,illustration3    ,,chambers',s         
,,journal    ,,of    ,,popular          
,,literature1 ,,science1 ,,and ,,art    
,fifth ,series    ,,established ,,by    
,,william ,,and ,,robert ,,chambers1    
#ahcb    ,,conducted ,,by ,r4 ,,chambers
 7,,secundus7    ,,no4 #abf4--,,vol4    
,,iii4      ,,saturday1 ,,may #bi1      
#ahhf4       ,,price #a;d4              
,,claimants ,,to ,,royalty4      ,since 
the famous ,tichborne trial brought     
#8,the ,claimant' so prominently  before
 the reading public1 the general use of 
a term which accurately  described his  
position without seeming to prejudge his
 case has given  it universal currency  
as a convenient designation in similar  
cases  of disputed or doubtful identity4
 ,for instance1 the newspapers have     
recently announced a #8,napoleonic      
,claimant1' who makes his appearance in 
the most unromantic manner1 by          
presenting himself before a magistrate  
at a police station in ,paris1 and      
asking for money to pay his passage  to 

,england4 ,he claimed to be the ,prince 
,imperial1 the legitimate son of  the   
,emperor ,napoleon ,,iii4 and the       
,empress ,eugenie4 ,the announcement of 
his death in ,zululand was a mistake3 he
 was not killed1 but captured  by the   
,zulus4 ,after some time1 he effected   
his escape1 and having  traversed       
,africa from south to north1 he crossed 
the ,mediterranean and  landed at       
,marseilles4 ,his poverty and his       
dignity prevented him from  presenting  
himself before his mother1 and so he    
stayed and worked in  ,marseilles       
incognito for several years4 ,but he met
 the ,empress once3 it  was at ,vienna1 
at the tomb of ,maximilian4 ,so violent 
was his emotion1  that he swooned away4 
,the ,empress herself raised him and    
tended him2  but when he became         
conscious1 she had gone4 ,he wished now 
to go to her1  but he was penniless4    
,would the magistrate grant him the sum 
necessary2  and his mother1 the         
,empress1 would repay the loan8 ,when   

asked to show  his papers1 he produced a
 book in which was entered the name of  
,pollak1  a journeyman clockmaker of    
,vienna4 ,it had been lent to him to    
enable  him to maintain his incognito4  
,when he found that his story was not to
 be credited1 he accused the  magistrate
 of yielding to pressure put upon him by
 the ,princes ,victor  and ,louis1 whose
 interest it was to supplant the        
rightful heir4 ,he  spoke in the        
language of a well-educated man2 and    
when examined with  a view to determine 
his mental condition1 he betrayed no    
symptom of  derangement4    ,the methods
 of all ,claimants have a certain       
similarity1 though some  have been more 
audacious and successful than others4   
,this is perhaps  the most audacious of 
modern instances4 ,but there are many   
examples  of ,claimants more or less    
notorious in the history of past times1 
whose pretensions are quite as difficult
 to reconcile with recorded  facts4 ,in 
most of these historical instances the  

,claimants have  advanced pretensions to
 the name and station of a deceased     
member of  some reigning family1 and    
much obscurity has thus been thrown     
around  historical events1 whose        
incidental details have been confused   
and  complicated by the conflicting     
statements of contemporary or nearly    
contemporary records4    ,perhaps the   
least known1 but not the least curious  
and tragical  story of a ,claimant is   
that of the woman who1 in the first year
 of  the fourteenth century1 attempted  
to personate the ,maid of ,norway1      
heiress to the crown of ,scotland1 and  
presumptive heiress also to  that of    
,norway4--,it had been given out that   
the ,maid of ,norway had  died on her   
voyage to ,scotland2 but that1 it was   
now alleged1 was a  mistake2 she did not
 die2 but she was #8sold' or betrayed by
 those  who had charge of her1 and      
carried away to an obscure hiding-place 
on the continent4 ,she had at last found
 means to escape1 and coming  from      

,lbeck to ,bergen--the very same port   
from which she had sailed for  ,scotland
 ten years before--she there presented  
herself to the people  of ,norway as the
 ,princess ,margaret4 ,although her     
father1 ,king ,eirik1  was now dead1 and
 her uncle ,hakon possessed the throne1 
her right of  succession to the crowns  
of ,norway and of ,scotland had been    
secured by  the marriage contract of    
,norburgh1 by which her father had      
espoused  her mother ,margaret1 the     
daughter of ,alexander ,,iii41 king of  
,scotland4  ,the ,claimant appeared old 
for her years1 and was white-haired2 but
  sorrow brings gray hairs more surely  
than age4 ,she was a married woman2  and
 her husband came with her to ,norway1  
and subsequently shared her  tragic     
fate4 ,king ,hakon himself was present  
at her trial in ,bergen1 of  which1     
unfortunately1 no record exists4 ,but we
 learn from the ,iceland  ,annals that  
she was burned to death as an impostor  
at ,nordness1 and  her husband beheaded4

 ,when she was being taken through the  
,kongsgaard  ,port to the place of      
execution1 she said2 #8,i remember well 
when ,i1  as a child1 was taken through 
this self-same gate to be carried into  
,scotland2 there was then in the ,high  
,church of the ,apostles an ,iceland    
priest1 ,haflidi by name1 who was       
chaplain to my father1 ,king ,eirik2    
and when the clergy ceased singing1 ,sir
 ,haflidi began the hymn ,veni          
,creator1 and that hymn was sung out to 
the end1 just as ,i was taken on  board 
the ship4'    ,haflidi ,steinsson1 the  
priest here mentioned1 had long since   
gone  back to ,iceland1 where he died   
parish priest of ,breidabolstad2 and in 
chronicling his death1 the annalist adds
 that #8he was ,king ,eirik's  chaplain 
at the time that his daughter ,margaret 
was taken to ,scotland1  as she herself 
afterwards bore witness when she was    
being carried to  execution at          
,nordness4' ,indeed1 so prevalent was   
the belief in the  personal identity of 

the ,claimant with the daughter of ,king
 ,eirik who  died on the voyage to      
,orkney in #abij1 that the place of her 
execution  became a resort of pilgrims2 
and many of the priesthood having       
countenanced the popular belief in her  
martyrdom1 a chapel was built on  the   
spot where she suffered2 and though     
uncanonised1 and reprobated by  the     
dignitaries of the church1 her memory   
was held in reverence till  the         
,reformation as ,st ,maritte            
7,margaret71 the ,martyr of ,nordness4  
,in  #acbj1 the number of pilgrimages to
 this irregular shrine had become so    
numerous that ,bishop ,audfinn of       
,bergen issued an official interdict    
against them1 an interference which was 
resented by his canons1 some of  whom   
were bold enough to protest against its 
promulgation4    ,nothing is known of   
the ,claimant's previous history1 except
 that the  contemporary annalist states 
that she came to ,bergen in a ship from 
,lbeck4 ,absolom ,pedersen asserts that 

she came from ,scotland1 but gives  no  
authority for the statement1 and there  
is sufficient evidence in the  records  
to render this highly improbable4 ,but  
it is a very remarkable  circumstance   
that ,wyntoun1 the popular historian of 
his time1 gave  currency in ,scotland to
 the statement--which we must assume to 
have been  then the popular belief--that
 the ,maid of ,norway was put to death  
in  her own country by martyrdom4 ,after
 giving circumstantial details of  the  
sending of the ,scottish embassy to     
,norway1 consisting of ,sir ,david  of  
the ,wemyss and ,michael ,scot of       
,balwearie1 he adds1 that when they     
arrived--        ,dead then was that    
,maiden fair1      ,that of law suld    
have been heir1      ,and appeard til   
have been      ,by the law of ,norway   
,queen2      ,but that ,maiden sweet    
for-thi therefore      ,was put to death
 by martyry4    ,in accordance with the 
usage of the period1 the expression of  
the  chronicler describing the manner of

 her death would be universally         
understood to mean burning at the stake2
 and the evident anachronism1  as well  
as the inherent improbability of the    
narrative1 is accounted  for by the fact
 that it quite accurately describes the 
death of the  ,claimant1 but assigns it 
to the time of the death of the         
,princess4  ,the reason given by        
,wyntoun for the #8martyrdom' is1 that  
the  ,norwegians--though their law      
allowed--could not brook the idea of a  
woman  succeeding to the crown2 and this
 also may be accounted for by the fact  
that the woman who suffered was a       
pretender to the crown4    ,no incident 
in ,scottish history is more pathetic   
than that of the  untimely death of the 
young ,princess on her voyage to        
,orkney2 and  no single event in the    
whole course of that history has        
exercised a  more important influence on
 the destinies of the nation4 ,in these 
circumstances1 we cannot cease to wonder
 how it came to pass that there  is no  

authentic record of its details in the  
contemporary or nearly  contemporary    
chronicles of ,scottish or ,norwegian   
history4 ,the only  contemporary        
document in ,scottish record which      
notices her death is  the letter of the 
,bishop of ,st ,andrews to ,edward ,i41 
dated at ,leuchars  the #gth of ,october
 #abij1 in which the bishop states that 
there was a  rumour of her death2 but   
that he had heard subsequently that she 
#8had  recovered of her sickness1 but   
was still weak4' ,it was plain1 however1
  that the bishop did not believe the   
rumour of her recovery1 for he          
concludes his letter by praying ,king   
,edward to approach the ,borders  with  
his army to prevent bloodshed1 seeing   
that ,sir ,robert ,bruce had  come to   
,perth and ,mar and ,athole were        
collecting their forces4 ,on the        
,norwegian side1 there is a total       
absence of authentic contemporary       
record of the time and manner of the    
death of the ,princess2 and there  would

 have been absolutely nothing known of  
the details of her decease1  if it had  
not been for the appearance ten years   
later of the ,claimant1  whom ,munch1   
the historian of ,norway1 following     
,bishop ,audfinn1 has no  hesitation in 
designating #8,the ,false ,margaret4'   
,in his official interdict of #acbj1    
forbidding the people #8any longer to   
invoke that woman with great vows and   
worship as if she had been one  of      
,god's martyrs1' the bishop states that 
he has deemed it his duty to  declare   
the truth as to her case2 #8,she said1  
indeed1 that she was the  child and     
lawful heir of ,king ,eirik2 but when   
she came from ,lbeck to  ,bergen she was
 gray-haired and white in the head1 and 
was proved to be  twenty years older    
than the time of ,king ,eirik's marriage
 with ,margaret  of ,scotland4 ,he was  
then only thirteen winters old1 and     
consequently1  could not have been the  
father of a person of her years4 ,and   
then he  had no other child than one    

daughter by ,queen ,margaret4 ,this only
  child of ,king ,eirik and ,queen      
,margaret was on her journey to         
,scotland1  when she died in ,orkney    
between the hands of ,bishop ,narve of  
,bergen1  and in the presence of the    
best men of the land1 who had attended  
her  from ,norway2 and the bishop and   
,herr ,thore ,hakonson and others       
brought  back her corpse to ,bergen1    
where her father had the coffin opened  
and  narrowly examined the body1 and    
himself acknowledged that it was his    
daughter's corpse1 and buried her beside
 the queen her mother1 in the  stone    
wall on the north side of the choir of  
the cathedral church of  ,bergen4'      
,although we owe these details of the   
,princess's death and burial1  meagre as
 they are1 to the bishop's anxiety to   
confute the pretensions  of the         
,claimant1 there can be no room for     
doubt as to their strict  truth4 ,and   
yet it was possible1 ten years after the
 event1 for a  ,claimant so to influence

 the popular belief1 that1 although     
burned  to death as a traitorous        
impostor1 she was regarded by many of   
the priesthood as a martyr2 and by the  
common people was not only  worshipped  
as a saint in the church erected to her 
memory on the spot  where she suffered1 
but celebrated in songs which long      
continued to be  handed down among them4
 ,even to this day1 the precise date of 
the death  of the ,princess ,margaret   
remains unknown2 and until quite        
recently1 it  was generally believed    
that she had been buried in ,kirkwall   
,cathedral1  as is indeed stated by the 
,danish archologist ,worsaae in his     
account  of that edifice given in his   
work on ,the ,danes and ,northmen in    
,england4 ,no ,history of ,scotland1    
until the issue of the last edition  of 
,dr ,john ,hill ,burton's1 has noticed  
the curious episode of the ,false       
,margaret1 a knowledge of which is      
necessary in order to account for the   
fact that1 in ,wyntoun's time1 it was   

the popular belief in ,scotland  that   
the ,maid of ,norway had suffered       
martyrdom at the hands of her own       
countrymen4    ,it is curious that in   
connection with the history of          
,scotland1 and  before the close of the 
fourteenth century1 we find the story of
  another ,claimant not less audacious  
in his pretensions1 but much more       
fortunate in his patrons1 by whom he was
 maintained till his death as  a state  
pensioner1 and buried in one of the     
churches of ,stirling under  the royal  
name and regal title to which he had    
laid claim4 ,there was  this strange    
element in his case that he was the     
second personator  of the same dead     
king4 ,readers of ,english history are  
familiar with  the incidents of the     
revolution which placed ,henry of       
,lancaster on  the throne1 and consigned
 #8the good ,king ,richard' to a        
perpetual  prison in ,pontefract        
,castle4 ,but the subsequent events in  
the life  of the imprisoned monarch1 and

 the date and manner of his death1  are 
shrouded in an impenetrable obscurity4  
,one of the ablest of our  ,scottish    
historians1 ,patrick ,fraser ,tytler1   
has even declared1 after  an elaborate  
investigation of the whole available    
evidence1 that this  second ,claimant1  
whose story we are about to notice1 was 
,richard ,,ii4 in  reality4    ,it is   
well known that shortly after the king's
 imprisonment1 there was  a conspiracy  
to replace him on the throne4 ,the      
conspirators attempted  to attract the  
people to their cause by spreading      
abroad the rumour  of his escape from   
,pontefract2 and1 as is stated by a     
contemporary  chronicler1 #8to make this
 the more credible1 they brought into   
the  field with them a chaplain called  
,father ,maudelain1 who so exactly      
resembled good ,king ,richard in face   
and person1 in form and speech1  that   
every one who saw him declared that he  
was their former king4' ,the  conspiracy
 failed2 and those most deeply concerned

 in it1 among whom  was the first       
personator1 ,father ,maudelain1 were    
beheaded4    ,shortly afterwards1 it was
 given out that ,king ,richard had died 
in  ,pontefract ,castle1 on or about the
 #adth of ,february #acii4 ,rumour1     
indeed1 spoke freely of the suspicion1  
that if he were dead1 he had  surely    
been murdered by his enemies1 and with  
the connivance of the  reigning king4   
,it was not till nearly a month after   
the alleged date  of his death that1 in 
order to silence the popular rumours1   
,king  ,henry caused the body to be     
brought publicly to ,london #8with the  
face  exposed1' and laid in state for   
two days in the church of ,st ,paul1    
#8that the people might believe for     
certain that he was dead4' #8,but1'     
says the old chronicler formerly quoted1
 #8,i certainly do not believe  that it 
was the king1 but ,i think it was       
,maudelain1 his chaplain1' who  had been
 beheaded little more than a month      
previously4    ,there were many who     

shared this unbelief2 and in #adjb1 the 
rumours that  ,king ,richard was yet    
alive became so persistent and          
circumstantial1  that ,king ,henry dealt
 with them by putting to death a number 
of  persons1 principally priests and    
friars1 for spreading such treasonable  
reports4 ,the cause of the revival of   
these rumours at this time is  revealed 
in a document issued by ,king ,henry1   
requiring the sheriffs to  arrest all   
persons guilty of spreading the report  
that ,king ,richard  was alive1 which   
had arisen from a person calling himself
 ,king ,richard  having appeared in     
,scotland in company with one ,william  
,serle1 who had  been groom of the robes
 to ,richard1 and had possessed himself 
of his  signet4    ,as the scene thus   
shifts to ,scotland1 we naturally turn  
to the ,scottish  chronicles and records
 for the further elucidation of the     
mystery4  ,wyntoun and ,bower--each     
writing of events which happened within 
his  own lifetime--narrate the story of 

this second ,claimant in much the  same 
manner4 ,he came from the out-isles of  
,scotland1 having been  discovered in   
the kitchen of ,donald1 ,lord of the    
,isles1 by persons  who had seen ,king  
,richard1 and recognised his likeness4  
,he was sent  in charge of ,lord        
,montgomery to ,robert ,,iii4 of        
,scotland1 by whom  he was well         
received1 and assigned a pension of one 
hundred merks  yearly4 ,after ,king     
,robert's death1 the pension was        
continued by the  ,regent ,albany4 ,the 
,scottish ,chamberlain1 in charging his 
accounts with  these annual payments1   
has entered them as paid to #8,king     
,richard of  ,england4' ,finally1 we    
learn from an old ,scottish chronicle   
that when  he died at ,stirling in      
#adai1 his body was buried on the north 
side  of the high-altar of the ,church  
of the ,preaching ,friars1 and a long   
,latin epitaph graven over his tomb     
informed the reader that #8,here lies   
buried ,king ,richard of ,england4' ,yet

 it has been established as clearly  as 
any such question can now be established
 by evidence1 that this  second         
personator of ,king ,richard was an     
adventurer named ,thomas ,ward1  or     
,thomas of ,trumpington1 who1 with his  
confederate ,william ,serle1  is        
exempted by name from the general       
amnesty granted to political  offenders 
by ,henry ,,iv4 in #adjc4          ,,in 
,,all ,,shades4      ,,chapter ,,xxviii4
    ,meanwhile1 ,harry ,noel himself was
 quite unconsciously riding round to    
the ,hawthorns' cottage1 to perform the 
whole social duty of man by  ,edward and
 ,marian4    #8,so you've come out to   
look after your father's estates in     
,barbadoes1  have you1 ,mr ,noel8'      
,marian inquired with a quiet smile1    
after the first  greetings and talk     
about the voyage were well over4        
,harry laughed4 #8,well1 ,mrs           
,hawthorn1' he said confidentially1 #8my
  father's estates there seem to have   
looked after themselves pretty          

comfortably for the last twenty years1  
or at least been looked after           
vicariously by a rascally local ,scotch 
agent2 and ,i've no doubt they'd  have  
continued to look after themselves for  
the next twenty years  without my       
intervention1 if nothing particular had 
occurred otherwise  to bring me out     
here4'    #8,but something particular   
did occur--eh1 ,mr ,noel8'    #8,no1    
nothing occurred1' ,harry ,noel         
answered1 with a distinct stress  upon  
the significant verb4 #8,but ,i had     
reasons of my own which made  me anxious
 to visit ,trinidad2 and ,i thought     
,barbadoes would be an  excellent excuse
 to supply to ,sir ,walter for the      
expenses of the  journey4 ,the old      
gentleman jumped at it--positively      
jumped at it4  ,there's nothing loosens 
,sir ,walter's pursestrings like a      
devotion to  business2 and he declared  
to me on leaving1 with tears in his eyes
  almost1 that it was the first time he 
ever remembered to have seen me  show   

any proper interest whatsoever in the   
family property4'    #8,and what were   
the reasons that made you so very       
anxious1 then1 to  visit ,trinidad8'    
#8,why1 ,mrs ,hawthorn1 how can you ask 
me8 ,wasn't ,i naturally desirous of    
seeing you and ,edward once more after a
 year's absence8'    ,marian coughed a  
little dry cough4 #8,friendship is a    
very powerfully  attractive magnet1     
isn't it1 ,edward8' she said with an    
arch smile to  her husband4 #8,it was   
very good of ,mr ,noel to have thought  
of coming  four thousand miles across   
the ,atlantic just to visit you and me1 
dear--now1 wasn't it8'    #8,so very    
good1' ,edward answered1 laughing1      
#8that ,i should almost be  inclined    
myself 7as a lawyer7 to suspect some    
other underlying motive4'    #8,well1   
she is a very dear little girl1' ,marian
 went on reflectively4    #8,she is1    
certainly1' her husband echoed4         
,harry laughed4 #8,i see you've found me
 out1' he answered1 not altogether      

unpleased4 #8,well1 yes1 ,i may as well 
make a clean breast of it1 ,mrs         
,hawthorn4 ,i've come across on purpose 
to ask her2 and ,i won't go back        
either1 till ,i can take her with me4   
,i've waited for twelve months1 to  make
 quite sure ,i knew my own heart and    
wasn't mistaken about it4 ,every  day1  
her image has remained there clearer and
 clearer than before1 and  ,i will win  
her1 or else stop here for ever4'       
#8,when a man says that and really means
 it1' ,marian replied  encouragingly1   
#8,i believe in the end he can always   
win the girl he has  set his heart      
upon4'    #8,but ,i suppose you know1'  
,edward interrupted1 #8that her father  
has  already made up his mind that she's
 to marry a cousin of hers at  ,pimento 
,valley1 a planter in the island1 and   
has announced the fact  publicly to half
 ,trinidad8'    #8,not ,mr ,tom ,dupuy8'
 ,harry cried in amazement4    #8,yes1  
,tom ,dupuy--the very man4 ,then you've 
met him already8'    #8,he lunched with 

us to-day at ,orange ,grove6' ,harry    
answered1 puckering  his brow a little4 
#8,and her father actually wants her to 
marry that  fellow6 ,by ,jove1 what a   
desecration6'    #8,then you don't like 
what you've seen so far of ,mr ,tom8'   
,marian asked  with a smile4    ,harry  
rose and leaned against the piazza      
pillar with his hands behind  him4      
#8,the man's a cad1' he answered        
briefly4    #8,if we were in ,piccadilly
 again1' ,edward ,hawthorn said quietly1
 #8,i  should say that was probably a   
piece of pure class prejudice1 ,noel2   
but  as we are in ,trinidad1 and as ,i  
happen to know ,mr ,tom ,dupuy by two or
  three pieces of personal adventure1 ,i
 don't mind telling you in strict       
confidence1 ,i cordially agree with     
you4'    #8,ah6' ,harry ,noel cried with
 much amusement1 clapping him heartily  
on  his broad shoulder4 #8,so coming to 
,trinidad has knocked some of that      
radical humbug and nonsense clean out of
 you1 has it1 ,teddy8 ,i knew it  would1

 my dear fellow2 ,i knew you'd get rid  
of it6'    #8,on the contrary1 ,mr      
,noel1' ,marian answered with quiet     
dignity1 #8,i  think it has really made 
us a great deal more confirmed in our   
own  opinions than we were to begin     
with4 ,we have suffered a great deal    
ourselves1 you know1 since we came to   
,trinidad4'    ,harry flushed in the    
face a little4 #8,you needn't tell me   
all about it1  ,mrs ,hawthorn1' he said 
uneasily4 #8,i've heard something about 
the matter  already from the two        
,dupuys1 and all ,i can say is1 ,i never
 heard before  such a foolish1          
ridiculous1 nonsensical1 cock-and-bull  
prejudice as the  one they told me      
about1 in the whole course of my        
precious existence4  ,if it hadn't been 
for ,nora's sake--,i mean for ,miss     
,dupuy's'--and he  checked himself      
suddenly--#8upon my word1 ,i really     
think ,i should have  knocked the fellow
 down in his uncle's dining-room the    
very first  moment he began to speak    

about it4'    #8,mr ,noel1' ,marian     
said1 #8,i know how absurd it must seem 
to you1 but you  can't imagine how much 
,edward and ,i have suffered about it   
since we've  been in this island4'      
#8,i can1' ,harry answered4 #8,i can    
understand it easily4 ,i had a specimen 
of it myself from those fellows at lunch
 this morning4 ,i kept as calm  as ,i   
could outwardly2 but1 by ,jove1 ,mrs    
,hawthorn1 it made my blood boil  over  
within me to hear the way they spoke of 
your husband4--,upon my  honour1 if it  
weren't for--for ,miss ,dupuy1' he added
 thoughtfully1 #8,i  wouldn't stop now a
 single night to accept that man's      
hospitality after  the way he spoke     
about you4'    #8,no1 no2 do stop1'     
,marian answered simply4 #8,we want you 
so much to  marry ,nora2 and we want to 
save her from that horrid man her father
 has  chosen for her4'    ,and then they
 began unburdening their hearts to      
,harry ,noel with the  long arrears of  
twelve months' continuous confidences4  

,it was such a  relief to get a little  
fresh external sympathy1 to be able to  
talk  about it all to somebody just come
 from ,england1 and entirely free from  
the taint of ,west ,indian prejudice4   
,they told ,harry everything1 without   
reserve2 and ,harry listened1 growing   
more and more indignant every  minute1  
to the long story of petty slights and  
undeserved insults4 ,at  last he could  
restrain his wrath no longer4 #8,it's   
preposterous1' he  cried1 walking up and
 down the piazza angrily1 by way of     
giving vent  to his suppressed emotion2 
#8it's abominable6 it's outrageous6 it's
  not to be borne with6 ,the idea of    
these people1 these hole-and-corner     
nobodies1 these miserable1 stupid1      
ignorant noodles1 with no more          
education or manners than an ,english   
ploughboy--,o yes1 my dear fellow1  ,i  
know what they are--,i've seen them in  
,barbadoes--setting themselves up  to be
 better than you are--there1 upon my    
word ,i've really no patience  with it4 

,i shall flog some of them soundly1 some
 day1 before ,i've done  with them2 ,i  
know ,i shall4 ,i can't avoid it4 ,but  
what on earth can have  induced you to  
stop here1 my dear ,teddy1 when you     
might have gone back  again comfortably 
to ,england1 and have mixed properly in 
the sort of  society you're naturally   
fitted for8'    #8,i did1' ,marian      
answered firmly2 #8,i induced him1 ,mr  
,noel4 ,i wouldn't  let him run away    
from these miserable people4 ,and       
besides1 you know1  he's been able to do
 such a lot of good here4 ,all the      
negroes love him  dearly1 because he's  
protected them from so much injustice4  
,he's the  most popular man in the      
island with the black people2 he's been 
so good  to them1 and so useful to them1
 and such a help against the planters1  
who are always trying their hardest to  
oppress them4 ,and isn't that  something
 worth staying for1 in spite of         
everything8'    ,harry ,noel paused and 
hesitated4 #8,tastes differ1 ,mrs       

,hawthorn1' he  answered more soberly4  
#8,for my part1 ,i can't say ,i feel    
myself very  profoundly interested in   
the eternal nigger question2 though1 if 
a man  feels it's his duty to stop and  
see the thing out to the bitter end1    
why1 of course he ought in that case to 
stop and see it4 ,but what does  rile me
 is the idea that these wretched ,dupuy 
people should venture to  talk in the   
way they do about such a man as your    
husband--confound them6'    ,tea        
interrupted his flow of indignation4    
,but when ,harry ,noel had ridden away  
again towards ,orange ,grove on ,mr     
,dupuy's pony1 ,hawthorn and his wife   
stood looking at one another in  dubious
 silence for a few minutes4 ,neither of 
them liked to utter the  thought that   
had been uppermost in both their minds  
from the first  moment they saw him in  
,trinidad4    ,at last ,edward broke the
 ominous stillness4 #8,harry ,noel's    
awfully  dark1 isn't he1 ,marian8' he   
said uneasily4    #8,very1' ,marian     

answered in as unconcerned a voice as   
she could well  summon up4 #8,and so    
extremely handsome1 too1 ,edward1' she  
added after a  moment's faint pause1 as 
if to turn the current of the           
conversation4    ,neither of them had   
ever observed in ,england how           
exceedingly  olive-coloured ,harry      
,noel's complexion really was--in       
,england1 to be as  dark as a gipsy is  
of no importance2 but now in ,trinidad1 
girt round  by all that curiously       
suspicious and genealogically inquiring 
society1  they couldn't help noticing to
 themselves what a very dark skin and   
what curly hair he happened to have     
inherited4    #8,and his mother's a     
,barbadian lady1' ,edward went on       
uncomfortably1  pretending to play with 
a book and a paper-knife4    #8,she is1'
 ,marian answered1 hardly daring to look
 up at her husband's  face in her       
natural confusion4 #8,he--he always     
seems so very fond of his  mother1      
,edward1 darling4'    ,edward went on   

cutting the pages of his newly-arrived  
magazine in grim  silence for a few     
minutes longer2 then he said3 #8,i wish 
to goodness he  could get engaged and   
married offhand to ,nora ,dupuy very    
soon1 ,marian1  and then clear out at   
once and for ever from this detestable  
island as  quickly as possible4'        
#8,it would be better if he could1      
perhaps1' ,marian answered1 sighing     
deeply4 #8,poor dear ,nora6 ,i wish     
she'd take him4 ,she could never be     
happy with that horrid ,dupuy man4'     
,they didn't dare to speak1 one to the  
other1 the doubt that was  agitating    
them2 but they both agreed in that      
half-unspoken fashion that  it would be 
well if ,harry pressed his suit soon1   
before any sudden  thunderbolt had time 
to fall unexpectedly upon his head and  
mar his  chance with poor little ,nora4 
,as ,harry ,noel rode back to ,orange   
,grove alone1 along the level           
bridle-path1 he chanced to drop his     
short riding-whip at a turn of the  road

 by a broad canepiece4 ,a tall negro was
 hoeing vigorously among the  luxuriant 
rows of cane close by4 ,the young       
,englishman called out to him           
carelessly1 as he would have done to a  
labourer at home3 #8,here you1 hi1  sir1
 come and pick up my whip1 will you6'   
,the tall negro turned and stared at    
him4 #8,who you callin' to come an'     
pick up your whip1 me fren'8' he        
answered somewhat savagely4    ,noel    
glanced back at the man with an angry   
glare4 #8,you6' he said1  pointing with 
an imperious gesture to the whip on the 
ground4 #8,i called  you to pick it up  
for me4 ,don't you understand ,english8'
    #8,you is rude gentleman for true1' 
the old negro responded quietly1        
continuing his task of hoeing in the    
canepiece1 without any attempt to  pick 
up the whip for the unrecognised        
stranger4 #8,if you want de whip  picked
 up1 what for you doan't speak to naygur
 decently8 ,ole-time folk  has proverb1 
8,please am a good dog1 an' him keep    

doan't cost nuffin40  ,get down         
yourself1 sah1 an' pick up your own whip
 for you-self if you  want him4'        
,harry was just on the point of         
dismounting and following the old       
negro's advice1 with some remote idea of
 applying the whip immediately  after to
 the back of his adviser1 when a younger
 black man1 stepping  out hastily from  
behind a row of canes that had hitherto 
concealed  him1 took up the whip and    
handed it back to him with a respectful 
salutation4 ,the old man looked on      
disdainfully while ,harry took it2      
then1 as the rider went on with a       
parting angry glance1 he muttered       
sulkily3 #8,who dat man dat you gib de  
whip to8 ,an' what for you want to  gib 
it him dere1 ,peter8'    ,the younger   
man answered apologetically3 #8,dat ,mr 
,noel1 buckra from  ,englan'2 him come  
to stop at ,orange ,grobe along ob de   
massa4'    #8,buckra from ,englan'6'    
,louis ,delgado cried incredulously4    
#8,him doan't  no buckra from ,englan'1 

,i tellin' you1 me brudder2 him         
,trinidad brown  man as sure as de      
gospel4 ,you doan't see him is brown    
man1 ,peter1 de  minnit you look at     
him8'    ,peter shook his head and      
grinned solemnly4 #8,no1 ,mistah        
,delgado1 him  doan't no brown man1' he 
answered1 laughing4 #8,him is dark for  
true1 but  still him real buckra4 ,him  
stoppin' up at house along ob de massa6'
    ,delgado turned to his work once    
more1 doggedly4 #8,if him buckra1 an' if
  him stoppin' up wit dem ,dupuy1' he   
said half aloud1 but so that the        
wondering ,peter could easily overhear  
it1 #8when de great an' terrible  day   
come1 he will be cut off wit all de     
household4 ,an' de day doan't  gwine to 
be delayed long now1 neider4' ,a mumbled
 ,arabic sentence1 which  ,peter of     
course could not understand1 gave point 
and terror to this  last prediction4    
,peter turned away1 thinking to himself 
that ,louis  ,delgado was a terrible    
obeah man and sorcerer for certain1 and 

that  whoever crossed his path1 had     
better think twice before he offended so
  powerful an antagonist4    ,meanwhile1
 ,harry ,noel was still riding on to    
,orange ,grove4 ,as he  reached the     
garden gate1 ,tom ,dupuy met him1 out   
for a walk in the cool  of the evening  
with big ,slot1 his great ,cuban        
bloodhound4 ,as ,harry  drew near1 ,slot
 burst away suddenly with a leap from   
his master1 and  before ,harry could    
foresee what was going to happen1 the   
huge brute  had sprung up at him        
fiercely1 and was attacking him with his
 mighty  teeth and paws1 as though about
 to drag him from his seat forcibly with
  his slobbering canines4 ,harry hit out
 at the beast a vicious blow from  the  
butt-end of his riding-whip1 and at the 
same moment ,tom ,dupuy1  sauntering up 
somewhat more lazily than politeness or 
even common  humanity perhaps demanded1 
caught the dog steadily by the neck and 
held  him back by main force1 still     
struggling vehemently and pulling at the

  collar4 ,his great slobbering jaws    
opened hungrily towards the angry       
,englishman1 and his eyes gleamed with  
the fierce light of a starving          
carnivore in sight and smell of his     
natural prey4    #8,precious vicious dog
 you keep1 ,mr ,dupuy1' ,harry          
exclaimed1 not over  good-humouredly1   
for the brute had made its teeth meet   
through the flap  of his coat lappets3  
#8you oughtn't to let him go at large1  
,i fancy4'    ,tom ,dupuy stooped and   
patted his huge favourite lovingly on   
the head  with very little hypocritical 
show of penitence or apology4 #8,he     
don't  often go off this way1' he       
answered coolly4 #8,he's a ,cuban       
bloodhound1  ,slot is2 pure-blooded--the
 same kind we used to train in the good 
old  days to hunt up the runaway        
niggers2 and they often go at a black   
man  or a brown man--that's what they're
 meant for4 ,the moment they smell      
,african blood1 they're after it1 like a
 greyhound after a hare1 as  quick as   

lightning4 ,but ,i never knew ,slot     
before go for a white man6  ,it's very  
singular--ex-cessively singular4 ,i     
never before knew him go  for a real    
white man4'    #8,if he was my dog1'    
,harry ,noel answered1 walking his pony 
up to the  door with a sharp lookout on 
the ugly mouth of the straining and     
quivering bloodhound1 #8he'd never have 
the chance again1 ,i can tell  you1 to  
go for another4 ,the brute's most       
dangerous--a most bloodthirsty          
creature4 ,and indeed1 ,i'm not         
sentimental myself on the matter of     
niggers2 but ,i don't know that in a    
country where there are so many  niggers
 knocking about casually everywhere1 any
 man has got a right to  keep a dog that
 darts straight at them as a greyhound  
darts at a hare1  according to your own 
confession4 ,it doesn't seem to me      
exactly right  or proper somehow4'      
,tom ,dupuy glanced carelessly at the   
struggling brute and answered with  a   
coarse laugh3 #8,i see1 ,mr ,noel1      

you've been taking counsel already  with
 your friend ,hawthorn4 ,well1 well1 in 
my opinion1 ,i expect there's  just     
about a pair of you6'    7,to be        
continued47          ,,tobacco          
,,cultivation4      ,the question of the
 cultivation of tobacco has recently    
been brought  within the range of       
practical agriculture4 ,in both ,houses 
of ,parliament  the government has      
announced that permission will be given 
to grow  this plant1 and cure it in     
proper manner1 as experiments1 in       
various  parts of the country1 and more 
especially in ,ireland4 ,the ,council of
  the ,royal ,agricultural ,society of  
,england1 with ,his ,royal ,highness the
  ,prince of ,wales in the chair1       
determined to help the government in the
  matter1 provided the government gave a
 grant towards the experiments4  ,the   
subject thus becomes one of special     
moment4 ,it is very doubtful1  however1 
whether any experiments that can be made
 will give us much  more information    

than we at present have regarding this  
crop4 ,that it  can be grown in this    
country is certain4 ,to take up the     
first seed  catalogue that comes to our 
hand--that of ,messrs ,carter  ,co4--we 
find  that for a long series of years   
past1 the seed of no fewer than seven   
varieties of ,nicotiana is announced as 
for sale4 ,the plants are grown  in many
 gardens1 and the leaves are dried and  
used as fumigants against  insects4 ,in 
fact1 so simple is the growth of the    
plant1 that the only  directions given  
are to #8,sow on heat1 and transplant to
 good1 rich1  loamy soil1 or sow out of 
doors in ,may4' ,that the plant can be  
grown  is certain2 but if grown on an   
agricultural scale1 it will have to     
bear with the usual effects of climate1 
injurious insects1 and the              
thousand-and-one ills which plant-life  
is heir to4 ,that is1 so far as  the    
plant is concerned4 ,the great          
difficulty in every country will  begin 
with the curing1 and is the cause of the

 tobacco crop being  gradually given up4
    ,so far as ,europe is concerned1    
there has been a great decrease in      
tobacco cultivation during recent years4
 ,in the ,netherlands1 the  acreage is  
at present something like half what it  
was ten or twelve  years ago4 ,in       
,belgium1 the decrease in area has been 
considerable1 but  not to so great an   
extent4 ,in ,austro-,hungary the acreage
 under tobacco  was in #ahhd less by    
#hgfh acres than two years previously4  
,in ,germany1  the area of the crop fell
 from #ahha to #ahhc by over #ab1jjj    
acres4  ,italy1 with its magnificent    
climate1 grows only #hbjb acres2 while  
in  ,france1 where the government       
purchase the crop1 only #cb1hjj acres   
were  grown last year4 ,it is to        
,america1 however1 that we must turn for
 our  best information as to the growth 
of tobacco4 ,in the last four census    
years1 this crop was grown to the       
following extent3 #ahej1 crop of        
#aii1geb1fee pounds2 #ahfj1 crop of     

#dcd1bji1dfa pounds2 #ahgj1 #bfb1gce1cda
  pounds2 and #ahhj1 crop of            
#dgb1ffa1aag pounds1 grown on #fch1hda  
acres4  ,here we find that although     
there was a great decrease in the growth
 of  this crop after the war1 it        
gradually picked up again1 and the crop 
is  now as large as ever4 ,in #ahhc1    
#dea1ede1fda pounds were grown on an    
area  of #fch1gci acres4 ,its total     
value was #h1jia1jgb4    ,the method of 
cultivation adopted in the ,united      
,states cannot fail  to be of use to the
 ,english or ,irish grower4 ,in the     
first place1 a  word should be said upon
 the position of tobacco in crop        
rotations4  ,travellers in ,south       
,america have often noticed the desolate
 appearance  of some portions of the    
country4 ,this is due to the exhaustion 
of the  soil by continuous              
tobacco-growing4 ,a very large          
proportion of what  was known as tobacco
 land has thus been reduced to a        
condition of  poverty1 and has been left

 to itself1 and is covered with weeds4  
,a good  authority declares that this   
fault can be easily remedied1 and that  
by  growing tobacco as a rotation crop4 
,after two crops of tobacco have  been  
taken from the land1 and after this a   
crop of corn1 and then a  crop of clover
 or vetches1 after the latter have been 
cut or fed off1  the land may be again  
prepared for another crop of tobacco4 ,a
 word may  be said here also on manures4
 ,in the best tobacco plantations1 two  
hundred pounds of nitrate of soda and   
two hundred and fifty pounds of         
superphosphate per acre are used--the   
former bringing up a heavier crop1  and 
the latter improving its quality4       
,besides these1 large applications  of  
farmyard manure are made4 ,taking       
,wisconsin as the ,state more           
particularly to be treated of1 we find  
that the seed-beds are burned  lightly1 
and a liberal allowance of manure worked
 in1 to the depth of  six inches1 with a
 hoe or spade4 ,this work of preparation

 begins in  ,july1 when the manure is   
applied4 ,the bed is reworked in        
,august1 and  again in ,september1 for  
the purpose of keeping down any weeds or
 grass  that may spring up2 and finally1
 in ,november1 it is hoed and raked  and
 prepared to receive the seed1 which is 
either sown in the ,fall or  early in   
the succeeding spring4 ,when sown in the
 ,fall1 the seed is not  previously     
sprouted4 ,after sowing1 the bed is     
compacted by rolling1  tramping1 or     
clapping with a board4 ,the plants are  
carefully nursed by  liquid manuring and
 by weeding4 ,the young plants are      
generally large  enough for             
transplanting by the #ast of ,june4     
,the land for the main crop--that is1   
into which the plants are  transplanted 
from the seed-bed--is ploughed in the   
,fall after the  crop of the previous   
year1 and twice in the spring--in ,may1 
and just  before the #ast of ,june4     
,coarse and rough manures are applied   
with the  autumn ploughing1 and finer   

well-rotted sorts in ,may4 ,after the   
last  ploughing1 the land is thoroughly 
pulverised by harrows or drags1 and     
marked off for the plant4 ,the varieties
 of tobacco grown are either  the       
seed-leaf or the ,spanish4 ,if the      
former1 the plants are placed two  and a
 half feet by three feet apart2 but if  
the latter1 three feet by  a foot and a 
half4 ,thus1 if the seed-leaf variety1  
some five thousand  five hundred plants 
are used to the acre2 and if the        
,spanish1 nine  thousand six hundred4   
,as soon as the soil is in proper       
condition to  work after the plants have
 been set out1 a cultivator with five   
teeth  is run between the rows1 and this
 is kept up once or twice a week1  until
 the field has been gone over five or   
six times4 ,the crop is hoed            
twice--once after the cultivator has    
been run through the first time4  ,very 
little earth is put round the plant1    
level cultivation being  preferred4 ,in 
some portions of the district1 a        

horse-hoe is used in  cultivating the   
crop2 this implement1 from its peculiar 
construction1  enables the operator to  
go very near each plant and stir every  
portion  of the soil4 ,in very small    
patches1 the cultivation is done        
entirely  with the hoe1 which is kept up
 every week until the plants are so     
large  that they cannot be worked       
without breaking the leaves4    ,the    
next operations are termed #8topping'   
and #8suckering4' ,in about  forty-eight
 or fifty days after the plants are set1
 if the crop has  been well cultivated  
and the weather seasonable1 the         
flower-buds make  their appearance1 and 
are pinched out1 leaving from fourteen  
to sixteen  leaves on each plant4 ,none 
of the bottom leaves are taken off1 but 
all are left to mature1 or dry up1      
serving as a protection against  the    
dirt4 ,fields1 however1 are often seen  
in full blossom before the  tobacco is  
topped1 and this results in great damage
 to the crop4  ,tobacco is suckered     

twice--once in about a week after it is 
topped1 and  again just before it is    
cut1 which is generally about two weeks 
after  topping4 #8,suckering' consists  
in the removal of young suckers1 which  
at  this time make their appearance in  
large numbers4 ,as has been noted1      
tobacco is generally ready for          
harvesting in two weeks after being     
topped2 but there is considerable       
variation in the time on various  soils4
 ,on warm sandy loams1 the plant will be
 as ripe in twelve days as  it will be  
on heavy clayey soils in eighteen days4 
,this is one of the  reasons why sandy  
loams are preferred4    ,harvesting     
commences early in ,august1 and         
continues without  intermission into    
,september4 ,the time preferred for     
cutting is from  two o'clock in the     
afternoon until nearly sundown1 because 
at that  time tobacco is less liable to 
be blistered by the heat of the sun4    
,the instrument used for cutting is a   
hatchet1 the plants being cut  off      

nearly on a level with the ground1 and  
laid back on the rows  to #8wilt4'      
,after wilting1 they are speared on     
laths4 ,of the large  seed-leaf variety1
 only about six plants are put on a     
lath1 but of  the smaller ,spanish 7or  
,havana7 variety1 ten are not considered
 too  many4 ,after being speared on the 
laths1 the latter are carefully put  on 
a long wagon-frame1 made for the        
purpose1 and carried to the sheds1      
where they are arranged on the tier     
poles or racks1 from six to ten  inches 
apart1 according to the size of the     
plant1 but never so close  as to permit 
them to touch each other4 ,it requires  
six weeks to cure  the ,spanish variety 
perfectly1 and two months to cure the   
seed-leaf4  ,if the weather is dry1     
after the crop is out1 the doors are    
kept  closed during the day and opened  
at night2 but extreme care must be      
taken not to cure too rapidly4 ,in      
muggy1 sultry weather1 as much air  as  
possible should be given1 thorough      

ventilation being indispensable1  to    
prevent #8pole-sweat4' ,continuous damp 
weather and continuous dry  weather are 
both to be feared4 ,it is believed by   
many good growers that  white veins are 
the result of a drought after the       
tobacco has been  harvested1 and it is  
said that no crop cured when there is   
plenty of  rain is ever affected with   
them4 ,inferences of this kind1 however1
 are  too often drawn without           
considering a sufficient number of cases
 to  warrant the enunciation of a       
general law4 ,this is the view put forth
  by ,mr ,killebrew1 in an able paper on
 ,tobacco-culture written for the       
,american government4 ,he1 however1     
further points out that it is a         
well-established truth1 deduced from the
 universal experience of the            
cultivation of seed-leaf tobacco in     
every ,state1 that a crop cannot be     
cured without the alternations of moist 
and dry atmospheres4    ,a few words may
 be said on the curing of tobacco       

generally4 ,three  systems are adopted  
in the ,united ,states4 ,it may be 7#a7 
air-dried2 7#b7  dried by open-fire heat
 from charcoal or wood fires in the     
barn2 or  7#c7 by flues which convey    
heat from ovens and heaters built       
outside  the barn4 ,the last method is  
said to be the best1 as a better control
  can be had over the temperature4 ,no  
regular rule can be given1 as the  heat 
must be regulated according to          
circumstances1 and must change  with the
 weather4 ,the main thing is to dry the 
tobacco gradually to  secure a good     
colour1 and to prevent mould4 ,when the 
tobacco is dry1  it must be kept so by  
gentle fires in wet or damp weather1 and
 it is  not touched for the purpose of  
#8bulking' until it has become soft and 
pliable4 ,artificial sweating is        
believed by some to be accompanied with 
less risk than sweating by the natural  
process2 and second stories of          
warehouses are sometimes prepared as    
sweating chambers by being closely      

ceiled or plastered4 ,these are heated  
by furnaces1 and the temperature        
maintained at from one hundred and ten  
to one hundred and forty degrees4       
,after curing1 the tobacco is prepared  
for market4 ,this consists of  stripping
 the leaves from the stalks1 tying them 
up in large bundles1  and afterwards    
sorting them4 ,after being sorted in    
#8grades1' these  are tied up in        
#8hands' of from eighteen to twenty     
leaves1 securely  wrapped with a leaf at
 the butt-end1 and #8bulked' in piles1  
with the  heads out and the tails       
overlapping in the centre of the bulk4  
,here it  remains until the #8fatty     
stems' are thoroughly cured1 when it is 
sold  to the dealers4 ,these latter pack
 it in barrels and sweat the leaves     
still further2 but into this subject we 
need not go1 as it can have  but little 
interest to the farmer who intends      
growing tobacco in this  country4    ,so
 far as the cost of growing tobacco is  
concerned1 a large and  successful      

grower in ,pennsylvania1 some two years 
ago1 published the  following statement 
of cost and returns from a field of nine
 and a  half acres3 #bae days' labour of
 men from preparing the seed-bed up to  
the hanging in the barn1 #dc2 team-work1
 #ch days1 with feed for #db  days1 #cj2
 curing1 stripping1 and marketing1 #ae3 
total1 #hh4 ,the net  receipts were     
#agd2 thus showing a profit of #hf4     
,this was in a fairly  good year4       
,these few notes show us that tobacco is
 a crop requiring a great  expenditure  
of labour and care1 and that even in    
,america the profits  of thirty pounds  
per acre1 about which we have heard so  
much1 are not  always realised4 ,the    
probabilities1 however1 are so much     
against our  getting really fine        
qualities of tobacco1 that it is        
doubtful if the  necessary capital will 
be put into the business4               
#8,,where ,,ignorance ,,is ,,bliss4'    
,i write these pages as a warning4 ,i   
don't suppose any one will profit  by   

it4 ,from the time of ,cassandra        
downwards1 nobody has ever paid         
attention to warnings4 ,but that is not 
my affair4    ,a ,london newspaper1 some
 years ago1 gave up several columns of  
its  valuable space to the question3    
#8,what shall we do with our ,boys8' ,i 
perused the correspondence with a strong
 personal interest1 for ,i  myself am   
the proprietor of a boy--several boys1  
in point of fact2 but ,i  refer more    
particularly to my eldest1 aged         
nineteen1 as to whom ,i felt  that it   
was time something was settled4 ,i have 
a great belief--partly  derived from the
 before-mentioned correspondence1 and   
partly from my  own observation--in     
studying a boy's natural bent1 and      
finding him an  occupation in accordance
 with it4 ,such being the case1 ,i began
 to  study ,augustus with a view to     
finding out his special aptitude2 but1  
unless a really remarkable faculty of   
outgrowing his trousers may be so       
regarded1 ,i could not for some time    

discover that he had any4 ,by dint1     
however1 of careful observation and     
cross-examination of the household1  ,i 
elicited that he was addicted to making 
extremely offensive smells  in the back 
kitchen with chemicals1 and that he had 
what he called a  #8collection' of      
beetles and other unpleasant insects    
stuck on pins in  a box in his bedroom4 
,it appeared1 therefore1 that his       
proclivities  were scientific1 and ,i   
ultimately decided to make an analyst of
  him4 ,accordingly1 after disposing of 
sundry painful but presumably  necessary
 arrangements as to premium1 ,augustus  
was duly articled to  a ,public         
,analyst4 ,i use capital letters1       
because ,i observed that ,mr  ,scrutin  
himself always did so4 ,why1 ,i cannot  
say4 ,possibly1 a public                
analyst--without capitals--would not    
command the same amount of public       
confidence4 ,on consideration1 ,i don't 
suppose he would4    ,augustus' first   
demand on taking up his new occupation  

was a  microscope4 #8,and while you're  
about it1' he suggested1 #8it had better
  be a good one4' ,at first1 ,i was     
inclined to suspect that this was an    
artful device for the further indulgence
 of his entomological vices1  and that  
the implement would be devoted to       
post-mortem examinations  of deceased   
caterpillars or other kindred           
abominations4 ,he assured  me1 however1 
that such was not the case1 and that the
 microscope  was nowadays #8the very    
sheet-anchor of analytical science4'    
,the  #8sheet-anchor' completely took   
the wind out of my sails4 7,i feel that 
there is rather a confusion of metaphor 
here1 but1 not being a nautical  person1
 ,i don't feel competent to set it      
right47 ,i surrendered1  humbly         
remarking that ,i supposed a five-pound 
note would cover it4  ,the youthful     
analyst laughed me to scorn4 ,the very  
least1 he assured  me1 that a good      
working microscope could be got for     
would be ten or  twelve pounds4         

,ultimately1 ,i agreed to purchase one  
at ten guineas1  and congratulated      
myself that at anyrate that was done    
with4 ,on the  contrary1 it was only    
just begun4 ,no sooner had my analyst   
secured his  microscope1 than he began  
to insist upon the purchase of a number 
of  auxiliary appliances1 which1 it     
appeared1 no respectable microscope     
would be seen without4 ,he broke them to
 me by degrees4 ,at first he  only      
mentioned1 if ,i remember right1 an     
#8achromatic condenser1' at two         
guineas4 ,next came a #8double          
nosepiece' 7why #8double1' ,i don't     
know72  then a polarising apparatus and 
a camera lucida 7four pounds ten72 then 
a micrometer and a microtome 7three     
guineas more72 then somebody's  prism1  
at one pound five2 and somebody else's  
microspectroscope1 at  ,i don't know how
 much4 ,here1 however1 ,i put my foot   
down4 ,i am  compelled to regard the    
sordid consideration of price1 though   
science  doesn't4    ,the microscope and

 its subsidiary apparatus were duly     
delivered2 but  my analyst appeared to  
be in no particular hurry to convey them
 to the  laboratory where he was        
studying4 ,on my making a remark to this
 effect1  he replied3 #8,haven't taken  
them to the laboratory8 ,no2 and ,i'm   
not  going to4 ,mr ,scrutin has got a   
precious sight better microscope than   
mine--cost sixty guineas without the    
little extra articles1 and they  were   
about thirty more4 ,he's got a          
microspectroscope1 if you like6'    ,i  
refrained from arguing the point1 and   
mildly remarked that in that  case he   
might have used ,mr ,scrutin's          
microscope1 and saved me some  twenty   
guineas4 ,but he rejected the idea with 
scorn1 and explained that  his          
microscope was not for laboratory use1  
but for #8private study4'    ,so far as 
my observation went1 my analyst's       
private study had hitherto  been        
confined to a short pipe and the last   
number of some penny  dreadful2 but ,i  

did not think it wise to check his      
new-born ardour2 ,i  contented myself by
 observing that ,i only hoped he would  
#8stick to it4'    #8,no fear of that1' 
he rejoined1 as indignantly as a limpet 
might have  done in answer to the same  
observation4 #8,why1 microscopy is the  
most  fascinating study out4--,just take
 a squint at that1 now4'    ,i looked   
down the tube1 but couldn't see anything
 at all1 and made a  remark to that     
effect4    #8,oh1 that's because you    
haven't got the focus4--,now1 try       
again4'    ,i tried again1 and saw a    
sort of network of red fibre4    #8,i'll
 bet sixpence you can't tell me what    
that is6' he exclaimed  triumphantly4   
,i owned the soft impeachment4          
#8,that's the maxillary gland of a rat4'
    #8,dear me6' ,i said4    #8,yes4    
,isn't it lovely8 ,here's               
another4--,now1 just look at that4' 7,a 
queer granular-looking object47 #8,you  
don't know what that is8'    #8,give it 
up1' ,i said4    #8,that's a section of 

the epidermis of the great toe4'        
#8,great toe6' ,i exclaimed in disgust4 
#8,what on earth have analysts got  to  
do with great toes8'    #8,oh1 nothing  
particular1' he said airily4 #8,but we  
like to have as much  variety as        
possible4 ,i should like to have a      
section of everything1 if  ,i could get 
it4--,here's another pretty slide2 that 
is the section of a  diseased potato2   
and this one is a bit of a frog's leg4' 
#8,very instructive1 ,i daresay1' ,i    
remarked2 #8but ,i hope you haven't made
  me spend twenty pounds merely to      
improve your acquaintance with frogs'   
legs and diseased potatoes4 ,mr ,scrutin
 surely doesn't analyse such  things as 
these8'    #8,i can't say we do much in 
frogs' legs1' he said2 #8but there are  
lots  of things adulterated with potato4
 ,flour and arrowroot1 and butter1 and  
cocoa1 and--and--a heap of things4 ,and 
the potato's just as likely to be       
diseased as not4 ,it may be1 anyhow1 and
 there you are6 ,if you don't  know what

 diseased potato looks like1 you're     
done4'    #8,a pleasant lookout1' ,i    
replied1 #8if half-a-dozen of the       
commonest  articles of food are         
habitually adulterated4'    #8,bless    
you1 that's nothing1' he replied4 #8,if 
that was all1 there  wouldn't be much   
harm done4 ,there are a jolly sight     
worse adulterations  than that4 ,in     
fact1 pretty nearly everything's        
adulterated1 and some of  'em with rank 
poisons4'    #8,rank poisons6 ,that's   
manslaughter6'    #8,o no2 it isn't1' he
 calmly rejoined4 #8,of course1 they    
don't put in  enough to kill you right  
off4 ,and if you find something         
disagreeing  with you1 you can't swear  
what it is4 ,it may be the nux vomica in
 the  beer2 but it's just as likely to  
be entozoa in the water1 or copper  in  
the last bottle of pickles4 ,however1   
you're all right now4 ,with  an analyst 
in the family1 at anyrate you shan't be 
poisoned without  knowing it4 ,i'll let 
you know what you are eating and        

drinking4--,this  fellow'--and he patted
 the microscope affectionately--#8will  
tell you all  about that4'           99 
99       99       99       99    ,and it
 did4 ,from that day forth ,i have never
 enjoyed a meal1 and ,i  never expect to
 do so again4 ,i have always been       
particular to deal at  respectable      
establishments1 and to pay a fair price1
 in the hope of  insuring a good        
article4 ,i have1 or had1 a very        
tolerable appetite1  and till that      
dreadful microscope came into the house1
 ,i used to get a  good deal of         
enjoyment out of life4 ,but now all is  
changed4 ,my analyst  began by          
undermining my faith in our baker4 ,now1
 if there was one of  our tradesmen in  
whom1 more than another1 ,i had         
confidence1 it was  the baker1 who      
supplied what seemed to me a good1      
solid1 satisfying  article1 with no     
nonsense about it4 ,but one day1 shortly
 after the  conversation ,i have        
recorded1 my analyst remarked at        

breakfast-time3  #8,we had a turn at    
bread yesterday at the                  
laboratory--examined five  samples2 and 
found three of 'em adulterated4 ,and do 
you know'--holding  up a piece of our   
own bread and smelling it               
critically--#8,i rather fancy  this of  
ours is rather dicky4'    #8,nonsense6' 
,i cried4 #8,it's very good             
bread--capital bread6'    #8,you may    
think so1' he continued calmly2 #8but   
you're not an analyst4  ,i shall take a 
sample of this to the laboratory1 and   
you shall have my  report upon it4'     
#8,take it1 by all means4 ,but if you   
find anything wrong about that  bread1  
,i'll eat my hat6'    #8,better not make
 rash promises4 ,i'll take a good big   
sample1 and you  shall have my report on
 it to-night4'    ,on his return home in
 the evening1 he began3 #8,i've been    
having a go-in  at your bread4 ,it's not
 pure1 of course2 but there isn't very  
much  the matter with it4 ,there's a    
little potato1 and a little rice1 and a 

little alum2 and with those additions1  
it takes up a good deal more  water than
 it ought1 so you don't get your proper 
weight4'    #8,ahem6' ,i said1 #8if     
that's the case1 we'll change our baker4
 ,i'm not  going to pay for a mixture of
 potatoes and water1 and call it bread4 
,but as for alum1 that's all nonsense4  
,if they put that in1 we should  taste  
it4'    #8,o no2 you wouldn't4 ,when    
alum is put in bread1 it decomposes and 
forms  sulphate of potash1 an aperient  
salt4 ,it disagrees with you1 of course1
  but you don't taste it4 ,as for       
changing your baker1 the next fellow    
you tried might be a jolly sight worse2 
he might put in bone-dust1  or plaster  
of ,paris1 or sulphate of copper4 ,and  
besides1 half the  adulterations are in 
the flour already1 before it reaches the
 baker4  ,of course1 that doesn't       
prevent his doing a little more on his  
own  account4'    ,and with that the    
matter dropped1 so far as the bread was 
concerned2  but my confidence was rudely

 shaken4    ,a few days later1 my       
analyst remarked3 #8,i don't think much 
of this  milk2' and he forthwith        
appropriated a sample for analytical    
purposes2  but1 happily1 was compelled  
to own that it wasn't quite so bad as he
  expected4 ,it had more than its proper
 proportion of water2 but that  might   
arise--he charitably suggested--from the
 cow being unwell4  ,to make up the     
deficiency1 it had been fortified with  
treacle and  coloured with arnatto1 but 
these my analyst appeared to regard as  
quite  every-day falsifications4        
#8,it's a rascally shame1' ,i said4     
#8,if one can't put faith in the        
milk-jug1 it's a bad lookout for the    
,blue ,ribbon gentlemen4 ,however1  let 
us hope that the tea and coffee are all 
right4'    #8,not likely6' he rejoined4 
#8,nearly all tea is 8faced10 as they   
call it1  more or less1 and the facing  
is itself an adulteration4 ,as for      
coffee1  you don't expect to get that   
pure1 do you8 ,it's sure to be mixed    

with  chicory1 anyhow1 and very probably
 with roasted acorns1 beans1 mahogany   
sawdust1 or old tan4 ,baked horse-liver 
occasionally2 but that's an  extreme    
case4 ,if by any remote chance there    
wasn't anything wrong in  the original  
coffee1 you get it in the chicory2 and  
very often there  are adulterations in  
both2 so you get 'em twice over4'       
#8,if that's the case1 no more ground   
coffee for me4 ,we'll grind our own1    
and then we are sure to be safe4'       
#8,you mustn't make too cocksure of     
that4 ,some years ago1 an ingenious     
firm took out a patent for a machine to 
mould chicory into the shape of         
coffee-berries4 ,smart chaps those6 ,and
 of course they can put anything  they  
like into the chicory before they work  
it up4'    #8,that's pleasant1          
certainly4 ,then how is one to secure   
pure coffee8'    #8,you can't secure it1
 except by sending a sample to us1 or   
some  other shop of the same sort1 to   
have it analysed2 and if it's wrong1    

prosecute your grocer for adulteration4 
,after doing that a few times1  he might
 find it didn't pay1 and give it up4'   
#8,and how much would that cost8'       
#8,analysis of a sample of coffee1 one  
guinea2 analysis of butter1 five        
guineas2 analysis of milk1 one guinea2  
analysis of tea1 one guinea4  ,those are
 the regular charges for private        
analyses4'    #8,rather expensive1 it   
seems4--,and how much would it cost to  
prosecute8'    #8,ah1 that ,i can't tell
 you1' said my analyst4 #8,another      
fiver1 or more1  ,i daresay4--,but look 
at the satisfaction4'    ,i did look at 
it1 but ultimately decided to give my   
grocer the benefit  of the doubt1 and   
cherish a fond hope that he was better  
than his  fellows4 ,the subject dropped4
 ,but a few days later1 there chanced to
  be apple-pudding on the table4 ,with  
the dish in question my analyst  had    
always been in the habit of consuming   
brown sugar1 and a good deal  of it4    
,now1 however1 on the sugar-basin--best 

,demerara--being offered to  him1 he put
 on an expression as if he had been     
invited to partake of  black draught4   
#8,raw sugar6 ,no1 thank you4'          
#8,hillo1 what's wrong with the sugar8  
,is that adulterated too8'    #8,very   
probably1' he loftily replied4 #8,but   
that's a small matter4 ,the  genuine    
article is bad enough4'    #8,bad       
enough6' indignantly interposed my      
analyst's mamma4 #8,that's ,mr          
,grittles's very best                   
moist--threepence-three-farthings a     
pound6'    #8,i daresay it is4 ,if it   
was fourpence1 it wouldn't make any     
difference4--,did you ever hear of the  
sugar-mite1 ,acarus sacchari'----       
#8,no2 ,i can't say ,i ever did1' ,i    
said1 #8and ,i don't want to1 either4   
,we  have had enough of this sort of    
thing1 and ,i am not going to have any  
more agonies over every article we eat4'
    ,i had again put my foot down4 ,but 
it was too late4 ,i had even forbidden  
my analyst1 under penalty of forfeiture 

of his pocket-money for  several months 
to come1 telling us anything whatever   
about the food  we eat or the drink we  
imbibe2 but the mischief was done4 ,i   
have lost  my confidence in my          
fellow-man1 and still more in my        
fellow-man's  productions4 ,i may try in
 an imperfect way to protect our        
household4  ,i may give the strictest   
orders that none but the refinedest of  
sugar  shall be admitted into our       
store-cupboard2 but who is to answer for
 the  man who makes the jam and the     
marmalade1 or the other man who makes   
the  ,madeira cakes and the             
three-cornered tarts8 ,and how much is  
there that  we have not heard8 ,i have  
silenced my analyst's lips1 it is true2 
but there is also a language of the     
eyes1 and still more a language of  the 
nose1 and when1 with a scornful tip-tilt
 of the latter1 he says1  #8,no1 thank  
you1' to anything1 my appetite is       
destroyed for that meal4 ,i  can't take 
a pill or a black draught without my    

disordered imagination  picturing my    
chemist #8pestling a poisoned poison'   
behind his counter4 ,i  can't even eat a
 new-laid egg or crack a nut without    
wondering what it  is adulterated with4 
,this is morbid1 no doubt4 ,i am quite  
aware that it  is morbid1 but ,i can't  
help it4 ,i am like ,governor ,sancho in
 the island  of ,barataria3 my choicest 
dishes are whisked away from me--or     
rendered  nauseous1 which is as bad--at 
the bidding of a grim being who calls   
himself ,analytical ,science4 ,he may   
not know anything about it1 or he  may  
be lying2 but meanwhile he has spoilt my
 appetite1 and the dish may  go away    
untasted for me4    ,truly1 a little    
knowledge is a dangerous thing4 ,the    
moral of my painful  story is obvious4  
,i intend to bring up the rest of my    
family1 if  possible1 to occupations    
involving no knowledge whatever4        
,,the ,,month3 ,,science ,,and ,,arts4  
,about two years ago1 we recorded an    
interesting discovery which had  been   

made on the coast of ,norway1 that of a 
viking war-ship1 which had  formed the  
tomb of some forgotten ,danish          
freebooter4 ,we have now to  chronicle a
 somewhat similar find1 which has       
recently been unearthed at  ,brigg1 in  
,lincolnshire4 ,while the workmen were  
excavating the ground  for a new        
gas-holder1 they came upon a block of   
oak1 which ultimately  proved to be an  
ancient ,british vessel of extraordinary
 size4 ,it is cut  out of a solid piece 
of wood1 and measures forty-eight feet  
in length1  fifty-two inches in width1  
and thirty-three inches in depth4 ,the  
boat  is in a wonderfully good state of 
preservation1 owing1 no doubt1 to the   
clayey nature of the soil in which it   
lies1 and which has effectually  sealed 
up every cranny against the intrusion of
 the air4 ,the discovery  of this       
prehistoric relic is of such interest1  
that it is to be hoped  some way of     
preserving it from the action of the    
weather will be found  before it is too 

late4    ,only a few years ago1 an      
ancient wooden causeway was discovered  
in the  same neighbourhood--a causeway  
made of squared balks of timber fifteen 
feet long and ten inches square4 ,the   
ends of these logs were bored  with     
holes for the reception of pegs1 so that
 the whole structure  could be firmly   
fastened to the earth4 ,this was        
evidently a necessary  precaution2 for  
the causeway crosses the valley of the  
river ,ancholme1  and would be subject  
to removal by the action of the tidal   
waters4  ,it is believed that an        
extensive shallow lagoon once existed in
 the  ,ancholme valley1 and that this   
was slowly filled up with alluvium4 ,it 
is to this silting up with a non-porous 
soil that the preservation of  both the 
boat and the causeway is due4    ,the   
,times of ,india raises a curious point 
about a certain meteor  of unusual      
brilliancy which was seen in ,india on a
 certain night  in ,january last4       
,curiously enough1 a meteor which was   

described by  eye-witnesses in almost   
the same language which was used by the 
,indian  observers1 passed over ,london 
on the same evening4 ,it was travelling 
in an easterly direction1 and appeared  
about two hours and a half  before the  
meteor noted in ,india4 ,the question   
raised by this double  appearance is3   
,are these two meteors really one and   
the same8 ,the  distance between the two
 points of observation is between five  
and six  thousand miles1 which would    
give a rate of movement for the meteor  
of  thirty-five and a half miles per    
minute4 ,the question is a startling    
one1 which we should think could be     
easily answered by consulting the  logs 
of various vessels which were near the  
presumed track of the  meteor on the    
night of its occurrence4 ,such an       
unusual appearance could  not fail to   
have been recorded4    ,the celebrated  
,christy ,ethnographical ,collection has
 now been added  to the ,british        
,museum1 and for the first time it may  

be said that the  country which has the 
best opportunities of studying          
prehistoric and  semi-barbarous peoples 
in all the countries of the world1 is   
not behind  its neighbours in its       
collection of objects for promoting that
 study4  ,mr ,henry ,christy1 who died  
in #ahfe1 left his wonderful collection 
to  four trustees1 to deal with it as   
they might think fit in the best        
interests of science4 ,these trustees   
offered the collection to the  national 
,museum on the very wise condition1 that
 it was not to become  the property of  
the ,museum until it should be publicly 
exhibited there4  ,this proviso has     
prevented the collection being packed   
away into  cellars for an indefinite    
time1 a fate which has befallen too many
  treasures intrusted to the national   
,museum4    ,the delegates of the       
,french ,chambers of ,commerce who      
accompanied ,m4  de ,lesseps during the 
late survey of the ,panama ,canal works1
 have  now returned with hopeful tales  

of the ultimate success of the grand    
project for uniting the ,atlantic and   
,pacific ,oceans4 ,briefly put1 the     
matter stands thus3 let money be        
supplied1 and the work can be brought   
to a glorious termination4 ,m4 de       
,lesseps affirms that the canal can be  
opened for traffic as soon as #ahhi2 and
 he points to the circumstance  that all
 contracts expire in #ahhh4 ,but        
contractors are but mortal1 and  it is  
believed by experts that the hard       
,culebra rocks1 which present  the most 
formidable obstacle to the prosecution  
of the work1 cannot be  cut through in  
less than five years4 ,these rocks are  
more than a mile  in length1 and in some
 spots they rise to a height of more    
than one  hundred and fifty feet above  
the canal level4    ,in a recent article
 on #8,the ,national ,egg-supply1' a    
contemporary  gives some interesting    
particulars regarding the productiveness
 of  different kinds of fowls4 ,the     
laying power of each hen is said to be  

on an average one hundred eggs per      
annum4 ,this seems a small average4     
,some fowls will lay as many as two     
hundred and twenty per annum1 but  the  
larger proportion yield not more than   
from sixty-five to one  hundred and     
twenty per annum4 ,care and proper food 
have much to do with  productiveness1 as
 all keepers of fowls know well4 ,a     
large portion  of our egg-supply comes  
from ,ireland1 where the birds are not  
nearly  so well tended as they are in   
,england and ,scotland4 ,a score of     
,irish  eggs selected at random from a  
large crate weighed a little under two  
pounds4 ,the eggs from good ,dorkings   
will weigh six ounces more than  this4  
,the eggs from ,spanish fowls weigh two 
pounds fourteen ounces per  score2 while
 those from ,leghorns weigh as much as  
three pounds for the  same quantity4    
,the total cost of our annual egg-supply
 is calculated to  be nearly seven      
millions sterling4    ,mr ,w4 ,k4       
,brooks1 of the ,john ,hopkins          

,university of ,america1 has put        
forward a new observation regarding     
oyster spat1 which may account for  the 
failure of the fisheries in many parts  
of this country4 ,he remarks  that the  
young oyster as it settles upon the     
bottom of the sea is in  some localities
 so covered with sediment that it is    
killed at a very  early stage of        
existence4 ,he holds that the tender    
oyster should find  a resting-place     
which must be clean as well as free from
 destructive  pests4 ,he recommends the 
employment of floating frames furnished 
with a  bottom of galvanised            
wire-netting for the reception of the   
fry4 ,under  such conditions1 it is     
found that oysters grow with wonderful  
rapidity4    ,anglers know well that the
 voracious pike is a fish most tenacious
 of  life1 and that hours after he has  
lain in the fishing-creel apparently    
dead1 he is quite capable of giving a   
snap with his sharp teeth4 ,but  few are
 aware how long a pike will live out of 

his proper element4 ,a  ,paris          
fishmonger recently received a quantity 
of fish from ,rotterdam  which were     
packed in ice4 ,among these was a pike  
over two feet long1  which1 on          
unpacking1 was seen slightly to move its
 gills4 ,the fish was  placed in fresh  
water1 with the result that in a few    
hours it was fully  alive and very      
active4 ,this fish1 as far as can be    
learnt1 was actually  out of the water  
for three days1 during which time it    
travelled nearly  three hundred miles4  
,it is now in the ,trocadero ,aquarium1 
and seems to  have fully recovered from 
its curious experience4    ,the         
,sanitary ,record informs metropolitan  
householders that their  peace is       
threatened with a new danger4 ,a ,london
 resident found that  each time the     
water was turned on to his house1 a     
plentiful supply of  coal-gas was       
delivered gratis at the same time and   
through the same  pipes4 ,the           
explanation of the matter is as follows3

 in the particular  street where this   
strange thing happened1 the soil round  
the water main  is completely saturated 
with gas from leaky pipes4 ,when the    
water is  turned off1 there is a vacuum 
formed in the main1 and gas is sucked in
  through imperfect joints1 to be       
delivered to the unfortunate residents  
directly the water is again turned on4  
,the matter can of course be  easily    
remedied2 but the serious lesson taught 
by the incident is that  gas can find   
its way to water-pipes1 and that        
sewer-gas may as easily  do so as       
coal-gas4    ,the last application of   
rock-oil is a petroleum engine1 which we
 saw  working lately in ,london4 ,in    
general appearance1 it is like a gas    
engine2 but it has a tank fixed above   
the cylinder which contains a  supply of
 petroleum4 ,this liquid is conveyed by 
a small pipe and pump  to the cylinder  
at the rate of about four drops per     
stroke of the  piston rod4 ,it is       
ignited by a spirit-lamp after having   

been mingled  with sufficient air to    
form an explosive mixture4 ,the working 
cost of  the engine is calculated at    
three-halfpence per horse-power per hour
  for petroleum1 and one-sixth of that  
sum for lubricating4 ,the engine  will  
be valuable where gas is not to be      
obtained and where steam is             
inadmissible4    ,mr ,william ,anderson 
lately delivered an interesting lecture 
before the  ,royal ,institution #8,on   
,new ,applications of the ,mechanical   
,properties  of ,cork to the ,arts4' ,he
 showed that cork was unique among solid
  substances in being capable of cubical
 compression both from forces  applied  
in opposite directions and from pressure
 from all sides4 ,this  is shown when   
cork is immersed in water and is        
subjected to hydraulic  pressure4 ,the  
phenomenon in question is due to the    
peculiar cellular  structure of the     
material1 which causes it to behave more
 like a gas  when under pressure than   
like a solid4 ,mr ,anderson proposes to 

use  cork instead of air in the         
air-vessels of water-raising machinery1 
and he showed by experiment how well    
fitted it was for doing this  duty4 ,he 
also proposes to use it in connection   
with gun-carriages in  the following    
way3 the carriage is to be furnished    
with hydraulic  compressors in the      
customary manner1 but the water in the  
cylinders is  to be driven by the recoil
 of the gun into a vessel filled with   
cork4  ,this will represent a store of  
energy which will run the gun out again 
when loaded1 by the aid of a tap which  
will liberate the water from  the       
compressed cork4 ,the lecture certainly 
exhibited cork in a new  character1 and 
called attention to many ways in which  
it can be used  with advantage4    ,the 
nebula in the ,pleiades1 so strangely   
discovered by photography1  although it 
was quite invisible to ordinary         
telescopic scrutiny1 has  now been      
detected by more than one observer4 ,it 
is1 however1 as may be  guessed1 an     

extremely faint object4 ,,mm4 ,perrotin 
and ,thollon1 of the  observatory at    
,nice1 say that they have seen it1 but  
admit at the same  time that this was   
only because they knew from the ,paris  
photograph  that it existed4    ,the    
number of valuable substances which can 
be extracted from coal-tar  is          
marvellous1 and would surprise gas      
manufacturers of a generation  ago1 who 
gladly gave away the tar to any one who 
would take it4 ,the  last product of the
 black and ill-smelling fluid is a      
substance which  has been named         
,saccharin1 on account of its extreme   
sweetness1 and  the discovery is due to 
,professor ,fahlberg4 ,saccharin is said
 to be  two hundred and thirty times    
sweeter than the best cane-sugar4 ,it   
has  a great interest for the medical   
profession1 for it can be used to       
render palatable the food of patients   
suffering from diabetes1 and has  been  
already adopted for this service in one 
of the ,berlin hospitals4  ,at present1 

the new sweetener costs forty shillings 
per pound4 ,it has  been ascertained by 
experiment that saccharin is innocuous2 
and we may  feel sure that if its price 
can be reduced1 it will become a        
formidable  rival to sugar4    ,the     
chief of the ,united ,states ,geological
 ,survey1 ,major ,powell1 has           
discovered near ,california what he     
believes to be the oldest human         
habitations on the ,american continent4 
,the mountains in the vicinity  are     
covered with beds of lava1 in which have
 been excavated square  rooms1 lined    
with a kind of cement made with lava4   
,although these  rock-dwellers were of  
prehistoric time1 their work shows      
traces of an  advanced civilisation4    
,several articles of pottery have been  
found in  these cave-dwellings1 as well 
as a kind of cloth made of woven hair4  
,wrapped in such a cloth1 which tumbled 
into dust when touched1 there  was found
 a small image resembling a man4 ,no    
fewer than sixty groups of  these       

villages in the lava have been found4   
,mr ,eric ,s4 ,bruce1 who has been      
experimenting during the past year for  
the government with a balloon for       
signalling purposes1 which he has       
invented1 is about to exhibit a balloon 
of the same kind at the ,crystal        
,palace1 ,sydenham4 ,this arostat will  
have a capacity of eighty thousand      
cubic feet1 sufficient to give it the   
necessary lifting power to carry  up    
several passengers4 ,the balloon will be
 a captive one1 like that  exhibited at 
,paris in #ahgh1 and will1 like its huge
 forerunner1 be  hauled down to the     
earth after each ascent1 by steam-power4
 ,it will  ascend for the amusement of  
visitors during the daytime1 telephonic 
communication being maintained between  
the car and the earth2 while at  night  
it will be illuminated by the electric  
light1 so that ,mr ,bruce's  method of  
signalling may be fully demonstrated4   
,the number of deep wells sunk in       
,london and its neighbourhood during    

the past thirty years has had the effect
 of lowering the general  water level in
 the chalk to the amount of about twelve
 inches  annually4 ,but there is still a
 very large quantity available--so the  
experts say--without sinking shafts to  
extraordinary depths4 ,much  interest   
attaches to the subject at the present  
time on account of  the threatened      
action of the ,london corporation to    
sink wells for  themselves1 as the      
strongest protest they can offer against
 the high  charges of the ,water        
,company supplying the city4    ,the    
title of one of ,turner's best pictures1
 #8,the ,tmraire towed to  her last     
,moorings1' comes to the mind as one    
hears that the ,great  ,eastern1 the    
largest steamship ever built1 too large1
 indeed1 to  be profitably worked1 has  
steamed round to ,liverpool to serve as 
a  show-place during the ,maritime      
,exhibition there4 ,after this last duty
  is done1 this monument of ,brunel's   
wonderful skill will take up her        

position as a coal-hulk4    ,people who 
rejoice in the possession of wealth and 
who have plenty  of time on their hands1
 generally develop into #8collectors4'  
,coins1  pictures1 books1 china1        
orchids1 postage-stamps1 c41 have their 
periods as the fashionable things to    
gather together4 ,the last craze of     
this kind is devoted to engraved plates4
 ,old copper plates are perhaps  the    
best2 and the way to preserve and       
exhibit them is as follows3  the plate  
is rolled with ink and polished1 just as
 if an impression  were required of it4 
,it is then set aside for the ink to    
dry1 when it  receives a coating of     
clear varnish1 to protect it from the   
oxidising  action of the air4 ,it is now
 framed and hung up like an ordinary    
picture4    ,the ,kyrle ,societies have 
seldom reason to congratulate iron      
manufacturers on the progress of their  
art2 but it seems as if they  might     
heartily rejoice in a ,report recently  
made at the instance of  the            

,north-eastern ,steel ,company as to the
 utilisation of an important  by-product
 of the steel manufacture4 ,the ,report 
is on the results of  experiments made  
to test the value of basic cinder as a  
manure1 and  is the joint work of       
,professor ,wrightson and ,dr ,munro1 of
 the ,college  of ,agriculture1         
,downton1 ,salisbury4 ,basic cinder1 or 
basic steel  slag1 is the broken-up and 
useless lining of the converters used in
  the ,thomas-,gilchrist process for    
dephosphorising iron1 and is a bulky    
by-product of the manufacture4 ,it      
contains from sixteen to nineteen  per  
cent4 of phosphoric acid combined with  
lime and other bases2 and  the ,report  
in question puts it beyond a doubt that 
the undissolved  phosphates of the      
cinder have an available and remarkable 
value for  manurial purposes4 ,extensive
 and elaborate experiments conducted  at
 ,downton and elsewhere showed          
decisively that this heretofore         
inconvenient substance is an excellent  

fertiliser for swedes and other         
turnips1 as well as for grass4 ,it seems
 to be positively better for  this      
purpose than ground coprolites1 and only
 a little less effective  than          
superphosphate4 ,this interesting       
,report is published at the ,daily      
,exchange ,offices1 ,middlesborough4    
,similar experiments have been  attended
 with like success in ,germany2 and from
 ,le ,temps it would  appear that       
enterprising agricultural chemists are  
already in treaty  with some of the     
blast-furnaces of ,alsace-,lorraine for 
the purchase of  all the slag produced  
by them4    ,the history of the recovery
 of a portion of the mails from the     
,cunard  steamer ,oregon1 ought to      
supply chemists and inventors with a    
good  deal of food for thought4 ,before 
the vessel sank1 a portion of the  mail 
was recovered1 but by far the greater   
portion went down with  her4 ,this was  
the case with the registered letters1   
the portion of  the mail containing     

securities1 coupons1 c41 to the value of
 at  least one hundred thousand pounds1 
besides drafts1 letters of credit1  c41 
of which the value was unknown4 ,a      
notice has been issued by the           
,liverpool postmaster which tells us    
that the whole of these registered      
letters have been recovered4 ,the       
letters were thoroughly soaked1 but  the
 post-office authorities dried them as  
carefully as they could and  sent them  
on to their destination4 ,all the       
mail-matter that has been  recovered was
 badly damaged by wetting1 while the    
bags which were  subjected to           
long-continued soaking at the bottom of 
the sea were  very much damaged4 ,in one
 case1 a fifty pound note sent from     
,frome to  ,chicago was delivered only  
just recognisable1 but still sufficient 
to  insure its being honoured4    ,these
 facts have led an ,american scientific 
journal to urge the  necessity for      
waterproof mailbags1 waterproof paper1  
and waterproof  ink4 ,waterproof        

mailbags alone will not be sufficient1  
as1 in the  process of handling them or 
raising them from a sunken vessel1 they 
are liable to be rendered leaky4        
,waterproof paper1 again1 would be of   
no service unless it was accompanied by 
waterproof ink4 ,the mailbags  need only
 be waterproof in the ordinary          
acceptation of the term2 and if  there  
could be certainty that they would      
remain so1 nothing more would  be needed
 to protect documents or anything else  
placed in them2 but as  holes are likely
 to be worn or torn in them1 the only   
final resource  is the production of    
paper and ink that will resist the      
prolonged  action of sea-water4 ,if such
 a paper and ink can be produced at a   
reasonable cost1 they would meet with a 
ready market throughout the  civilised  
world4 ,but the paper must be lighter1  
more flexible1 and more  opaque than the
 waterproof parchment paper now         
obtainable4    ,the lesson which the    
loss of the ,oregon seems to teach the  

commercial  world is1 that a convenient 
waterproof paper is required for        
transatlantic correspondence4 ,modern   
chemistry and mechanical invention      
ought to be able to meet this want4     
,no class of the community has received 
so much good advice as that to  which   
the farmer belongs1 and it would be a   
wonder if he did not resent  some of it1
 and say that it is not good advice that
 is wanted most1 but  good seasons4     
,however1 when a practical lesson comes 
within one's reach  for the better      
utilisation of available material1 only 
a foolish person  would neglect to learn
 it4 ,in the model dairy at the         
,brighton ,show1  last summer1          
,professor ,long gave an explanatory    
demonstration of the  simple methods of 
making three kinds of soft cheese1 by   
the employment  of tinned-iron hoops1   
beech-boards1 straw-mats1 milk-vessels1 
draining-shelves1 and a thermometer4 ,in
 the ,journal of the ,bath and  ,west of
 ,england ,society1 he has recently     

drawn attention to the subject  again1  
and explains his method whereby the     
farmer may utilise his  skim-milk by the
 profitable manufacture of soft cheese4 
,it seems that  anybody can learn the   
processes2 and a few experiments will   
teach the  practice of ripening the     
cheeses in an apartment having a        
regulated  temperature proper for the   
development of the necessary white      
mould1  followed by blue mould1         
producing the most accepted flavour4    
,from a gallon of #8whole' milk1 costing
 sixpence1 ,professor ,long  made ,brie 
cheese--the most famous of ,french      
varieties--worth1 at ten  days to three 
months old1 from one shilling to one    
shilling and  sixpence2 from half a     
gallon of milk1 half of it skim-milk1   
valued at  twopence-halfpenny1 he made  
,coulommiers1 a round cheese worth at   
least  eightpence2 and from skim-milk   
only1 costing about one penny1 he made a
  square variety1 of his own invention1 
named ,graveley cheese1 partaking  of   

the qualities of the ,limburg of        
,germany and the ,livarot of ,france4   
,we understand that nearly six millions 
of the delicious ,brie cheeses  are made
 annually in certain districts of       
,france for the ,parisian  market4 ,an  
important point will be gained1 however1
 in this country1  if some of our       
farmers begin to convert their skim-milk
 into a product  which will sell at     
three or four times the value of the    
milk4    ,honey-wine is said to be      
excellent2 and ,dzierzon--one of the    
most famous  ,german writers on         
scientific bee-keeping--tells us that it
 is often  manufactured by peasants in  
,eastern ,europe4 ,it is made as        
follows3  ,twenty-five pounds of honey  
are mixed with four and a half gallons  
of  water in a bright copper boiler1 the
 mixture being gently boiled and        
constantly skimmed during half an hour4 
,three pounds of finely powdered  chalk 
are then gradually added1 under constant
 stirring4 ,the tough scum  which rises 

to the surface is skimmed off1 and when 
no more rises1  the liquid is poured    
into a wooden vessel1 where it is       
allowed to  settle4 ,the liquid is then 
carefully decanted into the cleaned     
kettle1  mixed with six pounds of finely
 powdered and recently burned charcoal1 
and raised to boiling4 ,it is now once  
more poured into the wooden  vessel1    
allowed to cool1 and then filtered      
through felt or flannel4  ,it should be 
stated that the chalk is added to       
neutralise free acid1  while the        
charcoal removes the waxy taste4 ,the   
filtered liquor is then  transferred to 
the boiler1 mixed with the white of     
twenty-five eggs1  and raised to        
boiling1 when the coagulated albumen    
will have clarified  the liquid4 ,after 
having kept the liquid at a gentle boil 
for one hour  longer1 it is allowed to  
cool1 and is then poured into a cask1   
which  must not be quite full1 and the  
bung-hole covered with a piece of clean 
linen4 ,in this condition it is allowed 

to remain until fermentation  has been  
completed4 ,when it is perfectly clear1 
the liquid is drawn  off into bottles4  
,we are told by ,dzierzon that this     
wine1 if properly  prepared1 resembles  
the best brands of ,madeira1 and is a   
truly royal  beverage4 ,it keeps for any
 length of time1 provided the bottles   
are  stored in a cool cellar4           
,a ,,new ,,theory ,,of ,,dew4      ,the 
explanation of the formation of dew and 
hoar-frost which ,dr ,wells  published  
about seventy years ago1 has been almost
 universally accepted  as satisfactory  
ever since4 ,shortly stated1 ,dr ,wells'
 #8,theory of ,dew'  is as follows3 ,air
 always contains a certain amount of    
moisture in the  form of invisible      
vapour4 ,the hotter the air is1 the more
 vapour will  it contain4 ,thus1 during 
a warm day1 a good deal of moisture     
passes  into the air2 and when the      
temperature falls in the evening1 some  
of it  is deposited as a fine mist4 ,but
 even when this mist does not appear1   

dew is formed4 ,as soon as the sun is   
down1 especially if it is a clear       
evening1 the grass1 trees1 shrubs1 and  
even the soil itself rapidly  get cooled
 by radiating into space the heat which 
they contain4 ,these  cooled bodies in  
turn cool the warm air above them1 and  
this causes it  to deposit more or less 
of its moisture1 which appears either as
 a film  or in minute drops of dew4 ,the
 points of the grass1 small twigs1 and  
all other good radiating surfaces are   
cooled the most2 and accordingly  we    
find the dewdrops most abundant on these
 bodies2 whilst on metal or  hard stone 
surfaces1 which are poor radiators1 we  
seldom or never find  any dew4 ,a clear1
 cloudless sky1 which promotes          
radiation1 is always  favourable to the 
formation of dew2 but on cloudy nights1 
little is  formed1 because the clouds   
return the heat radiated from the earth4
    ,hoar-frost is only dew deposited on
 bodies cooled below the                
freezing-point4 ,it is formed in winter 

when the temperature of the  air during 
the day is only a little over this      
point4 ,at night1 the  grass and ground 
are soon cooled below thirty-two degrees
 ,fahrenheit1  and what moisture is     
deposited appears as minute ice-crystals
 or  hoar-frost4    ,many experiments   
can be cited which tend to strengthen   
and confirm  this explanation4 ,thus1   
every one is familiar with the fact of  
glass  bottles1 mirrors1 c41 being      
covered with moisture on being brought  
into a warm room4 ,the same thing       
happens with a cold cabbage leaf1 or    
with a bundle of vegetables or a bunch  
of flowers4 ,on a cold night1  the      
windows of a warm room soon get dimmed4 
,still more striking is a  phenomenon   
which frequently occurs in countries    
where the temperature  is much below the
 freezing-point in winter4 ,the houses  
are well heated1  and if a number of    
people are together1 as in a ballroom1  
the air soon  becomes moisture-laden4   
,if the ventilation is not over-good1 it

 may  happen that a door or window will 
be opened4 ,with the rush of cold air   
from without1 the merry-makers are often
 alarmed by being suddenly  covered with
 hoar-frost1 or sometimes even a shower 
of snow4 ,this does  not come from the  
outside1 as it occurs most readily on   
cold1 clear1  starlit nights4 ,it is the
 moisture of the air of the room        
suddenly  cooled below freezing-point   
that appears as snow or hoar-frost4     
,many  similar experiments may be       
noticed1 all of which are satisfactorily
  accounted for on ,dr ,wells' theory4  
,yet1 within the last few months1 ,mr   
,aitken1 in a communication to the      
,royal ,society of ,edinburgh1 has      
brought forward many observations1 and  
the results of numerous experiments1    
which appear to prove that ,dr  ,wells' 
theory of dew is not1 after all1        
correct4    ,the essential difference   
between the old and the new theories is 
as  to the source of the moisture which 
forms the dew4 ,instead of being        

condensed from the air above by the     
cooled vegetation1 ,mr ,aitken          
maintains that it comes from the ground4
 ,the author of the original  theory    
admitted that some of the dew might come
 from below1 but  affirmed that it must 
be an exceedingly small proportion4 ,mr 
,aitken's  experiments1 on the contrary1
 seem to prove that most if not the     
whole  comes from the ground4    ,it is 
quite clear that the grass and soil do  
get rapidly cooled on  dewy nights2 but 
if they are below the temperature of the
 air above1  the ground just under the  
surface is much warmer4 ,thermometers   
placed  on the surface of grass were    
often found ten to eighteen degrees     
lower than those placed under the       
surface among the stems4 ,in such       
circumstances1 vapour must be rising    
from the soil1 and part of it will      
condense on the grass1 which has been   
cooled by radiation4 ,by carefully      
weighing small squares of turf cut from 
a lawn before and after the  appearance 

of dew on them1 it was always found that
 they lost weight4  ,if the dew had     
condensed out of the surrounding air1   
the turf would  have gained in weight by
 the amount of dew deposited4 ,it was   
thus  clear that vapour was rising from 
the ground1 only part of which was      
condensed on the grass1 the remainder   
passing into the air4    ,another       
experiment1 pointing to the same        
conclusion1 was made by  inverting thin 
trays over the grass4 ,on dewy nights   
these trays were  always found wet on   
the under surface2 and the grass below  
them was  always much wetter than that  
freely exposed outside4 ,the moisture   
rising from the ground was evidently    
trapped and condensed1 instead of  being
 allowed to pass freely into the        
atmosphere4    ,the explanation of the  
absence of dew on the surface of stones1
 roads1  and other hard surfaces1 on the
 old theory was1 that these1 being poor 
radiators1 did not get much cooled4 ,but
 closer observation shows that  dew does

 form on stones and clods and gravel1   
only it is chiefly on the  under        
surfaces4 ,thus1 slates laid over both  
hard and gravelly roads  are always     
found dripping wet on their under       
surfaces on dewy nights2  while their   
upper surfaces and the surrounding roads
 are dry4 ,during  frost1 too1 clods and
 stones on the surface of the soil are  
almost  always found to be covered with 
hoar-frost1 showing that the moisture   
is trapped as it rises from the soil4   
,but perhaps the most interesting       
observations and experiments were  those
 made to determine the origin of the    
#8dewdrops' on grass and  vegetables4   
,in the first place1 it is found that   
these drops do not  appear on all       
plants4 ,some are wet1 while others     
growing alongside  are dry1 though there
 could be no great difference in their  
radiating  power4 ,then the leaves do   
not get wet all over1 but only at the   
edges  and on the tips4 ,a closer       
observation reveals the fact that these 

so-called #8dewdrops' are formed at the 
end of the minute veins of  the leaves  
and grass1 and are not now recognised as
 dew at all1 but  moisture exuded from  
the interior of the plants themselves4  
,moreover1  these drops always appear   
before the true dew in the evening1 and 
very often are seen when no true dew is 
formed4 ,they even appear when  the     
vegetables are placed under conditions  
where condensation of the  surrounding  
water-vapour is impossible1 and must1   
therefore1 be due to  the vital activity
 of the plants4    ,another observation 
may be mentioned which clearly shows    
that moisture  rising from below may    
become condensed on the cooled surfaces 
of loose  material4 ,if the weather is  
at all cold1 the beard and moustaches   
get  covered with moisture2 and in very 
cold climates1 the eyebrows1 hair1  and 
whiskers get covered with a coating of  
hoar-frost4 ,the moisture  which forms  
this certainly comes from the body1     
which is always at a  much higher       

temperature than the surrounding air4   
,all these observations and experiments 
have led to the conclusion that         
moisture is constantly being given off  
from the earth2 and that1 except  on the
 rare occasions when a warm             
moisture-laden wind blows gently over  a
 previously cooled surface1 it only     
returns to the surface of the  ground   
after being condensed into rain1 sleet1 
snow1 or hail4 ,dew is  only a portion  
of the outward current trapped on the   
exposed and cooled  surfaces of the     
grass and other bodies4                 
,,comrie ,,earthquakes4      ,regarding 
earth-tremors or earthquakes1 which1    
curiously enough1  seem to be mainly    
confined in ,scotland to ,comrie1 in    
,perthshire1 a  correspondent writing   
from ,comrie kindly favours us with the 
following  notes as to the erection     
which is there devoted to the           
registering of  earthquakes4 ,our       
correspondent says3    ,i recently      
visited the building with a view of     

giving you a few notes  as to its       
history and construction4 ,i may state  
that about fourteen  years ago1 the     
,british ,association applied to ,mr    
,drummond of ,drumearn  for leave to    
erect a house on his property1 which he 
at once granted  free of charge1 and    
assisted to defray the cost of erection4
    ,the reason why the ,british        
,association selected a site here and   
erected  this earthquake-house at       
,comrie1 was on account of the          
long-continued  periodical shocks that  
had been felt in ,upper ,strathearn1    
particularly  from the year #aghj to    
#ahdh4 ,about the former date1 they had 
been rather  severely felt over the     
whole district1 and damage to some      
extent  done to buildings4 ,on a sheet  
of water near to ,lawers ,house1 the ice
  was shattered to pieces4 ,some of the 
inhabitants at that time kept a  record 
of their occurrence2 and we believe the 
late ,sir ,david ,dundas1  of ,dunira1  
had a seismometer placed on his estate  

in ,glenlednoch1 to  the north of       
,comrie2 but there seems to be no       
evidence to show that  it had ever      
indicated any shock4 ,coming down to the
 year #ahci1 the  inhabitants of the    
village of ,comrie were greatly alarmed1
 about eleven  o'clock on the night of  
the #bc;d of ,october1 by one of the    
most violent  tremors that had been     
experienced there2 and the good people  
rushed  out of their houses and         
assembled in the old ,secession ,church 
for  prayer1 which was conducted by the 
,rev4 ,r4 ,t4 ,walker1 the minister of  
that church4 ,many others fled to the   
hills4 ,but no serious damage was  done 
to property1 save some rents in the     
chimneys4 ,from #ahci to #ahdg1  tremors
 continued to be more frequent1 causing 
considerable alarm by  the movements of 
furniture and crockery4    ,the work of 
erecting the building proposed by the   
,british ,association  was carried out  
under the care of the late ,dr ,james   
,bryce of ,glasgow1  who resided here   

for many seasons1 and was well          
acquainted with the  locality and its   
geological formation4 ,the site chosen  
is a rising  ground near ,drumearn      
,house1 and is built on rock that is    
supposed to  extend a considerable      
distance westward4 ,the building is     
stone1 and  slated1 and is about seven  
feet square inside4 ,the floor is laid  
with  ,arbroath pavement1 on solid rock1
 and is overlaid with fine sand1 on     
which are placed two boards1 at right   
angles to each other4 ,these  boards are
 six feet long by nine inches broad1 and
 on each are placed1  standing1 nine    
round wooden pins1 varying from the     
fourth of an inch to  an inch and a half
 in diameter1 but all of one height     
7eight inches74    ,the building is in  
excellent condition1 and the pins or    
markers are  in their places1 awaiting  
the action of an earthquake to record   
the  desired information as to the      
severity and direction of this now      
seemingly extinct agency of force in    

,upper ,strathearn4 ,the size of pin  or
 cylinder thrown down1 and the direction
 in which it falls1 indicate  the       
strength of shock as well as its        
direction4 ,any one who feels           
interested and may wish to visit the    
building will readily get access  by    
applying to ,mr ,drummond4    ,many     
theories have been propounded as to the 
cause of the earthquakes  which have    
visited this district4 ,the late ,mr    
,patrick ,m#8,farlane of  ,comrie1 who  
took a great interest in them1 erected a
 seismometer in  the steeple of the     
parish church of ,comrie1 which was     
visited by many  of the members of the  
,british ,association and others2 but so
 far as  we are aware1 it never         
registered any markings4 ,it was a very 
simple  apparatus4 ,the pendulum was of 
considerable length1 and all but rested 
on a table overlaid with magnesia1      
which1 being light1 offered no          
resistance to the oscillation of the    
pendulum4 ,a few slight shocks  occurred

 between #ahdg and #ahgg1 but these     
attracted little notice4    ,i may      
remark that no earthquake had1 till     
recently1 been felt here for  some      
years1 consequently1 there had been no  
registering4 ,but on ,sunday  morning   
#ahth ,april last1 at one o'clock1 and  
again on ,thursday the  #bb;d of the    
same month1 about half-past five ,a4,m41
 a slight earthquake  occurred4 ,i      
visited the earthquake-house on both    
occasions2 but there  were no markings1 
none of the pins having fallen4         
,,which8          ,if thou art false as 
thou art fair1        ,and false the    
fairest fair may be1      ,again the    
wondrous power to snare1        ,again  
the siren's self we see4      ,there's  
danger in those dimpling smiles1        
,it glances from that witching e'e1     
,and he who would escape thy wiles1     
,must quickly from the tempter flee4    
,for better far1 as sages tell1         
,from fickle fair to bid adieu1         
,than fall beneath the magic spell      

,of charms the heart may ever rue4      
,beware1 if false1 of beauty bright1    
,beware that luring beacon's ray1       
,for1 oh6 the love that trusts its      
light1        ,may drift a wreck ere    
dawn of day4        ,but if thou'rt true
 as thou art fair1        ,art leal in  
heart1 though seeming gay1      ,wouldst
 ever constant prove1 and ne'er         
,with faithful heart all faithless play1
      ,then thou'rt a gem worth more    
than gold1        ,more precious than   
the ruby rare1      ,more to be prized  
than wealth untold1        ,true heart  
enshrined in form so fair4              
,,john ,,napier4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,the ,conductor 
of ,,chambers',s ,,journal begs to      
direct the attention of  ,,contributors 
to the following notice3     #ast4 ,all 
communications should be addressed to   
the #8,editor1 #cci ,high       ,street1
 ,edinburgh4'     #b;d4 ,for its return 
in case of ineligibility1 postage-stamps
 should       accompany every           

manuscript4     #c;d4 ,to secure their  
safe return if ineligible1 ,,all        
,,manuscripts1       whether accompanied
 by a letter of advice or otherwise1    
should       have the writer's ,name and
 ,address written upon them ,,in ,,full4
     #dth4 ,offerings of ,verse should  
invariably be accompanied by a stamped  
and directed envelope4    ,if the above 
rules are complied with1 the ,editor    
will do his best to  insure the safe    
return of ineligible papers4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,printed and ,published by ,w4  ,r4     
,,chambers1 #dg ,paternoster ,row1      
,,london1  and #cci ,high ,street1      
,,edinburgh4           99       99      
99       99       99    ,all ,rights    
,reserved4