,,engli% ,,pr9t]s' ,,ornam5ts ,?is ,edition is limit$ to #ejj copies only ,illu/ration ,,engli% ,,pr9t]s' ,,ornam5ts ,,by ,,h5ry ,r4 ,,plom] ,,au?or ,,( 8,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engli% ,,pr9t+10 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration ,,london1 ,w4,c4#a ,,grafton ,,co4 ,,coptic ,,h\se #aibd ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,turnbull ,spe>s1 ,ed9burgh ,,preface ,! subject ( pr9t]s' ornam5ts c be def9$ 9 its /rict] mean+ z ! decoration ( books z ap>t f book illu/ration1 ! aim ( bo? decoration & ornam5tation be+ to height5 ! attraction ( ! lett]press1 al?\gh ! "o is n 9 any way dep5d5t ^u ! o!r4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages an attempt has be5 made to give an outl9e hi/ory ( ! introduction ( ornam5ts into books pr9t$ by ,engli% pr9t]s & ! subsequ5t gr[? & developm5t ( ! art d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,pr9t]s' ornam5ts include head & tail pieces1 initial lett]s1 bord]s to title-pages or text1 & decorative blocks su* z ^? :i* 7 us$ freely by ! sixte5? c5tury pr9t]1 ,h5ry ,bynneman1 & o!rs4 ,pr9t]s' devices1 be+ 9 ! nature ( trade m>ks1 h no place 9 ?is volume1 z1 al?\gh decorative 9 !mselves1 !y 7 n us$ simply = ! sake ( embelli%+ ! page4 ,al?\gh x is g5]ally believ$ t ,engli% pr9t]s 7 on ! :ole in>ti/ic1 & t _m ( ! be/ designs 7 borr[$ f =eign c\ntries1 !re is no lack ( good mat]ial = a "w on ,engli% pr9t]s' ornam5ts f ! fifte5? onw>ds to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,_m fam\s names ( special pr9t]s come to m9d 9 e>ly ,engli% books ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 su* z ,d5ham1 ,bynneman1 ,wolfe1 & ,john ,day4 ,x only rema9s to ackn[l$ge ! c\rtesy ( ^? :o h help$ 9 ! production ( ?is book by grant+ p]mission = ! reproduction ( illu/rations & = ! loan ( blocks4 ,to ,mr ,e4 ,gordon ,duff & ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press = p]mission to reproduce ! ,ma*l9ia bord]2 to ,pr(4 ,a4 ,w4 ,poll>d1 ,c4,b41 bo? = k9dly sugge/ions & = ! loan ( illu/rations2 to ,mr ,c4 ,sayle ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,libr>y = p]mission to reproduce initials2 to ,mr ,ralph ,/raus = p]mission to use ! block ( ! ,bask]ville ornam5ts f 8 book on ! well-kn[n pr9t]1 & to ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press = ! loan ( ! block2 also to ,messrs ,b[es ,b[es = ! loan ( blocks2 to ,messrs ,maggs ,bros4 = two :ole-page illu/rations1 & to ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press = pa/ & pres5t ornam5ts4 ,= illu/rations to ! *apt] on ,mod]n ,"w we h to ?ank ,messrs ,*>les ,:itt+ham ,griggs1 ,ltd42 ,messrs ,h4 ,w4 ,caslon ,co41 ,ltd42 ,messrs ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k1 ,ltd41 ( ,ed9burgh2 ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,kelmscott ,press1 & ,messrs ,em]y ,walk]1 ,ltd42 ,! ,curw5 ,press2 ,! ,morl& ,press1 ,ltd42 ,! ,pelican ,press2 ,messrs ,p4 ,m4 ,%anks ,sons1 ,ltd41 & ,messrs ,/eph5son1 ,blake ,co41 ,ltd4 ,! additional illu/rations 9 ! ,edition de ,luxe :i* d n appe> 9 ! ord9>y edition are two especially repres5tative lace bord]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 a beautiful ornam5t$ page reproduc$ by k9d p]mission ( ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,kelmscott ,press 9 r$ & black1 & "o ( ! r>e e>ly col\r$ decorative titles4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,plom] ,,london ,xmas #aibc ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,! ,g5esis ( ,pr9t]s' ,ornam5ts #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,engli% ,pr9t]s & _! ,ornam5ts #ae ,,*apt] ,,iii ,bord]s #ca ,,*apt] ,,iv ,head & ,tail ,pieces--,small ,ornam5ts #ec ,,*apt] ,v ,head & ,tail ,pieces--,decorative ,blocks #fe ,,*apt] ,,vi ,miscellane\s ,ornam5ts #ha ,,*apt] ,,vii ,initial ,lett]s & ,factotums #hg ,,*apt] ,,viii ,mod]n ,"w #aja ,,illu/rations ,descriptive ,catalogue #aai ,bord]s #adi ,head-pieces #aia ,tail-pieces #baa ,ornam5ts #bbi ,initials #bci ,mod]n ,"w #bdi ,,index #bhg ,,! ,,g5esis ,,( ,,pr9t]s' ,,ornam5ts ,ref]r+ to ! books pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice by ,erh>d ,ratdolt 9 ! ye>s #adgf & #adgg1 ,mr ,g4 ,r4 ,r$grave writes3 8,!y are pl5tifully enri*$ ) initial lett]s1 sometimes pr9t$ 9 r$ ink1 & !y h all ( !m ! gracefully design$ title-bord]s = :i* ! books ( ,ratdolt are s des]v$ly fam\s40 ,erh>d ,ratdolt & ,8 ,"w at ,v5ice1 p4 #ac 7,bibliographical ,society's ,monograph1 ,no4 #a74 99 99 99 99 99 8,! typography & illu/rations ( ,vr>d's books1 ?\gh ju/ly celebrat$1 are di/9ctly inf]ior to ! be/ productions ( c]ta9 ,p>isian pr9t]s--= in/ance ,jean ,dupr2 b 9 "o respect he is )\t a rival--9 ! sumptu\s illum9at$ copies on vellum produc$ = 8 royal & o!r di/+ui%$ patrons40 ,anto9e ,vr>d1 by ,john ,macf>lane1 #aijj 7,bibliographical ,society's ,monograph1 ,no4 #g74 99 99 99 99 99 ,on a c]ta9 day 9 ! ye> #aecj or !reab\ts1 ! foll[+ dialogue took place betwe5 ,rob]t ,copl&1 a pr9t] 9 ,london at ! sign ( ! ,rose ,g>l& 9 ,fleet ,/reet1 & a cu/om] ( 81 :o desir$ him to pr9t a qua9t conceit :i* he call$ ! ,sev5 ,sorr[s t ,wom5 h :5 _! ,husb&s be ,deade4 ,! pr9t] naturally want$ to see ! manuscript1 b ! au?or repli$ t x 0 9 8 bra9 & n 9 8 pocket4 ,quidam4 8,i h no boke1 b yet ,i c y %ewe ,! matt] by h]te & t by wordes fewe1 ,take y\r p5ne1 & wryte z ,i d say ,b yet ( "o ?yng1 h]tely ,i y praye4 ,am5de ! ,engly% some:at if ye c ,& spel x true1 = ,i %al tel !e man ,by my s\le ye prynt]s make su* engly%e ,s yll spell$1 s yll poynt$1 & s pevy%e ,t scantly "o c r$e lynes t[ ,b to fynde s5t5ce1 he ha? yn\ghte to d40 ,to :i* ! pr9t] replies ?us3 8,well1 bro!r1 ,i c n x am5de1 ,i wyl no man !r ( dyscomm5de1 ,i c>e not greatly1 s t ,i n[ & ?an ,may get a p5y z wel z ,i c40 ,?is confession ( ,copl&'s1 c\pl$ ) ! fact t ! au?or _h a mom5t be=e express$ ! op9ion t a #8p5ny' 0 en\gh to sp5d on books1 %[s h[ great 0 ! gap t sep>at$ ! ,cont95tal f ! ,engli% pr9t] 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 & acc\nts = ! paucity ( bord]s & ornam5ts f\nd 9 ,engli% books up to #aejj1 not$ by ,mr ,e4 ,g4 ,duff 9 ! *apt] :i* he add$ to ,mr ,a4 ,w4 ,poll>d's "w on ,e>ly ,illu/rat$ ,books4 ,*apt] ,i ,! ,g5esis ( ,pr9t]s' ,ornam5ts ,! decoration ( books _h rea*$ ! summit ( excell5ce a c5tury be=e ! art ( cutt+ lett]s & pr9t+ ) movable type 0 discov]$4 ,by ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury ,europe _h a /ore ( books 9 all its great cities t = beauty ( design1 ri*ness ( col\r+1 & excell5ce ( craftsman%ip h nev] be5 surpass$1 :ile 9 ?is c\ntry ! meane/ p>i% *ur* c\ld %[ "o or m s]vice books ( ?is "*1 ! gift ( pi\s b5efactors1 "s ( :i* _h be5 produc$ 9 ! scriptoriums ( ,cant]bury1 ,york1 or ,durham4 ,! fir/ pr9t]s naturally turn$ to ^! manuscripts1 n only = ! models ( _! types1 b = o!r h9ts--& :at did !y f9d8 ,!y f\nd t ! scribes g5]ally began on ! second leaf ( ! vellum or pap]1 & t sometimes ! vellum or pap] 0 rul$ ) fa9t r$ l9es = m>g9s & = ev5ness ( l9e4 ,!y f\nd t ! title ( ! "w 0 put at ! head ( ! text1 & t ! fir/ page ( ! text 0 enclos$ )9 a ri*ly illum9at$ bord]1 sometimes m]ely decorative or conv5tional1 b m (t5 consi/+ ( exquisitely drawn & col\r$ pictures1 illu/rat+1 if x 7 a s]vice book1 sc5es 9 ! life ( ,our ,"l or fragm5ts ( sacr$ hi/ory4 ,!y fur!r f\nd t at ! comm5cem5t ( ! text 0 a ri*ly illum9at$ initial lett]4 ,! blank spaces at ! ends ( p>agraphs 7 sometimes fill$ ) decorative ornam5t4 ,! scribe1 moreov]1 plac$ no divid+ l9e betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! text4 ,if he 0 beg9n+ a new *apt] he />t$ at ! top ( a new page1 leav+ a blank space at ! bottom ( ! prec$+ "o1 al?\gh1 v r>ely1 illum9at$ head-pieces are f\nd4 ,aga91 at ! end he simply put ! colophon1 (t5 a mo/ illum9at+ little p>agraph1 n only notify+ :5 & :]e he f9i%$ 8 task1 ev5 to ! h\r1 b v (t5 giv+ ! "n ( ! p]son :o _h commission$ ! book1 & return+ ?anks to ,god = giv+ ! writ] heal? & /r5g? to f9i% x4 ,! only o!r #8ornam5ts' !y f\nd 7 ! p>agraph m>ks1 ! rev]s$ symbol or /ill 9 use at ?is day1 :i* c be trac$ back to ! f\rte5? c5tury & p]haps e>li]1 & ! cross or ,maltese cross1 g5]ally met ) 9 manuscript ,books ( ,h\rs1 & probably q z old z ! p>agraph m>k4 ,all ?is ! fir/ pr9t]s foll[$ z closely z !y c\ld4 ,_! books _h no title-pages2 !y put ! title above ! fir/ page ( text1 :i* !y began z high up on ! pap] z !y c\ld4 ,!y sometimes put a bord] p>tially r\nd ?is fir/ page1 & !y tri$ z f> z possible to imitate ! ri*ly illum9at$ initial lett]s--b ) poor results at fir/4 ,!y left ! spaces betwe5 ! divisions ( ! "w blank1 b !y g5]ally put on ! la/ leaf bel[ ! colophon or on a leaf by itself a woodcut embody+ _! "n or initials or ! sign ( ! h\se 9 :i* !y c>ri$ on _! trade4 ,!y also adopt$ ! p>agraph m>k & ! ,maltese cross1 :i* = _m ye>s rema9$ ! only small ornam5ts !y possess$1 unless inde$ we c claim = ! a/]isk1 or1 z ,luckombe call$ x1 ! #8a/]ism1' an equal antiquity ) ! o!r two1 :i* is q possible4 ,?is 0 9 ! infancy ( ! art2 b z x gradually em]g$ f its swaddl+ clo!s1 pr9t]s discov]$ v>i\s ways ( increas+ ! beauty ( ! pr9t$ book4 ,fir/ !y adopt$ a title-page1 q a mode/ ?+ at fir/1 :i* = its brevity has be5 call$ a #8,label' title4 ,next !y conceiv$ t ! appe>ance ( ! title-page w\ld be improv$ if x _h a bord] l ! fir/ pages ( ! old manuscripts4 ,!n x occurr$ to !m t x w\ld look bett] if ! pr9t$ matt] 7 begun l[] d[n on ! page1 leav+ a blank space above4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ^! blank spaces1 & ^? :i* g5]ally foll[$ at ! end ( d$icatory epi/les & su* l1 7 ornam5t$1 :atev] 0 us$ = t purpose be+ call$ by ! names ( head or tail piece4 ,occasionally ! pr9t]s ev5 w5t s f> z to fill up ! spaces at ! ends ( p>agraphs ) small ornam5ts1 a :olly unnecess>y lab\r :i* 0 soon dropp$4 ,= ^! & o!r purposes new designs _h to be f\nd1 & among/ !m1 e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 appe>$ ! fleuron4 ,nature 0 ! "m ( ?is v beautiful little ornam5t--a common object ( ! roadway--a leaf torn by a r\gh w9d f "s tree1 possibly a will[4 ,c5turies be=e pr9t+ 0 ev] dreamt (1 su* a leaf fell at ! feet ( "o ) a s\l = ! beautiful1 :o took x home & drew x & drew x aga9 & aga91 plac+ x 9 v>i\s positions & f9d+ a hundr$ diff]5t treatm5ts ( ! subject1 & s discov]$ its possibilities = arti/ic decorations4 ,9 ?is way x became ! basis ( mo/ ( ! designs 9 ,greek & ,arabesque patt]n books4 ,! ar*itect sculptur$ x 9 /one1 ! lace-work] turn$ x into a dream ( delicate beauty1 ! bookb9d] fa%ion$ x into a tool to /amp 8 b9d+s1 & 9 due "t ! pr9t]s cut x 9 wood & ca/ x 9 metal1 & x became a /ock ornam5t 9 e pr9t+ (fice4 ,9 a happily inspir$ mom5t ! fleuron has be5 us$ z ! title ( a rec5tly publi%$ magaz9e deal+ ) typographical matt]s1 & 9 an admirable article contribut$ to its fir/ numb] by ,messrs ,f4 ,meynell & ,s4 ,morrison1 :i* ,i tru/ !y w =give me = quot+1#a !y say3 8,:at is common to !m 7i4e4 fleurons71 :at makes ! sy/em1 is ! fact t ! unit ( decoration is itself an ord9>y metal type1 ( ! v>y+ type sizes1 ca/ by ! type-pr9t]1 set z type1 & be>+1 in/ead ( a lett] symbol1 a =mal design4444 ,?is simple tool 0 orig9ally us$ on an ,ald9e b9d+ z e>ly z #adii1 b n until #aeae h ! writ]s discov]$ its fir/ usage z a pr9t+ surface4 ,?is occurs 9 ! title-page ( ,torn&es' de ,rebus ,go?orum1 pr9t$ by ,mill] ( ,augsburg 9 #aeaf4444 ,v>iations ( ! /alk develop$ at ,augsburg 7#aeag71 ,/rasb\rg 7#aeai71 ,antw]p 7#aecb71 ,p>is 7#aecg740 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ pages x w be se5 9 all sections h[ inf9ite is ! v>iety ( design & treatm5t t ?is s+le ornam5t is capable (4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d an #ah?-c5tury view ( ! orig9 & use ( fl[] ornam5ts1 & !re=e ,i am quot+ a passage f ,luckombe's ,hi/ory ( ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ,pr9t+1 #aggj4 8,metal fl[]s10 says ! au?or1 8are ca/ to all ! regul> bodies ( lett]1 f great prim] to nonp>eil includ$2 besides sev]al sorts t are to ! size ( small pica4 8,fl[]s 7 ! fir/ ornam5ts :i* 7 us$ at ! head ( su* pages t ei!r began ! ma9 "w1 or else a sep>ate "p ( x4 8,?\gh !y =m]ly _h no great v>iety ( fl[]s2 yet 7 ! few ( !m contriv$ to look neat & ornam5tal2 be+ deep 9 body1 & ca/ s t no be>+s-(f c\ld be discov]$1 b look$ z "o solid r[4 8,b ) ! gr[? ( pr9t+1 & :5 lett]-cutt]s /rove to excel ea* o!r1 !y introduc$ also fl[]s ( sev]al %apes & sizes1 :i* 7 receiv$1 & v>i\sly employ$1 till cutt+ 9 wood 0 come to p]fection2 :5 t art 0 eag]ly enc\rag$1 & fl[]s n reg>d$4 ,f t "t till v lately1 no?+ has be5 ?\ght to grace ! fir/ page ( a "w s well z head-pieces cut 9 wood2 ( :i* "s h su* a co>se look1 t ev5 m\rn+ rules w\ld look neat]1 7 !y put 9 ! room ( !m4 8,! inv5tion ( cutt+ 9 wood1 is claim$ by ! ,g]mans1 ?\gh ! ,italians seem to h a prior "r to /ile !mselves ! au?ors4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh ! =m] may h _h _! wor?ies ( ! said art1 x is app>5t t !y h tak5 _! k ) !m to ! grave4 ,& ?is has also be5 ! case 9 ,france1 :]e ! ma/]s ( ! art ( cutt+ 9 wood made a secret ( _! me?od ( work+ & left no disciples ( _! abilities4 ,h5ce x 01 t :ile ,mr ,jackson1 an ,engli%man1 0 at ,p>is1 he 0 :olly employ$ 9 furni%+ pr9t]s !re ) head-pieces & o!r ornam5ts ( 8 draw+ & cutt+4 ,b x be+ above ?irty ye>s s9ce he w5t to ,rome1 x mu/ be suppos$ t 8 "w 9 ,france is worn d[n be=e ?is "t1 :i* may be ! reason t fl[]s are come into fa%ion aga9 9 ,france4 ,b ?is1 p]haps1 w\ld n h be5 s readily effect$1 _h x n be5 = ! p>ticul> g5ius & fancy ( a compositor at ! ,k+'s pr9t+-h\se 9 ,p>is1 :o re/or$ ! cr$it ( fl[]s1 by mak+ !m yield to e turn :i* is requir$ to repres5t a figure answ]able to ! rules ( draw+4 ,h5ce x may be guess$ :at great v>iety ( florid sorts 7 us$ to exhibit cyph]s ( names1 =ms ( cr[ns1 figures ( w+$ & o!r creatures1 & :atev] else fancy pres5t$ to ?is typographical flori/4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ! ,k+ ( ,france paid = ?is :im2 ! compositor hav+ a sal>y & free access to ! ,k+'s f\nd+-h\se1 to ord] ! cutt+ & ca/+ e ?+ t c\ld conduce to make 8 conceptions mature & ! p]=mance ( !m admirable4 8,?us has ! use ( fl[]s be5 reviv$ 9 ,france1 & has /imulat$ ! ,g]mans to improve _! fusil ornam5ts1 :]eby !y h be5 in/rum5tal to ! consid]able augm5tation made "h 9 fl[]s1 by all :i* we %all be enabl$ to make fl[]-pieces ( oval1 circul>ly1 & angul>ly turns1 in/ead ( hav+ hi!rto be5 conf9$ ei!r to squ>e or to circul> fl[]s4 ,b x is fe>$1 t head-pieces1 fats1 & tail-pieces ( fl[]s w n long cont9ue1 ei!r 9 ,engl&1 ,france or ,g]many1 consid]+ t ! contriv+ & mak+ !m up1 is att5d$ ) consid]able tr\ble & loss ( "t2 & z no all[ance is made = ?is1 x w n be /range1 if b few %all be f\nd :o w give in/ances ( _! fancy4 ,b ?is might be rem$i$1 7 pr9t]s to recomp5se ! compositor = 8 pa9ful application2 & !n to pres]ve ! sub/ance ( 8 inv5tion intire1 = occasional use4 8,! use ( fl[]s is n conf9$ to ornam5ts ov] head pages only1 b !y s]ve also1 ea* sort by itself1 ^u sev]al o!r occasions4 ,?us !y are us$ 9 miscellane\s "w1 :]e a s+le r[ ( fl[]s is put ov] ! head ( ea* fre% subject1 b n :]e two or m are compreh5d$ "u ! same title1 :i* commonly h1 ano!r1 by ! same1 c41 = _! head4 ,z !re=e fl[]s app]ta9 to heads1 x ought to be a rule1 t a s+le r[ ( !m %\ld be put ov] a head t beg9s a page1 be x "p1 *apt]1 article or any o!r division1 9 "w t has its divisions sep>at$ by fl[]s4 8,fl[]s be+ ca/ to ! usual bodies ( lett]1 _! size %\ld be proportionable to ! face ( ! *>act]s2 s9ce x w\ld be z wrong to use great prim] fl[]s ) long prim] lett]1 z x is improp] to embold5 ! look ( great prim] by long prim] fl[]s4 8,fl[]s be+ ei!r ( a rectil9e>1 angul>1 circul>1 or squ>e %ape1 !y are us$ accord+ly 9 mak+ !m up = head-pages1 ( :om we h 9 ?is "w introduc$ a few specim5s4 8,b z ! con/ruction ( fl[] head pieces entirely dep5ds ^u ! fancy ( a compositor1 x w\ld be presumption 9 u to direct him 9 ?is po9t3 we !re=e leave ! display+ ( fl[]s to 8 own judgm5t1 & to ! v>iety ( mat]ials = ?is purpose4 8,= want ( fl[]s1 ref]5ces & o!r sorts belong+ to a f\nt1 are sometimes made use ( to s]ve z well at ! beg9n+ z conclusion ( "w ( a small size40#b ,pr9t]s' ornam5ts !n consi/ ( two broad gr\ps--7#a7 ,small ornam5ts su* z ^? m5tion$ by ,luckombe1 :i* we may suppose ! compositor to h _h close at h& 9 8 case1 & 7#b7 ornam5tal or decorative blocks1 ei!r cut 9 wood or metal1 ( all sizes1 :i*1 z we "k f ! inv5tory ( ! pr9t+ (fice kn[n z ! ,sun 9 ,fleet ,/reet 9 #aeec1 7 describ$ z pictures1 & kept on a %elf 9 ! pr9t+-h\se4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ ( ^! an int]e/+ "q arises3 ,did ! e>ly pr9t] ca/ 8 own ornam5ts1 or did he obta9 !m f a lett] f\ndry8--a "q t involves ! g5esis ( lett] f\ndries4 ,x is self-evid5t t1 until !re 7 en\gh pr9t]s at "w 9 ,europe to keep !m go+1 lett] f\ndries1 z su*1 did n exi/4 ,besides1 we "k f e>ly descriptions & draw+s ( pr9t+ (fices t !y ea* conta9$ a #8ca/+-h\se1' probably a small ante-room 9 :i* type c\ld be reca/1 & !re=e 9 :i* on em]g5cy small ornam5ts c\ld be ca/4 ,?is is :at ,mr ,t4 ,b4 ,re$ says on ! "q#c3 8,respect+ ! developem5t ( lett]-f\nd+ z an indu/ry !re is little t c be ga!r$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,at fir/ ! art ( ! inv5tor 0 a my/]y divulg$ to none4 ,b ! ,sack ( ,m5tz 9 #adfb & ! consequ5t disp]sion ( ,gut5b]gh's disciples1 spread ! secret broadca/ ov] ,europe4444 ,= ! mo/ "p pr9t]s 7 _! own f\nd]s4444 ,b type depots & m>kets1 & ! w&]+s ( ! it9]ant typograph]s1 z ! dem&s ( pr9t+ ye>ly increas$1 br\ght ! f\nts ( v>i\s nations & presses to v>i\s c5tres & ?us gave ! fir/ impulse to t gradual divorce betwe5 pr9t+ & type f\nd+ :i* 9 ! foll[+ c5tury left ! latt] ! di/9ct indu/ry x /ill rema9s40 ,?is is n v helpful to u4 ,tak+ ! fleuron z an example1 :at seems to h happ5$ 0 ?is4 ,)\t speculat+ z to :5 x made its fir/ appe>ance 9 a book1 we may safely say t its e>lie/ =m 0 l>ge1 & t ?is l>ge =m 0 z (t5 z n cut 9 wood4 ,b :e!r x 0 wood or metal1 x 0 made by ! pr9t]s !mselves4 ,9 its small] =m x made its appe>ance z a metal type e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :]e unity ( design & uni=mity 9 size & g5]al adoption po9t to a common s\rce4 ,z reg>ds ! second gr\p ( pr9t]s' ornam5ts--viz41 engrav$ blocks--!re is a conflict ( op9ion z to :e!r su* blocks are legitimate pr9t]s' ornam5ts4 ,!re are ^? :o cont5d t !y are #8engrav+s' & n #8ornam5ts'2 b h[ev] feasible su* an argum5t may be 9 ! case ( "o-piece bord]s or title-pages engrav$ 9 wood or metal1 all mod]n writ]s on pr9t+ include !m z #8ornam5ts4' ,! ,g]man writ]1 ,buts*1 reproduces _m ( !m 9 8 great "w4 ,ar?ur ,w>r5 includ$ !m 9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,*iswick ,press4 ,to take a m mod]n in/ance1 ,dr ,w4 ,w4 ,greg1 9 8 article on ,b]!let #8,ornam5ts' 9 ! ,libr>y1 m5tions sev]al :i* 7 "o-piece bord]s4 ,aga91 ,mr ,mc,kerrow1 9 8 "w on ,pr9t]s' & ,publi%]s' ,devices1 ref]s 7p4 xlv47 to #8ornam5t devices1' & in/ances ?ree1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* measur$ #cg #cg mm41 & repres5t$ a two-tail$ m]maid 7#bei71 & ref]s to x aga9 z a common ornam5t b\ght f a type-f\nd]4 ,o!r blocks reproduc$ 9 t book 7 assur$ly n devices4 ,if1 !n1 ^! 7 #8pr9t]s' ornam5ts1' ! bord]s & head & tail pieces compos$ ( engrav$ blocks1 :e!r ( m]ely conv5tional designs or pictorial1 or :e!r cut on wood or metal1 are legitimate #8ornam5ts1' especially :5 !y 7 actually design$ & cut = t purpose4 ,,engli% ,,pr9t]s ,,& ,,_! ,,ornam5ts ,*apt] ,,ii ,engli% ,pr9t]s & _! ,ornam5ts ,9 ! five & tw5ty ye>s t elaps$ f ! discov]y ( ! art ( pr9t+ 9 ,m5tz1 to ,caxton's e/abli%m5t ( 8 press 9 ,we/m9/]1 ! pr9t]s on ! ,cont95t _h by ^! means br\ght ! decoration ( ! pr9t$ book to an a/oni%+ degree ( excell5ce4 ,!y c\ld nev] hope to atta9 ! results produc$ by ! mona/ic rubricator or col\ri/1 b !y le>nt to equal !m 9 beauty ( design & delicacy ( treatm5t4 ,=1 9 its way1 ! problem t fac$ ! pr9t]s1 9 ! ornam5tation ( ! pr9t$ book1 0 r m difficult ?an t pres5t$ to ! illum9ator4 ,) ! latt] a weal? ( col\r might cov] a multitude ( s9s2 b ! pr9t] _h to see t 8 decoration did n ov]%ad[ 8 type1 :i* aft] all 0 8 *ief pride1 & t ! decoration ( ! book did n di/ract ! read]'s att5tion f ! subject-matt]4 ,moreov]1 woodcutt+ 0 a v difficult art to le>n4 ,! my/]ies ( cross-hat*+ & %ad+ 7 n to be ma/]$ )\t _m failures2 9 fact1 ! ma/] wood-engrav] 0 born1 n made4 ,su* m5 z ,e4 ,ratdolt & ,n4 ,j5son 9 ,v5ice1 ,pig\*et & ,jean du ,pr 9 ,p>is1 ,g]>d ,leeu1 ( ,g\da & ,antw]p1 & _m o!rs1 7 turn+ out books t = beauty ( typography & arti/ic decoration h nev] be5 surpass$4 ,x might h be5 suppos$ t ) su* examples be=e !m ,caxton & 8 contempor>ies 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld h be5 spurr$ to emulation4 ,engli% pr9t]s 7 9 con/ant int]c\rse ) ,cont95tal pr9t]s & booksell]s1 & _h ! opportunity ( att5d+ ! great annual fair at ,frank=t1 :]e !y c\ld see all ! late/ productions ( ! ,cont95tal presses & :]e !y c\ld buy any?+ !y want$ 9 ! way ( type1 ornam5ts or b9d+ tools4 ,yet s f> 7 !y f attempt+ to produce f9e books1 :5ev] su* 7 call$ =--z ,missals1 ,books ( ,h\rs1 ,psalt]s or ,brevi>ies--!y h&$ ! "w ov] to "s =eign pr9t]1 ) ?is result1 to use ! words ( ,mr ,e4 ,gordon ,duff3 8,! pov]ty ( ornam5tal lett]s & bord]s is v noticeable 9 all ! ,engli% presses ( ! fifte5? c5tury40#d ,!re are sev]al reasons to acc\nt = ?is4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 #adga1 ! ye> 9 :i* x is believ$ t ,caxton began to le>n ! art ( pr9t+ 9 ,cologne1 ! decoration ( books 0 9 its infancy1 & few ( ! pr9t]s 9 t city _h1 up to t "t1 issu$ any books 9 :i* decorative blocks1 o!r ?an p]haps an initial or two1 7 us$4 ,b :at is ( m importance1 we "k t ,caxton's *ief object 91 at a late p]iod ( 8 life1 work+ 9 a ,cologne pr9t+ (fice1 0 to save himself ! lab\r & we>9ess ( copy+ by h& ! v>i\s works :i* he translat$ = ! pleasure ( o!rs4 ,he recogniz$ t by ! art ( pr9t+ copies c\ld be multipli$ easily & quickly3 t !y w\ld be easi] to read ?an manuscript1 &1 provid$ t type1 ink & pap] 7 ( good quality1 w\ld endure indef9itely4 ,caxton's conc]n 0 to make 8 c\ntrym5 acqua9t$ ) ! be/ lit]ature--books ( lit]>y value1 t w\ld please read]s1 n by _! prett9ess1 b = ! matt] t 0 9 !m4 ,h5ce all he want$ to "k ab\t pr9t+ 01 h[ to set up type & h[ to ink & pull a clean & cle> impression1 & we "k t he paid v little he$ to decoration or ornam5t ?r\gh\t 8 c>e] z a pr9t]4 ,wynkyn de ,worde 0 probably only j out ( 8 appr5tice%ip :5 he ent]$ ,caxton's s]vice1 & dur+ 8 ma/]'s lifetime he w\ld naturally con=m to ,caxton's rule & op9ions 9 ! matt] ( ! make-up ( ! books4 ,lett\ & ,ma*l9ia1 bo? =eign]s1 :o came to ?is c\ntry 9 #adhj1 7 *iefly conc]n$ ) pr9t+ law books1 :i* did n l5d !mselves readily to decorative "w1 & _! (fice 0 n a s*ool 9 :i* to le>n x4 ,h5ce we %\ld n expect to f9d ,ri*>d ,pynson1 :o 0 on fri5dly t]ms ) ,ma*l9ia1 & possibly le>nt ! rudim5ts ( ! art ( pr9t+ 9 8 (fice1 & :o c]ta9ly succe$$ him1 gett+ mu* k z to ! use ( ornam5ts f su* a ma/]4 ,x is true t ,!odoric ,rood at ,ox=d us$ a decorative bord] z e>ly z #adha1 & t t5 ye>s lat] ,caxton made a notable dep>ture f 8 usual me?ods by surr\nd+ e page ( ! ,fifte5 ,oes ) a bord]2 b ^! 7 solit>y exceptions4 ,! second reason = ?is 0 c]ta9ly lack ( ent]prise on ! "p ( ! ,engli% pr9t]s4 ,?is 0 l>gely due1 no d\bt1 to ! want ( art tra9+4 ,! =eign pr9t] _h be5 taught ! value ( unity ( design--a lesson = :i* ! ,engli% pr9t] _h to wait until ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,he design$ 8 bord] to h>monize ) 8 lett]press1 & 8 initials to h>monize ) 8 bord]s & beautify 8 lett]press4 ,b ! ,engli% pr9t]s :o foll[$ ,caxton w\ld n conc]n !mselves ) ^! ?+s4 ,!y 7 n actuat$ by ! same motive t l$ ,caxton to ab/a9 f ! use ( ornam5t--t is1 ! belief t lit]ature came be=e decoration4 ,!y view$ ! matt] f a purely comm]cial /&po9t4 ,to quote once aga9 ! words ( ,rob]t ,copl&1 half a c5tury lat]1 9 ! ,prologue to ,! ,sev5 ,sorr[s t ,wom5 h :5 _! ,husb&s be ,dead1 ref]r+ to ! pr9t+ ( ! book he says3 8,i c>e n greatly1 s t ,i n[ & !n ,may get a p5y z wel z ,i c40 ,consequ5tly !y took no pride 9 ! appe>ance ( _! books1 b us$ ! fir/ block t came to h& reg>dless :e!r x h>moniz$ ) ! type or n4 ,a ?ird reason = ?is paucity ( ornam5t 9 books ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 assur$ly lack ( enc\ragem5t on ! "p ( ! ,engli% buy]4 ,caxton & 8 successors work$ = _m royal & noble patrons1 z ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iv41 ,h5ry ,,vii4 & ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,m>g>et1 ,du*ess ( ,ri*mond1 ,e>l ,riv]s1 ! ,e>l ( ,arundel1 "s ( :om1 we may be sure1 7 acqua9t$ ) su* ,cont95tal ma/]pieces z ! ,fior de ,virtu1 ,m] des ,hy/oire1 or ! ,hypn]otoma*ia1 & _m simil> works4 ,if !y _h call$ ^u ,de ,worde or ,pynson to produce books ( t k9d ! pr9t]s w\ld c]ta9ly h done s1 & we may !re=e ascribe _! abs5ce z mu* to lack ( support on ! "p ( ! read+ public ( t day z to lack ( ent]prise or want ( skill on ! "p ( ! pr9t]s4 ,"h aga9 we may quote f ! ,sev5 ,sorr[s1 :]e ,quidam pron\nc$ ! op9ion1 8,a p5y ,i tr[ is en\gh on books40 ,?is !ory receives /rong confirmation f ! fact t :5 a ri* book-lov] l ,c>d9al ,morton 0 will+ to pay = ! "w to be done1 x 0 done1 & 0 a cr$it bo? to ! pr9t] & ! nation1 =1 leav+ out ( acc\nt ! s]vice books pr9t$ by =eign pr9t]s = ! ,engli% m>ket1 ,morton's ,missal1 pr9t$ by ,ri*>d ,pynson 9 #aejj1 may be said to be ! fir/ arti/ic book produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,=eign influ5ce z to design is !re1 no d\bt--possibly t ( ,r\5 r ?an ,p>is--b ! workman%ip 0 ,engli%4 ,pynson 01 9 fact1 a f> bett] pr9t] ?an ,wynkyn de ,worde1 & :ile we "k t he obta9$ mat]ial f ,basle & ,r\51 he us$ x ) bett] effect4 ,d[n to ! date ( ,caxton's dea? ! ornam5ts f\nd 9 ,engli% pr9t$ books 7 s+ul>ly few4 ,caxton began to use p>agraph m>ks ) 8 type #d & #d;a1 i4e4 betwe5 #adhj & #adhe2 !n 9 #adhf he began to use type #f1 9 :i* ! ,maltese cross is f\nd4 ,^! 7 ! only two small ornam5ts he possess$2 b 9 addition to ^! "o or two woodcut initial lett]s & "o bord] are f\nd 9 8 books4 ,wynkyn de ,worde1 imm$iately aft] 8 ma/]'s dea?1 obta9$ a f\nt ( type & v>i\s blocks f a pr9t] 9 ,g\da1 ,gova]t van ,os4 ,! type he us$ once1 ! blocks he us$ until !y 7 worn out1 & !re is no d\bt t he obta9$ bord]-pieces f o!r pr9t]s on ! ,cont95t4 ,julyan ,not>y procur$ decorative blocks f a =eign s\rce be=e #aejj2 b x may safely be said t ! paucity ( ornam5t 9 ,engli% books ref]r$ to by ,mr ,duff cont9u$ to ! op5+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,re=mation gave a /imulus to book decoration4 ,! great folio ,bible & ,books ( ,common ,pray] 7 ord]$ to be plac$ 9 e *ur* ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 & editions 7 put on ! m>ket z fa/ z ! presses c\ld turn !m out4 ,_! title-pages 7 surr\nd$ by specially engrav$ bord]s1 & e pr9t+ (fice 9 ,europe 0 ransack$ to provide ornam5tal initials1 ( :i* great numb]s 7 requir$4 ,h[ f> native tal5t 0 employ$ 9 ?is "w we h no means ( kn[+1 b !re is v little d\bt t ,ri*>d ,grafton & ,edw>d ,:it*ur* did employ ,engli% workm54 ,?omas ,b]!let1 :o succe$$ ,pynson z ,k+'s pr9t]1 pr9t$ "s notable books1 b he seldom us$ illu/rations1 ?\gh mo/ ( 8 ornam5ts 7 good4 ,ri*>d ,tottell & ,reyn] ,wolfe bo? us$ decorative blocks ) ! be/ effect2 b x 0 left to ,john ,day1 ) ! help ( ,ar*bi%op ,p>k]1 to br+ ,engli% ,pr9t]s' ,ornam5ts to _! highe/ excell5ce4 ,john ,day 0 a native ( ! old t[n ( ,dunwi* 9 ,suffolk4 ,8 fa!r is believ$ to h be5 a #8/r+]' or b[-/r+ mak]4 ,no?+ is kn[n ) any c]ta9ty z to 8 appr5tice%ip1 b he is f\nd 9 possession ( a device previ\sly 9 ! h&s ( ,rob]t ,gibson1 a protg ( ,cromwell1 & he may h s]v$ 8 t]m ) ,gibson4 ,! fir/ he>d ( him z a pr9t] is 9 #aedf1 :5 he 0 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,william ,s]es at ! sign ( ! ,resurrection 9 ,holborn4 ,_! "w 0 mu* z o!r m5's & _! pr9t+ mat]ial 0 no bett]4 ,?is p>tn]%ip 0 dissolv$ 9 #aedh1 ,day mov+ to ,ald]sgate1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he pr9t$ an edition ( ! ,bible :i* conta9$ "s good initials4 ,b x 0 n until aft] ! accession ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 & ! appo9tm5t ( ,ar*bi%op ,p>k] z ,primate1 t ,day's "w atta9$ its be/4 ,= ,p>k] he cut a f\nt ( ,saxon types 9 metal :i* ,mr ,talbot ,re$1 9 8 ,old ,engli% ,lett] ,f\ndries1 says 0 ca/ ) su* accuracy & regul>ity z 0 highly cr$itable to 8 excell5ce z a f\nd]4 ,s t ,john ,day _h a f\ndry at :i* he c\ld h ca/ any small ornam5ts he requir$4 ,"s ( ! blocks f\nd 9 8 books be> ! initials ,i4,d41 b x has nev] be5 satisfactorily e/abli%$ t he cut !m2 b !re is no d\bt t he obta9$ ! aid ( ! be/ arti/s & woodcutt]s available4 ,aft] ,day's dea? !re 0 a m>k$ fall+-(f 9 ! decoration ( ,engli% books1 & ! "w 0 only r$eem$ f m$iocrity by su* m5 z ,h5ry ,bynneman & ,h5ry ,d5ham1 bo? ( :om1 z we %all see1 us$ ! fleuron ) effect1 & introduc$ "s light & graceful head & tail pieces4 ,h5ry ,d5ham also us$ a set ( initials :i* ,mr ,c4 ,sayle1#e ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 :o has made ?is bran* ( ornam5ts 8 own1 has decl>$ to be 8q unlike any o!r "w 9 ,engl&1 & z high z ! "w ( ,sylvius1 if n1 inde$1 9 "s respects /ill high]40 ,h5ry ,d5ham 0 succe$$ by ,pet] ,%ort1 & he 9 turn by ,humphrey ,l[nes1 & ?us furni%$ "o ( ! l9ks betwe5 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies & c>ry+ ! traditions ( "o c5tury into ! o!r4 ,ano!r notable l9k betwe5 ^! two c5turies 0 =m$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,eliots ,c\rt ,press4 ,?is 0 a syndicate ( "y pr9t]s1 :o ^u ! dea? ( ,h5ry ,bynneman1 ! ,london pr9t]1 acquir$ mo/ ( 8 /ock ( lett] & ornam5ts1 & set up = !mselves 9 premises 9 ,eliots ,c\rt1 ne> ! ,old ,bailey4 ,! mo/ important memb]s ( ?is syndicate 7 ,edmund ,bollifant1 ,arnold ,hatfield & ,n9ian ,newton1 all ( :om _h s]v$ _! appr5tice%ip ) ,h5ry ,d5ham4 ,lat] memb]s ( ! firm 7 ,mel*isidec ,bradwood1 :o pr9t$ ! ,eton ,*ryso/um1 ,edw>d ,griff9 ! fir/ & second1 ,george ,pursl[e & ,john ,havil&1 :o c>ri$ on ! "w ( ! firm until late 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! only presses outside ,london 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 7 ^? ( ! two ,univ]sities4 ,ox=d's second press 0 %ort-liv$1 & ?\gh two pr9t]s 7 connect$ ) x--,john ,scol> f #aeag-ah1 & ,c4 ,kyr=? 9 #aeai--;its output 0 v small1 & ! pr9t]s seem to h obta9$ _! mat]ial f ,wynkyn de ,worde 9 ,london4 ,! ?ird ,ox=d press 0 set up by ,joseph ,b>nes 9 #aehe4 ,v little is kn[n ab\t ?is pr9t]'s hi/ory1 b f :at we d "k he does n appe> to h be5 a man :o w\ld conc]n himself ab\t ! ornam5tation ( 8 books4 ,he op5$ 8 c>e] ) a disgraceful act ( piracy & did 8 be/ to ru9 a "y ,london pr9t]4 ,we are n surpris$ to f9d t 8 ornam5ts %[ no orig9ality1 & 7 ei!r copies f ^? ( ,london pr9t]s or 7 b\ght f !m4 ,! fir/ pr9t] 9 ,cambridge 0 a =eign]1 ,john ,lair ( ,sib]* or ,siegburg1 ne> ,cologne1 :o call$ himself ,john ,sib]*4 ,8 fir/ book1 a spee* ( ,doctor ,h5ry ,bullock's pr9t$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aeba1 has no ornam5ts2 b 9 ,cujusdam fidelis ,*ri/iani epi/ola1 pr9t$ a mon? or two lat]1 a c\ple ( bord]-pieces1 evid5tly f a ,book ( ,h\rs1 are se5 on ! title-page4 ,sib]* also possess$ "s good initials & a bord] :i* w be dealt ) 9 _! prop] places4 ,8 successors1,?omas & ,john ,legat1 w\ld appe> to h obta9$ _! ornam5ts1 except+1 ( c\rse1 ! block ( ! ,univ]sity arms1 f ,london4 ,at any rate !y 7 all q common 9 ,london books ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury 0 a p]iod ( decl9e 9 ! art ( pr9t+ 9 ,engl&4 ,dur+ ! fir/ =ty ye>s woodcut ornam5ts are f\nd 9 almo/ all books1 & ?\gh woodcut bord]s to title-pages are sometimes met )1 !y gave place 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury to engrav$ title-pages ( v elaborate "*4 ,! fleuron1 work$ up into bord]s1 etc41 reta9$ its popul>ity4 ,! ,civil ,w>1 :ile x /imulat$ ! pr9t+ ( controv]sial tracts & news-%eets1 kill$ all arti/ic ef=t4 ,"s notable books1 x is true1 appe>$ dur+ ! ,commonweal?1 su* z ,dugdale's ,mona/icon ,anglicanum1 a h&some folio ) engrav+s by ,w5ceslaus ,holl>1 ! same au?or's ,antiquities ( ,w>wick%ire1 :ile betwe5 #afed & #afeg ! six folio volumes ( ,walton's ,polyglot ,bible 7 pr9t$1 & x is said t ! types = ?is la/ 7 suppli$ by ! f\r lic5s$ type-f\nd]s 9 ,london4 ,b ! ornam5ts f\nd 9 ^! books consi/$ ( a few initials & tail-pieces ( no special m]it or orig9ality ( design4 ,! f\r type-f\nd]s 9 "q c\ld n make a liv+4 ,ei!r = want ( tra9+1 lack ( capital or lack ( enc\ragem5t1 !y c\ld n compete ) ! type-f\nd]s ( ,holl&1 f :5ce came mo/ ( ! type1 & presumably ! ornam5ts1 f\nd 9 ,engli% books = ! next sev5ty ye>s4 ,joseph ,moxon1 :o 9 #afei add$ type-f\nd+ to 8 o!r pr(essions1 _h sp5t "s ye>s 9 ,holl&1 & 8 f\ndry 0 /ock$ ) a l>ge assortm5t ( lett]s1 mo/ly ,dut*4 ,james ,grov] 0 ano!r type-f\nd] at "w 9 ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & he ca/ ! types = ! folio editions ( ,cic]o & ,h]odotus1 pr9t$ 9 #afgi1 = a syndicate ( ,london booksell]s4 ,bo? ^! works 7 among/ ! be/ specim5s ( typography ( t p]iod1 b ! only ornam5ts us$ 9 ! fir/ 7 initial lett]s4 ,9 ! ,h]odotus !re is a tail-piece1 to :i* ,i %all return :5 deal+ ) ^? ornam5ts4 ,be=e pass+ away f ! "w ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies a ^w or two mu/ be said ( ! #8copyi/1' :o play$ a v l>ge "p 9 ! production ( pr9t]s' ornam5ts4 ,:e!r ! pr9t]s 7 _! own copyi/s1 or :e!r !y employ$ "s "o else to d ?is "p ( ! "w1 we _c say1 b q e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & f !nce onw>ds to ! close ( ! sev5te5?1 almo/ e head & tail piece & initial lett] 0 copi$ & copi$ aga9 )\t limit1 & x mu/ n be assum$1 )\t ! mo/ c>eful exam9ation & comp>ison1 t any blocks1 f\nd 9 books hav+ no pr9t]'s "n1 %[ !m to h be5 publi%$ by a c]ta9 pr9t]4 ,= example1 ,ri*>d ,jugge us$ "s l>ge initials 9 ! v>i\s editions ( ! ,bible t he pr9t$1 & no less ?an six v>ieties ( ^? lett]s c be trac$ 9 ! h&s ( o!r m51 ! resemblance betwe5 !m be+ s close t only by putt+ !m side by side & exam9+ !m ) great c>e c ! po9ts ( diff]5ce be di/+ui%$4 ,ano!r in/ance is furni%$ by a set ( initials us$ by ! ,eliots ,c\rt ,press 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,^! 7 probably copies ( a set 9 ! h&s ( ,h5ry ,middleton1 :ile sev]al o!r pr9t]s _h lett]s l !m1 & ! only way to di/+ui% betwe5 !m is by c\nt+ ! numb] ( beads or circles 9 ! framework4 ,9 ! same way o!r ornam5ts 7 closely copi$1 & x is frequ5tly v h>d to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,) ! op5+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury a m>k$ *ange is noticeable 9 ! "* ( ! decorative blocks us$ by ,engli% pr9t]s4 ,bord]s to title-pages are r>ely f\nd1 &1 9 place ( ! s+le block woodcut head & tail pieces1 t _h done duty = a c5tury & a half1 7 sub/itut$ metal blocks ( a m ornate "*1 & ?is 0 ! case also ) ! initial lett]s4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ if "o c\ld trace ! causes ( ?is *ange1 b "o c only surmise4 ,i may be wrong1 b ,i am incl9$ to attribute x to ! influ5ce ( ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 & to ! "w = x ( ,mi*ael ,burgh]s1 :o betwe5 #afhj & #agbe design$ "s v rem>kable head & tail pieces4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ also to "k :e!r ! pr9t]s employ$ _! own arti/s to design & engrave ^! blocks1 or :e!r !y obta9$ !m f ! type-f\nd]s4 ,i (f] my own op9ion = :at x is wor?1 & x is 9 fav\r ( ! fir/ sugge/ion4 ,judg+ f ! type specim5 %eets issu$ be=e #aghj1 ! type-f\nd]s only suppli$ ! small] ornam5ts su* z ! fleuron1 ) sugge/ions z to _! effective use4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d ,william ,b[y] at "o end ( ! c5tury hav+ a special tail-piece design$ = him commemorative ( ! great fire t de/roy$ 8 premises 9 #agab1 & at ! o!r end ,?omas ,bewick1 ! engrav]1 draw+ & cutt+ suitable head & tail pieces to g ) 8 illu/rations4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury op5s ! era ( ,mod]n "w1 :i* =ms ! clos+ *apt]s ( ?is book4 ,,bord]s ,*apt] ,,iii ,bord]s ,! e>lie/ important ornam5t f\nd 9 a book pr9t$ 9 ,engl& is a woodcut bord] to a title-page4 ,bord]s1 !n1 %all be our fir/ subject ( /udy1 b x has be5 decid$ t ?is /udy %all be conf9$ z f> z possible to built-up bord]s1 i4e4 ^? made up ( small pr9t]s' ornam5ts1 su* z ! fleuron1 or su* z consi/$ ( two or m decorative blocks4 ,x has be5 consid]$1 & p]haps rightly1 t bord]s ( "o piece1 su* z t :i* surr\nds ! title-page ( ! #aefa edition ( ,*auc]'s ,works1 :e!r cut 9 wood or metal1 belong r to a hi/ory ( engrav+ ?an to a "w on pr9t]s' ornam5ts4 ,title-pages did n make _! appe>ance on ! ,cont95t until #adgf1 b once adopt$ _! decoration by ! means ( ornam5tal bord]s quickly foll[$4 ,! e>ly ,v5etian pr9t]s1 :o 7 p]haps ! f9e/ arti/s 9 ! _w z reg>ds ! decoration ( books1 began by plac+ a /rapwork ornam5t t w5t p>tly along ! bottom & p>tly up ! left-h& side ( ! fir/ page ( text1 & ?is !y 7 9 ! habit ( pr9t+ ) r$ ink4 ,f ?is x 0 an easy transition to bord]s r\nd title-pages1 or r\nd ! colophon & device on ! la/ leaf1 & ! practice quickly spread ov] ! ,cont95t4 ,= ,books ( ,h\rs & ,missals blocks 7 cut repres5t+ sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/ or o!r ,bible subjects1 b m decorative & light] bord]s 7 design$ = su* books z ,ario/o or ! ,decam]on ( ,boccaccio4 ,spl5did examples ( su* bord]s are met ) 9 books f ! presses ( ,aldus1 ,j5son & ,ratdolt 9 ,v5ice1 ( ,pig\*et1 ,vo/re & du ,pr 9 ,p>is1 & 9 ! books ( ! pr9t]s at ,lyons1 ,basle1 ,cologne & o!r ,cont95tal cities 9 :i* pr9t+ _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,nor 0 x long aft] ,caxton's settlem5t 9 ,we/m9/] be=e bord]s appe>$ 9 ,engl&1 al?\gh1 z has already be5 se51 he c>$ = none ( ^! ?+s4 ,! pr9t] :o introduc$ !m 0 a =eign]1 ,!odoric ,rood ( ,cologne1 :o set up a press 9 ,ox=d 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ye> #adgh4 ,9 #adha he pr9t$ an edition ( ! ,comm5t>y on ,ari/otle's ,de ,anima1 made by ,alex&] ( ,hales1 & ?is title 0 surr\nd$ by a woodcut bord]4 ,only "s copies ( ?is book h ! bord]1 & ! ,bodleian ,libr>y has no copy 9 :i* x is f\nd4 ,mr ,e4 ,g4 ,duff1 9 8 ,engli% ,prov9cial ,pr9t]s1 etc4 7,cambridge1 #aiab71 sugge/s t its ins]tion 0 an aft]?\ght ( ! pr9t]2 b x is a curi\s circum/ance t he us$ x aga9 9 ,john ,la?bury's ,comm5t>y on ! ,lam5tations ( ,j]emiah1 :i* he pr9t$ 9 #adhb1 b aga9 only c]ta9 copies ( ! book are f\nd to h x4 ,=tunately a leaf ( ! ,j]emiah is 9 ! ,bag=d collection1#f & f ?is ,i am able to describe x4 ,! bord] is made up ( f\r blocks1 ea* ( a diff]5t wid?4 ,t at ! top measures #aii by #cd mm41 & x w be se5 t ! bottom piece is ! l>ge/4 ,! design is ! same 9 all f\r pieces1 & consi/s ( spirals ( fl[]s1 fruit & foliage amid/ :i* are a numb] ( birds4 ,x makes a h&some bord]1 ! draw+ & ! cutt+ bo? be+ good1 b x 0 probably ( =eign orig94 ,! next bord] ( :i* we h any trace 9 an ,engli% book 0 9 ! h&s ( ,william de ,ma*l9ia1 ano!r =eign] :o _h settl$ 9 ,london4 ,betwe5 #adhc-he he pr9t$ a small ,book ( ,h\rs accord+ to ! ,s>um use1 ( :i* only a few leaves rema94 ,sev5 ( ^! are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & !y %[ t "s p>ts ( ! "w 7 ornam5t$ ) a woodcut bord] to ea* page1 probably ( ,fr5* orig94 ,! design is some:at simil> b mu* m simple ?an t us$ by ,!odoric ,rood1 consi/+ ( spirals ( fl[]s & foliage only4 ,?is bord] pass$ into ,ri*>d ,pynson's h&s :5 he took ov] ,ma*l9ia's bus9ess4 ,9 ! la/ ye> ( 8 life ,william ,caxton made a notable dep>ture f 8 usual cu/om by plac+ a decorative bord]1 consi/+ ( f\r pieces1 r\nd ea* page ( ,! ,fifte5 ,oes1 a collection ( pray]s int5d$ to be issu$ ) a ,book ( ,h\rs4 ,^! blocks h met ) unm]it$ c5sure 9 "s qu>t]s4 ,!y appe> to me to be bo? clev]ly design$ & to %[ no little skill on ! "p ( ! woodcutt]4 ,!y 7 probably ,fr5* "w1 z blocks simil> to !m may be se5 9 s]vice books pr9t$ by ,jean du ,pr 9 ,p>is4 ,z /at$ above1 ea* bord] consi/$ ( f\r pieces1 ea* diff]5t1 & no less ?an eight sep>ate sets ( designs 7 us$ ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,_! ma9 features 7 spirals ( fl[]s & foliage1 v>i$ by ! introduction ( birds & grotesque animals1 z ?\gh ! arti/ _h gone to "s be/i>y1 z books on natural hi/ory 7 !n call$1 = inspiration4 ,9 "s ( ! small] cuts a grotesque human face is se51 su* z masons 7 fond ( c>v+ on ! mis]icords ( *ur*es & ca!drals4 ,9 "o in/ance a *ild is %[n hold+ ! spray1 & ! pose ( ! figure is q good4 ,ano!r ( ! blocks %[s a w+$ figure kneel+ on "o knee & hold+ a huntsman's horn ) bo? h&s1 & "h aga9 ! attitude is n )\t grace4 ,aga91 take ! draw+ ( ! passion fl[] 9 ! same block1 :i* %[s feel+ z well z a desire = tru? on ! "p ( ! arti/4 ,moreov]1 he 0 a born humori/1 z witness ! block %[+ ! gryphon & ! bird1 :i* rem9ds "o ( passages 9 ,alice ,?r\gh ! ,look+ ,glass4 ,x 0 ! pr9t]'s workman--= ,i decl9e to believe t ,caxton set up ^! pages--n ! arti/ :o 0 at fault1 & :o 0 responsible = _! clumsy & slov5ly appe>ance4 ,no attempt 0 made to space !m out 9 ord] to make !m meet1 & n a few 7 put 9 upside d[n4 ,_h ! pr9t] %[n z mu* skill z ! arti/ !re w\ld be little to f9d fault )4 ,?is bord] pass$ into ! possession ( ,de ,worde1 :o us$ x z a :ole1 or p>ts ( x1 9 sev]al books4 ,! next fifte5? c5tury bord] f\nd 9 ,engli% pr9t$ books occurs 9 an edition ( ! ,hor ad usum ,s>um1 pr9t$ 9 #adig by ,julian ,not>y1 ,jean ,b>bi]1 & an unid5tifi$ pr9t] ^: initials 7 ,i4 ,h41 & :o is suppos$ to h be5 ,jean ,huv9 ( ,r\54 ,^! ?ree pr9t]s _h set up 9 ,london ! previ\s ye>1 & ! ,hor 9 "q 0 commission$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde4 ,all t rema9s ( ?is book is a fragm5t ( f\r leaves pres]v$ 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 b !y %[ t ea* page 0 surr\nd$ by a bord] ( pr9t$ ornam5ts4 ,^! 7 "p ( a /ock ( "s tw5ty or five & tw5ty blocks :i* ! pr9t]s w\ld appe> to h obta9$ f ,france1 ne>ly all ( !m be+ aft]w>ds us$ 9 two rem>kable bord]s f\nd 9 books pr9t$ by ,not>y e>ly 9 ! next c5tury1 & a description is !re=e po/pon$ until ,i come to t p]iod4 ,to ! pr9t] ,ri*>d ,pynson belongs ! cr$it ( produc+ ! mo/ sumptu\sly decorat$ book t appe>$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,pynson's excell5t "w z a pr9t] _h br\ght him to ! notice ( _m le>n$ m51 & among/ 8 patrons 0 ,c>d9al ,john ,morton4 ,morton 0 an ,ox=d man1 & fill$ _m high (fices be=e he became ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury 9 #adhf4 ,he 0 a lov] ( books1 & 9 #aejj he commission$ ,pynson to pr9t a ,missal t %\ld equal 9 beauty ( lett]press & decoration any?+ ( t k9d t _h be5 produc$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,we _c d\bt t he f9anc$ ,pynson dur+ ! prep>ation ( ?is "w1 & we may g ev5 fur!r & say t ! decorative "w se5 9 x is l>gely ,engli%4 ,by ! k9dness ( ,dr ,c[ley1 libr>ian ( ! ,bodleian1 & ) ! help ( ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 a page f ?is spl5did specim5 ( ,pynson's craftsman%ip =ms ! frontispiece to ! pres5t volume4 ,! ,missal 0 a small folio1 pr9t$ 9 a bold1 h&some type ( black lett] 9 d\ble columns4 ,ea* page 0 surr\nd$ by a bord] :i*1 z w be se5 f ! illu/ration1 consi/$ ( f\r pieces4 ,9 "s respects ?is bord] resembles t ( ,!odoric ,rood1 to :i* inde$ ,pynson may h gone = 8 model4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "w is some:at rem9isc5t ( c]ta9 ,fr5* s]vice books4 ,! bottom panel1 ) its rebus ( ,morton1 0 probably ( native "w4 ,n only are ! spirals diff]5tly treat$ to ^? 9 ! side panels1 b ! fl[]s & fruit are also ( a diff]5t "*4 ,! page is1 9 fact1 z ne>ly p]fect z ! skill ( ! pr9t]s & woodcutt] c\ld make x4 ,dur+ ! fir/ eighte5 ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury "s int]e/+ bord]s are met ) 9 books pr9t$ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! ye> #aejc ,wynkyn de ,worde pr9t$ an edition ( sop's ,fables 9 qu>to1 & he surr\nd$ ! title ) a made-up bord] t is typical ( ! slov5ly way 9 :i* he (t5 did 8 "w4 ,! out] bord] consi/s ( two pieces1 evid5tly p>ts ( :at _h at "o "t be5 "o block1 ( :i* ! left-h& portion reta9$ its orig9al =m1 b ! o!r half _h at "s "t be5 damag$1 & a "p ( ! l[] corn] _h gone altoge!r1 giv+ ! :ole an unev5 appe>ance4 ,fur!r1 9 ord] to fill up ! space betwe5 ! illu/ration at ! top & out] bord]1 two small] pieces1 b ( diff]5t sizes & design1 7 ins]t$4 ,! g5]al design 9 ^! blocks is spirals ( fl[]s & foliage1 ! fl[]s be+ app>5tly p9ks1 or c>nations1 & daisies4 ,! pr9t] us$ ?is bord] 9 exactly ?is same /ate on ! title-page ( ,ny*odemus ,gospell1 :i* he pr9t$ 9 #aeaa2 b 9 ! edition ( #aeah ( t "w ! bord] _h und]gone a /range trans=mation4 ,! :ole ( ! top & ! "r-h& portion _h gone1 ! top be+ occupi$ ) a heavy block ^u :i* ! title 0 cut 9 :ite lett]s on a black gr\nd1 :ile ! "r-h& side 0 fill$ up ) 7#a7 ,a block f ! ,fifte5 ,oes2 7#b7 ,f\r loz5ges2 7#c7 ,two pieces ( #8ribbon' ornam5t2 7#d7 ,"o piece ( twi/$ ornam5t2 7#e7 ,a fleuron4 ,! pr9t]'s device1 :i* 9 ! e>li] edition is se5 bel[ ! cut ( ! ,crucifixion1 is also abs5t f ?is1 its place be+ fill$ by ano!r cut ( ! ,crucifixion1 evid5tly f a ,missal or ,book ( ,h\rs2 b ! pr9t] ei!r =got 7or did n tr\ble himself ab\t ! matt]7 t ! device 9 ! e>li] edition 0 set horizontally1 :]eas ! block ( ! ,crucifixion1 :i* he *ose to replace x1 _h to be set upright1 & al?\gh x 0 to all practical purposes ! same size1 plac+ x upright left a vacant space "u ! inn] top block & a space all r\nd1 :i* he fill$ ) odds & ends ( small ornam5ts1 includ+ two loz5ges & two six-petall$ fl[]s4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #aejc1 ,julian ,not>y pr9t$ ! fir/ ( ! two books allud$ to above1 a folio edition ( ! ,leg5da ,aurea4 ,on ! la/ leaf he plac$ 8 device1 & made a bord] = x ) no less ?an eighte5 ( ! decorative blocks t he _h obta9$ f ,france4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he pr9t$ an edition ( ,/ ,albans ,*ronicle1 aga9 9 folio4 ,?is "w _h no title-page1 b 9 ! place ( "o ,not>y arrang$1 on ! recto ( ! fir/ leaf1 five ( ! cuts us$ 9 ! text1 &1 to height5 _! appe>ance & make ! page m effective1 he put r\nd !m a bord] ( fifte5 ( ^! same decorative blocks4 ,altoge!r "s two & tw5ty sep>ate designs are se5 9 ^! two collections1 & z1 aft] ,not>y's retirem5t f bus9ess or dea?1 !y appe> frequ5tly 9 ! books ( o!r pr9t]s dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 x may be helpful if ,i tabulate !m4 ,9 ?is li/ ! lett]s ,l4 & ,c4 /& = ,leg5da & ,*ronicle2 ! dep? measurem5ts are tak5 f ! c5tre & n ! ends ( ! blocks4 ,all ( !m are cribl1 & ea* is enclos$ )9 rules4 #a4 ,sprays ( fl[]s & fruit1 birds & a butt]fly4 #abj by #ab mm4 ,l4 & ,c4 #b4 ,?ree monkeys & trees4 #abj by #aj mm4 ,l4 & ,c4 #c4 ,spirals ( fl[]s & leaves2 two birds4 #abj by #aa mm4 ,l4 & ,c4 #d4 ,spirals ( leaves & /ems2 v>i\s animals2 9 c5tre a man bl[+ horn4 #abj by #aa mm4 ,l4 #e4 ,spirals ( foliage1 birds1 & v>i\s animals4 #abj by #aj mm4 ,l4 & ,c4 #f4 ,leaves only4 #abj by #e mm4 ,l4 & ,c4 #g4 ,wavy l9e ) half fl[]4 #abj by #f mm4 ,l4 #h4 ,spiral ( leaves2 two grotesque animals4 #abj by #f mm4 ,l4 & ,c4 #i4 ,spirals ( leaves & fl[]s2 ?ree grotesque animals & butt]fly4 #abj by #f mm4 ,l4 #aj4 ,a ?ick wavy /em1 fl[]s & fruit4 #abj by #f mm4 ,l4 #aa4 ,sprays ( conv5tional foliage2 bird 9 c5tre ) out/ret*$ w+s4 #fb by #ae mm4 ,l4 & ,c4 #ab4 ,spiral ( leaves & fl[]s4 #fb by #ae mm4 ,l4 & ,c4 #ac4 ,man & two monkeys ) basket2 spiral ( foliage4 #fb by #ae mm4 ,l4 & ,c4 #ad4 ,hunt+ sc5e2 dog pursu+ /ag2 =e/ ( trees4 #fb by #ae mm4 ,l4 & ,c4 #ae4 ,two figures m\nt$ on fight+ cocks & arm$ ) qu9ta92 spiral ( foliage4 #fb by #ae mm4 ,l4 & ,c4 ,a v>iation ( ?is is se5 9 a block us$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde at a lat] p]iod4 ,9 ?is ! two figures become two monkeys1 _! weapons a broom & a pit*=k & _! /e$s a dog & a goat4 ,x is mu* m co>sely cut ?an ,not>y's & 0 slightly l>g]4 ,?is is "o ( a numb] ( blocks ) :i* ,de ,worde surr\nd$ 8 device on ! la/ page ( ! ,*ronicles ( ,engl&1 :i* he pr9t$ 9 #aebh4 #af4 ,?ick spiral1 ) leaves & fl[]s2 two figures1 "o nak$4 #fb by #ae mm4 ,l4 & ,c4 #ag4 ,spiral ( fl[]s & foliage1 ) a dog 9 c5tre4 #fb by #ae mm4 ,l4 #ah4 ,spirals ( conv5tional foliage issu+ f m\? & tail ( grotesque animal4 #fb by #ae mm4 ,l4 & ,c4 #ai4 ,spiral ( foliage & fl[]s4 #abj by #e mm4 ,c4 #bj4 ,*a9 ornam5t4 #abj by #e mm4 ,c4 #ba4 ,spiral ( conv5tional foliage4 #fb by #f mm4 ,c4 7,description ( ,engl&47 #bb4 ,spiral ( leaves & fl[]s4 #fb by #f mm4 ,c4 7,description ( ,engl&47 ,9 ano!r edition ( ?is ,*ronicle1 pr9t$ at a lat] date1 ei!r by ,ri*>d ,pynson or ,wynkyn de ,worde1 ! pr9t]1 foll[+ ! plan ( ,julian ,not>y1 plac$ five blocks on ! front page & surr\nd$ !m ) a bord]4 ,! l>ge/ block measures #aah by #ii mm41 & repres5ts a k+ on horseback rid+ ?r\gh an ar*way4 ,?is is a v>iant ( ! block se5 9 ! ,poly*ronicon4 ,at ! top are two small] blocks1 "o repres5t+ ,/ ,george & ! ,dragon & ! o!r ! royal arms cr[n$ ) angels z support]s4 ,d[n ! out] side ( ! l>ge cut are two o!r blocks1 ! upp] "o possibly an odd cut f a ,book ( ,h\rs1 measur+ only #dj by #be mm41 repres5t+ a prie/ at ! b$side ( a sick man2 & ! l[] "o ! soldi] ) ! pike :i* ,de ,worde _h us$ 9 ! play ( ,hickscorn]4 ,! bord] 0 made up by ! repetition ( five small ornam5ts--7#a7 ,! ribbon2 7#b7 ,! cable2 7#c7 ,a v>iant ( ! fleuron2 7#d7 ,a fl[] or />2 7#e7 ,a ,maltese cross4 ,altoge!r #abf sep>ate units w5t to make up ?is v s+ul> bord]4 ,9 #aejd ,william ,faques pr9t$ ! ,/atutes ( ! #ai? ,h5ry ,,vii4 9 folio1 & plac$ r\nd ea* page a neat b n v /rik+ *a9 bord]1 & 9 #aejh ,pynson pr9t$ a qu>to edition ( ,petrus ,c>melianus ) a title 9 a bord]1 built up ) a s]ies ( small ornam5ts some:at resembl+ two n>r[ /rips ( ribbon plait$ at ! ends1 ) a fleuron introduc$ "h & !re4 ,z simil> ornam5ts are f\nd 9 books pr9t$ at ,r\51 x is v likely t ,pynson obta9$ !m f !nce1 b !y appe> to h be5 a /ock patt]n1 z ,wynkyn de ,worde _h an id5tical set4 ,a curi\s set ( bord] pieces 0 us$ by ,pynson 9 #aeji 9 8 edition ( ,seba/ian ,brant's ,%yp ( ,folys4 ,ea* illu/ration ?r\gh\t ! book _h a bord] piece on ei!r side4 ,! fir/ two are se5 on sig4 b #e1 & are n unlike ^? us$ by ,caxton 9 ! ,fifte5 ,oes4 ,!y 7 n long en\gh to rea* ! bottom ( ! cut1 s ! pr9t] fill$ ! int]v5+ space ) a loz5ge-%ap$ ornam5t4 ,?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( ! book he rang ! *anges on f\r blocks4 ,two ( ^! measur$ #aab by #ad mm41 & ! design ( "o 0 a nak$ figure 9 ! mid/ ( fl[]s & foliage1 ) a bird at ! top & "s fabul\s animal at ! bottom2 ! second %[$ spirals ( fl[]s & foliage ) ?ree birds4 ,! o!r two blocks measur$ #aab by #ab mm4 & 7 bo? alike1 _! design be+ a s]ies ( half fleur-de-lys alt]nat+ ) halves ( "s o!r patt]n & divid$ f ea* o!r by d\ble :ite l9es4 ,all ^! blocks 7 cribl & )9 d\ble rules4 ,ano!r good example ( a built-up bord] is se5 9 a volume ( ,ye> ,books ( ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 pr9t$ by ,pynson 9 #aeah4 ,prec$+ ! title-page is 8 l>ge device 7,mc,kerrow1 #dd7 surr\nd$ by a bord] ( v>i\s ornam5ts4 ,at ! top is a block measur+ #aah by #i mm41 mu* ! same 9 design z ! "o j m5tion$ above4 ,at ! bottom two mu* small] blocks are plac$ side by side4 ,9 "o ! pr9cipal features are a dragon & a monkey2 9 ! o!r a man & woman1 ! man impal+ a bird t is seat$ 9 ! c5tre betwe5 two sprays ( fl[]s4 ,^! look ,fr5* 9 /yle1 bo? are cribl1 & !y be> a close resemblance to ^? 9 use by ,not>y4 ,on ! left-h& side ( ! device are two n>r[ blocks1 ea* measur+ #fe by #aa mm4 ,! upp] "o has a spiral ( fruit & leaves1 & ! l[] a human figure hold+ a leaf4 ,z ^! two blocks did n fill up ! space requir$ to be fill$1 two pieces ( ! ribbon ornam5t 7 plac$ betwe5 & bel[ !m4 ,on ! opposite side are two m blocks1 bo? v n>r[1 & !y h pr9t$ badly4 ,!re is no?+ /rik+ 9 _! design4 ,ano!r ( ,pynson's bord]s is se5 9 ! edition ( ,sallu/ pr9t$ 9 #aebj4 ,9 #aebc ,ri*>d ,faques pr9t$ ,skelton's ,goodly ,g>l& 9 qu>to4 ,on ! title-page is a cut ( a /ud5t at 8 desk1 & ?is has on ?ree sides a bord] ( pr9t]s' ornam5ts4 ,! out] bord] 0 made up ( :at are probably v>iations ( ! fleuron1 ea* unit be+ ab\t #ac mm4 9 l5g?4 ,! inn] bord] ( ! two sides is made up ( a s]ies ( units :i*1 ,i ?9k1 is int5d$ to repres5t ! h]aldic t9cture #8,erm9e4' ,!y 7 evid5tly a reproduction on a v small scale ( ! half ornam5t t alt]nates ) ! half fleur-de-lys1 9 "o ( ! blocks us$ 9 ,pynson's ,%yp ( ,folys4 ,aga91 on ! la/ leaf ( ?is book is ,faques' device surr\nd$ by a bord] built up ) :ole or portions ( ! loz5ge ornam5t arrang$ )9 bord]s ( ! fleuron unit se5 on ! front page4 ,^! loz5ge ornam5ts are slightly small] ?an ^? 9 ,pynson's h&s4 ,altoge!r ?is is a r effective bord]4 ,ano!r example ( a #8mix$ bord]1' to use a g>d5+ t]m1 is f\nd 9 ! ,greate ,h]ball1 pr9t$ by ,pet] ,trev]is 9 #aebf4 ,two ( ^! blocks1 ! side pieces1 c]ta9ly belong$ to ,wynkyn de ,worde1 :o _h us$ !m 9 #aeai on ! front page ( ! ,or*>de ( ,syon4 ,z x is manife/ly impossible to describe 9 detail all ! bord] pieces 9 use 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,i mu/ conf9e myself to a rapid survey ( ! rema9+ sev5ty ye>s4 ,= ! reason already giv51 ,i pass ov] ! elaborate "o-piece bord]s us$ 9 ! v>i\s editions ( ! ,bible & ,common ,pray] ,book1 & also all ^? elaborate ar*itectural bord]s se5 9 folio books1 :i* began to make _! appe>ance ab\t #aedj4 ,^! la/ g5]ally conta9 9 _! design ! initials1 monograms or device ( ! pr9t]s1 :e!r z a m>k ( own]%ip or simply z adv]tisem5t is n cle>2 & ! mo/ important ( !m h be5 reproduc$ by ,mr ,mc,kerrow 9 8 valuable book on ,engli% ,pr9t]s' ,devices4 ,b att5tion mu/ be drawn to ! delightful w9d[ frame bord]s f\nd on ! title-pages ( "s ( ! small] books pr9t$ by ,?omas ,b]!let1 p>ticul>ly to t se5 9 ! edition ( ! ,modus ,t55di1 pr9t$ 9 #aecg1 & t 9 ,lyttleton's ,t5ures 9 #aede4 ,"s v int]e/+ bord]s are also f\nd 9 ! books pr9t$ by ,john ,osw51 bo? at ,norwi* & ,worce/]1 betwe5 ! ye>s #aedh & #aeea4 ,:ile n altoge!r endors+ ,mr ,duff's op9ion t !y 7 8v mu* sup]ior to ! mat]ial us$ by mo/ ( ! contempor>y pr9t]s10#g !y 7 c]ta9ly unlike any?+ f\nd 9 o!r books1 & 7 probably ( =eign orig91 ?\gh x w\ld be ra% to speculate z to :at "p ( ! ,cont95t !y come f4 ,i take z an example ! title-page ( ,c]tayne ,s]mons appo9t$ by ! ,k+es ,maje/ie 444 pr9t$ by him at ,worce/] 9 #aedi4 ,9 ?is no less ?an sev5 di/9ct pieces are us$--"o at ! top1 two at ! bottom1 & two m on ea* side4 ,! gr\ndwork ( all ^! is alt]nately black & :ite1 sometimes arrang$ 9 b&s1 sometimes 9 triangul> =m1 & !re are ! usual collection ( birds1 fl[]s & human be+s4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aegj ,engli% pr9t]s began to use ! #8fleuron' z a mat]ial = bord]s4 ,:at has be5 t]m$ #8lace' bord]s 7 no?+ less ?an a numb] ( fleurons built up toge!r 9 ! %ape ( a frame1 b ! v>iations 9 !m are inf9ite4 ,sometimes !y 7 us$ s+ly1 sometimes 9 two r[s1 b ! mo/ effective consi/$ 9 a comb9ation ( f\r or eight units repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 to =m a frame1 sometimes left ) r\gh edges1 sometimes enclos$ )9 rules or o!r pr9t]s' ornam5ts4 ,"s ( ! mo/ delicate & beautiful ( ^! lace bord]s are to be se5 on ! title-pages ( books pr9t$ by ,h5ry ,bynneman1 ,?omas ,cre$e1 ,h5ry ,d5ham & ,?omas ,ea/1 al?\gh !y 7 adopt$ by all ! ,engli% pr9t]s ( ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & h cont9u$ 9 popul>ity to ! pres5t day4 ,?is review ( ! bord]s f\nd 9 sixte5? c5tury books may fitt+ly close ) a notice ( "s us$ by ,h5ry ,d5ham4 ,9 ! ye>s #aeha-hb he pr9t$ = ,abraham ,flem+ two little duodecimos1 "o call$ ! ,footepa? to ,felicitie1 & ! o!r ,a ,monoma*ie ( ,motives 9 ! ,m9d ( ,man4 ,bo? ^! 7 devotional works t c\ld be slipp$ into ! pocket1 & 9 ea* ! pages 7 surr\nd$ by a f\r-piece bord] ( exquisite design4 ,9 ! ,footepa? all ! bord]s 7 ! same1 & !y may be/ be describ$ z a *a9 bord]1 a squ>e alt]nat+ ) an oval & l9k$ toge!r by a r+1 ! top & bottom pieces be+ f9i%$ (f ) a /> at ei!r end4 ,9 ! o!r book ! design is made up ( ! rose1 fleur-de-lys1 & portcullis l9k$ toge!r ) a delicate fl[]4 ,all ^! bord]s pass$ into ! h&s ( ,pet] ,%ort1 ,d5ham's successor1 & aft]w>ds into ^? ( ,humfrey ,l[nes4 ,!y ?us =m an int]e/+ l9k betwe5 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 z 9 #afjb ano!r ( ,flem+'s books1 ,! ,diamond ( ,devotion1 0 pr9t$ by ,pet] ,%ort1 & ea* page ( ?is1 l its pr$ecessor1 _h a bord]1 & ^! %[ v>iations f ^? us$ be=e3 7#a7 a bord] ( fl[]s 9 an int]lac$ design1 se5 on sig4 ,m #b & else:]e ?r\gh\t ! book1 & 7#b7 a design ) ! lett]s ,e4 ,r41 i4e4 ,elizabe? ,reg9a1 ) a fleur-de-lys at ei!r end4 ,9 o!r respects ! sev5te5? c5tury has little to %[ 9 ! way ( bord]s1 & :at x has are nei!r orig9al nor /rik+4 ,! engrav$ title-page came into fa%ion1 b z ^! belong r to a ,hi/ory ( ,engrav+ ?an a book on ,pr9t]s' ,ornam5ts1 !y are n dealt ) 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,:at woodcut bord]s are met ) _h done duty 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1 & 7 g5]ally ! worse = we>4 ,b !re are "o or two uncommon ones to :i* ,i %\ld l to draw att5tion4 ,among/ ! ,bag=d fragm5ts 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,h>l4 #eibg1 #aee7 is a title-page to ! second "p ( ,?omas ,scot's ,philomy?ie1 or ,philomy?ologie1 ) ! impr9t1 8,pr9t$ at ,london = ,francis ,con/able1 #afaf40 ,?is title is surr\nd$ ) a light & graceful geometrical bord]4 ,none ( ! editions ( #afaf 9 ! ,briti% ,museum appe> to h ?is second "p ( ,philomy?ie4 ,9 #afda a curi\s bord] resembl+ a twi/$ ske9 ( wool1 pr9t$ :ite on a black gr\nd1 is se5 on ! title-page ( ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,d5ison's s]mon1 ,! ,:ite ,wolf4 ,! fleuron bord]s /ill cont9u$ to be popul>1 b no su* effective use 0 made ( !m z 9 ! days ( ,bynneman & ,ea/4 ,an int]e/+ example ( ! comb9ation ( ! two classes ( ornam5t--i4e4 ! fleuron & ! decorative block--is f\nd 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury4 ,9 #afac ! pr9t] ,john ,beale1 ^: mat]ial & "w 7 notori\sly bad1 pr9t$ ! second edition ( ,william ,m>tyn's ,y\?'s ,in/ructor1 & he made up a bord] to ! title-page 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,at ! top he built up a gable end ( v>i\s units ( fleuron1 enclos$ betwe5 pr9t]s' rules4 ,bel[ ?is he plac$ a decorative head-piece1 ! d\ble ,a1 ) two nak$ *ildr54 ,on ei!r side ( ! title he built up a column ( fleurons & o!r ornam5ts1 & at ! bottom he plac$ ano!r decorative block 9 :i* ! prom95t features are two w+$ figures bl[+ horns1 & two birds1 evid5tly int5d$ = peacocks1 are p]*$ on ! filials at ! bottom4 ,! :ole is a curi\s m$ley1 & ,i "k ( no o!r l x4 ,bo? ! decorative blocks us$ 9 ?is bord]1 or copies ( !m1 are f\nd 9 ! h&s ( o!r pr9t]s at ?is "t4 ,o!r small ornam5ts came into use dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! national emblems ! rose1 ! ?i/le1 & ! h>p cr[n$1 ea* a sep>ate unit1 b g5]ally us$ toge!r2 ! acorn1 ! fleur-de-lys1 />s & v>i\s o!r =ms to :i* x is difficult to give a "n1 are f\nd1 & t[>ds ! close ( ! c5tury we come ^u a bord] made up ( t5 pr9t]s' rules set close & pr9t$ 9 r$ & black1 :i* has a novel if n v arti/ic appe>ance4 ,! use ( rules1 n only on ! title-page1 b on e page ( a book1 dates back to ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 0 probably a relic ( ! days :5 all manuscripts 7 rubricat$1 & x 0 adopt$ by ! sixte5? c5tury pr9t]s z an adornm5t = all mann] ( s]vice books1 p>ticul>ly ,bibles4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury bord]s ( any k9d are r>e1 b two are "h reproduc$3 t to ,dodsley's edition ( ,gray's ,elegy1 pr9t$ 9 #agea1 & ! bord] us$ by ,john ,wilson ( ,kilm>nock1 :5 pr9t+ ! fir/ edition ( ,burns's ,poems 9 #aghf4 ,al?\gh1 z we h se51 x 0 at ,ox=d t ! e>lie/ use ( a bord] 9 ,engli% books is f\nd1 ! ,univ]sity pr9t]s ( t city 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies 7 cont5t to foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! ,london m51 & until we come to ! "w ( ,m4 ,burgh]s1 late 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 !re is no?+ t calls = special notice4 ,burgh]s' engrav$ title-pages d n come )9 ! scope ( ?is "w1 = reasons already /at$4 ,cambridge has a some:at bett] record3 ,sib]*1 ! fir/ pr9t] !re1 _h a woodcut bord] :i* is f\nd 9 mo/ ( 8 e>ly books4 ,x is ei!r ,g]man or ,dut* 9 "*4 ,its design is ar*itectural1 %[+ an ar* support$ by curi\sly decorat$ columns1 ) *ildr51 "o ( :om has w+s1 play+ r\nd !m4 ,two o!r w+$ figures are se5 on ! ar*1 & two m 9 ! bottom comp>tm5t1 are act+ z support]s to ! ,royal ,arms4 ,z ,sib]*'s sign 0 ! ,arma ,regia1 ?is bottom block is said to repres5t x4 ,z a specim5 ( ! woodcutt]s' art ?is bord] is ( no great m]it2 x is a "o-piece bord]1 & x has be5 reproduc$ scores ( times4 ,b z be+ ! e>lie/ bord] us$ 9 ,cambridge x calls = m5tion 9 ?is volume1 & we give a reproduction ( x4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,cambridge pr9t]s built up "s effective bord]s ) small ornam5ts4 ,an extremely pretty "o is se5 r\nd ! title-page ( ! ,clavis ,apocalyptica1 pr9t$ by ,?omas ,buck 9 #afcb4 ,9 ?is in/ance ?irty-n9e units are us$ 9 a space ( #aaj mm4 & plac$ )9 rules1 giv+ ! :ole a neat & pleas+ appe>ance4 ,9 #afcc ,rog] ,daniel pr9t$ an octavo edition ( ,dionysius1 & us$ z a bord] to ! title-page a fl[] p]haps meant = a rose1 ) /alk & leaves1 measur+ only #d #b mm41 & he plac$ ! units 9 a d\ble r[4 ,9 ano!r case ! ornam5t looks l a fleur-de-lys ris+ f a sl5d] /em ) a leaf on ei!r side4 ,! unit measures #e #d mm41 & a d\ble r[ is made ) !m4 ,,head ,,& ,,tail ,,pieces--,,small ,,ornam5ts ,*apt] ,,iv ,head & ,tail ,pieces--,small ,ornam5ts ,?is "p ( our subject is almo/ :olly unexplor$4 ,9 deal+ ) bord]s we n only _h ! l>ge collections ( title-pages made by ,bag=d & ,ames to draw ^u = illu/ration1 b also ! /udies ( su* able writ]s z ,mr ,e4 ,g4 ,duff & ,mr ,a4 ,w4 ,poll>d4 ,:5 we come to deal ) initial lett]s we %all also f9d ! writ+s ( ,mr ,c4 ,sayle & ,mr ,poll>d & o!rs ( great value to u2 b 9 deal+ ) ! ornam5ts kn[n z head-pieces & tail-pieces we h no guidance4 ,no collections ( !m are kn[n1 & no bibliograph] has ev] made !m a special subject ( /udy4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x w be be/ to deal ) ^! two classes ( pr9t]s' ornam5ts toge!r1 because al?\gh !re 7 special blocks design$ & cut z head-pieces & tail-pieces :i* 7 nev] us$ except 9 _! rightful places1 on ! o!r h& ! e>ly ,engli% pr9t]s frequ5tly us$ ! same block )\t di/9ction4 ,z _! "n implies1 ! object ( ^! blocks or ornam5ts 0 to fill blank spaces at ! beg9n+ & end ( divisions 9 ! text1 su* z ,d$icatory ,epi/les1 ,prefaces1 ,sections ( a "w1 or ,*apt]s4 ,!y 7 also frequ5tly plac$ above & bel[ a colophon4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! cu/om among/ ,cont95tal pr9t]s ) reg>d to ! use ( su* ornam5ts1 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 well advanc$ be=e !y began to make _! appe>ance 9 ,engli% books4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 no book ( ,caxton's exhibits any ornam5t ( ?is k9d4 ,he foll[$ ! habit ( ! scribes & began 8 lett]press high up ! page & did n leave a space t requir$ fill+ up1 & 0 cont5t to leave o!r spaces unfill$4 ,bo? ,wynkyn de ,worde & ,pynson _h a v>i$ assortm5t ( blocks1 :i*1 z we h se51 !y us$ z bord]s to title-pages or to _! devices1 b nei!r ( !m dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury plac$ any ornam5ts at ! head ( ! text or at ! end ( any ( _! books1 & ev5 z late z #aebe ,pynson's folio edition ( ,froiss>t 0 entirely devoid ( head-or tail-pieces1 & s 0 ! folio ,bible ( #aeci4 ,?is at lea/ we may say1 ) confid5ce1 t ! use ( "s k9d ( ornam5t at ! bottom ( a *apt]1 or ! end ( a book1 prec$$ ! use ( head ornam5ts1 & we may g ev5 fur!r & say t ! e>lie/ =m ( tail-piece us$ by any ,engli% pr9t] 0 a s+le fleuron ( especially l>ge size1 & p]haps cut 9 wood & n metal1 ?ree ( :i* arrang$ z a rev]s$ triangle is frequ5tly se5 9 books at an e>ly date 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,we may date ! adaptation ( ! fleuron = ! decoration ( blank spaces z betwe5 #aefj & #aegj1 & an exce$+ly good specim5 ( its adaptability = ?is purpose is "h reproduc$4 ,b\nd up ) a copy ( ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 pr9t$ by ,ri*>d ,jugge 9 #aegc1 is1 ,a ,treatise made by ,a?anasius 444 9 :at mann] ye may use ! ,psalmes4 ,?is consi/$ ( f\r leaves only1 ! fir/ ( :i* is miss+1 sign$ ,a #a--;,a iiij1 & on ! v]so ( ,a iiij is ?is elaborate tail-piece4 ,! c5tre1 z w be se51 is =m$ ( a fleuron ornam5t surr\nd$ by a #8lace bord]' ( o!r fleurons1 & flank$ at ea* ( ! f\r corn]s by two pieces ( ! same ornam5t4 ,bel[ ?is aga9 is a block ( a semi-ar*itectural "*1 ) a human head 9 ! middle & a lion's head at ei!r end1 ) bun*es ( fruit 9 betwe5--! :ole design measur+ #ace #abb mm4 ,! ornam5t 9 ! c5tre ( ?is tail-piece is a s+le block & n =m$ ( sep>ate units l ! frame2 b x is none ! less ! fleuron work$ into an arabesque design4 ,^! blocks _h be5 9 use "s ye>s & became v popul>1 & a few m t h be5 met ) may be m5tion$4 ,?ree f\nd 9 ,sophocles' ,antigone1 pr9t$ 9 #aeha1 illu/rate ! manifold ways 9 :i* ! fleuron c\ld be treat$4 ,! fir/ is triangul> 9 =m1 :ile ! o!r two are squ>e b set corn]wise4 ,john ,day us$ sev]al 9 ! ,cosmographical ,glasse1 #aeei4 ,ano!r f9e example is to be se5 on ! title-page ( ,john ,bod5ham's ,g>d5 ( ! ,muses1 pr9t$ 9 #afaj by ,e4 ,a4--t is1 ,edw>d ,allde--= ,john ,tap4 ,bo? 9 %ape & design ?is diff]s altoge!r f ! o!rs4 ,9 ?is in/ance x becomes an ornam5t1 b x 0 no d\bt us$ else:]e z a tail-piece4 ,equally :5 built up to =m head & tail pieces ! individual fleuron 0 work$ into bewild]+ v>iations3 to attempt to m5tion or illu/rate !m all w\ld be impossible2 b an example or two f ! sixte5? c5tury books are illu/rat$4 ,! fir/ is a s+le r[ ( a s+le unit1 set z a pair back to back4 ,x is tak5 f sig4 ,f #f ( ,vautrolli]'s ,de ,rep4 ,anglorum ( #aegi4 ,x w be notic$ t ! orig9al =m ( ! fleuron--! s+le leaf & /alk--has und]gone consid]able v>iation1 p>ticul>ly by ! introduction ( a heavy cross-piece1 p]haps int5d$ z a developm5t ( ! second piece ( /alk1 :i* 0 a feature ( ! e>ly unit1 b introduc$ ) a purpose1 z ?is example %[s4 ,! second & ?ird ( our illu/rations are tak5 f ! title-page ( ! fir/ edition ( ,%akespe>e's ,love's ,lab\r's ,lo/1 pr9t$ 9 ,london 9 #aeih1 & f ,waldegrave's edition ( ! ,basilicon ,doron1 pr9t$ 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #aeii4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! two is wor? not+4 ,! units 9 ! ,%akespe>e measure #i #f mm4 ea*2 portions ( ! /em are %ad$1 & !y are arrang$ 9 sets ( f\r & two4 ,waldegrave's fleurons 7 a %ade l>g]1 i4e4 #i #g mm4 ,! arrangem5t is ! same1 b ! /em1 be+ entirely black1 imp>ts a totally diff]5t appe>ance to ! ornam5t4 ,9 ano!r in/ance 9 ?is book ! same units are us$1 b 9 ?is case !y are plac$ horizontally1 ?us giv+ a complete alt]ation 9 appe>ance4 ,a f\r? example is built up ( two units only--arrang$ z sev5 c5tral gr\ps ( f\r1 ) a bord] top & bottom consi/+ ( sev5 pairs2 & by leav+ out ! bottom r[ yet ano!r *ange 0 wr\ght4 ,inde$1 ! possible comb9ations 7 endless4 ,no wond] t ! fleuron ornam5t has kept its place 9 ! compositor's box until ! pres5t day4 ,ano!r ornam5t us$ z a tail-piece 9 ! sixte5? c5tury may be be/ describ$ z ! #8loz5ge' ornam5t4 ,l ! #8fleuron' x 0 app>5tly a /ock patt]n1 suppli$ to all pr9t]s alike f q ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x is f\nd on ! ,cont95t1 & also 9 ! (fices ( ,wynkyn de ,worde1 ,pynson1 ,ri*>d ,faques1 & o!rs4 ,rob]t ,r$man us$ sev5 ( !m1 no d\bt "p ( ,pynson's /ock1 to =m a tail-piece at ! end ( 8 ,ye> ,book = ,mi*aelmas ,t]m1 #aa? ,h5ry ,,vi41 believ$ to h be5 pr9t$ ab\t #aedj1 & ) !m ano!r ( ,pynson's bord] pieces ,b4,m4 #ejd1 f4 #af 7#h74 ,ano!r curi\s example ( its use is se5 at ! end ( ,an ,ent]lude call$ ,lu/y ,juv5tus1 pr9t$ by ,john ,awdeley1 )\t date1 b n e>li] ?an #aefj1 :]e no less ?an tw5ty-sev5 half loz5ges arrang$ z an inv]t$ triangle are f\nd b5ea? 8 impr9t on ! la/ page4 ,an ornam5t q common 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :i* on occasion s]v$ bo? z head-& tail-piece1 may p]haps be describ$ z a #8ribbon' ornam5t1 z 9 appe>ance x resembles two pieces ( ribbon int]lac$ into circles & squ>es1 a five-po9t$ /> be+ plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! circles & a fl[] 9 ! c5tre ( ! squ>es4 ,?is is all "o piece1 & 0 probably metal & c\ld be cut to any l5g?4 ,9 #aegi x is f\nd 9 a book pr9t$ by ,vautrolli]4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury ! small ornam5ts already notic$ z us$ = bord]s to title-pages--! />1 ! rose1 ! cr[n1 ! ?i/le1 ! fleur-de-lys & ! acorn1 ca/ 9 v>i\s sizes--%>$ ) ! fleuron ! duty ( supply+ head & tail pieces1 or divid+ sections ( a book4 ,9 #affb we come ^u ano!r example--an urn ) a fl[] gr[+ 9 x1 us$ 9 ! ,lib] precum public>um1 pr9t$ 9 #affb1 :]e at ! head ( ! lic5ce fifte5 ( !m are us$ at ! head ( ! page & aga9 on ! v]so ( ! same page2 b1 :e!r purposely or n1 9 ea* case units ( a diff]5t design are introduc$4 ,"s fur!r v>ieties ( ^! small pr9t]s' ornam5ts1 n easily describable--!y may be meant = fl[]s or urns or any?+ else--are f\nd 9 a volume ( ,p>liam5t>y ,decl>ations1 etc41 ( ! "t ( ! revolution4 ,:5 !y happ5$ to be new1 or 7 us$ by a c>eful pr9t]1 ^! small ornam5ts 7 effective1 b :51 z too (t5 happ5$ dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 #afdj & #affj1 !y 7 old1 badly arrang$1 & badly ink$1 !y (t5 spoilt ! book or docum5t 9 :i* !y 7 us$4 ,by ! "t ! eighte5? c5tury 0 rea*$1 ! compositor's box _h become cr[d$ ) small pr9t]s' ornam5ts4 ,l all o!r pr9t]s' mat]ials at t "t1 ^! 7 ! production ( type-f\nd]s 9 ,holl&4 ,b 9 #agbj ,william ,caslon1 an engrav] ( gun-locks1 0 introduc$ to ! pr9t]s ,william ,b[y] & ,john ,watts1 & 0 by !m tak5 to ! f\ndry ( ,james 9 ,b>?olomew ,close4 ,b[y] & ,watts also advanc$ him sums ( money to enable him to set up z a type-f\nd]4 ,caslon's sup]iority ov] all o!r lett]-cutt]s1 ,engli% or ,dut*1 0 quickly recogniz$4 ,! %ape & proportion ( 8 ,roman lett]1 comb9$ ) its wond]ful regul>ity 9 height1 0 su* z _h n be5 se5 9 ,engl& s9ce ! days ( ,pynson1 :ile 8 italic f\nts 7 also rem>kable = _! beauty & regul>ity4 ,t x 0 pr9t$ ) ,caslon's lett] 0 ! be/ adv]tisem5t a book c\ld h 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & 8 f\ndry soon eclips$ all o!rs 9 ?is c\ntry4#h ,8 fir/ specim5 %eet 0 issu$ 9 #agcd1 b x %[s only five examples ( fleuron ornam5t & two r[s ( />s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! examples 0 n a common patt]n1 al?\gh x may h _h a pr$ecessor 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! o!r f\r %[$ no orig9ality--!y _h be5 9 use = a c\ple ( c5turies--b !y 7 ca/ cle>ly4 ,if ^! 7 all ! fl[]s :i* ,caslon ?\ght x necess>y to %[ aft] f\rte5 ye>s' exp]i5ce1 ! inf]5ce is t he 0 m conc]n$ ) ! cutt+ ( type-faces ?an ornam5ts4 ,9 ! specim5 book ( #agfd ! fl[]s fill no less ?an f\r pages1 & 9 addition to ! fleuron1 :i* is %[n 9 _m sizes & "s new v>iations1 ! type-f\nd] _h introduc$ sev]al new designs1 su* z m9ute circles t c\ld be arrang$ 9 _m decorative ways--an h\r-glass & skull & cross-bones1 no d\bt = use z head or tail pieces 9 fun]al s]mons--& _h also1 9 "o in/ance at lea/1 rev]t$ to a fifte5? c5tury ribbon patt]n4 ,_m s+le-l9e ca/+s 7 also %[n4 ,9 ! specim5 book ( #aghe _m new designs & _! possibilities z head & tail pieces 7 illu/rat$ by arti/ic & novel arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s ornam5ts1 "s ( :i* we "k 7 adopt$ by pr9t]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,fur!r specim5 books 7 issu$ by ! firm f "t to "t4 ,"s examples ( ! use ( small ornam5ts 9 ! decoration ( books 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 9 :i* ,caslon's influ5ce is evid5t are "h %[n4 ,! fir/ is se5 on sig4 ,b ( ! ,rev4 ,william ,g>dn]'s ,s]mon1 prea*$ at ! ,assizes at ,k+/on-^u-,?ames on ,augu/ #d1 #agbf1 & is an extremely effective comb9ation ( sev]al units ( diff]5t design surr\nd$ by :at may be/ be describ$ z a bead bord]1 ! beads be+ arrang$ 9 gr\ps--an oval betwe5 two r\nd--& ea* gr\p be+ sep>at$ by a />4 ,b4,m4 #bbf1 f4 #c 7#i74 ,! next1 :i* %[s sev]al new =ms ( ! treatm5t ( ! fleuron z a decorative unit1 is also rem>kable = ! v arti/ic way 9 :i* !y are arrang$1 ! :ole =m+ :at1 to use ! language ( t day1 w\ld probably h be5 call$ a #8v elegant' head-piece4 ,x is se5 at ! head ( ! text ( ,a ,s]mon prea*$ at ,/af=d at ! ,assizes held !re on ,augu/ #bbnd1 #agef1 by ! ,rev4 ,joseph ,crewe4 ,9 nei!r ( ! above cases d we "k ! pr9t]4 ,b4,m4 #bbe1 f4 #c 7#e74 ,f9ally we may notice "o or two f a little book call$ ,! ,lov]'s ,manual1 publi%$ by a c\ntry booksell]1 ,s4 ,silv] ( ,s&wi*1 b pr9t$ 9 ,london1 possibly at ! same press z ! prec$+1 z ! ornam5ts are v simil>4 ,john ,bask]ville1 :o %>$ ) ,caslon ! m]it ( be+ "o ( ! be/ type-f\nd]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 made a v sp>+ use ( ornam5ts2 b su* z he did use we may suppose him to h ca/ 9 8 own f\ndry4 ,messrs ,/raus ,d5t 9 _! life ( ?is em95t pr9t] h reproduc$ f\rte5 ( 8 ornam5ts4 ,nos4 #ad & #d diff] only z reg>ds size4 ,?is fl[] ornam5t ) circle 9 ! c5tre 0 a dep>ture f ! old model4 ,inde$1 all ^! ornam5ts are light1 graceful1 & 9 keep+ ) ! "* ( ! f9e types ( :i* he 0 ! f\nd]4 ,nos4 #f & #g1 reproduc$ by ,messrs ,/raus ,d5t1 are v beautiful v>iations ( ! old-fa%ion$ fleuron1 ! ne>e/ approa* to :i* are ! fea!ry examples1 ,nos4 #b & #h1 :i*1 h[ev]1 lack bo? ! firmness & ! grace se5 9 ^? ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ribbon ornam5t1 ,no4 #e1 seems to be a survival1 or p]haps revival w\ld be ! bett] ^w1 ( ! ornam5t f\nd 9 ! h&s ( ,pynson & ,wynkyn de ,worde4 ,altoge!r ! pr9t]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury c\ld obta9 a weal? ( small ornam5ts su* z !y _h nev] possess$ be=e4 ,,head ,,& ,,tail ,,pieces--,,decorative ,,blocks ,*apt] ,v ,head & ,tail ,pieces--,decorative ,blocks ,9 ! =ego+ *apt] ,i h dealt ) head & tail pieces1 m or less built up ( small s+le pr9t]s' ornam5ts4 ,^! did all v well until ! adv5t ( some?+ bett]2 b ! ,engli% pr9t] _h to wait until betwe5 #aegj & #aehj be=e :at may be t]m$ legitimate head & tail pieces--t is1 blocks ( a decorative or pictorial design1 especially cut = ! purpose--7 put 9 8 h&s4 ,^! ran to all sizes1 f blocks measur+ #aci by #cd mm4 = head-pieces 9 folio books to o!rs measur+ only #dg by #ab mm41 ^! la/ be+ us$ indep5d5tly z head-or tail-pieces1 or z ornam5ts = ! title-page4 ,! l>g] ones are r>ely f\nd us$ else:]e ?an 9 _! rightful places4 ,be=e _! adv5t1 any odd blocks t _h done duty 9 books ( h\rs or prim]s on ! ,cont95t1 & _h be5 b\ght by "s ,engli% pr9t] on 8 annual visit to ! ,frank=t ,fair1 7 press$ into s]vice z head & tail pieces4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ examples ( ! use ( an odd block z a tail-piece is f\nd 9 ,middleton's edition ( ! ,/atutes ( ! #g? ,h5ry #f?1 pr9t$ betwe5 #aecj & #aedj1 at ! end ( ,mi*aelmas t]m 7sig4 ,k #b71 :]e a geometrical & ar*itectural block1 measur+ #aai by #ai mm41 is v effective4 ,?is _h previ\sly belong$ to ,wynkyn de ,worde4 ,ano!r may be se5 at ! end ( ,a ,newe ,booke--,an ,exhortation to ! ,sicke1 pr9t$ by ,john ,osw5 at ,ipswi* 9 #aedh1 :]e above & bel[ ! impr9t are ! two blocks "h reproduc$4 ,!y 7 cle>ly n specially cut = ! purpose--inde$1 ,i h a %rewd suspicion t ,i h se5 ! l[] "o 9 books pr9t$ by ,rob]t ,wy]4 ,nor c we accept ! two blocks plac$ above & bel[ ! colophon to ! ,s>um ,missal1 pr9t$ by ,k+/on ,sutton 9 #aeee1 z g5u9e head & tail ornam5ts4 ,!y obvi\sly belong r to ! class ( bord]-pieces f "s =eign book ( h\rs4 ,an example ( ! miscellane\s tail-pieces to be f\nd 9 sixte5? c5tury books 0 br\ght to my notice rec5tly by ,miss ,murphy4 ,x turn$ up unexpect$ly 9 ! second edition ( ,h>man's ,caveat or ,w>ne+ = ,common ,cursetors1 vulg>ly call$ ,vagabones1 pr9t$ by ,william ,griffi? 9 #aefg1 & x w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be difficult to mat* x4 ,! c5tre is a cut ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild =m+ ! c5tre ( a rose4 ,outside ?is is a circle ( beads1 & outside t aga9 a circle ( fl[]s on a s+le /em ) five roses plac$ at equal di/ances r\nd ! circle4 ,! :ole measures #ie mm4 9 diamet]4 ,x may be "o block1 & ! association ( ! ros>y1 ! beads & ! picture ( ! ,virg9 seems to po9t to its hav+ be5 cut = "s ,roman ,ca?olic book4 ,at ! end ( ! ,preface is a good tail-piece ( arabesque design4 ,specially design$ decorative head & tail pieces began to make _! appe>ance 9 ,engli% books ab\t ! ye> #aegj4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ,i h met ) is a head-piece f\nd 9 ! h&s ( ,?omas ,vautrolli]1 ^: pr9t+ (fice 0 "o ( ! be/ equipp$ 9 ,engl&4 ,x appe>s on sig4 ,a ( ,*alon]'s ,de ,rep4 ,anglorum in/aur&a libri decem1 a qu>to pr9t$ 9 #aegi4 ,b4,m4 #ajgj1 m4 #ca4 ,! block measures #ajb by #bb mm4 ,! design is an elaborate "o1 ! ma9 feature be+ two spirals t look l capital ,a's4 ,on ^! are re/+ two nak$ boys ) a b[l betwe5 !m conta9+ fruit & fl[]s4 ,bel[ is a grotesque head4 ,f ^! l>ge spirals issue small] ones ) a squirrel on "o side & a rabbit at ! o!r1 & two filials ( grotesque animals at ea* ( ! bottom corn]s4 ,?is may be a metal block1 b x 0 light & graceful 9 treatm5t1 & 0 9 e way suitable to ! beautifully pr9t$ book 9 :i* x is f\nd4 ,9 ano!r book1 ,m4 ,t4 ,cic]onis ,epi/ol1 pr9t$ at ! same press 9 ! same ye>1 is f\nd ,vautrolli]'s well-kn[n tail-piece ( ! ,gorgon's head1 ) 8 initials ,t4 ,v4 on ei!r side4 ,!re 71 no d\bt1 simil> blocks 9 use 9 folio books be=e #aehj1 b ! e>lie/ ,i h met ) is ! arti/ic head-piece se5 9 sig4 ,a ( ,bynneman's edition ( ,morelius' ,v]borum ,lat9orum1 pr9t$ 9 #aehc4 ,9 ! c5tre we see a figure hold+ 9 ea* h& a bird ) long tail fea!rs4 ,on ei!r side is an ar*] ) a drawn b[ & arr[1 ) rabbits sitt+ beh9d him1 :ile at ea* ( ! l[] corn]s is an animal ) v long & curv+ horns4 ,?is block measures #aci by #cd mm4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds 9 ! h&s ( ! ,eliots ,c\rt ,press1 & c be trac$ 9 use until ab\t #afej4 ,be=e ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury specially design$ head & tail pieces ( all sizes 7 9 g5]al use1 & cont9u$ s ?r\gh\t ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,:5 ,i add t e good block 0 imm$iately copi$1 & frequ5tly copi$ s fai?fully t x ne$s almo/ microscopical exam9ation to discov] ! diff]5ce1 "s idea w be ga9$ ( ! wide field ( illu/ration ?r[n op5 9 ?is bran* ( our subject4 ,9 ! da9ty little devotional works ( ,abraham ,flem+1 already allud$ to 9 my *apt] on ,bord]s1 are f\nd sev]al delightful little head & tail pieces1 all ( :i* pass$ into ! h&s ( ,h5ry ,bynneman1 & f him to ! ,eliots ,c\rt ,press4 ,hol9%$'s ,*ronicles1 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #aegg1 also conta9 "s v f9e examples4 ,at ! head ( ! ,d$ication to ! fir/ volume is se5 ! block ) a be> sitt+ on 8 haun*es hold+ spirals ( foliage4 ,two dogs1 two m5 ) /aves1 & two s]p5ts are also p>ts ( ?is design4 ,x seems possible t ^! l>ge folio head-pieces 7 l5t by "o pr9t] to ano!r1 z ?is "o is f\nd 9 _m books4 ,aga91 at ! head ( ! 8,fir/ ,booke ( ! ,hi/orie ( ,engl&10 9 ^! ,*ronicles1 is a semi-ar*itectural head-piece ) ! ,royal ,arms 9 ! c5tre4 ,at ! head ( sig4 ,k #f 9 ! 8,*ronicles ( ,irel&0 is ano!r good decorative block1 :i* is suffici5tly l t at ! head ( ! ,d$ication to ! fir/ volume to sugge/ a common orig91 z inde$ d ^? 9 use by ! ,eliots ,c\rt ,press4 ,ano!r good example ( ^! blocks is t f\nd at ! head ( ,ge(frey ,f5ton's ,hi/ory ( ,guicci>d9i1 pr9t$ by ,ri*>d ,field 9 #aeii4 ,! same _s seems to run ?r\gh !m all1 & !y des]ve m notice ?an !y h hi!rto receiv$4 ,! *>m+ little tail-piece1 %[+ a boy play+ two drums1 is also f ! ,*ronicles1 & is f\nd at ! end ( ! ,preface to ! 8,*ronicles ( ,irel&0 9 ! ?ird volume4 ,9 "s respects x is rem9isc5t ( ! eighte5? r ?an ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! decorative blocks us$ by ! ,eliots ,c\rt pr9t]s call = special notice1 & by ! k9d p]mission ( ! ,bibliographical ,society "o or two ( ^? t appe>$ 9 my article 9 ,! ,libr>y a %ort "t ago are "h %[n4 ,x 0 n possible at t "t to illu/rate any ( ! head-pieces t appe>$ 9 books pr9t$ 9 folio4 ,no su* re/riction b>s u n[1 & consequ5tly ?ree ( ^! *>act]i/ic head-pieces f an edition ( ! ,workes ( ,hom]1 pr9t$ at t press1 are "h %[n4 ,! fir/1 :i* measures #adb by #cf mm41 consi/s ( spirals ( fl[]s1 radiat+ f a c5tral /em1 ) cat]pill>s & v>i\s w+$ insects dott$ all ov] x4 ,?is 0 also us$ 9 ! folio edition ( ,bi%op ,jewell's ,works1 publi%$ by ,john ,norton 9 #afji1 & two ye>s lat] ,m4 ,bradwood1 :o succe$$ ,arnold ,hatfield 9 ! managem5t ( ! (fice1 us$ x 9 ,que5 ,anne's ,new ,_w ( ,words1 & z late z #afci x 0 9 ! h&s ( ,edw>d ,griff9 ! second4 ,! second ( ^! l>ge head-pieces has z its design ! sun 9 glory & f\r horsem5 betwe5 sprays ( fl[]s & foliage4 ,x is f\nd aga9 9 ! folio edition ( ,montaigne1 pr9t$ by ,bradwood1 & 0 9 con/ant use d[n to ! ye> #afch4 ,! ?ird1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal features are two l>ge cornucopi & two lions hold+ %ields1 0 also us$ by all ! ,eliots ,c\rt pr9t]s d[n to #afdj1 & !re 0 also ano!r block some?+ l x 9 ! h&s ( o!r pr9t]s4 ,pass+ to ! small] blocks ( ?is press1 "o ( ! mo/ arti/ic is t ( ! two *]ubs bl[+ horns1 us$ z head-piece 9 ,a ,copy ( a ,lett] writt5 by ,e4 ,d41 a pamphlet pr9t$ 9 #afjf by ,m4 ,bradwood4 ,x 0 ( ,cont95tal orig91 & x has s]v$ z a model = pr9t]s d[n to our own day1 a v>iation ( x be+ among/ ^? 9 use by ! ,*iswick ,press4 ,9 ! same book is f\nd ! #8fleur-de-lys' head-piece4 ,x 0 us$ by all ! ,eliots ,c\rt pr9t]s )\t exception2 b ,felix ,k+/on1 ano!r ,london pr9t]1 _h a block s simil> t x is almo/ impossible to tell "o f ! o!r4 ,x makes a v h&some head-piece4 ,! o!r two examples "h %[n are also f ,a ,copy1 etc41 & bo? 7 9 use1 ! "o z late z #afdd & ! o!r to #afej4 ,! "o ) ! squirrels 0 copi$ repeat$ly1 & sev]al v>iants ( x are met ) 9 o!r books4 ,! blocks ( ! national emblems :5 us$ toge!r =m$ an effective head-piece1 b !y 7 sometimes us$ 9 pairs to =m side-pieces to o!r blocks4 ,!re 0 also a small] set )\t ! decorative spirals4 ,:5 ,george ,pursl[e jo9$ ! firm he br\ght ) him sev]al ornam5ts t _h belong$ to ,simon ,/af=d1 & 9 #afbj1 :5 he pr9t$ ! ,rev4 ,elna?an ,p>r's ,exposition on ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 he us$ z a head-piece a block :i* is f\nd 9 ! h&s ( ,h5ry ,bynneman z f> back z #aeha1 & x 0 a curi\s m$ley ( "p ( "o ( ,simon ,/af=d's & "p ( ! #8fleur-de-lys' block1 & %[s t ! designs ( bo? ^? blocks _h _! orig9 9 sixte5? c5tury "w4 ,^! ,eliots ,c\rt head-pieces are v typical ( sev5te5? c5tury "w2 b su* pr9t]s z ,rob]t ,b>k]1 ,adam ,islip1 ,humfrey ,r4 ,l[nes1 ,miles ,flet*]1 & o!rs _h a l>ge & v>i$ /ock1 f ea* ( :i* an equally good collection might be made4 ,a good decorative head-piece 0 t us$ by ,h4 ,l[nes 9 ,j4 ,d[l&'s ,pilgrimes ,solace1 pr9t$ 9 #afab1 embody+ ! national emblems4 ,pass+ ov] ! p]iod ( ! ,revolution & ,commonweal?1 9 :i* mo/ ( ! blocks us$ 7 old ones1 a ^w or two mu/ be said ( ! "w done by ,mr ,burgh]s at ,ox=d dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury & ! op5+ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t s little att5tion has be5 paid to ,m4 ,burgh]s & 8 "w by ,ox=d /ud5ts4 ,= upw>ds ( fifty ye>s he mu/ h be5 a well-kn[n figure 9 ! ,univ]sity t[n4 ,= _m ye>s he design$ ! allegorical illu/ration = ! ,ox=d ,almanac4 ,!re is no "q z to 8 ability bo? z arti/ & engrav]4 ,yet ,bryan1 9 8 ,diction>y ( ,engrav]s1 dismisses him curtly )\t ev5 m5tion+ ! p]iod dur+ :i* he work$1 & ref]s to 8 "w z #8/iff & ta/eless4' ,! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography accords him j tw5ty-?ree l9es1 & f9i%es (f by say+1 8,he di$1 accord+ to ,he>ne's ,reliqu1 on ! #aj? ,janu>y #agbf-g40 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,he>ne gives ! be/ memoir ( him1 b has v little to say ab\t ! va/ am\nt ( "w he did & 8 skill z an arti/4 ,on ^! po9ts all he says is1 8,he 0 look$ ^u z ! be/ g5]al engrav] 9 ,engl&1 & _h always till v lately1 )9 ^! la/ two or ?ree ye>s1 a va/ deal ( bus9ess1 s t be+ )al a v indu/ri\s man1 he got a va/ deal ( money & pur*as$ a pretty e/ate 9 ,ox=d40 ,?is is a poor acc\nt ( a man ^: "w 0 n conf9$ by any means1 z ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography w\ld lead "o to ?9k1 to ! engrav+ ( portraits1 b :o execut$ engrav+s = _m books4 ,none ( 8 biograph]s call att5tion to ! wond]ful s]ies ( head & tail pieces & initial lett]s :i* ,burgh]s design$ & engrav$ = ! folio edition ( ,cl>5don's ,hi/ory ( ! ,rebellion & ,civil ,w>s 9 ,engl& 444 pr9t$ at ! ,!at]1 ,an4 ,dom4 ,,mdccii4 7-,,iv474 ,among/ ! _m ?+s collect$ by ,john ,bag=d 7 specim5s ( ,burgh]s' "w4#i ,un=tunately he gave no clue z to :at books !y appe>$ 91 b "s ( !m 7 f ?is "w1 & ! beauty ( ! designs no less ?an ! excell5ce ( ! engrav+s places !m 9 ! v fir/ rank ( ,engli% ,pr9t]s' ,ornam5ts4 ,none ( ^! des]ve ,bryan's c5sure4 ,!y are n only spirit$2 b !y are wor?y ( ! great "w 9 :i* !y appe>$4 ,no4 #bcd 9 ,bag=d's volume is a head-piece1 ! design ( :i* is classical 9 treatm5t--spirals ( fl[]s & foliage ( a highly ornate "* spr++ f a c5tral /em1 :i* consi/s ( ! body ( a *ild em]g+ f foliage ) 8 h&s uplift$ 9 t]ror ( ! two lions :o are app>5tly com+ = him on ei!r side4 ,?is is ! head-piece to ! ?irte5? ,book1 vol4 iii41 p4 #bhe4 ,no4 #bjg 9 ! same volume 0 evid5tly design$ = an ,engli% book on ,sci5ce1 pr9t$ ab\t #afif4 ,9 ! c5tre is se5 ,britannia1 ) %ield & trid5t1 look+ out ov] ! sea4 ,b5ea? h] is ! date #afif1 ! :ole be+ surr\nd$ by a laurel wrea?4 ,on ei!r side are op5 books1 t on ! left app>5tly deal+ ) ,euclid & t on ! "r ) ar*itecture4 ,o!r books & rolls & ma!matical in/rum5ts h also a backgr\nd ( laurel1 & ! design is surr\nd$ by a decorative frame4 ,! tail-pieces design$ by ,burgh]s are ev5 m spl5did ?an ! head-pieces4 ,! two we h *os5 = illu/ration are entirely diff]5t 9 "*1 b are bo? rem>kable = _! grace & beauty4 ,no4 #caj 9 ,bag=d's collection consi/s ( spirals emanat+ f a c5tral sun-l fl[]4 ,^! danc+ figures & two birds =m "p ( ! design1 :i* measures no less ?an #aeb by #abj mm41 & has ! signature 8,m4 ,burge1 sculp40 at ! bottom4 ,no4 #cbb is a classical design figur+ ,h]cules4 ,bo? appe>$ 9 ,cl>5don's ,hi/ory4 ,) ! op5+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! "* ( ^! decorative head & tail pieces o!r ?an ! fleuron *ang$ entirely4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! old wood block 0 sup]s$$ by metal ones1 & no d\bt ! *ange gave great] cle>ness ( impression & long] life4 ,!n ) ,caslon's adv5t z a type-f\nd] native tal5t began to ass]t itself2 b ! alt]ation w5t ev5 fur!r ?an ?is1 & h]ald$ a *ange 9 ta/e on ! "p ( pr9t]s1 :o seem to h be5 captur$ by a diff]5t s*ool ( design]s altoge!r4 ,we suspect t ?is 0 l>gely due to ! influ5ce ( ! ,ox=d engrav]1 ,m4 ,burgh]s4 ,:e!r ! blocks produc$ dur+ ?is c5tury 7 or 7 n m arti/ic ?an ^? !y supplant$ mu/ be left to exp]ts to decide4 ,my "w is to record ! *ange & %[ its developm5t4 ,9 #agab ,william ,b[y] pr9t$ a great folio1 ,atkyn's ,anci5t & ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,gl\ce/]%ire1 9 :i* we f9d a l>ge head-piece sign$ ,i4 ,l41 :i* is a good example ( ! head-piece t _h come into fa%ion4 ,! c5tre %[s a basket pil$ ) fruit1 ) "s k9d ( drap]y hang+ f x & ! lett]s ,i4 ,l4 f4 bel[ ?is4 ,on ei!r side ( ! basket ! ornam5t takes ! =m ( sprays or spirals ( fl[]s or foliage1 some:at resembl+ ! designs ( ,m4 ,burgh]s at ,ox=d4 ,inde$1 baskets ( fruit & fl[]s became a feature 9 ne>ly all head & tail pieces ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! same volume is a tail-piece :i* is equally typical ( eighte5? c5tury "w4 ,"s v beautiful examples ( ! decorative head & tail pieces ( ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury are f\nd 9 ! octavo edition ( ,lucretius' ,de r]um natura1 pr9t$ by ,j4 ,tonson & ,j4 ,watts 9 #agac4 ,:ile "s ( ^! head-pieces are pictorial1 !y are 9 "s measure call$ =? by ! text1 & p]haps m 9 ! nature ( illu/rations2 ! tail-pieces h a "* ( _! own1 especially ! "o at ! end ( ! f\r? book & t at ! end ( ! six? book1 & ! f9al "o4 ,ano!r f9e head-piece is se5 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,works ( ,sir ,william ,temple 7sig4 ,b ij71 pr9t$ 9 folio 9 #agbj1 & is mat*$ by ! tail-piece on ! v]so ( ,b #c 9 ! second volume4 ,ano!r example ( a sign$ head-piece occurs on a block f\nd 9 ! octavo edition ( ! ,works ( ,george ,f>quh>1 publi%$ by ,knapton & o!r booksell]s 9 ,london 9 #agbh4 ,:e!r x is meant to be emblematical or n x is h>d to say1 b 9 ! =egr\nd is se5 a lion po9t+ ) 8 "r =eleg to a plant 9 front ( him1 two ( ! leaves ( :i* be> ! initials ,f4 ,h4 & ,m4 ,m4 ,r\nd ab\t are sev]al trees4 ,! "w ( ,f4 ,h4 0 evid5tly a fav\rite z late z #agch1 :5 we meet ) ano!r example ( x 9 a s]mon pr9t$ = ,j4 ,rob]ts 9 ,w>wick ,lane4 ,9 ?is case n only is ! block l>g]1 b ! design consi/s ( vegetable gr[?s1 ornately treat$ ) a vase ( fl[]s 9 ! middle & a bird ) out/ret*$ w+s at ! top4 ,! v>i\s p>ts ( ,james ,?omson's poem on ,lib]ty1 pr9t$ 9 #agce1 h head-pieces1 none ( !m ( great m]it1 ( :i* "o is "h %[n z a contra/ ) t j notic$1 :ile1 z an example ( h[ ?or\ghly bad "s eighte5? c5tury "w c\ld be1 we %[ a tail-piece repres5t+ a f\nta91 f\nd 9 a volume ( translations ( ! ,odes ( ,horace1 pr9t$ 9 #agdc4 ,b4,m4 #aacge1 c4 #ag4 ,! prov9cial pr9t]s probably /ock$ !mselves f ! ,london f\ndries1 & consequ5tly _! ornam5ts foll[$ ! prevail+ fa%ion4 ,we h already se5 specim5s ( ! "w ( ,m4 ,burgh]s at ,ox=d1 & :ile ! si/] ,univ]sity _c %[ any?+ q s gorge\s1 ! pr9t]s 9 ,cambridge _h a good selection1 _m ( :i* are %[n 9 ,r4 ,b[es' ,catalogue ( ,books pr9t$ at ,cambridge f #aeba to #ahic4 ,f ^! has be5 *os5 a head-piece us$ by ,cornelius ,cr[nfield betwe5 #afih & #agdc z be+ typical ( ! p]iod1 & two tail-pieces us$ by ! same pr9t] ,nos4 #ha1 #hb 9 t ,catalogue1 :ile a tail-piece f a "w by an unkn[n pr9t] illu/rates once aga9 ! innum]able ways 9 :i* ! fleuron c\ld be treat$4 ,9 ?is case tw5ty-eight units are arrang$ s z to =m an inv]t$ triangle4 ,mov+ fur!r nor?w>ds we f9d ,john ,:ite1 ! pr9t] at ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 ) a good /ock ( ornam5ts1 :i* he us$ ) effect 9 ,b\rne's ,hi/ory ( ,newca/le1 :i* he pr9t$ 9 #agcf4 ,! head-piece "h %[n is a *>act]i/ic example ( eighte5? c5tury "w 7note ! baskets ( fl[]s & fruit1 ! birds & ! *]ubs71 & ,mr ,wel=d1 9 8 ,e>ly ,newca/le ,topography1 describes ! l>g] ( ! two tail-pieces z #8gorge\s4' ,com+ s\? aga91 ! pr9t] at ,truro1 f ^: press came ! unf9i%$ "w call$ ! ,compleat ,hi/ory ( ,cornwal1 us$ ! head-& tail-piece "h reproduc$4 ,,miscellane\s ,,ornam5ts ,*apt] ,,vi ,miscellane\s ,ornam5ts ,9 addition to ! =ms treat$ ( 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 ! e>ly ,engli% pr9t]s sometimes fill$ up ! space at ! end ( a p>agraph ) small pr9t]s' ornam5ts4 ,9 8 edition ( ,johannes de ,g>l&a1 ,multorum ,vocabulorum1 pr9t$ 9 #aead1 ,pynson plac$ at ! end ( ! la/ l9e ( ! colophon two units ( a fleuron rev]s$4 ,?is is n %[n by ,messrs ,meynell & ,morison 9 _! article 9 ! ,fleuron1 & no?+ exactly l x is %[n by ,mr ,d4 ,b4 ,updike 9 8 num]\s illu/rations ( specim5 %eets ,engli% & ,=eign4 ,x consi/$ ( a spiral ) two leaves1 & measures ab\t #aj mm4 9 l5g?4 ,x also proves t ! fleuron or #8petit f]' 0 kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #aead1 & probably e>li]4 ,he us$ ^! aga9 9 ! ,ye> ,books ( ,edw4 ,,iii4 ,b on :at sy/em1 if any1 he work$ x is n easy to und]/&4 ,9 ! fir/ five %eets ( ?is book1 al?\gh !re 7 _m vacant spaces t c\ld h be5 fill$1 no ornam5ts 7 us$1 b on signature ,f iiij !y beg9 to appe>2 b /ill !re seems no uni=mity4 ,at ! end ( "o p>agraph ?ree su* ornam5ts are plac$3 9 ! next no?+1 al?\gh ! space at ! end ( ! p>agraph 0 j z l>ge4 ,!n we f9d "o ) five2 b ! av]age numb] 0 ?ree4 ,nor 7 !y all ( ! same k9d4 ,"o arrangem5t 0 ribbon1 fleuron1 ribbon2 ano!r1 "o plait & two ribbon2 a ?ird1 ?ree ribbon & "o fleuron1 & s on2 b :y ! compositor %\ld h wa/$ 8 "t putt+ 9 ^! ornam5ts "h & !re only1 is inexplicable4 ,rob]t ,r$man 0 equally arbitr>y 9 8 use ( !m1 ! only diff]5ce he made be+ to place a colon betwe5 ea* unit4 ,?is cu/om v soon di$ out4 ,b ! miscellane\s ornam5ts ,i h 9 m9d are usually f\nd on ! title-pages ( books1 & ev5 !re !y are only occasionally met ) 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 x 0 usual = ! pr9t] to place 8 own device above ! impr9t4 ,z ^! devices 7 (t5 v arti/ic1 !y s]v$ _! purpose ( decoration v well4 ,vautrolli]'s f9e s]ies ( ! ,an*ora ,spei may be cit$ z an in/ance4 ,b !re 0 at lea/ "o pr9t] 9 ! sixte5? c5tury :o did n foll[ ?is cu/om1 & t 0 ,h5ry ,bynneman4 ,x 0 n t he _h no small block ( ! ,m]maid to put on 8 title-pages1 because we "k t he us$ su* a block at ! end ( "o ( 8 books4 ,f ! c>e he took 9 ! pr9t+ ( 8 books we may suppose him to h tak5 a pride 9 _! appe>ance1 & ?is probably arose f 8 *ief patron be+ ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,hatton1 :o at t "t 0 ! mo/ p[]ful ( ,elizabe?'s fav\rites1 & 0 ! fri5d & help] ( lit]>y m54 ,at any rate ,bynneman frequ5tly plac$ ! cre/ ( t nobleman1 a h>t surr\nd$ by ! motto1 8,c]va *>issima et gratissimus h9nulus10 ) a v elaborate frame1 on 8 title-pages4 ,x is se5 9 ! f\r? "p ( ,gabriel ,h>vey's ,gratulationis ,vald95sis1 ! o!r ?ree p>ts ( :i* h on ! title-page3 ! fir/1 ! royal arms2 ! second1 ! cre/ ( ! ,leice/] family--! be> & ragg$ /aff2 & ! ?ird1 ! cre/ ( ! ,burleighs--a %eaf ( corn ) two lions rampant z support]s1 & ! motto1 8,cor unvm via una10 )9 a bord] ( fleurons4 ,sev]al ( ! blocks reproduc$ by ,mr ,mc,kerrow 9 8 ,pr9t]s' & ,publi%]s' ,devices 7 n devices at all1 b m]ely ornam5ts4 ,su* a "o is ,no4 #bdh1 :i* he describes z a 8two-tail$ m]maid bl[+ two horns4 ,a fr+e ( tassels bel[40 ,9 fact1 he admits t x is an ornam5t4 ,ano!r 0 ,no4 #bdd1 :i* he describes z a wrea? enclos+ armorial be>+s f\nd 9 ,a4 ,broke's ,tragical ,hi/ory ( ,romeus & ,juliet1 pr9t$ by ,r4 ,rob9son 9 #aegh4 ,a ?ird t 0 c]ta9ly n a device1 ?\gh x 0 associat$ ) ! ,eliots ,c\rt ,press1 0 ! 8,v]itas felix temporis0 block1 a copy f a =eign s\rce1 :i*1 9 spite ( ! bad workman%ip1 reta9s mu* ( its orig9al grace & beauty4 ,john ,w9det plac$ on ! title-page ( ,h4 ,sw9burne's ,briefe ,treatise ( ,te/am5ts & ,wills1 #aeij1 a curi\s little decorative block1 9 :i* two happy-look+ *]ubs sitt+ "u ov]hang+ sprays ( foliage t are "p ( ! cont5ts ( an urn or basket ( fruit & fl[]s are busily play+1 "o a guit> & ! o!r a viol or viol91 b :e!r !y are s]5ad+ ! lady ^: head =ms "p ( ! design "o is left to guess4 ,?is block 0 p]haps 9 reality a tail-piece4 ,! title-page ( ! fir/ edition ( ,k+ ,le>1 publi%$ by ,simon ,/af=d 9 #afje1 _h z an ornam5t a block t 0 us$ on occasion bo? z head & tail piece1 & came aft]w>ds into ! possession ( ,george ,pursl[e & s to ! ,eliots ,c\rt ,press4 ,t se5 on ! title-page ( ,cyril ,t\rneur's ,a!i/'s ,trag$ie1 publi%$ = ,john ,/epne? & ,ri*>d ,r$m] 9 #afaa1 also belongs to ! same category1 z does also ! "o plac$ on ! title-page ( ,a ,description ( ,new ,engl&1 pr9t$ by ,humfrey ,l[nes 9 #afaf4 ,! fleur-de-lys plac$ above 8 impr9t by ,william ,jones 9 ,g]>d ,malynes' ,c5t] ( ! ,circle ( ,comm]ce is famili> 9 sev]al sev5te5? c5tury books1 :ile t se5 on ! title-page ( ,euphues1 8 ,c5sure to ,philautus1 pr9t$ by ,elizabe? ,allde 9 #afcd1 _h a c\nt]p>t among/ ! blocks ( ,felix ,k+/on1 & is frequ5tly f\nd z a head-piece4 ,inde$1 "o c nev] be sure :e!r !y are deal+ ) ! orig9al or only a copy1 z mo/ ( ^! blocks 7 copi$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,,initial ,,lett]s ,,& ,,factotums ,*apt] ,,vii ,initial ,lett]s & ,factotums ,no?+ t5ds to height5 ! arti/ic beauty ( a book s mu* z ! initial lett]s4 ,?is fact 0 recogniz$ by ! mona/ic scribes1 :o lavi%$ all _! skill 9 ! production ( beautifully illum9at$ lett]s 9 ! ,missals & ,books ( ,h\rs ^u :i* !y sp5t _! "t 9 ! scriptorium4 ,= "s "t aft] ! introduction ( pr9t+1 ) c]ta9 r>e exceptions1 ! e>ly pr9t]s left ! space to be fill$ by ! initial lett] blank = ! illum9ator to fill 94 ,b be=e long !y began to cut ! initials = _! books 9 wood1 & !y w5t to ! manuscript books = _! e>lie/ model1 h5ce ! ecclesia/ical "* ( ! fir/ woodcut initials2 & al?\gh !y c\ld nev] hope to obta9 ! beauty ( ! illum9at$ lett]1 :i* 0 due z mu* to ! col\r+ z ! design1 ! pr9t]s soon le>nt to produce v /rik+ & effective decorative initials4 ,= an illu/ration we ne$ g no fur!r ?an ,p>is1 :]e 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! books ( ,anto9e ,v]>d 7 decorat$ ) a gr& s]ies ( woodcut ,l's1 copi$ f ! decorative script ( t p]iod1 :ile x is only necess>y to glance ?r\gh ,mons4 ,a4 ,claud9's magnific5t hi/ory ( pr9t+ 9 ,france to see _m o!r examples2 :ile ,m4 ,buts*'s ,b*]-,ornam5tik & ,ca/ellani's ,e>ly ,v5etian ,pr9t+ %[ t ! presses ( o!r c\ntries 7 equally prolific 9 ?is field ( book decoration4 ,! e>ly ,engli% pr9t]s 9 ?is1 z 9 e o!r1 bran* ( _! "w 7 cont5t to copy or to borr[ f =eign s\rces r ?an to create1 consequ5tly ! initials f\nd 9 _! books be=e #aejj %[ little orig9ality4 ,!y borr[$ *iefly f ,france1 or p]haps x w\ld be m correct to say t !y b\ght *iefly f ,france4 ,!re 0 s mu* mat]ial 9 ! m>ket1 & x sav$ s mu* "t & tr\ble to buy f o!rs4 ,or 0 x t !re 0 no man 9 ,engl& suffici5tly skill$ to draw or design initial lett]s1 & no craftsman skill$ en\gh 9 woodcutt+ to produce !m8 ,:atev] ! reason1 ?is =eign trade 9 initials cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? c5tury1 z blocks t _h come f ,p>is1 ,lyons1 ,basle1 ,v5ice1 ,flor5ce1 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & ev5 ,spa9 are frequ5tly met ) 9 books ( t "t4 ,matt]s improv$ z "t w5t on1 & ,engli% grav]s began to turn out "s v cr$itable "w1 s t1 reg>d$ z pr9t]s' ornam5ts1 :e!r _! orig9 be native or =eign1 ! initial lett]s f\nd 9 ,engli% books f ! fifte5? to ! tw5tie? c5tury are ( suffici5t arti/ic m]it1 z well z suffici5tly num]\s1 to des]ve a book or books to !mselves4 ,! publication ( su* a book is long ov]due4 ,too mu* good mat]ial has already be5 wa/$ 9 ! piecemeal treatm5t ( ! subject & 9 ! ne$less repetition ( ! same illu/rations4 ,:at is ne$$ is a compreh5sive /udy ( ! :ole subject1 trac+ z f> z possible ! bir?place ( v>i\s alphabets1 & :at is no less int]e/+1 po9t+ out ! v>iations 9 c]ta9 alphabets due to ! copyi/4 ,9 ! hope t su* a "w may n be mu* long] delay$1 ,i ?9k x z well to say z little z possible on ?is bran* ( ,engli% pr9t]s' ornam5ts1 & 9 ?is section m]ely to :et ! appetite ( ! read] = t full /udy ( ! subject t is b\nd to come4 ,=tunately !re is no lack ( mat]ial4 ,! /udies ( ,mr ,*>les ,sayle1 ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 :i* h ext5d$ ov] sev]al ye>s1 supplem5t$ by ^? ( ,mr ,a4 ,w4 ,poll>d1 ,dr ,osc> ,j5n+s1 & rec5tly ( ,mr ,p]cy ,smi?1 make ! task a light "o z f> z ! initials ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies are conc]n$4 ,) ,mr ,sayle's k9d p]mission two or ?ree examples h be5 *os5 f 8 pap] on ! subject read be=e ! ,bibliographical ,society 9 ,novemb] #aijb4 ,to ^! ,i h add$ a few o!rs ( t p]iod t1 s f> z is kn[n1 h n hi!rto be5 reproduc$1 & ,i h fur!r supplem5t$ !m ) "s examples f my rec5t pap] on ! ,eliots ,c\rt ,press & o!r s\rces to illu/rate ! "w ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is section ,i h divid$ ! lett]s into gr\ps1 accord+ to _! subjects1 su* z ecclesia/ical1 biblical1 classical1 grotesque1 h]aldic1 & f9ally miscellane\s1 embrac+ designs n o!rwise gr\pable4 ,an e>ly example ( ! ecclesia/ical initial is ! lett] ,t f\nd on ! v]so ( ! title-page ( ! ,leg5d ,aurea4 ,^? se5 9 ! ,morton ,missal ( #aejj1 "s ( :i* embody ,c>d9al ,morton's rebus1 also belong to ?is class1 & h ! additional m]it ( be+1 x is believ$1 ,engli% workman%ip4 ,! highly decorative ,l f\nd 9 "s ( ! books ( ,r4 ,faques ab\t #aecj is ano!r good example1 :ile ! ,f us$ 9 #aedj by ,william ,middleton 9 ! ,ye> ,books ( ,h5ry ,,vi41 %[+ a bi%op ) a mitre1 is also wor? notice4 ,! ,re=mation & ! pr9t+ ( ,bibles & ,common ,pray] call$ = l>ge numb]s ( initial lett]s ( all sizes1 & x is n surpris+ t ,biblical sc5es %\ld h =m$ ! subject ( _m ( ^!4 ,"h aga9 ! ,engli% pr9t] _h no ne$ to create4 ,! l>ge numb] ( s]vice books1 pr9t$ by ! v>i\s pr9t]s on ! ,cont95t ev] s9ce ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( ! art 9 ,europe1 _h flood$ ! m>ket ) a quantity ( su* blocks1 ( :i* he 0 n sl[ to avail himself4 ,z ,mr ,sayle rem>ks1 ! ,great ,bibles ( #aedj & #aeda are a m9e 9 !mselves4 ,! magnific5t lett] ,i1 illu/rat+ ! ,creation1 is suffici5tly well kn[n4 ,! ,h1 repres5t+ ,samuel & ,eli1 fir/ us$ by ,h]=d 9 #aedd1 is ano!r famili> example4 ,reg9ald ,wolfe also _h a v int]e/+ set1 illu/rat+ sc5es 9 ! life ( ,/ ,paul1 us$ 9 an edition ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & 9 8 ,*ryso/um is a ,q1 ! subject ( :i* is ! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon4 ,9 ,bull+]'s ,s]mons1 pr9t$ by ,ralph ,newb]rie 9 #aegg1 is a lett] ,d t ,i ?9k belongs to ?is division1 & repres5ts ! dea? ( ! fir/born 9 ,egypt4 ,classical subjects beg9 to appe> 9 ,engli% books ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 al?\gh z e>ly z #aeba ,sib]* at ,cambridge us$ a lett] ,c1 repres5t+ ,/ ,george & ! ,dragon1 :ite on a black gr\nd1 :i* ,mr ,sayle ?9ks is local "w4 ,a v f9e outl9e lett] ,s1 measur+ #fd by #fc mm41 %[s two figures appeal+ to a satyr1 ) a backgr\nd ( fl[]s & foliage1 0 us$ by ,t4 ,b]!let 9 ! ,biblio!ca ,eliot 9 #aeei4 ,?is pr9t] also us$ an arti/ic alphabet :i* cle>ly came f ,basle4 ,ano!r ,s ( ! same gr\p1 b a diff]5t subject1 is se5 9 ,day's ,cosmographical ,glass1 "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( t pr9t]'s "w1 9 :i* are _m arti/ic initials sign$ ,i4 ,b41 ,i4 ,c41 & ,i4 ,d4 ,! la/ two are suppos$ to /& = ,john ,day1 b !re is little to support ! attribution4 ,b ! mo/ fam\s ( ^! sign$ initials 7 ^? attribut$ to ,anton ,sylvius3 examples ( ^! are f\nd 9 books pr9t$ by ,reg9ald ,wolfe1 ,john ,day1 & o!rs4 ,z ,mr ,sayle v rightly says1 ^! initials are wor? a monograph 9 !mselves4 ,grotesques 7 ( _m k9ds4 ,!y 7 popul> on ! ,cont95t 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & an e>ly example ( _! use 9 ,engl& is ! lett] ,a f\nd 9 ,not>y's h&s 9 #aejd1 :i* he _h obta9$ f ,boc>d ( ,p>is4 ,ano!r e>ly set 7 ^? 9 :i* ! human face =m$ a "p ( ! design4 ,^! are cle>ly ( ,fr5* ornam5t1 & sets are f\nd 9 ! h&s ( ,wynkyn de ,worde1 ,pynson1 ,faques1 & _m o!rs4 ,wynkyn de ,worde also obta9$ a f9e alphabet ( ?is k9d f ,gottfri$ van ,os1 a pr9t] ( ,g\da1 ! only lett] t he us$ be+ an ,h1 se5 9 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a4 ,!y cont9u$ 9 use until ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,h]aldic & p]sonal initials are a fairly num]\s class4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ is a l>ge decorative lett] ,p1 be>+ ! initials ( ,edw>d ,:it*ur*1 & us$ 9 ! ,bible ( #aeci4 ,9 ano!r ,bible is f\nd an initial %[+ ! arms ( ! ,see ( ,cant]bury4 ,^! arms are sometimes f\nd ) ,ar*bi%op ,p>k]'s initials add$ to !m4 ,9 ! ,*auc] ( #aedb is a lett] ,a1 ) ! initials ( ,john ,reynes4 ,a f9e example ( an h]aldic lett] 0 a lett] ,d %[+ ! arms ( ! ,e>l ( ,leice/]1 us$ by ,john ,day 9 ! ,cosmographical ,glass1 pr9t$ 9 #aeei4 ,*ri/oph] ,b>k]1 9 ! ,pray] ,book ( #aehj1 introduc$ an ,a & a ,t be>+ 8 initials1 & 9 _m ( 8 books are f\nd o!r initial lett]s be>+ ! cre/ & arms ( 8 patron1 ,francis ,wals+ham4 ,! gr\p ,i h call$ ,miscellane\s is s va/ t ! examples "h not$ are b>ely a fraction ( !m4 ,!y range f all sizes1 & are *iefly ornam5tal--t is1 _! design illu/rates no p>ticul> subject4 ,! ,e us$ by ,sib]* 9 #aeba1 9 ! ,libellus de ,conscrib5dis1 consi/s ( decorative spirals1 :ite on a black gr\nd1 & is v effective4 ,! ,o & ,s f ! same alphabet are equally f9e4 ,^! lett]s be> "s relation to ^? us$ by ,pynson at ?is "t4 ,/ipple "w & ornam5t ( a diff]5t k9d are ! ma9 features ( ! f9e ,h us$ on sig4 ,a #b ( ,pynson's ,libello huic regio hc insunt1 pr9t$ 9 ! same ye>4 ,/ill m /rik+ is ! ,v se5 9 ! ,ye> ,books ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 pr9t$ by ,rob]t ,r$man 9 #aedj1 & :i* 0 probably "p ( ,pynson's mat]ial4 ,?is may h come f ,italy4 ,vautrolli]1 ! ,hugu5ot pr9t] 9 ,london1 _h "s beautiful initials1 among/ !m ! ,e "h %[n1 & :i* figures 9 _m ( 8 books4 ,a contra/ to ?is is ! outl9e lett] ,c f ! #aefb edition ( ,foxe's ,book ( ,m>tyrs4 ,decoration ( an arabesque k9d is se5 9 a f9e set ( initials us$ by ,*ri/oph] ,b>k] 9 ! ,pray] ,book ( #aehj1 m5tion$ above4 ,"s ( ! small initials 9 ! sixte5? c5tury are equally z good z ! l>ge ones4 ,hundr$s ( !m call = illu/ration1 b !re is only room "h to include "o ( two exquisite little examples t 7 among/ ,d5ham's /ock1 & :i* he us$ 9 ,! ,footepa? to ,felicitie 9 #aeha4 ,^! are two ,t's1 bo? ! same size b diff]+ 9 design4 ,pass+ on into ! sev5te5? c5tury we come at once ^u ! "w ( ! ,eliots ,c\rt ,press4 ,_m ( _! l>ge /ock ( decorative initials came to !m ?r\gh ,h5ry ,bynneman1 & c be trac$ back to ! presses ( ,h5ry ,d5ham1 ,reg9ald ,wolf1 & ,ri*>d ,jugge4 ,b !re 0 "o alphabet t ,i h call$ ! ,apo/le s]ies1 z ea* lett] %[$ a figure r\nd ^: head 0 a nimbus1 "s ( :i* h ! emblems ( ! apo/les1 b o!r p]sonages1 su* z ,k+ ,david1 are n[ & aga9 sub/itut$4 ,^! initials 7 enclos$ 9 a frame ea* side ( :i* %[s a c]ta9 numb] ( circles1 or !y may be int5d$ = /uds4 ,?is alphabet made its fir/ appe>ance 9 books pr9t$ at ! ,eliots ,c\rt ,press 9 #afjc1 :5 x 0 us$ 9 ! folio ,plut>*1 :i* be>s ,arnold ,hatfield's impr9t2 b bo? ,george ,rob9son & ,h5ry ,middleton _h previ\sly us$ a simil> alphabet4 ,9 fact1 !re is no d\bt t "h we see ! copyi/ at "w1 & x seems probable t ! ,eliots ,c\rt #8,apo/le' alphabet 0 a direct copy f t us$ by ,h5ry ,middleton2 b !re 0 "o feature ( ! ,middleton lett]s t1 =tunately = ! bibliograph] ( mod]n times1 ! copyi/ did n consid] x necess>y to foll[ /rictly1 & t 0 ! numb] ( circles t 7 to appe> 9 ea* section ( ! frame4 ,s :5 copy+ ! lett] ,f1 in/ead ( putt+ twelve circles at ! top & ?irte5 at ! bottom1 z %[n 9 ! ,middleton lett]1 he only put n9e at ! top & t5 at ! bottom1 & x is only by not+ ?is diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( circles 9 ! frame t "o c tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,eliots ,c\rt lett]s & ^? ( ,rob9son1 ,middleton1 & v>i\s o!r pr9t]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury :o us$ simil> alphabets4 ,by ! k9dness ( ,pr(essor ,a4 ,w4 ,poll>d ,i am enabl$ to %[ two ( ^! ,apo/le lett]s :i* appe>$ 9 my article2 also two o!r decorative lett]s t are f\nd 9 books issu+ f t press4 ,probably ! ,i 0 design$ to commemorate ! accession ( ,k+ ,james1 9 hon\r ( ! k+ ( t "n1 z x embodies ! rose & ?i/le cr[n$4 ,mr ,sayle1 9 a footnote to 8 pap] m5tion$ above1 calls att5tion to ! h]aldic initials f\nd 9 ,?os4 ,full]'s ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 #afee1 ea* section ( :i* 0 d$icat$ to a nobleman1 ^: arms are %[n 9 ! initial ( ! op5+ p>agraph4 ,! "w ( ! ,univ]sity presses at ?is "t also provide "s good initial lett]s4 ,m4 ,burgh]s ( ,ox=d design$ "s v f9e ones = ! ,cl>5don's ,hi/ory ( ! ,rebellion1 & ,buck & ,daniel at ,cambridge us$ a some:at ornate b v decorative alphabet1 examples ( :i* are reproduc$ 9 ,b[es' ,catalogue ( ,cambridge ,books4 ,9 ! ,lucretius ( #agac1 already ref]r$ to 9 ! section on head & tail pieces1 ! initials c>ry on ! unity ( design & are 9 e way suitable4 ,?\gh small 9 size !y fit 9 ) ! type admirably & add to ! *>m ( :at 0 und\bt$ly "o ( ! be/ productions ( ! eighte5? c5tury press1 z may be se5 f ! two examples "h reproduc$4 ,( ano!r "* altoge!r is ! initial ,a tak5 f a tract writt5 by ! ,rev4 ,eli%a ,smi? 9 #agai1 & ! ,t f\nd 9 a s]mon pr9t$ at ,ed9burgh 9 #agdj4 ,factotums ,:]e a pr9t] _h b a small /ock ( decorative initial lett]s he frequ5tly made use ( an ornam5tal frame1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* he plac$ an ord9>y capital4 ,?is practice seems to h aris5 ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & x probably _h its orig9 on ! ,cont95t4 ,^! bord]s = initials h come to be kn[n z #8factotums1' because !y 7 call$ to d duty on all occasions1 & !y h be5 he>tily condemn$ z de/ructive ( all arti/ic feel+4 ,:51 z !y (t5 d1 !y occur ?r\gh\t a book1 !y become monoton\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! factotums1 to give !m _! mod]n "n1 are n )\t m]it1 & 9 ! case ( l>ge ones !y c\ld be made arti/ic or decorative4 ,!y 7 made bo? 9 metal & wood1 & c]ta9 patt]ns 7 app>5tly turn$ out by ! f\ndries 9 l>ge numb]s & suppli$ to all pr9t]s alike4 ,two ( ! commone/ & p]haps ! e>lie/ =ms 7 small frames measur+ #bb #ba mm4 & 7 ( classic design1 9 "o case ! filials ris+ f two cornucopi app>5tly fa/5$ toge!r ) b[s & ends ( rope 7874 ,9 ! o!r in/ance ! cornucopi are m floral 9 treatm5t4 ,9 "o ! filials consi/ ( a female head at ! end ( an elongat$ & curv$ neck & are bo? alike1 b 9 ! o!r ! upp] portions ( a male & female are se54 ,ano!r feature ( ^! two factotums is "s k9d ( drap]y & !y 7 enclos$ )9 s+le rules4 ,bo? ( !m are f\nd 9 ! h&s ( _m pr9t]s 9 ,london & ( ^? at ,ox=d & ,cambridge at ! same "t4 ,equally famili> 9 books ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies are two l>g] =ms1 "o ( :i* %[s a man & woman pluck+ ?i/les & tufts ( ?i/les 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,ne$less to say ?is 0 ( ,scotti% orig91 & is fir/ f\nd 9 ! books ( ,waldegrave :5 he 0 pr9t+ 9 ,scotl&4 ,x aft]w>ds 0 us$ by ! ,eliots ,c\rt ,press & o!r pr9t]s 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,! small] ( ! two repres5ts ! /ory ( ,salome4 ,a s]ies ( factotums f\nd 9 ,grov]'s pr9t+ (fice 9 #afgi & us$ by him 9 ! folio ,h]odotus are evid5tly woodcuts & are n )\t m]it4 ,a v simil> factotum :i* may possibly h migrat$ f ,grov]'s f\ndry 0 9 use by ! ,cl>5don ,press 9 #agei4aj ,!y are evid5tly by ! same h& t cut ! tail-piece se5 9 ! same volume4 ,! use ( ^! bord]s cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury1 & a good example is se5 9 a s]mon pr9t$ 9 #agch1 :i* is p>tly geometrical & p>tly floral4 ,!y 7 frequ5tly made up ( fleurons & v clev]ly arrang$4 ,we reproduce "o tak5 f ,! ,lov]s' ,manual1 #agec4 ,,mod]n ,,"w ,*apt] ,,viii ,mod]n ,"w ,prec$+ *apt]s ( ?is book h dealt ) ! v>i\s k9ds ( pr9t]s' ornam5ts met ) 9 ,engli% books d[n to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,we h n[ rea*$ our la/ port ( call on ?is ev5tful voyage ( discov]y1 viz41 ,mod]n ,"w1 :i* may be said to h tak5 its rise f ! n9ete5? c5tury & ! ,:itt+ham ,press4 ,al?\gh _m f9e books h be5 pr9t$ by ,william ,bulm]1 ,ar*ibald ,hamilton1 & o!rs at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & by ,*>les ,:itt+ham ! eld] dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 _! attraction lay *iefly 9 ! cle>ness ( ! type ) :i* !y 7 pr9t$ & ! beauty ( ! illu/rations1 = !y 7 :olly devoid ( pr9t]s' ornam5ts ( any k9d1 s t :5 9 #ahdd ! ,di>y ( ,lady ,will\ghby made its appe>ance1 x may be said to h swept away all ! preconceiv$ notions z to book decoration t _h be5 9 vogue be=e its adv5t4 ,*>les ,:itt+ham ! y\ng]1 ! pr9t] ( ?is book1 0 ! nephew & successor ( ,*>les ,:itt+ham1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,*iswick ,press 9 #ahji1 at :i* a libr>y ( pretty books _h be5 pr9t$ be=e ,*>les ,:itt+ham ! y\ng] 0 out ( 8 appr5tice%ip4 ,= a "t ! two m5 7 9 p>tn]%ip1 b _! natures diff]$ s widely t 9 #ahbh !y dissolv$ p>tn]%ip1 & :ile ! eld] ,:itt+ham cont9u$ to pr9t at ,*iswick1 ,*>les ,:itt+ham ! y\ng] came to ,london & />t$ z a pr9t] 9 ,tooks ,c\rt1 ,*anc]y ,lane1 :]e ! bus9ess is /ill c>ri$ on "u ! same title1 ?\gh no ,:itt+ham is n[ connect$ ) x4 ,at ! same "t he 0 ready to help 8 uncle 9 em]g5cies & 0 frequ5tly at ,*iswick4 ,b x 0 :ile he 0 at ,tooks ,c\rt t ,*>les ,:itt+ham ! y\ng] 0 introduc$ to ,william ,pick]+1 ! publi%]4 ,!y quickly became fri5ds4 ,pick]+1 to quote f ,mr ,w>r5's book1#aa 0 "o ( ! v fir/ publi%]s ( 8 c5tury to make ! production ( f9e editions a p>ticul> bran* ( ent]prise4 8,he 0 n only a booksell]1 b a book lov]4 ,he _h a ta/e = old books40 ,& aga91 to quote f ,mr ,w>r51 8,he _h a notion t if an old au?or 7 a good "o1 he des]v$ to be dress$ well40 ,pick]+ 0 a well-read man1 ( good judgm5t & r>e ta/e4 ,*>les ,:itt+ham ! y\ng] 0 a man ( ideas4 ,lib]ally educat$1 he turn$ 8 education to good acc\nt4 ,he also 0 a book lov] z well z a pr9t]1 & consequ5tly !re sprang up a life-long connection betwe5 ! two t result$ 9 ! production ( "s notable books4 ,:]eas ,:itt+ham ! eld] _h be5 not$ = 8 pr9t+ ( pictures1 ,:itt+ham ! y\ng] made x ! peculi> 8grace ( 8 craft to b$eck books ) bord]s1 comely head-pieces1 & o!r allur+ devices4 ,he c>ri$ ?is bran* ( 8 "w to su* an ext5t t y %all f9d no?+ loveli] betwe5 book-cov]s until y turn back to ! illum9at$ manuscripts ( ! ,middle ,ages40 ,= ^! ornam5ts = 8 books ,*>les ,:itt+ham ! y\ng] w5t back to ! pr9t]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury--to ,ge(frey ,tory ( ,p>is1 to ,h5ry ,bynneman & ,h5ry ,d5ham ( ,london4 ,he taught 8 family to appreciate _! beauty & to p]petuate x1 & 8 daught]s ,*>lotte & ,elizabe? copi$ & design$ head & tail pieces1 bord]s & initial lett]s1 :ile ano!r lady1 ,m>y ,byfield1 :o came ( a family ( engrav]s1 engrav$ !m4 ,x is said t ,pick]+ & ,:itt+ham w\ld sp5d _! ,sunday aft]noons /udy+ sixte5? c5tury books1 & ! ornam5ts to be f\nd 9 !m :i* !y aft]w>ds adapt$ = ! decoration ( _! publications4 ,b ! ,di>y ( ,lady ,will\ghby 0 z rem>kable = ! type z its ornam5ts4 ,:itt+ham ! y\ng] want$ some?+ bett] ?an ! f\nts ( type !n 9 vogue1 & he f\nd x 9 ! old face type ( ! ,caslon f\ndry1 i4e4 ! beautiful f\nt t _h be5 cut by ! eld] ,caslon m ?an a hundr$ ye>s be=e1 & :i* _h ar\s$ ! admiration ( t g5]ation4 ,x 0 no easy task to f9d ! matrices1 & ?is caus$ "s delay 9 ! publication ( ! book2 b :5 x appe>$ ab\t ! middle ( #ahdd ! ,di>y ( ,lady ,will\ghby 0 hail$ z "o ( ! be/ specim5s ( typography se5 9 ,engl& s9ce ! days ( ,bask]ville & ! eld] ,caslon4 ,f t day to ! pres5t old face type has reta9$ its popul>ity1 & has be5 adapt$ by _m o!r mod]n firms4 ,bo? ! type & ornam5ts design$ by ,:itt+ham ! y\ng] are /ill l>gely us$ by ! pres5t proprietors ( ! ,*iswick ,press1 & may be se5 9 two notable books publi%$ dur+ ! ye> #aibc4 ,! fir/ is ! f9e edition ( ! ,works ( ,william ,blake1 pr9t$ = ! ,groli] ,club ( ,new ,york1 9 itself a te/imony ( ! high position ga9$ 9 ! pr9t+ _w by ?is press1 :ile ! collotype reproductions ?r\gh\t ! "w are excell5t4 ,! o!r book is ! ,hi/ory ( ,/ ,b>?olomew's ,hospital1 issu$ to commemorate ! f\ndation ( t in/itution4 ,! ,:itt+ham ornam5ts & old face type are especially suitable to ! "* ( ! "w4 ,! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! ,*iswick ,press 0 cont9u$ until !re arose on ! horizon ( ! book _w "o great] ?an ei!r ( ! ,:itt+hams--,william ,morris4 ,educat$ at ,m>lbor\gh ,s*ool & ,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d1 ?is gift$ man became a weav] ( wond]ful tales 9 prose & v]se1 a pa9t] ( pictures & frescoes1 a design] ( art tape/ries1 ! f\nd] ( a decorat+ firm 9 :i* arti/s su* z ,rossetti & ,burne-,jones 7 p>tn]s4 ,t[>ds ! close ( 8 life he turn$ 8 att5tion to ! art ( pr9t+1 & f\nd$1 9 ! ,upp] ,mall1 ,hamm]smi?1 ! ,kelmscott ,press4 ,! fir/ book t came f t press 0 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,glitt]+ ,pla91 "o ( 8 own writ+s1 :i* appe>$ on ,april #d1 #ahia4 ,x 0 a small qu>to pr9t$ ) ! ,gold5 ,type1 & ! issue 0 limit$ to #bjj ord9>y copies & six on vellum4 ,x 0 at once evid5t t ,mr ,morris _h gone back to ! fifte5? c5tury = bo? 8 type & ornam5ts4 ,! fir/ page ( ! text 0 surr\nd$ by a bord] design$ by ,mr ,morris himself & %[+ traces ( ! ,v5etian s*ool4 ,x 0 pr9t$ 9 a specially ca/ f\nt ( ,roman lett]1 modell$ on t ( ,ni*olas ,j5son1 ! pr9t] 9 ,v5ice1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 n q rigidly ,roman1 "s ( ! lett]s %[+ a trace ( ,go?ic4 ,on ,septemb] #bd1 #ahia1 ano!r qu>to 0 issu$1 ,poems by ! ,way1 & dur+ ! next twelve mon?s five m books f ! ,kelmscott ,press made _! appe>ance--,love-,lyrics & ,songs ( ,proteus1 & o!r ,poems1 by ,wilfr$ ,blunt2 ,( ! ,nature ( ,go?ic1 by ,john ,rusk92 ,william ,morris's ,def5ce ( ,gu5ev]e1 & o!r poems1 foll[$ by ! same au?or's ,dream ( ,john ,ball1 & 9 ,septemb] ,caxton's edition ( ! ,gold5 ,leg5d1 9 ?ree l>ge qu>to volumes1 ) woodcuts by ,burne-,jones4 ,?is 0 int5d$ to be ! fir/ issue ( ! ,press1 b 0 delay$ by an accid5t4 ,! initial lett]s1 :i* 9 ! e>li] books appe>$ to be some:at too l>ge = ! page1 7 exactly "r 9 ?is4 ,"h1 too1 appe>$ = ! fir/ "t ! woodcut frontispiece title t aft]w>ds became a feature ( ! ,kelmscott ,press4 ,sometimes ^! 7 pr9t$ 9 :ite lett]s on a gr\nd ( d>k scroll-"w1 sometimes 9 black lett]s on a light] gr\nd1 & !y 7 surr\nd$ by a bord] ( ! same design z t to ! fir/ page ( ! text1 x be+ ,william ,morris's pr9ciple t ! unit1 bo? = arrangem5t ( type & = decoration1 is always ! d\ble page4 ,! type us$ 9 ?is 0 ! same z t se5 9 ! fir/ production ( ! ,press3 b f its use 9 ?is book x 0 aft]w>ds di/+ui%$ z ! ,gold5 type4 ,beautiful z ! ,gold5 ,leg5d 0 z an example ( ! pr9t]'s craftsman%ip1 x 0 imm$iately foll[$ by ano!r book t eclips$ x1 a repr9t ( ,caxton's ,recuyell ( ! ,hi/ories ( ,troy 9 two volumes 9 l>ge qu>to4 ,= ?is ,morris _h design$ a new f\nt ( type1 a h&some ,go?ic lett]1 :i* recall$ t ( ! fifte5? c5tury pr9t]1 ,anton ,kob]g] ( ,nuremb]g1 & 0 n unlike a f\nt ( type us$ by ,?omas ,b]!let4 ,?is type came to be kn[n z ! ,troy types2 b x 0 n alone ! type t attract$ att5tion4 ,! decoration ( ^! two volumes 0 equally rem>kable4 ,ano!r book pr9t$ 9 ! ,troy type 0 ,godefrey ( ,bologne1 & by ! c\rtesy ( ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,kelmscott ,press1 "o ( ! bord]s design$ by ,morris = ?is book is "h reproduc$4 ,! boldness ( execution no less ?an ! simplicity ( ! design & its uni=mity ) ! text1 %[ ! skill ( ! woodcutt]4 ,ano!r notable dep>ture f /]eotyp$ patt]n 0 introduc$ by ,morris4 ,8 fleuron became a p]fect leaf--a black leaf ) :ite ribs1 :i* took ! place ( ! rev]s$ ,p or ,d us$ = p>agraph m>ks4 ,! type 9 :i* ^! books 7 pr9t$ 0 aft]w>ds recut 9 a small] size = ! folio edition ( ! works ( ,*auc]1 :i* issu$ f ! ,kelmscott ,press 9 #ahie1 & ) its magnific5t illu/rations by ,burne-,jones1 is its cr[n+ glory4 ,william ,morris di$ 9 #ahif aft] he _h pr9t$ fifty-?ree books4 ,%ort z 8 c>e] z a pr9t] 01 8 influ5ce spread 9 ev]-wid5+ circles & /ill rema9s ) u4 ,9 a few words1 :i* _c be too (t5 quot$1 he set out 8 ideal ( :at a pr9t] %\ld d & :at a pr9t$ book %\ld be3 8,! :ole duty ( ,typography is to communicate to ! imag9ation1 )\t loss by ! way1 ! ?\ght or image int5d$ to be convey$ by ! au?or4 ,& ! :ole duty ( beautiful typography is n to sub/itute = ! beauty or int]e/ ( ! ?+ ?\ght & int5d$ to be convey$ by ! symbol a beauty or int]e/ ( its own1 b on ! "o h& to w9 access = t communication by ! cle>ness & beauty ( ! vehicle1 & on ! o!r h& to take advantage ( e pause or /age 9 t communication to int]pose "s *>act]i/ic & re/ful beauty 9 its own art40 ,9 ?is _s ,william ,morris's imm$iate disciples--,mr ,em]y ,walk]1 ,mr ,cobd5 ,s&]son1 & ,mr ,/ ,john ,hornby--f\nd$ ! ,doves ,press & ! ,a%5d5e ,press4 ,! ,doves ,press 0 f\nd$ 9 #aijj & clos$ its doors 9 #aiaf4 ,9 t "t 0 produc$ a ,bible 9 five qu>to volumes1 z well z plays ( ,%akespe>e1 poems ( ,milton1 ,%elley1 ,wordswor?1 ,keats1 & o!rs1 & prose works by ,john ,rusk9 & ,em]son4 ,mr ,/ ,john ,hornby atta9$ success at 8 ,a%5d5e ,press ) a f\nt ( ,greek adapt$ f ! f\nt us$ by ! fir/ pr9t]s 9 ,italy1 b ! books produc$ at ^! two presses contribute no?+ to ! hi/ory ( ,engli% ,pr9t]s' ,ornam5ts4 ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f ! "w ( ! private en?usia/s1 ! trade z a :ole 0 purifi$ & imm5sely improv$ by _! example4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t ye> ! ,directors ( ! ,m$ici ,society arrang$ an exhibition ( ,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,books at ! ,grafton ,gall]ies 9 ,london4 ,m ?an half ! exhibits 7 f ,engli% presses1 & ! g5]al impression convey$ by t exhibition 01 t a great improvem5t 9 craftsman%ip _h tak5 place all r\nd 9 ! la/ five & tw5ty ye>s4 ,:at our pr9t]s & type-f\nd]s c d at ! pres5t day 9 ! way ( book decoration w be se5 by a /udy ( ! foll[+ pages1 9 :i*1 by ! k9dness ( ! v>i\s firms1 we are able to br+ toge!r a repres5tative collection ( mod]n ,pr9t]s' ,ornam5ts4 ,! mod]n ,caslon f\ndry /ill c>ri$ on by ,h4 ,w4 ,caslon ,co4 9 ,*iswell ,/reet1 to :i* ,william ,caslon ! fir/ transf]r$ 8 bus9ess 9 #agcd1 is /ill "o ( ! lead+ f\ndries 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 son ,william ! second reign$ 9 8 /ead & c>ri$ on ! traditions ( ! f\ndry1 & 0 9 due c\rse succe$$ by 8 son ,william ! ?ird1 :o 9 #agib gave up 8 int]e/ 9 ! bus9ess to 8 "m & 8 bro!r ,h5ry's wid[4 ,on ! dea? ( ,mrs ,william ,caslon h] w 0 disput$1 & z a result ! bus9ess 0 put up to auction & secur$ by ,mrs ,h5ry ,caslon = ! mode/ sum ( #ebj4 ,sev5 ye>s be=e a "o-?ird %>e 9 ! bus9ess 0 wor? #cjjj4 ,! cause ( ?is drop 01 says ,mr ,j4 ,f4 ,mc,rae1 9 8 ,two ,c5turies ( ,type-f\nd+3 7#a7 ,depreciation 9 ! value ( ! /ock2 7#b7 competition2 7#c7 a reluctance to run up ! price aga9/ a wid[4 ,und\bt$ly ! ma9 cause 0 a *ange 9 public ta/e4 ,ev5 beauty palls aft] a "t1 & ! public _h tak5 up ) ,bodoni & o!r mu* inf]ior faces1 & ?is neglect la/$ = ne>ly a c5tury4 ,9 #ahdd ,messrs ,*>les ,:itt+ham ! y\ng] & ,?omas ,longman br\ght ab\t a revival ( int]e/ 9 ! ,caslon ,old ,face type by _! publication ( ,! ,di>y ( ! ,lady ,will\ghby4 ,to quote aga9 f ,mr ,w>r5's book3 8,matrices t _h be5 repos+ 9 ! vaults ( ! ,caslon f\ndry = ne>ly ?ree g5]ations 7 refitt$ to m\lds1 & made to s]ve = ! ca/+ ( type0 7p4 #bch74 ,b ! firm 0 n yet ?r\gh its difficulties4 ,9 #ahfe a /rike ( "s ( ! workm51 on a "q ( wages1 0 foll[$ by a lock-out t la/$ = eight mon?s & br\ght its =tunes to _! l[e/ ebb4 ,!n 9 #ahgb ,mr ,?omas ,w4 ,smi?1 :o _h = "s ye>s act$ z travell] to ! f\ndry1 0 ask$ to take ov] ! managem5t4 ,8 position 0 a difficult "o4 ,old fa%ions die h>d1 & ! =eman & _m ( ! workm5 _h be5 ) ! firm all _! lives & res5t$ *ange4 ,b ,mr ,smi? p]sev]$1 8 object be+1 z he himself decl>$1 to "w up arre>s ( production & to rescue ! ,specim5 ,book f ! mis]able & degrad$ /ate to :i* x _h fall54 ,8 success 0 complete1 & ! firm to-day /&s z high z ev] x did1 ?anks ma9ly1 no d\bt1 to ! great popul>ity ( ! ,caslon ,old ,face4 ,9 ! matt] ( ornam5ts x is only necess>y to comp>e ! ,specim5 ,book ( #ahdb ) t ( #aiaj to %[ h[ great _h be5 ! improvem5t 9 ! int]val1 an improvem5t t ! examples h %[n ( ! firm's "w at ! pres5t day fully be> out4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahhc & #aijj ! ,engli% ,illu/rat$ ,magaz9e made a feature ( its ornam5ts4 ,^! includ$ reproductions ( fam\s head & tail pieces & initials by v>i\s =eign ma/]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury belong+ to ! ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,dut* s*ools1 ! "w ( ,aldus1 ,!odoric de ,bry1 & ,holbe92 nor 7 native arti/s neglect$4 ,betwe5 #ahhc & #ahhg we f9d "s excell5t head-pieces by ,a4 ,p4 ,hughes4 ,9 ,july #ahhi appe>$ a tail-piece f ! p5cil ( ,sir ,e4 ,burne-,jones1 foll[$ by a good decorative head-piece by ,matilda ,/okes4 ,9 #ahic-id ! "w ( ,lawr5ce ,h\sman beg9s to appe>4 ,! initials us$ 9 ,bibliographica & 9 ! v>i\s monographs1 etc41 ( ! ,bibliographical ,society d[n to ! pres5t "t 7 design$ by him1 & are wor?y to rank ) ! be/ art "w ( ! e>ly ,italian s*ool4 ,walt] ,crane & ,em]y ,walk] 7 o!r well-kn[n contributors to ! ,engli% ,illu/rat$ ,magaz9e1 & by ! k9dness ( ,messrs ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k "o ( ,mr ,crane's decorative blocks is "h reproduc$4 ,ak9 to ! ,caslon ,f\ndry1 & also l9k$ up ) t ( ,john ,bask]ville ( ,birm+ham1 is ! firm ( ,/eph5son1 ,blake ,co41 ( ,%effield1 ,man*e/]1 & ,london1 :i* _h its orig9 9 ! firm ( ,blake1 ,g>nett ,co41 f\nd$ 9 #ahai4 ,x 0 f ! (fice ( ,/eph5son1 ,blake ,co4 t ,mr ,t4 ,w4 ,smi? pass$ to ! ,caslon ,f\ndry1 & x 0 on 8 sugge/ion t a bran* ( ! firm 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,london4 ,! firm has to-day a l>ge assortm5t ( fl[]s1 bord]s1 & ornam5ts1 bo? well design$ & well ca/4 ,_m ( ! old =ms are reta9$ & "s v>iations ( ! fleuron introduc$4 ,messrs ,%anks1 ( ,r$ ,lion ,squ>e1 h s5t "s head & tail pieces %[n 9 _! mo/ rec5t specim54 ,^!1 bo? 9 design & treatm5t1 recall ,fr5* "w ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :ile ! ,cubi/ idea t m>ks _! ,a!nian bord] br+s u back to ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,! productions ( ! ,curw5 ,press are well kn[n to all bookm54 ,mu* ( its art "w came f ! p5cil ( ! late ,claude ,lovat ,fras]1 :o also design$ _m ( ! ornam5ts & tail-pieces4 ,8 successor1 ,mr ,p4 ,j4 ,smi?1 0 ! design] ( ! conv5tional fleurons1 "h reproduc$4 ,! ,morl& ,press 9 ,ebury ,/reet is ano!r ( ! mod]n presses ^: craftsman%ip is highly e/eem$1 & mu* ( its art "w is by ! well-kn[n arti/ ,f4 ,brangwyn4 ,! specim5 %eet ( ! ,pelican ,press1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aiag1 is an ambiti\s "o4 ,x reproduces = ! consid]ation & *oice ( its cu/om]s bord]s design$ aft] ^? ( ,ratdolt ( ,v5ice1 ,ge(frey ,tory ( ,p>is1 & "s ( ! pr9t]s ( ,lyons4 ,9 ornam5ts x produces a l>ge selection modell$ on ! old =ms ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 "o ( :i* resembles v closely an ornam5t us$ on ! title-page ( ,john ,bod5ham's ,g>d5 ( ! ,muses1 pr9t$ 9 #afaj1 & 9 addition to all k9ds ( fleurons1 !y reproduce ! fleur-de-lys1 ! acorn1 & v>i\s />s4 ,!y also %[ a f9e collection ( initials1 ,fr5* & ,italian1 t !y claim are modell$ on ! be/ "w ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,no acc\nt ( ,mod]n ,pr9t]s' ,ornam5ts w\ld be complete )\t a record ( ! "w done by ! ,univ]sity ,presses4 ,m>*+ ) ! times ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 /ill famili>ly kn[n z ! ,cl>5don ,press1 has long s9ce relegat$ ! once fam\s ,fell & ,junius types to ! vaults z curiosities1 & has avail$ itself ( ! be/ f\nts t a mod]n f\ndry c produce4 ,9 #agff ! ,univ]sity _h an acc\nt ) ,william ,caslon1 f :om x b\ght bo? ,engli% & ,=eign sorts1 & at ! pres5t day no firm 9 ,engl& c %[ bett] craftsman%ip4 ,:e!r 9 its _m editions ( ! ,bible & ,pray] ,book1 its classical books1 or ! great diction>ies1 its "w 9 all dep>tm5ts--composition1 excell5ce ( spac+ & presswork1 & 9 cle>ness ( type--is beyond all praise4 ,book-lov]s 7 at "o "t kn[n to compla9 ( x z un9t]e/+1 b "u ,mr ,horace ,h>t ! "w ( ! ,press became di/9ctly ri*] & m individual4 ,z reg>ds ornam5ts ! ,cl>5don ,press /ill reta9s 9 use ^? t h s]v$ x s well4 ,! ,phnix is "o ( ! orig9al ,fell ornam5ts1 z are also ! foll[+ units1 :i* are se5 9 a little book pr9t$ 9 #aibb1 call$ ,"s ,acc\nt ( ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press4 ,among/ ^! is ! triple fl[]1 :i* _h its orig9 9 ,augsburg 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ?is book also "s ( ,m4 ,burgh]s' head-pieces are se5 9 a r$uc$ =m4 ,9 #aibc ,cambridge celebrat$ its f\r? c5t5>y ( pr9t+4 ,its developm5t has be5 sl[]1 p]haps1 ?an t ( ! si/] ,univ]sity4 ,x has be5 hamp]$ l>gely by its con/itution1 b 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury _m improvem5ts 7 c>ri$ out1 includ+ ! erection ( ! ,pitt ,press 9 #ahcc1 & to-day its "w is 9 e way wor?y ( its great traditions4 ,9 ! =ego+ pages we h wat*$ ! gr[? ( endeav\r on ! "p ( ! pr9t]s ( ,engl& to rea* ! highe/ /&>d 9 ! art ( book-decoration4 ,we h se5 ! small pr9t]s' ornam5ts gr[1 n only 9 v>iety ( design1 b also 9 regul>ity ( face & cle>ness 9 reproduction4 ,! ugly ornam5t1 l ! old-fa%ion$1 fat-fac$ type1 has giv5 place to arti/ic & ta/eful designs1 c\pl$ ) gr[+ k on ! "p ( ! pr9t]s ( ! pres5t day z to h[ !y %\ld be us$1 & x is a notable ?+ h[ "o pr9t] is vy+ ) ano!r1 n only 9 reproduc+ #8old face' type1 b 9 seek+ _! ornam5ts 9 ! be/ productions ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5tury presses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,boswell 0 once argu+ ) ,dr ,johnson on ,goldsmi?'s m]it z an au?or1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! argum5t ,johnson said3 8,besides1 ,sir1 x is ! great excell5ce ( a writ] to put into 8 book z mu* z 8 book w hold44440 ,if ,engli% ,pr9t]s' ,ornam5ts is n z full z x might be1 we hope ! read] w f9d en\gh 9 x to please 8 eye & fe$ 8 m9d4 ,,descriptive ,,catalogue ,,( ,,! ,,illu/rations ,,bord]s #a4 ,ma*l9ia4 ,bord] us$ by ,r4 ,pynson4 ,william de #adhc ,ma*l9ia pr9t$ a ,book ( ,h\rs ) bord]s :i* lat] pass$ into ,pynson's h&s4 ,! design consi/s ( spirals ( fl[]s & foliage4 #b4 ,caxton4 ,fifte5 ,oes4 ,a decorative bord] ( :i* #adid ! ma9 features 7 spirals ( fl[]s & foliage v>i$ by ! introduction ( birds & grotesque animals4 #c4 ,pynson4 ,morton ,missal4 ,"o ( ! f9e bord]s #aejj ( ! ,morton ,missal1 consi/+ ( f\r pieces introduc+ spirals ( fl[]s & fruit4 ,! bottom panel conta9s ,c>d9al ,morton's rebus4 ,! reproduction1 :i* is slightly r$uc$1 also %[s "o ( ! beautiful initials design$ = ?is ,missal4 7,see ,frontispiece47 #d4 ,not>y4 ,*ronicle ( ,engl&4 ,bord] made up ( #aejd fl[]s1 animals1 & v>i\s o!r designs1 all sep>ate4 #e4 ,pynson4 ,petrus ,c>melianus1 :i* is built up ) #aejh a s]ies ( small ornam5ts resembl+ n>r[ /rips ( ribbon introduc+ fleurons4 #f4 ,pynson4 ,seba/ian ,brant's ,%yp ( ,folys4 ,^! #aeji bord] pieces 7 us$ by ,pynson on ei!r side ( 8 illu/rations4 ,! "o reproduc$ is =m$ by a s]ies ( half fleur-de-lys alt]nat+ ) ano!r patt]n & divid$ by d\ble :ite l9es4 #g4 ,de ,worde4 ,design f ,nicodemus ,gospel made ,n4,d4 up ( all k9ds ( odd ornam5ts4 7c4 #aeae7 #h4 ,pynson4 ,built-up bord] f ,ye> ,books ( #aeah ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,?is design includ$ spirals ( fruit & leaves1 human figures1 a dragon & a monkey4 #i4 ,pynson4 ,sallu/4 ,an effective bord] appe>s on #aebj ea* side ( ! illu/ration4 ,note also ! initial ,r4 ,?is illu/ration is "h reproduc$ by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs ,maggs ,bros4 #aj4 ,sib]*4 ,! fir/ bord] pr9t$ at ,cambridge is #aeba a "o-piece bord] ( ar*itectural design1 introduc+ an ar* support$ by columns1 &1 bel[1 two *ildr5 act+ z support]s to ! ,royal ,arms4 ,! bord] is "h reproduc$ by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs ,b[es ,b[es ( ,cambridge4 #aa4 ,faques4 ,skelton's ,goodly ,g>l&4 ,a bord] made #aebc up ( small ornam5ts repres5t+ ! h]aldic t9cture 8erm9e40 #ab4 ,faques4 ,skelton's ,goodly ,g>l&4 ,on ?ree sides #aebc ( ! illu/ration are pr9t]s' ornam5ts made up ( v>iations ( ! fleuron4 #ac4 ,trev]is4 ,bord] f ! ,greate ,h]ball1 two pieces #aebf ( :i* =m]ly belong$ to ,wynkyn de ,worde4 #ad4 ,sib]*4 ,bord] design f "s =eign ,missal #aeba or ,book ( ,h\rs4 ,reproduc$ by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs ,b[es ,b[es ( ,cambridge4 #ae4 ,myddylton4 ,lyttleton's ,t5ures4 ,a "o-piece #aede bord] ( elaborate design introduc+ scroll-"w & cupids4 #af4 ,sib]*4 ,bord] design f "s =eign missal #aeba or ,book ( ,h\rs4 ,reproduc$ by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs ,b[es ,b[es ( ,cambridge4 #ag4 ,b]!let4 ,g[]'s ,de ,confessione ,amantis4 ,a #aeed w9d[-frame bord] slightly r$uc$ 9 size4 #ah4 ,bynneman4 ,john ,grange's ,gold5 ,aphroditus4 #aegg ,curi\s fleuron bord]4 #ai4 ,bynneman4 ,palace ( ,pleasure1 vol4 ii4 ,a typical #aefg fleuron bord]4 #bj4 ,d5ham4 ,palace ( ,pleasure4 ,a v delicate fl[] #aeff design enclos$ 9 rules4 #ba4 ,bynneman4 ,a ,s]mon prea*$ be=e ! ,que5e's #aegc ,maie/ie4 ,fleuron bord]4 #ab4 ,d5ham4 ,! ,monoma*ie ( ,motives4 ,f\r-piece #aehb *a9 bord]1 a squ>e alt]nat+ ) an oval & l9k$ toge!r by a r+1 ! top & bottom pieces be+ f9i%$ ) a />4 #bc4 ,%ort4 ,footepa? to ,felicitie is 9 a new /yle %[+ #afjb ! transition /age betwe5 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 #bd4 ,! ,lant]ne ( ,lyghte is a "o-piece w9d[-frame c4 #afjj bord] compos$ ( rules ) a small runn+ design4 #be4 ,jackson4 ,gre5e's ,arba/o3 ,! ,anatomie ( ,=tune4 #aehd ,a made-up design ( ornam5ts conf9$ 9 a lattice-"w ( :ite l9es4 #bf4 ,bi%op4 ,bord] made up f a head-piece us$ #aehe by ,g4 ,bi%op4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ usual =ms ( ! fleuron4 7,see ,title-page47 #bg4 ,waldegrave4 ,! ,basilikon ,doron made up ( two #aeii illu/rative side pieces l9k$ top & bottom by f\r small pr9t]s' ornam5ts ( diff]5t designs4 #bh4 ,beale4 ,william ,m>tyn's ,y\?'s ,in/ructor1 second #afac edition4 ,a curi\s m$ley comb9+ ! fleuron & ! decorative block4 ,! effect is n good1 &1 p]haps =tunately1 x is unusual4 #bi4 ,b>k]4 ,a section ( a bold fleuron bord] reproduc$ #afcj f ! ,incomp>able ,treasure ( ,holy ,scripture1 :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 l>ge folio4 #cj4 ,pr9t] unid5tifi$4 ,an effective small bord] ( #affd sep>ate ornam5ts ( common design us$ 9 ,hilton's ,discov]y4 #ca4 ,same1 rev]s$4 #cb-cc4 ,pr9t$ = ,dodsley4 ,two curi\s bord] pieces #agea on ! title-page to ,gray's ,elegy4 ,! design is ! same1 9 ea* case ! implem5ts ( ,"t & ,dea?--! scy!1 ! h\r-glass1 ! cr[n1 skull & cross-bones4 #cd4 ,wilson ( ,kilm>nock4 ,bord] us$ on ! #aghf #aghi edition ( ,poems by ,rob]t ,burns4 ,! reproduction is tak5 f ! volume ( poems by ,david ,sill>4 #ce4 ,pr9t] n id5tifi$4 ,a grass & fl[] design #ahdj bord] us$ on ,w4 ,baxt]'s ,briti% ,phnogam\s ,botany1 vol4 v41 publi%$ by ! au?or4 ,9 all probability ! design 0 specially drawn = ! book 9 ord] to h>monize ) ! subject4 #cf4 ,pr9t] n id5tifi$4 ,late eighte5? c5tury c4 #agie bord] ( rose design :i* may be reg>d$ z ess5tially ,engli%4 ,! reproduction is made f ,! ,arti/'s ,repository4 ,s well has ?is bord] /ood ! te/ t x may be f\nd to-day among/ ! designs ( ,messrs ,/eph5son1 ,blake ,co41 ,ltd41 "o ( our premi] type-f\nd]s4 ,,head-,,pieces #cg4 ,k+/on ,sutton4 ,missale ad usum ,s>isburi5sis4 #aeee ,fl[]s & figures4 #ch4 ,osw54 ,exhortation to ! ,sicke4 ,triangul> design #aedh ) fox 9 c5tre4 #ci4 ,pr9t] unid5tifi$4 ,! ,treasury ( ,heal?4 #aehe ,fl[]s & foliage4 #dj4 ,d5ham4 ,s*ool ( ,skill4 ,conv5tional design3 #aeha fl[]s4 #da4 ,d5ham4 ,footepa? ( ,felicitie4 ,conv5tional #aeha fl[]s4 #db4 ,d5ham4 ,guide to ,godl9esse4 ,conv5tional design1 #aeha %[+ rose4 #dc4 ,head-piece f ,philip ,sidney4 ,twi/$ ribbon #aehj-ij design4 #dd4 ,d5ham4 ,head-piece f ,hol9%$'s ,*ronicles1 #aegi vol4 i4 ,be> hold+ sprays4 ,m5 & dogs4 ,conv5tional foliage4 #de4 ,hol9%$'s ,*ronicles ( ,irel&4 ,conv5tional #aegi sprays3 satyrs1 animals1 insects1 etc4 #df4 ,field4 ,hi/ory ( ,guicci>d9i4 ,conv5tional design3 #aeii sprays & fl[]s1 two w+$ figures play+ on flutes4 #dg4 ,waldegrave4 ,basilikon ,doron4 ,arabesque design4 #aeii #dh4 ,bynneman4 ,morelius4 ,conv5tional design1 ) #aehc two ar*]s4 #di4 ,vautrolli]4 ,de ,rep4 ,anglorum4 ,head ) cornucopia #aegi ( fruit4 #ej4 ,vautrolli]4 ,de ,rep4 ,anglorum4 ,composite design3 #aegi spirals resembl+ lett] ,a4 ,boys ) b[l ( fruit & fl[]s1 animals & grotesques4 #ea4 ,! ,j\rnall or ,daily ,regi/]4 ,simil> design to #afja =ego+1 b small]4 #eb4 ,eliots ,c\rt ,press4 ,copy ( a ,lett]4 ,composite #afjf design3 spirals ( foliage1 grotesque fi%1 w+$ snakes1 w+$ figures ) javel9s4 #ec4 ,eliots ,c\rt ,press4 ,spirals ( foliage4 ,national #afjf emblems3 lion & unicorn4 #ed4 ,eliots ,c\rt ,press4 ,national emblems1 cr[n$ & #afjf sep>ate4 #ee4 ,eliots ,c\rt ,press4 ,fleur-de-lys ) figures & #afjf scrolls4 #ef4 ,eliots ,c\rt ,press4 ,*]ubs bl[+ horns1 f #afjf :i* issue spirals ( fruit & fl[]s4 ,copy ( ,fr5* block4 #eg4 ,ma*am4 ,hom]1 ,pr9ce ( ,poets4 ,composite design3 #afaj two cornucopi4 ,national emblems3 lion & unicorn4 #eh4 ,pr9t] n kn[n4 ,a ,pilgrime's ,solace4 ,zig-zag #afab ribbon1 ) national emblems4 #ei4 ,havil&4 ,fruit & fl[]s issu+ f a j>4 #afcd #fj4 ,ma*am4 ,hom]1 ,pr9ce ( ,poets4 ,ar*itectural1 #afaj ) royal arms4 #fa4 ,ma*am4 ,hom]1 ,pr9ce ( ,poets4 ,composite design3 #afaj spirals ( fruit & fl[]s ) insects4 #fb4 ,ma*am4 ,hom]1 ,pr9ce ( ,poets4 ,composite #afaj design3 f\r horsem54 #fc4 ,b>k]4 ,ar*itectural1 ) royal arms4 c4 #afbj #fd4 ,pr9t] unkn[n4 ,book ( ,pray]s4 ,urns ) #affb fl[] ornam5ts4 #fe4 ,pr9t] unkn[n4 ,d\ble r[ ( national emblems c4 #afhj & fleur-de-lys4 #ff4 ,= ,busbie4 ,o p] se ,o4 ,fleurons arrang$ z #afab headpiece4 #fg4 ,pr9t] unkn[n4 ,d\ble r[ ( acorns4 #afbj #fh4 ,pr9t] unkn[n4 ,d\ble r[ ( fleurons4 #afcj #fi4 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press4 ,head-piece by ,burgh]s ( #agjb ,ox=d1 design$ = ,cl>5don's ,hi/ory ( ! ,rebellion4 #gj4 ,d4 d4 d4 #agjb #ga4 ,b[y]4 ,atkyn's ,anci5t & ,pres5t ,/ate ( #agab ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,head-piece sign$ ,j4 ,l4 ,basket ( fruit1 spirals ( fl[]s & foliage4 #gb4 ,pr9t] unkn[n4 ,! ,compleat ,hi/ory ( ,cornwall1 #agej ,"p ,,ii41 pr9t$ at ,truro4 ,spirals ( fl[]s & foliage1 two eagles4 #gc4 ,cr[nfield1 ,cambridge4 ,fruit & fl[]s 9 basket1 c4 #agcj f\r birds & conv5tional ornam5t4 #gd4 ,knapton4 ,works ( ,f>quh>4 ,head-piece sign$ #agbh ,f4 ,h4 & ,m4 ,h4 #ge4 ,pr9t$ = ,dodsley4 ,ir5e1 ,a ,trag$y4 ,spirals ( #agdi foliage1 squirrel 9 c5tre4 #gf4 ,silv] ( ,s&wi*4 ,lov]s' ,manual4 ,fleurons #agec arrang$ 9 geometrical =m4 #gg4 ,pr9t] unkn[n4 ,ode ( ,horace4 #agai ,,tail-,,pieces #gh4 ,middleton4 ,/atutes ,,ii4 ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,long n>r[ c4 #aedj ar*itectural block1 =m]ly ,de ,worde's4 #gi4 ,k+/on ,sutton4 ,missale ad usum ,s>isburi5sis4 #aeee ,design3 human figure1 sprays ( fl[]s1 animal & bird4 ,cribl4 ,probably ,fr5*4 #hj4 ,r$man4 ,ye> ,book ,,ii4 ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,sev5 loz5ge c4 #aedj ornam5ts4 #ha4 ,osw51 ,ipswi*4 ,exhortation to ! ,sicke4 ,two #aedi figures ) />s4 #hb4 ,b]!let4 ,ca/le ( ,heal?4 ,ornam5t on d>k #aeci backgr\nd f ,fr5* s\rces4 #hc4 ,pr9t] unkn[n4 ,treasury ( ,heal?4 ,fl[] & #aehe bird4 #hd4 ,r$man4 ,ye> ,book ,,ii4 ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,half fleur-de-lys c4 #aedj & half fea!rs divid$ by zigzag :ite l9es4 #he4 ,d5ham4 ,hol9%$1 vol4 iii41 ,*ronicles ( ,irel&4 #aegi ,boy beat+ two drums4 #hf4 ,jugge4 ,book ( ,common ,pray]4 ,elaborate fleuron #aegc bord] 9 f\r sections1 %[+ ?ree designs4 #hg4 ,griffi?4 ,caveat or ,w>ne+4 ,arabesque design4 #aefg #hh4 ,griffi?4 ,caveat or ,w>ne+4 ,virg9 & *ild 9 #aefg circle surr\nd$ by floral bord]s4 #hi4 ,wolfe4 ,sophocles1 ,antigone4 ,a fleuron tail-piece4 #aeha #ij4 ,vautrolli]4 ,de ,rep4 ,anglorum4 ,arabesque design4 #aegi ,s+le block4 #ia4 ,e4 ,allde4 ,bod5ham's ,g>d5 ( ! ,muses4 ,arabesque #afaj design ) ar*itectural detail4 #ib4 ,w4 ,w4 = ,cu?b]t ,burby4 ,love's ,lab\rs ,lo/4 #aeih ,arabesque design4 ,s+le block4 #ic4 ,e4 ,allde4 ,basilikon ,doron4 ,fleuron ornam5t4 #afjc #id4 ,john ,day4 ,as*am1 ,s*olema/]4 ,circul> arabesque #aegi design4 ,s+le block4 #ie4 ,islip4 ,wit's ,mis]ie4 ,squ>e arabesque design4 #aeif ,s+le block4 #if4 ,an arabesque tail-piece f ,%akespe>e's c4 #afae ,p]icles4 #ig4 ,vautrolli]4 ,cic]onis ,epi/ol4 ,gorgon's head4 #aegi #ih4 ,pr9t] unc]ta94 ,cambridge4 ,tail-piece ( sev5 c4 #agjj r[s ( fleurons arrang$ z rev]s$ triangle4 ,reproduc$ by c\rtesy ( ,messrs ,b[es ,b[es4 #ii4 ,wolfe4 ,sophocles1 ,antigone4 ,a fleuron tail-piece #aeha %[+ a diff]5t design f ,no4 #hi4 #ajj4 ,pr9t$ = ,b4 ,l9tott4 ,odes ( ,horace4 ,tail-piece #agai to ,book ,,iv4 ,ornate design3 *]ubs hold+ birds1 sprays ( foliage4 #aja4 ,pr9t$ = ,knapton4 ,works ( ,f>quh>4 ,tail-piece #agbh ( florid design1 %[+ bird 9 c5tre flank$ by baskets ( fl[]s4 #ajb4 ,tonson ,watts4 ,lucretius1 ,de r]um natura4 ,a #agac specially design$ tail-piece to ,book ,,iv4 #ajc4 ,tonson ,watts4 ,lucretius1 ,de r]um natura4 ,a #agac specially design$ tail-piece to ,d$ication4 #ajd4 ,cr[nfield1 ,cambridge4 ,bird ) out/ret*$ c4 #agcj w+s4 ,reproduc$ by c\rtesy ( ,messrs ,b[es ,b[es ( ,cambridge4 #aje4 ,cl>5don ,press1 ,ox=d4 ,cl>5don's ,hi/ory ( #agjb ! 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eighte5? c5tury1 #fb1 #fc ,smi?1 ,p4 ,j41 #ia1 #aad ,smi?1 ,t4 ,w41 #aab ,/af=d1 ,s41 #gc ,/> ornam5t1 #fj ,/atutes #g? ,h5ry ,,vi41 #fg ,/atutes #ai? ,h5ry ,,vii41 #dc ,/eph5son1 ,blake ,co41 ,ltd41 #aac ,/epne?1 #hf ,/okes1 ,m41 #aac ,sun ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #aa ,sylvius1 ,anton1 #bd1 #ic ,t ,tail-piece 9 #afgi ,h]odotus1 #bg ,?i/le ornam5t1 #fj ,?omas1 ,t41 #bf ,?omson1 ,j41 ,poem on ,lib]ty1 #gh ,tonson1 ,j41 & ,j4 ,watts1 #gg ,tory1 ,g41 #aad ,tottell1 ,r41 #bc ,treatise made by ,a?anasius1 #eg ,trev]is1 ,p41 #df ,two ,c5turies ( ,type-f\nd+1 #fa1 #aaa ,type-f\nd]s 9 ,engl&1 #bg ,u ,urn ornam5t1 #fj ,v ,vautrolli]1 #fj1 #fi1 #hd ,initials us$ by1 #ie ,v5etian pr9t]s1 #cc ,vr>d1 ,a41 #hi ,vo/re1 #cd ,w ,waldegrave1 #ii ,walk]1 ,em]y1 #aaj1 #aac ,wals+ham1 ,f41 ,cre/ & ,arms (1 #ie ,watts1 ,john1 #fa ,:it*ur*1 ,ed41 #bc1 #id ,:ite1 ,john1 #gi ,:ite ,wolf1 #di ,:itt+ham1 ,c41 ! eld] & y\ng]1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aaa ,w9det1 ,john1 #he ,w9d[ frame bord]s1 #df ,wolfe1 ,r41 #bc1 #ic1 #if ,woodcut bord]s1 sev5te5? c5tury1 #bf ,worde1 ,w4 de1 #ai1 #cg1 #ci1 #dc1 #ef1 #ei1 #fh1 #id ,works ( ,george ,f>quh>1 #gh ,works ( ,sir ,w4 ,temple1 #gh ,wy]1 ,rob]t1 #fh ,y ,ye> ,books ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 ,bord] 91 #dd ,ye> ,book1 #aa? ,h5ry ,,vi41 #ei ,y\?'s ,in/ructor1 ,bord] 91 #ej ,,footnotes3 #a ,! 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