,transcriber's ,note    ,italic text    
displayed as3 italic          ,,the     
,,common ,,welfare      ,,the           
,,pittsburgh ,,school ,,strike          
,pittsburgh school affairs are under a  
cloud but the outside world  should     
understand certain facts1 notably that  
the cloud itself is  stirred up1 to some
 extent at least1 by interests using it 
as a  cloak for their operations4 ,these
 interests are two-fold3 the first1     
political1 embracing the faction opposed
 to ,senator ,oliver2 the  second1      
partly political and partly personal1   
embracing the men from  whose hands the 
school affairs of ,pittsburgh were      
wrested by the  ,legislature two years  
ago4 ,under the old system school       
buildings and  maintenance were in      
control of petty ward boards2 in some   
districts  the schools were excellent   
but in others waste1 mismanagement and  
graft were rampant4 ,under the new      
system many of the old directors        
secured election as ward school visitors

 and1 shorn of their spoils1  have been 
bitterly opposed to the control of the  
small1 centralized  executive board     
appointed by the judges of the          
,allegheny county  courts4    ,charges  
brought against ,supt4 ,s4 ,l4 ,heeter  
by a housemaid gave  politicians and    
ousted directors their chance to start  
an agitation  for a return to conditions
 under which they throve4 ,these charges
  were given publicity by ,coronor      
,jamison1 president of the old  central 
board4 ,superintendent ,heeter demanded 
a court trial and was  acquitted4       
,afterward a committee of citizens1     
including the president  of the chamber 
of commerce and two clergymen1 was      
appointed to  investigate the           
superintendent's fitness to remain in   
office4 ,this  committee has not yet    
reported4    ,whether ,superintendent   
,heeter is retained in office or not is 
aside  from the main issue--the         
revolution in the conduct of the        
,pittsburgh  schools in the past year   

and a half4 ,the new board has been     
obliged  to spend #aej1jjj in           
transforming indescribably dirty old    
fire-traps1  with poor light1 worse     
ventilation and unspeakable toilets1    
into  schools that could be used with   
decency4    ,the great mass of          
,pittsburgh's good citizens refuse to   
get excited4  ,not all the scare heads  
of the interested newspapers1 the       
,leader  and the ,press1 or             
mass-meetings and parades of children   
arranged  by still more interested      
individuals1 have befogged the          
recognition  by ,pittsburgh people of   
the improvement in school affairs since 
#aiaa4 ,the exaggeration of the         
children's strike in the press of  the  
country1 however1 has been broadcast4   
,collier's ,weekly1 for  example1 that  
usually accurate publication1 prints a  
picture with  the explanation that 8a   
strike of #ej1jjj school pupils         
paralyzed  the ,pittsburgh school       
system40 ,there was marching of         

children2 but  when an effort was made  
to discover the identity of the men who 
the  children reported were urging them 
on1 the agitators quickly dropped  out  
of sight4 ,for a few days attendance    
dropped off in certain  sections1 but   
many parents had kept their children at 
home for fear  of their becoming        
involved4    ,the situation has been    
tense1 but social workers in ,pittsburgh
 do  not anticipate that the            
,legislature will respond to the        
manufactured  agitation and put the     
schools back in the hands of the ward   
boards  whose long regime left          
conditions that can not be remedied in  
years4  ,a bill introduced this week    
would make the central board elective4  
,theoretically there are arguments in   
support of the election-at-large  of    
members of the centralized board1 but   
the appointive board was  regarded as a 
necessary measure if the schools were to
 be freed from  the domination of the   
old boards4    ,efficiency has been the 

new board's watch-word4 ,janitors and   
teachers  are not appointed on the basis
 of political 8pull40 ,already the high 
school attendance has increased over #fj
 per cent4 ,manual training1  cooking   
and sewing classes are now found not    
only in wealthy  districts1 but also in 
sections where boys and girls need such 
training most4    ,the one point in     
which the new board has been weak was   
the failure to  establish sympathetic   
relations with the public in the reforms
 it is  putting forward and to utilize  
publicity as a constructive force in    
the securing of them4 ,this indifference
 to public opinion1 although  only      
apparent1 has been mistaken in many     
quarters as contempt1  especially       
because of the autocratic personalties  
of two members of  the board4 ,it is    
perhaps unfortunate that the board's    
president1  ,david ,oliver1 is a brother
 of ,senator ,oliver1 thus giving a     
decided  political turn to newspaper    
discussion4 ,he was the logical man for 

the place1 a leading member of the state
 school commission which  drafted the   
new code4 ,as president of the old board
 in ,allegheny1 now  the north side1 he 
had helped to make the schools of that  
section far  superior to those of the   
old city2 this1 in spite of the fact    
that  civic conditions in ,allegheny    
were even worse than in ,pittsburgh4    
,the unfortunate ,heeter affair is in   
fact but an incident in the  forward    
movement toward responsible municipal   
rule in ,pittsburgh4                    
,,standardizing ,,children',s ,,care    
,judge ,john ,e4 ,owens of the ,cook    
,county ,court1 ,chicago1 has  the      
distinction of having inaugurated the   
service of social  investigators1 of    
having extended the court's supervision 
over  thirty-three child-helping        
agencies and of having promoted their   
close co-operation with the court and   
with each other4    ,although ,judge    
,owens has a contingent fund for the    
employment of  other judges to assist   

him in passing upon cases of insane and 
dependent persons1 he prefers to do all 
the work himself and use the  money for 
four social investigators4 ,they report 
upon the conditions  involved in each   
case1 and1 aided by this information1   
the judge  enters his decision4         
,hitherto the board of visitors1 which  
the judge of the ,county  ,court        
appoints to report upon the care of     
children committed to  child-helping    
institutions and agencies1 has          
ordinarily attempted  little more than a
 perfunctory service4 ,the present board
 with  ,wilfred ,s4 ,reynolds as its    
secretary1 however1 had the services of 
experienced social workers4    ,the     
first report of the board of visitors to
 the county judge tells  of co-operation
 and fellowship which has come into     
being1 and of the  standardization thus 
brought about in buildings1 equipment1  
methods  and service4    ,among the     
recommendations of the report are the   
following3      ,a full record of all   

facts concerning the child and its      
previous    environment which are in the
 possession of the court should         
accompany all commitments to            
institutions2      ,regular and definite
 reports should be required by the court
 from    all institutions and           
organizations concerning all children   
under    guardianship2      ,money which
 the court orders parents or guardians  
to pay for the    support of children   
should be paid to the clerk of the court
 and    turned in to the county         
treasury2      ,the submission of plans 
for new buildings or improvements should
    be required of all institutions1 so 
as to secure suggestions and    approval
 from a board of competent ability2     
,a diet should be established upon a    
scientific analysis of food             
properties2      ,assignment of routine 
work to be done by the children should  
be    strictly upon the basis of the    
child's training1 not service to the    
institution2      ,classes in industrial

 and special training should be         
organized1 and    supplemented by       
routine work about the institution2     
,record systems must be complete of the 
child's history1 its    institutional   
life and the after disposition2         
,visits to placed-out children should be
 made as often as once in    six months2
      ,adoption should not be consented 
to until six months after placing2      
,placements should be kept within the   
state2 and      ,personal investigations
 of all applying for children should be 
made4    ,to estimate fully the         
importance of the achievements recorded 
in this  report requires some knowledge 
of the acute disturbance#a within the   
field of child-care in ,chicago during  
the year or so preceding the  work of   
this board of visitors4 ,to it is       
attributed the credit of  having brought
 harmony and efficiency out of the chaos
 produced by  the disruption and        
antagonism which marked the recently    
repudiated  county administration4      

,,the ,,contract ,,labor ,,problem ,,in 
,,missouri    ,the ,missouri            
,legislature of #aiaa passed a law which
 provided for  the gradual abolition of 
the convict leasing system4 ,under this 
law  contracts employing #a1gjj         
prisoners were due to expire ,december  
#ca1  #aiac4 ,before the convening of   
the next ,legislature1 ,january1 #aiac1 
many had decided that the law of #aiaa  
by no means solved for ,missouri  the   
problem of convict labor4 ,it was       
discovered that it was most  difficult  
to employ convicts to the satisfaction  
of all4    ,a number of bills were      
introduced to solve the problem4 ,one   
representative went into the            
penitentiary to explain to the convicts 
his bill to repeal the #aiaa law4 ,he   
was hissed by the convicts  who showed  
in this way their disapproval of the    
system of leasing  out their labor to   
contractors4 ,when1 however1 the        
representative  explained that his bill 
provided that the state would get thirty

  cents a day for each man and that     
thirty cents would go to their  nearest 
relative the convicts became calmer4    
,another bill provided  that the        
contract system be maintained1 but set  
#a a day as the  smallest wage that     
might be paid4 ,of this amount thirty   
cents a day  was to be given to the     
convict4    ,finally a resolution was   
passed appointing three senators to     
investigate and recommend to the        
,legislature then in session the best   
means of handling the situation4    ,the
 gist of the report follows3            
,prisoners in penitentiary1 #bdjc2      
employed under contract system1         
#afjj2 #afej prisoners let at 4#gj per  
day each1 forty-six cripples    at 4#ej 
and forty-four females at 4#ej4 ,the    
earning capacity of    the prison for   
the biennial period #aiaa-aiab was      
#gaj1jjj4 ,this    excludes #djj        
prisoners employed by the state4 ,the   
committee further    reports that about 
#ajjj of the prisoners are confirmed    

criminals    and could not under any    
circumstances be employed outside of the
    prison walls4 ,about #cjj white men 
and a like number of ,negroes    could  
be worked upon the public highways4     
,the committee states that at this time 
the state cannot afford to  purchase the
 machinery and manage the industries now
 in the prison4  ,this it is estimated  
would cost about #a1jjj1jjj for two     
years and  such an expenditure would    
cramp badly all other state             
institutions4    ,the report finally    
advises the ,legislature to extend by   
enactment  the time of the prevailing   
contract system to a period beyond the  
convening of the next ,legislature1     
because it would be inhuman and         
dangerous in many ways to allow the men 
to be idle4    ,before the ,legislature 
adjourned a bill was passed following in
 the  main the suggestions of this      
report4 ,the abolition of the leasing   
system is suspended till ,december #ca1 
#aiae4 ,the services of the major       

portion of the prisoners may be         
contracted at #ge cents a day for  each 
7an increase of #e cents74 ,a number not
 to exceed one-quarter of  all the      
prisoners are to be tried out on public 
road work and in the  manufacture of    
school furniture4 ,the state binding    
twine factory is  to be continued4      
,,labor ,,problem ,,of ,,the ,,post     
,,office    ,the post-office            
appropriation bill for the year         
beginning ,july1 #aiac1  which was      
passed in the last days of the          
,sixty-second ,congress1  provided for  
#b1djj additional clerks as well as an  
increased number  of carriers4 ,it      
raised the minimum pay for clerks and   
carriers from  #fjj to #hjj a year and  
set the minimum for substitutes at forty
  instead of thirty cents an hour4      
,large appropriations were made for     
auxiliary clerk and carrier hire1 a     
special sum being set aside to  prevent 
overwork of the regular employes during 
the summer vacation  period4 ,the       

minimum pay for laborers and watchmen in
 the department  was raised from #fej to
 #gbj4    ,the raising of minimum       
salaries and the provision of extra     
service  to prevent overwork and insure 
the effectiveness of the eight-hour  day
 worked within ten consecutive hours1   
which was passed last year1  rounds out 
the legislation of the ,sixty-second    
,congress affecting the  postal         
employes4 ,this ,congress1 in the words 
of the ,union ,postal  ,clerk1 in the   
two years of its existence1 8enacted    
more legislation  providing for the     
betterment of the condition of the      
postal employes  and the improvement of 
the service than has ever been enacted  
since  the establishment of the civil   
service among postal employes40    ,the 
conditions which prevailed at the       
opening of this ,congress were          
described in ,,the ,,survey of ,august  
#f1 #aiaa4 ,last year's improvements1   
which were summarized in ,,the ,,survey 
of ,july #ac and ,september #ad1        

include the abolition of the gag rule2  
the enactment of an eight-hour  day for 
clerks3 and a ,sunday-closing provision1
 with compensatory  time off for the    
group of employes who are not affected  
by this  provision2 the raising of pay  
in the mail service2 the providing of   
safer construction for mail cars1 and   
the provision that #ge per cent  of     
clerks and carriers in the second       
highest grades of pay should be         
automatically raised each year to the   
highest grade4    ,the post-office is   
not as yet1 however1 in the opinion of  
those who  have studied its labor       
problem1 a model employer4 ,the         
substitutes  are not on an entirely     
satisfactory basis1 as no provision is  
made  guaranteeing them a minimum number
 of hours a week1 or setting a  limit to
 the number of years they serve before  
they are received into  the regular     
service4 ,by the terms of the bill1     
whatever may have been  done by         
administrative readjustments1 no        

provision is made to relieve  the       
overstrain on certain sections of the   
railway mail service4 ,in  spite of many
 years of vigorous agitation no         
retirement or pension  bill for the     
service has as yet been passed4         
,,the ,,american ,,commission ,,on      
,,co-,,operative ,,rural ,,credit       
,over a hundred strong and representing 
over three-fourths of the  states and   
,canada1 the ,american ,commission for  
the ,study of the  ,application of the  
,co-operative ,system to ,agricultural  
,production1  ,distribution and ,finance
 in ,european ,countries sailed from    
,new ,york  on ,april #bf4 ,this        
commission is to visit certain ,european
 countries  under the direction of the  
,southern ,commercial ,congress4        
,according to  the officers of the      
,congress it will take special note of  
#ast4 ,the parts played1 respectively1  
in the promotion of    agriculture by   
the governments and by voluntary        
organizations of    the agricultural    

classes4      #bnd4 ,the application of 
the co-operative system to agricultural 
production1 distribution and finance4   
#crd4 ,the effect of co-operative       
organization upon social conditions     
in rural communities4      #dth4 ,the   
relation of the cost of living to the   
business    organization of the         
food-producing classes4    ,the work of 
the commission was given standing by the
 joint resolution  of the ,senate and   
the ,house of ,representatives          
authorizing the  secretary of state to  
bespeak for the commission the          
diplomatic  courtesies of the various   
,european governments4 ,it was further  
strengthened by the appointment by      
,president ,wilson of a commission      
composed of seven persons to accompany  
and co-operate with the  ,american      
commission1 and through the             
appropriation by ,congress of  #be1jjj  
for the expenses of this federal        
commission4 ,senator ,duncan  ,fletcher1
 of ,florida1 president of the ,southern

 ,commercial ,congress  is chairman of  
the federal commission4 ,the other      
members are3 ,senator  ,gore1 of        
,oklahoma2 ,congressman ,moss1 of       
,indiana2 ,clarence ,j4 ,owens1  of     
,maryland1 managing director of the     
,southern ,commercial ,congress2        
,kenyon ,l4 ,butterfield1 of            
,massachusetts1 president of ,amherst   
,college2 ,john ,lee ,coulter1 of       
,minnesota1 the government's expert  on 
agricultural statistics2 and ,colonel   
,harvie ,jordan1 of ,georgia1  president
 of the ,southern ,cotton ,growers'     
,association4 ,sevellon ,brown          
accompanies the federal commission as a 
representative of the ,state            
,department4    ,the ,american          
commission will return to ,new ,york on 
,july #be4 ,the  federal commission will
 as soon as possible thereafter render  
its  report to ,congress4 ,a committee  
of nine governors appointed at the  last
 conference of governors is awaiting the
 report of the ,american  commission in 

order to draft appropriate state        
legislation in regard  to farmers'      
credit and co-operative organizations4  
,few commissions  have gone abroad with 
the backing and the enthusiasm that     
accompanies  this one4 ,representative  
of national and state public            
authorities1  business men1 and farmers1
 its report promises to hasten practical
  measures for the relief of the        
financial burden of the ,american       
farmer4      ,,louisville ,,begins ,,to 
,,clean ,,house    ,louisville1 ,ky41 is
 at last making progress in the task of 
securing  better housing for the people4
 ,three years ago a law which set much  
higher standards than those previously  
prevailing was secured4 ,the  act simply
 gave the city permission to employ a   
housing inspector  instead of commanding
 it to do so4 ,as a result1             
,louisville's housing  legislation      
remained until last summer a matter of  
purely academic  interest despite all   
the efforts of the housing committee4   

,during the vacation season four medical
 school inspectors were  assigned to    
housing work4 ,there were hopes that    
these men would  accomplish something   
but when the schools opened again in the
 fall  and the result of their efforts  
was summed up the total1 according to   
the housing committee1 was              
disappointingly small4    ,meanwhile    
some amendments had been made to the law
 which included  a mandatory provision  
for an inspector4 ,this inspector was to
 be  appointed by the health officer1   
,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,grant1 who is in sympathy 
with those who are working for better   
housing for ,louisville4 ,the  city     
administration pleaded that it was too  
poor to pay an additional  salary but   
the offer of the ,charity ,organization 
,society to provide  the money was not  
accepted4 ,at last1 however1 a policeman
 was  detailed to the task and though he
 was without training he proved to  have
 tact and persistence4 ,as a result one 
hundred violations of the  law were     

corrected within two months4      ,,milk
 ,,bills ,,defeated ,,in ,,new ,,york   
,,state    ,at almost the very close of 
the session of the ,new ,york           
,legislature1  the bills introduced at  
the instigation of the ,new ,york ,milk 
,committee by ,assemblyman ,carroll to  
give to the state more complete  control
 over milk production and milk handling 
through the ,state  ,departments of     
,agriculture and ,health were defeated1 
although one  came within half a dozen  
votes of passing4 ,these bills were     
drawn in  accordance with the           
resolutions adopted by the governors'   
delegates  from eastern and middle      
states at a conference last ,february4  
,the bills were drawn to supplement each
 other and provided that  the ,state    
,department of ,agriculture should have 
charge of dairy  inspection and the     
,state ,department of ,health of medical
 inspection  of the dairy employes and  
laboratory tests of milk4 ,according to 
the  first of these bills1 veterinarians

 now in the employ of the ,state        
,department of ,agriculture were to be  
employed as dairy inspectors4  ,it is   
the opinion of the committee that only  
competent veterinarians  can perform the
 examination of dairy cattle and that   
the training  which competent           
veterinarians receive equips them to    
make sanitary  inspections of the       
buildings in which dairy cattle are     
housed and  the surroundings of these   
buildings4 ,the companion bill to amend 
the public health laws gave to the local
 medical representatives  of the ,state 
,department of ,health power not only to
 make medical  examinations of dairy    
employes but to test the water supply on
 dairy  farms and the milk delivered by 
farmers to creamery and milk stations4  
,after the ,carroll bill was defeated   
,senator ,wagner introduced a bill      
providing for a commission to           
investigate the methods of production1  
distribution and sale of milk and cream4
 ,the state commissioner of             

agriculture1 the ,senate and ,assembly  
chairmen of the ,committees on          
,agriculture1 the master of the grange1 
the secretary of the ,new  ,york        
,sanitary ,milk ,dealers' ,association  
and the president of the  ,national     
,housewives' ,league were named in the  
bill as the members of  the commission4 
,this substitute was attacked by the    
,new ,york ,milk  ,committee as merely a
 measure for delay and on the ground    
that it  contains but one actual        
representative of the consuming public1 
the  president of the ,national         
,housewives' ,league4 ,the secretary of 
the  ,milk ,committee pointed out that  
the commission contained no health      
expert1 no sanitarian1 no bacteriologist
 and no veterinarian4 ,in  the closing  
moments of the ,legislature an attempt  
was made to have  at least the state    
health commissioner added as a member of
 the  commission4 ,this effort proved to
 be unnecessary for the bill was  only  
passed by the ,senate4      8,,hunting  

,a ,,job0 ,,in ,,social ,,work          
8,hunting a job0 in social work presents
 almost as many terrors as  confront the
 unemployed casual laborer4 ,the ,new   
,york ,charities  ,directory lists #cejj
 organizations1 a large part of which   
employ  paid workers4 ,this is but a    
local index of the number of societies  
that need trained workers4 ,yet the     
individual who is looking for a         
position in social work1 soon learns    
that the task of finding the  right     
opening is not easy4 ,he secures        
interviews with busy executives  only to
 find that the positions he had heard of
 are already filled4  ,executive        
officers1 on the other hand1 are forced 
to spend much time  looking up          
references and writing to possible      
applicants1 and then  often fail to find
 the right candidate4 ,as a result the  
right person  and the right place       
frequently fail to make connections4    
,this difficulty it has been felt was   
only partially overcome by the  existing

 employment agencies and employment     
departments of colleges  and schools of 
philanthropy4 ,in an effort to meet the 
needs more  completely the              
,intercollegiate ,bureau of             
,occupations1 with the  co-operation of 
the ,new ,york ,school of ,philanthropy 
and of the  ,russell ,sage ,foundation1 
has established a separate department to
  serve as a clearing-house for workers 
and positions in social work4  ,this    
bureau was organized by the ,new ,york  
alumnae societies of nine  eastern      
colleges for women to help solve the    
problem of employment  for college      
graduates and other trained women in    
occupations other  than teaching4 ,since
 its opening on ,october #a1 #aiaa1 the 
bureau has  filled #aeh positions in the
 field of social work and #bga in other 
lines of activity4    ,the new          
,department for ,social ,workers will   
follow in its special  field the methods
 which have proved successful in the    
general work of  the bureau4 ,it will   

accept for registration both women and  
men1 and  will be national in scope4 ,it
 is governed by an ,executive ,committee
  of eight1 which includes three        
representatives from the ,board of      
,directors of the bureau1 ,mary ,vida   
,clark1 ,mary ,van ,kleeck and          
,margaret ,f4 ,byington4 ,the other     
members of the committee are ,edward    
,t4 ,devine1 of the ,new ,york ,school  
of ,philanthropy2 ,john ,m4 ,glenn1  of 
the ,russell ,sage ,foundation2 ,r4 ,h4 
,edwards1 of the ,international         
,committee of the ,young ,men's         
,christian ,association2 ,elizabeth ,w4 
,dodge2 and ,james ,s4 ,cushman4 ,an    
,advisory ,committee composed of        
persons actively interested in social   
and civic work of national  scope will  
assist in increasing its usefulness to  
social organization4    ,at the outset  
it has been decided to limit the        
services of the  department to those who
 have had some training or experience4  
,a  year in social work1 or in a school 

of philanthropy or a college  degree1 is
 required of applicants4 ,a registration
 fee of one dollar  is charged1 and a   
small commission for positions secured  
through the  bureau4 ,no fee is charged 
to employers4 ,sigrid ,wynbladh1        
formerly  with the ,new ,york ,school of
 ,philanthropy1 has been appointed      
assistant manager1 in charge of the     
,department for ,social ,workers1  under
 the supervision of ,frances ,cummings1 
manager of the bureau4 ,the  office is  
located for the present in connection   
with the main office  of the bureau1 at 
#ch ,west #cbnd ,street1 ,new ,york1 but
 it is hoped that  space may be secured 
later in the ,united ,charities         
,building4 ,the new  department opened  
,march #a4 ,already #ahb well qualified 
applicants are  registered and #ajg     
calls have been received for responsible
 workers4      ,,to ,,organize ,,rural  
,,forces    ,the ,united ,states        
,department of ,agriculture which1      
together with  the various state        

agricultural agencies1 has hitherto     
given primary  attention to the problems
 of production is now aiming to bring   
about  a better organization of rural   
life4 ,one of the first things the      
department will attempt is to look into 
existing organizations1  enterprises and
 activities in order to determine just  
how they are  working and just what     
their effect is on rural communities4   
,next1 it  expects to take steps to     
encourage and bring into active         
co-operation  organizations that will be
 helpful in advancing rural life4       
,the ,department of ,agriculture and    
some of the states have already         
developed work in this field and it will
 be the object of the ,rural            
,organization ,service1 operating       
through the department1 to secure the   
co-operation of all these agencies4 ,the
 ,department of ,agriculture is  now    
charged specifically with the problem of
 studying the marketing  of farm        
produce4 ,congress at its last session  

appropriated #ej1jjj  to enable the     
secretary of agriculture 8to acquire and
 to diffuse  among the people of the    
,united ,states useful information on   
subjects  connected with the marketing  
and distributing of farm products40     
,marketing1 however1 is only one aspect 
of the problem of rural  organization4  
,the ,general ,education ,board1 which  
for several years  has co-operated with 
the ,department of ,agriculture in the  
support  of its farm demonstration work1
 has expressed a willingness to  extend 
its co-operation with the department in 
this problem of ,rural  ,organization   
,service4 ,this offer of further        
co-operation has been  accepted4 ,the   
secretary of agriculture has sought and 
secured the  services of ,dr4 ,t4 ,n4   
,carver1 professor of economics in      
,harvard  ,university1 as director of   
this work1 and the president of ,harvard
  ,university has granted ,dr4 ,carver  
indefinite leave of absence4    ,it is  
expected that the work of investigation1

 experiment and  demonstration now      
conducted by the ,department of         
,agriculture and by  many of the state  
colleges and experiment stations will   
fit into the  new scheme4 ,the ,rural   
,organization ,service plans to         
co-ordinate and  crystalize these       
results and apply them in community     
effort for the  advancement of          
agriculture4      ,,conference ,,of     
,,negro ,,industrial ,,schools    ,a    
conference on ,rural ,industrial        
,schools for ,colored ,people in the    
,south was held in ,new ,york ,april    
#ag-ah4 ,the conference was called  by  
six colored principals3 ,leslie         
,pinckney ,hill1 of ,manassas1 ,va42    
,william ,e4 ,benson1 of ,kowaliga1     
,ala42 ,w4 ,j4 ,edwards1 of ,snow ,hill1
  ,ala42 ,w4 ,a4 ,hunt1 of ,fort        
,valley4 ,ga42 ,w4 ,d4 ,holtzclaw1 of   
,utica1  ,miss41 and ,emma ,wilson of   
,mayesville1 ,s4 ,c4 ,between one and   
two  hundred people attended the various
 sessions1 and nearly every  southern   

state was represented4    ,there are    
about #bjj schools for ,negroes in the  
,south which are  supported by private  
philanthropy4 ,some of these schools are
  supported by such bodies as the       
,american ,missionary ,association  but 
a larger number have been organized by  
the initiative of their  principals and 
have no backing save that of their      
individual boards4    ,mr4 ,hill1 in his
 opening address1 pleaded for           
co-operation among  the principals and  
the boards of ,negro schools4 ,under the
 present  system he said each school    
works for itself1 determines its own    
educational standard1 buys its supplies 
and unaided raises its  money4 ,he      
recommended co-operation in the raising 
of funds1 in the  standardizing of      
studies1 in the standardizing of        
accounts and in the  buying of supplies4
    ,these four suggestions were the    
central themes of the conference4       
,the problem of how to raise money      
received the most attention4 ,at        

present the members of the board of the 
school and the principal  appeal to any 
person of means who can be approached4  
,as the number  of schools increases the
 same people are solicited again and    
again1  and the raising of money becomes
 increasingly difficult4 ,the colored   
principal jeopardizes his school by his 
continued absences1 and he  often grows 
despondent as he knocks1 frequently in  
vain1 at the door  of office or home4   
,clarence ,h4 ,kelsey1 president of the 
,title ,guarantee and ,trust  ,company  
of ,new ,york declared that the present 
system of money-raising  is breaking    
down4 ,many of the smaller schools1 he  
said1 would in the  future find it      
impossible to continue unless they could
 enlarge their  plans for self-support4 
,oswald ,garrison ,villard1 editor of   
the ,new ,york ,evening ,post  and      
chairman of the board of directors of   
the ,association for the  ,advancement  
of ,colored ,people1 suggested that the 
field be divided  and one section of the

 country assigned to one school1 another
  section to another4 ,instead for      
instance of twenty-five schools  trying 
to get support from a city like         
,rochester1 two or three should  use    
this territory4    ,the city would then 
feel responsible he argued for a        
definite amount  of support1 and would  
take a keener interest in doing a good  
deal  for a few schools than in doing a 
little for a score or two4 ,the         
conference came to no decision on this  
matter4    ,the discussion on           
co-operation in the raising of funds    
incidentally  indicated the need for    
carrying out ,mr4 ,hill's next two      
suggestions1  the standardizing of the  
curriculum1 and the standardizing of    
accounts4 ,the curriculum in the ,negro 
schools is left to the  principal and   
his board4 ,while recognizing the       
different conditions  in different      
southern states1 it was agreed that some
 uniformity  in courses of study should 
be secured4 ,the need of good academic  

training was strongly emphasized by the 
conference4 ,it was argued  that in his 
zeal for industrial work1 the principal 
must not forget  the foundation of all  
school work1 the ability to read and    
write  well1 to use numbers1 and to     
reason clearly and intelligently4       
,standardizing studies it was recognized
 would facilitate the  standardizing of 
accounts4 ,a suggestive paper was read  
on this  subject by ,charles ,e4        
,mitchell1 certified public accountant  
of the  ,west ,virginia ,colored        
,institute4    ,the fourth suggestion   
that the schools might save by          
co-operative  buying was a new idea to  
most of the people present1 and was felt
 to  be worth looking into carefully4   
,mr4 ,hill pointed to the co-operative  
movement in ,germany1 where the farmers1
 each insignificant as a unit1  as a    
co-operative body can command a credit  
of #bjj1jjj1jjj marks4    8,why10 he    
said1 8should not the schools buy their 
flour from the same  mill1 their coal   

from the same mine8 ,such an arrangement
 would save  them tens of thousands of  
dollars each year40    ,while the       
conference was concerned with the       
smaller secondary schools  of the       
,south1 delegates were present from     
,hampton and ,tuskegee4    ,the         
conference closed with the formation of 
a temporary  organization consisting of 
,w4 ,d4 ,holtzclaw1 president2 ,emma    
,wilson1  vice-president1 ,leslie       
,pinckney ,hill1 secretary and          
treasurer1 and  four other board members
 ,w4 ,a4 ,hunt1 ,w4 ,j4 ,edwards1 ,w4   
,t4 ,b4 ,williams  and ,o4 ,l4 ,coleman4
 ,these officers are to hold a meeting  
in ,atlanta  on ,june #ag1 and will     
submit their conclusions to the larger  
body of  school principals in ,november4
 ,it was the hope of the meeting that a 
practical plan of co-operation might be 
presented4      ,,the ,,rural ,,church  
,in some great day          ,the        
,country ,church          ,will find its
 voice      ,and it will say3           

8,i stand in the fields          ,where 
the wide earth yields            ,her   
bounties of fruit and grain2            
,where the furrows turn          ,till  
the plowshares burn            ,as they 
come round and round again2             
,where the workers pray          ,with  
their tools all day            ,in      
sunshine and shadow and rain4           
8,and ,i bid them tell          ,of the 
crops they sell            ,and speak of
 the work they have done2          ,i   
speed every man          ,in his hope   
and plan            ,and follow his day 
with the sun2          ,and grasses and 
trees1          ,the birds and the bees 
,i know and feel ev'ry one4             
8,and out of it all          ,as the    
seasons fall            ,i build my     
great temple alway2          ,i point to
 the skies1          ,but my footstone  
lies            ,in commonplace work of 
the day2          ,for ,i preach the    
worth          ,of the native earth--   
,to love and to work is to pray40       

,,liberty ,h4 ,,bailey in ,rural        
,manhood4      ,,farmer ,,smith ,,and   
,,the ,,country ,,church      ,,fred    
,,eastman      ,secretary ,matinecock   
,neighborhood ,association1    ,locust  
,valley1 ,n4 ,y4    ,farmer ,smith needs
 help4 ,he needs it here and now4 ,he is
 trying to  keep his family supplied    
with food and clothes4 ,he is struggling
 to  give his children an education and 
at the same time to pay off the         
mortgage on the farm and to save enough 
to keep his wife and himself  from want 
in their old age4 ,all around him are   
those who are waging  the same battle1  
but they give him little help4 ,each one
 fights  alone1 as his father did before
 him4    ,twelve years ago ,farmer      
,smith had a #e1jjj farm4 ,it yielded   
him  an income of about #ejj4 ,that was 
a return of #aj per cent4 ,today1       
because of the general rise in land     
values1 that farm is worth  #aj1jjj4 ,it
 yields him about #gjj4 ,it is now only 
a #g per cent  investment4 ,his profits 

have decreased4 ,moreover1 his land is  
poorer  than it was twelve years ago4   
,smith never learned how to farm        
intensively4 ,he knows only the crude   
methods used by his father in  the days 
of virgin soil4 ,the years ahead give   
him no promise that he  will be able to 
make even as much from his farm as he is
 making now4    ,the economic pinch has 
left its marks upon his social life4    
,many of  his old neighbors have sold   
their farms and moved away4 ,some have  
left their farms in the hands of tenants
 who are robbing the land  of its       
fertility4 ,community spirit has        
vanished4 ,the old forms of  recreation 
have lapsed with the passing of the     
settled population4 ,no  new forms have 
taken their place except in the towns1  
and these are  usually of a character   
that would not be tolerated in the      
country4  ,smith's boy is waiting his   
first opportunity to get off the farm4  
,his  has been a life of all work and no
 play1 and while it has not exactly     

made him a dull boy1 it has made him    
hate farming4 ,smith's wife is  leading 
the life of a drudge1 and she swears her
 daughters are not  going to live on the
 farm if she can help it4 ,with the     
stagnation  in social life has come     
stagnation in moral and religious life1 
for  morals do not flourish in a        
stagnant community4    ,yes1 ,smith     
needs help4 ,he needs to know how to    
farm more  scientifically4 ,he needs a  
better income4 ,he needs to know how to 
organize with his fellow farmers to     
protect themselves against the  inroads 
of the middlemen and the tenants4 ,he   
needs better markets  for his crops and 
better transportation facilities to     
those markets4  ,he needs a school for  
his children that will give them as good
 an  education as they would get in any 
city school1 a school that will  instill
 in them a love of the country1 a       
knowledge of farming and an             
appreciation of its economic            
significance4 ,he needs more recreation 

facilities for the whole family4 ,he    
needs a handier kitchen for his  wife   
and daughter and many more opportunities
 for them to broaden  their lives and   
enrich their minds in literary and      
social activities4    ,the question is1 
,should the church give it8 ,should it  
go to ,farmer  ,smith and say3          
8,smith1 ,i am a bit ashamed of myself2 
,i have not been doing for    you what  
,i ought4 ,i have been preaching about  
,elysian fields and    allowing the     
riches of bluegrass1 corn and wheat     
fields to be    squandered with prodigal
 hand2 ,i have been trying to pave your 
road    to ,glory ,land1 but ,i have    
paid no attention to your road to the   
nearest market2 ,i have talked about    
mansions in the skies and cared         
little about the buildings in which you 
and your family must spend    your lives
 here and now2 ,i have been teaching    
your children ,god's    word in the     
,bible1 but ,i have left his word in the
 rivers and the    hills1 in the grass  

and the trees1 without prophet1 witness1
 or    defender4      8,forgive me1     
,smith2 ,i am not going to do it any    
more4 ,i am going    to take an interest
 in your every day affairs--your crops1 
your    stock1 your markets1 your       
school1 your lodge and your recreations4
    ,i am going to see if ,i can help   
you in your effort to get your boy      
started on a farm of his own4 ,i've     
preached a long time against    ,sunday 
baseball2 now ,i'm going to try to give 
your children so much    recreation     
through the week that they won't care   
for it on ,sunday4    ,i am going to    
take as one of the articles of my creed1
 #8,i believe    in better roads for    
,smith1 and ,i propose to have them4' ,i
 am going    to try to save you and your
 family not only for ,paradise1 but for 
,america and ,american farms40          
,should the country church take its     
place shoulder to shoulder with  ,smith 
in the line in which he is battling for 
existence8 ,should it  take up the task 

of encouraging agricultural             
organizations that will  work for more  
scientific farming1 better roads and    
better markets8  ,should it throw open  
its doors1 not three hours a week but   
three  hours a day1 to ,smith's sons and
 daughters that they may have a  place  
to meet and to play and to mingle with  
each other in literary1  athletic and   
social activities8 ,should the church   
forget all about  itself and its creedal
 and polemic differences8 ,should it    
forget its  own salvation in its effort 
to save ,smith8 ,should it lose itself  
in  his service1 even if some churches  
have to die in the attempt1 as  long ago
 their ,master died8    ,should it8     
8,,the ,,county ,,man0      ,,john ,r4  
,,howard1 ,jr4    ,general ,secretary   
,thomas ,thompson ,trust    ,the rural  
leader1 whether his interest is         
primarily in the church1  the school1   
good roads1 health1 wholesome recreation
 or the care of  the neglected1 must1 if
 he would get anywhere1 be interested1  

also1  in better farming4 ,for one      
reason1 there is no better way to obtain
  the interest of the farmer4 ,then1    
too1 a normal standard of health1       
intelligence or morals depends1 in the  
country as in the city1 upon  a normal  
standard of living4 ,finally1 the       
socialized church1 the  vocationalized  
school1 good roads1 sanitation1         
community play places1  experienced     
advisers for family problems all cost   
money1 and the  majority of our rural   
townships are taxed already to the limit
 of  endurance4    ,the 8county man0 is 
the man the ,united ,states ,department 
of  ,agriculture is sending into the    
counties of the ,north1 not only to     
make two blades of grass grow where one 
grew before1 but to help the  farmer    
earn two dollars where he earned one    
before--quite a different  proposition4 
,this entails not only scientific choice
 and treatment  of crops1 but           
co-operative buying of fertilizers and  
feed and  co-operative marketing of     

products4 ,further1 this 8county man10  
who  is helping the farmer to double his
 dollars1 has a rare opportunity  to    
work out with him the problem of        
spending them and will prove to  be a   
vital factor in the promotion of any of 
the ends of community  betterment4      
,that the government requires the       
formation of a county organization  to  
direct the work and to finance it1      
beyond the #ajj a month allowed  by the 
government toward the agent's salary1   
establishes at the  outset a            
co-operative county agency through which
 other work may be  taken up4 ,it is the
 intention of the government to         
encourage all  purposes looking to a    
better country life4    ,there are #abg 
of these men now in the field4 ,they are
 serving in  twenty-three different     
states4 ,the unfulfilled applications   
number  #bgf4 ,in ,january the number   
was but sixteen although fifty-nine more
  had been promised4 ,this shows how    
eager counties throughout the  country  

have been to take advantage of this     
important new service4  ,rural leaders  
should urge the establishment of this   
service in  their counties1 encourage it
 when started1 and1 whether the initial 
organization be an agricultural         
association or an improvement league1   
be ready to make use of it for the      
social and educational as well as  the  
agricultural needs of the county4       
,,southern ,,sociological ,,congress#b  
,,philip ,,weltner    ,the second       
,southern ,sociological ,congress came  
to a close on the  night of ,april #bi4 
,its four days were given over to solid 
criticism  and constructive suggestion4 
,eight hundred delegates gathered       
together from all over the ,southland to
 learn from the ninety-six  specialists 
the congress brought to ,atlanta4 ,most 
of the ninety-six  were men and women of
 the ,south4    ,one fact the ,congress 
made plain enough1 and that was that the
 ,south  knew its problems and was busy 
about their solution4 ,those present    

seemed to realize that they were the    
empire builders of a new ,south4  ,while
 the questions coming before the several
 conferences were the  same as those    
that confront the ,north and ,west1 they
 were treated  from the standpoint of   
the peculiar needs of the ,south4 ,but  
this  was done without the slightest    
sectional consciousness4 ,the ,south    
was taking counsel of itself that the   
entire nation might profit by  its      
advance4 ,although the field of the     
congress was sectional1 its  outlook was
 national4    ,the plan of organization 
followed was much the same as that of   
the ,national ,conference of ,charities 
and ,correction4 ,there were  seven     
special conferences gathered under the  
name of the ,southern  ,sociological    
,congress4 ,each was separately         
organized and met with  the other       
divisions only in the general night     
session4 ,the seven  divisions were3    
organized charities1 courts and prisons1
 public  health1 child welfare1         

travelers' aid1 race problems and the   
church  and social service4    ,the     
latter was an innovation with the       
,southern ,sociological ,congress4  ,it 
served to emphasize the fact that 8the  
church is the fellowship of  those who  
love in the service of those who        
suffer40 ,the discussions  in this      
conference all served to bring out in   
sharp relief the new  spirit beginning  
to dominate the old church4 ,it was     
agreed that the  social worker who can  
satisfy only the bare material needs of 
life is  poorly equipped for his task1  
that religion must lend its strength to 
every effort towards individual or      
social reconstruction1 and that  the    
call of the church is a call to service4
    ,the individual conference that     
enjoyed the greatest popularity  was the
 one on race problems4 ,throughout its  
four days of almost  continuous session 
there were in attendance about #djj     
persons1 half  white and half colored4  
,some of the ,negro delegates1 fearing  

an  unjust discrimination against those 
of their race in the conference         
sessions1 had prepared1 while on the way
 to ,atlanta1 resolutions of  protest4  
,these were never tendered4 ,no reason  
was intruded for their  presentation4   
,one of the ,negro delegates expressed  
the situation most  aptly4 ,he said3    
8,the old order of whites understood the
 old black man4 ,but it has    remained 
for this ,congress to demonstrate the   
possibility of the    young white men of
 the new order sympathizing in and      
appreciating    the hopes and           
aspirations of the ,negro of today40    
,too great a significance can not be    
attached to this simple statement  of   
fact4 ,its optimism is the culture-soil 
out of which we may expect  to see      
develop that happy adaptation of the two
 races1 which after  all is the solution
 of the race problem4    ,this incident1
 and what it goes to show1 would alone  
justify the  existence of a southern    
congress separate and distinct from the 

,national ,conference of ,charities and 
,correction4 ,the peculiar  problems    
that faced the conference on courts and 
prisons make this  separate treatment   
even more desirable4 ,in the ,south     
there are not  many of those great      
central1 highly organized penal         
institutions  known as penitentiaries4  
,for the most part we have county       
chain-gang  camps engaged in road work4 
,a distinct contribution was made to    
southern penology by ,hooper ,alexander1
 of ,georgia1 when he showed the        
absolute identity of the convict lease  
in ,georgia with the system  once known 
as the institution of slavery4    ,the  
conference discussion made clear the    
fact that the county convict  road camp1
 prosecuted without a scintilla of      
effort at training or  character        
building1 is not less immoral than the  
old lease system2  that the wrong of    
public exploitation is as great as      
exploitation at  the hands of a private 
lessee4    ,the congress made a         

tremendous impression on ,atlanta and   
the whole  state of ,georgia4 ,its      
influence will spread over the entire   
,south4 ,it  served to quicken the civic
 consciousness of our people and to make
  them better acquainted with their     
common problems4 ,it took the mask  off 
sociology and unfrocked it of scholastic
 appearance4 ,in pointing  out our      
needs1 the congress unified our aims and
 at the same time  broadened our vision4
      ,,university ,,forum    7,in      
downtown ,new ,york7      ,,jeremiah ,w4
 ,,jenks    ,director of the ,division  
of ,public ,affairs1 ,school of         
,commerce1  ,accounts and ,finance1 ,new
 ,york ,university    ,new ,york        
,university has added a chapter to the  
history of 8town and  gown0 by opening a
 ,university ,forum in lower ,new ,york4
 ,this has  been held throughout the    
winter in the ,judson ,memorial         
,building in  ,washington ,square1 and  
its purpose has been to put the         
university  at the service of people in 

,new ,york interested in a thoroughly   
impartial discussion of questions of the
 day4    ,the purposes of the forum as  
announced last fall are to make the     
university a greater force in training  
students to perform the duties  of      
citizenship1 in helping citizens to     
understand the problems  of government1 
and in making thinking men act and      
active men  think4 ,public officials1   
business leaders1 social workers1       
eminent  authorities were asked to      
present important questions of          
government  and industry and discuss    
vital problems of civic and commercial  
life4    ,the methods employed were     
somewhat different from those usually   
followed in public discussions4 ,in     
order that the academic atmosphere  of  
thoroughness1 sincerity and impartiality
 might so far as possible  be conserved 
without sacrificing at the same time the
 interest  that comes from having       
questions presented by experts and from 
the  stimulus of controversy1 it was    

decided that each question discussed    
should cover three sessions4 ,at the    
first session an able authority  has    
presented one side of the question4 ,if 
there were time1 as has  usually been   
the case in the hour and a half1 the    
audience has  questioned the speaker in 
order to bring out more fully the points
  made4    ,at the second session1 a    
week later1 the opposite side has been  
presented with similar questioning4     
,at the third meeting the director of   
the forum has enumerated briefly  the   
most essential points made on both      
sides1 giving his own judgment          
regarding their validity and the        
relation of the question under          
discussion to the public interest4 ,in  
some instances where it has  seemed     
desirable1 he has supplemented the      
arguments presented in  the discussion  
by points of his own in order to make   
the discussion  as complete as possible4
 ,in this summary an effort has been    
made to  present the questions as       

impartially as possible from the        
viewpoint  of the public interest4      
,in addition to this1 representative    
citizens from the audience  have given  
in brief talks of not more than ten     
minutes each their  own views4          
,sometimes these voluntary speakers have
 been students1  sometimes citizens4 ,so
 far as possible the names were learned 
in  advance in order that the discussion
 might proceed in the nature of  a      
debate with the two sides presented     
alternately4 ,in these third  meetings  
especially1 the interest has chiefly    
centered4 ,in two or  three instances1  
notably perhaps in the consideration of 
woman's  suffrage and the closed shop1  
the discussion was most animated1 not   
to say excited1 but nevertheless the    
temper of university study and  the     
desire1 however heated the feelings1 to 
reach the truth and a  fair judgment was
 not lost4    ,the list of topics and   
speakers included3      ,the ,control of
 ,vice and ,crime--        ,william ,j4 

,gaynor1 mayor of ,new ,york2 ,arthur   
,woods1 former deputy      commissioner 
of police1 in special charge of the     
investigation of      ,italian criminals
 and the white slave traffic4      ,the 
,relation of ,government to             
,corporations--        ,martin ,w4      
,littleton1 member of the ,congressional
 ,committee on      ,investigation of   
,industrial ,monopolies2 ,herbert ,knox 
,smith1 late      ,united ,states       
commissioner of corporations in charge  
of the      ,investigations of the      
,standard ,oil ,company1 the ,american  
,tobacco      ,company1 the ,meat       
,packers1 the ,international ,harvester 
,company1      and many other of the    
great corporations4      ,socialism--   
,victor ,l4 ,berger1 the first          
,socialist to be elected to ,congress2  
,bird ,s4 ,coler1 former comptroller of 
the ,city of ,new ,york4      ,woman    
,suffrage--        ,anna ,howard ,shaw1 
president ,national ,american ,woman    
,suffrage      ,association2 ,mrs4 ,a4  

,j4 ,george1 organization secretary of  
the      ,massachusetts ,association    
,opposed to ,woman's ,suffrage4         
,the ,open ,shop versus the ,unionized  
,shop--        ,john ,kirby1 president  
,national ,association of               
,manufacturers1 and      ,joseph ,w4    
,bryce1 president of the ,trades and    
,workers' ,association      of ,america2
 ,james ,o',connell1 president ,metal   
,trades ,department      and            
vice-president ,american ,federation of 
,labor1 and ,c4 ,g4      ,norman1       
ex-chairman ,board of ,governors of the 
,building ,trades      ,employers'      
,association4    ,the meetings seem to  
have reached the results sought in more 
than  one way4 ,they have been well     
attended both by students and public1   
although comparatively few students have
 registered and done the  reading       
required and passed the examination in  
order to secure  university credit4 ,for
 those students1 however1 who entered   
upon the  work seriously the course has 

been as severe both in the quantity  of 
reading required1 in the reports upon   
that reading and in the  examination as 
the regular university courses1 and     
students have  expressed their          
appreciation of the interest as well as 
the value of  the course4 ,similar      
expressions have come from citizens in  
numerous  instances4 ,there have been   
regular attendants from ,manhattan1     
,brooklyn1 the ,bronx1 ,yonkers and also
 from ,new ,jersey4 ,requests  have been
 made for an extension of the forum to  
other boroughs and  the matter is under 
consideration for the coming year4      
,inquiries  have come from as far west  
as ,kansas and ,calgary in western      
,canada  regarding the methods employed2
 and numerous requests for printed      
reports of the addresses and discussions
 have been received4#c    ,the audiences
 in one respect at any rate seem to have
 lacked somewhat  the university spirit 
of inquiry1 having retained rather the  
normal  human spirit of liking to hear  

views that agree with one's own4 ,it    
was noticeable1 for example1 that the   
people who came to hear the  ,socialist 
speaker were the ,socialists coming to  
be flattered1 and not  the              
anti-,socialists coming to learn4       
,likewise1 the anti-,socialist  speaker 
was not listened to by so many          
,socialists as by those of  his own     
opinion4 ,perhaps equally noticeable was
 this tendency to  listen to speakers of
 their own side in the case of the      
discussion on  woman's suffrage4 ,surely
 it is to be hoped that in another year 
the  academic spirit will have increased
 sufficiently so that each group  will  
be equally anxious to hear their        
opponents1 because it is1 after  all1   
primarily from those who differ from us 
that we learn1 rather  than from those  
with whom we agree4      ,,the ,,st4    
,,louis ,,peace ,,congress              
,,charles ,e4 ,,beals    ,secretary     
,chicago ,peace ,society    ,the        
biennial gathering of the pacifist clans

 in the ,fourth ,american  ,peace       
,congress at ,st4 ,louis1 ,may #a-c1    
enabled those who attended the  previous
 congresses 7at ,new ,york in #aijg1 at 
,chicago in #aiji and at  ,baltimore in 
#aiaa7 to gauge the direction and speed 
of the movement4    ,like its           
predecessors1 the ,st4 ,louis congress  
was initiated by  the ,american ,peace  
,society1 which has been the national   
peace  organization in the ,united      
,states since #ahbh4 ,unlike any of its 
predecessors1 the ,fourth ,american     
,peace ,congress was financed  entirely 
by the local commercial association4    
,the ,new ,york ,congress  had ,mr4     
,carnegie for its god-father4 ,the      
,chicago congress received  material    
assistance from the ,chicago            
,association of ,commerce4 ,the ,st4    
,louis congress was the first one the   
expenses of which were entirely         
underwritten by business men through a  
business men's organization4  ,this     
precedent will render easier the        

organization of future  congresses4     
,in one respect the ,st4 ,louis congress
 was unique--in the official            
participation of ,latin-,american       
governments4 ,this is not saying that   
this was the first congress in which    
ambassadors have taken part4  ,earl     
,grey1 then governor general of ,canada1
 ,ambassador ,bryce and  the ,mexican   
ambassador were notable figures at ,new 
,york4 ,count von  ,bernstorff1 the     
,german ambassador1 and diplomatic      
representatives  of other nations were  
present at ,chicago1 and ,minister ,wu  
,ting  ,fang was the most picturesque   
and popular visitor at the latter       
congress4 ,indeed the international     
session of the ,chicago ,congress  may  
perhaps be reckoned as the most         
thoroughly international of the  four   
congresses4 ,at ,baltimore a ,french    
senator and a ,belgian senator  were    
conspicuous figures4 ,but the ,st4      
,louis congress was the first in  which 
the ambassadors and ministers of the    

,latin-,american nations sat  as        
official delegates representing their   
respective governments4 ,and  the frank1
 honest1 kindly message delivered by the
 ,peruvian minister  was welcomed by all
 lovers of truth and international      
justice4 ,in  fact the congress insisted
 that he should repeat his address at   
another session4    ,the two addresses  
most warmly applauded were those of ,dr4
 ,thomas ,e4  ,green and ,rev4 ,jenkin  
,lloyd ,jones1 both of ,chicago4 ,dr4   
,green1 a wide  traveler and popular    
,chautauqua lecturer1 spoke in place of 
,secretary  of ,state ,bryan1 and his   
address was a piece of oratory of the   
sort  seldom heard in this scientific   
age4    ,rev4 ,jenkin ,lloyd ,jones     
discussed the psychology of heroism4    
,the  writer recalls riding with ,mr4   
,jones in ,washington in #aiji1 when we 
were corralling speakers for the        
,chicago congress4 ,mr4 ,jones burst    
out3 8,i want some one to discuss the   
psychology of war4 ,there will  be      

plenty of discussion of international   
law and of the economic1  moral and     
educational aspects of the peace        
problem40 ,then and there  the subject  
of ,armaments as ,irritants was assigned
 to the veteran  social worker and      
militant pulpiteer4 ,and his            
presentation of this  subject before the
 ,chicago congress 7using the homely    
barnyard figure  of de-horning cattle7  
was one of the most delightful and      
valuable  contributions to that         
congress4 ,at ,st4 ,louis he followed up
 this  psychological investigation with 
his survey of heroisms4 ,so human1  so  
true to life1 so morally prophetic1 so  
shot through and through  with first    
hand information gained in four years of
 service in the  ,civil ,war1 so        
illumined with poetry and ripe literary 
culture was  this address1 that again   
and again the speaker was forced to bow 
in  response to the prolonged applause4 
,there were not lacking men who 8spoke  
by the book10 men who had  participated 

in the ,hague ,conferences1 senators and
 representatives1  authors of books on  
international problems--men like former 
,vice-,president ,fairbanks1 ,dr4 ,james
 ,brown ,scott1 ,senator ,burton        
7president of the ,american ,peace      
,society71 ,congressman ,bartholdt      
7president of the congress71            
,congressman ,ainey1 ,dr4 ,benjamin ,f4 
,trueblood 7for over a score of years   
secretary of the ,american ,peace       
,society71 ,prof4 ,paul ,s4 ,reinsch1   
,prof4 ,w4 ,i4 ,hull1 ,dean ,w4 ,p4     
,rogers2  the ,united ,states           
commissioner of education1 ,dr4         
,claxton2 college  presidents like      
,david ,starr ,jordan1 ,c4 ,f4 ,thwing1 
,s4 ,c4 ,mitchell1 ,a4  ,ross ,hill1    
,laura ,drake ,gill1 ,frank ,l4 ,mc,vey1
 ,booker ,t4 ,washington1  and others2  
business men like ,andrew ,carnegie1    
,leroy ,a4 ,goddard1 ,j4  ,g4           
,schmidlapp and ,eugene ,levering2 the  
secretaries and directors  of various   
peace offices from ,bunker ,hill to the 

,golden ,gate2 the  official head of the
 ,general ,federation of ,women's       
,clubs1 ,mrs4  ,pennypacker1 and her    
predecessor1 ,mrs4 ,phillip ,n4 ,moore1 
under whose  administration was created 
the peace department of the women's     
clubs4  ,british ,america was           
represented by such distinguished men as
 ,hon4  ,benjamin ,russell1 justice of  
the ,supreme ,court of ,nova ,scotia1   
and  ,john ,lewis1 editor of the        
,toronto ,star4    ,in connection with  
the congress inter-collegiate oratorical
 contests  were conducted1 the coming   
,hundred ,years of ,peace ,celebration  
described1 special church services held1
 and social courtesies  bestowed through
 receptions and dinners4    ,should one 
ask what is the most characteristic     
feature of the peace  movement in #aiac1
 perhaps it might truly be said that    
pacifism more  and more is being        
formulated into a science4 ,the         
organized peace  movement began         
ninety-eight years ago purely as a moral

 reform4 ,it is  no less a moral reform 
today4 ,but it has accumulated a vast   
amount of  historic1 economic1          
juridical1 biological and general       
sociological  data4    ,when one        
considers the movement of the human     
animal from the day of  the man whose   
bones recently were dug up from the     
,sussex gravels2  when one measures the 
progress of human beings from           
cave-dwelling to  ,universal ,postal    
,unions and ,hague ,conferences and     
,courts2 when one  notes the marked     
decrease in the number of wars1 the     
total abolition  of private war1 the    
almost revolutionary mitigation of war  
practices  7so that today one finds it  
comparatively comfortable to 8get his   
living by being killed072 when one      
remembers that the world is  beginning  
to think in economic terms2 when one    
examines the beginning  already made    
towards the substitution of judicial    
procedure for fist  law2 when one counts
 up the half hundred things actually    

being done  officially by governments   
acting internationally2 when one        
perceives  that the man animal is       
specializing in two things--rational    
thinking  and morality--then one can    
easily believe that1 having so          
progressed  from jungleism towards      
internationalism1 the race probably will
 not  stop now and here4    ,direction  
and distance are prophetic4 ,only by    
some unforeseen  and catastrophic and   
utter extinction of the human species   
can  man escape his blessed and         
inevitable and rapidly approaching      
terrestrial destiny of organized        
pacifism and world-wide scientific  and 
industrial co-operation4 ,the tiny      
mountain rill of pacifism  has become an
 ocean-seeking river1 on whose mighty   
current the  war-afflicted human race is
 being borne on towards the ocean of a  
real civilization4      ,,footnotes3    
#a ,see ,,the ,,survey for ,march #cj1  
#aiab4    #b ,see ,,the ,,survey for    
,may #aj1 page #bab4    #c ,it would be 

desirable if a sufficient number of     
persons  interested would contribute so 
that it would be practicable to print   
in full the discussions1 properly edited
 with bibliographies and  notes1 so as  
to make a really authoritative booklet  
on the questions  under discussion4     
,,books      ,,the ,,discovery ,,of     
,,the ,,future      ,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,wells4
 ,b4 ,w4 ,huebsch4 #fa pp4 ,price 4#fj2 
by mail of ,,the    ,,survey 4#fe4      
,this is a small book1 sixty-one pages  
of large type1 containing an  address   
delivered at the ,royal ,institution in 
,england4 ,but the value  of the        
publication is out of proportion to its 
size4 ,here is the  abundant ,wells     
literature of the last two decades in a 
compact and  highly concentrated extract
 form4 ,and this means1 as every lover  
of this ,english author will know at    
once1 a wealth of suggestive            
speculation and stimulating idealism4   
,the thesis of the book is that we now  
have the materials in hand for  a       

systematic and accurate 8exploration of 
the future40 ,there is no  reason why we
 should not be able to forecast the     
future development  of society1 by a    
critical study of operative causes1 as  
definitely  as we now reconstruct the   
past conditions of the race by a        
critical  study of the geological and   
archeological record4 ,what the         
scientist  now does in the fields of    
physics or astronomy1 we ought to be    
able  to do just as easily in the field 
of social life4 8,suppose10 says        
,wells1 8that the laws of social and    
political development were  given as    
many brains1 were given as much         
attention1 criticism and  discussion1 as
 we have given to the laws of chemical  
combination1  and what might we not     
expect80 ,here1 evidently1 is the       
philosophical  justification of ,the    
,war of the ,worlds1 ,anticipations1    
,the ,future in  ,america1 ,new ,worlds 
for ,old1 and many another fascinating  
volumes from  ,wells' pen which might be

 mentioned4    ,this thesis1 however1   
constitutes only a part of the book's   
abundant  material4 ,a keen             
psychological discussion of the two     
divergent types  of mind1 the           
forward-looking and the                 
backward-looking1 into which  all men   
may be divided2 a passing glance at the 
pragmatic standard  of 8it works02 a    
survey of the great-man theory versus   
the economic  theory of social          
determinism2 an incisive critique of    
positivism2 a  bold and eloquent        
prophecy of the future destiny of man   
upon this  planet--here are only a few  
of the 8extras0 which are contained in  
this distillation of the ,wells         
philosophy4 ,about as good an example   
of multum in parvo as ,i have ever seen6
      ,,john ,,haynes ,,holmes4         
,,social ,,welfare ,,in ,,new ,,zealand 
,by ,,hugh ,h4 ,,lusk4 ,sturges  ,walton
 ,co4 #bhg pp4 ,price #a4ej2 by mail    
of ,,the ,,survey #a4fb4    ,looking    
back as an old man upon the record he   

himself has helped to  shape1 ,hugh ,h4 
,lusk1 in his ,social ,welfare in ,new  
,zealand1 points out  the significance1 
particularly for the ,united ,states1 of
 that method  of government which he    
calls ,state ,socialism4 ,nothing so    
annoys ,new  ,zealanders as the         
ever-recurring criticism that their     
experiments  have been carried out upon 
too small a scale and under conditions  
too  unusual to be of value to the great
 remote countries whose single  cities  
contain more people than the whole      
dominion of ,new ,zealand4  ,yet        
doubters still will question1 and       
standpatters will refuse to  be moved1  
by this account of actual               
accomplishments4 ,he who is not  blind1 
however1 to the evils which have        
followed private profit in  public      
utilities1 and who has seen governments 
conferring special  privileges upon the 
few at the expense of the many1 as he   
turns here  again to ,new ,zealand may  
well find inspiring faith in the ability

 of  a whole people to legislate toward 
the common good4    ,mr4 ,lusk shows how
 in ,new ,zealand1 government-built     
railroads became  a necessity in a      
sparsely settled country where private  
capital  would not venture1 and how an  
extensive scheme of legislation for  the
 benefit of settlers on the land was    
forced upon a people whose  appetite for
 mutual help grew with what it fed upon4
 ,each piece  of legislation had in view
 no more than the meeting of a definite 
difficulty as it arose4 ,yet step by    
step ,new ,zealanders went on  in the   
same direction1 until they had reached  
the point where1  somewhat to their own 
surprise1 they found themselves famous  
and  envied in the world at large4 ,some
 of that surprise is due to the  fact   
that politics1 even as we know them     
here1 are there recognized  to have     
played an important part in shaping the 
destinies of those  islands4 8,dick0    
,seddon and his followers appreciated to
 its full1 the  vote-getting value of   

land reform1 progressive taxation and   
public  improvements4 ,mr4 ,lusk makes  
too little of this significant lesson   
from ,new ,zealand4    ,and by one who  
understands the 8,states0 so well1 and  
who is writing  for our encouragement   
and warning1 it is surprising that more 
emphasis is not placed upon methods of  
administration4 ,to me1 as ,i  came to  
appreciate the ,new ,zealand civil      
servant1 his integrity1 his  ability1   
the esteem with which he is held1 it    
always seemed that  in him more than    
anywhere else was to be found the secret
 of such  success as ,new ,zealand has  
attained4 ,turn the present corps out   
and  put in such incompetents and       
grafters as we have in many of our state
  departments in ,america1 and the whole
 ,new ,zealand structure would  come    
tumbling down immediately4 ,not until   
law and public opinion make  it         
possible1 can we have here such         
administration of labor laws1  for      
instance1 as ,edward ,tregear has given 

these many years to ,new  ,zealand1 and 
not until then will new labor laws be of
 much more avail  to us than old ones   
are now4    ,mr4 ,lusk's moral is1 8,go 
thou and do likewise40 ,by law prevent  
the accumulation of inordinate riches   
and provide for the general  diffusion  
of the sum total of prosperity4 ,but    
when we find that1  putting the best    
construction upon available data1 the   
definition of  a man or woman not in    
receipt of an income of more than #ige1 
8in  ,new ,zealand1 practically includes
 all classes and persons engaged in     
laboring or mechanical pursuits as well 
as junior clerks or school  teachers10  
we wonder1 after all1 whether ,new      
,zealand's road is the  one for others  
to follow4 ,there is many and many a man
 and woman in  that country to whom #ige
 a year is undreamed of comfort4 ,if    
this  is all that reform can do under   
the best of circumstances1 is this      
particular game worth the candle8 ,the  
,new ,zealand worker just now  is saying

 rather vociferously that it is not4    
,there lies the real  hope for reform1  
that it does not stop1 even though it   
falters4 ,the  final lesson from ,new   
,zealand is beyond what we are here     
told4 ,surely  it is that those who will
 may preach reform and ,state ,socialism
 to  their hearts' content1 but that the
 workers of other countries must  not   
imitate the mistakes of their ,new      
,zealand brothers1 neglecting  political
 and industrial organization and leaving
 it to others to  decide what is the    
public welfare4      ,,paul ,,kennaday4 
,,fire ,,prevention      ,by ,,edward   
,f4 ,,croker4 ,dodd4 ,mead  ,co4 #ced   
pp4 ,price #a4ej2 by mail    of ,,the   
,,survey #a4    ,fire ,prevention1 by   
,edward ,f4 ,croker1 formerly chief of  
the ,new ,york  ,fire ,department for   
almost twelve years1 is a presentation  
of the  principal safeguards against    
loss by fire4 ,in it ex-,chief ,croker  
tells in a readable way what1 from his  
long experience as a fire  fighter1 he  

considers the most effective ways to    
extinguish fires4    ,most of all he    
emphasizes the necessity of preventing  
fires4 8,if ,i  had my way about it10 he
 says1 8,i would not permit a piece of  
wood as  big as a man's finger to be    
used in the construction of any building
  in the ,united ,states which had a    
ground area larger than twenty-five  by 
fifty feet and was more than three      
stories in height40 ,he calls  attention
 also1 to a point which has been        
emphasized many times  when he declares 
that 8it is not so much the buildings   
which should  receive added protection  
but the contents and the inmates of     
them4  ,we must add to the term         
#8fire-proof1' the terms #8death-proof' 
and  #8conflagration proof4'0           
,perhaps to a lay reader to whom some of
 the intricacies of steel  construction1
 high pressure1 and fire-fighting       
apparatus are not  plain1 the most      
interesting chapters are those which    
deal with  housekeeping whether in the  

home1 store or workshop4    ,in his     
chapter on ,prevention of ,fire in the  
,dwelling1 ,mr4 ,croker  gives a number 
of simple suggestions which would       
prevent most of the  thousands and      
thousands of fires in the #aa1jjj1jjj   
wooden buildings  in this country and   
save a financial loss which in two years
 equals  the cost of the ,panama ,canal4
 ,concerning these suggestions there can
  be little disagreement1 although those
 which he makes for additional  laws may
 not win as unanimous support4          
,,james ,p4 ,,heaton4      ,,the        
,,children ,,in ,,the ,,shadow      ,by 
,,ernest ,k4 ,,coulter4 ,mc,bride1 ,nast
  ,co4 #bgg pp4 ,price #a4ej2 by    mail
 of ,,the ,,survey #a4fb4      ,,the    
,,american ,,child      ,by ,,elizabeth 
,,mccracken4 ,houghton ,mifflin1        
,riverside ,press4 #aia pp4    ,price   
#a4be2 by mail of ,,the ,,survey #a4ce4 
,to gain the sympathetic and accurate   
knowledge of children shown in  his     
book1 ,mr4 ,coulter stood on the        

reviewing stand for ten years4 ,his  was
 the eye to see and the heart to feel   
from the first1 but as clerk  of the    
,children's ,court in ,manhattan for ten
 years he had the unique  opportunity of
 looking into the faces of a procession 
of #ajj1jjj  dependent1 neglected and   
delinquent children as they filed by the
  judge and told their stories4         
,these stories he often verified in     
alley1 street1 tenement1 station  house1
 reformatory and prison4 ,he shows how  
crowded streets1 lack  of play space1   
poverty1 sickness1 insanitary houses1   
criminal  companions and parental       
neglect provide a fruitful soil in which
 to  breed neglected and delinquent boys
 and girls4 ,these conditions he        
charges to the greed of individuals and 
to the careless1 neglectful             
indifference of society4    ,as a means 
of helping individual boys who need the 
personal touch of  a friend right now1  
,mr4 ,coulter started the ,big ,brother 
,movement1  which is spreading all over 

the country4 ,his permanent remedy for  
the woes of children1 however1 requires 
not only the love of ,big  ,brothers1   
parents and friends1 but also sanitary  
houses1 good food1  playgrounds1 fresh  
air and sky4 ,mr4 ,coulter's pen        
pictures of  ,children in the ,shadow   
challenge us all not to rest until all  
such  children are brought out into the 
sunlight4           99       99       99
       99       99    ,miss             
,mc,cracken's book is a reprint of      
articles which originally  appeared in  
the ,outlook1 and deals with actual     
children and parents  of rather         
exceptional intelligence in both city   
and country4 ,what  these exceptional   
,american parents do for their children 
in home1  play1 school1 library and     
church is told in such a way as to      
appeal  to and educate parents who are  
not exceptional4    ,what children do   
for their parents is also set forth4    
,the real  message of the book is that  
the reciprocal relation of children and 

parents can be and should be one of the 
most beautiful and helpful  that this   
old world knows4 ,the title might have  
been ,true ,stories of  ,parents ,who   
,knew ,how to ,live with ,their         
,children4      ,,henry ,w4 ,,thurston4 
,,co-,,operation ,,in ,,new ,,england   
,by ,,james ,,ford4 ,introduction by    
,francis ,g4 ,peabody4 ,russell ,sage   
,foundation ,publication1 ,survey       
,associates1 ,inc4 #cjj pp4 ,price      
#a4ej1 postpaid4    ,individualism is   
generally assigned as the primary cause 
of the  failure of co-operation to gain 
a more extensive foothold on ,american  
soil4 ,but to the student of the subject
 this off-hand explanation is  far from 
conclusive4 ,for not only have          
,americans been the leading  exponents  
of political1 social and religious      
co-operation1 but they  have likewise   
shown marked aptitude for economic      
co-operation4  ,our very national life  
is purely co-operative4 ,our big        
business  is1 though not in a strict    

sense1 in a large sense co-operative4   
,furthermore1 were the traditional      
,american individualism the sole or     
even the main cause1 why has            
co-operation in this country met with no
  wider acceptance or greater success   
among the immigrants coming from        
countries where co-operation is         
practiced to a very high degree8 ,we    
must therefore look for other reasons to
 account for the bankruptcy  of         
co-operative effort in this country4    
,these are set forth by ,dr4  ,james    
,ford in his book ,co-operation in ,new 
,england4    ,the first co-operative    
movement in the ,new ,england ,states1  
the ,new  ,england ,protective ,union   
stores1 began in #ahde and ended in     
#aheg4 ,the  second movement1 the       
,sovereigns of ,industry1 which was     
launched in  #ahgd1 had an equally brief
 history4 ,the first had at one time as 
many  as #gjj stores1 of which but two  
remain2 while five are left of the  #bhj
 of which the latter movement once      

boasted4 ,at the present time  urban    
co-operation is practically confined to 
immigrants1 largely  non-,english       
speaking4 ,their efforts have not met   
with much greater  success than those of
 ,new ,england's native sons4 ,all told1
 there  are about sixty co-operative    
stores throughout ,new ,england4 ,most  
of  them are too young1 too small1 and  
too isolated to be dignified as a       
movement4    ,the meagre results of     
distributive co-operation are only      
exceeded by  those of co-operation in   
manufacture4 ,all effort in that        
direction  has been abortive1 and 8true 
co-operative production does not exist  
in ,new ,england40    ,the author finds 
greater cause for encouragement in rural
  co-operation4 8,the farmers'          
movement10 he says1 8which is much more 
influential in the industrial world1 not
 only penetrates1 by means  of          
co-operative creameries1 almost every   
township of western ,new  ,england1 but 
through association for co-operative    

sale extends to  many other large       
territories40 ,co-operation among       
farmers consists  of co-operative buying
 of supplies1 co-operative marketing of 
products1 and co-operative production in
 the way of butter and  cheese making4  
,he estimates the number of more or less
 co-operative  creameries throughout    
,new ,england at #abe1 although probably
 not more  than twenty-five of these are
 purely co-operative4 8,there are many  
indications today10 continues the       
author1 8that rural ,new ,england has   
reached a point not only desirable but  
increasingly practicable40  ,with a     
large ,american commission now abroad   
for the special purpose  of studying    
agricultural co-operation1 it is to be  
hoped that this  movement will be       
accelerated4    ,the really important   
part of ,dr4 ,ford's hook is his        
discussion  of general co-operative     
principles4 ,the economic conditions for
  successful co-operation are wanting in
 this country4 ,people will  co-operate 

either because they are driven to it by 
necessity1 as is  the case in ,europe1  
or because they see in it special       
inducement to  make it worth their      
while4 ,unfortunately1 or rather        
fortunately1  these conditions do not   
exist in the ,united ,states so far4 ,in
 a  country where every workingman      
carries the baton of a captain of       
industry in his dinner pail1 it is not  
surprising that he will not  set aside  
the opportunities of individual effort  
in favor of the  uncertain1 remote1 and1
 at best1 meagre returns of co-operative
  endeavor4 ,all other reasons1 such as 
the mobility of our population1  our    
improvidence1 and our lack of           
co-operative spirit must give way       
before this one fundamental reason4     
,the conditions that are responsible for
 the heavy mortality of  co-operative   
enterprises in this country are rapidly 
changing4  ,the obstacles in the way of 
co-operative success are gradually      
disappearing4 ,once the point is reached

 in ,new ,england as it has been        
abroad1 at which societies of like      
interest federate for educational  and  
trade advantage1 these smaller          
federations 8will in turn unite in  a   
general co-operative union with common  
funds to sustain societies  that are    
weak1 and promote development on lines  
of common importance1  an immense force 
will be set at work for the moralization
 of trade1  the reduction of the cost of
 living1 and the socialization of the   
people40    ,as the title indicates1 the
 book deals only with co-operation in   
the ,new ,england states4 ,the author   
further limits his research  to         
8associations for the production and    
distribution of the  immediate          
necessities of life40 ,notwithstanding  
this limiting of  the inquiry both in   
scope and extent the book should prove  
of value  to the student of co-operation
 in this country4 ,the facts have  been 
painstakingly collected4 ,the author's  
insight is keen and  penetrating1 his   

deductions are clear and logical1 and   
his hopeful  tone is most invigorating4 
,,leonard ,g4 ,,robinson4      ,,the    
,,case ,,of ,,oscar ,,slater      ,by   
,a4 ,,conan ,,doyle4 ,george ,h4 ,doran 
,co4 #ajcpp4 ,price 4#ej2 by mail    of 
,,the ,,survey 4#eg4    ,the case of    
,oscar ,slater1 sentenced in the ,high  
,court of ,edinburgh to  life           
imprisonment for the murder of an old   
lady in ,glasgow1 was some  time ago    
brought to the attention of the famous  
writer of detective  stories1 together  
with certain circumstances which cast   
doubt on  ,slater's guilt4 ,with a      
sincere desire to clear the man1 the    
creator  of ,sherlock ,holmes set to    
work to examine the evidence and        
testimony  presented at the trial1 and  
to analyze the conduct of the case and  
the decision of judge and jury4    ,the 
result is a convincing argument for the 
man's innocence of  the offence for     
which he was convicted and an           
arraignment of  the ineffective methods 

of the police who were engaged in the   
investigation1 both in ,scotland and in 
this country4    ,the undeniably bad    
character of the suspect created so     
strong a  presumption of guilt that even
 the total refutation of the strongest  
piece of evidence and an obviously false
 accusation by the judge in  his final  
charge1 secured only a commutation of   
the death sentence to  life imprisonment
 when an appeal was made4    ,it will be
 interesting to know whether the        
detective knight's efforts  toward      
securing justice meet with success4     
,,may ,,langdon ,,white4                
,,personals      ,the first woman judge 
of delinquent girls sits on the bench in
 the  ,chicago ,juvenile ,court4 ,she is
 ,mary ,m4 ,bartelme1 a ,chicago lawyer4
  ,previous to her present connection   
she was for eighteen years public       
guardian of ,cook ,county1 acting in    
this office1 in the words of the        
,continent1 as 8official mother to      
hundreds1 perhaps thousands1 of         

children0 who had no other parents and  
whose persons or estates were  in the   
care of the court4 ,guardianship of     
their persons meant actual  custody and 
education1 and this for a period of many
 years2 it meant  also in many cases    
interest and love for the child and     
always1 in the  tangled relations of    
life1 an understanding of human nature1 
as well  as a thorough knowledge of the 
institutions best fitted for special    
cases4 ,all this experience has thus    
been excellent preparation for  ,miss   
,bartelme's present delicate task of    
reconstructing the lives and  characters
 of delinquent girls4    ,illustration3 
,,mary ,m4 ,,bartelme    ,up to the time
 of her appointment cases of delinquent 
girls were  heard1 like those of boys1  
in open court4 ,the effect is thus      
described by ,judge ,pinckney of the    
,chicago ,court1 whose assistant  ,miss 
,bartelme is3      8,the delinquent     
girl1 unlike the delinquent boy1 is     
generally    brought to court for some  

sexual irregularity4 ,this means that   
the    story of her shame and downfall  
is told openly1 publicly4 ,there are    
often present at such times curiosity   
seekers1 sensation hunters1    and now  
and then among the latter1 ,i am sorry  
to say1 are newspaper    reporters      
looking for a story4 ,frequently the    
name of the girl1 the    names of her   
parents1 of her brothers and sisters1   
and her home    address appear in the   
newspapers1 with all the harrowing      
details of    her trouble4 ,she is      
fortunate if her picture is not         
surreptitiously    taken for            
publication4      8,after such an       
exploitation of her trouble1 you tell   
the    unfortunate child that you want  
to do something for her--you want to    
help her4 ,is it any wonder that she    
does not readily respond to the         
proffered aid8 ,her feelings shocked1   
her sensibilities blunted1 her    sense 
of justice outraged1 she is more apt to 
refuse than accept    your suggestions  

for her future welfare4 ,to my mind this
 procedure    is unnecessary1 is wrong1 
is barbarous4 ,even under the most      
favorable conditions possible to a      
public hearing1 it is difficult    to   
get into sympathetic touch with the     
child so that she will be in    a       
receptive mood and willingly amenable to
 helpful suggestion and    treatment4   
8,the plan proposed is to have the case 
of each delinquent girl    heard by a   
woman1 who shall act as the             
representative and assistant    of the  
presiding judge4 ,to this woman         
assistant1 in the presence of    the    
girl's father and mother1 the witnesses 
will tell the girl's    story4 ,every   
consideration will be shown the girl and
 her family4    ,in so far as it is     
possible to do so1 this darkened page in
 their    lives will be guarded from the
 public gaze4      8,it is believed that
 these delinquent girls will the more   
readily    unburden their souls to one  
of their own sex1 and especially if     

allowed to so do out of hearing of the  
public and surrounded by    father and  
mother and those in sympathy with her   
and them4      8,this is the            
all-important work for delinquent girls 
which ,mary ,m4    ,bartelme is expected
 to do--will do4 ,she is the unanimous  
choice of    the judges of the ,circuit 
,court for the position of assistant to 
the judge of the ,juvenile ,court40     
99       99       99       99       99  
,at the recent annual meeting of the    
,society of ,sanitary and ,moral        
,prophylaxis1 ,dr4 ,edward ,l4 ,keyes1  
,jr41 was elected president1 to  succeed
 ,dr4 ,prince ,a4 ,morrow1 founder1 and 
until his death the head  of the        
society4    ,dr4 ,keyes is a charter    
member of the society and was for many  
years its secretary4 ,he has also been a
 member of the ,executive  ,committee1  
and worked in close touch with ,dr4     
,morrow4 ,dr4 ,keyes is a  professor at 
the ,cornell ,medical ,school and       
president of the ,american  ,association

 of ,genito-,urinary ,surgeons4         
,professor ,maurice ,a4 ,bigelow of     
,teachers' ,college1 ,columbia          
,university1 and ,dr4 ,rosalie          
,slaughter ,morton were elected to fill 
the vacancies in the ,executive         
,committee4 ,mr4 ,marshall ,c4 ,allaben 
of  the ,presbyterian ,board of ,home   
,missions was chosen chairman of the    
,executive ,committee4           99     
99       99       99       99    ,the   
,italian ,club of ,new ,york is an      
interesting center4 ,in the             
low-ceilinged basement opera singers1   
art importers1 physicians1  orchestra   
leaders and the like rub elbows at the  
club tables4    ,in the three rooms on  
the main floor an exhibition is being   
held  this month of the drawings of     
,joseph ,stella1 an ,italian artist of  
more than ordinary promise4 ,he is a    
brother of ,dr4 ,antonio ,stella1  a    
pioneer in the tuberculosis movement and
 a leader in ,new ,york's  civic life4  
,the artist himself was a member of the 

staff of the  ,pittsburgh ,survey1 and  
readers of this magazine will remember  
the  striking character sketches of the 
steel workers he drew in black and      
white4 ,an entire room is given up to   
these ,pittsburgh drawings1 which  in   
many respects represent the artist's    
most forceful workmanship4  ,in another 
room is his earlier work with ,east     
,side types1 and in  another the        
canvasses he has produced in ,rome and  
,paris1 where he  has spent the last two
 years4 ,these have the color and method
 of the  post-impressionists4           
,illustration3 ,,down ,,and ,,out    ,a 
hitherto unpublished sketch by ,joseph  
,stella4    ,it is perhaps natural that 
the social workers who attend the       
exhibit  drift back to the central room1
 where the artist's pencil has so       
sympathetically and vigorously          
transcribed the writings1 which stress  
and want and hope and striving spread   
over the faces of the steel  district1  
immigrant and native-born alike4        

,there are also some charcoal sketches  
of ,pittsburgh at night which  did not  
lend themselves to magazine publication1
 but reflect  marvelously the smoke and 
energy of the river valleys4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,steadfast and resourceful1 with a      
strong body1 a kind heart1 a  reverent  
spirit1 combining rare judgment with    
knowledge1 a leader  well equipped for  
the service of her fellows has been lost
 to the  ,pacific ,coast in the death of
 ,dr4 ,c4 ,annette ,buckel of ,oakland1 
,cal4  ,dr4 ,buckel was born in ,warsaw1
 ,n4 ,y41 in #ahcc4 ,earning the means  
for  her medical education by teaching1 
she rendered efficient service  in the  
,united ,states military hospitals of   
the ,southwest during the  last two     
years of the ,civil ,war4 ,she selected 
and supervised the  nurses1 kept records
 in the absence of clerks1 wrote letters
 for sick  soldiers1 obtained furloughs 
for convalescents1 and comforted the    
dying4    ,dr4 ,buckel is perhaps better

 known to readers of ,,the ,,survey1    
however1  for her work in other warfare3
 as president of the first milk         
commission in ,california1 which        
excluded tuberculous cows from the      
dairy4 ,in all her work she emphasized  
prevention rather than cure4  ,through  
her efforts a school of cookery was     
opened1 which resulted  in manual       
training becoming a part of the public  
school system in  ,oakland4 ,she was a  
director in the ,mary ,r4 ,smith ,trust 
from its  beginning1 and took a personal
 interest in each little girl in the    
cottage homes4 ,so keen was her concern 
for handicapped children  that at her   
death she gave her home that the        
proceeds might help in  providing       
special training for such children4     
,s4 ,i4 ,s4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,dr4 ,john ,s4  
,fulton1 secretary of the ,international
 ,congress on  ,tuberculosis1 since     
#aijg1 has resumed at a personal        
financial  sacrifice1 the secretaryship 

of the ,maryland ,state ,board of       
,health4  ,dr4 ,fulton has already been 
connected with the ,state ,board of     
,health  of ,maryland and was its       
secretary for several years before he   
resigned to accept the position he has  
just vacated4 ,he succeeds ,dr4         
,marshall ,l4 ,price who was medical    
assistant of the board up to #aijg  when
 he was elected secretary4              
,,communications      ,,relief ,,of     
,,widows    ,,to ,,the ,,editor3    ,i  
thoroughly disagree with ,porter ,r4    
,lee's appraisal of the report of  the  
,massachusetts commission on the        
children of widows1 and regret  that the
 report will be seen by only a part of  
your readers4#d    ,mr4 ,lee holds the  
commission's conclusions to be of little
 value  because derived 8in almost every
 case from inadequate data40 ,yet he    
adds later3 8,the report of the         
commission gives us much that suggests  
the fact of our failure to provide      
adequately or helpfully for the         

families of widows1 a fact of which we  
had already become conscious4  ,what we 
need1 however1 is not so much evidence  
of the fact of failure  as a clear      
understanding of why we have failed40   
,it might be honest to state that some  
of our figures are inaccurate  and yet  
not dishonest to recommend legislation4 
,wholly accurate  figures were never    
expected and not needed4 ,the heads of  
the  leading charitable organizations   
met us in conference to determine  a    
method of investigation4 ,the schedule  
method was recommended4  ,before the    
schedules were printed they were        
approved by several of  these persons4  
,criticism began to appear when it      
seemed likely that  legislation would be
 recommended4 ,in ,june the             
appropriation could  still have been    
saved4 ,it was not saved because useful 
results were  expected4    ,how         
inaccurate are the results8 ,mr4 ,tilley
 is cited as saying that  a             
re-examination of one hundred cases     

disclosed 8facts 444 totally  at        
variance with the reports40 ,half of    
these records we already  had           
discredited4 ,some cases resulted in    
reports closely like our  own1 sometimes
 lower1 sometimes higher4 ,the          
re-examination was in  ,december1 months
 after the first study4 ,how absurd it  
is to suppose  that the results would   
not be different6 ,everybody knows that 
the  earnings of the poor fluctuate4    
,usually the overseers of the poor  give
 special aid in winter4 ,a page of our  
report explains ,mr4  ,tilley's one     
hundred cases2 he makes only a blanket  
statement4    ,but again1 how inaccurate
 are the results8 ,the recommendations  
of our  ,minimum ,wage ,commission were 
accepted when it showed that #f or #g a 
week was the typical sum earned by an   
adult woman with a family which  had    
also an adult male worker4 ,many such   
women received charity in  addition4    
,all of our widows received charity4    
,from charity and wages  together1 our  

figures showed that they typically      
received #f or #g a  week when there was
 not also an adult male worker and when 
several  children had to be supported4  
,it is not possible that our figures    
were so far wrong that these families   
were better off than the former  group4 
,and if they were so far wrong--what an 
indictment that would be  of the        
accounting of the public and private    
charitable officers of  ,massachusetts6 
,no1 the figures do not err so far4 ,our
 charities constantly protest  that they
 have insufficient funds4 ,before me    
lies a circular of the  ,associated     
,charities of a city of #ajj1jjj people1
 which has many  well-to-do persons and 
few recent foreigners4 ,the resources   
8to  meet the needs of families in      
distress are wholly inadequate1 as  is  
well known to all familiar with the     
conditions4444 ,we still use  existing  
resources to the utmost4444 ,still we   
fall far short of being  able to meet   
the demands upon us4 ,must we allow     

widows with young  children to be       
overburdened and underfed10 etc8 ,are   
such stories  untrue8 ,of course not6   
,most communities in ,massachusetts have
 a  poorer population and a weaker      
organized charity for dealing with the  
problem4    ,but1 further1 our opponents
 suggest an alternative bill1 providing 
for 8adequate0 aid for all mothers with 
dependent children4  ,if existing relief
 is adequate1 this bill is a sham4 ,the 
only  alternative is to regard these    
opponents as agreeing that existing     
relief is inadequate4    ,the           
,legislature that gave us #a1jjj hardly 
expected a wealth of  figures4 ,mr4 ,lee
 does not in other matters rely on      
figures1 ,i am  happy to observe4       
8,during recent years10 he says1 8our   
enlarging  conceptions of social        
treatment not our figures--they are     
impotent  have condemned utterly much of
 our supposedly efficient work in       
family and individual reconstruction40  
,and for widows he grants3  8,there is a

 widespread conviction of sin in this   
matter and an  earnest searching for the
 remedy40    ,our analogy 7with its     
implications7 of widowhood through      
industrial  accident and through        
disease1 ,mr4 ,lee mistakenly1 ,i       
believe1 regards  as disproved by       
ourselves4 ,for1 he says1 we reject the 
principle of  payment by way of         
indemnity for loss4 ,we reject it as a  
determining  principle2 another         
principle is more fundamental4          
,workmen's  compensation measures1 like 
sickness and old-age insurance1 spring  
fundamentally from a desire to establish
 or maintain the conditions  of         
efficient living4 ,nobody attempts      
really to measure the loss  through     
death by accident4 ,it cannot be done4  
,but a man's wages can be studied to    
learn his standard of living1  and then 
an expedient degree of comfort provided4
 ,the ,washington  act does not even    
relate the award to the dead man's      
wages4 ,usually  the award increases    

with the number of children4 ,german    
statutes  have all had the comfort of   
the survivors in view4 ,no abstract     
desire to compensate for loss would ever
 secure legislation if1 as  a           
consequence1 the efficiency and comfort 
of the population were to  decrease4    
,not only is ,mr4 ,lee anxious to find  
whether relief is now adequate  or not1 
but he wants to know where the flaw in  
the service is4  ,both questions are    
answered by our information as to the   
policies  of the child-helping and      
relief-giving agencies4 ,he doubts      
whether  child-helping agencies are     
8competent witnesses0 to the causes for 
the removal of children4 ,are they      
likely then to remove children  for     
competent cause8 ,persons incompetent to
 discern the presence of  factors that  
make non-removal desirable will scarcely
 remove for  proper cause only4 ,the    
letters of these agencies would repay   
reading4    ,what these letters say     
about local relief resources is more    

than  borne out by the reports of policy
 contained in the letters from the      
overseers4 ,most widows are in their    
hands4 ,our schedules1 further1  show   
that actually #b to #b4ej a week per    
family is usually given4  ,none of our  
critics attack these statements4 ,there 
is a problem and  present agents do not 
cope with it4    ,suppose we had sent   
into the field experts to find out      
whether relief  is adequate4 ,we should 
again face the issue of standards4      
,responsible  persons have not accepted 
,mr4 ,carstens' interpretation of the   
,chicago  plan4 ,one of the visitors of 
the ,state ,board of ,charity whom ,mr4 
,tilley sent to verify records reported 
one case3 8,widow for nine  months4     
,four children1 fourteen to seven       
years4444 ,complains of work  being     
slack and has not had a full week's     
wages for a long time4444  ,is terribly 
overworked2 there seems to be nothing   
but skin and bone  to her4 ,the standing
 on her feet all day in the shop is what

 kills  her4444 ,could stand a little   
more aid until the combined earnings  of
 herself and daughter show a little     
increase40 ,a little more aid6  ,just   
how much more will be differently fixed 
by different people4  ,most widows'     
families in ,massachusetts are not      
within sight of ,mrs4  ,more's and ,mr4 
,chapin's standards4    ,the conclusion 
remains that the overseers and many     
child societies  are not working well4  
,we have a thousand overseers1 elected  
for short  terms1 and receiving little  
or no pay4 ,often they serve also in    
other  capacities and carry on private  
affairs4 ,if ordered by an expert       
commission to make specified payments to
 widows fit to bring up their  children 
they might apply the standard to other  
cases4 ,the commission  would select its
 widows4 ,mr4 ,lee wholly misrepresents 
our intention  when he notes            
8incidentally that the cause of a       
husband's death is  not always a        
satisfactory test of a wife's moral     

habits40    ,mr4 ,lee objects that we   
offer nothing for the children of       
disabled  fathers1 etc4 ,if a third of  
the charity problem--widows--were to    
come  under the care of a new           
commission1 that commission would be    
able  to work out its specialized       
technique4 ,later1 we might know better 
what to do about desertion and other    
problems4 ,meanwhile existing           
charities1 having a lighter load1 could 
deal better with their  remaining cases4
    ,then as to our use of the word     
8worthy40 ,it is old-fashioned1 but     
convenient4 ,no person works long in    
charities who acts on the notion  that  
one person is actually as good as       
another--else it would be folly  to try 
to make a person better6 ,mr4 ,lee      
supposes us to regard the  children of  
the disabled and similar groups as      
8unworthy40 ,where such  an implication 
is even suggested ,i cannot discover4   
,in conclusion1 ,i suppose that ,mr4    
,lee and ,i differ fundamentally in  our

 approval of a proposed method of       
dealing with widows1 and that  his      
criticism is derived from his point of  
view4      ,,robert ,f4 ,,foerster4     
,chairman ,massachusetts ,commission on 
the ,dependent ,children of    ,widowed 
,mothers4    ,cambridge4           99   
99       99       99       99    ,i have
 read ,professor ,foerster's letter with
 much interest4 ,his last  sentence3 8,i
 suppose that ,mr4 ,lee and ,i differ   
fundamentally in our  approval of a     
proposed method of dealing with widows  
and that his  criticism is derived from 
his point of view10 a clear-cut         
statement  of the possible reason for my
 criticism of the ,massachusetts report1
  is not wholly accurate4 ,the agitation
 for widows' pensions has  caught so    
large a measure of popular support that 
we begin to think  that every person    
must be for pensions1 against pensions1 
or on  the fence ready to jump to one   
side or the other4 ,such a choice of    
alternatives has little attraction for  

any one who approaches the  question out
 of thoughtful experience with relief   
problems and the  long struggle to      
procure for the widow and others who    
live in misery  adequate                
reinforcements--reinforcements of       
income1 health1 recreation1  education  
for children and decent living          
conditions4    ,those who have been most
 concerned to do justice to the widow   
with  children have seen most clearly   
the failure of our relief measures4     
,the indictment which they have brought 
again and again has rehearsed  the fact 
of our failure which is suggested anew  
by the ,massachusetts  report4    ,but  
an indictment is not a remedy4 ,the     
evidence behind it is not  even valid   
always in the search for a remedy4 ,what
 we need to  know now is why have public
 and private relief failed4 ,professor  
,foerster mentions several statements of
 mine which do not seem to  him         
successful arguments against widows'    
pensions4 ,i am not arguing  against    

widows' pensions4 ,i merely recognize   
many considerations  growing out of ten 
years' experience in social work which  
make me  both dissatisfied with what we 
are doing and suggest the need for the  
most careful study before we can be sure
 of a remedy4    ,i realize that many   
people grow impatient when the question 
of  widows' pensions is related to the  
problem of relief4 ,perhaps the         
movement1 as some people hope1 will be  
the entering wedge of a  system of state
 endowment of motherhood4 ,we cannot    
wisely1 however1  begin experiments for 
the sake of their expected future value 
with  a total disregard of their certain
 present effect4 ,widows' pensions  as  
projected by the commission would be in 
fact a relief problem4  ,the            
responsibility of the public outdoor    
relief machinery for their              
administration as proposed by the       
commission's bill would indicate  this  
even if there were no other indications1
 which there are4    ,i have found the  

,massachusetts report of the greatest   
interest1 but  in my judgment it does   
not justify widows' pensions4 ,the      
figures  and the expressions of opinion 
secured from various agencies are       
significant4 ,they are significant of   
the need for a deeper probe1  however1  
not for an extension of an              
unsatisfactory system of relief4  ,a    
recommendation that this deeper probe be
 undertaken is the one  recommendation  
to which it logically leads4    ,it is  
because states which regard             
,massachusetts precedents with  respect 
are likely to consider this report as   
the long-needed  scientific and         
comprehensive study of the status of    
outdoor relief  that ,i have tried to   
estimate it from this point of view4    
,the commonwealth of ,massachusetts gave
 ,professor ,foerster and his           
associates on the commission a          
tremendously difficult task and gave    
them hopelessly inadequate facilities   
with which to perform it4 ,under  the   

circumstances1 perhaps none of us could 
have done any better4 ,but              
,massachusetts should have done better4 
,,porter ,r4 ,,lee4      ,contributing  
,editor ,family ,rehabilitation4    ,new
 ,york4      ,,casualty ,,companies     
,,and ,,compensation    7,from a        
personal letter to the editors of ,the  
,survey published with  permission of   
the author47    ,,to ,,the ,,editor3    
,allow me to say that ,i absolutely     
endorse the article in a recent  issue  
by ,paul ,kennaday entitled ,big        
,business and ,workmen's                
,compensation4#e ,i have been acting for
 the ,canadian ,manufacturers'          
,association1 a body corresponding to   
your ,national ,association of          
,manufacturers1 but more highly         
organized and representing a much       
larger proportion of its constituency   
than the ,american body4 ,in  fact1 we  
represent about #he per cent of all the 
manufacturers of  ,canada4 ,i say this  
to indicate the probability that the    

,canadian body  would not adopt any     
policy without the most careful         
consideration  and investigation4 ,this 
body has adopted the same view as that  
expressed in the article and is devoting
 a large amount of energy and           
considerable money promoting a workmen's
 compensation system of the  type of the
 ,washington system4    ,there is not   
the slightest doubt in my mind that such
 a system is the  only satisfactory     
solution ultimate or even temporary to  
the problem4  ,this view is of course   
opposed by the liability insurance      
interests  who are conducting a         
carefully planned and well financed     
campaign  against 8state insurance40    
,time and again we have had to deal with
 the representatives of these  insurance
 interests in connection with the       
investigation in ,ontario  preliminary  
to the drafting of a ,workmen's         
,compensation ,act for  that province1  
and ,i am glad to state that1 generally 
speaking1 the  motives and arguments    

7perfectly legitimate perhaps7 of the   
insurance  interests are understood and 
rated at their proper value4 ,i think ,i
  have a pretty broad view of the       
situation in the ,united ,states and  ,i
 am sorry to say that the true position 
of affairs does not appear  to be       
generally appreciated by either the     
politicians or the leaders  of labor and
 industry4 ,i should think it might well
 be one of the  functions of ,,the      
,,survey to open up this matter4        
,f4 ,w4 ,,wegenast4      ,counsel       
,canadian ,manufacturers' ,association4 
,toronto4      ,,wages ,,fixed ,,by     
,,law    ,,to ,,the ,,editor3    ,in his
 letter to ,,the ,,survey on the subject
 of fixing wages by law1  ,james ,deegan
 says3 8,the report of the ,united      
,states ,bureau of  ,commerce and ,labor
 for #aiaj states how labor received    
only #bj per  cent of the value of the  
product which it served to create40     
,considering carefully this rather      
surprising statement1 ,i came to  the   

conclusion that the writer referred to  
the report of the ,census  ,bureau in   
the ,department of ,commerce and ,labor1
 presenting the  results of the         
manufacturers census of #aiaj4 ,to be   
sure1 this report  does not make any    
such statement as that which ,mr4       
,deegan attributes  to it nor could the 
statement be properly based upon the    
statistics  which it publishes4 ,on the 
contrary1 the census figures            
conclusively  disprove this statement1  
showing it to be a gross perversion of  
the  facts4    ,it is true that the     
total value of products reported by the 
census  of manufacturing industries was 
a little over #bj1jjj1jjj1jjj1  while   
the amount paid out for wages and       
salaries was a trifle over              
#d1jjj1jjj1jjj1 so that the latter      
amount was about #bj per cent of  the   
former4    ,if ,mr4 ,deegan had stated  
that the amount paid to labor employed  
in  manufacturing industries represented
 #bj per cent of the total value  of the

 products turned out by these           
industries1 the statement would  have   
been formally accurate1 although it     
probably would be misleading  even then4
 ,the statement is1 however1 that labor 
received only #bj per  cent of the value
 of the product which it served to      
create4    ,even with a superficial     
knowledge of economics and industrial   
processes one ought to perceive that the
 laborers employed in  manufacturing    
industries by no means create the full  
value of the  products which these      
industries place upon the market4 ,the  
laborer in  the factory does not create 
the raw material which the factory uses2
  labor on the farm1 in the mine or in  
the forest entered into that4    ,now   
the report of the census shows that     
while the value of the  product produced
 by the manufacturing industries of the 
,united  ,states was #bj1gjj1jjj1jjj1   
the cost of the materials consumed in   
the manufacture of these products was   
#ab1bjj1jjj1jjj and that  the value of  

the products1 less cost of materials1   
was therefore  about #h1ejj1jjj1jjj4    
,the value created by the laborers      
employed in  these industries could not 
possibly exceed this sum and would be   
considerably less than this if any      
allowance were made for wear and  tear  
or depreciation of plant and machinery  
or fuel consumed or for  other expenses 
which enter into the value of the final 
product4    ,if1 however1 we credit     
laborers with having produced the full  
value  represented by the difference    
between the cost of materials and the   
final value of products it follows that 
the #d1jjj1jjj1jjj which they  received 
represented not #bj per cent but about  
#ej per cent of the  value which they   
created4    ,if we deduct from the final
 value not only the materials purchased 
but also the miscellaneous expenses     
reported by the census1 none of  which  
represent values created in these       
industries1 the proportion  received by 
the laborers advances to about #fe per  

cent4 ,and still no  allowance is made  
for replacement of capital4    ,mr4     
,deegan's proposition for regulating    
wages proposes to award the  laborers a 
minimum of #cc per cent4 ,it is evident 
that they are much  better off than this
 under the present regime and without   
any state  regulation of wages4    ,mr4 
,deegan further states that the report  
referred to 8also shows  that after all 
expenses and charges are levied1 there  
still remains  over #b1jjj1jjj1jjj      
surplus to be divided as profits among  
the  employers40 ,it is true that after 
deducting from the value of the         
products reported by the census1 the    
aggregate of all reported  expenses1 the
 remainder is a little over             
#b1jjj1jjj1jjj2 but the  census report  
is careful to point out that this       
difference can not  be regarded as      
representing profits for the simple     
reason that the  expenses reported by   
the census did not include all the      
expenses  incidental to the process of  

manufacture4 ,among the expenses left   
out  of account is the important item of
 depreciation4    ,if ,mr4 ,deegan had  
consulted the census report itself1 such
 statements  as he made would be        
reprehensible as well as inexcusable2   
but  ,i presume that he got his         
information at second hand from some    
newspaper paragraph or article          
originating no one knows how or where4  
,but ,,the ,,survey1 however1 ought not 
to be made the agency for the  further  
promulgation of such misinformation4 ,it
 might be said1  perhaps1 that such     
gross misstatements do not deceive      
thinking and  well-informed people2 but 
even well-informed people do not always 
know the facts which refute such        
statements2 and thinking people do  not 
have time to think about everything4    
,more than that it seems to me that some
 consideration should be shown  for the 
unthinking people that they may not be  
deceived or misled4    ,some of them    
have a vote4      ,,joseph ,a4 ,,hill4  

,bureau of the ,census4    ,washington4 
,,footnotes3    #d ,the report is for   
free distribution and may be had by     
writing  to the ,commission to ,study   
the ,question of the ,support of        
,dependent  ,minor ,children of ,widowed
 ,mothers1 ,state ,house1 ,boston1      
,mass4    #e ,see ,,the ,,survey for    
,march #h1 page #hji4                   
,,jottings      ,,halving ,,the ,,tax   
,,rate    ,the ,salant-,schaap lower    
rents bill1 which provides for          
submitting  to a referendum vote the    
gradual lowering of the tax rate on all 
buildings in ,new ,york city to one-half
 the rate on land1 was killed  in       
committee in the ,new ,york             
,legislature4 ,this is the bill which   
was  advocated at the ,lower ,rents     
,exhibit described in ,,the ,,survey of 
,march  #ae last4      ,,relief ,,for   
,,bedford ,,reformatory    ,in the final
 hours of the ,new ,york ,legislature   
the sum voted to  ,bedford ,reformatory 
to relieve overcrowding was #dad1jjj and

 not  #ejj1jjj as was stated in ,,the   
,,survey of last week4      ,,the       
,,rockefeller ,,foundation    ,by       
unanimous vote both the ,senate and the 
,assembly in ,new ,york  passed the bill
 to incorporate the ,rockefeller        
,foundation for the  dissemination of   
knowledge1 the prevention of suffering1 
and the  promotion of the well-being and
 civilization of the peoples of the     
,united ,states4 ,the bill which is very
 similar to the one urged before        
,congress in #aiaj has not yet been     
signed by ,governor ,sulzer4            
,,hungary ,,protects ,,abandoned        
,,children    ,hungary maintains        
seventeen institutions for indigent1    
abandoned1  delinquent and abused       
children4 ,it is the custom to receive  
every  child applicant1 to give him a   
bath and clean clothes1 and then to     
investigate his condition4 ,if the      
investigation warrants the state's      
interference the child is admitted4     
,seventeen thousand children were  thus 

received in #aijh4 ,most of them are    
placed out in the country  or smaller   
cities with farmers or artisans of good 
character and in  moderate              
circumstances4 ,five reformatories have 
been established  for delinquent or     
absolutely unruly children4 ,they have  
room for a  thousand inmates1 who live  
together in family groups of            
twenty-five1  learning a trade under the
 supervision of the head of the         
household4  ,corporal punishment is     
still administered4 ,up to #aijh1 #b1cca
 inmates  had been released on parole1  
#hf4f per cent had worked steadily and  
had kept straight1 #e4d per cent had    
committed crimes and #h per cent  had   
disappeared4          ,country ,property
      ,owners having ,property ,for     
,sale or ,to ,rent for the coming season
 are  invited to write for our          
advertising rates4        ,,the ,,survey
    #aje ,east #bb;d ,street1 ,new ,york
            ,transcriber's ,notes       
pg #bdg ,changed3 be reckoned as the    

most throughly                to3 be    
reckoned as the most thoroughly      pg 
#bee ,footnote removed due to no anchor3
                 ,see ,the ,survey1     
,february #h1 #aiac1 p4 #fec4      pg   
#bef ,changed3 institutions for         
indigent1 abandoned1 deliquent          
to3 institutions for indigent1          
abandoned1 delinquent