,,kabuki ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,limit$ ,,london ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,madras ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,bo/on ,,*icago ,,dallas ,,san ,,francisco ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,ltd4 ,,toronto ,illu/ration3 ,! "* ( ,kamakura ,gongoro1 a w>rior ( ,old ,japan1 z pres5t$ 9 ,%ib>aku6 7lit41 ,wait-a-,mom5t74 ,a fam\s actor improvisation1 or aragoto play1 "o ( ! h]$it>y eighte5 pieces ( ! ,i*ikawa ,danjuro family4 ,f a pa9t+ on silk by ,torii ,kiyotada1 ! pres5t head ( ! ,torii ,s*ool4 ,,kabuki ,,! ,,popul> ,,/age ,,( ,,japan ,,by ,,zo ,,k9caid ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,/reet1 ,,london #aibe ,,copyright ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,ackn[l$gem5t ,9 my /udy ( ,kabuki ,i am deeply indebt$ to ,mr4 ,seisei9 ,ih>a1 ! au?or ( sev]al volumes on ! hi/ory ( ! popul> /age ( ,japan4 ,no progress t[>d an und]/&+ ( ! developm5t ( ,kabuki c be made )\t ext5sive ref]5ce to ?is valuable "w4 ,i wi% p>ticul>ly to ackn[l$ge ,mr4 ,ih>a's inve/igations into ! mass ( *ronicles ( ! !atre1 8 lives ( ! actors1 8 pa9/ak+ rese>*es into drama1 also 8 collection ( facts relat+ to ! int]f]5ce ( ! (ficials ) ! !atre & p]secution ( ! actors4 ,8 ,g5]ations ( ! ,i*ikawa ,family has also prov$ a record ( great assi/ance4 ,mr4 ,ih>a has n only furni%$ me ) data = /udy1 b has be5 an indefatigable fri5d4 ,a true lov] ( ! !atre1 he is "o ( ! lead+ dramatic critics ( ,tokyo1 & has n only giv5 g5]\sly ( 8 k z a recognis$ au?ority on ,kabuki1 b act$ on my behalf to smoo? away a misund]/&+ or /raight5 out a difficulty t sometimes arose conc]n+ my att5dance at ! !atre4 ,to ! late ,mr4 ,e4 ,motono1 bro!r ( ! late ,visc\nt ,motono1 ,i owe _m ( ! fir/ translations t op5$ up be=e me a new !atre _w4 ,mr4 ,ei%iro ,hori1 ,pr(essor ( ,engli% at ,keio ,univ]sity1 r5d]$ ! greate/ assi/ance 9 translations t gave me an insight into ! hi/ory & te*nique ( ! ,n & ,doll-!atre4 ,i also ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,mokuan ,sek9e = 8 ,engeki ,taiz51 or ,complete ,drama1 relat+ to ! old cu/oms ( ,kabuki1 & to 8 ,fifty ,ye>s ( ,meiji ,kabuki4 ,ano!r fruitful s\rce ( in=mation has be5 ,kabuki ,so%o1 a collection ( old ,kabuki records4 ,i take ?is opportunity to ?ank ! fri5ds :o s (t5 accompani$ me to ! !atre1 & :o 7 unfail+ 9 _! help1 ,mrs4 ,koto-ko ,kuroda1 ,miss ,%ige ,tak5aka1 ,miss ,*iyo-ko ,hiraiwa1 ,mr4 ,hisa%i ,fujisawa1 & ,mr4 ,m4 ,k9ai4 ,nor c ,i fail to ackn[l$ge ! k9dness ( ! ?ree lead+ manag]s ( ,tokyo :o all[$ me free access to _! !atres1 ,mr4 ,k4 ,yamamoto ( ! ,imp]ial1 ! late ,n>iyo%i ,tamura ( ! ,i*imura-za1 & lat] 8 son & successor1 & ,mr4 ,otani1 head ( ! ,matsutake ,company1 :i* n[ controls ! greate/ numb] ( playh\ses 9 ,japan4 ,= twelve ye>s ,i sat among ! critics ( ! ,tokyo /age at ! regul> p]=mances1 & _c =get ! unfail+ c\rtesy ( my j\rnali/ic associates4 ,to my good fri5ds among ! actors1 ,nakamura ,utayemon ( ! ,kabuki-za2 ,onoe ,baiko & ,matsumoto ,ko%iro ( ! ,imp]ial2 ,onoe ,kikugoro1 ! six?1 ( ! ,i*imura-za2 ,nakamura ,ki*iyemon ( ! ,kabuki-za1 & ,nakamura ,ganjiro ( ,osaka2 to ,mr4 ,y4 ,n9omiya1 /age produc] & playwright ( ! ,imp]ial2 ,miss ,ritsu-ko ,mori1 lead+ actress ( ! ,tokyo /age2 ,mr4 ,kiyotada ,torii1 ! !atre arti/2 ,mr4 ,beisai ,kubota1 /age design]1--to all ! fri5ds ( long /&+ 9 ! !atre1 ,i take ?is opportunity to express my gratitude = ! privilege ( _! fri5d%ip & k9d assi/ance4 ,,zo ,,k9caid4 ,london1 ,m>* #b1 #aibe4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,ackn[l$gem5t v ,introduction xv ,,kabuki ,,*apt] ,i ,kabuki #c ,,*apt] ,,ii ,kabuki ,audi5ces #i ,,*apt] ,,iii ,conv5tions ( ,kabuki #ag ,,*apt] ,,iv ,craftsman%ip ( ,kabuki #bh ,,*apt] ,v ,kabuki's ,s*ool ( ,act+ #ce ,,*apt] ,,vi ,actor ,c]emonials #dj ,,orig9 ,,( ,,kabuki ,,*apt] ,,vii ,o-,kuni ( ,izumo #di ,,*apt] ,,viii ,onna ,kabuki3 ,! ,woman's ,/age #eh ,,*apt] ,,ix ,waka%u ,kabuki3 ,! ,"y ,m5's ,/age #fd ,,*apt] ,x ,!atres ( ! ,?ree ,t[ns #gd ,,yaku%a ,,*apt] ,,xi ,danjuro & ,tojuro #hg ,,*apt] ,,xii ,yaku%a ( ,g5roku #ii ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,yaku%a ( ,horeki #aaa ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,yaku%a ( ,pre-,re/oration ,p]iod #aba ,,*apt] ,,xv ,onnagata #acb ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,yaku%a & ,m>ionette #add ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,lives ( ! ,yaku%a #aec ,,%ibai ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,cu/oms ( ,%ibai #afi ,,*apt] ,,xix ,%ibai & ,outside ,influ5ce #ahc ,,*apt] ,,xx ,music ( ,%ibai #aib ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,%ibai & ,int]f]5ce #bja ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,ext]nals ( ,%ibai #bae ,,saku%a ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,cu/oms ( ! ,saku%a #bbe ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,repres5tative ,saku%a #bcb ,,plays ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,kabuki ,play ,=ms #bec ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,motives ( ,kabuki ,plays #bgf ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,kabuki ,rles #caj ,,meiji ,,kabuki ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,meiji ,kabuki #cbc ,i4 ,yaku%a ( ,meiji #cbc ,,ii4 ,! ,n9? ,i*ikawa ,danjuro #ccj ,,iii4 ,a ,!atre ,manag] ( ,meiji #ccg ,,iv4 ,rise & ,fall ( ,%impa #cdb ,v4 ,re=ms ( ,meiji #cdg ,,vi4 ,actresses ( ,meiji #cec ,,vii4 ,playwrights ( ,meiji & ,tai%o #ceh ,,kabuki ,,to-,,day ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,contempor>y ,kabuki #cfg ,bibliography #cgg ,index #cgi ,,illu/rations ,,face ,,page ,! "* ( ,kamakura ,gongoro1 a w>rior ( ,old ,japan1 z pres5t$ 9 ,%ib>aku6 7lit41 ,wait-a-,mom5t74 ,a fam\s actor improvisation1 or aragoto play1 "o ( ! h]$it>y eighte5 pieces ( ! ,i*ikawa ,danjuro family4 7,f a pa9t+ on silk by ,torii ,kiyotada1 ! pres5t head ( ! ,torii ,s*ool7 ,frontispiece1 9 col\r ,onoe ,kikugoro z a brave samurai woman m\nt$ on a :ite velvet /age /e$ #bb ,nakamura ,matagoro1 ! lead+ boy-actor ( ! ,tokyo /age 9 ! rle ( a girl-pilgrim1 ,o-,tsuru #cf ,ann\nc+ ,c]emony4 ,kojo1 or ann\ncem5t c]emony1 9 :i* ! c5tral figure is ,i*ikawa ,danjuro4 ,! mode/ actor ^: "n is to be *ang$ or rank rais$ b[s l[1 hid+ 8 face f view4 7,col\r pr9t by ,hasegawa ,kampei1 ! f\rte5?1 & ,torii ,kiyosada1 fa!r ( ,kiyotada7 #dj ,! la/ ( ! ,i*ikawa family1 ! gr&daught] ( ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! n9? #db ,!atre ,treasures exhibit$4 ,at ! ,nakamura-za1 f\nd$ by ,s>uwaka ,kansaburo1 ! gifts giv5 to him by ! ,%ogun 7 consid]$ z treasures ( ! !atre & exhibit$ on c]ta9 anniv]s>ies ) mu* respect1 ! actor hold+ ! gold sai1 or battle signal1 & cov]+ 8 m\? ) a piece ( pap] le/ 8 brea? soil x4 7,col\r pr9t by ,hasegawa ,kampei1 ! f\rte5?1 & ,torii ,kiyosada1 fa!r ( ,kiyotada7 #fi ,i*imura ,uzaemon1 ! ?irte5?1 z ,yasuna 9 a po/ure dance descriptive ( a man :o has become dem5t$ because ( ! loss ( 8 wife #hb ,onoe ,matsusuke z ,komori ,yasu1 or ,bat ,yasu1 s call$ because ( ! bir?-m>k on 8 *eek :i* resembles a bat4 ,a bold1 bad man ( ,y$o #ii ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre1 9 ! "* ( ,t[ns5d ,h>ris1 ! fir/ ,am]ican ,m9i/] to ,japan4 ,a photograph ( ! intrepid ,k5tucky ,colonel is on ! actor's dress+-table #aaa ,nakamura ,utayemon1 lead+ actor ( ! ,tokyo /age1 9 ! rle ( ,yayegaki-hime1 ! "y pr9cess 9 ! play ,niju%iko1 or ,tw5ty-f\r ,filial ,p]sons #acb ,?ree onnagata ( ,asia3 9 ! c5tre ,mei ,ran-fan ( ! ,pek+ /age1 to ! left ,nakamura ,utayemon1 ! lead+ onnagata ( ,japan1 & on ! "r ,nakamura ,fukusuke1 ! son ( ,utayemon & "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ imp]sonators ( wom5 9 ,tokyo #acf ,nakamura ,jakuyemon ( ,osaka1 an onnagata :o imitates ! act+ ( ! m>ionettes #adj ,yo%ida ,bungoro1 a doll-h&l] ( ! ,bunraku-za ( ,osaka1 :o has devot$ 8 life to ! managem5t ( female m>ionettes #add ,a sc5e f ,*u%+ura1 z play$ by ! m>ionettes 9 ! ,bunraku-za ( ,osaka #adh ,o-,sato1 h]o9e ( a ballad-drama ( ! ,doll-!atre4 ,reproduc$ f an oil pa9t+ by an ,osaka arti/ & %[n 9 a ,tokyo art exhibition4 ,! doll-h&l]s are gr\p$ beh9d l %ad[s #aej ,yaku%a mak+ a r\nd ( ,new ,ye> calls4 ,9 ! =egr\nd a memb] ( ! ,i*ikawa family1 ) two pupils & 8 s]vants1 foll[+ beh9d an onnagata simil>ly att5d$4 ,! kites 9 ! picture %[ ! fav\rite pa/ime ( *ildr5 dur+ ! ,new ,ye> holidays4 7,col\r pr9t by ,hasegawa ,kampei1 ! f\rte5?1 & ,torii ,kiyosada1 fa!r ( ,kiyotada7 #aed ,matsumoto ,ko%iro 9 ! rle ( an otokodate1 or *ivalr\s common]1 ready to def5d ! oppress$ l[] classes f ! blu/]+ two-sword$ samurai #afj ,nakamura ,ki*iyemon z ,kumagae1 a w>rior ( ,old ,japan #aff ,to m>k ! op5+ ( ! !atre season :5 actors1 playwrights1 & musicians 7 engag$1 !re 0 a ga!r+ call$ ,see+-=-!-,fir/-,"t4 7,col\r pr9t by ,torii ,kiyonaga7 #age ,adv]tis+ ! ,play4 ,dur+ ! p]=mances two m5 g>b$ 9 long trail+ fem99e attire1 _! heads cov]$ ) cotton t[els1 attract$ ! pass]s-by by _! v]bal adv]tisem5t4 ,"o imitat$ ! l9es ( ! actors1 & ! o!r h&$ out wood5 tickets4 7,col\r pr9t by ,hasegawa ,kampei1 ! f\rte5?1 & ,torii ,kiyosada1 fa!r ( ,kiyotada7 #agg ,face ,lights = ! ,actors4 ,:5 ! !atre became d>k x 0 necess>y to illum9e ! actor's face ) c&le-light4 ,"h prop]ty m5 are hold+ out c&les on ! ends ( pliant rods t ! face ( ! danc] may be se51 & c&les =m ! footlights4 ,! p]=m] is ! s]p5t pr9cess 9 ! disguise ( a beautiful danc] 9 ! piece ,dojo-ji4 7,col\r pr9t by ,hasegawa ,kampei1 ! f\rte5?1 & ,torii ,kiyosada1 fa!r ( ,kiyotada7 #aha ,c]emony ( welcom+ an actor4 ,x repres5ts ! onnagata1 ,segawa ,kikunojo1 return+ to ! ,nakamura-za 9 ,y$o aft] an abs5ce ( two ye>s 9 ,osaka4 7,f col\r pr9t by ,utagawa ,toyokuni7 #ahb ,nakamura ,ganjiro ( ,osaka z a melan*oly lov] 9 a play ( ! p #ahf ,nakamura ,fukusuke ( ,tokyo 9 an onnagata rle #bae ,a ,kaomise1 or face-%[+ c]emony at ! ,nakamura-za 9 #aggb4 ,by ?is "t ! ro( ( ! /age _h disappe>$ & only its symbol rema9$ ov] ! front ( ! /age1 :i* n[ approa*$ ! long n>r[ /yle 9 vogue 9 ! ,doll-!atre4 7,col\r pr9t by ,utagawa ,toyoh>u7 #bag ,int]ior ( ! ,nakamura-za 9 #agih :5 ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! six?1 0 promot$ to ! head ( ! !atre4 ,by ?is "t ! ro( ( ! /age _h become a decoration ov]head4 7,col\r pr9t by ,utagawa ,toyokuni7 #bah ,! l>ge/ ,n !atre 9 ,japan1 t ( ,oni%i ,ryot>o 9 ,osaka1 a mod]n /ructure comb9+ ar*itectural features repres5t+ ! diff]5t p]iods ( ,n !atre developm5t #bbj ,kataoka ,nizaemon1 ! elev5?1 z ,yuranosuke1 ! lead] ( ! ,=ty-sev5 ,ron91 9 ! play ,*u%+ura #bbh ,nakamura ,ganjiro ( ,osaka 9 8 fav\rite rle1 t ( ,izaemon1 ! lov] ( ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon's drama1 & play$ = two c5turies by ! ,kabuki actors #bef ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 ! sev5?1 z ,watonai1 ! grotesque h]o ( ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon's drama1 ,kokus5ya ,kass51 or ! ,battle ( ,kokus5ya4 ,! inn] g>m5t is bright r$ /udd$ ) brass1 ! l[] purple ) a design ( twi/$ :ite rope #bfb ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 ! sev5?1 z ,b5kei1 ! w>rior-prie/ 9 ,kanj9*o4 ,he p]=m$ 9 ?is rle :5 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales visit$ ! ,imp]ial ,!atre #bfd ,sawamura ,sojuro1 ! sev5?1 ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre1 z ,toga%i1 ! keep] ( ! b>ri]1 9 ,kanj9*o1 ,kabuki's music-drama ma/]piece #bff ,morita ,kanya1 ! ?irte5?1 son ( ! aggressive !atre manag] ( ,meiji1 z ,yo%itsune1 ! "y h]o ( ! music-drama1 ,kanj9*o #bfh ,onoe ,baiko z ! ,wi/>ia ,maid51 9 a descriptive dance #bgb ,onoe ,kikugoro1 ! six?1 z ! trans=mation ( a maid into a :ite fox1 9 a descriptive dance1 ,kagami ,%i%i1 or ! ,mirror-,lion #bgd ,nakamura ,ganjiro ( ,osaka z ,g5zo1 ! village s*oolma/] 9 ,t]akoya1 or ,! ,village ,s*ool1 by ,tak$a ,izumo #bgh ,i*ikawa ,*u%a z ,matsuom>u 9 ,t]akoya 7,! ,village ,s*ool71 :o sacrifices ! life ( 8 son t ! ,mi*izane heir may survive #bhj ,jitsukawa ,enjaku ( ,osaka z ,gonta 9 ! sacrifice play1 ,sembonzakura1 by ,tak$a ,izumo #bhb ,i*ikawa ,sadanji z ,sadakura1 ! highwayman1 9 ! play ,*u%+ura #bhd ,! ,h>akiri sc5e f ,*u%+ura #bhf ,sc5e f ,yotsuya ,kaidan1 or ,! ,gho/ ( ,yotsuya1 by ,namboku ,tsuruya4 ,onoe ,baiko is se5 z ! disfigur$ ,o-,iwa1 & ,onoe ,matsusuke ! k9d old masseur :o holds up ! mirror t %e may le>n ! tru? #bid ,banzui9 ,*obei1 a man ( ! p1 rle by ,matsumoto ,ko%iro #cjj ,nakamura ,ki*iyemon z ,sakura ,sogoro1 ! ,village ,head :o 8 life = ! good ( ! p #cjb ,nakamura ,fukusuke ( ,osaka z a belle ( ! gay qu>t]s4 ,lett]s are made z long z possible to produce ! bett] effect #cjd ,onoe ,baiko z ! demon woman 9 ,ib>aki1 escap+ ) h] sev]$ arm #cjf ,matsumoto ,ko%iro & ,onoe ,baiko 9 ,seik9oto1 ! music-drama piece1 9 :i* ,baiko appe>$ z ! _s ( ! *]ry tree #caf ,ritsu-,ko ,mori1 ! lead+ actress ( ! ,tokyo /age #cdg ,! ,imp]ial ,!atre ( ,tokyo1 complet$ 9 #aiaa4 ,! build+ )/ood ! e>?quake %ocks ( ! great disa/] ( #aibc1 b ! int]ior 0 de/roy$ by fire4 ,x has n[ be5 entirely re/or$4 ,! ,imp]ial is becom+ an int]national !atre c5tre1 & has welcom$ actors1 musicians1 & danc]s f ,engl&1 ,am]ica1 ,russia1 ,italy1 & ,*9a #cfh ,onoe ,baiko1 lead+ actor ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre 9 an onnagata rle #cgj 7#a7 ,! new ,kabuki-za4 7#b7 ,entrance ,hall ( ! new ,kabuki-za4 ,! new ,kabuki-za1 ) a seat+ capacity ( #djjj1 :i* 0 op5$ on ,janu>y #f1 #aibe4 ,"u con/ruction at ! "t ( ! e>?quake disa/]1 ,septemb] #a1 #aibc1 ! concrete /ructure rema9$ intact4 ,japanese ar*itectural features h be5 us$ ?r\gh\t ! ,kabuki-za1 &1 ris+ out ( ! ru9s ( ! city1 x is "o ( ! mo/ impos+ build+s 9 ,tokyo #cgd ,,introduction ,int]e/ 9 ! ,!atre1 & 9 ! arts & crafts :i* belong to x1 is to-day s lively & s g5]al t x is r surpris+ h[ little has be5 writt5 ab\t ! popul> !atre 9 ,japan4 ,!re h be5 sev]al books on ! ,n1 t unique =m ( drama :i* rigidly ma9ta9s unalt]$ all ! traditions & f9e conv5tions ( ! m$ieval p]iod4 ,b ?is /ation>y1 ari/ocratic art has nev] ent]$ into ! life ( ! ,japanese p z has ! ,kabuki !atre1 ) :i* ! pres5t volume is conc]n$4 ,9 ,janu>y ( ?is ye> 0 op5$ ! new build+ ( ! ,kabuki-za1 ris+ f ! a%es & ru9s ( ! capital4 ,x is a huge build+1 ) a seat+ capacity ( f\r ?\s&4 ,! ,japanese _c live )\t ! !atre3 x is 9 a mo/ real s5se "p ( ! national life4 ,?r\gh ! !atre ! lea/ educat$ become famili> ) ! h]oic pa/ ( _! c\ntry1 its leg5ds & its actual hi/ory1 s ab\nd+ 9 dramatic episodes 8:]e duty & incl9ation come nobly to ! grapple04 ,x /imulates & su/a9s _! imag9ative life2 x is a bond ( union = all sorts & conditions ( m54 ,su* a !atre is wor? kn[+ ab\t2 & ! art ( ?is !atre is1 9 all its details1 ( extraord9>y int]e/4 ,no nation is s ?or\gh z ! ,japanese 9 any art !y und]take2 & ! ,kabuki !atre exacts ! mo/ prolong$ & rigor\s tra9+ f *ildhood 9 ^? :o s]ve x2 _! art is ( ! mo/ f9i%$4 ,te*nically1 also1 ! devices & conv5tions ( ,kabuki sc5es--! revolv+ /age1 = in/ance--(f] po9ts ( comp>ison & contra/ ) ! ,european !atre :i* we c pr(itably /udy1 z read]s ( ?is book w discov]4 ,! writ] ( ?is book has liv$ = ye>s 9 ,japan1 has assidu\sly frequ5t$ ! !atre 7& n ! ,kabuki !atre only71 & has made h]self intimately acqua9t$ ) its hi/ory4 ,collectors & /ud5ts ( ,japanese col\r-pr9ts "k h[ entw9$ ) t popul> art is ! life ( ! !atre4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ design]s ( ^? beautiful pr9ts devot$ _! lives to depict+ ! actors ( ! day 9 _! mo/ successful sc5es4 ,& pr9t-collectors h long be5 9 want ( a book :i* w\ld tell !m ab\t ! fam\s actors1 :e!r ( mascul9e or fem99e p>ts 7= wom51 z on ! ,elizabe?an /age1 7 play$ by m571 & ab\t ! plays 9 :i* !y appe>$4 ,only q rec5tly has x be5 discov]$ t ! actor-pr9ts c v (t5 be dat$ by ! help ( !atre-records2 & ?us we are enabl$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! diff]5t actors ( /age-families be>+ ! same "n4 7,! h]$it>y "* ( ! actor's call+ is ano!r int]e/+ feature ( ! ,japanese /age47 ,9 ?is book "o's natural curiosity ab\t ! lives & p]sonalities ( ! successive ,danjuros & o!r great actors is 9 l>ge measure satisfi$3 & ,i am sure t pr9t-collectors w welcome ?is illum9at+ aid to _! /udy4 ,b x is to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! !atre z !atre t ^! pages w appeal above all4 ,_m ( u rememb] ! p]=mances ( ,sada ,yacco & h] husb&1 ,mr4 ,kawakami1 9 ,london1 n[ _m ye>s ago4 ,!y gave u j a glimpse ( ! fasc9ation ( ,japanese act+3 b !y repres5t$ an exp]im5tal ef=t--,sada ,yacco h]self 0 an actress only by accid5t--& 9 ! ,we/ we h nev] se5 any true repres5tation ( ! national drama ( ,japan4 ,i _c b express ! hope1 :i* ,i am sure w be %>$ by ^? :o read ^! pages1 t be=e long ,tokyo may be p]suad$ to s5d a company to ,europe1 & at la/ all[ u to enjoy & und]/& some?+ ( ! scrupul\s & int5se dramatic art1 s ri* 9 tradition yet s alive to ! f+]-tips1 ( ! ,japanese popul> !atre4 ,,laur5ce ,,b9yon4 ,,kabuki ,,*apt] ,i ,,kabuki ,solid att5tion f ! close-set heads ( ! playgo]s kneel+ on _! cu%ions 9 ! boxes ( ! pit to ! cr[d$ gall]ies on ?ree sides1 & en?usiasm display$ 9 ! ta*imi1 or /&+-to-see place ne> ! ceil+1 :]e pati5t p rema9 on _! feet = long h\rs--! ke5e/ critics z well z ! w>me/ support]s ( ! actors--su* is ! sc5e witness$ daily 9 ! !atre ( ,japan4 ,! ,occid5tal _c long )/& ! mass psy*ology ( ?is audi5ce2 t is1 if he makes an attempt to %>e its po9t ( view & appreciate ! excell5t ?+s provid$ ^u ! /age4 ,he feels its subtle unity1 its amaz+ cohesiv5ess2 he is c>ri$ away by an unse5 /ream1 engross$1 engulf$1 & wakes up ) a />t to f9d himself an entity aga92 or else1 deta*+ himself f ! atmosph]e 9 :i* he has be5 imm]s$1 wond]s at ?is ov]fl[+ expression ( ,japanese life4 ,/atesm51 publici/s1 & editors ( ! ,occid5t wax eloqu5t ab\t ,japan & h] problems1 b "h is some?+ !y q ignore & leave out ( consid]ation1 ?is manife/ation ( ! pure _s ( ! p ) m9ds relax$ enjoy+ ! !atre art t pleas$ _! ance/ors4 ,seek]s aft] my/]y w n f9d x "h1 = !re is no?+ t is inscrutable4 ,m]ely ! p laugh+ or cry+ z ! play proce$s1 spontane\s 9 _! approval ( ! triumph ( "r ov] wrong1 absorb$ 9 ! cla% ( evil & good1--! same !atre mat]ial t has s]v$ to amuse & attract mank9d = ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s4 ,j ! p1 display+ dep?s ( human nature1 undi/urb$ by ! que/ions t vex ! politicians1 ! propag&i/s1 ! milit>i/s1 & o!r dread phantoms t ca/ _! d>k %ad[s ov] a sunny1 smil+ _w4 ,! creative _s belongs to no "o l& or p1 & its expression becomes ! treasure ( all4 ,kabuki1 ! popul> /age ( ,japan1 is ! result ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s ( int5sive cultivation4 ,its g5ius & successful a*ievem5ts belong to a common sum total1 & are a contribution to ! _w's !atre4 ,its actors are memb]s ( ! same frat]nity z ^? ( ! ,we/1 & claim k9%ip ) !m4 ,no?+ 9 ! entire realm ( ,japanese life reveals ! *>act]i/ics ( ! p s un]r+ly z ,kabuki4 ,x is a /ore-h\se ( hi/ory1 & has ex]cis$ a moral =ce ^u ! :ole p4 ,! cr[d$ audi5ces 9 ! big !atres ( ,tokyo1 ,osaka1 ,kobe1 ,kyoto1 ,yokohama1 & ! c\ntless m9or places ( amusem5t1 te/ify to ! enjoym5t & relaxation af=d$ by ! p]=mances4 ,!re are ! a*ievem5ts ( ! actors1 :o may easily be recognis$ z m5 ( ! fir/ ability2 ! frequ5t attempts ( new /age writ]s1 t are wor?y ( consid]ation z evid5ce ( ,japan's mod]n t5d5cies2 ! liv+ traditions ( ! old ma/]pieces to witness1 & ! _m int]e/+ c]emonies ( ! !atre4 ,kabuki repres5ts a :ole _w ( creativ5ess bo? pa/ & pres5t1 a sph]e ( !atre activity t rema9s a t]ra incognita to ! ,occid5t4 ,!re is some?+ poignant 9 ! endeav\rs ( g5]ations ( ,kabuki play]s :o obey$ ! voice )9 !m1 ask+ no ackn[l$gem5t1 expect+ no return1 do+ _! duty z !y knew x )\t ! lea/ idea ( ! vague we/]n hemisph]e--completely unkn[n to _! bro!rs 9 o!r l&s4 ,= m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s ^! actors h liv$ & _h _! be+ 9 _! own n>r[ sph]es4 ,true to ! be/ !atre in/9ct )9 !m1 !y bequea!d _! accumulat$ treasures ( /yle & ta/e1 ! pure/ & mo/ v>i$ ( !atre mat]ial1 to _! successors1 ! mod]n actors1 :o1 s f> z ! ,we/ is conc]n$1 rema9 obscure1 unvalu$1 & unappreciat$1 ev5 z did _! ance/ors :5 ,japan 0 isolat$ & _h no relations ) outside c\ntries4 ,yet _! art 0 good1 & w "o day ga9 recognition4 ,!y h c>ri$ on _! traditions unsw]v+ly2 !y are ! cu/odians ( all t p]ta9s to ! !atre ( ! pres5t1 & ! future looms l>ge ) possibilities4 ,!re are ?ree sep>ate & di/9ct !atres 9 ,japan3 ! ,n1 or classic drama1 ) its mask$ figures1 p]fect$ five hundr$ ye>s ago2 ,n+yo-%ibai1 or ! ,doll-!atre1 :]e m>ionettes int]pret complicat$ ballad-dramas2 & ,kabuki1 ! popul> !atre1 9 :i* male play]s reign supreme4 ,^! are ! ,japanese !atre arts1 int]wov5 into ! v fabric ( society1 ! amusem5ts ( ! p t reflect _! psy*ology1 ta/es1 & aspirations4 ,! ,n became cry/allis$ into an art at ! "t ( ! ,%ogun ,yo%imitsu 7#acfh-acih74 ,long be=e ,yo%imitsu held sway1 ! c\ntry _h be5 brimful ( song1 dance1 poetry1 m9/relsy1 & ! ?ree !atres ( mod]n ,japan may be said to h inh]it$ ! accumulat$ t5d5cies ( a ?\s& ye>s4 ,deeply root$ 9 ! p 0 ! love ( !atrical ent]ta9m5ts :i* 7 held 9 connection ) ! fe/ivals ( %r9es & temples4 ,f ^! p]=mances develop$ companies ( play]s :o =m$ h]$it>y actor families1 ! memb]s ( :i* 7 reg>d$ z belong+ to ! common p4 ,:5 ,yo%imitsu saw a p]=mance at a ,kyoto temple t pleas$ him he gave 8 patronage to ! play]s1 & at "o b\nd !y 7 elevat$ to a new position4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ! ,n 0 br\ght to a /ate ( p]fection1 & ! support & enc\ragem5t giv5 by s highly plac$ a p]sonage result$ 9 ! monopoly ( ?is !atre by ! ari/ocracy1 to be res]v$ h5ce=w>d = _! own use & ent]ta9m5t4 ,dur+ ! long ,tokugawa regime1 ! ,n cont9u$ "u ! protection ( ! ,%ogun1 & 0 patronis$ by ! v>i\s daimyo4 ,:5 ! %ogunate fell1 ! ,n almo/ w5t out ( exi/5ce1 b sl[ly rega9$ its pre/ige1 & )9 rec5t ye>s x has atta9$ unprec$5t$ popul>ity4 ,x is reg>d$ z a means ( culture1 & is claim$ by increas+ numb]s ( intellectuals4 ,yet x /ill reta9s its alo(ness f ! common !atre1 :i* x cont9ues to disda9 z *eap1 vulg>1 & s5sational4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t x has come to a /&/ill & lives on ! pa/1 its influ5ce is v great4 ,z an expression ( ! human _s by means ( inanimate figures1 ! ,doll-!atre ( ,japan is unique4 ,x is a surprise to f9d ?is jewel ( art 9 ,osaka1 ! city ( smoke-/acks--an art t has be5 alive 9 ,japan = m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 b is at pres5t practically conf9$ to "o small !atre1 ! ,bunraku-za4 ,o!r c\ntries h _! doll-!atres 9 m or less fl\ri%+ conditions1 b few h rea*$ su* a /ate ( complet5ess z t ( ,japan4 ,= "h is a r>e comb9ation--inanimate figures in/ead ( actors ( fle% & blood2 doll-m5 tra9$ f *ildhood to acquire ! te*nique to manage ! cold & lifeless =ms ?r\gh :i* fl[s ! creative g5ius ( ! h&l]s2 m9/rels & musicians :o h devot$ _! lives to ! int]pretation ( ! plays2 & ! be/ bra9s ( ! dramati/ employ$ 9 ord] t ! dolls may be triumphant & _! use fully ju/ifi$4 ,kabuki1 ! popul> /age1 0 b ! ass]tion ( ! p to ! "r ( _! own =m ( ent]ta9m5t1 s9ce ! ,n _h become ! exclusive amusem5t ( ! high] classes4 ,all ! mat]ials = a !atre ( ! p 7 abundantly at h&1 & x only ne$$ ! impetus to />t x fl[+ 9 ! "r direction4 ,n+yo-%ibai1 or ! ,doll-!atre1 & ,kabuki rose at ! same "t1 bo? popul> !atre arts4 ,kabuki 0 de/9$ to be pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ! m>ionettes1 & ! music ( ! ,doll-!atre ow$ its inspiration directly to ! ,n4 ,:ile ,japan's !atre g5ius has n develop$ 9 ! same direction z ! intellectual drama ( ! ,occid5t1 h] actors are ! product ( sev]e discipl9e4 ,kabuki is "o ( ! mo/ pr(essional /ages ( ! _w4 ,! actors are tra9$ f *ildhood1 & keep _! place 9 ! ranks until _! /eps are tott]+4 ,!re is no op5+ = ! amateur to ga9 admittance to ?is well-regulat$ _w ) its set /&>ds4 ,& ( ! c\ntless plays1 b few are kn[n to ! ,we/4 ,!re are ! dramas ri* 9 human nature1 z romantic & s5tim5tal z ! ,we/ c\ld desire1 ) a realism t rivals t ( ! ,occid5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a rem>kable excursion into ! realm ( ! unreal1 & grotesque *>act]s cut out ( ! clo? ( exagg]ation =m ! *>act]i/ics ( ! _m qua9t plays t h be5 h&$ d[n to po/]ity by ! n9e />s ( ! ,i*ikawa family1 ! actor-l9e t has contribut$ m ?an any o!r to ! developm5t ( ! ,japanese !atre4 ,!re are1 also1 ! %osagoto1 or music-po/ure pieces1 e!real1 graceful1 fairylike creations1 & associat$ ) ^! a :ole sph]e ( descriptive danc+4 ,to attempt to ju/ify ! exi/5ce ( ,kabuki by seek+ to expla9 x 9 ! light ( ! ,occid5tal !atre means to digress1 = comp>isons are idle until ! :ole /ory ( ! ,japanese /age is made kn[n4 ,no d\bt :5 ,kabuki becomes m famili> to ! ,we/ mu* ( a critical nature w be writt5 z to :]e ! two approa* or div]ge4 ,! aim ( ?is book is to lay ! ess5tial facts ( ,kabuki be=e ,occid5tal read]s4 ,= x is believ$ t ! way to judge su* an in/itution is to f9d out fir/ :at x signifies to ^? :o h br\ght x into exi/5ce4 ,aft] :i* may be consid]$ ! value x holds = ! ,we/4 ,:5 an attempt is made to expla9 ,kabuki 9 ,we/]n t]ms confusion beg9s4 ,x becomes a mu* simpl] matt] if left to expla9 itself4 ,9 ! ,n ! actor & playwright 7 subs]vi5t to int]pretation1 & art 0 great] ?an p]sonality2 9 ! ,doll-!atre1 playwrights1 m9/rels1 doll-h&l]s--all work$ s en?usia/ically t !y =got !mselves & 7 absorb$ 9 ! m>ionette1--a truly unselfi% !atre co-op]ation4 ,mu* ( ,kabuki1 h[ev]1 has be5 ( an ephem]al nature4 ,! actors improvis$ z !y saw fit4 ,x 0 _! _w & ! playwrights 7 _! s]vants4 ,! :ole art ( ,kabuki evolv$ by ^! play]s ( ,japan is unconsci\s1 & %\ld be ( ! greate/ int]e/ to lov]s ( ! !atre 9 all l&s1 = ! reason t ! relation ( a p to _! !atre1 ! diff]5t use ( dramatic mat]ials1 ! developm5t ( *>act]i/ic cu/oms & conv5tions reveal by way ( comp>ison & contra/ ! virtues or defects ( ! sy/ems t exi/ else:]e4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,kabuki ,,audi5ces ,an indescribable d91 ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( ! atmosph]e ( %ibai1--t =ms "p ( ! pleasure ( !atre-go+1--is compos$ ( a hubbub ( voices1 ! clatt] ( tea-cups1 ! twang ( ! samis51 ! ?und] ( big drums1 ! cries ( ! v5dors sell+ pots ( hot tea1 rice-cakes1 or oranges to cu/om]s 9 ! back seats ( ! gall]y1 & ! metallic click-clack ( ! hyo%igi1 or wood5 clapp]s1 t signal ! beg9n+ or end ( ! curta94 ,long be=e ! playgo]s beg9 to arrive1 heavy1 scatt]$ drum-beats e*o ?r\gh ! vacant !atre4 ,?is is a rem9d] ( ! old days :5 ! drumm] /ation$ 9 ! yagura1 or drum-t[]1 beat 8 tattoo to ann\nce ! op5+ ( %ibai1 & to ha/5 ! p on _! way4 ,by ! "t ! dekata1 or u%]s1 are bu/l+ ab\t %[+ ! p to _! places1 ! great drum s\nds ) sl[1 regul> rhy?ms4 ,a flute beg9s to %rill1 weav+ an intricate maze ab\t ! deep-ton$ measures4 ,next ! light1 /accato beats ( a ,n drum are add$ to ! m$ley ( s\nds :i*1 becom+ fa/] & fa/]1 seems to anticipate ! ?rill+ & brilliant sc5es t are ab\t to be repres5t$ on ! /age4 ,! drumm]s cease _! clam\r abruptly1 & !re succe$s a quiet space brok5 by ! noise ( ! /age c>p5t]'s hamm]1 & ! calls ( /age h&s4 ,soon ! pit is d5sely pack$1 ! p kneel+ d[n on _! cu%ions 9 ! little squ>e boxes t hold no m ?an f\r ) com=t4 ,! gall]ies fac+ ! /age1 & to "r & left1 hung ) _m lant]ns & cov]$ ) sc>let clo?1 beg9 to fill4 ,increas+ ! animation ( ! sc5e are ! *ang+ curta9s ( ri* sat9s or crepes embroid]$ or dy$ ) gay designs1 pres5tation gifts to ! actor1 symbolis+ 8 rank1 rles1 or ance/ry1 t are drawn aside "o aft] ! o!r4 ,! _m-col\r$ kimono & gold & silv] obi worn by ! fair sex height5 ! brightness ( ! picture4 ,deluges ( ra9 d n prev5t p f cr[d+ to ! !atre1 = :5 ord9>y pursuits are int]f]$ ) ! :ole day may be giv5 up to see+ ! plays & enjoy+ ! hospitality ( %ibai4 ,%\ld a typhoon be rag+1 ! *aya1 or tea-h\se1 pres5ts a lively sc5e2 e second a doz5 dripp+1 two-:eel$ kuruma arrive1 ! %ort oilsk9 coats ( ! pull]s /ream+ ) wat]1 _! b>e legs spla%$ ) mud1 z !y unbutton ! flaps ( ! hood$ vehicles t old1 fat d[ag]s1 *>m+ wives1 :ite-hair$ old g5tlem5 we>+ silk skirts1 & gei%a1 immaculate ( toilet1 may em]ge1 only to be succe$$ by an endless v>iety ( p]sons b5t on reliev+ ! monotony ( ! day by a visit to %ibai4 ,)9 ! *aya1 ! wide cem5t entrance floor is quickly cov]$ by a m\nta9 ( geta1 or clogs1 & dripp+ oil$-pap] umbrellas1 all ?r[n toge!r 9 :at seems utt] confusion1 7 x n = ! wood5 id5tification tags4 ,s]vants add to ! p&emonium by runn+ 9 all directions call+ out l\dly z !y take ! hon\rable gue/s' hats & ov]coats1 or escort !m to _! places )9 ! !atre1 :ile cr[ds ( apple-*eek$ c\ntry maids /ruggle valiantly to fill innum]able blue & :ite teapots1 disput+ ) ea* o!r z to ! de/9ation ( ^! indisp5sables1 arrang+ !m on trays1 or fill+ !m by dipp+ up ! boil+ wat] f a huge brass kettle ov] ! *>coal fire let d[n 9 ! floor4 ,outside1 ! r$ & :ite pap] lant]ns decorat+ ! "u-eaves ( ! tea-h\se bl[ ab\t wetly1 & a fusillade ( v]tical ra9 falls unceas+ly ^u ! grey mud ( ! /reet4 ,f /reet to seat1 & a new _w appe>s1 ! audi5ce kneel+ d[n on ! cu%ions ( ! small boxes1 pack$ 9 l s>d9es 9 ! n>r[ conf9es--faces1 faces ev]y:]e1 f ! pati5t /&+ p ( ! highe/ gall]y to ! close-set heads ( ! fir/ r[ 9 ! pit4 ,imm$iately1 ! piles ( clogs & soggy umbrellas t mu/ be sort$ out be=e ! disp]sal ( ! audi5ce1 ! blu/]+ gale )\t1 ev5 ! deaf5+ ro> ( ! unceas+ ra9 ^u ! ro( ( ! !atre are =gott51 z att5tion is focuss$ ^u ! vivid *>act]s ( ! ,kabuki plays4 ,or to leave ! du/y1 traffic-worn city 9 ! yell[ gl>e ( noon1 & ent]+ ! *aya become lo/ 9 ,kabuki's dreaml&1 is a pleasant s5sation4 ,! old _w wags4 ,aft]noon gives place to ev5+1 & by ! "t ! playgo] issues =? aga9 into ! sph]e ( actualities1 a *orus ( ?anks f ! tea-h\se att5dants = 8 com+ s\nd+ 9 8 e>s1 ! />s are bright 9 ! canopy ( d>kness4 ,at ! "t ( ,o-,kuni1 ! f\nd] ( ,kabuki1 %ibai meant to sit on ! grass or e>?1 & some?+ ( its out-(-door orig9 /ill rema9s4 ,! build+s nev] at any "t give ! impression t ! play is be+ enact$ 9 "s /uffy1 m\ldy subt]ranean cav]n4 ,especially 9 hot wea!r ! audi5ce has a s5se ( air9ess & fre$om4 ,go+ to ! !atre 9 midsumm] is made agreeable & com=table4 ,:ite curta9s cov] ! gall]ies2 ! audi5ce is clo!d = ! mo/ "p 9 cool1 :ite cotton kimono1 & ! entire auditorium is a-flutt] ) :ite fans4 ,! playgo] may look away f ! /age & re/ 8 eyes by ! sight ( a moonlit sky1 ev5 bats & mo?s v5tur+ 9 f _! night re/+-places1 attract$ by ! bright int]ior4 ,sunlight slants ?r\gh ! audi5ce & falls on ! upturn$ faces 9 ! pit1 & is reflect$ 9 ! well-oil$ & p]fectly arrang$ coiffure ( ! ,japanese woman4 ,pat*es ( brilliant sun%9e /ray ^u ! /age1 t\*+ a gold5 scre5 or sumptu\s co/ume4 ,! w9d bl[s1 mov+ ! fragile pap] lant]ns susp5d$ f ! gall]ies or 9 r[s ov] ! /age1 %ibai's mo/ *>act]i/ic decoration4 ,! heads ( ! kneel+ p 9 ! gall]ies are outl9$ aga9/ an op5 space ( blue sky1 trees1 & ro(s4 ,aft]noon fades1 & ! backgr\nd beh9d ! playgo]s *anges to d>k blue velvet imp]ceptibly melt+ into ! blackness ( night z ! play proce$s4 ,= summ] audi5ces sugge/ions ( coolness are made4 ,9 a c]ta9 sc5e gold scre5s w be us$1 on :i* are pa9t$ p9e-clad isl&s1 blue wat]1 & :ite waves4 ,:5 t my/]i\s sea ( faces ^u :i* ! actor plays is "o flutt]+ mass ( pap] fans1 !n ! ta/e incl9es to reali/ic typhoons ) ?und] & lightn+ & real ra91 t spla%es all ov] ! /age1 or !re is %[n an "u-!-ocean sc5e 9 :i* fi% & m]maids disport !mselves4 ,%\ld a piece ) ! sav\r ( ! sea be giv51 a curta9 is susp5d$ f ! gall]ies %[+ blue waves on :ite1 & creepy gho/ plays are a cool+ influ5ce :5 x is necess>y to =get ! hot clamm9ess ( ! /reets4 ,9 w9t]1 h[ev]1 ! ne>-to-nature aspect ( %ibai is n conducive to com=t4 ,!n x is necess>y to sit on ! feet to keep !m w>m1 & ! *ill air bl[s ?r\gh *9ks & cracks4 ,! only heat provid$ is a small porcela9 vessel fill$ ) *>coal emb]s plac$ 9 a box t has an ap]ture 9 ! top1 :ile ov] ! :ole is plac$ a wadd$ cov]+--a h&-w>m] t !atre-go]s c\ld n v well d )\t4 ,b if !re is signal neglect ( creature com=ts 9 ! w9t] %ibai1 !re are comp5sations4 ,!re is no lack ( w>m food & bev]ages to suit ! ta/e ( ! mo/ fa/idi\s4 ,dur+ ! int]vals betwe5 plays ! p prom5ade along ! corridors & pur*ase s\v5irs at ! /alls1 :]e _m tempt+ w>es are display$ to view4 ,an air ( enjoym5t & pleasure p]vades ! atmosph]e4 ,april is /ill1 z x 0 9 ! old days1 ! gaye/ & mo/ attractive mon? = playgo]s4 ,?\s&s ( prov9cials flock to ,tokyo & ,osaka1 & ! !atres vie ) ea* o!r to provide ! mo/ attractive programmes4 ,artificial *]ry blossoms =m ! decorations outside ! !atres1 & ! /age %[s "s special arrangem5t ( ^! fl[]s4 ,foll[+ ! old cu/om1 ,novemb] is ! mo/ dignifi$ !atre mon? 9 ! cal5d>1 :5 ! great actors play _! f9e/ rles to m>k ! op5+ ( ! !atre season4 ,! celebration ( ! ,new ,ye> is obs]v$ 9 a special mann]1 ! decorations consi/+ ( p9e1 bamboo1 & plum1 & lant]ns be>+ ! names & cre/s ( ! lead+ actors4 ,decemb] is ! dulle/ & mo/ un9t]e/+ !atre mon?1 s9ce ! ye>-end settlem5t ( out/&+ acc\nts makes x necess>y to retr5* 9 ord] to meet all obligations1 & because ! busy h\sehold prep>ations keep _m a matron & maid at home4 ,n all ! plays on a programme1 t la/s f noon to ne> midnight1 are calculat$ to hold ! att5tion--9 "s sc5es ! action1 if x c be s call$1 me&]s g5tly on1 ! audi5ce manife/+ a mild int]e/4 ,!re is a deep und]curr5t ( repose ^u ! /age1 ! actors go+ ab\t _! bus9ess leisurely1 kn[+ no?+ ( ! hurry ) :i* ,we/]n play]s cram ! ev5ts ( a lifetime into a %ort two-h\rs-&-a-half4 ,p att5d %ibai n s mu* to be />tl$ by s5sations1 z = relaxation4 ,!y take _! ease1 & feel at home4 ,! dekata waits ^u !m1 att5d+ to _! p]sonal ne$s ) a c\rtesy t makes ea* individual consid] himself an hon\r$ gue/4 ,9 ! mid/ ( a sc5e t calls = passive int]e/1 ! dekata may be se5 balanc+ 9 "o h& a pile ( r$ or black lacqu] boxes full ( hot rice & tempt+ vi&s ) :i* playgo]s are accu/om$ to regale !mselves1 or lad5 d[n ) sake bottles or teapots1 mov+ dext]\sly f "o box to ano!r 9 ! pit4 ,at su* times ! doctr9e ( self-realisation ( ,asia is be/ reveal$4 ,cont5t$ old m5 s5d ! smoke f _! small1 metallic pipes float+ t[>ds ! ceil+2 gr&mo!rs dr9k tea f cups t hold ?ree m\?fuls4 ,old cronies discuss ! play ov] sips ( hot sake2 o!rs read ! programmes to acqua9t !mselves ) ! =?com+ plays2 babies are nurs$1 dress$1 or put to sleep2 gei%a take out _! mirrors & indu/ri\sly pre5 & p[d]2 *ildr5 dev\r sweets & oranges4 ,b :ile ea* p]son is enjoy+ himself accord+ to 8 own ideas1 a hu% seems to envelop ! entire assembly4 ,!re is a s5se ( unity1 an und]t[ ( quietness1 t holds ! div]sifi$ units ( ! audi5ce firmly toge!r4 ,z a revelation ( human nature !re is no?+ s illum9at+ 9 all ,japan z ! ,kabuki audi5ce4 ,quick to see ! hum\r ( a situation1 x is trag$y t x likes & :i* t\*es x to ! quick4 ,x is a mi/ak5 idea to suppose t all ! p ( ,japan are samurai to ! ext5t t !y nev] %[ _! feel+s4 ,loyal h]oes :o die = a cause1 victims ( ! conflict betwe5 love & duty1 sacrifice ( self t o!rs may live1 ^! always br+ ! te>s1 & h&k]*iefs are press$ to brimm+ fem99e eyes 9 all p>ts ( ! !atre4 ,nor are m5 above ! s(t] emotions4 ,!y may be se5 weep+ bitt]ly 9 su* sc5es z t 9 ,*u%+ura :5 ,enya ,hangan commits h>akiri & 8 fai?ful *ief reta9]1 ,yuranosuke1 comes j 9 "t to cat* 8 la/ words4 ,o!rs mop _! heads or c\gh to keep back ! te>s4 ,kabuki audi5ces seem r to enjoy a good cry4 ,! sorr[ ( f>ewell1 "m-love1 bl9dness1 dea?1 ! common human exp]i5ces move !m deeply4 ,!y may be dazzl$ by a gorge\s spectacle1 excit$ by a combat1 absorb$ by ! movem5ts ( a danc]1 b :5 x comes to ! s5tim5ts ( ev]yday life ! ,kabuki audi5ce responds 9 a wave ( sympa?y4 ,=m]ly ! audi5ce 0 compos$ *iefly ( middle or l[] class p4 ,n[adays all classes att5d1 & a memb] ( ! ,imp]ial family1 ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t1 witness$ ,kabuki p]=mances = ! fir/ "t :5 he visit$ ! ,imp]ial ,!atre 9 ,tokyo ) ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,a di/9ctive feature ( !atre-go+ are ! p>ties ( p :o att5d regul>ly 9 a body1 patrons ( ! lead+ actors4 ,firem51 wre/l]s1 & tradespeople may ?us be se51 accord+ to ! cu/om ( _! ance/ors4 ,! gei%a are ! /eadie/ patrons ( ! actors4 ,sometimes !y make a brave %[ gaily app>ell$1 occupy+ ! be/ seats 9 ! gall]y4 ,!y =m an int]e/+ elem5t ( ! audi5ce1 smok+1 *att+1 weep+ ov] ! play1 & mak+ up ) p[d] puff to oblit]ate ! traces ( te>s1 ! "y ones 9 dazzl+ kimono & obi1 ! m s$ate 9 sob] g>m5ts4 ,:5 a popul> actor 9 a piece t has )/ood ! %ocks ( "t is be=e ! audi5ce int]e/ becomes int5se4 ,famili>ity ) ! play adds to ! ke5ness ( ! enjoym5t4 ,be=e a fav\rite "* makes a gr& entrance by ! hanami*i1 e head 9 ! pit is turn$ to see him come4 ,%\ts ( welcome are he>d z a belov$ h]o is ab\t to make 8 appe>ance on ! sc5e4 ,half ( ! enjoym5t to ! playgo]s 9 see+ ^! old plays is expectancy2 n s mu* 9 ! unfoldm5t ( ! plot1 = !y "k ! /ory by he>t1 & h witness$ ! play (t51 b h[ ! actor w int]pret x4 ,"o ( ! privileges ( ! audi5ce is to make audible rem>ks1 & !y are free & unre/ra9$ 9 ! expression ( _! admiration or criticism ( an actor 9 a well-kn[n rle4 8,y did v well60 %\ts a voice aft] an actor has portray$ a "* to ! g5]al satisfaction4 ,if an actor is ill1 b refuses to disappo9t ! audi5ce1 a sympa?is] calls out3 8,take c>e ( y\rself60 or 8,?ank y = com+ :5 y are s ill60 ,%\ld a "y play]1 rapidly climb+ ! ladd] ( fame1 display s mu* skill z to a/oni%1 !re is a surge ( great pride ?r\gh\t ! audi5ce1 & %\ts ( 8,nippon ,i*i60 78,be/ 9 ,japan607 are %[]$ ^u him4 ,:5 ! m9/rel & ! samis5 play]1 :o are to furni% ! incid5tal music ( a doll-!atre classic1 m\nt _! plat=m to ! "r ( ! /age1 !re are cries (3 8,n[ d y\r be/60 ,gl[+ memories ( ! v>i$ sc5es 9 %ibai d n soon fade away2 ! fri5dl9ess ( ! tea-h\se mi/resses :o h rema9$ = long ye>s at _! po/s2 ! ?rill+ exp]i5ce ( meet+ an actor (f ! /age 9 an upp] room ( a tea-h\se look+ d[n on ! blaze ( oblong lant]ns t =m ! /reet illum9ations2 ! unfail+ att5tiv5ess ( ! dekata1 ^? s]vitors ( %ibai :o seem to h w&]$ into ! pres5t f old ,y$o2 an actor on ! hanami*i surr\nd$ by ! p1 all eyes int5t on 8 movem5ts1 or ! unre/ra9$ applause :5 an actor rea*es a high level ( act+4 ,_m %ibai l&m>ks are pass+1 giv+ place to m advanc$ ideas4 ,9 ! lead+ !atre1 *airs h n[ replac$ ! cu%ions laid on ! matt+ z 9 a ,japanese dwell+2 /eam heat ensures a well-w>m$ int]ior 9 w9t]2 maids 9 black frocks & :ite bib & tuck] are replac+ ! dignifi$1 fai?ful dekata2 ! "t giv5 to ! p]=mances is /eadily be+ r$uc$4 ,%ibai mu/ progress4 ,b 9 _! ef=ts to be up to date ! iconocla/s w\ld ?r[ ov]bo>d mu* ( ! hone/ & simple regime t has = s long di/+ui%$ ,kabuki4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,conv5tions ,,( ,,kabuki ,:ile ! developm5t ( ! popul> !atre ( ,japan has be5 co-exi/5t ) t ( ,engl& & ,europe1 & fundam5tally x is ! same1 !re are /rik+ diff]5ces 9 ! conv5tions4 ,^! are ! result ( ! isolation ( ,kabuki1 due to ! seclusion policy ( ! %ogunate :i* endur$ = two c5turies & a half4 ,kabuki conv5tions appe> at fir/ sight s diff]5t f our own t x takes "t to und]/& & appreciate !m4 ,famili>ity1 h[ev]1 reveals ! ta/e & s9c]ity ( ! ,kabuki collaborators1 :o1 f> f ! influ5ce ( ! !atres ( o!r l&s1 work$ out _! own salvation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ conv5tions to ! ,occid5tal is ! hanami*i1 or fl[]-way4 ,x is an ext5sion ( ! /age prop] to =m a pa? ?r\gh ! audi5ce4 ,!re are always two hanami*i 9 a !atre1 "o on ei!r side ( ! /age1 t on ! left be+ ! wid] & m important1 t on ! "r small] & less us$4 ,"s ( ! mo/ vital pr9ciples ( ,kabuki are at "w :5 ! hanami*i is employ$4 ,! mod]n playwrights :o ignore x1 n only rob ! actors ( some?+ /rongly !atrical1 b at ! same "t take away f ! audi5ce ! ke5 delight t comes f close contact ) ! creations ( ! /age4 ,pageantry & c]emonial claim ! hanami*i z _! own4 ,sweep+ ov] x come processions ( gay c\rtesans2 prie/s 9 /iff brocades *ant z !y m>* solemnly to "s ornate /age-temple2 daimyo tra9s w9d _! way ) all ! pomp ( feudal days2 ! :ole !atre becomes a /age & e p]son 9 ! audi5ce feels 8 connection ) ! play & play]s4 ,a company ( c\rtesans ent] by ! hanami*i & fill x ) z brilliant a blaze ( col\r z x is ev] possible to see 9 a !atre t is ju/ly fam\s 9 ?is direction4 ,! grotesque p]sonages ( ! pr9ts1 ! taiyu ( old ,y$o1 are reproduc$1 ! glitt]+ robes ( gold & bright embroid]y1 ! elaborately decorat$ headdresses1 & heavily padd$ brocade rolls to _! _m kimono1 mak+ !m ! mo/ topheavy p]sons t c\ld ev] be imag9$1 balanc+ !mselves on _! /ilt-l black geta1 or high footge>1 z !y lean on ! %\ld]s ( _! male att5dants = support4 ,a :ole hanami*i ( ^! extraord9>y creatures1 m5 be>+ l>ge lant]ns1 & little maids 9 sc>let1 foll[+ 9 ! wake1 makes a picture t fairly dazzles4 ,_m prie/s ) an ag$ abbot at ! head pass ?r\gh ! audi5ce 9 great dignity & ent] a gold5 temple 9 ! gloom ( tall trees1 ! inc5se1 wave on wave1 ris+ into ! air & spread+ out ov] ! audi5ce4 ,fight+ m5 9 arm\r sudd5ly sw>m ov] ! two hanami*i1 "r above ! heads ( ! bewild]$ p 9 _! small boxes 9 ! pit1 & ! :ole audi5ce is tak5 by surprise at ! numb] ( m5 ru%+ t[>ds ! /age4 ,! greate/ v>iety ( entrances & exits is made possible by ! hanami*i4 ,a ha/y mess5g] *ooses ?is way = entrance2 & a sl[ exit is made by a melan*oly lov] ) d[nca/ head & fold$ arms1 det]m9$ to dep>t ?is life4 ,!re is ! spl5did1 impos+ entrance ( a %ogun1 pr9ce or brave w>rior1 or ! /rik+ exit ( "s masqu]ad+ fox or demon1 :ile ! actors are fond ( sl[ introductions1 /&+ = a long "t 9 ! mo/ conspicu\s position on ! hanami*i t !y may be view$ f e vantage po9t 9 ! !atre4 ,tall autumn grasses on ea* side ( ! hanami*i1 prep>e = ! entrance ( a h]o play+ on 8 flute 9 ! moonlight1 an assass9 creep+ beh9d him4 ,if ! sc5e ^u ! /age is t ( w9t] !re w be a sn[drift on ! hanami*i1 & blue & :ite cotton w trans=m ?is n>r[ audi5ce-pa? into a /ream ( wat]4 ,an umbrella lies c>elessly outspread on ! hanami*i2 x g5tly moves z ?\gh by its own volition1 !n !re is a puff ( smoke1 & out spr+s a beautiful maid51 :o dances4 ,by ! same trap-door issue =? su* *>act]s z ,nikki ,danjo1 magician & conspirator1 :o trans=ms himself into a rat t he may /eal a family docum5t1 & !n assum+ 8 own =m1 al?\gh /ill resembl+ a rat1 /&s 9 ! mid/ ( ! p1 & ! next mom5t my/]i\sly disappe>s ?r\gh ! hanami*i4 ,arm\r-clad fight]s p]*$ high ^u velvet /age-horses ?rill by _! ne>ness1 & long-lo/ bro!rs f9d ea* o!r on ! hanami*i4 ,) rapture lov]s are unit$2 a w\nd$ h]o1 %ot by an arr[ 9 ! eye1 reels & s9ks d[n ) exhau/ion1 & two comic old females g out talk+ volubly to ! amusem5t ( ! audi5ce4 ,su* are ! *>act]s1 gay or grave1 :o h be5 br\ght into exi/5ce by ! hanami*i4 ,z a means to fur!r *>act]s on _! way1 ! hanami*i is mo/ useful4 ,two actors w leave ! /age tak+ ! hanami*i1 & cross ov] by a n>r[ footpa? into ! c5tre ( ! pit1 :]e !y /& & act4 ,mean:ile a bridge has be5 pull$ (f & a r$ %r9e pu%$ on1 & by ! "t !y w&] back to ! /age prop] !y h travell$ a long way on _! j\rney4 ,travell]s1 s]vants1 c\rt ladies1 peasants1 & v5dors1--!y make a motley tra9 z !y pass ov] ! hanami*i & are s ne> ! p t !y might1 if !y wi%$1 rea* out & t\* _! g>m5ts4 ,int]pretative music =ms "p ( almo/ e play4 ,to produce c]ta9 moods 9 ! audi5ce1 ! drumm]s & samis5 play]s are accu/om$ to make s\nds & rhy?ms to increase ! emotion or picturesque effect ( a sc5e4 ,^! m5 are call$ haya%ikata1 or musicians1 & p]=m on a numb] ( in/rum5ts1 furni%+ ,kabuki's incid5tal music4 ,!y are /ation$ to "o side ( ! /age & conceal$ f view1 b z a concession !re is an op5+ 9 ! pa9t$ sc5]y1 or scre5s1 t !y may survey ! /age & keep 9 close relation to ! action4 ,to accompany conv]sation !re are irregul> notes ( ! samis51 & :5 ! *>act]s are ?us engag$ & :at !y say is ( great int]e/ ! audi5ce is s hu%$ t ! /ray notes ( ! samis5 s\nd l dripp+ wat] 9 a sil5t h\se4 ,at o!r times ?is samis5 accompanim5t to dialogue is m ( a h9drance ?an a help4 ,= p walk+ or m>*+ ! samis5 has ano!r rhy?m1 & c]ta9 v>iations ( measures sugge/ a lonely f>m h\se4 ,:5 two noble p]sons conv]se toge!r1 ! flute1 %o 7an anci5t re$ in/rum5t71 drum1 & samis5 are play$ s(tly4 ,rippl+ s\nds convey ! m]rim5t ( a fea/1 & excit$ rhy?ms are he>d z a combat takes place4 ,= battle !re is ! confusion made ( quick beats ( ! big drum4 ,to increase ! s\nd ( ! w>like prep>ations1 a metal gong is /ruck rapidly1 !re is a cla% ( cymbals1 & ! bl[+ ( a con* %ell4 ,to make m solit>y a lonely m\nta9 sc5e1 a horse-driv]'s song is sung to ! j+le ( horse-bells1 & :5 an e*o is requir$ two small drums answ] ea* o!r4 ,gay & lively fe/ival sc5es are accompani$ by intricate int]weav+ ( light drum-beats4 ,crazy p]sons make _! appe>ance to irregul> notes ( ! samis51 :ile regul> rhy?ms ( ! big drum sugge/ w9d4 ,fall+ sn[ is made by s(t1 muffl$1 regul> drum-beats4 ,waves are sugge/$ by a vigor\s /roke on ! big drum1 & !n a quiet tap1 9 imitation ( ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide4 ,at sunset !re is ! deep boom ( a temple-bell1 :5 lov]s are p>t+1 or ! approa* ( "s tragic dn\em5t 9 des]t$ temple or c\ntry cottage4 ,= h>akiri sc5es ! pi]c+ly sad flute & subdu$ samis5 express ! regret ( ! dy+1 & = trag$y !re are sad little ripples ( ! samis5 9 a high tone4 ,s(t samis5 measures accompany melan*oly moonlit sc5es1 & ! /rik+ ( a wood5 gong us$ 9 ,buddhi/ wor%ip sugge/s ! appe>ance ( some?+ frightful4 ,light taps ( ! big drums make kn[n a s9i/] motive1 & ! big drum beat5 quickly ann\nces imp5d+ evil1 :ile ! clatt] ( ! geta1 or wood5 clogs1 on ! hanami*i1 to ! ?ump+ ( ! samis5 & ! light tattoo ( ! small drums1 conveys an impression ( light-he>t$ness4 ,mo/ ( ! conv5tions 9 reg>d to make-up h be5 h&$ d[n by ^w ( m\? f "o ,i*ikawa ,danjuro to ! o!r1 & =m a complicat$ subject4 ,dead :ite1 ) broad black eyebr[s1 & t\*es ( r$ to eyes & corn]s ( ! m\?1 has long be5 ! accept$ /age mask = samurai1 or p]sons ( high degree4 ,:ite also =ms ! e/abli%$ make-up = wom54 ,villa9s are g5]ally made up ) r$ faces1 c\ntry p are tann$ br[n by ! sun1 & com$ians pa9t _! faces ) r$1 :ite1 & blue4 ,9 ! exagg]at$ rles creat$ by ! ,i*ikawa h\se1 ! c\nt5ances ( ^! imag9ative p]sonages give scope = ! mo/ d>+ attempts4 ,?is elaborate design = ! face is call$ kumadori 7lit41 to-make-bord]s74 ,brave m5 :o h f\ght a good fight & lo/1 confront _! enemies ) an expression ( retaliation1 broad r$ l9es ar\nd ! eyes1 nose1 & *91 ) r$ =ks ov] ! =ehead4 ,aga91 su* a "* is made up ) light p9k %ad+ out f ! r$ /rokes4 ,/rong & c\rage\s w>riors1 undismay$ al?\gh 9 ! h&s ( _! enemies1 h *9s ( grey1 r$ lips bord]$ by :ite1 broad upw>d /rokes ( r$ f eyes & *eeks to =ehead1 & rais$ eyebr[s l ! ant5n ( "s black beetle1 ! :ole giv+ ! impression t ! h]o is bri/l+ ) ang]2 8 hair /&+ on end4 ,b5kei1 ! w>rior-prie/1 loyal to 8 "y ma/]1 ,yo%itsune1 is repres5t$ ) a grey *91 no eyebr[s1 two curv$ l9es on =ehead1 outl9$ 9 p9k4 ,a villa9 ( wra?ful mi5 is made up accord+ to ! ,i*ikawa conv5tion ) ! l[] "p ( ! face black1 a black & :ite design on ! *9 = a be>d1 ! upp] portion ( ! face cov]$ ) a network ( purple ve9s1 & = eyebr[s ! antl]s ( a de] 9 d>k blue4 ,a villa9 ( a diff]5t description appe>s ) a bright r$ face1 a p9k nose & m\?1 & ?ick black elevat$ eyebr[s4 ,mo/ ( ! conv5tions = ! mak+ up ( gho/s h be5 creat$ by ! ,kikugoro family1 _! specialty be+ ! weird & gho/ly4 ,a ,kikugoro gho/ has a bran*+ design ( blue ve9s1 a r$ m\? outl9$ 9 black1 & eyes pa9t$ ) r$ & black4 ,ano!r app>ition has an indi/9ct blue t+e ov] ! face1 ! features slightly t\*$ ) black4 ,! face ( a fox 9 human disguise is :ite ) %>p p9k po9ts upw>d f ! bridge ( ! nose1 & slant+ black eyebr[s4 ,! _s ( a frog has %>p curv$ l9es ( d>k & light gre5 ab\t eyes1 m\?1 & =ehead4 ,n unlike ! cl[n ( ! ,we/]n circus1 ! ,kabuki com$ian makes up ) a :ite gr\nd on :i* l9es ( r$ are pa9t$ ab\t ! no/rils & eyes1 :ile a r$ circle betwe5 ! eyes supports a heavy horizontal l9e int5d$ = eyebr[s4 ,! *eeks are decorat$ ) a blue curv$ design1 sugge/$ by a squirm+ eel1 :i* repres5ts a m\/a*e4 ,! mod]n actors are n slaves to ! conv5tions1 b dep>t f !m :5ev] !y feel incl9$1 mak+ up to suit _! own ideas ( ! *>act]s !y take4 ,! actor p]=ms ?is elaborate duty himself1 lay+ on ! l9es ) bru% & f+] tip4 ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre1 is ackn[l$g$ ! mo/ v]satile & orig9al 9 8 mak+ up1 always creat+ some?+ new & a/oni%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,onoe ,kikugoro z a brave samurai woman m\nt$ on a :ite velvet /age /e$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ conv5tions ( ! ,japanese !atre is ! ,kabuki horse1 support$ und]nea? by two m9or actors :o specialise 9 supply+ legs to make-believe /e$s4 ,x waves its mane1 kicks & /eps ab\t to %[ its mettle1 or jogs along1 a pati5t pack animal4 ,b always x =ms a necess>y "p ( ! action ( a play1 z well z an important feature ( ! /age picture4 ,?is rem>kable quadrup$ ) ! v human legs & knees occupies a di/9ct place ( its own 9 ! old plays1 & its pre/ige is n dimm$ ev5 9 ! late/ productions4 ,its ance/or may be se5 on ! ,doll-/age1 pranc+ ab\t among ! puppets1 b ! velvet m\nt ( ,kabuki is mu* m dignifi$1 & has advanc$ a great deal s9ce x ceas$ to associate ) ! m>ionettes4 ,9 a music play1 ,omori ,hiko%i*i1 by ,fuku*i1 ! horse becomes "o ( ! *ief *>act]s4 ,! h]o1 ,omori1 :ile assi/+ a "y woman to cross ! =d ( a riv] is sudd5ly attack$ by h]4 ,he f9ds t %e is try+ to recov] h] fa!r's sword1 & hav+ x ) him1 he g5]\sly gives x up4 ,to hide 8 act f 8 m51 he pret5ds to be ov]come by uncanny influ5ces1 b ?is excuse does n satisfy ! reta9]s1 & :5 ,omori jumps ^u 8 horse1 !y pull ! bridle ?is way & t1 ! re/ive animal re>+ & plung+ to ! /ra9s ( ! samis54 ,at l5g? ,omori frees himself & appe>s 9 ! backgr\nd on a hill1 8 w>-fan uprais$ 9 triumphant attitude1 ! v intellig5t /age-horse paw+ ! gr\nd1 app>5tly %>+ its ma/]'s triumphant emotion4 ,act+ a horse rle is n s easy z x may appe>1 s9ce ! =e & back legs mu/ by "s /age leg]dema9 p]=m 9 h>mony4 ,! front legs take ! initiative s9ce to ?is actor is giv5 ! position ( look-out4 ,!re is a w9d[ 9 ! ?roat ( ! horse t all[s ! *ief int]pret] a p>tial vision ( ! /age4 ,! h9d legs mu/ foll[ bl9dly1 & moreov] ?is actor is 9 a /oop+ position & app>5tly has little air = brea?+ purposes4 ,h[ ! two play]s ent] ! outw>d frame1 & h[ !y get along inside1 rema9s a my/]y to playgo]s1 :o d n inquire ab\t ! matt] too closely4 ,:5 ! "y h]o1 ,atsumori1 9 bright arm\r1 makes 8 entrance ^u ! hanami*i rid+ on a :ite velvet horse1 he has atta*$ to ! back ( 8 saddle a s]ies ( black lacqu]$ hoops1 f :i* is susp5d$ a long1 loose cov]+ ( ?9 orange silk1 t /reams high above 8 head & floats l ! tra9 ( a lady at c\rt f> beh9d ! horse4 ,kumagae1 a grizzl$ w>rior1 is magnific5t on a black horse t tosses its head z ?\gh x 7 truly a fi]y /e$4 ,he we>s gold arm\r1 rides on a black velvet m\nt1 & ! /ream+ silk is ( purple4 ,!y foll[ "o ano!r into ! sea1 & ! two horsem5 are se5 9 ! p]spective surr\nd$ by conv5tional blue & :ite waves1 cross+ swords amid ! surges4 ,! "y h]o is ov]come4 ,!n ! rid]less horses1 l real runaways1 da% along ! hanami*i1 mak+ a gr& exit4 ,!re seems no dang] t ! ,kabuki horse w ev] become ext9ct1 = x is employ$ ) too good effect 9 _m ( ! be/ plays4 ,a samurai escap+ f a battle leans ) fatigue on 8 horse4 ,! enemy are ^u him & he mu/ say f>ewell to 8 dumb fri5d1 :i* %[s affection = its ma/] by rubb+ him ) its nose1 :ile ! actor )\t words expresses ! sorr[ he feels at p>t+ f 8 fai?ful companion4 ,aga91 ! c5tral figure ( a dance may be a :ite horse1 ) gay trapp+s ( r$ fr+e & brass ornam5ts4 ,"s day ?is int]e/+ quadrup$ may be consid]$ too antiquat$ 9 ! pitiless gl>e ( ! progressive pres5t1 &1 a%am$ ( itself = be+ a hoax s long1 sl9k away into oblivion4 ,b x _c be supplant$ by a real "o1 s long z x =ms an important "p ( ! pageantry ( ! hanami*i1 :5 respl5d5t daimyo ride 9 /ate ?r\gh ! audi5ce 9 ! mid/ ( ! little boxes cramm$ ) _! human occupants cran+ _! necks to see ! pass+ %[4 ,x w\ld be h>d to imag9e ,kabuki )\t its devot$ kurombo1 or prop]ty man4 ,conceal$ f head to foot 9 black1 ! face cov]$ by a flap1 :i* he seldom raises except 9 an em]g5cy1 ! kurombo 7lit41 black-man7 s]ves ! /age unselfi%ly1 claim+ no recognition1 pleas$ to put 8 own p]sonality completely 9 ! backgr\nd2 )al he is a mo/ important p]sonage4 ,! v>iety ( 8 tasks gives him an entire famili>ity ) ! /age4 ,he is a sup]-actor & /age-manag]1 entru/$ ) ! smoo? runn+ ( ! p]=mance1 responsible = a hundr$ details1 & yet rema9s ! humble m5ial ( ! !atre4 ,a que] pr(ession x seems1 to flit ab\t ! /age s unobtrusively t ! audi5ce is n aw>e ( 8 pres5ce2 yet always engag$ 9 mak+ inanimate objects significant4 ,he holds a piece ( silv] pap] on ! end ( a long pole & a fi% jumps be=e ! eyes ( ! audi5ce4 ,hid+ beh9d a ?icket ( bamboo1 he causes ! long fea!ry plumes to sway 9 a w9d /orm4 ,! p5dant bran*es ( ! weep+ will[ are sudd5ly agitat$ by ! kurombo 9 anticipation ( "s gho/ly ev5t1 or he squats d[n beh9d a clump ( grass mak+ x %iv] to reveal ! concealm5t place ( "s desp]ate "* ab\t to come =?4 ,:at magic he effects by means ( 8 long pliable rod6 ,at "o "t butt]flies flutt] f ! end1 or a :ite mo? is susp5d$ ov] ! face ( a sleep+ man ne> a :ite pap] lant]n1 awak5+ him 9 "t t he may protect himself f dang]4 ,x is ! kurombo :o causes snakes to glide ^u ! sc5e & wriggle 9 ! mo/ reali/ic mann]1 :ile cats1 rats1 & ev5 crabs make _! appe>ance at ! psy*ological mom5t at 8 bidd+4 ,sometimes he rema9s s quiet t he appe>s to be nodd+ or napp+1 b ! next mom5t b\nds away accompli%+ 8 purpose4 ,always on ! al]t1 he wat*es = slid+ scre5s t d n op51 or gates t are ab\t to topple ov]1 & holds up a curta9 t a dead man may disappe> s9ce he is no long] ne$$ on ! /age4 ,by a dext]\s t\* beh9d1 he *anges ! neutral co/ume ( an actor to "o all gold & silv]1 or gives ! "r tug t br+s ! long hair ( a di/raught h]o9e all di%evell$ ab\t h]4 ,8 solicitude = ! infants ( ! footlights is t\*+4 ,cr\*+ beh9d a boy actor1 he guides 8 actions & gives him 8 cue1 wait+ to escort him on & (f4 ,& :5 ! feet ( ! old actor become feeble ! kurombo is close at h& to assi/1 kn[+ 8 lea/ movem5t f long association4 ,sil5t obs]v] ( ! great m51 ! actors1 creep+ on all f\rs beh9d "s gorge\s figure 9 gold brocade1 ! kurombo is consci\s ( ! s9s & omissions ( ! play]s1 & he is ! hum\ri/ ( ! situation4 ,b he nev] %[s t he is human4 ,! audi5ce seldom if ev] cat* a glimpse ( 8 face1 p]haps only 9 pr(ile z he takes up "s p>tially expos$ position1 ) book 9 h&1 prompt+ ! actors ^: memories are n tru/wor?y4 ,! boy kurombo beg9s to le>n ! my/]ies ( ! /age at an e>ly age4 ,8 fa!r br+s him to %ibai :5 he is a m]e baby1 n m ?an f\r ye>s ( age1 & he may be all[$ to g ^u ! sc5e & take away a pair ( s&als1 or o!r small prop]ty1 9 ord] t he may beg9 to le>n 8 life's duties4 ,small actors & equally dim9utive kurombo ?us gr[ up toge!r4 ,x is cu/om>y = ! kurombo 9 8 novitiate to sit at ea* side ( ! /age unconsci\sly tak+ 9 e detail4 ,^! *ildr5 soon become accu/om$ to gaze 9 a deta*$ way at ! audi5ce1 :i* mu/ make a va/ impression on _! m9ds1 & at ! same "t !y ev9ce a lively int]e/ 9 all t conc]ns ! /age4 ,_! eyes1 r\nd ) wond]m5t1 look at a play z ?\gh x 7 a fairy tale unfold+ be=e !m1--! gho/s & demons1 samurai & peasants ( ,kabuki pass+ ne>4 ,x is small wond] t ! kurombo1 ^: ta/e = ! !atre is br$ 9 ! bone1 /ays ) x until old age claims him--always a %ad[4 ,! mo/ p]plex+ conv5tion ( ! ,japanese !atre to ! ,occid5tal1 long accu/om$ to mix$ play]s1 is ! fact t ,kabuki is ! possession ( actors1 & t wom5 *>act]s are 9 consequ5ce 9 ! h&s ( males4 ,if ?is seems a /range bus9ess = a man1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,%akespe>e's h]o9es 7 play$ by y\?ful ,engli% actors4 ,moreov]1 x is realis$ t ! peaceful atmosph]e & ord]ly regime beh9d ! /age1--! environm5t 9 :i* ! actor lives & works1 is 9 _m respects l a man's club 9 ! ,we/4 ,?is fre$om to "w unh9d]$ by ! opposite sex gives ! ,kabuki actor a great] opportunity to be himself1 & ! rem>kable calm t seems to p]meate all t takes place on ! /age may be "o advantage ( ! pure male !atre4 ,masks & m>ionettes h _h a l>ge "p 9 ! %ap+ ( ,kabuki conv5tions4 ,_m ( ^! conv5tions1 t seem s /range & v (t5 absurd ^u fir/ acqua9tance1 become m intelligible 9 ! light ( ! debt ! popul> !atre owes to ! ,doll-/age & to ! /ill old] =m1 ! ,n4 ,/epp+ 9 imag9>y waves1 wa%+ ! feet 9 wat] t does n exi/2 cook+ food )\t fire1 dr9k+ tea f empty cups2 bl[s t d n t\*2 cold /eel t does n cla%1--all ^! h come to ,kabuki out ( ! inexhau/ible sugge/iv5ess ( ! ,n4 ,rhy?mic movem5t to express emotions result+ 9 symbolic ge/ures1 pantomime & po/ures ( ! puppets1 7 ! contribution ( ! ,doll-!atre to ! developm5t ( ,kabuki4 ,)\t ^! two re/ra9+ influ5ces !re w\ld h be5 no?+ to prev5t ,kabuki f foll[+ ! same reali/ic r\te z t ( ! ,we/]n /age4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,craftsman%ip ,,( ,,kabuki ,:5 x comes to a "q ( :at ! ,japanese ,!atre holds = ! ,we/1 ! craftsman%ip ( ,kabuki %\ld be ( fir/ importance4 ,*>act]i/ic simplicity1 ta/e1 & /yle are %[n by ! m5 accu/om$ to h&le mat]ial = /age pictures4 ,above all1 ^! work]s are free f a wor%ip ( ?+s1 & d n ov]cr[d1 b conc5trate on ess5tials4 ,9 ! managem5t ( details ! produc] displays a f9i% t is ne> p]fection4 ,?+s are n all[$ to clutt] up ! /age = _! own sake1 b are necess>y only z a m$ium to express ! und]ly+ motive ( ! play4 ,9 ! mann]1 also1 9 :i* trees1 fl[]s1 birds1 ! sea1 m\nta9s1 wat]falls1 lakes1 & ! seasons are repres5t$1 x is app>5t t ,kabuki is /ill ne> to nature1 & a product ( a non-comm]cial age4 ,dur+ ! ?ree hundr$ ye>s ( its hi/ory1 ,kabuki exp]ts h be5 design+ sc5]y & fa%ion+ furniture & prop]ties1 unkn[n to _! contempor>ies 9 ,engl& & ,europe1 :o 7 q z mu* alive to ! adornm5t & embelli%m5t ( _! /age productions4 ,hasegawa ,kampei1 ! fifte5?1 is ! lead] among ,kabuki craftsm5 9 ,tokyo4 ,he consid]s himself a simple workman1 & is busy design+ & execut+ sc5es 9 all ! !atres ( ,tokyo1 %[+ a surpris+ v]satility & creativ5ess4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 to compete ) ! flood ( we/]nisation t w\ld de/roy ! v f\ndations ( ! art 8 ance/ors develop$4 ,! fir/ ,kampei1 ! son ( a samurai1 0 a skill$ artisan 9 wood-c>v+ & ! decoration ( temples1 sett+ up /one gateways & lant]ns1 & ! beautiful wood5 gates ( approa*4 ,8 ability 9 ?is direction became s well kn[n t he 0 call$ 9 to help 9 ! production ( plays4 ,9 #afdd1 l>ge furniture began to be us$ at ! ,i*imura-za 9 ,y$o4 ,& by ! "t ( ,kampei1 ! elev5?1 ! developm5t ( odogu & kodogu1 or great & small furniture1 0 at its height1 & 8 designs are reg>d$ z models at ! pres5t4 ,! greate/ improvem5t 9 ! ,y$o /age took place f #aghj to #ahjj1 & ! ,hasegawa ,kampei :o presid$ ov] ! de/9y ( ! /age at t "t inv5t$ new contrivances1 especially 9 ! managem5t ( gho/s2 caus+ build+s to rise into ! air1 & trap-door disappe>ances4 ,f9ally ! fa%ion = reali/ic furniture became s great t ! int]ior ( "o ( ! great halls ( ! ,imp]ial ,palace1 ,kyoto1 0 reproduc$ on ! /age4 ,! au?orities prote/$ aga9/ ! extravagance %[n 9 ?is beautiful conception1 & inf]ior mat]ials 7 sub/itut$ by ord]4 ,al?\gh ! memb]s ( ! ,hasegawa family 7 skill$ m51 ! real s\rce ( ,y$o's /age sc5]y progress 0 due to ! creativ5ess ( ! ,doll-!atre 9 ,osaka4 ,! collaborators = ! dolls 7 f]tile 9 ideas1 & develop$ new /age sett+s 9 bewild]+ rapidity4 ,if !re is "o direction 9 :i* ,kabuki %[s ! true craftsman m ?an ano!r x is ! pictorial4 ,x is d\btful if on any o!r /age 9 ! _w c be view$ m *>m+ effects a*iev$ by su* simple means4 ,a r$ lacqu]$ bridge ov] an iris pond1 & ! *>act]s 9 picturesque comb9ations ( col\rs2 ! s(t greys & :ites ( a sn[y sc5e1 & 9 ! c5tre an anci5t *]ry tree 9 full bloom2 ! lonely camp fire ( a begg> 9 ! m\nta9s1 a ca/le moat 9 ! moonlight2 a s+le fanta/ic p9e by ! sea%ore1 are "s ( ! famili> ,kabuki sc5es4 ,bright] & m elaborate is a maple picnic "u flam+ foliage1 ! leaves fall+1 ! fea/ spread on a sc>let rug1 all ! prop]ties ( black & gold lacqu]1 & ! ra9b[ t9ts ( ,asia us$ pl5tifully 9 ! co/umes4 ,!re is a fla% ( /eel 9 ! moonlight z _m assailants ru% ^u a samurai1 & ! air is fill$ ) fireflies4 ,aft] ! c\rage\s h]o has dispos$ ( 8 enemies he wipes 8 sword1 & to asc]ta9 t x is q clean lifts up a cage ( imprison$ fireflies1 by ! gl[ ( :i* he is able to see4 ,or aga91 x is old ,nihonba%i1 ! ,bridge ( ,japan1 ! c5tre ( ,y$o & f :i* all di/ances 7 calculat$2 ,m\nt ,fuji 9 ! di/ance2 a b& ( firem5 return+ aft] a conflagration1 s++ a *>act]i/ic song4 ,mu* m elaborate is a *]ry-view+ p>ty1 come to enjoy ! cl\d ( p9k blossoms1 gr\p$ on a hill-side1 seat$ on a r$ c>pet1 ) a gay silk curta9 = backgr\nd1 made ( /ripes ( black1 yell[1 purple1 r$1 gre51 ! masses ( droop+ fl[]s arrang$ ) ?ick r$ ropes /rung ) brass bells1 :ite pap] lant]ns 9 ! gre5]y1 s]v+-maids 9 p9k kimono1 m]ry mask$ danc]s ent]ta9+ ! company4 ,9 a ,nagasaki play relat+ to ! visit ( a ,*9ese envoy1 !re is se5 a temple int]ior t c\ld n be simpl] & yet sugge/s gr&eur--! backgr\nd1 a wide expanse ( gold scre5s arrang$ ) slid+ doors on :i* are pa9t$ gold & black dragons1 & 9 ! =egr\nd ! actors1 a gr\p ( daimyo 9 grey-blue1 ! bronze-brocade & gold-clad villa9 receiv+ ! gifts t are to be pres5t$ to ! emiss>y f ,*9a4 ,n all ,kabuki's sc5es are simple & s]5e1 & no?+ daunts ! sup]ior /age c>p5t]s :5 once1 !y try _! h&s4 ,9 a popul> play !re is a sc5e depict+ a reali/ic e>?quake1 & a mansion collapses "u repeat$ %ocks4 ,! build+ s9ks d[n amid /age1 accord+ to "s secret ( ! c>p5t]s1 & ! h]o makes 8 way out ( ! ro(1 ru9 & desolation ar\nd him4 ,:5 x comes to s5sational sn[/orms1 typhoons1 & conflagrations1 ,kabuki c hold its own ) ! ,we/]n /age4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ar*itecture t ! h& ( ! ,kabuki craftsman is %[n unmi/akably4 ,he has be5 free f ! ?raldom ( ! picture frame ( ! ,we/]n /age1 & 9 foll[+ 8 own devices has work$ ) a fre$om t has produc$ "s satisfactory results4 ,! produc] has tak5 ! ma9 room ( a ,japanese dwell+ = 8 model--a /raw-matt$ room1 slid+ scre5s = backgr\nd1 a sev]ely pla9 ap>tm5t2 = its sole decoration1 an alcove conta9+ a hang+ picture1 be=e :i* /&s a vase ( fl[]s or object ( art4 ,x has n be5 necess>y = him to knock out "o side ( ! h\se 9 ord] to all[ ! audi5ce a view ( :at is pass+ )94 ,! ,japanese room be+ op5 to ! outside1 =ms an admirable sett+ = ! action ( ! plays4 ,to ?is room1 :i* is 9 reality a plat=m = ! play]s1 he has add$ adjo9+ ap>tm5ts1 corridors1 bridge-passages1 v]&ahs1 & ! slop+ ro( is always pres5t1 ei!r 9 "p or z a :ole4 ,complet+ ! picture are g>d5s & ru/ic gates1 /one wat]-bas9s1 /epp+-/ones1 wells1 bridges1 ponds1 f5ces1 & /one lant]ns1 & he has surr\nd$ 8 build+s ) ! fav\rite fl[]s ( ,kabuki1 lotus1 *rysan!mum1 peony1 iris1 & azalea4 ,) a true love ( nature he has plac$ 9 8 sc5es *]ry & plum trees 9 full bloom1 & has us$ p9e trees & sc>let maples1 droop+ will[s & fea!ry bamboo4 ,) a room z sc5e ( action1 ! ,kabuki c>p5t]s h creat$ types = all classes ( dwell+s ! plays require4 ,! backgr\nd = a room 9 a great mansion w %[ a s]ies ( slid+ panels on :i* are pa9t$ ,*9ese ca/les & pagodas1 gold5 cl\ds1 & gre5 mi/y hills4 ,silv] scre5s may be decorat$ ) black waves 9 motion1 or blue wat]1 lotus leaves & fl[]s4 ,! /ructures to be repres5t$ v>y f an elaborately con/ruct$ mansion 9 cream wood to ! reali/ic int]ior ( ! middle-class home 9 :i* ! :ite-pap]$ w9d[s & doors =m a pleas+ feature4 ,temples1 a h]mitage 9 ! mid/ ( a =e/1 ! ?at*$ cottage ( a f>m]1 are all v>iations ( ! "o !me1 :i* gives ! wide/ latitude = inv5tion & decoration4 ,mu* ( ! action 9 ,kabuki plays takes place 9 ?is room1 ) only ! scre5s = backgr\nd1 & /&+ lant]ns at ea* side4 ,b !re are m elaborate ar*itectural triumphs1 su* z ! great r$ entrance gate ( ,nanz5-ji1 a ,kyoto temple1 c>v$1 decorat$1 ornate1 two-/ori$1 & produc$ 9 detail4 ,! bold robb]1 ,i%ikawa ,goemon1 hides 9 ! second /ory1 & comes =? on ! rail$ balcony to smoke4 ,?is portion ( ! gate is fir/ %[n1 ! wall beh9d him 9 gold1 pa9t$ ) _m-col\r$ cl\ds4 ,z he /&s !re 9 8 black velvet kimono & great ov]coat ( gold & black1 ! gate beg9s sl[ly to rise until ! l[] "p is completely 9 view1 ! *ief temple build+ 9 p]spective )9 ! ar* ( ! gate1 & ,goemon look+ d[n f 8 l(ty position at 8 enemy bel[4 ,at ano!r "t1 ! ,kabuki craftsm5 sp>e no pa9s 9 con/ruct+ ! ,yomei gate ( ! fam\s ,nikko ,%r9es1 "o ( ! be/ pieces ( ar*itecture 9 ,japan1 & s p]fectly is x reproduc$ t ! workman%ip calls = admiration4 ,b :5 no long] ne$$1 ! entire /ructure1 :i* t[]s high1 sl[ly turns ov] on end1 & ! bottom repres5ts ! backgr\nd = ! foll[+ action4 ,f grey dilapidat$ temples :]e app>itions make _! appe>ance1 or ! nobility p>tak+ ( c]emonial tea 9 "s l&scape g>d51 ! ,kabuki craftsman passes to ! fa%ion+ ( a r$ pagoda1 ! "u-eaves %[+ _m brilliant col\rs4 ,he places two /ories ( ! /ructure 9 a sn[y sc5e4 ,w>rior-prie/s 9 grey ) :ite head cov]+s ru% on ! sc5e arm$ ) long spe>s4 ,an old dignit>y we>+ gold arm\r1 ov] :i* !re is a ?91 black1 prie/'s robe1 /&s at "o side ) a tor* 9 8 h&4 ,ano!r figure1 9 silv] brocade & :ite1 poses on ! /eps lead+ to ! pagoda4 ,! h]o 9 arm\r--r$1 gre51 & gold--appe>s on ! upp] gall]y4 ,!n ensues a big fight 9 ! :irl+ sn[1 ! deep boom ( a temple bell s\nd+ ?r\gh ! fray4 ,! revolv+ /age t plays su* an important "p 9 ! sc5]y ( ,kabuki has a complicat$ te*nique ( its own4 ,x all[s ( ?ree1 & sometimes f\r sets ( sc5es1 t may be 9 ! c\rse ( prep>ation :ile ! actors are engag$ 9 front4 ,b z a g5]al rule ! c>p5t]s are busy ) b "o full set1 :ile ! play proce$s4 ,= an ext5sion ( ! /age picture1 ! /age is turn$ to "r & left1 or revolves half way = "s new sc5e4 ,9 addition to ! surprises 9 /ore = ! playgo] 9 ! *anges effect$ by ! revolv+ /age1 !re are ! /range appe>ances ( *>act]s =c$ up ?r\gh a l>ge op5+ 9 ! floor ( ! /age1 l gr\ps ( /atu>y1 & devices = ! sudd5 disappe>ance ( *>act]s ?r\gh walls & /eps1 ! elaborate app>atus = gho/s t em]ge ?r\gh lant]ns or vani% into ?9 air1 & = *unori1 or air-rid+ feats1 :5 a "* susp5d$ 9 mid-air moves across ! /age4 ,! kodogu1 or small prop]ties ( ,kabuki1 are a /udy 9 !mselves1--! lant]n 9 all its %apes & sizes1 ! oil-pap] umbrella1 vases1 & hang+ pictures4 ,! articles 9 use are n made to look beautiful at a di/ance1 b are g5u9ely s3 tall c&le-/icks 9 brass or lacqu]1 *e/s1 sword-re/s1 cups1 swords1 helmets1 lacqu]$ tables1 tobacco-boxes1 bronze ut5sils = a temple alt>1 or ,buddhi/ images1 !y all repres5t ! arts & crafts ( ! c\ntry4 ,ke5 to adopt & adapt new ?+s1 ,kabuki is n[ s5sitive to ,european /age influ5ces1 & ) a *>act]i/ic lack ( confid5ce 9 its own creations1 appe>s to be op5+ ! door too wide 9 welcom+ ! ideas ( ! ,we/4 ,! ?\ght c h>dly be avoid$1 h[ev]1 t ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,kabuki craftsm5 are a contribution to ! _w's !atre4 ,b :at ! place & value ( _! "w 9 comp>ison ) ! /age ( ! ,we/ rema9 = ! judgem5t ( ! future4 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,onoe ,kikugoro 7,two fans74 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,onoe ,tamizo 7,/ork & plum comb9$74 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,ara%i ,ki*isaburo 7,comb9ation ?ree *>act]s74 ,,*apt] ,v ,,kabuki',s ,,s*ool ,,( ,,act+ ,a high /&>d ( act+ is ma9ta9$ among ! actors ( ,kabuki4 ,x is an h]$it>y pr(ession2 ! actors1 tra9$ f *ildhood1 are br\ght up 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! !atre4 ,tamura ,n>iyo%i1 ! !atre manag] ( ,meiji1 describ$ ! circum/ances ( ! actors' gr[? :5 he once lik5$ !m to f>m]s :o plant rice b "k no?+ ( *emi/ry1 wat* ! plants %oot+ up yet h no sci5tific k ( ! al*emy ( wat]1 sun1 or f]tilisation4 ,9 ! same mann] are ! tal5ts ( ! actors cultivat$4 ,!y are entirely unconsci\s ( ! laws t gov]n _! art1 & :5 !y rea* a high position among _! fell[s x is b ! fl[]+ ( natural g5ius4 ,%\ld an actor be =tunate 9 hav+ sons ( 8 own1 he e>ly appr5tices !m to ! /age4 ,he is a protect+ _s1 wat*+ _! ef=ts1 discipl9+1 enc\rag+4 ,8 sons are to inh]it 8 mantle1 & !re=e he gives abundantly ( 8 exp]i5ce1 see+ t !y are giv5 ! prop] advantages1 = al?\gh "y !y are ! heirs ( to-morr[1 & ,kabuki is c>eful ( ! type4 ,:5 an actor has no son1 he adopts a successor f among 8 pupils4 ,he takes a numb] ( y\?s :o wi% to /udy 8 /age me?ods1 :i* !y le>n by con/ant association ) him on & (f ! /age4 ,z !y progress 9 _! "w !y are advanc$1 & c>ry on 8 traditions :5 he has pass$ away4 ,x is ! cu/om = *ildr5 ( sev51 or ev5 y\ng]1 to be plac$ 9 ! c>e ( a lead+ actor1 s9ce ,kabuki plays h _m *ild-rles4 ,a few trials 9 juv5ile *>act]s ) :i* ! audi5ce are ?or\ghly famili>1 & x is easy to pr$ict :e!r ! y\?ful play] has a future or n4 ,! clev]e/ boy-actor on ! ,tokyo /age to-day is ,nakamura ,matagoro1 :o holds 8 audi5ce 9 a surpris+ mann]1 8 voice1 be>+1 & face all m>k+ him z a future />4 ,! son ( an actor :o possess$ mu* tal5t b nev] rose to ! top1 ,matagoro1 on 8 fa!r's dea?1 0 tak5 "u ! w+ ( ,nakamura ,ki*iyemon1 a "y actor ( ackn[l$g$ ability1 ^: patronage assures ! lad's c>e]4 ,?us ! y\?ful actor beg9s to associate ) 8 eld]s 9 a natural way1 & has no opportunity to ga9 ! idea t he is a prodigy4 ,he gazes up into ! faces ( m5 :o h be5 act+ = half a c5tury1 & old age looks b5ignly d[n z ! small tot speaks 8 fir/ l9es4 ,ev5 m$iocre tal5t c gr[ & exp& 9 an atmosph]e ( calm confid5ce4 ,! *ild is n =c$ or abus$1 b gr[s up 9 a ,montessori fa%ion4 ,:5 ! y\? rea*es a /ate ( self-consci\sness & its att5dant awkw>dness1 ?is is tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! audi5ce tol]ate 8 gau*]ies1 kn[+ t he w "o day bloom z a full-gr[n actor4 ,_h ! tra9+ & discipl9e ( ! actors be5 o!rwise1 ,kabuki might h exp]i5c$ a diff]5t fate4 ,?is is b ! education ( ,old ,japan1 ! appr5tice to ! arts & crafts gr[+ up f *ildhood ) a ma/]1 pr(it+ by 8 exp]i5ce1 enc\rag$ by 8 guidance & protection4 ,9 contra/ !re are ! d\btful b5efits ( mod]n education t does n prev5t ! tragic wa/e ( ! f9] =ces ( human nature2 art impulses & aspirations ( ! s\ls ( ! "y1 ?w>t$ & hamp]$1 untra9$1 unreg>d$1 until ! neglect ( _! true developm5t makes ! _w = !m a des]t r ?an a p>adise4 ,illu/ration3 ,nakamura ,matagoro1 ! lead+ boy-actor ( ! ,tokyo ,/age1 9 ! rle ( a girl-pilgrim1 ,o-,tsuru4 ,! "y actor n only has ! daily exp]i5ce ( fac+ ! audi5ce1 b he takes "p 9 ! busy life beh9d ! /age1 & is l a memb] ( a big family4 ,8 "w does n end 9 ! !atre1 = in/ruction "u a danc+ ma/] is a necess>y "p ( 8 education4 ,he visits ! danc+ tea*]'s h\se daily1 & und]goes a tra9+ t ex]cises e "p ( 8 body1 & gives him t rem>kable control :i* is "o ( ! assets ( ! ,kabuki play]4 ,9 addition1 he mu/ le>n _m /age accompli%m5ts1 especially if he is int5d$ to become an onnagata1 or speciali/ 9 wom5's rles4 ,! imp]sonal ,ea/ has _h mu* to d ) ! actor's p[] to efface himself1 & 8 lack ( conc]n = self is "o ( 8 di/+ui%+ qualities4 ,no d\bt ! m>ionette has ex]cis$ full sway ov] him1 = 9 act+ 9 plays writt5 orig9ally = ! dolls he is quick to imitate _! movem5ts1 & sometimes gives ! impression t he has made himself into a puppet & is /&+ beh9d manipulat+ ! /r+s4 ,aga91 ! exagg]at$ act+ ( ! imag9ative *>act]s ( ! jidaimono1 or hi/orical plays1 ) ! elaborate kimono1 cov]$ by /rik+ designs1 ! peculi> fa%ion ( ! hair1 & /range mask-l make-up1 h prov$ a p]fect disguise = ! actor's p]sonality1 leav+ him free to emphasise 8 art & to lay aside p]sonal consid]ations4 ,8 ge/ures may be ^? inh]it$ f ! dance1 or movem5ts f ! ,n2 !y may h a direct relation to real life or be copi$ f ! m>ionettes4 ,he has also a wide range 9 /yles ( act+4 ,9 "o piece he is ! c5tre ( a music po/ure dance--masses ( m5 on ei!r side 9 a /raight l9e1 diagonal or curv+1 or 9 a pyramidical gr\p4 ,next he is a lone figure on ! /age 9 a descriptive dance t causes e p]son 9 ! audi5ce to be absorb$ 9 8 lea/ movem5t4 ,he may /rut bravely z a grotesque "*2 z a h]o1 symbol ( loyalty1 9 an hi/orical piece2 or z a melan*oly lov] 9 a play ( ! p4 ,8 be/ act+ may1 h[ev]1 be 9 ! display ( skill 9 f5c+1 jujitsu1 or swordsman%ip1 & 9 ! ?ick ( a fight he captures 8 audi5ce by an equally mat*$ combat1 or ?rills x by a "o-man p]=mance aga9/ an ov]:elm+ numb]4 ,"p ( a /age fight is 9 reality an acrobatic display1 b a *ief actor always leaves su* tactics to ! m9or play]s1 s9ce x is b5ea? 8 dignity to tumble ab\t ! /age 9 m]e physical displays4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+s 9 ! :ole realm ( ,kabuki act+ is ! mann] 9 :i* he holds ! audi5ce = long p]iods )\t speak+ by ! p[] ( sugge/ion1 a legacy f ! ,n p]=m]s4 ,9 ,ko*iyama1 a play by ,mokuami1 !re is a long sc5e 9 :i* ! actors utt] no words4 ,at night1 on ! outskirts ( ,y$o1 a samurai lies 9 wait = a pass+ palanqu94 ,z x comes into view 8 sudd5 ru% & gleam+ sword fright5 ! be>]s1 :o make (f ha/ily1 leav+ _! pass5g] to %ift = himself4 ,f ! palanqu9 !re is no?+ b an awesome sil5ce4 ,! samurai expects to f9d "s "o he wants1 & cauti\sly lift+ ! curta9 ) 8 sword he scans ! occupant1 asleep4 ,"o look )9 & ! w\ld-be assass9 sees t ! cre/ on ! sleeve does n belong to ! man he seeks1 & z he )draws1 ! slumb]] awak5$ sees ! fla% ( ! samurai's sword & says3 8,is t a fall+ />80 ,he little dreams t 8 fri5d's ov]coat l5t to keep him w>m has sav$ 8 life4 ,"o l9e only is spok5 9 ?is wordless drama4 ,defeat$ by a c\rt ( ju/ice1 a villa9 is sitt+ 9 a deject$ mood4 ,a page br+s him a cup ( tea1 & sil5tly leaves a %ort sword z a sign t ! soon] he takes himself away f ! _w ! bett] = all conc]n$4 ,! condemn$ p]son dr9ks 8 tea sl[ly1 !n reg>ds ! sword1 & und]/&s ! message convey$ to him4 ,he picks x up1 & lean+ ^u x %[s by ! expression ( 8 face t he is mak+ up 8 m9d 9 a v diff]5t direction1 & int5ds to use x ^u "s "o else4 ,delicate & da9ty1 a *>m+ h]o9e assi/s h] w>rior husb& to don 8 arm\r1 = he mu/ n lose a mom5t 9 prep>+ = battle4 ,%e attempts to lift 8 helmet1 b x is too heavy = h]1 & plac+ x ) difficulty on ! long sleeve ( h] kimono1 %e drags x across ! /age4 ,! audi5ce is int]e/$ 9 h[ well & h[ long ! onnagata is able to give ! impression ( a frail "y woman /ruggl+ ) ! pond]\s weight ( a gold5 helmet4 ,p]haps "o ( ! be/ uses to :i* sugge/ion 9 act+ is put is 9 ! play ,s5daihagi1 9 :i* ,masaoka1 ! fai?ful nurse1 prep>es ! food = ! little pr9ce 9 h] *>ge1 z 8 uncle wi%es to poison him t he may adm9i/] ! weal?y fief = 8 own purpose4 ,masaoka unfolds a l[ scre5 t discloses a black lacqu] table1 "u :i* are a gild$ rice pot & wat] j>1 & o!r kit*5 ut5sils = boil+ ! rice & mak+ tea4 ,^? accu/om$ to realism w "q h[ real food is to be cook$ ) su* gorge\s & app>5tly !atrical /age furniture1 & !n w become lo/ 9 admiration1 = ! actor sugge/s all ! necess>y movem5ts )\t actually resort+ to !m4 ,! gold wat] ladle is us$ to dip up imag9>y wat]1 & ! uncook$ gra9s ( rice are se5 z ?\gh ! wat] _h all be5 p\r$ (f4 ,masaoka's task comes to an end4 ,! bubbl+ ( ! /eam aga9/ ! lid ( ! rice pot is imitat$ beh9d ! sc5es1 & a black-rob$ prop]ty man is pla9ly se5 to move a scre5 9 su* a mann] z to place )9 easy rea* ( ! fai?ful nurse ! food t has tak5 fully an h\r to prep>e4 ,! actor plays _m a rle 9 8 "t1 b x is giv5 to ^? ( ,kabuki to play _m rles 9 a day4 ,he may act z a humble s]vant1 !n z a robb]1 a respl5d5t prie/1 a drunk>d1 an upright samurai1 & t]m9ate 8 day's "w by appe>+ 9 a comic or picturesque dance4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,actor ,,c]emonials ,! ,kabuki actor has long ma9ta9$ a high reg>d = ! dignity ( 8 call+1 & c>efully pres]ves ! old c]emonials 9 connection ) elevation 9 rank1 memorial plays 9 hon\r ( an ance/or1 introductions ( "y actors1 succession to ! head%ip ( an actor family1 & ! obs]vances ( ! anniv]s>ies ( actors pa/ & gone4 ,^! are /age ev5ts :i* s]ve to deep5 ! p]sonal int]e/ ! playgo] takes 9 ! actors1 & are l9ks t b9d ! play] to ! pa/1 & express 8 hope 9 ! future4 ,kojo1 or ! ann\ncem5t c]emony1 is ! "o se5 mo/ frequ5tly4 ,! curta9 is drawn aside1 & !re is se5 a d\ble l9e ( actors pro/rat+ !mselves 9 ! attitude ( humility be=e ! audi5ce1 _! faces re/+ ^u _! out/ret*$ h&s4 ,beh9d !m pla9 gold scre5s are arrang$1 !y kneel on a long sc>let rug1 & are dress$ 9 ! /iff skirts & %\ld]-/raps t =m$ ! actor's attire ( c]emony 9 ! old days4 ,a little ap>t is ! ann\nc]1 g5]ally an eld]ly man :o has be5 long 9 ! s]vice ( ! actors1 a sort ( *ief ( /aff ( p]sonal att5dants4 ,he calls out 9 a peculi> voice1 ask+ e "o 9 ! audi5ce to pay att5tion4 ,!n ! *ief actor raises 8 head1 & address+ ! audi5ce ) ! utmo/ c\rtesy draws att5tion to ! "y man :o has *ang$ 8 "n & is at ! ?re%old ( 8 c>e]1 express+ ! hope t ! audi5ce w p>don 8 mi/akes1 & take an int]e/ 9 8 future progress4 ,! fa!r ( ! actor ^: rank is ?us rais$ may also speak a few words 9 8 son's behalf1 & ! *ief object ( int]e/ !n raises 8 face mode/ly1 & asks ! patronage ( ! audi5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ann\nc+ ,,c]emony4 ,kojo1 or ann\ncem5t c]emony1 9 :i* ! c5tral figure is ,i*ikawa ,danjuro4 ,! mode/ actor ^: "n is to be *ang$ or rank rais$ b[s l[1 hid+ 8 face f view4 7,col\r pr9t by ,hasegawa ,kanpei1 ! f\rte5?1 & ,torii ,kiyosada1 fa!r ( ,kiyotada47 ,at o!r times1 ! kojo is = an actor well on 9 ye>s1 :o decl>es t he has giv5 8 /age "n to a son or pupil1 & t ow+ to 8 age & infirmities he is n able to take an active "p1 & desires to ent] ^u a p]iod ( semi-retirem5t4 ,some?+ ( ! close relation betwe5 fa!r & son 9 ,kabuki 0 %[n 9 a kojo giv5 at ! ,imp]ial ,!atre 9 connection ) ! succession to a new "n by ! son ( ,onoe ,baiko1 ! *ief actor ( ?is !atre4 ,baiko's son1 :o is be+ c>efully tra9$ 9 ! art ( ! onnagata1 became ,eizaburo1 ! sev5?1 d5ot+ a c]ta9 /ate ( progress 9 ! atta9m5t ( ! ,onoe /age /&>ds4 ,! kojo on ?is occasion 0 p]=m$ ) m ?an cu/om>y dignity1 sev5 />s ( ! ,onoe family1 includ+ ,onoe ,kikugoro1 ! six?1 att5d+1 & ea* say+ a few words ( congratulation1 /rew+ fl[]s1 z x 71 9 ! pa?way ( ! "y actor4 ,simil> to ! solicitude ( a "m 9 h] c>e & consid]ation giv5 ! db ( a daught] into society 0 t ( ,baiko = ! son :o is to foll[ 9 8 foot/eps & inh]it ! traditions ( 8 art4 ,z is ! cu/om ^u ! occasion ( a *ange ( "n & consequ5t advancem5t 9 rank1 a play 0 giv5 9 :i* ,eizaburo took an important rle1 & al?\gh he 0 v "y & immature1 /ill 9 8 te5s1 he _h ! responsibility ( act+ 9 a "*1 giv5 to p]fection by 8 fa!r1 t ( ,yuki-hime1 or ! ,sn[-,pr9cess1 ! beautiful "y h]o9e :o is made a prison] 9 ,k9kaku-ji1 ! ,gold5 ,pavilion ( ,kyoto4 ,%e is at la/ b\nd ) ropes & ti$ to a *]ry tree4 ,!n ! doll-/age1 f :i* ! play 0 tak51 ass]t$ itself4 ,eizaburo became a m>ionette1 & 0 mov$ by two doll-h&l]s1 :o 7 none o!r ?an 8 fa!r & ano!r memb] ( ! ,onoe family4 ,yuki-hime1 true to ! doll-actors1 w5t ?r\gh a complicat$ pantomime to ! accompanim5t ( m9/rel & samis5 play]1 descriptive po/ures t reveal$ h] det]m9ation to escape4 ,draw+ ! outl9e ( a rat 9 ! fall5 petals ab\t h] feet by means ( h] big toe1 ! real rod5ts appe> by magic1 or r on ! ends ( pliant black rods held by two prop]ty m5 on ea* side ( h]2 us+ _! tee? ^u ! rope1 ,yuki-hime is soon free4 ,onoe ,matsusuke1 ! vet]an memb] ( ?is family1 0 ! ann\nc]1 foll[+ ! cu/om ( ! ,doll-!atre2 ! "y actor1 ,morita ,kanya1 ! ?irte5?1 became rhy?m m>k]1 /amp+ 8 feet to emphasise ! *ang+ beats1 :ile ,onoe ,baiko & ,onoe ,kozo 7 ! doll-h&l]s1 :o /ood beh9d ! er/:ile m>ionette & mov$ x accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! play4 ,dress$ 9 ! black co/umes ( ! doll-/age ! h&l]s came to ! front ( ! /age be=e ! piece began1 lift$ ! face flaps ( _! black hoods & introduc$ !mselves to ! audi5ce 9 _! new disguise1 !n assum$ aga9 ! black obscurity1 & ! /range b highly fasc9at+ movem5ts ( ,yuki-hime began4 ,x is only ! really great1 :e!r among actors or memb]s ( o!r pr(essions1 ^? :o h rea*$ ! height ( _! c>e]s1 :o c desc5d to su* p]sonal effacem5t z ?is4 ,p]haps x is only possible 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e !re /ill l+]s "s in/9ct = ! great tru? t mank9d has f "t to "t recognis$--t p]sonality is less important ?an art4 ,! fifte5? anniv]s>y ( ! dea? ( ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! n9?1 0 celebrat$ 9 a fitt+ mann] by ! ,tokyo /age1 & ! kojo1 or salutation to ! audi5ce1 0 giv5 at ! *ief !atres1 ! ,imp]ial & ! ,kabuki-za4 ,?irty play]s1 = ! mo/ "p ^? associat$ ) ,danjuro dur+ 8 lifetime1 & also 8 two daught]s1 made up two long l9es ( b[+ actors1 recall+ ! c]emonies ( ,y$o ,kabuki4 ,all 7 9 ! t]ra-cotta kimono be>+ ! fam\s cre/ =m$ by ?ree squ>es1 worn by ! fir/ ,i*ikawa 9 ! ,g5roku p]iod1 & us$ by 8 desc5dants & pupils ev] s9ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,! la/ ( ! ,i*ikawa family1 ! gr&-daught] ( ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! n9?4 ,9 ! kojo giv5 at ! ,imp]ial1 ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 ! mo/ tal5t$ pupil ( ! late ,danjuro1 act$ z ma/] ( c]emony4 ,!re 0 "o v small figure among ! actors1 ,danjuro's gr&-daught]1 b[+ be=e ! footlights betwe5 h] fa!r1 ,i*ikawa ,%9saburo1 & h] uncle1 ,i*ikawa ,san%o4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is la/ desc5dant ( ! *ief actor-h\se ( ,kabuki caus$ ! audi5ce to gr[ en?usia/ic 9 _! applause4 ,an actor's improvisation at ! ,kabuki-za to hon\r ! memory ( ,danjuro 0 also giv54 ,! /age %[$ ! front ( a ,y$o !atre ) a tea-h\se at "o side & a sign ann\nc+ ! ,danjuro anniv]s>y4 ,n9e ( ! mo/ popul> onnagata ( ! ,kabuki-za & ,i*imura-za ent]$ z maids ( ! tea-h\se & /ood wait+ = ! appe>ance ( otokodate1 or *ivalr\s common]s4 ,^! popul> *>act]s 7 tak5 by f\rte5 ( ,tokyo's be/ actors1 & !y came 9 sl[ly by ! two hanami*i & /ood fac+ ea* o!r1 talk+ across ! audi5ce1 display+ by _! voice & mann] "s *>act]i/ic :i* _h ende>$ !m to playgo]s 9 pa/ p]=mances4 ,) ! onnagata !y made a brave array ( actor tal5t4 ,into _! mid/ came ! vet]an onnagata1 ,nakamura ,utayemon1 *ief ( ! ,tokyo actors4 ,he made 8 entrance z ! mi/ress ( ! tea-h\se1 & address$ ! audi5ce on ,danjuro & 8 "w = ,kabuki4 ,! ,i*ikawa cre/ 0 conspicu\s 9 ! decorations ( ! !atre )9 & )\t1 & high ov] ! entrance ( ! ,kabuki-za1 :]e ! yagura1 or drum t[] ( ! ,y$o !atre 0 accu/om$ to appe>1 !re %one =? at night a huge ,i*ikawa cre/ 9 electric globes1 someh[ l9k+ ! mod]n actor ( ,japan ) ! frat]nity 9 ! ,we/4 ,less elaborate is ! ann\ncem5t ( a m9or actor's promotion to a grade or s above ! rank & file1 made dur+ ! progress ( a play1 :i* is done 9 v>i\s graceful ways4 ,two wom5 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a daimyo1 rivals 9 ! play1 ent] by ! hanami*i ) _! att5dants1 & ! procession proce$s to ! gate ( a temple4 ,all ent] ) ! exception ( ! rivals1 & "o maid4 ,= a mom5t ! curr5t ( ! play is turn$ aside1 & 9 ! gay-patt]n$ co/umes ( _! rles1 ! two lead+ *>act]s kneel d[n on ! /age ) ! maid betwe5 !m1 ea* tak+ turn 9 expla9+ h[ ! "y man 9 ! female disguise has be5 a pupil ( a /age fav\rite :o has rec5tly di$1 ( 8 association ) him1 & t z he has n[ progress$ 9 8 "w !y crave ! patronage ( ! audi5ce4 ,! maid !n returns ?anks = ! fav\r ( ! audi5ce1 & all ?ree ris+ to _! feet !y take up ! l9es ( ! play z ?\gh !re _h be5 no int]polation1--! maid be+ admoni%$ to jo9 ! o!rs )9 ! temple1 z %e may be ne$$4 ,:5 ! adopt$ son ( ,danjuro1 ! n9?1 0 fir$ ) ambition to become an actor1 s9ce he 0 a memb] ( s di/+ui%$ an actor-h\se1 no tea*] seem$ ready to volunte]4 ,8 fa!r _h be5 a bank]1 & he 0 ?us n born 9 ! purple4 ,nakamura ,ganjiro ( ,osaka g5]\sly cons5t$ to assi/ him4 ,= ye>s he /udi$ h>d & at la/ made a fir/ b[ 9 a ,tokyo !atre4 ,8 introduction plann$ by ,ganjiro only s]ves to %[ ! e/eem 9 :i* ! great ,danjuro 0 held1 & t = 8 sake ,ganjiro 0 will+ to assi/ a memb] ( 8 family4 ,! sc5e select$ = ! introduction 0 t ( ! p9e-%ad$ highway1 ! ,tokaido1 ,m\nt ,fuji 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,by way ( ! hanami*i came a ret9ue ( reta9]s 9 bright sc>let1 ) ?9 ov]-g>m5ts ( :ite4 ,! son-9-law ( ! illu/ri\s ,danjuro appe>$ z a spl5did daimyo rid+ on a horse1 a :ite-hair$ s]vitor lead+ ! way4 ,on rea*+ ! /age ! rid] dism\nt$1 & kneel+ 9 ! c5tre ( two long r[s ( ! reta9]s :o b[$ l[ ov] _! out/ret*$ h&s1 ! sponsor1 ,ganjiro1 spoke ( ,i*ikawa ,danjuro & express$ ! wi% t ,san%o1 8 son-9-law1 w\ld become a good actor4 ,san%o1 respond+1 decl>$ t he w\ld d all he c\ld to improve4 ,no soon] 7 8 words spok5 ?an a :ite sat9 curta9 desc5d$1 hav+ = design a l>ge c>p attempt+ to jump up a wat]fall1 symbol ( ! difficulties ,san%o mu/ ov]come be=e rea*+ ! heights ( ! pr(ession4 ,sa9yu1 "o ( ,osaka's f9e old actors1 came to say f>ewell to ,tokyo b a %ort "t be=e 8 dea?4 ,! c]emony ( retirem5t 0 mo/ appropriate4 ,! /age 0 prep>$ = a comic dance1 & :ile v>i\s p]=m]s 7 attract+ ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce1 a l>ge box1 su* z is us$ to conta9 a toy or doll1 0 c>ri$ 9 & rema9$ to "o side :ile ! m]rim5t proce$$4 ,f9ally1 :5 curiosity ) reg>d to ! box _h increas$ consid]ably1 prop]ty m5 lift$ ! my/]i\s object & plac$ x 9 ! front ( ! /age1 remov$ ! side ne>e/ ! audi5ce1 & )9 0 disclos$ ! v5]able actor z a m>ionette4 ,9 ! _m-col\r$ g>m5ts ( ,sambasso1 ! humoresque figure ( ! ,n /age1 & manife/ation ( an anci5t ,%9to deity1 ^: semi-religi\s dance 0 p]=m$ at dawn ) ! op5+ ( ! !atre1 he 0 br\ght =? limp & lifeless4 ,/age att5dants atta*$ imag9>y wires to 8 arms & head1 & he p]=m$ ?is *>act]i/ic dance aft] ! fa%ion ( ! dolls4 ,f9ally1 real wires 7 atta*$ to 8 co/ume & he rose into ! air1 /ill mak+ m>ionette motions ) 8 arms & legs1 & disappe>$ into ! regions above /age1--a feat = an actor ov] sev5ty ye>s ( age4 ,8 love = ! c]emonial also causes ! actor to *]i% ! memory ( ! real p]sons ^: lives h =m$ ! mat]ial = drama4 ,:5 ! play ( ,sakura ,sogoro is to be p]=m$1 ! actors repair to ,sogoro's village1 n f> away f ,tokyo1 :]e /&s a %r9e sacr$ to ! m>tyr$ village head :o pres5t$ a direct appeal to ! ,%ogun to less5 ! heavy burd5 ( taxes impos$ ^u ! f>m]s1 & 9 consequ5ce =feit$ 8 life4 ,!re ! actors address 8 _s1 & dur+ ! run ( ! play a tempor>y %r9e is erect$ )9 ! !atre be=e :i* daily (f]+s ( fruit1 vegetables1 & w9e are made4 ,9 ! same mann]1 :5ev] ,*u%+ura is p]=m$ 9 ,tokyo1 ! actors :o are to take "p assemble at ,s5gaku-ji1 ! little ,buddhi/ temple :]e are buri$ ! ,=ty-sev5 ,ron91 be=e ^: tombs cl\ds ( inc5se rise unceas+ly4 ,nor d ! ,osaka actors =get to keep gre5 ! de$s ( ,mi*izane1 ! patron sa9t ( ,japanese lit]ature1 :o dep>t$ f ,osaka on 8 sad exile1 & ^: tragic fate inspir$ ,tak$a ,izumo to write ! ,village ,s*ool1 & o!r loyalty sc5es1 9 8 fam\s doll-drama4 ,:5ev] a portion ( ?is play is giv5 ! actors pay _! respects be=e ! _s t has be5 deifi$ 9 "o ( ,osaka's mo/ popul> %r9es4 ,s long z !re are actors :o delight 9 *ang+ _! names & giv+ new ones to _! sons1 & to :om c]emony has a recognis$ place 9 ! !atre1 ! f9e old ,kabuki regime w n soon pass away4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,kabuki ,,*apt] ,,vii ,o-,,kuni ,,( ,,izumo ,to a woman1 ,o-,kuni1 a ritual danc] atta*$ to ! great ,%9to ,%r9e ( ,izumo1 9 ! 8,prov9ce ( ! ,gods01 belongs ! cr$it ( f\nd+ ! popul> !atre1 "s "t 9 ! ye> #aeif1 on ! dry b$ ( ! ,kamo ,riv] 9 ,kyoto4 ,accord+ to ,izumo ,o-,kuni ,d51 or ,! ,biography ( ,o-,kuni ( ,izumo1 9 ! possession ( ! late ,b>on ,s5ge1 f ^: family come ! h]$it>y rituali/s ( ! ,%r9e1 ,o-,kuni 0 a miko1 or sacr$ danc]4 ,h] fa!r 0 call$ ,nakamura ,sanyemon1 & s]v$ ! ,%r9e 9 ! capacity ( an artisan4 ,! family "n ( ,nakamura 0 d]iv$ f ! di/rict ( ,nakamura 9 ,kitsuki1 :]e ,o-,kuni's family liv$1 ! site ( ! great ,%r9e ( ,izumo !n z n[4 ,o-,kuni left ,kitsuki on a pilgrimage1 s ! /ory goes1 w&]+ ?r\gh sev]al prov9ces1 p]=m+ h] dance1 & ask+ = contributions = ! repair ( ! ,%r9e1 & at la/ rea*$ ,kyoto4 ,evid5tly ! gay capital ex]t$ su* a p[]ful fasc9ation ov] h]1 t %e felt no incl9ation to return to h] duties 9 connection ) ! ,%r9e4 ,!re is no record t tells ( ,o-,kuni's *ange ( he>t1 or :at ev5tually prompt$ h] to set up a plat=m on ! banks ( ! ,kamo1 :]e 7 to be f\nd all ! motley tra9 ( ent]ta9]s :o fl\ri%$ at t "t4 ,kyoto1 ! bir?place ( ! popul> !atre1 01 :5 ,o-,kuni made h] appe>ance1 a city ( half-a-million inhabitants4 ,murdo* says 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,japan3 8,x is well to rememb] t if ,japan _h no ,free ,cities1 %e _h :at ,g]many1 or inde$ any o!r ,european c\ntry1 _h n1--a s+le great city ) a population ( half-a-million4 ,su* ,kyoto 0 ev5 at "o ( ! l[e/ ebbs 9 its prosp]ity at ! date ( ,xavi]'s visit to x 9 #aeea4 ,9 #adfg at ! outbreak ( ! w> ( ,od91 x conta9$ #afj1jjj families1 or1 p]haps1 #ijj1jjj s\ls4 ,few cities 9 contempor>y ,europe c\ld boa/ ev5 a t5? ( t population40 ,capta9 ,francis ,br9kley also ref]s to ! spl5d\rs ( ,kyoto palaces & f9e resid5ces 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & says t ev5 m5 :o made m$ic9e or =tune-tell+ _! pr(essions & petty (ficials su* z secret>ies _h /ately resid5ces4 ,f5ollosa 9 8 ,epo*s ( ,*9ese & ,japanese ,art writes ab\t ,kyoto civilians1 & z to ! patrons ( ! arti/s1 he asks3 8,:o 7 ,okio's patrons8 ,:y1 ! silk weav]s1 bronze ca/]s1 ! embroid]]s & f9e lacqu]]s1 ! /hetic prie/s ( ,kyoto temples1 ! great pott]s gr\p$ at ! foot ( ,ara%iyama1 ! great m]*ants :o s5t _! f9e w>es all ov] ,japan ev5 to ! daimyo's ya%iki40 ,su* 0 ,kyoto1 ! political z well z arti/ic c5tre ( ,japan1 :5 ,o-,kuni gave ! impetus t />t$ ! movem5t to e/abli% ,kabuki1 ! p's /age1 t to-day has inh]it$ all ! weal? ( pa/ mat]ials & is turn$ resolutely t[>d ! promise ( ! future4 ,h] p]=mances 7 ( ! simple/ "*4 ,%e has be5 describ$ z we>+ a prie/'s robe ( black silk1 ) a small metal ,buddhi/ gong susp5d$ f h] neck by a v]milion silk cord1 & z %e /ruck ! gong ) a mallet1 %e danc$ & *ant$ a ,buddhi/ sutra4 ,seisei9 ,ih>a1 ,kabuki's lead+ hi/orian & "o ( ! prom95t dramatic critics ( ,tokyo1 :o 0 born 9 ! %ad[ ( ! ,%r9e ( ,izumo1 has tak5 great pa9s to ga!r f ! old records ! /ory ( ,o-,kuni4 ,he says t x may seem incr$ible t a ,buddhi/ dance %\ld h be5 p]=m$ by ! miko ( ,izumo ,%r9e1 b he po9ts out t x 0 ! p]iod :5 ,%9to1 or ! 8,way ( ! ,gods01 ! rev]5ce & wor%ip ( ! ance/ors ( ! race & dep>t$ s\ls :o 7 great 9 life1 & ,buddhism1 ! 8,way ( ,buddha01 or ! fai? 9 a univ]sal be+ & a future /ate ( happ9ess1 liv$ peacefully toge!r4 ,buddhi/ prie/s 7 prom95t at ,izumo1 & a bronze image ( ,buddha 0 plac$ 9 front ( ! ,%r9e :]e inc5se 0 burn$1 & ! sutras 7 recit$ by eight females :o p]=m$ to musical in/rum5ts us$ 9 ,buddhi/ z well z ,%9to c]emonies4 ,to-day ! comb9ation seems h>d to believe1 s9ce ,%9toism & ,buddhism are /rictly sep>at$4 ,x 0 !re=e n unusual t ,o-,kuni's ,%9to dance %\ld h be5 modifi$ by ,buddhism1 & t h] p]=mances 7 lat] greatly influ5c$ by ! s]mons ( ! prie/s1 z an old book ab\t ! p ( ,kyoto records4 ,b if h] dances _h rema9$ 9 a simple & semi-religi\s /ate1 x is d\btful if ,o-,kuni w\ld h succe$$ 9 impress+ h]self s vividly ^u h] day & g5]ation z %e did4 ,h] art 0 to und]go a sudd5 trans=mation4 ,"o day %e met ,nagoya ,sansaburo1 "o ( ! h&some/ & brave/ "y samurai ( ,kyoto4 ,!y fell 9 love & m>ri$4 ,sansaburo1 :o 0 fam\s = 8 milit>y exploits1 jo9$ ,o-,kuni 9 h] public appe>ances & soon became r5[n$ z an actor4 ,he recognis$ t h] dance 0 n suffici5tly int]e/+1 & set himself to c>ry out improvem5ts t soon made ,o-,kuni "o ( ! mo/ popul> p]sonages ( ! "t4 ,sansaburo's ance/ors _h be5 samurai 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,ow>i4 ,8 fa!r s]v$ "u ! great g5]al ,hideyo%i1 & 0 advanc$ to a po/ ( hon\r4 ,he 0 bless$ ) t5 *ildr51 ,sansaburo be+ ! sev5?4 ,& z ! fa!r's income 0 n suffici5t to ma9ta9 su* a l>ge family1 he 0 s5t at an e>ly age to ,k5n9-ji1 a ,buddhi/ temple 9 ,kyoto1 to be br\ght up by ! prie/s4 ,9 #aeij1 :5 ,hideyo%i attack$ ! ,ca/le ( ,odaw>a1 "o ( 8 "r-h& m5 0 ,gamo ,ujisato1 :om ,murdo*1 9 8 hi/ory ( ! e>ly relations betwe5 ,japan & o!r c\ntries1 *>act]ises z ! mo/ brilliant proselyte ! ,jesuits _h made4 ,gamo ,ujisato 0 "o ( ! brave/ capta9s ( ! age1 & ,hideyo%i began to fe> 8 asc5d5cy4 ,he 0 poison$ at a tea c]emony p>ty by an und]l+ :o act$ on a h9t f ,hideyo%i1 & s di$ 9 8 =tie? ye>4 ,?is ,gamo ,ujisato held a review ( 8 troops 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kyoto previ\s to ! /orm+ ( a feudal /ronghold4 ,! inhabitants ( ! city w5t to see ! spectacle1 & "y ,sansaburo clad 9 a prie/'s purple robe 0 among ! curi\s ?rong4 ,ujisato on horseback caught sight ( ! acolyte & 0 greatly tak5 ) ! h&some boy4 ,lat] he ask$ 8 fa!r if he might engage ,sansaburo z a page4 ,soon aft] ,ujisato return$ to 8 doma9 9 ,izu1 & ,sansaburo foll[$ 9 8 suite4 ,at ! "t t ,ujisato und]took "o ( 8 mo/ d>+ milit>y campaigns1 ,sansaburo foll[$ 8 ma/]1 we>+ a g>m5t ( pure :ite silk l9$ ) crimson1 & arm\r wov5 ) v>iegat$ col\rs1 & c>ry+ a spe> 9 8 h&4 ,8 c\rage\s conduct 9 ?is campaign =m$ ! !me ( a popul> song1 & 8 "n soon spread to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,aft] ,ujisato's dea?1 ,sansaburo return$ to ,kyoto ) consid]able prop]ty left him by 8 "l1 & l$ an extravagant life1 pass+ 8 "t 9 ! pleasures ( ! capital4 ,x is easy to see t ! allur+ ,o-,kuni1 :o 0 su* a novel amusem5t to ! citiz5s ( ,kyoto frequ5t+ ! popul> ent]ta9m5t resort on ! ,kamo ,riv]1 mu/ h captivat$ 8 fancy1 = he quickly decid$ to ca/ 9 8 lot ) h]s4 ,sansaburo1 br$ 9 a milit>y family & hav+ associat$ ) "o ( ! celebrat$ feudal lords ( ! p]iod1 0 9 consequ5ce acqua9t$ ) ! be/ 9 lit]ature & art4 ,t he 0 famili> ) ! ,n /age1 p>ticul>ly ) ! ,kyog51 or comic pieces giv5 betwe5 ! ,n plays1 is v c]ta91 = he soon *ang$ ,o-,kuni's simple ,%9to-,buddhi/ dance into ! nature ( ,kyog54 ,no d\bt he consid]$ t h] p]=mances sav\r$ too mu* ( religion to please all & sundry1 s he taught h] popul> songs & also compos$ pieces = h]4 ,%e did n1 h[ev]1 succe$ 9 w9n+ ! highe/ popul> fav\r until %e trans=m$ h]self into a male1 we>+ swords & cov]+ h] head ) a peculi> head-dress4 ,f ! "t t ,o-,kuni assum$ ! outw>d guise ( a man1 danc+ ) two swords ?ru/ ?r\gh h] belt1 ! p flock$ to see h]4 ,= ! fir/ "t ,sansaburo call$ h] p]=mances ,kabuki1 ! "n by :i* ! ,japanese /age is kn[n at ! pres5t day4 ,! ^w 0 no new inv5tion4 ,x _h be5 9 use = a long p]iod to signify some?+ comic1 & gradually came to lose its orig9al mean+ & 0 us$ to d5ote ! p>ticul> k9d ( !atrical ent]ta9m5t t _h aris51 & f t "t =w>d ,kabuki 0 appli$ to ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to ! popul> /age4 ,! ^w = !atre1 8%ibai01 also came into g5]al use at ?is "t1 mean+ to sit on ! lawn or grass1 f ! fact t ! plat=m = p]=mances 0 a tempor>y affair & ! audi5ce sat on ! gr\nd4 ,/ill lat] ,sansaburo introduc$ m & m ( ! ,n elem5ts1 ! ext]nals ( ,o-,kuni's /age be+ l>gely borr[$ f ! ari/ocratic !atre4 ,& h[ ! pres5t highly complex /age ( ,japan develop$ out ( ,o-,kuni's dance is ! /ory ( ! rise ( ,kabuki4 ,o-,kuni 0 n only popul> ) ! masses1 ! nobility patronis$ h]4 ,on "o occasion %e 0 invit$ to ! ,fu%imi ,palace1 ne> ,kyoto1 to ent]ta9 ,hideyasu4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,iyeyasu1 :o 0 lat] to f\nd ! ,tokugawa ,%ogunate4 ,b ,hideyasu _h be5 adopt$ by ,hideyo%i1 ,japan's milit>y ov]lord at ?is p]iod1 & 0 held z a ho/age & gu>antee ( ,iyeyasu's good fai?4 ,:5 ,o-,kuni danc$ be=e ?is "y pr9ce1 %e wore ar\nd h] neck a cry/al ros>y1 :i* is evid5ce ( ! ,jesuit influ5ce ^u ,kyoto1 = ! ,portuguese & ,spani% prie/s at ?is "t w5t ab\t we>+ _! long /r+s ( beads to :i* 0 atta*$ ! cross4 ,9 imitation1 ,o-,kuni1 :5 p]=m+1 hung "o ab\t h] own neck1 m z a decoration ?an a decl>ation ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,?is novelty ( ! day int]e/$ ,hideyasu1 b he consid]$ t x 0 n good en\gh = h]1 & tak+ "s coral ornam5ts f 8 arm\r pres5t$ !m to h]4 ,at p>t+1 ,o-,kuni convey$ h] ?anks 9 a poem :i* %e compos$ on ! spur ( ! mom5t4 ,he 0 s mu* impress$ by h] p]=mance t x ca/ him into a melan*oly mood1 & he made ! comm5t to "o ( 8 reta9]s t among ?\s&s ( wom5 ?is "o _h won fame = h]self z ! greate/ danc]1 & yet he _h n be5 able to obta9 any special di/9ction4 ,hideyasu might well reflect ^u ,o-,kuni's reputation1 = al?\gh he di/+ui%$ himself = 8 val\r & milit>y g5ius1 he 0 n *os5 f among 8 _m bro!rs to succe$ z ! second ,tokugawa ,%ogun4 ,!re is also an acc\nt relat+ h[ ,o-,kuni 0 appreciat$ at ,c\rt2 h[ an ,imp]ial pr9cess held an ent]ta9m5t 9 #afja to :i* ! actress 0 summon$ to dance1 & h[ ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! c\rt imitat$ h]4 ,9 #afjg %e w5t to ,y$o1 ! seat ( ! %ogunate1 n[ ,tokyo & ! capital ( ! ,empire4 ,%e p]=m$ on a tempor>y /age t _h be5 us$ by ,n actors :o _h j held ,kwanj9 ,n1 or p]=mances to raise funds = ! repair+ or build+ ( temples & %r9es4 ,9 ,y$o1 ^! ,n p]=mances 7 giv5 "u ! patronage ( ! ,%ogun1 & 7 (t5 n s mu* = religi\s purposes z to help swell ! incomes ( ! ,n actors4 ,!y 7 g5]ally held )9 ! comp\nd ( ! ,%ogun's palace1 ! p]=mances tak+ place on a tempor>y /age erect$ = ! occasion1 to :i*1 z a great concession1 ?\s&s ( ! common p ( ,y$o 7 invit$4 ,! lead+ actors ( ! ,kwanze & ,komp>u ,n s*ools _h j end$ _! programme1 & x 0 on ?is /age t ,o-,kuni appe>$4 ,x is also relat$ t %e danc$ be=e ,oda ,nobunaga1 "o ( ! =emo/ milit>y lead]s ( ! "t1 by ^: dea? ,hideyo%i 0 able to rise to p[]4 ,& x is said t bo? ,hideyo%i & 8 *ief reta9]s patronis$ ,o-,kuni4 ,!re is a /ory t %e 0 invit$ by ,hideyo%i's fai?ful lieut5ant1 ,kato ,kiyomasa1 to ! s\!rn isl& ( ,japan1 :]e he held sway z ! daimyo ( ,kumamoto4 ,b x seems impossible to believe t ,o-,kuni %\ld h be5 engag$ to su* an ext5t1 & m probable t "s ( ! great ones recognis$ h] tal5t1 & ! /ory 0 appli$ to all ! out/&+ p]sonalities ( h] "t4 ,=1 aft] all1 :ile ! great & noble ( ! l& may h appreciat$ h]1 x 0 to ! p t ,o-,kuni p>ticul>ly address$ h]self4 ,kabuki ,koto ,hajime1 or ,beg9n+s ( ,kabuki1 a book writt5 by a ,kabuki playwright1 ,tam5aga ,i*o1 & publi%$ 9 #agfb1 says t ,o-,kuni 0 beautiful1 t %e 0 skill$ 9 calligraphy--an important female accompli%m5t--t %e _h a sympa!tic nature1 lov$ fl[]s & ! moon1 & t a sn[y ev5+ or a maple sc5e 9 ! autumn inspir$ h] to poetry4 ,!re is an acc\nt ( ,o-,kuni writt5 by an au?or :o mu/ h att5d$ h] p]=mances1 & yet he does n dilate ^u h] beauty1 :i* mu/ h be5 an ov]sight1 = judg+ f ! g5]al details kn[n ab\t h] %e c]ta9ly possess$ "s sup]ior p[] ( attraction4 ,bo? ,sansaburo & ,o-,kuni di$ :ile ! ,o-,kuni ,kabuki 0 at its height4 ,! *ronicl]s d n tell h[ !y p>t$ company1 or end$ _! /age c>e]s1 b ,sansaburo gave up act+ & became a reta9] ( ! "l ( ,tsuyama1 ^: wife 0 8 si/]4 ,he 0 kill$ by ! daimyo's *ief reta9] dur+ ! build+ ( ,tsuyama ,ca/le4 ,?is man _h be5 long 9 ! s]vice ( ! daimyo1 b ,sansaburo aspir$ to outrival him on acc\nt ( 8 relation%ip1 & because ( 8 association ) ! illu/ri\s ,gamo ,ujisato4 ,! two _h a dispute & f\ght1 & ,sansaburo 0 kill$4 ,8 fri5ds retaliat$ by imm$iately tak+ ! life ( ! *ief reta9]1 & 8 two bro!rs 7 also puni%$ by self-inflict$ dea? at ! comm& ( ! daimyo4 ,:5 ,o-,kuni grew old1 & _h outliv$ h] c>e] on ! /age t %e _h creat$ ) ,sansaburo1 %e return$ to h] old home 9 ,kitsuki1 ne> ,izumo ,%r9e4 ,"h %e retir$ f ! _w1 & liv$ 9 a ru/ic cottage1 sp5t h] "t 9 recit+ ! sutras1 writ+ v]se1 & di$ at a ripe old age4 ,?is acc\nt ( ,o-,kuni's la/ days appe>s to be v reliable1 z x is f ,izumo ,o-,kuni ,d51 or ,biography ( ,o-,kuni ( ,izumo1 f records pres]v$ among ! ,%r9e ar*ives4 ,! exact date ( h] dea? is n giv5 9 ?is record1 & h] la/ re/+-place is also unkn[n4 ,seisei9 ,ih>a1 :o has made exhau/ive rese>*es conc]n+ ,o-,kuni1 f9ds _m conflict+ /atem5ts 9 ! old books1 :i* 7 writt5 )\t mu* c>e = accuracy reg>d+ names & dates4 ,kabuki ,koto ,hajime1 or ,beg9n+s ( ,kabuki1 says t ,yo%it]u1 "o ( ! la/ ,a%ikaga ,%oguns1 summon$ h] to dance 9 8 pres5ce sev]al times & prais$ h]4 ,b ?is is some:at imag9>y1 s9ce 9 su* a case %e w\ld h appe>$ 9 ,kyoto _m ye>s previ\s to #aeif1 9 :i* ye>1 mo/ ( ! records agree1 %e began to practise ! new art4 ,kabuki ,koto ,hajime also says t ,sansaburo 0 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,%ogun ,yo%it]u1 z 0 ,o-,kuni1 t !y fell 9 love1 7 dismiss$ & became ron91 :i* is "o ( ! _m improbable tales relat$ ( ! pair4 ,ano!r book says ,o-,kuni w5t to ,sado ,isl&1 foll[+ ! report t gold _h be5 discov]$ !re4 ,?is is q possible1 b on ! /r5g? ( ?is /ory "s writ]s /ate t %e 0 a native ( ,sado1 :i* is c]ta9ly n true4 ,o!r writ]s are s mix$ up 9 _! dates1 t !y make out !re 0 a wide gulf 9 ye>s betwe5 ,o-,kuni & ,sansaburo1 & t x 0 impossible t he %\ld h m>ri$ a woman s mu* 8 s5ior1 :ile o!rs decl>e t x 0 ,o-,kuni's daught] t ,sansaburo m>ri$4 ,9 ,tokaido ,mei%oki1 or ,not$ ,places ( ! ,tokaido 7! great highway betwe5 ,kyoto & ,y$o71 ,o-,kuni is said to h m>ri$ a ,n ,kyog5 actor1 & !re are o!r mislead+ & confus+ /ories4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! is attribut$ to ,lafcadio ,he>n4 ,he object$ to ! acc\nt ( ,o-,kuni 9 ,?+s ,japanese by ,basil ,hall ,*amb]la91 especially to t s5t5ce :]e x is writt5 t ! reputation ( ,o-,kuni & h] companions 0 f> f spotless4 ,he>n's /ory is to ! effect t ,o-,kuni 0 a prie/ess 9 ! great temple ( ,kitsuki1 & %e fell 9 love ) a swa%buckl]1 ,nagoya ,sansaburo1 & fl$ to ,kyoto ) him4 ,on ! way h] extraord9>y beauty caus$ ano!r soldi] ( =tune to make love to h]2 ,sansaburo kill$ him1 & ! dead man's face haunt$ ! girl4 ,%e support$ h] lov] by giv+ dances on ! bank ( ! ,kamo ,riv]1 & he became a fam\s actor4 ,:5 he di$ %e return$ to ,kitsuki1 becom+ a nun1 & built a temple t %e might pray = ! s\l ( ! man :o _h be5 kill$4 ,he>n's love ( ! gho/ly c>ri$ him v f> away f ! true facts1 b nev]!less he felt ! romance ( ! ,o-,kuni leg5d /rongly en\gh n to wi% to t>ni% h] "n1 z ! m matt]-(-fact ,mr4 ,*amb]la9 does s lightly4 ,x 0 long aft] ,o-,kuni's day1 :5 ! second & ?ird ,o-,kuni 7 c>ry+ on h] traditions1 & ?is woman's /age employ$ mix$ play]s1 t ! laxity ( morals set 94 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,onna ,,kabuki3 ,,! ,,woman',s ,,/age ,companies head$ by wom5 7 =m$ 9 imitation ( ! ,o-,kuni ,kabuki4 ,!y appe>$ n only 9 ,kyoto1 b made gr& t\rs to di/ant p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,a feudal "l ^: doma9s 7 ne> ! pres5t prosp]\s tea-trade c5tre1 ! city ( ,%idzuoka1 invit$ a ,kyoto actress & h] company1 & :5 ! fam\s ,nagoya ca/le 0 complet$1 ! daimyo :o _h co-op]at$ 9 ! build+1 celebrat$ by giv+ an ,onna ,kabuki ent]ta9m5t4 ,ev5 ,date ,masamune1 "l ( ,s5dai1 "o ( ! fir/ daimyo to accept ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & :o s5t an embassy to ,rome1 ask$ an actress to p]=m 9 8 fief4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 ! ,o-,kuni ,kabuki _h f9ally settl$ at ,%ijo ,bridge 9 ,kyoto1 ! head ( :i* 0 ! ?ird ,o-,kuni4 ,! popul>ity ( ^! play]s 0 s widespread1 t ! wom5 ( ! gay qu>t]s foll[$ _! example1 & companies ( wom5 p]=m]s 7 recruit$ f ! ranks ( ! pro/itutes4 ,a man call$ ,sado%ima ,yosanji taught ^! wom5 danc+1 & erect$ a !atre4 ,s*ools = ! tra9+ ( actresses 7 e/abli%$1 & tal5t$ danc]s 7 develop$ :o compet$ ) ea* o!r = ! fav\r ( ! public4 ,"o ( ^! wom51 ,sado%ima ,%oki*i1 gave a p]=mance at ! ,yo%iw>a1 9 ,y$o1 & at ! "t a plac>d 0 set up on ,nihonba%i1 ! ,bridge ( ,japan1 :i* 0 "o ( ! *ief l&m>ks ( ,y$o1 z x is ( mod]n ,tokyo4 ,! male musicians :o p]=m$ at ?is "t 7 v exp]t1 accord+ to ?is bridge adv]tisem5t1 & att5tion 0 call$ to ! comic nature ( ! pieces to be p]=m$4 ,al?\gh ! "n ,onna ,kabuki signifi$ a woman's !atre1 x 0 n long until ! two sexes 7 play+ toge!r indiscrim9ately1 m5 tak+ ! rles ( wom51 & ! *>act]s ( m5 be+ assum$ by wom54 ,^u "o occasion ,iku%ima1 an actress1 appe>$ at ,nakaba%i 9 ,y$o4 ,:5 ! curta9 0 drawn1 ! head actor ( ! company advanc$ 9 mo/ gorge\s attire1 we>+ swords ornam5t$ ) gold4 ,) him 0 an equally respl5d5t actress4 ,m ?an fifty females danc$ toge!r dur+ ! p]=mance4 ,!y took ! rles ( m5 & wore swords4 ,! musicians sat on camp /ools1 & ! s+]s recit$ to ! /ra9s ( ! samis54 ,?is is ! fir/ m5tion ( ! samis5 9 ! !atre1 ! ?ree-/r+$ in/rum5t t 0 9 aft] ye>s to revolutionise ,kabuki z well z ! ,doll-!atre4 ,! in/rum5ts 9 use until ! introduction ( ! samis5 7 ! ,n drums & flute1 b ! samis5 ) its /rid5t1 irregul> rhy?ms 0 to be associat$ f ?is "t onw>d ) ! :ole gay1 frivol\s _w1 f> remov$ f ! au/]ity1 dignity1 & ritual ) :i* ! flute & ,n drums 7 associat$4 ,! samis5 _h be5 br\ght to ,japan f ! ,loo ,*oo ,isl&s4 ,a simil> in/rum5t _h long be5 9 use 9 ,*9a1 s t x seems probable t x _h its orig9 9 ,*9a1 b 0 import$ into ,japan f ! isl&s to ! s\?-we/1 :]e ,*9ese influ5ce _h long be5 upp]mo/4 ,:5 ,onna ,kabuki 0 at its height1 !re 7 f\r companies 9 ,kyoto call$ ,o-,kuni1 ,sado%ima1 ,%9obu1 & a company manag$ by a man nam$ ,dansuke4 ,%9obu remov$ to ,ise prov9ce1 ,dansuke & 8 company e/abli%$ !mselves at ,osaka1 t 0 !n z x is to-day ! lead+ comm]cial c5tre ( ,japan4 ,! ,sado%ima p>ty 0 divid$ into two1 head$ respectively by ,take%ima & ,sado%ima1 bo? ( :om _h sons :o became not$ actors 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( ! male !atre4 ,!y 7 ,take%ima ,kyozaemon & ,sado%ima ,dempa*i4 ,! latt] 0 a dokegata1 or comic actor4 ,sado%ima's gr&son wrote ,sado%ima ,nikki1 or ! ,j\rnal ( ,sado%ima1 :i* deals ) ! ,kabuki ( 8 "t1 & is a !atre classic4 ,_h ! wom5 companies rema9$ exempl>y 9 conduct & kept _! ranks free f ! o!r sex1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,japanese !atre might h be5 q diff]5t4 ,b ! lead+ actresses 7 pro/itutes2 _! art 0 a means to an end1 & !y abus$ _! privileges z ent]ta9]s4 ,no p]man5t & self-respect+ !atre c\ld h cont9u$ to exi/ on su* an immoral f\ndation4 ,! degradation ( ! ,onna ,kabuki 0 due 9 no small degree1 h[ev]1 to ! play+ ( m5 & wom5 toge!r4 ,! public v soon came to look d[n ^u ^! play]s1 & !y 7 ref]r$ to z ,kaw>a ,kojiki1 or ,riv]side ,begg>s1 d]iv$ f ! fact t ! fir/ ,kabuki play]s _h erect$ _! tempor>y /ages on ! dry b$s ( ,kyoto riv]s4 ,! t]m 0 f ?is "t h&$ d[n to besmir* ! reputations ( g5]ations ( hone/1 legitimate actors t foll[$4 ,9 #afjh a proclamation by ! ,%ogun's ,gov]nm5t 0 made limit+ ! ,onna ,kabuki to ! outskirts ( ! cities1 :]e its baneful influ5ce might be less ( a contam9ation to society4 ,sev]al c\rt ladies :o _h c>ri$ on flirtations ) ! h&some "y actors ( ! ,onna ,kabuki 7 exil$1 9 puni%m5t ( _! misdemean\rs1 & ,gov]nm5t int]f]5ce 0 frequ5t4 ,9 #afbf a notice adv]tis+ a p]=mance 0 ord]$ to be tak5 d[n4 ,9 #afbh1 :5 a company ( actresses play$ at ,takanawa ne> ,%9agawa1 9 ! suburbs ( ,y$o1 ! !atre 0 s cr[d$ t great confusion ensu$1 & ! place 0 ord]$ to be clos$4 ,! climax came :5 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ?ird ,%ogun1 ,iyemitsu1 issu$ a /rict ord] 7#afbi7 =bidd+ female p]=mances ( any k9d4 ,at "o /roke ! p]=mances ( wom5 danc]s1 ! actresses ( ! ,onna ,kabuki1 & ev5 ! wom5 m9/rels :o sang to ! movem5ts ( ! m>ionettes 9 ! puppet %[1 came to an abrupt end4 ,aga9 9 #afcj a company ( mix$ play]s attempt$ to give a p]=mance1 ! actors appe>+ z wom5 & ! actresses z m51 b an ord] 0 imm$iately issu$ exclud+ all females f ! /age4 ,9 #afdj a company ( male & female play]s ann\nc$ !y w\ld play toge!r1 b _! p]=mance 0 /opp$1 & 9 #afde ! proprietor ( a !atre 0 sev]ely puni%$ = employ+ female play]s4 ,?is 0 done z an example1 = violations 7 frequ5t4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,doll-!atre1 also1 !re _h be5 companies ( wom5 :o h&l$ ! m>ionettes :ile female m9/rels sang & recit$ ! ballad-dramas to :i* ! dolls mov$1 & wom5 accompli%$ 9 ! samis5 accompani$ ! m9/rels4 ,^! ,doll-!atre companies ( wom5 7 n long to endure1 & soon came to grief4 ,some:]e ab\t ! "t t ,o-,kuni 0 beg9n+ to dance on h] tempor>y /age by ! riv]side 9 ,kyoto1 ,ono-no-,otsu1 a lady-9-wait+ 9 ! h\sehold ( ! great g5]al1 ,oda ,nobunaga1 _h compos$ a long ballad call$ ,joruri ,hime ,monogat>i1 or ! ,/ory ( ,pr9cess ,joruri4 ,x _h be5 sung by a m9/rel to ! accompanim5t ( ! samis54 ,?is 0 an improvem5t on ! balladry ( ! bl9d musicians1 :o _h recit$ _! /ories ( love & battle to ! m\rnful m9or /r+s ( ! biwa4 ,! fir/ tayu1 or m9/rel1 to s+ ! improv$ balladry inaugurat$ by ,ono-no-,otsu1 0 a woman call$ ,rokuji ,namuyemon4 ,aft] h] !re 7 bo? male & female m9/rels1 b ! prohibition ( ! ,onna ,kabuki also includ$ ! female m9/rel4 ,! tal5t ( woman _h repeat$ly tri$ to express itself 9 ! realm ( ! !atre1 b n[ ! heavy h& ( ! puritanic %ogunate fell ^u h] activities1 & ! result 0 ! suppression ( all /age aspiration on ! "p ( females = ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,ih>a ,seisei91 comm5t+ on ?is 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,japanese ,/age1 says t al?\gh ! ,%ogun's ,gov]nm5t 0 "u ! necessity ( ma9ta9+ ! morals ( ! p1 ! prohibition _h an ill effect ^u ! !atre1 & ! injury has n be5 completely heal$4 ,he ?9ks t if ! ,onna ,kabuki _h be5 left to develop naturally1 x is mo/ probable t !re w\ld n[ exi/ a diff]5t /ate ( affairs1 & actresses w\ld h adorn$ ! ,japanese !atre z !y d 9 ! ,occid5t4 ,b1 he cont9ues1 x 0 impossible = ! ,tokugawa ,%ogunate to h su* =esight ) reg>d to art1 & ! fact t !re are no names ( actresses adorn+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,japanese /age mu/ be attribut$ to ?is initial1 /]n1 prohibitive measure ( ! %ogunate4 ,^! /rict laws reg>d+ ! appe>ance ( females on ! /age 7 en=c$ until ! la/ days ( ! %ogunate1 :5 its grip loos5$ on _m ( ! measures t _h be5 made to regulate ! morals ( ! p & to control _! democratic t5d5cies4 ,) ?is relaxation !re aga9 came into exi/5ce a woman's !atre1 head$ by a brilliant actress1 ,kumeha*i1 :o 0 a contempor>y ( ,danjuro1 ! n9?1 ! great /> ( ,meiji4 ,%e took male rles z did o!r wom5 ( h] company4 ,) h] dea? h] company disb&$4 ,a successor to ,kumeha*i exi/s to-day :o also acts m5's *>act]s mo/ successfully1 ,nakamura ,kas51 b %e loses mu* ( h] pre/ige by act+ ) mix$ play]s4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a s*ool ( actresses 9 connection ) ! f\nd+ ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre 9 ,tokyo belongs to ! mod]n hi/ory ( ! ,japanese /age4 ,judg+ f ! conditions t h be5 br\ght ab\t by mix$ play]s on ! ,we/]n /age1 x 0 a =tunate ?+ t wom5 7 exclud$1 = ! actors 7 able to develop a mascul9e !atre unhamp]$ by petticoat influ5ce4 ,:e!r ?is is an advantage to ! art ( ! !atre rema9s to be se5 :5 ,kabuki1 ! unique mascul9e /age ( ,japan1 w become kn[n outside ! l& ( its orig94 ,9 ord] t m5 %\ld reign supreme 9 ! _w ( make-believe1 ! creativ5ess ( ! ,japanese woman 9 ! direction ( ! !atre has ?us be5 cle>ly sacrific$4 ,b 9 ! future _! tal5t may be able to f9d scope = developm5t 9 a !atre ( _! own1 z an expression ( ! _s ( wom54 ,! t5d5cy ( ! !atre art 9 ,japan is t[>d a sep>ation ( ! sexes1 & !re is hope t 9 ! future a wom5's !atre1 free f ! immoral influ5ces t caus$ ! d[nfall ( ! ,onna ,kabuki1 w coexi/ ) ,kabuki1 ! firmly e/abli%$ mascul9e /age4 ,o-,kuni's prom95ce began 9 #aeif1 :5 %e fir/ met ,sansaburo1 & %e rea*$ ! height ( h] fame 9 #afja4 ,by #afbi wom5 7 /rictly prohibit$ f p]=m+ 9 public4 ,?us ! wom5's !atre %e _h f\nd$ came to an abrupt end1 aft] an exi/5ce ( ?ree decades4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,waka%u ,,kabuki3 ,,! ,,"y ,,m5',s ,,/age ,! fir/ ,kabuki !atre to be f\nd$ 9 ,japan 9 :i* p]=mances 7 giv5 by companies compos$ entirely ( m5 0 />t$ 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,g5na1 #afag1 by ,dansuke1 :o seems to h be5 an ent]pris+ manag]4 ,x 0 ,dansuke :o =m$ companies ( wom5 f ! pleasure qu>t]s ( ,kyoto1 & :o 0 invit$ by no less a p]sonage ?an ! great daimyo1 ,date ,masamune1 to br+ 8 play]s to 8 feudal capital1 ,s5dai4 ,dansuke also e/abli%$ a company ( female play]s 9 ,osaka1 b he is kn[n *iefly 9 ! hi/ory ( ,kabuki z ! f\nd] ( ! fir/ male !atre4 ,! t]c5t5>y ( ?is hi/orical ev5t 0 n all[$ to pass unnotic$1 & 9 ,decemb] #aiag ! e/abli%m5t ( ,dansuke's male !atre & ! ?ree hundr$ ye>s ( ,kabuki developm5t 7 celebrat$ by special p]=mances giv5 at ! ,m9ami-za1 9 ,kyoto1 :]e ,nakamura ,ganjiro1 ,osaka's lead+ actor1 & ,matsumoto ,ko%iro ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre1 ,tokyo1 play$ toge!r to commemorate ! ev5t4 ,kyoto slumb]+ 9 its wide valley1 enclos$ by its templ$ hills1 once ! sc5e ( great !atre activity1 is n[ f> surpass$ by ! /ages ( ,tokyo & ,osaka1 b ! lead+ actors ( ^! two cities met to celebrate "o ( ! mo/ important anniv]s>ies 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,japanese !atre4 ,x 0 be=e mix$ companies 7 prohibit$ t ! male !atre took its rise4 ,h&some y\?s _h tak5 "p ) ! wom5 play]s1 & ! sep>ation 0 an easy /ep4 ,) ! /rict prohibition ( ! ,onna ,kabuki1 ^! "y male play]s 7 left 9 entire possession ( ! field1 because ! *ief play]s 7 y\?s1 ! ent]ta9m5t !y af=d$ 0 call$ ,waka%u ,kabuki1 or ,y\?s' ,/age4 ,numb]s ( ^! !atres arose 9 rapid succession 9 ! ?ree !atre t[ns1 & ev5 spread to ! prov9ces4 ,9 ,osaka ! fir/ ,waka%u !atre 0 e/abli%$ 9 #afbd1 :ile ,s>uwaka ,kansaburo f\nd$ ,y$o ,kabuki1 or ! ,y$o ,/age1 9 ! same ye>4 ,f ,dansuke's fir/ !atre 9 ,kyoto !re grew sev5 fl\ri%+ !atres4 ,& !y might h gone on increas+1 b ! au?orities consid]$ x saf] to place a limit on ^! places ( amusem5t1 & lic5ces 7 grant$ to sev5 p]sons :o 7 consid]$ ! desc5dants ( ! fir/ !atre proprietors 9 ,kyoto :o _h act$ 9 ! imitation ,kyog5 dur+ ! int]vals ( ,o-,kuni's dances4 ,^! m5 7 reta9]s ( ! ,a%ikaga ,%ogunate1 & :5 ?is regime came to an end !y 7 oblig$ to take up ,kabuki1 ! new ent]ta9m5t ( ! p1 z a means ( livelihood1 & became manag]s ( !atres4 ,if !y _h be5 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,%ogun1 :o 0 ! *ief patron ( ! ,n1 !y mu/ h be5 entirely famili> ) ! ,n /age1 & s introduc$ mu* ( ?is old] !atre art into ! newly develop+ /age ( ! p4 ,9 ,osaka1 also1 !atres grew apace & 7 f9ally limit$1 b x 0 9 ,y$o1 ! capital ( ! newly e/abli%$ ,tokugawa ,%oguns1 t ! !atres made greate/ headway4 ,s>uwaka ,kansaburo f\nd$ ! fir/ !atre 9 ,y$o 9 #afbd1 :5 he e/abli%$ ! ,s>uwaka-za4 ,n9e ye>s lat]1 ,miyako ,d5nai />t$ ! ,miyako-za1 & ! foll[+ ye> ,murayama ,matasaburo op5$ ! ,murayama-za4 ,/ill lat] ,yamamura ,kobei erect$ ! ,yamamura-za1 & ^! 7 = "s "t ! *ief !atres ( ,y$o4 ,) reg>d to ! /age p]=mances !re 0 v little diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,onna ,kabuki & ! ,waka%u ,kabuki--! "y actors always appe>$ z ! />s1 :ile ! old] actors _h to be cont5t ) m9or rles4 ,! h&some y\?s1 attir$ 9 female co/umes1 ) long sleeves t sway$ ) _! movem5ts1 we>+ _! hair arrang$ 9 ! mo/ fet*+ fa%ion1 c>ri$ on ,o-,kuni's danc+ traditions4 ,^! _h orig9at$ 9 ! descriptive dance1 or po/ure movem5ts1 ( ! ,n1 :ile ! comic plays1 m or less bas$ on ! ,kyog51 z p]=m$ by ! old] actors1 soon began to *ange into some?+ special t 0 to develop /ill lat] into ! v>i$ =ms ( ! ,japanese drama ( ! pres5t4 ,! dances l>gely borr[$ f ! ,n also und]w5t gradual trans=mation into ! ,%osagoto1 or mod]n music-drama1 t m closely resembles a ,we/]n ballet ?an any o!r ,occid5tal /age =m4 ,! ext]nals ( ! ,waka%u !atre 7 also ! same z ^? ( ,o-,kuni1 except t ! bamboo f5ce _h giv5 place to a m sub/antial wood5 "o1 & a gall]y _h be5 introduc$ = ! ent]ta9m5t ( high-class patrons4 ,! drum t[] ( ,o-,kuni's !atre rema9$ & p]si/$ long aft] ! entire con/ruction ( ! !atre _h be5 *ang$1 becom+ 9 "t m elaborate & p]man5t4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ p]son ( ?is p]iod is ,s>uwaka ,kansaburo1 ,y$o's fir/ actor-manag]4 ,_m details ( 8 c>e] h be5 h&$ d[n1 :ile ! facts relat+ to ! !atre proprietors ( ,osaka & ,kyoto are bo? meagre & vague4 ,kansaburo1 l mo/ ( ! !atre m5 ( 8 "t1 came f ,kyoto to ,y$o4 ,he 0 ( good /ock1 "o acc\nt /at+ t he _h sprung f ! "l ( ! ca/le at ,numadzu 9 ,suruga ,prov9ce1 call$ ,nakamura4 ,h[ev]1 a m reliable record appe>s to be t h&$ d[n by 8 po/]ity1 t ! family 0 desc5d$ f a daimyo call$ ,nakamura1 a foll[] ( ,hideyo%i1 & t a memb] ( ?is family1 ,nakamura ,jiyemon1 came to ,y$o1 became a ron91 & m>ri$ 8 daught] to ,s>uwaka ,kansaburo1 :o took ! "n ( 8 fa!r-9-law4 ,! "n 8,s>uwaka0 0 giv5 to ! comic actors :o act$ ) ,o-,kuni1 & z ,kansaburo excell$ z a com$ian1 he took ?is z 8 /age "n4 ,kyoto 0 ! home ( ref9em5t & culture1 b ! political c5tre _h %ift$ to ,y$o1 & 0 sw>m+ ) ron91 or indep5d5t samurai :o 7 n atta*$ to any p>ticul> feudal "l4 ,!y all drift$ to ,y$o to seek _! =tunes1 & ,kansaburo saw a *ance ( utilis+ ^! w&]+ spirits4 ,! reasons :i* l$ to 8 e/abli%m5t ( a !atre are giv5 9 a book he wrote call$ ,temaye ,miso1 :i* be+ int]pret$ means3 8,my own bean s\p0--9 o!r words1 8talk+ %op0 ab\t 8 pr(ession4 ,9 ?is he says t z ! ron9 f diff]5t p>ts ( ,japan assembl$ 9 ,y$o aft] ! fall ( ,osaka ,ca/le1 :5 ,hideyori1 ! son ( ,hideyo%i1 p]i%$ 9 ! flames1 & ,iyeyasu became ! rul] ( feudal ,japan1 !re 7 _m soldi]s ( =tune :o _h be5 depriv$ ( _! liv+ & 7 s r$uc$ t !y 7 oblig$ to beg = food f door to door1 recit+ utai1 or *oruses ( ! ,n1 to ! accompanim5t ( ! tsuzumi1 or small drum ( ! ,n /age4 ,he plann$ to employ ^! /roll]s by />t+ a !atre & giv+ !m an opportunity to make use ( _! ,n tra9+4 ,9 consequ5ce ! ,s>uwaka-za 0 e/abli%$ 9 #afbd at ,nakaba%i1 ne> ,kyoba%i1 9 ,y$o1 & :ile ,kansaburo wait$ = 8 application to erect a !atre to be grant$1 he dream$ t a :ite crane ) a bran* ( i*o1 ! tree ) fan-%ap$ leaves1 9 its m\?1 ent]$ 8 h\se f ! summit ( ,m\nt ,fuji4 ,?is 0 a lucky dream inde$2 & proce$+ =?) to a div9] = explanation1 he 0 told x 0 a good om51 & t 8 reque/ w\ld be grant$4 ,accord+ly1 aft] ! !atre 0 con/ruct$1 he _h plac$ on ! curta9 hung ar\nd ! drum t[] ov] ! entrance a design ( a crane1 :i* came to be associat$ ) ,y$o !atres = _m ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,also1 on ! curta9s hung at ! entrance & )9 ! !atre1 he us$ ! design ( an i*o leaf4 ,an incid5t 9 ,kansaburo's c>e] %[s ! importance 9 :i* he 0 held1 & proves ! position ( ! actor1 :o _h n yet come to be reg>d$ z a despis$ class z 9 aft] ye>s4 ,9 #afcc1 :5 ! ,%ogun's pleasure boat ,atakam>u ent]$ ,y$o ,bay f ,%imoda 9 ,izu ,prov9ce1 ,kansaburo 0 summon$ & ord]$ to /& at ! b[ ( ! vessel & to s+ a sailor's song4 ,by way ( rew>d he 0 pres5t$ ) a sum ( money1 a coat us$ 9 battle1 & o!r milit>y gifts4 ,:ile x 0 common at ! "t to ref] to actors z 8riv]side begg>s01 ! treatm5t accord$ ,kansaburo 0 a special hon\r to 8 pr(ession1 & 0 rememb]$ long aft] :5 ! playfolks 7 reg>d$ z social p>iah4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,kansaburo & six actors ( 8 !atre 7 invit$ to ! palace ( ! ,%ogun1 :]e !y p]=m$ ,kansaburo's own play1 call$ ,s>uwaka1 & sev]al o!r pieces1 & 7 giv5 f9e clo?+ & money4 ,^! articles h be5 pres]v$ & h&$ d[n f "o head ( ! family to ano!r1 & 7 on exhibition at ! ,imp]ial ,!atre dur+ ,janu>y #aiai1 :5 ,nakamura ,aka%i1 ! fifte5?1 p]=m$ ,s>uwaka1 ! h]$it>y piece ( 8 family1 9 memory ( ! f\nd+ ( ! ,y$o ,kabuki by 8 ance/or ,kansaburo4 ,?is play ,s>uwaka conc]ns ! adv5tures ( a reta9] :o goes on a j\rney to ,ise )\t 8 ma/]'s p]mission1 & return+1 to avoid puni%m5t1 assumes a disguise1 & s clev]ly ent]ta9s him ) /ories ( 8 travels t ! daimyo =gets to take him to task4 ,x smacks ( ! ,n ,kyog51 & reveals ! inspiration ! e>ly ,kabuki receiv$ f ! ,n !atre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,!atre ,,treasures ,,exhibit$4 ,at ! ,nakamura-za1 f\nd$ by ,s>uwaka ,kanzaburo1 ! gifts giv5 to him by ! ,%ogun 7 consid]$ z treasures ( ! !atre & exhibit$ on c]ta9 anniv]s>ies ) mu* respect1 ! actor hold+ ! gold sai1 or battle signal1 & cov]+ 8 m\? ) a piece ( pap] le/ he %\ld brea! ^u x4 7,col\r pr9t by ,hasegawa ,kanpei1 ! f\rte5?1 & ,torii ,kiyosada1 fa!r ( ,kiyotada47 ,kansaburo 0 to atta9 to ev5 high] hon\r 9 8 old age4 ,9 #afeg !re took place :at is ref]r$ to z ! ,great ,fire ( ,meireki1 :5 ! bus9ess portion ( ,y$o 0 burn$ d[n1 includ+ ! f\r *ief !atres & _m m9or ones4 ,z !re 0 little hope t !y w\ld be rebuilt quickly1 ,kansaburo decid$ to visit 8 old home 9 ,kyoto1 & j\rney$ ?i!r ) 8 second son1 ,%imbo*i4 ,:ile !re he 0 invit$ ?r\gh a ,c\rt noble to p]=m 8 piece ,s>uwaka be=e ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt4 ,j z he 0 ab\t to beg9 he f\nd t he _h =gott5 to br+ an obi requir$ = 8 co/ume1 & ! ,c\rt noble :o _h introduc$ him took a r$ cord & tassel atta*$ to a ?9 bamboo curta9 ne> ! ,mikado1 & gave x to ! p]=m] :o wore x dur+ ! play4 ,z x 0 f> too long & dragg$ ^u ! floor1 ,kansaburo 0 oblig$ to put "o end ar\nd 8 neck4 ,ev] aft] he wore ! cord & tassel r ?an an obi :5 he p]=m$ 9 ?is piece1 & pass$ x on to 8 successors s t x became "p ( ! conv5tional ,s>uwaka co/ume4 ,on ?is occasion ,kansaburo 0 giv5 a black velvet haori1 or ov]-g>m5t1 adorn$ ) a cre/ t _h z a design ?ree leaves1 & he also receiv$ a ri* kimono embroid]$ 9 gold & silv]4 ,8 son ,%imbo*i 0 only n9e ye>s at ?is "t1 & he danc$ 9 a piece call$ ,%imbo*i's ,drum4 ,! ,emp]or 0 s mu* pleas$ ) ! *ild's p]=mance t he exclaim$3 8,aka%i6 ,aka%i60--,nev] tir$ ( see+6 ,?is cognom5 0 be/[$ ^u ! boy by ! ,emp]or4 ,l ! co/ume & ! cord & tassel1 ?is "n became h]$it>y 9 ! family4 ,! pres5t ,nakamura ,aka%i1 n[ liv+ 9 ,tokyo1 is ov] sev5ty ye>s ( age1 & ! fifte5? ( ?is actor l9e4 ,kansaburo di$ soon aft] 8 return to ,y$o4 ,8 second son inh]it$ 8 "n1 b di$ "y1 & a c\s9 became ! ?ird ,kansaburo1 :ile ! f\r? 0 ,nakamura ,d5kuro1 a fam\s actor ( ! ,g5roku p]iod4 ,kansaburo _h two bro!rs1 "o ( :om 0 a ,n ,kyog5 actor1 ,kanjuro1 :ile ! o!r 0 ,k9eya ,kangoro4 ,! gr&son ( ,k9eya ,kangoro1 call$ ,k9eya ,kisaburo1 fir/ introduc$ ! samis5 into ! or*e/ra ( ,kabuki1 & is ! f\nd] ( ! ,k9eya l9e ( musicians1 :o h be5 connect$ ) ! !atre ev] s9ce1 & are to-day ! *ief h\se ( ,kabuki musicians4 ,9 ,ayame ,gusa1 or ! ,say+s ( ,ayame1 conc]n+ ! ideas ( ,yo%izawa ,ayame on ! !atre 9 g5]al1 & ! onnagata specialty1 ( :i* he 0 a g5ius1 9 p>ticul>1 he writes ab\t ! treasures ( ! ,nakamura-za1 ,kansaburo's !atre4 ,:5 he f\nd$ ! fir/ !atre 9 ,y$o he call$ x ! ,s>uwaka-za1 b 8 desc5dants lat] *ang$ ! "n to ,nakamura4 ,"h = #aej ye>s1 says ! ,ayame ,gusa1 ! treasure ( ! !atre 0 a gold sai1 a du/]-l equipm5t ( w> us$ = signall+ 9 battle by ! w>riors ( ,old ,japan1 consi/+ ( a %ort h&le ) /ripes ( ?ick gold pap] atta*$4 ,?is _h be5 pres5t$ to ,kansaburo :5 he sang a sailor's song on ! ,%ogun's pleasure craft z x ent]$ ,y$o ,bay4 ,/ill ano!r article treasur$ by ! ,nakamura-za 0 a co/ume ( gold brocade worn 9 ! piece ,s>uwaka1 also a f9e bamboo scre5 pres5t$ to ,kansaburo by a daimyo1 & a drum f "s equally exalt$ p]sonage4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r !atre proprietors ( ,y$o1 ,miyako ,d5nai obta9$ p]mission to build a !atre 9 #afcc1 & ! foll[+ ye> ,murayama ,matasaburo erect$ ! ,murayama-za4 ,he 0 ! y\ng] bro!r ( ,murayama ,matabei1 ! actor-manag] ( ,kyoto4 ,bo? _h come f ,sakai1 ! old seaport ne> ,osaka1 :i* fl\ri%$ greatly :5 x 0 op5$ to ,we/]n trade1 & decl9$ :5 ! ,tokugawa policy clos$ ! c\ntry to =eign int]c\rse4 ,_! fa!r _h be5 a reta9] ( ! ,a%ikaga ,%ogunate1 & 0 a foll[] ( ,nagoya ,sansaburo4 ,yamamura ,kobei 0 giv5 p]mission to build ! ,yamamura-za4 ,kaw>asaki ,gonnosuke e/abli%$ ! ,kaw>asaki-za 9 #afdh4 ,he 0 a ,n actor1 b lat] w5t to ,y$o f ! prov9ces & />t$ a !atre4 ,n only did ! !atres increase 9 numb]s 9 ! ?ree t[ns1 b !y spread to ! prov9ces z well4 ,! audi5ces receiv$ bett] accommodation1 curta9s & /age furniture began to be us$4 ,!atres _h be5 some:at l side-%[s1 & ! audi5ce *ang$ at ! end ( ea* p]=mance1 :i* cont9u$ indef9itely1 b ) improvem5ts 9 all directions plays ( sev]al sc5es began 9 all ?ree !atre c5tres4 ,x 0 9 #afdd1 :5 ! ,waka%u ,kabuki 0 9 full sw+1 t ano!r prohibition by ! ,gov]nm5t laid x l[ = ! v same causes t _h put ,onna ,kabuki out ( exi/5ce4 ,! *>m+ "y actors 7 responsible = moral abuses t und]m9$ ! ,sp>tan code ( ! samurai4 ,!re 0 a sc&al because ( ! relations betwe5 a daimyo's wife & a "y actor1 & ! ,gov]nm5t1 always on ! al]t to puni% ! s9s & omissions ( ! !atre1 ord]$ t ! front hair ( ! ,waka%u actors be %av$ (f4 ,%orn ( _! locks !y no long] pres5t$ an attractive appe>ance1 & z !y _h exi/$ only to please ?r\gh _! p]sons _! usefulness 0 gone4 ,! prohibition ( ! ,waka%u ,kabuki 0 a bl[ at ! luxuri\s & effem9ate habits t 7 !n indulg$ 9 by ! samurai & ari/ocracy4 ,waka%u ,kabuki _h mu* to d ) ! spread ( ^! habits1 & to suppress !m 0 !n consid]$ ! only rem$y aga9/ ! social evil ( ! "t4 ,! prohibition ( ,waka%u ,kabuki 9 ,osaka & ,kyoto diff]$ f t ( ,y$o4 ,a qu>rel ( two samurai ov] a "y actor play+ a female rle took place 9 ,y$o4 ,! !atre 0 clos$1 & on ?is acc\nt ! doors ( all ! o!r !atres 7 %ut4 ,z !y did n reop5 = long ye>s1 ! actors 7 9 dire di/ress4 ,9 ,osaka ! !atres 7 clos$ 9 #afef because ( a di/urbance 9 ! audi5ce1 b p]mission 0 giv5 to cont9ue ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! ,kyoto !atres1 h[ev]1 w5t out ( exi/5ce = twelve ye>s1 & x 0 only 9 #affh t ,murayama ,matabei1 ,kyoto's actor-manag]1 0 all[$ to re/>t4 ,n mu* is kn[n ab\t ,matabei1 q contr>y to ! case ( ,s>uwaka ,kansaburo ( ,y$o1 b an int]e/+ side-light is ?r[n ^u him by ,kabuki ,koto ,hajime1 or ,beg9n+s ( ,kabuki1 :i* says t ,murayama ,matabei ask$ ! gov]nor :5 he 0 go+ to pay 8 respects at ,gion2 mean+ by ?is1 at :at "t ! !atres ( ! ,gion di/rict 9 ,kyoto 7 to beg9 aga91 b ! gov]nor )held 8 cons5t4 ,!reupon ,matabei foll[$ him to 8 resid5ce1 & slept "u ! eaves1 :]e he 0 expos$ to ra9 & 8 clo!s 7 spoil$ s t he became ill & ?9 z a gho/4 ,8 foll[]s br\ght him food1 & aft]w>ds 8 pati5ce 0 rew>d$1 = 8 petition = ! reop5+ ( ! ,kyoto !atres 0 grant$4 ,:ile ,kansaburo is rememb]$ z ! f\nd] ( ,y$o ,kabuki1 z well z = all 8 hon\rs & triumphs1 ,matabei1 ! ,kyoto actor-manag]1 9 8 long fight = 8 pr(ession w ende> himself to all lov]s ( ! !atre4 ,al?\gh ! au?orities ( ! day may h ?\ght x exp$i5t to d away ) ! !atre1 n c>+ to admit t su* an in/itution is a necess>y "p ( life & _c be de/roy$1 yet some?+ mu/ be said = _! attitude4 ,!y felt oblig$ to keep ord]1 z ! !atres _h become unruly places :]e ! new turbul5t _s ( ! p 0 f9d+ expression1 & might h gone beyond ! b\nds if left un*eck$4 ,mr4 ,ih>a1 9 8 comm5ts on ! abolition ( ! ,waka%u ,kabuki1 expresses ! belief t ?is /rict measure _h unexpect$ b5efits4 ,onna & ,waka%u ,kabuki _h made an appeal m]ely to ! eyes & e>s1 & p]sonal attractiv5ess 0 ! ma9 object4 ,9 consequ5ce1 inexp]i5c$ y\?s held ! c5tre ( ! /age1 :ile mature actors 7 oblig$ to s]ve z foils4 ,) ! abolition ( ,waka%u ,kabuki1 ,y>o ,kabuki1 or ! ,m5's ,/age1 came ab\t1 b ?is t]m 0 us$ only = a %ort "t to di/+ui% ! p]=mances f ! ,waka%u4 ,y>o ,kabuki 0 ! second epo* 9 ! male !atre t ) great /rides 0 to develop conv5tions1 c]emonies1 cu/oms1 actors1 plays1 & playwrights1 su* z h made ,kabuki a ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic in/itution ( ,japan4 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,i*imura ,uzaemon 7,orange & leaves74 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,kataoka ,i*ixo 7,leaf ( ,i*o tree74 ,,*apt] ,x ,,!atres ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,t[ns ,! int5se !atre activity ( ,y$o1 ,kyoto1 & ,osaka t foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! edict aga9/ ,waka%u ,kabuki 0 b ! outcome ( ! gr[+ consci\sness ( ! p & an expression ( _! natural art crav+4 ,! competition betwe5 ! /ages ( ! ?ree t[ns br\ght ab\t rapid developm5ts 9 e direction1 & _m ( ! conv5tions t di/+ui% ! mod]n /age 7 inaugurat$ at ?is "t4 ,y$o 0 ! seat ( ! ,tokugawa ,gov]nm5t1 ! ,%oguns rul+ ! c\ntry ) an iron h&4 ,! feudal lords & _! vassals paid allegiance to ?is ,gov]nm5t1 & ,y$o sw>m$ ) two-sword$ samurai4 ,x 0 ! livelie/ c5tre ( ! c\ntry = ! ron91 or samurai unatta*$ to a ma/]1 & 9 consequ5ce all ! adv5tur\s spirits ( ! "t 7 attract$ "h z mo?s to a c&le4 ,y$o ,kabuki ?us develop$ m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( its own4 ,! atmosph]e ( ,kyoto 0 entirely diff]5t4 ,"h liv$ 9 seclusion ! ,emp]or1 surr\nd$ by ! ,imp]ial families & ! nobles4 ,! usurp+ ,%oguns _h r$uc$ ! ,emp]or to impot5ce4 ,kyoto 0 ! home ( arti/s1 poets1 writ]s1 & ! p 7 calm1 elegant1 & giv5 to ref9$ pursuits4 ,! actors ( ,kyoto contribut$ n a little to ! ta/e & /yle ( ,kabuki4 ,osaka1 also1 _h a great influ5ce ^u ,kabuki4 ,"h1 p 7 well-to-d & full ( en]gy4 ,?is t[n _h = c5turies be5 "o ( ! =emo/ c5tres ( trade1 & ! inhabitants c\nt$ !atre-go+ among _! *ief pleasures4 ,osaka ,kabuki contribut$ "s ( ! mo/ important mat]ial t w5t to ! build+ up ( ! !atre ( ! p4 ,:5 ! h&some "y play]s ( ,waka%u ,kabuki no long] held ! c5tre ( ! /age1 act+ made rapid progress4 ,!atre con/ruction greatly improv$2 ! introduction ( ! samis5 caus$ a special music ( ! !atre to come into be+1 :i* 0 soon to diff]5tiate ,kabuki f ! f>ces ( ! ,n !atre x _h imitat$ s slavi%ly4 ,!re also arose a new s*ool ( music1 ,y$o ,nagauta 7long poem or song71 ! basis ( ,kabuki's int]e/+ music-dramas4 ,at ?is p]iod ! onnagata1 or specialty ( act+ wom5's rles1 began1 a conv5tion t makes ! ,japanese /age s unlike any?+ to be f\nd 9 ! ,occid5t4 ,x _h be5 cu/om>y on ,o-,kuni's /age1 & lat] on ! wom5's /age1 = m5 to assume wom5's rles & wom5 to appe> z m51 b :5 ! ,gov]nm5t =bade wom5 appe>+ on ! /age x 0 necess>y1 n only f an art po9t ( view1 b also f a bus9ess "o1 to f9d sub/itutes4 ,!re=e1 9 ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts1 m5 came to monopolise female rles4 ,?is 0 no new ?+ aft] all1 = ! ,n1 t fl\ri%$ = two hundr$ ye>s be=e ,kabuki _h sprung into be+1 0 also a male !atre1 & n only did m5 we> wom5's masks :5 imp]sonat+ ! tragic h]o9es ( ! ,n drama1 b ! imp]sonators ( females 9 ! f>ces ( ,n1 or ,kyog51 7 likewise males1 we>+ cotton cov]+s ov] _! heads1 z may be se5 to-day 9 ! p]=mances ( ! ,n4 ,besides1 ! male imp]sonator ( wom5 _h long be5 a conv5tion ( ! ,*9ese !atre1 & z ,japan _h absorb$ )9 h]self s mu* ( ! civilisation f ! cont95t1 x 0 n surpris+ t h] !atre conv5tions1 z well z ^? ( h] o!r arts1 %\ld be ak9 to ^? ( ,*9a4 ,yet !re 0 9 ,japan a t5d5cy t[>ds a !atre developm5t simil> to ,europe1 _h n ! ,gov]nm5t s resolutely set itself aga9/ all fre$om ( action on ! "p ( ! !atre folk4 ,9 ?is e>ly p]iod ( expansion !re 7 _m good actors ^: traditions 7 c>ri$ on & :o made a firm f\ndation = ! brilliant ,g5roku age1 ,kabuki's greate/ p]iod ( gr[? & out-fl[]+4 ,among ! tateyaku1 or lead+ actors1 be=e ,g5roku1 !re 7 ?ree m5 ( influ5ce--,ara%i ,sanyemon1 ( ,y$o2 ,fujita ,koheiji1 ( ,kyoto2 & ,araki ,yojibei1 ( ,osaka4 ,ara%i ,sanyemon 0 born 9 #afce & di$ 9 #afij4 ,he came to ,y$o f ,settsu ,prov9ce1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 a prosp]\s fi% deal]4 ,9 "o ( 8 popul> plays !re 0 a l9e ab\t ! moon hav+ its cl\ds & ! fl[]s _! /orms1 & p quot+ ?is call$ out 8,ara%i60 :5 he appe>$ on ! /reet4 ,?is 0 a poetical t]m mean+ m\nta9-w9d1 or /orm4 ,sanyemon ?\ght ?is a good /age "n1 & !reaft] adopt$ x1 a cognom5 t has be5 us$ by actors ev] s9ce4 ,sanyemon 0 n cont5t to play to ,y$o audi5ces1 b w5t to ,osaka1 :]e he became ! proprietor ( a !atre4 ,he greatly improv$ plays1 wore magnific5t g>m5ts1 & act$ to ! accompanim5t ( flute1 drum1 & samis54 ,8 plays s]v$ ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon z orig9als :5 t dramati/ wrote two ( 8 be/-kn[n doll-dramas4 ,ara%i ,sanyemon 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 :o became "o ( ! not$ actors ( ,g5roku4 ,contempor>y ) ,ara%i ,sanyemon 0 ,fujita ,koheiji1 ( ,kyoto4 ,he _h come f ! adjac5t prov9ce ( ,ise1 aft] act+ 9 small c\ntry !atres1 & 0 a close rival to ,ara%i ,sanyemon4 ,x is said t he nev] lo/ 8 popul>ity on ! /age dur+ 8 c>e]1 al?\gh he did n attempt to hide ! ravages ( "t by us+ face p[d] 9 mak+ up4 ,8 ge/ures 7 ^? ( real life1 & 7 consid]$ z models t 7 h&$ d[n to 8 successors4 ,fukui ,yagozaemon1 ( ,osaka1 ! fir/ playwright to compose long pieces ( sev]al acts1 _h mu* to d ) increas+ ,koheiji's reputation1 writ+ plays = him t pleas$ ! public4 ,likewise1 ,yagozaemon 0 l>gely responsible = ! fame ( ano!r influ5tial actor1 ,araki ,yojibei1 ( ,osaka1 :o end$ 8 e>?ly c>e] 9 #agjj4 ,?is e>ly playwright1 ,yagozaemon1 0 n only a /age writ]1 b a good actor z well1 & 0 successful z a kawa%agata1 or middle-ag$ woman "*4 ,he 0 "o ( ! /age au?orities ( 8 day1 & wrote a play = ,yojibei t 0 ! great success ( ! "t4 ,x 0 ,h99 ,adau*i1 or ,! ,begg>'s ,rev5ge1 ! fir/ long play to be compos$ 9 ,osaka1 free f all association ) ! ,n drama1 a piece t has long surviv$1 ) modifications1 & is /ill a fav\rite ) mod]n actors4 ,yojibei 0 v]satile2 he 0 prais$ z clev] 9 /age fight+ & excell5t :5 imp]sonat+ a w\nd$ man1 s t he 0 an e>ly advocate ( realism 9 act+4 ,among ! dokegata1 or com$ians1 !re 0 an actor :o c\ld boa/ ( blue blood :5 x came to !atre l9eage4 ,he 0 ,sado%ima ,dempa*i4 ,8 fa!r be=e him 0 ,sado%ima ,d5bei1 :o _h head$ "o ( ! ,onna ,kabuki companies 9 ,kyoto4 ,dempa*i _h be5 br\ght up 9 ! !atre atmosph]e4 ,f ! !atre *ronicles x is f\nd t he 0 ugly & did n h a pleas+ voice1 two disqualifications = a tateyaku1 or *ief actor1 b he 0 a danc] p> excell5ce1 & ?is cov]$ a multitude ( s9s1 s9ce danc+ is ! basis ( ! ,japanese actor's art4 ,sado%ima ,dempa*i 0 =tunate 9 ! possession ( a son :o inh]it$ 8 g5ius1 ,sado%ima ,*ogoro1 :o1 al?\gh less ( an actor ?an a danc]1 _h mu* to d ) ! movem5ts & po/ures ( ! newly aris5 music-drama1 & left beh9d him a j\rnal conc]n$ l>gely ) ! secrets ( danc+1 ! ,sado%ima ,nikki1 or ,j\rnal ( ,sado%ima4 ,:5 ! ,waka%u ,kabuki w5t out ( exi/5ce & plays 7 produc$ t requir$ complicat$ *>act]s1 a /rict division ( lab\r among ! actors 0 c>ri$ out1 & !y 7 oblig$ to play only _! own specialties4 ,9 ! ,onna ,kabuki ! rles _h be5 fix$ z 9 ! ,n !atre4 ,!re 0 a %ite1 or *ief actor2 a waki1 or second>y play]2 & tsure1 or assi/ants4 ,9 ,waka%u ,kabuki1 ! h&some y\? :o 0 select$ z /> ( ! company 0 call$ taiyu1 or *ief1 :ile old] actors act$ z second>y & support+ play]s4 ,z 9 ! ,n !re 7 kyog5 %i1 or com$ians1 s !re 7 dokegata1 or funny m51 9 ! ,waka%u ,kabuki4 ,! specialties ( ! newly e/abli%$ male /age 7 simple at fir/1 !n became m & m complex4 ,!y 7 ! tateyaku1 or *ief actor1 :o play$ ! h]o1 always a good1 c\rage\s1 & loyal p]sonage4 ,! katakiyaku 0 ! "n ( ! specialty 9 villa9s1--! bold1 bad *>act]s :o caus$ all ! tr\ble4 ,!re 7 ! onnagata1 or actors play+ wom5's rles2 ! dokegata1 or com$ians2 oyajigata1 or eld]ly m51 & ! kawa%agata1 or females ( middle age4 ,y\?ful h]oes 7 play$ by waka%ugata1 :ile koyakugata 0 ! "n giv5 ^? :o took *ildr5's rles4 ,) ! increase 9 ! importance ( act+1 & ! ov]:elm+ int]e/ ! public took 9 ! competition ( ! actors1 ! mo/ complicat$ sy/em ( rank came to be be/[$ ^u ! play]s4 ,dur+ ! ,waka%u ,kabuki regime1 ! audi5ces 7 simply *>m$ by ! danc+ ( attractive "y m51 b z soon z complicat$ plays br\ght div]sifi$ *>act]s1 ! p became mo/ critical ( act+1 a *>act]i/ic t has rema9$ z reg>ds ! ,japanese playgo]4 ,?is holds true equally ( mod]n audi5ces1 t are ev] al]t to see ! diff]5ces betwe5 good & indiff]5t act+1 & :i* !y appe> to f9d mu* m wor?y ( consid]ation ?an ! m]its or dem]its ( ! play4 ,playgo]s took ke5 int]e/ 9 ! rank e>n$ by _! fav\rites1 & 7 elat$ if an actor became m prom95t1 & equally di/urb$ if he did n live up to ! promise ( 8 e>ly c>e]4 ,! mo/ important rank 0 t]m$ jojo-ki*i1 or be/-be/-good4 ,int]m$iate rank 0 m>k$ by ! ,*9ese *>act]s d5ot+ jojo or be/-be/1 *u-no-jojo or middle-be/-be/1 & *u-no-jo1 middle-be/4 ,lat] on1 ! sy/em det]m9+ ! tal5ts ( ! actors became elaborate4 ,!re 0 fir/ ! sup]lative /&>d1 call$ head-(-all-act+1 & ?is 0 l ,mir&a1 creat$ ( e creature's be/1 top ( admiration4 ,murui foll[$1 a mo/ covet$ title1 signify+ )\t rival1 appli$ to ! be/ 9 ea* specialty1 :e!r x 0 an onnagata or a tateyaku4 ,! ?ird rank 0 jojo-ki*i1 be/-be/-good1 us$ = ! second 9 ea* specialty1 & ! f\r? 0 %+oku-jojo-ki*i1 or true/-be/-be/-good2 ! fif?1 dai-jojo-ki*i1 or great-be/-be/-good2 :ile ! six? 0 call$ ko-jojo-ki*i1 or little-be/-be/-good4 ,! sev5? rank 0 jojo-ki*i1 be/-be/-good4 ,?is 0 ! /&>d rank1 ! o!rs 7 giv5 only to ! great />s4 ,bel[ jojo-ki*i 7 ! eigh? & n9? ranks1 & /ill l[] a numb] ( diff]5t t]ms dim9i%+ 9 value4 ,^! 7 writt5 9 ,*9ese *>act]s beside ! actor's "n on ! programme & on ! bill-bo>ds outside ! !atre1 ( :i* he mu/ h be5 inord9ately pr\d4 ,9 ,kokon ,yaku%a ,taiz51 or ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,actors1 publi%$ by ,ha*imojiya 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,kwanyei 7#agia71 !re is a /atem5t z to ! orig9 ( ^! ranks4 ,9 ,*9a ! rank 0 giv5 to loyal p]sons :o 7 consid]$ wor?y ( rew>d = m]it4 ,! titles jojo & jo-*u-no-jo 7 conf]r$ ^u !m4 ,murasaki ,%ikibu1 ! fam\s c\rt lady1 :o wrote ! ,g5ji ,monogat>i1 or /ories conc]n+ ! adv5tures1 l>gely romantic1 ( ,pr9ce ,g5ji1 us$ ! rank ( jojo-ki*i :5 %e wi%$ to give "o ( h] h]oes a m]itori\s title1 tak+ ! jojo1 or be/-be/1 f ! cu/om prevail+ 9 ,*9a1 & add+ ki*i1 or good1 on h] own acc\nt4 ,z ! art ( ! actors develop$ _! g5ius 0 recognis$1 & ?is sy/em ( rew>d devis$4 ,at fir/ ! classification fell into ! categories ( good1 middle1 & poor1 b gradually ! mo/ extravagant t]ms 7 us$ to d5ote ! p9nacle ( art a*iev$4 ,along ) ?is m9uti 9 connection ) act+ ! dramatic critic 0 call$ into be+1 ! actor & 8 critic be+ complem5ts ( ea* o!r ! _w ov]4 ,p]sons ( lit]>y pret5sions began to criticise ! actors1 & publi%$ _! op9ions4 ,x is n cle> :5 ! fir/ ( ^! criticisms appe>$1 b ,ih>a ,seisei9 m5tions #afef z ! probable date4 ,at fir/ ! criticisms dealt l>gely ) ! p]sonal appe>ances ( ! onnagata1 :o 7 ! mo/ fasc9at+ play]s on ! /age1 _! borr[$ fem99e *>ms & graces be+ attractive to m5 & wom5 alike4 ,!n foll[$ publications relat+ to anecdotes ( ! actors4 ,criticism improv$ z ! critics 7 giv5 m food = ?\ght1 & 7 able to judge ! value & quality ( ! act+1 r ?an m]e descriptions ( an actor's dress1 face1 or mann]s4 ,!re 7 two fam\s dramatic critics dur+ ! fruitful ,g5roku p]iod1 :5 ! !atre rose to ! summit ( its a*ievem5ts4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,ih>a ,saikaku1 ! au?or ( a popul> novel1 ,ukiyo ,zo%i1 t 0 n di/+ui%$ = its moral tone1 & o!r writ+s1 & ,hojo ,dan%91 a compos] ( haiku1 or %ort poems4 ,_! criticisms 7 writt5 9 _! leisure h\rs & 7 a matt] ( _! own pleasure4 ,!y 7 bless$ 9 t !y 7 n oblig$ to ?9k ( newspap] proprietors1 s5sitive !atre manag]s1 or ! vag>ies ( ! read+ public1 b c\ld sp9 out ( _! heads ! fancies t came to !m aft] att5d+ ! !atre4 ,!y 7 n oblig$ to ru% to "s smoky1 noisy newspap] (fice1 !re to gr9d out _! copy at a late h\r on ! typewrit] ) pr9t]s' devils ready to snat* 9 desp]ate hurry4 ,no d\bt !y sat all day long on ! tatami1 or /raw mats1 ( _! dwell+1 look+ out ^u "s quiet l&scape sc5e1 & ?9k+ at leisure4 ,mu* ( _! writ+s is trivial 9 ! light ( ! pres5t1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y reveal intimate glimpses ( ! !atre & actors t w\ld be delightful to a lov] ( mod]n ,kabuki1 if ! task ( sep>at+ ! :eat f ! *aff 9 ?is =midable array ( scribbl+s 0 n s difficult4 ,foll[+ ! example ( ,ih>a ,saikaku & ,hojo ,dan%91 o!r lit]>y m5 devot$ !mselves to *ronicl+ ! ev5ts ( ! !atre1 & !y wrote copi\sly1 giv+ m9ute descriptions ( ! ge/ures & elocution ( ! actors4 ,books ( criticism 7 call$ hyobanki 7lit41 acc\nt ( reputation71 & ^! became ! monopoly ( ! ,y$o publi%]1 ,ha*imonjiya4 ,! fir/ ( ^! books appe>$ 9 #afef2 ! s]ies cont9u$ until j be=e ! ,re/oration1 ! publi%+ h\se la/+ = #baa ye>s4 ,ha*imonjiya ,yi%o1 ! head ( ! firm1 0 a writ] ab\t !atre matt]s z well z a publi%]1 & 8 p>tn] 9 ! bus9ess1 ,ejimaya ,kiseki1 also wrote books relat+ to ! !atre4 ,! p>tn]s qu>rell$ & sep>at$ = "s ye>s1 ea* issu+ 8 own publications1 b aft]w>ds !y =got _! diff]5ces & once m collaborat$4 ,_! successors c>ri$ on ! "w ( issu+ ! hyobanki1 :i* 7 ! only books descriptive ( ! !atre4 ,!y rea*$ hundr$s ( volumes1 & are an encyclopa$ia ( ,kabuki4 ,:ile ! !atres ( ,kyoto & ,osaka *ang$ h&s frequ5tly & w5t by v>i\s names1 f\r hi/oric ,y$o playh\ses 7 />t$ 9 ?is =mative p]iod ) :i* g5]ations ( actors 7 to be long associat$4 ,!y 7 ! ,nakamura-za1 ,i*imura-za1 ,morita-za1 & ! ,kaw>asaki-za4 ,! desc5dants ( ! own]s ( ^! !atres _h ! exclusive "r to give p]=mances & to be !atre proprietors4 ,! actors 7 _! reta9]s4 ,z a result !re came into exi/5ce 9 ,y$o diff]5t !atre clans1 ) ! e/abli%m5t ( an h]$it>y ca/e 9 !atre circles4 ,s>uwaka ,kansaburo _h f\nd$ ! fir/ ,y$o !atre 9 #afbd1 call+ x ! ,s>uwaka-za1 b 8 c\s91 ! ?ird ,kansaburo1 *ang$ ! "n to ,nakamura-za1 a playh\se 9 :i* appe>$ _m ( ! mo/ tal5t$ actors t adorn$ ! ,y$o /age4 ,! ,i*imura-za 0 orig9ally ! ,murayama-za1 f\nd$ by a bro!r ( ! ,kyoto manag]1 ,murayama ,matabei1 :o endur$ s _m privations :ile wait+ pati5tly = ! gov]nor to give p]mission = ! long-clos$ !atre to reop5 9 ,kyoto4 ,! ,y$o ,murayama adopt$ sev]al sons to succe$ him z head ( ! !atre1 b !y _h no bus9ess ability1 & ! !atre 0 f9ally pur*as$ by ,i*imura ,uzaemon 9 #afff1 a "n long record$ 9 ! annals ( ! !atre & borne at pres5t by ! popul> actor ( ! ,kabuki-za 9 ,tokyo1 ,i*imura ,uzaemon1 ! ?irte5?4 ,uzaemon's ance/ors 7 said to h be5 samurai 9 ! s]vice ( a daimyo4 ,on com+ to ,y$o f ! prov9ces he ent]$ ! employm5t ( ,murayama ,matasaburo & aft]w>ds became ! sole proprietor1 giv+ ! !atre 8 own "n4 ,he 0 n an actor1 b successful 9 bus9ess managem5t1 & few ( 8 successors di/+ui%$ !mselves on ! /age4 ,! ,i*imura-za cre/s1 "o an orange ) leaves at ! top & ! o!r a /ork 9 a circle1 h cont9u$ to be !atre symbols f ! "t ( ! fir/ ,i*imura-za to ! pres5t4 ,?is playh\se pass$ ?r\gh _m vicissitudes1 & 0 remov$ f its orig9al site & f9ally de/roy$ by fire4 ,! la/ !atre be>+ ?is "n has come d[n to mod]n times1 & 0 de/roy$ 9 ! great disa/] ( #aibc1 a tempor>y ,i*imura-za s]v+ at ! pres5t4 ,/ill ano!r !atre1 ! ,morita-za1 0 to h consid]able influ5ce ^u /age hi/ory4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ 9 #affj by ,morita ,t>obei1 :o came to ,y$o f ,settsu ,prov9ce4 ,among 8 advis]s 0 a comic actor1 ,b&o ,matakuro1 & he adopt$ ?is actor's son1 transf]r+ 8 prop]ty to him & call+ him ,morita ,kanya1 ! second1 a "n t has be5 inh]it$ = #bej ye>s by actors & manag]s4 ,! ?irte5? ,morita ,kanya is n[ a memb] ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre company1 & 8 fa!r 0 "o ( ! mo/ aggressive !atre manag]s dur+ ! mod]n p]iod ( ,meiji4 ,illu/ration3 ,i*imura ,uzaemon1 ! ?irte5?1 z ,yasuna 9 a po/ure dance descriptive ( a man :o has become dem5t$ because ( ! loss ( 8 wife4 ,! ,yamamura-za 0 ano!r ( ! fir/ ,y$o !atres1 & w\ld 9 all probability h cont9u$ toge!r ) ! ,nakamura-za1 ,i*imura-za1 & ,morita-za1 b "o ( its lead+ actors became involv$ 9 a sc&al ) a lady-9-wait+ at ! ,%ogun's ,c\rt1 & x 0 demoli%$ by ! au?orities4 ,kaw>asaki ,gonnosuke e/abli%$ ! ,kaw>asaki-za 9 #afdh4 ,he 0 at fir/ a ,n actor1 b came to ,y$o f ! prov9ces & />t$ a ,kabuki !atre4 ,among sev]al plays he compos$1 t conc]n+ ! rev5ge ( ! ,soga ,bro!rs 0 mo/ popul>4 ,9 #affc ?is !atre 0 incorporat$ ) ! ,morita-za1 b lat] !y sep>at$ & cont9u$ until mod]n times1 ! ,kaw>asaki-za hav+ be5 closely associat$ ) ! ,i*ikawa actor-l9e4 ,za--z appli$ to a !atre--_h n be5 especially inv5t$ to meet ! new !atrical situation4 ,long be=e ! ,n _h become firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 companies ( play]s atta*$ to ! great ,%9to ,%r9es _h call$ !mselves za1 :i* previ\s to ?is "t _h be5 9 use to d5ote a comm]cial guild4 ,x 0 a case ( hi/ory repeat+ itself t ! resurrect$ t]m %\ld h be5 us$ 9 connection ) ! new playh\ses t 7 spr++ up 9 all directions4 ,su* 0 ! rise ( ! !atres 9 ! ?ree t[ns1 a rapid developm5t t came ab\t 9 ! half-c5tury betwe5 ! abolition ( ! ,wom5's ,/age & ! beg9n+ ( ,g5roku1 ,japan's gold5 age4 ,en?usia/ic audi5ces fill$ ! l>ge !atres ( ,y$o1 ,kyoto1 & ,osaka1 flock$ to ! doll-!atres :]e ! m>ionettes triumph$ & ?reat5$ to outrival ! actors 9 popul>ity1 :ile innum]able m9or playh\ses ( a tempor>y "* 7 set up 9 ! comp\nds ( %r9es or by ! cross-roads1 & spread 9 ! prov9ces4 ,x 0 a "t ( actor-wor%ip4 ,two great />s appe>$4 ,!y 7 ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ( ,y$o1 & ,sakata ,tojuro1 ( ,kyoto1 div]se 9 _! pr9ciples1 lead]s ( ! two s*ools t laid ! f\ndations ( mod]n ,kabuki4 ,f ?is "t onw>d ! yaku%a1 or actor1 dom9at$ ! !atre4 ,,yaku%a ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,danjuro ,,& ,,tojuro ,! fir/ two ,kabuki actors end[$ ) creativ5ess ( a high ord] 7 ,sakata ,tojuro1 ( ,kyoto1 & ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ( ,y$o1 expon5ts ( contra/+ !atre pr9ciples--! real & unreal4 ,!y 7 epo*-mak+ actors1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y m\ld$ ! pla/ic !atre mat]ial ( _! g5]ation is visible at ! pres5t day 9 ! two s*ools !y f\nd$1 t /ill fl\ri% side by side 9 ,kabuki4 ,sakata ,tojuro reflect$ ! ta/e & elegance ( 8 ,kyoto environm5t4 ,he 0 romantic & natural 9 8 act+4 ,he left no successor1 b !re h always be5 actors fai?ful to 8 /yles ,! pres5t ,nakamura ,ganjiro1 ( ,osaka1 9 tak+ ,tojuro = model & 9 inh]it+ 8 mantle1 has appe>$ to be ! v inc>nation ( ?is old actor4 ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ( ,y$o1 e/abli%$ ! s*ool ( aragoto1 or r\gh act+--made out ( ! clo? ( exagg]ation1 ! grotesque1 picturesque1 unnatural1 unreal4 ,he 0 foll[$ by eight memb]s ( 8 family1 :o c>ri$ on 8 traditions4 ,_m ( ! ,i*ikawa actors 7 m5 ( g5ius1 :o n only h&$ on _! !atre inh]itance b add$ new features4 ,no o!r actor l9e has _h su* a p[]ful influ5ce ^u ,kabuki z ! n9e memb]s ( ?is family4 ,^! play]s appe>$ 9 :at is call$ ! ,g5roku age--! sixte5 ye>s f #afhh to #agjc4 ,b x also includes ! ye>s prec$+ & foll[+1 altoge!r a space ( ?irty ye>s--a p]iod ( gr[? & expansion4 ,x has be5 nam$ ! ,japanese r5aissance1 & sometimes call$ ! gold5 age ( ,japanese civilisation1 & 0 a p]iod ( high a*ievem5t 9 lit]ature & 9 art4 ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon1 ,japan's fir/ dramati/1 fl\ri%$ 9 ?is p]iod1 & ,ih>a ,saikaku wrote 8 criticisms ( ! actors4 ,tojuro's ance/ors liv$ 9 ! nor!rn prov9ce ( ,e*igo1 & 8 fa!r own$ a ,kyoto !atre4 ,he is said to h be5 born 9 #afde1 & di$ 9 #agji1 & 0 ! mo/ repres5tative actor ( ,osaka & ,kyoto = ! :ole ( ! ,g5roku p]iod4 ,tojuro 0 ! /> ( ! ,miyako-,m&ayu-za1 ( ,kyoto1 = _m ye>s4 ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon wrote plays = him1 be=e he turn$ 8 entire att5tion to compos+ pieces = ! m>ionettes4 ,kaneko ,ki*izaemon1 ano!r playwright ( ! "t1 0 closely associat$ ) ,tojuro1 & has left _m impressions ( him 9 8 book ,jij9%u--or ,collection ( ! ,ye>'s ,du/--little /ories ab\t actors1 *iefly ,tojuro4 8,all ^! /ories came to my insignificant e>s10 he writes1 8!re=e ,i call ?is book a collection ( ! ye>'s du/40 ,tojuro 0 a p[] 9 ! trans=mation ( ,kabuki out ( ! *aotic /ate t foll[$ ! abolition ( ! ,waka%u4 ,he believ$ t art 0 long & "t fleet+2 he display$ broadm9d$ness t[>d 8 contempor>ies1 & did n criticise !m4 ,he 0 noble & ref9$ 9 appe>ance1 we are told1 & _h receiv$ a f> bett] education ?an 0 ! lot ( mo/ actors ( 8 day4 ,he _h lit]>y ability1 & collaborat$ ) 8 playwright fri5ds 9 ! composition ( 8 plays1 & wrote sev]al dramas himself4 ,kaneko ,ki*izaburo writes t ,tojuro le>n$ to play ! ,n drum f a ,n musician1 s t he mu/ h be5 famili> ) ! ari/ocratic /age1 & ! dignity & c]emonials ( ! ,n actors4 ,8 p]sonal "* 0 high1 & he fr[n$ ^u ! immorality ( ! actors1 :i* 0 some?+ t c\ld h>dly be avoid$ 9 su* a loose & luxuri\s age4 ,no record is left to tell ( 8 wife & *ildr54 ,he _h a si/] ^: son he adopt$1 b ! son w5t to ,y$o to live1 & did n become an actor4 ,8 y\ng] bro!r inh]it$ 8 great "n1 yet only succe$$ 9 imitat+ ,tojuro1 s t 8 tal5ts /opp$ ) himself & 7 n transmitt$1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,i*ikawas ( ,y$o4 ,_m anecdotes h be5 h&$ d[n relat+ to ,tojuro's extravagance4 ,he receiv$ a l>ge sal>y1 b 0 n at all frugal1 & 0 accu/om$ to say to ^? :o remon/rat$ ) him ab\t 8 wa/efulness t 9 ord] to be a great actor x 0 necess>y to be g5]\s-m9d$ & reckless4 ,he nev] wore a dress t _h be5 wa%$2 8 room 0 light$ by c&les1 n by ! oil wick :i* 0 g5]al 9 ^? days4 ,moreov]1 he did n subsi/ on rice & vegetables1 ! diet ( mo/ families1 !n z n[1 b liv$ l a daimyo1 p>tak+ ( fi% & f[l4 ,e day he drank a cup ( ! r>e/ tea1 :ile he w>m$ 8 sake ) co/ly *>coal1 all 9 ! lordly mann] ( a feudal magnate4 ,:5 actors repair$ to 8 h\se = rehe>sal1 he receiv$ !m seat$ on a beautiful silk cu%ion1 ) a gorge\s lacqu]$ tobacco-box 9 front ( him1 & s]v$ 8 gue/s a sumptu\s repa/4 ,once1 :5 he play$ 9 ,osaka1 he ord]$ dr9k+ wat] f ,kyoto to be br\ght to him 9 casks1 & 8 rice 0 select$ gra9 by gra94 ,:5 he 0 ask$ ! reason = ?is extravagance1 he repli$ t if 8 rice 7 n prop]ly select$ ! gra9s might be mix$ ) grit & 8 tee? be ru9$2 & t if he drank ,osaka wat] he might become ill1 & 9 consequ5ce be oblig$ to abs5t himself f ! /age1 to ! great loss ( 8 manag]4 ,x is suspect$ t ,tojuro lov$ adv]tisem5t m ?an ,kyoto wat]1 & knew h[ to make himself talk$ ab\t by ! p ( 8 day4 ,he 0 at 8 be/ :5 portray+ tradespeople1 & 0 m at ease 9 plebeian ?an 9 ari/ocratic rles4 ,8 successful plays 7 ^? deal+ ) ev]yday life r ?an hi/orical pieces1 :i* 7 ! delight ( ,i*ikawa ,danjuro4 ,tojuro's specialty 0 act+ 9 plays deal+ ) ! gay qu>t]s1 :i* pleas$ ! p ( ! ,g5roku age imm5sely4 ,h[ he reg>d$ ! art ( ! actor may be judg$ f an extract tak5 f ,kaneko ,ki*izaburo's ,sidelights on ,tojuro3 8,:5 a poor man desires money he may be able to obta9 x by /eal+1 or he may f9d x 9 ! road1 b ) reg>d to act+ no?+ c be /ol54 ,an actor :o is ignorant ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples is "o :o is de/9$ nev] to excel40 ,kaneko tells ano!r /ory to illu/rate ,tojuro's attitude t[>ds ! art ( act+4 ,a c]ta9 actor :o _h a son #ab ye>s ( age want$ him to le>n ! art1 b did n ?9k x necess>y = him to bo!r h[ to write or to "k any?+ ab\t figures4 ,tojuro he>+ ( ?is said3 8,! art ( an actor is l a begg>'s bag & mu/ conta9 ev]y?+1 :e!r x is important or n4 ,if !re is any?+ n want$ = imm$iate use keep x = a future occasion4 ,an actor %\ld ev5 le>n h[ to pick pockets40 ,at "o "t1 return+ ) ,kaneko f ! !atre1 he /opp$ sudd5ly on ! bridge !y 7 cross+ & /ood motionless1 look+ d[n into ! wat]1 deep 9 m$itation ov] "s problem ( act+4 ,! playwright ask$ him if he _h dropp$ some?+1 b he did n answ]4 ,aft] a pause he said3 8,well ,i h le>n$ a great lesson60 ,on ano!r occasion he /opp$ at a t(u-ya1 or :ite-bean-curd %op1 w5t /raight 9 & wat*$ h[ x 0 manufactur$1 & aft] ?or\ghly acqua9t+ himself ) ! process1 ?ank$ ! proprietor ( ! place & w5t away4 ,su* in=mation might be wor? :ile to "k1 s9ce he c\ld use x on ! /age "s day1 & !re=e he put x into 8 begg>'s bag4 ,t ,tojuro valu$ ! art ( ! real ^u ! /age may be judg$ f ! _m /ories t h be5 h&$ d[n ab\t him1 b t he 0 aw>e t ! real might be c>ri$ too f> is %[n f ! ,jij9%u3 8,tojuro _h to play ! "p ( a begg>1 b did n wi% to we> tatt]$ & soil$ g>m5ts4 ,he ?\ght ! audi5ce came 9 ord] to be amus$1 & t if ?+s 7 too reali/ic x w\ld make a bad impression ^u !m40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! c>e he ex]cis$ ) reg>d to naturalness on ! /age is %[n f ano!r ( ,kaneko's little /ories4 ,a gatekeep] sudd5ly ar\s$ f sleep 0 to yawn & ask3 8,:o is x80 ,tojuro object$ to ! mann] ( ! actor play+ ! gatekeep]1 & made him repeat x _m times be=e he consid]$ x satisfactory 9 giv+ ! audi5ce ! correct impression ( "o sudd5ly awak5$ 9 ! dead ( night4 ,tojuro's claim to fame began ) 8 act+ ( ,izaemon1 ! lov] ( ,yugiri4 ,yugiri 0 a c\rtesan ( ! gay qu>t] ( ,%imb>a1 9 ,kyoto1 & aft]w>ds liv$ 9 a fam\s h\se call$ ! ,ogiya 9 ,%imma*i1 ,osaka4 ,x 0 fir/ writt5 9 "o act4 ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon took ! love /ory ( ,izaemon & ,yugiri1 & wrote a ma/]piece1 ,keisei ,awa no ,n>uto4 ,x is ! fav\rite play ( ,nakamura ,ganjiro1 ( ,osaka1 to-day4 ,tojuro act$ ,izaemon 9 ?is piece on ! eighte5 occasions x 0 p]=m$ dur+ ,g5roku1 & x nev] fail$ to attract a l>ge audi5ce4 ,?us ,tojuro 0 ! f\nd] ( ! natural s*ool1 :i*1 if !re _h be5 no o!r influ5ces to h9d] its supremacy1 w\ld h develop$ 9 a simil> way to ! reali/ic /age ( ! ,we/4 ,!re 71 h[ev]2 o!r !atre mat]ials = ! ask+1 & ! memb]s ( ! ,i*ikawa family made use ( ^! ) lavi% h&1 caus+ ! tal5ts ( ! actors to fl[ 9 *annels q remov$ f ,tojuro's reali/ic art4 ,! fir/ ( ! n9e ,i*ikawas 0 born 9 #affj1 & di$ 9 #agjd4 ,8 fa!r 0 a samurai 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kii1 nam$ ,horiko%i4 ,:5 ! daimyo he s]v$ 0 defeat$ 9 battle1 ,danjuro's fa!r became a ron9 & liv$ 9 retirem5t 9 ! di/rict4 ,aft]w>ds he remov$ to a village 9 ! prov9ce ( ,%imosa1 :]e he became a f>m]4 ,he w5t to ,y$o 9 #afdd1 & call$ himself aft] ! village he _h left4 ,he 0 a man ( /rong "*1 skill$ 9 writ+1 an adept at figures4 ,x 0 v natural1 possess$ ( su* accompli%m5ts1 t he %\ld become popul> among 8 neighb\rs 9 ,y$o1 & he 0 *os5 to repres5t ! l&lords ( 8 locality4 ,he 0 good at bus9ess & made a =tune = himself4 ,!re 7 9 ,y$o 9 ^? r\gh-&-ready times m5 call$ otokodate1 or *ivalr\s m5 ( ! p1 :o did n fe> ! blu/]+ two-sword$ samurai1 :o too (t5 attempt$ to intimidate ! peaceful citiz5s4 ,danjuro's fa!r associat$ himself ) ^! brave spirits1 :o 7 always ready to def5d ! helpless & to protect ! int]e/s ( ! middle & l[] classes4 ,su* 0 ! fa!r ( ! fir/ ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! repres5tative ,y$o yaku%a ( ! ,g5roku p]iod4 ,! exact date ( ! fir/ ,danjuro's adv5t into ! _w is 9 "q1 "s acc\nts say #affj1 o!rs #afdh1 b z ! inaccuracy ( dates 9 ,japanese records is s frequ5t1 x is n a matt] to be greatly conc]n$ ab\t4 ,8 fa!r's fri5d act$ z godfa!r & call$ ! *ild ,ebiso1--a "n :i* has p]si/$ 9 ! family1 & is giv5 to ! memb]s :5 !y are v "y4 ,! boy's dwell+ 0 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,nakamura-za & ,i*imura-za1 t drew him irresi/ibly1 j z ! ,tokyo ur*9 ( to-day /eals (f to see ! mov+ pictures :5ev] he has suffici5t to pay ! entrance fee4 ,he mu/ h made up 8 m9d at an e>ly age t he want$ to become an actor1 = he appe>$ = ! fir/ "t at ! ,nakamura-za1 :5 he 0 #ad ye>s ( age4 ,he took ! /age "n ( ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 & act$ ! rle ( ,k9toki1 ! fabul\sly /rong baby-h]o ( a ,japanese fairy tale1--a r$-fac$1 muscul> baby1 g5]ally depict$ ) an axe ov] 8 %\ld]4 ,! new actor 0 an imm$iate success4 ,danjuro 0 responsible = a new mode ( act+ t a/oni%$ & delight$ ,y$o p1--! aragoto1 or r\gh /yle4 ,! ,doll-!atre 0 ! s\rce ( 8 inspiration4 ,!re 7 m9/rels :o recit$ ! milit>y exploits ( ,kimpira1 a ,h]cules :o slew demons & bea/s4 ,! m9/rel1 desir+ to appeal to ! fight+ _s ( ! ,y$o p1 beat 8 rhy?ms ) a long iron rod1 & sometimes wield$ ?is weapon s wond]fully t he broke (f ! heads ( ! p]=m+ dolls or sma%$ ! sc5]y 9 8 exploitation ( val\r4 ,! p _h begun to gr[ tir$ ( plays deal+ ) ! effem9ate & luxuri\s life ( ! gay qu>t]s2 !y we>i$ ( s5tim5tality1 & welcom$ p]=mances t 7 m manly & possess$ a milit>i/ic appeal4 ,danjuro1 ! fir/1 seiz$ ! opportunity to please ! citiz5s ( ,y$o1 orig9at$ ! exagg]at$ artificial /yle n[ insep>ably l9k$ ) ! ,danjuro l9e1 _! fam\s eighte5 plays1 or ,juha*iban1 be+ treasures ( ,kabuki t are wov5 out ( ! pure fabric ( fancy1 & s unreal t ^? /eep$ 9 realism c f9d b little to admire 9 !m4 ,yet !y repres5t ! tal5t ( ?is long actor l9e2 !y h be5 alt]$1 improv$1 add$ to 9 ! way ( treatm5t1 co/ume1 & act+ by successive memb]s ( ! family1 unadult]at$ !atre mat]ial1 full ( ta/e & /yle1 b z yet unkn[n to ! unsee+ eyes ( ! ,we/4 ,l ,tojuro1 ! fir/ ,danjuro 0 n only an actor1 b also ( a lit]>y turn ( m9d1 & took an active "p 9 ! composition ( 8 plays4 ,z he wi%$ = a son to succe$ him he repair$ to ,n>ita1 n f> f mod]n ,tokyo1 :]e /ood !n1 z to-day1 ! fam\s ,buddhi/ temple sacr$ to ,fudo1 ! ,god ( ,fire4 ,"h he wor%ipp$1 pray+ to ,fudo = a son4 ,! petition 0 grant$1 = a son 0 born :o inh]it$ 8 fa!r's *>act]i/ics to a rem>kable degree4 ,danjuro _h a play writt5 conc]n+ ,fudo1 by way ( return+ ?anks1 & select$ a bus9ess "n by :i* 8 successors are always kn[n--,n>itaya1 aft] ! temple 9 ! village ( ,n>ita4 ,horiko%i rema9$ ! family "n1 t ( 8 samurai ance/ors2 ,n>itaya 0 ! "n giv5 (f ! /age by 8 fell[-actors & famili> fri5ds & tradespeople2 :ile ,i*ikawa ,danjuro 0 8 /age "n4 ,he also possess$ a nom de plume ) :i* he sign$ 8 %ort v]se1 = he 0 a poet 9 addition to 8 o!r qualifications4 ,descriptions ( ,danjuro say t he 0 /rong1 8 arms brawny1 8 %\ld]s broad1 & t he /ood erect4 ,w>rior rles 7 8 specialty1 & :5 imitat+ h]oic de$s ( ! ,doll-!atre he play$ ) su* a display ( =ce1 & 8 ge/ures 7 s rem>kable1 t :5 he trod ! /age ! rev]b]ations 7 s viol5t t ! /ock-9-trade ( su* porcela9 %ops z happ5$ to be 9 close proximity to ! !atre 7 ?reat5$ ) de/ruction6 ,h[ev]1 ,danjuro c\ld1 :5 occasion dem&$1 use naturali/ic me?ods1 = ! critics ( 8 day praise him :5 he act$ ! rle ( a bl9d %ampoo]1 & m5tion 8 ge/ures z be+ 8s natural06 ,9 an old book !re is a description ( 8 /age me?ods4 ,he 0 ask$ to att5d a social function 9 ! mansion ( a c]ta9 nobleman1 & reque/$ to give "s aragoto piece4 ,he took d[n ! upp] "p ( 8 kimono & p]=m$ z ,kagekiyo--! h]o ( sev]al ,n dramas--& 8 actions 7 s spirit$ t he broke all ! %oji1 or :ite pap] scre5s4 ,! gue/s 7 anxi\s to "k :at ! ho/ w\ld ?9k ( ! ent]ta9]'s de/ructive me?ods1 b1 contr>y to _! expectations1 ! daimyo 0 pleas$ & pres5t$ him ) a co/ly gift4 ,danjuro is said to h made ! comm5t aft] 8 /r5u\s act+ t if an actor 0 afraid 9 ! pres5ce ( a daimyo he c\ld n play aragoto4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! /yles ( ,tojuro & ,danjuro 0 v great1 b bo? truly reflect$ ! ta/es ( _! audi5ces4 ,! ?ree !atre t[ns _h !n1 z !y h at pres5t1 special *>act]i/ics4 ,kyoto 0 quiet & easygo+2 ,y$o milit>y & int5se1 ! c5tre = ! samurai f ! prov9ces :o cont9ually came & w5t4 ,! inhabitants ( ,osaka & ,kyoto1 :o 7 mild & g5tle 9 disposition1 w5t wild ov] ,tojuro's arti/ic act+1 tak+ pleasure 9 ! effem9ate1 s5tim5tal h]oes & h]o9es ( ! gay qu>t]s1 & !y r look$ ) disda9 ^u ! exagg]at$1 artificial1 & altoge!r extraord9>y act+ ( ,danjuro4 ,danjuro 0 bold1 ecc5tric1 r\gh1 & h]oic2 ,tojuro elegant1 s5su\s1 & luxuri\s1 reflect+ ! _s ( ! ,kyoto & ,osaka p1 :o 7 pleas$ to see 8 plays ( ev]yday life1 & fai?ful depiction ( human nature4 ,tojuro 0 eloqu5t1 & sometimes 8 spee*es 7 s long z to tire 8 audi5ce2 ,danjuro 0 s quick-spok5 t sometimes he c\ld n be und]/ood4 ,! !atre mat]ials out ( :i* ,danjuro & ,tojuro cut _! patt]ns--! real & unreal--cont9u$ to coexi/ aft] ! ,g5roku p]iod4 ,! "o did n swall[ up ! o!r2 b bo? ma9ta9$ _! place & use1--sometimes mix$1 ) /range results1 sometimes f\nd )\t adult]ation4 ,p]haps ! mo/ fam\s ( ,danjuro's plays is ,kanj9*o1 a popul>is$ v]sion ( ,ataka1 a ,n drama4 8,kanj9*o0 means a ,buddhi/ scroll ^u :i* are writt5 ! names ( subscrib]s to a fund to re/ore or rebuild a temple4 ,)\t ask+ leave1 ,danjuro appropriat$ ?is ,n play4 ,a memb] ( ! h\se ( ,k9eya1 ! musicians ( ,kabuki1 suit+ ! music to ! plot1 !re 0 evolv$ ! mo/ p]fect music-po/ure play ( ! ,japanese !atre4 ,danjuro1 ! fir/1 play$ x 9 #agjb4 ,! !atre 0 cr[d$1 & ! piece cont9u$ = #aej days4 ,x 0 call$ ,o%iai ,junidan1 mean+ to cr[d or pu% toge!r4 ,& aft] ! lapse ( m ?an #bjj ye>s ?is ,kabuki ma/]piece /ill holds audi5ces 9 a spell1 & nev] fails to ar\se ! greate/ en?usiasm4 ,x 0 p]=m$ be=e ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales on 8 visit to ,japan 9 ,april #aibb4 ,danjuro play$ ano!r piece1 ,soga no ,goro1 at ! ,i*imura-za1 :i* became ! inspiration ( e actor 9 lat] times4 ,:5 he act$ ,goro1 ! h]o ( ! ,soga play deal+ ) ! rev5ge ( ! ,soga bro!rs ^u ! slay] ( _! fa!r1 he wore a kimono embroid]$ 9 a design ( lightn+1 & ?ree rice measures1 or ?ree boxes ( graduat$ size fitt+ into ea* o!r4 ,aft] ?is he took ?ree rice measures z 8 cre/1 & ?is 0 to become "o ( ! mo/ fam\s actor-symbols on ! ,japanese /age4 ,danjuro j\rney$ to ,kyoto & ,osaka1 & a/oni%$ ! audi5ces 9 ^! cities by 8 orig9ality & activity1 ! c\ntry p flock+ 9 f ! outly+ di/ricts4 ,9 ,osaka he 0 s well receiv$ t a popul> song sang 8 praises4 ,he /udi$ %ort poems :ile 9 ,kyoto1 & 8 tea*] gave him a nom de plume1 ! cu/om ( an actor tak+ a poetry-"n orig9at+ ) him4 ,an acc\nt is giv5 9 ,kabuki ,koto ,hajime1 or ,beg9n+s ( ,kabuki1 ( ,danjuro's meet+ ) ,tojuro4 ,danjuro w5t to ! !atre to see ,tojuro act1 b f\nd t he 0 abs5t on acc\nt ( illness4 ,danjuro greatly regrett$ t he 0 unable to see ,tojuro on ! /age4 ,b on ! foll[+ day a mess5g] came f ,tojuro invit+ him to d9n] at a re/aurant4 ,:5 ,danjuro rea*$ ! place1 ,tojuro fail$ to make an appe>ance1 & aft] he _h wait$ = a long "t & 0 beg9n+ to gr[ impati5t he saw 8 ho/ 9 ord9>y dress arrang+ fl[]s 9 ano!r room )\t z mu* z ca/+ a glance 9 ! direction ( 8 gue/1 z unconc]n$ z ?\gh q unaw>e ( 8 pres5ce4 ,?is made ,danjuro angry1 & he 0 j on ! po9t ( retir+ :5 a mess5g] f ,tojuro apologis$ = ! delay & said he w\ld jo9 him imm$iately4 ,he _h *ang$ 8 clo?+1 we>+ 8 v be/1 & receiv$ 8 gue/ 9 ! mo/ dignifi$ mann]4 ,danjuro 0 s mu* impress$ by 8 appe>ance t he said !re 0 no necessity to see him act1 & left = ,y$o ! next day4 ,! gossip ( ! "t said t ,tojuro plann$ to ov]awe 8 ,y$o rival1 & _h det]m9$ t no ,y$o actor %\ld c>ry away laurels f ,kyoto dur+ 8 lifetime1 s t if ?is report be true ! long-e/abli%$ rivalry betwe5 ! !atres ( ,y$o & ^? ( ,osaka & ,kyoto _h already begun at ?is "t4 ,danjuro's /age c>e] end$ sudd5ly at ! age ( #de4 ,8 dea? is "o ( ! mo/ tragic ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,japanese !atre4 ,he 0 murd]$ 9 8 dress+-room by a fell[-actor 9 #agjd4 ,"s acc\nts say t ! murd]]'s "n 0 ,sugiyama ,hanroku4 ,ih>a ,seisei91 :o has closely inspect$ ! suspect$ actor's record = ! ye> 9 :i* ,danjuro 0 murd]$1 says he 0 unable to f9d ! "n ( ,sugiyama ,hanroku1 b discov]$ "o ,iku%ima ,hanroku1 :o 0 record$ z an actor ( consid]able ability1 be+ rank$ z fir/ ( ! middle class4 ,acc\nts ) reg>d to ! motive prompt+ ! de$ are conflict+4 ,"s say jeal\sy2 o!rs t ?is actor _h a son :o 0 a de%i1 or foll[]1 ( ,danjuro1 & _h *ang$ 8 "n to ,i*ikawa2 aga9 t ,hanroku 0 a man ( evil "*1 & ,danjuro gave him "s s\nd advice :i* he did n he$1 & t ?is made ,danjuro indiff]5t to ! son4 ,yet mo/ acc\nts agree t ! cause ( ! trag$y 0 ,danjuro's *ang$ attitude t[>ds ! son4 ,! result ( ?is crime 0 t ! proprietors ( ! !atres 7 summon$ to ! magi/rate's (fice1 & an ord] 0 issu$ t cont9u\s plays c\ld n be giv51 & only ^? ( "o act 7 all[$1 ! audi5ce to be *ang$ at ! end ( ea* act4 ,hanroku made good 8 escape f ,danjuro's dress+-room1 b 0 tak5 to prison on t day1 & di$ !re be=e 8 s5t5ce c\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,danjuro's wid[ cut h] hair %ort1 & liv$ a life ( retirem5t 9 ,meguro1 n[ a suburb ( ,tokyo4 ,danjuro1 ! fir/1 0 =tunate 9 leav+ beh9d him ! successor :o _h be5 giv5 to him 9 answ] to ! pray] made to ,fudo1 ! ,god ( ,fire1 at ! ,n>ita ,temple1 = ?is son 0 to become "o ( ! mo/ fam\s actors ( ! ,danjuro l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,i*ikawa ,danjuro 7,?ree rice measures74 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,i*ikawa ,ennosuke 7,d]iv$ f toy resembl+ ?ree monkeys74 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,i*ikawa ,*u%a 7,peony74 ,illu/ration3 ,onoe ,matsusuke z ,komori ,yasu1 or ,bat ,yasu1 s call$ because ( ! bir?m>k on 8 *eek :i* resembles a bat4 ,a bold1 bad man ( ,y$o4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,yaku%a ,,( ,,g5roku ,dur+ ! ,g5roku p]iod t produc$ s _m m5 ( di/9ction 9 art1 lit]ature1 & ! drama1 ! audi5ces ( ! ?ree t[ns _h a brilliant array ( actor tal5t f :i* to *oose1 & ! a*ievem5ts ( ! contempor>ies ( ,sakata ,tojuro & ,i*ikawa ,danjuro result$ 9 a ke5 appreciation ( ! actor's creativ5ess4 ,! common p 7 to become famili> ) a high ord] ( act+1 s9ce ! emphasis1 :e!r rightly or wrongly1 z judg$ by ,occid5tal /&>ds1 0 always on ! actor1 ! playwright be+ ( second>y importance4 ,?ree />s 7 to be se5 dur+ ,g5roku on ! /ages ( ,kyoto1 ,osaka1 & ,y$o4 ,!y 7 ,yama%ita ,kyoyemon2 ,take%ima ,kyozaemon1 ! son ( t ,take%ima :o _h be5 ! head ( a company ( wom5 play]s 9 ,kyoto2 & ! second ,ara%i ,sanyemon1 son ( ! actor ( ! same "n1 :o previ\s to ?is _h ga9$ great success 9 ,y$o1 & !n remov$ to ,osaka1 :]e he own$ a !atre4 ,yama%ita ,kyoyemon1 :o di$ 9 #agag1 0 ! son ( a ,kyoto arti/4 ,he 0 at fir/ a ,n actor1 b gave up ?is pr(ession to foll[ ! =tunes ( ,kabuki4 ,sakata ,tojuro reg>d$ him z a rival1 & ,kyoyemon (t5 act$ ) ,tojuro at ! ,miyako-,m&ayu-za 9 ,kyoto4 ,once a rum\r 0 circulat$ t he 0 dead1 :i* prov+ untrue ! p flock$ to 8 bann]1 & he 0 m popul> ?an ev] be=e4 ,! hi/orians ( ,kabuki agree t he 0 a man ( f9e be>+ & g5tle disposition1 & t :ile he did n q equal ,tojuro's gr& mann] he 0 9 no way an actor ( little tal5t4 ,x 0 ,kyoyemon :o appe>$ 9 ! fir/ /age v]sion ( ,*u%+ura1 ! trag$y ( ! ,=ty-sev5 ,ron91 :o av5g$ ! dea? ( _! "l & !n committ$ h>akiri 9 ,y$o4 ,aft]w>ds ! tale inspir$ ,tak$a ,izumo1 :o wrote a drama = ! m>ionettes t is und\bt$ly "o ( ! ma/]pieces ( ! ,japanese !atre to-day4 ,x is said ( ,kyoyemon t ev5 a ru/ic f ! prov9ces1 :o _h nev] se5 him be=e1 & knew no?+ conc]n+ him1 c\ld n fail to be impress$ by 8 pres5ce1 & to und]/& )\t be+ in=m$ t he 0 ! lead+ actor4 ,he _h 8 little frailties1 h[ev]1 = he 0 too fond ( applause1 & s eag] = ! praise ( ! audi5ce t he p&]$ to ! ta/es ( ! l[] classes1 & 0 giv5 to mak+ vulg> asides4 ,?is 0 entirely unlike ,tojuro1 :o _h a high moral "*4 ,l ,tojuro1 h[ev]1 he held ! mirror up to nature1 & ! side-lights ^u 8 /age me?ods t h be5 h&$ d[n reveal ! fact t he excell$ z a samurai1 p>ticul>ly z a ron91 or free-lance1 :o roam$ ! c\ntry 9 que/ ( adv5ture1 & we>+ ! co/ume ( a travell]4 ,"o ( ,kyoyemon's bro!rs became a celebrat$ prie/1 & 8 daught] m>ri$ ,sawamura ,*ojuro1 a lead+ actor ( a lat] p]iod4 ,8 wife's si/] m>ri$ an onnagata1 ! fir/ ,yo%isawa ,ayame1 & _! son ,matat>o inh]it$ ,kyoyemon's "n1 becom+ ,yama%ita ,kyoyemon1 ! second--h5ce 8 family occupi$ a prom95t position 9 ! actor frat]nity4 ,! second actor ( importance at ?is "t 0 ,take%ima ,kyozaemon1 son ( ,yamato ,dansuke1 ( ,o-,kuni ,kabuki fame4 ,al?\gh he play$ (t5 9 ,kyoto1 he made ,osaka 8 headqu>t]s1 & at la/ w5t to ,y$o1 :]e he play$ ) ,iku%ima ,%+oro1 ! un=tunate actor exil$ because ( a love affair ) a lady-9-wait+ ( ! ,%ogun's ,c\rt4 ,= ?ree ye>s he play$ at ! ,i*imura-za & ,morita-za1 & !n took up 8 resid5ce 9 ,kyoto1 :]e 8 son 0 ! proprietor ( a !atre4 ,he 0 p>ticul>ly p>tial to samurai rles & knew h[ to h&le a sword4 ,8 son 0 also a good actor1 & succe$$ to 8 "n4 ,! ?ird fam\s actor ( ,tojuro's "t 0 ,ara%i ,sanyemon1 ! second4 ,he 0 y\ng] ?an ,tojuro & ,kyoyemon1 & di$ e>ly4 ,! fir/ ,ara%i 0 8 fa!r1 b ! boy 0 evid5tly reg>d$ z an ugly duckl+1 = 8 fa!r did n consid] t he possess$ suffici5t tal5t = a /age c>e]1 & he 0 appr5tic$ to a c&le deal]1 ! bus9ess requir+ him to travel f "o place to ano!r4 ,:5 ! eld] ,ara%i 0 tak5 ill1 ! son 0 call$ to ,osaka to take up ! p>5tal pr(ession1 & s _h ! difficult task ( try+ to live up to 8 fa!r's reputation4 ,at fir/ ! audi5ce laugh$ at him1 b z he _h ! same face & voice z 8 fa!r1 he soon attract$ att5tion & came to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! lead+ actors4 ,inde$1 he 0 consid]$ 9 "s respects sup]ior to 8 fa!r1 especially 9 ! art ( love-mak+2 he 0 g5u9e & unaffect$1 & possess$ a well-%ap$ nose & f9e eyes4 ,! =ego+ actors 7 tateyaku4 ,! mo/ not$ actor to take katakiyaku1 or ! villa9 rle1 ( ?is p]iod 0 ,kataoka ,nizaemon1 :o di$ 9 #agae4 ,at fir/ he 0 a samis5 play] ( ,osaka1 & dur+ 8 e>ly ye>s 0 associat$ ) ! managem5t ( ,osaka !atres1 beg9n+ a /age c>e] 9 middle life1 yet rea*$ high rank & 0 reg>d$ z a g5ius4 ,he 0 tall & well-proportion$1 & _h a fi]ce look 9 8 eyes :i* gave him a decid$ advantage 9 ! villa9 rle4 ,he c\ld also play ! h]o well1 b receiv$ great praise = 8 old m5 *>act]s1 a specialty t seems to h rema9$ 9 ! possession ( ?is actor l9e1 = ! mod]n repres5tative1 ,kataoka ,nizaemon1 ( ! ,kabuki-za1 ,tokyo1 nev] pleases 8 audi5ces bett] ?an :5 play+ z oyajigata1 or old m54 ,nizaemon 0 samurai-l 9 8 be>+4 ,he is on record z say+ t actors %\ld be famili> ) popul> poems1 "k ,buddhism & ,%9toism1 & be well in=m$ on a v>iety ( subjects s z to draw ^u su* k 9 _! "w on ! /age4 ,no d\bt ,nizaemon practis$ :at he prea*$1 = he play$ _m rles 9 8 "t4 ,8 real son1 :o 0 a !atre own]1 succe$$ z ,nizaemon1 ! second1 b di$ soon aft]1 & ! ,kataoka g5]ations 7 cont9u$ by a y\ng] si/] ( ! fir/ ,nizaemon1 :o _h m>ri$ an actor4 ,x 0 h] son :o succe$$ to ! h]$it>y "n ( ,kataoka ,nizaemon1 ! ?ird1--a /age "n t has cont9u$ d[n to ! pres5t4 ,kataoka ,nizaemon & ,i*ikawa ,danjuro are ! only two actor families t h come d[n f ,g5roku 9 unbrok5 succession to mod]n times4 ,! fir/ ,danjuro's greate/ contempor>y 9 ,y$o 0 ,nakamura ,hi*isaburo1 :o di$ 9 #agjh4 ,he 0 ,danjuro's equal 9 _m respects1 & %>$ ! hon\rs ( ,y$o ,kabuki ) him4 ,b ,hi*isaburo left no family to c>ry on 8 traditions1 & 9 consequ5ce obta9s a less important position 9 ! hi/ory ( ,kabuki ?an ,danjuro1 ! fir/1 :o f\nd$ a l9e ( actors t h be5 upp]mo/ on ! /age = m ?an two hundr$ ye>s1 & 7 reg>d$ z ! feudal lords ( ! !atre be=e :om all o!rs ( ! frat]nity b[$ 9 respect & admiration4 ,nakamura ,hi*isaburo 0 exactly ! opposite to ,i*ikawa ,danjuro 9 8 /age me?ods4 ,he belong$ to ,sakata ,tojuro's real s*ool1 & 0 quiet & re/ra9$ on ! bo>ds4 ,danjuro 0 bold & exagg]at$1 ,hi*isaburo effem9ate & mild4 ,!y repres5t$ ! two curr5ts ( ! popul> m9d dur+ ,g5roku4 ,danjuro 0 n altoge!r welcome 9 ,kyoto & ,osaka1 ,tojuro's /ronghold1 :]e 8 /yle 0 n :olly appreciat$1 al?\gh he 0 ackn[l$g$ to be a great actor4 ,hi*isaburo1 on ! contr>y1 met ) great success on ! /ages ( ^! t[ns4 ,he 0 a h&some man1 & ! criticism ( ! "t ackn[l$g$ 8 dignity ( mann]4 ,unlike ,danjuro1 he did n />tle ) ! /r5g? ( 8 milit>i/ic actions1 :i* caus$ him 9 "s qu>t]s to be reg>d$ z sl[4 ,b ?is 0 accord+ to ,y$o critics1 :o _h gr[n accu/om$ to ,danjuro's /rik+ ef=ts4 ,9 ,kyoto1 x 0 cont5d$ t ,hi*isaburo 0 n good z a fight]1 b "o critic decl>$ t he 0 l pat5t m$ic9e1 good = ev]y?+4 ,hi*isaburo's mann] on ! /age 0 simil> to ,tojuro's1 yet ! />s ( ,kyoto appe>$ to t[] above him4 ,z a lov] he 0 v popul>1 & delight$ 9 mix+ ,y$o slang ) 8 /age l9es1 & knew h[ to rea* 8 audi5ces4 ,x is said ( him t he 0 good 9 pa!tic rles & 8c\ld br+ te>s to ! eyes ( a demon04 ,moreov]1 he 0 a good danc]1 :i* 0 probably due to ! fact t he 0 entirely famili> ) ! ,n /age4 ,"s ye>s y\ng] ?an ,danjuro1 he m>ri$ ! daught] ( ! second ,nakamura ,kansaburo1 & probably took ! "n ( ,nakamura f ?is family4 ,l mo/ ( ! actors ( ?is e>ly p]iod he wrote 8 own plays1 ! mo/ successful ( :i* 0 ,asamagatake1 or ,m\nt ,asama4 ,al?\gh ,hi*isaburo 0 a ,y$o actor1 he sp5t mu* ( 8 "t 9 ,kyoto & ,osaka4 ,! mo/ prom95t actor :o imitat$ ,hi*isaburo 0 ,iku%ima ,%+oro4 ,hi*isaburo 0 tak5 ill on ! /age :ile play+ ,juro1 "o ( ! bro!rs 9 ! ,soga rev5ge1 8 fav\rite rle4 ,aft] ,danjuro & ,hi*isaburo1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ actor ( ?is "t 0 ,nakamura ,d5kuro1 :o di$ 9 #agaf4 ,he 0 ( m ari/ocratic !atre l9eage ?an ! two prom95t ,y$o actors above1 = he 0 no less a p]sonage ?an ! gr&son ( ,s>uwaka ,kansaburo4 ,! fir/ ,kansaburo _h ?ree sons3 ! fir/ 0 ! *ild ( a concub9e & did n inh]it2 ! second son1 :o accompani$ ,kansaburo to ,kyoto & danc$ be=e ! ,emp]or1 succe$$ z second ( ! l9e1 tak+ ! "n ,aka%i1 :i* he 0 giv5 at ! "t ( ?is p]=mance 9 ,kyoto4 ,he left 8 "n to 8 y\ng] bro!r1 :o became ! ?ird head ( ! family4 ,! son by ! concub9e 0 bless$ ) two sons1 & "o ( !m 0 no o!r ?an ,nakamura ,d5kuro1 :o ex]cis$ consid]able influ5ce ^u ,y$o ,kabuki1 e/abli%+ traditions t h be5 h&$ d[n to mod]n times4 ,d5kuro's fa!r1 p]haps because ( 8 illegitimacy1 nev] appe>$ z an actor1 b 0 engag$ z an acc\ntant ( ! ,nakamura-za all 8 life4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 8 son :o inh]it$ ! !atre g5ius t might h be5 expect$ to appe> 9 ! fir/ ,kansaburo's legitimate (fspr+4 ,! rle ( ,asah9a1 an hi/orical "*1 at ! ,nakamura-za made ,nakamura ,d5kuro fam\s1 & ! mann] 9 :i* he pa9t$ 8 face ) broad r$ l9es & ! /yle1 col\r1 & design ( 8 co/ume h s]v$ z a model = all succe$+ actors :o h essay$ ?is popul> rle4 ,asah9a 0 a bold w>rior ( ! "t :5 ,yoritomo rul$ by ! sword 9 ,kamakura4 ,d5kuro us$ ,asah9a's cre/ to decorate 8 /age co/ume1 a crane 9 a circle1 & x has always be5 pres]v$1 ,asah9a n be+ consid]$ by audi5ces or actors z ! real ?+ unless fai?ful to all ! details ( ,d5kuro's grotesque creation4 ,& x is by ^! traditions t ! mod]n ,tokyo actors l9k ?is old pa/ ) ! bu/l+1 /r5u\s mod]n days1 = a vet]an ( ! ,kabuki-za 9 ,tokyo succe$$ to ?is illu/ri\s /age "n a few ye>s ago1 & to celebrate ! auspici\s occasion appe>$ 9 all ! />tl+ array ( col\rs1 une>?ly r$ make-up1 & exagg]at$ ge/ures & po/ures ( 8 ,y$o pr$ecessor4 ,on acc\nt ( *ronic illness ,d5kuro 0 oblig$ to )draw f ! /age at ! height ( 8 c>e]1 & c\ld only return to say a few words on ! introduction c]emony ( ! second ,hi*isaburo1 :o 0 a *ild-actor :5 he took ! "n ,nakamura ,hi*isaburo _h made s fam\s4 ,d5kuro _h be5 closely associat$ ) ! fir/ ,hi*isaburo1 h5ce 8 int]e/ 9 8 y\?ful successor4 ,ano!r tateyaku :o act$ ) ,danjuro1 & 0 reg>d$ z equal to ,nakamura ,d5kuro1 0 ,miyasaki ,d5ki*i4 ,he 0 put 9 prison ) o!r actors 9 connection ) a sc&al 9 a nunn]y4 ,! abbess ( ! in/itution 0 a fav\rite at ! ,%ogun's ,c\rt1 & 9 consequ5ce ( h] high position1 & because ! entrance ( ! despis$ playfolks )9 h] female fold 0 reg>d$ z a laxity ( moral practice t des]v$ high puni%m5t1 %e 0 s5t5c$ to dea? & ! actors 7 imprison$4 ,miyasaki ,d5ki*i play$ on ! /ages ( ! ?ree t[ns1 b di$ 9 obscurity1 v likely z a result ( 8 irregul> life4 ,among ! de%i1 or foll[]s1 ( ,danjuro1 ! fir/ & mo/ not$ 0 ,i*ikawa ,dan%iro4 ,an actor be>+ ! "n di$ 9 #aibb1 a vet]an memb] ( ! ,kabuki-za company 9 ,tokyo4 ,9 ! middle ( 8 c>e] ?is fir/ ,dan%iro %av$ 8 head & became a ,buddhi/ prie/1 retir+ to a prov9cial temple4 ,z ,y$o ,kabuki ( ^? days 0 lack+ 9 good actors1 mess5g]s 7 frequ5tly s5t to 8 di/ant temple ask+ him to return to ! /age1 b he repeat$ly refus$4 ,at la/ he cons5t$ ^u ! condition t at ! end ( ! p]=mances he 0 to return to 8 holy pr(ession4 ,he act$ ! rle ( ,mongaku ,%on91 ! samurai :o made love to ! h]oic ,kesa ,goz51 or ! ,lady ,kesa4 ,wi%+ to get rid ( h] husb&1 ! samurai plann$ to kill him 9 8 sleep4 ,kesa ,goz5 gave ,mongaku a sign by :i* he w\ld "k ! "r head to cut (f--! hair 0 to be fre%ly wa%$4 ,b to 8 horror ! assass9 f\nd t he _h kill$ ! ,lady ,kesa h]self1 :o _h ?us sacrific$ h] life to pres]ve h] hon\r & by h] act _h sav$ ! life ( h] husb&4 ,9 p5it5ce = ?is de$1 ,kesa ,goz5's lov] became a prie/1 & ! int]e/ ( ! ,y$o playgo]s 9 ,dan%iro's return to ! /age 9 ?is prie/ly rle may well be imag9$4 ,true to 8 ^w1 ?is foll[] ( ,danjuro return$ to 8 temple & di$ !re 9 #agag4 ,z to ! celebrat$ villa9s :o play$ ) ! above actors1 ! two />s 7 ,yamanaka ,heikuro & ,nakajima ,hiroyemon4 ,s5ior to ,tojuro & ,danjuro1 ,yamanaka ,heikuro di$ at ! age ( #hc1 & play$ ) bo? ! fir/ & second ,danjuro4 ,he adopt$ a son1 :o did n live to succe$ him4 ,_m /ories are told ( ! impressiv5ess ( ?is /age villa91 & h[ ev5 ! actors play+ ) him sometimes became fright5$ at 8 appe>ance4 ,he 0 ( l>ge physique & a man ( =ceful "*1 s t he 0 em95tly fitt$ to play ! diabolical katakiyaku ^: fi]c5ess & viol5ce caus$ ! ,y$o audi5ce ( ^? days to feel ?rills ( horror4 ,great /age *anges took place dur+ ! second "p ( ! ,g5roku p]iod1 & ! rapidly develop+ ,doll-!atre began to influ5ce ,kabuki & its actors4 ,! public tir$ ( ! s5tim5tality introduc$ by ,tojuro1 & express$ a ta/e = ! loyalty & sacrifice plays su* z 7 9 vogue 9 ! ,doll-!atre1 t _h begun to capture ! public imag9ation4 ,! actor g5ius ( ! latt] "p ( ! ,g5roku p]iod 0 und\bt$ly ,sawamura ,*ojuro1 :o 0 born 9 #afhj & di$ 9 #agcd4 ,he 0 ! son ( an ,osaka m]*ant4 ,8 eld] bro!r 0 also an actor ( repute1 & a y\ng] bro!r an exp]t drum p]=m]4 ,al?\gh he play$ ) ,tojuro1 he did n conf9e himself to ?is s*ool exclusively1 b 0 influ5c$ by ! diff]5t /yles ( ! ,g5roku /age4 ,he assimilat$ & h>monis$ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! celebrities :o _h prec$$ him1 & s did mu* t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( ! rules ( act+ t p]ta9 to mod]n ,kabuki4 ,he made himself popul> 9 samurai plays1 9 ^? ( ev]yday life t reflect$ ! mann]s & cu/oms ( 8 "t1 & he 0 equally at home 9 hi/orical pieces t requir$ ! exploitation ( ! unreal1 :ile he excell$ also 9 danc+4 ,8 son1 call$ ,*osaburo1 became ! second ,*ojuro4 ,a foll[] :o took ! "n ( ,sawamura ,*ojuro1 ! ?ird1 0 de/9$ to f\nd a /rong actor family t is fl\ri%+ 9 ,tokyo to-day1 half a doz5 memb]s ( ?is "n n[ be+ prom95t4 ,he 0 kn[n on ! /age z ,sawamura ,sojuro1 a "n to reckon ) 9 ,japanese /age hi/ory4 ,! pres5t ,sawamura ,sojuro ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre1 ,tokyo1 ) 8 f\r actor sons1 & a nephew1 ,sawamura ,*ojuro1 make a =midable family array ( play]s1 !re be+ no fe> = "s "t to come t ?is l9e w suff] ext9ction4 ,:5 ,y$o ,kabuki lo/ its two ,g5roku />s1 ,danjuro & ,hi*isaburo1 !re 0 a vacancy t no "o else c\ld fill1 & ! ,y$o p mu/ h felt a lack ( int]e/ :5 witness+ ! p]=mances ( ^? :o tri$ to take _! places4 ,!re 7 9 reality only two actors 9 ,y$o at ?is "t :o upheld ! pa/ glory ( ! /age4 ,"o 0 ,iku%ima ,%+oro1 & ! o!r ,nakajima ,kanzaemon4 ,iku%ima ,%+oro1 "o ( ! mo/ tragic figures among ^! old actors1 0 born 9 ,osaka1 & came to ,y$o dur+ 8 ye>s ( /age appr5tice%ip4 ,he act$ almo/ exclusively at ! ,yamamura-za4 ,he 0 #dd ye>s ( age :5 8 love affair ) a lady ( ! ,%ogun's ,c\rt caus$ him to be bani%$ f ,y$o1 & = tw5ty ye>s he liv$ 9 8 place ( exile1 nev] return+ to ! sc5e ( 8 /age triumphs4 ,a mod]n play has be5 made conc]n+ ?is un=tunate actor1 :o1 accord+ to ! gossip ( ! "t1 0 m s\ght aft] by ! v5turesome ,c\rt lady ?an dispos$ to seek h] himself4 ,& j z ,s>uwaka ,kansaburo's p]=mances be=e ! ,emp]or & ,%ogun _h be5 an hon\r to ! :ole actor pr(ession1 s ?is ,iku%ima sc&al 0 to rema9 a blot on ! actor's escut*eon = _m ye>s to come4 ,! :ole tr\ble 0 caus$ n s mu* by ,iku%ima1 or ! own] ( 8 !atre1 ,yamamura ,*odayu1 z by ! romantic ,lady ,y5o%ima h]self4 ,al?\gh ! secret ( ! fri5d%ip ( ! actor & lady 0 kept = _m ye>s1 ! audaci\s ,y5o%ima put ! fat 9 ! fire4 ,z repres5tative ( ! ,%ogun's "m %e 0 s5t ) o!r ,c\rt ladies to pray at ,zojo-ji1 a ,buddhi/ temple ( ,y$o t rema9s "o ( ! /rik+ features ( mod]n ,tokyo4 ,! p>ty rea*$ ! temple e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & !re pres5t$ b a few ( ! _m gifts !y _h br\ght ) !m1 res]v+ ! be/ to be di/ribut$ at ! !atre z fav\rs4 ,ha/5+ ov] _! devotions1 ! p>ty made ha/e to ! ,yamamura-za4 ,all 0 excitem5t )9 ! !atre1 :]e seats _h be5 res]v$ = a hundr$ p]sons4 ,! proprietor1 ,yamamura ,*odayu1 & ! lead+ actors head$ by ,%+oro1 clad 9 c]emonial kimono1 came out to meet ! di/+ui%$ p>ty1 & a fea/ 0 giv54 ,x is said t ,y5o%ima & h] fri5ds grew slightly hil>i\s1 & a sake bottle 0 pu%$ ov]1 ) ! result t ! cont5ts fell ^u ! head ( a samurai 9 ! audi5ce bel[1 :o became angry1 & 9 spite ( apologies left ! !atre4 ,y5o%ima's behavi\r t day at ! ,yamamura-za soon became kn[n1 & x 0 n long aft] t ! :ole disgraceful affair came to ! e>s ( ! (ficials ( ! ,%ogun's ,gov]nm5t1 ) ! result t ,y5o%ima 0 exil$ to a small isl& (f ! coa/ 9 a di/ant "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,%e 0 !n #cc ye>s ( age4 ,h] s5t5ce 0 light5$ aft]w>ds ow+ to ! clem5cy ( ! ,%ogun's "m1 & %e 0 transf]r$ to ! prov9ce ( ,%9ano1 :]e %e 0 put 9 *>ge ( ! local daimyo4 ,9 ^? days1 h[ev]1 z x 0 ! cu/om to puni% n only ! guilty1 b to inflict x likewise ^u ! imm$iate memb]s ( ! family1 ,y5o%ima's bro!r 0 condemn$ to dea?1 & a y\ng] bro!r exil$4 ,aft] ?is ! iron h& ( ! %ogunate re/$ heavi] ?an ev] ^u ! !atre folks1 = ! ,yamamura-za 0 n only depriv$ ( its lic5ce1 b ! build+ 0 demoli%$1 all prop]ty confiscat$1 & ?is !atre ceas$ to exi/4 ,! proprietor z well z ! actors1 ,iku%ima ,%+oro & ,nakamura ,seigoro1 & ev5 ! onnagata1 ,iwai ,han%iro1 7 all exil$4 ,! fir/ ,matsumoto ,ko%iro appe>$ at ?is "t1 & z ! sev5? ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre1 is "o ( ! lead+ actors ( pres5t-day ,japan1 x is int]e/+ to "k some?+ ( ! f\nd] ( ?is l9e4 ,he came to ,y$o f ,%imosa prov9ce1 & 0 at fir/ an onnagata1 b lat] *ang$ to tateyaku4 ,he belong$ to ,danjuro's aragoto1 or r\gh-act+ s*ool1 inh]it$ f ! brave balladry ( e>ly ,y$o ,joruri1 & is ev5 said to h rivall$ ,danjuro 9 ! art ( ! unreal4 ,9 middle age he %av$ 8 head z a sign ( retirem5t f active life4 ,8 adopt$ son succe$$ to 8 "n & /age inh]itance1 b lat] on he became by adoption ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! f\r?1 ! ,matsumoto ,ko%iros aft]w>ds be+ closely associat$ ) ! ,i*ikawa family1 ! pres5t ,matsumoto ,ko%iro hav+ be5 ! de%i1 or pupil1 ( ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! n9?4 ,9 ,kyoto1 an actor :o %[$ mu* orig9ality & play$ 9 bo? ,osaka & ,kyoto at ! "t ! above actors 7 active 9 ,y$o1 0 ,%ibazaki ,r9zaemon1 :o 0 quick to recognise ! art ( ! doll-actors4 ,8 specialty consi/$ 9 imitat+ !m4 ,he 0 well fitt$ 9 p]sonal appe>ance1 "*1 & voice to be a lead+ actor4 ,he began 8 /age /udy 9 ,osaka1 :]e ! dolls 7 beg9n+ to rival ! real actors1 & x is easy to see h[ ! movem5ts ( ! puppets1 _! airs & graces1 po/ures & ge/ures1 z creat$ by ! nyngyo-tsukai1 or doll-h&l]s1 :o 7 arti/s 9 e respect1 introduc$ ! ,kabuki actors to a :ole new _w ( expression1 ( /yle & ta/e1 :i* !y 7 eag] to comm&4 ,a /> common to ! /ages ( ,kyoto & ,osaka :5 ,%ibazaki ,r9zaemon fl\ri%$ 0 ,kosogawa ,juyemon4 ,he _h be5 a samurai 9 daimyo s]vice1 & became an actor f *oice4 ,z reveal+ ! s5tim5t ( ! "t1 x is record$ t "o ( 8 relatives came to ! !atre to kill him because ! ex-samurai _h ! insol5ce to act "u 8 own "n4 ,?is ! relative consid]$ a piece ( great effront]y1 & b = ! pacification ( ! !atre p w\ld h c>ri$ out 8 int5tion4 ,%ibazaki ,r9zaemon 0 good1 z might h be5 expect$1 9 samurai rles4 ,he liv$ to a ripe old age1 & :5 he became too infirm to appe> z a fight+ man1 cont5t$ himself ) old m5's rles4 ,be=e 8 dea? he lo/ 8 sight1 b /ill 8 usefulness ^u ! /age did n cease1 = he 0 accommodat+ en\gh to act bl9d *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,i*ikawa ,sadanji & ,i*ikawa ,udanji 7,ivy leaf74 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,b&o ,hikosaburo 7,/ork74 ,illu/ration3 ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre1 9 ! "* ( ,t[ns5d ,h>ris1 ! fir/ ,am]ican ,m9i/] to ,japan4 ,a photograph ( ! intrepid ,k5tucky ,colonel is on ! actor's dress+ table4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,yaku%a ,,( ,,horeki ,aft] ,g5roku1 ! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod = ,kabuki & its yaku%a 0 ,horeki1 an era cov]+ sev5ty ye>s1 dur+ :i* ?ree %oguns held sway4 ,hi/orically1 ,horeki endur$ f #agea to #agfd1 ! "n be+ giv5 to ! reign ( an emp]or4 ,x came to be appli$ to ! ye>s prec$+ & foll[+ x1 a p]iod 9 :i* ! dom9at+ influ5ce 0 t ( ,yo%imune1 ! ?ird ,%ogun ( ! ,tokugawa regime4 ,ow+ to ! extravagance ( ! %ogunate1 ! c\ntry 0 on ! v]ge ( bankruptcy4 ,immorality 0 on ! increase1 & ef=ts 7 made to keep ! re/less p "u control4 ,luxury 9 all %apes & =ms 0 fr[n$ ^u by ! au?orities4 ,! lit]>y c5tre ( ! c\ntry 0 transf]r$ f ,kyoto to ,y$o1 & ! greate/ activity 0 to be f\nd 9 ! !atres4 ,if ,y$o ,kabuki _h lo/ its lu/re :5 ! fir/ ,i*ikawa ,danjuro & ,nakamura ,hi*isaburo pass$ away1 its pre/ige 0 fully re/or$ by ! second ,i*ikawa ,danjuro & ! fir/ ,sawamura ,sojuro4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ?is p]iod ! f\r? ,danjuro 0 a great !atre p[]4 ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! second1 0 born 9 #afhh & di$ 9 #ageh4 ,:5 a *ild ( #aj ye>s ( age he appe>$ on ! /age1 b ow+ to 8 fa!r's tragic dea?1 0 left )\t a /age sponsor4 ,if 8 fa!r _h liv$1 he w\ld h be5 tra9$ & advanc$ 9 all possible ways4 ,! actors ( ! "t evid5tly neglect$ him4 ,he 0 giv5 insignificant rles1 & 0 o!rwise badly treat$4 ,8 "m1 :o _h retir$ to live 9 a quiet spot outside ,y$o1 decl>$ t %e w\ld nev] g to ! !atre to see him act until he 0 e>n+ a sal>y ( #ajjj ryo1 :i* meant t he mu/ become a successful actor4 ,! sudd5 tak+ (f ( 8 fa!r1 & ! cold attitude ( ! !atre folk1 /imulat$ ! "y actor to h>d "w4 ,accord+ly1 he w5t to ! ,n>ita temple1 & !re pray$ t he %\ld become a m successful actor ?an 8 fa!r4 ,! ,god ( ,fire t _h answ]$ 8 fa!r's pray] mu/ h li/5$1 x w\ld almo/ seem1 to 8 fo/]-*ild's petition1 = :ile ! fir/ ,danjuro's sal>y p] ye> 0 #hjj ryo1 ! second receiv$ #abgj4 ,aft] ?is x became cu/om>y to ref] to a highly sal>i$ actor z a 8?\s&-ryo yaku%a04 ,x 0 ,iku%ima ,%+oro1 ( ,c\rt-sc&al fame1 :o %ield$ & protect$ ! second ,danjuro1 :5 he 0 /ruggl+ to advance4 ,he prov$ a wor?y successor to 8 fa!r1 & 8 place 9 ! annals ( ,kabuki is t ( an orig9al1 creative actor1 :o n only re-e/abli%$ 8 fa!r's traditions1 b c>ri$ !m on mo/ successfully4 ,8 visit to ,osaka is memorable4 ,he _h receiv$ an invitation f ,sado%ima ,*ogoro to play at 8 !atre1 b ,danjuro dem&$ an enorm\s sal>y = ^? days1 some?+ q out ( ! ord9>y 9 ! way ( remun]ation4 ,& ,sado%ima ,*ogoro1 ?9k+ t ,danjuro w\ld nev] ask su* a sum unless he _h some?+ />tl+ to (f]1 did n hesitate to comply ) ! extraord9>y reque/4 ,:5 ,danjuro made 8 fir/ appe>ance 9 ,osaka he 0 n well receiv$1 z ! rivalry betwe5 ! ,osaka & ,y$o actors 0 ke5 ev5 9 ^? f>-(f days4 ,x has surviv$ until ! pres5t1 a cont9ual /ate ( t5sion1 or feel+1 always exi/+ betwe5 ! two prom95t /ages ( ! c\ntry4 ,some?+ ( ?is adv]se und]curr5t 0 display$ soon aft] he _h begun to act1 = a man 9 ! audi5ce ?rew a mat at him to put him to confusion1 repeat+ 8 words1 expect+ t ?is w\ld cause ! ,y$o actor to become tangl$ up 9 8 l9es4 ,) ! utmo/ composure & dignity ,danjuro b[$ l[1 apologis+ = ! int]ruption1 & !n1 to ! great surprise ( ! audi5ce1 repeat$ a long spee* backw>d4 ,?is greatly pleas$ ! p1 & ,danjuro ev5tually captivat$ ,osaka playgo]s4 ,ev5 ! di/urb+ factor1 ! man :o ?rew ! mat1 ?\ght bett] ( 8 behavi\r1 = he aft]w>ds call$ at ,danjuro's inn & apologis$1 & ! g5]\s actor ent]ta9$ him ) sake4 ,:ile play+ 9 ,osaka1 a c\ri] all ! way f ,y$o br\ght him sad news--! dea? ( 8 adopt$ son4 ,he _h be/[$ ! "n ( ,danjuro1 ! ?ird1 ^u ?is "y actor4 ,z he _h no son ( 8 own1 x 0 necess>y to adopt ano!r /age heir1 & 8 *oice fell on ! second ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 :o ?us became ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! f\r?4 ,! second ,danjuro liv$ a long /age life1 & di$ 9 8 sev5ties4 ,l 8 fa!r1 he 0 small ( /ature1 & 8 specialty 0 aragoto1 or r\gh1 imag9ative act+4 ,he 0 also good 9 plays dem&+ ! real 9 act+1 = he lov$ to repres5t an otokodate1 or *ivalr\s common]1 & 0 popul> z a lov] & a fight]4 ,quick to feel ! appeal ( ! m>ionettes 9 ! ,doll-!atre1 he 0 "o ( ! fir/ actors to play 9 a doll-drama4 ,8 *ief success 9 ?is direction 0 9 ,*ikamatsu's ,kokus5ya ,kass51 or ,! ,battle ( ,kokus5ya4 ,8 art1 h[ev]1 0 too unreal to suit ! times4 ,8 :ole t5d5cy 9 act+ 0 anti-real4 ,to mimic ! natural or repres5t ! real did n ent] 8 m9d4 ,tojuro's pr9ciple1 ! use ( ! real & natural1 took hold & fl\ri%$ 9 ,y$o1 & ! audi5ces 7 q c>ri$ away4 ,danjuro rema9$ unt\*$ by ! popul> acclaim ( ! real4 ,! ta/e ( ! new g5]ation 0 *ang$2 !y 7 tir$ ( 8 fa!r's me?ods2 !y want$ ! real1 yet ,danjuro1 true to ! arti/ic in/9ct )9 him1 held /eadfa/ to 8 own pr9ciples4 ,he n only improv$ 8 fa!r's plays greatly1 b collaborat$ 9 ! composition ( _m new pieces to :i* he did n sign 8 "n4 ,l 8 fa!r1 he 0 giv5 to poetry1 & 0 ! be/ pupil ( 8 poetry tea*]4 ,8 di>y1 ,oy9o ,tano%imi1 or ,pleasures ( ,old ,age1 is a model ( ! di>y composition ( ! ,tokugawa age4 ,he display$ mu* orig9ality 9 ! design+ ( co/umes1 & 0 an arti/ :5 x came to mak+ up4 ,filial t[>ds 8 "m1 he 0 full ( love & respect = 8 wife1 & 0 s moral 9 ^? immoral days t he 0 reg>d$ z a sage4 ,8 attitude t[>ds ! l[] classes ( society 0 g5]\s & magnanim\s4 ,:5 receiv+ visitors1 ev5 to ! humble/ m5ials ( ! !atre1 he treat$ !m z hon\r$ gue/s1 we>+ hakama1 or ! silk skirt1 r ?an cu/om>y attire1 z he wi%$ to improve ! mann]s ( ! !atre folk4 ,:5 invit$ to ! resid5ces ( ! great or weal?y he 0 nev] fawn+4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 v extravagant1 & ?\ght an actor %\ld be z magnific5t z possible4 ,sawamura ,sojuro act$ on ! ,y$o /age ) ,danjuro1 ! second1 & is cr$it$ ) great] v]satility ?an ! second ,i*ikawa4 ,born ! son ( a samurai ( rank 9 ,kyoto1 he 0 dismiss$ f 8 fa!r's ro( on acc\nt ( dissipation4 ,at fir/ he s]v$ 9 a subord9ate capacity 9 ! h\se ( ,sawamura ,*ojuro4 ,aft]w>ds he und]took ! duties ( a cl]k 9 ! !atre1 b at la/ reque/$ to be made a foll[] ( ! ,sawamura family4 ,= "s reason or o!r ,sawamura refus$ to be/[ 8 "n ^u ?is !atre up/>t1 !re 0 a qu>rel1 & ! w\ld-be actor w5t (f to seek ano!r /age patron4 ,b z he c\ld f9d no actor ) suffici5t fai? 9 him to l5d support1 he 0 oblig$ to play 9 ! unimportant !atres ( ! prov9ces4 ,he 01 !re=e1 unable to obta9 ! rank t w\ld di/+ui% him z an actor ( ability1 & _h to be cont5t ) ! /age leav+s1 s]v+ 9 ! or*e/ra or play+ small rles4 ,a reconciliation ) 8 =m] ma/] 0 at la/ effect$2 he began to play big rles & 0 imm$iately successful4 ,bad luck1 h[ev]1 pursu$ him1 = recognition ( 8 ability 0 delay$4 ,! ,osaka /age au?orities1 d\btless = reasons ( _! own1 7 n will+ to grant him ! rank to :i* he 0 entitl$4 ,sawamura ,*ogoro at la/ advis$ him to try 8 =tune 9 ,y$o4 ,on 8 fir/ /age exp]i5ce 9 ! ,%ogun's capital he act$ a m9or rle at ! ,morita-za1 & 0 n long 9 mak+ a quick advance4 ,)9 five ye>s he rank$ second to ,danjuro1 & aft] an abs5ce ( tw5ty-six ye>s return$ to ,osaka ) all 8 ,y$o ,kabuki pre/ige beh9d him1 & receiv$ a w>m] welcome ?an :51 z a gre5horn1 he _h attempt$ to obta9 /age rank 9 va94 ,"o ( ,sojuro's mo/ fam\s rles 0 z ,yuranosuke1 ! lead] ( ! ,=ty-sev5 ,ron94 ,sojuro lik$ to act ron91 = he 0 a free-lance himself1 & he 0 se5 9 sev]al pieces t _h ron9 z h]oes4 ,^! plays 7 suppress$ by ! au?orities 9 ord] to prev5t ! loyal reta9]s ( ! feudal lords f becom+ dissatisfi$4 ,"o ( ,sojuro's ron9 plays 0 bas$ on ! real /ory ( ! fam\s ,=ty-sev51 ^: ma/] 0 =c$ to commit h>akiri4 ,!y wait$ a good opportunity1 & rev5g$ !mselves ^u ! enemy :o _h caus$ _! "l's dea?1 & !n all took _! own lives4 ,! samurai's loyalty to 8 "l 0 n m]ely a popul> /age !me1 b 9 real life ?is lay+ d[n ( life = a cause 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! p4 ,! ,doll-!atre dramati/1 ,tak$a ,izumo1 wrote a ma/]piece bas$ on ?is /ory1 & ! n+yo-tsukai1 or doll-h&l]1 manag$ ! ,yuranosuke doll 9 imitation ( ! ge/ures & /yle ( ,sojuro4 ,z he _h be5 br\ght up ! son ( a samurai1 he knew ! ,n /age1 & 9 all pieces influ5c$ by ! classic drama he 0 at home4 ,9 contra/ to ,danjuro he spoke 9 ! language ( ev]yday life4 ,danjuro deliv]$ 8 l9es z mu* z possible remov$ f ! spee* ( ord9>y mortals & _! affairs4 ,sojuro did n c>e = ! elaborate make-up t 0 s ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( ! fir/ two ,i*ikawas & ! memb]s ( _! family :o 7 to come aft]4 ,sojuro greatly depreciat$ ,danjuro's impossibilities4 ,= in/ance1 ,danjuro lift$ up a h\se ) bo? h&s z a symbol ( /r5g?1 :i* br\ght =? criticism f ,sojuro1 ^: fai? 9 ! real 0 s great t he nev] v5tur$ to /ray on ! unkn[n highways & byways ( ! unreal4 ,!re is a description ( a /age co/ume he wore1 "o t has s]v$ z a model :i* is /ill fai?fully pres]v$2 x 0 ( :ite sat9 & bore l>ge designs ( cr[s & /orks4 ,) ?is he wore a purple head-cov]+4 ,su* 0 ! ta/e & elegance ( ?is ,horeki age4 ,al?\gh mu* ( x has vani%$1 yet traces /ill cl+ to mod]n ,kabuki--some?+ to m>vel at1 especially :5 x is consid]$ t all ?is accumulation ( !atre treasure-trove is z unkn[n to ,london1 ,p>is1 & ,new ,york to-day z x 0 dur+ ,sojuro's triumphant c>e] ^u ! ,y$o /age4 ,s ne>ly equal 7 ! second ,i*ikawa ,danjuro & ! fir/ ,sawamura ,sojuro t !re 0 great difficulty 9 decid+ :i* 0 =emo/4 ,danjuro 0 pure ,y$o2 !re=e1 no matt] h[ ne>ly mat$ !y 71 he always held a slightly high] position ?an ,sojuro4 ,9 rank !y 7 equal1 & close competitors 9 w9n+ ! fav\r ( playgo]s1 & yet (f ! /age x is good to "k !y 7 w>m fri5ds4 ,sojuro 0 mo/ accompli%$4 ,he compos$ %ort poems1 0 an adept 9 ! tea c]emony1 0 famili> ) ! ,n /age1 & wrote plays4 ,) ^! two /age celebrities1 !re 7 at ?is "t ,otani ,hirotsugi1 a g5ius 9 %osagoto1 or ! music-po/ure pieces ( ,kabuki1 & !re 0 ,b&o ,hikosaburo1 a f9e actor1 ^: "n has be5 inh]it$ by an actor ( ! mod]n ,tokyo /age4 ,9 addition1 !re 0 a capable actor ( ! ,i*ikawa s*ool call$ ,i*ikawa ,danzo1 "s ye>s s5ior to ! second ,danjuro1 :o occupi$ a special position4 ,& !re 0 ! eigh? ,i*imura ,uzaemon1 an actor z well z ! proprietor ( ! ,i*imura-za4 ,! fif?1 six?1 & sev5? ,uzaemons di$ "y1 "o aft] ano!r1 & 7 m conc]n$ ) ! managem5t ( _! !atre ?an ) /age appe>ances4 ,b ! eigh? ,i*imura ,uzaemon di/+ui%$ himself 9 bo? capacities4 ,! f\r? ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 :o held ! c5tre ( ! ,y$o /age 9 ! latt] "p ( ,horeki1 0 by no means "o ( ! out/&+ figures ( 8 family1 & yet he c\ld h>dly be call$ a failure4 ,he c>ri$ on ! traditions )\t add+ to !m1 leav+ 8 son1 ! fif?1 to add fre% lu/re to ! ,i*ikawa fame4 ,! f\r? 0 reg>d$ z ! illegitimate son ( ! second ,danjuro1 & 8 "m 0 ! daught] ( a !atre tea-h\se keep]1 b %e _h be5 adopt$ into ! family ( a relative ( ! ,i*ikawa h\se4 ,danjuro ! f\r?'s c>e] 0 full ( vicissitudes1 & t[>ds ! end ( 8 life he cut (f 8 hair to signify retirem5t f ! _w1 & kept religi\sly alo( f ! !atre4 ,:5 ,danjuro1 ! second1 di$1 ! f\r? 0 b tw5ty ye>s ( age1 & x took a long "t = ! public to appreciate him4 ,he 0 ?\ght unwor?y ( ! great /age "n1 & x 0 consid]$ t he _h n inh]it$ ! family g5ius4 ,8 tal5t matur$ sl[ly1 h[ev]1 & he f9ally came to be look$ ^u z ! head actor ( ,y$o ,kabuki4 ,he 0 entirely diff]5t f 8 suppos$ fa!r1 ! second ,danjuro1 = he _h a f9e1 l>ge physique1 :ile ! second ,danjuro 0 small2 ! f\r? _h an oval1 long face1 ! c\nt5ance ( ! second be+ r\nd2 ! temp]am5t ( ! second ,danjuro 0 placid1 t ( ! f\r? 0 n]v\s4 ,8 wife 0 ! daught] ( ! second ,danjuro1 by adoption4 ,= second wife1 he took ! daught] ( ! fam\s onnagata1 ,iwai ,han%iro4 ,ris+ on ! /age1 said ! f\r? ,danjuro1 0 l asc5d+ a ladd]4 ,x mu/ be accompli%$ by degrees4 ,x 0 v dang]\s to asc5d ?ree /eps at a "t4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ p]iod 9 an actor's c>e] 0 :5 he 0 "o or two /eps f ! top ( ! ladd]1 :5 he w\ld h ! greate/ numb] ( admir]s4 ,b 9 8 own case he said t aft] he _h rea*$ ! top !re 0 no?+ to d b desc5d4 ,= sev5ty ye>s--dur+ ! :ole ( ,horeki--!re 7 ?ree repres5tative actors on ! /ages ( ,kyoto & ,osaka4 ,!y 7 ,anekawa ,%9%iro1 ,nakamura ,juzo1 & ,nakayama ,%9kuro4 ,! fir/ ( ^! />s1 ,anekawa ,%9%iro1 0 born 9 ,osaka1 appe>+ :5 a *ild at ! ,ara%i-za4 ,8 fav\rite rles 7 otokodate4 ,he knew ! ta/e ( 8 public4 ,! otokodate _s 0 rife among ! populace1 & a new feel+ = _! rights & privileges 0 upp]mo/ among ! p4 ,%9%iro liv$ long en\gh1 h[ev]1 to outgr[ 8 popul>ity1 = 9 8 lat] ye>s he 0 criticis$ z monoton\s1 8 act+ consid]$ antiquat$1 & he fail$ to ?rill 8 audi5ce ) novelties--! same cry = ! new t is common to all ! /ages ( ! _w at all times4 ,!re 0 ano!r reason :y ,%9%iro's popul>ity began to wane1 = ! lack ( orig9ality )9 ,kabuki 0 beg9n+ to be felt1 & ! reason int]e/ 9 him decl9$ 0 due l>gely to ! pov]ty ( plays & ! g5]al condition ( ! c\ntry4 ,nakamura ,juzo began to rise z ,%9%iro decl9$4 ,juzo _h ! advantage ( be+ t5 ye>s y\ng] ?an ,%9%iro1 & 0 well-born1 s9ce he 0 ! son ( a samurai :o _h turn$ ron94 ,he liv$ 9 ,osaka1 & z 8 y\ng] bro!r became an onnagata1 he 0 also influ5c$ to ent] ! pr(ession1 p]=m+ dur+ 8 e>li] c>e] 9 prov9cial !atres1 especially 9 ,ise1 & lat] 9 ,y$o4 ,8 specialty 0 to repres5t samurai1 & he 0 excell5t z a /age fight]4 ,no d\bt 8 samurai antec$5ts _h giv5 him 8 ta/e 9 ?is direction4 ,z samurai ( noble mi5 & ari/ocratic be>+ he 0 at 8 be/4 ,yet ! criticism ( ! "t records t he 0 a dry & un9t]e/+ actor1 & fail$ to *oose ! bright-hu$ kimono be>+ /rik+ designs1 t express$ ! play]'s ta/e1 delight$ ! p1 & inspir$ ! pr9t arti/s4 ,_m o!r good actors !re 7 :5 ! above ?ree />s 7 %9+4 ,!re 0 ,sakiyama ,ko%iro1 ( ! ,osaka /age1 :o 0 active = fifty-five ye>s1 dy+ at #gj4 ,he 0 a f9e danc]1 especially 9 pieces adapt$ f ! ,n4 ,he adopt$ ! son ( a ron9 to succe$ him1 & 8 l9e /opp$1 & 0 !n r5ew$ aga91 b ev5tually di$ away4 ,& !re 0 ,ara%i ,sanyemon1 ! ?ird1 ! real son ( ! second ,ara%i1 :o _h be5 a ,g5roku />4 ,he 0 n only an actor b a !atre manag] z well1 & excell$ 9 wagoto1 or love-mak+4 ,he 0 also not$ = 8 danc+1 & play$ 9 pieces t _h be5 h&$ d[n by 8 two pr$ecessors4 ,sado%ima ,*ogoro1 :o _h invit$ ! second ,danjuro to play 9 8 !atre 9 ,osaka1 & gave him ! high sal>y t he dem&$1 0 some?+ ( an exception 9 ! !atre _w ( ! ?ree /ages1 = he nev] secur$ fame z an actor4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 mu* to d ) ! e/abli%m5t ( %osagoto1 or ! music-drama ( ,kabuki1 on a high] level4 ,?is ,sado%ima ,*ogoro 0 ! son ( ,dempa*i1 a dokegata1 or com$ian1 & a danc] ( great skill :o 0 prom95t j be=e ,g5roku4 ,*ogoro 0 =tunate 9 hav+ su* an exp]i5c$ /age fa!r1 & he 0 soon appr5tic$ to danc+4 ,! *ronicl]s ( ,kabuki tell h[ ! fa!r taught ! boy to dance on ! goban1 or small table us$ = play+ g1 ! national *ess game4 ,! *ild 0 (t5 summon$ by p]sons ( high degree to take "p 9 ent]ta9m5ts1 & once a pr9ce ord]$ an arti/ to make a model ( him danc+ on ! goban4 ,he nev] s]i\sly compet$ = a place among ! actors1 b long rema9$ ,kabuki's mo/ fam\s danc+ tea*]4 ,:5 he rea*$ old age he %av$ 8 head & retir$ f ! _w1 tak+ up 8 abode 9 front ( ,k5n9-ji1 a ,buddhi/ temple ( ,kyoto4 ,sado%ima ,*ogoro left "o ( ,kabuki's lit]>y treasures1 ! ,sado%ima ,nikki1 or ,j\rnal ( ,sado%ima1 9 :i* he disclos$ ! secrets ( %osagoto4 ,he criticis$ ! actors ( 8 "t z hav+ gone a/ray f ! true pa? ( dramatic art1 & reflect$ 9 8 writ+ ! *ange t _h already set 9--! beg9n+ ( ! decl9e ( ,kabuki1 = ! brilliancy ( ! ,g5roku p]iod & ! progress ( ,horeki 7 n repeat$ 9 ! ye>s t foll[$4 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,morita ,kanya 7,?ree-petall$ blossom74 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,nakamura ,utayemon 7,kyoto %r9e *>m74 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,b&o ,mitsuguro 7,?ree ,*9ese *>act]s1 mean+ dai1 or great74 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,yaku%a ,,( ,,pre-,,re/oration ,,p]iod ,! "o hundr$ ye>s previ\s to #ahfh--! ye> ,emp]or ,mutsuhito began 8 epo*-mak+ reign--is reg>d$ z ! p]iod ( ,kabuki's mod]n hi/ory4 ,by #ahfh ! ,tokugawa ,%ogunate _h come to an end1 ! ,emp]or _h be5 re/or$ to p[]1 & 8 capital remov$ f ,kyoto to ,y$o1 & ,japan1 :i* _h be5 clos$ to ! outside _w1 0 ?r[n op5 to trade ) o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,tokugawa ,%ogunate's /eadily dim9i%+ p[]1 & ! g5]al /agnation ( society due to ! lack ( /imulus f )\t1 7 fai?fully reflect$ 9 ,kabuki4 ,f #agfd to #aghh ! p cont9u$ to idolise ! fav\rite actors1 ! productiv5ess ( ! critics cont9u$ z be=e4 ,b 9 ! ,kwansei era1 #aghi-ahjj1 ! !atre began to decl9e1 & dur+ ! ye>s ( ,bunsei1 #ahah-ahbi1 ! climax ( ,kabuki's d[nw>d plunge 0 rea*$4 ,^! 7 lean ye>s = ! p1 & unless !y sav$ _! money !y c\ld n af=d to att5d ! !atre1 = ! price ( admission 0 high4 ,x 0 ! cu/om = ,y$o p aft] !y _h se5 a p]=mance to g ?r\gh ! /reets imitat+ ! actors' deliv]y ( _! l9es1 mu* z ! popul> airs ( ! late/ musical com$y are he>d 9 ! ?or\ghf>es ( ,london1 ,p>is1 or ,new ,york4 ,9 ^! slack ye>s ! !atre audi5ces fell (f /eadily1 & no e*o ( ,kabuki 0 he>d4 ,at ?is "t1 too1 ! actors dem&$ an increase 9 _! sal>ies1 z x 0 impossible = !m to c>ry on _! =m] easy & extravagant exi/5ce dur+ ! h>d times4 ,! !atres 7 involv$ 9 great] & great] f9ancial difficulties4 ,_m ( ! good old !atre cu/oms began to be neglect$4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 no decrease 9 !atre g5ius1 & v _m actors rose high above _! fell[s1 al?\gh !y liv$ ?r\gh an unpr(itable p]iod4 ,! mo/ repres5tative actor dur+ ,kwansei 7#aghi-ahjj7 on ! /ages ( ,osaka & ,kyoto 0 ,nakamura ,utayemon1 an actor ( ! same "n & l9e be+ at pres5t ! s5ior ( ! ,tokyo /age4 ,?is fir/ ,utayemon 0 ! son ( a physician1 :o _h l$ a life ( dissipation & f9ally took to ! /age4 ,he kept /eadfa/ly to "o specialty1 t ( katakiyaku1 or villa9 rles4 ,:5 he play$ 9 ,y$o he 0 well receiv$1 b on a visit to ,osaka1 he said some?+ on ! /age :i* (f5d$ 8 audi5ce1 & !y return$ ! complim5t by giv+ him ! cold %\ld] = "s "t4 ,! fam\s bad *>act]s ( ! doll-dramas he made 8 own1 p>ticul>ly ! heavy villa9 ,iruka1 ! =midable tyrant 9 ,imoseyama1 & ! evil-do+ b loyal ,gonta ( ,sembonzakura1 two *>act]s t mod]n audi5ces are nev] tir$ ( see+ portray$4 ,:5 he 0 #fh he gave 8 "n to a foll[]2 at #ge he play$ 8 be/ villa9s1 & di$ ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,al?\gh a pupil succe$$ z second1 8 own son became ,utayemon1 ! ?ird1 & 0 an actor ( great prom95ce4 ,"s ye>s junior to ! fir/ ,utayemon 0 ,asao ,tamejuro1 :o 0 a fam\s onnagata ( ! ,kyoto & ,osaka /ages4 ,he 0 a small man1 possess$ a light1 bright /yle1 & appe>$ be/ 9 plays depict+ ev]yday life r ?an ^? deal+ ) ! unreal4 ,9 ,y$o also !re 7 two bright & p>ticul> />s at ?is "t4 ,!y 7 ,nakamura ,nakazo & ,matsumoto ,ko%iro4 ,! c>e] ( ,nakamura ,nakazo is "o ( ! mo/ v>i$ ( all ! actors4 ,he 0 possess$ ( _m !atre gifts1 b he _h inh]it$ a samurai temp]am5t & ex]cis$ 8 g5ius j :5 social conditions _h begun to damp5 ! en?usiasm ( ! p = ! !atre4 ,nakamura ,nakazo 0 ! son ( a ron9 call$ ,saito1 & 0 born 9 ,fukugawa w>d ( ,y$o4 ,left an orphan :5 "y1 he mu/ h _h no relatives to c>e = him1 b by *ance ,o-,%un1 a danc+ mi/ress1 saw ! boy1 & adopt$ him at ! age ( five4 ,%e w5t to pay h] respects at a temple1 & a f]ryman ply+ across ! ,sumida ,riv] gave ! boy to h]4 ,8 only sponsor 0 ! keep] ( a sake %op1 s f> _h fall5 ! *ild f 8 rightful position 9 society z ! son ( a samurai4 ,! danc+ mi/ress n only belong$ to a well-kn[n s*ool ( danc+1 b h] family 7 co/um]s to ! ,nakamura-za4 ,h] husb& 0 a tea*] ( ,nagauta1 ! special ,y$o ,kabuki music1 s ! boy 0 br\ght up 9 ! !atre atmosph]e4 ,at #g he began to be in/ruct$ 9 danc+1 9 :i* he did n take mu* int]e/ at t e>ly age1 & he 0 (t5 *a/is$4 ,8 adopt$ fa!r tri$ to make him a ,nagauta s+]1 b he prov$ a failure4 ,f *ildhood he sub/itut$ on ! /age :5 ! regul> actors 7 unable to att5d4 ,nakazo has left a j\rnal 9 :i* he wrote ( 8 boyhood & h[ pleas$ he 0 :5 he 0 all[$ to we> a good kimono1 _h a little room up/airs all to himself1 & 0 n scold$ s mu* = 8 _m lapses f grace4 ,o-,%un1 8 adopt$ "m1 saw to x t he grew up pr(ici5t 9 danc+1 & he repaid h]1 = he 0 v graceful1 & 0 (t5 ask$ to p]=m at ! resid5ces ( ! nobility :5 !y ent]ta9$4 ,8 accompli%m5ts includ$ famili>ity ) ! ,n1 writ+ & f5c+1 & he le>n$ h[ to p]=m on ! drum ( ! ,n or*e/ra1 t in/rum5t ( complicat$ rhy?ms4 ,he m>ri$ ,o-,ki*i1 ! daught] ( ! ?ird ,k9eya ,kisaburo1 a memb] ( ! lead+ family ( !atre musicians t fl\ri%es to-day4 ,:5 8 adopt$ "m di$1 8 wife1 ,o-,ki*i1 took h] place1 & taught ! samis51 :ile he taught danc+4 ,on ! /age he took "p 9 dang]\s feats--9 :i*1 _h ! arrangem5ts fail$1 he w\ld h be5 kill$4 ,8 wife became ill & luck w5t aga9/ him4 ,he attempt$ to commit suicide2 he drank & gambl$ & l$ a dissipat$ life1 :i* l$ to endless money tr\bles1 & n[ & !n he 0 =c$ to make geta1 or wood5 clogs1 = a liv+4 ,8 difficulties la/$ = tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 b gradually he re=m$1 began to /udy1 & became a pupil ( ! f\r? ,danjuro4 ,8 face 0 8 =tune1 & p]haps because ( 8 h&some appe>ance 8 fell[-actors 7 (t5 jeal\s ( him4 ,he 0 pr\d & s5sitive & easily giv5 to qu>rell+4 ,! *ange = ! bett] 9 8 c>e] 0 a decid$ contra/ to 8 previ\s melan*oly exi/5ce1 = he became ! *ief actor ( ,y$o1 & receiv$ a sal>y ( #ajjj ryo4 ,!n1 :5 x might h be5 expect$ t he w\ld ?r[ 8 ga9s away1 he began to save4 ,! wife ( 8 y\? di$1 & he soon possess$ himself ( ano!r4 ,he />t$ a new !atre1 & fire burn$ x d[n2 rebuilt x 9 summ]1 & t autumn 8 h\se 0 inundat$4 ,gave 8 "n to a pupil & took x back1 & at la/ 0 s unsuccessful 9 e v5ture1 he det]m9$ to *ange 8 luck by act+ 9 ,osaka & ,kyoto4 ,9 ,osaka he 0 successful1 b 9 ,kyoto he qu>rell$ ov] a money matt]1 & di$ soon aft] at ! age ( #ec--;a samurai to ! end1 hot-temp]$1 & ready to fight at a mom5t's notice4 ,8 /yle ( act+ 0 simil> to t ( ! second ,danjuro1 b x 0 9 ,kabuki's music-po/ure pieces1 or %osagoto1 t he 0 at 8 be/4 ,! f\r? ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 :o act$ on ! ,y$o /age at ! same "t z ,nakazo1 0 born 9 ,kyoto1 & also l$ a tr\bl$ life4 ,he act$ at ! ,i*imura-za1 b 0 n a success1 & 8 eld] si/]1 :o own$ a !atre tea-h\se1 advis$ him to give up 8 attempts on ! /age1 & take ov] ! managem5t ( h] bus9ess4 ,lat] on he mu/ h prov$ 8 wor?1 = ! f\r? ,danjuro took him "u 8 patronage4 ,he 0 n on fri5dly t]ms ) ! fif? ,danjuro1 :i* caus$ a good deal ( ,y$o gossip4 ,! ,i*imura-za c\ld sc>cely ma9ta9 itself1 & ! sal>ies ( ! actors 7 n paid4 ,ko%iro w5t to ,osaka by %ip1 tak+ ) him ! ,y$o onnagata1 ,iwai ,han%iro1 & "s "o ?ir/+ = rev5ge because ,ko%iro _h insult$ ano!r actor1 ?rew /ones at him z he 0 dep>t+4 ,9 ,kyoto1 :]e he act$1 feel+ 0 /irr$ up aga9/ him & he 0 n popul>4 ,to increase 8 tr\bles ! ,i*imura-za w5t bankrupt4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 c>e]1 he & ! fif? ,danjuro1 :o _h s long be5 e/rang$1 became good fri5ds4 ,"o ( 8 sons became a fam\s actor1 & succe$$ him z ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 ! fif?4 ,9 ! p]iod t foll[$1 ! mo/ popul> actor 0 ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! fif?4 ,he 0 ! son ( ! f\r?1 & 8 "m 0 ! adopt$ daught] ( ! second4 ,he act$ ) ,nakamura ,nakazo4 ,8 wife 0 ! daught] ( ,iwai ,han%iro1 b !y did n get along well toge!r2 %e wi%$ = a divorce1 & !y liv$ sep>ately4 ,f9ally he m>ri$ ! wid[ ( ,i*ikawa ,yaozo4 ,at #ea he retir$ to ,mukojima across ! ,sumida ,riv] f ,y$o1 :]e he drank sake1 wrote poems1 & wore a pat*$ kimono ( _m col\rs1 refus+ to meet !atre folks4 ,"o ( 8 sons1 to :om he gave ! illu/ri\s /age "n ( ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! six?1 di$ "y1 & ano!r ( 8 sons became ,danjuro1 ! sev5?4 ,! mo/ fam\s actor ( ! ,bunka-,bunsei p]iod 7#ahjd--ahbi7 9 ,kyoto & ,osaka 0 ,kataoka ,nizaemon1 ! sev5?1 directly desc5d$ f ! ,g5roku actor :o f\nd$ ! l9e4 ,born 9 ,kyoto1 he became a foll[] ( ,nakamura ,nakazo1 b = "s reason ma/] & pupil p>t$ company4 ,he 0 v l>ge & /\t & well adapt$ to play villa9s1 :i* 0 8 specialty4 ,ev]y:]e he act$ he 0 popul>4 ,he 0 active on ! /age until ! age ( #ge1 :5 he play$ 9 a rle t requir$ t he %\ld appe> scantily clo!d4 ,"s "o 9 ! audi5ce call$ out to him3 8,be c>eful n to take cold60 to :i* ! vet]an repli$3 8,:5 ,i am on ! /age1 ,i don't feel cold1 ,i p]spire40 ,dea? claim$ him b a %ort "t aft] 8 retirem5t4 ,8 own son di$1 & he adopt$ ! actor :o lat] became ,kataoka ,nizaemon1 ! eigh?4 ,:5 ,nizaemon1 ! sev5?1 0 act+ 9 ,osaka & ,kyoto1 ! /> ( ,y$o dur+ ! correspond+ p]iod ( ,bunka & ,bunsei 0 ! ?ird ,b&o ,hikosaburo1 y\nge/ son ( ! eigh? ,i*imura ,uzaemon4 ,9 lat] ye>s he %av$ 8 head1 retir$ f ! _w1 & liv$ 9 ,honjo1 a ,y$o w>d1 :]e he po/$ up a notice on ! gate to ! effect t wa/e-pap] deal]s & actors 7 n all[$ 94 ,he 0 h&some & gift$1 & di$ at ! age ( #ge4 ,act+ ) him 0 ! fif? ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 son ( ! f\r?4 ,! fif? ,ko%iro _h a v l>ge nose & 8 eyes 7 close toge!r1 two facial defects ! pr9t arti/s 7 fond ( depict+1 s t ?is ,y$o actor is easily pick$ out 9 ! pictures illu/rat+ ! !atre ( ?is "t4 ,8 daught] m>ri$ ! sev5? ,danjuro1 b 0 divorc$ & became a nun1 & liv$ at ,ikegami ne> ! ,ni*ir5 temple1 n f> f mod]n ,tokyo4 ,also1 ab\t ?is "t !re 0 ,onoe ,kikugoro1 ! ?ird4 ,he 0 a speciali/ 9 sewamono1 or plays ( ev]yday life1 & e/abli%$ traditions t are be+ c>ri$ on by 8 desc5dants to-day4 ,8 wife ,o-,kiku 0 ! daught] ( an actor1 & he _h ?ree sons & two daught]s1 b ! sons di$ 9 y\?4 ,ko%iro's daught]s bo? m>ri$ actors1 "o to ,i*imura ,uzaemon ! twelf?1 & ! o!r to ! f\r? ,kikugoro4 ,8 gr&son by ,uzaemon 0 ! fif? ,onoe ,kikugoro1 ! rival ( ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! n9?--! two great />s ( ! ,meiji era4 ,8 great-gr&son is ,kikugoro1 ! six?1 "o ( ! mo/ en]getic actors ( ! contempor>y ,tokyo /age4 ,at "o "t ! ?ird ,kikugoro ?\ght he w\ld try :at x felt l to be a pla9 citiz5 ( ,y$o4 ,he op5$ a mo*iya1 or cake %op deal+ 9 a fav\rite refre%m5t ( 8 day1 z x /ill rema9s ( ,tokyo p--/eam$ & p\nd$ rice m\ld$ into m\nd %apes1 & prep>$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,he hung out a %op sign1 9 %ape sexagonal1 lacqu]$ 9 r$1 & adorn$ ) a gold design ( grasses & writt5 *>act]s signify+ ,mo*iya ,kikuju1 or ! ,*rysan!mum-,long-,life-,mo*i %op4 ,x 0 n true to its "n4 ,inside ! place !re 7 co/ly art objects1 & r>e dw>f plants1 :ile a me*anical toy1 a ,*9ese boy1 mov$ by a special device1 came to meet ! gue/s z !y ent]$1 & br\ght !m tea & cake4 ,( c\rse1 ,kikugoro 0 ! object ( ! visitor's int]e/1 & ! matt] ( cakes 0 ( mu* less importance4 ,! actor w\ld sweep ! g>d5 & talk ) ! visitors1 b "o day he sudd5ly tir$ ( ! :ole s*eme1 aft] "s cu/om]s _h pur*as$ a p>ticul>ly small am\nt ( 8 cakes4 ,kikugoro is said to h exclaim$3 8,!y h se5 my beautiful g>d5 & li/5$ to my complim5ts1 & paid only #fd mon = cakes1 s ,i'll g back to ! /age40 ,p]haps he 0 hank]+ aft] x anyway1 & made ?is an excuse4 ,f ! latt] "p ( ,bunka & ,bunsei to ,kaei1 or f #ahjd to #ahdh1 ! great actor ( ,y$o 0 ! sev5? ,danjuro1 gr&son ( ! fif?1 ! six? hav+ di$ "y4 ,he w5t on ! /age at ! age ( f\r1 & :5 he />t$ to cry1 a conv5i5t sub/itute 0 hurri$ up4 ,at ! age ( #ag he succe$$ to ! ance/ral "n4 ,at ! age ( #db1 he 0 exil$ by ! ,gov]nor ( ,y$o because ( extravagance on ! /age1 s9ce he _h us$ real arm\r1 & ! /age sett+ = "o ( 8 plays _h be5 an exact reproduction ( ! int]ior ( a mansion ( ! ari/ocracy4 ,=bidd5 to come )9 a t5 ri radius ( ! t[n1 x meant t ! ,y$o /age 0 n to "k him = _m a ye>4 ,he 0 small1 & _h l>ge eyes1 & 0 v simil> to 8 son1 ! n9? ,danjuro1 ^: memory is *]i%$ by _m ,tokyo playgo]s to-day4 ,l all ! memb]s ( 8 family1 he %[$ a special lean+ t[>ds aragoto1 & add$ to ! family plays by adapt+ ! ,n drama to ,kabuki4 ,he is said to h comb9$ ! /rong po9ts ( ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? 9 ?is actor l9e1 & _h lit]>y tal5t1 compos$ poems1 & wrote a di>y call$ ,tokumiyemasu1 ,i ,c ,see ,af>4 ,he took unto himself ?ree wives & ?ree concub9es4 ,8 fir/ wife 0 ! daught] ( ! fif? ,matsumoto ,ko%iro4 ,%e _h be5 ! wife ( ,sawamura ,sojuro1 _h m>ri$ aga91 & h] ?ird v5ture 0 to m>ry ! sev5? ,danjuro1 b ?is union did n la/ long1 & !y 7 divorc$4 ,danjuro1 :o 0 v c\rage\s1 m>ri$ ano!r daught] ( ,ko%iro1 divorce sep>at+ !m aga91 due ?is "t to disputes betwe5 ,danjuro & ,ko%iro4 ,= 8 ?ird wife he pick$ out ! daught] ( a !atre tea-h\se proprietor4 ,he _h sev5 sons & five daught]s4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 e reason to believe t ! ,i*ikawa clan w\ld survive = ye>s to come4 ,! fate ( ! family 0 o!rwise1 = n only is !re no ,i*ikawa ,danjuro at pres5t1 b ! sole blood l9k z repres5tative to c>ry on ?is family is ! little gr&daught] ( ,danjuro1 ! n9?4 ,! sev5? ,danjuro 0 fam\s = 8 extravagance4 ,8 resid5ce 0 m beautiful ?an t ( a daimyo1 & no d\bt ! ,y$o au?orities1 ev] al]t to suppress luxury among ! p1 7 ready to p\nce ^u him1 us+ "s pretext or o!r 9 ord] to hold him up z an example to be avoid$4 ,:5 he 0 oblig$ to g into exile 8 elde/ son _h ! responsibility ( c>ry+ on ! affairs ( ! ,i*ikawa family 9 ,y$o1 & succe$$ z ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! eigh?4 ,he gave e sign ( great promise1 b because ( family & pr(essional tr\bles committ$ suicide 9 ,osaka4 ,! fif? son ( ! sev5? ,danjuro inh]it$ ! head%ip ( ! family aft] ! tragic dea? ( ! "y actor :o _h be5 call$ ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! eigh?1 = su* a %ort "t4 ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! n9?1 became ! mo/ fam\s actor ( ?is l9e1 & he br+s u d[n to mod]n times4 ,danjuro1 ! sev5?1 _h a numb] ( foll[]s :o di/+ui%$ !mselves4 ,among !m 73 ,i*ikawa ,kodanji1 ! ?ird2 ,i*ikawa ,monosuke1 ! fif?2 & ,i*ikawa ,danzo1 ! fif?4 ,z ! lead+ yaku%a pass$ away "o aft] ano!r1 ! only "o consid]$ capable ( fill+ ! place !y _h left vacant 0 ! f\r? ,nakamura ,utayemon4 ,8 fa!r kept a !atre tea-h\se 9 ,y$o1 & 8 "m 0 relat$ to ,fujima ,kanjiro1 ! co/um] & danc+ tea*]4 ,x 0 natural t ?is ,utayemon %\ld take to danc+1 & he 0 tra9$ to become a tea*] ( danc+4 ,at ! age ( #aj he 0 adopt$ by ,fujima4 ,:5 ! fam\s ?ird ,utayemon 0 ab\t to produce a c]ta9 play 9 ,osaka1 he did n h ! correct co/umes & s5t = 8 ,y$o co/um]4 ,x 0 a mon?'s j\rney f ,y$o to ,osaka 9 ^? days1 & x 0 ,fujima's adopt$ son :o travell$ along ! ,tokaido on ! mission4 ,:ile v y\?ful he knew all ! ne$ful in=mation reg>d+ ! co/umes1 & 0 helpful 9 _m ways4 ,he rema9$ 9 ,osaka1 :]e he became a /ud5t ( ! /age & made rapid progress4 ,! fam\s onnagata1 ! f\r? ,iwai ,han%iro1 _h ask$ him to fa%ion a co/ume1 b did n l ! mann] 9 :i* x _h be5 f9i%$1 & n only scold$ ! lad1 b box$ 8 e>s into ! b>ga94 ,! desire to get ev5 = ?is insult made ! f\r? ,utayemon ambiti\s to succe$ on ! /age4 ,aft] an abs5ce ( sixte5 ye>s1 he return$ to ,y$o a f9i%$ actor4 ,at ! age ( #ci1 ! ?ird ,utayemon did him a great hon\r by conf]r+ 8 "n ^u him4 ,a de%i1 or foll[]1 ( ! ?ird ,utayemon 0 righte\sly indignant1 s9ce he consid]$ ! ?ird ,utayemon's adopt$ son %\ld h succe$$4 ,!re 7 hot disputes among ,utayemon's foll[]s1 & at la/ he invit$ !m all to 8 h\se1 & said3 8,i w n give my "n to ,hi*it>o1 b ,i w give x to 8 art40 ,! f\r? ,utayemon 0 l>ge ( /ature1 _h f9e eyes & good features1 & excell$ 8 ma/]1 ! ?ird1 9 _m respects4 ,8 rivals 7 ! f\r? ,b&o ,mitsugoro & ! fif? ,sawamura ,sojuro1 b he won = himself a high] place on ! /age ?an ei!r ( ^! ,y$o actors4 ,8 adopt$ son 0 a /> ( ! ,meiji era1 :o 0 succe$$ by ! pres5t ,nakamura ,utayemon1 ! vet]an onnagata1 :o has ! position1 bo? f s]vice on ! /age & = 8 art1 z head ( ! ,tokyo /age4 ,utayemon ! f\r?'s two rivals 7 ! f\r? ,b&o ,mitsugoro & ! fif? ,sawamura ,sojuro4 ,mitsugoro1 ! f\r?1 0 ! adopt$ son ( ! ?ird4 ,he suff]$ f p>alysis & 0 frequ5tly away f ! /age1 & yet 9 spite ( 8 physical disability cont9u$ to act support$ by a kurombo1 or black-rob$ prop]ty man4 ,he 0 kn[n = 8 lit]>y tal5ts1 wrote poetry1 & ! *ronicl]s say he 0 always poor4 ,! fif? ,sawamura ,sojuro 0 ! son ( a s]vant 9 a *aya ( ! ,i*imura-za1 & 8 "m 0 ! daught] ( a f>m] liv+ at ,kameido1 ! di/rict ( mod]n ,tokyo fam\s = its wi/>ia g>d54 ,he seems to h be5 a pet ( all ! actors1 & became a pupil ( ! f\r? ,sojuro1 :o di$ at ! age ( #ba4 ,! ?ird ,onoe ,kikugoro said he w\ld make an actor ( him4 ,matsumoto ,ko%iro also l5t him 8 patronage1 & took him to ,osaka :]e he rema9$ to /udy4 ,sojuro1 ! fif?1 _h f\r daught]s1 & two sons1 "o ( :om1 ! second ,tannosuke1 became a /> ( ! ,meiji p]iod4 ,^! actors did n enjoy ! prosp]ity ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,! !atres _h a h>d /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! play]s 7 always involv$ 9 f9ancial difficulties4 ,! /age grew dull1 ! playwright /ale4 ,! ,tokugawa ,%ogunate 0 toppl+ to its fall1 & ! :ole c\ntry wait$ = ! re/oration ( ! ,imp]ial p[]1 ! break+ d[n ( ! b>ri]s t _h prev5t$ relations ) o!r c\ntries1 & ! bir? ( mod]n ,japan ) its rem>kable *anges & developm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,matsumoto ,ko%iro 7,blossom ( ,i*o tree74 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,nakamura ,ki*iyemon 7,w+s ( butt]fly74 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,nakamura ,ganjiro 7,comb9ation ( f\r *>act]s7 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,onnagata ,! /ory ( ! yaku%a f ! beg9n+ ( ! male !atre to ! dawn ( ! ,meiji era w\ld n be complete )\t m5tion ( ! onnagata1 or play]s :o specialis$ 9 wom5's rles4 ,al?\gh ! popul>ity ( ! mo/ attractive & gift$ onnagata 0 v great1 yet z a class !y nev] tri$ to outrival ! tateyaku1 or *ief actors4 ,l ! wom5 ( real life :om !y s\ght to imp]sonate1 !y r>ely attempt$ lead]%ip 9 /age matt]s1 & 7 cont5t ) mode/ rles among ! fam\s actors :o play$ ^u ! /ages ( ! ?ree t[ns4 ,! onnagata held a place all _! own1 & "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ developm5ts ( ,kabuki has be5 ! tra9+ & cultivation to fit m5 to play female *>act]s4 ,! accid5tal cause t l$ to ! creation ( ! male !atre1 & 9 consequ5ce to ! exi/5ce ( ! onnagata1 0 ! prohibition ( mix$ play]s & f9ally ! bani%m5t ( wom5 f ! !atre4 ,yet x 0 b a rev]sion to an old] ord] ( ?+s !atrical1 = ! practice ( exclud+ wom5 & employ+ m5 9 _! /ead 0 c5turies old 9 ,japan & ,*9a4 ,long be=e ,o-,kuni began h] p]=mances on ! riv]-b$ at ,kyoto1 no female _h d>$ to tread ! sacr$ bo>ds ( ! ,n /age le/ its sanctity be impair$4 ,! disappe>ance ( wom5 f ! !atre may h be5 due to ! /atus ( ,japanese wom51 = 9 ! g5]al s*eme ( ?+s at t "t 9 ,japan h] social position prev5t$ h] f ass]t+ a claim to ! recognition ( h] tal5t1 & %e _h no "r to ! free developm5t ( h] in/9cts 9 ! sph]e ( ! !atre4 ,:e!r ! /rict adh]5ce to ! onnagata conv5tion 0 due to ! fe> t moral corruption w\ld foll[ ! cu/om ( m5 & wom5 play+ toge!r1 or t x 0 desir$ to keep wom5 )9 _! own sph]e & to re/ra9 _! appe>ance 9 public :]e !y did n belong1 x is c]ta9 t all female tal5t 9 ! direction ( ! !atre 0 religi\sly suppress$4 ,illu/ration3 ,nakamura ,utayemon1 lead+ actor ( ! ,tokyo ,/age1 9 ! rle ( ,yayegaki-hime1 ! "y pr9cess 9 ! play ,niju%iko1 or ,tw5ty-f\r ,filial ,p]sons4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a deep] reason to acc\nt = ! onnagata4 ,?is specialty gave an actor an opportunity to apply a pr9ciple ( all good art1--creativ5ess4 ,! woman's coiffure1 make-up1 & co/ume act$ z an effective mask4 ,! onnagata 0 able to hide himself beh9d 8 "*1 & n all[ 8 own mascul9e p]sonality to /ruggle ?r\gh ! disguise4 ,! actor )9 ! raim5t ( a woman 0 j z free f p]sonal consid]ations z ! doll-h&l] :o pulls ! /r+s & causes 8 doll to move4 ,x 0 no m]e l>k to masqu]ade z a woman1 b a s]i\s /udy t requir$ a lifetime to br+ to p]fection4 ,9 a p]iod ( ,japan :5 ! samurai 0 upp]mo/ & ! arti/ c\nt$ = no?+1 x is all ! m surpris+ to f9d ^! actors devot+ _! lives to ! art ( female "*-act+1 & x 0 natural t !y %\ld be look$ d[n ^u by ! milit>i/s1 :o held 9 scorn ev]y?+ effem9ate4 ,b ! actors s]v$ ! /age because ! in/9ct )9 !m 0 too /rong to g unhe$$4 ,moreov]1 !y 7 z unconsci\s ( _! art z is a bird ( its trill1 & equally unaw>e ( _! s]vice to _! fell[-actors1 to _! day & g5]ation4 ,! fir/ onnagata ( ,kabuki are %ad[y2 !y h left _! names1 b v little has be5 record$ ( !m4 ,kyoto produc$ ! e>ly onnagata1 lat] ,osaka became a headqu>t]s1 b ,y$o 0 n ! soil 9 :i* !y c\ld fl\ri%4 ,! p ( ,kyoto _h n p>t$ ) _! ta/e = ?+s elegant1 arti/ic1 & lit]>y1--! inh]itance ( c5turies4 ,y$o 0 a political c5tre1 & did n bre$ onnagata4 ,b "o *>act]i/ic ( ! onnagata 0 t !y 7 common to ! /ages ( ! ?ree t[ns4 ,!y receiv$ _! e>ly tra9+ 9 ,kyoto or ,osaka1 !n sp5t ! be/ "p ( _! c>e]s 9 ,y$o1 or else w&]$ f "o t[n to ano!r4 ,/ill ano!r peculi>ity ( ! onnagata 0 t s _m ( !m took to ,buddhism1 retir+ f ,kabuki to sp5d ! rema9d] ( _! lives 9 "s peaceful temple4 ,9 ,kyoto1 ,itoyori ,g5saburo fir/ act$ female p>ts1 & 9 ,y$o1 9 #afdb1 ,murayama ,sakon came f ,kyoto to play at ! ,murayama-za4 ,he has be5 describ$ on 8 fir/ appe>ance 9 ,y$o z we>+ a fl[+ robe ( light silk1 8 head cov]$ ) a clo? dy$ 9 _m col\rs1 & he c>ri$ 9 8 h& a bran* ( a tree to :i* 0 atta*$ a long piece ( pap] inscrib$ ) v]se4 ,8 p]=mance 0 no?+ m ?an a simple dance4 ,8 popul>ity1 h[ev]1 br\ght disa/]1 = ! au?orities1 ev] wat*ful le/ ! !atre corrupt good mann]s1 issu$ an ord] prohibit+ onnagata4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,kabuki trembl$ 9 ! balance4 ,x 0 "s "t be=e ! matt] 0 settl$1 = ! proprietors ( !atres1 ) ! wor?y ,s>uwaka ,kansaburo1 f\nd] ( ,y$o ,kabuki1 at _! head1 made an application t male play]s be all[$ to play z females1 & p]mission 0 grant$1 provid$ ! specialty %\ld rema9 di/9ct f m5's rles4 ,?is 0 ! real orig9 ( ! onnagata4 ,murayama ,sakon's rival & contempor>y 0 ,ukon ,g5zaemon4 ,he 0 play+ on ! ,y$o /age 9 #afee1 :5 ! city 0 swept by a conflagration1 & 8 !atre 0 de/roy$4 ,z ! actors ( t "t 7 =bidd5 to appe> on ! /age we>+ long hair1 b 7 oblig$ to %ave ! cr[n above ! =ehead1 !y cov]$ _! heads ) a piece ( silk to prev5t ! disfigurem5t f be+ se54 ,ukon is describ$ 9 ! !atre gossip ( ! day z we>+ an orange silk head-cov]+1 & z he 0 a h&some y\? & v womanly1 x is easy to imag9e t ! ,y$o audi5ces 7 highly pleas$ ) him4 ,f ! criticism ( ! "t1 he 0 consid]$ beautiful1 a f9e danc]1 b _h no animation1 & s became monoton\s4 ,murayama ,sakon & ,ukon ,g5zaemon play$ toge!r 9 ! same play1 & 7 closely associat$ 9 ! !atre ( ,osaka1 ,kyoto1 & ,y$o4 ,ano!r ( ^! %ad[y onnagata 0 ,ebisuya ,ki*irobei1 :o 0 v likely k9 to a !atre proprietor ( t "n4 ,& !re 0 ,tamagawa ,s5nojo1 :o fir/ w5t to ,y$o 9 #affa4 ,he play$ = two ye>s at ! ,s>uwaka-za1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 p]=m+ 9 ,nagoya1 receiv$ :at mu/ h be5 a huge sal>y = 8 "t1 "o ryo a day4 ,he is m5tion$ 9 ! !atre *ronicles z an unrivall$ onnagata2 t he fir/ w5t on ! /age at ! age ( #ad1 & bo? :ile act+ & 9 private life always wore ! fl[+ robe ( a woman1 n giv+ up ?is practice until he rea*$ t age :i* is consid]$ s unlucky = a man 9 ,japan1 #db4 ,he broke a bone1 & aft]w>ds 8 danc+ 0 less graceful2 he di$ at #ej1 8 audi5ces nev] fail+ 9 _! appreciation ( him4 ,two adopt$ sons ( ,murayama ,matasaburo1 ! proprietor ( ! ,murayama-za1 became onnagata1 b nei!r inh]it$ _! fa!r's !atre4 ,!re 7 also ,taki ,sansaburo1 :o came f ,kyoto to play at ! ,murayama-za1 & ^: dea? at ! age ( #ai has be5 describ$ 9 a romantic mann] by ! !atre hi/orians4 ,tamagawa ,%uj51 also f ,kyoto1 0 an onnagata :o1 e>ly 9 8 c>e]1 gave up ! /age & became a prie/4 ,/ill ano!r onnagata ( ?is e>ly p]iod ( ,kabuki 0 ,tamamura ,ki*iya1 :o rose to prom95ce1 b aft]w>ds decl9$4 ,ih>a ,saikaku1 ! dramatic critic ( ,g5roku1 has writt5 ( him z foll[s3 8,x is beyond d\bt t he is brilliant on ! /age2 x is z ?\gh he 7 n ( ?is _w4 ,he is skill$ 9 8 art1 b ) x is an air ( pride & arrogance t is n satisfactory40 ,ki*iya 0 responsible = sett+ ! fa%ion 9 wom5's app>el1 = he ti$ 8 obi 9 a c]ta9 mann] at ! back & ?is /yle became ! vogue4 ,! "* 9 :i* he excell$ 0 z ,yokihi1 ! beautiful mi/ress ( a ,*9ese ,emp]or4 ,a ,n play ( ?is "n deals ) ! beauty aft] %e _h pass$ on to ano!r _w1 "o ( ! _m gho/ly p]sonages ( ! ,n1 b :5 ,mei ,ran-fan1 ! ,pek+ actor1 appe>$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,tokyo at ! ,imp]ial ,!atre a few ye>s ago1 "o ( 8 successes 0 z ,yokihi1 a v human1 badly behav+ "y p]son :o became slightly intoxicat$1 b :o 0 clad 9 all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 a mo/ fasc9at+ female4 ,tamagawa ,ki*iya1 z ! *>m+ ,yokihi1 mu/ h be5 an object ( ! greate/ int]e/ to ,y$o p4 ,ito ,kodayu is m5tion$ 9 ! old books z a not$ onnagata4 ,saikaku comm5t+ ^u him wrote3 8,he is an onnagata by nature1 8 "* be+ quiet & g5tle04 ,among _m onnagata ^: names alone rema9 !re is ,nakamura ,kazuma1 :o 0 a f9e danc]4 ,he retir$ f ! !atre & op5$ a %op sell+ toilet articles t exi/$ 9 ,y$o = sev]al g5]ations4 ,dur+ ! ,g5roku p]iod1 :i* produc$ s _m actors ( note1 ! mo/ repres5tative ( :om 7 ,sakata ,tojuro1 ( ,kyoto1 & ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! fir/1 ( ,y$o1 ! art ( ! onnagata und]w5t a great *ange4 ,emphasis _h be5 laid on ! ability to dance & on good looks1 b z great] /ress 0 put on ! ability to act1 ! art ( ! onnagata made rapid advancem5t4 ,! s5ior among ! ,g5roku onnagata 0 ,og9o ,sawanojo1 :o di$ 9 #agjd4 ,he play$ h]o9es to ,danjuro's h]oes1 & 0 long associat$ ) ! fir/ ,i*ikawa4 ,he wore an obi ( unusual wid?1 & x became ! fa%ion among ! ladies ( ! capital4 ,tir+ ( ! /age1 he gave x up & op5$ an inc5se %op1 b ! attraction ( ! !atre 0 too great1 & he return$4 ,always closely associat$ ) ,danjuro1 he di$ ! same ye> 9 :i* ! f\nd] ( ,japan's mo/ fam\s l9e ( actors 0 murd]$ 9 8 dress+-room4 ,amayo ,sanbai ,kig51 or ,?ree ,cups ( ,sake on a ,ra9y ,night1 a book ( criticism1 praises ,og9o highly3 8,ev5 ! gods & ,buddha w\ld be /ruck ) ! actions ( ?is man4 ,he is mo/ reali/ic 9 pa!tic sc5es4 ,z a lady ( high rank1 or a wife ( ! l[] classes1 he leaves no?+ to be desir$40 ,illu/ration3 ,?ree onnagata ( ,asia3 ,9 ! c5tre ,mei ,ran-fan ( ! ,pek+ ,/age1 to ! left ,nakamura ,utayemon1 ! lead+ onnagata ( ,japan1 & on ! "r ,nakamura ,fukusuke1 ! son ( ,utayemon & "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ imp]sonators ( wom5 9 ,tokyo4 ,! fir/ onnagata 9 ,kyoto dur+ ,g5roku 0 ,yo%izawa ,ayame1 :o di$ 9 #agbi4 ,he 0 br\ght up by a wid[$ "m lead+ a prec>i\s exi/5ce on ,dotombori1 ! !atre /reet ( ,osaka4 ,at fir/ he 0 a page 9 ! h\sehold ( a daimyo1 & lat] w5t on ! /age4 ,9 ! *>act]s he play$1 he 0 n re/rict$ to c]ta9 types ( fair wom5 z _h be5 ! case ) 8 pr$ecessors1 b 0 mo/ v]satile1 act+ equally well h]o9es ( ! gay qu>t]s1 wom5 ( bad "*1 & ladies ( high degree4 ,! playwright1 ,fukuoka ,yago%iro1 collect$ ,ayame's ideas ab\t ! art ( ! onnagata1 & made !m into a book call$ ,ayame ,gusa1 or ! ,say+s ( ,ayame4 ,9 ?is ,ayame decl>$ t an onnagata %\ld h ! he>t ( an onnagata ev5 9 ! gakuya1 or gre5-room4 ,:5 p>tak+ ( b5to 7eatables s]v$ 9 a box7 & su%i 7cook$ rice roll$ into da9ty morsels & /uff$ ) vegetables or fi% aft] ! mann] ( a s&wi*71 he %\ld take c>e n to be se5 eat+4 ,if 8 mann]s 7 mascul9e1 & he ate & drank 9 ! same mann] z a tateyaku1 8 act+ w\ld n be successful4 ,an onnagata1 ,ayame decl>$1 %\ld hide ! fact ( 8 be+ m>ri$1 & if he 7 ask$ ab\t 8 wife he %\ld blu%4 ,ev5 if he _h _m *ildr5 he mu/ be l a *ild himself4 ,ayame also believ$ t ! *ief ?+ = an onnagata to d 0 to play ! "p ( a good woman4 ,?is ought to be ! duty ( an onnagata1 & rles t 7 n prop]1 ev5 ?\gh ! play 0 popul>1 %\ld be decl9$4 ,he advocat$ t an onnagata %\ld n lose ! g5tl5ess & mildness ( a woman1 b he recognis$ ! unnaturalness ( a male act+ female rles1 & gave ! advice t x 0 wise to develop ! natural feel+s ( a woman 9 daily life1 & n to use too mu* affectation on ! /age4 ,a really good onnagata 0 an actor :o pass$ 8 daily life ) ! he>t ( a woman4 ,:5 an onnagata on ! /age ?\ght t he _h an important rle z a woman1 8 actions w\ld become unwomanlike4 ,contempor>y ) ,ayame 0 ,midzuki ,tatsunosuke1 a precoci\s actor :o play$ ) ,sakata ,tojuro :5 he 0 #af4 ,he di$ at ! age ( #gc1 & ! onnagata s*ool he e/abli%$ endur$ long aft] 8 dea?1 sev]al ( 8 pupils di/+ui%+ !mselves4 ,yo%izawa ,ayame _h a de%i call$ ,sodesaki ,k>yu1 :o became a popul> onnagata4 ,he 0 born 9 ! c\ntry ne> ,osaka1 yet sp5t mo/ ( 8 life 9 ,y$o4 ,8 tal5t 0 v]satile1 & he c\ld act ! greate/ v>iety ( wom51 f a pr9cess to ! wife ( a coolie4 ,foll[+ ! fa%ion ( _m retir$ onnagata1 :5 he left ! !atre he />t$ an inc5se %op1 b 8 int]e/ 9 ! bus9ess1 :i* c\ld n h be5 highly lucrative1 soon wan$1 & he return$ to ! /age1 play+ 9 ! rle ( *ief actor in/ead ( onnagata4 ,8 audi5ces took k9dly to ! *ange1 & he did n lose 8 /age reputation 9 consequ5ce4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ,g5roku p]iod !re 7 a surpris+ numb] ( onnagata play+ on ! ,y$o /age1 ne>ly all ( :om _h come f ,osaka4 ,?is 0 due to ! fact t ,kabuki 0 rapidly absorb+ ! ballad dramas ( ! ,doll-!atre1 & _m an actor :o desir$ to become an onnagata receiv$ /imulus to 8 ambition :5 wat*+ ! doll-h&l]s z !y mov$ ! female *>act]s4 ,! art ( ^! doll-h&l]s 0 s rem>kable t x 0 only natural t ! future onnagata ( ,kabuki %\ld le>n h[ to act ! doll-drama h]o9es1 & ev5tually imitate ! doll's e ge/ure & movem5t4 ,!re 0 a n+yo-tsukai1 or doll-h&l]1 call$ ,oyama1 :o 0 a g5ius 9 mov+ female dolls1 & 8 "n became s closely associat$ ) 8 art t ! onnagata 7 (t5 call$ oyama1 a t]m t is synonym\s ) onnagata & us$ q z frequ5tly by !atre folk to-day4 ,among ^! num]\s onnagata 0 ,sawamura ,kod5ji1 bro!r ( ,sawamura ,*ojuro1 :o occupies a prom95t place z a lead+ onnagata 9 ! hi/ory ( ,kabuki4 ,!re is a /ory told ( ,kod5ji t he visit$ a temple1 ,fujid]a1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,kawa*i4 ,he travell$ ?i!r 9 a kago1 or palanqu91 & 0 s fatigu$ aft] 8 long j\rney t :5 he got out he utt]$ an exclamation t w\ld h come naturally f a woman "u l circum/ances4 ,kod5ji act$ ) ! fir/ ,danjuro4 ,nakamura ,s5ya at fir/ 0 an insignificant onnagata 9 ,y$o1 b he w5t to ,osaka1 :]e he scor$ a great success 9 a c\rtesan play & rema9$ !re _m ye>s1 return+ to ,y$o aft] an abs5ce ( eighte5 ye>s4 ,! criticisms ( ! day compla9$ t he _h gr[n fat1 b 0 /ill a true onnagata 9 _s & ge/ure4 ,:5 ,nakamura ,s5ya return$ f ,osaka1 he />t$ ! cu/om = a ,kyoto or ,osaka actor p]=m+ 9 ,y$o to give gifts to m9or actors & !atre employees4 ,he pres5t$ a good _m kimono dy$ 9 a c]ta9 col\r :i* became all ! rage1 & 0 call$ ,s5ya dye4 ,next to ,s5ya 0 ,og9o ,yayigiri1 ^: fav\rite rles 7 ^? ( h]o9es :o h di$ ) _! lov]s--d\ble suicide1 or %9ju1 a popul> !me ( ! ,doll-!atre plays4 ,j z ,sawamura ,*ojuro 0 ! repres5tative actor ( ?is lat] p]iod ( ,g5roku1 s ,og9o ,yayigiri 0 ! lead+ onnagata4 ,8 successor 0 dr[n$ 9 ! ,sumida ,riv]1 & a ,kabuki playwright us$ ! accid5t = ! plot ( a play4 ,dur+ ,horeki1 !re 0 mu* confusion z to ! division ( lab\r among ! actors1 & !y ex*ang$ _! specialties :5ev] !y saw fit4 ,!re 0 n ! same conc5tration ^u ! onnagata1 & ! art suff]$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,9 ! mod]n hi/ory ( ,kabuki dur+ ! hundr$ ye>s previ\s to ! ,re/oration1 a l9e ( onnagata1 :o w5t by ! "n ( ,iwai ,han%iro1 dom9at$ ,y$o ,kabuki4 ,! fir/ ( ! "n 0 manag] ( a !atre 9 ,osaka dur+ ,g5roku1 & _h f\r *ildr54 ,8 two sons succe$$ him z ! second & ?ird ,han%iro respectively1 b !y 7 tateyaku4 ,x 0 ! f\r? ,han%iro :o e/abli%$ ! fam\s onnagata l9e4 ,he 0 ! son ( a doll-h&l] 9 ,osaka4 ,! fif? ,han%iro1 son ( ! f\r?1 0 a not$ onnagata1 & !re 0 se5 on ! ,y$o /age an unprec$5t$ actor family alliance--! fif? ,han%iro ) 8 two sons play+ toge!r1 all ?ree onnagata4 ,han%iro1 ! fif?1 play$ ! rle ( a beautiful pr9cess1 ev5 :5 he _h rea*$ old age1 & at #fc %av$ 8 head z a sign ( retirem5t f ! _w & liv$ at ,asakusa 9 ,y$o1 n f> f ! ,goddess-(-,m]cy ,temple t dom9at$ ?is qu>t] !n ev5 z x does at ! pres5t day4 ,he di$ at #gb1 b old age 0 n able to dim 8 *>m or good looks1 & x 0 ! curr5t expression among ! playgo]s ( 8 "t t ,han%iro's eyes 7 wor? #ajjj ryo4 ,! fif? ,han%iro play$ ) ! fif? ,matsumoto ,ko%iro & ,b&o ,mitsugoro1 & ,y$o audi5ces 7 en?usia/ic ab\t !m4 ,?is ,han%iro also travell$ a good deal1 & 0 popul> :]ev] he w5t4 ,once he took %ip to ,nagasaki1 & :ile bo>d+ ! vessel miss$ 8 foot+ & fell into ! sea4 ,he 0 rescu$ by a sailor4 ,he took 8 sudd5 plunge q calmly1 & did n /ruggle 9 ! waves4 ,?is 0 8 cu/om>y attitude t[>d life4 ,on ! way back f ,nagasaki he travell$ by l& z he 0 to act 9 ,nagoya1 & 8 baggage return$ by boat to ,y$o4 ,:5 he arriv$ at ,nagoya1 he receiv$ ^w t a fire _h de/roy$ ! h\se 9 :i* 8 belong+s _h be5 /or$4 ,two days aft] ?is 8 son1 ! six? ,han%iro1 di$4 ,b ,han%iro did n want ! memb]s ( 8 company to become depress$ at 8 bad news1 & ord]$ _m summ] kimono adorn$ ) iris patt]ns1 & di/ribut$ ^! among ! actors s t _! eyes w\ld be pleas$ & !re w\ld be no sign ( m\rn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,nakamura ,jakuyemon ( ,osaka1 an onnagata :o imitates ! act+ ( ! m>ionettes4 ,han%iro1 ! fif?1 m>ri$ a daught] ( ! ?ird ,sawamura ,sojuro1 nam$ ,o-,*iyo1 :o 0 ( g5tle disposition & v accompli%$4 ,%e possess$ consid]able lit]>y tal5t1 & 0 well v]s$ 9 poetry4 ,%e nev] w5t to ! !atre1 because %e consid]$ x highly ridicul\s to see h] husb& 9 a woman's rle4 ,aft] 8 son ! six? ,han%iro di$1 a second son succe$$ z ,han%iro1 ! sev5?1 b he di$ 9 middle life4 ,! eigh? ,han%iro br+s u d[n to rec5t times1 = he 0 "o ( ! />s ( ! ,meiji p]iod4 ,! f\r? ,yo%izawa ,ayame1 son ( ! ?ird1 & desc5d$ f ! fir/ ,ayame ( ,g5roku fame1 0 a popul> onnagata4 ,he manag$ an ,osaka !atre & travell$ back & =? betwe5 ,osaka & ,kyoto1 succe$+ to ! "n ( ,ayame at ! age ( #ec & dy+ at #ef4 ,n less popul> 9 _! day ?an ! ,iwai ,han%iro l9e 0 ! onnagata family ( ,segawa4 ,!re 0 ! ?ird ,segawa ,kikugoro1 :o 0 born 9 ,osaka1 ! son ( a !atre co/um]4 ,8 son became ,segawa ,kikunojo1 :o1 unlike mo/ actors1 0 economical1 sav$ 8 e>n+s1 & inve/$ 9 h\ses & l&4 ,! adopt$ son ( ?is ,kikunojo became ,segawa ,kikunojo1 ! f\r?1 & he 0 a fam\s onnagata4 ,he enjoy$ b a brief c>e]1 dy+ at ! age ( #ca4 ,at ! "t ! six? & sev5? ,han%iro 7 act+1 ! fif? ,segawa ,kikunojo 0 ackn[l$g$ to be ! lead+ onnagata 9 ,y$o4 ,he 0 a l>ge man1 b possess$ r r\gh mann]s1 be+ %ort & abrupt ) 8 fell[-actors1 & mu* dislik$ by 8 neighb\rs4 ,yet ^u ! /age !re 0 no "o to comp>e ) him4 ,he di$ at #ca1 at ! height ( 8 c>e]4 ,9 ! ,bunka & ,bunsei p]iod ! repres5tative onnagata 9 ,osaka & ,kyoto 0 ,nakamura ,tomijuro4 ,he 0 exil$ by ! au?orities f ,osaka = extravagance4 ,he tri$ to h 8 s5t5ce revok$1 & travell$ up to ,y$o to appeal to ! au?orities1 b 9 va94 ,al?\gh he _h be5 at ! top ( 8 pr(ession1 ) no o!r onnagata to rival him1 yet he 0 unable to return home1 & sp5t 8 life 9 ,sakai1 ! port ne> ,osaka1 :]e he 0 oblig$ to play 9 c\ntry !atres ) inf]ior play]s4 ,?is mu/ h be5 sev]e puni%m5t = an actor ( g5ius1 :o liv$ to be #gj ye>s ( age4 ,nakamura ,k>oku1 ano!r onnagata ( di/9ction1 0 ! son ( a cl]k connect$ ) ! ,mitsui ,company 9 ,osaka4 ,he came to ,y$o at ! age ( #dj & play$ !re until he _h rea*$ #gd1 dy+ at #hj4 ,he 0 a l>ge1 h&some man1 & _h blood relations ) _m actor families4 ,8 fir/ wife di$2 he m>ri$ a second half 8 age1 & _h altoge!r twelve *ildr54 ,"o daught] m>ri$ ! ?ird ,ara%i ,ki*isaburo1 ano!r became ! wife ( ,i*ikawa ,kodanji1 :ile a ?ird 0 ! wife ( ,kataoka ,nizaemon1 ! eigh?4 ,nakamura ,k>oku 0 succe$$ by 8 son4 ,he _h a habit ( c\gh+ :5 cross+ a bridge ne> 8 home to let 8 h\sehold "k ( 8 approa*1 & 0 consid]$ v extravagant because !re 7 always two c&les burn+ at ! entrance to 8 h\se t a bright welcome %\ld be wait+ him :5 he return$ f ! !atre4 ,fam\s = 8 good looks 0 ! second ,sawamura ,tannosuke1 son ( ! ?ird ,sawamura ,sojuro4 ,he 0 born 9 ,kyoto1 & 8 fa!r di$ :5 he 0 #ad4 ,!re 0 a rum\r once t he _h committ$ suicide1 b ?is 0 n true2 he _h hurt himself on ! /age & did n appe> = "s "t4 ,i*ikawa ,dannosuke1 an onnagata1 son ( ! f\r? ,i*ikawa ,danzo1 fail$ 9 ! managem5t ( ! ,kiri-za 9 ,y$o1 & committ$ suicide at #cb4 ,!re 0 ,nakayama ,ni%i1 an onnagata common to ! !atre ( ,osaka & ,kyoto1 :o specialis$ 9 innoc5t "y girl rles1 dress$ 9 gaudy kimono1 & lov$ to be conspicu\s4 ,he retir$ & op5$ an oil %op4 ,& !re 0 ! f\r? ,yama%ita ,k9saku1 :o 0 tra9$ 9 small !atres1 0 /\t1 _h a cle> voice1 & play$ *iefly 9 middle-ag$ wom5's *>act]s4 ,nakamura ,daiki*i1 :o became ill on ! /age1 fa9t$ 9 ! gakuya1 & di$ be=e 8 heavy wig c\ld be remov$1 0 ano!r popul> onnagata4 ,su* 7 "s ( ! onnagata :o di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ! ,japanese !atre dur+ two c5turies1 ! p]iod f #afdb1 :5 ! fir/ ,kyoto onnagata play$ 9 ,y$o = ! fir/ "t1 to #ahfh1 ! ye> ( ! ,re/oration4 ,! actors ( ,meiji1 & ! developm5ts t took place ^u ! op5+ ( ,japan to comm]cial relations ) o!r c\ntries1 belong to ! /ory ( ,meiji ,kabuki1 :i* =ms a lat] *apt]4 ,yet x mu/ be m5tion$ t because ( ! pres5t array ( onnagata t adorn ! /ages ( ,osaka & ,tokyo1 !re is v little dang] t ! specialty is ne> ext9ction4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! two lead+ !atres ( ,tokyo are head$ by onnagata1 ,nakamura ,utayemon1 ( ! ,kabuki-za1 & ,onoe ,baiko1 ( ! ,imp]ial4 ,x is also v significant t ?is unique art is /ill unkn[n 9 t o!r half ( ! _w1 :]e1 s9ce ! boy actors ( ,%akespe>e's "t1 :o play$ ! fam\s h]o9es ( ! et]nal dramati/1 ! play+ ( female rles by males has become a lo/ art4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,yaku%a ,,& ,,m>ionette ,h[ ! doll-actors took _! rise1 h[ = !m ! be/ !atre tal5t ( ! l& 0 conc5trat$1 & h[ ^! gorge\sly co/um$ puppets ( wood1 animat$ by pulleys & /r+s1 influ5c$ ! actors ( fle% & blood1 =ms a unique *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,japanese !atre4 ,kabuki & ,n+yo-%ibai1 or ! ,doll-!atre1 7 ! two *ief amusem5ts ( ! p dur+ ! long p]iod ( national seclusion :5 ! ,%oguns rul$ 9 ,y$o4 ,& _m ( ! conv5tions ( ! mod]n /age are un9telligible to ! ,occid5tal unless ! debt ,kabuki owes ! art ( ! ,doll-!atre is cle>ly und]/ood4 ,! relation%ip ( ! m>ionette & ! yaku%a c only be briefly t\*$ ^u "h1 s9ce ! complex hi/ory ( ,n+yo-%ibai belongs to a sep>ate volume4 ,! ,doll-!atre began z a popul> ent]ta9m5t ( ! p at ! v same "t t ,o-,kuni's dance on a tempor>y plat=m on ! b$ ( ! ,kamo ,riv] 9 ,kyoto m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! popul> !atre t 0 to become ! exclusive possession ( male play]s4 ,! exact date :5 m9/rel1 or tayu1--! accompani/ on ! samis51 or samis5 hiki1--! n+yo-tsukai1 or doll-h&l]1 & ! n+yo1 or doll-actors1 began _! rem>kable collaboration is n kn[n1 b :5 ,o-,kuni 0 practis+ h] art ! ,doll-!atre _h already begun to ex]cise an influ5ce ^u ! public4 ,?is comb9ation ( ballad sung & recit$ by ! m9/rel1 :ile ! p]=m] on ! samis5 m>k$ ! rhy?ms to :i* ! dolls mov$1 & ! doll-h&l]s creat$ ! ge/ures t express$ ! emotion ( ! ballad-drama1 0 call$ ,joruri1 because ! fir/ ballad to be sung to ! samis5 conc]n$ ! love affairs ( ! leg5d>y lov] ,yo%itsune & ! beautiful ,pr9cess ,joruri4 ,illu/ration3 ,yo%ida ,bungoro1 a doll-h&l] ( ! ,bunraku-za ( ,osaka1 :o has devot$ 8 life to ! managem5t ( female m>ionettes4 ,a woman is cr$it$ ) inaugurat+ ?is new =m ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,%e 0 ,ono-no-,otsu1 a lady-9-wait+ 9 ! h\sehold ( ,oda ,nobunaga1 ! fam\s g5]al1 ^: dea? gave ,hideyo%i 8 opportunity to become ! *ief milit>y dictator4 ,! love affairs ( ,pr9cess ,joruri seem to h be5 ! impetus t />t$ a great flood ( ballad-dramas ab\t ! "t ( ,o-,kuni1 = !re exi/$ 9 ?is e>ly p]iod a ?\s& r$ or blue cov]$ books 9 :i* 0 writt5 ! /ory act$ out by ! dolls & illu/rat$ by wond]ful draw+s ( /range h]oes & h]o9es4 ,to ,m5ukiya ,*osaburo is attribut$ ! di/9ction ( f\nd+ ! fir/ doll-!atre4 ,he obta9$ ! s]vices ( a man 9 ,ni%9omiya1 a village ne> ,osaka1 :o knew h[ to make puppets1 & />t$ to move !m to express ! emotions ( ! diff]5t ballad plays4 ,he fir/ p]=m$ 9 ,kyoto1 & _h ! hon\r ( be+ summon$ be=e ! ,emp]or4 ,su* 0 ! dignity ( ! e>ly puppets4 ,) ,kabuki1 ! ,doll-!atre came 9 aft] ye>s to be despis$1 be+ consid]$ z some?+ l[ & vulg>4 ,female m9/rels1 or ,joruri ,kat>i 7lit41 to speak ,joruri71 made _! appe>ance ab\t ! same "t z ,o-,kuni 9 ,kyoto1 & two ( !m 7 fam\s1 ,rokuji ,namuyemon & ,samon ,yo%itaka4 ,9 an old book !re are pictures ( ^! riv]-b$ ent]ta9m5ts 9 ,kyoto1 & on a scre5 belong+ to ! ,kei*o p]iod1 :5 ,o-,kuni 0 active1 !re is depict$ "o ( ! fir/ ,joruri !atres conduct$ entirely by wom54 ,! tayu1 or m9/rel1 sat on a plat=m high] ?an ! /age on :i* ! dolls 7 h&l$4 ,! puppets _h no h&s or legs1 & ! h&s ( ! wom5 manipulators 7 n se54 ,^? :o /rumm$ ! samis5 7 also wom54 ,b :5 ! wom5's /age1 or ,onna ,kabuki1 0 f\nd to be ! s\rce ( moral corruption & 0 prohibit$1 ! wom5 ( ! ,doll-!atre likewise came "u ! ban & 7 oblig$ to g out ( exi/5ce4 ,kyoto cont9u$ to be ! c5tre ( ! doll p]=mances1 :i* spread to ! surr\nd+ t[ns & 7 well receiv$ 9 ,osaka4 ,e class ( ! p patronis$ ?is new =m ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,! rise ( ! ,doll-!atre to public fav\r 0 ! result ( ! relation ( ! dolls & m9/relsy4 ,!y _h exi/$ sep>ately = _m ye>s4 ,be=e ,joruri 0 born1 !re 7 bl9d m9/rels :o sang _! ballads1 accompany+ !mselves by scrat*+ ! ribs ( _! fans to m>k ! rhy?ms4 ,^! bl9d m5 7 call$ zato1 & frequ5t$ ! comp\nds ( %r9es & temples1 or /ation$ !mselves on /reet corn]s1 putt+ up an awn+ = protection1 & recit+ _! ballads to all :o w\ld /op to li/54 ,sometimes !y 7 ask$ to help to ent]ta9 at fea/s1 b g5]ally !y w&]$ ab\t f place to place1 /ay+ at mean inns1 giv+ ent]ta9m5ts = ! gue/s1 !reby e>n+ a lodg+1 & at o!r times s++ %ort pieces to make _! livelihood4 ,!y came to be reg>d$ z begg>s1 & 7 look$ d[n ^u accord+ly4 ,/roll+ puppet play]s !re 7 also1 ) boxes susp5d$ by cords ar\nd _! necks4 ,!y display$ _! dolls on ! top ( ! box :i* =m$ a m9iature /age = ! movem5ts ( ! little figures4 ,9 ! fullness ( "t ! dolls & m9/rels approa*$ ea* o!r1 in/ead ( lead+ sep>ate exi/5ces4 ,b x 0 music t br\ght !m toge!r4 ,! introduction ( ! samis5 f ! ,loo ,*oo ,isl&s1 by way ( ! port ( ,sakai1 ne> ,osaka1 %ortly be=e ,o-,kuni's appe>ance1 0 ! m$ium t unit$ ^! work]s 9 ! sph]e ( puppetry4 ,by ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ?is comb9ation _h produc$ ! popul> music-ballad drama call$ ,joruri1 :i* at "o "t ?reat5$ to completely ov]:elm ,kabuki 9 ! e/imation ( ! p4 ,! initial /ages ( ! ,doll-!atre developm5t are v int]e/+1 = ! conv5tions evolv$ at ?is "t 7 appropriat$ by ! real actors & may be se5 ^u ! mod]n /age ( ,japan4 ,! fir/ ballad plays 9 :i* ! dolls p]=m$ h>p$ on "o motive1 ! efficacy ( ,i pray] to gods & ,buddhas4 ,! /age te*nique 9 use at ?is "t 0 especially adapt$ to display be=e a wond]+ audi5ce appe>ances ( gods1 phantoms1 app>itions1 & gho/s1 & _m +5i\s contrivances 7 inv5t$ to suit ^! sup]natural visitors1 :ile ! plots ( ! plays 7 m\ld$ s t ! v>i\s /age tricks 9 connection ) ! godly & gho/ly p]sonages c\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,dur+ ! vogue ( ! doll-ballads1 ) ! answ]+ ( pray] = plots1 elaborate ma*9]y came into use = ! manipulation ( grotesque *>act]s :i* 7 nei!r man nor bea/1 god nor demon1 /range creatures creat$ t ma*9]y might give !m life4 ,conjur+ also play$ its "p 9 a/oni%+ ! audi5ces ( ^? days1 & !re 0 a p]iod :5 ! mo/ +5i\s devices 7 plann$1 9 :i* wat] 0 us$1 ! *>act]s ( ! /ories disappe>+ into wat]falls1 float+ on lakes1 & ev5 mov$ by wat] p[]4 ,!n foll[$ an outbur/ ( ! milit>y _s 9 ,joruri1 & ! answ]$-pray] balladry took a second>y place4 ,x 0 ! adv5tures ( ! great w>rior ,kimpira1 ! inc>nation ( c\rage1 slay] ( devils & demons1 t captur$ ! popul> fancy4 ,! exploits ( brave m5 7 ( m int]e/ ?an ! gho/ly & godly pieces1 & ,kimpira ov]%ad[$ all ! re/4 ,! ,kimpira bu%i1 or ,kimpira tune1 0 />t$ 9 ,y$o by ,sakurai ,tamba1 & he 0 foll[$ by 8 son ,izumi ,dayu1 :o 0 ev5 m sangu9>y ?an 8 fa!r4 ,he h&l$ an iron rod s dext]\sly :5 he m>k$ ! rhy?m to 8 ballad ab\t ! extraord9>y adv5tures ( ,kimpira t he knock$ (f heads & lopp$ (f limbs ( ! dolls e day4 ,?is reali/ic display suit$ ! ,y$o audi5ces4 ,izumi is said to h dislik$ ev]y?+ weak & unmanly1 to su* an ext5t t 8 door-keep] 0 always a /rong man1 physical robu/ness be+ 8 ideal4 ,p]haps ! muscul> gu>dian ( ! entrance 0 a necessity r ?an an ideal1 = ! _s ( combat sometimes seiz$ ! audi5ce1 aft] witness+ a m>tial doll p]=mance1 & two m5 w\ld beg9 to fight 9 ! mid/ ( ! cr[d1 )9 or )\t1 prov+ too mu* = ! /\t gate-keep]4 ,izumi ,dayu began to qu>rel himself1 & at la/ kill$ a man & 0 execut$4 ,?is blood?ir/y ,joruri did n la/ long1 & :5 ! mania cool$ d[n ! efficacy-(-pray] ballads came into vogue aga9 = a %ort "t4 ,x 0 ,takemoto ,gidayu :o ga!r$ up all t 0 useful 9 ! ,joruri t _h gone be=e him1 & e/abli%$ ! s*ool t has be5 call$ aft] him1 & cont9ues to ! pres5t day1--,gidayu ,joruri1 m (t5 spok5 ( simply z ,gidayu4 ,he 0 orig9ally a f>m] 9 ,settsu prov9ce1 & _h a voice ( l>ge range4 ,9 ,kyoto he le>n$ h[ to s+ ,joruri f a foll[] ( ! m9/rel ,in\ye ,h>ima4 ,gidayu fir/ appe>$ 9 ,dotombori1 ! !atre /reet ( ,osaka4 ,tatsumatsu ,ha*irobei1 a n+yo-tsukai1 or doll-h&l]1 0 a g5ius 9 mov+ ! dolls1 :ile ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon1 ,japan's greate/ dramati/1 wrote ! plays4 ,! "n ( ,gidayu's !atre 9 ,osaka 0 ! ,takemoto-za4 ,x _h fl\ri%$ = "s "t :5 "o ( ,gidayu's foll[]s wrote a play call$ ! ,jewel-,well-,d\ble-,suicide1 :i* 0 produc$ at ,sakai1 ! port city ne> ,osaka4 ,x prov$ s successful t ?is man op5$ a rival ,doll-!atre call+ x ! ,toyotaki-za4 ,illu/ration3 ,a sc5e f ,*u%+ura1 z play$ by ! m>ionettes 9 ! ,bunraku-za ( ,osaka4 ,= long ye>s ^! two !atres 7 close rivals1 ! competition betwe5 !m br++ ab\t great improvem5ts 9 /age managem5t1 & ea* tri$ to outdo ! o!r 9 new plays1 good m9/rels & doll-h&l]s1 elaborate sett+s1 /age devices1 & gorge\s co/umes4 ,= ne>ly eighty ye>s1 dur+ ! ,doll-!atre's gold5 age1 ! collaboration ( ! work]s 0 s complete & ,successful t ,kabuki 0 q ca/ into ! %ade4 ,! movem5ts ( ! dolls 7 s spirit$1 ! doll-h&l]s s creative 9 ! v>iety ( ge/ures t !y inv5t$ to express a :ole _w1 gay & grave1 t ! actors came at la/ to ackn[l$ge ! puppets z a s\rce ( inspiration4 ,at fir/ !y imitat$1 b z ! vogue = ! ,joruri ,gidayu grew int5se1 ! yaku%a 7 conv]t$ into en?usia/ic devotees4 ,!y w5t to ! ,doll-!atre to le>n1 & return$ to _! own act+ ) a ke5] ze/4 ,! m>ionettes demon/rat$ be=e _! eyes ! heights & dep?s ( act+1 ( :i* !y _h be5 unaw>e1 & !y 7 competitors 9 _! own pr(ession1 sav+ !m f ! in]tia ( self-satisfaction4 ,! playwrights ( ,joruri ,gidayu 7 responsible = ! be/ dramas t h be5 produc$ 9 ,japan4 ,especially 7 !y highly successful 9 a new k9d ( play1 ! jidaimono1 hav+ hi/orical p]sonages = *>act]s1 fa%ion$ out ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ imag9ative mat]ial t br\ght ! dolls into full play z creatures ( a _w ( fantasy4 ,9 "t ,y$o actors :o 7 remov$ f ! doll atmosph]e ( ,kyoto & ,osaka 7 oblig$ to j\rney d[n to ^! t[ns t !y might "k h[ to play ! *>act]s ( ! ,doll-!atre plays4 ,! jidaimono became all ! rage 9 ,y$o1 & ! actors c\ld no long] rema9 indiff]5t to ! activity ( ! doll p]=m]s4 ,b ! movem5ts ( ! dolls 7 n ! only attraction1 = /age co/umes 7 purlo9$ z well1 & ,kabuki appropriat$ unto itself all ! novelties & ideas ( ! ,doll-!atre "o aft] ! o!r4 ,some?+ ( an influ5ce 0 ex]t$ ^u ! ,doll-!atre by ! legitimate plays & play]s1 b x 0 small 9 comp>ison ) ! highway robb]y ( ev]y?+ ( int]e/ f ! ,doll-!atre c>ri$ on = ye>s by ! actors & /age manag]s ( ,kabuki4 ,*ikamatsu1 :o nev] hesitat$ to take 8 ideas1 plots1 & mat]ials f any s\rce t suit$ 8 purpose1 borr[$ to "s ext5t f ,kabuki4 ,"o ( 8 plays1 ,tamba ,yosaku1 0 orig9ally play$ tw5ty ye>s be=e 8 own composition by ! fir/ ,ara%i ,sanyemon4 ,yuki-,onna-,gomai-,hagoita 7lit41 ! ,sn[-,woman-,five-,battle-dores71 a ,*ikamatsu ma/]piece1 0 9 reality "o ( ,ara%i ,sanyemon's fav\rite plays4 ,! dolls also took = model ! ge/ures & /yle ( liv+ actors1 closely foll[+ _! specialties1 "y wom51 h]oes1 & villa9s4 ,sakata ,tojuro's mo/ popul> rle1 t ( ,izaemon1 9 ! play conc]n+ ,yugiri1 a h]o9e ( ! gay qu>t]s1 influ5c$ ,*ikamatsu1 = he took ,tojuro's "o-act play & made x ov] into "o ( 8 ma/]pieces1 ,yugiri ( ,awa 9 ,n>uto4 ,moreov]1 ! doll-h&l]s imitat$ ,tojuro's mann] & ge/ures z ,izaemon4 ,*ikamatsu also modell$ 8 *>act]s on su* actors z ,yo%izawa ,ayame1 ,midzuki ,tatsunosuke1 & ,kataoka ,nizaemon4 ,sawamura ,sojuro play$ z ,yuranosuke1 ! lead] ( ! ,=ty-sev5 ,ron91 & ?is ,kabuki piece 0 ! basis ( ,*u%+ura1 ! ma/]piece ( ! ,doll-!atre playwright1 ,tak$a ,izumo1 9 :i* ! ,yuranosuke doll portray$ ! mann]s & ge/ures ( ,sojuro4 ,lov]s ( ,kabuki d n l to ackn[l$ge ! ext5t to :i* ! actors borr[$ f ! /age ( ! inanimate play]s1 b x 0 v great4 ,sometimes fam\s actors 7 sons ( ! n+yo-tsukai1 or puppet p]=m]s1 & "y actors :o w5t to ! dolls to /udy soon discov]$ t !y 7 able to see !mselves z o!rs saw !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,o-,sato1 h]o9e ( a ballad-drama ( ! ,doll-!atre4 ,reproduc$ f an oil pa9t+ by an ,osaka arti/ & %[n 9 a ,tokyo art exhibition4 ,! doll-h&l]s are gr\p$ beh9d l %ad[s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s n+yo-tsukai1 ,bunsaburo1 design$ _m co/umes = 8 puppets4 ,"o he embroid]$ 9 plum blossoms & "y bamboo = ! doll repres5t+ ,mi*izane1 ! patron sa9t ( ,japanese lit]ature--9 hi/ory ! prime m9i/] :o 0 exil$ f ,japan by 8 enemies2 & he also dress$ ! triplets1 fai?ful s]vants ( ,mi*izane1 9 kimono be>+ l>ge yell[ horizontal /ripes l9$ ) sc>let to emphasise ! fact t !y 7 bro!rs4 ,!reaft]1 :5 ^! *>act]s 7 repres5t$ by ,kabuki actors ! exact co/umes 7 worn4 ,once dur+ a p]=mance ,bunsaburo saw a doll on ! po9t ( fall+ & w5t to ! rescue4 ,! doll mov$ 9 an awkw>d mann]1 n accord+ to ! rules & regulations1 & ! audi5ce laugh$4 ,x aft]w>ds became ! cu/om to make ?is doll d ! same ?+1 & ! ,kabuki actors imitat$ ev5 ?is4 ,! ,battle ( ,kokus5ya1 by ,*ikamatsu1 0 "o ( ! fir/ doll-plays to be act$ 9 ! !atres ( ,osaka1 ,kyoto1 & ,y$o4 ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! second1 took ! *ief rle1 t ( ,watonai1 a picturesque "* :o _h a ,japanese "m & ,*9ese fa!r & w5t to ,*9a 9 se>* ( adv5ture4 ,lat] ! second ,danjuro act$ 9 o!r pieces by ,*ikamatsu t 7 fir/ play$ by ! dolls4 ,tak$a ,izumo's plays1 z well z ^? ( ,k9o ,kaion1 bo? play-writ]s = ! dolls1 7 us$ by ,kabuki actors4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 ! two !atres became f> m complicat$ dur+ ! ,horeki p]iod4 ,n only ! plays1 b ! act+1 /age furniture1 & co/umes ( ! ,doll-!atre influ5c$ ,kabuki4 ,! music ( ! ,doll-!atre 0 also incorporat$ into ,kabuki4 ,previ\s to ! fir/ ye> ( ,horeki 7#ageg71 ! ,doll-!atre 0 at its height4 ,aft] ?is x decl9$4 ,z fa/ z ! ,doll-!atre arti/s evolv$ new plays1 !y 7 quickly seiz$ ^u by ,kabuki4 ,! public came at la/ to be m int]e/$ 9 ! real actors ?an 9 ! dolls4 ,! vogue ( ! puppets sl[ly & surely began to wane4 ,no progress 0 made1 ! !atres burn$ d[n1 ! m9/rels & doll-h&l]s *ang$ f "o !atre to ano!r4 ,aft] #ahjd ! dolls almo/ w5t out ( exi/5ce1 b ralli$ 9 lat] ye>s1 & to-day ?is unique art is cry/allis$ 9 ! ,bunraku-za1 ( ,osaka4 ,a small ,doll-!atre held its own 9 ! !atre qu>t] ( ,kyoto until rec5tly1 b ! ev]-increas+ prosp]ity ( ! surr\nd+ mov+-picture !atres has driv5 x to ! wall4 ,!re are t\r+ companies t pay visits to ! diff]5t t[ns at regul> p]iods4 ,once a ye> a ,bunraku-za company plays 9 ,tokyo1 & ! lead+ actors may always be se5 9 ! audi5ce wat*+ closely ! puppets act+ 9 _! own famili> rles4 ,! art ( ! ,doll-!atre is by no means dead1 ! sp>k ( art is sm\ld]+1 b x w\ld take "s big w9d to fan x into flame once aga91--p]haps ! w9d ( self-confid5ce among ! !atre-folk ( ,japan 9 _! own in/itutions4 ,! decl9e ( ! ,doll-!atre 0 due to ! fact t ,kabuki took ev]y?+ ! dolls _h to (f]1 & made su* a poor return t ! doll-/age began to />ve4 ,:5 ,kabuki & ! ,doll-!atre _h approa*$ s ne>ly toge!r1 "o _h to g "u1 = !re 0 n suffici5t novelty to attract 9 ! sph]e ( ! m>ionettes1 ! s\rce f :i* ,kabuki _h s slavi%ly drawn inspiration4 ,!re 0 ano!r v good reason1 too1 :y ! ,doll-!atre almo/ ceas$ to be4 ,! collaboration t _h made x ! c5tre ( tal5t came to an end4 ,_h ! dolls cont9u$ to succe$1 x w\ld h be5 necess>y to ma9ta9 ! s\rce ( _! orig9ality1 & x 0 ! mis=tune ( ^! mute actors t ! work]s ceas$ to s]ve 9 _! behalf1 h>mony di$1 & tal5t gradually fell away4 ,kabuki1 :i* b5efit$ s l>gely f ! creativ5ess ( ! dolls1 fai?fully pres]ves ^! traditions1 & /ill lives on ! pa/1 t gold5 age :5 ! doll 0 at its height1 & = :om s _m work]s (f]$ 9 _! behalf ! !atre gifts t 9 !m lay4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,lives ,,( ,,! ,,yaku%a ,! yaku%a 7lit41 rle man71 ( ,kabuki1 belongs to ! actors' frat]nity1 ! bre?r5 ( ! busk91 :o =m a peculi> company ( _! own1 irrespective ( ! l&s f :i* !y h sprung or ! cre$s !y hold4 ,( ,kabuki & its long l9e ( brilliant actors1 ! _w kn[s no?+4 ,_! art 0 good1 al?\gh x receiv$ b scant appreciation or recognition f ^? :o occupi$ ! seats ( ! mighty4 ,!y 7 fai?ful to _! ideals1 & :at !y h accompli%$ is a contribution to ! actor's art ( ! _w4 ,9 _! day & g5]ation ! yaku%a 7 memb]s ( a degrad$ class1 look$ d[n ^u1 d]id$1 b nev]!less !y 7 true to ! !atre in/9ct )9 !m4 ,simil> to _! fell[s 9 ! ,we/1 ^! actors ( ,japan met ) success & 7 ! idols ( ! p4 ,!y di$ 9 h>ness1 or pass$ _! rema9+ ye>s 9 obscurity4 ,!re 7 play]s ^: names = "s reason or o!r sudd5ly disappe>$ f ! li/s ( ! !atre *ronicl]s--o!rs ab\t to lose _! popul>ity 7 =tunate en\gh to take a new lease ( life1 & cont9u$ to act until old age claim$ !m4 ,x 0 n infrequ5t t ! yaku%a took x into 8 head to retire1 b1 ?9k+ bett] ( x1 return$ aga9 to ! glam\r ( ! /age4 ,among ! yaku%a !re 7 always "s :o grew monoton\s & old-fa%ion$1 & fail$ to keep abrea/ ( ! times 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,above ?is innum]able tribe ( play-folks t[] ! m5 ( g5ius :o c>ri$ all be=e !m1 delight+ ! audi5ces ( ! ?ree !atre t[ns1 ! mo/-talk$-( & mo/ belov$ p]sonalities ( ! "t1 tak+ ill :ile play+ a fav\rite rle1 or brea?+ _! la/ 9 _! dress+-rooms1 9 :i* !y sp5t su* a l>ge portion ( _! lives4 ,_m ( ! yaku%a 7 simil> to ! ,we/]n actors 9 "o respect--!y 7 great sp5d?rifts1 & ! l>g] ! e>n+s ! great] ! extravagance display$4 ,:5 ! au?orities 9 ,y$o :o presid$ ov] ! affairs ( ! !atre f\nd a yaku%a :o 0 too fond ( display1 8 goods 7 confiscat$1 or else he 0 oblig$ to pay a p5alty4 ,consid]able lit]>y ability 0 f\nd among ^! despis$ !atre-folk4 ,!y 7 especially fond ( poetry2 & /udi$ "u ! ma/]s ( ! diff]5t =ms ( %ort poems1 & (t5 excell$4 ,! "p ! yaku%a play$ 9 ! composition ( ! ,kabuki plays has n be5 fully ackn[l$g$4 ,t !y (t5 wrote plays or aid$ mat]ially 9 ! collaboration is well kn[n4 ,x 0 a common /age cu/om = ! actors to improvise 9 ! plays to suit !mselves1 & :ile ! great] portion ( ?is ephem]al mat]ial has p]i%$1 mu* rema9s to be se51 p>ticul>ly 9 ! eighte5 traditional pieces ( ! ,i*ikawa family4 ,t ! yaku%a _h ! he>t to /udy lit]ature & compose poems is v mu* 9 _! fav\r1 :5 x is consid]$ t !y 7 reg>d$ z a l[ class ( p]sons--! dregs ( society4 ,x w\ld h be5 q natural if !y _h neglect$ ! difficult art ( calligraphy1 ow+ to _! /r5u\s lives 9 ! !atre1 b _m yaku%a 7 z v]s$ 9 writ+ ! complicat$ *>act]s z !y 7 9 all ! o!r accompli%m5ts t di/+ui%$ ! g5teel p]son ( ,japan at ?is "t4 ,"o actor 0 s pr\d1 ( 8 ability 9 ?is direction t he wrote long epi/les ! bett] to %[ (f 8 accompli%m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,yaku%a ,,mak+ ,a ,,r\nd ,,( ,,new ,,ye> ,,calls4 ,9 ! =egr\nd a memb] ( ! ,i*ikawa family1 ) two pupils & 8 s]vants1 foll[+ beh9d an onnagata simil>ly att5d$4 ,! kites 9 ! picture %[ ! fav\rite pa/ime ( *ildr5 dur+ ! ,new ,ye> holidays4 7,col\r pr9t by ,hasegawa ,kanpei1 ! f\rte5?1 & ,torii ,kiyosada1 fa!r ( ,kiyotada47 ,!y int]m>ri$ to a rem>kable ext5t4 ,s9ce !y 7 segregat$ to c]ta9 qu>t]s ne> ! !atre1 !y *ose _! wives = ! mo/ "p f among _! own frat]nity4 ,! daught]s ( actor families m>ri$ m5 ( _! fa!r's pr(ession1 & _! daught]s aga9 became ! wives ( actors4 ,?is br\ght ab\t su* complicat$ g5ealogies t x became impossible to unravel ! tangl$ relation%ips4 ,n[ & !n a yaku%a /ray$ out ( ! fold & took unto himself a f>m]'s daught]1 or1 z 0 q common1 select$ a maid5 :o _h pass$ h] life 9 ! !atre atmosph]e1 daught] ( ! proprietor ( a *aya1 or !atre tea-h\se1 t cat]$ daily to ! audi5ce4 ,sometimes a yaku%a _h = fa!r ! keep] ( a re/aurant1 & ! sons ( wre/l]s made good actors z !y 7 ( f9e physique4 ,_m ( ! lead+ actors 7 sons ( ron91 or samurai :o _h sev]$ connection ) _! feudal "l & jo9$ ! ranks ( ! common p4 ,! fir/ ,danjuro 0 ( samurai /ock1 8 fa!r a ron94 ,aga91 ! dissipat$ sons ( milit>y families took up act+ z a pr(ession :5 turn$ out ( doors by _! /]n samurai fa!rs = _! s9s & omissions4 ,a fam\s onnagata1 ,yo%isawa ,ayame1 0 a page 9 a samurai h\se be=e he became an actor4 ,! fir/ ,nakamura ,utayemon 0 ! son ( a physician4 ,o!rs 7 sons ( n+yo-tsukai or doll-h&l]s 9 ! puppet !atre1 & ! yaku%a 7 relat$ to /age musicians1 danc+ tea*]s1 co/um]s1 & ev5 ! m5ials ( ! !atre4 ,ara%i ,kanjuro became a col\r-pr9t arti/ "u ,toyokuni1 & 0 call$ ,kunih>a4 ,n infrequ5tly ! yaku%a /udi$ ! ,n1 & introduc$ _m features ( ! classic drama into 8 own productions4 ,!re 7 actors ( ref9em5t1 :o /ood ap>t f ! vulg>ity ( _! day1 b on ! o!r h& a great _m :o1 influ5c$ by ! odium atta*$ to _! pr(ession1 l$ loose & immoral lives4 ,b 9 ?is !y only foll[$ ! lead ( _! times1 = vulg>ity & s5suality 0 ! ord] ( ! day1 z might h be5 expect$1 s9ce ! monotony ( peace & ! /agnant regime ( ! ,tokugawa ,%ogunate 7 l>gely responsible = ! lic5ti\sness t prevail$4 ,at ?is "t !re 7 actors :o work$ z und]/udies & 7 n regul>ly employ$1 & :5 n on ! /age e>n$ money by _! immoralities4 ,!y did n accept comp5sation f ! !atre1 b appe>$ = ! sake ( exhibit+ _! p]sonal *>ms & provid$ _! own co/umes4 ,until #ahcj ^! good-look+ "y m5 7 to be f\nd 9 private tea-h\ses 9 connection ) ! !atre1 & f _! ranks came "s ( ! fam\s onnagata4 ,?is is ! o!r side ( ! !atre1 b acc\nts 9 l>ge measure = ! deep social prejudice t exi/$ aga9/ ! ,kabuki yaku%a1 a prejudice t is by no means entirely remov$ at ! pres5t day1 al?\gh ! /&+ ( ! actors has be5 elevat$ & _! position 9 "o ( ,japan's mo/ *>act]i/ic in/itutions is fully recognis$4 ,sons born 9 a lead+ actor's family 7 giv5 a ?or\gh /age tra9+1 mak+ _! fir/ b[ to ! audi5ce :ile /ill infants 9 arms1 b less =tunate *ildr5 _h great difficulty 9 w9n+ a place on ! /age4 ,yaku%a :o succe$$ )\t family1 & :o reli$ only ^u _! tal5ts1 (t5 receiv$ _! e>ly /age appr5tice%ip z memb]s ( travell+ companies1 or 7 se5 9 kodomo %ibai1 or *ildr5's !atre companies4 ,!re 71 also1 tempor>y !atres set up 9 comp\nds ( %r9es1 call$ miya %ibai1 or %r9e !atres1 & ^? along ! riv]1 call$ hama %ibai1 or %ore !atres4 ,! ability ( _m a popul> actor 0 v (t5 fir/ discov]$ 9 su* surr\nd+s4 ,x 0 difficult = ! outsid] to break ?r\gh ! yaku%a ca/e4 ,! family sy/em ( pres]v+ ! l9e 0 z /rong among ! yaku%a z x 0 f ! ,%ogun & ari/ocracy d[n to arti/s1 artisans1 tea c]emony & fl[] arrangem5t tea*]s & musicians4 ,& if !re 0 no direct desc5dant to inh]it ! family "n an heir 0 adopt$4 ,?is =ms "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *>act]i/ics ( ! yaku%a1 = ! son n only succe$$ to ! family "n1 b c>ri$ on ! traditions ( 8 fa!r's /age art ) an unsw]v+ fidelity1 pres]v+ ! inh]itance ( ! pa/1 b also attempt+ to enhance ! reputation ( ! family1 & 9 turn pass+ on ! capital & accumulat$ int]e/ to ! next successor4 ,! incl9ation ( ! yaku%a t[>ds ,buddhism 0 v /rong4 ,kabuki ,koto ,hajime1 or ,beg9n+s ( ,kabuki1 says ) reg>d to ?is *>act]i/ic3 8,^? :o play$ tragic rles want$ to borr[ ! p[] ( ,hokkekyo 7,buddhi/ ,scripture ( ! ,lotus ( ! ,good ,law71 & especially 7 fai?ful to ! ,ni*ir5 sect 7f\nd$ by ,ni*ir51 ! /ormy petrel ( ,japanese ,buddhism1 sev5 hundr$ ye>s ago74 ,!y _h to h "s religion to =get ! t]rible *>act]s !y play$1 z !y might be haunt$ by !m :5 !y w5t home40 ,i*imura ,tak5ojo1 a nephew ( ! fir/ ,i*imura ,uzaemon1 ! proprietor ( ! ,i*imura-za1 became an acolyte 9 a ,buddhi/ sem9>y 9 ! di/rict ( ,honjo1 ,y$o4 ,he _h 8 head %av$ & put on prie/'s robes1 & giv+ up ! applause ( ! /age = ! calm ( ! cloi/]1 w5t /raight (f to ! ,buddhi/ in/itution4 ,aft]w>ds he /udi$ at ,hiei-zan1 ! m\nta9 mona/]y ov]look+ ,kyoto1 & rose to a lead+ position 9 ! prie/hood1 becom+ ! head prie/ ( a m\nta9 temple1 & return+ to a ,y$o temple1 :]e he di$ 9 8 old age4 ,yama%ita ,kyoyemon1 contempor>y ( ,sakata ,tojuro1 _h a prie/ bro!r1 & ,yamatoya ,imbei ( ,osaka _h two ,buddhi/ prie/s = bro!rs4 ,i*ikawa ,dan%iro1 ! mo/ tal5t$ pupil ( ! fir/ ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 left ! /age 9 ! middle ( 8 c>e] to become a prie/4 ,_m urg5t messages 7 s5t f 8 =m] !atre 9 ,y$o reque/+ him to rejo9 ! actors1 & at la/ he cons5t$ on condition t he return imm$iately ! p]=mances 7 ov] to 8 seclud$ temple life4 ,( q a diff]5t "* 0 ,miyasaki ,d5ki*i's connection ) ,buddhism4 ,he 0 ) o!r actors imprison$ on acc\nt ( a sc&al 9 a nunn]y1 & s9ce ! head nun 0 a fav\rite ( ! ,%ogun's ,c\rt %e 0 s5t5c$ to dea?4 ,_m ( ! yaku%a %av$ _! heads z a sign ( _! retirem5t f active life4 ,! f\r? ,i*ikawa ,danjuro 0 "o ( ^? :o volunt>ily ab&on$ a fl\ri%+ c>e]1 & ,sado%ima ,*ogoro1 ! au?or ( ,sado%ima ,nikki1 or ,j\rnal ( ,sado%ima1 took a holy "n1 & liv$ 9 front ( ! ,k5n9-ji1 a ,buddhi/ temple1 9 ,kyoto4 ,"s ( ! /> actors w5t on pilgrimages4 ,ara%i ,sangoro visit$ ! ?irty-?ree temples sacr$ to ,kwannon1 ! ,goddess ( ,m]cy1 9 ,kyu%u1 & aft]w>ds became a prie/4 ,! yaku%a _h 8 sup]/itions4 ,he w5t to %r9es & pray$ to obta9 ! fame ( actors pa/ & gone1 or made special supplications t he might be successful 9 a new rle4 ,he 0 l o!r m52 he mix$ up 9 fights & _h to g to prison1 he _h 8 love affairs & rivalries2 sometimes became despond5t & committ$ suicide e>ly1 or retir$ to op5 a %op deal+ 9 inc5se1 or :ite p[d] = ! face4 ,!re 7 n only skill$ musicians1 amateur poets1 & pa9t]s among !m1 b !y 7 upp]mo/ 9 ! mak+ & produc+ ( plays4 ,!y 7 able to sew _! own /age co/umes & to embroid] !m ) elaborate designs4 ,_! co/umes _h a consid]able effect ^u ! fa%ions1 induc+ m5 to dress 9 extravagant ta/e1 :ile wom5 ( good families foll[$ ! example set by ! actors on ! /age1 copy+ col\rs1 designs1 & /yles1 ev5 ! wid? ( ! obi4 ,! yaku%a travell$ up & d[n ! c\ntry f ,y$o to ,osaka & ,kyoto1 held _! anniv]s>ies & c]emonies1 & 7 c>eful ( ! type1 tra9+ _! sons 9 ! way !y %\ld g4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 mis=tune (t5 ov]took a prosp]\s family1 & ! l9e )]$ away4 ,x 0 r5ew$ by "s "y relative1 only to disappe> 9 aft] ye>s4 ,no family fl\ri%$ g5]ation aft] g5]ation z did ! ,i*ikawa ,danjuro l9e1 & yet !re is no repres5tative ( ?is "n ^u ! ,tokyo /age to-day4 ,nakamura ,nakazo is on record z hav+ express$ ! op9ion t actors %\ld n be se5 9 public1 b %\ld be kn[n only on ! /age1 & secure fame by _! art alone4 ,he ?\ght x 0 a mi/ake = play-folk to att5d picnics1 moon-gaz+ or sn[-view+ p>ties1 or mix ) ! cr[d4 ,! second ,i*ikawa ,danjuro 0 also a believ] 9 ! actor's anonymity & seclusion f ! public1 & consid]$ t if an actor 0 n good-look+ he w\ld n appe> to advantage on ! /reet4 ,x is true t if ! yaku%a w5t out we>+ f9e app>el & attract$ p by 8 dignifi$ be>+1 ! defects ( 8 "* or lack ( tal5t w\ld be hidd54 ,z ! face ( ! yaku%a 0 c]ta9 to be less attractive (f ! /age ?an on1 he %\ld take c>e n to be se5 by ! p4 ,danjuro fur!r decl>$ t z an actor's life 0 full ( anxiety1 x 0 necess>y t he %\ld enjoy all ! com=ts ( home1 & receive e c>e to ma9ta9 8 heal?4 ,x 0 be/ = ! yaku%a to /ay at home1 s t he w\ld h no occasion to become angry1 & z he 0 ! object ( public att5tion he %\ld aim to be z ref9$ & beautiful z possible4 ,:5 "y1 ,danjuro ! second ?\ght1 ! yaku%a %\ld we> 8 head cov]$1 & 9 middle age t he %\ld ride 9 a kago1 ! basket conveyance hung on two poles & c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( be>]s4 ,& ?is mu/ n be reg>d$ z extravagance1 b to make a good impression ^u !atre-go]s & !re=e a duty to ! !atre proprietor1 = he consid]$ x ( ! greate/ importance = a yaku%a to be magnific5t 9 ord] to fill an em95t position4 ,contr>y to ,danjuro's op9ion1 ,sawamura ,sojuro1 ! fir/1 believ$ 9 ! simple life = an actor4 ,he said a *ief actor %\ld m+le ) ! p 9 ! /reets1 & aim to be unpret5ti\s1 = a yaku%a w\ld !reby be able to le>n ( 8 defects ^u ! /age4 ,z = clo?+1 x 0 q suffici5t to h "o kimono = ea* season4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 natural to wi% to dress well1 b x (t5 prov$ ru9\s4 ,x 0 be/ = ! yaku%a to leave 8 "n to po/]ity z a /age celebrity r ?an z a millionaire1 to be rememb]$ = 8 art r ?an = 8 money4 ,kataoka ,nizaemon1 ! fir/1 ( ,osaka1 decl>$ t actors %\ld be conv]sant ) poetry & lit]ature1 & "k all subjects relat+ to ,buddhism & ,%9toism1 in=mation t w\ld be ( use to !m on ! /age4 ,:5 ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! second1 built a f9e new resid5ce aft] 8 dwell+ _h be5 burn$ d[n1 he gave a h\se-w>m+ p>ty1 & a hundr$ %ort poems 7 writt5 by ! gue/s :o att5d$4 ,9 ! tokonoma1 or recess ( ! reception-room1 0 hung an autograph$ poem by ,kikaku1 a well-kn[n v]sifi]4 ,on ! slid+ doors 7 pictures by arti/s ( ! ,tosa ,s*ool4 ,! small metal pieces ins]t$ into ! doors 7 ( ! be/ workman%ip4 ,!re 0 a pa9t+ ( *rysan!mums done especially = ,danjuro by ! ma/] ( fl[]s1 ,kor91 & a fl[] vase aft] a design by ,ba%o4 ,he c\nt$ among 8 fri5ds _m ( ! intellectuals ( 8 day1 & ^u "o occasion he 0 se5 out = a walk betwe5 ,hanabusa ,i*o1 ! pa9t]1 & ,kikaku1 ! poet1 ! two out/&+ g5iuses ( ! age4 ,8 "n 0 kn[n at ! ,%ogun's ,c\rt1 = !re is a m5tion 9 ! di>y ( a daimyo1 ,matsura ,sezan1 t "o day ! ,%ogun1 ,tokugawa ,yo%imune1 pass$ ?r\gh ! w>d ( ,honjo1 & ! r\te took him ne> a %r9e :]e he notic$ a votive (f]+ on :i* 0 writt5 a poem1 sign$ ,haku91 ,danjuro's poetry "n4 ,appreciat+ ! lit]>y tal5t ! poem reveal$1 ! ,%ogun turn$ to 8 ret9ue & ask$ :o _h compos$ x1 b z none ( !m knew1 he expla9$ t x 0 ! nom de plume ( ,i*ikawa ,danjuro4 ,illu/ration3 ,matsumoto ,ko%iro 9 ! rle ( an otokodate1 or *ivalr\s common]1 ready to def5d ! oppress$ l[] classes f ! blu/]+ two-sword$ samurai4 ,nakamura ,nakazo has left m5tion 9 8 j\rnal conc]n+ a visit he made to a memb] ( ! ,*o%u clan1 to ! effect t he _h be5 invit$ by a retir$ p]sonage to 8 resid5ce1 made ( h9oki wood1 mean+ a mansion su* z 0 erect$ = ! ari/ocracy1 & t he 0 ent]ta9$ ) tea & ask$ to dance4 ,! appreciative ho/ n only gave ea* "o ( ! p>ty a gift1 b aft] 8 return to 8 doma9 9 ,*o%u he s5t ,nakazo a suzuri1 or box = hold+ ! ,japanese writ+ bru% & ink /one4 ,retir$ p]sons ( ! upp] class 7 consid]$ privileg$ to enjoy life z !y pleas$1 & !y (t5 w5t to ! !atre incognito4 ,aft] ! p]=mance !y invit$ ! actors to ! *aya1 & gave !m gifts4 ,actor wor%ip p]meat$ ! p2 ! playgo]s ( ! ?ree t[ns enjoy$ !m1 criticis$1 gossip$ ab\t !m1 ev5 z !y d at ! pres5t day4 ,! !atre 0 ! great recreation ( ! p1 & ! actors1 h[ !y look$1 h[ app>ell$1 & ! quality ( _! act+ =m$ ! endless topic ( conv]sations & discussions4 ,& yet 9 spite ( ! fact t ! actors held su* a firm place 9 ! affections ( ! p2 t !y 7 ! expon5ts ( a !atre :i* reflect$ ! national *>act]i/ics to a rem>kable ext5t2 t !y repres5t$ ! ta/e1 /yle1 & ideas ( _! "t 9 no small degree1 & t !y 7 (t5 m5 ( cultivation & ref9em5t (f ! /age1--_! pr(ession 0 scorn$4 ,!y 7 ! object ( long p]secution4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d 9 ! hi/ory ( ! !atre ?r\gh\t ! _w a deep] prejudice or m complete contempt = ! actor ?an has be5 ! portion ( ! ,kabuki yaku%a4 ,?is /ate ( affairs 0 l>gely due to ! attitude adopt$ t[>ds ! !atre by ! ,tokugawa gov]nm5t4 ,f ! (ficial /&po9t ! !atre 0 a vulg> in/itution & _h an immoral effect ^u society4 ,?r\gh ! production ( sociali/ic plays1 ! m9ds ( ! p 7 influ5c$1 & ! au?orities s\ght to control ! ov]fl[+ life t f\nd a v5t 9 !atre-go+4 ,! !atre also enc\rag$ luxury1 caus+ ! p to w&] away f ! pa?s ( economy1 & to desire ! elaborate h\ses1 furniture1 & clo?+ !y saw ^u ! /age4 ,! /rict control ex]cis$ ov] ! actors 0 n all due to ! desire ( ! gov]n+ classes to elevate & improve ! gov]n$4 ,x 0 "p ( _! plan to keep back ! natural democracy ( ! p1 :i*1 l a ris+ tide1 ?reat5$ to gr[ /rong] ?an 0 good = ! welf>e ( ! %ogunate4 ,murdo* 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,japan1 9 *>act]is+ ! rule ( ! ,%oguns1 t\*es ! core ( ! matt] :5 he says3 8,! ,y$o ma*9e ( m$iocrities _h conv]t$ ,japan f a progressive into a /ation>y /ate1 *iefly because ! ,tokugawa flunkeys ( ^? days wi%$ to pres]ve _! own position44440 ,& x 0 ! (ficials ( gov]nm5t :o 7 "u ! conviction t ! !atre & actors 7 a s\rce ( moral corruption1 & 9 consequ5ce saw to x t ?is p>ticul> sph]e ( influ5ce 0 segregat$ to special sites 9 ! ?ree t[ns1 mu* 9 ! same way t ! 8gay qu>t]s0 7 sep>at$ f ! ord9>y *annels ( life4 ,b ?is 0 n suffici5t re/ra9t1 & social int]c\rse ) ! t[nsm5 0 =bidd54 ,to complete ! social boycott ! actors 7 oblig$ to reside toge!r1 7 prohibit$ f go+ f> f _! homes & ord]$ to keep well )9 _! own pres]ves2 !y c\ld n m+le ) ! p unless !y wore a deep basket-l /raw hat t hid _! faces f sight4 ,s>uwaka ,kansaburo1 9 #afbd1 9 compliance ) ! ,%ogun's ord] sang a sailor's song at ! helm ( ! ,%ogun's pleasure boat1 & 9 #afdh he & 8 foll[]s 7 summon$ to ! ,%ogun's palace to %[ _! art4 ,b 9 #agai1 :5 ! "m ( ! eigh? ,%ogun1 ,yo%imune1 & 8 *ildr5 wi%$ to see danc+ & 7 ab\t to s5d = ! actors1 ! (ficials oppos$ ! plan1 rem9d+ !m ( ,y5o%ima1 ! ,c\rt lady1 & h] sc&al ) ! actor ,iku%ima ,%+oro4 ,doll p]=m]s 7 ord]$ to att5d in/ead4 ,z = ! /atus ( ! yaku%a1 x fell v l[ inde$ aft] ,s>uwaka ,sansaburo's "t1 = !y 7 rank$ among ! l[e/ classes1 b "o degree remov$ f ! eta1 ! p>iah class4 ,9 ! c5sus li/s !y 7 n ent]$ z o!r m51 b 7 not$ by ! num]al suffix1 !n us$ 9 ! enum]ation ( cattle4 ,al?\gh x 0 ! delib]ate aim ( ! ,gov]nm5t to l[] ! /&+ ( ! actors1 x is cle> !y 7 n plac$ on ! same level z ^? outca/s ( society1 ! eta1 z is se5 f a judgem5t giv5 9 a law c\rt 9 #agjh4 ,satsuma ,kog5da held a ,kabuki p]=mance 9 a village call$ ,masaki1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,awa4 ,! eta 7 deb>r$ f att5dance1 & ?ree hundr$ ( !m liv+ 9 ! neighb\rhood 7 s enrag$1 !y attack$ & de/roy$ ! !atre4 ,a repres5tative ( ! outca/s fil$ a suit 9 c\rt aga9/ ! !atre-own] & actors1 z well z ! musicians1 b a decision 0 giv5 9 fav\r ( ! !atre1 & ! lead]s among ! eta :o _h in/igat$ ! attack 7 s5t5c$ to exile4 ,9 ,ok9a ,gusa 7lit41 ,old ,man ,say+s7 !re is an acc\nt :i* well illu/rates ! social attitude t[>ds ! actor4 ,kir9oya ,gonjuro1 :o act$ *iefly 9 ,osaka & ,kyoto1 0 ! son ( a fl[]-arrangem5t tea*]4 ,a c]ta9 (ficial liv+ 9 ,kyoto belong$ to ! same s*ool ( fl[]-arrangem5t z ! actor's fa!r1 & ! two 7 on fri5dly t]ms4 ,:5 ,kir9oya 0 appe>+ 9 ,kyoto he _h to g to ! magi/rate's (fice on "s bus9ess connect$ ) ! !atre1 & ! (ficial discov]$ t 8 fri5d's son _h jo9$ ! ranks ( ! vulg> ,kabuki play]s4 ,he ord]$ ,kir9oya to call at 8 resid5ce1 & :5 he did s he w\ld n all[ him to ent]1 b comm&$ him to pro/rate himself on ! gr\nd be=e ! entrance1 & is report$ to h said to him3 8,al?\gh ,i h be5 a fri5d ( y\r fa!r1 y\r /atus 9 society is q beyond ! pale ( int]c\rse4 ,if y cease to be an actor ,i w all[ y to ent] my h\se & w r5ew our fri5d%ip1 b n o!rwise40 ,! actor1 q ov]come at ?is prejudic$ attitude1 repli$3 8,i ?ank y = y\r k9dness1 b x is impossible = me to give up my pr(ession4 ,al?\gh ,i h ?us l[]$ myself 9 ! social scale1 ,i am *ief among ! actors1 & !re are _m ( my foll[]s :o are dep5d5t ^u me = a livelihood4 ,i _c deprive !m ( ?is4 ,ev5 among u :o are despis$ !re is loyalty & fidelity1 & ,i h no o!r c\rse b to foll[ my pr(ession4 ,9 ?is case ,i _c see y aga940 ,ano!r sidelight ^u ! social prejudice aga9/ actors is %[n by a /ory t is told ( ,kosagawa ,juyemon1 a samurai 9 ! s]vice ( a c]ta9 feudal "l1 :o _h become an actor f *oice4 ,a memb] ( 8 family w5t to ! !atre :]e he 0 employ$1 & be+ in=m$ t he 0 act+ "u 8 own "n grew s infuriat$ t he ?reat5$ to kill ! "y man1 b 0 f9ally pacifi$ by ! p ( ! !atre4 ,9 ,kabuki ,koto ,hajime1 or ! ,beg9n+s ( ,kabuki1 ! au?or rises to ! def5ce ( ! actor3 8,! ,kaw>a ,kojiki 7,riv]side ,begg>s7 all belong$ to ! common p4 ,b ?is 0 n s 9 reality4 ,!y wa%$ & clean$ _! bodies be=e pray+ = ! safety & prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry4 ,:at is said ( !m is n true40 ,dr4 ,yuzo ,tsub\*i1 "o ( ! lead+ mod]n dramati/s1 9 comm5t+ on ! prejudice aga9/ ! actors1 writes3 8,_m p]sons despis$ !m & /ill h>b\r$ aga9/ !m ! prejudice :i* _h orig9at$ 9 ! tradition t !y _h be5 put "u ! control ( ! eta dur+ ! ,kamakura %ogunate4 ,ev5 at ! close ( ! ,tokugawa rule !y 7 n look$ ^u z respectable citiz5s1 & consequ5tly ! milit>y class /udi\sly avoid$ int]c\rse ) !m & refra9$ f visit+ ! !atre40 ,9 a simil> /ra9 ! late ,rev4 ,ar?ur ,lloyd says 9 8 ,notes on ,japanese ,drama 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan3 8,! %ibai _h b a poor reputation4 ,no samurai or respectable p]son w\ld h degrad$ himself by att5dance at a p]=mance4 ,!y 7 compell$ to live l eta1 9 ,ghettos or di/ricts ( _! own1 be+ %unn$ by all p]sons ( position or repute4 ,x 0 folly to expect any?+ at all noble or inspir+ f p]sons compell$ to live 9 su* surr\nd+s1 & x speaks volumes = ! despis$ play-actors & playwrights t !y did n s9k l[]40 ,capta9 ,francis ,br9kley 9 ! *apt] deal+ ) ,ref9em5ts & ,pa/imes 9 8 ,japan3 its ,hi/ory1 ,arts & ,lit]ature1 writes z foll[s reg>d+ ! attitude t[>d ! actors ( ,meiji3 8,i*ikawa ,danjuro & ,onoe ,kikugoro1 ! pr9ces ( ! /age at pres5t1 w\ld long ago h e>n$ a _w-wide reputation _h _! lot be5 ca/ 9 any ,we/]n c\ntry4 ,!re _c be any second op9ion ab\t _! capacities1 or ab\t _! title to rank ) ! great trag$ians ( ! _w4 ,b 9 _! own c\ntry1 ?\gh _! names are h\sehold words1 ta9t ( _! pr(ession cl+s to !m /ill4 ,m5 speak ( !m z a ballet danc] ( extraord9>y agility or a banjo play] ( em95t skill w\ld be spok5 ( 9 ,europe or ,am]ica--r5[n$ expon5ts ( a r5[nless art40 ,und\bt$ly ?is attitude ( ! upp] classes _h mu* to d ) ! triviality & vulg>ity t exi/$ 9 ! !atre4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ! isolat$ actors & playwrights belong$ all ! m to ! !atre4 ,left )\t lead]%ip1 !y work$ out _! own salvation1 & made _! own /&>ds4 ,lack+ ! /imulus t ! recognition & enc\ragem5t ( ! highe/ 9 ! l& might h giv5 !m1 !y 7 able ?r\gh _! own innate s5se ( art & un]r+ desire = beauty to br+ ab\t ! pres5t ri* accumulation ( arti/ic =ces )9 ,kabuki :i* may yet be an impetus to ! ,we/]n !atre1 hungry z x is = j su* f>e z ,kabuki is able to provide s b\ntifully4 ,:5 all is consid]$ ! yaku%a 0 m s9n$ aga9/ ?an s9n+4 ,9 fact1 he 0 (t5 m cultivat$ ?an ! ord9>y citiz51 ev5 ! samurai :o1 especially 9 ! l[] ranks1 7 m]ely r\gh1 unle>n$ soldi]y1 & (t5 knew no?+ ( c\rtesy or mann]s4 8,too (t501 says ,f5ollosa1 8we h read t ! :ole brilliancy & value ( ,japan lay 9 h] samurai40 ,! yaku%a excell$ 9 milit>y arts1 !y us$ judo & f5c+ ) good effect on ! /age1 & 7 exp]t 9 swordsman%ip4 ,!y 7 oblig$ to be skill$ c\nt]feit]s ( ! samurai1 s9ce ! mo/ popul> plays 7 ^? deal+ ) ! exploits ( ! two-sword$ h]o1 & no?+ pleas$ playgo]s bett] ?an to see ! /ately daimyo & 8 loyal reta9]s repres5t$ on ! /age1 = !y 7 p]sonages s f> remov$ f ! ev]yday life ( ! pla9 citiz54 ,aft] all1 x 0 ! outca/ yaku%a :o upheld ! fl[] ( *ivalry & idealis$ ! fai?fulness ( man = ma/]1 loyalty & self-sacrifice1 ! fav\rite !mes ( ! plays4 ,aga91 x 0 ! yaku%a1 held 9 su* l[ e/eem1 :o 0 to keep alive ! feudal age1 long aft] x _h pass$ away4 ,& x is ! yaku%a to-day :o ma9ta9s ! dignity ( be>+ & repres5ts ! h]oic de$s ( ! samurai1 :5 _m ( _! desc5dants h wellnigh =gott5 ! pr9ciples t actuat$ _! ance/ors4 ,illu/ration3 ,nakamura ,ki*iyemon z ,kumagae1 a w>rior ( ,old ,japan4 ,,%ibai ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,cu/oms ,,( ,,%ibai ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable cu/oms connect$ ) !atre go+ 0 ! une>?ly h\r 9 ! morn+ ! %ibai op5$4 ,j be=e dawn1 or betwe5 f\r & five o'clock1 ! big drum 9 ! drum-t[] 0 beat5 z a signal t ! p]=mances 7 ab\t to beg94 ,^? :o liv$ ne> ! !atres 7 oblig$ to hurry ov] an e>ly breakfa/ t !y might rea* ! playh\se by sunrise1 b to ! playgo]s :o 7 oblig$ to walk miles on foot1 or c\ntryfolk b5t on see+ ! fam\s actors1 x 0 a matt] ( l5g?y prep>ations ! day be=e1 & _! j\rney %ibaiw>ds 0 begun 9 ! d>kness ( night4 ,to a woman especially x 0 a s]i\s und]tak+ to att5d %ibai1 because h\rs 7 sp5t 9 oil+ & arrang+ ! hair1 ba?+1 dress+1 & mak+ ! face z attractive z possible ) pa9t & p[d]4 ,only ! mo/ en?usia/ic playgo]s plann$ on rea*+ ! %ibai 9 "t = ! fir/ piece1 & x 0 cu/om>y = p to /ay ov]night at ! %ibai *aya1 or at an inn to be 9 read9ess = ! great ev5t4 ,to *ildr5 all[$ to accompany _! eld]s ! excitem5t prep>atory to sett+ =? 9 ! dead ( night mu/ h made ^! un=gettable occasions ?rill+ adv5tures4 ,if by *ance ! gr&p>5ts =m$ "p ( ! p>ty1 ! *ild w\ld li/5 to rem9isc5ces ( ! fa!rs & gr&fa!rs ( ! actors !n play+1 & ! y\?ful playgo]s :5 gr[n up w\ld 9 turn recall _! e>ly visits to %ibai1 ! long day sp5t 9 ! !atre1 ! d9n] at sunset 9 ! tea-h\se1 aft] :i* came ! return homew>d4 ,by ! "t ! fir/ gold5 rays ( ! sun 7 gild+ ! grey-til$ ro(s ( ! t[n1 p might h be5 se5 com+ f all directions to !atre /reet1 :]e ! sc5es 7 s lively t1 accord+ to an old book1 ,kokon ,yaku%a ,taiz51 or ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,actors1 8! prosp]ity se5 outside ! %ibai e day _c be express$ by a writ+ bru%04 ,&1 inde$1 ! excitem5t ( arrival mu/ h comp5sat$ = ! loss ( sleep & long travel1 = !re 0 noise & confusion outside ! !atre :]e ! bill-bo>ds1 gorge\s po/]s depict+ ! *>act]s 9 ! play 9 brilliant col\rs on p[d]$ gold backgr\nds1 gli/5$ 9 ! sunlight1 ! _m col\r$ flags1 pres5t$ to ! actors on :i* _! names 7 to be se51 float$ bravely 9 ! breeze1 & r[s ( lant]ns be>+ ! actor's cre/ decorat$ ! !atre inside & out4 ,9 a translation made by ! late ,"l ,r$esdale & publi%$ 9 ,! ,f> ,ea/ ,magaz9e 9 #ahga1 !re is a description ( ! %ibai tak5 f an old book ab\t ! sights ( ,y$o1 :i* gives an intimate picture ( ! int]ior z x look$ to a playgo] ( t day4 8,! gall]y 444 is hung ) curta9s z bright z ! ra9b[ 9 ! dep>t+ cl\ds4 ,! place soon becomes s cr[d$ t ! heads ( ! spectators are l ! scales on a dragon's back4 ,:5 ! play beg9s1 if ! subject be tragic1 ! spectators are s affect$ t !y weep till !y h to wr+ _! sleeves dry4 ,if ! piece be comic !y laugh till _! *9s are out ( jo9t4 ,! tricks & /ratagems ( ! drama baffle description1 & ! actors are z graceful z ! flight ( ! swall[s4 ,! triumph ( p]secut$ virtue & ! puni%m5t ( wick$ness inv>iably cr[n ! /ory4 ,:5 a fav\rite actor makes 8 appe>ance 8 entry is hail$ ) *e]s4 ,fun & div]sion are ! ord] ( ! day1 & ri* & poor alike =get ! c>es :i* !y h left beh9d !m at home2 & yet x is n all idle amusem5t1 = !re is a moral includ$ & a practical s]mon 9 e play40 ,z a te/imonial to ! respect ! actors felt = _! high call+1 & a l9k ) ! c]emonial traditions ( !atricals 9 ,japan1 x 0 ! cu/om = a comic dance1 or ,sambasso1 to prec$e ! regul> p]=mances1 & ?is 0 giv5 be=e ! sun _h ris54 ,orig9ally ,sambasso 0 a mir?-provok+ dance p]=m$ 9 ! c\rty>ds ( ,%9to %r9es to give pleasure to ! gods4 ,sambasso is ! mask$ figure ( a jovial old man clad 9 ample robes be>+ designs ( l>ge :ite /orks1 p9e bran*es1 tortoises & o!r emblems ( good luck4 ,he moves to ! sl[ measures ( flute & drum1 po/ures ) a fan1 or %akes a bun* ( bells us$ 9 ! kagura1 or ,%9to dances4 ,?is anci5t p]=mance long ago pass$ into ! possession ( ! ,n /age1 became "o ( its mo/ treasur$ c]emonies1 is giv5 on auspici\s occasions1 ! secrets jeal\sly gu>d$ & h&$ d[n f fa!r to son1 ! actors fa/+ & cleans+ !mselves be=e tak+ "p 9 x4 ,bo? ! ,doll-!atre & ,kabuki appropriat$ ,sambasso1 modify+ x to suit _! own requirem5ts4 ,z to its out] appe>ance1 ! figure 0 a v5]able old p]sonage1 b 9 fact x 0 believ$ to be ! p]sonification ( "o ( ! great deities wor%ipp$ at a *ief ,%9to %r9e4 ,?is top-heavy1 humoresque danc]1 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t !atrical figures extant 9 ! _w1 t is fai?fully pres]v$ to-day & has a ?\s& ye>s beh9d x1 0 look$ ^u by ! !atre-folk ) ! deepe/ rev]5ce & awe1 s9ce ! p]=mance ( ?is dance meant ! purification ( ! /age4 ,x is well to recall ?is1 :5 ! yaku%a ( ,old ,japan are /igmatis$ z vici\s1 plebeian1 loose1 & immoral4 ,a picture ( ! /age 9 ! e>ly h\rs ( ! day1 be=e ! sun _h made its appe>ance1 is f\nd 9 ! old record ( %ibai1 ,kokon ,yaku%a ,taiz51 or ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,actors4 ,x tells h[ above ! heads ( ! audi5ce !re 7 lant]ns on :i* 7 to be se5 ! actors' cre/s1 & susp5d$ f ! gall]y hung o!rs be>+ ! symbols ( ! tea-h\ses4 ,9 front ( ! /age _m c&les 7 se5 burn+4 ,fir/1 !re 0 ! ,sambasso dance1 & aft] ?is all ! play actors ) ! pr9cipal actor 9 advance made _! entrance ^u ! /age1 ea* c>ry+ a light$ c&le 9 8 h& & clad 9 c]emonial skirts1 long & volum9\s1 t encas$ _! feet & fl[$ y>ds beh9d !m l a lady's tra9--! same co/ume worn by ! great daimyo :5 att5d+ social & /ate functions at ! ,%ogun's ,c\rt4 ,! spokesman = ! actors ask$ ! patronage ( ! audi5ce = t5 ?\s& ye>s1 mean+ to ! end ( "t1 a *>act]i/ic salutation ( ,asia1 & 9 response ! audi5ce signifi$ _! appreciation by clapp+ _! h&s4 ,:5 ! actors _h retir$1 music 0 he>d & an auspici\s song 0 sung1 ! ,%ika9ami1 or ,waves ( ! ,f\r ,seas1 a passage f ,takasago1 a ,n play 9 :i* a pray] is made = ! peace ( ! _w & ! smoo?ness ( ! waves 9 ! f\r seas4 ,foll[+ ?is1 an ann\ncem5t ( ! programme 0 read by a dignit>y ( ! !atre4 ,he began by cry+ out 9 a r++ voice3 8,tozai6 ,tozai60 or 8,ea/-,we/6 ,ea/-,we/60 ,?is 0 to call ! att5tion ( p to ! ea/ & ! we/1 &1 inde$1 9 all p>ts ( ! !atre1 :o 7 ?us admoni%$ to li/5 to ! important details ( ! plays to be act$4 ,^! m5 knelt d[n on ! /age 9 front ( ! curta91 & read ! programme 9 a peculi> /yle & ) a fl\ri% t belong$ to ! !atre4 ,gradually !y became few 9 numb]1 _! sal>ies 7 decreas$1 & _! place 9 ! !atre 0 less & less recognis$4 ,! cu/om is n[ & !n se5 to-day1 p>ticul>ly at ! beg9n+ ( ,tak$a ,izumo's ,*u%+ura4 ,a puppet ann\nc] is plac$ outside ! curta9 & manipulat$ f beh9d1 ! doll go+ ?r\gh ! motions ( an animat$ deliv]y ( details connect$ ) ! play :ile an actor beh9d is responsible = ! words4 ,special p]=mances 7 giv5 f\r times a ye>1 :5 ! %ibai c]emonial _h a di/9ct place ( its own2 ^! 7 ! celebration ( ! ,new ,ye>1 ,spr+1 ! ,bon1 or ,fe/ival ( ! ,dead1 9 midsumm]1 & ! op5+ ( ! %ibai season 9 ,novemb]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! 0 ! ,kaomise1 or ,face-,%[+ c]emony1 on :i* occasion ! actors 7 display$ be=e ! admir+ gaze ( ! audi5ce1 n z *>act]s 9 a play1 b 9 _! own p]sons1 to ask = ! patronage ( ! p4 ,x 0 a graci\s ackn[l$gem5t ( _! close relation%ip to ! audi5ce1 & at ! same "t gave expression to a subtle flatt]y ( ! playgo]s1 :om !y ?us took into full confid5ce z an ess5tial "p ( ! !atre4 ,! ,kaomise 0 g5]ally held 9 ,novemb] ) ! inauguration ( new !atrical season4 ,at ?is "t ! actors pray$ = ! peace ( ! c\ntry & a b\ntiful h>ve/4 ,elaborate prep>ations 7 made4 ,! night be=e _m gay lant]ns 7 se5 on ! !atre /reets1 ev5 be=e ! smalle/ & mo/ insignificant ( build+s4 ,! actors' resid5ces z well z ! %ibai tea-h\ses 7 bright ) cre/$ lant]ns1 & l>ge ones 7 plac$ at ! entrance to ! !atre & on ea* side ( ! actors' dress+-rooms4 ,x 0 a v]itable fea/ ( lant]ns4 ,at ?is "t ! actors :o _h be5 engag$ = ! season 7 ann\nc$4 ,x meant a new comb9ation ( play]s1 = ,kyoto & ,osaka yaku%a w\ld come to ,y$o1 & vice v]sa4 ,! playwrights & musicians :o 7 to s]ve ! !atre = ! ensu+ ye> 7 also secur$1 & prop] ann\ncem5ts made dur+ ! ,kaomise1 z well z ! =?com+ plays1 :e!r newly writt5 or old fav\rites 9 a new guise4 ,9 ! ,kaomise c]emony ! actors came to ! /age by turns1 & address+ ! audi5ce 9 an intimate way told :at *>act]s !y w\ld play1 t !y 7 glad to see ! audi5ce1 & ask$ = _! fav\r4 ,?is took up a great deal ( "t1 b ! occasion 0 gay & pleasant1 & =m$ a fitt+ beg9n+ to ! !atre season4 ,on ! fir/ day !re 0 no *>ge = admission1 & aft] ! actors _h introduc$ !mselves special plays 7 p]=m$4 ,details ( ! ,kaomise diff]$ 9 ! ?ree t[ns1 & v>i$ accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! actors1 :o improvis$ to suit _! own fancy4 ,9 ,osaka1 accord+ to ! ,kokon ,yaku%a ,taiz51 ! ,kaomise 0 giv5 sev5 times 9 succession1 beg9n+ 9 ! ev5+ & t]m9at+ 9 ! small h\rs ( ! next day4 ,lant]ns fe/oon$ ! ,dotombori1 ,osaka's *ief !atre /reet1 be>+ ! cre/s ( ! lead+ actors4 ,gifts to ! actors consi/+ ( tubs ( sake1 bales ( rice1 dri$ fi%1 etc41 7 pil$ up s high z to rea* ! drum-t[]4 ,playgo]s came 9 boats by way ( ! ,dotombori canal1 ! t[n be+ transect$1 !n z n[1 by innum]able wat]ways4 ,! au?or decl>es t ! ,osaka ,kaomise 0 sup]ior 9 attractions to simil> c]emonies 9 ,y$o or ,kyoto1 & t ! sc5e 0 s f9e t words c\ld n be f\nd to give x adequate description4 ,! dignity ( ! !atre 0 aga9 %[n 9 ! ,kojo1 ano!r ann\ncem5t c]emony1 :5 a promotion 9 rank1 succession to a new /age "n1 or accession to ! head%ip ( an illu/ri\s actor-family 0 made kn[n to ! audi5ce4 ,at su* times ! actors pro/rat$ !mselves on ! /age1 _! heads t\*+ _! outspread h&s4 ,!n ! *ief actor w\ld raise 8 face & speak on behalf ( ! actor ^: *ange 9 rank or "n 0 ?us ann\nc$4 ,he w\ld 9 8 turn1 ) ! utmo/ mode/y & humility1 ask ! audi5ce to be l5i5t ) 8 _m mi/akes1 b t he hop$ to improve & to please !m 9 ! future4 ,among ! _m actor cu/oms !re 0 ! ,a%igoroye1 or ,arrang+-!-,feet-9-,good-,ord]4 ,previ\s to ! op5+ day ( a new p]=mance1 ! "y actors w\ld assemble outside ! !atre & !n proce$ to ! resid5ce ( ! head ( ! company1 _! *ief1 :o w\ld receive !m 9 /ate1 sitt+ 9 a place ( c]emony4 ,! gue/s 7 clad 9 _! be/ g>m5ts1 & ea* "o w\ld receive a cup ( sake f ! ho/ & return x to him4 ,aft] p>tak+ ( a fea/1 all 7 reque/$ to contribute to ! ev5+'s ent]ta9m5t by a song or dance4 ,?is cu/om gradually disappe>$4 ,9 connection ) ! ,novemb] ,kaomise !re 0 a social ga!r+ ( ! !atre p call$ ! ,yosehajime1 or ,gett+-,toge!r-=-!-,fir/-,"t4 ,! m5 employ$ 9 ! bus9ess managem5t ( ! !atre attir$ 9 _! be/1 c>ry+ l>ge lant]ns 9 _! h&s adorn$ ) ! cre/ ( ! !atre1 proce$$ to ! homes ( ! actors1 :]e !y 7 receiv$ & a f9e repa/ spread be=e !m4 ,!n ! *ief actors repair$ to ! resid5ce ( ! !atre manag] :]e !y 7 w>mly welcom$1 :ile ! onnagata ga!r$ at ! home ( ! lead+ onnagata1 z might h be5 expect$ ( su* lady-l play]s4 ,at l5g? actors1 playwrights1 manag]s1 & musicians1 all ^? engag$ = ! ye> to fill _! respective ni*es 9 ! !atre _w1 assembl$ outside ! %ibai j b5ea? ! drum-t[]1 a goodly company ( !atre-folk on ! be/ ( t]ms ) "o ano!r4 ,"u ! lead]%ip ( ! manag]1 !y ent]$ ! !atre :]e a banquet 0 held 9 a room beh9d ! /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,to m>k ! op5+ ( ! !atre season :5 actors1 playwrights1 & musicians 7 engag$1 !re 0 a ga!r+ call$ ,see+-,=-,!-,fir/-,"t4 7,col\r pr9t by ,torii ,kiyonaga47 ,!re is a col\r pr9t by ,torii ,kiyonaga1 pa9t$ & pr9t$ 9 #aghd1 depict+ ?is cu/om s fai?fully t x br+s ! sc5e vividly be=e our eyes4 ,x %[s ! l[ two-/ori$ h\ses on ea* side ( !atre /reet 9 ,y$o1 ) a glimpse ( ! drum-t[] ( ! ,nakamura-za to ! "r4 ,on ! big lant]ns elevat$ on poles on ea* side ( ! !atre entrances1 are se5 ! cre/s t recall ! dream ( ,s>uwaka ,kansaburo1 ! f\nd] ( ,y$o ,kabuki1 :ile wait+ = a lic5ce to op5 8 !atre4 ,he dream$ t a /ork ) a bran* ( an i*o tree 9 its beak flew f ! summit ( ,m\nt ,fuji & ent]$ 8 h\se4 ,he took ?is z a good om5 = 8 new ent]prise1 & ! !atre cre/s 7 *os5 9 accordance ) 8 dream4 ,9 ,kiyonaga's pr9t a fly+ /ork is se5 on "o lant]n1 a fan-%ap$ i*o leaf on ! o!r1 :ile ^! two emblems ( ! ,nakamura-za are repres5t$ on ! pap] sph]es adorn+ ! tea-h\ses & actors' resid5ces t l9e ea* side ( ! n>r[ ?or\ghf>e4 ,9 ?is picture ! repres5tatives ( ! !atre _w are clad 9 ! silk %irts & ! /iff upp] g>m5ts1 or kami%imo1 worn ov] ! %\ld]s & tuck$ into _! belts1 t di/+ui%$ ! g5tleman ( t day4 ,if ! yaku%a 7 spok5 ( z riv]side begg>s1 !y /ill clung to ! conv5tional g>b ( ! middle & upp] classes at t "t worn 9 ,japan4 ,!y also c>ri$ a sword 9 _! belts1 :i* 0 ! privilege ( ! samurai4 ,b ?is concession _h be5 all[$ s9ce ! ,%ogun _h issu$ an ord] t ! actors %\ld be taught morality1 & z a /ep t[>ds _! 8uplift0 x 0 comm&$ t !y %\ld be neatly dress$ & we> a sword on leav+ ! !atre4 ,:5 ! play 0 ov]1 ! *ief actor 0 escort$ home by two "y actors1 a s]vant be>+ a *e/ ( clo?+4 ,! onnagata 0 accompani$ to 8 h\se by att5dants1 "o hold+ a big protect+ umbrella ov] ! head ( ! creator ( fem99e rles4 ,) a simil> display ( dignity1 ! actor made 8 r\nd ( calls dur+ ! ,new ,ye> season1 ! sleeves ( 8 kimono be>+ ! cre/ ( 8 family1 a ret9ue foll[+ 9 8 wake1 ! cynosure ( all eyes z he pass$ ?r\gh ! admir+ ?rongs ( holiday-mak]s4 ,!re 7 int]e/+ cu/oms 9 connection ) ! door-keep]s4 ,!y 7 /rangely co/um$ 9 long trail+ wom5's kimono1 ( vivid hues & be>+ l\d designs1 ?r[n on c>elessly ov] _! ord9>y we>+ app>el1 o/5sibly to keep !mselves w>m1 z !y sat = long h\rs on rais$ plat=ms j outside ! entrance doors1 b 9 reality ?is /rik+ attire 0 assum$ to attract ! att5tion ( ! public4 ,ov] _! heads & drawn d[n ov] _! e>s 7 t[els t 7 dy$ ) ! cre/ ( ! *ief actor ( ! !atre4 ,"o ( ^! m5 0 busy deal+ out ! tickets1 long oblong pieces ( wood1 on :i* 7 writt5 ! big black ,*9ese *>act]s d5ot+ ! place 9 ! !atre x entitl$ ! pur*as] to take4 ,! second door-keep] 0 m ( a p]suad] ?an a di/ributor ( wood5 tickets1 = ) fan 9 h& he ge/iculat$ :ile he l\dly adv]tis$ ! plays & play]s1 sometimes imitat+ ! deliv]y ( ! actor's l9es4 ,8 task 0 to keep up a fl[ ( small talk1 int]sp]s$ ) wit & hum\r1 & s induce p to ent]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,adv]tis+ ,,! ,,play4 ,dur+ ! p]=mances two m5 g>b$ 9 long trail+ fem99e attire1 _! heads cov]$ ) cotton t[els1 attract$ ! pass]s-by by _! v]bal adv]tisem5t4 ,"o imitat$ ! l9es ( ! actors1 & ! o!r h&$ out wood5 tickets4 7,col\r pr9t by ,hasegawa ,kanpei1 ! f\rte5?1 & ,torii ,kiyosada1 fa!r ( ,kiyotada47 ,previ\s to ! op5+ day1 ! door-keep]s read ! names ( ! plays1 ! actors1 & _! p>ts4 ,dress$ 9 _! womani% kimono !y pres5t$ an extraord9>y sight1 z1 hold+ betwe5 !m a long pap] scroll on :i* ! programme 0 writt51 !y deliv]$ _! voluble ann\ncem5t to ! cr[ds anxi\s to he> news ( :at 0 go+ =w>d 9 ! %ibai4 ,) a *ange ( programme1 ! actors & _! rles 7 adv]tis$ to ! public by an actor's cre/ bo>d1 n>r[ pieces ( wood ) ! cre/ at ! top4 ,^! 7 arrang$ side by side outside ! %ibai4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ cu/oms 0 ! kamban1 or bill-bo>d on :i* pa9t+s ( a high ord] 7 frequ5tly to be se54 ,^! po/]s illu/rat+ ! plays1 done 9 bright col\rs1 7 hung on kamban t 7 bord]$ by wide lacqu]$ frames (t5 ri*ly ornam5t$ ) brass1 & plac$ along ! front ( ! %ibai4 ,a special s*ool ( pa9t]s 0 call$ into be+ to look aft] ^! pictorial adv]tisem5ts1 & !y became ! specialty ( ! ,torii family4 ,!y 7 fir/ />t$ 9 ,g5roku by an actor-f\nd] ( ?is l9e ( !atre arti/s4 ,less beautiful /reet po/]s 7 pa/$ up on f5ces & h\ses :]e sev]al roads met4 ,) ! beg9n+ ( ,kabuki1 ! %ibai adv]tisem5ts consi/$ ( bo>ds on :i* ,*9ese *>act]s 7 writt54 ,lat] on1 9 ,kyoto ^! simple ann\ncem5ts 7 fram$ & decorat$ ) artificial fl[]s4 ,to make !m ev5 m attractive an actor pa/$ a picture on ! bo>d4 ,^! po/]s 7 plac$ 9 ! /reet to proclaim to ! pass]-by ! nature ( ! com+ p]=mances4 ,?is cu/om orig9at$ ) ,nagoya ,sansaburo1 :5 he s\ght to make ,o-,kuni's riv]-b$ %[ widely kn[n4 ,he 0 ! fir/ p]son to write ann\ncem5ts on wood 9 ,*9ese *>act]s & to set !m up at ! cross-roads4 ,! f\nd] ( ! ,torii family 0 an ,osaka actor1 :o foll[$ ! onnagata specialty1 b pa9t+ 0 8 hobby1 & he began to make pictures = ! kamban ( ,dotombori4 ,lat] he remov$ to ,y$o4 ,8 son1 ,kiyonobu1 inh]it$ 8 fa!r's tal5t1 & z 8 /yle ( pa9t+ greatly pleas$ ! ,y$o p1 he soon became v popul> & 0 call$ ,torii1 ! fir/4 ,x is record$ t an arti/ ( ano!r s*ool 0 reque/$ to make ! ,y$o ,kamban4 ,9 #ahah !re 0 a disagreem5t betwe5 ! !n reign+ !atre arti/ ,torii ,kiyomitsu & ! managem5t ( ! ,kaw>azaki-za1 ) ! result t ,utagawa ,kuniyo%i 0 ask$ to und]take ! "w4 ,he *ose = 8 subject ,o-,kuni ,kabuki1 & treat$ x s well t all ,y$o made a pilgrimage to gaze ^u ! picture1 & ! plays 9 progress )9 ! %ibai prov$ to be ( less] attraction4 ,?is n only result$ 9 a fall+-(f 9 att5dance1 b %ortly aft] ! !atre 0 burn$ d[n1 & ! sup]/iti\s playfolk trac$ ?is ill luck to ! abs5ce ( ! ,torii po/]s4 ,!y hurri$ back to him1 & he cont9u$ to monopolise ?is feature ( %ibai4 ,to-day ! traditions are be+ c>ri$ on ) mu* success by ,torii ,kiyotada1 ! sev5? ,torii to be associat$ ) ! "w ( pa9t+ %ibai po/]s4 ,! diff]5t memb]s ( ! ,torii s*ool h also be5 responsible = ! banzuke1 or illu/rat$ !atre programmes1 t are s5t out by an actor to 8 patrons or by ! !atre to its support]s4 ,! banzuke consi/s ( a l>ge piece ( pap] on :i* are se5 bru% sket*es ( ! plays & *>act]s4 ,^! are neatly fold$1 & give ! playgo]s ! :ole /ory ( ! new programme4 ,?is old cu/om is /ill 9 =ce4 ,%ibai *aya1 or ! tea-h\ses t s]v$ playgo]s1 are n to-day :at !y 7 9 =m] times1 s9ce _! usefulness has practically dep>t$4 ,9 ! brave days ( old1 ! *aya 7 influ5tial in/itutions1 = no respectable p]sons w\ld dream ( ent]+ ! %ibai by any o!r way ?an ?r\gh ! tea-h\se4 ,ow+ to ! long !atre h\rs1 :i* cont9u$ f sunrise to sunset1 ! *aya became a positive necessity4 ,! int]vals betwe5 ! curta9s 7 (t5 v long1 = ! actors & _! dep5d5ts p]=m$ _! "w 9 a leisurely mann]1 consid]ations ( "t sc>cely ent]+ into _! calculations1 z ! plays w5t on f twelve to f\rte5 h\rs4 ,moreov]1 !re 7 no conv5i5ces 9 connection ) ! %ibai ( ^? days1 & x 0 necess>y = e "o to seek out ! *aya = recreation1 gossip1 food1 or re/4 ,al?\gh ! samurai 7 n suppos$ to be se5 at su* a vulg> ent]ta9m5t z ! %ibai1 he manag$ to be a frequ5t visitor1 (t5 att5d+ incognito4 ,if he w5t 9 8 prop] attire1 he c>ri$ two swords ?ru/ ?r\gh 8 wai/b&1 & :5 su* a dignit>y condesc5d$ to witness ! plays1 8 preci\s weapon1 (t5 a family treasure1 _h to be deposit$ 9 ! *aya be=e he c\ld kneel d[n to enjoy himself 9 8 box 9 ! gall]y4 ,!re 7 _m k9ds ( *aya atta*$ to %ibai1--! great *aya1 or fir/-class tea-h\ses1 9 close proximity to ! !atre1 & ! front *aya1 or ^? some:at deta*$1 g5]ally opposite4 ,_m little *aya or small places ( bus9ess1 7 also to be f\nd4 ,a fir/-class !atre _h z _m z n9ete5 *ief tea-h\ses1 tw5ty-eight ( a slightly diff]5t grade1 & a great v>iety ( m9or places4 ,! maids ( ! tea-h\ses wait$ on _! gue/s ) tea & cakes1 cu%ions1 tobacco1 & ! *aya vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! cook+ ( tempt+ di%es4 ,! old cu/oms ) reg>d to ! tea-h\se 9 ,tokyo 7 to be se5 at ! ,i*imura-za until ! e>?quake disa/]1 :]e mu* t *>act]is$ ! ,y$o playh\ses 0 pres]v$4 ,kyoto audi5ces 7 unaccu/om$ to applaud 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ,kabuki4 ,!y discuss$ ! plays & play]s & gossip$ among !mselves4 ,if a playgo] wi%$ to tell an actor h[ well he _h done1 he w\ld write a note to ?is effect & h x s5t into 8 dress+-room4 ,osaka audi5ces 7 n s re/ra9$1 & e>ly 9 ,g5roku x 0 ! cu/om = ! ,dotombori playgo]s to %\t & clap _! h&s4 ,! actors 7 mu* gratifi$1 =1 l memb]s ( _! frat]nity 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 !y 7 n above play+ to ! gall]y4 ,! fir/ "t a p]son 9 an audi5ce 9 ,osaka d>$ to express ! pleasure ! actors _h giv5 him1 he %\t$ out l\dly1 8,y did v well60 ,!re 7 occasions1 h[ev]1 :5 ! en?usia/s 9 ! audi5ce us$ complicat$ s5t5ces :5 be/[+ praise1 & s int]f]$ ) ! plays4 ,! audi5ce 0 also quick to %[ disappo9tm5t at ! failure ( ! play]s & did n hesitate to %[] !m ) adv]se criticism1 "s quick-temp]$ p]sons ?r[+ cu%ions & o!r objects at ! /age if ! play did n suit !m4 ,y$o 0 n f> beh9d ,osaka 9 noisy demon/rations1 & ! audi5ces ( pres5t-day ,tokyo1 ,osaka1 & ,kyoto /ill ma9ta9 ! *>act]i/ics t di/+ui%$ _! ance/ors two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,q necess>y to ! managem5t ( an audi5ce t rema9$ "u ! ro( ( ! !atre = twelve h\rs 7 ! dekata1 or s]vitors ( %ibai4 ,! rank & file ( ! dekata 7 u%]s1 & wore d>k kimono tuck$ into baggy ,turki% tr\s]s4 ,!y %[$ ! p to _! seats1 br\ght !m cu%ions on :i* to kneel1 suppli$ !m ) programmes1 tea1 cakes1 & tobacco1 & 7 z busy z ! d5iz5s ( an ant-hill ! entire day4 ,!re 7 two divisions ( dekata1 head$ by lead]s1 or manag]s ^: high] rank p]mitt$ !m to we> haori1 or ov]coats1 :i* sometimes bore ! cre/ ( ! !atre4 ,! duty ( "s ( ^! s]vants 0 to wait ^u ! actors 9 _! com+s & go+s4 ,o!rs _h *>ge ( ! seats 9 ! gall]y res]v$ = special playgo]s4 ,two ( ^! m5 7 select$ to sit on ei!r side ( ! /age1 to see t ! play 0 n di/urb$1 = ! pres5ce ( a fight+ man :o _h p>tak5 n wisely b too well ( sake w\ld sometimes cause great confusion4 ,ano!r 0 /ation$ at ! end ( ! hanami*i1 :]e "s ( ! be/ act+ 0 done4 ,8 special duties1 z keep] ( ! way1 7 to see t x 0 kept cle> = ! entrances & exits ( ! actors4 ,o!rs 7 giv5 ! task to gu>d ! actors' dress+-rooms1 to prev5t ! intrusion ( unwelcome outsid]s1 :o sometimes /ray$ unbidd5 into ! calm atmosph]e ( ! _w ov] :i* ! actors held sway4 ,:ile ! dekata wore dun-col\r$ g>m5ts1 ! p]sonal s]vants ( ! actors 7 truly !atrical 9 appe>ance1 = !y donn$ bright blue or r$ kimono t _h = patt]n a design %[+ ! cre/ ( ! actor to :om !y 7 atta*$4 ,x 0 _! cu/om to pay special c\rtesies to a patron ( _! *ief :5 he visit$ ! !atre1 & ! m consequ5tial or weal?y ?is individual happ5$ to be1 ! great] ! numb] ( actor att5dants :o wait$ ^u him1 :i* m>k$ him out z a playgo] ( fir/ importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,face ,,lights ,,= ,,! ,,actors4 ,:5 ! !atre became d>k x 0 necess>y to illum9e ! actor's face ) c&le light4 ,"h prop]ty m5 are hold+ out c&les on ! ends ( pliant rods t ! face ( ! danc] may be se51 & c&les =m ! foot lights4 ,! p]=m] is ! s]p5t pr9cess 9 ! disguise ( a beautiful danc] 9 ! piece ,dojo-ji4 7,col\r pr9t by ,hasegawa ,kanpei1 ! f\rte5?1 & ,torii ,kiyosada1 fa!r ( ,kiyotada47 ,= footlights1 !re 7 c&les set 9 tall wood5 c&le/icks along ! front ( ! /age4 ,^! 7 n suffici5t on a /ormy or gloomy day1 & tsura ak>i1 or face-lights1 7 introduc$ ! bett] to illum9ate ! actor's c\nt5ance & co/ume4 ,/age assi/ants to "r & left held ^! c&les up1 adapt+ !mselves ) great dext]ity to ! movem5ts ( ! actors4 ,n[ & !n ?is cu/om is /ill to be se5 9 ! !atres ( ,tokyo & ,osaka1 :5 ! effect is s pleas+ t ! electric light ) its h>% gl>e appe>s to be any?+ b a happy inv5tion = /age illum9ation4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ picturesque %ibai cu/oms 9 ,y$o 0 ! c]emony ( ,norikomi1--lit]ally1 to-come-rid+4 ,:5 an ,osaka or ,kyoto actor travell$ along ! ,tokaido1 ! ma9 highway betwe5 ,kyoto & ,y$o1 he 0 accord$ a special reception at ! end ( 8 long j\rney1 & 0 g5]ally met "s di/ance out ( ,y$o4 ,8 means ( conveyance 0 a kago1 or palanqu91 some?+ aft] ! fa%ion ( a s$an *air1 :i* 0 firmly fa/5$ to a /\t pole borne on ! %\ld]s ( _m be>]s 9 front & beh9d4 ,(t5 an actor ( importance accompani$ by 8 pupils & s]vants made q a ret9ue1 & caus$ a small s5sation among ! t[nspeople z ! procession w\nd ?r\gh ! /reets4 ,:5 ! visit+ actor drew ne> ! !atre t _h engag$ him1 ! entire frat]nity ( %ibai p1 dress$ 9 kimono ( ! same col\r1 wav+ fans1 came out to meet ! newcom] & %\t$ a noisy welcome1 clapp$ _! h&s 9 regul> rhy?ms1 to :i* ! actor w\ld respond by clapp+ 8 own4 ,aft]w>ds a fea/ 0 spread & sake cups ex*ang$4 ,?is began 9 ,y$o1 & 0 also obs]v$ 9 ,osaka1 b ! ,y$o ,norikomi 0 always mu* m gay & fe/ive4 ,^! are a few ( ! _m int]e/+ %ibai cu/oms t 7 9 vogue 9 ,y$o1 ,osaka1 & ,kyoto1 be=e su* _w ev5ts z ! ,decl>ation ( ,am]ican ,indep5d5ce or ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,c]emony ( welcom+ an actor4 ,x repres5ts ! onnagata1 ,segawa ,kikunojo1 return+ to ! ,nakamura-za 9 ,y$o aft] an abs5ce ( two ye>s 9 ,osaka4 7,f a col\r pr9t by ,utagawa ,toyokuni47 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,%ibai ,,& ,,outside ,,influ5ce ,! rills ( outside influ5ce t trickl$ into %ibai dur+ ! #bbe ye>s ( ,tokugawa peace 7 v small1 b ! real hung] ( ! p = k f ov]seas is %[n 9 ! eag]ness ) :i* ,kabuki appropriat$ su* in=mation z c\ld be smuggl$ into ! c\ntry4 ,f ! "t t ,o-,kuni & h] successors wore ros>ies ) ! cross atta*$ z a decoration = _! /age co/umes1 ,kabuki exhibit$ receptiv5ess to import$ ideas f ,europe & ,*9a4 ,:5 ,o-,kuni 0 attract+ ! populace ( ,kyoto ev]y?+ ,european became sudd5ly ! vogue4 ,murdo* 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,japan ref]s to ?is p]iod ( ,we/]n influ5ce z foll[s3 8,we/]n dress became s common t on casually meet+ a cr[d ( c\rti]s x 0 difficult to say at once :e!r !y 7 ,portuguese or ,japanese4 ,to imitate ! ,portuguese "s ( ! mo/ ard5t vot>ies ( fa%ion ev5 w5t s f> z to commit ! pat]no/] & ! ,ave ,m>ia to memory4 ,reliqu>ies & ros>ies 7 eag]ly b\ght2 all ! lords1 ,hideyo%i & 8 nephew1 w5t ab\t ) crucifixes & reliqu>ies hang+ f _! necks1 a tribute n to piety1 b to fa%ion40 ,murdo* also m5tions a feudal "l :o m>*$ to ,y$o at ! head ( two ?\s& pick$ m51 ^: bann]s all bore beautiful crosses1 :ile on 8 own helmet 0 a great 8,jesus0 9 gold4 ,x 0 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury t ! relations betwe5 ,japan & ! ,we/ fir/ began1 ) ! com+ ( ! ,portuguese %ips to ! coa/ ( ,kyu%u 9 #aedc4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by ! ,spani%1 ,engli%1 & ,dut*4 ,xavi] rea*$ ,japan 9 #aedi & left 9 #aeea4 ,z ! result ( ! ,jesuit mission>ies' activities1 ,*ri/ianity spread 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kyoto1 :]e *ur*es 7 built4 ,an ,engli% factory 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,japan 9 #afac1 b )drew t5 ye>s lat]4 ,! ,jesuits came to be look$ ^u z political intrigu]s1 & ,hideyo%i issu$ ord]s to suppress ,*ri/ianity4 ,! expulsion ( ! ,spani>ds took place 9 #afbd1 foll[$ by edicts aga9/ ! ,portuguese & ,dut*4 ,by #afcj ,we/]n books 7 int]dict$1 & 9 #afce all travell+ abroad 0 prohibit$ "u p5alty ( dea?4 ,n9ety ye>s aft] ! fir/ arrival ( ! ,portuguese %ips1 =eign int]c\rse 0 =bidd51 except ) ! ,dut* & ,*9ese "u sev]e re/rictions4 ,s rigor\s 7 ! measures tak5 aga9/ ,*ri/ianity t by #afch x _h be5 practically extirpat$4 ,?is did n prev5t ! p f ev9c+ great curiosity ) reg>d to ! unkn[n l&s beyond ! seas1 & ref]5ces to ! =bidd5 subject 7 frequ5t 9 ! plays1 p>ticul>ly ^? writt5 = ! m>ionettes4 ,9 ^! old pieces ! playwrights equipp$ _! *>act]s ) ! fire>ms introduc$ by ! ,portuguese1 :o _h giv5 in/ruction h[ to make guns & ca/ cannon4 ,9 "o ( ^! plays a telescope is se51 :i* two com$ians use ) su* tell+ effect t !y c see ! approa* ( ! h]o9e f af>4 ,o!r *>act]s take out spectacles ! bett] to see to read by ! light ( ! oil wick 9 ! &on1 or portable pap] lant]n c>ri$ ab\t to illum9ate a room4 ,?is e>ly p]iod ( int]c\rse ) o!r l&s produc$ an unmi/akable effect ^u /age co/umes4 ,_m ( !m h be5 c>efully pres]v$1 & may be se5 to-day4 ,!y are g5]ally fa/5$ 9 ! front by _m buttons1 & are made ( mat]ials nev] 9 common use 9 ,japan4 ,9 a play writt5 long ago a l9e occurs ) ! words3 8,love is a magnet04 ,& 9 "o ( ! eighte5 h]$it>y pieces ( ! ,i*ikawa family ! !me ( magnetism is dramatis$4 ,records are left to tell h[ v>i\s actors travell$ to ,nagasaki4 ,?is 0 n a !atre c5tre1 & x may be surmis$ t ! que/ 0 made to obta9 in=mation f ! ,dut*1 :o 7 all[$ to live at ,de%ima1 a small isl& outside ,nagasaki h>b\r4 ,"h !y 7 conf9$ & all[$ to trade1 b 7 refus$ p]mission to put foot on ! ma9l&4 ,a gay dance kn[n 9 %ibai by ! un-,japanese "n ( ,kappore1 is ?\ght to h _h a ,we/]n orig94 ,"s actor or musician mu/ h witness$ ! sailors ( a trad+ %ip p]=m+ 9 a treaty port4 ,! treatm5t ( ! ,*9ese dur+ ! ,tokugawa regime 0 mu* bett] ?an t met$ out to ! ,dut*4 ,! ,m+ dyna/y 9 ,*9a 0 ov]?r[n 9 #afdd1 & ?is br\ght _m refugees to ,japan4 ,! ,*9ese 7 free to move ab\t ! c\ntry1 to h _! own qu>t]s1 & to build temples4 ,among !m 7 trad]s1 s*ol>s1 arti/s1 & doctors4 ,x is n unlikely t actors1 or ^? famili> ) ! ,*9ese !atre1 7 also among ! repres5tatives ( ,*9a 9 ,japan at t "t4 ,f5ollosa m5tions t complex ,*9ese movem5ts ( e v>iety 7 surg+ ab\t ,kyoto 9 ,horeki 7#agea-agfc71 & t ,japanese s*ol>s obta9+ pa9t$ scrolls & books 9 ,nagasaki return$ to ,kyoto or ,y$o lad5 d[n ) !m4 ,"s indirect influ5ce may h be5 br\ght to be> ^u ,kabuki & ,n+yo-%ibai f ^! s\rces4 ,aragoto1 or ! r\gh act+ ( ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! fir/1 0 closely ak9 to ! pr9ciples upp]mo/ on ! ,*9ese /age4 ,8 /range make-up1 broad l9es ( black or r$1 or comb9ations ( black1 blue1 & r$1 are ackn[l$g$ to h come f ,*9a1 & o!r me?ods ( mak+-up us$ on ! doll-/age1 lat] copi$ by ! yaku%a1 are und\bt$ly ( ,*9ese orig91 z may easily be se5 by comp>ison ) ! pres5t-day conv5tions on ! ,pek+ /age4 ,x 0 9 ! matt] ( /age co/umes t ,*9ese influ5ce 0 greate/4 ,weav]s _h be5 br\ght ov] f ,*9a 9 ,hideyo%i's "t & 7 gradually assimilat$ ) native work]s4 ,! mak+ ( textiles rea*$ ! height ( developm5t 9 ! ,g5roku age4 ,?is importation ( mat]ials1 ri* 9 design & col\r1 _h a rem>kable effect ^u ! co/umes ( ! ,n /age1 & to a consid]able ext5t also ^u ,kabuki & ,n+yo-%ibai4 ,r>e /uffs1 wooll5 & velvet f ,holl&1 7 worn on ! /age2 gold brocades & embroid]ies f ,*9a4 ,wigs 7 also greatly improv$ at ?is "t1 & be>ds1 probably f ! ,*9ese !atre1 began to be us$4 ,9 ! ,kabuki *ronicles x is /at$ t a pa9t+ ( ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! second1 0 tak5 to ,*9a by trad]s ply+ betwe5 ,nagasaki & ! ,*9ese ports1 & x seems likely t ! yaku%a became famili> ) "s ( ! fav\rite ,*9ese actors4 ,9 8 ,notes on ,japanese ,drama 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,asiatic ,society1 ! late ,rev4 ,ar?ur ,lloyd sugge/s ! possible influ5ce ( ! ,we/ on %ibai4 ,he says3 8,9 #afjc ! ,spani>ds _h be5 fifty ye>s 9 ,japan1 & !y 7 n all prie/s & mission>ies4 ,sailors & m]*ants came1 too1 _m ( :om w\ld associate ) ,japanese1 & "s probably ) ,japanese ( ! class to :i* ,o-,kuni & h] husb&1 ! ex-samurai1 belong$4 ,su* m5 w\ld naturally possess copies ( "s ( ,lope de ,vega's com$ies1 & ?us may h come to ,japan ! se$ f :i* grew ! ,kabuki !atre40 ,?is is pure conjecture on ,mr4 ,lloyd's "p1 b he us$ x to ?r[ light on ! proscription ( ,kabuki plays1 & expla9$ t !re 7 o!r lic5ti\s practices 9 ,japan 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury :i* 7 n int]f]$ )1 & t ! proscription w\ld become intelligible & consi/5t if !re 0 b a %ad[ ( gr\nd = suspicion t ! %ibai & ! ,spani>d 7 ev5 remotely connect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,nakamura ,ganjiro ( ,osaka z a melan*oly lov] 9 a play ( ! p4 ,?is view may be to "s ext5t true1 = ! ev]-suspici\s au?orities 7 aw>e t ! be/ av5ue = ! =bidd5 k to rea* ! p 0 ! %ibai1 & h5ce _! anxiety to prev5t ! spread ( radical ideas4 ,_m incid5ts atte/ to ?is wat*fulness on ! "p ( ! (ficials4 ,x is record$ t ! fa!r ( ! ?ird ,nakamura ,utayemon receiv$ magic p[] f a =eign] 9 a rle t requir$ him to make a sudd5 trans=mation into a gho/4 ,aga91 ,tsuruya ,namboku1 a playwright :o specialis$ 9 ! gho/ly1 wrote a piece ) a sea rov]1 ,t5jiku ,tokubei1 z h]o1 & z x 0 necess>y to effect a quick *ange 9 ! /age managem5t1 ! al]t c5sor suspect$ t ,namboku _h secur$ 8 in=mation f ,*ri/ians1 :o 7 suppos$ to be devot$ to magic me?ods4 ,namboku 0 arre/$1 b 0 releas$1 z !re 0 n suffici5t evid5ce to prove t he _h be5 9 league ) ,occid5tals4 ,tsuruya ,namboku creat$ a "* 9 ,t5jiku ,tokubei t has outliv$ g5]ations ( actors & rema9s popul> ) mod]n audi5ces4 ,tokubei sail$ away on unkn[n seas to ,india & return$ ) weal? great] ?an t ( a daimyo1 _m /range tales to relate1 & curi\s articles to exhibit4 ,su* a play mu/ h be5 ( lively int]e/ to ! %ut-9 p ( ,japan1 :o 7 gradually awak5+ to ! attractions ( ! _w )\t4 ,! co/ume ( ?is sea adv5tur] is a mo/ rem>kable "o1 & no d\bt reflects ! k ( ,we/]n clo?+ z x exi/$ 9 ,japan a c5tury ago1 9 ,namboku's "t4 ,x is a long coat ( /range br[n mat]ial1 belt$ 9 at ! wai/ ) a brass buckle = ornam5t2 ! hat a circul> affair b&$ ) fur & cr[n$ ) a qua9t top-knot4 ,he f9ds t ! girl he loves has become ! concub9e ( ! feudal "l ^: t]ritory is adjac5t to 8 village4 ,tokubei ga9s audi5ce ( ! "l & ) great pride exhibits 8 fire-/icks 7mat*es71 crocodile sk9s1 sneez+ p[d]s 7snuff71 & p]fumes4 ,he discusses ) 8 ho/ h[ ! conque/ ( ,india may be effect$4 ,b ! cons]vative ari/ocrat turns a deaf e> to ,tokubei's tales1 & accuses him ( h>b\r+ ,*ri/ian h]esies4 ,kick+ aside 8 (f]+s ! ho/ leaves ! room 9 disgu/4 ,at home ) 8 p>5ts ,tokubei is w>n$ t ! police are com+ to arre/ him = practis+ ,*ri/ian wit*craft4 ,9 ! la/ sc5e he appe>s on 8 sc>let sail+ %ip decorat$ ) _m brilliant col\rs4 ,!re is a fight on bo>d1 a p>don arrives f ! "l1 b at ! same "t he le>ns t 8 love1 ,o-,tae1 9 despair1 has tak5 h] life4 ,8 native l& holds no?+ = him--bett] f> t he foll[ ! =tunes ( ! sea4 ,he gives ! ord] to sail1 & ! big vessel beg9s to turn1 creak+ & /ra9+ until ! pr[ projects well ov] ! footlights1 z ?\gh x w\ld sail /raight ?r\gh ! audi5ce4 ,tokubei /&s at ! pr[ read+ ,o-,tae's f>ewell lett]1 :i* is s long x rea*es d[n ov] ! side ( ! craft4 ,! great :ite squ>e sail is hoi/$1 & ! vessel po9ts out to ! imag9>y ocean1 ! gorge\s sc>let junk1 ) its sail full ( ! my/]y ( sea-go+1 recall+ dim memories ( pirate tales :i* *>m$ 9 *ildhood4 ,9 an article contribut$ to a !atre magaz9e1 ,ih>a ,seisei9 tells h[ he discov]$ ! plot ( ,romeo & ,juliet 9 a com$y by ,tsuruya ,namboku1 t indefatigable seek] aft] weird mat]ial = 8 plays4 ,! co9cid5ce is attribut$ to ! fact t at ! "t ! play 0 writt51 dur+ ,bunka 7#ahjd-ahag71 ! ,dut* 7 9 ,nagasaki & may h produc$ ! play1 a report ( :i* ev5tually rea*$ ,namboku's e>s4 ,?is "w1 says ,ih>a1 0 a com$y r ?an a trag$y1 & x 0 call$ by ! fanciful title1 ,kokoro no ,nazo ,tokete ,iro ,ito 7lit41 ,!-,solution-(-!-,he>t-,riddle-,col\r$-, ?read74 ,! la/ two words ( ! title 7 sugge/ive ( ! ?read %op kept by a wid[ nam$ ,o-,ritsu1 :o _h a beautiful "y daught]1 ,o-,*iyo1 & also ref]s to ! tangl$ /r&s ( ! plot4 ,x 0 9 five acts1 ! second & ?ird %[+ ,occid5tal influ5ce4 ,! head cl]k1 or banto1 ( ! %op 0 a villa9 call$ ,sagohei4 ,b ,o-,*iyo _h already be/[$ h] affections on a ron91 ,honjo ,tsunagoro4 ,! "m1 n 9 ! secret ( h] daught]'s love affair1 settl$ ^u "o ,kamb>a ,sagoro1 & 9 spite ( ,o-,*iyo's unwill+ness to accept ?is man z husb& ! "m w5t =w>d ) ! prep>ations = ! m>riage4 ,! s*em+ banto1 :o saw ! pretty daught] z well z ! prosp]\s ?read bus9ess slipp+ out ( 8 grasp1 resort$ to desp]ate measures1 & consult$ 8 confid5tial fri5d1 a doctor call$ ,tor94 ,f him a quantity ( poison 0 secur$1 b x possess$ peculi> qualities1 = l ,juliet's potion x produc$ %am dea?1 & an antidote 0 to be adm9i/]$ t w\ld br+ ,o-,*iyo back to life4 ,! conv]sation conc]n+ ! poison 0 z foll[s3 ,sagohei 7turn+ to ! doctor73 ,i say1 ,tor9-san1 is ?is ! poison ,i ask$ y to prep>e8 ,tor93 ,yes1 x is4 ,x is call$ ,hammyo4 ,i mix$ x ) suitetsu1 hokyu1 & sake1 & x w kill a p]son 9 "o m9ute4 ,%\ld x succe$1 ! bridegroom w be turn$ out ( doors1 & y w take 8 place1 also ! ?read %op w be y\rs4 ,b ,i h an antidote t w revive ! bride1 & %e w become y\r wife4 ,! dead br\ght back to life6 ,:at a f9e m$ic9e ,i possess6 ,! banto receiv$ ! deadly poison1 & ! doctor 0 j ab\t to h& ov] ! antidote :5 ,sagohei 0 call$ away4 ,at ! same "t ! doctor receiv$ an urg5t call to see a pati5t4 ,!re 0 no?+ left = him to d b to tru/ ! antidote to ! little appr5tice-boy ( ! %op4 ,?is wor?y w5t out to buy "s pepp] to be us$ 9 ! s\p at ! m>riage fea/4 ,:5 he return$1 ! boy gave ! wick$ ,sagohei ! pepp] in/ead ( ! antidote1 & z ! condim5t 0 op5$ 9 ! d>k bo? ,sagohei & ! boy sneez$ a good deal4 ,!n came t mom5t 9 a ,japanese w$d+ :5 ! bride & bridegroom dr9k sake f ! same cup4 ,"o sip ( ! poison$ sake & ,o-,*iyo fell dead4 ,! /age !n revolv$1 %[+ ! kit*5 & ! sorr[ful "m hold+ an argum5t ) ,sagohei z to ! disposition ( ! "o hundr$ ryo t 0 "p ( ,o-,*iyo's d[ry4 ,! "m wi%$ to pres5t x to a temple1 b ! cl]k insi/$ x %\ld be buri$ ) h]4 ,o-,*iyo's lov] next appe>$--dis*>g$ f s]vice "u 8 feudal "l because he _h be5 implicat$ 9 ! loss ( a highly treasur$ poem 9 ! h&writ+ ( ! poet4 ,?is _h be5 pawn$1 & 9 ord] to r$eem x he 0 oblig$ to f9d #bej ryo4 ,! appr5tice-boy ?rew away ! antidote1 ?9k+ x 0 pepp] & !re=e ( no fur!r use n[ t a calamity _h ov]tak5 ! h\se4 ,tsunagoro pick$ x up1 & ! boy told him t #ajj ryo 0 to be buri$ ) ! body4 ,a night wat*man happ5$ to ov]he> ! boy's words1 & plann$ to rob ! grave1 ,tsunagoro 9 desp]ate ne$ ( money decid$ on ! same c\rse4 ,bo? ! doctor & ! cl]k _h a simil> end 9 view4 ,a gravey>d is ! next sc5e1 ,o-,*iyo's c(f9 9 sight1 :ile a dead pati5t has be5 int]r$1 ) ,o-,*iyo's "n plac$ ov] x4 ,tsunagoro wat*es1 & :5 ! doctor comes pr[l+ ab\t1 knocks him out ) a bl[4 ,at ?is mom5t ,o-,*iyo beg9s to groan4 ,tsunagoro wi%es to give h] ! antidote b hesitates4 ,is x to be ! money or ! woman8 ,aft] a /ruggle1 he decides he _c leave ,o-,*iyo to die1 & s br+s h] back to life4 ,%e gladly p>ts ) ! money1 b asks him to run away ) h]1 z %e does n wi% to return home4 ,?is ! ron9 is 9 no mood to d1 b f9ally !y /eal away arm 9 arm z ! night wat*man & ! cl]k attempt to rob ! grave1 & adm9i/] ! pepp] to re/ore ! corpse to life :i* makes ! two rascals sneeze prodigi\sly4 ,unlike ! majority ( ,japanese plays t end 9 trag$y1 ,tsunagoro & ,o-,*iyo 7 m>ri$ & liv$ happily ev] aft]4 ,) su* a play ,tsuruya ,namboku ent]ta9$ ,y$o audi5ces a hundr$ ye>s ago4 99 99 99 99 99 ,_h %ibai be5 wide op5 to ! _w1 & relations ) o!r !atres e/abli%$1 its "* mu/ h be5 entirely diff]5t4 ,v little evid5ce c be produc$ to %[ t ei!r ,*9a or ,europe ex]t$ any consid]able influ5ce ^u x4 ,ow+ to its en=c$ seclusion ( m ?an two hundr$ ye>s1 x 0 free to develop 9 its own way1 & = ?is reason %ibai may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! pure/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ,japan's national in/itutions4 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,otani ,tomoemon 7,cross74 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,kataoka ,nizaemon 7,two circles & l9es74 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,music ,,( ,,%ibai ,j z ! impulse back ( %ibai _h be5 ! ne$ ( ! p to possess _! own !atre1 s ! rise & developm5t ( ,joruri dur+ ! ,tokugawa p]iod 0 b ! _s ( ! common p seek+ expression 9 music4 ,dignity1 tranquillity1 & ref9em5t *>act]is$ ! anci5t ,c\rt music & ! complicat$ measures ( ! flute & drum ( ! ,n /age4 ,some?+ m *e]ful1 m /irr+ & gay1 0 necess>y z refre%m5t = ! p4 ,! in/rum5t t caus$ a revolution 9 ! musical _w ( ,japan 0 ! samis5 7lit41 ?ree /r+s71 :i* op5$ ! floodgates = ! inundation ( ! ?ree t[ns by ! greate/ v>iety ( fu%i1 or tunes4 ,! samis5 0 n indig5\s1 & mo/ acc\nts agree t x came to ,japan f ! ,loo ,*oo ,isl&s4 ,"s au?ors seek a ,we/]n orig9 = ! samis51 & ?9k x 0 br\ght 9 by ! ,portuguese4 ,"o old writ] believ$ x to be an in/rum5t us$ by ! savages ( ,loo ,*oo ,isl&s1 made f ! sk9 ( sea snakes4 ,! ance/or ( ! samis5 is to-day c>ri$ by /roll+ m9/rels 9 all ! odd corn]s ( ,*9a1 & mu/ h be5 introduc$ into ,japan by way ( ! s\!rn isl&s :]e ! inhabitants 7 l>gely ,*9ese4 ,! diff]5ce t exi/s at pres5t betwe5 ! two guit>-l in/rum5ts ( ! ,asiatic cont95t & ! ,isl& ,empire lies 9 ! bodies1--t ( ,*9a cov]$ ) snake-sk9 9 ! natural col\rs1 :ile :ite tann$ cat-sk9 s]ves ! same purpose 9 ,japan4 ,! p]=m] 9 bo? cases uses a plectrum to /rike ! ?ree /r+s & !reby produces a :ole _w ( rhy?ms unfamili> to ! e>s ( ! ,occid5tal4 ,! ,*9ese in/rum5t came to ,japan by an indirect r\te1 & 0 n accompani$ by musicians skill$ 9 its my/]ies4 ,:5 x rea*$ ! h&s ( ! bl9d biwa play]s !y 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! deep exp]i5ce beh9d x1 & 7 oblig$ to grope = a way !mselves4 ,! samis5 l$ to a p]iod ( ! greate/ musical creativ5ess ! c\ntry _h ev] witness$1 & ! wond] gr[s t ?is innoc5t little in/rum5t produc$ 9 "s remote "t z a necessity ( ! ,*9ese s\l %\ld h be5 discov]$ by ! p ( ! ?ree t[ns & adapt$ to suit _! musical requirem5ts ) su* a/oni%+ results4 ,p]haps ! magic measures ( ! samis5 may yet meet "s ne$ ( ! p 9 ,we/]n l&s1 & s 9 ! fullness ( "t please ! e> ( ! :ole _w4 ,! samis5 0 n 9 use :5 ,o-,kuni & ,nagoya ,sansaburo began _! collaboration1 = _! musicians borr[$ ! flute & drum ( ! ,n4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ,o-,kuni ,kabuki1 ! samis5 play] _h tak5 up 8 position beh9d ! danc]s1 & a new & liveli] elem5t _h become app>5t 9 ! p]=mances4 ,up to ! adv5t ( ! samis5 :i* br\ght ab\t a complete *ange 9 ! music 9 vogue among ! p1 ! musical =ms ( ! c\ntry _h come to be ! monopoly ( ! high] classes4 ,! gagaku1 or music ( ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt1 c\ld n be he>d on ord9>y occasions1 b 0 res]v$ = ! highe/ functions4 ,transplant$ f ,*9a 9 ! e>ly days ( int]c\rse betwe5 ! two c\ntries1 x 0 s f> remov$ f affairs ( ev]yday life z to belong to "s cele/ial l&4 ,aft] a ?\s& ye>s ?is anci5t music is /ill he>d at ent]ta9m5ts at ,c\rt1 or 9 connection ) ,buddhi/ or ,%9to c]emonies1 & its sl[ & /ately cad5ces produce a s]5ity 9 ! m9ds ( mod]ns t c>ries !m back into an age :5 hurry 0 unkn[n4 ,?is music 0 too l(ty1 & beyond ! grasp or enjoym5t ( ! p1 ev5 if x _h be5 accessible to !m4 ,ent]ta9m5t 0 af=d$ by ! bl9d m9/rels :o play$ ! biwa--an in/rum5t n unlike a lute 9 %ape4 ,!y sang & recit$ ! melan*oly adv5tures ( ! ,heike1 :o 7 ext]m9at$ 9 _! /ruggle ) ! ,g5ji clan1 9 sad & tragic tones--s\nd+ ! v dep?s ( negation4 ,!re 0 b little inspiration 9 ?is m9/relsy = ! good p ( ! ?ree t[ns hung]+ = romance4 ,likewise ! ,n 0 res]v$ = ! intellectuals1 ^: inn] life _h be5 suffici5tly cultivat$ to appreciate its r>efi$ atmosph]e ( ! unreal4 ,insep>able f ! words & movem5ts ( ! ,n 7 ! rhy?ms ( drum & flute1 full ( my/]y1 ,buddhism1 asceticism1 its w>riors & gho/s f> remov$ f ! _w & its ways4 ,be=e ! samis5's supremacy1 ! m9/rels :o w5t ab\t relat+ _! /ories scrat*$ ! ribs ( _! fans to =m ! beats necess>y to _! recitals1 & prie/s :o sang songs to popul>ise _! scriptures beat _! rhy?ms on ! same metal gong z t employ$ by ,o-,kuni4 ,s necess>y 0 rhy?m z an accompanim5t to ^! ballads t ! e>ly m9/rels %ook a bundle ( /icks1 or wav$ a metal rod l a baton4 ,) ! greatly improv$ rhy?ms ( ! samis5 at _! comm&1 m9/rels sprang up 9 all directions1 ! new /yle ( music be+ call$ ,joruri1 s9ce ! fir/ ballad to be compos$ to ! /ra9s ( ! samis5 conc]n$ ! love adv5tures ( ,joruri-hime1 or ,pr9cess ,joruri4 ,abundant mat]ials 7 at h&1 & ! m9/rels compet$ ) ea* o!r 9 depict+ ! life ( ! "t4 ,! songs sung at fe/ivals1 by sailors1 horsem51 f>m]s1 v5dors1 7 eag]ly seiz$1--/ories ( battles & love1 ev5 religi\s propag&a =m$ ! !me set to ! ripple ( ! samis54 ,?is great activity culm9at$ 9 ! ,joruri ( ,takemoto ,gidayu :o1 ga!r+ up all ! exi/+ mat]ials1 conc5trat$ !m 9 8 little doll-!atre1 ! ,takemoto-za ( ,osaka4 ,"h ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon collaborat$ ) him1 by writ+ ! plays = ! m>ionettes t mov$ to ! voice ( m9/rel & samis5 accompanim5t4 ,gidayu ,joruri1 or ! balladry ( ,takemoto ,gidayu1 9 turn _h an ov]:elm+ influ5ce ^u ,kabuki4 ,x 0 ,k9eya ,kisaburo :o fir/ introduc$ ! samis5 into ! or*e/ra ( ,y$o ,kabuki4 ,kisaburo 0 ! gr&son ( ,k9eya ,kangoro1 a y\ng] bro!r ( ,s>uwaka ,kansaburo1 ! f\nd] ( ,y$o ,kabuki4 ,kangoro 0 an exp]t 9 ! ,o-,kuni ,kabuki1 & :5 "y 0 atta*$ to ! ,s>uwaka-za z an actor4 ,he _h two actor sons1 ,kisaburo & ,rokuzaemon4 ,lat] on ,kisaburo gave up act+1 & took up ! samis5 z 8 specialty4 ,! "n ,k9eya1 or rice p\nd]1 came f ! cre/ *os5 by ,nakamura ,kangoro4 ,?us x came ab\t t ?is family ( ,kabuki musicians & s+]s 7 firmly e/abli%$ & h cont9u$ until ! pres5t day4 ,! ,k9eya g5ealogy is extremely complicat$1 b ! head%ip ( ! h\se has be5 h&$ d[n f fa!r to son4 ,:5 !re 0 a failure 9 blood relation1 ! be/ pupil succe$$4 ,! pres5t ,k9eya ,rokuzaemon is ! f\rte5? 9 desc5t1 a "y man 9 ! tw5ties4 ,he is at ! head ( ! ,k9eya musicians atta*$ to ! ,imp]ial ,!atre ( ,tokyo1 possesses a good voice1 & has appe>$ s9ce he 0 a lad1 gr[+ up1 z x 71 9 ! s]vice ( ! /age4 ,at ! "t ( ! fif? ,k9eya1 ! !atre music 9 :i* ! family specialis$ became kn[n z ,nagauta 7long poem or song74 ,be=e ?is1 ! ,k9eya s+]s _h ent]ta9$ ) %ort pieces1 b _! art develop$ into some?+ m important1 = !y furni%$ ! accompanim5t ( drum1 flute1 & samis51 also ! s++ to :i* ! actors danc$ 9 ! music-po/ure dramas1 or %osagoto1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic productions ( ,kabuki4 ,?is /yle ( !atre music orig9at+ 9 ,y$o1 x has always be5 di/+ui%$ z ,y$o ,nagauta4 ,! music is rem9isc5t ( ! ,n1 f :i* x has tak5 mu* ( its te*nique4 ,! l>ge numb] ( ,n dramas t h be5 popul>is$ 9 ord] to suit ,kabuki requirem5ts h receiv$ special treatm5t at ! h&s ( diff]5t memb]s ( ! ,k9eya family1 :o possess "s two hundr$ compositions4 ,!re are sev]al bran*es to ,k9eya--(f%oots ( ! ma9 l9e a hundr$ or m ye>s ago--su* z ,yo%izumi1 ,fujita1 & ,yo%imura4 ,! la/ two companies ( musicians are *iefly atta*$ to ! ,kabuki-za ( ,tokyo1 al?\gh !y occasionally appe> at o!r !atres4 ,tokyo critics consid] ,yo%izumi ,kosaburo to possess ! be/ voice1 b x is n /rong1 & 8 activities are conf9$ to ent]ta9m5ts giv5 9 small halls or private resid5ces4 ,he is a ron9 among ! musicians1 & is n a regul> memb] ( a !atre company4 ,! two mo/ popul> ,k9eya s+]s at pres5t are ,yo%imura ,ejuro1 ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre1 & ,fujita ,utazo1 ( ! ,kabuki-za4 ,k9eya ,rokuzaemon1 al?\gh "y1 has prov$ himself wor?y to assume ! responsibilities z head ( ?is old family4 ,aft] ,nagauta1 ! mo/ popul> !atre music is ,tokiwazu4 ,x belongs to ,joruri1 or balladry set to ! samis51 "o ( ! innum]able /reams ( ?is music ( ! p4 ,! m9/rel :o f\nd$ ?is l9e 0 ,miyakoji ,bungojo1 & 8 tune 0 /yl$ ,bungo-bu%i4 ,?is became all ! rage 9 ,y$o1 = ! words t w5t ) ! new airs 7 highly s5tim5tal1 treat+ ( love adv5tures1 elopem5ts1 & k9dr$ subjects4 ,x _h an un:olesome effect ^u society1 h[ev]1 ! ,bungo-bu%i induc+ m5 & wom5 to /ep out ( ! prescrib$ pa?s ( virtue4 ,! au?orities did ev]y?+ 9 _! p[] to suppress x1 b )\t success4 ,x 0 b a reaction aga9/ ! ,puritanic rule 9 =ce1 & ! !mes ( ,bungo-bu%i--adult]y1 elopem5t1 suicide1 & gambl+--7 b an expression ( dissatisfaction on acc\nt ( ! rigid feudal laws :i* cont9ually int]f]$ ) ! p1 & caus$ !m to break loose by way ( prote/4 ,miyakoji ,bungojo liv$ ! life ( :i* he sang1 = he 0 ! victim ( an unhappy love affair & committ$ %9ju1 or d\ble suicide1 ) a "y woman4 ,8 adopt$ son1 ,mojidayu1 succe$$ to & complet$ 8 fa!r's "w4 ,:5 ,bungo-bu%i 0 =bidd51 ,mojidayu f\nd$ 8 own s*ool4 ,he 0 afraid t 8 new /yle ( music might suff] ! same fate z ,bungo-bu%i & made great *anges4 ,9 ord] t x might survive he took all ! life & s5sation out ( x1 s t x n[ gives an impression ( /iffness & repression4 ,:5 ,mojidayu look$ ab\t = a "n = 8 music1 he hit ^u "o t (f5d$ ! au?orities4 ,x 0 consid]$ mu* too assum+ & high-s\nd+1 & 0 tak5 away f him 9 consequ5ce4 ,z ,mojidayu liv$ ne> "o ( ,y$o's bridges1 ! ,tokiwa-ba%i1 or ,ev]gre5-,bridge1 n f> f ! mod]n ,bank ( ,japan1 he select$ ,tokiwazu1 & by ?is "n 8 music has be5 kn[n ev] s9ce4 ,! pres5t ,mojidayu is ! sev5? 9 succession4 ,kiyomoto1 ano!r bran* ( ,gidayu1 is closely alli$ to ,tokiwazu1 & a great v>iety ( ^! tunes may be he>d among ! p4 ,%ibai has fai?fully pres]v$ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic musical elem5ts1 & x is )9 ! !atre t ,japanese music is be/ repres5t$4 ,gidayu ,joruri1 ,y$o ,nagauta1 ,tokiwazu1 & ,kiyomoto1 ) a v>iety ( m9or /yles1 =m ! musical sett+s = ,kabuki productions4 ,! ,gidayu ,joruri 9 vogue 9 %ibai is tak5 bodily f ! ,doll-!atre1 & is us$ :5ev] a drama writt5 orig9ally = ! m>ionettes is produc$4 ,9 ^! ma/]pieces ! actors are responsible = ! dialogue1 :ile ! m9/rel s+s ! descriptions to ! accompany+ rhy?ms ( ! samis51 giv+ ! play]s an opportunity to po/ure & ge/ure to _! he>ts' cont5t4 ,! ,gidayu m9/rel & samis5 play] kneel on cu%ions on a rais$ ro/rum to ! "r ( ! /age1 a silv] or gold scre5 beh9d !m4 ,9 front ( ! m9/rel is a lacqu]$ book-re/1 :]e lies ! ballad book 7joruri-bon7 9 :i* ! passages ( ! play are writt5 by h& 9 l>ge1 bold *>act]s4 ,sometimes ! m9/rel ent]s into ! conv]sation1 :5 he scolds or weeps1 laughs or pleads1 accord+ to ! emotion ( ! mom5t4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,gidayu & ,nagauta is t ! fir/ is balladry & requires bo? recitation & song1 conv]sation & description1 :ile ,nagauta is b a s]ies ( songs1 solo or *orus1 int]sp]s$ ) su/a9$ or*e/ral effects ( samis51 drum1 & flute 9 complicat$ rhy?ms4 ,a full ,nagauta corps1 compos$ ( _m s+]s & samis5 play]s1 all 9 c]emonial /age co/ume1 kneel+ 9 a r[ on a r$-cov]$ dais across ! /age1 ) ! drumm]s gr\p$ bel[1 =m+ a backgr\nd = ! gorge\s *>act]s ( ! music-drama1 is an un=gettable & truly repres5tative ,kabuki picture4 ,9 ,nagauta ! s+]s commit ! words to memory1 or h a small book close beside !m4 ,l ! *orus ( ! ,n /age1 !y c>ry a clos$ fan :i* is tak5 up 9 "o h& z !y s+1 & plac$ 9 front ( !m at ! end ( _! song4 ,tokiwazu & ,kiyomoto p>tak+ ( ! nature ( ,gidayu1 ! s+]s kneel beh9d ! lacqu]$ /&s support+ _! books1 & are g5]ally /ation$ on a high plat=m to left or back ( ! /age1 ! only in/rum5t be+ ! samis54 ,! movable plat=ms on :i* ! musicians & s+]s sit are pu%$ on & pull$ (f z ! exig5cies ( ! descriptive dance require4 ,sometimes a curta9 is held up 9 ord] t !y may make good _! escape f ! /age4 ,z ,nagauta _h an aff9ity ) ! ,n1 & treat$ ( poetic & my/ical subjects1 ! upp] classes patronis$ ! ,k9eya family1 & x has !re=e always enjoy$ a sup]ior position4 ,^! s+]s & musicians 7 reg>d$ 9 ! !atre z gue/s ( hon\r1 :o _h condesc5d$ to accept ! hospitality ( %ibai4 ,!y 7 nev] class$ s l[ 9 ! social /rata z ! yaku%a1 b _h a recognis$ rank & place4 ,) ! memb]s ( ! ,gidayu1 ,tokiwazu1 & ,kiyomoto companies x 0 diff]5t4 ,_! patrons 7 ! weal?y m]*ants & tradespeople4 ,& because ,tokiwazu & ,kiyomoto 7 s closely relat$ to %ibai1 !y came to be consid]$ z some?+ l[ class & vulg>4 ,9 addition1 z ! :ole _w ( popul> songs & %ort dances t =m$ ! accompli%m5t ( ! gei%a 7 associat$ ) ! samis51 ?is in/rum5t 0 nev] he>d 9 ! homes ( p]sons ( ta/e & bre$+1 or ^? :o valu$ _! position ( respectability4 ,"o ( ! greate/ defects ( ! samis5 music is t x is divid$ into s _m s*ools1 ea* gu>d+ jeal\sly its traditions4 ,:5 "s new expression ( ! p's w is necess>y ^! sep>ate elem5ts may be conc5trat$ to =m a new musical =ce1 j z ,takemoto ,gidayu recognis$ ! value ( ! ,joruri ( 8 day &1 comb9+ !m1 e/abli%$ ! balladry ( ! ,doll-!atre on a firm f\ndation4 ,moreov]1 h[ev] mu* criticism may be levell$ at ! samis5 = ! trivial & sup]ficial matt] ) :i* x is (t5 relat$1 x rema9s none ! less ! national music4 ,! samis5 diff]s s l>gely f ,we/]n in/rum5ts t comp>isons are useless4 ,?is is because samis5 music dep5ds almo/ completely on rhy?m1 r ?an melody1 to int]pret emotion4 ,s\nd is inexhau/ible1 & by gr\p+s ( s\nds 9 *ang+ rhy?ms ! samis5 musicians ga9 ! effects !y desire4 ,we/]n e>s are s accu/om$ to h>mony1 t a dep>ture f its /]eotyp$ comb9ations causes bewild]m5t & irritation4 ,any o!r use ( s\nd & rhy?m ?an t to :i* _! e>s h gr[n famili> fails to affect !m4 ,! music ( %ibai pres5ts a :ole _w ( un*>t$ music mat]ial4 ,ripple-clang-bang2 smoo?ness1 r\ghness1 villa9y1 tranquillity2 fall+ sn[1 a flight ( birds1 w9d 9 ! tree-tops2 skirmi% & fray1 ! peace ( moonlight1 ! sorr[ ( p>t+1 ! rapture ( spr+2 ! infirmity ( age1 ! gladness ( lov]s1--all ^! & mu* m ! samis5 expresses to ^? :o are able to look beyond ! curta9 t %uts ?is musical _w away f ,we/]n e>s because ( its baffl+ conv5tions ( s\nd r ?an melody4 ,symbol ( ! despis$ yaku%a1 & 9 use 9 ! none-too-irreproa*able gei%a _w1 ! samis5 has be5 held 9 disfav\r by ! upp] classes4 ,left to _! own devices1 ! p creat$ _! own !atre1 music1 & art4 ,!re 0 no impetus f ! ari/ocracy1 :o held !mselves alo( f ! mass ( ! p4 ,! samurai _h little to d ) ! creative _s1 ! s*ol>s /eep$ 9 ,*9ese philosophy & lit]ature look$ backw>d to ! glori\s pa/ ( ,japan's great cont95tal neighb\r1--x 0 ! p ( ! ?ree t[ns1 unaid$1 )\t guide or inspiration f _! bett]s1 :o produc$ ! music ( %ibai1 ! plebeian legacy ( ! ,tokugawa age4 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,nakamura ,jakuemon 7,two sp>r[s1 face to face74 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,%ibai ,,& ,,int]f]5ce ,:5 ! hi/ory ( %ibai is consid]$1 ! wond] gr[s t x did n die ( disc\ragem5t4 ,! effects ( ! ceaseless p]secution t prohibit$ & hamp]$ ! creativ5ess ( ! !atre1 & br\ght x into evil repute c h>dly be measur$4 ,al?\gh ! *illy =malism ( ! ,tokugawa ,%ogunate s]i\sly int]f]$ ) ! developm5t ( ! !atre1 ! lat5t g5ius ( ! p ass]t$ itself repeat$ly ) new vig\r aft] ea* fre% attack on ! "p ( ! au?orities4 ,rules & regulations ) reg>d to /age sett+s1 co/umes1 ar*itecture1 furniture1 & plays almo/ prohibit$ %ibai out ( exi/5ce4 ,& ! int]f]5ce w5t s f> z to conc]n itself ) petty p]secutions 9 ! matt] ( ! yaku%as' private lives4 ,suppress$ = c5turies1 ! ta/e ( ! p began to express itself 9 luxury & extravagance1 & n[h]e 0 ?is /ate ( society s p]fectly mirror$ z on ! /age4 ,h5ce ! con/ant conflict betwe5 ! (ficials & ! !atre4 ,! en=cem5t ( simple liv+ ideals _h gone too f>1 & ! re/less p1 tir$ ( repression1 l a p5dulum t sw+s back1 began to long aft] ! fle%-pots ( ,egypt4 ,h[ f> frugality 0 c>ri$ out 9 ,old ,japan may be imag9$ f a /atem5t made by ! late ,m>quis ,okuma :51 on "o occasion1 he address$ new recruits to ! ,army4 8,9 my prov9ce01 he said1 8! cultivation ( ! sweet potato 0 =bidd5 at "o "t4 ,simil> to ?is 0 ! prohibition ( s]iculture by ! ,%ogun's ,gov]nm5t4 ,! reason 0 t ! fields 7 necess>y = ! cultivation ( rice1 & %\ld n be us$ = mat]ials ( luxury1 = by s do+ ! good old habits ( ! p w\ld be entirely de/roy$4 ,9 ?is age ( enlight5m5t10 ,m>quis ,okuma cont9u$1 8ev5 a s*oolboy c\ld at once detect ! fallacy ( su* a view1 b x enables u to see :at great /ress our fa!rs & gr&fa!rs put ^u ! importance ( simple liv+40 ,ano!r view conc]n+ ?is side ( ,japanese life "u ! %ogunate is express$ by ,murdo* 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,japan3 8,ev5 at ! pres5t day ! l[] classes 9 ,japan are rem>kable = ! fewness ( _! wants1 r ?an = ! abundance ( _! possessions2 b 9 ! brave days ( ! sixte5? c5tury few ( !m c\ld indulge 9 ! luxury ( hav+ any wants at all1 beyond ^? ( ! birds or rabbits4 ,! pov]ty ( ! c\ntry p at ?is "t 0 cle>ly gr9d+40 ,q contr>y 9 e respect 7 ! respl5d5t yaku%a1 ) _! extravagant ta/es & /rik+ /yles t made su* a /rong appeal to ! s5ses1 & ! guid+ pr9ciples ( ! nation :i* plac$ little value on ! possession ( worldly goods & emphasis$ simplicity & economy4 ,p]meat+ ! p 0 ! ,buddhi/ doctr9e ( imp]man5cy ) its emphasis on ! non-wor%ip ( ?+s1 & oppos$ to ?is /ood ! yaku%a :o delight$ 9 /age co/umes ( ! ri*e/ mat]ials1 ! mo/ dazzl+ embroid]ies 9 gold or silv]4 ,! actors' love ( display & extravagance requir$ dra/ic measures 9 ord] t !y %\ld be held 9 *eck4 ,! v gorge\sness ( ! /age %[+ ! pure/ in/9ct = all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ ga!r$ up f ! odd corn]s ( ,asia produc$ t5d5cies 9 ! p t x 0 consid]$ necess>y to uproot4 ,x is curi\s to reflect t at id5tical p]iods ! ,puritans 9 ,engl& & ! ,tokugawa ,%ogunate 7 int]f]+ ) ! !atre1 = 9 #afdb an ord] ( ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t =bade all public ent]ta9m5ts1 & ! %ogunate prohibit$ ! ,waka%u ,kabuki1 or ,"y ,m5's ,/age1 9 #afdd4 ,!re 0 ?us a simil> attitude t[>ds ! !atre 9 ! two isl& nations ( ,ea/ & ,we/1 sep>at$ s widely & z yet sc>cely aw>e ( ea* o!r's exi/5ce4 ,aft] ! ,wom5's ,/age1 or ,onna ,kabuki1 _h be5 /opp$1 ,gov]nm5t int]f]5ce 0 frequ5t4 ,! direct cause ( ! bani%m5t ( ! y\?ful actors ( ,waka%u ,kabuki 9 #afdd is attribut$ to ! *ief magi/rate ( ,y$o4 ,he 0 invit$ to a fri5d's resid5ce1 & saw among ! att5dants a "y lad :o 0 n only above ! av]age 9 good looks b graceful 9 8 movem5ts & %[$ sup]ior intellig5ce4 ,! magi/rate inquir$ 8 "n & p>5tage1 hop+ to engage him z a page 9 8 h\sehold4 ,to 8 a/oni%m5t he 0 told t ! att5dant 0 an actor4 ,/raightway he ord]$ ! (ficials "u him to g to ! !atre & see t ! front locks ( ! "y play]s 7 %orn1 = fe> _! attractiv5ess might be ! means ( corrupt+ society4 ,! %av+ ( ! actors' heads1 directly responsible = ! d[nfall ( ,waka%u ,kabuki1 cont9u$ long 9 =ce4 ,& a fur!r indignity 0 heap$ ^u ! yaku%a1 = !y 7 oblig$ to proce$ regul>ly to ! police /ation t _! heads might be exam9$1 z !y 7 prone to elude ! au?orities 9 ?is reg>d if n wat*$4 ,soon aft] ! edict t caus$ ! abolition ( ,waka%u ,kabuki ! f\r lead+ playh\ses ( ,y$o1 toge!r ) ! doll-!atres & m9or places ( amusem5t1 7 ord]$ to be susp5d$ because ( ! sc&al betwe5 an actor & ! wife ( a daimyo4 ,! au?orities 7 evid5tly b5t on ! ext]m9ation ( ! !atre1 b aft] repeat$ petitions on ! "p ( ! proprietors p]mission to reop5 0 grant$ ! foll[+ ye>4 ,t ! actors 7 reg>d$ ) op5 admiration by ! ladies ( ! ari/ocracy is evid5t4 ,_m /ories are told ) reg>d to ! measures !y took to see ! play]s1 (t5 invit+ !m to _! homes4 ,?is l$ to social brea*es ! (ficials 7 n sl[ to hold up z fe>ful examples ( depravity4 ,9 #afdh ! ?ird ,%ogun's ,cab9et issu$ an ord] aga9/ memb]s ( ! ari/ocracy att5d+ ! !atre1 & 9 #afee !re 0 a regulation to ! effect t z already proclaim$ ! yaku%a 7 n all[$ to att5d ! mansions ( ! ari/ocracy ev5 if !y 7 invit$4 ,) reg>d to _! /age co/umes !y mu/ n be luxuri\s1 & plays 9 :i* extravagance 0 display$ 7 n all[$ to be p]=m$4 ,a conflagration t swept ,y$o 9 #afeg1 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,meireki1 call$ ! ,great ,fire ( ,meireki1 gave ! au?orities a good opportunity to conf9e ! !atres to "o qu>t]4 ,! fire _h />t$ f a ,buddhi/ temple1 & la/$ until ! foll[+ day1 de/roy+ ! bus9ess c5tre ( ! t[n4 ,:5 aft] consid]able delay ! !atres 7 all[$ to be rebuilt1 few] lic5ces 7 grant$1 & b f\r l>ge %ibai 7 p]mitt$ to be erect$ 9 ,sakai-ma*i4 ,"h = a p]iod all ! places ( amusem5t1 l>ge or small1 7 segregat$4 ,a description ( ,sakai-ma*i is giv5 9 ,joruri ,%i1 or ! ,hi/ory ( ,joruri1 by ,takano4 ,he writes t x 0 a long /reet runn+ ea/ & we/4 ,to ! s\? 7 sev]al doll-!atres clu/]+ on ea* side ( ! ,nakamura-za4 ,b a %ort di/ance away 7 ! ,i*imura-za & ,miyako-za1 set 9 ! mid/ ( m>ionette %[s4 8,imag9e h[ fl\ri%+ ^! places 7 9 old5 times01 obs]ves ! au?or4 ,side by side 7 ! %ibai1 :]e9 ! inanimate m>ionettes compet$ ) ! actors ( fle% & blood1 all ! build+s cr[d$ toge!r on "o ?or\ghf>e1--ea* !atre display+ its bann]s1 flags1 lant]ns1 & cre/s1 :ile ! s\nd ( ! drums beat5 9 ! yagura1 or drum-t[]s1 mu/ h made q a /ir 9 ! peaceful ,y$o ( ^? days4 ,by #affa ! yaku%a's foot/eps 7 dogg$ by regulations4 ,he 0 n all[$ to m+le freely ) ! p4 ,9 #affb x 0 =bidd5 = actors to use /icks ornam5t$ ) gold or silv]1 & he 0 ord]$ to we> a kimono ( ! pla9e/ description4 ,if he consult$ 8 own ta/e & wore patt]n$ mat]ial t %[$ a gay design1 he 0 promptly p\nc$ ^u4 ,"u pa9s & p5alties ! yaku%a 0 n to ride 9 a kago1 or palanqu91 or on horse1 & expressly prohibit$ f walk+ ab\t freely4 ,^! regulations relat+ to ! daily lives ( ! play-actors became a species ( tyranny1 & x 0 n surpris+ t !y 7 brok5 he$less ( ! consequ5ces4 ,= x 0 f\nd impossible to suppress a human be+'s mo/ natural desires & in/9cts4 ,9 consequ5ce ! same rules & regulations 7 made ov] & ov] aga91 ! /rictness ( ! obs]vance dep5d+ on ! firmness or laxity ( ! (ficials 9 p[]4 ,al?\gh ! incl9ation ( ! actors & playwrights 0 always t[>ds a l>g] & fre] expression ( _! ta/e 9 col\r & design1 yet !y 7 oblig$ to keep to ?+s less ornate1 = 9 #affh !re 7 decl>ations t ! !atres ( ,sakai-ma*i mu/ n be gorge\s1 b z mode/ z possible4 ,cotton & silk mat]ials ( an inf]ior quality 7 to be us$ = /age co/umes1 ! be/ workman%ip 9 embroid]y 0 to be avoid$1 & ! use ( r$ or purple dye 0 entirely =bidd54 ,curta9s ( cotton crepe 7 grant$1 b ^? ( silk c\ld n be us$4 ,yaku%a 7 ord]$ n to meet memb]s ( ! samurai class aft] act+1 & !y mu/ n speak ) trad]s or artisans except = a brief meet+4 ,! actors 7 also =bidd5 to ent] ! %ibai *aya1 or mix ) ! audi5ce1 & z ^! regulations 7 frequ5tly ignor$1 puni%m5ts 7 cont9ually inflict$ = infr+em5ts4 ,aga9 9 #afgh !re 0 an (ficial ann\ncem5t to ! effect t x 0 rum\r$ ! actors 7 call$ to ! resid5ces ( samurai & m]*ants4 ,if discov]$1 ! del9qu5ts 7 to be sev]ely puni%$4 ,! actors' resid5ces 7 re/rict$ to ! !atre di/rict2 fur!rmore1 !y 7 n to lodge 9 ! h\ses ( o!r p1 or to h z inmates ( _! homes ^? :o pursu$ o!r walks ( life4 ,regulations issu$ 9 ?is same ye> conc]n$ f9]y on ! /age1 :i* 0 to be c>efully avoid$4 ,! co/umes1 bo? ( ! yaku%a & ! m>ionette1 7 requir$ to be fa%ion$ ( *eap silk or cotton1 & great] /rictness 0 to be obs]v$ 9 ! %av+ ( ! actors' heads4 ,%\ld an actor & 8 patrons feel incl9$ to take a pleasant out+ toge!r on ! ,sumida riv]1 x 0 reg>d$ z a s]i\s lapse f grace1 & z = /ray+ outside ! prescrib$ limits ! au?orities f\nd !mselves busy en=c+ _! rules1 s9ce ! irrepressible yaku%a c\ld n be kept )9 b\nds v long at a "t4 ,!re 0 a regulation dem&+ t metal %\ld n be us$ = /age swords2 !y 7 to be ( wood or bamboo cov]$ ) silv] p[d]4 ,ano!r =bade actors f be+ smuggl$ into ! mansions ( samurai or m]*ants clad 9 female co/umes1 nor 7 !y to ent] ! homes ( private citiz5s "u ! assumption t !y did n belong to ! degrad$ frat]nity4 ,dur+ ^! long ye>s ( int]f]5ce1 "o out/&+ ev5t came to be l>gely responsible = ! /rict sup]vision ( ! !atres1 & ?is 0 ! sc&al involv+ ! actor ,iku%ima ,%+oro & ,y5o%ima1 a lady-9-wait+ at ! ,%ogun's ,c\rt4 ,_! am\rs prov$ to be a social upheaval ! (ficials c\ld nei!r =get nor =give4 ,long aft] ! affair _h bl[n ov] x rema9$ a d>k cl\d t ca/ its %ad[ on succe$+ g5]ations ( actors4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is1 tak5 f ,*iyoda no ,oku1 or ! ,h>em ( ,y$o ,ca/le1 is quot$ by ,ih>a ,seisei91 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,japanese ,/age4 ,x tells h[ ! un=tunate !atre-folk became victims because ( ,lady ,y5o%ima's passion = ,iku%ima ,%+oro4 ,"s "t 9 #agad ! ,yamamura-za1 "o ( ,y$o's orig9al %ibai1 0 op5$1 & ,iku%ima ,%+oro 0 play+ !re ) mu* success4 ,at ! same "t1 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t among ! ladies-9-wait+ 9 ! ca/le 0 to be s5t to pray at ! temple ( ,zojo-ji1 z a repres5tative ( ! "m ( ,%ogun ,iyetsugu4 ,ow+ to ! fact t sev]al daimyo1 or feudal lords1 & hatamoto1 or direct vassals ( ! ,%ogun1 _h select$ ?is day to repair to ! temple to take "p 9 ,buddhi/ s]vices1 ! ,c\rt lady's visit 0 po/pon$1 & ,y5o%ima *os5 to fulfil ! duty4 ,accord+ly %e s5t a mess5g] to acqua9t ! prie/s t %e int5d$ to arrive v e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & t no prep>ations w\ld be necess>y = h] reception4 ,%e w\ld1 h[ev]1 f9d x highly gratify+ if arrangem5ts c\ld be made :]eby %e & h] p>ty c\ld pay a visit to a !atre 9 ,sakai-ma*i4 ,z might h be5 expect$1 ! reply ( ! prie/s to ?is missive 0 t ! !atre "p ( ! lady's programme 0 impossible1 s9ce x 0 outside _! jurisdiction4 ,?is made ,y5o%ima v angry1 & %e arrang$ matt]s to suit h]self4 ,!re 0 a "y cl]k1 or banto1 9 ! employ ( a ,y$o dry-goods e/abli%m5t1 & he 0 accu/om$ to g to ! ca/le regul>ly = ord]s4 ,"h 0 a likely p]son to c>ry out h] comm&s1 & he 0 accord+ly commission$ to prep>e ! gall]y ( ! ,yamamura-za = a p>ty ( "o hundr$ p]sons4 ,z plann$ ,y5o%ima proce$$ to ,zojo-ji1 b hurry+ ov] h] spiritual duties1 & pres5t+ b a portion ( ! money1 mat]ials1 & o!r gifts t 7 design$ = ! prie/s1 %e kept ! rema9d] to be di/ribut$ z p]sonal fav\rs at ! !atre4 ,%e 0 accompani$ by sev]al o!r ladies-9-wait+ ( fir/ rank1 z well z ^? :o occupi$ less] positions 9 ! seclud$ _w ( ! ,%ogun's h\sehold2 also by male att5dants4 ,! arrival ( ?is company at ! ,yamamura-za mu/ h pres5t$ a mo/ unusual spectacle 9 !atre /reet4 ,yamamura ,*odayu1 ! proprietor ( ! !atre1 ) ! lead+ actors1 ,iku%ima ,%+oro & ,nakamura ,seigoro1 clad 9 c]emonial co/umes1 welcom$ ! di/+ui%$ visitors at ! entrance to ! !atre4 ,dur+ an int]val betwe5 ! plays a fea/ 0 held1 & ,y5o%ima1 :o became slightly intoxicat$1 spill$ a bottle ( sake1 ! cont5ts ( :i* fell d[n on ! heads ( a p>ty bel[4 ,x happ5$ to be a samurai ( ! ,satsuma clan accompani$ by 8 wife4 ,al?\gh "o ( ,y5o%ima's p>ty apologis$1 ! irate samurai left ! !atre4 ,y5o%ima 0 advis$ to return to ! ca/le )\t delay1 b %e w\ld n li/51 det]m9$ to enjoy ! adv5ture to ! utmo/4 ,yamamura ,*odayu invit$ ! ladies to 8 private resid5ce1 :]e ,nakamura ,seigoro & 8 wife assi/$ 9 ! ent]ta9m5t4 ,?is "y woman 0 v beautiful1 a graceful danc] z well z accompli%$ samis5 play]1 & _h (t5 be5 call$ to ! ca/le to amuse ! ,%ogun's "m4 ,x 0 n until late at night t ,y5o%ima retir$1 return+ to ! ca/le1 & ent]+ by an inconspicu\s gate4 ,y5o%ima1 :o 0 a bold & indep5d5t "*1 #cc ye>s ( age1 ) an income ( #fjj koku ( rice to h] cr$it1 pat*$ up a /ory ( ! day's proce$+s = ! b5efit ( ! ,%ogun's "m1 omitt+ all ref]5ce to h] wild escapade at ! !atre4 ,9 due "t ! :ole matt] came to ! k ( ! (ficials1 :5 x 0 discov]$ t ,y5o%ima _h be5 c>ry+ on relations ) ,iku%ima ,%+oro = sev5 ye>s1 & t %e _h tak5 "o ( ?is actor's daught]s into ! s]vice ( ! ,c\rt "u ! false pret5ce t ! girl 0 f a samurai family4 ,! ,gov]nm5t dealt sev]ely ) all ^? :o _h p>ticipat$ 9 ! c>\sal4 ,y5o%ima 0 s5t5c$ to exile on a lonely isl&1 h] fate be+ s(t5$ at a lat] date ?r\gh ! clem5cy ( ! ,%ogun's "m1 :o plead$ = h]1 :5 %e 0 tak5 into ! cu/ody ( ! daimyo ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,%9ano4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( ^! days = ! entire family to suff] :5 "o memb] _h committ$ an (f5ce1 & consequ5tly ! dea? p5alty 0 met$ out to ,y5o%ima's eld] bro!r1 :ile a "y bro!r 0 exil$4 ,o!r relatives %>$ 9 ! puni%m5t4 ,z = ,yamamura ,*odayu1 ,iku%ima ,%+oro1 & ,nakamura ,seigoro1 !y1 too1 7 exil$--ev5 ,iwai ,han%iro1 ! mo/ popul> onnagata ( ! p]iod1 %>+ 9 ! bani%m5t4 ,! ,yamamura-za 0 fir/ depriv$ ( its lic5ce1 !n ! build+ 0 demoli%$ & ! prop]ty confiscat$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,su* 0 ! end ( ! ,yamamura-za1 = x nev] d>$ to raise its head aga9 among ! ,y$o %ibai4 ,at ! same "t ! !atre c5sors drew _! net ( regulations clos] & clos]4 ,y$o %ibai1 unlike ^? ( ,osaka & ,kyoto1 _h previ\s to ! ,y5o%ima affair two gall]ies1 mak+ ?ree /ories1 b ! au?orities r$uc$ !m to "o4 ,?9 bamboo bl9ds _h be5 susp5d$ f ! gall]ies z a protection = high-class playgo]s t !y might be remov$ f ! vulg> gaze1 b ^! 7 ord]$ to be tak5 d[n4 ,?is meant t p]sons ( good family c\ld no long] att5d ! !atre4 ,passage-ways f ! !atre to ! homes ( ! proprietors 7 tak5 away1 special rooms = banquet+ at ! tea-h\ses 7 giv5 up4 ,ev5 ! ro(s ( ! !atres1 t _h be5 con/ruct$ 9 a m sub/antial way to protect playgo]s aga9/ ! elem5ts1 7 ord]$ to be made 9 a light] fa%ion4 ,:5 alt]ations 7 desir$ 9 ! con/ruction ( !atres or tea-h\ses1 report _h to be made fir/ to ! (ficials be=e p]mission to proce$ c\ld be obta9$4 ,! !atre 0 clos$ e>ly1 & no plays all[$ to run aft] sunset4 ,su* 7 "s ( ! %ibai regulations t came ab\t z ! result ( ! ,lady ,y5o%ima's indiscretions4 ,/age co/umes especially came "u ! m]ciless scrut9y ( ! au?orities4 ,special re/rictions 7 made 9 #aghi4 ,all co/umes 7 exam9$ on ! day prec$+ ! p]=mance4 ,(ficials 7 appo9t$ ^: duty x became to exam9e /age affairs to ! m9ute/ detail1 & aft] !y _h pe]$ into all ! nooks & corn]s beh9d ! /age1 !y gave p]mission = ! play to be p]=m$1 or int]f]$ sadly ) ! arrangem5ts1 by dem&+ alt]ations at ! la/ mom5t1 accord+ to _! :im1 or f "s idea ( ! prop] respect due to _! dignity4 ,if !re 7 any *anges 9 ! plays aft] ! inspection1 ! (f5d]s 7 summon$ to appe> at ! c5sor's (fice & 7 f9$ or reprim&$4 ,_m devices 7 resort$ to by ! yaku%a to protect _! beautiful kimono t !y (t5 design$ !mselves & z frequ5tly embroid]$ ) _! own h&s4 ,sometimes ! bett] to pass ! (ficials' inspection !y sew$ pieces ( pla9 mat]ial ov] ! decorat$ portions ( _! co/umes1 b if a report ( f9e raim5t rea*$ ! e>s ( ! ev]-wat*ful ones1 reprim&s 7 9 ord]4 ,z a means to put d[n extravagance1 x 0 ord]$ t ! actors' sal>ies %\ld be r$uc$ by half4 ,b ! yaku%a g5]ally f\nd ways & means to evade ?is attempt aga9/ 8 income4 ,reque/s 7 made to ! (ficials by ! managem5t t an actor wi%$ m sal>y1 & if ?is 0 refus$ he rema9$ away f ! !atre "u pret5ce ( illness4 ,! plays c\ld n g on )\t ! draw+ attraction ( ! popul> actors1 & !re came a "t :5 ! tr\bl$ manag]s ask$ ! (ficials h[ ! %ibai c\ld be ma9ta9$ "u su* circum/ances4 ,! f\r? ,nakamura ,utayemon 0 f9$ = receiv+ too mu* sal>y4 ,nakamura ,nakazo records 9 8 j\rnal h[ 8 !atre c\ld n make ! cu/om>y advance on 8 sal>y & he receiv$ a %ort sword by way ( comp5sation4 ,:5 an onnagata1 ,segawa ,kikunojo1 0 return+ home f ! !atre "o day 9 ! ye> #aghi1 he wore an attractive kimono made ( good silk crepe1 & 8 clo?+ 0 confiscat$4 ,onoe ,matsusuke1 :5 tak+ ! rle ( a ,c\rt lady1 wore a beautiful ov]-g>m5t ti$ ) silv] cords1 & 0 reprim&$ = extravagance4 ,! ?ird ,nakamura ,utayemon 0 responsible = a co/ly curta9 us$ dur+ "o ( 8 p]=mances1 & he 0 tak5 to task by ! (ficials1 ) ! result t he became disgu/$ & decid$ to return to ! ,osaka /age4 ,z he _h made an agreem5t ) ! ,y$o !atre = a t]m ( two ye>s & he _h rema9$ b "o1 ! au?orities br\ght him back to s]ve out 8 contract4 ,a gay p]=mance 0 giv5 at ! ,nakamura-za 9 #agia1 & ! /age prop]ties 7 confiscat$4 ,i*ikawa ,yaozo made a gift ( "o hundr$ & t5 kimono to ! p ( ! !atre1 & :5 ?is rais$ ! ire ( ! economy-lov+ (ficials ,yaozo is report$ to h said3 8,my fa!r ,yaozo left #ajj ryo to be us$ 9 accordance ) 8 w4 ,i gave ! kimono z he wi%$40 ,at ! ,i*imura-za a robb] 0 depict$ sell+ ! treasures ( a daimyo1 & ! au?orities /opp$ x because x relat$ to a feudal "l4 ,:5 a fe/ival 0 held at ! ,i*imura-za 9 memory ( ! ,soga ,bro!rs1 ! h]oes ( _m a ,kabuki piece1 ! !atre p wore conspicu\s kimono1 & display$ a great _m lant]ns = decorations4 ,s9ce x 0 some?+ out ( ! ord9>y1 !y 7 all f9$4 ,once1 :5 ! play requir$ ! int]ior ( an ,imp]ial ,palace1 v beautiful /age furniture 0 us$1 b ?is came "u ! ban1 & inf]ior articles 7 ord]$ to replace ! orig9als4 ,int]f]5ce ev5 w5t s f> z to plays4 ,! saku%a1 or playwrights1 7 /rictly =bidd5 by ! ,gov]nm5t to write real hi/ory into _! dramas4 ,9 consequ5ce1 !y 7 oblig$ to cam\flage fact ) fiction4 ,reports t 7 circulat$ f> & wide1 matt]s t _h be5 discuss$ 9 e h\sehold1 7 repres5t$ z belong+ to a di/ant p]iod4 ,! playgo]s1 h[ev]1 7 quick to und]/& ! ref]5ce4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! op5+ sc5e ( ,*u%+ura is plac$ a hundr$ ye>s or m previ\s to ! date ( ! sacrifice ( ! ,=ty-sev5 ,ron94 ,a qu>rel broke out 9 ! audi5ce at ! ,yamamura-za at "o "t because ! "n ( a contempor>y p]sonage _h be5 us$ 9 a play1 & !reaft] no ref]5ce 0 all[$ to liv+ p]sons4 ,great c>e _h to be tak5 9 ! *oice ( names giv5 to ! *>act]s 9 a play1 = if a cognom5 select$ 0 already 9 ! possession ( "s high family compla9ts 7 lodg$ ) ! au?orities4 ,:5 fire aga9 de/roy$ ! ,nakamura-za & ,i*imura-za1 !y 7 ord]$ to be rebuilt away f ! c5tre ( ! t[n4 ,! ,kaw>azaki-za1 :i* /ood some:at ap>t f ! o!r !atres1 & _h be5 unt\*$ by ! fire1 0 left undi/urb$4 ,! removal ( ! !atre site 0 expla9$ z due to ! laxity ( ! actors1 :o 7 =gett+ !mselves & m+l+ ) ! p2 because !y play$ su* common1 vulg> ?+s t _h a bad influ5ce ^u society1 & because %ibai 0 ! s\rce ( *anges 9 ! fa%ions t incit$ ! citiz5s to extravagance4 ,! sev]e/ p]iod ( int]f]5ce ! !atre _h to und]go 0 dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( ,mizuno1 ,"l ( ,e*iz51 ! prime m9i/] ( ! %ogunate1 :o began 8 sweep+ re=ms 9 #ahdb1 hop+ !reby to prop up ! fall+ ,tokugawa ,gov]nm5t4 ,& :5 ! ,i*imura-za & ,nakamura-za 7 burn$ d[n1 ?is dignit>y decid$ t ! "t _h arriv$ to put an end to ! =tunes ( %ibai4 ,x 0 8 int5tion to cru% ?is in/itution ( ! p at a bl[1 9 ord] t ! widespread immorality alleg$ %\ld be suppress$4 ,mizuno /opp$ ! "w ( !atre recon/ruction1 & w\ld h c>ri$ out 8 re=ms ) a high h& if x _h n be5 = ! head man ( ! !atre di/rict1 call$ ,toyama4 ,?is (ficial 0 br\ght 9 = consultation4 ,! fate ( ,y$o ,kabuki hung 9 ! balance1 & ! :ole "q dep5d$ on ,toyama's views z to ! "r ( ! p's !atre to exi/4 ,:atev] 8 def5ce x prov$ an effective *eckmate to ,mizuno's plan to aboli% %ibai1 & a compromise 0 made by means ( :i* ! !atres 7 to be remov$ z f> z possible f ,y$o ca/le1 & at a safe di/ance f ! homes ( ! citiz5s to pres]ve !m f contam9ation4 ,! new qu>t] select$ 0 ,s>uwaka-*o 9 ,asakusa1 ! mo/ ?ickly populat$ di/rict ( mod]n ,tokyo1 :]e ! lurid pictures outl9$ by electric light ( k9ema h\ses1 second-rate !atres1 & _m o!r places ( ent]ta9m5t are n[ to be f\nd4 ,?is di/rict is /ill call$ !atre /reet1 al?\gh ,tokyo's lead+ playh\ses are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! capital4 ,mizuno's attempt to *eck ! evils ( society 7 all 9 va94 ,soon aft] 8 "t1 ,meiji era dawn$ ) ! re/oration ( ! ,emp]or to p[]1 & ! lives ( ! p began to fl[ 9 new & unexpect$ *annels4 ,! ?\ghts ( ^? 9 p[] 7 too mu* engross$ ) ! op5+ ( _! c\ntry to trade & outside influ5ces to tr\ble ab\t ! %av+ ( ! actors' heads1 & ! innum]able & wellnigh insupportable re/rictions t _h s long be5 endur$ gradually became null & void4 ,= #bdd ye>s1 f ! prohibition ( ! ,wom5's ,/age to ! ,re/oration1 or f #afbd to #ahfh1 int]f]5ce ) ! !atre _h cont9u$ )\t relaxation 9 ! ?ree t[ns--! regulations 9 ,y$o1 :i* =m ! subject ( ,ih>a ,seisei9's pa9/ak+ rese>*es 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,japanese ,/age1 apply+ 9 a great] or less] degree to ! %ibai conditions ( ,osaka & ,kyoto4 ,"o ( ! mo/ deplorable results 0 ! relegation ( ! actor & playwright to ! l[] /rata ( society4 ,! repetition ( ! rules & regulations aga9/ ! !atre z a ne/ ( iniquity t _h no "r to exi/5ce caus$ ! p to gr[ indiff]5t t[>ds ! actors & playwrights4 ,!y und]valu$ !m p]sonally1 al?\gh !y enjoy$ _! art4 ,yet _h _! g5ius atta9$ a mu* high] level ?an x did1 !re w\ld h be5 no recognition = !m 9 ! s*eme ( ?+s made possible by ! %ogunate1 s9ce ! spiritual products ( ! p c\nt$ = no?+4 ,! v5]able & eloqu5t ,m>quis ,okuma1 address+ a ga!r+ ( lit]>y m5 & wom5 at 8 resid5ce1 admitt$ lit]ature's place 9 ,japan4 ,8 pa/ c>e]1 he said1 _h be5 tak5 up ) politics1 diplomacy1 religion1 & economics2 b he _h giv5 no consid]ation to lit]ature4 ,he confess$ t he n[ realis$ = ! fir/ "t1 aft] a long life ( eighty ye>s1 t lit]ature 0 necess>y 9 ! build+ up ( a new civilisation & ! recon/ruction ( a new society = human be+s1 j z ! diff]5t bran*es ( sci5ce 7 necess>y4 ,z he _h be5 born into ! s]i\s ,saga clan1 :i* _h no idea ( pleasure1 he _h nev] once 9 8 e>li] c>e] witness$ a !atrical p]=mance4 ,he _h no ta/e = music1 & 0 taught to look d[n ^u lit]ature4 ,?is 0 ! common attitude t[>ds ! drama1 act+1 & ev]y?+ else t p]ta9$ to ! ,japanese !atre4 ,badg]$ & beset by unsympa!tic outsid]s1--:o 7 ! m]e m9ions ( (ficialdom1--isolat$ & degrad$1 ! play]s & playwrights1 p>iahs ( society z !y 71 build$ bett] ?an !y knew4 ,illu/ration3 ,nakamura ,fukusuke ( ,tokyo 9 an onnagata rle4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,ext]nals ,,( ,,%ibai ,= a fai?ful pres]vation ( ! /age ( ! ,murayama-za1 "o ( ,y$o's fir/ %ibai1 mod]n playgo]s are indebt$ to a play )9 a play4 ,x conc]ns ,banzui9 ,*obei1 a pla9 citiz5 ( ,y$o :o 0 trea*]\sly done to dea? by an evil samurai1 & br+s to m9d ! turbul5t ,y$o days :5 ! samurai te/$ _! new swords on su* loit]]s z happ5$ to pass _! way1 :ile ! otokodate1 or *ivalr\s common]s1 7 ev] ready to take ! "p ( ! oppress$1 & risk _! lives 9 cross+ swords ) ! blu/]+ soldi]y4 ,*obei & ,mizuno happ5 to meet 9 ! ,murayama-za4 ,! play is progress+ on ! old-fa%ion$ /age1 patt]n$ s closely aft] t ( ! ,n !atre4 ,f\r pill>s support a heavy slop+ ro( t is con/ruct$ l ! entrance to a temple4 ,! /age is squ>e1 ! musicians kneel+ at ! back4 ,a long bridge passage jo9s ! /age at "r angles--! ha%igak>i ( ! ,n !atre4 ,! *>act]s 9 ! play are a y\?ful h]o 9 gorge\s attire & a timid onnagata li/5+ to an argum5t betwe5 a peaceful prie/ clad 9 sc>let & ,kimpira1 ! grotesque1 blood?ir/y h]o ( ! old ballads4 ,gu>ds are /ation$ on ei!r side ( ! !atre ne> ! /age prop] to pres]ve ! peace4 ,look+ d[n on ! /age to "r & left are upp] boxes hung ) f9e bamboo curta9s = su* memb]s ( ! privileg$ classes z may att5d4 ,= audi5ce !re are ! playgo]s ( ,tokyo4 ,& :5 all eyes are focuss$ on ! /age ( ! ,murayama-za1 a "* 9 ! play1 a drunk>d look+ = a qu>rel1 swagg]s 9 along ! hanami*i & causes a di/urbance4 ,*obei sudd5ly appe>s1 spr++ out ( 8 seat 9 ! pit1 & z if by magic ! tw5tie? c5tury is wip$ out1 & ! playgo] travels back into ! pa/1 & = ! mom5t is imm]s$ 9 ! v atmosph]e ( ! old ,y$o %ibai4 ,?is e>ly ,y$o /age %[$ sc>cely any diff]5ce f ! type 9 vogue dur+ ! ,onna ,kabuki & ,waka%u ,kabuki p]iods1 & 0 9 all ess5tials l t ( ,o-,kuni ,kabuki ) ! exception t x 0 ( a m p]man5t con/ruction4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 no ro( z a protection aga9/ ! wea!r4 ,! pit 0 ( beat5 e>?1 & ! gr\ndl+s _h a /raw mat apiece & 7 provid$ ) a small hiba*i1 or brazi]1 ,tickets 7 pur*as$ = ! :ole or half day1 or = "o act4 ,b evid5tly ! !atres knew h[ to *>ge1--a matt] t is n ov]look$ ev5 at ! pres5t1--= 9 an old book x is m5tion$ t x 0 necess>y to pay ev5 to light "o's tobacco4 ,^! lights 7 call$ fire-ropes1 a twi/$ cord ( rice /raw set on fire & left to sm\ld]1 a conv5i5t mann] ( />t+ a pipe 9 ! days be=e mat*es1 :5 ! only means ( produc+ fire 0 by /rik+ ! fl9t4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ,g5roku1 a ro( to cov] ! audi5ce 0 built1 & gall]ies add$ = ! accommodation ( ! increas+ att5dance4 ,! con/ruction ( ! !atre made great progress :5 ,gov]nm5t regulations dem&$ t playh\ses be ( "o /ory & /raw mats us$ to keep out ra9 & sun%9e4 ,aft] ! segregation ( ! ,y$o %ibai to ,sakai-ma*i1 _m improvem5ts came ab\t4 ,! ,i*imura-za us$ drop z well z drawn curta9s1 & l>ge /age furniture 0 se5 = ! fir/ "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,kaomise1 or ,face ,%[+ c]emony at ! ,nakamura-za 9 #aggb4 ,by ?is "t ! ro( ( ! /age _h disappe>$ & only its symbol rema9$ ov] ! front ( ! /age1 :i* n[ approa*$ ! long n>r[ /yle 9 vogue 9 ! ,doll-!atre4 7,col\r pr9t by ,utagawa ,toyoh>u47 ,b by #agej ! ma9 ext]nals ( ! %ibai 7 fix$ & %[$ a /rik+ *ange4 ,! bridge passage ( ! ,n us$ by %ibai = entrances & exits _h giv5 place to ! hanami*i1 or fl[]-way--! cont9uation ( ! /age ?r\gh ! audi5ce4 ,!re 7 gall]ies beh9d :i* 7 slid+ doors & movable scre5s ( f9e bamboo1 ensur+ privacy = ^? occupy+ ^! elevat$ seats4 ,9 ,y$o ?ree gall]ies 7 a feature ( ! %ibai1 b ^! 7 n se5 9 ,kyoto & ,osaka4 ,?is 0 because ! ,y$o playh\ses enjoy$ great] prosp]ity & 7 m cr[d$ ?an ^? ( ! o!r t[ns4 ,drawn curta9s 7 us$1 ! /age 0 decorat$ ) artificial fl[]s1 & elaborate /age furniture came into use4 ,ow+ to ! sc&al ( ,lady ,y5o%ima & ,iku%ima ,%+oro 9 #agad1 ! ar*itecture & developm5ts ( %ibai ext]nals receiv$ a sev]e *eck4 ,sub/antial ro(+ 0 =bidd5 & /raw mats 7 ord]$ in/ead4 ,! build+ 0 limit$ to "o /ory1 & gall]ies 7 aboli%$4 ,z ! result ( a petition fil$ by ! ?ree *ief !atres 9 #agah1 p]mission 0 grant$ to cov] ! !atres ) bo>d+1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 frequ5t fires ?reat5$ to de/roy ^! flimsy erections1 m sub/antial /ructures 7 all[$ ) til$ ro(s1 & ?ick mud walls1 l ^? ( w>eh\ses1 or god[ns1 9 :i* valuables are /ill /or$4 ,until rec5t ye>s ?is type ( playh\se p]si/$ 9 ! ?ree t[ns4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ facts conc]n+ ! developm5t ( ! ext]nals ( %ibai 0 ! rapidity ) :i* ! /age outgrew its orig9al =m4 ,! place = p]=mances 9 ! ,n1 lat] 9 ,o-,kuni ,kabuki1 & likewise 9 ! fir/ ,y$o !atres1 _h all be5 squ>e4 ,great] space 0 ne$$ = ! repres5tation ( complex plays1 & ! back pill>s 7 elim9at$4 ,:5 ,*u%+ura 0 to be pres5t$ 9 ,y$o 9 #ageg ! two l>ge front pill>s to "r & left ( ! /age 7 f\nd to be 9 ! way1 & 7 sacrific$4 ,) ! f\r supports gone1 ! temple-l ro( ( ! /age also w5t out ( commission4 ,?is ro(1 associat$ ) ! ,n /age = hundr$s ( ye>s1 & ab\t :i* clung some?+ religi\s & sacr$1 _h s long be5 a famili> ext]nal ( %ibai1 t ! !atre p1 :ile realis+ t x _h s]v$ its purpose1 did n wi% to "p ) x altoge!r4 ,x 0 !re=e repres5t$ 9 relief1 project+ ov] ! prosc5ium4 ,n[h]e is ?is adaptation ( ! /age to ! new requirem5ts ( a develop+ drama m cle>ly to be se5 ?an 9 ! illu/rations ( %ibai left by ! pr9t arti/s4 ,a picture attribut$ to ,masanobu %[s ! int]ior ( ! ,nakamura-za 9 #agdj4 ,! ?at*$ ro( ( ! /age is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 z well z ! two front-pill>s1 b ^? at ! back h disappe>$ 9 ord] to give great] room4 ,slightly elevat$ to ! left is a plat=m = ! musicians1 & al?\gh ! squ>e plat=m _h n be5 disp5s$ )1 x 0 becom+ too cramp$4 ,9 ?is picture ! second ,danjuro appe>s 9 "o ( ! family pieces1 ,yanone1 or ,arr[-,po9t1 act+ on a small apron-l projection ( ! /age4 ,8 big ?ree-rice-measure cre/ is cle> ^u "o %\ld]1 & 9 front ( him !re is an exagg]at$ :et/one on :i* he is ab\t to %>p5 a huge arr[4 ,! small enclosure 9 :i* he sits repres5ts ! tempor>y dwell+-place ( ?is highly imag9>y "*4 ,!re are two gall]ies1 & a n>r[ passage-way ?r\gh ! pit1 :ile lant]ns be>+ ! actor's cre/ are susp5d$ f ! ceil+4 ,practically ! same sc5e is repres5t$ 9 ano!r col\r pr9t by ,masanobu ( ! ,nakamura-za int]ior f\r ye>s lat]1 9 #agdd4 ,a ne> view ( ! /age is obta9$1 b x %[s no *ange4 ,actors ( ! ,i*ikawa & ,otani families hold ! c5tre ( ! /age4 ,9 ! backgr\nd is ! bell :i* %[s ! piece to be ,dojo-ji1 ! music-drama ,kabuki appropriat$ f ! ,n relat+ to a female demon t comes to wreak v5geance on ! new bell ( ! temple1 ,dojo-ji1 :i* has j be5 hung4 ,segawa ,kikunojo1 ! onnagata1 /&s on ! hanami*i repres5t+ ! fasc9at+ maid5 :o is ! evil creature 9 disguise4 ,illu/ration3 ,int]ior ( ! ,nakamura-za 9 #agih :5 ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! six?1 0 promot$ to ! head ( ! !atre4 ,by ?is "t ! ro( ( ! /age _h become a decoration ov]head4 7,col\r pr9t by ,utagawa ,toyokuni47 ,/ill ano!r col\r pr9t by ,ni%imura ,%ig5aga1 ( ! ,nakamura-za 9 #agdi1 %[s a sudd5 trans=mation ( ! /age4 ,! two front pill>s & ! heavy ro( t _h come to be an encumbrance h disappe>$4 ,9 ?is picture ! piece repres5t$ is ,tak$a ,izumo's ,*u%+ura1 enact$ ) s mu* success by ! m>ionettes t ! real actors s\ght to emulate !m4 ,sawamura ,sojuro1 popul> z ,yuranosuke1 ! lead] ( ! loyal ,=ty-sev5 ,ron91 & ,i*ikawa ,ebizo are ! c5tral figures4 ,! musicians h be5 relegat$ to a position 9 ! w+s2 !re are scre5s = backgr\nd1 & a curta9 to ! left be>s ! i*o-leaf emblem adopt$ by ,nakamura ,kansaburo1 ! f\nd] ( ,y$o ,kabuki1 aft] 8 lucky dream4 ,practically ! same !atre int]ior is reproduc$ 9 a pr9t ( ! ,i*imura-za made 9 #ageb1 ) ! exception t ! curta9s on ei!r side ( ! /age %[ ! cre/ ( ?is !atre1 a conv5tional orange ) its leaves4 ,9 a col\r pr9t by ,utagawa ,toyoh>a 9 #agga1 ! /age ( ! ,nakamura-za has lo/ all connection ) its squ>e orig94 ,9 ?is picture !re are se5 ! two hanami*i1 l>ge & small1 t are /ill a feature ( ! mod]n %ibai4 ,ano!r picture by ! same arti/ done 9 ! foll[+ ye> %[s a ,kaomise1 or ,face-,%[+ c]emony1 at ! ,nakamura-za1 & p]spective is us$ to sugge/ ! spaci\sness ( ! int]ior4 ,?is is evid5ce ( ! complete trans=mation f a squ>e to a long /age p>allel to ! audi5ce4 ,! picture is "o ( ! s]ies depict+ eight fam\s places ( ,y$o4 ,! ,kaomise1 or ,face-,%[+ c]emony1 ) ,danjuro1 ! six?1 z lead+ actor at ! ,nakamura-za 9 #agih1 also =ms ! subject ( a pr9t by ,toyokuni1 :i* %[s t ! ext]nals _h by ?is "t become p]man5t4 ,?is trans=mation ( ! /age )9 a %ort p]iod1 approa*+ 9 its ess5tials ! ,we/]n !atre1 w\ld lead to ! supposition t outside influ5ce 0 at "w4 ,b ! cause lay ne>] at home4 ,x 0 ! /age ( ! ,doll-!atre t ev5tually prevail$4 ,?is 0 long1 l[1 & deep1 to af=d ample room = ! complicat$ movem5ts ( ! m>ionettes1 ! comb9$ ef=ts ( gr\ps ( doll-h&l]s1 & = ! com+s & go+s ( ! prop]ty-m5 & sc5e-%ift]s4 ,9 ord] to cope ) ! plays introduc$ f ! realm ( puppetry1 ! ext]nals ( ! doll-/age 7 adopt$1 & ! only l9k ) ! orig9 ( %ibai on ! banks ( ! ,kamo ,riv] 9 ,kyoto 0 ! ro(-symbol plac$ 9 a position ( hon\r z decoration above ! new /age4 ,! two mo/ /rik+ features ( ! int]ior ( ! !atre br\ght into use ) ! *ang$ =m ( ! /age 7 ! hanami*i & ! revolv+ /age4 ,! hanami*i1 or fl[]-way1 0 a cont9uation ( ! /age ?r\gh ! audi5ce1 a place = entrance & exit1 :]e ! intimacy ( actor & audi5ce 0 firmly e/abli%$4 ,z to its orig91 !re is an op9ion t x 0 a pa? lead+ to ! /age ?r\gh ! pit1 bord]$ on ei!r side by a l[ bamboo f5ce decorat$ ) fl[]s4 ,!re is also ! idea t x came ab\t to accommodate admir]s ( p>ticul> actors :o />t$ ! cu/om ( be/[+ gifts ^u _! fav\rites4 ,accord+ to ! c]emony ( ! ,ea/1 _! pres5tations 7 elaborately wrapp$ up1 ! /r+ t ti$ ! p>cel 0 decorat$ ) an artificial fl[]1 & = ! be>] ( ^! gifts a regul> pa? 0 made connect+ ) ! /age4 ,^! are fanciful ideas t c h>dly be ju/ifi$4 ,= ! pres5ce ( ! two hanami*i 9 %ibai %[s conclusively h[ consi/5tly ! ,kabuki actors & playwrights con=m$ to t inh]5t desire ( ! audi5ce to be on intimate t]ms ) ! gorge\s p]sonages ( ! !atre4 ,illu/ration3 ,! l>ge/ ,n !atre 9 ,japan1 t ( ,oni%i ,ryot>o 9 ,osaka1 a mod]n con/ruction comb9+ ar*itectural features repres5t+ ! diff]5t p]iods ( ! ,n !atre developm5t4 ,:5 ! bridge-/age connect+ ) ! squ>e plat=m1 purlo9$ f ! ,n !atre1 0 ab&on$1 ! hanami*i1 rais$ j above ! heads ( ! playgo]s1 0 sub/itut$1 an audi5ce /age design$ = /rik+ entrances & s5sational exits1 a place to display to ! fulle/ ext5t beautiful g>m5ts1 fasc9at+ actors1 to int5sify emotion1 & height5 a dramatic situation4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! revolv+ /age became ( great assi/ance 9 /ag+ ! long plays ) _m acts1 = :ile ! actors 7 play+ out 9 front1 ! c>p5t]s 7 busy ) _! creations beh9d1 & ! *ange ( sc5e c\ld be quickly effect$4 ,) long use x develop$ a special te*nique1 & 0 turn$ to suit a v>iety ( l&scape & ar*itectural requirem5ts4 ,x has be5 v l>gely responsible = ! und5iable beauty ( ,kabuki sett+s4 ,?is 0 acquir$ 9 ! same mann] z s _m o!r good ?+s ( %ibai t _h n emanat$ f )92 x 0 borr[$ f ! ,doll-!atre4 ,among ! complex app>atus ( ! ,doll-!atre 0 f\nd ! revolv+ /age long be=e x came into ! possession ( ,kabuki4 ,outside ! %ibai1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature 0 ! yagura1 or drum-t[]4 ,?is 0 a small squ>e plat=m built out f ! ro( & above ! ma9 !atre entrance1 :]e 0 plac$ ! big drum us$ to ann\nce ! op5+ ( ! %ibai4 ,ar\nd x on ?ree sides a curta9 0 /ret*$1 be>+ ! cre/ ( ! !atre4 ,?is _h be5 us$ by ,o-,kuni & ,nagoya ,sansaburo :5 !y e/abli%$ _! new ent]ta9m5t1 & x 0 suppos$ to resemble a ca/le t[] ) a battle drum4 ,x 0 ! cu/om to erect five spe>s 9 ?is t[]1 :i* ,kabuki ,koto ,hajime1 or ,beg9n+s ( ,kabuki1 m5tions z repres5t+ five reta9]s :o held ! lances = _! feudal "l4 ,b ! orig9 ( ! yagura is vague4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,o-,kuni1 h[ev]1 until ! pres5t1 x has cont9u$ to adorn ! outside ( ! !atre1 & al?\gh x is se5 no m 9 ,tokyo1 9 ! %ibai ( ,kyoto & ,osaka x is /ill pres]v$4 ,! drumm] no long] beats 8 signal f ! big-drum t[]1 b he n[ p]=ms ?is duty )9 ! !atre j previ\s to ! draw+ ( ! curta91 mak+ a /irr+ s\nd t causes playgo]s to hurry to _! seats ) pleasurable anticipations4 ,by ! middle ( ,meiji a flood ( ,we/]n /age ideas _h begun to inundate ,japan4 ,import$ /yles ( !atre ar*itecture1 toge!r ) ext]nals1 n[ ?reat5 to sup]s$e ^? t are s ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( %ibai & h be5 9 exi/5ce = s long4 ,old %ibai is pass+4 ,x seems b a matt] ( "t be=e ! picturesque ext]nals develop$ 9 ! ?ree t[ns 9 ! brave days ( old %all h vani%$ f ! l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,jitsukawa ,enjaku 7,d\ble well-head74 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,nakamura ,fukusuke ( ,tokyo 7,back ( plum blossom74 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,onoe ,baiko 7,*rysan!mum & leaves74 ,,saku%a ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,cu/oms ,,( ,,! ,,saku%a ,! ,kabuki playwright1 or saku%a 7lit41 to-make-man71 0 "p & p>cel ( ! !atre4 ,he s]v$ ! !atre because x 0 9 him to d s1 b ! smallness ( 8 remun]ation & ! inf]ior position assign$ to him greatly re/rict$ ! scope ( 8 activities & ret>d$ 8 developm5t4 ,he deg5]at$ f9ally into a m]e drudge ( ! actors1 a m5ial to c>ry out _! comm&s4 ,! actors enjoy$ ! "r ( way1 & :ile ! ideas ( ! playwright 7 eag]ly seiz$ ^u1 ! saku%a cont9u$ to be cru%$ to ! wall4 ,!re 7 no lit]>y m5 alo( f ! !atre to =m a high] c\rt ( appeal & dictate 9 ! matt] ( plays4 ,a glimpse ( ! dignity ( ! old saku%a & ! !atre ga!r+s 9 :i* he figur$1 z well z "s ( 8 cu/oms1 is af=d$ 9 ,engeki ,taiz51 or ,complete-,acc\nt-(-,drama1 by ,sek9e ,mokuan1 "o ( ! lead+ mod]n writ]s ^u ! !atre4 ,! saku%a 7 divid$ into diff]5t classes1 & assign$ to v>i\s duties 9 ! !atre4 ,! tate saku%a1 or lead+ playwrights1 7 also call$ ! tate tsukuri1 :ile ! second rank$ z nimaime1 & ! ?ird 7 call$ ! sanmaime4 ,"u ^! 7 ! kyog5 saku%a1 or kyog5 kata1 & !re 7 /ill a l[] class ^: duty x 0 to act z secret>ies & to write out ! plays by h&4 ,ano!r function ( ^! sup]num]>ies 0 to write ! ann\ncem5t ( ! plays 9 big *>act]s on ! bo>ds 9 front ( ! !atre1 & !y 7 responsible = ! synopsis ( ! play1 provid$ = ! enlight5m5t ( ! audi5ce4 ,!y also att5d$ to ! correspond5ce ( ! !atre folk4 ,! diff]5t rles 9 a new play 7 giv5 to ! cl]ical saku%a to be transcrib$ = ! actors4 ,s9ce ! p]=mances began e>ly 9 ! morn+ & cont9u$ all day1 x 0 a task to provide a long programme ) _m acts & sc5es4 ,9 ! writ+ ( ^! l5g?y plays an inf]ior saku%a 0 always allott$ ! op5+ sc5es1 :i* m]ely prep>$ ! m9ds ( ! audi5ce = :at 0 ab\t to happ51 fix+ a few l&m>ks by way ( introduction4 ,! second>y saku%a 0 held responsible = ! act t foll[$1 b ! mo/ important act ( a piece 0 always res]v$ = ! be/ writ]4 ,?is is ! reason :y s _m ( ! /ronge/ sc5es 9 a play h surviv$ :5 ! "w done by ! less gift$ writ]s is n[ sunk 9 oblivion4 ,! composition ( ! poor writ]s m]ely s]v$ to make kn[n ! *>act]s ( a play to ! audi5ce & g5]ally _h v little m]its4 ,9 ! old days ! fir/ & second playwrights 7 oblig$ to att5d ! !atre e day be=e ! second act1 & to /ay until ! p]=mances 7 ov]4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ to f9d t !y practically sp5t _! lives 9 ! !atre4 ,:5 ! good old cu/oms began to relax1 ! *ief writ]s took turns 9 visit+ ! !atre1 & if !re 0 no special place = _! use1 !y sat !mselves d[n 9 ! space res]v$ = ! sup]9t5d5t1 or discipl9>ian ( ! busy _w back ( ! /age4 ,lat] on a room 0 assign$ to !m4 ,! wages giv5 to ^! m5 7 v small4 ,! head saku%a receiv$ a lump sum1 & ?is he _h to divide among ! o!rs4 ,if a saku%a display$ "s p>ticul> tal5t & ! play w5t well1 !n he receiv$ a gift 9 money direct f ! managem5t4 ,tsuruya ,namboku 0 consid]$ to h receiv$ q an unusually high paym5t1 = he 0 giv5 #ej to #fj ryo = ! run ( "o ( 8 plays1 & a c]ta9 small sum = e day ( ! p]=mances4 ,! ord9>y saku%a 0 paid a sum v mu* less ?an ?is1 & :5 he divid$ among ! small] fry !re 0 preci\s little left = himself4 ,mokuami & ,fuku*i1 ! two /> playwrights ( ,meiji era1 receiv$ z remun]ation f #aej to #bjj y5 = _! new plays 9 :i* ,danjuro1 ! n9?1 appe>$4 ,?is 0 h&some treatm5t comp>$ to ! meagre comp5sation consid]$ suffici5t = ! old saku%a4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,danjuro reap$ ?\s&s ( y5--a =tune comp>$ to ! pittance dol$ out to ! m5 :o _h provid$ him ) a vehicle = 8 tal5ts & ! means ( /age success4 ,! recognition ( ! tal5t ( ! yaku%a 0 out ( all proportion to t accord$ ! saku%a1 & ?is /ill holds true ( mod]n ,kabuki4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,kabuki playwrit]s1 x 0 ! cu/om = a !atre to employ a fir/-class saku%a1 & aft] he _h writt5 8 piece1 he w\ld decide :at actors 7 to take ! diff]5t *>act]s1 & ! play 0 plann$ accord+ to ! qualifications ( ! actors4 ,b z "t w5t on ! actors came to decide !mselves :at %\ld be p]=m$1 & ! playwrights 7 invit$ to assi/ 9 ! c>ry+ out ( ! actors' ideas4 ,!re 7 also ! sugge/ions ( ! !atre proprietors to be consid]$1 = !y _h an eye to ! ma9 *ance1 & ! fre$om ( ! writ] ( plays 0 cont9ually curtail$1 8 dignity impair$1 & 8 orig9ality hamp]$4 ,"o ,kabuki c]emonial1 h[ev]1 all[$ ! lead+ saku%a to take a prom95t "p1 & ?is 0 ! ann\ncem5t ( a new play4 ,x 0 call$ sekai-sadame1 or _w-decision1 mean+ ! selection by ! saku%a ( c]ta9 mat]ial f ! int]e/+ _w at l>ge4 ,aft] ! playwrit] _h receiv$ ! approval ( ! *ief actors1 consult$ ) ! !atre proprietor1 & arrang$ ! m9or rles ) ! play]s ( less] rank1 he !n began to write 8 play4 ,he receiv$ a sum ( money 9 advance1 settl$ on a lucky day1 & />t$ to "w4 ,pap] & ink 7 suppli$4 ,g5]ally :5 ! saku%a knelt be=e 8 small l[ table to beg9 he 0 provid$ ) five bundles ( ! v be/ pap]1 & five bundles ( a less] quality1 five pairs ( fude1 or writ+ bru%es1 & five tablets ( conc5trat$ ink1 call$ sumi1 :i* aft] be+ moi/5$ & rubb$ aga9/ ! /one 9 ! ink-box produces ! jet-black fluid into :i* ! bru% is dipp$ be=e mak+ ! beautiful *>act]s ( ! ,japanese writt5 language4 ,^? privileg$ to att5d ! 8_w-decision0 7 ! lead+ playwright1 *ief actors1 ! proprietor & manag]4 ,aft] ! "t ( ! second ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 second-class playwrights 7 all[$ to be pres5t & two or ?ree onnagata4 ,orig9ally x 0 a mo/ dignifi$ meet+1 b ! good old cu/oms deg5]at$ & x became less significant4 ,on ! day ( ! ann\ncem5t ( a new play1 t[>ds sunset1 long1 n>r[1 gaily-col\r$ lant]ns 7 hung above ! entrance to ! !atre1 & ! innum]able tea-h\ses also display$ _! lant]ns 9 hon\r ( ! occasion4 ,! !atre /reets 7 ablaze ) pap] sph]es1 & ! :ole di/rict felt ! importance ( ! c]emony4 ,^? especially invit$ att5d$ clad 9 _! be/1 a silk skirt or hakama1 & a black silk ov]coat1 or haori1 on ! sleeves ( :i* 0 to be se5 ! family cre/1 9 :ite1 ( ! we>]4 ,beh9d ! /age 9 a room res]v$ = ! purpose 0 ! place ( meet+4 ,a s]ies ( fold+ scre5s 7 arrang$ ab\t ! *ief p>ticipants1 outside ( :i* 7 gr\p$ ! v>i\s !atre folk & att5dants4 ,! numb] ( p]sons )9 ! scre5$ space 0 limit$1 z ! details ( ! new play 7 to be kept secret1 & news conc]n+ x 0 n all[$ to leak out too quickly to rival !atres4 ,!re is "o in/ance on record :5 ! privilege ( be+ invit$ to ! c]emonial ( ! play ann\ncem5t 0 grant$ to an outsid]4 ,x 0 :5 ,danjuro1 ! sev5?1 0 actor-manag] ( ! ,kaw>asaki-za 9 ,y$o1 & ,sawamura ,to%i1 :o 0 v popul>1 0 tak5 to ! meet+1 b !re 0 mu* discussion & a great fuss made ov] ?is innovation4 ,illu/ration3 ,kataoka ,nizaemon1 ! elev5?1 z ,yuranosuke1 ! lead] ( ! ,=ty-sev5 ,ron91 9 ! play ,*u%+ura4 ,:5 ! dignit>ies ( ! !atre _h tak5 _! places ! /age manag] w\ld =mally address ! lead+ playwright z foll[s3 8,i hope t y w give u y\r support ?is ye> z be=e4 ,x w\ld be a v auspici\s ?+ if we c\ld le>n :at *oice y h made ( a play40 ,!n ! *ief saku%a /ood up1 hold+ a fold$ pap] 9 8 h&1 & read =? ! "n ( ! play & its *>act]s1 also ! names ( f\r or five ( ! lead+ actors :o 7 to take ! *ief rles4 ,at ?is juncture !re might be "s disagreem5t betwe5 ! /age manag] & ! saku%a1 & if s ! po9t 0 decid$ by lott]y1 b aft]w>ds :5 all details ( ! play 7 decid$ be=eh& ?is "p ( ! c]emony became a m]e =mality4 ,! saku%a hold+ ! pap]1 symbol ( ! play1 ti$ ) r$ & :ite cords1 h&$ x fir/ to ! /age manag] & aft]w>ds to ! actors1 & :5 ?is 0 ov] all pres5t clapp$ _! h&s ) regul> beats1 z is ! cu/om at ga!r+s 9 ,japan1 z a sign ( congratulation4 ,!n ! mu*-h&l$ pap] 0 giv5 to ! *ief actor1 & ! /age manag] said to him3 8,may x please ! _s ( ! god 9 y\r h\se to keep ?is pap]01 to :i* ! actor w\ld make answ]3 8,i w take x home & keep x until to-morr[1 & congratulate myself on hav+ ?is play40 ,!n all pres5t aga9 clapp$ _! h&s1 & ! meet+ came to an end4 ,! matt] ( ! refre%m5ts s]v$ at su* times diff]$ 9 ea* !atre4 ,at ! ,morita-za1 manju1 a bean-pa/e cake1 0 giv5 to ! p )9 ! scre51 :ile at ! ,i*imura-za a d9n] ) sake 0 s]v$ g5]\sly4 ,?is old cu/om gradually lo/ its significance1 & 9 lat] ye>s x 0 n obs]v$ 9 ! same dignifi$ mann]4 ,sometimes ! new play meet+ 0 held at ! h\se ( a saku%a1 & lat] ! manag] ( ! !atre invit$ ^? conc]n$ to 8 h\se4 ,! play _h to be endors$ by ! manag] fir/1 & ! position ( ! saku%a gradually *ang$ = ! worse4 ,:5 ! play-decid+ meet+ 0 ov]1 ! saku%a wrote out ! actors' rles1 & :5 ev]y?+ 0 settl$ a draft ( ! piece 0 s5t to ! police au?orities1 a practice t exi/s ev5 at pres5t4 ,! police c5sors exam9$ ! new play be=e p]mission to /age x 0 grant$4 ,ano!r ev5t ( importance to ! saku%a 9 ,y$o's !atrical _w 0 ! fir/ rehe>sal held e ye> on ,octob] #ag?1 :5 ! g5]al plan ( new plays 0 ann\nc$ & ! actors assembl$ = rehe>sal4 ,?is 0 call$ yorizome1 or fir/ ga!r+1 & 0 held on ?is p>ticul> date because x happ5$ to be ! annual fe/ival ( ! ,goddess-(-,m]cy temple 9 ,asakusa4 ,?is p>ticul> day 0 select$ by ,nakamura ,kansaburo1 s9ce he _h su* a /rong fai? 9 ,kwannon1 ! ,goddess ( ,m]cy4 ,! temple sacr$ to ?is ,buddhi/ div9ity 0 ! c5tre ( wor%ipp]s f all p>ts ( ,y$o1 z x /ill rema9s to-day 9 teem+ ,tokyo4 ,x 0 a ga!r+ att5d$ by ! playwrights1 ! actors1 ) ! exception ( ! l[e/ ranks1 & (ficials ( ! !atre4 ,! head ( ! musicians1 or haya%ikata1 0 also pres5t4 ,?is 0 a fe/ive occasion 9 ! !atre qu>t]1 & ! /reets 7 bright ) lant]ns4 ,aft] a g5]al ex*ange ( d9n] p>ties1 ^! p ( ! !atre ga!r$ toge!r 9 front ( ! %ibai "r "u ! yagura1 or drum-t[]1 & ent]$ by ! small door call$ ! nezumi-kido1 or rat door1 s call$ because x 0 s l[ t p _h to b5d _! bodies almo/ d\ble to g ?r\gh4 ,:5 !y came to ! /age !y clapp$ _! h&s 9 unison1 & pass$ on4 ,^u arrival at ! place ( meet+1 :i* 0 g5]ally held 9 a room on ! ?ird floor beh9d ! /age1 ! company aga9 clapp$ _! h&s4 ,! meet+ 0 conduct$ ) su* a rigid reg>d = details1 t ev5 ! sitt+ position assign$ to ! respective p]sons 0 m9utely arrang$ be=eh&4 ,! !atre manag] address$ ! proprietor1 say+ t he deem$ x a great fav\r to be able to hold ! meet+ ?is ye>1 to :i* ! proprietor answ]$3 8,may all ! ye>s to come be z auspici\s z ?is04 ,%ort songs 7 !n sung1 aft] :i* ! *ief saku%a turn$ 8 body t[>ds ! !atre %r9e1 :]e a symbol ( ! animal ( ! ye> 0 plac$--! ye>s be+ call$ aft] ! tig]1 rat1 horse1 c[1 monkey1 dragon1 etc41 accord+ to ! twelve signs ( ! ,*9ese zodiac4 ,s9ce ! saku%a 0 oblig$ to read ! play be=e ! actors deliv]+ ! l9es1 accord+ to ! di/9ction betwe5 old & "y1 h]o & villa91 m5 & wom51 x is easy to imag9e t :5 he fac$ ! %r9e & decl>$ ! title ( ! new play x mu/ h be5 giv5 ) a sonor\sness & a flav\r ( ! !atre t impress$ itself ^u ^? :o 7 to take "p 9 x1 & %[s a rev]5ce = ! ideas t emanat$ f ! saku%a's bra91 ev5 if ^! wor?ies ( ! !atre 7 nev] plac$ on an equality ) ! actors4 ,aft] ! title ( ! play _h be5 ann\nc$ ) all due c]emony1 a repa/ foll[$4 ,at ! ,nakamura-za1 ! front ( ! !atre 0 adorn$ ) an arrangem5t ( artificial p9k & :ite plum blossoms1 & v>i\s refre%m5ts 7 s]v$1 :ile at ! ,i*imura-za ,japan's dim9utive oranges 7 ?r[n ab\t f "o p]son to ano!r to increase ! m]rim5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,repres5tative ,,saku%a ,! actors 7 _! own playwrights 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ,kabuki1 = ! pieces !y produc$ 7 ! result ( collaboration4 ,!y plann$1 alt]$1 or improvis$ z !y felt incl9$4 ,previ\s to ! ,g5roku age :i* produc$ ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon1 :o /&s head & %\ld]s above ! dramati/s ( ,japan1 bo? = ! quality ( 8 "w & = ! numb] ( pieces he produc$1 !re 7 two pione] writ]s ( plays--,fukui ,yagozaemon1 9 ,osaka1 & ,miyako ,d5nai1 9 ,y$o4 ,yagozaemon 0 ! fir/ ,kabuki playwright ( importance4 ,he wrote ,h99 no ,adau*i1 or ,! ,begg>'s ,rev5ge1 9 ?ree acts1 9 ! ye> #affd4 ,plays up to ?is "t _h be5 limit$ to "o act4 ,! conv5tion ( ! ,n /age to give b "o-act pieces _h be5 e/abli%$ long be=e ,kabuki 0 born4 ,yagozaemon's dep>ture f all prec$5t 0 some?+ ( an innovation1 & ! piece met ) great success4 ,x _h = plot ! adv5tures ( a samurai :o disguis$ himself z a begg> 9 ord] to take rev5ge ^u an enemy1 b 0 himself attack$ by ! man :om he s\ght4 ,! piece _h qualities ( longevity1 = x has rema9$ a fav\rite ) actors = ! pa/ #bej ye>s1 & is at pres5t "o ( ! be/ plays 9 ! rep]toire ( ,nakamura ,ganjiro ( ,osaka4 ,:5 he acts ! begg>1 ,ganjiro resurrects ! ,kabuki ( ,yagozaemon 9 a vivid mann]4 ,middle-ag$ female *>act]s 7 ,yagozaemon's specialty1 & he 0 consid]$ an encyclopa$ia on !atre matt]s1 = no "y actor 0 suppos$ to "k 8 art unless he _h /udi$ "u him4 ,by means ( 8 plays he 0 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 add+ lu/re to ! c>e]s ( ! actors ,fujita ,koheiji & ,araki ,yojibei1 z well z ,kaneko ,rokuyemon1 = :om ! ,begg>'s ,rev5ge 0 especially writt54 ,9 ! same ye> t ,yagozaemon produc$ 8 cont9u\s play1 ,miyako ,d5nai wrote ,imagawa ,%9obi ,guruma 9 two acts1 t 0 produc$ at ! ,i*imura-za1 9 ,y$o4 ,x conc]n$ a loyal vassal by ! "n ( ,imagawa ,to%ihide :o1 :ile mak+ an ef=t to save ! life ( 8 "l1 0 injur$ & c>ri$ home by 8 wife1 ! title mean+1 ,imagawa 9 ,disguise 9 a ,c>t4 ,& x 0 9 ?is piece t ,i*imura ,tak5ojo play$4 ,he 0 ! nephew ( ! fir/ ,uzaemon1 ! proprietor ( ! ,i*imura-za1 b %av$ 8 head & became a ,buddhi/ prie/4 ,rapid developm5t 9 sett+s1 co/umes1 & plays _h already begun :5 ,miyako ,d5nai wrote ?is play1 = at ! end ( ea* act a black curta9 0 let d[n1 & dur+ ! int]val :5 ! next sc5e 0 be+ prep>$ a dance 0 p]=m$4 ,/age furniture 0 us$ & _m improvem5ts c>ri$ out 9 /age sett+s4 ,an actor :o /udi$ "u ,yagozaemon1 call$ ,kaneko ,rokuyemon1 _h two foll[]s1 ,tom9aga ,heibei & ,kaneko ,ki*izaemon1 & bo? ( ! latt] became well-kn[n playwrights4 ,heibei has left no record z an actor1 b he 0 ! fir/ to sep>ate ! two pr(essions1 mak+ !m di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,9 #afhj1 ,heibei sign$ 8 "n z a playwright on ! banzuke1 or illu/rat$ ann\ncem5t ( ! plays4 ,! !atre folk consid]$ x a v presumptu\s proce$+1 & ,heibei 0 cordially dislik$ = putt+ himself =w>d4 ,yet by s do+ he def9itely disconnect$ ! two pr(essions4 ,he liv$ until ! middle ( ! ,g5roku age1 :5 playbooks began to h wood-cut illu/rations4 ,"s ( 8 works h be5 pres]v$1 9 :i* !re are complicat$ plots ( fair ladies1 g5tlem5 ready 9 ! use ( swords1 rev5ge1 wom5 disguis+ !mselves z m51 & males masqu]ad+ z wom51 ! appe>ances ( gho/s1 all ( :i* appe> to h be5 popul> ,kabuki !mes 9 ,heibei's "t4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 c>e]1 ,heibei's plays 7 n successful1 & he 0 advis$ to write bett] ones4 ,accord+ to ! ,kokon ,yaku%a ,taiz51 or ,acc\nt ( ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,actors1 ,heibei is said to h repli$ to ! criticism levell$ at him by say+ t x 0 n "r to compose un9t]e/+ plays1 at ! same "t x w\ld be ! greate/ good =tune = ! !atre proprietor if !re 7 always good plays4 ,b be=e ! audi5ce grew tir$ ( good plays1 ! grass w\ld gr[ 9 ! ,dotombori canal 7:i* wat]way ! ,osaka !atres all fac$ 9 ^! old days z !y d at pres5t74 ,heibei mu/ h be5 confront$ by ! same problems t beset ! mod]n playwrit] all ov] ! _w4 ,m is kn[n ( ,kaneko ,ki*izaemon ?an ( ,tom9aga ,heibei1 al?\gh !y 7 bo? pupils ( ,kaneko ,rokuyemon4 ,p]haps x is because ,ki*izaemon wrote lat] ?an ,heibei1 beg9n+ 9 ! middle ( ,g5roku1 9 ,kyoto4 ,he 0 an actor1 & rank$ z a dokegata1 or comic specialty1 & 0 criticis$ adv]sely because he made 8 own "p prom95t 9 ! plays he wrote4 ,! mo/ significant fact 9 relation to ,ki*izaemon is t he collaborat$ ) ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon 9 writ+ = ! mo/ out/&+ actor ( ,kyoto dur+ ,g5roku1 ,sakata ,tojuro4 ,!y fir/ began ?is collaboration 9 #afii1 at ! ,miyako-,m&ayu-za 9 ,kyoto1 & x la/$ = t5 ye>s1 :5 ,ki*izaemon cont9u$ to write = ,tojuro's successor1 ,yama%ita ,kyozaemon1 & ,*ikamatsu ?rew 9 8 lot ) ! m>ionettes1 leav+ = ,osaka1 :]e he produc$ pieces 9 rapid succession = ! ,doll-!atre4 ,8 plays writt5 = ! doll-actors 7 ! fir/ real contribution to ,japanese lit]ature t a playwright _h made4 ,kaneko ,ki*izaemon wrote two volumes call$ ,jij9%u1 or ,collection ( ! ,ye>'s ,du/1 little /ories ab\t actors 9 :i* he play$ ,boswell to ,tojuro's ,johnson1 record+ ?is fam\s actor's words & advice & h&+ d[n a vivid impression ( ! man4 ,x is to be regrett$ t he has n treat$ u to simil> glimpses ( 8 co-work]1 ,*ikamatsu1 b ! latt] _h n !n di/+ui%$ himself1 & x c easily be und]/ood h[ ,ki*izaemon wor%ipp$ ! great actor = :om he wrote1 & put d[n 8 say+s ab\t ! !atre & 8 art z ?\gh !y 7 oracles4 ,!re is "o passage 9 ,jij9%u :i* %[s ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon & ,kaneko ,ki*izaemon at "w4 ,we read3 8,"o day ,*ikamatsu & ! au?or collect$ ! actors 9 ! gakuya1 or dress+-room1 & told !m ab\t ! play4 ,^? :o _h receiv$ good p>ts prais$ x1 b ^? :o _h rles n to _! lik+ did n say any?+4 ,^? :o c\ld n decide :e!r ! play 0 good or bad look$ at ! faces ( ! o!r actors & sid$ ) ! majority4 ,& ^? :o 7 ignorant & did n und]/& good plays1 became cross & scold$ ! s]vants1 & left ! gakuya or dress+-room )\t say+ good-bye4 8,at ?is "t ,tojuro 0 zamoto1 or /age manag]1 & if he did n give an op9ion no "o w\ld say any?+4 ,he w\ld address ! actors3 #8,n[1 y actors1 practise y\r p>ts well1' & s w\ld take 8 dep>ture4 ,! actors w\ld beg9 to rehe>se f ! next day2 !y le>n$ _! rles 9 f\r or five days1 & z soon z !y _h le>n$ "o play !y w\ld beg9 ano!r4 ,& :5 ?is new play 0 giv5 to ! actors1 ,tojuro said he wi%$ to h x expla9$ once m1 aft] :i* he did n say any?+ ) reg>d to 8 rle4 8,! "* he 0 to play requir$ him to we> high ra9 clogs & a wide /raw hat1 s he ord]$ ^! prop]ties to be made1 & :5 !y 7 h&$ to him put !m on & said3 #8,n[ give me my l9es1' & ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon gave !m to him4 #8,?is is a good play1' he said4 #8,:5 ,i fir/ he>d x ,i ?\ght s4 ,"s plays are greatly admir$ by ! audi5ce1 :ile o!rs are n popul>4 ,n[ ,i am ov] fifty ye>s1 & yet ,i am unable to criticise ! play1 or tell :e!r x is good or bad1 = _h ,i kn[n h[ to criticise plays ,i might h become an extraord9>y p]son by ?is "t4 ,be=e ,i began to le>n ! words ,i wore ! geta & took ! /ick4 ,x is bett] n to criticise at fir/1 b to try & und]/&4'0 ,ki*izaemon concludes by say+3 8,:5ev] a rle 0 giv5 to ,tojuro1 :e!r %ort or long1 good or bad1 he always /udi$ x c>efully04 ,! giant among ! playwrights ( 8 "t 0 ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon1 b z 8 be/ plays 7 writt5 = ! ,doll-!atre1 he does n rightly belong to an acc\nt ( ,kabuki playwrights4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t ! great influ5ce 8 compositions _h ^u ,kabuki1 ev5 to ! pres5t day1 c h>dly be ov]-e/imat$4 ,8 real "n 0 ,sugimori ,nobunori1 & ! little t[n ( ,hagi1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,hiz51 t has produc$ s _m m5 fam\s 9 ,japanese hi/ory1 reg>ds him z an illu/ri\s son4 ,?is is disput$1 s9ce sev]al o!r villages 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry also put =w>d claims z to ,*ikamatsu's bir?place4 ,ev5 8 la/ re/+-place is n kn[n1 = 8 grave is f\nd 9 two places1 ! cemet]y ( ,hyomyo-ji1 a ,buddhi/ temple 9 ,osaka1 & 9 a village ne> ?is city4 ,& s ! greate/ playwright ( ,japan1 :o wrote m ?an "o hundr$ plays1 0 born & di$ 9 obscurity4 ,x is ?\ght t he 0 an illegitimate son1 s9ce !re seem$ to h be5 "s cl\d ^u 8 life4 ,! ,sugimori family 7 ( good repute1 & s]v$ ! "l ( ,hagi4 ,9 8 y\? ,*ikamatsu ent]$ ! temple nam$ ,*ikamatsu1 at ,k>atsu1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hiz51 & x 0 f ?is temple t he took 8 pr(essional "n lat] 9 life4 ,:ile dwell+ !re he mu/ h laid ! f\ndation = t l>ge k ( ,buddhism1 hi/ory1 & lit]ature he displays s abundantly & conv9c+ly 9 8 plays4 ,! calm ( ! ,buddhi/ retreat soon became monoton\s to 8 vigor\s _s1 :i* s\ght = new worlds to conqu]4 ,he w5t to ,kyoto1 :]e he rema9$ = "s "t ) a bro!r1 !n ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! noble h\se ( ,i*ijo1 :]e he became famili> ) ! cu/oms & c]emonies ( ! ari/ocracy1 & m p>ticul>ly ) ! traditions ( ! ,n1 :i* influ5c$ 8 e>li] writ+s greatly4 ,:5 he sev]$ 8 relation ) ?is pr9cely e/abli%m5t1 he _h conf]r$ ^u him a c]ta9 rank 9 ackn[l$gem5t ( 8 s]vice4 ,s little is kn[n conc]n+ ,*ikamatsu's life t x is impossible to conjecture ! reasons t l$ him to write = ,kabuki1 & associate ) ! 8riv]side begg>s04 ,8 fir/ success 0 at ! ,miyako-,m&ayu-za1 ,sakata ,tojuro's !atre4 ,kokon ,yaku%a ,taiz51 or ,acc\nt ( ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,actors1 a *ronicle ( ! !atre1 publi%$ 9 #agej1 records t ,*ikamatsu surpris$ ! audi5ce by a novelty1 9 ! =m ( ! gho/ ( a ,c\rt lady call$ ,fujitsubo t came out ( wi/>ia fl[]s & 0 trans=m$ into a snake4 ,p 9 ! audi5ce 7 s pleas$ !y %\t$3 8,monzaemon6 ,monzaemon60 ,9 spite ( 8 app>5t popul>ity1 ,*ikamatsu _h a sudd5 *ange ( he>t1 & at ! age ( #ch he left = ,osaka !re to collaborate ) ,takemoto ,gidayu1 ! ,doll-!atre m9/rel4 ,:at 0 ,kabuki's loss at ?is "t prov$ to be a ga9 lat] on1 = 8 ma/]pieces 7 absorb$ by ,kabuki & g5]ations ( actors s9ce ,g5roku h p]=m$ ! v>i$ *>act]s ( 8 plays4 ,a bro!r1 ) :om ,*ikamatsu _h /ay$ :5 he fir/ w5t to ,kyoto1 0 a m$ical au?ority 9 8 day1 :o _h publi%$ books on m$ical subjects1 & also works on hi/ory4 ,?is y\ng] bro!r once sugge/$ to ,*ikamatsu t he c\ld utilise 8 tal5t to bett] advantage ?an 9 writ+ = ! ,doll-!atre1 z we are told by ,dr4 ,fujii 9 8 ,life ( ,*ikamatsu4 ,b ! latt] retort$ t ! pr(ession ( writ+ plays might be less h>mful ?an ! writ+ ( treatises on m$ic9e1 because 9 ! latt] case mispr9ts or errors might prove v h>mful to ! lives ( m54 ,*ikamatsu took 8 mat]ials f all s\rces4 ,he help$ himself lib]ally to ! plots ( ! ,n drama & ( ,n ,kyog51 ,buddhi/ s]mons t 7 recit$ to popul> tunes1 songs ( ! p1 *ildr5's airs & ev5 vulg> ditties1 :ile ! songs ( folk-dances he us$ to advantage4 ,he 0 a s*ol>1 famili> ) ! ,*9ese & ,japanese classics1 & le>n$ 9 ,buddhism4 ,b he always aim$ to make ! common p und]/&1 & consid]$ t ! l[] classes 7 8 regul> audi5ce & *ief patrons4 ,he di$ at #fd1 9 #agbd1 hav+ writt5 /eadily = ?irty ye>s1 compos+ "o hundr$ & ?irty pieces4 ,:5 ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon 0 engag$ 9 produc+ 8 plays = ! ,takemoto-za ( ,osaka1 a playwright :o attempt$ to rival him 0 ,k9o ,kaion4 ,he _h be5 a prie/1 & 0 a man ( culture1 b 8 k 0 n s deep z t ( ,*ikamatsu4 ,t5 ye>s y\ng] ?an ,*ikamatsu1 he wrote = tw5ty-five ye>s1 produc+ =ty plays4 ,b !re are few ma/]pieces among !m4 ,aft] ,*ikamatsu's dea? ,tak$a ,izumo1 8 mo/ brilliant pupil1 became ! head ( ! ,takemoto-za4 ,al?\gh ,tak$a 0 n s prolific a writ] z 0 8 ma/]1 sev]al ( 8 plays may be said to surpass ! be/ pieces ( ,*ikamatsu1 p>ticul>ly 8 ,*u%+ura1 also ,t]akoya1 or ! ,village ,s*ool1 t f9e sc5e 9 ! long play conc]n+ ! exil$ ,mi*izane1 a high (ficial ( ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt1 victim ( an intrigu+ enemy a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,mo/ ( ,tak$a ,izumo's plays 7 appropriat$ by ,kabuki1 & are /ill play$ by ! real actors z well z ! puppets4 ,! rival ,doll-!atres1 ! ,takemoto-za & ! ,toyotaki-za1 br\ght ab\t two camps ( playwrights1 & _! ke5 competition suppli$ a l>ge numb] ( plays4 ,at ! ,takemoto-za1 :i* always attract$ to itself ! greate/ numb] ( tal5t$ work]s1 !re 7 aft] ,*ikamatsu & ,tak$a ,izumo--,hasegawa ,s5%i1 ,miyo%i ,%oraku1 & ,matsuda ,waki*i4 ,*ief among ^? :o wrote = ! ,toyotaki-za 7 ,k9o ,kaion1 ,ni%izawa ,ippu1 ,tanaka ,s5ryu1 ,namiki ,sosuke1 & ,yasuda ,abun4 ,v few details h be5 h&$ d[n reg>d+ ^! writ]s1 b _! plays are eloqu5t te/imony to _! g5ius4 ,:5 ! ,n+yo-%ibai 0 on ! decl9e ,*ikamatsu ,hanji wrote a numb] ( plays t help$ to /em ! tide ( mis=tune4 ,su* an array ( fir/-class writ]s _c be f\nd 9 ! annals ( ,kabuki4 ,inde$ ! dolls & _! plays 7 ! real f\ndation ( ! ,japanese /age1 & ev5 to-day x is ^! plays1 repeat$ ov] & ov] aga91 t please bo? actors & audi5ce4 ,! m5 :o wrote t ! dolls %\ld become radiant figures 9 a _w creat$ by _! imag9ations1 left beh9d !m a ri*] legacy ( plays ?an did ! saku%a ( ,kabuki4 ,succe$+ g5]ations ( actors h act$ 9 !m1 = !y are plays t nev] lose _! p[] to please2 _! vitality rema9s undimm$ by ! passage ( "t4 ,among ! _m tal5t$ z well z m9or writ]s :o 7 inspir$ to compose = ! m>ionettes1 ,*ikamatsu ranks fir/1 ,tak$a ,izumo second1 & ,*ikamatsu ,hanji ?ird1 judg+ by ! numb] ( _! plays t became ! prop]ty ( ,kabuki & h )/ood ! %ocks ( "t4 ,! ,g5roku age1 :i* produc$ ,*ikamatsu1 ,sakata ,tojuro1 & ,i*ikawa ,danjuro ! fir/2 :i* saw ! ris+ tide ( tal5t 9 all directions & a deep5+ ( ! consci\sness ( ! p1 also witness$ an increas$ activity 9 ! production ( plays4 ,& "o *>act]i/ic ( ^! pieces 0 t !atre manag]s 7 (t5 responsible = plays1 :ile _m ( ! actors compos$ = !mselves4 ,s>uwaka ,kansaburo1 ! f\nd] ( ,y$o ,kabuki1 _h be5 a playwright z well z ! proprietor ( 8 !atre1 ! ,s>uwaka-za1 aft]w>ds ! ,nakamura-za4 ,sado%ima ,saburozaemon own$ a !atre 9 ,osaka1 & also wrote 8 own plays4 ,aft] ,miyako ,d5nai 9 ,y$o1 !re 0 ,kaw>asaki ,gonnosuke1 :o wrote a play ab\t ! rev5ge ( ! ,soga bro!rs t 0 a great success4 ,! "n ,kaw>asaki ,gonnosuke has be5 intimately connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,y$o ,kabuki1 & 0 inh]it$ by a mod]n actor4 ,!re 0 ,nakamura ,hi*isaburo1 ! rival ( ! fir/ ,i*ikawa ,danjuro 9 ,y$o1 ^: play1 ,keisei ,asamagatake1 or ,!-,lady-(-!-,gay-,qu>t]s-,m\nt-,asama1 br\ght him a wond]ful success4 ,fukuoka ,yago%iro 0 an actor specialis+ 9 old m5's rles 9 ,kyoto4 ,he record$ ! op9ions ( ! not$ onnagata ,yo%isawa ,ayame1 9 8 ,ayame ,gusa1 or ! ,say+s ( ,ayame1 conc]n+ ! secrets ( onnagata act+1 = :i* he is bett] kn[n ?an = ! plays he left to po/]ity4 ,& !re 0 ,midzu%ima ,%irobei1 :o 0 a tatayaku1 or *ief actor1 z well z a saku%a4 ,he 0 a patron ( ,yo%izawa ,ayame4 ,miyasaki ,d5ki*i1 :o play$ ) ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! fir/1 & :o 0 implicat$ 9 a ,y$o nunn]y sc&al ) ano!r lead+ actor1 ,yama%ita ,kozaemon1 also wrote 8 own plays & 0 (t5 assi/$ by 8 son1 ,sakakuyama ,kanpa*i1 :o 0 a saku%a4 ,b ( all ^! actor-playwrights1 by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ & significant 0 ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! fir/4 ,! eighte5 h]$it>y pieces ( ! ,i*ikawa family to-day are ! treasures ( ,kabuki1 reflect+ mu* ( ! vani%$ ta/e & /yle ( ^! old days4 ,m ?an half ( ^! eighte5 pieces 7 orig9at$ by ! fir/ ,danjuro1 & among !m is ,kanj9*o1 adapt$ f ! ,n1 & unque/ionably ! mo/ p]fect music-drama ( ,kabuki4 ,kanj9*o 7! "n = a ,buddhi/ scroll1 9 :i* ! donors to a temple build+ fund 7 record$7 0 fir/ play$ by ,danjuro 9 #agjb1 & ! popul>ity ( ! piece 0 s great t ! !atre 0 cr[d$ daily4 ,! fir/ p]=mances cont9u$ = #aej days--an unusually long run = ^? times1 & ga9$ ! nickname1 ,o%iai ,yunidan1 or ! ,to-,cr[d-,toge!r-,play4 ,danjuro _h a nom de plume1 ,mimasuya ,hyogo1 & ?is he us$ :5 sign+ 8 plays4 ,9 ! composition ( ! ,i*ikawa plays1 ,hayakawa ,d5goro is said to h _h a h&4 ,he 0 ! son ( an ,osaka !atre proprietor1 & play$ ^u ! ,y$o /age1 appe>+ 9 ! specialty ( a katakiyaku1 or villa94 ,he collaborat$ ) ,danjuro 9 ! play 9 f\r acts ab\t ! rev5ge ( ! ,soga bro!rs1 a piece :i* attract$ great att5tion4 ,o!r ( ! ,i*ikawa plays ow$ mu* to ?is saku%a1 & ev5 ,nakamura ,hi*isaburo 0 indebt$ to him = assi/ance 9 ! composition ( 8 piece1 ,keisei ,asamagatake4 ,adzuma ,sampa*i 0 a dokegata1 or com$ian1 & wrote plays1 & t[>ds ! end ( 8 !atre c>e] devot$ himself exclusively to writ+ = ! /age4 ,at "o "t he pres5t$ a piece to ! actors1 & x 0 refus$4 ,no?+ daunt$1 he re-wrote aga9 & aga91 pres5t+ x six times4 ,on ! sev5? trial x 0 appreciat$1 & ! actors apologis$ & ?ank$ him = 8 "w4 ,x 0 8 cu/om to g out 9 a kago1 or palanqu91 slung on poles c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( be>]s4 ,he w\ld pay ! kago m5 to take him out into ! c\ntry1 or to "s place ( int]e/4 ,on excursions ( ?is k9d he ga9$ 8 ideas1 & :5 8 plan = a play 0 complete he ga!r$ ! actors toge!r & began rehe>sals4 ,! piece by :i* he is be/ kn[n is ,yaoya ,o-,hi*i1 or ,o-,hi*i1 ! ,daught] ( ! ,vegetable ,deal]1 bas$ on a ,y$o /ory ( a girl :o1 9 ord] to see h] lov]1 committ$ a capital (f5ce1 sett+ fire to h] fa!r's h\se1 = :i* %e suff]$ ! dea? p5alty4 ,?is play /ill rema9s a fav\rite on ! ,tokyo & ,osaka /ages4 ,! critics ( ,sampa*i's "t describ$ him z utt]ly ignorant1 t he p&]$ to ! popul> ta/e1 & did n rank high among ! saku%a4 ,contempor>y ) ^! m51 !re 0 ,nakamura ,d5ki*i1 :o 0 ! fir/ pr(essional playwright 9 ,y$o4 ,be=e him ! actors _h comb9$ 9 !mselves ! two pr(essions1 b ,d5ki*i conf9$ himself exclusively to writ+4 ,he 0 a c\s9 ( ,nakamura ,kansaburo1 & /udi$ = ! /age "u ,nakamura ,d5kuro1 b ab&on$ x4 ,he consid]$ t plays %\ld above all please ! eyes1 & be writt5 s z to be und]/ood by wom5 & *ildr54 ,al?\gh 8 pieces 7 n di/+ui%$ = lit]>y qualities1 !y made up = ?is lack 9 ! spectacle provid$ = ! eye4 ,d5ki*i mu/ h be5 a bett] /age manag] ?an a writ] ( plays1 = "u him ! sett+s made great improvem5t4 ,at ?is "t1 !re 0 ,ara%i ,seisaburo1 an illegitimate son ( ! second ,nakamura ,kansaburo1 half-bro!r ( ! lead+ actor1 ,nakamura ,hi*isaburo4 ,he collaborat$ ) ,danjuro1 & "o ( 8 be/ plays is ,ryujo ,sanjuniso1 or ! ,?irty-two-,faces-(-a-,dragon4 ,!re 7 also ,nakamura ,seigoro1 a foll[] ( ,nakamura ,d5ki*i1 & ,tsuu*i ,jihei4 ,kabuki's :olesale borr[+ ( plays f ! ,n+yo-%ibai began 9 #agag4 ,! play t />t$ ?is movem5t 0 ,kokus5ya ,kass51 or ,! ,battle ( ,kokus5ya1 by ,*ikamatsu4 ,x _h z h]o a w>rior ^: "m 0 ,japanese & fa!r ,*9ese4 ,! w>rior w5t ov] to ,*9a to re/ore an emp]or to ! ?rone1 p]=m+ ! mo/ amaz+ feats4 ,! piece 0 full ( ,*9ese ideas1 & z a brea? ( ! outside _w1 mu/ h be5 appreciat$ at ?is "t4 ,:atev] ! attraction ( ?is ,*ikamatsu piece1 x ran = sev5te5 mon?s at ! ,takemoto-za1 ! ,osaka ,doll-!atre4 ,! second ,i*ikawa ,danjuro gave ?is play 9 ,y$o1 & x 0 produc$ 9 ,osaka & ,kyoto4 ,aft] ?is all ! plays t prov$ successful 9 ! ,doll-!atre 7 quickly adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ,kabuki4 ,namiki ,%ozo 7#agcj-aggc7 0 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t saku%a 9 ,kyoto1 dur+ ! middle decades ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he /udi$ "u "o ( ! be/ ,n+yo-%ibai playwrights1 ,namiki ,sosuke1 & wrote = ! dolls z well z = ! actors4 ,9 8 "t ! vogue = ! ,doll-!atre _h already begun to wane1 & allur$ by ! sup]ior attractions ( ,kabuki he wrote m = ! latt] ?an = ! dolls4 ,8 plays 7 full ( complicat$ situations t te/$ ! actor's ability1 a te*nique he _h acquir$ z a result ( 8 appr5tice%ip to ! n+yo s*ool1 :i* dem&$ _m situations to keep ! movem5ts ( ! m>ionettes full ( significance1 = o!rwise _! doll%ips w\ld h become all too app>5t4 ,9 ,osaka dur+ ! ,horeki p]iod ! lead+ saku%a 0 ,nagawa ,kamesuke1 & he 0 foll[$ by ,tatsuoka ,mansaku & ,namiki ,gohei4 ,mansaku 0 ! son ( an onnagata1 & liv$ 9 ,kyoto until he 0 #ea ye>s ( age1 :5 he w5t to ,osaka4 ,he di$ at #fh1 9 #ahji4 ,8 tal5t 0 be/ express$ 9 hi/orical plays1 b z ! au?orities prohibit$ ! use ( real facts ^u ! /age1 he cont5t$ himself ) mak+ ov] hi/orical ev5ts1 :i* he did 9 a way v satisfactory to ! playgo]4 ,namiki ,gohei1 born 9 ,osaka 9 #agdg1 0 ! *ief playwright ( 8 "t4 ,8 plays 7 s mu* 9 dem& 9 ! !atres ( ! ?ree t[ns t he travell$ back & =? a great deal4 ,he 0 patronis$ by ,sawamura ,sojuro1 ! ?ird1 & also wrote = ! ?ird ,onoe ,kikugoro4 ,banzui9 ,*obei1 writt5 = ! f\r? ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 rema9s exce$+ly popul> at ! pres5t day1 %[+ ! democratic leav5 t 0 work+ 9 ,japan 9 ,gohei's day4 ,?is is among 8 be/ pieces4 ,*obei 0 an otokodate1 or brave common]1 ev] ready to *ampion ! cause ( ! weak & d[n-trodd5 citiz5s1 (t5 ! victims ( ! tyrannical two-sword$ g5try4 ,he incurr$ ! enmity ( an evil samurai1 :o put him to dea?4 ,?is 0 a !me to /ir ! audi5ces ( ,osaka & ,y$o4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! ?ird ,sojuro1 ,namiki wrote = 8 son1 ! f\r? ,sojuro1 & = ! fif? ,matsumoto ,ko%iro4 ,z he _h be5 an actor 9 8 e>ly days1 he knew some?+ ( ! /ages ( ,osaka & ,y$o1 t _h _m diff]5t *>act]i/ics1 & he comb9$ ! two4 ,8 play1 writt5 ar\nd ! ev]-v]dant /ory ( ! ,soga bro!rs' rev5ge1 "o ( ! mo/ fruitful s\rces = ! ,kabuki's saku%a's inspiration1 0 s popul> t x 0 giv5 = _m ye>s at e ,y$o !atre on ! ,new ,ye> programme1 & ! cu/om 0 only discont9u$ at ! beg9n+ ( ,meiji4 ,9 us+ hi/orical mat]ial1 ,gohei felt ! cramp+ influ5ce ( ! au?orities1 & he skilfully comb9$ ! true ) ! false facts ( hi/ory4 ,popul> rum\rs ( ! day1 gossip t w5t on r\nd ! hiba*i 9 ! dwell+s ( ,y$o1 7 prohibit$ f f9d+ repres5tation on ! /age1 & consequ5tly ,gohei utilis$ ! talk ( ! t[n z false reports1 & ! audi5ce kn[+ ! true inw>dness ( ?+s t _h be5 circulat$ f> & wide1 c\ld easily und]/& 8 ref]5ces4 ,t ! bus9ess ( playwrit+ 0 n v lucrative seems to be sugge/$ f ! fact t ,gohei once kept a tobacco %op 9 ,osaka1 lat] becom+ a sell] ( sake4 ,9 ,y$o he also op5$ a little m$ic9e %op & sold pills1 an old-fa%ion$ ,*9ese rem$y = colds4 ,8 excursions into bus9ess c\ld n h be5 to 8 lik+1 b due r to =c$ circum/ances1 s9ce he is on record z hav+ said :5 he sat d[n be=e 8 desk3 8,all ! _w is my own4 ,no enemy is ne> me4 ,all ! actors are my own1 & ,i c use !m z ,i l40 ,a ,y$o playwright "s ye>s y\ng] ?an ,namiki ,gohei 0 ,horiko%i ,nisanji1 b 8 plays h n be5 h&$ d[n z h be5 ^? ( 8 m popul> ,osaka contempor>y4 ,nisanji 0 foll[$ by ,sakurada ,jisuke1 :o became ! fir/ playwright ( ,y$o1 & wrote dur+ a p]iod ( =ty ye>s4 ,he 0 associat$ ) su* di/+ui%$ actors z ! fif? ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! f\r? ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 ! fir/ ,nakamura ,nakazo1 & ! fif? ,iwai ,han%iro4 ,he excell$ 9 plays depict+ real life1 or sewamono1 & took 8 *>act]s f ! v>i$ life ab\t him1--h&some "y samurai1 h]o9es ( ! gay qu>t]s1 & brave m5 ( ! p4 ,! play ( 8 t has liv$ longe/ is ,suk]oku1 "o ( ,kabuki's mo/ *>act]i/ic pieces1 ) sc5es laid 9 ! gay qu>t]s1 & ,suk]oku1 ! v p]sonification ( brav]y & loyalty1 z ! h]o4 ,! p]iods ( ,bunka & ,bunsei1 or f #ahjd to #ahag1 saw ! beg9n+ ( ,kabuki's decl9e1 & = fifty ye>s be=e ! ,re/oration 9 #ahfh !re 0 little developm5t4 ,x 0 a "t ( /agnation1 & ! p %ut up )9 _! own c\ntry 7 beg9n+ to suff] f lack ( outside /imulus4 ,a di/9ct loss ( orig9ality began to %[ itself 9 ! !atre1 & !re 0 a de>? ( good playwrights1 :ile ! ,doll-!atre _h tak5 a plunge d[nw>d1 & !re 0 little activity among ! writ]s = ! m>ionettes4 ,kabuki _h dep5d$ l>gely ^u ! ,doll-!atre playwrights1 & fail+ ^! fell back ^u dramatisations ( popul> fiction4 ,! novels ( ,bak91 ,t5ehiko1 & ,kyod5 7 dramatis$ = ! /age4 ,al?\gh ! !atre _h become m complex1 & mat]ial = plays 0 abundant1 ! p]iod did n produce ! playwright4 ,! position ( ! saku%a1 :i* 9 ! beg9n+ _h be5 ( great dignity1 *ang$ = ! worse4 ,!y became m]e slaves ( ! actors4 ,!re 0 a /age writ] call$ ,nagawa ,%imesuke1 son ( ! keep] ( a !atre tea-h\se1 :o did n create1 b pat*$ & alt]$ at ! bidd+ ( ! actors1 s t he 0 nicknam$ ,s5taku-ya ,%imesuke1 or ,laundry-,man ,%imesuke1 :i* gives a good idea ( ! playwrit]s' l[ e/ate at ?is "t4 ,nagawa ,tokusuke gave up ! prie/hood to become a playwright4 ,he _h be5 connect$ ) a c\ntry temple1 & w5t to ,osaka to le>n h[ to write4 ,!re 7 s few saku%a at ?is "t1 t ! ?ird ,nakamura ,utayemon invit$ him up to ,y$o1 & 0 s anxi\s to enc\rage him1 hop+ t he w\ld prove to be a goose to lay gold5 eggs 9 ! way ( popul> plays = ! actors1 t he be/[$ ^u ,tokusuke ! preci\s family p5-"n ( ,iss51 us$ by ! fir/ ,utayemon :5 he sign$ 8 poetry4 ,"o ( 8 plays 0 a failure1 :i* disconc]t$ ! actors to a consid]able degree4 ,he return$ ! lit]>y nom de plume ) :i* 8 patron ,utayemon _h hon\r$ him1 & dep>t$ :5ce he _h come4 ,!reaft] he wrote pieces = side-%[s1 set up along ! banks ( riv]s1 on tempor>y sites 9 ! comp\nds ( %r9es1 or at cross-roads4 ,at la/ he %av$ 8 head & retir$ z ! keep] ( a tea-h\se 9 ,kyoto1 dy+ at #gi4 ,s ! saku%a1 l ! yaku%a1 _h _! falls f fav\r1 & _! lives (t5 end$ 9 disappo9tm5t4 ,! ?ird ,utayemon wrote 8 own plays1 b did n h good luck 9 ! saku%a :om he engag$ to help him1--,nagawa ,seisuke4 ,he did 8 be/ ) ,nagawa's poor compositions1 b ! latt] possess$ inf]ior ability4 ,on "o occasion ! playwright became angry because 8 ideas _h n be5 c>ri$ out prop]ly1 & he drew 8 sword to kill ,utayemon1 :5 he 0 /opp$4 ,tsuruya ,namboku /&s out f among ^! unsatisfactory writ]s1 & sev]al ( 8 plays are regul> features ( ! mod]n /age4 ,he 0 ! son ( a dy] 9 ,y$o1 wrote especially = ! ?ird ,b&o ,hikosaburo1 & 0 p>ticul>ly successful 9 gho/ plays4 ,onoe ,matsusuke & ,onoe ,kikugoro1 :o 7 9 _! elem5t :5 play+ gho/ly rles1 %one 9 ,namboku's compositions4 ,! mo/ famili> ( 8 plays to mod]n audi5ces is ,yotsuya ,kaidan1 or ,! ,gho/ ( ,yotsuya1 ! latt] a c]ta9 qu>t] ( ,y$o t rema9s to-day "o ( ! ?riv+ c5tres ( ,tokyo4 ,namboku 0 a g5ius 9 ! inv5tion ( /age app>atus to make 8 sup]natural *>act]s m gruesome1 & ,yotsuya ,kaidan is an example ( 8 skill 9 ov]com+ me*anical difficulties4 ,he caus$ ,o-,iwa1 ! weird h]o9e ( ?is play1 to make h] entrance ^u ! sc5e ?r\gh a l>ge light$ lant]n1 & disappe> ?r\gh ! solid wall1 etc4 ,once he pa/$ black pap] all ov] ! /age to fa%ion ! body ( a :ale1 & a ,jonah-l actor /epp$ out ( x c>ry+ a cr[n4 ,! audi5ces ( 8 "t 7 q c>ri$ away by ! boldness ( 8 ideas1 & 8 works h a la/+ quality1 = _! p[] to make ! fle% creep is undim9i%$4 ,x 0 ! lot ( ! saku%a to be poor1 & ,namboku 0 no exception4 ,an incid5t is told ( him t dur+ a p]iod ( pov]ty he 0 kneel+ 9 front ( 8 little writ+-desk1 :5 8 wife ent]$ & ask$ = ! :]e)al to buy "s rice4 ,he _h no money1 s %e took ! mosquito net1 an indisp5sable article 9 a ,japanese h\se 9 w>m wea!r1 & w5t to ! pawnbrok]1 :]e %e ex*ang$ x = suffici5t co9 ( ! realm to keep ! h\se suppli$ ) rice = a %ort p]iod4 ,namboku made good use ( ?is dome/ic episode1 & has immortalis$ x 9 ,yotsuya ,kaidan4 ,! long-suff]+ ,o-,iwa is cruelly treat$ by h] husb& t %e may leave ! h\se1 z he wi%es to m>ry ano!r woman1 y\ng]1 pretti]1 & ri*] 9 ?is _w's goods4 ,9 8 attempt to get rid ( h] he sells ev]y?+ 9 ! h\se piece by piece1 ! mosquito net among !m1 hop+ by 8 call\s cruelty to drive h] away4 ,namboku di$ at ! age ( #ge1 9 ! comp\nd ( ! well-kn[n ,fox ,%r9e 9 ,fukugawa1 a w>d ( pres5t-day ,tokyo4 ,he _h a son :o succe$$ him1 & :o became advis] to ! sev5? ,danjuro4 ,! latt] 0 a quick writ]1 & specialis$ 9 plays t _h ! gay qu>t]s = sett+s4 ,a qua9t "* among ^! pre-,re/oration playwrights 0 ,hanakasa ,rosuke4 ,?is 0 n 8 real "n1 b r a !atre nickname1 ,fl[]y-,/raw-,hat-,rosuke1 giv5 him because ( 8 habit ( go+ ab\t 9 extraord9>y clo?+4 ,he g5]ally wore a gaudy kimono1 yell[ velvet tabi1 or socks1 & on 8 head a wide /raw hat adorn$ on top ) artificial fl[]s1 9 imitation ( a fe/ival revell] 9 ! *]ry-blossom season4 ,he 0 ! elde/ son ( ! *ief doctor ( ! ,tak$a ,clan1 & _h be5 br$ 9 a samurai atmosph]e4 ,he 0 also some?+ ( a s*ol>1 b nev] became a fir/-class saku%a4 ,rosuke w5t to ,osaka & wrote = ! !atres !re4 ,he return$ ) ! sev5? ,danjuro1 :5 ?is great actor 0 all[$ to return to ,y$o1 aft] ! long exile impos$ ^u him = extravagance4 ,lat]1 ,rosuke wrote = ! ?ird ,kikugoro1 b he spoke aga9/ ,kikugoro's son1 & 0 reque/$ to cease compos+ plays = ! ,onoe family4 ,aga9 he left ,y$o1 & w5t to ,osaka1 :]e he di$ 9 pov]ty at ! age ( #gf4 ,= _m ye>s aft] ,namboku ,tsuruya1 !re 7 no playwrights capable ( fill+ 8 place except ,mimasuya ,nisoji1 :o ga9$ a position 9 ,y$o because ( 8 long s]vice to ,y$o ,kabuki4 ,= tw5ty ye>s ,nisoji wrote = ! ?ird ,kikugoro1 ! f\r? ,nakamura ,utayemon1 & ! sev5? ,danjuro1 b 8 "w consi/$ l>gely 9 revision4 ,he belong$ to a weal?y family & began to write = 8 own amusem5t4 ,on acc\nt ( extravagance & dissipation1 he 0 s5t away f 8 home1 & di$ 9 8 sev5ties4 ,nisoji & ,namboku 7 great fri5ds1 & !y play$ practical jokes ^u ea* o!r4 ,namboku 0 once slightly ill & ,nisoji ask$ a ,c\rt doctor to g & exam9e him4 ,a kago1 or palanqu91 c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( six /\t be>]s proce$$ to ,namboku's humble dwell+4 ,! ,kabuki saku%a _h receiv$ no w>n+ ( ! ,c\rt physician's visit1 & 0 greatly surpris$4 ,tak5 unaw>es1 he got out ( 8 b$ & b[$ l[ on ! mats4 ,:5 ! great m$ical man took 8 dep>ture1 ! kago be>]s ask$ = money1 b ! mak] ( plays 0 incurably poor1 & c\ld only pay a small portion ( ! kago m5's dem&s4 ,9 ord] to get ev5 ) ,nisoji1 ,namboku plann$ a c\nt] joke4 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 %r9e 9 ,%9agawa1 a suburb ( ,y$o1 :]e ! _s ( ! fam\s g5]al1 ,kato ,kiyomasa1 0 en%r9$1 & x 0 ,nisoji's habit aft] visit+ ! %r9e to repair to a tea-h\se 9 ! vic9ity4 ,!re 0 "s gossip t ,nisoji _h c>ri$ on a flirtation ) ! daught] ( ! tea-h\se keep]1 & ,namboku ord]$ a lant]n to be made be>+ 8 fri5d's cre/ toge!r ) t ( ! tea-h\se maid51 & hung x up 9 front ( ! %r9e4 ,nisoji 0 mu* p]plex$1 & ackn[l$g$ t ,namboku _h ev5$ up ! score4 ,! second ,namiki ,gohei 0 ! second son ( a vassal ( ! ,%ogun4 ,he 0 expell$ f 8 h\se because ( dissipation & association ) actors4 ,! ?ird ,gohei 0 a foll[] ( ! fir/ ,namiki1 & x 0 he :o collaborat$ ) ! sev5? ,danjuro 9 giv+ ! f9i%+ t\*es to ,kanj9*o1 ,kabuki's music-drama ma/]piece4 ,ni%izawa ,ippo 0 ! gr&son ( a noveli/ & kept a book%op4 ,he _h _m lit]>y fri5ds1 & wrote plays1 b !re are few g5u9e pieces ( 8 left1 z !y h be5 pat*$ & alt]$1 !re be+ no protection = plays1 & no consci5ce ab\t *ang+ !m to suit ! requirem5ts ( ! actors4 ,segawa ,joko kept a g(uku-ya1 or drap]y %op1 9 ,y$o1 & wrote plays because he felt an incl9ation to d s4 ,f9ally he 0 p]suad$ to give up 8 bus9ess1 & he became a tate saku%a1 or *ief playwrit]4 ,he s9n$ 9 v]bosity1 & ! actors tir$ ( 8 long spee*es4 ,x might h be5 bett] = ,joko's peace ( m9d _h he cont9u$ to deal 9 kimono & obi4 ,8 specialty consi/$ 9 dramatis+ ! /ories relat$ 9 ! yose1 or places ( amusem5t :]e ! pr(essional /ory-tell] held =?4 ,! eigh? ,danjuro 0 successful 9 "s ( ^! pieces1 & !y are /ill fav\rites ) playgo]s4 ,! la/ saku%a to %9e be=e ! dawn ( ! ,meiji era 0 ,sakurada ,jisuke1 :o 0 born 9 #ahjb & di$ 9 ! t5? ye> ( ,meiji1 #ahgg4 ,he 0 associat$ ) actors & lit]>y m5 = =ty ye>s1 & dur+ mo/ ( 8 c>e] he 0 head ( ! ,y$o playwrights4 ,he wrote _m plays1 & among !m are a numb] frequ5tly giv5 by ! actors ( mod]n ,tokyo & ,osaka4 ,! little ecc5tricities ( ! saku%a 7 long rememb]$ aft] !y _h pass$ away4 ,sakurada ,jisuke _h a habit ( frequ5tly mov+ 8 resid5ce4 ,he w\ld make a hole 9 8 cupbo>d ?r\gh :i* 8 rice 0 p\r$ by ! deliv]y boy f ! rice %op1 z he did n l p to see h[ mu* he _h ord]$ at a "t4 ,b :ile he 0 p>simoni\s 9 "s matt]s1 9 o!rs he 0 prodigal4 ,he liv$ 9 ,mukojima1 across ! ,sumida ,riv] f ,tokyo1 & at times b\ght a :ole bag ( *>coal1 = use 9 ! hiba*i1 to w>m himself 9 ! boat t took him across ! riv]--j to make a %[4 ,! trip across ! riv] 0 brief1 & he 0 well aw>e he requir$ b a small portion4 ,:5 an old f>m] came sell+ squa%1 ,jisuke pur*as$ 8 entire /ock-9-trade & !n pres5t$ him ) "o ( ! vegetables z a rew>d1 aft] :i* ! c\ntryman spread ! tale ( ! saku%a's g5]osity4 ,x 0 a "t :5 ! =tunes ( ! saku%a 7 at ! l[e/ ebb1 :5 writ]s = ! !atre 7 entirely subord9ate to ! actors1 & yet ! dignity ( 8 pr(ession mu/ h be5 felt by ,jisuke1 = x is report$ t he res5t$ be+ plac$ "u "y actors4 ,aft] ,jisuke1 ! mo/ prolific /age-writ] 0 ! second ,kawatake ,%9ki*i1 bett] kn[n 9 8 lat] c>e] z ,mokuami1 :o belongs m appropriately to ! /ory ( ,meiji ,kabuki4 ,:5 dy+1 ,sakurada ,jisuke express$ a la/ wi%3 8,d n h ,buddhi/ c]emonies or anniv]s>ies = me1 b be c>eful n to neglect ,y$o plays40 ,,plays ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,kabuki ,,play ,,=ms ,i ,! f\r *>act]i/ic play =ms ( ,kabuki may be classifi$ z foll[s3 sewamono1 plays ( ev]yday life2 jidaimono1 hi/orical drama2 %osagoto1 music-po/ure drama2 & aragoto1 highly imag9>y improvisations4 ,closely alli$ ) ^! =ms is odori1 ! descriptive dance1 :i* =ms ! v f\ndation ( ! actor's art1 z x is kn[n & practis$ 9 ,japan4 ,sewamono are plays 9 :i* human nature holds sway1 ! playwright select+ = 8 mat]ial ! joys & sorr[s ( ! p ar\nd him4 ,^? compos$ = ! ,doll-!atre p>take ( ! nature ( balladry1 ! m>ionettes mov+ to music1 song1 & recitative1 :ile ^? writt5 = ,kabuki are m ak9 to ! drama ( ! ,we/4 ,jidaimono1 hi/orical drama1 are pieces t h h]oes & h]o9es tak5 f ! pages ( hi/ory = c5tral *>act]s4 ,b s9ce ! playwright 0 =bidd5 by ! au?orities to repres5t ! real ev5ts ( hi/ory1 8 only rec\rse 0 to take fam\s p]sonages & set !m 9 ! mid/ ( a :olly imag9>y & irrelevant plot4 ,z he 0 unable to conf9e himself to tru?1 he all[$ 8 imag9ation to run riot 9 ! pa9t+ ( *>act]s & sc5es z f> remov$ f ! realities ( life z possible4 ,%osagoto1 also call$ furigoto1 ! music-po/ure drama1 provide ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ,kabuki pieces4 ,l>gely influ5c$ by ! ,n1 ! %osagoto comb9e all ! ,kabuki arts--plot1 music1 sc5]y1 act+1 movem5t1 & col\r1 & repres5t ! mo/ s9c]e collaboration ( ! ,kabuki speciali/s4 ,ev5 m deta*$ f life ?an ! jidaimono is ! f\r? v>iety ( ,kabuki play1 ! aragoto 7lit41 r\gh act+74 ,orig9at$ by ! fir/ ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ^! pieces _c be classifi$ z drama1 = !y sc>cely possess any =m1 & are ! result ( improvisation on ! "p ( ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! ,i*ikawa family1 :o add$ or alt]$1 improv$ or pat*$ up1 produc+ ! traditional eighte5 pieces ( ?is h\se4 ,! ess5ce ( aragoto is exagg]ation1 & ?is applies to e detail1 ge/ure1 po/ure1 movem5t1 co/ume1 & act+4 ,! flimsy mat]ial t s]ves to unite all ^! /range +r$i5ts is g5]ally an ab/raction1 & ! expressions & words us$ are l>gely symbolic4 ,! entire emphasis is plac$ on ! art ( act+1 & ! playwright is left a long di/ance beh9d4 ,mod]n /age-writ]s h made signal dep>tures f ^! "t-hon\r$ =ms1 & melodrama1 z well z translations & adaptations ( ,we/]n plays1 are n[ frequ5t4 ,9 ! weav+ ( _! patt]ns1 h[ev]1 ! mod]n playwrights appe> to wi% to ?r[ ov]bo>d z mu* lumb] ( ! pa/ z possible1 b )\t great success4 ,out ( ! fusion ( ,ea/ & ,we/ t is go+ on ^u ! ,japanese /age at pres5t1 mu* ( int]e/ is to be expect$ 9 ! future4 ,on acc\nt ( ! long h\rs ?r\gh :i* ! p]=mances ext5d$1 x 0 necess>y to spread a v]itable !atrical fea/ to su/a9 ! int]e/ ( ! audi5ce & keep its att5tion f w&]+4 ,! programmes 7 s plann$ z to include all types ( ,kabuki pieces1 & ?is holds equally true ( ! ent]ta9m5ts af=d$ by ! mod]n /age4 ,9 ! old days ! arrangem5t ( ! programme 0 fix$ & un*angeable1 & al?\gh at pres5t *anges are made n[ & !n1 ! sequ5ce ( ! pieces rema9s practically ! same4 ,i*ibamme1 or ! fir/ piece1 is a selection ( ?ree acts f a jidaimono1 or hi/orical drama4 ,!n comes ! naka-maku1 or middle curta94 ,?is is a %ort %osagoto1 b occasionally a "o-act aragoto (f]+ is pres5t$4 ,sometimes two %ort pieces are giv51 & n[adays ?is is ! position assign$ to any attempt by a new writ]4 ,next comes ! nibamme1 or second piece4 ,?is is a sewamono1 or play depict+ ! life ( ! p4 ,= conclusion !re is a gay dance 9 :i* ! "y actors are g5]ally to be se54 ,?is is call$ ! hane-maku1 or end curta94 ,al?\gh ! ,kabuki play =ms fall into ^! f\r categories1 actors1 playwrit]s1 danc+ ma/]s1 musicians1 & o!rs responsible = ! productions nev] all[$ !mselves to foll[ rigidly ! special =ms t _h be5 evolv$4 ,^! /age work]s 7 l a pa9t] :o dips 8 bru% into ! col\rs on 8 palette z !y are ne$$4 ,simil>ly ! ,kabuki exp]ts comb9$ ! real ) ! unreal2 introduc$ dance1 pantomime1 &1 music1 ev5 feats ( acrobats z !y saw fit1 & work$ freely1 unconsci\s ( limitation4 ,,ii ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon 0 "o ( ! fir/ dramati/s to discov] ! value ( human nature z mat]ial = 8 plays1 & 8 contempor>ies & successors also s\ght inspiration 9 ! dome/ic life ab\t !m1 produc+ ! type ( drama call$ sewamono1 or plays ( ! p4 ,t 8,all ! _w loves a lov]0 is z true ( ,*ikamatsu's ,izaemon z ( ,%akespe>e's ,romeo4 ,orig9ally act$ by ,sakata ,tojuro ( ,kyoto 9 ! ,g5roku age1 ,izaemon is "o ( ! olde/ rles on ! ,japanese /age1 & nev] loses its fre%ness4 ,animat$1 s5tim5tal1 full ( ! et]nal dreams & joys ( y\?1 ,izaemon makes 8 appe>ance on ! hanami*i eag] to see 8 love ,yugiri1 an inmate ( a h\se call$ ,ogiya 9 ,%imma*i1 ! gay qu>t] ( ,osaka4 ,"h at a tea-h\se :]e he is well kn[n he buys a wide /raw hat t hides 8 face1 x be+ ! cu/om at ! "t = frequ5t]s ( ! qu>t]s to g ab\t ) _! faces hidd54 ,izaemon selects "o t has a r$ cord on ! top1 s t ,yugiri %all "k him4 ,yugiri1 ! c5tre ( a c\rtesan tra91 makes a brilliant %[ ^u ! hanami*i1 & )9 h] doma9 ,izaemon is se5 z a pett$1 gild$ y\?1 accu/om$ to ! luxury ( ! day1 z became ! son ( a prosp]\s bus9ess-h\se 9 ,kyoto1 ! ,fujiya4 ,!n is se5 ! abode ( ,izaemon's bus9ess-l "m1 :o1 left a wid[1 has c>ri$ on ! h\se 9 a capable mann]4 ,%e sorr[fully dis9h]its ,izaemon because ( 8 prodigality z ,yugiri's lov]4 ,izaemon alone1 on a sn[y day1 9 a room ( 8 home look+ out on ! g>d51 dreams ( ,yugiri2 ask+ himself :at %e is do+ at t mom5t1 regrett+ he _c g to ,osaka s9ce 8 "m has decl>$ he mu/ f9d a livelihood = himself4 ,anxi\s1 yet happy 9 8 dreams1 8 "m appe>s1 & pres5ts him ) a poor kimono made ( pap]1 t 8 fa!r 0 oblig$ to we> :5 work+ h>d to lay ! f\ndation ( ! family =tune4 ,?is is giv5 ! y\? z a symbol t he mu/ leave ! h\se on acc\nt ( 8 extravagance & likewise mu/ build up 8 own c>e]4 ,poor & unsuccessful1 tir$ ) w&]+ ab\t1 ,izaemon returns to see ,yugiri z he has he>d t %e is ill4 ,a deep /raw basket-%ap$ hat cov]s 8 face1 8 kimono is wea!r-/a9$ & pat*$1 a =lorn figure1 z he /&s at ! door ( ! ,ogiya4 ,s]vants ( ! place take him = a begg>1 & attempt to drive him away1 b ! proprietor recognises 8 =m] weal?y patron1 & w>mly invites him )94 ,illu/ration3 ,nakamura ,ganjiro ( ,osaka 9 8 fav\rite rle1 t ( ,izaemon1 ! lov] ( ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon's drama1 & play$ = two c5turies by ! ,kabuki actors4 ,izaemon next le>ns t al?\gh ,yugiri has be5 ill %e has recov]$1 t a samurai1 ,hiraoka ( ,awa1 is int]e/$ 9 h]1 & t ! son born to ,yugiri & himself has be5 adopt$ by ,hiraoka4 ,believ+ ,yugiri fai?less to him1 & ov]come by jeal\sy1 he ent]s h] room & awaits h] com+1 pret5d+ to be asleep4 ,:5 %e succe$s 9 ar\s+ him he feigns coldness & indiff]5ce1 b f9ally he c no long] suppress 8 true feel+s1 & !y give expression to ! suff]+s !y h bo? und]gone dur+ ! sep>ation4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ love idylls ( ! ,japanese /age4 ,! conv]sation betwe5 ! y\?ful lov]s is int]rupt$ by ! abrupt entrance ( a /rang] dress$ z a samurai1 we>+ a sword4 ,tak+ (f ! clo? wrapp$ ab\t ! head1 ! newcom] reveals ! coiffure ( a woman1 adorn$ ) beautiful combs & hair-p9s4 ,x is ,o-,yuki1 ! wife ( ,hiraoka1 :o1 disguis$ z a man1 has s\ght an int]view ) h] rival4 ,%e has come to ask ,yugiri to rel9qui% all claim to ! *ild1 wi%+ to adopt him z heir ( ! ,hiraoka family4 ,!re is a pa!tic sc5e :5 ,yugiri j\rneys to ! home ( ! samurai t %e may see h] son = ! la/ "t1 & ,izaemon1 9 ord] to obta9 "o glimpse ( ! boy1 goes disguis$ z a kago1 or palanqu9 be>]4 ,! pa? ( true love nev] did run smoo?4 ,yugiri becomes ill4 ,! plight ( ,yugiri & ,izaemon appe>s hopeless4 ,o-,yuki1 ov]come ) pity1 s5ds money to ransom ,yugiri f ! ,ogiya1 & at ! same "t ,izaemon's "m1 s(t5$ by h] son's suff]+s1 s5ds a /ill l>g] am\nt to buy ,yugiri's fre$om4 ,h] *ild is also re/or$ to h]1 & ) h] lov$ ones %e goes =? to fre$om1 all to be happily unit$ ) ,izaemon's "m 9 ,kyoto4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 "o ( ! be/ sewamono1 ,nozaki-mura1 or ,! ,village ( ,nozaki1 by ,*ikamatsu ,hanji1 is se5 ! et]nal triangle compos$ ( ,hisamatsu1 ,o-,"s1 & ,o-,mitsu4 ,hisamatsu1 employ$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a well-to-d pawnbrok] ( ,osaka1 fell 9 love ) ! daught] ( ! h\se1 ,o-,"s4 ,!y 7 app>5tly made = ea* o!r1 & ! p>5ts ( ,o-,"s w\ld h gladly giv5 _! cons5t to ! m>riage1 _h n ! villa9 ( ! play1 an eld]ly1 dissipat$ cl]k ( ! pawn%op1 ca/ covet\s eyes on 8 ma/]'s daught]1 &1 jeal\s ( ! gr[+ fri5dl9ess betwe5 ,hisamatsu & ,o-,"s1 spread sc&al ab\t !m4 ,!re is ano!r ob/acle1 h[ev]1 = ,hisamatsu has already be5 betro!d to ,o-,mitsu4 ,he has be5 select$ by ,o-,mitsu's fa!r1 accord+ to ! pr]ogative ( p>5ts 9 ,japan to *oose life companions = _! *ildr54 ,o-,mitsu lives ) ! old man 9 ! c\ntry1 anxi\sly await+ ! day :5 %e w become ! bride ( ,hisamatsu1 !y hav+ be5 br\ght up l si/] & bro!r4 ,"o ( ! be/ sc5es 9 ?is long dome/ic trag$y is ! meet+ ( ! ?ree y\?ful *>act]s4 ,!re is some?+ s g5u9ely homely & human ab\t ,o-,mitsu1 z %e is se5 busy+ h]self 9 prep>ation = h] m>riage to ,hisamatsu1 all unaw>e t h] future husb& has already giv5 8 he>t else:]e4 ,! drab int]ior ( a humble f>mh\se seems to h be5 trans=m$1 & to reflect some?+ ( ! girl's radiance z %e poses to ! rhy?m ( ! samis51 ! m9/rel on 8 ro/rum to ! "r ( ! /age expla9+ h] movem5ts4 ,^? long acqua9t$ ) ! play "k t ,o-,mitsu w cut slices f daikon1 ! long1 :ite1 radi%-l vegetable1 9 read9ess = ! w$d+ fea/1 b h[ %e does x is wat*$ ) fasc9ation4 ,e "o1 too1 kn[s t %e w make h] toilet be=e ! r\nd metal mirror1 full ( ba%ful happ9ess at ! ?\ght ( h] approa*+ m>riage4 ,ev5 :ile ,o-,mitsu is deep 9 ?\ghts ( h]self z a bride1 h] rival1 ,o-,"s1 ( :om %e has nev] ev5 dream$1 appe>s on ! hanami*i 9 ! mid/ ( ! audi5ce4 ,%e is ! v acme ( good ta/e & /yle1 ! daught] ( an ,osaka family t does n lack 9 ?is _w's goods4 ,%e is clad 9 a respl5d5t purple kimono4 ,o-,mitsu c nev] hope to compete ) ?is beautiful creature1 :o comes knock+ at ! cottage entrance4 ,look+ )9 h] mirror ,o-,mitsu sees ! reflection ( ! visitor1 a vision ( beauty1 9 contra/ to h] own ru/ic simplicity1 & ! flame ( jeal\sy beg9s to bum4 ,9 h] confusion %e pays no att5tion to ,o-,"s1 ov]turns h] mirror1 & *ops up ! daikon recklessly into small pieces4 ,/ill ho/ile to ! visitor1 :o rema9s wait+ = admittance1 ,o-,mitsu is jo9$ by ,hisamatsu & ! fa!r1 :o are n yet aw>e ( a /rang]'s pres5ce1 al?\gh ,o-,mitsu puts h] head out ( ! door 9 any?+ b a hospitable mann]1 mak+ exclamations ( scorn & ang] expressive ( h] ho/ile /ate ( m9d z %e pu%es h] rival away1 closes ! lattic$ door1 & to make sure t x is secur$ aga9/ ,o-,"s's invasion1 places aga9/ x a bundle ( dri$ twigs ga!r$ = fuel4 ,v human1 too1 is ! application ( moxa1 a burn+ m$ic9e1 to ! legs ( ! old f>m]1 :o wri!s ) pa9 at ea* fre% m9i/ration by 8 daught]4 ,hisamatsu1 tak+ "p 9 ?is op]ation by massag+ ! old man's %\ld]s1 is surpris$ to f9d ,o-,"s at ! entrance & motions h] to g away4 ,he has n yet _h "t to break ! news ( 8 relations to ! ,osaka maid51 & is at a loss :at to d4 ,o-,mitsu also cont9ues to %[ h] displeasure1 b ! unwelcome visitor _c be driv5 away4 ,! f>m]1 at la/ view+ ! newcom]1 realises ! situation1 & drags ! unwill+ ,o-,mitsu out ( ! room1 leav+ ! lov]s toge!r4 ,aft] a sorr[ful love sc5e betwe5 ,hisamatsu & ,o-,"s1 ,o-,mitsu returns1 b !y are a/oni%$ to f9d t %e has cut (f h] hair & we>s ! g>b ( a nun4 ,%e has decid$ t ,hisamatsu & ,o-,"s belong to ea* o!r1 & s sacrifices h]self t !y may h no regrets on h] acc\nt4 ,o-,"s is full ( gratitude1 & ,hisamatsu is ov]come by h] sacrifice4 ,o-,"s's "m next appe>s to take h] daught] home4 ,! /age !n revolves %[+ ! side ( ! cottage1 a /ream ( wat]1 a boat l&+1 & a boatman wait+ = 8 pass5g]s to ! left1 :ile on ! "r two palanqu9 m5 are ready to take ,hisamatsu away4 ,quickly ! hanami*i is spread ) a blue & :ite cotton clo? to repres5t wat]4 ,"m & daught] prep>e to emb>k 9 ! boat4 ,! %oji1 or :ite pap] w9d[s ( ! cottage1 are pu%$ aside1 & ,o-,mitsu gazes out sadly4 ,to ! rippl+1 m]ry rhy?ms ( ! samis51 & a spr+ song 9 praise ( ! plum blossom sung 9 a rollick+ way by ! palanqu9 be>]s1 !y take _! dep>ture2 ,hisamatsu c>ri$ 9 a palanqu9 on "o hanami*i look+ across ! heads ( ! audi5ce at ,o-,"s1 & aga9 ) regret at ,o-,mitsu2 ,o-,"s & h] "m borne ov] ! cotton waves spread out along ! ma9 hanami*i1 ! boatman work+ s h>d at ! task ( ply+ ! o> t he has to take (f 8 coat to cool himself1 ! blue & :ite rob$ prop]ty m5 really do+ all ! pu%+ & pull+ ( ! craft s t x moves smoo?ly ?r\gh ! audi5ce4 ,o-,mitsu & ! old fa!r /& toge!r outside ! cottage1 lonely figures1 be>+ ! brunt ( ! sorr[ ( f>ewell2 ! :ole !atre becomes a /age1 & ea* & e p]son 9 ! audi5ce feels 8 or h] connection ) ! play & ) ! actors4 ,hisamatsu & ,o-,"s 7 n de/9$ to enjoy life4 ,believ+ t !y c\ld nev] cle> !mselves ( ! asp]sions ca/ ^u _! *>act]s by ! sl&]s ( ! evil cl]k1 !y seek a happi] _w :]e _! spirits may be unit$4 ,9 ! gloomy /oreh\se1 erect$ z a m>k ( congratulation :5 ,o-,"s 0 born1 ! bodies ( ! lov]s are f\nd toge!r4 ,,iii ,= ! exploitation ( ! unreal we mu/ turn to ! jidaimono4 ,! audi5ces ( ,old ,japan did n bo!r _! heads if ! plot ( a play 0 s complex t !y really c\ld n rememb] :]e x began & h[ x end$1 to judge f ,kokus5ya ,kass51 or ! ,battle ( ,kokus5ya1 a jidaimono by ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon t enjoy$ unb\nd$ popul>ity :5 fir/ produc$ 9 #agaj1 & cont9ues to hold its own1 prov+ its la/+ qualities4 ,l ,t5nyson's ,brook1 ! complicat$ *>act]s 9 ?is piece come & g1 & ! play goes on = ev]2 9 consequ5ce1 mod]n audi5ces mu/ witness x piecemeal1 s9ce x is only ! doll-actors t are able to give ! play 9 its entirety1 & ev5 !y mu/ be active f morn+ until late aft]noon if !y are to act all ! sc5es 9 ?is que] old ,*ikamatsu drama4 ,fa%ion$ out ( ! clo? ( exagg]ation1 ,*ikamatsu's h]o1 ,watonai1 has no k9%ip ) human be+s2 8 fi]ce c\nt5ance %[+ broad r$ & black m>k+s1 ! bu%y hair1 ! out] co/ume ( purple cov]$ ov] ) a design ( twi/$ rope 9 :ite1 ! inn] g>m5t ( sc>let /udd$ ) brass buttons1 ! huge curv$ sword--,watonai might z well belong to ! !atre ( ! moon1 s9ce he has no?+ 9 common ) ord9>y mortals4 ,watonai's fa!r 0 a fai?ful m9i/] ( a depos$ ,m+ ,emp]or1 :o took refuge 9 ,japan1 & m>ri$ a woman ( ,kyu%u4 ,_! son1 fir$ ) en?usiasm to g to 8 fa!r's c\ntry 9 an attempt to re/ore ! ,m+ dyna/y1 rea*es ! ca/le ( ,kanki1 a ,*9ese g5]al m>ri$ to ,watonai's half-si/]1 :o _h be5 left beh9d :5 h] fa!r 0 oblig$ to flee to ,japan4 ,arriv$ at ! ,lion ,ca/le1 ,watonai all[s 8 ,japanese "m to ent] z a ho/age1 & 8 ,*9ese si/]1 ,k9%o1 :om he has nev] se51 decl>es %e w try to w9 h] husb& to ,watonai's cause4 ,if he is fav\rable1 %e w p\r :ite face p[d] into ! /ream b5ea? h] w9d[1 & %\ld ! answ] be 9 ! negative1 a quantity ( r\ge w dye ! wat]4 ,b ! g5]al does n fav\r 8 unkn[n bro!r-9-law f ,japan1 & ,k9%o /abs h]self 9 ! brea/1 h] blood dye+ ! rivulet t fl[s into ! ,hoang-ho4 ,watonai1 /&+ on a /one bridge1 wat*es = a sign f 8 si/]1 und]/&s ! answ] is unfav\rable 7a prop]ty man dext]\sly turn+ ov] a flap 9 ! blue /age riv] to %[ ! necess>y r$ col\r74 ,amid mu* /age agony ,watonai's "m & si/] die1 & ,kanki cons5ts to aid ! h]o4 ,:5 ! bridge on :i* ,watonai /&s1 gaz+ anxi\sly into ! riv] se>*+ = a sign f 8 si/]1 is sl[ly =c$ up f bel[ ! /age1 ! h]o is se5 %ad+ 8 face ) a wide /raw hat1 & hold+ a flam+ tor*1--! audi5ce little realises ! am\nt ( prep>ation t has be5 necess>y = ?is impressive entrance4 ,nor c ! tr\ble ! actor takes to make up accord+ to ! ,i*ikawa traditions be fully realis$1 unless a close inspection ( ?is rem>kable p]sonage is made beh9d ! /age4 ,! actor :o takes ! rle ( ,watonai mu/ trans=m 8 ev]yday c\nt5ance into a !atrical mask1 t might be an app>ition f ! planet ,saturn4 ,! face is fir/ pa9t$ dead :ite1 & on ?is gr\nd he draws r$ l9es ) a writ+ bru%4 ,beg9n+ ) ! bridge ( 8 nose1 two l9es curve out ov] 8 =ehead sugge/+ a lob/]'s claws1 ! sweep+ l9es on *eeks & ab\t ! m\? =m+ spaces ( :ite t are %ap$ l peony petals4 ,t\*es ( black ab\t ! eyes & m\? are made to make !m l>ge & aggressive4 ,!n ! t]rify+ wig is put 9 place--l>ge1 bri/l+1 ! hair /&+ on end1 signify+ ! d>+ c\rage ( a "* half ,*9ese & half ,japanese ) int5t to conqu] ,*9a4 ,aft] see+ ,*ikamatsu's ,watonai1 x is realis$ t ,japanese actors take ev5 m pa9s to be unreal ?an ,occid5tal actors endeav\r to be lifelike4 ,illu/ration3 ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 ! sev5?1 z ,watonai1 ! grotesque h]o ( ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon's drama1 ,kokus5ya ,kass51 or ! ,battle ( ,kokus5ya4 ,! inn] g>m5t is bright r$ /udd$ ) brass1 ! l[] purple ) a design ( twi/$ :ite rope4 ,k9kaku-ji1 or ! ,gold5 ,pavilion1 built by ! ,%ogun ,yo%imitsu 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 /ill /&s = ! public admiration 9 ,kyoto1 an hi/orical sight 9 ! old capital4 ,?is =ms ! sett+ = a popul> sc5e 9 a fanta/ic doll-!atre play t is "o ( ! be/ examples ( jidaimono4 ,9 ?is long complicat$ drama by ,nakamura ,ake & ,asada ,i*o1 ! *ief "* is ! villa91 ,matsunaga ,daiz51 :o has usurp$ ! ,%ogun's p[]1 & tak5 up 8 resid5ce at ! ,gold5 ,pavilion1 :]e he leads a dissolute life4 ,a beautiful "y woman1 ,yuki-hime1 daught] ( a fam\s pa9t]1 is conf9$ 9 ,k9kaku-ji1 ?is mansion ( romance be+ reproduc$ 9 a reali/ic mann] by ! sc5ic craftsm5 ( ,kabuki4 ,toki*i1 a loyal reta9] ( ! ,%ogun1 ent]s ^u ! sc5e1 & 8 battle ( wits ) ,daiz5 ov] a game ( g1 ! ,japanese *ess1 is a famili> & fav\rite sc5e ) playgo]s4 ,outplay$ by ,toki*i1 ,daiz5 9 8 ang] ov]turns ! g table & ?r[s a lacqu]$ c\nt]-box into a well 9 ! g>d51 ord]+ ,toki*i to pick x out )\t wett+ 8 h&4 ,n to be outdone1 ,toki*i imm$iately ov]comes ! difficulty by plac+ a holl[ bamboo pole to ! wat]fall t =ms "p ( ! pa9t$ sc5]y ( ! backgr\nd1 & ! wat] 9 ! well ris+ he lifts out ! c\nt]-box ) 8 fan1 & places x on ! upturn$ table :i* he holds out/ret*$ 9 "o h&1 8 po/ures signify+ triumph ov] ! tyrant4 ,yuki-hime1 left alone ) ,daiz51 is comm&$ to pa9t a picture ( a dragon1 :i* %e decl>es %e _c d )\t hav+ se5 "o4 ,v conv5i5tly a silv] dragon jumps up ! pa9t$ wat]fall aid$ by ! indefatigable prop]ty m51 & ,daiz5 holds out 8 fla%+ sword t %e may cat* ! reflection ( ! dragon4 ,b %e sees mu* m1 = ! blade is t once own$ by h] fa!r1 & %e kn[s t ,daiz5 is h] fa!r's enemy4 ,)\t m ado ,yuki-hime's arms are b\nd ab\t ) rope & %e is ti$ to a *]ry tree4 ,%e /ruggles to free h]self1 b z ?is is all 9 va91 %e calls magic to h] aid4 ,rats ru% to ! rescue & gnaw ! rope1 sett+ ,yuki-hime free f ,daiz5's clut*es4 ,toki*i once m ent]s1 se>*+ = ! ,%ogun's "m1 :o has rema9$ immur$ 9 ! ,gold5 ,pavilion & invisible4 ,he climbs a tree to rea* ! upp] /ory1 &1 roll+ up a curta91 ! ho/age is se5 sitt+ calmly )94 ,x is an unusual & picturesque sc5e wor?y ( ! jidaimono t5ets4 ,aft] ent]+ into ! do+s ( all ^! que] /age-folk1 x is a pleasure to f9d t ,daiz51 l mo/ !atrical villa9s1 is f9ally defeat$ by ,toki*i's sup]ior /rategy4 ,,iv ,9 contra/ to ! reali/ic plays ) _! sn[-/orms & e>?quakes1 fight+ b\ts & h>akiri sc5es1 !re are ! %osagoto1 or music-po/ure dramas4 ,dr4 ,yuzo ,tsub\*i once *>act]is$ ^! pieces z phantasmagoria4 ,to ! /age work]s 9 ! ,occid5t1 grop+ _! way to f9d a new me?od to unite ! indep5d5t arts ( ! !atre1 ?is ,kabuki =m w\ld come z a delightful surprise4 ,! %osagoto consi/s ( a slight plot1 simple dialogue1 descriptive dances1 symbolic movem5t1 descriptions sung by a *orus1--weld$ toge!r by ! rhy?m ( drum1 flute1 & samis54 ,= ! %osagoto ! ?ree diff]5t /yles ( /age music are us$1 ,nagauta1 ,tokiwazu1 & ,kiyomoto1 t orig9at$ 9 ,y$o & are z typical ( ,y$o ,kabuki z ! ,joruri1 or balladry ( ! ,doll-!atre1 is ( ,osaka4 ,bo? z to plot & music1 ! %osagoto owe _! inspiration to ! old] music-drama ( ! ,n1 & ! be/ pieces are adaptations ( ,n plays4 ,a p>tiality = ! weird is pron\nc$ 9 %osagoto4 ,no d\bt ! fanta/ic *>act]s ( ! ,n _h mu* to d ) ! cultivation ( ?is ta/e 9 ! p1 & ! craftsm5 ( ,kabuki h become ma/]-h&s 9 ! /ag+ ( su* plays4 ,illu/ration3 ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 ! sev5?1 z ,b5kei1 ! w>rior-prie/ 9 ,kanj9*o ,he p]=m$ 9 ?is rle :5 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales visit$ ! ,imp]ial ,!atre4 ,kanj9*o1 a scroll on :i* are writt5 ! names ( ^? contribut+ to a fund = ! erection or repair ( a temple1 is an ackn[l$g$ ,kabuki ma/]piece4 ,! play _h its orig91 f> back 9 ! pa/1 9 ! classical ,n drama1 b = #bjj ye>s has be5 produc$ on ! popul> /age4 ,pres]v+ mu* ( ! ,n tradition z well z ,buddhi/ atmosph]e1 x gives an impression ( dignity1 b ev5 m ( unity ( plot & treatm5t1 ( spee* & *orus1 ( po/ure & co/ume1 c5tr+ 9 ! motive ( loyalty ( man to ma/]4 ,! sett+ repres5ts ! ,n conv5tion--a wide-spread+ p9e tree pa9t$ on ! backgr\nd1 bamboo decorat$ walls to "r & left4 ,s+]s & samis5 play]s ( ! ,nagauta or*e/ra are clad 9 ! t]ra-cotta c]emonial kimono ( ! ,i*ikawa actor family1 to :om ! piece belongs by inh]itance4 ,bel[ ! r$ dais ( ! ,nagauta1 ! ,n drum beat]s sit on /ools1 ! flute play] & r\nd-drum p]=m] kneel+ at ! sides4 ,! movem5t1 /raight =w>d to ! climax & dn\em5t1 is built ^u ! ev]-complex & conflict+ rhy?ms ( drum & flute4 ,! col\r & design ( ! co/umes l5d a l>g] beauty to ! h>mony ( _! po/ures1 ge/ures1 & dances4 ,b5kei1 a w>rior prie/1 is ! pr9cipal p]sonage 9 ! play1 & he holds ! c5tre ( ! /age = an h\r4 ,z ! drama op5s1 ! drums beg9 to beat1 & voice & flute are add$4 ,toga%i1 ! keep] ( ! m\nta9 b>ri]1 makes 8 appe>ance f ! left1 :]e ! black1 gre51 & r$ curta9 is held on high to let him ent]1 accord+ to ! ,n tradition4 ,he makes an impressive entrance1 accompani$ by a page be>+ a sword1 & advances to ! front ( ! /age1 :]e he ann\nces t he has he>d !re is tr\ble betwe5 ,yoritomo1 ! "l ( ,kamakura1 & milit>y dictator ( ! c\ntry1 & 8 bro!r ,yo%itsune1 & t ! latt]1 ) 8 att5dants1 has />t$ f ,mutsu 9 ! disguise ( a yamabu%i1 or m\nta9 prie/4 ,he has receiv$ ord]s to prev5t !m f pass+ ! b>ri]4 ,yo%itsune pres5tly appe>s on ! hanami*i1 a wide hat & a /aff 9 8 h&1 ) a ,buddhi/ box ^u 8 back to c>ry ! sacr$ sutras1 or o!r religi\s writ+s4 ,:5 ! yamabu%i ) ,yo%itsune are /&+ 9 a l9e 9 ! mid/ ( ! audi5ce1 ,b5kei comes la/1 a /rik+ figure 9 8 brocad$ skirt & black upp] robe adorn$ ) gold *>act]s relat$ to ! doctr9es ( ! yamabu%i4 ,he c>ries a ros>y ) v]milion tassels4 ,he is ! h]o ( _m adv5tures1 & has sworn fai?fulness to 8 "y "l1 ,yo%itsune4 ,toga%i1 on gu>d1 b>s ! way4 ,b5kei decl>es t !y are on a mission to collect funds to rebuild ! temple ( ! great ,buddha at ,n>a1 b ! ev]-wat*ful ,toga%i ann\nces t if ! yamabu%i are ^u su* a mission1 !y mu/ h a subscription li/1 & he w li/5 :ile ,b5kei reads x4 ,b5kei mu/ pass ?is te/4 ,sl[ly he takes out ( 8 box ! ,kanj9*o1 a scroll conta9+ ! names ( donors to ! temple fund1 & pret5ds to read ! cont5ts4 ,toga%i d\bts him z he unw9ds ! scroll1 & creeps up quietly to h a look4 ,b5kei snat*es x away & ,toga%i />ts back4 ,! dramatic value ( ! situation is greatly int5sifi$ by ! exagg]at$ co/umes ( ! two pr9cipal figures1 ^: po/ures br+ /orms ( applause f ! audi5ce4 ,!n comes "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ mom5ts ( ,kanj9*o1 ! que/ions & answ]s4 ,toga%i says t he does n d\bt t !y are g5u9e yamabu%i1 b /ill he w\ld l to ask ,b5kei "s que/ions1 & he puts ! w>rior-prie/ ?r\gh a cross-exam9ation2 :y he dresses 9 su* a w>like co/ume :5 8 life is devot$ to ,buddha1 :y he we>s a sword1 be+ a prie/ ( ,buddha4 ,b5kei has a quick answ] = all ! que/ions t ,toga%i hurls at him1 & at l5g? ! p>ty are p]mitt$ to proce$ on _! way1 ! keep] ( ! pass admir+ ,b5kei's fai?fulness to 8 ma/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,sawamura ,sojuro1 ! sev5?1 ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre1 z ,toga%i1 ! keep] ( ! b>ri]1 9 ,kanj9*o1 ,kabuki's music-drama ma/]piece4 ,b5kei leaves by ! hanami*i1 ! yamabu%i foll[1 & ,yo%itsune is left beh9d on ! /age4 ,"o ( ,toga%i's m5 :isp]s 9 8 e>4 ,he ?9ks he has discov]$ ,yo%itsune among ! yamabu%i4 ,to ?r[ him (f ! sc5t ,toga%i calls !m back4 ,! little company is proce$+ quickly along ! hanami*i :5 ! abrupt ord] causes !m to halt 9 dramatic attitude4 ,to allay all suspicion1 ,b5kei takes an unp>donable lib]ty & /rikes ,yo%itsune ) 8 /aff4 ,aft] ,toga%i & 8 m5 h retir$1 ,b5kei seeks ,yo%itsune's =giv5ess = 8 ra% act1 & weeps because ( 8 (f5ce1 b ,yo%itsune signifies 8 approval ( ,b5kei's /rategy1 :i* has sav$ _! lives4 ,! delight$ reta9] jumps back1 b[s 8 head to ! /age1 & !n expresses 9 a dance ! emotions he has gone ?r\gh4 ,yo%itsune & ! yamabu%i pass out by way ( ! audi5ce pa? to ! beat+ ( drums & light ripples ( ! samis54 ,left all alone1 ! fai?ful ,b5kei takes up once m ! yamabu%i box1 slips x on 8 back1 & />ts by way ( ! hanami*i4 ,! curta9 is drawn1 ! att5dant hold+ back "o end z ,b5kei pauses be=e mak+ 8 wond]ful exit4 ,he takes ?ree jumps on "o foot & !n leaps =w>d1 :irl+ 8 /aff 9 air1 & repeat+ ?is1 cle>s ! hanami*i 9 ?ree great b\nds1 giv+ expression to 8 triumphant mood & ! /r5g? ( 8 loyalty to 8 ma/]1 amid ! ?und] ( big drums1 ! %rill+ ( ! flute1 & ! /eady metallic clapp+ ( ! hyo%igi1 t ann\nce ! end ( ! piece4 ,v ,= ! same reason t ! music ( %ibai1 dep5d+ z x does on unfamili> gr\p+s ( s\nd & intricate & ev]-*ang+ rhy?ms1 does n appeal imm$iately to ,occid5tal e>s1 s ! aragoto plays ( ,kabuki are equally incompreh5sible4 ,!y are l>gely ! improvisations ( actors1 h little plot1 & sometimes are q mean+less4 ,unlit]>y !y are to a degree4 ,b _! :ole value lies 9 ! rem>kable /age treatm5t !y display1 h[ x is done app>5tly be+ ( mu* great] importance ?an :at x is ab\t4 ,^! /range plays d n appeal to ! intellect1 nor are !y plann$ to /ir ! emotions4 ,!y are n int5d$ to be any?+ 9 p>ticul>1 simply ! unconsci\s !atre in/9ct at "w creat+ a fea/ ( col\r & movem5t to spread be=e ! eyes4 ,! eighte5 pieces ( ! ,danjuro family are = ! mo/ "p aragoto1 9 :i* act+ & po/ure are ! *ief features4 ,suk]oku is among ! be/ ( ^! qua9t ,i*ikawa pieces4 ,! sc5e is ! outside ( a h\se 9 ! gay qu>t]s1 ! entire front v]milion-col\r$ & b>r$1 ! usual %[ place = ! inmates accord+ to ! old cu/om4 ,sev]al gorge\s processions pass ov] ! hanami*i to ! /age1 & !n comes ! villa91 a v5]able :ite-hair$ old g5tleman1 9 bronze brocade1 ! v p]son ! h]o1 ,suk]oku1 seeks4 ,suk]oku makes an unusual entrance1 runn+ 9 ?r\gh ! audi5ce1 8 head b[$ l[ & cov]$ f sight by a half-%ut oil$-pap] umbrella4 ,he makes a /rik+ !atrical figure1 = he we>s a black kimono l9$ ) pale blue & edg$ ) sc>let1 :ile 8 belt1 or obi1 is ( gre5 brocade be>+ = design 9 gold ! famili> ?ree-rice-measure cre/ ( ! fir/ ,danjuro4 ,a r$ neckclo? sets (f ! :ite mask-l face ) ! broad r$ outl9es ab\t ! eyes1 true to ! make-up traditions ( ! ,i*ikawa h\se4 ,a purple b& is ti$ ar\nd 8 head & falls 9 folds at "o side4 ,9 8 po/ures on ! hanami*i ) 8 black & :ite umbrella1 ,suk]oku e second assumes a new pose1 t causes him to appe> l a piece ( /atu>y 9 a bewild]+ numb] ( aspects1 z he %ad[s =? ! mean+ ( ! "* he repres5ts1--! brav]y & fight+ _s ( an otokodate1 or man ( ! p1 always ready to def5d ! weak4 ,he also sugge/s t ,suk]oku is 9 reality ,goro1 "o ( ! ,soga bro!rs1 & t he is disguis$ z ,suk]oku1 & is se>*+ = a lo/ sword4 ,illu/ration3 ,morita ,kanya1 ! ?irte5?1 son ( ! aggressive !atre manag] ( ,meiji1 z ,yo%itsune1 ! "y h]o ( ! music-drama ,kanj9*o4 ,?us ! actors :o creat$ ! "* 9 ! "t ( ! fif? ,danjuro knew :at !y 7 ab\t1 = ! ,soga bro!rs1 otokodate1 *ivalr\s common]s & se>*]s aft] swords1 7 prime fav\rites ) ,y$o audi5ces1 & !y 7 comb9$ = great] effect 9 ! "* ( ,suk]oku4 ,seek+ = a qu>rel 9 ! pleasure qu>t]s1 brave ,suk]oku is no respect] ( p]sons1 = 8 only aim is to make m5 draw _! swords t he may f9d ! "o ( 8 que/4 ,8 taunt+ ( ! /ately old villa9 9 ! attempt to ar\se 8 ire1 & ! intimidation ( a samurai :om he causes to ?r[ d[n 8 swords & !n crawl on all f\rs betwe5 8 out/ret*$ legs1 are full ( hum\r4 ,z a la/ attempt to make ! v5]able miscreant %[ 8 sword ,suk]oku1 *ampion$ by ,agimaki1 ! gorge\s belle ( ! qu>t]1 sudd5ly jumps =? f 8 hid+-place beh9d ,agimaki's ample robes1 & assaults ! brocade-clad dignit>y1 :o involunt>ily draws 8 blade4 ,at sight ( x ,suk]oku imm$iately recognises t x is ! preci\s weapon ( 8 se>*4 ,lat] he kills ! villa9 & takes ! sword1 :5 a new dang] ?reat5s him z ! m5 ( ! enemy are ab\t to surr\nd him4 ,he looks ab\t to f9d a place ( concealm5t1 & z a la/ resort jumps into a big wat] tank us$ on ! occasion ( a fire4 ,?r[+ aside a pyramid ( small tubs1 t are us$ z ornam5ts across ! top ( ! same1 he knocks ! bottom out ( "o & plac+ x ov] 8 head all[s x to float on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! se>*+ p>ty look ev]y:]e to f9d him4 ,!y ev5 climb to ! ro( ( ! h\se1 b ,suk]oku & 8 /ol5 sword are safe "u ! wat]4 ,:5 he em]ges real wat] spla%es all ov] ! /age & comes z a surprise 9 a play s entirely artificial & unreal4 ,p]haps on t v acc\nt x has ! int5d$ effect1 = ! audi5ce is q />tl$ by ! audacity & brav]y ( ?is highly imag9>y h]o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,kagekiyo1 a leg5d>y "*1 ! h]o ( sev]al ,n dramas1 is ! c5tral figure 9 an aragoto piece 9 ! possession ( ! ,i*ikawa family4 ,x repres5ts ! actors' impress ^u !atre mat]ial1 nebul\s1 )\t ! conc5tration t comes f a lit]>y m9d4 ,yet to lov]s ( ! unreal x is full ( attraction4 ,c]ta9ly v little ( ! _w ( reality cl+s ab\t ! mat]ial or movem5t ( ?is "o-act species ( drama :i* has = motive ! val\r & /r5g? ( ,kagekiyo1 a g5]al ( ! ,heike clan1 ^: cause has be5 defeat$ & :o is conf9$ 9 a cav]n4 ,8 appe>ance is dramatic 9 ! extreme1 :5 ! gu>ds all[ him to gaze =? f a squ>e op5+ 9 ! b>s ( 8 prison-cave4 ,8 face is heavily l9$ ) broad r$ l9es1 8 fi]ce & ?reat5+ top-knot ( hair t /&s /raight on end is acc5tuat$ by peculi> side w+s ( lacqu]$ wood sugge/+ /r&s ( hair t =m a frame = ! f]oci\s c\nt5ance4 ,8 co/ume ( glitt]+ gold brocade1 ) vivid t\*es ( gre5 & r$1 is 9 keep+ ) ! /range visage ( ! dauntless w>rior4 ,t he may ta/e all ! bitt]ness ( defeat1 8 wife & daught] are l$ 9 b\nd ) rope1 & he is br\ght =? to speak ) !m1 8 arms ti$ beh9d him 9 ! mo/ approv$ mann] ( ! mod]n s]ial mov+ picture4 ,:5 ev]y?+ seems aga9/ ! outl&i% h]o1 he is fre$ f 8 fett]s & all[$ to sit on a huge b\ld] 9 ! c5tre ( ! /age1 :]e he po/ures z he relates ! mis=tunes ( 8 clan & decl>es 8 loyalty--an active figure ^: e ge/ure is all ! m conspicu\s because ( ! gr\p+s ( ! immovable p]sonages on ei!r side4 ,kagekiyo %[s "s traces ( human emotion1 & is ov]come at ! treatm5t met$ out to 8 wife & daught]1 yet /ill keeps a /\t he>t1 ev5 :5 8 son is plac$ )9 ! gloomy cav]n4 ,he scorns ! ,g5ji g5]als :o gaze on 8 captivity1 by refus+ _! (f]+s ( food1 kick+ x unc]emoni\sly away1 & bell[s 9 ! extravagant /yle t is s typical ( aragoto4 ,at l5g? 8 outrag$ feel+ gett+ ! be/ ( him he lifts up ! great /one on :i* he has be5 sitt+ & uses x z a missile to ?r[ at ! ,g5ji foll[]s1 :o1 driv5 hi!r & ?i!r1 are f9ally r\t$4 ,kagekiyo1 fight+ to a f9i%1 rea*es a climax ( grotesqu5ess z he poses 9 triumphant attitude br&i%+ a l>ge beam ( wood :i* has be5 8 weapon ( def5ce4 ,,vi ,odori is closely alli$ to ! ,kabuki arts1 & =ms an ess5tial "p ( a great v>iety ( pieces4 ,s9ce )\t x no !atre programme w\ld be consid]$ complete1 odori becomes "o ( ! mo/ important ,kabuki =ms4 ,tamura ,n>iyo%i1 a !atre manag] ) a long exp]i5ce ( ,kabuki beh9d him1 a g5ius ( ! ,meiji p]iod1 :o di$ a few ye>s ago1 once said t ! m]e movem5t ( ! limbs 0 n danc+4 ,%\ld a danc] wi% to sugge/ t he 0 look+ at ,m\nt ,fuji1 gaz+ at ! sea1 or wat*+ a %ad[1 ! ?ree ideas mu/ be express$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,danc+1 l act+1 he said1 %\ld h a mean+1 & ! p]=m] mu/ keep /eadfa/ly to ! c5tral idea1 o!rwise int]e/ w\ld be lo/4 ,?is is ! clue to ! und]/&+ ( odori4 ,! lea/ ge/ure made by ! danc] has significance1 & no?+ is left to *ance4 ,! tra9+ 9 danc+ ! yaku%a und]goes gives him control ov] all p>ts ( 8 body4 ,he uses 8 head & %\ld]s equally ) ! eyes & face2 ! arms1 h&s1 & f+]s are all expressive1 :ile ! wai/ & feet play no small "p 9 ! pres5tation ( ! idea ( ! dance4 ,pantomime is fir/ c\s9 to odori1 & rhy?m & song next ( k94 ,( ! _m mat]ial objects ! ,kabuki danc]s h *os5 z m$ia ( expression1 ! *ief is ! fan4 ,= a ?\s& ye>s ?is has be5 a symbol ( ! dance1 & its te*nique has come ab\t ?r\gh ! desire ( c5turies ( danc]s to convey emotion ?r\gh ! movem5ts ( ! dance4 ,:at magic ?is fragile object is able to create is cle>ly visible :5 "s danc] ( long tra9+ :o has acquir$ a ma/]y ( movem5t1 op5s & %uts 8 fan1 caus+ fl[]s to bloom1 & ra9 to fall2 or wav+ x out/ret*$1 butt]flies flutt] & a boat tosses on ! waves4 ,he closes x & traces ! outl9e ( a m\nta9 & po9ts to ! />s2 or op5s x sweep+ly 9 imitation ( ! frolic ( ! w9d4 ,:at a _w ( romance ! fan discloses1 sugge/+ %yness1 affection1 disapproval1 cons5t6 ,h[ ! widespread silv] fan beckons to "s en*ant$ moonlit g>d52 uprais$1 reveals a triumphant mood2 or ! danc]1 ) a /amp ( feet & swift motion ( ! body & fan ?r[n ab\t f h& to h&1 describes "s m]ry fe/ival "u ! fall+ petals ( ! *]ry trees4 ,9 connection ) odori !re is an important ,kabuki exp]t1 ! furitsuke-%i 7lit41 movem5t-to-make ma/]71 :o is l>gely responsible = ! *>m ( ! descriptive dance1 b :o has receiv$ scant recognition = 8 "w4 ,! furitsuke-%i has tra9$ ! actors1 assi/$ 9 ! production ( ! music-po/ure dramas & innum]able %ort dances1 & :5 giv5 an opportunity to create has left beh9d him pieces t are /ill ! /ock-9-trade ( ! actors4 ,s9ce ! e>ly ,kabuki p]=mances l>gely consi/$ ( dances1 ! play]s 7 accu/om$ to manage accord+ to _! own ideas & ta/es4 ,) ! rapid developm5t ( ,kabuki a dance speciali/ 0 necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,onoe ,baiko1 z ! ,wi/>ia ,maid51 9 a descriptive dance4 ,pantomime z an elem5t ( danc+ _h long be5 old on ! ,n /age1 b x came afre% to ,kabuki f ! ,doll-!atre1 :]e ! movem5ts ( ! m>ionettes 7 s rem>kable 9 ! sph]e ( ! dance t ! actors 7 oblig$ to imitate !m4 ,gradually !re came into exi/5ce exp]ts :o devot$ _! "t & tal5ts to ! tea*+ ( ?is art to ! actors4 ,! furitsuke-%i 0 an obscure pr(ession1 b nev]!less v important = ! /age4 ,! saku%a furni%$ ! libretto = ! odori1 or %osagoto1 :ile ! furitsuke-%i plann$ ! movem5ts1 /udi$ ! relation ( ! danc]s to ea* o!r1 calculat$ ! picturesque gr\ps1 & produc$ ! ensemble s *>act]i/ic ( ^! ,kabuki =ms4 ,! furitsuke-%i 7 ! repository ( ! complicat$ danc+ te*nique ( _! day1 yet !y 7 q subord9ate to ! actors1 & :5 !y wi%$ to c>ry out an idea !y 7 oblig$ to consult _! sup]iors1 & 9 consequ5ce work$ "u great difficulties4 ,ap>tm5ts 7 assign$ to ! /age dignit>ies z became _! rank 9 ! %ibai _w1 b su* 0 ! position ( ! humble danc+-ma/] t he g5]ally frat]nis$ ) ! m5 :o furni%$ ! incid5tal music = ! plays1 & :o 7 consid]$ f> b5ea? ! regul> musicians p]=m+ out 9 front1 ! ,nagauta1 ,tokiwazu1 & ,gidayu p]=m]s4 ,! furitsuke-%i 7 reg>d$ z m]ely hang]s-on beh9d ! /age4 ,x (t5 happ5$1 h[ev]1 t ^! m5 became actors4 ,! f\r? ,nakamura ,utayemon 0 ! son ( a furitsuke-%i4 ,a mod]n in/ance ( ?is is ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 ! sev5?1 ! mo/ v]satile actor ( ! ,tokyo /age1 :o 0 adopt$ :5 a *ild to become ! head ( ! ,fujima s*ool ( danc+1 b lat] 0 tak5 "u ! patronage ( ! n9? ,danjuro ,i*ikawa1 & is ! ma/]'s mo/ brilliant foll[]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 actors :o 7 good 9 danc+ b failures on ! /age1 (t5 foll[$ ?is pr(ession4 ,b&o ,mitsugoro1 "o ( ! be/ danc]s ( ! ,tokyo /age to-day1 has practically giv5 up act+1 appe>+ only 9 danc+ pieces4 ,he gives 8 "t l>gely to ! in/ruction ( "y actors4 ,at pres5t ! ,fujima h\se ( danc+ is ! mo/ fl\ri%+ 9 ,tokyo4 ,! f\nd] ( ?is family 0 a ,n ,kyog5 actor call$ ,kambei1 :o hail$ f a village nam$ ,fujima4 ,he migrat$ to ,y$o & taught danc+1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 son4 ,! ?ird ,kambei1 h[ev]1 0 "o ( ! mo/ orig9al expon5ts ( ?is s*ool1 & h[ he came to inh]it ! head%ip ( ! family =ms an int]e/+ /ory4 ,he 0 employ$ z a boy ( all "w 9 ! fi% m>ket1 t /ronghold ( indep5d5t ,y$o citiz5s1 & 0 s5t by 8 employ] to escort 8 little daught] to & f h] danc+ lessons4 ,hav+ to wait 9 ! entrance ( ! h\se1 ! boy soon came to take a vivid int]e/ 9 ! proce$+s1 & by d9t ( peep+ )9 he le>n$ ! dances mu* quick] ?an ! legitimate pupils4 ,! second ,kambei recognis$ ! lad's ability1 & n only took him "u 8 w+1 b ev5tually m>ri$ him to 8 daught]1 & made ov] to him ! ,fujima s*ool4 ,kambei1 ! ?ird1 di$ "u /range circum/ances4 ,x 0 f\nd out t he _h c>ri$ on a love affair ) ! mi/ress ( a daimyo :o 0 "o ( 8 patronesses4 ,! "l is suppos$ to h _h him secretly dispat*$1 & !n s5t 8 body home ) ! explanation t he _h sudd5ly expir$4 ,x 0 ?\ght by 8 wife & pupils t he _h be5 poison$1 b ! my/]y 0 nev] solv$4 ,8 wife c>ri$ on ! tea*+ b1 be+ a woman1 %e _h no relation ) ! !atre4 ,among ! ?ird ,kambei's pupils 0 ,ni%ikawa ,s5zo1 :o became a /> ( ! ,ni%ikawa s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,onoe ,kikugoro1 ! six?1 z ! trans=mation ( a maid into a :ite fox1 9 a descriptive dance1 ,kagami ,%i%i1 or ! ,mirror-,lion4 ,aft] ! ?ird ,kambei's "t ! ,fujima h\se _h two bran*es f\nd$ by 8 pupils2 "o 0 call$ ,fujima ,kangoro1 & ! o!r ,fujima ,kanyemon4 ,z ! ,kangoro l9e has always _h a woman at its head1 x has n be5 employ$ by ! !atre4 ,t c>ri$ on by ,kanyemon is n[ ! fir/ s*ool ( ,tokyo1 ) ,hanayanagi second4 ,ni%ikawa ma9ta9s its pre/ige 9 ,nagoya2 ,kyoto possesses ! ,katayama s*ool1 :ile ! lead+ s*ools ( ,osaka are ! ,umemoto & ,yamamura4 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,nakamura ,d5kuro 7,metal cross74 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ( ,sawamura ,sojuro 7,alphabetical "* repeat$74 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,motives ,,( ,,kabuki ,,plays ,i ,"o ov]:elm+ motive is to be f\nd 9 ! plays ( ! ,doll-!atre & ,kabuki--loyalty & self-sacrifice4 ,^! 7 ! popul> !mes t /irr$ ! p to ! dep?s4 ,x is ! conflict ( giri 7s5se ( ju/ice1 duty1 obligation7 & n9jo 7humanity1 s5tim5t1 feel+7 :i* =ms ! backbone ( all ! drama produc$ be=e ! ,re/oration ( ! ,emp]or 9 #ahfh4 ,"l ,macaulay has said some:]e t we may safely conclude t ! feel+s & op9ions :i* p]vade ! :ole dramatic lit]ature ( a g5]ation are feel+s & op9ions ( :i* ! m5 ( t g5]ation p>took4 ,?is is true 9 a p>ticul> s5se ( ! loyalty trag$ies enact$ by ! m>ionettes & play$ by ! ,kabuki yaku%a1 = n only did ^! repres5tations inculcate 9 ! masses a passion = s]vice & self-abnegation1 b 9 !m are fai?fully mirror$ ! life ( ,japan's feudal age4 ,if1 z ,mr4 ,/4 ,john ,erv9e has said1 8! supreme te/ ( a nation's heal? is its capacity to produce & to appreciate trag$y01 !n ^! old trag$ies1 full ( ! devotion ( man = ma/]1 ! filial duty ( *ildr51 ! fai?fulness ( wives1 & read9ess to lay d[n life = a cause1 are revelations ( ! peculi> virtues & /r5g? ( s\l t h *>act]is$ ! humbl] p ( ,japan = ! pa/ two hundr$ ye>s4 ,( ! _m loyalty pieces t come to m9d1 few are m typical ?an ! long1 complicat$ play conc]n+ ! exil$ ,mi*izane1 ! patron sa9t ( ,japanese lit]ature1 ,sugaw>a ,d5ju ,t5>ai ,kagami 7lit41 ,sugaw>a-,family-in/ruction-h&-writ+-mir ror74 ,to ,tak$a ,izumo1 ! ,doll-!atre playwright1 ,kabuki owes a debt ( gratitude = ?is loyalty ma/]piece t is ! te/ ( ! mod]n actor's ability4 ,x has ev5 f\nd its way 9 mutilat$ =m to ! ,london /age z ,! ,p9e ,tree1 & has be5 p]=m$ on ! ,new ,york /age z ,bu%ido4 ,t]akoya1 or ,! ,village ,s*ool1 is b "o ( _m f9e sc5es 9 ?is long drama deal+ ) ,sugaw>a ,mi*izane1 an hi/orical "* :o liv$ a ?\s& ye>s ago1 suff]$ exile because ( a c\rt intrigue1 & is v5]at$ to-day z ! patron sa9t ( lit]ature4 ,! loyalty ( ,mi*izane's s]vants1 ! triplets1 call$ aft] ! plum1 *]ry1 & p9e trees1 or ,umeom>u1 ,sakuram>u1 & ,matsuom>u1 =ms ! complicat$ /r&s ( ! drama4 ,g5zo1 :o has be5 9 ! s]vice ( ! high dignit>y & le>n$ writ+ & lett]s "u him1 attempts to hide ! heir to ! ,sugaw>a family1 :om ! unrel5t+ enemy wi%es to de/roy4 ,hop+ to evade ! se>*+ eyes ( ! villa91 ,g5zo />ts a s*ool 9 a di/ant village4 ,!re is ! famili> op5+1 ! village *ildr5 busy at _! desks writ+ 9 _! v mu*-us$ copy-books1 ! little son ( ,mi*izane1 al?\gh 9 disguise1 di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs by 8 ari/ocratic be>+4 ,! fat dunce is puni%$ by ,g5zo's wife1 & /&s on 8 desk ) a light$ inc5se /ick 9 8 h&1 admoni%$ n to /ir until x is burn$ d[n4 ,matsuom>u's wife comes to place h] son ,kot>u 9 ! s*ool1 b 9 reality to give him z a will+ sacrifice t he may become a sub/itute = ! pr9cely heir :om ! enemy seeks to kill4 ,g5zo's entrance by way ( ! hanami*i focusses all att5tion ^u him4 ,he walks sl[ly & sadly1 ) fold$ arms4 ,= he is fac$ ) a situation :i* w te/ 8 loyalty to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,he mu/ save 8 ma/]'s son4 ,ent]+ ! s*ool ! *ildr5 b[ respectfully4 ,he calls two ( ! boys by "n & !y answ]1 rais+ _! heads4 ,b !y are c\ntry-br$1 & _c be sub/itut$ = ! pr9ce4 ,! deject$ s*oolma/] s9ks d[n deep 9 m$itation1 :5 8 wife introduces ! new pupil1 ! son ( ! fai?ful ,matsuom>u4 ,he does n look at ! *ild at fir/1 b :5 he does he gives a />t1 = ! h&some boy is a v]itable solution ( 8 difficulties4 ,he gazes /eadfa/ly into 8 face1 %[+ 8 det]m9ation4 ,if ! wor/ %\ld happ51 he w be oblig$ to kill ! newcom] z ! only means ( sav+ ! little pr9ce4 ,a gorge\s r$-fac$ (ficial arrives to receive ! head ( ! pr9ce1 & ,matsuom>u accompanies him = purposes ( id5tification1 :ile ! fa!rs ( ! pupils pro/rate !mselves humbly on ! hanami*i1 wait+ to take _! preci\s *ildr5 home1 afraid ( ! p]il t awaits "o ( ! pupils 9 ,g5zo's s*ool4 ,! exam9ation by ! pomp\s (ficial ( ! s*ool *ildr5 mu/ always rema9 a classic ( ! ,japanese /age1 z "o by "o !y are call$1 ! (ficial plac+ 8 fan "u _! *9s to look into _! upturn$ faces1 ,matsuom>u %ak+ 8 head z ! c\ntry bumpk9s pass be=e him1--a comic relief f ! t5s5ess creat$ by ! com+ trag$y4 ,n f9d+ ! pr9ce1 ! (ficial & 8 num]\s att5dants1 or c\ntry policem51 file into ! s*ool & take possession4 ,matsuom>u says t n ev5 an ant c escape1 z a w>n+ to ,g5zo1 & ! impati5t (ficial dem&s t ! head may be cut (f )\t delay4 ,illu/ration3 ,nakamura ,ganjiro ( ,osaka z ,g5zo1 ! village s*oolma/] 9 ,t]akoya1 or ! ,village ,s*ool1 by ,tak$a ,izumo4 ,g5zo hesitates2 ! head-box ! (ficial has br\ght is "u 8 arm4 ,!n he goes to an inn] room1 & ! s\nd ( ! bl[ ( a sword is he>d4 ,g5zo returns & ! box ) its gory trophy is plac$ be=e ,matsuom>u = f9al judgem5t4 ,! actor tak+ ! rle ( ,matsuom>u sugge/s )\t words ,matsuom>u's anxiety4 ,! face ( ,mi*izane's heir may confront him1 or he may be oblig$ to look ^u ! face ( 8 own *ild1 & ?is =ms "o ( ! mo/ dramatic situations 9 ! sc5e4 8,good60 he says at la/4 8,!re is no mi/ake6 ,x is ! real head60--& he cov]s x up quickly1 s9ce he _c be> ! sight ( ,kot>u's face4 ,g5zo1 :o has be5 wat*+ closely1 ready to /rike ,matsuom>u d[n ) 8 sword %\ld he disclaim ! head1 ex*anges an amaz$ b reliev$ glance ) 8 wife4 ,! t5sion is ov]4 ,!n comes ! explanation1 ,matsuom>u ask+ h[ ,kot>u behav$ kn[+ t he _h to die = ! pr9ce2 ! regrets ( ,g5zo & 8 wife2 ! meet+ ( ! little pr9ce ) 8 "m4 ,( all ! c\ntless loyalty sc5es ( ! ,japanese /age1 ,t]akoya = con/ruction1 pa?os1 & swiftness ( movem5t _c be surpass$4 ,illu/ration3 ,i*ikawa ,*u%a z ,matsuom>u 9 ,t]akoya 7,! ,village ,s*ool71 :o sacrifices ! life ( 8 son t ! ,mi*izane heir may survive4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r sc5e t /&s out vividly among ! loyalty plays is also by ,tak$a ,izumo1 & x w\ld be difficult to judge :i* displays ! bett] workman%ip1 ,t]akoya1 ,! ,village ,s*ool1 or ! ,su%i-ya sc5e f ,yo%itsune ,sembonzakura4 ,yo%itsune is ! "n ( t leg5d>y h]o ( ,japan ^: adv5tures =m ! plots = _m a ,kabuki play1 & ,sembonzakura signifies t5 ?\s& *]ry trees1 sugge/+ some?+ ( ! lu/re & fame ( ,yo%itsune's "n4 ,su%i-ya is a humble %op :]e rice s&wi*es /uff$ ) vegetables or fi% are sold4 ,x 0 9 ?is su%i-ya t a ,heike pr9ce liv$ 9 disguise4 ,! int]ior ( ! su%i-ya is %[n1 wood5 buckets arrang$ 9 neat r[s4 ,! "y man ( ! %op1 :o is 9 reality ! ,heike pr9ce1 ent]s ) a small tub slung ov] 8 %\ld]1 z he has be5 ab\t ! bus9ess ( ! %op4 ,o-,sato1 daught] ( ! proprietor1 loves ! effem9ate y\?1 & is se5 mak+ ov]tures to him1 :i* he does n p>ticul>ly reli%4 ,gonta1 ! prodigal son ( ! family1 returns home4 ,?is "* has ! bu%y hair :i* ,kabuki has conv5tionalis$ to id5tify robb]s & bold1 bad m54 ,8 l>ge black-&-:ite-*eck$ kimono is 9 /rik+ contra/ to 8 b>e sk9 & ! inky blackness ( 8 wig4 ,he has come aft] money1 & kn[s well h[ to play ^u ! feel+s ( 8 "m4 ,%e is incl9$ to scold him at fir/1 b he relates a tale ( woe ) su* tell+ =ce t %e is in/antly won ov] to 8 side4 ,:5 ,gonta turns 8 face t[>ds 8 fond p>5t 8 c\nt5ance expresses all degrees ( contrition & mis]y1 b :5 he takes ! audi5ce into 8 confid5ce he swiftly *anges to ! prodigal aga91 crafty & wat*ful1 le/ 8 good act+ 9 ! rle ( a mu*-abus$ p]son may fail to secure him ! advantage he desires4 ,! "m goes to op5 a *e/ ( draw]s to give him "s money1 b %e _c unlock x4 ,gonta1 :o really belongs to ! light-f+]$ g5try1 easily picks ! lock & helps himself g5]\sly4 ,"s "o is he>d approa*+1 & to hide 8 newly acquir$ ri*es he places ! money 9 "o ( ! su%i tubs /&+ on ! v]&ah1 & disappe>s beh9d ! blue & :ite curta9 t sep>ates ! %op f ! dwell+4 ,by way ( ! hanami*i1 ! old keep] ( ! su%i-ya returns home 9 a /ate ( agitation1 ) "s object conceal$ "u 8 arm wrapp$ 9 a kimono1 & :5 ! pr9ce1 9 ! capacity ( a s]vant ( ! place1 comes to welcome him1 ! ma/] s5ds him on an err&1 & :5 alone unwraps a human head & slips x = concealm5t into a tub /&+ next to t 9 :i* ,gonta has deposit$ 8 ill-gott5 ga9s4 ,disclos+ 8 secret to ! pr9ce1 ! old man tells him h[ 8 enemies are se>*+ = him1 b t he accid5tally came ^u ! body ( a samurai :o _h be5 kill$ 9 a fray & ) ^: head he int5ds to mislead ! enemy4 ,%ortly aft]1 ,gonta comes =?1 seizes ! tub ) ! head & makes a hurri$ exit by ! hanami*i4 ,!n ! wife & *ild ( ! pr9ce appe>4 ,o-,sato1 :o has be5 sleep+ beh9d a l[ scre51 awak5s at ! s\nd ( _! voices & realises ! high degree ( h] suppos$ lov]4 ,h] love-dream ov]1 %e is weep+ly respectful to ! f9e lady4 ,= safety's sake1 ! ,heike pr9ce & 8 family leave ! h\se1 & h b>ely escap$ be=e a respl5d5t w>rior walks ) /ately tread ?r\gh ! audi5ce1 accompani$ by a ret9ue ( att5dants4 ,he is dress$ 9 black & :ite1 ) a wond]ful head-dress1 ! decorations ( :i* are l ! gold5 ant5nae ( an insect1 glitt]+ 9 ! mell[ gl[ ( ! lights c>ri$ by ! tor*-be>]s4 ,9 t]ror ! su%i-ya runs to meet ! tra9 & pe]s up into _! faces1 b !y pay little att5tion4 ,! old man1 at ! comm& ( ! gr&ee1 places ! su%i tub :i* he ?9ks conta9s ! head 9 front ( ! exam9]1 :o ord]s t ! gha/ly object be br\ght =?4 ,! "m has se5 h] err+ son1 ,gonta1 place ! money 9 t v tub1 & %e objects to ! exam9ation ( ! cont5ts s9ce %e kn[s :at a disappo9tm5t awaits h] husb&4 ,:ile !y /ruggle ov] ! tub1 ,gonta /rides bravely along ! hanami*i1 full ( importance1 ! su%i tub conta9+ ! head "u 8 arm4 ,?is he (f]s = ! exam9]'s inspection1 & s saves ! day6 ,b ! p>5ts ?9k t he has prov$ disloyal & tak5 ! head ( ! pr9ce = ! sake ( ! rew>d1 & _! belief is /r5g!n$ :5 !y see t he has ) him ! suppos$ wife & *ild ( ! pr9ce1 gagg$ & b\nd1 :om he treats 9 ! mo/ insult+ mann]4 ,! pomp\s (ficial !n dem&s ! head4 ,! tor*-be>]s draw ne> t he may view x ! bett]4 ,he unfolds 8 gold fan & cont9ues to gaze = a long "t1 convey+ to ! audi5ce )\t words t he is satisfi$ x is ! head ( ,pr9ce ,koremori1 & prep>es to dep>t4 ,gonta wat*es 8 e movem5t1 fe>ful t some?+ may happ5 at ! la/ mom5t to upset 8 c>efully made plans4 ,be=e ! (ficial dep>ts he pres5ts ,gonta ) a gift 9 ! %ape ( a kimono4 ,no soon] has ! exam9] left1 ?an ! su%i-ya1 ov]come at ! idea ( 8 son's lack ( loyalty 9 giv+ up ! pr9ce & 8 family to ! enemy1 falls on ,gonta ) 8 sword & pi]ces him to ! he>t4 ,) 8 rema9+ /r5g?1 poor1 misjudg$ ,gonta places a :i/le to 8 m\?1 & ! true pr9ce1 ) 8 wife & *ild1 come at ! call f _! hid+-place4 ,x is ,gonta's own wife & *ild :o h be5 sacrific$4 ,! p>5ts realise too late :at has happ5$1 & are ov]:elm$ ) grief1 & ! pr9ce exam9+ ! g>m5t giv5 to ,gonta discov]s t "p ( a prie/'s robe has be5 hidd5 )9 its folds4 ,he takes ! sugge/ion & puts x on1 realis+ t ! (ficial 0 well aw>e t ! head plac$ 9 front ( him 0 n t ( ,koremori1 & _h s5t ?is h9t to ! ,heike pr9ce to retire to a mona/]y4 ,! dy+ ,gonta surr\nd$ by ! n[ prie/-pr9ce & 8 wife & *ild1 8 own p>5ts & si/]1 brea!s 8 la/ z ! curta9 is drawn amid ! noise ( ! l\d clapp+ ( two pieces ( wood1 :i* 9 ,kabuki always signifies ! end ( ! play4 ,illu/ration3 ,jitsukawa ,enjaku ( ,osaka z ,gonta 9 ! sacrifice play1 ,sembonzakura1 by ,tak$a ,izumo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r sc5e f a loyalty play1 ,s5daihagi 7,s5dai ref]r+ to =m] g5]ations1 & hagi1 a fl[]+ %rub71 writt5 by ,matsu ,kan%i = ! ,doll-!atre 9 #aghd1 has )/ood ! %ocks ( "t s well t x may be se5 _m times a ye> on ! mod]n /ages ( ! ?ree cities1 ,tokyo1 ,osaka1 & ,kyoto4 ,x conc]ns a "y daimyo1 "o ( ! weal?ie/ among ! feudal lords1 :o l$ a dissolute life4 ,! "l's excesses 7 enc\rag$ by a relative1 :o intrigu$ to h him remov$ f ! head%ip ( ! family t he might manage ! doma9 to 8 own b5efit4 ,!re 0 a small heir1 ,tsurukiyo1 9 ! way ( ! f9al completion ( ?is d>k design1 & ,masaoka1 8 fai?ful nurse1 0 ev] wat*ful 9 h] protection ( him4 ,! f9e/ sc5e 9 ,s5daihagi is t 9 :i* ,masaoka prep>es ! food = ,tsurukiyo1 = %e kn[s t 8 enemies w attempt to poison him4 ,! spl5did room ( a great daimyo's ance/ral mansion is a /rong contra/ to ! meagre f>e ! fai?ful nurse prep>es4 ,at all co/s %e mu/ cook ! meal h]self1 = enemies lurk 9 all p>ts ( ! h\se1 & h be5 giv5 ord]s to kill ! boy :o /&s 9 ! way ( ! covet$ inh]itance4 ,masaoka unfolds a l[ gold scre51 disclos+ ! ut5sils us$ 9 ! tea c]emony1 & sl[ly beg9s to make ! meal = ! little pr9ce & h] son ,semmatsu1 :o is 8 playmate4 ,! *ildr5 ask :5 ! rice w be cook$1 z !y are v hungry1 & try+ to =get ! pangs ( hung] !y engage 9 play4 ,masaoka1 busy at h] "w1 is ov]come ) emotion1 z %e alone realises ! desp]ate situation1 & ! p]il :i* ?reat5s ,tsurukiyo4 ,) ?is fe> at h] he>t1 %e does n g ab\t h] task happily or briskly1 b pauses n[ & !n to weep4 ,:5 ,tsurukiyo comes to take a look at ! boil+ pot1 inquir+ h[ long x w be be=e ! meal is ready1 he surprises 8 nurse 9 a te>ful mood4 ,b %e rega9s h] composure1 & ann\nces t ! rice w soon be boil$4 ,a flock ( sp>r[s fly ne> ! v]&ah1 & ,tsurukiyo ?r[s !m "s uncook$ gra9s ( rice4 ,aft] ! sp>r[s h disappe>$1 ! *ildr5 realise _! hung] aga9 & make a fre% appeal4 ,semmatsu1 :o is pati5ce itself1 und]/&s t he mu/ amuse ! pr9ce & beg9s to s+ a song & clap 8 h&s1 9 :i* pa/ime ,tsurukiyo jo9s4 ,?is does n div]t = long1 & ,tsurukiyo becomes angry at repeat$ delays & murmurs discont5t$ly1 8 small companion %$d+ te>s because he is unable to console him4 ,f9ally ,tsurukiyo says t ev5 ! sp>r[s are f$1 b t !y h no?+ to eat4 ,aft] ! *ildr5 h p>tak5 ( ,masaoka's frugal repa/ ( pla9 boil$ rice1 ! action is rapid4 ,an ag$ relative ( ! family ent]s clad 9 gold brocade1 h] :ite hair fl[+ d[n h] back1 guid$ ov] ! hanami*i by maids be>+ lant]ns1 & an accomplice c>ry+ ! box ( poison$ cakes1 a gift = ,tsurukiyo4 ,z 8 f>e has be5 ( ! scantie/1 ,tsurukiyo looks long+ly at ?is box1 b a :isp]$ ^w f ,masaoka w>ns him 9 "t4 ,semmatsu is mi/ak5 = ,tsurukiyo1 & ! wick$ woman :o has be5 commission$ to kill him p]=ms h] task 9 a cruel fa%ion1 ,masaoka sacrific+ ! life ( h] son 9 ord] to save t ( ! little "l4 ,,ii ,! work+ out ( ! ends ( ju/ice1 ! right+ ( wrongs1 ! trail+ ( a murd]] = ye>s by ! entire memb]s ( a family1 su* 7 ! plots t appeal$ to ! audi5ces ( ,old ,japan1 & ! writ]s ( plays knew well h[ to s]ve _! desires4 ,z ! secret map describ+ a lo/ gold m9e1 or p>*m5t hidd5 9 ! head ( a bronze idol relat+ to a buri$ treasure />ts ! int]m9able1 h>r[+ incid5ts ( a mod]n c9ematograph s]ial1 ! subject ( rev5ge = wrong done held toge!r ! _m sc5es & acts ( ! ,doll-!atre & ,kabuki plays4 ,! greate/ rev5ge play ( ,japan is ,*u%+ura 7lit41 ,loyal ,reta9]s' ,/oreh\se71 or ! /ory ( ! fai?ful ,=ty-sev5 ,ron91 :o wait$ an opportunity to slay ! mis]able old villa9 :o _h caus$ _! "l1 ,hangan1 to commit h>akiri1 & :5 !y _h accompli%$ _! end di$ z "o man by _! own h&s4 ,produc$ 9 #agdh1 ,*u%+ura 0 writt5 by ,tak$a ,izumo 9 collaboration ) ,namiki ,s5ryu & ,miyo%i ,%oraku4 ,illu/ration3 ,i*ikawa ,sadanji z ,sadakura1 ! highwayman1 9 ! play ,*u%+ura4 ,if ! f9al te/ ( drama be "*1 !n ! claim ( ,*u%+ura to a fir/ place among ! plays ( ,japan is ?or\ghly ju/ifi$4 ,fir/ & =emo/1 !re is ,yuranosuke1 ! lead] ( ! loyal ,=ty-sev54 ,bo? 8 entrance ^u ! h>akiri sc5e to cat* ! dy+ reque/ ( 8 feudal "l1 ,enya ,hangan1 & 8 exit /]nly resolv$ to av5ge ! dea? ( 8 ma/]1 are ?+s to rememb]1 n only because !y %[ ! true dramatic situations born ( a good dramati/1 b also because ! actor sugge/s s p[]fully ,yuranosuke's emotions4 ,hangan mu/ c>ry out ! sev]e decree 9 ! pres5ce ( ! (ficials :o h ann\nc$ ! p5alty = 8 (f5ce committ$ )9 ! ,%ogun's palace4 ,he hesitates1 s9ce he is anxi\s to see 8 *ief reta9] be=e he bids f>ewell to ! _w4 ,yuranosuke1 :o has be5 s5t =1 ha/5+ on 8 way f ,hangan's fief 9 ! prov9ces1 has n yet rea*$ ! ,y$o mansion ( 8 "l4 ,! audi5ce1 feel+ ! susp5se1 wat*es ! hanami*i4 ,at ! v la/ mom5t he comes along ! n>r[ way above ! heads ( ! playgo]s )\t noise or clatt]1 dropp+ d[n on 8 knees humbly be=e he rea*es ! /age prop]4 ,sorr[1 anxiety1 respect--all are m+l$ 9 8 mann]4 ,n a mom5t too soon1 he cat*es ,hangan's la/ words1 & gives him ! consolation he ne$s s sorely4 ,yuranosuke takes ! dirk f ! lifeless h&1 pays ! la/ m>ks ( respect to ! body1 & places x )9 ! palanqu9 to be c>ri$ to ! temple = ! burial s]vice4 ,& :at a situation x is = a good actor1 z ,yuranosuke ) composure1 yet regretfully1 p]=ms 8 duties 9 a mansion t is to "k 8 ma/] no long]6 ,gr\p$ ab\t are ! reta9]s :o h s]v$ ! "l s9ce *ildhood1 & ^: fa!rs & =efa!rs 7 employ$ 9 l capacity "u ! "l's ance/ors1 sudd5ly made ron91 unatta*$ samurai1 set adrift1 to w&] ab\t ! l&6 ,ca/le & l&s confiscat$1 wives & *ildr5 turn$ out-(-doors1 m5 ready to un%ea! _! swords 9 _! "l's def5ce1 dep5d+ on him = _! liv+ & well-be+1 all to be scatt]$ to ! w9ds to lead pov]ty-/rick5 exi/5ces4 ,r\gh ju/ice ! m5 w\ld h imm$iately1 b ! sup]ior-m9d$ ,yuranosuke begs !m to wait = a bett] opportunity4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,h>akiri ,sc5e f ,*u%+ura4 ,left alone outside ! r$ gate ( 8 ma/]'s ya%iki1 ,yuranosuke sugge/s 8 future plan1 z draw+ =? ! blood/a9$ dirk he gazes ^u x1 !re be+ no d\bt t he is prep>$ to sacrifice 8 life 9 ! cause ( right+ ! great wrong inflict$ ^u ! h\se & all its dep5d5ts4 ,= contra/ 9 "* !re is ! self-controll$1 well-br$ ,hangan1 try+ 8 be/ to behave himself z becomes 8 rank & /ation1 & ! unscrupul\s old (ficial ,moronao1 h>d5$ 9 ! s*ool ( intrigue4 ,if only ,hangan's m5 _h tak5 ! precaution to bribe ! crafty ,moronao z _h ! repres5tative ( ,wakasanosuke1 ,hangan's fri5d6 ,b !n !re w\ld h be5 no play4 ,unconsci\s t he is expect$ to /oop s l[1 ,hangan keeps wat* ov] himself1 z ,moronao by taunt & insult tries to make him take ! (f5sive t is to co/ him s de>ly4 ,9 ! f\r? act1 aga9 comes ! cla% ( good & evil4 ,! disloyal ,sadakuro 9 ! mid/ ( ! fai?ful has turn$ highwayman1 seek+ 8 livelihood by waylay+ travell]s4 ,a col\r-pr9t actor come to life1 he seems to be1--8 :it5$ legs1 arms1 & *e/ vivid aga9/ ! black kimono t is tuck$ into 8 belt2 ! black1 bu%y robb]'s wig aga9/ ! :ite face1--a picture 9 black & :ite4 ,z ?\gh q accu/om$ to put wayf>]s out ( commission1 ,sadakuro halts old ,yoi*ibei1 slays him ) a sword & ?r[s ! body ov] ! hillside1 !n wr+s out 8 wet clo!s4 ,h[ mu* sugge/ion plays its "p 9 ,kabuki act+ may be se5 ?r\gh\t ,*u%+ura1 b no?+ is m int]e/+ ?an ,sadakuro's wordless play1 z he wr+s ! ra9 f 8 kimono & wipes ! imag9>y drops f 8 face1 br++ be=e our eyes 8 wild life 9 ! lonely places1 %[+ ! high c\rage ( ! samurai1 yet ! h>d5$ s\l ( ! crim9al4 ,no d\bt ! dramati/ creat$ him to make ! de$s ( ! loyal reta9]s %9e =? all ! m brightly4 ,& s he /&s1 c\nt+ ) satisfaction 8 booty1 :5 a /ray %ot f ,kanpei's gun /rikes him 9 ! *e/1 dye+ him r$1 an evildo] gone to 8 j des]ts4 ,!re is1 aga91 ! err+ ,kanpei1 ,hangan's s]vant1 loit]+ ab\t ) ,o-,k>u1 a maids]vant ( 8 mi/ress1 :5 he %\ld h be5 att5d+ to 8 duties by wait+ at ! ,%ogun's gate4 ,he returns to f9d ! upro> caus$ by ,hangan's attack ^u ,moronao4 ,fe>+ t he w be c5sur$ = 8 neglect1 he runs (f ) ,o-,k>u to ! home ( h] fa!r1 ,yoi*ibei1 9 ! c\ntry1 hop+ to return to ! s]vice ( 8 "l :5 !y are bo? p>don$4 ,yoi*ibei1 glad to aid ,kanpei 9 8 endeav\r to raise funds t he may contribute t[>ds ! cause1 sells ,o-,k>u to a h\se 9 ,kyoto1 & is return+ home ) ! money :5 /ruck d[n by ,sadakuro4 ,kanpei1 out hunt+1 runs aft] a wild bo>1 b f9ds he has kill$ a man in/ead1 & takes ! purse he f9ds on ,sadakuro1 rea*+ home to discov] t ,o-,k>u is on ! po9t ( leav+ = ,kyoto1 & t ! purse he has secret$ )9 ! folds ( 8 kimono mu/ be t ( ,yoi*ibei1 & 9 consequ5ce t he has kill$ 8 fa!r-9-law4 ,:5 ,yoi*ibei's body is br\ght into ! cottage ! old wid[ believes ,kanpei to h committ$ ! crime4 ,he _c save 8 wife1 ,o-,k>u2 he believes himself guilty1 & :5 two ( ! ron9 arrive1 s5t by ,yuranosuke to return a sum ( money already s5t by ,kanpei1 z he has n yet be5 re9/at$ 9 ! good fav\r ( ! b&1 ,kanpei c /& x no long] & commits h>akiri4 ,be=e he expires he is cle>$1 = ,yoi*ibei's w\nd 0 n made by ,kanpei's gun b ,sadakuro's sword4 ,gha/ly & reali/ic is ,kanpei's end1 b he is n =gott51 & is reg>d$ h5ce=? z "o ( ! b&4 ,!re is1 also1 t gay sc5e 9 ! ,kyoto tea-h\se :]e ,yuranosuke leads a dissipat$ life 9 ord] to put ! spies ( ,moronao (f ! sc5t1 & ! sadness ( f>ewell :5 ! lead] ( ! ,=ty-sev5 takes leave ( 8 wife & home1 & f9ally ! ga!r+ toge!r on a sn[y day1 & ! /orm+ ( ! great r$ gate t gu>ds ! entrance to ! resid5ce ( ! enemy4 ,sw>m+ )9 !y return 9 triumph ) ! head ( ! villa94 ,lat] !y commit h>akiri1 & are buri$ toge!r ) _! "l 9 ! comp\nd ( ,s5kaku-ji1 ! ,buddhi/ temple 9 ,tokyo1 :]e be=e _! tombs ! inc5se is /ill kept burn+4 ,,iii ,^? :o believe t ,kabuki has no love sc5es might be enlight5$ aft] witness+ "s ( ! t5d] passages 9 plays t h pleas$ audi5ces = two c5turies1 & are yet able to hold ! att5tion1 z mod]n pieces sc>cely ev] d4 ,miuranosuke1 ! brave "y h]o1 comes home w\nd$ f ! battle because he has he>d 8 "m is ill4 ,he s]ves ! great ,"l ,yoriye1 ( ,sakamoto ,ca/le1 on ,lake ,biwa1 :o has decl>$ w> ^u ,hojo ,tokimasa ( ,kamakura4 ,toki-hime1 8 betro!d1 is ! daught] ( ,tokimasa1 & ,miuranosuke f9ds t 8 future wife is ! daught] ( ! sworn enemy1 & t %e is tak+ c>e ( 8 "m 9 a poor c\ntry cottage1 :]e !y h tak5 %elt]4 ,toki-hime 9 h] long sc>let robe1 into :i* is wov5 a patt]n ( gold5 w9d+ wat] & fl[]s1 & we>+ a silv] head-dress t =ms a frame to h] face--da9ty1 appeal+1 ! v _s ( y\? & devotion1--%9es =? 9 h] spl5d\r1 ! %abby cottage int]ior z a sett+4 ,miuranosuke makes a "y w>rior to suit ! ta/e ( ! mo/ c>p+ ( critics4 ,/agg]+ ?r\gh ! audi5ce1 clad 9 sky-blue brocade & sc>let arm\r1 ! heads ( ! p 9 ! boxes on a level ) ! hanami*i turn to see 8 entrance4 ,he rea*es ! gate ( ! cottage & !n s9ks d[n f exhau/ion4 ,toki-hime quickly re/ores him1 & !y express _! devotion = ea* o!r 9 po/ures t in/ead ( te>+ ! affections to tatt]s1 z is ! way ) realism1 sugge/ ! dep? ( _! feel+1 ! m9/rel s++ & describ+1 & ! samis5 play] beat+ ! rhy?ms4 ,! h]o's ag$ "m1 ly+ ill 9 b$1 op5s ! %oji ( h] sick-room only to upbraid him = leav+ ! battle2 %e ?reat5s to sev] _! relation%ip z "m & son unless he returns4 ,!n foll[s "o ( ! be/ sc5es 9 ! prov9ce ( onnagata act+4 ,toki-hime tries to aid ,miuranosuke to attire himself 9 8 arm\r1 & h] grace & delicacy are emphasis$ by ! ef=ts %e makes to c>ry ! heavy helmet1 :i* at la/ %e is oblig$ to drag across ! floor ( ! cottage4 ,lat] ,toki-hime is se5 /&+ alone 9 quiet m$itation by a dim oil light4 ,"h is ! et]nal conflict 9 ! female brea/ 9 all ages & all c\ntries1 ! /ruggle betwe5 love & duty4 ,w %e kill ,miuranosuke's "m z h] fa!r has comm&$1 giv+ h] a sword = ?is express purpose1 or w %e be fai?ful to h] love8 ,9 ! mid/ ( h] qu&>y a que] p]sonage ent]s1 dress$ 9 ! unmi/akable co/ume ( ! ,kabuki com$ian3 a bright yell[ kimono ) broad black /ripes runn+ f %\ld] to %\ld]1 %ort baggy tr\s]s made ( horizontal /ripes ( br[n & fawn1 & ! sleeves b\nd ) broad b&s ( sc>let4 ,to ! ov]tures ( ! fool %e turns a deaf e>4 ,:5 ,toki-hime is j ab\t to kill h]self z ! only way out ( ! difficulties t beset h]1 ,miuranosuke /ops h] & says 8 d\bts reg>d+ h] loyalty to him are at an end4 ,he begs h] to live a little long] 9 ord] to dispat* h] fa!r1 8 enemy1 & z he int5ds to die 9 battle1 pleads ) h] to jo9 him 9 dea?1 :5 !y c be m>ri$ 9 ano!r _w4 ,! playwright ?us /ra9s ! love-loyalty & filial piety !mes to ! utmo/4 ,r poor consolation = ,toki-hime ?is1 b h] love = him conqu]s & %e cons5ts4 ,!n ! spies come & say t !y h ov]he>d all1 & ! ar*-spy rob$ 9 black ha/5s on 8 way to in=m h] fa!r1 :5 !re issues out ( ! well 9 ! g>d5 a deadly spe>-?ru/1 & he is kill$ on ! spot4 ,an impos+ p]sonage clamb]s out ( ! well4 ,he is ,sasaki1 /aun* support] ( ,miuranosuke1 :o has be5 masqu]ad+ z ! com$ian1 & 9 t capacity te/$ ,toki-hime's fidelity4 ,!re is a s\nd ( battle1 ! cla% ( cymbals & ! ?und] ( big drums1 ,miuranosuke & ,sasaki mu/ away to ! fray4 ,toki-hime1 w9some & wi/ful1 wat*es _! dep>ture4 ,^w comes to ,toki-hime at ,kamakura t ,miuranosuke has di$ on ! battlefield4 ,%e is ov]:elm$ by sorr[4 ,"o day %e gives ,sasaki ! opportunity to /rike d[n h] fa!r1 b :5 he exam9es ! head t he has tak5 z a trophy1 he f9ds to 8 bitt] regret x is t ( ,toki-hime4 99 99 99 99 99 ,usuyuki1 or ,?9-,sn[1 & h] lov]1 ,sonobei ,sayemon1 are ! y\?ful figures 9 a love idyll ( ! ,doll-!atre ( :i* ,kabuki play]s nev] seem to tire4 ,!y meet 9 *]ry-blossom "t at ,kiyomizu1 t f9e old ,buddhi/ temple built up on ! /eep hillside comm&+ a view ( ,kyoto ne/l+ 9 its wide valley4 ,?is is always an appropriate play = ! *]ry season1 & ^! fl[]s are us$ z a p5d5t curta9 across ! /age1 :ile trees 9 full bloom are plac$ on ei!r side1 & 9 ! c5tre !re is an ornate r$-lacqu]$ temple /ructure4 ,9 addition to its romance1 ! play ( ,usuyuki & ,sayemon is "o ( ! mo/ fam\s sword pieces ( ! ,japanese /age4 ,sayemon pres5ts ! gift ( a sword to ! temple1 b an evil swordsmi? damages x 9 ord] t ,sayemon may be puni%$1 jeal\sy prompt+ ! villa9 to come betwe5 ! lov]s4 ,usuyuki & ,sayemon h j be5 m>ri$1 :5 mess5g]s arrive be>+ accusations aga9/ ,sayemon on acc\nt ( ! tamp]$ sword4 ,! affectionate1 innoc5t "y c\ple are p>t$4 ,usuyuki is tak5 into ! cu/ody ( h] husb&'s fa!r1 & ,sayemon entru/$ to ! keep+ ( 8 wife's fa!r4 ,love laughs at b>ri]s1 h[ev]1 & !y secretly escape toge!r4 ,! fa!rs commit suicide t _! *ildr5 may be cle>$ ( all d\bts & suspicions1 & ,usuyuki & h] husb& return to enjoy an un9t]rupt$ life ( peace & happ9ess4 99 99 99 99 99 ,miyuki & ,asojiro are h\sehold names 9 ,japan1 ! *ief figures 9 a romance t />t$ "o summ] ev5+ 9 ,kyoto1 :5 at a fire-fly fe/ival on ! riv] _! boats came toge!r1 & !y fell 9 love at fir/ sight1 ex*ang+ fans on :i* !y _h writt5 extemporane\s v]se4 ,!y plight$ _! tro?1 b /]n samurai bus9ess kept ,asojiro 9 ano!r "p ( ! c\ntry1 & ,miyuki1 neglect$ & =lorn1 wept s mu* t %e became bl9d1 & />t$ to w&] ab\t ! c\ntry ) h] nurse try+ to f9d h] fai?less lov]4 ,! f9e/ sc5e is t 9 :i* ! bl9d girl plays ! koto1 or long h>p-l in/rum5t1 at an inn :]e h] lov] is /opp+4 ,asojiro & an eld]ly samurai are on a special mission1 & 8 companion ?9ks only ( 8 duty1 & all[s = no del9qu5cy or s(t-he>t$ness on ! "p ( ,asojiro1 :o is ov]come :5 he f9ds ! bl9d koto play]1 br\ght 9 by ! innkeep] to amuse !m1 is no o!r ?an 8 own ,miyuki4 ,all he c d is to give h] "s remembrance & a sum ( money :i* he leaves ) ! innkeep]4 ,by ^! tok5s ,miyuki kn[s t %e has be5 9 ! pres5ce ( ,asojiro1 & half di/ract$ %e runs to ! riv] to ov]take h] flee+ lov]1 :o has be5 oblig$ by 8 taskma/] ( a travell+ companion to ha/5 on 8 way4 ,! riv] has ris51 & ! f]rym5 w n take any m pass5g]s across4 ,!re are _m wet eyes 9 ! audi5ce1 = ! p>t+ ( "y lov]s nev] fails to appeal to ! t5d]-he>t$ 9 all c\ntries ! sun %9es ^u4 ,! playwright knew t 8 audi5ce w\ld be disappo9t$ 7 ! lov]s nev] to meet aga91 & ! sympa!tic innkeep] makes a ga% 9 8 body 9 ord] t he may provide ! bl9d maid ) a lib]al portion ( 8 blood1 :]eby h] eyesight is miracul\sly re/or$4 ,lat] %e is unit$ ) ,asojiro1 & all ends well4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no m5tion ( ! lov]s 9 ,japanese plays w\ld be complete )\t ! names ( ,yayegaki-hime & ,katsuyori1 *>act]s 9 a ,doll-!atre jidaimono by ,*ikamatsu ,hanji1 call$ ,niju%iko 7lit41 ,tw5ty-f\r ,filial ,p]sons71 aft] a book ( ,*9ese tales reg>d+ ! filial de$s ( ?is exact numb] ( p]sonages4 ,?is long play relates ! rivalry betwe5 ! heads ( two clans1 :i* is settl$ by ! betro?al ( ! daught] ( "o great daimyo to ! son ( ! o!r4 ,b ,yayegaki-hime's fa!r has 9 8 keep+ a mu*-treasur$ helmet belong+ to ,katsuyori's family1 & ! "y man dress$ z a g>d5] secretly visits ! h\se ( 8 betro!d t he may secure ! helmet4 ,yayegaki-hime soon p5etrates 8 disguise & 9 spite ( 8 cold demean\r %e we>s h] he>t on h] sleeve4 ,!y are 9 ! mid/ ( an ex*ange ( affection :5 ! eavesdropp+ fa!r breaks 9 & spoils x all4 ,he h&s ,katsuyori a lett] enclos$ 9 a lacqu]$ box ) ! reque/ t x be deliv]$ at once4 ,!n two villa9\s reta9]s are s5t aft]1 ) int5t to waylay & kill ,katsuyori4 ,mean:ile ! fai?ful h]o9e decides to /eal ! helmet & c>ry x to ,katsuyori4 ,fox fires are se5 burn+ 9 ! g>d51 & aid$ by ! magic ( foxes %e becomes possess$ ( sup]natural /r5g?1 & be>+ ! helmet al(t /eals out ( ! h\se4 ,s]vants ru%+ 9 to prev5t h] escape are ov]come by en*antm5t1 & %e flees along ! hanami*i1 ! m9/rel expla9+ t %e traces h] way across froz5 ,lake ,suwa by ! footm>ks ! accommodat+ & sympa!tic foxes h left 9 ! sn[ to guide h] to h] lov]4 ,,iv ,kabuki gho/s are m arti/ic ?an matt]s = psy*ical rese>*4 ,sup]natural visitors are de>ly lov$ by playgo]s 9 ,japan1 & z mat]ial = /age treatm5t ! gho/ly is h&l$ ) great skill4 ,tall autumn grasses wav+ silv]y plumes1 a lonely des]t$ cottage t gives "o a creepy s5sation1 a ris+ moon ca/+ a melan*oly effulg5ce1 ! di/ant boom+ ( a temple bell--& gho/ly ,japan is well repres5t$4 ,9 su* a play1 a travell+ silk-deal] neglects 8 wife & w&]s f> afield1 exp]i5c+ _m adv5tures4 ,at la/ 8 /eps turn homew>d4 ,8 wife appe>s1 b he does n "k t %e is a visitant f ano!r _w1 al?\gh ! audi5ce is 9 ! secret1 ! delicate sugge/ions ( gho/hood prep>+ !m = ! sup]natural4 ,%e tells him h] sad /ory1 he falls asleep1 & %e disappe>s 9 a truly gho/-l fa%ion1 s9k+ d[n sl[ly beh9d ! /one :i* m>ks h] burial-place4 ,! /age is d>k5$ & ) ! light !re is se5 ! reality--! dwell+ 9 ru9s & decay1 tall we$s gr[+ ?r\gh ! brok5 floor1 & a pale moon ?r[+ its :ite light ov] ! des]t$ sc5e4 ,9 a play by ,mokuami1 ,sogoro1 a fi%-deal]1 ( a l[ type b *ivalr\s1 comes to "r ! wrong done to 8 si/] ,o-,tsuta1 a maid 9 ! resid5ce ( a daimyo4 ,%e has be5 tortur$ & put to dea? at ! in/igation ( a man-s]vant 9 ! "l's s]vice ^: ov]tures %e _h spurn$4 ,sogoro appe>s br&i%+ a sake tub1 f :i* he has imbib$ too freely4 ,he is f9ally calm$ by a gift ( money = ! girl's fun]al exp5ses1 & ! news t ! plott] aga9/ 8 innoc5t si/] has gone ! way ( all /age villa9s4 ,o-,tsuta1 :o has be5 s5t to h] untimely end "u su* wrongful circum/ance1 returns z an app>ition4 ,h] body has be5 ?r[n into ! g>d5 well & issues =? 9 a puff ( smoke1 a hagg>d1 grey1 emaciat$ _s ) uncanny movem5ts appe>+ z a %ad[ on ! %oji1 or :ite pap] w9d[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,kasane is ano!r gho/ly h]o9e popul> ) ,kabuki audi5ces4 ,%e is disfigur$ & de=m$1 & has be5 trans=m$ f a pretty woman into "o unpleasant to behold4 ,kasane has m>ri$ ,k9ugawa1 h] dead si/]'s husb&1 &1 all unkn[+1 %e is ! victim ( gho/ly jeal\sy4 ,h] husb& keeps h] blissfully unaw>e ( h] facial defects1 z he has =bidd5 h] to look 9 a mirror4 ,%e does s1 is ov]come by horror1 fights ) ,k9ugawa & is kill$4 ,h] gho/ rises out ( ! riv]1 long1 wan1 grey1 tap]+1 l a %ad[ t moves upw>d ?r\gh no p[] ( its own1 to disappe> 9 a simil> /range fa%ion beh9d a bridge4 ,once m ! wrai? appe>s call+ ,k9ugawa to come1 & he is j ab\t to s9k "u ! en*antm5t ( ! gho/ly ,kasane1 :5 he ?9ks ( a spell to break ! *a9s ( dea? t seem b9d+ him & is releas$ j z morn+ dawns4 ,a black drop curta9 falls reveal+ a sunny morn+1 p pass+ ov] ! bridge1 among !m a *>m+ "y maid51 ! v actor :o imp]sonat$ ! un=tunate ,kasane b a mom5t be=e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( all ! gho/ly h]o9es ( ,kabuki1 ,o-,iwa is c]ta9ly ! mo/ tragic4 ,%e is ! creation ( ,namboku ,tsuruya 9 8 play ,yotsuya ,kaidan1 ,! ,gho/ ( ,yotsuya1 ! latt] a ?riv+ qu>t] ( mod]n ,tokyo4 ,illu/ration3 ,sc5e f ,yotsuya ,kaidan1 or ,! ,gho/ ( ,yotsuya1 by ,namboku ,tsuruya4 ,onoe ,baiko is se5 z ! disfigur$ ,o-,iwa1 & ,onoe ,matsusuke ! k9d old masseur :o holds up ! mirror t %e may le>n ! tru?4 ,iyemon1 oil-pap] umbrella mak]1 "o-"t samurai1 !n ron9 9 h>d luck1 has a pretty "y wife1 ,o-,iwa1 :o has j borne him a *ild4 ,8 indiff]5ce to h] is rem>kable4 ,! daught] ( a well-to-d neighb\r is 9 love ) ,iyemon1 & h] family conspire to put ! wife out ( ! way by s5d+ h] a gift ( m$ic9e :i* is a p[]ful poison t w disfigure h] face4 ,! poor creature1 weak & ill1 unsuspect+ ! d>k design1 ?ankfully dr9ks ! fatal cup4 ,an old masseur takes pity on ! un=tunate ,o-,iwa1 & is ?or\ghly solicit\s1 a "* t saves ! play f becom+ too sordid4 ,o-,iwa *ang$ by ! poison pres5ts a hide\s aspect1 & ! actor tak+ ?is rle plays directly ^u 8 audi5ce4 ,! foll[+ sc5e %[s ,iyemon fea/+ at ! neighb\r's h\se1 :]e he is ask$ to put away 8 wife & m>ry _! daught]4 ,he cons5ts1 b 8 hesitation is ! "o r$eem+ quality to 8 cr$it4 ,!n he returns home ) set purpose to treat ,o-,iwa s %amefully t %e w leave ! abode ( h] own accord4 ,he refuses to give h] money1 ev5 takes h] clo?+ & ! mosquito net1 :i* he pret5ds to pawn4 ,o-,iwa1 %ock$ by h] alt]$ looks1 ov]come by h] husb&'s inhumanity1 no long] desires to live1 & kills h]self ) a sword4 ,iyemon returns home once m to f9d h] dead body1 & at ! same "t discov]s ,kohei1 ! s]vant1 :om ,iyemon _h gagg$ & imprison$ 9 ! cupbo>d 9 a previ\s sc5e4 ,kohei is a witness to ,o-,iwa's mis]y1 & s ,iyemon puts him out ( ! way4 ,! two corpses are no soon] bundl$ out ( sight by ,iyemon's ruffians ?an ! bride arrives 9 /ate & !re is a scramble to prep>e = h]4 ,:5 ,iyemon approa*es 8 new wife %e is /ill 9 h] w$d+ robe4 ,he takes (f ! :ite veil t cov]s h] head & discov]s ! frightful visage ( ,o-,iwa4 ,mak+ a plunge ) 8 sword he cuts (f ! head ( 8 bride4 ,9 ha/e he runs to tell h] fa!r1 :5 he enc\nt]s ! gho/ ( ,kohei1 & us+ 8 weapon aga9 he sev]s ! head ( 8 fa!r-9-law4 ,! sc5e :i* foll[s1 h[ev]1 q outdoes any?+ 9 ! sup]natural 9 :i* ,kabuki is wont to specialise4 ,iyemon fi%+ 9 ! riv] discov]s ! door to :i* ! bodies ( ! two victims 7 ti$ :5 !y 7 ?r[n into ! wat]4 ,o-,iwa raises h] head & speaks 9 sepul*ral tones1 & ! door turn+ ov]1 ,kohei's gho/ repeats its tragic phrase3 8,ma/]1 m$ic9e1 please60 ,= ^! 7 ! words ,kohei us$ :5 int]c$+ on ,o-,iwa's behalf4 ,! same actor takes ! rles ( bo? gho/s1 & ! lightn+ *ange f wife to s]vant is left to ! imag9ation ( ! spectators1 & only ! /age me*anics b5ea? ! blue & :ite cotton waves "k h[ ! trans=mation is effect$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,)\t d\bt ,botan ,doro1 ,! ,peony ,lant]n1 takes fir/ place among ! gho/ plays ( ,kabuki4 ,a ,*9ese tale retold by ! pr(essional /ory-tell]1 ,en*o1 & dramatis$ by ,mokuami & ,fuku*i1 ! two out/&+ playwrights ( ! ,meiji era1 x is always p]=m$ 9 midsumm]4 ,gho/s are a cool+ influ5ce = !atre-go]s surfeit$ ) ! sights & s\nds ( ! hot ?or\ghf>es1 & %ades f ano!r _w clad 9 grey1 ) wan1 indi/9ct faces1 se5 vaguely beh9d weep+ will[ bran*es1 seem appropriate /age *>act]s 9 summ] wea!r4 ,! *ief *>act]s 9 ,botan ,doro are ,o-,tsuyu1 a beautiful maid5 9 love ) ,hagiw>a ,%9saburo4 ,!re is also ! "y lady's maid1 & a picturesque evildo]1 ,tomozo4 ,o-,tsuya meet+ secretly ) h] lov] is sudd5ly surpris$1 & !y are rudely p>t$4 ,9 despair1 %e commits suicide ) h] maid1 & ! gho/ly %apes visit ,%9saburo nightly4 ,a prie/ gives him a small gold5 image ( ! ,goddess ( ,m]cy to w>d (f h] nocturnal visits1 & puts up a *>m to keep ,o-,tsuya away4 ,tomozo1 ! h]o's fai?less s]vant1 /eals ! image & tells 8 wife t ! gho/ ( ,o-,tsuya w appe> & pay him a sum ( money = hid+ x1 ! influ5ce ( :i* prev5ts h] f ent]+ h] lov]'s h\se4 ,he is firmly conv9c$ ! gho/ w appe>1 & 8 look-out = ! app>ition is s full ( surprise & contra/1 & ! susp5se s well su/a9$1 t ! audi5ce is ?or\ghly key$ up 9 anticipation4 ,tomozo & 8 wife talk s mu* ( ! gho/ t e mom5t !y ?9k %e has come1 & soon are trembl+ ) fe>1 ! fright5$ wife tak+ refuge "u ! l>ge gre5 mosquito net susp5d$ ov] h] b$4 ,o-,tsuya & h] maid are sudd5ly se5 to float beh9d ! droop+ bran*es ( a will[ tree1 seem+ly susp5d$ 9 air1 ! maid c>ry+ ! gho/ly lant]n1 %ap$ l a p9k peony1 t gives out a dim & int]mitt5t gl[4 ,! transaction ov] betwe5 ,o-,tsuya & ,tomozo1 ! gho/s make _! way t[>ds ,%9saburo's h\se1 b !y _c ent] unless ! ,buddhi/ *>m above ! doorway is remov$4 ,?is ,tomozo accompli%es1 & imm$iately z ! two weird %apes vani%1 a peony lant]n is se5 to rise my/]i\sly f mid-/age & )\t ! aid ( h&s1 sail ?r\gh ! air & ent] an op5 space ov] ! door4 ,%9saburo is n[ left to ! m]cy ( ! gho/s1 :o claim him z _! own & take him away f ! l& ( ! liv+4 ,!re is a sup]/ition conc]n+ ,! ,peony ,lant]n to ! effect t actors :o play ! gho/s' rles soon pass away4 ,?is 0 br\ght home :5 ! play 0 pres5t$ at ! ,imp]ial ,!atre 9 ,augu/ #aiai4 ,dur+ ! p]=mances two ( ! mo/ promis+ "y actors ( ,tokyo1 tak+ ! rles ( mi/ress & maid1 took ill & di$ )9 a week ( ea* o!r4 ,nightly !y _h be5 se51 pale-fac$1 ! hair worn long & di%evell$1 ! maid ) ! gho/ly lant]n 9 h&1 mov+ beh9d ! will[ tree4 ,soon !y 7 to become l ! %ades !y imp]sonat$1 no long] ( ! e>?1 e>?y4 ,v ,! frequ5cy ) :i* heads--! v>iety t ,salome bore on a *>g] :5 %e danc$ be=e ,k+ ,h]od--ent] into ,kabuki plays w\ld seem to be> out ! pron\ncem5t made by ! late ,william ,ar*] t ! ,japanese drama 0 8b>b>ic & ins5sate04 ,?is 0 ! impression made ^u a ,we/]n critic on fir/ contact ) ,kabuki dur+ a brief visit to ,japan4 ,consid]+1 h[ev]1 ! wide range ( ,kabuki plays1 ?is sweep+ /atem5t reveal$ b half-k4 ,ev5 z ! unnatural crimes 9 ,%akespe>e's plays pleas$ ! ,elizabe?ans1 s ! playwrights ( ,old ,japan provid$ /rong f>e = _! feudal audi5ces4 ,unless ! ab/ract motive ( loyalty is recognis$1 ! significance ( a head symbol z a /age accessory is lo/4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( _m su* loyalty pieces is ,omi ,g5ji1 by ,*ikamatsu ,hanji & ,miyo%i ,%oraku4 ,two bro!rs1 ,moritsuna & ,takatsuna1 desc5dants ( ! ,g5ji clan1 live ne> ! lake ( ,omi4 ,!y are on diff]5t sides1 "o = ! ,%ogun1 ! o!r a rebel4 ,moritsuna holds 8 bro!r's son1 ,ko%iro1 z a ho/age & tells 8 v5]able "m to in/ruct ! lad to commit h>akiri t ,takatsuna may be influ5c$ to take an hon\rable c\rse ( action4 ,! boy is dis9cl9$ to li/5 to 8 gr&mo!r1 ! m s z he sees 8 "m approa*+ ! gate4 ,8 gr&mo!r tries 9 va9 to c>ry out ! execution1 b h] love = h] gr&*ild r5d]s h] p[]less to act4 ,mess5g]s arrive & relate 9 descriptive po/ure dances h[ ! battle w5t & t ,takatsuna has be5 kill$4 ,a repres5tative ( ! ,%ogun comes ) ,takatsuna's head 9 ord] t ,moritsuna may id5tify x4 ,he is ,tokimasa1 a dignifi$ old w>rior 9 gold arm\r1 8 :ite hair b\nd ) a silv] b&1 & comes ?r\gh ! audi5ce foll[$ by 8 reta9]s 9 arm\r1 "o c>ry+ ! head-box1 ano!r a *e/ ( arm\r4 ,! head-box is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! /age & ! c]emonial ( exam9ation proce$s4 ,moritsuna sl[ly seats himself 9 front ( ! box4 ,) eyes t d n see1 he c>efully takes (f ! long upp] portion & lifts up ! %all[ l[] portion ( ! box on :i* re/s ! head1 plac+ x on top ( ! cov] :i* makes a /& = x1 ! face look+ out t[>d ! audi5ce4 ,ko%iro1 pe]+ =? to see ! head1 di/urbs ! augu/ assembly by leap+ d[n f an upp] room & committ+ h>akiri1 ,moritsuna tak+ no notice ( ! tragic de$ fur!r ?an to upbraid him = 8 impolite behavi\r 9 ! pres5ce ( ! exalt$ gue/4 ,he cont9ues 8 sil5t exam9ation ( ! head4 ,! audi5ce is s hu%$ t ! /ray notes ( ! samis5 s\nd l drops ( wat] e*o+ ?r\gh a vacant h\se4 ,x seems an endless "t be=e he l[]s 8 eyes1 & ! long] he evades look+ ! m ! actor hypnotises ! audi5ce4 ,at la/ ,moritsuna's bro!rly affection ov]comes 8 /rong self-control1 & conflict+ emotions are se5 ^u 8 face4 ,sl[ly 8 gaze travels d[n4 ,x is ! mom5t ! audi5ce h be5 await+4 ,!re is a slight />t :5 8 eyes re/ full ^u ! face1 an imp]ceptible surprise1 & !n a smile ( relief4 ,x is n ! head ( ,takatsuna4 ,8 bro!r is /ill alive4 ,b ev5 :ile smil+ he makes up 8 m9d to resort to subt]fuge to deceive ,tokimasa1 & to hide ! tru? f ?is wor?y p]son4 ,moritsuna takes ! head 9 8 arms1 addresses a lam5t to x1 places x be=e ! dignit>y & decl>es x to be ! true head ( 8 bro!r4 ,"h is reveal$ ! psy*ology ( ! ,ori5tal audi5ce1 = ,moritsuna's cam\flage is mightily approv$1 & %[s itself z some?+ ess5tially ,ea/]n4 ,tokimasa retires & ,moritsuna gives v5t to sorr[ t ,ko%iro %\ld h sacrific$ himself4 ,! boy1 realis+ t ! head 0 n t ( 8 fa!r1 & hop+ to lead ,tokimasa into ! belief t x 01 takes 8 own life--ano!r species ( ,ea/]n cam\flage4 ,!re is n a dry eye 9 ! audi5ce :5 ! dy+ boy says f>ewell to all ! memb]s ( ! family1 & brea?+ 8 la/ z a spy1 hidd5 )9 ! *e/ ( arm\r1 is discov]$ & kill$4 ,! ,occid5tal w say3 ,:at an unpleasant & disagreeable play ) a gory head = *ief object ( int]e/6 ,yes1 s x seems to ,we/]n]s accu/om$ to reg>d ?+s1 ext]nals1 z ( m importance ?an ! inn] b m pot5t expression4 ,to ! ,kabuki audi5ce ! head is n repugnant1 nor sugge/ive ( a corpse or blood%$2 x is m]ely ! m$ium = ! expression ( ,moritsuna's emotion1 & ! :ole int]e/ c5tres n 9 ! inanimate object1 b 9 ! art ( ! actor4 ,,vi ,sociali/ic t5d5cies1 dissatisfaction ) ! oppression ( ! gov]n+ class1 (t5 f\nd expression 9 ,kabuki plays4 ,a fav\rite piece ( ?is k9d has ! *ampion ( ! d[ntrodd51 ,banzui9 ,*obei1 = h]o4 ,*obei is at ! head ( a bus9ess t supplies m5 to feudal lords1 kago be>]s1 att5dants to travel 9 ! long tra9s t escort$ ! daimyo 9 _! go+s & com+s to & f ! capital4 ,8 m5 are loyal to him & fe>less1 & :5 !y enc\nt] ! samurai ( a hatamoto1 or direct reta9] ( ! ,%ogun1 call$ ,mizuno1 an evil "*1 !re is a skirmi% & ,*obei's side is victori\s4 ,mizuno & ,*obei happ5 to meet 9 ! !atre1 ! ,murayama-za1 "o ( ,y$o's fir/ %ibai4 ,! play is progress+ on ! old-fa%ion$ /age1 :5 a drunk>d bur/s 9 ?r\gh ! audi5ce & causes a di/urbance4 ,*obei spr+s out ( a box 9 ! pit to help /raight5 ?+s out4 ,at ?is juncture ,mizuno appe>s 9 an upp] box res]v$ = ! g5try to ! left ( ! /age1 & !y ex*ange words4 ,f ?is "t onw>d ,*obei is a m>k$ man4 ,illu/ration3 ,banzui9 ,*obei1 a man ( ! p1 rle by ,matsumoto ,ko%iro4 ,mizuno's mess5g] comes to ,*obei's dwell+1 & deliv]s an invitation to d9n]4 ,*obei's wife does n wi% him to accept1 b he _c refuse1 z he w\ld be tak5 = a c[>d4 ,he says f>ewell to 8 wife & little son1 gives 8 m5 la/ in/ructions1 & sets =?4 ,)9 ,mizuno's resid5ce1 ,*obei is receiv$ ) e sign ( hospitality4 ,he is unafraid1 & behaves ) ! c\rtesy ( mann] t belongs to a man accu/om$ to /& up = :at is j & "r4 ,an att5dant purposely spills sake ov] 8 clo?+1 & !n recomm5ds t he take a ba?4 ,! maid leads him to ! ba?-room4 ,! /eam is issu+ =? f ! big tub4 ,he is j ab\t to ent] :5 he is attack$4 ,*obei1 ) only 8 fi/s to def5d himself1 lays ab\t him1 & five m5 are /ret*$ on ! floor1 ! /age ba?-room be+ consid]ably l>g] ?an t 9 real life4 ,! ho/ !n attacks1 & ev5 he is no mat* = ! al]t ,*obei4 ,left alone he might h f\ght (f 8 enemies1 b "o ( ! m5 /rikes him f beh9d1 & s he dies1--a victim to ! trea*]y ( t day4 ,mizuno 0 aft]w>ds ord]$ by ! ,gov]nm5t to commit h>akiri to atone = ?is & o!r crimes4 ,s says hi/ory1 b ,*obei's memory is kept fre% by g5]ations ( actors4 ,/ill ano!r play ( ! p is t ( ,sakura ,sogoro4 ,he 0 ! headman ( a village n f> f ,tokyo4 ,! p 7 oppress$ by ! feudal "l1 & groan$ "u ! taxes impos$ until fam9e & de/itution />$ !m 9 ! face4 ,sogoro decides to g to ,y$o to pres5t a petition to ! ,%ogun1 kn[+ t 8 life w be =feit = ?is act ( insubord9ation4 ,:5 he returns1 8 wife & f\r sons are execut$ at ! comm& ( ! daimyo4 ,he bids good-bye to 8 wife on a sn[y ev5+1 & tries to induce h] to accept a divorce1 & s escape ! puni%m5t t is b\nd to ov]take ! family4 ,b ?is %e refuses to d1 pref]r+ to %>e 8 fate4 ,sogoro trudg+ ?r\gh ! sn[-drifts1 ) 8 elde/ son cl++ to him1 & 8 wife & little ones look+ =? f ! op5 %oji1 is a typical ,kabuki f>ewell sc5e4 ,he knocks at ! rude hut1 :]e an old wat*man is try+ to sleep beside a few emb]s ( *>coal1 & gu>d+ ! boat t is *a9$ to a /ake j bel[ on ! m>%y lagoon--or blue & :ite cotton clo? :i* repres5ts ! hi/orical wat]c\rse t bore ,sogoro away on 8 desp]ate mission4 ,sogoro is recognis$ ) joy by ! wat*man1 :o tries 8 be/ to dissuade him f go+1 b at la/ agrees to r[ him on 8 way1 & breaks ! *a91 ?us defy+ ! law ( ! daimyo4 ,! direct appeal is made :5 ! ,%ogun1 aft] a hawk+ exp$ition1 /ops to re/ at ! %r9e sacr$ to 8 ance/ors 9 :at is n[ kn[n z ,uy5o ,p>k 7,tokyo74 ,! ret9ue is pass+ ov] a bridge connect+ two r$-lacqu]$ build+s4 ,sogoro ?r[s 8 petition1 :i* a sympa!tic foll[] ( ! ,%ogun secretes 9 8 sleeve1 & ! procession passes on1 leav+ ,sogoro b\nd1 a m>tyr to ! cause ( ! suff]+ c\ntry p4 ,:5ev] ?is play is produc$ 9 ,tokyo1 ! actors tak+ "p repair to ! di/rict ( ,sakura :]e ,sogoro liv$ & pay _! respects to 8 %r9e1 likewise a little %r9e is erect$ )9 ! !atre :]e (f]+s ( sake1 fruit1 & vegetables are made be=e ! _s ( ! man :o di$ t ! wrongs ( ! p might be right$4 ,illu/ration3 ,nakamura ,ki*iyemon z ,sakura ,sogoro1 ! ,village ,head :o sacrific$ 8 life = ! good ( ! p4 ,,vii ,love trag$ies 7 9 high fav\r1 z may be se5 by ! numb] ( plays produc$ t h = motive %9ju1 or ! d\ble suicide ( un=tunate lov]s :o hope by dep>t+ ?is life to oblit]ate _! s9s & omissions & to be unit$ 9 ! aft]-_w4 ,inv>iably ! sett+s ( ^! romances 7 ! immoral qu>t]s4 ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon wrote sev]al pieces ( ?is "*1 & !y 7 s popul> t !y _h a great deal to d ) ! enc\ragem5t ( "y p to become p>tn]s 9 ! %uffl+-(f ( ?is mortal coil4 ,if ,*ikamatsu _h writt5 little else1 8 *>act]s ,jihei & ,koh>u w\ld save 8 "n f oblivion4 ,?is piece1 ,sayo ,%igure ,t5no ,amijima 7lit41 ,ev5+-%[]-heav5-net-isl&71 0 fir/ /ag$ 9 #agbj 9 ! ,osaka ,doll-!atre1 :5 ,*ikamatsu 0 9 ! sixties4 ,he _h tak5 an excursion to ! anci5t ,%9to ,%r9e ( ,sumiyo%i1 ne> ,osaka1 :5 ! news rea*$ him ( ! d\ble suicide ( a c\ple call$ ,jihei & ,koh>u4 ,he ord]$ 8 palanqu9-be>]s to c>ry him home z quickly z !y c\ld1 & )9 8 dwell+ seiz$ pap] & writ+ bru% & elaborat$ ! ideas t _h come to 8 m9d1 sc>cely /opp+ to take brea? until ! play 0 f9i%$4 ,koh>u is a belle ( ! ,k9okuniya1 a h\se 9 ! ,osaka pleasure qu>t]s1 & ,jihei conducts a prosp]\s pap] %op1 & has a wife1 ,o-,san1 & two *ildr54 ,8 wife has be5 be/[$ ^u him by 8 p>5ts1 & z %e is n 8 own *oice1 8 w&]+ fancy is captivat$ by ,koh>u4 ,he =gets ev]y?+ 9 8 infatuation1 & is on ! br9k ( ru9 :5 ,o-,san writes to ,koh>u ask+ h] to give up ,jihei4 ,?is ,koh>u cons5ts to d aft] a /ruggle betwe5 h] app>5t duty & h] love = ! "y man4 ,jihei1 unacqua9t$ ) ! facts1 believes h] false & m]c5>y4 ,jihei _c settle d[n to ! dome/ic r\t9e1 & 8 ?\ghts w turn to ,koh>u4 ,8 peace ( m9d is fur!r di/urb$1 = he le>ns t he has a ri* rival :o int5ds to pur*ase ,koh>u's fre$om & :o has inv5t$ v>i\s belittl+ tales ab\t 8 des]tion ( ,koh>u4 ,:5 ,o-,san he>s h[ ?+s are1 %e decl>es t ,koh>u w\ld die r ?an submit to h] new patron1 & t ,jihei mu/ buy h] out )\t delay4 ,h] treasur$ kimono are giv5 to ,jihei1 &1 sobb+1 ! loyal wife says t al?\gh %e & ! *ildr5 may h no clo?+1 reputation is de> to a man1 & t ! weal?y p]son :o wi%es to take possession ( ,koh>u mu/ be defeat$ at all co/s4 ,o-,san's fa!r !n arrives on ! sc5e1 decl>+ t he has come to take h] home1 & t !y mu/ consid] !mselves divorc$4 ,beset on e side1 ,jihei & ,koh>u decide to die toge!r4 ,jihei leaves ! ,k9okuniya aft] pay+ 8 acc\nt4 ,!n he /&s by ! side ( ! h\se wait+ = ,koh>u4 ,8 eld] bro!r1 ,magoyemon1 :o fe>s t ,jihei may d some?+ ra%1 comes to inquire ab\t him1 & is told t ,jihei has return$ home & ,koh>u is sleep+4 ,x is late at night1 & ,magoyemon has ,jihei's little son on 8 back to :om he says3 8,i hope y won't take cold4 ,y are un=tunate to h su* a fa!r01 :i* rem>k ,jihei ov]he>s z he hides 9 ! %ad[4 ,! night-wat* /rikes 8 two pieces ( wood z a signal t all is well1 & ! s\nd e*oes 9 ! des]t$ /reet4 ,!n ,koh>u keeps ! try/1 & !y run z fa/ z !y c to ! riv]-bank1 :]e _! bodies are f\nd toge!r 9 a clump ( bamboo ! next morn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,nakamura ,fukusuke ( ,osaka z a belle ( ! gay qu>t]s4 ,lett]s are made z long z possible to produce ! bett] effect4 ,equally famili> are ,wankyu & ,matsuyama 9 a drama ( ! gay qu>t]s by ,k9o ,kaion2 :ile ,han%i*i & ,sankatsu 9 a long play by ,takemoto ,saburobei are /age *>act]s kn[n ! l5g? & bread? ( ,japan4 ,han%i*i1 a victim ( ! m>riage sy/em1 becomes enam\r$ ( ,sankatsu1 :i* br+s s _m complications ar\nd !m1 !y are oblig$ to commit %9ju1 ,han%i*i's long-suff]+ wife ,o-,sono adopt+ _! daught] z h] own4 ,almo/ all ! playwrights ( ?is p]iod p&]$ to ! popul> ta/e1 & wrote long plays ) ! gay _w z backgr\nd1 b !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! compositions ( ! ,osaka & ,y$o writ]s1 s9ce ! ta/es ( ! audi5ces ( ^! two t[ns 7 s unlike4 ,! tragic h]o9es ( ! ,y$o ,yo%iw>a did n resort to %9ju to ! same al>m+ ext5t z did ! memb]s ( ! frail si/]hood 9 ,osaka4 ,ih>a ,seisei91 expla9+ ! close connection betwe5 ! gay _w & %ibai1 says3 8,=eign]s sometimes ridicule ! intimate relations betwe5 ! plays & ! ,yo%iw>a4 ,?is 0 n ! fault ( ,kabuki1 b r mu/ be attribut$ to ! /ate ( society at t "t4 ,j z prie/s & temples _h rul$ ! _s ( ! p dur+ ! ,hojo & ,a%ikaga p]iods1 s dur+ ! ,tokugawa age x 0 ! c\rtesans' qu>t]s :i* influ5c$ ! cu/oms & _s ( ! p4 ,! lead+ *>act]s ( ! ,n plays 7 prie/s1 :ile ! plays ( ! p relat$ to h]o9es ( ! gay _w40 ,! patronage ( ^! qu>t]s & int]e/ 9 plays deal+ ) ! inmates 0 l>gely a prote/ aga9/ ! (ficial desire to make ( society "o drab1 col\rless patt]n4 ,! immoral qu>t]s 7 almo/ ! only places :]e m5 c\ld assemble = relaxation & amusem5t4 ,peace cont9u$ = m ?an two c5turies1 & ! samurai _h no?+ to d4 ,! c\ntry 0 %ut (f f int]c\rse ) ! outside _w1 ! atmosph]e grew /agnant1 & m5 resort$ to ! pleasure-qu>t]s z a relief f bor$om4 ,9 consequ5ce1 gossip ( pro/itutes1 _! love /ories & trag$ies1 =m$ ! *ief topics ( ! day1 & ^! 7 fai?fully reflect$ 9 ! works ( ! ,doll-!atre & ,kabuki playwrights4 ,,viii ,a p>tiality = ! weird is "o ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ ta/es ( ,kabuki4 ,modori ,ba%i1 a %osagoto1 by ,mokuami1 has = h]o ,watanabe ,tsuna1 :o meets a beautiful woman & discov]s %e is a sup]natural creature4 ,he pursues h] into ! air1 fights ) h]1 & at la/ z a climax cuts (f h] arm1 aft] :i* he drops d[n ^u ! ro( ( a temple4 ,! play is full ( demon lore4 ,! "t ( ,modori ,ba%i is a ?\s& ye>s ago1 & ! place ! ,modori bridge ( ,kyoto by moonlight4 ,watanabe we>s "o ( ^? exagg]at$ co/umes s *>act]i/ic ( %osagoto1 & looks cauti\sly at ! bridge :i* is suppos$ to be en*ant$4 ,! long bran*es ( a will[ tree move z ?\gh a gho/ly w9d 0 bl[+1 al?\gh ! curi\s-m9d$ wond] h[ _m /age assi/ants are pull+ ! /r+s d[n bel[1 & ! quick beat+ ( a drum ann\nces ! approa* ( some?+ uncanny4 ,! female demon is 9 ! guise ( a beautiful maid5 brilliantly array$1 & %e imm$iately makes advances to ! w>rior1 :o does n seem to be v anxi\s to accept ! amor\s ov]tures4 ,! attitude ( ! two is exactly opposite to ! conv5tional love sc5es on ! ,we/]n /age1 :]e ! maid5 refuses & is h>d-he>t$1 :ile ! lov] tries to ga9 h] fav\r4 ,! demon uses all h] arts1 b ! w>rior _c easily be won ov]4 ,watanabe's flirtation ) ! devil woman 9 disguise cont9ues until he leads h] ^u ! bridge1 & !n look+ d[n into ! wat] he cat*es ! reflection ( h] face & kn[s t %e is n a human maid1 b t %e is 8 enemy & w\ld lure him to de/ruction4 ,! gradual *ange f a *>m+ woman into a t]rible devil is effect$ by *anges 9 face1 voice1 & po/ure1 a trans=mation t gives an actor ) ! weird = specialty a good opportunity4 ,:ile ! h]o & ! uncanny creature attack ea* o!r 9 a po/ure dance1 ! bridge disappe>s1 drawn (f by invisible h&s beh9d ! sc5es1 & a r$-lacqu]$ %r9e is pu%$ p>tly into view & completes ! v /rik+ /age picture4 ,! dance betwe5 ! two becomes wild] & m int5se1 rea*+ a climax z ! maid5 d>ts beh9d ! sc5e4 ,almo/ imm$iately %e returns 9 h] true %ape1 we>+ a grotesque mask1 :ile h] mane is light br[n1 ) a :ite /ripe d[n ! middle & s long x trails ov] ! /age4 ,%e dances wildly ab\t 9 a fight ) w>riors1 ^: swords gl9t 9 ! semi-d>kness ( ! /age2 /orm cl\ds hurry across ! sky z ?\gh scurry+ be=e a cyclone4 ,a curta9 ( gauze repres5t+ cl\ds %uts (f ! view4 ,! w>rior & ! creature he pursues are 9 mid-air /ruggl+ toge!r "r ov] ! ro( ( a temple4 ,he cuts (f "o ( h] arms1 & clut*es x wildly 9 triumphant po/ure :ile ! mutilat$ devil woman disappe>s into ! a]ial regions4 ,illu/ration3 ,onoe ,baiko z ! demon woman 9 ,ib>aki1 escap+ ) h] sev]$ arm4 ,z companion piece to ,modori ,ba%i !re is ,ib>aki1 by ! same playwright1 :i* %[s ! v highe/ & be/ developm5t ( ! music-po/ure play4 ,watanabe ,tsuna1 aft] captur+ ! arm ( ! devil woman1 gu>ds ! box 9 :i* x is kept1 z he is c]ta9 %e w return to claim h] sev]$ memb]4 ,disguis$ z a v5]able old lady1 ref9$1 peaceful1 & altoge!r attractive1 ! weird mon/] appe>s & desires to ent] ,watanabe's abode1 b is refus$ admittance4 ,mu* disappo9t$1 %e is leav+1 :5 ,watanabe calls h] back "u ! impression t %e is "o ( 8 relatives1 & %e is tak5 )9 & a fea/ spread1 be=e h]4 ,:5 ,watanabe's adv5tures are relat$1 %e expresses a wi% to see ! arm4 ,at sight ( x !re is a sudd5 trans=mation ( h] face f t ( a placid1 k9dly old woman to some?+ hateful & s9i/]4 ,unable to disguise h] true nature1 %e snat*es up ! arm & makes (f1 foll[$ by ,watanabe4 ,:5 %e returns 9 full fi5di% regalia1 ) long fl[+ :ite mane1 we>+ a t]rify+ horn$ mask ) />+ gold eyeballs1 !re is a clev] fight 9 ! nature ( a po/ure dance1 & ! /range1 picturesque creature sudd5ly breaks away f ! /ruggle & jumps into ! air1 :]e %e is pois$ = a mom5t--! triumphant po/ure ( all ! *>act]s at ! end satisfy+ ! audi5ce t ! devil woman has be5 ov]come4 99 99 99 99 99 ,among ! _m weird %osagoto1 few equal ,dojo-ji 9 beauty & int]e/4 ,tak5 f a ,n drama ( ! same "n1 ,dojo-ji1 ,! ,temple ( ,dojo1 x is conc]n$ ) t old tale ( a beautiful pr9cess :o1 lov+ a prie/1 pursues him1 & *ang+ h]self into a s]p5t & tw9+ ar\nd ! bell 9 :i* he is hid+1 melts x 9 h] jeal\s rage4 ,a new bell is hung & %e returns to v5t h] spite ^u x4 ,! temple atmosph]e is creat$ :5 ! action beg9s1 ! hanami*i sw>m+ ) prie/s & ov]fl[+ ^u ! /age4 ,! ,nagauta s+]s & musicians sit motionless 9 ! backgr\nd1 :ile a great v]digris-hu$ temple-bell susp5d$ by a r$ & :ite twi/$ rope sw+s high among p5d5t *]ry fl[]s1 mak+ a gay sc5e4 ,! prie/s 9 _! quiet black & :ite co/umes are a foil = ! radiant pr9cess :o1 ^u h] entrance1 becomes ! c5tre ( ! picture1 & by h] *ang+ movem5ts absorbs all ! att5tion4 ,z soon z ! kimono ( h] s]p5t highness vani%es l magic "u ! deft t\* ( ! black-rob$ /age att5dant1 ! lady ) ! hidd5 snake-l nature und]goes a s]ies ( rapid co/ume-trans=mations1 "o exquisite creation foll[+ ! o!r4 ,n[ %e dances ) a little gilt drum1 small r\nds ( silv]1 or bewild]s ) a sudd5 display ( sc>let & gold disks1 "o on h] head1 & "o 9 ea* h&1 t give place to a succession ( o!rs1 or simply waves a w& ( *]ry blossoms4 ,z a relief to ! movem5ts ( ! snake 9 disguise1 a l>ge numb] ( !atrical prie/s dance1 motley fell[s 9 yell[1 black1 grey1 & r$1 add+ to ! rhy?m :i* is felt z ! compell+ und]curr5t ( ! :ole piece4 ,:5 ! s]p5t-pr9cess feels h] diabolical self gett+ ! be/ ( h]1 %e seeks safety 9 ! big bell sw++ high ov]head4 ,x desc5ds1 & %e disappe>s )94 ,!n ! prie/s "w h>d try+ to exorcise ! evil _s1 all to no purpose4 ,_! movem5ts ab\t ! big bell add to ! picturesqu5ess ( ! sc5e4 ,soon ! hanami*i is aga9 fill$ ) /rong m51 clad 9 :ite & silv] kimono1 :o come to use _! =ce aga9/ ! pr9cess-s]p5t1 = ! prie/s _c prevail4 ,) "o accord & utt]+ a long cry 9 unison1 !y take hold ( ! bell-rope & beg9 to haul4 ,by degrees ! great bell sw+s upw>d1 & a weird figure is se5 cr\*+ "u a blue-gre5 silk sc>f4 ,to ! ?und] ( big drums1 ! s]p5t beg9s a fight+-dance :i* makes a /rong /age movem5t & prep>es = ! entrance ( a h]o respl5d5t 9 vivid gre51 bright r$1 %9+ gold & black1 arm$ ) a huge piece ( gre5 bamboo4 ,he comes to subdue ! creature ( evil t1 entirely surr\nd$1 climbs ^u ! top ( ! bell1 & cr\*es !re1 a frightful figure 9 silv] brocade1 black fl[+ mane1 & face t]rible to behold4 ,! prie/s 9 fe> & trembl+ wrap !mselves ab\t ! bell z 9 a human cord1 & ! valiant man /&s triumphant4 ,aft] x is all ov] & ! curta9 is drawn1 ! inquisitive !atre-go] wond]s h[ x 0 possible = ! beautiful pr9cess to completely *ange into ! g>m5ts & make-up ( ! uncanny creature )9 ! limit$ space und]nea? ! bell4 ,b t is a /age secret1 & does n conc]n ! audi5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,kabuki ,r,,les ,!y make a /range pass+ %[1 l p]sonages f dreaml&1 ! p ( ,kabuki3 a daimyo on a hawk+ exp$ition1 /roll+ puppet %[m51 monkey p]=m]s1 bl9d m9/rels1 pilgrims & prie/s1 samurai & f>m]1 swordsmi? & robb]4 ,creations ( playwright & actor1 ^! w>riors & lov]s1 villa9s & gho/s =m vivid & abid+ memories 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,japanese p4 ,9 ! consum+ passion = loyalty & self-sacrifice1 "* 0 (t5 subord9ate1 & ! h]oes & h]o9es ( ! plays w5t to absurd l5g?s to ju/ify ! ov]:elm+ !me4 ,! e?ics taught by ^! rles diff] 9 _m respects f ! famili> figures ( ! ,we/]n /age1 yet at ! same "t ! dep?s ( human nature are s\nd$1 ! same trag$ies & com$ies t make ! :ole _w k92 ! et]nal cla% ( evil & good4 ,9 addition1 !re are ! rles fa%ion$ out ( ! pure fabric ( fancy1 %[+ an unqu5*able ?ir/ = beauty1 & love = ! /rik+ & ! /range1 grotesque & sup]natural1 creatures call$ =? f en*ant$ g>d5s ( ! imag9ation4 ,a /rict adh]5ce to rles 0 br\ght ab\t 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ,kabuki's developm5t1 & ?is sy/em p]si/$4 ,!re 7 fir/ ! tateyaku1 or h]o rles1 *>act]s always *ampion+ ! "r2 ! katakiyaku1 or villa9 specialty1 a necess>y rle :]e ! upright & ignoble 7 ?r[n into contra/2 oyajigata1 or old m5's rles1 & kawa%agata1 ! *>act]s ( eld]ly females4 ,! com$ian 0 call$ dokegata1 :ile onnagata 0 ! "n giv5 to m5 :o play$ wom5's rles1 & koyaku 7 *ildr54 ,z ! plays became m complex ^! rles und]w5t modifications4 ,( villa9s !re 0 a rogues' gall]y1--an int]e/+ /udy 9 itself4 ,deep-dy$ p]sonages1 irr$eemably wick$1 7 creat$1 ! wor/ ( ! wor/2 bad m5 9 gorge\s co/umes 7 sometimes half good1 & !re 7 villa9s ) a h9t ( pa?os 9 _! natures1 :ile ! smoo? individual :o c\ld smile & smile & be a villa9 /ill 0 among ?is company4 ,! fav\rite "* ( ?is description 0 "o outw>dly bad1 a disguise to cloak ! good )91 a p]son m]ely pret5d+ to be among ! evildo]s b all ! "t assi/+ ! righte\s cause4 ,_m diff]5t types ( h]oes 7 born1 f ^? ( hone/ peasantry to ! samurai & ari/ocrat4 ,v5]able old m5 7 z popul> z call[ y\?s4 ,a popul> rle 0 a k>o1 or *ief reta9]1 9 ! s]vice ( a feudal "l1 & a m$iator :o tri$ to br+ peace & h>mony betwe5 w>r+ factions 0 a rle t pleas$ ! p4 ,brave fight+ m5 :o c\ld hold (f an ov]:elm+ numb] ( attack]s ?rill$ ! audi5ce2 "y daimyo1 elegant1 effem9ate1 rob$ 9 ri* brocades2 otokodate or *ivalr\s common]s1 ready to un%ea! _! swords 9 ! protection ( ! br[-beat5 l[] classes2 lov]s torn betwe5 ! affections & /]n duty1 & /rong unrel5t+ *>act]s =sak+ wives & *ildr5 to w&] ab\t ! l& 9 se>* ( an enemy t ! ends ( ju/ice might be atta9$1--su* 7 ! rles play$ to ! delight ( _! audi5ces by ! yaku%a1 or rle m54 ,9 ! sph]e ( ! onnagata !re are an endless numb] ( good wom5 & true1 f ! consort ( a ,%ogun to ! fair ladies ( ! nobility & wives ( ord9>y citiz5s4 ,beautiful1 y\?ful pr9cesses we>+ fl[+ kimono ( sc>let1 purple1 or p9k adorn$ ) gold1 & cr[n$ ) silv] head-dresses1 are a fasc9at+ creation ( ! onnagata4 ,! ?ree fav\rite rles ( ?is description are ,toki-hime1 :o =sakes h] fa!r = h] husb&2 ,yayegaki-hime1 :o takes a treasur$ helmet f h] fa!r & re/ores x to its rightful own]1 h] lov]2 & ,yuki-hime1 :o1 b\nd by a tyrant to a *]ry tree1 calls rats to h] aid t gnaw ! ropes & set h] free1--all y\?ful maid5s ( high degree4 ,middle & old age are n despis$ 9 ,kabuki1 & ! matron1 :ite-hair$ gr&mo!r1 & middle-ag$ wom5 h a recognis$ place4 ,!y are sometimes ! *ief *>act]s 9 a play1 = 9 ,asia x is j z natural to be old z "y--a /age 9 ! j\rney ( life t all mu/ rea*4 ,admiration = ! actors :o create su* contra/+ types ( wom5 gr[s ! great] ! m we become famili> ) ^! fasc9at+ females2 bad1 slangy1 naughty girls2 voluble1 gossipy wives ( ! tradespeople2 brave1 h]oic wom5 ( ! samurai class2 n to ov]look ! fai?ful nurse1 innoc5t maid5s1 ! bad /epmo!rs1 & maids]vants1 hone/ & fai?ful4 ,rles ! actors enjoy play+1 *>act]s t are h\sehold names1 su* is ! comb9ation :i* has e/abli%$ ,kabuki on su* a firm f\ndation t x has wea!r$ ! /orm ( ! conflict+ influ5ces t h brok5 ab\t its /rong citadel4 ,tomomori1 ( =lorn hope1 ! la/ ( 8 clan1 8 :ite & silv] arm\r bespatt]$ ) blood1 makes a f9al /& be=e plung+ into ! waves4 ,he climbs to ! top ( a rock1 & pick+ up a huge an*or lifts x high above 8 head2 !n ca/s x into ! sea1 ! rope atta*$ to 8 body draw+ him rel5tlessly1 until he falls ov] backw>d to 8 fate1 z reali/ic a dea?-agony z c\ld be f\nd on any /age4 ,kezori ,kuyemon1 a sea rov]1 9 a drama by ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon1 talk+ ,nagasaki dialect1 a swagg]+ freeboot] ! actor loves to pa9t4 ,& ,kezori's junk t fills ! entire /age1 ! crew1 a r\gh-&-ready lot1 look+ = tr\ble4 ,! vessel beg9s to turn z ?\gh a real pirate craft1 & n "o re/+ ^u a pa9t$ ocean ) a pa9t$ sky = backgr\nd4 ,kezori /&s on ! pr[1 8 hair1 br[n & bu%y1 blea*$ by exposure to sun & w9d1 8 be>d %aggy & unkempt1 8 seaf>+ co/ume hav+ = design a diabolical devil-fi%4 ,= contra/1 ,heiyemon1 a s]vant to "o ( ! ,=ty-sev5 ,ron91 :o und]goes a /ruggle betwe5 filial duty & fai?fulness to ! loyal reta9]s4 ,heavy-he>t$ he leaves home1 say+ f>ewell to fa!r1 wife1 & *ild1 kn[+ t he may nev] see !m aga94 ,he /ops to re/ 9 ! %ade ( ! big p9e trees t l9e ! great highway1 ! ,tokaido1 & to eat ! simple boil$ rice 8 wife has prep>$ = him4 ,home-sickness ov]takes him1 & he _c t\* ! food4 ,doves fly d[n f ! trees above1 & !y make him ?9k all ! m ( home4 ,he mu/ see 8 fa!r once m1 & apologise to him = 8 neglect2 he mu/ %[ 8 he>t1 & tell ( 8 secret int5tion to jo9 ! b&4 ,b :5 he />ts1 remembrance ( ! cause he has esp\s$ pulls him back4 ,wav]+ betwe5 ! two desires1 he sees ! "m dove has fall5 to ! gr\nd dead1 & ! "y ones hov] ab\t h] z ?\gh b]eft4 ,ca/+ all scruples to ! w9ds1 he runs homew>d1 only to f9d t 8 fa!r 0 aw>e ( 8 undisclos$ plan1 & ! bett] to aid him has committ$ suicide t he may be free to devote himself to ! great cause4 ,ko*iyama1 a crafty prie/ ( l[ rank1 visits ! mansion ( a daimyo1 & passes himself (f z a pr9ce ( royal blood at ! head ( a great temple4 ,he makes a /rik+ figure 9 8 :ite inn] g>m5t & ?9 sc>let out] robe1 & is treat$ ) e m>k ( respect4 ,kn[+ ( a sc&al )9 ! h\sehold1 he seeks to pr(it4 ,he tells ! "l he w lose all 8 possessions %\ld ! affair be made kn[n4 ,! maids spread a f9e fea/ 9 front ( him1 b he waves x aside1 say+ t he w\ld pref] a dr9k ( ! tea brew$ f ! gold5 globe fl[]4 ,act+ on ! h9t1 ! /ew>d ( ! h\sehold br+s him ! requir$ hu% money4 ,on 8 dep>ture he coolly confesses ! game he has play$1 & laughs insol5tly at ! enrag$ s]vants ( ! daimyo4 ,on ! hanami*i he meets ) a conf$]ate & c\nts ! booty4 ,sev5 hundr$ ye>s ago ! ,soga bro!rs1 ,goro & ,juro1 rev5g$ !mselves ^u ,kudo1 ! slay] ( _! fa!r1 & s9ce t "t1 l ! /ory ( h[ ,horatius kept ! bridge 9 ! brave days ( old1 ! tale has be5 sung & act$1 !re be+ hundr$s ( ,kabuki plays ) ,goro & ,juro z *>act]s2 _! /ory inspir$ ! playwrights ( ! ,doll-!atre & =m$ ! !me ( sev]al ,n dramas4 ,! "m desires ! elde/ son to d ! fatal de$1 hop+ to save ! two y\ng]4 ,!y are all anxi\s to take "p 9 ! kill+ ( ! man :o trea*]\sly put _! fa!r to dea? :5 !y 7 *ildr54 ,goro pleads t ,juro be all[$ to accompany him1 & ! "m reluctantly cons5ts4 ,! bl9d bro!r :o has become a prie/ is d5i$1 & s takes 8 own life4 ,!y we> /raw ra9coats & r\gh /raw s&als & ! wide hat ( ! f>m]2 !y />t (f to ! foot ( ,m\nt ,fuji1 :]e ,kudo has gone on a hunt+ exp$ition4 ,goro's co/ume is black ) a gay design ( butt]flies1 :ite plov]s on ! w+ adorn+ t ( ,juro4 ,!y creep into ! hunt+-lodge :]e ,kudo is sleep+1 & accompli% _! end4 ,soon ! y\?s are surr\nd$1 put up a brave fight1 b =feit _! lives4 ,few plays reflect ! national *>act]i/ics m ?an ! ,soga ,bro!rs' ,rev5ge1--! imp]sonal emotions ( ,goro1 ,juro1 & ! "m2 ! deeply implant$ desire = rev5ge 9 ,old ,japan = wrong done2 ! allegiance to ! dead r ?an ! liv+4 ,! ,soga bro!rs did n ?9k at all ( leav+ _! "m2 !y 7 consum$ ) loyalty to ! _s ( _! dep>t$ fa!r4 ,/amm]+ ,matabei--h[ _m f9e actors h essay$ ?is rle creat$ by ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon6 ,9 hi/ory he 0 ! f\nd] ( col\r pr9ts 9 ,japan1 b 9 ?is play he is an arti/ :o desires 8 ma/] to recognise 8 ability by giv+ him ! great "n ( ,tosa4 ,8 tea*]1 h[ev]1 is n will+ to ackn[l$ge 8 g5ius4 ,tongue-ti$1 he _c reveal 8 m9d to ! ma/]1 & 8 voluble wife1 :o makes up = 8 loss ( spee*1 only complicates matt]s4 ,sudd5ly1 a numb] ( f>m]s run ?r\gh ! audi5ce arm$ ) hoes & o!r agricultural implem5ts ann\nc+ t !re is a tig] 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,matabei /utt]s t !re are no tig]s 9 ,japan1 & t x mu/ be ! creation ( "s arti/ come to life4 ,sc>cely are ! words utt]$ ?an a tawny tig] em]ges f a bamboo ?icket & wags its head4 ,a y\ng] & m fav\rite pupil takes a bru% & draws an outl9e ( a tig] 9 ! air1 & 9 ?is is suffici5t magic to drive ! f]oci\s animal away4 ,!n ,matabei & 8 wife out ( disappo9tm5t plan to die toge!r1 & ! arti/ decides to pa9t a f>ewell picture4 ,he *ooses a squ>e /one wat]-bas91 & gazes into ! wat] to cat* ! reflection ( 8 face1 = he wi%es to draw 8 own portrait4 ,he selects ! side away f ! audi5ce & beg9s to "w :51 on ! opposite side1 fac+ ! audi5ce1 appe>s ! picture he is draw+4 ,8 art is s wond]ful t ! picture has p5etrat$ ! /one1 & :5 ! tea*] sees ! miracle he rel5ts & all[s ,matabei to take ! covet$ "n4 ,h[ a common robb] may become s picturesque t all 8 faults are =giv5 is to be se5 9 ! rle ( ,i%ikawa ,goemon4 ,he _h a ,*9ese fa!r & a ,japanese "m1 & 9 puni%m5t = 8 highway robb]ies he 0 f9ally boil$ 9 oil4 ,goemon took up 8 qu>t]s 9 ! second /ory ( ! great r$ gate ( ,nanz5-ji1 a ,kyoto temple1 & made 8 depr$ations by night4 ,9 a huge black velvet co/ume1 a loose out] g>m5t ( gold brocade1 & ! conv5tional wig ( a villa91 hair t /&s on end l a *e/nut bur1 ,goemon em]ges f 8 place ( concealm5t to ! gall]y above ! entrance gate & surveys ! sc5e1 smok+ 8 pipe peacefully4 ,!n ! man se>*+ = him appe>s out ( ! ne!r region ( ! /age1 cat*es ! reflection ( ! robb]'s face on ! surface ( ! wat] 9 a bronze temple-urn1 & exclaims t s long z !re is s& on ! sea%ore !re w be robb]s 9 ! _w4 ,bad *>act]s trans=m$ into h]oes--^! rles appeal$ to ,kabuki audi5ces4 ,su* 0 ,gonta1 a vagabond1 a bragg>t1 & a bully1 & yet he proves to h a he>t ( gold4 ,he 0 ready to bluff a samurai out ( 8 money1 swagg] boldly1 yet %[s t5d]ness = 8 *ild1 & does n hesitate to sacrifice bo? wife & (fspr+ :5 he responds to ! cl>ion call ( loyalty4 ,an uncompromis+ villa9 is ,kosai1 ! octog5>ian keep] ( a h\se ( ill-repute1 a revelation ( selfi%ness & indiff]5ce to ! suff]+ & angui% caus$ by 8 slave traffic4 ,a r$ tam-o'-%ant] worn by anci5ts 9 ,japan cov]s 8 head1 b5ea? :i* is ! ag$1 se>$1 h>d5$ face4 ,8 kimono is ( l>ge br[n & yell[ *ecks1 ov] :i* is ?r[n an upp] g>m5t ( d>k gre51 & he leans on a tall r$-lacqu]$ /aff1--a h>% & fanta/ic figure4 ,8 is a p]sonality s deeply sunk 9 crime t ev5 ^? actors :o specialise 9 katakiyaku1 or villa9's rles1 sc>cely ev] act su* a despicable "*4 ,x seems a ?ankless task to play su* a mon/]1 & yet ! v /r5g? ( 8 wick$ness is suffici5t to /ir up le?>gic citiz5s :o all[ su* p]sons z ,kosai to fl\ri% l gre5 bay-trees4 ,he meets 8 j des]ts1 b hang+ seems too good = him4 ,=titude 9 ! face ( suff]+ & dea? gives ! ,kabuki actor ! opportunity to p]=m "s ( 8 be/ rles4 ,su* a ,sp>tan rle is t ( ,sato ,masakiyo2 poison$ by 8 enemies & ) b a %ort "t to live1 he is se5 ) 8 beautiful "y daught]-9-law seat$ 9 an ornate r$ pleasure-craft on ,lake ,biwa4 ,a small boat comes ne> ) a mess5g] f ! enemy to see if ! poison has tak5 effect1 & he is surpris$ at ! h]o's complac5cy4 ,next a gift ( arm\r is pres5t$1 b ,sato /rikes 8 sword aga9/ ! *e/1 & ! w\ld-be assass9 conceal$ )9 turns a som]sault ov] ! side ( ! vessel4 ,a temple bell booms out1 a sailor's song is he>d 9 ! di/ance1 & ! %ip po9ts out ov] ! audi5ce4 ,sato1 :o has %[n admirable control 9 ! face ( physical suff]+1 reels to ! pr[1 & !re calmly surveys ! sc5e1 rem>k+ t x is a f9e day1 :ile ! /age-blood :i* oozes f ! corn] ( 8 m\? falls d[n ^u 8 :ite neckclo?4 ,9 ! ,kabuki actor's l>ge rep]toire ( weird rles !re are few to equal ! frightful mon/]1 ,tsu*igumo1 or ,! ,e>? ,spid]1 a popul> v]sion ( a ,n drama4 ,?is creature weaves its spell r\nd a w>rior :o suff]s f "s my/]i\s illness4 ,! spid] visits him 9 ! disguise ( a prie/ & ?r[s ! web t enme%es him4 ,x is l day fireworks1 made ( ?\s&s ( /r&s ( compress$ pap]1 t :5 releas$ fly =? l a f9e-spun web1 spray+ f> out ov] ! footlights & above ! heads ( ! p4 ,aga91 ! spid] is track$ to its d5 & comes =? to fight1 %oot+ ! fragile /r&s ( its web into ! boxes ( ! pit4 ,old & "y rea* out eag]ly = ! filmy /uff t w&]s gossam]-l f /agel&1 & ! intimate relation betwe5 ! audi5ce & ! play]s is fully e/abli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,matsumoto ,ko%iro & ,onoe ,baiko 9 ,seik9oto1 ! music-drama piece1 9 :i* ,baiko appe>$ z ! _s ( ! *]ry tree4 ,out f ! phantasmagoria ( ! %osagoto /&s ,seik9oto4 ,9 ?is1 ,seikibei1 a grotesque "*1 is se5 enjoy+ himself alone on ! /age1 imbib+ f a l>ge r$ sake cup1 :5 !re is let d[n f ! realm ( ! /age h&s above a piece ( grey c>v$ wood to repres5t cl\ds 9 :i* are prom95ces ! audi5ce is l$ to believe are />s4 ,%9+ d[n into 8 broad sake cup ! />s =etell t %\ld he cut d[n ! anci5t *]ry tree 9 ! c5tre ( ! /age1 he w be able to realise 8 ambition4 ,he seizes an axe almo/ z l>ge z himself & proce$s to fell ! tree4 ,b he is /opp$ by an app>ition1 ! _s ( ! *]ry tree4 ,%e is se5 at fir/1 fa9t & weird1 )9 ! bole ( ! tree1 b comes =? & dances ) ,seikibei1 prop]ty m5 caus+ sudd5 trans=mations 9 _! co/umes4 ,%e is 9 a *]ry-col\r$ kimono1 h] hair long1 & face pale4 ,seikibei we>s a que] black co/ume bord]$ ) l>ge black & :ite *ecks1 8 hair all tumbl$4 ,9 a picturesque po/ure dance !y attack ea* o!r1 he arm$ ) 8 exagg]at$ axe1 %e def5d+ h]self ) a bran* ( ! *]ry1 ! _s com+ out victori\s 9 ! /range enc\nt]4 ,?ree female ent]ta9]s 9 ! mansion ( a great "l are an ent]ta9m5t 9 !mselves4 ,l creatures ( "s o!r _w !y make _! appe>ance ?r\gh ! /age1 =c$ up f ! dep?s ( /ag$om by a special contrivance to =m a motionless gr\p l a piece ( /atu>y4 ,clad 9 simil> co/umes1 "o c>ries a bamboo rake1 ano!r is arm$ ) a g>d5 broom1 :ile a ?ird has a basket4 ,!y are 9 frolicsome mood z !y att5d to ! g>d5 & pick twigs ( sc>let maple4 ,to add to _! enjoym5t !y make a fire ) ! maple leaves & w>m "s sake1 :i* is suppos$ to h additional virtues if s prep>$1 accord+ to a ,*9ese poem4 ,a m]e sip ( ! bev]age s5ds ^! fanciful females into diff]5t /ates ( intoxication1 & !re is su* a fanta/ic sc5e t x c\ld n by ! wilde/ flight ( imag9ation be made into an argum5t aga9/ ! cup t *e]s2 "o laughs1 ! o!r scolds1 & ! ?ird weeps4 ,! samis5 & ! m9/rel support n[ "o & !n ! o!r1 caus+ a d9 & clatt] t is s well calculat$ z to be less confus+ ?an x seems 9 ! m]e description4 ,"o is 9 reality a spy1 & slips away ?9k+ h] companions are /ill "u ! magic ( ! sake w>m$ by ! burn+ maple leaves4 ,! o!r two come quickly to !mselves s9ce !y are also secret-s]vice damsels on ! look-out = spies1 & s x turns out t ! intoxicat$ trio 7 only feign+ drunk5ness aft] all4 ,:5 ?ree well-mat*$ actors take ^! rles1 !re is an int]e/+ display ( onnagata skill4 ,?ree onnagata rles 9 ,kagami-yama 7lit41 ,mirror ,m\nta97 provide %>p contra/s 9 ! types ( wom54 ,iwafuji is a wick$ maid 9 ! h\sehold ( a feudal "l1 :ile rank+ bel[ h] is ,o-,noe1 all t is g5tle & good4 ,jeal\s ( ! virtues & accompli%m5ts ( ,o-,noe1 ! evil ,iwafuji intrigues1 & h] plot succe$s s well t ! good maid is disgrac$ beyond all hope ( r$ress4 ,!re is no way 9 :i* ,o-,noe c cle> h]self1 & %e takes h] life4 ,o-,hatsu1 s]vant to ,o-,noe1 true-he>t$ & valor\s1 he$less ( ! consequ5ces1 meets ,iwafuji 9 ! g>d5 & fights to a f9i%1 ! bad ,iwafuji dy+ to ! satisfaction ( ! audi5ce1 :ile ! "y "l ( ! mansion appe>s to approve ,o-,hatsu's action1 & promotes h] to ! position 9 ! h\sehold h] mi/ress enjoy$4 ,among ! h]o9es ( ! common p !re is ,o-,fune1 ! daught] ( a f]ryman nam$ ,tombei1 9 ! village ( ,yagu*i4 ,a fugitive samurai takes %elt] 9 _! cottage ) 8 lady-love1 :om he passes (f z 8 si/]4 ,z a price has be5 put on ! gue/'s head1 ,tombei1 an old villa91 wi%es to obta9 ! money4 ,o-,fune manages to _s ! h]o away4 ,x is a rle ( _m emotions4 ,9 love ) ! gue/1 made love to by h] fa!r's assi/ant1 jeal\s ( ! f9e lady1 %e is w\nd$ by h] fa!r :o has attempt$ to kill ! fugitive1--& summon+ all h] /r5g? %e beats ! drum 9 ! t[]1 ga!r+ ! p toge!r t ! samurai may h ! opportunity to escape to a place ( safety4 ,%\ld any "o ask a f]ryman on ! ,sumida ,riv] 9 ,tokyo to tell an old /ory ( t muddy comm]cial /ream1 he w\ld no d\bt relate ! tale ( ,takao1 & h[ %e 0 ransom$ f ! c\rtesan life by a daimyo :o paid h] weight 9 gold1 & h[ :5 %e attempt$ to escape f 8 pleasure-boat on ! riv]1 z %e lov$ ano!r1 ! enrag$ "l cut (f h] head4 ,& t "* tak5 f ! pages ( a fairy-tale1 ,o-,ryu1 ! _s ( ! will[ tree6 ,%e lives 9 a ru/ic cottage 9 ! he>t ( ! =e/1 ) h] husb& ,heit>o & little son4 ,:5 %e he>s ! woodsm5 *opp+ d[n ! old will[ ne> by1 %e kn[s t h] e>?ly life is ov]4 ,z ! /roke ( ! axe res\nds1 ,o-,ryu is trans=m$ f a mode/ wife to a gre5i% gho/4 ,!re is a great :irl ( will[ leaves ab\t h]1 & 9 ! fitful gl>e ( uncanny gre5 light %e says f>ewell to h] *ild & disappe>s among ! trees1 becom+ fa9t] & fa9t] until %e is lo/ 9 ! di/ance4 ,"s actors are bett] fitt$ to act r\gh ,y$o girls1 or wom5 ( ! l[] classes1 b x is ! ambition ( ! be/ onnagata to portray noble wom54 ,su* a rle is ,kesa ,goz51 or ! ,lady ,kesa1 ! un=tunate b h]oic noblewoman4 ,held up z an example ( *a/ity & devotion1 ,kesa ,goz5 %\ld take h] place among ! good wom5 ( ! _w's /age4 ,a samurai falls 9 love ) h]1 & to protect h] hon\r & save h] husb&1 %e becomes privy to a dreadful plot aga9/ him t %e kn[s w nev] be c>ri$ out4 ,at night ! samurai approa*es ! b$room1 gropes ab\t1 & f9ds ! wet hair t he has be5 told is t ( ! husb&4 ,tragic inde$ is ! y\?'s awak5+ :51 on ! /eps lead+ to a temple close by1 he uncov]s ! head he has tak51 & sees by ! light ( ! moon t x is ! face ( ! woman he loves4 ,,meiji ,,kabuki ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,meiji ,,kabuki ,i ,yaku%a ( ,meiji ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! n9?1 0 ! tor*-be>] ( ,kabuki dur+ ! long reign ( ! ,emp]or ,mutsuhito1 kn[n z ! ,meiji era1 :i* endur$ = =ty-five ye>s 7#ahfh-aiab74 ,!re 7 b>r5 ye>s = ! !atre previ\s to ! ,re/oration1 & ! /agnant condition ( ! p %[$ itself 9 ! lack ( ,kabuki creativ5ess4 ,:5 ! long-%ut gates ( ,japan 7 sudd5ly ?r[n wide op5 to ! dazzl+ wond]s ( ! ,we/1 m5 did n h "t to sp5d 9 %ibai1 & _! ?\ghts 7 engross$ by ! rapid *anges t took place 9 politics1 indu/ry1 education1 & religion4 ,! :ole c\rse ( ,kabuki c\ld n be *ang$ ov]night1 & 9 consequ5ce rema9$ /ation>y4 ,! !atres almo/ w5t out ( exi/5ce1 & wom5 & *ildr5 =m$ ! audi5ces4 ,x took "s ye>s = ,kabuki to pull itself toge!r1 = ,we/]n influ5ces 7 inundat+ ! c\ntry1 & nei!r ! play]s1 ! playgo]s1 nor ! playwrit]s 7 able to 8f9d !mselves04 ,if x _h n be5 = ! greate/ memb] ( ! ,i*ikawa family1 ! actors might h become l lo/ %eep & /ray$ f ! fold1 sep>at+ !mselves f _! pa/1 & wor%ipp+ all ! new & confus+ t5d5cies ( ! day4 ,danjuro1 ! n9?1 0 ! bridge t spann$ ! sudd5 gulf :i* yawn$ betwe5 ! traditional pa/ & ! unc]ta9 & *ang+ mod]n _w4 ,he may be reg>d$ z ! savi\r ( ,kabuki dur+ a p]iod :5 x might h suff]$ %ipwreck1 _h !re n be5 a man ( g5ius at ! helm to guide ! craft ?r\gh ! tr\bl$ wat]s4 ,9 ! la/ days ( ! %ogunate & ! e>ly ye>s ( ,meiji1 !re 7 a numb] ( yaku%a :o %one ev5 9 ^! tr\bl$ times4 ,! !atres 7 /ill gr\p$ toge!r 9 ,s>uwaka-*o1 ,asakusa1 :5 ! ,emp]or1 travell+ 9 /ate f ,kyoto1 rea*$ 8 new capital4 ,commodore ,p]ry1 :o knock$ at ! door ( ,japan at a mo/ opportune mom5t1 c\ld h witness$ a p]=mance at ! ,i*imura-za or ,nakamura-za 9 ?is qu>t] ( ,y$o1 _h he be5 s m9d$4 ,= ?irty ye>s ?ree m5 _h held ! c5tre ( ,kabuki 9 ! days ( ! fa/-decay+ %ogunate4 ,!y 7 ,onoe ,kikugoro1 ! ?ird2 ! sev5? ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 & ! f\r? ,nakamura ,utayemon4 ,danjuro1 ! sev5?1 became ! *ief actor ( ! ,i*imura-za at ! age ( #bc4 ,8 extravagances bo? on & (f ! /age came to ! att5tion ( ! au?orities1 & he 0 sudd5ly summon$ to appe> be=e ! di/rict (ficials1 & !re s5t5c$ to exile f ,y$o on ! gr\nd ( unw>rant$ indulg5ce 9 luxury4 8,ebizo1 ,kabuki actor01 s ! s5t5ce read1 8we h long w>n$ ! above p]son t he is n all[$ to build an extravagant resid5ce & to use f9e furniture01 & cont9u$ to enum]ate 8 lapses f grace1 p>ticul>ly m5tion+ ! fact t he wore on ! /age a suit ( real arm\r :i* belong$ to a milit>y (fic]4 ,al?\gh a petition ask+ = a p>don 0 pres5t$ by 8 relatives & fri5ds1 ! h>d-he>t$ (ficials 7 unrel5t+1 & he 0 oblig$ to w&] ab\t ! c\ntry = sev5 ye>s1 play+ = ! mo/ "p 9 ,osaka1 :]e he 0 mo/ popul>4 ,9 #ahdi 0 all[$ to return to ,y$o1 & gave special p]=mances to express 8 ?ankfulness t 8 ye>s ( exile 7 at an end4 ,on ! way out ( 8 dress+-room to ! /age1 he compla9$ ( illness1 & 0 advis$ n to appe>1 b p]si/$4 ,:ile act+ 8 spee* fail$1 & he made a sign ) 8 h&1 :5 ! curta9 0 drawn4 ,he 0 c>ri$ (f ! /age1 & di$ soon aft]4 ,8 elde/ son succe$$ z ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! eigh?4 ,he became *ief actor ( ! ,i*imura-za at ! age ( #af1 repair+ to a temple e day to pray = success4 ,! ,gov]nm5t _h no opportunity to reprove him1--on ! contr>y1 he 0 giv5 a rew>d = filial piety4 ,to 8 exil$ fa!r he s5t money1 repaid ! debts ( 8 family1 0 k9d to 8 num]\s bro!rs1 left ! !atre betwe5 acts to inquire ab\t 8 "m1 & assi/$ ! family pupils :5 old age ov]took !m4 ,reports ( 8 high "* 7 spread1 & he 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ,y$o p4 ,9 spite ( 8 g5ius & probity1 8 fa!r's m>ital adv5tures 7= ! sev5? _h ?ree wives & _m concub9es7 mu/ h weigh$ heavily ^u 8 m9d4 ,he w5t to play 9 ,osaka1 b ! audi5ces 7 /udi\sly cold1 !re be+ ! old jeal\sy ( ! ,y$o /age1 & ! eigh? ,danjuro 0 treat$ slight+ly4 ,?is 0 m ?an ! s5sitive "y actor c\ld endure1 & he committ$ suicide at an inn 9 ,osaka1 dy+ unm>ri$ at ! age ( #cb4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ,meiji !re 0 "o actor :o attract$ great att5tion1--,i*ikawa ,kodanji1 a pupil ( ! sev5? ,danjuro4 ,he 0 ! son ( a man :o kept a /all sell+ fireworks at ! ,i*imura-za4 ,on "o occasion he 0 deta9$ by illness1 & 0 late 9 tak+ 8 cue4 ,8 sup]ior1 ,ara%i ,rikaku1 *a/is$ him = ! (f5ce by /rik+ him ) a zori1 or /raw s&al1 :i* caus$ him to fall d[n a /airway beh9d ! sc5es4 ,he nev] =got ?is incid5t1 & lat]1 :5 he _h become successful & 0 play+ ) ,rikaku1 he clev]ly ins]t$ a ref]5ce to ! zori incid5t into 8 l9es4 ,x is ,kodanji's association ) ,kawataki ,mokuami1 ! lead+ playwright ( ,meiji1 t makes him ( int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,meiji ,kabuki4 ,! two =m$ a close p>tn]%ip1 ,mokuami writ+ ! reali/ic plays ( ! pla9 citiz5s t %[$ ,kodanji's tal5ts (f to ! be/ advantage4 ,8 son became ! fif? ,kodanji1 a vet]an ( ! ,tokyo /age :o cont9u$ to act until )9 ! la/ ye> ( 8 life1 dy+ 9 #aibb4 ,aft] ! ,kodanji ( e>ly ,meiji _h pass$ away !re 0 no "o to take 8 place1 & ,kabuki 0 almo/ d]elict4 ,! actors ^u :om ! responsibility ( ,kabuki re/$ 7 ,nakamura ,%ikan1 ,b&o ,hikosaburo1 ,onoe ,kikugoro1 ! fif?1 ! eigh? ,iwai ,han%iro1 la/ ( ?is long onnagata family1 & ! "y actor :o 0 to succe$ z head ( ! ,i*ikawa l9e4 ,by f> ! mo/ capable actor ( ! "t 0 ,b&o ,hikosaburo1 ! fif?4 ,8 fa!r 0 a c>p5t] atta*$ to ! ,goddess ( ,m]cy ,temple 9 ,asakusa1 b z soon z he 0 born he 0 adopt$ by ! f\r? ,hikosaburo z 8 /age heir4 ,aft] p]=m+ 9 ,osaka = "s "t1 he return$ to ,tokyo1 br++ ) him a gei%a call$ ,i*iryu 7,"o-,dragon71 a "y p]son ) :om he _h become enam\r$4 ,= ! sake ( 8 new love he caus$ 8 wife ,o-,yei to be divorc$4 ,o-,yei 0 a si/] ( ! fif? ,kikugoro1 & "o ( ! latt]'s pupils /ole into ,hikosaburo's h\se & attempt$ to injure ! fasc9at+ ,"o-,dragon4 ,su* a sudd5 lapse f grace on ,hikosaburo's "p />t$ all tongues wagg+1 especially z he _h be5 /rict 9 8 behavi\r1 & mo/ mode/ & decor\s 9 8 demean\r4 ,8 popul>ity 0 less5$ = a "t1 b z 8 act+ cont9u$ to improve1 p =got all ab\t 8 morals4 ,next to ,hikosaburo 9 ability1 & a close rival1 0 ,nakamura ,%ikan4 ,he 0 ! son ( a m9or actor1 b adopt$ by ,nakamura ,utayemon4 ,) su* a /age sponsor1 ,%ikan 0 tra9$ 9 danc+ & greatly excell$ 9 ?is ,kabuki art4 ,utayemon presid$ at ! kojo1 or ann\ncem5t c]emony1 :5 ! "y actor took "o ( ! ,nakamura family names1 t ( ,fukusuke4 ,b soon aft] ?is he 0 giv5 a sum ( money & return$ to 8 own home4 ,! gossips ( ! day said t he _h fa9t$ sev]al times on ! /age & 0 physically uns\nd2 o!rs cont5d$ t he _h become involv$ 9 a love affair displeas+ to 8 adopt$ fa!r4 ,he _h be5 play+ 9 ,osaka ) ,utayemon1 b sudd5ly return$ to ,y$o alone4 ,two ye>s lat] ,utayemon di$ 9 ,osaka & a weal?y patron provid$ ! fun]al exp5ses 9 ! divorc$ son's "n1 z ?\gh no?+ _h happ5$ to sev] _! relations4 ,!re 7 two fun]als1 "o 9 ,osaka & "o 9 ,y$o1 & ,%ikan ga9$ a great deal ( sympa?y1 hav+ pos$ z mo/ filial to an unk9d p>5t4 ,%ikan 01 h[ev]1 a wor?y successor to ,utayemon1 z 0 evid5c$ :5 he act$ at ! ,i*imura-za 9 company ) ,nakamura ,tomijuro1 "o ( ! fir/ onnagata ( ,osaka4 ,lat] on1 to ann\nce 8 increas$ fame & reputation1 he took ano!r "n ( ! ,nakamura family1 ,%ikan1 b ! public reg>d$ ?is z an unw>rant$ proc$ure1 = _h he liv$ ,utayemon w\ld c]ta9ly n h be/[$ x ^u him4 ,s ne>ly mat*$ 9 ability 7 ,%ikan & ,hikosaburo1 ) b two ye>s' diff]5ce 9 _! ages1 t !y 7 pitt$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & _! patrons (t5 indulg$ 9 fights ov] !m4 ,dur+ a p]=mance1 :5 ^! actors 7 play+ toge!r1 !y came ?r\gh ! audi5ce by way ( ! two hanami*i1 ! "o to ! "r ( ! /age a m]e footpa?1 t to ! left a plat=m t 0 9 reality a cont9uation ( ! /age prop]4 ,!y qu>rell$ z to :o %\ld take ! ma9 hanami*i1 & ! dispute wax$ s hot t !y f9ally drew lots to settle ! matt]4 ,%ikan's "m 0 a p]son ( influ5ce 9 %ibai circles1 & %e 0 s zeal\s on h] son's behalf t %e caus$ consid]able tr\ble4 ,ev5 9 8 old age ,%ikan's light 0 n dimm$1 & he cont9u$ to act until dea? claim$ him4 ,hikosaburo 0 also an actor ( f9e p>ts--h&some 9 appe>ance1 possess$ ( a ri* voice1 & clev] 9 mak+-up4 ,he 0 g5]\s-m9d$1 pr\d ( ! position he _h ga9$1 b always lack$ 9 good ta/e & ref9em5t4 ,an actor ( ! fir/ ability 0 ,sawamura ,tannosuke1 ! second son ( ,sawamura ,sojuro1 ! six?4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,meiji1 he 0 play+ at ! ?ree *ief !atres 9 ,s>uwaka-*o4 ,at ! age ( #af1 he began to act 9 lead+ onnagata rles1 & 0 a g5ius 9 ! del9eation ( wom5's *>act]s4 ,a tragic fate ov]took him1 & 8 loss to ! ,tokyo /age 0 v great4 ,suff]+ an injury to 8 feet1 gangr5e set 94 ,ev]y?+ 0 done to save him1 & he 0 tak5 to ,yokohama1 :]e an ,am]ican m$ical mission>y 0 consult$4 ,bo? feet1 h[ev]1 7 amputat$ 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,meiji4 ,9 spite ( ?is great physical disability1 ,tannosuke cont9u$ to appe> on ! /age1 support$ by sev]al black-rob$ prop]ty-m51 & s great 0 8 popul>ity t ! p cr[d$ to see him4 ,8 wife 0 unfai?ful to him1 & 0 on intimate t]ms ) "o ( 8 pupils1 & ?is add$ to 8 hopeless condition1 fill+ ! rema9+ days ( ?is un=tunate onnagata /> ) unhapp9ess4 ,! "y actors :o foll[$ aft]w>ds 9 ,tannosuke's specialty 7 depriv$ ( ! /imulus & high /&>d he _h set1 & a lack ( good onnagata 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! great] "p ( ! long ,meiji era4 ,! ?ree />s ( ! ,meiji era 7 ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! n9?1 kn[n 9 8 e>ly c>e] z ,kaw>azaki ,gonnosuke1 ! fif? ,onoe ,kikugoro1 & ,i*ikawa ,sadanji4 ,associat$ ) !m 0 ,iwai ,han%iro1 ! eigh?1 ! la/ ( ?is tal5t$ onnagata l9e4 ,tw5ty ye>s elaps$ aft] ! dea? ( ! eigh? ,danjuro be=e ! succession ( ! n9?4 ,onoe ,kikugoro1 ! fif?1 0 ! second son ( ,i*ikawa ,uzaemon1 ! twelf?1 & 8 "m 0 ! daught] ( ! ?ird ,kikugoro4 ,he succe$$ to ! head%ip ( ! ,kikugoro family1 rank$ ) ! n9? ,danjuro1 & 9 "s respects surpass$ him4 ,x 0 9 drama ( ev]yday life t ,kikugoro mo/ excell$1 ! s5tim5tal & reali/ic hav+ ! greate/ appeal = him 9 contra/ to ! unreal proclivities ( ,danjuro1 ! n9?1 :o 0 a fai?ful expon5t ( ! traditional /yle ( 8 family4 ,! fif? ,kikugoro left beh9d him ?ree sons4 ,he adopt$ 8 nephew1 ,onoe ,baiko1 n[ ! lead+ actor ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre2 & two sons 7 born to him 9 middle age1 ,kikugoro1 ! six?1 & ,b&o ,hikosaburo1 ( ! pres5t ,tokyo /age4 ,i*ikawa ,sadanji 0 born 9 ,osaka1 /udi$ "u sev]al actors1 f9ally becom+ a disciple ( ! ,i*ikawa family4 ,at fir/ he 0 a poor actor1 & gave no sign ( a promis+ c>e]4 ,mokuami1 ! playwright1 assi/$ him greatly by provid+ him ) new plays & furni%+ him ) advice1 & s great 0 8 advancem5t t he 0 able to hold 8 own ) ,danjuro & ,kikugoro1 ! ?ree />s play+ toge!r until dea? sep>at$ !m4 ,! eigh? ,han%iro :o appe>$ ) ^! actors 0 ! son ( ! sev5?1 & 0 born 9 ,osaka4 ,he 0 extremely effem9ate 9 mann]1 a true onnagata ( ! old s*ool1 & 0 kn[n = 8 good de$s1 always assi/+ 8 pupils1 & k9dly dispos$ to 8 s]vants & ! m5ials ( ! !atre4 ,an aw>d ( m]it 0 giv5 him by ! ,gov]nm5t1 z an example to o!rs ( a good citiz5 & loyal subject4 ,on 8 dea?b$ ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is actor 7 n subdu$4 ,he ex]cis$ 8 tal5t = v]se-mak+ z a p>t+ gift to life4 8,hakitate no w>aji01 he wrote1 8tsumetaki ,h>u no ,yuki01 ! 8,w>aji ,i am accu/om$ to we> are cold 9 ! spr+ sn[40 ,?us he made ! sugge/ion t life 0 l a pair ( w>aji1 or co>se /raw s&als worn on a long j\rney1 & t !y sudd5ly felt cold z 9 a spr+ sn[4 ,/ill ano!r onnagata 0 ,i*ikawa ,monnosuke1 ! fif?4 ,born ! son ( a ,y$o re/aurant proprietor1 he s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip to ! /age 9 ,osaka4 ,8 son 0 "o ( ! mo/ popul> onnagata 9 ! latt] "p ( ,meiji1 & a brilliant "y gr&son1 ,omezo1 is an adornm5t ( ! ,tokyo /age to-day4 ,"o aft] ano!r ! ?ree />s1 ,kikugoro1 ,danjuro1 & ,sadanji1 pass$ away1 & gloom settl$ d[n ^u ! ,tokyo /age4 ,x 0 ye>s be=e ! p took an active int]e/ 9 %ibai1 & an equally long "t be=e ! actors rega9$ confid5ce 9 !mselves4 ,! ?ree />s _h be5 ! c5tre ( attraction1 & a consid]able p]iod _h to elapse = ! new gr[? & developm5t t 0 to culm9ate 9 ! fl\ri%+ !atre condition ( ! pres5t4 ,,ii ,! ,n9? ,i*ikawa ,danjuro ,f ! po9t ( view bo? ( "* & ( art ,danjuro1 ! n9?1 is consid]$ ! greate/ actor t ,japan has produc$4 ,kaburagi ,kiyokata1 "o ( ,tokyo's lead+ arti/s1 describ+ ,danjuro1 said t he c\ld only be pa9t$ ) broad l9es1 = ^u ! /age he pres5t$ su* beautiful figures z c\ld only be se5 9 old sculptures4 ,& su* 0 8 ability 9 portray+ hi/orical *>act]s t ! p ?\ght ( pa/ h]oes only 9 ! light ( ,danjuro's creations4 ,al?\gh he upheld ! treasur$ anti-real /yle ( ! ,i*ikawa l9e1 he ?rew himself ) en?usiasm into ! portrayal ( rles 9 a new type ( play call$ katsureki1 or liv+ hi/ory1 9 :i* he pa9t$ 8 *>act]s ) accuracy ( detail1 %[+ ! influ5ce ( ,we/]n drama1 & also 8 revolt f ! inconsi/5cies ( ! jidaimono1 or hi/orical pieces ( ! ,doll-!atre4 ,an actor ( su* great p>ts 0 nev] se5 be=e 9 ,japan1 & 8 l may n appe> aga9 = g5]ations to come4 ,! n9? ,danjuro 7born #ahch1 di$ #aijc7 0 ! son ( ! sev5? ,danjuro4 ,8 "m 0 n ! legal wife ( 8 fa!r1 & 0 ! daught] ( a re/aurant proprietor4 ,%e _h 9 addition to ,danjuro1 ! n9?1 ?ree sons & a daught]4 ,! h]$it>y own] ( ! ,kaw>azaki-za1 ,kaw>azaki ,gonnosuke1 _h made a promise to ! sev5? ,danjuro t he w\ld adopt "o ( 8 num]\s brood1 & ! fif? son 0 select$ to become ! head ( ?is family4 ,gonnosuke 0 an influ5tial %ibai proprietor1 & ! boy 0 reg>d$ z a "y ari/ocrat ( ! !atre4 ,at ! "t ( 8 adoption ,gonnosuke 0 n m>ri$1 & 8 "m und]took ! task ( br++ up ! com+ ,danjuro 9 ! way he %\ld g4 ,f 8 fif? ye> !re 7 b few pleasures 9 /ore = ! boy4 ,he 0 c>ri$ to ! h\se ( 8 danc+ ma/] on ! back ( 8 nurse4 ,once1 :5 ! sev5? ,danjuro visit$ ,gonnosuke1 ! latt] remon/rat$1 & said ! boy w\ld c]ta9ly be kill$ by 8 sev]e tra9+4 ,to ?is ! gr&mo!r s>ca/ically rejo9$ t ,danjuro's *ildr5 7 all dipp$ 9 tubs ( sug>1 b t !re 0 "s pepp] mix$ ) x4 ,evid5tly %e _h no fai? 9 ! mann] ! ,i*ikawa *ildr5 7 manag$1 & "t has %[n ! correctness ( h] view-po9t1 = ! boy 9 ! c>e ( ,gonnosuke's "m 0 ! only "o ( ! family to atta9 success4 ,c]ta9ly ,danjuro1 ! n9?1 appreciat$ ! int]e/ %[n 9 8 welf>e by ?is old woman1 = 9 8 lat] ye>s he nev] fail$ to express 8 appreciation ( ! tra9+ he receiv$ 9 8 y\?4 ,aft]w>ds ,gonnosuke took a wife1 & %e _h a son & a daught]4 ,x 0 a sev]e disappo9tm5t :5 ! daught] di$ "y1 = x 0 plann$ t %e %\ld m>ry ! adopt$ son4 ,!reaft] ,danjuro did n get on well ) 8 adopt$ "m4 ,a :ole s]ies ( mis=tunes ov]took ,danjuro4 ,fir/1 8 fa!r 0 ord]$ out ( ,tokyo1 & 8 own "m accompani$ him into exile4 ,at ! age ( fifte5 he took ! "n ( ,kaw>azaki ,gonnosuke4 ,danjuro1 ! eigh?1 committ$ suicide 9 ,osaka1 & ?is family trag$y 0 foll[$ by ! dea? ( a y\ng] & promis+ bro!r4 ,/ill ano!r bro!r 0 unable to become an actor1 z 8 face 0 m>r$ by smallpox1 & a bro!r adopt$ by ,matsumoto ,ko%iro 0 n a success4 ,!n came ! de/ructive e>?quake ( #ahee1 & ! ,kaw>azaki-za 0 entirely demoli%$1 z 0 ! city4 ,!re 0 tr\ble 9 secur+ a lic5se = ! recon/ruction ( ! ,kaw>azaki-za2 x ceas$ to be1 & ! "y ,gonnosuke fac$ a b>r5 inh]itance4 ,9 addition to all ?is1 8 adopt$ fa!r 0 attack$ & kill$ by robb]s4 ,! v>i\s vicissitudes ?r\gh :i* he pass$ did n prev5t him f becom+ an actor1 & he made rapid progress 9 8 pr(ession4 ,at #cd he m>ri$ ,masu1 :om 8 adopt$ "m _h *os5 = him4 ,h>d times foll[$1 & he 0 oblig$ to travel 9 ! prov9ces1 b ev5 :5 act+ 9 c\ntry %ibai1 8 ,tokyo cr$itors foll[$ & attempt$ to take ! receipts4 ,:5 !y return$ to ,tokyo he & 8 wife _h no home to g to1 & took tempor>y %elt] 9 ! abode ( "o ( ,danjuro's patrons4 ,! con/ruction ( a new playh\se1 ! ,%9tomi-za1 by ! en]getic !atre manag]1 ,morita ,kanya1 />t$ ,danjuro on a new & prosp]\s c>e]4 ,kanya 0 m ?an will+ to produce novelties t w\ld />tle ,tokyo1 & ,danjuro set to "w to make improvem5ts 9 ,kabuki4 ,9 ?is he 0 greatly enc\rag$ by ! fam\s /atesman ,pr9ce ,ito1 & ,matsuda ,mi*iyuki1 a ,gov]nor ( ,tokyo prefecture1 :o became an en?usia/ic support] ( ! ,%9tomi-za4 ,morita ,kanya's innovations 7 (t5 failures 9 t !y w5t ov] ! heads ( ! p1 & ! f9ances ( ! ,%9tomi-za 7 f> f satisfactory4 ,danjuro play$ 9 a m9or !atre1 b ill-luck foll[$ him1 & dur+ "o ( ! p]=mances fire broke out & de/roy$ ?is %ibai4 ,he escap$ we>+ 8 /age wig & co/ume1 to ! great a/oni%m5t ( 8 family on 8 return home4 ,a signal hon\r 0 giv5 ,danjuro 9 #ahhg4 ,he 0 comm&$ by ,c\nt ,in\ye to play be=e ! ,emp]or4 ,8 ,maje/y _h cons5t$ to visit ! ,in\ye resid5ce1 & w\ld witness a ,kabuki ent]ta9m5t = ! fir/ "t4 ,n s9ce ! days ( ,s>uwaka ,kansaburo1 :o _h danc$ be=e ! ,emp]or 9 ,kyoto1 _h !re be5 su* recognition ( ! (ficially despis$ play-folk4 ,9 ! beautiful ,in\ye g>d5 a tempor>y /age 0 set up1 & fac+ x a ?rone be=e :i* hung a ?9 bamboo curta94 ,f ?is elevat$ position ! late ,emp]or wat*$ ! plays & express$ deep int]e/4 ,! fir/ piece 0 ,kanj9*o4 ,! same piece 0 select$ = pres5tation :5 ! ,mayor ( ,tokyo ent]ta9$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales at ! ,imp]ial ,!atre 9 ,april #aibb1 & on ?is occasion ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t ent]$ ! portals ( a !atre ( 8 own l& = ! fir/ "t4 ,! ,danjuro p]=mances la/$ = ?ree days1 ! ,emp]or witness+ ! plays on ! fir/ day1 ! ,empress on ! foll[+ day1 & ! ,emp]or's "m on ! la/ day4 ,tak$a ,izumo's ,t]akoya1 or ,! ,village ,s*ool1 0 pres5t$ be=e ! ,empress1 & h] sympa?y & feel+s 7 s /irr$ t ^? ne> ,h] ,maje/y saw te>s 9 h] eyes1 & 7 p]plex$1 ?9k+ t ! play _h bett] be /opp$4 ,! te>s ( an ,empress ov] ! sacrifice ( ,matsuom>u's son t ! heir to ,mi*izane might live1 & ! loyalty ( ,g5zo1 ! village s*oolma/]6 ,^! 7 r$-lett] days1 inde$1 = ! :ole yaku%a frat]nity4 ,) ! build+ ( ! ,kabuki-za1 ,danjuro enjoy$ 8 greate/ prosp]ity4 ,"h "o success foll[$ ! o!r2 & ,tokyo %[]$ its approval ^u ! great actor4 ,lat] 9 life ,danjuro 0 p]suad$ to g to ,osaka4 ,he _h refus$ repeat$ly to accept an engagem5t s9ce ! eigh? ,danjuro _h committ$ suicide !re2 ! treatm5t met$ out to 8 bro!r by ! audi5ce 0 an insult to ! ,i*ikawa "n t _h nev] be5 wip$ out4 ,contr>y to 8 expectations1 ,osaka receiv$ ! di/+ui%$ ,i*ikawa l a conqu]+ h]o1 & he reap$ a gold5 h>ve/1 ! l>ge/ sum ( money ev] giv5 an actor 9 ! hi/ory ( ,japan1--some?+ l #ej1jjj y5 = =ty days4 ,?rongs ( p came to see him ^u 8 arrival1 b he c>efully avoid$ ! cr[ds z he did n c>e to ride ?r\gh ! /reets to make a %[ ( himself4 ,"s delay 0 caus$ 9 ! /age arrangem5ts on ! op5+ day1 & ! audi5ce became impati5t1 caus+ a great upro>4 ,?is s tr\bl$ ,danjuro t he told 8 wife t he 0 q prep>$ to leave ,osaka %\ld ! audi5ce make disagreeable rem>ks4 ,he _h purposely exclud$ ,i*ikawa plays f ! programme1 = %\ld ! audi5ce prove unfri5dly ! affront to 8 ance/ors c\ld n be endur$4 ,) ! noise out 9 front increas+1 ! dutiful wife 0 told to make prep>ations = a ha/y dep>ture1 & left = ! railway /ation1 :]e %e await$ h] husb&'s mess5g]4 ,x turn$ out to be good news t he br\ght1 h[ev]1 = ,osaka _h behav$ well1 & welcom$ ! ,tokyo /> ) e sign ( respect & admiration4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 life he took great pleasure 9 ! build+ ( a beautiful c\ntry home on ! sea-coa/ n f> f ,yokohama1 & "h he retir$ :5 8 heal? began to fail1 exhau/$ ) 8 long /age s]vice4 ,he plann$ to give a f>ewell p]=mance1 & select$ ,tak$a ,izumo's ,*u%+ura 9 :i* all 8 pupils 7 to appe>4 ,b ?is plan c\ld n be c>ri$ out1 = he became /eadily weak]4 ,l o!r yaku%a he _h 8 gods to :om he pray$1 & !re 7 two god-%r9es plac$ 9 8 g>d5 :]e he paid 8 respects e morn+4 ,:5 he knew 8 end 0 ne>1 he reque/$ t 8 h&s & m\? be wa%$ ) wat]1 & turn+ 9 ! direction ( ! g>d5 %r9es he clasp$ 8 h&s toge!r 9 wor%ip1 & recit$ a sutra4 ,aft] t he nev] spoke aga91 ! memb]s ( 8 family ea* 9 turn tak+ "p 9 ! la/ ,buddhi/ rite = ! dy+1 wett+ 8 lips ) a piece ( pap] dipp$ 9 wat]1 dur+ :i* he 0 consci\s4 ,he pass$ away 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,8 fun]al 0 m impos+ ?an t = a m9i/] ( /ate1 & x seem$ t all ,tokyo m\rn$ 8 pass+4 ,danjuro left beh9d him no son to assume 8 mantle4 ,8 eld] daught] m>ri$ ! son ( a bank]1 & ?is "y man became ! head ( ! private family1 & has nev] be5 able to succe$ to ! illu/ri\s "n & become ,danjuro1 ! t5?1 al?\gh he has sp5t ye>s 9 ! /udy ( act+ 9 ,osaka4 ,i*ikawa ,san%o1 z he is kn[n1 w nev] be able to foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 fa!r-9-law4 ,danjuro's y\ng] daught] m>ri$ a m9or actor1 ,i*ikawa ,%9saburo1 & !y h a daught]1 :o is ?us ! la/ repres5tative ( ! family4 ,danjuro left beh9d him a numb] ( tal5t$ pupils4 ,! be/ among !m is ! pres5t ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 ! sev5?1 ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre4 ,because ( a y\?ful escapade1 ,danjuro decl>$ t ,ko%iro %\ld n succe$ him1 :i* seems a sev]e p5alty1 = ,ko%iro is ! "o ,tokyo actor capable ( c>ry+ on ! ,i*ikawa traditions4 ,9 consequ5ce1 n until ,danjuro's gr& daught] gr[s up & m>ries & h] (fspr+ %[ traces ( ! ,i*ikawa g5ius1 w !re be se5 aga9 a wor?y successor to ?is illu/ri\s actor l9e4 ,no great] pro( ( ! /rong affection ( ! p = ,danjuro c\ld h be5 witness$ ?an ! unveil+ ( a bronze /atue to 8 memory 9 ,june #aiai1 9 ! comp\nd ( ! great temple sacr$ to ! ,goddess ( ,m]cy 9 ,asakusa1 t cr[d$ di/rict ( mod]n ,tokyo :]e liv$ ! ron9 fa!r ( ! fir/ ,i*ikawa ,danjuro4 ,! /atue is ( ,danjuro 9 ! "* ( a w>rior ( ! ,kamakura age1 ,gongoro1 9 ! play ,%ib>aku1 or ,wait a ,mom5t1 "o ( ! eighte5 ,i*ikawa pieces4 ,p]petuat$ 9 bronze are ! grotesque co/ume1 ! /range wig1 ! two great curv$ swords ?ru/ ?r\gh ! belt1 & a fan rais$ 9 "o h&--a pose t delight$ lov]s ( ! aragoto /yle :5 ,danjuro 0 se5 on ! /age 9 ?is piece4 ,all ^? :o _h enjoy$ any relation to ,danjuro dur+ 8 life 7 invit$ to be pres5t1 :i* meant ! att5dance ( ! entire !atre frat]nity1--actors & manag]s1 playwrights1 critics1 j\rnali/s1 arti/s1 z well z repres5tatives ( (ficial life4 ,a b& ( ,asakusa firem5 9 _! old-"t picturesque ,y$o co/umes 7 prom95t1 & all classes ( !atre folk1 musicians1 prop]ty m51 u%]s1 danc+ tea*]s1 pupils & s]vants ( ! actors1 7 assembl$ toge!r4 ,x might h be5 a sc5e ( a hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ,y$o1 b = an occasional frock-coat$ dignit>y1 & ! pres5ce ( ! monoton\s /raw hat ( ! ,we/4 ,spee*es 7 made by ! ,mayor ( ,tokyo1 & o!r m5 ( weight & importance4 ,x 0 :5 ,danjuro's be/ foll[]s /ood up to view1 f\r ( ! mo/ popul> actors 9 ,tokyo1 t ! applause broke =?4 ,!y 7 ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 ,i*ikawa ,*u%a1 ,i*ikawa ,dan%iro1 :o di$ 9 #aibb1 & ,i*ikawa ,sadanji1 son ( ,sadanji1 ! /> ( ,meiji4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 "o mov+ _s 9 ! proce$+s1 an in=mal ma/] ( c]emony1 & ?is 0 ,i*ikawa ,%9juro1 long associat$ ) ,danjuro & z loyal a reta9] z ev] s]v$ a feudal "l4 ,%9juro 0 accu/om$ to assi/ ,danjuro 9 8 prep>ations to g on ! /age1 & no "o 0 s eag] z he to d hon\r to 8 late ma/] on ! occasion4 ,danjuro's wid[ & h] two daught]s1 & _! husb&s1 ,i*ikawa ,san%o & ,i*ikawa ,%9saburo1 /ood at ! base ( ! /one p$e/al4 ,danjuro's little gr& daught] pull$ ! /r+1 & ! late actor z ,kamakura ,gongoro1 symbol ( brav]y & c\rage1 0 reveal$4 ,! curta9 t _h hidd5 ! /atue _h sc>cely t\*$ ! gr\nd :5 ! fai?ful ,%9juro scal$ ! /one base4 ,a black lacqu] /& 0 h&$ up to him & next a l>ge silv] b[l fill$ ) sake4 ,quickly !y 7 plac$ at ! base ( ! /atue4 ,9 ! brief space ( "t 9 :i* ,%9juro made ! (f]+ be=e ! /atue ( ! n9? ,danjuro1 x seem$ t 8 _s 0 pres5t & animat$ ! lifeless bronze4 ,! sudd5 sight ( ! *>act]i/ic aragoto po/ure ( ! /atue also recall$ ! peculi> position ! ,i*ikawa family h ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,japanese !atre = ! pa/ two hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,,iii ,a ,!atre ,manag] ( ,meiji ,! =emo/ & mo/ progressive !atre manag] ( ,meiji 0 ,morita ,kanya4 ,he lab\r$ h>d to improve %ibai & elevate ! /atus ( ! actors4 ,unque/ionably he 0 a b5efactor1 & if he err$ 9 foll[+ aft] false gods1 & 0 "u ! impression t ! sup]ior !atre ( ! ,occid5t %\ld be 8 patt]n1 he 0 no m a/ray ?an hundr$s ( o!rs :o all[$ !mselves to be sway$ by ! wor%ip ( ! ,we/4 ,at ! age ( #ah1 ,morita ,kanya1 ! twelf?1 />t$ to manage ! h]$it>y !atre ( 8 family1 ! ,morita-za4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,kabuki ! ,morita-za 0 "o ( ! important %ibai ( ,y$o1 b lat] became amalgamat$ ) ! ,kaw>azaki-za4 ,9 "t ! ,kaw>azaki-za ga9$ ! asc5dancy1 & = a long "t ! ,morita-za 0 non-exi/5t4 ,:5 ! ,kaw>azaki-za 0 de/roy$ by an e>?quake1 a suit 0 br\ght aga9/ its own]s = ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! ,morita-za1 & a lic5ce 0 grant$ ! latt] %ibai4 ,no soon] 0 ! victory won ?an ! eld] ,morita ,kanya di$1 & ! son 0 left ) l>ge responsibilities4 ,! fir/ /ep ( ,kanya 0 to obta9 p]mission to move ! ,morita-za to ! c5tre ( ,tokyo4 ,! !atres gr\p$ toge!r 9 ,s>uwaka-*o 7 too f> remov$1 & s close toge!r t competition 0 h>mful4 ,if ! !atres _h be5 left 9 ?is condition1 !y w\ld h spe$ily det]iorat$4 ,! p 7 no long] eag] patrons ( ! !atres1 & ! actors 7 lukew>m4 ,kanya did n sit d[n & wait = prosp]ity2 he made x4 ,he 0 quick to und]/& ! tr5d ( ! times1 & t x 0 fatal to rep9e at ! decl9e ( ,kabuki1 & ?\ght x %\ld keep pace ) ! rapid developm5t ( ! nation 9 ?is rem>kable p]iod ( transition4 ,8 new !atre 0 op5$ 9 #ahgb 9 ,%9tomi-*o1 n f> f ! resid5tial qu>t] ( ,tokyo set ap>t = =eign]s4 ,he made _m *anges1 do+ away ) "s ( ! long-e/abli%$ cu/oms1 :i* greatly a/oni%$ ! good p ( t day4 ,8 ef=ts 7 cr[n$ ) success1 & he soon secur$ z support]s "s ( ! mo/ important m5 9 ! realm4 ,x 0 *>act]i/ic ( ,kanya t he %\ld h ca/ aside 8 old fri5ds = new4 ,! fi%-m>ket 0 "o ( ! /ronge/ guilds 9 ! t[n1 & its memb]s 7 a p[] :5 x came to ! !atre4 ,= ye>s ! fi% deal]s 7 among ! /aun*e/ support]s ( ! ,morita-za1 & ,kanya _h be5 9 ! habit ( consult+ ^! indep5d5t spirits on important occasions4 ,b n[ he f\nd !y w\ld be a clog on 8 actions4 ,he knew he w\ld lose _! sympa?y & support1 b decid$ to sev] relations ) !m4 ,to ,kanya's cr$it1 he _h e>ly recognis$ ! g5ius ( ! n9? ,danjuro1 hav+ kn[n & obs]v$ him f 8 y\?1 & ) good judgem5t he invit$ ,danjuro to become ! head actor ( 8 new !atre4 ,danjuro ow$ mu* to ! fi%-m>ket p1 s9ce !y _h long be5 patrons ( 8 family4 ,! actor /ood betwe5 two fires1 & at la/ 0 oblig$ to leave ! manag]4 ,danjuro !n act$ 9 a m9or !atre ) b poor success1 = x soon _h to close on acc\nt ( f9ancial losses1 & he became a /roll+ play] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,:5 he return$ he 0 9 a desp]ate plight1 & 0 glad to accept an (f] f ,kanya to play 9 8 !atre1 ! "n ( :i*1 on acc\nt ( debt1 he _h *ang$ f ,morita-za to ,%9tomi-za1 aft] ! "n ( ! *o1 or /reet1 9 :i* ! !atre 0 built4 ,"o ( ,kanya's innovations 0 to light ! !atre ) gas4 ,?is creat$ a great s5sation at ! "t1 al?\gh extraord9>y ,we/]n innovations ( all sorts 7 n[ common4 ,he !n gave special p]=mances1 s5d+ out invitations to m9i/]s ( /ate1 army & navy (fic]s1 & memb]s ( ! diplomatic corps4 ,! u%]s on ?is occasion all wore frock coats1 & ! ev5t 0 a great success4 ,z might h be5 expect$1 ! plays ,kanya select$ did n please ! regul> patrons ( %ibai4 ,m5 ( lett]s & return$ travell]s (f]$ advice1 & ! ,gov]nor ( ,tokyo prefecture1 ) well-kn[n s*ol>s ( ! day1 att5d$ rehe>sals4 ,! re=m]s object$ to ,kabuki conv5tions4 ,!y wi%$ to d away ) ! onnagata1 ! revolv+ /age1 ! hanami*i1 & raise ! moral tone ( ! plays4 ,kanya ev5 ent]ta9$ ! idea t a !atre w\ld "o day be built "u ! patronage ( ! ,imp]ial ,h\sehold4 ,he also tri$ :at he call$ a night %ibai1 9 imitation ( ! ,we/]n !atre1 b ?is ! playgo]s did n l1 & consid]$ !y _h be5 *eat$1 hav+ be5 s accu/om$ to ! long1 peaceful1 all-day regime4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ,kanya's /r5u\s ef=ts1 ,kabuki 0 elevat$ ) a v5geance1 & ! actors 7 no long] look$ d[n ^u1 & ref]r$ to z 8riv]side begg>s04 ,?is 0 l>gely due to ! discov]y t ! actors ( o!r l&s enjoy$ a mu* high] place 9 society ?an ^? ( ,japan1 & ! sudd5 *ange ( front ) reg>d to ! !atre 0 b a phase ( we/]nisation4 ,mokuami1 ! *ief playwright ( ! ,meiji era1 wrote a play bas$ on a novel by ,bulw] ,lytton4 ,?irty-?ree ,dut* resid5ts ( ,yokohama pres5t$ a gre5 curta9 to ,kanya1 :o 0 v mu* pleas$1 & lat] :5 he ext5d$ an invitation to ! =eign]s 9 ,yokohama to att5d a p]=mance1 ! programmes 7 pr9t$ 9 ,engli%4 ,! fir/ di/+ui%$ visitor f ov]seas to be invit$ to ,kanya's !atre 0 a ,g]man pr9ce4 ,su* dignit>ies z pr9ces ( ! blood1 m9i/]s ( /ate1 & ! pl5ipot5ti>ies ( =eign c\ntries1 7 among ,kanya's gue/s4 ,lat] on a ,briti% (ficial f ,hong-,kong 0 ent]ta9$1 & ! ,%9tomi-za became1 truly1 a social c5tre4 ,g5]al ,grant1 =m] ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 visit$ ! ,%9tomi-za dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,japan 9 #ahgi4 ,x 0 a pr\d mom5t = ,kanya :51 attir$ 9 ! new ,japanese badge ( respectability1 a frock coat1 & accompani$ by ,danjuro simil>ly clad1 !y /epp$ out be=e ! curta9 & ?ank$ ,grant = hon\r+ ! !atre ) 8 pres5ce1 & = ! gift ( a r$ curta9 t he _h pres5t$ to ! manag]4 ,b ! height ( ,kanya's ,we/]n intoxication 0 rea*$ :5 he invit$ a ,fr5*woman to s+1 & ,engli% & ,am]ican actors to play 9 ! ,%9tomi-za4 ,9 ?is ,kanya %[$ little insight1 = ! audi5ce c\ld n und]/& ! ,we/]n ent]ta9]s1 & ! v5ture end$ 9 a s]i\s loss to ! !atre4 ,h5ce ,kanya's en?usiasm = re=m cool$1 & he turn$ to ,danjuro1 ,kikugoro1 & ,sadanji z 8 only hope4 ,kanya _h be5 at ! head ( !atre affairs 9 ,tokyo = s long t he receiv$ a %ock :5 he he>d ( a project to laun* a new !atre1 ! ,kabuki-za1 :i* 0 to be ! l>ge/ & f9e/ ev] built 9 ,japan4 ,he />t$ an opposition movem5t1 conclud$ an alliance ( f\r ,tokyo !atres1 & b\nd ! *ief actors to /ay ) him4 ,! greate/ !atre 9 ,japan 0 ! plan ( ,fuku*i1 :o rank$ ) ,mokuami z a playwright4 ,:5 ! !atre 0 complet$1 ,fuku*i w5t to ,danjuro & ,kikugoro1 to invite !m to play 9 ! ,kabuki-za1 b !y refus$1 z !y _h pl$g$ !mselves to ,kanya4 ,fuku*i 0 surpris$ at ! tactics ( ! ,%9tomi-za manag]1 b pret5d$ n to be disappo9t$1 jok$1 & said he w\ld h to pa9t 8 face & dance 9 _! /ead4 ,b ! be/ !atre & ! be/ actors c\ld n long rema9 ap>t4 ,! %rewd ,kanya1 see+ an advantage to himself1 at la/ cons5t$ to l5d ! ?ree />s provid$ he 0 giv5 a c]ta9 l>ge sum4 ,?is 0 agre$ ^u1 & 8 actors appe>$ at ! op5+ p]=mances ( ! ,kabuki-za1 :i* 7 a pron\nc$ success f ! />t1 :ile ,kanya 0 enabl$ to pay (f 8 press+ debts4 ,morita ,kanya1 ! twelf?1 di$ 9 #ahig1 aft] a /r5u\s life sp5t 9 try+ to improve ! !atre1 leav+ beh9d him no?+ b a legacy ( bankruptcy to 8 ?ree "y sons4 ,he has be5 describ$ z a man ( extremes1 pr\d "o m9ute1 humble ! next4 ,sometimes he treat$ ! actors z ?\gh !y 7 8 own *ildr51 & aga9 reg>d$ !m z 8 enemies4 ,prosp]ity & failure 7 8 portions4 ,a newspap] writ]1 comm5t+ ^u ,kanya1 lik5$ him to a long-tail$ pheasant pleas$ ) its plumes t /ood beside a riv] look+ at its reflection1 & at la/ fell 9 & 0 dr[n$4 ,8 two actor sons1 h[ev]1 h made up = _! fa!r's del9qu5cies4 ,!y suff]$ pov]ty :ile "y1 ,danjuro1 ,kikugoro1 & o!r fri5ds ( ,kanya provid+ a sum = _! liv+ & education4 ,bo? receiv$ _! /age discipl9e "u ,tamura ,n>iyo%i1 ! belov$ !atre manag] & contempor>y ( ,kanya1 :o1 until 8 dea? a few ye>s ago1 0 ! ackn[l$g$ ,kabuki au?ority 9 ,tokyo4 ,b&o ,mitsugoro1 ! eld] son ( ,kanya1 is "o ( ! be/ danc]s ( ! ,tokyo /age1 excell+ 9 ! music-drama4 ,8 face & voice d n fit him = ! rle ( a *ief actor1 b 8 rem>kable skill z a danc] makes up = ?is4 ,morita ,kanya1 ! ?irte5?1 ! y\ng] son ( ! ,meiji manag]1 is "o ( ! mo/ brilliant "y actors 9 ,tokyo1 h&some1 v]satile1 eag]1 z 0 8 fa!r1 = new ?+s4 ,he has won a di/9ct place 9 ! affections ( !atre-go]s1 & is b on ! ?re%old ( 8 c>e]4 ,9 ! autumn ( #aiba ! ,kabuki-za 0 burn$ d[n2 ! actors ( ?is !atre 7 oblig$ to play at ! ,%9tomi-za1 & ,kanya 0 av5g$4 ,lat] 8 two sons1 ,mitsugoro & ,kanya1 = ! fir/ "t play$ toge!r 9 special plays 9 ! p>5tal !atre 9 memory ( _! fa!r1 ! progressive manag] ( ,meiji4 ,,iv ,rise & ,fall ( ,%impa ,a by-product ( ,kabuki 9 ! =m ( ,%impa1 or ,new ,s*ool1 0 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ developm5ts ( ,meiji4 ,a second ,o-,kuni & ,nagoya ,sansaburo1 9 ! p]sons ( ! beautiful gei%a1 ,sada ,yakko1 & h] political-agitator husb&1 ,kawakami ,otojiro1 />t$ ?is =m ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,b unlike ! f\nd]s ( ,kabuki1 _! ef=ts 7 resultless4 ,%impa consi/$ *iefly ( crude melodrama1 & :ile x rea*$ a c]ta9 /&>d1 x has n[ outliv$ its usefulness1 & is practically ext9ct4 ,! idea ( sett+ up an opposition to ,kabuki grew out ( ! activities ( "o ,sudo 9 ,osaka4 ,he _h be5 a samurai1 b fl$ f home )\t 8 fa!r's cons5t1 e>n$ 8 liv+ 9 ,tokyo :ile /udy+1 & w5t to ,osaka :]e he sp5t 8 "t 9 argum5ts ab\t popul> fre$om4 ,he began to lecture 9 public places1 air+ 8 views ab\t ! rights ( ! p1 & at la/ wrote a political novel1 :i* he s\ght to dramatise ! bett] to spread 8 doctr9es4 ,9 front ( ! !atre :]e ! piece 0 giv5 !re 0 a l>ge ar* erect$ by ! ,asahi ,%imbun1 a newspap] t _h made its influ5ce felt at ?is date1 #ahha4 ,a spectator ( ?is p]=mance 0 ,kawakami ,otojiro4 ,! idea ( a /ud5ts' !atre1 :]e all ! burn+ que/ions ( ! day c\ld be prea*$ to ! p1 seiz$ hold ( him1 & he nev] re/$ until he _h =m$ a company = ?is purpose4 ,kawakami 0 "o ( a l>ge family liv+ 9 a village1 & !y _h a h>d /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,at ! age ( #ai he 0 a policeman1 b ?is did n satisfy ! ambiti\s y\?4 ,) 8 sword = protection1 8 feet r\ghly %od ) /raw s&als1 he came to ,tokyo seek+ 8 =tune4 ,he _h dreams ( becom+ a m9i/] ( /ate 9 ! future1 & :5 he arriv$ at ! railway /ation 9 ! capital1 we are told he 0 surpris$ to f9d x all s diff]5t f ! village life he knew4 ,kawakami did n h suffici5t money 9 8 pocket to take a lodg+ at an inn1 & he slept "u ! />s4 ,at times he took refuge 9 ! %ade ( a temple4 ,he f\nd employm5t by s]v+ a prie/ ( ,zojo-ji1 ! great ,%iba temple 9 ,tokyo1 & lat] became a s]vant to ,fukuzawa1 ! f\nd] ( ,keio ,univ]sity & great lib]al educator ( ,meiji4 ,jo9+ ! ranks ( ! so%i1 or turbul5t agitators1 ,kawakami began to make political spee*es1 & 0 repeat$ly put 9 prison because ( ! fre$om ( 8 rem>ks4 ,b ! m he 0 arre/$1 ! m eloqu5t he became4 ,to e>n a liv+1 & at ! same "t spread ! f]m5t ( new ideas1 he became a /ory-tell] 9 a yose1 or ent]ta9m5t hall4 ,?is 0 a tempor>y exp$i5t1 & he soon began to int]e/ himself 9 ! />t+ ( a !atre ( 8 own4 ,he 0 reg>d$ z a dang]\s "* & foll[$ ab\t by detectives1 & !re=e 8 !atrical debut 0 n /rik+4 ,bo? he & 8 wife 7 poorly clad1 & ! memb]s ( ! company 7 9 a mis]able condition4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! p]=mances ( ,danjuro1 ,kikugoro1 & ,sadanji1 ?is new attempt 0 inde$ v insignificant4 ,some?+ _h to be done to attract att5tion1 & a piece 0 produc$ ab\t ,c\nt ,itagaki1 ! lib]al /atesman1 :o 0 repres5t$ z a radical & attack$ by political assailants4 ,j at ! mom5t :5 ! h]o 0 ab\t to be kill$1 a numb] ( policem5 appe>$ on ! hanami*i4 ,!re 0 great confusion 9 ! audi5ce1 = ! idea prevail$ t ! (fic]s ( ! law _h really visit$ ! !atre4 ,kawakami expla9$ !y belong$ to ! play4 ,! s*eme work$ well1 & ! !atre 0 cr[d$ daily4 ,danjuro & ,kikugoro came to see :at x 0 all ab\t1 & ! newly e/abli%$ actor felt greatly enc\rag$4 ,) ideas ( political success /ill 9 8 m9d1 he tri$ to run = p>liam5t1 b 0 unsuccessful1 gave up 8 ambition 9 ?is reg>d1 & settl$ d[n 9 e>ne/ to act+4 ,!n a plan to g to ,am]ica took possession ( him1 & he />t$ (f to conqu] ! new _w 9 a small boat1 accompani$ by ,sada ,yakko1 h] little niece1 & a dog4 ,!y set sail f ,omori1 a suburb ( ,tokyo1 on ! %ore ( ,tokyo ,bay4 ,!y lo/ _! be>+s & drift$ into ,yokosuka1 :]e ! au?orities 7 on ! po9t ( arre/+ ! c\ple = ?us ent]+ a naval port4 ,?is bad beg9n+ did n det] !m1 & hav+ dispos$ ( ! sup]c>go1 ! niece & ! dog1 a new />t 0 made1 b ! w9d 0 high1 ! boat began to fill1 & !y regrett$ _! tem]ity & resign$ _! fate to provid5ce4 ,_! situation at "o "t became s dang]\s t ,kawakami invok$ ! aid ( ,buddha4 ,he r[$1 & ,sada ,yakko tri$ to /op ! inru% ( wat] t came into ! boat quick] ?an %e c\ld bail x out4 ,%ipwreck$ ne> a fi%+ village1 !y 7 rescu$1 well treat$1 & /ay$ 9 ?is place = "s "t4 ,! gossips ( ,tokyo said t ,kawakami wi%$ to ga9 notoriety1 ! bett] to increase 8 popul>ity z an actor1 & t ?is 0 ! reason ! mod]n ,o-,kuni & ,sansaburo _h und]tak5 su* a haz>d\s trip4 ,no?+ daunt$1 ,kawakami & ,sada ,yakko aga9 />t$ (f = ,am]ica ) a company ( play]s4 ,?is "t !y took passage on an ocean l9]1 & ^u rea*+ ,san ,francisco 7 s poor !y _h no money ) :i* to buy food1 & 7 oblig$ to ask "o ( _! c\ntrym5 to give !m "s rice :i* !y boil$ !mselves4 ,h[ev]1 !y appe>$ 9 a !atre & obta9$ ! :]e)al to g on to ,new ,york1 :]e !y _h little to eat = days4 ,b ,kawakami 0 a man ( res\rce1 & dress+ 8 company 9 ! v>iegat$ arm\r ( ,old ,japan1 "p ( 8 !atrical equipm5t1 & ,sada ,yakko attir$ 9 a gay kimono1 !y walk$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,new ,york4 ,all 7 s hungry t little walk+ 0 done1 b ?is unusual ,ori5tal procession attract$ att5tion1 p flock$ to see !m1 & )9 a few days !y _h made a consid]able sum4 ,two o!r trips abroad 7 tak5 by ! intrepid ,kawakami & ! attractive ,sada ,yakko4 ,!y play$ be=e ,k+ ,edw>d & ,que5 ,alex&ra1 & ! ,presid5t ( ,france4 ,! ,ts> ( ,russia pres5t$ ,kawakami ) a gold wat*4 ,?us ,kawakami did mu* to delay a true recognition ( ,kabuki & ! f9e actors ( ,japan4 ,he 0 no?+ m ?an an adv5tur] 9 ! realm ( ! !atre2 8 p]=mances 7 9 no s5se *>act]i/ic2 9 fact1 he 0 an outsid] & an amateur :o ignor$ all t _h gone be=e1 build+ a /ructure on ! s&s t collaps$ aft] 8 dea?4 ,8 c\ntrym5 :o saw 8 hybrid plays 9 ,engl& & ,france & ,am]ica hung _! heads1 a%am$ at ! bold effront]y ( ! man ?us /rutt+ ^u ! ,we/]n /age z a repres5tative actor ( ,japan4 ,! poor impression he gave ( ,japan's !atre art has n be5 eras$1 s9ce no lead+ ,kabuki actor has yet be5 se5 9 ! ,we/ to %[ :at is s9c]e & true on ! ,japanese /age4 ,"o ( ,kawakami's ann\ncem5ts 0 z foll[s3 8,our national drama is v vulg>1 & only fitt$ to please ignorant & common p1 & is n = great m5 or sages4 ,"s p wi% to improve x1 b ?is is ( no use4 ,!re=e1 ,i am go+ to d away ) ! old /yle & h a %ibai ) m5 & wom5 play]s1 & aboli% ,joruri4 ,! *ief idea ( our improvem5t lies 9 ! _s ( ! actors4 ,we d n lay /ress on ! outw>d appe>ances ( ! actors40 ,:5 ,kawakami return$ f ,europe he produc$ ,hamlet1 b ! /age entrance ( ! ,dane 0 made on a bicycle4 ,o!llo & o!r ,we/]n ma/]pieces 7 simil>ly misrepres5t$4 ,! ,s9o-,japanese ,w> 0 a good opportunity = ,kawakami1 & he made ! be/ ( x4 ,he gave ! p plays deal+ ) curr5t ev5ts1 fill+ ! /age ) soldi]s4 ,long-w9d$ spee*es1 s5sation1 lack ( conc5tration 7 ! features ( ! ha/ily writt5 pieces ( ,%impa4 ,yet ,kawakami & 8 company soon became popul>1 & 8 !atres 7 pack$4 ,ii ,yoho & ,kawai ,takeo1 two memb]s ( ! company1 7 soon fav\rites1 ,ii _h fir/ /udi$ m$ic9e1 & lat] ent]$ a bank1 be=e he jo9$ ,kawakami4 ,kawai miss$ 8 call+ :5 he did n become a ,kabuki onnagata1 = he is ! "o g5ius ,%impa has produc$1--a clev] imp]sonator ( wom54 ,takada1 ,fujisawa1 & ,kawamura 7 also />s ( ! company4 ,! !mes ( ! ,%impa plays 7 politics1 ! law c\rts1 w>1 love1 & murd]1--j ! /rong !atrical f>e ! p want$4 ,:5 su* mat]ial 0 n at h&1 s]ial /ories 9 ! newspap]s 7 dramatis$1 or ,european novels or plays 7 adapt$4 ,kawakami 0 m ( an opportuni/ ?an a creator1 & 8 s*ool rea*$ a c]ta9 /&>d & !n /ood /ill4 ,! ta/e ( ! p dem&$ some?+ bett] ?an 8 poorly con/ruct$1 blood-&-?und] pieces4 ,! ,%impa c\ld n rea* ! level ! public dem&$1 & int]e/ 9 x began /eadily to decl9e4 ,ii & ,kawai = a numb] ( ye>s c>ri$ on aft] ,kawakami's dea?1 b at pres5t !y h sep>at$1 & ! ,%impa s*ool is practically non-exi/5t4 ,:5 ,%impa 0 at its height1 ,kawakami's company 0 l>gely compos$ ( m51 b ,sada ,yakko1 :o _h a prom95t rle 9 mo/ ( ! plays1 0 a brilliant exception4 ,!re is no d\bt h] beauty & attractiv5ess _h mu* to d ) ,kawakami's success4 ,tra9+ 9 danc+ & o!r female accompli%m5ts %e _h secur$ z a gei%a1 b prep>ation = /age "w %e _h none1 & 0 j pu%$ be=e ! footlights at a mom5t's notice to d ! be/ %e c\ld4 ,%e appe>$ 9 a transi5t p]iod1 & ! prop] circum/ances = ! developm5t ( h] grace & tal5t 7 lack+4 ,%e is b ano!r example ( ! ru?lessness ( ,japan t[>ds wom5 ( tal5t1 !re be+ scant recognition ( _! "r to express !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,ritsu-,ko ,mori3 ,! lead+ actress ( ! ,tokyo ,/age4 ,) a true und]/&+ ( h] own h&icap 9 ! matt] ( /age education1 %e f\nd$ a s*ool = actresses1 & ?is 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,imp]ial ,!atre1 :5 x e/abli%$ a dep>tm5t to tra9 "y wom54 ,9 #aiai1 sev5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( h] husb&1 hav+ fail$ to secure f9ancial support to c>ry on ! !atre ,kawakami _h f\nd$ 9 ,osaka1 %e retir$ f active /age life1 play+ a f>ewell 9 a piece f\nd$ on ! op]a ,aida z translat$ by ,matsui ,%oyo4 ,on ! occasion ( a banquet giv5 to celebrate ! t5 ye>s' activity ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre actresses1 ,sada ,yakko sat beside ! /> ( ?is woman's company1 ,ritsu-ko ,mori1 & x 0 felt t ?is second ,o-,kuni1 ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] ! f\nd+ ( ,kabuki & ! monopoly ( ! !atre by males1 _h once m giv5 ! impetus = a woman's /age4 ,v ,re=ms ( ,meiji ,meiji ,kabuki is less a record ( a*ievem5t ?an a reign ( amateurs1--well-mean+ outsid]s act+ "u ! illusion t ,kabuki 0 flat1 /ale1 & unpr(itable1 & t its only hope lay 9 ab&on+ its old-fa%ion$ conv5tions = ! realism ( ! ,we/]n /age4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! =ty-five ye>s ( ! ,meiji p]iod1 re=m 0 ! idea upp]mo/ 9 m5's m9ds1 & ,kabuki1 l "s family heirloom t has be5 relegat$ to ! g>ret1 0 dragg$ out into ! full gl>e ( new criticism4 ,^? :o 7 l\de/ 9 _! d5unciation 7 (ficials & s*ol>s :o _h return$ f abroad & reg>d$ _! own /age z an inf]ior product4 ,ev]y?+ 0 wrong2 ! plays 7 t]m$ immoral1 obsc5e1 b>b>\s4 ,! g5tlem5 ( ! ari/ocratic classes :o sudd5ly turn$ _! att5tion to ,kabuki wi%$ to make ! /age ref9$ & elegant4 ,!y object$ to ! artificial /age voice1 ! imag9ative co/umes & make-up1 ! symbolic ge/ures2 ! onnagata 0 an absurdity1 & ! revolv+ /age1 ! inconsi/5cies ( ! plots1 ! vulg>ity ( language1 all came 9 = c5sure4 ,= ?ree c5turies ! upp] classes _h held !mselves alo( f ! p's !atre1 & (ficialdom _h wellnigh regulat$ x out ( exi/5ce2 n[ ! lead]s among intellectual circles wi%$ to 8improve0 ,kabuki1 aim+ to conf9e ! ,ori5tal temp]am5t )9 ,we/]n /age conv5tions4 ,?is fev] to re=m ,kabuki 0 bas$ on ! belief t ,kabuki's exploitation ( ! unrealities 0 wrong1 :ile ! realism ( ! ,we/]n !atre 0 "r4 ,x 01 moreov]1 a conflict betwe5 ^? :o put _! tru/ 9 ! idea t ! aim & end ( ! !atre is to be lit]>y1 & ^? = :om ! :ole purpose ( ! !atre is to be !atrical4 ,a ,dramatic ,re=m ,association 0 e/abli%$ by ,visc\nt ,suyematsu1 son-9-law ( ! great ,pr9ce ,ito1 ) ,m>quis ,in\ye1 ,b>on ,kiku*i1 ,b>on ,%ibusawa1 & o!r m5 ( importance z lead]s4 ,?is society enc\rag$ ,danjuro to act 9 new hi/orical plays bas$ on accuracy ( fact1 correct sett+s1 & appropriate co/umes4 ,danjuro call$ ?is new =m ( play ,katsureki1 or ,liv+ ,hi/ory4 ,b ! p soon lo/ int]e/ 9 su* (f]+s4 ,weak 9 dramatic values1 ! :ole emphasis 9 ^! pieces 0 plac$ on ! dialogue1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _h little significance4 ,^! imitations ( ! talk+ play ( ! ,we/ 7 q oppos$ to ! =ms ( ,kabuki1 ^: :ole wor? lay 9 ! unity ( ! !atre arts1--col\r1 movem5t1 music1 & act+4 ,danjuro 0 criticis$ on all sides = 8 pr\d attitude & noble be>+1 & he 0 advis$ to come d[n to ! p & p]=m some?+ !y c\ld und]/& & appreciate4 ,9 consequ5ce ,danjuro return$ to ! ma/]pieces ( 8 family1 pleas+ ! audi5ce ) aragoto & jidaimono1 ! v !atrical play-=ms ! re=m]s _h decri$2 ,kikugoro 0 popul> 9 sewamono1 depict+ ! life ( ,y$o z writt5 by ,mokuami4 ,all 0 well ) ,kabuki aga91 & ! p =got t ! decad5ce ( _! /age _h set 91 & t x _h become in]t & lifeless1 accord+ to ! high] criticism ( ! "t4 ,lit]>y m5 discuss$ ! !atre 9 magaz9es & ! press1 & societies 7 =m$ to produce import$ plays4 ,s*ol>s & pr(essors 7 array$ on "o side1 ! p :o lik$ ,kabuki undilut$ %\t$ on ! o!r4 ,x 0 cle> t ! new ideas 7 9 direct conflict ) ! popul> ta/e4 ,! sudd5 int]e/ 9 ! actors 0 due l>gely to ! realisation !y _h n be5 fairly treat$ 9 ! pa/4 ,?is awak5$ consci\sness ) reg>d to ! actors _h be5 caus$ 9 "p by ! attitude ( ,occid5tals t[>ds %ibai4 ,9 #ahhg ! ,italian ,m9i/] to ,tokyo1 ,signor ,m>t9o1 :o 0 a great admir] ( ,danjuro1 invit$ him to ! ,legation to d9e ) "s ( ! greate/ dignit>ies 9 ! l&1 ! late ,pr9ce ,ito1 ,pr9ce ,mori1 & o!rs1 :o mu/ h be5 n a little surpris$ to f9d "o ( ! 8riv]side begg>s0 ask$ to %>e ! same bo>d4 ,on ?is occasion ! ,m9i/]1 9 mak+ a toa/ to ,danjuro1 said x 0 mu* easi] to become a m9i/] ( /ate ?an ! fir/ actor ( a l&4 ,!re 0 also ,g5]al ,grant's visit to ! ,%9tomi-za1 & 8 w>m appreciation ( ! ent]ta9m5t1 & lat] ! appe>ance ( ,danjuro1 ,kikugoro1 & ,sadanji be=e ! ,emp]or 9 ! g>d5 ( ,m>quis ,in\ye4 ,aid yet1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! yaku%a 0 com+ into 8 own1 he 0 reg>d$ z f> too vulg>1 un$ucat$1 & unlit]>y to und]/& ! import$ dramas t 7 be+ translat$ 9 su* great numb]s4 ,bl9dly ! advocates ( re=m cont9u$ to p\r new w9e into old bottles4 ,! ,%impa s*ool1 yield+ to ! desire = novelties1 produc$ plays depict+ ,we/]n mann]s & cu/oms4 ,b curr5ts ( life & ?\ght s mu* oppos$ c\ld n fl[ toge!r1 & ! attempt to bl5d !m ^u ! /age produc$ some?+ t 0 nei!r ( ,occid5t nor ( ,ori5t1 some?+ /range & almo/ repulsive4 ,! vivid col\rs ( c>pets1 & wallpap]1 & ! atroci\s furniture :i* repres5t$ to ! audi5ce ,we/]n int]iors _c be recall$ )\t a %udd]4 ,nor c be =gott5 ! co/umes s ne>ly nightm>es1--fa%ions t h nev] exi/$ 9 any "p ( ! _w--& ! hats worn by male actors ( ! ,%impa s*ool :5 imp]sonat+ =eign females1 headge> :i* might h adorn$ ! inmates ( an insane asylum1 & o!r crude details convey+ totally errone\s impressions4 ,! re=m]s1 quick to see ! absurdities ( ,%impa1 set !mselves up z advocates ( ,we/]n ma/]pieces :i* 7 to be s produc$ z to elevate ! drama 9 ,japan4 ,associations 7 =m$ 9 quick succession1 all ) ! same aim1 to see new actors 9 ! newe/ ,european plays & to =get = a "t ! cry+ ne$ ( ,japanese drama4 ,import$ plays 7 produc$ "o aft] ! o!r on ! ,tokyo /age1 always ) m p]fection ( detail1--clev] imitations4 ,! mo/ ambiti\s attempt to re=m ! drama by means ( import$ ma/]pieces 0 made by ,dr4 ,yuzo ,tsub\*i1 :o =m$ ! ,bungei ,kyokai1 or ,lit]>y & ,art ,association1 9 #aijf4 ,x 0 a ,was$a ,univ]sity movem5t1 ) ! late ,m>quis ,okuma at ! head4 ,dr4 ,tsub\*i1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ,was$a1 dean ( ! dep>tm5t ( lit]ature ( ?is ,univ]sity1 & kn[n = 8 translations ( ,%akespe>e1 0 ! guid+ _s4 ,dr4 ,tsub\*i believ$ t society 9 ,japan did n appreciate ! importance ( ! drama z an art1 b reg>d$ ! !atre z m]e pa/ime4 ,ev5 among ! educat$ classes !re 7 _m :o c\ld n und]/& a man ( ,dr4 ,tsub\*i's /&+ wa/+ 8 "t 9 su* an attempt4 ,"o g5tleman is report$ to h said t he did n see :y well-kn[n s*ol>s %\ld devote !mselves to ! "w ( improv+ ! drama1 = ! drama 0 n a bit sup]ior to a gei%a p]=mance4 ,a milit>y (fic] advis$ ,dr4 ,tsub\*i to devote 8 en]gies to ! moral education ( ! p r ?an ! improvem5t ( ! drama1 :i* 0 n ( urg5t necessity4 ,not)/&+ ^! prote/s1 a small !atre 0 erect$ 9 ! g>d5 ( ,dr4 ,tsub\*i's resid5ce1 & a gr\p ( amateurs ga!r$ toge!r to /udy h[ to act 9 ,we/]n ma/]pieces4 ,! lead] consid]$ t ! ,kabuki yaku%a 7 hamp]$ by _! conv5tions1 & he c\ld n f9d among !m ! education & culture necess>y to und]/& ,%akespe>e4 ,he !n began to tra9 actors = ! task he _h be=e him4 ,! fir/ play giv5 0 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice2 ! foll[+ ye> ,hamlet 0 pres5t$1 b bo? 7 unsuccessful4 ,pr(it+ by ^! failures ! society work$ pati5tly = sev]al ye>s )\t p]=m+ 9 public1 & f9ally a revival ( ,hamlet 0 reg>d$ z q a triumph = ! ,bungei ,kyokai4 ,matsui ,suma-ko1 a "y woman q new to ! /age1 develop$ into a lead+ lady1 & ,mr4 ,togi & ,mr4 ,doi became ! *ief actors4 ,!n foll[$ ! ,doll's ,h\se1 ,magda1 ,! ,man ( ,de/9y1 ,y ,nev] ,c ,tell1 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 etc4 ,! la/ p]=mance ! society gave be=e dissolution 0 ,julius ,cs>4 ,born "u ! happie/ ( circum/ances1 ! society came to an abrupt end4 ,"o ( ! /aun* support]s ( ! movem5t 0 ,%imamura ,hogetsu4 ,he _h be5 a /ud5t "u ,dr4 ,tsub\*i1 /udi$ lit]ature & ! drama 9 ,engl& & ,france at ! exp5se ( ,was$a ,univ]sity1 & 0 ,dr4 ,tsub\*i's "r-h& man 9 ! managem5t ( ! ,bungei ,kyokai4 ,b ! s]5ity ( ! und]tak+ 0 greatly di/urb$4 ,pr(essor ,%imamura left 8 wife & *ildr5 = ! fasc9at+ lead+ lady1 ,suma-ko1 broke (f fri5dly relations ) ,dr4 ,tsub\*i1 & 0 ask$ to resign f ,was$a4 ,soon aft]w>ds he />t$ a company ( 8 own to /> ,miss ,matsui4 ,_! p>tn]%ip did n cont9ue long1 z dea? sudd5ly ov]took ,pr(essor ,%imamura1 & soon aft] ,suma-ko kill$ h]self by hang+4 ,doi ,%un%o1 :o _h tak5 ! *ief rles1 suff]$ a n]v\s breakd[n & di$1 & ! rema9+ memb]s ( ! company drift$ ap>t1 leav+ ! model !atre des]t$4 ,! "o memb] ( ?is society :o has rema9$ fai?ful to its ideals is ,togi ,tatsuteki1 :o has tak5 lead+ rles 9 ,dr4 ,tsub\*i's new drama4 ,a rival to ! ,bungei ,kyokai 0 ! ,jiyu ,gekijo1 or ,lib]al ,!atre ,society1 ^: lead] 0 ,mr4 ,k4 ,osanai1 a graduate ( ! dep>tm5t ( lit]ature ( ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity1 & a pupil ( ! late ,lafcadio ,he>n4 ,?is society gave ,ibs51 ,gorky1 ,maet]l9ck1 & ,hauptmann4 ,likewise1 half-a-doz5 su* societies arose1 only to be doom$ to e>ly dea?4 ,tamura ,n>iyo%i1 ! influ5tial !atre manag] ( ,meiji1 a contempor>y ( ,morita ,kanya1 once said t new actors c\ld n gr[ up l mu%rooms1 b !y mu/ be ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! atmosph]e ( ,kabuki & und]/& all t _h tak5 place 9 ! pa/ be=e try+ to produce new ?+s4 ,contr>y to ?is view ! re=m]s did n ?9k x necess>y to build on in/itutions already exi/+1 & _! ef=ts 7 misguid$ & misdirect$4 ,tamura ,n>iyo%i = half a c5tury f\ght = all t 0 be/ 9 ,kabuki1 c>efully pres]v+ ! traditions amid/ ! welt] ( new movem5ts1 manag+ & produc+ = ,kikugoro1 ! fif?1 & 8 son1 ! six?1 at ! ,i*imura-za4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ,meiji1 9 #aiaj1 ! height ( ! re=m 0 rea*$ 9 ! build+ ( ! ,imp]ial1 ,japan's premi] !atre4 ,erect$ accord+ to a ,fr5* model1 x has a beautiful ,european int]ior ) all mod]n equipm5t & com=ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,imp]ial a s*ool = actresses 0 e/abli%$4 ,signor ,g4 ,v4 ,rossi1 an ,italian ballet-ma/] f ,london !atres1 0 engag$1 & op]a 0 produc$ = "s ye>s1 b l all o!r ,we/]n me?ods ( improvem5t1 int]e/ 9 x di$ away1 9 spite ( ,signor ,rossi's e>ne/ endeav\rs4 ,! lack ( s+]s 0 ! *ief ob/acle4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is op]a vogue t ,madame ,miura1 :o has be5 s well receiv$ on ! ,we/]n /age z ,madame ,butt]fly1 made h] debut4 ,! ,imp]ial ,!atre1 "u its capable manag]1 ,mr4 ,k4 ,yamamoto1 cont9ues to be ! c5tre ( ! conflict ( old & new ideas4 ,"h mod]n playwrights are enc\rag$1 ! ,kabuki actors create new ?+s1 or act 9 ! old plays ( :i* ! audi5ce nev] seems to gr[ tir$1 :ile ! actors1 musicians1 & danc]s ( ,engl&1 ,am]ica1 & ,europe1 & ev5 ! />s ( ! ,pek+ & ,mosc[ /ages1 are w>mly welcom$4 ,,vi ,actresses ( ,meiji ,"o ( ! /rik+ developm5ts ( ! !atre 9 ,meiji 0 ! appe>ance ( v>i\s types ( actresses = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! prohibition ( ! wom5's /age 9 #afbi4 ,return$ travell]s told tales ( ! prom95t place ! actresses held 9 ! ,occid5t4 ,! female play] _h n be5 se5 ) ! actor = c5turies 9 ,japan4 ,%e 0 a feature ( ! ,we/]n /age1 !n :y n ( ! /age 9 ,japan8 ,danjuro1 eag] to try new exp]im5ts1 & believ+ t wom5 %\ld h an equal *ance ) m5 9 ! !atre1 decid$ to introduce 8 two daught]s on ! /age4 ,! upro> & confusion t ensu$ among ! !atre folk because ( ?is petticoat invasion ( ! male sph]e ( influ5ce caus$ !m to )draw4 ,danjuro also act$ ) a ,fr5* actress to %[ t he 0 n b\nd by ! conv5tions ( ,kabuki4 ,among ,danjuro's pupils 0 a rem>kable woman1 ,i*ikawa ,kumeha*i4 ,%e began life z a danc+-mi/ress1 /udi$ "u ,danjuro1 & =m$ a woman's company ( h] own4 ,s successful 7 ^! play]s t 9 ! e>ly days ( ,meiji !y 7 all[$ entrance to ! h\ses ( ! nobility1 :5 ! actors c\ld n be admitt$ on acc\nt ( _! l[ position 9 society4 ,on ,kumeha*i's /age only wom5 appe>$1 & ! manly rles 7 s well tak5 by wom5 t x 0 difficult to p5etrate ! outw>d guise t conceal$ ! fem99e p]sonality4 ,all ! /age duties1 includ+ ^? ( c>p5t]s1 7 p]=m$ by wom54 ,kumeha*i _h ! h&s ( a danc+-mi/ress2 !y 7 long1 n>r[1 & flexible1 & h] bright eyes 7 full ( life & intellig5ce4 ,%e pass$ away 9 #aiac at ! age ( #gj4 ,a few days be=e h] dea? %e 0 play+ 9 h] small !atre1 & s di$ 9 h>ness4 ,danjuro once said ( h]3 8,if %e _h be5 a man h] act+ w\ld h surpass$ m9e40 ,at "o "t %e 0 call$ ! 8,woman ,danjuro01 h] act+ s closely resembl$ t ( h] ma/]4 ,b su* 0 ! h&icap ( sex 9 ,meiji t ,kumeha*i 0 n giv5 ! fre$om to develop t w\ld h prov$ h] g5ius1 & al?\gh %e 0 und5iably popul> ) ! p1 ! fact t %e 0 a woman prov$ a /umbl+-block to h] advance4 ,9 its craze = new ?+s & desire to imitate ! ,we/]n !atre1 ,tokyo ov]look$ ,kumeha*i1 & %e di$ obscure & neglect$1 ! company %e _h =m$ disb&+ = want ( lead]%ip4 ,nor did ! attractive ,sada ,yakko ev] succe$ 9 reap+ b a small measure ( success f h] b>r5 ,%impa environm5t4 ,%e 0 a dimm+ /> :5 t[>ds ! end ( ,meiji %e f\nd$ a s*ool = actresses t 0 to =m a new dep>ture ( ! progressive ,imp]ial ,!atre4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! craze = import$ plays m5 attempt$ to portray ! rles ( wom54 ,_! mann] ( walk+--a sort ( hop1 skip1 & jump--0 z true to ! habits & cu/oms ( ,occid5tals z ! m9c+ /age gait ( ,ori5tals affect$ by ,we/]n play]s4 ,m5 7 se5 to be an impossibility z ! h]o9es ( ! intellectual drama ( ! ,we/1 & a dem& = "y wom5 = su* rles increas$ ! numb] ( /age-/ruck damsels 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,_m a w\ld-be actress /rutt$ h] brief h\r ^u ! /age z ,juliet or ,ophelia1 & !n 0 he>d ( no m4 ,! c>e] ( ,matsui ,suma-ko cle>ly repres5ts a c]ta9 undesirable phase ( we/]nisation1 a sort ( fr5zy = import$ drama t took hold ( ! !atre re=m]s4 ,at ! "t %e ent]$ ,dr4 ,tsub\*i's ,bungei ,kyokai1 or ,lit]>y & ,art ,society1 t 0 to re=m /agnant ,kabuki by produc+ ,we/]n drama1 ! novelty ( ! actresses 0 at its height1 9 ,osaka z well z ,tokyo4 ,dr4 ,tsub\*i s\ght to create intellectual actresses remov$ f all immoral influ5ces4 ,matsui ,suma-ko 0 ! mo/ promis+ aspirant = ! newly creat$ position1 & %e became ! /> ( ! society4 ,at ! age ( #ah %e _h m>ri$ an innkeep] 9 a fi%+ village4 ,lat] %e 0 divorc$1 & came to live ) h] bro!r1 :o kept a cake %op 9 ,tokyo4 ,%e wait$ on cu/om]s until %e f\nd ano!r husb& :o 0 int]e/$ 9 ! new drama1 & ) him %e jo9$ ,tsub\*i's company4 ,x is an unpleasant /ory h[ %e p>t$ f h] second husb&1 fasc9at$ ,%imamura ,hogetsu1 ,dr4 ,tsub\*i's *ief support] & /age manag]1 caus+ him to resign z pr(essor ( ,was$a ,daigaku & to ab&on 8 wife & *ildr54 ,toge!r !y =m$ a company call$ ! ,art-,!atre4 ,x 0 z ,tol/oy's h]o9e 9 ,resurrection t ,miss ,matsui made h] greate/ success1 & ) ?is & o!r ,we/]n plays %e t\r$ ! c\ntry1 ! novelty ( h] v5ture & ! boldness ( h] "* br++ h] a fair measure ( success4 ,:5 ,%imamura di$ 9 #aiai1 h] position 0 greatly *ang$4 ,he _h be5 almo/ :olly responsible = h] success4 ,%e did n possess ! m5tal or spiritual capacity to g on alone1 )\t 8 assi/ance4 ,he _h be5 conspicu\s among ,japanese lit]>y m5 = 8 /udy ( ,we/]n lit]ature1 & 0 ! recognis$ lead] ( ! naturali/ic s*ool4 ,%e _h no res]ve ( education or exp]i5ce to draw ^u4 ,fur!rmore1 aft] 8 dea? voices 9 ! audi5ce call$ out taunt+ly1 & "s ( ! m9or ,kabuki actors :o _h be5 ask$ to play ) h] 9 an ef=t to ma9ta9 h] popul>ity refus$ to d s4 ,?+s _h come to an end1 & %e c\ld g no fur!r 9 plays t 7 n indig5\s to ,japanese soil4 ,! only way out ( ! _m difficulties %e _h creat$ = h]self 0 to make a gr& exit1 & ?is %e did "s weeks aft] ! burial ( h] lead]1 ,%imamura1 by hang+ h]self 9 ! build+ t _h be5 erect$ z ! headqu>t]s = ! new /age naturalism4 ,matsui ,suma-ko1 a daught] ( ! rice fields1 essay$ to play ! :ole rep]toire made fam\s by ,ell5 ,t]ry1 ,mrs4 ,patrick ,campbell1 ,s>ah ,b]nh>dt1 ,julia ,m>l[1 & ,mrs4 ,leslie ,c>t]4 ,x 0 an impossibility4 ,!re 0 no natural gr[? f )91 only unheal?y cam\flage4 ,%e attempt$ to produce1 b always fail$1 because :at %e c\ld imp]sonate nev] sprang spontane\sly f h] own s\l4 ,all h] ef=ts aim$ n to con/ruct1 b to dazzle = ! mom5t1--"t & /r5g? wa/$ 9 a va9 endeav\r4 ,by way ( contra/ !re is ,nakamura ,kas51 a natural successor to ,kumeha*i1 ^: influ5ce & popul>ity 7 v great4 ,%e own$ a little !atre 9 ,tokyo1 & x 0 always cr[d$4 ,%e _h ! tem]ity to imitate ! ,kabuki actors1 & 0 nev] s popul> z :5 9 a male rle4 ,%e began h] /age "w at ! age ( #ac1 & 0 practically self-taught1 nev] hav+ come "u ! in/ruction ( an actor1 b /udy+ ,kabuki plays & play]s f ! vantage ( ! audi5ce4 ,mu* ( h] success 0 due to ! fact t %e 0 true to h]self & ! traditions ( ,kabuki4 ,%e creat$ h] own sph]e1 & 0 reg>d$ z a woman-ron9 ( ! ,tokyo /age1 b has n[ retir$4 ,) ! op5+ ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre 9 #aiaa came ! introduction ( actresses into ! sacr$ fold ( ,kabuki1 foll[+ ! cu/om ( ! mix$ play]s ( ! ,we/]n /age4 ,! new recruits1 hav+ no art ( _! own1 7 oblig$ to imitate t ( ! long-e/abli%$ male /age1 & z no copy is ev] equal to ! orig9al1 x has gradually become recognis$ t !y are unable to compete ) ! actors4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! new exp]im5t ! actresses play$ freely & frequ5tly ) ! actors1 b n[ !re is a sep>ation1 ! female company p]=m+ at /at$ p]iods dur+ ! ye>1 support$ by sev]al ( ! "y1 progressive actors1 & occasionally hon\r$ by ! assi/ance ( "o ( ! />s ( fir/ magnitude4 ,! audi5ces pref] to see ! actors p]=m+ 9 _! own ma/]pieces1 & ! actresses 9 new pieces4 ,f ?is x appe>s t mix+ m5 & wom5 play]s is n ! success 9 ,japan x 0 ?\ght x w\ld be4 ,ritsu-ko ,mori1 :o /&s z ! head ( ! actresses1 0 ! fir/ woman ( good family to take up ! /age z a c>e]4 ,%e 0 educat$ 9 "o ( ! exclusive "y ladies' s*ools ( ,tokyo1 & h] fa!r 0 a memb] ( ! ,imp]ial ,diet4 ,x 0 an unhe>d-( ?+ = a woman s educat$ to g ^u ! /age1 & %e 0 q prep>$ to meet opposition 9 ! dome/ic circle & f society4 ,aft] a c\rse ( ?ree ye>s' discipl9e %e made h] fir/ appe>ance ) ! op5+ ( ! ,imp]ial4 ,miss ,mori excels 9 com$y1 b has be5 se5 9 _m rles4 ,%e has und\bt$ly e>n$ = h]self a fir/ place among ?is new class ( pr(essional wom51 bo? = h] h>d "w & h] correct /&>d ( life4 ,associat$ ) ,miss ,mori dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s h be5 h] close rivals1 ,murata ,kaku-ko1 ,hatsuse ,nami-ko1 ,kawamura ,kikuye1 & ,fujima ,fusa-ko--a memb] ( ! ,fujima family1 ! lead+ danc+ s*ool ( ! ,tokyo /age4 ,9 addition1 a l>ge numb] ( actresses & skill$ danc]s1 graduates ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre1 are n[ available1 & !re is e reason to believe t ! actress is a p]man5t in/itution4 ,b z %e is su* a new acquisition "t alone c tell :e!r %e w prove to be an important factor 9 ! ,japanese !atre4 ,,vii ,playwrights ( ,meiji & ,tai%o ,kawataki ,mokuami 0 n only ! repres5tative playwright ( ,meiji1 he 0 ! la/ ( ! ,kabuki saku%a4 ,aft] him !atre conditions *ang$ rapidly1 ! good relations betwe5 saku%a & yaku%a t _h s long endur$ 7 de/roy$1 & peace & h>mony betwe5 !m h n yet be5 re/or$4 ,to su* an ext5t does ! mod]n /age owe allegiance to ,mokuami t !re is h>dly a mon? t does n see a production ( "o ( 8 plays 9 ,tokyo1 & z he wrote "s ?ree hundr$ plays1 !re seems no dang] t ! supply w run out = "s "t to come4 ,he 0 ess5tially a ,y$oko1 = he came ( five g5]ations ( a ,y$o family :i* liv$ 9 ,nihonba%i1 ! c5tre ( ! metropolis1 & ! headqu>t]s ( ! national dome/ic trade4 ,8 plays %[ wide famili>ity ) ! l[] & middle classes ( ,y$o1 & are a mirror ( 8 times4 ,he 0 a precoci\s y\?1 & e>ly />t$ to indulge 9 dissipation4 ,z he seem$ dis9cl9$ to /op 8 irregul> life1 8 fa!r dis9h]it$ him--a y\ng] bro!r succe$+ z head ( ! family4 ,mokuami _h little education1 & began to associate e>ly ) ! p ( %ibai1 becom+ an appr5tice to drama at ! age ( #bj1 & dy+ 9 ! middle ( ! ,meiji p]iod at #gh4 ,:5 ! sev5? ,danjuro return$ to ,y$o aft] 8 long exile1 ,mokuami wrote ! piece play$ by ?is memb] ( ! ,i*ikawa family z a sign ( 8 ?ankfulness t he _h be5 able to return to ! ,y$o /age4 ,= ,danjuro1 ! n9?1 ,mokuami also wrote "s ( 8 be/ plays4 ,he saw ,y$o *ange to ,tokyo2 compos$ reali/ic ,y$o plays = ,kodanji1 :o 0 active 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ,meiji2 & 9 8 old age collaborat$ ) ,fuku*i 9 ! writ+ ( ,botan ,doro1 or ,! ,peony ,lant]n1 "o ( ,kabuki's be/ gho/ plays4 ,s repeat$ly did ,mokuami *oose highwaym5 & ?ieves = ! *>act]s ( 8 plays t he 0 sometimes call$ ! dorobo1 or robb]1 playwright4 ,he 0 also fond ( prie/s1 & ! sc5es ( 8 plays pass f robb]s' d5s1 rem9isc5t ( ,oliv] ,twi/1 to temples & lonely gravey>ds4 ,?r\gh ! :ole s]ies runs ! contra/ betwe5 ! ri*ly clad prie/ & ! s9i/] robb]4 ,! night side ( ,tokyo life 0 (t5 8 !me1 b frequ5tly he portray$ ! l[] classes 9 _! /ruggle aga9/ inju/ice & oppression4 ,8 zampatsumono1 or cropp$-hair plays1 are a /udy ( ! disord]$ times :5 ! impact ( ! ,we/ ^u ,japan caus$ ! two swords z well z ! queue to be disc>d$1 & %[ ! comic z well z tragic side ( life 9 ?is transitional p]iod4 ,among 8 num]\s works may be m5tion$ ,ko*iyama1 a play deal+ ) an hi/orical p]sonage1 ! daimyo ( ,matsue1 :o 0 not$ 9 8 day = 8 pr(ligacy4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t ! loyal reta9] ( ?is feudal "l1 :o committ$ h>akiri because 8 ma/] w\ld n li/5 to 8 advice & m5d 8 ways1 0 ! gr&fa!r ( ! wid[ ( ,lafcadio ,he>n4 ,"s sev5ty ye>s ago1 ?is dramatic happ5+ 0 writt5 = ! /age1 b ! daimyo ( ,matsue /opp$ its production by pay+ a l>ge sum ( money4 ,danjuro1 ,kikugoro1 & ,sadanji act$ toge!r 9 ?is play1 & x has be5 reviv$ _m times4 ,fuku*i ,g5i*iro1 kn[n bett] "u 8 p5 "n1 ,o*i ,ko*i1 8,"h & ,!re01 0 a man ( v>i$ tal5ts4 ,he 0 9 ! ,gov]nm5t s]vice1 & might h ris5 high 9 (ficial circles b = 8 pr$ilection = drama4 ,he di/+ui%$ himself dur+ ! days ( ! ,re/oration & travell$ abroad 9 ! suite ( ! late ,pr9ce ,ito4 ,few m5 ( 8 "t 7 bett] v]s$ 9 ,engli% lit]ature4 ,= a "t he ent]$ j\rnalism1 b x is z a playwright t he w be/ be rememb]$4 ,fuku*i 0 "o ( ! promot]s ( ! ,kabuki-za1 & wrote almo/ exclusively = ,danjuro4 ,"o ( 8 be/ pieces is ! music-drama1 ,omori ,hiko%i*i1 a fav\rite play ( ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 ! sev5?1 9 :i* a w>rior1 ,omori ,hiko%i*i1 meets a s$uctive-look+ maid5 on a c\ntry road & volunte]s to help h] across a riv]4 ,he is p]=m+ ?is k9dly de$ :5 %e draws a %ort sword & attacks him4 ,he is 9 possession ( h] fa!r's preci\s blade1 & %e is det]m9$ to recov] x4 ,in/ead ( retaliation1 z %e _h expect$1 he g5]\sly pres5ts ! mu*-desir$ weapon to h] & behaves 9 s *ivalr\s a mann] t %e goes on h] way rejoic+1 :ile he feigns to be ov]come by en*antm5t 9 ord] to di/ract ! att5tion ( 8 companions1 & m\nt+ 8 black velvet /age-/e$ rides (f triumphantly4 ,fuku*i liv$ ?r\gh an unpr(itable p]iod ( ! !atre1 tri$ to con=m to ! dem& ( ! "t by writ+ 8liv+-hi/ory0 pieces = ,danjuro1 & ! int]e/ ( ! public cool+1 he 0 pu%$ aside1 & pass$ away =gott5 & neglect$4 ,_m ( 8 plays are m appreciat$ to-day ?an !y 7 9 8 lifetime1 especially ,kasuga no ,tsubone1 or ,! ,lady ,kasuga4 ,a pione] among ! lit]>y playwrights ( ,meiji1 ,dr4 ,tsub\*i wrote sev]al elaborate dramas1 %[+ ! influ5ce ( 8 ,%akespe>ean /udies4 ,! mo/ ambiti\s ( 8 works are ,kirihitoha1 ,a ,leaf ( ! ,kiri-tree1 & ,maki-no-,kata1 ,! ,lady ,maki4 ,! fir/ is a play 9 sev5 acts & _m sc5es1 & has = !me ! ov]?r[ ( ,osaka ,ca/le by ,iyeyasu1 :5 ,hideyori1 ! son ( ! great ,hideyo%i1 p]i%$ 9 ! flames4 ,! climax ( ,ori5tal /age spl5d\r is rea*$ 9 ! production ( ?is long play4 ,!re is su* an elaboration ( detail1 extravagance ( gold scre51 & prodigality ( col\r =m+ ! /age pictures t is at once sumptu\s & ov]p[]+4 ,! play w\ld become no?+ m ?an a s]ies ( tableaux vivants 7 x n = ! *>act]s ( ,yodogimi & ,katagiri4 ,yodogimi1 ! "m ( ,hideyori1 mi/ress ( ,hideyo%i1 drawn f hi/ory1 goes insane z ,iyeyasu's =ces ga9 entrance ?r\gh ! gates ( ! ca/le & ! wat*-t[]s are se5 9 flames4 ,katagiri1 a fai?ful old reta9] ( ,hideyo%i1 b[$ ) age & infirmity1 gives pro( ( 8 loyalty z he wat*es ! burn+ ca/le4 ,among ,dr4 ,tsub\*i's music-po/ure pieces !re is ,o-,natsu ,kyoran1 or ,mad ,o-,natsu1 a maid5 all =lorn seek+ h] lo/ lov]1 & mi/ak+ a /upid c\ntry bumpk9 ( a horse-driv] z ! h]o ( h] dreams4 ,9 #aibj 8 ,honan1 or ,religi\s ,p]secution1 0 produc$4 ,?is c5tr$ ab\t ! f\nd] ( ! ,hokke sect ( ,buddhism1 & %[s ! m>tyrdom ( ,ni*ir5 & 8 foll[]s4 ,x creat$ a /orm ( discussion by press & public1 a play ) a religi\s !me be+ some:at ( a novelty 9 ,tokyo4 ,! appo9tm5t ( ,dr4 ,tsub\*i z an advis] to ! ,imp]ial ,!atre comes aft] a lifetime sp5t 9 lit]>y "w1 translations1 playwrit+1 & endeav\rs to re=m ! /age4 ,x is ) 8 lectures & translations ( ,%akespe>e t 8 "n is l>gely id5tifi$4 ,was$a ,univ]sity 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahhb1 & s9ce t ye> ,%akespe>e has cont9u$ ! fav\rite /udy ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 ( :i* = _m ye>s ,dr4 ,tsub\*i 0 ! head4 ,collegiate int]e/ 9 ,%akespe>e1 h[ev]1 dates back to #ahgg1 ) ! creation ( ! lit]>y dep>tm5t ( ,tokyo ,univ]sity1 n[ ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity ( ,tokyo4 ,dur+ ! middle "p ( ,meiji1 ,okamoto ,kido began to write = ! ,tokyo /age1 & is reg>d$ z ! repres5tative mod]n playwright1 bo? = ! numb] & v>iety ( 8 successes4 ,he is a mo/ indefatigable work]1 & sev]al ( 8 new pieces are produc$ ye>ly4 ,"o ( 8 fav\rite !mes is ! p]secution ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian conv]ts 9 ,japan1--& he has writt5 a numb] ( plays conc]n+ ^! m>tyrs4 ,an ,okamoto play t is (t5 repeat$1 & is c]ta9ly "o ( 8 be/1 is ,! ,mask-,mak]1 %[+ ! high reg>d 9 :i* ! artisans ( ,old ,japan held _! "w4 ,x expresses ,kabuki's love ( ! ,sp>tan _s1 :5 ! daught] ( ! mask-mak] returns home 9 a dy+ condition1 aft] attempt+ to protect ! ,%ogun f attack1 & h] face inspires h] fa!r to execute a ma/]piece4 ,atta*$ to ! ,kabuki-za dur+ ,meiji 0 ! late ,enomoto ,torahiko4 ,he />t$ 8 c>e] on ! newspap] ,yamato ,%imbun1 !n /udi$ "u ,fuku*i1 & aft] ,fuku*i's dea? succe$$ z head saku%a ( ! ,kabuki-za4 ,he 0 a deep /ud5t ( ,fr5* drama1 & 8 plays 7 influ5c$ /rongly by ! lit]ature he s greatly admir$4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ popul> plays is ,meiko ,sakaido ,kakiyemon1 or ,kakiyemon1 ! ,pott]4 ,?is tells h[ ,kakiyemon devot$ himself to mak+ a ri* r$-glaze porcela94 ,a weal?y neighb\r wi%$ to ga9 ! secret t he might pr(it !reby1 & )held aid f ! old man until he 0 s r$uc$ he c\ld n buy wood to keep 8 kilns go+4 ,a good sc5e 9 ?is piece is t ( ! kilns 9 ! moonlight1 ! r$ gl[ ( ! fires1 ! smoke ris+ into ! air1 :ile 9 ! backgr\nd is ! gl>e ( a conflagration--! city ( ,nagasaki on fire4 ,an ,osaka playwright :o has giv5 ,kabuki sev]al f9e plays is ,takayasu ,gekko4 ,8 fa!r 0 kn[n z "o ( ! lead+ physicians ( ,osaka1 & he 0 expect$ to take up ! same pr(ession1 b pref]r$ to devote himself to lit]ature & ! /age4 ,sakura ,%igure1 or ,! ,*]ry ,%[]1 is reg>d$ z 8 be/ play4 ,an old man angry ) 8 son = an affair ) a belle ( ! gay qu>t] expels him f home4 ,%ift+ = himself1 ! son & ! woman he loves beg9 life toge!r 9 a cottage4 ,! fa!r happ5s to pass t way "o day1 & is caught 9 a %[]4 ,he seeks %elt] )9 ! humble cottage1 b does n "k t he is accept+ ! hospitality ( 8 despis$ daught]-9-law4 ,%e prep>es c]emonial tea = him1 he is /ruck ) h] accompli%m5ts & good mann]s1 & :5 he discov]s t %e is ! wife ( 8 son1 a reconciliation is effect$4 ,dr4 ,ogai ,mori work$ p]si/5tly dur+ ,meiji 9 ! translation ( ,g]man lit]ature & drama4 ,osanai ,kaoru translat$ f ! ,fr5* & ,g]man1 & has produc$ a numb] ( 8 own plays4 ,matsui ,%oyu 0 tireless 9 8 ef=ts 9 ! translation ( ,engli% drama1 & is kn[n z an adapt] r ?an an orig9al playwright4 ,! late ,miigita ,torahiko1 atta*$ to ! ,imp]ial ,!atre1 produc$ a numb] ( excell5t plays4 ,masuda ,t>o1 a clev] writ] ( light society pieces & f>ce1 has compos$ *iefly = ,miss ,mori & ! actresses ( ! ,imp]ial4 ,"o ( 8 successes 0 ,noroi1 or ,! ,curse1 ) an imag9>y ,damascus ( a ?\s& ye>s ago z sett+4 ,aft] a week's run x 0 notic$ t ! wick$ pr9cess :o causes all ! tr\ble1 & :o mu/ die 9 ! end 9 ord] t ! good %all triumph ov] evil1 accord+ to ! et]nal conv5tion ( ! fairy-tale1 did n tumble d[n at ! fateful dagg] ?ru/1 b rema9$ erect1 /&+ 9 a v comm&+ pose ^u ! ?rone ) ! f9al curta94 ,! police au?orities :o c5sor plays _h object$ to ! dea? by su* means ( s exalt$ a p]sonage4 ,x 0 n prop] 9 _! m9ds to kill ! pr9cess1 al?\gh %e ri*ly des]v$ x1 & ! :ole po9t ( ! play 0 lo/4 ,among ! playwrights ( ,tai%o1 "s ( ! be/ kn[n are ,oka ,onit>o1 ,yo%ii ,isamu1 ,kume ,masao1 ,yamamoto ,arizo1 ,osada ,hideo1 ,yamamoto ,yuzo1 ,yamazaki ,%iko1 ,ik$a ,taigo1 ,nakamura ,ki*izo1 ,nagai ,kafu1 ,dr4 ,rohan ,koda1 ,roppuku ,nukada1 ,mu%akoji ,saneatsu 7bro!r ( ,visc\nt ,mu%akoji71 & ,jui*iro ,tanizaki1 ^: plays h be5 mu* discuss$ & criticis$4 ,dur+ #aiba ! be/ play to be produc$ by an aspir+ playwright 0 ,tojuro no ,koi1 or ,! ,love ( ,tojuro1 & conc]n$ an incid5t 9 ! life ( ,sakata ,tojuro1 ! great actor ( ! ,g5roku p]iod4 ,x 0 by ,kiku*i ,kan1 ( :om mu* is expect$ 9 ! future4 ,he also wrote ,okujiyo no ,kyoj91 or ,! ,mad ,man on ! ,ro(1 :i* 0 a success at ! ,imp]ial4 ,miss ,*iyo-ko ,hasegawa & ,mrs4 ,kayo-ko ,omura are among ! wom5 :o h writt5 plays = ! ,tokyo /age4 ,n 9 _! wilde/ dreams c\ld ! /age folk ( fifty ye>s ago h pr$ict$ ! rem>kable developm5t ( ,kabuki 9 ! ye>s #aiah-aibj4 ,t5 ye>s be=e ?is ! *ief playh\ses ( ,tokyo 7 almo/ des]t$1 & at be/ !y 7 nev] m ?an half full4 ,b ! audi5ces increas$ to su* an ext5t t /&+ room 9 ! topmo/ gall]y 0 at a premium4 ,?is ov]fl[+ ( ! !atre 0 due to ! g5]al prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry z a result ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,fai? 9 ! ,we/ 0 rudely %att]$1 & ! p swung back to _! own in/itutions ) a new ze/ & en?usiasm4 ,= lack ( /imulus ,kabuki _h be5 at a /&/ill = half-a-c5tury be=e ! ,re/oration2 !n came ! flood-tide ( ,we/]n influ5ce4 ,unconsci\s ( ! value ( its art1 ,kabuki rema9$ p[]less to proce$1 & l$ ! sup]ficial obs]v] to believe t x 0 unable to create & on ! d[nw>d pa? to oblivion4 ,b ! =ces )9 7 ga9+ /r5g?1 & dur+ ! height ( national prosp]ity br\ght ab\t by ! ,european ,w>1 ! exi/5ce ( ,kabuki 0 ju/ifi$ z nev] be=e 9 its ?ree hundr$ ye>s ( hi/ory4 ,,kabuki ,,to-,,day ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,contempor>y ,,kabuki ,! pres5t condition ( ,kabuki is l t ( an old temple )9 a wall$ g>d51 ar\nd :i* fl[s ! mod]n life ( a great city1 :]e rages a conflict betwe5 two civilisations1 t ( ,asia1 & ! o!r1 l>gely comm]cial1 import$ f ! ,we/4 ,re=m]s believe t ! temple is all out ( date1 & are seek+ ) consci\s ef=t h[ be/ !y c *ange ! /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,"s !re are :o g boldly )9 ! sacr$ prec9cts ) pots ( pa9t 9 ord] t ! fad+ hues ( ! pictures b5ea? ! curv+ ro(s may be cov]$ by a new design4 ,x is n 9 _! ?\ghts to re/ore ! t>ni%$ col\rs1 b to de/roy & make anew4 ,/ill o!rs climb ^u ! walls & look ) scorn ^u ! prie/s1 call+ !m lazy1 indiff]5t1 & ignorant4 ,& n[ & !n "s le>n$ g5tleman f ! ,we/ ent]s ) ! wor%ipp]s on a fe/ival day1 & decl>es t he wond]s :at x is all ab\t1 :ile o!rs1 ev5 m le>n$1 proclaim 9 solemn tones t ! temple is 9 decay1 & 9 a few ye>s x w fall ) a cra%1 & s give way = a ,we/]n edifice to be built ^u ! ru9s4 ,9 spite ( ^! dire pron\ncem5ts1--! ru%+ mod]n life outside1 ! ill-advis$ obs]v]s on ! walls1 ! re=m]s :o seek to de/roy1--,kabuki /ill has its prie/s1 ! actors1 & goes triumphantly on its way4 ,he$less ( ! critics !y c>ry on1 p]=m+ ! old c]emonies1 pres]v+ ! anci5t traditions & conv5tions ) all fidelity1 yet turn+ _! faces resolutely t[>d ! future4 ,?ree gr\ps ( actors n[ control ! de/9y ( ,tokyo ,kabuki1--! companies atta*$ to ! ,imp]ial ,!atre1 ,kabuki-za1 & ,i*imura-za4 ,) ! op5+ ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre 9 #aiaa a new =ce began to "w 9 ?is %ibai _w4 ,n only did ! ,imp]ial draw audi5ces f ! mo/ repres5tative citiz5s ( ! capital1 b x became a c5tre = ! ent]ta9m5t ( di/+ui%$ gue/s f ov]seas4 ,"h1 also1 h be5 welcom$ ! musicians1 actors1 & danc]s ( _m l&s4 ,am]ican & ,briti% t\r+ companies h appe>$ at ! ,imp]ial4 ,pr9ce ,ar?ur ( ,connaught witness$ a play "h1 & ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 z ! gue/ ( ! ,mayor ( ,tokyo1 att5d$ p]=mances ) ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t4 ,en?usia/ic audi5ces h applaud$ a score ( ,we/]n musical celebrities at ?is !atre4 ,russian s+]s1 danc]s1 & actors h be5 w>mly receiv$ f "t to "t1 & ,madame ,pavlova & h] company p]=m$ = two weeks ) great success4 ,"h1 also1 ! p ( ,tokyo h _h ! opportunity to li/5 to a rep]toire ( ,italian gr& op]a4 ,mei ,ran-fan1 ! popul> actor ( ! ,pek+ /age1 also fill$ two engagem5ts at ! ,imp]ial4 ,%akespe>e's plays h be5 p]=m$ by ,japanese play]s1 :ile new plays influ5c$ by ,engl& & ,europe are frequ5tly pres5t$4 ,onoe ,baiko1 ! six?1 is ! head actor ( ! ,imp]ial4 ,8 specialty is t ( ! onnagata1 z is t ( ,nakamura ,utayemon1 ! *ief actor ( ! ,kabuki-za4 ,?is is ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,kabuki = two actors devot+ !mselves to female rles to take su* comm&+ places4 ,9 ! old days ! onnagata ) becom+ mode/y 0 cont5t ) a less] position among ! yaku%a4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,imp]ial ,!atre ( ,tokyo1 complet$ 9 #aiaa4 ,! build+ )/ood ! e>?quake %ocks ( ! great disa/] ( #aibc1 b ! int]ior 0 de/roy$ by fire4 ,x has n[ be5 entirely re/or$4 ,! ,imp]ial is becom+ an int]national !atre c5tre1 & has welcom$ actors1 musicians & danc]s f ,engl&1 ,am]ica1 ,russia1 ,italy & ,*9a4 ,mansfield once wrote3 8,b :o %all say :5 ?is g5]ation has pass$ away h[ ,yorick play$80 ,9 ,japan1 h[ev]1 h[ ,yorick play$ is kn[n1 = e actor ( g5ius leaves 8 m>k ^u ! son or pupil :o succe$s him1 & 8 /yle & type are h&$ d[n4 ,bo? ,onoe ,baiko & ,nakamura ,utayemon h sons :o give evid5ce t !y are wor?y to pres]ve ! type4 ,eisaburo1 :o s]ves z an und]/udy to ,baiko1 already closely resembles 8 fa!r1 :ile ,nakamura ,fukusuke seems to h inh]it$ ! elegance & grace ( 8 p>5t & tea*]1 ,utayemon4 ,^! two "y m5 are ! lead]s among ! y\ng] onnagata & w no d\bt uphold ! hon\r ( ?is specialty at a n di/ant p]iod4 ,baiko1 foll[+ ! traditions ( ! ,onoe family1 = he is ! gr&son ( ! ?ird ,kikugoro1 & 0 adopt$ by ! fif?1 is clev] 9 ! weird1 & nev] pleases s mu* z :5 he plays an une>?ly woman1 gho/1 or demon4 ,he is p>ticul>ly successful z a woman ( ! p1 b x is z a danc] t he has ende>$ himself to all ,tokyo4 ,! grace ( 8 movem5ts1 ! p[] ( sugge/ion 9 8 descriptive dances1 fill all :o witness !m ) admiration4 ,next to ,baiko comes ! v]satile ,matsumoto ,ko%iro1 ! sev5?4 ,)\t d\bt ,ko%iro is ! be/-equipp$ yaku%a 9 ,japan4 ,he is bo? a good actor & an accompli%$ danc]4 ,born 9 a prov9cial t[n1 8 fa!r 0 a build] & contractor1 & he might h miss$ 8 call+ _h n ,fujima ,kanyemon1 ! furitsuke1 or danc+ ma/] ( ! ,tokyo /age1 tak5 su* an int]e/ 9 ! *ild t he adopt$ him z 8 heir & successor4 ,danjuro1 ! n9?1 saw t ! boy 0 bett] fitt$ to become an actor ?an to be an expon5t ( danc+1 & e>ly took him "u 8 protection4 ,( all ,danjuro's foll[]s1 ,ko%iro is ! be/ qualifi$ to c>ry on ! ,i*ikawa traditions4 ,un=tunately1 ,ko%iro 0 indiscreet 9 8 y\?ful escapades1 & s ang]$ 8 ma/] t he 0 expell$ by ,danjuro f ! !atre1 & = a "t x seem$ t he might nev] return4 ,:5 ! ,imp]ial 0 op5$1 ,ko%iro became atta*$ to ?is !atre1 & 0 quickly re9/at$ 9 ! fav\r ( ! public4 ,danjuro's wid[1 h[ev]1 nev] =got ! injunction ( h] husb& t ,ko%iro 0 n to succe$ him1 & :ile ?is actor is 9 e respect an ,i*ikawa1 ! great "n ( ! t5? is /ill go+ begg+4 ,9 ! ,i*ikawa aragoto rles ,ko%iro is ! be/ 9 ,japan4 ,?or\ghly tra9$ 9 ! ,fujima s*ool ( danc+1 he is a creative danc]1 always produc+ new modes ( expression4 ,z a reali/ic actor he has few equals1 & %[s mu* clev]ness 9 new plays4 ,x is 9 mak+ up1 h[ev]1 t he greatly excels1 & c trans=m 8 c\nt5ance by means ( /range1 imag9ative designs1 or become a rogue1 policeman1 /atesman1 doctor1 or lawy] 9 mod]n plays ) surpris+ success4 ,! sev5? ,sawamura ,sojuro is also "o ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre />s4 ,he acts s well ) ,baiko & ,ko%iro t !y =m a p]fect trio1 & :5 !re is a break 9 ?is /age comrade%ip1 ,tokyo w be consci\s ( a blank l t :i* 0 exp]i5c$ :5 ! ?ree great actors ( ,meiji pass$ away "o aft] ! o!r4 ,sojuro is at 8 be/ 9 samurai & ari/ocratic rles1 ,he also makes a fasc9at+ woman1 & 8 ability 9 ! dance1 :ile n s /rik+ z t ( ,baiko & ,ko%iro1 is /ill v great4 ,act+ ) ,sojuro are 8 f\r sons1 & a nephew1 ,sawamura ,*ojuro4 ,a few mon?s aft] ! e>?quake disa/] ( #aibc1 ,sawamura ,sonosuke1 also a nephew ( ,sojuro1 "o ( ! be/ onnagata ( ! ,tokyo /age1 pass$ away4 ,dur+ a p]=mance 9 a small !atre t _h escap$ ! g5]al ru9 ( ! city he fell f a height on ! /age & di$ a few h\rs lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,onoe ,baiko1 lead+ actor ( ! ,imp]ial ,!atre 9 an onnagata rle4 ,morita ,kanya1 ! ?irte5?1 among ! mo/ promis+ "y actors ( ! ,imp]ial1 is a "n to conjure ) 9 ,tokyo4 ,! son ( ! !atre manag] ( ! same "n :o became intoxicat$ ) ,we/]n ideas & exp]im5t$ 9 ! new only to return to ! sanity ( ,kabuki 9 ! end1 ,kanya has a deep hold ^u ! affections ( ,tokyo playgo]s1 n only because ( 8 long l9eage & ! association ( 8 family ) ! city1 b = ! reason ( 8 h&some appe>ance & unque/ion$ ability4 ,he has become s popul> 9 mod]n plays deal+ ) ! problems ( ! "y man ( to-day t he is =getful ( tradition4 ,l 8 fa!r1 h[ev]1 he is orig9al & eag] to seek out new pa?s4 ,8 bro!r1 ,b&o ,mitsugoro1 is "o ( ! *ief expon5ts ( ! %osagoto s*ool 9 ,tokyo1 & a danc] ( :om ,tokyo is pr\d4 ,associat$ ) ^! play]s is ,onoe ,matsusuke1 ! f\r?1 ! olde/ actor on ! ,tokyo /age4 ,he play$ ) ,danjuro1 b old age has no t]rors = him1 & he is nev] abs5t f ! footlights4 ,al?\gh ,matsusuke is b5evol5t & fa!rly 9 appe>ance1 he delights 9 act+ villa9s1 & :5 he takes old m5's rles he is su* a complete success t x w be v difficult to fill 8 place aft] he is gone4 ,= tw5ty ye>s ! ackn[l$g$ lead] ( ! ,tokyo actors has be5 ,nakamura ,utayemon1 ! fif?4 ,! mo/ f9i%$ onnagata 9 ,japan1 hav+ play$ ) ! ?ree />s ( ,meiji--,danjuro1 ,kikugoro1 & ,sadanji--he is /ill active at ! end ( a long c>e]1 play+ maid5s ( sixte51 ?\gh he is approa*+ ! sob] judgem5t ( ! sixties4 ,at ! ,kabuki-za1 ,nakamura ,utayemon /ill holds 8 own4 ,8 audi5ces notice ! signs ( advanc+ age1 yet _! attitude is "o ( great loyalty4 ,! *ief ,tokyo yaku%a has a _w ( mean+ = ! patrons ( %ibai1 z x signifies ! actor has obta9$ ! highe/ rank possible4 ,he is pr\d & some?+ ( a m>t9et 9 ! !atre1 b on ! /age ,utayemon's fair wom5 are a /udy 9 !mselves4 ,8 elegance w be rememb]$ long aft] he is no m4 ,nephew to ,kikugoro1 ! fif?1 ,i*imura ,uzaemon1 ! ?irte5?1 has inh]it$ a "n t adorns ! hi/ory ( ,kabuki1 ! fir/ ,uzaemon be+ ! own] ( ! ,i*imura-za1 = long ye>s "o ( ,y$o's *ief %ibai4 ,he is brilliant1 %[y1 s5tim5tal1 an actor ( _m accompli%m5ts1 accu/om$ to play lov]1 bro!r1 or fa!r to ,utayemon's h]o9es4 ,foll[] ( ,danjuro1 ! n9?1 ,i*ikawa ,*u%a is an actor :o enjoys mu* popul>ity4 ,8 re/ra9$ mann] & well-modulat$ voice1 & clev]ness 9 ! realm ( ! unreal h m>k$ him z a true disciple ( ! ,i*ikawa family4 ,he manages to make 8 villa9s m ?or\ghly wick$ ?an ^? ( any o!r play]4 ,belong+ to ,utayemon's g5]ation is ,kataoka ,nizaemon1 ! elev5?4 ,only two actor l9es h come d[n f ,g5roku unbrok51 ^? ( ,i*ikawa & ,kataoka1 ! "o upp]mo/ 9 ,y$o1 ! o!r ! fir/ family ( ,osaka4 ,! pres5t ,nizaemon1 disc\rag$1 p]haps1 because ( ! ov]:elm+ popul>ity ( ,nakamura ,ganjiro1 ) no backgr\nd ( family1 b :o has captur$ all be=e him1 has made ,tokyo 8 headqu>t]s = ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s4 ,:5 ,ganjiro comes at long int]vals to play 9 ,tokyo1 ,nizaemon leaves = ,osaka1 a deep rivalry exi/+ betwe5 !m4 ,some?+ 9 ,nizaemon's temp]am5t has made op5 competition ) ,ganjiro impossible1 al?\gh 9 c]ta9 rles no "o c approa* him4 ,nakamura ,ki*iyemon1 a memb] ( ! ,kabuki-za company1 is a meteor-l actor1 hav+ ris5 rapidly & by %e] ability1 = he has little ance/ral pre/ige to enhance 8 reputation4 ,he has no pret5sions to boa/ ( z a danc]1 b 9 ! loyalty *>act]s ( ! ,kabuki ma/]pieces1 9 creat+ afre% ! rles left by ,*ikamatsu ,monzaemon1 ,tak$a ,izumo1 & ,*ikamatsu ,hanji1 he is unsurpass$4 ,8 bro!r1 ,nakamura ,tokizo1 is "o ( ! "y onnagata ( :om mu* is expect$4 ,! y\nge/ actor ( ! ,tokyo /age is ,nakamura ,matagoro1 ag$ #ab4 ,8 actor fa!r di$ a few ye>s ago1 & ,ki*iyemon took ! lad "u 8 protection4 ,x is no exagg]ation to call ,matagoro's act+ rem>kable4 ,some?+ ( ,kabuki's ,montessori me?ods are cle>ly %[n 9 ?is boy's p]=mances1 b p]sonality c\nts also4 ,he seems to ! mann] born1 & x is felt t he w develop into a future lead] ( ,kabuki4 ,b&o ,%u*o ( ! ,kabuki-za is l an old-fa%ion$ onnagata 9 type1 & 8 son resembles him v closely4 ,!re seems no dang] t ?is specialty w become ext9ct1 al?\gh ! ,tokyo /age has lo/ )9 rec5t ye>s f\r ( its mo/ tal5t$ imp]sonators ( wom54 ,onoe ,kikugoro1 ! six?1 son ( ! popul> ,kikugoro ( ! ,meiji p]iod1 is at ! head ( ! ,i*imura-za company ( play]s4 ,he foll[s 8 fa!r 9 act+ m5 ( ! p1 yet has nev] be5 able to equal ! p>5tal /&>d4 ,9 %osagoto & ! descriptive dance1 h[ev]1 he is a g5ius1 orig9al1 picturesque1 a ma/] ( movem5t4 ,possess$ ( en]gy1 creativ5ess1 & eag] = new ideas1 ,kikugoro is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ p]sonalities on ! ,tokyo /age4 ,i*ikawa ,sadanji1 ! fif?1 son ( ! ,meiji actor1 & "o ( ,tokyo's mo/ popul> play]s1 is at ! head ( 8 own company1 has travell$ abroad1 & is m fav\rably incl9$ to new v5tures ?an ! revival ( ! old plays4 ,nakamura ,ganjiro be>s ! same relation to ! ,osaka /age z ,utayemon does to ,tokyo4 ,he foll[s ! natural s*ool f\nd$ by ,sakata ,tojuro ( ,kyoto1 & l ?is ,g5roku actor1 "o ( 8 fav\rite rles is t ( ,izaemon1 ! lov] ( ,yugiri1 9 ! ,*ikamatsu drama4 ,born ! son ( an actor1 b un=tunate 9 8 family circum/ances1 he is self-made1 & by _m is consid]$ ! fir/ actor ( ,japan4 ,he is ! la/ ( ! f9e old yaku%a2 9 ! ,meiji p]iod he _h already won a high place = himself1 appe>+ ) ! ?ree ,tokyo />s1 ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ,i*ikawa ,sadanji1 & ,onoe ,kikugoro1 & to-day he dom9ates ! ,dotombori1 ! !atre qu>t] ( ,osaka4 ,an onnagata :o baffles description1 s9ce he is s subtle1 is ,nakamura ,fukusuke1 ( ,osaka1 !re be+ two actors ( ! same "n at pres5t4 ,"s ye>s old] ?an ! ,tokyo ,fukusuke1 ! ,osaka actor plays _m types ( wom51 ea* creation appe>+ bett] ?an t :i* has gone be=e4 ,aft] ,ganjiro 9 ,osaka1 !re is ,jitsukawa ,enjaku1 an actor ( ! fir/ quality1 :o = "s reason kn[n only to ! pr(ession is r>ely se5 9 ,tokyo4 ,gado1 ( ,osaka1 is a nephew ( ,nizaemon1 & sp5ds 8 "t betwe5 ! two cities4 ,nakamura ,jakuyemon1 ! ?ird1 an ,osaka onnagata1 frequ5tly plays 9 ,tokyo4 ,he diff]s f all ! o!r actors because he has p]si/5tly & consi/5tly patt]n$ aft] ! m>ionettes1 & seems to h associat$ ) ! dolls 9 su* a famili> way z to belong to ! sph]e ( elfs & fairies r ?an to ! ord9>y *>act]s ( drama4 ,! effect ( ! e>?quake disa/] ( ,septemb] i1 #aibc1 ^u ! ,tokyo /age c h>dly be e/imat$4 ,by ?is cata/rophe ! lead+ !atres ( ! city 7 demoli%$1 ) ! exception ( ! ,imp]ial & ! ,kabuki-za1 :i* rema9$ damag$ & gaunt rem9d]s amid ! g5]al deva/ation4 ,! ,imp]ial )/ood ! e>?quake %ocks1 b fire de/roy$ ! int]ior4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 re/or$ & reop5$4 ,! ,kabuki-za1 burn$ d[n 9 #aiba1 0 be+ rebuilt on an elaborate scale1 & its out] %ell ( concrete by "s miracle 0 left intact 9 a region ( ! city t 0 levell$ to ! gr\nd4 ,! "w ( con/ruction1 h[ev]1 w5t =w>d z soon z conditions w\ld all[1 & 0 complet$ 9 "t = ! op5+ p]=mances 9 ,janu>y #aibe4 ,! solid ,occid5tal /ructure has be5 comb9$ ) "s ( ! mo/ ornate ,japanese ar*itectural features1 & ! new ,kabuki-za is "o ( ! mo/ gorge\s build+s to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/4 ,pov]ty1 suff]+1 h>d%ip1 foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! unprec$5t$ e>?quake disa/]1 & x w take _m ye>s be=e ! sc>s are heal$ & ! !atre once m reflects ! re/or$ prosp]ity ( ! p4 ,:e!r ?is *a/5+ w be a b5efit or la/+ injury rema9s to be se54 ,illu/ration3 7#a7 ,,! ,,new ,,kabuki-,,za4 7#b7 ,,entrance ,,hall ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,kabuki-,,za4 ,! new ,kabuki-za1 ) a seat+ capacity ( #djjj1 :i* 0 op5$ on ,janu>y #f1 #aibe4 ,"u con/ruction at ! "t ( ! e>?quake disa/]1 ,septemb] #a1 #aibc1 ! concrete /ructure rema9$ intact4 ,japanese ar*itectural features h be5 us$ ?r\gh\t ! ,kabuki-za1 &1 ris+ out ( ! ru9s ( ! city1 x is "o ( ! mo/ impos+ build+s 9 ,tokyo4 ,kabuki1 always acquisitive1 /&+ betwe5 ! idealism ( ! ,n & ! realism ( ! ,doll-!atre1 is no long] self-c5tr$1 b has become1 l ,kim1 ! fri5d ( all ! _w1 & is ev] ready to le>n f ,london1 ,new ,york1 ,p>is1 or ,b]l94 ,on ! o!r h&1 to cause ! inn] consci\sness ( ! ,japanese p to speak to t ( ! ,we/ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( :at is g5u9e 9 ,kabuki--?is is ! l>ge untri$ exp]im5t ( ! future4 ,! ,we/]n ,!atre1 possess+ ! traditions ( ! ,greeks & ( ,%akespe>e1 has yet to discov] ! ,ea/]n ,!atre1 a sph]e ( human endeav\r t rema9s unexplor$ & unexploit$4 ,out ( ! !atrical wisdom ( ! ,ea/ may come a =ce to produce a new era ( creativ5ess 9 ! ,we/4 ,by ! recognition & appreciation ( ,kabuki1 ! ,we/]n ,!atre w\ld n only greatly enri* itself1 b /imulate ! actors ( ,asia to high] ?+s4 ,,bibliography ,nippon ,engeiki ,%i1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,japanese ,/age4 ,ih>a ,seisei94 ,two volumes 7publi%$ ,meiji74 ,nippon ,gikyoku ,%i ,k[a4 ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,japanese ,drama4 ,ih>a ,seisei9 7publi%$ ,meiji74 ,g5]ations ( ! ,i*ikawa ,family4 ,ih>a ,seisei9 7publi%$ ,meiji74 ,kabuki ,so%o4 ,collection ( ,kabuki ,records4 ,includ+ ,kokon ,yaku%a ,taiz51 ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,actors2 ,jij9%u1 ,collection ( ! ,ye>'s ,du/2 ,kabuki ,koto ,hajime1 ,beg9n+s ( ,kabuki2 ,%9roku ,yaku%a ,komoku1 ,/ories ( ,actors2 ,yaku%a ,z5%o1 ,all ,ab\t ,actors4 ,publi%$ by ,ha*imonjiya4 ,collect$ & edit$ by ,seisetsu ,sasa 7publi%$ ,meiji74 ,kokon ,yaku%a ,taiz51 ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,actors4 ,publi%$ by ,ha*imonjiya1 #afbf4 ,criticism ( actors4 ,jij9%u1 ,collection ( ! ,ye>'s ,du/4 ,kaneko ,ki*izaemon4 ,anecdotes ( ! actors1 *iefly ,sakata ,tojuro4 ,kabuki ,koto ,hajime1 ,beg9n+s ( ,kabuki4 ,tam5aga ,i*o4 ,criticisms ( ! actors4 ,publi%$ by ,ha*imonjiya1 #agfb4 ,kabuki ,%o%i ,sosan4 ,collection ( old records4 ,hana ,y$o ,kabuki ,n5daiki1 ,fl[] ,y$o ,*ronology ( ,kabuki4 ,records ( plays & play]s 9 ,y$o1 by ,emba ,dan%uro1 & cont9u$ 9 _m volumes by o!r writ]s4 ,publi%$ by ,ha*imonjiya4 ,zoku ,zoku ,kabuki ,n5daiki1 ,cont9u$-,cont9u$ ,kabuki ,*ronicles1 f ,ansei to ,meiji #cf4 ,tamura ,n>iyo%i4 ,two volumes 7publi%$ ,tai%o #aa74 ,engeiki ,taiz51 ,complete ,acc\nt ( ,drama4 ,sek9e ,mokuan4 ,meiji ,engeiki ,gojun5%i1 ,fifty ,ye>s' ,hi/ory ( ,meiji ,/age4 ,sek9e ,mokuan4 ,ayame ,gusa1 ,say+s ( ,ayame4 ,yo%izawa ,ayame4 ,amayo ,sanbai ,kig51 ,?ree ,cups ( ,sake on a ,ra9y ,night4 ,criticisms ( ,kabuki4 ,ih>a ,saikaku4 ,ok9a ,gusa1 ,old ,man ,say+s4 ,criticisms ( ,kabuki4 ,sado%ima ,nikki1 ,j\rnal ( ,sado%ima4 ,oy9o ,tano%imi1 ,pleasures ( ,old ,age4 ,j\rnal ( ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! second4 ,tokumiyemasu1 ,i ,c ,see ,af>4 ,j\rnal ( ,i*ikawa ,danjuro1 ! sev5?4 ,temaye ,miso1 ,my ,own ,bean ,s\p4 ,kaw>asaki ,gonnosuke4 ,joruri ,%i1 ,hi/ory ( ,joruri4 ,takano ,tatsuyuki 7publi%$ ,meiji #bc74 ,gidayu 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