,pro(read]s         ,,mank9d ,,9 ,,!    
,,mak+   ,by ,h4 ,g4 ,wells             
,,preface   ,x may save misund]/&+ if a 
^w or s be said "h ( ! aim & scope ( ?is
 book4 ,x is writt5 9 relation to a     
previ\s "w1 ,anticipations1 ,footnote3  
,publi%$ by ,h>p] ,bros4 & toge!r ) t & 
a small pamphlet1 8,! ,discov]y ( !     
,future10 ,footnote3 ,nature1 vol4 lxv4 
7#aija-b71 p4 #cbf1 & repr9t$ 9 !       
,smi?sonian ,report = #aijb pres5ts a   
g5]al !ory ( social developm5t & (      
social & political conduct4 ,x is an    
attempt to deal ) social & political    
que/ions 9 a new way & f a new          
/>t+-po9t1 view+ ! :ole social &        
political _w z aspects ( "o univ]sal    
evolv+ s*eme1 & plac+ all social &      
political activities 9 a def9$ relation 
to t2 & to ?is g5]al me?od & tr5d x is t
 ! att5tion ( ! read] is especially     
direct$4 ,! two books & ! pamphlet      
toge!r are to be reg>d$ z an essay 9    
pres5tation4 ,x is a "w t ! writ] admits
 he has und]tak5 prim>ily = 8 own m5tal 

com=t4 ,he is rem>kably n qualifi$ to   
assume an au?oritative tone 9 ^! matt]s1
 & he is acutely aw>e ( ! _m defects 9  
detail$ k1 9 temp]1 & 9 tra9+ ^! pap]s  
collectively display4 ,he is aw>e t at  
su* po9ts1 = example1 z ! ref]5ce to    
au?orities 9 ! *apt] on ! biological    
problem1 & to books 9 ! educational     
*apt]1 ! lacun> quality ( 8 read+ & k is
 only too evid5t2 to fill 9 & complete 8
 design--notably 9 ! f\r? pap]--he has  
_h q frankly to j]ry-build "h & !re4    
,nev]!less1 he v5tures to publi% ?is    
book4 ,!re are phases 9 ! developm5t ( e
 sci5ce :5 an incauti\s outsid] may ?9k 
himself almo/ necess>y1 :5 sket*9ess    
ceases to be a s91 :5 ! m]e facts (     
irresponsibility & an untra9$ int]e/ may
 p]mit a fre%ness1 a fre$om ( m5tal     
ge/ure t w\ld be inconv5i5t & compromis+
 = ! speciali/2 & su* a phase1 x is     
submitt$1 has be5 rea*$ 9 ?is field (   
speculation4 ,moreov]1 ! "w attempt$ is 
n s mu* special & te*nical z a "w (     
reconciliation1 ! sugge/ion ( broad     

g5]alizations ^u :i* div]g5t speciali/s 
may meet1 a bus9ess = non-te*nical      
expression1 & 9 :i* a man :o kn[s a     
little ( biology1 a little ( physical   
sci5ce1 & a little 9 a practical way (  
social /ratification1 :o has conc]n$    
himself ) education & aspir$ to creative
 art1 may claim 9 8 v amateuri%ness a   
special qualification4 ,& 9 addition1 x 
is p>ticul>ly a bus9ess = "s            
irresponsible writ]1 outside !          
complications ( practical politics1 "s  
man :o1 politically1 8doesn't matt]10 to
 provide ! fir/ t5tatives ( a political 
doctr9e t %all be equally available =   
application 9 ! ,briti% ,empire & 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to t we mu/ come1 unless
 our talk ( co-op]ation1 ( reunion1 is  
no m ?an s5tim5tal dream+4 ,we h to get 
into l9e1 & t we _c d :ile ov] "h & ov] 
!re m5 hold !mselves b\nd by old p>ty   
=mulae1 by loyalties & in/itutions1 t   
are becom+1 t h become1 prov9cial 9     
proportion to our new & wid] ne$s4 ,my  
in/ances are commonly ,briti%1 b all !  

broad project ( ?is book--! discussion (
 ! quality ( ! av]age bir? & ( ! av]age 
home1 ! educational s*eme1 ! sugge/ions 
= ! organization ( lit]ature & a common 
language1 ! criticism ( poll+ & ! jury  
sy/em1 & ! ideal ( a ,republic ) an     
app>atus ( hon\r--is1 ,i submit1        
address$ to1 & c\ld be adopt$ by1 any   
,engli%-read+ & ,engli%-speak+ man4 ,no 
d\bt ! _s ( ! inquiry is m ,briti% ?an  
,am]ican1 t ! ab&onm5t ( ,r\sseau &     
an>*ic democracy is m complete ?an      
,am]ican ?\ght is yet prep>$ =1 b t is a
 diff]5ce n ( quality b ( degree4 ,& ev5
 ! app5dix1 :i* at a ha/y glance may    
seem to be no m ?an ! discussion (      
,briti% p>o*ial b\nd>ies1 does inde$    
develop pr9ciples ( prim>y importance 9 
! fundam5tal s*ism ( ,am]ican politics  
betwe5 ! local ,/ate gov]nm5t & ! c5tral
 p[]4 ,s mu* ( apology & explanation ,i 
owe to ! read]1 to ! contempor>y        
speciali/1 & to myself4  ,^! pap]s 7    
fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,briti% ,=tnightly     
,review & 9 ! ,am]ican ,cosmopolitan4 ,9

 ! latt] p]iodical !y 71 = ! mo/ "p1    
pr9t$ f uncorrect$ pro(s set up f an    
e>ly v]sion4 ,?is p]iodical publication 
produc$ a consid]able correspond5ce1 :i*
 has be5 ( v great s]vice 9 ! f9al      
revision4 ,^! pap]s h inde$ be5 hon\r$  
by lett]s f m5 & wom5 ( almo/ e         
pr(ession1 & by a really v consid]able  
am\nt ( g5u9e criticism 9 ! ,briti%     
press4 ,no?+1 ,i ?9k1 c\ld witness m    
effectually to ! dem& = su* discussions 
( g5]al pr9ciple1 to ! ne$ felt = "s    
nucle> matt] to cry/allize ^u at !      
pres5t "t1 h[ev] poor its quality1 ?an  
?is fact4 ,"h ,i c only ?ank ! writ]s   
collectively1 & call _! att5tion to ! m 
practical gratitude ( my frequ5tly      
modifi$ text4  ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 l to     
express my especial indebt$ness to my   
fri5d1 ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas1 :o g5]\sly 
toil$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( my typewritt5 copy1
 & gave me mu* valuable advice1 & to    
,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,/u>t ,m5tea? = "s valuable
 ref]5ces4  ,h4 ,g4 ,,wells4  ,,s&gate1 
,july1 #aijc4     ,,cont5ts             

,,preface        ,i4 ,,! ,,new          
,,republic      ,,ii4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( 
,,! ,,bir? ,,supply     ,,iii4 ,,c]ta9  
,,:olesale ,,aspects ,,( ,,man-,,mak+   
,,iv4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,! ,,m9d ,,&   
,,language       ,v4 ,,! ,,man-,,mak+   
,,=ces ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,/ate      ,,vi4
 ,,s*ool+     ,,vii4 ,,political ,,&    
,,social ,,influ5ces    ,,viii4 ,,!     
,,cultivation ,,( ,,! ,,imag9ation      
,,ix4 ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,high]
 ,,education       ,x4 ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,!  
,,mod]n ,,/ate      ,,xi4 ,,! ,,man',s  
,,own ,,%>e     ,,app5dix     ,a ,,pap] 
,,on ,,adm9i/rative ,,areas ,,read      
,,be=e ,,! ,,fabian ,,society           
,,index     ,,mank9d ,,9 ,,! ,,mak+     
,i4 ,,! ,,new ,,republic   ,tol]ation   
to-day is becom+ a diff]5t ?+ f !       
tol]ation ( =m] times4 ,! tol]ation ( ! 
pa/ consi/$ v l>gely 9 say+1 8,y are    
utt]ly wrong & totally accur/1 !re is no
 tru? b my tru? & t y d5y1 b x is n my  
place to de/roy y & s ,i let y g40      
,n[adays !re is a real disposition to   

accept ! qualifi$ nature ( "o's private 
c]ta9ties4 ,"o may h arriv$ at v def9ite
 views1 "o may h come to beliefs q b9d+ 
^u "o's self1 )\t suppos+ !m to be      
imp]ative ^u o!r p4 ,to write 8,i       
believe0 is n only less presumptu\s &   
aggressive 9 su* matt]s ?an to write 8x 
is true10 b x is also ne>] ! reality ( !
 case4 ,"o kn[s :at seems true to "o's  
self1 b we are com+ to realize t ! _w is
 great & complex1 beyond ! utmo/ p[] (  
su* m9ds z ours4 ,e day ( life drives t 
conviction fur!r home4 ,& x is possible 
to ma9ta9 t 9 p]haps q a great numb] (  
e?ical1 social1 & political que/ions !re
 is no absolute 8tru?0 at all--at lea/ =
 f9ite be+s4 ,to "o intellectual        
temp]am5t ?+s may h a moral t9t &       
aspect1 diff]+ widely f t !y pres5t to  
ano!r2 & yet ea* may be 9 its own way   
"r4 ,! wide diff]5ces 9 "* & quality    
betwe5 "o human be+ & ano!r may q       
conceivably involve n only diff]5ces 9  
moral obligation1 b diff]5ces 9         
fundam5tal moral aspect--we may act &   

react ^u ea* o!r t[>ds a univ]sal end1 b
 )\t any univ]sally applicable rule (   
conduct :atev]4 ,9 "s great] vision ?an 
m9e1 my "r & wrong may be no m ?an hamm]
 & anvil 9 ! accompli%m5t ( a design    
l>g] ?an ,i c und]/&4 ,s t ^! pap]s are 
n writt5 prim>ily = all1 nor ) ! same   
int5tion t[>ds all :o read !m4 ,!y are  
design$ fir/ = ^? :o are pr$ispos$ = _! 
reception4 ,!n !y are int5d$ to display 
9 an ord]ly mann] a po9t ( view1 & h[   
?+s look f t po9t ( view1 to ^? :o are n
 s pr$ispos$4 ,^! latt] w ei!r develop  
into adh]5ts z !y read1 or1 :at is m    
likely1 !y w ex*ange a vague disord]ly  
objection = a cle>ly def9$ & und]/ood   
diff]5ce4 ,to arrive at su* an und]/&+  
is (t5 = practical purposes z good z    
unanimity2 = 9 n>r[+ d[n ! issue to "s  
c5tral po9t or pr9ciple1 we develop j h[
 f> ^? :o are div]g5t may g toge!r be=e 
sep>ation or conflict become inevitable1
 & save some?+ ( our "t & ( our lives f 
^? misund]/&+s1 & ^? second>y diff]5ces 
( no practical importance :atev]1 :i*   

make su* disa/r\s wa/e ( human en]gy4   
,n[ ! po9t ( view :i* w be display$ 9   
relation to a numb] ( wide que/ions 9 ^!
 pages is prim>ily t ( ! writ]'s4 ,b he 
hopes & believes t among ^? :o read :at 
he has to say1 !re w be f\nd n only _m  
to und]/&1 b "s to agree ) him4 ,9 _m   
ways he is incl9$ to believe !          
developm5t ( 8 views may be typical ( ! 
sort ( developm5t t has gone on to a    
great] or less] ext5t 9 ! m9ds ( _m ( ! 
y\ng] m5 dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 & x is 9
 t belief t he is n[ pres5t+ !m4  ,& !  
que/ions t w be dealt ) 9 relation to   
?is po9t ( view are all ^? que/ions     
outside a man's purely private self--if 
he h a purely private self--9 :i* he    
int]acts ) 8 fell[-man4 ,our attempt w  
be to put 9 ord]1 to r$uce to pr9ciple1 
:at is at pres5t 9 c\ntless in/ances a  
mass ( inconsi/5t proce$+s1 to frame a  
g5]al !ory 9 accordance ) mod]n         
conditions ( social & political         
activity4  ,?is is "o man's proposal1 8 
attempt to supply a ne$ t has oppress$  

him = _m ye>s1 a ne$ t he has n only    
f\nd 9 8 own s*emes ( conduct1 b t he   
has obs]v$ 9 ! ?\ght ( numb]less p ab\t 
him1 r5d]+ _! action fragm5t>y1 wa/eful 
9 ! gross1 & ineffective 9 ! net result1
 ! ne$ = "s g5]al pr9ciple1 "s lead+    
idea1 "s /&>d1 suffici5tly compreh5sive 
to be ( real guid+ value 9 social &     
political matt]s1 9 _m d\btful issues ( 
private conduct1 & ?r\gh\t ! bus9ess (  
deal+ ) "o's fell[-m54 ,no d\bt !re are 
_m :o d n feel su* a ne$ at all1 & ) ^! 
we may "p company =?)2 !re are1 =       
example1 ^? :o pr(ess ! arti/ic         
temp]am5t & foll[ ! impulse ( ! mom5t1 &
 ^? :o consult an inn] light 9 "s       
entirely my/ical mann]4 ,b nei!r ( ^! ,i
 believe is ! mo/ abundant type 9 !     
,engli%-speak+ communities4 ,my         
impression is t ) mo/ ( ! m9ds ,i h be5 
able to exam9e ) any ?or\ghness1 !      
attempt to sy/ematize "o's private &    
public conduct alike1 & to r$uce x to   
spaci\s g5]al rules1 to attempt1 if n to
 succe$1 9 mak+ x coh]5t1 consi/5t1 &   

uni=mly direct$1 is an almo/ in/9ctive  
proce$+4  ,!re is an objection ,i may   
anticipate at ?is po9t4 ,if ,i am to    
leave ?is /atem5t unqualifi$1 x w\ld    
c]ta9ly be object$ t su* a ne$ is no m  
nor less ?an ! ne$ ( religion1 t a      
prop]ly =mulat$ religion does supply a  
tru/wor?y guide at e =k & labyr9? 9     
life4 ,by my allusion to ! failure ( old
 =mulae & me?ods to satisfy n[1 ,i am   
afraid _m p w *oose to und]/& t ,i ref] 
to :at is (t5 spok5 ( z ! conflict (    
religion & sci5ce1 & t ,i int5d to      
prop\nd "s contribution to ! conflict4  
,i w at any rate anticipate t objection 
"h1 9 ord] to m>k out my b\nd>ies )     
great] precision4  ,tak5 9 its          
complet5ess1 ,i submit t x is a great]  
claim ?an almo/ any religion c          
ju/ifiably make1 to satisfy ! ne$ ,i h  
/at$4 ,no religion prescribes rules t c 
be imm$iately appli$ to e ev5tuality4   
,betwe5 ! g5]al rules laid d[n & !      
p>ticul> in/ance !re is always a wide   
gap1 into :i* d\bts & alt]natives ent] &

 ! private judgm5t has play4 ,no d\bt ^u
 c]ta9 def9$ issues ( e-day life "s     
religions are absolutely explicit2 !    
,mahom$an religion1 = example1 is v     
uncompromis+ ^u ! use ( w9e1 & ! law ( !
 ,t5 ,comm&m5ts completely prohibits !  
mak+ ( grav5 images1 & almo/ all ! great
 v>iety ( cre$s pr(ess$ among u         
,engli%-speak+ peoples prescribe c]ta9  
g5]al def9itions ( :at is righte\s & :at
 con/itutes s94 ,b ^u a ?\s& que/ions ( 
great public importance1 on ! "q ( =ms (
 gov]nm5t1 ( social & educational       
necessities1 ( "o's c\rse & attitude    
t[>ds su* great facts z ! press1 tru/s1 
h\s+1 & ! l1 religion1 z x is g5]ally   
und]/ood1 gives by itself no conclusive 
light4 ,x may1 no d\bt1 give a direct+  
light 9 "s cases1 b n a conclusive      
light4 ,x leaves u inconsi/5t & unc]ta9 
amid/ ^! unavoidable problems4 ,yet ^u  
^! que/ions mo/ p feel t some?+ m is    
ne$$ ?an ! mood ( ! mom5t or ! sp9 ( a  
co94 ,religi\s conviction may help u1 x 
may /imulate u to press = cle>] light ^u

 ^! matt]s1 b x c]ta9ly does n give u   
any decisions4  ,x is possible to be    
ei!r int5sely religi\s or utt]ly        
indiff]5t to religi\s matt]s & yet c>e  
no?+ = ^! ?+s4 ,"o may be a ,pieti/ to  
:om ! _w is a fleet+ %[ ( no importance 
:atev]1 or "o may say1 8,let u eat1     
dr9k1 & be m]ry1 = to-morr[ we die03 !  
net result 9 reg>d to my ne$ is ! same4 
,^! que/ions appe> to be on a diff]5t   
plane f religion & religi\s discussion2 
!y look outw>d1 :ile ess5tially religion
 looks inw>d to ! s\l1 &1 giv5 !        
necess>y temp]am5t1 x is possible to    
approa* !m 9 an unbiass$ mann] f almo/  
any />t+-po9t ( religi\s pr(ession4 ,"o 
man may believe 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l 
& ano!r may n2 "o man may be a          
,sw$5borgian1 ano!r a ,roman ,ca?olic1  
ano!r a ,calv9i/ic ,me?odi/1 ano!r an   
,engli% ,high ,*ur*man1 ano!r a         
,positivi/1 or a ,p>see1 or a ,jew2 !   
fact rema9s t !y mu/ g ab\t do+ all     
sorts ( ?+s 9 common e day4 ,!y may     
d]ive _! ultimate motives & sanctions f 

! mo/ v>i\s s\rces1 !y may wor%ip 9 !   
mo/ contra/$ temples & yet meet         
unanim\sly 9 ! m>ket-place ) a desire to
 %ape _! g5]al activities to ! =m ( a   
8public spirit$0 life1 & :5 at la/ !    
life ( e day is summ$ up1 8to leave ! _w
 bett] ?an !y f\nd x40 ,& x is f t mo/  
excell5t expression ,i w\ld />t1 or r f 
a sort ( amplifi$ re/atem5t ( t         
expression--outside ! prov9ce ( religi\s
 discussion altoge!r4  ,a man :o w build
 on t expression z 8 f\ndation 9        
political & social matt]s1 has at lea/ !
 possibility ( agreem5t 9 ! s*eme (     
action ^! pap]s w unfold4 ,= ?\gh we    
!orize x is at action t our speculations
 w aim4 ,!y w take ! %ape ( an organiz$ 
political & social doctr9e4 ,x w be     
conv5i5t to give ?is doctr9e a "n1 & =  
reasons t w be cle> en\gh to ^? :o h    
read my book ,anticipations ?is doctr9e 
w be spok5 ( ?r\gh\t z 8,new            
,republicanism10 ! doctr9e ( ! ,new     
,republic4  ,! c5tral conception ( ?is  
,new ,republicanism z x has %ap$ itself 

9 my m9d1 lies 9 atta*+ pre-em95t       
importance to c]ta9 aspects ( human     
life1 & 9 subord9at+ sy/ematically &    
always1 all o!r consid]ations to ^!     
c>d9al aspects4 ,x beg9s ) a way ( look+
 at life4 ,x insi/s ^u t way1 x w reg>d 
no human conc]n at all except 9 t way4  
,& ! way1 putt+ ! ?+ z compactly z      
possible1 is to reject & set aside all  
ab/ract1 ref9$1 & intellectualiz$ ideas 
z />t+ propositions1 su* ideas z ,"r1   
,lib]ty1 ,happ9ess1 ,duty or ,beauty1 & 
to hold fa/ to ! ass]tion ( ! fundam5tal
 nature ( life z a tissue & succession (
 bir?s4 ,^! o!r ?+s may be important1 !y
 may be pr(\ndly important1 b !y are n  
prim>y4 ,we _c build ^u any "o ( !m &   
get a /ructure t w compreh5d all !      
aspects ( life4  ,= ! great majority (  
mank9d at lea/ x c be held t life       
resolves itself q simply & obvi\sly into
 ?ree c>d9al phases4 ,!re is a p]iod (  
y\? & prep>ation1 a great insurg5ce (   
emotion & ent]prise c5t]+ ab\t ! passion
 ( ,love1 & a ?ird p]iod 9 :i*1 aris+   

amid/ ! w>m? & /ir ( ! second1 int]weav+
 inde$ ) ! second1 ! c>e & love ( (fspr+
 becomes ! c5tral int]e/ 9 life4 ,9 !   
babble ( ! gr&*ildr51 ) all ! sons &    
daught]s gr[n & secure1 ! typical life (
 humanity ebbs & ends4 ,look$ at ?us ) a
 prim>y reg>d to its broade/ aspect1    
life is se5 z ess5tially a matt] (      
reproduction2 fir/ a gr[? & tra9+ to t  
end1 !n commonly mat+ & actual physical 
reproduction1 & f9ally ! consummation ( 
^! ?+s 9 p>5tal nurture & education4    
,love1 ,home & ,*ildr51 ^! are !        
he>t-words ( life4 ,n only is ! g5]al   
outl9e ( ! normal heal?y human life     
reproductive1 b a va/ proportion ( !    
inf9itely complex & int]wov5 int]e/s t  
fill t outl9e ) incessant int]e/ c be   
%[n by a c>eful analysis to be m or less
 directly reproductive also4 ,! toil ( a
 man's daily "w is r>ely = himself      
alone1 x goes to fe$1 to clo!1 to       
educate ^? c>d9al consequ5ces ( 8 be+1 8
 *ildr52 he builds = !m1 he plants = !m1
 he plans = !m1 8 social int]c\rse1 8   

political int]e/s1 :atev] 8 imm$iate    
motives1 t5d f9ally to secure _! welf>e4
 ,ev5 m obvi\sly is ?is ! case ) 8 wife4
 ,ev5 9 re/ & recreation life /ill      
manife/s its quality2 ! books ! ord9>y  
man reads turn enorm\sly on love-mak+1 8
 !atre has sc>cely ev] a play t has n   
prim>ily a /rong love int]e/1 8 art     
rises to its mo/ consummate triumphs 9  
,v5us & ,madonna1 & 8 music is saturat$ 
9 love sugge/ions4 ,n only is ?is s ) ! 
"r & prop] life1 b ! great] portion ( ^?
 acts we call vice draw _! /imulus &    
pleasure f ! impulses t subs]ve ?is     
su/a9+ fact ( our be+1 & !y are vici\s  
only because !y evade or spoil _! prop] 
end4 ,?is is really no new discov]y at  
all1 only ! /ripp+ b>e ( x is new4 ,9   
ne>ly e religi\s & moral sy/em 9 ! _w   
inde$1 ! pr$om9ant mass ( ! exposition (
 s9 & sav+ virtue positively or         
negatively c5tres ^u bir?4 ,positively 9
 ! enorm\s /resses1 ! sacram5tal values 
:i* are conc5trat$ ^u m>riage & !       
initial circum/ances ( be+1 & negatively

 9 a ?\s& significant repudiations4 ,ev5
 :5 ! devotee mo/ /r5u\sly r5\nces ?is  
_w & all its works1 :5 ,/4 ,an?ony flees
 into ! des]t or ! pi\s ,durtal wre/les 
9 8 cell1 :5 ! pale nun prays 9 vigil & 
! h]mit m\nts 8 pill>1 x is ,celibacy1 t
 great d5ial ( life1 t s+s ?r\gh all _! 
/ruggle1 x is ?is bus9ess ( bir?s z !   
c5tral fact ( life !y /ill h mo/ 9 m9d4 
,?is is n human life m]ely1 x is all    
life4 ,?is liv+ _w1 z ! ,new ,republican
 w see x1 is no m ?an a great           
bir?-place1 an incessant r5ewal1 an     
undy+ fre% beg9n+ & unfold+ ( life4     
,take away ?is fact ( bir? & :at is !re 
rema9+8 ,a _w )\t fl[]s1 )\t ! s++ (    
birds1 )\t ! fre%ness ( y\?1 ) a spr+ t 
br+s no se$l+s & a ye> t be>s no h>ve/1 
)\t beg9n+s & )\t defeats1 a va/        
/agnation1 a univ]se ( inconsequ5t      
matt]--,dea?4 ,n only does ! sub/ance ( 
life vani% if we elim9ate bir?s & all t 
is relat$ to bir?s1 b :atev] rema9s1 if 
any?+ rema9s1 ( ae/hetic & intellectual 
& spiritual exp]i5ce1 collapses utt]ly &

 falls ap>t1 :5 ?is ess5tial sub/ratum (
 all exp]i5ce is )drawn4 ,s at any rate 
! _w pres5ts itself 9 ! view ! ,new     
,republican takes4 ,& if x %\ld *ance t 
! read] f9ds ?is r+ untrue to him1 !n he
 may take x t he /&s outside u1 t ! ,new
 ,republic is n = him4  ,x may be       
submitt$ t ?is /atem5t t ,life is a     
texture ( bir?s may be accept$ by m9ds (
 ! mo/ div]g5t religi\s & philosophical 
pr(ession4 ,no fundam5tal or recondite  
admissions are propos$ "h1 b only t !   
e-day life = e-day purposes has ?is %ape
 & nature4 ,! utt] mat]iali/ may say t  
life to him is a =tuit\s concurr5ce (   
atoms1 a *ance k9k+ 9 ! univ]sal fabric 
( matt]4 ,x is n our pres5t bus9ess to  
confute him4 ,! fact rema9s ?is is ! =m 
! k9k+ has tak54 ,! believ]1 s$ul\s = 8 
s\l's welf>e1 may say t ,life is to him 
an ar5a ( spiritual conflict1 b ?is is !
 "* ( ! conflict1 ?is is ! bus9ess f :i*
 all ! te/s & ex]cises ( 8 s\l are      
drawn4 ,x matt]s n 9 ?is pres5t         
discussion if ,life is no m ?an a dream2

 ! dream is ?is4  ,& n[ "o comes to     
ano!r /ep4 ,! read] may give 8 ass5t to 
?is /atem5t z obvi\s or he may gu>d 8   
ass5t ) a qualification or s1 b ,i d\bt 
if he w d5y x4 ,no "o1 ,i expect1 w     
categorically d5y x4 ,b al?\gh no "o w d
 t1 a great numb] ( p :o h n cle>ly se5 
?+s 9 ?is light1 d 9 ?\ght & 9 _m       
details ( _! practice foll[ a l9e t is1 
9 effect1 a flat d5ial ( :at is "h      
propos$4 ,life no d\bt is a fabric wov5 
( bir?s & ! /ruggle to ma9ta9 & develop 
& multiply lives4 ,x does n foll[ t life
 is consci\sly a fabric wov5 ( bir?s & !
 /ruggle to ma9ta9 & develop & multiply 
lives4 ,i d n suppose a cat or a savage 
sees x 9 t light4 ,a cat's /&po9t is    
probably /rictly individuali/ic4 ,%e    
sees ! :ole univ]se z a s*eme ( m or    
less useful1 pleasurable & int]e/+ ?+s  
conc5trat$ ^u h] s5sitive & int]e/+     
p]sonality4 ,) a s9u\s det]m9ation %e   
evades disagreeables & pursues delights2
 life is to h] q cle>ly & simply a      
succession ( pleasures1 s5sations &     

int]e/s1 among :i* int]e/s !re happ5 to 
be--kitt5s6  ,& ?is way ( reg>d+ life is
 by no means conf9$ to animals &        
savages4 ,i w\ld ev5 g s f> z to sugge/ 
t x is only )9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s t any  
consid]able numb] ( ?\ghtful p h come to
 look at life /eadily & consi/5tly z be+
 %ap$ to ?is =m1 to ! =m ( a s]ies (    
bir?s1 gr[?s & bir?s4 ,! mo/ g5]al tru?s
 are ^? la/ appreh5d$4 ,! univ]sal fact 
( gravitation1 = example1 :i* p]vades   
all be+1 receiv$ its complete           
recognition sc>cely two hundr$ ye>s ago4
 ,& aga9 *ildr5 & savages live 9 air1   
brea! air1 are saturat$ ) air1 die =    
five m9utes' ne$ ( x1 & nev] def9itely  
realize !re is su* a ?+ z air at all4 ,!
 va/ mass ( human expression 9 act & art
 & lit]ature takes a n>r[] view ?an we h
 "h =mulat$2 x pres5ts ea* man n only z 
isolat$ f & antagoniz$ ) ! _w ab\t him1 
b z cut (f %>ply & def9itely f ! pa/    
be=e he liv$ & ! future aft] he is dead2
 x puts :at is1 9 relation to ! view we 
h tak51 a disproportionate am\nt ( /ress

 ^u 8 egotism1 ^u ! pursuit ( 8         
self-int]e/ & 8 p]sonal virtue & 8      
p]sonal fancies1 & x ignores ! fact1 !  
famili> r$iscov]y :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury  
has a*iev$1 t he is aft] all only !     
transitory cu/odian ( an undy+ gift (   
life1 an inh]itor "u conditions1 !      
mom5t>y voice & int]pret] ( a be+ t     
spr+s f ! dawn ( "t & lives 9 (fspr+ &  
?\ght & mat]ial consequ5ce1 = ev]4  ,?is
 ov]-acc5tuation 9 ! pa/ ( man's egoi/ic
 individuality1 or1 if "o puts x 9 ano!r
 way1 ?is unsuspici\s ignorance ( ! real
 nature ( life1 becomes gl>+ly          
conspicu\s 9 su* weigh$ & delib]ate     
utt]ances z ,! ,m$itations ( ,m>cus     
,aurelius4 ,?r\gh\t ^! frank &          
fundam5tal disc\rses "o traces a        
pr$om9ant desire = a p]fect$ inconsequ5t
 egotism4 ,body is repudiat$ z a g>m5t1 
position is an accid5t1 ! pa/ t made u  
exi/s n s9ce x is pa/1 ! future exi/s n 
= we %all nev] see x2 at la/ no?+ b !   
ab/ract$ ego rema9s1--a sort (          
complim5t>y ,nirvana4 ,"o citation w    

s]ve to %[ ! col\r ( all 8 ?\ght4 8,a   
man10 he rem>ks1 8is v dev\t to prev5t !
 loss ( 8 son4 ,b ,i w\ld h y pray r    
aga9/ ! fe> ( los+ him4 ,let ?is be !   
rule = y\r devotions40 ,footnote3 ,!    
,m$itations ( ,m4 ,a4 ,anton9us1 ix4    
#dj4 ,t inde$ is ! rule = all !         
devotions ( t dep>t+ g5]ation ( wisdom4 
,r s]5ity & dignity ?an good ensu+4 ,r a
 virtu\s man ?an any resultant :atev] f 
8 lifetime1 = ! future ( ! _w4 ,x po9ts 
?is disreg>d ( ! sequ5ce ( life & bir? 9
 fav\r ( an ab/ract & fruitless virtue1 
x po9ts x inde$ ) a b>b$ po9t t ! son ( 
,m>cus ,aurelius 0 ! unspeakable        
,commodus1 & t ! ,roman ,empire fell f !
 temporiz+ deta*m5t ( 8 rule into a     
c5tury ( disord] & mis]y4  ,to !        
?\ghtful read] to :om ^! pap]s appeal1  
to ! read] ^: m9d is ( ! mod]n ca/1 :o  
has survey$ ! vi/as ( ! geological      
record & grasp$ ! secul> unfold+ ( !    
s*eme ( life1 :o has f\nd ) microscope &
 scalpel t ! same rhy?m ( bir? & re-bir?
 is wov5 into ! m9ute/ texture ( ?+s t  

has cov]$ ! e>? ) v]dure & %ap$ !       
massifs ( ! ,alps1 to su* a man ! :ole  
lit]ature ! _w produc$ until ! n9ete5?  
c5tury _h well progress$1 mu/ ne$s be   
lack+ 9 any def9ite & p]vad+ s5se ( !   
c>d9al importance 9 ! _w ( ?is c5tral   
reproductive aspect1 ( bir?s & ( ! tra9+
 & prep>ation = future bir?s4 ,all t    
lit]ature1 great & impos+ z we are b\nd 
to admit x is1 has an outlook less ample
 ?an q common m5 may h to-day4 ,x is a  
lit]ature1 z we see x 9 ! new] view1 (  
ab/ract$ p]sonalities & ( disconnect$   
passions & impressions4  ,to "o         
extraord9>y & p[]ful m9d 9 ! e>li] half 
( ! n9ete5? c5tury ?is realization ( !  
true =m ( life came ) q ov]:elm+ =ce1 & 
t 0 to ,s*op5hau]1 surely at once ! mo/ 
acute & ! mo/ biass$ ( mortal m54 ,x    
came to him z a mo/ dete/able fact1     
because x happ5$ he 0 an int5sely       
egoti/ical man4 ,b 8 intellect 0 ( t    
noble & exceptional sort t av]sion may  
t9t inde$ b _c bl9d1 & we owe to him a  
s]ies ( philosophical writ+s1 writt5 )  

an in/9ctive skill & a cle>ness & a     
vig\r uncommon 9 philosoph]s1 9 :i* a v 
complete /atem5t ( ! new view is pres5t$
 to ! read] 9 t]ms ( passionate prote/4 
,footnote3 ,die ,welt als ,wille und    
,vor/ellung4 8,:y10 he ask$1 8mu/ we be 
= ev] tortur$ by ?is passion & desire to
 reproduce our k9d1 :y are all our      
pursuits ta9t$ ) ?is application1 all   
our ne$s def]r$ to ! ne$s ( ! new       
g5]ation t tramples on our heels80 & he 
f\nd ! answ] 9 ! pres5ce ( an ov]:elm+  
,w to ,live manife/+ itself ?r\gh\t !   
univ]se ( ,matt]1 ?ru/+ u ru?lessly be=e
 x1 z a /rong swimm] ?ru/s a wave be=e  
him z he swims4 ,t ! p]sonal egotism    
%\ld be subord9at$ to & ov]:elm$ by a   
p]vad+ ,w to ,live fill$ 8 s\l )        
passionate rebellion & col\r$ 8         
exposition ) ! hues ( despair4 ,b to    
m9ds temp]am5tally diff]5t f 81 m9ds ^: 
egotism is qualifi$ by a m unselfi%     
hum\r1 x is possible to avail "o's self 
( ,s*op5hau]'s vision1 )\t submitt+ "o's
 self to 8 conclusions1 to see our wills

 only z tempor>y manife/ations ( an     
ampl] w1 our lives z pass+ phases ( a   
great] ,life1 & to accept ^! facts ev5  
joyfully1 to take our places 9 t l>g]   
s*eme ) a s5se ( relief & discov]y1 to g
 ) t l>g] be+1 to s]ve t l>g] be+1 z a  
soldi] m>*es1 a m]e unit 9 ! l>g] be+ ( 
8 army1 & s]v+ 8 army1 joyfully into    
battle4  ,h[ev]1 x is n to ,s*op5hau] & 
8 writ+s1 at lea/ among ! ,engli%-speak+
 peoples1 t ?is increas+ realization (  
life z ess5tially a succession ( bir?s1 
is *iefly ascrib$4 ,x is ma9ly1 z ,i h  
already sugge/$1 ! result ( t great     
expansion ( our s5se ( "t & causation t 
has ensu$ f ! idea ( organic ,evolution4
 ,9 ! c\rse ( "o brief c5tury1 ! human  
outlook ^u ! ord] ( ! _w has be5        
pr(\ndly *ang$4 ,x is n simply t x has  
become mu* m spaci\s1 x is n only t x   
has op5$ out f ! little hi/ory ( a few  
?\s& ye>s to a /up5d\s vi/a ( ages1 b1 9
 addition to its exp&$ dim5sions1 x has 
exp]i5c$ a *ange 9 "*4 ,t wond]ful &    
cont9ually m elaborate & p5etrat+       

analysis ( ! evolution>y process by     
,d>w9 & 8 foll[]s & successors &        
antagoni/s1 ! entire subord9ation ( !   
individual lot to ! specific de/9y t ^! 
criticisms & rese>*es h emphasiz$1 has  
w>p$ & alt]$ ! aspect ( a ?\s& human    
affairs4 ,x has made reasonable & 9 ord]
 :at ,s*op5hau] f\nd s sugge/ively      
p]plex+1 x has dispell$ problems t h    
seem$ insoluble my/]ies to _m g5]ations 
( m54 ,i d n say x has solv$ !m1 b x has
 dispell$ !m & made !m irrelevant &     
un9t]e/+4 ,s long z "o believ$ t life   
span unprogressively f g5]ation to      
g5]ation1 t g5]ation foll[$ g5]ation    
un*ang+ly = ev]1 ! enorm\s prepond]ance 
( sexual ne$s & emotions 9 life 0 a     
di/ress+ & inexplicable fact--x 0 a     
my/]y1 x 0 s91 x 0 ! "w ( ! devil4 ,"o  
ask$1 :y does man build h\ses t o!rs may
 live !re92 plant trees ^: fruit he w   
nev] see8 ,& all ! toil & ambition1 !   
/ress & hope ( exi/5ce1 seem$1 s f> z   
?is life w5t1 & be=e ^! new lights came1
 a m]e sacrifice to ?is po9tless        

reit]ation ( lives1 ?is cosmic crambe   
repetita4 ,to p]ceive ?is aspect1 & to  
pr(ess an entire deta*m5t f ! :ole      
vacu\s bus9ess 0 consid]$ by a l>ge     
proportion ( ! m ?\ghtful p ( ! _w !    
supreme a*ievem5t ( philosophy4 ,! acme 
( old-_w wisdom1 ! ultimate my/]y (     
,ori5tal philosophy is to contemn wom5 &
 (fspr+1 to ab&on co/ume1 cleanl9ess1 & 
all ! dec5cies & dignities ( life1 & to 
crawl1 z scornfully z possible1 b at any
 rate to crawl out ( all ^! e>?ly %[s & 
sn>es 7:i* s obvi\sly lead to no?+71    
into ! ne>e/ tub4  ,& ! amaz+ revelation
 ( our days is t !y d n lead to no?+6   
,directly ! discov]y is made cle>--& x  
is1 ,i firmly believe1 ! cr[n+ glory ( !
 n9ete5? c5tury to h e/abli%$ ?is       
discov]y = all "t--t "o g5]ation does n 
foll[ ano!r 9 fac simile1 directly we   
come )9 sight ( ! reasonable p]suasion t
 ea* g5]ation is a /ep1 a def9ite       
measurable /ep1 & ea* bir? an unprec$5t$
 exp]im5t1 directly x gr[s cle> t in/ead
 ( be+ 9 an eddy m]ely1 we are = all our

 eddy+ mov+ =w>d ^u a wide volum9\s     
curr5t1 !n all ^! ?+s are *ang$4  ,t    
*ange alt]s ! p]spective ( e human      
affair4 ,?+s t seem$ p]man5t & f9al1    
become unsettl$ & provisional4 ,social &
 political ef=t are se5 f a new         
view-po9t4 ,ev]y:]e ! old direction     
po/s1 ! old guid+ m>ks1 h got out ( l9e 
& askew4 ,& x is out ( ! conflict ( !   
new view ) ! old in/itutions & =mulae1 t
 !re arises ! discont5t & ! ne$1 & !    
attempt at a wid] answ]1 :i* ?is phrase 
& sugge/ion ( ! 8,new ,republic0 is     
int5d$ to express4  ,e "p contributes to
 ! nature ( ! :ole1 & if ! :ole ( life  
is an evolv+ succession ( bir?s1 !n n   
only mu/ a man 9 8 individual capacity  
7physically z p>5t1 doctor1 food deal]1 
food c>ri]1 home build]1 protector1 or  
m5tally z tea*]1 news deal]1 au?or1     
prea*]7 contribute to bir?s & gr[?s & ! 
future ( mank9d1 b ! collective aspects 
( man1 8 social & political             
organizations mu/ also be1 9 ! ess5ce1  
organizations t m or less pr(itably & m 

or less int5tionally1 set !mselves t[>ds
 ?is end4 ,!y are f9ally conc]n$ ) !    
bir? & ) ! s\nd developm5t t[>ds /ill   
bett] bir?s1 ( human lives1 j z e       
implem5t 9 ! tool%$ ( a se$sman's       
nurs]y1 ev5 ! hoe & ! roll]1 is conc]n$ 
f9ally ) ! se$+ & ) ! s\nd developm5t   
t[>ds /ill bett] se$+ ( plants4 ,!      
private & p]sonal motive ( ! se$sman 9  
procur+ & us+ ^! tools may be av>ice1   
ambition1 a religi\s belief 9 ! sav+    
efficacy ( nurs]y keep+ or a simple     
passion = bett]+ fl[]s1 t does n affect 
! def9ite f9al purpose ( 8 outfit (     
tools4  ,& j z we might judge completely
 & criticise & improve t outfit f an    
att5tive /udy ( ! welf>e ( plants & ) an
 entire disreg>d ( 8 remot] motives1 s  
we may judge all collective human       
ent]prises f ! /&po9t ( an att5tive /udy
 ( human bir?s & developm5t4 ,any       
collective human ent]prise1 in/itution1 
movem5t1 p>ty or /ate1 is to be judg$ z 
a :ole & completely1 z x conduces m or  
less to :olesome & hopeful bir?s1 &     

accord+ to ! qualitative & quantitative 
advance due to its influ5ce made by ea* 
g5]ation ( citiz5s born "u its influ5ce 
t[>ds a high] & ampl] /&>d ( life4  ,or 
putt+ ! ?+ 9 a slightly diff]5t phras+1 
! ,new ,republican idea am\nts to ?is3 !
 s]i\s aspect ( our private lives1 !    
g5]al aspect ( all our social &         
co-op]ative und]tak+s1 is to prep>e z   
well z we possibly c a succe$+ g5]ation1
 :i* %all prep>e /ill m capably = /ill  
bett] g5]ations to foll[4 ,we are pass+ 
z a race out ( a /ate ( affairs :5 !    
unconsci\s build+ ( ! future 0 atta9$ by
 individuali/ic self-seek+ 7altoge!r    
un5light5$ or enlight5$ only by !       
indirect moraliz+ influ5ce ( ! patriotic
 in/9ct & religion7 into a cle>         
consci\sness ( our co-op]ative %>e 9 t  
process4 ,t is ! ess5tial idea my ,new  
,republic w\ld p]sonify & embody4 ,9 !  
pa/ man 0 made1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 
by =ces beyond 8 k & control4 ,n[ a     
c]ta9 numb] ( m5 are com+ to a          
provisional und]/&+ ( "s at lea/ ( ^!   

=ces t g to ! ,mak+ ( ,man4 ,to "s ( u  
!re is be+ giv5 ! privilege &           
responsibility ( k4 ,we may plead lack (
 w or lack ( moral impetus1 b we c no   
long] plead ignorance4 ,j z f> z our    
light ^u ! g5]al purpose goes1 j s f>   
goes our responsibility 7:e!r we respect
 x or n7 to %ape & subdue our wills to !
 ,mak+ ( ,mank9d4  ,directly ! man1 :o  
has f\nd ak9 to himself & :o has accept$
 & assimilat$ ?is new view1 turns to !  
affairs ( ! political _w1 to ! g5]al    
pr(essions ( our great social & bus9ess 
und]tak+s1 & to ! broad conv5tions (    
human conduct1 he w f9d1 ,i ?9k1 a v    
wide discrepancy f ! implications ( ?is 
view4 ,he w f9d--! ,new ,republican     
f9ds--t ! decl>$ aims & pr9ciples ( !   
l>g] am\nt ( our social & political ef=t
 are a/oni%+ly limit$ & unsatisfactory1 
a/oni%+ly irrelevant to ! broad reality 
( ,life4 ,he w f9d great masses ( m5    
emb>k$ collectively ^u ent]prises t w   
seem to 8 eyes to h no def9able relation
 to ?is real bus9ess ( ! _w1 or only !  

mo/ accid5tal relation%ip1 he w f9d o!rs
 9 p>tial lop-sid$ coop]ation or        
un9tellig5tly half helpful & half       
ob/ructive1 & he w f9d /ill o!r movem5ts
 & developm5ts :i* set q 9 ! opposite   
direction1 :i* make nei!r = s\nd bir?s  
nor s\nd gr[?1 b ?r\gh ! ?9ne/ %ams (   
excuse & purpose1 ?r\gh ! mo/ hypnotic &
 unreal ( sugge/ions & motives1 directly
 & ev5 pla9ly t[>ds wa/e1 t[>ds /]ility1
 t[>ds futility & dea? & ext9ction4  ,b 
n delib]ately t[>ds ,dea?4 ,x is only 9 
! !oretical aspirations ( ,s*op5hau] t  
he w f9d an expression ( consci\s &     
resolv$ opposition to ! p]vad+ w &      
purpose 9 ?+s4 ,9 ! common affairs ( !  
_w he w f9d nei!r delib]ate opposition  
nor delib]ate co-op]ation1 *ance        
opposition inde$ & *ance co-op]ation1 b 
= ! mo/ "p only a complete              
unconsci\sness1 a bl9d irrelevance or a 
purely accid5tal accordance to !        
ess5tial aspect ( ,life4  ,take1 =      
example1 ! great en?usiasm t set all    
,engl& wav+ bunt+ 9 ,june1 #aijb4 ,x 0  

made cle> to ! mo/ unwill+ obs]v] t !   
great mass ( ,engli% p consid] !mselves 
aggregat$ toge!r 9 "o nation ma9ly to   
support1 hon\r1 & obey a ,k+1 & t !y    
rejoice 9 ?is conception ( _! national  
purpose4 ,great sums ( money 7 sp5t to  
emphasize ?is purpose1 public "w ( all  
sorts 0 dislocat$1 & ! *annels ( public 
discussion clogg$ & *ok$4 ,a discussion 
( ! education ( ! next g5]ation1 a matt]
 ( supreme int]e/ f ! ,new ,republican  
po9t ( view1 pass$ f public sight amid/ 
! happy tumults & spl5d\rs ( ! "t4 ,! l&
 0 fill$ ) poetry 9 ! ,mon>*'s praise1  
bad beyond any suspicion ( ins9c]ity4   
,all t 0 c]ta9ly great 9 ! l&1 all t has
 any hold ^u ! motives & confid5ce ( !  
,engli%1 ga!r$ itself into a respectful 
proximity1 assum$ attitudes ( rev]5t    
subord9ation to ! ,mon>*4 ,all t 0 em95t
 9 sci5ce & lit]ature & art1 ! galaxy ( 
! episcopate1 ! cr[n+ intellectualities 
( ! army1 came to ^! rites1 clad 9 robes
 & raim5t t no sane p]son w\ld ev]      
volunt>ily assume 9 public except "u    

circum/ances ( extreme necessity4 ,!    
:ole bus9ess 0 conduct$ ) a ze/ &       
gravity t absolutely =bids ! !ory t x 0 
a m]e =mality1 a curi\s survival (      
m$ivalism *]i%$ by a c\ntry t makes no  
breaks ) its pa/4 ,! _s & idea ( ! :ole 
?+ 0 int5sely real & contempor>y2 "o    
c\ld believe only t ^? :o took "p 9 x   
reg>d$ x z a matt] ( prim>y importance1 
z "o ( ! c>d9al ?+s = :i* !y exi/$4 ,!  
alt]native is to imag9e t !y believe    
no?+ to be ( prim>y importance 9 ?is _w2
 a q incr$ible levity ( s\l to ascribe  
to all ^? great & di/+ui%$ p4  ,b x     
reflects n at all ^u ! high intellig5ce1
 ! unobtrusive b /]l+ moral qualities1 !
 tact1 dignity1 & p]sonal *>m ( ! c5tral
 figure 9 _! pageantries1 a *>m ! pa!tic
 circum/ances ( 8 unseasonable illness v
 greatly enhanc$1 if ! ,new ,republican 
fails to consid] ^! c]emonials ( prim>y 
importance1 if he decl9es to see !m z ( 
any necess>y importance at all1 until x 
has be5 conclusively %[n t !y d m9i/] to
 ! bett]+ ( bir?s & ( ! lives int]v5+   

betwe5 bir? & bir?4 ,on ! surface !y d n
 d t4 ,unless !y c be %[n to d t !y are 
dissipations ( en]gy1 !y are irrelevant 
& wrong1 f ! ,new ,republican po9t (    
view4 ,! ,new ,republican c take no "p 9
 ^! ?+s1 or only a v grudg+ & qualifi$  
"p1 on 8 way to real s]vice4 ,he may or 
he may n1 aft] delib]ate exam9ation1    
leave ^! ?+s on "o side1 un*all5g$ b    
ignor$4  ,x may be urg$ t all !         
subs]vi5ces t di/+ui% our k+dom & t     
become s amaz+ly conspicu\s ab\t a      
coronation1 ! kiss+ ( h&s1 ! %ambl+ ^u  
knees1 ! crawl+ ( body & m9d1 !         
sy/ematic enc\ragem5t ( t undignifi$    
nois9ess t n[adays di/+ui%es ! popul>   
rejoic+s ( our imp]ial p1 are simply a  
pro( ( ! e>ne/ preoccupation ( our      
judges1 bi%ops1 & lead]s & great (fic]s 
( all sorts ) remot] & nobl] aims4 ,!   
k+dom happ5s to exi/1 & x w\ld be       
complex & tr\blesome to get rid ( x4 ,!y
 /& ^! ?+s1 !y get done ) ^! ?+s1 & s   
are able to get to _! "w4 ,! p>aph]nalia
 ( a ,c\rt1 ! %am scale ( hon\rs1 !     

submissions1 ! c]emonial subjection1    
are1 x is argu$1 entirely irrelevant to 
! purpose & hon\r ( our race1 b !n s    
w\ld rebellion aga9/ ^! ?+s be also     
irrelevant & second>y4 ,to submit or to 
rebel is a div]sion ( our en]gies f !   
real purpose 9 ?+s1 & ( ! two x is      
inf9itely less bo!r to submit4 ,9       
private conv]sation1 ,i f9d1 ?is is !   
l9e n9e out ( t5 ( ! ,k+'s s]vants w    
take4 ,!y w tell y ! public und]/&s2 !  
?+ is a m]e excuse = fe/ivity & col\r2  
_! loyalty is ( a piece ) _! ,fif? (    
,novemb] anti-pop]y4 ,!y w tell y ! pe]s
 und]/&1 ! bi%ops und]/&1 ! coronat+    
ar*bi%op has 8 tongue 9 8 *eek4 ,!y all 
und]/&--m5 ( ! _w toge!r4 ,! ,k+        
und]/&s1 a mo/ admirable g5tleman1 :o   
submits to ^! traditional ?+s1 b :o     
admits 8 pref]5ce is = ! simple1 pure   
delight ( ! incognito1 = be+ 8pla9 ,mr4 
,jones40  ,x may be s4 ,?\gh !          
psy*ologi/ w tell y t a man :o behaves  
consi/5tly z ?\gh he believ$ 9 a ?+1 w  
end 9 believ+ x4 ,assur$ly :atev] ^!    

o!rs d1 ! ,new ,republican mu/ und]/&4  
,9 8 inmo/ s\l !re mu/ be no loyalty or 
submission to any k+ or col\r1 save only
 if x conduces to ! s]vice ( ! future ( 
! race4 ,9 ! ,new ,republic all k+s are 
provisional1 if1 inde$--& ?is ,i %all   
discuss 9 a lat] pap]--!y c be reg>d$ z 
s]viceable at all4  ,& j z k+%ip is a   
second>y & debatable ?+ to ! ,new       
,republican1 to e man1 t is1 :om ! _s ( 
! new k has tak5 = its "w1 s also are ! 
loyalties ( nationality1 & all our local
 & p>ty adhesions4  ,mu* t passes =     
patriotism is no m ?an a g5]aliz$       
jeal\sy r gorge\sly clad4 ,amid/ !      
collapse ( ! old ,individuali/ic        
,humanit>ianism1 ! ,rights ( ,man1      
,human ,equality1 & ! re/ ( ^? broad    
g5]alizations t s]v$ to keep toge!r s _m
 m5 ( good int5tion 9 ! age t has come  
to its end1 !re has be5 mu* ha/y runn+  
to obvi\s %elt]s1 & _m m5 h be5 =c$ to  
take refuge "u ?is e*o+ patriotism--=   
want ( a bett] ga!r+ place4 ,x is l an  
incid5t dur+ an e>?quake1 :5 m5 :o h    

ab&on$ a cleft =tress w %elt] 9 a dr9k+ 
bo?y4 ,b ! v upheavals t h %att]$ ! old 
fa/nesses ( altrui/ic m51 w be f\nd     
pres5tly to be tak+ ! %ape ( a new ga!r+
 place--& ( ?is ! ,new ,republic pres5ts
 an e>ly guess & anticipation4 ,i d n   
see h[ m51 save 9 ! mo/ unexpect$       
em]g5cy1 c be cont5t to accept su* an   
artificial conv5tion z mod]n patriotism 
= "o mom5t4 ,on ! "o h& !re are !       
patriots ( nationality :o w\ld h u      
believe t ! miscellany ( ,european      
squatt]s 9 ! ,transvaal are "o nation & 
^? 9 ,cape ,colony ano!r1 & on ! o!r !  
patriots ( ,empire :o w\ld h me1 =      
example1 hail z my fell[-subjects &     
collaborators 9 man-mak+ a ho/ (        
,tamil-speak+1 ,tamil-?9k+ ,dravadians1 
:ile sep>at+ me f e ,engli%-speak+1     
,engli%-?9k+ p]son :o lives s\? ( !     
,great ,lakes4 ,s long z m5 are cont5t  
to "w 9 ! grooves set = !m by dead m51  
to d]ive all _! significances f ! pa/1  
to accept :atev] is z "r & to drive     
along be=e ! compulsions ( ^!           

acquiesc5ces1 !y may d s4 ,b directly !y
 take to !mselves ! ,new ,republican    
idea1 directly !y realize t life is     
some?+ m ?an pass+ ! "t1 t x is         
con/ructive ) its direction 9 ! future1 
!n ^! ?+s slip f !m z ,*ri/ian's bur!n  
fell f him at ! v outset ( 8 j\rney4    
,until grave cause has be5 %[n to !     
contr>y1 !re is e reason :y all m5 :o   
speak ! same language1 ?9k ! same       
lit]ature1 & are ak9 9 blood & _s1 & :o 
h arriv$ at ! great con/ructive         
conception t s _m m9ds n[adays are      
rea*+1 %\ld entirely disreg>d ^! old    
sep>ations4 ,if ! old traditions d no   
h>m !re is no reason to t\* !m1 any m   
?an !re is to aboli% ! b\nd>y betwe5 ?is
 anci5t & inv9cible k+dom ( ,k5t 9 :i*  
,i write & t extremely inf]ior c\ntry1  
,engl&1 :i* 0 conqu]$ by ! ,normans &   
br\ght "u ! feudal sy/em4 ,b s soon z ^!
 old traditions ob/ruct s\nd action1 s  
soon z x is necess>y to be rid ( !m1 we 
mu/ be prep>$ to sacrifice our          
ar*aeological emotions ru?lessly &      

entirely4  ,& ^! repudiations ext5d also
 to ! political p>ties t /ruggle to     
realize !mselves )9 ! =ms ( our e/abli%$
 /ate4 ,!re is n 9 ,great ,brita91 & ,i 
und]/& !re is n 9 ,am]ica1 any p>ty1 any
 section1 any gr\p1 any s+le politician 
ev51 bas$ ^u ! manife/ tr5d & purpose ( 
life z x appe>s 9 ! mod]n view4 ,!      
necessities ( cont9uity 9 public        
activity & ( a gl>+ consi/5cy 9 public  
pr(ession1 h s f> prev5t$ any su*       
fundam5tal recon/ruction z ! new        
g5]ation requires4 ,"o he>s ( ,lib]ty1 (
 ,compromise1 ( ,imp]ial ,de/9ies &     
,imp]ial ,unity1 "o he>s ( undy+ loyalty
 to ! ,memory ( ,mr4 ,glad/one & !      
inali5able "r ( ,irel& to a sep>ate     
national exi/5ce4 ,"o he>s1 too1 ( !    
sacr$ pr9ciple ( ,free ,trade1 (        
,empires & ,zollv]e9s1 & ! ,rights ( !  
,p>5t to blockade ! education ( 8       
*ildr51 b "o he>s no?+ ( ! great] end4  
,at ! be/ all ! objects ( our political 
activity c be b means to t end1 _! only 
claim to our recognition c be _!        

adequacy to t end1 & none ( ^! vocif]at$
 8cries10 ^! p>ty labels1 ^! programme  
items1 are ev] prop\nd$ to u 9 t way4 ,i
 _c see h[1 9 ,engl& at any rate1 a     
s]i\s & p]fectly hone/ man1 hold+ z true
 t ampl] view ( life ,i h sugge/$1 c    
atta* himself loyally to any exi/+ p>ty 
or faction4 ,at ! utmo/ he may f9d _!   
faction-fight+ may be turn$ = a "t t[>ds
 8 remot] ends4 ,^! p>ties d]ive f t pa/
 :5 ! new view ( life _h yet to e/abli% 
itself1 !y c>ry fad$ & oblit]at$ bann]s 
t ! gl>e & du/ ( conflict1 ! vote-/orms 
( great campaigns1 h robb$ long s9ce (  
any col\r ( reality !y once possess$4   
,!y express no creative purpose n[1     
:atev] !y did 9 _! inception1 !y po9t   
t[>ds no con/ructive ideals4 ,ess5tially
 !y are ?+s = ! museum or ! bonfire1    
:atev] mom5t>y exp$i5cy may hold back ! 
,new ,republican f an unqualifi$        
advocacy ( su* a de/9ation4 ,! old p>ty 
fabrics are no m ?an dead rott+ ?+s1 ^u 
:i* a great tangle ( p]sonal jeal\sies1 
old grudges1 ?orny nicknames1 prickly   

memories1 family curses1 ,judas         
betrayals & sacr$ pl$ges1 a horrible    
rubbi% ?icket1 ma9ta9s a saprophytic    
vitality4  ,x is q possible ,i misjudge 
! ?+ altoge!r4 ,sir ,h5ry               
,campbell-,bann]man1 = example1 may hide
 ! pr(\nde/ & mo/ wide-rea*+ aims b5ea? 
8 sup]ficial effect ( utt]              
sup]ficiality4 ,8 imp]sonation ( an     
amiable1 spirit$1 self-consci\s1 l&-own+
 g5tleman ) a passion = ju/ice 9 remote 
places & a :imsical dislike ( motor c>s 
9 8 imm$iate neighb\rhood1 may veil !   
op]ations ( a /up5d\s intellig5ce b5t ^u
 ! reg5]ation ( ! _w4 ,x may d1 b if x  
does1 x is a v amaz+ & purposeless      
imp]sonation4 ,i at any rate d n believe
 t x does4 ,i d n believe t he or any   
o!r ,lib]al lead] or any ,cons]vative   
m9i/] has any compreh5sive aim at all--z
 we ( ! new g5]ation measure            
compreh5siv5ess4 ,^! p>ties1 & ! phrases
 ( p>ty exposition--9 ,am]ica j z 9     
,engl&--date f ! days ( ! limit$        
outlook4 ,!y display no consci\sness ( !

 new diss5t4 ,!y are absorb$ 9 ! long   
/&+ game1 ! gett+ 91 ! turn+ out1 !     
conte/s & gov]nm5ts1 t has j ab\t ! same
 relation to ! new p]ception ( affairs1 
to ! real drift ( life1 z ! game (      
cricket ) ! :eel z a wicket w\ld h to ! 
de/9ies ( a %ip4 ,!y f9d _! game highly 
int]e/+ & no d\bt !y play x ) rem>kable 
wit1 skill & _s1 b !y entirely disreg>d 
! increas+ numb] ( pass5g]s :o are      
conc]n+ !mselves ) ! c\rse & de/9ation (
 ! %ip4  ,^? p>ticul> pass5g]s 9 !      
figure1 pres5t ! ,new ,republic4 ,x is a
 diss5sion1 an inquiry1 x is ! vague    
unconsolidat$ matt] = a new direction4  
8,we :o are "y10 says ! _s ( ! ,new     
,republic1 8we :o are 9 e>ne/ c no m    
compass our lives "u ^! old k+%ips &    
loyalties1 "u ^! old lead]s & ^! old    
traditions1 con/itutions & pl$ges1 ) _! 
p>ty liabilities1 _! national           
sup]/itions1 _! rott+ bann]s & _!       
accumulat+ legacy ( feuds & lies1 ?an we
 c pret5d we are inde$ impassion$ &     
:olly devot$ subjects ( ,k+ ,edw>d1     

sp5d+ our lives 9 ! s]vice ( 8 w4 ,x is 
n t we h revolt$ f ^! ?+s1 x is n t we h
 gr[n askew to !m & t pat*+ & am5dm5t w 
s]ve our ne$2 x is t we h travell$      
outside !m altoge!r--almo/ inadv]t5tly1 
b q beyond any *ance ( return to a      
simple acceptance aga94 ,we are no m    
dispos$ to call ourselves ,lib]als or   
,cons]vatives & to be /irr$ to p>ty     
passion at ! cla% ( ^! names1 ?an we are
 to fight aga9 ! battles ( ! ,factio    
,albata or ! ,factio ,pras9a4 ,^! curr5t
 dramas1 ^! curr5t conflicts seem       
sc>cely less factiti\s4 ,m5 )\t fai? may
 be cont5t to sp5d _! lives = ?+s only  
half believ$ 91 & = causes t are        
contriv$4 ,b t is n our quality4 ,we    
want reality because we h fai?1 we seek 
! beg9n+ ( realism 9 social & political 
life1 we seek x & we are resolv$ to f9d 
x40  ,s we attempt to give a g5]al      
expression to ! =ces t are new at ?is   
"t1 to r5d] some?+ at lea/ ( ! _s ( !   
,new ,republic 9 a premature &          
exp]im5tal utt]ance4 ,x is1 at any rate1

 a _s t f9ds itself out ( intimacy &    
co-ord9ation ) all ! old] movem5ts ( !  
_w1 t sees all pre-exi/+ =mulae &       
political con/itutions & political      
p>ties & organizations r z in/rum5ts or 
ob/acles ?an z guid+ l9es & prec$5ts =  
its new develop+ w1 its w :i* w c>ry x  
at la/ irresi/ibly to ! consci\s &      
delib]ate mak+ ( ! future ( man4 8,we   
are "h to get bett] bir?s & a bett]     
result f ! bir?s we get2 ea* "o ( u is  
go+ to set himself imm$iately to t1 us+ 
:atev] p[] he f9ds to 8 h&10 su* is ! =m
 its w mu/ take4 ,& su* be+ its w & _s  
^! pap]s w address !mselves             
compreh5sively to ! problem1 ,:at w !   
,new ,republic d8 ,all ! re/ ( ?is s]ies
 w be a discussion ( ! =ces t g to !    
mak+ ( man1 & h[ f> & h[ su* a ,new     
,republic might seek to lay its h&s ^u  
!m4  ,x is = ! adv]s>y to expla9 h[     
presumptu\s su* an ent]prise mu/ be4 ,b 
presumption is in]adically int]wov5 ) e 
beg9n+ t ! _w has ev] se54 ,i v5ture to 
?9k t ev5 to a read] :o does n accept or

 sympa?ize ) ! conception ( ?is ,new    
,republic1 a g5]al review ( curr5t      
movem5ts & curr5t int]pretations (      
morality f ?is new /&po9t may be        
sugge/ive & int]e/+4 ,assur$ly x is only
 by "s su* g5]al revision1 if n on ^!   
l9es !n on o!rs1 t a practicable way (  
escape is to be f\nd = any "o1 f t base 
& %ifty opportunism 9 public & social   
matt]s1 t pr$om9ance ( fluctuat+ aims & 
spiritless con=mities1 9 :i* s _m ( u1  
)\t any great positive happ9ess at all  
to rew>d u = ! sacrifice we are mak+1   
bury ! solit>y tal5ts ( our lives4      
,,ii4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,bir?      
,,supply  ,)9 ! la/ m9ute sev5 new      
citiz5s 7 born into t great             
,engli%-speak+ community :i* is scatt]$ 
"u v>i\s flags & gov]nm5ts ?r\gh\t ! _w4
 ,& accord+ to ! l9e ( ?\ght develop$ 9 
! previ\s pap] we p]ceive t ! real &    
ultimate bus9ess1 s f> z ?is _w goes1 ( 
e /atesman1 e social organiz]1 e        
philan?ropi/1 e bus9ess manag]1 e man :o
 lifts 8 head = a mom5t f ! mean pursuit

 ( 8 imm$iate p]sonal int]e/s1 f !      
gratification ( 8 private desires1 is1 z
 ! fir/ & imm$iate ?+1 to d 8 be/ = ^!  
new-com]s1 to get ! v be/ result1 s f> z
 8 p[]s & activities c contribute to x1 
f _! undevelop$ possibilities4 ,& 9 !   
next place1 z a remot]1 b p]haps f9ally 
m fundam5tal duty1 he has to inquire :at
 may be done individually or            
collectively to raise ! /&>d & quality (
 ! av]age bir?4 ,all ! great conc]ns (  
life "w out ) a v little analysis to t1 
ev5 our w>s1 our orgies ( de/ruction1 h1
 at ! back ( !m1 a claim1 an int5tion1  
h[ev] futile 9 its conception & disa/r\s
 9 its consequ5ces1 to e/abli% a wid]   
security1 to de/roy a /&+ m5ace1 to op5 
new pa?s & possibilities1 9 ! int]e/ ( !
 g5]ations /ill to come4 ,"o may pres5t 
! :ole matt] 9 a simplifi$ picture by   
imag9+ all our /atesm51 our             
philan?ropi/s & public m51 our p>ties & 
in/itutions ga!r$ into "o great hall1 & 
into ?is hall a huge sp\t1 t no man c   
/op1 dis*>ges a baby e eight seconds4 ,t

 is1 ,i hold1 a p]missible picture (    
human life1 & :atev] is n repres5t$ at  
all 9 t picture is a div]g5t & second>y 
conc]n4 ,our success or failure ) t     
un5d+ /ream ( babies is ! measure ( our 
civilization2 e in/itution /&s or falls 
by its contribution to t result1 by !   
improvem5t ( ! *ildr5 born1 or by !     
improvem5t 9 ! quality ( bir?s atta9$ "u
 its influ5ce4  ,to beg9 ^! speculations
 9 logical ord] we mu/ beg9 at ! bir?   
po9t1 we mu/ beg9 by ask+ h[ mu* may we 
hope1 n[ or at a lat] "t1 to improve !  
supply ( t raw mat]ial :i* is p]petually
 dump$ ^u our h&s8 ,c we raise1 & if s1 
:at c we d to raise ! quality ( ! av]age
 bir?8  ,?is speculation is z old at    
lea/ z ,plato1 & z liv+ z ! sev5 or     
eight babies born into ! ,engli%-speak+ 
_w s9ce ! read] began ?is ,pap]4 ,!     
conclusion t if we c\ld prev5t or       
disc\rage ! inf]ior sorts ( p f hav+    
*ildr51 & if we c\ld /imulate & enc\rage
 ! sup]ior sorts to increase & multiply1
 we %\ld raise ! g5]al /&>d ( ! race1 is

 s simple1 s obvi\s1 t 9 e age ,i       
suppose !re h be5 voices ask+ 9         
amazem5t1 :y ! ?+ is n done8 ,x is s    
usual to answ] t x is n done on acc\nt (
 popul> ignorance1 public /upidity1     
religi\s prejudice or sup]/ition1 t ,i  
%all n apologize = giv+ "s little space 
"h to ! sugge/ion t 9 reality x is n    
done = q a diff]5t reason4  ,we blame ! 
popul> m9d ov]mu*4 ,e>ne/ b imp]fect m51
 ) hone/ & reasonable b imp]fect        
proposals = bett]+ ! _w1 are all too apt
 to raise ?is bitt] cry ( popul>        
/upidity1 ( ! %eep-l quality ( common   
m54 ,an unju/ifiable p]suasion ( moral &
 intellectual sup]iority is "o ( ! la/  
infirmities ( innovat+ m9ds4 ,we may be 
"r1 b we mu/ be provably1 demon/rably & 
ov]p[]+ly "r be=e we are ju/ifi$ 9 call+
 ! diss5ti5t a fool4 ,i am "o ( ^? :o   
believe firmly 9 ! inv9cible nature (   
tru?1 b a tru? t is badly put is n a    
tru?1 b an inf]tile hybrid lie4 ,be=e we
 m5 ( ! /udy blame ! g5]al body ( p =   
rema9+ unaffect$ by re=m+ proposals ( an

 almo/ obvi\s advantage1 x w\ld be well 
if we 7 to *ange our /&po9t & exam9e our
 ma*9]y at ! po9t ( application4 ,a     
rock-drill+ ma*9e may be excell5tly     
inv5t$ & 9 ! mo/ p]fect ord] except = a 
want ( h>dness 9 ! drill1 & yet !re w   
rema9 an unpi]c$ rock z obdurate z !    
g5]al public to s _m ( our innovations4 
,i believe t if a canvass ( ! entire    
civiliz$ _w 7 put to ! vote 9 ?is matt]1
 ! proposition t x is desirable t !     
bett] sort ( p %\ld int]m>ry & h        
pl5tiful *ildr51 & t ! inf]ior sort ( p 
%\ld ab/a9 f multiplication1 w\ld be    
c>ri$ by an ov]:elm+ majority4 ,!y might
 disagree ) ,plato's me?ods1 ,footnote3 
,! ,republic1 ,bk4 ,v4 b !y w\ld c]ta9ly
 agree to 8 pr9ciple4 ,& t ?is is n a   
popul> error ,mr4 ,francis ,galton has  
%[n4 ,he has devot$ a v l>ge am\nt (    
en]gy & capacity to ! vivid & conv9c+   
pres5tation ( ?is idea1 & to its        
c\rage\s propagation4 ,8 ,huxley        
,lecture to ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute 
9 #aija ,footnote3 ,nature1 vol4 lxiv4  

p4 #fei4 puts ! :ole matt] z vividly z x
 ev] c be put4 ,he classifies humanity  
ab\t _! av]age 9 classes :i* he         
indicates by ! lett]s ,r ,s ,t ,u ,v    
ris+ above ! av]age & r s t u v fall+   
bel[1 & he saturates ! :ole bus9ess 9   
quantitative col\r4 ,inde$1 ,mr4 ,galton
 has drawn up c]ta9 def9ite proposals4  
,he has sugge/$ t 8noble families0 %\ld 
collect 8f9e specim5s ( humanity0 ar\nd 
!m1 employ+ ^! f9e specim5s 9 m5ial     
occupations ( a light & com=table sort1 
t w leave a suffici5t portion ( _!      
en]gies free = ! multiplication ( _!    
sup]ior type4 8,promis+ "y c\ples0 might
 be giv5 8heal?y & conv5i5t h\ses at l[ 
r5tals10 he sugge/s1 & no d\bt x c\ld be
 contriv$ t !y %\ld pay _! r5t p>tly or 
entirely p] /one ( family annually      
produc$4 ,& he has also propos$ t       
8diplomas0 %\ld be grant$ to "y m5 &    
wom5 ( high class--big ,s & upw>d--& t  
!y %\ld be enc\rag$ to int]m>ry "y4 ,a  
s*eme ( 8d[ries0 = diploma hold]s w\ld  
obvi\sly be ! simple/ ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,& only

 ! rules = id5tify+ y\r great ,s ,t ,u &
 ,v 9 adolesc5ce1 are want+ f !         
symmetrical complet5ess ( 8 really v    
noble-spirit$ & high-class s*eme4  ,at a
 m popul> level ,mrs4 ,victoria         
,woodhull ,m>t9 has battl$ bravely 9 !  
cause ( ! same =egone conclusion4 ,! "w 
( tell+ ! _w :at x kn[s to be true w    
nev] want self-sacrific+ work]s4 ,!     
,humanit>ian 0 h] mon?ly organ (        
propag&a4 ,)9 its cov]1 :i* pres5t$ a   
lum9if]\s />k ideal ( exempl>y          
muscul>ity1 popul> prea*]s1 popul>      
bi%ops1 & popul> an?ropologi/s vi$ )    
titl$ ladies ( lib]al outlook 9 ! s]vice
 ( ?is conception4 ,!re 0 mu* !re9 ab\t 
! ,rapid ,multiplication ( ! ,unfit1 a  
phrase nev] prop]ly expla9$1 & ,i mu/   
confess t ! transitory pres5ce ( ?is    
in/ructive little magaz9e 9 my h\se1    
mon? aft] mon? 7x is n[1 unhappily1     
dead71 did mu* to direct my att5tion to 
! gaps & difficulties t int]v5e betwe5 !
 g5]al proposition & its practical      
application by sob] & hone/ m54 ,"o took

 x up & ask$ "t aft] "t1 8,:y %\ld !re  
be ?is que] flav\r ( absurdity &        
pret5ti\sness ab\t ! ?+80 ,be=e !       
,humanit>ian p]iod ,i 0 entirely 9      
agreem5t ) ! ,humanit>ian's cause4 ,x   
seem$ to me !n t to prev5t !            
multiplication ( p bel[ a c]ta9 /&>d1 & 
to enc\rage ! multiplication (          
exceptionally sup]ior p1 0 ! only real &
 p]man5t way ( m5d+ ! ills ( ! _w4 ,i   
?9k t /ill4 ,9 t way man has ris5 f !   
bea/s1 & 9 t way m5 w rise to be ov]-m54
 ,9 ^? days ,i ask$ 9 amazem5t :y ?is ?+
 0 n done1 & talk$ ! usual nons5se ab\t 
! obduracy & /upidity ( ! _w4 ,x is only
 aft] a consid]able am\nt ( ?\ght &     
inquiry t ,i am beg9n+ to und]/& :y = _m
 g5]ations1 p]haps1 no?+ ( ! sort c     
possibly be done except 9 ! mo/ m>g9al &
 t5tative mann]4  ,if to-morr[ ! :ole _w
 7 to sign an unanim\s r\nd-rob9 to ,mr4
 ,francis ,galton & ,mrs4 ,victoria     
,woodhull ,m>t91 admitt+ absolutely _!  
lead+ argum5t t x is absurd to bre$ our 
horses & %eep & improve ! /ock ( our    

pigs & f[ls1 :ile we leave humanity to  
mate 9 ! mo/ he$less mann]1 & if1 fur!r1
 ! :ole _w1 promis+ ob$i5ce1 7 to ask ^!
 two to ga!r toge!r a consultative      
committee1 draw up a s*eme ( rules1 &   
/>t =?) ^u ! great "w ( improv+ ! human 
/ock z fa/ z x c be done1 if x und]took 
t m>riages %\ld no long] be made 9 heav5
 or e>?1 b only "u lic5ce f t committee1
 ,i v5ture to ?9k t1 aft] a v brief epo*
 ( fluctuat+ legislation1 ?is committee1
 except = an extremely %ort li/ (       
absolute prohibitions1 w\ld decide to   
leave matt]s almo/ exactly z !y are n[2 
x w\ld re/ore love & private pref]5ce to
 _! anci5t au?ority & fre$om1 at ! utmo/
 x w\ld (f] "s greatly qualifi$ advice1 
& s releas$1 x w\ld turn its att5tion to
 ^? flaws & gaps 9 our k t at pres5t    
r5d] ^! regulations no m ?an a !ory & a 
dream4  ,! fir/ difficulty ^! !ori/s    
ignore is ?is3 we are1 z a matt] ( fact1
 n a bit cle> :at po9ts to bre$ = & :at 
po9ts to bre$ out4  ,! analogy ) ! bre$]
 ( cattle is a v mislead+ "o4 ,he has a 

v simple ideal1 to :i* he directs !     
entire pair+ ( 8 /ock4 ,he bre$s = beef1
 he bre$s = calves & milk1 he bre$s = a 
homog5e\s docile h]d4 ,t[>ds t ideal he 
goes simply & directly1 slaught]+ &     
sp>+1 reg>dless entirely ( any div]g5t  
v>iation t may arise b5ea? 8 control4 ,a
 "y calf ) an incipi5t s5se ( hum\r1 ) a
 bright & inquir+ disposition1 ) a gift 
= a?leticism or a qua9tly-m>k$ hide1 has
 no sort ( *ance ) him at all on t      
acc\nt4 ,he c ?r[ ^! pr(f]$ gifts (     
nature aside )\t hesitation4 ,:i* is j  
:at our !oretical bre$]s ( humanity _c  
v5ture to d4 ,!y d n want a homog5e\s   
race 9 ! future at all4 ,!y want a ri*  
int]play ( free1 /rong1 & v>i$          
p]sonalities1 & t alt]s ! nature ( !    
problem absolutely4  ,?is ! read] may   
dispute4 ,he may admit ! ne$ ( v>iety1 b
 he may argue t ?is v>iety mu/ arise f a
 basis ( common end[m5t4 ,he may say t 9
 spite ( ! complication introduc$ by !  
consid]ation t a div]g5t v>iation f "o  
ideal may be a div]g5ce t[>ds ano!r     

ideal1 !re rema9 c]ta9 def9able po9ts1 t
 c\ld be br$ = univ]sally1 = all t4     
,:at are !y8  ,!re w be little d\bt he w
 answ] 8,heal?40 ,aft] t probably he may
 say 8,beauty40 ,9 addition ! read] (   
,mr4 ,galton's ,h]$it>y ,g5ius w        
probably say1 8ability10 8capacity10    
8g5ius10 & 8en]gy40 ,! read] ( ,doctor  
,nordau w add 8sanity40 ,& ! read] (    
,mr4 ,ar*dall ,reid w r\nd up ! li/ )   
8immunity0 f dipsomania & all contagi\s 
diseases4 8,let u m>k our human be+s10  
! read] ( t way ( ?9k+ w sugge/1 8let u 
give m>ks = #8heal?1' = #8ability1' =   
v>i\s sorts ( specific immunity & s =?1 
& let u we$ out ^? :o are l[ 9 ! scale &
 multiply ^? :o /& high4 ,?is w give u a
 /raight way to practical amelioration1 
& ! difficulty y are try+ to raise10 he 
urges1 8vani%es =?)40  ,x w\ld1 if ^!   
po9ts 7 really po9ts1 if 8beauty10      
8capacity10  8heal?10 & 8sanity0 7      
simple & uni=m ?+s4 ,un=tunately !y are 
n simple1 & ) t fact a ho/ (            
difficulties arise4 ,let me take fir/ ! 

mo/ simple & obvi\s case ( 8beauty40 ,if
 beauty 7 a simple ?+1 x w\ld be        
possible to arrange human be+s 9 a      
simple scale1 accord+ to :e!r !y _h m or
 less ( ?is simple quality--j z "o c d 9
 ! case ( :at are p]haps really simple &
 bre$able qualities--height or weight4  
,?is p]son1 "o might say1 is at eight 9 
! scale ( beauty1 & ?is at t51 & ?is at 
tw5ty-sev54 ,b x complicates ! case     
beyond ! possibilities ( su* a scale    
altoge!r :5 "o beg9s to consid] t !re   
are v>ieties & types ( beauty hav+ v    
wide div]g5ces & made up ( a v>y+ numb] 
( elem5ts 9 dissimil> proportions4 ,!re 
is1 = example1 ! flax51 k9dly beauty ( !
 ,dut* type1 ! dusky ,jewess1 ! tall1   
fair ,sc&9avian1 ! d>k & brilliant s\?  
,italian1 ! noble ,roman1 ! da9ty       
,japanese--to "n no o!rs4 ,ea* ( ^!     
types has its peculi> & incomm5surable  
po9ts1 & )9 ! limits ( ea* type y w f9d 
a hundr$ div]g5t1 almo/ unanalyzable1   
/yles1 a beauty ( expression1 a beauty (
 c>riage1 a beauty ( reflection1 a      

beauty ( repose1 aris+ ea* f a q peculi>
 proportion ( p>ts & qualities1 & hav+  
no def9able relation at all to any ( !  
o!rs4 ,if we 7 to imag9e a human        
appe>ance z made up ( c]ta9 elem5ts1 a1 
b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 etc41 !n we might suppose
 t beauty 9 "o case 0 atta9$ by a c]ta9 
high developm5t ( a & f1 9 ano!r by a   
c]ta9 f95ess ( c & d1 9 ano!r by a      
delightfully subtle ratio ( f & b4      
,a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 ,f1 etc4                
a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 etc4                  
a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 ,f1 etc41  might all1 =  
example1 repres5t diff]5t types (       
beauty4 ,beauty is nei!r a simple nor a 
con/ant ?+2 x is atta9able ?r\gh a      
v>iety ( comb9ations1 j z ! numb] #ejj c
 be got by add+ or multiply+ toge!r a   
great v>iety ( num]ical arrangem5ts4    
,two long num]ical =mulae might bo?     
simplify out to #ejj1 b half ! l5g? ( "o
 truncat$ & put end on to ! truncat$ end
 ( ! o!r1 might give a v diff]5t result4
 ,x is q conceivable t y might select & 
w$ toge!r all ! mo/ beautiful p 9 ! _w &

 f9d t 9 n9e cases out ( t5 y _h simply 
produc$ m$iocre (fspr+ or (fspr+ bel[   
m$iocrity4 ,out ( ! rema9+ t5? a great  
majority w\ld be beautiful simply by    
8tak+ aft]0 "o or o!r p>5t1 simply ?r\gh
 ! pr$om9ance1 ! prepot5cy1 ( "o p>5t   
ov] ! o!r1 a ?+ t might h happ5$ equally
 well if ! o!r p>5t 0 pla94 ,! fir/ sort
 ( beauty 79 my ?ree =mulae7 w$d+ ! ?ird
 sort ( beauty1 might simply result 9 a 
r ugly excess ( ,f1 & aga9 ! fir/ sort  
might result f a comb9ation (           
a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 ,f1 etc41                
&                 ,a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1    
etc41  nei!r ( :i* arrangem5ts1 v       
conceivably1 may be beautiful at all :5 
x is tak5 alone4 ,9 ?is respect1 at any 
rate1 p]sonal value & reproductive value
 may be two entirely diff]5t ?+s4  ,n[  
:at ! elem5ts ( p]sonal aspect really   
are1 :at ^! elem5ts a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1   
etc41 may be1 we d n "k ) any sort (    
exactness4 ,possibly height1 weight1    
pres5ce ( d>k pigm5t 9 ! hair1 :it5ess (
 sk91 pres5ce ( hair ^u ! body1 are     

simple elem5ts 9 inh]itance t w foll[   
,galton's ari?metical treatm5t ( h]$ity 
) "s exactness4 ,b we are n ev5 sure (  
t4 ,! height ( "o p>ticul> p]son may be 
due to an exceptional l5g? ( leg & neck1
 ( ano!r to an abnormal l5g? ( !        
v]tebral bodies ( ! backbone2 ! =m] may 
h a r less ?an ord9>y backbone1 ! latt] 
a /unt$ type ( limb1 & an int]m>riage   
may j z conceivably 7s f> z our pres5t k
 goes7 give ! backbone ( ! fir/ & ! legs
 ( ! second z x may a v tall p]son4  ,! 
fact is t 9 ?is matt] ( beauty & bre$+ =
 beauty we are grop+ 9 a corn] :]e      
sci5ce has n be5 e/abli%$4 ,no d\bt !   
corn] is m>k$ out z a "p ( ! 8sph]e (   
influ5ce0 ( an?ropology1 b !re is n !   
slighte/ indication ( an effective      
occupation among ^! raid+ consid]ations 
& unc]ta9 facts4 ,until an?ropology     
produces h] ,daltons & ,davys we mu/    
fumble 9 ?is corn]1 j z ! old al*emi/s  
fumbl$ = c5turies be=e ! dawn ( *emi/ry4
 ,our utmo/ practice "h mu/ be          
empirical4 ,we d n "k ! elem5ts ( :at we

 h1 ! human *>act]i/ics we are work+ ^u 
to get t end4 ,! s5tim5taliz$ aff9ities 
( "y p]sons 9 _! spr+ are j z likely to 
result 9 ! improvem5t ( ! race 9 ?is    
respect z ! :ole sci5ce ( an?ropology 9 
its pres5t /ate ( evolution4  ,i h      
sugge/$ t 8beauty0 is a t]m appli$ to a 
miscellany ( syn!tic results comp\nd$ ( 
div]se elem5ts 9 div]se proportions2 &  
,i h sugge/$ t "o c no m g5]alize ab\t x
 9 relation to inh]itance ) any hope (  
effective application ?an "o c g5]alize 
ab\t1 say1 8lumpy sub/ances0 9 relation 
to *emical comb9ation4 ,by reason+ ^u q 
p>allel l9es ne>ly e *>act]i/ic ) :i*   
,mr4 ,galton deals 9 8 int]e/+ &        
sugge/ive b q inconclusive works1 c be  
demon/rat$ to consi/ 9 a simil>         
miscellany4 ,he speaks ( 8em95ce10 (    
8success10 ( 8ability10 ( 8zeal10 &     
8en]gy10 = example1 & except = ! la/ two
 items ,i w\ld submit t ^! qualities1   
?\gh ( enorm\s p]sonal value1 are ( no  
practical value 9 inh]itance :atev]2 t  
to w$ 8ability0 to 8ability0 may bre$   

some?+ less ?an m$iocrity1 & t 8ability0
 is j z likely or j z unlikely to be    
prepot5t & to ass]t itself 9 desc5t ) ! 
mo/ casually select$ p>tn] z x is ) "o  
pick$ ) all ! k1 or r pseudo-k1         
an?ropology 9 its pres5t /ate c give u4 
,:51 h[ev]1 we turn to 8zeal0 or 8en]gy0
 or 8g10 we d seem to be deal+ ) a      
simpl] & m transmissible ?+4 ,let u     
assume t 9 ?is matt] !re is a wide range
 ( diff]5ce t may be arrang$ 9 a direct 
& simple scale 9 quantitative relation  
to ! gross output ( action ( diff]5t    
human be+s4 ,"o passes f ! incessant    
employm5t ( su* a be+ z ,glad/one at !  
"o extreme1 a loquaci\s torr5t ( int]e/s
 & a*ievem5ts1 to ! extreme ( phlegmatic
 le?>gy on ! o!r4 ,call ! =m] a high    
en]getic & ! latt] l[4 ,q possibly x    
might be f\nd t we c\ld bre$ 8high      
en]getics40 ,b be=e we did s we %\ld h  
to consid] v gravely t ! 8g0 & 8en]gy0 (
 a man h no asc]ta9able relation to _m  
o!r extremely important consid]ations4  
,y\r en]getic p]son may be moral or     

immoral1 an unqualifi$ egoti/ or z      
public spirit$ z an ant1 sane1 or a rav+
 lunatic4 ,y\r phlegmatic p]son may rip5
 resolves & br+ out tru?s1 ) !          
incomp>able cle>ness ( a long-expos$1   
sl[ly develop$1 sl[ly pr9t$ photograph4 
,a man :o w\ld ex*ange ! sl[ gigantic   
toil ( t sluggi% & delib]ate p]son1     
,*>les ,d>w91 = ! tumultu\s inconsequ5ce
 & 7z "s p ?9k x7 ! net mis*ief ( a     
,glad/one1 w\ld no d\bt be prep>$ to    
sub/itute a ,ca!r9e-:eel 9 active       
eruption = ! wat* ( less adv5tur\s m54  
,b be=e we c\ld induce ! community z a  
:ole to make a simil> ex*ange1 he w\ld h
 to c>ry on a prolong$ & vigor\s        
propag&a4  ,= my own "p--& ,i write z an
 ignorant man 9 a realm :]e ignorance   
prevails--,i am incl9$ to d\bt !        
simplicity & homog5eity ev5 ( ?is       
quality ( 8en]gy0 or 8g40 ,a p]son )\t  
re/ra9t1 )\t intellectual consci5ce1 )\t
 critical faculty1 may write & jabb] & g
 to & fro & be "h & !re1 simply because 
e impulse is obey$ s soon z x arises4   

,ano!r p]son may be built ^u an altoge!r
 l>g] scale ( en]gy1 b may be delib]ate1
 conc5trat$1 & fa/idi\s1 b5t r ^u tru? &
 p]man5ce ?an ^u any imm$iate           
quantitative result1 & may appe> to any 
"o b an extremely p5etrat+ critic1 z    
inf]ior 9 en]gy to ! =m]4 ,s f> z our k 
goes at pres5t1 :at is popul>ly kn[n z  
8en]gy0 or 8g0 is j z likely to be a    
c]ta9 net prepond]ance ( a v>i$         
miscellany ( impulsive qualities ov] a  
v>i$ miscellany ( re/ra9ts &            
inhibitions1 z x is to prove a simple   
indivisible quality transmissible       
intact4 ,we are s pr(\ndly ignorant 9 ^!
 matt]s1 s f> f any?+ wor?y ( ! "n (    
sci5ce1 t "o view is j z p]missible & j 
z untru/wor?y z ! o!r4  ,ev5 !          
qualification ( 8heal?0 is n suffici5t4 
,a ?\ghtless p]son may say ) ! mo/      
inv9cible air1 8,p>5ts %\ld1 at any     
rate1 be heal?y10 b t alone is only a   
mislead+ vague =mula = good int5tions4  
,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is e reason to     
believe t transitory ill-heal? 9 ! p>5t 

is ( no consequ5ce at all to ! (fspr+4  
,nei!r does acquir$ con/itutional       
ill-heal? necess>ily transmit to a *ild2
 x may or x may n react ^u ! *ild's     
nutrition & tra9+1 b t is a "q to       
consid] lat]4 ,x is q conceivable1 x is 
highly probable1 t !re are h]$it>y =ms (
 ill-heal?1 & t !y may be elim9at$ f !  
human lot by discreet & re/ra9$ pair+1 b
 :at !y are & :at are ! specific        
conditions ( _! control we d n "k4 ,&   
fur!rmore1 we are sc>cely m c]ta9 t !   
condition ( 8p]fect heal?0 9 "o human   
be+ is ! same z ! simil>ly nam$         
condition 9 ano!r1 ?an we are t ! beauty
 ( "o type is made up ( ! same ess5tial 
elem5ts z ! beauty ( ano!r4 ,heal? is a 
balance1 a balance ( blood aga9/ n]ve1 (
 dige/ion aga9/ secretion1 ( he>t aga9/ 
bra94 ,a he>t ( p]fect heal? & vig\r put
 into ! body ( a p]fectly heal?y man :o 
is built ^u a slight] scale ?an t he>t1 
w swiftly disorganize ! entire fabric1 &
 bur/ its way to a haemorrhage 9 lung   
p]haps1 or bra91 or :]ev] ! slighte/    

relative weak5+ p]mits4 ,! 8p]fect0     
heal? ( a negro may be a q dissimil>    
sy/em ( reactions to ! 8p]fect heal?0 ( 
a vigor\s :ite2 y may bl5d !m only to   
create an ail+ mass ( physiological     
discords4 8,heal?10 j z mu* z ^! o!r    
?+s1 is1 = ?is purpose ( m>riage        
diplomas & ! l1 a vague1 uns]viceable   
syn!tic quality4 ,x s]ves ea* "o ( u =  
our private & conv]sational ne$s1 b 9   
?is "q x is n h>d en\gh & %>p--en\gh = !
 ?+ we want x to d4 ,br\ght to ! s]vice 
( ?is f9e & complicat$ issue x breaks   
d[n altoge!r4 ,we d n "k en\gh4 ,we h n 
analyz$ en\gh nor p5etrat$ en\gh4 ,!re  
is no sci5ce yet1 wor?y ( ! "n1 9 any ( 
^! ?+s4 ,footnote3 ,?is idea ( attempt+ 
to def9e ! elem5ts 9 inh]itance1 al?\gh 
x is abs5t f mu* contempor>y discussion1
 0 pretty evid5tly 9 m9d 9 ! v /rik+    
rese>*es ( ! ,abb ,m5del to :i* ,mr4    
,bateson--) a c]ta9 intemp]ance (       
mann]--has rec5tly call$ att5tion4      
7,bateson1 ,m5del's ,pr9ciples (        
,h]$ity1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1  

#aijb47  ,^! consid]ations %\ld at lea/ 
suffice to demon/rate ! entire          
impracticability ( ,mr4 ,galton's two   
sugge/ions4 ,moreov]1 ?is idea ( pick+  
out high-scale individuals 9 any        
p>ticul> quality or gr\p ( qualities &  
bre$+ !m1 is n ! way ( nature at all4   
,nature is n a bre$]2 %e is a reckless  
c\pl] &--%e slays4 ,x 0 a popul>        
misconception ( ! !ory ( ! ,survival ( !
 ,fitte/1 a misconception ,"l ,salisbury
 0 at great pa9s to display to ! ,briti%
 ,association 9 #ahid1 t ! av]age ( a   
species 9 any respect is rais$ by !     
selective int]-bre$+ ( ! individuals    
above ! av]age4 ,"l ,salisbury 0 no d\bt
 misl$1 z mo/ p :o %>e 8 mi/ake h be5   
misl$1 by ! grammatical error ( employ+ 
! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/ = ! ,survival ( 
! ,fitt]1 9 ord] to escape a sc>cely    
ambigu\s ambiguity4 ,b ! use ( ! ^w     
8,survival0 %\ld h suffic$ to indicate t
 ! real po9t ( application ( ! =ce by   
:i* ,nature modifies species & raises ! 
av]age 9 any quality1 lies n 9 selective

 bre$+1 b 9 ! disproportionately num]\s 
dea?s ( ! individuals bel[ ! av]age4 ,& 
ev5 ! me?ods ( ! bre$] ( cattle1 if !y  
are to produce a p]man5t alt]ation 9 !  
species ( cattle1 mu/ consi/ n only 9   
bre$+ ! desirable b 9 ei!r kill+ !      
undesirable1 or at lea/--:at is !       
qu9tess5ce1 ! inn] reality ( dea?--9    
prev5t+ !m f bre$+4  ,! g5]al tr5d (    
?\ght 9 ,mrs4 ,m>t9's ,humanit>ian 0    
c]ta9ly m 9 accordance ) ?is read+ (    
biological sci5ce ?an 7 ,mr4 ,galton's  
proposals4 ,!re 0 a mu* great] insi/5ce 
^u ! ne$ ( 8elim9ation10 ^u ! evil ( !  
8,rapid ,multiplication ( ! ,unfit10 a  
^w t1 h[ev]1 0 nev] def9$ &1 ,i believe1
 really did n mean any?+ 9 p>ticul> 9   
?is connection4 ,& directly "o does     
attempt to def9e x1 directly "o sits d[n
 9 a bus9esslike way to apply ! me?od ( 
elim9ation in/ead ( ! me?od ( selection1
 "o is imm$iately confront$ by almo/ z  
complex an entanglem5t ( difficulties 9 
def9+ po9ts to bre$ out z "o is by def9+
 po9ts to bre$ =4 ,almo/1 ,i say1 b n q4

 ,= "h !re does seem to be1 if n        
c]ta9ties1 at lea/ a few plausible      
probabilities t a vigor\s & sy/ematic   
criticism may p]haps hamm] into         
g5]alizations ( suffici5t c]ta9ty to g  
^u4  ,i believe t long be=e humanity has
 hamm]$ out ! "q ( :at is pre-em95tly   
desirable 9 inh]itance1 a c]ta9 numb] ( 
?+s w h be5 isolat$ & def9$ z           
pre-em95tly undesirable4 ,b be=e ^! are 
consid]$1 let u sweep out ( our pres5t  
reg>d a numb] ( cruel & mis*iev\s ideas 
t are altoge!r too asc5dant at ! pres5t 
"t4  ,an?ropology has be5 comp>$ to a   
great region1 m>k$ out inde$ z )9 !     
sph]e ( influ5ce ( sci5ce1 b unsettl$ & 
= ! mo/ "p unsubdu$4 ,l all su* h9t]l&  
sci5ces1 x is a happy hunt+-gr\nd =     
adv5tur]s4 ,j z 9 ! e>ly days ( ,briti% 
,somalil&1 rascals w\ld desc5d f n[h]e 9
 p>ticul> ^u un=tunate villages1 levy   
taxes & adm9i/] atrocity 9 ! "n ( !     
,empire1 & ev51 ,i am told1 outface = a 
"t ! mode/ h]alds ( ! gov]nm5t1 s 9 ?is 
dep>tm5t ( an?ropology ! public m9d     

suff]s f ! imposition ( !ories &        
ass]tions claim+ to be 8sci5tific10 :i* 
h no m relation to t organiz$ sy/em (   
criticism :i* is sci5ce1 ?an a brig& at 
l>ge on a m\nta9 has to ! ma*9]y ( law &
 police1 by :i* f9ally he w be hang$4   
,among su* raid+ !ori/s none at pres5t  
are 9 q su* urg5t ne$ ( polemical       
suppression z ^? :o w\ld p]suade !      
he$less g5]al read] t e social failure  
is necess>ily a 8deg5]ate10  & :o claim 
boldly t !y c trace a di/9ctly evil &   
mis*iev\s /ra9 9 t un=tunate miscellany 
:i* con/itutes 8! crim9al class40 ,!y   
invoke ! "n ( 8sci5ce0 ) j z mu*        
confid5ce & j z mu* claim z ! e>ly      
,victorian phr5ologi/s4 ,!y speak &     
write ) ineffable pr(undity ab\t !      
8crim9al0 e>1 ! 8crim9al0 ?umb1 !       
8crim9al0 glance4 ,!y ga9 access to     
gaols & pe/] un=tunate prison]s )       
callip]s & cam]as1 & q un=givable pry+  
into p]sonal & private matt]s1 & !y hold
 out great hopes t by ^! exp$i5ts !y w  
evolve at la/ a 8sci5tific0 revival ( ! 

,kaffir's wit*-smell+4 ,we %all cat* our
 crim9als by an?ropometry ere ev] a     
crim9al ?\ght has ent]$ _! bra9s4       
8,prev5tion is bett] ?an cure40 ,^!     
mattoid sci5ti/s make a direct &        
disa/r\s attack ^u ! lat5t self-respect 
( crim9als4 ,& n only ^u t t5d] plant1 b
 also ^u ! spr+s ( human *>ity t[>ds !  
crim9al class4 ,= ! complex & v>i$ *apt]
 ( accid5ts t c>ries m5 into t net (    
precautions1 exp$i5ts1 prohibitions1 &  
v9dictive reprisals1 ! net ( ! law1 !y  
w\ld h u believe !re is a fatal         
necessity inh]5t 9 _! be+4 ,crim9als are
 born1 n made1 !y allege4 ,no long] are 
we to say1 8,!re1 b = ! grace ( ,god1 g 
,i0--:5 ! convict tramps pa/ u--b1 8,!re
 goes ano!r sort ( animal t is          
diff]5tiat+ f my species & :i* ,i w\ld  
gladly see ext]m9at$40  ,n[ e man :o has
 se>*$ 8 he>t kn[s t ?is =mulation (    
8crim9ality0 z a specific quality is a  
/upidity1 he kn[s himself to be a       
crim9al1 j z mo/ m5 "k !mselves to be   
sexually rogues4 ,no man is born ) an   

in/9ctive respect = ! rights ( any      
prop]ty b 8 own1 & few ) a passion =    
monogamy4 ,no man :o is n an outrage\sly
 va9 & fooli% creature b w confess to   
himself t b = advantages & accid5ts1 b =
 a *ance hesitation or a lucky timidity1
 he1 too1 _h be5 !re1 "u ! ridicul\s    
callip]s ( witless an?ropology4 ,a      
crim9al is no d\bt ( less p]sonal value 
to ! community ?an a law-abid+ citiz5 ( 
! same g5]al calibre1 b x does n foll[ =
 "o mom5t t he is ( less value z a p>5t4
 ,8 p]sonal disa/] may be due to !      
possession ( a bold & ent]pris+ "*1 ( a 
degree ( pride & en]gy above ! ne$s ( ! 
position 8 social surr\nd+s h =c$ ^u    
him4 ,ano!r citiz5 may h all ?is man's  
desires & impulses1 *eck$ & /]iliz$ by a
 lack ( n]v\s en]gy1 by an abject fe> ( 
! policeman & ( ! consequ5ces ( !       
disapproval ( 8 m prosp]\s              
fell[-citiz5s4 ,i w frankly confess t = 
my own "p ,i pref] ! wick$ to ! mean1 & 
t ,i w\ld r tru/ ! future to ! =m] /ra9 
?an to ! latt]4 ,:atev] pref]5ce ! read]

 may ent]ta91 !re rema9s ?is unmi/akable
 objection to its application to bre$+1 
t 8crim9ality0 is n a specific simple   
quality1 b a complex t may int]fuse )   
o!r complexes to give q incalculable    
results 9 ! (fspr+ x produces4 ,s t "h  
aga91 on ! negative side1 we f9d a g5]al
 expression uns]viceable = our use4     
,footnote3 ,no d\bt ! home ( ! crim9al &
 social failure is g5]ally disa/r\s to !
 *ildr5 born into x4 ,t is a "q t w be  
fully dealt2 ) 9 a subsequ5t pap]1 & ,i 
note x "h only to po9t out t x is       
outside our pres5t discussion1 :i* is   
conc]n$ n ) ! fate ( *ildr5 born into ! 
_w1 b ) ! prior "q :e!r we may hope to  
improve ! quality ( ! av]age bir? by    
enc\rag+ "s sorts ( p to h *ildr5 &     
disc\rag+ or =bidd+ o!rs4 ,x is ( vital 
importance to keep ^! two que/ions      
di/9ct1 if we are to get at la/ to a    
basis = effective action4  ,b x w be    
alleg$ t al?\gh crim9ality z a :ole     
means no?+ def9ite en\gh = our purpose1 
!re c be pick$ out & def9$ c]ta9 crim9al

 7or at any rate disa/r\s7 t5d5cies t   
are simple1 specific & transmissible4   
,^? :o h read ,mr4 ,ar*dall ,reid's     
,alcoholism1 = example1 w "k t he deals 
con/antly ) :at is call$ ! 8dr9k crav+0 
z if x 7 su* a specific simple          
inh]itance4 ,he makes a v /rong case =  
?is belief1 b /rong z x is1 ,i d n ?9k x
 is go+ to /& ! pressure ( a rigor\sly  
critical exam9ation4 ,he po9ts out t    
races :i* h be5 9 possession ( alcoholic
 dr9ks ! longe/ are ! lea/ drunk51 & ?is
 he ascribes to ! 8elim9ation0 ( all ^? 
^: 8dr9k crav+0 is too /rong = !m4      
,nations unus$ to alcoholic dr9k are mo/
 t]ribly ravag$ at its fir/ com+ to !m1 
may ev5 be de/roy$ by x1 9 precisely !  
same way t new diseases com+ to peoples 
unus$ to !m are f> m malignant ?an among
 peoples :o h suff]$ f !m g5]ation aft] 
g5]ation4 ,su* in/ances z ! t]rible     
ravages ( measles 9 ,polynesia & ! ru9  
work$ by fire-wat] among ! ,r$ ,indians1
 he gives 9 great abundance4 ,he inf]s f
 ?is t int]f]5ce ) ! sale ( dr9k to a p 

may 9 ! long run d m h>m ?an good1 by   
pres]v+ ^? :o w\ld o!rwise be elim9at$1 
p]mitt+ !m to multiply & s1 g5]ation by 
g5]ation1 l[]+ ! resi/+ p[] ( ! race4 ,&
 he proposes to div]t temp]ance         
legislation f ! p]secution ( dr9k mak]s 
& sell]s1 to su* rem$ies z ! puni%m5t ( 
decl>$ & indisputable drunk>ds if !y    
incur p>5tage1 & ! ext5sion ( ! gr\nds (
 divorce to include ?is ugly & disa/r\s 
habit4  ,i am n av]se to ,mr4 ,reid's   
rem$ies because ,i ?9k ( ! wife & !     
home1 b ,i w\ld n g s f> ) him z to     
consid] ?is 8dr9k crav+0 specific &     
simple1 & ,i reta9 an op5 m9d ab\t !    
sale ( dr9k4 ,he has n conv9c$ me t !re 
is an inh]it$ 8dr9k crav+0 any m ?an !re
 is an inh]it$ tea crav+ or an inh]it$  
morphia crav+4  ,9 ! fir/ place ,i w\ld 
prop\nd a c]ta9 view ( ! g5]al "q (     
habits4 ,my own private obs]vations 9   
psy*ology incl9e me to believe t p v>y v
 mu* 9 _! p[] ( acquir+ habits & 9 !    
/r5g? & fixity ( ! habits !y acquire4   
,my mo/ imm$iate subject ( psy*ological 

/udy1 = example1 is a man ( untru/wor?y 
memory :o is ne>ly incapable ( a really 
deep-root$ habit4 ,no?+ is automatic )  
him4 ,he crams & =gets languages ) an   
equal ease1 gives up smok+ aft] fifte5  
ye>s ( con/ant practice2 %aves ) a      
consci\s ef=t e morn+ & is capable (    
=gett+ to d s if int5t ^u any?+ else4   
,he is g5]ally self-indulg5t1 capable ( 
ke5 enjoym5t & q capable ( intemp]ance1 
b he has no inv>iable delights & no     
besett+ s94 ,su* a man w n become an    
habitual drunk>d2 he w n become any?+   
8habitual40 ,b ) ano!r type ( man habit 
is inde$ second nature4 ,in/ead ( !     
p]man5t fluidity ( my p>ticul> case1 su*
 p are cont9ually t5d+ to solidify &    
h>d54 ,_! memories set1 _! op9ions set1 
_! me?ods ( expression set1 _! delights 
recur & recur1 !y conv]t initiative into
 me*anical habit day by day4 ,let !m    
ta/e any pleasure & ea* "t !y ta/e x !y 
deep5 a ne$4 ,at la/ _! habits become   
imp]ative ne$s4 ,) su* a disposition1   
ext]nal circum/ances & sugge/ions1 ,i   

v5ture to believe1 may make a man ei!r  
into an habitual *ur*-go] or an habitual
 drunk>d1 an habitual toil] or an       
habitual rake4 ,a self-indulg5t r       
unsocial habit-=m+ man may v easily     
become :at is call$ a dipsomaniac1 no   
d\bt1 b t is n ! same ?+ z an inh]it$   
specific crav+4 ,) dr9k inaccessible &  
o!r vices (f]+ 8 lapse may take ano!r   
l9e4 ,an aggressive1 pr\d & greatly     
mortifi$ man may fall ^u ! same c\rses4 
,an unw>y y\? ( ! pla/ic type may be    
tak5 unaw>es & pass f free indulg5ce to 
excess be=e he p]ceives t a habit is    
tak+ hold ( him4  ,i believe t _m causes
 & _m temp]am5ts g to ! mak+ ( drunk>ds4
 ,i h read a /ory by ! late ,sir ,walt] 
,besant1 9 :i* he pres5ts ! specific    
crav+ z if x 7 a specific magic curse4  
,! /ory 0 suppos$ to be morally edify+1 
b ,i c imag9e ?is ugly sup]/ition ( !   
8h]$it>y crav+0--x is really no?+       
m--act+ ) absolutely p>alyz+ effect ^u  
"s cr$ul\s y\ng/] /ruggl+ 9 ! grip ( a  
develop+ habit4 8,x's no good try+10--t 

q inf]nal phrase6  ,x may be urg$ t ?is 
attempt to :ittle d[n ! 8inh]it$ crav+0 
to a habit does n meet ,mr4 ,reid's     
argum5t f ! gradual increase ( resi/+   
p[] 9 races subject$ to alcoholic       
temptation1 an increase due to !        
elim9ation ( all ! m susceptible        
individuals4 ,!re c be no d5y+ t ^?     
nations t h _h f]m5t$ dr9ks longe/ are !
 sob]e/1 b t1 aft] all1 may be only "o  
aspect ( mu* m ext5sive op]ations4 ,!   
nations t h _h f]m5t$ dr9ks ! longe/ are
 also ^? t h be5 civiliz$ ! longe/4 ,!  
passage ( a p f a condition (           
agricultural disp]sal to a m organiz$   
civilization means a v extreme *ange 9 !
 conditions ( survival1 ( :i* ! increas+
 int5sity ( temptation to alcoholic     
excess is only "o aspect4 ,gluttony1 =  
example1 becomes a mu* m possible habit1
 & _m o!r vices t5d] dea? = ! fir/ "t to
 ! m5 :o are ga!r+ 9 & ab\t t[ns4 ,!    
city dem&s m p]si/5t1 m intellectualiz$ 
& less int5se physical desires ?an !    
c\ntryside4 ,moral qualities t 7 a      

disadvantage 9 ! disp]s$ /age become    
advantage\s 9 ! city1 & conv]sely4      
,rugg$ indep5d5ce ceases to be helpful1 
& an intellig5t turn = give & take1 =   
collaboration & b>ga9+1 makes increas+ly
 = survival4 ,moreov]1 !re gr[s v sl[ly 
an indef9able fabric ( traditional home 
tra9+ 9 re/ra9t t is v h>d to sep>ate 9 
analysis f m5tal h]$ity4 ,p :o h dwelt =
 _m g5]ations 9 t[ns are n only m       
temp]ate & less explosive 9 ! gross]    
indulg5ces1 b m urbane altoge!r4 ,!     
drunk5 p are also ! 8uncivil0 peoples & 
! individuali/ic peoples4 ,! great      
preval5ce ( drunk5ness among ! upp]     
classes two c5turies ago c h>dly h be5  
br$ out 9 ! int]v5+ six or sev5         
g5]ations1 & x is also a difficult fact 
= ,mr4 ,reid t drunk5ness has increas$ 9
 ,france4 ,9 mo/ ( ! cases cit$ by ,mr4 
,reid a complex ( op]at+ =ces c\ld be   
/at$ 9 :i* ! appe>ance ( f]m5t$ liquors 
is only "o factor1 & a tangle (         
consequ5t *anges 9 :i* a gradually      
increas+ ins5sibility to ! *>ms (       

intoxication 0 only "o ?read4           
,drunk5ness has no d\bt play$ a l>ge "p 
9 elim9at+ c]ta9 types ( p f ! _w1 b t x
 specifically elim9ates "o specific     
def9able type is an altoge!r diff]5t    
matt]4  ,ev5 if we admit ,mr4 ,reid's   
conception1 ?is by no means solves !    
problem4 ,x is q conceivable t ! _w c\ld
 pur*ase c]ta9 sorts ( immunity too     
de>ly4 ,if x 0 a common ?+ to adorn !   
p>apets ( h\ses 9 t[ns ) piles ( loose  
bricks1 x is c]ta9 t a l>ge numb] (     
p]sons n immune to fracture ( ! skull by
 fall+ bricks w\ld be elim9at$4 ,a "t   
w\ld no d\bt come :5 ^? ) a specific    
liability to skull fracture w\ld all be 
elim9at$1 & ! human cranium w\ld h      
develop$ a practical immunity to damage 
f all sorts ( fall+ sub/ances4 ,b !re   
w\ld h be5 f> m ext5sive suppressions   
?an w\ld appe> 9 ! lett] ( ! agreem5t4  
,?is no d\bt is a c>icature ( ! case1 b 
x w s]ve to illu/rate my cont5tion t    
until we possess a f> m subtle & ?or\gh 
analysis ( ! drunk>d's physique &       

m9d--if x really is a di/9ctive type (  
m9d & physique--?an we h at pres5t1 we h
 no ju/ification :atev] 9 artificial    
int]v5tion to increase :atev] elim9atory
 process may at pres5t be go+ on 9 ?is  
respect4 ,ev5 if !re is su* a specific  
weakness1 x is possible x has a p]iod ( 
maximum int5sity1 & if t %\ld be only a 
brief phase 9 developm5t--let u say at  
adolesc5ce--x might turn out to be mu* m
 to ! advantage ( humanity to contrive  
protective legislation ov] ! dang]\s    
ye>s4 ,i argue to e/abli% no view 9 ^!  
matt]s beyond a view t at pres5t we "k v
 little4  ,n only d ignorance & d\bt b> 
our way to any?+ m ?an a pi\s wi% to    
elim9ate crim9ality & drunk5ness 9 a    
sy/ematic mann]1 b ev5 ! popul> belief 9
 ru?less suppression :5ev] !re is       
8madness 9 ! family0 w n /& an          
intellig5t scrut9y4 ,! man 9 ! /reet    
?9ks madness is a fix$ & def9ite ?+1 z  
di/9ct f sanity z black is f :ite4 ,he  
is always exasp]at$ at ! hesitation (   
doctors :5 9 a judicial capacity he     

dem&s3 8,is ?is man mad or isn't he80 ,b
 a v little read+ ( ali5i/s w dissolve  
?is cle> assurance4 ,"h aga9 x seems    
possible t we h a numb] ( /ates t we are
 l$ to believe are simple because !y are
 ga!r$ toge!r "u ! g5]ic ^w 8madness10 b
 :i* may repres5t a consid]able v>iety (
 induc$ & curable & non-inh]itable /ates
 on ! "o h& & ( innate & incurable &    
h]itable m5tal disproportions on ! o!r4 
,! less gift$ portion ( ! educat$ public
 0 greatly delight$ "s ye>s ago by a "w 
by ,dr4 ,nordau call$ ,deg5]ation1 9 :i*
 a great numb] ( abnormal p 7 /udi$ 9 a 
pseudo-sci5tific mann] & %[n to be      
abnormal beyond any possibility (       
dispute4 ,mo/ly ! samples select$ 7 m5 (
 exceptional arti/ic & lit]>y p[]4 ,!   
book 0 pret5ti\s & inconsi/5t--! late   
,"l ,t5nyson 0 quot$1 ,i rememb]1 z a   
typically 8sane0 poet 9 spite ( ! scope 
af=d$ by 8 melodramatic p]sonal         
appe>ance & 8 morbid passion =          
seclusion--b x did at lea/ s]ve to %[ t 
if we _c call a man /upid we may almo/  

inv>iably call him mad ) "s %[ ( reason4
 ,! public read ! book = ! sake ( its   
abuse1 appli$ ! int5d$ conclusion to e  
success t awak5$ its envy1 & fail$      
altoge!r to see h[ absolutely !         
def9ition ( madness 0 de/roy$4 ,b if    
madness is inde$ simply g5ius out ( h& &
 g5ius only madness "u adequate control2
 if imag9ation is a sn>e only to !      
unreasonable & a disord]$ m9d only an   
excess ( intellectual ent]prise--&      
really none ( ^! ?+s c be positively    
disprov$--!n j z reasonable z ! idea (  
suppress+ ! reproduction ( madness1 is !
 idea ( bre$+ x6 ,let u take all ^!     
dull1 /agnant1 respectable p1 "o might  
say1 :o d no?+ b con=m to :atev] rule is
 e/abli%$ ab\t !m & ob/ruct :atev] *ange
 is propos$ to !m1 ^: *ief quality is a 
%e] incapacity to imag9e any?+ beyond _!
 petty exp]i5ces1 & let u tell !m       
pla9ly1 8,x is "t a lunatic m>ri$ into  
y\r family40  ,let no "o run away f ?is 
) ! /atem5t t ,i propose su* a ?+ %\ld  
be done1 b x is1 at any rate 9 ! pres5t 

/ate ( our k1 z reasonable a proposal1  
to make z its q frequ5tly reit]at$      
conv]se4  ,if 9 any case we are 9 a     
position to int]v5e & def9itely =bid    
increase1 x is 9 ! case ( c]ta9 specific
 diseases1 :i* ,i am told are pa9ful &  
disa/r\s & inevitably transmitt$ to !   
(fspr+ ( ! p]son suff]+ f ^! diseases4  
,if !re are su* diseases--& t is a "q ! 
m$ical pr(ession %\ld be able to        
decide--x is evid5t t to incur p>5tage  
:ile "o suff]s f "o ( !m or to transmit 
!m 9 any avoidable way1 is a cruel1     
disa/r\s & abom9able act4 ,if su* a ?+  
is possible x seems to me t 9 view ( !  
guid+ pr9ciple laid d[n 9 ^! pap]s x    
might well be put at ! nadir ( crime1 & 
,i d\bt if any /ep ! ,/ate might take to
 det] & puni% ! (f5d]1 %ort ( torture1  
w\ld meet ) opposition f sane &         
reasonable m54 ,= my own "p ,i am incl9$
 at times almo/ to d\bt if !re are su*  
diseases4 ,if !re are1 ! rem$y is s     
simple & obvi\s1 t ,i _c b blame !      
m$ical pr(ession = v discr$itable       

sil5ces4 ,i am no believ] 9 ! f9al      
wisdom ( ! mass ( mank9d1 b ,i d believe
 en\gh 9 ! sanity ( ! ,engli%-speak+    
peoples to be c]ta9 t any cle> /atem5t &
 in/ruction !y receiv$ f ! m$ical       
pr(ession1 z a :ole1 9 ^! matt]s1 w\ld  
be fai?fully obs]v$4 ,9 ! face ( !      
collective sil5ce ( ?is great body (    
speciali/s1 !re is no?+ = x b to d\bt   
su* diseases exi/4  ,su* a sy/ematic    
suppression ( a specific disease or s is
 really ! utmo/ t c\ld be done ) any    
confid5ce at pres5t1 s f> z ! ,/ate &   
collective action g4 ,footnote3 ,s9ce ! 
above 0 writt51 a correspond5t 9        
,honolulu has call$ my att5tion to a    
%ort b mo/ sugge/ive essay by ,doctor   
,h>ry ,campbell 9 ! ,lancet1 #ahih1 ii41
 p4 #fgh4 ,he uses1 ( c\rse1 ! common   
m$ical euphemism ( 8%\ld n m>ry0 = 8%\ld
 n procreate10 & he gives ! foll[+ z a  
li/ ( 8b>s to m>riage03 pulmon>y        
consumption1 organic he>t disease1      
epilepsy1 insanity1 diabetes1 *ronic    
,bright's disease1 & rheumatic fev]4 ,i 

wi% ,i _h suffici5t m$ical k to analyze 
t proposal4 ,he m5tions inh]it$         
defective eyesight & he>+ also1 & !     
8neurotic0 quality1 ) :i* ,i h dealt 9  
my text4 ,he adds two o!r sugge/ions t  
appeal to me v /rongly4 ,he proposes to 
b> all 8cases ( non-accid5tal disease 9 
:i* life is sav$ by ! surgeon's knife10 
& he in/ances p>ticul>ly1 /rangulat$    
h]nia & ov>ian cy/4 ,& he also calls    
att5tion to apoplectic breakd[n &       
premature s5ility4 ,all ^! are          
sugge/ions ( great value = individual   
conduct1 b none ( !m h t quality (      
c]ta9ty t ju/ifies collective action4   
,until great advances are made 9        
an?ropology--& at pres5t !re are nei!r  
m5 nor end[m5ts to ju/ify ! hope t any  
su* advances w soon be made--t is z mu* 
z c be done hopefully = _m ye>s 9 !     
selective bre$+ ( individuals by !      
community z a :ole4 ,footnote3 ,if at   
any "t c]ta9ties %\ld replace           
speculations 9 ! field ( inh]itance1 !n 
,i fancy ! common-s5se ( humanity w be  

f\nd to be 9 fav\r ( ! imm$iate         
application ( t k to life4 ,at pres5t   
almo/ e citiz5 9 ! civiliz$ ,/ate       
respects ! rules ( ! laws (             
consangu9ity1 s f> z !y affect bro!rs & 
si/]s1 ) an absolute respect--an enorm\s
 triumph ( tra9+ ov] in/9ct1 z ,dr4     
,beattie ,crozi] has po9t$ out--& if 9 !
 future x %\ld be f\nd possible to      
divide up humanity into gr\ps1 "s ( :i* 
c\ld pair ) "o ano!r only to !          
disadvantage ( ! (fspr+1 & "s ( :i* _h  
bett] h no (fspr+1 ,i believe !re w\ld  
be rem>kably little difficulty 9 en=c+ a
 sy/em ( taboos 9 accordance ) su* k4   
,only x w\ld h to be absolutely c]ta9 k 
prov$ & prov$ aga9 up to ! hilt4 ,if a  
tru? is wor? application x is wor?      
hamm]+ home1 & we h no "r to expect     
common m5 to obey conclusions ^u :i*    
speciali/s are z yet n lucidly agre$4   
,footnote3 ,x has be5 po9t$ out to me by
 my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas1 t      
al?\gh ! ,/ate may n und]take any       
positive s*emes = selective bre$+ 9 !   

pres5t /ate ( our k1 x c no m evade a   
c]ta9 reaction ^u ^! ?+s ?an !          
individual c evade a practical solution4
 ,al?\gh we _c say ( any specific       
individual t he or %e is1 or is n1 (    
exceptional reproductive value to !     
,/ate1 we may /ill be able1 he ?9ks1 to 
po9t out classes :i* are v probably1 z a
 :ole1 good reproductive classes1 & we  
may be able to promote1 or at lea/ to   
avoid h9d]+1 _! increase4 ,he in/ances !
 female elem5t>y tea*] z be+ probably1 z
 a type1 a m intellig5t & m en]getic &  
capable girl ?an ! av]age ( ! /ratum f  
:i* %e arises1 & he concludes %e has a  
high] reproductive value--a view contr>y
 to my argum5t 9 ! text t reproductive &
 p]sonal value are p]haps indep5d5t4 ,he
 tells me t x is ! practice ( _m l>ge   
s*ool bo>ds 9 ?is c\ntry to dismiss wom5
 tea*]s on m>riage1 or to refuse        
promotion to ^! :5 !y become mo!rs1 :i* 
is1 ( c\rse1 bad = ! race if p]sonal &  
reproductive value are id5tical4 ,he    
w\ld h !m reta9 _! positions reg>dless (

 ! *eck to _! effici5cy mat]nity        
entails4 ,?is is a curi\sly indirect way
 t[>ds :at "o might call ,galtonism4    
,practically he proposes to end[ mo!rs 9
 ! "n ( education4 ,= my own "p ,i d n  
agree ) him t ?is class1 any m ?an any  
o!r class1 c be %[n to h a high         
reproductive value--:i* is ! matt] "u   
analysis 9 ?is pap]--?\gh ,i w admit t  
an ex-tea*] w probably d inf9itely m =  
h] *ildr5 ?an if %e 7 an illit]ate or   
untra9$ woman4 ,i c only reit]ate my    
conviction t no?+ really effective c be 
organiz$ 9 ^! matt]s until we are mu*   
cle>] ?an we are at pres5t 9 our ideas  
ab\t !m1 & t a public body devot$ to    
education has no bus9ess ei!r to impose 
celibacy1 or subsidize families1 or     
exp]im5t at all 9 ^! affairs4 ,n only 9 
! case ( elem5t>y tea*]s1 b 9 ! case (  
soldi]s1 sailors1 & s on1 ! ,/ate may d 
mu* to promote or disc\rage m>riage &   
(fspr+1 & no d\bt x is also true1 z ,mr4
 ,wallas insi/s1 t ! problems ( ! =eign 
immigrant & ( racial int]m>riage1 loom  

^u u4 ,b s9ce we h no applicable sci5ce 
:atev] "h1 s9ce !re is no c]ta9ty 9 any 
direction t any collective c\rse may n  
be collectively evil r ?an good1 !re is 
no?+ = x1 ,i hold1 b to leave ^! ?+s to 
individual exp]im5t1 & to conc5trate our
 ef=ts :]e !re is a cle>] hope (        
effective consequ5ce4 ,leave ?+s to     
individual initiative & "s ( u w1 by    
luck or inspiration1 g "r2 take public  
action on an insuffici5t basis ( k & !re
 is a cle> prospect ( collective error4 
,! imm95ce ( ^! que/ions argues = no?+  
except prompt & vigor\s rese>*4  ,t1    
h[ev]1 is only "o aspect ( ?is "q4 ,!re 
are o!rs f :i* ! ,new ,republican may   
also approa* ?is problem ( ! quality ( !
 bir? supply4  ,9 relation to p]sonal   
conduct all ^! ?+s assume ano!r col\r   
altoge!r4 ,let u be cle> ^u t po9t4 ,!  
/ate1 ! community1 may only act ^u      
c]ta9ties1 b ! ess5tial fact 9          
individual life is exp]im5t4            
,individuality is exp]im5t4 ,:ile 9     
matt]s ( public regulation & control x  

is wis] n to act at all ?an to act ^u   
!ories & unc]ta9ties2 :ile ! ,/ate may v
 well wait = a g5]ation or half a doz5  
g5]ations until k comes up to ^!--at    
pres5t--insoluble problems1 ! private   
life mu/ g on n[1 & g ^u probabilities  
:]e c]ta9ties fail4 ,:5 we d n "k :at is
 indisputably "r1 !n we h to use our    
judgm5ts to ! utmo/ to d ea* :at seems  
to him probably "r4 ,! ,new ,republican 
9 8 private life & 9 ! ex]cise ( 8      
private influ5ce1 mu/ d :at seems to him
 be/ = ! race2 ,footnote3 ,he w\ld      
c]ta9ly try to disc\rage ?is sort ( ?+4 
,! p>agraph is f ! ,morn+ ,po/ 7,sept41 
#aijb73--  8,w$d$ 9 ,sil5ce4--,a deaf & 
dumb w$d+ 0 celebrat$ at ,saffron ,wald5
 ye/]day1 :5 ,fr$]ick ,james ,bai% &    
,emily ,lettige ,k+1 bo? deaf & dumb1 7 
m>ri$4 ,! bride 0 att5d$ by deaf & dumb 
bridesmaids1 & upw>ds ( ?irty deaf &    
dumb fri5ds 7 pres5t4 ,! c]emony 0 p]=m$
 by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,payne1 ( ! ,deaf &     
,dumb ,*ur*1 ,london40 he mu/ n beget   
*ildr5 he$lessly & unwitt+ly because ( 8

 incomplete assurance4 ,x is pretty     
obvi\sly 8 duty to exam9e himself       
pati5tly & ?or\ghly1 & if he feels t he 
is1 on ! :ole1 an av]age or r m ?an an  
av]age man1 !n ^u ! c>d9al pr9ciple laid
 d[n 9 our fir/ pap]1 x is 8 mo/        
imm$iate duty to h *ildr5 & to equip !m 
fully = ! affairs ( life4 ,moreov] he w1
 ,i ?9k1 lose no opportunity ( speak+ & 
act+ 9 su* a mann] z to re/ore to       
m>riage some?+ ( ! solemnity & gravity !
 ,victorian era--t age ( na/y s5tim5t1  
%am delicacy & giggles--has to s l>ge an
 ext5t refus$ to give x4  ,& ?\gh ! ,new
 ,republicans1 9 ! exi/+ lack ( real    
guid+ k1 w n d>e to int]v5e 9 specific  
cases1 !re is ano!r me?od ( influ5c+    
p>5tage t m5 ( good int5t may well be> 9
 m9d4 ,to attack a specific type is "o  
?+1 to attack a specific quality is     
ano!r4 ,x may be impossible to set aside
 select$ p]sons f ! population & say to 
!m1 8,y are c[>dly1 weak1 silly1        
mis*iev\s p1 & if we tol]ate y 9 ?is _w 
x is on condition t y d n f\nd          

families40 ,b x may be q possible to be>
 9 m9d t ! law & social arrangem5ts may 
fo/] & protect ! c[>dly & ! mean1 may   
gu>d /upidity aga9/ ! competition (     
ent]prise1 & may secure hon\r1 p[] &    
au?ority 9 ! h&s ( ! silly & ! base2 &1 
by ! guid+ pr9ciple we h set be=e       
ourselves1 to seek e conceivable        
alt]ation ( su* laws & su* social       
arrangem5ts is no m ?an ! ,new          
,republican's duty4 ,x may be impossible
 to select & int]m>ry ! select$ be/ (   
our race1 b at any rate we c d a ?\s&   
?+s to equalize ! *ances & make good &  
desirable qualities lead swiftly &      
cle>ly to ease & hon\rable increase4    
,at pres5t x is a %ameful & embitt]+    
fact t a gift$ man f ! poor] /rata (    
society mu/ too (t5 buy 8 p]sonal       
developm5t at ! co/ ( 8 po/]ity2 he mu/ 
ei!r die *ildless & successful = !      
*ildr5 ( ! /upid to reap :at he has s[n1
 or sacrifice 8 gift--a wret*$ *oice &  
an evil ?+ = ! _w at l>ge4 ,footnote3   
,?is aspect ( ,new ,republican          

possibilities comes 9 aga9 at ano!r     
/age1 & at t /age its treatm5t w be     
resum$4 ,! me?od & possibility ( b9d+ up
 discr$it & failure ) mean & undesirable
 qualities1 & ( sett+ a premium ^u !    
nobl] attributes1 is a matt] t t\*es n  
only ^u ! quality ( bir?s1 b ^u ! g5]al 
educational quality ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* a "y
 citiz5 develops4 ,x is conv5i5t to hold
 ov] any detail$ expansions ( ?is1      
!re=e1 until we come to ! g5]al "q1 h[ !
 laws1 in/itutions & cu/oms ( to-day g  
to make or unmake ! m5 ( to-morr[4  ,s  
f> at lea/ we may g1 t[>ds improv+ !    
quality ( ! av]age bir? n[1 b x is      
manife/ly only a v sl[ & fractional     
advance t we %all get by ^! exp$i5ts4 ,!
 ob/acle to any ampl] ent]prise is      
ignorance & ignorance alone--n !        
ignorance ( a majority 9 relation to a  
m9ority1 b an absolute want ( k4 ,if we 
knew m we c\ld d m4  ,our ma9 attack 9  
?is ent]prise ( improv+ ! bir? supply   
mu/ lie1 !re=e1 ?r\gh rese>*4 ,if we _c 
act ourselves1 we may yet hold a light =

 our *ildr5 to see4 ,at pres5t1 if !re  
is a man specially gift$ & specially    
dispos$ = su* intricate & labori\s      
inquiry1 su* criticism & exp]im5t z ?is 
"q dem&s1 ! _w (f]s him nei!r food nor  
%elt]1 nei!r att5tion nor help2 he _c   
hope = a ti! ( su* hon\rs z are ?ru/ 9  
pr(usion ^u pork-but*]s & brew]s1 he w  
be he>tily despis$ by n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 
( ! p he enc\nt]s1 & unless he has "s   
irrelevant income1 he w die *ildless & 8
 l9e w p]i% ) him1 = all ! s]vice he may
 give to ! future ( mank9d4 ,& z great  
m5tal end[m5ts d n1 unhappily1          
necess>ily involve a passion =          
obscurity1 contempt & ext9ction1 x is   
probable t "u exi/+ conditions su* a man
 w give 8 m9d to "s pursuit less bitt]ly
 unremun]ative & %ameful4 ,x is a /upid 
sup]/ition t 8g5ius w out0 9 spite ( all
 disc\ragem5t4 ,! fact t great m5 h ris5
 aga9/ cru%+ disadvantages 9 ! pa/      
proves no?+ ( ! sort2 ?is roll-call (   
survivors does no m ?an give ! measure (
 ! enorm\s wa/e ( human possibility     

human /upidity has a*iev$4 ,m5 (        
exceptional gifts h ! same broad ne$s z 
common m51 food1 clo?+1 hon\r1 att5tion1
 & ! help ( _! fell[s 9 self-respect2 !y
 may n ne$ !m z ends1 b !y ne$ !m by !  
way1 & at pres5t ! e>ne/ /udy ( h]$ity  
produces none ( ^! bye-products4 ,x lies
 be=e ! ,new ,republican to tilt !      
balance 9 ?is direction4  ,!re are1 no  
d\bt1 already a numb] ( unselfi% &      
=tunately plac$ m5 :o are able to d a   
c]ta9 am\nt ( "w 9 ?is direction2       
,pr(essor ,coss> ,ew>t1 = example1 "o ( 
^? f9e1 subtle1 unhon\r$ work]s :o are !
 glory ( ,briti% sci5ce & ! condemnation
 ( our social ord]1 has done mu* to     
cl>ify ! discussion ( telegony &        
prepot5cy1 & !re are _m su* m$ical m5 z 
,mr4 ,reid :o broad5 _! daily practice  
by att5tion to ^! great issues4 ,"o ?9ks
 ( c]ta9 o!r names4 ,pr(essors ,k>l     
,pe>son1 ,weldon1 ,lloyd ,morgan1 ,j4   
,a4 ,?omson & ,meldola1 ,dr4 ,b5?all &  
,messrs4 ,bateson1 ,cunn+ham1 ,pocock1  
,havelock ,ellis1 ,e4 ,a4 ,fay & ,/u>t  

,m5tea? occur to me1 only to rem9d me h[
 divid$ _! att5tion has _h to be4 ,z _m 
o!rs1 p]haps1 h slipp$ my memory n[4 ,n 
half a hundr$ altoge!r 9 all ?is wide _w
 ( ,engli%-speak+ m56 ,= "o su* work] we
 ne$ fifty if ?is sci5ce ( h]$ity is to 
gr[ to practicable proportions4 ,we ne$ 
a lit]ature1 we ne$ a special public &  
an atmosph]e ( att5tion & discussion4 ,e
 man :o grasps ! ,new ,republican idea  
br+s ^! ne$s ne>] satisfaction1 b if    
only "s day ! ,new ,republic c\ld cat* !
 e> ( a pr9ce1 a little we>y ( be+ !    
co/um$ doll ( gr[n-up *ildr51 ! decoy   
dummy ( fa%ionable tradesm51 or if x    
c\ld invade & capture ! m9d ( a         
multi-millionaire1 ^! ?+s might come    
almo/ at a /ride4 ,?is miss+ sci5ce (   
h]$ity1 ?is unwork$ m9e ( k on ! bord]l&
 ( biology & an?ropology1 :i* = all     
practical purposes is z unwork$ n[ z x 0
 9 ! days ( ,plato1 is1 9 simple tru?1  
t5 times m important to humanity ?an all
 ! *emi/ry & physics1 all ! te*nical &  
indu/rial sci5ce t ev] has be5 or ev] w 

be discov]$4  ,s mu* = ! exi/+          
possibilities ( mak+ ! race bett] by    
bre$+4 ,= ! re/ ( ^! pap]s we %all take 
! bir?s into ! _w1 = ! mo/ "p1 z we f9d 
!m4  ,mr4 ,/u>t ,m5tea? rem>ks apropos (
 ?is "q ( ! reproduction ( exceptional p
 t x is undesirable to sugge/ volunt>y  
ext9ction 9 any case4 ,if a man1 ?9k+ t 
8 family is 8ta9t$10 displays s mu*     
=esight$ patriotism1 humility1 &        
lifelong self-d5ial z to h no *ildr51 ! 
presumption is t ! loss to humanity by !
 discont9uance ( su* a type is great]   
?an ! ga94 8,conceit 9 smalle/ bodies   
/ronge/ works10 & x does n foll[ t a    
s5se ( "o's own excell5ce ju/ifies "o's 
utmo/ fecundity or ! rev]se4 ,mr4       
,vrooman1 :o1 ) ,mrs4 ,vrooman1 f\nd$   
,rusk9 ,hall at ,ox=d1 writes to mu* !  
same effect4 ,he argues t p intellig5t  
en\gh & moral en\gh to =m su*           
resolutions are j ! sort ( p :o ought n 
to =m !m4 ,mr4 ,/u>t ,m5tea? also makes 
a mo/ admirable sugge/ion ) reg>d to    
male & female g5iuses :o are absorb$ 9  

_! c>e]s4 ,al?\gh ! g5ius may n h or re>
 a l>ge family1 some?+ might be done to 
pres]ve ! /ock by assi/+ 8 or h] bro!rs 
& si/]s to support & educate _! *ildr54 
,,iii4 ,,c]ta9 ,,:olesale ,,aspects ,,( 
,,man-,,mak+    #a   ,) a sk9 ( inf9ite 
delicacy t life w h>d5 v spe$ily1 ) a   
discom=t$ wri?+ little body1 ) a weak & 
wail+ outcry t /irs ! he>t1 ! creature  
comes prote/+ into ! _w1 & unless dea?  
w9 a victory1 we & *ance & ! =ces ( life
 9 x1 make out ( t s(t helplessness a   
man4 ,c]ta9 ?+s !re are inevitable 9 t  
man & unalt]able1 /amp$ ^u 8 be+ long   
be=e ! mom5t ( 8 bir?1 ! inh]it$ ?+s1 ! 
inh]5t ?+s1 8 f9al & fundam5tal self4   
,?is is 8 8h]$ity10 8 incurable reality1
 ! ?+ t out ( all 8 be+1 /&s ! te/ (    
survival & passes on to 8 *ildr54 ,c]ta9
 ?+s he mu/ be1 c]ta9 ?+s he may be1 &  
c]ta9 ?+s are = ev] beyond 8 scope4 ,t  
mu* 8 p>5tage def9es = him1 t is !      
natural man4  ,b1 9 addition1 !re is mu*
 else to make up ! :ole adult man z we  
"k him4 ,!re is all t he has le>nt s9ce 

8 bir?1 all t he has be5 taught to d &  
tra9$ to d1 8 language1 ! circle ( ideas
 he has tak5 to himself1 !              
disproportions t come f unequal ex]cise 
& ! bias due to circumambi5t sugge/ion4 
,!re are a ?\s& habits & a ?\s&         
prejudices1 p[]s undevelop$ & skill     
labori\sly acquir$4 ,!re are sc>s ^u 8  
body1 & sc>s ^u 8 m9d4 ,all ^! are      
second>y ?+s1 ?+s capable ( modification
 & avoidance2 !y con/itute ! manufactur$
 man1 ! artificial man4 ,& x is *iefly )
 all ?is sup]pos$ & adh]5t & artificial 
portion ( a man t ?is & ! foll[+ pap] w 
deal4 ,! "q ( improv+ ! bre$1 ( rais+ ! 
av]age human h]$ity we h discuss$ & set 
aside4 ,we are go+ to draw toge!r n[ z  
_m ?+s z possible t be> ^u ! artificial 
con/itu5t1 ! made & controllable        
con/itu5t 9 ! mature & fully-develop$   
man4 ,we are go+ to consid] h[ x is     
built up & h[ x may be built up1 we are 
go+ to attempt a r\gh analysis ( ! :ole 
complex process by :i* ! civiliz$ citiz5
 is evolv$ f t raw & wail+ little       

creature4  ,be=e 8 bir?1 at ! v mom5t :5
 8 be+ becomes possible1 ! inh]5t       
qualities & limitations ( a man are     
settl$ = good & all1 :e!r he w be a     
negro or a :ite man1 :e!r he w be free  
or n ( inh]it$ disease1 :e!r he w be    
passionate or phlegmatic or imag9ative  
or six-f+]$ or ) a snub or aquil9e nose4
 ,& n only t1 b ev5 be=e 8 bir? !       
qualities t are n /rictly & inevitably  
inh]it$ are also beg9n+ to be made4 ,!  
artificial1 ! avoidable h&icap also1 may
 h comm5c$ 9 ! worry+1 ! ov]work+ or !  
/>v+ ( 8 "m4 ,9 ! fir/ few mon?s ( 8    
life v slight diff]5ces 9 treatm5t may h
 life-long consequ5ces4 ,no d\bt !re is 
an extraord9>y recup]ative p[] 9 v "y   
*ildr52 if !y d n die "u neglect or     
ill-treatm5t !y recov] to an ext5t      
incomp>ably great] ?an any adult c\ld d1
 b !re rema9s /ill a wide m>g9al        
diff]5ce betwe5 :at !y become & :at !y  
might h be54 ,) e ye> ( life !          
recup]ative quality dim9i%es1 ! initial 
h&icap becomes m irrevocable1 ! effects 

( ill-fe$+1 ( un:olesome surr\nd+s1 (   
m5tal & moral infections1 become m      
inextricably a "p ( ! gr[+              
individuality4 ,& s we may well beg9 our
 /udy by consid]+ ! circum/ances "u :i* 
! op5+ phase1 ! fir/ five ye>s ( life1  
are mo/ safely & securely pass$4  ,food1
 w>m?1 cleanl9ess & abundant fre% air   
!re mu/ be f ! fir/1 & unremitt+        
att5tion1 su* att5tion z only love c    
su/a94 ,& 9 addition !re mu/ be k4 ,x is
 a pleasant sup]/ition t ,nature 7:o 9  
su* connections becomes fem99e & assumes
 a capital ,n7 is to be tru/$ 9 ^!      
matt]s4 ,x is a pleasant sup]/ition to  
:i*1 "s ( u1 "u ! agreeable c\nsels (   
s5tim5tal noveli/s1 ( ?\ghtless m]c5>y  
prea*]s1 & ignorant & indol5t doctors1 h
 (f]$ up a *ild or s4 ,we are p]suad$ to
 believe t a "m has an in/9ctive k (    
:atev] is necess>y = a *ild's welf>e1 & 
! *ild1 until x rea*es ! knuckle-rapp+  
age at lea/1 an in/9ctive k ( its own   
requirem5ts4 ,:atev] proce$+s are mo/   
sugge/ive ( an ideal nak$ savage lead+ a

 8natural0 life1 are suppos$ to be n    
only m advantage\s to ! *ild b 9 "s     
my/ical way m moral4 ,! spectacle ( an  
und]siz$ port]-f$ "m1 = example1 nurs+ a
 spott$ & di/ressful baby1 is exalt$ at 
! exp5se ( ! clean & simple artificial  
fe$+ t is (t5 advisable to-day4 ,yet !  
mortality ( fir/-born *ildr5 %\ld       
indicate t a mod]n woman c>ries no      
in/9ctive sy/em ( baby managem5t ab\t ) 
h] 9 h] bra91 ev5 if h] savage ance/ress
 _h any?+ ( ! sort1 & bo? ! bir? rate & 
! infantile dea? rate ( su* noble       
savages z our civilization has any *ance
 ( obs]v+1 sugge/ a c]ta9 g5]\s         
c>elessness1 a c]ta9 spaci\s indiff]5ce 
to individual mis]y1 r ?an a tru/wor?y  
precision ( individual guidance ab\t    
,nature's way4  ,?is cant ( ,nature's   
tru/wor?9ess is p>tly a survival ( ! day
 ( ,r\sseau & ,/urm 7( ! ,reflections71 
:5 untravell$ m51 or?odox & unor?odox   
alike1 9 artificial wigs1 sp\t$ 9 unison
 9 ?is reg>d2 p>tly x is ! half         
in/9ctive tactics ( ! lax & lazy-m9d$ to

 evade tr\ble & au/]ities4 ,! incompet5t
 m$ical practition]1 incapable ( regim51
 repeats ?is cant ev5 to-day1 ?\gh he   
kn[s full well t1 left to ,nature1 m5   
ov]-eat !mselves almo/ z readily z dogs1
 contract a ?\s& diseases & exhau/ _!   
la/ vitality at fifty1 & t half ! :ite  
wom5 9 ! _w w\ld die ) _! fir/ *ildr5   
/ill unborn4 ,he kn[s1 too1 t to !      
details ( su* precaution>y measures z   
vacc9ation1 = example1 in/9ct is /rongly
 oppos$1 & t dra9age & filt]age & ! use 
( soap 9 wa%+ are manife/ly unnatural   
?+s4 ,t l>ge1 nak$1 virtu\s1 p9k1       
,natural ,man1 dr9k+ pure spr+ wat]1    
eat+ ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & liv+ to n9ety 9
 ! op5 air is a fantasy2 he nev] 0 nor w
 be4 ,! real savage is a ne/ ( p>asites 
)9 & )\t1 he smells1 he rots1 he />ves4 
,=ty is a great age = him4 ,he is z full
 ( artifice z 8 civiliz$ bro!r1 only n s
 wise4 ,z = 8 moral integrity1 let !    
curi\s inquir] seek an acc\nt ( !       
,tasmanian1 or ! ,au/ralian1 or !       
,polynesian be=e 8sophi/ication0 came4  

,! v exi/5ce & nature ( man is an       
int]f]5ce ) ,nature & ,nature's ways1   
us+ ,nature 9 ?is s5se ( ! repudiation (
 exp$i5ts4 ,man is ! tool-us+ animal1 ! 
^w-us+ animal1 ! animal ( artifice &    
reason1 & ! only possible 8return to    
,nature0 = him--if we scrut9ize !       
phrase--w\ld be a return to ! scrat*+1  
promiscu\s1 arboreal simian4 ,to rebel  
aga9/ in/9ct1 to rebel aga9/ limitation1
 to evade1 to trip up1 & at la/ to close
 ) & grapple & conqu] ! =ces t dom9ate  
him1 is ! fundam5tal be+ ( man4 ,& f ! v
 outset ( 8 exi/5ce1 f ! in/ant ( 8     
bir?1 if ! be/ possible ?+ is to be made
 ( him1 wise contrivance mu/ surr\nd    
him4 ,! s(t1 new1 liv+ ?+ mu/ be wat*$ =
 e sign ( discom=t1 x mu/ be weigh$ &   
measur$1 x mu/ be ?\ght ab\t1 x mu/ be  
talk$ to & sung to1 skilfully & prop]ly1
 & pres5tly x mu/ be giv5 ?+s to see &  
h&le t ! /irr+ g]m ( its m9d may n g    
unsatisfi$4 ,f ! v beg9n+1 if we are to 
d our be/ = a *ild1 !re mu/ be =e?\ght &
 k q beyond ! limit ( in/9ct's poor     

equipm5t4  ,n[1 = a *ild to h all ^!    
ne$s suppli$ implies c]ta9 o!r          
conditions4 ,! con/ant lov+ att5tion is 
to be got only f a "m or f "s           
well-affect$ girl or woman4 ,x is n a ?+
 to be hir$ = money1 nor contrivable on 
any :olesale plan4 ,possibly !re may be 
ways ( *]i%+ & nurs+ infants by :olesale
 t w keep !m alive1 b at be/ ^! are     
second be/ ways1 & we are seek+ ! be/   
possible4 ,a v noble1 exceptionally lov+
 & q indefatigable woman might          
conceivably direct ! developm5t ( ?ree  
or f\r little *ildr5 f _! bir? onw>d1   
or1 ) v good assi/ance1 ev5 ( six or    
sev5 at a "t1 z well z a good "m c\ld d 
= "o1 b x w\ld be a v r>e & wond]ful ?+4
 ,we mu/ put t aside z an exceptional   
?+1 q impossible to provide :5 x is mo/ 
ne$$1 & we mu/ fall back ^u ! fact t !  
*ild mu/ h a "m or nurse--& x mu/ h t   
att5dant exclusively to itself = ! fir/ 
ye> or s ( life4 ,! "m or nurse mu/ be 9
 heal?1 physically & morally1 well f$ & 
cont5t$1 & able to give h] att5tion     

ma9ly1 if n entirely1 to ! little *ild4 
,! *ild mu/ lie w>mly 9 a well-v5tilat$ 
room1 ) "s "o availably 9 he>+ day &    
night1 !re mu/ be pl5tiful w>m wat] to  
wa% x1 pl5ty ( wrapp+s & t[ell+s & s =? 
= x2 x is be/ to take x (t5 into ! op5  
air1 & = ?is1 "u urban or suburban      
conditions at any rate1 a p]ambulator is
 almo/ necess>y4 ,! room mu/ be clean & 
brightly lit1 & prettily & int]e/+ly    
col\r$ if we are to get ! be/ results4  
,^! ?+s imply a c]ta9 /&>d ( prosp]ity 9
 ! circum/ances ( ! *ild's bir?4 ,ei!r !
 *ild mu/ be f$ 9 ! be/ way f a "m 9    
heal? & abundance1 or if x is to be     
bottle f$1 !re mu/ be ! mo/ elaborate   
provision = /]iliz+ & w>m+ ! milk1 &    
adju/+ its composition to ! *ang+ p[]s (
 ! *ild's assimilation4 ,^! conditions  
imply a h\se ( a c]ta9 /&>d ( com=t &   
equipm5t1 & x is manife/ ! "m _c be e>n+
 h] own liv+ be=e & ab\t ! "t ( ! *ild's
 bir?1 nor1 unless %e is go+ to employ a
 highly skill$1 tru/wor?y1 & probably   
exp5sive p]son z nurse1 = "s ye> or s   

aft] x4 ,%e or ! nurse mu/ be ( a c]ta9 
/&>d ( intellig5ce & education1 tra9$ to
 be obs]vant & keep h] temp]1 & %e mu/  
speak h] language ) a good1 cle> acc5t4 
,moreov]1 beh9d ! "m & readily          
available1 mu/ be a highly-skill$ m$ical
 man4  ,n to h ^! ?+s means a h&icap4 ,n
 to h t v wat*ful fe$+ & att5tion at    
fir/ means a loss ( nutrition1 a ret>d+ 
( gr[?1 t w ei!r nev] be recov]$ or w be
 recov]$ lat] at ! exp5se ( m5tal       
developm5t or physical /r5g?4 ,! e>ly   
h&icap may also involve a d]angem5t ( ! 
dige/ion1 a liability to /oma*ic & o!r  
tr\bles1 t may la/ ?r\gh\t life4 ,n to h
 ! s++ & talk+1 & ! v>i$ int]e/ ( col\r$
 objects & toys1 means a fall+ away f ! 
be/ m5tal developm5t1 & a taciturn      
nurse1 or a nurse ) a base acc5t1 means 
backw>dness & ne$less difficulty ) !    
beg9n+ ( spee*4 ,n to be born )9 rea* ( 
abundant *anges ( clo?+ & abundant wat]1
 means--h[ev] indu/ri\s & cleanly !     
in/9cts ( nurse & "m--a lack ( ! highe/ 
possible cleanl9ess & a lack ( heal? &  

vitality4 ,& ! abs5ce ( highly-skill$   
m$ical advice1 or ! att5tions (         
ov]-work$ & "u-qualifi$ practition]s1   
may conv]t a transitory crisis or a     
pass+ ailm5t into p]man5t injury or     
fatal disord]4  ,x is v d\btful if ^!   
mo/ fav\rable conditions fall to ! lot (
 m ?an a qu>t] ( ! *ildr5 born to-day   
ev5 9 ,engl&1 :]e infant mortality is at
 its l[e/4 ,! re/ />t h&icapp$4 ,!y />t 
h&icapp$1 & fail to rea* _! highe/      
possible developm5t4 ,!y are born (     
mo!rs preoccupi$ by ! necessity ( e>n+ a
 liv+ or by va9 occupations1 or already 
batt]$ & exhau/$ by immod]ate *ild-be>+2
 !y are born into insanity & ugly or    
inconv5i5t homes1 _! mo!rs or nurses are
 ignorant & incapable1 !re is           
insuffici5t food or incompet5t advice1  
!re is1 if !y are t[n *ildr51 no?+ = _! 
lungs b vitiat$ air1 & !re is n en\gh   
sunlight = !m4 ,& accord+ly !y fall away
 at ! v outset f :at !y might be1 & = ! 
mo/ "p !y nev] recov] _! lo/ />t4  ,j   
:at ?is h&icap am\nts to1 s f> z x works

 out 9 physical consequ5ces1 is to be   
gaug$ by c]ta9 almo/ classical figures1 
:i* ,i h "h v5tur$ to pres5t aga9 9     
graphic =m4 ,^! figures d n pres5t our  
total failure1 !y m]ely %[ h[ f> ! less 
=tunate section ( ! community falls %ort
 ( ! m =tunate4 ,!y are tak5 f ,clif=d  
,allbutt's ,sy/em ( ,m$ic9e 7art4       
8,hygi5e ( ,y\?10 ,dr4 ,clem5t ,dukes74 
#ae1efd boys & "y m5 7 measur$ & weigh$ 
to get ^! figures4 ,! black columns     
indicate ! weight 7#i lbs4 ( clo!s7 &   
height respectively ( y\?s ( ! t[n      
artisan population1 = ! v>i\s ages f t5 
to tw5ty-five indicat$ at ! heads ( !   
columns4 ,! :ite additions to ^! columns
 indicate ! additional weight & height (
 ! m fav\r$ classes at ! same ages4     
,public s*ool-boys1 naval & milit>y     
cadets1 m$ical & univ]sity /ud5ts1 7    
tak5 to repres5t ! m fav\r$ classes4 ,x 
w be not$ t :ile ! gr[? 9 height ( ! l[]
 class boy falls %ort f ! v e>lie/ ye>s1
 ! /ra9 ( ! adolesc5t p]iod tells ^u 8  
weight1 & no d\bt ^u 8 g5]al /am9a1 mo/ 

conspicu\sly4 ,^! figures1 x mu/ be     
borne 9 m9d1 deal ) ! liv+ memb]s ( ea* 
class at ! ages giv54 ,! mortality1     
h[ev]1 9 ! black or l[] class is        
probably f> high] ?an 9 ! upp] class ye>
 by ye>1 & if ?is c\ld be all[$ = x w\ld
 greatly increase ! app>5t failure ( !  
l[] class4 ,& ^! matt]s ( height &      
weight are only co>se mat]ial           
defici5cies4 ,!y s]ve to sugge/1 b !y d 
n s]ve to gauge1 ! f> grav] & sadd]     
loss1 ! invisible & immeasurable loss   
?r\gh m5tal & moral qualities           
undevelop$1 ?r\gh activities w>p$ &     
crippl$ & vitality & c\rage l[]$4       
,moreov]1 defective z are ^! urban      
artisans1 !y are1 aft] all1 mu* m       
8pick$0 ?an ! y\? ( ! upp] classes4 ,!y 
are survivors ( a mu* m /r+5t process ( 
selection ?an goes on amid/ ! m hygi5ic 
upp] & middle-class conditions4 ,!      
opposite ?ree columns repres5t !        
mortality ( *ildr5 "u five 9 ,rutl&%ire1
 :]e x is l[e/1 9 ! ye> #aijj1 9        
,dorset%ire1 a reasonably good c\nty1 & 

9 ,lanca%ire1 ! wor/ 9 ,engl&1 = ! same 
ye>4 ,ea* entire column repres5ts #a1jjj
 bir?s1 & ! black5$ portion repres5ts ! 
proportion ( t #a1jjj dead be=e ! fif?  
bir?day4 ,n[1 unless we are go+ to      
assume t ! *ildr5 born 9 ,lanca%ire are 
inh]5tly weak] ?an ! *ildr5 born 9      
,rutl& or ,dorset--& !re is n ! %ad[ ( a
 reason :y we %\ld believe t--we mu/    
suppose t at lea/ #afa *ildr5 out ( e   
#a1jjj 9 ,lanca%ire 7 kill$ by !        
conditions into :i* !y 7 born4 ,t excess
 ( blackness 9 ! ?ird column ov] t 9 !  
fir/ repres5ts a holocau/ ( *ildr51 t   
goes on ye> by ye>1 a p]5nial massacre (
 ! innoc5ts1 out ( :i* no political     
capital c be made1 & :i* is accord+ly   
outside ! sph]e ( practical politics    
altoge!r z ?+s are at pres5t4 ,! same m5
 :o sp\t$ inf9ite mis*ief because a     
totally un=ese5 & unavoidable epidemic (
 measles kill$ "s ?\s&s ( *ildr5 9 ,s\? 
,africa1 :o1 = "s idiotic or wick$      
vote-cat*+ purpose1 attempt$ to turn t  
epidemic to ! p]man5t embitt]m5t ( ,dut*

 & ,engli%1 ^! same m5 all[ ?\s&s &     
?\s&s ( avoidable dea?s ( ,engli% *ildr5
 close at h& to pass absolutely         
unnotic$4 ,! fact t m ?an #ba1jjj little
 *ildr5 di$ ne$lessly 9 ,lanca%ire 9 t v
 same ye> means no?+ to !m at all4 ,x _c
 be us$ to embitt] race aga9/ race1 & to
 hamp] t process ( _w unification :i* x 
is _! pi\s purpose to delay4  ,x does n 
at all foll[ t ev5 ! ,rutl& #ajc        
repres5ts ! possible m9imum ( infant    
mortality4 ,"o le>ns f !                
,regi/]-,g5]al's returns = #ahia t among
 ! causes ( dea? specifi$ 9 ! ?ree      
c\nties ( ,dorset1 ,wilt%ire1 & ,h]e=d1 
:]e infant mortality is sc>cely half :at
 x is 9 ! ?ree vile/ t[ns 9 ,engl& 9 ?is
 respect1 ,pre/on1 ,leice/]1 &          
,blackburn1 ! numb] ( *ildr5 kill$ by   
injury at bir? is ?ree times z great z x
 is 9 ^! same t[ns4 ,unclassifi$        
8viol5ce0 also acc\nts = m infant dea?s 
9 ! c\ntry ?an 9 t[ns4 ,?is sugge/s     
pretty cle>ly a delay$ & unc]ta9 m$ical 
att5dance & r\gh conditions1 & x po9ts u

 to /ill bett] possibilities4 ,^!       
diagrams & ^! facts ju/ify toge!r a     
reasonable hope t ! mortality ( infants 
"u five ?r\gh\t ,engl& might be br\ght  
to less ?an "o-?ird :at x is 9          
*ild-de/roy+ ,lanca%ire at ! pres5t "t1 
to a figure t is well "u n9ety 9 ! ?\s&4
  ,a portion ( infant & *ild mortality  
repres5ts no d\bt ! l+]+ & wa/eful      
removal f ?is _w ( be+s ) inh]5t        
defects1 be+s :o1 = ! mo/ "p1 ought nev]
 to h be5 born1 & ne$ n h be5 born "u   
conditions ( great] =esight4 ,^!1 h[ev]1
 are ! m]e/ small fraction ( our infant 
mortality4 ,x leaves unt\*$ ! fact t a  
va/ multitude ( *ildr5 ( unta9t$ blood &
 good m5tal & moral possibilities1 z _m1
 p]haps1 z #ajj 9 ea* #a1jjj born1 die  
ye>ly ?r\gh insuffici5t food1           
insuffici5t good air1 & insuffici5t     
att5tion4 ,! pla9 & simple tru? is t !y 
are born ne$lessly4 ,!re are /ill too _m
 bir?s = our civilisation to look aft]1 
we are /ill unfit to be tru/$ ) a ris+  
bir?-rate4 ,footnote3 ,x is a digression

 f ! argum5t ( ?is ,pap]1 b ,i w\ld l to
 po9t out "h a v popul> misconception   
ab\t ! bir?-rate :i* ne$s exposure4 ,x  
is kn[n t ! bir?-rate is fall+ 9 all    
,european c\ntries--a fall :i* has a v  
direct relation to a rise 9 ! mean /&>d 
( com=t & ! av]age age at m>riage--&    
al>mi/s =etell a "t :5 nations w be     
ext+ui%$ ?r\gh ?is decl9e4 ,!y ascribe x
 to a c]ta9 decay 9 religi\s fai?1 to ! 
advance ( sci5ce & scepticism1 & s =?2 x
 is a "p1 !y say1 ( a g5]al             
demoralization4 ,! ?+ is a popul> cant &
 q unsupport$ by facts4 ,! decl9e 9 !   
bir?-rate is--s f> z ,engl& & ,wales    
goes--p>tly a real decl9e due to a      
decl9e 9 gross immorality1 p>tly to a   
real decl9e due to ! lat] age at :i*    
wom5 m>ry1 & p>tly a /ati/ical decl9e   
due to an increas$ proportion ( p too   
old or too "y = *ild-be>+4 ,:]ev] !     
infant mortality is fall+ !re is an     
app>5t mislead+ fall 9 ! bir?-rate due  
to ! 8load+0 ( ! population ) *ildr54   
,"h are ! sort ( figures t are g5]ally  

giv54 ,!y are ! figures = ,engl& &      
,wales = two typical p]iods4            
,p]iod #ahdf-ahej     #cc #h bir?s p]   
#ajjj            ,p]iod #ahif-aijj      
#bh #j bir?s p] #ajjj                   
----------------------------            
#e4h fall 9 ! bir?-rate4  ,?is z x /&s  
is v /rik+4 ,b if we take ! dea?-rates (
 ^! two p]iods we f9d t !y h fall5 also4
             ,p]iod #ahdf-ahej     #bc  
#c dea?s p] #ajjj            ,p]iod     
#ahif-aijj     #ag #g dea?s p] #ajjj    
----------------------------            
#e4f fall 9 ! dea?-rate4  ,let u        
subtract dea?-rate f bir?-rate & t w    
give ! effective rate ( increase ( !    
population4             ,p]iod          
#ahdf-ahej    #aj #e effective rate (   
increase            ,p]iod #ahif-aijj   
#aj #c effective rate ( increase        
---------------------------------       
4#b fall 9 ! rate ( increase4  ,b n[    
comes a curi\s ?+ t ^? :o praise ! good 
old pre-,bo>d ,s*ool days--! gold5 age (
 virtu\s innoc5ce--ignore4 ,!           

,illegitimate bir?s 9 #ahdf-ahej numb]$ 
#b4b p] #ajjj1 9 #ahif-aijj !y numb]$   
#a4b p] #ajjj4 ,s t if x 7 n = ?is fall 
9 illegitimate bir?s ! p]iod #ahif-aijj 
w\ld %[ a positive rise 9 ! effective   
rate ( increase ( 4#h p] ?\s&4 ,! em95t 
p]sons !re=e :o ascribe our fall+       
bir?-rate to irreligion & s =?1 ei!r    
speak )\t k or ) "s sort ( k beyond my  
k54 ,engl& is1 z a matt] ( fact1 becom+ 
n only m hygi5ic & rational1 b m moral &
 m temp]ate4 ,! highly moral1 heal?y1   
prolific1 pi\s ,engl& ( ! pa/ is j ano!r
 poetical delusion ( ! heal?y savage    
type4  ,^! poor little s\ls are born1   
amid/ te>s & suff]+ !y ga9 su* love z !y
 may1 !y le>n to feel & suff]1 !y       
/ruggle & cry = food1 = air1 = ! "r to  
develop2 & our civilisation at pres5t   
has nei!r ! c\rage to kill !m outright  
quickly1 cleanly1 & pa9lessly1 nor !    
he>t & c\rage & ability to give !m :at  
!y ne$4 ,!y are ov]look$ & misus$1 !y g 
%ort ( food & air1 !y fight _! pitiful  
little battle = life aga9/ ! cruelle/   

odds2 & !y are beat54 ,batt]$1 emaciat$1
 pitiful1 !y are ?ru/ out ( life1 borne 
out ( our reg>dless _w1 /iff little     
life-soil$ sacrifices to ! _s ( disord] 
aga9/ :i* x is man's preem95t duty to   
battle4 ,!re has be5 all ! pa9 9 _!     
lives1 !re has be5 ! radiat$ pa9 ( _!   
mis]y1 !re has be5 ! wa/e ( _! grudg$ & 
insuffici5t food1 & all ! pa9 & lab\r ( 
_! mo!rs1 & all ! _w is ! sadd] = !m    
because !y h liv$ 9 va94    #b   ,n[1   
s9ce our imag9>y ,new ,republic1 :i* is 
to set itself to ! mak+ ( a bett]       
g5]ation ( m51 w f9d ! possibility (    
improv+ ! race by selective bre$+ too   
remote = any?+ b fur!r organis$ inquiry1
 x is evid5t t its fir/ po9t ( attack w 
h to be ! wa/age ( su* bir?s z ! _w gets
 to-day4 ,?r\gh\t ! _w ! ,new ,republic 
w address itself to ?is problem1 & :5 a 
work+ solution has be5 obta9$1 !n ! ,new
 ,republican on press & plat=m1 ! ,new  
,republican 9 pulpit & !atre1 ! ,new    
,republican ^u electoral committee & 9 !
 ballot box1 w press weightily to see t 

solution realis$4 ,^u ! !ory ( ,new     
,republicanism z x 0 discuss$ 9 our fir/
 pap] an effective solution 7effective  
en\gh1 let u say1 to aboli% sev5ty or   
eighty p] c5t47 ( ?is sc&al ( infantile 
suff]+ w\ld h prec$5ce ov] almo/ e exi/+
 political consid]ation4  ,! problem (  
secur+ ! maximum *ance ( life & heal? = 
e baby born into ! _w is an extremely   
complicat$ "o1 & ! read] mu/ n too      
ha/ily assume t a pi?y1 complete recipe 
is attempt$ "h4 ,yet1 complicat$ ?\gh ! 
problem is1 !re does n occur any        
demon/rable impossibility su* z !re is 9
 ! "q ( selective bre$+4 ,i believe t a 
solution is possible1 t its broad l9es  
may be already /at$1 & t x c\ld v easily
 be work$ out to an imm$iate practical  
application4  ,let u glance fir/ at a   
solution t is n[ widely und]/ood to be  
incorrect4 ,philan?ropic p 9 ! pa/ h    
attempt$1 & _m are /ill /riv+1 to meet !
 bir? wa/e by ! v obvi\s exp$i5ts (     
ly+-9 hospitals1 orphanages & f\ndl+    
in/itutions1 waifs' homes1 ,b>n>do      

in/itutions & ! l1 & )9 c]ta9 n>r[      
limits ^! ?+s no d\bt s]ve a useful     
purpose 9 individual cases4 ,b n[adays  
!re is an increas+ indisposition to meet
 ! g5]al problem by su* me?ods1 because 
n[adays p are alive to c]ta9 ult]ior    
consequ5ces t 7 at fir/ ov]look$4 ,any  
ext5sive relief ( p>5tal responsibility 
we n[ "k pretty c]ta9ly w s]ve to       
enc\rage & /imulate bir?s 9 j ^? /rata (
 society :]e x w\ld seem to be highly   
reasonable to believe !y are lea/       
desirable4 ,x is j :]e ! *ances = a *ild
 are lea/ t passions are grosse/1 base/1
 & mo/ he$less1 & /& 9 ! greate/ ne$ ( a
 s5se ( ! gravity ( possible consequ5ces
 to control _! play1 & to r5d] x        
socially innocu\s4 ,if we 7 to take ov] 
or assi/ all ! *ildr5 born bel[ a c]ta9 
level ( com=t1 or1 r1 if we 7 to take   
ov] _! mo!rs be=e ! bir? occurr$1 & br+ 
up t great mass ( *ildr5 "u ! be/       
conditions = !m--suppos+ ?is to be      
possible--x w\ld only leave our         
successors 9 ! next g5]ation a heavi]   

task ( ! same sort4 ,! assi/$ population
 w\ld gr[ g5]ation by g5]ation          
relatively to ! assi/+ until ! ,s9bad ( 
,*>ity broke d[n4 ,& q e>ly 9 ! hi/ory (
 ,*>ities x 0 f\nd t a v grave imp$im5t 
to _! b5eficial action lay 9 "o ( ! mo/ 
comm5dable qualities to be f\nd 9 poor &
 poori% p1 & t is pride4 ,:ile ,*>ities1
 p]haps1 cat* ! q hopeless cases1 !y    
leave unt\*$ ! f> m ext5sive mass (     
bir?s 9 non-paup]1 n v prosp]\s homes--!
 l[] middle-class homes 9 t[ns1 =       
example1 :i* supply a l>ge proportion ( 
poorly develop$ adults to our community4
 ,mr4 ,seebohm ,r[ntree1 9 8 8,pov]ty0  
7t noble1 able1 valuable book71 has %[n 
t ne>ly ?irty p] c5t4 at lea/ ( a       
typical ,engli% t[n population goes %ort
 ( ! physical necessities ( life4 ,^! p 
are fi]cely def5sive 9 su* matt]s z ?is1
 & "o may no m usurp & %>e _! p>5tal    
responsibility1 badly ?\gh !y dis*>ge x1
 ?an "o may h&le ! litt] ( a %e-wolf4   
,^! consid]ations alone w\ld suffice to 
make u v suspici\s ( ! philan?ropic     

me?od ( direct assi/ance1 s f> z !      
rem$ial aspect goes4 ,b !re is ano!r m  
sweep+ & compreh5sive objection to ?is  
me?od4 ,philan?ropic in/itutions1 z a   
matt] ( fact1 r>ely succe$ 9 do+ :at !y 
pr(ess & int5d to d4  ,i d n allude "h  
to ! c\ntless sw9dl]s & %am in/itutions 
t levy a trem5d\s tribute ^u ! he$less  
good4 ,q ap>t f t wa/age altoge!r1 &    
speak+ only ( su* bon fide in/itutions z
 w\ld satisfy ,mr4 ,lab\*]e1 !y d n "w4 
,x is "o ?+ = ! influ5tial & opul5t     
inactive p]son ( good int5tions to      
provide a magnific5t build+ & a lavi%   
end[m5t = "s specific purpose1 & q ano!r
 to atta9 9 reality ! o/5sible end ( !  
display4 ,x is easy to create a g5]al   
effect ( provid+ com=t & t5d] c>e =     
helpless wom5 :o are becom+ mo!rs1 & (  
t5d+ & tra9+ & educat+ _! *ildr51 b1 9  
cold fact1 x is impossible to get en\gh 
capable & devot$ p to d ! "w4 ,9 cold   
fact1 ly+-9 hospitals h a t5d5cy to     
become au/]e1 h>d1 unsympa!tic1 :olesale
 conc]ns1 ) a disposition to confuse &  

sub/itute moral = physical well-be+4 ,9 
cold fact1 orphanages d n pres5t any    
p]plex+ resemblance to an e>?ly p>adise4
 ,h[ev] w>m ! he>t beh9d ! *eque1 !     
human be+ at ! o!r end ( ! *a9 is apt to
 f9d ! *>ity no m ?an a r inhuman ma*9e4
 ,%9+ devotees !re are1 b able1         
c\rage\s1 & vigor\s p are r>e1 & ! _w   
urges a ?\s& bett] employm5ts ^u !m ?an 
! c>e ( inf]ior mo!rs & inf]ior *ildr54 
,exceptionally good p owe ! _w ! duty ( 
p>5tage !mselves1 & x foll[s t ! rank & 
file ( ^? 9 ! s]vice ( ,*>ity falls f>  
bel[ ! /&>d necess>y to give ^! poor    
*ildr5 t *ance 9 ! _w ! *eque-writ+     
philan?ropi/ believes he is giv+ !m4 ,! 
great proportion ( ! s]vants &          
adm9i/rators ( ,*>ities are do+ t "w    
because !y c get no?+ bett] to d--& x is
 n consid]$ rem>kably high-class "w4 ,^!
 ?+s h to be reckon$ ) by e philan?ropic
 p]son ) suffici5t fai? to believe t an 
ent]prise may n only look well1 b d     
well4 ,"o gets a ,waugh or a ,b>n>do n[ 
& !n1 a gleam ( effici5cy 9 ! wa/e1 & = 

! re/ ?is spectacle ( /9t$ ?\ght &      
un/9t$ giv+1 ?is mod]n ,*>ity1 is (t5 no
 m ?an a pret5ti\s :olesale sub/itute = 
retail mis]y & disa/]4 ,f\rte5 million  
p\nds a ye>1 ,i am told1 g to ,briti%   
,*>ities1 & ,i d\bt if any?+ l a fair   
million's wor? ( palliative amelioration
 is atta9$ = ?is exp5diture4 ,z = any   
p]man5t improvem5t1 ,i d\bt if all ^!   
,*>ities toge!r a*ieve a net advance t  
c\ld n be got by ! discreet & able      
exp5diture ( t5 or twelve ?\s& p\nds4   
,x is "o ( ! grimme/ ironies 9 life1 t  
a?w>t ! memory ( sa9t$ f\nd]s %\ld be   
writt5 ! mo/ tragic consequ5ces4 ,!     
,f\ndl+ ,hospital ( ,london1 e/abli%$ by
 ,coram--to save infant lives6--buri$1  
betwe5 #agef & #agfj1 #aj1ecd *ildr5 out
 ( #ad1icd receiv$1 & ! ,dubl9 ,f\ndl+  
,hospital 7suppress$ 9 #ahce7 _h a      
mortality ( eighty p] c5t4 ,! two great 
,russian in/itutions are1 ,i ga!r1 ab\t 
equally deadly ) sev5ty-five p] c5t41 & 
! ,italian in/itutes run to ab\t n9ety  
p] c5t4 ,! ,flor5t9e boa/s a v beautiful

 & t\*+ s]ies ( putti by ,delia ,robbia1
 t does little or no?+ to dim9i% its    
dea?-rate4 ,s f> f prev5t+ infant murd] 
^! places1 ) ! noble/ int5tions 9 ! _w1 
h1 = all practical purposes1 organiz$ x4
 ,! ,london ,f\ndl+1 be x not$1 9 !     
reorganiz$ =m x assum$ aft] its fir/    
massacres1 is n a ,f\ndl+ ,hospital at  
all4 ,an extremely limit$ numb] (       
*ildr51 ! illegitimate *ildr5 (         
recomm5d$ respectable b un=tunate mo!rs1
 are conv]t$ into admirable b&sm5 = !   
def5ce ( ! ,empire or tra9$ to be       
s]vants = p :o feel ! ne$ ( well-tra9$  
s]vants1 at a gross co/ t might well    
fill ! m9d ( _m a poor cl]gyman's son ) 
amazem5t & envy4 ,& ?is is probably a   
p>ticul>ly well-manag$ *>ity4 ,x is do+ 
all t c be expect$ ( x1 & /&s f> above !
 g5]al ,*>itable av]age4  ,e ,poor ,law 
,au?ority comes into ! tangles ( ^!     
p]plexities4 ,^u ! h&s ( e "o ( !m come 
des]t$ *ildr51 ! *ildr5 ( convict$      
crim9als1 ! *ildr5 ( paup] families1 a  
miscellane\s pitiful succession (       

responsibilities4 ,! ent]prises !y are  
=c$ to und]take to meet ^! *>ges re/ on 
taxation1 a f9ancial basis f> /abl] ?an 
! fitful good int5tions ( ! ri*1 b ap>t 
f ?is advantage !re is little ab\t !m to
 diff]5tiate !m f ,*>ities4 ,! me?od (  
treatm5t v>ies f a b>rack sy/em1 9 :i* !
 *ildr5 are h]d$ 9 huge asylums l ^?    
places betwe5 ,sutton & ,ban/ead1 to :at
 is p]haps pref]able1 ! sy/em (         
bo>d+-out little gr\ps ( *ildr5 )       
suitable poor p4 ,provid$ su* bo>d$-out 
*ildr5 are sy/ematically weigh$1 measur$
 & exam9$1 & at once )drawn :5 !y drop  
bel[ av]age m5tal & bodily progress1 x  
w\ld seem m likely t a reasonable       
p]c5tage %\ld gr[ into ord9>y useful    
citiz5s "u ^! latt] conditions ?an "u ! 
=m]4  ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to anticipate a
 v probable side result if we make !    
bo>d+ out ( paup] *ildr5 a regul> rural 
indu/ry4 ,!re w arise 9 _m rural homes a
 v /rong pecuni>y inducem5t to limit !  
family4 ,side by side w be a c\ple )    
eight *ildr5--( _! own1 /ruggl+ h>d to  

keep !m1 & ano!r family )1 let u say1   
two *ildr5 ( _! own blood & six         
8bo>d$-out10 liv+ 9 relative opul5ce4 ,t
 side consequ5ce mu/ be anticipat$4 ,=  
my own "p & = ! reasons giv5 9 ! second 
( ^! pap]s1 ,i d n see t x is a v s]i\s 
"o s f> z ! future goes1 because ,i d n 
?9k !re is mu* to *oose betwe5 !        
8h]$ity0 ( ! rural & ! urban /ra94 ,x is
 nons5se to pret5d t we %all get ! f9e  
fl[] ( ! cottage population to bo>d     
paup] *ildr52 we %all induce respectable
 inf]ior p liv+ 9 heal?y conditions to  
take c>e ( an inf]ior sort ( *ildr5     
rescu$ f unheal?y disreputable          
conditions--t is all4 ,! av]age inh]5t  
quality ( ! resultant adults w be ab\t !
 same :i*ev] elem5t pr$om9ates4         
,possibly ?is indiff]5ce may seem       
undesirable4 ,b we mu/ be> 9 m9d t !    
:ole problem is h>d to cope )1 x is an  
aspect ( failure1 & no s5tim5tal juggl+ 
) facts w conv]t ! bus9ess into a       
beautiful or desirable ?+4 ,someh[ or   
o!r we h to pay4 ,all exp$i5ts mu/ be   

palliatives1 all w involve sacrifices2  
we mu/1 no d\bt1 adopt "s ( !m = our    
pres5t necessities1 b !y are l fam9e    
relief works1 to adopt !m 9 p]man5ce is 
a c\nsel ( despair4  ,cle>ly x is n     
along ^! l9es t ! capable m5-mak]s we   
suppose to be attack+ ! problem w sp5d  
mu* ( _! en]gies4 ,all ! exp]i5ces (    
,*>ities & ,poor-,law ,au?orities simply
 confirm our po/ulate ( ! necessity ( a 
/&>d ( com=t if a *ild is to h a really 
good initial *ance 9 ! _w4 ,! only      
conceivable solution ( ?is problem is "o
 t w ensure t no *ild1 or only a few    
accid5tal & exceptional *ildr51 w be    
born outside ^! advantages4 ,x is no    
good try+ to s5tim5talize ! issue away4 
,?is is ! end we mu/ atta91 to atta9 any
 effectual p]man5t improvem5t 9 !       
conditions ( *ildhood4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( 
p h to be disc\rag$ & prev5t$ f p>5tage1
 & a great numb] ( homes h to be        
improv$4 ,h[ c we ensure ^! ends1 or h[ 
f> c we g t[>ds ensur+ !m8  ,! fir/ /ep 
to ensur+ !m is c]ta9ly to d all we c to

 disc\rage reckless p>5tage1 & to r5d] x
 improbable & difficult4 ,we mu/ make   
sure t :atev] we d = ! *ildr51 ! burd5 (
 p>5tal responsibility mu/ n be light5$ 
a fea!r-weight4 ,all ! exp]i5ce ( two   
hundr$ ye>s ( *>ity & poor law          
legislation su/a9s t4 ,b to accept t z a
 fir/ pr9ciple is "o ?+1 & to apply x by
 us+ a wret*$ little *ild z our in/rum5t
 9 ! exempl>y puni%m5t ( its p>5t is    
ano!r4 ,at pres5t t is our hide\s       
practice4 ,s long z ! p>5ts are n       
convict$ crim9als1 s long z !y d n      
practise indictable cruelty ^u _!       
(fspr+1 s long z ! *ildr5 !mselves fall 
%ort ( crim9ality1 we insi/ ^u ! p>5t   
8keep+0 ! *ild4 ,x may be manife/ ! *ild
 is ill-f$1 h>%ly treat$1 insuffici5tly 
clo!d1 dirty & liv+ among surr\nd+s     
h>mful to body & s\l alike1 b we m]ely  
take ! quiv]+ damag$ victim & po9t !    
moral to ! p>5t4 8,?is is :at comes (   
y\r recklessness10 we say4 8,ar5't y    
a%am$ ( x80 ,& aft] inscrutable         
m$itations ! fond p>5t usually answ]s u 

by s5d+ out ! *ild to beg or sell mat*es
 or by "s equally effective retort4 ,n[ 
a great numb] ( excell5t p pret5d t ?is 
is a dilemma4 8,take ! *ild away10 x is 
argu$1 8& y remove "o ( ! *ief ob/acles 
to ! reckless reproduction ( ! unfit4   
,leave x 9 ! p>5ts' h&s & y mu/ h !     
cruelty40 ,b really ?is is n a dilemma  
at all4 ,!re is a q excell5t middle way4
 ,x may n be )9 ! sph]e ( practical     
politics at pres5t--if n1 x is "w = !   
,new ,republic to get x !re--b x w\ld   
practically settle all ?is problem (    
neglect$ *ildr54 ,?is way is simply to  
make ! p>5t ! debtor to society on      
acc\nt ( ! *ild = adequate food1 clo?+1 
& c>e = at lea/ ! fir/ twelve or ?irte5 
ye>s ( life1 & 9 ! ev5t ( p>5tal default
 to inve/ ! local au?ority ) exceptional
 p[]s ( recov]y 9 ?is matt]4 ,x w\ld be 
q easy to set up a m9imum /&>d ( clo?+1 
cleanl9ess1 gr[?1 nutrition & education1
 & provide1 t if t /&>d 0 n ma9ta9$ by a
 *ild1 or if ! *ild 0 f\nd to be bruis$ 
or maim$ )\t ! p>5ts be+ able to acc\nt 

= ^! injuries1 ! *ild %\ld be at once   
remov$ f ! p>5tal c>e1 & ! p>5ts *>g$ ) 
! co/ ( a suitable ma9t5ance--:i* ne$ n 
be excessively *eap4 ,if ! p>5ts fail$ 9
 ! paym5ts !y c\ld be put into celibate 
lab\r e/abli%m5ts to "w (f z mu* ( !    
debt z !y c\ld1 & !y w\ld n be releas$  
until _! debt 0 fully dis*>g$4          
,legislation ( ?is type w\ld n only     
secure all & m ( ! advantages *ildr5 ( !
 lea/ desirable sort n[ get f *>ities & 
public in/itutions1 b x w\ld c]ta9ly    
inve/ p>5tage ) a q unprec$5t$ gravity =
 ! reckless1 & x w\ld enorm\sly r$uce ! 
numb] ( bir?s ( ! lea/ desirable sort4  
,into ?is net1 = example1 e habitual    
drunk>d :o 0 a p>5t w\ld1 = 8 own good &
 ! _w's1 be almo/ c]ta9 to fall4        
,footnote3 ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,/u>t ,m5tea?   
has favor$ me ) "s valuable comm5ts ^u  
?is po9t4 ,he writes3 8,i agree t call+ 
su* p]sons z h %[n !mselves incapable ( 
p>5tal duties debtors to ! ,/ate1 w\ld  
help to reconcile popul> ideas ( !      
#8lib]ty ( ! subject' ) ! en=cem5t z    

well z ! pass+ ( su* laws4 ,b ! notions 
( dra/ically en=c+ p>5tal duties1 & (   
disc\rag+ & ev5 prohibit+ ! m>riages (  
^? unable to %[ _! ability to p]=m ^!   
duties1 has long prevail$4 ,see         
,ni*oll's ,hi/ory ( ! ,poor ,law 7#ahih1
 ,new ,edition71 i4 #bbi1 & ii4 #adj1   
#bgh1 :]e y w f9d *>geable ba/>dy has   
be5 puni%able 9 ! fir/ (f5ce by "o ye>'s
 imprisonm5t1 & 9 ! second1 by          
imprisonm5t until sureties are giv51 :i*
 ?us might am\nt to imprisonm5t = life4 
,see also1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,political    
,economy1 ,bk4 ,,ii41 *4 ii41 = extreme 
legislation on ! ,cont95t aga9/ !       
m>riage ( p unable to support a family4 
,9 ,d5m>k !re seem to be v sev]e laws   
imp$+ ! m>riage ( ^? :o h be5 paup]s4 ,!
 ,engli% law 0 suffici5tly effective to 
produce infanticide1 s t a law 0 pass$  
mak+ concealm5t ( bir? almo/            
infanticide40  ,s mu* = ! wor/ fr+e (   
?is "q1 ! maltreat$ *ildr51 ! *ildr5 ( !
 slum1 ! *ildr5 ( drunk>ds & crim9als1 &
 ! illegitimate4 ,b ! bulk ( ! *ildr5 ( 

defici5t gr[?1 ! bulk ( ! excessive     
mortality1 lies above ! level ( su*     
int]v5tion1 & ! me?od ( attack ( ! ,new 
,republican mu/ be less direct4 ,happily
 !re already exi/s a complicat$ mass (  
legislation t )\t any ess5tial *ange (  
pr9ciple c\ld be appli$ to ?is object4  
,! fir/ ( ! exp$i5ts :i* w\ld lead to a 
p]man5t improvem5t 9 ^! matt]s is !     
e/abli%m5t ( a m9imum ( s\ndness &      
sanit>y conv5i5ce 9 h\ses1 bel[ :i* /&>d
 x %all be illegal to inhabit a h\se at 
all4 ,!re %\ld be a c]ta9 relation      
betwe5 ! size ( rooms & _! v5tilat+     
appliances1 a c]ta9 m9imum ( light+1    
c]ta9 conditions ( op5 space ab\t ! h\se
 & sane rules ab\t f\ndations &         
mat]ials4 ,^! regulations w\ld v>y ) !  
local d5sity ( population--_m ?+s are   
p]missible 9 ,romney m>%1 = example1 :i*
 ! s\?-we/ w9d sweeps ev]la/+ly1 t w\ld 
be deadly 9 ,ro!rhi!4 ,at pres5t 9      
,engl& !re are local build+ regulations1
 = ! mo/ "p vexati\s & /upid to an almo/
 incr$ible degree1 & compil$ )\t ei!r   

imag9ation or und]/&+1 b x %\ld be      
possible to sub/itute = ^! a national   
m9imum ( habitability )\t any viol5t    
revolution4 ,a h\se t fail$ to come up  
to ?is m9imum--:i* might beg9 v l[ & be 
rais$ at int]vals ( ye>s--w\ld1 aft] due
 notice1 be pull$ d[n4 ,x might be pull$
 d[n & ! site tak5 ov] & manag$ by !    
local au?ority--all[+ its own] a portion
 ( its value 9 comp5sation--if x 0      
evid5t 8 failure to keep up to ! /&>d _h
 an adequate excuse4 ,9 "t x might be   
possible to level up ! m9imum /&>d ( all
 t5em5ts 9 t[ns & urban di/ricts at any 
rate to ! possession ( a prop]ly equipp$
 ba?room = example1 )\t :i*1 = h>dwork+ 
p1 regul> cleanl9ess is a practical     
impossibility4 ,?is process ( levell+-up
 ! m9imum t5em5t w\ld be enorm\sly aid$ 
by a philan?ropic society :i* w\ld      
devote itself to ! /udy ( build+ me?ods 
& mat]ials1 to ! evolution ( conv5i5ces1
 & ! direction ( inv5tion to less5+ !   
co/ & complication ( build+ :olesome    
dwell+s4  ,! /ate ( repair ( inhabit$   

build+s is also already a matt] ( public
 conc]n4 ,all t is ne$$ is a sl[1       
p]si/5t tight5+-up ( ! /&>d4 ,?is w\ld  
ensure1 at any rate1 t ! out] %ell ( !  
*ild's surr\nd+s gave x a fair *ance 9  
life4 ,9 ! next place comes legislation 
aga9/ ov]cr[d+4 ,!re mu/ be a maximum   
numb] ( inhabitants to any t5em5t1 & a  
really sane law w be f> m /r+5t to      
secure space & air = "y *ildr5 ?an =    
adults4 ,!re is little reason1 except ! 
possible h>b\r+ ( p>asites & infecti\s  
disease1 :y five or six adults %\ld n   
%>e a cask on a du/ heap z a            
domicile--if x pleases !m4 ,b directly  
*ildr5 come 9 we t\* ! future4 ,! m9imum
 p]missible t5em5t = a maximum ( two    
adults & a v "y *ild is "o prop]ly      
v5tilat$ room capable ( be+ heat$1 )    
close & easy access to sanit>y          
conv5i5ces1 a con/ant supply ( wat] &   
easy means ( gett+ w>m wat]4 ,m ?an "o  
*ild %\ld mean ano!r room1 & x seems    
only reasonable if we g s f> z ?is1 to g
 fur!r & require a m9imum ( furniture & 

equipm5t1 a fire-gu>d1 = in/ance1 & a   
sep>ate b$ or cot = ! *ild4 ,9 a        
civiliz$ community little *ildr5 %\ld n 
sleep ) adults1 & ! kill+ ( *ildr5 by   
8accid5tal0 ov]lay+ %\ld be a puni%able 
(f5ce4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! returns ,i h     
quot$ f ,blackburn1 ,leice/]1 & ,pre/on 
! numb] ( dea?s f suffocation p]        
#ajj1jjj infants born 0 #bcb 9 ! fir/   
ye> ( life4   ,if a woman does n wi% to 
be dealt ) z a half-he>t$ murd]ess %e   
%\ld n behave l "o4 ,x %\ld also be     
puni%able on ! "p ( a "m to leave *ildr5
 bel[ a c]ta9 age alone = long] ?an a   
c]ta9 int]val4 ,x is absurd to puni% p z
 we d1 = ! injuries inflict$ by !m ^u _!
 *ildr5 dur+ uncontrollable ang]1 & n to
 puni% !m = ! injuries inflict$ by      
uncontroll$ c>elessness4 ,su*           
legislation %\ld ensure *ildr5 space1   
air & att5tion4 ,footnote3 ,x is less )9
 ! range ( commonly grasp$ ideas1 x is  
!re=e less )9 ! range ( practical       
exp$i5ts1 to po9t out t a graduat$ scale
 ( build+ regulation might be contriv$ =

 use 9 diff]5t localities4 ,di/ricts    
c\ld be class$ 9 grades det]m9$ by !    
position ( ea* di/rict 9 ! scale (      
infant mortality1 & 9 ^? 9 :i* ! rate 0 
highe/ ! hygi5ic /&>d c\ld be made mo/  
/r+5t & on]\s ^u ! h\se own]4 ,?is w\ld 
=ce up ! price ( h\se-room1 & t w\ld =ce
 up ! price ( lab\r1 & ?is w\ld give !  
proprietors ( un:olesome indu/ries a    
p]sonal int]e/ 9 hygi5ic conditions ab\t
 !m4 ,x w\ld also t5d to =ce population 
out ( di/ricts intr9sically unheal?y    
into di/ricts intr9sically heal?y4 ,!   
/ati/ics ( l[-grade di/ricts c\ld be    
exam9$ to discov] ! di/9ctive diseases  
:i* det]m9e _! l[ness ( grade1 & if ^! 7
 prev5table diseases !y c\ld be         
controll$ by special regulations4 ,a    
fur!r ext5sion ( ^! pr9ciples might be  
made4 ,direct inducem5ts to attract !   
high bir?-rates t[>ds exceptionally     
heal?y di/ricts c\ld be contriv$ by a   
diff]5tial rat+ ( s\nd families ) *ildr5
 9 su* di/ricts1 ! bur!n ( heavy rates  
c\ld be ?r[n ^u silly & selfi% l&[n]s :o

 attempt$ to /ifle s\nd populations by  
us+ highly habitable areas z golf l9ks1 
private p>ks1 game pres]ves1 & ! l1 &   
public-spirit$ p c\ld comb9e to         
facilitate communications t w\ld r5d]   
life 9 su* di/ricts compatible )        
indu/rial occupation4 ,su* delib]ate    
r$i/ribution ( population z ?is         
diff]5tial treatm5t ( di/ricts involves1
 is1 h[ev]1 q beyond ! available p[] &  
intellig5ce ( our public control at     
pres5t1 & ,i sugge/ x "h z some?+ t our 
gr&*ildr5 p]haps may beg9 to consid]4 ,b
 if 9 ! obscurity ( ?is footnote ,i may 
let myself g1 ,i w\ld po9t out t1 9 !   
future1 a "t may come :5 locomotion w be
 s swift & conv5i5t & *eap t x w be     
unnecess>y to spread out ! homes ( our  
great communities :]e ! indu/rial &     
trad+ c5tres are ga!r$ toge!r2 x w be   
unnecess>y = ea* di/rict to su/a9 !     
r5ewal & increase ( its own population4 
,c]ta9 wide regions w become            
specifically adm9i/rative & c5tral--!   
home l&s1 ! "m l&s1 ! c5tres ( education

 & population1 & o!rs w become          
specifically fields ( action4 ,some?+ ( 
?is k9d is to a slight degree already ! 
case ) ,scotl&1 :i* s5ds out its h>dy & 
capable sons :]ev] ! _w has ne$ ( !m2 ! 
,swiss m\nta9s1 too1 s5d _! sons f> &   
wide 9 ! _w2 & on ! o!r h&1 ) reg>d to  
c]ta9 elem5ts ( population1 at any rate1
 ,london & ! ,gold ,coa/ &1 ,i suspect1 
"s regions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 
receive to consume4  ,b x w be urg$ t ^!
 ?+s are likely to be> r sev]ely on ! v 
poor p>5t4 ,to :i* a gr[+ numb] ( p w   
reply t ! p>5t %\ld n be a p>5t "u      
circum/ances t d n (f] a fair prospect (
 s\nd *ild-bir? & nurture4 ,x is no good
 try+ to eat our cake & h x2 if ! p>5t  
does n suff] ! *ild w1 & ( ! two1 we1 ( 
! ,new ,republic1 h no d\bt t ! *ild is 
! m important ?+4  ,x may be object$1   
h[ev]1 t exi/+ economic conditions make 
life v unc]ta9 = _m v s\nd & :olesome   
k9ds ( p1 & t x is oppressive & likely  
to rob ! ,/ate ( good citiz5s to r5d]   
p>5tage bur!nsome1 & to surr\nd x )     

p5alties4 ,b t directs our att5tion to a
 second s*eme ( exp$i5ts :i* h          
cry/alliz$ ab\t ! expression1 ! ,m9imum 
,wage4 ,! c>d9al idea ( ?is gr\p (      
exp$i5ts is ?is1 t x is unju/ & cruel 9 
! pres5t & detrim5tal to ! future ( ! _w
 to let any "o be fully employ$ at a    
rate ( paym5t at :i* a :olesome1 heal?y1
 &1 by ! /&>ds ( com=t at ! "t1 a       
reasonable happy life is impossible4 ,x 
is bett] 9 ! long run t p ^: "* &       
capacity w n r5d] x wor? :ile to employ 
!m at ! ,m9imum ,wage %\ld n be employ$ 
at all4 ,! sweat$ employm5t ( su* p1 z  
,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,sidney ,webb %[ mo/       
conclusively 9 _! great "w1 8,indu/rial 
,democracy10 arre/s ! developm5t (      
lab\r-sav+ ma*9]y1 replaces & ?r[s out (
 employm5t sup]ior & socially m valuable
 lab\r1 enables ^! half capables to     
e/abli% base families ( inadequately f$ 
& t5d$ *ildr5 7:i* pres5tly collapse ^u 
public & private *>ity71 & s l[]s &     
keeps d[n ! national /&>d ( life4 ,z ^! 
writ]s %[ v cle>ly1 an indu/ry t _c     

adequately su/a9 s\nd work]s is n 9     
reality a s\rce ( public weal? at all1 b
 a disease & a p>asite ^u ! public body4
 ,x is eat+ up citiz5s ! ,/ate has _h ! 
exp5se ( educat+1 & v (t5 ! indirect co/
 ( re>+4 ,obvi\sly ! m9imum wage = a    
civiliz$ adult male %\ld be suffici5t to
 cov] ! r5t ( ! m9imum t5em5t p]missible
 ) ?ree or f\r *ildr51 ! ma9t5ance (    
himself & 8 wife & *ildr5 above ! m9imum
 /&>d ( com=t1 8 insurance aga9/        
premature or accid5tal dea? or tempor>y 
economic or physical disablem5t1 "s     
m9imum provision = old age & a c]ta9    
m>g9 = ! ex]cise ( 8 individual fre$om4 
,footnote3 ,an excell5t acc\nt (        
exp]im5ts already tri$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( 
a ,m9imum ,wage w be f\nd 9 ,w4,p4      
,reeves' ,/ate ,exp]im5ts 9 ,au/ralia & 
,new ,zeal&1 vol4 ii41 p4 #dg et seq4   
,s t :ile ^? :o are b5t on ?is          
conception ( mak+ economy 9 life &      
suff]+ ! guid+ pr9ciple ( _! public &   
social activity1 are seek+ to brace up !
 quality ( ! home on ! "o h&1 !y mu/    

also d all !y c to br+ ab\t !           
realization ( ?is ideal ( a m9imum wage 
on ! o!r4 ,9 ! case ( gov]nm5t & public 
employm5t & ( l>ge1 well-organiz$       
indu/ries1 ! way is /raight & op51 & !  
outlook v hopeful4 ,:]ev] lic5ses1      
t>iffs1 & any sort ( regi/ration occurs 
!re are practicable means ( br++ 9 ?is  
exp$i5t4 ,b :]e ! employm5t is %ift+ &  
sporadic1 or free f regulation1 !re we h
 a r5t 9 our social sieve1 & !          
submissive1 eag] inf]ior w /ill come 91 
! failures ( our own race1 ! immigrant f
 bas] l&s1 desp]ately & disa/r\sly      
und]sell+ our s\nd citiz5s4 ,obvi\sly we
 mu/ use e contrivance we c to m5d ^!   
r5ts1 by promot+ ! organization (       
employm5ts 9 any way t w n hamp]        
progress 9 economic production4 ,& if we
 c p]suade ! ,trade ,unions--& !re is e 
sign t ! old m$iaeval guild conception (
 wat]-tight trade limitations is los+   
its hold ^u ^? organizations--to        
facilitate ! movem5t ( work]s f trade to
 trade "u ! %ift+ /ress ( *ang+         

employm5t & ( *ang+ economy (           
production1 we %all h gone f> to br+ !  
possibilities ( ! ris+ op]ative up to ! 
/&>d ( ! m9imum home p]missible =       
*ildr54  ,^! ?+s--if we c\ld br+ !m     
ab\t--w\ld leave u ) a sort ( cl>ifi$   
,problem ( ! ,unemploy$ on our h&s4 ,our
 ,m9imum ,wage w\ld h /ra9$ ^! p out1 &1
 provid$ !re exi/$ :at is already gr[+  
up1 an intellig5t sy/em ( employm5t     
bureaus1 we %\ld h mu* m reason to      
conclude ?an we h at pres5t1 t !y 7     
ma9ly unemploy$ because ( a real        
incapacity 9 "*1 /r5g?1 or intellig5ce =
 effici5t citiz5%ip4 ,our rais$ /&>ds ( 
h\s+1 our p]secution ( ov]cr[d+1 & our  
ob/ruction ( employm5t bel[ ! m9imum    
wage1 w\ld h swept out ! rook]ies &     
hid+-places ( ^! p ( ! ,abyss4 ,!y w\ld 
exi/1 b !y w\ld n multiply--& t is our  
supreme end4 ,!y w\ld be tramp+ on roads
 :]e m5dicity laws w\ld prevail1 !re    
w\ld be no h\se-room = !m1 no           
squatt+-places4 ,! casual w>ds w\ld cat*
 !m & regi/] !m1 & telephone "o to ! o!r

 ab\t !m4 ,x is r>e t *ildr5 come into  
?is _w )\t a p>5t or s be+ traceable4   
,ev]y?+ w\ld conv]ge to conv9ce ^! p t  
to be> *ildr5 into su* an unfav\rable   
atmosph]e is an extremely inconv5i5t &  
undesirable ?+4 ,!y w\ld n h _m *ildr51 
& su* *ildr5 z !y _h w\ld fall easily   
into our organiz$ net & get ! protection
 ( ! criticis$ & improv$ developm5t ( ! 
exi/+ *>itable in/itutions4 ,footnote3  
8,i wond] :e!r !re is any legal flaw 9 !
 second section ( ! ,prev5tion (        
,cruelty to ,*ildr5 ,act ( #ahid1 :i*   
may h be5 specially aim$ at begg>s )    
(fspr+4 ,x is specially puni%able to beg
 hav+ an infant 9 _! arms1 q ap>t f     
tea*+ ! infant 9 "q to beg4 ,or is ?is  
law insuffici5tly en=c$ ?r\gh popul>    
apa?y80--,c4 ,g4 ,,/u>t ,,m5tea?4 ,?is  
is ! be/ we c d = ^? poor little        
creatures4 ,z = t increas+ section ( !  
,abyss t w contrive to live *ildless1 ^!
 pap]s h no qu>rel ) !m4 ,a *ildless    
wa/rel is a t]m9at+ evil1 & x may be1 a 
picturesque evil4 ,i mu/ confess t a    

lazy rogue is v mu* to my ta/e1 provid$ 
!re is no trag$y ( *ildr5 to sme> ! joke
 ) mis]y4 ,& if he or %e nei!r ta9ts nor
 tempts ! *ildr51 :o are our c>e1 a     
*ildless weakl+ we may freely let our   
pity & m]cy g out to4 ,to g *ildless is 
9 !m a virtue = :i* !y m]it our ?anks4  
,^! are ! fir/ necessities1 !n1 9 !     
,mak+ ( ,m5 & ! bett]+ ( ! _w1 ?is      
c\rage\s int]f]5ce ) :at s _m p call    
8,nature's me?ods0 & 8,nature's laws10  
?\gh1 inde$1 !y are no m ?an ! me?ods & 
laws ( ! bea/s4 ,by su* exp$i5ts we may 
hope to see1 fir/1 a c]ta9 fall 9 !     
bir?-rate1 a fall *iefly 9 ! bir?-rate (
 improvid5t1 vici\s1 & feeble types1 a  
cont9uation1 9 fact1 ( t fall t is      
already s conspicu\s 9 illegitimate     
bir?s 9 ,great ,brita92 secondly1 a     
c]ta91 almo/ c]ta9ly m consid]able fall 
9 ! dea?-rate ( infants & "y *ildr51 & t
 fall 9 ! infantile dea?-rate w s]ve to 
indicate1 ?irdly1 a fall no /ati/ics w  
fully demon/rate 9 :at ,i may call !    
p>tial dea?-rate1 ! dw>f+ & limit+ ( t  

innum]able ho/ ( *ildr5 :o d1 9 an      
und]f$1 meagre sort ( a way1 survive4   
,?is rais+ ( ! /&>d ( homes w d a "w t w
 n end ) ! *ildr52 ! dea?-l9e w sag     
d[nw>d = all ! fir/ tw5ty or ?irty ye>s 
( life4 ,dull-m9d$1 indol5t1 prosp]\s p 
w say t all ?is is no m ?an a proposal  
to make man bett] by ma*9]y1 t y _c re=m
 ! _w by ,bo>d ( ,trade ,regulations &  
all ! re/ ( x4 ,!y w say t su* "w z ?is 
is a s*eme ( grim mat]ialism1 & t ! ,s\l
 ( ,man ga9s no b5efit by ?is 8s-call$  
,progress10 t x is n bir?-rates t want  
rais+ b ,ideals4 ,we %all deal lat] )   
,ideals 9 g5]al4 ,"h ,i w m5tion only   
"o1 & t is1 unhappily1 only an ,ideal   
,argum5t4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld get toge!r all 
^! p :o are s scornful ( mat]iali/ic    
?+s1 out ( ! excessively com=table h\ses
 !y inhabit1 & ,i wi% ,i c\ld conc5trate
 !m 9 a good typical ,ea/ ,london       
slum--five or six toge!r 9 ea* room1 "o 
lodg+ ) ano!r1 & ,i wi% ,i c\ld leave !m
 !re to demon/rate ! sup]iority ( high  
ideals to purely mat]ial consid]ations =

 ! re/ ( _! e>?ly c>e] :ile we o!rs w5t 
on ) our sordid "w un5cumb]$ by _!      
ideality4  ,?9k :at ^! dry-look+        
projects ( build+ & trade regulation1 & 
inspection & sanitation1 mean 9 reality6
 ?9k ( ! promise !y hold out to u ( te>s
 & suff]+ aboli%$1 ( lives invigorat$ & 
enl>g$6   ,endnote #a  ,i am greatly    
oblig$ to ,mr4 ,j4 ,leav] = a copy ( !  
foll[+ notice3   8,,dea?s ,,( ,,*ildr5  
,,f ,,burn+4  8,,to ,,p>5ts ,,&         
,,gu>dians4  8,att5tion is drawn to !   
frequ5cy ) :i* ! dea? ( "y *ildr5 is    
caus$ ow+ to _! clo?+ tak+ fire at      
unprotect$ firegrates4 ,dur+ ! ye>s     
#ahii & #aijj inque/s 7 held on ! bodies
 ( #afhd ,,"y ,,*ildr5 ^: dea? _h       
result$ f burn+1 & 9 #adbe ( ^! cases ! 
fire by :i* ! burn+ 0 caus$ 0 unprotect$
 by a gu>d4  8,) a view to prev5t su*   
deplorable loss ( life x is sugge/$ to  
,p>5ts & ,gu>dians1 :o h ! c>e ( "y     
*ildr51 t x is v desirable t effici5t   
fire-gu>ds %\ld be provid$1 9 ord] to   
r5d] x impossible = *ildr5 to obta9     

access to ! fire-grates4  8,e4 ,r4 ,c4  
,,brad=d1  8,! ,commission] ( ,police ( 
! ,metropolis4  8,metropolitan ,police  
,(fice1  8,new ,scotl& ,y>d1  8,janu>y  
#bh?1 #aijb40     ,,iv4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s   
,,( ,,! ,,m9d ,,& ,,language    #a   ,! 
newborn *ild is at fir/ no m ?an an     
animal4 ,inde$1 x is among ! l[e/ & mo/ 
helpless ( all animals1 a m]e vegetative
 lump2 assimilation inc>nate--wail+4 ,x 
is = ! fir/ day 9 its life deaf1 x      
squ9ts bl9dly at ! _w1 its limbs are    
beyond its control1 its h&s clut*       
dr[n+ly at any?+ :atev] t drifts ^u ?is 
va/ sea ( be+ into :i* x has plung$ s   
amaz+ly4 ,& imp]ceptibly1 subtly1 s     
subtly t nev] at any "t c we m>k )      
c]ta9ty ! increm5t ( its com+1 !re      
creeps into ?is s(t & claimant little   
creature a m9d1 a w1 a p]sonality1 !    
beg9n+ ( all t is real & spiritual 9    
man4 ,9 a little :ile !re are eyes full 
( int]e/ & clut*+ h&s full ( purpose1   
smiles & fr[ns1 ! babbl+ beg9n+ (       
expression & affections & av]sions4     

,be=e ! fir/ ye> is out !re is ob$i5ce &
 rebellion1 *oice & self-control1 spee* 
has comm5c$1 & ! /ruggle ( ! newcom] to 
/& on 8 feet 9 ?is _w ( m54 ,! process  
is unanalyzable2 giv5 a c]ta9 measure ( 
c>e & protection1 ^! ?+s come           
spontane\sly2 ) ! m]e/ r\gh enc\ragem5t 
( ?+s & voices ab\t ! *ild1 !y are      
evok$4  ,b e day ! inh]5t impulse makes 
a l>g] dem& ^u ! surr\nd+s ( ! *ild1 if 
x is to d its be/ & fulle/4 ,obvi\sly1 q
 ap>t f physical consequ5ces1 !         
environm5t ( a little *ild may be good  
or bad1 bett] or worse = x 9 a ?\s&     
diff]5t ways4 ,x may be di/ract+ or     
ov]-/imulat+1 x may evoke & increase    
fe>1 x may be drab & dull & depress+1 x 
may be /upefy+1 x may be mislead+ &     
productive ( vici\s habits ( m9d4 ,& our
 bus9ess is to f9d j :at is ! be/       
possible environm5t1 ! "o t w give !    
s\nde/ & fulle/ gr[?1 n only ( body b ( 
intellig5ce4  ,n[ f ! v e>lie/ phase !  
infant /&s 9 ne$ ( a succession (       
int]e/+ ?+s4 ,at fir/ ^! are m]e vague  

s5se impressions1 b 9 a mon? or s !re is
 a di/9ct look+ at objects2 pres5tly    
foll[s rea*+ & clut*+1 & soon ! little  
creature is urg5t = fre% ?+s to see1    
h&le1 he>1 fre% exp]i5ces ( all sorts1  
fre% comb9ations ( ?+s already kn[n4 ,! 
newborn m9d is soon z hungry z ! body4  
,& if a heal?y wellf$ *ild cries1 x is  
probably by reason ( ?is unsatisfi$     
hung]1 x lacks an int]e/1 x is bor$1 t  
dismal vacant suff]+ t puni%es ! failure
 ( liv+ ?+s to live fully & completely4 
,z ,mr4 ,*>les ,boo? has po9t$ out 9 8  
,life & ,lab\r ( ! ,p1 x is probable t 9
 ?is respect ! *ildr5 ( ! relatively    
poor are lea/ at a disadvantage4 ,! v   
poor infant passes its life 9 ! family  
room1 !re is a go+ & com+1 & int]e/+    
activity ( dome/ic "w on ! "p ( its "m1 
! prep>ation ( meals1 ! int]mitt5t      
pres5ce ( ! fa!r1 ! :ole gamut ( its    
"m's unsophi/icat$ temp]4 ,x is c>ri$   
into cr[d$ & ev5tful /reets at all h\rs4
 ,x p>ticipates 9 po?\se soires & assi/s
 at ! bus9ess ( %opp+4 ,x may n lead a v

 hygi5ic life1 b x does n lead a dull   
"o4 ,contra/ ) its lot t ( ! lonely *ild
 ( "s woman ( fa%ion1 lead+ its         
beautifully non-bact]ial life 9 a       
c>efully seclud$ nurs]y "u ! control ( a
 virtu\s1 punctual1 inv>iable1          
consci5ti\s r ?an emotional nurse4 ,!   
poor little s\l wails z (t5 = ev5ts z ! 
slum baby does = n\ri%m5t4 ,into its    
grey nurs]y !re ru%es e day1 or e o!r   
day1 a brea?less1 preoccupi$1           
excessively dress$1 clev]i%1 _m-sid$1   
fundam5tally silly1 & univ]sally        
incapable woman1 vocif]ates a little    
conv5tional affection1 slaps a kiss or s
 ^u h] (fspr+1 & goes (f aga9 to collect
 t daily me$ ( admiration & *eap envy   
:i* is ! gu/o ( h] _w4 ,aft] t gu%+1    
ru/l+1 incompreh5sible passage1 ! *ild  
relapses into ! bor+ c>e ( its bor$     
hirel+ = ano!r day4 ,! nurse writes h]  
lett]s1 m5ds h] clo!s1 reads & ?9ks ( ! 
natural int]e/s ( h] own life1 & ! *ild 
is 8good0 j 9 proportion to ! ext5t to  
:i* x doesn't 8worry40  ,t1 ( c\rse1 is 

an extreme case4 ,x assumes a p>ticul>ly
 bad "m & a p>ticul>ly ill-*os5 nurse1 &
 :at is probably only a transitory phase
 ( sexual debasem5t4 ,! av]age nurse ( !
 upp]-class *ild is (t5 a woman ( highly
 develop$ mo!rly in/9cts1 & x is        
probable t our upp] class & our upp]    
middle-class is pass+ or has already    
pass$ ?r\gh t phase ( ?\ght :i* has made
 solit>y *ildr5 s common 9 ! la/ decade 
or s4 ,! effective contra/ mu/ n take u 
too f>4 ,we mu/ rememb] t all wom5 d n  
possess ! passion = nurs+1 & t "s ( ^?  
:o are defective 9 ?is direction may be1
 = all t1 wom5 ( exceptional gifts &    
capacity1 & fully capable ( (fspr+4     
,civilization is bas$ on ! organiz$     
subdivision ( lab\r1 &1 z ! able lady :o
 writes z 8,l'amie ,inconnue0 9 ! ,c\nty
 ,g5tleman has po9t$ out 9 a v helpful  
criticism ( ! orig9al v]sion ( ?is pap]1
 x is z absurd to require e woman to be 
a nurs]y "m z x is1 to require e man to 
till ! soil4 ,we move f homog5e\s to    
het]og5e\s conditions1 & we mu/ bew>e ( 

e g5]alization we make4  ,= all t1 "o is
 incl9$ to ?9k ! ideal av]age environm5t
 %\ld conta9 ! almo/ con/ant pres5ce ( !
 "m1 = no "o is s likely to be          
cont9u\sly v>i\s & int]e/+ & untir+ z   
%e1 & only z an exception1 = exceptional
 mo!rs & nurses1 c we admit !           
"m-sub/itute4 ,:5 we admit h] we admit  
o!r ?+s4 ,x is entirely on acc\nt ( su* 
an ideal environm5t1 we mu/ rememb]1 t  
monogamy f9ds its practical sanction2 x 
claims to ensure ! presid+ "m ! maximum 
( security & self-respect4 ,a woman :o  
enjoys ! full rights ( a wife to        
ma9t5ance & exclusive att5tion1 )\t a   
complete dis*>ge ( ! duties ( mo!rhood1 
pr(its by ! imputation ( ?+s %e has     
fail$ to p]=m4 ,%e may be ju/ifi$ by o!r
 ?+s1 by an effectual co-op]ation ) h]  
husb& 9 jo9t lab\rs = example1 b %e has 
alt]$ h] foot+ none ! less4 ,to secure  
an ideal environm5t = *ildr5 9 z _m     
cases z possible is ! second ( ! two    
great practical ends--! fir/ be+ s\nd   
bir?s1 = :i* ! re/rictions ( sexual     

morality exi/4 ,9 addition !re is ! ?ird
 almo/ equally important matt] ( adult  
effici5cy2 we h to adju/ affairs1 if we 
c1 to secure ! maximum ( heal?1 sane    
happ9ess & vigor\s m5tal & physical     
activity1 & to aboli%1 z f> z possible1 
passionate brood+s1 ov]-/imulat$        
appetites1 disease1 & de/ructive        
indulg5ce4 ,ap>t f ^! aspects1 sexual   
morality is outside ! scope ( ! ,new    
,republican altoge!r4 4 4 4 ,d n let ?is
 passage be misund]/ood4 ,i d n mean t a
 ,new ,republican ignores sexual        
morality except on ^! gr\nds1 b s f> z 8
 ,new ,republicanism goes he does1 j z a
 memb] ( ! ,a]onautical ,society1 s f> z
 8 a]onautical int]e/s g1 or z an       
ecclesia/ical ar*itect1 s f> z 8        
ar*itecture goes4  ,! ideal environm5t  
%\ld1 )\t any d\bt at all1 c5tre ab\t a 
nurs]y--a clean1 airy1 brightly lit1    
brilliantly adorn$ room1 into :i* !re   
%\ld be a frequ5t com+ & go+ ( ?+s & p2 
b f ! "t ! *ild beg9s to recognize      
objects & individuals x %\ld be tak5 =  

little spells into o!r rooms & diff]5t  
surr\nd+s4 ,9 ! homely1 conv5i5t1       
s]vantless abode ov] :i* ! able-bodi$1  
capable1 skilful1 civiliz$ wom5 ( !     
ord9>y sort w preside 9 ! future1 ! *ild
 w naturally foll[ its "m's morn+       
activities f room to room4 ,its "m w    
talk to x1 *ance visitors w sign to x4  
,!re %\ld be a public or private g>d5   
available :]e its p]ambulator c\ld /& 9 
f9e wea!r2 & its prom5ades %\ld n be too
 mu* a matt] ( r\t9e4 ,to g along a road
 ) "s traffic is bett] = a *ild ?an to g
 along a seclud$ pa? betwe5 h$ges2 a    
/reet corn] is bett] ?an a laurel       
plantation z a pit* = p]ambulators4  ,:5
 a *ild is five or six mon?s old x w h  
got a c]ta9 use & grip ) its h&s1 & x w 
want to h&le & exam9e & te/ ! prop]ties 
( z _m objects z x c4 ,gifts beg94 ,!re 
seems scope = a wis] selection 9 ^! e>ly
 gifts4 ,at pres5t x is *iefly woolly   
animals ) bells inside !m1 woolly balls1
 & s =?1 t rea* ! baby's h&s4 ,!re is no
 reason at all :y a *ild's att5tion %\ld

 be s pr$om9antly fix$ on wool4 ,^! toys
 are col\r$ v ta/efully1 b z ,prey] has 
advanc$ /rong reasons = suppos+ t !     
*ild's discrim9ation ( col\rs is        
extremely rudim5t>y until ! second ye>  
has begun1 ^! ta/eful arrangem5ts are   
simply an appeal to ! p>5t4 ,light1 d>k1
 yell[1 p]haps r$ & 8o!r col\rs0 seem to
 con/itute ! col\r sy/em ( a v "y       
infant4 ,x is to ! p>5t1 too1 t !       
humor\s & reali/ic quality ( ! animal   
=ms appeal4 ,! p>5t does ! %opp+ & has  
to be amus$4 ,! p>5t :o ought to h a    
doll in/ead ( a *ild is suffici5tly     
abundant 9 our _w to dom9ate ! %ops1 &  
!re is a va/ traffic 9 faceti\s baby    
toys1 faceti\s nurs]y furniture1 8art0  
cu%ions & 8qua9t0 baby clo?+1 all       
amaz+ly delightful ?+s = gr[n-up p4 ,^! 
?+s are b\ght & gr\p$ ab\t ! *ild1 !    
*ild is taught tricks to complete !     
picture1 & p>5tage becomes a v amus+    
aft]noon employm5t4 ,s long z conv5i5ce 
is n sacrific$ to ! /hetic ne$s ( !     
nurs]y1 & s long z common may compete ) 

8art0 toys1 !re is no great h>m done1 b 
x is well to und]/& h[ irrelevant ^! ?+s
 are to ! real ne$s ( a *ild's          
developm5t4  ,a *ild ( a ye> or less has
 nei!r k nor imag9ation to see ! po9t ( 
^! animal resemblances--mu* less to     
appreciate ei!r qua9tness or prett9ess4 
,t comes only 9 ! second ye>4 ,he is mu*
 m int]e/$ 9 ! crumpl+ & te>+ ( pap]1 9 
! crumpl+ ( *9tz1 & 9 ! tak+ (f &       
replac+ ( ! lid ( a little box4 ,i ?9k x
 w\ld be possible to devise a mu* m     
ent]ta9+ set ( toys = an infant ?an is  
at pres5t procurable1 b1 unhappily1 !y  
w\ld n appeal to ! intellig5ce ( !      
av]age p>5t4 ,!re w\ld be1 = example1 "o
 or two little boxes ( diff]5t %apes &  
sub/ances1 ) lids to take (f & on1 "o or
 two rubb] ?+s t w\ld b5d & twi/ ab\t & 
admit ( *ew+1 a ball & a box made ( *9a1
 a fluffy1 flexible ?+ l a rabbit's     
tail1 ) ! v]tebr replac$ by cane1 a     
velvet-cov]$ ball1 a p[d] puff1 & s on4 
,!y c\ld all be pla9ly & vividly col\r$ 
) "s non-soluble inodor\s col\r4 ,!y    

w\ld be ab\t on ! cot & on ! rug :]e !  
*ild 0 put to kick & crawl4 ,!y w\ld h  
to be too l>ge to swall[1 & !y w\ld all 
get pull$ & maul$ ab\t until !y 7 m or  
less de/roy$4 ,"s w\ld probably survive 
= _m ye>s z preci\s treasures1 z belov$ 
objects1 z p[]s & symbols 9 ! my/]i\s   
secret feti*ism ( *ildhood--confidants &
 sympa!tic fri5ds4    #b   ,:ile ! *ild 
is engag$ ) its fir/ toys1 & ) !        
collection ( rudim5t>y s5se impressions1
 x is also develop+ a rem>kable v>iety (
 noises & babblem5ts f :i* x w pres5tly 
dis5tangle spee*4 ,day by day x w %[ a  
/rong] & /rong] bias to associate       
def9ite s\nds ) def9ite objects & ideas1
 a bias s comp>atively p[]ful 9 ! m9d ( 
man z to di/+ui% him f all o!r liv+     
creatures4 ,o!r creatures may ?9k1 may1 
9 a sort ( concrete way1 come almo/     
indef9ably ne> reason 7z ,pr(essor      
,lloyd ,morgan 9 8 v delightful ,animal 
,life & ,intellig5ce has %[n72 b man    
alone has 9 spee* ! app>atus1 !         
possibility1 at any rate1 ( be+ a       

reason+ & reasonable creature4 ,x is1 ( 
c\rse1 n 8 only app>atus4 ,m5 may ?9k   
out ?+s ) draw+s1 ) little models1 )    
signs & symbols ^u pap]1 b spee* is !   
common way1 ! high road1 ! curr5t co9 ( 
?\ght4  ,) spee* humanity beg9s4 ,) !   
dawn ( spee* ! *ild ceases to be an     
animal we *]i%1 & crosses ! b\nd>y into 
di/9ctly human int]c\rse4 ,!re beg9s 9  
its m9d ! developm5t ( ! mo/ wond]ful ( 
all conceivable app>atus1 a subtle &    
intricate keybo>d1 t w end at la/ )     
?irty or =ty or fifty ?\s& keys4 ,?is   
que]1 />+1 s(t little be+ 9 its "m's    
arms is organiz+ some?+ )9 itself1      
beside :i* ! mo/ wond]ful or*e/ra "o c  
imag9e is a lump ( rude clums9ess4 ,!re 
w come a "t :51 at ! m]e/ t\* ^u ^?     
keys1 image w foll[ image & emotion     
develop into emotion1 :5 ! :ole         
creation1 ! deeps ( space1 ! m9ute/     
beauties ( ! microscope1 cities1 armies1
 passions1 spl5d\rs1 sorr[s1 w leap out 
( d>kness into ! consci\s be+ ( ?\ght1  
:5 ?is int]wov5 net ( brief1 small s\nds

 w =m ! c5tre ( a web t w hold toge!r 9 
its ?reads ! univ]se1 ! ,all1 visible & 
invisible1 mat]ial & immat]ial1 real &  
imag9$1 ( a human m9d4 ,& if we are to  
make ! be/ ( a *ild1 x is 9 no way      
second>y to its physical heal? & gr[? t 
x %\ld acquire a great & ?or\gh comm&   
ov] spee*1 n m]ely t x %\ld speak1 b1   
:at is f> m vital1 t x %\ld und]/&      
swiftly & subtly ?+s writt5 & said4     
,inde$1 ?is is m ?an any physical ne$4  
,! body is ! sub/ance & ! implem5t2 !   
m9d1 built & compact ( language1 is !   
man4 ,all t has gone be=e1 all t we h   
discuss$ ( s\nd bir? & physical gr[? &  
c>e1 is no m ?an ! mak+ ready ( ! soil =
 ! m9d t is to gr[ !re94 ,z we come to  
?is matt] ( language1 we come a /ep ne>]
 to ! intimate realities ( our          
subject--we come to ! m5tal plant t is  
to be> ! fl[] & ! ripe fruit ( !        
individual life4 ,! next phase ( our    
inquiry1 !re=e1 is to exam9e h[ we c get
 ?is m5tal plant1 ?is f\ndation         
sub/ance1 ?is abundant ma/]$ language   

be/ develop$ 9 ! individual1 & h[ f> we 
may g to ensure ?is be/ developm5t = all
 *ildr5 born into ! _w4  ,f ! n9? mon?  
onw>d ! *ild beg9s s]i\s attempts to    
talk4 ,9 ord] t x may le>n to d ?is z   
easily z possible1 x requires to be     
surr\nd$ by p speak+ "o language1 &     
speak+ x ) a uni=m acc5t4 ,^? :o are mo/
 9 ! *ild's he>+ %\ld endeav\r to       
speak--ev5 :5 !y are n address+ !       
*ild--delib]ately & cle>ly4 ,all        
au?orities are agre$ ^u ! mis*iev\s     
effect ( :at is call$ 8baby talk10 ! use
 ( an ext5sive %am vocabul>y1 a sort (  
decidu\s milk vocabul>y t w pres5tly h  
to be %$ aga94 ,froebel & ,prey] jo9 h&s
 on ?is4 ,! *ild's funny little         
p]v]sions ( spee* are really g5u9e      
attempts to say ! "r ^w1 & we simply    
cause tr\ble & hamp] developm5t if we   
give back to ! seek+ m9d its own blund]s
 aga94 ,:5 a *ild wants to indicate     
milk1 x wants to say milk1 & n 8mooka0  
or 8mik10 & :5 x wants to indicate b$1 !
 ne$$ ^w is n 8b$d]0 or 8bye-bye10 b    

8b$40 ,b we give ! little ?+ no *ance to
 get on 9 ?is way until sudd5ly "o day  
we discov] x is 8"t ! *ild spoke        
pla9ly40 ,prey] has po9t$ out v         
in/ructively ! way 9 :i* ! q suffici5tly
 difficult matt] ( ! use ( ,i1 m9e1 me1 
my1 y1 y\rs1 & y\r is made /ill m       
difficult by ^? ab\t ! *ild adopt+      
irregul>ly ! exp]im5tal idioms x        
produces4 ,:5 a *ild says to its "m1    
8,me g mome10 x is do+ its be/ to speak 
,engli%1 & its rem>k %\ld be receiv$ )\t
 worry+ comm5t2 b :5 a "m says to h]    
*ild1 8,me g mome10 %e is simply wa/+ an
 opportunity ( tea*+ h] *ild its        
"m-tongue4 ,"o sympa?izes ) h] all too  
readily1 "o und]/&s ! sweetness to h] ( 
^! s(t1 infantile mispronunciations2 b1 
inde$1 %e ought to und]/&2 x is h]      
prim>y bus9ess to "k bett] ?an h] feel+s
 9 ?is affair4  ,9 le>n+ to speak1 !    
*ildr5 ( ! m prosp]\s classes are       
probably at a consid]able advantage :5  
comp>$ ) _! poor] fell[ *ildr54 ,!y he> 
a cle>] & m uni=m intonation ?an !      

blurr$1 unc]ta9 spee* ( our commonalty1 
t has result$ f ! reaction ( ! great    
syn!tic process1 ( ! pa/ c5tury ^u      
dialects4 ,b ?is natural advantage ( !  
ri*] *ild is disc\nt$ 9 "o ( two ways3 9
 ! fir/ place by ! "m1 9 ! second by !  
nurse4 ,! "m 9 ! m prosp]\s classes is  
(t5 mu* m va9 & trivial ?an ! l[]-class 
woman2 %e looks to h] *ildr5 = amusem5t1
 & makes !m contributors to h] 8effect10
 &1 by tak+ up _! qua9t & pretty        
mispronunciations1 & devis+ humor\s     
additions to _! natural baby talk1 %e   
tea*es !m to be mu* great] babies ?an !y
 c\ld ev] possibly be !mselves4 ,!y     
specialise z *>m+ babies until _! "m    
tires ( ! pose1 & !n !y are ?ru/ back   
into ! nurs]y to recov] leeway1 if !y c1
 "u ! c>e ( gov]ness or nurse4  ,!      
second disadvantage ( ! upp]-class *ild 
is ! =eign nurse or nurs]y gov]ness4    
,!re is a widely diffus$ idea t a *ild  
is p>ticul>ly apt to ma/] & reta9       
languages1 & p try & inoculate ) ,fr5* &
 ,g]man z ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury w\ld h   

inoculat$ *ildr5 ) antidotes1 = all !   
ills _! fle% 0 heir to--ev51 poor little
 wret*es1 to an anticipatory regim5 =   
g\t4 ,! root error ( ^! attempts to =m  
infantile polyglots is embodi$ 9 an     
unv]ifi$ quotation f ,byron's ,beppo1   
de> to p$agogic writ]s--  8,wax to      
receive & m>ble to reta90  runs !       
l9e--:i* ! curi\s may discov] to be a   
description ( ! fai?ful lov]1 ?\gh x has
 become z firmly associat$ ) ! *ild-m9d 
z has ,/]ne's 8temp]+ ! w9d to ! %orn   
lamb0 ) ,holy ,writ4 ,& ?is idea (      
infantile receptivity & ret5tiv5ess is  
held by an un?9k+ _w1 9 spite ( !       
univ]sally accessible fact t h>dly "o ( 
u c rememb] any?+ t happ5$ be=e ! age ( 
five1 & v little t happ5$ be=e sev5 or  
eight1 & t *ildr5 ( five or six1 remov$ 
into =eign surr\nd+s1 w 9 a ye> or s--if
 special measures are n tak5--recon/ruct
 _! idiom1 & absolutely =get e ^w ( _!  
"m-tongue4 ,?is =eign nurse comes into !
 *ild's _w1 br++ ) h] q weird errors 9 !
 quantities1 ! acc5t & idiom ( !        

"m-tongue1 & greatly increas+ !         
difficulty & delay on ! road to ?\ght & 
spee*4 ,& ?is attempt to acquire a =eign
 language prematurely at ! exp5se ( !   
"m-tongue1 to pick x up *eaply by mak+ !
 nurse an in=mal tea*] ( languages1     
entirely ignores a fact ^u :i* ,i w\ld  
lay ! utmo/ /ress 9 ?is pap]--:i*1      
inde$1 is ! gi/ ( ?is pap]--t only a v  
small m9ority ( ,engli% or ,am]ican p h 
m ?an half ma/]$ ! spl5did h]itage ( _! 
native spee*4 ,to ?is neglect$ & mo/    
significant limitation ! am\nt ( public 
att5tion giv5 at pres5t is q surpris+ly 
small4 ,footnote3 ,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,l4   
,cope ,corn=d1 writes apropos ( ?is1 &  
,i ?9k ,i _c d bett] ?an pr9t :at he    
says z a corrective to my own ass]tions3
 8,all y say on ! importance ( lett+ a  
*ild he> good ,engli% cleanly acc5t$ is 
admirable2 b we ?9k y h p]haps ov]look$ 
! importance ( e>-tra9+ z su*1 :i* %\ld 
beg9 by ! "t ! *ild c utt] its fir/     
attempts at spee*4 ,by e>-tra9+ ,i mean 
! diff]5tiation ( s\nds--articulate1    

in>ticulate1 & musical--fix+ ! *ild's   
att5tion & caus+ x to imitate4 ,z e s\nd
 requires a p>ticul> movem5t ( ! vocal  
app>atus1 ! *ild w soon be able to adapt
 its app>atus unconsci\sly & to di/+ui% 
accurately4 ,& if x does n s le>n be=e !
 age ( five or six1 x probably w nev] d 
s4 ,by ! age ( two--or less--! *ild %\ld
 be able to imitate exactly any         
spee*-s\nd4 ,our y\ng/]s c d s2 &1      
consequ5tly1 ! fact t !y _h a nurse ) a 
,sussex acc5t ceas$ to matt]1 because !y
 le>n$ to di/+ui% h] talk f correct     
,engli%4 ,s 9 ! case ( a =eign nurse2 ! 
result ( a =eign]'s influ5ce w\ld be    
good 9 ?is way1 t x w\ld tra9 a *ild to 
a new s]ies ( spee*-s\nds1 ?us enl>g+   
its e> capacity4 ,nor ne$ x necess>ily  
adopt ^! spee*-s\nds z ^? :i* x %\ld    
use2 x m]ely kn[s !m2 & if ! =eign] h a 
good acc5t1 & speaks h] own tongue well1
 ! *ild's e> is tra9$ = life1           
irrespective ( expression4 ,exp]i5ce %[s
 t a *ild c keep sep>ate 9 its m9d two  
or ?ree languages--at fir/ !            

spee*-s\nds1 lat] ! expression4 ,modes (
 expression ne$ n beg9 till aft] five1  
or lat]4 ,) reg>d to music1 e *ild %\ld 
beg9 to und]go a simple c\rse ( e>-tra9+
 on ! sol-fa sy/em z elaborat$ & taught 
by ,mc,naught1 because ! faculty ( s    
le>n+ is lo/--atrophi$--by ! age (      
twelve or f\rte54 ,b1 beg9n+ e>ly--z    
e>ly z possible--e *ild1 #8musical' or  
n1 c be tra9$1 j z e *ild1 #8arti/ic' or
 n1 may be taught to draw accurately up 
to a c]ta9 po9t40  ,!re c be little or  
no dispute t ! ,engli% language 9 its   
complet5ess pres5ts a range too ample & 
appliances too subtle = ! ne$s ( ! great
 majority ( ^? :o pr(ess to speak x4 ,i 
d n ref] to ! half-civiliz$ & altoge!r  
b>b>ic races :o are com+ "u its sway1 b 
to ! p we are bre$+ ( our own race--!   
b>b>ians ( our /reets1 our suburban     
8:ite nigg]s10 ) a ?\s& a ye> & !       
conceit ( ,imp]ial de/9ies4 ,!y live 9  
our "m-tongue z "s half-civiliz$ invad]s
 might live 9 a gigantic & spl5didly    
equipp$ palace4 ,!y misuse ?is1 !y wa/e 

t1 !y leave :ole corridors & w+s        
unexplor$1 to fall into disuse & decay4 
,i d\bt if ! ord9>y memb] ( ! prosp]\s  
classes 9 ,engl& has mu* m ?an a ?ird ( 
! ,engli% language 9 use1 & m ?an a half
 9 k1 & z we g d[n ! social scale we may
 come at la/ to /rata hav+ b a t5? "p ( 
our full vocabul>y1 & mu* ( t blurr$ &  
vaguely und]/ood4 ,! spee* ( ! ,coloni/ 
is ev5 poor] ?an ! spee* ( ! home-/ay+  
,engli%4 ,9 ,am]ica1 j z 9 ,great       
,brita9 & h] ,colonies1 !re is ! same   
limitation & ! same disuse4 ,p>tly1 (   
c\rse1 ?is is due to ! pett9ess ( our   
?\ght & exp]i5ce1 & s f> x c only be    
rem$i$ by a g5]al intellectual          
amplification2 b p>tly x is due to !    
g5]al ignorance ( ,engli% prevail+      
?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,x is atroci\sly taught1 &
 taught by ignorant m54 ,x is atroci\sly
 & meanly writt54 ,s f> z ?is second    
cause ( %e] ignorance goes1 ! gaps 9 k  
are cont9ually result+ 9 slang & !      
addition ( ne$less neologisms to !      
language4 ,p come ^u ideas t !y "k no   

,engli% to express1 & /rike out ! new   
phrase 9 a f9e bur/ ( ignorant discov]y4
 ,!re are ,am]icans 9 p>ticul> :o are   
amaz+ly apt at ?is sort ( ?+4 ,!y take  
an enorm\s pride 9 ! j>gon !y are       
p]petually increas+--!y boa/ ( x1 !y    
give exhibition p]=mances 9 x1 !y seem  
to reg>d x z ! culm9at+ fl[] ( _!       
cont95tal ,republic--z ?\gh ! ,old ,_w  
_h nev] he>d ( %oddy4 ,b1 inde$1 !y are 
9 no bett] case ?an t un=tunate lady at 
,e>lswood :o e/eems newspap]s /it*$ )   
unravell$ c>pet & trimm$ ) orange peel1 
! extreme ( human spl5d\r4 ,9 tru?1 _!  
pride is baseless1 & ?is slang ( !irs no
 sort ( di/9ction :atev]4 ,let me assure
 !m t 9 our heavi] way we 9 ?is isl& are
 j z busy defil+ our common inh]itance4 
,we c s5d a team ( l+ui/s to ,am]ica :o 
w murd] & misund]/& ! language aga9/ any
 elev5 ! ,am]icans may select4  ,( c\rse
 !re is a natural & necess>y gr[? &     
developm5t 9 a liv+ language1 a gr[? t  
no "o may arre/4 ,9 appliances1 9       
politics1 9 sci5ce1 9 philosophical     

int]pretation1 !re is a p]petual        
necessity = new words1 words to express 
new ideas & new relation%ips1 words free
 f ambiguity & encumb]+ associations4 ,b
 ! neologisms ( ! /reet & ! saloon r>ely
 supply any occasion ( ?is k9d4 ,= ! mo/
 "p !y are j ! /upid ef=ts ( ignorant m5
 to supply ! unnecess>y4 ,& side by side
 ) ! inv5tion ( inf]ior *eap sub/itutes 
= exi/+ words & phrases1 & inf9itely m  
s]i\s ?an t inv5tion1 goes on a p]petual
 misuse & di/ortion ( ^? t are          
insuffici5tly kn[n4 ,^! are processes n 
( gr[? b ( decay--!y di/ort1 !y r5d]    
obsolete1 & !y de/roy4 ,! obsolesc5ce & 
de/ruction ( words & phrases cuts u (f f
 ! nobility ( our pa/1 f ! sev]$ masses 
( our race ov]seas1 f> m effectually ?an
 any gr[? ( neologisms4 ,a language may 
gr[--our language mu/ gr[--x may be     
cl>ifi$ & ref9$ & /r5g!n$1 b x ne$ n    
suff] ! fate ( an algal filam5t1 & pass 
con/antly into rott5ness & decay :5ev]  
gr[? is no long] 9 progress4 ,t has be5 
! fate ( languages 9 ! pa/ because ( !  

feebl] organization1 ! sl5d]]1 sl[]     
int]communication1 &1 above all1 !      
insuffici5t records ( human communities2
 b ! "t has come n[--or1 at ! wor/1 is  
rapidly com+--:5 ?is w cease to be a    
fat$ ?+4 ,we may h a f> m copi\s & v>i$ 
tongue ?an _h ,addison or ,sp5s]--t is  
no disa/]--b !re is no reason :y we %\ld
 n keep fa/ hold ( all !y _h4 ,!re is no
 reason :y ! :ole f9e tongue (          
,elizabe?an ,engl& %\ld n be at our     
disposal /ill4 ,conceivably ,addison    
w\ld f9d ! ri*1 allusive ,engli% (      
,george ,m]$i? obscure2 conceivably we  
might f9d a ?\s& words & phrases ( ! ye>
 #bjjj /range & p]plex+2 b !re is no    
reason :y a "t %\ld ev] come :5 :at has 
be5 writt5 well 9 ,engli% s9ce          
,elizabe?an days %\ld no long] be       
und]/&able & f9e4  ,! prevail+ ignorance
 ( ,engli% 9 ! ,engli%-speak+           
communities1 enorm\sly hamp]s !         
developm5t ( ! racial consci\sness4     
,except = ^? :o wi% to bawl ! crude/    
?\ghts1 !re is no means ( rea*+ ! :ole  

mass ( ^! communities to-day4 ,s f> z   
mat]ial requirem5ts g x w\ld be possible
 to fl+ a ?\ght broadca/ l se$ ov] !    
:ole _w to-day1 x w\ld be possible to   
get a book into ! h&s ( half ! adults ( 
our race4 ,b at ! h&s & eyes "o         
/ops--!re is a gap 9 ! bra9s4 ,only     
?\ghts t c be express$ 9 ! meane/       
commonplaces w ev] rea* ! m9ds ( !      
majority ( ! ,engli%-speak+ peoples "u  
pres5t conditions4  ,a writ] :o aims to 
be widely read to-day mu/ p]petually    
halt1 mu/ p]petually hesitate at ! words
 t arise 9 8 m9d2 he mu/ ask himself h[ 
_m p w /ick at ?is ^w altoge!r or miss !
 mean+ x %\ld c>ry2 he mu/ ransack 8    
memory = a commonplace p]iphrase1 an    
+5i\s re>rangem5t ( ! famili>2 he mu/   
omit or ov]acc5tuate at e turn4 ,su*    
simple & necess>y words z 8obsolesc5t10 
8deliquesc5t10 8segregation10 = example1
 mu/ be ab&on$ by ! man :o w\ld write   
d[n to ! g5]al read]2 he mu/ use        
8imp]t95t0 z if x 7 a synonym =         
8impud5t0 & 8indec5t0  z ! equival5t (  

8obsc5e40 ,& 9 ! face ( ?is wide        
ignorance ( ,engli%1 see+ h[ few p c    
ei!r read or write ,engli% ) any        
subtlety1 & h[ disa/r\sly ?is reacts ^u 
! g5]al developm5t ( ?\ght & und]/&+    
amid/ ! ,engli%-speak+ peoples1 x w\ld  
be prepo/]\s ev5 if ! attempt 7         
successful1 to complicate ! fir/ l+ui/ic
 /ruggles ( ! infant ) ! beg9n+s ( a    
second language4 ,b p deal ?us lightly )
 ! "m-tongue because !y "k s little ( x 
t !y d n ev5 suspect _! own ignorance ( 
its bur!n & its p[]s4 ,!y speak a little
 set ( ready-made phrases1 !y write x   
sc>cely at all1 & all !y read is ! weak 
& %all[ prose ( popul> fiction & ! daily
 press4 ,t is kn[+ a language )9 ! mean+
 ( _! m9ds1 & su* a k a *ild may v well 
be left to 8pick up0 z x may4 ,side by  
side ) ?is !y w pres5tly set !mselves to
 erect a simil> 8k0 ( two or ?ree o!r   
languages4 ,"o is con/antly meet+ n only
 wom5 b m5 :o w solemnly pr(ess to 8"k0 
,engli% & ,lat91 ,fr5*1 ,g]man &        
,italian1 p]haps ,greek1 :o are 9       

fact--beyond ! limit$ range ( food1     
clo?+1 %elt]1 trade1 crude nationalism1 
social conv5tions & p]sonal vanity--no  
bett] ?an ! deaf & dumb4 ,9 spite ( !   
fact t !y w sit ) books 9 _! h&s1       
visibly read+1 turn+ pages1 p5cill+     
comm5ts1 9 spite ( ! fact t !y w discuss
 au?ors & repeat criticisms1 x is z     
hopeless to express new ?\ghts to !m z x
 w\ld be to seek = appreciation 9 ! e> (
 a hippopotamus4 ,_! l+ui/ic in/rum5ts  
are no m capable ( contempor>y ?\ght ?an
 a t9 :i/le1 a xylophone1 & a drum are  
capable ( r5d]+ ! ,eroica ,symphony4  ,9
 be+ also ignorant ( itself1 ?is wide   
ignorance ( ,engli% p>takes ( all t is  
mo/ hopeless 9 ignorance4 ,except among 
a few writ]s & critics1 !re is little   
s5se ( defect 9 ?is matt]4 ,! common man
 does n "k t 8 limit$ vocabul>y limits 8
 ?\ghts4 ,he kn[s t !re are 8long words0
 & r>e words 9 ! tongue1 b he does n "k 
t ?is implies ! exi/5ce ( def9ite mean+s
 beyond 8 m5tal range4 ,8 poor          
collection ( ev]yday words1 worn-out    

phrases & batt]$ tropes1 con/itute :at  
he calls 8pla9 ,engli%10 & spee* beyond 
^! limits he s]i\sly believes to be no m
 ?an ! back-slang ( ! educat$ class1 a  
m]e elaboration & d>k5+ ( int]c\rse to  
secure privacy & di/9ction4 ,no d\bt !re
 is ju/ification en\gh = 8 suspicion 9 !
 exploits ( pret5ti\s & g>rul\s s\ls4 ,b
 x is ! sup]ficial ju/ification ( a     
pr(\nd & disa/r\s error4 ,a gap 9 a     
man's vocabul>y is a hole & tatt] 9 8   
m9d2 words he has may inde$ be weakly   
connect$ or wrongly connect$--"o may f9d
 ! :ole keybo>d j]ry-built1 = example1 9
 ! ,engli%-speak+ ,baboo--b words he has
 n signify ideas t he has no means (    
cle>ly appreh5d+1 !y are pat*es (       
imp]fect m5tal exi/5ce1 factors 9 !     
total am\nt ( 8 p]sonal failure to live4
  ,?is _w-wide ignorance ( ,engli%1 ?is 
d>ke/ cl\d almo/ ^u ! fair future ( our 
conf$]at$ peoples1 is some?+ m ?an a    
passive ignorance4 ,x is active1 x is   
aggressive4 ,9 ,engl& at any rate1 if "o
 talks beyond ! range ( :ite-nigg]      

,engli%1 "o commits a social brea*4 ,!re
 are c\ntless 8book words0 well-br$ p   
nev] use4 ,a writ] ) any t5d]ness =     
half-=gott5 phrases1 any disposition to 
sublimate ! m+l+ ( unaccu/om$ words1    
runs z grave a risk ( organiz$ disreg>d 
z if he tamp]$ ) ! improp]4 ,! lead5    
c5sures ( ! ,times1 = example1 await any
 excursion beyond its own batt]$        
circumlocutions4 ,ev5 n[adays1 & :5 !y  
are vet]ans1 ,mr4 ,george ,m]$i? & ,mr4 
,h5ley get ev] & aga9 a scre$ ( abuse f 
"s hot *ampion ( ,l[] ,division ,civil  
,s]vice prose4 8,pla9 ,engli%0 su* a "o 
w call 8 desid]atum1 z "o might call !  
vi&s on a ,new ,cut b>r[ 8pla9 food40 ,!
 ho/ility to ! complete language is     
ev]y:]e4 ,i wond] j h[ _m homes may n be
 witness+ ! self-same sc5e z ,i write4  
,"s little *ild is /ruggl+ ) !          
unmanageable treasure ( a new-f\nd ^w1  
has produc$ x at la/1 a nice long ^w1   
=?) to be 8laugh$ out0  ( su* fooli%    
ambitions by its anxi\s p>5t4 ,p tra9 _!
 *ildr5 n to speak ,engli% beyond a     

?readb>e m9imum1 !y res5t x ^u plat=m & 
9 pulpit1 & !y avoid x 9 books4         
,s*oolma/]s z a class "k little ( !     
language4 ,9 none ( our s*ools1 n ev5 9 
! m effici5t ( our elem5t>y s*ools1 is  
,engli% adequately taught4 ,& ^! p      
expect ! ,s\? ,african ,dut* to take ov]
 _! neglect$ tongue6 ,z ?\gh ! poor     
p>tial ,k+'s ,engli% ( ! ,briti%        
,coloni/ 0 "o :it bett] ?an ! ,taal6 ,to
 give !m ! reality ( :at ,engli% might  
be3 t 7 a diff]5t matt] altoge!r4  ,^!  
?+s x is ! cle> bus9ess ( our ,new      
,republicans to alt]4 ,x foll[s1 inde$1 
b x is 9 no way second>y to ! "w (      
secur+ s\nd bir?s & heal?y *ildhoods1 t 
we %\ld secure a vigor\s1 ample m5tal   
basis = ! m9ds born ) ^! bodies4 ,we h  
to save1 to revive ?is scatt]$1 w>p$1   
t>ni%$ & neglect$ language ( ours1 if we
 wi% to save ! future ( our _w4 ,we %\ld
 save n only ! _w ( ^? :o at pres5t     
speak ,engli%1 b ! _w ( _m k9dr$ &      
associat$ peoples :o w\ld will+ly ent]  
into our syn!sis1 c\ld we make x wide   

en\gh & sane en\gh & noble en\gh = _!   
hon\r4  ,to expect t s ample a cause z  
?is %\ld f9d any support among ! fe/]+  
confusion ( ! old politics is to expect 
too mu*4 ,!re is no p>ty = ! ,engli%    
language any:]e 9 ! _w4 ,we h to take   
?is problem z we took our =m] problem & 
deal ) x z ?\gh ! old politics1 :i*     
sl\gh s sl[ly1 7 already happily excis$4
 ,to beg9 )1 we may give our att5tion to
 ! f\ndation ( ?is f\ndation1 to ! gr[? 
( spee* 9 ! develop+ *ild4  ,f ! fir/ ! 
*ild %\ld he> a cle> & uni=m            
pronunciation ab\t x1 a precise & c>eful
 idiom & words def9itely us$4 ,s9ce     
language is to br+ p toge!r & n to keep 
!m ap>t1 x w\ld be well if ?r\gh\t !    
,engli%-speak+ _w !re c\ld be "o acc5t1 
"o idiom1 & "o intonation4 ,?is !re nev]
 has be5 yet1 b !re is no reason at all 
:y x %\ld n be4 ,!re is aris+ ev5 n[ a  
/&>d ( good ,engli% to :i* _m dialects &
 _m influ5ces are contribut+4 ,f !      
,highl&]s & ! ,iri%1 = example1 !       
,engli% ( ! ,s\? are le>n+ !            

possibilities ( ! aspirate h & :1 :i*   
latt] _h entirely & ! =m] v l>gely      
dropp$ out ( use among !m a hundr$ ye>s 
ago4 ,! drawl+ spee* ( ,wessex & ,new   
,engl&--= ! ma9 features ( :at p call   
,yankee intonation are to be f\nd 9     
p]fection 9 ! cottages ( ,hamp%ire &    
,we/ ,sussex--are be+ quick5$1 p]haps f 
! same s\rces4 ,! ,scot* are acquir+ !  
,engli% use ( %all & w1 & ! confusion ( 
recon/ruction is _w-wide among our      
v[els4 ,! ,g]man w ( ,mr4 ,samuel ,well]
 has be5 oblit]at$ )9 ! space ( a       
g5]ation or s4 ,!re is no reason at all 
:y ?is natural developm5t ( ! uni=m     
,engli% ( ! com+ age %\ld n be greatly  
=w>d$ by our delib]ate ef=ts1 :y x %\ld 
n be possible )9 a little :ile to def9e 
a /&>d pronunciation ( our tongue4 ,x is
 a less important issue by f> ?an t ( a 
uni=m vocabul>y & phraseology1 b x is   
/ill a v notable ne$4  ,we h available  
n[ = ! fir/ "t1 9 ! m highly evolv$ =ms 
( phonograph & telephone1 a means (     
/or+1 analyz+1 transmitt+1 & ref]r+ to  

s\nds1 t %\ld be ( v consid]able value 9
 ! attempt to r5d] a good & beautiful   
pronunciation ( ,engli% uni=m ?r\gh\t ! 
_w4 ,x w\ld n be unreasonable to require
 f all ^? :o are qualify+ = ! "w (      
education1 ! read+ al\d ( long passages 
9 ! /&>d acc5t4 ,at pres5t !re is no    
requirem5t ( ?is sort 9 ,engl&1 & too   
(t5 our elem5t>y tea*]s at any rate1    
in/ead ( be+ mission>ies ( l+ui/ic      
purity1 are c5tres ( diffusion = blurr$ 
& vici\s p]v]sions ( our spee*4 ,!y mu/ 
read & recite al\d 9 _! qualify+        
exam9ations1 x is true1 b "u no specific
 prohibition ( prov9cial intonations4 ,9
 ! pulpit & ! /age1 moreov]1 we h ready 
to h& mo/ pot5t in/rum5ts (             
dissem9ation1 t ne$ no?+ b a little     
%>p5+ to help greatly t[>ds ?is end4 ,at
 ! entrance ( almo/ all pr(essions      
n[adays /&s an exam9ation t includes    
,engli%1 & !re w\ld be no?+ revolution>y
 9 add+ to t writt5 pap] an oral te/ 9 !
 /&>d pronunciation4 ,by active ex]tion 
to br+ ^! ?+s ab\t ! ,new ,republican   

c\ld d mu* to secure t e *ild ( our     
,engli%-speak+ p ?r\gh\t ! _w w\ld he> 9
 s*ool & *ur* & ent]ta9m5t ! same cle> &
 def9ite acc5t4 ,! *ild's "m & nurse    
w\ld be help$ to acquire almo/ ins5sibly
 a s\nd & confid5t pronunciation4 ,no   
obs]vant man :o has liv$ at all broadly1
 meet+ & talk+ ) p ( div]se culture &   
tradition1 b kn[s h[ mu* our int]c\rse  
is cumb]$ by hesitations ab\t quantity &
 acc5t1 & petty diff]5ces ( phrase &    
idiom1 & h[ greatly intonation & acc5t  
may w>p & limit our sympa?y4  ,& :ile !y
 are do+ ?is = ! g5]al l+ui/ic          
atmosph]e1 ! ,new ,republicans c\ld also
 attempt some?+ to rea* ! *ildr5 9      
detail4  ,by in/9ct ne>ly e "m wants to 
tea*4 ,"s tea* by in/9ct1 b = ! mo/ "p  
!re is a ne$ ( guidance 9 _! tea*+4 ,at 
pres5t ^! fir/ & v important phases 9   
education are guid$ almo/ entirely by   
tradition4 ,! necess>y s++ & talk+ to v 
"y *ildr5 is done 9 imitation ( simil>  
s++ & talk+2 x is probably done no      
bett]1 x may possibly be done mu* worse1

 ?an x 0 done two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,a v 
great am\nt ( p]man5t improvem5t 9 human
 affairs might be secur$ 9 ?is direction
 by ! exp5diture ( a few ?\s& p\nds 9 ! 
sy/ematic /udy ( ! mo/ educational me?od
 ( deal+ ) *ildr5 9 ! fir/ two or ?ree  
ye>s ( life1 & 9 ! intellig5t           
propagation ( ! k obta9$4 ,!re exi/     
already1 x is true1 a numb] ( ,*ild     
,/udy ,associations1 ,p>5ts' ,unions1 & 
! l1 b = ! mo/ "p ^! are q ineffectual  
talk+ societies1 ak9 to ,br[n+          
,societies1 ,lit]>y & ,natural ,hi/ory  
,societies3 !y atta9 a trifl+ am\nt (   
mutual improvem5t at _! be/1 ! memb]s   
read pap]s to "o ano!r1 & a few m$ical  
m5 & s*ools secure a ne$$ adv]tisem5t4  
,!y h no organization1 no conc5tration (
 _! en]gy1 & _! *ief effect seems to be 
to pres5t an int]e/ 9 education z if x 7
 a h>mless1 po9tless fad4 ,b if a few m5
 ( means & capacity 7 to organize a     
committee ) adequate funds1 secure !    
s]vices ( specially end[$ m5 = !        
exhau/ive /udy ( develop+ spee*1 publi% 

a dige/$ report1 &1 ) ! assi/ance ( a   
good writ] or s1 produce v *eaply1      
adv]tise vigor\sly1 & dissem9ate widely 
a small1 cle>ly pr9t$1 cle>ly writt5    
book ( pi?y in/ructions = mo!rs & nurses
 9 ?is matt] ( e>ly spee* !y w\ld q     
c]ta9ly effect a great improvem5t 9 !   
m5tal f\ndations ( ! com+ g5]ation4 ,we 
d n yet appreciate ! fact t = ! fir/ "t 
9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w !re exi/s a /ate (    
society 9 :i* almo/ e nurse & "m reads4 
,x is no long] necess>y to rely :olly ^u
 in/9ct & tradition1 !re=e1 = ! e>ly    
/ages ( a *ild's in/ruction4 ,we c      
re9=ce & organize ^! ?+s ?r\gh ! pr9t$  
^w4  ,= example1 an important factor 9 !
 e>ly /age ( spee*-tea*+ is ! nurs]y    
rhyme4 ,a little *ild1 t[>ds ! end ( !  
fir/ ye>1 hav+ accumulat$ a really v    
compreh5sive selection ( s\nds & noises 
by t "t1 beg9s to imitate fir/ !        
associat$ motions1 & !n ! s\nds ( v>i\s 
nurs]y rhymes--8,pat-a-cake10 = example4
 ,9 ! book ,i imag9e1 !re w\ld be1 among
 _m o!r ?+s1 a s]ies ( little v]sicles1 

old & new1 9 :i*1 to ! accompanim5t (   
simple ge/ures1 all ! elem5t>y s\nds ( !
 language c\ld be easily & agreeably    
made famili> to ! *ild's e>s4 ,footnote3
 ,messrs4 ,hea? ( ,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a41 h  
s5t me a book ( ,nurs]y ,rhymes1 arrang$
 by ,mr4 ,*>les ,wel%1 :i* is c]ta9ly ! 
be/ ?+ ,i h se5 9 ?is way4 ,x is wor?y (
 note t ! neglect ( p$agogic /udy 9     
,great ,brita9 is =c+ ! intellig5t      
,briti% p>5t & tea*] to rely m & m ^u   
,am]ican publi%]s = *ildr5's books4 ,!  
"w ( ,engli% writ]s is (t5 v ta/eful &  
pretty1 b ( ! smalle/ educational value4
   ,& ! same book ,i ?9k might well     
conta9 a li/ ( f\ndation ?+s & words &  
c]ta9 elem5t>y =ms ( expression :i* !   
*ild %\ld become p]fectly famili> ) 9 ! 
fir/ ?ree or f\r ye>s ( life4 ,mu* ( ea*
 little *ild's vocabul>y is its p]sonal 
adv5ture1 & ,heav5 save u all f sy/em 9 
excess6 ,b ,i ?9k x w\ld be possible = a
 subtle psy*ologi/ to trace ?r\gh ! easy
 natural tangle ( ! p]sonal bri>-rose ( 
spee* c]ta9 necess>y /r&s1 t hold ! :ole

 gr[? toge!r & r5d] its lat] expansion  
easy & swift & /rong4 ,:atev] else !    
*ild gets1 x mu/ get ^! fundam5tal /r&s 
well & e>ly if x is to d its be/4 ,if !y
 d n develop n[ _! imp]fection w cause  
delay & difficulty lat]4 ,!re are1 =    
example1 among ^! fundam5tal            
necessities1 idioms to express          
comp>ison1 to express position 9 space &
 "t1 elem5t>y conceptions ( =m & col\r1 
( t5se & mood1 ! pron\ns & ! l4 ,no     
d\bt1 9 "o way or ano!r1 mo/ ( ^! =ms   
are acquir$ by e *ild1 b !re is no      
reason :y _! acquisition %\ld n be wat*$
 ) ! help ( a wisely fram$ li/1 & any   
defici5cy delib]ately & c>efully        
suppli$4 ,x w\ld h to be a wisely fram$ 
li/1 x w\ld dem& ! utmo/ ef=t ( ! be/   
intellig5ce1 & t is :y some?+ m ?an !   
tradesman ent]prise ( publi%]s is ne$$ 9
 ?is "w4 ,! publi%]'s ideal ( an au?or (
 an educational "w is a clev] girl 9 h] 
te5s work+ = pocket-money4 ,:at is want$
 is a little qu9tess5tial book bett] &  
*eap] ?an any publi%]1 publi%+ = ga91   

c\ld possibly produce1 a book s good t  
imitation w\ld be difficult1 & s *eap & 
univ]sally sold t no imitation w\ld be  
pr(itable4  ,^u ?is f\ndation ( a s\nd  
acc5t & a basic vocabul>y mu/ be built !
 g5]al fabric ( ! language4 ,= ! mo/ "p 
?is mu/ be done 9 ! s*ool4 ,at pres5t 9 
,great ,brita9 a consid]able proportion 
( s*oolma/]s & s*oolmi/resses--m        
p>ticul>ly ^? 9 second>y & private      
s*ools--are too ill-educat$ to d ?is    
prop]ly2 !re is excell5t reason =       
suppos+ ?+s are v little bett] 9        
,am]ica2 &1 to beg9 )1 x mu/ be ! c>e ( 
e good ,new ,republican to br+ ab\t a   
bett] /ate ( ?+s 9 ?is mo/ lam5table    
pr(ession4 ,until ! tea*] c read &      
write1 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ^! words1 x is 
idle to expect him or h] to tea* ! pupil
 to d ^! ?+s4 ,z matt]s are at pres5t1 !
 attempt is sc>cely made4 ,9 ! elem5t>y 
& l[] second>y s*ools ill-*os5          
read+-books are scamp]$ ?r\gh & ab&on$  
all too soon 9 fav\r ( m pret5ti\s      
8subjects10 & a c]ta9 prepo/]\s nons5se 

call$ ,engli% ,gramm> is pass$ ?r\gh !  
pupil--/uff :i* happily no m9d c reta94 
,little girls & boys ( twelve or ?irte51
 :o _c und]/&1 & nev] w und]/& any?+ b !
 vulg>e/ ,engli%1 & :o w nev] 9 _! lives
 a*ieve a prop]ly punctuat$ lett]1 are  
taught su* my/]ies z t !re are eight--,i
 believe x is eight--sorts ( nom9ative1 
& t !re is 7or is n7 a g]undive 9       
,engli%1 & tra9$ mon? aft] mon? & ye>   
aft] ye> to p]=m ! odde/ op]ations1 a   
non-analytical analysis1 & a ritual     
call$ p>s+ t mu/ be se5 to be believ$4  
,x is no good m9c+ ! tru? ab\t all ?is  
sort ( ?+4 ,^! devices are resort$ to by
 ! s*ool tea*]s ( ! pres5t j z ! ,rules 
( ,d\ble & ,s+le ,alligation & ,d\ble   
,rule ( ,?ree1 & all ! re/ ( t solemn   
tomfool]y1 7 8taught0 by ! ari?metic    
tea*]s 9 ! academies ( ! eighte5?       
c5tury1 because !y are utt]ly ignorant1 
& "k !mselves to be utt]ly ignorant1 ( !
 reality ( ! subject1 & because1 !re=e1 
!y h to humbug ! p>5t & pass ! "t by    
unreal inv5tions4 ,! case is n a bit    

bett] 9 ! high] grade s*ools4 ,!y d n d 
s mu* ( ! bogus tea*+ ( ,engli%1 b !y d 
no?+ :atev] 9 its place4  ,n[ x is      
little use to goad ! memb]s ( an        
ill-tra9$1 ill-treat$1 ill-organiz$1    
poorly respect$ & mu*-abus$ ,footnote3  
,peccavi4 pr(ession ) reproa*es = do+   
:at !y _c d1 or to clam\r = legislation 
t w give m s*ool "t or heavi] subsidies 
to ! pret5ce ( tea*+ :at v few p are    
able to tea*4 ,we all "k h[ atroci\sly  
,engli% is taught1 b proclaim+ t w n m5d
 matt]s a bit1 x w only r5d] matt]s     
worse by mak+ s*oolma/]s &              
s*oolmi/resses %ameless & ef=tless1     
unless we also %[ h[ well ,engli% may be
 taught4 ,! sane c\rse is to beg9 by    
e/abli%+ ! prop] way to d ! ?+1 to      
develop a prop] me?od & demon/rate :at c
 be done by t me?od 9 a few select$     
s*ools1 to prep>e & r5d] acceptable !   
necess>y class-books1 & !n to use       
exam9ation & inspector1 grant 9 aid1    
tra9+ college1 lecture1 book & pamphlet 
to spread ! s\nd exp$i5ts4 ,we want an  

,engli% ,language ,society1 ( afflu5t & 
vigor\s p1 t w und]take ?is "w4 ,& "o   
*ief duty ( t society w be to devise1 to
 arrange & select1 to pr9t h&somely1 to 
illu/rate beautifully & to sell *eaply &
 vigor\sly ev]y:]e1 a s]ies ( read+     
books1 & p]haps ( tea*]s' companions to 
^! read+ books1 t %all s]ve z ! basis ( 
in/ruction 9 ,/&>d ,engli% ?r\gh\t !    
:ole _w4 ,^! books1 z ,i conceive !m1   
w\ld beg9 z read+ prim]s1 !y w\ld       
progress ?r\gh a long s]ies ( subtly    
grad$ /ories1 passages & extracts until 
!y _h giv5 ! complete range ( our       
tongue4 ,!y w\ld be read f1 recit$ f1   
quot$ 9 exemplification & imitat$ by !  
pupils4 ,su* spl5did matt] z ,h5ley &   
,:ibley's collection ( ,elizabe?an      
,prose1 = example1 might well f9d a     
place t[>d ! end ( t s]ies ( books4 ,!re
 w\ld be an an?ology ( ,engli% lyrics1 (
 all ! be/ %ort /ories 9 our language1 (
 all ! be/ episodes4 ,f ^! read]s !     
pupil w\ld pass1 /ill (t5 read+ & recit+
 al\d1 to su* a s]ies ( ma/]pieces z an 

effici5t ,engli% ,language ,society c\ld
 =ce ^u e s*ool4 ,at pres5t 9 ,engli%   
s*ools a libr>y is an exception r ?an a 
rule1 & y\r cl]ical head-ma/] on public 
occasions w *e]fully d5\nce ! 8tra%0    
read+1 8snippet0 read+ habits ( ! age1 )
 t defect ly+ l a fea!r on 8 exp]t      
consci5ce4 ,a s*ool )\t an easily       
accessible libr>y ( at lea/ a ?\s&      
volumes is really sc>cely a s*ool at    
all--x is a disp5s>y )\t bottles1 a     
kit*5 )\t a pantry4 ,= all t1 if !      
inquir+ ,new ,republican f9d two hundr$ 
l95-cov]$ volumes ( ! ,eric1 or ,little 
by ,little type1 mean goody-goody ?\ght 
dress$ 9 its appropriate language1 /or$ 
away 9 "s damp cupbo>d ( 8 son's s*ool1 
& accessible once a week1 he may feel   
assur$ ?+s are above ! av]age !re4 ,my  
imag9>y ,engli% ,language ,society w\ld 
make x a fundam5tal duty1 fir/ly to r5d]
 t libr>y ( at lea/ a ?\s& volumes or s 
specially *eap & easily procurable1 &   
secondly1 by pamphlets & agitation1 to  
r5d] x a compulsory m9imum requirem5t = 

e grade ( s*ool4 ,x is f> m important1 &
 x w\ld be f> less co/ly ev5 z ?+s are1 
?an ! *eape/ sort ( *emical laboratory a
 s*ool c\ld h1 & x %\ld co/ sc>cely m   
?an a s*ool piano4  ,i "k v little ( !  
practical tea*+ ( ,engli%1 my own v     
fragm5t>y k ( ! m famili> cli*s ( our   
tongue 0 acquir$ 9 a haphaz>d fa%ion1 b 
,i am incl9$ to ?9k t 9 addition to mu* 
read+ al\d & recitation f memory ! "w ( 
in/ruction might consi/ v l>gely (      
cont9ually m ext5sive ef=ts t[>ds       
orig9al composition4 ,p>aphras+ is a    
good ex]cise1 provid$ t x does n consi/ 
9 turn+ good & beautiful ,engli% into   
bad4 ,i d n see :y x %\ld n foll[ !     
rev]se direction4 ,select$ passages (   
mean1 /]eotyp$1 g>rul\s or inexact prose
 might v well be rewritt51 "u !         
direction ( an intellig5t ma/]4 ,retell+
 a /ory t has j be5 read & discuss$1 ) a
 *ange ( incid5t p]haps1 w\ld also n be 
a bad sort ( ex]cise1 writ+ passages 9  
imitation ( set passages & ! l4 ,writt5 
descriptions ( ?+s display$ to a class  

%\ld also be in/ructive4 ,caught at ! "r
 age1 mo/ little girls1 & _m little boys
 ,i believe1 w\ld le>n v pleasantly to  
write simple v]se4 ,?is !y %\ld be      
enc\rag$ to read al\d4 ,at a lat] /age !
 m settl$ poetic =ms1 ! ballade1 !      
sonnet1 ! rondeau1 = example1 %\ld af=d 
a good practice 9 h&l+ language4 ,pupils
 %\ld be enc\rag$ to import fre% words  
into _! "w--ev5 if ! effect is a little 
/>tl+ at times--!y %\ld hunt ! diction>y
 = mat]ial4 ,a good book = ! upp] =ms 9 
s*ools deal+ 9 a really intellig5t &    
in/ructive way ) ,lat9 & ,greek1 s f> z 
x is necess>y to "k ^! languages 9 ord] 
to use & manipulate te*nical ,engli%    
freely1 w\ld1 ,i conceive1 be ( v great 
s]vice4 ,x mu/ be a good ex]cise to     
write precise def9itions ( words4 ,logic
 also is an integral portion ( ! /udy ( 
! "m-tongue4  ,b to ?r[ out sugge/ions 9
 ?is way is an easy task4 ,! educational
 pap]s are full ( ?is sort ( ?+1        
educational conf]5ces res\nd ) x4 ,:at !
 _w is n full ( is ! capacity to        

organize ^! ?+s1 to drag !m1 /ruggl+ &  
cl++ to a ?\s& unanticipat$             
difficulties1 f ! region ( ! c\nsel (   
p]fection to ! region ( manife/         
practicability4 ,= t !re is ne$$        
att5tion1 indu/ry1 & an intellig5t use (
 a fair sum ( money4 ,we want an        
indu/ri\s committee1 & we want "o or two
 ri* m54 ,a s]ies ( books1 a model c\rse
 ( in/ruction1 has to be plann$ & made1 
tri$ ov]1 criticis$1 revis$ & alt]$4 ,:5
 ! "r way is no long] indicat$ by       
prophetic p]sons po9t+ 9 a mi/1 b m>k$  
out1 levell$1 mapp$ & f5c$1 !n !        
s*ola/ic pr(ession1 :]ev] ! ,engli%     
language is spok51 has to be lur$ &     
driv5 along x4 ,! ,new ,republican mu/  
make 8 c\rse *eap1 attractive1 easy = ! 
tea*] & good = ! tea*]'s pocket &       
reputation4 ,j z !re are plays t1 z     
actors say1 8act !mselves10 s1 ) a      
pr(ession t is r>ely at its be/ & (t5 at
 its wor/1 & :i* at its wor/ consi/s (  
rem>kably dull "y m5 & rem>kably dre>y  
"y wom51 ^? :o want ,engli% well taught 

mu/ see to x t !y provide a s]ies (     
books & in/ructors t w tea* by !mselves1
 :atev] ! tea*] does to prev5t !m4      
,surely ?is ent]prise ( text-books &    
tea*]s1 ( /&>d phonographs & *eaply     
publi%$ classics1 is no fanta/ic        
impossible dream6 ,s f> z money goes--if
 only money 7 ! "o ?+ ne$ful--a hundr$  
?\s& p\nds w\ld be a suffici5t fund f   
fir/ to la/ = all ( x4 ,yet mode/ z its 
proportions are1 its consequ5ces1 7 x   
done by able m5 ?r[+ _! he>ts into x1   
might be ( incalculable greatness4 ,by  
su* exp$i5ts & ef=ts z ^! we might      
enorm\sly =w>d ! e/abli%m5t ( t         
f\ndation ( a _w-wide spaci\s language1 
! f\ndation ^u :i* !re w arise = our    
*ildr5 subtl] und]/&+s1 ampl]           
imag9ations1 s\nd] judgm5ts & cle>]     
resolutions1 & all t makes at la/ a     
nobl] _w ( m54  ,b 9 ?is discussion (   
s*ool libr>ies & ! l1 we w&] a little f 
our imm$iate topic ( m5tal beg9n+s4     
#c   ,at ! end ( ! fif? ye>1 z ! natural
 outcome ( its in/9ctive ef=t to        

exp]im5t & le>n1 act+ amid/ wisely ord]$
 surr\nd+s1 ! little *ild %\ld h acquir$
 a c]ta9 def9ite f\ndation = !          
educational /ructure4 ,x %\ld h a va/   
v>iety ( p]ceptions /or$ 9 its m9d1 & a 
vocabul>y ( ?ree or f\r ?\s& words1 &   
among ^!1 & hold+ !m toge!r1 !re %\ld be
 c]ta9 /ructural & c>d9al ideas4 ,!y are
 ideas t w h be5 gradually &            
imp]ceptibly in/ill$1 & !y are necess>y 
z ! basis ( a s\nd m5tal exi/5ce4 ,!re  
mu/ be1 to beg9 )1 a develop+ s5se &    
feel+ = tru? & = duty z some?+ di/9ct & 
occasionally conflict+ ) imm$iate       
impulse & desire1 & !re mu/ be c]ta9    
cle> intellectual elem5ts e/abli%$      
already almo/ impregnably 9 ! m9d1 c]ta9
 prim>y di/9ctions & classifications4   
,_m *ildr5 are call$ /upid1 & beg9 _!   
educational c>e] ) ne$less difficulty   
?r\gh an uns\ndness ( ^! fundam5tal     
intellectual elem5ts1 an uns\ndness 9 no
 way inh]5t1 b ! result ( accid5t &     
neglect4 ,& a />t+ h&icap ( ?is sort may
 g on increas+ "r ?r\gh ! :ole life4  ,!

 *ild at five1 unless x is col\r bl9d1  
%\ld "k ! range ( col\rs by "n1 &       
di/+ui% !m easily1 blue & gre5 n        
except$2 x %\ld be able to di/+ui% p9k f
 pale r$ & crimson f sc>let4 ,footnote3 
,!re c\ld be a set ( col\r b&s 9 ! book 
t ! ,engli% ,language ,society might    
publi%4 ,_m *ildr5 ?r\gh ! neglect ( ^? 
ab\t !m d n di/+ui% ^! col\rs until a v 
mu* lat] age4 ,i ?9k also--9 spite ( !  
fact t _m adults g vague & ignorant on  
^! po9ts--t a *ild ( five may h be5     
taught to di/+ui% betwe5 a squ>e1 a     
circle1 an oval1 a triangle & an oblong1
 & to use ^! words4 ,x is easi] to keep 
hold ( ideas ) words ?an )\t !m1 & none 
( ^! words %\ld be impossible by five4  
,! *ild %\ld also "k famili>ly by means 
( toys1 wood blocks & s on1 _m elem5t>y 
solid =ms4 ,x is matt] ( regret t 9     
common language we h no easy1 conv5i5t  
words = _m ( ^! =ms1 & in/ead ( be+     
le>nt easily & naturally 9 play1 !y are 
left undi/+ui%$1 & h to be /udi$ lat] "u
 circum/ances ( =bidd+ te*nicality4 ,x  

w\ld be q easy to tea* ! *ild 9 an      
incid5tal way to di/+ui% cube1 cyl9d]1  
cone1 sph]e 7or ball71 prolate sph]oid  
7:i* might be call$ 8egg071 oblate      
sph]oid 7:i* might be call$ 8squatty    
ball071 ! pyramid1 & v>i\s              
p>allelepip$s1 z1 = example1 ! squ>e    
slab1 ! oblong slab1 ! brick1 & po/4 ,he
 c\ld h ^! ?+s add$ to 8 box ( bricks by
 degrees1 he w\ld build ) !m & comb9e !m
 & play ) !m ov] & ov] aga91 & absorb an
 intimate k ( _! prop]ties1 j at ! age  
:5 su* k is almo/ in/9ctively s\ght & is
 mo/ pleasant & easy 9 its acquisition4 
,^! ?+s ne$ n be specially =c$ ^u him4  
,9 no way %\ld he be l$ to emphasize !m 
or give a priggi% importance to 8 k (   
!m4 ,!y w come into 8 toys & play m+l$ )
 a ?\s& o!r int]e/s1 ! =tify+ p[d] (    
cle> g5]al ideas1 amid/ ! jam ( play4   
,9 addition ! *ild %\ld be able to c\nt1
 ,footnote3 ,!re c be little d\bt t _m (
 u 7 taught to c\nt v badly1 & t we 7   
hamp]$ 9 our ari?metic ?r\gh\t life by  
?is defect4 ,c\nt+ %\ld be taught be    

means ( small cubes1 :i* ! *ild c       
arrange & re>range 9 gr\ps4 ,x %\ld h at
 lea/ ov] a hundr$ ( ^! cubes--if       
possible a ?\s&2 !y w be useful z toy   
bricks1 & = innum]able purposes4 ,our   
civilization is n[ w$d$ to a decimal    
sy/em ( c\nt+1 &1 to beg9 )1 x w be well
 to tea* ! *ild to c\nt up to t5 & to   
/op !re = a "t4 ,x is sugge/$ by ,mrs4  
,m>y ,ev]e/ ,boole t x is v confus+ to h
 di/9ctive names = elev5 & twelve1 :i* !
 *ild is apt to class ) ! s+le numb]s & 
contra/ ) ! te5s1 & %e proposes at !    
beg9n+ 7,! ,cultivation ( ! ,ma!matical 
,imag9ation1 ,col*e/]3 ,b5ham  ,co47 to 
use ! words 8"o-t510 8two-t510  ?irte51 
f\rte51 etc41 = ! second decade 9 c\nt+4
 ,h] proposal is entirely 9 h>mony ) !  
g5]al drift ( ! admirably sugge/ive     
diagrams ( numb] ord] collect$ by ,mr4  
,francis ,gallon4 ,diagram aft] diagram 
displays ! same hit* at twelve1 !       
pr$om9ance 9 ! m9d ( an individualiz$   
s]ies ov] quantitatively equal spaces   
until ! tw5ties are atta9$4 ,_m diagrams

 also display ! m5tal sc> ( ! clock     
face1 ! e>ly c\nt+ is ov]mu* associat$ )
 a dial4 ,"o might p]haps head (f !     
e/abli%m5t ( t image1 & supply a m      
s]viceable f\ndation = memories by      
equipp+ ! nurs]y ) a v]tical scale (    
numb]s divid$ into equal p>ts up to two 
or ?ree hundr$1 ) ea* decade t9t$4 ,:5 !
 *ild has le>nt to c\nt up to a hundr$ )
 cubes1 x %\ld be giv5 an abacus1 & x   
%\ld also be enc\rag$ to c\nt & *eck    
quantities ) all sorts ( ?+s1 m>bles1   
apples1 bricks 9 a wall1 pebbles1 spots 
on dom9oes1 & s on2 taught to play      
guess+ games ) m>bles 9 a h&1 & ! l4 ,! 
abacus1 ! hundr$ squ>e & ! ?\s& cube1 w 
!n 9 all probability become its c>d9al  
num]ical memories4 ,play+ c>ds 7)\t     
corn] indices7 & dom9oes supply good    
recognizable arrangem5ts ( numb]s1 &    
tra9 a *ild to grasp a numb] at a       
glance4 ,! *ild %\ld n be taught !      
,arabic num]als until x has c\nt$ = a   
ye> or m4 ,exp]i5ce speaks "h4 ,i "k "o 
case only too well ( a man :o le>nt 8   

,arabic num]als prematurely1 be=e he _h 
acquir$ any s\nd exp]im5tal k ( num]ical
 quantity1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 8 num]ical
 ideas are incurably associat$ ) !      
peculi>ities ( ! figures4 ,:5 he he>s ! 
^w sev5 he does n really ?9k ( sev5 or  
sev5-ness at all1 ev5 n[1 he ?9ks ( a   
numb] r l f\r & v unlike six4 ,!n aga91 
six & n9e are my/]i\sly & unreasonably  
l9k$ 9 8 m9d1 & s are ?ree & five4 ,he  
confuses numb]s l sixty-?ree &          
sixty-five1 & f9ds x h>d to keep        
sev5ty-f\r di/9ct f =ty-sev54           
,consequ5tly1 :5 x came to !            
multiplication table1 he le>nt ea* table
 z an arbitr>y arrangem5t (             
relation%ips1 & ) an extraord9>y am\nt (
 ne$less lab\r & puni%m5t4 ,b obvi\sly )
 cubes or abacus at h&1 x w\ld be !     
easie/ ?+ 9 ! _w = a *ild to con/ruct & 
le>n its own multiplication table :5ev] 
! ne$ arose4 x %\ld be capable ( "s     
m5tal & exp]im5tal ari?metic1 & ,i am   
told t a *ild ( five %\ld be able to    
give ! sol-fa names to notes1 & s+ ^!   

names at _! prop] pit*4 ,possibly 9     
social int]c\rse ! *ild w h pick$ up    
names = "s ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 b   
!re is no great hurry = t be=e five     
c]ta9ly1 or ev5 lat]4 ,!re is /ill a va/
 am\nt ( ?+s imm$iately ab\t ! *ild t   
ne$ to be ?or\ghly le>nt1 & a premature 
attack on lett]s divides att5tion f ^! m
 appropriate & educational objects4 ,x  
%\ld1 = ! reason giv5 9 ! footnote1 be  
/ill ignorant ( ! ,arabic num]als4 ,x   
%\ld be able to h&le a p5cil & amuse    
itself ) freeh& ( ?is sort3--& its m9d  
%\ld be q uncontam9at$ by t imbecile    
draw+ ^u squ>$ pap] by means ( :i*      
ignorant tea*]s de/roy bo? ! desire & ! 
capacity to sket* 9 s _m little *ildr54 
,su* sket*+ c\ld be enorm\sly b5efit$ by
 a really intellig5t tea*] :o w\ld wat* 
! *ild's ef=ts1 & draw ) ! *ild j a     
little above its level4 ,= example1 !   
tea*] might /imulate ef=t by rejo9+ to  
su* a sket* z ! above1 some?+ 9 ?is     
ve93--  ,! *ild w already be a great    
/ud5t ( picture-books at five1 some?+ ( 

a critic 7aft] ! mann] ( ! reali/ic     
s*ool71 & x w be easy to egg x almo/    
imp]ceptibly to a level :]e copy+ f     
simple outl9e illu/rations w become     
possible4 ,ab\t five1 a pres5t ( "s "o (
 ! pla/ic sub/itutes = modell+ clay n[  
sold by educational deal]s1 pla/ic9e =  
example1 w be a discreet & acceptable   
pres5t to ! *ild--if n to its nurse4  ,!
 *ild's imag9ation w also be awake &    
active at five4 ,he w look out on ! _w )
 an?ropomorphic 7or r ) pdomorphic7     
eyes4 ,he w be liv+ on a great flat     
e>?--unless "s (fici\s p]son has tri$ to
 muddle 8 wits by tell+ him ! e>? is    
r\nd2 amid/ trees1 animals1 m51 h\ses1  
eng9es1 ut5sils1 t are all capable ( be+
 good or naughty1 all fond ( nice ?+s & 
ho/ile to na/y ones1 all ?umpable &     
p]i%able1 & all conceivably esuri5t4 ,& 
! *ild %\ld "k ( ,fairy ,l&4 ,!         
beautiful fancy ( ! 8,little ,p10 ev5 if
 y d n give x to him1 he w v probably   
get = himself2 !y w lurk always j out ( 
rea* ( 8 desir+ curi\s eyes1 amid/ !    

grass & fl[]s & beh9d ! wa9scot & 9 !   
%ad[s ( ! b$room4 ,he w come ^u _!      
traces2 !y w d him little k9dnesses4 ,_!
 affairs %\ld int]weave ) ! affairs ( ! 
*ild's dolls & brick ca/les & toy       
furniture4 ,at fir/ ! *ild w sc>cely be 
9 a _w ( su/a9$ /ories1 b v eag] =      
anecdotes & simple %ort tales4  ,?is is 
! hopeful f\ndation ^u :i* at or ab\t ! 
fif? ye> ! =mal education ( e *ild 9 a  
really civiliz$ community ought to beg94
 ,footnote3 ,"o may note "h1 p]haps1 !  
desirability too (t5 disreg>d$ by       
ov]-solicit\s p>5ts1 & p>ticul>ly by !  
p>5ts ( ! solit>y *ildr5 :o are n[ s    
common1 ( keep+ ! *ild a little out (   
focus1 lett+ x play by itself :5ev] x w1
 nev] call+ att5tion to x 9 a mann] t   
awak5s x to ! fact ( an audi5ce1 nev]   
talk+ ab\t x 9 its pres5ce4 ,solit>y    
*ildr5 commonly get too mu* control1 !y 
are =c$ & beguil$ upw>d r ?an all[$ to  
gr[1 _! egotism is ov]-/imulat$1 & !y   
miss _m ( ! b5efits ( play &            
competition4 ,x seems a pity1 too1 9 !  

case ( s _m well-to-d p1 t hav+ equipp$ 
nurs]ies !y %\ld n put !m to a full]    
use--if 9 no o!r way ?an by admitt+ fo/]
 *ildr54 ,none ( ?is has be5 v fully    
analyz$1 ( c\rse 7!re are enorm\s areas 
( valuable rese>* 9 ^! matt]s wait+ = p 
( intellig5ce & leisure1 or (           
intellig5ce & means71 b ! op9ion t      
solit>y *ildr5 are h&icapp$ by _!       
lonel9ess is v /rong4 ,x is ne>ly c]ta9 
t z a rule !y make less agreeable boys &
 girls1 b to me at any rate x is n ne>ly
 s c]ta9 t !y make adult failures4 ,x   
w\ld be int]e/+ to le>n j :at proportion
 ( solit>y *ildr5 !re is on ! roll ( ^? 
:o h become great 9 our _w4 ,"o ?9ks (  
,john ,rusk91 a p>ticul>ly f9e specim5 (
 ! highly focuss$ s+le son4 ,prig p]haps
 he 01 b ?is _w has a c]ta9 ne$ ( su*   
prigs4 ,a correspond5t 7a s*oolmi/ress (
 exp]i5ce7 :o has collect$ /ati/ics 9 h]
 own neighb\rhood1 is /rongly ( op9ion n
 only t solit>y *ildr5 are bel[ !       
av]age1 b t all eld] *ildr5 are inf]ior 
9 quality4 ,i d n believe ?is1 b x w\ld 

be int]e/+ & valuable if "s "o c\ld f9d 
"t = a wide & ?or\gh inve/igation ( ?is 
"q4     ,v4 ,,! ,,man-,,mak+ ,,=ces ,,( 
,,! ,,mod]n ,,/ate   ,s f> we h conc]n$ 
ourselves ) ! introductory & f\ndation  
matt] ( ! ,new ,republican project1 ) ! 
measures & me?ods t may be resort$ to1  
fir/ly1 if we w\ld raise ! g5]al quality
 ( ! *ildr5 out ( :om we h to make !    
next g5]ation1 &1 secondly1 if we w\ld  
replace div]g5t dialects & p>tial &     
confus$ expression by a uni=m1 ample &  
?or\gh k ( ,engli% ?r\gh\t !            
,engli%-speak+ _w4 ,^! two ?+s are      
necess>y prelim9>ies to ! complete      
atta9m5t ( ! m ess5tial nucleus 9 ! ,new
 ,republican idea4 ,s mu* has be5       
discuss$4 ,?is ess5tial nucleus1 ?us    
/ripp$1 reveals itself z ! sy/ematic    
direction ( ! m\ld+ =ces t play ^u !    
develop+ citiz51 t[>ds 8 improvem5t1 ) a
 view to a new g5]ation ( individuals1 a
 new social /ate1 at a high] level ?an t
 at :i* we live to-day1 a new g5]ation  
:i* w apply ! great] p[]1 ampl] k & m   

def9ite w our endeav\rs w give x1 to    
raise its successor /ill high] 9 ! scale
 ( life4 ,or we may put ! ?+ 9 ano!r & m
 concrete & vivid way4 ,on ! "o h&      
imag9e an av]age little *ild let u say 9
 its second ye>4 ,we h discuss$ all t c 
be done to secure t ?is av]age little   
*ild %all be well born1 well f$1 well   
c>$ =1 & we w imag9e all t c be done has
 be5 done4 ,accord+ly1 we h a /urdy1    
beautiful heal?y little creature to g   
^u1 j beg9n+ to walk1 j beg9n+ to clut* 
at ?+s ) its h&s1 to rea* out to &      
appreh5d ?+s ) its eyes1 ) its e>s1 ) ! 
hopeful comm5cem5t ( spee*4 ,we want to 
arrange matt]s s t ?is little be+ %all  
develop into its be/ possible adult =m4 
,t is our rema9+ problem4  ,is our      
contempor>y av]age citiz5 ! be/ t c\ld h
 be5 made out ( ! vague ext5sive        
possibilities t resid$ 9 him :5 he 0 a  
*ild ( two8 ,x has be5 %[n already t 9  
height & weight he1 demon/rably1 is n1 &
 x has be5 sugge/$1 ,i hope almo/ z     
conv9c+ly1 t 9 t complex app>atus (     

acquisition & expression1 language1 he  
is also ne$lessly defici5t4 ,& ev5 ^u   
?is defective f\ndation1 x is submitt$1 
he /ill fails1 morally1 m5tally1        
socially1 ae/hetically1 to be z mu* z he
 might be4 8,z mu* z he might be10 is f>
 too ironically mild4 ,! av]age citiz5 (
 our great /ate to-day is1 ,i w\ld      
respectfully submit1 sc>cely m ?an a    
dirty cl\t ab\t 8 own buri$ tal5ts4  ,i 
d n say he might n be inf9itely worse1 b
 c any "o believe t1 giv5 bett]         
conditions1 he might n h be5 inf9itely  
bett]8 ,is x necess>y to argue = a ?+ s 
obvi\s to all cle>-sight$ m58 ,is x     
necess>y1 ev5 if x 7 possible1 t ,i %\ld
 borr[ ! mantle ( ,mr4 ,george ,giss+ or
 ! =ce ( ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,morrison1 & set   
myself 9 cold blood to measure ! enorm\s
 defect ( myself & my fell[s by ! /&>ds 
( a remote p]fection1 to gauge ! ext5t (
 ?is complex muddle ( artificial &      
avoidable %ortcom+s ?r\gh :i* we        
/ruggle8 ,mu/ "o1 inde$1 pass 9 review  
once m1 bucolic /upidity1 comm]cial     

cunn+1 urban vulg>ity1 religi\s         
hypocrisy1 political clap-trap1 & all ! 
raw disord] ( our incipi5t civilization 
be=e ! po9t w be conc$$8 ,:at b5efit is 
!re 9 any su* revision8 r x may ov]:elm 
u ) ! magnitude ( :at we seek to d4 ,let
 u n dwell on x1 on all ! av]age        
civiliz$ man /ill fails to a*ieve2 admit
 8 imp]fection1 & = ! re/ let u keep    
/eadfa/ly be=e u t fair1 allur+ &       
reasonable conception ( all t1 ev5 n[1 !
 av]age man might be4  ,yet "o is tempt$
 by ! effective contra/ to put aga9/ t  
clean & beautiful *ild "s vivid         
pres5tation ( ! av]age ?+1 to sket* 9 a 
few simple l9es ! mean & graceless      
creature ( our mod]n life1 8 ill-made   
clo!s1 8 clumsy1 half-fe>ful1           
half-brutal be>+1 8 co>se defective     
spee*1 8 dre>y un9tellig5t "w1 8 %abby1 
impossible1 ba?less1 artless1 com=tless 
home2 "o is provok$ to sugge/ him 9 "s  
phase ( typical activity1 8enjoy+       
himself0 on a ,bank ,holiday1 or        
rejoic+1 peacock fea!r 9 h&1 hat askew1 

& voice completely gone1 on "s occasion 
( public fe/ivity--on ! defeat ( a      
num]ically inf]ior enemy = example1 or !
 decision ( "s great int]national issue 
at baseball or cricket4 ,?is1 "o w\ld   
say1 we h made out ( t1 & s po9t ! ,new 
,republican "q1 8,_c we d bett]80 ,b !  
?+ has be5 done s (t5 )\t ev] ! brea? ( 
a rem$y4 ,our bus9ess is ) rem$ies4 ,we 
mean to d bett]1 we live to d bett]1 & )
 no m ?an a glance at our pres5t        
failures we w set ourselves to t4  ,to d
 bett] we mu/ beg9 ) a c>eful analysis (
 ! process ( ?is man's mak+1 ( ! great  
complex ( circum/ances :i* m\ld ! vague 
possibilities ( ! av]age *ild into !    
reality ( ! citiz5 ( ! mod]n /ate4  ,we 
may beg9 ^u ?is complex mo/ hopefully by
 pick+ out a few ( ! conspicu\s &       
typical elem5ts & us+ !m z a basis = an 
exhau/ive classification4 ,to beg9 )1 ( 
c\rse1 !re is ! home4 ,= our pres5t     
purpose x w be conv5i5t to use 8home0 z 
a g5]al expression = t limit$ gr\p (    
human be+s :o %>e ! bo>d & lodg+ ( !    

gr[+ imp]ial citiz51 & ^: p]sonalities  
are 9 con/ant1 close contact ) 8 until  
he rea*es fifte5 or sixte54 ,typically1 
! *ief figures ( ?is gr\p are "m1 bro!rs
 & si/]s1 & fa!r1 to :i* are (t5 add$   
nursemaid1 gov]ness1 & o!r s]vants4     
,beyond ^! are playmates aga94 ,beyond  
^! acqua9tances figure4 ,home has inde$ 
n[adays1 9 our _w1 no v def9ite         
b\nd>ies--no su* b\nd>ies z x has1 =    
example1 on ! veldt4 ,9 ! case ( a gr[+ 
numb] ( ,engli% upp] middle-class       
*ildr51 moreov]1 & ( ! *ildr5 ( a gr[+  
elem5t 9 ! life ( ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1
 ! home functions are delegat$ 9 a v    
l>ge degree to ! prep>atory s*ool4 ,x is
 a di/9ction t ne$s to be emphasiz$ t _m
 s-call$ s*ools are really homes1 (t5 v 
excell5t homes1 ) :i* s*ools1 (t5 v     
ineffici5t s*ools1 are unit$4 ,all ?is  
we mu/ lump toge!r--x is1 inde$1 wov5   
toge!r almo/ inextricably--:5 we speak (
 home z a =mative factor4 ,! home1 s f> 
z its hygi5ic conditions g1 we h already
 dealt )1 & we h dealt1 too1 ) ! great  

neglect$ necessity1 ! absolute necessity
 if our peoples are to keep toge!r1 (   
mak+ & keep+ ! language ( ! home uni=m  
?r\gh\t our _w-wide community4 ,purely  
intellectual developm5t beyond ! matt] (
 language we may leave = a space4 ,!re  
rema9s ! di/9ctive m5tal & moral        
function ( ! home1 ! det]m9ation by     
precept1 example1 & implication ( !     
c>d9al habits ( ! develop+ citiz51 8    
g5]al demean\r1 8 fundam5tal beliefs    
ab\t all ! common & ess5tial ?+s ( life4
  ,?is gr\p ( p1 :o con/itute ! home1 w 
be 9 con/ant reaction ^u him4 ,if z a   
:ole !y be> !mselves ) grace & s]5ity1  
say & d k9dly ?+s1 control rage1 &      
occupy !mselves con/antly1 !y w d mu* to
 impose ^! qualities ^u ! new-com]4 ,if 
!y qu>rel "o ) ano!r1 behave co>sely &  
spitefully1 loit] & l\nge abundantly1 ^!
 ?+s w also /amp ! *ild4 ,a rag+ fa!r1 a
 sc>$ deceitful "m1 vulg>ly act+1       
vulg>ly ?9k+ fri5ds1 all leave an almo/ 
indelible impress4 ,precept may play a  
"p 9 ! home1 b x is a small "p1 unless x

 is endors$ by conduct4 ,:at ^! p d1 on 
! :ole1 believe 9 & act ^u1 ! *ild w t5d
 to believe 9 & act ^u2 :at !y believe  
!y believe1 b d n act ^u1 ! *ild w      
acquire also z a non-op]ative belief2 _!
 practices1 habits1 & prejudices w be   
enorm\sly prepot5t 9 8 life4 ,if1 =     
example1 ! p>5t talks con/antly ( !     
contemptible dirt9ess ( ,bo]s & =eign]s1
 & ( ! extreme beauty ( cleanl9ess      
&--ev5 obvi\sly--r>ely wa%es1 ! *ild w  
gr[ to ! same pr(essions & ! same       
practical d5ial4 ,?is home circle x is t
 w describe :at1 9 modifi$ ,h]b>tian    
phraseology1 "o may call ! *ild's       
initial circle ( ?\ght2 x is a circle _m
 ?+s w subsequ5tly enl>ge & modify1 b ( 
:i* !y h ! c5t]+ at lea/ & ! e/abli%m5t 
( ! radial tr5ds1 almo/ beyond          
r$emption4 ,! effect ( home influ5ce1   
inde$1 con/itutes ) mo/ ( u a sort (    
second>y h]$ity1 int]weav+ )1 &         
sometimes almo/ indi/+ui%able f1 ! real 
unalt]able prim>y h]$ity1 a moral %ap+  
by sugge/ion1 example1 & influ5ce1 t is 

a sort ( spiritual p>allel to physical  
procreation4  ,x is n simply            
p]sonalities t are op]ative 9 ! home    
influ5ce4 ,!re is also ! implications ( 
! v>i\s relations betwe5 "o memb] ( !   
home circle & ano!r4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k
 t ! social conceptions1 = example1 t   
are accept$ 9 a *ild's home _w are v    
r>ely %ak5 9 aft]life4 ,p :o h be5      
br\ght up 9 h\seholds :]e !re is an     
organiz$ "u-_w ( s]vants are incurably  
diff]5t 9 _! social outlook f ^? :o h   
pass$ a s]vantless *ildhood4 ,!y nev] q 
emancipate !mselves f ! conception ( an 
ess5tial class diff]5ce1 ( a class (    
be+s inf]ior to !mselves4 ,!y may !orise
 ab\t equality--b !ory is n belief4 ,!y 
w d a hundr$ ?+s to s]vants t betwe5    
equals w\ld be1 = v>i\s reasons1        
impossible4 ,! ,engli%woman & !         
,anglicis$ ,am]ican woman ( ! m         
pret5ti\s classes hone/ly reg>ds a      
s]vant z physically1 morally1 &         
intellectually diff]5t f h]self1 capable
 ( ?+s t w\ld be incr$ibly ardu\s to a  

lady1 capable ( ?+s t w\ld be incr$ibly 
disgraceful1 "u obligations ( conduct no
 lady obs]ves1 incapable ( ! ref9em5t to
 :i* e lady pret5ds4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/   
amaz+ aspects ( contempor>y life1 to    
conv]se ) "s sm>t1 affect$1 pr(\ndly    
un$ucat$1 flirtati\s woman ab\t h]      
h\semaid's foll[]s4 ,!re is su* an      
id5tity2 !re is su* an abyss4 ,b at     
pres5t t contra/ is n our conc]n4 ,our  
conc]n at pres5t is ) ! fact t ! social 
con/itution ( ! home almo/ inv>iably    
%apes ! fundam5tal social conceptions = 
life1 j z its av]age temp]am5t %apes    
mann]s & be>+ & its moral tone begets   
moral pr$isposition4 ,if ! av]age s5sual
 man ( our civilization is noisy &      
undignifi$ 9 8 be>+1 dispos$ to insult &
 despise ^? he believes to be 8 social  
inf]iors1 competitive & disoblig+ to 8  
equals2 abject1 s]vile1 & di%one/ to ^? 
he reg>ds z 8 bett]s2 if 8 wife is a    
silly1 %all[1 gossip+ sp5d?rift1 unfit  
to re> ! *ildr5 %e occasionally be>s1   
p]petually snubb+ social inf]iors &     

p]petually cr++ to social sup]iors1 x is
 probable t we h to blame ! home1 n     
p>ticul>ly any specific class ( homes1 b
 our g5]al home atmosph]e1 = ! great "p 
( ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,if we w\ld make !    
av]age man ( ! com+ ye>s g5tl] 9 mann]1 
m delib]ate 9 judgm5t1 /eadi] 9 purpose1
 upright1 consid]ate1 & free1 we mu/    
look fir/ to ! possibility ( improv+ !  
tone & quality ( ! av]age home4  ,n[ !  
sub/ance & con/itution ( ! home1 !      
relations & ord] ( its v>i\s memb]s1 h  
be51 & are1 traditional4 ,b x is a      
tradition t has always be5 capable (    
modification 9 ea* g5]ation4 ,9 !       
unlett]$1 untravell+ pa/1 ! factor (    
tradition 0 altoge!r dom9ant4 ,sons &   
daught]s m>ri$ & set up homes1 morally1 
intellectually1 economically1 l ^? ( _! 
p>5ts4 ,ov] great areas homog5e\s       
traditions held1 & x ne$$ w>s &         
conque/s1 or x ne$$ mission>ies &       
p]secutors & conflicts1 or x ne$$ _m    
g5]ations ( int]c\rse & filtration be=e 
a new tradition c\ld replace or graft   

itself ^u ! old4 ,b 9 ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s 
or s ! home conditions ( ! *ildr5 ( our 
,engli%-speak+ population h %[n a       
disposition to break f tradition "u     
influ5ces t are increas+1 & to become   
mu* m het]og5e\s ?an 7 any home         
conditions be=e4 ,! ways 9 :i* ^!       
modifications ( ! old home tradition h  
aris5 w indicate ! means & me?ods by :i*
 fur!r modifications may be expect$ &   
attempt$ 9 ! future4  ,modification has 
come to ! av]age home tradition ?r\gh   
two di/9ct1 ?\gh no d\bt f9ally         
int]dep5d5t *annels4 ,! fir/ ( ^!       
*annels is ! *annel ( *ang+ economic    
necessities1 us+ ! phrase to cov] ev]y?+
 f dome/ic conv5i5ces at ! "o extreme to
 ! f9ancial f\ndation ( ! home at ! o!r1
 & ! next is ! influx ( new sy/ems (    
?\ght1 ( feel+1 & ( int]pretation ab\t !
 g5]al issues ( life4  ,!re are 9 ,great
 ,brita9 ?ree ma9 int]dep5d5t sy/ems (  
home tradition und]go+ modification &   
readju/m5t4 ,!y date f ! days be=e      
me*anism & sci5ce began _! revolution>y 

int]v5tion 9 human affairs1 & !y d]ive f
 ! ?ree ma9 classes ( ! old ari/ocratic1
 agricultural1 & trad+ /ate1 namely1 !  
ari/ocratic1 ! middle1 & ! lab\r class4 
,!re are local1 !re are ev5 racial      
modifications1 !re are m9or classes &   
subspecies1 b ! r\gh triple             
classification w s]ve4 ,9 ,am]ica !     
dom9ant home tradition is t ( !         
transplant$ ,engli% middle class4 ,!    
,engli% ari/ocratic tradition has       
fl\ri%$ & fad$ 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates2 !     
,briti% s]vile & peasant tradition has  
nev] f\nd any gr[? 9 ,am]ica1 & has1 9 !
 p]sons ( ! ,iri% *iefly1 be5 import$ 9 
an imp]fect condition1 only to fade4 ,! 
v>i\s home traditions ( ! n9ete5? c5tury
 immigrants h ei!r1 if widely diff]5t1  
succumb$1 or if n v diff]5t assimilat$  
!mselves to ! rul+ tradition4 ,! mo/    
m>k$ non-,briti% influ5ce has be5 !     
int]mixture ( ,teutonic ,prote/antism4  
,9 bo? c\ntries n[ ! old home traditions
 h be5 & are be+ adju/$ to & modifi$ by 
! new classes1 ) new relation%ips & new 

necessities1 t ! revolution 9 indu/rial 
organization & dome/ic conv5i5ces has   
creat$4  ,! int]play ( old tradition &  
new necessities becomes at times v      
curi\s4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! home     
influ5ces ( ! *ild ( a %opman 9 a l>ge  
/ore1 or ^? ( ! *ild ( a skill$         
op]ative--an eng9e] ( "s sort let u     
say--9 ,engl&4 ,bo? ^! are new types 9 !
 ,engli% social body2 ! =m] d]ives f !  
old middle class1 ! class t 0 %opkeep+ 9
 ! t[ns & f>m+ 9 ! c\ntry1 ! class ( !  
,puritans1 ! ,quak]s1 ! fir/            
manufactur]s1 ! class ^: m5tally active 
memb]s become ! diss5t]s1 ! old         
,lib]als1 & ! orig9al ,new ,engl&]s4 ,! 
gr[? ( l>ge bus9esses has rais$ a       
portion ( ?is class to ! position ( ,sir
 ,john ,blundell ,maple1 ,sir ,?omas    
,lipton1 ! intimate fri5d ( our ,k+1 &  
our brew] pe]s2 x has rais$ a r m num]\s
 section to ! r$ plu% glories (         
,wagon-,lit tra9s & _! social & dome/ic 
equival5ts1 & x has r$uc$ ! bulk ( !    
class to ! /atus ( employees = life4 ,b 

! tradition t our ,engli% %opman is 9 ! 
same class z 8 ma/]1 t he has be5       
appr5tice & improv]1 & is n[ assi/ant1 )
 a view to pres5tly be+ a ma/] himself1 
/ill ?r[s its glam\r ov] 8 life & 8     
home1 & 8 *ild's upbr++4 ,!y belong to !
 middle class1 ! black coat & silk-hat  
class1 & ! silk hat cr[ns ! adolesc5ce (
 _! boys z inevitably z ! toga made m5 9
 anci5t ,rome4 ,_! h\se is built1 n =   
conv5i5ce prim>ily1 b to realize :atev] 
conv5i5ce is possible aft] ! rigid      
traditional requirem5ts h be5 met2 x is 
! extreme & f9al r$uction ( ! plan ( a  
bett] class h\se1 & ! v type ( its own]4
 ,z "o sees x 9 ! ,london suburbs devot$
 to cl]ks & %opm51 x /&s back a y>d or s
 f ! road1 ) a gate & a rail+1 & a pat*1
 p]haps two feet wide1 ( gravel betwe5  
its front & ! pavem5t4 ,?is is ! la/    
pa!tic ve/ige ( ! prelim9>y privacies ( 
its orig9al type1 ! gates1 ! drive-up1 !
 front lawn1 ! %ady trees1 t gave a     
great impressive m>g9 to ! door4 ,! door
 has a knock] 7) an appeal to realities1

 8r+ also07 & x op5s into a n>r[        
passage1 p]haps f\r feet wide1 :i* /ill 
reta9s ! title ( 8hall40 ,oak /a9+ on ! 
woodwork & m>bl$ pap] acc5tuate ! lordly
 memory4 ,p ( ?is class w\ld r die ?an  
live 9 a h\se ) a front door1 ev5 _h x a
 draught-/opp+ inn] door1 t gave ^u !   
/reet4 ,in/ead ( an ample kit*5 9 :i*   
meals c be tak5 & "o o!r room 9 :i* !   
re/ ( life goes on1 ^! two cov]+ ! h\se 
site1 ! social di/9ction f ! s]vant     
invades ! h\se space fir/ by necessitat+
 a passage to a side-door1 & secondly by
 cutt+ up ! int]ior into a 8d9+-room0 & 
a 8draw+-room40  ,economy ( fuel ?r\gh\t
 ! w9t] & economy ( ! be/ furniture     
always1 keeps ! family 9 ! d9+-room     
pretty con/antly1 b !re y h ! draw+-room
 z a concrete fact4 ,?\gh ! draw+-room  
is inevitable1 ! family w manage )\t a  
ba?-room well en\gh4 ,!y may1 or !y may 
n1 occasionally wa% all ov]4 ,!re are   
probably n fifty books 9 ! h\se1 b a    
daily pap] comes & ,tit ,bits or        
,pe>son's ,weekly1 or1 p]haps1          

,m4,a4,p41 ,mod]n ,society1 or "s su*   
illum9ant ( ! upp] circles1 & a *eap    
fa%ion pap]1 appe> at irregul> int]vals 
to supplem5t ?is lit]ature4  ,! wife    
lives to realize ! ideal ( !            
8ladylike0--lady %e resigns to !        
patrician--& %e insi/s ^u a s]vant1     
h[ev] small4 ,?is poor wret* ( a s]vant1
 (t5 a m]e *ild ( f\rte5 or fifte51     
lives by h]self 9 a m9ute kit*51 &      
sleeps 9 a fireless attic4 ,to escape   
vulg> associates1 ! *ildr5 ( ! h\se     
avoid ! elem5t>y s*ools--! s*ools call$ 
9 ,am]ica public s*ools--:]e !re are    
tra9$1 effici5t tea*]s1 good app>atus1 &
 an atmosph]e ( indu/ry1 & g to "o ( ^? 
wret*$ d5s ( disord]ly impo/ure1 a      
middle-class s*ool1 :]e an absolute     
failure to tra9 or educate is season$ ) 
religi\s cant1 lessons 9 piano-play+1   
lessons 9 ,fr5* 8made 9 ,engl&10        
mort>bo>d caps = ! boys1 & a high social
 tone4 ,& to emphasize ! fact ( its     
social position1 ?is bookless1 ba?less  
family tips6 ,! plumb] t\*es 8 hat = a  

tip1 ! man :o moves ! furniture1 !      
but*]-boy at ,*ri/mas1 ! du/man2 ^! ?+s 
also1 ! respect & ! tip1 at _! m9imum   
dim5sions4 ,ev]y?+ is at its m9imum     
dim5sions1 x is ! la/ *ipp$1 dw>f$1     
enfeebl$ /ate ( a tradition t has1 9 its
 "t1 play$ a f9e "p 9 ! _w4 ,?is mu* (  
hon\r /ill cl+s to x1 x w endure no tip1
 no *>ity1 no upp]-class control ( its  
privacy4 ,?is is ! sort ( home 9 :i* !  
m9ds ( ?\s&s ( "y ,engli%m5 &           
,engli%wom5 receive _! fir/ indelible   
impressions4 ,c "o expect !m to escape !
 contagion ( its cramp$ pret5ti\sness1  
its d+y n>r[ness1 its %y privacy (      
social degradation1 its ess5tial        
sordidness & ineffici5cy8  ,our skill$  
op]ative1 on ! o!r h&1 w pocket 8 tip4  
,he is on ! o!r side ( ! b\nd>y4 ,he    
pres5ts a ris+ elem5t com+ f ! s]vile   
mass4 ,probably 8 net income equals or  
exce$s ! %opman's1 b !re is no s]vant1  
no black coat & silk hat1 no            
middle-class s*ool 9 8 s*eme ( ?+s4 ,he 
calls ! %opman 8,sir10 & makes no       

/ruggle aga9/ 8 native acc5t4 ,9 8 he>t 
he despises ! middle class1 ! mean      
tip-giv]s1 & he is incl9$ to ov]rate !  
g5try or big tipp]s4 ,he is mu* m       
sociable1 mu* noisi]1 relatively        
%ameless1 m intellig5t1 m capable1 less 
re/ra9$4 ,he is ris+ aga9/ 8 tradition1 
& almo/ aga9/ 8 w4 ,! s]f /ill bulks    
l>ge 9 him4 ,! :ole tr5d ( circum/ance  
is to sub/itute sci5ce = m]e rote skill 
9 him1 to dem& initiative & an          
intellig5t self-adaptation to new       
discov]ies & new me?ods1 to make him a  
pr(essional man & a job & piecework]    
aft] ! fa%ion ( ! great majority (      
pr(essional m54 ,aga9/ all ^! ?+s ! s]f 
elem5t 9 him fights4 ,he resi/s         
education & cl+s to appr5tice%ip1 he    
fights = "t-"w1 he ob/ructs new         
inv5tions1 he cl+s to ! ideal ( %ort    
h\rs1 high pay1 %irk & let ! ma/] worry4
 ,8 wife is a f> m actual creature ?an !
 cl]k's2 %e does ! h\se h]self 9 a r\gh1
 effectual fa%ion1 8 *ildr5 get f> m    
food = m9d & body1 & f> less re/ra9t4 ,y

 c tell ! age ( ! skill$ op]ative )9 a  
decade by ! quantity ( books 9 8 home2 !
 y\ng] he is ! m num]\s ^! are likely to
 be4 ,& ! y\ng] he is ! m likely he is  
to be alive to c]ta9 g5]al views ab\t 8 
rights & 8 place 9 ! social scale1 !    
less readily w 8 f+] g to 8 cap at !    
sight ( broad-clo?1 or 8 h& to ! pr(f]$ 
half-cr[n4 ,he w h li/5$ to ,trade      
,union organiz]s & ,sociali/ speak]s2 he
 w h read ! special pap]s ( 8 class4 ,! 
:ole ( ?is home is1 9 comp>ison ) !     
%opman's1 wide op5 to new influ5ces4 ,! 
*ildr5 g to a ,bo>d ,s*ool1 & v probably
 aft]w>ds to ev5+ classes--or           
music-halls4 ,"h aga9 is a new type (   
home1 9 :i* ! ,engli% ( #aibj are be+   
made 9 ?\s&s1 & :i* is =c$ a little way 
up ! intellectual & moral scale e ye>1 a
 little fur!r f its orig9al conception (
 lab\r1 dep5d5ce1 irresponsibility1 &   
s]vility4  ,comp>e1 aga91 ! home        
conditions ( ! *ild ( a well-connect$   
,briti% %>ehold] inh]it+1 let u say1    
sev5 or eight hundr$ a ye>1 ) ! home (  

exactly ! same sort ( p]son d]iv+ f !   
middle class4 ,on ! "o h&1 "o w f9d !   
old ari/ocratic ,briti% tradition 9 an  
in/ructively di/ort$ /ate4 ,all !       
assumptions ( an ess5tial lordl9ess     
rema9--& none ( ! duties4 ,all ! pride  
is !re /ill1 b x is cramp$1 qu]ul\s1 &  
undignifi$4 ,t lordl9ess is s ample t = 
ev5 a small family ! income ,i h nam$ w 
be no m ?an bit+ pov]ty1 !re w be a     
p]vad+ quality ( /ruggle 9 ?is home to  
avoid "w1 to frame arrangem5ts1 to      
discov] *eap1 loyal s]vants ( ! old     
type1 to discov] six p] c5t4 inve/m5ts  
)\t risk1 to int]e/ influ5tial          
connections 9 ! prospects ( ! *ildr54 ,!
 tradition ( ! rul+ class1 :i* sees 9 ! 
public s]vice a p5sion s*eme = poor     
relations1 w gl[ ) all ! col\rs ( hope4 
,great sacrifices w be made to get !    
boys to public s*ools1 :]e !y c revive &
 exp& ! family connections4 ,!y w look  
=w>d z a matt] ( c\rse to positions &   
appo9tm5ts1 = ! want ( :i* m5 ( gifts & 
capacity f o!r social /rata w break _!  

he>ts1 & !y w fill ^! covet$ places ) a 
languid1 discont5t$ incapacity4 ,great  
difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 f9d+ s*ools =
 ! girls f :i* ! (fspr+ ( tradesm5 are  
exclud$4 ,vulg>ity has to be jeal\sly   
anticipat$4 ,9 a p]iod :5 ,sm>tness 7z  
di/+ui%$ f ,vulg>ity7 is becom+ an      
ideal1 ?is dem&s at times extremely     
subtle discrim9ation4 ,! art ( cr$it w  
be develop$ to a high level4  ,n[ 9 !   
o!r family economically indi/+ui%able f 
?is1 a family ) sev5 or eight hundr$ a  
ye> f inve/m5ts1 :i* d]ives f ! middle  
class1 ! tradition is "o t1 9 spite ( ! 
ess5tial irresponsibility ( ! economic  
position1 w urge ?is family t[>ds       
ex]tion z a duty4 ,z a rule ! resultant 
lies 9 ! direction ( pleasant1 n too    
ardu\s ex]tion1 ! arts are attack$ )    
great e>ne/ness ( int5tion1 lit]ature1  
8movem5ts0 ( _m sorts are +r$i5ts 9 ^!  
homes4 ,_m ?+s t are imp]ative to !     
ari/ocratic home are reg>d$ z ne$less1 &
 9 _! place appe> o!r ?+s t ! ari/ocrat 
w\ld despise1 books1 in/ruction1 travel 

9 incorrect p>ts ( ! _w1 games1 t mo/   
s$uctive developm5t ( mod]n life1 play$ 
to ! pit* ( di/9ction4 ,into bo? ^!     
homes comes lit]ature1 comes ! ,press1  
comes ! talk ( ali5 m9ds1 comes !       
obs]vation ( ?+s )\t1 sometimes re9=c+ !
 tradition1 sometimes insidi\sly gloss+ 
^u x or und]m9+ x1 sometimes 8lett+     
daylight ?r\gh x02 b mu* m into ! latt] 
type ?an into ! =m]4 ,& sl[ly ! two     
fundam5tally id5tical ?+s t5d to        
assimilate _! sup]ficial diff]5ce1 to   
homologize _! traditions1 ea* g5]ation  
sees a relaxation ( ! ari/ocratic       
prohibitions1 a 8g5tleman0 may t\t =    
w9es n[adays--among g5tlem5--he may be a
 j\rnali/1 a fa%ionable arti/1 a        
s*oolma/]1 8 si/]s may 8act10 :ile1 on !
 o!r h&1 ea* g5]ation ( ! ex-comm]cial  
%>ehold] rea*es out m e>ne/ly t[>ds     
ref9em5t1 t[>ds tone & quality1 t[>ds   
etiquette1 & away f :at is 8common0 9   
life4  ,s 9 ^! typical cases "o foll[s !
 /r&s ( tradition into ! new conditions1
 ! new homes ( our mod]n /ate4 ,9       

,am]ica "o f9ds exactly ! same new      
elem5ts %ap$ by q p>allel economic      
developm5ts1 %opm5 9 a l>ge /ore1 skill$
 op]atives1 & indep5d5t %>ehold]s       
develop+ homes n out ( a triple /r& (   
tradition1 b out ( ! pr$om9ant home     
tradition ( an emancipat$ middle class1 
& 9 a widely diff]5t atmosph]e ( ?\ght &
 sugge/ion4 ,z a consequ5ce1 "o f9ds1 ,i
 am told1 a skill$ op]ative already ) no
 eye 7or only an angry eye7 = tips1     
sociable %opm51 & %>ehold+ families1    
frankly common1 frankly intellig5t1     
frankly h$oni/ic1 or only ) ! mo/ nave &
 sup]ficial imitation ( ! haughty       
incapacity1 ! mean pride1 ! p>asitic    
lordl9ess ( ! j-indep5d5t1 well-connect$
 ,engli%4  ,^! r\gh indications ( f\r   
social types w illu/rate ! quality ( our
 proposition1 t home influ5ce 9 ! mak+ (
 m5 resolves itself into an int]play (  
"o sub/antial & two modify+ elem5ts1    
namely3--  7#a7 ,tradition4  7#b7       
,economic conditions4  7#c7 ,new ideas1 
sugge/ions1 int]pretations1 *anges 9 !  

g5]al atmosph]e ( ?\ght 9 :i* a man     
lives & :i* he m5tally brea!s4  ,! net  
sum ( :i* ?ree factors becomes !        
tradition = ! next g5]ation4  ,bo? !    
modify+ elem5ts admit ( control4 ,h[ !  
economic conditions ( homes may be      
controll$ to accompli% ,new ,republican 
ends has already be5 discuss$ ) a view  
to a hygi5ic m9imum1 & obvi\sly ! same1 
or simil>1 me?ods may be employ$ to     
secure less mat]iali/ic b5efits4 ,y c   
make a p dirty by d5y+ !m wat]1 y c make
 a p clean] by *eap5+ & en=c+ ba?-rooms4
 ,man is inde$ s spiritual a be+ t he w 
turn e mat]iali/ic developm5t y =ce ^u  
him into spiritual gr[?4 ,y c a]ate 8   
h\se1 n only ) air1 b ) ideas4 ,build1  
*eap51 r5d] allur+ a simpl]1 m spaci\s  
type ( h\se = ! cl]k1 fill x )          
lab\r-sav+ conv5i5ces1 & leave no excuse
 & no sp>e corn]s = ! 8slavey10 & !     
slavey--& all t %e means 9 m5tal & moral
 consequ5ce--w vani% out ( be+4 ,y w    
beat tradition4 ,make x easy = ,trade   
,unions to press = %ort] h\rs ( "w1 b   

make x difficult = !m to ob/ruct !      
arrival ( lab\r-sav+ appliances1 put !  
means ( education easily )9 ! rea* ( e  
workman1 make promotion f ! ranks1 9 !  
,army1 9 ! ,navy1 9 all bus9ess conc]ns1
 practicable & natural1 & ! l+]+        
discol\ration ( ! s]f ta9t w vani% f !  
workman's m9d4 ,! days ( my/ic          
individualism h pass$1 few p n[adays w  
agree to t /range cre$ t we mu/ deal )  
economic conditions z ?\gh !y 7         
inflexible laws4 ,economic conditions   
are made & compact ( ! human w1 & by    
t>iffs1 by trade regulation &           
organization1 fre% /r&s ( w may be wov5 
into ! complex4 ,! ?+ may be            
extraord9>ily intricate & difficult1    
ab\nd+ 9 unkn[n possibilities &         
unsuspect$ dang]s1 b t is a plea =      
sci5ce & n = despair4  ,controllable1   
too1 is ! influx ( modify+ sugge/ions   
into our homes1 h[ev] va/ & subtle !    
ent]prise may seem4 ,b "h we t\* = !    
fir/ "t a "q t we %all n[ cont9ue to t\*
 ^u at o!r po9ts1 until at la/ we %all  

cle> x & display x z ! necess>ily c5tral
 "q ( ! :ole matt] ( man-mak+ s f> z !  
human w is conc]n$1 & t is ! pres]vation
 & expansion ( ! body ( human ?\ght &   
imag9ation1 ( :i* all consci\s human w &
 act is b ! imp]fect expression &       
realization1 ( :i* all human in/itutions
 & contrivances1 f ! /eam-eng9e to !    
pl\gh$ field1 & f ! blue pill to ! pr9t+
 press1 are no m ?an ! imp]fect symbols1
 ! rude mnemonics & memor&a4  ,b ?is    
analysis ( ! modify+ factors 9 ! home   
influ5ce1 ?is =mulation ( its           
controllable elem5ts1 has n[ gone z f> z
 ! purpose ( ?is pap] requires4 ,x has  
work$ out to ?is1 t ! home1 s f> z x is 
n traditional organization1 is really   
only on ! "o h& an aspect ( ! g5]al     
economic condition ( ! /ate1 & on ! o!r 
( t /ill m fundam5tal ?+1 its g5]al     
atmosph]e ( ?\ght4 ,our analysis ref]s  
back ! man-mak] to ^! two que/ions4 ,!  
home1 "o ga!rs1 is n to be dealt )      
sep>ately or simply4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 
are ^! que/ions to be dealt ) m]ely 9   

relation to _! home application4 ,z !   
citiz5 gr[s up1 he pres5tly em]ges f 8  
home influ5ces to a m direct & g5]al    
contact ) ^! two ?+s1 ) ! ,fact ( !     
mod]n /ate & ) ! ,?\ght ( ! mod]n /ate1 
& we mu/ consid] ea* ( ^! 9 relation to 
8 developm5t z a :ole4  ,! next gr\p (  
elem5ts 9 ! man-mak+ complex t occurs to
 "o aft] ! home1 is ! s*ool4 ,let me    
repeat a di/9ction already drawn betwe5 
! home elem5t 9 bo>d+-s*ools & ! s*ool  
prop]4 ,:ile ! *ild is out ( !          
s*ool-room1 play+--except :5 x is drill+
 or play+ "u direction--:5 x is talk+ ) 
its playmates1 walk+1 sleep+1 eat+1 x is
 "u ^? influ5ces t x has be5 conv5i5t = 
me to speak ( z ! home influ5ce4 ,!     
s*oolma/] :o takes bo>d]s is1 ,i hold1  
m]ely a sub/itute = ! p>5t1 ! h\sehold (
 bo>d]s m]ely a sub/itute = ! family4   
,:at is meant by s*ool "h1 is t :i* is  
possess$ 9 common by day s*ool &        
bo>d+-s*ool--! s*oolroom & ! recess     
playgr\nd "p4 ,x is some?+ :i* ! savage 
& ! b>b>ian di/9ctively d n possess z a 

phase 9 _! mak+1 & sc>cely ev5 its      
rudim5t>y sugge/ion4 ,x is a new elem5t 
correlat$ ) ! e/abli%m5t ( a wid]       
political ord] & ) ! use ( writt5 spee*4
  ,n[ ,i ?9k x w be g5]ally conc$$ t    
:atev] sy/ematic intellectual tra9+ !   
develop+ citiz5 gets1 z di/+ui%$ f 8    
natural1 accid5tal1 & incid5tal         
developm5t1 is got 9 s*ool or 9 its     
subsequ5t developm5t ( college1 & ) t ,i
 w put aside ! "q ( intellectual        
developm5t altoge!r = a lat]1 full]     
discussion4 ,my po9t "h is simply to    
note ! s*ool z a factor 9 ! mak+ ( almo/
 e citiz5 9 ! mod]n /ate1 & to po9t out1
 :at is sometimes disreg>d$1 t x is only
 "o ( _m factors 9 t mak+4 ,! t5d5cy ( !
 pres5t "t is enorm\sly to exagg]ate !  
importance ( s*ool 9 developm5t1 to     
ascribe to x p[]s q beyond its utmo/    
possibilities1 & to blame x = evils 9   
:i* x has no %>e4 ,& 9 ! mo/ prepo/]\s  
invasions ( ! duties ( p>5t1 cl]gyman1  
/atesman1 au?or1 j\rnali/1 ( duties :i* 
are 9 tru? sc>cely m )9 ! prov9ce ( a   

s*oolma/] ?an !y are )9 ! prov9ce ( a   
but*]1 ! real & necess>y "w ( ! s*ool is
 too (t5 m>r$1 crippl$1 & lo/ sight (   
altoge!r4 ,we treat ! complex1 difficult
 & hon\rable task ( intellectual        
developm5t z if x 7 )9 ! capacity ( any 
e>ne/ b muddle-head$ "y lady1 or any    
half-educat$ g5tleman 9 ord]s2 we take t
 = grant$1 & we dem& 9 addition f !m !  
8=mation ( "*10 moral & e?ical tra9+ &  
sup]vision1 ae/hetic guidance1 !        
implant+ ( a ta/e = ! ,be/ 9 lit]ature1 
= ! ,be/ 9 art1 = ! f9e/ conduct2 we    
dem& ! clue to success 9 comm]ce & !    
se$s ( a f9e passionate patriotism f ^! 
necess>ily v ord9>y p]sons4  ,"o might  
?9k s*oolma/]s & s*oolmi/resses 7       
inaccessible to g5]al obs]vation 9 !    
face ( ^! /up5d\s dem&s4 ,if we exact$  
su* ?+s f our but*] ov] & above good    
s]vice 9 8 trade1 if we insi/$ t 8 meat 
%\ld n only build up hone/ n]ve &       
muscle1 b t x %\ld comp5sate = all t 0  
slov5ly 9 our homes1 di%one/ 9 our      
economic conditions1 & slack & vulg> 9  

our public life1 he w\ld v probably say 
t x took him all 8 "t to supply s\nd    
meat1 t x 0 a difficult & hon\rable ?+  
to supply s\nd meat1 t ! slackness (    
bus9ess-m5 & /atesm5 9 ! c\ntry1 !      
condition ( ! arts & sci5ces1 wasn't 8  
bus9ess1 t h[ev] lam5table ! disord]s ( 
! /ate1 !re 0 no reasonable prospect (  
improv+ x by upsett+ ! di/ribution (    
meat1 &1 9 %ort1 t he 0 a but*] & n a   
,cosmos-heal+ quack4 8,y mu/ h meat10 he
 w\ld say1 8anyh[40 ,b ! av]age         
s*oolma/] & s*oolmi/ress does n d ?+s 9 
t way4  ,:at a s*ool may d = ! develop+ 
citiz51 ! orig9al & ! develop$ function 
( ! s*ool1 & h[ its true "w may be/ be  
accompli%$1 we %all discuss lat]4 ,b x  
may be well to exp& a little m fully "h 
! acc\nt ( :at ! s*ool has no bus9ess to
 attempt1 & :at ! s*ola/ic pr(ession is1
 z a :ole1 q incapable ( do+1 & to po9t 
to ! really responsible ag5cies 9 ea*   
case4  ,n[1 fir/ly1 ) reg>d to all t !  
s*oolma/] & s*oolmi/ress means by !     
8=mation ( "*40 ,a l>ge proportion ( !  

s*ola/ic pr(ession w pr(ess1 & a /ill   
l>g] proportion ( ! public believes1 t x
 is possible by talk & specially design$
 in/ruction1 to give a boy or girl a    
def9ite bias t[>ds 8tru?10 t[>ds acts   
call$ 8heal?y0 7a ^w x w\ld puzzle !    
ord9>y s*oolma/] or s*oolmi/ress        
extremely to def9e1 glib z !y are ) x71 
t[>ds hon\r1 t[>ds g5]osity1 ent]prise1 
self-reliance1 & ! l4 ,! ma/]s 9 our    
public s*ools are f> f blameless 9 ?is  
respect1 & y may gauge ! quality ( _m ( 
^! g5tlem5 pretty precisely by _!       
disposition t[>ds ! 8s*ool pulpit0 l9e (
 bus9ess4 ,half an h\r's 8/raight talk  
to ! boys10 impromptu vague s5tim5tality
 ab\t ,e>ne/ness1 ,?or\ghness1 ,true    
,patriotism1 & s =?1 seems to assuage ! 
consci5ce z no?+ else c\ld d1 = weeks ( 
ill-prep>$1 ill-plann$ tea*+1 & ye>s (  
preoccupation ) r[+-boats & cricket4 ,! 
m extreme examples ( ?is type w say 9 a 
tone ( manly apology1 8,x does ! boys   
good to tell !m pla9ly :at ,i ?9k ab\t  
s]i\s ?+s0--:5 ! simple fact ( ! case is

 too (t5 t he does all he c n to ?9k    
ab\t any ?+s ( any sort :atev]1 except  
cricket & promotion4 ,s*oolmi/resses1   
aga91 w sometimes come ne> boa/+ to !   
inquir+ p>5t ( our 8e?ical h\r10 & if y 
probe ! facts y w f9d t means no m & no 
less ?an an h\r ( fl\nd]+ egotism1 9 :i*
 a poor illogical s\l1 ) a sort ( naive 
indec5cy1 talks nons5se ab\t 8,ideals10 
ab\t ! ,high] & ! ,bett]1 ab\t ,purity1 
& ab\t _m secret & sacr$ ?+s1 ?+s ^u :i*
 wise m5 are (t5 pr(\ndly unc]ta91 to   
incr$ul\s or imitative *ildr54 ,all t is
 ne$$ to d ?is sort ( ?+ abundantly &   
freely is a c]ta9 degree ( aggressive   
egotism1 a c]ta9 gift ( /upidity1 good  
int5tions1 & a defective s5se (         
educational possibilities & limitations4
  ,9 addition to moral discussions1 t at
 ! be/ are v second-rate eloqu5ce1 & at 
! wor/ are respect de/roy+1 m9d de/roy+ 
gabble1 !re are v>i\s =ms ( 8e?ical0    
tea*+1 advocat$ & practis$ 9 ,am]ica & 9
 ! elem5t>y s*ools ( ?is c\ntry4 ,=     
example1 a /ory ( an edify+ sort is told

 to ! *ildr51 & comm5ts are elicit$ ^u !
 behavi\r ( ! *>act]s4 8,w\ld y h done  
t80 8,oh1 no1 tea*]60 8,:y n80 8,because
 x w\ld be mean40 ,! tea*] goes into    
p>ticul>s1 :ittl+ away at ! v]dict1 & at
 la/ ! f9e po9t ( ! lesson /&s out4 ,n[ 
x may be indisputable t su* lessons c be
 conduct$ effectively & successfully by 
exceptionally brilliant tea*]s1 t *ildr5
 may be giv5 an excell5t code ( good    
int5tions1 & a wond]ful skill 9 ! rese>*
 = good or bad motives = any giv5 c\rse 
( action !y may or may n want to take1 b
 t !y c be sy/ematically tra9$ by !     
av]age tea*] at our disposal 9 ?is      
desirable 8subject0 is q ano!r "q4 ,x is
 "o ( ! ?+s t ! educational re=m] mu/   
gu>d aga9/ mo/ e>ne/ly1 ! p]suasion t   
:at an exceptional man c d ev] & aga9 = 
display purposes c be done successfully 
day by day 9 s*ools4 ,?is applies to _m 
o!r ?+s besides ! tea*+ ( e?ics4        
,pr(essor ,arm/rong c give delightfully 
in/ructive lessons 9 *emi/ry accord+ to 
! heuri/ic me?od1 b 9 ! h&s ( ! av]age  

tea*] by :om tea*+ mu/ be done = ! next 
few ye>s ! heuri/ic sy/em w result 9    
no?+ b a po9tless fumble4 ,mr4 ,mack9d] 
tea*es geography--inimitably--j to %[ h[
 to d x4 ,mr4 ,david ,devant--!         
brilliant ,egyptian ,hall conjuror--w %[
 any assembly ( p>5ts h[ to amuse *ildr5
 q easily1 b = "s reason he does n      
pres5t 8 leg]dema9 z a new discov]y 9   
educational me?od4  ,to our argum5t t   
?is sort ( tea*+ is n )9 ! capacity (   
su* tea*]s z we h1 or are likely to h1  
we c1 =tunately en\gh1 add t :atev] is  
attempt$ c be done f> bett] ?r\gh o!r   
ag5cies4 ,m or less unkn[n to tea*]s !re
 exi/s a consid]able am\nt ( well-writt5
 lit]ature1 true /ories & fiction1 9    
:i*1 )\t any clumsy insi/5ce ^u moral   
po9ts1 f9e actions are display$ 9 _!    
elem5t>y f95ess1 & bas5ess is se5 to be 
base4 ,!re are also a few !atres1 & !re 
might be m1 9 :i* f9e action is f9ely   
display$4 ,n[ "o nobly conceiv$ & nobly 
r5d]$ play w give a /rong] moral        
impression ?an ! be/ s*oolma/]          

conceivable1 talk+ e?ics = a ye> on end4
 ,"o great & /irr+ book may give an     
impression less p[]ful1 p]haps1 b ev5 m 
p]man5t4 ,practically ^! ?+s are z good 
z example--!y are example4 ,surr\nd y\r 
gr[+ boy or girl ) a g5]\s supply ( good
 books1 & leave writ] & gr[+ s\l to d _!
 bus9ess toge!r )\t any s*ola/ic control
 ( _! int]c\rse4 ,make y\r /ate heal?y1 
y\r economic life heal?y & hone/1 be    
hone/ & tru?ful 9 ! pulpit1 beh9d !     
c\nt]1 9 ! (fice1 & y\r *ildr5 w ne$ no 
specific e?ical tea*+2 !y w inhale "r4  
,& )\t ^! ?+s all ! e?ical tea*+ 9 ! _w 
w only s\r to cant at ! fir/ w9d ( !    
brea? ( ! _w4  ,q )\t e?ical pret5sion  
at all ! s*ool is ( c\rse b\nd to       
influ5ce ! moral developm5t ( ! *ild4 ,t
 mo/ important matt]1 ! habit &         
disposition t[>ds indu/ry1 %\ld be      
acquir$ !re1 ! s5se ( ?or\ghness 9      
execution1 ! pr(\nd belief t difficulty 
is b\nd to yield to a resolute          
attack--all ^! ?+s are ! necess>y       
by-products ( a good s*ool4 ,a tea*] :o 

is punctual1 p]si/5t1 j1 :o tells !     
tru?1 & insi/s ^u ! tru?1 :o is tru?ful1
 n m]ely te*nically b 9 a con/ant se>* =
 exact expression1 ^: own %>e ( ! s*ool 
"w is faultlessly done1 :o is tol]ant to
 ef=t & a tireless help]1 :o is obvi\sly
 m int]e/$ 9 s]i\s "w ?an 9 pu]ile      
games1 w beget ess5tial manl9ess 9 e boy
 he tea*es4 ,he ne$ n lecture on 8      
virtues4 ,a slack1 emotional1           
unpunctual1 inexact1 & illogical tea*]1 
a fawn+ loyali/1 an incr$ible pieti/1 an
 en]getic snob1 a tea*] z eag] = games1 
z s5sitive to social /atus1 z easy1     
k9dly1 & s5tim5tal1 & z %y really ( h>d 
toil z--z "s tea*]s--is none ! bett] =  
e?ical flatul5ce4 ,!re is a good deal ( 
cant 9 c]ta9 educational circles1 !re is
 a c]ta9 type ( educational writ+ 9 :i* 
8love0 is altoge!r too /rongly pres5t2 a
 reasonably ext5sive obs]vation (       
s*ool-*ildr5 & s*ool-tea*]s makes "o    
d\bt :e!r !re is ev] any?+ m ?an a v    
temp]ate affection & a /ill m temp]ate  
admiration on ei!r side4 ,*ildr5 see    

?r\gh _! tea*]s amaz+ly1 & :at !y d n   
und]/& n[ !y w und]/& lat]4 ,= a tea*]  
to lay h&s on all ! virtues1 to         
associate !m ) 8 or h] p]sonality1 to   
sme> *>act]i/ic phrases & expressions   
ov] !m1 is z likely z n to give !       
virtues unpleasant associations4 ,bett] 
f>1 save ?r\gh practice1 to leave !m    
alone altoge!r4  ,& :at is "h said ( ?is
 ta9t+ ( moral in/ruction ) ! p]sonality
 ( ! tea*] applies /ill m =cibly to     
religi\s in/ruction4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ,i ent]
 ^u a field :]e ,i am anxi\s to avoid   
dispute4 ,to my m9d ^? ideas & emotions 
t c5tre ab\t ! idea ( ,god appe> at once
 too great & remote1 & too intimate &   
subtle = objective treatm5t4 ,b !re are 
a great numb] ( p1 un=tunately1 :o reg>d
 religion z no m ?an geography1 :o      
believe t x c be got into daily lessons 
( "o h\r1 & adequately done by any poor 
s\l :o has be5 fright5$ into con=mity by
 ! fe> ( dismissal4 ,& hav+ ?is knobby1 
portable cre$1 & believ+ s9c]ely t lip  
con=mity is alone necess>y to salvation1

 !y want to =ce e tea*] !y c to acquire 
& imp>t its inde/ructible1 inflexible   
recipes1 & !y are prep>$ to en=ce ?is at
 ! price ( ineffici5cy 9 e o!r s*ool    
function4 ,we mu/ all agree--:atev] we  
believe or disbelieve--t religion is !  
cr[n ( ! edifice we build4 ,b x w simply
 ru9 a vital "p ( ! edifice & misuse our
 religion v greatly if we h& x ov] to ! 
excavators & bricklay]s ( ! m9d1 to use 
z a *eap sub/itute = ! prop]            
intellectual & e?ical f\ndations2 = !   
e?ical f\ndation :i* is s*ool+ & !      
e?ical f\ndation :i* is habit4 ,i mu/   
confess t !re is only "o sort ( man ^:  
insi/5ce ^u religi\s tea*+ 9 s*ools by  
ord9>y s*ool tea*]s ,i c und]/&1 & t is 
! d[nright ,a!i/1 ! man :o believes     
s5sual pleasure is all t !re is (       
pleasure1 & virtue no m ?an a hood to   
*eck ! impetuosity ( y\? until          
discretion is acquir$1 ! man :o believes
 !re is no?+ else 9 ! _w b h>d mat]ial  
fact1 & :o has z mu* respect = tru? &   
religion z he has = /able manure4 ,su* a

 man f9ds x conv5i5t to pr(ess a lax    
v]sion ( ! popul> religion1 & he usually
 does s1 & inv>iably he wants 8 *ildr5  
8taught0 religion1 because he s utt]ly  
disbelieves 9 ,god1 goodness1 &         
spirituality t he _c imag9e "y p do+ ev5
 en\gh "r to keep heal?y & prosp]\s1    
unless !y are humbugg$ into x4  ,equally
 unnecess>y is ! s*ola/ic attempt to    
take ov] ! relations ( ! *ild to        
8nature10 art1 & lit]ature4 ,to read !  
educational j\rnals1 to he> ! s*ola/ic  
en?usia/1 "o w\ld ?9k t no human be+    
w\ld ev] discov] !re 0 any su* ?+ z     
8nature0  7 x n = ! s*oolma/]--&        
quotation f ,wordswor?4 ,& ?is nature1 z
 !y pres5t x1 is really n nature at all1
 b a factiti\s admiration = c]ta9       
isolat$ aspects ( ! univ]se             
conv5tionally reg>d$ z 8natural40 ,few  
s*oolma/]s h discov]$ t = e individual  
!re are c]ta9 aspects ( ! univ]se t     
especially appeal1 & t t appeal is "p ( 
! individuality--diff]5t f e human be+1 
& q outside _! range4 ,c]ta9 ?+s t h be5

 r well treat$ by poets & arti/s 7= !   
mo/ "p dead & ( ,academic /&+7 !y reg>d 
z ,nature1 & all ! re/ ( ! _w1 mo/ ( !  
_w 9 :i* we live1 z be+ 9 "s way an     
intrusion ^u ?is classic4 ,!y prop\nd a 
wanton & illogical canon4 ,trees1 riv]s1
 fl[]s1 birds1 />s--are1 & h be5 = _m   
c5turies ,nature--s are pl\gh$          
fields--really ! mo/ artificial ( all   
?+s--& all ! app>atus ( ! agriculturi/1 
cattle1 v]m91 we$s1 we$-fires1 & all !  
re/ ( x4 ,a grassy old embankm5t to     
protect l[-ly+ fields is ,nature1 & s is
 all ! mass ( app>atus ab\t a wat]-mill2
 a new embankm5t to /ore an urban wat]  
supply1 ?\gh x may be "o mass ( spl5did 
we$s1 is artificial1 & ugly4 ,a wood5   
w9dmill is ,nature & beautiful1 a       
sky-sign atroci\s4 ,m\nta9s h become    
,nature & beautiful )9 ! la/ hundr$     
ye>s--volcanoes ev54 ,vesuvius1 =       
example1 is gr& & beautiful1 its smell (
 und]gr\nd railway mo/ impressive1 its  
night effect /up5d\s1 b ! gl[+ c9d]     
heaps ( ,burslem1 ! wond]s ( ! ,black   

,c\ntry sunset1 ! wond]ful fire-%ot     
nightfall ( ! ,five ,t[ns1 ^! ?+s are   
horrid & (f5sive & vulg> beyond ! p[]s (
 s*ola/ic language4 ,su* a mass ( clott$
 inconsi/5cies1 su* a wild confusion (  
vici\s m5tal practices z ?is1 is ! /uff 
! s*oolma/] has 9 m9d :5 he talks (     
*ildr5 acquir+ a love ( ,nature4 ,!y are
 to be tra9$1 aga9/ all _! m5tal bias1  
to obs]ve & quote ab\t ! canonical      
natural objects & n to obs]ve1 b in/ead 
to %un & contemn ev]y?+ outside ! canon1
 & s to h& on ! or?odox ,love ( ,nature 
to ano!r g5]ation4 ,"o may pres5t !     
triumph ( s*ola/ic nature-tea*+1 by !   
figure ( a little *ild hurry+ to s*ool  
along ! ways ( a busy mod]n t[n4 ,%e    
c>ries a fad$ cut-fl[]1 got at          
consid]able co/ f a botanical g>d51 & z 
%e goes %e c\nts its petals1 its /am5s1 
its bracteoles4 ,h] love ( ,nature1 h]  
8p[]s ( obs]vation10 are be+ tra9$4     
,ab\t h]1 all unhe$$1 is a wond]ful life
 t %e w\ld be int5t ^u b = ?is preci\s  
tra9+ ( h] m9d2 great electric tra9s    

loom wond]fully r\nd corn]s1 g dron+ by1
 spitt+ fire f _! ov]head wires2 great  
%op w9d[s display a multitud9\s v>iety (
 objects2 m5 & wom5 come & g ab\t a ?\s&
 bus9esses2 a /reet-organ spla%es a     
spray ( notes at h] z %e passes1 a ho>d+
 spla%es a spray ( col\r4  ,! %ape &    
direction ( "o's private obs]vation is  
no m ! s*oolma/]'s bus9ess ?an ! %ape & 
direction ( "o's nose4 ,x is1 inde$1    
possible to c]ta9 gift$ & exceptional   
p]sons t !y %\ld n only see acutely1 b  
ab/ract & express aga9 :at !y h se54    
,su* p are arti/s--a diff]5t k9d ( p f  
s*oolma/]s altoge!r4 ,into all sorts (  
places1 :]e p h fail$ to see1 comes !   
arti/ l a light4 ,! arti/ _c create nor 
c he det]m9e ! obs]vation ( o!r m51 b he
 c1 at any rate1 help & inspire x4 ,b he
 & ! p$agogue are temp]am5tally diff]5t 
& ap>t4 ,!y are at opposite poles (     
human quality4 ,! p$agogue ) 8 canon    
comes betwe5 ! *ild & ,nature only to   
limit & obscure4 ,8 bus9ess is to leave 
! :ole ?+ alone4  ,if ! int]pretation ( 

nature is a r>e & peculi> gift1 !       
int]pretation ( art & lit]ature is      
surely an ev5 r>] ?+4 ,hundr$s (        
s*oolma/]s & s*oolmi/resses :o c\ld n   
write "o tol]able l9e ( criticism1 w /& 
up 9 front ( classes by ! h\r toge!r &  
issue judgm5ts on books1 pictures1 & all
 t is compris$ "u ! "n ( art4 ,?9k ( x6 
,"h is y\r great arti/1 y\r great       
exceptional m9d grop+ 9 ! d>knesses     
b5ea? ! surface ( life1 half appreh5d+  
/range elusive ?+s 9 ^? pr(undities1 &  
/riv+--/riv+ sometimes to ! utmo/ v]ge (
 human endeav\r--to give t /range       
unsuspect$ my/]y expression1 to %ape x1 
to %ad[ x 9 =m & wond] ( col\r1 9       
beautiful rhy?ms1 9 phantasies (        
n>rative1 9 graci\s & gl[+ words4 ,s mu*
 9 its ess5tial & preci\s degree is art4
 ,?9k ( :at ! _w mu/ be 9 ! wid] vision 
( ! great arti/4 ,?9k1 = example1 ( !   
d>k spl5d\rs amid/ :i* ! m9d ( ,leon>do 
clamb]$2 ! mirror ( t5d] lights t       
reflect$ into our _w ! iridesc5t        
graci\sness ( ,botticelli6 ,!n to ! fa9t

 & fad$ intimations ^! great m5 h left u
 ( ! ?+s beyond our scope1 comes !      
s*ola/ic intellig5ce1 ge/iculat+        
in/ructively1 & 9 too _m cases obscur+ =
 ev] ! naive vision ( ! *ild4 ,!        
s*ola/ic intellig5ce1 succul5tly        
appreciative1 bl9d1 hopelessly bl9d to !
 fact t e great "w ( art is a /r5u\s1 an
 almo/ despair+ ef=t to express &       
convey1 treats ! :ole ?+ z "s fooli%    
riddle--8expla9s x to ! *ildr540 ,z if e
 picture 0 a rebus & e poem a *>ade6    
8,little *ildr510 he says1 8?is tea*es  
y0--& out comes ! platitude6  ,( late   
ye>s1 9 ,great ,brita9 m p>ticul>ly1 !  
,s*ool has be5 call$ ^u to conqu] /ill  
o!r fields4 ,x has become app>5t t 9 ?is
 mon>*y ( ours1 9 :i* hon\r is heap$    
high ^u money-mak+1 ev5 if x is         
money-mak+ t adds no?+ to ! collective  
weal? or effici5cy1 & d5i$ to ! mo/     
spl5did public s]vices unless !y are    
also remun]ative2 :]e public applause is
 ! me$ ( cricket]s1 ho/ile gu]illas1    
clamor\s au?ors1 ya*t-rac+ groc]s1 &    

hopelessly incapable g5]als1 & :]e      
suspicion & ridicule are ! lot ( e man  
work+ h>d & liv+ h>d = any end beyond a 
cabman's und]/&+2 9 ?is _w-wide ,empire 
^: ,gov]nm5t is entru/$ z a matt] (     
c\rse to pe]s & d5i$ z a matt] ( c\rse  
to any man ( humble orig92 :]e social   
pressure ( ! mo/ urg5t k9d compels e    
capable bus9ess manag] to sell out to a 
company & become a 8g5tleman0 at ! v    
e>lie/ opportunity1 ! national en]gy is 
fall+ away4 ,t driv+ zeal1 t practical  
vig\r t once di/+ui%$ ! ,engli% is      
cont9ually less app>5t4 ,our workm5 take
 no pride 9 _! "w any long]1 !y %irk    
toil & gamble4 ,& :at is worse1 ! ma/]  
takes no pride 9 ! works2 he1 too1 %irks
 toil & gambles4 ,our middle-class "y   
m51 in/ead ( fl++ !mselves into /udy1   
into rese>*1 into lit]ature1 into widely
 conceiv$ bus9ess ent]prises1 into s mu*
 ( ! public s]vice z is n pres]v$ = !   
sons ( ! well connect$1 play games1     
display an almo/ ori5tal slackness 9 !  
pres5ce ( "w & duty1 & seem to consid] x

 r good =m to d s4 ,& seek+ = "s reason 
& "s rem$y = ?is rem>kable ph5om5on1 a  
numb] ( patriotic g5tlem5 h discov]$ t !
 ,s*ools1 ! ,s*ools are to blame4       
,some?+ 9 ! nature ( ,re=m has to be    
wav$ ov] our s*ools4  ,x w\ld be a wick$
 de$ to write any?+ t might seem to     
imply t our ,s*ools 7 n 9 ne$ ( v       
ext5sive re=ms1 or t _! effici5cy is n a
 necess>y prelim9>y condition to g5]al  
public effici5cy1 b1 inde$1 ! ,s*ools   
are only "o factor 9 a great int]play ( 
causes1 & ! rem$y is a mu* ampl] problem
 ?an any ,education ,act w cure4 ,take a
 typical "y ,engli%man1 = example1 "o :o
 has rec5tly em]g$ f "o ( our public    
s*ools1 "o ( ! sort ( "y ,engli%m5 = :om
 all commissions 9 ! ,army are          
practically res]v$1 :o w own "s great   
bus9ess1 p]haps1 or direct companies1 & 
worm y\r way ?r\gh ! t\gh hide ( /yle & 
re/ra9t he has acquir$1 get him to talk 
ab\t wom51 ab\t 8 prospects1 8 intimate 
self1 & see = y\rself h[ mu* ( him1 & h[
 little ( him1 8 s*ool has made4 ,te/   

him on politics1 on ! national future1  
on social relation%ips1 & lead him if y 
c to an utt]ance or s ^u art &          
lit]ature4 ,y w be a/oni%$ h[ little y c
 ei!r blame or praise ! tea*+ ( 8 s*ool 
= him4 ,he is ignorant1 pr(\ndly        
ignorant1 & mu* ( 8 /yle & res]ve is    
drap$ ov] t2 he does n cle>ly und]/& :at
 he reads1 & he c sc>cely write a lett]2
 he draws1 calculates & ?9ks no bett]   
?an an err& boy1 & he has no habit ( "w2
 = t mu* p]haps ! s*ool mu/ answ]4 ,& ! 
s*ool1 too1 mu/ answ] = ! fact t        
al?\gh--unless he is "o ( ! small       
specializ$ set :o 8swat0 at games--he   
plays cricket & football q )\t          
di/9ction1 he reg>ds ^! games z mu* m   
important ?an milit>y tra9+ & ?+s ( t   
sort1 sp5ds days wat*+ 8 s*ool mat*es1 &
 ?umbs & muddles ov] ! records ( c\nty  
cricket to an amaz+ ext5t4 ,b ^! ?+s are
 inde$ only symptons1 & n ess5tial      
factors 9 g5]al ineffici5cy4 ,!re are   
mu* wid] ?+s = :i* 8 s*ool is only      
m$iately or n at all to blame4 ,=       

example1 he is n only ignorant &        
ineffici5t & secretly aw>e ( 8 ignorance
 & ineffici5cy1 b1 :at is f> m s]i\s1 he
 does n feel any /rong desire to alt] ! 
fact2 he is n only )\t ! habit ( regul> 
"w1 b he does n feel ! defect because he
 has no desire :atev] to d any?+ t      
requires "w 9 ! do+4 ,& y w f9d t ?is is
 s because !re is wov5 into ! tissue ( 8
 be+ a pr(\nd belief t "w & k 8d n pay10
 t !y are r ugly & vulg> *>act]i/ics1 & 
t !y make nei!r = happ9ess nor success4 
,he did n le>n t at s*ool1 nor at s*ool 
0 x possible he %\ld unle>n x4 ,he      
acquir$ t belief f 8 home1 f !          
conv]sation ( 8 equals1 f ! behavi\r ( 8
 inf]iors2 he f\nd x 9 ! books &        
newspap]s he has read1 he brea!d x 9 ) 8
 native air4 ,he reg>ds x z manife/     
,fact 9 ! life ab\t him4 ,& he is       
p]fectly "r4 ,he lives 9 a c\ntry :]e   
/upidity is1 s to speak1 cr[n$ & ?ron$1 
& :]e hon\r is a means ( ex*ange2 & he  
draws 8 simple1 /raight conclusions4 ,! 
mu*-ca/igat$ g5tleman ) ! f]ule is      

l>gely innoc5t 9 ?is acc\nt4  ,if1 too1 
y ransack y\r "y ,engli%man = religion1 
y w be amaz$ to f9d sc>cely a trace (   
,s*ool4 ,9 spite ( a c]emonial adhesion 
to ! religion ( 8 fa!rs1 y w f9d no?+ b 
a pr(\nd agno/icism4 ,he has n ev5 !    
fai? to disbelieve4 ,x is n s mu* t he  
has n develop$ religion z t ! place has 
be5 se>$4 ,9 8 "t 8 boyi% he>t has _h   
its /irr+s1 he has respond$ ) ! o!rs to 
8,onw>d1 ,*ri/ian ,soldi]s10 ! e>ne/    
mom5ts ( ! s*ool pulpit1 & all ^? fir/  
vague ?+s4 ,b limit$ z 8 read+ is1 x has
 n be5 s limit$ t he does n "k t v grave
 ?+s h happ5$ 9 matt]s ( fai?1 t !      
doctr9al s*emes ( ! conv5tional fai? are
 riddl$ t>gets1 t cre$ & ,bible d n mean
 :at !y appe> to mean1 b some?+ q       
diff]5t & indef9able1 t ! bi%ops1       
socially s mu* 9 evid5ce1 are           
intellectually 9 hid+4  ,"h aga9 is     
some?+ ! s*ool did n cause1 ! s*ool _c  
cure4  ,& 9 matt]s sexual1 9 matt]s     
political1 9 matt]s social1 & matt]s    
f9ancial y w f9d t ! flabby1 n>r[-*e/$1 

"u-tra9$ m9d t hides 9 ! excell5t-look+ 
body ( ! typical "y ,engli%man is       
encumb]$ ) an elaborate duplicity4 ,"u !
 cloak ( a f9e tradition ( good =m &    
fair appe>ances y w f9d "s intricate    
disbeliefs1 "s odd practices4 ,y w trace
 8 moral code *iefly to 8 s*ool-fell[s1 
& ! intimates ( 8 e>ly manhood1 & c\ld y
 trace x back y w\ld foll[ an unbrok5   
tradition f ! days ( ! ,re/oration4 ,s  
soon z he pi]ces into ! realities ( !   
life ab\t him1 he f9ds en=cem5t1 ample &
 complete1 = ! secret code4 ,! s*oolma/]
 has n t\*$ x2 ! s*ool pulpit has boom$ 
ov] its developm5t 9 va94 ,nor has !    
s*oolma/] done any?+ = or aga9/ ! "y    
man's political views1 8 ideas ( social 
exclusiv5ess1 ! peculi> code ( hon\r t  
makes x disgraceful to bilk a cabman &  
p]missible to obta9 goods on cr$it f a  
tradesman )\t ! means to pay4 ,all ?is  
mu* ( ! artificial elem5t 9 our "y      
,engli% g5tleman 0 made outside ! s*ool1
 & is to be rem$i$ only by              
extra-s*ola/ic =ces4  ,s*ool is only "o 

necess>y /r& 9 an enorm\s body ( =mative
 influ5ce4 ,at fir/ t mass ( =mative    
influ5ce takes ! outl9e ( ! home1 b x   
broad5s out z ! citiz5 gr[s until x     
rea*es ! limits ( 8 _w4 ,& 8 _w1 j l 8  
home1 resolves itself into ?ree ma9     
elem5ts4 ,fir/1 !re is ! traditional    
elem5t1 ! creation ( ! pa/2 secondly1   
!re is ! contempor>y int]play ( economic
 & mat]ial =ces2 & ?irdly1 !re is       
lit]ature1 us+ t ^w = ! curr5t ?\ght    
ab\t ! _w1 :i* is p]petually t5d+ on !  
"o h& to realize itself & to become 9 t 
mann] a mat]ial =ce1 & on ! o!r to      
impose fre% int]pretations ^u ?+s & s   
become a factor 9 tradition4 ,n[ ! fir/ 
( ^! elem5ts is a ?+ e/abli%$4 ,& x is !
 possibility ( int]v5+ ?r\gh ! rema9+   
two t x is n[ our bus9ess to discuss4   
,,vi4 ,,s*ool+   ,we left ! *ild ^:     
developm5t ?reads ?r\gh ?is discussion  
ripe to beg9 a little s*ool+ at ! age ( 
five4 ,we h cle>$ ! gr\nd s9ce !n ( a   
great numb] ( ?+s t h got !mselves mix$ 
up 9 an illegitimate way ) ! idea (     

s*ool1 & we c n[ take him on aga9 ?r\gh 
8 8s*ool+0 phases4 ,let u beg9 by ask+  
:at we require & !n look to exi/+       
conditions to see h[ f> we may hope to  
get our requirem5ts4 ,we w assume !     
f\ndation describ$ 9 ! f\r? pap] has be5
 well & truly laid1 t we h a numb] ( o!r
 simil>ly prep>$ *ildr5 available to =m 
a s*ool1 & t we h also tea*]s ( fair    
av]age intellig5ce1 consci5ce1 &        
aptitude4 ,we w ask :at c be done ) su* 
*ildr5 & tea*]s1 & !n we may ask :y x is
 n univ]sally done4  ,ev5 aft] our      
cl>ify+ discussion1 9 :i* we h %[n t    
s*ool+ is only a "p1 & by no means !    
major "p1 ( ! educational process1 & 9  
:i* we h di/+ui%$ & sep>at$ ! home      
elem5t 9 ! bo>d+-s*ool f ! s*ool+ prop]1
 !re /ill rema9s some?+ m ?an a simple  
!me 9 s*ool+4 ,aft] all ^! elim9ations  
we rema9 ) a mix$ function & mix$       
traditions1 & x is necess>y n[ to look a
 little into ! nature ( ?is mixture4  ,!
 mod]n s*ool is n a ?+ t has evolv$ f a 
simple g]m1 by a m]e process (          

expansion4 ,x is ! coalesc5ce ( sev]al  
?+s4 ,9 diff]5t c\ntries & p]iods y w   
f9d s*ools tak+ ov] ?is function & ?r[+ 
out t1 & *ang+ n only me?ods b          
pr(essions & aims 9 ! mo/ rem>kable     
mann]4 ,:at has ei!r be5 tea*able or has
 seem$ tea*able 9 human developm5t has  
play$ a "p 9 "s curriculum or o!r4      
,beyond ! fact t !re is class in/ruction
 & an initial /age 9 :i* ! pupil le>ns  
to read & write1 !re is b>ely any?+ 9   
common4 ,b t initial /age is to be not$2
 x is ! ?+ ! ,hebrew s*oolboy1 ! ,tamil 
s*oolboy1 ! ,*9ese s*oolboy1 & !        
,am]ican s*oolboy h 9 common4 ,s mu*1 at
 any rate1 ( ! s*ool appe>s :]ev] !re is
 a writt5 language1 & its pres5ce m>ks a
 /age 9 ! civiliz+ process4 ,z ,i h     
already po9t$ out 9 my book             
8,anticipations10 ! pres5ce ( a read+ & 
writ+ class ( society & ! exi/5ce ( an  
organiz$ nation 7z di/+ui%$ f a tribe7  
appe> toge!r4 ,:5 tribes coalesce into  
nations1 s*ools appe>4 ,?is fir/ & mo/  
univ]sal function ( ! s*ool is to       

initiate a small] or great] proportion (
 ! population into ! ampl] _w1 ! m      
effici5t me?ods1 ( ! read+ & writ+ man4 
,& ) ! disappe>ance ( ! slave & ! m]e   
lab\r] f ! mod]n conception ( :at is    
necess>y 9 ! /ate1 !re has n[ come ab\t 
an ext5sion ( ?is initiation to ! :ole (
 our ,engli%-speak+ population4 ,& 9    
addition to read+ & writ+ ! v]nacul>1   
!re is also almo/ univ]sally 9 s*ools   
in/ruction 9 c\nt+1 & :]ev] !re is a    
co9age1 9 ! values & simpl] computation 
( co9s4  ,9 addition to ! v]nacul>      
tea*+1 "o f9ds 9 ! s*ools--at any rate !
 s*ools = males--ov] a l>ge "p ( ! _w1 a
 second elem5t1 :i* is always ! language
 ( :at ei!r is or has be5 a high] &     
usually a dom9ant civilization4         
,typically1 !re is a l[ or imitative    
v]nacul> lit]ature or no lit]ature at   
all1 & ?is second language is ! key to  
all t lit]ature involves--g5]al views1  
g5]al ideas1 sci5ce1 poetic sugge/ion & 
association4 ,?r\gh ?is language !      
v]nacul> citiz5 escapes f 8 p>o*ial &   

national limitations to a wide          
commonweal ( ?\ght4 ,su* 0 ,greek at "o 
"t to ! ,roman1 su* 0 ,lat9 to !        
,bohemian1 ! ,g]man1 ! ,engli%man or !  
,spani>d ( ! middle ages1 & su* x is    
to-day to ! ,roman ,ca?olic prie/2 su*  
is ,arabic to ! ,malay1 writt5 ,*9ese to
 ! ,cantonese or ! ,corean1 & ,engli% to
 ! ,zulu or ! ,h9doo4 ,9 ,g]many &      
,france1 to a less] degree 9 ,great     
,brita91 & to a /ill less] degree 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 we f9d1 h[ev]1 an        
anomal\s condition ( ?+s4 ,9 ea* ( ^!   
c\ntries civilization has long s9ce     
pass$ into an unprec$5t$ phase1 & ea* ( 
^! c\ntries has long s9ce develop$ a    
great liv+ mass ( lit]ature 9 :i* its   
new problems are1 at any rate1 approa*$4
 ,!re is sc>cely a "w left 9 ,lat9 or   
,greek t has n be5 translat$ into &     
assimilat$ & m or less completely       
sup]s$$ by ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man     
works2 b ! s*oolma/]1 he$less ( ^! ?+s1 
/ill arre/s ! pupil at ! old portal1    
fumbles ) ! keys1 & p>tially op5s ! door

 into a ransack$ treasure-*amb]4 ,!     
language ( lit]ature & ( civiliz$ ideas 
is1 = ! ,engli%-speak+ _w to-day1       
,engli%--n ! weak1 spok5 dialect ( ea*  
class & locality1 b ! ri* & spl5did     
language 9 :i* & ) :i* our lit]ature &  
philosophy gr[4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is by ! way4 
,our po9t at pres5t is t ! exhau/ive    
tea*+ ( a language s t x may s]ve z a   
key to culture is a second function 9 ! 
s*ool4  ,we f9d 9 a broad survey (      
s*ools 9 g5]al t !re has also be5 a     
disposition to develop a special tra9+ 9
 ?\ght & expression ei!r 9 ! "m tongue  
7z 9 ! ,roman s*ools ( ,lat9 oratory71  
or 9 ! culture tongue 7z 9 ,roman s*ools
 ( ,greek oratory71 & we f9d ! same     
elem5t 9 ! m$iaeval trivium4            
,qu9tilian's conception ( education1 !  
read] w rememb]1 0 oratory4 ,?is aspect 
( s*ool "w 0 ! traditional & logical    
developm5t ( ! culture language-tea*+4  
,b z 9 ,europe ! culture language has   
ceas$ to be really a culture language b 
m]ely a reasonless survival1 & its tea*+

 has deg5]at$ m & m into elaborate      
=malities suppos$ to h 9 "s my/ical way 
8high educational value10 & = ! mo/ "p  
conduct$ by m5 unable ei!r to write or  
speak ! culture language ) any fre$om or
 vig\r1 ?is cr[n ( cultivat$ expression 
has become m & m inaccessible4 ,x is too
 manife/ly /upid--ev5 = our public      
s*oolma/]s--to ?9k ( c>ry+ ! 8classical 
gr9d0 to t pit*1 &1 9 fact1 !y c>ry no  
"p ( ! education to t pit*4 ,!re is no  
delib]ate & pr(ess$ tra9+ at all 9      
logical ?\ght--except = ! use (         
,euclid's ,elem5ts to t end--nor 9      
expression 9 any language at all1 9 !   
great mass ( mod]n s*ools4 ,?is is a v  
notable po9t ab\t ! s*ools ( ! pres5t   
p]iod4  ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! s*ools ( !   
mod]n p]iod h develop$ masses (         
in/ruction t 7 n to be f\nd 9 ! s*ools (
 ! pa/4 ,! s*ool has rea*$ d[nw>d & tak5
 ov]1 sy/ematiz$1 & on ! :ole1 ,i ?9k1  
improv$ t prelim9>y tra9+ ( ! s5ses & ! 
obs]vation t 0 once left to ! spontane\s
 activity ( ! *ild among its playmates &

 at home4 ,! k9d]g>t5 dep>tm5t ( a s*ool
 is a ?+ add$ to ! old conception (     
s*ool+1 a conv]sion ( ! all too ample   
s*ool h\rs to complete & rectify ! "w ( 
! home1 to make sure ( ! f\ndation (    
s5se impressions & elem5t>y capabilities
 ^u :i* ! edifice ( s*ool+ is to rise4  
,9 ,am]ica x has gr[n1 z a wild fl[]    
transf]r$ to ! unaccu/om$ ri*ness ( g>d5
 soil w sometimes d1 rankly & 9 relation
 to ! m ess5tial s*ool+1 aggressively1 &
 become a highly vigor\s & picturesque  
we$4 ,"o mu/ be> 9 m9d t ,froebel's     
orig9al ?\ght 0 r ( ! "m ?an ( !        
s*oolmi/ress1 a fact ! k9d]g>t5 invad]s 
( ! s*ool f9d x conv5i5t to =get4 ,i    
believe we %all be c>ry+ out 8 int5tions
 z well z ! manife/ dictates ( common   
s5se if we d all 9 our p[] by means (   
simply & cle>ly writt5 books = nurses & 
mo!rs to %ift v mu* ( ! k9d]g>t5 back to
 home & playroom & out ( ! s*ool        
altoge!r4 ,correlat$ ) ?is developm5t1  
!re has be5 a v great gr[? 9 our s*ools 
( :at is call$ manual tra9+ & ( ! tea*+ 

( draw+4 ,nei!r ( ^! subjects ent]$ into
 ! s*ool idea ( any =m] p]iod1 s f> z my
 n v ext5sive k ( educational hi/ory    
goes4  ,mod]n1 too1 is ! developm5t (   
effici5t ma!matical tea*+2 s mod]n t =  
too _m s*ools x is /ill a ?+ ( tomorr[4 
,! ari?metic 7)\t ,arabic num]als1 be x 
rememb]$7 & ! geometry ( ! m$iaeval     
quadrivium 7 a/oni%+ly clumsy &         
ineffectual in/rum5ts 9 comp>ison ) !   
app>atus ( mod]n ma!matical me?od4 ,&   
:ile ! ma!matical subjects ( !          
quadrivium 7 taught z sci5ce & = _! own 
sakes1 ! new ma!matics is a sort (      
supplem5t to language1 af=d+ a means (  
?\ght ab\t =m & quantity & a means (    
expression1 m exact1 compact1 & ready   
?an ord9>y language4 ,! great body (    
physical sci5ce1 a great deal ( !       
ess5tial fact ( f9ancial sci5ce1 &      
endless social & political problems are 
only accessible & only ?9kable to ^? :o 
h _h a s\nd tra9+ 9 ma!matical analysis1
 & ! "t may n be v remote :5 x w be     
und]/ood t = complete initiation z an   

effici5t citiz5 ( "o ( ! new great      
complex _w-wide /ates t are n[ develop+1
 x is z necess>y to be able to compute1 
to ?9k 9 av]ages & maxima & m9ima1 z x  
is n[ to be able to read & write4 ,?is  
developm5t ( ma!matical tea*+ is only   
ano!r aspect ( ! necessity t is br++ !  
tea*+ ( draw+ into s*ools1 ! necessity t
 is s widely1 if n always v intellig5tly
 p]ceiv$1 ( cle>head$ness ab\t quantity1
 relative quantity1 & =m1 t our highly  
me*anical1 widely ext5d$1 & /ill rapidly
 ext5d+ environm5ts involve4  ,ari?metic
 & geometry 7 taught 9 ! m$iaeval s*ool 
z sci5ces1 9 addition ! quadrivium      
involv$ ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 & n[ t !   
necess>y f]tiliz+ inundation ( our g5]al
 education by ! classical languages & _!
 lit]atures subsides1 sci5ce ( a new    
sort reappe>s 9 our s*ools4 ,i mu/      
confess t a lot ( ! sci5ce tea*+ t      
appe>s 9 s*ools n[adays impresses me z  
be+ a v undesirable encumbrance ( !     
curriculum4 ,! s*oolman's sci5ce came   
aft] ! tra9+ 9 language & expression1   

late 9 ! educational s*eme1 & x aim$1 x 
pret5d$--:atev] its f9al effect 0--to   
/r5g!n & enl>ge ! m9d by a noble &      
spaci\s sort ( k4 ,b ! sci5ce ( ! mod]n 
s*ool pret5ds m]ely to be a tea*+ (     
useful k2 ! vi/as1 ! trem5d\s           
implications ( mod]n sci5ce are         
consci5ti\sly disreg>d$1 & x is 9 effect
 too (t5 no m ?an a div]sion ( s*ool    
en]gies to ! acquisition ( imp]fectly   
analyz$ mis/atem5ts ab\t entrails1      
elem5ts1 & electricity1 ) a view--a q   
unju/ifiable view--to imm$iate pr(itable
 hygi5ic & comm]cial application4 ,:e!r 
!re is any educational value 9 !        
s*ool-tea*+ ( sci5ce we may discuss     
lat]4 ,= ! pres5t we may note x simply z
 a reviv$ & develop+ elem5t4  ,on ! o!r 
h&1 :ile ^! ?+s exp& 9 ! mod]n s*ool1   
!re are decl9+ elem5ts1 once 9 old]     
s*emes ( s*ola/ic "w mu* m evid5t4 ,9 ! 
culture ( ! m$iaeval knight1 = example1 
& ( ! eighte5?-c5tury "y lady1 elegant  
accompli%m5ts1 taught disconnect$ f !   
g5]al educational s*eme & = !mselves1   

play$ a l>ge "p4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury "y  
lady 0 taught danc+1 deportm5t1 sev]al  
in/rum5ts ( music1 h[ to pret5d to      
sket*1 h[ to pret5d to "k ,italian1 & s 
on4 ,! danc+ /ill survives--a comical   
mitigation ( high s*ool au/]ities--& !re
 is also a consid]able int]ruption (    
s*ool "w a*iev$ by ! music-ma/]4 ,if !re
 is "o ?+ t ,i w\ld say ) c]ta9ty has no
 bus9ess :atev] 9 s*ools1 x is          
piano-tea*+4 ,! elem5t>y ju/ification ( 
! s*ool is its organization =           
class-tea*+ & "w 9 unison1 & !re is     
probably no subject ( in/ruction t      
requires individual tuition q s         
imp]atively z piano-play+2 !re is no    
subject s disadvantage\sly introduc$ :]e
 *ildr5 are ga!r$ toge!r4 ,b to e       
prep>atory & girls' s*ool 9 ,engl&--,i d
 n "k if ! same ?+ happ5s 9 ,am]ica--!  
music-ma/] comes once or twice a week1 &
 ) a f9e disreg>d ( ! elem5t>y          
necessities ( tea*+1 *ildr5 are call$ "o
 by "o1 out ( :atev] class !y happ5 to  
be att5d+1 to h _! music-lesson4 ,ei!r !

 :ole ( ! re/ ( ! class mu/ m>k "t at "s
 unnecess>y ex]cise until ! miss+ memb] 
returns1 or "o *ild mu/ miss "s /age1 "s
 explanation t w involve a weakness1 a  
lam5ess = ! re/ ( ! c\rse ( in/ruction4 
,n only is ! actual music-lesson a      
nuisance 9 ?is way1 b all day ! s*ool   
air is load$ ) ! oppressive t9kl+ (     
rack$ & rackety pianos4 ,no?+1 ,i ?9k1  
c\ld be m indicative ( ! real value !   
,engli% s*ool-proprietor sets on        
s*ool-tea*+ ?an ?is easy admission ( !  
music-ma/] to hack & riddle ! curriculum
 into rags4 ,footnote #a3 ,piano play+ z
 an accompli%m5t is a nuisance &        
encumbrance to ! s*ool c\rse & a        
specialization t surely lies )9 !       
private ,home prov9ce4 ,to le>n to play 
! piano prop]ly dem&s su* an am\nt ( "t 
& toil t ,i d n see h[ we c possibly    
include x 9 ! educational s*eme ( !     
hon\rable citiz5s ( ! com+ _w /ate4 ,to 
half le>n x1 to half le>n any?+1 is a   
tra9+ 9 failure4 ,b x is probable t a   
diff]5t sort ( music tea*+ altoge!r--a  

tea*+ t w\ld aim1 n at                  
in/rum5talization1 b at intellig5t      
appreciation--might f9d a place 9 a     
complete educational s*eme4 ,! g5]al    
ignorance t p]vades1 & 9 "p inspires ^! 
pap]s1 does1 9 ! matt] ( music1 become  
special1 pr(\nd1 & di/+ui%$4 ,x seems to
 me1 h[ev]1 t :at ! cultivat$ man or    
woman requires is ! ability to read a   
score intellig5tly r ?an to play x--to  
di/+ui% ! ?reads1 ! values1 ( a musical 
composition1 to h a quick5$ e> r ?an a  
discipl9$ h&4 ,i owe to my fri5d1 ,mr4  
,graham ,wallas1 ! sugge/ion t ! piano  
is altoge!r too exact+ an in/rum5t to   
use z ! practical vehicle = su*         
in/ruction1 & t some?+ simpl] &         
*eap]--aft] ! fa%ion ( ! old sp9et--is  
requir$4 ,possibly "s day a tea*] (     
g5ius w devise & embody 9 a book a c\rse
 ( class lessons1 su/a9$ by simple      
practice & writt5 "w1 t w\ld atta9 ?is  
end4 ,b1 inde$1 aft] all is said & done1
 music is ! mo/ deta*$ & ! pure/ ( arts1
 ! mo/ accessory ( atta9m5ts4 ,ap>t f ! 

piano "w1 ! special tea*+ ( elegant     
accompli%m5ts seems j at pres5t on !    
wane4 ,& on ! :ole ,i ?9k :at "o might  
call useful or cat*p5ny accompli%m5ts   
are also pass+ _! z5i?--%or?& lessons1  
book-keep+ lessons1 & su*-l impo/ures ^u
 p>5tal cr$ulity4  ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a ?+ 
t 0 once done 9 s*ools z a conv5i5t     
accompli%m5t1 & :i* has--) t increase 9 
communication :i* is ! sali5t mat]ial   
fact ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--develop$ 9     
,we/]n ,europe to ! dim5sions ( a       
political necessity1 & t is ! tea*+ ( "o
 or m mod]n =eign languages4 ,!         
language-tea*+ ( all previ\s p]iods has 
be5 done ) a view to culture1 arti/ic1 z
 9 ! case ( ,elizabe?an ,italian1 or    
intellectual z ) ,engli% ,lat94 ,b !    
language-tea*+ ( to-day is delib]ately1 
almo/ consci5ti\sly1 n = culture4 ,x    
w\ld1 ,i am sure1 be a v pa9ful & %ock+ 
?\ght inde$ to an ,engli% p>5t to ?9k t 
,fr5* 0 taught 9 s*ool ) a view to read+
 ,fr5* books4 ,x is taught z a vulg>    
necessity = purposes ( vulg>            

communication4 ,! /irr+ toge!r ( !      
populations t is go+ on1 ! fa%ion &     
facilities = travel1 ! production ( !   
radii f ! trad+ foci1 are rapidly mak+ a
 commonplace k ( ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 &       
,italian a necessity to ! m]*ant &      
tradesman1 & ! ev] m ext5sive travell+  
class4 ,s t s f> z ,europe goes1 "o may 
v well reg>d ?is mod]n mod]n-language   
tea*+ z--) ! mod]n ma!matics--an        
ext5sion ( ! trivium1 ( ! app>atus1 t   
is1 ( ?\ght & expression4 ,footnote3 ,9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates !re is less s5se (      
urg5cy ab\t mod]n languages1 b soon] or 
lat] ! ,am]ican may wake up to ! ne$ (  
,spani% 9 8 educational s*emes4 ,x is an
 ext5sion & a v d\btful improvem5t4 ,x  
is a mod]n necessity1 a r irksome       
necessity1 ( little or no ess5tial      
educational value1 an unavoidable duty !
 s*ool w h to p]=m4 ,footnote3 ,9 "o way
 ! =eign language may be made           
educationally v useful1 & t is z an     
ex]cise 9 writ+ translations into good  
,engli%4  ,!re are two subjects 9 !     

mod]n ,engli% s*ool t /& by !mselves & 9
 contra/ ) any?+ "o f9ds 9 ! records (  
anci5t & ori5tal s*ools1 z a v integral 
"p ( :at is reg>d$ z our elem5t>y g5]al 
education4 ,!y are ( v d\btful value 9  
tra9+ ! m9d1 & mo/ ( ! matt] taught is  
totally =gott5 9 adult life4 ,^! are    
hi/ory & geography4 ,^! two subjects    
con/itute1 ) ,engli% gramm> & ari?metic1
 ! f\r obligatory subjects = ! v l[e/   
grade ( ! ,london ,college (            
,preceptors' exam9ations1 = example4 ,! 
exam9ation pap]s ( ?is body reveal !    
hi/ory z an affair ( dat$ ev5ts1 a      
record ( c]ta9 w>s & battles1 &         
legislative & social matt]s q beyond !  
scope ( a *ild's exp]i5ce & imag9ation4 
,s*ola/ic hi/ory ends at #agjj or #ahjj1
 always long be=e x ?r[s ! fa9te/ light 
^u mod]n political or social conditions4
 ,! geography is1 = ! mo/ "p1           
topography1 ) a smatt]+ ( quantitative  
facts1 heights ( m\nta9s1 = example1    
populations ( c\ntries1 & li/s (        
obsolete manufactures & obsolete trade  

conditions4 ,any "o :o w take ! tr\ble  
to run ?r\gh ! text-books ( ^! subjects 
ga!r$ toge!r 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,london     
,tea*]s' ,guild1 w f9d t ! hi/ory is    
g5]ally taught )\t maps1 pictures1      
descriptive passages1 or any?+ to raise 
x above ! level ( an arid misuse (      
memory2 & ! highe/ levels to :i* ord9>y 
s*ool geography has atta9$ are to be    
f\nd 9 ! little books ( ! late ,pr(essor
 ,meiklejohn4 ,^! two subjects are      
ess5tially 8in=mation0  subjects4 ,!y   
diff] 9 pre/ige r ?an 9 educational     
quality f s*ool *emi/ry & natural       
hi/ory1 & _! developm5t m>ks ! beg9n+ ( 
t great accumulation ( m]e k :i* is s   
di/9ctive ( ?is pres5t civilization4    
,!re are1 no d\bt1 _m m9or subjects1 b  
?is revision w at lea/ s]ve to indicate 
! scope & *ief v>ieties ( s*ool "w4 ,out
 ( "s su* miscellany x is t 9 mo/ cases 
! /ud5t passes to specialization1 to a  
diff]5t & n>r[] process :i* aims at a   
specific end1 to ! c\rse ( ! ,college4  
,9 "s cases ?is specializ$ c\rse may be 

correlat$ ) a real & pres5t practice1 z 
9 ! case ( ! musical1 m$ical1 & legal   
faculties ( our univ]sities2 x may be   
correlat$ ) obsolete ne$s & practices & 
reg>dless ( mod]n requirem5ts1 z 9 !    
case ( ! /ud5t ( div9ity :o takes 8     
ord]s & comes into a _w full ( !        
ironical sil5ces t foll[ great          
controv]sies1 nak$ly ignorant ( geology1
 biology1 psy*ology1 & mod]n biblical   
criticism2 or x may h no def9ite        
relation to special ne$s1 & x may pr(ess
 to be an upw>d prolongation ( s*ool+   
t[>ds a sort ( g5]al wisdom & culture1 z
 9 ! case ( ! ,briti% 8,arts0 degrees4  
,! ord9>y ,ox=d1 ,cambridge1 or ,london 
,b4,a4 has a useless smatt]+ ( ,greek1  
he _c read ,lat9 ) any com=t1 mu* less  
write or speak t tongue2 he kn[s a few  
un$ify+ facts r\nd & ab\t ! classical   
lit]ature1 he _c speak or read ,fr5* )  
any com=t2 he has an imp]fect k ( !     
,engli% language1 insuffici5t to write x
 cle>ly1 & none ( ,g]man1 he has a que]1
 old-fa%ion$1 & q useless k ( c]ta9     

rudim5t>y sections ( ma!matics1 & an odd
 little bite out ( hi/ory4 ,he kn[s     
practically no?+ ( ! _w ( ?\ght embodi$ 
9 ,engli% lit]ature1 & absolutely no?+ (
 contempor>y ?\ght2 he is totally       
ignorant ( mod]n political or social    
sci5ce1 & if he kn[s any?+ at all ab\t  
evolution>y sci5ce & h]$ity x is        
probably matt] pick$ up 9 a casual way f
 ! magaz9es4 ,art is a seal$ book to    
him4 ,/ill1 ! inapplicability ( 8 high] 
education to any pr(essional or         
practical ne$ 9 ! _w is suffici5tly     
obvi\s1 x seems1 to ju/ify ! claim t x  
has put him on a foot+ ( ?\ght & culture
 above ! level ( a %opman4 ,x is ei!r t 
or no?+4 ,& )\t decid+ betwe5 ^!        
alt]natives1 we may note "h = our pres5t
 purpose1 t ! conception ( a g5]al upw>d
 prolongation ( s*ool+ beyond           
adolesc5ce1 z di/+ui%$ f a specific     
upw>d prolongation into pr(essional     
tra9+1 is necess>y to ! complete        
pres5tation ( ! s*ool & college s*eme 9 
! mod]n /ate4  ,!re has always be5 a    

t5d5cy to utilize ! ga!r+ toge!r (      
*ildr5 9 s*ools = purposes irrelevant to
 s*ool+ prop]1 b ( "s real or fanci$    
b5efit4 ,:]ev] !re is a prie/ly         
religion1 ! l[] type ( religi\s fanatic 
w always look to ! s*ools z a means (   
doctr9al dissem9ation2 w always be seek+
 to replace effici5cy by or?odoxy ^u    
/aff & managem5t2 &1 ) an unconqu]able1 
uncompromis+ p]si/5cy1 w seek p]petually
 ei!r to misconduct or und]m9e2 & !     
/ruggle to get him out & keep him out ( 
! s*ool1 & to hold ! s*ool aga9/ him1 w 
be "o ( ! mo/ necess>y & ?ankless ( ,new
 ,republican duties4 ,i h1 h[ev]1       
already adduc$ reasons t ,i ?9k %\ld    
appeal to e religi\s m9d1 = ! exclusion 
( religi\s tea*+ f s*ool "w4 ,! s*ool   
ga!r+ also af=ds opportunity = tra9+ 9  
simple unify+ political conceptions2 !  
salutation ( ! flag1 = example1 or ( !  
idealiz$ effigies ( ,k+ & ,que54 ,!     
quality ( ^! conceptions we %all discuss
 lat]4 ,! s*ool also gives scope =      
physical tra9+ & a?letic ex]cises t are1

 "u ! cr[d$ conditions ( a mod]n t[n1   
almo/ impossible except by its          
int]v5tion4 ,& x w\ld be ! *eape/ &     
easie/ way ( rais+ ! milit>y effici5cy (
 a c\ntry1 & an excell5t ?+ = ! moral   
tone & public ord] ( a p1 to impose ^u !
 s*ool ga!r+ half an h\r a day ( vigor\s
 milit>y drill4 ,! s*ool1 too1 might v  
easily be l9k$ m closely ?an x is at    
pres5t ) ! public libr>y1 & made a means
 ( book di/ribution2 & its corridors may
 easily be utiliz$ z a loan picture     
gall]y1 9 :i* good reproductions ( f9e  
pictures might br+ ! sil5t influ5ce ( ! 
arti/ m9d to be>4 ,b all ^! ?+s are     
second>y applications ( ! s*ool ga!r+2  
at _! be/ !y are n conduct$ by !        
s*ool-tea*] at all1 & ,i rem>k ^u !m "h 
m]ely to avoid any confusion _! omission
 might occasion4  ,n[ if we dip into ?is
 miscellany ( ?+s t figure & h figur$ 9 
s*ools1 if we turn !m ov] & look at !m1 
& seek to g5]alize ab\t !m1 we %all beg9
 to see t ! mo/ p]si/5tly pres5t1 & !   
liv+ reality ( x all1 is ?is3 to exp&1  

to add to & organize & supplem5t t      
app>atus ( und]/&+ & expression ! savage
 possesses 9 colloquial spee*4 ,! press+
 bus9ess ( ! s*ool is to wid5 ! range ( 
int]c\rse4 ,footnote3 ,?is way ( putt+ x
 may j> a little ^u ! m or less explicit
 preconceptions ( _m read]s1 :o are 9   
reality 9 h>mony ) ! tone ( ?\ght ( ?is 
pap]4 ,!y w h decid$ t ! s*ool "w is to 
8tra9 ! m9d10 to 8tea* ! pupil to ?9k10 
or ^u "s simil> phrase4 ,b ,i v5ture to 
?9k t mo/ ( ^! phrases are at once too  
wide & too n>r[4 ,!y are too wide       
because !y ignore ! spontane\s activity 
( ! *ild & ! extra-s*ola/ic =ces (      
m9d-tra9+1 & !y are too n>r[ because !y 
ignore ! fact t we d n progress f> ) our
 ?\ghts unless we ?r[ !m out into       
objective exi/5ce by means ( words1     
diagrams1 models1 trial essays4 ,ev5 if 
we d n talk to o!rs we mu/1 sil5tly or  
vocally or visibly1 talk to ourselves at
 lea/ to get on4 ,to acquire ! means (  
int]c\rse is to le>n to ?9k1 s f> z     
le>n+ goes 9 ! matt]4 ,x is only        

second>ily--s f> z s*ool+ goes--or1 at  
any rate1 subsequ5tly1 t ! idea ( %ap+1 
or1 at lea/1 help+ to %ape1 ! exp&$     
natural man into a citiz51 comes 94 ,x  
is only z a subord9ate necessity t !    
s*ool is a vehicle = ! inculcation (    
facts4 ,! facts come into ! s*ool n = _!
 own sake1 b 9 relation to int]c\rse4 ,x
 is only ^u a common f\ndation ( g5]al k
 t ! initiat$ citiz5s ( an educat$      
community w be able to communicate      
freely toge!r4 ,) ! net ( ?is phrase1   
8wid5+ ! range ( int]c\rse10 ,i ?9k x is
 possible to ga!r toge!r all t is       
ess5tial 9 ! delib]ate purpose ( s*ool+4
 ,no?+ t rema9s outside is ( suffici5t  
magnitude to be ( any importance 9 !    
small-scale sket* ( human developm5t we 
are n[ mak+3--  ,if we take ?is & hold  
to x z a guide1 & explore a s*eme (     
s*ool "w1 9 ! direction x takes u1 we   
%all f9d x %ap+ itself 7= an            
,engli%-speak+ citiz57 some?+ aft] ?is  
fa%ion3    ,a4 ,direct means ( und]/&+ &
 expression4       #a4 ,read+4       #b4

 ,writ+4       #c4 ,pron\nc+ ,engli%    
correctly4        ,:i* /udies w exp&    
into--        #d4 ,a ?or\gh /udy (      
,engli% z a culture language1 its orig91
          developm5t1 & vocabul>y1 &    
#e4 ,a s\nd tra9+ 9 ,engli% prose       
composition &          v]sification4    
,& 9 addition--        #f4 ,j z mu* (   
ma!matics z "o c get 94        #g4      
,draw+ & pa9t+1 n z 8art10 b to tra9 &  
develop          ! appreciation ( =m &  
col\r1 & z a collat]al          means ( 
expression4      #h4 ,music p]haps to ! 
same end4   ,b4 ,to speak ! ord9>y      
spee*1 read ) fair intellig5ce1    &    
write 9 a passably intelligible mann] ! 
=eign language    or languages1 !       
social1 political1 & intellectual       
necessities    ( ! "t require4   ,& ,c4 
,a division aris+ out ( ,a & exp&+ 9 !  
lat]        /ages ( ! s*ool c\rse to    
cont9ue & replace ,a3 !                 
acquisition ( ! k 7& ( ! art ( acquir+  
fur!r k f books & facts7 necess>y to    
p>ticipate        9 contempor>y ?\ght & 

life4  ,n[ ?is project is at once m     
mode/ 9 =m & m ambiti\s 9 sub/ance ?an  
almo/ any s*ool s*eme or prospectus !   
read] is likely to enc\nt]4 ,let u 7on !
 assumption ( our op5+ p>agraph7 inquire
 :at is ne$$ to c>ry x into execution4  
,s f> z #a & #b 9 ?is table g1 we h to  
recognize t s9ce ! developm5t ( elem5t>y
 s*ools 9 ,engl& introduc$ a _s (       
endeav\r into tea*+1 !re has be5 a /eady
 progress 9 ! art ( education4 ,read+ & 
writ+ are taught someh[ or o!r to mo/ p 
n[adays1 !y are frequ5tly taught quickly
 & well1 especially well1 ,i ?9k1 9 view
 ( ! raw mat]ial1 9 _m urban ,bo>d      
,s*ools 9 ,engl&1 & !re is no?+ to d "h 
b to inquire if any?+ c be done to make 
?is tea*+1 :i* is s exceptional 9 atta9+
 its goal1 /ill quick] & easi]1 & 9 br++
 ! av]age up to ! level ( ! pres5t be/4 
,we h already sugge/$ z ! "w ( an       
imag9>y ,engli% ,language ,society1 h[  
mu* might be done 9 provid+ ev]y:]e1    
*eaply & unavoidably1 ! be/ possible    
read+-books1 & x is manife/ t ! /&>d (  

copy-books = writ+ might also be press$ 
upw>d by simil> me?ods4 ,9 addition1 we 
h to consid]--:at is to me a mo/        
uncong5ial subject--! possible          
rationalization ( ,engli% spell+4 ,i w  
frankly confess ,i "k ,engli% z mu* by  
sight z by s\nd1 & t any ext5sive or    
/rik+ alt]ation1 inde$ t almo/ any      
alt]ation1 9 ! pr9t$ appe>ance (        
,engli%1 worries me extremely4 ,ev5 su* 
little ?+s z ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw's weakness
 = pr9t+ 8,i've0 z 8,ive10 & ! ,am]ican 
8favor10  8?ro10 & 8catalog0 cat* at my 
att5tion z x travels along ! lane (     
mean+1 l trail+ bri>s4 ,b ,i h to admit 
?is habit ( ! old spell+1 :i* ,i am sure
 mo/ p ov] f\r-&-tw5ty %>e ) me1 w      
tr\ble nei!r me nor any "o else :o reads
 books n[1 9 ! ye> #aiij4 ,i h to admit 
t ! ?+ is an accid5t ( my circum/ances4 
,i h le>nt to read & write 9 a c]ta9    
way1 & ,i am conc]n$ ) ! ?+ said & n ) !
 vehicle1 & s x is t x di/resses me :5 !
 m$ium behaves 9 an unusual way &       
di/racts my att5tion f ! ?+ x conveys4  

,b if x is true--& ,i ?9k x mu/ be      
true--t ! extremely arbitr>y spell+ (   
,engli%--& m especially ( ! m famili>   
,engli% words--greatly increases !      
tr\ble ( le>n+ to read & write1 ,i d n  
?9k ! m5tal com=t ( "o or two g5]ations 
( gr[n-up p mu/ be all[$ to /& 9 ! way (
 a p]man5t economy 9 ! educational      
process4 ,i believe ev5 t su* a read] z 
,i might come to be v easy 9 ! new way4 
,b :atev] is done mu/ be done widely1   
simultane\sly1 all ov] ! ,engli%-speak+ 
community1 & aft] ! fulle/ consid]ation4
 ,! local 8spell+ re=m0 ( a few         
half-educat$ faddi/s "h & !re1 helps n  
at all1 is a m]e nuisance4 ,?is is a ?+ 
to be work$ out 9 a sci5tific way by !  
/ud5ts ( phonetics2 !y mu/ h a complete 
alphabet settl$ = good1 a diction>y     
ready1 read+-books well te/$1 ! :ole    
sy/em poli%$ & ne> p]fection be=e ! ?+  
passes out ( ! speciali/s' h&s4 ,!      
really practical spell+-re=m] w devote 8
 gu9eas to end[+ *airs ( phonetics &    
support+ publication 9 phonetic sci5ce1 

& 8 "t to /udy & op5-m9d$ discussion4   
,su* organisations z ! ,association     
,phontique ,int]nationale1 may be       
in/anc$4 ,sy/ems concoct$ 9 a hurry1 9 a
 half-comm]cial or :olly comm]cial & 9 a
 :olly presumptu\s mann]1 pu%$ l        
religi\s panaceas & adv]tis$ l          
soap--,pitman's ,sy/em1 ,b>num's ,sy/em1
 ,quackbo% ! ,gift$ ,po/man's ,sy/em1 & 
all t sort ( ?+--d no?+ b vulg>ize1     
discr$it1 & ret>d ?is "w4  ,be=e a sy/em
 ( phonetic spell+ c be e/abli%$1 x is  
advisable t a /&>d pronunciation (      
,engli% %\ld exi/4 ,) t "q also ^! pap]s
 h already dealt4 ,b = ! sake ( emphasis
 ,i w\ld repeat "h ! a/oni%m5t t has    
gr[n ^u me z ,i h giv5 my m9d to ^! ?+s1
 t1 save = local exceptions1 !re %\ld be
 no pressure ev5 ^u ^? :o desire to     
become tea*]s 9 our s*ools or prea*]s 9 
our pulpits1 to atta9 a qualify+ m9imum 
( correct pronunciation4  ,n[ directly  
we pass beyond ^! fir/ ?ree elem5t>y    
matt]s1 read+1 writ+1 & pronunciation1 &
 come to ! f\r? & fif? items ( our      

s*eme1 to ! complete ma/]y ( ,engli% t  
is1 we come ^u a difficulty t is all too
 completely disreg>d$ 9 educational     
discussions--always by ^? :o h _h no    
real s*ola/ic exp]i5ce1 & (t5 by ^? :o  
ought to "k bett]4 ,x is extremely easy 
= a political speak] or a city magnate  
or a milit>y re=m] or an irresponsible  
writ]1 to proclaim t ! s*oolma/] mu/ m5d
 8 ways =?)1 give up ?is po9tless ,lat9 
( 81 & tea* 8 pupils ! ,engli% language 
8?or\ghly0--) mu* emphasis on !         
8?or\ghly10 b x is q ano!r ?+ = !       
s*oolma/] to obey our magnific5t        
directions4 ,= ! pla91 simple1          
insurm\ntable fact is ?is1 t no "o kn[s 
h[ to tea* ,engli% z 9 our vague way we 
critics imag9e x taught2 t no work+     
s*oolma/] alive c possibly give ! ?+ !  
conc5trat$ att5tion1 ! exp]im5tal ye>s  
necess>y = its developm5t1 t x is wor?  
nobody's :ile1 & t 7except 9 a ve9 (    
exalt$ self-sacrifice7 x w probably n be
 wor? any "o's :ile to d s = _m ye>s    
unless "s ,new ,republicans conspire to 

make x s4 ,! tea*+ ( ,engli% requires   
its ,/urm1 its en]getic mod]n r5asc5ce  
s*oolma/]s1 its set ( s*ool books1 its  
bran*es & grades1 be=e x c become a     
discipl9e1 ev5 to comp>e ) ! only       
subject taught ) any %ad[ ( ord]ly      
progressive ?or\ghness 9 second>y       
s*ools1 namely1 ,lat94 ,at pres5t our   
me?od 9 ,engli% is a fooli% c>icature ( 
! ,lat9 me?od2 we sp5d a c]ta9 am\nt (  
"t tea*+ *ildr5 classificatory bo% ab\t 
! eight sorts ( ,nom9ative ,case1 a     
c]ta9 am\nt ( "t tea*+ !m ! 8d]ivation0 
( words !y d n und]/&1 glance %yly at   
,anglo-,saxon & at ,grimm's ,law1       
indulge 9 a specific rem9isc5ce ( !     
,lat9 me?od call$ p>s+1 supplem5t ) a m 
mod]n developm5t call$ ! analysis (     
s5t5ces1 give a c\rse ( ex]cises 9      
p>aphras+ 7= ! mo/ "p ! conv]sion ( good
 ,engli% into bad71 & w9d up ) lessons 9
 8,composition0 t mu/ be se5 to be      
believ$4 ,essays are produc$1 & ! tea*] 
noses bl9dly ?r\gh ! product = false    
concords1 prepositions at ! end (       

s5t5ces1 &1 if a p]son ( peculi>ly f9e  
lit]>y quality1 = ! ^w 8reliable0 & !   
split inf9itive4 ,^! v>i\s ex]cises are 
s little p>ts ( an articulate :ole t !y 
may be tak5 9 almo/ any ord] & any      
relative quantity4 ,& 9 ! result1 if "s 
pupil %\ld1 by a happy knack (          
appreh5sion1 w9 ?r\gh ?is confusion to a
 s5se ( lit]>y quality1 to ! ent]prise (
 ev5 try+ to write1 ! ?+ is s r>e &     
wond]ful t almo/ inevitably he or %e1 9 
a f9e outbur/ ( discov]$ g5ius1 takes to
 ! lit]>y life4 ,= ! re/1 !y w und]/&   
no?+ b ! flatte/ prose2 !y w be deaf to 
ev]y?+ b ! crude/ mean+s2 !y w be ! easy
 victims ( ! boom1 & t]ribly %y ( a p54 
,!y w rev]e ! dead ,great & respect !   
new ,academic1 read ! liv+ quack1 miss &
 neglect ! liv+ promise1 & become j a   
fre% volume ( t atmosph]e ( azote1 9 :i*
 our lit]ature /ifles4  ,n[ ! s*oolma/] 
is n to blame = ?is any m ?an he is to  
blame = /ick+ to ,lat94 ,x is no m      
possible = s*oolma/]s & s*oolmi/resses1 
^: lives are encumb]$ ) a volum9\s mass 

( l[-grade m5tal toil & worries &       
reasonable & unreasonable               
responsibilities1 to f9d ! en]gy & m5tal
 fre$om necess>y to make any vital      
*anges 9 ! me?ods t text-books1         
traditions1 & exam9ations =ce ^u !m1 ?an
 x is = a g5]al m$ical practition] to   
inv5t & make out ( ! native ore ! /eel  
implem5ts "s op]ation ( frequ5t         
occurr5ce 9 8 practice may dem&4 ,if !y 
are made1 & accessible by pur*ase & n   
too exp5sive1 he w get !m2 if !y are n  
he w h to fumble along ) ! next be/ ?+2 
& if no?+ t is any good c be got1 !n !re
 is no?+ = x1 ?\gh he be ! noble/ "*1 ! 
f9e/ intellig5ce t ev] liv$ beh9d a     
brass plate1 b ei!r to %irk t op]ation  
altoge!r or to run ! *ance ( mak+ a     
disa/r\s mess ( x4  ,scold+ ! s*oolma/]1
 gib+ at ! s*oolma/]1 guy+1 afflict+ &  
exasp]at+ ! s*oolma/] 9 e conceivable   
way1 is an amusem5t s entirely cong5ial 
to my temp]am5t t ,i d n = "o mom5t     
propose to ab&on x4 ,x is a devil ,i h1 
& ,i admit x4 ,he insults s*oolma/]s &  

bi%ops 9 p>ticul>1 & ,i d n ca/ him out1
 b at ! same "t ,i w\ld mo/ e>ne/ly     
insi/ t all t sort ( ?+ does no?+ :atev]
 to advance education1 t x is a m]e     
outbreak ( p]sonal grace-notes s f> z   
?is discussion goes4 ,! real practical  
ne$s 9 ! matt] are a prop]ly work$-out  
me?od1 a prop] set ( s*ool books1 & !n a
 progressive alt]ation ( exam9ations 9  
,engli%1 to r5d] t me?od & t set ( s*ool
 books imp]ative4 ,^! are ne$s !        
s*oolma/] & s*oolmi/ress c d amaz+ly    
little to satisfy4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ^! ?+s  
are ready & ! pressure to en=ce !m beg9s
 to tell on ! s*ools1 s*oolma/]s &      
s*oolmi/resses1 hav+ t almo/ in/9ctive  
dread ( any sort ( *ange t all h>d-work$
 & r worri$ p acquire1 w ob/ruct & h to 
be reckon$ )1 b t is a detail 9 !       
/ruggle & n a "q ( g5]al objective4 ,&  
to satisfy ^? real practical ne$s1 :at  
is want$ is 9 ! fir/ place an organiz]1 
a reasonable sum ( money1 say t5 ?\s&   
p\nds = t5 ye>s1 & access = exp]im5tal  
purposes to a v>iety ( s*ools4 ,?is     

organiz] w\ld set himself to secure !   
:ole "t & en]gy & int]e/ ( a doz5 or s (
 good m52 !y w\ld include sev]al exp]t  
tea*]s1 a cle>-head$ p$agogic exp]t or  
s1 a ke5 psy*ologi/ p]haps ) a p5etrat+ 
m9d--= example1 "o might try & kidnap   
,pr(essor ,william ,james 9 8 next      
,sabbatical ye>--"o or two indu/ri\s "y 
/ud5ts1 a lit]>y critic p]haps1 a       
philologi/1 a gramm>ian1 & set !m all1  
accord+ to _! sev]al gifts & faculties1 
t[>ds ?is end4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ ye>   
?is organiz] w\ld pr9t & publi% = !     
d]ision ( ! _w 9 g5]al & ! bitt] attacks
 ( ! m5 he _h omitt$ f ! ent]prise 9    
p>ticul>1 = review 9 ! newspap]s & =    
trial 9 ent]pris+ s*ools1 a 8c\rse0 9 ! 
,engli% language & composition4 ,8 team 
( collaborators1 revis$ p]haps1 probably
 we$$ by a qu>rel or s & supplem5t$ by !
 able/ ( ! ho/ile critics1 w\ld !n1     
work+ ) all _! "t & en]gy1 revise !     
c\rse = ! second ye>4 ,& y w\ld repeat !
 process = t5 ye>s4 ,9 ! end at ! co/ ( 
#ajj1jjj--really a q trivial sum = !    

object 9 view--!re w\ld exi/ ! s*eme1 ! 
me?od1 ! prim]s & text-books1 ! ,s*ool  
,diction>y1 ! exam9ation syllabus1 & all
 t is n[ ne$$ = ! prop] tea*+ ( ,engli%4
 ,y w\ld h1 moreov]1 9 ! copyrights ( ! 
c\rse an asset t might g f> to rec\p ^? 
:o f9anc$ ! ent]prise4  ,x is precisely 
?is difficulty ab\t text-books & a g5]al
 s*eme t is ! real ob/acle to any       
mat]ial improvem5t 9 our ma!matical     
tea*+4 ,pr(essor ,p]ry1 9 8 op5+ address
 to ! ,eng9e]+ ,section ( ! ,briti%     
,association at ,belfa/1 express$ an    
op9ion t ! av]age boy ( fifte5 might be 
got to ! inf9itesimal calculus4 ,z a    
matt] ( fact ! av]age ,engli% boy (     
fifte5 has only j look$ at elem5t>y     
algebra4 ,b e "o :o kn[s any?+ (        
educational sci5ce kn[s1 t by ! simple  
exp$i5t ( ?r[+ ov]bo>d all t            
non-educational1 m9d-sick5+ & complex   
rubbi% ab\t money & weights & measures1 
practice1 int]e/1 8rule ( ?ree10 & all !
 re/ ( ! solemn clap-trap inv5t$ by !   
ma/]s ( ! old ,academy = ,"y ,g5tlem5 to

 fool ! fooli% pr$ecessors ( ^? :o      
clam\r = comm]cial education to-day1 &  
by sett+ aside ! pret5ce 9 tea*+        
geometry1 t algebraic =mulae & ! decimal
 notation are n yet inv5t$1 little boys 
( n9e may be got to apply quadratic     
equations to problems1 plot endless     
problems ^u squ>$ pap]1 & ma/] & apply !
 geometry cov]$ by ! e>li] books (      
,euclid ) ! utmo/ ease4 ,b to d ?is ) a 
class ( boys at pres5t dem&s s mu*      
special ?\ght1 s mu* private plann+1 s  
mu* %e] toil on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 t x     
becomes practically impossible4 ,! tea*]
 mu/ arrange ! :ole c\rse himself1 inv5t
 8 examples1 or hunt !m labori\sly ?r\gh
 a doz5 books2 he mu/ be n only tea*]1 b
 text-book4 ,i "k ( no ,s*ool ,ari?metic
 :i* does n groan "u a weight ( %am     
practical "w1 & t does n1 ) an absurd   
priggi%ness1 exclude ! use ( algebraic  
symbols4 ,except = "o little volume1 ,i 
"k ( no sane book :i* deals ) ari?metic 
& elem5t>y algebra "u "o cov] or gives  
any helpful ex]cises or examples 9 squ>$

 pap] calculations4 ,su* books1 ,i am   
told1 exi/ 9 ! seclusion ( publi%]s'    
/ock-rooms1 b if ,i1 enjoy+ z ,i d mu* m
 leisure & opportunity ( inquiry ?an !  
av]age ma!matical ma/]1 _c get at !m1 h[
 c we expect him to d s8 ,& ! ?+ to d n[
 is obvi\sly to discov] or create ^!    
books1 & =ce !m k9dly b firmly into !   
tea*]s' h&s4  ,! problem is mu* simpl] 9
 ! case ( ma!matical tea*+ ?an 9 ! case 
( ,engli%1 because ! educational !ory & 
me?od h be5 m ?or\ghly discuss$4 ,!re is
 no ne$ = ! t5 ye>s ( exp]im5t & trial  
,i h sugge/$ = ! organization ( ,engli% 
tea*+4 ,! ma!matical re=m] may beg9 n[  
at a po9t ! ,engli% language re=m] w n  
rea* = "s ye>s4 ,suppose n[ a suitably  
au!nticat$ committee 7 to "w out--on !  
basis ( ,pr(essor ,p]ry's syllabus      
p]haps--a syllabus ( s*ool ma!matics1 & 
!n make a ?or\gh review ( all !         
ma!matical textbooks on sale ?r\gh\t !  
,engli%-speak+ _w1 admitt+ "s p]haps z (
 real p]man5t value = tea*+ ( ! new     
type1 provisionally recogniz+ o!rs z    

endurable1 b ) cle> recomm5dations = _! 
revision & improvem5t1 & condemn+ ! o!rs
 specifically by "n4 ,let !m make x cle>
 t ?is syllabus & report w be respect$  
by all public exam9+ bodies2 let !m sp5d
 a hundr$ p\nds or s 9 ! intellig5t     
di/ribution ( _! report1 & ! s*ola/ic   
pr(ession w n be long be=e x is equipp$ 
) ! recomm5d$ books4 ,mean:ile1 !       
,engli% & ,am]ican s*ola/ic publi%]s w  
become extremely active1 ! w>n$ books w 
be revis$1 & new books w be writt5 9    
competition = ! enorm\s prize ( !       
committee's f9al approval1 an activity t
 a second review1 aft] an int]val ( five
 or six ye>s1 w recognize & rew>d4  ,su*
 measures z ^! w be wor? reams ( essays 
9 educational pap]s & ,p>5ts' ,reviews1 
wor? ?\s&s ( inspir+ & sugge/ive        
lectures at p$agogic conf]5ces4 ,if1    
inde$1 su* essays & su* lectures d any  
good at all4 ,! m "o looks into s*ola/ic
 affairs ! m "o is /ruck n only by !    
futility b ! positive mis*iev\sness (   
mu* ( :at passes = educational          

lib]alism4 ,! s*oolma/] is criticis$    
vehem5tly = tea*+ ! "o or two poor      
useless subjects he c 9 a sort ( way    
tea*1 & practically no?+ is done to help
 or equip him to tea* any?+ else4 ,by   
reason ( ?is upro>1 ! _w is full n[ (   
anxi\s muddl$ p>5ts1 _! poor bra9s buzz+
 ) e*oes ( ,froebel1 ,tol/oy1 ,h]b]t    
,sp5c]1 ,rusk91 ,h]b>t1 ,colonel ,p>k]1 
,mr4 ,h>ris1 ,mat!w ,arnold1 & ! ,morn+ 
,po/1 try+ to f9d some?+ bett]4 ,!y "k  
no?+ ( :at is "r1 !y only "k v1 v cle>ly
 t ! ord9>y s*ool is extremely wrong4   
,!y are q cle> !y don't want 8cram0     
7?\gh !y hav5't ! remote/ idea :at cram 
is71 & !y h a pretty g5]al p]suasion t  
failure at exam9ation is a good te/ ( a 
s\nd education4 ,& 9 response to _!     
bleat+ dem& !re gr[s a f9e crop ( ,quack
 ,s*ools2 s*ools organiz$ on l9es (     
fanta/ic extravagance1 9 :i* bee-keep+  
takes ! place ( ,lat91 & g>d5+ sup]s$es 
ma!matics1 9 :i* boys play t5nis nak$ to
 be cur$ ( ,false ,%ame1 & ! num]ical   
ex]cises call$ bookkeep+ & comm]cial    

correspond5ce are taught to ! sons (    
p>5ts 7:o c pay a hundr$ gu9eas a ye>71 
z ,comm]cial ,sci5ce4 ,! subjects ( /udy
 9 ^! s*ools come & g l ! rav+s ( a     
disord]$ m9d2 8,greek ,hi/ory0 79 an h\r
 or s a week = a t]m7 is foll[$ by      
8,italian ,lit]ature10 & ?is gives place
 to ! production ( a ,%akesp]ian play t 
ultimately ov]p[]s & disorganizes ! :ole
 curriculum4 ,e?ical lessons & ! s*ool  
pulpit fl\ri%1 ( c\rse4 ,a tri5nial walk
 to a *alk-pit is ,field ,geology1 &    
vague half-holiday w&]+s are ,botany    
,rambles4 8,art0 ( ! copp] pun*+ v>iety 
replaces any dec5t attempt to draw1 & an
 extreme expressiv5ess 9 music          
comp5sates = an almo/ delib]ate         
slov5l9ess ( te*nique4 ,ev5 ! ladies'   
sem9>ies ( ! ,georgian days c\ld sc>cely
 h produc$ a p>allel to ! miscellane\s  
incapacity ( ! victim ( ^! 8mod]n0      
s*ools1 & x becomes daily m necess>y =  
^? :o h ! int]e/s ( education at he>t to
 disav[ ) ! mo/ unmi/akable emphasis ^! 
cat*-p>5t impo/ures4  ,) ! o!r subjects 

"u ! head+s ( ,a & ,b1 x is n necess>y  
to deal at any l5g? "h4 ,draw+ beg9s at 
home1 & a *ild %\ld h begun to sket*    
freely be=e ! =mal s*ool+ comm5ces4 ,x  
is ! bus9ess ( ! s*ool to tea* draw+ & n
 to tea* 8art10 :i*1 inde$1 is always an
 individual & spontane\s ?+1 & x ne$    
only conc]n itself directly ) ^? aspects
 ( draw+ t require direction4 ,( c\rse1 
an h\r set aside f ! s*ool "t 9 :i* boys
 or girls may d :atev] !y please ) pap]1
 ink1 p5s1 p5cils1 compasses1 &         
wat]-col\r w\ld be a mo/ excell5t &     
pr(itable ?+1 b t sc>cely c\nts 7except 
9 ! ,quack ,s*ools7 z tea*+4 ,z a matt] 
( fact1 tea*+ absolutely spoils all t   
sort ( ?+4 ,a c\rse 9 model draw+ & 9   
p]spective1 h[ev]1 is really a tra9+ 9  
see+ ?+s1 x dem&s rigor\s in/ruction & x
 mu/ be ! backbone ( s*ool draw+1 &1 9  
addition1 /udies may be made f fl[]s t  
w\ld n be made )\t direction3 topography
 7& mu* else7 may be le>nt by copy+ good
 explicit maps2 *ronology 7to supplem5t 
! *ild's private read+ ( hi/ory7 by !   

con/ruction ( "t *>ts2 & mu* hi/ory also
 by draw+ & col\r+ hi/orical maps4 ,)   
geometrical draw+ "o passes ins5sibly   
into ma!matics4 ,& s mu* has be5 done n 
only to revolutionize ! tea*+ ( mod]n   
languages1 b also to popul>ize !        
results1 t ,i may cont5t myself ) a m]e 
m5tion ( ! names ( ,rippmann1 ,s4 ,alge1
 ,hlzel1 & ,g\9 z typical ( ! new ways4 
,!re rema9s ! "q ( ,c1 ! am\nt (        
,in=mation t is to take a place 9       
s*ool+4 ,n[ !re is "o 8subject0 t x w\ld
 be conv5i5t to include1 7 x only = !   
sake ( ! mass ( ex]cise & illu/ration x 
supplies to ! ma!matical c\rse1 & t is !
 sci5ce ( ,physics4 ,9 addition1 !      
sci5ce ( physics1 s9ce x culm9ates 9 a  
cle> und]/&+ & use ( ! t]m9ology ( !    
aspects ( en]gy & a cle> s5se ( adequate
 causation1 is fundam5tally necess>y to 
mod]n ?\ght4 ,practical "w is1 no d\bt1 
requir$ = ! prop] und]/&+ ( physical    
sci5ce1 & s f> x mu/ ent] into s*ool+1 b
 x may be po9t$ out "h t 9 _m cases !   
educational faddi/ is ov]do+ ! manual   

side ( sci5ce /udy to a ridicul\s ext5t4
 ,?+s h alt]$ v mu* at ! ,royal ,college
 ( ,sci5ce1 no d\bt1 s9ce my /ud5t days1
 b fifte5 ye>s ago ! c\rses 9 elem5t>y  
physics & 9 elem5t>y geology 7 q        
*ildi%ly silly 9 ?is respect4 ,bo? ^!   
c\rses seem$ to h be5 inspir$ by t em95t
 educationi/1 ,mr4 ,sque]s1 & ! sequel  
to spell+ 8w9d[0 0 always to 8g & clean 
"o40 ,! sci5ce 9 ea* c\rse 9 ^? days    
c\ld h be5 acquir$ j z well 9 a =tnight 
z 9 half a ye>4 ,"o muddl$ away ?ree or 
f\r days et*+ a millimetre scale )      
hydr(luoric acid on glass--to no e>?ly  
end t ,i c\ld discov]--& a week or s 9  
mak+ a ne$less b>omet]4 ,9 ! c\rse 9    
geology1 days & days 7 sp5t 9 draw+     
ideal cry/all9e =ms & col\r+ !m 9       
wat]-col\rs1 app>5tly 9 ord] to get a   
totally false idea ( a cry/al1 & weeks 9
 ! pati5t copy+ ( microscopic rock      
sections 9 wat]-col\rs4 ,effectual      
measures ( police 7 tak5 to prev5t !    
flight ( ! intellig5t /ud5t f ^!        
tiresome duties4 ,! mis*ief done 9 ?is  

way is v great4 ,x dead5s ! av]age      
/ud5ts & exasp]ates & madd5s ! eag]     
ones4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t a v         
consid]able proportion ( :at passes z   
8practical0 sci5ce "w1 = :i* co/ly      
laboratories are built & exp5sive b5*es 
fitt$1 consi/s ( v simil> solemnities1 &
 x _c be too /rongly urg$ t 8practical0 
"w t does n illum9ate is m]e wa/e ( !   
/ud5t's "t4  ,?is physics c\rse w\ld    
cov] an exp]im5tal quantitative treatm5t
 ( ! electric curr5t1 x w\ld glance 9 an
 explanatory way at _m ( ! ph5om5a (    
physical geography1 & x w\ld be         
correlat$ ) a /udy ( ! g5]al pr9ciples (
 *emi/ry4 ,a detail$ k ( *emical        
comp\nds is n a "p ( g5]al education1 x 
keeps bett] 9 ref]5ce books ?an 9 !     
non-specializ$ head1 & x is only ! broad
 conceptions ( analysis & comb9ation1 & 
( ! relation ( en]gy to *emical *anges1 
t h to be atta9$4 ,beyond ?is1 & !      
application ( map draw+ to give accurate
 ideas & to awak5 int]e/ 9 geography &  
hi/ory1 x is op5 to discussion :e!r any 

,fact subject ne$ be taught z s*ool+ at 
all4 ,ensure ! full developm5t ( a man's
 m5tal capacity1 & he w get 8 ,fact z he
 ne$s x4 ,& if 8 m9d is undevelop$ he c 
make no use ( any fact he has4 ,!       
subject call$ 8,human ,physiology0 may  
be at once dismiss$ z absurdly          
unsuitable = s*ool use4 ,"o is always   
meet+ wor?y p :o 8don't see :y *ildr5   
%\ld n "k some?+ ab\t _! own bodies10 & 
:o are n app>5tly aw>e t ! m$ical       
pr(ession aft] "s g5]ations ( fairly    
sy/ematic inquiry kn[s rem>kably little4
 ,save = "s g5]al anatomy1 x is         
impossible to tea* s*ool-*ildr5 any?+   
true ab\t ! human body1 because !       
explanation ( almo/ any physiological   
process dem&s a k ( physical & *emical  
laws mu* s\nd] & subtl] ?an ! av]age    
*ild c possibly atta94 ,& z = botany1   
geology1 hi/ory1 & geography 7beyond !  
range already specifi$71 ^! are f> bett]
 relegat$ to ! s*ool libr>y & !         
initiative ( ea* *ild4 ,e *ild has its  
specific range ( int]e/1 & its specific 

way ( reg>d+ ?+s4 ,9 geology1 = example1
 "o boy may be fasc9at$ by ! fossil     
hunt+1 ano!r w f9d 8 int]e/ 9 ! effects 
( /ructure 9 sc5]y1 & a ?ird1 ) m       
imag9ation1 w give 8 :ole m9d to !      
recon/ruction ( ! pa/1 & w pore ov] maps
 ( ,plei/oc5e ,europe & pictures (      
,silurian l&scape ) ! ke5e/             
appreciation4 ,ea* w be bor$1 or at lea/
 n greatly int]e/$1 by :at attracts !   
o!rs4 ,let ! *ildr5 h an easily         
accessible libr>y--t is ! cry+ ne$ ( n9e
 hundr$ & n9ety-n9e out ( a ?\s& s*ools 
to-day1 a ne$ e s*ool-seek+ p>5t may d  
some?+ to rem$y--& 9 t libr>y let !re be
 "o or two good d5sely illu/rat$        
hi/ories1 illu/rat$ travels1 b\nd       
volumes ( su* a publication z ,newnes'  
,wide ,_w ,magaz9e 7,i "n ^!            
publications haphaz>d--!re are probably 
o!rs z good or bett]71 ,hut*9son &      
,co4's ,liv+ ,animals ( ! ,_w1 ! ,rev4  
,h4 ,n4 ,hut*9son's ,ext9ct ,mon/]s1 !  
,badm9ton volumes on big game %oot+1    
m\nta9e]+1 & ya*t+1 ,k]n]'s 8,botany10  

collections ( 8,! ,hundr$ ,be/          
,pictures0 sort1 collections ( views (  
t[ns & ( sc5]y 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 & 
! l4 ,!n let ! s*oolma/] set aside five 
h\rs a week z ! m9imum = read+1 & let ! 
pupils read dur+ t "t j :atev] !y l1    
provid$ only t !y keep sil5ce & read4   
,if ! s*oolma/] or s*oolmi/ress comes 9 
at all "h1 x %\ld be to /imulate        
sy/ematic read+ occasionally by sett+ a 
gr\p ( five or six pupils to 8get up0 "s
 p>ticul> subject--a report on 8animals 
t might /ill be dome/icat$10 =          
example--& by %[+ !m conv]sationally h[ 
to read ) a slip ( pap] at h&1 ga!r+    
facts4 ,?is sort ( ?+ x is impossible to
 r$uce to me?od & sy/em1 &1 consequ5tly1
 x is ! prop] field = ! tea*]'s         
initiative4 ,x is l>gely 9 ord] to leave
 "t & en]gy = ?is t ,i am anxi\s to     
r$uce ! m rigor\s elem5ts 9 s*ool+ to   
/&>d & text-book4  ,n[ all ?is s*ool+   
ne$ n take m ?an tw5ty h\rs a week = its
 backbone or h>d-"w portion1 its        
,engli%1 ma!matics1 sci5ce1 & exact     

draw+1 & twelve h\rs a week = its easi]1
 m individual employm5ts ( sket*+1      
pa9t+1 & read+1 & ?is leaves a l>ge m>g9
 ( "t = milit>y drill & = physical      
ex]cises4 ,if we are to get ! be/ result
 f ! *ild's individuality1 we mu/ leave 
a l>ge portion ( t m>g9 at ! *ild's own 
disposal1 x mu/ be free to g = walks1 to
 8muck ab\t10  z s*oolboys say1 to play 
games1 & 7)9 limits7 to consort )       
companions ( its own *oos+--to foll[ its
 int]e/s 9 %ort4 ,x is 9 ?is direction t
 ,briti% middle-class education fails   
mo/ signally at ! pres5t "t4 ,! ,engli% 
s*oolboy & s*oolgirl are positively     
hunt$ ?r\gh _! days4 ,!y d n play--us+ !
 ^w to indicate a spontane\s employm5t  
into :i* imag9ation ent]s--at all4 ,!y h
 games1 b !y are s regulat$ t !         
imag9ation is elim9at$2 !y h ex]cises ( 
v>i\s /]eotyp$ sorts4 ,!y are tak5 to & 
fro to ^! ?+s 9 ! c>e ( p]sons "o w\ld  
call u%]s unhesitat+ly 7 x n t !y also  
pret5d$ to tea*4 ,! re/ ( _! wak+ "t is 
prep>ation or sup]vis$ read+ or walk+ "u

 sup]vision4 ,_! fri5d%ips are wat*$4   
,!y are nev]1 nev] left alone4 ,! av[$  
ideal ( _m bo>d+ s*oolma/]s is to 8s5d  
!m to b$ tir$ out40 ,l>gely ?is is due  
to a natural dread ( accid5ts & scrapes1
 t w make tr\ble = ! s*ool1 b !re is    
also ano!r cause4 ,if ,i may speak      
frankly & entirely z an unau?oritative  
obs]v]1 ,i w\ld say x is a regrettable  
?+ t s l>ge a proportion ( ,briti%      
second>y s*oolma/]s & mi/resses are     
unm>ri$4 ,! normal condition ( a heal?y 
adult is m>riage1 & = all ^? :o are n   
defective ^u ?is side 7& t means an     
incapacity to und]/& _m ?+s7 celibacy is
 a /ate ( un/able equilibrium & too (t5 
a q un:olesome condition4 ,:]ev] !re are
 celibate tea*]s ,i am incl9$ to suspect
 a fuss9ess1 an unreasonable            
wat*fulness1 a disposition to pry1 an   
exagg]ation ( :at are call$ 8,dang]s10 a
 pa9ful idealization ( 8,purity40 ,x is 
a "p ( ! normal developm5t ( ! human be+
 to obs]ve ) "s p>ticul>ity c]ta9       
ph5om5a1 to ent]ta9 c]ta9 curiosities1  

to talk ( !m to tru/$ equals--nev]1 be x
 not$1 except by p]v]sion to p>5ts or   
tea*]s--& !re is n ! slighte/ h>m 9 ^! q
 natural ?+s1 unless !y are =c$ back    
into an aba%$ solitude or associat$ by  
sugge/ion ) conceptions ( %ame & disgu/4
 ,t is :at happ5s 9 too _m ( our girls' 
s*ools & prep>atory s*ools to-day1 & x  
is to t end ma9ly t y\?ful intimacies   
are disc\rag$1 y\?ful fre$om is         
re/rict$1 & imag9ation & individuality  
w>p$ & crippl$4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ mu* (  
_! adolesc5ce gr[n-up p w contrive to   
=get4  ,s mu* = s*ool+ & :at may be done
 to bett] x 9 ?is ,new ,republican s*eme
 ( ?+s4 ,! upw>d cont9uation ( x into a 
g5]al ,college c\rse is an integral "p (
 a l>g] "q t we %all discuss at a lat]  
/age1 ! l>g] "q ( ! g5]al progressive   
?\ght ( ! community z a :ole4     ,,vii4
 ,,political ,,& ,,social ,,influ5ces   
,!re c be few p alive :o h n rem>k$ on  
occasion t m5 are ! creatures (         
circum/ances4 ,b x is "o ?+ to /ate a   
belief ( ?is sort 9 "s incid5tal        

application1 & q ano!r to realize x     
completely4 ,t[>ds su* a complet]       
realization we h be5 work+ 9 ^! pap]s1 9
 dis5tangl+ ! %>e ( inh]itance & (      
delib]ate s*ool+ & tra9+1 9 ! production
 ( ! civiliz$ man4 ,! re/ we h to       
ascribe to 8 _w 9 g5]al1 ( :i* 8 home is
 simply ! fir/ & mo/ intimate aspect4 ,9
 e develop+ citiz5 we h ass]t$ !re is a 
great mass ( fluid & indet]m9ate        
possibility1 & ?is sets & is %ap$ by !  
_w ab\t him z wax is %ap$ by a m\ld4 ,x 
is r>ely1 ( c\rse1 an absolutely exact &
 submissive ca/ t ensues2 few m5 & wom5 
are )\t "s capacity = "q & criticism1 b 
x is only v r>e & obdurate              
mat]ial--only1 z "o says1 a v orig9al   
p]sonality--t does n f9ally take its    
g5]al =m & direction 9 ?is way4 ,& x is 
propos$ 9 ?is pap] to keep ?is /atem5t  
p]si/5tly 9 focus1 in/ead ( dismiss+ x z
 a platitude & ?9k+ no m ab\t x at all  
aft] ! usual fa%ion1 :ile we exam9e     
c]ta9 broad social & political facts &  
conv5tions :i* con/itute ! g5]al        

framework ( ! _w 9 :i* ! develop+ citiz5
 is plac$4 ,i w\ld submit t at ! pres5t 
"t ) reg>d to su* ?+s z *ur* & k+dom1   
con/itution & nationality1 we are       
altoge!r too mu* enslav$ by ! idea (    
8policy10 & altoge!r too bl9d to !      
remot]1 deep]1 & m la/+ consequ5ces (   
our public acts & in/itutions 9 m\ld+ ! 
next g5]ation4 ,x w n1 ,i ?9k1 be amiss 
to pass beyond policy = a space1 & to   
insi/--ev5 ) heav9ess--t h[ev] conv5i5t 
an in/itution may be1 h[ev] mu* x may1 9
 ! twaddle ( ! "t1 be a 8natural gr[?10 
& h[ev] mu* ! 8product ( a long         
evolution10 yet1 if x does n m\ld m5    
into f9e & vigor\s =ms1 x has to be     
de/roy$4 ,we 8save ! /ate0 = ! sake (   
our *ildr51 t1 at lea/1 is ! ,new       
,republican view ( ! matt]1 & if 9 our  
int5tness to save ! /ate we injure or   
sacrifice our *ildr51 we de/roy our     
ultimate = our proximate aim4  ,already 
x has be5 po9t$ out1 ) c]ta9 concrete   
in/ances1 h[ ! ?+ t is1 ass]ts itself   
ov] ! ?+ t is to be2 already a g5]al    

indication has be5 made ( ! tr5d ( !    
argum5t we are n[ ab\t to develop &     
def9e4 ,t argum5t1 briefly1 is ?is1 t to
 atta9 ! ends ( ! ,new ,republic1 t is  
to say ! be/ results f our bir?         
possibilities1 we mu/ cont9ually make   
political =ms1 social1 political &      
religi\s =mul1 & all ! rules &          
regulations ( life ! cle>e/1 simple/1 & 
s9c]e/ expression possible ( :at we     
believe ab\t life & hope ab\t life2 t   
:atev] mom5t>y advantage a g5]ation may 
ga9 by accept+ :at is kn[n to be a %am &
 a conv5tion1 by keep+ 9 use ! detect$  
impo/ure & ! flaw$ app>atus1 is probably
 mu* m ?an made up = by ! reaction ( ?is
 acquiesc5ce ^u ! future4 ,z ! typical  
in/ance ( a conv5i5t conv5tion t ,i am  
incl9$ to ?9k is n[ react+ v badly ^u   
our future1 ! ,cr[n ( ! ,briti% ,empire1
 consid]$ z ! symbolical figurehead ( a 
sy/em ( h]$it>y privilege & rule1 s]ves 
extremely well4 ,"o may deal ) ?is      
typical in/ance ) no special application
 to ! easy1 k9dly1 amiable p]sonality   

?is cr[n adorns at ! pres5t "t4 ,x is a 
"q t may be dealt ) 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,:at1 
we w\ld ask1 are ! natural1 insep>able  
concomitants ( a sy/em ( h]$it>y rul]s 9
 a /ate1 look+ at ! ?+ entirely ) an eye
 to ! mak+ ( a great] mank9d 9 ! _w8 ,h[
 does x comp>e ) ! ,am]ican conception (
 democratic equality1 & h[ d bo? /& )   
reg>d to ! ess5tial tru? & purpose 9    
?+s8 4 4 4  ,to /ate ^! que/ions is l   
op5+ ! door ( a room t has long be5     
lock$ & des]t$4 ,"o has a lonely feel+4 
,!re are q rem>kably no o!r voices "h1 &
 ! ru/y h+es e*o d[n empty passages t 7 
q ?reat5+ly full ( m5 sev5ty or eighty  
ye>s ago4 ,b ,i am only "o v            
insignificant memb] ( a class ( inquir]s
 9 ,engl& :o />t$ ^u ! "q 8:y are we    
becom+ ineffici5t80 a ye> or two ago1 & 
f t />t+ po9t x is ,i came to ?is4 4 4 4
 ,i d n believe !re=e t ^u ?is du/y     
?re%old ,i %all /& long alone4 ,we take 
mo/ calmly ! mo/ miracul\s ( ?+s1 & x is
 only q rec5tly t ,i h come to see z    
amaz+ ?is fact1 t :ile ! great] mass (  

our ,engli%-speak+ p is liv+ "u !       
pr(ession ( democratic ,republicanism1  
!re is no p>ty1 no sect1 no p]iodical1  
no tea*] ei!r 9 ,great ,brita9 or       
,am]ica or ! ,colonies1 to h9t at a     
proposal to aboli% ! ari/ocratic &      
mon>*ical elem5ts 9 ! ,briti% sy/em4    
,!re is no revolution>y _s ov] "h1 & v  
little mission>y _s ov] !re4 ,! great   
mass ( ! pres5t g5]ation on bo? sides ( 
! ,atlantic takes h>dly any int]e/ 9 ?is
 issue at all4 ,x is z if ! "q 0 an     
impossible "o1 outside ! range ( ?9kable
 ?+s4 ,or1 z if ! la/ ^w 9 ?is          
controv]sy 0 said be=e our gr&fa!rs di$4
  ,b is t really s8 ,x is p]missible to 
sugge/ t = a "t ! la/ ^w _h be5 said1 & 
/ill to reop5 ! discussion n[4 ,all ^!  
pap]s1 ! v conception ( ,new            
,republicanism1 re/s on !               
assumption--presumptu\s & (f5sive ?\gh x
 mu/ ne$s seem to _m--t new matt] =     
?\ght altoge!r1 new app>atus & me?ods ( 
inquiry1 & new ends1 h come into view   
s9ce ! e>ly sev5ties1 :5 ! la/          

,republican voices 9 ,engl& di$ away4   
,we are enorm\sly m aw>e ( ! ,future4   
,t1 we h already def9$ z ! ess5tial     
diff]5ce ( our new outlook4 ,our fa!rs  
?\ght ( ! ,k+dom z x 0 to !m1 !y        
contra/$ ) t ! imm$iate alt]native1 & )9
 ^! limits !y 71 no d\bt1 "r 9 reject+ !
 latt]4 ,s1 to !m at any rate1 ! ?+     
seem$ judg$4 ,b n[adays :5 we h said !  
,k+dom is s & s1 & :5 we h decid$ t we d
 n wi% to conv]t x into a ,republic ^u !
 ,am]ican or any o!r exi/+ patt]n be=e  
,*ri/mas1 #aijd1 we consid] we h only   
begun to look at ! ?+4 ,we h !n to ask  
:at is ! future ( ! ,k+dom2 is x to be a
 p]man5t ?+1 or is x to develop into &  
give place to "s o!r condition8 ,we h to
 ask precisely ! same "q ab\t ! ,am]ican
 democracy & ! ,am]ican con/itution4 ,is
 t latt] arrangem5t go+ to la/ = ev]8   
,we _c help be+ contributory to ^!      
developm5ts1 & if we h any pret5sions to
 wisdom at all1 we mu/ h "s !ory ( :at  
we int5d ) reg>d to ^! ?+s2 political   
action c surely be no?+ b folly1 unless 

x has a cle> purpose 9 ! future4 ,if ^! 
?+s are n sempit]nal1 !n are we m]ely to
 pat* ! fabric z x gives way1 or are we 
go+ to set ab\t rebuild+--piecemeal1 (  
c\rse1 & )\t clos+ ! premises or /opp+ !
 bus9ess1 b1 nev]!less1 on "s cle> &    
compreh5sive plan8 ,if s1 :at is ! plan 
to be8 ,does x p]mit u to reta9 9 a m or
 less modifi$ =m1 or does x urge u to   
get rid (1 ! ,briti% ,cr[n8 ,does x     
p]mit u to reta9 or does x urge u to    
modify ! ,am]ican con/itution8 ,t is !  
=m1 x seems to me1 9 :i* ! "q (         
,republicanism z an alt]native to exi/+ 
in/itutions1 mu/ pres5tly return into ! 
field ( public discussion 9 ,great      
,brita92 n z a "q ( political /ability  
nor ( individual rights ?is "t1 b z an  
aspect ( our g5]al s*eme1 our s*eme to  
make ! _w m free & m /imulat+ & /r5g!n+ 
= our *ildr5 & our *ildr5's *ildr52 = ! 
*ildr5 bo? ( our bodies & ( our ?\ghts4 
,x is int]e/+ to recall ! assumptions "u
 :i* ! la/ ve/iges ( militant           
,republicanism di$ out 9 ,great ,brita94

 ,z late z ! middle ye>s ( ! reign (    
,que5 ,victoria1 !re 7 _m 9 ,engl& :o 71
 & :o op5ly pr(ess$ !mselves to be1     
,republicans1 & !re 0 a widely felt     
p]suasion t ! c\ntry 0 drift+ sl[ly     
t[>ds ! con/itution ( a democratic      
republic4 ,9 ^? days x 0 t !re came into
 be+ a !ory1 /r5g!n$ by ! )drawal ( !   
,mon>* f affairs1 :i* "o /ill he>s      
repeat$1 t ,great ,brita9 0 a 8cr[n$    
republic10 t ! cr[n 0 no m ?an a symbol 
reta9$ by ! 8innate good s5se0 ( !      
,briti% p1 & t 9 "s automatic way n     
cle>ly expla9$1 su* old-"t ve/iges (    
privilege z ! ,h\se ( ,lords w\ld       
pres5tly disappe>4 ,"o f9ds ?is confid5t
 belief 9 ,progress t[>ds political     
equality--,progress t requir$ no human  
ef=t1 b 0 inh]5t 9 ! s*eme ( ?+s--v     
/rong 9 ,dick5s1 = example1 :o spoke = !
 av]age ,engli%man z no lat] writ] c be 
said to h done4 ,?is belief fell 9 v    
happily ) t disposition to funk a       
crisis1 t vulg> dread ( vulg> action :i*
 "o mu/ regretfully admit 0 all too (t5 

a *>act]i/ic ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,engli%4
 ,!re 0 an idea among ,engli%m5 t to d  
any?+ :atev] ( a positive sort to br+   
ab\t a ,republic 0 n only totally       
unnecess>y b inevitably mis*iev\s1 s9ce 
x evid5tly meant /reet fight+ &         
provisional gov]nm5t by bold1 bad1      
blood-/a9$1 vulg> m51 9 %irt sleeves z !
 ess5tial features ( ! process4 ,& "u ! 
en]vat+ influ5ce ( ?is great automatic  
!ory--?is !ory t no "o ne$ bo!r because 
! ?+ 0 b\nd to come1 0 inde$ already    
arriv+ = all :o _h eyes to              
see--,republicanism did n s mu* die z   
fall asleep4 ,x 0 all "r1 ,lib]alism    
told u--! ,cr[n 0 a legal fiction1 !    
,h\se ( ,lords 0 an int]e/+ ana*ronism1 
& 9 t fai? x 01 no d\bt1 t ! la/ ( !    
,republicans1 ,mr4 ,bright & ,mr4       
,joseph ,*amb]la91 8kiss$ h&s40  ,!n1   
pres5tly1 ! frantic politics ( ,mr4     
,glad/one effect$ :at probably no o!r   
human ag5cy c\ld h contriv$1 & re/or$ ! 
pre/ige ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords4             
,practically ! ,cr[n has n[ gone        

un*all5g$ by press1 pulpit1 or plat=m   
speak] = ?irty ye>s1 & z a natural      
consequ5ce !re is j n[ a small]         
proportion ( m5 "u =ty :o call !mselves 
,republicans ev5 9 private ?an !re ev] 0
 s9ce ,plut>* ent]$ ! circle ( ,engli%  
read+4 ,to-day ! ,ari/ocratic ,mon>*y is
 an almo/ univ]sally accept$ fact 9 !   
,briti% ,empire1 & x has s complete an  
air ( un%akable p]man5ce to contra/ )   
its condition 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury t 
ev5 ! fact t x is ! only really concrete
 ob/acle to a political reunion ( !     
,engli%-speak+ peoples at ! pres5t "t1  
seems m]ely a fact to avoid4  ,!re are  
c]ta9 consequ5ces t mu/ foll[ f !       
un*all5g$ acceptation ( an ari/ocratic  
mon>*y1 consequ5ces t d n seem to be    
suffici5tly recogniz$ 9 ?is connection1 
& x is to ^! t ! read]'s att5tion is n[ 
p>ticul>ly drawn4 ,!re are a great numb]
 ( ,briti% p :o are m or less s9c]ely   
seek+ ! secret ( national effici5cy at  
pres5t1 & ,i _c help ?9k+ t soon] or    
lat]1 9 spite ( _! evid5t av]sion1 !y w 

be =c$ to look into ?is du/y *amb] (    
?\ght = ! clue to ! ?+ !y ne$4 ,! corn] 
!y w h to turn is ! admission t no /ate 
& no p c be at its maximum effici5cy    
until e public function is dis*>g$ by ! 
man be/ able to p]=m x1 & t no          
,commonweal c be ne> effici5cy until x  
is endeav\r+ v e>ne/ly to br+ t ideal   
condition ( affairs ab\t4 ,& :5 !y h got
 r\nd t corn] !y w h to face ! fact t an
 ,h]$it>y ,mon>*y is a /ate 9 :i* ?is   
pr9ciple is repudiat$ at a c>d9al po9t1 
a /ate 9 :i* "o position1 :i* no am\nt (
 sophi/ication w prev5t common m5 & wom5
 reg>d+ z ! mo/ hon\rable1 p[]ful1 &    
responsible "o ( all1 :i* is inde$ by t 
v fact alone a great & responsible "o1  
is fill$ on purely g5ealogical gr\nds4  
,9 a /ate t has also an ari/ocratic     
con/itution ?is repudiation ( special   
p]sonal qualities is c>ri$ v mu* fur!r4 
,reluctantly b c]ta9ly ! seek] aft]     
national effici5cy w come to ! po9t t ! 
ari/ocracy & _! fri5ds & connections mu/
 necess>ily =m a ca/e ab\t ! ,k+1 t _!  

gradations mu/ set ! tone ( ! :ole      
social body1 & t _! political position  
mu/ enable !m to dem& & obta9 a         
pr$om9at+ %>e 9 any adm9i/ration t may  
be =m$4 ,s long1 !re=e1 z y\r           
con/itution rema9s ari/ocratic y mu/    
expect to see m5 ( q ord9>y ability1 q  
ord9>y en]gy1 & no exceptional =ce ( "*1
 m5 frequ5tly less clev] & influ5tial   
?an _! wives & lady fri5ds1 controll+ ! 
public s]vices1 a ,duke ( ,norfolk      
manag+ s vital a bus9ess z ! ,po/ ,(fice
 & succe$$ by a ,m>quis ( ,londond]ry1 &
 a ,m>quis ( ,lansd[ne organiz+ milit>y 
affairs1 & no?+ %ort ( a *ange 9 y\r    
political con/itution c prev5t ?is sort 
( ?+4 ,no "o believes ^! excell5t       
g5tlem5 hold ^! positions by m]it or    
capacity1 & no "o believes t f !m we are
 gett+ any?+ l ! be/ imag9able s]vices 9
 ^! positions4 ,^! positions are held by
 ! m]e accid5t ( bir?1 & x is by ! m]e  
accid5t ( bir? ! great mass ( ,engli%m5 
are %ut out f ! remote/ hope ( s]v+ _!  
c\ntry 9 su* positions4  ,& ?is evil (  

res]v$ places is n re/rict$ by any means
 to public control4 ,y _c bo? h a sy/em 
& n h a sy/em1 & ! ,briti% h a sy/em (  
h]$it>y ari/ocracy t infects ! :ole     
atmosph]e ( ,engli% ?\ght ) ! p]suasion 
t :at a man may attempt is det]m9$ by 8 
ca/e4 ,x is "h1 & n[h]e else1 t ! clue  
to s mu* ineffici5cy z "o f9ds x 9      
contempor>y ,briti% activity lies4 ,!   
(fic]s ( ! ,briti% ,army in/ead ( be+   
s$ul\sly pick$ f ! :ole population are  
drawn f a really q small gr\p (         
families1 &1 except = ^? :o are call$   
8g5tleman rank]s10 to enli/ is ! v la/  
way 9 ! _w to become a ,briti% (fic]4 ,z
 a v natural coroll>y only brok5 m5 &   
unambiti\s m5 ( ! l[e/ class w cons5t to
 become ord9>y private soldi]s1 except  
dur+ p]iods ( extreme patriotic         
excitem5t4 ,! m5 :o ent] ! ,civil       
,s]vice also1 "k p]fectly well t ?\gh !y
 may possess ! mo/ brilliant            
adm9i/rative p[]s & develop & use       
!mselves ) rel5tless en]gy1 !y w nev] w9
 = !mselves or _! wives "o ti! ( !      

public hon\r t comes by "r to ! heir to 
a duk$om4 ,a docky>d h& :o uses 8 bra9s 
& makes a sugge/ion t may save ! c\ntry 
?\s&s ( p\nds w get--a gratuity4        
,?r\gh\t all ,engli% affairs ! sugge/ion
 ( ?is political sy/em has spread4 ,!   
employ] is ( a diff]5t ca/e f 8 workm51 
! capta9 is ( a diff]5t ca/e f 8 crew1  
ev5 ! ,tea*]s' ,regi/] is specially     
classifi$ to prev5t 8"y g5tlem50 be+    
taught by ! only m5 :o1 z a class1 "k h[
 to tea* 9 ,engl&1 namely1 ! elem5t>y   
tea*]s2 ev]y:]e ! same ?+ is to be f\nd4
 ,& :ile x is1 x is absurd to expect a  
few platitudes ab\t ,fre$om1 &          
snobbi%ness1 & a few pi\s hopes ab\t    
effici5cy1 to c\nt]act ! sy/em's        
univ]sal1 incessant tea*+1 its lesson ( 
limit$ ef=t )9 def9$ possibilities4     
,only "u "o condition may su* a sy/em   
rise t[>ds any?+ t may be call$ national
 vig\r1 & t is :5 !re exi/s a vigor\s   
,c\rt :i* sets ! fa%ion ( h>d "w4 ,a ke5
 ,k+1 indiff]5t to fem99e influ5ce1 may1
 = a "t1 make a ke5 nation1 b t is an   

exceptional /ate ( affairs1 & ! :ole    
%ape ( ! fabric gravitates t[>ds        
relapse4 ,ev5 "u su* an influ5ce !      
social /ratification w /ill1 9 !        
majority ( cases1 prev5t p[]s & po/s    
fall+ to ! be/ possible man4 ,9 !       
majority ( cases ! be/ t c be hop$ =1   
ev5 !n1 w be to see ! be/ man 9 ! class 
privileg$ 9 relation to any p>ticul>    
s]vice1 dis*>g+ t s]vice4 ,! mo/        
effici5t nation 9 ! _w to-day is believ$
 to be ,g]many1 :i* is--r\ghly          
speak+--an ari/ocratic mon>*y1 x is     
dom9at$ by a man ( mo/ unk+ly =ce ( "*1 
& by a noble tradition ( educational    
?or\ghness t arose out ( ! %ames ( utt] 
defeat1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 a great numb]
 ( p contrive to =get t ! mo/ dazzl+    
display ( national effici5cy ! _w has   
ev] se5 foll[$ ! sl\gh+ ( h]$it>y       
in/itutions by ,france4 ,"o cr$its      
,napoleon too (t5 ) ! vig\r ( 8         
opportunity1 ) ! =ce & /r5g? x 0 8      
privilege to misdirect & de/roy4 ,& "o  
=gets t ?is pres5t ,g]man effici5cy 0   

p>allel$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury by         
,prussia1 ^: ari/ocratic sy/em fir/ w9d$
 ,republicans at ,valmy1 & %[$ at ,j5a  
f\rte5 ye>s aft] h[ mu* x _h le>nt f t  
enc\nt]4  ,n[ our ma9 argum5t lies 9    
?is3 t ! great mass ( a g5]ation (      
*ildr5 born into a c\ntry1 all ^? *ildr5
 :o h no m ?an av]age intellig5ce &     
av]age moral qualities1 w accept !      
o/5sible in/itutions ( t c\ntry at _!   
face value1 & w be almo/ entirely %ap$ &
 det]m9$ by t acceptance4 ,only a su/a9$
 und]tone ( revolution>y prote/ c prev5t
 t happ5+4 ,!y w believe t prec$5ces    
repres5t real sup]iority1 & !y w hon\r  
:at !y see hon\r$1 & ignore :at !y see  
treat$ z ( no acc\nt4 ,pi\s s5tim5t ab\t
 ,equality & ,fre$om w ent] into !      
reality ( _! m9ds z little z a drop (   
wat] into a greasy plate4 ,!y w act z   
little 9 g5]al int]c\rse ^u !           
proposition t 8! man's ! g[d = a' t10 z 
!y w ^u ! proposition t 8man is a _s0 :5
 x comes to ! alt]native ( jump+ ov] a  
cliff or go+ d[n by a ladd]4  ,if1      

h[ev]1 y\r *ildr5 are n av]age *ildr51  
if y are s happy z to h begott5 *ildr5 (
 exceptional intellig5ce1 x does n foll[
 t ?is fact w save !m f conclusions q   
p>allel to ^? ( ! common *ild4 ,suppose 
!y d p5etrate ! pret5ce t !re is no     
intr9sic diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,royal       
,family & ! memb]s ( ! pe]age on ! "o   
h&1 & ! av]age p]son 9 any o!r class on 
! o!r2 suppose !y discov] t ! :ole scale
 ( prec$5ce & hon\r 9 _! l& is a /up5d\s
 %am2--:at !n8 ,suppose !y see q cle>ly 
t all ^! pret5sions ( an inviolate      
sup]iority ( bir? & bre$+ vani% at ! t\*
 ( a ,:itak] ,wright1 s(t5 to a gl[+    
cordiality be=e ! sunny promises ( a    
,hooley4 ,suppose !y p]ceive t nei!r ,k+
 nor lords really believe 9 _! own      
lordl9ess1 & t at any po9t 9 ! sy/em "o 
may f9d m5 ) h&s = any man's tip1       
provid$ x is only suffici5tly l>ge6 ,ev5
 !n6--,h[ is t go+ to react ^u our      
*ildr5's social conduct8  ,9 n9ety-n9e  
cases out ( a hundr$ !y w accept ! sy/em
 /ill1 !y w accept x ) m5tal            

res]vations4 ,!y w see t to repudiate ! 
sy/em by m ?an a *ance ^w or de$ is to  
become isolat$1 to become a discont5t$  
ali51 to lose ev5 ! qualifi$ p]mission  
to d some?+ 9 ! _w4 ,9 mo/ cases !y w   
take ! oa?s t come 9 _! way & kiss !    
h&s--j z ! ,briti% elem5t>y tea*]s b[   
unbeliev+ heads to receive ! episcopal  
pat1 & j z ! ,briti% sceptic 9 ord]s w  
a*ieve triumphs ( ambiguity to secure ! 
episcopal see4 ,& _! reason = submission
 w n be absolutely despicable2 !y w "k  
!re is no employm5t wor? speak+ ( )\t x4
 ,aft] all1 "o has only "o life1 & x is 
n pleasant to pass ?r\gh x 9 a /ate (   
futile ab/95ce f ! g5]al s*eme4 ,life1  
un=tunately1 does n end ) h]oic mom5ts (
 repudiation2 !re comes a morr[ to !    
,ev]la/+ ,nay4 ,"o may beg9 ) h]oic     
r5unciations & end 9 undignifi$ envy &  
dyspeptic comm5ts outside ! door "o has 
slamm$ on "o's self4 ,9 su* reflections 
y\r *ildr5 ( ! exceptional sort1 x may  
be aft] a y\?ful fl+ or two1 a 8ransom0 
spee* or s1 w f9d excell5t reasons =    

mak+ _! peace ) ?+s z !y are1 j z if !y 
7 utt]ly commonplace4 ,!y "k t if !y c  
boa/ a knigh?ood or a b>onetcy or a     
,privy ,c\ncillor%ip1 !y w ta/e day by  
day & e day t respect1 t confid5ce f all
 ab\t !m t no "o b a tra9$ recluse      
despises4 ,& life w ab\nd 9             
opportunities4 8,oh1 well60 !y w say4   
,su* ?+s give !m influ5ce1 consid]ation1
 p[] to d ?+s4  ,! beg9n+ ( concessions 
is s entirely reasonable & easy6 ,b !   
concessions g on4 ,ea* /ep upw>d 9 !    
,briti% sy/em f9ds t sy/em m p]si/5tly  
ab\t !m4 ,:5 "o has />t$ out "u a ,k+ "o
 may f9d amiable b :om "o may n respect1
 admitt$ a sy/em "o does n believe 91 :5
 "o has rubb$ ! fir/ bloom (f "o's      
hon\r1 x is inf9itely easi] to beg9     
peel+ ! sk94 ,_m a man ^: y\? 0 a dream 
( noble ?+s1 :o 0 all = spl5did         
a*ievem5ts & ! s]vice ( mank9d1 pe]s    
to-day1 by virtue ( su* acquiesc5ces1 f 
betwe5 prepo/]\s lawn sleeves or "u a   
tilt$ coronet1 suck$ z dry ( 8 ess5tial 
hon\r z a spid] sucks a fly4  ,b ?is is 

go+ too f>1 ! read] w object6 ,!re mu/  
be concessions1 !re mu/ be con=mities1 j
 z !re mu/ be "s impurity 9 ! wat] we   
dr9k & flaws 9 ! beauty we give our     
he>ts to1 & t1 no d\bt1 is true4 ,x is  
no reason :y we %\ld dr9k sewage & kneel
 to grossness & base /upidity4 ,to      
endure ! wor/ because we _c h ! be/ is  
surely ! la/ ^w ( folly4 ,our bus9ess z 
,new ,republicans is n to wa/e our lives
 9 ! pursuit ( an unatta9able *emical   
purity1 b to cle> ! air z mu* z         
possible4 ,practical e?ics is1 aft] all1
 a quantitative sci5ce4 ,9 ! reality (  
life !re are few absolute cases1 & x is 
fooli% to =ego a great end = a small    
concession4 ,b to suff] s mu* ,royalty &
 ,privilege z an ,engli%man has to d    
be=e he may make any effectual figure 9 
public life is n a small concession4 ,by
 ! "t y h pur*as$ p[] y may f9d y h giv5
 up ev]y?+ t made p[] wor? hav+4 ,x w\ld
 be a small concession1 ,i admit1 a m]e 
p]sonal self-sacrifice1 to pret5d       
loyalty1 kneel & kiss h&s1 assi/ at     

,coronation mumm]ies1 & all ! re/ ( x1 9
 ord]1 let u say1 to accompli% "s great 
improvem5t 9 ! s*ools ( ! c\ntry1 7 x n 
= ! fact t all ^! ?+s mu/ be done 9 !   
sight ( ! "y1 t y _c kneel to ! ,k+ )\t 
pres5t+ a kneel+ example to ! p1 )\t    
becom+ z good a tea*] ( s]vility z ?\gh 
y 7 s]vile to ! m>r[4 ,!re lies !       
tr\ble4 ,by virtue ( ?is reaction x is t
 ! %ams & c]emonies we may fancy m]e    
curi\s survivals1 m]e k9ks &            
tortuosities1 cloaks & accessories      
to-day1 w1 if we are sil5t & acquiesc5t1
 be halfway to reality aga9 9 ! c\rse ( 
a g5]ation4 ,to our *ildr5 !y are n     
evid5tly %ams2 !y are p[]ful work+      
sugge/ions4 ,human in/itutions are ?+s (
 life1 & :atev] we$ ( falsity lies /ill 
root$ 9 ! gr\nd has ! promise & pot5cy (
 gr[?4 ,x w t5d p]petually1 accord+ to  
its nature1 to recov] its old influ5ce  
ov] ! imag9ation1 ! ?\ghts1 & acts ( our
 *ildr54  ,ev5 :5 ! :ole tr5d ( economic
 & social developm5t sets aga9/ ! real  
survival ( su* a social & political     

sy/em z ! ,briti%1 its pret5sions1 its  
%ape & implications may survive1 survive
 all ! m disa/r\sly because !y are      
increas+ly ins9c]e4 ,inde$1 9 a s5se1 ! 
,briti% sy/em1 ! pyramid ( ,k+1 l&-own+ 
& l&-rul+ ari/ocracy1 yeom5 & trad+     
middle-class & lab\r]s1 is dead--x di$ 9
 ! n9ete5? c5tury "u ! :eels ( me*anism 
,footnote3 ,i h discuss$ ?is fully 9    
,anticipations1 ,*apt] ,,iii41 ,develop+
 ,social ,elem5ts4--& ! crude beg9n+s ( 
a new sy/em are clo!d 9 its raim5t1 &   
greatly encumb]$ by t clo?+4 ,our       
greate/ pe]s are %>ehold]s1 are equipp$ 
by m>riage ) ! weal? ( ,jews &          
,am]icans1 are exploit]s ( colonial     
res\rces & urban build+ ent]prises2 _!  
t]ritorial titles are a mask & a lie4   
,!y hamp] ! developm5t ( ! new ord]1 b  
!y _c altoge!r prev5t ! em]g5ce ( new   
m54 ,! new m5 come up to p[] "o by "o1 f
 diff]5t ent]prises1 ) v>i\s traditions1
 & "o by "o1 be=e !y c develop a s5se ( 
class di/9ction & collective            
responsibility1 ! old sy/em ) its       

organiz$ 8,society0 captures !m4 ,if x  
f9ds ! man obdurate1 x takes 8 wife &   
daught]s1 & x waylays 8 sons4 ,footnote3
 ,x is n only ,briti% subjects t are    
assimilat$ 9 ?is way1 ! infection ( !   
,briti% sy/em1 ! annexation ( c]ta9     
social /rata 9 ! ,republic by ! ,briti% 
cr[n1 is a "q = e ?\ghtful ,am]ican4    
,am]ica is less & less sep>ate f        
,europe1 & ! social developm5t ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates _c be a di/9ct process--x 
is inevitably b\nd up 9 ! g5]al social  
developm5t ( ! ,engli%-speak+ community4
 ,! ta9t has t\*$ ! ,am]ican ,navy1 =   
example1 & !re are ^? :o disc\rage      
promotion f ! ranks--! ess5tial virtue (
 ! democratic /ate--because m5 s promot$
 w\ld be at a disadvantage :5 !y met !  
(fic]s ( =eign navies1 :o 7 by bir? &   
tra9+ 8g5tlem540 ,:5 !y met !m socially 
no d\bt 0 meant2 9 w> ! disadvantage    
might prove ! o!r way ab\t4 ,because !  
h]$it>y k+dom & ari/ocracy ( ,great     
,brita9 is less & less repres5tative (  
economic reality1 m & m false to ! real 

ne$s ( ! _w1 x does n foll[ t x w       
disappe>1 any m ?an mal>ial fev] w      
disappe> f a man's blood because x is   
irrelevant to ! g5]al purpose ( 8 be+4  
,^! ?+s w only g :5 a suffici5t numb] ( 
suffici5tly capable & p[]ful p are      
det]m9$ !y %all g4 ,until t "t !y w     
rema9 ) u1 influ5c+ ?+s ab\t !m = evil1 
z x lies 9 _! nature to d4  ,be=e1      
h[ev]1 any suffici5tly great & capable  
body ( m5 c be f\nd to aboli% ^! %ams1  
^! %ams t mu/ necess>ily hamp] & limit !
 developm5t ( our *ildr51 x is necess>y 
t !y %\ld h "s cle> idea ( ! ?+ t is to 
foll[1 & ! real security ( ^! obsolete  
in/itutions lies v l>gely 9 ! fact t at 
pres5t ! ?+ t is to foll[ does n def9e  
itself4 ,x is too commonly assum$ t !   
alt]native to a m or less h]$it>y       
gov]nm5t is democratic republicanism ( !
 ,am]ican type1 & ! def5ce ( ! =m]      
consi/s usually 9 an indictm5t ( !      
latt]1 complicat$ 9 v illogical cases by
 ! ass]tion 7drawn f ! ,fr5* in/ance7 t 
,republics are un/able4 ,b x does n     

foll[ t because "o condemns ! obvi\s    
%ams ( ! ,briti% sy/em t "o mu/ accept !
 %ams ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:ile 9 ,great 
,brita9 we h a sy/em t masks & hamp]s ! 
be/ ( our race "u a s]ies ( artificial  
inequalities1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !ory ( !  
ess5tial equality ( all m5 is equally n 
9 accordance ) ! reality ( life4 ,9     
,am]ica1 j z 9 ,engl&1 ! intellig5t *ild
 gr[s up to discov] t ! pret5sions (    
public life are n ju/ifi$1 & q equally  
to be flaw$ 9 ?\ght & action by t       
discov]y4  ,! ,am]ican atmosph]e has "o 
great & indisputable sup]iority ov] !   
,briti%3 x insi/s ^u ! "r ( e citiz51 x 
almo/ pres5ts x z a duty1 to d all t he 
possibly c d2 x holds out to him ev5 !  
highe/ position 9 ! /ate z a possible   
rew>d = endeav\r4 ,up to ! po9t ( its   
equality ( opportunity surely no sane   
,engli%man c d any?+ b envy ! ,am]ican  
/ate4 ,9 ,am]ica 8presumption0 is n a   
s94 ,all ! vigor\s ent]prise t          
diff]5tiates ! ,am]ican f ! ,engli%man 9
 bus9ess fl[s q naturally f t2 all !    

patriotic =ce & loyalty ( ! common      
,am]ican1 :i* gl[s beside ! ,engli%     
equival5t z ! sun beside ! moon1 gl[s   
ev5 oppressively4 ,b ap>t f ^!          
ine/imable advantages ,i d n see t !    
,am]ican has mu* t an ,engli%man ne$    
envy4 ,!re are c]ta9ly po9ts (          
inf]iority 9 ! ,am]ican atmosph]e1      
influ5ces 9 developm5t t are bad1 n only
 9 comp>ison ) :at is ideally possible1 
b ev5 9 comp>ison ) ,engli% p>allels4   
,= example1 ! !ory t e man is z good z 8
 neighb\r1 & possibly a little bett]1   
has no *eck = fools1 & in/ead ( !       
respectful sil5ces ( ,engl& !re         
seems--to ! ord9>y ,engli% m9d--an      
extraord9>y quantity ( crude & uns\nd   
judgm5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,"o gets an         
impression t ! sort ( m9d t is passively
 /upid 9 ,engl& is (t5 actively silly 9 
,am]ica1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ,am]ican    
newspap]s1 ,am]ican discussions1        
,am]ican social affairs are p]vad$ by a 
d9 t 9 ,engl& we d n he> & d n want to  
he>4 ,! real & /eady developm5t (       

,am]ican sci5tific m5 is mask$ to !     
,european obs]v]1 & x mu/ be greatly    
hamp]$ by ! copi\s sill9ess ( ! amateur 
discov]]1 & ! ,am]ican crop ( new       
religions & new en?usiasms is a horror &
 a w>n+ to ! common ,briti% intellig5ce4
 ,_m p ^: judgm5ts are n absolutely     
despicable hold a !ory t unhamp]$       
p]sonal fre$om = a hundr$ ye>s has made 
out ( ! ,briti% type1 a type less       
delib]ate & ?or\gh 9 execution & m noisy
 & pu%ful 9 conduct1 re/less r ?an      
indefatigable1 & sm>t r ?an wise4 ,if   
n9ety-n9e p out ( ! hundr$ 9 our race   
are vulg> & unwise1 x does seem to be a 
fact t :ile ! ,engli% fool is g5]ally a 
%y & negative fool anxi\s to hide !     
fact1 ! ,am]ican fool is a l\d &        
positive fool1 :o swamps mu* ( !        
greatness ( 8 c\ntry to _m a casual     
obs]v] f ,europe altoge!r4 ,am]ican     
books1 ,am]ican pap]s1 ,am]ican mann]s &
 cu/oms seem all = ! n9ety & n9e4       
,deep] & grav] ?an ! sup]ficial defects 
( mann] & execution & outlook to :i* ^! 

*>ges po9t1 !re are1 "o ga!rs1 o!r ?+s t
 are traceable to ! same s\rce4 ,!re is 
a report ( pr(\nd] tr\bles 9 ! ,am]ican 
social body1 ( a disease ( corruption t 
r5d]s ,am]ican legislatures feeble or   
p[]less aga9/ ! great bus9ess           
corporations1 & ( an extreme            
demoralization ( ! police =ce4 ,!       
relation ( ! local political            
organization to ! police is fatally     
direct1 & t s5se ( ord]$ subord9ation to
 def9$ duties :i* di/+ui%es ! be/ police
 =ces ( ,europe fails4 ,m5 g into !     
police =ce1 we are told1 ) ! full       
int5tion ( mak+ x pay1 ( acquir+ a      
saleable p[]4  ,!re is probably en\gh   
s\ndness 9 ^! impressions1 & en\gh tru? 
9 ^! reports & criticisms1 to ju/ify our
 say+ t all is n ideally "r ) ! ,am]ican
 atmosph]e1 & t x is n to pres5t        
,am]ican conditions we mu/ turn 9       
repudiat+ our ,briti% h]$it>y mon>*y4   
,we h to seek "s bett] ?+ ^u :i* ,briti%
 & ,am]ican in/itutions may conv]ge4 ,! 
,am]ican p]sonal & social "*1 j l !     

,engli% p]sonal & social "*1 displays v 
grave defects1 defects t mu/ n[ be      
reflect$ ^u1 & mu/ be 9 c\rse (         
acquisition by ! *ildr5 :o are gr[+ up 9
 ! ,am]ican /ate4 ,& s9ce ! ,am]ican is 
/ill pr$om9antly ( ,briti% desc5t1 &    
s9ce he has n be5 sep>at$ long en\gh f !
 ,briti% to develop di/9ct inh]it$      
racial *>act]i/ics1 &1 moreov]1 s9ce 8  
sali5t *>act]i/ics are 9 %>p contra/ )  
^? ( ! ,briti%1 x foll[s t ! diff]5ce 9 
8 "* & atmosph]e mu/ be due ma9ly to 8  
diff]5t social & political circum/ances4
 ,j z ! relative defects ( ! common     
,briti%1 _! apa?y1 _! unreason+         
cons]vatism1 & _! sordid scorn (        
intellectual ?+s is b\nd up ) _!        
politico-social s*eme1 s1 ,i believe1 ! 
nois9ess1 ! mean practicalness1 & !     
dyspeptic-driv+ re/lessness t are !     
%ad[s ( ,am]ican life1 are b\nd up ) !  
politico-social condition ( ,am]ica4 ,! 
,engli%man /icks 9 ! mud1 & ! ,am]ican1 
) a sort ( viol5t meanness1 cuts corn]s1
 & 9 bo? cases x is q conceivable t !   

failure to foll[ ! p]fect way is really 
no symptom ( a div]g5ce ( blood & race1 
b ! natural & necess>y outcome ( ! mass 
( sugge/ion ab\t !m t con/itutes _!     
respective worlds4  ,! "y ,am]ican gr[s 
up into a _w p]vad$ by ! !ory (         
democracy1 by ! !ory t all m5 mu/ h an  
equal *ance ( happ9ess1 possessions1 &  
p[]1 & 9 :i* t !ory is express$ by a    
uni=m equal suffrage4 ,no man %all h any
 p[] or au?ority save by ! free cons5t &
 delegation ( 8 fell[s--t is ! idea--&  
to ! orig9ators ( ?is !ory x seem$ z    
obvi\s z any?+ c\ld be t ^! suffrages   
w\ld only be giv5 to ^? :o did really   
s]ve ! happ9ess & welf>e ( ! greate/    
numb]4 ,! idea 0 reflect$ 9 ! _w (      
bus9ess by a conception ( free          
competition2 no man %\ld gr[ ri* except 
by ! free pref]5ce ( a great foll[+ (   
cu/om]s4 ,su* is /ill ! ,am]ican !ory1 &
 directly ! intellig5t "y ,am]ican gr[s 
up to h>d facts he f9ds almo/ z mu*     
disillusionm5t z ! intellig5t "y        
,engli%man4 ,he f9ds t 9 practice ! free

 *oice ( a con/itu5cy r$uces to two     
c&idates1 & no m1 select$ by p>ty       
organizations1 & ! free *oice ( ! cu/om]
 to ! goods pr(f]$ by a dim9i%+ numb] ( 
elaborately adv]tis$ bus9esses2 he f9ds 
political in/rum5ts & bus9ess           
corporations int]lock+ altoge!r beyond 8
 p[] ( control1 & t ! two ways to       
opportunity1 hon\r1 & rew>d are ei!r to 
appeal co>sely to ! commone/ ?\ghts &   
feel+s ( ! vulg> z a political agitator 
or adv]tis+ trad]1 or else to make 8    
peace ) ^? :o d4 ,& s he1 too1 makes 8  
concessions4 ,!y are diff]5t concessions
 f ^? ( ! "y ,engli%man1 b !y h ?is     
common elem5t ( gravity1 t he has to    
submit to conditions 9 :i* he does n    
believe1 he has to trim 8 c\rse to a    
conception ( liv+ t is p]petually b5d+  
him f ! spl5did & righte\s way4 ,!      
,engli%man gr[s up into a _w ( b>ri]s & 
lock$ doors1 ! ,am]ican into an         
unorganiz$1 /ruggl+ cr[d4 ,!re is an    
enorm\s premium 9 ! ,am]ican's _w ^u =ce
 & dext]ity1 & =ce 9 ! case ( common m5 

too (t5 deg5]ates into brutality1 &     
dext]ity into d[nright trick]y & *eat+4 
,he has got to be =cible & dext]\s )9 8 
self-respect if he c4 ,!re is an enorm\s
 disc\nt on any "w t does n make money  
or give a tangible result1 & except 9 ! 
case ( ^? ^: lot has fall5 )9 c]ta9     
prescrib$ circles1 c]ta9 oases (        
organiz$ culture & "w1 he mu/ adv]tise  
himself ev5 9 sci5ce or lit]ature or art
 z if he 7 a pill4 ,!re is no           
recognition = him at all 9 ! _w1 except 
! recognition (--ev]ybody4 ,!re w be    
nei!r com=t nor ! b>e/ respect = him1   
h[ev] f9e 8 a*ievem5t1 unless he makes 8
 a*ievem5t kn[n1 unless he c make en\gh 
d9 ab\t x1 to pay4 ,he has got to %\t   
d[n n9ety-n9e %\t+ fell[-citiz5s4 ,t is 
! c>d9al fact 9 life = ! great majority 
( ,am]icans :o respond to ! /irr+s (    
ambition4 ,if 9 ,brita9 capacity is     
disc\rag$ because hon\rs & p[] g by     
prescription1 9 ,am]ica x is misdirect$ 
because hon\rs d n exi/ & p[] goes by   
popul> election & adv]tisem5t4 ,9 c]ta9 

directions--n by any means 9            
all--unobtrusive m]it1 s\ndness (       
quality t has nei!r gift nor disposition
 = 8pu%10 has a bett] *ance 9 ,great    
,brita9 ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,a sort ( duty to
 help & advance exceptional m5 is       
recogniz$ at any rate1 ev5 if x is n    
always effici5tly dis*>g$1 by !         
privileg$ class 9 ,engl&1 :ile 9 ,am]ica
 x is f> m acutely felt1 f> m di/9ctly  
impress$ ^u ! "y t !y mu/ 8hu/le0 or    
p]i%4  ,x w be argu$ t ?is enum]ation ( 
,am]ican & ,briti% defects is a m]e     
expansion ( t famili> proposition ( !   
logic textbooks1 8all m5 are mortal40 ,y
 h "h1 says ! objector1 "o ( two        
alt]natives1 ei!r y mu/ draw y\r        
adm9i/rators1 y\r legislators1 y\r      
s\rces ( hon\r & rew>d f a limit$1      
h]$it>y1 & specially-tra9$ class1 :o w  
hold p[] z a "r1 or y mu/ rely ^u !     
popul> *oice ex]cis$ 9 ! %op & at !     
poll+ boo?4 ,:at else c y h b inh]itance
 or election1 or "s bl5d ( ! two1 bl5d+ 
_! faults8 ,ea* sy/em has its           

disadvantages1 & ! disadvantages ( ea*  
sy/em may be m9imiz$ by education2 9    
p>ticul> by keep+ ! culture & code (    
hon\r ( y\r rul+ class high 9 ! =m] case
 & by keep+ y\r common s*ools effici5t 9
 ! latt]4 ,b ! ess5tial evils ( ea*     
sy/em are--ess5tial evils1 & "o has to  
suff] !m & /ruggle aga9/ !m1 z "o has to
 /ruggle p]petually ) ! pa?og5ic bact]ia
 t infe/ ! _w4 ,! !ory ( mon>*y is1 no  
d\bt1 inf]ior to ! democratic !ory 9    
/imulus1 b ! latt] fails 9 qualitative  
effect1 mu* m ?an ! =m]4 ,!re1 !        
objector submits1 lies ! qu9tess5ce ( ! 
matt]4 ,bo? sy/ems ne$ wat*+1 ne$       
criticism1 ! prun+ knife & ! /imulant1 &
 nei!r is bad en\gh to ju/ify a         
revolution>y *ange to ! o!r4 ,9 "s su*  
conclusion z ?is mo/ ( ! ,engli% p ) :om
 "o c discuss ?is "q h come to re/1 & x 
is to ?is way ( look+ at ! matt] t "o   
mu/ ascribe ! apa!tic acquiesc5ce 9 !   
,briti% h]$it>y sy/em1 ^u :i* ,i h      
already rem>k$4 ,!re is a frank &       
excessive admission ( e real & imag9>y  

fault ( ! ,am]ican sy/em1 & ) !         
proposition t we are on ! horns ( a     
dilemma1 ! discussion is dismiss$4  ,b  
are we inde$ on ! horns ( a dilemma1 &  
is !re no alt]native to h]$it>y gov]nm5t
 temp]$ by elections1 or gov]nm5t by !  
w>d politician & ! poll+ boo?8 ,_c we h 
t s5se & tradition ( equal opportunity =
 all :o are born into ?is _w1 t g5]\s & 
complete ackn[l$gm5t ( ! pr9ciple (     
promotion f ! ranks t is ! preci\s      
bir?right ( ! ,am]ican1 )\t ! political 
g]rym&]+1 ! practical falsification1 t  
re/ricts t g5]al fre$om at la/ only to !
 en]getic1 & t subord9ates quality to   
quantity 9 e affair ( life8 ,x is evid5t
 t = ! ,new ,republican to admit t ! ?+ 
is inde$ a dilemma1 t !re is no?+ = x b 
to make ! be/ ( :i*ev] bad ?+ we h at   
h&1 t we _c h all we desire b only a    
great] or a less] moiety1 is a mo/      
melan*oly & hamp]+ admission4 ,&1       
c]ta9ly1 no ,new ,republican w agree )\t
 a c]ta9 m5tal /ruggle1 )\t a ?or\gh &  
e>ne/ inquiry into ! possibility ( a    

?ird direction4  ,?is matt] has two     
aspects1 x pres5ts itself z two         
que/ions2 ! "q fir/ ( all (             
adm9i/ration1 & ! "q ( hon\r &          
privilege4 ,:at is x t ! ,new           
,republican idea really requires 9 ^!   
two matt]s8 ,9 ! matt] ( adm9i/ration x 
requires t e *ild gr[+ up 9 a /ate %\ld 
feel t he is "p own] ( 8 /ate1          
completely free 9 8 memb]%ip1 & equal 9 
opportunity to all o!r *ildr5--& x also 
wants to secure ! managem5t ( affairs 9 
! h&s ( ! v be/ m51 n ! noisie/1 n !    
ri*e/ or mo/ skilfully adv]tis$1 b !    
be/4 ,c ^! two ?+s be reconcil$8 ,9 !   
matt] ( hon\r & privilege1 ! ,new       
,republican idea requires a sep>ation ( 
hon\r f notoriety2 x requires "s visible
 & =cible expression ( ! ess5tial       
conception t !re are ?+s m hon\rable ?an
 gett+ ei!r votes or money2 x requires a
 class & di/9ctions & privileges embody+
 t idea--& also x wants to ensure t     
?r\gh ! :ole range ( life !re %all n be 
"o door lock$ aga9/ ! ef=t ( ! citiz5 to

 accompli% ! be/ t is 9 him4 ,c ^! two  
?+s be reconcil$ also8  ,i h ! tem]ity  
to ?9k t 9 bo? cases ! conflict+        
requirem5ts c be reconcil$ f> m         
completely ?an is commonly suppos$4     
,let u take1 fir/ ( all1 ! "q ( !       
reconciliation z x is pres5t$ 9 !       
adm9i/ration ( public affairs4 ,! days h
 come :5 ! mo/ democratic-m9d$ ( m5 mu/ 
beg9 to admit t ! appo9tm5t ( all rul]s 
& (ficials by poll+ ! manhood1 or mo/ ( 
! manhood1 ( a c\ntry does n "w--let u  
say p]fectly--& at no level (           
educational effici5cy does x ev] seem   
likely to "w 9 ! way ^? :o e/abli%$ x   
hop$4 ,by ?\s&s ( ! mo/ v>i$ exp]im5ts !
 n9ete5? c5tury has prov$ ?is up to !   
hilt4 ,! fact t elections c only be     
work$ z a *oice betwe5 two select$      
c&idates1 or gr\ps ( c&idates1 is !     
un=ese5 & unavoidable me*anical defect (
 all electoral me?ods ) l>ge            
electorates4 ,education has no?+ to d ) 
t4 ,! elections = ! ,engli% ,univ]sity  
memb]s are manipulat$ j z mu* z !       

elections 9 ! lea/ lit]ate ( ! ,iri%    
con/itu5cies4 ,footnote3 ,!re is a v    
sugge/ive book on ?is aspect ( our g5]al
 "q1 ,! ,cr[d1 by ,m4 ,gu/ave le ,bon1  
:i* %\ld int]e/ any "o :o f9ds ?is pap] 
int]e/+4 ,& ! ,engli% read] :o w\ld l a 
full] treatm5t ( ?is "q has n[ available
 also ,o/rogorski's great "w1 ,democracy
 & ! ,organization ( ,political ,p>ties4
 ,x is n a "q ( accid5tals1 b a "q ( !  
ess5tial me*anism4 ,m5 h s\ght out &    
consid]$ all sorts ( devices = qualify+ 
! pres5t me?od by poll+2 ,mills's plural
 vot+ = educat$ m5 w occur to ! read]2  
,h>e's sy/em ( vote collection1 & !     
negative vot+ ( ,doctor ,grece2 & !     
defects ( ^! inv5tions h be5 suffici5tly
 obvi\s to prev5t ev5 a trial4 ,! *anges
 h be5 rung ^u me?ods ( c\nt+2          
cumulative votes & ! prohibition (      
plump+1 & s on1 h be5 tri$ )\t any      
ess5tial modification ( ! results4 ,!re 
are v>i\s devices = introduc+ 8/ages0 9 
! electoral process2 ! con/itu5cy elects
 electors1 :o elect ! rul]s & (fic]s1 = 

example1 & !re is also t futile attempt 
to br+ 9 ! non-political speciali/1 !   
me?od ( elect+ gov]n+ bodies ) p[] to   
8co-opt40 ,( c\rse !y 8co-opt0  _! fell[
 politicians1 reject$ c&idates1 & s on4 
,among o!r exp$i5ts t p h discuss$1 are 
su* z w\ld make x necess>y = a man to   
take "s tr\ble & display "s =esight to  
get regi/]$ z a vot] or to pass an      
exam9ation to t end1 & su* z w\ld       
confront him ) a vot+ pap] s complex1 t 
only a v intellig5t & pa9/ak+ man w\ld  
be able to fill x up )\t                
disqualification4 ,x c]ta9ly seems a    
reasonable ?+ to require t ! vot] %\ld  
be able at lea/ to write out fully &    
spell correctly ! "n ( ! man ( 8 *oice4 
,except = ! la/1 !re is sc>cely any ( ^!
 ?+s b its adoption w\ld /r5g!n ! p[] ( 
! political organiz]1 :i* !y aim to     
defeat4 ,any complication increases !   
ne$ & ! p[] ( organization4 ,x is       
possible to believe--! writ] believes--t
 ) all ?is bur!n ( %ortcom+s1 !         
democratic election sy/em is /ill1 on ! 

:ole1 bett] ?an a sy/em ( h]$it>y       
privilege1 b t is no reason = conceal+  
h[ defective & disappo9t+ its practical 
outcome has be51 nor = re/+ cont5t$ ) x 
9 its pres5t =m4 ,footnote3 ,! /atem5t (
 ! case is n complete unless we m5tion  
t1 to ! me?od ( rule by h]$it>y rul]s & 
! appo9tm5t ( (ficials by noble patrons 
on ! "o h&1 & ( rule by politicians     
ex]cis+ patronage on ! o!r1 !re is add$ 
9 ! ,briti% sy/em ! ,*9ese me?od (      
select+ (ficials by competitive         
exam9ation4 ,)9 its limits ?is has work$
 z a mo/ admirable corrective to        
patronage2 x is "o ( ! *ief factors 9 ! 
cleanh&$ness ( ,briti% politicians1 & x 
is cont9ually import+ fre% "y m5 f      
outside to keep (ficialdom 9 t\* ) !    
g5]al educat$ _w4 ,b x does n apply1 & x
 does n seem applicable1 to ! broad]    
issues ( politics1 to ! appo9tm5t &     
endorsem5t ( responsible rul]s &        
legislators1 :]e a score ( qualities are
 ( m importance ?an ^? an exam9ation c  
gauge4  ,is poll+ really ess5tial to !  

democratic idea8 ,t is ! "q n[ v e>ne/ly
 put to ! read]4 ,we are s t]ribly "u ! 
spell ( e/abli%$ conditions1 we are all 
s obsess$ by ! p]suasion t ! only       
conceivable way 9 :i* a man c be        
express$ politically is by himself vot+ 
9 p]son1 t we d all ( u habitually      
ov]look a possibility1 a ?ird *oice1 t  
lies ready to our h&s4 ,!re is a way by 
means ( :i* ! indisputable evils (      
democratic gov]nm5t may be v greatly    
dim9i%$1 )\t de/roy+ or ev5             
dim9i%+--inde$1 r enhanc+--t invigorat+ 
s5se ( unhamp]$ possibilities1 t !      
democratic idea involves4 ,!re is a way 
( *oos+ y\r public s]vants ( all sorts &
 effectually controll+ public affairs on
 p]fectly s\nd democratic pr9ciples1 )\t
 ev] hav+ su* a ?+ z an election1 z x is
 n[ und]/ood1 at all1 a way :i* w p]mit 
( a delib]ate *oice betwe5 num]\s       
c&idates--a ?+ utt]ly impossible "u !   
curr5t sy/em--:i* w c]ta9ly raise !     
av]age quality ( our legislators1 & be  
inf9itely san]1 ju/]1 & m delib]ate ?an 

our pres5t me?od4 ,&1 moreov]1 x is a   
way t is typically ! inv5tion ( !       
,engli% p1 & :i* !y use to-day 9 ano!r  
precisely p>allel application1 an       
application :i* !y h elaborately te/$ & 
develop$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( at lea/ sev5 or
 eight hundr$ ye>s1 & :i* ,i mu/ confess
 myself amaz$ to ?9k has n already be5  
appli$ to our public ne$s4 ,?is way is !
 ,jury sy/em4 ,! ,jury sy/em 0 devis$ to
 meet almo/ exactly ! same problem t    
faces u to-day1 ! problem ( h[ on ! "o  
h& to avoid putt+ a man's life or       
prop]ty into ! h&s ( a ,rul]1 a         
privileg$ p]son1 ^: int]e/ might be     
unsympa!tic or ho/ile1 :ile on ! o!r    
protect+ him f ! tumultu\s judgm5ts ( a 
cr[d--to save ! accus$ f ! arbitr>y w ( 
,k+ & ,noble )\t fl++ him to ! mob4     
,to-day x is exactly t problem ov] aga9 
t our peoples h to solve1 except t      
in/ead ( "o individual affair we h n[   
our g5]al affairs to place "u a p>allel 
sy/em4 ,z ! community t _h orig9ally be5
 small en\gh & intimate en\gh to decide 

on ! guilt or innoc5ce ( its memb]s grew
 to difficult proportions1 !re develop$ 
?is sy/em ( select+ by lot a numb] ( its
 common citiz5s :o 7 sworn1 :o 7 !n     
specially in/ruct$ & prep>$1 & :o1 9 an 
atmosph]e ( solemnity & responsibility 9
 absolute contra/ ) ! upro> ( a public  
poll+1 consid]$ ! case & condemn$ or    
dis*>g$ ! accus$4 ,let me po9t out t ?is
 me?od is s univ]sally recogniz$ z      
sup]ior to ! common electoral me?od t   
any "o :o %\ld propose to-day to take ! 
fate ( a man accus$ ( murd] out ( ! h&s 
( a jury & place x 9 ! h&s ( any ,briti%
 or ,am]ican con/itu5cy :atev]1 ev5 9 ! 
h&s ( su* a highly intellig5t con/itu5cy
 z "o ( ! ,briti% univ]sities1 w\ld be  
?\ght to be c>ry+ crank9ess beyond !    
bord] l9e ( sanity4  ,:y !n %\ld we n   
apply ! ,jury sy/em to ! electoral      
riddle8  ,suppose1 = example1 at ! end (
 ! ,p>liam5t>y t]m1 in/ead ( ! pres5t   
me?od ( elect+ a memb] ( ,p>liam5t1 we  
71 ) e precaution ( publicity & ) ! mo/ 
+5i\sly imp>tial ma*9e t c\ld be inv5t$1

 to select a ,jury by lot1 a ,jury      
suffici5tly num]\s to be reasonably     
repres5tative ( ! g5]al feel+ ( !       
community & suffici5tly small to be able
 to talk easily toge!r & to d ! bus9ess 
)\t debat+ society me?ods--betwe5 tw5ty 
& ?irty1 ,i ?9k1 might be a good work+  
numb]--& suppose we 71 aft] a c]emony ( 
swe>+ !m & p]haps aft] pray] or aft] a  
grave & dignifi$ address to !m ^u ! duty
 t lay be=e !m1 to place ea* ( ^! juries
 9 com=table qu>t]s = a few days &      
isolat$ f ! _w1 to *oose its legislator4
 ,!y c\ld he>1 9 public1 "u a "t limit1 
! addresses ( su* c&idates z _h pres5t$ 
!mselves1 & !y c\ld receive1 "u a limit 
( l5g? & ) prop] precautions =          
publicity1 su* docum5ts z ! c&idates    
*ose to submit4 ,!y c\ld also1 9 public1
 put any que/ions !y *ose to ! c&idates 
to elucidate _! int5tions or _!         
antec$5ts1 & !y might at any /age decide
 unanim\sly to he> no m ( & to dismiss  
?is or t c&idate :o encumb]$ _!         
delib]ations4 7,?is latt] w\ld be an    

effectual way ( suppress+ ! c&idature ( 
cranks1 & ( half-witt$ & m]ely          
symbolical p]sons47 ,! ,jury betwe5 &   
aft] _! int]rogations & audi5ces w\ld   
)draw f ! public room to delib]ate 9    
privacy4 ,_! delib]ations :i*1 ( c\rse1 
w\ld be frank & conv]sational to a      
degree impossible "u any o!r conditions1
 & free f ! dodges ( ! exp]t vote       
manipulator altoge!r1 w\ld1 = example1 9
 ! case ( sev]al c&idates ( ! same or   
simil> political col\rs1 d away ) !     
absurdity ( ! split vote4 ,! jurym5 ( ! 
same political hue c\ld settle t affair 
among !mselves be=e contribut+ to a f9al
 decision4  ,?is ,jury might h c]ta9    
p[]s ( inque/4 ,provision might be made 
= pleas aga9/ p>ticul> c&idates2 private
 individuals or ! advocates ( vigilance 
societies might appe> aga9/ any p>ticul>
 c&idate & submit ! facts ab\t any      
d\btful affair1 f9ancial or o!rwise1 9  
:i* t c&idate _h be5 involv$4 ,witnesses
 might be call$ & he>d on any "q ( fact1
 & ! implicat$ c&idate w\ld expla9 8    

conduct4 ,& at any /age ! ,jury might   
/op proce$+s & report its selection = ! 
vacant po/4 ,!n1 at ! expiration ( a    
reasonable p]iod1 a ye> p]haps1 or ?ree 
ye>s or sev5 ye>s1 ano!r ,jury might be 
summon$ to decide :e!r ! sitt+ memb]    
%\ld cont9ue 9 (fice un*all5g$ or be    
subject$ to a fre% conte/4  ,?is        
sugge/ion is advanc$ "h 9 ?is concrete  
=m m]ely to %[ ! sort ( ?+ t might be   
done2 x is "o sample sugge/ion1 "o ( a  
great numb] ( possible s*emes (         
,election by ,jury4 ,b ev5 9 ?is /ate ( 
crude sugge/ion1 x is submitt$ t x does 
s]ve to %[ ! practicability ( a me?od ( 
election m delib]ate & ?or\gh1 m        
dignifi$1 m calculat$ to impress ! new  
g5]ation ) a s5se ( ! gravity ( ! public
 *oice1 & inf9itely m likely to give u  
good rul]s ?an ! pres5t me?od1 & t x    
w\ld d s )\t sacrific+ any ess5tial good
 quality :atev] inh]5t 9 ! ,democratic  
,idea4 ,footnote3 ,!re are excell5t     
possibilities1 bo? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9
 ?is ,empire1 ( try+ ov] su* a me?od z  

?is1 & ( introduc+ x t5tatively &       
piecemeal4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 already !re
 are q diff]5t me?ods ( election =      
,p>liam5t exi/+ side by side4 ,9 ! ,hy! 
division ( ,k5t1 = example1 ,i vote by  
ballot ) elaborate secrecy2 9 !         
,univ]sity ( ,london ,i decl>e my vote 9
 a room full ( p4 ,! ,briti% ,univ]sity 
con/itu5cies1 or "o ( !m1 might v       
readily be us$ z a practical te/ ( ?is  
jury sugge/ion4 ,!re is no?+1 ,i        
believe1 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates to prev5t any "o ,/ate resort+ to
 ?is *>act]i/ically ,anglo-,saxon me?od 
( appo9t+ its repres5tatives 9          
,congress4 ,x is n only 9 political     
in/itutions t ! me?od may be tri$4 ,any 
societies or in/itutions t h to s5d     
delegates to a conf]5ce or meet+ might v
 easily br+ ?is conception to a         
practical te/4 ,ev5 if x does n prove   
practicable z a sub/itute = election by 
poll+1 x might be f\nd ( "s value = !   
appo9tm5t ( memb]s ( ! speciali/ type1 =
 :om at pres5t we g5]ally resort to     

co-option4 ,9 _m cases :]e ! selection (
 speciali/s 0 desirable to complete     
public bodies1 juries ( educat$ m5 ( !  
,briti% ,gr& ,jury type might be highly 
s]viceable4 ,! case = ! use ( ! ,jury   
sy/em becomes f> /rong] :5 we apply x to
 su* problems z we n[ attempt to solve  
by co-opt+ exp]ts ^u v>i\s adm9i/rative 
bodies4  ,! necessity ei!r ( rais+ !    
quality ( repres5tative bodies or (     
replac+ !m n only 9 adm9i/ration b 9    
legislation by bureaucracies ( (ficials 
appo9t$ by elect$ or h]$it>y rul]s1 is  
"o t presses on all ?\ghtful m51 & is by
 no means an academic "q ne$$ to r\nd (f
 ?is ,new ,republican !ory4 ,! necessity
 becomes m urg5t e day1 z sci5tific &   
economic developm5ts raise fir/ "o      
affair & !n ano!r to ! level ( public or
 quasi-public functions4 ,9 ! la/       
c5tury1 locomotion1 light+1 heat+1      
education1 =c$ !mselves ^u public       
control or public managem5t1 & n[ ) !   
developm5t ( ,tru/s a :ole ho/ (        
bus9esses1 t 7 once ! affair ( compet+  

private conc]ns1 claim ! same att5tion4 
,gov]nm5t by hu/+s' bawl+1 newspap]     
clam\r1 & w>d organization1 is m p]il\s 
e day & m impot5t1 & unless we are      
prep>$ to see a gov]nm5t de facto ( ri* 
bus9ess organiz]s ov]ride ! gov]nm5t de 
jure1 or to relapse ^u a practical      
olig>*y ( (ficials1 an olig>*y t w      
c]ta9ly decl9e 9 effici5cy 9 a g5]ation 
or s1 we mu/ set ourselves mo/ e>ne/ly  
to ?is problem ( improv+ repres5tative  
me?ods4 ,x is 9 ! direction ( !         
sub/itution ( ! ,jury me?od = a g5]al   
poll t ! only practicable l9e (         
improvem5t kn[n to ! pres5t writ] seems 
to lie1 & until x has be5 tri$ x _c be  
conc$$ t democratic gov]nm5t has be5    
tri$ & exhau/ively prov$ inadequate to !
 complex ne$s ( ! mod]n /ate4  ,s mu* = 
! "q ( adm9i/ration4 ,we come n[ to a   
second ne$ 9 ! mod]n /ate if x is to get
 ! be/ result f ! citiz5s born into x1 &
 t is ! ne$ ( hon\rs & privileges to    
rew>d & enhance s]vices & exceptional   
p]sonal qualities & s to /ir & ennoble t

 emulation :i* is1 "u prop] direction1 !
 mo/ useful to ! con/ructive /atesman ( 
all human motives4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
titles are prohibit$ by ! con/itution1 9
 ,great ,brita9 !y g by prescription4 ,b
 x is possible to imag9e titles &       
privileges t are n h]$it>y1 & t w\ld be 
real symbols ( human wor? entirely 9    
accordance ) ! ,republican ,idea4 ,x is 
"o ( ! /ock *>ges aga9/ ,republicanism t
 success 9 ,am]ica is ei!r political or 
f9ancial4 ,9 ,engl&1 9 addition1 success
 is also social1 & !re is1 "o mu/ admit1
 a sort ( recognition accord$ to        
intellectual a*ievem5t1 :i* "s ,am]ican 
sci5tific m5 h f\nd reason to envy4 ,9  
,am]ica1 ( c\rse1 j z 9 ,great ,brita91 
!re exi/s t v enviable di/9ction1 !     
honor>y degree ( a univ]sity2 b 9       
,am]ica x is ta9t$ by ! fre$om ) :i*    
bogus univ]sities c be organiz$1 & by ! 
un*all5g$ assumptions ( quacks4 ,9      
,great ,brita9 ! honor>y degree ( a     
univ]sity1 9 spite ( ! fact t x goes    
almo/ z a matt] ( c\rse to e casual     

,pr9ce1 is a highly desirable           
recognition ( public s]vices4 ,beyond   
?is !re are c]ta9 ,briti% di/9ctions t  
might v advantage\sly be p>allel$ 9     
,am]ica1 ! ,fell[%ip ( ! ,royal         
,society1 = example1 & t really v f9e   
hon\r1 z yet unta9t$ by ! class ( m5 :o 
t\t = b>onetcies & pe]ages1 ! ,privy    
,c\ncil4  ,!re are c]ta9 po9ts 9 ?is "q 
t are too (t5 ov]look$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1
 hon\rs & titles ne$ n be h]$it>y2 9 !  
second1 !y ne$ n be conf]r$ by !        
political adm9i/ration2 &1 9 ! ?ird1 !y 
are n only--z ! ,fr5* ,legion ( ,hon\r  
%[s--entirely compatible )1 b !y are a  
necess>y complem5t to ! ,republican     
,idea4  ,! bad results ( entru/+ hon\rs 
to ! ,gov]nm5t are equally obvi\s 9     
,france & ,great ,brita94 ,!y are       
pr$om9antly giv51 q naturally1 =        
political s]vices1 because !y are giv5  
by politicians too absorb$ to be aw>e ( 
m5 outside ! political _w4 ,9 ,great    
,brita9 ! process is modifi$ r ?an      
improv$ by :at "o kn[s z c\rt influ5ce4 

,& 9 spite ( ! real & su/a9$ effici5cy (
 ! ,royal ,society 9 di/+ui%+ m]itori\s 
sci5tific work]s1 ! ,fr5* ,academy1 :i* 
has long be5 captur$ by ari/ocratic     
dilettanti1 & ! ,engli% ,royal ,academy 
( ,arts1 demon/rate ! ess5tial defects &
 dang]s ( a body :i* fills its own gaps4
 ,b !re is no reason :y a national sy/em
 ( hon\rs & titles %\ld n be work$ ^u a 
q new basis1 sugge/$ by ^! v>i\s        
consid]ations4 ,let u1 simply =         
tangibl5ess1 put ! ?+ z a concrete plan 
= ! read]'s consid]ation4  ,!re might1 =
 example1 be a l[e/ /age :i* w\ld       
include--z ! ,engli% knigh?ood once     
includ$--almo/ e citiz5 capable (       
initiative1 all ! univ]sity graduates1  
all ! m5 qualifi$ to practice !         
responsible pr(essions1 all qualifi$    
tea*]s1 all ! m5 9 ! ,army & ,navy      
promot$ to a c]ta9 rank1 all seam5      
qualifi$ to navigate a vessel1 all !    
m9i/]s recogniz$ by prop]ly organiz$    
religi\s bodies1 all public (ficials    
ex]cis+ comm&2 quasi-public             

organizations might nom9ate a c]ta9     
proportion ( _! /affs1 & organiz$       
trade-unions ) any claim to skill1 a    
c]ta9 proportion ( _! m51 _! 8dec5t0 m51
 & e arti/ or writ] :o c\ld submit a    
passable diploma "w2 x w\ld be1 9 fact1 
a m>k set ^u e man or woman :o 0        
qualifi$ to d some?+ or :o _h done      
some?+1 z di/+ui%$ f ! man :o _h done   
no?+ 9 ! _w1 ! m]e common un5t]pris+    
esuri5t man4 ,x might c>ry _m little    
privileges 9 public matt]s--= in/ance1 x
 might qualify = c]ta9 electoral juries4
 ,& f ?is class ! next rank might easily
 be drawn 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,9 a mod]n 
democratic /ate !re mu/ be _m f\nta9s ( 
hon\r4 ,t is a necessity ^u :i* "o _c   
insi/ too mu*4 ,!re mu/ be no c\rt1 no  
gang1 no traditional inalt]able         
tribunal4 ,local legislative bodies1 =  
example1--9 ,am]ica1 /ate legislatures &
 9 ,engl&1 c\nty c\ncils1--might conf]  
rank on a limit$ numb] ( m5 or wom5     
ye>ly2 juries drawn f c]ta9 special     
con/itu5cies1 f ! roll ( ! m$ical       

pr(ession1 or f ! ,army1 might assemble 
p]iodically to nom9ate _! pr(essional   
be/1 ! ,=eign or ,colonial ,(fice might 
conf] recognition = political s]vices1 !
 univ]sity gov]n+ bodies might be       
entru/$ ) ! p[]--j z 9 ! middle ages _m 
great m5 c\ld conf] knigh?ood4 ,f among 
^! di/+ui%$ g5tlem5 ( ! second grade    
/ill high] ranks might be drawn4 ,local 
juries might select a local *ief        
dignit>y z _! 8e>l10 let u say1 f among 
! resid5t m5 ( rank1 & !re is no reason 
:y c]ta9 great con/itu5cies1 ! m$ical   
call+1 ! eng9e]s1 %\ld n specify "o or  
two ( _! pr(essional lead]s1 _! 8dukes40
 ,!re are _m occasions ( local          
importance :5 an hon\rable figure-head  
is ne$$4 ,! ,briti% fall back on ! local
 h]$it>y pe] or invite a pr9ce1 too (t5 
"s poor creature great only by          
conv5tion--& :at ! ,am]icans d ,i d n   
"k1 unless !y use a ,boss4 ,!re are _m  
occasions ( some?+ m ?an c]emonial      
importance :5 a responsible man publicly
 hon\r$ & publicly kn[n1 & n a          

pr(essional politician1 is ( ! utmo/    
conv5i5ce4 ,& !re are endless affairs1  
li/s1 ga!r+s1 :5 ! only alt]native to   
rank is scramble4 ,= myself ,i w\ld n   
draw ! l9e at su* m9or occasions =      
prec$5ce4 ,a ,second ,*amb] is an       
ess5tial "p ( ! political s*eme ( all ! 
,engli%-speak+ communities1 & almo/     
always x is int5d$ to pres5t /abl]      
int]e/s & a small] & m select$          
con/itu5cy ?an ! l[] h\se4 ,f su* a life
 nobility z ,i h sket*$ a ,second ,*amb]
 c\ld be drawn mu* z ! ,iri%            
repres5tative pe]s 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords   
are drawn f ! g5]al pe]age ( ,irel&4 ,x 
w\ld be f> less p>ty b\nd & f> less     
m]c5>y ?an ! ,am]ican ,s5ate1 & f> m    
intellig5t & capable ?an ! ,briti% ,h\se
 ( ,lords4 ,& ei!r ( ^! bodies c\ld be  
br\ght "u a process ( delib]ate         
conv]sion 9 ?is direction ) sc>cely any 
revolution>y %ock at all4 ,footnote3 ,9 
! case ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 = example1 ! 
process ( conv]sion might beg9 by ext5d+
 ! ,scot* & ,iri% sy/em to ,engl&1 &    

sub/itut+ a less] numb] ( repres5tative 
pe]s = ! exi/+ ,engli% pe]age4 ,!n x    
w\ld m]ely revive a "q t 0 already "u   
discussion 9 middle ,victorian times1 to
 create non-h]$it>y pe]ages 9 ! ?ree    
k+doms4 ,! sev]al ,privy ,c\ncils might 
next be add$ to ! ?ree national         
con/itu5cies by :i* & f :i* !           
repres5tative pe]s 7 appo9t$1 & !n      
advisory bo>ds might be call$ f ! v>i\s 
,univ]sities & organiz$ pr(essions1 & f 
au?oritative ,colonial bodies to        
recomm5d m5 to be add$ to ! vot+ pe]age4
 ,life pe]s already exi/4 ,! law is     
repres5t$ by life pe]s4 ,! lords        
spiritual are repres5tative life        
pe]s--!y are ! s5ior bi%ops1 & !y are   
appo9t$ to repres5t a corporation--!    
,e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,s a g5]ally           
non-h]$it>y functional nobility might   
come into be+ )\t any viol5t break ) !  
pres5t condition ( ?+s4 ,! conv]sion ( !
 ,am]ican ,s5ate w\ld be a m difficult  
matt]1 because ! me?od ( appo9tm5t (    
,s5ators is m /]eotyp$ altoge!r1 &1 s9ce

 #ahjj1 unhappily q b\nd up ) !         
political p>ty sy/em4 ,! ,s5ate is n a  
body ( v>i$ & fluctuat+ orig9s into :i* 
new elem5ts c be quietly ins]t$4 ,an    
,engli% writ] _c e/imate h[ de> ! sacr$ 
brace ( ,s5ators = ea* ,/ate may or may 
n be to ! ,am]ican he>t4 ,b !           
possibility ( ,congress delegat+ ! p[]  
to appo9t additional ,s5ators to c]ta9  
non-political bodies1 or to juries ( a  
specific con/itution1 is at lea/ ?9kable
 z ! beg9n+ ( a movem5t t w\ld come at  
la/ into p>allelism ) t 9 ! ,briti%     
,empire4  ,:5 ^! issues ( public hon\r &
 effici5t democratic adm9i/ration h     
begun to move t[>ds a def9ite solution1 
! community w be 9 a position to ext5d !
 op]ation ( ! new me?ods t[>ds a pr(\nd]
 revolution1 ! control ( private        
prop]ty4 8,we are all ,sociali/s        
n[adays10 & x is ne$less1 !re=e1 to     
argue "h at any l5g? to e/abli% ! fact t
 beyond q p]sonal belong+s all ,prop]ty 
is ! creation ( society1 & 9 reality no 
m ?an an adm9i/rative device4 ,at       

pres5t1 9 spite ( "s q hide\s &         
mis*iev\s local aspects1 ! in/itution ( 
,prop]ty1 ev5 9 l& & ! %>es (           
quasi-public bus9esses1 probably gives z
 effici5t a me?od ( control1 & ev5 x may
 be a m effici5t me?od ( control ?an any
 t c\ld be devis$ to replace x "u exi/+ 
conditions4 ,we h no public bodies & no 
me?ods ( *eck & control suffici5tly     
tru/wor?y to ju/ify ext5sive            
expropriations4 ,ev5 ! municipalization 
( indu/ries ne$s to g sl[ly until       
municipal areas h be5 br\ght m into     
con=mity ) ! conditions ( effici5t      
adm9i/ration4 ,areas too cramp$ & areas 
t ov]lap spell wa/e & conflict+         
au?orities1 & premature municipalization
 9 su* areas w lead only to ! f9al      
triumph ( ! private company4 ,political 
effici5cy mu/ prec$e ,socialism4        
,footnote3 ,see ,app5dix ,i4  ,b !re c  
be no d\bt t ! spectacle ( irresponsible
 prop]ty is a t]ribly demoraliz+ =ce 9 !
 developm5t ( ea* g5]ation4 ,x is idle  
to d5y t ,prop]ty1 bo? 9 ,great ,brita9 

& ,am]ica1 works out into a practical   
repudiation ( t equality1 political     
democracy s eloqu5tly ass]ts4 ,!re is a 
fatali/ic submission to inf]iority on ! 
"p ( an ov]:elm+ majority ( ^? born     
poor1 !y hold !mselves *eap 9 c\ntless  
ways1 & !y accept z natural ! use (     
weal? = wanton pleasure & purposes      
absolutely mis*iev\s1 !y despair ( ef=t 
9 ! public s]vice1 & f9d _! only hope 9 
gambl+1 %>p gre$y trad+1 or 9 base      
acquiesc5ces to ! ri*4 ,! good ,new     
,republican c only reg>d our pres5t     
sy/em ( ,prop]ty z a t]ribly            
unsatisfactory exp$i5t & seek ) all 8   
p[] to develop a bett] ord] to replace  
x4  ,!re are c]ta9 l9es ( action 9 ?is  
matt] t _c b be b5eficial1 & x is ^u ^! 
t ! ,new ,republican w1 no d\bt1 g4 ,"o 
excell5t ?+1 = example1 w\ld be to insi/
 t beyond ! limits ( a reasonable am\nt 
( p]sonal prop]ty1 ! community is       
ju/ifi$ 9 dem&+ a mu* high] degree (    
effici5cy 9 ! prop]ty-hold] ?an 9 ! case
 ( ! common citiz51 to require him or h]

 to be n only sane b capable1 equal     
m5tally & bodily to a great *>ge4 ,!    
heir to a great prop]ty %\ld possess a  
satisfactory k ( social & economic      
sci5ce1 & %\ld h /udi$ ) a view to 8    
great responsibilities4 ,! age (        
tw5ty-"o is sc>cely high en\gh = !      
managem5t ( a great e/ate1 & to raise ! 
age ( free adm9i/ration = ! own]s (     
great prop]ties1 & to specify a         
sup]annuation age w\ld be a wise &      
ju/ifiable measure4 ,footnote3 ,some?+ (
 ! sort is already secur$ 9 ,france by !
 p[] ( ! ,conseil de ,famille to        
expropriate a sp5d?rift4 ,!re %\ld also 
be a possibility ( int]v5tion 9 ! case (
 maladm9i/ration1 & a code (            
(f5ces--habitual drunk5ness1 = example1 
assaults ( v>i\s k9ds--(f5ces t e/abli%$
 ! fact ( unfitness & result$ 9         
deposition1 might be drawn up4 ,x might 
be f\nd desirable 9 ! case ( c]ta9      
crimes & misdemean\rs1 to add to exi/+  
p5alties ! transf] ( all real or %>e    
prop]ties to tru/ees4 ,vigor\s          

confiscation is a p>ticul>ly logical    
puni%m5t = ! prov5 corruption ( public  
(fic]s by any prop]ty own] or gr\p (    
prop]ty own]s4 ,ri* m5 :o bribe are a   
dang] to any /ate4 ,beyond ! limits (   
lunacy x might be possible to def9e a   
condition ( malignancy or ru?lessness t 
w\ld ju/ify confiscation1 attempts to =m
 corn]s 9 ! necessities ( life1 =       
example1 c\ld be tak5 z evid5ce ( su* a 
condition4 ,all su* measures z ?is w\ld 
be f> m b5eficial ?an ! imm$iate        
improvem5t !y w\ld effect 9 public      
managem5t4 ,!y w\ld infect ! :ole social
 body ) ! s5se t prop]ty 0 saturat$ )   
responsibility & 0 9 effect a tru/1 & t 
w\ld be a good influ5ce ^u ri* & poor   
alike4  ,moreov]1 z public bodies became
 m effici5t & m tru/wor?y1 ! pr9ciple   
already e/abli%$ 9 ,briti% social polity
 by ,sir ,william ,v]non ,h>c\rt's ,dea?
 ,duties1 ! pr9ciple ( :ittl+ great     
prop]ties at ea* transf]1 might be v    
mat]ially ext5d$4 ,e transf] ( prop]ty  
might e/abli% a /ate mortgage = "s      

fraction ( ! value ( t prop]ty4 ,!      
fraction might be small :5 ! recipi5t 0 
a public in/itution1 consid]able 9 !    
case ( a son or daught]1 & almo/ all = a
 di/ant relative or no k9dr$ at all4 ,by
 su* devices ! evil influ5ce ( prop]ty  
acquir$ by m]e accid5ts w\ld be r$uc$   
)\t any great disc\ragem5t ( en]getic1  
ent]pris+1 & inv5tive m54 ,& a man      
ambiti\s to f\nd a family might /ill    
f\nd "o if he took c>e to m>ry wisely & 
tra9 & educate 8 *ildr5 to ! level ( !  
position he design$ = !m4  ,:ile ! ,new 
,republican br+s su* exp$i5ts z ?is to  
be> ^u prop]ty f above1 !re w also be ! 
exp$i5ts ( ! ,m9imum ,wage & ! ,m9imum  
,/&>d ( ,life1 already discuss$ 9 ! ?ird
 ( ^! pap]s1 controll+ x f bel[4 ,limit$
 9 ?is way1 prop]ty w resemble a riv] t 
once swamp$ a :ole c\ntry-side1 b has n[
 be5 bank$ )9 its *annel4 ,ev5 :5 ^!    
exp$i5ts h be5 exhau/ively work$ out1 !y
 w fall f> %ort ( t 8abolition (        
prop]ty0 :i* is ! crude expression (    
,socialism4 ,!re is a c]ta9 measure (   

prop]ty 9 a /ate :i* involves ! maximum 
( individual fre$om4 ,ei!r above or bel[
 t ,optimum "o passes t[>ds slav]y4 ,!  
,new ,republican is a ,new ,republican1 
& he te/s all ?+s by _! effect ^u !     
evolution ( man2 he is a ,sociali/ or an
 ,individuali/1 a ,free ,trad] or a     
,protectioni/1 a ,republican or a       
,democrat j s f>1 & only s f>1 z ^!     
v>i\s pr9ciples ( public policy subs]ve 
8 great] end4  ,?is crude sket* ( a     
possible s*eme ( hon\r & privilege1 & ( 
an approximation t[>ds ! socialization (
 prop]ty w1 at any rate1 %[ t 9 ?is     
matt]1 z 9 ! matt] ( political control1 
! alt]native ( ! ,briti% sy/em or !     
,am]ican sy/em does n exhau/ human      
possibilities4 ,!re is also ! ,tw5tie?  
,c5tury ,sy/em1 :i* we ,new ,republicans
 h to discov] & discuss & br+ to ! te/ (
 exp]i5ce4 ,& = ! sake ( ! education (  
our *ildr51 :i* is ! c>d9al bus9ess (   
our lives1 we mu/ refuse all conv5i5t   
legal fictions & und]h& ways1 & see to x
 t ! sy/em is z true to ! reality ( life

 & to "r & ju/ice z we c1 9 our light & 
g5]ation1 make x4 ,! *ild mu/ le>n n    
only f prea*] & p>5t & book1 b f ! :ole 
frame & ord] ( life ab\t x1 t tru? &    
s\nd liv+ & s]vice are ! only tru/wor?y 
ways to ei!r hon\r or p[]1 & t1 save = !
 unavoidable accid5ts ( life1 !y are v  
c]ta9 ways4 ,& !n he w h a fair *ance to
 gr[ up nei!r a sm>t & hu/l+ *eat--= !  
,am]ican at 8 wor/ is no m & no less ?an
 t--nor a sluggi% dis+5u\s snob--z !    
,briton too (t5 becomes--b a pr\d1      
ambiti\s1 clean-h&$1 & capable man4     
,,viii4 ,,! ,,cultivation ,,( ,,!       
,,imag9ation    #a   ,9 ! clos+ ye>s ( !
 s*ool p]iod comes ! dawn ( ! process ( 
adolesc5ce1 & ! simple egotism1 !       
egoti/ical affections ( ! *ild beg9 to  
be tr\bl$ by new int]e/s1 new vague     
impulses1 & pres5tly by a flood ( z yet 
=mless emotions4 ,! race1 ! species1 is 
claim+ ! individual1 endeav\r+ to secure
 ! individual = its great] ends4 ,9 !   
space ( a few ye>s ! almo/ sexless boy &
 girl h become consci\sly sexual1 are   

tr\bl$ by ! /ill my/]i\s possibilities (
 love1 are /irr$ to discont5t &         
adv5ture1 are rea*+ out imag9atively or 
actively t[>ds :at is at la/ !          
recomm5cem5t ( ?+s1 ! ess5tial fact 9 ! 
p]5nial re%ap+ ( ! ord] ( ! _w4 ,?is is 
inde$ some?+ ( a second bir?4 ,at its   
beg9n+ ! *ild we h kn[n beg9s to rec$e1 
! new individuality ga!rs itself toge!r 
) a sort ( %y jeal\sy1 & )draws f !     
confid5t intimacy ( *ildhood into a     
secret seclusion2 all p>5ts "k ( t loss2
 at its end we h an adult1 =m$ &        
det]m9ate1 = :om inde$ ! drama &        
conflict ( life is /ill only beg9n+1 b  
:o is1 nev]!less1 9 a v s]i\s s5se f9i%$
 & made4 ,! qua9t1 lovable1 l>val human 
be+ has pass$ !n into ! full imago1 be=e
 :om !re is no fur!r *ange 9 k9d save   
age & decay4  ,?is developm5t ( ! sexual
 be+1 ( p]sonal dreams1 & ! adult       
imag9ation is already comm5c+ 9 ! e>ly  
te5s4 ,x goes on ?r\gh all ! lat] phases
 ( ! educational process1 & x ends1 or1 
r1 x is trans=m$ by ins5sible degrees   

into ! p]sonal realities ( adult life4  
,n[ ?is second bir? )9 ! body ( ! fir/  
diff]s 9 _m fundam5tal aspects f t fir/4
 ,! fir/ bir? & ! body ab\nd 9          
inevitable ?+s2 = example1 features1    
ge/ures aptitudes1 complexions1 &       
col\rs1 are inh]it$ beyond any p[] (    
p]v]sion2 b ! second bir? is ! unfold+ n
 ( %ap$ & settl$ ?+s b ( possibilities1 
( extraord9>ily pla/ic m5tal faculties4 
,no d\bt !re are 9 ea* develop+         
individual dispositions t[>ds ?is or    
t--t5d5cies1 a bias 9 ! texture ?is way 
or t--b ! =m ( x all is extraord9>ily a 
matt] ( sugge/ion & ! influ5ce (        
delib]ate & accid5tal m\ld+ =ces4 ,!    
univ]sal ,w to live is !re1 peep+ out at
 fir/ 9 little curiosities1 inquiries1  
sudd5 disgu/s1 sudd5 fancies1 ! /umbl+1 
sl[ realization t = ?is 9 a my/]i\sly   
pr$om9ant way we live1 & gr[+ /rong]1   
gr[+ pres5tly1 9 ! great multitude (    
cases1 to passionate pref]5ces & p[]ful 
desires4 ,?is fl[ ( sex comes l a great 
riv] a?w>t ! pla9 ( our p]sonal &       

egoi/ic s*emes1 a great riv] ) its      
rapids1 ) its deep & sil5t places1 a    
riv] ( unc]ta9 dr\ghts1 a riv] (        
ov]:elm+ floods1 a riv] no "o :o w\ld   
escape dr[n+ may af=d to ignore4        
,moreov]1 x is ! v axis & creator ( our 
_w valley1 ! s\rce ( all our p[] 9 life1
 & ! irrigator ( all ?+s4 ,9 ! microcosm
 ( ea* individual1 z 9 ! microcosm ( !  
race1 ?is flood is a c>d9al problem4  ,&
 f its v nature ?is is a discussion (   
especial difficulty1 because x t\*es all
 ( u--except = a few peculi> s\ls--s    
intimately & s di/urb+ly4 ,i _h purpos$ 
to call ?is pap] 8,sex & ! ,imag9ation10
 & !n ,i _h a sudd5 vision ( ! ?+ t     
happ5s4 ,! vision pres5t$ a casual read]
 seat$ 9 a libr>y1 turn+ ov] books &    
magaz9es & ca/+ mu* excell5t wisdom     
aside1 & !n sudd5ly1 z x 71 wak+ up at t
 title1 arre/$1 display+ a furtive      
al]tness1 read+1 flu%$ & eag]1 nos+     
?r\gh ! article4 ,t 9 a vignette is !   
tr\ble 9 all ?is discussion4 ,7 we      
angels--6 ,b we are n angels2 we are all

 involv$4 ,if we are "y we are deep 9 x1
 :e!r we w\ld h x s or n2 if we are old1
 ev5 if we are q old1 our memories /ill 
/ret* out1 liv+ s5sitive ?reads f our   
t5d] vanity to ! great tr\ble4 ,deta*m5t
 is impossible4 ,! ne>e/ we c get to    
deta*m5t is to recognize t4  ,ab\t ?is  
"q ! tragi-comic web ( human absurdity  
?ick5s to its close/4 ,:5 has !re ev]   
be5 a lucid view or ev] w be ( ?is great
 bus9ess8 ,"h is ! common madness ( our 
species1 "h is all a tissue ( f9e       
unreasonabl5ess--to :i*1 no d\bt1 we are
 9 ! pres5t pap] inf9itesimally add+4   
,"o has a vision ( prepo/]\s proce$+s2  
great1 fat1 :eez+1 /rigilat$ ,roman     
emp]ors1 neat ,p>isian g5tlem5 ( ! late/
 cult1 ! good ,sa9t ,an?ony roll+ on 8  
?orns1 & ! pi\sly obsc5e ,durtal und]go+
 8 expiatory temptations1 ,mahomet &    
,brigham ,"y receiv+ supplem5t>y        
revelations1 grim m5 babbl+ secrets to  
s*oolgirls1 enam\r$ err& boys1 amor\s   
old wom51 debau*ees dream+ !mselves     
?or\ghly s5sible m5 & go+ ab\t _! que]  

proce$+s ) insane self-satisfaction1    
beautiful witless "y p]sons dress$ 9 !  
mo/ amaz+ ?+s1 all d[n ! vi/a (         
hi/ory--a ,vision ( ,fair ,wom5--look+  
_! consci\s que5lie/1 s5tim5tali/s      
crawl+ ov] e aspect & leav+ tracks l    
snails1 flu%$ "y blockheads tell+ ! _w  
8all ab\t wom510 intrigue1 folly--y h z 
mu* ( x z "o p5 may cond5se 9 old       
,burton's ,anatomy--& ?r\gh x all a va/ 
multitude ( dec5t1 respectable bodies   
pret5d+ to h q solv$ ! problem--until "o
 day1 almo/ %ock+ly1 y get _! secret f a
 c>eless some?+ glanc+ out ( ! eyes4    
,mo/ prepo/]\s ( all = "s reason is a   
figure--"o is malici\sly dispos$ to     
pres5t x z fem99e & a little            
unattractive1 golo%$ = pref]5ce1 & say+ 
9 a voice ( cultivat$ flatness1 8,:y _c 
we be p]fectly pla9 & s5sible1 & speak q
 frankly ab\t ?is matt]80 ,! answ] to   
:i* "o conceives1 w\ld be ne> ! la/     
conclusions ( ,philosophy4  ,s mu* see!s
 ab\t ! pla9 discussion ( ! "q ( sexual 
in/itutions4 ,"o e*oes ! intellig5t     

inquiry ( t q imag9>y1 libell\sly       
conceiv$ lady 9 golo%es ) a smile & a   
sigh4 ,z well might %e ask1 8,:y %\ldn't
 ,i keep my s&wi*es 9 ! ,ark ( !        
,cov5ant8 ,!re's room60 8,( c\rse !re's 
room10 "o answ]s1 8b--,z ?+s are1       
,madam1 x is inadvisable to try4 ,y     
see--= "o ?+--p are s peculi>4 ,!       
quantity ( loose /ones 9 ?is            
neighb\rhood40  ,! pr$om9ant feel+ ab\t 
! discussion ( ^! ?+s is1 to speak      
frankly1 ,fe>4 ,we "k1 v _m ( u1 t our  
pres5t /ate has _m evil aspects1 seems  
unju/ & wa/eful ( human happ9ess1 is    
full ( secret & horrible dang]s1 ab\nd+ 
9 cruelties & pa9ful ?+s2 t our sy/em ( 
sanctions & prohibitions is wick$ly     
v5ial1 press+ f> m gravely on ! poor ?an
 on ! ri*1 & t x is enorm\sly sapp$ by  
s5tim5talities ( v>i\s sorts & und]m9$ &
 qualifi$ by secret cults2 x is a clogg$
 & an ill-made & di%one/ ma*9e1 b we h a
 dread1 9 "p in/9ctive1 9 "p1 no d\bt1 !
 sugge/ion ( our upbr++ & atmosph]e1 (  
any ra% alt]ations1 ( any really free   

exam9ation ( its con/itution4 ,we are n 
sure or satisfi$ :]e t process (        
exam9ation may n take u2 _m m p c take  
ma*9es to pieces ?an c put !m toge!r    
aga94 ,mr4 ,grant ,all5 us$ to call our 
curr5t prohibitions ,taboos4 ,well1 !   
fact is1 9 ^! matt]s !re is some?+ t is 
probably an in/9ct1 a deeply felt       
necessity = ,taboos4 ,we "k p]haps t our
 ,taboos 7 n devis$ on absolutely       
reasonable gr\nds1 b we are afraid ( j  
h[ _m may n collapse be=e a purely      
reasonable inquiry4 ,we are afraid (    
?9k+ q freely ev5 9 private4 ,we d\bt   
:e!r x is wise to beg91 ?\gh only 9 !   
/udy & alone4 8,:y %\ld we--8 ,:y %\ld  
we n--80 ,& ! ?\ght ( a public          
discussion )\t limitations by a ha/y    
myriad untra9$ to ?9k1 does1 inde$1     
raise an image ( consequ5ces be/ convey$
 p]haps by t f9e indef9ite phrase1 8,a  
,moral ,*aos40 ,^! p :o are = ! free1   
frank1 & op5 discussion assume s mu*2 !y
 ei!r int5d a %am ) =egone conclusions1 
or !y h n ?\ght ( all sorts ( ?+s inh]5t

 9 ! natural sill9ess ( contempor>y man4
  ,on ! :ole ,i ?9k a man or woman :o is
 no long] a fabric ( pure emotion may1  
if !re is inde$ ! passion = tru? & !    
cle> sight ( ?+s to ju/ify rese>*1      
v5ture ^u ?is s9i/] seem+ wild]ness (   
speculation1 & ,i ?9k1 too1 x is v      
probable ! c\rage\s p]si/5t explor] w   
end at la/ n s v remote f ! />t+-po9t1 b
 above x1 z x 71 on a cre/ t w give a   
wid] view1 rea*+ ov] _m ?+s t n[ conf9e 
! l[] vision4 ,b ^! are p]il\s pa?s1 x  
mu/ always be rememb]$4 ,?is is no      
public playgr\nd4 ,"o may di/ru/ !      
conv5tional code1 & "o may leave x 9    
?\ght1 long be=e "o is ju/ifi$ 9 leav+ x
 ei!r 9 express$ op9ion or 9 act4 ,we   
are social animals2 we _c live alone2   
manife/ly f ! nature ( ! "q1 "h1 at any 
rate1 we mu/ associate & gr\p4 ,= all :o
 f9d ! accept$ righte\sness n good en\gh
 or cle> en\gh = !m1 !re is ! *ance ( an
 ironical de/9y4 ,we mu/ look well to   
our company1 z we come out ( ! city ( ! 
common practice & kick its du/ f our    

sup]ior soles4 ,!re is an abom9able     
riff-raff gone into ^? ?ickets =        
purposes q o!r ?an ! discov]y ( ! "r ?+ 
to d1 = q o!r motives ?an our high      
intellectual desire4 ,!re are ugly      
rebels & born rascals1 *eats by in/9ct1 
& li>s to wom51 sw9i% unbeliev]s :o w\ld
 compromise u ) _! erratic pursuit ( a  
miscellane\s collection ( /range fancies
 & betray u call\sly at la/4 ,because a 
man does n f9d ! law pure ju/ice1 t is  
no reason :y he %\ld fake 8 gold to a   
?ieves' kit*52 because he does n ?9k !  
city a sanit>y place1 :y he %\ld pit* 8 
t5t on a du/-heap amid/ p>iah dogs4     
,because we criticize ! old limitations 
t does n b9d u to ! cre$ ( unfett]$     
lib]ty4 ,i v mu* d\bt if1 :5 at la/ !   
days = ! sane complete discussion ( our 
sexual problems come1 x w give u any?+  
at all 9 ! way ( 8,lib]ty10 z mo/ p     
und]/& t ^w4 ,9 ! place ( ! ru/y old    
manacles1 ! *a9 & %ot1 ! iron yoke1     
cruel1 ill-fitt+1 viol5t implem5ts f :i*
 x 0 yet possible to wriggle & escape to

 outlawry1 x may be ! _w w discov] only 
a complet] re/riction1 w develop a s*eme
 ( neat gyves1 light b effici5t1        
beautifully adaptable to ! wri/s &      
ankles1 nev] *af+1 nev] oppress+1 slipp$
 on & worn until at la/1 l ! mask ( !   
,happy ,hypocrite1 !y m\ld ! we>] to _! 
own id5tity4 ,b = all t--gyves6  ,let u 
glance = a mom5t or s n[1 9 ! mo/       
t5tative fa%ion1 at "s ( ! data = ?is   
inquiry1 & !n rev]t f ?is excursion into
 g5]al !ory to our m imm$iate bus9ess1  
to ! mann] 9 :i* our civiliz$ community 
at pres5t effects ! emotional initiation
 ( y\?4  ,! intellectual tr\ble 9 !     
matt]1 z x pres5ts itself to me1 comes 9
 ^u ?is1 t ! "q does n lie 9 "o plane4  
,s _m discussions ignore ?is fact1 &    
deal ) x on "o plane only4 ,= example1  
we may take ! :ole bus9ess on ! plane ( 
! m$ical man1 ignor+ all o!r            
consid]ations4 ,on t plane x w\ld       
probably be almo/ easy to reason out a  
work+ sy/em4 ,x nev] has be5 done by !  
m$ical pr(ession1 z a :ole1 :i* is      

fairly und]/&able1 or by any gr\p (     
m$ical m51 :i* is ! m surpris+1 b x w\ld
 be an extremely int]e/+ ?+ to h done & 
a mat]ial contribution to ! sane        
discussion ( ?is problem4 ,x w\ld n     
solve x b x w\ld illum9ate c]ta9        
aspects4 ,let ! m]e physiological       
problem be tak54 ,we want heal?y *ildr5 
& ! be/ we c get4 ,let ! m$ical man     
devise 8 s*eme prim>ily = t4 ,und]/& we 
are %utt+ our eyes to e o!r consid]ation
 b physical or quasi-physical ones4     
,imag9e ! ?+ done1 = example1 by a ,mr4 
,francis ,galton1 :o _h an absolutely   
op5 m9d ^u all o!r que/ions4 ,"s =m (   
polygamy1 m>riage ( ! mo/ transi5t      
description1 ) reproduction b>r$ to     
specifi$ types1 w\ld probably come f su*
 a speculation4 ,b1 9 addition1 a numb] 
( p :o c h only a few *ildr5 or none    
are1 nev]!less1 n adapt$ physiologically
 = celibacy4 ,conceive ! m$ical man     
work+ t problem out ^u purely           
mat]iali/ic l9es & ) an eye to all      
physiological & pa?ological             

peculi>ities4 ,! ,tasmanians 7n[ ext9ct7
 seem to h be5 some:]e ne> ! probable   
result4  ,!n let u take "o /ep up to a  
second /age ( consid]ation1 rema9+ /ill 
mat]iali/ic1 & ) ! m$ical man /ill z our
 only guide4 ,we want ! *ildr5 to gr[ up
 heal?y2 we want !m to be tak5 c>e (4   
,?is means homes1 homes ( "s sort4 ,t   
may n aboli% polygamy1 b x w qualify x1 
x w c]ta9ly aboli% any approa* to       
promiscuity t 0 possible at ! l[e/ /age1
 x w enhance ! importance ( mo!rhood &  
impose a numb] ( limits ^u ! sexual     
fre$oms ( m5 & wom54 ,p :o h become     
p>5ts1 at any rate1 mu/ be ti$ to !     
*ildr5 & "o ano!r4 ,we come at once to  
mu* m def9ite m>riage1 to an organiz$   
family ( "s sort1 be x only ,plato's    
/ate community or some?+ aft] ! ,oneida 
patt]n1 b ) at lea/ a sy/em ( gu>antees 
& responsibilities4 ,let u add t we want
 ! *ildr5 to g ?r\gh a s]i\s educational
 process1 & we f9d at once /ill fur!r   
limitations com+ 94 ,we discov] !       
necessity ( def]r+ exp]i5ce1 ( pu%+ back

 adolesc5ce1 ( avoid+ precoci\s         
/imulation ) its consequ5t arre/ ( gr[?4
 ,we are already face to face ) an      
enl>g$ case = dec5cy1 = a sy/em (       
suppressions & ( complicat$ ,taboos4    
,directly we let our ?\ghts pass out (  
?is physical plane & rise s high z to   
consid] ! concurr5t emotions--& ,i      
suppose to a l>ge numb] ( p ^! are at   
lea/ z important z ! physical           
aspects--we come to pride1 we come to   
pref]5ce & jeal\sy1 & s soon z we br+ ^!
 to be> ^u our physical s*eme1 crumpl+ &
 fissures beg94 ,! complications h      
multipli$ enorm\sly4 ,m especially t    
little tr\ble ( pref]5ces4 ,^! emotions 
we may educate inde$1 b n altoge!r4     
,nei!r pride nor pref]5ce nor jeal\sy   
are to be tamp]$ ) lightly4 ,we are mak+
 m51 we are n plann+ a society (        
regulat$ slaves2 we want f9e up/&+      
p]sonalities1 & we %all n get !m if we  
break !m d[n to ob$i5ce 9 ?is           
p>ticul>--= ! c>d9al expression ( fre$om
 9 ! human life is surely ?is *oice ( a 

mate4 ,!re is inde$ no fre$om )\t ?is   
fre$om4 ,our m5 & wom5 9 ! future mu/   
feel free & responsible4 ,x seems almo/ 
in/9ctive1 at lea/ 9 ! y\? ( ! :ite     
races1 to ex]cise ?is p[] ( *oice1 n    
simply rebell+ :5 opposition is (f]$ to 
x1 b want+ to rebel2 x is a socially    
good ?+1 & a ?+ we are ju/ifi$ 9        
protect+ if ! odds are aga9/ x1 ?is     
passion = mak+ ! bus9ess "o's v own     
private affair4 ,our citiz5s mu/ n be   
caught & pair$2 x w nev] "w l t4 ,b 9   
all social contrivances we mu/ see to x 
t ! fre$oms we give are real fre$oms4   
,our y\?s & maid5s z !y gr[ up out ( !  
protection ( our fir/ taboos1 gr[ into a
 _w v l>gely 9 ! h&s ( old] p2 /rong m5 
& exp]i5c$ wom5 are !re be=e !m1 & we   
are ju/ifi$ 9 any effectual contrivance 
to save !m f be+ 8gobbl$ up0--aga9/ _!  
real in/9cts4 ,t works--! reflective man
 w discov]--t[>ds :ittl+ ! previ\s      
polygamy to /ill small] proportions4    
,"h1 inde$1 our pres5t arrangem5ts fail 
mo/ lam5tably2 ea* ye> sees a hide\s    

sacrifice ( girls1 m5tally sc>cely m ?an
 *ildr5--to our delicacy 9 discussion4  
,we give fre$om1 & we d n give adequate 
k1 & we puni% inexorably4 ,!re are a    
multitude ( wom51 & n a few m51 ) lives 
hopelessly damag$ by ?is bl9dfold       
fre$om4 ,s _m poor girls1 s _m lads     
also1 d n get a fair *ance aga9/ ! adult
 _w4 ,?+s m5d inde$ 9 ?is respect2 z "o 
sign ! p]c5tage ( illegitimate bir?s 9  
,engl& has almo/ halv$ 9 fifty ye>s1 b x
 is cle> we h mu* to revise be=e ?is    
leakage to p]dition ( unlucky creatures1
 = ! mo/ "p girls no worse on ! av]age1 
,i hone/ly believe--until our p5alties  
make !m s--?an o!r wom51 ceases4 ,if our
 age ( moral responsibility is high     
en\gh1 !n our age ( complete k is too   
high4 ,b nev]!less1 ?+s are bett] ?an !y
 71 & promise /ill to m5d4 ,all r\nd we 
raise ! age1 ! av]age age at m>riage    
rises1 j z1 ,i believe1 ! av]age age at 
misconduct has ris54 ,we may n be       
approa*+ a p]iod ( univ]sal morality1 b 
we d seem )9 sight ( a "t :5 p w "k :at 

!y are do+4  ,t1 h[ev]1 is some?+ ( a   
digression4 ,! intellig5t inquir] :o has
 squ>$ 8 initially mat]iali/ic sy/em (  
morals ) ! problems aris+ out ( !       
necessity ( su/a9+ pride & pref]5ce1 is 
!n invit$ to explore an adjac5t ?icket (
 ?is tortu\s subject4 ,x is1 we hold1 ( 
supreme importance 9 our /ate to su/a9 9
 all our citiz5s1 wom5 z well z m51 a   
s5se ( p]sonal indep5d5ce &             
responsibility4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is !    
case ) mo!rs4 ,an illit]ate "m means a  
backw>d *ild1 a d[ntrodd5 "m be>s a     
di%one/ man1 an unwill+ "m may ev5 hate 
h] *ildr54 ,slaves & brutes are ! sexes 
:]e wom5 are slaves4 ,! l9e ( ?\ght we  
are foll[+ out 9 ^! pap]s necess>ily    
atta*es di/9ctive importance to ! woman 
z "m4 ,our sy/em ( morals1 !re=e1 has to
 make x wor? :ile & hon\rable to be a   
"m2 x is p>ticul>ly undesirable t x %\ld
 be held to be "r = a woman (           
exceptional *>m or exceptional clev]ness
 to evade mo!rhood1 unless1 p]haps1 to  
become a tea*]4 ,a woman evad+ h] high  

call+1 mu/ n be conc$$ ! same claim ^u  
m5's toil & s]vice z ! "m-woman2 m      
p>ticul>ly ,lady ,gre5sleeves mu/ n     
flaunt x ov] ! h\sewife4 ,& "h also     
comes ! "q ( ! quality ( jeal\sy1 :e!r  
be+ wife ( a man & "m ( 8 *ildr5 does n 
almo/ necess>ily give a woman a feel+ ( 
exclusive possession 9 him1 & :e!r1     
!re=e1 if we are e>ne/ 9 our det]m9ation
 n to debase h]1 our la/ %r$ ( polygamy 
does n vani%4 ,f fir/ to la/1 ( c\rse1 x
 has be5 assum$ t a prolific polygamy   
alone c be int5d$1 = long be=e we h     
plumb$ ! bottom ( ! human he>t we %all  
"k en\gh to imag9e :at ! ugly & po9tless
 consequ5ces ( p]mitt+ /]ile polygamy   
mu/ be4  ,!n into all ?is tangle1 :e!r z
 a light or an add$ confusion x is h>d  
to say1 comes ! fact t :ile we are ev]  
apt to talk ( :at 8a woman0 feels & :at 
8a man0 w d1 & s contrive our code1 !re 
is1 inde$1 no su* woman & no su* man1 b 
a va/ v>iety ( temp]am5ts &             
dispositions1 monadic1 dyadic1 &        
polym]ic s\ls1 & ?is sort ( he>t & bra9 

& t4 ,x is only ! "y fool & ! brood+    
mattoid :o believe 9 a special sep>ate  
sci5ce ( 8wom510  !re are all sorts ( p1
 & "s ( ea* sort are wom5 & "s are m54  
,) e /age 9 educational developm5t p    
become m v>i$1 or1 at lea/1 m consci\s (
 _! v>iety1 m s5sitively insi/5t ^u !   
claim ( _! individualities ov] any g5]al
 rules4 ,among ! peasants ( a c\ntryside
 "o may hope to ord] homog5e\s lives1 b 
n among ! p ( ! com+ /ate4 ,x is well to
 su/a9 a home1 x is noble to be a good  
"m1 & spl5did to be> *ildr5 well & tra9 
!m well1 b we %all get no valid rules   
until we see cle>ly t life has o!r ways 
by :i* ! future may be s]v$4 ,!re are   
laws to be made & alt]$1 !re are roads &
 bridges to be built1 figuratively &    
really2 !re is n only a succession (    
fle% & blood b ( ?\ght t is go+ on =    
ev]4 ,to write a fruitful book or       
improve a widely us$ ma*9e is j z mu*   
pat]nity z begett+ a son4  ,! la/       
tempor>y raft ( a logical moral code    
goes to pieces at ?is1 & its sep>at$    

sp>s float "h & !re4 ,s ,i w confess !y 
float at pres5t 9 my m9d4 ,i h no       
,sy/em--,i wi% ,i _h--& ,i nev] enc\nt]$
 a sy/em or any univ]sal doctr9e (      
sexual conduct t did n seem to me to be 
rea*$ by cl++ tight to "o or two ( ^!   
dissev]$ sp>s & lett+ ! re/ drift       
disreg>d$1 mak+ a law = ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 & 
pret5d+ t ,e & ,f are out ( ! "q4 ,t    
mo!rhood is a great & noble occupation =
 a good woman1 & n to be lightly        
und]tak51 is a manife/ ?+1 & s also t to
 beget *ildr5 & see !m full gr[n 9 ! _w 
is ! common triumph ( life1 z           
inconsequ5ce is its common failure4 ,t  
to live = pleasure is n only wick$ness b
 folly1 seems easy to admit1 & equally  
fooli%1 z ,sa9t ,paul has intimat$1 mu/ 
x be to wa/e a life ( n]v\s en]gy 9     
fight+ d[n beyond a natural m9imum our  
natural desires4 ,t we mu/ pit* our     
lives j z mu* z we c 9 ! h]oic key1 &   
hem & control m]e lascivi\sness z x 7 a 
sort ( leprosy ( ! s\l1 seems fairly    
c]ta94 ,& all t love-mak+ :i* involves  

lies1 all %am h]oics & %9+ sn>es1       
assur$ly mu/ g out ( a high] ord] (     
social be+1 = "h m ?an any:]e ly+ is !  
poison ( life4 ,b betwe5 ^! data !re are
 great int]rogative blanks no           
g5]alization w fill--cases1 situations1 
temp]am5ts4 ,ea* life1 x seems to me1 9 
t intellig5t1 consci\s1 social /ate to  
:i* ! _w is com+1 mu/ squ>e itself to ^!
 ?+s 9 its own way1 & fill 9 ! details (
 its individual moral code accord+ to   
its ne$s4 ,s x seems1 at lea/1 to "o    
limit$ ?9k]4  ,to be frank1 ^u t common 
gr\nd ( dec5t behavi\r1 pride &         
self-respect1 heal? & ! h]oic habit (   
?9k+1 we ne$ = ourselves n s mu* rules z
 wisdom1 & = o!rs n1 inde$1 a fooli% &  
indiscrim9ate tol]ation b at lea/       
pati5ce1 arre/s ( judgm5t1 & ! hone/    
endeav\r to und]/&4 ,n[ to help !       
imag9ation 9 ^! judgm5ts1 to enl>ge &   
int]pret exp]i5ce1 is mo/ c]ta9ly "o ( !
 functions ( lit]ature4 ,a good         
biography may give facts ( inf9ite      
sugge/ion1 & ! great multitude ( novels 

at pres5t are1 9 fact1 exp]im5ts 9 !    
sci5ce ( ?is c5tral field ( human       
action1 exp]im5ts 9 ! 8way ( look+ at0  
v>i\s cases & situations4 ,!y may be v  
mislead+ exp]im5ts1 x is true1 done )   
adult]at$ sub/ances1 dang]\s *emicals1  
dirty flasks & uns\nd balances2 b t is a
 "q ( _! quality & n ( _! nature1 !y are
 exp]im5ts = all t4 ,a good novel may   
become a v pot5t & conv9c+ exp]im5t     
inde$4 ,books 9 ^! matt]s are (t5 s mu* 
quiet] & cool] z c\nsellors ?an fri5ds4 
,& !re1 9 tru?1 is my :ole m9d 9 ?is    
matt]4  ,mean:ile1 z we "w ea* "o to    
solve 8 own problems1 ! "y p are gr[+ up
 ab\t u4    #b   ,h[ d ! "y p arrive at 
k & at _! int]pretation ( ^! ?+s8 ,let u
 = a few mom5ts at lea/1 put pret5ce &  
claptrap aside1 & recall our own y\?4   
,let u recognize t ?is complex          
initiation is always a v %y & secret    
process1 beyond ! range ( p>5t &        
gu>dian4 ,! pry+ type ( s*oolma/] or    
s*oolmi/ress only drives ! ?+ deep]1 &1 
at ! wor/1 blund]s ) a hide\s           

sugge/iv5ess4 ,x is almo/ an in/9ct1 a  
"p ( ! natural mode/y ( ! gr[+ "y1 to   
hide all t is f]m5t+ 9 ! m9d f          
au?oritative old] p4 ,x w\ld n be       
difficult to f9d a biological reason =  
t4 ,! gr[+ m9d advances sl[ly1          
int]mitt5tly1 ) long pauses & sudd5     
panics1 t is ! law ( its progress2 x    
feels its way ?r\gh ?ree ma9 ag5cies1   
fir/ly1 obs]vation1 secondly1 t5tative1 
confid5tial talk ) unau?oritative &     
tru/$ fri5ds1 & ?irdly1 books4 ,9 !     
pres5t epo* obs]vation decl9es          
relatively to books2 books & pictures1  
^! dumb imp]sonal initiators1 play a    
l>g] & a l>g] "p 9 ?is great awak5+4    
,p]haps = all b ! *ildr5 ( ! urban poor1
 ! furtive talk also decl9es & is       
delay$2 a mo/ desirable ?+ 9 a civiliz+ 
process t f9ds great advantage 9 putt+  
(f adolesc5ce & prolong+ ! av]age life4 
,n[ ! furtive talk is l>gely beyond our 
control1 only by improv+ ! g5]al texture
 ( our communal life c we effectually   
improve ! quality ( t4 ,b we may be> 9  

m9d t factor ( obs]vation1 & give x a   
ca/+ vote 9 any decision ^u public      
dec5cy4 ,t is all too (t5 =gott54 ,be=e 
,broadbeam1 ! popul> humori/1 = example1
 fla%es 8 glitt]+ rapi] ^u ! ,c\nty     
,c\ncil = suppress+ "s vulg> obsc5ity 9 
! music-halls1 or tickles ! ribs ( a    
,vigilance ,association = its c>e ( our 
ho>d+s1 he %\ld d 8 be/ to imag9e !     
m5tal process ( "s nice boy or girl he  
kn[s1 8tak+ x 940 ,to come outright to !
 ess5tial matt] ( ?is pap]1 we are all  
too c>eless ( ! quality ( ! /uff t      
rea*es ! eyes & e>s ( our *ildr54 ,x is 
n t ! /uff is k1 b t x is k 9 ! base/ & 
vulg>e/ col\r+s1 k )\t ! antiseptic     
quality ( h]oic int]pretation1 debas$1  
sugge/ive1 diseas$ & contagi\s k4  ,h[ !
 sexual consci\sness ( a great          
proportion ( our "y p is be+ awak5$1 !  
curi\s read] may see = himself if he w  
exp5d a few p5nies weekly = a mon? or s 
^u ! halfp5ny or p5ny 8comic0 pap]s :i* 
are b\ght s eag]ly by boys4 ,!y beg9 ^u 
! facts ( sex z affairs ( nodd+ & w9k+1 

( artful innu5do & scuffles 9 ! d>k4 ,! 
e>ne/ ef=ts ( ,broadbeam's m9or k9dr$ to
 knock ! nons5se out ( ev5 y\ng] p may  
be he>d at almo/ any pantomime4 ,! ,"l  
,*amb]la9's attempts to /em ! tide amaze
 ! ,engli% ,judges4 ,no s*eme = mak+ !  
be/ ( human lives c ignore ?is sy/em (  
influ5ces4  ,:at c\ld be done 9 a sanely
 ord]$ /ate to suppress ?is sort ( ?+8  
,!re imm$iately arises ! "q :e!r we are 
to limit art & lit]ature to ! sph]e     
p]missible to ! gr[+ y\? & 8"y p]son40  
,s f> z %op w9d[s1 book/alls1 & ho>d+s  
g1 s f> z all g5]al publicity goes1 ,i  
w\ld submit ! answ] is ,yes4 ,i am on ! 
side ( ! ,puritans "h1 unhesitat+ly4 ,b 
our adults mu/ n walk 9 m5tal lead+     
/r+s1 & 7 ?is _w an adult _w ,i d\bt if 
!re is any?+ ,i w\ld n reg>d z fit to   
pr9t & publi%4 ,b _c we contrive t our  
adult lit]ature %all be z free z air    
:ile ! lit]ature & art ( ! "y is sanely 
expurgat$8  ,!re is 9 ?is matt] a       
conceivable way1 & z x is ! pr9cipal    
bus9ess ( ^! pap]s to po9t out & discuss

 su* ways1 x may be giv5 "h4 ,x w be    
put1 z = ! sake ( compact sugge/ion s   
mu* ( ^! pap]s is put1 9 ! =m ( a       
concrete sugge/ion1 a sample sugge/ion z
 x 74 ,?is way1 !n1 is to make a        
def9ition ( :at is undesirable matt] = !
 m9ds ( "y p1 & to make t cov] z mu*    
sugge/ive indec5cy & co>s5ess z         
possible1 to cov] ev]y?+1 inde$1 t is n 
virg9ibus pu]isque1 & to call ?is matt] 
by "s reasonably in(f5sive adjective1   
8adult10 = example4 ,"o might speak (   
8adult0 art1 8adult0 lit]ature1 &       
8adult0  sci5ce1 & ! report ( all       
proce$+s "u c]ta9 specifi$ laws c\ld be 
decl>$ 8adult0 matt]4 ,9 ! old times !re
 0 an excell5t sy/em ( putt+ 8adult0    
matt] into ,lat91 & = _m reasons "o     
regrets t ,lat94 ,b !re is a r\gh       
practical equival5t to putt+ 8adult0    
matt] into ,lat9 ev5 n[4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! 
fact t v few "y p ( ! age we wi% to     
protect1 unless !y are ! *ildr5 ( !     
imbecile ri*1 h ! sp5d+ ( l>ge sums (   
money4 ,consequ5tly1 x is only necess>y 

to /ate a high m9imum price = p]iodicals
 & books conta9+ 8adult0 matt] or       
8adult0 illu/rations1 & to prosecute    
ev]y?+ bel[ t limit1 9 ord] to %ut !    
flood-gates ^u any torr5t ( ov]-/imulat+
 & debas+ sugge/ions !re may be fl[+ n[4
 ,x %\ld be m cle>ly recogniz$ 9 our    
prosecutions = obsc5ity1 = example1 t ! 
gravity ( ! (f5ce is entirely dep5d5t ^u
 ! accessibility ( ! (f5sive matt] to ! 
"y4 ,! application ( ! same me?od to !  
music-hall1 ! lecture-!atre1 & ! %elves 
( ! public libr>y1 & to sev]al o!r      
s\rces ( sugge/ion w\ld n be impossible4
 ,if ! manag] ( a !atre saw fit to      
produce 8adult0  matt] )\t exclud+ p "u 
! age ( eighte51 let u say1 he w\ld h to
 take 8 *ance1 & x w\ld be a good "o1 ( 
a prosecution4 ,?is latt] exp$i5t is    
less novel ?an ! =m]1 & x f9ds a sort ( 
prec$5t 9 ! legislative re/riction ( !  
sale ( dr9k to *ildr5 & ! protection (  
*ildr5's morals "u specific unfav\rable 
circum/ances4  ,!re is already a pretty 
lively s5se 9 our ,engli%-speak+        

communities ( ! p>ticul> respect due to 
! "y1 & x is probable t ^? :o publi% ^! 
sugge/ive & /imulat+ pr9ts d n fully    
realize ! new fact 9 our social body1 t 
! :ole mass ( ! "y n[ n only read b buy 
read+ matt]4 ,! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s h 
e/abli%$ absolutely new relations = our 
*ildr5 9 ?is direction4 ,legislation    
aga9/ free art & free writ+ is1 & "o    
hopes always w be1 int5sely repugnant to
 our peoples4 ,b legislation :i* laid   
/ress n on ! indecorum b on !           
accessibility to ! "y1 :i* hamm]$ ) e   
clause ^u t note1 is an altoge!r diff]5t
 matt]4 ,we want to make ! pantomime    
writ]1 ! proprietor ( ! p5ny 8comic10 ! 
bill/ick]1 & ! music-hall arti/         
extremely c>eful1 punctili\sly clean1 b 
we d n want1 = example1 to pe/] ,mr4    
,?omas ,h>dy4  ,yet !re is dang] 9 all  
?is4 ,! suppression ( premature & base  
sugge/ions mu/ n ov]leap itself &       
suppress ei!r mature ?\ght 7:i* has be5 
giv5 its hemlock n once b _m times on   
?is p>ticul> pretext7 or ! de/ruction ( 

necess>y common k4 ,if we beg9 to hunt =
 sugge/ion & indec5cy x may be urg$ we  
%all end by driv+ all ^! ?+s und]gr\nd4 
,y\? comes to adult life n[ betwe5 two  
dang]s1 vice1 :i* has always ?reat5$ x1 
& morbid virtue1 :i* w\ld turn ! v he>t 
( life to ugl9ess & %ame4 ,h[ are we1 or
 to come clos] to ! po9t1 h[ is ! av]age
 juryman go+ to di/+ui% betwe5 ^! ?ree  
?+s2 betwe5 advisable k & corrupt+ly    
pres5t$ k1 & unnecess>y & undesirable k8
 ,9 practice1 "u ! laws ,i h sket*$1 x  
is q probable ! evil w\ld fl\ri%        
extremely1 & necess>y in=mation w\ld be 
ru?lessly suppress$4 ,_m ( our pres5t   
laws & provisions = public dec5cy d "w 9
 t mann]4 ,! err&-boy may n look at !   
,v5us de ,m$ici1 b he c cram 8 m9d ) !  
lore ( h[ 8nobs0 run aft] ballet girls1 
& :y ,lady ,x lock$ ! door4 ,"o c only  
plead "h1 z ev]y:]e1 no law1 no succ9ct 
/atem5t c save u )\t wisdom1 a gr[+     
g5]al wisdom & consci5ce1 com+ into !   
detail$ adm9i/ration ( :atev] law !     
g5]al purpose has made4  ,beside our    

project = law & ! /ate1 x is evid5t !re 
is scope = ! individual4 ,c]ta9 p are 9 
a position ( exceptional responsibility4
 ,! ,newsag5ts1 = example1 con/itute a  
fairly /rong trade organization1 & x    
w\ld be easy = !m to ?9k ( ! boy ) a    
p5ny j a little m ?an !y d4 ,un=tunately
 su* in/ances z we h _h ( volunt>y      
c5sor%ip w qualify ! read]'s ass5t to   
?is proposition4 ,ano!r objection may be
 urg$ to ?is di/9ction betwe5 8adult0 & 
g5]al matt]1 & t is ! possibility t :at 
is m>k$ (f & =bidd5 becomes my/]i\s &   
attractive4 ,"o has to reckon ) t4      
,ev]y:]e 9 ?is field "o mu/ g wisely or 
fail4 ,b :at is "h propos$ is n s mu* ! 
suppression ( in=mation z ( a c]ta9     
mann] ( pres5t+ in=mation1 & our        
int5tion is at ! mo/ delay1 & to give ! 
:olesome aspect fir/4  ,let u leave no?+
 d\btful ^u "o po9t2 ! suppression (    
/imulus mu/ n mean ! suppression ( k4   
,!re are ?+s t "y p %\ld "k1 & "k fully 
be=e !y are involv$ 9 ! c5tral drama (  
life1 9 ! s]i\s bus9ess ( love4 ,!re    

%\ld be no horrify+ surprises4 ,sane1   
cle>1 matt]-(-fact books sett+ =? !     
broad facts ( heal? & life1 ! exi/5ce ( 
c]ta9 dang]s1 %\ld come _! way4 ,9 ?is  
matt] books1 ,i w\ld insi/1 h a supreme 
value4 ,! pr9t$ ^w may be su* a quiet   
c\nsellor4 ,x is s imp]sonal4 ,x c h no 
conceivable p]sonal reaction ) ! read]4 
,x does n wat* its read]'s face1 x is   
itself unobtrusively unaba%$ & saf] ?an 
any prie/4 ,! p[] ( ! book1 ! possible  
function ( ! book 9 ! mod]n /ate is /ill
 b imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,x ne$ n be1 x  
ought n1 ,i ?9k1 to be1 a book          
specifically on :at "o calls delicate   
que/ions1 t w\ld be ?r[+ !m up 9 j ! way
 "o does n want !m ?r[n up2 x %\ld be a 
sort ( rationaliz$ & n too te*nical     
h&book ( physiological in/ruction 9 !   
,college ,libr>y--or at home4           
,naturally1 x w\ld beg9 ) muscul>       
physiology1 ) dige/ion1 & s on4 ,o!r    
matt]s w\ld come 9 _! due place &       
proportion4 ,f fir/ to la/ x w\ld h all 
t ne$ be kn[n4 ,!re is a natural & "r   

curiosity on ^! matt]s1 until we *ase x 
und]gr\nd4  ,re/riction alone is n half 
?is bus9ess4 ,x is inh]5t 9 ! purpose ( 
?+s t ^! "y p %\ld awak5 sexually1 & 9  
"s mann] & some:]e t awak5+ mu/ come4   
,to ensure !y d n awak5 too soon or 9 a 
fetid atmosph]e among ugly surr\nd+s is 
n en\gh4 ,!y _c awak5 9 a void4 ,an     
ignorance kept beyond nature may corrupt
 into ugly secrecies1 into morose &     
s9i/] seclusions1 worse ?an ! evils we h
 suppress$4 ,let !m awak5 z _! day      
comes1 9 a sweet1 l>ge room4 ,! true    
antiseptic ( ! s\l is n ignorance1 b a  
t\* ( ! h]oic 9 ! he>t & 9 ! imag9ation4
 ,pride has sav$ m m5 ?an piety1 & ev5  
misconduct loses some?+ ( its evil if x 
is conceiv$ ^u g5]\s l9es4 ,!re lurks a 
capacity = h]oic response 9 all y\?1 ev5
 9 contam9at$ y\?4 ,be=e five-&-tw5ty1  
at any rate1 we 7 all s5tim5tali/s at   
he>t4  ,& ! way to br+ out ^! responses8
  ,assur$ly x is n by s]mons on ,purity 
to ,m5 ,only & by na/y little pamphlets 
( pseudo-m$ical & highly al>m+ in=mation

 /uff$ into clean "y h&s ,footnote3 ,see
 ,cl\/on's ,m5tal ,diseases1 fif?       
edition1 p4 #ece1 = insanity caus$ by ^!
 pamphlets2 see also p4 #eia et seq4 =  
8adolesc5t0 lit]ature4--ultra 8adult0 t 
/uff %\ld be--b 9 ! drum & trumpet /yle 
! ?+ %\ld be done4 ,!re is a mass ( f9e 
lit]ature to-day :]e9 love %9es clean & 
noble4 ,!re is art tell+ f9e /ories4    
,!re is a possibility 9 ! ,!atre4       
,probably ! av]age ( ! !atre-go] is "u r
 ?an ov] tw5ty-two4 ,lit]ature1 ! drama1
 art2 t is ! sort ( food ^u :i* ! "y    
imag9ation gr[s /\t & tall4 ,!re is !   
lit]ature & art ( y\? t may or may n be 
"p ( ! great] lit]ature ( life1 & ^u ?is
 ma9ly we mu/ dep5d :5 our *ildr5 pass f
 u into ^! privacies1 ^! dreams &       
inquiries t w make !m m5 & wom54 ,see ! 
"r /uff is ne> !m & ! wrong /uff z f> z 
possible away1 *ase cad & quack toge!r1 
& = ! re/1 9 ?is matt]--leave !m alone4 
,,ix4 ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,high]
 ,,education   ,:5 we digress$ to !     
g5]al "q ( ! political1 social1 & moral 

atmosph]e 9 :i* ! ,engli%-speak+ citiz5 
develops1 we left ! =mal education ( !  
av]age *ild1 ^: developm5t ?reads ?r\gh 
^! pap]s & holds !m toge!r1 at ab\t !   
age ( fifte5 & at ! end ( ! process (   
,s*ool+4 ,we h n[ to c>ry on t          
developm5t to adult citiz5%ip4 ,x is    
integral 9 ! ,new ,republican idea t !  
process ( ,s*ool+1 :i* is ! common      
atrium to all public s]vice1 %\ld be    
fairly uni=m ?r\gh\t ! social body1 t   
al?\gh ! av]age upp]-class *ild may h   
all ! advantages 8 conceivably bett]    
m5tal inh]itance1 8 bett] home          
conditions1 & 8 bett] paid & less       
ov]work$ tea*]s may give him1 !re %all  
be no disadvantages impos$ ^u ! *ild (  
any class1 !re %all be no burk+ ( !     
intellectual education = any purpose    
:atev]4 ,to keep poor wret*es 9 s]fdom  
on ! l& by depriv+ !m ( all b ! mo/     
rudim5t>y lit]>y education1 z a v       
consid]able elem5t 9 ! new ,nature ,/udy
 ,movem5t c]ta9ly int5ds1 is altoge!r   
antagoni/ic to ,new ,republican ideas1 &

 !re mu/ be no we$+ out ( capable &     
high-m9d$ tea*]s by filt]+ !m ?r\gh     
grotesque & di%on\r+ religi\s           
te/s--di%on\r+ because compulsory1      
:atev] ! real fai? ( ! tea*] may be4 ,& 
at ! end ( ! ,s*ool+ p]iod !re mu/ beg9 
a process ( sort+ 9 ! mass ( ! national 
y\?--z f> z possible1 reg>dless ( _!    
social orig9s--t w g on ?r\gh\t life4 ,=
 ! competition ( public s]vice mu/      
con/itute ! ,battle = ,exi/5ce 9 !      
civiliz$ /ate4 ,all-r\nd inf]iority 9   
s*ool life--failure n simply at ?is or t
 or at ! total result 7:i*1 inde$1 may  
be due v (t5 to ! lopsid$ness (         
exceptional gifts7 b failure all along !
 l9e--is a m>k ( ess5tial inf]iority4 ,a
 c]ta9 proportion ( boys & girls w h %[n
 ?is inf]iority1 w h done little ) any (
 _! *ances 9 or out ( s*ool dur+ _!     
s*ool life1 & ^!--:5 !y are poor]-class 
*ildr5--w v naturally drop out ( !      
educational process at ?is /age & pass  
into employm5t suit$ to _! capacity1    
employm5t :i* %\ld n c>ry ) x any       

consid]able possibility ( prolific      
m>riage4 ,a really well-contriv$        
leav+-s*ool exam9ation--& x mu/ be      
rememb]$ t ! !ory & sci5ce ( exam9ations
 sc>cely exi/s z yet--an exam9ation :i* 
w\ld take acc\nt ( a?letic developm5t & 
moral influ5ce 7let u say provisionally 
by ! vote ( fell[-pupils7 & :i* w\ld be 
s contriv$ z to make specially high     
quality 9 "o dep>tm5t z good z all-r\nd 
wor?--c\ld effect ?is fir/              
classification4 ,x w\ld ?r[ out ! wor/ (
 ! duff]s & fools & l\ts all along !    
social scale4 ,:at is to become ( !     
reject$ ( ! upp] & weal?y class is1 ,i  
admit1 a difficult problem z ?+s are    
to-day4 ,at pres5t !y c>ry a l\ti%      
+r$i5t to ! public s*ools1 to ! ,army1  
to ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 & x is op5 to "q 
:e!r x w\ld n be well to set aside "o   
public s*ool1 "o especially co/ly       
univ]sity1 & "o g5tlem5's regim5t ( an  
attractively sm>t type1 into :i* ?is    
mass ( exp5sive slackness might be dra9$
 along a *annel ( specially high fees1  

l[ /&>ds1 & agreeable social conditions4
 ,t1 h[ev]1 is a q subsidi>y "q 9 ?is   
discussion4 ,a day may come1 z ,i h     
already sugge/$1 :5 x w be consid]$ z   
reasonable to insi/ ^u a m9imum m5tal   
qualification = ! adm9i/ration ( prop]ty
 z = any o!r =m ( p[] 9 ! /ate4 ,pride &
 _! _m advantages--( :i* "o is q        
conceivably an av]age ess5tial          
sup]iority--w probably ensure a         
satisfactory result f ! ,s*ool+ process 
9 ! case ( a mu* great] proportion (    
bett]-class ?an ( l[]-class boys &      
girls4 ,footnote3 ,9 mo/ big public     
s*ools1 ,i am told1 !re is a sy/em (    
sup]annuation ab\t sixte51 b ,i "k no?+ 
( ! provision = ^? :o are we$$ out4  ,f 
! mass :o %[ a satisfactory result at ! 
end ( ! ,s*ool+ process1 ! functional   
manhood & womanhood ( our peoples h to  
be develop$1 & we h n[ to discuss !     
nature ( ! second phase ( education1 !  
phase t %\ld be ! m5tal p>allel &       
accompanim5t ( physical adolesc5ce 9 all
 ! citiz5s :o are to c\nt = /r5g? 9 !   

/ate4 ,!re is a break 9 ! :ole          
developm5t ( ! human be+ at ?is age1 & x
 may v well be p>allel$ by a break 9    
me?ods & subjects ( in/ruction4 ,9      
,great ,brita91 9 ! case ( ! weal?i]    
classes1 s*ool+ & pu]ile discipl9e is   
prolong$ altoge!r too f>1 l>gely ?r\gh !
 gross incapacity ( our second>y tea*]s4
 ,^! m5 are unable1 bor+ away day aft]  
day1 week aft] week1 ye> aft] ye>1 ) va9
 repetitions1 imbecile breaks & new     
beg9n+s1 ?r\gh all ! va/ p]iod f elev5  
or twelve until tw5ty1 to a*ieve t ma/]y
 ( ,lat9 & ,greek :i* 0 once ! necess>y 
prelim9>y to education1 & :i* has become
 at la/1 ?r\gh ! secul> decl9e 9        
s*ola/ic en]gy & capacity due to !      
)drawal ( int]e/ 9 ^! /udies1 !         
unatta9able educational ideal4 ,^!      
classical p$agogues1 h[ev]1 c>ry ! ?+ up
 to ?ree or f\r & tw5ty 9 !             
,univ]sities--?\gh x is inconceivable t 
any language spok5 s9ce ! ant$iluvian   
age ( leisure1 c ne$ m ?an t5 ye>s to   
le>n--& if !y c\ld keep ! m5 until =ty  

or fifty !y w\ld /ill be fumbl+ away at 
! keys to ! room t 0 ransack$ long ago4 
,b ) educat$ m5 z tea*]s & practical    
h&books to help1 & practical exam9]s to 
guide !m1 !re is no reason :atev] :y !  
great mass ( ! l+ui/ic tra9+ ( ! citiz51
 9 ! use ( 8 own & any o!r necess>y     
language1 %\ld n be done = good & all by
 f\rte51 :y he %\ld n h a fairly        
complete ma/]y ( =m & quantity ?r\gh    
ma!matical tra9+ & draw+1 & :y ! way    
%\ld n be cle> & imm$iate = ! developm5t
 ( t adult m5tal edifice ( :i* ?is is ! 
f\ndation4  ,by f\rte5 ! p[] ( ab/ract  
reason+ & ( an analytical treatm5t ( ?+s
 is 9 exi/5ce1 ! le>n] is n[ less to be 
m\ld$ & m to be guid$ ?an he 04 ,we want
 n[ to give ?is m9d we h e/abli%$1 ! mo/
 /imulat+ & invigorat+ tra9+ we c1 we   
want to give x a sane coh]5t view ( our 
k ( ! univ]se 9 relation to itself1 & we
 want to equip x = its own special "w 9 
! _w4 ,h[1 on ! basis ( ! ,s*ool+ we h  
pr$icat$1 are ^! ends to be atta9$8  ,n[
 let u fir/ h x p]fectly cle> t ?is     

second /age 9 developm5t lies no m      
completely )9 ! idea ( ,college ?an !   
=m] lay completely )9 ! idea ( ,s*ool4  
,9 ! g5]al discussion ( ^! ?+s we are   
con/antly fac$ by ! p>allel error to t  
we h tri$ to dissipate 9 reg>d to       
s*ools1 ! error t ! ,pr(essor & 8       
,lecture & 79 ! case ( exp]im5tal       
sci5ces7 8 ,laboratory make1 or c make1 
! man1 j precisely 9 ! same way t !     
,s*oolma/] or ,s*oolmi/ress is suppos$  
to be omnipot5t 9 ! education ( ! boy or
 girl4 ,&1 unhappily1 ! ,pr(essor1      
unless he is a man ( q exceptional m5tal
 p[] = a ,pr(essor1 %>es ?is gr\ndless  
op9ion4 ,! ,s*oolma/] is "u-educat$ 9   
reg>d to 8 "w1 & incapable ( do+ x      
neatly2 ! ,pr(essor is too (t5          
ov]-specializ$ & incapable ( =m+ an     
intellig5t1 mode/ idea ( 8 place 9      
education2 & ! same consequ5ce fl[s f ! 
defect ( ei!r1 an attempt to use an     
improp]ly l>ge portion ( ! le>n]'s "t & 
en]gy4 ,ov]-direction1 & :at "o may call
 intellectual sect>ianism1 are faults f 

:i* few ,college c\rses are free to-day4
 ,! ,pr(essor /&s betwe5 8 /ud5ts &     
books1 he says 9 lectures 9 8 own way   
:at _h f> bett] be left = o!r m5's books
 to tell1 he tea*es 8 beliefs )\t a c\rt
 ( appeal4 ,/ud5ts are kept writ+ up _! 
notes ( 8 n v brilliant impromptus1 &   
famili>iz+ !mselves ) 8 m5tal           
con/itution in/ead ( ! subject ( /udy4  
,!y get no tra9+ 9 ! use ( books z      
s\rces ( k & ideas1 albeit su* a tra9+  
is "o ( ! mo/ necess>y ( all            
acquisitions = an effici5t citiz51 &    
:atev] discussion ! mod]n /ud5t indulges
 9 is all too (t5 treat$ r z presumption
 to be disc\rag$ ?an z ! mo/ necess>y & 
hopeful ( m5tal processes4 ,our         
,univ]sities & ,colleges are /ill b     
imp]fectly aw>e ( ! rec5t inv5tion ( !  
,pr9t$ ,book2 & its intellig5t use 9 ?is
 /age ( education has made little or no 
headway aga9/ _! v5]able traditions4 ,t 
?+s are only und]/ood by be+ turn$ ov] 9
 ! m9d & look$ at f v>i\s po9ts ( view  
is1 ( c\rse1 altoge!r too mod]n a       

conception = our educationi/s4 ,at !    
,london ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 =    
example1 :i* is an exceptionally new &  
effici5t ,college1 !re is no prop]ly    
organiz$ escape f ! or?odoxy ( !        
lecture-!atre1 no circulat+ libr>y      
:atev] available to ! /ud5ts1 no libr>y1
 t is1 :i* w ensure a copi\s supply &   
ex*ange ( ! be/ books on ea* subject1 &1
 consequ5tly1 ev5 to look up an orig9al 
pap] t has be5 quot$ or discuss$1       
involves an exp5diture ( "t t is        
practically prohibitive ( ! ?+ z a g5]al
 practice4 ,footnote3 ,!re are ?ree v   
f9e libr>ies 9 ! adjac5t ,s\? ,k5s+ton  
,museum1 especially available to /ud5ts1
 b1 l almo/ all exi/+ libr>ies1 !y are  
manag$ 9 mo/ respects on l9es conceiv$  
:5 a copy ( a book 0 an almo/ unique ?+ 
made specially by ! copyi/'s h&4 ,h[ev] 
mu* a book is 9 dem&1 h[ev] *eap its    
price ( publication may be1 no libr>y 9 
,engl&1 unless x is a mod]n subscription
 libr>y1 ev] gets duplicate copies4 ,?is
 is ! cause ( ! de>ness ( s]i\s books2  

!y are b\ght z r>ities1 & h to be sold 9
 ! same _s4 ,b :5 libr>ies le>n to buy  
by ! doz5 & ! hundr$1 !re is no reason  
:y ! sort ( book n[ publi%$ at #ajs4    
#f;d4 %\ld n be sold at a %ill+ f !     
beg9n+4 ,! ,pr(essors1 be+ busy &       
important m51 lecture f _! p>ticul>     
/&po9ts1 & hav+ lectur$1 bolt2 !re is no
 provision :atev] = ! intellig5t        
discussion ( knotty po9ts1 & ! only way 
to get x is to buttonhole a demon/rator 
& induce him to neglect 8 task (        
sup]vis+ prescrib$ 8practical0 "w 9     
fav\r ( educational talk4 ,let u1 !re=e1
 9 view ( ?is /ate ( affairs1 deal ) !  
g5]al "q h[ a bran* ( ?\ght & k may be  
mo/ b5eficially /udi$ "u mod]n          
conditions1 be=e discuss+ ! m p>ticul>  
"q :at subjects %\ld or %\ld n be       
und]tak54  ,n[ ! full /atem5t n only (  
:at is kn[n ( a subject1 b ( its        
difficulties1 d>k places1 & conflict+   
aspects %\ld be lum9\sly set =? 9 !     
,college text-books1 l>ge1 well-writt51 
well-illu/rat$ books by "o or sev]al    

h&s1 cont9ually revis$ & kept abrea/ ( !
 advance ( k by capable & critical-m9d$ 
"y m54 ,su* books are ess5tial & c>d9al 
9 prop] mod]n tea*+4 ,! c\ntry may be   
speckl$ ) univ]sities until !y are z    
?ick z public-h\ses1 & ea* may be       
provid$ ) its score or s ( little       
lectur]s1 & if x does n possess "o or m 
good g5]al text-books 9 ea* pr9cipal    
subject !n all ?is simply means t a     
great numb] ( inadequate1 inf]tile      
little text-books are be+ dictat$1 "o by
 ea* ( ^! lectur]s4 ,n ! c\rse (        
lectures1 b ! s\nd1 full text-book %\ld 
be ! basis ( ,college in/ruction1 & ?is 
%\ld be supplem5t$ by a great] or less] 
numb] ( m or less controv]sial pamphlets
 or books1 criticis+1 exp&+ or correct+ 
its matt] or putt+ ?+s 9 a diff]5t &    
pr(itable way4 ,?is text-book %\ld be   
p>allel$ 9 ! case ( exp]im5tal sci5ce by
 a h&-book ( illu/rative & explanatory  
laboratory "w4 ,portions ( ! book c\ld  
be set = prep>ation at ea* /age 9 !     
c\rse ) appropriate exp]im5ts1 /ud5ts   

c\ld submit difficulties 9 writ+ to be  
dealt ) by ! ,pr(essor 9 conv]sational  
lectures1 & ! read+ ( ! /ud5ts c\ld be  
*eck$ by p]iodic exam9ations ^u c>d9al  
p>ts1 & supplem5t$1 if ^! exam9ations   
%[$ x to be necess>y1 by diss]tations ^u
 special issues ( difficulty4 ,^u !     
matt]s t 7 di/9ctively 8 8subject10 or  
^u 8 po9ts ( disagreem5t ) ! g5]al      
issues ( ! book1 ! ,pr(essor might      
lecture 9 ! accept$ way4 ,?is is surely 
! prop] me?od ( "w = adolesc5t /ud5ts 9 
any subject1 9 philology j z mu* z 9    
comp>ative anatomy1 & 9 hi/ory j z mu* z
 9 economics4 ,! *eap5+ ( pr9t+1 pap]1  
&1 above all1 ( illu/ration has done    
away ) ! la/ excuse = ! vocal c\rse (   
in/ruction & ! lectur]'s diagrams4 ,b x 
has n done away ) !m4  ,x is "o ( ! mo/ 
curi\s ( human ph5om5a1 ?is p]si/5ce (  
tradition aga9/ :at "o might h imag9$ ! 
mo/ de/ructive facts1 & 9 no connection 
is ?is aspect m rem>kable ?an 9 all t   
conc]ns ! high] /ages ( education4 ,"o  
might ?9k t some:]e 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 

x w\ld h be5 recogniz$ at ! ,seats (    
,le>n+ t ?\ght & k 7 progressive ?+s1 & 
t a p]iodic revision ( c\rses &         
syllabuses1 a p]iodic reca/+ ( "w &     
scope1 a re-arrangem5t ( *airs & ( !    
appliances ( ! faculties1 0 z necess>y  
to ! cont9u$ heal?y exi/5ce ( a         
,univ]sity z p]iodic meals & sleep &    
ex]cise are necess>y to a man4 ,b ev5   
today we are f\nd+ ,univ]sities )\t any 
provision = ?is necess>y *ange1 & !     
*ances are t 9 a c5tury or s !y w pres5t
 j z mu* backw>dness & illit]acy z d !  
ord9>y graduation organizations ( ,ox=d 
& ,cambridge today1 t a hundr$ ye>s f n[
 ! pa/ graduates ( ripe old ,birm+ham1  
full ( spite aga9/ newfangl$ ?+s 8no    
fell[ c und]/&10 w be cr[d+ up to vote  
aga9/ ! sub/itution ( "s m mod]n subject
 = 8,huxley0--8,huxley0  !y w call !    
subject1 & n ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 on ! 
model ( 8,euclid0--or = ! ret5tion (    
compulsory 8,comm]cial ,geography ( !   
,n9ete5? ,c5tury10 or 8,longh&          
,bookkeep+0 9 ! ,little ,g4 7,& %\ld any

 g]m9at+ noble f\nd] read ^! pages ,i   
w\ld implore him ) all ! e>ne/ness t is 
possible 9 pr9t$ matt]1 to provide t e  
fifty ye>s1 let u say1 ! :ole ( 8       
prospective f\ndation %all g into       
solution1 %all re-apportion its funds & 
reorganize ! entire me*anism ( its "w47 
,! idea t a text-book %\ld be regul>ly  
reset & repr9t$ is /ill q =eign to !    
,pr(essorial m9d1 z1 inde$1 is ! idea t 
! c>e ( text-books & publications is a  
,univ]sity function at all4 ,no "o is   
/>tl$ by a proposal to apply #hjj or    
#ajjj a ye> to a new *air 9 any subject1
 b to apply t sum ye>ly z a /&+ *>ge to 
! revision & p]fection ( a specific     
text-book w\ld seem1 ev5 today1 q       
fanta/ically extravagant to mo/         
,univ]sity m54 ,yet :at c\ld be m       
obvi\sly helpful to s\nd & ?or\gh tea*+ 
?an = a ,univ]sity1 or a gr\p (         
,univ]sities1 to su/a9 a ,pr(essor 9 ea*
 ( ! *ief subjects ( in/ruction1 ^:     
bus9ess w\ld be nei!r tea*+ z x is n[   
und]/ood1 nor rese>*1 b ! critical &    

exhau/ive edit+ ( ! ,college textbook ( 
8 subject1 a text-book :i* w\ld /& 9    
type at ! ,univ]sity ,press1 :i* w\ld be
 revis$ annually & repr9t$ annually1    
prim>ily = ! use ( ! matriculat$ /ud5ts 
( ! ,univ]sity & incid5tally =          
publication4 ,8 bus9ess w\ld be n only  
to br+ ! "w up to date & p>allel ) all !
 newe/ publi%$ rese>* & to invite &     
consid] proposals ( contributions &     
footnotes f m5 ) new views & new matt]1 
b also to sub/itute = obscure passages  
full] & m lucid expositions1 to cut d[n 
or relegate to small] type passages (   
dim9i%+ importance & to introduce fre% &
 m effici5t illu/rations1 & 8 "w w\ld be
 c>ri$ on 9 consultation ) ! ,g5]al     
,editor ( ! ,univ]sity ,press :o w\ld   
also be a speciali/ 9 mod]n pr9t+ &     
book-mak+1 & :o w\ld be con/antly tak+  
up1 try+1 & adopt+ fre% devices (       
arrangem5t1 & new]1 bett]1 & *eap]      
me?ods ( pr9t+ & illu/ration4 ,x w\ld n 
m]ely raise ! g5]al effici5cy ( !       
,college "w ( adolesc5ts v greatly to h 

?is s]ies ( textbooks liv+ & gr[+ 9 ea* 
subject at "o or 7bett]7 at sev]al      
,univ]sities or gr\p$ ,univ]sities1 b 9 
ea* subject ! p]iodic *ange 9 ^! books  
w\ld af=d a mo/ valuable corrective to !
 influ5ce ( specializ$ "w by keep+ !    
speciali/ work] easily 9 t\* ) ! curr5t 
pres5tation ( 8 sci5ce z a :ole4  ,!    
text-book1 h[ev] good1 & ! lectur]1     
h[ev] able1 are only "o ( two necess>y  
factors 9 ,college "w1 ! reciprocal     
elem5t is ! /ud5ts' activity4 ,unless ! 
/ud5ts are actively engag$ n simply 9   
tak+ 9 :at !y are told1 b 9 re>rang+ x1 
turn+ x ov]1 try+ & te/+ x1 !y are do+  
little good4 ,we recognize ?is q        
abundantly 9 ! laboratory n[adays1 b we 
neglect x enorm\sly 9 ! m !oretical /udy
 ( a subject4 ,! facts ( a subject if x 
is a sci5ce may be got at 9 ! mo/ ?or\gh
 way by h&l+ 9 ! laboratory1 b ! ideas (
 a subject mu/ be h&l$ 9 discussion1    
reproduction & dispute4 ,exam9ations1   
exam9ations by tea*]s :o und]/& ?is v   
f9e art1 9 :i* ! /ud5t is oblig$ to     

re/ate1 apply1 & use ! pr9ciples ( 8    
subject1 are ( ! utmo/ value 9 keep+ !  
m9d active & n simply receptive4 ,!y are
 j z good & z vitally necess>y z        
exam9ation pap]s :i* m]ely dem&         
def9itions & li/s & bald facts are bad4 
,& !n !re might be discussions--if !    
,pr(essor 7 clev] en\gh to conduct !m4  
,if ! /ud5ts ( a class c\ld be induc$ to
 submit propositions = discussion1 f :i*
 a topic c\ld be select$1 & c\ld !n be  
made to prep>e = a disputation to :i*   
all w\ld h to contribute1 ) ! ,pr(essor 
z a controll+ influ5ce 9 ! *air to *eck 
facts & logic & to conclude1 x w\ld h ! 
value ( a doz5 lectures4 ,b ,pr(essors  
:o are "u ! bur!n ( p]haps n9ety or a   
hundr$ lectures a ye> _c be expect$ to d
 any?+ ( ?is sort4 ,direct$ read+1      
conf]5ces on knotty po9ts1 special      
lectures foll[$ by ! que/ion+ ( !       
lectur]1 discussions ^u matt]s ( op9ion1
 laboratory "w :5 ne$ful1 fairly frequ5t
 te/ exam9ations1 & a f9al exam9ation = 
places1 are ! prop] +r$i5ts ( a good    

mod]n ,college c\rse1 & 9 ! necessity ( 
leav+ ! ,pr(essor's en]gies free = !    
direction ( all ?is really educational  
"w1 lies ano!r reason = t complete1     
explicit1 well-arrang$ text-book ^u :i* 
,i am insi/+4  ,com+ back n[ f ^! g5]al 
propositions ab\t books & tea*+ to our  
mass ( "y p ab\t fifte5 ye>s old1 our   
adolesc5t nation1 :o h accompli%$ _!    
,s*ool+ & are ready = ! ,college phase1 
we h to consid] :at subjects !y are to  
be taught1 & h[ f> !y are to g ) ^!     
subjects4 ,:e!r !y are to give all or "p
 ( _! "t to ^! ,college /udies1 :e!r !y 
are go+ to pursue !m 9 ev5+ classes or  
be=e breakfa/ 9 ! morn+ or dur+ !       
livelong day is a "q ( second>y         
conv5i5ces t may v well be disreg>d$ "h4
 ,we are conc]n$ ) ! g5]al ar*itecture  
n[1 & n ) ! tactical necessities ( !    
cl]k ( ! works4 ,footnote3 ,b ,i may    
p]haps po9t out "h h[ integral to a sane
 man-mak+ s*eme is ! rais+ ( ! m9imum   
age at :i* *ildr5 may "w4 ,a day w come1
 ,i hope1 :5 ev5 ! p>tial employm5t (   

*ildr5 "u fifte5 w be prohibit$1 & :51 z
 ,mr4 ,sidney ,webb sugge/$ "s "t ago1  
employm5t up to ! age ( tw5ty-"o w be   
limit$ to s few h\rs a week--8 sugge/ion
 0 ?irty--z to leave a broad m>g9 = ! m 
or less compulsory college "w & physical
 tra9+ t are becom+ ess5tial to ! mod]n 
citiz54  ,we ne$ wa/e little "t n[adays1
 ,i submit1 9 dispos+ ( ,encyclopa$ic   
conceptions ( ,college ,education1      
conceptions t play$ a "p 9 almo/ all    
educational s*emes--,b5?am's /up5d\s    
,*re/oma?ia is ! fe>ful example--be=e ! 
middle n9ete5? c5tury4 ,we are all agre$
 9 !ory1 at any rate1 t to "k "o subject
 or gr\p ( subjects exhau/ively is f>   
bett] ?an a univ]sal smatt]+1 t ! ideal 
( education is m p>ticul>ly 8all ab\t   
some?+0 ) 8some?+ ab\t ev]y?+0 9 a v    
subord9ate place4 ,! fact rema9s t !    
normal curriculum ( our high] s*ools &  
colleges is a po9tless non-educational  
miscellany1 & ! av]age graduate 9 ,arts 
kn[s some?+1 b n en\gh1 ( sci5ce1       
ma!matics1 ,lat91 ,greek1 lit]ature1 &  

hi/ory2 he has paid tribute to sev]al   
conflict+ s*emes ( education1 & is a    
cr$it to none4 ,we h to get rid ( ?is   
/ate ( affairs1 & we h to provide 7i7 a 
sub/antial m5tal tra9+ :i* %all lead at 
la/ to a broad & compreh5sive view (    
?+s1 & :i* %all be a tra9+ 9            
g5]alization1 ab/raction1 & ! exam9ation
 ( evid5ce1 /imulat+ & discipl9+ !      
imag9ation & develop+ ! habit ( pati5t1 
su/a9$1 ent]pris+ & ?or\gh "w1 & 7ii7 we
 h to add a g5]al culture1 a circle (   
ideas ab\t moral1 ae/hetic1 & social    
matt]s t %all =m a common basis = !     
social & intellectual life ( !          
community4 ,! =m] ( ^! two elem5ts mu/  
at "s /age develop--aft] two or five or 
sev5 or "s su* p]iod ( ye>s1 :i* may be 
diff]5t 9 diff]5t cases--into ! special 
tra9+ = ! def9ite function ( !          
individual 9 ! social body1 :e!r z      
eng9e]1 bus9ess manag]1 doctor1 prie/1  
j\rnali/1 public adm9i/rator1           
pr(essional soldi]1 or :at n4 ,& be=e we
 ask :at mu/ con/itute 7i7 x may be well

 to def9e ! relation betwe5 ! fir/ & !  
second section ( ! ,college /age (      
education4  ,x is 7i7 t w con/itute !   
ess5tial "w ( ! ,college1 :i* w be !    
especial conc]n ( ! ,pr(essorial /aff1  
:i* w 8c\nt0 9 exam9ations1 & ,i        
conceive x z occupy+ typically f\r full 
work+ days 9 ! week1 f\r good1 h>d-driv+
 days1 & no m1 ( ! /ud5ts' "t4 ,! rema9+
 ?ree1 s f> z !y are n engag$ by        
physical ex]cise1 milit>y tra9+1 & m]e  
amusem5t1 mu/ be giv5 to 7ii71 :i* ,i   
imag9e an altoge!r m g5]al1 discursive1 
v>i\s1 & spontane\s s]ies ( activities4 
,to put ! ?+ briefly1 ) ! use ( a       
conv5i5t slang ^w 7i71 is 8gr9d10  &    
7ii7 is g5]al culture1 elem5ts t are    
altoge!r too greatly confus$ 9 adolesc5t
 education4 ,a l>ge numb] ( p w consid] 
x "r & prop] t 7ii7 on ! sev5? day ( !  
week %\ld become devotional ex]cise or  
religi\s ?\ght & discussion4 ,i w\ld    
submit t "u 7ii7 !re %\ld be =mally     
recogniz$ c]ta9 extremely valuable      
educational influ5ces t are at pres5t   

too (t5 reg>d$ z irregul> or improp]    
invasions ( s*ool & college "w1 !       
collegiate debat+ society1 = example1   
private read+1 exp]im5tal sci5ce outside
 ! curriculum1 & essays 9 v>i\s arts4 ,x
 %\ld be possible to provide a c]ta9    
def9ite numb] ( h\rs weekly 9 :i* !     
/ud5t %\ld be requir$ m]ely to %[ t he 0
 do+ some?+ ( a developm5tal k9d1 he    
w\ld h 8 *oice betwe5 ! ,libr>y--e      
,college ought to h a good & n too      
priggi%ly conceiv$ ,libr>y1 9 :i* he    
might ei!r read or write--or ! music    
ma/]1 ! debat+ society1 ! museum1 ! art 
/udio1 ! dramatic society1 or any conc]n
 ( ! sort t ! ,college au?orities _h    
satisfactory reason = suppos+ to be     
alive & effici5t4 ,9 addition 7ii7 %\ld 
include c]ta9 m9or b necess>y /udies n  
includ$ 9 7i71 b pursu$ = all t ) a     
c]ta9 insi/5ce1 taught or direct$1 &    
controll$ p]haps by exam9ations4 ,if1 = 
example1 ! acquisition ( a =eign        
language 0 a "p ( ! prelim9>y s*ool+1 x 
c\ld be kept alive by a m fa/idi\s /udy 

9 ! high] grade4 ,= ! mak+ ( ! good1    
all-r\nd1 av]age citiz5 7i7 w be !      
ess5tial educational factor1 b = ! boy  
or girl ) a da% ( g5ius 7ii7 w rise f ! 
level ( culture to t ( a great          
opportunity4  ,:at subject or gr\p (    
subjects is to con/itute 7i78 ,!re are  
at lea/ ?ree1 & q probably beyond ! v   
limit$ range ( my k !re are o!r1        
arrangem5ts ( /udies t c be contriv$ to 
supply ?is ess5tial sub/antial "p ( !   
,college c\rse4 ,ea* suffices           
completely1 & ,i w\ld hesitate to       
express any pref]5ce = "o or ! o!r4 ,ea*
 has its special direction t[>ds c]ta9  
sorts ( adult function1 & = t reason x  
may be sugge/$ t ! second>y education ( 
an ,engli%-speak+ c\ntry might v well   
af=d all ?ree 7or m7 types ( second>y   
c\rse4 ,! small s*ools might specialize 
^u ! type locally mo/ desirable1 ! l>g] 
might gr\p its triplicate 7or           
quadruplicate7 sy/em ( su/a9$ & s]i\s   
c\rses ab\t a common ,libr>y & ! common 
arrangem5ts = ,section ii4 ( ! ,college 

s*eme4  ,! fir/ ( ^! possible ,college  
c\rses1 & ! "o mo/ likely to be useful &
 fruitful = ! mass ( ! male population 9
 a mod]n community1 is an expansion ( ! 
,physics ( ! ,s*ool+ /age4 ,x may be v  
conv5i5tly spok5 ( z ! ,natural         
,philosophy1 c\rse4 ,its backbone w be  
an int]lock+ arrangem5t ( ,ma!matics1   
,physics1 & ! pr9ciples ( ,*emi/ry1 & x 
w take up z illu/rative & m9d-exp&+     
ex]cises1 ,a/ronomy1 ,geography1 &      
,geology conceiv$ z a g5]al hi/ory ( !  
,e>?4 ,hold+ ! :ole toge!r w be ! !ory (
 ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy 9 its c\ntless 
aspects & a speculative discussion ( !  
con/itution ( matt]4 ,a c]ta9 m9imum (  
,hi/orical & ,political read+ & ( g5]al 
8,libr>y0 w\ld be insi/$ ^u 9 ,section  
ii4 ,?is c\ld be made a q noble &       
spaci\s c\rse ( in/ruction ext5d+ ov] f 
?ree to five ye>s1 f f\rte5 or fifte5 up
 to eighte5 or tw5ty-"o 7or ev5 long] 9 
! case ( ^? p>tially employ$72 its less 
successful products w\ld drop out--x    
might be be=e completion--to take up !  

"w ( m or less skill$ artisans &        
te*nical work]s1 & its m successful ones
 w\ld pass "s ( !m into ! te*nical      
colleges = special indu/ries ) a view to
 bus9ess direction1 into special /udy = 
! eng9e]+ trades1 = ! pr(ession (       
soldi]+1 ,footnote3 ,i may p]haps expla9
 t my conception ( milit>y organization 
is a univ]sal s]vice (                  
citiz5s--non-pr(essional soldi]s--:o w  
be tra9$--possibly 9 boyhood & y\?1 to  
%oot v well inde$1 to ride ei!r horses  
or bicycles1 & to take up positions &   
move quickly & easily 9 organiz$ bodies1
 &1 9 addition1 a special graduat$      
pr(ession ( soldi]s :o w be 9 _! v>i\s  
ranks eng9e]s1 gunn]s1 special-=ce m5 ( 
v>i\s sorts1 &1 9 ! high] ranks1 ma/]s (
 all ! organization & me?ods necess>y = 
! rapid & effective utilization ( !     
non-pr(essional manhood ( ! c\ntry1 (   
volunte]s1 militia1 or %ort-s]vice      
enli/m5t levies1 drawn f ?is g5]al      
supply1 & ( all ! ma*9]y (              
communication1 provision+1 & s =?4 ,!y w

 n be necess>ily ! 8social sup]iors0 (  
_! comm&s1 b !y w naturally ex]cise !   
same au?oritative comm& 9 w>f>e t a     
doctor does 9 a sick-room4 or = ! naval 
& m]cantile s]vices1 or into rese>* & ! 
lit]ature ( sci5ce4 ,"s also w\ld pass  
on to /udy = ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e ?r\gh 
m special "w 9 ,*emi/ry & ,physiology1 &
 "s ) a proclivity = draw+ & design w\ld
 become ar*itects1 design]s (           
appliances1 & ! l4 ,! idea ( ! ord9>y   
developm5t ( ?is c\rse is n s v remote f
 :at already exi/s 9 ,great ,brita9 z ! 
,organiz$ ,sci5ce ,s*ool1 b1 z ) all ^! 
c\rses1 x w\ld be done 9 v>y+ degrees ( 
?or\ghness & ext5sion "u v>y+           
conditions4 ,?is is ! fir/ ( my ?ree    
alt]native ,college c\rses4  ,! second  
c\rse w probably seem less acceptable to
 _m read]s1 b all :o are qualifi$ to    
speak w te/ify to its enorm\s           
educational value4 ,x is :at "o may     
speak ( z ! ,biological ,c\rse4 ,j z !  
conception ( ,en]gy w be ! c5tral idea (
 ! ,natural ,philosophy c\rse1 s !      

conception ( ,organic ,evolution w be ! 
c5tral idea ( ! ,biological ,c\rse4 ,a  
g5]al review ( ! :ole field (           
,biology--n only ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( 
! pres5t b ( ! geological record--9     
relation to ! kn[n laws & ! v>i\s ma9   
!ories ( ! evolution>y process w be     
tak51 & 9 addition "s special dep>tm5t1 
ei!r ! ,comp>ative ,anatomy ( !         
,v]tebrata *iefly1 or ( ! plants *iefly1
 or ( sev]al ,inv]tebrat$ gr\ps *iefly1 
w be exhau/ively work$ out 9 relation to
 ^! speculations4 ,! fir/ ( ^!          
alt]natives is n only probably ! mo/    
invigorat+ m5tal ex]cise ( ! ?ree b be>s
 also m directly ^u ! practical conc]ns 
( life4 ,physiology w be tak5 up 9      
relation to ?is special exhau/ive /udy1 
& ! 8,elem5t>y ,physics ( ! ,s*ool+0    
/age w be prolong$ up into a treatm5t ( 
,*emi/ry ) especial ref]5ce to          
biological problems4 ,?r\gh su* a c\rse 
z ?is /ud5ts might pass to ! /udy (     
m$ic9e j z well z ?r\gh ,natural        
,philosophy1 & ! m$ical pr(ession w\ld  

pr(it by ! cla% ( ! two types ( /ud5t4  
,! biological c\rse1 ) its insi/5ce ^u  
h]$ity & physiological facts1 w\ld also 
give ! v be/ & grave/ prep>ation 9 ! _w 
= ! practical conc]ns ( mo!rhood4 ,f x  
/ud5ts w\ld pass on illum9at$ to ! /udy 
( psy*ology1 philosophical sci5ce1 &    
educational me?od4 ,! tra9+ 9 !         
discussion ( broad g5]alization1 & mu* (
 ! fact involv$1 w\ld be a mo/ excell5t 
prelim9>y to special !ological /udy &   
also to ! advanc$ /udy ( economics &    
political sci5ce4 ,f ?is c\rse also     
arti/s ( v>i\s sorts w\ld escape ?r\gh !
 av5ue ( ,section ii4 :i*1 by ! by1 w\ld
 h to involve ,hi/orical ,read+4 ,s mu* 
= my second sugge/$ ,college c\rse4  ,! 
?ird ( ^! ?ree alt]native c\rses is !   
,hi/ory c\rse1 done ext5sively 9        
relation to g5]al geography1 economic   
!ory1 & ! g5]al evolution ( ! _w1 &     
int5sively 9 relation to ,briti% or     
,am]ican hi/ory1 & p]haps to "s p>ticul>
 p]iod4 ,out ( x w\ld spr+ a ?or\gh /udy
 ( ! developm5t ( ,engli% lit]ature &   

also ( ! legal sy/ems ( ! ,engli%-speak+
 peoples4 ,?is c\rse also w\ld be a way 
( approa* to philosophical sci5ce1 to   
!ology1 to ! ?or\gh /udy ( economic &   
political sci5ce1 & possibly x w\ld     
contribute a l>g] proportion ( its      
/ud5ts to imag9ative lit]ature ?an ei!r 
( ! two prec$+ c\rses4 ,x w\ld also be !
 natural prelim9>y c\rse to ! special   
/udy ( law & s a s\rce ( politicians4 ,9
 ! ,section ii4 ( ?is c\rse a light b   
lucid treatm5t ( ! great g5]alizations (
 physical & biological sci5ce w\ld be   
desirable4 ,& f ?is c\rse also ! arti/  
w\ld break away4  ,conceivably !re are  
o!r c\rses4 ,! c\rse 9 ,ma!matics z "o  
sees x giv5 to ! ,cambridge ,tripos m51 
& :at is call$ ! ,classical c\rse1 w    
occur to ! read]4 ,few p1 h[ev]1 are to 
be f\nd :o w def5d ! exclusively        
ma!matical 8gr9d0 z a s\nd intellectual 
tra9+1 & s x ne$ n be discuss$ "h4 ,!   
case1 h[ev]1 is diff]5t ) ! classical   
c\rse4 ,x is alleg$ by ^? :o h _h !     
exp]i5ce t to le>n ,lat9 & ,greek m or  

less ?or\ghly & !n to /umble ?r\gh "o or
 two ,lat9 & ,greek au?ors 89 ! orig9al0
 has an educational value surpass+ any  
conceivable alt]native4 ,!re is a       
my/]i\s b5efit f "o's private           
translation h[ev] bad t no o!r          
translation h[ev] good c imp>t4 ,plato1 
= example1 :o has c]ta9ly 9 ! v be/     
translations1 q p]ceptibly no great] m9d
 ?an ,"l ,bacon1 ,newton1 ,d>w91 or     
,adam ,smi?1 becomes god-l to all :o    
pass beyond ! ,little-,g4 ,! controv]sy 
is z old z ! ,battle ( ! ,books1 a q    
int]m9able wrangle1 :i* ,i w n ev5      
attempt to summ>ize "h4 ,= my own "p ,i 
believe all ?is def5ce ( ! classics on !
 "p ( m5 ) classical education is b "o m
 example ( t human weakness t spla%es   
,ox=d metaphysical writ+s ) ne$less tags
 & %r$s ( ,greek & set ,demetrius !     
silv]smi? bawl+ 9 ! /reets4 ,if ! read] 
is ( ano!r op9ion !re is no ne$ to      
conv]t him 9 ?is pres5t argum5t1 provid$
 only t he w admit ! uselessness ( 8    
high my/]y = ! tra9+ ( ! l>g] mass (    

mod]n m54 ,by 8 /&>ds !y are b5ea? x4 ,a
 conv5tion ^u ?is issue betwe5 ! two    
p>ties !re=e is atta9able4 ,let u admit 
! classical c\rse = ! p>5ts :o l & c    
af=d ?is sort ( ?+ = _! sons & daught]s4
 ,let u )draw all objections to its     
end[m5t1 unless x is q excessive        
end[m5t4 ,let ! classical be ! s5ior    
s]vice1 & ! classical pr(essor1 to use 8
 own que] way ( putt+ ?+s1 primus int]  
p>es4 ,t w make f\r c\rses altoge!r1 !  
,classical1 ! ,hi/orical1 ! ,biological1
 & ! ,physical1 = "o or m ( :i* all !   
second>y s*ools & colleges 9 t great    
,engli%-speak+ community at :i* ! ,new  
,republic aims %\ld be organiz$4        
,footnote3 ,"o may1 h[ev]1 sugge/ "o o!r
 c\rse z possible "u special conditions4
 ,!re is "o sort ( art t requires n only
 a v rigor\s & exhau/ive tra9+1 b also  
an e>ly comm5cem5t1 & t is music1 at    
once ! mo/ isolat$ & ! mo/ univ]sal (   
arts4 ,exceptional gifts 9 ! direction (
 music w h appe>$ 9 ! s*ool+ /age1 & x  
is q conceivable t ! college phase = ^? 

:o are de/9$ = a musical c>e] %\ld h z  
its backbone a 8gr9d0 9 ! !ory &        
practice ( music1 ) languages & g5]al   
culture relegat$ to a ,section ii4  ,x  
may be object$ t ?is is an idealiz$     
proposal1 & t exi/+ conditions1 :i* are1
 ( c\rse1 ! mat]ial out ( :i* new       
conditions are to be made d n pres5t    
any?+ l ?is =m4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 if   
only ! read] w all[ = a c]ta9 diff]5ce 9
 t]m9ology1 !y d4 ,:at ,i h "h call$    
,s*ool+ is1 s f> z ! age ( ! pupils g1  
typically pres5t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by   
:at is call$ ! elem5t>y s*ool1 & 9      
,am]ica by ! public s*ool1 & c]ta9      
s*ools t unanalytical p 9 ,engl&1 mi/ak+
 a social = an educational diff]5ce1    
seem dispos$ to class ) second>y s*ools1
 ! inf]ior ,gramm> ,s*ools1 ! *eap]     
private s*ools1 & :at are call$         
,prep>atory ,s*ools1 ,footnote3 ,z ?+s  
are1 !re is no d\bt a consid]able       
advantage 9 ! *ild f a good home go+ on 
to a good prep>atory s*ool in/ead (     
ent]+ a public elem5t>y s*ool1 & !      

passage above mu/ n be misread z a      
sweep+ condemnation ( su* e/abli%m5ts4  
are really also elem5t>y s*ools4 ,!     
latt] h m social pret5sion & sometimes  
f> less effici5cy ?an a ,gov]nm5t       
,elem5t>y ,s*ool1 b t is all ! diff]5ce4
 ,all ^! s*ools admit ( a gradual       
approximation to ! ideal ( s*ool+       
already set =? 9 ! six? ( ^! pap]s4 ,"s 
are already )9 a measureable di/ance ( t
 ideal4 ,& above ^! elem5t>y s*ools1    
above ! ,s*ool grade prop]1 & answ]+ to 
:at is "h call$ ,college1 !re is a great
 v>iety ( day & ev5+ s*ools ( ! mo/ v>i$
 description :i* agree all ( !m 9 !     
pres5tation ( a second phase 9 !        
educational process beg9n+ ab\t ! age ( 
?irte5 to sixte5 & go+ on to n9ete5 &   
tw5ty4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 su* in/itutions
 are sometimes call$ second>y s*ools &  
sometimes colleges1 & !y h no di/9ct    
b\nd>y l9e to sep>ate !m f ! ,univ]sity 
prop]1 on ! "o h&1 or ! organiz$ ,sci5ce
 ,s*ools & ! ,high] ,grade ,bo>d ,s*ools
 & ev5+ classes ( ! poor] sort4 ,!      

,univ]sities & m$ical s*ools are1 inde$1
 hamp]$ ) "w q simil> to t ( second>y   
s*ools & :i* ! second>y s*ools h fail$  
to d1 ! ,cambridge und]graduate be=e 8  
,little-,g1 ! ,london ,univ]sity m$ical 
/ud5t be=e 8 ,prelim9>y ,sci5tific      
,exam9ation1 are simply do+ ! belat$ "w 
( ?is second /age4 ,& !re is1 ,i d\bt n1
 a simil> vague complexity 9 ,am]ica4 ,b
 ?r\gh ! fog some?+ v l ! b\nd>y l9e "h 
plac$ ab\t f\rte5 is aga9 & aga9 made   
out2 n only ! g5]al requirem5ts =       
effici5t education1 b ! tr5d ( pres5t   
t5d5cy seems to be t[>ds a s*eme ( ?ree 
/ages 9 :i* a fir/ /age ( n9e or t5 ye>s
 ( increas+ly s]i\s ,s*ool+ 7,prim>y    
,education71 f a v light beg9n+ ab\t    
five up to ab\t f\rte51 is to be foll[$ 
by a second /age ( ,college education   
7,second>y ,education71 f f\rte5 or     
sixte5 to an upw>d b\nd>y det]m9$ by    
class & v>i\s facilities1 & ?is is to be
 succe$$ by a ?ird /age1 :i* we w n[    
proce$ to consid] 9 detail4  ,let u make
 x cle> at once t ?is ?ird /age is a mu*

 ampl] ?+ ?an ! graduation or po/       
graduation "w ( a univ]sity4 ,x may or x
 may n include t z an +r$i5t4 ,b !      
int5tion is to express all ^? ag5cies   
7o!r ?an political1 social1 & economic  
=ces1 & ! sugge/ions t arise f !m71 t g 
to increase & build up ! m5tal /ructure 
( ! man or woman4 ,?is includes !       
pulpit1 s f> z x is /ill a vehicle = !  
importation ( ideas & emotions1 ! /age1 
books t d any?+ m ?an pass ! "t1        
newspap]s1 ! ,grove & ! ,agora4 ,^! all1
 9 great] or less] degrees1 "w p[]fully 
toge!r to make ! citiz54 ,!y "w mo/     
p[]fully1 ( c\rse1 9 ^? pla/ic unsettl$ 
ye>s t la/ f adolesc5ce to ! middle     
tw5ties1 b (t5 9 v sl[ly dim9i%+        
int5sity "r into ! clos+ decades (      
middle age4 ,h[ev] ?+s may h be5 9 !    
quiet] pa/ :5 newspap]s did n exi/1 :5  
cre$s 7 rigid1 plays m]e spectacles to  
be se5 only 89 ,t[n10 & books r>e1 !    
fact rema9s t to-day ev]ybody goes mu*  
fur!r & le>ns f> m ?an any ( ! pr(ess$ly
 educational ag5cies c be held          

acc\ntable =4 ,!re 0 a "t1 p]haps1 :5 a 
man really did 8settle d[n0             
intellectually1 at ! end ( 8 days (     
le>n+1 :5 ! only way--outside ! libr>ies
 & h\seholds ( a few pr9cely            
p]sonages--to g on ?9k+ & to p>ticipate 
9 ! secul> developm5t ( ideas1 0 to g to
 a ,univ]sity & he> & dispute4 ,b ^?    
days h gone = a hundr$ ye>s at lea/4 ,!y
 h gone by1 & ! /range ?+ is t a v l>ge 
proportion ( ^? :o write & talk ab\t    
education h n discov]$ !y h gone by1 &  
/ill ?9k & talk ( ,univ]sities z ?\gh !y
 7 ! only s\rces & repositories (       
wisdom4 ,!y conjure up a vision 9 my m9d
 ( an abs5t-m9d$ wat]-sell]1 be>+ 8     
preci\s j>s & cry+ 8 w>es knee-deep1 &  
go+ deep] into a ris+ /ream4 ,or if t   
does n seem j to ! ,univ]sity 9 ! pa/1  
an image ( a g>d5]1 :o long ago develop$
 a novel v>iety ( "s great fl[] :i* has 
n[ scatt]$ its w9d-borne se$ ev]y:]e1 b 
:o /ill pr(f]s y = sale 9 a confid5tial1
 condesc5d+ mann] a v little1 v de>     
packet ( t univ]sal commodity4 ,until ! 

adv5t ( ,mr4 ,ew>t 7) 8 ,public         
,libr>ies' ,act71 ,mr4 ,passmore        
,edw>ds1 & ,mr4 ,&rew ,c>negie1 ! /ream 
( end[m5t = rese>* & tea*+ fl[$ j z     
exclusively to ! ,univ]sities z x did 9 
,tudor times4  ,let u deal1 !n1 fir/ ) !
 f9ally less important & m =mal portion 
( ! ?ird /age 9 ! educational process2 t
 is to say1 ) ! ,univ]sity ,c\rse4 ,"o  
may conceive t s f> z positive tea*+ &  
le>n+ g1 a consid]able proportion ( !   
population w nev] pass beyond ! second  
/age at all4 ,!y w fail to keep up 9 !  
c\rse ( t /age1 or !y w bran* (f into ! 
special developm5t ( "s special         
aptitude4 ,! failures w gravitate into  
positions a little bett] p]haps1 b      
analog\s to ^? tak5 up by ! failures ( !
 ,s*ool+ phase4 ,! common cl]ks & common
 %op-h&s1 = example1 w\ld come out "h4  
,! o!rs1 :o fall out )\t complet+ _!    
,college c\rse1 b :o may n be ,college  
failures at all1 w be all sorts ( arti/s
 & specializ+ p]sons ( t type4 ,a great 
_m girls1 = economic & o!r reasons1 w   

probably nev] get beyond ! ,college     
/age4 ,!y w pass f ! ,biological &      
,hi/orical c\rses into employm5t1 or    
m>ry1 or ent] dome/ic life4 ,b :at may  
f9ally become a mu* l>g] proportion (   
,new ,republican citiz5s w ei!r f !     
beg9n+1 tak+ ! ,college c\rse 9 ! ev5+1 
or aft] a ye> or s ( full att5dance at !
 ,college c\rse1 />t also ^u !          
?ird-grade "w1 ! prep>ation = ! upp]    
ranks ( "s te*nical & comm]cial         
employm5t1 = ! sy/ematic & lib]al       
in/ruction t w replace ! old rule-(-?umb
 appr5tice%ip4 ,"o c imag9e a great     
v>iety ( me?ods ( comb9+ ! appr5tice%ip 
phase ( s]i\s occupation ) ! ,college   
c\rse4 ,_m wak+ up to ! dem&s ( life may
 d bett] = !mselves ) a desp]ately      
clut*$ ,college c\rse ( ev5+ classes ?an
 o!rs :o w h progress$ com=tably 9 day  
,colleges4 ,!re %\ld be opportunity by  
means ( s*ol>%ip op5+s = su* cases ( a  
late awak5+ to /ruggle back into ! high]
 education4 ,!re may be e gradation f   
su* /ud5ts to ^? :o w g completely &    

exhau/ively ?r\gh ! ,college & :o w !n g
 on at "o & tw5ty or two & tw5ty to     
equally complete & exhau/ive "w 9 ! ?ird
 grade4 ,"o imag9es ! ?ird grade 9 its  
complet5ess z a mo/ v>i$ *oice ( ?or\gh 
/udies c>ri$ on = ?ree or f\r ye>s aft] 
eighte5 or tw5ty-"o1 special s*ools (   
m$ic9e1 law1 eng9e]+1 psy*ology1 &      
educational sci5ce1 economics &         
political sci5ce1 economics & comm]cial 
sci5ce1 philosophy & !ology1 & physical 
sci5ce4 ,q ap>t f ! obvi\s p]sonal      
limitation1 ! discussion ( ! me?od (    
deal+ specifically ) ea* ( ^! subjects  
w\ld be too div]sifi$ & special a !me to
 occupy me n[4 ,! l>g] fact to :i*      
att5tion has to be giv5 is ?is3 t all ^!
 /udies & all ! te*nical /udy & su* l   
prep>ation at l[] levels ( ! ?ird /age  
mu/ be z x 7 float+ 9 a common body (   
,?\ght1 :i* is ! unify+ pr9ciple1 !     
common initiative1 ! real common life ( 
! truly civiliz$ /ate1 & t ?is body (   
,?\ght is no long] to be conta9$ )9 ! =m
 ( a ,univ]sity4 ,x is ! l>g] ( ! two   

?+s4 ,& ! la/ "q1 !re=e1 9 ^!           
speculations is ! g5]al organization ( t
 body ( ,?\ght1 t is to say (           
contempor>y lit]ature1 us+ ! ^w 9 its   
wide/ s5se to cov] all t is good 9      
j\rnalism1 all unte*nical speculative1  
philosophical writ+1 all t is true & new
 9 ! drama1 9 poetry1 fiction or any o!r
 di/9ctly lit]>y =m1 & all sci5tific    
publication t is n purely a matt] (     
record+ or te*nical work+ out1 all      
sci5tific publication t is1 t deals )   
g5]al ideas4  ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! high]    
education 0 conceiv$ ( z entirely a     
matt] ( le>n+4 ,to end[ *airs & tea*]s1 
& to enable promis+ s*ol>s to come & he>
 ! latt] 0 ! complete organization ( !  
high] education4 ,x is )9 q rec5t ye>s t
 ! conception ( end[+ rese>* = its own  
sake1 leav+ ! ,rese>* ,pr(essor free    
altoge!r f direct tea*+ or ) only a few 
good pupils ^: "w consi/$ *iefly 9      
assimilat+ 8 ideas & help+ ) 8 rese>*es1
 has become at all widely acceptable4   
,indirectly1 ( c\rse1 ! ,rese>*         

,pr(essor is j z mu* a tea*] z ! ,tea*+ 
,pr(essor1 because 8 results become     
accessible z he writes !m4 ,our "w n[ is
 to broad5 bo? ! conception ( rese>* & (
 tea*+1 to recognize t :atev] imports   
fre% & valid ideas1 fre% & valid        
aspects--n simply ( *emical & physical  
matt]s1 b ( ae/hetic1 social1 &         
political matt]s1 p>takes ( ! hon\r &   
claims ( rese>*--& t :atev] conveys     
ideas & aspects vividly & cle>ly &      
invigorat+ly1 n simply by ^w ( m\? b by 
book or picture or article1 is tea*+4 ,!
 publication ( books1 ! :ole bus9ess (  
br++ ! contempor>y book mo/ effici5tly  
home to ! g5]al read]1 ! bus9ess (      
contempor>y criticism1 ! enc\ragem5t &  
support ( contempor>y writ]s1 is j z    
vitally important 9 ! mod]n /ate z !    
organisation ( ,colleges & ,s*ools1 & j 
z little to be left to ! ent]prise (    
isolat$ individuals work+ prim>ily ^u   
comm]cial l9es = ga94  ,!re are two     
aspects ( ?is "q4 ,!re is ! simpl] "o ( 
gett+ an abundance ( good books1        

classical & contempor>y1 & ( good       
publications di/ribut$ ev]y:]e ?r\gh !  
,engli%-speak+ _w1 & !re is ! m subtle &
 complex problem ( gett+1 /imulat+1 &   
su/a9+ ! orig9al writ]s & ! orig9al     
critics & inve/igators ^u :om ! g5]al   
developm5t ( contempor>y ?\ght1 ^u :om  
inde$ ! progress ( ! _w f9ally dep5ds4  
,! latt] problem may be res]v$ = ! next 
pap]1 & "h we w deal simply ) ! "q (    
access & di/ribution4  ,= ! pres5t we   
mu/ assume ! quality ( ! books2 all t   
sort ( "q mu/ be def]r$ = our f9al      
discussion4 ,we w simply speak ( good   
books1 s]i\s books1 on ! "o h&1 & (     
light & m]ely amus+ books on ! o!r1 9 an
 int5tionally vague way4 ,! =m] sort (  
books is our pres5t conc]n2 pleasure z  
an end1 pleasure except z necess>y      
recup]ation1 is no affair = ! /ate4     
,books are ei!r b\ght or borr[$ = read+1
 & we h to consid] :at c be done to     
secure ! utmo/ effici5cy 9 ! ann\ncem5t1
 l5d+ & sell+ ( books4 ,we h also to    
consid] ! be/ possible means ( di/ribut+

 p]iodicals4 ,we h p>ticul>ly to consid]
 h[ books specifically 8good10 or       
8?or\gh10 or 8s]i\s10 & p]iodicals t are
 8s\nd0 & 8/imulat+0 are to be made z   
widely & invit+ly accessible z possible4
 ,! ma*9]y we h 9 h& are ! booksell]s & 
! newsv5dors1 ! circulat+ libr>ies1 !   
po/-(fice1 & ! free public libr>ies t   
are n[ be+ en]getically spread ?r\gh\t !
 l& by m5 :o1 9 ?is aspect1 answ] v     
closely to ! conception ( ,new          
,republicans z x is "h unfold$1 & to br+
 & keep all ?is ma*9]y to ! v highe/    
level ( effici5cy is integral to ! ,new 
,republican s*eme ( activity4  ,x may be
 object$ t ! organization ( booksell+ & 
publi%+ is ! discussion ( trivial       
details 9 ! intellectual life ( a p1 b  
inde$ t is n s4 ,x is a con/ant tr\ble1 
a p]petual dra9 ^u ! "t & en]gy ( e man 
:o p>ticipates 9 t life1 to get ! books 
t are necess>y to ! developm5t ( 8      
?\ghts4 ,! high price ( books1 bur!nsome
 z x is1 is ! less] evil1 ! great tr\ble
 is ! tr\ble ( access4 ,!re are a great 

numb] ( p n[ :o read no?+ at all1 or    
only promiscu\s fiction1 :o w\ld c]ta9ly
 become real read]s 7 books ( any o!r   
sort attractively available4 ,^! ?+s are
 n trivial4 ,! "q ( book di/ribution is 
z vitally important to ! intellectual   
heal? ( a mod]n p z are op5 w9d[s 9     
cases ( ph?isis4 ,no nation c live "u   
mod]n conditions unless its :ole        
population is m5tally a]at$ ) books4  ,t
 allusion to ! pr$om9ance ( fiction br+s
 "o r\nd to ! "q ( ! ,public ,libr>y4   
,"o is con/antly read+ attacks on ^! new
 & mo/ promis+ in/itutions1 & always ^! 
attacks base !mselves on ! fact t !     
numb] ( novels tak5 out 0 s _m times1 s 
_m hundr$ times great] ?an ! numb] (    
8s]i\s books40  ,foll[s nons5se ab\t    
8scrappy0 read+1 %all[ness ( ! public   
m9d1 & s =?4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 public   
pomposities take up ! /ra9 & deliv] l>ge
 vague1 fooli% disc\rses on our         
intellectual decl9e4 ,x occurs to none (
 ^! p--no?+1 inde$1 ev] does seem to    
occur to ?is sort ( p--to inquire if a  

man or woman c get s]i\s read+ f a      
public libr>y4 ,an inspection ( a       
,public ,libr>y ,catalogue reveals1 no  
d\bt1 a c]ta9 proportion ( 8s]i\s0      
books available1 b1 z a rule1 t 8s]i\s  
side0 is a q higgl$y-piggl$y heap (     
fragm5ts4 ,suppose1 = example1 an       
intellig5t me*anic has a proclivity =   
economic que/ions1 he w f9d no book     
:atev] to guide him to :at lit]ature !re
 may be ^u ^? que/ions4 ,he w plunge    
into ! catalogue1 & discov] p]haps a few
 publications ( ! ,cobd5 ,club1 ,h5ry   
,george's ,progress & ,pov]ty1 ,j4 ,s4  
,mill's ,autobiography1 ,rusk9's ,unto  
,?is ,la/1 ,! ,/atesman's ,ye> ,book =  
#ahie1 & a text-book specially adapt$ to
 su* & su* an exam9ation by ! tutors (  
"s ,correspond5ce ,college4 ,:at c y    
expect f su* a supply b a pitiful m5tal 
ha%8 ,:at is ! mo/ intellig5t ( me*anics
 likely to secure = himself f ?is bran  
pie8 ,s]i\s subjects are n to be read 9 
?is wild disord]ly way4 ,b fiction c be4
 ,a novel is fairly complete 9 itself1 &

 9 /ick+ to novels1 ! ,public ,libr>y   
read]s %[1 ,i submit1 a bett] lit]>y    
s5se & a f9] intellectual feel+ ?an !   
muddle-head$1 review-inspir$1 pret5ti\s 
p :o blame !m4  ,b manife/ly ! ,public  
,libr>ies ought to be equipp$ = s]i\s   
read+4 ,too _m ( !m are cov]s )\t meat1 
or1 at lea/1 ) no?+ to satisfy a        
respectable m9d hung]4 ,& ! obvi\s      
direct me?od to equip !m is to organize 
an ,association1 to "w1 if possible1 ) !
 ,libr>ians1 & get ?is 8s]i\s0 side ( ! 
,libr>ies1 ?is vitally important side1  
into bett] ord]4 ,a few m5 ) a little   
money to sp5d c\ld d :at is want$ = !   
:ole ,engli%-speak+ _w4 ,! fir/ bus9ess 
( su* an ,association w\ld be to get    
8,guides0 to v>i\s fields ( human int]e/
 writt51 guides t %\ld be cle>1 explicit
 ,bibliographies1 putt+ all ! v>i\s     
writ]s into _! relation%ips "o to ano!r1
 advis+ :at books %\ld be fir/ tak5 by !
 beg9n] 9 ! field1 indicat+ _! tr5d1    
po9t+ out ! less te*nical ones & ^?     
writt5 obscurely4 ,diff]5tial type might

 /amp ! m or less important works4 ,^!  
,guides ought to g to e ,public ,libr>y1
 & ,i ?9k also t all sorts ( p w\ld be  
eag] to buy !m if !y 7 kn[n to be       
compreh5sive1 intellig5t1 & inclusive4  
,!y might ev5 8pay40 ,!n ,i w\ld sugge/ 
?is ,association %\ld make up li/s (    
books to pres5t an outl9e c\rse or a    
full c\rse correspond+ to ea* ,guide4   
,:]e books 7 already publi%$ 9 a *eap   
edition1 ! ,association w\ld m]ely      
negotiate ) ! publi%] = ! special supply
 ( a few ?\s& copies ( ea*4 ,:]e books 7
 mod]n & de> ! ,association w\ld        
negotiate ) publi%] & au?or1 = ! pr9t+ (
 a special ,public ,libr>y ,edition4 ,!y
 w\ld !n di/ribute ^! sets ( books ei!r 
freely or at special rates1 ?ree or f\r 
sets or m to ea* ,libr>y4 ,9 _m cases ! 
,association w\ld probably f9d x        
pref]able to pr9t its editions afre%1 ) 
specially writt5 introductions1 def9+ ! 
relation%ip ( ea* book to ! g5]al       
lit]ature ( ! subject4 ,footnote3 ,9    
,am]ica ,mr4 ,george ,iles is already   

organiz+ ! g5]al appraisem5t ( books = !
 public libr>y read] 9 a mo/ promis+    
mann]4 ,! ,bibliography ( ! ,lit]ature (
 ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 ) an appraisal ( ea* 
book1 :i* has appe>$ "u 8 direction1 is 
edit$ by ,mr4 ,l>n$1 & is a mo/ effici5t
 p]=mance2 x is to be kept up to date by
 ,mr4 ,p4 ,p4 ,wells1 libr>ian ( ! ,yale
 ,law ,s*ool4 ,x includes an app5dix by 
,pr(essor ,*ann+1 ( ,h>v>d1 :i* is on ! 
l9es ( ! 8,guides0 ,i sugge/1 ?\gh      
sc>cely s full z ,i %\ld l !m4 ,?is     
app5dix is repr9t$ sep>ately = five     
c5ts1 & x is almo/ all ,engli% public   
libr>ians & libr>ies ne$ s f> z ,am]ican
 hi/ory goes4 ,! ,engli% ,fabian        
,society1 ,i may note1 publi%es a       
sixp5ny bibliography ( social & economic
 sci5ce1 b x is a m]e li/ = local       
libr>ians1 & ( little use to ! un9itiat$
 read]4  ,su* an ,association 9 ! pres5t
 /ate ( publi%+ w\ld become--9 ,great   
,brita91 at any rate--q inevitably a    
,publi%+ ,association4 ,a succession (  
vigor\s1 well-end[$ ,volunt>y ,publi%+  

,associations is a q vital necessity 9 !
 mod]n /ate4 ,a succession is ne$$      
because ea* age has its unexpect$ new   
ne$s & new me?ods1 & x w\ld n be a bad  
idea to end[ su* associations ) a       
w9d+-up clause t w\ld plump !m1 /ock1   
unsp5t capital1 & ev]y?+ except p]haps a
 p5sion fund = ! old] employs1 into !   
funds ( "s great ,public ,libr>y at !   
end ( ?irty or =ty ye>s4 ,sev]al su*    
,associations h play$1 or are /ill play+
 a useful "p 9 ,briti% affairs1 b mo/ ( 
!m h lo/ ! ela/icity ( y\?4 ,"l         
,br\gham's ,society = ! ,diffusion (    
,useful ,k 0 "o ( ! e>lie/1 & we h      
today1 = example1 ! ,society = !        
,promotion ( ,*ri/ian ,k1 ! ,ca?olic    
,tru? ,society1 ! ,rationali/ ,press    
,association1 & ! ,fabian ,society4 ,!re
 is a real ne$ to-day = "o--inde$ !re is
 room = sev]al--,publi%+ ,associations t
 w\ld set !mselves to put bright mod]n  
lights into ^! too (t5 empty lant]ns1 ! 
,public ,libr>ies4 ,s lit1 ,great       
,brita9 & ,am]ica w\ld h 9 !m an        

in/rum5t ( public education unp>allel$ 9
 ! _w1 inf9itely bett] adapt$ to !      
individuali/ic idiosyncracy ( our       
peoples ?an any imitation ( ,g]man      
colleges c possibly be4 ,propag&a ( all 
sorts c\ld be div]t$ to ?is purpose4    
,p]sons ( imp]iali/ic t5d5cies might    
well consid] ! advisability ( ,guides to
 good geographical & hi/orical read+ &  
sets ( travel books1 & ( geographical & 
hi/orical works4 ,am]icanis]s might     
consid] ! possibility ( sets t w\ld help
 ! common ,briti% to a cle>] idea (     
,am]ica1 & ,am]icans to a realization t 
! ,briti% ,isl&s are some?+ m ?an ?ree  
obscure pat*es ( l& entirely cov]$ by a 
haughty pe]age & a slightly absurd b    
hi/orically int]e/+ ,cr[n4 4 4 4 ,inde$1
 :atev] y want ?\ght or believ$1 ,i w\ld
 say1 give books6  ,b ! good ,new       
,republican w\ld h a wid] scope = 8     
,publi%+ ,association ?an to subdue x to
 ?is specific doctr9e or t4 ,x is n !   
op9ion makes ! man2 x is n ! conclusion 
makes ! book4 ,we live n 9 ! tru?1 b 9 !

 promise ( ! tru?4 ,s\nd ?9k+1 cle>ly & 
hone/ly set =?1 t is ! sole & simple    
food ( human greatness1 ! real sub/ance 
& ! real weal? ( nations2 ! key t w at  
la/ unlock ! door to all we c dream ( or
 desire4     ,x4 ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,! ,,mod]n
 ,,/ate   ,^! speculations ^u !         
possibilities & means ( rais+ ! av]age  
human result h br\ght u at la/ to !     
problem ( increas+ ! am\nt ( orig9al    
intellectual activity 9 ! /ate1 z a     
culm9at+ necessity4 ,t av]age *ild :o   
?reads our speculations has be5 br$ &   
f$1 we n[ suppose1 educat$ 9 s*ool &    
college1 put "u /imulat+ political &    
social conditions & br\ght )9 rea* & "u 
! influ5ce ( ! available lit]ature ( !  
"t1 & he is n[ em]g+ into adult         
responsibility4 ,8 individual ?\ght &   
purpose has to swim 9 & become "p ( !   
g5]al ?\ght & purpose ( ! community4 ,if
 t g5]al fl[ ( ?\ght is meagre1 8       
individual life w p>take ( its          
limitations4 ,z ! g5]al ?\ght rises out 
( its pools & n>r[ *annels t[>ds a wide 

flood1 s ea* individual becomes m       
capable ( free movem5ts & spaci\s       
co-op]ations t[>ds ! g5]al end4 ,we h   
br$ our citiz5 & tra9$ him only to wa/e 
all 8 en]gy at la/2 he is no bett] ?an !
 wat] 9 an isolat$ dry-season pool 9 !  
b$ ( a tropical riv]1 unless he c m+le 9
 ! end ) ! g5]al sea ( ?\ght & action4  
,?\ght is ! life1 ! spontane\s          
flexibility ( a community4 ,a community 
t ?9ks freely & fully ?r\gh\t its       
population is capable ( a ?\s& ?+s t are
 impossible 9 an un?9k+ mass ( p4 ,!    
latt]1 collectively consid]$1 is a l>ge 
rigid ?+1 a lifeless ?+1 t w break r ?an
 b5d1 t w die r ?an develop4 ,its       
inevitable end is du/ & ext9ction4 ,look
 at ! ?+ f ! bas] level ( political     
conceptions1 & /ill t float+ tide (     
?\ght is a necessity4 ,) ?\ght & ga!r$ k
 ?+s t mean tumult1 blood%$1 undy+      
hatr$s1 s*isms & f9al disa/] to         
unciviliz$ races1 are accompli%$ 9      
peace2 con/itutional *anges1 economic   
reorganizations1 b\nd>y modifications & 

a hundr$ grave matt]s4 ,?\ght is !      
solv5t t w make a road = m5 ?r\gh ,alp9e
 difficulties t seem n[ unconqu]able1 t 
w dissolve ^? gigantic rocks ( cu/om &  
tradition t loom s =bidd+ly a?w>t all   
our fur!r plans4 ,= ?ree ?\s& ye>s & m !
 ,book has be5 becom+ m & m ! evid5t    
salvation ( man4 ,if our pres5t         
civilization collapse1 x w collapse z   
all previ\s civilizations h collaps$1 n 
f want ( w b f ! want ( organization =  
its w1 = ! want ( t k1 t conviction1 & t
 g5]al und]/&+ t w\ld h kept pace ) !   
cont9ually m complicat$ problems t arose
 ab\t x4 ,footnote3 ,dr4 ,beattie       
,crozi]1 9 8 mo/ int]e/+ & sugge/ive    
,hi/ory ( ,intellectual ,developm5t1    
t]ms ! lit]>y app>atus t holds a p      
toge!r to a common purpose1 ! 8,bible0  
( t p1 & sugge/s t ! 8,bible0 ( a mod]n 
p %\ld be ! ,hi/ory ( ,civilization4 ,8 
"w expresses by v diff]5t phrases &     
me?ods a l9e ( ?\ght closely ak9 to !   
!sis ( ?is pap]4  ,"o writes 8our pres5t
 civilization0 & ( previ\s              

civilizations1 b inde$ no civilizations 
h yet really come into exi/5ce4 ,tribes 
h aggregat$ into nations1 nations h     
aggregat$ into empires1 & !n1 aft] a    
/ruggle1 has come a great confusion (   
?\ght1 a failure to cl>ify a common     
purpose1 & dis9tegration4 ,ea*          
successive bir? has develop$ a m        
abundant body ( ?\ght1 a m copi\s       
lit]ature ?an ! la/1 ea* has pr(it$ by !
 legacy ( ! previ\s failure1 b none h   
yet develop$ en\gh4 ,mank9d has be5     
/ruggl+ to w9 ?is /ep ( a p]man5t       
civiliz$ /ate1 & has nev] yet atta9$ any
 sort ( p]man5cy--unless p]haps 9 ,*9a4 
,& t sole imp]fect p]man5cy 0 bas$      
prim>ily ^u a lit]ature4 ,a lit]ature is
 ! triumphant in/rum5t ( ! inv9cible    
culture ( ! ,jews4 ,?r\gh ! :ole volume 
( hi/ory ! ?\ghtful read] _c b exclaim1 
aga9 & aga91 8,b if !y _h only und]/ood 
"o ano!r1 all ?is blood%$1 all ?is cra%1
 disa/]1 & wa/e ( g5]ations c\ld h be5  
avoid$60 ,our "t has come1 & we ( !     
,european races are mak+ our /ruggle 9  

our turn4 ,slav]y /ill fights a gu]illa 
w> 9 factory & f>m1 cruelty & viol5ce   
peep f e slum1 b>b>ic habits1 rude      
b>b>ic ways ( ?9k+1 grossness & /upidity
 are /ill all ab\t u4 ,& yet 9 _m ways  
we seem to h got ne>] to ! hope (       
p]man5t beg9n+s ?an any ( ^? previ\s    
essays 9 civilization4 ,collectively we 
"k a great deal m1 & m ( u are 9 t\* ) !
 g5]al body ( k ?an 0 ev] ! case at any 
e>li] /age4 ,assur$ly we "k en\gh to    
hope t we h pass$ ! la/ ( ! ,d>k ,ages4 
,b ?\gh we hope1 we deal ) no c]ta9ties1
 & x is ^u ! broad5+ & increase ( ! fl[ 
( ideas t our hope dep5ds4  ,at pres5t  
?is /ream ( ?\ght & common und]/&+ is n 
ne>ly s wide & deep z x might           
conceivably become1 z x mu/ become if   
inde$ ?is pres5t civilization is to be m
 ?an ano!r false />t4 ,our society      
,footnote3 ,anticipations1 ,*apt] ,,iii4
 ,develop+ ,social ,elem5ts4 has ceas$  
to be homog5e\s1 & x has become a       
het]og5e\s confusion )\t any secure     
common gr\nds ( action1 "u ! /ress ( its

 own mat]ial a*ievem5ts4 ,= ! lack ( a  
suffici5t lit]ature we specialize into  
inco-ord9at$ classes4 ,a numb] ( new    
social types are develop+1 ignorant (   
ea* o!r1 ignorant almo/ ( !mselves1 full
 ( mutual suspicions & mutual           
misund]/&+s1 n>r[1 limit$1 & dang]\sly  
incapable ( intellig5t collective action
 9 ! face ( crises4 ,! m$ical man sees  
no?+ beyond 8 pr(ession2 he misund]/&s !
 arti/1 ! div9e1 & ! eng9e]4 ,! eng9e]  
hates & despises ! politician1 ! lawy]  
misses ! aims ( ! m$ical man1 ! arti/   
lives angrily 9 a /uffy little corn] (  
pure te*nique2 none ( !m read any g5]al 
lit]ature at all except p]haps a        
newspap]4 ,ea* ?9ks p>o*ially 9 8 own   
limits1 &1 except = 8 specialty1 is an  
illit]ate man4 ,x is absolutely necess>y
 to ! progress ( our civilization t ^!  
isolations %\ld be ov]come1 t !         
community %\ld become aw>e ( itself     
collectively & %\ld ?9k z a :ole4 ,& !  
only ?+ t c ov]come ^! isolations & put 
! mass ( intellig5t m5 ^u a common basis

 ( und]/&+1 is an abundant & almo/      
univ]sally influ5tial contempor>y       
lit]ature4  ,we h already discuss$ !    
possibility ( develop+ ! inn]vation ( ! 
/ate1 ! di/ribution ( books1 !          
/imulation & direction ( read+1 & all ! 
p]iph]al aspects ( lit]ature1 & we come 
n[ to ! difficult & intricate problem ( 
:e!r we c d any?+1 & :at x is we may d1 
to /imulate ! c5tral ?\ght4 ,c we hope  
to improve ! conditions ( lit]>y        
production1 to make our lit]ature m     
v>i$1 qu9tess5tial & abundant1 to en=ce 
x ) hon\r & help1 to attract to its     
s]vice e man & woman ) gifts ( value1 & 
to make ! mo/ ( ^! gifts8  ,q a numb] ( 
p w ass]t t ^? ?+s t con/itute lit]ature
 come & g beyond ! control & w ( man1 !y
 w speak ( ,%akespe>e z be+ a sort (    
my/ical consequ5ce1 ( ,rog] ,bacon or   
,newton z m5 indep5d5t ( circum/ances1  
inevitably great4 ,& if !y are by way ( 
be+ comic writ]s--! ^w 8humori/10 z     
,s*op5hau] long s9ce po9t$ out1 is a    
/ol5 lion's sk9 = ^! g5try--!y w become 

extremely faceti\s ab\t ! propos$ s*ool 
= ,bacons & ,%akespe>es4 ,b a little    
reflection w conv9ce ! read] t none ( ! 
great figures ( ! pa/ appe>$ )\t c]ta9  
conditions be+ add$ to _! inh]5t p[]s4  
,9 ! fir/ place1 !y _h to be reasonably 
sure ( a sympa!tic & intellig5t         
atmosph]e1 h[ev] limit$ 9 ext5t--!re 0  
no ,plato 9 ! h]oic age1 & no ,newton   
dur+ ! ,hept>*y--& 9 ! second1 ! m$ium1 
language or :at n1 _h to be ready = _!  
use4 ,9 ! ?ird place !y ne$$ p]sonally a
 c]ta9 m9imum ( tra9+ & prep>ation1 & 9 
! f\r? !y _h to feel t = "s reason--n   
necess>ily a worldly "o--! ?+ 0 8wor?   
:ile40 ,giv5 a 8develop]0 ( ^! +r$i5ts1 
& !y appe>$4 ,b )\t ?is develop] !y w\ld
 n h appe>$1 & x is !re=e reasonable to 
suppose1 fir/1 t a great numb] ( m5 ( a 
quality z r>e z 7 ^? :o con/itute !     
unp>allel$ roll ( ,engli% intellectual  
greatness1 liv$ & di$ undevelop$ be=e   
ev] ! develop] 0 comp\nd$ at all1 & t   
ev5 9 ! la/ few hundr$ ye>s ! necess>y  
comb9ation has fall5 ^u s small an area 

( our racial life z to h miss$ f> m ?an 
x has hit4 ,! second ( ^! pap]s is1     
inde$1 an attempt to pres5t q conv9c+ly 
:at ! comic man w probably reg>d z 8    
effectual objection1 t inh]5t t5d5cy _c 
be produc$ at w4 ,b t ! develop] may    
conceivably be made 9 mu* great]        
quantities & spread mu* wid] ?an x is at
 pres5t is an altoge!r diff]5t ?+4 ,!re 
are1 "o submits1 enorm\s res]ves (      
intellectual =ce unwork$ & sc>cely t\*$1
 ev5 to-day4  ,we h already discuss$ !  
means & possibilities ( a net (         
education t %\ld sweep ?r\gh ! :ole     
social body1 & ( ! creation ( an        
atmosph]e m al]t & active ?an our pres5t
 "o4 ,we h n[ to consid] h[ ! greate/   
proportion ( ^? born ) exceptional      
lit]>y p[]s may be pick$ out & induc$ to
 ex]cise ^? p[]s to ! utmo/4 ,let u     
admit at once t ?is is a rese>* (       
extraord9>y subtlety & complexity1 t !re
 are t5 ?\s& ways ( go+ wrong1 & p]haps 
mis*iev\sly wrong4 ,t "o may submit1 is 
n a suffici5t reason = ab&onm5t &       

despair4 ,to take an analog\s case1 x   
may be a complex & labori\s ?+ to escape
 out ( a be>-pit into :i* "o has fall51 
b few p w consid] t a reason = inaction4
 ,ev5 if !y _h small hope ( do+ any?+   
effectual !y might f9d speculation &    
exp]im5ts 9 escape1 a cong5ial way (    
pass+ ! "t4 ,x is ! sort ( project "o   
%\ld only ab&on at ! f9al & conclusive  
pro( ( its impossibility4 ,exactly !    
same pr9ciple applies to human de/9ies &
 ! sav+ ( o!r lives ?an our own4 ,z a   
matt] ( fact1 ! ent]prise is n at all a 
hopeless "o if x is und]tak5 hone/ly1   
w>ily1 & boldly4  ,let u consid] ! l9es 
^u :i* m5 mu/ g to ensure ! greate/     
possible gr[? ( orig9al ?\ght 9 ! /ate1 
orig9al ?\ght ( :i* :at sci5tific m5    
call ,rese>* is only "o phase4  ,be=e we
 c consid] h[ we may end[ him & equip   
him & help him1 we h to consid] h[ we   
may f9d ! orig9al ?9k]1 & we h1 if we c1
 to def9e him & to discov] :atev] we c (
 8 me?ods & habits1 8 natural hi/ory z x
 74 ,we are attempt+ g5]alization ab\t a

 class ( rem>kably peculi> & difficult  
p]sons4 ,!y are p]sons ei!r ( great     
intellectual p[] or simply ( great      
imag9ative p[]1 ^: bias & quality x is  
to apply ^! exceptional p[]s n directly 
& simply to _! p]sonal advancem5t &     
enri*m5t1 b prim>ily ?r\gh              
philosophical1 sci5tific1 or arti/ic    
*annels1 to ! increase ( k or ( wisdom  
or ( bo?4 ,& "h is ! peculi> po9t 9 ?is 
problem1 !y are m5 :o put1 or :o wi% to 
put ! be/ ( !mselves & mo/ ( !mselves   
into occupations & int]e/s t d n lead to
 practical results1 t (t5 = ! individual
 9 op5 competition & ! m>ket fail m or  
less completely to 8pay40 ,_!           
activities1 ( c\rse1 pay trem5d\sly at  
la/ = ! race1 b t is n _! p]sonal po9t (
 application4 ,!y take _! lives & _!    
spl5did p[]s1 !y wa/e !mselves 9 remote 
& inaccessible regions & br+ back       
preci\s ?+s t imm$iately any %>p        
comm]cial-m9d$ man w turn into curr5t   
co9 = himself & ! use ( ! _w4  ,!re are 
c]ta9 ?+s foll[ naturally f ?is remote  

conc5tration1 & we mu/ p]si/5tly keep !m
 9 m9d4 ,^! m5 ( exceptional m5tal      
quality1 if !y are really to d :at !y   
are specially fitt$ to d1 ) all _! p[]1 
w be unable to give _! p]sonal affairs1 
_! p]sonal advancem5t1 su/a9$ att5tion4 
,9 a democratic community ^: pr9ciple is
 8hu/le10 9 a leisurely mon>*y :]e only 
opul5ce1 a p[]ful top-note1 & conspicu\s
 social gifts succe$1 !y w h ei!r to    
neglect or ta9t _! special tal5t 9 ord] 
to survive4 ,x does n foll[ t because a 
man's special qualities & incl9ations   
are t[>ds1 let u say1 illum9at+         
inquiries into ! con/itution ( matt]1 or
 pr(\nd & beautiful or simply beautiful 
r5d]+s ( 8 individual vision ( life1 t  
he is indiff]5t to or indep5d5t ( hon\r1
 ( all ! fre$oms to d & to re/ f do+ t  
come ) weal?1 or ( ! _m lures &         
pleasures ( life4 ,po/hum\s ,fame is    
los+ its attractiv5ess 9 an age :i* has 
discov]$ excell5t reasons = d\bt+ :e!r  
aft] all re p]5nius 0 n r too /rong a   
figure4 ,h[ev] p[]ful ! impulse to ?9k1 

to /ate & create1 !re comes a po9t--(t5 
a po9t a long way f />vation--at :i* a  
g5ius w /op work+4 ,y\r man ( sci5tific1
 lit]>y1 or arti/ic g5ius w n "w bel[ 8 
conception ( ! endurable m9imum1 !      
m9imum ( hope & hon\r & att5tion z well 
z ( mat]ial ?+s1 any m ?an a coal-heav] 
w--& we live 9 a p]iod :5 ! ,/&>d (     
,life t5ds to rise4 ,to secure ^! ?+s   
:i* mo/ m5 make ! entire objective ( _! 
lives is1 or %\ld be1 an irrelevancy to 
! man ( exceptional gifts4 ,?is means an
 enorm\s h&icap = him4 ,unless1 !re=e1  
we end[ him & make life easy = him s    
long z he does 8 prop] "w1 he w h ei!r  
to p]v]t 8 p[]s m or less completely to 
^! irrelevant ends1 or if 8 p[]s d n    
admit ( su* p]v]sion1 he w h no use = !m
 :atev]4 ,he w take "s subord9ate place 
9 ! _w z a r less ?an av]age man &1 x   
may be1 f9d ! leisure to give j an      
amateuri% ineffectual expression ( ! ?+ 
he might h be54  ,n[ ?is is ! case ) a  
great deal ( sci5tific & arti/ic "w1 & )
 ne>ly all lit]ature at ! pres5t "t1    

?r\gh\t ! ,engli%-speak+ community4 ,!re
 are a few sci5ces slightly end[$1 !re  
are a few arts patroniz$ ) "s           
intellig5ce & g5]osity1 & = ! re/ !re is
 no?+ = x1 = ! man :o wants to d ^! mo/ 
necess>y & vital ?+s1 b to hamm] "s at  
lea/ ( 8 preci\s gold into ! semblance (
 a brass trumpet & to devote a c]ta9    
proportion ( 8 "t & en]gy to bl[+ t     
trumpet & ) t air ( consci\s mode/y !   
public is pleas$ to consid] g5u9e1      
proclaim+ ! value ( 8 w>es4 ,"s m5 seem 
able to d ?is sort ( ?+ )\t any         
det]ioration 9 quality & "s ) only a    
p>tial det]ioration1 b ! way (          
self-adv]tisem5t is on a slipp]y slope1 
& x has br\ght _m a man ( indisputable  
gifts to absolute vulg>ity &            
ineffectiv5ess ( ?\ght & "w4 ,at ! be/ x
 is a %ameful bus9ess1 ?is noise &      
display1 = all t ,scott & ,dick5s 7 pa/ 
ma/]s 9 ! art4 ,& "s m5 _c d x at all4  
,moreov]1 :at ! good man may d ) an     
ef=t1 ! en]getic quack1 ^: only gift is 
simulation1 c d inf9itely bett]4 ,x is  

only 9 ! unpr(itable bran*es (          
intellectual "w t ! be/ n[ holds ! be/  
positions un*all5g$4 ,9 ! really popul> 
bran*es ( arti/ic "w e hon\rable success
 draws a p>asitic sw>m ( imitators l fi%
 r\nd bread 9 a pool4 ,9 ! _w ( ?\ght1  
f> m ?an 9 ! _w ( politics1 ! poll+     
me?od1 ! democratic me?od has brok5 d[n1
 ! me?od t w only p]mit an au?or to     
write--unless 8 subject is "o t all[s   
him to hold a ,pr(essorial ,*air--on    
condition t he c get a publi%] to induce
 ! public to buy a c]ta9 m9imum numb] ( 
copies ( ea* ( 8 works1 a me?od t w give
 him no re/1 once he is 9 ! full sw+ (  
8production10 until ! end1 no fre$om to 
*ange 8 /yle or matt]1 le/ he %\ld lose 
t pay+ foll[+ by ! transition or !      
pause4  ,n[ be=e we c discuss h[ else we
 c deal ) ^? :o con/itute ! curr5t ?\ght
 ( ! community1 we mu/ consid] h[ we are
 to di/+ui% :at is wor? su/a9+ f :at is 
n4  ,?is is ! public aspect (           
,criticism4 ,x is ! m9]alogy ( lit]ature
 & art4 ,at pres5t ,criticism1 z a      

public function1 is dis*>g$ by private  
p]sons1 usually anonym\s & frequ5tly    
my/]i\s1 & x is dis*>g$ ) an a/oni%+    
ineffectiv5ess4 ,n[h]e 9 ! :ole         
,engli%-speak+ _w is !re any?+ "o c     
comp>e to a voice & a judgm5t--mu* less 
any discussion betwe5 reputable voices4 
,!re are p]iodicals pr(ess+ criticism1 b
 mo/ ( !m h ! effect ( an omnibus 9 :i* 
disconnect$ het]og5e\s p are cont9ually 
com+ & go+1 :ile ! conductor asks fir/  
"o ( 8 fluctuat+ load & !n ano!r        
haphaz>d = an op9ion on ?is or t4 ,!    
bran* ( lit]ature t has fir/ to be put  
on a s\nd foot+ is critical lit]ature4  
,! organization into effici5cy ( !      
criticism ( contempor>y "w "o is =c$ to 
believe an almo/ necess>y prelim9>y to !
 hopeful treatm5t ( ! re/ ( ! curr5t (  
?\ght4  ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 also !        
sugge/ion t an ,engli% ,academy (       
,lett]s might be ( great s]vice 9       
disc\nt+ vulg> 8successes0 & direct+    
respect & att5tion to lit]>y a*ievem5ts4
 ,"o may d\bt :e!r su* an ,academy z a  

,royal ,*>t] w\ld give ! _w w\ld be (   
any s]vice at all 9 ?is connection4 ,b  
,mr4 ,h]b]t ,tr5* has sugge/$ rec5tly t 
x might be possible to organize a l>ge  
,guild ( lit]>y m5 & wom51 :i* w\ld     
include all capable writ]s1 & f :i* a   
sort ( ,academy c\ld be elect$1 ei!r by 
a g5]al poll or1 ,i w\ld sugge/1 by a   
,jury ( ,election or successive ,juries 
confirm+ "o ano!r4 ,! ,new ,republican  
w\ld l to see su* a ,guild n purely     
,engli%1 b ,anglo-,am]ican1 or 9        
duplicate = ! two c\ntries4 ,) a v      
c>efully *os5 nucleus & "s little       
elaboration 9 ! admission ( new         
memb]s--^: works might be submitt$ to ! 
report ( a critical jury--su* a ,guild  
might be made fairly repres5tative (    
lit]>y capacity4 ,election1 "o may      
sugge/1 %\ld be involunt>y4 ,!re w\ld be
 a numb] ( lit]>y m51 "o fe>s--great m5 
"s ( !m--:o w\ld absolutely refuse to "w
 ) any su* body1 & f ! fir/ ! ,guild    
w\ld h to det]m9e to make su* m5 unwill+
 memb]s1 memb]s to :om all ! hon\rs &   

privileges ( ! ,guild w\ld be op5 :5ev] 
!y *ose to ab&on _! attitude ( scorn or 
di/ru/4 ,su* a ,guild w\ld furni% a     
useful con/itu5cy1 a useful jury-li/4 ,x
 c\ld be us$ to recomm5d writ]s =       
hon\rs1 to *eck ! di/ribution ( public  
p5sions = lit]>y s]vices1 p]haps ev5 to 
s5d a memb] or s to ! ,upp] ,*amb]4 ,x  
is1 at any rate1 an exp]im5t wor? try+4 
,b su* a ,guild at be/ is only "o ( _m  
possible exp$i5ts 9 ?is matt]4 ,ano!r is
 = a few p ( means to subsidize a       
magaz9e = ! exhau/ive criticism (       
contempor>y "w = a few ye>s4 ,q a small 
numb] ( p1 s]i\s 9 ?is matt]1 a c\ple ( 
?\s& or s1 c\ld float su* a magaz9e by !
 simple exp$i5t ( gu>antee+             
subscriptions4 ,footnote3 ,x may be     
sugge/$ t among o!r me?ods ( putt+ !    
criticism ( contempor>y lit]ature ^u a  
bett] foot+ is "o t might conceivably be
 made to pay its own exp5ses4 ,!re is s 
mu* room = end[m5ts n[adays t :]e "o c  
get at ! purse ( ! g5]al public "o %\ld 
c]ta9ly pref] x to t ( ! g5]\s b ov]tax$

 donor4 ,! project w\ld require a /rong 
end[m5t1 b t end[m5t might be ( ! nature
 ( a gu>antee fund1 & might 9 ! end     
return unimpair$ to ! l5d]4 ,! sugge/ion
 is ! e/abli%m5t ( a well-plann$ &      
reasonably *eap mon?ly or weekly        
critical magaz9e1 writt5 on a level at  
pres5t unatta9able--*iefly because ( !  
l[ rate ( paym5t = all lit]>y criticism4
 ,!re c be no d\bt among ^? :o read mu* 
among lit]>y & quasi-lit]>y p]iodicals 9
 ,engli% t !re is a v consid]able am\nt 
( high critical ability available4      
,buri$ & obscur$ to an ineffectual      
degree among mu* t is =mal1 fooli%1 &   
v5ial1 !re is to be f\nd to-day a really
 q rem>kable numb] ( isolat$ reviews1   
criticisms & articles 9 :i* /yle is     
app>5t1 9 :i* discrim9ation %9es        
fitfully1 9 :i* !re is ! unmi/akable    
note ( hone/ en?usiasm = good "w4 ,= !  
mo/ "p1 su* criticism be>s also ! m>ks (
 ha/e--z1 inde$1 x mu/ d :5 a review z  
long z ! column ( a daily pap]1 a day's 
"w1 t is1 ( /eady writ+1 e>ns sc>cely a 

p\nd4 ,b ! /uff is !re4 ,sc>cely a numb]
 ( ! ,academy1 or ! ,spectator1 sc>cely 
a week ( ! ,morn+ ,po/1 ! ,daily ,news1 
or ! ,daily ,*ronicle1 b !re is a       
review1 or a piece ( a review1 t has !  
/igmata ( lit]ature4 ,& ?is sugge/ion is
 t "s ( ^! writ]s %all be got toge!r1   
%all be paid at lea/ z well z popul>    
%ort-/ory writ]s are paid1 %all ea* h a 
def9ite dep>tm5t m>k$ out "u a tru/wor?y
 editor1 & be pl$g$ to limit _! "w to ! 
pages ( ?is new critical magaz9e4 ,_! "w
 w\ld be sign$1 & !re !y w\ld be1       
conspicu\sly urg$ to d ! be/ t 0 9 !m1  
apropos ( m or less contempor>y books & 
writ]s4 ,!y w\ld h leisure = delib]ate  
judgm5ts1 = ! developm5t ( t consi/5cy (
 ?\ght :i* ! condition ( j\rnalism r5d]s
 s impossible4 ,?is review w\ld mean =  
!m /atus1 reputation1 & opportunity4 ,!y
 w\ld deal ) contempor>y fiction1 )     
contempor>y speculative lit]ature1 & ) !
 /yle1 logic1 me?ods & vocabul>y (      
sci5tific & philosophical writ]s4 ,_! "w
 w\ld =m ! mass ( ! magaz9e1 b !re w\ld 

also be 7highly paid7 occasional writ]s1
 t[>ds ^: op9ions ! regul> /aff w\ld v  
c>efully def9e _! attitude4 ,! project1 
( c\rse1 9 fooli% h&s1 might be v       
fooli%ly mis9t]pret$4 ,x might be q easy
 to drive a team ( egregi\s asses 9 ?is 
way ov] contempor>y "w1 leav+ no?+ b    
ho(-m>ks & injuries1 b we are assum+ !  
?+ to be effici5tly done4 ,x is submitt$
 t su* a magaz9e1 pati5tly & g5]\sly    
su/a9$ = a few ye>s1 w\ld at la/        
probably come to pay its way4 ,unless ! 
orig9al selection ( ! /aff 0 badly done1
 x w\ld by %e] p]si/5t high quality w9  
its way to au?ority ) ! read+ public1 & 
s fill its cov]s ) a swell+ mass (      
adv]tisem5t pages4 ,& once x paid1 !n   
=?) a doz5 rivals w\ld be 9 ! field1 all
 ( !m1 ( c\rse1 also pay+ highly =      
critical matt] & compet+ = critics (    
/&+4 ,su* an ent]prise w\ld be a lev] = 
criticism ?r\gh ! :ole ( our lit]>y _w4 
,!n x %\ld also be possible to end[     
univ]sity lecture%ips & read]%ips 9     
contempor>y criticism1 lecture%ips &    

read]%ips 9 :i* que/ions ( /yle & me?od 
c\ld be illu/rat$ by quotation 7n       
necess>ily ( a flatt]+ sort7 f          
contempor>y "w4 ,:y %\ld !re n be an    
end[m5t :i* w\ld enable a man (         
indisputable critical capacity to talk  
?r\gh an illum9at+ c\rse1 to sit be=e a 
little pile ( m>k$ books & read+        
sometimes "h & sometimes !re & talk+    
betwe51 to di/+ui% ! evil f ! good8 ,:at
 a :olesome ?+ to h ,mr4 ,h5ley1 =      
example1 at t 9 ! place ( "s ( ! sev]al 
speciali/s :o w lecture y s admirably on
 ! ,tr\bad\rs6 ,h[ good to he> ,mr4     
,fr$]ic ,h>rison 7) "s "o to foll[7     
adju/+ all our liv+ ef=ts to ! scale ( !
 div9e ,comte1 & ,mr4 ,walkley & ,mr4   
,h]b]t ,paul mak+ x p]fectly cle> t a   
dead dog is bett] ?an a liv+ lion1 by   
demon/rations on ! lion4 ,criticism     
to-day is all too mu* 9 ! case ( t      
doctor ^: practice 0 deadly1 inde$1 b 8 
po/-mortems admirable6 ,no d\bt su*     
lectures w\ld consi/ at times ( highly  
cont5ti\s matt]1 b :at ( t8 ,!re c\ld be

 sev]al *airs4 ,x w\ld n be an          
impossible ?+ to set a few ,ext5sion    
,lectur]s afloat ^u ! same *annel4 ,we h
 n[ num]\s c\rses ( lectures on !       
,elizabe?an ,dramati/s & ! evolution ( !
 ,miracle ,play1 & ! p :o li/5 to ?is   
sort ( ?+ w dep>t /raight away to       
recreate _! s\ls 9 ! late/ triumph (    
vehem5t booksell+4 ,:y n base ! lit]>y  
education ( p ^u ! lit]ature !y read    
in/ead ( ^u lit]ature t !y are sc>cely m
 9 t\* ) ?an ) ,*9ese metaphysics8 ,a   
few c>efully *os5 pages ( contempor>y   
rubbi%1 read ) a runn+ comm5t1 a few    
c>efully *os5 pages ( :at is1           
comp>atively1 n rubbi%1 a little lucid  
discussion ( effects & probabilities1   
w\ld d m to quick5 ! lit]>y s5se ( !    
av]age p]son ?an all ! %am en?usiasm    
ab\t ,m>l[e & ,sp5s] t 0 ev] concoct$4  
,!re are n a few au?ors :o w\ld be      
greatly ! bett] & might ev5 be          
subsequ5tly grateful = a lecture ^u     
!mselves 9 ?is /yle4 ,let no "o say f   
?is t ! classics ( our tongue are       

depreciat$ "h4 ,b ! po9t is1 t = p :o "k
 little ( hi/ory1 little ( our language1
 ^: only habitual read+ is ! newspap]1 !
 popul> novel1 & ! sixp5ny magaz9e1 to  
plunge into ! /udy ( works writt5 9 !   
language ( a diff]5t p]iod1 cr[d$ )     
obsolete allusions1 & saturat$ )        
obsolete ideas & ext9ct ways ( ?9k+1 is 
pret5ti\s & unpr(itable1 & t mo/ ( su*  
,ext5sion ,lectur+ is fruitless &       
absurd4 ,& ,i appeal to ^! two facts 9  
confirmation1 to ! ?\s&s ( p :o e ye>   
li/5 to su* lectures & to ! hundr$s (   
?\s&s ( copies ( our national classics  
sold by ! booksell]s1 on ! "o h&1 & on !
 o!r to ! absolute incapacity ( our     
public to judge any new lit]>y ?+ or to 
protect itself 9 any way f viol5tly &   
vulg>ly boom$ rubbi% ( ! tawdrie/       
description4 ,)\t a real & popul>       
criticism ( contempor>y "w z a prelim9>y
 & basis1 ! criticism & circulation ( ! 
classics is q manife/ly va94  ,by su*   
exp$i5ts v mu* might be done = ! lit]>y 
atmosph]e4 ,by end[+ a critical review  

or s1 by end[+ a few *airs & read]%ips 9
 contempor>y criticism1 by organiz+ a   
,guild ( ,lit]ature & a sy/em ( exempl>y
 hon\rs = lit]ature1 by /imulat+ ! g5]al
 discussion ( contempor>y "w ?r\gh      
lectures & articles1 criticism c\ld1 ,i 
believe1 be made 8wor? :ile0 to an ext5t
 t is n[ sc>cely imag9able1 & !re might 
be creat$ an atmosph]e ( att5tion1      
appreciation1 & judgm5t t w\ld be 9     
itself extraord9>ily /imulat+ to all =ms
 ( lit]>y ef=t4 ,( c\rse all ?is sort ( 
?+ may be done *eaply1 /upidly1         
di%one/ly1 & vulg>ly1 & "o imag9es ! %y 
& exquisite type ( m9d recoil+ f ! rude 
sanity ( ^! sugge/ions4 ,b1 inde$1 !y   
ne$ n be done any o!r way ?an f9ely &   
well4 ,p ^: conception ( :at is good 9  
art & lit]ature is insep>able f r>ity   
ought1 ,i submit1 to collect /amps4 ,at 
an e>li] phase 9 ?is s]ies ( discussions
 !re 0 broa*$ a project = an ,engli%    
,language ,society1 :i* w\ld set itself 
to d or get done a numb] ( s]vices      
necess>y to ! tea*+ & ext5sion ( !      

language ( our univ]sal peoples4 ,) su* 
a ,society ^? :o und]took ?is project = 
! habilitation ( criticism w\ld         
necess>ily co-op]ate & int]lock4  ,x is 
^u ?is basis ( an organiz$ criticism & (
 a well-taught & *]i%$ language t !     
,engli% lit]ature ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury1 
! lit]ature ( analysis & rese>*1 & !    
lit]ature ( creative imag9ation1 has to 
/&4 ,^u su* a basis x becomes possible  
to consid] ! practicability ( ! end[m5t 
( g5]al lit]ature4 ,= to t at la/ we    
come4 ,i submit t x is only by ! paym5t 
( au?ors1 & if necess>y _! end[m5t 9 a  
spaci\s mann]1 & 9 p>ticul> by ! entire 
sep>ation ( ! rew>ds ( writ+ f !        
accid5ts ( ! book m>ket1 t ! function ( 
lit]ature c be adequately dis*>g$ 9 !   
mod]n /ate4 ,! laws ( supply & dem&     
break d[n altoge!r 9 ?is case4 ,we h to 
devise "s means ( su/a9+ ^? :o dis*>ge  
?is necess>y public function 9 !        
progressive /ate4  ,!re are sev]al g5]al
 propositions 9 ?is matt] t x may be    
wor? :ile to /ate at ?is po9t4 ,! fir/  

is t bo? sci5tific g5]alization &       
lit]ature prop] h be5 & are & mu/       
cont9ue to be ! product ( a q           
exceptionally het]og5e\s aggregation (  
p]sons4 ,!y are p]sons ( ! mo/ v>i\s    
temp]am5ts1 ( ! mo/ v>i$ lop-sid$ness1 (
 ! mo/ v>i\s special gifts1 & ! mo/     
v>i\s social orig9s1 hav+ only ?is 9    
common1 ! ability to add to ! curr5t ( !
 _w's ?\ght4 ,!y are n to be dealt ) z  
?\gh !y 7 a class ( p]sons all (        
exceptional g5]al intellig5ce1 (        
exceptional /r5g? ( "*1 or ( exceptional
 sanity4 ,to d t1 w\ld be to h& ov]     
lit]ature f ! man ( g5ius to ! man (    
tal5t4 ,a s+le me?od ( selection1 help1 
hon\r1 & paym5t1 measurem5t by "o g5]al 
/&>d _c1 !re=e1 be accept$ z a solution4
 ,!re mu/ n be any "o s+le c5tral body1 
any au?oritative s+le control1 = su* a  
body or au?ority w\ld inevitably develop
 a 8"*0 9 its activity & greet )        
especial fav\r 7or ) especial disfav\r7 
c]ta9 types4 ,9 ?is case1 at any rate1  
organization is n c5tralization1 & x is 

also n uni=mity4 ,! proposition may     
inde$ be ?r[n out t ! pr9ciple ( ,_m    
,*annels 7a pr9ciple involv+ !          
repudiation bo? ( ! mon>*ical & !       
democratic idea7 is an ess5tial "o to g 
^u 9 all que/ions ( hon\r & promotion 9 
! mod]n /ate4 ,& n only ,_m ,*annels1 b 
,_m ,me?ods4 ,:atev] ! value ( t z a    
univ]sally valuable proposition1 x      
c]ta9ly applies "h4  ,& next we may     
sugge/ t we mu/ take great c>e t we pay 
= ! ?+ we ne$ & n = "s subsidi>y        
qualification ( less value4 ,! rew>d mu/
 be directly relat$ to ! "w1 & indep5d5t
 ( all second>y consid]ations4 ,x mu/ h 
no ta9t ( *>ity4 ,! recipi5t mu/ n h to 
%[ t he is 9 want4 ,because a writ] or  
inve/igator is a sob]1 c>eful body & q  
solv5t 9 a mode/ way1 t is no reason :y 
we %\ld n pay him /imulat+ly = 8        
valuable contributions to ! g5]al m9d1  
or because he is a %iftless seek] (     
mis=tunes1 :y we %\ld pay him 9 excess4 
,b pay him anyh[4 ,almo/ sc&al\s private
 immorality1 ,i submit1 %\ld n b> !     

lit]>y work] f 8 pay any m ?an x        
ju/ifies our /eal+ 8 boots4 ,we mu/ deal
 ) immorality z immorality1 & ) "w z "w4
 ,above all1 at ! pres5t "t1 we mu/ keep
 cle>ly 9 view t popul>ity has no       
relation to lit]>y1 philosophic or      
sci5tific value1 x nei!r ju/ifies nor   
condemns4 ,at pres5t1 except 9 ! case ( 
c]ta9 =ms ( rese>* & 9 relation to !    
altoge!r too *>itable-look+ ,briti%     
,civil ,li/1 we make popul>ity ! sole   
/&>d by :i* a writ] may be paid4 ,!     
noveli/1 = example1 gets an income      
extraord9>ily made up ( sums ( f sixp5ce
 to two %ill+s p] p]son suffici5tly     
int]e/$ to buy 8 or h] books4 ,! result 
is entirely indep5d5t ( real lit]>y     
m]it4 ,! sixp5ces & %ill+s are1 ( c\rse1
 greatly covet$1 & success 9 gett+ !m on
 any?+ l a magnific5t scale makes a     
writ]1 good or bad1 vehem5tly hat$ &    
abus$1 b ! hatr$ & abuse--unaccompani$ z
 !y are by any proposals =              
amelioration--are h>dly less silly ?an !
 sy/em4 ,& = our pres5t purpose x really

 does n matt] if ! =tunate p]sons :o    
int]e/ ! great public are or are n      
ov]paid4 ,our conc]n is ) ! und]paid1 & 
) all ?is affair ( mammo? editions &    
boom+ only z x affects t aspect4 ,we are
 conc]n$ ) ! exceptional man's          
necessities & n ) 8 luxuries4 ,! fly (  
envy 9 ! ,true ,arti/'s o9tm5t may1 ,i  
?9k1 v well /op !re until magnanimity   
becomes some?+ m ( a cult 9 ! lit]>y &  
arti/ic worlds ?an x is at ! pres5t "t4 
,?is1 p]haps1 is some?+ ( a digression f
 our second g5]al proposition1 t we mu/ 
pay directly = ! "w itself4 ,b x leads  
to a ?ird proposition4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( 
lit]ature & sci5ce abundantly %[s t no  
critical judgm5t is m ?an an            
approximation to ! tru?4 ,criticism %\ld
 be equal to ! exposure ( ! imitator & !
 pure %am1 ( c\rse1 x %\ld be able to   
analyze & expose ^! types1 b above t    
level is ! disput$ case4 ,at ! pres5t "t
 9 ,engl& only a v few writ]s or        
inve/igators hold high positions by     
any?+ approa*+ ! unanim\s v]dict ( !    

intellig5t public--( t section ( !      
public t c\nts4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( fiction1
 = example1 !re is a v audible little   
m9ority aga9/ ,mr4 ,kipl+1 & ab\t ,mr4  
,george ,moore or ,mr4 ,zangwill or ,mr4
 ,b>rie "o may he> ! mo/ div]se op9ions4
 ,by ! te/ ( blackball+1 only ! unkn[n  
w\ld survive4 ,! valuation is z erratic 
9 _m bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,! developm5t (  
criticism w dim9i%1 b x c]ta9ly w n end1
 ?is sort ( ?+1 & s9ce our conc]n is to 
/imulate r ?an puni%1 we mu/ d j exactly
 :at we %\ld n d if we 7 elect+ m5 = a  
club1 we mu/ include r ?an exclude4 ,i  
am told t ,am]icans rem>k 9 relation to 
,univ]sity end[m5ts1 8we speculate 9    
rese>*10 & t w s]ve = only a slight     
exagg]ation ( ?is ?ird proposition4 ,s  
long z we get mo/ ( ! m5 ( exceptional  
m5tal gifts 9 ! community "u ! be/      
conditions = _! "w1 x sc>cely matt]s if1
 = ea* "o ( !m1 we get f\r or five %ams 
or m]e respectabilities ^u our h&s4     
,respectabilities & %ams h a fatal      
facility = liv+ on ! community anyh[1 & 

!re is no m reason 9 n do+ ^! ?+s on _! 
acc\nt ?an !re w\ld be 9 burn+ a h\se   
d[n to get rid ( cockroa*es & rats4 ,!  
rat poison ( s\nd criticism--to foll[ t 
analogy--is ! rem$y "h4 ,& if !         
respectability lives1 8 "w at any rate  
dies4  ,b if ! rew>d mu/ be directly = !
 "w1 x mu/ n h any quantitative relation
 to ! output ( "w4 ,x is quality we     
want1 n quantity2 we want absolutely to 
inv]t ! abom9able conditions ( ! pres5t 
"t by :i* e ex]cise ( re/ra9t co/s an   
au?or a f9e4 ,x is my p]sonal conviction
 t almo/ e well-kn[n liv+ writ] is or   
has be5 writ+ too mu*4 8,no book1 no    
income0 is practically :at ! _w says to 
an au?or1 & ! ne$y au?ors make a pace ! 
indep5d5t foll[2 !re is no respect = f9e
 sil5ces1 if y cease y are =gott54 ,!   
lit]ature ( ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s is        
unp>allel$ 9 ! _w's hi/ory 9 ?is feature
 t ! great] portion ( x is or has be5   
writt5 "u pressure4 ,x 0 ! case )       
,scott1 ! case ) ,dick5s1 ,t5nyson1 ev5 
) ,br[n+1 & a ho/ ( o!r great           

contributors to ! edifice4 ,no "o :o    
loves ,dick5s & kn[s any?+ ( ! art he   
practis$ b deplores t evil incessant    
dem& t nev] p]mitt$ him to revise 8     
plans1 to alt]1 re>range & conc5trate1 t
 nev] releas$ him f ! obligation to t\* 
dull he>ts & p5etrate ?ick sk9s )       
obtrusive pa?os & viol5t c>icature4     
,once emb>k$ ^u 8 c\rse1 he nev] _h a   
mom5t = recon/ruction4 ,he _h no "t to  
read1 no "t to ?9k4 ,a writ] n[adays has
 to ?9k 9 books & articles2 to read a   
book he mu/ criticize or edit x2 if he  
d>e attempt an exp]im5t1 a new dep>ture1
 comes 8 ag5t 9 a panic4 ,e dep>ture f !
 l9es ( 8 previ\s success involves      
*aff]+1 unless he *ance to be a man (   
indep5d5t means4 ,:5 "o reflects on ^!  
?+s x is only amaz+ t ! av]age book is n
 m copi\s & crude & ha/y ?an x is1 & h[ 
mu* 9 ! way ( compreh5sive & unify+ "w  
is ev5 n[ 9 progress4 ,!re are all too  
_m books to read4 ,x w\ld be bett] = !  
public1 bett] = our lit]ature1 altoge!r 
bett]1 if ?is obligation to write       

p]petually 7 lift$4 ,few writ]s b mu/ h 
felt at times ! desire to /op & ?9k1 to 
"w out "s neglect$ corn] ( _! m9ds1 to  
admit a ye>'s "w z futile & ?ru/ x beh9d
 ! fire1 or simply to lie fall[1 to camp
 & re/ ! horses4 ,let u1 !re=e1 pay our 
au?ors z mu* n to write z ?\gh !y wrote2
 in/ead ( t tw5ty or ?irty volumes1 :i* 
is1 ,i suppose1 ! av]age product1 let u 
require a book or s1 wor? hav+4 ,:i*    
means1 9 fact1 t we mu/ f9d "s way (    
giv+ an au?or1 once he has prov$ 8      
quality1 a fix$ income q irrespective ( 
:at he does4 ,we might1 p]haps1 require 
evid5ce t he 0 do+ "s "w n[ & !n1 we    
might prohibit ali5 occupations1 b = my 
own "p ,i d n ?9k ev5 t is necess>y4    
,mo/ au?ors s su/a9$ w write1 & all w h 
writt54 ,we are presuppos+1 be x        
rememb]$1 ! /imulus ( hon\rs & criticism
 & ( fur!r hon\rs & fur!r emolum5ts4    
,f9ally1 9 mak+ s*emes = ! end[m5t (    
orig9al m5tal activity1 we mu/ n ignore 
! possibility ( a p]v]sion t has already
 play$ its "p 9 ! hi/ories ( pa9t+ &    

music1 & t is ! speculative f9anc+ (    
promis+ c&idates = ^! end[m5ts4 ,if we  
are go+ to make rese>*1 criticism1 &    
creation 8wor? :ile0 we mu/ see to x t 9
 reality we are n simply mak+ x wor?    
:ile = ,solomons & ,moses to 8spot0 !   
e>ly promise1 to /imulate its mode/y1 to
 help x to its position1 & to draw !    
major pr(its ( ! ent]prise4 ,! /ruggl+  
"y man ( exceptional gifts :o is us+ 8  
bra9s n to make 8 position b to d 8     
de/9$ "w1 is by t at a great            
disadvantage 9 deal+ ) ! bus9ess man1 & 
x is to ! int]e/ ( ! community t he %\ld
 be protect$ f 8 own inexp]i5ce & 8 own 
self-di/ru/4 ,! av]age ,:ite*apel ,jew  
c\ld *eat a ,%akespe>e into ! workh\se 9
 no "t1 & our idea is r to make ! _w    
easy = ,%akespe>es ?an to h& x ov] to ! 
rat activities ( ! 8sm>t0 bus9ess man4  
,fre$om ( ,contract is an idea no "o    
outside a debat+ society dreams (       
realiz+ 9 ! /ate4 ,we protect t5ants f  
l&lords 9 all sorts ( ways1 our law     
ov]rides all sorts ( b>ga9s1 & 9 !      

important case ( m>riage we put almo/   
all ! conditions outside b>ga9+ &       
speculative me?ods altoge!r by insi/+ ^u
 "o univ]sal contract or none4 ,we      
protect wom5 :o are physically &        
economically weak 9 ?is mann]1 n s mu* =
 _! own good z ! good ( ! race4 ,! /ate 
already puts lit]>y prop]ty into a class
 ap>t by limit+ its duration4 ,at a     
c]ta9 po9t1 :i* v>ies 9 diff]5t         
circum/ances1 copyright expires4 ,x is  
possible = an au?or1 ^: fame comes late1
 to be pres5t z a r[ ( da9ty volumes 9  
half ! com=table homes 9 ! _w1 :ile 8   
gr&*ildr5 beg _! bread4 ,! au?or's blood
 is sacrific$ to ! ne$ ! :ole _w has (  
*eap access to 8 "w4 ,& s9ce we d him   
?is injury = ! sake ( our intellectual  
life1 x is surely n unreasonable to     
int]f]e = 8 b5efit also if t subs]ves ! 
great] end4  ,n[ !re are two ways at    
lea/ 9 :i* ! au?or may be & %\ld be     
protect$ f ! pressure ( imm$iate        
necessities4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is to r5d] 8  
copyright 9 8 "w inali5ably 81 to =bid  

him to make any b>ga9 by :i* ! "r to    
revise1 abbreviate1 or alt] :at he has  
writt5 passes out ( 8 h&s1 & to make e  
su* b>ga9 invalid4 ,he w\ld be free     
himself to alt] or to endorse           
alt]ations1 b to yield no c>te blan*e to
 o!rs4 ,he w\ld be free also to make    
:atev] b>ga9 he *ose = ! rights (       
publication4 ,b1 & ?is is ! second      
proposal1 no b>ga9 he made %\ld be valid
 = a long] p]iod ?an sev5 ye>s f ! date 
( its mak+4 ,e sev5 ye>s 8 book w\ld    
come back into 8 control1 to suppress1  
revise1 resell1 or d :atev] he lik$ to d
 ) x4 ,only 9 "o way c\ld he escape ?is 
prop]ty1 & t w\ld be by decl>+ x void & 
mak+ 8 copyright an imm$iate pres5t to !
 _w4 ,& ^u ?is proposal x is possible to
 base "o =m--& a v excell5t =m--( pay+ =
 ! public s]vice ( good writ+ & s hon\r+
 m5 ( lett]s & ?\ght1 & t is by buy+ &1 
m or less1 completely ext+ui%+ _!       
copyrights1 & s conv]t+ !m into         
contempor>y classics4  ,?r\gh\t ^! pap]s
 a disposition to become concrete has   

play$ un*eck$4 ,always def9ite proposals
 h be5 pref]r$ to vague g5]alizations1 &
 "h aga9 x w be conv5i5t to ?r[ out an  
almo/ detail$ s*eme--simply z an        
illu/ration ( ! possibilities ( ! case4 
,i am go+ to sugge/ to ! read] t to end[
 a ?\s& or s au?ors1 z au?ors1 w\ld be a
 mo/ wise & admirable proce$+ = a mod]n 
/atesman1 & ,i w\ld ask him be=e he     
dismisses ?is sugge/ion z absurd &      
impossible1 to re/ cont5t$ ) no vague   
rejection b to put to himself cle>ly :y 
! ?+ %\ld "u pres5t conditions be absurd
 & impossible4 ,always 9 ! pa/ ! ne$ (  
"s organ = ! e/abli%m5t & pres]vation ( 
a common tone & sub/ance ( ?\ght 9 !    
/ate has be5 recogniz$2 commonly ?is    
organ has tak5 ! =m ( a ,*ur*1 a gr\p ( 
,*ur*es 7z 9 ,am]ica7 or an educational 
sy/em 7z 9 ,*9a74 ,b all previ\s s*emes 
( social & political organization h be5 
/atic1 h aim$ at a p]man5t /ate4 ,our   
mod]n /ate we "k c only live by         
adaptation1 & we h to provide n a       
p]man5t b a develop+ social1 moral &    

political culture4 ,our new s*eme mu/   
include n only prie/s & tea*]s b        
prophets & seek]s4 ,lit]ature is a      
vitally necess>y function ( ! mod]n     
/ate4  ,let u waive = ! mom5t ! subtle  
difficulty t arises :5 we ask :o are !  
writ]s ( lit]ature1 ! guides & mak]s (  
op9ion1 ! m5 & wom5 ( wisdom1 insight1 &
 creation1 z di/+ui%$ f ^? :o m]ely     
resonate to ! note ( ! popul> m9d2 let u
 assume t ?is is det]m9$1 & let u make a
 s*eme 9 ! air to support ^! p "u su*   
conditions z w give u _! be/4 ,suppose !
 ?+ done boldly1 & t = e hundr$ ?\s& p 9
 our population we subsidize an         
au?or--if we c f9d z _m4 ,suppose we    
give him "s sort ( hon\r or title & !   
alt]native ( go+ on writ+ "u copyright  
conditions--:i* _m popul> fav\rites w\ld
 c]ta9ly pref]--or ( giv+ up 8          
copyrights to ! public & receiv+ a fix$ 
income1 a respectable m$iocre income1   
#hjj or #ajjj = example4  ,t means f\r  
hundr$ or m subsidiz$ au?ors = ,great   
,brita91 :i* w\ld "w out1 p]haps1 z     

eighte5 or tw5ty e ye>1 & a             
proportionate numb] = ,am]ica & !       
,colonial ,/ates ( ! ,briti% ,empire4   
,suppose1 fur!r1 t f ?is g5]al body (   
au?ors we draw e ye> f\r or five ( !    
s5iors to =m a sort ( ,academy1 a high] 
/age ( hon\r & income2 ?is w\ld probably
 give some?+ "u a hundr$ on ?is high]   
/age4 ,tak+ ! income ( ! two /ages z    
#ajjj & #bjjj respectively1 ?is w\ld "w 
out at ab\t #ejj1jjj a ye> = ,great     
,brita9--a q trivial addition to :at is 
already sp5t on educational "w4 ,a s*eme
 t w\ld provide = wid[s & *ildr5 ^:     
education 0 unf9i%$1 & = ! (ficial pr9t+
 & sale ( correct texts ( ! books       
writt51 w\ld /ill fall )9 ! dim5sions ( 
a million p\nds4 ,i am assum+ ?is w be  
done q 9 addition to ! natural gr[? (   
,univ]sities & ,colleges1 to ! evolution
 ( great text-books & criticism1 & to ! 
organization & publication ( special    
rese>* 9 sci5ce & lett]s4 ,?is is to be 
an end[m5t specifically = unspecializ$  
lit]ature1 = unte*nical philosophy t is1

 & ! creative imag9ation4  ,x mu/ n be  
imag9$ t su* an end[m5t w\ld be a new   
paym5t1 by ! community4 ,9 all          
probability we are already pay+ z mu*1  
or m1 to au?ors1 9 ! =m ( royalties1 (  
s]ial fees1 & ! l4 ,we are pay+ n[ ) an 
unju/ unev5ness--we />ve ! new & deep & 
ov]pay ! trite & obvi\s4 ,moreov]1 !    
community w\ld h some?+ 9 ex*ange = its 
money2 x w\ld h ! copyright ( ! works   
writt54 ,x may be sugge/$ t by a v      
simple device a l>ge proportion ( ^!    
paym5ts c\ld be recov]$4 ,suppose t all 
books1 :e!r copyright or n1 & all       
p]iodicals sold above a c]ta9           
price--sixp5ce1 let u say--_h to be> a  
defac$ /amp (--= example--a halfp5ny =  
ea* %ill+ ( price4 ,?is w\ld probably   
yield a rev5ue almo/ suffici5t to cov]  
^! lit]>y p5sions4 ,9 addition ! books (
 ! p5sion$ au?ors might be> an          
additional /amp z ! equival5t ( ! pres5t
 royalty4  ,! annual selection ( eighte5
 or tw5ty au?ors might v well be a      
disp]s$ duty4 ,"o or two ea* might be   

appo9t$ 9 "s way by gr\p$ ,univ]sities1 
or by ?ree or f\r ( ! ,univ]sities tak5 
9 rotation1 by su* a ,guild ( ,au?ors z 
we h already consid]$1 by ! ,briti%     
,academy ( ,hi/ory & ,philosophy1 by !  
,royal ,society1 by ! ,briti% ,privy    
,c\ncil4 ,! ,jury sy/em w\ld probably be
 ( v great value 9 mak+ ^! appo9tm5ts4  
,t is a r\gh sket* ( a possible         
s*eme--pres5t$ 9 ! mo/ op5-m9d$ way4 ,x 
w\ld n meet all conceivable cases1 s x  
w\ld ne$ to be supplem5t$ 9 _m          
directions2 moreov]1 x is pres5t$ )     
hide\s crudity1 b = all t1 w\ld n some?+
 ( ! sort "w well8 ,h[ w\ld x "w8 ,!re  
w\ld c]ta9ly be a great dim9ution 9 !   
output ( writt5 matt] f ! ?\s& or m     
recogniz$ writ]s ?is w\ld give u1 &     
almo/ z c]ta9ly a great rise 9 ef=t &   
delib]ation1 9 di/9ction1 quality1 &    
value 9 _! "w4 ,?is w\ld also appe> 9 ! 
"w ( _! ambiti\s juniors4 ,w\ld x       
ext+ui% any?+8 ,i d n see t x w\ld4 ,^? 
:o write trivially = ! pleasure ( !     
public w\ld be j z well (f z !y are n[1 

& !re w\ld be no m difficulty ?an !re is
 at pres5t = ^? :o beg9 writ+4 ,less1   
inde$2 = ! ?\s& subsidiz$ writ]s1 at    
lea/1 w\ld n be clamor\sly compet+ to   
fill up magaz9es & libr>ies2 !y might   
set a high] & m difficult /&>d1 b !y    
w\ld leave m space ab\t !m4 ,! ?+ w\ld  
sc>cely affect ! developm5t ( publi%+ & 
book di/ribution1 nor injure nor        
/imulate--except by rais+ ! /&>d &      
ideals ( writ+--newspap]s1 magaz9es1 &  
_! contributors 9 any way4  ,i d n      
believe = "o mom5t ! ?+ w\ld /op at su* 
a subsidiz$ body ( au?ors1 su* a little 
ari/ocracy ( ?\ght1 z ?is project       
pres5ts4 ,b x w\ld be an effici5t       
/>t+-po9t4 ,!re are ^? :o dem& a ?9k+   
dep>tm5t = ,army & ,navy2 & t idea      
admits ( ext5sion 9 ?is direction1 ?is  
organiz$ g5]al lit]ature ( m9e w\ld be !
 ?9k+ organization ( ! race4 ,once ?is  
delib]ate organization ( a c5tral       
ganglion ( int]pretation & pres5tation  
began1 ! developm5t ( ! bra9 & n]v\s    
sy/em 9 ! social body w\ld proce$ apace4

 ,ea* /ep made w\ld enable ! next /ep to
 be wid] & bold]4 ,! g5]al inn]vation ( 
society ) books & book di/ribut+ ag5cies
 w\ld be foll[$ by ! l9k+ up ( ! n[     
almo/ isolat$ m5tal worlds ( sci5ce1    
art1 & political & social activity 9 a  
sy/em ( int]communication & sympa?y4    
,we h n[ already 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w "o   
successful exp]im5t 9 ! correlation (   
human endeav\r4 ,comp>e all t 0         
accompli%$ 9 mat]ial sci5ce by ! isolat$
 "w ( ! great m5 be=e ,"l ,v]ulam1 & :at
 has be5 done s9ce ! sy/em ( isolat$    
inquiry gave place to a free ex*ange (  
ideas & collective discussion4 ,& ?is is
 only "o field ( m5tal activity & "o    
aspect ( social ne$s4 ,! re/ ( !        
intellectual _w is /ill unorganiz$4 ,!  
re/ ( ! moral & intellectual be+ ( man  
is dw>f$ & c[$ by ! enorm\s             
disproportionate developm5t ( mat]ial   
sci5ce & its economic & social          
consequ5ces4 ,:at if we ext5d t same _s 
( organization & free reaction to ! :ole
 _w ( human ?\ght & emotion8 ,t is !    

great] "q at :i* ?is project ( lit]>y   
end[m5t aims4  ,x may seem to ! read] t 
all ?is insi/5ce ^u ! supreme necessity 
= an organiz$ lit]ature spr+s m]ely f ! 
obsession ( a writ] by 8 own call+1 b1  
inde$1 t is n s4 ,we :o write are n all 
s bl9d$ by conceit ( ourselves t we d n 
"k some?+ ( our absolute p]sonal value4 
,we are liz>ds 9 an empty palace1 frogs 
crawl+ ov] a ?rone4 ,b x is a palace1 x 
is a ?rone1 &1 x may be1 ! rev]b]ation (
 our ugly voices w pres5tly awak5 ! _w  
to put some?+ bett] 9 our place4        
,because we write abom9ably "u pressure 
& = unhon\r$ bread1 none ! less we are  
mak+ ! future4 ,we are mak+ x atroci\sly
 no d\bt2 we are n ignorant ( t         
possibility1 b "s ( u1 at lea/1 w\ld l  
to d x bett]4 ,we "k only too well h[ t 
we are out ( t\* ) s*ol>%ip &           
contemplation4 ,we mu/ drive our p5s to 
live & pu% & bawl to be he>d4 ,we mu/   
blund] aga9/ m5 an ampl] tra9+ on ei!r  
side w\ld h made our allies1 we mu/ sm>t
 & lose our temp]s & d ! fooli% ?+s t   

are done 9 ! heat ( ! day4 ,= all t1    
accord+ to our lights1 we :o write are  
try+ to save our _w 9 a lack ( bett]    
savi\rs1 to *ange ?is m5tal tumult into 
an ord] ( und]/&+ & int5tion 9 :i* great
 ?+s may gr[4 ,! ?\ght ( a community is 
! life ( t community1 & if ! collective 
?\ght ( a community is disconnect$ &    
fragm5t>y1 !n ! community is            
collectively va9 & weak4 ,t does n      
con/itute an incid5tal defect1 b        
ess5tial failure4 ,?\gh t community h   
cities su* z ! _w has nev] se5 be=e1    
fleets & ho/s & glories1 ?\gh x c\nt its
 soldi]s by ! army corps & its *ildr5 by
 ! million1 yet if x hold n to ! reality
 ( ?\ght & =mulat$ w b5ea? ^! outw>d    
?+s1 x w pass1 & all its glories w pass1
 l smoke be=e ! w9d1 l mi/ b5ea? ! sun2 
x w become at la/ only "o m vague & fad+
 dream ^u ! scroll ( "t1 a heap ( m\nds 
& po9tless hi/ory1 ev5 z are ,babylon & 
,n9eveh4     ,,xi4 ,,! ,,man',s ,,own   
,,%>e   ,9 ?is mann] x is t ! initial   
proposition ( ,new ,republicanism works 

itself out4 ,x %apes into ! r\gh outl9e 
( an ideal new /ate1 a ,new ,republic1 a
 great conf$]ation ( ,engli%-speak+     
republican communities1 ea* ) its       
non-h]$it>y ari/ocracy1 scatt]$ ab\t !  
_w1 speak+ a common language1 possess+ a
 common lit]ature & a common sci5tific  
&1 9 its high] /ages at lea/1 a common  
educational organization1 & x indicates 
9 crude1 broad sugge/ions ! way t[>ds t 
/ate f ! pres5t condition ( ?+s4 ,x     
insi/s z a c>d9al necessity1 n inde$ z  
an end b z an indisp5sable in/rum5t by  
:i* ?is _w /ate mu/ be made & su/a9$1 ^u
 a great1 a contempor>y1 & a univ]sally 
accessible lit]ature1 a lit]ature n     
simply ( ?\ght & sci5ce b ( p[]1 :i*    
%all embody & make real & liv+ ! su/a9+ 
dreams ( ! com+ "t1 & :i* %all draw     
toge!r & br+ into intellig5t correlation
 all ^? m5 & wom5 :o are work+ n[       
discont5t$ly & wa/efully t[>ds a bett]  
ord] ( life4 ,=1 inde$1 a great numb] ( 
m5 & wom5 are already work+ = ?is ,new  
,republic1 work+ ) ! mo/ v>i$ p[]s &    

temp]am5ts & =mul1 to raise ! /&>d (    
h\s+ & ! /&>d ( liv+1 to enl>ge our k ( 
! means by :i* bett] bir?s may be       
atta9$1 to "k m1 to educate bett]1 to   
tra9 bett]1 to write good books =       
tea*]s1 to organize our s*ools1 to make 
our laws simpl] & m hone/1 to cl>ify our
 political life1 to te/ & reorganize all
 our social rules & conv5tions1 to adju/
 prop]ty to new conditions1 to improve  
our language1 to increase int]c\rse (   
all sorts1 to give our ideals ! ju/ice (
 a noble pres5tation2 at a ?\s& po9ts ! 
,new ,republic already />ts into be+4 ,&
 :ile we scatt]$ pione]s & exp]im5t]s   
piece toge!r our scatt]$ ef=ts into a   
coh]5t s*eme1 :ile we become m & m      
cle>ly consci\s ( our common purpose1   
ye> by ye> ! old ord] & ^? :o h an*ylos$
 to ! old ord]1 die & pass away1 & !    
unhamp]$ *ildr5 ( ! new "t gr[ up ab\t  
u4  ,9 a few ye>s ?is t ,i call ,new    
,republicanism "h1 "u ,i "k n :at f9al  
"n1 w h become a great _w movem5t       
consci\s ( itself & consi/5t )9 itself1 

& we :o are mak+ n[ ! crude discov]y (  
its possibility w be work+ t[>ds its    
realization 9 our ?\s& diff]5t ways &   
positions4 ,& com+ to our help1 to      
re9=ce u1 to sup]s$e u1 to take ! gr[+  
task out ( our h&s w come y\?1 w come   
our sons & daught]s & ^? = :om we h     
writt5 our books1 = :om we h taught 9   
our s*ools1 = :om we h f\nd$ & ord]$    
libr>ies1 toil$ 9 laboratories1 & 9 wa/e
 places & /range l&s2 = :om we h made   
san] & clean] homes & san] & clean]     
social & political arrangem5ts1 =ego+ a 
hundr$ com=table acquiesc5ces t ^! ?+s  
might be done4 ,y\? w come to take ov] !
 "w f u & g on ) x 9 a bold] & ampl]    
mann] ?an we 9 ^! limit$ days d>e to    
attempt4  ,assur$ly y\? w come to u1 if 
?is is inde$ to be ! dawn ( a new "t4   
,)\t ! high resolve ( y\?1 )\t ! con/ant
 accession ( y\?1 )\t recup]ative p[]1  
no su/a9$ =w>d movem5t is possible 9 !  
_w4 ,x is to y\?1 !re=e1 t ?is book is  
f9ally address$1 to ! adolesc5ts1 to !  
/ud5ts1 to ^? :o are yet 9 ! s*ools & :o

 w pres5tly come to read x1 to ^? :o be+
 /ill pla/ic c und]/& ! inf9ite         
pla/icity ( ! _w4 ,x is ^? :o are yet   
unmade :o mu/ become ! mak]s4 ,aft]     
?irty !re are few conv]sions & few] f9e 
beg9n+s2 m5 & wom5 g on 9 ! pa? !y h    
m>k$ out = !mselves4 ,_! imag9ations h  
become firm & rigid ev5 if !y h n )]$1 &
 !re is no turn+ !m f ! conviction ( _! 
brief exp]i5ce t almo/ all t is1 is     
inexorably s4 ,accompli%$ ?+s obsess u m
 & m4 ,:at man or woman ov] ?irty 9     
,great ,brita9 d>es to hope = a republic
 be=e x is "t to die8 ,yet ! ?+ might   
be4 ,or = ! reunion ( ! ,engli%-speak+  
peoples8 ,or = ! deliv]ance ( all ( our 
blood & spee* f ^? f\l] ?+s ?an *attel  
slav]y1 *ild & adolesc5t lab\r8 ,or = an
 infantile dea?-rate "u n9ety 9 ! ?\s& &
 all t w\ld mean 9 ! common life8 ,^! & 
a hundr$ su* ?+s are com+ n[1 b only !  
"y "k h[ ne> !y may be br\ght to u4 ,z =
 u o!rs1 we plant a tree nev] believ+ we
 %all eat ! fruit1 we build a h\se nev] 
hop+ to live !re94 ,! des]t1 we believe 

9 our he>ts1 is our home & our de/9$    
grave1 & :atev] we see ( ! ,promis$ ,l& 
we mu/ see ?r\gh ! eyes ( ! "y4  ,) ea* 
ye> ( _! lives !y come m di/9ctly into  
consci\s p>ticipation ) our ef=ts4 ,^?  
s(t little creatures t we h figur$      
grotesquely z dropp+ f an inexorable    
sp\t into our _w1 ^? weak & wail+ lumps 
( p9k fle% m helpless ?an any animal1 = 
:om we h plann$ bett] c>e1 a bett] *ance
 ( life1 bett] conditions ( all sorts1  
^? laval s\ls :o are at fir/ helpless   
clay 9 our h&s1 pres5tly ins5sibly h    
become help]s beside u 9 ! /ruggle4 ,9 a
 little :ile !y are beautiful *ildr51 !y
 are boys & girls & y\?s & maid5s1 full 
( ! ze/ ( new life1 full ( an abundant1 
joyful receptivity4 ,9 a little :ile !y 
are walk+ ) u1 seek+ to "k :i!r we g1 & 
:i!r we lead !m1 & :y4 ,our acc\nt ( !  
m5-mak]s is n complete until we add to  
bir? & s*ool & _w1 ! increas+ elem5t (  
delib]ate co-op]ation 9 ! man or woman  
we are seek+ to make4 ,9 a little :ile  
!y are "y m5 & wom51 & !n m5 & wom51    

save = a fre%] vig\r1 l ourselves4 ,= u 
x comes at la/ to fell[%ip &            
resignation4 ,= !m x comes at la/ to    
responsibility1 to fre$om1 & to         
introspection & ! se>*+ ( he>ts4 ,we mu/
 if we w\ld be m5-mak]s1 z ! fir/ &     
imm$iate "p ( ! bus9ess1 correct & f9i% 
ourselves4 ,! good ,new ,republican mu/ 
ne$s ask & ask repeat$ly3 ,:at h ,i done
 & :at am ,i do+ ) myself :ile ,i tamp] 
) ! lives ( o!rs8 ,8 self-exam9ation w  
be no mon/r\s egotism ( p]fectibility1  
inde$1 no virtuosity ( virtue1 no       
exquisite retreat & sl9k+ 8out ( ! race1
 :]e t immortal g>l& is to be run =1 n  
)\t du/ & heat40 ,b he w seek p]petually
 to gauge 8 quality1 he w wat* to see   
himself ! ma/] ( 8 habits & ( 8 p[]s2 he
 w take 8 bra91 blood1 body1 & l9eage z 
a tru/ to be adm9i/]$ = ! _w4 ,to "k all
 "o c ( "o's self 9 relation to ! _w    
ab\t "o1 to ?9k out all "o c1 to take   
no?+ = grant$ except by reason ( "o's   
unavoidable limitations1 to be swift1   
inde$1 b n ha/y1 to be /rong b n viol5t1

 to be z wat*ful ( "o's self z x is giv5
 "o to be1 is ! manife/ duty ( all :o   
w\ld subs]ve ! ,new ,republic4 ,= ! ,new
 ,republican1 z = 8 =]unn] ! ,puritan1  
consci5ce & discipl9e mu/ saturate life4
 ,he mu/ be rul$ by duties & a c]ta9    
ritual 9 life4 ,e day & e week he mu/   
set aside "t to read & to ?9k1 to       
commune ) o!rs & himself1 he mu/ be z   
jeal\s ( 8 heal? & /r5g? z ! ,levites ( 
old4 ,c we 9 ?is g5]ation make b a few  
?\s&s ( su* m5 & wom51 m5 & wom5 :o are 
n afraid to live1 m5 & wom5 ) a common  
fai? & a common und]/&+1 !n1 inde$1 our 
"w w be done4 ,!y w 9 _! own "t take ?is
 _w z a sculptor takes 8 m>ble & %ape x 
bett] ?an all our dreams4   ,,! ,,end   
,,app5dix  ,a ,,pap] ,,on ,,adm9i/rative
 ,,areas ,,read ,,be=e ,,! ,,fabian     
,,society  ,footnote3 ,i am indebt$ to  
,mr4 ,e4 ,r4 ,pease = "s valuable       
corrections4--,h4 ,g4 ,w4   ,let me beg9
 ?is pap] ^u ! "q ( ,sci5tific          
,adm9i/rative areas 9 relation to       
municipal und]tak+s by def9+ ! sort (   

,socialism ,i pr(ess4 ,because1 y "k1 x 
is q impossible to conceal t !re are v  
_m diff]5t sorts ( socialism1 & y\r     
society is1 & has long be51 a rem>kably 
repres5tative collection ( ! v>i\s      
types4 ,we h ?is mu* 9 common1 h[ev]1 t 
we insi/ ^u & hamm] home & nev] lose    
sight ( ! fact t ,prop]ty is a purely   
provisional & law-made ?+1 & t ! law & !
 community :i* has giv5 may also1 at its
 necessity1 take away4 ,! "w :i* !      
,sociali/ movem5t has done is to secure 
! g5]al repudiation ( any idea (        
sacr$ness ab\t prop]ty4 ,b ^u ! ext5t to
 :i* x is conv5i5t to sanction a c]ta9  
am\nt ( prop]ty1 & ! ways 9 :i* exi/+   
excesses ( prop]ty are to be r$uc$1     
,sociali/s diff] enorm\sly4 ,!re are    
c]ta9 extreme expressions ( ,socialism t
 y w connect ) ! names ( ,ow5 & ,f\ri]1 
& ) ,noyes's 8,hi/ory ( ,am]ican        
,socialism10 9 :i* ! abolition (        
monopoly is c>ri$ out ) logical         
complet5ess to ! abolition ( m>riage1 & 
9 :i* ! idea seems to be to ext5d !     

limits ( ! ,family & ( intimate         
int]c\rse to include all humanity4 ,) ^!
 ,socialisms ,i h no?+ 9 common4 ,!re   
are a l>ge numb] ( su* que/ions conc]n+ 
! con/itution ( ! family ^u :i* ,i reta9
 an op5 & inquir+ m9d1 & to :i* ,i f9d !
 answ]s ( ! e/abli%$ ord]1 if n always  
absolutely incorrect1 at any rate gl>+ly
 incomplete & totally inadequate2 b ,i d
 n f9d ! answ]s ( ^! ,sociali/ic        
,communities 9 any degree m             
satisfactory4  ,!re are1 h[ev]1 m limit$
 ,socialisms1 sy/ems :i* deal ma9ly )   
economic organizations1 :i* recognize ! 
rights ( individuals to possessions ( a 
p]sonal sort1 & :i* assume )\t detail$  
discussion ! =mation ( family gr\ps )9 !
 g5]al community4 ,!re are limit$       
socialisms ^: repudiation ( prop]ty     
affects only ! common int]e/s ( !       
community1 ! l& x occupies1 ! s]vices 9 
:i* all are int]e/$1 ! necess>y m9imum (
 education1 & ! sanit>y & economic      
int]action ( "o p]son or family gr\p ^u 
ano!r2 socialisms :i*1 9 fact1 come into

 t\* ) an intellig5t individualism1 &   
:i* are bas$ on ! attempt to ensure     
equality ( opportunity & fre$om =       
complete individual developm5t to e     
citiz54 ,su* sociali/s look n s mu* to !
 abolition ( prop]ty z to ! abolition ( 
inh]itance1 & to ! intellig5t taxation (
 prop]ty = ! s]vices ( ! community4 ,x  
is among su* mod]ate sociali/s t ,i w\ld
 numb] myself4 ,i w\ld make no h>d & fa/
 rule ) reg>d to any portion ( ! mat]ial
 & app>atus us$ 9 ! s]vice ( a          
community4 ,) reg>d to any p>ticul>     
s]vice or conc]n1 ,i w\ld ask1 ,is x m  
conv5i5t1 m likely to lead to economy & 
effici5cy1 to let ?is s]vice re/ 9 ! h&s
 ( "s s+le p]son or gr\p ( p]sons :o may
 (f] to d ! s]vice or adm9i/] ! conc]n1 
& :om we w call ! own]s1 or to place x 9
 ! h&s ( "s s+le p]son or gr\p ( p]sons1
 elect$ or *os5 by lot1 :om we w call ! 
(ficial or gr\p ( (ficials8 ,& if y 7 to
 sugge/ "s me?od ( election t w\ld      
produce (ficials t1 on ! :ole1 7 likely 
to manage worse ?an private own]s1 & to 

wa/e m ?an ! private own]'s probable    
pr(its1 ,i %\ld say !n by all means     
leave ! s]vice or conc]n 9 private h&s4 
,y see ^u ?is pr9ciple ! :ole "q ( !    
adm9i/ration ( any affair turns ^u ! "q1
 ,:i* w give ! maximum effici5cy8 ,x is 
v easy to say1 & x /irs ! he>t &        
produces *e]+ 9 cr[d$ meet+s to say1    
8,let ev]y?+ be own$ by all & controll$ 
by all = ! good ( all10 & = ! g5]al     
purposes ( a meet+ x is q possible to   
say t & no?+ m4 ,b if y sit d[n quietly 
by y\rself aft]w>ds & try & imag9e ?+s  
be+ 8own$ by all & controll$ by all = ! 
good ( all10 y w pres5tly arrive at !   
valuable discov]y 9 social & political  
sci5ce t ! phrase means no?+ :atev]4 ,x 
is also v /rik+1 on su* rhetorical      
occasions1 to oppose ! private own] to !
 community or ! /ate or ! municipality1 
& to suppose all ! vices ( humanity     
conc5trat$ 9 private own]%ip1 & all !   
virtues ( humanity conc5trat$ 9 !       
community1 b inde$ t cle> & /rik+       
contra/ w n /& ! r\gh-&-tumble ( !      

workaday _w4 ,a little exam9ation ( !   
matt] w make x cle> t ! contra/ lies    
betwe5 private own]s & public           
(ficials--y mu/ h (ficials1 because y   
c't settle a railway "t-table or make a 
bridge by public acclamation--& ev5 !re 
y w f9d x is n a simple "q ( ! :ite     
aga9/ black ord]4 ,ev5 9 our /ate to-day
 !re are few private own]s :o h absolute
 fre$om to d :at !y l ) _! possessions1 
& !re are few public (ficials :o h n a  
c]ta9 fre$om & a c]ta9 s5se (           
proprietor%ip 9 _! dep>tm5ts1 & 9 fact1 
z di/+ui%$ f rhetoric1 !re is e possible
 gradation betwe5 ! "o ?+ & ! o!r4 ,we h
 to cle> our m9ds ( mislead+ t]ms 9 ?is 
affair4 ,a clipp$ & regulat$ private    
own]%ip--a private company1 = example1 )
 completely publi%$ acc\nts1 tax$       
divid5ds1 ) a public repres5tative ^u   
its bo>d ( directors & p>liam5t>y       
p[]s--may be an inf9itely m hone/1      
effici5t1 & controllable public s]vice  
?an a badly elect$ or badly appo9t$ bo>d
 ( gov]nors ( (ficials4 ,we may--& ,i = 

"o d--?9k t a numb] ( public s]vices1 an
 increas+ numb] ( public s]vices1 c be  
be/ adm9i/]$ z public conc]ns4 ,mo/ ( u 
"h to-night are1 ,i believe1 pretty     
advanc$ municipaliz]s4 ,b x does n foll[
 t we believe t any sort ( repres5tative
 or (ficial body pit*$ into any sort (  
area is necess>ily bett] ?an any sort ( 
private control4 ,! m we are dispos$ to 
municipalize1 ! m incumb5t x is ^u u to 
se>* out1 /udy1 & inv5t1 & to "w to     
develop ! mo/ effici5t public bodies    
possible4 ,& my case to-night is1 t !   
exi/+ local gov]nm5t bodies1 y\r t[n    
c\ncils1 bor\gh c\ncils1 urban di/rict  
bo>ds1 & s =?1 are1 = ! purposes (      
municipalization1 f> f be+ ! be/        
possible bodies1 & t ev5 y\r c\nty      
c\ncils fall %ort1 t by _! v nature all 
^! bodies mu/ fall f> %ort ( ! highe/   
possible effici5cy1 & t z "t goes on !y 
mu/ fail ev5 m ?an !y d n[ to dis*>ge ! 
duties we ,fabians w\ld l to ?ru/ ^u !m4
 ,& ! g5]al reason ^u :i* ,i w\ld h y   
condemn ^! bodies & seek = "s new] &    

ampl] ones be=e y press !               
municipalization ( public conc]ns to its
 f9al trial1 is ?is--t _! areas (       
activity are impossibly small4  ,! areas
 )9 :i* we %ape our public activities at
 pres5t1 d]ive1 ,i hold1 f ! ne$s &     
conditions ( a pa/ ord] ( ?+s4 ,!y h be5
 pat*$ & repair$ enorm\sly1 b !y /ill   
pres]ve ! ess5tial conceptions ( a      
vani%$ organization4 ,!y h be5 pat*$ &  
repair$ fir/ to meet ?is urg5t specific 
necessity & !n t1 & nev] ) any          
compreh5sive anticipation ( com+ ne$s1 &
 at la/ !y h become absolutely          
impossible4 ,!y are l fifte5?-c5tury    
h\ses :i* h be5 cont9u\sly occupi$ by a 
succession ( ent]pris+ b %ort-sight$ &  
close-fi/$ own]s1 & :i* h n[ be51 ) ! v 
slighte/ use ( la?-&-pla/] p>titions &  
geys] hot-wat] app>atus1 conv]t$ into   
mod]n resid5tial flats4 ,^! local       
gov]nm5t areas ( to-day repres5t = ! mo/
 "p :at 7 once di/9ct1 di/9ctly         
organiz$1 & individualiz$ communities1  
complete m9or economic sy/ems1 & !y     

pres]ve a tradition ( :at 0 once        
adm9i/rative conv5i5ce & economy4       
,to-day1 ,i submit1 !y d n repres5t     
communities at all1 & !y become m       
wa/eful & m inconv5i5t ) e fre% *ange 9 
economic necessity4  ,?is is a d\ble    
*ange4 ,let me fir/ ( all say a ^w 9    
ju/ification = my fir/ ass]tion t exi/+ 
areas d n repres5t communities1 & !n    
pass to a necess>y consequ5ce or s ( ?is
 fact4 ,i submit t be=e ! railways1 t is
 to say 9 ! days 9 :i* ! curr5t         
conception ( local gov]nm5t areas arose1
 ! villages1 & /ill m ! bor\ghs1 & ev5 !
 c\nties1 7 practically complete m9or   
economic sy/ems4 ,! weal? ( ! locality  
01 r\ghly speak+1 local2 ri* p resid$ 9 
contact ) _! prop]ty1 o!r p liv$ 9      
contact ) _! "w1 & x 0 a legitimate     
assumption t a radius ( a mile or s1 or 
( a few miles1 circumscrib$ mo/ ( !     
practical int]e/s ( all ! inhabitants ( 
a locality4 ,y got ri* & poor 9 visible 
relation%ips2 y got l&lord & t5ant1 y   
got ma/] & workman all toge!r4 ,b n[1   

?r\gh a revolution 9 ! me?ods (         
locomotion1 & *iefly ?r\gh ! mak+ (     
railways1 ?is is no long] true4 ,y c    
/ill see ! villages & t[ns sep>at$ by   
spaces ( fields & physically di/9ct1 b x
 is no long] ! case t all :o dwell 9 ^! 
old limits are ess5tially local         
inhabitants & mutually int]dep5d5t z    
once !y w\ld h be54 ,a l>ge proportion (
 our population to-day1 a l>ge & an     
increas+ proportion1 has no localiz$    
int]e/s at all z an eighte5?-c5tury     
p]son w\ld h und]/ood locality4  ,take =
 example ,guild=d1 or ,folke/one1 & y w 
f9d t possibly ev5 m ?an half ! weal? 9 
! place is non-local weal?--weal?1 t is1
 hav+ no relation to ! local production 
( weal?--& t a l>ge majority ( ! m      
educat$1 intellig5t & active inhabitants
 d]ive _! income1 sp5d _! en]gies1 & f9d
 _! absorb+ int]e/s outside ! locality4 
,!y may r5t or own h\ses1 b !y h no     
reality ( p>ticipation & little illusion
 ( p>ticipation 9 any local life4 ,y w  
f9d 9 bo? t[ns a consid]able numb] (    

hotels1 inns1 & refre%m5t places :i*1   
al?\gh !y are regulat$ by local         
magi/rates ^u a basis ( "o lic5se to s  
_m inhabitants1 d]ive only a small      
fraction ( _! pr(its f ! cu/om ( !      
inhabitants4 ,y f9d too 9 ,folke/one1 z 
9 mo/ seaside places1 a great numb] (   
second>y s*ools1 draw+ sc>cely a pupil f
 ! neighb\rhood4 ,& on ! o!r h& y w f9d 
lab\r 9 bo? t[ns1 com+ 9 by a morn+ tra9
 & go+ out at night4 ,& nei!r ( ^!      
in/ances is an extreme type4 ,z y come 9
 t[>ds ,london y w f9d ! proportion (   
:at ,i w\ld call non-local inhabitants  
increas+ until 9 ,brixton1 ,hoxton1 or  
,we/ ,ham y w f9d ! really localiz$ p a 
m]e ?read 9 ! mass ( ! population4      
,probably y f9d ! ?9ne/ %am ( a         
community 9 ! ,london bor\ghs1 :]e a    
cl]k or a work+ man w %ift 8 /icks f "o 
bor\gh to ano!r & move on to a ?ird )\t 
ev] discov]+ :at he has done4 ,x is n t 
all ^! p d n belong to a community1 b t 
!y belong to a l>g] community ( a new   
type :i* y\r adm9i/rators h fail$ to    

discov]1 & :i* y\r work+ !ory ( local   
gov]nm5t ignores4 ,?is is a "q ,i h     
already writt5 ab\t ) "s complet5ess 9 a
 book publi%$ a ye> or s ago1 & call$   
8,anticipations10 & 9 t book y w f9d a m
 l5g?y exposition ?an ,i c give "h & n[ 
( ! nature ( ?is expansion4 ,b ! gi/ ( !
 argum5t is t ! di/ribution (           
population1 ! me?od ( aggregation 9 a   
community1 is det]m9$ almo/ entirely by 
! available means ( locomotion4 ,!      
maximum size ( any community ( regul>   
daily int]c\rse is det]m9$ by ! l5g? (  
some?+ t ,i may be/ sugge/ to y\r m9d by
 ! phrase--! av]age possible suburban   
j\rney 9 an h\r4 ,a t[n1 = example1 9   
:i* ! only me?od ( progression is on    
foot along cr[d$ ways1 w be d5s] 9      
population & small] 9 area ?an "o ) wide
 /reets & a :eel$ traffic1 & t aga9 w be
 d5s] & compact] ?an "o ) num]\s tubes1 
trams1 & light railways4 ,e improvem5t 9
 locomotion =ces ! suburban r+ ( h\ses  
outw>d1 & relieves ! pressure ( ! c5tre4
 ,n[1 ?is pr9ciple ( exp&+ communities  

holds n only 9 reg>d to t[ns1 b also on 
! agricultural c\ntry side4 ,!re1 also1 
facilities = ! m rapid collection (     
produce mean f9ally ! expansion &       
coalesc5ce ( :at 7 previ\sly economic   
unities4  ,n[ if1 :ile ?is expansion ( !
 real communities goes on1 y keep to !  
old b\nd>y l9es1 y w f9d an increas+    
proportion ( y\r population /raddl+ ^?  
l9es4 ,y w f9d t _m p :o once slept &   
work$ & re>$ _! *ildr5 & wor%ipp$ &     
b\ght all 9 "o area1 are n[1 z x 71     
delocaliz$2 !y h ov]fl[$ _! conta9+     
locality1 & !y live 9 "o area1 !y "w 9  
ano!r1 & !y g to %op 9 a ?ird4 ,& ! only
 way 9 :i* y c localize !m aga9 is to   
exp& y\r areas to _! new scale4  ,?is is
 a *ange 9 human conditions t has be5 a 
v di/9ctive ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pa/     
c5tury1 & x is /ill 9 progress4 ,b ,i   
?9k !re is excell5t reason = suppos+ t =
 practical purposes ?is *ange1 made by !
 railway & ! motor1 ?is developm5t (    
local locomotion1 w rea* a def9ite limit
 9 ! next hundr$ ye>s4 ,we are witness+ 

! completion ( a great developm5t t has 
alt]$ ! av]age possible suburban j\rney 
9 an h\r f "o ( f\r or five miles to "o 
( ?irty miles1 & ,i d\bt v mu* :e!r1 :5 
e t5d5cy ( expansion has be5 reckon$ )1 
?is av]age h\r j\rney w ev] get mu*     
beyond sixty or sev5ty miles an h\r4 ,a 
radius ( f\r or five miles m>k$ !       
maximum size ( ! old community4 ,a      
radius ( a hundr$ miles w c]ta9ly m>k ! 
maximum ( ! new community4 ,& s x is no 
effectual answ] to my g5]al argum5t to  
say t a revision ( adm9i/rative areas   
always has be5 & always w be a public   
necessity4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t t always   
has be5 & always w be true1 b on a scale
 9 no way comp>able to ! scale on :i* x 
is true to-day1 because ( ^! p>ticul>   
inv5tions4 ,?is ne$ 9 its greatness is a
 peculi> feature ( ! pres5t "t1 & a     
peculi> problem ( ! pres5t "t4 ,!       
municipal areas t 7 conv5i5t 9 !        
,babylonian1 anci5t ,egyptian1 or ,roman
 empires 7 no l>g] & no small] ?an ^? t 
s]v$ ! purpose ( sev5te5?-c5tury        

,europe1 & ,i believe x is highly       
probable--,i ?9k ! odds are 9 fav\r ( ! 
belief--t ! mo/ conv5i5t adm9i/rative   
areas ( ! ye> #bjjj w be no l>g] & no   
small] ?an ^? = _m subsequ5t c5turies4  
,we are1 9 ?is respect1 9 ! full fl[ ( a
 great & p]man5t transition4 ,& ! social
 & political aspect ( ! *ange1 is ?is   
/eadily increas+ proportion ( p--m      
especially 9 our suburban areas--:o are1
 s f> z our old divisions g1 delocaliz$4
 ,!y repres5t1 9 fact1 a community ( a  
new sort1 ! new great mod]n community1  
:i* is seek+ to e/abli% itself 9 ! room 
( ! dw9dl+1 little1 highly localiz$     
communities ( ! pa/4  ,n[ :at are !     
practical consequ5ces ( ?is l>ge &      
increas+ non-local elem5t 9 y\r old     
local gov]nm5t areas8 ,fir/1 !re is ?is4
 ,! non-local p d n foll[1 h nei!r ! "t1
 nor ! fre$om1 nor ! /imulus ( suffici5t
 int]e/s to foll[1 local politics4 ,!y  
are a sort ( ,outl&]s4 ,local politics  
rema9 !re=e m & m 9 ! h&s ( ! dw9dl+    
section ( p ^: int]e/s really are       

circumscrib$ by ! locality4 ,^! are     
usually ! small local tradesm51 ! local 
build+ trade1 sometimes a doctor &      
always a solicitor2 & ! mo/ en]getic &  
active & capable ( ^!1 & ! "o ) ! ke5e/ 
eye to bus9ess1 is usually ! solicitor4 
,:atev] y put into ! h&s ( a local      
au?ority--education1 light+1            
communications--y necess>ily put into ! 
h&s ( a gr\p ( ?is sort4 ,"h & !re1 (   
c\rse1 !re may be v>iations2 an organiz$
 lab\r vote may s5d 9 a repres5tative1  
or "s g5tleman ( leisure & philan?ropic 
ta/es1 l ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw1 may conf]    
di/9ction ^u local delib]ations1 b t w n
 alt] ! g5]al /ate ( affairs4 ,! /ate ( 
affairs y mu/ expect z ! g5]al rule1 is 
local control by petty local int]e/s1 a 
/ate ( affairs t w c]ta9ly int5sify 9 ! 
ye>s to come1 unless "s revision ( areas
 c be contriv$ t w ov]take ! amplify+   
int]e/s ( ! delocaliz$ section ( !      
population4  ,let me po9t out :at is    
probably ! result ( a dim recognition ( 
?is fact by ! non-local population1 & t 

is ! extreme jeal\sy ( rates & municipal
 trad+ by ! less localiz$ pay+ classes 9
 ! community4 ,t is a "q we ,sociali/s1 
believ+ z we d all ( u at lea/ 9 !      
ab/ract !ory ( municipalization1 mu/    
p>ticul>ly consid]4 ,! easy exasp]ation 
( ! #ajjj-;a-ye> man at ! rates & 8     
extreme pati5ce "u ,imp]ial taxation is 
incompreh5sible1 unless y recognize ?is 
fact ( 8 delocalization4 ,!n at once x  
becomes cle>4 ,he p5etrates ! pret5ces (
 ! sy/em to a c]ta9 ext5t2 & he is      
infuriat$ by ! fact ( taxation )\t      
repres5tation1 temp]$ by a my/]i\sly    
ineffective vot+ pap] left at 8 door4 ,i
 myself1 z "o ( ! delocaliz$ class1 w   
confess he has my sympa?y4 ,& ^? :o     
believe 9 ! idea ( ! ultimate           
municipalization ( mo/ l>ge indu/ries1 w
 cont9ue to f9d 9 ?is non-localiz$      
class1 work+ especially ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 
,p>liam5t1 a p]si/5t & effective        
ob/ruction to all su* projects1 unless  
su* a rectification ( areas c be        
contriv$ z w ov]take ! delocalization & 

! diffusion ( int]e/s t has be5 & is    
/ill go+ on4 ,i w confess t x seems to  
me t ?is opposition betwe5 ! localiz$ & 
! non-localiz$ classes 9 ! future1 or to
 be m correct1 ! opposition betwe5 ! man
 ^: ideas & life lie 9 a small area1 & !
 man ^: ideas & life lie 9 a great area1
 is likely to give u t divid+ l9e 9     
politics = :i* s _m p are look+ to-day4 
,= ?is "q ( areas has its ,imp]ial z    
well z its local side4 ,y h already se5 
! ,lib]al p>ty split ^u ! ,transvaal "q2
 y y\rselves h--,i am told--exp]i5c$ "s 
slight p>allel t5d5cy to fission1 & x is
 int]e/+ to note t ?is 01 aft] all1 only
 ano!r aspect ( ?is great "q ( areas1   
:i* ,i w\ld n[ discuss 9 relation to    
municipal trad+4 ,! small communities   
are fight+ = exi/5ce & _! de> little    
ways1 ! syn!tic great communities are   
fight+ to come into exi/5ce1 & to absorb
 ! small communities4 ,& curi\sly en\gh 
at our la/ meet+ y he>d ,mr4 ,belloc1 ) 
delightful wit & subtlety1 exp\nd+ ! v  
anti!sis ( ! conceptions ,i am pres5t+  

to-night4 ,mr4 ,belloc--:o has evid5tly 
nev] read 8 ,mal?us--dreams ( a         
beautiful little village community (    
peasant proprietors1 ea* /ick+ l a      
b>nacle to 8 own little bit ( prop]ty1  
beautifully heal?y & simple & illit]ate 
& ,roman ,ca?olic & local1 local ov] !  
e>s4 ,i am afraid ! />s 9 _! c\rses     
fight aga9/ su* p9k & gold5 dreams4 ,e  
tramway1 e new twop5ny tube1 e light    
railway1 e improvem5t 9 y\r omnibus     
s]vices1 9 y\r telephonic s]vices1 9 y\r
 organization ( cr$it1 increases !      
proportion ( y\r delocaliz$ class1 &    
sucks ! ebb+ life f y\r old communities 
into ! ve9s ( ! new4  ,well1 y may say1 
no d\bt ?is is "r s f> z x goes2 exi/+  
local gov]nm5t areas d n repres5t real  
c\ntries1 b /ill ^! local gov]nm5t      
devices are ( s]vice = cutt+ up &       
di/ribut+ adm9i/rative "w4 ,b t is      
exactly :at !y are n4 ,!y are worse :5 y
 consid] !m 9 reg>d to function1 ?an :5 
y consid] !m 9 reg>d to repres5tation4  
,s9ce our conceptions ( :at con/itutes a

 local adm9i/rative area 7 develop$ !re 
has aris5 ! problems ( wat] supply & (  
organiz$ sewage1 ( railways1 tramways1 &
 communications g5]ally1 & ( light+ &   
telephonic int]c\rse2 !re hangs ov] u1  
?\gh ! av]age local au?ority has no eyes
 to see x1 ! necessity ( adapt+ our     
roads to accommodate an increas+ new    
traffic ( s(t-tyr$ vehicles1 & x is n   
improbable t heat+ by :olesale1 ei!r by 
gas or electricity1 w pres5tly be also  
possible & desirable4 ,= all ^! ?+s we  
ne$ wide views1 wide m9ds & wide areas1 
& /ill m d we want wide views = !       
bus9ess ( education t is n[ also com+   
into ! sph]e ( local adm9i/ration4  ,x  
happ5s t ,i h _h an object-lesson 9 ?is 
matt] ( local gov]nm5t2 & inde$ x is my 
object-lesson t has l$ to ?is pap]      
to-night4 ,i live ^u ! b\nd>y l9e ( !   
,s&gate ,urban ,di/rict ,bo>d1 a m9ute  
au?ority ) a b\nd>y l9e t appe>s to h   
be5 det]m9$ orig9ally ab\t #ahej by     
mapp+ out ! w&]+s ( an intoxicat$       
excursioni/1 & :i*--! only ^w is        

int]digitates--) ! bor\gh ( ,folke/one1 
! ,urban ,di/rict ( ,*]iton1 & ! bor\gh 
( ,hy!4 ,ea* ( ^! bodies is by way ( be+
 a tramway au?ority1 ea* is at lib]ty to
 secure p[]s to set up g5]at+ /ations & 
supply electricity1 ea* is a wat]       
au?ority1 & ea* does its own little     
dra9age1 & ! possibilities ( friction & 
litigation are endless4 ,! f\r places   
con/itute an urban area greatly 9 ne$ ( 
organiz$ int]communication1 b ! f\r     
au?orities h nev] be5 able to agree ^u a
 s*eme2 & n[ ,folke/one is conc]n+      
itself ) ! project ( a little int]nal   
tramway sy/em all ( its v own4 ,s&gate  
has succumb$ to ! spell ( ! ,s\? ,ea/]n 
,railway ,company1 & has come into l9e )
 a project t w necessitate a *ange ( c>s
 at ! ,folke/one b\nd>y4 ,folke/one has 
conc$$ its electrical supply to a       
company1 b ,s&gate1 on ?is issue1 /&s   
out gallantly = municipal trad+1 &      
proposes to lay d[n a plant & set up a  
g5]at+ /ation all by itself to supply a 
population ( sixte5 hundr$ p1 mo/ly     

indig5t4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 ,s&gate refuses 
its inhabitants ! elem5t>y conv5i5ce ( !
 electric light1 & :51 q inadv]t5tly1 ,i
 connect$ across ! convolutions ( !     
b\nd>y ) ! ,folke/one supply1 my life 0 
d>k5$ by ! ?reat ( impossible           
litigation4 ,b if ,folke/one repudiates 
municipal ent]prise 9 ! matt] ( light+1 
,i ga!r x does n d s 9 ! matt] (        
telephones2 & !re has be5 talk ( a neat 
little ,folke/one telephonic sy/em      
compet+ aga9/ ! ,national ,telephone    
,company1 a compact little conv]sazione 
( p]haps a hundr$ p1 rate su/a9$4 ,& h[ 
is ! non-local inhabitant to come into  
^! ?+s8 ,! intellig5t non-local         
inhabitant c only save 8 two or ?ree    
p\nds ( contribution to ?is folly or t  
by putt+ 9 tw5ty or ?irty p\nds' wor? ( 
"w 9 local politics4 ,he has no local   
connections1 no local influ5ce1 he      
hasn't a *ance aga9/ ! plumb]4 ,:5 !    
h\se ,i occupy 0 built1 x 0 a m]e       
int]position ( ,provid5ce t ! dra9 did n
 g s\?w>d into a ,folke/one sew] in/ead 

( nor?w>d into ,s&gate4 ,heav5 kn[s :at 
w\ld h happ5$ if x _h6 ,i & my neighb\rs
 are by a special concession p]mitt$ to 
h wat] f ! ,folke/one s\rce4 ,by        
incessant vigilance we d1 ,i believe1   
usually succe$ 9 d$uct+ ! ,folke/one    
wat] rate f ! ,s&gate g5]al rate :i*    
cov]s wat]1 b ! we> & te> is enorm\s4   
,h[ev]1 ^! are details1 de> to my he>t1 
b ! m]e/ m>g9al comm5ts to my argum5t4  
,! ess5tial fact is ! impracticable     
sill9ess ( ^! little divisions1 ! wa/e (
 m51 ! wa/e ( n]v\s en]gy1 ! wa/e (     
adm9i/rative en]gy !y involve4 ,i am    
conv9c$ t 9 ! case ( almo/ any public   
s]vice 9 ! ,folke/one di/rict ) our     
pres5t b\nd>ies1 ! adm9i/rative wa/e w m
 ?an equal ! pr(it ( a private company )
 p>liam5t>y p[]s ov]rid+ our local      
au?orities2 t if x is simply a *oice    
betwe5 ^! little bodies & a company 7( !
 common type ev571 !n 9 light+1         
locomotion1 & inde$ 9 almo/ any g5]al   
public s]vice1 ,i w\ld say1 8give me !  
company40 ,) companies "o may hope to   

deal lat]2 !y w n /& 9 ! way ( develop+ 
san] areas1 b an ob/9ate little au?ority
 clut*+ ev]y?+ 9 its h&s1 & l$ by a cl]k
 naturally int]e/$ 9 litigation1 & :o is
 also some?+ ( an exp]t 9 political     
organization1 w be an altoge!r h>d] ?+  
to sup]s$e4  ,?is difficulty 9 great] or
 less] degree is ev]y:]e4 ,9 ! case (   
poor law adm9i/ration 9 p>ticul>1 & also
 9 ! case ( elem5t>y education1 ! :ole  
c\ntry displays :at is ano!r aspect (   
?is same g5]al ph5om5on (               
delocalization2 ! )drawal ( all !       
weal?i] p f ! areas t are specializ+ z  
indu/rial c5tres1 & :i* h a ris+        
population ( poor work]s1 to areas t are
 specializ+ z resid5tial1 & :i* h1 if   
any?+1 a fall+ proportion ( poor        
lab\r]s4 ,9 a place l ,we/ ,ham or      
,tott5ham y f9d />v$ s*ools & an        
abundant delocaliz$ indu/rial           
population1 &1 by way ( contra/1 at     
,guild=d or ,f>nham = example1 y w f9d  
enorm\sly ri* delocaliz$ p1 belong+ to !
 same great community z ^! work]s1 :o   

pay only ! mo/ trivial poor rate & s*ool
 rate = ! b5efit ( _! few imm$iate      
neighb\rs1 & escape altoge!r f ! bur!ns 
( ,we/ ,ham4 ,by treat+ ^! places z     
sep>ate communities y commit a cruel    
inju/ice on ! poor4 ,s f> z ^! ?+s g1 to
 claim conv5i5ce = ! exi/+ areas is     
absurd4 ,& x is becom+ m & m evid5t t ) 
tramways1 ) light+1 ) electric heat+ &  
=ce supply1 & ) ! supply ( wat] to great
 populations1 !re is an enorm\s         
advantage 9 l>ge g5]at+ /ations & l>ge  
areas2 t ^! ?+s mu/ be h&l$ 9 areas (   
hundr$s ( squ>e miles to be effici5tly  
done4  ,9 ! case ( second>y & high]     
education "o discov]s an equal /ress &  
incompatibility4 ,at pres5t1 ,i mu/ po9t
 out1 ev5 ! b\nd>ies ( ! project$       
educational au?ority = ,london are      
absurdly n>r[4 ,= example1 9 ,folke/one1
 z 9 e t[n ^u ! s\? coa/1 !re are doz5s 
( second>y s*ools t are purely ,london  
s*ools1 & fill$ ) ,london boys & girls1 
& !re are endless great s*ools l        
,tonbridge & ,*>t]h\se outside ! ,london

 area t are also ,london s*ools4 ,if y  
get1 = example1 a vigor\s & effici5t    
educational au?ority = ,london1 & y     
raise a f9e educational sy/em 9 !       
,london area1 y w f9d x incomplete 9 an 
almo/ vital p>ticul>4 ,y w give !       
prosp]\s middle class & ! upp] class (  
,london ! alt]native ( good tea*+ & bad 
air1 or ( :at v probably1 "u tol]ant    
local au?orities1 w be relatively bad   
tea*+ & op5 air & ex]cise out ( ,london4
 ,y w h to tax ?is influ5tial class ( p 
= ! magnific5t s*ools !y 9 _m cases w be
 unable to use4 ,z a consequ5ce1 y w f9d
 aga9 all ! difficulties ( _!           
opposition1 practically ! same          
difficulties t arise s naturally 9 ! way
 ( municipal trad+4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t x  
w\ld be n only logical b politic1 = !   
,london ,educational ,au?ority1 & n !   
local au?ority1 to control e second>y   
s*ool :]ev] x happ5$ to be1 :i* 9 an    
av]age ( ye>s drew m ?an half its       
att5dance f ! ,london area4 ,t1 h[ev]1  
by ! way4 ,! po9t m mat]ial to my       

argum5t "h is t ! educational           
organization ( ! ,london area1 ! ,?ames 
valley1 & ! s\!rn c\nties are           
insep>able2 t ! "q ( local locomotion is
 rapidly becom+ impossible ^u any small]
 basis ?an su* an area2 t roads1 light  
railways1 dra9age1 wat]1 are all clam\r+
 n[ to be dealt ) on ! big scale2 & t ! 
m y cut ?is great area up1 ! m y leave x
 9 ! h&s ( ! localiz$ m51 ! m y s9 aga9/
 effici5cy & ! light4  ,i hope t y w    
consid] ?is fir/ "p ( my case prov$4 ,& 
n[ ,i pass on to ! m debatable "q--!    
nature ( ! new divisions t are to       
replace ! old4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t ?is is a
 matt] only to be answ]$ 9 detail by an 
exhau/ive analysis ( ! di/ribution (    
population 9 relation to economic /&+1 b
 ,i may p]haps j indicate r\ghly :at at 
a fir/ glance ,i imag9e w\ld be "o      
suitable local gov]nm5t area4 ,let me   
rem9d y t "s ye>s ago ! ,cons]vative    
p>ty1 9 an outbreak ( intellig5ce1 did 9
 a sort ( transitory way see some?+ (   
:at ,i h be5 try+ to express to-night1 &

 creat$ ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil--only  
to qu>rel ) x & hate x & fe> x ev] s9ce4
 ,well1 my proposal w\ld be to make a   
mu* great] area ev5 ?an ! ,london       
,c\nty1 & try to include 9 x ! :ole     
sy/em ( :at ,i might call !             
,london-c5tr$ population4 ,i believe ,if
 y 7 to take ! :ole valley ( ! ,?ames & 
its tribut>ies & draw a l9e along its   
b\nd>y wat]%$1 & !n include ) t ,sussex 
& ,surrey1 & ! ea/ coa/ c\nties up to ! 
,wa%1 y w\ld ov]take & anticipate !     
delocaliz+ process almo/ completely4 ,y 
w\ld h :at has become1 or is becom+ v   
rapidly1 a new urban region1 a complete 
community ( ! new type1 ri* & poor & all
 sorts & aspects ( economic life toge!r4
 ,i w\ld sugge/ t wat]%$s make excell5t 
b\nd>ies4 ,let me rem9d y t railways1   
tramways1 dra9-pipes1 wat]-pipes1 &     
high-roads h ?is 9 common--!y w n climb 
ov] a wat]%$ if !y c possibly avoid do+ 
s1 & t population & s*ools & poor t5d   
always to di/ribute !mselves 9          
accordance ) ^! o!r ?+s4 ,y get ! m9imum

 ( possible ov]lap--su* ov]lap z !      
spread+ out ( ! great midl& city to meet
 ,london mu/ "s day cause--9 ?is way4 ,i
 w\ld sugge/ t = ! regulation (         
sanitation1 education1 communications1  
indu/rial control1 & poor relief1 & = ! 
taxation = ^! purposes1 ?is area %\ld be
 "o1 gov]n$ by "o body1 elect$ by local 
con/itu5cies t w\ld make its activities 
indep5d5t ( imp]ial politics4 ,i propose
 t ?is body %\ld replace y\r c\nty      
c\ncils1 bo>ds ( gu>dians1 urban & rural
 di/rict c\ncils1 & all ! re/ ( !m      
altoge!r2 t y %\ld elect x1 p]haps      
tri5nially1 once = all4 ,= any purpose (
 a m local sort1 local wat]-supply      
sy/ems1 local tramway sy/ems--! tramways
 betwe5 ,brighton & ,%oreham1 =         
example--?is body might delegate its    
p[]s to subord9ate committees1 consi/+1 
x has be5 sugge/$ to me by ,mrs4 ,sidney
 ,webb1 ( ! memb]s = ! local            
con/itu5cies conc]n$1 toge!r ) ano!r    
memb] or s to safegu>d ! g5]al int]e/s1 
or p]haps ) an appo9t$ exp]t or s 9     

addition4 ,^! committees w\ld submit _! 
detail$ s*emes = ! approval ( committees
 appo9t$ by ! g5]al body1 & !y w\ld be  
controllable by t body4 ,h[ev]1 !re is  
no ne$ = detail$ s*em+ "h & n[4 ,let u  
keep to ! ma9 idea4  ,i submit t su* a  
mammo? municipality z ?is w be1 on ! "o 
h&1 an enorm\sly m effici5t sub/itute = 
y\r pres5t little local gov]nm5t bodies1
 & on ! o!r h&1 w be able to take ov] a 
consid]able proportion ( ! detail$ "w & 
a consid]able proportion ( ! detail$    
ma*9]y1 ( y\r ov]work$ & too ext5sive   
c5tral ma*9]y1 y\r local gov]nm5t bo>d1 
education dep>tm5t1 & bo>d ( trade4 ,x w
 be great en\gh & f9e en\gh to revive ! 
dy+ s5tim5t ( local patriotism1 & x w be
 a body t w appeal to ! ambition ( ! mo/
 en]getic & capable m5 9 ! community4   
,!y w be pick$ m51 to a mu* great] ext5t
 ?an are y\r gu>dians1 y\r urban di/rict
 c\ncillors & t[n c\ncillors & s on1 at 
pres5t1 because !re w be p]haps a hundr$
 or a c\ple ( hundr$ ( !m 9 ! place ( _m
 ?\s&s4 ,& ,i v5ture to ?9k t 9 su* a   

body y may confid5tly hope to f9d a     
collective intellig5ce t may be pitt$   
aga9/ any tru/ or bo>d ( directors ! _w 
is likely to produce4  ,i sugge/ ?is    
body z a sort ( concrete sample ( ! ?+  
,i h 9 m9d4 ,i am q op5 to he> & accept 
! mo/ f>-rea*+ modification ( ?is s*eme2
 x is ! idea ( ! scale t ,i wi%         
p>ticul>ly to en=ce4 ,municipalize on   
?is scale1 ,i w\ld say1 & ,i am ) y     
altoge!r4 ,"h is some?+ di/9ctly &      
cle>ly subs]v+ t mak+ ( mank9d ^u :i*   
all sane social & political proposals   
mu/ ultimately base !mselves4 ,b to put 
m p[]1 & /ill m p[] 9 ! h&s ( ^! petty  
little adm9i/rative bodies t we h       
to-day1 is1 ,i submit1 folly & d>kness4 
,if ! exi/+ areas are to rema9 ! same1  
!n1 on ! :ole1 my vote is aga9/         
municipal trad+1 & on ! :ole1 ) reg>d to
 light1 to tramways & communications1 to
 telephones1 & inde$ to ne>ly all su*   
public s]vices1 ,i w\ld pref] to see ^! 
?+s 9 ! h&s ( companies1 & ,i w\ld      
/ipulate only = ! maximum publicity = _!

 acc\nts & ! fulle/ provision = detail$ 
regulation ?r\gh ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4