei!r c\ld x imp>t ! pr9ciple ( life1 or con/ruct ! organization ?r\gh :i* t pr9ciple is manife/$ & ma9ta9$ 9 ! ex]cise ( its functions4 ,equally impossible is x = ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 ! motion ( ! elem5ts1 ! gr[? ( plants & animals1 & all ^? subtile processes 9 nature by :i* objects are produc$ & di/+ui%$1 ea* aft] _! k9d1 to be ! results ( *ance1 or ( any inh]5t1 und]iv$ prop]ties exi/+ 9 ! ?+s !mselves4 ,:e!r ,god acts m$iately by a c\rse ( nature orig9ally e/abli%$1 or imm$iately & con/antly1 by ! same div9e ag5cy :i* produc$ all ?+s at fir/1 & impress$ ^u ea* its peculi> prop]ties1 may be a "q 9 philosophy1 b none 9 !ology4 ,we inde$ may speculate respect+ ! mann] ( ! ,div9e act+1 & may speak ( t mann] z ! laws accord+ to :i* ! sy/em ( nature proce$s2 b we _c d\bt ! s\rce :5ce ! *a9 ( ev5ts takes its rise1 or :]e=e x is t !re are ord] & regul>ity 9 ! arrangem5ts ( ! univ]se4 ,& :ile ev]y?+ is ( ,god1 & ! c\rse ( nature precisely su* z ,he int5ds ^u :om ! :ole is dep5d5t1 x is int]e/+ to f9d ! close/ analogy subsi/+ betwe5 ! act+s ( ! ,div9e ,be+ 9 e dep>tm5t ( 8 supreme & univ]sal gov]nm5t4 ,! s*eme ( revelation manife/s itself to be ( ,god1 n only by ! peculi> te/imony ( prophesy & miracle to :i* x appeals1 b by ! resemblance :i* x be>s1 9 ! ord] & "* ( its disp5sations1 to ! e/abli%$ con/itution ( creation & provid5ce2--s intimate & /rik+ z1 9 fact1 to leave no d\bt1 9 e imp>tial m9d1 t ! au?or ( ! "o mu/ be ! au?or ( bo?4 ,we h already /at$ t a progression is manife/$ 9 ! ord] & arrangem5t ( ! rocky masses :i* compose ! e>?'s cru/--9 ! nature & qualities ( its m9]al cont5ts--& 9 ! v>i\s revolutions :i* are indicat$ by ! fossil organic rema9s t lie entomb$ 9 ! /rata ( ! int]ior4 ,take ! mo/ useful ( all ! sections ( ! e>?'s cru/1 namely1 :at is d5om9at$ ! c>bonif]\s or coal =mation1 "h we h a regul> sequ5ce or s]ies ( b$s re/+ "o ^u ano!r1 & all s dispos$1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 z to be mo/ suitably adapt$ = rea*+ & br++ to ! surface ! inclos$ treasure4 ,nor did nature all at once br+ to maturity ^? prodigi\s masses ( plants & vegetables ( :i* ?is wond]ful deposit is compos$4 ,h] flora seems to h be5 ^u a limit$ scale at fir/1 until ! e>?1 be+ prep>$ = its accumulation & pres]vation1 ?r[s f its teem+ bosom1 ) a pr(usion unkn[n be=e or s9ce1 ! vegetable matt] out ( :i* our coal is =m$4 ,consid]1 aga91 ! dip & dislocation ( ! /rata connect$ ) x1 & y h a pro( ( a new ord] ( causes be+ br\ght1 subsequ5tly1 into op]ation1 be=e coal c\ld be available = man's use4 ,exam9e1 next1 ! va/ accumulations :i* repose ^u ! coal--! curi\s relics :i* are imb$d$ 9 !m--! evid5ces !reby af=d$ ( relative *anges 9 ! sea & l&--( ! elevation ( m\nta9s1 ! d5udation & =mation ( valleys--& y _c fail to inf]1 f all ?is1 t ! surface ( ! e>? 0 n always z x n[ is2 t !re 0 a p]iod :5 man c\ld n h exi/$ on x2 & t = him :o 0 ! la/ 9 ! ord] ( all ,god's creations1 x 0 gradually & progressively prep>$ z a suitable habitation4 ,:51 aga91 we adv]t to ! c\rse ( creation1 !re is a gradual progression f ! little to ! great1 f ! insignificant1 if we may apply su* a t]m comp>atively to any ( ! works ( ,god1 to ! noble & ! gr&4 ,ea* ( ! l9ks t compose ! mighty *a9 is p]fect 9 its k9d2 ea* s]ves to connect & illu/rate ! l9k t bord]s next to x2 ea* is adapt$ to its place 9 ! sy/em1 s t ! l[e/ c\ld n be exalt$1 nor c\ld ! highe/ be br\ght d[n1 to answ] ! purposes ( any inf]ior memb] ( ! s]ies4 ,a pebble has m attraction to ! eye ?an any ( ! colorless p>ticles :i* compose ! soil2 b f ! pebble ! fruits ( ! e>? c d]ive no n\ri%m5t4 ,! li*5 or ! moss :i* adh]es to ! solid rock may be inf]ior 9 beauty & attraction to ! lily ( ! valley1 or ! l(ty c$>s ( ,lebanon2 b ! latt] w n gr[ 9 ! b>r5 regions ( ! nor?1 & )\t ! =m]1 hundr$s ( insect & animal tribes w\ld p]i%4 ,man con/itutes ! pr9cipal l9k 9 ! *a9 ( visible creation2 he is high] ?an ! highe/ ( ! animal race2 & d n ! sup]ior end[m5ts & bless+s ( man1 h[ev] em95t 9 !mselves1 appe> /ill m em95t & valuable by contra/+ !m ) ! inf]ior p[]s1 ! rud] enjoym5ts1 ! mean] & m sordid passions1 ( ! l[] creatures8 :i* yet amply display ! wisdom & goodness ( _! ,au?or1 bo? 9 _! frame & /ate1 9 ! relation :i* !y h1 & ! connection :i* !y hold ) ! ord]s above & bel[ !m4 ,look+ upw>d1 aga91 :at is man b a l[] l9k ( t *a9 ( be+s :i*1 l its ,au?or1 rea*e? ?r\gh imm5sity8 ,?\s&s1 nay1 millions ( spiritual ord]s may possibly fill up ! *asm1 if t be possible1 betwe5 ! human & ,div9e nature1 & :o1 by ! v contra/ ) man's e/ate1 may h a ju/] k & a m grateful reli% ( _! own ref9$ & spiritual natures4 ,take away1 inde$1 8! human face div9e10 & !re w\ld be "o note ( praise less 9 ! great temple ( ,jehovah2 b1 :ile angels c\ld n fulfill ! purposes ( man 9 ! ord] ( creation1 ! p]fections ( ! ,godhead are inf9itely m exalt$ by _! activity 9 a pur] sph]e--_! ke5] visions & ju/] appreh5sions--_! uncl\d$ faculties--& _! sublime & l(ty contemplations1 all correspond+ ) ! cle>] manife/ations ( div9e tru?1 light1 & glory1 v\*saf$ to !m4 ,desc5d1 9 %ort1 z l[1 or rise z high z we may1 9 ! scale ( be+1 we w /ill f9d some?+ inf]ior1 some?+ sup]ior2 & n m remote f ea* o!r 9 ! extreme po9ts are ! m9ims ( nature intimat$ to u by ! microscope1 & ! magnific5t sy/ems above :i* ! telescope has disclos$ to view1 ?an are ! wond]ful diff]5ces & inf9ite range subsi/+ among liv+ organiz$ sub/ances1 f ! vegetable to ! animal1 f ! irrational to ! intellectual1 & f ! intellectual to ! spiritual & div9e4 ,b "o class _c compla9 ( ! sup]ior advantages ( ! class above x4 ,! con/itutions ( all are precisely adapt$ to _! respective places 9 ! s*eme ( ?+s1 & ! desires ( all1 accord+ to _! v>i\s capacities1 are suitably gratifi$4 ,ea* is happy 9 its sph]e1 & /ill subs]vi5t to ! high] happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,! g>d5 is ! insect's p>adise1 man is "l ( ! brute creation1 angels are pr9cipalities & p[]s :5 comp>$ to ! k & ! happ9ess ( man4 8,consid]10 says ! au?or ( 8,p>adise ,lo/10 8t great ,or bright inf]s n excell5ce3 ! e>? ,?\gh1 9 comp>ison ( heav51 s small1 ,nor gli/]+1 may ( solid good conta9 ,m pl5ty ?an ! sun t b>r5 %9es3 ,^: virtue on itself works no effect1 ,b on ! fruitful e>?40 ,:5 we turn to ! disp5sations ( provid5ce1 we f9d ! same pr9ciple prevail+ 9 ! communication ( all its gifts--( !m all1 :e!r evolv$ 9 ! natural or moral c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! _m bless+s :i* ! m]e diffusion ( ! sol> rays imp>ts are n obta9$ all at once2 ! e>ly dawn1 ! m]idian spl5dor1 ! s(t5+ %ades ( twilight1 are ea* accompani$ ) di/9ct & peculi> enjoym5ts to man & bea/4 ,obs]ve ! c\rse ( ! seasons3 aft] w9t] come ! g5tle zephyrs ( spr+1 ! gl[+ heat ( summ]1 to be aga9 succe$$ by ! ri* ?\gh mild] beams ( autumn4 ,! se$ :i* is deposit$ 9 ! gr\nd sc>cely at fir/ exhibits signs ( life2 b f t se$ ! gre5 /alk gradually asc5ds1 ! e> is =m$1 ! corn is produc$ 9 ! e>1 & man ga!rs f x 8 daily bread4 ,behold ! new-born infant--! mo/ helpless & imbecile ( all nature's productions--:at labor1 wat*fulness1 & c>e1 be=e he comes to ! maturity ( manhood6 h[ sl[ly d ! p[]s ( intellect exp&6 :at dilig5ce requisite = ! moral culture ( ! he>t6 h[ gradual & progressive ! :ole /eps by :i* he has be5 tra9$ = ! bus9ess & ent]prises ( life6 ,look n[ into ! cr[d$ city1 :]e ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s ( rational be+s h pass$1 & are all pass+1 ?r\gh a simil> process ( discipl9e2 consid] h[ _m g5]ations h pass$ away be=e x atta9$ to its pres5t greatness2 its weal?1 its build+s1 its s*ools ( in/ruction1 its temples ( solemn wor%ip2 its philosoph]s1 poets1 orators1 & /atesm52 its laws1 mann]s1 sci5ces1 & f9e arts1 are ! accumulation1 ! "w1 & ! gr[? ( c5turies4 ,x is ! same ) nations z ) individuals1 & ) all nations & c\ntries z ) "o2 ! bless+s ( civilization are gradually diffus$1 sometimes ret>d$1 & (t5 buri$ = ages b5ea? ! inroads ( b>b>ism2 b aga9 em]g+ 9 great] abundance1 tak+ a firm] /ep1 & advanc+ onw>d & wid] ?an be=e4 ,& at la/1 f ! favor$ position on :i* we h be5 plac$1 we see be=e u ! c]ta9 prospect1 9 ! increas$ facilities & means ( communication :i* are n[ op5$ up1 t !y w be /ill m univ]sally imp>t$1 until tru?1 righte\sness1 & peace1 cov] ! face ( ! :ole e>?4 ,consid] n[1 "u ! same progressive aspect1 ! s*eme ( revelation4 ,"h we f9d ! same analogy prevail+ f ! less to ! great]1 f ! smalle/ tok5s ( ! ,div9e favor1 to ! full & b\ndless manife/ations ( inexhau/ible love & m]cy4 ,f ! fall to ! re/oration ( man1 ! expressions ( ,god's int]e/ 9 our condition are limit$ & obscure2 b ! plan is def9$ & ! means arrang$ 9 ! only way t 0 prop] to display 8 goodness & make u s5sible ( 8 m]cies4 ,! bless+s conf]r$ ^u ! p ( ,god1 be=e ! law & "u ! law1 7 *iefly temporal4 ,h5ce ! rites & c]emonies ( _! wor%ip 7 purposely ( su* a nature1 & s multipli$1 z pr9cipally to op]ate ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! s5ses4 ,h5ce ! v>i\s symbols ( ! ,div9e pres5ce1 :5 ,god p]sonally1 z x 71 desc5d$ among !m1 & ov]-aw$ !m by 8 visible glory4 ,h5ce ! giv+ ( ! law amid/ ?und]s1 & lightn+s1 & %ak+s ( ! m\nta9s1 :5 ext]nal nature "u its mo/ appall+ aspects bore te/imony to ! sev]e ju/ice ( ! ,div9e "*1 & seem$ to intimate1 9 a way :i* ev5 ! mo/ h>d5$ s9n]s w\ld und]/&1 h[ dreadful mu/ be ! judgm5ts ( _! inc5s$ & supreme ,lawgiv]4 ,! ,israelites 7 n suffici5tly remov$ f _! natural /ate to be z yet capable ( a religion purely spiritual1 l ! ,*ri/ian2 & h5ce x 01 t e lat] disp5sation ( ,god excell$ ! =m]1 ev5 z ! trumpet on ,m\nt ,s9ai 8wax$ l\d] & l\d]10 e succe$+ bla/ transc5d+ ^? t w5t be=e4 ,! prophets rose above ! ritual law1 & %[$ m5 a m excell5t way ( wor%ip+ ,god ?an by ext]nal p]=mances1 !reby prep>+ _! m9ds = ! reception ( ! ,gospel4 ,! tab]nacle 0 no long] us$ aft] ,solomon's temple 0 built1 b 0 laid aside1 z ! temple itself 0 8:5 ! fullness ( ! "t 0 come20 & z ! sanctu>y & tab]nacle prec$$ ! temple1 s ! glory ( ! latt] 0 to be great] ?an t ( ! =m]1 by ! appe>ance ( ,him :o 0 great] ?an ! temple1 ^: mission 0 di/+ui%$ by m num]\s miracles1 & by sublim] & m important tru?s ?an _h be5 be=e manife/$ to ! _w4 ,behold a high] disp5sation /ill1 :51 aft] ! /ate ( grace ends1 ! /ate ( glory %all comm5ce2 :]e all k %all be imp>t$ & all tru? unvail$1 :]e imp]fection & s9 %all no m adh]e to u1 & :]e1 aft] ! exp]i5ce ( millions ( ages sp5t 9 ! enjoym5t ( heav5ly happ9ess1 we %all be /ill advanc+ 9 glory & felicity1 & atta9+ to high] measures ( ! increas+ /r5g? & ev]-gr[+ spl5dor ( ! sons ( ,god4 ,^! analogies may be ext5d$4 ,! wisdom & goodness ( a ,god1 = example1 equally appe> 9 ! late & p>tial promulgation ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* is sometimes consid]$ an objection aga9/ its tru?1 b :i*1 9 fact1 is 9 p]fect accordance ) ! same pr9ciple ( progression :i* we h be5 illu/rat+ 9 ! g5]al economy & arrangem5ts ( all ,god's proce$+s4 ,! gifts ( nature are n imp>t$ univ]sally1 nor 9 ! same measure to all4 ,! discov]ies ( sci5ce are ! result ( long & pati5t inve/igation4 ,h]bs h be5 all[$ to run wa/e = c5turies ^u c5turies1 ( :i* ! m$ic9al virtues h only rec5tly be5 discov]$4 ,?r\gh h[ _m ages _h mank9d be5 left 9 ignorance ( ! prop]ties ( ! magnet1 & ! simple app>atus ( ! compass-box1 brav+ all ! p]ils1 & toss$ ab\t on ! unkn[n wa/es ( ! ocean8 ,h[ mu* did ! progress ( k & education suff]1 dur+ ! lapse ( s _m g5]ations1 = want ( ! pr9t+-press8 ,:at oppressions & cruelties h be5 practic$ ^u ! diff]5t nations ( ! e>?1 ?r\gh means ( bad laws & bad gov]nm5t1 ( :i* ev5 yet _m are le>n+ b ! elem5ts8 ,& h[ is x t ( "o & all ^! ?+s--! tru?s ( sci5ce1 ! art ( heal+1 ! pr9ciples ( navigation1 ! discipl9e ( :olesome in/ruction1 ! enactm5t ( good laws1 & ! v>i\s bless+s ( civiliz$ life--m ?an two-?irds ( ! human race are 9 ^! latt] ages /ill entirely de/itute8 ,god gov]ns bo? 9 ! k+dom ( nature & 9 ! k+dom ( grace1 & any objection1 !re=e1 aga9/ ! tru? ( revelation t may be built ^u ^! gr\nds1 goes equally to de?rone ! ,almighty f any %>e ( int]e/ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,b ! ,gospel1 9 fact1 w\ld h be5 premature be=e ! actual "t ( its appe>ance2 ! hi/ory ( provid5ce 9 =m] ages c\ld n h be5 appeal$ to1 ! sacrifice ( ! ,r$eem] _h n be5 und]/ood )\t ! legal sacrifices prec$+1 ! prophesies w\ld h be5 unfulfill$1 & ! _w w\ld h be5 unprep>$ = a wor%ip s pure & spiritual1 a morality s se>*+ & uncompromis+1 & a fai? s l(ty & exalt$1 _h !re n be5 mu* previ\s tra9+ & discipl9e1 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( patri>*s1 prophets1 & legislators4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ pro(s1 9 %ort1 ( ! ,div9e wisdom 9 ! disp5sation ( grace1 is its h>moniz+ s exactly ) ! e/abli%$ c\rse ( nature4 ,?is is manife/$ m especially 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! heav5ly bless+s ) :i* x is fraught h be5 communicat$--sl[ly1 gradually1 & p>tially at fir/1 m fully & g5]ally diffus$ z m5 7 prep>$ to receive !m1 &1 :5 8! fullness ( ! "t0 _h arriv$1 imp>t$ freely & 9 ! ri*e/ abundance unto all2 light aft] light1 tru? aft] tru?1 & m]cy ^u m]cy1 all 9 su* ord] ( succession1 t ! =m] illu/rate & recomm5d ! latt]1 :ile ! la/ are only a prep>ation = future & /ill great] m]cies4 ,& s x has be5 ) ! :ole ,c\rse ( ,creation--! succession ( /rata1 ( animal & vegetable tribes1 & ) man & ! adaptive provision = 8 high] de/9y4 ,?is is a doctr9e ( developm5t & ( progression1 widely diff]5t f t ( ! 8,ve/iges10 m 9 unison ) ! ,creator's wisdom & ! ,creator's c>e3--a speculation wor?y ( a sep>ate treatise1 namely1 ! progress & developm5t ( man's intellig5t1 moral1 & spiritual be+ z indicat$ 9 ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,revelation4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,causes ,,( ,,ext9ction ,,( ,,organic ,,life4 ,:5 ! palontologi/ has completely e/abli%$ 8 position1 t all ! organic ph5om5a ( primeval times h result$ f ! impress ( orig9al /ructure1 9 opposition to ! !ory ( progressive developm5t & transmutation ( species2 & :5 he c trace1 also1 correspond+ *anges 9 ! m9]al =mations 9 :i* ! fossil rema9s are imb$d$1 ! important inquiry has /ill to be made into ! causes ( ! ext9ction ( s _m races ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,introduc$ successively ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 0 !re always a physical & necess>y relation betwixt ! liv+ tribes & ! v>y+ conditions ( ! surr\nd+ m$ia 9 :i* _! lot 0 ca/8 ,& d ! diff]5ces 9 ! "o expla9 ! *anges 9 ! organic functions ( ! o!r8 ,:5 we look back to ! e>lie/ ( ! fossilif]\s rocks we c discov] some?+ 9 ! nature ( _! mat]ials !mselves :i* w\ld cause ! de/ruction ( _! organic tribes4 ,! ,silurian /rata h be5 viol5tly di/urb$1 & mu* molt5 matt]1 dur+ ! p]iod ( _! deposition1 inject$ among !m2 & by causes su* z ^!1 life w\ld suff] greatly1 & :ole races be sudd5ly de/roy$4 ,ev5 ! /rong incas$ ganoids & placoids ( ! ,devonian p]iod c\ld n always be able to subsi/ & be> up aga9/ ! spasmodic ?roes t produc$ ! conglom]ates4 ,animals prey$ likewise ^u ea* o!r1 & by ?is means kept up !n1 z n[1 ! g5]al av]age & balance ( life4 ,b 9 none ( ^! modes c any?+ l a ,,law be inf]r$1 any /at$ provision be detect$1 = ! outgo+ & ! incom+ ( ! diff]5t g5]a & species :i* successively peopl$ ! globe4 ,! rocks diff]1 z ! organisms diff]1 age to age1 f ea* o!r3 b ! s]ies ( *anges trac$ 9 ! "o class ( ph5om5a1 furni% only a few data by :i* to det]m9e z to ! alt]ations t w\ld be produc$ 9 ! class cotemporane\s4 ,no l& animals h be5 f\nd 9 any ( ! =mations b5ea? ! new r$ s&/one4 ,no quadrup$s exi/$ be=e ! t]ti>y age4 ,& ! mon/] liz>ds :i* s exub]antly sprang into exi/5ce dur+ ! middle second>y epo*1 _h all disappe>$ :5 ^! t]re/rials occupi$ ! /age4 ,wisdom we c trace 9 all ! arrangem5ts2 c>e & goodness are ev]y:]e app>5t4 ,! seas sw>m$ ) m>9e animals1 :ile ! t]re/rials c\ld sc>cely h subsi/$ on an upheav+ e>? & new =m+ l&4 ,quadrup$s roam$ n ov] fields s div]sifi$ by ! lakes & slimy lagoons 9 :i* ! ,saurians f\nd _! conv5i5t habitation4 ,& beyond ! simple fact1 t ,div9e w s orda9$ t su* ?+s %\ld be1 bo? 9 ! animal & m9]al *anges 9 ! hi/ory ( our planet1 we h only a ray ( light to guide u 9 int]pret+ ! revolutions & de/ructions :i* are !re9 s indelibly record$4 ,! mollusca & %ell families appe> & dep>t along ) ! calc>e\s deposits :i* inclose _! rema9s2 b we "k z mu* ( ! s\rce ( ! "o z ( ! range & limit (1 or ! causes :i* de/roy$1 ! o!r4 ,or?oc] & nautili h surviv$ all *anges1 & h ma9ta9$ 9 ! types by :i* !y are repres5t$ _! old in/9cts & pr$ace\s prop5sities4 ,! holopty*ii & dipt]i p]i%$1 j z ! mat]ials ( ! new r$ s&/one 7 be+ deposit$1 & ^: id5tity1 9 all ess5tial m9]al qualities1 diff]s 9 no?+ f ! old r$ 9 :i* !y are entomb$4 ,! flora ( ! c>bonif]\s age came & w5t ) ! sudd5ness & entir5ess ( an ea/]n dyna/y1 ! gorge\s spoils ( :i* are all t rema9 to atte/ its =m] greatness4 ,! mammo?s1 d9o!riums1 & k9dr$ pa*yd]ms ( ! t]ti>y gr\ps _h all left ! e>? on ! dawn ( ! human epo*4 ,& n[1 s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( t epo*1 we f9d t entire families h become extirpat$1 t species ( o!rs h be5 driv5 f _! =m] localities1 & t g5]ally1 bo? ( vegetables & animals1 ! geographical di/ribution is be+1 ye> by ye>1 greatly modifi$4 ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 ! introduction into ,g]many ( "s new species ( insects1 & _! multiplication1 utt]ly de/roy$ =e/s ( va/ ext5t2 & e ye>1 9 "s qu>t] ( ! globe1 we he> ( equally mighty cata/rophes produc$ by equally m9ute insidi\s causes4 ,! organic ?+s ( e>?1 x w\ld ?us appe>1 h _! t]ms ( exi/5ce ( long] & %ort] duration1 & ! race at la/ dies out equally ) ! individuals :i* compose x4 ,no bett] reason = ?is c be assign$1 ?an t su* is1 & has always be51 ! c\rse ( nature4 ,p>ticul> families ( plants & animals are cotemporane\s ) p>ticul> gr\ps ( rocks3 ) ^! !y are obs]v$ = ! fir/ "t2 at ! close ( ! deposit1 all f>!r traces ( _! rema9s are lo/2 &1 9 s f>1 !re is gr\nd = argu+ t ! same g5]al causes 7 conc]n$ 9 effect+ ! successive *anges1 organic z well z inorganic1 ( ! p]iods & =mations 9 "q4 ,:at ^! causes 71 x may nev] be p]mitt$ to sci5ce fully to det]m9e4 ,x 0 inde$1 ! op9ion ( ,cuvi]1 t 9 ! mammo? epo* a *ange ( climate effect$ ! de/ruction ( ?is giant family ( pa*yd]ms4 ,?is *ange ( climate has be5 acc\nt$ = by ,mur*ison & o!rs1 especially 9 ,sib]ia1 :]e s _m rema9s are f\nd1 by an elevation ( ! c\ntry to ! height ( "o or two hundr$-feet above its =m] level4 ,& d\btless1 by su* a *ange1 animal z well z vegetable life mu/1 9 _m specific =ms1 h be5 greatly affect$4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 h[ev]1 ( ! mo/ p]fect adaptive arrangem5ts prevail+ ?r\gh all ! geological epo*s1 "s ( :i* h be5 plausibly conjectur$4 ,z reptiles1 = in/ance1 diff] f birds & mammals1 9 hav+ a l[] & simpl] /ructure ( ! lungs & he>t1 & !re=e a less active p]=mance ( ! respiratory functions1 !y become less dep5d5t on ! atmosph]e or oxyg5 = exi/5ce4 8,h5ce10 says ,pr(essor ,ow51 8f _! extraord9>y preval5ce 9 ! second>y p]iods1 "u v>i$ modifications ( size & /ructure1 sev]ally adapt+ !m to ! p]=mance ( ^? tasks 9 ! economy ( organic nature :i* are n[ assign$ to ! w>m-blood$ & quick-brea?+ classes1 ! physiologi/ is l$ to conjecture t ! atmosph]e _h n und]gone ^? *anges1 :i* ! consolidation & conc5tration ( c]ta9 ( its elem5ts 9 subsequ5t additions to ! e>?'s cru/ may h occasion$ dur+ ! long lapse ( ages dur+ :i* ! ext9ction ( s l>ge a proportion ( ! reptilian class took place4 ,& if ! *emi/1 by wide & ext5d$ views ( 8 sci5ce 9 relation to geology1 & m9]alogy1 %\ld demon/rate1 z ! botani/ f consid]ations ( ! peculi> features ( ! ext9ct flora has be5 l$ to suspect1 t ! atmosph]e ( ?is globe =m]ly conta9$ m c>bon & less oxyg5 ?an at pres5t1 !n ! anatomi/ might1 priori1 h conclud$ t ! highe/ classes ( animals suit$ to ! respiration ( su* a m$ium mu/ h be5 ! cold-blood$ fi%es & reptiles4 ,& beside1 ! probability ( su* a condition ( ! zoological s]ies be+ connect$ ) ! *emical modifications ( ! air1 ! t]re/rial reptiles1 f ! inf]ior en]gy ( _! muscul> contractions1 & /ill m f ! great] irritability ( ! fib]s & p[] ( cont9u+ _! actions1 w\ld con/itute ! highe/ organiz$ species1 be/ adapt$ to exi/ "u great] atmosph]ic pressure ?an op]ates on ! surface ( ! e>? at ! pres5t "t40 ,by p>ity ( reason+ x may be inf]r$1 t z great *anges w\ld be effect$ 9 ! wat]s ( ! globe z 9 ! con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e2 &1 :ile ?us prep>+ = ! introduction ( new families ( animals1 ! de/ruction ( already exi/+ tribes may be z conclusively imag9$4 ,! v>i\s calc>e\s deposits 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one1 magnesian1 oolite1 & *alk p]iods1 w\ld imply v diff]5t qualities 9 ! condition ( ! ocean2 an infusion or ab/raction ( +r$i5ts z favorable to ! exi/5ce ( "o k9d ( animal life z !y w\ld be de/ructive ( ano!r4 ,a p]iod ( great plutonic action1 too1 :5 va/ masses ( melt$ matt]1 *>g$ ) metallic & o!r sub/ances1 7 p\r$ ov] ! b$ ( ! sea1 c\ld n fail to h consid]able influ5ce ^u _m ( ! inhabitants ( ! deep2 & :ile provid5ce 0 mak+ arrangem5ts = an increase1 or div]sity1 or = high] types ( animal life1 ! exi/5ce ( o!r =ms & classes 0 orda9$ to t]m9ate4 ,! introduction ( new & high] races ^u ! e>? has ?us be5 acc\nt$ =4 8,?r\gh su* a m$ium z ! air10 says ! au?ority quot$ above1 8approa*+ 9 a correspond+ degree to ! physical prop]ties ( wat]1 a cold-blood$ animal might ev5 rise above ! surface1 & w+ its heavy flight1 s9ce ?is w\ld dem& less en]getic muscul> actions ?an are n[ requisite = su* a k9d ( locomotion3 & ?us we may conceive :y ! atmosph]e ( our planet1 dur+ ! e>li] oolite p]iods1 may h be5 trav]s$ by creatures ( no high] organization ?an saurians4 ,if we may presume to conjecture t atmosph]ic pressure has be5 dim9i%$1 by a *ange 9 ! composition1 z well z by a dim9ution ( ! g5]al mass ( ! air1 ! beautiful adaptation ( ! /ructure ( birds to a m$ium ?us r5d]$ bo? light] & m invigorat+1 by ! ab/raction ( c>bon & an increase ( oxyg51 mu/ be appreciable by e physiologi/4 ,& x is n )\t int]e/ to obs]ve1 t ! p]iod :5 su* *ange w\ld be ?us indicat$ by ! fir/ appe>ance ( birds 9 ! ,weald5 /rata1 is likewise *>act]iz$ by ! preval5ce ( ^? d9osaurian reptiles1 :i* 9 /ructure mo/ ne>ly approa* mammalia1 & :i* 9 all probability1 f _! correspond5ce ) crocodiles 9 ! anatomy ( ! ?orax1 enjoy$ a circulation z complete z t ( ! crocodile :5 brea?+ freely on dry l&40 ,aga91 x is conjectur$--8,! fir/ indications ( ! w>m-blood$ classes w\ld appe>1 if introduc$ into ! reptilian era1 "u ! =m ( su* small insectivor\s mammals z are kn[n at ! pres5t day to h a l[] am\nt ( respiration ?an ! re/ ( ! class2 & ! e>lie/ discov]$ rema9s ( mammalia1--z1 = example1 ^? 9 ! ,/onesfield oolite1--are actually ! jaws ( su* species1 ) :i* are comb9$ ! *>act]s ( t ord]1 ,m>supialia1 :i* is mo/ ne>ly relat$ to ! ovip>\s v]tebrata40 ,x has be5 se5 t igne\s & aque\s ag5ts h remodel$1 f "t to "t1 ! physical geography ( ! globe4 ,c x admit ( a d\bt t *anges 9 ! physical /ructure ( ! e>?'s surface w be accompani$ ) o!r *anges 9 ! organic productions ( ext5sive areas8 ,species1 x is well kn[n1 bo? ( plants & animals1 are limit$ to p>ticul> localities ( v>iable1 & (t5 ( no great1 ext5t4 ,if m>9e1 an alt]ation 9 ! sea bottom w prove fatal to _m4 ,if t]re/rial1 an increase ( altitude1 ! conv]sion ( dry l& into m>%es & lakes1 or ( lakes & m>%es into mead[ & arid loamy soil1 w completely alt] ! flora & fauna ( ! di/rict 9 "q4 ,look into any e/u>y or rocky pool along ! %ore ( ! ocean1 sw>m+ ) te/acea1 & cru/acea2 e b[ld] incru/$ ) corall9es2 ! rocks c>pet$ all ov] ) fuci1 wav+ ) e ripple _! long graceful bran*es1 or smoo?+ & poli%+ _! sides 9 ! viol5t curr5ts2 creep+ ?+s1 too1 innum]able %y /eal?y creatures1 d>t+ amid ! %+le1 or burr[+ 9 ! s&s2 & ! f9ny tribes1 ( all =ms1 glanc+ & sp>kl+ l liv+ gems 9 ! d>k gre5 ?ickets4 ,?is is "o description only ( t5s ( ?\s&s ( su* ph5om5a ar\nd ! isl&s ( ,great ,brita94 ,an elevation ( a few feet1 & :at myriads ( animals1 ^: only habitat are ^! ocean caves1 w\ld p]i%1 & _! races be =ev] blott$ f ! ?+s t 76 ,^! %ores h witness$ _m su* upheavals4 ,n a pla91 hill1 or rock1 9 ! :ole cont95t ( ,europe1 b once =m$ ! b$ ( ! sea4 ,ev5 n[1 :at a va/ influ5ce does m9]alogical /ructure alone ex]cise ov] ! economy ( life1 bo? z to ! numb] ( individuals & ! "* ( species frequ5t+ p>ticul> localities4 ,trees z well z plants h an adaptation to c]ta9 k9ds ( soil1 & once firmly root$1 birds1 insects1 & creep+ ?+s1 w also resort ?i!r 9 que/ ( %elt] or ( food4 ,aquatic f[l1 ! wad]s & swimm]s ( our sea-%ores1 h _! favorite haunt among ! break]s or calm bays1 ^: subm>9e rocks furni% pa/urage & %elt] to molluscs1 cru/aceans1 & fi%es2 :ile1 aga91 ov] ! m>%y1 ! oozy1 ! s&y1 ! gravelly1 or ! rocky bea*1 o!r families1 bo? t]re/rial & m>9e1 ma9ta9 _! respective asc5d5cy4 ,m4 ,agassiz is j n[ pursu+ 8 favorite rese>*es 9 explor+ ! lakes & riv]s ( ,am]ica1 :]e he has already detect$ _m ?+s new & old to enlight5 ! we/]n savans 9 ! b\ndless ri*es ( _! mighty dom9ions4 ,he has succe$$ 9 captur+1 on ,lake ,sup]ior1 species ( fi%es hi!rto unnam$4 ,he has likewise be5 able to dr$ge up f ! same deep wat]s1 specim5s ( ! g>pike 7,lepido/eus71 ^: repres5tatives h be5 f\nd 9 ! olde/ palozoic deposits1 & 9 ! deposits ( all succe$+ times4 ,suppose ^! lakes to be sudd5ly dra9$ ( _! wat]s--& :i*1 accord+ to ! *ronometrical details ( ,niag>a1 mu/ "o day come to pass--& _m species ( animals & plants w\ld cease to exi/1 n m]ely by ! viol5ce ( ! action1 b by ! simple alt]ation ( ! aque\s "* ( ! di/ricts4 ,_m animals1 inde$1 w be able to escape1 & to betake !mselves to o!r localities amid/ sl[ or ev5 rapid sup]ficial *anges4 ,! camels & antelopes ( ! des]t may s9k "u ! sirocco & be buri$ 9 ! s&2 b1 9 o!r circum/ances1 !y w be able to be> up & c>ry !mselves to f]tile l&s1 z ! /eady1 irresi/ible m>* ( ! s&-flood invades _! =m] pa/ures4 ,! ,sah>a ( ,africa has be5 gradually ext5d+ & wid5+ 9 its desolat+ /]ility1 until x n[ cov]s a region ( ab\t #ehb1jjj squ>e miles2 h[ _m1 9 consequ5ce1 ( ! vegetable & animal races1 h ?us be5 depriv$ ( _! appropriate nutrim5t1 & become ext9ct8 ,h[ _m examples ( simil> deva/ations1 b ^u a f> great] scale1 does almo/ e "o ( ! geological epo*s furni%8 ,! c5tral region ( ,france ab\nd$ ) lakes1 attract+ to _! arboresc5t banks ! huge pa*yd]ms ( ! t]ti>y age1 :5 ! ,auv]gne cones blaz$ out1 p\r+ floods ( lava ov] lake1 m>%1 & pla92 & ?us oblit]at+ & silt+ up entire races1 ! great & ! small1 t]re/rial & lacu/r9e1 & n[ con/itut+ ! pictorial wond]s ( ! age t produc$1 & ! convulsions t de/roy$ !m4 ,!re is reason to believe t species 9 ! anci5t _w 7 possess$ ( a wid] geographical range ?an 9 aft] p]iods4 ,b ! causes ( extirpation 7 also ( wid] op]ation4 ,! old =mations are all great] ?an ! new1 rec$+ 9 ext5t z !y desc5d 9 "t4 ,& if we are to reg>d alt]ations ( climate1 *anges 9 ! con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 subsid5ce ( l& & elevation ( sea-bottom1 intrusion ( igne\s rocks1 ! escape & circulation ( noxi\s gase\s matt]1 z among ! causes :i* h l$ to ! ext9ction ( ! successive organic tribes 9 ! sev]al geological epo*s1 s d we f9d ! effects approximat+ to a scale ( correspond+ magnitude4 ,b ! real t]ms & b\nd>ies ( all are 9 ! h&s ( ,him :o made !m4 ,we see b a "p1 & "k only 9 "p1 ( ! second>y means ( de/ruction4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,"t1 ,,& ,,! ,,geological ,,epo*s4 ,! speculations ( geology respect+ ! arrangem5t & position ( ! m9]al masses ( ! e>? are matt]s ( direct obs]vation1 fall+ imm$iately "u ! cognizance ( ! s5ses1 & ^: v]ifications are bo? num]\s & conclusive4 ,b a "q !reupon arises :i* is n s easily dealt )1 namely1 z to ! p]iods ( "t t h elaps$ dur+ ! v>i\s successive epo*s or =mations describ$4 ,look+ at ! curr5t op]ations ( ! laws ( nature1 & suppos+ _! uni=mity 9 pa/ ages1 a scale ( increm5t is laid d[n = ! sev]al deposits ( :i* ! e>?'s cru/ is compos$4 ,an approximation is made z to ! numb] ( ye>s requir$ = ea*1 & ! result is1 t ! geological e/imate embraces an inconceivably l5g!n$ & bewild]+ s]ies4 ,! calculation proce$s n by hundr$s1 or ?\s&s1 b by millions ( ! t]ms ( our num]ical notation3 &1 z ! fossilif]\s /rata alone are reckon$ at ab\t sev5 or eight miles 9 ?ickness1 ! "t t has elaps$ s9ce ! fir/ appe>ance ( life ^u ! planet1 has also be5 made a matt] ( measurem5t4 ,accuracy z to any precise def9ite am\nt1 is n1 inde$1 pret5d$2 b no e/imate1 x is said1 made ^u purely geological data1 falls %ort ( va/ enorm\s p]iods1 :i* w only be> to be comp>$ ) ! cycles ( a/ronomical ph5om5a1 & n ) ! brief fleet+ days ( man's exi/5ce4 ,:at acc\nt1 !n1 is to be made ( ?is reckon+ accord+ to ! popul> op9ions respect+ ! orig9 ( ! _w8 ,w x be accept$ by ! ,*ri/ian1 :o confides 9 ! ,mosaic *ronology ( ! "w ( creation8 ,:at is t *ronology8 ,c ! geological & ! sacr$ be comp>$ or reconcil$ ) "o ano!r8 ,i4 ,!re is "o important d$uction to be e/abli%$ f ^! inve/igations :i* meets u at ! ?re%old ( ! inquiry1 namely1 t geology cle>ly & di/9ctly %[s !re is a ,,beg9n+ to ! c\rse ( creation z respects ! cru/ ( ! e>? & its organic =ms ( life4 ,! /ratifi$ rocks all manife/ succession 9 _! ord] ( deposition1 &1 !re=e1 also succession 9 "t4 ,"s are prior to & old] 9 =mation ?an o!rs2 & all ( e class & quality1 demon/rate pr9ciples ( arrangem5t 9 con=mity ) law & design4 ,we nev]1 = example1 get back to a p]iod1 h[ev] deep we g into ! int]ior1 9 :i* we f9d ! matt] ( ! e>? assum+1 z x 71 diff]5t modes ( exi/5ce1 or arrang+ itself accord+ to aff9ities ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce4 ,ov] e mat]ial sub/ance1 ! rocks ( ! olde/ z ( ! newe/ =mation1 ! same physical =ces are se5 to be op]ative4 ,! granites1 ) all ! molt5 amorph\s masses ( e age1 are compos$ ( +r$i5ts br\ght toge!r & aggregat$ 9 proportional quantities1 & accord+ to def9ite pr9ciples ( attraction4 ,b ?r\gh\t ! :ole s]ies & succession ( deposits1 we nev] come to a po9t at :i* matt] has be5 =mless1 or free f ! op]ation ( law1 endlessly quiesc5t1 or :5 no controll+ design+ h& 0 r5d]+ x pla/ic & ob$i5t to its w4--,z ) ! arrangem5ts ( matt]1 !re=e1 s likewise ) its orig94 ,we rev]t 9 bo? cases to a necess>ily prior cause4 ,& geology1 va/ & inconceivably great z may be its cycles1 proclaims ov] all its pa/ antec$5ts & dep?s ( accumulation1 t ,,"t1 n et]nity1 is indelibly record$4 ,?is tru? is r5d]$ /ill m app>5t & intelligible1 :5 we consid] ! v>i\s families ( plants & animals ( :i* ! e>? has be5 ! !at]4 ,^! organic /ructures at once speak to ! m9d ( creative int]f]5ce4 ,no pr9ciple t we "k ( inh]5t 9 nature c\ld1 ( itself1 orig9ate ^! =ms4 ,! fir/ ?+ ( life indicates an intellig5t ,creator4 ,b epo* aft] epo* passes away1 & along ) !m _! liv+ tribes g5]ally p]i%4 ,succe$+ races1 ( diff]5t *>act]s & habits1 are call$ into exi/5ce4 ,! e>? is aga9 peopl$--aga9 to be swept ( all its g>niture--! l& & ocean to *ange places--creatures ( ano!r mold1 suit$ to bo?1 aga9 to be br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,^! ph5om5a all speak1 n only ( a beg9n+1 ( successive p]iods ( "t1 b also ( direct sup]9t5d5ce ov] ! c\rse ( ev5ts f age to age4 ,x is ! same ) ! =mations !mselves 9 :i* ! organic ?+s are imb$d$4 ,! c\rse ( creation progresses1 b always "u su* breaks & r5ewals z cle>ly to manife/1 t ! same p[] :i* wat*es ov] ! organic1 is op]ative also 9 respect ( ! inorganic /ructures ( ! e>?4 ,v>i\s are ! g5]a & species ( once animate =ms1 imb$d$ 9 ! diff]5t /rata b5ea? our feet2 b equally v>i\s are ! /rata !mselves2 z a new race arises1 s are !re new =ms ( rocks produc$ along ) !m4 ,& :5 we comp>e ! two extremes ( ! fossilif]\s /rata1 ! silurian & ! t]ti>y1 or any ( ! int]m$iate--! old r$ s&/one & ! oolites1 ! c>bonif]\s & ! *alk--we f9d t ! rocks are j z v>i\s 9 quality1 /ructure1 & appe>ance1 z are ! animals :i* exi/$ & p]i%$ dur+ _! respective epo*s4 ,! l9es ( dem>kation are di/9ct4 ,!y may sometimes run into ea* o!r1 s z to leave x d\btful :]e ! "o s]ies ends & ! o!r beg9s2 b s x is ) ! organic rema9s !mselves1 a few ( an antec$5t epo* liv+ into & invad+ ! prov9ce ( ano!r1 :5 ! limit is rea*$1 & ! family altoge!r disappe>s4 ,! same law holds 9 ! great m9]al masses ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,rocks are ( diff]5t families1 ev5 z plants & animals are2 & ov] ! entire surface ( ! globe1 !y display 9 _! v>i\s suites su* *anges & div]sities z demon/rate an int]f]+ h& & a new creative en]gy4 ,inde$1 !re is1 x may be av[$1 a mu* great] div]sity ( type 9 ! m9]al gr\ps !mselves ?an 9 _! organisms1 ! liv+ g5]a & species ( "o =mation diff]+1 (t51 less f ea* o!r ?an d ! rocky matrices 9 :i* _! rema9s are imb$d$4 ,,ii4 ,b1 9 e/imat+ ! "t t elaps$ dur+ ! =mation ( ! v>i\s s$im5t>y /rata1 are geologi/s w>rant$ 9 assum+ su* pr9ciples ( calculation z h be5 adopt$8--,!re are two aspects "u :i* ! subject may be approa*$--! "o1 z respects ! =mative process ( rocks--! o!r1 ! probable duration ( life 9 ! diff]5t epo*s1 or r1 z connect$ ) ! =mations :i* indicate ! epo*s4 #a4 ,,( ,,! ,,=mative ,,process4 ,h[ long ! e>? exi/$ be=e be+ br\ght into a habitable condition = ei!r vegetable or animal bodies1 geology has no means ( det]m9+4 ,! prim>y cry/all9e b$s are ! olde/ rocks ( :i* we h any k3 we c p5etrate at lea/ to no antec$5t matt]1 be>+ ! record ( its own age1 out ( :i* ^! rocks 7 produc$4 ,we are w>rant$1 !re=e1 9 acc\nt+ = _! orig91 to rem\nt at once to ! initial creative act :i* call$ !m into be+1 & ! presumption is1 t no great l5g? ( "t 0 occupi$ 9 ?is arrangem5t4 ,! ,div9e w comm&$1 e p>ticle obey$1 & all took _! places4 ,! eruptive rocks are ( comp>atively sudd5 gr[?3 !y are n ! result ( a gradual deposition1 b ( igne\s fusion 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 & elevat$ to ! surface ?r\gh ! op]ation ( =ces ( rapid activity4 ,h[ long our planet 0 9 ?us assum+ =m1 & ! dry l& appe>+1 we h no c]ta9 means ( judg+1 except by look+ to ! end ( its creation1 & assum+ t ! 8void0 0 n p]mitt$ indef9itely to cont9ue4 ,! occupancy ( life at once exalts ! "w & illu/rates its purpose4 ,! fossilif]\s /rata 7 =m$ 9 diff]5t circum/ances & "u diff]5t conditions1 :5 ! c\rse ( nature1 if we may s speak1 0 fully e/abli%$1 & ! tra9 ( ev5ts "u ! op]ation ( physical law comm5c$ its onw>d m>*4 ,! olde/ ( ! fossilif]\s deposits is ! ,silurian4 ,x likewise con/itutes "o ( ! greate/ dep?1 z well z ( ext5t1 on ! surface ( ! globe4 ,! position1 g5]ally1 ( ! silurian b$s1 is along ! l9e ( ! great m\nta9-*a9s1 except 9 ,russia1 :]e !y spread ov] ! int]ior1 & ?9 out into small] dim5sions1 & :]e1 f ! abs5ce ( ! intrusive rocks1 !y are only semi-indurat$4 ,?is sy/em ( rocks 01 !re=e1 =m$ 9 circum/ances ! mo/ favorable = rapid accumulation1 amid/ su* primal op]ations ( nature z h nev] be5 repeat$ ^u ! same scale ( magnitude4 ,! fir/ %ap+-out1 if we may s speak1 ( ! e>?'s surface1 9 ! elevation ( its m\nta9-ranges & correspond+ depressions ( ! sea-bottom1 be>s all ! m>ks ( a s+le cotemporane\s act1 n complet$ 9 a mom5t ( "t inde$1 b cont9u$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( unp>allel$ spasmodic ag5cy4 ,e region %>$ 9 ! convulsive movem5ts1 & ! :ole e>?1 9 "o & ! same age1 0 begirt ) m\nta9s4 ,^! viol5t ?roes 7 accompani$ ev]y:]e ) viol5t action ^u ! already consolidat$ masses4 ,dis9tegration w\ld keep pace ^u !m ) ! rate ( uprise4 ,& z ! b>e jagg$ rocks unprotect$ ) h]bage1 friable & j r5d+ f ! fire1 7 lift$ sudd5ly above ! wat]s1 ! wat]s 9 turn w\ld da% viol5tly ^u _! sides & brok5 s]rat$ cre/s1 & s become z rapidly fill$ aga9 ) all ! wa/e & spoils ( ! p]iod4 ,! *anges n[ go+ on1 & ! rate ( increm5t ( ! l& above sea-level1 ! occasional appe>ance & disappe>ance ( an isl&1 ! sl[ b con/ant action ( ! waves ^u ! coa/1 & ! detrital matt] borne d[n by ! riv]s1 c be no measure ( ! effects ( =ces & ag5cies su* z 7 !n 9 op]ation4 ,! ,mississippi1 )9 a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 x has be5 asc]ta9$1 br+s d[n little m ?an a half ( its =m] spoils4 ,! organic rema9s1 accord+ly1 :i* h surviv$ ! silurian p]iod1 belong *iefly to ! mollusc\s classes1 & ?9 filmy fucoid vegetables2 ! /ructures1 9 %ort1 :i* 7 be/ calculat$ to live dur+ ! p]iod 9 "q1 & to rema9 unde/roy$ ?r\gh\t its agitations4 ,! old r$ s&/one s]ies is likewise ( va/ ext5t1 bo? 9 dep? & sup]ficial area4 ,! scale ( its mass corresponds ) ! scale ( ! =ces :i* produc$ x--! magnific5t op]ations amid/ :i* x 0 accumulat$4 ,?is 0 a p]iod ( great & frequ5t trappean eruption4 ,h5ce ! conglom]ate r$ (f]s a spl5did specim5 ( rapid =mation4 ,?is memb] ( ! devonian suite consi/s ( l>ge masses ( gneiss1 qu>tz1 mica-slate1 & hornbl5de rock1 cem5t$ 9 a pa/e ( silici\s s&1 probably ! debris ( dissolv$ granite4 ,! includ$ portions be> all ! m>ks ( attrition1 ( viol5t toss+ ab\t 9 a tr\bl$ sea4 ,e/imate ! ?ickness ( ! :ole deposit at its maximum ( ne>ly t5 ?\s& feet--consid] :at va/ ag5cies 7 /ill at "w1 9 te>+ up & c>ry+ (f ! spoils ( ! m\nta9s--probably ) b little pause or int]mission 9 ! viol5ce ( ! action--& ?us1 n s mu* 9 ! light ( remote antec$5ts z ( comp>atively associat$ =mations1 w we be w>rant$ 9 reg>d+ ^! e>ly c\rses 9 ! "w ( creation4 ,! fi%es ( ! p]iod all speak ( its spasmodic "*1 mail$1 plat$1 & completely inclos$ 9 /rong horny integum5ts2 _! heads1 "s ( !m1 ( entire uncov]$ bone1 & _! caudal f9s propell+ ) ! :ole =ce ( ! v]tebral column1--conditions ( /ructure :i* give indications ( ! /ormy seas ^: waves !y _h to buffet1 & ( ! cons]v+ prop]ties by :i* _! =ms & outl9es h be5 transmitt$ to u s wond]fully entire4 ,! c>bonif]\s class ( rocks h all ! m>ks ( a v peculi> =mation1 con/ruct$ = a special purpose1 & elaborat$ amid/ an extraord9>y /ate ( ?+s4 ,"h we meet ) va/ accumulations ( vegetable1 calc>e\s1 & metallic sub/ances1 = :i* we detect no ant]ior prep>ations4 ,! com+ on & ! outgo+ ( ! :ole coal s]ies are z di/9ct z !y are surpris+4 ,to :at are we to comp>e !m8 ,by :at scale ( "t are we to adju/ ! t]ms ( _! gr[?8 ,proce$+ ^u ! exi/+ laws ( nature1 calculations h be5 made z to ! rate ( increase1 = a ye>1 ( pure vegetable matt]1 ov] a giv5 area4 ,! ,ganges1 ,nile1 ,amazon1 ,mississippi1 ,la ,plata1 & ! o!r mighty riv]s ( ! e>?1 h be5 appeal$ to z to ! quantities ) :i* !y are annually *>g$4 ,! =e/s1 ) _! load ( e revolv+ season1 h be5 weigh$1 :5 _! decad5ce ( leaves1 fruits1 bran*es1 & all ! ga!r+s f ! flood & /orm h be5 duly tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! result is1 accord+ to ?is me?od ( solv+ ! problem1 t ab\t six hundr$ ?\s& ye>s 7 occupi$ 9 ! production ( ! :ole coal s]ies4--,x mu/ be admitt$1 9 any attempt to r$uce ?is numb]1 t ! viol5t =ces ( ! antec$5t p]iods _c be admitt$ z data ( circulation2 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! c>bonif]\s era1 a /ate ( repose seems to h univ]sally prevail$4 ,b !n all ! liv+ productive p[]s ( nature 7 j z viol5tly 9 op]ation z ! o!rs 7 quiesc5t1 & ! result 9 ! "o case be>s a proportion to ! result 9 ! o!r4 ,if inorganic matt] 0 rapidly collect$ by ! action ( viol5t causes1 s "u an extraord9>y /ate ( ?+s1 ( climate1 moi/ure1 atmosph]e1 & o!r physical arrangem5ts1 organiz$ bodies1 vegetable & animal1 w\ld multiply z rapidly4 ,a condition ( nature t produc$ uni=mity ( vegetation ov] ! entire surface ( ! globe1 z ! coal deposit ev]y:]e manife/s1 & all ( gigantic dim5sions 9 e family ( plants1 is n m]ely to be d5om9at$ tropical1 & its results calculat$ by a scale ( exi/+ weights & measures4 ,9 _m places ( ! e>?1 ev5 n[1 sev]al h>ve/s are reap$ )9 ! ye>4 ,:o c set b\nds to _! numb]1 or guess ! prodigi\s increase1 :5 ! :ole e>? 0 cov]$ ) a flora1 n only ( unrival$ exub]ance1 b ( uni=m di/ribution ne>ly on e "p ( its surface8 ,b a te/ ( indisputable value1 = asc]ta9+ ! rate ( increase 9 ! s&/ones & %ales embrac$ )9 ! coal-measures1 occurs 9 ! case ( ^? fossil trees :i* are s frequ5tly f\nd 9 an upright position1 or b little incl9$ to ! plane ( /ratification4 ,^! are num]\s 9 e coal-field1 & are (t5 trac$ ?r\gh sev]al lay]s or b$s ( rock4 ,! fossil trees ( ,craiglei? & ,granton 7 ab\t fifty feet 9 l5g?1 & ly+ at an angle ( sc>cely tw5ty degrees to ! /rata 9 :i* !y 7 imb$d$4 ,_! passage ?r\gh ! solid rock1 !re=e1 _c be e/imat$ at less ?an fifte5 to tw5ty feet1 t is1 a mass ( s&/one ( correspond+ dep? mu/ h be5 =m$1 dur+ ! comp>atively %ort p]iod t trees ( l(ty /ature 7 able to resi/ ! de/roy+ action ( ! elem5ts1 to say no?+ ( ! *ances ( curr5ts1 hurricanes1 & o!r ag5ts break+ !m 9 pieces4 ,?is in/antia crucis may be ext5d$ to e s&/one b$ ( ! =mation1 & ?us s]ve to ex]cise a salut>y re/ra9t ^u ! m9d 9 its imag9>y conceptions ( ! enorm\s p]iods ( "t requir$ = ! accumulation ( ! :ole s]ies4 ,! c>bonif]\s epo* 0 imm$iately succe$$ by a p]iod ( great viol5ce & ( va/ di/urbance 9 ! solid cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,h5ce ! brok5 incl9$ position ( ! coal /rata1 & ! injection ( s mu* igne\s matt]1 =m+ (t5 ridges & hills ( consid]able elevation4 ,! new r$ s&/one1 ! ov]ly+ deposits1 w\ld %>e 9 all ! activity ( ! "t4 ,a cel]ity ( increase1 on a scale ( m rapid accumulation ?an exi/+ causes c\ld produce1 mu/ consequ5tly fall to be admitt$ to ! rocks ( ?is family3 s mu*1 inde$1 0 ! plutonic ag5cy !n 9 =ce1 t ! rock-salt & gypse\s b$s are ascrib$ to its influ5ce4 ,f ?is p]iod d[nw>d1 ! =mations are all ( m contract$ dim5sions1 ! bas9s n>r[+ 9 sup]ficial area to ! upp] t]ti>ies1 :i* p>take ( ! "* ( local r ?an ( univ]sal deposits2 :ile ! evid5ces "h are innum]able t1 until ! globe settl$ into its pres5t =m1 & assum$ its pres5t arrangem5t ( seas1 cont95ts1 & m\nta9s1 ! l& & wat] 7 cont9ually *ang+ places1 ! cru/ & framework subject to con/ant upheaval4 ,! ,cordill]as & ,himalaya con/itut$1 9 ^? days1 ! b$ ( ! ocean4 ,:at law ( nature 0 n 9 viol5t activity ere !y atta9$ _! sublime altitudes6 ,h[ _m riv]s *ang$ _! c\rses6 h[ _m m\nta9s 7 wa%$ to _! summits6 h[ _m hills melt$ l wax at ! voice ( _! ,creator1 amid/ convulsions :i* swept ! e>? s repeat$ly ( its liv+ tribes1 & b>$ z (t5 ! bosom ( ! great deep6 ,we h n1 9 ?is enum]ation ( ! m9]al /rata ( ! e>?'s cru/1 z yet spok5 ( any ( ! calc>e\s deposits4 ,!y are v num]\s1 "s ( !m ( prodigi\s ?ickness1 & belong to ! =mations ( e epo*4 ,!re is n "o1 b _m1 alt]nations ( lime/one connect$ ) e su* =mation4 ,:5ce ! s\rce ( all ?is mat]ial8 ,! prim>y b$s are n 9 suffici5t mass to h furni%$ supplies = e succe$+ age4 ,! m\nta9 lime/one alone1 ( ! middle second>y epo*1 conta9s m calc>e\s matt] ?an is to be f\nd 9 ! ?ree antec$5t p]iods4 ,! lias1 oolites1 & *alks are likewise ( va/ ?ickness4 ,! b$s ( ! t]ti>y gr\p are less consid]able2 b 9 ! gypse\s m>ls1 & num]\s alt]nat+ b&s ?r\gh\t ! clays & s&s ( ! =mation1 !re is ! cle>e/ evid5ce t ! /ores ( nature 7 /ill abundant4 ,nor are !y yet exhau/$4 ,:at supplies 9 e riv]1 sea1 & ocean ( ! _w6 ,:at c\ntless myriads ( liv+ animals are n[ employ$ 9 elaborat+ ! mat]ial6 ,& :5 we aga9 inquire1 :5ce is x all8 ! answ] is1 t ?r\gh\t all "t1 a wise & b\ntiful ,provid5ce has !reby provid$ ! pabulum = its successive creations ( organiz$ bodies--! law ( _! nature is to pile up rocks--& 9 all ! monum5ts ( ! pa/1 we disc]n ! /yle & ar*itecture ( ! build]s ( ! pres5t4 ,look1 !n1 to y\r /ill active1 liv+1 work+ *ronomet]4 ,) :at incr$ible swiftness d ^! m9ute creatures ply _! labors6 h[ _m fa?oms ( coral reef w !y re> 9 a season6 ,:5 ! hapless m>9] returns1 aft] a brief %ort int]val1 :at haz>ds to run f /ructures :i* n[ = ! fir/ "t appall him ) _! =midable b>ri]s6 ,millions ( ye>s6 ,n ev5 ?\s&s are ne$$ to con/ruct isl&s1 & to pill> ! floor ( ! ocean1 ov] va/ exp&$ areas1 ) broad1 massive1 indurat$ rock4#ac #b4 ,,! ,,probable ,,duration ,,( ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,epo*s4 ,! geologi/ w tell u n to look at "o b at ! v>i\s families1 ( all k9ds & ( all habits1 :i* 8 sci5ce has br\ght to light1 & s _m ( ^: rema9s he has dis9t]r$ f ! e>?4 ,e =mation ab\nds ) !m4 ,!y fl\ri%$ ?r\gh e epo*4 ,! epo*s are _m4 ,! tribes :i* exi/$ & p]i%$ 9 !m are _m4 ,to all[ "t = ! com+ 9 & ! go+ out1 & ! fulfillm5t ( _! v>i\s de/9ies1 :at an untold1 incalculable am\nt ( ages mu/ h elaps$6 ,n[1 give ! millions ( ye>s suppos$1 & ! wond] "s may n hesitate to confess is1 t !re are s few1 & n s _m1 ( ! =m] creatures ( ! e>? :i* h re-appe>$ 9 our geological catalogues4 ,! fossil regions ( ,great ,brita91 an epitome ( ! _w1 h be5 well explor$1 & ! /atem5t ( fact /&s ne>ly z foll[s3--,leav+ out ( consid]ation all ! %elly & lime-build+ tribes1 ! numb]s ( ! o!r families ( animals hi!rto f\nd & describ$ are1 9 ! v>i\s gr\ps ( ! silurian sy/em1 eight g5]a ( only "o ord] ( fi%es2 9 ! devonian1 ( two ord]s1 !re are "u =ty g5]a1 & n _m m species ( fi%es1 9 ! c>bonif]\s1 ( ?ree ord]s1 !re are ab\t fifty g5]a1 & a hundr$ species ( fi%es2 9 ! p]mian & triassic1 ( ?ree ord]s1 !re are tw5ty g5]a1 & fifty species ( fi%es & reptiles2 9 ! oolitic1 ( f\r ord]s1 !re are sixty g5]a1 & two hundr$ & tw5ty species ( fi%es1 reptiles1 & mammals2 9 ! weald51 !re are1 ( ?ree ord]s1 tw5ty-five g5]a1 & ?irty-eight species ( fi%es & reptiles2 9 ! cretace\s1 ( six ord]s1 !re are fifty g5]a1 & eighty species ( fi%es1 reptiles1 & birds2 9 ! t]ti>ies1 ( sev5 ord]s1 ! g5]a are ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty1 & two hundr$ & tw5ty species ( fi%es1 reptiles1 birds1 & mammals3 ?us mak+ 9 all ab\t f\r hundr$ g5]a1 & sev5 hundr$ species ( ! l>g] families ( liv+ creatures dur+ ! :ole curr5cy ( ! geological epo*s4 ,! curr5t epo* conta9s1 exclusive ( microscopic organisms1 ne>ly two millions ( species ( vegetable & animal bodies exi/+ on ! t]raque\s globe2 & ( :i* !re are ab\t eight ?\s& species ( fi% alone exi/+ 9 our pres5t seas4 ,:5 we take1 in/ead ( ,great ,brita91 ! :ole explor$ geological field ( ! _w1 ! result1 s f> z ! argum5t is conc]n$1 w be /r5g!n$1 n weak5$4 ,! =mations ( o!r l&s are simply1 ) slight v>iations1 a repetition ( our own4 ,! same g5]a ( animals are ev]y:]e preval5t4 ,! specific types are likewise 9 _m in/ances id5tical4 ,! silurian organisms ( ,russia are s l ^? 9 our own isl&1 t 8no ,engli% geologi/10 says ,mur*ison1 8acqua9t$ ) ! organic cont5ts ( ! ,w5lock lime/one1 c view ! ,calym5a ,blum5ba*ii1 ,c4 macroph?alma1 ,c4 v>iol>ia1 & o!r ,trilobites associat$ ) ! ,leptna depressa1 ,l4 euglypha1 ,t]ebratula reticul>is1 & _m corals mo/ famili> to him1 )\t at once recogniz+ 9 ! upp] /rata ! di/9ct repres5tative ( t ,briti% =mation40 ,v>i\s o!r fossilif]\s id5tities are f>!r allud$ to1 :5 x is add$--8,9 tak+ leave ( ,sc&9avia1 we mu/ specially adv]t to ! close relations :i* exi/ betwe5 its l[] & upp] silurian gr\ps1 & ^? ( ,great ,brita9 & di/ant p>ts ( ! _w4 ,( #acc silurian fossils :i* we br\ght back or not$ on ! spot1 at lea/ eighty-f\r are ,briti%1 & f tw5ty-five to tw5ty-sev5 are ,nor? ,am]ican species4 ,9 ?is comp>ison ! id5tity ( ! upp] silurian gr\ps ( ! ,baltic & ,great ,brita9 is1 inde$1 mo/ surpris+2 =1 among sev5ty-f\r ,sc&9avian species1 upw>d ( sixty are common to ! /rata ( ?is age 9 bo? c\ntries1 & ( ^!1 fifte5 to sixte5 species are also f\nd 9 ! upp] silurian rocks ( ,am]ica40 ,! devonian fossils are equally /rik+ 9 _! resemblances & ext5sive geographical di/ribution4 ,simil> repres5tatives are detect$1 & /ill m abundantly1 9 ! c>bonif]\s =mation--univ]sal specific types ( ! fauna ( ! epo*4 ,"o rem>kable in/ance has be5 /at$--^u ! au?ority ( ,m4 ,l4 ,von ,bu*--t ! ,leptna lata1 s typical ( ! silurian rocks ( ,brita91 is specifically ! same ) ! ,leptna s>c9ulata1 :i* is no less preval5t 9 ! ,russian c>bonif]\s /rata1 & cont9u$ ev5 ?r\gh\t its upp]mo/ memb]s4 ,our field ( review1 !re=e1 conta9s a fair proportion ( ! v>i\s fossils ( ! _w1 specific & g5]ic4 ,! =mations ly+ be=e u ?r\gh\t our base-l9e1 give a true indication ( ! /ate & conditions ( life dur+ ! sev]al epo*s1 :ile 9 numb] & v>iety ( individual =ms !y are above ! av]age4 ,ne$ x !n be urg$1 t no su* incalculable cycles ( ages w\ld be requir$ = ! :ole ( ?is catalogue ( animals fulfill+ 9 _! sev]al epo*s _! allott$ de/9y ^u ! e>?8 ,comp>$ ) ! mass ( inorganic matt] 9 :i* !y are entomb$1 _! relics are lit]ally z no?+4 ,only "h & !re1 ( c]ta9 classes1 at remote int]vals (t51 !re is a fossil or its impression4 ,& s entire & well-pres]v$ are ^! organisms1 t we h reason to presume !re has be5 no great oblit]ation1 absorption1 or utt] wa/e ( ! races to :i* !y belong$4 ,on ! contr>y1 z _! di/ribution is s p]si/5t 9 _! respective =mations ?r\gh\t ! globe1--! same g5]a & species be+ common to ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w1--! presumption is1 t specim5s ( ne>ly all ! tribes t ev] dwelt on ! e>? or sw>m$ 9 its wat]s h be5 h&$ d[n to u2 & ?us ! numb] ( ! actual relics f\nd becomes1 z x 71 a *ronomet] or measure ( ! ages dur+ :i* !y subsi/$4 ,look aga9 at ! dem&s ( geology4 ,upw>d ( ,,sixte5 ,,millions ,,( ,,ye>s#ad are suppos$ to h elaps$ s9ce ! creation ( life ^u ! e>?4 ,! l[e/ ( ! rocks1 9 :i* t life has f\nd its grave1 h be5 rea*$4 ,_! cont5ts1 upw>d1 h be5 exam9$ & catalogu$4 ,h[ _m g5]ations ( animals mu/ h subsi/$ )9 t p]iod8 ,h[ _m individual skeletons mu/ h be5 entomb$ & pres]v$1 see+ t ?+s ( ! filmie/ texture1 plants & animals1 h be5 inclos$ & h&$ d[n to u entire8 ,quadruple ! ages ( e "o ( ! exi/+ d5iz5s ( sea & l&1 & /ill1 :at c\ntless millions ( g5]ations1 succe$+ ea* o!r1 h liv$ & di$ dur+ ! eras t 7 to run8 ,geology pres5ts u ) h] li/1 h] :ole l5g!n$ organic roll1 ( sc>cely f\r hundr$ g5]ic1 & less ?an eight hundr$ specific =ms1 ga!r$ out ( all ! pa/ cemet]ies ( ! dead4 ,! cemet]ies !mselves1 ( su* va/ walls & dim5sions1 may1 accord+ to ! pres5t mordant p[]s ( ! elem5ts & ! capacity ( riv]s = ! transport ( mud1 h requir$ ! calculations usually assign$ = _! erection4 ,b :]e1 ! "q w ev] recur1 :]e is !re any?+ l a correspond+ am\nt ( animal exuvi ap>t f ! calc>e\s supplies1 to be f\nd 9 ! successive =mations1 con=m+ 9 any approximation to ! exi/+ p[]s & capacities ( p>turi5t nature8 ,! fossil rema9s1 inclos$ f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! inconceivable cycles ( "t1 are ! rema9s only ( a few great families3 _! skeletons are admirably pres]v$1 or _! ca/s are m9utely & accurately engrav5 on ! rock2 & d !y n look z if !y 7 ! id5tical individuals :i* rose 9 ! dawn & 7 buri$ 9 ! sett+ ( _! own geological epo*6 ,if we g /ill f>!r into details1 ! results w be f\nd />tl+ en\gh4 ,let u select "o ( ! p]iods1 ! old r$ s&/one1 = illu/rat+ our views4 ,! p]iod assign$ = ?is =mation embraces a t]m ( ab\t1 we %all suppose1 accord+ to ! geological di/ribution ( "t1 a million or two ( ye>s4 ,?is =mation consi/s ( ?ree great subdivisions1 e "o ( :i* conta9s _! di/9ct specific =ms1 & h5ce _! sep>ation into ! l[]1 middle1 & upp] gr\ps4 ,?is 0 pre-em95tly ! fi% epo*--f9n]s :i* roam$ 9 undi/urb$ possession ( e sea on ! surface ( ! globe4 ,dropp+ into ! wat]s1 & spe$ily silt$ up 9 ! s&s1 ! skeletons 7 9 ! be/ ( all possible circum/ances = pres]vation2 & accord+ly1 ! specim5s ( ! p]iod con/itute ! wond] ( ! geologi/1 = _! enamel$ fre%ness & p]fect outl9e ( figure4 ,! productiv5ess ( fi% is prodigi\s1 ! cod-fi% multiply+ at ! rate ( ?ree millions & a-half1 mack]el at ab\t half a million1 & mo/ ( ! o!r tribes at a correspond+ high ratio4 ,c\nt n[ h[ _m g5]ations1 ( e "o ( ! species ( ! sep>ate gr\ps ( ! old r$ s&/one s]ies1 w\ld exi/ & multiply dur+ a p]iod ( s _m hundr$ ?\s& ye>s4 ,! mod]n epo* & its bre$]s h sc>cely rea*$ _! six ?\s&4 ,:5 six times six h be5 add$1 & sixty times m h be5 add$ to ^!1 !y w /ill be a ?ird %ort ( ! t]m allott$ to ! favor$ d5iz5s ( ! old5 "t4 ,& :]e1 amid/ ! well-protect$ few t h yield$ up _! rema9s1 are ! traces ( ! myriads ^u myriads t p]i%$ & 7 buri$ along ) !m8 ,to ! g5us ,homo1 ! head ( creation1 few ?9k ( ! e>?1 z x n[ is1 be+ ! abode = p]iods reckon$ by millions ( ye>s4 ,nay1 )9 8 z yet brief p]iod1 h[ _m ( 8 cotempor>ies h already pass$ f ! /age1 extirpat$1 _m ( !m1 by 8 own direct ag5cy8 ,! dodo1 & 8 fell[ isl&] ! solitaire1 & o!r brevip5nate birds1--probably1 too1 ! elk & ! urus1--c]ta9ly f ?is isl& ! beav]1 ! wolf1 & ! be>1 & j z c]ta9ly1 at no di/ant day1 ! ext9ction ( _m o!r races w foll[ 9 ! onw>d progress ( civilization4 ,b z n[1 s 9 all pa/ ages1 sup]ior p[]1 or a m dextr\s in/9ct1 h l$ to _! extirpation4 ,_! de/9y 0 fulfill$1 & ! race p]i%$4 ,& z we are reason+ ^u ! kn[n laws ( nature1 :5ce ! geologi/ only seeks a foot+ = 8 va/ cycles ( "t1 s1 we v5ture to affirm1 is he b\nd to abide by ! te/ ( 8 own selection1 & to read !re9 ! t]ms ( life grant$ to ! families ( e>?4 ,! mod]n epo* %[s ! outgo+ ( g5]a z well z ( species )9 ! limit$ compass ( a few ?\s& ye>s--gives reasonable indications ( ! probable ext9ction1 spe$ily & at no di/ant p]iod1 ( hundr$s ( o!rs1--^! families possess$1 all ( !m1 ( z endur+ /ructures1 & ( high] types ( exi/5ce1 ?an ^? ( ! old] epo*s1--&1 !re=e1 ^u e fair gr\nd ( analogy1 are we ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t !re c be no su* div]sity ( ages1 "u "o & ! same sy/em ( nature1 z t ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s to ! liv+ tribes ( e>?4 ,:5 su* premises are made ! gr\nds ( su* inf]5ces1 &1 aga91 :5 ! geologi/ reit]ates ! /atem5t t ^! great p]iods ( "t correspond wond]fully ) ! gradual increase ( animal life1 & ! successive creation & ext9ction ( numb]less ord]s ( be+1 & ) ! incr$ible quantity ( organic rema9s buri$ 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 we h j to rem9d him t betwixt great p]iods ( "t1 & ! gradual increase ( animal life1 !re is no necess>y connection4 ,h[ev] long & indef9ite ! "t connect$ ) ! rocky =mations1 c]ta9 x is t ! successive organic tribes 7 creat$ )9 a p]iod t admits1 & c admit1 ( no calculation :atev]1 n ev5 ( any analogical illu/ration f exp]i5ce or ! kn[n laws ( nature4 ,! species1 h[ev] num]\s1 ( e epo* 7 call$ at once into be+1 n gradually b in/antly1 by ! fiat ( an all-creative act4 ,_! multiplication & increase dep5d$ ^u ! law ( _! nature2 b h[ long !y 7 to be privileg$ to multiply1 9 "o unv>y+ specific =m1 accord+ to t law1 is a po9t t comes legitimately )9 ! range ( exp]i5ce & ! calculations ( exi/+ life4 ,let n ?+s :i* diff]1 !re=e1 be mix$ toge!r4 ,! organic & ! inorganic types1 9 ! act ( =mation1 _c be comp>$4 ,& no argum5t c be adduc$ f ! fact ( ! m]e numb]s ( animal species1 or ( _! individual increase1 9 support ( ! assum$ l5g? ( any geological epo*4 ,species z well z individuals h p]i%$1 & gone out )9 ! n>r[ limits ( our own epo*1 & yet h multipli$ 9 prog5y ?r\gh c\ntless myriads4 ,! same c\rse ( argum5t applies to e "o ( ! =mations1 to "s ( !m ( va/ ?ickness1 ev5 m conclusively1 :]e we f9d ! same species p]si/5t ?r\gh\t ! gr\p1 & ! same g5us (t5 ext5d+ ov] two or ?ree entire =mations1 embrac+ p]iods ( geological "t ( z _m millions ( ye>s4 ,?us ! ,leptna lata ( ! ,silurian age lives on to ! close ( ! ,c>bonif]\s2 ! trilobite1 e>lie/ ( liv+ creatures1 has its repres5tatives /ill 9 our mod]n seas2 ! mail-clad holopty*ius exi/$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s eras2 & equally rem>kable is ! fact t ! ,on*us ,m>*isoni1 ! olde/ fi% yet detect$ 9 ! rocks ( ! e>?1 is a creature m alli$ to ! exi/+ g5us ,sp9ax 7! dog-fi%7 ?an to any o!r family ( relics inclos$ 9 all ! int]m$iate asc5d+ s]ies ( deposits4 ,among ! infusoria x is asc]ta9$ t !re' are two k9ds ( liv+ ,gallionell id5tical ) ! fossil species 9 ! ,ri*mond clays ( ,virg9ia2 :ile aga91 9 geological botany1 we h all ! types ( ! coal =mation /ill fl\ri%+ ) ! sane gigantic =ms 9 ! cont95ts & isl&s wa%$ by ! ,pacific4 #c4 ,,! ,,sup]ficial ,,accumulations4 ,! argum5t ( ! geologi/s1 = _! indef9ite p]iods ( "t1 proce$s ma9ly ^u ! assumption t ! pres5t & ! pa/ op]ations ( ! laws ( nature are ne>ly uni=m2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! exi/+ rate ( increm5t ( detrital & alluvial matt]1 9 seas1 deltas1 & riv]s1 is to be tak5 z ! /&>d ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s geological epo*s4 ,tri$ by ! te/ ( ! sup]ficial accumulations1 ! subject is br\ght )9 a manageable compass1 ! def9ite is sub/itut$ = ! indef9ite1 & ! scale ( accumulative p[] 9 ! anci5t w be 9 ! ratio ( its erosive & transport+ ag5cy 9 ! mod]n epo*4 ,! products ( volcanoes also fall to be consid]$ 9 e/imat+ ! effects ( causes n[ 9 op]ation4 ,! b[ld] clay comes fir/ & legitimately )9 ! scope ( ?is e/imate2 =1 :atev] !ory ( its =mation be adopt$1 :e!r by ! sudd5 subm]g5ce ( a va/ arctic cont95t & consequ5t upbreak+ ( ! icy regions ( ! pol> seas1 by ! sweep ( a univ]sal deluge1 or a viol5t upheaval ( ! b$ ( ! ocean1 c]ta9 x is t ! mat]ials 7 br\ght toge!r by rapid spasmodic action4 ,?is deposit cov]s ! :ole ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 mu* ( ,asia1 & ext5ds ov] ! va/ cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 z f> z ! #db ( latitude3 x v>ies f a hundr$ to sev]al hundr$ feet 9 dep?3 & ?us1 s f> z quantity & ext5t ( sup]ficial area are conc]n$1 ! b[ld] clay =mation may be comp>$ ) any ( ! old] rocky =mations ( ! int]ior4 ,b no geologi/ has v5tur$ to speculate ab\t an indef9ite cycle ( ye>s1 z ! condition ( ! planet dur+ ! drift & accumulation ( ^! rude & pla/ic mat]ials4 ,! s&s & gravels :i* succe$ are likewise ( great dep?1 spread ov] ext5sive valleys1 & rise on ! acclivities ( hills five & six hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,?is may be reg>d$1 all ( x1 z ! collect ( ! curr5t epo*2 & )9 ! p]iod ( civilization & hi/ory & ! arts1 :at s&-floods h be5 c>ri$ to e qu>t] ( ! globe1 cov]+ entire regions1 deva/at+ cities1 & oblit]at+ ! v traces ( man's dom9ion ov] c\ntries once subject to 8 use4 ,nor w\ld fossils be want+ to complete ! analogy1 z ! dunes along ! %ores ( e cont95t1 & especially on ! coa/ ( ! ,nor? ,sea 9 ,norway1 ,d5m>k1 ,holl& & ,belgium1 only require consolidation 9 ord] to repres5t ) liv+ in/ead ( ext9ct species1 ! fossilif]\s deposits ( ant]ior times2 m p>ticul>ly ! ,molasse & ,nagelflue ( ! ,swiss ,alps4 ,ne> ,t\rs1 9 ,france1 !re is a b$ ( oy/]-%ells :i* is tw5ty-sev5 miles long1 ) a correspond+ bread?1 & tw5ty feet ?ick4 ,& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re are b$s f> exce$+ ?is3 a /ratum1 ne>ly cont9u\s1 has be5 trac$ f ! ,eutaw ,spr+s 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 to ! ,*ickasaw c\ntry--be+ six hundr$ miles 9 l5g? by t5 to a hundr$ miles 9 bread?4 ,:5 we desc5d f ! l& to ! sea we f9d equally ext5sive accumulations1 spread ov] ! bottom1 or rais$ along ! tide-level 9 ! =m ( b>s1 %oals1 & banks4 ,! :ole ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates#ae is bord]$ ?r\gh\t by a l9e ( s&-banks & isl&s1 ( v>i\s =ms & outl9e1 b v uni=m 9 _! m9]al +r$i5ts1 be+ compos$ = ! mo/ "p ( a f9e1 :ite1 & qu>tzose s&4 ,on ! coa/s ( ! s\!rn /ates1 ! ,c>ol9as & ,virg9ia1 !y =m a *a9 ( l[ isl&s1 sep>at$ f ! coa/ by a s]ies ( lagoons2 :ile high] up1 on ! s\!rn coa/s ( ,new ,engl&1 !y occur z subm>9e ridges1 p>allel to ! coa/1 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by wide *annels4 ,to ! nor?1 ^! ar5ace\s deposits are /ill m ext5sive1 =m+ va/ subm>9e plateaux1 su* z ! ,/4 ,george & ,newf\ndl& banks4 ,& at ! bottom ( all ! bays & creeks ( t mu* ind5t$ l&1 prodigi\s silt+s are go+ =w>d1 n "u ! =m ( n>r[ ridges1 b z broad connect$ /rata or flats2 consi/+ seaw>d ( v f9e s&1 & m inw>d ( a co>se gravel1 & 9 n a few in/ances ( calc>e\s mud1 :]e ! deposit takes place 9 ! vic9ity ( coral reefs4 ,! same processes are 9 op]ation ar\nd e isl& & by ! %ores ( e cont95t :]e tidal action favors ! deposition ( ! mat]ials--! result z n[ asc]ta9$1 n s mu* ( riv]s1 z ( oceanic curr5ts4 ,! dep? ( ^! s&s x is impossible to det]m9e2 b ?\s&s ( feet may n rea* _! s\nd+s4 ,& z to organic rema9s1 !y are mo/ favorably situat$ & compos$ = attract+ & su/a9+ e k9d ( m>9e creature3 x is ^u ! banks t bord] ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica t ! mo/ ext5sive fi%]ies are c>ri$ on1 because ^! are ! abodes ( ^? myriads ( inv]tebral animals--! molluscs1 annelides1 & zoophytes1 types ( ! old] =mations--:i* s]ve = ! food ( fi%es1 ! ct5oids & cycloids ( m>itime ent]prise4 ,& ?us1 co-ext5sive ) ! littoral t]ritories ( ! ocean1 we h all ! elem5ts & +r$i5ts ( a ,,=mation1 complet+ )9 ! human epo*1 t may almo/ rival ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one itself4 ,nor does ! analogy t]m9ate 9 ! production1 :e!r ( "o or _m b$s1 ( s& & gravel deposits4 ,simultane\sly ) ^!1 !re w be silt+s & accumulations ( v>i\s k9ds ( mat]ials arrang+ !mselves1 at diff]5t dep?s1 ov] ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,! b$s1 too1 w h _! edges slid ov] ea* o!r1 & :]e ma9ta9+ a degree ( p>allelism1 ! incl9ation ( ! m remote memb]s ( ! suite w correspond ) ! increas+ dep? ( ! sea bottom4 ,!n ! imb$d$ rema9s w be z v>i\s z ! diff]5t k9ds1 g5]a1 & species ( animals t frequ5t ! diff]5t localities2 nor w eruptive matt] be always want+ to give div]sity to ! sc5e1 indurat+1 dislocat+1 & dis>rang+ ! relative position ( ! deposits3 ,until we h =m$1 )9 our pres5t seas1 ! :ole complem5t ( a geological =mation--! calc>e\s1 muddy1 s&y1 gravelly suites1 cotemporane\s 9 orig9 & gr[?1 ) all _! div]sity ( fossils1 liv+ & imb$d$ at ! same p]iod--"s b$s consi/+ entirely ( microscopic or o!r m>9e bodies--"s compos$ ( vegetable & o!r mix$ mat]ials--"s :]e ! l& & wat]s h m+l$ _! spoils toge!r--& all to be unit$ & agglut9at$ into "o great composite sy/em by ! dykes & eruptions ( subm>9e volcanoes4 ,^! processes are all n[ 9 active op]ation2 &1 )\t /ra9+ ! argum5t1 ! cle> und5iable inf]5ce is1 t1 z ! am\nt ( mat]ials accumulat$ & arrang$ 9 ! mod]n1 s w be ! ratio ( increase 9 ! m anci5t p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory & revolutions4 ,& h5ce ?\s&s1 n millions ( ye>s1 w\ld1 ^u su* inductions1 be ! scale ( reckon+ z to "t4 ,b to /ate ! argum5t 9 ?is =m is va/ly to und]rate ! =ces ( nature 9 ! primeval times4 ,!re are1 on ! contr>y1 ! /ronge/ reasons = believ+ t ! two classes ( ph5om5a c be> no proportion to ea* o!r1 ei!r z to ! mann] ( or ! p]iods occupi$ 9 _! =mation4 ,! bulk ( dry l&1 comp>$ ) wat]1 0 !n1 z all geological appe>ances te/ify1 p]haps only a tw5tie? in/ead ( a ?ird "p1 z n[1 ( ! sup]m>9e area ( ! globe4 ,h[ inf9itely great]1 !re=e1 w\ld be ! action ( ! wat]s ov] all ! mat]ials subject to _! dis9tegrat+ p[]1 :e!r ^u ! isl&s & cont95ts already rais$ above _! waves1 or ^u ! imm5se subm>9e tracks ( rock j lift+ up _! peaks & wait+ to be elevat$ into air8 ,nor 9 allud+ to volcanic products c we fail to p]ceive h[ imm5sely inf]ior are ! mod]n to ^? ( ! palozoic ages1 :5 all ! great m\nta9-ranges 7 bur/+ into position2 ! ,am]ican cont95t1 n z n[ ) a few isolat$ eruptive c5t]s1 b r5d+ all ov]1 z ! mighty ,&es & ,cordill]as 7 ris+ above ! deep & assum+ outl9e2 & 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe ! plutonic1 erosive1 & d5ud+ ag5cies 7 ^u a scale ( correspond+ magnitude4 ,leibnitz1 9 8 8,protoga10 has long ago anticipat$ ^! views1 :]e1 9 ! ma/]ly sket* ( 8 lead+ geological canons1 he di/9ctly ref]s to ! m int5sive en]gy ) :i* physical causes mu/ h act$ 9 primordial times2 & consid]s t ^! disruptions ( ! e>?'s cru/1 f ! di/urbances communicat$ to ! incumb5t wat]s1 mu/ h be5 att5d$ ) diluvial action on ! l>ge/ scale4 ,! maxim secut inundationes1 !reby occasion$1 _h produc$ _! natural effects1 :5 ! p]iod ( repose succe$$--! quiesc5tibus causis1 atque aequilibratis1 consi/5tior em]g]et r]um /atus1 z he s beautifully describes "o out ( _m recurr+ /ages ( p>oxysm & repose dur+ ! ,c\rse ( ,creation4 ,:atev] views may be adopt$ on ?is mom5t\s "q1 ,i %all conclude by obs]v+ t x is n necess>y1 9 support ( ! "o "h advocat$1 to assume t ! second>y causes :i* h produc$ ! geological ph5om5a ref]r$ to1 7 diff]5t 9 k9d f ^? 9 op]ation at ! pres5t day4 ,b x is ass]t$ t su* physical causes mu/ h be5 imm5sely increas$1 9 ! degree & int5sity ( _! action1 by ! v diff]5t condition ( ! planet1 & ! circum/ances "u :i*1 9 consequ5ce1 !y began to op]ate4 ,z to ! millionade doctr9e1 if ,i may s t]m x1 !re are 9 e view ! greate/ difficulties 9 ! way ( its adoption1--errors ( calculation some:]e to be correct$1 inconsi/5cies to be reconcil$1 conditions ( organic life gratuit\sly assum$ & to be rectifi$4 ,x matt]s n1 inde$1 :e!r we take ! organic or ! inorganic /ructures ( ! sev]al p]iods z ! gauge ( _! probable duration--! liv+ tribes t exi/$ ?r\gh\t su* p]iods1 & ^: relative ages we c approximate to--or ! dead rock 9 :i* ! rema9s are int]r$1 & 9 ! accumulation & arrangem5t ( :i* s _m extraord9>y ag5cies h be5 demon/ratively conc]n$4 ,! laws ( nature1 9 ! "o case1 are ne>ly uni=m2 species z well z individuals h _! limit$ t]ms ( exi/5ce2 & exp]i5ce e/abli%es ! fact1 t ! liv+ tribes ( ! mod]n epo* h1 9 sev]al in/ances1 become ext9ct )9 a comp>atively %ort p]iod ( "t4 ,! op]ations ( nature1 9 ! o!r case1 are subject to va/ div]sity1 great & sudd5 *anges1 & app>5tly limit$ by no asc]ta9$ maximum ( developm5t4 ,& ?us comb9$1 s f> z our pres5t /ate ( k ext5ds1 ! inf]5ce is w>rantable1 t 9 ! geological regi/] ! error may be "o--( ,,millions ( ye>s' reckon+6 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,mosaic ,,record--,,acc\nt ,,( ,,creation4 ,! conclusion attempt$ to be e/abli%$ by ! prec$+ mode ( reason+1 is n ( ! k9d1 nor w x be s satisfactory z1 _m desid]ate4 ,! sacr$ *ronology1 accord+ to ! common int]pretation1 rema9s z x 02 & no h>mony c ?us be e/abli%$ betwixt x & ! d$uctions ( geology4 ,br+ d[n ! epo*s to ?\s&s in/ead ( millions ( ye>s1 & /ill ! ,,days ( ,scripture are n expla9$4 ,! hi/orical & ! sci5tific acc\nts ( ! c\rse ( creation are j :]e !y 71 ! "o bas$ on ! ^w ( its ,au?or1 ! o!r re/+ on ra% or d\btful int]pretations ( ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,leave u1 says ! geologi/1 to grope our own way3 my/ical z our records are1 we di/urb no e/abli%$ tru?1 & imag9ation delights to lose itself 9 ! f>-di/ant pa/4 ,let n1 says ! div9e1 ! speculations ( a new sci5ce--a sci5ce ( ye/]day--be mix$ up ) m important matt]s ( religion3 we are )9 ! sacr$ prec9cts ( revelation1 & our oracles give =? no dubi\s mean+s--no isot]ic doctr9es = ! initiat$ only4 ,! m>vels ( geology c]ta9ly are1 9 e view t c be tak5 ( !m1 deeply int]e/+ to ! m9d4 ,! volume ( creation1 read 9 ! light ( its discov]ies1 is trac$ back ?r\gh pages :i* h be5 long hid f day2 & ^! n[ make kn[n to u a /ory ( life & dea?1 ( activities & enjoym5ts1 ( cata/rophes & revolutions1 :i* surpass 9 wond] ! inv5tions ( ! m]e romance writ]1 or all t regulat$ g5ius c p\r 8f pictur$ urn0 ( h] mo/ fasc9at+ lore4 ,b be ! "t occupi$ 9 ! elaboration ( ^! records :at x may1 ! records !mselves h an actual be+1 & a language ( intellig5ce indelibly impress$ ^u !m4 ,!y are g5u9e1 au!ntic docum5ts ( _! au?or4 ,!y may be mis9t]pret$4 ,inf]5ces may be d$uc$ f !m = :i* !re is no w>rant2 con/ructions put ^u passages :i* !y w n legitimately be>2 or ! true key ( ! volume1 9 its great lead+ tru?s1 may n z yet h be5 f\nd4 ,/ill ! "w is ( ,god1 :olly & entirely ! writ+ ( 8 own h&4 ,revelation is also ,8 "w2 &1 claim+ to be f ! same au?ority z ! o!r1 re/s its pret5sions to be receiv$ z an au!ntic docum5t ^u ! gr\nd ( creation4 ,x gives details1 & ent]s into explanations ( ! nature & orig9 ( creation2 & x decl>es t ! same ,div9e ,be+ :o made ! heav5s & ! e>?1 has also record$ _! hi/ory & reveal$ 8 w to man4 ,x is by no m]e casualty1 !re=e1 or z a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 t ! ,bible comm5ces its n>rative by an acc\nt ( creation4 ,t acc\nt is !re z ! f\ndation ( "o ( its own claims to belief1 te/ify+ to its cr$ibility t x is ( ,god2 t ,he plac$ x !re1 n z a skillful writ] w\ld d 8 preface1 b because ( ! fact1 t ! invisible ?+s ( 8 nature are to be se5 & und]/ood by ! ?+s :i* are made4--,:at is ?us decl>$ ^u ! subject ( creation1 is likewise liable to mis9t]pretation4 ,x may n be read aright4 ,b ( ! acc\nt itself !re c be no "q1--t x is giv5 z a real1 z x ev] mu/ be reg>d$ a true "o1 ( ! ,div9e op]ations4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to arrive at any j conclusions respect+ ! comp>ison to be in/itut$ betwixt ! geological & ! reveal$ acc\nt ( creation1 we %all fir/ inquire into ! k9d1 z well z am\nt1 ( in=mation conta9$ 9 ! ,mosaic record4 ,! r5d]+ ( ! t]m 8day0 w !n fall to be consid]$ 9 relation to ! ord] ( ev5ts indicat$ 9 bo? acc\nts4 ,i4 ,! n>rative proce$s ) a fullness & m9ut5ess ( detail1 :i* cle>ly %[ a purpose 9 ! writ]4 ,did ,moses actually mean to trace ! :ole ( creation 9 its primordial c\rse & outl9e8 ,assum+ t he did1 ! phraseology is po9t$ & admirably suit$ to its subject4 ,admitt$ into ! pres5ce-*amb] ( ! ,creator1 he sees ! in/rum5ts ) :i* he works1 ! rapidity ) :i* he executes1 ! subs]vi5cy ( all be+ to 8 w1 ! arrangem5t & disposition ( all ?+s at 8 pleasure4 ,kn[+1 z we n[ d f ! highe/ au?ority1 :at 0 ! "w ( creation1 & :5ce x orig9at$1 ! intellig5t m9d disc]ns also ! suitabl5ess ( ! description1 & ! ,div9e selection ( words employ$ to record x4 ,!re is inspiration 9 ! p5cil1 z well z omnipot5ce 9 ! h&1 :i* trac$ out ! plan ( creation1 & br\ght x into exi/5ce4 ,! ,cause will$1 & ! effect imm$iately 01--,,9 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,god ,,creat$ ,,! ,,heav5 ,,& ,,! ,,e>?4 ,"h1 betwixt ,god & 8 "w !re are no int]m$iate ag5cies1--no pause or re/ 9 ! act ( com+ into be+4 ,a mat]ial univ]se is design$1 & ! sub/ance ( x is in/antly produc$4 ,! inspir$ hi/orian proves t he 0 inspir$1 by ! brevity ( ! hi/ory ( ! ev5t1 by ! employm5t ( words s p]fectly adapt$ to ! nature ( ! act4 ,he proves f>!r1 t we h "h indicat$ ! precise c\rse ( creation1 & t he meant s to repres5t x--t ! heav5s & ! e>? are ( "o & ! same act--t ! physical univ]se1 ?r\gh all its dom9ions & remote/ sph]es1 />t$ at "o & ! same "t into be+4 ,! sun1 moon1 & />s 7 n[ all =m$1 z well z our own planet4 ,! /ell> sy/ems 7 ev]y:]e arrang$2 & ! worlds ( matt] _h _! places all assign$ !m ?r\gh inf9ite space4 ,?is "p ( ! ,div9e act+s mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! f>!r evolution ( creation z describ$ 9 ! "w ( ! f\r? day1 :i* has ref]5ce manife/ly to ! division ( "t & ! appo9tm5t ( ! seasons1 ?r\gh ! revolution ( ! planet>y worlds4 ,! condition ( ! e>? z x fir/ came f ! h& ( its fram] is next allud$ to4 ,x 0 8)\t =m & void10 & involv$ 9 d>kness2 t is1 ! arrangem5ts necess>y to con/itute a habitable globe1 7 n complet$4 ,!re 0 no div]sity ( surface--no division into hill & valley1 into seas & riv]s2 ! air1 ! dry l&1 & ! wat]s1 _h n yet assum$ _! respective places4 ,=m 0 n yet /amp$ ^u ! matt] ( ! globe4 ,consequ5tly x 0 also ,,void1 or )\t inhabitants4 ,nei!r vegetables nor animals 7 !re4 ,!y c\ld n exi/ be=e ^! necess>y adaptations = life 7 adju/$4 ,let ! read] note ?is /age ( ! "w4 ,m>k+ ! precise1 def9ite phraseology ( ! inspir$ writ]1 let him s]i\sly reflect :e!r he has "h be=e him ! fir/ /ate ( ! new _w1 or ! %apeless ru9$ aspect ( "o ( its subsequ5t geological trans=mations8 ,none ( ! elem5ts1 he w n fail to obs]ve1 h be5 describ$ z yet exi/+ 9 sep>ation4 ,! c\rse ( creation has n advanc$ s f>2 &1 if x _h done s1 no geologi/ pret5ds to ass]t1 t at ! close ( any "o ( 8 epo*s1 ! laws ( nature 7 aboli%$1 & all ?+s rev]t$ to _! pri/9e =mless condition4 ,) :at propriety1 !n1 may x be ask$1 c an op5+ be made 9 ?is "p ( ! n>rative wide en\gh to embrace1 or to h int]calat$ into x1 all ! phases ( an ar*aic e>? "u 8 num]\s =mations1 & ! va/ cycles ( "t 9 :i* !y _h be5 evolv+8 ,! language employ$ admirably repres5ts :at we c well suppose ! orig9al physical /ate ( ! planet to h be52 & t /ate accords bett] ) ! fir/ ?an ) ! la/1 or any ( ! int]m$iate s]ies ( ! geological *anges4 ,& ! e>? 0 )\t =m & void2 & d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep2 & ! ,_s ( ,god mov$ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s2 & ?us gave %ape & outl9e to ! planet>y mass4 ,! light 0 !reupon produc$4 ,we are n told :5ce1 nor out ( :at4 ,l all ! matt] ( ! univ]se1 x />t$ into be+ at ! call ( ! ,creator1 sudd5ly1 z its own brilliant fla%+ emanations ov] ! d>kness at ?is h\r4 ,!n came day & night2 & ?is implies1 t !re came along ) !m ! revolution ( ! globe & ! comm5cem5t ( motion 9 ! a/ral univ]se4 ,! production ( a firmam5t or atmosph]e is next allud$ to1 & 9 imm$iate connection ) ?is "p ( ! "w1 :]eby a m$ium 0 provid$ = ! diffusion ( ! light & ! play ( all t beauty & v>iety ( color+ by :i* ! e>? 0 to be adorn$4 8,& ,god said1 ,let !re be light3 & !re 0 light2 & ,god divid$ ! light f ! d>kness4 ,& ,god call$ ! light day1 & ! d>kness he call$ night4 ,& ,god said1 ,let !re be a firmam5t 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s1 & let x divide ! wat]s f ! wat]s40 ,light1 ! subtile/ & fleete/ ( all elem5ts1 has ne>ly elud$ e ef=t ( man to detect or analyze its ess5ce4 ,x travels swift z ?\ght ?r\gh inf9ite space4 ,x spreads its e!real =ce ov] e oppos+ ob/acle4 ,x gives brilliancy to ! gem1 =m to ! cry/al1 color to ! fl[]1 heal? to animal life1 & is s indisp5sable to e exi/+ condition ( exi/+ physical nature1 t1 7 ! m&ate ( its creation revok$1 we "k j z mu* ( its pr9ciple z to see 9 its annihilation a relapse into t /ate ( *aos :5 all ?+s 7 )\t =m & void4 ,n only ! beauty ( organic /ructure1 b ! molecul> arrangem5t ( ! m9]al m\nta9 masses ( ! e>?1 w\ld1 9 all probability1 h be5 an impossible condition ( matt] )\t ! exi/5ce & ag5cy ( light4 ,& light1 :e!r gl[+ 9 ! sol> disc1 gleam+ 9 remote/ />s1 or break+ & sp>kl+ 9 ! ra9-drop1 :at revelation has sci5ce made ( x beyond its prop]ties ( lu/] & activity8--,we trace its effects2 we disc]n its influ5ce ^u all bodies2 b :5 we w\ld g deep]1 & seek to "k x ess5tially & 9 itself1 we c only speak ( x z ! utt]ance ( ,him :o said1--,,let ,,!re ,,be ,,light4 ,nor has sci5ce made any attempt1 at lea/ no successful "o1 to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,its con/itu5t elem5ts are kn[n4 ,!y are e day made ! subject ( direct exp]im5t4 ,! solution & asc5t ( wat] 9 ! air is also a matt] ( daily visible occurr5ce4 ,b by :at process ?is great mass ( impalpable fluid 0 br\ght toge!r1 envelop+ ! entire e>?1 & susp5d$ z a curta9 ov] our heads1 no +5uity or dext]ity ( man has be5 able to det]m9e4 ,!re is no evid5ce by :i* to expla9 x ^u ! pr9ciples ( natural law1 sl[ly elaborat+ ! mat]ials1 & pil+ !m high 9 ! />ry vault4 ,! atmosph]e1 inde$1 mu/ ev] /& 9 ! orig9al =mation1 ! result ( ! imm$iate creative act1 br\ght toge!r 9 all its volume & va/ incr$ible capacity ( receiv+ & hold+ 9 its grasp ! gase\s residue ( all e>?ly ?+s4 ,& :at ( its electricity1 its magnetism1 ! aurora & its /ream+ meteors1--its ?und]1 lightn+1 cl\ds1 & ra91--all1 %all we say1 ! in/antane\s effect ( ! au?oritative comm&8 ,,& ,,god ,,said1 ,,let ,,!re ,,be ,a ,,firmam5t ,,9 ,,! ,,mid/ ,,( ,,! ,,wat]s6 ,we e day see ! conv]sion ( wat] into /eam1 & /eam into air2 & ! air1 l ! ocean1 receiv+ e sub/ance into itself4 ,b1 nev]!less1 x is n inf]r$ t !re is any augm5tation to ! volume ( ! atmosph]e1 any increase or ess5tial *ange ^u its orig9al mass4 ,)\t ! exi/5ce ( ?is fluid1 ! e>? w\ld h be5 no suitable place = any ( its liv+ inhabitants1 vegetable or animal4 ,!re=e 0 x creat$2 !re=e does ! acc\nt ( its creation /& 9 ! ord] 9 :i* we f9d x 9 ! ,mosaic n>rative2 &1 !re=e1 f ?is v circum/ance1 are we n w>rant$ to inf] t we h be=e u a description ( ! actual g5esis ( ?+s--t x is n a remodel+ or trans=mation ( ! old1 b ! v]itable c\rse "u :i* all creation 0 at fir/ br\ght into be+1 =m1 & p>ts1 t ! inspir$ writ] int5ds to record8 ,we _c refuse1 by p>ity ( reason+1 to conclude ! same z to ! imm$iately succe$+ act 9 ! ,div9e op]ations4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! surface ( ! e>? 0 n[ to be effect$2 &1 j z "o portion ( ! wat]s 0 lift$ & exp&$ into air1 s1 9 consequ5ce ( a diff]5t proportion 9 ! elem5ts1 & evolution ( new pr9ciples1 ! seas 7 =m$ & ga!r$ into ! depressions occasion$ by ! rais+ up ( ! dry l&1 its consolidation into rocks & m\nta9s4 ,?is is ! />t+ po9t ( geology4 ,! sci5ce c get no deep]4 ,x beg9s all its rese>*es1 & builds all its calculations1 ^u t cry/all9e cru/ :i* is t]m$ prim>y1 :i* is co-ext5sive ) ! sup]ficial area ( ! globe1 :i* is f\nd 9 e region1 & b5ea? :i* no explorations h any:]e be5 made4 ,& :]e=e n assume ?is z an imm$iate =mation1 z a direct prep>atory arrangem5t1 l ! seas & atmosph]e1 = ! life t 0 j to be provid$ ) a habitation ^u x8 ,a beg9n+ = organic bodies is demon/rable ^u geological evid5ce4 ,! l[e/ fossilif]\s rocks h be5 rea*$1 & ev]y:]e !y are f\nd to ma9ta9 ! same relative position4 ,! inf]5ce1 !re=e1 is legitimate1 nay1 probable1 t ! prim>y =mations ( geologi/s con/itut$ ! fir/ dry l&1 z h]e9 describ$2 & t ,"t1 calculat$ accord+ to ! op]ations ( natural me*anical laws1 c ent] 9 no way into our speculations z to _! orig94 8,& ,god said1 ,let ! wat]s "u ! heav5 be ga!r$ toge!r 9 "o place1 & let ! dry l& appe>3 & x 0 s40 ,! c\rse ( creation proce$s4 8,& ,god call$ ! dry l& e>?1 & ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ! wat]s call$ he seas40 ,! globe 0 ?us divid$ into l& & ocean4 ,an atmosph]e embraces ! :ole1 temp]+ ! heat & cold ( ! "o1 receiv+ ! exhalations ( ! o!r1 & bo? prep>$ = ! m9i/rations requir$ ( !m4 ,! dry e>? is repres5t$ z be+ fir/ ! seat ( organic life4 ,! new & b>e surface is cov]$ ) h]bage4 ,! grasses1 %rubs1 & trees all />t into be+1 prep>$ ea* = ! diffusion & cont9uance ( _! k9d1 by yield+ se$ & fruit4 ,& !n comm5c$ on ! !at] ( our globe ! successive evolution ( ! pr9ciple ( life1 subtile1 active1 prolific1 9 all ! b\ndless prodigality ( nature1 & my/]i\s /ill z ! ess5ce & f\nt ( all-creative ,be+4 ,at ?is "p ( ! n>rative x is g5]ally suppos$1 accord+ to ! common read+1 t !re is a retrograde /ep1 z x 71 introduc$4 ,! day & night h be5 made to prec$e ! creation ( ! sun & moon2 & n[ to supply ! defici5cy we are told ( ! appo9tm5t ( ^! lum9>ies 9 ! heav5s 8to give light ^u ! e>?40 ,b ?ree days & ?ree nights h already revolv$4 ,d\btless !y h1 b n )\t light1 = light has be5 creat$2 & n )\t a provision = ! night1 = ! light has be5 divid$ f ! d>kness4 ,! e>? has be5 revolv+ ^u its own axis2 t occasion$ ! succession ( day & night !n z n[4 ,ano!r motion is communicat$1 :]eby x revolves 9 its orbit & circles r\nd ! sun2 t causes ! v>iety ( ! seasons1 & ! divisions ( ! ye>4 ,! lum9\s matt] diffus$ ?r\gh space1 & equally %9+ ^u all bodies1 has be5 assembl$ into ! great c5tral orbs1 to be ! disp5s]s ea* ( light & heat to _! respective sy/ems2 & ^u ^! arrangem5ts be+ e/abli%$1 bo? days & nights1 seasons & ye>s1 are all dep5d5t ^u1 z !y all arise f1 ! revolution ( ! planets r\nd ! c5tral lum9>y4 8,& ,god said1 ,let !re be lights 9 ! firmam5t ( ! heav51 to divide ! day f ! night2 & let !m be = signs & = seasons1 & = days & = ye>s40 8,& ,god made two great lights2 he made ! />s also40 ,! orig9al does n be> out ! s5se ( !re be+ 9 ^! in/ances an act ( creation2 nei!r does ! ,engli% t]m itself always imply t mean+4 ,light-be>]s1 or ! depositories ( illum9ation1 is ! true r5d]+ ( ! ,hebrew4 ,! ,septuag9t translators h us$ simil> relative t]ms1 & 9 our own language ! expression 8made0 (t5 signifies fa%ion$1 =m$1 us$1 con/ra9$4 ,& s ! phrase "h ref]s n to ! creation1 b to ! uses ( bodies already describ$ z be+ 9 exi/5ce1 & creat$ along ) all matt] 9 ! beg9n+4 ,b n[ !y are inve/$ ) new prop]ties1 are arrang$ s z to p]=m new functions1 & /& 9 relations ea* to ea*1 at ! bidd+ ( ,him :o br\ght !m into be+4 ,next to ! summon+ ( ! univ]se into exi/5ce1 ?is 0 ! mo/ /up5d\s act ( ,div9e p[]1 & we "k z mu* ( ! "o z ( ! o!r4 ,"s ( ! prop]ties ( matt] we are acqua9t$ )4 ,! laws ( motion we c def9e 9 "s measure1 & calculate also _! effects4 ,b :5ce ! "o1 & h[ ! arbitr>y appo9tm5t ( ! o!r1 ?r\gh all ! inf9ite div]sity ( sy/ems & sph]es--precise1 h>moni\s1 & ord]ly--baffles all ! +5uity ( sci5ce to det]m9e4 ,m>k1 too1 ! ord] ( ! introduction ( ?is new class ( facts1 j 9 ! due c\rse & regulation ( nature4 ,:5 life is m5tion$1 & ! e>? is clo!d ) v]dure1 ! seasons beg9 _! r\nd1 & ! div9ely-in/ruct$ hi/orian acqua9ts u ) ! cause4 8,& ,god set !m 9 ! firmam5t ( ! heav5 to give light ^u ! e>?2 & to rule ov] ! day & ov] ! night1 & to divide ! light f ! d>kness40 ,! wat]s are n[ repl5i%$ ) _! /ores ( animal life1 & by ! same act ( creation ! air receives its /ock ( w+$ tribes4 ,!n foll[s1 z ! "w ( ano!r di/9ct p]iod ( "t1 ! introduction ( ! t]re/rial races--! liv+ creature aft] 8 k9d--! cattle--& creep+ ?+--& bea/ ( ! e>? aft] 8 k9d4 ,! description "h is g5]al4 ,! ord]s1 g5]a1 & species are n nam$4 ,/ill ! catalogue is l>ge & amply descriptive4 ,! v>i\s types ( organic /ructure are allud$ to1 & ea* t]m or epi!t ( ! quadruple li/ is ela/ic en\gh to embrace "o & all ! div]sifi$ families ( ! mo/ me?odical naturali/4 8,& ,god made ! bea/ ( ! e>? aft] 8 k9d1 & cattle aft] _! k9d1 & e creep+ ?+ t creepe? ^u ! e>?1 ea* aft] 8 k9d40 ,su* is ! acc\nt1 ! ord]1 & c\rse ( creation1 z set =? 9 ! inspir$ record4 ,! description ( ! v>i\s g5]ative acts is simple1 di/9ctive1 & consonant ) ! en]gies ( ! ,w by :i* !y are p]=m$4 ,! :ole n>rative is "o ( _m1 )9 ! compass ( ! sacr$ volume1 9 :i* a /rict adh]5ce to ! lett] leads to a s\nd int]pretation4 ,! wisdom ( man w be conf\nd$ :5 x tries to fa?om ! me?ods & devices ( ! div9e ,artific] 9 orig9at+ 8 works4 ,8 safety w (t5 be 9 di/ru/+ 8 own und]/&+1 9 n magnify+ ov]mu* ! +5uity ( 8 own speculations1 & 9 sometimes believ+ t ev5 sci5ce w be exalt$ by approximat+ to1 r ?an by dep>t+ f1 ! lit]alities ( ,scripture4 ,,ii4 ,comp>e n[ ! epo*s ( geology ) ! ,,days ( ,scripture1 & !re w be obs]v$ at lea/ a rem>kable co9cid5ce betwe5 !m4 ,! fossilif]\s sy/ems ( ! "o are ne>ly ! same 9 numb] ) ! descriptive p>agraphs 9 ! o!r4 ,! ord] 9 ! creation ( organiz$ bodies1 ! progression ( life ^u ! e>?1 are also wond]fully /rik+ 9 ! records ( bo?4 ,! l[e/ ( our fossilif]\s deposits conta9 ! impressions ( plants--^! /& at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mosaic li/4 ,! same gr\ps1 & ! :ole ( ! next 9 succession1 are *>act]iz$ by ! prevail+ abundance ( m>9e tribes--! wat]s1 accord+ to ! sacr$ n>rative1 !n receiv$ _! comm&1 & multipli$ abundantly ! mov+ creature t ha? life4 ,vegetables & animals1 /ill ( ! wat]s1 cont9ue to increase dur+ ! c>bonif]\s era1 :5 a new sy/em succe$s1 & 9 ?is ! foot-pr9ts ( birds are di/9ctly trac$--s x 0 9 ! same ord] ( succession t ! w+$ f[l is s5t =? into ! op5 firmam5t ( heav54 ,! ,lias & ,oolite =mations imm$iately foll[1 fill$ ) mon/]s ( ! deep1 saurians & fly+ liz>ds1--! text speaks ( ! 8great :ales0 ( ! p]iod1 z di/+ui%$ among ! productions ( ! wat]s4 ,! ,weald5 ,*alk1 & ,t]ti>ies are replete ) all k9ds ( reptiles1 mammals1 & quadrup$s--! horse1 urus1 & o!r =ms ( cattle--& s1 9 l mann]1 ! la/ 9 ! ,mosaic li/1 z ! highe/ 9 ! geological /rata1 are ! types ( e bea/1 cattle1 & creep+ ?+4 ,n[1 c ?is runn+ p>allel be accid5tal or int5d$8 ,did ! writ] ( ! "o record "k any?+ ( ! cont5ts ( ! o!r8 ,does ! c\rse ( creation1 z detail$ 9 ! /rata ( ! e>?1 foll[ z a necess>y consequ5ce f ! nature ( ?+s8 or z ! arbitr>y appo9tm5t ( ,him :o made !m8 ,w\ld plants1 fi%es1 reptiles1 f[l1 mammals1 all em]ge 9 ?is precise ord] ( succession1 by any kn[n law ( organic /ructure8 ,or c\ld n ! fir/ & la/1 or any ( ! int]m$iate k9ds1 h be5 at once1 & z adaptively1 br\ght toge!r 9 "o & ! same p]iod ( "t8 ,0 ! writ] ( ! ,g5esis acqua9t$ ) ! ri* exub]ant flora ( ! c>bonif]\s age8 & 0 x meant z a true exposition ( its hi/ory t !re 7 z yet no bea/s or quadrup$s ^u ! e>? to enjoy x8 ,& kn[+ ( x1 z well z ( all ! o!r sup]ficial arrangem5ts1--! upheaval ( ! cru/1 ! rise ( m\nta9s1 ! alt]nate %ift+ ( sea & l&1--does he describe ! progress ( organic creation precisely z x occurr$1 & z ! *anges ( ! planet became ,,adaptive8 ,! s]ies ( creative acts t]m9ates 9 ! introduction ( ,man ^u ! /age ( t]re/rial be+4 8,& ,god said1 ,let u make man 9 our image1 aft] our lik5ess2 & let !m h dom9ion ov] ! fi% ( ! sea1 & ov] ! f[l ( ! air1 & ov] ! cattle1 & ov] all ! e>?1 & ov] e creep+ ?+ t creepe? ^u ! e>?40 ,"h bo? n>ratives are completely at "o z to man's place 9 ! c\rse z well z sy/em ( creation4 ,no fragm5t ( 8 race has be5 detect$ 9 any ( ! rocky /rata ( ! e>?4 ,e o!r organic ?+1 ( e class1 & ord]1 & tribe1 has its repres5tative 9 "o or o!r ( ! geological epo*s4 ,man /&s ap>t & alone 9 ! geology z 9 ! hi/ory4 ,no m]e l9k 9 ! *a9 ( organic exi/5ce1 n a be+ ( m]e e>?y mold1 b fa%ion$ 9 ! image ( 8 ,mak]1 & fitt$ to explore1 to und]/&1 & to ex]cise dom9ion ov] ! works ( 8 creation4 ,h[ mu*1 aga91 9 all ?is la/ & highe/ evolution ( creative might1 is ! conclusion confirm$1 & arriv$ at f s _m conv]g+ l9es1 t ! sacr$ record 0 ,,int5d$ to embody an actual acc\nt ( ! creation ( our globe1 9 its v>i\s primordial arrangem5ts z well z 9 all its consecutive ev5ts1 until its maje/ic close 9 ! human epo*8 ,=1 look+ back & comp>+ ! :ole n>rative ) ! facts ( geology1 is x n highly probable t we h 9 t acc\nt di/9ctly %ad[$ =? ! progressive rese>*es ( ! sci5ce1 ! great physical tru?s ( creation1 z symboliz$ 9 ! rocks8 ,! brilliant vi/a ?r\gh millions ( untold ages1 & ^u sc5es suppos$ to be unnotic$ & unrecord$1 vani%es inde$ at ! admission ( ?is pr9ciple ( int]pretation4 ,b a m consi/5t view ( ! _w's hi/ory--( ! comp>ative longevity ( its successive tribes--( ! v>i\s *anges & alt]ations :i* its surface has und]gone--& a less viol5ce f> to ! obvi\s import ( ! sacr$ text--=m no unpleas+ sub/itutes on :i*1 amid/ su* lures to d\bt1 bewild]m5t1 & error1 fai? & reason w equally incl9e to repose4 ,,iii4 ,! conclusions :i* h be51 or :i* may be1 d$uc$ f a comp>ative exam9ation ( geology & ! ,mosaic record1 fall to be notic$4 #a4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve ! lit]al r5d]+ ( ! six days ( creation1 x is ma9ta9$ t ! ,mosaic record takes no acc\nt :atev] ( any ( ! geological =mations describ$4 ,aft] ! intimation1 8,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?2 & ! e>? 0 )\t =m & void2 & d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep0--! close ( ! ,,epo*s1 ) all _! complem5t ( /rata & fossils1 0 accompli%$2 & !n1 z descriptive ( ! era ( man1 ) all 8 liv+ cotempor>ies1 & ! sev]al days ) ! works !re9 accompli%$1 ! new ord] ( ev5ts ref]r$ to 9 ! text comm5ces ) ! decl>ation1 8& ! ,_s ( ,god mov$ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s40 ,! discov]ies ( geology are ?us all ca/ back ^u unrecord$ ant]ior p]iods1 & ) reg>d to :i* ! sacr$ record is sil5t2 :ile ( ! new s]ies ( ev5ts1 9 precisely ! same ord] ( succession & enl>g$ am\nt ( normal organic be+1 !re is a def9$ lit]al acc\nt4 ,?is may be reg>d$ z ! g5]ally receiv$ int]pretation among ! lead+ geologi/s z well z ( a l>ge class ( em95t div9es4 ,x 0 e>ly & eag]ly adopt$ by ,dr4 ,*alm]s4 ,! pro( ( its s\ndness is made to h+e ^u c]ta9 +5i\s criticisms reg>d+ ! t]ms b>a1 asah1 yatzan1 :i* 9 ! common v]sion ( ! ,hebrew text are translat$ creat$1 made1 =m$4 ,accord+ to ! new r5d]+1 :]ev] any ( ^! words occur 9 any ( ! v]ses aft] ! second1 !y are to be re/rict$ to ! simple act ( fa%ion+1 arrang+1 & con/ruct+ new bodies out ( pre-exi/+ matt]4 ,h5ce1 all ! initial & second>y act+s notic$ 9 ! n>rative are 9 ?is mann] cle>ly di/+ui%able4 ,x is f>!r argu$1 t all ! second>y class ( arrangem5ts are di/9ctively po9t$ to1 & sep>at$ f ! primordial1 by ! =mula ( expression1 8& ,god said10 :i* is introduc$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ea* ( ! six days1 b n prefix$ to ! initial creative act ( all matt] 9 ! beg9n+4 ,n[1 aga9/ ?is mode ( argum5t x may be object$ t mu* ( x does n be> ^u ! "q at issue4 ,! discrepancy is "o m ( ?+s ?an ( words4 ,x is ! physical solution1 r ?an ! critical1 t is ! important matt] ( inquiry2 & ?is no m]e v]bal em5dations ( ! text w altoge!r & consi/5tly help out4 ,obs]ve ! "* ( ! acts spok5 ( aft] ! second v]se & introduction ( ! expression1 8& ,god said20--! call+ light into be+1 ! sep>ation ( ! d>kness1 ! division ( day & night1 ! =mation ( an atmosph]e1 ! fix$ position ( ! firmam5t above & ! wat]s b5ea?1 & ! sep>ation ( ! dry l&4 ,^! are ! acts ( ! fir/ & second days4 ,b :at ( !m be=e ?is8 ,^! elem5ts & _! arrangem5t 7 all requir$1 & mu/ h all exi/$1 dur+ ! epo*s record$ 9 geology4 ,t is admitt$4 ,! light ne$$ no r5ewal aft] any geological transposition ( ! l& & sea4 ,! revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies w\ld be equally unaffect$1 & days1 seasons1 & ye>s w\ld rema9 & proce$ 9 ! same ord] ( succession4 ,! firmam5t & atmosph]e w\ld cont9ue to occupy _! relative positions4 ,& s1 accord+ to ! usus loqu5di & legitimate import ( all ! t]ms employ$ 9 ! text1 we are read+ ( ?+s t 7 nei!r 9 be+ nor 9 op]ation be=e1 b :i* n[ = ! fir/ "t are repres5t$ z be+ summon$ into exi/5ce4 ,we are equally unprep>$ = ! admission made by "s ( ! fri5ds ( revelation1 t ,moses knew n ! full am\nt & nature ( ! k convey$ 9 8 n>rative1 j z 8he 0 n aw>e ( ! pr(\nd spiritual mean+ ( mu* ( ! ritual :i* he 0 employ$ to in/itute4 ,x 0 an obscure text1 :i* await$ ! ,div9e comm5t>y ( ! *ri/ian disp5sation40#af ,!re is no analogy betwe5 ! subjects4 ,! law 0 confess$ly a prep>atory1 incomplet$ disp5sation4 ,! ord] ( creation z trac$ by ,moses embraces sub/antively ev]y?+ :i* creation conta9s--! elem5ts1 disposition1 & collocation ( its p>ts--& t he saw n ?r\gh ! :ole ( a future1 unfulfill$ plan1 furni%es no good gr\nd = ! assumption t he 0 ignorant ( or purposely passes ov] ! hi/ory ( millions ( ye>s ( ! v subject on :i* he 0 inspir$ to write1 & on :i* he 0 to build 8 :ole sy/em ( !ism & ( grace4 ,?is mode ( int]pretation1 beside1 assumes a hiatus 9 ! text = :i* !re is no j w>rant1 ei!r 9 ! v]bal /ructure ( ! n>rative1 or 9 ! physical "* & ord] ( ! ev5ts describ$4 ,x has always appe>$ to u to proce$ ^u pr9ciples ( explication :i* violate all ! canons ( a pure & sev]e criticism1 :i* indulg5tly gives way to new & gratuit\sly assum$ difficulties1 & :i* w\ld leave no?+ 9 any writ+ except :at ! read] *ooses to f9d 9 x4 #b4 ,! pr9ciple ( int]pret+ ! days 9 ,g5esis z p]iods ( indef9ite "t1 & )9 :i* ! sev]al geological =mations 7 successively evolv$4 ,!y :o adopt ?is hypo!sis c plausibly argue t ! ord] ( creative acts z reveal$ 9 ! sacr$ record1 h>monizes 9 a v rem>kable mann] ) ! c\rse ( creation z detail$ 9 ! rese>*es ( geology4 ,h]eby a comp>ison c be di/9ctly in/itut$1 & a p>allelism obs]v$ betwixt ! peculi> "w ( ea* day & ! lead+ ph5om5a display$ 9 ! e>?'s cru/--f ! fir/ appe>ance ( dry l&1 :5 organic bodies _h n be5 z yet creat$1 & ! prim>y rocks 9 :i* none h be5 detect$--up ?r\gh ! silurian1 devonian1 & c>bonif]\s s]ies1 9 all :i* plants & m>9e organisms only are f\nd--& onw>d until we rea* ! t]ti>y /rata1 :]e1 9 succession1 ! reveal$ ord] ( animal life is s rem>kably co9cid5t4 ,! details ( ! sci5ce are n inde$ to be all1 & m9utely1 read 9 ! n>rative4 ,b ! ma9 tru?s & ! lead+ dogmata are !re2 & if any dep>ture f ! lit]al r5d]+ ( ! text c be p]mitt$1 s z to fit 9 & adju/ ! geological ph5om5a1 x may be ju/ly cont5d$ t !re is less ( viol5ce & /ra9+ by ! sub/itution ( p]iods = days1 ?an by ca/+ aside ! :ole g5etic description z hav+ no be>+ :atev] ^u ! prim>y cosmogony ( ! globe4 ,!n ! v>i\s ev5ts1 x may be f>!r argu$1 z record$ 9 ! text--! creation ( light--! =mation ( a firmam5t--! division ( day & night--! appo9tm5t ( seasons & ye>s--! ga!r+ toge!r ( ! wat]s1 & ! elevation ( ! dry l&--are all s describ$ & plac$ 9 su* juxta-position z c only be applicable to prim>y creative acts1 to ?+s :i* 7 n be=e1 & :i* n[ = ! fir/ "t 7 br\ght into be+ & condition4 ,! abettor ( ?is view & mode ( reconciliation w likewise avail himself1 9 def5se ( its be+ an or?odox int]pretation1 ( ! latitude ( mean+ ascrib$ to ! t]m 8day10 9 ! ,scriptures !mselves4 ,ev5 9 ! second *apt] ( ! ,div9e ^w1 & appli$ to ! v subject 9 "q--! ord] ( creation--he f9ds ! t]m to be us$ 9 an indef9ite s5se3 8,^! are ! g5]ations ( ! heav5s & ( ! e>?1 :5 !y 7 creat$ 9 ! ,,day t ! ,"l ,god made ! e>? & ! heav5s1 & ,,e ,,plant ( ! field40 ,! solemn ann\ncem5t at ! close ( ?is _w's drama w n fail also to be adv]t$ to--89 ! la/ days p]il\s times %all come0--:]e9 p]iods ( long] or %ort] duration are impli$ z exi/+ 9 ! mid/ ( days4 ,frequ5tly too !re occur ! expressions3 ! day ( grace--! day ( salvation--! day ( ! ,"l--! day ( trial--! day ( r$emption--t]ms all ( unlimit$ import & n to be def9$ by ! planet>y diurnal cal5d>1 b to be det]m9$ by ! arrangem5ts ( a disp5sation 9 :i* man is view$ z a moral acc\ntable be+1 & n by any necessities 9 :i* 8 physical condition & ! _w he inhabits are conc]n$4 ,?us by adopt+ ?is hypo!sis1 :i* assumes ! entire n>rative z a consecutive description ( ! ord] ( creation1 e day z be>+ ! initiative ( its own class ( ph5om5a1 ! plan & quality ( ! ,div9e works z all del9eat$ & %ad[$ out1 ! progressive succession ( ! :ole organic & inorganic hi/orically describ$1 & ! ph5om5a1 & ! t]ms descriptive ( !m1 are ass]t$ to be 9 _! prop] places1 & 9 h>mony ea* ) ea*4 #c4 ,!re is ano!r mode ( def5d+ ! text 9 consi/5cy ) ! g5]al facts ( ! sci5ce1 by assum+ t ! c\rse ( creation indicat$ ?r\gh ! epo*s 0 9 all its *>act]i/ic features reproduc$1 & sub/antially repres5t$ 9 ! cosmogonic p]iod ( ! ,mosaic acc\nt4 ,we h notic$ f "t to "t1 9 ! diff]5t /ages ( our description1 9 :at ! analogies consi/$4 ,9 ! e>lie/1 z well z 9 ! la/1 organic fossil types1 !re is ! mo/ p]fect id5tity ) all ! vegetable & animal =ms describ$ 9 ! n>rative4 ,! ord] ( _! reappe>ance is likewise simil>4 ,moses1 x is "h suppos$1 saw ! ca/+ ( ! same molds1 ! ag5cy ( ! same h&1 & ! 8day0 to be successively ! p]iod = ! reproduction ( ! "w4 ,read n[ consecutively ! :ole acc\nt1 & obs]ve h[ ! ,hi/orian passes 9 review ! entire s]ies ( ! ,div9e acts1 & runs ov] aga9 ! great ma/]-keys ( ?is h>moni\s sy/em4 ,he is pres5t1 s to speak1 :51 9 ! beg9n+1 ! matt] ( ! heav5 & ! e>? 0 creat$4 ,he witnesses ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts1 :i* be=e 7 )\t =m & void4 ,he he>s ! comm&1--,,let ,,!re ,,be ,,light4 ,& n[1 z ! mighty /ructure exp&s 9 vision be=e ! eye ( 8 m9d1 ! firmam5t & ! wat]s & ! dry l& sep>at+ & draw+ (f to _! respective places1 he introduces a record ( ! p]iod )9 :i* ! sev]al op]ations 7 effect$4 ,h[ long is t p]iod8 ,j ! division ( "t ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$1 & :i* he knew 0 amply suffici5t = ! completion ( all ! op]ations 9 "q4 ,! acts are successive4 ,! w t p]=m$ !m is omnipot5t4 ,ev]y?+ foll[$ 9 its ord] & 9 ! "t t all creative p[] comm&$ x to be4 ,h5ce ! days1 ) reg>d to all ! initial acts1 bo? ( creation & arrangem5t1 7 lit]ally ( ! duration assign$ 9 ! text4 ,aft] ! introduction ( organic life on ! ?ird day1 geology speaks def9itively z to ! successive ord] ( ! k9ds & families ( ! /ructural =ms creat$4 ,b x gives no sign1 & c give none1 z to ! portion ( "t requir$ = _! creation4 ,x may h be5 an in/ant or a day1--a week or a p]iod4 ,! reveal$ acc\nt speaks positively ^u ! po9t2 & %[s h[1 at ! bidd+ ( ! ,div9e w1 ! v>i\s elem5ts--! wat]1 ! e>?1 ! air--7 repl5i%$ ) _! respective tribes 9 ! old z 9 ! new _w1 & "u all ! phases & epo*s ( _! be+4 ,! inspir$ n>rative1 x may be alleg$1 accord+ to ?is view1 is n only consi/5t ) itself1 b becomes a sublime illu/rative introduction to ! book ( revelation4 ,! matt] ( ! heav5 & ! e>? 0 ! effect ( a s+le comm&4 ,! sep>ation ( its elem5ts 0 ! in/antane\s effect ( ano!r4--,^u ! creation ( light1 a division is giv5 to "t1 & ! morn+ & ! ev5+ h\rs 7 e/abli%$4 ,! arrangem5ts ( ! second day foll[$1 & 7 all complet$ 9 ! p]iod assign$4 ,s ) ! reman5t days & _! respective includ$ op]ations4 ,! eye ( ! hi/orian sees no?+ int]v5+ betwixt ! cause & ! effect2 8 m9d is fix$ ^u ! action1 n ! mann] ( its accompli%m5t2 & kn[+ ! :ole to be ! result ( ! same p[] & ! arrangem5t ( ! same provid5ce1 he comb9es 9 "o cycle or ,,week ! entire s]ies ( ev5ts1 "o day ( :i* unto ! ,et]nal is z a ?\s&1 & a ?\s&1 b z "o day4 ,! "w all accompli%$1 ! imm$iately revolv+ p]iod ( "t 0 e/abli%$ z ! ,sabba? ( ! ,"l4 ,hav+ made man 9 8 own image1 ) k to appreh5d & adore ! au?or ( 8 be+1 ! div9e ,ar*itect ,,re/$2 he ceas$ f any f>!r acts ( creation2 no?+ ( any mat]ial exi/5ce1 nor ( any liv+ ?+1 has be5 add$ to 8 works s9ce ! completion ( ! six days1 & s ! re/ has cont9u$ & w cont9ue to ! end ( "t--a ,sabba? hall[$ by ! /ructure ( ! globe & ! b5efic5ce ( ! ,creator4 ,^! are "s ( ! me?ods by :i* ! geologi/ aims 9 br++ ! conclusions ( 8 sci5ce )9 ! scope ( ! ,mosaic record1 & 9 free+ 8 speculations f all _! incumbrances & responsibilities4 ,!re is /ill a great deal to be accompli%$1 ev5 ) all ^! approximations1 t[>d a "r & full & lit]al comp>ison ) ! sacr$ text4 ,!re is inde$ no real conflict betwe5 ! discov]ies ( geology & ! decl>ations ( ! div9e oracles2 &1 ) s _m doors ( retreat f or av5ues ( approa* into ! invit+ fields ( its rese>*1 no fri5d ( ! tru? ne$ be afraid ( an excursion ?r\gh ! mo/ intricate dep?s ( creation's works4 ,mean:ile1 ! metaphysicians h all be5 driv5 f ! field1 ) all _! unt5able dogmas ab\t ! et]nity ( matt]4 ,geologi/s repudiate ! doctr9e1 & _! sci5ce refutes x4 ,b !re is su* a ?+ z o!rs ra%ly ru%+ to conclusions1 :]ev] !y c see t5d5cies or lean+s to c\nt5ance _! impi\s mat]ialism4 ,9 ?is direction1 _m ?9k t geology1 h[ev] falsely1 :olly incl9es4 ,& ev5 n[ x is bett]1 inf9itely bett]1 to re/ ) unhesitat+ confid5ce 9 ! receiv$ int]pretation ( ,scripture ?an be borne away by sweep+ g5]alizations1 built mo/ c]ta9ly some:]e ^u loose conflict+ elem5ts ( calculation4 ,c\ntless millions ( ye>s are1 we admit1 z no?+ 9 ! records ( et]nity--( no acc\nt ) ! ,ev]la/+ ( days4 ,nev]!less1 if ! "t c be r$uc$1 z unque/ionably !re are data = ! r$uction1 ! epo*s & ! days approximate all ! clos]2 ! speculations ( ! sci5ce are br\ght into bett] keep+ ) ! dicta ( revelation2 f>!r discov]ies w lead to f>!r adju/m5ts2 until :at 0 done = ! int]e/s ( ! "o by detect+ ! miscalculations ( ,h9doo a/ronomy1 w aga9 be effect$ = ! o!r by scann+ m intelligibly ! geological horoscope4--,& ?us remov+ e gr\nd ( suspicion or (f5se1 w s]ve to br+ ?is int]e/+ bran* ( k f ! out] c\rt ( ! ,g5tiles to ! inn]mo/ %r9e ( ! ,,temple ,,( ,,tru?4 ,! fa!r ( ! ,inductive ,philosophy ?us expresses 8 views3 8,9 ! works ( creation1 we behold a tw(old emanation ( ! ,div9e virtue2 ( :i* ! "o relates to its p[]1 ! o!r to its wisdom4 ,! =m] is especially obs]v$ 9 ! creat+ ! mat]ial mass2 ! latt]1 9 ! dispos+ ! beauty ( its =m4 ,?is be+ e/abli%$1 x is to be rem>k$1 t !re is no?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( creation to invalidate ! fact1 t ! mass & sub/ance ( heav5 & e>? 0 creat$1 confusa1 undi/+ui%able1 9 "o mom5t ( "t2 b t ! six days 7 assign$ = dispos+ & adju/+ x40#ag ,?is 0 emitt$ at a "t :5 geology 0 9 its nonage2 ! /rata ( ! e>? & _! s+ul> fossil cont5ts 7 z yet unexplor$2--/ill x is ! oracul> voice ( "o :o _h look$ ?r\gh ! physical univ]se ) ! glance ( sci5ce & ( g5ius1 & :o knew & s\ght x only 9 relation to ! ,creator & 8 ,^w4 ,,conclusion4 ,,! ,,creator4 ,! magnific5t "w ( creation1 ^: c\rse we h be5 trac+ 9 "s ( its primordial arrangem5ts1 9 ! geological ph5om5a ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & 9 its relations to ! va/ planet>y sy/em ( :i* x is a memb]1 is ! result ov] all ( design & intellig5ce4 ,! *anges wr\ght 9 ! e>?'s /ructure & framework1 f p]iod to p]iod1 h n be5 br\ght ab\t by m]ely me*anical *anges ( physical conditions4 ,!re are ord] & me?od 9 ! inorganic1 no less ?an 9 ! organic =ms1 into :i* matt] 9 any ( ! e>?'s revolutions has be5 ca/4 ,!re is prospective contrivance ea* = ea*4 ,! alt]ations made 9 ! outw>d surface1 :e!r ( sea or l&1 h be5 always su* z 7 be/ adapt$ to ! habits & requirem5ts ( successive liv+ tribes4 ,& ! :ole am\nt ( *ange1 9 bo? dep>tm5ts ( nature1 has ev] be5 9 su* measure & degree z to %[1 f ! beg9n+1 a p]si/5t pr9ciple ( /ability 9 ! sy/em1 & a wise1 all-controll+ arm to be regulat+ & direct+ ev]y?+4 ,! invisible ?+s ( ,god1 f ! creation ( ! _w1 are cle>ly se52 & we _c1 if we w\ld1 rid ourselves ( ! ?\ght1 t some:]e & beyond1 !re is1 n a 8primitive cause0#ah only1 b a ,div9e ,be+1 ! ma/] ( ! univ]se1 pot5tially 9 & pres5t ?r\gh all ?+s4 ,ari/otle concludes 8 treatise 8,de ,mundo10 ) obs]v+1 t to treat ( ! _w )\t say+ any?+ ( its ,au?or w\ld be impi\s1 & he proce$s to %[1 on v>i\s gr\nds1 ! traces ( an all-gov]n+ ,deity4 ,newton concludes 8 great "w1 ! 8,pr9cipia10 by "s reflections on ! nature ( ! ,supreme ,cause1 & inf]s f ! /ructure ( ! visible _w1 8t x is gov]n$ by "o almighty & all-wise ,be+1 :o rules ! _w1 n z its s\l1 b z its ,"l1 ex]cis+ an absolute sov]eignty ov] ! univ]se1 n z ov] 8 own body1 b z ov] 8 "w2 & act+ 9 x accord+ to 8 pleasure1 )\t suff]+ any?+ f x40 ,speak+ ( ! laws by :i* ,god gov]ns ! _w1 & giv+ 8 def9ition ( ! t]m ,,law1 ,boyle says1 8,i look ^u a law z a moral1 n physical cause1 z be+1 inde$1 b a rational ?+1 accord+ to :i* an intellig5t & free ag5t is b\nd to regulate its actions4 ,b inanimate bodies are utt]ly incapable ( und]/&+ :at x is1 or :at x enjo9s1 or :5 !y act con=mably or uncon=mably to x3 !re=e1 ! actions ( inanimate bodies1 :i* _c incite or mod]ate _! own actions1 are produc$ by real p[]1 n by laws40 8,h5ce10 says ,:ewell1 9 8 ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 8h5ce we inf] t ! intellig5ce by :i* ! law is orda9$1 ! p[] by :i* x is put 9 action1 mu/ be pres5t at all times1 & 9 all places :]e ! effects ( ! law occur3 t ?us ! k & ! ag5cy ( ! ,div9e ,be+ p]vade e portion ( ! univ]se1 produc+ all action & passion1 all p]man5ce & *ange4 ,! laws ( nature are ! laws :i* ,he1 9 8 wisdom1 prescribes to 8 own acts2 8 univ]sal pres5ce is ! necess>y condition ( any c\rse ( ev5ts1 8 univ]sal ag5cy ! only orig9 ( any effici5t =ce40 ,! rese>*es ( sci5ce1 ! deep] !y g into ! secrets ( nature1 issue 9 ! sure/ & brighte/ disclosures ( ! ,div9e ,ar*itect ( ! univ]se4 ,we are enabl$1 by ! lights :i* are furni%$ by ! v>i\s bran*es ( asc]ta9$ k1 to read 9 "s degree ! m9d & purpose ( ,god 9 ! creations ( 8 h&4 ,we see 9 _m in/ances :at is actually int5d$ by c]ta9 arrangem5ts & comb9ations1--:y1 & = :at end1 objects are con/ruct$ 9 a p>ticul> way1 & h[ x is t tra9s ( ev5ts are made to foll[ 9 "o uni=m ord] r ?an 9 any o!r4 ,! univ]se1 we discov]1 is n only b\nd by laws p]man5t & un*ang+3 ! laws !mselves h an end to s]ve1 a p>ticul> result to accompli%4 ,accumulations ( matt] are br\ght toge!r ) a def9ite precise view2 liv+ sub/ances are con/ruct$ ) organs suit$ to _! conditions ( exi/5ce2 relations ( air1 e>?1 & wat]1 are e/abli%$1 :i* nicely answ] ! functions to be p]=m$2 & 9 t5 ?\s&s ( cases are manife/$ ! =m1 size1 position1 qualities ( h>dness1 s(tness1 & cohesion 9 ! individual p>ts :i* c be/ secure _! own special well-be+ along ) ! g5]al cons]vation ( ! framework to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,h[ admirably1 f age to age1 d ! organic z well z ! inorganic /ructures ( ! geological n>rative illu/rate ! tru? ( ^! rem>ks1 :]e ! manife/ations ( design are z num]\s z ! objects ( creation1 & z legible z if ,god _h writt5 _! import by 8 own f+]8 ,! olde/1 equally ) ! newe/1 book ( nature1 discloses ! records ( 8 w4 ,we read !m 9 ! v>i$ language trac$ & /]eotyp$ ^u _! /ony leaves4 ,& 9 p]us+ ! div]sifi$ cont5ts ( ?is wond]ful volume1 we _c rise )\t ! conviction t ! be+1 attributes1 & "* ( its ,au?or1 are brightly & indelibly impress$ on e page4 ,! argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( a ,,design+ ,,ag5t 9 ! creation & arrangem5ts ( a mat]ial _w1 may be ?us illu/rat$3 ,a rude1 un%apely piece ( /one--say ! 8/one ^u ! hea?0--does n at once impress ! spectator ) ! conviction t x 0 made & plac$ :]e x is1 by a design+ intellig5t be+4 ,b let x be *isel$ into =m1 give x symmetry & proportion1 & he imm$iately concludes t ?is is ! result ( skill & int5tion4 ,look at a piece ( ma*9]y--its framework ( wood--its spr+s ( iron--its :eels1 beams & axles1 compos$ ( diff]5t metals1 & arrang$ 9 diff]5t =ms--& ! inf]5ce is irresi/ible1 t nei!r ! =e/1 nor ! qu>ry1 nor ! m9e1 yield$ ! mat]ials 9 _! pres5t %ape1 nor comb9$ among !mselves to put !m toge!r4--,reason seeks = a diff]5t k9d ( ag5cy1 & exp]i5ce tells t ! m9d & ! h& ( man h be5 !re4 ,we see wat] conv]t$ into /eam1 ! /eam br\ght into contact ) a piece ( metal1 ! vapor conf9$ )9 an inclosure & act$ ^u by a cond5s]2 & ?r\gh means ( ?is simple arrangem5t & ! application ( ?is natural p[]1 duly regulat$ & su/a9$1 we disc]n ! triumph ( m9d ov] matt]--! m>vels :i* human indu/ry & intellig5ce h be5 able to a*ieve4 ,?is comb9ation ( mat]ials is n a ?+ ( life4--,*ance has produc$ none ( ^! arrangem5ts4 ,! :ole is ! result ( design1 ( aim+ int5tion1 ( calculat+ intellig5ce4 ,exam9e ! telescope1 its app>atus ( l5ses1 reflectors1 & mirrors3 look ?r\gh t n>r[ tube z x is po9t$ 9 a cle> />ry night to ! azure vault2 & y\r %\t ( a/oni%m5t1 :5 y fir/ behold ! increas$ magnitude ( ^! orbs--_! sep>ation into sy/ems & clu/]s--firmam5ts asc5d+ 9 gradations ( brilliancy1 "o above ano!r--& ! inf9itely remote1 /udd$ & gl[+ ) high] & high] galaxies--w p>take ( a m+l$ feel+ ( admiration at ! imm5sity & gr&eur ( ! univ]se--! wisdom & skill :i* comb9$ to frame ! in/rum5t t br+s )9 y\r k51 & enables y to gaze on1 ! glori\s vision4 ,n[1 9 nature1 we f9d ! same indications ( design1 ! same surpris+ comb9ations ( skill1 in/rum5ts fram$ ) mat*less wisdom & ! mo/ exquisite contrivance4 ,nay1 all "h1 9 e dep>tm5t ( creation1 leaves human +5uity at an immeasurable di/ance4 ,no /atu>y c rival t :i* is exhibit$ 9 ! rocks1 gems1 & cry/als ( ! e>?4 ,ma*9]y is transc5d5tly surpass$1 9 ! =ms ( e organic ?+ b5ea? or ar\nd1 9 m9ut5ess1 adaptation1 & balanc+ ( p>ts1--! /eam-eng9e 9 en]gy & p[]--! %ip by a m ref9$ & skillful equipm5t ( ropes1 pulleys1 & sails--& ! telescope is n = a mom5t to be comp>$ ) ! human eye 9 ! beauty ( its con/ruction1 ! p[] ( its movem5ts1 ! amaz+ swiftness & v>iety ( its glance4--,b !re is design & intellig5ce manife/$ 9 ! works ( man4 ,!y c\ld n arrange !mselves4 ,!y mu/ h _h an artific]4 ,draw ne>1 look unto ! works ( creation1 :at cumulative evid5ce ( _! intellig5t au?or1 conclusive z ! sev]e/ demon/rations ( sci5ce4 ,man asks = a sign f heav54 ,t5 ?\s& intimations are giv5--millions1 inde$1 ( miracul\s contrivances meet him 9 e dep>tm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,?is e>?1 h[ev]1 is n an isolat$ body 9 ! univ]se2 x =ms "o ( a sy/em ( worlds1 & its geological hi/ory _c be reg>d$ z complete until we h view$ x 9 "s ( its m ext5d$ relations4 ,! c\rse ( creation is trac$ 9 ! planet>y sy/em1 a s]ies ( masses ( matt] assum+ "o =m1 mov+ 9 "o plane1 foll[+ 9 "o orbital pa?1 revolv+ ar\nd a common c5t]1 enlight5$ & w>m$ by a common sun1 & ob$i5t1 "o & all1 to ! same great law ( gravitation4 ,! mighty problem ( ! univ]se has be5 solv$ ^u ! simple assumption1 t a piece ( our e>? is l a piece ( ! o!r planets2 t ! prop]ties ( matt] "h are z ! prop]ties ( matt] above2 & z ! laws ( motion & attraction bel[1 s are !y on high1 & ?r\gh\t inf9ite space4 ,a/ronomy ?us d]ives all its a*ievem5ts z a sci5ce f ! e>?1 & ! cause ( ! motions ( ! heav5ly orbs is asc]ta9$ f exp]im5ts on ! matt] ( ! e>?1 :i* fir/ l$ to ! k ( regul> dynamical laws4 ,! field ( a/ronomical rese>*1 9 consequ5ce1 is n only ! mo/ wond]ful1 b x is also t 9 :i* our k is ! mo/ accurate4 ,di/ant & inf9itely remote z are ! objects ( ! sci5ce1 !re is yet 9 no o!r dep>tm5t ( natural philosophy results ( inve/igation s completely satisfactory4 ,) ! precision ( geometry1 & ! m9ute accuracy ( numb]s1 ! a/ronom] calculates ! p>ticul> place ( e "o ( ! bodies ( ! sol> sy/em1 at any p>ticul> h\r & mom5t ( ! day4 ,he det]m9es ! precise rate ( _! motions1 & positions :i* !y occupi$ 9 relation to ! e>?1 9 e pa/ p]iod ( _! hi/ory h[ev] remote1 & ev5 corrects ! notations ( =m] obs]v]s4 ,he %[s _! relative di/ances1 weights1 dim5sions1 & influ5ces ^u "o ano!r2 e/imates ! l5g? ( _! days & ye>s1 ecc5tricities & p]turbations2 & describes ! orbits 9 :i* !y sev]ally move1 9 _! /eady unwe>i$ m>* ?r\gh ! heav5s4--,! und5iable effect ( results l ^!1 is to impress deep] ^u ! inquir+ m9d ! conviction ( =esight1 me?od1 & design 9 ! va/ sy/em ( :i* ! e>? is b a "p2 & z ! e>? gives lead to1 & indicates "s ( ! fir/ lessons 91 a/ronomy1 s we d]ive 9 return a full] k ( its v>i\s relations & pa/ hi/ory ?an its own s+le geological tables c unfold4 ,:5 we proce$ to speculate ab\t ! mann] ( ,deity's act+s1 difficulties at once meet u 9 e qu>t]1 p>tly f our utt] incapacity to compreh5d & p>tly f ! imp]fections ( human language to express--ev5 7 our compreh5sion adequate to ! task--! ess5tial qualities ( ,deity himself4 ,z ! anima mundi1 ! anci5ts repres5t$ ! ,div9e ,be+1 z bo? ! active & self-mov+ pr9ciple 9 nature1 & likewise z passive1 & act$ ^u by ! ext]nal _w4 ,newton1 9 ord] to express 8 idea ( ! ,div9e omnipres5ce1 employ$ ! t]m s5sorium1 z d5ot+ ! mode 9 :i* he 0 enabl$ to p]ceive :atev] pass$ 9 space fully & intimately4 ,& :ile no?+ 0 f>!r f ! m9d ( ! great philosoph] ?an ! ascription ( bodily organs to ! ,div9ity1 he _h to def5d himself f mu* bitt] & vehem5t controv]sy 9 consequ5ce4 ,equally liable to misrepres5tation1 & f ! sane cause--! imp]fection ( language--0 ! mann] 9 :i* ,newton spoke ( ! et]nity or inf9ity ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 z if he reg>d$ him z pres5t 9 all p>ts ( "t & space by diffusion3 :]eas 8 notion simply 01 t s9ce ,he is necess>ily & ess5tially pres5t 9 all p>ts ( space & duration1 space & duration mu/ also necess>ily exi/4 ,durat semp]1 et ade/ ubique1 et exi/5do semp] et ubique1 durationem et spatium con/ituit1--is ! t5et :i* he held4 ,no less difficult is x to express correctly ! inf]5ce :i* we may legitimately d$uce ( ! ,,p]sonality ( ! ,godhead f ! works & c\rse ( creation4 ,& yet ! idea is imm$iately consequ5t ^u ! conviction ( a ,div9e exi/5ce1 & is insep>able f x4 ,! conception ( bo? is necess>ily involv$ 9 ! same process ( ?\ght4 ,:]ev] we trace ! act+s ( m9d or ( intellig5ce1 ! impress ( design or ! op]ations ( a discrim9at+1 disc]n+ cause1 ref]5ce is at "o & ! same in/ant made to a di/9ct p]sonal subsi/5ce4 ,p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness1 may1 inde$1 be reg>d$ 9 "o way z ab/ract qualities4 ,we c reason ab\t !m1 & hold !m up to our contemplation1 z some?+ di/9ct or diff]5t f ! bodies 9 :i* !y reside4 ,h5ce all our speculations respect+ ! laws ( nature1 ! prim>y & second>y qualities ( matt]1 ! relations ( cause & effect1 to :i* pr9ciple ( ab/raction 9 man ! v>i\s sci5ces owe _! orig94 ,! inductive philosophy is entirely built ^u x4 ,! creations ( poetry1 ! peopl+ ( ! /reams1 groves1 & m\nta9s1 ) ! ideal imp]sonations ( fancy1 are d]iv$ f ! same s\rce2 :ile1 by lift+ u above ! dom9ion ( m]e s5se & att5tion to our physical wants1 our spiritual en]gies are !reby awak5$1 & ! s\l enabl$ by its own inn] visions to hold commun+s ) new worlds1 & to anticipate a new life4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( ab/raction does n /op "h4 ,x bo? sep>ates & comb9es4 ,:ile x deals ) ! inf]ior manife/ations ( ideal qualities1 x unites & embodies into "o--l9ks ! univ]se to its ,creator--repres5ts him z ! cause ( all causes1 ! s\rce ( all p[]1 & ! f\nta9 ( all life2 out ( ^: b\ndless1 illimitable ess5ce is ! efflux ( all be+ & exi/5ce4 ,! anci5ts errone\sly clo!d _! conceptions ( ,godhead 9 human %ape1 & multipli$ ! numb] ( div9ities to accord to ! v>ieties ( human passion1 mak+ gods _m1 z !re 7 pr9ciples ( good or evil 9 _! own he>ts2 b /ill _! sup]/ition _h a reality & f\ndation 9 nature4 ,_! my?ology _h its orig9 9 a true1 ?\gh corrupt$1 !ism2 & giv+ =m & locality to _! num]\s div9ities1 !y b obey$ ! dictates ( t s5tim5t ( ! inn] man1 :i*1 9 unison ) ! voice ( all creation1 proclaims ! exi/5ce ( a ,be+ ^: p]sonal subsi/5ce & p]sonal sup]9t5d5ce we necess>ily associate ) ! laws & managem5t ( nature4 ,,he is !re among 8 works1 _! ,director z well z au?or4 ,! ,,unity ( ! ,div9e ,be+ foll[s1 9 l mann]1 f an ext5d$ obs]vation ( ! c\rse ( creation4 ,!re is b "o ,god1 z !re is b "o sy/em ( nature--"o univ]se :]e ! same law :i* acts ^u all t]re/rial bodies p]vades all space1 rules ov] ! planets1 & guides sy/ems ( worlds 9 _! c\rses4 ,our deepe/ rese>*es into ! /ructure ( ! e>? %[1 t ! same =ces h be5 op]ative !re1 z are /ill trac$ 9 pass+ *anges on ! surface4 ,simil> organic =ms 7 f ! e>lie/ p]iods 9 be+1 end[$ ) simil> in/9cts1 p]=m+ ! self-same functions 9 ! economy ( nature1 ) _! liv+ types ( ! pres5t day4 ,! air1 ! sea1 ! e>?2 plants1 animals1 & man1 are "u "o s*eme ( provid5ce4 ,! seasons are uni=mly successive4 ,ye> to ye> we see ! same causes 9 op]ation4 ,"t rolls on2 *anges1 va/ & progressive1 h be5 effect$ 9 ! moral z well z physical aspect ( ! _w1 :ile bodies rema9 ess5tially :at !y 7 be=e1 ! conditions ( s5ti5t exi/5ce unalt]$1 & man occupies ! same high intellectual position 9 ! great scale ( be+4 ,! same gov]nm5t ?us ma9ta9s ov] all2 ! p>ts %ift+ & *ang+1 ! :ole /able & collectively advanc+2 b\nd toge!r by "o invisible *a91 & mov+ 9 ob$i5ce to "o great pr9ciple ( de/9y & sup]9t5d+ w4 ,h5ce1 ^u ! presumption t ! "* ( ! works det]m9es ! "* ( _! au?or1 ! intellig5t p[] :i* presides ov] all ?is mu/ necess>ily be ,,"o4 ,s9ce creation 9 its elem5ts1 arrangem5ts1 & means ( g5]al h>mony1 is con/ruct$ ^u a plan1 & s9ce t plan manife/s ! mo/ p]fect ord]--deviations controll$ )9 limits1 & convulsions only contributive to its great] /ability--! inf]5ce _c be resi/$1 t ! ,creator is ess5tially "o 9 8 be+1 z he is undivid$ 9 8 purposes & act+s4 ,:5 we n>r[ ! field ( inquiry1 & look to man alone1 9 8 relation to ! ext]nal _w1 & ! "* ( 8 moral con/itution1 ! conclusion becomes /ill m decid$ & app>5t4 ,"h we see t ! la/ ( creat$ be+s is n only ! highe/ 9 ! scale1 b likewise 9 ! mo/ p]fect & ext5sive unison ) ! g5]al s*eme ( nature4 ,he spreads himself ov] ! :ole face ( creation1 is capable ( endur+ all climes1 ( d]iv+ su/5ance f ! products ( all c\ntries1 conv5i5ces & ! means ( improvem5t f ! rocks ( all ages4 ,if we _c demon/rate t ?is e>? 0 made exclusively = man's use1 we c /ill cle>ly %[ t he p>ticipates m l>gely 9 its v>i\s products ?an any ( its o!r inhabitants1 :ile x furni%es1 n only to ! individual1 b to ! race1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 ! ample/ field ( m5tal & moral cultivation ( :i* _! natures are capable4 ,! ,god ( ! outw>d _w is also1 & pre-em95tly1 ! ,god ( man's inn] be+4 ,he :o creat$ ! light1 likewise =m$ ! human body4 ,! pott] ( ! clay fa%ion$ & quick5$ ! immat]ial _s4 ,! controll] ( univ]sal nature reigns supreme 9 ! dom9ion ( ! s\l4 ,! p[] t b9ds ! planets 9 _! orbits1 gives law to ! consci5ce1 con/ra9+ x to ackn[l$ge 9 its p]ception ( tru? & homage to virtue ! rev]5ce t is due to ! ,"o ,righte\s ,gov]nor ov] all4 ,contemplat$ "u ?is latt] & mo/ important aspect ( our nature1 we are br\ght1 9 fact1 into imm$iate communication ) ! undivid$ ,au?or ( our be+4 ,! idea ( _m is exclud$ 9 ! conviction t tru? & duty are "o & unalt]able4 ,! gravitat+ pr9ciple 9 matt] is n m univ]sal 9 its op]ation1 nor m di/9ct 9 its con/ra9+ influ5ce ov] all bodies1 ?an is ! pr9ciple ( ,,consci5ce 9 ref]r+ ! good & evil ( all actions to ! /&>d ( rectitude & tribunal ( a righte\s judge4 ,tribes1 ! mo/ remote f ea* o!r--! mo/ debas$ 9 ignorance--! mo/ pollut$ 9 guilt--agree 9 ?is common attribute ( humanity4 ,mank9d d n1 inde$1 ackn[l$ge "o & ! same /&>d ( morality1 & 9 religi\s obs]vances !re is ! utmo/ div]sity ( op9ion & practice4 ,b ! s5se ( duty1 ! feel+ ( moral & religi\s obligation1 is univ]sally discrim9ative ( ! human family2 ! s5tim5t ( "r & wrong is engrav5 indelibly on all human he>ts4 ,&1 amid/ all ! ignorance or misconceptions t may prevail z to ! m]it or dem]it ( p>ticul> actions1 ! moral pr9ciple po9ts b to "o f\ndation ( tru?--! ,"o ,supreme--! ,"l ( consci5ce z ( creation4 ,! ,,p]fections ( ! ,supreme ,be+ are1 9 l mann]1 z di/9ctly notifi$ 9 ! works ( creation z ! fact ( ! m]e exi/5ce ( a design+ ,creator4 ,! imm5sity ( ! univ]se cle>ly demon/rates ! p[] 9 :i* x orig9at$1 & by :i* all its movem5ts are /ill su/a9$1 guid+ ! inf9ite sy/ems ( cele/ial bodies & ! geological revolutions ( our own planet ) ! same ease t x wat*es ov] & upholds ! m9ute/ objects 9 exi/5ce4 ,!re is no exhau/+ nor we>+ out ( ! en]gies ( nature3 ! arm t re>$1 /ill directs ! /up5d\s fabric2 & z skill & contrivance are manife/ 9 e "p1 ! greate/ simplicity comb9$ ) ! mo/ exquisite adju/m5ts1 ! utmo/ regul>ity prevail+ 9 e dep>tm5t1 & no failure 9 ! op]ations ( a s+le law ?r\gh\t ! va/ness ( creation1 ! conviction ( consummate wisdom & ( inf9ite omnisci5ce irresi/ibly /rikes ^u ! m9d4 ,no less cle> & conv9c+ are ! evid5ces ( goodness 9 ! sy/em ( creation :i* we h be5 contemplat+4 ,! works1 =m$ by ! ,div9e h&1 & :i* n[ occupy ! ,div9e c>e1 are b\ndless 9 ext5t1 & ( inf9ite v>iety2 & !y appe>1 to ! eye ( ! common obs]v]1 z well z to ! se>*+ intellect1 all =m$ = use1 all ri* 9 beauty1 all indicative ( b5efic5ce4 ,!re is n utility alone int]wov51 b an inimitable lovel9ess pa9t$ on ! face & /amp$ on e dep>tm5t ( nature2 :ile creatures innum]able1 ( v>i\s ord]s & ( diff]5t /ructures1 pres5t !mselves to our view1 :i*1 by _! creation & pres]vation--by ! p[]s !y possess1 & ! enjoym5ts !y atta9--proclaim ! lib]ality ( _! au?or to be b\ndless4 ,nay1 ! inanimate p>ts ( nature be> te/imony to ! same tru?2 ! sun w>ms & f]tilizes ! e>?2 ! e>? af=ds n\ri%m5t1 & furni%es a conv5i5t dwell+-place to ! v>i\s liv+ creatures t inhabit x2 & ?us dead matt]1 9 all its arrangem5ts & "u all its pa/ *anges1 by be+ fram$ 9 subs]vi5cy to ! happ9ess ( liv+ & intellig5t be+s1 cle>ly ev9ces ! goodness ( its ,creator4 ,b to ,man1 9 addition1 ! inspiration ( ! ,almighty has giv5 und]/&+1 & has con/itut$ him supreme 9 ?is l[] _w4 ,:oev] consid]s 8 nature & condition1 ! make ( 8 body & ! con/itution ( 8 m9d1 ! provision t is furni%$ = ! supply ( 8 animal wants1 ! objects t are provid$ = ! improvem5t ( 8 intellectual faculties1 & ! scope t is af=d$ = ! ex]cise ( 8 moral affections1 mu/ ackn[l$ge t1 if ! goodness ( ,god be manife/ly display$ 9 ! o!r works ( 8 h&s1 x %9es ) peculi> lu/] 9 ! creation & pres]vation ( man4 ,?us1 /ep by /ep1 we rise to ! l(tie/ conception :i* ! human m9d c embrace--! conception ( a ,god--! p]sonality1 unity1 & p]fection ( 8 be+4 ,h[ ! conception ( a ,creator is =m$1 we _c o!rwise describe ?an by say+1 t x spr+s up 9 ! m9d imm$iately ^u ! p]ception ( an ext]nal _w4 ,x is n s mu* an ex]cise ( reason1 or elaborate ef=t ( ! und]/&+2 b is r a direct impression1 trac$ at once ^u ! s\l1 z ! image ( ,deity reflect$ f 8 works4 ,all m5 possess x1 = all m5 are s con/itut$1 t !y _c look ^u creation )\t ! idea ( a ,creator accompany+ & fl[+ f ! act4 ,! conception w be obscure1 vague1 & indi/9ct1 accord+ to ! capacity1 improvem5t1 & g5]al k ( ! individual4 ,b ! conception is !re1 z necess>ily z ! effect foll[s ! cause1 ! %ad[ ! sub/ance1 ! image ! object :i* occasion$ x4 ,! heav5s ,,decl>e ! glory ( ,god1 ! firmam5t ,,%[s 8 h&iwork1 ! e>? be>s ! traces ( 8 pa?4 ,& j 9 ! degree 9 :i* we /udy & exam9e 8 works--_! uses & adaptations--_! inf9ite v>iety1 proportions1 regul>ity1 & magnitude--are our convictions ( 8 exi/5ce deep5$1 our admiration ( 8 be+ & attributes enhanc$1 our feel+ ( security "u 8 rule /r5g!n$1 & our s5se ( obligation & responsibility increas$ & solemniz$4 ,ignorance does n oblit]ate ! s5se ( ,deity2 x confuses & multiplies ! image ( 8 exi/5ce3 x leads to poly!ism4 ,k bright5s ! picture1 & repres5ts ! ,creator1 z reflect$ 9 8 works1 ,,excell5t1 ,,glori\s1 ,,& ,,inf9itely ,,p]fect4 ,,f9is4 ,,footnotes #a ,playfair4 #b ,playfair4 #c ,works1 vol4 i1 page #ahi4 #d ,dr4 ,dieff5ba*'s ,new ,zeal&4 #e ,! diamonds f\nd 9 ! ,ural *a9 are suppos$ to be connect$ ) ! c>bonace\s grits ( ! devonian & c>bonif]\s p]iods1 :i* h be5 transmut$ into metamorphic micace\s rocks1 & conta9 ! diamonds betwe5 ! flakes ( mica1 j z g>nets occur 9 mica-s*i/4 ,capta9 ,frankl9 discov]$ diamonds 9 ,bundelkund1 imb$d$ 9 s&/one1 ) coal b5ea?1 & suppos$ to belong to ! true c>bonif]\s sy/em4 #f ,we/m9/] ,review1 ,no4 ,,lxxix4 #g ,! /rata 9 :i* ^! tracks occur h s9ce be5 c>efully inve/igat$ by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,d4 ,rog]s1 :o has asc]ta9$ t !y belong truly to ! c>bonif]\s r$ %ale1 & are1 !re=e1 ( an age ess5tially lat] ?an t attribut$ to !m4 ,9 a communication made to ! ,am]ican ,association1 ,pr(4 ,rog]s says3--,!y occur1 inde$1 9 a geological horizon1 only a few hundr$ feet bel[ ! conglom]ate :i* m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! productive coal s]ies1 9 :i* s]ies simil> foot-pr9ts1 attribut$ to batra*ian reptiles1 _h be5 previ\sly met ) 9 ,we/]n ,p5nsylvania4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( con/itut+ a regi/] ( ! antique life e>li] ?an any hi!rto discov]$1 by at lea/ a :ole *apt] 9 ! geological book1 !y c>ry back its age only by a s+le leaf4 ,! surfaces ^u :i* ^! int]e/+ foot-pr9ts ab\nd are ! smoo?1 divisional pla9s sep>at+ ! b$s ( r$ s&/one1 & are inv>iably coat$ ) a f9e impalpable mat]ial ( a once slimy & s(t mud2 & ev]y?+ 9 ! texture ( ^! surfaces goes to prove t !y 7 9 contact ) ! air1 & 7 ! /ages ( re/ betwe5 ! alt]nate depositions ( ! /rata4 ,_m ( !m are cov]$ ) ripple-l9es & wat]-m>ks1 sugge/ive ( ! %elv+ %ore1 &1 ) few exceptions1 !y are spott$ ov] ) little circul> impressions1 imput$ to ! patt]+ ( ra94 ,all ov] ! successive floors ( ?is anci5t _w1 z delicate & impressible 9 _! texture z s mu* wax or p>*m5t1 are ! foot/eps & ! trails ( v>i\s creep+ ?+s1--! pr9ts ( "s unkn[n f\r-foot$ creature1 ?\ght to be reptilian 9 its nature1 b ( ^: true aff9ities ! ,pr(essor express$ 8 d\bts1 trails analog\s to ^? ( worms & molluscs1 & v>i\s o!r m>ks1 writt5 9 hi]oglyphics too anci5t to be int]pret$4 ,! l>g] foot-pr9ts are1 = ! mo/ "p1 five-to$1 alt]nate 9 ! /eps1 & ) ! =e feet z l>ge ne>ly z ! h9d ones2 m>ks ( ! scrat*+ & slipp+ ( ! feet1 & ! half effac+ passage ( ! tail1 or ( "s s(t portion ( ! body1 are (t5 di/9ctly legible4 ,pr(4 ,agassiz /at$ 8 d\bts z to ! reptilian "* ( ! foot-pr9ts notic$1 &1 aft] describ+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! locomotive organs ( ! mod]n & ! anci5t fi%es1 gave x z 8 belief1 t 9 ^? e>ly p]iods !re 7 fi%es ( a /ructure :i* p]mitt$ !m to walk ^u all f\rs4 #h ,rapport sur les ,poissons ,fossiles de l',argile de ,londres4 #i ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i1 p4 #bfi4 #aj ,re/itution ( ,decay$ ,intellig5ce1 by ,ri*>d ,v]/egan4 ,london1 #hvo1 #afje4 ,notic$ 9 8,*amb]s' ,j\rnal10 ,june1 #ahdf4 #aa ,dr4 ,pye ,smi? on ,scripture ,geology4 #ab ,?is bran* ( ! argum5t has also be5 m9utely & +5i\sly ext5d$ 9 ! la/ "w ( ,mr4 ,hugh ,mill]1 8,foot-pr9ts ( ! ,creator10 :]e ! au?or dwells p>ticul>ly on ! comp>ative measurem5ts ( ! diff]5t fossils f\nd 9 diff]5t =mations2 a ma/]ly & felicit\s addition to ! side ( tru?4 #ac 8,!re is no d\bt t coral1 "u favorable conditions ( gr[?1 increases to an enorm\s ext5t1 & v rapidly3 & al?\gh !re are _m in/ances on record ( reefs :i* h n increas$ = _m ye>s1 !re are o!rs tell+ a v diff]5t tale4 ,! case ( ,matilda ,atoll1 describ$ by ,capta9 ,bee*y1 is quot$ z an example ( ?is latt] k9d1 ?is atoll hav+ be5 conv]t$ 9 ?irty-f\r ye>s f be+ a reef ( rocks into a lagoon isl&1 f\rte5 miles 9 l5g?1 ) "o ( its sides cov]$ ne>ly all ! way ) high trees4 ,"s exp]im5ts 7 also m5tion$1 9 :i* x has be5 attempt$ to measure ! rate ( increase ( diff]5t k9ds ( corals1 & z "o result ( ^!1 is an in/ance ( a gr[? ( two feet ?ick ( coral1 accumulat$ on ! copp] bottom ( a vessel 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty mon?s40--,geology ( ! ,voyage ( ! ,beagle1 by ,*>les ,d>w94 #ad ,mrs4 ,som]ville's ,physical ,geography4 #ae ,mr4 ,davis4 #af ,! ,pre-,adamite ,e>?4 #ag #a4 ,de ,augm4 ,sci54 ,l4 ,i4 #ah ,la ,place4 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,t]ms4 ,,accretion4 ,increase ( size or gr[? by ! me*anical addition ( new p>ticles4 ,,acl9ic ,,l9e4 ,! magnetic equator4 ,,acotyl$on\s4 ,plants hav+ no se$-lobes4 ,mosses & f]ns belong to ?is division1 & mo/ ( ! coal plants are acotyl$on\s4 ,,actynolite4 ,a gre5 m9]al f\nd *iefly 9 primitive =mations (t5 cry/alliz$ 9 six sid$ prisms4 ,,a]olites4 ,/ones :i* appe> to h fall5 f ! high] p>ts ( ! atmosph]e4 ,!y are sometimes call$ ,meteorites4 ,,alg4 ,a division ( plants includ+ ! common sea-we$s4 ,,alum9\s4 ,conta9+ alum9a1 or r silicate ( alum9a1 :i* is ! base ( pure clay4 ,?us1 alum9\s means clayey4 ,! ^w is1 h[ev]1 sometimes us$ 9 ! s5se ( conta9+ alum1 a sulphate ( alum9a & pota%4 ,,ammonite4 ,a fossil g5us ( _m-*amb]$ %ells alli$ to ! ,nautilus1 nam$ f _! resemblance to ! horns on ! /atues ( ,jupit] ,ammon4 ,,amorph\s4 ,)\t regul> =m4 ,,amorphozoa4 ,animals )\t def9ite =m--sponges4 ,,amygdaloid4 ,almond-%ap$4 ,any rock is call$ by ?is "n :i* conta9s r\nd$ or elongat$ m9]als imb$d$ 9 "s simple m9]al or base4 ,,amygdaloidal 79 m9]alogy74 ,a conglom]ate4 ,,analcime is f\nd 9 granite & gneiss rock--g5]ally 9 cubes ( v>i\s colors4 ,,anan*ytes4 ,a g5us ( fossil e*9i or sea-ur*9s--9 ! *alk1 c4 ,,an*ylosis4 7,gr41 crook$71 a jo9t is said to be an*ylos$1 :5 s diseas$ z to become1 or :5 x becomes1 /iff or immovable4 ,,annelid4 7,annulus1 a r+7--,lam>ck's worm-%ap$ animals1 z ,s]pula1 v]milia1 c4 ,,anoplo!rium4 ,! "n giv5 to a *>act]i/ic g5us ( a gr\p ( ext9ct quadrup$s f\nd fossil 9 ! old] ,t]ti>y deposits1 & ne>ly alli$ to ! tapir & pig4 ,,anticl9al4 ,or ,anticl9al axis4 ,a saddle-%ap$ position ( rocks1 ! result ( di/urbance4 ,,apiocr9ite4 ,pe>-%ap$ cr9oidea--lily-%ap$ animals4 ,,aque\s4 ,t :i* is dep5d5t on wat]4 ,aque\s rocks are ^? produc$ by deposit f wat]4 ,,arboresc5t4 ,bran*+ l a tree4 ,,ar5ace\s4 ,s&y4 ,,arg5tif]\s4 ,conta9+ silv]4 ,,argillace\s4 ,clayey4 ,,articulata4 ,a natural division ( animals hav+ _! limbs articulat$ or jo9t$ toge!r1 l ! lob/]4 ,,asaphus4 ,an obscure g5us ( trilobites4 ,,asbe/us4 ,a fibr\s m9]al ( :i* an incombu/ible clo? is sometimes made4 ,,a/]olepis4 7,gr41 /> scale74 ,x is ! l>ge/ fi% yet f\nd 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,,augite4 7,gr41 lu/]7--a m9]al4 ,,basalt4 ,an igne\s rock1 (t5 column> & suppos$ to be anci5t volcanic lava4 ,x is ! mo/ common ( ! gr\p call$ ,trap-rocks4 ,,b$ or ,,/ratum4 ,a lay] ( mat]ial ! :ole ( :i* exhibits "s common "*4 ,,belemnite4 ,a d>t-%ap$ %ell1 probably ! anci5t repres5tative ( "s ( our cuttle-fi%4 ,! %ell is conical & *amb]$4 ,,bell]ophon4 ,a small *amb]$-%ell l ! ,nautilus4 ,,botryoidal 79 ,m9]alogy74 ,clu/]$ l a bun* ( grapes4 ,,bra*iopoda4 ,a gr\p ( %ell-be>+ animals hav+ two long spiral arms s]v+ to assi/ 9 locomotion & = o!r purposes4 ,,brevip5nate4 ,%ort-w+$4 ,c,,lacan?us4 ,a fi% ( ! ,devonian =mation4 ,,calamite4 ,a fossil f ! coal-measures resembl+ a gigantic re$4 ,,calamus4 ,a fossil re$-l plant4 ,,calcaire ,,grossi]4 ,a co>se lime/one ( ! ,old] ,t]ti>y p]iod1 f\nd 9 ! ,p>is bas94 ,,calcaire ,,siliceux4 ,a compact silici\s lime/one sometimes replac+ ! calcaire grossi]4 ,,calc>e\s4 ,conta9+ lime4 ,,cambrian4 ,belong+ to ,wales4 ,! 8,cambrian sy/em0 9 ,geology1 is a "n sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 to designate "p ( ! ,silurian s]ies ( ,nor? ,wales4 ,,c>apace4 ,! upp] %ell ( reptiles4 ,,c>bonif]\s4 ,conta9+ c>bon4 ,,c>nivor\s4 ,fle%-eat+4 ,! 8,c>nivora0 9 ,zoology consi/ ( a gr\p ( animals em95tly c>nivor\s4 ,,caudal4 ,connect$ ) ! tail4 ,,cephalopoda4 ,a gr\p ( animals ( :i* ! ,nautilus & ,cuttlefi% are examples1 hav+ ! locomotive app>atus imm$iately ov] ! head & /oma*4 ,,cephalaspis 7,buckl]-head74 ,a fi%4 ,,ce/racion4 ,a fi%1 a g5us ( an ext9ct family ( %>ks4 ,,cetaceans4 ,! :ale tribe4 ,,*alc$ony4 ,a silici\s m9]al1 l ,cornelian4 ,,*alybeate4 ,wat] hold+ iron 9 solution4 ,,*>a1 ,,*>acid4 ,an aquatic plant fossiliz$4 ,,*eirolepis 7,?orny scale74 ,a fossil fi%4 ,,*elonia4 ,sea tortoise4 ,,*]t4 ,a silici\s m9]al1 resembl+ common fl9t1 b ( co>s] texture4 ,,*,,ropotamus4 ,an ext9ct quadrup$ f\nd 9 ! ,eoc5e ( ,engl&4 ,,*eiracan?us 7?orny h&74 ,a fi% ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,,cirrhip$a 7hair feet74 ,balanus-,coronula2 ,anatifa are ( ?is family4 ,,cl9omet]4 ,an in/rum5t = measur+ ! dip & det]m9+ ! /rike ( b$s or /rata4 ,,coal-,,measures4 ,! :ole gr\p ( deposits1 consi/+ *iefly ( s&s & %ales1 ) :i* coal is usually f\nd4 ,,cocco/eus4 7,gr41 b]ry on bone7--a ,ganoid fi%4 ,,coleopt]a4 ,beetles ^: w+s are cov]$ ) a h>d %ea?4 ,,column>4 ,arrang$ 9 columns4 ,,con*if]a4 ,"o ( ! great divisions ( ,con*ology4 ,,con*oidal4 ,resembl+ a %ell4 ,us$ 9 ,m9]alogy to designate a p>ticul> k9d ( fracture4 ,,condyle4 ,a knob at ! end ( a bone1 a jo9t4 ,,con=mable4 ,:5 ! planes ( b$d+ ( two successive b$s or /rata are p>allel to ea* o!r !y are said to be con=mable2 :5 n p>allel !y are uncon=mable4 ,,cong5]s4 ,species belong+ to ! same g5us4 ,,conglom]ate or ,,pudd+/one4 ,a rock made up ( r\nd$ wat]-worn fragm5ts ( rock or pebbles cem5t$ toge!r by ano!r m9]al sub/ance4 ,,conif]4 ,trees t be> cones1 z ! p9e4 ,,coprolite4 ,! fossil rema9s ( excrem5t4 ,,cosmical4 ,relat+ to ! univ]se4 ,,cosmogony4 ,! ^w =m]ly appli$ to speculations conc]n+ ! e>?'s age & hi/ory4 ,,cotyl$on\s4 ,plants ^: se$s h b "o lobe4 ,,crag4 ,! "n giv5 to c]ta9 ,t]ti>y deposits 9 ,norfolk & ,suffolk4 ,,cretace\s4 ,belong+ to ! *alk4 ,,cr9oid4 ,belong+ to ! encr9ite family4 ,,cropp+ ,,out4 ,! out-crop ( a b$ is its fir/ appe>ance at ! surface4 ,,cru/aceans4 ,belong+ to ! crab or lob/] family1 c4 ,,cryptogam\s4 ,plants )\t app>5t fl[]s4 ,,cry/al4 ,! regul> =m 9 :i* a m9]al is pres5t$ :5 t =m c be describ$ ma!matically4 ,a m9]al is said to be cry/all9e :5 its atoms are arrang$ ) ref]5ce to "s def9ite =m4 ,,ct5acan?us4 ,belong+ to ! ,placoids4 ,,ct5oids4 ,fi%es ) comb-%ap$ scales4 ,,ct5opty*ius4 ,a fi% ( ! *alk =mation4 ,,culm4 ,an impure k9d ( coal4 ,,cumbrian4 ,occurr+ 9 ,cumb]l&4 ,! 8,cumbrian ,sy/em0 ( ,pr(4 ,s$gwick is a "p ( ! ,silurian s]ies ( ! ,lake di/rict ( ,cumb]l& & ,we/morel&4 ,,cycade4 ,fossil plants ( ! coal-measures4 ,,cyclas4 ,a small bivalve %ell rec5t & fossil4 ,,cycloid4 ,m>g9at$ scales4 ,,debris4 ,! fragm5ts ( rocks remov$ by ! action ( wea!r+ or by wat]4 ,,decorticat$4 ,/ripp$ ( b>k4 ,,deflection4 ,deviation f a /raight c\rse4 ,,degradation4 ,! we>+ away ( rocks1 g5]ally effect$ by aque\s action4 ,,deliquesc5t4 ,becom+ fluid by ! attraction ( wat] f ! atmosph]e4 ,,delta4 ,! alluvial l& =m$ by a riv] at its m\?1 usually exp&$ 9 a fan %ape l ! f\r? lett] ( ! ,greek alphabet 771 & !nce call$ ,delta4 ,,d5udation4 ,! act ( lay+ b>e rocks =m]ly cov]$ up1 ! removal ( ! ov]ly+ masses be+ effect$ by wat]4 ,,d]mal4 ,belong+ to ! sk94 ,,detritus4 ,matt] rubb$ (f by me*anical action f o!r rocks4 ,,diallage4 ,a m9]al4 ,,didelphys4 ,a p\*$ animal1 z ! ,opossum4 ,,d9osauria4 ,l& liz>ds--only f\nd fossil4 ,,dip 79 ,geology74 ,! angle ( incl9ation :i* ! plane ( a b$ makes ) ! plane ( ! horizon4 ,,diplopt]us1 ,,diplodus1 & ,,diplocan?us4 ,fi%es ( ! ,devonian or ,old r$ s&/one4 ,,dipt]us 7hav+ two w+s74 ,a fi% ( ! ,old r$ s&/one4 ,,dodo4 ,a l>ge bird once f\nd 9 ! ,isle ( ,france1 b n[ ext9ct4 ,,dolomite4 ,cry/all9e c>bonate ( lime & magnesia4 ,,dyke4 ,a rock1 g5]ally cry/all9e1 occupy+ a r5t or fissure 9 "s o!r & old] rock4 ,a dyke diff]s f a m9]al ve9 *iefly 9 its great] magnitude & 9 ! abs5ce ( ramifications4 ,,dynamics 7,gr41 p[]74 ,us$ 9 me*anics4 ,,e*9od]mata4 ,hav+ a sk9 l a h$gehog4 ,,effloresc5ce4 ,! t]m us$ to describe ! fall+ to p[d] ( c]ta9 m9]als on exposure4 ,,emb\*ure4 ,! m\? ( a great riv]4 ,,enaliosauria1 ,,plesiosaurus & ,,pliosaurus4 ,m>9e ,saurians1 z ! ,i*?yosaurus4 ,,encr9ite4 ,/one lily4 ,,endog5\s4 ,plants t increase f )91 z lilies1 grasses1 & among trees1 palms4 ,,entomo/racea4 ,"o ( ,cuvi]'s sections ( ,cru/aceans4 ,,eoc5e4 ,! "n giv5 by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell to ! l[e/ & olde/ division ( ! ,t]ti>y s]ies ( rocks4 ,,equisetum4 ,a plant1 fossil & rec5t4 ,,esc>pm5t4 ,! /eep face ( a m\nta9 *a9 or a ridge ( high l&4 ,,exog5\s4 ,plants :i* increase _! wood by ext]nal additions or r+s ( gr[?4 ,,exuvi4 ,a "n sometimes giv5 to all fossil rema9s f\nd 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,,fauna4 ,! :ole gr\p ( animals peculi> to a c\ntry or natural region at "s "o p]iod4 ,,feldsp>4 ,a h>d silici\s rock4 ,,f]rug9\s4 ,irony1 or conta9+ iron4 ,,f]n4 7,lat41 ,felices71 a class ( cryptogam\s plants4 ,,fissile4 ,capable ( be+ split asund]4 ,,flu/ra4 ,a p>asitic zoophyte or polyp>ia1 :i* cov]s sea-we$s & %ells4 ,f,,cal ,,s$im5t4 ,dregs1 excrem5t4 ,,=am9if]a4 ,! "n giv5 to a gr\p ( _m-*amb]$ %ells1 g5]ally microscopic1 ! *amb]s communicat+ by a small op5 orifice 7=am574 ,,fossil4 ,a ^w orig9ally appli$ to all sub/ances dug out ( ! e>?1 includ+ !re=e all m9]als1 b n[ limit$ 9 its application to ! rema9s ( organic be+s1 :e!r vegetable or animal1 buri$ b5ea? ! surface4 ,,fossilif]\s4 ,conta9+ fossils or organic rema9s4 ,,fri?4 ,a deep & comp>atively n>r[ arm ( ! sea4 ,,fronds4 ,! leaf ( a f]n is call$ a frond4 ,,fucoid4 ,t :i* resembles a fucus1 or seawe$3--fossil rema9s ( fuci are call$ fucoids4 ,,fusi=m4 ,sp9dle-%ap$4 ,,gal5a4 ,sulphuret ( lead4 ,,ganoid4 ,a gr\p ( fi%es hav+ enamel$ scales4 ,,ga/]opoda4 ,a gr\p ( %ell-be>+ animals cov]$ by "o valve1 & hav+ a fle%y foot atta*$ to ! belly4 ,,gault4 ,a blui% clay und]ly+ ! ,*alk & ,upp] gre5 s& 9 ,engl&4 ,,gavial4 ,a species ( %>k f\nd 9 ! ,ganges4 ,,geodes 79 m9]alogy7 a r\nd holl[ /one ^: cavity is usually fill$ ) cry/als4 ,,glacis4 ,a g5tly slop+ bank4 ,,glyptolepis4 7,gr41 c>v$ scale47 ,,glyptopomus4 ,a ,devonian fossil fi%4 ,,gneiss4 ,! "n giv5 to mixtures ( qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & mica1 9 :i* !re is a lam9at$ arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t +r$i5ts4 ,,goniatites4 ,*amb]$ fossil %ells4 ,,granite4 ,a rock consi/+ g5]ally ( cry/als ( feldsp> & mica imb$d$ 9 a qu>tzy base4 ,,gram94 ,grasses4 ,,graptolites or ,,sea-,,p5s4 ,fossils ( ! l[] ,silurian sy/em4 ,,grauwacke or ,,graywacke4 ,! "n giv5 by ,g]man geologi/s to "s ( ! old] fossilif]\s rocks1 & g5]ally ( a gray color1 s&y composition1 & fissile nature4 ,,gryphi4 ,fossil bivalve %ells f\nd 9 ! ,lias1 c4 ,,habitat4 ,! natural di/rict to :i* a species ( animals or vegetables is conf9$ 9 its di/ribution4 ,,hexah$ral4 ,hav+ six equal sides4 ,,het]oc]cal4 ,appli$ to ! tail ( a fi%1 means t ! upp] lobe ext5ds f>!r ?an ! "u4 ,,het]opoda4 ,an ord] ( univalve molluscs1 ^: feet =m a k9d ( f94 ,,holopty*ius4 ,a ,ganoid fi% ( ! coal-measures4 ,,hornbl5de4 ,an important m9]al 9 ! composition ( "s rocks4 ,,homoc]cal4 ,appli$ to fi%es hav+ equal lob$ tails4 ,,horn/one4 ,a v>iety ( qu>tz f\nd 9 volcanic di/ricts4 ,,hyal9e4 ,transp>5t l glass4 ,,hybod5tes4 ,fossil fi%4 ,,hyl,,osaurus4 ,fossil liz>d ( ! ,weald54 ,,hyp]/h5e4 ,a m9]al4 ,,hypog5e ,,rocks4 ,rocks =m$ b5ea? o!rs or :i* are assum$ to h obta9$ _! pres5t aspect und]nea? ! e>?'s surface4 ,,i*?yodorulite4 ,! fossil sp9e ( c]ta9 fi%es resembl+ %>ks4 ,,i*?yolites4 ,fragm5ts ( ! bones ( fossil fi%es4 ,,i*?yology4 ,! /udy & description ( fi%es4 ,,i*?yosaurus4 ,a m>9e reptile 7fi%-liz>d71 ^: rema9s are v abundant 9 rocks ( ! ,second>y p]iod4 ,,igne\s ,,rocks4 ,rocks1 su* z lava1 trap1 & "s o!rs :i* h be5 fus$ by volcanic heat4--,granite & o!r porphyritic rocks are sometimes call$ cry/all9e4 ,,ignig5\s4 ,produc$ by fire4 ,,iguanodon4 ,ext9ct gigantic liz>d4 ,,imbricat$4 ,cov]$ ) scales ov]lapp+ ea* o!r l tiles on ! ro( ( a h\se4 ,,inoc]amus4 ,a bivalve ( ! *alk =mation4 ,,inorganic4 ,n produc$ by vital action4 ,,inv]tebrata4 ,animals n furni%$ ) a back bone4 ,,juncus 79 botany74 ,a ru%4 ,,lac]tians4 ,liz>ds4 ,,lacu/r9e4 ,belong+ to a lake4 ,,lagoon4 ,a salt-wat] lake1 or "p ( a sea ne>ly inclos$ by a /rip ( l&4 ,,lam9at$4 ,arrang$ 9 ?9 plates or lam94 ,,l5ticul>4 ,l5s-%ap$4 ,,lepidoides4 ,ext9ct fi% ( ! ,oolite =mation4 ,,ll&eilo ,,flags4 ,a division ( ! l[] silurian =mation ( ,mur*ison4 ,,lias4 ,a prov9cial "n n[ g5]ally adopt$ to designate ! calc>e\s clay or clayey lime/one occurr+ betwe5 ! ,upp] new r$ s&/one & ! ,oolite4 ,,ligne\s4 ,woody4 ,,lignite4 ,wood conv]t$ into an imp]fect k9d ( coal4 ,,li?ology 7li?os1 a /one2 logos1 a disc\rse74 ,description ( /ones4 ,,littoral4 ,belong+ to ! %ore4 ,,lophiodon4 ,a fossil animal alli$ to ! tapir4 ,,lycopodium4 ,a cryptogam\s plant4 ,,macauco4 ,a f\r-h&$ animal alli$ to ! ,ape family4 ,,mammalia4 ,animals t suckle _! "y4 ,,m>l4 ,a mixture ( clay & lime4 ,,m>supial4 ,an animal hav+ a p\*1 z ! kang>oo4 ,,ma/odon4 ,a gigantic ext9ct quadrup$ resembl+ ! elephant4 ,,matrix4 ,! e>?y or /ony matt] 9 :i* a m9]al or fossil is imb$d$4 ,,me*anical ,,rocks4 ,rocks =m$ by deposition f wat]4 ,,megalosaurus4 ,a gigantic ext9ct liz>d4 ,,megali*?ys4 ,megas1 great2 i*?us1 fi%4 ,,metamorphic ,,rocks4 ,rocks t h und]gone *ange or metamorphosis s9ce _! orig9al =mation4 ,,metat>sal4 ,! "p ( ! foot betwe5 ! ankle & toes4 ,,meteorology4 ,! sci5ce ( ! ph5om5a ( ! atmosph]e4 ,,mica ,,slate4 ,is ! l[e/ /ratifi$ rock except gneiss--x is unfossilif]\s4 ,,mioc5e4 ,! middle ( ! ?ree divisions ( t]ti>y rocks1 accord+ to ,sir ,c4 ,lyell4 ,,molasse4 ,a prov9cial "n = a s&/one associat$ ) m>l & conglom]ates1 f\nd abundantly 9 ! great valley ( ,switz]l&4 ,x belongs to ! middle t]ti>y p]iod4 ,,molecules4 ,! ultimate p>ticles or atoms ( bodies4 ,,mollusca4 ,a division 9 ,con*ology4 ,,monomy>ia4 ,bivalve %ells hav+ b "o adductor muscle4 ,,mora9e4 ,a ,swiss t]m = ! dbris ( rocks br\ght d[n into valleys by glaci]s4 ,,myricaci4 ,plants ( ! ,gale family4 ,,mytilus4 ,a m>9e %ell1 ! mussel4 ,,neuropt]is4 ,a fossil f]n ( ! coal-measures4 ,,nodule4 ,a r\nd$ irregul>-%ap$ mass4 ,,nucleus4 ,! solid c5t]1 ab\t :i* matt] is (t5 collect$ to =m solids4 ,,nummulites4 ,a gr\p ( =am9if]\s %ells1 "s ( !m ( l>ge size & v abundant1 occurr+ 9 rocks *iefly ( ! olde/ t]ti>y p]iod4 ,,oolite4 ,a lime/one compos$ ( r\nd$ p>ticles1 l ! roe ( a fi%4 ,! "n ,oolitic is appli$ to a consid]able gr\p ( deposits 9 :i* ?is lime/one occurs4 ,,organic4 ,exhibit+ organization1 or ! results ( vital =ce4 ,organic rema9s1 or fossils1 are ! rema9s ( ! animals & vegetables ( a =m] /ate ( exi/5ce f\nd buri$ 9 rocks4 ,,orni?ic4 ,relat+ to birds4 ,,orni?orhyn*us4 ,a s+ul> animal1 f\nd 9 ,new ,holl&1 call$ also ! wat]-mole4 ,,or?oc]a4 ,a /raight-*amb]$ %ell ( ! ,silurian =mation4 ,,osse\s4 ,bony3 ,osse\s breccia is a conglom]ate made up ( bones cem5t$ toge!r by lime1 & mix$ ) e>?y matt]4 ,,o/eolepis 7bone-scale74 ,a fi% ( ! ,old r$ s&/one4 ,,o/eological4 ,relat+ to bones4 ,,outcrop4 ,! l9e at :i* a /ratum fir/ %[s itself at ! surface 9 incl9$ deposits4 ,,ovip>\s4 ,egg-lay+ animals4 ,,pa*yd]mata4 ,a gr\p ( animals s call$ f ! ?ickness ( _! sk94 ,! elephant & pig are well kn[n examples4 ,,pal,,oniscus4 ,a fossil fi% ( ! ,magnesian lime/one ( ,engl&4 ,,pal,,ontology4 ,! sci5ce :i* treats ( fossil organic rema9s2 x is ! zoology & botany ( ! anci5t conditions ( ! e>?4 ,,pal,,o!rium4 ,a g5us ( ,pa*yd]mata alli$ to ! ,tapir4 ,,pecopt]is4 ,a f]n ( ! coal-measures4 ,,pelagian4 ,belong+ to ! sea4 ,,p5tacr9ite4 ,a /one lily ) five-sid$ foot-/alk4 ,,petroleum4 ,m9]al pit*4 ,,ph,,nogam\s1 or ,,phan]ogamic ,,plants4 ,^? 9 :i* ! reproductive organs are app>5t4 ,,phryganea4 ,a family ( insects :i* bre$ 9 wat]4 ,,phyllolepis4 ,leaf-scale4 ,,physical4 ,lit]ally natural1 b us$ 9 sci5tific language 9 treat+ ( ! high] & wid] views ( v>i\s dep>tm5ts ) ref]5ce to ! :ole ext]nal _w1 & n to m]e human objects4 ,,phytology4 ,! dep>tm5t ( ,natural ,hi/ory :i* relates to plants4 ,botany4 ,,placoid4 ,a gr\p ( fi%es1 s call$ f ! /ructure ( _! scales4 ,,planorbis4 ,a fre% wat] univalve4 ,fossil & rec5t4 ,,platygna?us4 7,greek2 platus1 wide1 & gna?os1 jaw or m\?47 ,,plesiosaurus4 ,an ext9ct g5us ( reptiles4 ,,plioc5e1 ,,old] ,,& ,,new]4 ,! upp] "p ( ! ,t]ti>y s]ies1 s call$ by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell f ! prepond]ance ( rec5t %ells 9 !m4 ,,plumbago 7,black lead74 ,! "n commonly giv5 to graphite1 a =m ( c>bon4 ,,plutonic ,,rocks4 ,rocks suppos$ to be due to igne\s action at great dep?s bel[ ! e>?'s surface1 h be5 ?us nam$ by old] geologi/s4 ,! igne\s action is n manife/ 9 su* rocks1 b presum$1 z 9 ! case ( granite4 ,,polyp>ia4 ,a gr\p ( animals ( :i* ! coral animal is a well kn[n example4 ,,porcellia4 ,! papaw1 a plant n[ call$ asim9a4 ,,porphyry4 ,any rock hav+ cry/als imb$d$ 9 a base ( o!r m9]al composition4 ,?us granite is a porphyritic rock1 hav+ cry/als ( feldsp> & mica imb$d$ 9 a qu>tz base4 ,,pr$aceus4 ,prey+ ^u o!r animals4 ,,prehnite4 ,a m9]al4 ,,prim>y1 or ,,primitive4 ,?is "n is commonly appli$ to ! rocks :i* und]lie ^? t are manife/ly ( me*anical orig9 & conta9 fossils4 ,,prodectus4 ,a bivalve %ell4 ,,pt]i*?ys4 7,w+$ fi%47 ,a fossil ( ! ,old r$ s&/one4 ,,pt]odactyl4 ,a rem>kable g5us ( reptiles adapt$ = flight2 its rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 a fossil /ate ?r\gh\t ! ,second>y rocks4 ,,pt]opoda4 ,m>9e animals hav+ w+-l f9s4 ,,pudd+ ,,/one4 ,! "n (t5 giv5 to co>se conglom]ates 9 :i* ! fragm5ts or pebbles are r\nd$4 ,,pyrites4 ,a "n giv5 to ! comb9ations ( c]ta9 metals ) sulphur4 ,,qua-,,qua-,,v]sal4 ,! dip ( b$s 9 e direction f an elevat$ c5tral po9t4 ,! b$s on ! flanks ( a volcanic cone dip 9 ?is way4 ,,qu>tz4 ,! common =m ( silica2 rock-cry/al & fl9t are examples4 ,,raceme 79 botany74 ,:5 ! florets are arrang$ along ! sides ( a g5]al p$uncle4 ,,radiata4 ,a division ( ! animal k+dom s call$ because ! body is frequ5tly pres5t$ 9 a radiat$ =m l ! common />-fi%4 ,,reticulat$4 ,a /ructure ( cross$ fib]s1 l a net1 is said to be reticulat$4 ,,rock 79 ,geology74 ,any mass ( m9]al matt] ( consid]able or indef9ite ext5t & ne>ly uni=m "*1 is call$ 9 geological language a rock1 )\t reg>d to its h>dness or compactness3 ?us1 loose s& & clay1 z well z s&/one & lime/one1 are spok5 ( "u ?is "n4 ,,rock ,,salt4 ,common salt occurr+ 9 a cry/all9e /ate 9 rocks4 ,,roe-,,/one4 ,! "n sometimes giv5 to ,oolite4 ,,rum9antia4 ,an important gr\p ( quadrup$s includ+ ^? :i* *ew ! cud1 z ! ox1 de]1 c4 ,,sac*>oid4 ,hav+ ! texture ( loaf sug>4 ,,salif]\s ,,sy/em4 ,! new r$ s&/one sy/em1 s call$ f ! salt ) :i* x is associat$ 9 p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,,saurian 7reptilian74 ,any animal ( ! liz>d tribe1 & _m ext9ct reptiles only di/antly alli$ to ^!4 ,,sauroids4 ,m>9e fi%es resembl+ liz>ds4 ,,salmonoides4 ,resembl+ ! salmon4 ,,s*i/4 ,a "n (t5 us$ z synonym\s ) slate1 b m commonly1 & v conv5i5tly1 limit$ to ^? rocks :i* d n admit ( indef9ite splitt+1 l slate1 b are only capable ( a less p]fect sep>ation into lay]s or lam94 ,( ?is k9d are gneiss1 mica-s*i/1 c41 (t5 m or less cry/all9e4 ,,scirpus 79 ,botany74 ,a ru%4 ,,scori4 ,! "n giv5 to volcanic a%es4 ,! ^w means any k9d ( c9d]s1 b its sci5tific use is ?us limit$4 ,,%ale4 ,an indurat$ clay1 less fissile ?an s*i/1 b splitt+ ) tol]able facility 9 plates p>allel to ea* o!r1 & to ! orig9al planes ( b$d+4 ,,%ell ,,m>l4 ,a deposit ( clay1 peat1 & silt1 mix$ ) %ells1 :i* collects at ! bottom ( fre%-wat] lakes4 ,,s]pula 79 ,con*ology74 ,a worm-l m>9e %ell4 ,,s]rat$4 ,hav+ po9ts l a saw4 ,,sigill>ia4 ,fossil plants f\nd 9 ! coal-measures4 ,,silex1 ,,silica4 ,! "n giv5 by ,m9]alogi/s to a pure e>?1 m commonly spok5 ( z fl9t1 &1 :5 cry/alliz$1 call$ rock-cry/al4 ,,silt4 ,! "n usually giv5 to ! muddy deposit f\nd at ! bottom ( runn+ /reams4 ,,silurian4 ,! "n giv5 by ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison to an important s]ies ( fossilif]\s rocks well develop$ 91 & fir/ describ$ f1 a di/rict 9 ,wales & ,%rop%ire =m]ly inhabit$ by ! ,siluri1 a tribe ( ,anci5t ,britons4 ,,siphuncle4 ,a small tube pass+ ?r\gh an orifice 9 ! septum ( a *amb]$ %ell4 ,,sph5opt]is4 ,fossilf]n 7leaf w$ge-%ap$74 ,,sph]oid4 ,hav+ a %ape ne>ly resembl+ t ( a sph]e or globe4 ,,spirif]4 ,an ext9ct bivalve4 ,,/alactite & ,,/alagmite4 ,concretions ( c>bonate ( lime & sometimes ( o!r m9]als1 z qu>tz or ev5 mala*ite1 deposit$ by wat] dropp+ f ! ro( ( a cav]n or o!r vacant space4 ,,/eatite4 ,soap/one4 ,,/igm>ia4 ,a coal fossil1 an aquatic plant4 ,,/ratification4 ,! condition ( rocks or accumulat$ m9]als deposit$ 9 lay]s1 b$s1 or /rata4 ,,/rike4 ,! l9e ( be>+ ( /rata1 or ! direction ( any horizontal l9e on a /ratum4 ,,sup]position4 ,an expression v commonly employ$ by ,geologi/s to describe ! ord] ( arrangem5t :5 "o b$ or /ratum reposes ^u ano!r4 ,,supra-,,cretace\s4 ,a t]m appli$ by ,sir ,h4 de la ,b*e to rocks ov]ly+ ! *alk4 ,! t]m ,t]ti>y is n[ univ]sally adopt$ = ?is gr\p4 ,,sy5ite4 ,! granite ( ! qu>ries ( ,sy5e 9 ,egypt4 ,x is usual to call by ?is "n any comb9ation ( qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & hornbl5de4 ,,syncl9al ,,axis4 ,! l9e ( depression betwe5 two anticl9al axes4 ,,syncondrosis4 ,connection ( bones by c>tilage4 ,,t]ebratula4 ,a fossil %ell4 ,,t]ti>y ,,/rata4 ,! s]ies ( s$im5t>y rocks ov]ly+ ! *alk1 or o!r repres5tative ( ! ,second>y p]iod1 & ext5d+ !nce to ! rocks ( ! ,rec5t p]iod4 ,,te/acea4 ,mollusc\s or s(t animals hav+ a %elly cov]+4 ,,!codont4 ,a fossil saurian or m>9e liz>d4 ,,!rmal4 ,hot4 ,!rmal ,spr+s are spr+s ^: temp]ature is above ! mean annual temp]ature ( ! place :]e !y break out4 ,,tetrapt]\s4 ,f\r-w+$4 ,,tibia4 ,! pr9cipal bone ( ! leg4 ,,toad-,,/one4 ,! "n giv5 by m9]s to b$s ( basalt1 occurr+ 9 ,d]by%ire4 ,,tra*yte4 ,a feldspa?ic v>iety ( lava4 ,,trap4 ,cry/all9e rocks1 compos$ *iefly ( feldsp>1 augite & hornbl5de1 comb9$ 9 _m ways1 & exhibit+ great v>ieties ( aspect1 are frequ5tly call$ by ?is "n4 ,,trias4 ,! "n giv5 on ! cont95t to ! b$s ( ! ,new r$ s&/one s]ies4 ,,trilobite4 ,a common fossil 9 ! ,dudley lime/one1 s nam$ f ! *>act]i/ic species hav+ ! body divid$ into ?ree lobes4 ,trilobites are ! rema9s ( a rem>kable ext9ct family ( ,cru/aceans1 ( :i* ! crab1 lob/]1 c41 are mod]n repres5tatives4 ,,trionyx4 ,a g5us ( tortoise1 hav+ ?ree claws4 ,,tuface\s1 ,,tuff4 ,an ,italian "n = a v>iety ( volcanic rock ( e>?y texture1 & made up *iefly or entirely ( fragm5ts ( volcanic a%es4 ,,turb9at$4 ,%ells :i* h a spiral or screw-l /ructure are ?us nam$4 ,,uncon=mable ,,sup]position 7in/ratification74 ,! condition ( /rata :5 "o has be5 deposit$ horizontally ^u ! upturn$ edges ( ^? imm$iately bel[4 ,,unio4 ,fre% wat] bivalve4 ,,v]tebrata1 or ,v]tebrat$ ,animals4 ,a l>ge & mo/ important division ( ! animal k+dom1 includ+ all ^? animals provid$ ) a back bone4 ,ea* sep>ate bone ( ! back is call$ a v]tebra4 ,,v]tex4 ,! summit or upp] "p ( a solid4 ,,vitre\s4 ,glassy4 ,us$ 9 ,m9]alogy to designate a peculi> lu/]4 ,,vivip>\s4 ,be>+ "y alive4 ,,w>p4 ,! deposit ( muddy wat]s4 ,,weald54 ,! "n giv5 to an important fre%-wat] =mation1 occurr+ betwe5 ! ,cretace\s & ,oolitic rocks1 *iefly 9 ! ,wealds ( ,k5t & ,sussex4 ,,:9-,,/one4 ,a prov9cial t]m appli$ to "s trap rocks4 ,,zamia4 ,a plant alli$ to ! palm1 pl5tiful ea/ ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,,zeolite4 ,a gr\p ( m9]als :i* swell & boil up :5 expos$ to ! bl[-pipe flame4 ,,zoophyte4 ,! t]m appli$ to "s animals ( l[ organization1 :i*1 dur+ ! great] "p ( _! lives1 are atta*$ to "s =eign sub/ance1 & are incapable ( locomotion4