,,debat+ ,,= ,,boys ,,debat+ ,,= ,,boys ,,by ,,william ,,horton ,,fo/] ,new ,york ,,/urgis ,,walton ,,company #aiae ,all rights res]v$ ,copyright1 #aiac ,,by ,,! ,,p]ry ,,mason ,,company ,copyright1 #aiac1 #aiad ,,by ,,! ,,boy ,,sc\ts ,,( ,,am]ica ,copyright1 #aiae ,,by ,,/urgis ,,walton ,,company ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$1 ,augu/1 #aiae ,,preface ,! judge1 9 awful erm9e1 on ! b5*2 ! jury1 gl[]+1 9 its box2 ! prison]1 ,,! ,,book1 9 ! dock3 ent] 9 humility1 ! attorney = ! def5se1 ,,! ,,preface4 8,:at excuse = exi/5ce has ! prison]80 ?und]s ! judge 9 tones t make ! culprit's leaves %ake4 ,9 cr++ def]5ce1 ! attorney = ! def5se falt]s1 8,none1 y\r lord%ip1 none1 b44440 ,su* is ! sc5e t _m prefaces sugge/4 ,?is preface1 h[ev]1 is diff]5t--& q %ameless4 ,x says1 m]ely1 t ! title 8,debat+ = ,boys0 c>ries its own /atem5t ( its reason = be+4 ,boys l to debate2 debat+ w d !m good4 ,?is volume is a simple1 unpret5ti\s manual design$ to help boys to debate effici5tly--to get f ! mo/ manly ( all sports1 & a royal sport x is1 all ( ! pleasure & pr(it x has to (f]4 ,! book is design$1 fir/ ( all1 z an aid to ! boy himself--9 home1 club1 s*ool1 *ur*--&1 also1 z an aid to ! fa!r1 club director1 tea*]1 cl]gyman1 all1 9 fact1 :o are 8 fri5ds & advis]s4 ,i wi% to ?ank ,! ,y\?'s ,companion = its c\rte\s p]mission to repr9t "o *apt] :i* orig9ally appe>$ ^u its ,boys' ,page2 ,boys' ,life1 ! ,boy ,sc\ts' magaz9e1 = k9d cons5t to ! republication ( mu* matt] :i* fir/ saw ! light ( pr9t 9 its columns2 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,smi? ,*apman = valuable mat]ial ^u p>liam5t>y law2 & ,mr4 ,w>r5 ,dunham ,fo/] = 8 g5]al editorial direction ( ! book4 ,ackn[l$gm5t is due ,mr4 ,rollo ,l4 ,lyman ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 & ,mr4 ,george ,p4 ,bak] ( ,h>v>d1 ^: me?ods ( tea*+ argum5tation h become /&>d4 ,w4 ,h4 ,f4 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,,:y ,,boys ,,%\ld ,,debate #c ,,ii ,,:at ,,debate ,,really ,,is #ac ,,iii ,,:at ,,to ,,debate #ai ,,iv ,,gett+ ,,ready #be ,v ,,t]ms ,,& ,,issues #cj ,,vi ,,cla% ,,( ,,argum5ts #ch ,,vii ,,evid5ce #dg ,,viii ,,! ,,brief #ef ,,ix ,,refutation #ga ,x ,,deliv]y #gi ,,xi ,,f9al ,,sugge/ions #hc ,,xii ,,h[ ,,! ,,fairfield ,,boys ,,organiz$ #hh ,,xiii ,,_! ,,p>liam5t>y ,,proc$ure #aja ,,xiv ,,! ,,=d ,,hall ,,t[n ,,meet+ #aaf ,,xv ,,s\rces ,,( ,,mat]ial #acd ,,app5dix ,a4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,debate #ada ,b4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,judge ,a ,,debate #aec ,c4 ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,boys' ,,debat+ ,,club ,,( ,,fairfield #aef ,d4 ,,table ,,( ,,p>liam5t>y ,,rules #afj ,e4 ,,rules ,,( ,,! ,,=d ,,t[n ,,meet+ #afd ,,debat+ ,,= ,,boys ,,*apt] ,i ,,:y ,,boys ,,%\ld ,,debate ,= two reasons ,i am go+ to discuss ) y ! !ories ( debat+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! debate ( ! boys' club1 ( ! s*ool society1 or ( ! city lyceum1 is ! same 9 =m & me?od z ! debates 9 legislature or ,congress4 ,any lad :o is tra9$ to debate1 :o kn[s 8 subject1 :o is logical & direct1 :o is fright5$ nei!r at 8 own voice nor ( 8 oppon5t's ability1 w lat] 9 life be able to meet an oppon5t 9 ! l>g] halls ( ! capital4 ,he w f9d x no diff]5t 9 ,wa%+ton ?an x 0 9 ! village s*ool--8 audi5ce w be l>g] & 8 judges diff]5t b ! rules gov]n+ 8 ?\ght & its expression w be ! same4 ,9 ! second place1 :5 he is effectively tra9$ 9 debate1 he is also completely equipp$ = ! m in=mal ?\ght & discussion :i* is 8 daily habit4 ,:5 f 8 /udy & practice ( debat+1 he kn[s some?+ ( logic1 some?+ ( ! ord9>y rules ( evid5ce1 some?+ ( ! organization ( an argum5t1 he w be impati5t & intol]ant ( weak & jo9tless talk1 ev5 9 in=mal discussion4 ,e "o has ov]he>d 9 cr[ds talk :i* has pass$ = argum5t b has be5 z =mless z a jelly-fi%--m]ely talk4 ,x began n[h]e & end$ n[h]e4 ,s ,i propose to discuss debat+ because x w prep>e y = ! highe/ responsibilities :i* may be plac$ ^u y1 :ile at ! same "t x w equip y = ! ev]yday duties ( active boyhood & lat] manhood4 ,purpose ( ,debat+4--,rememb] !n t debate is simply ! spok5 argum5t pres5t$ =mally2 :at is its purpose8 ,! answ] is1 n to beat ! o!r side1 b to get at ! facts4 ,n[ 9 "s games1 al?\gh ( c\rse x is ( prime importance t ! conte/ be manly & ! sport clean1 !re is a di/9ct value 9 ! /rife itself & victory is s\ght = its own sake2 ! elem5t ( "r or wrong does n ent] into ! "q at all4 ,!re is no "r or wrong to x4 ,b 9 debate ! purpose is n to w9 at any co/2 n to confuse ! oppon5t1 nor to trick him1 b to w9 by absolute /r5g? ( argum5t--to pres5t su* argum5t z w %[ ! facts4 ,9 debates ! tru? is want$--n necess>ily ! decision1 ! victory4 ,= ! purpose & object ( debate is to det]m9e ^u "s c\rse ( action1 to arrive at "s decision2 x is a poor sort ( victory :i* secures a decision at ! exp5se ( facts4 ,= example1 suppose t y are a ,boy ,sc\t & t y\r patrol has decid$ ^u a hike to ,mt4 ,ra9i]4 ,! fir/ "q to discuss & settle w be ! be/ r\te to take4 ,jack ,pr5tice may "k ! way absolutely1 b may n be ne>ly s flu5t a talk] z ,frank ,gordon1 :o ) v little k ( ! propos$ hike1 c\ld easily sil5ce poor ,jack 9 ! discussion4 ,:at w be ! effect ( ,frank's victory1 if he ga9s x8 ,if ,jack is made to look ridicul\s 9 discussion1 if he loses 8 pres5ce ( m9d & s /amm]s ov] 8 /atem5ts t 8 fell[ ,sc\ts lose pati5ce & take ,frank's m flu5t spee* = fact & adopt 8 propos$ r\te1 :at w x all avail if !y take ! wrong road8 ,w x n be a holl[ victory 9 ! end8 ,& w 8 victory add to ,frank's reputation1 al?\gh 8 fell[s may be v will+ to admit 8 clev]ness8 ,w n t v clev]ness make !m all ! m unwill+ to tru/ 8 future argum5ts1 :5 !y rememb] ?is failure8 ,on ! o!r h& :at ab\t ,jack8 ,is our only feel+ t[>d him "o ( sympa?y8 ,no1 he %\ld h tra9$ 8 p[]s1 he %\ld h e>ly 8f\nd himself0 s t he w\ld n fall an easy victim to m]e clev]ness4 ,9 o!r words1 ,frank is responsible = ! use he made ( 8 p[]s1 & ,jack is responsible = ! use he did n make ( 84 ,if ! patrol got caught (f ! road on ! hike1 ,i imag9e !y w\ld blame bo? ,frank & ,jack ab\t equally4 ,debate ,mu/ ,lead to ,action4--,n[ y may n at fir/ see ! p>allel betwe5 a debate on ! be/ r\te = a propos$ hike & a g5]al debate on cons]vation1 = example4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 are really gov]n$ by ! same rules & _! purpose & object is ! same4 ,9 ! plans = y\r hike1 y propos$ to d some?+1 to g some:]e2 if ! "q ( cons]vation is up = discussion x is ) "s def9ite end 9 view1 n simply z an excuse = g5]al talk ab\t x4 ,! discussion :i* does n lead to a def9ite plan ( action is n truly argum5t4 ,if aft] y\r audi5ce1 :e!r x is y\r patrol1 y\r debat+ club1 or lat] y\r legislature1 has li/5$ to y1 x says 8,:at a f9e spee*60 y h fail$4 ,! audi5ce %\ld be conv9c$ to ! po9t ( action4 ,demo/h5es said to 8 rival1 8,:5 ! ,a!nians li/5 to y !y say #8,:at a f9e spee*6' ,:5 !y he> me !y say1 #8,let's g fight aga9/ ,philip4'0 ,s any argum5t1 & debate1 mu/ conv9ce ! he>]s t ! facts are z claim$1 t ! d$uctions bas$ ^u ^! facts are s\nd & t ! c\rse advis$ is correct4 ,f9ally & supremely1 x mu/ lead some:]e2 x mu/ h a def9ite plan to propose & mu/ lead ! he>]s to foll[ t plan4 ,b5efits to ! ,individual4--,if1 !n1 ! purpose ( debate is to get at ! facts & to det]m9e ! prop] action to be tak5 ) ref]5ce to ^? facts1 :at are ! b5efits ( debate to ! debat] himself8 ,!y are _m & v>i$4 ,tra9+ 9 ,self-,control4--,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! tra9+ 9 self-control :i* comes to ! debat]4 ,sometimes "o c face a physical em]g5cy ) =titude :5 he %r9ks f a situation :i* calls = no physical pluck at all4 ,only a few ye>s ago a fam\s ,h>v>d football play] :o _h be5 ! ma9/ay ( 8 team 9 _m a scrimmage actually fa9t$ away :5 he fir/ attempt$ to take "p 9 a debate4 ,:5 he 0 reviv$ he 0 s disgu/$ ) himself t he insi/$ on try+ aga91 & he did1 aft] a fa%ion1 g ?r\gh 8 "p 9 ! debate4 ,mortifi$ at 8 failure1 he p]si/$ 9 z /r5u\s a c\rse 9 8 debat+ class z ev] _h be5 impos$ ^u him by 8 football coa*4 ,he won1 & became "o ( ,h>v>d's /> debat]s4 ,y see1 ! physical self-control he _h acquir$ on ! gridiron 0 n available to him 9 debate2 b x is ! skill 9 debate :i* is n[ help+ him 9 aft] life--n necess>ily 8 football pr[ess4 ,tra9+ to ,meet ,em]g5cies4--,y w le>n h[ to meet em]g5cies if y become skillful 9 debate4 ,mo/ ( u c frame a fair argum5t if we c sit quietly d[n & ?9k x out ) no "o to bo!r u4 ,b to be able to control & comm& y\r res\rces s t !y are ready = quick action--t is a diff]5t ability--an ability t "w 9 debat+ w give y4 ,if ,jack has /udi$ out 8 "q he may be able to give a v /rong argum5t = x4 ,b suppose ,frank is !re to ask ,jack que/ions or to sugge/ measures contr>y to ^? he is advocat+1 ,jack is likely to lose 9 8 argum5t unless he has s prep>$ himself t ,frank's c\nt] argum5ts h already be5 consid]$ & provid$ =4 ,y w see t x is n en\gh to h argum5ts--y mu/ h !m ready = use4 ,x is a good deal l a camp+ equipm5t2 x w n aid y 9 ! woods if x is pack$ away at home4 ,?is prep>$ness1 z f> z argum5t is conc]n$1 debat+ w tea* y4 ,kn[+--,n ,do+4--,y "k education is a process ( prep>+ a man to get ! mo/ out ( himself & ! mo/ out ( life4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 a boy kn[s a great deal b c d b v little4 ,i h kn[n boys :o c\ld tell y all ab\t ! v>i\s me?ods ( signal+ s9ce ,gideon tra9$ 8 troop ( w>riors2 yet1 if y %\ld ask ^! boys1 !y c\ldn't actually s5d ! simple/ message4 ,!y "k1 b !y c n d4 ,n[ ! tra9+ 9 meet+ em]g5cies :i* debat+ gives a boy1 lays ! emphasis on quick decision1 b above all on quick decision t means action4 ,?is tra9+ 9 self-control :i* practice 9 debat+ gives is invaluable 9 aft] life4 ,:5 ! boy1 = in/ance1 is aft] a job1 if he has self-control he w be able to face 8 possible employ] ) c\rage & to put up ! front he is entitl$ to %[4 ,! timid boy1 h[ev]1 w probably be unable to pres5t 8 claims 9 a fa%ion t %[s _! m]it4 ,_m o!r su* cases w occur to any ( y4 ,debat+ ,=ms ,habits ( ,correct ,spee*4--,next to its value 9 tra9+ = self-control1 practice 9 debat+ is valuable 9 ! =mation ( correct habits ( spee*4 ,i d n mean ! 8f9e writ+0 we recognize s easily1 :i* is sometimes beautiful b m (t5 only funny4 ,i mean t direct ,engli% :i* aims to say c]ta9 ?+s 9 ! simple/ fa%ion & 9 ! fewe/ words4 ,nev] to use a long ^w :5 a %ort "o w express ! exact mean+1 nev] to use a =eign ^w or a ^w ( =eign d]ivation :5 a pla9 ,saxon ^w w d--a few su* rules z ^! w soon =m a cle> clean /yle1 & no drill equals ! debate = ! recognition ( ?is /yle or its opposite1 huge bomba/ic /atem5t4 ,hav5't y notic$ h[ mu* worse a poor s5t5ce s\nds ?an x looks8 ,x is l comp>+ cannon balls ) toy balloons--!y may look ab\t ! same size & may h ! same g5]al appe>ance b to use !m--well1 ,i w\ld r juggle ) toy balloons ?an ) cannon balls b ! cannon balls w\ld surely be ! m reliable 9 an argum5t2 :i* d y ?9k w\ld c>ry ! mo/ weight8 ,y surely recognize a cle> exact /yle :5 y he> x1 & y surely recognize slov5ly c>eless spee* :5 y he> x4 ,n[ y c't 9 debate h a clean cle> /yle if y hav5't a clean cut incisive argum5t--if y hav5't ?\ght y\r subject ?r\gh4 ,& on ! contr>y1 y\r v "w ?9k+ y\r argum5t out w /r5g!n y\r /yle & simplify y\r spee*4 ,matt]s s ord9>y z gramm> & pronunciation w unconsci\sly correct !mselves :5 y he> y\r own voice ei!r grac+ or disgrac+ y\r ?\ght4 ,y\r vocabul>y w be enl>g$1 y\r diction cl>ifi$1 &1 on ! physical side1 y\r articulation w be cle>] & m di/9ct2 y w le>n to /& squ>ely on bo? feet & n w&] aimlessly ab\t or sway z if bl[n ^u by cont5d+ breezes4 ,y see1 if y ?9k a mom5t1 t e "o ( ^! ?+s1 s important to y :e!r z boy or man1 is drill$ into y by practice 9 debate4 ,debat+ ,means ,con/ructive ,?9k+4--,9 ! next place1 n only is practice 9 debate invaluable 9 acquir+ self-control & correct habits ( spee*1 b also x tea*es y to organize y\r own p[]s2 x drills y 9 con/ructive ?9k+4 ,9 mu* ( y\r s*ool "w1 y le>n & recite ! words ( o!rs--ei!r ( tea*]s or ( textbook writ]s4 ,b if a subject = debate is propos$1 y mu/ ?9k x out y\rself4 ,= example1 if "s su* "q is propos$ = y\r debate z3 8,is ! cons]vation ( ! timb] supply ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates wise80 y at once mu/ by y\r own indep5d5t ?9k+ prep>e y\r argum5t4 ,y\r tea*] or o!r fri5ds w aid y b y mu/ "w x out y\rself4 ,y w fir/ ask y\rself :at y mean & :at is meant g5]ally by 8cons]vation02 y w !n ask :]e & h[ mu* ! same policy has be5 tri$ 9 o!r c\ntries1 :y x %\ld be tri$ "h & :at results may be reasonably expect$ to foll[ ! policy "h4 ,y catalogue ! reasons = & aga9/ ! propos$ policy & weigh ! moral que/ions involv$1 if any4 ,y limit ! "q )9 its prop] b\nds--9 %ort y build up ! /ructure ( y\r argum5t mu* z y w\ld build a signal t[]4 ,y see t y\r f\ndations are prop]ly laid & t e upright & brace is prop]ly plac$ & jo9t$4 ,debat]s ,c ,detect ,false ,reason+4--,!n :5 y h f\nd y\rself1 :5 y h acquir$ ma/]y ( y\rself1 ( y\r mann] & ( y\r argum5t1 practice 9 debat+ has an additional value /ill great]4 ,y w le>n to recognize s\nd reason+ :]ev] y he> x & w detect ! false ) equal ease4 ,)\t consci\s ef=t on y\r "p1 y w apply to ! casual argum5t z y meet x1 to ! public address1 to ! writt5 article1 to ! newspap] editorial1 ^? /&>ds by :i* y h built up y\r own argum5t4 ,x w be difficult = y to ov]look inconsi/5cy & false reason+1 = y\r m9d w h become accu/om$ to exact & cle> ?9k+--y\r habits ( m9d w h become /&>diz$1 z ! factory exp]t w\ld say4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,:at ,,debate ,,really ,,is ,i h fail$ 9 my argum5t s f> unless ,i h accompli%$ two ?+s4 ,fir/1 & mo/ important1 ,i mu/ h conv9c$ y t ,i am "r z f> z ,i h gone4 ,second1 to h my argum5t really wor? :ile1 ,i mu/ h done m--,i mu/ h made y want to debate4 ,= an argum5t is only half an argum5t unless x br+s y to ! po9t ( do+4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> x diff]s f _m o!r k9ds ( speak+--cont5tion = example4 ,9 cont5tion1 ! cont5d] has v little hope z a rule ( *ang+ 8 adv]s>y's m9d4 ,he is n argu+2 he is simply /ick+ up = 8 po9t4 ,h[ mu* ( :at passes = argum5t belongs to ?is class ( ef=t6 ,y he> x 9 ! /reet e day1 & on ! baseball diamond--did y ev] he> ! discussion ov] a disput$ decision by ! umpire8 ,did y ev] he> any argum5t !re8 ,did ,capta9 ,jack1 or ,capta9 ,frank1 or ,capta9 ,*ance1 or ,capta9 ,mc,graw1 ev] really ?9k he c\ld conv9ce any jury1 ei!r ( play]s1 umpires or spectators1 t he 0 really "r8 ,argum5t ,diff]s ,also ,f ,p]suasion4--,!re are o!r =ms ( m5tal ef=t express$ 9 spok5 ^w1 p]fectly legitimate 9 !mselves1 :i* are n argum5ts1 al?\gh g5]ally class$ z su*4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 argum5t & p]suasion4 ,c y rememb] :5 y 7 try+ to get y\r fri5d ,bob or p]haps y\r :ole cr[d to foll[ y\r sugge/ion8 ,h[ y coax$ & urg$ & teas$4 ,( c\rse t 0 _m ye>s ago b y\r argum5t 767 ran some?+ l ?is1 didn't x8 8,oh1 ,i say1 ,bob1 come on d[n to ! creek40 8,let's g 9 swimm+60 8,oh1 yes60 8,let's60 8,say1 x's j fun60 8,oh1 nev] m9d gett+ 9 t k9dl+1 y c d x aft] we get back--sure y c6 ,y'll h pl5ty ( "t1 & besides y\r "m won't c>e v mu*40 8,oh1 come on60 8,don't be a fraid cat60 8,y are a regul> sissy6 ,y dassn't g--y h to /ay close home6 ,i tell y1 ,i j d z ,i please--my ma lets me d j z ,i want to4 ,%e kn[s ,i w\ld1 anyway40 8,oh1 come on1 ,bob1 be a good fell[60 ,& s x w\ld run on--n a p>ticle ( argum5t1 no?+ b appeal to ! emotions1 & ^? n ( ! l(tie/ k9d4 ,b is t sc5e too boyi% = y to rememb]8 ,h[ ab\t t "t only a little :ile ago :5 y 7 n urg+ ,bob to g d[n to ! 8old swimm+ hole10 b to a place n q s h>mless z t1 ! place :]e ! creek back$ up into a pond1 muddy & actually %all[ x mu/ be confess$1 b none ! less bett] ?an any m>ble ba? ( emp]or or k+4 ,bob didn't want to play pool ) y 9 t pool-room y\r fa!r said 0 no place = a boy1 b y teas$ him into go+4 ,y\r sne]s at 8 desire to keep himself clean & sweet & 8m9d 8 "m0 maybe 7 n q s obvi\s z ^? e>li] boyi% effusions b !y 7 none ! less appeals to ! weak] in/9cts4 ,& c y rememb] t hot day 9 ,july away back1 :5 y 7 only a y\ng/] y "k8 ,h[ y want$ ! wor/ way to g fi%+ b ,bob want$ to lie on ! gr\nd "u ! tree & read ,campmates8 ,h[ x j seem$ to y z ?\gh y simply mu/ g fi%+1 & yet h[ equally det]m9$ y 7 t y w\ld n g alone b t ,bob mu/ g too1 book or no book8 ,y c rememb] h[ y teas$ & coax$ & urg$1 & f9ally h[ y brib$ him by (f]+ to give him t trade on ! book he _h want$ s long4 ,y c>ri$ y\r po9t1 b 0 x argum5t8 ,c't y rememb]1 too1 h[ y capp$ y\r f9al urg+s ( ,bob only a few days ago by (f]+ to introduce him to y\r c\s9 ,nellie :o _h come f ,fairfield to visit y8 ,y knew ,bob admir$ h] greatly & y imag9$ t if y c\ldn't get ,bob to agree to y\r plan by y\r urg+ & coax+1 y c\ld easily w9 him ov]1 if y c\ld promise him ! covet$ introduction4 ,no1 lad1 ^! sc5es are n too boyi%4 ,!y frame a po9t = y4 ,! tru? is t1 s f> z ! fact ( conviction or p]suasion 9 argum5t is conc]n$1 ! bribe ( ! book & ( ! introduction to ,nellie is on ! same plane 9 ! argum5t z ! logic ( ! (f] ( money to ! legislator to influ5ce 8 m9d 9 ! debate :]e9 he engages4 ,argum5t1 !re=e1 is address$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to reason alone2 x may or may n be comb9$ ) p]suasion b ! two are absolutely diff]5t4 ,! p]fect argum5t w be s absolutely conv9c+1 its logic w be s unansw]able t its he>]s w be compell$ by its v =ce to foll[ its conclusions s9ce !y c n escape !m4 ,blackhawk's ,appeal4--,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 to ! reason+ ( ! argum5t mu/ be add$ ! p]suasion ( ! appeal to ! in/9cts ( love1 duty1 patriotism & ! l4 ,n[ :5 ?is appeal is us$ or is ! ess5tial "p ( ! s-call$ argum5t x is outside ( true debate2 x falls into a class t 9 "s cases is high] ?an debate b nev]!less di/9ct4 ,s :5 9 our e>li] hi/ory ,blackhawk1 z we say1 debat$ ! cause ( 8 ,sacs & ,foxes1 he did n really argue _! case ) cold calm reason b appeal$ to ! s5tim5t ( 8 he>]s1 to _! s5se ( patriotism4 ,pontiac & ,osceola nev] pres5t$ a s]ies ( logical reasons :y _! ,indian bro!rs %\ld be treat$ diff]5tly1 b !y did1 z did o!r notable *iefta9s1 (t5 9 passionate oratory1 appeal to ^? emotions :i* dwell n 9 reason b 9 s5tim5t4 ,if ! que/ions betwe5 ! r$ man & ! :ite man 7 debat$1 reason w\ld say t ! r$ man _h fail$ to use 8 h]itage to ! be/ advantage4 ,x w\ld argue t he _h kept millions ( acres ( l& 9 an uncultivat$ /ate s t ! game :i* =m$ 8 meat supply c\ld roam undi/urb$ ov] hills & pla9s :i* c\ld support 9 com=t millions ( p4 ,x w\ld insi/ t a ,god ( b\nty & love c\ld nev] h int5d$ t ,8 gifts %\ld be s wa/$1 & ,8 provid5ce s abus$4 ,x w\ld %[ h[ ! v virtues--if virtues !y 7--call$ = by a savage life1 h>dness1 ins5sibility to pa9 & suff]+1 fi]c5ess1 made m5 m brutal & savage 9 _! int]c\rse among !mselves4 ,f all ^! argum5ts & f o!rs l !m1 reason w\ld say t ! r$ man _h n ju/ifi$ 8 own]%ip ( ! soil & t he mu/ yield its control to ! :ite4 ,! appeal ( ! ,indian orator1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld depict a sylvan sc5e ( hunt+ lodge or trapp]'s camp4 ,he w\ld picture ! primval r$ man1 erect1 haughty1 /]n1 pr\d1 & possess$ ( all ^? virtues f\nd s pl5tifully 9 ,coop]'s novels--& s seldom any:]e else4 ,he w\ld %[ ! simple qualities ( ! savage bra9 & ! nobl] traits :i* dwell among unciviliz$ peoples4 ,he c\ld con/ruct a passionately mov+ appeal to ! :ite man to all[ ?is unlett]$ savage1 8 r$ bro!r1 to rema9 ^u ! l&s ov] :i* 8 fa!rs _h hunt$ & :]e 8 tribal lodges _h be5 pit*$ s9ce 8grass grew & wat] ran40 ,! fir/ appeal w\ld be an argum5t address$ to ! he>]'s logical p[]s2 ! second w\ld appeal to ! he>]'s s5tim5t & emotion4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t (t5 ! mo/ awful results foll[ "s =ms ( p]suasion1 "s appeals :i* d n aim at ! high] motives b to passion & prejudice4 ,! hateful /ory ( _m a mob %[s ! effect ( p]suasion address$ to ! l[e/ in/ead ( ! high] in/9cts & emotions1 b ! p]suasion _h no?+ to d ) argum5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,:at ,,to ,,debate ,9 ! fir/ place rememb] t y mu/ debate some?+ :i* is debatable1 some?+ :i* c be prov$4 ,too _m times a "q is fram$ :i* c\ld nev] 9 ! reason ( ?+s be decid$4 ,= example1 to ref] to ! ,indian aga91 a "q might be /at$1 8,resolv$3 t ! treatm5t ( ! ,indian by ! :ite man has be5 unju/10 :i* c\ld be decid$ aft] a reasonable discussion4 ,! argum5ts1 ?\gh g5]al1 w\ld be ( su* a "* t a m or less exact weigh+ c\ld be _h & a v]dict tak54 ,b if ) ! same k9dly feel+ = ! oppress$ & hatr$ ( oppression1 a "q %\ld be select$1 8,resolv$3 t ! ,indian has suff]$ great] wrongs f ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t ?an has ! negro10 y see1 don't y1 h[ y c\ld nev] arrive at a v]dict8 ,"o side c\ld only cite in/ance aft] in/ance :]e ! ,indian has suff]$1 & ! o!r side c\ld retaliate by exactly ! same numb] ( cases ( wrongs ! negro has suff]$1 & ! scale w\ld be ev54 ,really a correct v]dict c\ld nev] be rea*$1 = to be sure & c]ta91 e wrong done to ea* race w\ld h to be catalogu$ & weigh$1 & only omnisci5ce c\ld hope successfully to accompli% t result4 ,take ano!r illu/ration3 8,resolv$3 t ! works ( nature are m beautiful ?an ! works ( art40 ,to ! ra9b[ ( ! affirmative c\ld be contra/$ ! electric f\nta9 ( ! negative2 to ! ,rock ( ,gibralt> w\ld be (f]$ ,sa9t-,gaud5s' /atue ( ,l9coln1 & s on indef9itely4 ,on ! o!r h& y may s /ate y\r "q t al?\gh ! argum5t on bo? sides may consi/ l>gely ( su* a catalogu+ ( facts1 ^? facts may s diff] 9 _! relations to ! g5]al "q t "o set w cle>ly outweigh ! o!r4 ,if y %\ld sugge/ z a "q1 = example1 8,resolv$3 t ,amundson is a great] explor] ?an ,pe>y10 ,i %\ld say t ! "q is n a good "o because ( ! sugge/ions ,i h j made2 ! debat]s w\ld simply balance ! h>d%ips ( ! ,ant>ctic explor] aga9/ ! trials ( ! ,arctic travel]4 ,n[ if ! "q is *ang$ s t x w\ld read1 8,resolv$3 t ! explorations ( ,amundson are m valuable to ! _w ?an ^? ( ,pe>y10 ,i %\ld /ill say ! "q is bad1 = ! value ( "o ice field w simply be ex*ang$ = t ( ano!r4 ,b if ! "n ( ,/anley 7 to be sub/itut$ 9 ! latt] "q = t ( ,amundson1 s t ! "q w\ld con/itute a comp>ison ( ! respective values ( arctic & equatorial exploration1 x w\ld op5 up a cle> field = discussion4 ,:e!r ! products ( ,africa are m valuable to ! _w ?an ^? ( ,gre5l&1 :e!r ! negroes mean m to ! _w ?an ! ,esquimaux1 :e!r ! sci5tific results are m valuable 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r1--^! propositions & o!rs l !m are op5 to argum5t & decision4 ,s1 to use ano!r illu/ration1 if ! "q is1 8,resolv$3 t a union ( ,engl& & ,am]ica w\ld be b5eficial to ! _w's progress10 !re is room = su* cle> & explicit reason+ on bo? sides t ! argum5ts w\ld be reasons & n simply a catalogue ( unrelat$ facts4 ,subjects ,%\ld ,be ,prop]ly ,limit$4--,ano!r rule valuable 9 ! selection ( a subject is t x %\ld be prop]ly limit$ s t too mu* is n attempt$4 ,?is is really ano!r way ( /at+ ! proposition t ! exact b\nd>ies ( ! "q %\ld be prop]ly def9$4 ,= example1 "o might be greatly int]e/$ 9 ! 8,philipp9e "q0 b t z s /at$ c\ld n be debat$4 ,:at is ! 8,philipp9e "q08 ,has x to d ) ! broad proposition t ! ,anglo-,saxon race 9 g5]al & t composite bran* ( ! race resid+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 p>ticul> has _h impos$ ^u x ! police duty commonly reg>d$ z ! 8,:ite ,man's ,burd508 ,or is ! "q "o ( comp>ison betwe5 ! respective values ( life 9 ! temp]ate & 9 ! tropic zones8 ,"s p>ticul> bran* ( ! "q mu/ be select$ & matt] outside ( x rigor\sly put aside4 ,if y %\ld attempt to cov] ! :ole subject1 y c\ld n prop]ly discuss x 9 a doz5 ev5+s1 & if y %\ld try to debate x 9 "o ev5+ )\t "s re/rictions1 !re w\ld be su* hopeless confusion t cle> argum5t w\ld be impossible4 ,ev5 if y get away f ! g5]al "* ( ! subject impli$ 9 a loose /atem5t ( ! "q1 y mu/ /ill def9e its limits closely4 ,= example1 if y\r "q reads1 8,resolv$3 t ! treatm5t ( ! ,philipp9es by ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 unju/10 x s\nds z if y _h n>r[$ ! "q satisfactorily4 ,y h tak5 x out ( ! doma9 ( _w civics & br\ght x home into national politics4 ,b ! "q is /ill too indef9ite4 ,y may be talk+ ab\t ! orig9al conque/ ( ! ,isl&s f ! ,spani>ds1 "o ( y\r p>tn]s 9 debate ab\t ! treatm5t ( ! ,isl&]s !mselves 9 ! lat] w>s1 "o ( y\r oppon5ts be speak+ ( ! attitude ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t[>d ! ,isl&s 9 bus9ess & ev]yday life1 & ano!r ( y\r oppon5ts1 ( ! alleg$ inju/ice on ! "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 n grant+ !m indep5d5ce4 ,any "o ( ^! int]pretations w\ld af=d ample occupation = a :ole ev5+1 b y see t unless ! "q is prop]ly re/rict$ y w\ld all be lo/ 9 hopeless confusion4 ,to take ano!r illu/ration3 ,we are all discuss+ ! immigration "q1 ^! days4 ,b "o reason :y !re is s mu* loose ?9k+ ab\t immigration is t we are talk+ ab\t diff]5t immigrants & f diff]5t angles & po9ts ( view4 ,= in/ance1 if we decide t immigration %\ld be re/rict$1 to :at immigration d we ref]8 ,all immigration8 ,immigrants f s\!rn ,europe1 f ,asia1 or f ! ,anglo-,saxon or ,g]manic nations8 ,or %all ! re/riction be gov]n$ by a lit]acy te/8 ,if s1 :at /&>d ( lit]acy %all be e/abli%$8 ,w ! ,greeks1 su* z ^? :o %9e our %oes & run our fruit /&s1 be %ut out because !y c n read ! ?rill+ /ory ( 8,! ,cat saw ! ,rat0 9 ! ,engli% prim]1 ev5 ?\gh !y read & enjoy ,hom] & ,plato 9 ! orig9al8 ,if y decide t ! ,hom] te/ ( lit]acy %all be appli$1 y mu/ /ill connect t k9d ( culture ) civic duties 9 "s way be=e y h a "q :i* prop]ly belongs to ! immigration problem4 ,o!rwise y may w&] fruitlessly among all ^? tangl$ mazes ( classical le>n+ :i* h af=d$ s _m opportunities = talk & s little = debate4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ! necessity ( prop] limitation ( y\r subject3 ,9 consid]+ ! desirability ( c]ta9 k9ds ( immigration1 y may be discuss+ po9ts :i* g only to ! "q ( ! admission ( ! =eign] to ?is c\ntry1 & y\r oppon5t may be discuss+ matt]s relat+ to ! treatm5t ( t same =eign] z a work] 9 ! factories or z a labor] on ! big con/ruction jobs ( ! c\ntry4 ,! fir/ ref]s to ,f$]al re/riction1 ! second to ! ,/ate's indu/rial treatm5t ( ! =eign] aft] he gets "h4 ,"o memb] ( ! team1 y see1 w\ld be talk+ ab\t ! gov]nm5t & legislation 9 ,wa%+ton2 ! o!r ab\t ! gov]nm5t & legislation at ,albany or ,spr+field or ,topeka1 z ! case might be4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,gett+ ,,ready ,y h be5 *all5g$ to debate by ! ,patrol f ,readville or by ! ,debat+ ,society ( ,b]keley4 ,:at is ! next /ep8 ,y %\ld meet y\r oppon5ts z e>ly z possible & arrange ! details ) !m4 ,s9ce ! *all5ge set ! "q1 t po9t is tak5 c>e (4 ,! settlem5t ( t]ms & issues1 :i* is s important t ,i %all discuss x by itself 9 ,*apt] ,v1 w provide = _m ?+s :i* w\ld o!rwise bo!r y mu* 9 y\r actual debate4 ,y\r conf]5ce ) y\r fri5ds ! enemy w obviate s mu* haggl+ ab\t %ift+ ! burd5 ( pro( & def9+ t]ms t ! gr\nd w be cle>$ = real "w :5 y actually get at y\r debate4 ,if y\r purpose is to get at ! tru?1 n simply to w91 y w ( c\rse at ?is prelim9>y conf]5ce seek to f9d z mu* common gr\nd z possible4 ,y want to equalize ! conte/4 ,y h no desire to equip "o side ) a ke5 sword & a spl5did %ield & ! o!r ) a clumsy club4 ,y w seek1 !re=e1 s to =mulate ! po9t at issue betwe5 y t x w be a comp>atively equal task = ea* side to f9d & pres5t its evid5ce & its argum5ts4 ,don't try to trap ! o!r side into "s un=tunate position :i* w prove its undo+4 ,note ! diff]5ce3 9 ! actual debate1 be m]ciless to y\r oppon5t's argum5t1 b be=e ! debate & dur+ x1 treat him frankly & g5]\sly4 ,trail d[n 8 argum5t1 track x to its lair1 flay x1 h no respect or m]cy to x1 b be sure y are remorselessly pursu+ ! cont5tion & n ! cont5d]4 ,don't hold back in=mation at ?is conf]5ce :i* may *ange ! :ole plan agre$ ^u if y introduce x 9 ! debate itself4 ,9 o!r words be hone/ & be fair4 ,y are "u no obligation to tell ! o!r side h[ y propose to h&le y\r case1 h[ y propose to develop y\r argum5t1 h[ y expect to prove x1 :at y reg>d z ess5tial & :at subord9ate4 ,y mu/ be fair1 h[ev]1 z to :at ! "q really means4 ,y %\ld be equally fair & frank ) y\r colleagues4 ,9 ! fir/ place be squ>e ) !m 9 ! division ( ! "w4 ,take y\r full %>e & d :at y agree to d4 ,don't leave ?+s until ! la/ m9ute & !n dep5d ^u ha/y cramm+ to make up ! lack ( real "w4 ,"k a little some?+ ab\t all ! case & all !re is to "k ab\t y\r "p ( x4 ,arrange y\r "t & place & !n decide ^u ! ord] 9 :i* y w speak4 ,a v common proc$ure is3 ,fir/ affirmative #g m9utes ,fir/ negative #g m9utes ,second affirmative #g m9utes ,second negative #g m9utes ,?ird affirmative #g m9utes ,?ird negative #g m9utes ,fir/ negative #e m9utes 9 rebuttal ,fir/ affirmative #e m9utes 9 rebuttal4 ,no1 a sev5 m9utes' spee* is n v long b long] bur/s ( eloqu5ce are likely to be tiresome4 ,x is mu* bett] to h a %ort snappy debate full ( int]e/ & prev5t$ f giv+ we>9ess by ! con/ant *ange ( speak]s ?an to h pond]\s proce$+s4 ,moreov]1 9 ! s*$ule giv5 above1 fifty-two m9utes is consum$1 & t's q a :ile4 ,( c\rse ! numb] ( conte/ants may v>y & ! "t allott$ ea* may be v>i$ also4 ,:o %all preside8 ,well1 if y h a club ( y\r own1 y\r presid5t or 9 8 abs5ce1 y\r vice-presid5t1 w\ld naturally preside4 ,if y %\ld desire to pay "s p]son a complim5t1 someone else may be ask$1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 x 0 agreeable to ! two (fic]s :o are by ! rules ( society "w1 entitl$ to t honor4 ,if y h no =mal organization1 y c select anyone y *oose4 ,9 do+ s1 y & y\r oppon5ts w\ld select someone :o is dignifi$ yet k9dly1 "o :o w n all[ any 8r\gh h\se0 or boi/]\s conduct b :o is respect$ by & fond ( boys & :o is1 ( c\rse1 absolutely fair4 ,( c\rse y mu/ select y\r judges1 g5]ally ?ree4 ,d n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t x is an easy task to judge a debate4 ,*oose no "o z a judge :o may h a p]sonal prejudice = or aga9/ "o ( ! speak]s4 ,if he is b indiff]5tly or lazily hone/1 he is likely to favor 8 fri5d4 ,if he is consci5ti\s1 he may 9 8 v ef=t to be fair1 & n lean t[>d 8 fri5d1 lean ! o!r way & really be unfair to him4 ,*oose z a judge no "o :o is kn[n to h a prejudice on ! "q itself4 ,! h>ass$ judge mu/ nev] =get t he is decid+ on ! m]its ( ! debate1 n on ! m]its ( ! "q4 ,he mu/ weigh ! argum5ts pres5t$1 pay+ no att5tion to o!r argum5ts1 weighty to him1 b left beh9d 9 ! armory by ! w>r+ debat]4 ,because ?is task is s on]\s &1 inde$1 s valuable 9 its tra9+1 x is an excell5t plan to h memb]s ( y\r gr\p--society1 class or patrol or :atev] x may be--act z judges4 ,! practice 9 s weigh+ argum5ts & evid5ce w be invaluable to !m :5 _! "t to debate comes ar\nd4 ,9 =mal conte/s1 h[ev]1 y w call ^u tea*]s1 lawy]s1 m9i/]s2 m5 :o are tra9$ to ?9k cle>ly & def9itely & ^: decision w mean some?+ z fairly /&+ = ! judgm5t ( y\r community4 ,= x is to ?is community judgm5t y\r real debate 9 life mu/ appeal1 & y mu/ le>n z soon z possible to aim at no less a tribunal4 ,s difficult is judg+1 t to ! ,app5dix1 beg9n+ on page #aec1 ,i h add$ a *apt] design$ to be helpful4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,t]ms ,,& ,,issues ,9 gett+ ready1 "o ( ! mo/ important /eps is = y & y\r oppon5ts to get toge!r & talk ov] ! "q & agree be=eh& on j :at x cov]s & :at x does n cov]4 ,y wi% to avoid all confusion on ^! po9ts1 or at lea/ y %\ld wi% to4 ,"s m5--& boys--?9k x sm>t to leave ! "q unc]ta9 & indef9ite s t--z !y mi/ak5ly suppose--!y may increase _! own *ances ( success4 ,!y feel t if !y c only h a wide en\gh range 9 ! discussion "s ( _! argum5ts w probably hit ! po9t & w9 _! case = !m4 ,too _m times1 h[ev]1 ! po9t at :i* !y are aim+ is ! decision ( ! judges & n ! logical & irresi/ible culm9ation ( ! argum5t4 ,! diff]5ce is l t betwe5 %oot+ ) a %ot gun & a rifle4 ,9 ! fir/ case if only y\r %ot scatt] en\gh y may br+ d[n y\r game4 ,9 ! second case1 if y\r aim is true1 y are sure to score a hit4 ,! fir/ case calls = a s5se ( g5]al direction & n mu* m2 ! second calls = precision1 accuracy1 & its result %\ld be inevitable4 ,an ,und]/&+ ,) ,y\r ,oppon5ts4--,by ?us com+ to an und]/&+ ) y\r oppon5ts y w avoid confusion2 y w r$uce ! proposition to its simple/ t]ms1 & y c n>r[ y\r own argum5t to a few cle>ly def9$ *annels4 ,y w1 h[ev]1 d mu* m ?an t3 y w make ! conte/ wor? :ile by a manly agreem5t :i* w avoid any attempt to obscure ! real "q4 ,y might be able s to becl\d y\r oppon5ts t y c\ld possibly fool !m z to y\r real ess5tial po9ts & s prev5t an adequate reply4 ,if y %\ld succe$ 9 s do+1 al?\gh y might be able to 8put x ov]0 on y\r oppon5ts & ! judges ( ! debate1 y w\ld n be fair4 ,exp]i5c$ judges1 h[ev]1 w\ld probably detect y\r purpose & p5alize y = x4 ,n only is ?is det]m9ation ( ! ess5ce ( a "q absolutely necess>y 9 prep>+ = a debate2 x prep>es y = ev5 m vital "w 9 lat] life4 ,rememb] :at we h said all along1 t ! real value ( effective debat+ is its education = ! unconsci\s ex]cise 9 lat] life ( ! m5tal habits ?us acquir$4 ,s :5 9 lat] life if y & ^? ) :om y diff] get toge!r & talk ov] ! t]ms ( a "q be=e y all[ y\rselves to debate ! sub/ance ( t "q1 y w frequ5tly f9d !re is no "q left = discussion4 ,z y def9e ?is & t t]m1 y w come ne>] & ne>] toge!r4 ,m times ?an n1 y w f9d t y h s mu* 9 common1 t y h no?+ betwe5 y = disagreem5t4 ,! "q w always be simplifi$2 _m times x w disappe> altoge!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 someone %\ld urge t y may be los+ "s ( ! educative value ( debate by ?us avoid+ su* subtleties & trick]ies z ,i h j be5 condemn+1 let me rem9d y aga91 t ! real value ( agreem5t1 :e!r 9 ! debat+ club or 9 lat] & m real life1 is n 9 j w9n+ b 9 det]m9+ j :at %\ld be done4 ,y\r purpose to arrive at a correct c\rse ( action w be /r5g!n$1 n weak5$1 by cle>+ away ! unnecess>y & non-ess5tial po9ts at ! beg9n+4 ,rememb]1 moreov]1 t to h>monize diff]5ces is z good m5tal tra9+ z to acc5tuate !m2 to elim9ate !m1 z to cry/allize !m4 ,to ?9k con/ructively is a va/ly m valuable m5tal habit ?an to ?9k negatively4 ,:5 y & y\r oppon5ts ?9k alike1 :e!r 9 debate or real life1 :5 y agree ^u a c]ta9 "p ( ! "q betwe5 y1 y h cle>$ ! way = at lea/ t mu* ( con/ructive ?\ght4 ,f9ally1 su* agreem5t is necess>y to cop]ation1 & cop]ation is absolutely ess5tial to any action :e!r x is a trip to ,m\nt ,wa%+ton1 a campaign aga9/ ,philip ( ,mac$on1 or ! c>ry+ out ( a c]ta9 policy t[>d ! ,philipp9es4 ,we mu/ "w toge!r or n at all4 ,"s may pull at ! load1 "s may pu%1 b ! load mu/ g 9 "o direction4 ,to get ! load any:]e y mu/ h a common purpose2 ?is simplification ( ! "q w help y to f9d x4 ,9 debate1 aft] ! "q has be5 def9$ & limit$1 y mu/ pres5t y\r argum5ts s cle>ly & conclusively t y\r oppon5t z well z y\r judges w agree t y\r c\rse is wise & w be ready to foll[ ! l9e ( action t y\r conclusion calls =4 ,o!rwise y\r oppon5ts1 if !y be equally hone/ & effici5t1 9 m9d & me?od1 h ! "r to dem& ! same surr5d] f y4 ,s1 z ! fir/ /ep 9 y\r debate1 get toge!r1 b> out ! matt] decid$ ^u z outside ( y\r debate1 & settle ! issues cle>ly4 ,by ! way1 t /ep is ! fir/ 9 a law suit2 :5 ! issues are cle>ly def9$1 ! actual trial takes v little "t4 ,a law suit is j "o =m ( debate1 & y\r debate mu/ h its issues settl$ z cle>ly4 ,9 ! ,philipp9e "q ref]r$ to on page #bb y w\ld select "s "o ( ! f\r possible subjects & y w\ld /ate x some?+ l ?is1 8,resolv$3 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld grant ! ,philipp9es imm$iate indep5d5ce20 n[ y\r issue is /at$4 ,don't ,try to ,d ,x ,all ,alone4--,be=e y beg9 y\r own p]sonal "w ( prep>ation1 y & y\r colleagues mu/ meet & apportion ! "w among y\rselves4 ,d n ?9k y mu/ cov] all ! gr\nd y\rself1 unless ( c\rse1 y are alone 9 ! debate4 ,no matt] h[ _m associates y h1 h[ev]1 y mu/ h a broad g5]al view ( ! :ole subject b ea* "o on y\r side mu/ select "s p>ticul> "p ( ! subject :i* he alone w pres5t4 ,orig9 ( ! ,"q4--,aft] ^! prelim9>ies are ?us arrang$ & y />t y\r own "w1 fir/ analyze y\r "q & f9d its />t+ po9t1 :i* 9 any argum5t lies 9 ! real or alleg$ exi/5ce ( a human ne$4 ,c]ta9 evils are said to exi/4 ,! fir/ /ep is to prove or disprove ! exi/5ce ( ^! evils4 ,if !y are %[n to be facts1 ! next "q & ! fir/ /ep 9 ! argum5t is to %[ t a c]ta9 rem$y w remove ! evils4 ,let u assume t ! g5]al "q ( cons]vation is prom95t 9 ! ?\ght ( y\r patrol1 if y are a ,sc\t1 & y h decid$ to discuss x 9 y\r debates4 ,y\r sc\t life has kept y s mu* 9 ! op5 & sc\tcraft has s mu* to d ) =e/ry1 t ! :ole subject is ( int]e/ to y4 ,besides y realize t x is a "q :i* really affects _m public int]e/s1 & t its correct solution means a great deal to ! :ole c\ntry4 ,y w fir/ decide :at bran* ( t subject y w consid]4 ,:5 y h decid$ to consid] ! cons]vation ( =e/s alone1 = example1 y h at once remov$ a good deal :i* w\ld o!rwise h r5d]$ y\r load heavy2 y ne$ n consid] wat] p[] or coal fields or m9]als ( any k9d & a ho/ ( su* matt]s :i* "u ! g5]al topic w\ld h _h an equal claim = att5tion4 ,n[ t y h limit$ y\r "q to =e/s1 y fir/ inquire :at is really meant by cons]vation1 :y =e/s %\ld be 8cons]v$10 :y %\ld !y be protect$8 ,is !re an evil :i* ?is =m ( cons]vation w remove8 ,?is is ! />t+ po9t ( y\r argum5t1 = unless "s "o is compla9+1 or ought to compla91 !re is no ne$ ( discuss+ ! matt] at all4 ,y w !re=e fir/ f9d out if anyone is compla9+ ( evils gr[+ out ( ! gov]nm5t's policy t[>ds its =e/s1 or1 if p are n compla9+ p>ticul>ly1 w ! policy n[ en=c$ be likely to produce conditions :i* w "w h>d%ips & produce compla9ts8 ,on ! o!r h&1 w ^! results happ5 if ! pres5t policy ( ! gov]nm5t is n foll[$8 ,y see y\r argum5t mu/ />t some:]e & ?is />t+ po9t is f\nd 9 "s ne$ :i* %\ld be rem$i$4 ,?is is a process v simil> to ! "w y accompli%$ :5 y 7 go+ ov] matt]s ) y\r oppon5ts4 ,b x goes m into detail & x is conc]n$ only ) ! "q z x has f9ally be5 decid$ ^u4 ,x is equally necess>y1 h[ev]1 & y _c be too c>eful at ?is po9t if y w\ld h ! debate a ?+ ( beautiful logic4 ,def9ition ( ,t]ms4--,aft] y h fix$ & /at$ y\r />t+ po9t1 y next def9e all d\btful t]ms4 ,9 a s5se y ?us m>k out ! *annels = y\r debate1 = y\r argum5t w fl[ /eadily & unhamp]$ if 9 ! beg9n+ y cle> away any dbris ( misund]/ood expressions or d\btful words4 ,= example1 if ! =m ( y\r "q is1 8,resolv$3 t ! pres5t policy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t t[>d =e/ cons]vation %\ld be /r5g!n$10 y w\ld fir/ def9e =e/s1 !n cons]vation1 !n ! policy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t[>d x1 & f9ally :at y mean by 8/r5g!n$40 ,unless y def9e 8=e/s10 = example1 y may talk & ?9k ( a :ite p9e =e/ 9 ,idaho1 y\r oppon5t may h 9 m9d "s cut ov] =e/s 9 ,ma9e & _! re=e/ration1 & y\r audi5ce & judges h /ill o!r tracts 9 m9d4 ,y may ?9k x makes no diff]5ce :at k9d ( =e/ is meant1 :at p>ticul> tracts ( timb] are und]/ood4 ,if s1 all "r2 only say s 9 y\r def9ition4 ,make x cle> j :at y are talk+ ab\t1 an ,idaho or ,ma9e or ,nor? ,c>ol9a =e/ or all =e/s g5]ally4 ,y\r def9ition ( 8cons]vation0 w next foll[1 !n y\r def9ition ( ! policy ( ! gov]nm5t t[>d x4 ,?is w be f\nd by consid]+ ! actual laws gov]n+ =e/s & =e/ l& & _! en=cem5t & int]pretation by ! (ficials ( ! gov]nm5t adm9i/]+ ^? laws4 ,f9ally y w expla9 & def9e :at y mean by 8/r5g!n40 ,y see all su* t]ms cle>ly def9$ are a long /ep ahead 9 y\r argum5t &1 inde$1 w (t5 con/itute ! major "p ( ! argum5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,cla% ,,( ,,argum5ts ,aft] y h det]m9$ y\r />t+ po9t & def9$ y\r t]ms1 ! next /ep--& an important "o--is te*nically t]m$ 8! cla% ( argum5ts40 ,?is phrase means a c>eful balanc+ ov] aga9/ ea* o!r ( ! lead+ argum5ts on bo? sides ( ! "q4 ,be sure y h bo? sides4 ,x is ev5 m important to "k ! /rong sides ( y\r oppon5t's case & to be prep>$ to meet !m ?an to "k y\r own4 ,x 0 frequ5tly rem>k$ ( ,l9coln 9 debate t he summ$ up 8 oppon5t's case bett] ?an ! oppon5t himself did4 ,l9coln c\ld n h done s1 _h he n /udi$ e side ( 8 case4 ,he put ! argum5ts oppos$ to 8 own 9 _! /ronge/ possible light & prep>$ an exact answ]4 ,s y mu/ d 9 y\r debate4 ,on y\r "q1 8,resolv$3 t ! policy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t t[>d cons]vation ( =e/s %\ld be /r5g!n$10 ! cla% ( argum5ts w\ld foll[ "s su* =m z ?is3 ,,affirmative ,,cont5tions3 ,,negative ,,cont5tions3 #a4 ,cons]vation is necess>y3 #a4 ,cons]vation is unnecess>y3 ,a4 ,)\t x ! great lumb] ,a4 ,by an unlimit$ settlem5t deal]s w\ld obta9 ^u & b>t] 9 timb] control ( ! timb] ( tracts1 ent]prise is ! c\ntry & ?us enc\rag$1 individuals & increase ! price ( communities are f9ancially timb]1 & dictate z to b5efit$4 its use4 ,b4 ,to secure an adequate ,b4 ,actual ra9fall has be5 ra9fall1 z a s\rce ( l>gely sup]s$$ by supply = riv]s1 & = irrigation & o!r wat] its effect on vegetation4 control4 ,! relation ( vegetation to ra9fall is unc]ta9 anyway4 ,c4 ,to insure an adequate ,c4 ,lumb] may be import$ supply ( lumb]1 )\t :5 !re is lack 9 wa/+ ! gr[? ( ?is c\ntry2 ! use timb]4 ( concrete1 iron & ! l w sup]s$e x ultimately anyway4 #b4 ,! pres5t policy ( #b4 ,! pres5t policy ( cons]vation is insuffici5t cons]vation ne$s no because3 additional /r5g? because3 ,a4 ,! pres5t p5alties are ,a4 ,its pres5t p5alties are n sev]e en\gh to secure oppressive & "w prop] respect & h>d%ips ^u innoc5t ob$i5ce4 p]sons4 ,b4 ,! t]ritory n[ cov]$ ,b4 ,s mu* l& is n[ by ! law is n )drawn f settlem5t suffici5t to det]m9e "u ^! laws t :e!r x wor?y citiz5s are %\ld be g5]ally unable to secure appli$4 home/eads1 & l& is m valuable to ! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 f>m$ ?an :5 devot$ to timb]4 ,c4 ,! pres5t (ficials ,c4 ,^! (ficials are n[ *>g$ ) ! (t5 intol]ant & en=cem5t ( ! law h ov]be>+4 ,to increase insuffici5t funds & _! au?ority w\ld au?ority & 9 "s cases int5sify ?is & t5d are neglig5t or corrupt or t[>d ! creation ( a bo?4 p]man5t (ficial class1 :i* is oppos$ to ! _s ( democracy4 ,= ano!r illu/ration1 let u analyze ! "q popul>ly kn[n z ! recall ( judicial decisions4 ,we w assume t 9 ! fir/ place :5 y\r society & t rival society f ,gre5burg1 aft] ! debate 0 agre$ ^u1 decid$ to discuss ! recall1 y got toge!r to det]m9e ! exact "q4 ,y decid$ t y w\ld n discuss ! recall g5]ally1 t y did n c>e to g into ! "q ( ! wisdom ( retir+ legislators or executive (fic]s be=e _! t]m _h expir$4 ,y 7 simply int]e/$ 9 ! "q z f> z x affect$ judges4 ,v well4 ,:5 y discuss$ ! matt] fur!r y f\nd y 7 all unwill+ to advocate any sy/em :i* might seem to enc\rage an attack on ! indep5d5ce ( ! judici>y & s y agre$ t ! "q %\ld conc]n n ! recall ( judges b only ! recall ( judicial decisions4 ,y felt t :ile ! argum5t = & aga9/ ! recall ( judges g5]ally w\ld l>gely c5t] ab\t ! necessity ( pres]v+ ! indep5d5ce ( ! judge1 9 ! matt] ( submitt+ only 8 decisions to popul> v]dict1 o!r consid]ations c\ld be urg$ ) equal effectiv5ess4 ,y fur!r felt t all 8 decisions %\ld n ?us be subject$ to ! p's vote1 b only ^? t5d+ to con/rue ! con/itution1 ! fundam5tal law ( ! l&4 ,9 ?is prelim9>y meet+ y !re=e n>r[$ ! "q d[n to a =m some?+ l ?is3 8,resolv$3 t ! decision ( any judge affect+ ! con/itutionality ( any civil /atute may be rev]s$ by vote ( ! electors ( ! di/rict affect$ by ! /atute40 ,y\r cla% ( argum5ts on ?is "q might read z foll[s3 ,,affirmative ,,cont5tions3 ,,negative ,,cont5tions3 ,x is wise because ,x is unwise because #a4 ,! ,con/itution is ! #a4 ,! ,con/itution itself expression ( ! p's prescribes a me?od = w &1 9 ! la/ resort1 its int]pretation4 only ! p %\ld decide :at t w is or is n4 #b4 ,only ! collective wisdom #b4 ,only a man specially ( ! p z a :ole tra9$ is compet5t to is compet5t to judge ( su* judge ( su* fundam5tal fundam5tals z pr9ciples4 con/itutional law4 #c4 ,x w cause ! av]age #c4 ,because ! av]age citiz5 citiz5 to pay great] is n educat$ = public att5tion to ! important affairs1 x w\ld enc\rage que/ions ( public conc]n1 control by ! bosses1 & & !reby increase ! o!r manife/ations ( dignity ( citiz5%ip4 demagogy4 #d4 ,to "k t 8 action is #d4 ,x w t5d to less5 ! likely to be review$ by ! indep5d5ce ( ! av]age public 9 an au?oritative judge--he w li/5 to way1 w increase ! c>e e brea? ( public & att5tion ! av]age op9ion & h5ce be unable judge w give su* to =m an unbias$ judgm5t que/ions4 bas$ only on ! law ( ! case4 #e4 ,! me?od c\ld be easily #e4 ,x burd5s ! vot]s appli$1 e4g41 by ! unnecess>ily & imposes an executive submitt+ ! unw>rant$ exp5se ^u ! "q to vote ^u a community4 petition sign$ l>gely en\gh to %[ g5]al int5t4 #f4 ,x pres5ts an ord]ly #f4 ,x w\ld t5d to sub/itute me?od ( correct+ popul> prejudice & clamor int]pretations ( ! = calm1 dispassionate organic law :i* are ho/ile reason+4 to ! moral s5se ( ! p1 & w\ld af=d an outlet = feel+ :i* might o!rwise produce revolution or civil w>2 e4g43 ,! w> betwe5 ! /ates1 '#fj-fe1 0 l>gely ! result ( ! ,dr$ ,scott decision4 ,if a peaceful me?od ( recall+ t decision _h be5 provid$1 ! civil w> might h be5 prev5t$4 #g4 ,! public c\ld in=m #g4 ,x w\ld be impossible itself ( ! facts 9 ea* prop]ly to acqua9t ! case ?r\gh ! press & public ) ! facts & ! =ums = public argum5ts necess>y to a discussion n[ s common4 prop] und]/&+ ( ea* case because ( ! p>tisan nature ( ! public press4 #h4 ,:ile n int]f]+ ) #h4 ,judges are almo/ inv>iably ! t5ure ( (fice ( ! tak5 f ! legal judge1 x w\ld increase ! pr(ession1 a body ( m5 :o respect 9 :i* t (fice by special & con/ant /udy is held1 because ! v & practice are peculi>ly /udy ( su* que/ions w\ld fitt$ = ! ex]cise ( conv9ce ! public ( ! ?is judicial function4 ,x delicate & ardu\s nature %\ld be left to lawy]s4 ( 8 "w4 ,exclusion ( ,uness5tial ,matt]4--,i d n pret5d to h /at$ all ! argum5ts pro & con on ! "q be=e y4 ,i h illu/rat$ simply to y a useful me?od ( arrang+ !m 9 y\r own prep>ation4 ,z y balance !m "o aga9/ ! o!r1 y w see t "s are important & vitally affect ! ma9 "q1 :ile o!rs are comp>atively unimportant & may be admitt$ z true or dismiss$ z trivial or entirely unrelat$4 ,almo/ e subject w sugge/ _m argum5ts :i* mu/ be admitt$4 ,don't wa/e y\r "t 9 seek+ to refute t :i* y c't refute & :i* is n vital to y\r argum5t anyway4 ,y\r oppon5t w h a decid$ advantage ov] y :5 he %[s ! weakness ( y\r attempt1 & y\r ma9 argum5t w surely suff]4 ,a c>eful analysis w _m times prev5t j t tr\ble & on ! o!r h& y\r oppon5t may c>efully prep>e himself to prove "s proposition :i* y are p]fectly will+ to admit if y h anticipat$ 8 position & are prep>$ to %[ t x does n affect y\r ma9 case4 ,! ,vital ,issues4--,all ^! v>i\s /eps 9 analysis are ess5tial to good debat+ & if y h tak5 ea* /ep1 y h n[ come to ! la/--! /atem5t ( ! special issues4 ,y h se5 :]e ! "q orig9at$1 y h def9$ its t]ms1 y h put y\rself 9 ! place ( ! o!r man & "k ab\t :at he w say1 y h exclud$ f ! argum5t all non-ess5tial matt]1 & !re %\ld n[ be left ! real he>t ( ! "q1 ! actual proposition y are to debate4 ,y c be v sure all ?is prelim9>y "w is mo/ important--if y h well consid]$ all ^! /eps1 y h y\r debate half won4 ,9 y\r introductory /atem5t1 y w give en\gh ( y\r analysis to %[ :y y pres5t ! po9ts y select z ess5tial4 ,y ne$ n /ate e /ep2 9 fact1 9 y\r =mal spee*1 y %\ld n let ! ma*9]y be too mu* 9 evid5ce1 b 9 y\r prelim9>y "w y _c safely omit "o /ep4 ,s f> ev]y?+ has be5 prelim9>y to ! argum5t itself1 b y are n[ ready to build up y\r actual con/ructive argum5t4 ,9 y\r pres5tation ( y\r side ( ! cons]vation "q1 = in/ance1 y w mass y\r facts & argum5ts ab\t ! few really ess5tial po9ts :i* are left = debate4 ,y w n simply talk ab\t ! propositions4 ,y w rememb] t ea* po9t mu/ be prov$4 ,y w get n simply ! op9ions ( someone else ^u ! "q2 y w get facts4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! "q ( ! own]%ip ( timb] tracts1 a "p ( ! cons]vation problem1 x w n be en\gh to cite :at "s "o ?9ks ab\t x1 b get ! actual numb] ( acres own$ by corporations4 ,is t en\gh8 ,no1 %[ ! facts z to ! relation ( ^! corporations to "o ano!r1 or ! fact t !re is no su* relation%ip1 z be>+ on ! fact ( an own]%ip ( ^! l&s by "o gr\p4 ,n op9ions1 n !ories1 b facts are :at w9 debates4 ,aft] y h e/abli%$ y\r facts1 !n %[ h[ y\r facts prove y\r case4 ,don't ,prove ,:at ,ev]ybody ,kn[s4--,:5 y are consid]+ ! arrangem5t & pro(1 d n wa/e y\r "t on pro( ( ^? facts :i* are ei!r self-evid5t or tak5 = grant$4 ,= example1 9 y\r discussion ( cons]vation y c take x z self-evid5t t ! policy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t is to aid ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,y c also take x = grant$ t ! citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are mov$ by love ( c\ntry & love ( home4 ,no d\bt y c\ld indulge 9 "s f9e writ+ or f9e speak+ on ^! que/ions1 b x is entirely unnecess>y to d s4 ,s y ne$ n take "t to prove t ! gov]nm5t is n delib]ately concoct+ a s*eme to injure "s ( its citiz5s1 nor ne$ y /op to prove t ! individual settl] loves 8 =e/ home if 8prempt+0 9 good fai? & t he %\ld be aid$4 ,! m]e /atem5t ( ^! two facts proves !m4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,evid5ce ,aft] y h m>%al$ ! facts y wi% to prove1 y mu/ consid] ! classes ( evid5ce by :i* y wi% to prove !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is ! direct /atem5t ( ! facts by witnesses1 or ! op9ions ( ^? witnesses :o are qualifi$ to speak z exp]ts4 ,!n !re is circum/antial evid5ce1 :i* consi/s ( inf]5ces fairly drawn f facts2 9 o!r words reason+ ab\t facts4 ,?us if y wi% to prove t cutt+ ! =e/ (f ! nor!rn "p ( ! l[] p59sula ( ,mi*igan has less5$ ! ra9fall 9 t ,/ate1 y c\ld pres5t ?ree classes ( te/imony4 ,y c\ld br+ =w>d an old resid5t :o _h kn[n ,mi*igan :5 x 0 wood$ & :5 x 0 /ripp$ ( its timb]2 if f 8 own p]sonal obs]vation he c\ld te/ify t z ! timb] 0 cut (f ! ra9fall _h dim9i%$1 t w\ld be direct evid5ce ( t fact4 ,if y pres5t$ ! /atem5ts ( a sci5ti/ :o w\ld te/ify t :5 l&s 7 /ripp$ ( _! trees1 !re 0 less ra9fall1 8 op9ions w\ld be entitl$ to consid]ation z pro( ( ! facts j 9 ! proportion t 8 obs]vation & exp]i5ce _h be5 ext5d$ & at ! same "t exact4 ,circum/antial ,evid5ce4--,if ! cutt+ ( ! =e/s 9 ,m9nesota ne> ! head wat]s ( ! ,mississippi 0 "u discussion1 y might pres5t ! te/imony ( a man :o liv$ on ! banks ( t riv] 9 ,i[a1 :o _h nev] se5 ,m9nesota1 b :o c\ld te/ify t ! volume ( wat] 9 ! riv] _h decreas$ f ye> to ye> 9 c]ta9 proportion4 ,8 te/imony w\ld be valuable z t5d+ to e/abli% y\r position1 if y c\ld also %[ t ! cutt+ ( ! timb] 9 ,m9nesota _h proce$$ 9 ! same ratio z ! decrease 9 ! riv]'s volume4 ,x w\ld !n be a fair inf]5ce t ! two facts 7 s connect$ t "o t5d$ to prove ! o!r4 ,! l9e1 h[ev]1 betwe5 direct & circum/antial evid5ce is v fa9t--"o imp]ceptibly glides into ! o!r4 ,inde$ "s exp]ts insi/ t !re is no su* ?+ z direct evid5ce4 ,!y urge t all pro( consi/s ( d$uctions :i* may be s closely relat$ to ! fact to be e/abli%$ t a m]e /atem5t conclusively %[s ! causal relation4 ,on ! o!r h& ?is relation c frequ5tly be %[n only by ! mo/ delicate fitt+ toge!r ( all ! l9ks ( circum/ance4 ,= example1 suppose ! te/imony ( ,a is t he saw ,b po9t a gun at ,c1 t ! gun 0 fir$1 t imm$iately ,c fell dead4 ,8 te/imony w\ld be1 !re=e1 t ,b %ot ,c & y1 if y 7 on ! jury1 w\ld p]haps feel ju/ifi$ 9 f9d+ ,b guilty ( murd]--!re w\ld seem to be no d\bt ab\t x4 ,b aft] all1 8 te/imony is n direct evid5ce--ev5 z simple & app>5tly z conclusive a /atem5t z 8 might be expla9$ away4 ,suppose1 = example1 an autopsy %[$ t ,c _h he>t disease & fell dead f t cause1 & t ! bullet p5etrat$ ,c's arm only4 ,:at to ! obs]v] w\ld seem l irrefutable pro( w\ld be dissipat$ 9 a mom5t2 x w\ld be %[n to be an unw>rantable d$uction f c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! value ( evid5ce is 9 ?is ratio3 t direct evid5ce ( a witness :o kn[s ( 8 own k & obs]vation 9 ! p>ticul> case is m to be tru/$ ?an exp]t evid5ce bas$ on g5]al obs]vation1 & t bo? are wor? m ?an t evid5ce :i* is ! result ( d$uction & inf]5ce4 ,qualifications ( ,witnesses4--,9 weigh+ ! value ( ! te/imony (f]$ to prove y\r facts--te/imony is ^? /atem5ts ( ! witness :i* make up 8 evid5ce--y mu/ ask him c]ta9 que/ions4 ,if he 7 a witness 9 a law suit1 ! lawy]s w\ld br+ out ! po9ts y mu/ det]m9e by f\r que/ions4 ,foll[+ _! example1 y w fir/ ask 8,is he hone/ or prejudic$80 ,9 ! cons]vation "q consid]$1 y w\ld ask :e!r he 0 ! ag5t ( a lumb] company ^: /atem5ts w\ld naturally be influ5c$ by 8 selfi% int]e/1 or a home/ead] :o1 s9ce 8 only use = l& 0 = f>m+ purposes1 w\ld likely be z prejudic$ ! o!r way1 or 0 he a bank] or m]*ant :o s]v$ bo? classes equally1 ^: int]e/ lay equally ) ea* p>ty to ! controv]sy8 ,y w next ask if 8 te/imony is consi/5t ) kn[n facts4 ,if he te/ifi$ t ! abs5ce ( trees _h no?+ to d ) ra9fall & _h cit$ z pro( ( t alleg$ fact t !re 0 a heavy ra9fall 9 ,sah>a :]e !re 7 no trees1 y c\ld at once dismiss him z an impossible witness because 8 /atem5ts z to ,sah>a 7 inconsi/5t ) ! kn[n facts4 ,y %\ld !n inquire "u :at circum/ances 7 ! /atem5ts made3 7 !y =c$ f him1 7 8 relations su* t he 0 a volunt>y & will+ witness endeavor+ to assi/ inve/igation & f9d out ! facts8 ,if s1 8 te/imony is probably valuable & wor?y ( cr$5ce4 ,!n 9 ! la/ place1 if ! /atem5ts are made z ^? ( an exp]t1 ! value ( 8 te/imony is 9 ! exact ratio ( 8 exp]i5ce 9 ! p>ticul> field discuss$4 ,"h is ! opportunity = a v common error 9 argum5t4 ,frank 9 debat+ might h urg$ ! op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,a or ,doctor ,b1 & ,jack 9 8 reply urg$ confid5tly ! op9ions ( ,judge ,c or ,g5]al ,d z dispos+ ( ! evid5ce ( ,frank's witnesses4 ,b !y w\ld simply (fset "o op9ion ) ano!r unless ,jack c\ld %[ t ! judge & ! g5]al knew m ab\t ! subject matt] ?an ! pr(essor & ! doctor4 ,"* or /&+ or position w\ld avail no?+4 ,9 discuss+ cons]vation1 = example1 ! op9ion ( ! mo/ em95t pr(essor 9 a !ological s*ool or ! greate/ exp]t 9 runn+ electric c>s w\ld n be receiv$ 9 que/ions ( soil moi/ure or timb] culture4 ,x is n ! /&+ ( ! man g5]ally2 x is 8 k ( ! subject discuss$1 :i* makes 8 op9ions acceptable z evid5ce4 ,! evid5ce ( a f>m] or hunt] or trapp]1 al?\gh unable to read or write1 might outweigh t ( ! s-call$ exp]t4 ,g5]alizations4--,next1 9 weigh+ circum/antial evid5ce1 y w obs]ve t !re are ?ree common =ms 9 :i* x appe>s4 ,!re is fir/ ! g5]alization--v frequ5tly ! %ape an exp]t's op9ion takes4 ,if he says t timb] tracts are wor? s _m doll>s an acre z timb] & s _m doll>s an acre z f>ms1 8 op9ion is valuable or n dep5d+ ^u :at ! basis ( 8 judgm5t is4 ,if x develops t he has obs]v$ _m hundr$s ( su* tracts ( l&1 & t ^! diff]5t tracts lay 9 _m diff]5t places1 y safely conclude t 8 te/imony1 al?\gh a g5]alization1 is s\nd because x is bas$ ^u wide obs]vation4 ,if he has inspect$ b v few su* tracts1 y conclude t 8 g5]alization is uns\nd1 & wor?less 9 help+ y prove ! facts4 ,d n hesitate to apply ! probe to ! qualifications ( y\r oppon5t's exp]t1 b be equally sure y e/abli% ! "r ( y\r own witness to speak z su*4 ,= example1 ,i rememb] a case :]e ! "q involv$ 0 :e!r dehorn+ cattle 0 cruel )9 ! mean+ ( a /atute =bidd+ cruelty to animals4 ,"o side br\ght =w>d z exp]t pr(essional witnesses c]ta9 surgeons em95t 9 _! pr(ession4 ,!y te/ifi$ t ! horn ( ! c[ conta9$ j "u ! h>d bony %ell a ?9 membran\s /ructure1 ! ext5sion ( ! p]io/eum1 :i* 0 v s5sitive to pa94 ,!y te/ifi$ t !y _h kn[n ( cases :]e ! %ell ( ! horn _h be5 remov$ by accid5t & ?is membrane expos$1 :]eupon ! animals _h giv5 e manife/ation ( suff]+ excruciat+ pa94 ,!y argu$ f ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! p]io/eum1 ?r\gh ^! few in/ances ( accid5t1 to ! d$uction t dehorn+ c[s1 t is1 saw+ ! horn (f at "r angles to ?is membrane1 mu/ also be extremely pa9ful & h5ce cruel4 ,oppos$ to ^! exp]t op9ions ( ^! surgeons bas$ ^u ^! few cases1 7 ! op9ions ( f>m]s :o did n pret5d to h ! sci5tific k ( ! surgeons b :o _h dehorn$ _m c[s4 ,!y te/ifi$ t !y _h se5 b slight evid5ces ( pa91 t ! animals _h %[n annoyance r ?an di/ress1 & _h g5]ally at once gone to eat+4 ,! f>m]s _h no titles or univ]sity degrees2 ! exp]ts _h bo?1 & suppos$ly 9 ! v field ( ! debate--= t 0 :at x 01 al?\gh 9 a c\rt ( law4 ,! sup]ior qualifications ( ! pla9 unlett]$ f>m]s made _! evid5ce ( mu* great] value z exp]t te/imony ?an ! d$uctions ( ! exp]t g5tlem5 f ! city4 ,suppose y are discuss+ ! adoption ( a law prohibit+ *ild labor4 ,y c quote ) confid5ce ! op9ion ( a social work] ^: daily duties keep h] among op]atives 9 mills4 ,by h] daily obs]vation %e is 9 a position to "k ! evil effects ( labor on immature bodies & m9ds4 ,s is ! doctor or ! tea*] :o sees ^! *ildr5 daily4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f>m]1 :o1 al?\gh hone/ 9 8 d$uction f ! results ( 8 own labor1 is n qualifi$ because he himself work$ z a boy on a f>m to speak und]/&+ly ( ! effects ( *ild labor 9 mills or factories4 ,he mu/ conf9e 8 te/imony to ! effect ( *ild labor on ! f>m4 ,nor is ! woman :o kn[s no?+ ( labor on f>m or 9 factory qualifi$ to speak at all1 s5tim5tally ar\s$ z %e may be1 unless %e c %[ obs]vation ( conditions h]self or ! intellig5t /udy ( ! well f\nd$ op9ions ( o!rs4 ,cause & ,effect4--,!n aga9 !re is 9 circum/antial evid5ce ! inf]5ce y draw f ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,to use a v famili> example3 ,suppose y pass a piece ( gr\nd :]e to y\r k !re /ood b a v few weeks be=e a heavy gr[? ( timb] & obs]ve t ! trees are gone4 ,if y see piles ( fre%ly saw$ lumb]1 y c argue t ! trees h be5 cut by man2 if on ! o!r h& y see b5t & torn trees1 y c z surely reason t a cyclone has visit$ t neighborhood4 ,9 ea* case y argue f effect back to cause4 ,?is seems v simple1 b is (t5 a v trea*]\s argum5t1 = ! alleg$ cause may be entirely inadequate or may be s involv$ ) o!r unrecogniz$ causes t ! d$uction y make is n w>rant$4 ,y mu/ exam9e ! connection v c>efully & make sure t x is a ,,causal relation & n a ,,casual "o4 ,argum5t f ,resemblance4--,!n !re is ! argum5t f resemblance1 :i* is simply ano!r =m ( causal relation%ip4 ,! argum5t1 = example1 w\ld run t cons]vation mu/ surely be a good ?+ = ! ,unit$ ,/ates because x 0 a good ?+ = ,new ,zeal&4 ,t conclusion is s\nd if ! conditions 9 ! two c\ntries are ! same1 b n o!rwise2 & x is ^u ?is rock ( diff]5ce 9 conditions t argum5ts f resemblance s (t5 split4 ,wat* !m4 ,! same rule may n apply to re=e/ration 9 ,idaho z 9 ,ma9e1 = in/ance1 because conditions are dissimil> 9 _m respects4 ,if y c>efully /udy ^! =ms ( argum5t1 & c e/imate ! value ( op9ions & circum/antial evid5ce1 y w n only be able to build up a bomb pro( argum5t ( y\r own b y w be able to detect fallacies 9 y\r oppon5t's discussion4 ,:5 y h ma/]$ ! "o bran* ( ! case y are equipp$ to meet ! o!r1 = ! two are id5tical4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,brief ,suppose y h decid$ to debate "o phase ( ! *ild labor problem1 & y\r "q reads some?+ l ?is3 8,resolv$3 t no *ildr5 bel[ ! age ( sixte5 ye>s %\ld be all[$ to "w 9 factories40 ,y see ! "q omits all discussion ( *ild labor on ! f>m1 = in/ance1 or 9 ! /reet trades1 or 9 any occupation except ^? )9 doors "u factory conditions4 ,y w see1 also1 t be=e y beg9 y\r actual analysis1 y & y\r oppon5ts mu/ agree on :at y mean by 8factories0--j :at k9d ( manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts y h 9 m9d4 ,o!rwise y w\ld be compell$ to def9e !m m c>efully 9 ! "q itself z y /at$ x4 ,= two reasons1 y ne$ ! 8brief0 at ?is /age ( y\r analysis4 ,to discuss ! lea/ important "o fir/--y %\ld in=m y\r critical fri5d or tea*] z to j :at y\r argum5t is4 ,y mu/ tell him :at are ! bones ( ! skeleton1 indicate _! arrangem5t1 & %[ !m to him )\t ! beautiful cov]+ ( fle% & sk9 to be giv5 !m by y\r *>m+ diction & eloqu5ce4 ,! bones may n be prop]ly articulat$ at all--:at1 :5 clo!d ) ! fle% & muscle ( y\r f9i%$ debate1 may seem l a /rong "r arm adequately equipp$ ) biceps & all ! re/ ( ! bl[ deliv]+ ag5cies may n be prop]ly jo9$ at ! %\ld] & h5ce fail utt]ly1 :5 ! te/ comes4 ,s let y\r fri5dly critic--y\r speciali/ 9 ?is k9d ( anatomy--see j :at y h & h[ y\r v>i\s argum5ts hang toge!r4 ,b m important ?an to satisfy y\r critic is x c>efully to =mulate y\r argum5t = y\r own b5efit 9 ?9k+ ?r\gh y\r proposition4 ,z y ?9k ab\t y\r "q1 v>i\s consid]ations w sugge/ !mselves to y4 ,"s y w recognize z argum5ts ( fir/ rank--z indisp5sable to y\r case4 ,o!rs w take a subord9ate place2 /ill o!rs s]ve z m]e illu/rations or argum5ts f resemblance4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 y\r logical sequ5ce w em]ge1 & y w h a /ructure :i* w be logical ?r\gh\t1 ) e "p fitt+ into e o!r "p & po9t+ to an irresi/ible conclusion4 ,! "n giv5 to x well def9es ?is =mulation ( y\r argum5t4 ,x is y\r argum5t b 9 brief4 ,e ess5tial to y\r full argum5t mu/ be !re4 ,b take o!r w>n+ f t "n4 ,9 =m don't let x be too brief4 ,x is n en\gh to spr9kle h9ts ov] ! page1 h9ts :i* may be fairly intelligible to y b be mean+less to ano!r4 ,rememb] t critic ( y\rs :o w look ov] y\r brief4 ,don't make x sup]ficial or arrange y\r argum5ts 9 ,,casual in/ead ( ,,causal sequ5ce4 ,besides1 y may f9d 9 practice t a ^w :i* to-day1 z y put x d[n on pap]1 hot f y\r ?9k+ ma*9e1 means ev]y?+ to y & is ! key ^w to a weighty argum5t1 to-morr[ or next week w h lo/ its cunn+ & mean any?+ or no?+ to y4 ,s n only = ! b5efit ( y\r critic b especially = ! value ( ! ex]cise to y\rself1 r$uce y\r argum5t to def9ite =mal organization4 ,y w be paid 9 ! long run4 ,y may h su* a comm& ( y\rself & y\r ?9k+ t y c c>ry all ?is organization 9 y\r head )\t any brief--b mo/ ( u c't4 ,moreov]1 y w f9d t putt+ ^! argum5ts d[n 9 black & :ite be=e y & !n arrang+ !m 9 causal logical sequ5ce w aid y\r ?9k+ imm5sely4 ,?\ghts :i* 7 dim & mi/y1 :i* 7 )\t =m & sub/ance1 w fall into ord] & assume a relation to ! :ole subject unse5 be=e4 ,y w also f9d t by a simple sy/em ( symbols y w aid ?is cl>ify+ process4 ,propositions ( equal dignity & rank w be introduc$ by equival5t symbols & ?us _! relation%ip automatically indicat$4 ,no1 ( c\rse n--x is n necess>y to g ?r\gh ?is process4 ,y may get ?r\gh _m debates )\t us+ any ( ^! aids--me*anical1 if y please4 ,b !y are useful & h be5 us$ by hundr$s ( debat]s4 ,don't y ?9k x is a little fooli% to insi/ on swimm+ ! riv] & demon/rat+ y\r p[] 9 t way1 :5 !re is available a v com=table bridge t hundr$s h us$ to _! great conv5i5ce8 ,"o o!r obs]vation ab\t ! =m ( ?is 8brief40 ,x %\ld be s arrang$ t1 us+ ! words 8=0 or 8because0 to introduce y\r argum5ts1 y w h a complete clause1 ) subject & pr$icate4 ,y w note t clauses occur 9 ! brief giv5 bel[4 ,i h connect$ !m ) _! prop] prepositions4 ,subdivision ,i gives u3 8,resolv$3 t no *ildr5 bel[ ! age ( sixte5 %\ld be all[$ to "w 9 factories1 = su* labor is unnecess>y1 = !re is an ample supply ( adult labor entirely adequate to ! dem&s ( factory "w40 ,,ii4 #a4 ,a4 gives u ?is s5t5ce3 8,resolv$3 t no *ildr5 bel[ ! age ( sixte5 %\ld be all[$ to "w 9 factories1 = su* labor injures ! *ild's heal?1 = conf9em5t )9 ! build+1 "u ! conditions ( factory employm5t1 *ecks ! gr[? ( ! *ild & promotes _m diseases40 ,s ,,ii4 #a4 ,b4 gives a second s5t5ce l ! "o la/ quot$ except t its la/ portion diff]s z ! subord9ate argum5t diff]s4 ,t reads3 8,resolv$3 t no *ildr5 bel[ ! age ( sixte5 %\ld be all[$ to "w 9 factories1 = su* labor injures ! *ild's heal?1 = normal physical developm5t dem&s out-(-doors activity & fre$om f ! /ra9 ( factory "w40 ,let me h9t1 too1 t frequ5tly aft] y h arrang$ :at seems to be a p]fect logical argum5t1 if f "u ea* head y remove ! pro( & connect ! v>i\s sequ5ces s t y =m "o s5t5ce1 y w f9d t x is n logical & mu/ be arrang$ all ov] aga94 ,speak+ ( pro(--9 y\r pro( "u ea* subdivision y mu/ set d[n ! facts y expect to use to support y\r cont5tions4 ,= example1 "u ,,ii4 #b4 ,a4 b4 x w\ld n be suffici5t to say 9 y\r brief 8in/ances0 or 8illu/rations0 b3 8,! report ( ,massa*usetts ,bo>d ( ,education says3 #8,! fact t #da4c p] c5t4 ( ^? employ$ 9 ! textile indu/ry speak+ ( a gr\p out ( s*ool six ye>s receive less ?an #h a week acc\nts1 9 l>ge "p1 = ! idl5ess among boys f eighte5 to tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age4 ,!re is no sy/em ( tra9+ 9 ! mill :i* fits ^? on l[ paid1 unskill$ "w1 = ! skill$ "w ( ! mill4 ,only #ba p] c5t4 ( ! textile work]s :o h be5 9 ! bus9ess six ye>s e>n #aj or m1 & a negligible p]c5tage ( ^? :o "w 9 c&y factories e>n ?is am\nt4 ,only #ba p] c5t4 ( ! %oe work]s e>n less ?an #aj a week at six ye>s out4444 ,monoton\s "w1 especially t :i* requires great spe$ & uses up n]v\s en]gy1 %\ld n be done = any long p]iod by "y p "u eighte5 ye>s ( age1 & ! ye>s up to ?is "t %\ld be sp5t 9 physical & m5tal upbuild+ 9 prep>ation = ! ye>s ( indu/rial life to come4'0 8,a rec5t inve/igation ( ! ,f$]al ,bureau ( ,labor decl>es ( a c]ta9 numb] ( *ildr5 "u sixte5 ye>s :o left s*ool to "w1 t #ij p] c5t4 ent]$ indu/ries 9 :i* ! wages ( adults 7 #aj a week or less4 ,a vocational survey 9 ,new ,york exhibits 9 "o gr\p "o hundr$ & "o boys betwe5 f\rte5 & sixte5 ye>s & an analysis ( ! "w !y are do+4 ,9 only five cases 0 !re any opportunity = !m to advance or improve2 n9ety-six 7 9 dead end occupations40 8,"o woman1 9 ,georgia1 ?irty-f\r ye>s ( age1 b look+ fifty1 told me %e _h gone to ! mill :5 %e 0 n9e ye>s ( age1 & _h be5 !re ev] s9ce4 ,%e hat$ ! v ?\ght ( work+ 9 ! mill & f all appe>ances 0 ready = ! scrap heap4 ,%e said :5 %e 0 n9e ye>s old no?+ c\ld h kept h] out ( ! mill & = two or ?ree ye>s aft] t %e said %e always li/5$ = ! :i/le to bl[ s t %e c\ld g to "w & x nev] blew too e>ly = h]4 ,%e said %e wi%$ %e c\ld get n[ :]e %e c\ld nev] he> ! :i/le bl[4 ,%e makes ab\t n9ety c5ts p] day :5 %e works40 8,! boys 9 ,bev]ly1 ,massa*usetts1 :]e vocational education is provid$ come f ! common s*ools4 ,reports %[ t !y are sons ( cl]ks1 %opkeep]s1 %oemak]s1 tailors1 *auffeurs1 labor]s1 ma*9i/s & o!r workm54 ,a boy's e>n+ capacity 9 ,bev]ly is lib]ally e/imat$ at #f a week1 :i* capitaliz$ on a #e p] c5t4 a ye> basis repres5ts a work+ capital value ( #f1jjj a ye>4 ,! wage e>n+ capacity ( boys1 aft] two & a half or ?ree ye>s ( ?is public s*ool+1 is #ae to #ah a week4 ,capitaliz$ on a #e p] c5t4 basis1 ?is %[s ! m>vel\s increase f #f1jjj to #ae1jjj to #ah1jjj a ye> work+ capital4 8,b ! boy "h is only on ! ?re%old4 ,ano!r set ( figures is int]e/+4 ,pr(essor ,james ,m4 ,dodge1 presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 9 8 notable & elaborate =mula1 f9ds t ! av]age untra9$ work] 9 ?is c\ntry rea*es 8 maximum ( e>n+ at tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( age1 ! av]age !n be+ #ae a week4 ,! future ( ! untra9$ beyond ?is becomes prec>i\s4 ,!y are 9 #8bl9d alleys' & #8no-?or\ghf>e' "w4 ,only #e p] c5t4 rise above ! level1 #ce p] c5t4 rema9 9 employ1 #bj p] c5t4 leave ! "w ( _! own accord1 & #dj p] c5t4 are dismiss$4 ,"h at sev5te5 & a half ye>s or eighte51 ! vocationally educat$ pupil ( ! ,bev]ly s*ool has a capitaliz$ value ( #ae1jjj to #ah1jjj40 ,i w n[ illu/rate :at ,i h said by brief+ ! "q be=e u4 ,su* a brief w\ld read some?+ l ?is3 ,resolv$3 t no *ildr5 bel[ ! age ( sixte5 %\ld be all[$ to "w 9 factories4 ,i4 ,x is unnecess>y1 = ,!re is an ample supply ( adult labor entirely adequate to ! dem&s ( factory "w4 ,,ii4 ,su* labor injures ! *ild1 = #a4 ,x is injuri\s to 8 heal?1 = ,a4 ,conf9em5t )9 ! build+1 "u ! conditions ( factory employm5t1 *ecks ! gr[? ( ! *ild & promotes _m diseases4 ,b4 ,normal physical developm5t dem&s out-(-doors activity & fre$om f ! /ra9 ( factory "w4 #b4 ,x is injuri\s to 8 m9d & education1 = ,a4 ,! *ild ne$s ! ye>s j be=e sixte5 = a4 g5]al culture b4 specific vocational tra9+4 ,b4 ,! monotony & excessive /ra9 ( "w 9 factories t5ds to a4 impair ! m5tal p[]s1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( "y *ildr5 b4 r5d] !m indiff]5t to subjects ( g5]al int]e/ & educational value4 #c4 ,x impairs ! effici5cy ( ! *ild1 = ,a4 ,dur+ ! ye>s :5 he %\ld be absorb+ k :i* w\ld prep>e him = life1 he is prev5t$ f do+ s1 &1 :5 ( adult age1 f9ds himself a4 )\t t suppl5ess ( f+]s :i* has be5 assum$ to be ! w>rant = employ+ him1 & ?us1 too old & too l>ge long] to d *ild's "w2 & b4 ) nei!r education nor tra9+ to d ! "w ( an adult4 ,,iii4 ,su* labor injures ! ,/ate1 = #a4 ,*ildr5 :o are =c$ to "w "u factory conditions are undevelop$ physically & m5tally & ,a4 ,d n make good citiz5s ,b4 ,_c aft]w>d be ! p>5ts ( good citiz5s ,c4 ,are prematurely ag$1 & 8scrapp$0 at an e>ly age1 ?us impos+ a burd5 ( support ^u ! ,/ate4 #b4 ,adult labor]s1 ) _! dep5d5ts1 ^: welf>e is necess>y to t ( ! ,/ate1 suff] h>d%ip1 because ,a4 ,! use ( *ild labor1 obvi\sly a sub/itute = adult labor1 w a4 deprive adults ( "w1 or b4 =ce _! wages d[n to ^? ( *ildr54 #c4 ,x creates an idle class1 :i* is always a m5ace to ! ,/ate1 because x ,a4 ,?r[s ! *ild out ( employm5t because ( ineffici5cy :5 he becomes an adult4 ,b4 ,?r[s ! adult out ( employm5t because ( ! competition ( *ild labor4 ,is ! gr\nd cov]$8 ,is x logical8 ,is any /ep tak5 = grant$8 ,rememb] ea* position mu/ be support$ by pro(1 & y\r brief mu/ set out ! evid5ce y expect to use 9 y\r argum5t4 ,! nature ( t pro( may v>y1 h[ev]4 ,= example1 suppose y 7 prov+ proposition ,,ii4 #a4 ,a41 :i* prop]ly set out at l5g? w\ld read3 8,no *ild bel[ ! age ( sixte5 %\ld be all[$ to "w 9 a factory1 = su* labor injures ! *ild's heal? because conf9em5t )9 ! build+ "u ! conditions ( factory employm5t *ecks ! gr[? ( ! *ild & promotes _m diseases40 ,t proposition might be prov$ 9 a numb] ( ways4 7,rememb] n[ :at we discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on evid5ce & read t *apt] ov] aga9 9 connection ) ?is discussion47 ,y c\ld prove x fir/ by ! te/imony ( ^? :o are famili> ) *ildr5 s employ$2 second1 by /ati/ics ( mortality & morbidity among *ildr5 s employ$2 ?ird1 by te/imony ( exp]ts--l physicians--z to probable results ( su* employm5t because ( probable effect ( conditions nam$ ^u bodily organs & _! functions4 ,"h are "s specific facts te/ifi$ to 9 a legislative he>+ on ! "q ( *ild labor 9 mills--factories4 ,!y are all admissible z te/imony f ! fir/ class ( witnesses 7^? famili> ) *ildr5 s employ$7 "u ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ! *apt] on evid5ce4 ,a ,fr5* boy ( fifte5 0 ask$ if he pref]r$ t5 h\rs to eight h\rs4 8,oh no1 t5 h\rs is too long2 x seems z ?\gh ,i nev] w\ld see ! aft]noon g by40 ,! mill "w %[$ its effect ^u 8 pale1 drawn face4 ,he 0 tir$ out by x4 ,a pretty little ,fr5* girl1 f\rte5 ye>s old1 :o _h work$ 9 ! mill a few mon?s at two or ?ree doll>s a week1 _h good reasons = h] dislike ( mill "w4 ,gett+ up at #e4cj = a t5-h\r day1 /&+ ne>ly all ! "t1 wat*+ ! ?reads s closely t h] head a*$1 %e 0 frequ5tly sick4 ,%e _h be5 replac$ by an adult on ,septemb] fir/1 & s9ce t "t _h be5 at home do+ h\sework4 ,h] heal? _h improv$ greatly 9 ! t5 weeks1 & :5 ! inve/igators saw h]1 %e _h good color & got *ance en\gh to play s t %e 01 z h] "m said1 mu* bett] (f ?an 9 ! mill4 ,a heavy-ey$1 dull look+ boy ( fifte5 0 s5t back to s*ool z a result ( ! new law4 ,he pref]r$ to "w1 b he _h n succe$$ 9 secur+ an eight-h\r job4 ,he happ5$ to live ne> ! place 9 :i* ! inve/igator /ay$ & !re 0 good opportunity to wat* ! effect ( ! law on him f week to week4 ,at ! end ( a mon? he _h become noticeably lively & bright4 ,rob]t ,hunt] tells u ( a vagrant he once knew :o 8_h = ye>s--f ! day he 0 elev5 until ! day he 0 sixte5--made two movem5ts ( 8 h&s ea* second1 or #bc1gfj1jjj me*anical movem5ts ea* ye>1 & 0 at ! "t ,i knew him10 says ,hunt]1 8at ! age ( ?irty-five1 brok5 d[n1 drunk5 & diseas$1 b he /ill rememb]$ ?is p]iod ( slav]y suffici5tly well to tell me t he _h #8paid up' = all ! s9s he _h ev] committ$ #8by ^? five ye>s 9 hell4'0 8,z ,/ate ,factory ,inspector ( ,alabama1 my att5tion has be5 call$ v =cibly to ! *ild labor conditions 9 t ,/ate1 &1 z a va/ majority ( ! *ild labor]s are 9 ! cotton mills & textile manufactories1 ,i w conf9e my rem>ks to ! cotton mill *ildr54 8,! heal? ( ! mill op]atives is :at "o w\ld expect4 ,x v>ies 9 diff]5t mills4 ,9 c]ta9 localities ! hookworm is pictur$ on ! faces ( ne>ly all ! *ildr54 ,r$ blood is conspicu\s by its abs5ce4 ,! tra9$ eye ( ! inspector is (t5 unable to tell :e!r ! age ( a weaz5$1 dri$-up1 anmic specim5 ( ! g5us homo is twelve or eighte540 ,y c see h[ !n ea* proposition ( y\r argum5t mu/ be support$ by adequate evid5ce4 ,i don't int5d to c>ry ! illu/rations fur!r4 ,! am\nt ( evid5ce y produce w be gov]n$ l>gely by :]e ! burd5 ( pro( lies4 ,t is r a my/]i\s expression & (t5 debat]s sp5d a great deal ( en]gy 9 try+ to %ift or dodge some?+ !y are n q sure ab\t1 b !y are sure x is some?+ awful4 ,x is really a v simple ?+--its mean+ is only t he :o ass]ts mu/ prove4 ,if ,i say a c]ta9 ?+ is s1 ,i mu/ prove x4 ,i _c expect or ask y to prove t x is n s4 ,d y see ! po9t8 ,if y say x is #ddd miles f ,pecatonica to ,readville1 y mu/ prove x is j #ddd miles4 ,y mu/ br+ up a surveyor or a table ( di/ances ( recogniz$ au?ority or %[ 9 "s au?oritative way t y are correct4 ,if y h made ! def9ite /atem5t y mu/ prove x 9 a way equally def9ite--x's no conc]n ( m9e to %[ t x is #dde miles or only five miles4 ,y w notice t ?is brief conta9s two classes ( argum5ts--"o :i* seems to anticipate possible cont5tions ( ! o!r side & ! o!r :i* br+s =w>d positive & direct cont5tions4 ,! fir/ class c be/ be catalogu$ z rebuttal & refutation & w be consid]$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,"s argum5ts1 h[ev]1 al?\gh ( ! nature ( refutation ( possible positions ( y\r oppon5ts may (t5 be well introduc$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( y\r ma9 argum5t4 ,= example1 ,proposition ,i3 8,*ild labor is unnecess>y = !re is an ample supply ( adult labor entirely adequate to ! dem&s ( factory "w0 is practically an answ] to a possible argum5t ( y\r oppon5t t *ild labor is necess>y because "s mills c\ld n run )\t x4 ,suppose he _h prep>$ himself ) an elaborate argum5t to prove 8 position & y _h kn[+ly or unkn[+ly anticipat$ 8 ef=t & e/abli%$ ! opposite1 he w\ld f9d himself 9 a v awkw>d position4 ,he w\ld talk to an audi5ce--or judge--already conv9c$ by y\r argum5ts1 or he w\ld be compell$ at lea/ to de/roy ! =ce ( y\r argum5ts be=e he c\ld hope to implant 8 own 9 _! place4 ,i only ref] to ?is class ( argum5t to %[ h[ y\r brief w conta9 ! full body ( y\r argum5t s t y w h all y\r tools ready & %>p5$ = y\r use4 ,:5 y actually get to "w1 y may n use all ( !m aft] all4 ,b if y f9d y\r oppon5t pres5ts a t\gh1 knotty problem = y to saw1 y\r implem5t is ready4 ,if x is only a p9e la? ( c\rse a v diff]5t tool may be ample4 ,b y w be ready & z y gr[ exp]i5c$ 9 debate y\r facility w be %[n 9 ! ease ) :i* y select n[ ?is1 n[ t tool1 or disc>d bo? ( !m4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,refutation ,n only w y\r c>eful analysis ( ! "q =mulate y\r own argum5t1 b x w prep>e y to refute t ( y\r oppon5t4 ,put j z mu* c>e into ?is "p ( y\r prep>ation z into any o!r4 ,/ate to y\rself 8 probable po9ts j z /rongly & cle>ly z y c4 ,if y c put 8 case bett] ?an he1 :5 y come to y\r refutation1 s mu* ! bett]1 provid$ y are equipp$ to answ] adequately4 ,( c\rse y c't sp5d "t en\gh to answ] e po9t he has made--make up y\r m9d :i* are ! ess5tial ones & /rike at !m4 ,?is selection w be comp>atively simple if y h prop]ly analyz$ y\r "q 9 ! fir/ place1 b w be impossible if y h slight$ t "p ( y\r "w4 ,d n be misl$1 h[ev]1 into ?9k+ t refutation itself is easy or ( slight importance4 ,x is nei!r4 ,x calls = ! ex]cise ( all ( y\r skill 9 select+ ! ess5tials & ignor+ ! non-ess5tials4 ,! "y debat]1 moreov]1 is (t5 impal$ ^u "o or ! o!r horn ( ! dilemma--too mu* or too little4 ,if y see no side ( ! case b y\r own1 y\r beautifully con/ruct$ argum5t may fall to pieces :5 y\r oppon5t1 p]haps us+ "s unpret5ti\s fact :i* y1 9 y\r innoc5ce1 _h entirely ov]look$1 knocks out ! key/one ( y\r ar* ( logic & y\r /ructure falls to ru94 ,on ! o!r h&1 y may demoli% "o aft] ! o!r ( y\r oppon5t's positions & yet pres5t no c\nt] claims = y\r own side ( ! case4 ,if y prove y\r oppon5t to be all wrong1 y d n !reby prove y\rself all "r4 ,y mu/ e/abli% y\r own position & n cont5t y\rself m]ely ) de/roy+ t ( y\r enemy--y mu/ be con/ructive z well z de/ructive4 ,"h aga9 ! analogy betwe5 debate & ! lat] debate ( life runs close & sure4 ,! man :o 9 ! activity ( 8 gr\p--:e!r 8 lodge1 8 club1 8 society1 8 *ur*1 8 city1 or 8 ,/ate--has no?+ b criticism to (f] is ( b little value4 ,x is easy to say 8y c't1 y c't40 ,su* a /atem5t is z valueless z x is easy4 ,"o mo/ important tactical reason = a con/ructive argum5t ( y\r own is t y c nev] tell :e!r y h de/roy$ all ( ! enemy's bridges4 ,"o =gott5 approa* may turn ! position y fanci$ 0 impregnable into a trap f :i* !re is no escape4 ,y mu/ rememb] fur!r t 9 debate ! "q is z a rule a comp>ative "o only2 nei!r side is :olly 9 ! "r4 ,= example :5 ! case z /at$ lay betwe5 ,pe>y & ,amundson1 or betwe5 ,pe>y & ,/anley1 if y cont5t y\rself ) disprov+ ! claims ( ,amundson or ,/anley )\t e/abli%+ ! rights ( ,pe>y1 y might s discr$it ! :ole argum5t t to ! m9d ( y\r judges ! fame ( "s unnam$ ?ird p]son l ,liv+/one1 or ,du ,*aillu or ,kane or ev5 ,dr4 ,cook might int]v5e to give ! decision to y\r oppon5t4 ,! skillful debat] w1 !re=e1 develop 8 campaign along two p>allel l9es2 he w demoli% ! def5ses ( 8 enemy ) "o batt]y ( argum5ts :ile he is advanc+ 8 own position ) ano!r arm ( ! s]vice m>*+ "u ! flag label$ ,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,! place ( refutation 9 y\r argum5t1 al?\gh ess5tial1 _c be dictat$4 ,x w dep5d l>gely ^u ! c\rse ! debate takes4 ,i c make c]ta9 useful sugge/ions1 h[ev]4 ,obvi\sly y _c refute until !re is some?+ to refute4 ,if y\r audi5ce--& y\r judges--is entirely imp>tial & unprejudic$1 if y d n h to combat a preconceiv$ position1 y c probably safely cont5t y\rself ) advanc+ y\r own position & leave ! rebuttal ( y\r oppon5t's argum5ts until lat]4 ,b if y are pres5t+ "s novel proposition or "s unpopul> idea :i* _c be ent]ta9$ unless c]ta9 ho/ile ideas are cle>$ away1 y w w9 bett] att5tion if y demoli% ! fundam5tal ideas ^u :i* ! old !ory re/s be=e y pres5t y\r con/ructive argum5t4 ,rebuttal4--,9 rebuttal--:i* is simply refutation 9 action--y c readily give to y\r :ole debate1 or at lea/ y\r side ( x1 a unity :i* might o!rwise be lack+4 ,y relate y\r "w to ! "w ( y\r comrades & to t ( y\r oppon5ts4 ,y select 8 /rong po9ts2 y m9imize 8 weak ones4 ,y %ape 8 position into t =m :i* be/ suits y\r views :ile at ! same "t y are advanc+ to y\r own attack4 ,b to c>ry ! milit>y figure a little fur!r1 :ile y mu/ !re=e be prep>$ ) a ?or\gh k ( y\r oppon5t's def5ses1 ( 8 equipm5t ( argum5ts1 &1 if possible1 ( facts1 :ile y %\ld h almo/ a =ekn[l$ge ( 8 probable l9es ( approa*1 y mu/ always be capable ( a quick %ift+ ( y\r own position z he 9 turn v>ies 8 attack ^u y4 ,= be sure he w n be cont5t to /& up & be fir$ at--y mu/ be al]t & res\rceful & ready to meet any *ange ( front on 8 "p4 ,! skillful debat] w n be cont5t unless he is prep>$ to meet any attack :i* may be made ^u him4 ,be sure1 h[ev]1 to h y\rself s well 9 h& t y\r refutation w be z well organiz$ z y\r con/ructive argum5t4 ,m ?an t1 y %\ld n all[ any acute break to appe> betwe5 ! two4 ,:at happ5$ 9 a rec5t college debate 9 ! ,ea/ is an excell5t demon/ration ( :at %\ld n be done4 ,nei!r ! audi5ce nor ! judges _h be5 told :at 0 com+1 & all 7 surpris$ :5 f\r m9utes aft] ea* speak] began 7he _h twelve m9utes 9 all7 a bell rang4 ,in/antly ov] ! face ( ! speak]1 z "o ( ! judges told me1 came a sort ( 8,?ank ,heav50 expression1 & he =?) swung (f into a well-prep>$ argum5t on ! con/ructive side ( ! case4 ,evid5tly ea* _h be5 told to rebut = f\r m9utes & !n argue4 ,to be sure t he w\ld "k :]e to /op ! "o & beg9 ! o!r1 ! bell signal 0 arrang$4 ,! effect 0 ludicr\s 9 ! extreme4 ,!re are f\r special k9ds ( rebuttal :i* y c use4 ,r$uctio ad ,absurdum4--,if1 = illu/ration1 y\r oppon5t1 9 debat+ ! "q ( *ild labor1 insi/s t !re is a c]ta9 nimbl5ess & quickness ( ! f+]s 9 *ildr5 :i* is necess>y to ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 indu/rial processes1 y c well answ] t if t is true ( *ildr5 ( f f\rte5 to sixte5 x is obvi\sly m true ( ! age twelve to f\rte5 & s *ildr5 ( t age %\ld be employ$4 ,if ?is d$uction foll[s1 y c argue1 !n x mu/ be equally true ( age t5 to twelve & s on ev5 to y\ng] ages yet4 ,if y\r oppon5t %\ld "q ! s\ndness ( ?is d$uction1 y c\ld /ill fur!r conf\nd him by reply+ t :5 ! employm5t ( *ildr5 ( ^? ages 0 "u discussion1 ^? id5tical argum5ts 7 advanc$ 9 its support4 ,en=c+ ! ,consequ5ces4--,if1 = example1 9 discuss+ cons]vation1 if y\r oppon5t insi/s t a free & unre/rict$ cutt+ ( timb] %\ld be all[$1 y c %[ ! result ( su* complete lib]ty1 if c>ri$ to its logical results--! d5ud+ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( all its timb]4 ,x is n necess>y1 9 urg+ ei!r ?is =m ( rebuttal nor ! "o :i* has j prec$$ x1 t ! result be probable4 ,x is en\gh = ! result to be possible4 ,! ,dilemma4--,9 ?is me?od ( refutation y %[ y\r oppon5t has only two argum5ts to advance1 t nei!r ( !m is true & t !re=e 8 case falls unprov$4 ,no bett] illu/ration ( ! effectiv5ess ( ?is me?od c be giv5 ?an a ref]5ce to ! hi/oric ,l9coln-,d\glas debates4 ,y w rememb] t ,d\glas decl>$ he believ$ bo? 9 squatt] sov]eignty & 9 ! ,dr$ ,scott decision4 ,! "o said t ! p ( any t]ritory _h ! "r to decide = !mselves :e!r !y w\ld or w\ld n exclude slav]y1 :ile ! ,dr$ ,scott decision meant t a slavehold] c\ld recov] 8 slave 9 any t]ritory into :i* he might escape4 ,y see ! two positions are logically inconsi/5t4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,l9coln ask$ ,d\glas z he did 9 ^! debates1 ?is "q1 8,c ! p ( a t]ritory1 prior to ! =mation ( a /ate con/itution1 9 any lawful way exclude slav]y80 ,d\glas 0 compell$ to face a p]fect dilemma4 ,if he answ]$ 8yes0 he w\ld repudiate ! ,dr$ ,scott decision--he want$ ! support ( ! ,s\?4 ,if he answ]$ 8no10 he w\ld repudiate ! doctr9e ( squatt] sov]eignty & (f5d ! ,nor?4 ,9 endeavor+ to meet ! difficulty1 he ma9ta9$ t :ile a t]ritory c\ld n exclude slav]y x c\ld legally enact su* unfri5dly legislation t x w\ld be impossible = slav]y to rema94 ,l9coln practically _h ,d\glas defeat$ be=e ! judges ( t debate--! ,am]ican p--:5 he %[$ ! absurdity ( ,d\glas' attempt$ escape f 8 dilemma4 ,l9coln %[$ t 9 effect ,d\glas said t slav]y c\ld lawfully be exclud$ f a place :]e x _h a lawful "r to be4 ,! debate--& ?is fam\s 8dilemma0 0 ! spectacul> "p ( x--made ,l9coln presid5t4 ,residues4--,?is me?od is simply an enl>gem5t ( ! difficulties ( ! dilemma4 ,:5 m ?an two possibilities are pres5t$ & y demoli% "o aft] ! o!r ( !m y\r hope is t no?+ may be left ( 8 case--t ! residuum may be z]o4 ,analyze ,y\r ,oppon5t's ,case4--,z y\r oppon5t is speak+1 note 8 po9ts ) c>e4 ,apply to !m ! pr9ciples we h discuss$ 9 e>li] *apt]s4 ,is 8 reason+ bas$ ^u premises :i* y c disprove8 ,has he ignor$ ! real issue8 ,are 8 alleg$ causes m]ely co9cid5ces1 or are !re o!r contribut+ causes :i* less5 ! =ce ( 8 conclusion8 ,is 8 obs]vation ( facts faulty & are 8 g5]alizations uns\nd & bas$ ^u insuffici5t & unfair in/ances8 ,apply ^! te/s to 8 argum5ts & y w r5d] y\r task ( refutation easi]4 ,b 9 y\r refutation1 be sure y refute4 ,don't ?9k = a m9ute t ei!r heat or viol5ce or s>casm is a good answ]4 ,nei!r c ! te/imony ( "o witness be rebutt$ by t ( ano!r unless ! latt]'s k ( ! matt] is %[n to be ! great]4 ,& ! /r5g? ( refutation lies 9 ! skill ) :i* y make y\r audi5ce believe y\r witnesses are m wor?y ( belief ?an ^? ( y\r oppon5t1 provid$ always t is ! fact4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,deliv]y ,let y\r spee* h =m & body4 ,:5 y h prep>$ y\r brief1 y h inde$ articulat$ a skeleton :i* may be beautiful 9 its logical symmetry al?\gh n z yet clo!d 9 fle% & blood4 ,b d n de/roy t beauty by los+1 :5 y beg9 to speak1 all y\r s5se ( =m & arrangem5t4 ,d n let y\r spok5 argum5t be simply unrelat$ *unks ( ?\ght4 ,keep y\r transitions 9 ?\ght cle>4 ,i d n mean t y %\ld p>ade ea* /ep consci\sly be=e y\r audi5ce & label ea* section neatly & appropriately4 ,let y\r argum5t all travel =w>d to a climactic end4 8,_m speak]s approa* ! end ( _! "w z if x 7 a dread$ leap into oblivion1 &1 aft] try+ aga9 & aga9 to close1 end abruptly or trail (f 9 less & less audible s5t5ces till ! gavel falls40 ,z to y\r me?od ( deliv]y1 z to h[ to le>n to speak1 ! be/ advice ,i c give y is to le>n to speak by speak+4 ,don't try to =ce y\r voice or y\r ge/ures2 let !m bo? be easy & natural4 ,! human voice is capable ( wond]ful ?+s2 its tones may be ri* & mell[ or h>% & rasp+4 ,le>n to li/5 to y\r own voice z to t ( ano!r4 ,brea?+4--,! secret ( successful public speak+ is to use y\r voice f ! diaphragm up1 n f ! ?roat4 ,by t /atem5t1 ,i mean t y %\ld d y\r talk+ ) a column ( vibrat+ air ! base ( :i* re/s ^u ! muscles at ! base ( ! lungs4 ,y mu/1 !n1 brea! deeply1 fill+ ! l[] portion ( ! lungs4 ,let ! great muscles ( ! diaphragm pu% =? y\r voice2 d n try to cr[d x out by us+ ^? ( ! upp] "p ( ! *e/4 ,hold y\r *e/ motionless4 ,! skillful speak] c fill a va/ auditorium ) a ri* resonant voice--&1 all ! "t1 keep ! upp] *e/ muscles inactive1 ! upp] p>ts ( ! *e/ motionless4 ,= ! speak]'s *e/ to rise & fall1 = him to squeeze 8 *e/ toge!r z he might squeeze an orange1 may %[ emotion1 b x doesn't %[ good s5se4 ,if y use ! muscles ( ! ?roat & neck1 y w soon injure y\r voice2 to speak effectively1 y mu/ let ! l[] "p ( ! lungs d ! "w4 ,x w1 if x is giv5 half a *ance4 ,^! directions may seem to call = a difficult feat ( int]nal gymna/ics4 ,!y don't4 ,correct brea?+ is easi] ?an ! o!r sort6 ,y w be surpris$ to f9d vocal p[]s :i* y nev] realiz$ exi/$ be=e4 ,y w also be *agr9$ to f9d1 ,i fe>1 t y occasionally use tones :i* rasp & grate1 :i* /ra9 ! muscles1 p>* ! ?roat & di/ress g5]ally n only ! speak] b alas6 ! he>] z well4 ,cultivate ^? tones :i* are flexible & resonant & disc>d ^? :i* grate & /ra94 ,use y\r s++ tones & don't be afraid to op5 y\r m\? & let y\r voice h a *ance4 ,b don't get monoton\s 9 y\r "w4 ,y w f9d1 9 practice1 _m ri* mell[ tones ( _m keys & pit*es4 ,j because "o s\nds good to y--& x may be ev]y?+ y ?9k x is--don't use x to ! po9t ( monotony4 ,i he>d a lady read "s *>m+ v]se ( h] own composition ! o!r ev5+4 ,! poems 7 9 e way pleas+--!y 7 mu* above ! ord9>y4 ,b %e pit*$ h] voice 9 "o key & "o tone all ! way ?r\gh ! v]se1 h] comm5t1 h] introduction1 ev]y?+1 all 9 ! same tone f beg9n+ to end6 ,! effect 0 m>r$4 ,!re 0 no break 9 ! smoo? voice f />t to f9i%4 ,z "o ( h] he>]s rem>k$3 8,i c\ld /& ^? can>y bird tones 9 ! v]ses b %e %\ld h giv5 u a re/ 9 ! re/ ( x40 ,z to y\r ge/ures & y\r be>+ on ! plat=m1 ! same rule applies2 be easy & natural4 ,rememb] t aft] all1 speak+ is little m ?an talk+4 ,if y c assi/ y\r public spee* by ge/ures :i* help y\r mean+1 emphasiz+ c]ta9 po9ts or1 z x 71 m>k+ (f c]ta9 phrases1 :y1 ge/ure4 ,b don't wave y\r arms = ! m]e sake ( do+ s4 ,z "o tea*] ( debat+ said 8,y may d any?+ on ! plat=m y w\ld d any:]e else 9 ! company ( ladies & g5tlem540 ,y mu/ ( c\rse s conduct y\rself physically t y w n di/ract ! att5tion ( y\r audi5ce f :at y are say+2 y wi% to help y\r ?\ght1 n h9d] x4 ,b always be y\rself--be natural4 ,x is bett] to be a real ,william ,smi? or ev5 a real ,bill ,smi? ?an an imitation ,daniel ,web/]4 ,/udy ,web/] & ,calh\n & ,root & ,bryan4 ,get all ! illu/rations & aid y c f _! me?ods 9 debate2 b rememb] aft] all y mu/ be y\rself4 ,:5 y 7 creat$ ! mold 0 ?r[n away4 ,no two natures are alike1 no two p]sons h ! same p[]s4 ,y c't be someone else if y want to be4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,f9al ,,sugge/ions ,! way to le>n to debate is by actual practice 9 debate4 ,! way to le>n to speak is by try+ to speak4 ,nev] miss a prop] opportunity ( speak+4 ,don't make y\rself dislik$1 ( c\rse1 b try e *ance y get1 & li/5 to e debate or spee* y c & apply to e argum5t y he> or read ! te/s :i* %[ :e!r !y are real or false4 ,be=e y really "k x1 y w prove e proposition pres5t$ to y & t )\t any consci\s ef=t4 ,"o excell5t =m ( practice is 9 audibly talk+ a ?+ out to y\rself4 ,hav5't y notic$ _m times y h _h a ?\ght :i* seem$ decid$ly cle> & wor? :ile to y\rself b :i* seem$ mi/y & inconclusive :5 y tri$ to tell y\r fri5d ab\t x8 ,y "k "s say t a ?\ght is n entitl$ to catalogu+ z a ?\ght until x has be5 express$ 9 words2 t until t "t x may h )9 x ! g]m ( an idea b x is n really a ?\ght until x has be5 clo!d 9 an appropriate dress ( language4 ,h[ev] t may be1 y c]ta9ly want to express y\r ?\ghts cle>ly & directly2 y wi% to conv9ce y\r he>]s ( ! s\ndness ( y\r position4 ,aga91 _m boys :o c write cle>ly & beautifully are likely to become slangy & colloquial :5 !y talk4 ,if y practice clo?+ y\r ?\ghts 9 appropriate audible language y w easily detect ?is tr\ble & x w soon become (f5sive to y4 ,s1 = bo? ( ^! reasons1 don't be afraid to talk to y\rself4 ,nev] m9d if y are ov]he>d & pron\nc$ que]--x's all 9 ! day's "w4 ,9 ! next place1 rememb] t all argum5t is really pla9 exposition--t is1 y are simply sett+ =? ! facts & 8apply+ to !m an explanation2 a !ory or a policy bett] or m rational1 m ?or\gh or m = y\r p]sonal advantage40 ,! rules :i* ,i h giv5 y w aid y 9 ?us sett+ =? ! facts1 & 9 mak+ y\r audi5ce see y\r propos$ solution ( ^? facts4 ,b z ,i said be=e1 ! way to le>n to debate is to debate4 ,! re/ ( ?is book is made up ( practical sugge/ions :i* w help y & y\r cr[d to organize & conduct debates & debat+ societies4 ,g to x1 b g to x z a real ?+1 a ?+ wor? :ile & n a m]e game4 ,take y\rselves s]i\sly & apply to y\r in=mal talks & discussions ! rules ,i h be5 outl9+ = =mal debates4 ,i don't want y to be /ilt$ or /iff1 nor yet self-consci\s prigs1 b ,i want y to realize t y\r life n[1 9 y\r club or society or patrol1 is b a cross-section ( :at y\r lat] life w be4 ,! same rules gov]n y\r m5tal discipl9e n[ z w !n4 ,! lessons y le>n n[ y w n h to le>n !n &1 :at is ( f> m consequ5ce1 if y n[ look aft] y\r tra9+ a little1 y won't h a lot ( ?+s to unle>n !n4 ,i h two sugge/ions1 h[ev]1 :i* apply ) equal =ce to bo? times--n[ & lat]4 ,if y are n successful 9 y\r argum5t1 :at %all y d8 ,if ! judges 9 ! debate decide aga9/ y1 :at next8 ,if y\r oppon5t in/ead ( y\rself has succe$$ 9 r\s+ y\r he>]s to ! po9t ( action1 %all y sulk 9 y\r t5t l ,a*illes or %all y turn 9 & help8 ,by all means ! latt]1 unless !re is "s moral pr9ciple involv$4 ,9 active life1 m5 are too will+ to feel absolv$ f all responsibility unless _! own special programme is adopt$4 ,!y w (t5 admit t ! o!r c\rse ( action is all "r z f> z x goes1 only because x does n g f> en\gh !y decl9e to h any?+ to d ) x4 ,don't make ?is mi/ake y\rself4 ,if y\r patrol decides to g to ,m\nt ,wa%+ton :5 y want$ to g to ! ,?\s& ,isl&s1 nev] m9d2 g anyway4 ,if y want$ ! age limit aga9/ *ild labor fix$ at sixte5 & y\r oppon5t is successful 9 mak+ x fifte51 :y rememb] fifte5 is bett] ?an f\rte5 anyway4 ,if y want$ =e/ res]ves ( tw5ty million acres e/abli%$ by law1 & y\r oppon5t succe$$ 9 conv9c+ ! judges t t5 millions 0 ab\t "r1 t's bett] ?an no cons]vation at all4 ,or = example if y believe t nation wide prohibition ( ! liquor traffic is ! ultimate solution ( t problem1 y %\ld n !re=e decl9e to h any?+ to d ) /ate prohibition or ev5 local option4 ,!y are all /eps 9 ! "r direction1 don't y see8 ,take any?+ y c get4 ,! /ep 9 ! "r direction is ! "r /ep1 :e!r x is a %ort /ep or a long /ep4 ,f9ally1 rememb] t :ile ^! sugge/ions are design$ to aid y w9 y\r debate1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 !re c only be "o correct position on any "q4 ,"o side only c be "r1 & if y\r side is n "r x %\ld n w94 ,b x is equally true if bo? sides are c>eful 9 _! analysis ( ! "q1 & 9 _! discussion ( x1 x is mu* m likely t ! actual facts w be discov]$ & a correct solution ( ! difficulties f\nd4 ,y mu/ !re=e rememb] t x is y\r task to d ! be/ y c s to pres5t y\r side ( ! case t e argum5t to be br\ght =w>d on y\r side w h its j weight4 ,b d n ?9k t because y h a c]ta9 side ( an argum5t to pres5t y mu/ always !reaft] take t side ( ! case4 ,9 o!r words don't be afraid ( *ang+ y\r m9d4 ,give ! be/ "w y are capable ( 9 prep>+ & pres5t+ y\r argum5ts & !n sit 9 judgm5t y\rself ^u y\rself4 ,be y\r own sev]e/ critic1 & be manly en\gh to abide by ! result4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,h[ ,,! ,,fairfield ,,boys ,,organiz$ ,i knew sev]al ( ! boys at ,fairfield1 & because ,i 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 debat+ g5]ally1 ,i 0 delight$ :5 ,jack ,mason ask$ me if ,i w\ld l to g ) him to a meet+ call$ to discuss ! organization ( a debat+ club4 ,jack 0 a f9e lad ab\t sev5te5 ye>s old2 he 0 an en?usia/ic ball play] & delight$ 9 outdoor sports4 ,8 p>ticul> *um1 ,frank ,lawr5ce1 0 a diff]5t lad4 ,he f\nd 8 *ief int]e/ 9 books & read+1 al?\gh he 0 by no means a 8dig0 or a recluse4 ,h[ev]1 ! two boys made a f9e team1 & ea* suppli$ :at ! o!r may h lack$4 ,frank 0 really ! lead] 9 ! movem5t to organize ! club4 ,he _h be5 read+ sev]al volumes ( orations & _h be5 impress$ by ! =ce & vigor ( ! great speak]s4 ,l all boys :o am\nt to any?+1 he want$ to try 8 h&1 & naturally he didn't want to d x alone4 ,he took ! matt] up ) ,jack &1 :ile ,jack at fir/ laugh$ at ! idea1 ,frank f9ally br\ght him r\nd to see x 0 a good ?+4 ,! result 0 t fifte5 or tw5ty ( ! boys came toge!r to talk ?+s ov]4 ,:5 ,i arriv$ ,i f\nd j a cr[d ( ord9>y boys1 no bett] or no worse ?an av]age lads 9 a community4 ,!y all want$ to d some?+2 !y 7 n satisfi$ ) wait+ = some?+ to happ52 !y want$ to make some?+ happ54 ,) t _s 9 !m1 !y spe$ily got d[n to "w & be=e ,i realiz$ x !y _h organiz$ _! club4 ,"s ( ! boys 7 ,sc\ts & naturally pref]r$ to h t organization connect$ 9 "s way ) ! club4 ,jack1 ,i ?9k1 approv$ ?is idea1 b ,frank po9t$ out t al?\gh _m ( !m 7 ,sc\ts & all ( !m _h fri5ds :o 7 ,sc\ts1 ?is really 0 n a sc\t organization & !y might wi% to take into ! club boys :o possibly did n believe 9 ! sc\t organization1 & might ?us be prev5t$ f jo9+4 ,*>lie ,taylor sugge/$ t x be call$ 8,! ,debat+ ,club ( ! ,epwor? ,league40 ,*>lie 0 a ,me?odi/ & belong$ to ! ,epwor? ,league4 ,george ,p]k9s1 h[ev]1 :o 0 an ard5t memb] ( ! ,*ri/ian ,endeavor ,society1 object$1 & ( c\rse :5 ! proposal 0 put t way1 ,*>lie at once saw t x 0 n fair4 ,! boys f9ally agre$ t ! only ?+ !y _h 9 common1 z f> z ! organization ( ! club 0 conc]n$1 0 fir/1 t !y 7 boys1 & second1 t !y want$ to debate4 ,!re=e1 !y decid$ to call x by a "n :i* w\ld1 by its v simplicity1 avoid any misund]/&+ & at ! same "t prop]ly *>act]ize ! object ( ! club4 ,!y decid$ !re=e to call ! club 8,! ,boys' ,debat+ ,club ( ,fairfield40 ,:5 !y came =mally to /ate ! purpose ( _! organization1 aft] "s discussion !y agre$ ^u ?is preamble3 8,we1 ! und]sign$1 appreciat+ ! advantages to be d]iv$ f practice 9 debate1 h]eby organize ourselves into a club = t purpose & agree to be gov]n$ by ! foll[+ con/itution30 ,frank wi%$ to h m 9 ?is preamble & urg$ t !y write x s t x w\ld /ate t !y w\ld be b5efit$ by drill 9 discussion1 9 composition1 9 declamation1 9 elocution1 9 p>liam5t>y practice2 9 fact1 9 _m o!r ways gr[+ out ( _! meet+ z a club1 b ,h5ry ,jordan1 a quiet1 unassum+ memb]1 ask$ if all t really 0 n includ$ 9 ! ^w 8debate40 ,!y said1 8,( c\rse10 & s ! %ort preamble /ood4 ,! fir/ few articles 7 adopt$ )\t mu* discussion1 z !y all ?\ght sub/antially alike on ^? po9ts4 ,! "q ( a %ort t]m ( (fice call$ =? mu* discussion4 ,my fri5d ,jack is decid$ly bus9esslike & he c\ld see no real reason1 he said1 = go+ ?r\gh ! fuss & bo!r ( s _m elections4 8,if a man makes a good presid5t10 he said1 8:y d we want to put him out ( (fice aft] he has be5 work+ t5 weeks & has j got ! run ( ?+s8 ,besides1 he w\ld sc>cely h "t to %[ :at he c\ld d 9 t5 weeks40 ,frank repli$3 8,suppose he doesn't make a good presid5t2 ev5 ^! t5 weeks w\ld be a pretty long "t1 w\ldn't x80 ,jack grumbl$ a good deal & insi/$ t ! boys w\ld put 9 mo/ ( _! "t electione]+ = (fice4 ,! boys laugh$ him d[n on ?is po9t1 b ,h5ry ,jordan conv9c$ !m all :5 he said3 8,if practice is :at we are aft] 9 ?is club1 ! m ! (fices are pass$ ar\nd ! m practice we w all get40 ,!y decid$ to fill vacancies by election at any meet+ ( ! club1 al?\gh "s ( ! boys ?\ght t x w\ld be simpl] to h ! presid5t appo9t "s boy to fill out ! unexpir$ portion ( ! (fice1 if a vacancy %\ld occur4 ,!re 0 a good deal ( discussion ( ! duties ( ! v>i\s (fic]s4 ,h5ry ,jordan ?\ght x w\ld be en\gh if ! con/itution simply set out ! ord9>y rules gov]n+ simil> bodies4 ,ralph ,p>sons--! boys call$ him 8,tubby0--sugge/$1 q +5u\sly ,i ?\ght1 t he suppos$ ! v>i\s (fic]s w\ld h s mu* "w to d t !y w\ld n be expect$ to take "p 9 ! debates4 ,! ?\ght 9 8 m9d 0 cle> to all4 ,! boys evid5tly knew him4 8,no1 inde$10 ann\nc$ ,jack1 8! presid5t & all ! re/ ( ! (fic]s take "p 9 ! debates :5 _! "t comes40 8,o1 well60 sigh$ 8,tubby40 ,frank made a sugge/ion at ?is po9t :i* ,i ?\ght 0 v good4 8,!re are o!r debat+ clubs10 he said1 8we ought to get acqua9t$ )4 ,!re are societies = do+ o!r k9ds ( "w :i* is wor? :ile4 ,!re is ! ,epwor? ,league1 & ! ,*ri/ian ,endeavor ,society1 & ! ,boy ,sc\ts1 & ! ,high ,s*ool lit]>y society1 & ! ,girls' ,libr>y ,club1 & lots ( organizations :i* are j z good z ours4 ,i ?9k x w\ld be great to get toge!r ) !m j z mu* z we c--h jo9t programmes & all t sort ( ?+1 y "k4 ,x might be good = !m1 & ,i "k x w\ld be f9e = u40 8,spl5did60 ,i c\ld n help exclaim+4 8,i move t x be "o ( ! duties ( ! ,presid5t to see ^! clubs & c>ry out ?is idea10 said ,george ,p]k9s4 ,?is motion 0 c>ri$ en?usia/ically4 ,aft] m discussion ! enum]ation ( ! o!r duties ( ! (fic]s 0 left to a committee4 ,"o (fice 0 creat$ = :i* ,i suppose ,i am responsible4 ,! boys felt pretty 8cocky0 & ,jack said some?+ ab\t ! good "w !y 7 go+ to d 9 _! club4 ,!y _h ask$ me be=e to take "p 9 _! discussion & ,i v5tur$ to ask3 8,h[ w y "k :e!r y\r "w is good or n80 8,well10 ,*>lie ,taylor repli$1 8:5 we h a debate ) t ,on>ga bun* & lick !m good & pl5ty1 ,i guess !y'll "k we are do+ good "w40 8,well1 we may n f9d judges :o w /& = #8lick !m good & pl5ty' argum5ts10 int]rupt$ ,frank4 8,t k9d ( talk won't g 9 a dignifi$ debat+ club40 8,anyway10 ,i repli$1 8suppose y don't "k :at k9d ( "w y are do+ until ! result ( "s debate conte/ tells y4 ,isn't x q a :ile to wait80 8,i tell y :at1 boys10 ,i cont9u$4 8,i "k folks say !re is a great deal ( education 9 le>n+ ?r\gh our mi/akes1 & ( c\rse !re is4 ,b !re is also a lot ( en]gy wa/$ 9 do+ ?+s ! wrong way4 ,we w\ld look well1 w\ldn't we1 if we insi/$ 9 f9d+ out = ourselves e fact 9 geography or physics :5 we h available ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( c5turies4 ,s don't try to d x all alone1 boys4 ,get "s old] m5 :o h gone ?r\gh ! mill !mselves & get !m to act z y\r critics & advis]s4 ,y w save a lot ( "t & get along mu* bett]40 ,?is advice seem$ good1 & !y adopt$ ! foll[+ section3 8,! ,presid5t %all appo9t at ea* session ( ! club a ,critic1 ^: duty x %all be to criticize ! conduct ( ! meet+ & ( ! individual memb]s 9 all respects & to r5d] to ! club su* o!r help 9 advice & c\nsel z may seem wise to him4 ,su* ,critic %all1 :5 possible1 be appo9t$ f ! honor>y memb]s ( ! club40 ,:5 !y came to ! "q ( memb]%ip !re 0 a hot debate4 ,!re 0 an almo/ ev5 division on ! "q ( admitt+ ! girls4 ,!re 0 no nons5se ab\t ! boys2 !y 7 n r\gh or boori% on ! "o h&1 nor 8sissifi$0 on ! o!r4 ,"o faction cont5d$ /\tly t x w\ld be a good ?+ to h ! girls ) !m4 ,!y urg$ ! diff]5ce 9 ! m9ds ( boys & girls & felt t any "q w\ld be bett] und]/ood if !y _h bo? po9ts ( view ab\t x4 ,jack l$ ! opposition to hav+ ! girls jo94 ,he said3 8,y fell[s all "k my si/] ,polly40 7,!re 0 a *orus ( ass5t & sev]al side glances at ,frank1 :o look$ c>efully out ( ! w9d[47 8,y "k ,polly is great4 ,%e is z good a fell[ z any ( y "h40 ,"h he gl>$ pugnaci\sly ab\t1 b z no "o seem$ to disagree ) him 9 ! lea/ he cont9u$4 8,i w\ld z lief *um ) ,polly z n--b n 9 ?is club4 ,i ?9k we w\ld h bett] times & d m bus9ess if we 7 alone4 ,we c\ld easily en\gh h social nights 9 ! club once 9 a :ile4 ,we c always get ! girls & h a good "t toge!r outside1 b ,i believe we ought to keep ! club out ( x4 ,i wi% !y w\ld organize a debat+ club ( _! own4 ,x w\ld be great sport to h a jo9t debate40 ,! antis won1 & ! ^w 8boy0 us$ 9 ! provision on memb]%ip4 ,only two o!r po9ts conc]n+ memb]%ip made mu* discussion--h[ _m votes 7 necess>y to get a boy 9 & h[ _m votes 7 necess>y to get him out aft] he 0 94 ,w ,morrissey _h n talk$ mu* yet1 b he grew eloqu5t :5 he urg$ t "o vote %\ld be en\gh to keep a boy out4 8,:y10 he said1 8if we are go+ to d good "w "h we mu/ be c>eful :o we h 94 ,if we h unit$ action we mu/ be a b& ( bro!rs4 ,we mu/ n h 9 "h anyone :o is obnoxi\s to anyone else40 ,pietro ,front5elli 0 an ,italian lad :o _h completely won ! he>ts ( ! re/ ( ! boys s9ce he _h be5 9 ,fairfield4 ,he 0 suppos$ to be a sociali/ at lea/1 q likely an an>*i/1 possibly a ,camorri/1 b altoge!r a mo/ likable fell[4 ,! boys indiff]5tly call$ him 8,pete0 or 8,nellie0 = %ort2 he admitt$ himself t 8 :ole "n made q a m\?ful4 8,pete0 ?\ght x made little diff]5ce :e!r we all ?\ght alike or n4 8,( c\rse10 he said1 8we want to ?re% out ! que/ions we h up = discussion & get at :at seems to be ! correct answ]4 ,b x's a sure %ot we w be m likely to get at t result if we approa* x f z _m angles z we c4 ,i w\ld l to see memb]s elect$ by a majority vote40 ,george ,p]k9s ?\ght t provision w\ld be too lib]al & f9ally ! boys compromis$ on all[+ election if no m ?an ?ree votes 7 ca/ aga9/ ! c&idate4 ,!y decid$ to foll[ ! same rule 9 ! election ( honor>y memb]s4 ,"r "h ,i broke 9 aga94 8,boys10 ,i said1 8let me repeat1 don't try to d x all alone4 ,get y\r old] fri5ds 94 ,get y\r big bro!rs1 y\r fa!rs1 y\r tea*]s1 ! fa!rs ( ! o!r boys1 ev5 if _! sons don't belong4 ,x is a good ?+ to h a lot ( !m ) y z honor>y memb]s4 ,( c\rse !y are busy m54 ,!re w n be _m ( !m out any "o night1 b y ought to h "s outsid]s & advis]s "h e night40 8,i don't "k ab\t t10 said 8,tubby40 8,if we h folks l t "h1 we won't feel free & easy4 ,we w be on dress p>ade all ! "t40 8,t's j h[ we %\ld be10 said ,*>lie ,taylor4 8,if we don't take ourselves s]i\sly1 no "o else w40 8,t's ! way to talk10 *im$ 9 ,jimmy ,francis4 8,we don't want any #8r\gh h\se' or be> dances or any?+ l t4 ,we want to d bus9ess 9 ?is club ( ours40 8,n[1 look "h1 fell[s10 said 8,tubby40 8,:o said any?+ ab\t r\gh h\se or any?+ l x8 ,i don't want t any m ?an y d40 ,jimmy assur$ him t !y all knew t he wasn't /&+ = any?+ l 8r\gh h\se40 8,b x's go+ to be awful h>d "w to keep brac$ up all ! "t10 he sigh$ to himself4 8,i won't d>e ev5 to slide d[n 9 my *air4 ,o well60 ,:5 x came to consid]+ ! conduct ( memb]s )9 ! society & me?ods ( discipl9e1 ! boys 7 decid$ly at sea4 ,!y want$ to ma9ta9 ! dignity ( ! club & yet !y want$ to be fair to ev]yone4 8,b10 z ,frank ,lawr5ce put x1 8:at rule %all we foll[ 9 pass+ ^u ! guilt ( memb]s8 ,:at /&>ds %all we foll[8 ,:at is a crime & :at is n a crime80 ,t 0 ! "q4 ,:at %\ld be reg>d$ z conduct unbecom+ a memb] ( ! club8 ,x 0 f9ally decid$ t no "o code ( rules c\ld answ] su* a "q1 b t ea* case %\ld /& on its own m]its4 ,consequ5tly ! section 0 word$ l ?is3 8,any memb] :o is guilty ( conduct unbecom+ a memb] ( ! club may1 at any regul> meet+1 be susp5d$ or expell$ at ! discretion ( ! club4 ,b ! *>ge aga9/ su* memb] %all be sign$ by "o ( ! (fic]s ( ! club or at lea/ ?ree memb]s1 %all def9itely /ate ! facts con/itut+ ! alleg$ (f5se1 %all lie on ! table "o week1 & %all require a two-?irds vote ( ! memb]s pres5t = its adoption40 ,9 arrang+ = _! programmes ! boys felt t !y %\ld all[ "s latitude = jo9t sessions ) o!r clubs4 ,consequ5tly !y in/ruct$ _! committee :o _h ! draft+ ( ! rules 9 *>ge to give a place = su* ?+s on ! ord] ( bus9ess4 ,:ile !y 7 organiz+ a debat+ club1 !y said1 !y didn't want to %ut out any?+ else !y might want to d4 ,h[ %\ld !y provide ! necess>y funds8 ,s9ce ,sam ,levi's fa!r 0 a bank]1 he 0 reg>d$ by all ! boys z an au?ority on f9ance4 ,he talk$ q at l5g? on bonds1 deb5tures1 income taxes1 & j dues1 & :5 x 0 all ov] ! boys seem$ to be q cle> t if !y ev] decid$ to build a club h\se !y might want to sell bonds1 b until t "t !y w\ld simply levy dues on all memb]s equally4 ,!y really did n ne$ mu* money4 ,! ,s*ool ,bo>d _h told !m !y c\ld use ! s*ool assembly room = _! meet+s4 ,_! incid5tal exp5se w\ld n am\nt to mu*1 & !y ?\ght t5 c5ts p] memb]1 besides an initiation fee ( tw5ty-five c5ts1 w\ld take c>e ( x4 ,"o po9t did cause "s discussion4 ,suppose a boy didn't pay 8 dues2 :at !n8 ,jack z usual 0 = dra/ic action4 ,he want$ su* a boy 8fir$0 "r (f4 ,sam sugge/$ t a p5alty ( t5 p] c5t4 p] mon? on ! pa/ due fees w\ld keep ! boys up to ! m>k4 8,if !y h to pay elev5 c5ts in/ead ( t5 if !y are beh9d a mon?10 said he1 8or twelve c5ts if !y are back two mon?s1 !y w look out40 ,x /ruck ! boys z good f9ance until ,jimmy ,francis sugge/$ r timidly3 8,if a fell[ is h>d up & c\ldn't get 8 money toge!r j "r x w\ld r hurt to pay ! extra c5t or two40 ,! boys quickly saw ! o!r side4 ,jimmy 0 ! son ( a wid[4 ,ev]yone respect$ him1 =1 al?\gh he didn't pity himself ! lea/ bit1 he 0 always look+ out = odd jobs to help out4 ,all ! lads knew he w\ld h to f9d "o m job to take c>e ( 8 dues4 ,8 "m _h to c\nt e p5ny z x 04 ,!y f9ally decid$ n to impose any p5alty = non-paym5t ( dues4 ,z ,frank po9t$ out1 !y felt t 8if any fell[ is mean en\gh to quit on 8 dues because !re is no p5alty tack$ on1 t's conduct unbecom+ a memb] ( ! club & we c #8fire' him40 ,aft] !y _h tak5 c>e ( a few miscellane\s provisions1 !y f\nd !y _h a good work+ organization4 ,i agre$ ) !m1 & 9 ! app5dix1 beg9n+ on page #aef1 y w f9d _! con/itution 9 full4 ,9 ! next *apt] ,i am go+ to tell y ab\t ! rules ( ord] !y adopt$4 ,!y appo9t$ a committee to draft !m & ,i help$ ) ! "w4 ,we talk$ ! rules ov] a good deal bo? 9 ?is committee & aft]w>d 9 ! fir/ two or ?ree meet+s4 ,!y 7 good en\gh to make me ,critic sev]al times & mo/ ( ! help ,i gave !m 0 9 p>liam5t>y practice4 ,i h giv5 y ! rules1 toge!r ) ! runn+ discussion we _h on !m4 ,possibly ! reasons giv5 = ! rules w help y1 z !y seem$ to help !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,_! ,,p>liam5t>y ,,proc$ure ,k ( p>liam5t>y law is1 at "s "t or o!r1 useful to almo/ e memb] ( an ,am]ican community1 yet few ev] get m ?an a confus$ & mi/ak5 idea ( its pr9ciples4 ,absolute equality ( rights & privileges among ! memb]s ( an assembly1 ! "r to a full & free debate ( e proposition (f]$1 ! rule ( ! majority1 & ! limitation ( consid]ation to "o ?+ at a "t1 are ! c>d9al pr9ciples ^u :i* ! rules ( ord] re/4 ,to en=ce !m1 a *airman or mod]ator mu/ be *os54 ,he always speaks ( himself z 8! *air40 ,all ! proce$+s ( an organiz$ assembly1 :atev] its purpose or composition1 are f\nd$ ^u ! motion1 :i* is really ! =m 9 :i* action is propos$4 ,besides ! ma9 or pr9cipal motion1 :i* is ! proposition 9 its orig9al & simple =m1 !re are subsidi>y1 incid5tal1 & privileg$ motions4 ,!y w be expla9$ lat]4 ,a memb] :o wi%es to make a motion mu/ rise 9 8 place1 & address ! *air--8,mr4 ,*airman0 or 8,mr4 ,presid5t10 z ! case may be4 ,he is n to speak fur!r until ! *air has 8recogniz$0 him by pron\nc+ 8 "n4 ,hav+ be5 recogniz$1 he proce$s to make 8 motion aft] ?is =m3 8,i move t ?is society att5d 9 a body ! ,f\r? ( ,july ex]cises at ,riv]side ,p>k40 ,9 ,congress1 motions are n1 z a rule1 second$2 b 9 mo/ volunt>y organizations1 ! *airman--except 9 matt]s ( r\t9e bus9ess--waits1 be=e /at+ ! "q1 until "s "o says1 8,i second ! motion40 ,t1 a memb] c d )\t ris+4 ,if no "o (f]s to second ! motion1 ! *airman ne$ n /ate ! motion at all1 & (t5 refuses to d s4 ,z soon z a motion has be5 second$1 h[ev]1 ! presid+ (fic] repeats x v]batim1 z x 0 made4 ,if ! motion is long & complicat$1 he may call = x 9 writ+2 & x is always a good plan = "o :o int5ds to propose a motion ( importance to write x out be=e he rises to (f] x4 ,until a motion has be5 second$1 ! mak] may )draw x4 ,until x has be5 /at$ by ! *air1 he may )draw x ) ! cons5t ( ! second]2 b aft] x has be5 /at$1 x c be )drawn only by =mal vote ( ! meet+4 ,! "q hav+ be5 /at$1 ! *airman goes on to say1 8,are y ready = ! "q80 ,t op5s ! floor to debate4 ,if no "o (f]s to speak1 ! *airman calls = ! vote3 8,all 9 favor ( ! motion w say1 #8,aye1' all oppos$1 #8,no4' ,! ayes0 7or noes7 8h x1 & ! motion is c>ri$0 7or is lo/1 z ! case may be74 ,9 case ( d\bt1 ! *air may ord] ! ayes & noes to rise 9 turn1 & rema9 /&+ until !y are c\nt$4 ,& if any memb] does n agree ) ! *air's decision ( ! vote by voice1 he may 8d\bt0 x4 ,!n a ris+ vote mu/ be tak54 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 !re w be debate4 ,! *airman w !n recognize ! fir/ memb] to rise1 :o may speak z long z ! rules ( ! p>ticul> body p]mit4 ,! mak] ( a motion has1 by cu/om1 ! fir/ opportunity to speak to x1 if he wi%es to d s1 & usually1 also1 ! "r to close ! debate ) ano!r spee*4 ,:ile a memb] is speak+1 no o!r memb] is all[$ to /&1 unless ! speak]1 on be+ appeal$ to1 p]mits an int]ruption = ! purpose ( ask+ a "q or mak+ a correction4 ,b a speak] :o is us+ disc\rte\s or improp] language may be 8call$ to ord]10 z w be expla9$ lat]4 ,a memb] has no "r to rema9 /&+ :ile ano!r is speak+1 ) ! idea ( prempt+ ! next recognition f ! *airman2 ! *air %\ld n recognize a memb] unless he rose aft] ! prec$+ speak] _h f9i%$4 ,:5 a memb] has once spok5 to a motion1 he has no "r to take ! floor aga91 z long z any o!r memb] wi%es to be he>d1 except to make "o ( ! subsidi>y1 incid5tal1 or privileg$ motions above ref]r$ to4 ,^? motions all sup]s$e ! consid]ation ( ! ma9 motion4 ,:5 a subsidi>y motion is made1 ! ma9 motion is laid aside until ! subsidi>y has be5 act$ ^u4 ,:5 "o ( ! incid5tal motions is made1 ! ma9 motion or any subsidi>y motions mu/ be laid aside until ! incid5tal motion is dispos$ (4 ,! privileg$ motions displace any ( ! o!rs f consid]ation4 ,only "o ?+ at a "t may be be=e ! 8h\se40 ,a4 ,! ,,subsidi>y ,,motions1 all conc]n$ ) p]fect+ or advanc+ ! disposition ( a ma9 motion1 are ^!3 7a7 ,am5dm5t4--,any ma9 motion is op5 to am5dm5t1 & any am5dm5t is op5 to fur!r am5dm5t4 ,! am5dm5t may be by add+ words or phrases1 by elim9at+ words or phrases1 or by ! sub/itution ( c]ta9 words = "s 9 ! orig9al motion4 ,any numb] ( am5dm5ts may be (f]$2 only "o at a "t c be consid]$4 ,:5 an am5dm5t to an am5dm5t is (f]$1 x displaces ! am5dm5t f consid]ation1 j z ! fir/ am5dm5t displac$ ! orig9al motion4 ,an am5dm5t ought n to be (f]$ 9 a negative =m2 x is a good plan1 :5 t is done1 to am5d x at once to a positive =m1 s t !re %all be no misund]/&+ :5 x comes to a vote4 ,x is confus+ :5 ! vote 8,aye0 means n to d a c]ta9 ?+1 & ! vote 8,no0 means to d x4 ,! am5dm5t mu/ also con=m to ! subject-matt] ( ! ma9 motion4 ,! *airman mu/ rule 8out ( ord]0 an am5dm5t t tries to introduce an entirely diff]5t subject4 ,! "q on an am5dm5t is put j z x is on a ma9 motion1 b ! *airman %\ld be c>eful to repeat ! :ole motion1 ) ! propos$ am5dm5t1 s t all may und]/& :at !y are vot+ on4 7b7 ,indef9ite ,po/ponem5t4--,at any "t :5 ! ma9 motion alone is be=e ! assembly1 a motion to po/pone its consid]ation indef9itely is 9 ord]4 ,?is motion is op5 to debate1 & if c>ri$1 makes any fur!r discussion ( ! ma9 motion impossible at t session2 & at a lat] session x c be br\ght 9 only z 8new bus9ess10 z if x _h nev] be5 propos$ be=e4 7c7 ,to ,commit4--,at any "t :5 a motion or an am5dm5t is "u discussion1 a motion to ref] to a committee may be made4 ,9 mo/ legislative bodies ?is is ! imm$iate fate ( almo/ e motion ( importance2 9 clubs & simil> organizations1 matt]s t require inve/igation & special in=mation are prop]ly ref]r$ to a committee4 ,! motion is debatable & op5 to am5dm5t--usually z to ! numb] ( ! committee1 or ! "t :5 a report %all be made4 ,if ! ref]5ce is to a special1 & n a 8/&+0 committee1 ! *airman1 :5 ! *oice is left to him1 (t5 appo9ts ! memb] :o propos$ ! ref]5ce1 *airman1 al?\gh he ne$ n d s unless he *ooses4 ,:5 a committee has prep>$ & pres5t$ its report1 ! *airman moves its adoption--if x makes any specific proposition or recomm5dation4 ,reports :i* m]ely /ate facts or 8report progress0 are 8accept$10 n 8adopt$40 ,a committee1 aft] mak+ its f9al report1 is ipso facto dis*>g$4 ,b a =mal motion to dis*>ge a committee may be made & ent]ta9$ at its own reque/1 or 9 case ( a p>tial report or unsatisfactory p]=mance ( its duties4 ,sometimes committees disagree1 & majority & m9ority reports are pres5t$4 ,9 su* a case ! fir/ motion to be made is usually = ! adoption ( ! majority report4 ,!n an am5dm5t to sub/itute = x ! m9ority report (t5 foll[s1 & aft] debate1 ! vote comes on ! "q ( sub/itution4 ,if t fails1 ! vote recurs on ! adoption ( ! majority report4 7d7 ,po/ponem5t4--,a motion to po/pone consid]ation to a def9ite "t is 9 ord] :ile any ( ! motions already describ$ are "u discussion4 ,x is debatable1 b ! *airman %\ld n let ! debate ext5d beyond ! prop] "t ( po/ponem5t4 ,if c>ri$1 ! ma9 motion _c aga9 be consid]$ be=e ! specifi$ "t1 except by a two-?irds vote4 ,b :5 t "t has arriv$1 if a c]ta9 h\r 0 nam$1 ! po/pon$ motion takes prec$5ce ( any o!r bus9ess1 except ! privileg$ que/ions lat] to be describ$4 ,if ! po/ponem5t 0 to a c]ta9 day only1 ! motion comes up :5 8unf9i%$ bus9ess0 is rea*$4 ,any ( ! motions already nam$ w yield to a motion = 7e7 ,! ,previ\s ,"q4--,t1 if c>ri$1 closes all debate1 & puts ! matt] at once to a vote4 ,x is 9 ord] only :5 !re has be5 a fair am\nt ( discussion4 ,x is n itself debatable1 & requires a two-?irds vote to pass4 ,if am5dm5ts are p5d+ :5 ! previ\s "q is ord]$1 !y mu/ be vot$ on "o aft] ano!r2 !n ! ma9 motion mu/ be put1 )\t fur!r debate4 ,b a memb] may1 if he please1 move ! previ\s "q on an am5dm5t only--9 :i* case ! ma9 motion w /ill be op5 to debate4 ,f9ally1 a motion 7f7 ,to ,lay on ! ,table takes prec$5ce ( any ( ! o!r motions enum]at$4 ,x is n debatable4 ,its effect is to po/pone action on a motion1 b x p]mits ! re9troduction ( ! motion at any "t dur+ t or ! next foll[+ session4 ,its prop] use is to lay aside a motion until fur!r in=mation c be obta9$1 or until a m favorable "t = its consid]ation2 b s9ce ! enemies ( a motion1 if !y are /rong en\gh to lay a motion on ! table1 are (t5 /rong en\gh to prev5t its be+ tak5 f ! table1 ?is motion (t5 s]ves to suppress a "q )\t actually vot+ x d[n4 ,a motion to take a motion f ! table is 9 ord] at any "t :5 o!r bus9ess is n be=e ! h\se1 dur+ ! same or ! next foll[+ session4 ,b4 ,! ,,incid5tal ,,motions are sev5 9 numb]1 & are ( equal p>liam5t>y /&+4 ,t is to say1 any ( !m may be introduc$ :ile ! ma9 or a subsidi>y motion is p5d+1 b no "o ( !m takes prec$5ce ov] any o!r2 no second incid5tal motion may be (f]$ :ile "o is "u consid]ation4 ,all ( !m1 save only ! appeal f ! decision ( ! *air1 are p]emptory motions1 & n debatable4 ,!y are z foll[s3 7a7 ,susp5sion ( ! ,rules4--,?is is a motion to susp5d ! op]ation ( ! rules ( ord] t ! p>ticul> body has adopt$1 9 ord] to p]mit ! consid]ation ( "s press+ matt] out ( its usual place4 ,by-laws may n ?us be susp5d$1 & ! rules ( ord] may be susp5d$ only by a two-?irds vote4 ,nor c ! motion1 if vot$ d[n1 be r5ew$ :ile ! same "q is "u consid]ation2 ! *airman mu/ rule x 8out ( ord]0 if ! attempt is made4 ,! motion %\ld be made 9 ?is =m3 8,mr4 ,*airman1 ,i move ! susp5sion ( ! rules = ! consid]ation ( ! "q--0 :i* %\ld !n be /at$ 9 full4 7b7 ,)draw+ a ,motion4--,:5 a motion is fairly be=e ! h\se1 ! mov] may )draw x only by ris+ & mov+ its )drawal4 ,no "o b ! mak] ( ! orig9al motion c move to )draw4 ,!re c be no debate1 & a majority vote p]mits ! )drawal4 7c7 ,divid+ a ,motion4--,if a motion conta9s two or m di/9ct propositions1 x is sometimes conv5i5t to divide x1 & vote sep>ately on ea* proposition1 especially if "o seems likely to enc\nt] m opposition ?an ! o!rs4 ,! motion is n debatable4 7d7 ,to ,read ,pap]s4--,?is is a motion to h ! p5d+ motion read aga9 = ! in=mation & guidance ( memb]s1 or to h o!r mat]ial read :i* seems likely to help 9 ! intellig5t consid]ation ( ! "q4 ,:5 su* a motion is made1 ! *airman usually says1 8,if !re is no objection1 ! pap]0 7or ! motion7 8w be read40 ,if any "o objects1 ! motion mu/ be put to vote4 ,a majority vote c>ries x4 7e7 ,objection to ,consid]ation4--,sometimes silly or ne$less motions are made1 or motions :i* are likely to /ir up ill feel+4 ,objection to ! consid]ation ( su* bus9ess may be made by any memb] z soon z ! motion has be5 /at$ by ! *air4 ,no second is ne$$1 no debate is all[$1 & a two-?irds vote is requir$4 ,! proce$+ is (t5 a useful "o1 b x requires quick wit to employ x2 = z soon z debate has actually begun1 ! objection is out ( ord]4 ,9 su* a case ! indef9ite po/ponem5t already describ$ is ! be/ way ( suppress+ ! tr\blesome motion4 ,x %\ld be not$ t :5 ! objection is put to vote1 all ^? :o are 9 favor ( consid]+ ! "q are ask$ to vote 8,aye02 ^? :o oppose its consid]ation & su/a9 ! objection are ask$ to vote 8,no40 7f7 ,po9ts ( ,ord]4--,! *airman is1 ( c\rse1 9 con/ant *>ge ( ! meet+1 en=c+ ! rules ( ord] & ! pr9ciples ( p>liam5t>y law1 & call+ to ord] memb]s ^: language is unduly viol5t or disc\rte\s4 ,if he fails to p]=m any ( ^! duties1 x is prop] = a memb] to 8rise to a po9t ( ord]10 & call ! *air's att5tion to ! infraction ( ! rules4 ,?us if a memb] moves to commit a motion :ile ! assembly is debat+ on ! proposal to po/pone x to a def9ite "t1 a memb] may say3 8,mr4 ,*airman1 ,i rise to a po9t ( ord]40 ,! ,*air3 8,/ate y\r po9t40 8,! motion to ref] to a committee is n 9 ord] until ! motion to po/pone has be5 vot$ on40 8,! po9t is well tak52 ! motion to ref] to a committee is out ( ord]40 ,or ! *air may decide ! po9t 8n well tak540 ,9 t case1 ! memb] :o made x may1 if he please3 7g7 ,appeal4--,! appeal requires a second1 & :5 made1 is sometimes op5 to debate4 ,! "q is put 9 ! =m3 8,%all ! decision ( ! *air be su/a9$80 ,! ayes1 !re=e1 vote = ! *air1 & ! noes 9 favor ( ! appeal4 ,a tie vote su/a9s ! *air4 ,:5 an appeal has be5 su/a9$1 ! *air mu/ act 9 accordance ) x1 ev5 ?\gh he kn[s he is violat+ ! rules 9 do+ s4 ,he is ! s]vant ( ! h\se1 & mu/ take 8 in/ructions f x4 ,a memb] may also object to ! language us$ by ano!r memb]1 & call him to ord]4 ,a memb] ?us call$ to ord] mu/ at once take 8 seat until ! *air has rul$ on ! po9t4 ,if ! decision is aga9/ him1 he may resume speak+ only aft] (f]+ an apology1 & ! assembly may1 if x please1 d5y him ! "r to speak fur!r4 ,c4 ,! ,,privileg$ ,,que/ions are few 9 numb]1 b !y displace all ! motions already describ$1 & also h c]ta9 relative values among !mselves4 7a7 ,ord]s ( ! ,day4--,a society sometimes fixes a c]ta9 ord] ( bus9ess to be c>ri$ out at a p>ticul> "t at ea* meet+2 ?is is ! g5]al ord]4 ,:51 at a previ\s meet+1 a "q has be5 po/pon$ to a p>ticul> h\r ( a succe$+ meet+1 t "q becomes a special ord] = t day4 ,:5 ! prop] "t arrives1 ! *air may call ! att5tion ( ! meet+ to ! fact1 or a memb] may rise & 8call = ! ord] ( ! day40 ,:atev] bus9ess is p5d+ mu/ at once be susp5d$4 ,once be=e ! meet+1 ! "q may be aga9 po/pon$ if ! h\se s votes1 9 :i* case ! susp5d$ bus9ess is resum$4 ,o!rwise ! ord] passes to a decision 9 ! regul> way4 ,! ord] ( ! day mu/ be call$ = at ! prop] "t2 if =gott5 or neglect$ !n1 x loses its privilege1 & c be tak5 up only z unf9i%$ bus9ess lat]4 ,:5 x is call$ =1 ! meet+ may vote n to take x up4 ,t means t x pref]s to dispose fir/ ( ! bus9ess already be=e x4 ,b z soon z t is done )1 ! ord] ( ! day mu/ be tak5 up next4 7b7 ,que/ions ( ,privilege4--,^! are matt]s affect+ ! rights1 dignity1 or reputation ( individual memb]s or ( ! :ole assembly1 & any bus9ess may be int]rupt$ to /ate !m4 ,a memb] :o feels t 8 "r to debate is infr+$ by ! *air or by o!r memb]s1 :o feels t 8 "* is assail$ or 8 views misrepres5t$1 may 8rise to a "q ( privilege40 ,also unsatisfactory conditions ( light or v5tilation1 unseemly behavior ( memb]s or visitors1 *>ges aga9/ ! (ficial conduct ( (fic]s ( ! body1 & s =?1 are suitable matt]s = que/ions ( privilege4 ,! *air ne$ n ent]ta9 ! "q if he ?9ks x ( insuffici5t importance1 b 8 decision is subject to appeal4 ,if ! "q is put z a motion1 x is l any motion subject to am5dm5t1 commitm5t1 po/ponem5t1 & s =?4 ,all su* que/ions are debatable4 7c7 ,recess4--,! motion to take a recess outranks all motions already enum]at$4 ,x _c be am5d$ or debat$4 7d7 ,adj\rnm5t4--,a motion to adj\rn outranks all o!rs1 & may be made at any "t except :ile a memb] is speak+1 :ile vot+ is go+ on1 or :ile ! *air is /at+ a "q4 ,x is n debatable1 & may be r5ew$ if lo/4 ,b if repeat$ motions to adj\rn are made simply to ob/ruct bus9ess1 ! *air may f9ally refuse to ent]ta9 !m4 ,a special =m ( ?is motion ( /ill great] privilege is t fix+ ! "t & place ( adj\rnm5t4 ,:5 adj\rnm5t has be5 c>ri$ 9 a body t is meet+ 9 cont9u\s session1 day aft] day1 ! bus9ess left unf9i%$ comes up at once on reassembl+1 unless displac$ by ! ord] ( ! day4 ,:5 a body has only a weekly or a mon?ly meet+1 su* bus9ess w\ld be consid]$ :5 unf9i%$ bus9ess 0 rea*$ 9 ! regul> ord]4 ,d4 ,!re are a few o!r motions :i* d n fall "u any ( ! heads nam$4 ,= example3 7a7 ,a motion may be made to limit ! l5g? ( "t :i* ea* speak] may occupy1 or :i* ! entire debate may occupy1 or to ext5d ! "t already decid$ ^u1 or to fix ! h\r :5 ! debate %all close & a vote be tak54 ,^! are undebatable1 b may be am5d$1 & require a two-?irds vote to pass4 7b7 ,aft] a motion has be5 adopt$ or defeat$1 a motion to 8reconsid]0 is 9 ord]1 ei!r dur+ t meet+ or ! next "o4 ,x mu/ be made by "o :o vot$ on ! prevail+ side1 :e!r affirmative or negative4 ,if x is c>ri$1 ! "q is aga9 be=e ! h\se = debate & am5dm5t1 j z x /ood :5 ! vote pass+ or defeat+ x 0 tak54 ,! motion to reconsid] is 9 ord] at any "t1 ev5 :ile o!r bus9ess is "u consid]ation4 ,:5 s made1 h[ev]1 ! fact is ent]$ on ! m9utes1 & ! motion waits until ! p5d+ bus9ess is dispos$ (4 7c7 ,:5 ! "t has expir$ dur+ :i* reconsid]ation may be mov$1 a motion to resc9d action already tak5 may be made4 ,?is may be made :5 no o!r matt] is p5d+1 & is fully debatable4 7d7 ,al?\gh x is a g5]al rule t a motion once vot$ d[n c be tak5 up only ?r\gh a motion to reconsid]1 mo/ motions1 except ma9 motions & am5dm5ts1 may be r5ew$ if ! /atus ( ! bus9ess be=e ! h\se has be5 *ang$ 9 ! meantime4 ,= example1 a motion to lay a "q on ! table is made & vot$ d[n4 ,!n a motion to po/pone x to a c]ta9 "t is made4 ,! motion to lay on ! table may n[ be r5ew$1 al?\gh x c\ld n be r5ew$ aft] ! motion to po/pone 0 defeat$1 s9ce 9 t case ! /atus ( ! "q w\ld aga9 be :at x 0 :5 ! fir/ motion to lay on ! table 0 defeat$4 7e7 ,p>liam5t>y inquiries are all[able at any "t1 :5 a memb] is n speak+4 ,!y are que/ions address$ to ! *air conc]n+ ! propriety ( motions t ! que/ion] wi%es to (f] if !y w\ld be 9 ord]1 ! mean+ ( rules or decisions1 & ! l4 ,ord] ( ,bus9ess4--,?is may well be diff]5t = diff]5t bodies1 b ! foll[+ is a useful =m3 ,meet+ call$ to ord]4 ,m9utes ( la/ meet+ read & approv$4 ,communications f o!r bodies or p]sons4 ,reports ( any (fic]s :i* are due4 ,reports f /&+ or special committees4 ,unf9i%$ bus9ess4 ,new bus9ess4 ,lit]>y or o!r programme1 if any4 ,adj\rnm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,=d ,,hall ,,t[n ,,meet+ ,! ,=d ,hall ,t[n ,meet+ is a s*ool ( democracy at "w2 x is a s*ool ( appli$ bro!rhood4 ,t /atem5t may s\nd l an attempt at f9e writ+ b ,i want to %[ y t appli$ to ! ,t[n ,meet+ x is ju/ifi$4 ,i want to %[ y also t aft] y h c>ri$ on a debat+ club = a few ye>s1 ! ,t[n ,meet+ is a good graduate s*ool = ! fur!r developm5t ( ! art ( debate4 ,y w rememb] t ?r\gh\t ?is book ,i h insi/$ t ! real purpose ( debate is to get wor? :ile ?+s done4 ,to a peculi> degree1 ! ,=d ,hall ,t[n ,meet+ does enable debate to get wor? :ile ?+s done4 ,i said x 0 a s*ool ( democracy at "w2 b :at is democracy8 ,y h le>n$ t !re are ?ree k9ds ( /ates1 mon>*ies1 ari/ocracies & democracies4 ,y all believe1 moreov]1 t 9 ?is age ( ! _w1 ! fir/ two are outgr[n & t ! democratic /ate is ! only "o t %\ld exi/ n[adays4 ,if ,i %\ld ask y to def9e a democratic /ate y w\ld imm$iately answ] t ! democratic /ate is "o bas$ ^u democracy4 ,if ,i %\ld !n ask y to def9e democracy1 y w\ld hesitate long4 ,i h tri$ _m def9itions be=e ,i f\nd "o :i* 0 satisfactory4 ,h[ does ?is /rike y8 8,democracy is ! equality ( opportunity = self-expression40 ,i ?9k t /atem5t cov]s x all4 ,y see1 = in/ance1 ! opportunity to ! slave 0 n equal to t ( ! free man4 ,! *ild ( twelve :o works 9 ! factory all day has no equality ( opportunity ) o!r *ildr54 ,! man :o is will+ to "w b c't f9d a job1 has no equality ( opportunity4 ,to ! slave1 ! *ild1 & ! jobless man1 democracy means no?+4 ,we all believe t ,god int5d$ e *ild to h 8 *ance4 ,someh[1 ?\gh1 ?+s h become twi/$ & w>p$4 ,because we believe1 h[ev]1 t aft] a :ile ?+s w be "r1 we keep on try+ to help make our democracy ! common prop]ty ( all ( u4 ,we try to keep ^! *ildr5 out ( ! factory & get !m into s*ool4 ,we try to get a job = ?is man :o wants "w1 or1 bett] yet1 s arrange ?+s t !re w be pl5ty ( jobs = him & = 8 fri5ds4 ,aft] ,jimmy ,francis' "m has lo/ ,jimmy's fa!r by dea? & %e is left )\t means1 we want our democratic /ate to say3 8,oh6 ,mrs4 ,francis1 :at a loss6 ,we are truly sorry = ,jimmy & = y4 ,to %[ t we are1 we h arrang$ s y w h a few doll>s a week1 en\gh to help take c>e ( ,jimmy1 s y won't be anxi\s & worri$ ab\t 8 br++ up40 ,y see _m a wid[$ "m hasn't _h h] equal *ance to br+ up h] boy z %e want$ to4 ,democracy didn't exi/ z f> z %e 0 conc]n$4 ,h] ,jimmy began to live 9 ! /reets1 !n 9 ! pool-rooms1 !n 9 ! saloons4 ,he wasn't a good boy any m2 he knew all ab\t vice & crime4 ,he knew all ab\t re=m s*ools & jails & possibly ,/ate prisons4 ,h] ,jimmy 0 lo/ to democracy4 ,b 0 x ,jimmy's fault8 ,or 8 "m's8 ,did he h 8 *ance8 ,0 ! ,/ate really democratic to him8 ,y see !re are _m que/ions :i* w tax all our ?9k+ p[]s prop]ly to answ]4 ,really1 h[ev]1 ! k9d ( a /ate :i* gives e boy 8 opportunity to make ! mo/ ( himself1 is j l "o great family4 ,y "k 9 ! family1 ,jimmy has a *ance equal to t ( ,bob1 & ,bill & ,frank %>e alike 9 ev]y?+4 ,:y8 ,because !y are bro!rs4 ,don't y see !n t democracy is b ano!r "n = bro!rhood8 ,if all m5 are bro!rs1 if !y really are bro!rs1 & mean bro!rhood :5 !y say bro!rhood1 mo/ ( our p]plex+ que/ions w\ld settle !mselves "r (f4 ,! idea seems v simple2 x is simple4 ,its work+ out1 h[ev]1 is n s simple4 ,h[ %all we put at "w ?is idea ( democracy8 ,t's n s simple1 & m5 ev]y:]e are /udy+ h[ be/ to br+ into action ?is simple pr9ciple ( democracy1 bro!rhood4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! s*ools work+ out ?is idea is ! ,=d ,hall ,t[n ,meet+4 ,i want to %[ y j :at x is do+1 & h[ its example affects y4 ,really to und]/& ! ,t[n ,meet+ y mu/ "k some?+ ab\t ! 8,=d ,hall ,idea10 = ! ,t[n ,meet+ is b its late/ developm5t4 ,l _m o!r ideas1 ?is "o c5t]s ab\t "o man4 ,i don't mean t ?is man discov]$ x4 ,no4 ,! ,idea 0 z old z "t4 ,hebrew prophets taught x4 ,david sang x4 ,jesus liv$ x4 ,paul prea*$ x4 ,?is man made a new application ( ! old vision4 ,he 01 eight ye>s ago1 an ord9>y bus9ess man1 :o 0 m & m griev$ at ! way p w5t on misund]/&+ "o ano!r4 ,class 0 cla%+ ) class4 ,m5 didn't "k :at o!r m5 ?\ght1 & because !y didn't "k1 !y d\bt$2 because !y d\bt$1 !y fe>$4 ,&1 ! wor/1 m5 evid5tly didn't c>e to f9d out :at o!r m5 ?\ght4 ,!y seem$ to hunt = po9ts ( diff]5ces in/ead ( po9ts ^u :i* !y c\ld agree4 ,?is 0 ! situation t ,george ,w4 ,coleman saw4 ,he began to wond] :at he c\ld d to br+ m5 toge!r4 ,he felt sure t if !y c\ld only "k ea* o!r1 !y w\ld f9d s _m po9ts :]e !y did agree t !y w\ld =get ^? ^u :i* !y did n agree4 ,if t mu* progress prov$ impossible1 he ?\ght t at lea/ !y w\ld see ! real m]it on bo? sides1 see ! s9c]ity ( ea* o!r1 & make a work+ agreem5t :i* w\ld put tol]ance 9 ! place ( hate4 ,mr4 ,coleman 0 at t "t presid5t ( ! ,bo/on ,bapti/ ,social ,union to :i* ,daniel ,%>p ,=d _h left a build+ on ,beacon ,hill1 ,bo/on1 & an income to be us$ 8to s(t5 ! inevitable conflict betwe5 capital & labor 9 ,bo/on40 ,mr4 ,=d 0 ! own] ( ,! ,y\?'s ,companion4 8,!re is my *ance10 said ,mr4 ,coleman4 8,:at c bett] c>ry out ! _s ( ,mr4 ,=d's w ?an a ,sunday night s]vice :]e ! ,jew & ! ,bapti/1 ! ,me?odi/ & ! ,sociali/1 ! ,congregationali/ & ! ,ca?olic1 ! ,*ur*$ & ! ,un*ur*$1 c get toge!r & discuss ! vital ?+s ( life1 & le>n to "k ea* o!r40 ,! ,social ,union agre$1 & n[ = sev5 w9t]s e ,sunday night has se5 twelve hundr$ e>ne/ m5 & wom5 ga!r$ 9 ,=d ,hall to li/5 to "o :o has a message & is n afraid to let ! o!r man talk back4 ,! speak] speaks1 & !n ! li/5]s ask que/ions4 ,!y h ! "r to talk out 9 meet+1 y see1 & und]/& ! great diff]5ce betwe5 be+ talk$ at & be+ talk$ )4 ,at ! ,=d ,hall ,meet+s1 speak] & audi5ce talk ) ea* o!r4 ,( c\rse1 mu* ( ! success ( ,=d ,hall has come f ! *oice ( ! subjects ( ! addresses4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k1 = example1 ( discuss+ ! ,alsace-,lorra9e affair1 int]e/+ z x all is to ! /ud5t ( hi/ory1 & fitt+ z x w\ld be = ! ,debat+ ,club4 ,nor w\ld a speak] at ,=d ,hall discuss ! au?or%ip ( ! book ( ,amos1 = example1 important z is su* a "q = a !ological s*ool4 ,b ! tea*+s ( ,amos on ! que/ions ( l& own]%ip1 ! po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 ,amos & ,h5ry ,george--t's diff]5t1 y see4 ,x is "r t we %\ld "k :e!r ,cook or ,pe>y discov]$ ! ,nor? ,pole1 b t problem does n affect ! life ( ! man :o lives 9 ! conge/$ city slum4 ,he w\ld g "r on liv+ j ! same :e!r !re 0 a ,nor? ,pole or wasn't4 ,! racial diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,slavs & ! ,yankees sugge/ int]e/+ que/ions1 b !y assume a diff]5t importance :5 !y are relat$ to ! immigration ( ^? ,slavs to ,am]ica4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! ,=d ,hall audi5ce w\ld be b politely int]e/$2 9 ! second discussion !y w\ld be vitally conc]n$4 ,if we c gr\p ^! que/ions "u "o class1 !n1 we %\ld say ,=d ,hall ,folks1 z !y h come to call !mselves1 are conc]n$ 9 ,social ,civics4 ,! ,idea1 !n1 t ,mr4 ,coleman _h1 0 t if a place c\ld be provid$ :]e m5 & wom5 ( all races & beliefs & cre$s & ( no cre$s c\ld get toge!r to discuss toge!r ,social ,civics--t is1 ^? que/ions :i* vitally conc]n ! common life ( all--t !y w\ld le>n to "k ea* o!r1 to und]/& ea* o!r1 to respect ea* o!r's po9t ( view4 ,9 %ort !y w\ld become neighbors in/ead ( enemies4 ,& ! idea work$6 ,!y h n lo/ _! indep5d5ce4 ,oh1 no6 ,!y ?9k j z int5sely z !y ev] did4 ,b !y realize t ! o!r man is do+ ! same ?+ too4 ,9 ! ,=d ,hall audi5ces1 are m5 ( all fai?s & ( none1 ( all economic & political cre$s4 ,mo/ ( !m are work]s ) _! h&s4 ,mo/ ( !m are poor1 _m extremely s4 ,_m ( !m h fl$ ! t]rors ( oppression & massacre1 &1 9 too _m cases1 :5 !y arriv$ 9 ,am]ica !y f\nd misund]/&+ & ev5 brutality1 little less ?an t :i* !y escap$ ov]seas4 ,s :5 !y did f9d ,=d ,hall1 ! place :]e bro!rhood is prea*$ &1 bett] yet1 :]e x is liv$1 y c see t lib]ty1 ju/ice1 equality & fre$om1 came to mean some?+ to !m4 ,i am tell+ y ^! ?+s 9 su* detail = ,i want y to realize t democracy & bro!rhood are v real ?+s2 !y t\* our lives closely & intimately4 ,if y h be5 =tunate en\gh to h escap$ ! mis]ies s _m ( ^! bro!rs ( ours h _h to endure1 y ought to feel an add$ s5se ( responsibility = ! ma9t5ance ( ! democracy !y believe 94 ,9 ! ,=d ,hall meet+s1 !n1 we h a gr\p ( p ) a passion = bro!rhood try+ to f9d ! gr\nd common to all _! beliefs4 ,b ^! meet+s 7 only discuss+ ! !ories ( democracy4 ,h[ %\ld ! !ory be conv]t$ into practice8 ,! answ] is ,! ,t[n ,meet+4 ,all ! ,=d ,hall ,folks are en?usia/ically democratic4 ,!y said3 8,we all want to d some?+4 ,:at %all we d8 ,:at c we d8 ,:at are p :o ?9k z we d1 do+ n[8 ,h we laws :i* w\ld d :at we want done1 if !y 7 en=c$8 ,if !y are n en=c$1 :y ar5't !y8 ,is x because ( rem$iable defect 9 ! law1 or is x because ! p ne$ fur!r education80 ,y see h[ diff]5t ! ab/ract idea may be f ! measure necess>y to c>ry x into practice8 ,= example1 dur+ ! w9t] ( #aiad we all agre$ t ! man :o wants "w & is />v+ because he c't get x ought to h 8 *ance1 ought to h "w4 ,"o speak] at a ,=d ,hall meet+ discuss$3 8,! ,"r to ,"w40 ,he 0 eloqu5t1 logical1 =ceful2 8 he>]s aga9 receiv$ ! message ( democracy1 t e man _h ! "r to self expression 9 t]ms ( 8 indu/rial life--_h a "r to a job4 ,b !re c\ld be no discussion ( h[ he 0 go+ to get t job4 ,! next ,?ursday night1 h[ev]1 a bill 0 introduc$ 9 ! ,t[n ,meet+ provid+ t ! ,/ate %\ld engage 9 active "w 9 re=e/+ & reclaim+ wa/e l&1 !reby provid+ "w = ! unemploy$4 ,d y see ! diff]5ce8 ,d y see h[ ! ,t[n ,meet+ supplem5ts & c>ries into def9ite expression ! ,=d ,hall ,idea8 ,! ,sunday night speak] discuss$ ! !ory ( ! rights ( ! jobless man4 ,! ,t[n ,meet+ s\ght to put t !ory into practice ! next ,?ursday night4 ,t's ! ,t[n ,meet+ angle ( ! ,=d ,hall ,idea4 ,i hope ,i h made cle> to y ! reasons = organiz+ ! ,t[n ,meet+4 ,we all felt t !re 0 pl5ty ( talk ly+ ar\nd loose1 good talk1 full ( good ideas & wor? :ile4 ,b if t talk c\ld be translat$ into workable measures1 into specific plans = do+ ?+s1 we w\ld be tak+ a di/9ct /ep ahead4 ,s ! ,t[n ,meet+ 0 organiz$4 ,! ,t[n ,meet+1 9 =m1 is a gr\p ( m5 & wom5 :o are organiz$ to discuss su* measures z w\ld be introduc$ into a real t[n meet+1 a city c\ncil or a /ate legislature1 to relieve social ills4 ,! ord9ance or bill1 z ! case may be1 is n a m]e decl>ation ( a !ory1 b a def9ite programme = c>ry+ "s !ory ( bett]m5t into action4 ,we conf9$ ! sph]e ( its discussions to matt]s aris+ )9 a ,/ate1 & n ! nation1 because we wi%$1 = ! sake ( simplicity1 to avoid ! complications ( inh]5t & delegat$ sov]eignty4 ,we assum$1 !re=e1 t ! ,t[n ,meet+ c\ld legislate on all matt]s except ^? belong+ to ! ,national or ,f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,t[n ,meet+ citiz5%ip1 !re are no di/9ctions ( sex1 race1 cre$1 or position or rank ( any k9d4 ,! sugge/ion ( an age limit 0 vot$ d[n aft] a lad 9 knee tr\s]s _h made an impassion$ plea = a *ance to supplem5t ! "w ( ! s*ools4 ,"y & old1 ri* & poor1 =eign] & native1 jo9 9 a citiz5%ip ^: sole te/ is s]vice4 ,we believe 9 ea* o!r1 9 ! ,t[n ,meet+4 ,we tru/ ea* o!r4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! s+le matt] ( taxes4 ,( c\rse we ne$ money to pay our bills4 ,!re=e we arrang$ our budget & levi$ our appropriation to meet x b impos$ no taxes4 ,our citiz5s "k t we mu/ h money2 !y "k our ne$s1 & e meet+ envelopes l ?is are pass$ ar\nd3 ,,season ,,( #aiad ,,=d ,,hall ,,t[n ,,meet+ ,income ,tax ,put ,y\r ,weekly ,tax 9 ?is ,,envelope ,m9imum ,tax #e c5ts p] ,meet+ ,,sugge/$ ,,s*$ule ,income #i weekly or less #e cts4 ,income #ab weekly or less #f cts4 ,income #ae weekly or less #g cts4 ,income #ah weekly or less #h cts4 ,income #ba weekly or less #i cts4 ,income #bd weekly or less #aj cts4 ,income #bg weekly or less #ab cts4 ,income #cj weekly or less #ae cts4 ,income m ?an #cj weekly #be cts4 ,e citiz5 may well give z mu* z %e_/he c af=d )\t reg>d to s*$ule4 ,9 ! future x w be cle>ly se5 t ! citiz5 :o gives mo/ g5]\sly 9 "t & money to ! public welf>e1 w get mo/ 9 honor & happ9ess4 ,noblesse oblige ,assessors3 ,,mrs4 ,,william ,,horton ,,fo/]1 ,treasur] ,,jacob ,s4 ,,london ,,george ,,brew/] ,,gallup ,! citiz5 det]m9es h[ mu* he %\ld pay1 h[ mu* he c pay1 ins]ts t mu*1 seals 8 envelope & h&s x to ! treasur]4 ,no m>k ( any k9d is plac$ ^u ! envelope & no "o b ! citiz5 kn[s ! am\nt he has paid4 ,! "q is "o betwe5 himself & 8 honor4 ,! organization is call$ ! ,t[n ,meet+ because we wi%$ to emphasize ! absolute & fundam5tal democracy ( ! gr\p4 ,y rememb] h[ 9 ! t[n meet+s ( ,new ,engl& ! citiz5s came toge!r e ye> & decid$ :at ! t[n %\ld d & %\ld n d4 ,z community life became m complicat$1 h[ev]1 ! t[n meet+ prov$ inadequate4 ,! v>i\s t[ns1 !re=e1 appo9t$ delegates to discuss toge!r ! que/ions ( l>ge conc]n :ile ! t[n meet+s c>$ = purely local matt]s4 ,fur!rmore1 z cities increas$ 9 importance & 9 ! v>iety ( _! bus9ess1 city c\ncils (t5 took ! place ( t[n meet+s4 ,s we soon _h ! ?ree legislative bodies1 ! t[n meet+1 ! city c\ncil1 & ! legislature4 ,out ( ?is increas+ p]plexity ( mod]n conditions has aris5 ! ne$ ( a m highly organiz$ legislative sy/em4 ,n[ m5 _c get toge!r & (fh& decide :at %\ld or %\ld n be done4 ,m51 ev5 ( ! highe/ motives1 c't legislate intellig5tly ^u que/ions t !y h n /udi$4 ,h5ce ! committee sy/em ( ,congress & ! v>i\s legislatures has gr[n up4 ,"u ?is sy/em1 committees are appo9t$1 f ! memb]s1 to :i* are ref]r$ ! v>i\s que/ions :i* come be=e ! legislative bodies4 ,= in/ance1 if a bill :i* s\ght to regulate ! employm5t ( boys 9 factories 7 pres5t$ to a /ate legislature1 x w\ld probably be ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,labor1 or p]haps to ! ,committee on ,indu/ries4 ,if 9 t ,/ate !re 7 _m que/ions ab\t *ild labor1 x might h a special committee on *ild labor alone4 ,b :atev] ! committee might be1 !re w\ld be "s "o committee to :i* w\ld be ref]r$ e bill affect+ ! labor ( *ildr5 9 factories4 ,?is committee w\ld be 9 a position to discuss all ^! measures m intellig5tly & /udy !m m c>efully ?an c\ld be done 9 ! legislature itself4 ,x w\ld invite be=e x p :o knew ! subject ?or\ghly & w\ld !n report its conclusions to ! legislature1 p]haps toge!r ) its in=mation c>efully organiz$4 ,! ,=d ,hall ,t[n ,meet+ is organiz$1 l a legislature1 ) a s]ies ( committees to :i* are ref]r$ ! v>i\s que/ions :i* come be=e x4 ,! ,cal5d> ( ! ,t[n ,meet+ on a rec5t date w indicate cle>ly :at k9d ( measures we are consid]+ & :at committees h !m 9 *>ge4 ,:5 y look at ! ,cal5d> y w notice t !re are 8ord]s0 on ! li/1 & 8bills40 ,9 o!r ,cal5d>s 8resolves0 appe>$ also4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce8 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! bill is a measure introduc$ into ! legislature1 an ord] 7ord9ance7 is a measure introduc$ into a city c\ncil1 & a resolve 7resolution7 is a measure introduc$ into a t[n meet+4 ,yes1 ,i mean to say we introduce !m all indiscrim9ately1 b we don't mix !m up4 ,y may h a p]fectly good idea = help+ solve a problem b _m a "t y don't "k :e!r x is some?+ ! ,/ate %\ld take up or :e!r x belongs to ! city or possibly to ! t[n4 ,s 9 ! ,t[n ,meet+ ! citiz5 mu/ make up 8 m9d :]e 8 propos$ measure belongs4 ,t's "p ( 8 drill4 ,look at ! ,cal5d> aga94 ,see ! practical nature ( ! measures introduc$4 ,! hi/ory ( ,ord] ,no4 #a illu/rates a valuable feature ( ! ,t[n ,meet+4 ,! ord] direct$ ! ,city ( ,bo/on to exp5d #ej1jjj on a model municipal lodg+ h\se4 ,t w9t] ! "q ( unemploym5t & ! c>e ( ! unemploy$ 0 v mu* be=e u 9 ,bo/on & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is easy to say3 8,yes1 we w h a model municipal lodg+ h\se0 & ord] "o built4 ,b 9 regul> r\t9e ,i1 z ,mod]ator1 ref]r$ ?is ord] to ! ,committee on ,city ,plann+4 7,y "k x is ! duty ( ! ,mod]ator to ref] e measure :5 x is introduc$1 to :at1 9 8 judgm5t1 is ! prop] committee47 ,! *airman ( ?is committee didn't r5d] a p]functory report on ! bill b />t$ 8 committee at "w /udy+ municipal lodg+ h\ses ev]y:]e4 ,! memb]s ( ! committee ask$ !mselves3 8,:at con/itutes a model lodg+ h\se80 & !n set !mselves to f9d out4 ,!y h be5 /udy+ su* in/itutions at home & abroad4 ,!y are accumulat+ su* a mass ( in=mation ^u ! que/ions involv$ t :5 !y d br+ 9 a report x w be support$ by evid5ce :i* w comm& att5tion4 ,su* a report w be a v mu* wor? :ile docum5t2 x w be a sociological /udy wor?y ( any civic body4 ,,numb] ,,subject ,,ref]r$ ,,to ,,report$ ,,committee ,,on ,ord] #a municipal lodg+ h\se4 city plann+4 ,9 committee4 ,bill #e to inve/igate unemploym5t4 labor4 unfavorably4 ,on ord] ( day4 ,bill #f individual lic5se act4 liquor laws4 ,9 committee4 ,bill #g to give effect to ,decl>ation judici>y4 unfavorably4 ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,on ord] ( day4 ,bill #h lights 9 t5em5t h\ses4 h\s+4 ,9 committee4 ,bill #aj occupancy ( cell>s & h\s+4 ,9 committee4 basem5ts4 ,bill #af sale ( liquors by druggi/s liquor laws4 favorably4 & apo!c>ies4 ,on ord] ( day4 ,bill #ah removal ( hats by ladies4 rules & ,9 committee4 c\rtesies1 jo9tly4 ,bill #ai 8t9 plate law10 introduc$ ,on ord] ( day4 by committee on publicity4 ,ord] #f condemn+ ,w>d #h municipal municipal ,9 committee4 build+4 affairs4 ,bill #ba publication ( weekly by judici>y4 unfavorably4 ,massa*usetts t[ns4 ,recommitt$4 ,bill #bb recreation ev5+ 9 education & ,9 committee4 public s*ools4 play & recreation jo9tly4 ,bill #bc op5 air conc]ts4 play & ,9 committee4 recreation4 ,bill #bd insurance commission4 judici>y4 ,9 committee4 ,bill #be ,/ate recreation bo>d4 play & ,9 committee4 recreation4 ,bill #bi sy/em to pay public debts4 judici>y4 ,9 committee4 ,bill #cj summ] out+s4 c\rtesies4 ,9 committee4 ,bill #ca ,am]ican & o!r flags4 labor4 ,9 committee4 ,bill #cb cop]ation ) transportation4 ,9 committee4 ,po/ma/]-,g5]al4 ,bill #cc /raw vote on equal suffrage4 judici>y4 ,9 committee4 ,bill #cd *ildr5 z actors4 play & ,9 committee4 recreation4 ,bill #ce equal suffrage4 judici>y4 ,9 committee4 ,bill #cg inve/igat+ dep>tm5t labor4 ,9 committee4 /ores4 ,bill #ch aboli%+ capital puni%m5t4 judici>y4 ,9 committee4 ,bill #ci remov+ ,*>les ,/reet ,jail4 municipal ,9 committee4 affairs4 ,bill #dj inve/igat+ ,wayf>]'s ,lodge4 city plann+4 ,9 committee4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,! next on ! ,cal5d>1 ,bill ,no4 #e1 conc]n$ ! notice :i* mu/ be giv5 be=e dis*>ge ( employs4 ,n[ notice4 ,! great majority ( ! citiz5s ( ! ,t[n ,meet+ are work]s ) _! h&s--labor]s1 & sympa!tic ) labor2 yet !y defeat$ t bill1 because x 0 unfair & impractical4 ,! ,t[n ,meet+ takes itself v s]i\sly1 & s mu/ y :5 y organize "o4 ,x doesn't = a mom5t ?9k x is j play+ at life4 ,x /udies ^! que/ions & !n seeks to translate its decisions into civic action4 ,= example1 aft] decid+ t a c]ta9 policy 0 = ! be/ int]e/ ( ! city1 x memorializ$ ! city to t end4 ,! city au?orities he>d our argum5ts1 & ! matt] is n[ laid ov] await+ ! settlem5t ( c]ta9 que/ions ^u :i* our "q dep5ds4 ,z f> z ?is po9t is conc]n$ x makes no diff]5ce :at ! city ev5tually does ) our memorial4 ,! po9t is t ! city takes u z s]i\sly z we take ourselves4 ,h ,i told y en\gh to give y ! _s & g5ius ( ! ,=d ,hall ,t[n ,meet+8 ,y c see h[ x gives tra9+ 9 p>liam5t>y practice & debate4 ,y see h[ x educates 9 ! f9] graces ( club life & int]c\rse4 ,y c see h[ its committee activities c weld work]s toge!r4 ,y c see h[ its inve/igations ( city conditions are truly educational1 h[ !y tra9 ! citiz5s = usefulness to ! /ate4 ,h ,i ju/ifi$ ! ins]tion ( ?is description ( ! ,=d ,hall ,t[n ,meet+ 9 a book on ,debat+ = ,boys8 ,i h told y ab\t x because all y\r debat+ & all y\r clubs won't be wor? mu* to y unless y cat* ! same _s ( appli$ democracy1 ( bro!rhood--! _s t has gripp$ ! ,=d ,hall ,folks4 ,truly !y 7 baptiz$ ) a passion = x4 ,!y f\nd x "h aft] great suff]+ & trial4 ,y boys c gov]n y\r lives by ! same _s2 y c fill y\r lives ) ! same s]vice4 ,s aft] y h tri$ y\rselves out 9 ! regul> debat+ clubs1 organize a ,t[n ,meet+1 or d x n[ if y feel ! k9dl+ ( ! idea /rongly en\gh4 ,ev]y?+ ,i h said ab\t debat+ applies to ! "w ( ! ,t[n ,meet+ z well z t ( ! debat+ society4 ,& ev5 m ?an t ( ! club is ! "w ( ! ,t[n ,meet+ relat$ to real life1 prep>ation = :i* is ! aim ( ?is book4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,s\rces ,,( ,,mat]ial ,h[ c y obta9 ! necess>y in=mation = y\r debate8 ,:]e c y get y\r evid5ce8 ,h[ w y proce$ to obta9 ! facts ^u :i* y\r debate w w9 or lose8 ,9 "p ^! que/ions h be5 answ]$ by ! *apt] on evid5ce4 ,let me advise y to read x ov] aga9 c>efully4 ,! fir/ p]sons to consult are ! o!r memb]s ( y\r own family4 ,_! exp]i5ce 9 public affairs y w f9d 9 _m cases to be mu* l>g] ?an y h ?\ght4 ,h[ _m times1 = in/ance1 d y\r neighbors or p]haps ! t[n%ip sup]visor drop 9 ^u y\r fa!r to talk ) him 9 ! ev5+ ab\t matt]s ( public policy8 ,h[ _m times does ! s*ool tea*]1 on h] way home f "w1 /op to pass a ^w ) y\r gr&fa!r :o 0 a memb] ( legislature back 9 ,connecticut long be=e ! family mov$ ,we/8 ,obvi\sly ! next be/ s\rce ( in=mation is y\r tea*]4 ,9 almo/ all cases y w f9d t y\r s*ool in/ructors are v glad to help y1 n only by tell+ y :at !y !mselves "k b by ref]r+ y to easily available s\rces ( in=mation4 ,d n hesitate to ask specific que/ions ( y\r tea*]s4 ,x is well1 ( c\rse1 to reque/ 9 g5]al _! advice & c\nsel b y c well supplem5t ?is g5]al appeal = help by specific que/ions ! answ] to :i* w solve tr\blesome problems z !y come up4 ,be sure to ask y\r tea*]s = li/s ( available books & advice z to ! be/ magaz9e articles to consult4 ,next g to ! libr>ian 9 y\r own home t[n4 ,%e w be glad to tell y ! be/ books & magaz9e articles ^u ! subject ( y\r debate4 ,9 case h] own in=mation is scant y might well advise h] to communicate ) ! ,division ( ,bibliography ( ! ,libr>y ( ,congress at ,wa%+ton4 ,?is ,division issues memor&a1 type-writt5 li/s & pr9t$ li/s1 giv+ ref]5ces ^u all topics ( curr5t int]e/4 ,private individuals c pur*ase ^! li/s f ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,9 case y h no libr>y )9 rea*+ di/ance ! li/ w be l5t to y4 ,9 t case y %\ld address ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,!re is an imm5se am\nt ( lit]ature to be obta9$ f ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & !re is h>dly a subject :i* a boy might be call$ ^u to debate1 ^u :i* he c\ld n obta9 enlight5m5t by apply+ to ! prop] ,gov]nm5t (fic]4 ,! difficulty is to "k :o is ! prop] p]son to address 9 a p>ticul> case4 ,probably ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 w\ld be ! fir/ "o to :om to apply4 ,he has ,gov]nm5t publications = sale1 & is 9 a position to give in=mation ab\t ! publications issu$ by any bran* ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,he also furni%es classifi$ li/s on v>i\s subjects4 ,^! w give an idea ( :at bureaus h&le ! diff]5t subjects4 ,) su* in=mation a boy c !n apply directly to ! "r bureau4 ,mo/1 if n all1 ( ! ,dep>tm5ts issue li/s ( _! publications4 ,! ,congressional ,directory conta9s a li/ ( ! ,gov]nm5t (fices1 ) a /atem5t ( _! functions4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture issues a ,mon?ly ,li/ ( ,publications1 :i* is s5t regul>ly to all :o ask to h x s s5t4 ,x also issues f "t to "t a li/ giv+ titles ( all ! ,f>m]s' ,bullet9s available4 ,y\r own ,congressman w be glad to answ] specific que/ions4 ,( c\rse all debat]s--boys :o are good en\gh citiz5s to be int]e/$ 9 curr5t topics--"k ! "n ( _! repres5tative 9 ,congress4 ,y w f9d also t ! colleges 9 y\r own ,/ate w be v glad to help y all !y c4 ,let me urge y p>ticul>ly to make full use ( ! ,agricultural ,college & ,/ate ,univ]sity ( y\r own ,commonweal?4 ,! ,agricultural ,college has at comm& a va/ fund ( que/ions all relat+ to life--social & economic z well z sci5tific & hi/orical4 ,probably 9 ?is day1 y\r ,/ate ,univ]sity has an ext5sion division :i* has special facilities = giv+ y def9ite & accurate advice ^u any topic4 ,x may be t y\r ,/ate is "o ( ! progressive ones :i* h a sy/em ( 8travel+ libr>ies0--packets ( books :i* are %ipp$ to p]sons :o h special int]e/ 9 special topics4 ,really "o ( ! fir/ /udies = y :5 y are secur+ evid5ce is to become ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! facilities ( y\r ,/ate in/itutions ( high] education4 ,by all means1 h[ev]1 include ! o!r colleges :i* may be 9 y\r vic9ity4 ,pr(essors & o!r memb]s ( ! dep>tm5ts ( sociology1 political sci5ce1 political economy1 hi/ory & simil> dep>tm5ts w be p>ticul>ly ready to give help4 ,( almo/ equal value ) ! (ficial docum5ts are ! writ+s ( int]e/$ m5 9 magaz9es & newspap]s4 ,^! articles w n only conta9 _m facts b w be bo? /imulat+ & sugge/ive to ! debat] 9 op5+ to him new l9es ( ?\ght ^u ! subject4 ,poole's ,index1 ,! ,cumulative ,index1 ,! ,read]'s ,guide to ,p]iodical ,lit]ature are catalogues ( ! articles appe>+ 9 g5]al p]iodicals4 ,"s "o ( !m is sure to be f\nd 9 y\r libr>y4 ,almo/ e subject n[ prom95tly be=e ! public has bas$ ^u x a society ( "s k9d or o!r :i* g5]ally issues publications ^u ! subject1 or1 at any rate1 has available facts & argum5ts ( value to ! debat]4 ,! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,?is1 ! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,t1 ! ,society = ! ,/udy ( ,?is ,o!r ,matt]1 are full ( value & int]e/+ in=mation4 ,write to !m if y\r subject falls )9 _! respective fields4 ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,a ,,que/ions ,,= ,,debate ,! foll[+ que/ions are giv5 z sugge/ions = y\r "w 9 debate4 ,_m ( !m are purposely left loose 9 _! /atem5t 9 ord] t ! club may adapt ! subject to local conditions4 ,= example1 a "q is giv53 8,resolv$3 ,t ! ,/ate %\ld prohibit ! employm5t 9 factories ( all *ildr5 "u sixte5 ye>s ( age40 ,obvi\sly ! ^w 8factories0 does n include all ! places :]e ! labor ( *ildr5 is h>mful & %\ld be prohibit$4 ,if ! "q s\ght to "n all su* places1 h[ev]1 x w\ld be cumb]some4 ,i sugge/1 !re=e1 t if y %\ld desire to discuss ! "q ( *ild labor1 y %\ld sub/itute = 8factories0 ! p>ticul> indu/ry y are int]e/$ 92 l1 = in/ance1 cotton mills1 oy/] cann]ies1 button factories4 ,make y\r que/ions1 :5 y c1 local 9 _! int]e/4 ,y w be m int]e/$ 9 ! affairs ( ,fairfield ?an 9 ^? ( a city 9 ,patagonia4 ,y\r s*ool w int]e/ y m ?an ! s*ools ( ! o!r ,/ates4 ,besides1 z ,i tri$ to %[ y all ! way ?r\gh ! book1 ! application ( y\r "w 9 debat+ is :at really c\nts & us+ local que/ions freely w help tie up debate ) life4 ,/udy y\r local problems & debate !m4 ,=mulate y\r own que/ions2 m9e are only sugge/ive4 ,resolv$3 ,t ! ,/ate %\ld prohibit ! employm5t 9 factories ( all *ildr5 "u sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,t ! abolition ( *ild labor w\ld be b5eficial to manufactur]s4 ,t *ild labor is a m5ace to future prosp]ity4 ,t *ild labor t5ds to l[] adult wages4 ,t eight h\rs %\ld be a day's "w = m9ors "u eighte5 employ$ 9 factories4 ,t factory effici5cy is n conducive to ! be/ int]e/s ( ! work+ class4 ,t cop]ation 9 trad+ (f]s relief to ! high co/ ( liv+4 ,t labor organizations promote ! be/ int]e/s ( work+m54 ,t an eight-h\r work+ day %\ld be adopt$ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by law4 ,t ! contract sy/em ( employ+ convict labor ought to be aboli%$4 ,t 9 times ( depression municipalities %\ld provide "w = ! unemploy$4 ,t ! provisions ( ,/ate *ild labor laws %\ld be ext5d$ to cann]ies4 ,t wages ( wom5 %\ld n be l[] ?an ^? ( m5 p]=m+ ! same s]vice 9 ! same occupation4 ,t gov]nm5ts %\ld grant old age p5sions4 ,t ! increase ( ma*9]y is disadvantage\s to ! work+ classes4 ,t ! factory sy/em has be5 a b5efit to ! work+ classes4 ,t ! boycott is a legitimate weapon ( labor4 ,t trade unions are ju/ifi$ 9 re/rict+ ! numb] ( p]sons all[$ to le>n a trade4 ,t memb]s ( trade unions are ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ to "w ) non-union m54 ,t no girl "u tw5ty-"o %\ld be all[$ to engage 9 any /reet trade or occupation4 ,t no boy "u sixte5 %\ld be all[$ to engage 9 any /reet trade or occupation4 ,t no boy "u tw5ty-"o %\ld be all[$ to engage 9 any /reet trade or occupation betwe5 ! h\rs ( sev5 ,p4 ,m4 & sev5 ,a4 ,m4 ,t /rikes are nev] ju/ifiable4 ,t compulsory arbitration is wise & feasible4 ,t free public employm5t ag5cies %\ld be e/abli%$ by ! ,/ate4 ,t ! ,/ate %\ld all[ no employ] to pay a wage l[] ?an ! m9imum requir$ to ma9ta9 ! employ 9 dec5t liv+4 ,t ! ,/ate %\ld e/abli% *attel loan in/itutions 9 e city ( ov] t5 ?\s& population4 ,t ! increase ( wages to employs ( ! ,=d ,automobile ,company 0 premature & unju/ to o!r manufactur+ conc]ns4 ,t ! increase ( wages to employs ( ! ,=d ,automobile ,company 0 injuri\s to ! employs !mselves4 ,t compulsory arbitration w solve difficulties betwe5 employ] & employs4 ,t ! m9]s 7 ju/ifi$ 9 _! #aiac-aiad /rike at ! ,calumet-,hecla m9es4 ,t ! public s*ool c\rse %\ld include trade education4 ,t cultural education is ( m value to ! av]age individual ?an indu/rial education4 ,t ! regulation ( conduct 9 high s*ools %\ld re/ 9 ! h&s ( ! /ud5ts4 ,t cop]ation betwe5 ! public s*ools & factories af=ds ! be/ means ( imp>t+ indu/rial education4 ,t any city 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates hav+ ov] two million inhabitants %\ld be organiz$ z a ,/ate4 ,t ! mov+ picture !at] (f]s :olesome amusem5t to ! p4 ,t ! mov+ picture !at] (f]s valuable educational possibilities4 ,t co$ucation 9 colleges is desirable4 ,t int]-collegiate football promotes ! be/ int]e/s ( colleges4 ,t college a?letics1 z n[ conduct$1 are n b5eficial to ! majority ( ! /ud5ts4 ,t ! ,/ate %\ld provide = education = all vocations4 ,t college degrees %\ld be requir$ = entrance to pr(essional s*ools4 ,t /ud5ts %\ld h a "p 9 college gov]nm5t4 ,t college education unfits a man = bus9ess life4 ,t small colleges are pref]able to l>ge ones4 ,t ! tea*+ ( ,lat9 & ,greek 9 our public s*ools is n ju/ifiable4 ,t ! function ( education is to prep>e ! /ud5t = life & n prim>ily to prep>e him to make a liv+4 ,t ! novel deal+ ) curr5t ev5ts has m educational value ?an ! hi/orical novel4 ,t s*ool bo>ds %\ld furni% /ud5ts lun*es at co/4 ,t s*ool bo>ds %\ld furni% lun*es free to pupils unable to pay4 ,t "o daily s*ool session is pref]able to two4 ,t high s*ools %\ld be 9 session six days a week & elev5 mon?s a ye>1 ) ! entire c\rse !reby %ort5$ to ?ree ye>s4 ,t ! elem5t>y s*ool %\ld tea* ea* pupil ! te*nique ( a trade4 ,t ! elem5t>y s*ool %\ld tea* ea* pupil :o wi%es su* in/ruction ! te*nique ( a trade4 ,t ! second>y s*ool %\ld tea* ea* pupil ! te*nique ( a trade4 ,t ! second>y s*ool %\ld tea* ea* pupil :o wi%es su* in/ruction ! te*nique ( a trade4 ,t socialism is m ( a promise ?an a m5ace to society4 ,t ! doctr9es ( syndicalism & ( ! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 are id5tical4 ,t ! doctr9es ( ! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 are s\nd & ju/ifiable 9 practice4 ,t ! ef=ts ( ! ,russian nihili/s are entitl$ to ! sympa?y ( a free p4 ,t socialism is ! be/ solution ( ,am]ican labor problems4 ,t ! doctr9es ( socialism are inconsi/5t ) ^? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,t socialism conta9s )9 its doctr9es all ! ess5tial elem5ts ( a suffici5t religion4 ,t ! pres5t social unre/ is due to removable causes4 ,t socialism is ! late/ developm5t ( cop]ation & bro!rhood4 ,t a belief 9 socialism is inconsi/5t ) a belief 9 organiz$ religion4 ,t ! pr9ciples ( an>*ism are ho/ile to real progress4 ,t de$s ( viol5ce am\nt+ to ! tak+ ( life are a necess>y coroll>y to ! tea*+s ( an>*ism4 ,t socialism is a logical d$uction f ! doctr9es ( an>*ism4 ,t ! tru/ is a legitimate developm5t ( indu/rial cop]ation & conta9s )9 itself ! roots ( ! doctr9es ( socialism4 ,t ! ret5tion ( ,alsace-,lorra9e by ,g]many is ju/ifiable4 ,t colonies are s]viceable to ! "m c\ntry4 ,t public hospitals %\ld introduce home treatm5t ( _! dis*>g$ pati5ts to prev5t ! return ( disease4 ,t int]lock+ directorates ( corporations are inimical to ! be/ int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t ! position ( ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t ) ref]5ce to ,ul/] 9 #aiad 0 ju/ifiable4 ,t ,zionism w re/ore to ! ,jews a national life 9 ,pale/9e4 ,t public op9ion is ! controll+ factor 9 life4 ,t ! moral "* ( ! ,am]ican p is det]iorat+4 ,t home rule %\ld be grant$ to ,irel&4 ,t ! victory ( ,japan ov] ,russia 9 #aijd-je 0 = ! int]e/ ( civilization4 ,t h]$ity has m influ5ce ^u "* ?an environm5t4 ,t ! ,massa*usetts ,bay ,colony 0 ju/ifi$ 9 bani%+ ,anne ,hut*9son4 ,t climate has an influ5ce on national "*4 ,t veget>ianism is conducive to heal?1 /r5g? & longevity4 ,t pov]ty r ?an ri*es t5ds to develop "*4 ,t ! p>cels po/ sy/em %\ld be m ext5sively adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t z wom5 are l>gely ! buy]s = ! family !y are l>gely responsible = ! mislead+ adv]tisem5ts s common 9 ! public press4 ,t vivisection %\ld be prohibit$ by law4 ,t ! m9d ( ! ,caucasian race is naturally sup]ior to t ( ! ,african4 ,t social progress has be5 great] abroad ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t pov]ty is m ( an opportunity ?an an ob/acle 9 ! developm5t ( "*4 ,t ! elem5t ( p]sonal sympa?y is ( great] value 9 *>itable "w ?an organization or sy/em4 ,t no "o c d effective "w 9 adm9i/]+ *>itable relief :o has n be5 tra9$ 9 ! approv$ & sci5tific me?ods ( su* "w4 ,t ,%akespe>e's repres5tations ( common p 7 unju/ to ! ,engl& ( 8 day4 ,t a]oplanes are m practical bo? 9 comm]ce & 9 w> ?an dirigible balloons4 ,t boys' clubs organiz$ 9 connection ) rural life are ( great] value to society ?an city boys' clubs4 ,t cr$it unions are ess5tial to ! developm5t ( rural life4 ,t ! ,balkan /ates 7 ju/ifi$ 9 dem&+ 9 #aiac ! )drawal ( ,turkey f ,europe4 ,t ! great p[]s 7 ju/ifi$ 9 depriv+ ! ,balkan /ates ( "s ( ! fruits ( _! victories 9 ! w> 9 #aiac4 ,t art gall]ies & museums are n ess5tial to civic developm5t4 ,t concrete w sup]s$e all o!r build+ mat]ials4 ,t ! rural social c5t] is an effective me?od ( promot+ rural developm5t4 ,t ! ,raiffeis5 sy/em %\ld be introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t ! rural telephone has injur$ rural social life4 ,t x 0 ! duty ( ,unit$ ,/ates to int]v5e 9 ! int]nal affairs ( ,mexico 9 #aiad & re/ore peace4 ,t ,presid5t ,wilson 0 ju/ifi$ 9 n recogniz+ ,hu]ta4 ,t ,presid5t ,wilson 0 ju/ifi$ 9 seiz+ ,v]a ,cruz 9 #aiad4 ,t ,canada %\ld be annex$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t fur!r annexation ( t]ritory is n = ! be/ int]e/s ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld annex ,cuba4 ,t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld annex ,mexico4 ,t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld p]man5tly reta9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld ultimately grant ! ,philipp9es indep5d5ce4 ,t ! ,monroe doctr9e %\ld be ab&on$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t ! ,panama ,canal %\ld be =tifi$4 ,t ! immigration ( ,h9dus into ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld n be all[$4 ,t immigration into ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be fur!r re/rict$4 ,t ! "* ( ! ,am]ican p has be5 improv$ by ! immigration x has receiv$ f ,europe4 ,t a prop]ty qualification %\ld be a requirem5t = ! admission ( immigrants4 ,t ! ,*9ese ,exclusion ,act is j4 ,t ! ,*9ese ,exclusion ,act %\ld include ! ,japanese4 ,t ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t owes bo? a moral & a legal duty to protect any ali5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,t ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld dem& f ea* ,/ate full protection 9 all _! treaty rights ( ali5s )9 su* ,/ates4 ,t ! ,/ate %\ld tea* ! immigrant ! ,engli% language at ! v e>lie/ opportunity4 ,t ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t ought to control national elections4 ,t ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t ought to int]f]e to protect ! s\!rn negro 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 suffrage4 ,t ! suffrage %\ld be tak5 f ! negroes 9 ! s\!rn ,/ates4 ,t woman suffrage is desirable4 ,t a prop]ty qualification = suffrage w\ld be desirable4 ,t vot+ %\ld be made compulsory4 ,t ! /&+ army ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be increas$4 ,t !re %\ld be an educational te/ z a qualification ( vot+4 ,t ! adoption ( ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 ju/ifi$4 ,t p>ty allegiance is pref]able to indep5d5t action 9 politics4 ,t moral que/ions h no place 9 p>ty politics4 ,t all nom9ations = (fice %\ld be made by direct prim>ies4 ,t election ( memb]s ( ,congress f a ,/ate at l>ge is pref]able to election f di/ricts )9 su* ,/ate4 ,t ! cab9et sy/em ( gov]nm5t z practic$ 9 ,engl& is pref]able to ! ,congressional sy/em z practic$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t ! memb]s ( ! ,presid5t's cab9et %\ld h seats & ! "r to speak 9 ,congress4 ,t ! pres5t t5d5cy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t[>d c5tralization 9 gov]nm5t %\ld be resi/$4 ,t ,/ates %\ld be repres5t$ 9 ! ,s5ate 9 proportion to _! population4 ,t ! electoral sy/em ( presid5tial elections %\ld be aboli%$4 ,t ! presid5t %\ld be elect$ = a p]iod ( sev5 ye>s & be ineligible to relection4 ,t a repres5tative %\ld vote accord+ to ! wi%es ( 8 con/itu5cy4 ,t ! initiative & ref]5dum %\ld be adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t ! recall %\ld be adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t a decision ( any judge on ! con/itutionality ( any civil "q %\ld be subject to revision by a popul> vote1 :5 prop]ly safegu>d$4 ,t ! am\nt ( weal? transf]able by inh]itance %\ld be limit$ by law4 ,t corporal puni%m5t is n ju/ifiable4 ,t capital puni%m5t %\ld be aboli%$4 ,t no conviction = crime %\ld be bas$ ^u circum/antial evid5ce alone4 ,t ,switz]l& has a bett] =m ( gov]nm5t ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t no ali5 %\ld be all[$ to own real e/ate 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,t ! l5g? ( imprisonm5t z a puni%m5t = crime %\ld be det]m9$ by a special commission & n by ! s5t5c+ judge or jury4 ,t all corporations %\ld op]ate "u ,f$]al *>t] & control4 ,t ! community & n ! individuals are responsible if _m boys 8g wrong40 ,t l>ge dep>tm5t /ores are b5eficial to ! p4 ,t city mail ord] h\ses are b5eficial to ! villages f :i* _! goods are pur*as$4 ,t judges %\ld be appo9t$ & n elect$ by popul> vote4 ,t ! legislature ( ,p5nsylvania %\ld erect a /atue to ,rob]t ,e4 ,lee ^u ! battlefield ( ,gettysburg4 ,t ,/ate f9ancial aid %\ld be ext5d$ to workm5 desir+ homes ( _! own4 ,t increase 9 ! av]age size ( ,am]ican f>ms is = ! be/ int]e/s ( ! nation4 ,t ! decrease ( population liv+ ^u ! l& is = ! be/ int]e/s ( agriculture & ( ! nation4 ,t ,/ate or gov]nm5t aid1 9 ! =m ( direct loan or gu>antee ( bonds %\ld be ext5d$ to aid ! dra9age ( l& :i* !reby w be made suitable = agriculture4 ,t h>d roads %\ld be built at c\nty exp5se4 ,t ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t & ! gov]nm5t ( ea* ,/ate %\ld be> equally ! co/ ( improvem5t ( trunk highways1 provid$ ! "w be done "u ,f$]al direction4 ,t = ?is community1 ma9 c\nty roads %\ld be pav$ ) gravel in/ead ( brick4 ,t = ?is community1 ma9 c\nty roads %\ld be macadamiz$ in/ead ( surfac$ ) ! 8s&-clay0 process4 ,t ! jury sy/em %\ld be aboli%$4 ,t no immigrant %\ld be admitt$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates unless he c read & write 8 own language to an ext5t equival5t to ! /&>ds ma9ta9$ 9 ! av]age six? grade ( s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t ! build+ & ma9t5ance ( a l>ge navy is necess>y to ! safety ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t ! "t is n[ ripe = ! dis>mam5t ( all nations4 ,t ! "t has n[ come :5 ! policy ( protection %\ld be ab&on$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t a high protective t>iff raises wages4 ,t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld e/abli% a sy/em ( %ipp+ subsidies4 ,t a protective t>iff b5efits f>m]s4 ,t tru/s are ! result ( a protective t>iff4 ,t comb9ations among railroads *eap5 rates4 ,t ! tru/ is a legitimate developm5t ( indu/rial cop]ation & %\ld be enc\rag$4 ,t an income tax is desirable4 ,t a s+le tax bas$ ^u l& values w\ld be pref]able to ! pres5t sy/em4 ,t *ur* prop]ty %\ld be tax$4 ,t ! entire co/ ( public improvem5ts %\ld be assess$ aga9/ ! prop]ty b5efit$4 ,t "o-half ( ! co/ ( public improvem5ts %\ld be assess$ aga9/ ! prop]ty b5efit$4 ,t cities %\ld be p]mitt$ ! use ( ! pr9ciple ( excess condemnation4 ,t cities %\ld grant new indu/ries five ye>s' fre$om f taxation4 ,t ! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be own$ & op]at$ by ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,t all telegraph l9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be own$ & controll$ by ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,t all public utilities %\ld be own$ & op]at$ by ! municipalities :]e9 !y are locat$4 ,t ,/ate prohibition is pref]able to high lic5se z a me?od ( deal+ ) intemp]ance4 ,t local option is pref]able to ,/ate prohibition z a me?od ( deal+ ) intemp]ance4 ,t ! prohibition1 by am5dm5t to ! ,f$]al con/itution1 ( ! manufacture1 sale1 importation1 exportation1 transportation ( intoxicat+ liquors pres5ts ! mo/ effective solution ( ! liquor "q4 ,t 8treat+0 is a great s\rce ( intemp]ance & %\ld be prohibit$4 ,t x is a m effici5t me?od to remove ! temptation to dr9k intoxicat+ liquors ?an to tea* ! individual to fight & ov]come ! appetite = su* dr9k4 ,t alcohol is a legitimate article ( diet & its use %\ld1 prop]ly safegu>d$1 be all[$4 ,t municipal misrule 9 ,am]ican cities is due to ! indiff]5ce ( ! s-call$ bett] classes4 ,t municipal misrule 9 ,am]ican cities is due to =eign immigration4 ,t ! commission plan ( city gov]nm5t %\ld be g5]ally adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t ! commission plan ( gov]nm5t %\ld be adopt$ by ,/ates4 ,t ! gr[? ( cities %\ld be gov]n$ by "s well organiz$ plan4 ,t ! commission =m ( city gov]nm5t is m advantage\s ?an ! city manag] plan4 ,t ! city ne$s = its s]vice & life /rong] & m intellig5t m5 ?an does ! c\ntry4 ,t s*ool h\ses %\ld be utiliz$ at lea/ sixte5 h\rs out ( e tw5ty-f\r 9 civic functions :5 n requir$ = s*ool purposes4 ,t a deta*$ h\se is m conducive to prop] family life ?an a suite 9 an ap>tm5t build+4 ,t organiz$ play is ess5tial to a prop] developm5t ( boy life4 ,t a city %\ld provide municipal dance halls & simil> opportunities = recreation4 ,t conge/$ cities %\ld furni% ! capital = model g>d5 suburbs4 ,t1 to relieve urban conge/ion1 model g>d5 suburbs are pref]able to model t5em5ts4 ,t ! *ur* %\ld provide amusem5ts4 ,t *>ity organization societies are effective4 ,t ! *ur* has n p]=m$ its full duty t[>d ! labor+ man4 ,t *ur* unity w\ld develop a high] type ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,t ! cons]vation ( ! *ur* z ! =m ( organiz$ religion is ess5tial to real progress4 ,t secret frat]nities 9 high s*ools %\ld n be p]mitt$4 ,t ! ,f$]al control ( natural res\rces %\ld be fur!r /r5g!n$ & ext5d$4 ,t ! control ( natural res\rces )9 ,/ates %\ld be left to ,/ates & n assum$ by ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,,app5dix ,b ,,h[ ,,to ,,judge ,a ,,debate ,! judges ( a debate h no easy task to p]=m4 ,!y mu/ be1 ( c\rse1 unprejudic$ z betwe5 ! speak]s1 b !y mu/ also be unprejudic$ z to ! subject4 ,!y mu/ n =get t !y are to decide on ! m]its ( ! debate1 n on ! m]its ( ! "q4 ,!y mu/ consid] ! argum5ts & evid5ce (f]$4 ,!y mu/ set (f ?is cont5tion aga9/ t4 ,!y mu/ give prop] weight to ! respective m]its ( matt] & =m4 ,!y mu/ nei!r be /upefi$ by dull figures :i* may yet be p]t95t1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 be hypnotiz$ by brilliant rhetoric :i* may be b eff]vesc5t aft] all4 ,!y mu/ sift1 analyze1 weigh1 decide4 ,x is a task b little easi] ?an t ( ! debat]s !mselves4 ,x is ! (fice ( ! judges1 :e!r "o or m1 & :e!r outsid]s or memb]s ( ! club1 to repres5t ! sob] second ?\ght ( ! audi5ce address$ & n to repres5t ! imm$iately popul> view4 ,an audi5ce is r>ely judicial 9 its temp]4 ,x is g5]ally p>tisan--(t5 int5sely s4 ,al?\gh !re are always two sides to a "q1 !re are seldom two popul> sides4 ,! un=tunate debat] :o by contract or by lot is call$ ^u to def5d ! unpopul> side has a heavi] task ?an 8 oppon5t4 ,! judges mu/1 !re=e1 n only refuse to all[ !mselves to be influ5c$ by ! ho/ile attitude su* a speak] has to ov]come b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ him prop] cr$it = ! way 9 :i* he ei!r ov]comes ?is ho/ility or at lea/ p>tially neutralizes x4 ,because ! judges d repres5t ! critical imp>tial attitude1 !y %\ld fr[n ^u any attempt improp]ly to influ5ce a decision4 ,organiz$ *e]+ %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,x is n ! bus9ess ( ! judges to tea* etiquette or c\rtesy4 ,i %\ld1 h[ev]1 if ,i 7 act+ z a judge1 p5alize ! side ! support]s ( :i* delib]ately seek to emb>rass ! oppos+ side4 ,! judge mu/1 !re=e1 be fair & imp>tial4 ,he mu/ judge ! debate & n ! "q4 ,b :at weight %all he give to matt] & mann] respectively8 ,obvi\sly ! mann] ( ! speak] has a m imm$iate appeal ?an ! subject matt]4 ,h[ev]1 a debate is n a declamation conte/4 ,x is a pres5tation ( argum5ts = or aga9/ a proposition s arrang$ & relat$ t !y move to an irresi/ible conclusion4 ,c]ta9ly !n1 :at ! debat] says is ( m importance ?an h[ he says x4 ,x w\ld be impossible to def9e ! relative importance ( ! two divisions ( ! subject1 b sev5ty-five p] c5t4 & tw5ty-five p] c5t4 may be tak5 z a fair av]age4 ,x w\ld be impossible to give a set ( rules by :i* a debat] %\ld be rat$4 ,( c\rse1 no judge w attempt critical 8scor+0 z does ! judge ( a p\ltry %[4 ,he %\ld1 h[ev]1 pay p>ticul> att5tion to ! same po9ts ,i h emphasiz$ ?r\gh ?is book4 ,he w obs]ve :e!r ea* memb] ( ! team %[s a g5]al k ( ! "q & :e!r he %[s evid5ce ( hav+ done 8 own "w4 ,he w note also :e!r ! important issues are select$ = discussion & :e!r ^? issues are cle>ly def9$ & ! l9e ( argum5t indicat$ 9 ! e>ly portion ( ! spee*4 ,x is unfair = any debat] to cont5t himself ) refutation--g5]al d5ials & objections--& br+ up 8 con/ructive argum5ts t[>d ! end ( ! debate :5 !re is little "t left to ! o!r side4 ,t may be a clev] trick1 b x is n hone/ debat+1 & a judge %\ld rew>d x ) a p5alty4 ,!n1 too1 ! judge %\ld wat* ! /ructure ( ! argum5t4 ,is x well relat$8 ,is ea* "p prop]ly jo9$ to e o!r "p8 ,are its v>i\s divisions prop]ly indicat$8 ,are ! g5]alizations s\nd8 ,are ! /atem5ts ( evid5ce facts or guesses8 ,& are ^! facts simply reit]ative or are !y c>efully select$ because ( _! significance & ! cr$ibility ( _! au?ors8 ,does ! debat] %[ weakness 9 8 case by cont5t+ himself ) po9t+ out _m objections to 8 oppon5t's position ) no c\nt] position ( 8 own8 ,^! are "s ( ! que/ions ! judge w ask himself4 ,!n he w consid] ! debat]'s be>+ on ! plat=m4 ,he w n expect a pres5ce l t ( ,web/] or ( ,bee*]1 b he w expect t erectness1 vigor & dignity :i* g ) a consci\sness ( wor?y ef=t4 ,he w n expect ! ease ( long practice1 b he has a "r to expect c\rtesy to ! audi5ce & oppon5ts &1 ( c\rse1 no conceit 9 p]sonal be>+4 ,he w look = simplicity 9 /yle & ge/ure4 ,he w li/5 = a voice musical b /rong & responsive to ! emotion ( ! speak]4 ,f9ally1 if ! judge c f9d 9 ! debat] t e>ne/ness1 t conviction1 t complete id5tification ( himself ) 8 subject x w be cle> t he has ma/]$ ! matt] & made x 8 own4 ,?is ma/]y _c be put on or (f l a g>m5t1 b if ! judge sees x1 he c m>k t debat]1 z f> z ! ess5tial elem5ts ( debat+ are conc]n$1 #ajj4 ,,app5dix ,c ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,boys' ,,debat+ ,,club ,,( ,,fairfield ,,preamble4 ,we1 ! und]sign$1 appreciat+ ! advantages to be d]iv$ f practice 9 debate1 h]eby organize ourselves into a club = t purpose & agree to be gov]n$ by ! foll[+ ,con/itution4 ,,article ,i4 ,,"n4 ,?is society %all be call$ ,! ,boys' ,debat+ ,club ( ,fairfield4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,,(fic]s4 ,! (fic]s ( ! club %all be a ,presid5t1 ,vice-,presid5t1 ,secret>y1 & ,treasur]1 :o %all be elect$ by ballot & %all hold (fice = t5 weeks1 or until _! successors are elect$4 ,any vacancy 9 (fice %all be fill$ by election at ! meet+ :5 ! vacancy is made kn[n4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,duties ,,( ,,(fic]s4 ,presid5t4 ,section #a4 ,! duty ( ! ,presid5t %all be to preside at all meet+s ( ! ,club2 en=ce a due obs]vance ( ! ,con/itution & ,rules ( ,ord]2 & p]=m all ! duties requir$ ( him by ! ,con/itution4 ,he %all also visit1 :5 practicable1 clubs & societies ( simil> g5]al purposes1 cultivate frat]nal relations ) !m1 &1 :5 possible1 arrange ) !m jo9t programmes4 ,vice-,presid5t4 ,section #b4 ,! duty ( ! ,vice-,presid5t %all be to p]=m all ! duties ( ! ,presid5t 9 ! abs5ce ( t (fic]4 ,secret>y4 ,section #c4 ,! duty ( ! ,secret>y %all be to take m9utes ( all meet+s ( ! ,club2 call ! roll1 not+ memb]s t are abs5t2 att5d to ! correspond5ce ( ! club n o!rwise provid$ =1 & p]=m su* o!r duties p]ta9+ to 8 (fice z may be requir$ ( him by ! club4 ,treasur]4 ,section #d4 ,x %all be ! duty ( ! ,treasur] to take *>ge ( all money belong+ to ! club2 to collect all f9es & taxes impos$ or assess$ by ! club2 to pay ! ord]s ( ! ,secret>y1 indors$ by ! ,presid5t2 to keep an accurate acc\nt ( all receipts & exp5ditures ( ! club1 9 books kept = t purpose &1 at ! la/ regul> meet+ 9 8 t]m ( (fice1 to make a report ( ! same & to produce v\*]s = all exp5ditures dur+ 8 t]m ( (fice1 :i* %all be receiv$ & fil$ by ! ,secret>y2 & :5 8 successor is qualifi$ he %all turn ov] to him all books1 moneys & o!r prop]ty 9 8 possession belong+ to ! ,club4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,,critic4 ,! ,presid5t %all appo9t at ea* session ( ! club a ,critic1 ^: duty x %all be to criticise ! conduct ( ! meet+ & ( ! individual memb]s 9 all respects1 & to r5d] to ! ,club su* o!r help 9 advice & c\nsel z may seem wise to him4 ,! ,critic %all :5 possible be appo9t$ f ! honor>y memb]s ( ! ,club4 ,,article ,v4 ,,memb]%ip4 ,section #a4 ,any boy resid+ 9 ,fairfield may become a memb] ( ?is club1 by election at any regul> meet+4 ,section #b4 ,proposals = memb]%ip %all be made 9 writ+4 ,! "n %all be submitt$ to ! ,committee on ,memb]%ip1 h]e9aft] provid$ =1 :i* %all1 at ! next regul> meet+1 report to ! society ! g5]al /&+ & eligibility ( ! c&idate4 ,! vote on ! c&idate %all be by ballot4 ,if n m ?an ?ree votes appe> aga9/ him1 he %all be decl>$ elect$1 & on sign+ ! ,con/itution1 tak+ ! oa? ( memb]%ip1 & pay+ ! initiation fee ( tw5ty-five c5ts he %all be ann\nc$ by ! ,presid5t z an active memb] ( ! ,club4 ,section #c4 ,any p]son may become an honor>y memb] ( ! society by election at any regul> meet+1 provid$ ?ree votes d n appe> aga9/ him4 ,he %all be entitl$ to all ! privileges ( an active memb]1 except+ vot+ & hold+ (fice4 ,he %all n be subject to any initiation fee4 ,section #d4 ,any memb] :o is guilty ( conduct unbecom+ a memb] ( ! ,club may1 at any regul> meet+1 be susp5d$ or expell$ at ! discretion ( ! ,club4 ,b ! *>ge aga9/ su* memb] %all be sign$ by "o ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,club or by at lea/ ?ree memb]s1 %all def9itely /ate ! facts con/itut+ ! alleg$ (f5se & %all lie on ! table = "o week aft] ! (f5d+ memb] has be5 notifi$ ( ! *>ge4 ,no memb] %all be convict$ ( ! (f5se *>g$ unless two-?irds ( ! memb]s pres5t vote = su* conviction4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,,committees4 ,section #a4 ,! ,presid5t1 ,vice-,presid5t1 ,secret>y1 ,treasur] & ! ,*airman ( ! ,memb]%ip ,committee %all toge!r con/itute ! ,executive ,committee1 :o %all be ve/$ ) all ! p[]s ( ! club dur+ ! int]vals betwe5 ! sessions !re(4 ,section #b4 ,! ,presid5t1 at ! fir/ meet+ ( 8 t]m1 %all appo9t a committee ( five ^: duty x %all be to inve/igate & report on all proposals = memb]%ip4 ,?is committee %all hold (fice ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,section #c4 ,at ! fir/ meet+ ( 8 t]m1 ! ,presid5t %all appo9t two p]sons :o1 toge!r ) himself1 %all act z ! ,programme ,committee1 ^: duty x %all be to =mulate ! programmes1 includ+ ! selection ( que/ions = debate1 & report ! same to ! ,club at lea/ two weeks be=e ! date ( ! programme4 ,! committee %all h full p[] to place active memb]s1 includ+ ! (fic]s ( ! ,club1 on ! programme z x may see fit4 ,! ,club may at any "t modify or *ange completely any programme 9 ! meet+ at :i* x is report$4 ,! ,programme ,committee %all hold (fice until "o week aft] ! regul> election ( ! (fic]s4 ,,article ,,vii4 ,,meet+s4 ,regul> meet+s ( ! ,club %all be held on ,friday ev5+ ( ea* week at eight o'clock4 ,special meet+s may be call$ by ! ,presid5t at any "t4 ,,article ,,viii4 ,,dues4 ,ea* memb] ( ! ,club %all pay an initiation fee ( tw5ty-five c5ts :5 he is elect$ to memb]%ip & a mon?ly fee ( t5 c5ts on ! fir/ day ( e mon?4 ,,article ,,ix4 ,?is con/itution may be am5d$ by a two-?irds vote ( all ! memb]s pres5t at any regul> meet+ ( ! ,club1 provid$ "o week's previ\s notice ( ! propos$ am5dm5t %all h be5 giv54 ,,app5dix ,d ,,table ,,( ,,p>liam5t>y ,,rules ,9 ! foll[+ table1 ! pr9cipal que/ions aris+ 9 p>liam5t>y practice are not$4 ,! table %\ld s]ve at once z an index & summ>y4 ,! motions are arrang$ alphabetically2 ! ord] ( priority is indicat$ by ,roman num]als4 ,ea* c sup]s$e "o ( l[] rank4 ,none1 except to am5d1 c sup]s$e "o ( high] ord]4 ,! ref]5ces 7e4g4--,c4d47 are to ! p>agraphs 9 ! *apt] on ,p>liam5t>y ,proc$ure1 page #aja1 :]e ! rules are discuss$4 ,a motion to ,i4 ,adj\rn leaves ! ma9 "q fir/ 9 ord] at ! next meet+1 _c be 7,c4d47 am5d$1 debat$1 laid on ! table1 po/pon$1 reconsid]$1 or r5ew$4#a ,,xii4 ,am5d c be am5d$ 7n an am5dm5t to an am5dm5t71 c be committ$ 7,a4a47 7takes ) x ! pr9cipal motion71 is debatable if ! ma9 "q is1 c be laid on ! table 79 :i* case x c>ries ) x to ! table ! entire subject71 c be po/pon$ 79 :i* case ! ma9 "q is also po/pon$71 is subject to previ\s "q1 c be reconsid]$ b _c be r5ew$4#b ,,iv4 ,appeal f decision susp5ds action on ma9 "q1 ( *air on _c be am5d$1 committ$1 ,"q ( ,ord] debat$1#c po/pon$ or r5ew$2 x may be laid on ! table 7:i* 7,b4f4g47 action su/a9s ! *air7 or reconsid]$4 ,,xi4 ,commit1 ref]1 or commits ma9 "q & all recommit subsidi>y to x2 c be am5d$1 debat$1 laid on ! table 7c>ry+ 7,a4c47 ! entire subject ) x71 reconsid]$ or r5ew$1 op5s ma9 "q to debate1 is subject to previ\s "q b _c be committ$ or po/pon$4#d ,,vii4 ,lay on ! table1 tables ! ma9 "q1 & all take f ! table1 subsidi>y que/ions ) x2 _c be am5d$1 committ$1 debat$1 7,a4f47 po/pon$2 a negative vote _c be reconsid]$1 b an affirmative vote c2 x c be r5ew$4#e ,,iii4 ,ord]s ( ! ,day _c be am5d$1 committ$1 debat$1 laid on ! table1 po/pon$1 7,c4a47 is n subject to previ\s "q1 _c be r5ew$1 b c be reconsid]$4#f ,x4 ,to po/pone to _c be committ$ or po/pon$2 c]ta9 "t does n op5 ! ma9 "q to debate2 c be 7,a4d47 am5d$ or debat$ z to "t only2 is subject to previ\s "q :i* does n !reby apply to ! ma9 "q2 c be laid on ! table1 reconsid]$ or r5ew$4 ,,xii4 ,to po/pone indef9itely removes ma9 "q = session2 _c be am5d$2 c be 7,a4b47 committ$1 debat$--z c ! ma9 "q--laid on ! table1 po/pon$1 reconsid]$ or r5ew$2 is subject to ! previ\s "q )\t affect+ ! ma9 "q4#g ,,ix4 ,previ\s ,"q compels imm$iate vote on ma9 "q2#h _c be am5d$1 7,a4e47 committ$1 debat$1 or po/pon$2 x c be laid on ! table 7c>ry+ to ! table ! entire subject71 reconsid]$ or r5ew$4#i ,,xiv4 ,pr9cipal ,motion c be am5d$1 committ$1 debat$1 laid on ! table1 po/pon$1 is subject to previ\s "q1 c be reconsid]$ or r5ew$4 ,,ii4 ,"q ( ,privilege susp5ds action on ma9 "q2 a motion conc]n+ x c be am5d$1 committ$1 debat$1 laid 7,c4b47 on ! table1 po/pon$1 reconsid]$ or r5ew$1 is subject to previ\s "q4 ,,vii4 ,to reconsid] _c be am5d$1 committ$1 po/pon$1 or reconsid]$2 x is 7,d4b47 debatable if ! ma9 "q is1 & op5s ! ma9 "q to debate if c>ri$2 x c be laid on ! table )\t tabl+ ! ma9 "q2 x c be r5ew$ & is subject to ! previ\s "q1 :i*1 h[ev]1 affects only reconsid]ation4#aj ,,vi4 ,to susp5d a rule has no effect on ! ma9 "q2 x c be am5d$1 committ$1 7,b4a47 debat$1 laid on ! table1 po/pon$1 reconsid]$ or r5ew$2 x is subject to ! previ\s "q4#aa ,v4 ,to )draw motion _c be am5d$1 committ$1 debat$1 po/pon$2 x c be 7,b4b47 reconsid]$ or r5ew$4 #a ,a quorum is n necess>y to adj\rnm5t4 #b ,a motion to am5d is n 9 ord] aft] ! previ\s "q1 to po/pone or to lay on ! table1 has be5 ord]$4 #c ,! appellant & ! *air may /ate ! respective gr\nd = appeal & decision4 #d ,a motion to commit _c be made aft] ! previ\s "q has be5 ord]$4 #e ,motions once tabl$ mu/ be remov$ by motion to take f table4 #f ,an affirmative vote on ! ,ord]s ( ! ,day removes ! ma9 "q f consid]ation2 a negative vote disp5ses ) ! bus9ess set = special "t4 #g ,to po/pone indef9itely yields to all subsidi>y que/ions except to am5d4 #h ,:5 ! previ\s "q is mov$ on an am5dm5t & adopt$1 debate is clos$ on ! am5dm5t only4 #i ,! previ\s "q applies only to debatable que/ions4 #aj ,x mu/ be made by "o vot+ on prevail+ side on ma9 "q4 ,a motion to reconsid] c be appli$ to e o!r "q except to adj\rn & to susp5d rules1 & affirmative vote to lay on ! table4 #aa ,x _c susp5d ! con/itution or by-laws4 ,,app5dix ,e ,,rules ,,( ,,! ,,=d ,,hall ,,t[n ,,meet+ ,,jurisdiction4 #a4 ,! ,=d ,hall ,t[n ,meet+ has all ! legislative p[]s possess$ by any legislative body )9 & includ+ ! ,commonweal? ( ,massa*usetts4 ,e bill introduc$ into said ,t[n ,meet+ %all beg9 ) language appropriate to ! body :i* is suppos$ to be consid]+ ! same4 ,,memb]%ip4 #b4 ,no te/ ( race1 cre$1 sex1 or prop]ty %all be appli$ 9 det]m9+ citiz5%ip 9 ! ,=d ,hall ,t[n ,meet+4 ,any p]son sign+ ! roll & subscrib+ to ! foll[+ decl>ation %all !reupon be reg>d$ z a citiz54 ,,decl>ation4 #c4 ,i d solemnly decl>e t ,i w /rive to advance ! common good & ! ,commonweal? ( ,=d ,hall by all means 9 my p[]4 ,,(fic]s4 #d4 ,! elective (fic]s ( ! ,t[n ,meet+ %all be a ,mod]ator1 ,cl]k1 & a ,s]geant-at-,arms :o %all be elect$ by ,pref]5tial ,ballot at ! second regul> meet+ ( ea* season4 ,a majority ( all ! votes ca/ %all be necess>y to a *oice4 #e4 ,! ,mod]ator may appo9t a citiz5 to p]=m ! duties ( ! *air = su* p]iod dur+ 8 t]m ( (fice z he may elect4 #f4 ,9 case ( a vacancy 9 ! (fice ( ,mod]ator1 or 9 case ! ,mod]ator or ! citiz5 nam$ by him 9 accordance ) ! prec$+ rule1 is abs5t at ! h\r to :i* ! ,t[n ,meet+ /&s adj\rn$1 ! ,cl]k %all call ! ,t[n ,meet+ to ord] & %all proce$ until ! ,mod]ator appe> or a tempor>y or a regul> mod]ator be elect$ :i* %all be ! fir/ bus9ess 9 ord]4 ,! ,mod]ator is ex-(ficio memb] ( all committees4 ,,cl]k4 #g4 ,! ,cl]k may appo9t su* assi/ants z he may desire & %all ,a4 ,keep ! record ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,t[n ,meet+4 ,b4 ,ent] at l>ge 9 ! ,j\rnal e "q ( ord] ) ! decision !reon4 ,c4 ,prep>e & cause to be li/$ on "o %eet = ref]5ce a cal5d> ( matt]s = consid]ation at ! next session ( ! ,t[n ,meet+4 ,su* li/ %all be reg>d$ z ! ,ord] ( ! ,day = ! consid]ation ( ! ,t[n ,meet+ at its next session & ! matt]s not$ !reon %all be consid]$ 9 _! due ord] unless o!rwise specially vot$ by ! ,t[n ,meet+4 ,any objection to ! cal5d> %all be made & dispos$ ( be=e ! ,t[n ,meet+ votes to proce$ to ! consid]ation ( ! ,ord]s ( ! ,day4 ,d4 ,prep>e & cause to be li/$ on "o %eet a li/ ( matt]s ly+ on ! table4 ,,s]geant-,,at-,,arms4 #h4 ,! ,s]geant-at-,arms %all be responsible = ! pres]vation ( ! ord] & decorum ( ! ,t[n ,meet+4 ,he may select su* assi/ants1 doorkeep]s1 & o!r (fic]s z he may deem necess>y4 ,he %all execute ! ord]s ( ! ,mod]ator or ! ,t[n ,meet+ & %all h ! cu/ody ( ! prop]ty ( ! ,t[n ,meet+ o!r ?an ! records prop]ly 9 ! cu/ody ( ! cl]k4 ,,committees4 #i4 ,! foll[+ /&+ committees %all be elect$ by ballot f ! citiz5s ( ! ,t[n ,meet+3 ,a4 ,a ,committee on ,rules1 to consi/ ( six memb]s & ! ,mod]ator ( ! ,t[n ,meet+1 :o %all be ex-(ficio *airman ( said committee4 ,b4 ,a ,committee on ,education1 to consi/ ( sev5 memb]s4 ,c4 ,a ,committee on ,h\s+1 to consi/ ( sev5 memb]s4 ,d4 ,a ,committee on ,heal?1 to consi/ ( five memb]s4 ,e4 ,a ,committee on ,play & ,recreation1 to consi/ ( five memb]s4 ,f4 ,a ,committee on ,labor1 to consi/ ( sev5 memb]s4 ,g4 ,a ,committee on ,judici>y1 to consi/ ( five memb]s4 ,h4 ,a ,committee on ,transportation1 to consi/ ( five memb]s4 ,i4 ,a ,committee on ,m]cantile ,affairs1 to consi/ ( five memb]s4 ,j4 ,a ,committee on ,c\rtesies1 to consi/ ( five memb]s4 ,k4 ,a ,committee on ,liquor ,laws1 to consi/ ( five memb]s4 ,l4 ,a ,committee on ,budget & ,appropriations1 to consi/ ( sev5 memb]s4 ,m4 ,a ,committee on ,municipal ,affairs1 to consi/ ( five memb]s4 ,n4 ,a ,committee on ,city ,plann+1 to consi/ ( sev5 memb]s4 ,o4 ,a ,committee on ,immigration & ,naturalization1 to consi/ ( sev5 memb]s4 ,all ( said committees %all be nom9at$ by a nom9at+ committee consi/+ ( sev5 citiz5s elect$ by ! ,t[n ,meet+4 ,! ,mod]ator ( ! ,t[n ,meet+ %all designate "o memb] ( ea* ( said committees to act z *airman !re(4 #aj4 ,! ,mod]ator %all appo9t a committee ( five to be kn[n z ! ,committee on ,ways & ,means1 :o %all prep>e = ! consid]ation ( ! ,committee on ,budget & ,appropriations an e/imate ( ! probable exp5se ( ! ,t[n ,meet+ = ! curr5t season4 ,:5 su* e/imate has be5 consid]$ & ord]$ by ! said ,committee on ,budget & ,appropriations1 ! said ,ways & ,means ,committee %all ext5d ! taxes necess>y to meet said budget ov] ! ,t[n ,meet+ & appo9t all (fic]s necess>y to collect1 c>e = & disburse ! same 9 ord]ly & regul> fa%ion4 #aa4 ,be=e said ,committee on ,budget & ,appropriations %all f9ally appropriate any sum = ! support ( ! ,t[n ,meet+ 9 its v>i\s functions x %all report its e/imate to ! full ,t[n ,meet+1 & no su* report %all be adopt$ unless approv$ by a vote ( two-?irds ( ! memb]s pres5t at a regul> ,t[n ,meet+4 #ab4 ,all measures int5d$ = pres5tation by any citiz5 %all be pres5t$ to ! ,cl]k on pap] furni%$ by ! ,cl]k4 ,! ,cl]k %all read all measures by title & ! ,mod]ator %all !n ref] !m to _! appropriate committees1 be=e ! ord] ( ! day has be5 consid]$ at ea* ,t[n ,meet+4 ,!y %all be giv5 a consecutive numb] by ! ,cl]k & %all !reaft] be ref]r$ to by numb]1 title & by ! "n ( ! citiz5 introduc+ ! same4 ,! committees to :om said measures are ref]r$ %all consid] ! same z promptly z may be & may 9 said consid]ation call be=e !m ! orig9al sponsor ( su* measure or any citiz5 :o is 9 favor ( or oppos$ to said measure4 ,9 addition !reto said committees may1 if !y %all s elect1 call be=e !m any p]son1 :e!r a citiz5 ( ! ,t[n ,meet+ or n1 ^: evid5ce or argum5ts might1 9 _! judgm5t1 be valuable to ! committee or to ! ,t[n ,meet+ 9 _! delib]ations on ! p>ticul> measure "u consid]ation4 ,said committees %all1 z spe$ily z possible1 report to ! ,t[n ,meet+1 _! conclusions ^u ! matt]s ref]r$ to !m1 giv+ 9 concise =m ! reasons ^u :i* said conclusions are bas$4 ,,petitions ,,& ,,reports ,,( ,,committees4 #ac4 ,petitions1 memorials1 remon/rances & pap]s ( a l nature1 & reports ( committees %all be pres5t$ be=e ! ,t[n ,meet+ proce$s to ! consid]ation ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,day1 & ! ,mod]ator %all call = su* pap]s4 ,,pap]s ,,address$ ,,to ,,! ,,t[n ,,meet+ ,,n ,,petitions4 ,pap]s address$ to ! ,t[n ,meet+1 o!r ?an petitions1 memorials & remon/rances1 may be pres5t$ by ! ,mod]ator1 or by a citiz5 9 8 place1 & %all be read1 unless x is specifically ord]$ t ! read+ be disp5s$ )4 #ad4 ,no bill %all be act$ ^u by ! ,t[n ,meet+ until x has be5 report$ by ! committee to :i* x has be5 ref]r$3 provid$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,mod]ator may call ^u any committee to report a bill be=e x1 if 9 8 judgm5t said report is unduly delay$4 ,no bill %all be put to a f9al vote )\t hav+ be5 read ?ree sev]al times4 ,,ord]s ,,( ,,! ,,day4 #ae4 ,bills favorably report$ to ! ,t[n ,meet+ by committees1 & bills ! "q ( ! rejection ( :i* is negativ$1 %all be plac$ 9 ! ,ord]s = ! next session1 &1 if !y h be5 read b once1 %all g to a second read+ )\t "q4 ,resolutions report$ 9 ! ,t[n ,meet+ by committees %all1 aft] !y are read1 be plac$ 9 ! ,ord]s ( ! ,day = ! next session4 #af4 ,reports ( committees n by bill or resolve %all be plac$ 9 ! ,ord]s ( ! next session aft] t on :i* !y are made to ! ,t[n ,meet+2 provid$1 t ! report ( a committee ask+ to be dis*>g$ f ! fur!r consid]ation ( a subject & recomm5d+ t x be ref]r$ to ano!r committee1 %all be imm$iately consid]$4 #ag4 ,bills ord]$ to a ?ird read+ %all be plac$ 9 ! ,ord]s ( ! next session = su* read+4 #ah4 ,aft] ent]+ ^u ! consid]ation ( ! ,ord]s ( ! ,day1 ! ,t[n ,meet+ %all proce$ ) !m 9 regul> c\rse z foll[s3 ,matt]s n giv+ rise to a motion or debate %all be fir/ dispos$ ( 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y /& 9 ! cal5d>2 aft] :i* ! matt]s t 7 pass$ ov] %all be consid]$ 9 l ord] & dispos$ (4 #ai4 ,:5 ! ,t[n ,meet+ does n f9i% ! consid]ation ( ! ,ord]s ( ! ,day1 ^? :i* _h n be5 act$ ^u %all be ! ,ord]s ( ! next & ea* succe$+ day until dispos$ (1 & %all be ent]$ 9 ! cal5d>1 )\t *ange 9 _! ord]1 to prec$e matt]s add$ "u rules #ae & #af & #ag4 ,! unf9i%$ bus9ess 9 :i* ! ,t[n ,meet+ 0 engag$ at ! "t ( adj\rnm5t %all h ! pref]5ce 9 ! ,ord]s ( ! next day1 aft] motions to reconsid]4 ,,special ,,rules ,,affect+ ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,proce$+s4 #bj4 ,no matt] :i* has be5 duly plac$ 9 ! ,ord]s ( ! ,day %all be dis*>g$ !refrom1 or consid]$ out ( ! regul> c\rse4 ,?is rule %all n be resc9d$1 or revok$ or susp5d$ except by a vote ( f\r-fif?s ( ! memb]s pres5t & vot+ !reon4 #ba4 ,if1 "u ! op]ation ( ! previ\s "q1 or o!rwise1 an am5dm5t is made at ! second1 or ?ird read+ ( a bill sub/antially *ang+ ! great] "p ( su* bill1 ! "q %all n be put =?) on ord]+ ! bill to a ?ird read+1 b ! bill1 z am5d$1 %all be plac$ 9 ! ,ord]s ( ! next session aft] t on :i* ! am5dm5t is made1 & %all !n be op5 to fur!r am5dm5t be=e su* "q is put4 ,9 l mann]1 :51 "u ! op]ation ( ! previ\s "q or o!rwise1 an am5dm5t is made 9 any proposition ( su* a nature z to *ange its "*1 z f a bill to an ord]1 or ! l1 ! proposition z am5d$ %all be plac$ 9 ! ,ord]s ( ! next session aft] t on :i* ! am5dm5t 0 made4 ,,reconsid]ation4 #bb4 ,:5 a motion = reconsid]ation is decid$1 t decision %all n be reconsid]$1 & no "q %all be twice reconsid]$2 nor %all any vote be reconsid]$ ^u ei!r ( ! foll[+ motions3 to adj\rn1 to lay on ! table1 to take f ! table2 or1 = ! previ\s "q4 #bc4 ,debate on motions to reconsid] %all be limit$ to tw5ty m9utes1 & no citiz5 %all occupy m ?an five m9utes2 b on a motion to reconsid] a vote ^u any subsidi>y or incid5tal "q1 debate %all be limit$ to t5 m9utes1 & no citiz5 %all occupy m ?an ?ree m9utes4 ,,rules ,,( ,,debate4 #bd4 ,no citiz5 %all speak m ?an once to ! prev5tion ( ^? :o h n spok5 & desire to speak on ! same "q4 #be4 ,no citiz5 %all speak m ?an five m9utes ^u any measure4 #bf4 ,! propon5t ( any measure may speak = t5 m9utes4 #bg4 ,^u unanim\s cons5t ( all vot+ citiz5s pres5t1 any speak] may h ! privilege ( su* fur!r "t z ! said vot+ citiz5s pres5t may designate4 #bh4 ,e motion %all be r$uc$ to writ+1 if ! ,mod]ator s directs4 #bi4 ,:5 a "q is be=e ! ,t[n ,meet+1 until x is dispos$ (1 ! ,mod]ator %all receive no motion t does n relate to ! same1 except ! motion to adj\rn1 or "s o!r motion t has prec$5ce ei!r by express rule ( ! ,t[n ,meet+ or because x is privileg$ 9 its nature2 & he %all receive no motion relat+ to ! same1 except3 to lay on ! table1 = ! previ\s "q1 to close ! debate at a specifi$ "t1 to po/pone to a "t c]ta91 to commit 7or recommit71 to am5d1 :i* sev]al motions %all h prec$5ce 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are arrang$ 9 ?is rule4 ,,previ\s ,,"q4 #cj4 ,all que/ions ( ord] aris+ aft] a motion is made = ! previ\s "q %all be decid$ )\t debate1 except+ on appeal2 & on su* appeal1 no citiz5 %all speak except ! appellant & ! ,mod]ator4 #ca4 ,! adoption ( ! previ\s "q %all put an end to all debate & br+ ! ,t[n ,meet+ to a direct vote ^u p5d+ am5dm5ts1 if any1 9 _! regul> ord]1 & !n ^u ! ma9 "q4 ,,motion ,,to ,,commit4 #cb4 ,:5 a motion is made to commit1 & diff]5t committees are propos$1 ! "q %all be tak5 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 a /&+ committee ( ! ,t[n ,meet+1 a select committee ( ! ,t[n ,meet+1 & a subject may be recommitt$ to ! same committee or to ano!r committee at ! pleasure ( ! ,t[n ,meet+4 ,,motion ,,to ,,am5d4 #cc4 ,a motion to am5d an am5dm5t may be receiv$2 b no am5dm5t 9 ! ?ird degree %all be all[$4 ,,enact+ ,,clause4 #cd4 ,a motion to /rike out ! enact+ clause ( a bill %all only be receiv$ :5 ! bill is be=e ! ,t[n ,meet+ = enactm5t4 ,,p>liam5t>y ,,practice4 #ce4 ,cu%+'s ,manual %all gov]n ! ,t[n ,meet+ 9 all cases to :i* !y are applicable1 & 9 :i* !y are n inconsi/5t ) ^! rules4 ,,debate ,,on ,,motions ,,= ,,! ,,susp5sion ,,( ,,rules4 #cf4 ,debate ^u a motion = ! susp5sion ( any ( ! rules %all be limit$ to fifte5 m9utes1 & no citiz5 %all occupy m ?an ?ree m9utes4 #cg4 ,unless o!rwise /at$ a majority vote ( ^? pres5t %all decide any "q4 ,,susp5sions1 ,,am5dm5t ,,& ,,repeal4 #ch4 ,no?+ 9 ^! rules %all be disp5s$ )1 alt]$ or repeal$1 unless two-?irds ( ! citiz5s pres5t cons5t !reto2 b ?is rule & rule tw5ty-"o %all n be susp5d$1 unless by unanim\s cons5t ( ! citiz5s pres5t4 ,,app5dix ,f ,,s\rces ,,( ,,mat]ial ,h[ c y obta9 ! necess>y in=mation = y\r debate8 ,:]e c y get y\r evid5ce8 ,h[ w y proce$ to obta9 ! facts ^u :i* y\r debate w w9 or lose8 ,9 "p ^! que/ions h be5 answ]$ by ! *apt] on evid5ce4 ,let me advise y to read x ov] aga9 c>efully4 ,! fir/ p]sons to consult are ! o!r memb]s ( y\r own family4 ,_! exp]i5ce 9 public affairs y w f9d 9 _m cases to be mu* l>g] ?an y h ?\ght4 ,h[ _m times1 = in/ance1 d y\r neighbors or p]haps ! t[n%ip sup]visor drop 9 ^u y\r fa!r to talk ) him 9 ! ev5+ ab\t matt]s ( public policy8 ,h[ _m times does ! s*ool tea*]1 on h] way home f "w1 /op to pass a ^w ) y\r gr&fa!r :o 0 a memb] ( ! legislature back 9 ,connecticut long be=e ! family mov$ ,we/8 ,obvi\sly ! next be/ s\rce ( in=mation is y\r tea*]4 ,9 almo/ all cases y w f9d t y\r s*ool in/ructors are v glad to help y1 n only by tell+ y :at !y !mselves "k b by ref]r+ y to easily available s\rces ( in=mation4 ,d n hesitate to ask specific que/ions ( y\r tea*]s4 ,x is well1 ( c\rse1 to reque/ 9 g5]al _! advice & c\nsel b y c well supplem5t ?is g5]al appeal = help by specific que/ions ! answ] to :i* w solve tr\blesome problems z !y come up4 ,be sure to ask y\r tea*]s = li/s ( available books & advice z to ! be/ magaz9e articles to consult4 ,next g to ! libr>ian 9 y\r own home t[n4 ,%e w be glad to tell y ! be/ books & magaz9e articles ^u ! subject ( y\r debate4 ,9 case h] own in=mation is scant y might well advise h] to communicate ) ! ,division ( ,bibliography ( ! ,libr>y ( ,congress at ,wa%+ton4 ,?is division issues memor&a1 type-writt5 li/s & pr9t$ li/s1 giv+ ref]5ces ^u all topics ( curr5t int]e/4 ,private individuals c pur*ase ^! li/s f ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,9 case y h no libr>y )9 rea*+ di/ance ! li/ w be l5t to y4 ,9 t case y %\ld address ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,!re is an imm5se am\nt ( lit]ature to be obta9$ f ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & !re is h>dly a subject :i* a boy might be call$ ^u to debate1 ^u :i* he c\ld n obta9 enlight5m5t by apply+ to ! prop] ,gov]nm5t (fic]4 ,! difficulty is to "k :o is ! prop] p]son to address 9 a p>ticul> case4 ,probably ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 w\ld be ! fir/ "o to :om to apply4 ,he has ,gov]nm5t publications = sale1 & is 9 a position to give in=mation ab\t ! publications issu$ by any bran* ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,he also furni%es classifi$ li/s on v>i\s subjects4 ,^! w give an idea ( :at bureaus h&le ! diff]5t subjects4 ,) su* in=mation a boy c !n apply directly to ! "r bureau4 ,mo/1 if n all1 ( ! ,dep>tm5ts issue li/s ( _! publications4 ,! ,congressional ,directory conta9s a li/ ( ! ,gov]nm5t (fices1 ) a /atem5t ( _! functions4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture issues a ,mon?ly ,li/ ( ,publications1 :i* is s5t regul>ly to all :o ask to h x s s5t4 ,x also issues f "t to "t a li/ giv+ titles ( all ! ,f>m]s' ,bullet9s available4 ,y\r own ,congressman w be glad to answ] specific que/ions4 ,( c\rse all debat]s--boys :o are good en\gh citiz5s to be int]e/$ 9 curr5t topics--"k ! "n ( _! repres5tative 9 ,congress4 ,y w f9d also t ! colleges 9 y\r own ,/ate w be v glad to help y all !y c4 ,let me urge y p>ticul>ly to make full use ( ! ,agricultural ,college & ,/ate ,univ]sity ( y\r own ,commonweal?4 ,! ,agricultural ,college has at comm& a va/ fund ( que/ions all relat+ to life--social & economic z well z sci5tific & hi/orical4 ,probably 9 ?is day1 y\r ,/ate ,univ]sity has an ext5sion division :i* has special facilities = giv+ y def9ite & accurate advice ^u any topic4 ,x may be t y\r ,/ate is "o ( ! progressive ones :i* h a sy/em ( 8travel+ libr>ies0--packets ( books :i* are %ipp$ to p]sons :o h special int]e/ 9 special topics4 ,really "o ( ! fir/ /udies = y :5 y are secur+ evid5ce is to become ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! facilities ( y\r ,/ate in/itutions ( high] education4 ,by all means1 h[ev]1 include ! o!r colleges :i* may be 9 y\r vic9ity4 ,pr(essors & o!r memb]s ( ! dep>tm5ts ( sociology1 political sci5ce1 political economy1 hi/ory & simil> dep>tm5ts w be p>ticul>ly ready to give help4 ,( almo/ equal value ) ! (ficial docum5ts are ! writ+s ( int]e/$ m5 9 magaz9es & newspap]s4 ,^! articles w n only conta9 _m facts b w be bo? /imulat+ & sugge/ive to ! debat] 9 op5+ to him new l9es ( ?\ght ^u ! subject4 ,poole's ,index1 ,! ,cumulative ,index1 ,! ,read]'s ,guide to ,p]iodical ,lit]ature are catalogues ( ! articles appe>+ 9 g5]al p]iodicals4 ,"s "o ( !m is sure to be f\nd 9 y\r libr>y4 ,almo/ e subject n[ prom95tly be=e ! public has bas$ ^u x a society ( "s k9d or o!r :i* g5]ally issues publications ^u ! subject1 or1 at any rate1 has available facts & argum5ts ( value to ! debat]4 ,! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,?is1 ! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,t1 ! ,society = ! ,/udy ( ,?is ,o!r ,matt]1 are full ( value & int]e/+ in=mation4 ,write to !m if y\r subject falls )9 _! respective fields4 ,,! ,,end