,,! ,,ritual ,,& ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,w9nebago ,,m$ic9e ,,dance ,,by ,,paul ,,rad9 ,,diss]tation ,,submitt$ ,,9 ,,p>tial ,,fulfilm5t ,,( ,,! ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,! ,,degree ,,( ,,doctor ,,( ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,! ,,faculty ,,( ,,philosophy1 ,,columbia ,,univ]sity4 ,repr9t$ f ,,! ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,am]ican ,,folk-,,lore1 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 ,no4 ,,xcii1 ,april-,june1 #aiaa ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,evelyn ,r4 ,,bresl] ,repr9t$ f ,,! ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,am]ican ,,folk-,,lore1 ,vol4 ,,xxiv41 ,no4 ,,xcii41 ,april-,june1 #aiaa4 ,,! ,,ritual ,,& ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,w9nebago ,,m$ic9e ,,dance ,,by ,,paul ,,rad9 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,a4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,ritual ,,( ,,! ,,w9nebago ,,m$ic9e ,,dance #adi ,i4 ,organization ( ! ,b&s #aej ,,ii4 ,prescrib$ ,duties ( ! ,b&s #aea ,,iii4 ,division ( ! ,c]emony #aec ,,iv4 ,types ( ,compon5t ,elem5ts ( ! ,c]emony #aed #a4 ,types ( ,spee*es #aed #b4 ,types ( ,songs #aef #c4 ,types ( ,action #aef #d4 ,types ( ,ritual #aef ,v4 ,c]emony z a ,:ole #afa ,b4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,ojibwa ,,mide,,wiw9 #afe ,c4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,m5om9ee ,,mide,,wiw9 #afg ,d4 ,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,ritual #afh ,i4 ,! ,common ,elem5ts #afh ,,ii4 ,! ,int]pretation ( ! ,common ,elem5ts--,s*urtz's ,!ory #afi ,,iii4 ,! ,%oot+ ,ritual #age ,,iv4 ,! ,initiation ,ritual #agi ,v4 ,! ,g5]al ,c]emony #ahf ,,vi4 ,! ,complete ,c]emonial ,complexes #ahh ,,vii4 ,rsum & ,conclusion #aih ,a4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,ritual ,,( ,,! ,,w9nebago ,,m$ic9e ,,dance#a ,! ,m$ic9e ,dance is a society1 admission into :i* is ga9$ by pur*ase4 ,! ,w9nebago suppose x to be a repetition ( a c]emony orig9ally in/itut$ by ! ,rabbit1 :5 he initiat$ ! fir/ man into its secrets4 ,! society consi/s ( five b&s1 :i*1 dur+ ! c]emony1 are kn[n respectively z ! ,ance/or-,ho/'s1 ! ,ea/1 ,nor?1 ,we/1 & ,s\? ,b&s4 ,^! five b&s are also kn[n by ! names ( _! lead]s4 ,any b& may act z ho/1 & ! position ( ! o!rs 9 ! lodge is dep5d5t on ! ord] 9 :i* !y are invit$ by ! b& act+ z ho/4 ,x ?us foll[s t ea* b& mu/ "k ! entire c]emony ( ! society4 ,i4 ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,b&s4--,= purposes ( description x w be be/ to divide ea* b& into ?ree p>ts1--! lead]1 8 two assi/ants1 & ! re/ ( ! b&4 ,lead]%ip dep5ds ^u a ?or\gh k ( ! c]emony & its complete esot]ic significance1 :i* is 9 ! possession ( only "o individual 9 ea* b&4 ,?is k c be obta9$ solely by pur*ase & religi\s qualifications4 ,^! religi\s qualifications1 to :i* might be add$ moral z well1 play little "p at ! pres5t day1 b !re c be no d\bt t !y 7 ess5tial 9 ! pa/4 ,! lead] likewise (t5 possess$ o!r *>act]i/ics1 su* z ^? ( w>rior & %aman1 b !y 7 n ess5tial = 8 position4 ,! two assi/ants 7 g5]ally m5 :o _h pur*as$ suffici5t in=mation & privileges to entitle !m to help ! lead] 9 c]ta9 details ( ! c]emony4 ,! drumm]s1 rattle-hold]s1 danc]s1 etc41 7 always recruit$ f _! ranks4 ,ev5tually !y became ! lead]s4 ,^? :o 7 nei!r lead]s nor assi/ants possess$ a k v>y+ f t ( elem5t>y in=mation1 requir$ = admission1 to su* z w\ld entitle !m to ! position ( assi/ant4 ,!re is a priority ( position 9 ! lodge dep5d+ on priority ( invitation4 ,! b& invit$ fir/1 occupies ! ea/ position2 t invit$ second1 ! nor?2 t invit$ ?ird1 ! we/2 & t invit$ f\r?1 ! s\?4 ,! ea/ is ! position ( highe/ honor2 ! s\?1 t ( ! l[e/4 ,betwe5 ! b&s1 !re exi/s an ord] ( invitation bas$ on tradition1 ! exact nature ( :i* is unkn[n4 ,accord+ to "o in=mant1 if "o b& invit$ ano!r1 ! latt] 9 turn w\ld be oblig$ to give x ! position ( honor2 b z !re are five b&s1 ?is c apply only to special cases4 ,:atev] may be ! ord]1 x is c]ta9 t ea* b& has ample occasion to occupy all five positions4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* a man c jo9 ! ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,he may simply apply = admission to any ( ! five lead]s1 or he may take ! place ( a deceas$ relative4 ,9 ! =m] case1 if 8 paym5t is satisfactory1 & he has ! o!r qualifications1 he is accept$4 ,9 ! o!r case1 he or 8 relatives decide to h him take ! place ( a deceas$ relative4 ,?is latt] =m ( c&idacy is by f> ! common]4 ,at ! pres5t day1 initiation requires ! paym5t ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ or f\r hundr$ doll>s1 9 ! =m ( goods & tobacco4 ,( ?is1 a portion is giv5 to ! lead] ( ! ,ance/or-,ho/'s ,b& dur+ ! ,f\r ,nights' ,prep>ation1 & ! re/ to ! lead]s ( ! o!r f\r b&s dur+ ! c]emony prop]4 ,exactly h[ mu* in=mation an individual obta9s on ent]+1 _c be det]m9$4 ,?is w\ld dep5d on ! am\nt ( ! paym5t4 ,! m9imum ( k w\ld be an acqua9tance ) ! b>e ext]nals ( ! c]emony1 its g5]al significance1 & su* k ( ! leg5d>y orig9 ( ! ,lodge z a s+le recital c\ld give4 ,! new memb] is n initiat$ into ! symbolism ( ! rituali/ic my?s1 & consequ5tly a l>ge portion ( ! same mu/ be un9telligible to him4 ,:at he obta9s is practically only ! "r to hold ! ott]-sk9 bag & to use x 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,he _c take "p 9 any ( ! =ms ( danc+ or s++1 nor c he ev5 %oot at w4 ,he v r>ely rema9s 9 ?is condition long1 b takes ! fir/ opportunity to pur*ase additional k & privileges4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( memb]s1--mature m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,! privileges ( wom5 diff] f ^? ( ! m51 9 t ! wom5 d n h to p>take ( ! sweat-ba?1 may nev] become assi/ants1 & are privileg$ to dance 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,9 o!r respects !y h equal privileges ) m54 ,9 practice1 !re are c]ta9 privileges t wom5 nev] h1 b ?is is due to ! fact t ei!r !y d n c>e or !y are n 9 a position to buy !m4 ,*ildr5 belong to a q diff]5t category4 ,al?\gh !y possess an ott]-sk91 !y h n ev5 ! p[] ( mak+ x effective1 &1 9 ord] to d s1 mu/ h x guid$ by "s old] memb]4 ,!re does n seem to be any evid5ce indicat+ t wom5 7 ev] exclud$ f memb]%ip4 ,,ii4 ,,prescrib$ ,,duties ,,( ,,! ,,b&s4--,! duties ( ! ho/1 :o is kn[n z x'ok]a1#b & ^: b& is call$ ,m9ak#8ara-k#8oagirera1#c are z foll[s3 #a4 ,to rehe>se ! songs & rituals ) 8 b& f\r nights previ\s to ! c]emony prop]4 ,at ?is rehe>sal ! c&idate 7habirok#8aragu-in]a1 lit]ally 8! "o = :om !y seek life07 is always pres5t1 & in/ruct$ 9 ! c]emony4 #b4 ,to s5d out invitation-/icks & tobacco to ! lead]s ( ! o!r f\r b&s4 ,! mess5g]s are always 8 si/]s' sons4 #c4 ,to beg9 ! ,f\r ,nights' ,c]emony prec$+ ! c]emony prop]4 #d4 ,to receive ! lead]s & assi/ants ( ! o!r f\r b&s be=e ! sweat-lodge ritual1 & to beg9 ! same4 #e4 ,to beg9 ! c]emony prop]4 #f4 ,to take "p 9 ! foll[+ portion ( ! c]emony prop]4 7a7 ,to welcome ! f\r b&s4 7b7 ,to lead ! c&idate to ! secret bru% & in/ruct him 9 c]ta9 precepts4 7c7 ,to act z preceptor ( ! c&idate be=e he is %ot ) ! sacr$ %ell4 7d7 ,to turn ! c&idate ov] to ! *>ge ( ! lead]s ( ! ,ea/ & ,nor? ,b&s4 7e7 ,to relate c]ta9 ( ! my?s4 7f7 ,to deliv] c]ta9 spee*es & to p]=m c]ta9 actions t con/itute ! basic ritual ( ! c]emony prop]4 ,?is w be discuss$ lat]4 ,! ,ea/ ,b& is kn[n z ,tconi m9ag]a 7,^?-:o-sit-fir/71 ,hanp#8ogu hom9ag]e 7,:]e-!-day-comes-f71 ,wiayephuregi 7,:]e-!-sun-rises74 ,all ^! t]ms are us$ frequ5tly4 ,! duties ( ! lead] are-- #a4 ,to assi/ ! ance/or-ho/ 9 pass+ ^u ! eligibility ( a c&idate4 #b4 ,to take "p 9 ! foll[+ portions ( ! c]emony prop]4 7a7 ,accompani$ by 8 two assi/ants1 to take "p 9 ! bru% ritual4 7b7 ,to take *>ge ( ! c&idate aft] he has be5 h&$ ov] to him by ! ance/or-ho/4 7c7 ,to %oot ! sacr$ %ell into ! c&idate's body4 7d7 ,to relate c]ta9 ( ! my?s4 7e7 ,to p]=m ! basic ritual4 ,! ,nor? ,b& is kn[n z ,s9iwagu m9ag]a 7,:]e-!-cold-comes-f74 ,! lead] has ! same duties z ^? ( ! ,ea/ lead]4 ,! my?s recit$ are ( c\rse diff]5t4 ,! ,we/ ,b& is kn[n z ,wioir m9ag]a 7,:]e-!-sun-goes-d[n74 ,! lead] has ! duty ( recit+ c]ta9 my?s & p]=m+ ! basic ritual4 ,! ,s\? ,b& is kn[n z ,nagoj$ja m9ag]a 7,he-:o-sits-at-!-end-(-!-road7 or ,horotcdj]egi 7,:]e-!-sun-/raight5s74 ,! duties ( ! lead] are ! same z ^? ( ! lead] ( ! ,we/ ,b&1 except t ! my?s he recites are diff]5t4 ,! di/ribution ( ! gifts to ! diff]5t b&s is ! foll[+3 ,! lead] ( ! ,ea/ ,b& receives "o-half ( ! numb] ( blankets1 ! upp] half ( ! new suit worn by ! c&idate1 & "o-qu>t] ( ! food4 ,! lead] ( ! ,nor? ,b& receives "o-half ( ! blankets1 ! l[] half ( ! suit1 ! moccas9s1 & "o-qu>t] ( ! food4 ,! lead]s ( ! ,we/ & ,s\? ,b&s receive ea* ?ree y>ds & a half ( calico & a f\r? ( ! food4 ,! ance/or-ho/ receives v>i\s gifts ( food & tobacco f ! lead]s ( ! o!r b&s4 ,he receives 8 paym5t f ! c&idate be=e ! c]emony prop]4 ,! c&idate is pres5t at ! ,f\r ,nights' ,c]emony ( ! ance/or-ho/'s b& prelim9>y to ! c]emony prop]4 ,at ! latt] c]emony he sits to ! "r ( ! ance/or-ho/'s b&4 ,he is n dress$ 9 8 new suit until aft] ! secret c]emonies 9 ! bru%4 ,!re are facial decorations di/9ctive ( ! diff]5t b&s4 ,! ho/'s b& & ! c&idate pa9t a blue circle on ea* *eek1 b its significance is unkn[n to me4 ,! regalia us$ are simple & few4 ,!y consi/ ( eagle1 hawk1 squirrel1 weasel1 beav]1 & ott] sk9 bags1 a drum1 g\rd rattles1 & invitation-/icks4 ,! ott]-sk9 bags are always bead$ & conta9 ! sacr$ %ell & v>i\s m$ic9es4 ,a few r$ fea!rs are always ins]t$ 9 ! m\? ( ! ott]-sk9 bag4 ,! g\rds conta9 buck-%ot at ! pres5t day4 ,!y are pa9t$ ) blue f+]-m>ks4 ,,iii4 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,c]emony4--,! ,m$ic9e ,dance is divid$ into five well-m>k$ p>ts4 ,! fir/ "p 7,i7 consi/s ( ! ,two ,nights' ,prep>ation prec$+ ! s5d+-out ( ! invitation-/icks4 ,?is takes place at ! home ( ! ance/or-ho/ 7x'ok]a71 9 ! pres5ce ( ! memb]s ( 8 b& & ! c&idate4 ,! second "p 7,,ii7 consi/s ( ! ,f\r ,nights' ,prep>ation prec$+ ! sweat-lodge ritual4 ,ea* b& has its own ,f\r ,nights' ,prep>ation1 al?\gh t ( ! ance/or-ho/ beg9s be=e ! o!rs4 ,! ?ird "p 7,,iii7 consi/s ( ! rites held 9 a sweat-lodge specially con/ruct$ = ?is purpose ne> ! m$ic9e-lodge1 on ! morn+ aft] ! ,f\r ,nights' ,prep>ation4 ,! p>ticipants are ! ance/or-ho/2 ! lead] ( ! ,ea/1 ,nor?1 ,we/1 & ,s\? ,b&s1 ea* ) 8 two assi/ants2 & ! c&idate4 ,! f\r? "p 7,,iv7 consi/s ( ! c]emony prop]1 :i* 9 turn mu/ be divid$ into ! night c]emony 7a7 & ! day c]emony 7b74 ,! fif? "p 7,v7 consi/s ( ! rites held 9 ! bru%1 at :i* ! secrets ( ! society are imp>t$ to ! c&idate4 ,special gu>ds are plac$ on all sides ( ! bru% to prev5t ! intrusion ( outsid]s4 ,! p>ticipants are1 beside ! c&idate1 ! ance/or-ho/1 ! lead]s ( ! ,ea/ & ,nor? ,b&s1 ea* ) 8 two assi/ants1 & all o!r individuals :o h b\ght ! privilege ( att5d+4 ,^! c]emonies take place at ! dawn prec$+ ! day c]emony4 ,two fea/s & "o int]mission int]rupt ! ma9 c]emony4 ,! fea/s always take place at ! end ( ! ritual ( ! ,ea/ ,b&2 i4 e41 g5]ally at noon & at midnight4 ,! int]mission g5]ally la/s f ! dawn prec$+ ! day c]emony until #g or #h ,a4 ,m4 ,! int]mission beg9s z soon z ! drum & g\rds h be5 return$ to ! ance/or-ho/1 & ends z soon z ! p return f ! bru% ritual4 ,! fir/ & second p>ts are conc]n$ entirely ) a recital ( c]ta9 rituali/ic my?s1 & a rehe>sal ( ! songs & ! specific ritual ( ea* b&1 us$ dur+ ! rema9+ p>ts4 ,,iv4 ,,types ,,( ,,compon5t ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,c]emony4--,= purposes ( great] cl>ity1 ! spee*es1 songs1 & types ( action1 w be c>efully diff]5tiat$1 & ref]r$ to by "s designation *>act]iz+ _! ess5tial traits4 ,^! spee*es1 songs1 & types ( action1 toge!r =m complexes :i* c be reg>d$ z units1 & ,i w !re=e also ref] to ^! by "s designation *>act]i/ic ( _! function4 #a4 ,,types ,,( ,,spee*es4 7#a7 ,salutations4--,no =mal salutation is us$ dur+ ,p>ts ,i & ,,ii1 ! individuals be+ address$ by _! relation%ip t]ms4 ,9 ,p>ts ,,iii1 ,,iv1 & ,v ! salutations are inv>iably ! same4 ,! ance/or-ho/ & 8 b& are address$ z foll[s3 8,!-"o-occupy+-!-seat-(-a-relative 7deceas$7 7"s relation%ip t]ms7 -&-y-:o-sit-)-him1 ,i salute y60 ,! ,ea/ is address$1 8,y-:o-repres5t-!-place-:]e-!-sun-rises2 0 ! ,nor?1 8,y-:o-repres5t-!-place-:]e-!-cold-comes -f20 ! ,we/1 8,y-:o-repres5t-!-place-:]e-!-sun-sets20 & ! ,s\?1 8,y-:o-repres5t-!-place-:]e-!-sun-/raigh t5s0 or 7pref]ably7 8,y-:o-repres5t-!-end-(-!-road40 ,! appellations ( ! b&s1 z be=e /at$1 ref] to ! creation my? & ! f\r gu>dian spirits :om ! ,rabbit visit$ = ! purpose ( inquir+ into ! necessity & mean+ ( dea?4 ,he 0 compell$ to travel ar\nd ! e>?1 :i* is conceiv$ ( z an isl&1 & receiv$ no answ] until he came to ! _s at ! end ( ! road4 ,9 ! dramatic p]=mance ( ! m$ic9e dance ! lodge typifies ! e>?1 & ! f\r b&s & _! lead]s typify ! f\r spirits4 ,! ance/or-ho/'s b& typifies ! ance/or ( ! ,w9nebago1 _! lead] be+ kn[n z x'ok]a 7lit]ally 8root10 metaphorically 8ance/or074 7#b7 ,spee*es4--,"u ?is head w be treat$ 7a7 spee*es ( welcome2 7b7 spee*es ( acceptation2 7c7 spee*es ( pres5tation2 7d7 spee*es explanatory ( ! significance ( ! ritual2 & 7e7 spee*es ( admonition1 address$ exclusively to ! c&idate4 ,?is does n exhau/ all ! spee*es4 ,!re are _m o!rs1 g5]ally %ort1 t c h>dly be classifi$4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t 9 _! cont5t1 z well z 9 ! ord] ( _! succession1 ! spee*es mu/ foll[ a traditionally det]m9$ sequ5ce4 ,9 practice ?is is c]ta9ly n always true1 b to ! m9d ( ! ,w9nebago ^! spee*es appe> z old z ! c]emony4 ,x is _! firm belief t any dep>ture f ! accept$ norm w int]f]e ) ! efficacy ( ! c]emony4 7a7 ,spee*es ( ,welcome4--,:5 ! lead] ( ! ,ea/ ,b& ent]s aft] ! ance/or-ho/ has begun ! ma9 c]emony 7,,iv1 b71 he addresses him z foll[s3 8,x 0 good ( y t y condesc5d$ to invite me to ?is dance4 ,i am a poor pitiable man1 & y believ$ me to be a m$ic9e-man4 ,b ,i "k t y w %[ me ! true mann] ( liv+1 :i* ,i ?\ght ,i possess$1 b :i* ,i did n40 ,9 ?is /ra9 he cont9ues1 weav+ into 8 spee* ref]5ces to ! ritual connect$ ) 8 b&1 & giv+ words ( ?anks = ! beautiful wea!r 7%\ld x be a cle> day74 ,9 conclud+1 he ?anks all aga91 & in=ms !m t he w s+ a song4 ,) slight alt]ations1 ! lead]s ( ! o!r b&s address ! ance/or-ho/ simil>ly4 ,! ance/or-ho/'s answ] ( welcome is z foll[s3 8,:atev] ,i desir$1 y h done = me4 ,all night h y /ay$ ) me1 & by y\r pres5ce help$ me 9 ! prop] p]=mance ( ?is c]emony4 ,i am ready ) a danc+-song2 & :5 ,i h f9i%$ x1 & sit d[n1 ,i %all pass unto y tobacco & ! o!r means ( bless+ 7! g\rds & ! drum74 ,y all1 :o are pres5t1 d ,i greet40 7b7 ,spee*es ( ,acceptation4--,aft] ! ance/or-ho/ has be5 pres5t$ ) food1 he ?anks ! donors z foll[s3 8,y h _h pity on me4 ,y h be5 good to me1 & h giv5 me to ! full :atev] ,i might h desir$4 ,y h made my he>t full ( ! bless+ ( ?ankfulness4 ,9 return ,i give y a bless+4 ,"h is "s food = y4 ,x is n any?+ special1 nor is x z mu* z x ought to be1 & ,i "k y w rema9 hungry4 ,x 0 prep>$ = ! spirits ( ! f\r qu>t]s 7:om y repres5t71 b x is lack+ 9 all ^? qualities :i* w\ld h made x acceptable to !m4 ,su* z x is1 h[ev]1 may its pres5tation be a means ( bless+ to y60 7c7 ,spee* ( ,pres5tation4--,ea/ pres5ts ! food to ! ance/or-ho/ ) ! foll[+ words3 8,i h n v mu* to tell y1 because ,i am too poor1 b our ance/ors told u to give food to y4 ,?is little t ,i give y is all t ,i c d1 be+ a p]son ( s little importance40 7d7 ,explanatory ,spee*es4--,^! are ( s specific a nature t no s+le "o c be consid]$ typical4 7e7 ,spee*es ( ,admonition4--8,nephew1 n[ ,i %all tell y ! pa? y mu/ walk1 ! life y mu/ lead4 ,?is is ! life ! ,rabbit obta9$ = u4 ,?is is ! only k9d ( life1 ?is t our ance/ors foll[$4 ,li/5 to me4 ,if y w always help y\rself1 !n y w atta9 to ! "r life4 ,nev] d any?+ wrong4 ,nev] /eal1 nev] tell an untru?1 & nev] fight4 ,if y meet a woman on ! left side ( ! road1 turn to ! "r4 ,nev] acco/ h]1 nor speak famili>ly ) a p]son :om y are n p]mitt$ ?us to address4 ,if y d all ^! ?+s1 !n y w be act+ correctly4 ,?is is :at ,i desire ( y40 #b4 ,,types ,,( ,,songs4--,! songs may be divid$ into two gr\ps3 7#a7 ^? t are sung 9 connection ) my?s & aft] ! spee*es ( a m g5]al nature1 & 7#b7 ^? t are sung to accompany def9ite & specific actions4 ,^! latt] c !re=e be mo/ conv5i5tly divid$ into 7a7 m9or dance songs1 7b7 major dance songs1 7c7 initial songs1 7d7 t]m9al songs1 7e7 load+ songs1 & 7f7 %oot+ songs4 ,! m$ic9e-m5 di/+ui% only betwe5 f\r k9ds ( songs1--major & m9or dance songs1 t]m9al & %oot+ songs4 ,ea* has a diff]5t rhy?m & music4 ,= purposes ( description1 h[ev]1 ! above division is m conv5i5t4 #c4 ,,types ,,( ,,action4 7#a7 ,bless+4--,ei!r h& is held out/ret*$1 palm d[nw>d1 & mov$ horizontally ?r\gh ! air4 ,x is always us$ :5 ent]+ & leav+ ! lodge1 & on any occasion :]e an individual has to pass f "o "p ( ! lodge to ano!r4 ,x is always r5d]$ z 8bless+0 by ! ,indians2 & !y p>ticul>ly insi/$ ^u ! fact t ! 8bless+0 0 n convey$ by any words us$ 9 connection ) ! action1 b by ! action itself4 ,ea* p]son :o is ?us pass$ answ]$ ) a long-drawn-out 8ho-o-o10 & ) an obeisance ( ! head4 ,a modification ( ! above is ! nasura nikuruh9tce 7or 8bless+ ( ! head071 :i* consi/s ( a simple lay+ ( ! h& ^u ! head2 bo? ! giv] & recipi5t keep+ _! eyes fix$ on ! gr\nd1 & ! recipi5t slightly b5d+ 8 head4 ,a few mumbl$ words accompany ?is action4 7#b7 ,direction ( ,walk+ 9 ! ,lodge4--,"o mu/ always pass contr>y to ! h&s ( ! clock4 ,a p]son 9 ! ,ea/ ,b& mu/ make ! entire circuit ( ! lodge 9 ord] to pass out4 ,9 only exceptional cases c ?is rule ( pass+ be brok52 & t is :5 an old & specially privileg$ memb] crosses f 8 seat to t directly opposite him1 dur+ ! %oot+ c]emony4 ,i 0 giv5 to und]/& t ?is 0 an extremely exp5sive privilege4 #d4 ,,types ,,( ,,ritual4--,p>ts ,,iii1 ,,iv1 & ,v c be s analyz$ t !y fall into a fairly well-def9$ numb] ( complexes1 consi/+ ( spee*es1 songs1 & movem5ts4 ,^! are n9e 9 numb]4 ,artificial di/9ctions h be5 avoid$ 9 ?is division1 z f> z possible4 ,! complexes are 7#a7 entrance ritual2 7#b7 exit ritual2 7#c7 fire ritual2 7#d7 pres5tation-(-food ritual2 7#e7 %oot+ ritual2 7#f7 initiation ritual2 7#g7 sweat-lodge ritual2 7#h7 smok+ ritual2 7#i7 basic ritual4 ,( ^!1 7#c71 7#e71 7#g71 7#h71 & 7#i7 are f\nd 9 ,"p ,,iii2 all1 except 7#g7 & 7#f71 9 ,"p ,,iv 7a72 & all except 7#g7 9 ,"p ,,iv 7b72 7#e7 does n actually occur 9 ,"p ,,iii1 b is describ$ 9 detail 9 ! my? relat$ !re4 ,! ord] 9 :i* we w discuss ^! c]emonial complexes is n ! ord] 9 :i* !y foll[ "o ano!r 9 ! ritual4 ,"s ( !m are likewise int]wov5 ) "o ano!r4 ,bo? ^! factors w1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ 9 ! description ( ! entire ritual1 foll[+ ! description ( ea* c]emonial complex4 7#a7 ,entrance ,ritual4--,! b& ent]s ! t5t1 makes "o complete circuit1 & /ops4 ,! lead] n[ deliv]s a %ort spee*1 foll[$ by a song4 ,!y !n cont9ue to ! we/ end1 :]e ano!r spee* is deliv]$ & ano!r song sung4 ,aft] ?is1 !y cont9ue aga91 & /op at ! ea/ end1 :]e ! lead] talks & s+s4 ,n[ all sit d[n4 ,aft] a %ort pause1 ! lead] aga9 rises1 &1 walk+ ov] to ! ance/or-ho/1 talks to him1 & gives him "s tobacco4 ,he !n returns to 8 seat4 ,ea* b& ent]+ repeats ! same ritual4 ,?is applies1 h[ev]1 only to ,"p ,,iv 7a7 & 7b74 7#b7 ,exit ,ritual 7,"p ,,iv1 a & b74--,! ,ea/ lead] rises & speaks1 foll[$ by ,nor?1 ,we/1 & ,s\?4 ,!y !n speak aga91 &1 s++1 walk t[>ds ! entrance 9 su* a way t ! ,s\?1 ,nor?1 & ,we/ ,b&s make complete circuits ( ! lodge1 ?us enabl+ ! ,ea/ ,b& to prec$e !m4 ,ne> ! entrance all /op s++1 & say 8wahi-hi-hi0 f\r times1 & pass out4 ,?is exit c]emony diff]s slightly 9 ! two divisions ( ,,iv4 7#c7 ,fire ,ritual 7,"p ,,iii74--,! ance/or-ho/ rises & goes to ! lead]s ( ! f\r o!r b&s individually2 & aft] he has bless$ !m1 !y respond2 & all rise1 make f\r circuits ( ! lodge1 & !n sit d[n aga94 ,n[ ! lead] ( ! ,ea/ ,b& rises1 hold+ 9 8 h&s ! invitation-/icks & "s tobacco1 deliv]s a spee*1 &1 go+ to ! fireplace1 k9dles a new fire4 7#h7 ,smok+ ,ritual4--,! lead] ( ! ,ea/ ,b& p\rs tobacco into ! fire1 fir/ at ! ea/1 & !n at ! nor?1 we/1 & s\? corn]s4 ,!n he lights 8 pipe1 puffs fir/ t[>ds ! ea/1 !n t[>ds ! nor?1 we/1 & s\?4 ,t ov]1 he passes 8 pipe to ! lead] ( ! ,nor? ,b&1 :o takes a few :iffs1 & 9 turn passes x ar\nd to ! next memb] ( ! lodge4 ,:5 ! pipe has made ! complete circuit1 x is plac$ 9 front ( ! fireplace4 ,9 ! mean "t ! ance/or-ho/ has return$ to 8 seat1 & aft] a %ort pause1 rises1 speaks1 & s+s aga94 ,?is smok+ c]emony occurs aft] ea* entrance c]emony ( ,,iv 7a7 & 7b71 & be=e bo? fea/s ( ,,iv 7a7 & 7b74 7#d7 ,pres5tation-(-,food ,ritual 7,"p ,,iv1 a & b74--,! lead] ( ! ,ea/ ,b& rises1 & br+s meat1 b]ries1 wild potatoes1 etc41 to ! ance/or-ho/1 deliv]+ a m9or spee* at ! same "t4 ,ea* ( ! o!r lead]s repeats ! same c]emony4 ,:5 all h f9i%$1 ! ance/or-ho/ rises & ?anks !m4 7#e7 ,g5]al ,%oot+ ,ritual 7,"p ,,iv1 a & b74--,! lead]s ( ! ,ea/1 ,nor?1 ,we/1 & ,s\? ,b&s1 hold+ _! ott]-sk9s 9 _! h&s1 rise1 &1 tak+ ?ree m5 ) !m1 make a complete circuit ( ! lodge4 ,!y fir/ speak 9 und]tones to ^! ?ree m51 giv+ !m directions4 ,at ea* end ! lead] ( ! ,ea/ ,b& speaks1 & !n1 s++1 walks t[>d ! we/ end1 say+ 8yoho-o-oya-a0 ?ree times1 & end+ ) a long-drawn-out 8yo-ho40 ,at ! we/ end bo? he & ! lead] ( ! ,s\? ,b& speak4 ,!n *ant+ 8yo-ho0 aga91 !y all walk t[>ds ! ea/ end4 ,"h ! lead] ( ! ,ea/ ,b& speaks twice4 ,n[ all place _! ott]-sk9s on ! gr\nd 9 front ( !m4 ,ea/ !n speaks aga94 ,at ! conclusion ( 8 spee*1 all kneel 9 front ( ! ott]-sk9s & c\gh1 at :i* ! sacr$ %ell drops f _! m\?s ^u ! ott]-sk9s4 ,!y !reupon pick x up1 & hold+ ! %ell 9 "o h&1 & ! ott]-sk9 9 ! o!r1 make a circuit ( ! lodge f\r times1 increas+ _! spe$ ) ea* circuit1 & s++4 ,all ?is "t ! %ell is held 9 full view ( ! spectators1 on ! out/ret*$ palm ( _! "r h&4 ,z !y ne> ! ea/ end ( ! lodge1 t[>d ! end ( ! f\r? circuit1 /&+ 9 front ( ! ,ance/or-,ho/'s ,b&1 !y suppos$ly swall[ ! %ell1 & fall d[n in/antane\sly1 head =emo/1 z if dead4 ,f9ally !y come to1 &1 c\gh+ ! %ell up1 !y put x into _! ott]-sk9 bag1 &1 mak+ ! circuit ( ! t5t1 %oot f\r memb]s ( ! ,ance/or-,ho/'s ,b&1 f\r ( ! ,ea/1 f\r ( ! ,nor?1 two ( ! ,we/1 & two ( ! ,s\? ,b&4 ,ea* p]son1 z he is %ot1 falls pro/rate on ! gr\nd1 b1 recov]+ aft] a few mom5ts1 jo9s ^? mak+ ! circuit ( ! t5t4 ,ea* lead] n[ takes 8 drum & g\rds to ! fireplace4 ,!n ! g5]al %oot+ comm5ces4 ,e p]son possess+ ! "r1 %oots "o individual1 until all ! memb]s h be5 %ot4 ,z ea* p]son is %ot1 he falls to ! gr\nd1 feigns unconsci\sness1 & !n sl[ly recov]s4 ,! sl[ness or spe$ ( 8 recov]y dep5ds exclusively ^u ! privileges he possesses1 & ! numb] ( ye>s he has belong$ to ! society4 ,z soon z ! p]son %ot recov]s1 he falls 9 l9e imm$iately aft] ! la/ "o %ot4 ,:ile all are ?us walk+ ar\nd1 ! half-doz5 p at ! fireplace s+ %oot+-songs to ! accompanim5t ( drum & g\rds4 ,! am\nt ( noise at ?is po9t is q consid]able4 7#f7 ,initiation ,ritual 7,"p ,,iv1 b74--,all ! memb]s ( ! ,ance/or-,ho/'s ,b&1 & ! c&idate1 make "o circuit ( ! lodge1 tak+ _! ott]-sk9s along ) !m4 ,z !y pass ar\nd1 !y g5tly t\* ! heads ( ! memb]s ) ! m\? ( ! ott]-sk91 say+1 8yoho-o-o10 to :i* ! memb]s respond ) 8ho-o-o40 ,aft] ! circuit1 all return to _! seats ) ! exception ( ! c&idate1 :o rema9s at ! ea/ end1 9 front ( ! fireplace4 ,aft] a pause1 ! ance/or-ho/ jo9s him aga91 & deliv]s a spee* ( ! admonition type4 ,! c&idate fir/ faces ! s\?1 & !n ! nor?4 ,dur+ 8 spee*1 ! ance/or-ho/ t\*es him on 8 head & on 8 *e/1 & makes him face fir/ s\?1 & !n nor?4 ,:5 ! spee* is ov]1 ! ance/or-ho/ s+s1 & takes ! c&idate to ! we/ end ( ! t5t4 ,! t5t is n[ prep>$ = ! initiation prop]4 ,two long /rips ( calico are /ret*$ f ! we/ to ! ea/ end ( ! lodge4 ,!y are ab\t a foot & a half wide1 & are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! fireplace4 ,at ! we/ end a mu* %ort] /rip ( ! same mat]ial is /ret*$ along ! wid? ( ! lodge1 across ! two long /rips4 ,^u ?is ! c&idate is plac$4 ,:5 ^! prep>ations are complet$1 ! ance/or-ho/ rises1 &1 go+ to ea* ( ! f\r lead]s1 speaks to !m 9 an und]tone4 ,he !n returns to 8 seat4 ,! lead]s ( ! ,ea/ & ,nor? ,b&s n[ rise & make ! complete circuit ( ! lodge4 ,! =m] n[ speaks1 !n ! latt]4 ,he1 9 turn1 is foll[$ by ! =m]1 :o speaks twice4 ,!n ! lead] ( ! ,nor? ,b& deliv]s ano!r spee*1 &1 toge!r ) 8 p>tn]1 walks to ! we/ end ( ! lodge1 :]e ! c&idate is kneel+4 ,! two lead]s "h speak aga94 ,bo? n[ take _! sacr$ %ells1 swall[ !m1 & walk to ! ea/ end4 ,"h !y speak aga94 ,n[ !y hold _! ott]-sk9s 9 read9ess = ! %oot+1 b fir/ j]k !m =w>d twice t[>ds ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 say+ 8dje-ha-hi1 dje-ha-hi10 & conclud+ ) 8e-hohoho40 ,/&+ ^u ! two long calico /rips 9 a slightly b5t position1 & hold+ _! ott]-sk9s tightly 9 _! h&s1 bo? run rapidly t[>d ! recl9+ =m ( ! c&idate1 mak+ l\d1 ?reat5+ s\nds 9 a quav]+ voice1 & /rike 8 body twice ) ! m\? ( ! ott]-sk91 ejaculat+1 z !y d ?is1 two %ort s\nds1 z ( an animal :o has succe$$ 9 captur+ 8 prey4 ,! c&idate falls pro/rate to ! gr\nd in/antane\sly4 ,he is imm$iately cov]$ ) a blanket1 ^u :i* are plac$ ! ott]-sk9s ( ! two lead]s4 ,a numb] ( p specially privileg$ n[ ga!r ar\nd ! cov]$ figure1 dance1 s+1 & %\t to ! accompanim5t ( ! %\ts ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! society1 all ( :om seem to be 9 a fr5zy ( excitem5t4 ,:5 ! noise has some:at abat$1 ! blanket is remov$1 & ! figure ( ! c&idate is %[n1 /ill app>5tly unconsci\s4 ,he comes to sl[ly1 b f9ally succe$s 9 rais+ himself & sitt+ up4 ,he !n c\ghs viol5tly1 & ! %ell1 :i* has app>5tly be5 %ot into 8 body1 falls out ( 8 m\?4 ,aft] ?is1 8 recov]y is rapid4 ,he is !n undress$2 & all ! f9]y1 z well z ! new bucksk9 suit1 moccas9s1 etc41 are di/ribut$ to ^? to :om x is cu/om>y to give !m4 ,he n[ returns to 8 seat to ! "r ( ! ,ance/or-,ho/'s ,b&1 :]e "s female relative1 g5]ally 8 "m1 dresses him 9 an ord9>y suit4 7#g7 ,sweat-,lodge ,ritual 7,"p ,,iii74--,! ,ea/ lead] rises1 & ) 8 two assi/ants makes ! circuit ( ! sweat-lodge1 dur+ :i* "t ! ,nor?1 ,we/1 & ,s\? lead]s1 ea* ) 8 two assi/ants1 jo9 him4 ,at ! ea/ end ! lead] makes f\r /eps ) 8 "r foot1 ea* "t say+ 8wahi-hi-hi40 ,he !n makes ! circuit ( ! lodge f\r times4 ,aft] ! ?ird circuit1 he goes directly to ! heat+-/one1 89 defiance ( ! rule10 z he himself says1 b ) ! hope t ?r\gh ?is defiance he w ga9 additional /r5g?4 ,aft] he has made ! f\r? circuit1 he seizes ! two entrance-lodge poles1 &1 %ak+ !m g5tly1 %\ts 8e-ho-ho-ho40 ,all n[ sit d[n4 ,n[ ! ance/or-ho/ takes f\r /icks & sme>s !m ) a special k9d ( gre5i% clay1 & h&s !m to ! lead] ( ! ,ea/ ,b&4 ,! latt] seizes !m & holds !m tightly ) bo? h&s4 ,by ?is action he is suppos$ to obta9 /r5g?4 ,! /icks are !n pass$ 9 rotation to ! lead]s ( ! ,nor?1 ,we/1 & ,s\? ,b&s1 all ( :om repeat ! same c]emony4 7#i7 ,basic ,ritual 7,"p ,,iv1 a & b74--,?is ritual is t ^u :i* ! ritual ( ! c]emony prop] 7,"p ,,iv1 a & b7 is built4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se x may be ju/ifiable to consid] all ! above rituali/ic complexes1 ) ! exception ( ! entrance & exit rituals1 z p>ts ( ?is basic ritual4 ,! important religi\s function ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance is ! 8pass+ ( ! bless+10 consi/+ ( spee*es1 songs1 & ! bless+s :i* ea* individual passes f "o b& to ! o!r = ! great] b5efit ( bo? ! ho/ & 8 gue/s4 ,^! bless+s are symboliz$ by ! drum1 ! g\rds1 ! songs1 ! spee*es1 & ! specific actions 9 :i* ea* b& p>ticipates4 ,! c]emony beg9s :5 ! ance/or-ho/ deliv]s 8 fir/ spee*1 & ends :5 drum & g\rds are return$ to him4 ,all t takes place betwe5 ! ance/or-ho/'s fir/ spee*1 up to ! "t t ! drum & g\rds are plac$ be=e ! memb]s ( ! ,ea/ ,b&1 con/itutes ! unit t ,i h call$ ! 8basic ritual40 ,into x are ?ru/1 z intrusive elem5ts1 o!r rituals2 s t x is at times extremely difficult to disc]n ! basic ritual itself4 ,b x is !re1 & rema9s intact2 = z soon z an intrusive ritual is f9i%$1 ! ?read ( ! basic ritual is tak5 up1 & cont9u$ to ! end4 ,su* a ritual z ! g5]al %oot+ or initiation1 or su* my?s z ! orig9 my?1 require h\rs2 & yet z soon z !y are ov]1 ! basic c]emony is cont9u$ f ! po9t :]e x _h be5 int]rupt$4 ,! ,ea/ lead] rises & speaks1 !n sits d[n1 & toge!r ) ! o!r memb]s ( 8 b&1 s+s a song 7initial song74 ,:5 ?is song is f9i%$1 he rises & speaks aga91 & !n sits d[n & comm5ces a song kn[n z ! 8m9or danc+-song40 ,:ile he & a few o!rs are s++1 drumm+1 & us+ ! g\rd rattles1 o!r memb]s ( 8 b&1 z well z memb]s ( ! o!r b&s1 :o c>e to1 & :o h b\ght ! privilege1 come to 8 seat & jo9 9 ! danc+4 ,:5 ?is is ov]1 he & a few o!rs ei!r f 8 own or f "s o!r b&1 :o h b\ght ! privilege1 g to ! fireplace1 :]e ! lead] deliv]s a spee* & beg9s ! major danc+-songs1 9 :i* ! privileg$ memb]s p>ticipate4 ,:5 ?is is ov]1 ! drum is ti$ to "o ( ! memb]s ?us privileg$1 g5]ally ! "o :o has be5 drumm+1 & ! circuit ( ! lodge is twice made1 ! lead] & 8 two assi/ants at ! head1 foll[$ by ! o!r memb]s ( 8 b&4 ,two /ops are made at ! we/1 & two at ! ea/1 end ( ! lodge1 :]e songs kn[n z 8completion songs0 are sung4 ,!n ! lodge circuit is made f\r times1 all *ant+ 8wahi-hi-hi10 sl[ly at fir/1 b !n fa/]1 ! spe$ ( ! walk+ correspond+ to t ( ! *ant+4 ,!n1 ) a f9al /rong 8e-ho-ho10 drum & g\rds are deposit$ 9 front ( ! next b&4 ,all n[ return to _! seats1 :]e1 be=e sitt+ d[n1 ! lead] deliv]s a %ort spee*4 ,?is basic ritual is repeat$ by ea* b& 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,z x is s (t5 brok5 up by ! intrusion ( o!r rituals1 x w be be/ to divide x into f\r p>ts4 ,^! p>ts are nev] brok5 up4 ,:5ev] intrusive elem5ts occur1 !y ei!r prec$e or foll[4 ,! fir/ "p consi/s ( all t takes place betwe5 ! fir/ spee* ( ! lead] & ! completion ( ! initial song4 ,! spee* ref]r$ to is ! "o t foll[s ! smok+ ritual1 :i* may1 on ! :ole1 be reckon$ z belong+ to ! introductory ritual1 su* z ! entrance ritual4 ,! second "p consi/s ( all t transpires betwe5 ! second spee* & ! completion ( ! m9or danc+-song4 ,! ?ird "p consi/s ( all t transpires betwe5 ! spee* at ! fireplace & ! completion ( ! major danc+-songs4 ,! f\r? "p consi/s ( all t transpires betwe5 ! completion ( ! major danc+-songs1 & ! la/ spee* ! lead] makes aft] he has pass$ ! drum & g\rds to ! next b&4 ,! mo/ bewild]+ intrusion is t :i* foll[s ! second "p4 ,be=e ! lead] & 8 assi/ants g to ! fireplace1 ! elaborate g5]al %oot+ ritual takes place4 ,aft] ! specially designat$ m5 ( ea* b& h be5 %ot1 ^? specially privileg$ proce$ to ! fireplace4 ,"h !y s+ ! %oot+-songs until ! %oot+ ritual is ov]4 ,! fir/ set ( drumm]s & g\rd-rattle hold]s are (t5 reliev$ by a second set4 ,x is only :5 ! %oot+-songs h be5 complet$1 t ! lead] & 8 assi/ants proce$ to ! fireplace to beg9 ! ?ird "p ( ! basic ritual4 ,v4 ,,c]emony ,,z ,a ,,:ole4--,z /at$ be=e1 !re are c]ta9 spee*es & types ( action t _c be fitt$ into ! above description4 ,?is is especially true ( my?s2 & ^!1 ) ! exception ( ! cont5t ( ! my?1 w n[ be consid]$ 9 connection ) ! description ( ! entire ritual z relat$ to me by ,bl[snake1 & bas$ on ! above divisions4 ,! c]emony beg9s ) an acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,bl[snake 0 induc$ to jo9 ! society4 ,^u 8 acceptance1 & paym5t ( ! requir$ am\nt ( mat]ial1 ! c]emony began4 ,! fir/ two nights consi/$ ( an in=mal salutation1 two explanatory spee*es & f\r my?s1 ! latt] 9 no way connect$ ) any "p ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,! la/ ?ree my?s deal ) ! leg5d>y acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! ,w9nebago ,m$ic9e ,dance1 & its dissem9ation among ! tribe4 ,at sunset ! lead] ( ! b& to :i* ! c&idate has appli$ = admission1 ga!rs toge!r ! memb]s ( 8 b&1 & all retire to a little lodge ne> 8 home1 9 ord] to beg9 ! ,f\r ,nights' ,prep>ation4 ,x is only aft] ! lead] has f9i%$ ! fir/ song t ! o!r f\r b&s :o are hold+ correspond+ prep>ations are all[$ to beg94 ,:at actually takes place dur+ ^! f\r nights is n positively kn[n1 b !re is little d\bt t !y are us$ z a g5]al rehe>sal ( songs1 spee*es1 & o!r elem5ts ( ! c]emony4#d ,9 all probability1 ! c&idate :o is pres5t 9 ! lodge ( 8 future ance/or-ho/ is likewise in/ruct$ 9 z _m ?+s z an un9itiat$ memb] is all[$ to "k4 ,?is in/ruction consi/s 9 ! tea*+ ( c]ta9 my?s & types ( action4 ,on ! morn+ aft] ! la/ ( ! f\r nights1 ! c&idate is giv5 "s sacrificial tobacco1 & told to g 9 se>* ( a /one = ! sweat-ba?4 ,he selects a /one t he c c>ry on 8 back easily4 ,be=e pick+ x up1 he p\rs tobacco on x4 ,z soon z ! /one is br\ght to ! lodge ( ! ho/1 x is heat$4 ,! c&idate is n[ despat*$ = "s oak-bran*es1 f\r pieces ( oak-wood ab\t two feet & a half 9 l5g?1 & "s grass4 ,! grass is us$ = improvis$ seats4 ,! oak-wood is us$ = ! f\r con/ruction poles ( ! sweat-lodge4 ,!y are plac$ 9 ! ea/1 nor?1 we/1 & s\? po9ts respectively4 ,x is n p]mitt$ to trim ! tops ( ! oak-wood4 ,:5 all ! b&s h ga!r$ ne> ! m$ic9e-lodge1 & retir$ to _! improvis$ lodges1 ! ance/or-ho/ & ! c&idate g to ! lodge ( ! ,ea/ lead] 7t is1 to ! lodge ( ! b& fir/ invit$71 & greet him by t\*+ 8 head ) _! h&4 ,he answ]s ) 8ho-o-o40 ,! lead] ( ! fir/ b& rises1 &1 accompani$ by 8 two assi/ants1 goes to ! sweat-lodge4 ,! ance/or-ho/ goes to ! lodges ( ! o!r b&s & greets ! lead]s 9 a simil> mann]4 ,aft] ! lead] & assi/ants ( ! b& la/ invit$ h ent]$ ! sweat-lodge1 ! ance/or-ho/1 ! c&idate1 & 8 assi/ants ent]1 & ! c]emonies beg94 ,aft] ! c]emonial salutation & an introductory spee*1 ! ance/or-ho/1 z ! lead] ( ! b& giv+ ! ,m$ic9e ,dance may n[ be call$1 rises1 &1 tak+ 8 invitation-/ick & "s tobacco1 approa*es ! lead] ( ea* b&1 &1 bless+ him1 ?anks him = com+1 & assures him at ! same "t to h[ great a degree 8 pres5ce w contribute t[>d ! success ( ! p]=mance ( ! ritual4 ,he !n returns to 8 seat4 ,! lead]s ?ank him 9 turn4 ,n[ foll[ ! fire & smok+ rituals1 :i* 9 turn are foll[$ by twelve spee*es ( a g5]al & ( an explanatory "*4 ,!n comes ! 8/r5g!n+0 ritual2 & imm$iately aft] come two exce$+ly long my?s describ+ ! initiation ( ! fir/ man into ! secrets ( ! lodge1 z well z ! symbolic mean+ ( ! %oot+ ritual4 ,all n[ undress & take a sweat-ba?4 ,female c&idates are exclud$4 ,a numb] ( %ort spee*es foll[1 & ! :ole concludes ) ! exit ritual4 ,! drum & g\rds are us$ to accompany ! song4 ,! basic ritual is p]haps pres5t1 to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 impossible to witness ! ritual1 & = ?is reason ! proc$ure seems some:at hazy to ! writ]4 ,:5 ! ritual 9 ! sweat-ba? is ov]1 !re is a slight pause4 ,! c&idate1 ! ance/or-ho/ & 8 b&1 ent] ! m$ic9e-lodge1 &1 aft] tak+ _! seats1 s+ a few songs4 ,:5 ! la/ song is conclud$1 ! o!r b&s ent] 9 ! ord] ( _! invitation4 ,n[ comes ! entrance ritual foll[$ by ! smok+ ritual4 ,!reupon ! ance/or-ho/ rises & deliv]s ! op5+ spee* ( ! basic ritual4 ,! ance/or-ho/ does n g ?r\gh ! entire basic ritual at ?is "t1 because he is n p]mitt$ to beg9 ! %oot+ ritual4 ,soon aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! basic ritual by ! ance/or-ho/1 g5]ally aft] ! second spee*1 g\rds & drum are pass$ to ! lead] ( ! ,ea/ ,b&4 ,?is "o rises & beg9s ! basic ritual1 :i* he int]rupts at ! end ( ! second "p1 9 ord] to beg9 ! g5]al %oot+ ritual4 ,:5 t is f9i%$1 he cont9ues ) ! ?ird & f\r? p>ts ( ! basic ritual4 ,!n drum & g\rds are pass$ to ! ,nor? ,b&4 ,its lead] n[ 9 turn beg9s 8 basic ritual1 b /ops aft] ! second "p1 :]e ! pres5tation-(-food ritual & ! smok+ ritual int]v5e4 ,x is n[ ab\t midnight1 & a fea/ is p>tak5 (4 ,z soon z ! fea/ is f9i%$1 & ! lodge has be5 cle>$ ( food & eat+-ut5sils1 ! lead] ( ! ,nor? ,b& cont9ues ) ! ?ird & f\r? p>ts ( ! basic ritual4 ,! lead]s ( ! ,we/ & ,s\? ,b&s p]=m ! basic ritual )\t any int]ruptions1 except1 ( c\rse1 t ( ! g5]al %oot+ ritual betwe5 ! second & ?ird p>ts4 ,! drum & g\rds h n[ rea*$ ! ance/or-ho/1 :o goes ?r\gh ! ?ird & f\r? p>ts ( ! basic ritual4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s d\bt z to :e!r ?is is always done4 ,!n foll[s ! exit ritual1 & all pass out to re/ = a few h\rs4 ,a %ort "t prec$+ dawn1 ! c&idate1 ! lead]s ( ! ,ea/ & ,nor? ,b&s1 & ! ance/or-ho/1 ea* ) two assi/ants1 & all o!r memb]s :o are privileg$ to d s1 leave ! lodge & walk to ! bru%1 :]e ! c&idate is to be initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ! sacr$ %ell & ! %oot+4 ,ea* b& mu/ h "o or m ( its memb]s pres5t at ?is ritual4#e ,:5 !y are ne> ! place set aside = ! secret ritual1 ! ord] ( m>*+1 :i* up to ?is "t _h be5 ( no consequ5ce1 *anges into t ( s+le file1 ! lead] ( ! ,ea/ ,b& lead+4 ,:5 !y h arriv$ at ! place1 all /op4 ,! ,ea/ lead] n[ in=ms ^? pres5t t he is go+ to make a road = ! c&idate1 symbolical ( ! pa? ( life1 :i* =ms ! basis ( ! sweat-ba? & ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,s++1 he circles ! spot f\r times4 ,at ! end ( ! f\r? circuit he /ops1 & all turn ar\nd & face ea/4 ,! lead] ( ! ,nor? ,b& has also ! "r to g ?r\gh ?is ritual1 b he does n always d x4 ,repeat+ ! c]emony is 9 all probability connect$ ) extra exp5se4 ,all n[ sit d[n1 & ! specific rites ( ! bru% ritual beg94 ,! ance/or-ho/ rises1 &1 tak+ ! c&idate ) him1 goes to ! lead] ( ! ,ea/ ,b& & speaks to him4 ,!n he & ! c&idate return to _! seats4 ,! ,ea/ lead] n[ relates to ! c&idate a portion ( ! /ory ( ! creation ( ! e>? & ( ! fir/ man4 ,! ,nor? lead] !n tells ! /ory ( ! j\rney to ! l& ( ! spirits1 to ! lodge ( ! e>?-mak]4 ,:5 ?is is f9i%$1 ! two lead]s tea* ! c&idate h[ to g ?r\gh ! actions incid5tal to ! %oot+1 ! swall[+ ( ! %ell1 & ! recov]y f its effects4 ,:5 !y ?9k t he is suffici5tly adept 9 all ^! actions1 !y dress him 9 8 new suit1 put on a new pair ( moccas9s1 decorate him ) f9]y1 & return to ! m$ic9e-lodge4 ,^! rites g5]ally la/ until ab\t eight 9 ! morn+2 s t :5 ^? :o h p>ticipat$ 9 ! bru% ritual are return+1 ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance are also ab\t ready to beg9 ! day c]emony1 ! pr9cipal "o ( ! entire ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,! ance/or-ho/ aga9 prec$es ! o!r lead]s 9 ent]+ ! lodge4 ,!n foll[s ! entrance ritual4 ,dur+ ?is ritual ! drum is /ruck f\r times at /at$ int]vals4 ,! smok+ ritual n[ foll[s4 ,:5 x is conclud$1 ! ance/or-ho/ rises to beg9 ! basic ritual1 :i* is int]rupt$ at ! end ( ! second "p4 ,g\rds & drum are pass$ to ! ,ea/ ,b&1 ^: basic ritual is also int]rupt$ at ! end ( ! second "p4 ,n[ foll[s1 fir/ ! initiation ( ! c&idate into ! ,m$ic9e ,dance1 & !n ! g5]al %oot+ ritual4 ,:5 ! ,ea/ lead] has conclud$1 drum & g\rds are pass$ to ! ,nor? ,b&1 ^: basic ritual is n int]rupt$1 z ^u ! prec$+ day4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! basic ritual ( ! ,nor? ,b&1 ! food-pres5tation ritual foll[s1 !n t ( ! smok+ ritual1 & f9ally ! fea/4 ,aft] ! fea/1 ! lead] ( ! ,we/ ,b& n>rates ! orig9 my? ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance1 :i* is cont9u$ by ! lead] ( ! ,s\? ,b&4 ,! pres5ts are !n di/ribut$4 ,aft] ?is1 ! basic ritual is cont9u$ by ! lead] ( ! ,we/ ,b&1 foll[$ by t ( ! ,s\? ,b&1 & f9ally drum & g\rds are pass$ to ! ance/or-ho/4 ,he ei!r f9i%es ! ?ird & f\r? p>ts ( ! basic ritual1 or takes drum & g\rds to ! fireplace4 ,! exit ritual n[ beg9s1 & at ab\t sunset ! entire c]emony ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance is ov]4 ,on ! :ole1 x mu/ be said1 t ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 7a7 & 7b7 ( ,"p ,,iv sett+ aside ! initiation1 lies simply 9 ! numb] ( my?s told & ! great] l5g? ( ! spee*es4 ,b4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,ojibwa ,,midewiw9 ,z ,i %all h occasion to ref] frequ5tly to ! ,midewiw9 ( ! ,ojibwa & ,m5om9ee1 a %ort summ>y ( ^! two c]emonies w be ins]t$ "h4 ,! ,ojibwa ,midewiw9 is a society ( %amans ( bo? sexes4 ,x is grad$ into f\r degrees1 special initiation be+ requir$ = ea* degree4 ,! ritual ( all ! degrees seems to be ! prop]ty ( five %amans1--! f\r s-call$ 8mide-prie/s0 & ! preceptor4 ,9 ! lodge ! preceptor occupies a position to ! side ( ! c&idate & ! mide-prie/s sitt+ ne> ! we/]n entrance4#f ,!re are two me?ods ( admission4 ,a man may apply because 9 8 fa/+ "s manito connect$ ) ! ,midewiw9 has appe>$ to him1 or he may take ! place ( an individual :o has di$ :ile prep>+ = initiation4 ,z soon z ! c&idate's application has be5 accept$1 a preceptor is select$1 ^: duty x is to in/ruct ! new pupil 9 ! mide tea*+s1 & expla9 to him ! mean+ & orig9 ( ! regalia1 ! songs1 & ! orig9 ( ! ,midewiw9 itself1 by means ( bir*-b>k records4 ,! "t requir$ = ?is in/ruction v>ies1 dep5d+ ^u ! preceptor & ! am\nt ( paym5t4 ,! k requir$ = ea* degree is def9itely det]m9$1 & is imp>t$ almo/ entirely dur+ ?is prep>atory in/ruction4 ,:5 ! c&idate has acquir$ ! specifi$ in=mation1 & ! requir$ paym5ts h be5 made1 a f\r-nights' prep>ation takes place1 dur+ :i* he takes f\r sweat-ba?s4 ,at dawn ( ! day ( initiation he repairs to ! sweat-lodge1 clad 9 8 be/ clo!s1 to await ! arrival ( 8 preceptor & ! f\r (ficiat+ prie/s4 ,! initiation c]emonies :i* foll[ are ! same = ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? degrees 9 almo/ all details1 except t ^? = ! f\r? are m elaborate4 ,! fir/ degree is l ! o!rs 9 its possession ( a %oot+ c]emony & g5]al spee*es1 b diff]s 9 elaboration & symbolism ( ! ritual4 ,! %oot+ is p]=m$ by ! f\r (ficiat+ mide2 b x is only ! lead] ( ^! f\r :o succe$s 9 r5d]+ ! c&idate unconsci\s4 ,a c&idate = ! fir/ degree is %ot 9 ! brea/2 "o = ! second1 9 ! jo9ts2 & "o = ! ?ird & f\r?1 9 ! jo9ts & =ehead4 ,aft] he has be5 initiat$1 ! c&idate tries 8 p[] on all ! memb]s pres5t4 ,indiscrim9ate %oot+1 z describ$ among ! ,w9nebago1 only occurs at ! initiation into ! f\r? degree4 ,to ! ,ojibwa ! ,midewiw9 is ! dramatization ( ! /ruggle ( ! be>-_s ) ! evil _s1 be>1 s]p5t1 pan!r1 etc4 ,! c&idate imp]sonates ! good be>-_s1 & "s mide sometimes take ^u !mselves ! imp]sonation ( ! evil spirits4#g ,9 ! ritual ( ! f\r? degree1 repres5t+ ! complete initiation1 ! dramatization & its symboli/ic int]pretation are be/ %[n4 ,he :o succe$s becomes correspond+ly p[]ful 9 8 pr(ession4 ,hunt]s1 w>riors1 & lov]s h occasion to call ^u him1 & *>ms to c\nt]act ! evil effects ( an enemy's "w are sometimes s\ght4#h ,! ,ojibwa int]pretation ( ! ,midewiw9 is se5 9 all its details 9 ! bir*-b>k records4#i ,a mide ( ! second degree c look into futurity2 c he> :at is transpir+ at a di/ance2 c t\*1 = good or = evil1 fri5ds & enemies at a di/ance1 h[ev] remote2 & has ! ability to trav]se all space 9 ! accompli%m5t ( 8 desires or duties4#aj ,a bad mide ( ?is degree has ! p[] ( assum+ ! =m ( any animal4 ,9 ?is guise he may de/roy ! life ( 8 victim imm$iately1 & !n resume 8 human =m & appe> innoc5t ( ! crime4 ,a 8f\r?-degree mide0 is presum$ to be 9 a position to accompli% ! greate/ feats 9 necromancy & magic4 ,he is n only end[$ ) ! p[] ( read+ ! ?\ghts & int5tions ( o!rs1 b also ( call+ =? ! %ad[ 7s\l7 & ( reta9+ x )9 8 grasp at pleasure4 ,f ! above x w be se5 t ! ,midewiw9 cov]$ practically all ! religi\s & ! %amani/ic ideas ( ! ,ojibwa4 ,c4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,m5om9ee ,,midewiw9 ,among ! ,m5om9ee1 initiation g5]ally takes place z a sub/itution ( "o individual = "o :o has di$1 al?\gh any p]son :o gives pro( ( eligibility is accept$4 ,! =m] is by f> ! m common me?od4 ,g5]ally a p]son makes ! promise ( procur+ a sub/itute = "s deceas$ memb]1 & a favorite relative or de> fri5d ( ! deceas$ may be elect$4 ,!re are f\r mide-prie/s :o det]m9e ^u ! c&idacy & appo9t an in/ructor4 ,! in/ruction ! c&idate receives is conf9$ to ! k ( ! rem$ies kn[n to ! in/ructor4#aa ,ea* rem$y mu/ be paid = sep>ately4 ,! f\r mide-prie/s select two sets ( assi/ants & two u%]s1 :o all play a prom95t "p 9 ! c]emonies prop]4#ab ,:5 a c&idate is tak+ ! place ( a deceas$ memb]1 ! c]emonies beg9 at ! grave ( ! latt]1#ac &1 aft] a s]vice :i* la/s f dusk ( "o day to dawn ( ! next1 all proce$ to ! ,midewiw9 lodge4 ,b only ! f\r highe/ (ficiat+ m$ic9e-m5 ent]4 ,aft] a ritual :i* consi/s ( *ants & spee*es ( welcome1 & ! pass+ ( ! drum f ! fir/ to ! o!r ?ree mide1 ! o!r memb]s :o are to take an active "p ent]4 ,a %ort ritual !n takes place1 aft] :i* ! second set ( mide ent] & ano!r ritual foll[s4 ,!n ! ord9>y & visit+ mide ent]1 ! =m] tak+ seats accord+ to ! phratries to :i* !y belong2 & ! c&idate1 8 ne>e/ relations1 & he :o _h promis$ to give ! fea/1 ent] ) !m & take seats ne> ! mide ( ! fir/ gr\p4 ,f9ally ! ?ird set ( mide ent]4 ,! seat+ 9 ! lodge is1 c&idate1 fri5ds1 etc41 ne> ! ea/]n end2 fir/ f\r mide1 next to !m2 second set1 on nor!rn side ne> we/]n entrance2 & ?ird set ( mide1 at ! middle ( ! s\!rn side4 ,! c]emonies beg9 by call+ ! c&idate =w>d to /& be=e ! mide ( ! fir/ gr\p4 ,8 family & fri5ds /& ar\nd him 9 a semicircle1 danc+ 9 "t to ! *ant+ & drumm+4 ,"o ( ! mide beg9s a *ant1 at ! end ( :i* a pause occurs1 & ! c&idate & fri5ds resume _! seats4 ,! drum is pass$ 9 rotation to ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? mide4 ,z !y *ant1 ! c&idate1 etc41 /&s be=e !m4 ,! la/ ( ! f\r !n *ants ! orig9 my? ( ! ,midewiw94 ,! drum is n[ pass$ to ! mide :o _h *ant$ fir/4 ,he cont9ues ! n>ration ( ! rituali/ic my?s4 ,drum & g\rds are !n pass$ f "o mide to ! o!r1 & f ! fir/ set ( mide to ! ?ird1 until ! circuit has be5 made4 ,^! c]emonies are cont9u$ ?r\gh ! night1 al?\gh only ! ?ree sets ( mide rema9 9 ! lodge all t "t4 ,%ortly aft] sunrise1 almo/ all leave ! lodge4 ,:5 !y return1 prep>ations are made = ! initiation4 ,! %oot+ ( ! c&idate is p]=m$ by ! second set ( mide4 ,! c&idate1 aft] recov]+1 makes ! circuit ( ! lodge1 %oot+ :omsoev] he desires4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ?is %oot+ c]emony are practically id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,w9nebago4 ,d4 ,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,ritual ,i4 ,,! ,,common ,,elem5ts4--,! common elem5ts 9 ! =ego+ rituali/ic complexes are bo? g5]al & specific 9 nature4 ,we h1 z g5]al1 an initiation ritual2 & z specific1 a %oot+ ritual4 ,!re are 9 addition1 9 ! ,c5tral ,algonk9 & ,w9nebago gr\p1 o!r resemblances1 su* z simil>ities 9 ! e?ical tea*+1 9 ! details ( ! %oot+ ritual itself1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ! secret bru% ritual4 ,to ! above mu/ be add$ ! fact t ! songs ( ! ,w9nebago c]emonies are to a l>ge ext5t 9 "s ,c5tral ,algonk9 dialect4 ,! mean+ ( ^! g5]al simil>ities w be t\*$ ^u lat]4 ,:at ,i wi% to insi/ ^u "h is1 t if ! rituali/ic complexes are at all to be reg>d$ z id5tical1 ?is is s by reason ( ! pres5ce 9 ea* ( a %oot+ ritual4 ,?is id5tity is /r5g!n$ 9 ea* case by ! association ( ?is specific %oot+ ritual ) ! m g5]al feature ( initiation4 ,! mo/ dramatic phase 9 ! ma9 c]emony is ?is initiation & %oot+ complex2 & x seems1 !re=e1 q intelligible :y ! numb] ( simil> details ?us associat$ toge!r %\ld h be5 int]pret$ z ! hi/orically prim>y & basic elem5ts4 ,to po/ulate an hi/orical id5tity1 h[ev]1 on ! basis ( a numb] ( common elem5ts1 9 ! face ( num]\s & important diff]5ces1 implies a specific attitude t[>d ! nature & significance ( ! common elem5ts 9 ^! c]emonies4 ,we "k1 inde$1 t almo/ all !oreticians place great] insi/5ce ^u ! simil>ities ?an ^u ! diff]5ces 9 cultural ph5om5a4 ,!re is p]haps a natural t5d5cy to d s4 ,b q ap>t f ?is t5d5cy1 !re mu/ likewise be c]ta9 def9ite reasons = su* an int]pretation4 ,x is ess5tial1 consequ5tly1 to und]/& at ! v outset ! !oretical ju/ification ( ?is position4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,elem5ts--,,s*urtz',s ,,!ory4--,?is "q has be5 tak5 up 9 ext5so by ,s*urtz1#ad 9 8 "w on 8,age ,classes & ,m5's ,societies40 ,"h1 z well z 9 previ\s !oretical discussions1 ! pres5ce ( a numb] ( simil>ities has be5 consid]$ suffici5t = e/abli%+ ! id5tity ( a gr\p ( c]emonies t admitt$ly possess a l>ge numb] ( specific peculi>ities4 ,b ,s*urtz gives u a detail$ psy*ological exposition 7& 9 ?is lies p]haps 8 sup]iority ov] o!rs :o h discuss$ ! same subject7 ( ! reasons :i* h prompt$ him to take a c]ta9 attitude t[>d ^! 8simil>ities40 ,if ,s*urtz's "w is !re=e select$ 9 pref]5ce to t ( o!rs1 x is because ( ! fact t1 9 addition to practically tak+ ! same position z mo/ ( ! o!r !oreticians1 he has mo/ cle>ly def9$ "s ( ! assumptions und]ly+ _! position4 ,s*urtz's l9e ( argum5t seems to h be5 ! foll[+4 ,an inve/igation ( civiliz$ z well z ( primitive organizations has disclos$ a numb] ( simil>ities4 ,_! hi/orical developm5t is unkn[n2 b ! enorm\s di/ance sep>at+ !m geographically1 precludes ! possibility t ^! simil>ities h be5 due ei!r to borr[+ or to dissem9ation f "s "o orig9al c5tre4 ,!y mu/ consequ5tly be expla9$ by assum+ t !y h develop$ indep5d5tly1 z ext]nal manife/ations ( ! unity ( ! human m9d4 ,we are ?us l$ to ! assumption accept$ by mo/ e?nologi/s to-day1 t ! human m9d t5ds to express itself 9 simil> modes ( ?\ght & action ! _w ov]4 ,! v>iation 9 ^! modes is to be ascrib$ ei!r to ! diff]5ces 9 ! nature ( ! geographical & social surr\nd+s or to ! emotional & intellectual individuality ( diff]5t gr\ps ( p1 or to bo?4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 conc]n$ "h n s mu* ) ! v>iations z ) ! common modes ( ?\ght & action4 ,x is consequ5tly ( prime importance to det]m9e fir/ ! nature ( ^! modes1 _! sequ5ce1 & ! ext5t to :i* ?is sequ5ce has be5 condition$ by ! modes !mselves4 ,we />t at ! v outset ) an impli$ assumption2 = by 8sequ5ce10 ,s*urtz di/9ctly und]/ood an ord]$ sequ5ce4 ,8 "w is prim>ily an attempt to det]m9e :at ?is ord]$ sequ5ce has be51 & h[ x has be5 det]m9$4 ,! norm ( organization 9 :i* ! human race express$ itself prim>ily1 is1 accord+ to him1 ! age-gr\p4 ,ow+ to ! hi/orical developm5t ( v>i\s cultural areas1 x is no long] possible to detect ?is 8prim>y elem5t20 & he consequ5tly f9ds x necess>y to demon/rate its exi/5ce f ano!r po9t ( view1 :i* is ess5tially psy*ological4 ,! developm5t ( ! age-gr\p has foll[$ a v def9ite sequ5ce--def9ite1 because x has be5 det]m9$ by c]ta9 inh]5t t5d5cies ( ! human m9d4 ,^! t5d5cies are 8! in/9ct = association0#ae 7,geselligkeit/rieb7 & 8! sexual in/9ct0 7,ges*le*t/rieb74 ,grant+ ! exi/5ce ( ^! two t5d5cies1 we h !n to inquire h[ !y h condition$ ! ess5tial simil>ities 9 ! evolution ( our social life1 & ! =ms 9 :i* t social life has express$ itself4 ,!re are two possible assumptions4 ,we may assume t at a c]ta9 /age ( cultural developm5t gr\ps ( p possess$ no social individuality suffici5tly /rong to det]m9e _! own developm5t1 & t ! ,geselligkeit/rieb & ,ges*le*t/rieb alone1 or re9=c$ by o!r factors1 7 suffici5tly /rong to condition developm5t along c]ta9 l9es2 or we may1 on ! o!r h&1 assume t ! prim>y modes 9 :i* p h express$ !mselves are necess>ily ( s simple & g5]aliz$ a type1 t !y always 7 ! same4 ,s*urtz has practically assum$ a /age 9 human developm5t :5 ! individuality ( ! compon5t units ( a social gr\p 0 at a m9imum2 :5 !re 01 s to say1 a 8gr\p m9d10 ^: initial developm5t is mo/ easily expla9$ by ! influ5ce ( inh]5t t5d5cies4 ,x mu/ be said1 9 fairness to ,s*urtz1 t ! o!r alt]native m5tion$ above 0 probably also 9 8 m9d4 ,h[ev]1 he seems to h elaborat$ 8 !ory ) ! fir/ alt]native con/antly be=e 8 eyes4 ,?is unexpress$ assumption is ( ! greate/ possible mom5t 9 ,s*urtz's int]pretation1 because x imm$iately e/abli%es a c]ta9 fixity = 8 prim>y norm2 & exclud+ z x does ! possibility ( v>iation1 because ! two t5d5cies1 z con/ants1 are act+ ^u social gr\ps ^: compon5t memb]s h a m9imum ( individuality1 br+s x ab\t t ! same prim>y norm mu/ be simple & g5]aliz$ 9 its nature4 ,s*urtz has ?us giv5 u a psy*ological milieu1 & we mu/ n[ proce$ to inve/igate :at are ! specific norms ( developm5t1 ! me?od by :i* ^! norms h be5 det]m9$1 ! nature ( _! sequ5ce1 & h[ ?is sequ5ce has be5 absolutely condition$4 ,! fir/ two ( ^! po9ts become cle>] if we attack ! "q ( sequ5ce fir/4 ,x is app>5t f ,s*urtz's "w t to him ! necessity = an ord]$ sequ5ce 0 self-evid5t4 ,?is acceptance ( an ord]$ sequ5ce z axiomatic 0 condition$ prim>ily by ! fact t he impli$ at ! v outset t ! ord]$ sequ5ce pres5t 9 ! evolution ( biological ph5om5a 0 to be f\nd 9 an ess5tially comp>able mann] 9 ! developm5t ( civilization4 ,9 ! same way ,s*urtz's use ( ! t]ms 8highe/0 & 8l[e/0 & ( 8int]m$iate /ages0 is only inadequately expla9$ :5 reg>d$ z d]iv$ f ! /udy ( hi/ory4 ,nei!r c we assume t ^! t]ms 7 m]ely a reflection ( ! conclusion he _h drawn f a comp>ison ( ! palpable diff]5ces betwe5 ,europeans & 8primitive0 p4 ,8 :ole treatm5t ( 8int]m$iate /ages10 & ( ! factors he calls to 8 aid 9 expla9+ !m1--su* z div]g5ces due to v>iations f a type1 ve/iges1 functional *anges1--^! are all /rictly biological n m]ely 9 _! t]m9ology1 b likewise 9 _! g5]al connotation4 ,! ju/ification = equat+ ! processes :i* h play$ a l>ge "p 9 hi/orical & biological evolution seem$1 inde$1 app>5t4 ,9 ! cultural hi/ory ( any p1 we f9d elem5ts splitt+ up & giv+ rise to innum]able v>iations4 ,9 ?is div]g5ce we meet aga9 & aga9 ) two ph5om5a1--fir/1 t ( ! g5]al decay ( cultural elem5ts1 ( _! total disappe>ance 9 "s cases & ( _! p]si/5ce z ve/igial rema9s 9 o!rs2 &1 secondly1 t ( ! incessant *ange1 ( ! re-adju/m5t & re-int]pretation ( cultural ph5om5a1 s t elem5ts (t5 take ^u !mselves functions :i* !y orig9ally did n possess1 :ile ^! orig9al functions are ei!r p>tially or totally obscur$4 ,num]\s o!r po9ts1 m specific 9 nature1 c\ld be adduc$ to demon/rate m fully ! ess5tial simil>ity ( cultural & biological ph5om5a4 ,! comp>ability ( ! data ( civilization & biology br\ght 9 its tra91 h[ev]1 ! natural coroll>y t ! g5]al c\rse ( _! developm5t 0 ! same4 ,su* an assumption fitt$ 9 admirably ) ! psy*ological presuppositions ( ,s*urtz1 & ) ! inf]5ces he felt ju/ifi$ 9 draw+ f ! hi/orical data4 ,nei!r ,s*urtz1 nor1 = t matt]1 any !oretician ( 8 "t1 ev] made any attempt to prove t ! me?od ( biological evolution 0 ! same z t ( ! hi/orical4 ,x 0 commonly assum$ to h be5 ! same2 b1 q ap>t f ?is acceptance ( a fact t seem$ to ne$ no pro(1 ! simil>ity 9 ! evolution ( biological & hi/orical ph5om5a 0 by implication condition$ by 8 psy*ological assumptions4 ,! numb] ( norms are necess>ily r$uc$ to a m9imum :5 inh]5t t5d5cies are act+ on a 8gr\p m9d10 = x w\ld be tacitly admitt+ a l>ge range = p]sonal individuality1 to assume ! exi/5ce ( _m norms2 b if !re are only a few norms1 or1 z ,s*urtz concludes1 "o norm1--t ( ! age-gr\p1--v>iations c only h aris5 z diff]5tiations ( ?is norm1 due to influ5ces ei!r f )9 or f )\t4 ,we are consequ5tly r$uc$ to a condition exactly p>allel to t :i* we f9d1 accord+ to ! !ory ( evolution1 9 biology4 ,v>iations are ! result ( a diff]5tiation ( "s unit4 ,x is ! object1 9 ! classification ( biological data1 to demon/rate1 by means ( a s]ies ( asc5d+ =ms1 ! evolution ( ! mo/ highly diff]5tiat$ f ! lea/ diff]5tiat$4 ,9 ?us arrang+ ! data1 x foll[$ t ! lea/-diff]5tiat$ =ms conta9$ ! simple g5]al manife/ations ( life1 & t at ! same "t ! mo/ highly-diff]5tiat$ =ms likewise conta9$ all ^! simple g5]al manife/ations1 al?\gh !y 7 "h1 z a rule1 s *ang$ z to be entirely obscur$1 if n unrecognizable4 ,9 a mann] almo/ exactly p>allel to ! above1 ,s*urtz s\ght to classify ! ph5om5a ( social organization4 ,! highe/ mu/ conta9 )9 itself ! simple & g5]al ph5om5a ( ! l[e/ =m4 ,hav+ ?us demon/rat$ to 8 satisfaction ! exi/5ce & ! necessity ( an ord]$ sequ5ce1 he turn$ 8 att5tion to demon/rat+ t ?is sequ5ce 0 psy*ologically z well z hi/orically condition$4 ,8 l9e ( argum5t "h c be/ be %[n by analyz+ ! fir/ few *apt]s ( 8 book4 ,at ! basis ( all social organizations lie two elem5t>y =ces1--! 8in/9ct = association0 & ! 8sexual in/9ct40 ,! sexual in/9ct is prim>y1 because x is obvi\sly an ess5tial condition ( life4 ,! in/9ct = association is second>y 9 s f> z its expression 9 outw>d =m is conc]n$4 ,x is z old z ! sexual in/9ct2 b1 s9ce at ! initial /age ( human developm5t ! sexual in/9ct is s /rong a =ce1 ! in/9ct ( association _h no obs]vable influ5ce on ! actions ( m54 ,! =ms ( social organization :i* ! sexual in/9ct conditions are ^? bas$ ^u c]ta9 k9ds ( blood relation%ip4 ,^! =ms are prim>y4 ,to e/abli% ! priority ( ! =ms ?us impos$ by blood relation%ip1 we h b to rememb] t1 z ! relation%ip ( individuals to "o ano!r prec$$ ev]y?+ else1 s ! social =ms bas$ ^u blood relation%ip mu/ h prec$$ all o!r social =ms4 ,we are !re=e to reg>d z ! e>lie/ /age ( social organization t ( gr\ps b\nd toge!r by blood relation%ip4 ,b :at has be5 ! =ce diff]5tiat+ ^! gr\ps8 ,obvi\sly n ! same sexual in/9ct t has caus$ ! =mation ( ^! prim>y gr\ps4 ,to expla9 ! factors t h caus$ ?is diff]5tiation we mu/ call to our aid two ph5om5a1--fir/1 t ( sexual solid>ity2 &1 secondly1 t ( ! in/9ct = association4 ,sexual solid>ity has its roots 9 ! nature ( man & woman1 & is possess$ by !m 9 equal int5sity4 ,! in/9ct = association is1 h[ev]1 a specifically mascul9e trait4 ,x is f\nd among wom5 only 9 a m9imal degree4 ,an important coroll>y foll[s f ?is fact3 ,if wom5 societies are f\nd any:]e1 !y are to be consid]$ m]ely z imitations ( m5's societies4 ,if wom5 are f\nd z memb]s 9 a society1 ?is is to be reg>d$ z second>y & purely adv5titi\s4 ,^!1 & "s m specific po9ts to be enum]at$ lat]1 mu/ be borne 9 m9d cont9ually1 z ,s*urtz makes a f>-rea*+ use ( !m4 ,! in/9ct = association1 he goes on to say1 expresses itself1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ^? ( l int]e/s2 t is1 betwe5 ^? :o w\ld mo/ likely be ( ! same age4 ,x is n likely1 = in/ance1 to occur betwe5 m>ri$ & unm>ri$ m54 ,we h "h two app>5tly organically det]m9$ classes4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( social developm5t1 h[ev]1 :5 ! norms ( social expression condition$ by ! sexual in/9ct 7 /ill ( p>am\nt importance1 insi/5ce 0 mo/ naturally plac$ ^u ! mo/ important /age ( man's physiological developm5t1--! age ( pub]ty4 ,! /rong l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! p]iod prec$+ & foll[+ sexual maturity 0 s ev]-pres5t a fact to ! m9d ( primitive man1 t x f\nd expression 9 ! multitude ( initiatory rites4 ,9 ^! initiatory rites we h ano!r ( ! specific 8symptoms0 ) :i* we %all h to deal aft]w>d4 ,:5 ! in/9ct = association develop$ m /rongly1 ! diff]5ces due to age1 plus ! physiological factor1 condition$ ! natural =mation ( two classes1--"o ( m5 be=e pub]ty1 & "o ( m5 aft] pub]ty4 ,?is natural tw(old division 0 also /r5g!n$ by ano!r factor2 = until ! age ( pub]ty1 boys 7 "u ! influ5ce ( wom51 & 7 !re=e to be reckon$ z "o ) !m4 ,! ?ree gr\ps--m5 be=e pub]ty1 unm>ri$ m5 aft] pub]ty1 & m>ri$ m5--are ?us built ^u ! basis ( age di/9ction & common int]e/4 ,!y are ! norms ( primitive social organization1 &1 z we h se51 _! orig9 is due to inh]it$ in/9cts4 ,by implication ,s*urtz has "h also assum$ ! exi/5ce ( a def9ite sequ5ce2 = ! division into pre- & po/-pub]ty gr\ps is a consequ5ce ( ! sexual in/9ct1 & is !re=e prim>y4 ,diff]5tiation into ! gr\ps ( m>ri$ & unm>ri$ m5 !reupon foll[$2 b ! initiation1 :i* is syn*ron\s ) ! age ( sexual maturity1 has introduc$ ano!r factor1 t ( promiscu\s sexual int]c\rse2 & ! regulation t ?is has dem&$ is f\nd outw>dly express$ 9 ! 8m5's h\se40 ,! common int]e/s t drew m5 toge!r into gr\ps h ?us f> be5 ^? condition$ l>gely by age4 ,9 ! developm5t ( society1 h[ev]1 int]e/s became m & m div]sifi$1 & result$1 fir/1 9 ! disappe>ance ( ! age factor z ! ess5tial elem5t = associations1 &1 secondly1 9 ! necessity = m closely organiz$ units ) specific *>act]i/ics4 ,to obta9 ?is close organization1 "o ( ! ess5tial elem5ts 0 secrecy1 & ?us develop$ out ( ! 8m5's h\se0 ^? innum]able clubs & secret societies :i* we f9d s common to-day4 ,9 su* mann] we h con/ruct$ an asc5d+ evolution>y s]ies4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t 9 su* a s]ies ! highe/ /age is b a diff]5tiat$ l[] /age4 ,x mu/ likewise be rememb]$ t !re is a t5d5cy = int]m$iate /ages to leave ve/igial rema9s :]ev] !y develop$ into high] /ages4 ,we may consequ5tly expect to f9d traces ( 8age gr\ps0 & 8m5's h\ses0 all ov] ! _w4 ,9 addition1 we mu/ rememb] t a numb] ( 8symptoms0--su* z 8! exclusion ( wom50 f a society1 ! pres5ce ( 8an initiation10 ( 8degrees10 & ( 8secrecy0--h always be5 associat$ ) c]ta9 /ages ( gr[?4 ,!y may s]ve u = crit]ia ( ?is gr[? & ( ! /ages !re(1 & !y con/itute pro(s ( hi/orical id5tity4 ,!y w (t5 appe> unassociat$ ) ! def9ite /age assign$ to !m2 b t is immat]ial1 = _! almo/ univ]sal pres5ce is a suffici5t gu>anty ( _! significance4 ,x is n necess>y to inquire into _! individual significance among def9ite societies1 because a negative answ] w\ld prove no?+1 z diff]5ces f ! g5]al s*eme outl9$ c be int]pret$ mo/ easily 9 t]ms ( "s functional *ange4 ,x mu/ ( c\rse be rememb]$ t ! v>i\s po9ts ( view f :i* ,s*urtz approa*$ 8 problem 7 s inextricably int]wov51 t x is unw>rant$ to assume t e position he took 0 z di/9ctly analyz$ z ,i h attempt$ to %[4 ,f two po9ts ( view1 a psy*ological & a biological "o1 ,s*urtz obta9$ simil> conclusions4 ,x is n[ only necess>y1 aft] we h se5 h[ he e/abli%$ 8 psy*ological milieu & 8 sequ5ce ( norms1 to inve/igate ! mann] 9 :i* he approa*$ ! e?nological data !mselves4 ,s*urtz claims to h rea*$ 8 int]pretation f an inductive /udy ( ! available data4 ,we h se5 t !re is good reason to suppose t he approa*$ ! data ) c]ta9 preconceptions1 ! mo/ important ( :i* 0 ! necessity ( 8asc5d+ /ages0 9 ! evolution ( society4 ,he _h to det]m9e1 be=e ev]y?+ else1 ! initial /age ( social evolution1 & to look = x or = z close an approximation to x z might /ill be f\nd to-day4 ,h[ev]1 z soon z we accept :at ,s*urtz ?\ght 7 ! necess>y consequ5ces ( ! two t5d5cies1--( ! in/9ct = association & ( ! sexual in/9ct1--obvi\sly1 !n1 t organization :i* con=ms close/ to ! conditions !re impos$ w\ld be ! mo/ primitive4 ,he !reupon f\nd himself confront$ ) ! relatively easy task ( f9d+ su* an organization4 ,he f\nd x 9 ,au/ralia1 & select$ x z ! />t+-po9t ( 8 s]ies4 ,9 ju/ice to ,s*urtz & o!r !oreticians1 x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be said t ! ,au/ralian cultures impress$ _m !n1 & cont9ue to impress _m n[1 z cultures t ei!r _h be5 /unt$ 9 _! gr[?1 or _h develop$ only z f> z ! mo/ primitive /ages4 ,f t po9t on1 ! con/ruction ( a s]ies 0 a simple task4 ,su*1 9 brief1 is ! position ( ,s*urtz4 ,he wi%$ to convey ! impression t 8 !ory 0 bas$ entirely ^u an inductive /udy ( ! data2 b we h se5 t1 by means ( two p[]ful t5d5cies1 he 9 reality bas$ 8 int]pretation ^u a d$uctive /udy4 ,he does1 x is true1 claim t ! exi/5ce ( ^! t5d5cies 0 e/abli%$ inductively2 b ev5 if we 7 to grant ?is1 x is app>5t t he subsequ5tly disassociat$ ! t5d5cies f ! data1 & us$ !m z new entities f :i* to re-int]pret ! facts4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out be=e t ,s*urtz did n believe t ! abs5ce ( any or all ( ! 8symptoms0 con/itut$ an argum5t aga9/ 8 !ory4 ,9 ! same way1 any evid5ces ( conv]g5t evolution1 ( ! appe>ance ( 8symptoms0 ( high] /ages associat$ ) ^? ( a l[] /age1 w\ld n militate aga9/ 8 position4 ,su* ph5om5a 7 to be reg>d$ z purely adv5titi\s4 ,dissem9ation ( cultures1 he held1 0 possible2 b1 al?\gh simil>ities due to su* an ag5cy might obscure ! normal developm5t1 ?is normal developm5t c\ld h>dly be fundam5tally dis>rang$ !reby4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! !ory ( ,s*urtz might be exam9$ f two po9ts ( view4 ,"o might critically exam9e ! validity ( ! assumptions p] se1 & ! ju/ifiability ( 8 inf]5ces2 or "o might tempor>ily lay aside ! !ory entirely1 & exam9e ! data individually4 ,x is ! latt] me?od ( approa* t ,i %all "h adopt4 ,) ?is purpose 9 view1 ,i h select$ = exam9ation & int]pretation ! data furni%$ by ! ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee ,midewiw91 ! ,w9nebago ,m$ic9e ,dance1 & ! ,omaha ,%ell & ,pebble ,societies4 ,! inve/igation ( specific data w1 h[ev]1 n h any g5]al validity1 unless x c be %[n t _! specific cont5t is ! result ( c]ta9 v g5]al psy*ological t5d5cies4 ,! common elem5ts 9 ! c]emonial complexes h l$ to ! pr$ication ( _! id5tity1 & x w be be/ !re=e to beg9 our /udy ) an analysis ( !m4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,%oot+ ,,ritual4--,x might p]haps be exp$i5t1 be=e discuss+ ! ph5om5a ( 8%oot+0 9 g5]al1 to analyze :at is suppos$ to be its precise nature among ! v>i\s tribes possess+ x 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! ess5tial idea lies 9 ! simulation ( be+ %ot by a missile1 & re-act+ by simulat+ muscul> contractions until ! individual falls prone ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! g5]al !ory ( ! ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee & ( ! ,w9nebago is1 t dea? mu/ !reupon normally result1 b t c]ta9 conditions may *ange ?is fatal effect into "o ( tempor>y unconsci\sness4 ,among ! ,omaha1 ! simulat$ dea? is int]pret$ z ! dramatic repres5tation ( ! dea? ( c]ta9 p]sons kn[n 9 ! c]emony ( ! ,%ell ,society z 8*ildr540 ,among ! ,santee ,dakota1 x seems to h _h no v def9ite mean+4#af ,! ,ojibwa1#ag ,m5om9ee1#ah ,w9nebago1 & ,dakota are at "o 9 int]pret+ ! effects ( ! %oot+ z ! result ( ! magical p[]s inh]5t 9 ! missile us$4 ,effici5cy 9 %oot+1 h[ev]1 dep5ds n m]ely ^u ! missile1 b also ^u ! %aman us+ x4 ,accord+ to ! esot]ic int]pretation ( ! ,w9nebago1 ! specific results c\ld only be obta9$ by be+ a memb] ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,!re are indications t ?is specific efficacy 0 associat$ ) ! g5]al magical p[] ( %amans1--a p[] t _h be5 obta9$ ?r\gh p]sonal visions1 n 9 any way connect$ ) ?is society4 ,= ! ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee1 ?is latt] seems to h be5 by f> ! m important s\rce = efficacy4 ,= example1 ! ott]-sk9 bag c\ld be us$ ) ! same effect q ap>t f ! p]=mances ( ! ,midewiw94 ,9 ! ,omaha c]emonies x is n q cle> exactly :at r5d]s ! %oot+ efficaci\s1 & :e!r ! result is inh]5t 9 ! magical p[] ( ! missile4 ,9 all ! rituali/ic complexes !re are v>iations bo? z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! %oot+ is done1 & z to ! portion ( ! body aim$ at4 ,exclud+ ! ,omaha societies1 ^! v>iations 9 all cases dep5d ^u ! /atus ( memb]%ip4 ,! ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee %oot+ is 9 nature & 9 int]pretation q simil> to t ( ! ,w9nebago2 :ile ! ,omaha pres5ts a numb] ( v>iations f ! type4 ,9 ! ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee c]emonies ! %oot+ ritual is always associat$ ) ! admission ( a new memb]4 ,?is includes1 ( c\rse1 also ! initiation ( individuals into high] degrees1 :]ev] su* exi/4 ,! %oot+ is done pr9cipally by ! newly initiat$ individual1 because he is suppos$ to be try+ 8 p[]s4 ,!re occurs1 besides ?is1 a g5]al %oot+1 9 :i* all memb]s indulge1 & :i* is suppos$ to increase _! %oot+ p[]s4 ,! /r5g!n+ ( _! p[] is suppos$ to resi/ ! effects ( ! %ot4 ,among ! ,omaha ?is g5]al %oot+ is unassociat$ ) initiation1 :ile among ! ,w9nebago x is f\nd associat$ bo? ) initiation & ) ! basic c]emony4 ,x is !re=e ( consid]able importance to und]/& :at relation ?is g5]al %oot+ ritual be>s to ! specific %oot+ associat$ ) initiation4 ,%oot+ is ei!r an elem5t prim>ily associat$ ) initiation1 & aft]w>ds sep>at$1 or x is "s g5]al elem5t t has become associat$ ) any ( a l>ge numb] ( o!r cultural elem5ts4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ?is1 we h next to exam9e ) :at elem5ts %oot+ becomes associat$4 ,among ! ,kwakiutl#ai !re is a dance 9 :i* an individual 7mmaq'a7 ?r[s disease into ! p4 ,?is disease is repres5t$ by "s object1 ei!r a /ick or a h>poon-head4 ,! %oot+ has precisely ! same effect z 9 ! ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,no association ( %oot+ ( any k9d occurs ) initiation into a society4 ,! ,kwakiutl example br+s up ! real "q involv$ 9 ! %oot+4 ,to :at ext5t is ! %oot+ ritual ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance ( ! ,w9nebago m]ely "o ( ! =ms ( disease-?r[+ :i* is s common a practice ( sympa!tic magic8 ,! ,c5tral ,algonk9 ,midewiw9 are really loose associations ( m5 & wom51 ^: p[]s are obta9$ m f individual revelations obta9$ outside ( ! ,midewiw9 ?an f ! b5efits ( memb]%ip 9 t society4 ,%amani/ic practices appe> to =m an integral "p ( ?is society4 ,b ap>t f ?is1 ! %oot+ ( disease1 or ( any malignant p[]1 at an enemy1 is an extremely common feature among ! ,c5tral ,algonk9 z x is among all o!r ,am]ican %amans4 ,! "q t pres5ts itself is1 :e!r ! %oot+1 z f\nd 9 ! ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee & ,w9nebago ,m$ic9e ,societies1 is n "o aspect ( ?is same g5]al %amani/ic practice4 ,to judge f ! spee*es & ! songs ( ^! societies1 ! ma9 religi\s function is to obta9 ! p[] to resi/ ! influ5ce ( ! %ot4 ,! muscul> contortions & ! v>i\s movem5ts ! individual %ot at goes ?r\gh1 are int5d$ to be symbolical ( ?is resi/ance4 ,:at ! memb]s expect to obta9 are p[]s suffici5tly /rong to resi/ any malignant influ5ces t !y might meet 9 ! g5]al c\rse ( a lifetime2 t is1 we are deal+ ) a v g5]al manife/ation ( %amanism1 & we ought !re=e n to be surpris$ to f9d x :]ev] %amanism occurs1 ei!r entirely unassociat$1 or associat$ ) a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t elem5ts4 ,we f9d x unassociat$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( places scatt]$ ov] ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,among ! ,kwakiutl x is associat$ ) a c]ta9 dance2 among ! ,c5tral ,algonk9 & ,w9nebago1 ) initiation4 ,if x c n[ be %[n t among ! ,omaha1 & among ! ,w9nebago also1 we f9d x aga9 9 a diff]5t association1 !n ! association ( %oot+ ) an initiation ritual w h to be reg>d$ z "o ( a numb] ( complexes into :i* %oot+ has ent]$4 ,:e!r1 9 a specific case1 %oot+1 or ! initiation-%oot+ complex1 is hi/orically relat$ to a simil> ritual among o!r tribes1 is a "q t only direct hi/orical evid5ce or a /rong hi/orical probability c det]m9e4 ,! pres5ce ( %oot+ 9 a numb] ( diff]5t c]emonies1 h[ev]1 w n 9 itself demon/rate any relation%ip betwe5 ^! c]emonies4 ,we w n[ exam9e ! nature ( ! complex ) :i* %oot+ is associat$ 9 ! night division ( ! g5]al c]emony ( ! ,w9nebago ,m$ic9e ,dance & 9 ! ,omaha ,pebble & ,%ell ,society4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! societies among ! ,w9nebago & ,omaha are bas$ on ! common possession ( revelations f ! same animal4 ,we may h a society 8( ^? :o h _h communication ) ! ,?und]s10 or ) ! ,nights1 or ) ! ,grizzly ,be>1 or :at n4 ,! bond ( su* a society is g5]ally express$ outw>dly1 by ! possession ( "s 8gift0 :i* is intimately connect$ ) ! animal1 be x a head-dress1 a tail1 facial decorations1 or ! "r to ! use ( a c]ta9 drum1 etc4 ,! only society among ! ,w9nebago :]e no revelation is requir$ = admission is ! ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( elem5ts :i* connect ! ,m$ic9e ,dance ) ! o!r type ( society s common among ! ,w9nebago4 ,= in/ance1 !re is an outw>d m>k ( memb]%ip2 namely1 ! ott]-sk9 & ! 8migis40#bj ,on ! w>pa? ! ,w9nebago wraps ! ott]-sk9 ar\nd 8 %\ld] to signify t1 z a memb] ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance1 he is protect$ f ! attacks ( 8 enemies4 ,9 ! %oot+ ritual ( ! night division ( ! g5]al c]emony ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance1 & 9 ! ,m$ic9e ,fea/1 !re are a numb] ( features simil> to ^? ( ! ,w9nebago ,buffalo1 ,grizzly ,be>1 ,night1 etc41 ,societies4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( organization1 ! only diff]5ce w\ld seem to be1 t1 in/ead ( a common bond ly+ 9 a sup]natural communication1 x lies "h 9 ! mutual %oot+4 ,if we wi%$ to describe ! ,m$ic9e ,dance 9 t]ms ( ,w9nebago society norms1 we might call x a 8society ( ^? :o %oot "o ano!r40 ,! %oot+ =ms an integral "p ( ! rituali/ic complex1 mu* 9 ! same way z d ! set songs & ! set spee*es4 ,9 ! basic ritual ( ! day c]emony1 ! %oot+ occurs 9 two comb9ations1--on ! "o h&1 z an initiation-%oot+-complex1 set (f m or less f ! g5]al c]emony2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 9 a complex t is a repetition ( "o :i* occurs at night1 & :i* =ms unque/ionably ! basic portion ( ! entire ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,we w return to a discussion ( ?is subsequ5tly4 ,%oot+ 9 ! ,omaha ,pebble & ,%ell ,societies is associat$ precisely 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! basic ritual ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,9 ! ,pebble ,society we h1 z a matt] ( fact1 exactly ! condition :i* we assum$ might p]haps be ! correct int]pretation ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,! society is nam$ 8,^? :o %oot ! ,pebble40 ,9 ! ,%ell ,society ! bond ( union is simil>ly ! %oot+1 ! society be+ call$ 8,^? :o %oot ) a ,%ell40 ,x !re=e seems q probable1 tak+ into acc\nt ! fact t ?ree ,si\an 7"o ,w9nebago & two ,omaha7 societies pres5t a %oot+ feature 9 _! basic rituals1 t ?is rituali/ic complex is a g5]al *>act]i/ic ( ?is area4 ,to sum up1 a %oot+ ritual has ent]$ into a complex q diff]5t f t exi/+ among ! ,kwakiutl1 ,c5tral ,algonk9 ,midewiw91 & 9 "o "p ( ! day c]emony ( ! ,w9nebago ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,we mu/ !re=e conclude t ! association ( %oot+ ) initiation is m]ely "o ( _m possible associations1 & t ! %oot+ f\nd 9 ! basic complex mu/ be reg>d$ z hi/orically diff]5t f ! %oot+ f\nd 9 ! initiation complex4 ,return+ to ! "q ( %oot+ z associat$ ) an initiation ritual1 x mu/ be grant$ t x is some:at improbable t ?is p>ticul> association %\ld h aris5 indep5d5tly among two tribes liv+ 9 closely contigu\s geographical areas4 ,we may !re=e assume t ! ,w9nebago ei!r borr[$ f ! ,c5tral ,algonk91 or vice v]sa4 ,all indications po9t to ! =m] z hav+ be5 ! case4 ,! %oot+1 !n1 z f\nd 9 ! societies discuss$1 is m]ely "o phase ( sympa!tic magic4 ,a cultural elem5t common to a v l>ge area has become associat$ ) a special significance & ) special c]emonies4 ,= ! cultural areas discuss$1 ?is association seems to h develop$ into two types ( complexes1--! %oot+-initiation complex ( ! ,c5tral ,algonk91 & ! basic complex ( ! ,omaha & ,w9nebago4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,initiation ,,ritual4--,! elem5ts common to ! ,c5tral ,algonk9 ,midewiw9 & to ! ,w9nebago ,m$ic9e ,dance consi/ ( two p>ts1--an initiation & a %oot+4 ,( ^!1 ! %oot+ 0 %[n to h be5 a m or less free elem5t1 capable among o!r tribes ( ent]+ into an indef9ite numb] ( associations2 t1 inde$1 9 ! ,m$ic9e ,dance itself1 x _h become associat$ ) two diff]5t rituali/ic complexes4 ,we h already exam9$ ! %oot+ ritual2 & we w !re=e proce$ to exam9e ! initiation ritual1 9 ord] to und]/& its precise significance & its position 9 ! g5]al c]emony & 9 ! complete c]emonial complex ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance4 #a4 ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee4--,! simplicity ( ! organization ( ! ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee ,midewiw9 impresses "o at a glance4 ,only a small numb] ( individuals take active "p4 ,x is simil>ly impossible to disc]n any elaborate ritual4 ,a few rituali/ic my?s are told1 "s songs sung1 spee*es deliv]$1 & !n prep>ations are made = ! %oot+ ( ! novice4 ,! c]emony practically ends z soon z ! %oot+ t]m9ates4 ,9 ?is semi-public p]=mance !re is practically only "o rituali/ic complex1 t ( ! %oot+-initiation4 ,! only purpose ( ?is complex seems likewise to be ! initiation ( an individual into ! ,midewiw94 ,?is initiation ritual1 we "k1 is only ! t]m9al elem5t 9 a long c\rse ( in/ruction :i* ! novice mu/ g ?r\gh4 ,x is dur+ ?is in/ruction t ! specific tea*+s & practices ( ! ,midewiw9 are elucidat$1 & x is !n t ! symbolism us$ 9 ! b>k records is expla9$4 ,^! tea*+s & practices1 ap>t f "s e?ical tea*+s ( ! mo/ g5]al nature1 v>y ) ea* mide4 ,9 ea* case ! novice is taught ! mide's individual songs1 8 p>ticul> tricks & practices1 8 specific h]bs1 & ! uses to :i* he puts !m4 ,! bond connect+ ! tea*+ ( ! mides is ( ! loose/ nature4 ,:5 ! in/ruction is ov] 7& x is ov] z soon z ! novice has exhau/$ ! weal? he expects to sp5d 9 ea* p>ticul> case71 ! novice is ready = initiation4 ,b into :at is he really be+ initiat$8 ,x w\ld seem purely into ! p[]s pur*as$ f a c]ta9 mide4 ,if ?is p>ticul> mide did n *ance to be a memb] ( ! ,midewiw91 ! same or an extremely simil> me?od ( transf]5ce ( p]sonal p[]s w\ld be gone ?r\gh4 ,9 o!r words1 ! novice is be+ initiat$ into ! /atus ( a mide4 ,if "o may speak ( any =mal initiation "h1 x consi/s 9 giv+ to ! new mide "s object :i* is g5]ally reg>d$ z a symbol ( ! preceptor's p[]4 ,x may be a m$ic9e-p\*1 or h]bs1 or any?+1 9 fact4 ,b is ?is n precisely :at takes place at ! initiation into ! ,midewiw98 ,!re1 a p]son is pres5t$ ) ! 8migis0 & ott]-sk9 bag1 :i* is symbolical ( ! p[]s ( a c]ta9 type ( %aman1 ! mide4 ,! ,midewiw91 f ?is po9t ( view1 is h>dly a society at all4 ,x does1 nev]!less1 possess "s ( ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( a society3 a numb] ( individuals =m a r def9ite unit1 ow+ to _! possess+ 9 common a numb] ( rituali/ic my?s1 a symbol & common /atus1 9 ! eyes ( outsid]s4 ,z a society1 ! ,midewiw9 pres5ts no su* unit z does ! def9ite organization ( ! ,w9nebago ,m$ic9e ,dance or ! ,omaha ,%ell & ,pebble ,societies4 ,! bond ( unity 9 ! ,midewiw9 lies 9 ! fact t all memb]s are mide4 ,an individual is a mide1 h[ev]1 n by reason ( memb]%ip 9 ! ,midewiw94 ,! p[]s t make him a mide h no?+ to d ) ! ,midewiw9 at all4 ,!y are purely p]sonal4 ,! ,midewiw9 is prim>ily1 !n1 an association ( mide2 n ( individuals :o h become mide because !y belong to t society4 ,x is because ( ?is fact t ! individuality ( ! memb]s is s pot5t a factor1 & x is because ( ?is fact t no /rong c]emonial unit exi/s4 ,x is = ! same reason t initiation into ! society pres5ts1 9 all its ess5tials1 ! picture ( a normal transf]5ce ( individual mide p[]4 ,hi/orically ,i d n d\bt t x really is su* a transf]5ce4 ,z ! idea ( ! ,midewiw9 z a c]emonial unit develop$ m def9itely1 ! individual transf]5ce ( ! individual mide p[] may h become associat$ ) initiation into ! ,midewiw9 itself4 ,x is p]fectly natural1 :5 all ! mide became memb]s ( ! ,midewiw91 t ! transf]5ce ( p[] %\ld n h be5 ?\ght ( ap>t f ! society to :i* ! mide belong$4 ,x ?us foll[$ t obta9+ k f a mide w\ld be synonym\s ) jo9+ ! ,midewiw94 ,z ! ,midewiw9 grew 9 popul>ity1 & z all ! mide & a majority ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! tribe jo9$ x1 !re came to be associat$ ) x c]ta9 specific b5efits1 t _h 9 !mselves no?+ at all to d ) ! mide1 b :i* 7 g5]ally *>act]i/ic ( ,c5tral ,algonk9 culture4 ,! association ( ^! specific b5efits play$ necess>ily an important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! society1 because x meant t an individual1 9 jo9+ ! society1 obta9$ mu* m ?an c]ta9 mide p[]s4 ,he obta9$1 9 fact1 all ! mide p[]s1 plus ^? specific b5efits :i* memb]%ip 9 ! ,midewiw9 n[ br\ght ) x4 ,?r\gh ! transf]5ce ( ! objects symbolical ( ! mide's p[]1--8! migis0 & ! ott]-sk9 bag1--%oot+ n[ initiat$ him n only into ! /atus ( a mide1 b also into t ( a memb] ( a society ) an esot]ic ritual4 ,! %oot+ itself no long] bore ! impress ( a g5]al %amani/ic practice1 b /ood z a symbol ( initiation into a society4 ,at ! transf]5ce ( individual %amani/ic p[]1 %oot+ did n occur4 ,x mu/ consequ5tly h become associat$ ) initiation :5 ! loose union ( ! mide develop$ into a m or less def9ite society4 ,summ+ up briefly1 we may be ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! initiation ritual ( ! ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee ,midewiw9 is a transf]5ce ( individual p[] z f\nd among ! individual mide1 modifi$ by ! addition ( ano!r elem5t1 ! %oot+-incid5t4 ,! initiation c 9 no way be reg>d$ z necess>ily associat$ ) %oot+1 b ?is association w h to be reg>d$ z simply a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,c5tral ,algonk9 ,midewiw94 ,9 o!r words1 j z 8%oot+0 may ent] into an indef9ite numb] ( associations1 condition$ by ! cultural individuality ( an area1 s initiation may simil>ly ent] into an indef9ite numb] ( comb9ations4 #b4 ,%ell ,society4--,9 ! ,%ell ,society ( ! ,omaha !re is no specific initiation c]emony4 ,accord+ to ! orig9 leg5d1 an animal appe>s to a family consi/+ ( fa!r1 "m1 & f\r *ildr51 & helps !m to obta9 food4 ,!y1 9 ord] to %[ _! gratitude1 (f] him _! *ildr54 ,! *ildr5 are subsequ5tly %ot & kill$4 ,z !y lie on ! %ore ( a lake1 f\r trem5d\s waves sweep !m away4 ,!y aft]w>ds em]ge f ! mid/ ( ! lake1 & assure _! p>5ts t1 al?\gh !y are dead1 !y are q cont5t1 & !y w\ld advise !m to put (f _! m\rn+1 return to _! own tribe1 & =m a society4 ,!y c\ld obta9 new memb]s by sell+ to o!r p ! p[]s !y _h obta9$4 ,! %oot+ t occurs 9 ! c]emony prop]1 & :i* is int]pret$ by ! ,omaha z a dramatic repres5tation ( ! %oot+ ( ! f\r *ildr51 has no?+ to d ) initiation into ! society4 ,initiation consi/s entirely 9 ! transf]5ce ( c]ta9 k & symbols by "o ( ! own]s ( ! society to any individual :o is consid]$ eligible1 & :o has paid ! requisite price4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 only memb]s are %ot4 ,! %oot+1 :atev] may h be5 its orig9al significance1 is "h b "o elem5t 9 an intricate rituali/ic complex simil> to ! basic ritual ( ! ,w9nebago ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,its purpose seems to be exclusively t ( 8/r5g!n+0 ! p[]s ( ! memb]s4 ,any?+ approa*+ ! dramatic initiation into ! ,midewiw9 does n exi/4 ,admission into ! society is 9 no way connect$ ) ! %oot+ ritual1 al?\gh ! %oot+ ritual is actually f\nd 9 ! society4 #c4 ,pebble ,society4--,! nature ( initiation into ! ,pebble ,society is n def9itely kn[n4 ,z memb]%ip1 h[ev]1 dep5ds ^u sup]natural communications f ! same animal1 x probably is ! same z t f\nd among o!r ,omaha societies ( ! same k9d4 ,initiation w\ld ?us consi/ 9 ! obta9+ ( ! sup]natural communication itself4 ,e p]son :o has _h a sup]natural communication ) a _s--9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ! wat] _s--is eligible = memb]%ip into ! society4 ,%oot+ is f\nd1 b x is 9 no way connect$ ) admission or initiation into ! society4 ,x has1 x w\ld seem1 practically ! same significance z 9 ! ,%ell ,society4 #d4 ,m$ic9e ,dance4--,9 ! ,w9nebago ,m$ic9e ,dance1 memb]%ip does n dep5d ^u sup]natural communication ( any k9d1 b mu/ be pur*as$ f ! lead] ( "o ( ! five b&s4 ,a long prep>ation is necess>y1 la/+ 9 old5 times z long z f\r ye>s4 ,! individual is !n initiat$ into c]ta9 ( ! tea*+s ( ! society4 ,x makes no diff]5ce into :i* ( ! five b&s he is initiat$4 ,! k he obta9s w1 to all int5ts & purposes1 be ! same1 exclud+ c]ta9 songs4 ,?is does n mean1 ( c\rse1 t !re may n be in=mation belong+ to ! memb] z an individual1 :i* is taught to ! novice2 b x is und]/ood t any p[]s belong+ specifically to an individual1 & :i* ! novice wi%es to pur*ase1 h prim>ily no connection ) ! society4 ,z e lead] is likely to be a prom95t %aman z well z a memb] ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance1 x w\ld be q impossible to draw a h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 :at belongs specifically to him z a %aman1 & :at belongs to him z a memb] ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,h[ev]1 x is g5]ally und]/ood t a lead] is initiat+ an individual into ^? p[]s t are ! special prop]ty ( ! society4 ,z among ! ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee1 initiation is accompani$ by a =mal transf] ( a 8%ell0 & ( an ott]-sk9 bag4 ,ext]nally ! g5]al c]emony ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance might consequ5tly be reg>d$ z simil> to ! semi-public c]emony ( ! ,midewiw94 ,!re are two features1 h[ev]1 :i* /& out prom95tly 9 ! g5]al c]emony ( ! =m]1 :i* mu/ be expla9$ be=e we c accept ?is ext]nal simil>ity z real4 ,!y are1 fir/1 ! peculi> position ( ! initiation ritual ( ! g5]al c]emony2 &1 secondly1 ! pres5ce ( ano!r ritual1 ! basic ritual1 & ! importance x assumes4 ,precisely ! same ritual t we f\nd among ! ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee--! initiation-%oot+ complex2 t is1 initiation associat$ ) %oot+1 ! transf]5ce ( ! ott]-sk9 bag & ( a %ell1 plus a numb] ( incid5tal elem5ts--occurs 9 ! g5]al c]emony4 ,?is complex int]v5es betwe5 ! p]=mance ( ! basic ritual by ! ,nor? & ,we/ ,b&s4 ,!re is absolutely no?+ 9 ! basic ritual prec$+ or foll[+ ! initiation t c\ld possibly be int]pret$ z a prep>ation = ! latt]4 ,z x is f\nd !re1 ! initiation seems q out ( place1 & conveys =cibly ! impression ( be+ intrusive4 ,! g5]al c]emony is by no means t]m9at$ :5 initiation is ov]2 b ! ,we/ ,b& cont9ues ) its p]=mance ( ! basic ritual z ?\gh !re _h be5 no int]ruption1 ev5 ?\gh ! int]val betwe5 ,nor?'s & ,we/'s p]=mance ( ! basic ritual g5]ally la/s a numb] ( h\rs4 ,! initiation ritual is1 on ! :ole1 treat$ z an incid5tal feature4 ,x c c]ta9ly n be ! ma9 or mo/ important ritual ( ! g5]al c]emony4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x occurs only 9 ! day ritual ( t c]emony4 ,9 ! night ritual x is abs5t4 ,a ritual ( :i* %oot+ is "o ( ! ess5tial features occurs 9 ! latt]1 b1 z we %all see lat]1 ?is has no?+ to d ) ! initiation4 ,t ! %ell & ! %oot+ are unque/ionably consid]$ necess>y & ess5tial = initiation1 is borne out conclusively by ! num]\s ref]5ces 9 ! spee*es4 ,we mu/ !re=e n p]mit ! position ( ! initiation ritual 9 ! g5]al c]emony to int]f]e ) its int]pretation z a real initiation into ! society4 ,h[ev]1 ?is position may h be5 due to second>y causes4 ,x is q impossible to det]m9e !m def9itely n[2 b x is possible1 by /udy+ ! significance & nature ( ! basic ritual1 to expla9 to a v l>ge ext5t ! reason = ! position ( ! initiation ritual4 ,! basic ritual is a def9ite c]emonial complex1 :i* con/itutes ! mo/ conspicu\s unit ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,bo? 9 ! night & ! day ritual ( ! g5]al c]emony1 ea* individual b& repeats x1 & 9 bo? cases ! c]emony t]m9ates z soon z ! la/ b& has f9i%$ x4 ,a numb] ( o!r rituals sep>ate ! v>i\s p]=mances ( ! basic ritual1 & ev5 int]v5e betwe5 ! sep>ate con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! ritual itself4 ,9 ea* case1 nev]!less1 ! basic ritual is cont9u$ z soon z ! di/urb+ ritual has be5 remov$4 ,x is = ^! reasons t x seems to me unque/ionable t we are deal+ "h ) ! ess5tial rituali/ic unit ( ! g5]al c]emony4 ,:at /r5g!ns ?is impression is ! fact t a rituali/ic complex simil> 9 its g5]al nature1 al?\gh n 9 ! compon5t elem5ts ( :i* x is made up1 is f\nd 9 almo/ all ! o!r societies ( ! ,w9nebago4 ,9 ! ,buffalo1 ,grizzly ,be>1 ,gho/1 & ,night ,societies1 !re is a basic ritual ( ess5tially ! same functions & significance4 ,9 all ^! societies1 likewise1 objects ( specific value to ! memb]s are pass$ f "o individual to ano!r2 & ?is 8pass+0 is accompani$ by songs1 spee*es1 & rituali/ic details4 ,al?\gh ! complex diff]s = ea* society1 x nev]!less pres5ts a def9ite rituali/ic unit1 :i* mu/ be repeat$ by ea* p]son1 or ea* b& belong+ to ! society1 z ! case may be4 ,to judge f ! g5]al t5or ( ! spee*es1 ! purpose ( ! ritual 9 e "o ( ^! societies is ! 8/r5g!n+0 ( p[]s obta9$ 9 a vision4 ,n[1 ! t5or ( ! spee*es 9 ! basic ritual ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance is precisely ( ! same nature2 & z we h !re1 9 addition1 ! *>act]i/ic pass+ ( ! 8bless+10--t is1 ! pass+ ( ! drum1 ! g\rds1 & ! associate actions1 spee*es1 songs1 & dances2 9 o!r words1 ! means ( assur+ ! cont9uance & ! /r5g!n+ ( ! specific p[]s1--!re c be little d\bt t ! basic ritual is ess5tially ! same = all ^! societies4 ,( c\rse1 ! demon/ration t ! basic ritual is at pres5t ! ma9 & mo/ important ritual 9 ! ,m$ic9e ,dance1 does n prove t x is hi/orically prim>y4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( facts t speak 9 favor ( ?is assumption4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is und\bt$ly ! *>act]i/ic c]emonial complex ( all ,w9nebago societies1 & likewise ( a l>ge numb] ( societies among o!r ,si\an tribes2 &1 secondly1 x is associat$ ) an organization t is typical ( o!r ,w9nebago societies4 ,x diff]s f ^! prim>ily 9 ! fact t memb]%ip is pur*as$1 & n obta9$ ?r\gh sup]natural communication f "s animal4 ,ev5 ! abs5ce ( ! cu/om>y mann] ( admission might p]haps be hypo!tically acc\nt$ =1 = we h an int]e/+ in/ance ( ! disappe>ance ( ! 8vision0 qualification 9 ! ,night ,dance4 ,! ,night ,dance1 n[ kn[n z ! ,sore-,eye ,dance1 previ\sly requir$ = admission a vision f ! night spirits4 ,?is qualification has n[ disappe>$1 & its place has be5 tak5 by pur*ase1 pure & simple1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,n[1 x is possible t ! same developm5t may h tak5 place = ! ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any su* positive evid5ce1 h[ev]1 z has be5 adduc$ = ! ,night ,dance1 ?is assumption c only be reg>d$ z a possible explanation4 ,if ! basic ritual is to be reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal & *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance & z hi/orically prim>y1 !n ! intrusive "* ( ! initiation ritual may be expla9$ by reg>d+ x z second>ily associat$4 ,we are ( c\rse 9 no position to say 9 :at way ?is association occurr$1 & we are !re=e n 9 a position to tell :e!r ! initiation ritual 0 associat$ f ! v beg9n+ 9 su* a way z to p]=m ! functions ( a normal initiation into a society1 or :e!r x 0 at fir/ a purely adv5titi\s addition ) no special significance4 ,if x 0 reg>d$ f ! v beg9n+ z an initiation1 !re seems no reason :y x %\ld h be5 giv5 ! position 9 ! g5]al c]emony t x n[ possesses4 ,x consequ5tly seems bett] to reg>d its position z old] ?an ! ref]5ces made 9 ! spee*es to its functions z an initiation into ?is specific ,w9nebago society4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! initiation-complex ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance 0 borr[$ f ! ,c5tral ,algonk9 ,midewiw94 ,we may consequ5tly conclude t1 not)/&+ ! pres5t int]pretation ( ! initiation z an initiation into ! ,m$ic9e ,dance1 x is hi/orically really an initiation ritual ( "o c]emony t has become second>ily associat$ ) ano!r4 ,9 support ( ?is1 x c be po9t$ out t no initiation be>+ ! slighte/ resemblance to ?is "o1 occurs 9 any o!r ( ! num]\s ,w9nebago societies1 & t ! ,m$ic9e ,dance really possesses two initiations1--! "o be+ ! pur*ase ( memb]%ip2 & ! o!r1 t m5tion$ above4 ,x might also be add$ t non-memb]s nev] speak ( ! %oot+ z an initiation4 ,to !m ! %oot+ always appe>s z a %amani/ic practice associat$ ) ! 8/r5g!n+0 ( p[]4 ,! esot]ic int]pretation1 h[ev]1 reg>ds ?is 8second>y0 initiation z prim>y4 ,summ+ up briefly ! results ( ! analysis ( ! ?ree initiations discuss$1 we mu/ emphasize aga9 ! fact t we are deal+ ) initiations ess5tially diff]5t 9 nature4 ,9 ! ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee x is evid5tly a =mal transf] ( %amani/ic p[]s f "o individual to ano!r1 :i* has subsequ5tly become synonym\s ) admission into ! social /atus ( a mide & !n ) admission into a society4 ,9 ! ,%ell ,society ! transf] ( p[]s is analog\s to ! pur*ase ( specific p[]s by "o individual f ano!r2 & z ^! h become associat$ ) a society1 ! individual buy+ !m pur*as$ at ! same "t admission into ! society4 ,9 ! ,pebble ,society1 initiation is synonym\s ) ! acquisition ( p[] ?r\gh sup]natural communication f "s animal4 ,!re is no transf] at all1 except 9 s f> z ! _s animal transf]s some?+ to ! p]son fa/+4 ,initiation is connect$ simply ) ! individual4 ,no initiation into ! society exi/s4 ,9 ! ,w9nebago ,m$ic9e ,dance1 :atev] may h be5 ! prim>y me?od ( initiation1 we h to-day a def9ite initiation l t f\nd 9 ! ,midewiw94 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has be5 borr[$ f ano!r c]emony1 & second>ily associat$4 ,ev5 n[ x is n 9 its prop] organic position 9 ! g5]al c]emony1 despite ! fact t an esot]ic re-int]pretation has trans=m$ x into a specific initiation into ! ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,initiation is ?us se5 to be bo? a concept & a rituali/ic complex1 v>y+ consid]ably 9 diff]5t tribes4 ,z a rituali/ic complex1 x has ent]$ freely into innum]able associations1 :i* c only be det]m9$ by a /udy ( ea* specific c]emony4 ,! same holds true ) reg>d to ! concept ( initiation4 ,x is also app>5t t ! concept has a m>k$ influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( ! rituali/ic complex connect$ ) x1 & vice v]sa4 ,9 bo? cases1 !n1 we h to exam9e n m]ely ! nature ( ^! two ph5om5a 9 a giv5 area1 b likewise :e!r !y repres5t hi/orically prim>y concepts & complexes1 be=e we c make any attempt to inve/igate :at are ! concepts t und]lie all initiations4 ,v4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,c]emony4--,9 ! =ego+ rem>ks we h dealt ) ! nature & significance ( ^? specific rituals t g to make ! l>g] complex we h call$ ! 8g5]al c]emony40 ,we w n[ proce$ to exam9e ! nature & significance ( ?is g5]al c]emony itself4 #a4 ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee4--,! g5]al c]emony ( ! ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee ,midewiw9 is to all int5ts & purposes ! initiation ritual itself4 ,!re is really no o!r rituali/ic complex ) :i* x is associat$2 nor is !re any feature :i* int]rupts 9 any way ! dramatic progress ( ev5ts f ! beg9n+1 to ! actual initiation ( ! new memb]4 ,9 reality ?is g5]al c]emony mu/ be look$ ^u solely z ! completion ( a long c\rse ( prep>atory in/ruction4 ,no?+1 inde$1 acc5tuates ! m9or "p :i* ! actual 8society0 aspect ( ! ,midewiw9 plays ?an ?is slight developm5t ( ! g5]al c]emony4 ,! long c\rse ( prep>atory in/ruction1 9 :i* ! %aman1 z an individual1 plays ! major "p1 seems practically to be ! ma9 feature4 #b4 ,%ell ,society4--,9 ! ,%ell ,society ! g5]al c]emony consi/s ( a l>ge numb] ( rituali/ic complexes4 ,! basic ritual runs l a r$ l9e ?r\gh ! :ole1 & ) ?is are associat$ ! foll[+ rituals3 ! pass+ ( ! invitation-/icks1 ! op5+ ( ! pack by ! keep]s1 ! circl+ ( ! fire 8by ! f\r *ildr510 ! fill+ ( ! wood5 b[l ) wat]1 & f9ally ! %oot+4 ,bo? ! secret & ! public c]emonies consi/ almo/ exclusively ( ! %oot+1 & ( ! 8pass+0 ( ! drum & ! rituali/ic details associat$ ) x4 ,! meet+ t]m9ates z soon z ! la/ ( ! five c]emonial b&s has f9i%$ ?is basic ritual4 #c4 ,pebble ,society4--,9 ! ,pebble ,society ! *>act]i/ic pass+ ( ! drum likewise occurs1 & ) x occur ! details connect$ ) x1 z well z ! prep>ation = %oot+ & ! actual %oot+4 ,! numb] ( rituali/ic complexes is mu* small] ?an 9 ! ,%ell ,society4 ,h[ev]1 ?is may be due to ! meagr5ess ( our in=mation4 ,z contra/$ ) ! m>k$ unity ( action display$ 9 ! ,%ell ,society1 we f9d "h a m>k$ t5d5cy = individual developm5t1 t is p]haps to be expect$1 consid]+ t ! bond ( union 7namely1 ! p[]s obta9$ ?r\gh common visions7 is a r vague "o f ! po9t ( view ( organization4 #d4 ,m$ic9e ,dance4--,9 ! ,m$ic9e ,dance ! g5]al c]emony includes1 9 addition to ! basic & initiation rituals1 a secret c]emony t takes place outside ( ! lodge itself4 ,z 9 ! ,%ell & ,pebble ,societies1 !re are "h also two sessions1 b bo? seem to be secret4 ,! significance ( ! g5]al c]emony m5tion$ is ! p]=mance ( a ritual = a v>iety ( purposes1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are1 fir/1 purely ! p]petuation ( ! ritual2 &1 secondly1 ! 8/r5g!n+0 & r5ewal ( c]ta9 special p[]s4 ,^! two seem to be pre-em95tly ! functions ( ^? ,omaha & ,w9nebago societies t are bas$ ^u common visions4 ,9 ! =m] ! elem5t ( initiation plays no "p at all4 ,! meet+s ( ! society take place at almo/ any conv5i5t "t ( ! ye>4 ,= ! ,w9nebago ! elem5t ( initiation is m pron\nc$4 ,! meet+s are call$ = two reasons1--ei!r = ! purpose ( initiat+ a memb]1 or = ! purpose ( acquir+ additional p[]s4 ,9 ea* case ! g5]al complexes are diff]5t1 & 9 ea* case !y dep5d ^u associations t are bo? hi/orically & psy*ologically det]m9$ by ! specific cultural *>act]i/ics ( ! area 9 "q4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,complete ,,c]emonial ,,complexes4--,! g5]al c]emony is only "o elem5t 9 an extremely elaborate complex4 ,its position 9 ?is complex has be5 t\*$ ^u be=e4 ,we h n[1 h[ev]1 to exam9e ?is complex itself1 & to see :at are ! rituali/ic elem5ts t =m x4 ,& 9 ?is f9al complex we h aga9 to see :e!r !re is a t5d5cy = c]ta9 elem5ts to be associat$ 9 a def9ite mann]2 &1 if ?is proves to be ! case1 h[ ?is def9ite association is to be int]pret$4 #a4 ,ojibwa4--,! ,ojibwa ,midewiw9 consi/s ( a long c\rse ( prep>ation1 & a =mal public initiation into a society conta9+ f\r degrees4 ,we h se5 t ! prep>ation is entirely %amani/ic 9 "*1 & t ! g5]al public c]emony is to all int5ts & purposes z mu* an initiation into ! /atus ( a mide z x is into a society4 ,?is int]pretation is aga9 /r5g!n$ by ! m>k$ association ( ! g5]al c]emony ) %amani/ic tricks4 ,among ! ,cree x appe>s t ?is function ( ! ,midewiw9 is ( prime importance4#ba ,9 ! 8degrees0 we h ano!r confirmation ( its %amani/ic "*4 ,! f\r degrees are m]ely ! f\r in/alm5ts 9 :i* an old %aman sells 8 k & p[]4 ,! numb] #d has no especial significance1 except 9 s f> z x is ! sacr$ numb] ( ! tribe4 ,miss ,d5smore#bb f\nd eight degrees among ano!r division ( ! ,ojibwa2 & ! numb] w d\btless be f\nd to v>y f division to division4 ,! requirem5ts = admission into ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? degrees1 are great] paym5ts1 & great] evid5ces ( religi\s fitness4 ,! possessors ( ! v>i\s degrees d n =m di/9ct classes4 ,^? ( ! fir/ degree alone1 possess "o degree only4 ,!re is no pass+ f "o to ano!r degree1 b simply an addition ( degrees1 s t an individual ) ! f\r? degree possesses all ! o!r degrees2 9 o!r words1 degrees are m]ely m>ks ( increas$ p[]4 ,x is = ?is reason t an initiation practically ! same z t = ! fir/ degree is necess>y = ! o!r degrees4 ,! fact t a new initiation into ! society is necess>y = ea* degree1 & t ! di/9ctions repres5t$ by ! degrees are m]ely transf]5ces ( increas$ %amani/ic p[]s1 diff]+ accord+ly z !y h be5 obta9$ f "o or ano!r %aman1 emphasizes /rongly ! specific %amani/ic nature ( ! ,midewiw94 ,z we h said be=e1 ! ,midewiw9 is a society1 n s mu* because x is an association ( mide1 b because !re h come to be associat$ ) x c]ta9 functions ( a religi\s & social nature1 sett+ x (f z a unit4 ,! fact t ! memb]s are mide w1 ( c\rse1 h an enorm\s influ5ce on "s ( ! functions t ! society is suppos$ to possess4 ,! p[]s ( ! individual mide are ^? connect$ ) ! heal+ ( w\nds1 ! cur+ ( disease1 ! ability to trans=m "o's self into any animal or object at w1 ! p]=mance ( seem+ly impossible tricks1 & la/ly ! practice ( evil magic4 ,9 ! tea*+s ( ! individual mide 9 8 rle z a memb] ( ! ,midewiw91 all ^! elem5ts are pres5t2 b !re are1 9 addition1 two o!r p[]s :i* are specifically ,midewiw9 functions1--namely1 ! p[] to prolong life1 & ! p[] to assure a successful passage to ! future _w4 ,! p[] ( prolong+ life is n suppos$ to be an effect ( ! %oot+4 ,! belief is1 t memb]%ip 9 ! society1 & ! prop] obs]vance ( ! ritual & precepts1 w enable an individual to surm\nt successfully ! crises ( life & ! evil designs ( 8 enemies4 ,j z ! prop] obs]vance ( ritual & precepts prolongs life1 s x w likewise insure ! safe passage ( a s\l f ?is to a future _w4 ,accord+ to ,william ,jones1 8x 0 believ$ t ! s\l foll[$ a pa? to g to ! _s _w1 & t ! pa? 0 beset ) dang]s to oppose ! passage ( ! s\l2 b t x 0 possible to ov]come ! ob/acles by ! use ( ! =mulas :i* c\ld be le>n$ only 9 ! ,midewiw940#bc ,to ass]t dogmatically t ^! two p[]s d n come )9 ! scope ( ! individual mide1 may p]haps be unw>rant$2 b at pres5t ! evid5ce among ! ,ojibwa is c]ta9ly negative4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,midewiw9 is consid]$ to be intimately associat$ ) ^! specific functions4 ,!y are n associat$ ) ! specific p[]s ( ! mide4 ,9 reality1 !y are ! g5]al religio-magical possessions ( ! tribe1 t h be5 second>ily associat$ ) ! ,midewiw94 #b4 ,m5om9ee4--,practically all t has be5 said ( ! ,ojibwa applies 9 equal degree to ! ,m5om9ee ,midewiw94 ,b two important diff]5ces are noticeable1--fir/1 a memb] is always succe$$ by a ne> relative2 &1 secondly1 n only is ! ,midewiw9 connect$ ) ! function ( insur+ ! safe passage to ! future _w1 b ! c]emony itself beg9s at ! grave ( ! deceas$ memb] z soon z ! mortu>y rites are ov]4 ,!y may ev5 be reg>d$ z a cont9uation ( ! same4 #c4 ,%ell ,society4--,9 ! ,%ell ,society ! organization1 9 contradi/9ction to ! ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee ,midewiw91 is n bas$ on individuals z su*1 b on def9ite c]emonial gr\p units4 ,!re are five to-day1 b !re seem to h be5 m =m]ly4 ,we f9d a f\rfold designation = ! lodges4 ,!y are kn[n to-day z ^? ( ! elde/ son or sun1 second son or />s1 daught] or moon1 & y\nge/ son or e>?4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ^! same are kn[n 9 ord] z ,black-,be>1 ,elk1 ,buffalo1 & ,de] ,lodge4 ,! fir/ 8old man's lodge0 7uju7 is also kn[n z t ( ! ,eagle4 ,! g5]al c]emony has be5 describ$ be=e1 & we w !re=e proce$ to discuss :at appe>s to be ! purpose ( ! society1 :at p[]s its memb]s possess$1 & ) :at functions x 0 associat$4 ,! def9ite purpose ( ! society seems to be ! p]=mance ( a c]ta9 ritual4 ,t 9 addition !re is likewise ! desire to increase or at lea/ /r5g!n ! p[]s receiv$ at pur*ase1 is extremely probable1 b ?is _c be def9itely /at$4 ,:at c be def9itely /at$1 h[ev]1 is ! fact t an absolutely ess5tial condition = efficacy ( ! p[]s obta9$ is ! p]=mance ( ! ritual2 & 9 ?is x is radically di/9ct f ! ,midewiw91 = !re ! p[]s obta9$ f ! %aman h no relation to ! ritual4 ,! efficacy !n1 ( ! p[]s1 rema9s always :at x 0 :5 taught to ! new memb]4 ,9 discuss+ :at ! p[]s ( ! memb]s are1 x is aga9 ess5tial to di/+ui% :at !y possess by virtue ( memb]%ip1 & :at !y possess z individuals4 ,we %\ld mo/ naturally expect t c]ta9 conceptions1 c]ta9 cultural possessions1 belong to a l>ge body ( ,omaha4 ,if1 !n1 we f9d !m 9 a c]ta9 society1 x is mo/ natural to assume t !y h n be5 obta9$ by reason ( memb]%ip !re91 b t ?is society w reflect g5]al ,omaha ideas4 ,?is or t society may emphasize c]ta9 ideas1 & may develop !m along c]ta9 l9es1 b x c]ta9ly does n orig9ate !m4 ,!y h no relation ( cause & effect to any p>ticul> society4 ,?is has sometimes be5 assum$ to be ! case1 & su* a view comes out cle>ly 9 ,miss ,flet*]'s#bd /atem5t t all secret societies among ! ,omaha dealt m or less ) magic z well z ) heal+ by means ( h]bs & roots4 ,x is palpably n because !y are secret societies t _! memb]s h develop$ any su* t5d5cies1 b because1 z secret societies1 !y reflect$ ,omaha cu/oms & modes ( ?\ght4 ,= ! same reason ,miss ,flet*]'s conclusion1 t because 9 bo? ! ,%ell & ,pebble ,societies %amani/ic tricks are p]=m$1 !y may possibly be hi/orically connect$1 is unw>rant$4 ,! obs]vance ( %amani/ic tricks is s g5]al a ph5om5on1 t all t c be said1 :5 two societies are f\nd emphasiz+ !m1 is t two societies emphasiz$ or develop$ "o or _m ,omaha cu/oms4 ,!re is no ne$ ( assum+ any hi/orical connection unless ?is has be5 %[n to be ! case4 ,let u n[ return to :at is di/9ctive 9 ! p[]s ( a memb] ( ! ,%ell ,society4 ,! "n ( ! society is 8,^?-:o-h-!-,%ell40 ,x is ! possession ( ! %ell t sep>ates !m f o!r societies4 ,9 ! ideas clu/]+ ar\nd ! p[]s ( ?is object we are mo/ likely to f9d "o ( ! important specific advantages ( memb]%ip4 ,z f> z c be ga!r$ f ,miss ,flet*]'s acc\nt1 ! %ell is connect$ ) c]ta9 magical qualities4 ,x is difficult to say :at specific magical qualities are meant4 ,h[ev]1 to judge f ! nature ( ! g5]al c]emony & ! songs1 we are really deal+ ) magic 9 its mo/ g5]al s5se1 b connect$ 9 ?is case ) a specific object1 a %ell2 t is1 we might imag9e hypo!tically t ! society orig9at$ 9 connection ) ! vision ( an individual1 9 :i* ! magical p[] 0 associat$ ) a %ell4 ,! same p[] might1 9 ! case ( ano!r individual1 be associat$ ) a drum1 a flute1 a g\rd1 a /one1 or :at n4 ,ap>t f diff]5ce 9 rituali/ic detail1 & 9 ! nature ( "s ( ! elem5ts t g to make up ! g5]al rituali/ic complex1 x is ?is association ( magical p[]s ) "o object 9 "o case1 & ) ano!r 9 ano!r case1 t con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s ,omaha societies4 ,to illu/rate h[ g5]al is ! magical p[] ( ! %ell 9 ! ,%ell ,society1 & h[ ess5tial is ! specific object possess+ ! magic1 we w give ! foll[+ in/ances4 ,9 ! orig9 my?1 %oot+ is suppos$ to kill ! 8*ildr520 9 ! g5]al c]emony x probably s]ves to /r5g!n p[]s already acquir$2 9 ! c]emony = puni%+ (f5d]s1 ( :i* we %all speak lat]1 x is m]ely an example ( sympa!tic magic4 ,toge!r ) ! magic specifically associat$ ) ! %ell1 ! memb]s ex]cis$ individual magic2 z1 = example1 kill+ a horse because its own] _h (f5d$ him1 or kill+ ano!r memb] by magically hav+ a snake hidd5 ne> ! place :]e ! o!r 0 accu/om$ to "w4 ,^! in/ances ( ! ex]cise ( magic mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ z specific ( ! society4 ,9 addition to ! association ( ! ,%ell ,society ) magic 9 its m g5]al aspect1 & also 9 its application to "s specific object1 we f9d x associat$ ) g5]al %amani/ic practices1 ) conceptions relat+ to life aft] dea?1 & ) a magical c]emony = puni%+ (f5d]s4 ,! %amani/ic practices h be5 dwelt on be=e4 ,all t c be said ab\t ! connection ( ! society ) c]emonies p]=m$ ^u ! dea? ( a memb] is1 t ! deceas$ is c>ri$ to a t5t 9 :i* ! regul> c]emonial is gone ?r\gh4#be ,:e!r ?is c]emony has any def9ite connection ) ideas relat+ to ! j\rney ( ! s\l to ! future _w1 is n kn[n4 ,by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ c]emony associat$ ) ! ,%ell ,society is t = puni%+ (f5d]s4#bf ,! ma9 purpose seems to be ! puni%m5t ( an individual 89 ord] to keep ! p 9 ord] & *eck crime1 su* z mole/+ wives or daught]s & de/roy+ prop]ty & s caus+ mis*ief 9 ! tribe40 ,?is 0 effect$ ?r\gh a sacr$ figure suppos$ to repres5t ! society4444 8,! arms conta9$ poisons = puni%m5t1 & ! leg ! magic %ells :i* made x possible to adm9i/] ?is puni%m5t4444 ,:5 a man committ$ an (f5ce t seem$ to dem& puni%m5t1 ! society met at night1 & if x _h det]m9$ to puni% ! man1 !n ?is figure 0 br\ght out40#bg ,n[1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t !re is "h no sugge/ion ( any legal proc$ure1 b m]ely1 z we %all see1 an application ( ! magical p[]s ( ! society to a v specific social purpose4 ,puni%m5t consi/$ 9 caus+ ! (f5d] to become sick ?r\gh ! application ( poison to a figure suppos$ to symbolize him1 :i* is drawn on ! e>?4 ,?is figure 0 subsequ5tly %ot at4 ,:5 ! c]emony 0 ov]1 ! lead]s wait$ until !y _h be5 in=m$ t ! (f5d] _h become sick1 :5 !y assembl$ 9 a t5t & sang until ! man di$4 ,9 ?is c]emony we h aga9 a %amani/ic practice :i* 0 probably ex]cis$ by _m memb]s ( ! tribe1 associat$ 9 "o ( ! societies ) a def9ite & specific function4 ,b ?is specific function1 plus ! o!r traits t h be5 enum]at$ z *>act]i/ic ( ! society1 g to make up a complex t is look$ ^u z a def9ite unit4 #d4 ,pebble ,society4--,! rem>ks made on ! purpose ( ! ,%ell ,society are1 g5]ally speak+1 applicable to ! ,pebble ,society4 ,in/ead ( be+ atta*$ to a %ell1 ! magical p[]s are "h atta*$ to a transluc5t pebble4 ,! possibility = a great] v>iability 9 ! nature ( ! p[]s obta9$ 0 giv5 by ! fact t all ^? :o _h _h a vision ( wat]1 or its repres5tative1 ! pebble or ! wat]-_s1 c\ld become memb]s4 ,! wat]-_s 0 always associat$ ) ! grant+ ( k relat+ to m$ic9al h]bs & ! p[] ( heal+ sickness g5]ally2 & we f9d 9 ! society1 consequ5tly1 a l>ge prepond]ance ( individuals ) su* p[]s4 ,! association betwe5 ^! p[]s & "s def9ite object1 9 ?is case ! pebble1 is n z intimate z t f\nd to exi/ betwe5 correspond+ p[]s & a simil> object 9 ! ,%ell ,society2 9 o!r words1 ! %aman1 z an individual1 is m prom95t4 ,! mo/ important association ( ! society is t connect$ ) ! cur+ ( disease4 ,x w\ld be errone\s to consid] ?is function z a second>y association1 z x is condition$ by ! fact t ! visions f ! wat]-_s w\ld necess>ily be connect$ ) 8! p[]s0 relat+ to m$ic9al h]bs & _! heal+ virtues4 #e4 ,m$ic9e ,dance4--,! ,m$ic9e ,dance1 look$ ^u 9 its entirety1 is compos$ ( a long c\rse ( prep>ation 7n[ discont9u$71 ! ,f\r ,nights' ,prep>ation1 ! sweat-ba? c]emony1 ! night & ! day divisions ( ! g5]al c]emony1 & ! secret bru% c]emony4 ,^! c]emonies h all become amalgamat$ into a m or less firm unit1 ^: individual *>act]i/ics we h t\*$ ^u be=e4 ,! society is kn[n 9 ,w9nebago z ,makani1 ! ^w maka1 mean+ 8m$ic9e0 9 its m$ic9al aspect1 z oppos$ to 01 mean+ 8m$ic9e0 9 its magical aspect4 ,z f> z c be se5 f a detail$ /udy ( ! rituals1 no prom95ce seems1 h[ev]1 to be giv5 to ! !rapeutic or h]bali/ aspect4 ,!re are1 x is true1 m$ic9es = g5]al !rapeutic practice & = hunt+1 fi%+1 love1 & especially = 8bad0 purposes4 ,b 9 ! c]emony z giv5 to-day1 & z describ$ by ^? well v]s$ 9 ! ritual ( ! society1 ^! m$ic9es f9d no place4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a v p]si/5t exot]ic int]pretation ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance1 accord+ to :i* ! memb]s are reg>d$ prim>ily z p[]ful %amans conc]n$ pref]ably ) ! practice ( 8bad0 magic4 ,9 ?is practice !y are greatly aid$ by ! fact t _! memb]%ip 9 ! society increases _! magical p[]s1 especially t connect$ ) ! ability to trans=m !mselves into all k9ds ( animate & inanimate objects = ! fur!rance ( _! evil designs4 ,! mo/ fe>$ %amans--^? :o are di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by ! possession ( ! iron moccas9s 7mazuagudj7--belong$ to ?is society4 ,?is exot]ic int]pretation does n1 h[ev]1 seem to tally ) ! designation mankani4 ,p]sonally ,i ?9k ?is t]m is a popul> "o1 & has no real significance z a *>act]ization ( ! functions ( ! society1 at lea/ to-day4 ,?is exot]ic int]pretation is 9 all probability true to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be ess5tial to det]m9e :e!r ^! %amani/ic p[]s are *>act]i/ic ( memb]s z individuals1 & only second>ily connect$ ) !m z memb]s ( ! society1 be=e we c prop]ly und]/& _! significance4 ,t memb]%ip 0 connect$ 9 any way ) an increase ( %amani/ic p[]s1 is c]ta9ly improbable4 ,^! p[]s are unque/ionably id5tical ) ! g5]al %amani/ic & magical practices m5tion$ previ\sly 9 ! ,%ell & ,pebble ,societies4 ,9 o!r words1 ! g5]al %amani/ic & magical beliefs ( ! tribe are f\nd pres5t 9 ?is society1 z !y are f\nd 9 o!r societies4 ,:at w\ld t5d to m9imize our consid]+ ^! features z 9 any way significant ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance1 is ! fact t !re has be5 no t5d5cy to develop or emphasize any specific aspect ( magic1 & t %amani/ic practices are abs5t & appe> entirely disassociat$ f ! society4 ,! purpose ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance is 9 "p ! desire to atta9 a long life1 a safe j\rney to ! next _w1 & ! possibility ( a return to ?is life aga91 pref]ably 9 human %ape4 ,all ^! b5efits may be obta9$ by tak+ an active "p 9 ! c]emony1 & by p]=m+ to ! be/ ( "o's ability all ! duties ( a memb]4 ,al?\gh x is ess5tial to p>ticipate 9 ! entire ritual 9 ord] to obta9 ^! b5efits to ! fulle/ ext5t1 nev]!less ! ph5om5a ( %oot+ & be+ %ot at play an especially important rle 9 ?is connection4 ,long life means ess5tially ! life consi/+ ( a normal l5g? ( ye>s1 ) all ! possessions ( weal?1 social & intellectual di/9ction1 t w\ld naturally be includ$4 ,among ! ,w9nebago1 ?is concept ( ye>s is v def9ite1 because !y believe t to ea* individual has be5 assign$ a life conta9+ a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( weal?1 a c]ta9 numb] ( enemies kill$ on ! w>pa?1 etc4 ,if a man1 !re=e1 dies be=e he has rea*$ ! end ( 8 8pr$e/9$0 life1 ! residue1 x is hop$1 w be di/ribut$ among 8 relatives4 ,:5 9 ! ,m$ic9e ,dance !y pray = long life1 :at !y mean is ! ability to surm\nt ! crises ( life4 ,:atev] may be ! nature ( ^! crises1--:e!r !y relate to family disa/]s1 sickness1 old age1 etc41--x is expect$ t !y w be ov]come by memb]%ip & active p>ticipation 9 ! society4 ,!re seems to be no sugge/ion t ?is is atta9$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( magic4 ,x is m]e memb]%ip & ob$i5ce to ! society's tea*+s1 ambition to raise "o's /atus by pur*as+ m & m privileges1 t accompli% ! desir$ end 9 view4 ,! safe j\rney to ! future _w & ! belief 9 transmigration may be obta9$ 9 a simil> way4 ,if "o p]=ms 8 duties & rises to ! highe/ di/9ction1 he w h no difficulty 9 atta9+ 8 object & 9 successfully ov]com+ all ! ob/acles to 8 passage4 ,! pray] = long life is specifically address$ to ! ,rabbit1 ! my?ical f\nd] ( ! society1 & indirectly address$ to ,e>?-,mak] 7ma'una71 ! _s :o s5t him to cle> ! e>? ( ! ob/acles to man's progress4 ,x is ! only pray] ev] address$ to him4 ,no sup]natural communication is possible4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is only 9 ?is & 9 ! ,w9t] ,fea/ t ,e>?-,mak] is associat$ ) ?is specific p[] ( grant+ long life4 ,x w\ld be q errone\s to imag9e t ! pray] = long life1 passage to ! next _w1 & transmigration1 are ideas specifically connect$ ) ! ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !y con/itute ! *>act]i/ic cultural traits ( ! ,w9nebago1 & crop out ev]y:]e 9 ! folk-lore & 9 ! g5]al rituals4 ,! "q ( ! safe passage to ! next _w is p]haps ev5 m specifically associat$ ) ! ,f\r ,nights' ,wake4 ,! purpose ( ! wake is to enable ! deceas$ to successfully ov]come ! f\r great ob/acles on ! road to ! _s home ( 8 clan4 ,?is is accompli%$1 fir/1 by ! p]=mance ( a def9ite ritual2 &1 secondly1 by "s w>rior relat+ "o ( 8 exploits on ! w>pa? & putt+ at ! disposal ( ! deceas$ ! _s ( ! man he _h kill$1 to act z a s]vant to him4 ,! close relation betwe5 ! e?ical wor? ( ! deceas$ & ( ! "o :o relates ! exploit1 on ! "o h&1 & ! safe j\rney to ! _s _w1 on ! o!r1 comes out z /rongly "h z x does 9 ! ,m$ic9e ,dance2 b x seems unnecess>y1 = t reason1 to pr$icate any hi/orical connection betwe5 ! two4 ,!y bo? reflect ! cultural backgr\nd ar\nd !m4 ,simil>ly ! v>i\s elem5ts t make up ! life :i* ! memb]s ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance pray =1--! food-supply1 ! p[] ( heal+1 success on ! w>pa?1 a normal quota ( ye>s1--^! are all def9itely associat$ ) spirits & c]emonials4 ,success 9 w> is associat$1 n ) "o society1 b ) a numb] ( societies4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be manife/ly errone\s & unnecess>y to claim t x belongs ess5tially m to ! "o ?an to ! o!r society1 unless direct hi/orical pro( = su* a /atem5t 7 =?com+4 #f4 ,summ>y4--,we are n[ 9 a bett] position to see 9 :at ! nature ( ! complete c]emonial complex consi/s4 ,! unit x consi/s ( is loose 9 ! ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee1 & /rong 9 ! ,%ell & ,pebble ,societies & 9 ! ,m$ic9e ,dance4 ,! specific compon5t elem5ts are to a l>ge ext5t diff]5t 9 ea*4 ,x is utt]ly impossible n[ to discov] ! orig9 ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! individual compon5t elem5ts2 b x is q cle> t ! =ces t5d+ to develop ! l>g] c]emonial complexes h be51 n ^? ( a dissociation1 b di/9ctly ^? ( an association1 ( elem5ts4 ,^! associations may be ( ! mo/ div]se k9d4 ,c]ta9 features may always h be5 associat$ ) c]ta9 o!r elem5ts1 su* z m$ic9al h]bs & m$ic9es ) ! wat]-_s1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,omaha & ,w9nebago4 ,?is1 !n1 is = all practical purposes an ultimate unit4 ,if1 consequ5tly1 we f9d an intimate connection betwe5 a vision f ! wat]-_s & ! practice ( m$ic9al h]bs1 we mu/ n consid] ?is z a second>y association t has come ab\t ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( a c]emony4 ,9 ! same way1 ! connection ( ! buffalo ) ! magical r5ewal ( ! food-supply w probably h to be look$ ^u z su* an ultimate unit4 ,our fir/ object1 !re=e1 :5 we f9d c]ta9 elem5ts associat$1 is to det]m9e :e!r !re is any reason = believ+ t we are deal+ ) "s su* ultimate complex or unit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we f9d a magical c]emony = puni%+ (f5d]s 7view$ f its social aspect7 associat$ ) ! ,%ell ,society1 or mortu>y c]emonies associat$ ) ! ,m5om9ee ,midewiw91 ^! associations _c be consid]$ z be+ ultimately connect$ ) any p>ticul> aspect ( ! society's function1 z ! complexes :i* !y =m exhibit an extreme v>iability4 ,_! pres5ce 9 v>i\s societies mu/ be int]pret$ z second>y associations ( "s k9d4 ,z second>y associations1 h[ev]1 !y may h be5 condition$ ei!r by _! specific nature or by ! specific developm5t ( ! society4 ,z su* we might1 = in/ance1 view ei!r c]ta9 aspects ( ! %amani/ic practices ( ! ,ojibwa ,midewiw91 or ! mortu>y c]emonies connect$ ) ! ,m5om9ee ,midewiw91 or ! puni%m5t ( (f5d]s 9 ! ,%ell ,society4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we f9d cultural ph5om5a1 :i* are g5]ally possess$ by a tribe1 associat$ 9 v>y+ degrees ) ?is or t c]emonial1 ?is association mu/ be look$ ^u z due to ! influ5ce ( ! cultural environm5t4 ,?is influ5ce may be conceiv$ z sett+ 9 at any "t dur+ ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! c]emony1 :ile ! c]emony itself rema9s passive2 z1 = in/ance1 if ! j\rney to ! _s l& is connect$ ) ! ,m$ic9e ,dance1 or ) ! wake1 ) ! tell+ ( tru?1 or ) memb]%ip 9 a clan4 ,"h x is obvi\sly ! cultural environm5t t has be5 active4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! mide1 unit$ 9 an organization1 develop c]ta9 phases ( ?is g5]al cultural environm5t1 su* z magic & %amani/ic practices1 9 a specific way1 we h a "r to cr$it ?is developm5t z due to ! activity ( ! society1 & we h consequ5tly a real second>y association ( def9ite practices ) an hi/orically old] organization4 ,( c\rse1 a good deal 9 ?is p>ticul> case w\ld be caus$ by ! fact t ! memb]s are mide2 b aft] ?is hi/orically prelim9>y /age1 ! ,midewiw9 became an active unit z a society2 & 9 ?is s5se1 if x !n specifically utilizes c]ta9 beliefs 9 a special mann]1 x c be said to be second>ily associat+ !m4 ,x is ?us se5 t ! me*anism ( ! association is bo? psy*ologically & hi/orically highly complex4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 seems to be q demon/rable2 namely1 t !re is always "o con/ant elem5t1--! specific cultural backgr\nd or type ( ea* tribe4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 ! simil>ities 9 ! association ( ! ,midewiw9 ( ! ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee1 ! ,m$ic9e ,dance ( ! ,w9nebago1 & ! ,%ell & ,pebble ,societies ( ! ,omaha1 d n necess>ily indicate an hi/orical relation%ip1 b w\ld mo/ likely t5d to %[ t a numb] ( ideas & cu/oms 7 common to a l>ge cultural area4 ,?is does n ( c\rse int]f]e 9 ! lea/ ) ! possibility ( an hi/orical connection1 b ?is hi/orical connection mu/ 9 ea* case be demon/rat$4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 if x 7 prov$1 an hi/orical connection alone _c possibly expla9 ! entire ph5om5on2 = ! cultural environm5t1 if x is ! same1 w condition g5]al simil>ities & resemblances 9 c]emonies t hi/orically are q unrelat$1 s t ! conv]g5t evolution ?us result+ w completely obscure at times ! individual hi/ory ( a c]emony4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 possible t hi/orically ! j\rney to ! _s l& 0 connect$ ) ! wake among ! ,w9nebago4 ,! g5]al preval5ce ( ! same idea among s _m social & c]emonial gr\ps to-day1 h[ev]1 makes x unju/ifiable to assume su* a connection 9 ! abs5ce ( any direct hi/orical data2 s t1 al?\gh !re is to my m9d little d\bt t ^! associations are all hi/orically diff]5t1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 g5]al cultural ideas1 !y pres5t to-day ! same picture4 ,x is q safe to assume t1 j z we h %[n t ! %oot+ c]emony 9 ! ,m$ic9e ,dance is ! borr[$ initiation ritual ( ! ,midewiw91 s x w\ld be possible to demon/rate1 7 we 9 ! possession ( full] hi/orical data1 t o!r elem5ts h be5 borr[$4 ,h[ev]1 :5 we h demon/rat$ ! borr[+ ( a c]ta9 elem5t1 we h only p>tially1 & (t5 only inadequately1 expla9$ x4 ,its fur!r explanation is possible only 9 t]ms ( ! specific type ( c]emony1 & ( ! g5]al cultural environm5t ) :i* x has be5 associat$4 ,bo? ( ^! may *ange4 ,x does n foll[ t because1 among ! ,w9nebago to-day1 all ! societies are practically associations ( individuals :o h obta9$ sup]natural communication f ?is or t _s1 ?is 0 !re=e always ! basis ( ! societies4 ,to-day ! ,m$ic9e ,dance & ! ,night ,_s or ,sore-,eye ,dance h a diff]5t type ( organization4 ,orig9ally ! latt] _h ! =m] type1 & ! ,m$ic9e ,dance may h _h x4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 b>ely possible t we may 9 ?is case be deal+ ) ! beg9n+ ( a *ange ( type ( organization1 & t1 simil>ly1 types ( organization prec$$ t1 ^: ess5ce to-day lies 9 ! possession ( common visions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h n[ f9i%$ ! exam9ation ( a numb] ( def9ite c]emonies4 ,our object 9 analyz+ !m 0 to det]m9e 9 :at ! significance ( ! common elem5ts lay1 & :at g5]al hi/orical & psy*ological t5d5cies 7 op]ative 9 _! gr[?4 ,we may n[ exam9e ! results ( our /udy 9 ! light ( ,s*urtz's !ory1 & exam9e ! data ^u :i* ,s*urtz bas$ 8 !ory 9 ! light ( ! lead+ po9ts ( view emphasiz$ above4 ,,vii4 ,r,,sum ,,& ,,conclusion4--,! ma9 !sis ,s*urtz s\ght to e/abli% 0 ! demon/ration ( ! p>allel hi/orical developm5t ( society z det]m9$ by c]ta9 psy*ological t5d5cies ( ! race4 ,x is ( prime importance to rememb] t he claim$ to h f\nd c]ta9 survivals by means ( :i* he 0 able to recon/ruct ! /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( society4 ,initiation degrees1 ! exclusion ( wom51 etc41 he consid]$ 8symptomatic0 ( ^! /ages4 ,8 ma9 object 0 to prove ! exi/5ce ( ^! symptoms4 ,:]ev] he f\nd !m1 he 0 satisfi$ t he 0 deal+ ) ve/iges ( ! /ages ?r\gh :i* society _h pass$4 ,all ^! symptoms1 accord+ to ,s*urtz1 _h def9ite & specific connotations1 & 7 associat$ ) def9ite & specific /ages 9 ! developm5t ( society4 ,we h se51 9 ! analysis ( ! c]emonies ( a limit$ area1 t ! common elem5ts :i* 7 suppos$ to be symptomatic ( hi/orical relation%ip _h no su* value1 & t !y ent]$ into a numb] ( cultural complexes hi/orically di/9ct "o f ano!r4 ,9 ! same way we w n[ exam9e ! m fundam5tal symptoms--initiation1 degrees1 & ! exclusion ( wom5--to see :e!r any specific significance atta*es to !m1 & :e!r !y1 too1 h n become associat$ ) a numb] ( cultural complexes hi/orically di/9ct4 ,if !y h ?us become associat$1 !n _! value z crit]ia = def9ite /ages ( social evolution is nil4 #a4 ,initiation4--,x 0 our ma9 purpose1 9 analyz+ ! above c]emonies1 to exam9e !m q ap>t f any !oretical presuppositions4 ,9 s proce$+1 we obta9$ z a resultant ! fact t initiation connot$ psy*ologically & hi/orically a numb] ( diff]5t ?+s1 & t ?is diff]5ce seem$ dep5d5t ^u ! hi/orical & psy*ological individuality ( ea* tribe4 ,to ,s*urtz1 h[ev]1 initiation meant prim>ily an initiation into pub]ty1 & into t social /atus ) :i* pub]ty has be5 s long & closely associat$1--an association t seem$1 hi/orically speak+1 almo/ an ultimate complex2 namely1 initiation into ! tribe4 ,he assumes t if x is f\nd to mean any?+ else1 !n ?is new mean+ is ei!r a second>y association1 or1 pref]ably1 an hi/orical developm5t f ! fir/ conception4 ,c>ri$ out logically1 we %\ld !re=e h to consid] initiation into a masonic ord] or into a college frat]nity z a trans=mation ( an orig9al tribal initiation4 ,to ?is1 ,i ?9k1 ,s*urtz w\ld h tak5 s]i\s exception1 on ! gr\nd t we are "h deal+ ) a purely rational & artificial social gr\p4 ,b are we n to a c]ta9 ext5t deal+ ) ! same ph5om5on 9 ! primitive societies discuss$8 ,9 exam9+ a ph5om5on su* z initiation1 we mu/ n =get t x is1 9 a g5]al way1 absolutely condition$ by ! specific individuality ( "o man z oppos$ to t ( ano!r4 ,! desire ( "o man = p>ticipation 9 ! possessions ( ano!r1 or 9 ^? ( "s diff]5tiat$ gr\p1 is an ultimate fact = :i* we ne$ give no explanation4 ,:at is ess5tial = our discussion is ! realization t ! me?ods ( ?is p>ticipation are inf9ite1 dep5d+ entirely ^u ! influ5ce ( cultural factors 9 ! developm5t ( specific areas1 & ( in/itutions )9 !m4 ,?us initiation into ! ,midewiw9 is ! transf] ( c]ta9 mide p[]s2 into ! ,pebble & o!r ,omaha ,societies1 a common vision2 into ! ,m$ic9e ,dance1 ! transf] ( c]ta9 k4 ,?is transf] or initiation is 9 no way diff]5t f t :i* takes place betwe5 two individuals1 except t 9 ! =m] case we are deal+ ) ph5om5a betwe5 an individual on ! "o h&1 & a gr\p ( individuals on ! o!r4 ,?is conception ( initiation has become associat$ ev]y:]e ) social & c]emonial gr\ps4 ,"o may1 = in/ance1 be initiat$ into a clan1 into a "n1 into a family1 etc4 ,to ,s*urtz1 h[ev]1 ! concept ( initiation is prim>ily associat$ ) pub]ty4 ,8 argum5t is t pub]ty is a physiological /age ?r\gh :i* e "o mu/ pass4 ,! *ange to sexual maturity is s important a fact1 t x _c possibly h escap$ any tribe4 ,x foll[s t ?is physiological *ange mu/ h be5 correlat$ ) a *ange 9 ! position ( ! individual 9 ! tribe4 ,he w1 = in/ance1 among o!r ?+s1 be less subject$ to ! influ5ce ( 8 "m1 & m to t ( 8 fa!r1 etc4 ,all ^! g5]al propositions are true2 & x is also unque/ionably true t !re has be5 a m>k$ t5d5cy = c]emonies to clu/] ar\nd t p]iod ( physiological *ange :i* we call pub]ty4 ,simil>ly1 9 "s cultural areas !re has be5 a second>y1 or1 if y wi%1 a con/ant association ( pub]ty rites ) a =mal adoption into ! tribe4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 = in/ance1 ! individual does n become ( active social importance until he has pass$ ?r\gh c]ta9 rites at ! age ( pub]ty4 ,! ess5tial po9t1 h[ev]1 is :e!r he does n always become ( active social importance at ab\t t age4 ,he unque/ionably does4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 assume (fh& t x is ! fact ( pub]ty t is be+ emphasiz$ by ! initiatory rites4 ,?is w\ld be ! case only if we c\ld prove t pub]ty is inv>iably associat$ ) "s =m ( initiation4 ,if x is n1 !n we mu/ reg>d ! clu/]+ ( ! concept ( initiation ar\nd ! age ( pub]ty1 among ! ,au/ralians & o!r tribes1 z a cultural peculi>ity ( ^! peoples4#bh ,9 o!r words1 ! beg9n+ ( ! social importance ( an individual may be associat$ ) pub]ty initiation rites4 ,initiation may1 h[ev]1 be associat$ ) any p]iod ( developm5t4 ,= in/ance1 among ! ,*ri/ians & ,semites1 x is f\nd associat$ ) bir? 9 ! =ms ( baptism & circumcision2 & j z ) any age1 s x may become associat$ ) any social or c]emonial unit4 ,x c ?us become associat$ ) entrance into a society2 & we may consequ5tly say t a society is only "o ( ! num]\s cultural elem5ts ) :i* initiation has become associat$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a truism to /ate t initiation is ess5tial = gr\p diff]5tiation2 exclud+1 ( c\rse1 ! case :]e memb]%ip 9 a gr\p is n synonym\s ) bir?4 ,:5 ,s*urtz1 !re=e1 recon/ructs ! evolution ( initiation1 & connects ! initiation into a society ) t at pub]ty1 he mu/ h be5 guid$ by "s m fundam5tal facts ?an t ( ! pres5ce ( initiation4 ,! po/ulation ( a g5etic relation%ip betwe5 ! two initiations lay really 9 ! fact t he detect$ 9 ! =m ( initiation into ! society c]ta9 8symptoms0 :i* he reg>d$ z be+ prim>ily associat$ ) pub]ty initiation4 ,^! symptoms 7 ! pres5ce ( 8te/s0 z ess5tial = admission into a society2 & gr\p-initiation or ! initiation ( a numb] ( y\?s at ! same "t4 ,t he 0 ?9k+ ( te/s 9 ! mo/ g5]al way1 c be se5 by ! foll[+ /atem5t4 8,das ,au/eil5 von ,s*lg5 444 im ,duk-,duk hngt wohl mit d5 ,mutprob5 d] ,knab5weihe zusamm540#bi ,x is h>dly necess>y to insi/ t ! te/ concept us$ 9 ?is g5]aliz$ mann] is f\nd associat$ ) ! ord9>y =ms ( eligibility2 s t1 :]ev] ! idea ( eligibility is associat$ ) a social or c]emonial gr\p1 !re x w be natural to f9d te/s4 ,!re is no ne$ ( giv+ any examples3 !y mu/ occur to e "o4 ,! te/ feature mu/ consequ5tly be consid]$ s g5]al a cultural possession t its association ) div]se cultural ph5om5a is q natural1 & its significance w 9 ea* case dep5d ^u specific conditions4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 pr$icate any g5]al significance = ! association ( ! te/ feature 9 specific cultural complexes4 ,s*urtz's second symptom comes out /rongly 9 8 discussion ( ! ,ruk-,ruk ,society ( ,nor!rn ,b\ga9ville4#cj ,we h "h1 he says1 a rem>kable connect+ l9k betwe5 simple m5's associations 7,mnn]bnde71 firmly e/abli%$ by pub]ty rites & secret societies4 ,he arrives at ?is conclusion1 because he f9ds x cu/om>y !re to h a gr\p ( y\?s initiat$ into ! society at ! same "t4 ,"h bo? ! y\? ( ! novices & ! gr\p initiation are emphasiz$ z be+ symptomatic ( a developm5t f =m] m5's associations 7,mnn]bnde74 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$1 z we h said be=e1 t a man becomes socially active at ab\t ! age ( pub]ty1 & t 8 social activity w naturally take ^? *annels cu/om>y 9 a giv5 tribe4 ,! fact t a y\? ent]s a society l ! ,ruk-,ruk1 to :i* mo/ memb]s ( ! tribe belong1 %\ld n excite wond]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we %\ld f9d x necess>y to expla9 :y he did n jo94 ,8 failure to become a memb] w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly be associat$1 9 su* a case1 ) a l[ social /atus4 ,:at is to be emphasiz$ "h is n ! y\? ( ! novices1 b ! intellectual developm5t occurr+ at t age4 ,?is comes out cle>ly 9 ! case ( ! ,duk-,duk1 :]e ! p>5ts g5]ally pur*ase memb]%ip = _! *ildr5 imm$iately aft] bir?4 ,"y *ildr5 behave l regul>ly initiat$ memb]s1 b !y only become active memb]s at ! age ( sixte54 ,simil>ly 9 ! ,w9nebago ,m$ic9e ,dance individuals may be initiat$ 9 e>ly *ildhood1 b x is at a mu* lat] p]iod t !y possess ! p[]s ( adult memb]s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 admission dep5ds ^u s l>ge a numb] ( factors 9 diff]5t societies1 t x w\ld be possible to draw up a table t w\ld include all ages f bir? to old age4 ,9 ! same way ! initiation ( a gr\p ( individuals at "o "t dep5ds ^u too l>ge a numb] ( factors to p]mit any s+le int]pretation4 ,! burd5 ( pro( re/s ) ,s*urtz to %[ t ! pres5ce ( a specific te/ connects ! ,ruk-,ruk ,society ) pub]ty rites1 & t ! pres5ce ( a gr\p initiation 9 ! ,duk-,duk connects t society ) ! m5's associations4 ,p]haps a few examples might br+ out m cle>ly ! diff]5t k9ds ( initiation4 ,9 ! ,ruk-,ruk ,society ! novices retire to ! woods1 "w = _! sponsors1 lay out _! plantations1 etc4 ,!y are also suppos$ to conv]se ) spirits4#ca ,simil> conditions are f\nd 9 ! ,matambala ,society ( ! ,isl& ( ,florida4#cb ,?is retirem5t to ! woods & to a holy prec9ct1 & consequ5t re-appe>ance1 are *>act]i/ic ( a l>ge numb] ( initiations4 ,! "w ! novice p]=ms = 8 sponsor mu/ also be reg>d$ z a *>act]i/ic ( ?is area4 ,! te/s ( ! novice h be5 spok5 ( be=e4 ,!y are1 z might be expect$1 ( ! mo/ div]se k9d4 ,9 ,fiji1 = in/ance1 a c]emonial attack ^u ! novices occurs1 :i* is said to symbolize _! dea?4#cc ,9 ,africa we f9d _m ( ! *>act]i/ics not$ above4 ,9 ! ,purrah ! novices retire to a holy prec9ct1 & are said to endure extreme h>d%ip4 ,only w>riors ?irty ye>s ( age c be initiat$4#cd ,9 ! ,mumbo-,djumbo only y\?s old] ?an sixte5 are admitt$4#ce ,! o!r conditions are simil> to ^? ( ! ,purrah4 ,9 ! ,simo organization novices 7 circumciz$ & liv$ sev5 ye>s 9 ! woods4#cf ,9 ! ,mwetyi ,society1 9 addition to probations1 ! y\?s adopt a taboo ( c]ta9 foods or dr9ks1 to :i* !y rema9 fai?ful ev] aft]4#cg ,9 ! ,ndembo ,society novices are %ot by a rattle1 & fall d[n z if dead4 ,!y are !n c>ri$ away to "s holy prec9ct1 :]e (t5 z _m z f tw5ty to fifty individuals rema9 at ! same "t4 ,at ?is place !y /ay sometimes z long z ?ree ye>s4 ,_! bodies are suppos$ to dis9tegrate dur+ ?is "t4 ,:5 !y are suppos$ to return1 ! %aman ga!rs _! bones & re/ores !m to life4 ,on ! return to _! villages1 !y behave l unkn[n *ildr51 fail to recognize _! relatives1 to und]/& _! own language1 etc4#ch ,9 ! ,nkimba simil> conditions are f\nd4#ci ,! v>iability ( ! me?od & concept ( initiation is ?us se5 to be enorm\s4 ,x might be int]e/+ 9 ?is connection to po9t out h[ c]ta9 ideas w clu/] ar\nd initiation 9 "o l>ge geographical area1 & h[ ! same ideas w clu/] ar\nd a diff]5t cultural complex 9 ano!r l>ge geographical area4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,s\? ,seas & 9 ,africa1 initiation is f\nd g5]ally associat$ ) te/s or probations2 :]eas 9 ,nor? ,am]ica te/s are n associat$ ) initiation into ! society1 b ) ! obta9+ ( visions at ! age ( pub]ty4 #b4 ,degrees4--,to ,s*urtz1 degrees are symptomatic ( age classes4 ,:]ev] he f9ds !m 9 societies1 & :]ev] !y seem to be correlat$ ) c]ta9 ages1 he concludes t !y are ve/iges ( =m] age gr\ps4 ,h[ev]1 he seems to h ov]look$ "o fact1--t ! same social & individual =ces t w\ld t5d t[>d ! =mation ( societies w\ld necess>ily t5d t[>d ! developm5t ( di/9ctions )9 !m4 ,x w dep5d entirely ^u ! nature ( ! p & ! individual hi/ory ( ! organization1 9 :at mann] ^! di/9ctions w be emphasiz$4 ,"o ( ! possible me?ods ( emphasiz+ !m is m>k+ (f ^? ) common possessions 9 "s def9ite mann]4 ,"h1 aga91 mu* w dep5d ^u ! k9d ( gr\p into :i* ! individual is initiat$4 ,if1 :5 he ent]s ! society1 he is initiat$ into all t p]ta9s to x1 gradations w n be likely to arise4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 !re is c]ta9ly a m>k$ t5d5cy = "s sort ( gradation1 be x due to l5g? ( memb]%ip1 insi/5ce ^u sep>ate paym5ts1 unwill+ness ( ! old] memb]s to imp>t all to a new memb] :o may )al be q "y1 a desire to imp>t piecemeal 9 ord] to enhance ! value ( ! tea*+s1 etc4 ,:e!r ^! possible l9es ( cleavage w associate !mselves ) def9ite m>k+s or rites1 is a "q ( individual cultural developm5t4 ,!y may or !y may n4 ,9 ,melanesia1 = in/ance1 !y did n4 ,9 ! ,ruku-,ruku#dj ( ! ,fiji ,isl&]s we f9d ?ree gradations1--^? ( un9itiat$ y\?s1 gr[n-up m51 & old m54 ,9 ! ,purrah#da !re 7 two gradations1 consi/+ respectively ( ^? ov] ?irty & ( ^? ov] fifty ye>s4 ,9 ! ,egbo#db ,society !re are elev5 degrees1 into :i* memb]%ip may be pur*as$ "o aft] ! o!r 9 an asc5d+ scale4 ,9 ,old ,calab>#dc !re are five classes4 ,9 ! ,purrah we are deal+ ) an exce$+ly intricate complex1 9 :i* milit>y & judicial functions are q prom95t4 ,! age factor seems second>y & artificial4 ,9 ! ,egbo !re is no age factor at all4 ,9 ! ,ruku-,ruku an age factor exi/s4 ,ow+ to ! social value ( ! ,ruku-,ruku1 all individuals seem to be pot5tial memb]s at bir?4 ,at ! same "t1 ! olde/ memb]s always h specific functions to p]=m4 ,9 ?is way two gr\ps are =m$4 ,^? :o d n belong to ^! two gr\ps belong to ! ?ird gr\p4 ,all t c be said "h is1 t a society has utiliz$ a r\gh age factor = specific purposes4 ,t 9 reality ! entire tribe is divid$ into ?ree divisions1 is due to ! fact t all ! memb]s ( ! tribe are memb]s ( ! society4 ,?is is !re=e n a ph5om5on t has any g5]al significance 9 ! evolution ( society1 b is purely & simply a ph5om5on ( c]ta9 secret societies4 ,! ?reefold division is n due to a p]si/5ce ( a =m] ?reefold division ( ! tribe1 b grew out ( ! ne$s ( a specific society4 ,! same rem>ks hold = ! tw(old division ( memb]s 9 ! ,purrah4 ,simil>ly ! f\r & eight degrees f\nd among ! ,ojibwa ,midewiw9 are due to a developm5t )9 ! society4 ,to-day practically all ! memb]s ( ! tribe belong to ! ,midewiw91 & ! tribe may be said to be divid$ into f\r divisions4 7,h[ev]1 9 ?is case ! ma9 elem5t1 t ( ! association ( a c]ta9 age ) a c]ta9 degree1 does n exi/1 because !re is no fix$ age at :i* a man buys admission into ! high] degrees47 ,x w consequ5tly be necess>y to det]m9e ! significance ( degrees 9 ea* p>ticul> case be=e any g5]al significance c be atta*$ to !m4 #c4 ,exclusion ( ,wom54--,! admission ( wom5 into a society is1 accord+ to ,s*urtz1 a second>y feature4 ,?is foll[$ directly f 8 negative position ) reg>d to wom5's ,geselligkeit/rieb1 & f 8 assumption t societies 7 m]ely trans=m$ m5's associations1 :i* 9 turn 7 trans=m$ age gr\ps4 ,! "q ( ! ,geselligkeit/rieb ( wom5 h>dly l5ds itself to any accurate discussion1 z1 g5]ally speak+1 wom5 h n be5 surr\nd$ by ^? conditions :i* play$ an important "p 9 develop+ t trait among m54 ,9 our own civilization1 :]e m5 & wom5 are to a c]ta9 ext5t subject$ to ! same conditions1 a l>ge numb] ( wom5 societies has develop$1 & l>ge numb]s ( wom5 h be5 admitt$ into m5's societies4 ,among u1 ?is admission ( wom5 is due to ! fact t !y are n[ 9 ! same indu/ries t m5 are4 ,h[ev]1 !re are manifold factors :i* c & d br+ ab\t ! admission ( wom5 into m5's societies or _! exclusion !refrom4 ,! nature ( "s societies may exclude m51 j z x may exclude wom54 ,a soldi]s' society w exclude wom51 because wom5 are n soldi]s4 ,simil>ly a sew+ society w probably exclude m54 ,! exclusion ( wom5 w !re=e dep5d ^u ! specific functions ( a society2 b ! "r ( wom5 to p>ticipate 9 c]ta9 activities w aga9 dep5d ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ea* specific culture area sep>at$ ! sph]es ( action ( m5 & wom54 ,! possibility ( inf9ite v>iation mu/ =ce ^u u ! conclusion t we c only beg9 to inve/igate ! reasons = ! exclusion or admittance ( wom5 :5 we h a cle> und]/&+ ( ! ideas ea* tribe possesses ) reg>d to ! specific functions ( ! m5 & wom54 ,?is det]m9ation is 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases utt]ly impossible1 because we are 9 no position to "k :e!r ! reasons n[ giv5 are hi/orically ! true ones4 ,if1 = in/ance1 9 a m5's college frat]nity wom5 are deb>r$ on ! gr\nd t ! frat]nity is int]e/$ 9 f5c+1 c>d-play+1 etc41 :i* are occupations ( m51 hi/orically ?is is n ! true reason4 ,orig9ally frat]nities 7 m]ely social ga!r+s ( individuals :o att5d$ a college4 ,!re 7 no wom5 /ud5ts to admit4 ,to-day1 :5 wom5 att5d ! colleges1 :]ev] new frat]nities arise1 wom5 are admitt$4 ,x is ?us app>5t1 t1 9 ! abs5ce ( hi/orical evid5ce1 we mu/ be extremely c>eful 9 int]pret+ ! reason = ?is exclusion4 ,9 ,melanesia1 = example1 wom5 are entirely exclud$ f ! societies4 ,h[ev]1 9 ,melanesia1 societies are associat$ ) a multitude ( religi\s & social functions 9 :i* wom5 are n p]mitt$ to p>ticipate4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,melanesians draw ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! activities ( m5 & wom5 along ^! l9es4 ,if1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 wom5 h no?+ to d ) ! fun]al & mortu>y rites1 & a secret society is intimately connect$ ) su* rites1 !n we ought n to be surpris$ t wom5 are n admitt$ into ! society4 ,x seems to me1 !re=e1 t we %\ld make mu* bett] progress 9 our /udy ( ?is ph5om5on 9 ,melanesia & 9 ,polynesia1 if we 7 fir/ to exam9e :e!r ei!r ! conceptions ( ! tribe1 or ! nature ( ! specific society1 or ! cultural elem5ts ) :i* x 0 associat$1 deb>r$ wom5 f memb]%ip4 ,a few examples f ,africa w emphasize ?is po9t ev5 m =cibly1 & at ! same "t indicate along :at l9es ! respective sph]es ( m5's & wom5's actions are drawn !re4 ,9 ! ,purrah ,society1 wom5 are exclud$4 ,! society has g5]al w> & judicial functions :i* d n come )9 ! doma9 ( wom51 accord+ to ! ideas ( ! tribe4 ,9 ! ,attonga ,society#dd ( ,s5egambia1 only wom5 are admitt$1 & ! society is associat$ ) mortu>y rites4 ,9 ! ,ds*5gu we h ano!r wom5 society connect$ "h ) ! cult ( "s wat] deity4#de ,9 ! region ar\nd ! m\? ( ! ,og[e !re are a numb] ( p[]ful wom5 societies associat$ ) v>i\s elem5ts4#df ,if we n[ proce$ to ,s*urtz's cont5tion1 t wom5 societies are m]ely imitations ( m5's societies1 we %all see t1 z a g5]al /atem5t1 ?is is z unju/ifi$ z is 8 int]pretation t ! admission ( wom5 into societies is a second>y feature4 ,t x is true 9 a numb] ( cases1 is unque/ion$4 ,h[ev]1 :51 z 9 ,africa1 we see a v /rong t5d5cy = ! =mation ( societies1 & see at ! same "t a v l>ge numb] ( wom5 societies1 x seems f> m ju/ifiable to assume t ! wom5 societies are =m$ 9 response to ! same t5d5cies z ^? ( m54 ,to judge f p>allels 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 x is extremely likely t wom5 w =m societies :]ev] m5 %[ a /rong t5d5cy to d s4 ,a numb] ( factors may1 h[ev]1 int]f]e ) a developm5t ( su* societies4 ,= in/ance1 x is q plausible t :]e1 z among ! ,melanesians1 a /rong society-=m+ t5d5cy exi/$1 & wom5 did n p>ticipate 9 x1 "s /rong reason exi/$ :i* might p]haps be ascrib$ to ! fact t wom5 d n !re p>ticipate 9 ^? rites t are almo/ univ]sally associat$ ) societies4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica !re are num]\s examples ( wom5 belong+ to m5's societies4 ,a cursory exam9ation w br+ out :at 7 ! possible factors at "w !re4 ,9 ! ,objibwa-,m5om9ee ,midewiw91 wom5 are admitt$4 ,n[1 9 ! ,ojibwa-,m5om9ee culture1 wom5 may become %amans z well z m51 & ! society bas$ on %amans w naturally include bo? sexes4 ,if !re are few] wom5 ?an m51 ?is is because few] wom5 become %amans4 ,9 ! ,w9nebago ,m$ic9e ,dance1 weal? & c]ta9 requirem5ts possess$ by bo? m5 & wom5 are ! only ess5tials = admission2 & bo? sexes c accord+ly become memb]s4 ,9 ! pres5t ,sore-,eye ,dance1 wom5 are admitt$4 ,=m]ly ! same society1 kn[n z ! ,night ,dance1 exclud$ wom54 ,! reason is v simple4 ,=m]ly1 sup]natural communication ) ! night spirits 0 ess5tial = memb]%ip1 & ow+ to ! specific associations atta*$ to ^! night spirits1 wom5 nev] obta9$ visions f !m4 ,:5 subsequ5tly x 0 no m ess5tial to h _h a vision1 & memb]%ip c\ld be pur*as$ by any "o1 wom5 7 admitt$4 ,among ! ,blackfoot1 wom5 are "p memb]s ( ! religi\s society1 because1 accord+ to ,blackfoot ideas ( prop]ty1 ! =m] h a "p 9 ! m$ic9e-bundle ( ! man4 ,! possession ( ! m$ic9e-bundle is necess>y = admission into ! society4#dg ,x is ?us app>5t t ! explanation = ! exclusion ( wom5 f a society mu/ lie 9 a l>ge numb] ( factors1 n ! lea/ important ( :i* is ! nature ( ! specific ideas ( prop]ty & ! respective sph]es ( activity ( m5 & wom54 #d4 ,functions ( ! ,society4--,our analysis ( ! five c]emonies has cle>ly e/abli%$ ! diff]5ces 9 ! functions ( ! societies4 ,to ,s*urtz ^! diff]5ces 7 due to developm5ts f "o hi/orically prim>y function4 ,8 l9e ( argum5t is a direct consequ5ce ( 8 assumption t secret societies h develop$ f ! m5's associations4 ,if we glance at ! ,we/ ,african1 ! ,melanesian1 ! ,polynesian1 ,nor? ,am]ican1 & our own societies1 we see t _! functions are legion4 ,n[1 x c be demon/rat$ t :]e ! :ole or a l>ge "p ( ! tribe is includ$ 9 a society1 t society w possess _m ( ! functions ( ! tribe1 because individuals are prim>ily c>ri]s ( _! culture1 & second>ily memb]s ( a society2 or1 x might be bett] said t ^! two functions ( an individual are s inextricably connect$ t !y _c be ?\ght ( ap>t4 ,x c also be demon/rat$ t specific societies h associat$ ) !m a v>iety ( functions4 ,9 ea* case we are deal+ ) ! same ph5om5on4 ,! numb] ( possible comb9ations is practically inf9ite4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a sugge/ive fact t c]ta9 functions ( a society are di/ribut$ ov] l>ge areas4 ,9 ,melanesia1 = in/ance1 ! mo/ con/ant functions ( societies seem to be ^? connect$ ) mortu>y rites & ance/or wor%ip4 ,9 ,africa1 aga91 !y are prim>ily judicial & adm9i/rative4 ,9 ! case ( our five ,nor? ,am]ican c]emonies1 !y are religi\s & magical4 ,= ! latt] our explanation lay 9 assum+ t we 7 deal+ !re ) a common cultural backgr\nd4 ,! same explanation holds true = ,melanesia & ,africa4 ,9 o!r words1 societies1 l all o!r social units 9 :i* an individual takes "p1 mu/ necess>ily associate !mselves ) ! cultural backgr\nd 9 :i* !y are set4 #e4 ,conclusion4--,! /udy we h und]tak5 c only indirectly be consid]$ an exam9ation ( ,s*urtz's !ories4 ,:at we h attempt$ is ! analysis ( a numb] ( c]emonies1 9 ord] to discov] :at t5d5cies 7 op]ative 9 _! gr[?4 ,^! examples1 comb9$ ) o!rs tak5 f ! ,s\? ,seas & ,africa1 h demon/rat$ cle>ly t !re exi/ 9 ! _w c]ta9 g5]al ideas t may associate !mselves ) any type ( social & c]emonial organization4 ,c]emonies 9 orig9 hi/orically di/9ct may ?us come to possess g5]al & (t5 specific resemblances4 ,x is consequ5tly ( extreme importance1 9 any s*eme ( social recon/ruction1 to det]m9e fir/ :e!r ! common elem5ts 9 ! e?nological data comp>$ are n due to su* a conv]g5t evolution4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! description ( ! ritual is bas$ on mat]ial collect$ by me1 & n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology4 ,! full description w appe> z a memoir ( ! ,bureau4 #b ,x'ok means lit]ally 8root0 or 8ance/or40 8,ance/or-ho/0 w be us$ z its equival5t4 #c ,?is ^w means lit]ally 8he :o puts himself 9 ! place to b5efit 8 relatives40 ,! ref]5ce is to ! ,rabbit1 :o1 at ! fir/ p]=mance ( ! c]emony1 act$ z ho/ & initiat$ 8 relatives2 i4 e41 ! human be+s4 #d ,! spee*es are n actually rehe>sals ( spee*es to be deliv]$ dur+ ! c]emony prop]1 b !y ref] to ! purpose ( ! ,m$ic9e ,dance mu* 9 ! same way z d "s ( ! spee*es 9 ! c]emony prop]4 ,a l>ge numb] ( miscellane\s my?s are likewise relat$4 #e ,?is has be5 contradict$ by "s ( my in=mants1 :o claim t only ! ,ea/ & ,nor? ,b&s h repres5tatives at ! bru% c]emony4 #f ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 vol4 vii1 p4 #ahh1 diagram4 #g ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 vol4 vii1 pp4 #bde1 #bee-bgd4 #h ,ibid41 p4 #beg4 #i ,ibid41 pp4 #afg-aha4 #aj ,ibid41 p4 #afh4 #aa ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 vol4 xiv1 p4 #fi4 #ab ,comp>e diagram1 ibid41 p4 #ge4 #ac ,ibid41 p4 #ge4 #ad ,he9ri* ,s*urtz1 ,alt]sklass5 und ,mnn]bnde1 #aijb2 cf4 especially pp4 #a-hb4 #ae ,:]ev] ! phrase 8in/9ct = association0 is us$1 x is an attempt to r5d] ! ,g]man ,geselligkeit/rieb4 #af ,s4 ,r4 ,riggs1 ,dakota ,gramm> & ,texts4 #ag ,h(fman1 9 ,annual ,report ( ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 vol4 vii4 #ah ,ibid41 vol4 xiv4 #ai ,boas1 ,! ,social ,organization & ! ,secret ,societies ( ! ,kwakiutl ,indians 7,annual ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum = #ahie1 p4 #dhe74 #bj ,migis is ! ,ojibwa t]m = ! %ell us$ 9 ! ,midewiw94 ,x is employ$ "h z a conv5i5t t]m to designate ! objects us$ by ! ,w9nebago & ,omaha 9 %oot+4 #ba ,alanson ,sk9n] 7,,ms474 #bb ,frances ,d5smore1 8,*ippewa ,music0 7,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,bullet9 #de74 ,wa%+ton1 ,gov]nm5t1 #aiaj4 #bc ,annual ,ar*aeological ,report1 #aije 7,report ( ,m9i/] ( ,education1 ,ont>io71 p4 #adf4 #bd ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology 7#aije-jf71 vol4 xxvii4 #be ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology 7#aije-jf71 vol4 xxvii4 #bf ,9 ! ,*ey5ne ,m$ic9e ,arr[ ,society a simil> association occurs4 #bg ,miss ,flet*]1 9 ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 vol4 xxvii4 #bh ,van ,g5nep1 9 a v int]e/+ *apt] on 8,initiatory ,rites0 7,*apt] ,,vi ( 8 ,les ,rites de ,passage71 has divid$ pub]ty into two divisions1--pub]t physique & pub]t sociale1--& has %[n t ! age v>iations ( bo? are consid]able4 ,he insi/s t _m writ]s h consid]ably obscur$ ! po9ts at issue by confus+ ! two4 ,van ,g5nep believes t ! pub]t physique & pub]t sociale r>ely fall toge!r4 ,x seems to me t ?is is n entirely borne out by ! facts ( ! case2 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 accompany+ ! physiological *anges at pub]ty1 !re are m5tal *anges :i* 9 _m cases p]mit an individual to become ( active social importance2 & :ile ,i ?9k t x is ?is social activity t is emphasiz$ by ! initiatory rites1 nev]!less ! fact mu/ n be ov]look$ t ?is social activity (t5 co9cides ) ! physiological pub]ty4 ,we mu/1 ( c\rse1 n id5tify physiological pub]ty ) any too def9ite a "t1 b all[ = consid]able fluctuations4 #bi ,s*urtz1 ,alt]sklass5 und ,mnn]bnde1 p4 #cgf4 #cj ,ibid41 p4 #cgi4 #ca ,s*urtz1 ,alt]sklass5 und ,mnn]bnde1 pp4 #cgh ff4 #cb ,ibid41 p4 #cgi4 #cc ,ibid41 pp4 #chf ff4 #cd ,ibid41 pp4 #daj-dac4 #ce ,ibid41 pp4 #dac-dae4 #cf ,ibid41 p4 #dae4 #cg ,ibid41 pp4 #dcj ff4 #ch ,ibid41 pp4 #dcc-dce4 #ci ,ibid41 pp4 #dce-dcg4 #dj ,s*urtz1 ,alt]sklass5 und ,mnn]bnde1 p4 #chf4 #da ,ibid41 p4 #daj4 #db ,ibid41 p4 #dbj4 #dc ,ibid41 p4 #dbb4 #dd ,s*urtz1 ,alt]sklass5 und ,mnn]bnde1 p4 #daf4 #de ,ibid41 p4 #dbf4 #df ,s*urtz1 ,alt]sklass5 und ,mnn]bnde1 p4 #dbi4 #dg ,oral communication ( ,dr4 ,wissl]4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 - ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 - ,blank pages h be5 remov$4 - ,9 ! section on types ( ritual1 7#h7 appe>s out ( ord]1 z 9 ! orig9al4