,illu/ration3 ,,a9 ,,e/akh]ab1 ,,g5nah ,,an ,,egyptian ,,oasis ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,oasis ,,( ,,kh>ga ,,9 ,,! ,,libyan ,,des]t1 ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,its ,,hi/ory1 ,,physical ,,geography1 ,,& ,,wat]-,,supply ,,by ,h4 ,j4 ,,llewellyn ,,beadnell ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,assoc4,in/4,m4,m4 ,,=m]ly ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,survey ,,( ,,egypt ,,) ,,maps ,,& ,,illu/rations ,,london ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albem>le ,,/reet1 ,w4 #aiji ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,a ,,fri5d ,,& ,,fell[-,,geologi/1 ,,?omas ,,b>ron1 ,,:o ,,lo/ ,,8 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,sudan ,,9 ,,febru>y1 #aijf ,,preface ,! inhabit$ depressions ( ! ,libyan ,des]t1 call$ by ,h]odotus ! #8,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1' are int]e/+ alike to ! ar*ologi/1 to ! geograph] & geologi/1 & to ! t\ri/ :o wi%es to w&] f ! well-beat5 tracks1 & p]haps none m s ?an ! ,oasis ( ,kh>ga1 ly+ #acj miles we/ ( ,luxor--! site ( anci5t ,!bes--& rec5tly connect$ by railway ) ! ,nile ,valley4 ,desc5d$ f ! anci5t ,libyans1 ! inhabitants ( ! ,egyptian oases 7numb]+ ov] #cj1jjj s\ls7 are q di/9ct f ! ,fellah9 & ,b$aw9 ( ! ,nile ,valley4 ,isolat$ by arid & desolate wa/es1 ^! communities occupy qua9t wall$-9 t[ns & villages1 tuck$ away among groves ( palms1 int]sp]s$ ) smil+ g>d5s & fields ( corn4 ,ra9 is almo/ unkn[n1 & riv]s are non-exi/5t1 ! trees & crops be+ irrigat$ by bubbl+ wells1 d]iv+ _! wat]s f deep-seat$ s\rces4 ,kh>ga--! subject ( ! pres5t memoir--=m$ "p ( ! ,great ,oasis ( anci5t days1 & 0 gov]n$ 9 turn by ! ,ph>aohs1 ! ,p]sian ,mon>*s1 & ! ,roman ,emp]ors4 ,?r\gh x ! ill-fat$ army ( ,cambyses is record$ to h m>*$1 & 9 x is to be se5 ! mo/ important ,p]sian monum5t 9 ,egypt1 ! temple ( ,hibis4 ,b mo/ int]e/+ ( all is ! wond]fully pres]v$ ,e>ly ,*ri/ian necropolis1 dat+ f ! "t ( ,bi%op ,ne/orius1 :o 0 bani%$ to ,kh>ga 9 ,a4,d4 #dcd4 ,juv5al1 ,a?anasius1 & o!r celebrities likewise appe> to h made unwill+ acqua9tance ) ?is portion ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! "* ( ! p at ! pres5t day--a curi\s mixture ( /upidity1 apa?y1 & %rewdness--seems to reflect 9 great measure _! pa/ hi/ory1 z well z ! peculi> conditions "u :i* !y /ill live4 ,a hi/ory ( ! inhabitants s9ce ! )drawal ( ! ,roman g>risons w\ld resolve itself into an acc\nt ( an endless combat ) ,nature1 :i*1 ) s& & w9d z its *ief ag5ts1 has nev] abat$ its ef=ts to recov] ^? tracts :i* ! ,anci5ts1 by ! ex]cise ( mu* skill & indu/ry1 wre/$ f ! des]t4 ,z a memb] ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,egypt f #ahif to #aije1 ,i sp5t ne>ly n9e ye>s 9 survey & exploration "w 9 ! ,egyptian des]ts1 & = ! pa/ ?ree ye>s ,i h be5 9 *>ge ( ext5sive bor+ & l&-reclamation op]ations 9 ! p>ticul> oasis ) :i* ?is book deals1 s t ,i h _h exceptional opportunities ( /udy+ at fir/ h& a region ( peculi> int]e/4 ,among o!r que/ions dealt ) are ! va/ sy/ems ( subt]ranean aqu$ucts con/ruct$ by ! ,romans2 ! ext5sive lakes :i* occupi$ ! floor ( ! oasis-depression well into hi/oric times2 ! rate & mode ( movem5t ( des]t s&-dunes2 ! =mation & gradual elevation ( ! cultivat$ t]races by ! con/ant accumulation ( w9d-borne mat]ial2 & ! deep-seat$ wat]-supplies1 a subject :i*1 9 view ( rec5t discussions z to ! orig9 ( ! artesian wat]s ( arid regions1 is ( m ?an local int]e/4 ,"s portions ( ! book1 m especially ^? deal+ ) geology & wat]-supply1 h already be5 publi%$ 9 some:at diff]5t =m 9 ! ,geological ,magaz9e1 & ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,h5ry ,woodw>d1 ,f4,r4,s41 = p]mission to reproduce !m1 z well z ! plate %[+ ,bore ,no4 #ci & ! geological section across ! oasis4 ,! illu/rations are reproduc$ f photographs tak5 by me at diff]5t times dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! maps1 %[+ ! relative positions ( ! oasis & ! ,nile ,valley1 ! c>avan roads1 & ! geology1 h be5 compil$ f all available publi%$ mat]ial1 *iefly ! "w ( ,dr4 ,john ,ball & myself4 ,"s portions ( ^!1 z well z ! plan %[+ ! subt]ranean aqu$ucts ( ,um ,el ,dabdib1 are n[ publi%$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,! c>avan r\tes1 :ile %[n ) suffici5t accuracy = all practical purposes1 h n be5 survey$ ) ! same degree ( exactness z ! o!r details %[n on ! maps4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,llewellyn ,,beadnell4 ,,london1 ,m>*1 #aiji4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,libyan ,,des]t ,,& ,,its ,,oases #a ,,ii4 ,,e>ly ,,records #ab ,,iii4 ,,! ,,roads ,,lead+ ,,to ,,! ,,oasis #be ,,iv4 ,,topography ,,& ,,geology #de ,v4 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,villages #fa ,,vi4 ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,villages #ge ,,vii4 ,,! ,,oasis ,,"u ,,p]sian ,,& ,,roman ,,rule #hf ,,viii4 ,,! ,,ext9ct ,,lakes ,,( ,,! ,,oasis #aaj ,,ix4 ,,! ,,und]gr\nd ,,wat]-,,supply #abc ,x4 ,,fl[+ ,,wells3 ,,"s ,,exp]im5ts ,,& ,,obs]vations #aci ,,xi4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,artesian ,,wat]s #aed ,,xii4 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,subt]ranean ,,aqu$ucts #afg ,,xiii4 ,,bor+ ,,me?ods3 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n #ahf ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,conte/ ,,betwe5 ,,man ,,& ,,w9d- ,,borne ,,s& #aih ,,xv4 ,,"s ,,economical ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,oasis #bab ,,xvi4 ,,"s ,,notes ,,on ,,sport ,,& ,,natural ,,hi/ory #bbd ,,app5dix3 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,oasis ,,( ,,kh>ga #bcd ,,index #bcg ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations #a4 ,,a9 ,,e/akh]ab1 ,,g5nah ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page #b4 ,a ,,pass ,,into ,,! ,,oasis #af #c4 ,,! ,,railway ,,desc5d+ ,,into ,,! ,,oasis ,,?r\gh ,,! #ch ,,*alk ,,=mation #d4 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,necropolis ,,& ,,jebel ,,t] #df ,a ,,/reet ,,9 ,,kh>ga #e4 #ff ,,kh>ga ,,village #f4 ,,encroa*m5t ,,( ,,s&-,,dunes ,,at ,,meh]iq #gj ,a ,,ptolemaic ,,temple 7,,qasr ,,el ,,ghuata7 #g4 #gc ,,d\m-,,palms ,,ne> ,,qasr ,,el ,,ghuata #h4 ,,a9 ,,dakhakh9 #gh #i4 ,,du% ,,village #hd #aj4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,hibis1 ,,f ,,! ,,s\?-,,ea/ #ib #aa4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,hibis 7,,int]ior7 #if #ab4 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,necropolis #ajc #ac4 ,,biblical ,,sc5es ,,9 ,a ,,tomb ,,( ,,! ,,necropolis #ajd #ad4 ,,lacu/r9e ,,deposits ,,at ,,el ,,gala1 ,,ne> ,,bulaq #aaj ,,c(f9 ,,masks ,,f ,,bellaida #ae4 #aaf ,,anci5t ,,pott]y ,,f ,,! ,,lacu/r9e ,,deposits #af4 ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts #abj #ag4 ,,an ,,artesian ,,well 7,,bore ,,no4 #ci7 #abd ,,bore ,,no4 #e #ah4 #adb ,,bore ,,no4 #ad #ai4 ,,l&s ,,"u ,,reclamation ,,at ,,bore ,,no4 #ci #aef #bj4 ,,a9 ,,amur1 ,,on ,,! ,,upp] ,,dakhla ,,road #afe #ba4 ,,qasr ,,lebekha ,,& ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,esc>pm5t ,,( ,,! ,,oasis #afi #bb4 ,,ru9s ,,at ,,um ,,el ,,dabadib #agb ,a ,,/eam ,,bor+ ,,rig #bc4 #aif ,a ,,h& ,,bor+ ,,rig #bd4 ,a ,,belt ,,( ,,dunes ,,ne> ,,qasr ,,lebekha #bjj #be4 ,,s& ,,erosion ,,on ,,summit ,,( ,,jebel ,,t>if #bjf #bf4 ,,! ,,corporation',s ,,home/ead 7,,headqu>t]s7 #bjh #bg4 ,,d\m-,,palms ,,at ,,a9 ,,girm ,,me%im #bah ,a ,,wadi ,,9 ,,jebel ,,t>if #bh4 #bbb ,a ,,riv] ,,( ,,s& ,,ne> ,,um ,,el ,,dabadib ,,maps ,,& ,,sections ,i4 ,,! ,,c>avan ,,r\tes ,,to ,,! ,,oasis ,,( ,,kh>ga #bf ,,ii4 ,,sket*-,,map ,,%[+ ,,! ,,geology ,,& ,,! ,,anci5t ,,lakes #ej ,,( ,,! ,,oasis ,,( ,,kh>ga ,,iii4 ,,geological ,,section ,,across ,,! ,,oasis1 ,,f ,,jebel #ef ,,t>if ,,to ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,esc>pm5t ,,iv4 ,,! ,,subt]ranean ,,aqu$ucts ,,( ,,um ,,el ,,dabadib #agf ,,an ,,egyptian ,,oasis ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,libyan ,,des]t ,,& ,,its ,,oases ,contra/ ( ,libyan ,des]t & ,nile ,valley -- ,area & ,geographical ,position -- ,b>r5ness -- ,dunes & ,s&-subm]g$ ,areas -- ,und]ly+ ,wat]-*>g$ ,s&/ones -- ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,oases -- ,condition 9 ,prehi/oric ,times -- ,cultivat$ ,l&s & ,wells4 ,no m /rik+ contra/ c be imag9$ ?an t betwe5 ! int5sely cultivat$ ,valley ( ! ,nile & ! b>r5 des]ts on ei!r side4 ,!re are arid wa/es 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w--9 ,au/ralia1 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 9 ,asia--b 9 po9t ( desolat5ess1 9 ! abs5ce ( animal & vegetable life1 !re is probably no?+ to rival ! great] portion ( ! ,libyan ,des]t1 on ! we/ side ( ! ,nile4 ,its b>r5ness is aggressive2 x is n necess>y to travel f> to make its acqua9tance2 s %>p is ! junction t1 9 a s+le /ep1 "o may pass f ! ri*ly cultivat$ alluvial soil ( ! ,nile to ! b>e s&y pla9s :i* skirt ! m rocky int]ior ( ! des]t4 ,along ! bord]s ( ! ,egyptian wa/es "o g5]ally looks 9 va9 = ! ,p]sian poet's 8,/rip ( h]bage /r[n1 ,t j divides ! des]t f ! s[n40 ,geographically ! ,libyan ,des]t is ! ea/]n & mo/ inhospitable portion ( ! ,sah>a1 or ,great ,des]t ( ,africa4 ,on ! nor? & ea/ its b\nd>ies are cle>ly def9$ by ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea & ! ,valley ( ! ,nile2 on ! s\? x is b\nd$ by ! ,d>fur & ,kord(an regions ( ! ,egyptian ,sudan2 to ! s\?-we/ its limits may be reg>d$ z cot]m9\s ) ! elevat$ di/ricts ( ,tibe/i2 :ile on ! we/ x /ret*es to ! outly+ oases ( ,fezzan & ,tripoli4 ,its area is ab\t #hej1jjj squ>e miles1 or approximately sev5 times t ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,) ! exception ( a n>r[ belt fr++ ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! region is1 to all int5ts & purposes1 ra9less1 ! occasional ?und]/orms be+ extremely local1 & seldom break+ ov] ! same di/rict 9 two consecutive ye>s4 ,9 ! m elevat$ des]ts on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,nile ra9s appe> to be ( suffici5tly frequ5t occurr5ce to ma9ta9 a wat]-supply 9 ! isolat$ wat]-holes & valley-spr+s1 & to all[ ( ! gr[? ( a fairly p]man5t ?\gh scanty h]bage 9 ! m fav\r$ areas4 ,! ,ea/]n des]t does1 !re=e1 to "s ext5t1 support a migratory ,arab population4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! great] portion ( ! ,libyan ,des]t is q devoid ( vegetation & wat]-holes1 & is1 9 consequ5ce1 un9habit$ ev5 by nomad tribes4 ,at ! same "t1 ! extreme b>r5ness ( ! region z a :ole is 9 great measure c\nt]balanc$ by a numb] ( isolat$ f]tile oases1 9 :i* !re is a p]man5t resid5t population1 d]iv+ its wat]-supplies entirely f und]gr\nd s\rces4 ,! t]m #8oasis1' an anci5t ,egyptian ^w signify+ a re/+-place1 9 its /rict s5se means a f]tile spot 9 a des]t1 b 9 ,egypt has usually be5 appli$ to a depression z a :ole1 ea* individual cultivat$ area be+ kn[n by ! "n ( ! well f :i* its wat] is d]iv$4 ,! *ief gr\ps ( oases 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t are ! ,siwan on ! nor?1 t ( ,kufra on ! we/1 & ! ,egyptian1 includ+ ! f\r l>ge oases ( ,bah>ia1 ,f>afra1 ,dakhla1 & ,kh>ga1 on ! ea/4 ,! pres5t volume deals m especially ) ! la/ ( ^!4 ,! ,libyan ,des]t is prim>ily divisible into two entirely diff]5t p>ts1 di/+ui%$ by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( surface accumulations ( bl[n s&4 ,ext5sive dunes are conf9$ to ! we/]n portion1 :]e areas ( hundr$s ( squ>e miles are lit]ally buri$ "u deep seas ( s&1 bl[n into m or less p>allel dunes ( great height1 ly+ ,n4,n4,w4 & ,s4,s4,e41 9 ! direction ( ! prevail+ w9ds4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is almo/ impossible to travel 9 a latitud9al direction1 s t ! s&-cov]$ area =ms an effective b>ri] betwe5 ! ,egyptian oases & ,kufra1 "o ( ! /rongholds &1 at any rate until rec5tly1 ! headqu>t]s ( ! p[]ful ,s5ussi sect4 ,x is probable t1 )9 ! la/ c5tury1 ! area ( ?is s& has ext5d$ consid]ably to ! s\?1 z an old c>avan road tr5d+ we/w>ds1 & believ$ to h orig9ally connect$ ! oases ( ,dakhla & ,kufra1 is n[ lo/ 9 ! dunes4 ,z long ago z #ahgd "s ( ! memb]s ( ! ,rohlfs exp$ition made an attempt to p5etrate we/w>ds f ,dakhla1 b on rea*+ ! edge ( ! great s&-region1 ab\t #agj kilometres ,w4,s4,w4 ( ,qasr ,dakhl1 7 compell$ to turn nor?w>ds & travel 9 a direction p>allel to ! l9es ( dunes1 f :i* !y em]g$1 aft] a long & we>isome j\rney ( #djj kilometres1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! oasis ( ,siwa4 ,outly+ portions ( ?is s& invade ! ,egyptian oases2 = in/ance1 ! depression ( ,el ,daila1 ly+ to ! we/ ( ,f>afra1 is to a great ext5t fill$ ) bl[n s&1 :ile an ext5sive area 9 ! s\? ( ,f>afra itself is buri$ "u dunes4 ,on ! ea/]n portion ! s& is = ! mo/ "p conf9$ to isolat$ l9es ( dunes1 ! mo/ rem>kable be+ t kn[n z ! ,abu ,moh>iq4 ,?is comm5ces 9 latitude #bi #de nor?1 at ,ars el ,buq>1 "s #ej kilometres s\?-we/ ( ! ,mog>a swamp1 9 ! l[ c\ntry to ! s\? ( ! great ea/ & we/ ,mioc5e esc>pm5t4 ,f ,ars el ,buq> ! ,abu ,moh>iq s&-belt runs 9 an almo/ /raight & unbrok5 l9e across ! ,libyan plateau to ! oasis ( ,kh>ga1 ?r\gh :i* x cont9ues into ! des]t to ! s\?4 ,! av]age bread? ( ?is l9e ( dunes is only "s #f or #g kilometres1 :]eas its l5g? _c be less ?an #fej4 ,less ext5sive accumulations ( bl[n s& are f\nd 9 ! oases !mselves1 9 ! depressions ( ,gh>aq & ,muailla to ! s\? ( ! ,faym1 & encroa*+ on ! cultivat$ l&s ( ! ,nile ,valley betwe5 ,bahnessa & ,mellawi4 ,! ea/]n "p ( ! ,libyan ,des]t1 9 :i* are situat$ ! ,egyptian oases1 is itself divisible into ?ree areas hav+ ess5tially diff]5t *>act]s1 ! nor!rn be+ an undulat+ roll+ c\ntry ( s&/ones1 grits1 & gravels2 ! c5tral consi/+ ( b>e elevat$ lime/one plateaux2 ! s\!rn a l[]-ly+ expanse ( rugg$ s&/one1 brok5 only occasionally by ridges & bosses ( granite & o!r cry/all9e rocks4 ,! ,egyptian oases are deep & broad holl[s or depressions 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t plateau4 ,9 position !y appe> to co9cide ) areas :]e rocks ( comp>ative s(tness became expos$ at ! surface dur+ ! gradual l[]+ ( ! c\ntry by d5udation4 ,at su* po9ts ! g5]al rate ( wea!r+ mu/ h become greatly accel]at$1 ) ! result t ^? va/ depressions1 :i* =m su* conspicu\s features 9 ! configuration ( ! c\ntry at ! pres5t day1 7 ev5tually cut out4 ,und]ly+ ! great] "p ( ! ,libyan ,des]t are por\s s&/ones1 & ^!1 :5 pi]c$ by deep bor+s put d[n f ! l[]-ly+ p>ts ( ! floors ( ! depressions1 yield abundant supplies ( wat] ( rem>kable purity4 ,z ^! s&/ones1 z well z ! %ales ) :i* !y are associat$1 h a g5]al dip or incl9ation f s\? to nor?1 we are l$ to inf] t !y outcrop or come to ! surface to ! s\?1 s t 9 all probability ! wat] ) :i* !y are s highly *>g$ has its orig9 9 t direction4 ,:e!r ! wat] obta9s access to ! s&/ones by direct infiltration ( ! ra9s ( ,abyss9ia or ! ,sudan1 f ! swamps ( ! sudd region ( ! ,upp] ,nile1 or f ! ,nile itself 9 ! ,nubian rea*es1 has n yet be5 decid$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,rec5t obs]vations1 h[ev]1 %[ t f> m wat] is lo/ 9 "s rea*es ( ! ,nile ?an c be acc\nt$ = by irrigation & evaporation1 & x seems probable1 !re=e1 t ! excess disappe>s by infiltration into ^! s&/ones4 ,little is kn[n ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! oases1 ?\gh ! rema9s ( anci5t t[ns & cemet]ies are abundant1 & only await sy/ematic excavation by ,egyptologi/s to br+ our k ( ?is "p ( ,egypt into l9e ) t ( ! ,nile ,valley4 ,t ! oases 7 inhabit$ 9 prehi/oric times is evid5t f ! occurr5ce ( fl9t implem5ts ( ,paloli?ic types1 bo? on ! m>g9s ( ! surr\nd+ plateaux & )9 ! depressions1 ?\gh !re is n at pres5t suffici5t evid5ce to enable u to affirm t ! mak]s & us]s ( ^! fl9ts 7 contemporane\s ) ,paloli?ic man 9 ,europe4 ,implem5ts ( ,neoli?ic type1 (t5 ( f9i%$ workman%ip1 are1 moreov]1 common 9 places on ! floors ( ! depressions1 b x is probable t ^! 7 9 use well into ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,9 hi/oric times ! oases1 accord+ to ,sayce1 7 gov]n$ by ,egyptian ,k+s 9 ! eighte5? dyna/y 7#aede-acej ,b4,c471 & ! olde/ monum5ts z yet f\nd 9 ! oases-depressions date f ?is p]iod4 ,! mo/ important ( ! e>li] rema9s belong1 h[ev]1 to ! ,p]sian epo*1 notably ! temple ( ,hibis ne> ! mod]n village ( ,kh>ga1 :i* 0 built by ,d>ius4 ,ptolemaic rema9s are also kn[n 9 ,kh>ga1 b ! great] numb] ( ! hi/orical monum5ts date f ! "t ( ,roman occupation1 :5 ! oases appe> to h atta9$ a consid]able degree ( prosp]ity1 :i* cont9u$ to ,coptic times4 ,s9ce ! ,mohamm$an conque/ ( ,egypt !y h fall5 into a /ate ( neglect1 & ) ! consequ5t dim9ution ( ! wat]-supply ! population has decreas$1 & l>ge areas ( =m]ly f]tile c\ntry h be5 absorb$ by ! surr\nd+ des]t4 ,x is int]e/+ to speculate on ! conditions :i* obta9$ 9 ,kh>ga be=e ! fir/ bor+s 7 made1 z at ! pres5t day we _c po9t1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 to a s+le natural efflux ( wat] on ! floor ( ! depression4 ,surface-wat]1 ( q a diff]5t "* f ! deep-seat$ wat]1 is met ) at comp>atively %all[ dep?s 9 v>i\s localities1 & may ei!r repres5t dra9age wat] f ! fl[+ wells & cultivat$ tracts1 or be wat] :i* has escap$ f ! und]gr\nd s&/ones & f\nd its way to ! surface ?r\gh fissures4 ,probably x is d]iv$ f bo? s\rces4 ,9 prehi/oric times natural spr+s f$ ?r\gh fissures may h exi/$ "h & !re )9 ! depressions2 & 9 any case x is probable t prehi/oric man obta9$ suffici5t supplies by s9k+ wells into ! upp] s&/ones1 :i* 9 "s p>ts ( ! oasis occur at or ne> ! surface1 & conta9 l>ge quantities ( sub-surface or sub-artesian wat]4 ,no?+ is kn[n z to :5 fl[+ wells 7 fir/ obta9$1 or by :om ! orig9al deep bor+s 7 made1 & no traces ( ! implem5ts us$ h be5 discov]$4 ,_m ( ^! anci5t wells1 frequ5tly ov] #abj metres 9 dep?1 cont9ue to fl[ at ! pres5t day1 al?\gh 9 mo/ cases ) a greatly dim9i%$ output2 a few1 h[ev]1 are /ill runn+ day & night at ! rate ( sev]al hundr$ gallons a m9ute4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! oases wat]-be>+ s&/ones occur at or ne> ! surface1 & f ^! b$s ! ,romans obta9$ additional supplies by ! excavation ( und]gr\nd collect+ tunnels4 ,subt]ranean works ( ?is description are f\nd 9 all ! oases1 ! mo/ rem>kable be+ 9 ,bah>ia & at ,um el ,dabdib & ,jebel ,lebekha 9 ,kh>ga4 ,!y are frequ5tly ( great l5g?1 cut ?r\gh\t 9 solid rock1 & connect$ ) ! surface above by num]\s v]tical air-%afts4 ,_m ( ! latt] measure f #cj to #ej metres 9 dep?1 s t ! con/ruction ( ^! & ! horizontal c>ry+ *annels mu/ h involv$ an imm5se am\nt ( lab\r4 ,9 ,roman times wat]-/ations appe> to h be5 ma9ta9$ at frequ5t int]vals on ! des]t roads betwe5 ! oases & ! ,nile ,valley1 & a great developm5t ( ! wat]-supply took place4 ,aft] ! ,arab invasion1 h[ev]1 no att5tion seems to h be5 giv5 to irrigation works1 ! wells1 ow+ to silt+1 becom+ gradually *ok$ up4 ,z ! result ( ?is neglect ! wat]-supply dim9i%$ to su* an ext5t t a l>ge portion ( ! population 0 compell$ to emigrate to ! ,nile ,valley1 & ev5 ! rema9+ inhabitants 7 sc>ce able to raise suffici5t supplies = _! ma9t5ance4 ,)9 ! la/ fifty ye>s a consid]able numb] ( new wells h be5 made by means ( simple h&-bor+ appliances s5t out by ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t2 mo/ ( ! new bores h be5 v successful1 b latt]ly1 ?r\gh want ( effective sup]vision1 a great deal ( h>m has be5 done by promiscu\s bor+4 ,moreov]1 a v l>ge am\nt ( wat] is wa/$ ow+ to ! wells n be+ fitt$ ) regulat+ & clos+ appliances2 ! wat]1 :5 n requir$ = irrigation1 cont9ues to run1 f9d+ its way to ! l[-ly+ l&s1 & =m+ swamps :i* furni% ideal bre$+-gr\nds = fev]-c>ry+ mosquitoes4 ,)9 ! la/ ye> or two ?is "p ( ,egypt has receiv$ r5ew$ att5tion2 ext5sive bor+ op]ations & l& reclamation works h be5 comm5c$1 & ! oasis ( ,kh>ga has be5 br\ght into railway communication ) ! re/ ( ,egypt4 ,! floor-level ( ! oases v>ies consid]ably1 b 9 g5]al ! cultivat$ l&s lie betwe5 #cj & #abj metres above sea-level4 ,! exact area "u cultivation is only kn[n v approximately1 b x is c]ta9 t ) an increas$ wat]-supply x c\ld be v mu* augm5t$4 ,! exi/+ wat]-supply is totally insuffici5t to irrigate ! available l&s1 & su* portions ( ! latt] z are till$ are g5]ally left fall[ 9 alt]nate ye>s1 & 9 _m cases are only "u crops once e f\r or five ye>s4 ,n[ t an attempt is be+ made to re/ore ! oases to _! =m] prosp]ity1 ! "q ( own]%ip ( l& has become ( ! greate/ importance1 & x is "o bri/l+ ) difficulties4 ,z a g5]al rule ! wells are own$ collectively1 ! diff]5t proprietors hav+ ! "r to utilize ! fl[ = p]iods correspond+ to ! ext5t ( _! hold+s 9 ! well4 ,individual %>es may am\nt to z mu* z "o-?ird or "o-half ( ! well1 or be only ! m]e/ fraction2 9 ! latt] case ! small hold]s comb9e s z to obta9 control ( ! fl[ = an appreciable p]iod4 ,frequ5tly ! :ole ( ! l& irrigat$ by a well is cultivat$ collectively1 ! crop on reap+ be+ divid$ among ! own]s 9 portions correspond+ to _! %>es ( ! wat]4 ,! "q ( own]%ips is fur!r complicat$ by !re be+ p]sons :o own wat] b no l&1 & by o!rs :o claim l& b own no wat]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,e>ly ,,records ,travell]s' ,names inscrib$ on ! ,monum5ts -- ,poncet passes ?r\gh ,kh>ga en r\te = ,e?iopia -- ,br[ne -- ,cailliaud's ,ext5sive ,rese>*es -- ,drovetti -- ,sir ,ar*ibald ,edmon/one1 ,b>t41 discov]s ,dakhla ,oasis -- ,hosk9s -- ,exagg]at$ ,op9ions ( ,anci5ts reg>d+ ! ,oases -- ,names ( ,explor]s on ! ,walls ( ,hibis -- ,rohlfs' ,exp$ition -- ,zittel's ,geological ,"w -- ,! words #8,oasis1' #8,wah1' #8,otu1' & #8,set-am5t' -- ,a ,!ban ,my? -- ,dr4 ,s*we9fur? -- ,brugs* ,bey -- ,capta9 ,h4 ,g4 ,lyons -- ,gov]nm5t ,survey ( ! ,oases -- ,dr4 ,john ,ball4 ,inscrib$ on ! walls ( ! anci5t monum5ts 9 ! oasis "o frequ5tly comes across ! names ( travell]s :o visit$ ! same sc5es fifty1 a hundr$1 or ev5 two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,_m ( ^! explor]s wrote descriptions ( _! travels & exp]i5ces1 & su* e>ly records are naturally ( ! greate/ int]e/ & importance2 un=tunately !y are n[ out ( pr9t & some:at difficult to procure1 s t ,i make no apology = briefly ref]r+ to ^? :i* ,i h be5 able to exam9e4 ,mo/ ( ^! e>ly records are extremely qua9t1 & al?\gh !y are *iefly descriptive ( ! p]sonal exp]i5ces & impressions ( ! writ]s1 9 "s cases num]\s obs]vations are record$ 9 a suffici5tly exact mann] to be ( p]man5t sci5tific value4 ,a ,fr5* physician1 ,monsieur ,poncet1 :o pass$ ?r\gh ,kh>ga 9 #afih1 en r\te = ,abyss9ia1 appe>s to h be5 ! only travell] :o left any writt5 records ( ! ,great ,oasis betwe5 ! sixte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a translation ( ! acc\nt ( 8 travels 0 publi%$ 9 ,engli% 9 #agji 7#8,a ,voyage to ?iopia'74 ,accompani$ by "o ,hagi ,ali1 an (fic] ( ! ,abyss9ian ,emp]or1 & by a ,jesuit mission>y1 ,fa!r ,*>les ,francis ,xav]ius de ,brev$5t1 ,poncet set out f ! t[n ( ,manfalut 9 ! ,nile ,valley1 & travell$ along ! ,d]b el ,arban1 ! well-kn[n c>avan r\te to ! s\?4 ,8 description ( ?is portion ( ! j\rney is z foll[s3 8,we set =w>d on ! #b;d ( ,octob] e>ly 9 ! ,morn+1 & f t v ,day we ent]'d a frightful ,des>t4 ,^! ,des>ts are extremely dang]\s1 because ! ,s&s be+ mov+ are rais'd by ! lea/ ,w9d :i* d>k5 ! ,air1 & fall+ aft]w>ds 9 ,cl\ds1 ,pass+]s are (t5 buri$ 9 !m1 or at lea/ lose ! ,r\te1 :i* !y ought to keep40 ,poncet ref]s to ! oasis z #8,hela\e1' b al?\gh 8 c>avan re/$ !re f\r days1 be=e proce$+ to ,dongola1 via ,%ebb & ,selma1 he makes no ref]5ce to ! antiquities2 9 fact1 8 rem>ks on ?is region are extremely meagre4 ,to quote 8 own words3 8,we ,arriv'd on ! #f? ( ,octob] at ,hela\e2 ',tis a pretty l>ge ,bor\gh1 & ! la/ t is "u ! ,gr& ,signior' ,jurisdiction4 ,!re is a ,g>rison 9 x ( #ejj ,janis>ies & #cjj ,spahi's "u ! ,comm& ( an ,(fic] :om 9 t ,c\ntry !y call ,ka*if4 ,hela\e is v pleasant1 & answ]s fully its ,"n1 :i* signifies a ,c\ntry ( ,sweetness4 ,"h are to be se5 a great ,numb] ( ,g>d5s wat]'d ) ,brooks1 & a ,_w ( ,palm-trees1 :i* pres]ve a cont9ual ,v]dure1 ,coloqu9tida is to be f\nd !re1 & all ! ,fields are fill'd ) ,s5na1 :i* gr[s ^u a ,%rub1 ab\t ?ree ,foot ,high4 ,?is ,drug :i* is s e/eem'd 9 ,europe1 is ( no use 9 ! ,c\ntry h]eab\ts4 ,! ,inhabitants ( ,hela\e 9 _! ,illnesses1 make only ,use ( ! ,root ( ,ezula1 :i* = a :ole ,night !y infuse 9 ,milk1 & take ! day aft]1 hav+ fir/ ,/ra9'd x ?ro' a ,sieve4 ,?is ,m$ic9e is v ,viol5t1 b 'tis :at !y l & comm5d v mu*4 ,! ,ezula is a ?ick ,tree1 ! ,blossom ( :i* is blue2 x gr[s into a sort ( ,ball1 ( an ,oval ,figure1 full ( ,cotton1 ( :i* ! ,p ( t ,c\ntry make pretty f9e ,clo?40 ,ref]r+ to ! des]ts :i* surr\nd ! oases1 ,poncet rem>ks3 8,^? va/ ,wild]nesses1 :]e !re is nei!r to be f\nd ,bird1 nor wild ,bea/1 nor ,h]bs1 no nor s mu* z a little ,fly1 & :]e no?+ is to be se5 b ,m\nta9s ( ,s&1 & ! ,c>casses1 & ,bones ( ,camels1 ,impr9t a c]ta9 horr\r 9 ! ,m9d1 :i* makes ?is ,voyage v t$i\s & disagreeable4 ,x w\'d be a h>d matt]1 to ,cross ^? frightful ,des>ts )\t ! ,assi/ance ( ,camels4 ,^! ,animals w cont9ue six or sev5 ,days1 )\t ei!r eat+ or dr9k+1 :i* ,i c\'d nev] h believ'd1 if ,i _h n obs]v'd x v p>ticul>ly40 ,poncet fur!r relates t he 0 assur$ by a v5]able old g5tleman ( 8 c>avan t camels _h be5 kn[n to cov] a des]t j\rney ( =ty days & nights )\t ei!r food or wat]4 ,al?\gh x is to be fe>$ t ! #8%ip ( ! des]t' at ! pres5t day is sc>cely s ab/emi\s z =m]ly1 we mu/ admit t ,poncet's description ( ! /]ility ( ! ,libyan ,des]t is little1 if at all1 exagg]at$4 ,"o may1 inde$1 travel = h\rs )\t see+ bird1 bea/1 or h]b2 & ev5 #8! little fly1' :i* seldom fails to make kn[n its pres5ce = "s "t aft] leav+ ! inhabit$ di/ricts1 g5]ally =sakes "o be=e ! c>avan has proce$$ f> into ! dep?s ( ! des]t4 ,w4 ,g4 ,br[ne trav]s$ ! same r\te ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 pass+ ?r\gh ! oasis 9 ,june1 #agic4 ,he relates h[ he ent]$ ! depression at ! nor!rn extremity1 at ! pass kn[n z ,el ,ramlia1 & camp$ at ,a9 ,diz 7probably 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! mod]n ,a9 el ,qasr71 eight h\rs' m>* f ,kh>ga4 ,br[ne pass$ ?r\gh ! depression f nor? to s\?1 visit+ ,kh>ga1 ,bulaq1 ,b]is1 & ,maks1 :5ce he foll[$ ! usual r\te to ,%ebb & ,selma4 ,l 8 pr$ecessor1 he makes no m5tion ( ! antiquities4 ,cailliaud1 a "y ,fr5* m9]alogi/1 explor$ ,kh>ga 9 #ahah1 & to him we owe ! e>lie/ publi%$ detail$ descriptions & illu/rations ( ! *ief antiquities ( ! oasis4 ,z ! exi/5ce ( important monum5ts 9 ! oasis 0 at t "t q unsuspect$1 ,cailliaud's "w attract$ consid]able att5tion1 & 8 draw+s & descriptions 7 pur*as$ & publi%$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t & d$icat$ to ! ,k+4 ,cailliaud set out f ,esna 9 ! ,nile ,valley & cross$ ! ,libyan plateau to ! village ( ,jaja4 ,aft] visit+ ! mo/ s\!rly villages ( ,du% & ,b]is1 he j\rney$ nor?w>ds to ,kh>ga1 !n1 z n[1 ! *ief village1 :5ce1 on ! completion ( 8 rese>*es1 he return$ to ,f>%ut on ! ,nile1 via ,dr el ,gh5nma & ! ,wadi ,samhd4 ,cailliaud's obs]vations are almo/ entirely conf9$ to ! ar*ology ( ! oasis1 & 8 writ+s yield little in=mation reg>d+ ! villages1 wells1 & cultivat$ l&s4 ,! ,*evali] ,drovetti1 ,fr5* ,consul-,g5]al 9 ,egypt1 visit$ ,kh>ga ! same ye> z ,monsieur ,cailliaud4 ,he />t$ f ,b5idi1 foll[+ ! ,d]b el ,arban c>avan r\te s\?w>ds1 & ent]$ ! depression at ! nor!rn extremity4 ,drovetti trav]s$ ! oasis f nor? to s\?1 & proce$$ !nce to ,dongola4 ,lat]1 on 8 return j\rney1 he cross$ ! depression 9 ! opposite direction1 ev5tually return+ to ! ,nile ,valley by way ( ! oasis ( ,dakhla & ! ,d]b el ,tawl4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,pass ,,into ,,! ,,oasis4 ,9 #ahbj ,cailliaud aga9 pass$ ?r\gh ,kh>ga4 ,he _h explor$ ! oasis ( ,siwa ! previ\s ye>1 :5ce he travell$1 via ,bah>ia & ,f>afra1 to ,dakhla1 & !nce pa/ ,a9 ,amr to ,kh>ga village4 ,on ?is occasion no fur!r rese>*es 7 und]tak5 9 ! depression4 ,sir ,ar*ibald ,edmon/one1 ,b>t41 accompani$ by two fri5ds1 visit$ ,dakhla & ,kh>ga 9 #ahai1 & con/ruct$ a r\gh b fairly accurate map1 %[+ ! relative position ( ! two oases1 ) _! b\nd+ esc>pm5ts & pr9cipal villages4 ,_! situation 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t1 ) reg>d to ! ,nile ,valley1 is1 h[ev]1 greatly 9 error1 be+ %[n fully a degree too f> we/ & ne>ly half a degree too f> nor?4 ,edmon/one foll[$ ! ,d]b el ,tawl r\te f ,b5idi 9 ! ,nile ,valley to ! village ( ,belat 9 ,dakhla1 return+ by ! ,a9 ,amr road to ,kh>ga1 & !nce to ,f>%ut4 ,! major portion ( ! acc\nt ( 8 travels ref]s to ,dakhla1 ( :i* oasis he mu/1 inde$1 be reg>d$ z ! mod]n discov]]4 ,hosk9s explor$ ,kh>ga 9 #ahce1 & publi%$ a mo/ valuable & engag+ acc\nt ( 8 travels a c\ple ( ye>s lat]4 ,?is "w1 entitl$ #8,visit to ! ,great ,oasis ( ! ,libyan ,des]t1' conta9s a numb] ( illu/rations depict+ ! sc5]y1 ! *ief monum5ts & _! hi]oglyphics1 etc41 made f orig9al draw+s & pap] ca/s4 ,_m ( ! inscriptions are giv5 9 full1 bo? 9 ! orig9al & translat$ into ,engli%1 & ! "w ( all previ\s writ]s & explor]s is c>efully summ>iz$4 ,9 "s cases ,i h v]ifi$ ! accuracy ( ,hosk9s' draw+s by comp>+ !m ) photographs tak5 f ! same po9ts1 & h be5 mu* /ruck ) ! insignificant am\nt ( decay :i* "s ( ! build+s h und]gone dur+ ! c\rse ( ov] sev5ty ye>s4 ,rizagat1 ne> ,!bes1 0 ,hosk9s' />t+-po9t1 & he ent]$ ! depression by ! ,bulaq pass1 cross+ ! oasis-floor to ! em95ce kn[n z ,el ,gorn el ,g5nh4 ,survey+ ! oasis f ?is po9t ( vantage1 ,hosk9s rem>ks t ! attractions ( ! cultivat$ portions ( ! depression1 ^? 8,tuft$ isles t v]dant rise amid ! ,libyan wa/e10 are apt to be exagg]at$1 ow+ to _! great contra/ to ! surr\nd+ des]ts4 8,! fair appe>ance !n ( ?is oasis is 9 a great measure fictiti\s2 & has *iefly its orig9 9 ! relief af=d$ to ! m9d1 we>i$ by ! monotony & dre>9ess ( ! surr\nd+ wa/es4 ,x seems to me !re=e1 t ! only rational way ( acc\nt+ = ! exagg]at$ epi!ts :i* ! anci5t writ]s & "s mod]n travell]s h appli$ to ?is di/rict1 is to attribute !m to _! surprise1 at f9d+ 9 su* a fe>ful region any v]dure1 any habitable spot1 & to ! exhil>at+ effect on ! spirits ( ?is agreeable contra/ to ! dre>y des]ts :i* !y h j cross$4 ,b com=tless z 0 my j\rney ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 & beautiful z ! woods ( palm-trees1 d\ms1 & acacias 9 ! ,oasis c]ta9ly are1 /ill ! vivid recollection ( ! sup]ior lovel9ess ( ! banks ( ! ,nile1 prev5ts my cons5t+ to call ^! regions #8! ,g>d5s ( ! ,hesp]ides'2 & sadly mu/ ! oasis h dim9i%$ 9 beauty1 if x ev] m]it$ ! praise :i* ,h]odotus be/[$ ^u ! place1 9 call+ x #8! ,isl& ( ! ,bless$4'0 ,hosk9s1 :o 0 accompani$ by two o!r ,engli%m51 made spl5did use ( ! =tnight sp5t 9 ! oasis1 al?\gh un=tunately1 j be=e ! t]m9ation ( 8 visit1 he su/a9$ a viol5t attack ( fev]4 ,_! dep>ture is ?us describ$3 8,aft] asc5d+ ! m\nta9 :i* b\nds ! ,oasis1 we l+]$ "s "t at ! summit1 to take1 ,i may c]ta9ly say1 our la/ view ( ! place2 = hav+1 z ! ,arabs say1 got all its antiquities on pap]1 & hav+ provid5tially once escap$ its pe/il5tial atmosph]e1 we %all nev]1 ,i ?9k1 by any possibility1 h ! slighte/ incl9ation to revisit su* a baneful region40 ,mo/ ( ^! e>ly explor]s f\nd "t to cut _! names on ! walls ( ! temple ( ,hibis1 & ,cailliaud mu/ h sp5t h\rs 9 ?is occupation1 z he has left a long & neatly execut$ inscription record+ himself z ! orig9al & g5u9e discov]] ( t noble edifice4 ,! names ( ^! explor]s1 :o 9 "s cases suff]$ consid]able h>d%ips 9 visit+ ! oases1 are1 h[ev]1 q ov]%ad[$ by ! numb]less scrawls made 9 rec5t ye>s by a ho/ ( o!rwise unkn[n petty (ficials ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 :o h _h to take _! turn ( duty & bani%m5t 9 ! greatly dread$ des]t4 ,! dat$ names cut 9 ! walls ( ! temple are ( "s value1 z an exam9ation ( !m frequ5tly yields reliable evid5ce ( ! rate ( wea!r+ ( ! /one s9ce ! "t at :i* !y 7 inscrib$4 ,x 0 n until aft] ! w9t] ( #ahgc-gd1 :5 ! great ,g]man exp$ition1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,rohlfs1 ) ,zittel1 ,jordan1 & ,as*]son z geologi/1 topograph]1 & botani/ respectively1 visit$ all ! *ief oases ( ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,libyan ,des]t1 t any connect$ sci5tific obs]vations ( importance1 o!r ?an ^? deal+ ) ar*ology1 7 publi%$4 ,! ,rohlfs exp$ition a/ronomically det]m9$ ! positions ( select$ po9ts 9 ea* oasis1 & produc$ a map on :i* ! pr9cipal villages & ! approximate limits ( ! depressions 7 correctly %[n4 ,zittel at ! same "t work$ out ! g5]al relations ( ! diff]5t geological =mations f\nd 9 ! c\ntry1 describ$ _! ma9 divisions1 & indicat$ approximately ! areas occupi$ by !m4 ,s ?or\ghly1 inde$1 did ?is exp$ition accompli% its mission t its results h =m$ a s\nd basis = all lat] sci5tific "w 9 ?is "p ( ,egypt4 ,z ! volum9\s memoirs record+ ! obs]vations ( ! memb]s ( ! ,rohlfs exp$ition are easily obta9able at ! pres5t day1 x is unnecess>y "h to d m ?an briefly ref] to a few ( _! m g5]al rem>ks on ! oasis ( ,kh>ga4 ,9 8 #8,?ree ,mon?s 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t1' ,g]h>d ,rohlfs /ates t he & 8 companions travell$ f ,dakhla ,oasis by ! ,a9 ,amr road1 & 7 greet$ at ,kh>ga village by ,s*we9fur?1 :o 0 = ! "t be+ resid+ 9 a disus$ alum factory4 ,rohlfs sp5t only two or ?ree days 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kh>ga1 & rem>ks t ! exp$ition did n und]take detail$ "w on ! antiquities1 z ! latt] _h already be5 s compet5tly describ$ by ,hosk9s & o!r previ\s explor]s2 a few corrections & am5dm5ts ( publi%$ acc\nts ( ! temple 71 h[ev]1 made4 ,! spl5did pres]vation ( ! ,*ri/ian necropolis1 ) its mausolea ( unburnt brick1 is rem>k$ ^u1 & ,rohlfs adds t1 9 beauty & +5i\s arrangem5t1 ?is burial-gr\nd c only be excell$ by ! necropolis ( ,cyr5e4 ,rohlfs describes ,kh>ga village z be+ pretty f a di/ance1 b rem>ks t ! n>r[ dirty alleys are ! pictures ( laz9ess & pov]ty2 ! /reets are cov]$ 9 = protection aga9/ ! rays ( ! sun1 a common practice ?r\gh\t ! ,sah>a4 ,! ^w #8oasis' is old ,egyptian1 z also is ! ,arabic #8wah1' ! latt] ^w be+ also f\nd 9 ,coptic1 & signify+ an inhabit$ place2 nev]!less1 ! ^w #8wah' 0 nev] us$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians to designate ! oases4 ,^! !y call$ #8otu1' :i* means a place :]e bodies are embalm$4 #8,otu' has its orig9 9 ! ,!ban my?1 accord+ to :i* ,se?1 ! murd]] ( ,osiris1 0 pursu$ by ,horus to ,koptos1 :]e he 0 captur$ & ?r[n into a dungeon4 ,8 corpse 0 aft]w>ds f\nd by 8 fri5ds1 & tak5 to ! oases = burial4#a ,! inscriptions on ! temple ( ,hibis 9 ,kh>ga ref] to ! oases "u ! compreh5sive "n #8,set-am5t1' ! #8,we/]n ,l&s4' ,ab\t ! same "t ,dr4 ,s*we9fur?1 ^: s]vices to ,egypt 9 s _m bran*es ( sci5ce /& pre-em95t1 publi%$ important contributions on "s ( ! ar*ological rema9s4 ,two or ?ree ye>s lat] ,brugs* ,bey br\ght out an acc\nt ( ! antiquities ( ! oasis1 ) translations ( a numb] ( ! inscriptions on ! temples ( ,nadra & ,hibis4 ,! antiquities w be briefly ref]r$ to 9 my acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( ! oasis "u ! ,p]sians & ! ,romans1 & = full] details ! read] is ref]r$ to ! publications ( ,cailliaud1 ,hosk9s1 ,s*we9fur?1 ,brugs*1 & "s /ill lat] writ]s4 ,9 #ahic-id ,capta9 ,h4 ,g4 ,lyons1 ,r4,e41 9 ! c\rse ( a milit>y patrol1 und]tak5 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! measures necess>y to protect ! inhabitants ( ! oasis f possible ,d]vi% raids1 made valuable geological obs]vations on ! ,eoc5e & ,cretace\s sy/ems1 especially 9 relation to ! connection ( fold+ & wat]-supply4 ,^! he discuss$ 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,geological ,society ( ,london 9 #ahid1 & x 0 ma9ly due to ! int]e/ x ar\s$1 & to 8 initiative 9 po9t+ out to ! ,egyptian au?orities ! importance ( hav+ a compreh5sive exam9ation ( ! c\ntry c>ri$ out1 t ! ,geological ,survey ( ,egypt 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahif4 ,! detail$ survey ( ! ,libyan ,des]t 0 tak5 up 9 ,octob]1 #ahig1 & complet$ 9 ,june ( ! foll[+ ye>1 ! f\r oases be+ mapp$ on ! scale ( #a to #ej1jjj by plane-table triangulation1 *eck$ & adju/$ by num]\s a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,direct measurem5ts by measur+-:eel 7 also employ$ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,bah>ia ,oasis 0 ! fir/ to be tak5 9 h&1 ,mr4 ,leon>d ,gorr+e & ,i tak+ ! we/]n side1 & my colleagues1 ,messrs4 ,ball & ,vuta1 ! ea/]n4 ,?is plan ( splitt+ up an oasis-depression betwe5 two survey+ p>ties 0 n1 h[ev]1 f\nd satisfactory1 & on ! completion ( ,bah>ia x 0 decid$ t ,ball %\ld take up ! oasis ( ,kh>ga1 :ile ,f>afra & ,dakhla fell to my lot4 ,! results ( ?is survey are publi%$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,egypt4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s ,i h be5 =tunate 9 hav+ _h opportunities ( /udy+ 9 "s detail ! topography1 geology1 & wat]-supply ( ! oasis ( ,kh>ga4 ,?is detail$ exam9ation has enabl$ me to revise & amplify pione] "w1 & has1 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 =c$ me to diff] f ! op9ions express$ by my pr$ecessors 9 ! same field1 views :i*1 9 ! light ( ! evid5ce available at ! "t1 7 d\btless well ju/ifi$4 ,9 ! same way may future rese>* necessitate ! modification or alt]ation ( ! conclusions h]e9 express$1 & = _m ye>s to come ! region ( ! oases w (f] a va/ field = fur!r sci5tific "w4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is brief acc\nt ( ! lit]ature on ! oasis ( ,kh>ga1 ,i %\ld l to take ! opportunity ( express+ my high appreciation ( ! en]gy & purpose ( my =m] colleague1 ,dr4 ,john ,ball1 :o1 9 spite ( ! _m h>d%ips & difficulties insep>able f sci5tific "w 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t1 9 su* a %ort "t accompli%$ s mu*4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,roads ,,lead+ ,,to ,,! ,,oasis ,l9es ( ,communication betwe5 ! ,nile ,valley1 ,kh>ga1 & ,dakhla ,oasis -- ,pr9cipal ,passes out ( ! ,oasis -- ,asc5t to ,plateau ) ,c>avans -- ,ma9 ,roads to ,assiut1 ,sohag1 ,k>nak1 ,esna1 & ,edfu -- ,nature ( int]v5+ ,plateau -- ,ghubbri ,road to ,dakhla -- ,! ,upp] or ,a9 ,amr ,road -- ,! ,railway betwe5 ! ,nile ,valley & ! ,oasis -- ,nature ( ,des]t ,roads -- ,! ,b$aw9 ,arabs -- ,cross-,c\ntry ,trav]ses z ! ,cr[ flies -- ,trav]se f ,f>afra to ,assiut -- ,rate ( ,travell+ ) ,camels4 ,! oasis ( ,kh>ga is 9 communication ) ,dakhla to ! we/1 & ) ! ,nile ,valley to ! ea/1 by a numb] ( c>avan r\tes1 ! mo/ frequ5t$ ( :i* connect directly ) ! two villages ,kh>ga & ,b]is1 9 ! nor? & s\? ( ! depression respectively4 ,=m]ly1 ev]yone b\nd = ! oasis 0 compell$ to und]take a f\r or five days' j\rney along "o or o!r ( ^! r\tes1 & al?\gh n[adays mo/ p]sons w elect to cross ! plateau by tra91 a description ( ! oasis w\ld be incomplete )\t "s ref]5ce to ! des]t roads4#b ,! depression is = ! mo/ "p b\nd$ by /eep & l(ty esc>pm5ts1 q inaccessible to camels1 except at a few po9ts :]e ! gradi5ts are less sev]e1 & ! loose blocks ( rock & o!r cliff dbris h be5 remov$4 ,! pr9cipal passes up ! ea/]n sc>p ( ! oasis are sev5 9 numb]1 ! mo/ nor!rly1 kn[n z ,el ,ramlia1 be+ 9 ! extreme nor?-ea/ corn] ( ! depression4 ,?irte5 kilometres s\? ( ?is is ,el ,yabsa pass4 ,! next is ! ,reff1 at ! head ( ! gully #de kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,kh>ga village4 ,a little f>!r s\?1 ea/ ( ! old ,roman =t ne> ! foot ( ,jebel ,gh5nma1 "o ( ! two prom95t outli]s ( ! ea/]n plateau1 is ! pass ( ,abu ,sighawl1 & #ce kilometres to ! s\? is ! ,nagab ,bulaq1 ,n4,n4,e4 ( ! village ( ,bulaq4 ,9 ! s\? end ( ! oasis !re are passes to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,jaja1 & ,n4,n4,e4 ( ,du%4 ,^! sev5 passes are ! ma9 exits f ! depression on ! ea/ side1 ?\gh !re are sev]al o!r little-us$ r\tes1 up :i* lightly lad5 camels c be tak51 = in/ance1 ne> ,jebel ,um el ,gh5naim4 ,! illu/ration %[+ ! desc5t to ! depression 01 9 fact1 tak5 at "o ( ! latt]4 ,al?\gh ! roads asc5d ! esc>pm5ts at ! be/ available po9ts1 9 "s cases tak+ advantage ( ! easi] gradi5ts ( ! ext5sive cake-l masses ( calc>e\s tufa1 :i* 9 places h be5 deposit$ ov] ! face ( ! orig9al cliffs1 _! asc5t ) heavily lad5 camels may at times become some:at ( an und]tak+4 ,! pa?s are frequ5tly r\gh1 & ! diff]5ce 9 height betwe5 ! foot ( ! sc>p & ! plateau is usually betwe5 #bjj & #cjj metres4 ,! pack-saddles %\ld always be c>efully adju/$ & secur$ by ropes pass+ r\nd ! base ( ! neck or bel[ ! butt ( ! tail1 accord+ to :e!r ! c>avan is mak+ ! asc5t or desc5t2 o!rwise ! loads are likely to slip (f1 & ! re/rict$ limits ( a /eep pa?1 9 ! middle ( a tra9 ( camels1 is n an ideal place = _! readju/m5t4 ,9 hot wea!r ! asc5t to ! plateau1 ?\gh p]haps occupy+ only "o or "o & a half h\rs1 w take z mu* out ( ! pack-animals z a :ole day's m>*4 ,i exp]i5c$ no little tr\ble on "o occasion :5 return+ to ! valley aft] "s mon?s' survey "w 9 ,dakhla ,oasis4 ,aft] halt+ "o day at ,kh>ga village1 we proce$$ on our way to ,esna by ! ,bulaq pass4 ,x 0 hot wea!r1 t[>ds ! end ( ,may1 & ! asc5t ( ! pass tir$ our camels1 naturally n 9 ! p9k ( condition1 to su* an ext5t t ,gorr+e & ,i _h "s difficulty 9 gett+ !m across ! plateau to ! valley4 ,9 summ]-"t x is always advisable to negotiate ?is "p ( ! j\rney 9 ! e>ly morn+ or late 9 ! ev5+1 unless ! heavi] portion ( ! baggage c be s5t 9 advance to ! top ( ! sc>p1 & ! animals tak5 back & wat]$ at ! ne>e/ well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,c>avan ,,r\tes ,,to ,,! ,,oasis ,,( ,,kh>ga ,! ma9 roads f ! oasis run to ,assiut1 ,kawmil ne> ,sohag1 ,wal$ ,hallaf ne> ,girga1 ,k>nak ne> ,f>%ut1 & to ,rizagat1 ,esna1 & ,edfu1 & _! disposition may be se5 on ! accompany+ plan4 ,! ,assiut road1 aft] leav+ ,kh>ga village1 passes ! hamlet ( ,meh]iq & foll[s ! l9e ( wells to ,a9 el ,ghazl1 :i* is ! la/ place at :i* wat]-sk9s & tanks c be fill$4 ,f ,a9 el ,ghazl ! mo/ direct r\te asc5ds to ! plateau by ! ,ramlia pass 9 ! extreme corn] ( ! depression1 b ! ,yabsa exit is recomm5d$ z easi] & v little long]4 ,aft] cross+ a tract ( c\ntry ) an abom9ably r\gh surface1 ! two tracks unite a few kilometres nor? ( ! depression1 & ab\t a day's m>* f>!r on ! ,z>bi road takes (f on ! "r4 ,! ma9 road proce$s direct to ,assiut1 desc5d+ ! sc>p ab\t #h kilometres be=e ! t[n is rea*$1 a by-pa? to ! little village ( ,dronka hav+ bran*$ (f be=eh&4 ,f ! summit ( ,el ,yabsa a sep>ate road proce$s direct to ,el ,gh5naim1 a village on ! edge ( ! des]t to ! nor?-we/ ( ,tahta4 ,by ^! roads ! di/ances f ,kh>ga village to ,assiut1 ,z>bi1 & ,el ,gh5naim1 are #baj1 #bjj1 & #ahj kilometres respectively4 ,el ,reff1 ! pass by :i* ! ,sohag 7,kawmil7 road leaves ! depression1 is situat$ at ! head ( a gully1 & (f]s an easy asc5t to ! plateau4 ,a few kilometres beyond1 ! road passes to ! nor? ( ,el ,%ug]a1 a prom95t deta*$ block p]*$ on end at ! foot ( ! s\!rn slope ( a small lime/one range4 ,! road runs 9 a fairly /eady direction #dj degrees nor? ( ea/1 /rik+ ! ,nile ,valley sc>p #ae kilometres be=e ,kawmil1 on ! edge ( ! cultivat$ l&s1 is rea*$4 ,ab\t #cc kilometres be=e rea*+ ! sc>p a bran* takes (f & runs ne>ly due nor? to ,guhna1 s\? ( ,tahta2 ?is bran* is1 9 fact1 usually ref]r$ to z ! ,tahta road4 ,if ! travell]1 aft] leav+ ! ,reff pass1 keeps to ! s\? ( ,el ,%ug]a1 he w f9d a bran* road lead+ to ,el ,tundaba1 a deep %aft 9 ! c5tre ( ! plateau1 at kilometre ,no4 #ib on ! railway2 a little f>!r ea/ ?is track /rikes ! ma9 road f ! ,abu ,sighawl pass4 ,! %aft is sunk ?r\gh a ?ick deposit ( silt1 :i* has fill$ a local depression 9 ! plateau to "s dep?4 ,! silt mu/ be reg>d$ z ra9-wa% f ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 possibly deposit$ 9 ! "t ( prehi/oric man4 ,fl9t implem5ts are to be f\nd scatt]$ ab\t1 & f ! pres5ce ( pott]y & graves x w\ld seem t ! place _h be5 inhabit$ 9 comp>atively mod]n times4 ,! pit 0 evid5tly sunk = wat]1 al?\gh at ! pres5t "t x is q dry2 giv51 h[ev]1 a heavy ?und]/orm )9 ! cat*m5t-bas91 dra9age-wat] w\ld 9 all probability f9d its way to ! bottom ( ! deposit1 :]e x w\ld be held up by ! lime/one1 & might =m a supply la/+ possibly = _m ye>s4 ,! road leav+ ! depression by ! ,abu ,sighawl pass1 & lead+ to villages 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,girga & ,f>%ut1 is reckon$ ! be/ & %orte/ r\te betwe5 ,kh>ga & ! ,nile ,valley1 &1 by mak+ a v %ort dt\r1 c>avans h ! advantage ( be+ able to wat] at ! old ,roman =t at ! base ( ,jebel ,gh5nma1 #bg kilometres aft] leav+ ! village4 ,! asc5t ( ! pass 0 =m]ly v r\gh go+1 b a good road ) an easy gradi5t has rec5tly be5 cut = ! transport ( heavy bor+ ma*9]y into ! oasis4 ,f ! top ( ! ,abu ,sighawl pass a well-m>k$ track crosses to ,el ,reff & connects ) ! ,sohag road1 & c>e has to be tak5 by travell]s = ,wal$ ,hallaf1 ,el ,elwania & ,k>nak n to make ! initial mi/ake ( gett+ on to ?is track4 ,= ! fir/ few kilometres ! ma9 road f ,abu ,sighawl runs v /raight ov] a level pla91 on :i* fossil sea-ur*9s are s abundant z to attract ! att5tion ( ! mo/ casual obs]v]2 x !n asc5ds a l[ esc>pm5t1 ! ,nagab el ,jellab4 ,! some:at r\gh lime/one c\ntry beyond is kn[n z ! ,mi%bit1 & !n ,el ,botkh1 ) its c\ntless millions ( sph]ical *]t concretions1 is cross$4 ,beyond ,el ,botkh ! road passes an isolat$ lime/one hill call$ ,el ,mograbi1 :]e tradition has x t a ,mograbi ,arab f ! we/ & 8 /ol5 oasis bride 7 ov]tak5 & decapitat$ by ! ,kh>ga p4 ,a little f>!r to ! ea/ !re is a bifurcation1 b ! bran*es soon rejo91 & aft] pass+ ,el ,masad ! pla9 is fairly level1 ?\gh cov]$ ) v angul> blocks ( cry/all9e lime/one & *]ty concretions4 ,f>!r on are ! rocks ( ,el ,buraig1 :]e l>ge quantities ( brok5 pott]y indicate ! site ( "o ( ! _m wat]-/ations ma9ta9$ by ! ,romans along ?is road4 ,g>at el ,melh is s call$ f ! occurr5ce ( salt 9 ! lime/ones ( ?is locality4 ,a few kilometres to ! ea/ ( ,g>at el ,melh ! road passes ,el ,suga1 an artificial heap ( /ones to :i* e self-respect+ ,b$awi is c>eful to contribute2 & a c\ple ( h\rs beyond1 a fairly conspicu\s lime/one hill1 call$ ,g>at ,radwan1 is rea*$4 ,%ortly aft] pass+ ,g>at ,radwan ! mo/ prom95t l&m>ks met ) on ?is road1 9 ! =m ( two solit>y cresc5t-%ape s&-dunes1 loom into sight2 ^! are call$ ,el ,gh>t by ! ,arabs & are di/ant #ee kilometres f ,abu ,sighawl4 ,!y =m "p ( a belt ( s+le isolat$ dunes :i* crosses ?is "p ( ! des]t 9 a ,n4,n4,w4 & ,s4,s4,e4 direction4 ,! same l9e ( dunes is pass$ by ! railway at kilometre ,no4 #ajj1 & ,i h obs]v$ its cont9uation /ill f>!r nor? on ! ,sohag road1 at a po9t #de kilometres f ! ,reff pass4 ,^! dunes m>k ! entrance to an area ( v r\gh hummocky cry/all9e lime/one kn[n z ,el ,zizagat1 ?r\gh :i* ! track is n easily foll[$4 ,on em]g+ f ,el ,zizagat ! road be>s slightly to ! nor?1 & is "h only a few kilometres s\? ( ,el ,tundaba4 ,at ?is po9t x bifurcates1 ! nor!rn bran* proce$+ direct to ,wal$ ,hallaf ne> ,girga1 ! s\!rn cont9u+ ov] ! easy level pla9s ( ,el ,i%ab to ! rocks ( ,el ,baglli1 & !nce pa/ ^? ( ,dilail el ,kelb to ! tw9 hillocks ( ,dubya4 ,beyond ,el ,dubya ! road crosses ! %all[ dra9age-l9e ( ,rod el ,ghanam1 ne> ! head ( ! ,wadi ,samhd1 d[n :i* x passes1 & !nce ov] ! ,nile ,valley pla9s pa/ ,el ,ham]a & ,hag> ,haw>a to ,k>nak & ,f>%ut4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t at ,rod el ,ghanam1 %ortly be=e rea*+ ! head ( ! ,wadi ,samhd1 a bran* road takes (f on ! left-h& side & desc5ds by a sep>ate pass to ,el ,elwania2 & "h aga9 c>e has to be ex]cis$ to avoid tak+ ! wrong bran*1 z ! tracks cov] a broad area1 & ! actual junction may be easily miss$4 ,! ,kh>ga-,wal$ ,hallaf road1 via ! ,abu ,sighawl pass1 is ! %orte/ r\te f ! oasis to ! ,nile ,valley1 ! di/ance be+ only #afj kilometres2 t to ,k>nak1 by ! ,wadi ,samhd1 is some:at long]1 be+ approximately #agd kilometres4 ,! next pass ( importance to ! s\? lies ea/ ( ! village ( ,bulaq1 :5ce x takes its "n4 ,f ! summit a road runs ne>ly due ea/1 meet+ a second1 />t+ f ,b]is & ga9+ ! plateau by ! ,jaja pass1 aft] "o & a half days' m>*4 ,f ! cross-roads1 #8,el ,mafriq1' r\tes run direct to ,f>%ut & ,rizagat4 ,f ,b]is to ,f>%ut1 by ! ,jaja pass1 ! di/ance is approximately #bbd kilometres2 f ,kh>ga1 by ! ,bulaq pass1 ! roads to ,f>%ut & ,rizagat measure ab\t #bjc & #aih kilometres respectively4 ,ano!r road f ,b]is leaves ! depression by a pass to ! ea/ ( ! village ( ,du%2 ?is bifurcates ab\t two days' m>* f ! latt]1 ! left-h& track lead+ to ,esna1 ! "r to ,edfu4 ,o!r roads lead f ! s\? end ( ! oasis1 via ,nakhail1 to ,kurkur & ,dungun1 :ile ! ,d]b el ,arban runs s\?w>ds to ,selma & !nce on to ! ,sudan4 ,! road betwe5 ! oasis & ,assiut is be/ kn[n z be+ ! la/ & wor/ portion ( ! ,d]b el ,arban1 or =ty days' road1 :i*1 />t+ f ,d>fur1 0 orig9ally "o ( ! ma9 l9es ( communication betwe5 ,egypt & ! ,sudan4 ,x 0 along ?is des]t r\te t great numb]s ( slaves & l>ge quantities ( m]*&ise1 su* z ivory1 gum1 & o!r products ( ! ,sudan1 7 import$ into ,egypt f ! s\?4 ,aft] pass+ ! la/ spr+ 9 ! oasis1 c>avans _h /ill a little ov] #bjj kilometres to cov] be=e rea*+ ! ,nile ,valley1 ) a /eep asc5t to ! plateau at ! outset1 & !nce = a consid]able di/ance ov] ! v wor/ surface imag9able--loose s& full ( %>p angul> blocks & fragm5ts ( fl9t & *]ty lime/one4 ,little wond] t1 ov]lad5 & fatigu$ by ! long di/ance already cov]$1 ! camels di$ 9 great numb]s on ?is la/ /ret* ( road4 ,along mo/ des]t r\tes ! dri$ bones ( camels are ( fairly frequ5t occurr5ce1 b on ! ,d]b el ,arban1 betwe5 ,kh>ga & ,assiut1 ! skeletons ( ^! poor bea/s are met ) 9 gr\ps ( t5s & tw5ties1 & mu/ numb] hundr$s & ?\s&s4 ,9 _m in/ances ! skeleton /ill lies undi/urb$1 9 ! position assum$ by ! luckless animal 9 its dea? agony1 ! long neck curv$ back by muscul> contraction s t ! skull lies 9 contact ) ! sp9e4 ,:5 "o sees ^! rema9s1 half buri$ 9 ! s&1 ! bones blea*$ sn[-:ite by a pitiless sun1 ) /ill adh]+ fragm5ts ( sk9 & muscle dri$ h>d z adamant1 "o _c b feel pity = ^? pati5t #8%ips ( ! des]t1' wreck$ almo/ )9 sight ( port4 ,cailliaud1 9 #ahag1 obs]v$ ! arrival at ,assiut ( a l>ge c>avan f ,d>fur1 consi/+ ( #af1jjj individuals4 ,x includ$ #f1jjj slaves--m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,he rem>ks3 8,!y _h be5 two mon?s travell+ 9 ! des]ts1 9 ! mo/ int5se heat ( ! ye>2 meagre1 exhau/$1 & ! aspect ( dea? on _! c\nt5ances1 ! spectacle /rongly excit$ compassion40 ,! actual wid? ( ! plateau v>ies f #abj kilometres betwe5 ,abu ,sighawl & ! sc>p above ,wal$ ,hallaf1 to #bjj kilometres betwe5 ,b]is & ,esna4 ,! maximum elevation above sea-level is ab\t #eej metres on ! latitude ( ,esna1 & on ! :ole ! plateau has a fairly g5]al slope to ! nor?4 ,z already m5tion$1 sev]al di/9ct types ( c\ntry1 dep5d+ on ! nature ( ! rocks con/itut+ ! surface /rata1 are met )4 ,smoo?1 h>d1 level pla9s1 =m$ ( a sup]ficial lay] ( wea!r$ lime/one cov]$ by a br[n v5e] ( insoluble fl9t & *]ty fragm5ts1 alt]nate ) b>e rugg$ rock des]t ( hummocky lime/one4 ,! sombre level or g5tly undulat+ fl9t-cov]$ pla9s1 frequ5tly spok5 ( z #8s]ir' by ! ,arabs1 h ideal surfaces = travell+2 ! light-col\r$ hummocky c\ntry1 (t5 call$ #8kh>afi%1' is 9 its mo/ develop$ =m made up ( innum]able elongat$ hillocks1 e portion ( ! expos$ rock-surfaces be+ deeply scor$2 ! furr[s are sep>at$ by up/&+ edges1 (t5 s %>p & knife-l z to be capable ( injur+ ! feet ( man & bea/4 ,! hillocks are sep>at$ by deep tr\ghs half buri$ 9 drift-s&1 all ly+ p>allel1 9 ! direction ( ! prevail+ w9ds1 s t progress 9 a latitud9al direction ?r\gh ?is type ( des]t is a sl[ & t$i\s und]tak+4 ,bo? types ( c\ntry are equally desolate & b>r51 scrub ( any description be+ ( ! r>e/ occurr5ce1 except aft] local ?und]/orms4 ,ano!r type ( c\ntry1 to :i* we h already briefly allud$1 is ! curi\s des]t-surface call$ ,el ,botkh 7! wat]-melons71 :i* results f ! wea!r+ ( c]ta9 b&s ( ! ,l[] ,eoc5e =mation conta9+ numb]s ( l>ge globul> concretions2 ^!1 x may be m5tion$1 (t5 lie s ?ickly /rewn on ! surface z to actually ob/ruct ! pass+ c>avan4 ,kh>ga is connect$ ) ! oasis ( ,dakhla to ! we/ by two roads1 ! l[] & m s\!rly1 kn[n z ! ,d]b el ,ghubbri1 be+ ! "o mo/ frequ5tly us$4 ,?is road1 by tak+ a wide sweep to ! s\?1 avoids ! int]v5+ plateau altoge!r1 s t ! fatigu+ asc5t & desc5t are avoid$4 ,aft] leav+ ,kh>ga village ! r\te leads pa/ a gr\p ( wells1 kn[n z ,a9 ,kh5fi%1 di/ant "s #f kilometres2 !nce x lies ov] wide-/ret*+ pla9s ( s&/one1 lead+ up to ! m brok5 c\ntry =m$ by ! foot-hills ( ! t[]+ plateau1 :i* is always pla9ly visible on ! nor? side ( ! road4 ,! di/ance to ,t5da1 ! mo/ ea/]ly ( ! ,dakhla villages1 is #adc kilometres by ! ,d]b el ,ghubbri4 ,! alt]native r\te by way ( ,a9 ,amr is appreciably %ort]1 ?\gh1 ow+ to ! extra "t involv$ 9 negotiat+ ! /eep passes to & f ! plateau1 !re is little sav+ 9 "t :5 travell+ ) a heavily-lad5 c>avan4 ,comp>$ ) ! l[] road1 h[ev]1 ?is r\te is mu* m int]e/+ & picturesque1 & ! pres5ce ( wat] at ,a9 ,amr1 ab\t half-way betwe5 ! two oases1 is a di/9ct advantage4 ,! road f ,kh>ga village lies ov] a broad pla91 ^: only features are occasional conical hills ( d>k f]rug9\s s&/one4 ,x foll[s a ,w4,n4,w4 direction1 head+ = ! great ind5tation to ! we/ ( ! ,jebel ,t>if range4 ,aft] gett+ well into ! recess1 b :5 /ill "s #ae kilometres f its head1 ! road turns abruptly to ! s\?1 & w9ds its way up an esc>pm5t litt]$ ) huge blocks ( tuface\s lime/one4 ,p]*$ ne> ! summit ( ! cliffs /&s ! solit>y palm :i* m>ks ! site ( ! wat]-hole1 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( :i* gr[s a fair am\nt ( prickly scrub4 ,! rema9s ( mud-brick build+s & a /one temple %[ t ?is place 0 =m]ly inhabit$1 & ( "s importance4 ,! asc5t to ! plateau f ,a9 ,amr ne$s c>e ) lad5 camels4 ,! road proce$s up a n>r[ defile1 ! actual track be+ v r\gh1 & s conf9$ t 9 places ! packs are liable to be dragg$ (f by ! rocks on ei!r side4 ,once on ! plateau ! go+ becomes fir/ rate1 ! fre$om ( ! surface f bl[n s& be+ v noticeable4 ,?is is due to ! isolation ( ?is portion ( ! plateau-massif1 :i* is cut (f f ! ma9 mass to ! nor? by ! deep recess1 & is b\nd$ by a l[-ly+ pla9 to ! s\?4 ,aft] a di/ance ( #cc kilometres has be5 trav]s$ ! road desc5ds into a n>r[ valley op5+ on to ! l[ c\ntry to ! s\?1 & proce$s 9 a we/]ly direction to ,t5da4 ,! di/ance f ,kh>ga to ,t5da by ?is r\te is #abh kilometres4 ,x is possible on leav+ ,a9 ,amr to cross to ! top ( ! ind5tation1 & !nce to proce$ across ! plateau almo/ due we/1 /rik+ ! road f ,assiut1 kn[n z ! ,d]b el ,tawl1 at ! top ( ! pass #be kilometres f ! village ( ,belat4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no track1 & ! surface is cov]$ ) p>allel nor? & s\? ridges ( rock1 ! cross+ ( :i* is extremely we>isome4 ,bo? ne> ! head ( ! ,a9 ,amr recess & 9 ! extreme nor?-we/ corn] ( ! oasis v old tracks tr5d+ 9 we/]ly & nor?we/]ly directions are obs]vable1 & al?\gh unus$ at ! pres5t day1 ^! may m>k ! positions ( =m]ly frequ5t$ r\tes lead+ to ! oasis ( ,f>afra4 ,at ! pres5t "t t oasis is n 9 direct communication ) ,kh>ga1 ! r\tes us$ be+ f ,manfalut 9 ! ,nile ,valley1 f ,qasr ,dakhl 9 ! oasis ( ,dakhla1 & f ,a9 el ,hais 9 ,bah>ia4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( roads we mu/ briefly ref] to ! r\te tak5 by ! railway4 ,! l9e1 :i* has a gauge ( #ge c5timetres1 0 built by ! ,corporation ( ,we/]n ,egypt1 ,limit$1 to develop _! concessions 9 ! oasis4 ,x comm5ces at ,m\aslet el ,kh>ga1 a new /ation on ! ,egyptian ,/ate ,railway ne> ,f>%ut1 & crosses to ! bord] ( ! des]t1 a few kilometres di/ant1 by way ( "o ( ! embankm5ts sep>at+ two ( ! great irrigation bas9s ( ,upp] ,egypt4 ,at ! edge ( ! des]t is ! /ation ( ,el ,q>a1 ! po9t ( dep>ture = ! oasis4 ,aft] skirt+ ! m>g9 ( ! ,nile ,valley cultivation = a %ort di/ance x heads /raight = ! ,wadi ,samhd1 by means ( :i* ! plateau is ga9$ )\t enc\nt]+ any v heavy gradi5ts4 ,f ! top ( ! ,wadi ,samhd ! l9e foll[s ! ,abu ,sighawl road = ab\t #dj kilometres1 aft] :i* x div]ges a few degrees & proce$s to ,el ,tundaba1 ! %aft already describ$1 #ib kilometres f ,m\aslet el ,kh>ga4 ,f ,el ,tundaba ! railway foll[s m or less closely ! cross-track1 sometimes call$ ! ,d]b el ,reff1 :i* jo9s ! ,sohag road at ,el ,%ug]a1 &1 ent]+ ! depression by ! ,reff pass1 foll[s d[n ! gully1 & !nce across ! pla9 to ! /ation ( ,meh]iq4 ,f ,meh]iq x proce$s ne>ly due s\? to ! ,corporation's headqu>t]s1 & !nce on to its pres5t t]m9us a few kilometres f ,kh>ga village4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,railway ,,desc5d+ ,,into ,,! ,,oasis4 ,my fri5d ,ball lays great /ress on ! tortu\s nature ( ! roads betwe5 ! oasis & ! valley1 & recomm5ds ! sci5tific travell] to /e] an indep5d5t c\rse4 ,b aft] trav]s+ ! majority ( ! ma9 c>avan roads1 & ) a fairly intimate k ( ! *>act]s ( ! int]v5+ areas1 ,i mu/ say t1 9 my op9ion1 x w\ld be difficult to bett] !m4 ,^! roads 7 n laid out ye/]day1 b result f ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( c5turies4 ,! orig9al tracks may h be5 tortu\s en\gh1 b !y h become /raight5$ out by ! cutt+ (f ( corn]s "h & !re1 until at ! pres5t day ! roads fulfil ! ?ree mo/ important objects 9 view--! asc5t & desc5t to & f ! plateau at ! po9ts (f]+ ! easie/ gradi5ts1 & ! cross+ ( ! plateau itself z directly z possible ov] ! smoo!/ & mo/ level gr\nd available4 ,! roads give a wide b]? to ! outcrops ( r\gh lime/one1 & anyone :o has done mu* cross-c\ntry travell+ 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t w appreciate _! do+ s4 ,nor c ,i concur ) ! same au?or 9 8 op9ion t ! ,b$aw9 ( ?is side ( ! ,nile h a poor k ( _! belov$ des]t4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t ! ,arab does1 = v good reasons1 pref] to travel on ! beat5 tracks r ?an und]take exploratory missions z ! cr[ flies1 8 ma9 object be+ to get to 8 de/9ation z rapidly & easily z possible4 ,if by *ance1 h[ev]1 ra9 %\ld fall on any portion ( ! des]t1 ! ,arab w v %ortly be f\nd !re1 tak+ full advantage ( :at ,allah has provid$ 9 ! way ( free graz+ = 8 h]ds4 ,my own exp]i5ce has be5 t ! ,arabs h among !m a fair proportion ( m5 ) an ext5sive k ( ! we/]n des]t1 & ,i h frequ5tly be5 /ruck by _! wond]ful k ( ! roads & ! facility ) :i* _m ( !m c foll[ ! tracks on ! blacke/ ( nights1 z ev5 9 broad daylight ! l&m>ks :i* a ,european c\ld recognize on second acqua9tance are few & f> betwe54 ,! av]age ,b$awi _c be said to h exceptionally long sight1 b he is frequ5tly possess$ ( a wond]ful s5se ( direction4 ,travell]s 9 ! ,egyptian des]ts are apt to und]rate ! intellig5ce ( ! ,b$aw91 ow+ to ! fact t !y unconsci\sly =m _! impressions f ! mis]able specim5s ( humanity s frequ5tly s5t out by ! actual own]s ( ! camels to act z driv]s & att5dants to a hir$ c>avan4 ,9 su* c>avans !re is seldom m ?an "o man :o kn[s ! p>ticul> roads to be foll[$2 ! re/ are wret*$ und]f$ creatures1 g5]ally half-bre$s1 :o = a m]e pittance tramp day aft] day1 uncompla9+ly & %oeless1 alongside ! c>avan4 ,!y are mu* to be piti$1 & x w\ld be z unreasonable to expect !m to h any special k ( ! des]t z x w\ld be to look = in=mation reg>d+1 say1 ! m\nta9s ( ,wales among ! poor] classes ( a ,wel% t[n4 ,i d n wi% to m9imize ! value ( cross-c\ntry trav]ses c>ri$ out ) special sci5tific objects2 !y are1 inde$1 (t5 necess>y = topographical & geological purposes4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 w>n ! en?usia/ic tyro t1 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t1 travell+ z ! cr[ flies is n always s simple & glori\s an affair z x may seem :5 plann+ exp$itions f a com=table arm-*air2 & if 8 object is to get a %ort cut he w probably h reason to bitt]ly regret ! mom5t he left ! beat5 track4 ,i h 9 m9d m ?an "o in/ance :]e mi/akes ( ?is k9d h be5 made1 mi/akes :i* might easily h l$ to disa/r\s consequ5ces4 ,9 long cross-c\ntry trav]ses an error 9 /e]+ ( only two or ?ree degrees w 9 a few m>*es ?r[ a c>avan _m kilometres out ( its c\rse1 & guid+ camels ov] r\gh c\ntry by compass is by no means an easy und]tak+4 ,moreov]1 easily di/+ui%able l&m>ks are r>e1 & ! des]t pla9s ov] wide areas ma9ta9 rem>kably p]si/5t *>act]i/ics4 ,q rec5tly ,i recollect an ,engli%man1 ^: ,arab att5dant _h become sudd5ly incapacitat$ by an attack ( fev] or sun/roke1 gett+ hopelessly a/ray betwe5 ! edge ( ! plateau ov]look+ ! oasis & rail-head1 :i* 0 !n only #bj or #cj kilometres di/ant1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 miss+ ! bifurcation ( ! road at ,el ,%ug]a1 & proce$+1 ow+ to ?is mi/ake1 along ! r\te lead+ to ,sohag4 ,along ! c>avan roads ! %>p fragm5ts ( rock h be5 /amp$ und]gr\nd or kick$ to "o side1 b else:]e !y usually litt] ! surface1 & are v try+ to camels1 ^: pads1 ?\gh s(t & yield+1 are easily worn by mu* travell+ ov] r\gh c\ntry4 ,?is has m ?an once be5 pa9fully impress$ ^u me by ! antics ( my own rid+ camel1 ^: mode ( progression at su* times resembl$ m ! dance ( a fanatic on r$-hot coals ?an ! ord9>y gait ( a well-br$ #8hegn4' ,ov] "s areas1 h[ev]1 "o c travel 9 a /raight l9e )\t let or h9drance1 & 9 su* cases x is only necess>y to lay out ! c\rse correctly 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & to h ! c\rage ( "o's op9ion to /ick to t c\rse until ! de/9ation is rea*$4 ,"o mu/ n he$ ! remon/rances ( ! less sport+ memb]s ( ! exp$ition1 :o w lose no opportunity ( pr$ict+ disa/]1 & 9 ?is respect ! new *um fre% out f home is g5]ally ! greate/ (f5d]4 ,"o ( ! longe/ cross-c\ntry trav]ses ,i myself h und]tak5 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t 0 f ,f>afra ,oasis to ,assiut4 ,! only road betwe5 t oasis & ! ,nile ,valley /rikes ! latt] ne> ,el ,qusya1 midway betwe5 ! t[ns ,manfalut & ,d]ut1 s t travell]s :o wi% to make ,assiut h an additional day's m>* s\?w>ds alongside ! m>g9 ( ! cultivat$ l&s4 ,on ga9+ ! summit ( ! pass above ,bir ,murr1 on ! ea/ side ( ! ,f>afra depression1 ,i ab&on$ ! road & set a c\rse direct = ,assiut1 /e]+ & plott+ my r\te by compass & plane-table1 ! di/ance be+ reckon$ by measur+-:eel4 ,! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( proc$ure on des]t trav]ses is to lay out a l9e1 repres5t+ ! correct be>+ ( ! de/9ation1 along ! c5tre ( ! long] axis ( ! plane-table1 & !n to /e] to any well-m>k$ object ly+ on ei!r side1 b )9 reasonable di/ance1 ( ! prop] c\rse4 ,at e /ation ! exact position rea*$ is plott$1 & /eps are tak51 :5 select+ ! next po9t on :i* to m>*1 to conv]ge t[>ds ! correct c\rse m>k$ d[n ! c5tre ( ! table4 ,on ?is p>ticul> trav]se ,i 0 unaccompani$ by ,europeans or ,b$aw91 my camel driv]s be+ fellah9 f ! ,nile ,valley4 ,! surface prov$ excell5t go+1 & ! ,abu ,moh>iq belt ( dunes1 #aij kilometres f ,qasr ,f>afra1 0 cross$ )\t tr\ble4 ,eight days aft] leav+ ,f>afra village we /ruck ! esc>pm5t ( ! ,nile ,valley1 hav+ cov]$ ne>ly #cjj kilometres1 & f\nd we 7 m>*+ on a po9t only v little to "o side ( ! t[n ( ,assiut4 ,f ?is trav]se x 0 possible to calculate ! longitude ( ,f>afra ) fair accuracy4 ,! normal rate ( travell+ ( camels c>ry+ ord9>y loads weigh+ f ?ree to f\r hundr$-weight is #d kilometres1 or ab\t #b miles1 an h\r1 t5 h\rs be+ ! usual day's m>* ( c>avans :5 accompani$ by ,europeans4 ,! native c>avans1 c>ry+ dates & o!r heavy m]*&ise1 usually trav]se ! plateau 9 ?ree days & nights1 do+ /ages ( #fj to #gj kilometres at a /ret*4 ,by travell+ v light ) trott+ camels ,i h1 on m ?an "o occasion1 cross$ f ! oasis to ! valley 9 betwe5 ?irty & ?irty-five h\rs1 do+ f #ahj to #aij kilometres 9 two /ages ( ab\t twelve h\rs ea*1 ) "o /op only ( n9e or t5 h\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,topography ,,& ,,geology ,dim5sions ( ! ,oasis-,depression -- ,jebel ,tr1 ,jebel ,t>if1 & o!r ,hills )9 ! ,depression -- ,aspect ( ! ,oasis f ! surr\nd+ ,esc>pm5ts -- ,geological ,sequ5ce -- ,nature & ,?ickness ( ! ,/rata -- ,geological ,hi/ory ( ! ,oasis -- ,=mation ( ! ,depression -- ,diff]5ce ( ,level ( ,/rata on ei!r side ( ! ,depression -- ,! ,great ,longitud9al ,flexure -- ,height ( ! ,floor comp>$ ) ,sea-,level -- ,altitudes4 ,kh>ga1 ! ea/]n ( ! two s\!rn oases1 is a depression ly+ ) its long] axis nor? & s\?1 mo/ly b\nd$ by /eep & l(ty esc>pm5ts1 b op5 to ! s\? & s\?-we/1 on :i* sides ! c\ntry rises gradually f ! floor ( ! oasis4 ,! extreme l5g? ( ! depression1 f ! nor!rn wall to ,jebel ,abu ,bayan1 :i* = conv5i5ce may be reg>d$ z ! s\!rn limit ( ! oasis prop]1 is #ahe kilometres1 or #aae miles4 ,! g5]al tr5d ( ! ea/]n esc>pm5t is ne>ly due nor? & s\?1 b t on ! we/ is v irregul>1 :ile to ! s\? & s\?-we/ !re is no def9ite b\nd>y4 ,! bread? ( ! depression may !re=e be said to v>y f #bj to #hj kilometres4 ,! ranges ( ,jebel ,tr & ,jebel ,t>if =m isolat$ hill-massifs 9 ! c5tre ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! depression1 :ile ,jebel ,gh5nma & ,jebel ,um el ,gh5naim are conspicu\s outli]s ( ! plateau on ! ea/ side4 ,) ! exception ( ^!1 ! floor is de/itute ( any?+ beyond comp>atively insignificant em95ces1 unless we include ! small range ( hills kn[n z ! ,gorn el ,g5nh1 to ! s\?-ea/ ( ! village ( ,g5nh1 :i* is noticeable m on acc\nt ( its %>ply-def9$ peaks ?an ( its g5]al elevation above ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,ref]r+ to ! two conspicu\s peaks1 ,gh5nma & ,um el ,gh5naim--,jimmy & ,jemima1 z ,i h he>d !m dubb$--rem9ds me t on ! ,survey & on "s ( ! old] maps ! names are rev]s$4 ,i h que/ion$ a numb] ( natives reg>d+ ! names ( ^! hills1 & h inv>iably be5 in=m$ t ,gh5nma is ! m nor!rly ( ! two4 ,! villages1 wells1 & cultivat$ l&s lie )9 a nor? & s\? b&1 occupy+ ! l[e/ portion ( ! floor1 & foll[+ ! g5]al tr5d ( ! depression4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 brok5 up by a broad area ( b>r5 des]t into two di/9ct nor? & s\? gr\ps1 ( :i* ,kh>ga & ,b]is villages are ! *ief c5tres respectively4 ,a description ( ^! is res]v$ = a lat] *apt]4 ,:5 a travell]1 aft] cross+ ! broad monoton\s plateau1 at l5g? rea*es ! sc>p or wall ( ! oasis1 & sees spread out be=e him a va/ depression1 /ret*+ 9 "s directions z f> z ! eye c rea*1 9 o!rs to ! opposite b\nd+ walls dimly disc]nible on ! f> horizon1 he c h>dly refra9 f speculat+ z to ! causes :i* h giv5 rise to su* huge holl[s 9 ! plateau4 ,:5 he desc5ds to ! cultivat$ portions ( ! floor ( ! depression1 & sees ^? num]\s bubbl+ spr+s1 :i* alone make life possible 9 ! mid/ ( ?is o!rwise deadly wild]ness1 8 second inquiry is z to :5ce comes su* abundance ( wat] 9 "o ( ! mo/ arid regions 9 ! _w4 ,^! que/ions are wor? ask+1 &1 s f> z ! pres5t /ate ( our k p]mits1 x w be my endeav\r to answ] !m4 ,i propose1 !re=e1 to briefly place on record su* in=mation & data z ,i h be5 able to ga91 b z bo? topography & wat]-supply are intimately connect$ ) ! geology ( ! di/rict1 x w be necess>y at ! outset to devote a few pages to a consid]ation ( ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,necropolis ,,& ,,jebel ,,t]4 ,! geological deposits f\nd 9 ! oasis ( ,kh>ga are tabulat$ on ! foll[+ page1 comm5c+ ) ^? mo/ rec5tly =m$4 ,! succession1 z %[n 9 ! table1 is t :i* obta9s 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! depression1 b z f> z is kn[n ! same /ages occur ?r\gh\t ! oasis1 & d n v>y ei!r 9 ?ickness or 9 li?ological *>act]s to any great ext5t4 ,ov] l>ge areas ! l[]-ly+ p>ts ( ! oasis-floor are =m$ ( ^? b$s :i* we h designat$ ! ,surface-wat] ,s&/one1 ?\gh 9 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,?ickness ,geological ,sy/em4 ,/age4 9 ,metres4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,s&-,dunes ,,rec5t ,,& ,spr+ ,deposits 7mod]n7 ,v ,,plei/oc5e ,lacu/r9e ,s&s & ,clays v>iable ,calc>e\s ,tufa ,,l[] ,l[] ,libyan ,plateau ,lime/one #aae ,,eoc5e ,passage ,b$s ,esna ,%ales & ,m>ls #ee ,:ite ,*alk #gj ,danian ,a%-grey ,%ales ,exogyra ,b$s #cj ,,upp] ,,cretace\s ,phosphate ,b$s #gj ,campanian ,purple ,%ales #ej 7,nubian ,surface-wat] ,s&/one #de ,s]ies7 ,imp]meable ,grey ,%ales #ge ,artesian-wat] ,s&/one #abj --------- ,total #fcj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- places ! /ill old] und]ly+ grey %ales are expos$4 ,! purple or r$ %ales g5]ally =m ! ris+ gr\nd t[>ds ! esc>pm5ts1 at ! base ( :i* are usually f\nd ! phosphatic b$s1 ) h>d1 pron\nc$ b&s made up ( fi%-rema9s & phosphatic nodules4 ,above come ! ,exogyra ,b$s1 ) ?ick b&s ( lime/one almo/ entirely compos$ ( l>ge oy/]-%ells4 ,ris+ up above ^! is ! g5]ally well-m>k$ cliff ( grey %ales1 capp$ by a sn[-:ite *alk ( mu* ! same age geologically z ! well-kn[n *alk ( ! ,s\? ( ,engl&4 ,! summit ( ! *alk frequ5tly =ms a sep>ate plateau1 subsidi>y to ! high des]t tablel&1 & sep>at$ f x by ! cliffs =m$ ( ! massive ,eoc5e lime/ones4 ,! total ?ickness ( ! expos$ /rata is ab\t #dce metres1 a figure obta9$ by actual measurem5t4 ,num]\s bor+s %[ ! ?ickness ( ! unexpos$ und]ly+ ,imp]meable ,grey ,%ales to be #ge metres1 & ! deepe/ bor+s yet made h pi]c$ ! /ill l[] ,artesian-wat] ,s&/one to a dep? ( #abj metres1 mak+ a gr& total ( kn[n deposits ( #fcj metres1 or #b1jfg feet4 ,! dep? to :i* ! wat]-be>+ s&/one ext5ds is at pres5t a matt] ( speculation2 ! po9t is ( great importance 9 connection ) ! wat]-supply1 ?\gh up to ! pres5t no bor+s ( suffici5t dep? h be5 made to det]m9e its ?ickness1 nature1 & relation to ! und]ly+ igne\s rocks4 ,) ! exception ( a few isolat$ bosses ( eruptive rock 9 ! des]t to ! s\? ( ! oasis--indications ( ! granitic f\ndation :i* probably und]lies ! entire area--! geological deposits ( ! oasis-depression1 & ( ! surr\nd+ esc>pm5ts & plateaux1 are entirely ( s$im5t>y orig91 t is to say1 !y 7 laid d[n on ! %ores & b$s ( pre-exi/+ seas & inl& lakes4 ,! s&-dunes are1 ( c\rse1 an exception1 hav+ be5 deposit$ by ! w9d on ! surface ( ! l&4 ,al?\gh1 geologically speak+1 ! olde/ gr\p ( s$im5ts ) :i* we h to deal belongs to ! lat] *apt]s ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 _m hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! s&/ones & %ales1 n[ =m+ & und]ly+ ! floor ( ! oasis1 7 accumulat$ on ! b$ ( a va/ inl& lake4 ,?is %eet ( comp>atively fre% wat] 0 !n invad$ by ! sea1 :i* held sway 9 ! region :ile ! :ole ( ! s]ies ( s$im5ts1 n[ expos$ 9 ! cliffs ( ! oasis & "s #cej metres 9 ?ickness1 7 be+ laid d[n4 ,9 ,middle ,eoc5e times ! sea comm5c$ to retreat to ! nor?1 & ! area "u description became dry l& ) a cont9ually rec$+ %ore-l9e4 ,s9ce t "t ! =ces ( d5udation h con/antly be5 at "w l[]+ ! g5]al surface ( ! plateau & excavat+ ^? depressions 9 :i* alone at ! pres5t day man is able to exi/4 ,! ,egyptian oases are deep & ext5sive depressions or holl[s cut d[n ne>ly to sea-level ?r\gh ! g5]ally horizontal rocks =m+ ! ,libyan ,des]t plateaux1 & appe> to owe _! orig9 9 great measure to ! diff]5tial effects ( subarial d5udation act+ on rock-masses ( v>y+ h>dness & composition4 ,! surface-features or configuration ( almo/ any l& :i* has long be5 expos$ to ! p[]ful =ces ( erosion are m or less intimately dep5d5t on ! /ructure & li?ological *>act]s ( ! und]ly+ rocks4 ,on relative h>dness1 m ?an on any?+ else p]haps1 dep5d ! ultimate positions ( m\nta9s1 hills1 & plateaux on ! "o h&1 ( valleys1 pla9s1 & depressions on ! o!r4 ,v>iation 9 ! orig9al conditions ( deposition1 at ! "t :5 ! rocks n[ =m+ ! ,libyan ,des]t 7 laid d[n on ! floor ( ! sea1 has result$ 9 a prepond]ant developm5t 9 "s areas ( s(t clayey or s&y rocks 7z comp>$ ) ! h>d lime/ones71 & subsequ5t e>?-movem5ts h rais$ ^! b$s m 9 "s di/ricts ?an 9 o!rs4 ,! result has be5 t :]ev]1 dur+ ! gradual d5udation to :i* ! c\ntry s9ce its elevation has be5 subject$1 ^! s(t deposits h become expos$ on ! surface1 wea!r+ has proce$$ at a greatly increas$ rate1 & ev5tually produc$ deep & broad depressions sep>at$ by high lime/one tablel&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sket* ,,map ,,%[+ ,,! ,,geology ,,& ,,! ,,anci5t ,,lakes ,,( ,,! ,,oasis ,,( ,,kh>ga ,b = ! pres5ce ( comp>atively s(t =mations su* z ! ,esna ,%ales1 ! ,exogyra ,b$s1 & ! ,nubian ,s&/one1 c\pl$ ) ! facts t !y h an unequal developm5t 9 diff]5t areas1 & occur at a great] elevation 9 "s localities ?an 9 o!rs1 ! great depressions ( ! ,libyan ,des]t w\ld n h come into exi/5ce1 or at any rate w\ld h be5 ( comp>atively little importance 9 ! configuration ( ! c\ntry4 ,! oases are true depressions1 completely or p>tially surr\nd$ by high esc>pm5ts4 ,! oasis ( ,bah>ia1 = in/ance1 is on all sides hemm$ 9 by cliffs2 on ! o!r h&1 ,dakhla & ,kh>ga are op5 to ! s\?1 b z ! gr\nd 9 t direction rises consid]ably1 !y1 too1 _c be reg>d$ z o!r ?an true depressions4 ,we h no def9ite gr\nds = consid]+ t ! erosion ( ^! depressions c h be5 ! "w ( previ\sly exi/+ riv]s1 & !re is no evid5ce to w>rant u 9 assum+ !m to h be5 =m$ by local subsid5ce ( portions ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,:at1 !n1 7 ! ag5ts ( d5udation & transportation :i* op]at$ 9 ! =mation ( ^! great depressions8 ,"u ! exi/+ arid conditions ! surface rocks1 unprotect$ by vegetation1 are rapidly dis9tegrat$ or wea!r$ z ! result ( ! great diurnal v>iations ( temp]ature to :i* !y are subject$ 7insolation74 ,! wea!r$ mat]ial1 h[ev]1 does n accumulate & =m a protective soil-cap1 b is c>ri$ away by ! w9d 7deflation71 ! heavi] silice\s gra9s effect+ an imm5se am\nt ( abrasion ( ! expos$ rock-surfaces ov] :i* !y are swept4 ,*anges ( temp]ature1 s&1 & w9d are1 inde$1 ! *ief ag5ts ( erosion & transportation at ! pres5t day1 &1 giv5 a suffici5cy ( "t & a cont9uance ( fav\rable conditions1 we c confid5tly admit ! comb9ation to be capable ( effect+ a va/ am\nt ( e>?-sculpture4 ,b ! =mation1 9 ?is way1 ( huge holl[s #cjj to #djj metres deep1 & ! removal ( mat]ial am\nt+ to hundr$s ( cubic kilometres1 w\ld necessitate ! assumption t ! pres5t rigor\s des]t conditions h obta9$ = a v consid]able p]iod4 ,tak+ all ! available evid5ce ( :i* we are cognizant into consid]ation1 we d n feel ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ ?is to h be5 ! case1 especially :5 we recollect ! frequ5t pres5ce on ! esc>pm5ts ( ?ick deposits ( calc>e\s tufa1 :i* x is evid5t mu/ h be5 laid d[n aft] ! depression _h be5 c>v$ out to a consid]able dep?4 ,^! tufas are almo/ c]ta9ly ( ,plei/oc5e age1 ?\gh :e!r !y date f ! e>ly or late "p ( t p]iod has n be5 det]m9$4 ,9 "s localities !y occur z ?ick1 horizontally-/ratifi$ b$s1 & 7 evid5tly deposit$ on ! bottoms ( lakes2 9 o!r places !y appe> z fan-l cakes spread ov] ! face ( ! cliff1 & may h be5 =m$ by spr+s situat$ ne> ! summits ( ! esc>pm5ts4 ,! tufas frequ5tly conta9 l>ge numb]s ( fre%-wat] %ells & an abundance ( fossil vegetation1 &1 f ! pres5ce ( ca/s ( ! leaves ( su* trees z ! oak1 "o is l$ to ref] ! deposit to ! m humid p]iod :i* prec$$ ! incom+ ( ! mod]n des]t conditions4 ,al?\gh ! evid5ce met ) 9 ! field is altoge!r aga9/ ! idea t portions ( ! plateau h be5 bodily let d[n by subsid5ce1 !re are good reasons = believ+ t tectonic movem5ts h play$ an important "p 9 decid+ ! g5]al %ape ( ! oases-depressions4 ,= in/ance1 !re is consid]able p>allelism betwe5 ! g5]al tr5d ( ! ,bah>ia depression & ! folds :i* pass ?r\gh t region4 ,z a result ( ^? folds1 x is n improbable t ! h>d lime/one b$s 7 to "s ext5t brok5 up1 & ! s(t und]ly+ clays & s&/ones rais$ z comp>$ ) _! position on ei!r side ( ! fold$ belt4 ,9 ,kh>ga1 simil>ly1 ! ma9 axis ( ! depression is1 z we %all %[1 di/9ctly p>allel to ! great nor? & s\? l9e ( flexure1 & !re is little d\bt t a close connection exi/s betwe5 ! two4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i "k ( no fold+ 9 ! case ( ,f>afra1 :i* appe>s to owe its exi/5ce solely to ! fact t !re 0 9 t region an unusual developm5t ( %ales at ! base ( ! ,eoc5e nummulitic lime/ones4 ,( ! f\r ,egyptian oases1 p]haps ,dakhla is ! "o mo/ easily acc\nt$ =1 z ?is depression may be reg>d$ z simply due to ! g5]al nor!rly dip ( ! s$im5t>y =mations1 & ! gradual wea!r+ back 7nor?w>ds7 ( ! great argillace\s s]ies 7,exogyra ,b$s7 capp$ by ! ,:ite ,*alk4 ,! orig9al limits ( ! latt] may1 inde$1 nev] h be5 v f> to ! s\?4#c ,:ile all s$im5t>y /rata--su* z ! lime/ones1 s&/ones1 clays1 & %ales ) :i* we are n[ deal+--7 orig9ally deposit$ ei!r q horizontally or incl9$ at only a v l[ angle1 x by no means foll[s t ?is horizontality is ma9ta9$ :5 ! /rata are elevat$ into dry l&4 ,ov] ! ,libyan ,des]t z a :ole ! successive s$im5t>y =mations dip /eadily nor?w>ds1 b at a v small incl9ation4 ,?is results 9 e /age hav+ a wide outcrop1 s mu* s t1 if x 7 n = ! cliff-sections ( ! ,nile ,valley & ! oases-depressions1 we %\ld h to travel imm5se di/ances to obta9 any idea ( ! true succession ( rocks4 ,?is g5]al horizontality ( /rata appe>s at fir/ sight to be well ma9ta9$ 9 ! oasis ( ,kh>ga1 z :e!r we /& on ! summit ( ! ea/]n esc>pm5t1 on top ( ! great c5tral hill-massif ( ,jebel ,t>if1 or on ! plateau above ,a9 ,amr1 we see ev]y:]e horizontally-dispos$ b$s ( lime/one =m+ ! plateaux & upp] portions ( ! cliffs1 ) p>allel b&s ( s&/one1 %ale1 & *alk outcropp+ on ! slopes bel[4 ,a clos] exam9ation1 h[ev]1 w %[ t !re is 9 reality a diff]5ce 9 level ( m ?an #bjj metres betwe5 ! same b$s on ei!r side ( ! oasis2 = ! b$s capp+ ,jebel ,t>if belong to ! ,:ite ,*alk ( ! ,cretace\s sy/em1 & are !re=e v mu* old] ?an ^? ( ,eoc5e age =m+ ! ea/]n plateau 7see map & section74 ,?is great diff]5ce 9 v]tical position is due p>tly to a /eady dip f we/ to ea/1 p>tly to a rem>kable longitud9al flexure runn+ nor? & s\? ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! depression1 & p>tly to a g5tle fold ne> ! base ( ! ea/]n esc>pm5t4 ,along ! actual l9e ( flexure1 :i* passes ?r\gh ,jebel ,tr1 ,jebel ,t>wan1 ,nadra1 ,gorn el ,g5nh1 & ,g]tuma 7,s4,s4,e4 ( ,bulaq71 ! diff]5t rock-/ages are fold$ & fractur$ to a rem>kable degree4 ,?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( its c\rse ! flexure approximates to ! type ( di/urbance kn[n z a simple monocl9e1 b 9 places1 z 9 ,jebel ,tr1 x passes into a syncl9e b\nd$ by ne>ly v]tical faults2 :ile 9 o!rs ! b$s are b5t into almo/ symmetrical bas9s or c5trocl9al folds1 typical examples ( ^! /ructures be+ met ) at po9ts #f kilometres s\? ( ,kh>ga village & #b kilometres s\?-we/ ( ,qasr ,zaiyan4 ,! importance ( ?is l9e ( fold+ & fault+ mu/ n be lo/ sight (1 z al?\gh ! dislocations produc$ are only actually visible 9 ! case ( ! expos$ upp] b$s ( ! oasis sequ5ce1 ! e>?-movem5ts to :i* x owes its orig9 h _h simil> di/urb+ effects on ! und]ly+ & hidd5 wat]-be>+ /rata4 ,ball report$ t ! mo/ /rik+ evid5ce ( fault+ 0 betwe5 ,jebel ,tr & ,jebel ,t>if1 & %[$ ! fault z runn+ = a %ort di/ance 9 a ,n4,n4,e4 & ,s4,s4,w4 direction1 b1 z already m5tion$1 ! l9e ( di/urbance is co9cid5t ) ! long] axis ( ! =m] range1 s t ! majority ( ! wells are on ! we/ or up?r[ side ( ! fault4 ,! effects ( ?is fault+ & fold+ on ! und]gr\nd wat]-supply w be fur!r allud$ to 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,9 ! e>ly summ] ( ?is ye> 7#aijh7 ,i foll[$ ! l9e ( flexure s\?w>ds 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r x cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! oasis4 ,z f> z ! small em95ce ( ,gala1 ab\t #aj kilometres s\? ( ,bulaq1 x ran 9 an almo/ /raight l9e1 b s\? ( t po9t its c\rse took a di/9ct b5d to ! we/1 s t ! fold 0 v soon lo/ 9 ! great belt ( s&-dunes4 ,beyond ?is po9t its cont9uation c\ld1 h[ev]1 be inf]r$ by occasional exposures ( /eeply incl9$ s&/ones1 ! mo/ s\!rly po9t to :i* x 0 actually trac$ be+ 9 latitude #bd #ee ,n41 ab\t #ae kilometres ,s4,s4,w4 ( ,a9 ,girm ,me%m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,geological ,,section ,,across ,,! ,,oasis ,,f ,,jebel ,,t>if ,,to ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,esc>pm5t4 ,be=e conclud+ our rem>ks on ! geology ( ! oasis we mu/ n omit to call att5tion to ! beautiful & v>i$ fossil rema9s :i* are almo/ ev]y:]e to be met ) 9 ! calc>e\s b$s ( ! hills & esc>pm5ts4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 by ! /udy & comp>ison ( ^! organic rema9s t geologi/s are enabl$ to det]m9e ! relative ages ( ! b$s 9 :i* !y occur1 & ?us to correlate !m ) ! rocks ( o!r c\ntries4 ,! l[] argillace\s & ar5ace\s deposits ( ! oasis are comp>atively unfossilif]\s4 ,f any ( ! po9ts ( vantage1 su* z are af=d$ by ! high] hills )9 ! depression1 ! g5]al level ( ! floor ( ! oasis does n appe> to v>y to any great ext5t1 b actual levell+ %[s t ?is is n 9 reality ! case2 & x is ?is v>iation ( absolute level :i* is ! prim>y cause ( ! v v>y+ volumes ( wat] yield$ by ! artesian wells 9 ! diff]5t di/ricts4 ,! av]age height ( ! c5tre ( ! depression 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! village ( ,kh>ga is approximately ! same z t ( ! ,nile ,valley pla9 9 ! latitude ( ,f>%ut4 ,ball1 by comp>ison ( a s]ies ( an]oid b>omet] read+s ) ! b>ometric records = ! same p]iod at ! ,cairo obs]vatory1 d$uc$ ! value ( a po9t ne> ,kh>ga village z #hf metres above sea-level1 & us$ ?is z 8 datum 9 calculat+ ! levels ( o!r p>ts ( ! oasis4 ,previ\s an]oid det]m9ations ( ! same po9t _h be5 made by ,cailliaud 7#ajd & #aah metres7 & by ,jordan 7#fh metres74 ,b ev5 :5 ! greate/ possible precautions are ex]cis$1 an]oid det]m9ations1 especially :5 made ) a s+le in/rum5t1 are necess>ily unreliable1 & /ill m s :5 us$ = calculat+ ! levels ( diff]5t po9ts on a pla9 hav+ only comp>atively slight irregul>ities ( surface4 ,utiliz+ ! figure obta9$ by ! railway surveyors = a po9t ne> ! t]m9ation ( ! l9e1 we get values ( #eh & #fj metres above sea-level = ,kh>ga village & ,bore ,no4 #a at headqu>t]s respectively1 & a b5*-m>k at ! latt] place1 hav+ a value ( #fja1 is us$ z ! datum f :i* all ! heights giv5 9 ?is book are calculat$4 ,un=tunately x is n possible1 ow+ to ! lack ( suffici5t *eck-levels1 to /ate ! limit ( probable error1 & x mu/ !re=e be und]/ood t ! value ( our datum1 :i* 9 ! meantime may be accept$ z ! be/ obta9able1 is subject to future revision4 ,f ?is c5tral po9t 7,bore ,no4 #a7 l9es ( levels h rec5tly be5 c>ri$ 9 e direction by ,mr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,apt$ & myself1 ) ! result t x has be5 %[n t ! g5]al level ( ! floor ( ! oasis rises /eadily to ! nor? & falls to ! s\?4 ,^! levels h 9 all cases be5 *eck$1 & may1 us+ ! datum m5tion$1 be accept$ z fairly reliable1 ! clos+ errors on ! diff]5t loops be+ g5]ally )9 a v few c5timetres4 ,! altitudes ( a few ref]5ce po9ts 9 ea* di/rict are giv5 "h4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,di/rict4 ,po9t4 ,altitude4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,headqu>t]s ,bore ,no4 #a #fja 0 ,bore ,no4 #dd #eca ,kh>ga ,bir ,a9 el ,gs #gjb 0 ,a9 el ,sabbagh #efi 0 ,a9 ,zaaf #hgg 0 ,temple ( ,hibis 7floor7 #gej ,meh]iq ,bir ,qatt>a #eff 0 ,a9 ,mahmud #fdh 0 ,a9 el ,burg #fif 0 ,a9 el ,qasr #gfj 0 ,a9 el ,ghazl #hdf ,s\? ( headqu>t]s ,a9 ,h>rn #dce 0 0 0 ,a9 ,ali ,morad #ccj 0 0 0 ,a9 ,bellal #bhd 0 0 0 ,a9 el ,tawl #aig ,g5nh ,a9 ,e/akh]ab #gac 0 ,a9 ,mag>9 #gdf 0 ,a9 el ,ghuta 7nor?7 #dhb 0 ,a9 ,zaiyan #daf 0 ,qasr ,zaiyan #bjg ,el ,dr ,bore ,no4 #bb #ibc ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,! ,gov]nm5t ,survey maps %[ a portion ( ! oasis floor z ly+ bel[ sea-level1 ! diff]5ce ( height betwe5 ! ,kh>ga village datum & a po9t j s\? ( ,qasr ,zaiyan be+ giv5 z #ajd metres4 ,detail$ survey+ %[s t ?is e/imate is excessive1 ! true diff]5ce be+ ab\t #cg metres only4 ,al?\gh no actual read+ has yet be5 obta9$ bel[ sea-level--! l[e/ be+ #bf metres at a po9t #c kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ! nor!rn end ( ! ,gorn el ,g5nh1 or ne>ly midway betwe5 t hill & ,a9 el ,tawl--x is evid5t t 9 ?is di/rict ! floor is only v slightly high] ?an ! sea1 & x may be t at "o or two po9ts its level is actually l[]4 ,s\? ( ,qasr ,zaiyan no revision ( previ\s levels has z yet be5 made4 ,accord+ to ,ball's figures1 ! village ( ,b]is is approximately #aj metres l[] ?an ,kh>ga4 ,:ile discuss+ ! subject ( levels x may be useful to note ! relative heights ( ! esc>pm5ts & hills )9 ! oasis4 ,! edge ( ! ea/]n plateau v>ies f #cej to #djj metres above sea-level1 :ile ! plateau to ! nor? ( ,um el ,dabdib has a g5]al level ( ab\t #djj metres4 ,jebel ,t>if appe>s to be v slightly high]1 :ile ! highe/ peak on ,jebel ,tr is n mu* m ?an #cjj metres4 ,! altitudes ( ^! po9ts ) ref]5ce to ! village 7 mo/ly det]m9$ by ,ball by trigonometric obs]vations ) an eight-in* !odolite1 & c !re=e be reli$ on z be+ accurate4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,villages ,population -- ,relation ( ,population to ,wat]-,supply -- ,trade 9 ,dates -- ,imports -- ,taxation on ,date-,palms & ,wells -- ,measurem5t ( ,wells -- ,rev5ue d]iv$ f ! ,oasis -- ,orig9 ( ,inhabitants -- ,kh>ga ,village -- ,indu/ries -- ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,wells -- ,meh]iq ,village -- ,tr\bles ) ,s& -- ,migration ( ,villag]s -- ,a9 el ,tawl & o!r ,hamlets -- ,g5nh ,village -- ,fam\s ,wells -- ,a9 ,e/akh]ab -- ,o*re\s ,wat]s ( c]ta9 ,wells -- ,a9 el ,ghuta -- ,bulaq ,village -- ,d\m-,palms -- ,tomb ( ,%eikh ,khalid ,ibn el ,wald4 ,9 po9t ( population ,kh>ga ranks second ( ! f\r great oases ( ! ,libyan ,des]t4 ,9 #ahig ! inhabitants numb]$ #g1hef1 & t5 ye>s lat] _h increas$ to #h1cdh4 ,! #aijg c5sus %[$ ! male to be slightly 9 excess ( ! female population1 a result entirely ow+ to ! prepond]ance ( m5 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! oasis4 ,! pres5t di/ribution ( ! inhabitants1 accord+ to ! la/ c5sus1 is %[n 9 ! table on ! foll[+ page4 ,9 ! oases ( ! ,libyan ,des]t !re is a v close connection betwe5 population & wat]-supply4 ,no wat] is int5tionally all[$ to run to wa/e1 e drop be+ utiliz$ to raise ---------------------------------------- - ,male4 ,female4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- - ,kh>ga ,di/rict #b1hai #b1ejc #e1cbb ,g5nh ,di/rict #bjg #bcg #ddd ,bulaq ,di/rict #dhg #ebi #a1jaf ,b]is ,di/rict #gfg #gii #a1eff ------------------------ ,total #d1bhj #d1jfh #h1cdh ---------------------------------------- - ! crops ( rice1 dates1 b>ley1 & :eat1 :i* =m ! /aple food-supplies ( ! inhabitants4 ,cut (f by a wat]less des]t1 ^! p h little int]c\rse ) ! outside _w1 except = a few weeks 9 ! e>ly w9t] mon?s1 :5 !y dispose ( _! surplus date-crop to ! ,b$aw9 trad]s :o cross ! des]t ) droves ( camels f ! ,nile ,valley4 ,! dates are usually paid = 9 ca%1 ready-money be+ requir$ 9 ord] to meet ! annual taxes levi$ by ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t4 ,practically ! only food-/uffs import$ consi/ ( su* commodities z tea1 c(fee1 & sug>1 :i* are us$ sp>+ly1 & reg>d$ z luxuries ev5 by ! bett] classes4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! inhabitants rely almo/ entirely = subsi/5ce on ! products !y are able to raise by _! own toil & indu/ry4 ,ow+ to !re be+ no ra9fall1 ! acreage ( l& :i* c be put "u crops dep5ds absolutely on ! am\nt ( wat] available = irrigation by wells4 ,! total yield ( ! latt] has1 we "k1 fluctuat$ to a consid]able ext5t at diff]5t times1 & "o may surmise t1 c\ld figures be obta9$ giv+ ! numb] ( inhabitants & ! volume ( ! wat]-supply = diff]5t p]iods dur+ ! la/ #e1jjj ye>s1 a rem>kably con/ant ratio w\ld be obs]vable betwe5 ! two4 ,taxes are levi$ by ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t on bo? date-trees & wells4 ,ov] #fj1jjj adult palms exi/ 9 ! oasis1 ea* "o be+ subject to a ye>ly tax ( #a pia/res 7ab\t #c;d474 ,! output or yield ( a well is1 = purposes ( taxation1 det]m9$ 9 a some:at r\gh-&-ready mann] by a me?od :i* appe>s to h be5 9 use = a numb] ( g5]ations4 ,:5ev] a new bore is complet$1 or an old well requires remeasurem5t1 all ! mo/ influ5tial p]sonages 9 ! oasis1 head$ by ! ,omda or *ief ( ,kh>ga village1 arm$ ) a numb] ( primitive appliances1 solemnly proce$ to ! spot4 ,aft] fir/ asc]ta9+ t ! well has n be5 tempor>ily block$ by int]e/$ p]sons--ev5 "h 9 ! remote int]ior ( ! des]t !re is an inh]5t objection to ! pay+ ( taxes--! b$ & sides ( ! wat]-*annel are made z smoo? z possible = a di/ance ( five or t5 paces bel[ ! m\? ( ! well1 s t ! wat] fl[s away ) an ev5 ripple4 ,a small po9t$ /ick is n[ ins]t$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! b$ ( ! /ream1 9 su* a way t ! top ( ! peg is exactly flu% ) ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,!n ! ,omda1 hit*+ up 8 fl[+ robes1 /eps into ! /ream1 &1 select+ a gauge ( suitable dim5sions1 fixes x firmly 9 ! b$ ( ! *annel1 9 su* a position t ! :ole ( ! fl[ passes freely ?r\gh1 )\t rais+ or l[]+ ! surface ( ! /ream above1 z indicat$ by ! peg4 ,! int]ior ( ! gauge1 a r\ghly-made wood5 frame1 is int5d$ to be a def9ite numb] ( c5timetres 9 l5g?1 b 9 _m ( ^? us$ !re is a small error4 ,z soon z ! /ream fl[s ev5ly ov] ! gauge or weir1 )\t its surface-level be+ alt]$1 ! dep? ( wat] is measur$ on a scale4 ,! latt] is wett$ & plung$ into a heap ( dry s& be=e be+ us$1 ! dep? ( wat] be+ indicat$ by t portion ( ! scale f :i* ! s& has be5 remov$ by ! imm]sion4 ,obs]vations are made at bo? ends ( ! weir to insure any error due to want ( horizontality ( ! frame be+ detect$4 ,! actual dis*>ge is reckon$ 9 #8qirats' & eigh?s ( a qirat 7tumns71 a qirat be+ a wat]-section ( #fd squ>e c5timetres4 ,= example1 if ! dep? ( wat] pass+ ov] a gauge hav+ an int]nal l5g? ( #dj c5timetres 0 f\nd to be #h c5timetres1 ! wat]-section w\ld am\nt to #dj #h #cbj squ>e c5timetres1 :i* w\ld be reckon$ z a dis*>ge ( #e qirats4 ,! ,omda & 8 att5dants c>ry out ! op]ations ) ! utmo/ c>e & solemnity1 & h ! mo/ t\*+ fai? 9 ! accuracy ( _! results4 ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f errors 9 ! gauges & scales us$1 & f ! want ( provision ( a free fall on ! d[n/ream side ( ! weir1 ! fact t ! velocity ( ! /ream is entirely left out ( acc\nt is suffici5t to give ! qirat a v v>iable value1 l[ = small & high = l>ge /reams1 ! result be+ t ! small wells are be+ tax$ at ab\t #ej p] c5t4 high] rates ?an ! l>ge ones4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! av]age value ( ! qirat = /reams ( diff]5t size1 ,i arrang$ ) ,mr4 ,patt]son1 :o at ! "t 0 ! ,gov]nm5t ,repres5tative 9 ,kh>ga1 to s5d ! ,omda to headqu>t]s & in/ruct him to measure a numb] ( new bores belong+ to ! ,corporation ( ,we/]n ,egypt1 z ^! bores1 be+ cas$ & provid$ ) prop] outlet valves1 l5d !mselves to exact measurem5t bett] ?an ! majority ( ! native-own$ wells4 ,! ,omda employ$ ! ord9>y local native me?od j describ$1 :ile ,i1 us+ a tank ( kn[n capacity & a reliable /op-wat*1 made direct measurem5ts imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,! results obta9$ %[ t bel[ #b ! qirat has a value ( #bb gallons a m9ute2 f #b to #d ( #bf gallons a m9ute2 & f #e to #f ( #ch gallons a m9ute4 ,! annual tax levi$ on ! wat] am\nts to #ej pia/res 7ab\t #ajs4 #c;d47 p] qirat4 ,if ! av]age value ( ! qirat be tak5 at #be gallons p] m9ute1 ! tax works out at approximately #as4 = e #f1jjj cubic metres ( wat]4 ,look$ at f ano!r po9t ( view1 x may be consid]$ t ! tax am\nts to ab\t #as4 #f;d4 an acre1 z ) e qirat ( wat] ! native cultivator 9 ! oasis w annually raise ab\t two acres ( rice & five ( :eat or b>ley4 ,! total rev5ue d]iv$ by ! ,gov]nm5t f ! oasis1 by taxes on date-palms & wat]1 am\nts to a little ov] #a1jjj p] annum4 ,my old fri5d ,%eikh ,mu/apha1 :o = m ?an twelve ye>s has be5 ,omda ( ,kh>ga village1 0 v anxi\s to "k ! results ( ! comp>ative measurem5ts made on ! bores4 ,he pr(ess$ himself z surpris$ at ! diff]5ce 9 ! results1 b emphatically refus$ to ent]ta9 ! possibility ( !re be+ any error 9 8 measurem5ts1 made by s old-e/abli%$ a me?od4 ,al?\gh he 0 f> too polite to s express himself 9 words1 ,i felt t ! old g5tleman _h ! utmo/ contempt = my me?od ( well measurem5t4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,dakhla peasants1 ! inhabitants ( ! oases diff] entirely f ! fellah9 ( ! ,nile ,valley4 ,accord+ to ,brugs*1 ! orig9al inhabitants 7 ,libyan 7,b]b]7 tribes1 b aft] annexation to ,egypt1 !re 0 consid]able immigration f ,nubia & o!r p>ts ( ! ,nile ,valley4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! oasis ( ,kh>ga ! physiognomic type ( ! ,b]b] race is /ill pr$om9ant4 ,el ,kh>ga1 ! *ief village ( ! oasis1 conta9+ ab\t #d1ejj inhabitants1 is situat$ 9 a broad belt ( cultivat$ l&s & palm-groves runn+ c5trally d[n ! depression f ! s\!rn extremity ( ,jebel ,tr4 ,! village consi/s ( a picturesque compact conglom]ation ( h\ses1 built ( sun-dri$ bricks1 & ( e %ape & size4 ,! /reets me&] 9 a v rem>kable mann]1 & are to a l>ge ext5t 9 p>tial or total d>kness1 ow+ to _! be+ = ! mo/ "p ro($ ov] & cov]$ by upp] /oreys4 ,)\t ! aid ( a guide x is almo/ impossible to f9d "o's way ?r\gh ! intricacies ( ! und]gr\nd passages1 ?\gh no fe>s ne$ be ent]ta9$ on ! score ( be+ 9 any way mole/$1 ! inhabitants be+ mo/ peaceably incl9$4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! village ! /reets are actually cut ?r\gh ! solid rock4 ,!y are g5]ally clean & cool ev5 on ! hotte/ & du/ie/ ( days1 & z a rule ! few wayf>]s "o meets scuttle l />tl$ rabbits into ! d>k recesses on ei!r side1 f ! dep?s ( :i*1 & ?r\gh *9ks 9 ! wood5 doors & w9d[s1 !y c gape 9 safety at ! unwont$ spectacle ( ,european visitors4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/reet ,,9 ,,kh>ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kh>ga ,,village4 ,view$ f ! outside1 say f ! ridge ( s& :i* hems 9 ! village on ! ea/ side1 "o sees a va/ array ( walls1 surm\nt$ by scre5s ( dri$ palm-bran*es1 b\nd toge!r to =m compact h$ges af=d+ protection & privacy to ^? portions ( ! h\ses op5 to ! sky4 ,two m9>ets rise above ! g5]al level1 :ile all ar\nd are palm-groves & g>d5s1 ) ! op5 des]t ris+ to ! we/]n horizon4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( ! population is engag$ 9 agriculture1 & z 9 "s cases ! wells are situat$ f> f ! village1 _m ( ! peasants daily ride consid]able di/ances to & fro on _! /urdy b dim9utive donkeys4 ,!re are two or ?ree small %ops 9 ! village1 b no?+ 9 ! nature ( baza>s1 ! *ief bus9ess transact$ be+ ! retail+ ( ,nile ,valley goods1 su* z drap]y & groc]ies4 ,! native wom5 are adepts at basket- & mat-mak+1 & m5tion mu/ n be omitt$ ( ! v attractive sph]ical baskets made ( palm-leaves & fibre1 ornam5t$ ) col\r$ wools1 & manufactur$ 9 e conceivable size & design4 ,pretty circul> trays are made f ! same sub/ances2 9 fact1 ! numb] ( uses to :i* ! wa/e mat]ials f ! date- & d\m-palms c be put is little %ort ( m>vell\s4 ,ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! village is ( ! mo/ primitive description1 & until a v %ort "t ago few ( ! inhabitants _h be5 beyond ! limits ( _! own fields4 ,! adv5t ( ! railway caus$ no little commotion & /ir 9 ! oasis1 & awak5$ trad+ in/9cts :i* _h la9 dormant s9ce ,roman times4 ,_m ( ! villag]s n[ travel to & fro betwe5 ,kh>ga & ! ,nile ,valley1 & ! ,omda took an e>ly opportunity ( obta9+ leave ( abs5ce f 8 on]\s duties1 & proce$$ to ,alex&ria = a c\rse ( sea-ba?s6 ,outside ! village1 ) ! exception ( ! antiquities1 to :i* we %all call att5tion 9 a sep>ate *apt]1 !re is little ( g5]al int]e/ beyond ! wells & g>d5s1 among :i* !re are _m picturesque spots4 ,at ,bir ,a9 el ,gs1 a few kilometres to ! nor?1 a primitive =m ( corn-mill may be se5 work+1 ! gr9d+-/ones be+ driv5 by ! wat] ( ! well by means ( an und]%ot :eel4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h t ) v few1 if any1 exceptions ! diff]5t /reams :i* collectively make up ! wat]-supply ( ! oasis f9d _! way to ! surface ?r\gh artificially con/ruct$ passages4 ,! great majority ( ^! are bores ( anci5t con/ruction1 ?\gh a few h be5 sunk ) mod]n plant dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,! anci5t wells are kn[n z ,aiyn 7s+4 ,a971 ! mod]n z ,abiyr 7s+4 ,bir72 = example1 ,a9 el ,ghazl1 ,bir ,mansra4 ,9 cases :]e a mod]n bore has be5 specially sunk to replace an anci5t well1 ! two words are us$ 9 conjunction2 = in/ance1 ,bir ,a9 el ,gs4 ,! position ( ea* well is ne>ly always conspicu\sly m>k$ by a ?ick clump ( acacias1 f :i* 7m especially 9 ! isolat$ settlem5ts 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! depression7 ! ma9 irrigat+ *annel g5]ally runs 9 a s\!rly direction1 ! cultivat$ l&s be+ ( triangul> =m1 ) ! apex at or ne> ! s\rce ( ! wat]1 & rais$ little1 if at all1 above ! g5]al level ( ! surr\nd+ pla94 ,by ?is disposition ! fields pres5t ! lea/ possible front to ! nor?1 f :i* side comes ! bulk ( ! s& :i* is su* a curse to ^! outly+ settlem5ts4 ,kh>ga village1 be+ snugly situat$ among palm-groves1 & directly to ! s\? ( ,jebel ,tr1 is well protect$ f ! fi]ce1 s&-lad5 w9ds :i* s frequ5tly sc\r ! depression f nor? to s\?4 ,! poor little hamlet ( ,meh]iq1 on ! o!r h&1 set on ! op5 pla9 "s #bj kilometres to ! nor?1 is expos$ to e w9d t bl[s1 ) ! result t ! s& has accumulat$ to su* an ext5t t mo/ ( ! palms h be5 buri$1 & _m ( ! h\ses h be5 ov]:elm$4 ,! advanc+ dunes are1 9 fact1 /eadily pu%+ ! hamlet s\?w>ds4 ,at frequ5t int]vals ! occupants ( ! mo/ nor!rly h\ses move _! goods & *attels1 & betake !mselves to new qu>t]s erect$ at ! s\!rn extremity4 ,?is p]iodical migration has1 inde$1 become s +ra9$ a habit t x is n[ reg>d$ z ( little mom5t2 x is only :5 _! wells & trees are ?reat5$ & de/roy$ t ! wret*$ p call on ,allah to /ay ,8 h&1 & protect !m f de/ruction4 ,/ill f>!r to ! nor? lie a numb] ( isolat$ wells ) small areas ( cultivation1 & at "s ( ^! !re are settlem5ts consi/+ ( "o or two families4 ,a9 el ,tawl1 #h kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,kh>ga1 is ano!r little hamlet1 r5d]$ m conspicu\s ?an mo/ ( ^! outly+ settlem5ts by ! pres5ce ( a ,%eikh's tomb surm\nt$ by a r po9t$ dome4 ,a ?ird important dep5d5cy ( ,kh>ga is kn[n z ,um el ,dabdib1 & is situat$ a day's j\rney to ! nor?4 ,?is place is ( exceptional int]e/1 9 t its wat]-supply is n d]iv$ f wells1 b f ext5sive tunnels driv5 into ! hills4 ,"s mo/ int]e/+ ru9s exi/ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 b a description ( ^! & ( ! subt]ranean aqu$ucts mu/ be po/pon$ to a lat] *apt]4 ,illu/rations3 ,,encroa*m5t ,,( ,,s&-,,dunes ,,at ,,meh]iq4 ,twelve kilometres to ! s\? ( ,kh>ga lies ! village ( ,g5nh4 ,! int]m$iate c\ntry is l>gely cov]$ by s&1 :i* 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! village has accumulat$ into l>ge dunes1 ?reat5+ x & its magnific5t wells1 ,a9 ,e/akh]ab & ,a9 ,mag>91 ) ultimate de/ruction4 ,a9 ,e/akh]ab is und\bt$ly ! f9e/ well 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t1 & has be5 runn+ = hundr$s1 if n = ?\s&s1 ( ye>s2 b unless special measures are tak5 to cope ) ! advance ( ! dunes imm$iately to ! nor? & nor?-we/1 ?is spl5did fl[ ( wat] is doom$ to de/ruction )9 ! next t5 or tw5ty ye>s4 ,ow+ to ! encroa*m5t ( ! s& !re is v little l& available = cultivation ne> ! village1 ! bulk ( ! wat] f ! two wells be+ conduct$ 9 an op5 *annel to ! l[-ly+ pla9 s\?-ea/ ( ! hill-range kn[n z ! ,gorn el ,g5nh4 ,?is *annel trav]ses #g or #h kilometres ( por\s des]t be=e x rea*es ! fir/ ( ! cultivat$ fields 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,gorn1 & !re is 9 consequ5ce v great loss ( wat] ?r\gh seepage & evaporation4 ,! fam\s wells ( ,g5nh diff] f mo/ ( ^? 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! oasis 9 t _! m\?s are l>ge & deep pools ( limpid wat]1 f ! dep?s ( :i* great bubbles ( gas con/antly asc5d to ! surface4 ,little or no?+ is kn[n z to ! age & dep? ( ei!r ( ^! wells2 !y h nev] be5 clean$ out 9 mod]n times1 & are clos$ 9 at a dep? ( a few metres f ! surface 9 su* a way z to prev5t s\nd+s be+ made4 ,) ! object ( det]m9+ if ! l>ge dis*>ges are due to ! wells be+ situat$ on exceptionally l[ gr\nd1 ,i rec5tly _h a l9e ( levels run f headqu>t]s to ,g5nh4 ,contr>y to expectation1 x 0 f\nd t ,a9 ,e/akh]ab & ,a9 ,mag>9 dis*>g$ at levels consid]ably above ! av]age elevation ( ! wells ( ! ,kh>ga di/rict2 possibly1 !re=e1 ! exceptional fl[s 9 ?is di/rict are due to its comp>ative isolation1 & to ! immunity ?us obta9$ f ! int]f]5ce ( o!r wells4 ,betwe5 ! villages ( ,kh>ga & ,g5nh1 along a nor? & s\? belt ly+ some:at to ! ea/ & on ! d[n?r[ side ( ! fault1 are a numb] ( wells ^: wat]s are almo/ inv>iably m or less *>g$ ) o*re & alkal9e salts4 ,9 "s cases ! proportion ( dissolv$ salts is suffici5tly great to r5d] ! wat] unfit = ei!r dr9k+ or irrigation1 & ev5 :]e x c be us$ = ! latt] purpose1 o*re is deposit$ to su* an ext5t z to b9d ! soil into a h>d cake4 ,! occurr5ce appe>s to be due to ! geological position ( ! wells 9 ?is tract1 :]e1 ow+ to ! b$s be+ let d[n by ! fault1 ! purple %ales =m ! floor ( ! depression2 x is p]haps f ^! b$s t ! wat]s d]ive _! abnormally high cont5ts ( f]ric oxide & o!r salts4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,ptolemaic ,,temple1 ,,qasr ,,el ,,ghuata4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\m-,,palms ,,ne> ,,qasr ,,el ,,ghuata4 ,! wells ne> ,qasr el ,ghuta are ( simil> nature1 & ?ick banks ( o*re h be5 deposit$ along _! *annels4 ,i recollect on "o occasion us+ ! wat] ( ,a9 el ,ghuta = mak+ tea1 & be+ consid]ably surpris$ at ! inky blackness ( ! result+ liquid1 al?\gh1 9 spite ( ! col\r & a m>k$ly f]rug9\s ta/e1 ! brew 0 n undr9kable4 ,ne> ! ru9s ( ,qasr ,zaiyan1 & s\?w>d z f> z ! village ( ,bulaq1 ! c\ntry takes on q a diff]5t aspect1 ow+ to ! num]\s scrub-cov]$ areas1 dott$ ev]y:]e ) semi-wild d\m-palms4 ,d\ms ?rive 9 v poor soil1 & appe> to be self-s[n2 !y are to my m9d f> m graceful & picturesque ?an ! ord9>y date-palms1 f :i* !y diff] 9 _m important respects4 ,! trunk ( a well-gr[n d\m-palm is =k$1 n once1 b _m times1 ! diff]5t /ems pres]v+ a consid]able am\nt ( symmetry2 ! bran*es1 :i* are cov]$ ) ! mo/ atroci\s hooks1 t]m9ate 9 %>p-po9t$1 s]rat$ fan-%ap$ leaves4 ,! fruit consi/s ( bun*es ( h>d nuts1 & c be eat5 ei!r 9 its raw condition or aft] be+ gr\nd into meal & cook$2 mo/ p]sons1 h[ev]1 except p]haps confirm$ nut-eat+ veget>ians1 w\ld decl9e x 9 ei!r /ate4 ,al?\gh ! c\ntry ?r\gh\t :i* ! d\m-palms ab\nd appe>s to be m or less des]t$1 e tree has its own] among ! inhabitants ( ! ne>e/ village4 ,bulaq1 di/ant #be kilometres f ,kh>ga1 has a population ( #a1jaf1 & is ! c5tre ( ! mat & #8zambile' trade4 ,! zambile is an op5 wide-m\!d basket :i* is us$ 9 e "p ( ,egypt1 & practically replaces ! :eelb>r[ ( we/]n l&s4 ,=m]ly only small quantities 7 made = export1 b ! natives h n be5 sl[ to take advantage ( ! railway1 & truck-loads ( ^! baskets may n[ be frequ5tly se5 on ! tra9s4 ,! ,bulaq v>ieties ( mats & baskets are mo/ly made f ! leaf ( ! d\m-palm4 ,! village1 b\nd$ on ?ree sides by s& & op5 des]t1 ) ! palm-groves & cultivat$ l&s to ! ea/1 _c be said to be p>ticul>ly attractive4 ,a few kilometres to ! s\? is ! tomb ( ,%eikh ,khalid ,ibn el ,wald1 a l>ge1 squ>e1 :itewa%$ build+ surm\nt$ by a dome4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,villages ,a9 ,girm ,me%m -- ,agl el ,d\ma -- ,! ,s\!rn ,villages -- ,jaja & ,dakhakh9 -- ,int]mitt5t ,fl[ & ,geys]-l ,action ( ,wells -- ,a9 ,dakhakh9 -- ,fruit ,g>d5s -- ,rais$ ,cultivat$ ,t]races =m$ ( ,w9d-bl[n ,mat]ials -- ,gradual ,elevation ( ,wells -- ,anci5t ,village ( ,dakhakh9 -- ,a9 ,b]gis -- ,b]is ,village -- ,a9 el ,hu%i -- ,block-,h\ses & ,d]vi%es -- ,maks ,bah>i -- ,me?od ,employ$ 9 ,clean+ out ,wells -- ,a9 ,bella -- ,encroa*m5t ( ,dunes -- ,du% -- ,! mo/ ,s\!rn ,wells ( ! ,oasis -- ,nakhail4 ,aft] leav+ ! wells belong+ to ,bulaq ! travell] has to cross a /ret* ( des]t ab\t #dj kilometres 9 wid? be=e rea*+ ! fir/ well & cultivat$ l& ( ! s\!rn gr\p ( villages4 ,on ?is expanse wat] is only f\nd 9 "o locality--at ,a9 ,girm ,me%m1 a pool ) a v small fl[4 ,!re is little d\bt t ?is 0 at "o "t a v good well1 z traces ( irrigat+ *annels ext5d outw>ds to a consid]able di/ance2 moreov]1 a l>ge salt-pan is /ill visible to ! we/1 & ?is c\ld only h be5 =m$ at a "t :5 !re 0 f> m wat] runn+ to wa/e ?an at pres5t4 ,! imm$iate neighb\rhood is picturesquely dott$ ) d\m-palms1 "s ( ^? ne> ! well be+ magnific5t trees4 ,agl el ,d\ma1 ly+ #ag kilometres s\?-we/ ( ,a9 ,girm ,me%m1 on ! opposite 7we/7 side ( ! belt ( dunes1 is a place :i*1 previ\s to my inspection1 _h probably nev] be5 visit$ by ,europeans1 al?\gh kn[n to a few ( ! ,b$aw94 ,surface-wat] c be obta9$ by digg+ to a dep? ( a few feet ne> "o ( ! d\ms4 ,! place1 m>k$ by a small area ( scrub & a d\m-palm or two1 0 =m]ly us$ to "s ext5t by ,arabs c>ry+ contrab& f ! s\?1 z by wat]+ "h !y 7 able to pass ?r\gh ! oasis unobs]v$4 ,! mo/ nor!rly ( ! s\!rn villages are ,jaja & ,dakhakh91 b #f kilometres to ! nor? lies an isolat$ gr\p ( d\m-palms1 kn[n z ,a9 el ,d\ma4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! place is un9habit$1 ! old well be+ completely s&$-up1 ?\gh wat] may be obta9$ by digg+ out ! c5tre4 ,bo? nor? & s\? ( ,a9 el ,d\ma occur smoo? pla9s ( alluvial clay1 9 ! latt] direction ext5d+ to ! villages ( ,dakhakh9 & ,jaja4 ,jaja is visible f a di/ance ( _m kilometres on acc\nt ( a ?ick clump ( d>k gre5 acacias1 gr[+ on ! summit ( an em95ce4 ,dakhakh91 on ! o!r h&1 is hidd51 be+ on ! s\? side ( a s&y hill cov]$ ) %ort scrub only4 ,a l[-ly+ portion ( ! alluvial-cov]$ pla9 sep>ates ! two villages1 :i* are situat$ close toge!r on an ea/ & we/ l9e4 ,at ,jaja !re are scatt]$ d\ms & a numb] ( acacias1 z well z a small d5se grove ( date-palms1 altoge!r a goodly numb] ( trees4 ,! well is a broad & deep pool surr\nd$ by v]tical walls ( br[n clay1 repres5t+ ! mat]ial f "t to "t ?r[n out dur+ ! process ( clean+4 ,l>ge bubbles ( gas are g5]ally to be se5 ris+ int]mitt5tly to ! surface1 :ile at times ! pool becomes p]fectly /ill1 except = ! occasional small bubbles :i* cont9ue to rise at diff]5t po9ts4 ,!n foll[s a /rong fl[ f ! actual bore 7situat$ ne> ! s\? side ( ! pool71 ! wat] boil+ up & break+ ! surface ) consid]able =ce & noise1 :i* may cont9ue = sev]al m9utes be=e ev]y?+ becomes quiet aga94 ,9 all probability ! m>k$ly int]mitt5t fl[ is due to ! tempor>y block+ ( ! bore-hole by ! s$im5t =m+ ! bottom ( ! pool1 ! mud be+ f "t to "t =c$ back by ! accumulat+ pressure ( ! wat] & gas bel[4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] 0 f\nd to be #hf ,f41 & ! yield 0 /at$ to am\nt to #a qirats1 or ab\t #ce to #dj gallons a m9ute4 ,dakhakh9 is *>m+ly situat$ on ! s\!rn slope ( an em95ce1 alongside a d+le1 prettily wood$ ) tam>isk & d\m-palms4 ,! well is on ! nor? side1 & high] up ?an ! village4 ,"o ( ! irrigat+ *annels1 cut out ne> ! bottom ( ! we/]n slope1 foll[s ! w9d+ ( ! d+le to a ?ick clump ( date-palms ne> ! m\?4 ,high] up1 alongside ! village1 ! wat] 9 ano!r *annel races d[n ! hill 9 a s]ies ( little runs & falls1 ! /ream ?read+ its way ?r\gh fruit-g>d5s conta9+ date-palms & v9es1 fig1 mulb]ry1 & apricot trees1 z well z pomegranates & bananas4 ,a9 ,dakhakh9 is a huge pool :5 full1 ?\gh at times1 :5 ! reta9+ bank on ! s\? side is cut1 a l>ge "p ( its s&y b$ is expos$4 ,! fl[1 tax$1 ,i believe1 z #c qirats 7#aaj to #abj gallons p] m9ute71 v>ies at diff]5t times ( ! ye>1 & dep5ds to a consid]able ext5t on ! am\nt ( s$im5t 9 ! pool4 ,clean+ is p]iodically und]tak51 9 ord] to remove ! s& :i* drifts 9 f ! nor? side 9 l>ge quantities4 ,nei!r 9 ,a9 ,jaja nor ,a9 ,dakhakh9 is !re any trace ( wood5 cas+ simil> to t ) :i* ! anci5t wells ( ,nor!rn ,kh>ga are s commonly l9$4 ,?is be>s out ! conclusion to :i* ,i 0 l$ on o!r gr\nds--t ! orig9al outlets 7 _m metres l[] ?an at pres5t1 on ! level ( ! surr\nd+ pla91 9 fact4 ,! em95ces ( ,jaja & ,dakhakh9 appe> to h be5 =m$ almo/ entirely by ! gradual accumulation ( bl[n s& & clay-du/1 compact$ & held toge!r by vegetation4 ,! mat]ial is swept by ! preval5t w9ds f ! clay pla9s & s&y des]ts ly+ to ! nor?1 & deposit$ on ! cultivat$ l&s1 ow+ to ! pres5ce !reon ( wat] & vegetation4 ,its deposition is enc\rag$ by ! peasants1 z ! admixture ( s& & clay =ms a loam ( suitable texture = agricultural purposes1 & is reg>d$ z hav+ consid]able f]tiliz+ value4 ,illu/ration3 ,,a9 ,,dakhakh94 ,!re is little d\bt t orig9ally ne>ly all ! wells 9 ,s\!rn ,kh>ga _h _! outlets on ! same level z ! pla94 ,ow+ to ! p]iodical deposition ( w9d-borne mat]ials1 ! cultivat$ l&s h gradually ris51 until at ! pres5t day !y =m1 9 ! majority ( cases1 t]races /&+ well above ! g5]al level4 ,?is cont9ual rais+ ( ! l& has necessitat$ a correspond+ elevation ( ! wells1 ) ! result t ! wood5 l9+s orig9ally put into ! bores h be5 completely lo/ sight (4 ,in/ead ( issu+ f a clean1 unob/ruct$ hole1 ! wat] has n[ to =ce its way upw>ds ?r\gh a great mass ( s&y mud1 & be=e x c be utiliz$ x has to rise to a mu* high] level ?an =m]ly4 ,little wond]1 !n1 t ! fl[s ( ! majority ( ^! wells h v mu* decreas$1 ) ! consequ5ce t ! cultivat$ tracts are mu* small] ?an ( old4 ,9 m ?an "o case ! outlet ( a well _h1 9 mod]n times1 ris5 to su* a height t ! dis*>ge _h become r$uc$ to a m]e trickle4 ,tw5ty or tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 = in/ance1 ,a9 ,dakhakh9 0 on ! summit ( an em95ce :i*1 by ! sl[ accumulation ( s& & clay1 _h rea*$ a height ( #cj metres above ! surr\nd+ pla94 ,rem$ial measures 7 !n tak5 by ! inhabitants1 & its level r$uc$ by betwe5 #h & #i metres1 ! pres5t level ( ! well & highe/ fields be+ #bc metres above ! pla94 ,! height ( a cultivat$ t]race above ! g5]al level ( ! pla9 on :i* ! well 0 orig9ally sunk af=ds "s measure ( its antiquity4 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 9 ! abs5ce ( obs]vations ext5d+ ov] a numb] ( ye>s1 to e/imate :at ! g5]al rate ( accumulation may h be54 ,x w\ld1 moreov]1 v>y greatly ) local conditions1 b if an av]age rate ( a c5timetre a ye> be assum$1 ! age ( ,a9 ,dakhakh9 is indicat$ z be+ some?+ ov] #c1jjj ye>s4 ,! anci5t ,dakhakh9 lies a kilometre to ! ,s4,s4,e41 &1 :5 inhabit$1 mu/ h be5 z ugly z ! mod]n village is pleas+4 ,:5 ! dim9ution ( ! fl[ ( ,a9 ,dakhakh9 became s]i\s1 ! p migrat$ to _! pres5t location1 s z to be ne> ! well & "u ! %elt] ( ! hill4 ,! ru9s are only slightly above ! level ( ! pla91 b cov] an area _m times great] ?an t occupi$ by ! mod]n village4 ,?is circum/ance alone %[s h[ insignificant is ! pres5t fl[ comp>$ ) :at x mu/ once h be54 ,! mo/ nor!rly ( ! gr\p ( wells 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,b]is is ,a9 ,b]gis1 situat$ on ! s\? side ( a broad plat=m ( s&y lacu/r9e b$s4 ,9 ?is case !re is a conta9+ bank across ! valley bel[ ! well1 b at ! "t ( my visit x 0 cut1 s t ! bottom ( ! pool 0 expos$4 ,! latt] consi/$ ( a circul> bas9 ( s(t s$im5t1 ?r\gh :i* muddy wat] 0 ooz+ & bur/+ 9 small %oots1 sugge/+ an action 9 _m respects analog\s to t ( geys]s & mud-volcanoes4 ,! natives in=m$ me t ! bas9 takes two days & nights to fill aft] ! bank has be5 clos$4 ,betwe5 ,a9 ,b]gis & ,dakhakh9 /ret*es a cont9u\s pla9 ( alluvial clay1 am\nt+ to sev]al ?\s&s ( acres4 ,9 its pres5t /ate ?is heavy clay l& is n reg>d$ z ( mu* value = cultivation1 b 9 ! ev5t ( new wells be+ sunk x c\ld be light5$ & improv$ by all[+ & enc\rag+ ! deposition ( bl[n s& & du/--by foll[+1 9 fact1 ! practice :i* f "t immemorial has be5 9 vogue 9 ?is di/rict4 ,! be/ wells 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,b]is are ,joh>1 ,foq el ,d\m1 & ,el ,hu%i1 ! la/ nam$ yield+ #f qirats1 ! o!rs #i ea*4 ,! rema9+ wells 9 ! di/rict give f #b to #d qirats4 ,9 situation & appe>ance ! ,b]is wells d n diff] ess5tially f ^? already describ$1 s t we may pass on to a brief notice ( ! village4 ,no?+ ( p>ticul> int]e/ is to be met ) 9 ,b]is1 ! *ief village ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! oasis4 ,x is r expos$1 & _m ( ! /reets are consequ5tly du/y2 9 fact "s ( ^? on ! nor? side are deep 9 bl[n s&4 ,?ick groves ( date-palms enclose ! village on ! ea/ & s\? sides1 b n on ! nor?4 ,! cultivat$ l&s lie p>tly to ! nor? & p>tly to ! s\?-ea/1 b are ineffectual 9 protect+ ! village f ! du/-lad5 nor!rly w9ds1 except to a small ext5t :5 ! fields are "u full crops4 ,! village well is ,a9 el ,hu%i1 a l>ge bubbl+ pool "s #ae metres 9 diamet]1 situat$ 9 ! palm-groves imm$iately s\? ( ! village4 ,solidly-built rectangul> mud-brick build+s are f\nd alongside mo/ ( ! l>g] wells 9 ! ,b]is di/rict1 & a mod]n visitor w\ld h "s difficulty 9 guess+ to :at use !y c\ld ev] h be5 put4 ,!y 71 z a matt] ( fact1 erect$ by ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t dur+ ! "t ( ! ,d]vi% raids1 to s]ve z block-h\ses = ! g>risons ma9ta9$ 9 ! oasis = ! purpose ( protect+ ! wells & villages4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod sev]al notables & petty (ficials 9 ?is & ! oasis ( ,dakhla 7 c>ri$ (f by ! ,d]vi%es into captivity 9 ! ,sudan4 ,maks ,bah>i1 ! next place to ! s\?1 is a t9y little hamlet on ! s\!rn slope ( a s&y em95ce1 ) ext5sive clay l&s /udd$ ) num]\s d\m-palms1 b )\t wat] to irrigate m ?an a small portion ( ^!4 ,! village well is on ! s\? side1 & yields ab\t #hj gallons p] m9ute4 ,z usual1 x =ms a pool conta9$ by a bank1 ! latt] be+ cut p]iodically to all[ ( ! well be+ cle>$ ( s$im5t4 ,aft] ! w9t] crops are h>ve/$ 9 ! spr+1 x appe>s to be ! g5]al practice = ! cultivators to pay special att5tion to _! wat]-supply4 ,! reta9+ banks are cut & ! wat] all[$ to dra9 (f at ! l[e/ level possible1 ! wells be+ sometimes left 9 ?is condition = sev]al mon?s1 s t !y gradually clean !mselves ) a m9imum ( tr\ble to _! own]s4 ,! mud1 expos$ on ! sides ( ! bas91 cont9ually slides d[nw>ds into ! c5tral pool1 & is c>ri$ away 9 susp5sion by ! outfl[+ wat]4 ,drift s& has be5 v de/ructive 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,maks ,bah>i4 ,at ,a9 ,bella1 #b kilometres to ! ,n4,n4,w41 !re are at pres5t only a few acres "u cultivation1 b ! tract anci5tly till$ is se5 9 ! erod$ remnants ( an alluvial plat=m to ! nor? & nor?-ea/2 ?is is n[ a deeply-groov$ & ridg$ hummocky area ( loam1 full ( dead palm-/ubs1 ) rootlets ramify+ 9 e direction4 ,! orig9al t]race appe>s to h ext5d$ f> to ! nor?1 ! portion n[ rema9+ be+ compos$ ( alt]nat+ lay]s ( s& & clay1 dipp+ /eeply to ! s\?4 ,at ! pres5t day _m ( ! cultivat$ t]races are n only be+ gradually rais$ by ! cont9ual deposition ( w9d-borne mat]ials1 b are be+ ext5d$ horizontally1 ow+ to ! con/ant additions ( lay]s ( s& & clay-du/ to ! /eeply-incl9$ s\!rn or lee faces4 ,9 _m respects ! gr[? ( ^! t]races is analog\s to t ( s&-dunes1 ?\gh1 unlike ! latt]1 ! nor!rn portions ( ! t]races are practically /ation>y4 ,at "o "t or ano!r _m wells exi/$ to ! we/1 b are n[ buri$ 9 ! dunes1 _! =m] pres5ce be+ te/ifi$ by isolat$ exposures ( arable l& & by occasional trees & bu%es4 ,! dunes1 foll[+ _! natural ,s4,s4,e4 c\rse 9 ! direction ( ! prevail+ w9ds1 seem to be /ill encroa*+ on ! belt ( c\ntry occupi$ by ! exi/+ wells & cultivat$ l&s1 & x is probably only a matt] ( "t1 p]haps a few hundr$ ye>s1 be=e !y blot out ! :ole ( ! s\? "p ( ! oasis4 ,! s& spe$ily envelops any settlem5ts :i* are ab&on$1 z no?+ enc\rages ! =mation ( dunes to su* an ext5t z vegetation1 & ?is ne>ly always ab\nds 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! wells4 ,!re is little to comm5d itself to notice at ,maks ,qibli1 ! s\!rn ( ! two hamlets ( ! same "n2 !re are scatt]$ d\ms1 sev]al groves ( date-palms1 & small pat*es ( cultivation irrigat$ by isolat$ wells1 all on high gr\nd4 ,"h1 z else:]e 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 mu* l& has gone out ( cultivation1 ?\gh x mu/ be m5tion$ t ! villag]s are r progressive 9 plant+ trees & ma9ta9+ small vegetable g>d5s4 ,du% lies out ( ! ma9 l9e ( villages1 be+ #aj kilometres ea/ ( ,maks ,qibli1 n f> f ! ea/]n wall ( ! oasis4 ,x is a pretty little place1 ) small clumps ( palms1 & two :ite ,%eikhs' tombs on ! nor? side4 ,a9 el ,burrda1 ! big well imm$iately alongside ! village1 ceas$ fl[+ ab\t ?ree ye>s ago1 to ! great grief ( ! inhabitants1 :o n[ h to c>ry _! wat] f ,a9 el ,k>m1 itself b>ely runn+4 ,=tunately1 ! great ,a9 ,joh>1 situat$ to ! s\? b irrigat+ l& to ! nor?1 cont9ues to dis*>ge ) unabat$ vig\r4 ,m conspicu\s ?an ! village is ! anci5t ,qasr ,du%1 occupy+ ! summit ( a small hill to ! ea/4 ,?is w be notic$ lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,du% ,,village4 ,! wells atta*$ to ! hamlets ( ,du% & ,maks m>k ! limits ( ! oasis to ! s\?4 ,! mo/ s\!rly runn+ well ( any importance is ,a9 el ,qasr1 ?\gh ,a9 ,zaha el ,d91 /ill f>!r to ! s\?1 j trickles1 & irrigates a t9y area ( n m ?an a few squ>e metres4 ,a9 ,mabrka1 a kilometre s\? ( ! la/-m5tion$ well1 is ov]gr[n ) gre5 we$1 & surr\nd$ by a pat* ( tam>isk1 %ort prickly scrub1 & two or ?ree wild palms4 ,?is is ! mo/ s\!rly po9t at :i* expos$ wat] is to be se51 ?\gh 9 ! mid/ ( a l>ge area ( scrub /ill f>!r to ! s\? a s&$-up well ( ! "n ( ,a9 el ,t]fai is report$ to exi/4 ,! scrub-cov]$ area ( ,a9 el ,t]fai is ab\t #be kilometres s\? ( ,b]is4 ,to ! s\? ! surface gradually rises1 & is absolutely devoid ( vegetation1 ! oasis-depression hav+ giv5 way to ! true des]t4 ,! next available wat] is at a place call$ ,nakhail1 #fj kilometres to ! ,s4,s4,e42 ! wat] !re is good1 b only exi/s 9 small quantities1 obta9able 9 "o or two spots by digg+ to a dep? ( a c\ple ( metres4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,oasis ,,"u ,,p]sian ,,& ,,roman ,,rule ,previ\s ,descriptions ( ,ar*ological ,rema9s -- ,mr4 ,ly?goe's ,excavations -- ,dr4 ,ball's ,report -- ,article by ,pr(essor ,sayce -- ,prehi/oric ,p]iod -- ,e>lie/ ,hi/orical ,records -- ,p]sian ,dom9ation -- ,! ,army ( ,cambyses -- ,temple ( ,hibis -- ,grco-,roman ,p]iod -- ,qasr el ,ghuta -- ,! ,roman ,emp]ors -- ,proclamations on ! ,temple ( ,hibis -- ,qasr ,du% -- ,nadra -- ,ru9s at ,a9 ,amr -- ,qasr ,zaiyan & ! ,t[n ( ,t*onemyris -- ,roman ,=tresses -- ,dr el ,gh5nma -- ,qasr ,lebekha & ,um el ,dabdib -- ,mona/]ies -- ,wat*-,t[] 9 ,bellaida -- ,introduction ( ,*ri/ianity -- ,! ,*ri/ian ,necropolis -- ,repres5tations ( ,biblical ,sc5es & ,p]sonages -- ,embalm+ -- ,celebrities bani%$ to ! ,oasis -- ,! ,columb>ia -- ,olympiodorus describes ! ,f]tility ( ! ,oases "u ! ,romans4 ,! ar*ological rema9s ( ! oases h be5 ref]r$ to1 & 9 "s cases describ$ 9 m or less detail1 by mo/ ( ! travell]s :o h left any records ( _! j\rneys 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t4 ,among ! latt] may be m5tion$ ,cailliaud1 ,hosk9s1 ,s*we9fur?1 & ,brugs*4 ,at ! same "t1 comp>$ ) ! antiquities ( ! ,nile ,valley1 ^? ( ! oases h receiv$ scant att5tion2 inde$1 x is only )9 ! la/ ye> or two t any sy/ematic excavations h be5 und]tak54 ,at ! pres5t "t ,mr4 ,ly?goe1 assi/$ by ,mr4 ,w9lock1 is excavat+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,*ri/ian ,necropolis1 = ,mr4 ,pi]pont ,morgan1 on behalf ( "o ( ! ,am]ican museums1 & ! results promise to be ( ! greate/ int]e/ & importance4 ,x is to be hop$1 !re=e1 t1 9 a few ye>s1 we %all be 9 possession ( a detail$ & au?oritative acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( ! oasis dur+ ! la/ few ?\s& ye>s1 z x mu/ be admitt$ t ! only in=mation available at ! pres5t day is woefully scrappy & 9 _m respects unreliable4 ,ball1 9 8 report on ,kh>ga publi%$ 9 #aijj1 gave an excell5t summ>y ( all t 0 at t "t kn[n conc]n+ ! antiquities1 toge!r ) a numb] ( useful plans ( ! *ief build+s4 ,s9ce t date1 ) ! exception ( a press article by ,pr(essor ,sayce1 little1 if any?+1 has be5 publi%$4 ,)\t mak+ any pret5sions to special ar*ological k1 ,i %all attempt to give a brief sket* ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! oasis1 at ! same "t draw+ ! read]'s att5tion to ! di/ribution & g5]al *>act]s ( ! m important rema9s4 ,al?\gh ! oasis ( ,kh>ga 0 d\btless inhabit$ 9 prehi/oric times1 z1 inde$1 is %[n by ! exi/5ce ( fl9t implem5ts ( ,paloli?ic type on ! surr\nd+ plateaux1 & also to a less] ext5t )9 ! depression1 no graves ref]able to ! prehi/oric p]iod ( ,egyptologi/s--i4e41 ! p]iod imm$iately prec$+ t kn[n z ! fir/ dyna/y1 :5 ,m5es unit$ ,egypt ab\t #c1cjj ,b4,c4#d--;h z yet be5 discov]$4 ,b :ile x is kn[n t ! ,egyptian k+s claim$ ! allegiance ( ! inhabitants ( ! oases z f> back z ! eighte5? dyna/y 7#aede-acej ,b4,c471 ! e>lie/ kn[n monum5tal records 9 ,kh>ga date f a mu* lat] p]iod--i4e41 ! tw5ty-sev5? dyna/y--:5 ,egypt 0 "u ,p]sian dom9ation4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,cambyses1 9 an endeav\r to subdue ! inhabitants ( ! outly+ oases1 lo/ a l>ge portion ( 8 army 9 ! ,we/]n ,des]t1 probably some:]e to ! we/ or nor?-we/ ( ,kh>ga4 ,! ,p]sian mon>* _h rec5tly defeat$ ! ,egyptian k+1 ,psammetikh ,,iii41 at ,pelusium1 & made ,egypt a ,p]sian prov9ce4 ,on 8 arrival at ,!bes "s #ej1jjj m5 7 deta*$ f ! ma9 army proce$+ to ,e?iopia1 & ord]$ to m>* aga9/ ! ,ammonians & burn ! oracul> temple ( ,jupit] ,ammon4 ,?is abortive exp$ition into ! ,libyan ,des]t is describ$ by ,h]odotus 7#8,?alia1' #bf7 z foll[s3#e 8,! m5 s5t to attack ! ,ammonians />t$ f ,!bes1 hav+ guides ) !m1 & may be cle>ly trac$ z f> z ! city ,oasis1 :i* is inhabit$ by ,samians1 said to be ( ! tribe s*rionia4 ,! place is di/ant f ,!bes sev5 days' j\rney across ! s&1 & is call$ 9 our tongue #8! ,isl& ( ! ,bless$4' ,?us f> ! army is kn[n to h made its way2 b !nce=? no?+ is to be he>d ( !m1 except :at ! ,ammonians1 & ^? :o get _! k f !m1 report4 ,x is c]ta9 !y nei!r rea*$ ! ,ammonians1 nor ev] came back to ,egypt4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 ! ,ammonians relate z foll[s3 t ! ,p]sians set =? f ! ,oasis across ! s&1 & _h rea*$ ab\t half-way betwe5 t place & !mselves1 :51 z !y 7 at _! midday meal1 a w9d arose f ! s\?1 /rong & deadly1 br++ ) x va/ columns ( :irl+ s&1 :i* entirely cov]$ up ! troops1 & caus$ !m :olly to disappe>4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! ,ammonians1 did x f>e ) ?is army40 ,9 mod]n times consid]able d\bts h aris5 z to :i* oasis 0 ! objective ( ?is army1 & c]ta9ly ! description ( ,h]odotus is su* z to admit ( v>i\s conclusions be+ drawn4 ,rohlfs consid]s t ,dakhla1 n ,siwa1 0 its goal1 & rem>ks t1 h[ev] light-head$ ,cambyses might h be51 he c\ld h>dly h be5 s fooli% z to h *os5 ,!bes z ! />t+-po9t ( an army de/9$ = ,siwa4 ,! same writ] po9ts out t a temple d$icat$ to ,ammon does exi/ 9 ,dakhla1 & t ! di/ance ( ! latt] oasis f ,!bes corresponds ) ! t5 days m5tion$ by ,h]odotus4 ,vivi5 de ,/4 ,m>t9 78,le ,nord de l',afrique dans l'antiquit10 #ahfc1 pp4 #dj-da7 _h1 "s twelve ye>s previ\sly1 come to some:at simil> conclusions4 ,as*]son1 on ! o!r h&1 reg>ds x z highly improbable t ,dakhla1 :i* 0 h>dly kn[n & c]ta9ly ( little importance 9 ! "t ( ,cambyses1 c\ld h be5 ! objective ( s dang]\s & difficult an und]tak+1 & po9ts out1 moreov]1 t ! temple ( ,ammon 9 t oasis dates f mu* lat] 7i4e41 ,roman7 times4 ,he fur!r rem>ks t ,p>!y 7#8,das ,orakel und die ,oase des ,ammon1' ,abh&l4 d] ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 9 ,b]l91 #ahfb1 ,s4 #aca-aid71 9 a contemporane\s "w1 _h already met ! objections rais$ by ,vivi5 de ,/4 ,m>t94 ,accord+ to ! anci5t maps ! di/ance f ,memphis to ,siwa 0 mu* ! same z t f ,!bes to ,siwa4 ,no reliance1 moreov]1 c be plac$ on ! di/ances giv5 by ,h]odotus4 ,judg$ ) ref]5ce to ,!bes1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,ammonians c]ta9ly agrees m or less ) ! position ( ! oasis ( ,dakhla2 b consid]$ 9 relation to ,augila 7a place :i* has reta9$ its "n un*ang$ up to mod]n times71 x corresponds ) ! mod]n ,siwa1 :]e ! well-kn[n oracul> temple ( ,jupit] ,ammon actually exi/$4 ,x seems to me q reasonable to suppose t ,cambyses only decid$ on ! despat* ( ?is exp$ition aft] rea*+ ,!bes1 & f !re ! r\te1 via ,kh>ga1 ,dakhla1 & ,f>afra1 w\ld be fairly direct1 & h ! advantage ( pass+ ?r\gh oases1 well provid$ ) wat] & food-supplies1 sep>at$ by m>*es n exce$+ f\r days4 ,possibly1 moreov]1 ! #8oasis' ?r\gh :i* ! army is record$ to h safely m>*$ may n h be5 ,kh>ga at all1 b ,bah>ia1 or ev5 ,f>afra1 ei!r ( :i* w\ld h be5 rea*$ by /rik+ into ! des]t along "o ( ! roads leav+ ! ,nile ,valley 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,assiut or ,mellawi2 ?is w\ld h be5 q a likely r\te = an army />t+ = ,siwa f ,!bes1 z ov] a ?ird ( ! di/ance w\ld h be5 along ! f]tile pla9s bord]+ ! ,nile4 ,! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 seems to fav\r ! view t ! army proce$$ we/w>ds f ,!bes1 & pass$ safely ?r\gh ,kh>ga1 possibly also ?r\gh ,dakhla2 9 ^? days ! latt] may h be5 c\pl$ ) ,kh>ga1 z x 0 lat]1 :5 ! two toge!r 7 call$ ! ,great ,oasis4 ,z x is impossible to imag9e a body compris+ #ej1jjj m5 be+ de/roy$ by a s&/orm1 ,i am incl9$ to agree ) ,hosk9s t ! army 0 purposely misl$ & sacrific$ by ! guides1 ) ! object ( prev5t+ ! capture ( ,siwa & ! de/ruction ( ! f>-fam$ temple ( ,jupit] ,ammon4 ,9 ! des]ts to ! nor? & we/ ( ,dakhla imm5se accumulations ( s& cov]1 )\t a break1 ?\s&s ( squ>e miles ( c\ntry2 only "o or two possible tracks cross ?is lonesome wild]ness1 & ^!1 foll[+ n>r[ tr\ghs hemm$ 9 by hills ( s&1 are invisible ev5 f ! di/ance ( a few hundr$ y>ds4 ,only a p>ty ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) des]t travell+ c\ld hope to p5etrate ?is region1 & no?+ w\ld be easi] ?an to encompass ! loss ( a l>ge & unwieldy army among ^! t]rible dunes4 ,x seems probable1 moreov]1 t ?is body ( troops 0 z ill-equipp$ & badly l$ z ! ma9 army :i* at ! same "t 0 m>*+ s\?w>ds to ,e?iopia4 ,l$ by circuit\s r\tes till !y rea*$ a po9t _m m>*es di/ant f ! ne>e/ well1 worn out by ! incessant clamb]+ ov] endless ridges ( s(t s&1 _! /ores ( wat] & food exhau/$1 _! tracks oblit]at$ by ! ev]-mov+ s&1 ! fate ( ! un=tunate soldi]s1 des]t$ at ! la/ by ! trea*]\s guides1 c\ld n long h rema9$ 9 d\bt4 ,! ,p]sians left a magnific5t record ( _! rule 9 ! temple ( ,hibis1 situat$ #d kilometres nor? ( ,kh>ga village4 ,f\nd$ 7or possibly only rebuilt7 by ,d>ius ,i4 betwe5 #eba & #dhf ,b4,c41 9 hon\r ( ! god ,ammon-,ra1 x 0 enl>g$ by ,nektanebos ab\t #aej ye>s lat]4 ,9 ! hi]oglyphics ! ,k+ is m5tion$ z hav+ built ! temple ( good :ite /one1 & z hav+ cov]$ its portals1 made ( ,libyan acacia-wood1 ) bronze f ,asia4 ,!re are long li/s & repres5tations ( ! (f]+s made to ,ammon-,ra ! sun-god1 comm5c+ ) ! w9e ( ! oasis4 ,! build+ is situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( fields & palm-groves1 & ! accompany+ illu/rations give a good idea ( its g5]al aspect & ar*itecture4 ,! ma9 portion has its long axis ea/ & we/1 & measures #dd by #ai metres1 ! walls be+ ab\t #f metres high4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! *ief entrance !re are ?ree isolat$ pylons1 "o ( !m be+ at ! pres5t day almo/ hidd5 by palms4 ,! entire build+ is con/ruct$ ( ,nubian ,s&/one1 believ$ to h be5 obta9$ locally1 ?\gh ! qu>ry has nev] be5 locat$4 ,hibis means #8! t[n ( ! pl\gh1' & is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,ptolemaic inscriptions at ,edfu z ! capital ( ,k5em 7,kh>ga74 ,x is n c]ta9 :e!r ! t[n1 :i* probably exi/$ into ! ,middle ,ages1 0 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! temple1 or1 z sugge/$ by ,rohlfs1 ne> ,nadra1 a small] edifice on a m>k$ em95ce a little to ! s\?-ea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,hibis4 ,ap>t f ! temple ( ,hibis mo/ ( ! antiquities 9 ! oasis belong to ! ,grco-,roman p]iod1 & probably ! mo/ int]e/+ & important ( ^! is ! temple n[ kn[n z ,qasr el ,ghuta1 situate #f kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,g5nh1 on a conspicu\s em95ce compos$ ( s&/ones & %ales4 ,qasr el ,ghuta dates f ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies1 &1 z ! c>t\*e ( ,ptolemy ,,iii4 7,eu]getes ,i47 appe>s on ! entrance walls1 x may be presum$ t x 0 erect$ dur+ 8 reign1 betwe5 #bdg & #bbb ,b4,c4 ,! actual temple is ( s&/one1 & measures approximately #aj by #bj metres1 ! ma9 entrance be+ ri*ly inscrib$ & hav+ ornam5tal columns ) beautifully design$ capitals4 ,! int]ior consi/s ( ?ree c\rts or rooms1 ! fir/ pla91 ! second ) f\r ornam5tal columns & walls decorat$ ) exceptionally well-cut hi]oglyphics1 :ile ! ?ird is mu* small]1 & conta9s enclos$ passages & cells4 ,! build+ is hemm$ 9 by num]\s crude enclosures1 ) p>titions ( sun-dri$ brick1 ! :ole ( :i*1 =m+ a l>ge rectangul> block1 0 orig9ally surr\nd$ by a high brick wall ( consid]able ?ickness4 ,accord+ to ,s*we9fur?1 ! out] crude erections =m$ ! qu>t]s ( a g>rison at a lat] date4 ,x 0 dur+ ! sway ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors t ! ,egyptian oases atta9$ _! maximum importance4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 f #cj ,b4,c4 to ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury1 ext5sive t[ns exi/$ 9 ,kh>ga1 & ! oasis 0 /rongly g>rison$ & protect$ by =ts4 ,temples & o!r edifices 7 erect$1 :ile a great developm5t ( ! wat]-supply took place4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod ! oases 7 us$ z places ( bani%m5t1 j z !y 7 9 e>li] days "u ! ,ph>aohs1 & h be51 9 a way1 9 q mod]n times4 ,juv5al1 ! ,lat9 satiri/1 0 bani%$ to ,sy5e at ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury1 z a puni%m5t = 8 attacks on ! ,c\rt1 & he appe>s also to h be5 = a "t conf9$ 9 ,kh>ga2 ,a?anasius1 ,ne/orius1 & o!r celebrities likewise made unwill+ acqua9tance ) ?is portion ( ! ,empire4 ,sayce rem>ks t ! oases "u ! ,romans 7 ?or\ghly cultivat$1 a brisk trade 9 w9e be+ c>ri$ on1 & m5tions t on "o ( ! temple walls !re are sev]al inscriptions :i* lead "o to inf] t ,kh>ga yield$ a consid]able rev5ue4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n1 dat$ 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,galba 7,a4,d4 #fh71 is a long ,greek inscription on "o ( ! pylons ( ! temple ( ,hibis2 ?is has be5 c>efully copi$ by m ?an "o travell]1 & translations h be5 publi%$ by ,"y1 ,letronne1 & ,hosk9s4 ,9 x ! ,prefect ( ! oasis1 ,julius ,demetrius1 communicat$ ! answ] ( ! ,gov]nor ( ! prov9ce1 ,tib]ius ,julius ,alex&]1 to v>i\s compla9ts made by ! inhabitants1 n only ( ! oasis1 b ( o!r di/ricts "u ! same jurisdiction4 ,! proclamation admits ! ju/ice ( ! compla9ts1 & lays d[n at great l5g? ! /eps to be tak5 9 reg>d to ! appo9tm5t ( tax-ga!r]s1 ! paym5t ( debts1 & imprisonm5t = v>i\s (f5ces2 x deals ) de$s ( sale1 ! m>riage portions ( wom51 r5ts1 milit>y s]vice1 legal appeals1 ! puni%m5t ( libell\s in=m]s1 etc42 =bids extortion & exorbitant taxes2 ord]s ! re/itution ( illegally exact$ moneys2 & orda9s t taxes are to be bas$ on ! ext5t ( ! ,nile inundation4 ,a /ill e>li] inscription1 on ! s\!rn portion ( ! same pylon1 ref]s especially to ! inhabitants ( ! oasis1 & is translat$ by ,hosk9s z foll[s3 8,cnu ,virgilius ,capito says3 ,i h bo? he>d long ago "s unju/ exp5ses & false *>ges to be made by c]ta9 p]sons av>ici\sly & %amefully abus+ _! p[]s3 & ,i h j n[ be5 in=m$1 t 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,libyans c]ta9 ?+s are consum$ by ^? seiz+ !m "u pret5ce1 z x 71 because ( _! necessities1 z be+ set ap>t = _! exp5ses & ent]ta9m5ts2 :i* *>ges are nei!r true nor admissible3 & 9 l mann] "u ! "n ( ! s]vice ( c\ri]s4 ,:]e=e ,i comm& ^? travell+ ?r\gh ! nomes1 soldi]s1 & horsem51 & s]jeants1 & c5turions1 & tribunes1 & all o!rs1 to take no?+ nor to exact ! privileges ( c\ri]s1 except c]ta9 h my w>rants2 & ^! pass+ along only inde$ to be accommodat$ ) lodg+3 & t x be laid d[n1 t no man d any ?+1 beyond :at 7 e/abli%$ by ,maximus4 ,b if any individual may give1 or consid] any ?+ z giv51 & exact z = ! public s]vice1 ,i w exact t5 times ! am\nt ( :at he has exact$ f ! nome1 & give a f\rfold portion to ! in=m] out ( ! prop]ty ( ! condemn$4 ,! royal scribes1 & ! village cl]ks1 & ! cl]ks ( ! di/ricts 9 ea* nome1 %all keep a regi/] ( all1 t is exp5d$ by ! nome ^u any "o3 t1 if ?is or any ?+ else has be5 irregul>ly committ$1 !y may be record$1 & may repay sixty-fold4 ,b ! inhabitants ( ! ,!baid may = f\r mon?s come up to ! tribunals ( acc\nts3 & let !m address !mselves to ,basilides1 ! fre$man ( ,cs>1 an (fic] ( ! tribunal ( acc\nts1 & to ! comptroll]s2 t1 if any ?+ may be adjudg$ or done contr>y to :at is j1 ,i may 9 l mann] put ?is 9 ord]40 ,^! are int]e/+ side-lights on life 9 ! oasis 9 ^? days1 & %[ t ! p 7 well treat$ by _! highly gift$ =eign rul]s1 :o1 z is well kn[n1 respect$ ! cu/oms & religion ( ! ,egyptians &1 o!r nations ov] :om !y rul$4 ,al?\gh !re exi/s 9 ! neighb\r+ oasis ( ,dakhla a temple erect$ dur+ ! reign ( ,vespasian1 ! e>lie/ ,roman temple 9 ,kh>ga is probably ,qasr ,du%1 ! anci5t ,kysis1 erect$ by ,trajan 9 ,a4,d4 #aag1 & d$icat$ to ,isis & ,s]apis4 ,! temple1 /&+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ru9s ( a t[n1 occupies ! summit ( a hill a c\ple ( kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,du%4 ,! ma9 build+1 con/ruct$ ( /one1 has its long axis nor? & s\?1 & measures #ae by #g metres4 ,x is prec$$ by a =ec\rt1 9 front ( :i* are two pylons1 ! fir/ be>+ a ,greek inscription relat+ ! date ( its erection4 ,hosk9s gives ! foll[+ translation ( ?is inscription3 8,= ! =tune ( ! ,"l ,emp]or ,cs> ,n]o4 4 4 4 ,trajan ,optimus ,augu/us ,g]manicus ,dacicus1 "u ,m>cus ,ruff9us ,lupus1 ,gov]nor ( ,egypt1 to ,s]apis & ! supreme gods1 ^? ( ,cyr5e8 hav+ writt51 erect$ f a pr9ciple ( piety ?is build+4 ,! n9ete5? ye> ( ! ,emp]or ,cs> ,n]o ,adrian ,optimus ,augu/us ,g]manicus ,dacicus40 ,!re appe>s orig9ally to h be5 a colonnade betwe5 ! fir/ & second pylons1 b only fragm5ts ( ! columns exi/ at ! pres5t day4 ,! front ( ! =ec\rt is cov]$ ) hi]oglyphics1 :ile ! int]ior is unsculptur$ except at ! portal lead+ to ! ma9 hall1 ! latt] measur+ #f by #e metres1 & hav+ f\r columns4 ,on ! we/ side !re is an entrance lead+ to an incl9$ passage4 ,! nor!rn "p ( ! build+ consi/s ( a c5tral semi-divid$ portion flank$ by two elongat$ *amb]s1 all ( :i* h ar*$ ro(s4 ,a p>apet is =m$ by ! ext]nal walls ( ! temple1 :ile ! ro( ov] ! ?ree s\!rn *amb]s is at a l[] level ?an t ( ! ma9 hall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,hibis 7,,int]ior74 ,! temple prop] is 9 ! we/]n portion ( an imm5se rectangul> enclosure b\nd$ by v ?ick walls ( sun-dri$ brick2 ^! walls at ! pres5t day are 9 a v bad /ate ( pres]vation1 b appe> to h be5 ( ! type common 9 "s simil> build+s 9 ! nor? ( ! oasis-- i4e41 holl[ at ! top1 s z to enclose a passage by means ( :i* ! cu/odians c\ld make ! circuit ( ! build+ )\t desc5d+1 & f :i*1 unobs]v$ f ! ext]ior1 !y _h ! advantage ( a spl5did view ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! measurem5ts & details :i* ,i h giv5 above are l>gely tak5 f ,dr4 ,ball's report1 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$ = plans & sections ( ?is & o!r temples4 ,"o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ru9s 9 ! oasis is ! little temple ( ,nadra1 situat$ on a hill #a kilometre s\?-ea/ ( ! temple ( ,hibis4 ,! inn] build+ is ( s&/one1 & r\ghly measures #h by #aa metres1 :ile ! out] portion1 b\nd$ by walls ( unburnt brick1 is v mu* l>g]4 ,accord+ to ,sayce1 ! temple 0 built by ,hadrian betwe5 ,a4,d4 #aag & ,a4,d4 #ach4 ,brugs*1 h[ev]1 ref]s x to a some:at lat] date1 consid]+ x to h be5 erect$ by ,anton9us ,pius4 ,sev]al small] ru9s 9 ! neighb\rhood are probably ref]able to ! same p]iod z ! temple itself4 ,! ru9s ( ,qasr ,zaiyan1 #e kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,bulaq1 enclose a small s&/one temple ( some:at d\btful age1 ?\gh a ,greek inscription ov] ! entrance records t ! build+ 0 re/or$ by ,anton9us ,pius & d$icat$ to ,am5ebis 7,ammon ( ,hibis71 god ( ,t*onemyris1 ! ru9s ( :i* t[n exi/ 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! inscription is translat$ by ,hosk9s z foll[s3 8,to ,am5ebis1 ! supreme god ( ,t*onemyris1 & to ! associat$ gods ( ! temple1 = ! et]nal pres]vation ( ,anton9us ,cs> our ,"l1 & 8 :ole h\se4 ,! cell ( ! temple & ! ve/ibule 7 repair$ & r5ew$ "u ,avidius ,heliodorus1 gov]nor ( ,egypt2 ,septimius ,macro be+ comm&]-9-*ief1 ,pl9ius ,capito be+ g5]al ( ! =ces1 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ! ,emp]or ,cs> ,titus lius ,adrianus ,anton9us ,augu/us1 ! ,pi\s4 ,mesore ! eighte5?40 ,! ,emp]or ,anton9us ,pius reign$ f ,a4,d4 #ach to ,a4,d4 #afa1 b antiquities une>!d f ! ru9s %[ t ! t[n dates f ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies & fl\ri%$ into ! ,byzant9e p]iod4 ,9 addition to ! above ! dilapidat$ ru9s ( :at 7 d\btless once impos+ build+s exi/ at v>i\s po9ts )9 ! depression4 ,"o wor?y ( att5tion w be not$ at ,a9 ,amr by travell]s to ,dakhla along ! upp] road4 ,! exact age ( ! build+ is unc]ta91 ?\gh ,wilk9son discov]$ !reon a portion ( ! "n ( "o ( ! ,cs>s4 ,! small /one temple /ood1 l s _m o!rs 9 ! oasis1 9 a c\rty>d enclos$ by ?ick walls ( unburnt brick1 ! fragm5t>y rema9s ( :i* are visible 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! names ( ! pr9cipal deities inscrib$ on ! temple walls are ,kneph1 ,ammon1 & ,mut4 ,bo? ,edmon/one & ,wilk9son came to ! conclusion t ! temple is ( great] antiquity ?an ! majority ( ! monum5ts ( ! oasis2 b ,i am incl9$ to believe1 ) ,hosk9s & ,rohlfs1 t its some:at crude design is explicable on o!r gr\nds ?an t ( age4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable & impos+ build+s 9 ! oasis are ! great ,roman =tresses1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ,um el ,dabdib1 ,qasr ,lebekha1 & ,dr el ,gh5nma4 ,possibly "s ( ^! 7 =tifi$ mona/]ies1 ?\gh until ! ru9s1 z well z ^? ( ! ext5sive t[ns & cemet]ies :i* exi/$ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 h be5 subject$ to critical exam9ation1 _! exact nature mu/ rema9 9 d\bt4 ,! s-call$ ,dr1 ne> ! foot ( ,jebel ,gh5nma1 0 c]ta9ly a =t gu>d+ "o ( ! *ief passes up ! esc>pm5t ( ! oasis4 ,x is built ( imm5sely ?ick walls1 /r5g!n$ int]m$iately & at ! f\r corn]s by enorm\s buttresses4 ,! walls tap] slightly upw>ds1 & at ! top are d\ble1 conceal+ a passage :i* ran r\nd ! entire build+4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! c\rt 0 a deep bore f :i* ! inmates obta9$ _! wat]1 ! surplus supply fl[+ ?r\gh an und]gr\nd conduit to ! cultivat$ l&s outside4 ,qasr ,lebekha1 situat$ 9 a lonely "p ( ! depression "u ! nor!rn esc>pm5t1 #ab kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,meh]iq1 has _m po9ts 9 common ) ! =tress j describ$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* small]1 & its int]ior is completely fill$ ) dom$ *amb]s1 n[ fall+ into %apeless fragm5ts4 ,! impressive ru9 at ,um el ,dabdib1 #cf kilometres ,n4,n4,w4 ( ,kh>ga1 seems to me to h be5 a =tifi$ mona/]y1 ! int]ior be+ fill$ ) vault$ cells4 ,its appe>ance is q di/9ctive1 lack+ z x does ! r\nd buttresses ( ,qasr ,lebekha & ,dr el ,gh5nma1 ?\gh ! walls are /ill ( great ?ickness1 & loophol$ = def5ce4 ,outside are ! rema9s ( a t[n ( consid]able size1 & "h d\btless sev]al hundr$ workm5 7 qu>t]$ :5 ! ext5sive subt]ranean wat]works1 :i* exi/ 9 ! locality1 7 9 c\rse ( con/ruction4 ,a f\r? l>ge ru91 ( some:at simil> ar*itecture1 occupies a conspicu\s position on ! edge ( ! esc>pm5t ov]look+ ! ,bellaida di/rict1 ab\t #b kilometres nor? ( ! temple ( ,hibis4 ,ball describes ?is "u ! "n ( ,qasr ,a9 ,mu/apha ,ka%ef1 a "n :i*1 ( c\rse1 m]ely ref]s to its position ne> a well ( t "n4 ,! int]ior consi/s ( ti]s ( ar*$ *amb]s1 & accord+ to ,s*we9fur? !re is little d\bt t ! build+ 0 a mona/]y4 ,all ! above-m5tion$ =ts & mona/]ies are built ( l>ge sun-dri$ bricks measur+1 z a rule1 #ce #ag #i c5timetres1 & x is notewor?y t ! walls1 :]e ( exceptional ?ickness1 7 built 9 sections1 p]haps to all[ ( _! dry+ m readily4 ,besides ^? describ$1 a great _m o!r mud-brick build+s are to be f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh ! oasis1 ! majority ( :i* possess no v di/9ctive features4 ,"o1 h[ev]1 be+ sure to attract ! att5tion ( visitors may be specially ref]r$ to2 ?is is a high rectangul> t[] occupy+ a v conspicu\s position on ! op5 pla9 to ! we/ ( ,jebel ,tr1 measur+ #e by #f metres at ! base1 ! walls tap]+ slightly upw>ds to a height ( ab\t #ae metres4 ,x 0 orig9ally divid$ into /oreys & provid$ ) a /aircase1 & may v probably h be5 us$ z a wat*t[]4 ,! rema9s ( a circul> brick or pott]y kiln are to be se5 tw5ty paces to ! s\?4 ,! exact age ( ^! num]\s brick build+s _c be /at$ ) c]ta9ty1 & we c only hope t :5 ! pott]y1 co9s1 & o!r objects :i* exi/ 9 ! ru9s ( ! adjo9+ t[ns h be5 sy/ematically collect$ & exam9$1 x may be possible to date !m ) m accuracy4 ,at pres5t we c only conjecture t :ile ! great] numb] 7 erect$ dur+ ! ,roman occupation1 betwe5 #cj ,b4,c4 & ,a4,d4 #cie1 "s ( !m may date f ! succe$+ ,byzant9e p]iod4 ,_m ( ! cemet]ies conta9 mummy-cases on :i* ! lik5ess ( ! deceas$ is c>v$ 9 wood on ! outside1 or fa%ion$ 9 /ucco & pa9t$ 9 col\rs4 ,?ree ( ^! f an anci5t burial-place 9 ! ,bellaida di/rict1 betwe5 ,jebel ,tr & ,jebel ,t>if 7"o ( a numb] ( cemet]ies ( ,roman age :i* await ! att5tion ( ar*ologi/s71 are %[n 9 "o ( our illu/rations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,necropolis4 ,*ri/ianity 0 introduc$ into ,egypt 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,roman dom9ation1 & spread rapidly ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 al?\gh ! national ,egyptian or ,coptic ,*ur* 0 n e/abli%$ until ,a4,d4 #dea4 ,judg+ by ! size & importance ( ! cemet]y at ! s\? end ( ,jebel ,tr1 & by ! num]\s mona/]ies1 ,*ri/ianity mu/ h _h a great foll[+ 9 ! oasis ( ,kh>ga4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod _m ( ! temples 9 ,upp] ,egypt 7 conv]t$ into *ur*es1 & x 0 n until ,a4,d4 #fdj1 :5 ! ,caliphs conqu]$ ! c\ntry1 t ,*ri/ianity began to wane4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,necropolis lies #a kilometre nor? ( ! temple ( ,hibis1 on ! s\!rn extremity ( ! foot-hills ( ,jebel ,tr4 ,! cemet]y1 kn[n at ! pres5t day z #8,el ,baguat1' consi/s ( a great numb] ( tombs built ( unburnt brick1 ! majority %[+ a consid]able am\nt ( ar*itectural decoration4 ,! build+s cov] a l>ge area1 & are to a c]ta9 ext5t laid out 9 /reets1 :i*1 z ,ball rem>ks1 give ! place ! appe>ance m ( a /range des]t$ t[n ?an ( a gravey>d4 ,"s are small tombs1 noticeable = _! simple beauty2 o!rs are l>ge mausolea & sanctu>ies1 ri*ly ornam5t$ ) columns1 pila/]s1 & ar*es4 ,almo/ )\t exception ! tombs are surm\nt$ by domes1 ?\gh1 ow+ to ! walls be+ c>ri$ up beyond ! base ( ! dome1 ! latt] is n always conspicu\s f ! outside4#f ,! int]ior walls are inv>iably pla/]$ & :itewa%$1 & cov]$ ) num]\s ,greek & ,arabic inscriptions1 ! old ,egyptian #8,tau1' ! sign ( et]nal life1 be+ frequ5tly display$4 ,9 addition1 ! walls & domes are 9 "s cases ornam5t$ ) crude col\r$ designs4 ,! pictures h1 un=tunately1 be5 mo/ly hack$ to pieces or cov]$ by ,arabic writ+s1 s t !re are n[ only two tombs 9 :i* ! orig9al pa9t+s are any?+ l intact4 ,on ! dome ( "o ( ^!1 ne> ! s\? end ( ! cemet]y1 a numb] ( famili> ,biblical p]sonages are repres5t$ 9 col\rs1 _! names be+ inscrib$ 9 ,greek *>act]s imm$iately above4 ,adam & ,eve1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,s>a & ,isaac1 ,*ri/1 ,paul1 & o!rs are cle>ly di/+ui%able4 ,! actual grave is bel[ ! c5tre ( ! floor ( ea* tomb4 ,! bodies1 :i* mo/ly appe> to h be5 embalm$ & wrapp$ 9 clo?1 h 9 _m cases be5 plund]$ ( ornam5ts & ?r[n out4 ,ev5 at ! "t ( ,hosk9s' visit 9 #ahcg ! majority ( ! tombs _h be5 ransack$1 & at ! pres5t day !re are probably few left intact4 ,) reg>d to ! practice ( embalm+1 ,hosk9s writes3 8,x is highly satisfactory t we h su* indubitable evid5ce to enable u to e/abli% ! fact1 t ! cu/om ( embalm+ ! dead 0 cont9u$ by ! fir/ pr(essors ( ! ,gospel 9 ,ea/]n ,africa4 ,! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity produc$ great & sudd5 *anges 9 ! m9ds1 habits1 & cu/oms ( believ]s2 b a l5g? ( "t 0 no d\bt (t5 necess>y to root out _m ( ! prejudices ( ! p2 & x is v possible1 t ! practice ( embalm+ may h be5 cont9u$ z a necess>y m>k ( respect to ! dead1 long aft] ! doctr9e _h be5 entirely explod$1 9 accordance ) :i* ! cu/om _h be5 orig9ally e/abli%$4 ,?is practice1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 ! mo/ anci5t times1 0 n conf9$ to ! wor%ipp]s ( ,amun4 ,! physicians ( ,egypt 7 =ty days 9 embalm+ ,jacob2 & ,joseph also 0 embalm$ 9 ,egypt40 ,illu/ration3 ,,biblical ,,sc5es ,,9 ,a ,,tomb ,,( ,,! ,,necropolis4 ,we _c speak ) c]ta9ty z to ! exact p]iod dur+ :i* ?is cemet]y 0 9 use4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! reign ( ,con/antius 7#ccg-cfa71 ,a?anasius1 ! *ampion ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 0 sev]al times expell$ f ,alex&ria & compell$ to take refuge 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t1 :]e !re 7 num]\s mona/]ies1 :i* af=d$ safe asylums f ! foll[]s ( ,arianism & ,paganism4 ,hosk9s /ates t ! "n ( ,a?anasius occurs 9 "o ( ! ,!ban sepul*res1 & he believes t 8! ru9$ mona/]ies 9 ! ,oasis ,magna 71 probably1 ! abode ( ! great *ampion ( ! ,*ri/ian religion40 ,dur+ ! reign ( ! ,emp]ors ,arcadius & ,honorius num]\s p]sonages1 includ+ ! g5]al ,timasius1 7 exil$ to ! ,great ,oasis1 describ$ by a writ] 7,zosimus7 z 8a b>r5 place :5ce no "o c\ld escape :5 once c>ri$ ?i!r2 = ! way be+ s&y1 des]t1 & un9habit$1 no "o c f9d x1 ! w9d cov]+ ! traces ( p's feet1 nor is !re any tree or h\se to guide !m40 ,ne/orius1 ,bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople1 0 excommunicat$ & bani%$ to ! oasis 9 ,a4,d4 #dcd by ! ,patri>* ,cyril ( ,alex&ria1 & probably ! necropolis conta9s ! tombs ( a l>ge numb] ( 8 foll[]s4 ,! ,bi%op1 h[ev]1 did n die 9 ,kh>ga1 z he 0 c>ri$ !nce into captivity by ! ,blemmyes1 ! ance/ors ( ! ,bi%>9 & ,ababdeh ,arabs1 & di$1 aft] suff]+ great p]secutions1 at ,panopolis 7,akhmm7 ab\t ! ye> #ddj4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t c]ta9 ,*ri/ian cu/oms & fe/ival days are /ill obs]v$ 9 ! oasis at ! pres5t "t4 ,ru9s ( columb>ia are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 _m p>ts ( ,kh>ga1 & judg+ f ! size & %ape ( ! bricks us$1 belong to ! same p]iod z ! =ts & mona/]ies4 ,!y are g5]ally ( consid]able size1 ! inn] walls be+ built s z to provide ti]s ( cubical ni*es to s]ve z ne/+-places = ! pigeons4 ,examples may be se5 at ,a9 el ,burg & ,a9 ,taba%r 9 ! ,meh]iq di/rict2 9 ! ,bellaida c\ntry1 & ne> ,a9 ,kh5fi%2 on ! slopes ( ! ,gorn el ,g5nh2 & ne> ! village ( ,du% at ! s\? end ( ! oasis4 ,^! anci5t pigeon-h\ses are call$ #8,burg' by ! natives1 ! ,arabic "n = dovecot be+ #8,burg ,hamm4' ,t ! oases 7 v fl\ri%+ "u ! ,roman ,empire is %[n by ,olympiodorus1 :o liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,!odosius ,,ii4 7,a4,d4 #djh-dej71 & 0 born 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,writ+ ( ! ,great ,oasis1 he calls att5tion to its salubri\sness1 to ! abundance ( s& ev]y:]e1 & to ! num]\s wells1 :i*1 sunk to a dep? ( #bjj1 #cjj1 or ev5 #ejj cubits1#g p\r =? /reams ( fre% wat] at ! surface1 :i* is us$ 9 rotation by ! own]s = ! irrigation ( _! fields4 ,b>ley1 he av]s1 is sometimes s[n twice a ye>1 & millet almo/ always ?ree times4 ,writ+ ( ! irrigation1 ,olympiodorus rem>ks t 9 ?is region ! sky is always cl\dless1 & t ! great f]tility ( ! l& is attributable to ! fact t ! peasants wat] _! little enclosures e ?ird day 9 summ]1 & e six? 9 w9t]4 ,! same writ] /ates t dials 7 made 9 ! oasis4 ,! pres5ce ( m>9e %ells 9 ! rocks ( ! surr\nd+ des]ts l$ ,olympiodorus to conjecture t ! oasis 0 =m]ly an isl&1 sep>at$ by ! sea f ! re/ ( ,egypt1 & he recalls ! fact t ! place 0 call$ by ,h]odotus #8! ,isl& ( ! ,bless$4' ,/rabo writes ( ! ,libyan ,des]t ?us3 8,?is cont95t resembles a pan!r's sk91 z be+ spott$ ) inhabit$ di/ricts1 insulat$ 9 ! mid/ ( a s&y soil & arid des]ts2 ! ,egyptians call ^! cantons #8,auasis4'0 ,he ref]s to ! ,great ,oasis z foll[s3 8,9 a p>allel l9e ) ,abydus1 & di/ant ab\t ?ree days' j\rney across ! des]t1 we f9d ! fir/ ( ! ?ree ,oases ( ,lybia2 x is a spot well inhabit$1 well suppli$ ) wat]1 & produc+ w9es & o!r commodities 9 suffici5t abundance40 ,) ! )drawal ( ! ,roman g>risons & ! ,mohamm$an conque/ decay set 91 &1 z ,sayce rem>ks1 ! aqu$ucts became *ok$1 ! fields 7 neglect$1 & mal>ial fev] invad$ a di/rict :i* _h at "o "t be5 reg>d$ z a heal? resort4 ,( ! hi/ory ( ! oases dur+ ! succe$+ sev5 or eight c5turies no records are available1 b1 judg+ f ! writ+s ( ,arabian geograph]s1 betwe5 ! elev5? & ! fifte5? c5turies1 x is evid5t t !y gradually became depopulat$1 & 7 reg>d$ z ( little importance4 ,el ,%]f el ,edrissi1 writ+ ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ( ! ,hegra1 ref]s to ! oases 7,al ,vahat7 z places =m]ly conta9+ /reams ( wat]1 ) l&s on :i* trees 7 /ill f\nd gr[+1 & ) ru9$1 un9habit$ t[ns4 ,he adds t ! goats & %eep _h become q wild1 & 7 trapp$ by hunt]s l o!r wild animals4 ,x is n improbable1 h[ev]1 t ?is au?or 0 ref]r+ to "s ( ! small] oases-depressions1 su* z ,kurkur1 or p]haps to "s ( ! m outly+ p>ts ( ,kh>ga or ,dakhla4 ,x seems extremely unlikely1 z ,hosk9s rem>ks1 t ! ,great ,oasis z a :ole _h become entirely un9habit$4 ,/ill lat] ! emir & hi/orian ,ismail ,abulfida1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 speaks ( ! oases z ab\nd+ ) palms & runn+ wat]1 & describes !m z situat$ l isl&s1 9 ! middle ( ! des]t1 ?ree days' j\rney f ! ,said 7,upp] ,egypt74 ,jacutus describes ! positions ( ?ree oases1 & ref]s to ! fir/ ( !m z be+ well cultivat$1 conta9+ /reams & hot spr+s1 palms & cultivat$ l&s4 ,! inhabitants1 he adds1 are 9 a wret*$ /ate4 ,sev]al o!r writ]s allude to ! ,egyptian oases1 b _! in=mation is seldom1 if ev]1 fir/ h&1 & ! descriptions are 9 g5]al s vague t we are left 9 d\bt z to :i* p>ticul> oasis _! rem>ks ref]4 ,! m mod]n records1 comm5c+ ) ^? ( ,poncet at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 h already be5 ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,ext9ct ,,lakes ,,( ,,! ,,oasis ,"* & ,ext5sion ( ,lacu/r9e ,deposits -- ,mod]n ,erosion by ,w9d-borne ,s& -- ,! ,lakes geologically ( ,rec5t ,age -- ,discov]y ( ,pott]y & ,bones ( ,dome/icat$ ,animals -- ,area occupi$ by ! ,lakes -- ,maximum ,level ( _! ,wat]s -- ,lacu/r9e ,/rata at ,gorn el ,g5nh -- ,relation to ! ,anci5t ,monum5ts -- ,altitudes ( ,ar*ological ,sites -- ,age ( ! ,lakes & _! ,p]si/5ce into ,hi/oric ,times -- ,fl9t ,implem5ts -- ,orig9 ( ! ,lakes -- ,_! possible connection ) ! ,artesian ,wat]s -- ,lacu/r9e ,deposits =m ! ,cultivat$ ,l&s ( ,mod]n ,times4 ,:5 9 #aijf ,i comm5c$ to make a special /udy ( ! geology ( ! oasis1 ) a view to elucidat+ c]ta9 que/ions :i* _h aris5 9 connection ) ! wat]-supply1 x came to me z a v great surprise to f9d indubitable evid5ce t ! great] "p ( ! floor ( ! depression _h at "o "t or ano!r be5 ! site ( an imm5se lake4 ,no m5tion _h be5 made by previ\s obs]v]s ( ! ext5sive accumulations ( lacu/r9e s$im5ts :i* cov] s l>ge a proportion ( ! floor1 & are f\nd f ne> ,a9 el ,ghazl 9 ! nor? to beyond ,b]is 9 ! s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lacu/r9e ,,deposits ,,at ,,el ,,gala1 ,,ne> ,,bulaq4 ,^! deposits consi/ ( horizontal f9ely-b$d$ alt]nations ( s& & clay1 or m frequ5tly ( an intimate mixture ( ! two2 local false-b$d+ is n uncommon1 & includ$ fragm5ts ( lime/one or s&/one are occasionally met )4 ,! b$s h a prevail+ br[n t9t1 & frequ5tly exhibit well-m>k$ hexagonally dispos$ %r9kage cracks4 ,al?\gh orig9ally !y mu/ h =m$ an imm5se compact & cont9u\s %eet1 ! deposits h s9ce be5 subject$ to consid]able d5udation1 s t at ! pres5t day !y exi/ z l>ge isolat$ pat*es4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ ( ^! is t occupy+ ! c5tre ( ! depression betwe5 ,kh>ga village & ,jebel el ,gh5nma1 cov]+ an area ( betwe5 #dj & #ej squ>e kilometres1 & ov] ! great] "p cut by ! s&-bla/ into ?\s&s ( isolat$ hummocks1 dispos$ ) _! long] axes p>allel & 9 ! direction ( ! prevail+ nor? w9ds4 ,individual hummocks h p]haps an av]age height ( #d or #e metres1 ?\gh _m exce$ ?is consid]ably2 9 l5g? !y may measure any?+ up to #dj or #ej metres4 ,! nor!rn end ( a hummock is 9 ne>ly all cases ! l>g]1 ! gradual tap]+ t[>ds ! s\? be+ a mo/ di/9ctive feature4 ,_! pres5t %ape & appe>ance are1 ( c\rse1 entirely due to ! erod+ & sculptur+ action ( s&-lad5 w9d4 ,! f9d+ ( ^! ext5sive lacu/r9e deposits naturally op5$ up a numb] ( que/ions ( ! greate/ int]e/ & importance4 ,to :at level _h ! wat]s ( ! lake atta9$2 :at 7 its limits horizontally2 &1 mo/ important ( all1 at :at p]iod _h x exi/$1 & :at 7 its relations to ! anci5t monum5ts ( ! oasis8 ,) ! object ( solv+ ^! problems x has be5 my endeav\r to collect all possible in=mation conc]n+ ! deposits1 &1 al?\gh x is p]haps too soon to draw inf]5ces ) any great c]ta9ty1 ,i propose to put on record su* data z ,i h be5 able to obta91 & to indicate ! conclusions to :i* !y appe> to lead4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 obvi\s t ! lake 01 geologically speak+1 ( comp>atively rec5t date2 ! lacu/r9e deposits h no?+ 9 common ) ^? ( ! ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e =mations :i* build up ! plateau-massif out ( :i* ! oasis-depression is hewn4 ,! s&s & clays are mu* s(t] & less consolidat$ b$s1 laid d[n sup]ficially & uncon=mably on ! unev5 surfaces ( ! old] =mations2 ! depression _h1 9 fact1 almo/ atta9$ to its mod]n dim5sions be=e ! b$s 9 "q 7 =m$4 ,my fir/ impression 0 t ! lake dat$ f prehi/oric1 if n prehuman1 times2 t x exi/$ be=e ! prevail+ des]t conditions set 91 :5 ! ,nile ,valley 0 ! site ( ext5sive lakes & ! c\ntry 0 p>tially wood$4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?ick deposits ( calc>e\s tufa on ! upp] portions ( ! cliffs ( ! depression sugge/$ a consid]able outp\r+ ( wat] f spr+s1 & x seem$ n improbable t ! surplus wat] collect$ on ! floor ( ! depression bel[4 ,= "s "t ,i 0 unable to discov] any clue to ! age ( ! deposits1 9 ! %ape ( organic rema9s or human relics4 ,!n1 9 a pit sunk = surface-wat] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,headqu>t]s1#h "s fragm5ts ( pott]y 7 f\nd at ! base ( ! deposit4 ,?is discov]y 0 foll[$ by ! f9d+ ( o!r pieces ( pott]y firmly emb$d$ 9 "s ( ! clay hummocks to ! s\?-we/ ( ,headqu>t]s4 ,^! 7 )\t "q 9 situ1 & prov$ t ! lake 0 contemporane\s ) man4 ,fur!r se>*1 9 :i* ,i 0 greatly assi/$ by my fri5d ,h4 ,h4 ,bak]1 ,m4,b41 l$ to ! discov]y ( human settlem5ts1 app>5tly on ! m>g9s ( ! lake4 ,9 ^! localities l>ge quantities ( brok5 pott]y 7 f\nd associat$ ) ! bones ( dome/icat$ animals1 :ile ! fre%-wat] ga/ropod %ell1 ,melania tub]culata1 0 f\nd to be abundant 9 "s ( ! b$s4 ,c>eful exploitation ( "o or two ( ^! sites1 ab\t #f kilometres s\?-we/ ( ,headqu>t]s1 enabl$ u to procure a numb] ( complete e>!nw>e vessels1 ! *ief types ( :i* are %[n 9 "o ( our illu/rations4 ,a comp>ison ( ^! ) pott]y ( kn[n age mu/ be left until we h ref]r$ to ! horizontal & v]tical ext5sion ( ! lake4 ,judg+ f ! /ill exi/+ deposits1 & utiliz+ 79 ! nor!rn "p ( ! oasis7 a consid]able numb] ( levels1 ,i believe ! limits ( ! lake to h be5 z %[n on ! accompany+ plan4 ,f its mo/ nor!rly po9t 9 lat4 #be #de ,n41 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! mod]n ,a9 el ,ghazl1 its we/]n b\nd>y tr5d$ ,s4,s4,w41 pass+ ab\t #a kilometres we/ ( ,meh]iq village to ! s\?-we/ end ( ,jebel ,tr2 !nce its %ore-l9e lay at ! foot ( ,jebel ,t>wan1 r\nd+ :i* x project$ some:at into ! ,bellaida di/rict betwe5 ,jebel ,tr & ,jebel ,t>if4 ,s\? ( ?is x bore slightly we/ ( s\?1 pass+ ab\t #b & #c kilometres we/ ( ,kh>ga & ,g5nh villages respectively4 ,f ! latt] po9t ! %ore-l9e proce$$ almo/ due s\? to lat4 #be #b ,n41 9 ! vic9ity ( ,a9 ,girm ,me%m4 ,its ea/]n limit appe>s to h be5 ab\t a kilometre ea/ ( ,a9 el ,qasr1 & "s ?ree times t di/ance ea/ ( ,meh]iq1 s t on ?is latitude ! lake _h a bread? ( #d kilometres4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,headqu>t]s its m>g9 lay #b kilometres to ! ea/1 :5ce x ran almo/ due s\? = ab\t #ab kilometres4 ,"h1 j to ! s\?-we/ ( ,a9 ,h>rn1 ! lake atta9$ its greate/ wid?--i4e41 #ae or #af kilometres1 gradually dim9i%+ s\?w>ds to ,a9 ,girm ,me%m4 ,! total l5g? ( ?is portion ( ! lake 0 j ov] #hj kilometres4 ,bo? at ,a9 ,girm ,me%m & ,a9 el ,d\m ! lacu/r9e deposits are well se52 ov] ! int]m$iate c\ntry !y 7 n obs]v$1 & z ?is area lies at a some:at high elevation1 x seems probable t !re 0 a break 9 ! cont9uity ( ! lake ( ab\t #ae kilometres 9 ext5t4 ,! s\!rn portion appe>s to h measur$ approximately #de by #ae kilometres1 its long axis ly+ along a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ,a9 el ,d\m1 ,b]is1 & ,maks ,qibli4 ,to ! s\?-ea/ ! lake _h a local ext5sion 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,du%4 ,x is ?us se5 to h ext5d$1 ) a possible break ( a few kilometres 9 ! di/rict ne> ,a9 ,girm ,me%m1 almo/ ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! depression1 ov] a di/ance ( #acf kilometres1 or #he miles4 ,x prov$ a matt] ( "s difficulty to det]m9e ! maximum height to :i* ! lake _h rea*$1 z 9 mo/ localities ! deposits h suff]$ consid]able d5udation1 & _! m>g9s are usually obscur$ by bl[n s& & sup]ficial detrital mat]ial4 ,! pott]y to ! s\?-we/ ( ,headqu>t]s 0 asc]ta9$ to occur at #dg metres above sea-level1 ! upp]mo/ limit ( ! deposits 9 t area be+ #fb metres4 ,at ,headqu>t]s ! lake clays occur up to betwe5 #fe & #ff metres2 at ,a9 ,t]fai & ,a9 ,mahmud1 nor? ( ,meh]iq1 to #fe & #fg metres respectively4 ,/ill f>!r nor? ,i f\nd !re 7 /ret*es ( simil> clays at #gf metres ne> ,a9 el ,qasr1 & at #hd to #he metres 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,a9 el ,ghazl4 ,on ! we/ side a v well-def9$ pla9 =m$ ( ! lake b$s occurs imm$iately to ! ea/ ( ! ,necropolis1 & 0 f\nd to lie at #gj metres above sea-level4 ,b ! mo/ valuable data ( all 7 ^? obta9$ at ! ,gorn el ,g5nh4 ,!re1 z anticipat$1 ! lacu/r9e deposits1 conta9+ ,melania & ,limna 9 abundance1 7 f\nd to be well develop$ & expos$1 be+ pil$ up on ! flanks ( ! hill on its nor?1 ea/1 & s\? sides1 ! exact limits ( ! b$s be+ be/ se5 on ! s\?-ea/ side ne> ! ru9s ( a columb>ium4 ,imm$iately beh9d ! latt] ! top ( ! /ratifi$ clays 0 det]m9$ z #ff metres1 a figure agree+ rem>kably closely ) ! majority ( ! maximum heights f>!r nor?4 ,/ill high] up1 h[ev]1 are o!r clays1 :i*1 :ile simil> 9 g5]al appe>ance1 are ei!r v irregul>ly b$d$ or altoge!r un/ratifi$4 ,! upp] limit ( ^! clays 0 f\nd to be #hbgf1 or1 say1 #hc metres4 ,:ile ^! highe/ b$s may possibly h be5 deposit$ by ! wat]s ( spr+s issu+ f faults & fissures 7! l9e ( di/urbance m5tion$ 9 a previ\s *apt] passes ?r\gh ! ,gorn at ?is po9t71 "o mu/1 9 ! abs5ce ( any def9ite evid5ce to ! contr>y1 reg>d !m z probably repres5t+ ! extreme m>g9al deposits ( ! lake4 ,we may1 inde$1 conclude t1 :ile ! lake presumably at "o "t rea*$ to a maximum level ( #he metres1 x /ood = a consid]able p]iod at ab\t #gj metres above sea-level4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c(f9-,,masks ,,f ,,bellaida4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,pott]y ,,f ,,! ,,lacu/r9e ,,deposits4 ,! next /ep 0 to asc]ta9 ! altitudes ( ! ar*ological sites & ! relation ( ! latt] to ! lacu/r9e deposits4 ,up to ! pres5t "t levels h n be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh to ! s\? end ( ! oasis1 & an]oid det]m9ations are n ( suffici5t accuracy = our purpose1 s t we mu/ conf9e our att5tion 9 ?is connection to ! nor!rn portion ( ! depression4 ,! gr\nd-level ( ! temple ( ,hibis 0 f\nd to be at #ge metres & ! l[e/ ( ! tombs ( ! ,necropolis at #hjf metres above sea-level4 ,! columb>ium already allud$ to1 on ! s\?-ea/ side ( ! ,gorn el ,g5nh1 is built on ! d5ud$ slopes ( ! lacu/r9e s]ies at a level ( #egb metres1 :ile ! base ( a numb] ( brick ru9s a little to ! nor? 0 f\nd to be j ov] #ec metres4 ,f9ally1 ! gr\nd-level at ! base ( ! slope on :i* /&s ,qasr ,zaiyan 0 det]m9$ z #ba metres1 a b5*-m>k be+ made on ! s\!rn door ( ! temple at #bdeb metres above sea-level4 ,!re are sev]al po9ts 9 connection ) ! disposition ( ! ar*ological rema9s :i* _c b /rike "o4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are mo/ly on or ne> ! extreme m>g9 ( ! lacu/r9e deposits2 secondly1 !y are abs5t altoge!r f ! c5tral portion ( ! lake site2 & ?irdly1 ! old] monum5ts occupy ! highe/ levels1 :ile !re are no repres5tatives at all ( ! e>li] ,egyptian p]iods4 ,:ile ! disposition ( ! monum5ts may1 ( c\rse1 be entirely =tuit\s1 we are ju/ifi$1 ,i ?9k1 9 assum+ t ! lake exi/$ well into ! hi/oric p]iod1 & may h /ill /ood at ! #fe or #gj metre level :5 ! temple ( ,hibis 0 erect$ by ,d>ius1 ab\t #ejj ye>s be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies x 0 c]ta9ly consid]ably l[]1 :ile 9 /ill lat] days1 :5 ! c\ntry became a ,roman prov9ce1 ! lake _h v mu* contract$1 & probably only exi/$ z a m>%y swamp occupy+ ! l[] portions ( ! depression4 ,:at age1 x may be ask$1 is indicat$ by ! pott]y1 bones1 & fre%-wat] %ells :i*1 z already m5tion$1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! lacu/r9e deposits8 ,un=tunately ! %ells belong to species :i* h a wide di/ribution1 & h p]si/$ f e>ly ,plei/oc5e times "r up to ! pres5t day4 ,!y d n1 !re=e1 help u to fix ! age ( ! deposits1 except )9 wide limits4 ,! bones 7 submitt$ to ,dr4 ,&rews1 ,f4,r4,s41 ( ! ,briti% ,museum ,/aff1 & 8 conclusion is t !y belong to two dome/icat$ animals--"o a small1 lightly-built ox1 ! o!r a small horse1 donkey1 or zebra2 un=tunately !y are n suffici5tly complete to be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,f9ally1 z to ! pott]y3 ! types d n diff] 9 any important respect f ^? associat$ ) ! t[ns & cemet]ies ( ,grco-,roman age 9 _m p>ts ( ! oasis4 ,! b>rel-%ap$ pot has1 inde$1 p]si/$ to mod]n times1 be+1 9 a slightly diff]5t design1 ! /&>d wat]-j> at ! pres5t day 9 ! oasis ( ,dakhla4 ,! pott]y1 !re=e1 be>s out our conclusions t ! lake cont9u$ to exi/ well into ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,al?\gh fl9t implem5ts h nev] yet be5 detect$ 9 situ 9 ! lacu/r9e deposits1 ,i h collect$ a consid]able numb] f ! area orig9ally occupi$ by ! lake4 ,"s ( ^! 7 f\nd ly+ on ! d5ud$ surfaces ( ! lake b$s1 9 positions :i* lead me to suppose t !y h wea!r$ out f ! deposits4 ,!y are decid$ly ,neoli?ic 9 workman%ip & "*1 & 71 9 my op9ion1 us$ by p inhabit+ ! depression at ! "t (1 & probably prior to1 ! exi/5ce ( ! lake4 ,a numb] ( examples are %[n 9 "o ( ! accompany+ plates2 ! figure 9 ! bottom left-h& corn] is1 h[ev]1 t ( a paloli?1 a typical example ( ^? :i* occur on ! bord]s ( ! plateau1 & on or ne> ! ea/]n esc>pm5ts4 ,9 ! "r-h& bottom corn] is figur$ an object ( v common occurr5ce 9 ! oasis--a s&/one h&-gr9d]1 probably ( ,roman age4 ,) ! exception ( ^! two ! specim5s illu/rat$ are all implem5ts f ! site ( ! lake4 ,fl9t implem5ts 7 evid5tly 9 use 9 ,kh>ga at a v late p]iod1 z l>ge numb]s ( work$ fl9ts1 mo/ly 9 ! =m ( flakes or tools ( v poor f9i%1 occur ne> _m ( ! old s&$-up wells4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( detail$ "w w h to be und]tak5 be=e ! diff]5t fl9ts ( ! oasis c be satisfactorily arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]4 ,f :at p]iod did ! lake date1 & to :at cause did x owe its orig91 are que/ions :i* _c1 ,i fe>1 be def9itely answ]$ z yet4 ,:ile x is q reasonable to consid]1 9 ! abs5ce ( any decisive evid5ce to ! contr>y1 t ! lake orig9at$ 9 e>ly prehi/oric or ,plei/oc5e times--t x dates possibly f ! "t ( ! =mation ( ! tufas ( ! ,nile ,valley & oasis-esc>pm5t1 :5 ! climate 0 c]ta9ly mu* moi/] ?an at ! pres5t day--we mu/ n =get ! possibility t x 0 =m$ by artificial means dur+ "o or o!r ( ! ,egyptian dyna/ies betwe5 #cjjj & #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,!re is good reason to believe t ! depression 0 inhabit$ previ\s to ! =mation ( ! lake1 & al?\gh we h no in=mation z to :5 ! fir/ deep bor+s 7 made1 !re is "s evid5ce :i* leads me to suspect t wells exi/$ prior to ! "t :5 ! surface ( ! lake began to fall1 if n v mu* e>li]4 ,! evid5ce to :i* ,i ref] is ! discov]y ( a portion ( an e>!nw>e pipe emb$d$ 9 situ 9 ! lake clays at a height ( #dbhe metres1 ( ! type us$ by ! anci5ts = l9+ _! wat]-*annels4 ,is x possible1 !re=e1 t1 z ! result ( ! indu/ry ( ! anci5t well-bor]s-- foll[+ _! initial discov]y ( ^! deep-seat$ s\rces--! long-conf9$ wat]s well$ up ) irresi/ible =ce1 & gradually flood$ ! c\ntry4 ,at ! pres5t day1 :5 ! pressure ?r\gh\t ! artesian bas9 mu/ be v mu* less ?an =m]ly1 x is n uncommon = new bores to get out ( control & flood consid]able areas ( c\ntry4 ,! same ?+ may possibly h happ5$ on a v mu* l>g] scale ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 :5 ! fir/ bores 7 sunk into a previ\sly untapp$ artesian bas91 fully *>g$ ) wat] "u great pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts4 ,!re is ano!r explanation :i* x is advisable to keep 9 m9d1 ?\gh x has nev] hi!rto1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 be5 advanc$ z a possible cause ( ! =mation ( lakes4 ,! v exi/5ce ( artesian wat] dep5ds on ! pres5ce ( por\s /rata ov]la9 by imp]meable b$s4 ,if "o or o!r ( ! por\s b$s1 *>g$ ) wat] "u pressure1 %\ld1 ?r\gh ! action ( d5udation on ! ov]ly+ b$s1 become expos$ at ! surface1 ! wat]s w\ld escape ?r\gh natural spr+s 9 v l>ge quantities4 ,?is might1 inde$1 cont9ue = a long p]iod ( "t1 until ! b$ 0 ne>ly deplet$ & ! pressure r$uc$ to nil4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! b$s :i* we h nam$ ! #8,surface-wat] ,s&/one1' & :i* are n[ expos$ 9 places on ! floor ( ! oasis1 7 orig9ally entirely cov]$ by imp]vi\s clays1 & conta9$ artesian wat] "u pressure2 !y may1 9 fact1 h be5 9 ! same condition z is ! ,artesian-wat] ,s&/one at ! pres5t day4 ,x is conceivable1 !re=e1 t :5 ^? b$s became expos$ at ! surface1 ow+ to ! removal ( ! ov]ly+ conf9+ /rata1 _! conta9$ wat]s escap$ 9 su* quantities z to h giv5 rise to a lake ( consid]able dim5sions1 if n to "o equal 9 size to t :i* we h be5 consid]+4 ,no "o c be m consci\s ?an myself ( h[ mu* !re is /ill to be le>nt reg>d+ ! topographical aspects ( ! oasis 9 e>ly hi/oric times1 & al?\gh ! !ory t ! lake may h be5 =m$ by wat]s :i* escap$ f ! und]ly+ wat]-*>g$ b$s 7ei!r artificially ?r\gh bore-holes or naturally z spr+s7 may at fir/ sight appe> fanciful1 x is "o :i*1 9 ! pres5t imp]fect /ate ( our k1 is at lea/ wor? be>+ 9 m9d4 ,a m detail$ exam9ation ( ! lacu/r9e deposits w\ld probably ?r[ fur!r light on ! matt]2 & a m9ute analysis ( ! nature1 composition1 & arrangem5t ( ! individual gra9s w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly %[ :e!r ! b$s h 9 ! ma9 be5 =m$ ( s$im5t c>ri$ into ! lake by /reams f ! neighb\r+ cliffs & plateaux1 or :e!r !y repres5t w9d-borne accumulations ( s& & clay-du/ f ! surr\nd+ pla9s4 ,at :atev] p]iod & 9 :atev] mann] ! lake may h be5 =m$1 x is q cle> t x exi/$ well into hi/oric times1 & t on its b$ 7 laid d[n ?ick deposits ( clay & s&1 :i* at ! pres5t day =m ! bulk ( ! cultivat$ l&s ( ! oasis4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,und]gr\nd ,,wat]-,,supply ,! ,wat]-be>+ ,/rata und]ly+ ! ,libyan ,des]t -- ,ess5tial ,conditions requir$ to produce an ,artesian ,bas9 -- ,! ,surface-,wat] ,s&/one -- ,collect+ ,pits -- ,fissures -- ,yield ( ,wat] -- ,fl[+ ,wells f ?is ,s&/one -- ,bores at ,el ,dr el ,gh5nma -- ,v>iable ,quality ( ,wat] -- ,anci5t ,subt]ranean ,aqu$ucts -- ,! ,artesian-,wat] ,s&/one -- ,g5]al ,*>act]s -- ,! ,headqu>t]s ,area avoid$ by ! ,anci5ts -- ,drill+ ,difficulties -- ,results ( ,new ,bores -- ,factors det]m9+ ,dis*>ges ( ,wells -- ,temp]ature & ,*emical ,composition ( ,artesian ,wat]s4 ,:5 labori\sly trav]s+ ! hot & arid plateaux ( ! ,libyan ,des]t1 our ?\ghts divid$ betwe5 ! f]tile pla9s ( ! ,nile we h left beh9d & ! /ill f> di/ant oasis1 x is difficult to realize ! pres5ce1 )9 a di/ance ( a few hundr$ y>ds1 ( an abundant supply ( ! pure/ wat]4 ,yet !re is little d\bt t ! wat]-be>+ b$s und]lie practically ! :ole ( ! ,libyan ,des]t1 ?\gh x is only on ! floors ( ! depressions t !y lie )9 accessible di/ance ( ! surface4 ,on ! high tablel&s ! co/ ( s9k+ bores to rea* ! s&/ones w\ld be prohibitive1 & )\t ! aid ( p[]ful & co/ly pumps ! wat] w\ld n rise to ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,b al?\gh ! subt]ranean wat]s ( ! great des]t plateaux _c economically be made available at ! surface1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! deeply buri$ s&/ones ( ^! regions mu/ act to a great ext5t z /orage res]voirs capable ( repl5i%+ ! b$s und]ly+ ! oases-depressions1 f :i* l>ge volumes ( wat] are cont9u\sly drawn by ! num]\s artesian wells4 ,! ess5tial conditions requir$ to produce an artesian bas91 :i*1 :5 tapp$ by bor+s1 w produce self-fl[+ wells1 are ! pres5ce ( /rata ( suffici5t porosity to c>ry wat]1 enclos$ above & bel[ by b$s ( suffici5t imp]meability to prev5t ! escape ( t wat]2 ! outcrop ( ! por\s b$s 9 "s high] & di/ant region1 ) an adequate exposure to an abundant s\rce ( wat]1 :e!r ra91 riv]1 or lake2 &1 f9ally1 ! abs5ce ( an easy escape at a l[] level1 unless at a consid]able di/ance f ! sites ( ! wells4 ,^! requirem5ts are well fulfill$ 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t1 :]e ! ,nubian ,s]ies at ! base ( ! ,cretace\s consi/s ( highly por\s s&/ones1 subdivid$ by imp]vi\s b$s ( %ale1 ov]la9 by a great ?ickness ( absolutely wat]-tight b$s1 & und]la9 by probably almo/ equally imp]meable cry/all9e rocks4 ,^! por\s s&/ones rise gradually to ! s\?1 & presumably outcrop 9 ,nubia & ! ,sudan1 ?\gh :e!r1 z we %all see lat]1 !y d]ive _! wat]-supplies f ! ,nubian rea*es ( ! ,nile1 f ! great swamp regions ( ! ,sudan1 or f ! ra9s ( ,abyss9ia or ,d>fur1 is /ill1 to "s ext5t1 an op5 "q4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,artesian ,,well 7,,bore ,,no4 #ci74 ,9 ,nor!rn ,kh>ga we f9d two simil> b di/9ct s&/ones1 sep>at$ by a #ge-metre b& ( ,imp]meable ,grey ,%ale4 ,! upp] b$1 :i* we h = conv5i5ce designat$ ! #8,surface-wat] ,s&/one1' is expos$ at ! surface1 & conta9s /&+ or sub-artesian wat]2 :ile ! l[]1 f :i* ! fl[+ wells d]ive _! supplies1 nev] approa*es )9 #hj metres ( ! surface1 & =ms ! true #8,artesian-wat] ,s&/one4' ,x w be conv5i5t to give ^! s&/ones sep>ate consid]ation4 ,,! ,,surface-,,wat] ,,s&/one4 ,! /ratigraphical position ( ! ,surface-wat] ,s&/one w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! geological sequ5ce giv5 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 & to ! section drawn across ! oasis4 ,! b$s =m+ ?is division h an av]age ?ickness ( #de metres1 & consi/ almo/ entirely ( f9e s&/ones or co>s] grits1 (t5 conta9+ an abundance ( oxide ( iron1 & occasionally b$s ( alum & ,epsom salts1 or1 to be *emically exact1 hydr\s sulphates ( alum9a & magnesia4 ,?9 b&s ( %ale are frequ5tly met )1 int]calat$ 9 ! s&/ones1 g5]ally ne> ! top or base ( ! s]ies4 ,on ! level or g5tly undulat+ floor ( ! oasis1 to ! ea/ ( ! l9e ( di/urbance pass+ ?r\gh ,jebel ,tr1 ! ,surface-wat] ,s&/one has a wide outcrop1 :ile to ! we/1 :]e ! g5]al level ( all ! =mations is high]1 ! same /age =ms ! foot-hills ( ,jebel ,t>if1 ( ,jebel ,tr1 & ( ! high cliffs :i* rise to ! nor? ( ,um el ,dabdib & ,a9 ,lebekha4 ,x is probable1 moreov]1 t ! s&/ones :i* =m ! surface ( ! des]t betwe5 ,kh>ga & ,dakhla1 & :i* cov] imm5se areas to ! s\? ( ! oases1 also belong to ?is gr\p4 ,ov] a portion ( ! floor 9 ! nor? ( ! depression ^! s&/ones h be5 entirely remov$ by d5udation1 s t 9 ?is area ! und]ly+ grey %ales =m ! des]t surface4 ,at "o "t ! s&/one 0 cont9u\s across ! depression1 & entirely cov]$ by an imp]vi\s mantle consi/+ ( ! ,purple ,%ales4 ,x 0 !n1 9 all probability1 fully *>g$ ) wat] "u pressure1 z is ! true ,artesian-wat] ,s&/one at ! pres5t day2 & x is possible1 z we h already sugge/$1 t :5 ! s&/ones 9 "q 7 fir/ laid b>e by ! active ag5ts ( erosion1 innum]able spr+s broke =?1 & gave rise to a lake ( consid]able magnitude1 :i* may1 inde$1 h be5 t :i* p]si/$ into ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,9 ! di/rict r\nd ,headqu>t]s sev]al pits h be5 sunk 9 ?is s&/one1 f :i* ! wat] is lift$ by p[] = purposes ( irrigation4 ,9 six pits ! maximum level ( ! wat] v>ies f #eech to #efeb1 ! av]age be+ #eegd metres4 ,f ,headqu>t]s ! g5]al surface ( ! c\ntry falls to ! nor?1 s\?1 & ea/1 & curi\sly ! wat]-level 9 ! s&/one falls 9 ! same directions4 ,9 a pit ne> ,bore ,no4 #dc1 ab\t #c kilometres to ! s\?-we/1 ! wat]-level is #ebd metres2 at po9ts #fdj metres & #b kilometres to ! we/ x 0 f\nd to be #ebaf & #ejba metres respectively2 :ile ne> ,bore ,no4 #cc1 #d kilometres to ! nor?1 ! surface-wat] /&s at #ebga metres above sea-level4 ,! gr\nd-levels at ^! po9ts are #eded1 #egij1 #ecfa1 & #egfa respectively1 :ile t at ,headqu>t]s av]ages #eieg metres above sea-level4 ,= irrigation purposes an ord9>y bore-hole or small pit is q useless1 ! infl[ ( wat] ?r\gh ! pores ( ?is s&/one be+ too sl[ to yield a pump+ supply4 ,:5 a l>ge pit is excavat$1 fissures1 ?r\gh :i* wat] is se5 to be freely circulat+1 are ne>ly always expos$4 ,exp]im5ts %[ t--provid$ a suffici5tly l>ge collect+-tank is made1 measur+1 = in/ance1 #e by #d metres1 & sunk f #a to #b metres bel[ ! /&+ wat]-level--a supply suffici5t to yield a cont9u\s dis*>ge ( #h gallons a m9ute 7equival5t to #aa1ejj gallons p] day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs7 c frequ5tly be obta9$4 ,moreov]1 by s9k+ a bore to a dep? ( #g or #h metres f ! bottom ( ! pit1 pref]ably on "o ( ! fissures1 ! supply c be increas$ ?reefold1 ! wat] em]g+ f ! bore 9 consid]able volume1 ?\gh ) insuffici5t pressure to c>ry x 79 a l5g? ( well-cas+ fix$ on ! top ( ! bore-hole7 above ! level ( #eegd4 ,! latt] figure may1 inde$1 be reg>d$ z ! /atic head 9 ?is neighb\rhood ( ! wat] 9 ! ,surface-wat] ,s&/one4 ,! fact t f ?is s&/one we are unable to obta9 an artesian well at ! surface1 b c get fl[+ wat] at a dep? ( a few metres1 is an important illu/ration ( ! v slight diff]5ce 9 "s cases betwe5 fl[+ & non-fl[+ wells1 & ( _! close connection )1 & dep5d5ce on1 ! absolute gr\nd-level4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is sub-surface s\rce c be drawn on )\t l[]+ its level has n yet be5 det]m9$1 ?\gh1 9 a pit alongside ,bore ,no4 #b1 a #8saqia' or ,p]sian wat]:eel 7a native contrivance adapt$ = lift+ wat]1 work$ by ox5 or camels71 has be5 work+ = ab\t eighte5 mon?s )\t appreciably affect+ ! supply4 ,we h se5 t a fl[+ well c be obta9$ 79 a pit7 a few metres bel[ gr\nd-level1 & "u c]ta9 conditions x may be possible to obta9 fl[+ wells at ! surface f ! s&/one "u consid]ation2 ! occurr5ce ( artesian wat] at ,el ,dr el ,gh5nma1 on ! ea/ side ( ! depression1 may1 inde$1 be a case 9 po9t4 ,to ! ea/ ( ,headqu>t]s1 z may be ga!r$ f ! section1 ! ,surface-wat] ,s&/one dips g5tly "u ! ,purple ,%ales1 ! ?ickness ( ! latt] increas+ z ! ea/]n esc>pm5t is approa*$4 ,runn+ nor? & s\? ?r\gh ,el ,dr is an anticl9al fold1 & fl[+ wat] is obta9able f wells sunk on its cre/ ?r\gh ! %ales to ! und]ly+ s&/one4 ,! orig9al dep?s ( ! anci5t wells 9 ?is di/rict _c be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty1 b :5 "o ( ^? to ! nor? ( ! ru9$ =t 0 clean$ out & cas$1 fl[+ wat] 0 obta9$ :5 ! drill rea*$ a dep? ( #da metres4 ,bel[ ?is ! gr\nd appe>$ to be unt\*$1 ! bore be+ c>ri$ a few metres deep] into fre% s&/one1 :i* yield$ an increas$ supply4 ,?is well has giv5 a /eady dis*>ge ( ab\t #dj gallons a m9ute = ov] eighte5 mon?s4 ,q rec5tly ! fl[ has be5 augm5t$ to j ov] #ej gallons p] m9ute by its outlet be+ l[]$ ab\t #a metres1 to #ib metres above sea-level4 ,! wat] "h seems to be d]iv$ f ! ,surface-wat] ,s&/one1 ?\gh1 consid]+ t ! well is situat$ on a l9e ( fold+1 x w\ld n be advisable to entirely disreg>d ! possibility ( ! pres5ce ( fissures1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] might rise directly f ! ,artesian-wat] ,s&/one bel[4 ,if1 z appe>s to be ! case f ! dep? & position ( ! bore1 ! wat] does h its orig9 9 ! ,surface-wat] ,s&/one1 ! explanation may be t ! necess>y work+ head or pressure is furni%$ by ! diff]5ce ( level ( ! s&/one "h & 9 adjac5t di/ricts4 ,9 ! extreme nor? ( ! oasis ! same s&/one lies at a consid]ably high] level1 &1 at ! same "t1 holds l>ge volumes ( wat]1 & x may be t ! pressure ( ?is wat]1 act+ on t conta9$ 9 ! b$s at l[] levels1 gives rise to fl[+ wells :5 bores are sunk 9 fav\rable localities4 ,a v great drawback to ! wat] ( ^! upp] s&/ones is its v>iable quality4 ,9 ! ,headqu>t]s di/rict x is usually m or less f]rug9\s1 & 9 "s pits may conta9 z mu* z #fc gra9s ( dissolv$ solids p] gallon1 ! salts consi/+ ( iron1 pota%1 & soda1 ) traces ( lime & magnesia1 mo/ly 9 ! =m ( sulphates & *lorides4 ,mr4 ,william ,g>s$#i has calculat$ t ?is wat] w\ld1 if us$ = irrigation at ! rate ( #c gallons a m9ute p] acre1 effect an annual deposition ( ov] #c tons ( sulphate ( pota% & common salt on ea* acre ( l&4 ,salts ( ?is nature 9 su* quantities w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h a v delet]i\s effect on ! crops1 n to m5tion ! me*anical b9d+ action ( ! iron on ! soil4 ,x appe>s t ! want ( uni=mity 9 ! quality ( ! wat] is due to local causes1 *ief ( :i* may be ! relative abundance ( fissures1 ! purity ( ! s&/one1 & ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( m9]aliz$ %ales4 ,9 ^? areas :]e ! wat] is mov+ only sl[ly--:]e1 9 fact1 x t5ds t[>ds /agnation 9 ! /rata--x is probably liable to become m or less highly *>g$ ) m9]al salts2 c]ta9ly ! be/ qualities seem to co9cide ) relative abundance1 & ! l>ge/ supplies are und\bt$ly f\nd :]e ! b$s are trav]s$ by fissures4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! oasis p]fectly sweet wat] is obta9able f ! s&/ones ( ?is s]ies1 & ?is s\rce1 z an auxili>y to ! artesian supplies obta9$ f deep bor+s1 0 tak5 full advantage ( 9 old5 times4 ,! anci5ts con/ruct$ ! mo/ m>vell\s sy/ems ( subt]ranean aqu$ucts to tap ^! s\rces1 m especially 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,um el ,dabdib1 ,qasr ,lebekha1 & ,qasr ,gyb1 :]e su* works 7 especially applicable1 ow+ to ! fact t ! s&/ones 9 ^? di/ricts =m ext5sive hills above ! g5]al level ( ! surr\nd+ cultivable gr\nd4 ,^! und]gr\nd works are1 9 _m respects1 ( f> great] int]e/ ?an ! anci5t monum5ts1 & !y w !re=e be fully describ$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,,! ,,artesian-,,wat] ,,s&/one4 ,! s\rce ( ! great majority ( ! fl[+ wells ( ! oasis is ! gr\p ( s&/ones und]ly+ ! ,imp]meable ,grey ,%ales4 ,al?\gh ! b$s ( ! s]ies are n[h]e visible to ! eye1 _! g5]al *>act]s c be judg$ by an exam9ation ( ! mat]ial br\ght to ! surface dur+ drill+ op]ations4 ,! samples prove t1 9 g5]al li?ological *>act]s1 ! ,artesian-wat] ,s&/ones d n ess5tially diff] f ^? j describ$4 ,?r\gh\t ! area ov] :i* bor+ op]ations h rec5tly be5 c>ri$ out no well-def9$1 cont9u\s1 argillace\s b&s h be5 met )1 ?\gh l5ticul> int]calations ( clayey /rata are n uncommon4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ! base ( ! ,artesian-wat] ,s&/one has n be5 rea*$1 al?\gh ! deepe/ bor+s h be5 c>ri$ d[n to a dep? ( #abb metres bel[ its junction ) ! conf9+ %ales above4 ,! diff]5t b&s v>y consid]ably 9 co>s5ess & porosity1 9 h>dness1 & 9 ! am\nt ( cem5t+ mat]ial betwe5 ! individual gra9s ( ! rock1 all ( :i* *>act]s h a m>k$ influ5ce on _! capacity z wat]-c>ri]s4 ,judg+ f _! unfossilif]\s nature1 f ! pres5ce ( ?9 seams ( lignite associat$ ) b&s & nodules ( iron pyrites1 & f c]ta9 o!r consid]ations1 we are l$ to inf] t ^! s&/ones 7 orig9ally laid d[n on ! b$ ( an imm5se inl& fre%-wat] lake4 ,dur+ ! pa/ half-c5tury ! natives h put d[n a consid]able numb] ( deep bores 9 ?is & ! neighb\r+ oasis4 ,no writt5 records conc]n+ ^! are1 h[ev]1 available1 s t 9 seek+ in=mation "o has to rely on ! memory ( ! m5 :o sunk ! wells4 ,by c>eful cross-que/ion+ ,i h collect$ a l>ge am\nt ( int]e/+ & valuable in=mation1 b /ill1 9 describ+ ! artesian wells !mselves1 x w be m satisfactory to conf9e our att5tion to ^? :i* h be5 drill$ on ! ,headqu>t]s area dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s1 & ( :i* accurate & reliable records h be5 pres]v$4 ,! ,headqu>t]s area1 occupy+ ! c5tral "p ( ! depression betwe5 ,kh>ga village & ,jebel el ,gh5nma1 is "o ( ! few l>ge di/ricts entirely devoid ( old wells & traces ( =m] cultivation4 ,a comb9ation ( unfav\rable circum/ances appe>s to h l$ ! anci5t well-bor]s to avoid ?is di/rict4 ,fir/ly1 ! g5]al elevation is comp>atively high1 mean+ small fl[s f wells ( ord9>y dep?2 secondly1 ! sup]ficial alluvial deposit is clayey & heavy1 necessitat+ a consid]able exp5diture ( "t & lab\r to br+ x into satisfactory condition = cultivation2 &1 ?irdly1 & probably mo/ important ( all1 ! pres5ce ( a copi\s supply ( sub-surface wat]1 :i* w\ld h greatly hamp]$1 if n made impossible1 ! s9k+ ( wells by ! anci5t sy/em4 ,x may !re=e be assum$ t1 ow+ to ! entire abs5ce ( bo? anci5t & mod]n wells1 ! s&/ones ( ?is di/rict 7 practically fully *>g$ ) wat] at ! "t ! fir/ bore 0 sunk4 ,! junction ( ! ,artesian-wat] ,s&/one ) ! grey %ales above is usually fairly abrupt1 ! fir/ fl[+ wat] be+ obta9$ z soon z ! drill /rikes ! top ( ! s&/one4 ,:]e alt]nat+ s&/ones & %ales occur at or ne> ! junction1 ! =m] are g5]ally *>g$ ) wat] "u feeble pressure1 yield+ fl[s at ! surface ( f #a to #e gallons a m9ute4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 ! pi]c+ ( ^! ?9 b&s1 prior to ! ma9 body ( s&/one be+ ent]$1 m]ely results 9 a rise ( wat] 9 ! bore-hole1 )\t actual fl[4 ,on drill+ into ! s&/one prop]1 increm5ts ( ! fl[ are obta9$ at fairly frequ5t1 ?\gh irregul>1 int]vals ( dep?4 ,at times ! dis*>ge is se5 to increase sl[ly b /eadily1 :ile a p>ticul>ly por\s b$ is be+ pass$ ?r\gh2 at o!rs ! rate ( increase is s rapid z to sugge/ t a fissure *>g$ ) freely fl[+ wat] has be5 /ruck4 ,z a rule1 h>d b$s ( s&/one1 7! #8%ells' ( ,am]ican drill]s7 ov]lie ! be/ wat]-c>ry+ lay]s1 & ?\gh ^! act locally z conf9+ b$s1 !re almo/ c]ta9ly is1 nev]!less1 an intimate connection betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( ! s&/one1 z no p]si/5t argillace\s b&s h be5 met )4 ,loose uncem5t$ s&s may be enc\nt]$ at any "t1 b d n seem to co9cide ) m>k$ increases ( fl[4 ,^! #8quicks&s' =m "o ( ! greate/ difficulties ) :i* drill]s h to cont5d1 & _m bores h p]=ce to be discont9u$ ow+ to ! impossibility ( drill+ ?r\gh !m4 ,! loose s&s #8cave'--t is1 run 9 f all sides--! :ole wall ( ! bore at times fall+ 91 ?r\gh\t a l5g? ( #e or #aj metres4 ,! only rem$y aga9/ cav+ is ! ins]tion ( cas+1 b ?is is g5]ally undesirable1 z x may effect ! %utt+ (f ( wat] already obta9$ f ! upp] b&s ( ! s&/one2 9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 p]=at$ l9+ may be satisfactorily employ$4 ,( ?irty-"o bores f9i%$ 9 ?is di/rict1 none has fail$ to /rike wat]1 ?\gh ?ree h yield$ su* small fl[s t !y may be reg>d$ z comp>ative failures4 ,! av]age fl[ ( ! ?irty-"o wells1 ! measurem5ts be+ made 9 ea* case a week or two aft] completion1 0 approximately #ajj gallons a m9ute1 ! maximum be+ #cae & ! m9imum #ah gallons p] m9ute4 ,all bores h %[n a m>k$ decl9e 9 dis*>ge = "s "t aft] completion1 :51 if isolat$1 !y h settl$ d[n to a fairly /eady fl[1 or at lea/ to a fl[ :i* decreases at a con/antly dim9i%+ rate4 ,ow+ to ! v adv]se effect ( "s ( ! l>g] bores 7situat$ on ! l[] p>ts ( ! area7 _! fl[s h be5 purposely r$uc$2 & z a fur!r precaution aga9/ ov]-exploitation1 & z a rem$y to ! wa/e consequ5t on irrigation at night1 all wells are1 z f> z possible1 %ut d[n betwe5 sunset & sunrise4 ,! av]age dis*>ge1 !re=e1 at ! pres5t day is consid]ably less ?an ! figure m5tion$ above1 am\nt+1 9 fact1 to approximately #gj gallons a m9ute p] bore4 ,by f> ! mo/ important factor det]m9+ ! volume ( fl[ is ! absolute gr\nd-level at ! m\? ( ! well4 ,! floor ( ! oasis 9 ! di/rict 9 "q lies betwe5 #ec & #fa metres above sea-level1 ! g5]al slope be+ to ! we/1 9 ! opposite direction to ! dip ( ! wat]-be>+ s&/ones4 ,al?\gh ! actual diff]5ce ( level is s little1 am\nt+ only to #g or #h metres1 ! diff]5ce ( fl[s f wells ( equal dep? on ei!r side ( ! area av]ages fully #ajj p] c5t4 ,?is indicates t ! surface ( ?is area is v ne> ! /atic head or limit to :i* wat] w rise f bores ( ?is dep?2 9 fact1 if ! gr\nd 7 rais$ by a v few metres1 n "o ( ! wells w\ld dis*>ge at ! surface4 ,?is ,i h prov$ by actual exp]im5t1 & x is1 moreov]1 borne out by ! obs]v$ pressure1 :i* ev5 9 ! be/ wells seldom am\nts to m ?an #ac or #ad p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,be=e go+ fur!r into ?is important matt] ( pressure1 let u briefly notice ! temp]ature & *emical composition ( ! artesian wat]4 ,9 ,dakhla ,oasis ! temp]ature ( ! wells (t5 rises z high z #ij or #ie ,f41 ! highe/ record$ be+ #aje ,f4 9 ,bir el ,d9>ia1 a bore sunk fifte5 or sixte5 ye>s ago1 & ! deepe/ & mo/ nor!rly 9 t oasis4 ,9 ,kh>ga x is seldom t we meet ) temp]atures ov] #ij ,f41 ! well-wat]s at ,headqu>t]s v>y+ f #hf to #hh ,f4 ,id5tical figures 7 obta9$ 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! oasis4 ,"o ( ! mo/ noticeable features ( ! artesian wat] is its highly eff]vesc5t "* :5 x rea*es ! surface4 ,9 mo/ ( ! new] bores ! wat] is s /rongly *>g$ ) m9ute bubbles ( gas t x closely resembles ! cont5ts ( a newly-op5$ bottle ( highly a]at$ wat]1 :ile 9 _m ( ! old] wells ! gas rises to ! surface 9 a sl[ procession ( l>ge bubbles4 ,analysis %[s ! gas to consi/ almo/ entirely ( nitrog51 only small quantities ( oxyg5 & c>bon dioxide be+ pres5t2 & x has be5 e/imat$ by r\gh exp]im5t t ! volume ( gas issu+ f ,bore ,no4 #a 7int]nal diamet]1 #d in*es7 am\nts to half a p9t p] m9ute4 ,my own op9ion is t ?is nitrog5 repres5ts ord9>y air depriv$ ( its oxyg5 dur+ ! und]gr\nd passage ( ! wat]1 & ?is explanation seems confirm$ by ,mr4 ,lucas1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,*emi/ to ! ,egyptian ,survey ,dep>tm5t1 :o ref]s me to sev]al cases 9 :i* air is believ$ to h be5 deplet$ ( its oxyg5 by pyrites1 etc41 dur+ its passage und]gr\nd4 ,! quality ( ! artesian wat] is 9 all respects excell5t1 & :5 tak5 direct f a cas$ well =ms1 aft] cool+1 a palatable wat] free f all dang] ( contam9ation4 ,analyses by ,mr4 ,g>s$ ( wat] samples f f\r bores %[ ! total dissolv$ solids to range f #dc to #dg p>ts p] #ajj1jjj1 equival5t to f #cj to #cc gra9s p] gallon4 ,9 new bores ! wat] is usually only slightly f]rug9\s1 ?\gh1 z already m5tion$1 9 "s ( ! anci5t wells ( c]ta9 di/ricts x is s highly *>g$ ) f]ric oxide t ?ick deposits ( o*re h be5 =m$ along ! irrigation *annels4 ,! *emical composition ( ! dissolv$ salts1 s f> z det]m9$1 is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,analyses ,,( ,,typical ,,artesian ,,wat] ,,( ,,kh>ga ,,oasis 7,,headqu>t]s ,,di/rict74 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,bore ,bore ,bore ,bore ,no4 #a4,no4 #b4,no4 #e4,no4 #f4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,total solids 7gra9s p] #cc #cj #cc #cb gallon7 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,composition ( dissolv$ salts1 p] c5t4 ,silica #db #de #df #cd ,f]ric oxide #ag #jh #ab #ac ,lime #fe #gj #ed #ef ,magnesia #bi #ca #bg #ch ,sulphuric anhydride #de #di #dd #dd ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,*apt] ,x ,,fl[+ ,,wells3 ,,"s ,,exp]im5ts ,,& ,,obs]vations ,total ,wat] ,dis*>ge ( ,oasis -- ,wat]-,pressures -- ,/atic ,head -- ,importance ( ,sy/ematic ,obs]vations & ,records ( ,bores -- ,s5sitiv5ess ( ,wells -- ,exp]im5ts %[+ ,mutual ,int]f]5ce ( ,wells -- ,bores ,nos4 #e & #f -- ,bores ,nos4 #d & #db -- ,! ,wells at ,el ,dr el ,gh5nma -- ,decl9e 9 ,dis*>ge ( ,new ,wells -- ,effect ( ,clos+ ,bores -- ,rate ( ,fl[ ( ,wat] 9 ,s&/ones -- ,dang] ( ,ov]-,exploitation -- ,hold+ ,capacity & ,porosity -- ,exp]im5ts on ,porosity ( ,nubian ,s&/one -- ,l>ge ,quantities ( ,wat] held 9 ,/orage ,b$s -- ,economically only p>tially available at ,surface4 ,at ! pres5t day !re are ab\t #bcj native-own$ wells 9 ! oasis1 yield+ a total dis*>ge ( "s #bie qirats4 ,we h se5 t ! qirat has n a fix$ value1 b repres5ts a dis*>ge v>y+ f #bb to #ch or m gallons a m9ute4 ,apply+ ^! values z f> z possible to ! old wells1 & add+ ! kn[n dis*>ge ( ! new1 we %all n be v f> f ! tru? if we e/imate ! total dis*>ge ( ! oasis wells at #h1jjj gallons a m9ute1 or #aa1ejj1jjj gallons 7#ec1jjj cubic metres7 a day4 ,! l>ge/ well 9 ,kh>ga ,oasis is ,a9 ,e/akh]ab at ,g5nh1 ) a dis*>ge ( betwe5 #gjj & #hjj gallons p] m9ute4 ,! av]age yield ( ^? :i* might be describ$ z ! be/ wells probably does n exce$ #aej to #bjj gallons1 :ile !re are a great _m :i* only dis*>ge #bj or #cj gallons p] m9ute4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! _w ! dis*>ges ( artesian wells are measur$ by ?\s&s1 n hundr$s1 ( gallons4 ,9 ,que5sl& & o!r p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 = in/ance1 !re are num]\s bores ?r[+ ov] #a1jjj gallons a m9ute2 9 ^! regions ! dep? ( individual bores 9 _m cases am\nts to ?\s&s ( feet1 ! pressure frequ5tly ris+ z high z #ajj p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,x mu/1 moreov]1 be borne 9 m9d t ! artesian bas9s ( ,au/ralia h only be5 exploit$ dur+ a comp>atively %ort p]iod1 & t f ! nature ( ! c\ntry ! wells are1 z a rule1 at consid]able di/ances ap>t4 ,! exploitation ( ! artesian bas9 ( ! ,libyan ,des]t has be5 9 progress = hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & x is probable1 !re=e1 t 9 ! oases-depressions ! g5]al av]age pressure has be5 v mu* r$uc$4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! wat]-pressures seldom exce$ a v few p\nds p] squ>e in*1 s t ! /atic head1 or absolute height to :i* ! wat] w rise1 is seldom m ?an a few metres above ! actual surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! outlets ( ! native wells are1 un=tunately1 ( su* a nature t x is n possible to make ev5 approximate det]m9ations ( pressure2 b aft] tak+ into acc\nt ! influ5ce ( gr\nd-level on ! volume ( fl[1 we /ill f9d diff]5ces :i* po9t to !re be+ consid]able v>iation 9 ! absolute /atic head 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! oasis--t is to say1 ! wat] w rise high] 9 "s places ?an 9 o!rs4 ,?is is probably p>tly to be acc\nt$ = by v>iations 9 ! level ( ! und]ly+ /rata & by ! pres5ce ( faults--= in/ance1 ! /atic head to ! we/ ( ! c5tral l9e ( di/urbance is c]ta9ly consid]ably high] ?an to ! ea/4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( accurate data1 ! /atic head 9 a di/rict c be approximately gaug$ f ! gr\nd-level & fl[ ( any "o ( ! high] & m isolat$ wells4 ,! maximum /atic head judg$ 9 ?is way appe>s to be #hh metres above sea-level 9 ! ,kh>ga di/rict on ! we/ side ( ! fault2 b 9 ! ,headqu>t]s area1 to ! ea/ ( ! fault1 x c be def9itely prov$ to be v mu* less4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! ext5t ( ! local v>iations ?r\gh\t ! di/rict :]e ! rec5t bor+ op]ations h ext5d$1 ,i c>ri$ out a numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,= ?is purpose f\r bores 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! area 7 select$1 ( simil> diamet]s1 & ( approximately equal dep?s into ! wat]-s&/one4 ,by means ( a flange ! cas+ ( ea* bore 0 c>ri$ v]tically upw>ds1 ! ord9>y outlet be+ kept %ut until ! pressure ceas$ to rise1 z indicat$ by a pressure-gauge4 ,x 0 !n f\nd t 9 ,bore ,no4 #cf ! wat] _h ris5 to #faf metres1 9 ,bore ,no4 #ch to #eiee1 9 ,bore ,no4 #db to #fdbf1 & 9 ,bore ,no4 #dd to #fbj metres above sea-level4 ,! av]age /atic head 9 ?is di/rict may !re=e be tak5 z #fahe metres4 ,! positions ( ! f\r bores 9 "q1 ) reg>d to ,headqu>t]s1 are z foll[s3 ,no4 #cf1 #gg kilometres ,n42 ,no4 #ch1 #bf kilometres ,n4,w42 ,no4 #db1 #af kilometres ,s4,e42 & ,no4 #dd1 #ci kilometres ,w4,n4,w4 ,to ! nor? ( ,meh]iq ! /atic head appe>s to rise1 z fl[+ wells are f\nd up to #gf metres above sea-level 7,a9 ,mohamm$ ,delaib74 ,! wat]-level at ,a9 el ,ghazl is ev5 high] 7#hdef71 b ?is well does n actually run4 ,9 ! developm5t ( an artesian bas9 ?is "q is ( ! utmo/ importance2 only by a k ( ! /atic head & ! gr\nd-level c we1 ) any likelihood ( success1 e/imate be=eh& ! dis*>ge to be look$ = 9 any p>ticul> di/rict4 ,if1 = in/ance1 we s9k a bore 9 a locality ^: surface is above ! /atic head1 ! result1 s f> z a fl[+ well is conc]n$1 c only be failure1 h[ev] great ! am\nt ( wat] exi/+ 9 ! und]ly+ /rata4 ,if a suffici5t numb] ( obs]vations are available1 x is possible to con/ruct *>ts %[+ ! isopot5tial l9es1 or l9es ( equal pressure1 & ^! may be ( great value :5 bor+ is contemplat$ 9 int]m$iate di/ricts4 ,x is seldom t accurate records ( bores are pres]v$ 9 ! initial /ages ( ! developm5t ( new artesian bas9s1 & to ?is neglect is due mu* ( ! d\bt :i* frequ5tly arises at a lat] p]iod z to ! ext5t & p]man5ce ( ! und]gr\nd wat]-supplies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bore ,,no4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bore ,,no4 #ad4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 h[ev]1 ! wat]-res\rces h long be5 ! subject ( exhau/ive exam9ation1 notably 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e a mo/ valuable & in/ructive s]ies ( wat]-supply reports has be5 issu$ by ! ,geological ,survey4 ,! *ief difficulties arise f ! fact t bores are g5]ally ! prop]ty ( private individuals1 :o are seldom bo? able & will+ to supply accurate in=mation4 ,dis*>ges1 = in/ance1 are usually giv5 9 ! r\nde/ ( figures1 & )\t reg>d to ! conditions "u :i* !y 7 tak54 ,9 ,au/ralia m ?an "o geologi/ has call$ att5tion to ! matt]1 & q rec5tly ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,knibbs1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,sydney1 9 a valuable & sugge/ive pap] on ! hydraulic aspect ( ! artesian problem1 ref]s to ! want ( compreh5sive & delib]ate inve/igation 9 ! pa/1 & admits ! inadequacy ( ! available data = ! det]m9ation ev5 ( ! "o "q only--i4e41 ! ext5t to :i* exploitation c be pu%$ )\t fe> ( exhau/+ ! supply4 ,:5 drill+ 0 fir/ comm5c$ 9 ! ,headqu>t]s area1 ! bores 7 plac$ at an av]age di/ance ap>t ( #ejj metres2 circum/ances1 h[ev]1 l$ to !re be+ a consid]able v>iation 9 ! dep?s ( ! wells1 ) ! result t ^? ( %all[ dep? & ^? situat$ on comp>atively high gr\nd 7 adv]sely affect$ by ! deep] & m fav\rably plac$ bores4 ,! s5sitiv5ess ( any "o well to ! influ5ce ( its neighb\rs is1 ,i believe1 f> great] ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 & appe>s to be especially dep5d5t on ! am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! dep?s1 dis*>ges1 & surface-levels ( ! bores4 ,9 inve/igat+ ?is subject ,i made a numb] ( exp]im5ts ) ! object ( det]m9+ ! mutual influ5ce ( wells1 & p]haps "s ref]5ce to ^! may n be )\t int]e/ & value4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t to :i* ,i %all ref] 0 made on wells situat$ comp>atively close toge!r4 ,bore ,no4 #e is #egj metres ,w4,s4,w4 ( ,bore ,no4 #f1 ! outlet ( ! =m] be+ at #egch1 t ( ! latt] at #eiah1 a diff]5ce ( #ah metres4 ,no4 #e has an int]nal diamet] ( #e in*es1 is #aig metres deep & #ie metres into ! wat]-s&/one2 ,no4 #f has a diamet] ( #h in*es1 is #adf metres deep1 & #fa metres into ! s&/one4 ,! two wells _h be5 fl[+ cont9u\sly = a consid]able p]iod1 & dur+ ! exp]im5t neighb\r+ wells 7 kept %ut d[n1 s t !re is no reason to suppose t ! obs]vations 7 affect$ by o!r bores4 ,bore ,no4 #e1 dis*>g+ #aad gallons a m9ute1 0 %ut d[n at #g p4m4 on ,june #ab1 #aijg1 & reop5$ at #g a4m4 on ,june #ac4 ,! h\rly obs]vations1 z giv5 9 ! foll[+ table1 %[ ! effects produc$ on ,bore ,no4 #f4 ,,exp]im5t ,,to ,,%[ ,,mutual ,,int]f]5ce ,,( ,,bores4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,bore ,no4 #e clos$ at #g p4m41 ,bore ,no4 #e op5$ at #g a4m41 ,june #ab1 #aijg4 ,june #ac1 #aijg4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,"t4,dis*>ge,"t4,dis*>ge,"t4,dis*>ge,"t4 ,dis*>ge ( ,bore ( ,bore ( ,bore ( ,bore ,no4 #f4 ,no4 #f4 ,no4 #f4 ,no4 #f4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,p4,m4 ,gallons ,a4,m4 ,gallons ,a4,m4 ,gallons ,p4,m4 ,gallons p] p] p] p] ,m9ute4 ,m9ute4 ,m9ute4 ,m9ute4 #g4j #fab #a4j #gff #g4j #hcg #a4j #fij #h4ae #fef #b4cj #ggd #h4j #ghd #b4j #fgg #i4j #fhd #c4j #gib #i4j #gej #c4j #ffh #aj4j #fif #d4j #gig #aj4j #gcj #d4j #ffb #aa4j #gcb #e4j #hba #aa4j #gjh #e4j #fff #ab4j #gdg #f4j #hca #ab4j #fif #f4j #fec #g4j #fdj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,f ^! figures x w be se5 t ! %utt+ d[n ( a fl[+ or ! op5+ ( a clos$ well may produce a mo/ m>k$ effect on a neighb\r+ well )9 ! %ort space ( sixty m9utes1 ev5 :5 ! int]v5+ di/ance is ov] #ejj metres4 ,9 ! above in/ance ! rate ( increase 0 mo/ rapid at fir/1 !re be+ a ga9 ( #g gallons p] m9ute1 equival5t to ab\t #ab p] c5t41 9 ! fir/ two h\rs4 ,! total increase 9 ! twelve h\rs am\nt$ to #bb gallons1 or ab\t #cg p] c5t4 ,on reop5+ ,no4 #e x is se5 t ! dis*>ge ( ,no4 #f at once comm5c$ to fall1 ! loss be+ ne>ly #i gallons 9 ! fir/ two h\rs2 aft]w>ds ! rate ( decrease gradually dim9i%$1 until at #g p4m41 :5 ! obs]vations 7 discont9u$1 ! fl[ _h fall5 to )9 #c gallons ( its normal4 ,a second s]ies ( obs]vations 0 made betwe5 two bores consid]ably f>!r ap>t1 ,no4 #d be+ #hce metres ,n4,n4,w4 ( ,no4 #db4 ,! diff]5ce ( level 9 ?is case 0 f\nd to be #aah metres1 ! outlet ( ,no4 #d be+ #fjgd1 & t ( ,no4 #db1 #eief metres4 ,bore ,no4 #d has an int]nal diamet] ( #d in*es1 is #ada metres deep1 & draws f #ai metres ( s&/one2 ,bore ,no4 #db is #f in*es 9 diamet]1 #bah metres deep1 & #fi metres into ! wat]-s&/one4 ,previ\s to ! exp]im5t1 ,no4 #d 0 fl[+ #cfge1 & ,no4 #db ab\t #fhe gallons p] m9ute4 ,precautions 7 tak5 aga9/ o!r wells influ5c+ ! results1 ! ne>e/ bores hav+ be5 op5$ tw5ty-f\r h\rs previ\sly & be+ kept 9 ! same condition ?r\gh\t ! exp]im5t4 ,bore ,no4 #db 0 clos$ d[n at #i a4m4 on ,m>* #d1 #aijh1 p]iodical obs]vations be+ !n made ( ! dis*>ge ( ,no4 #d dur+ ! next ?irty-six h\rs4 ,briefly /at$1 ! result ( ?is exp]im5t 0 z foll[s3 ,! dis*>ge ( ,no4 #d _h n p]ceptibly increas$ at ! end ( ! fir/ half-h\r1 b _h done s aft] "o h\r4 ,x cont9u$ to increase at a v sl[ rate1 ! net ga9 aft] ?irty-six h\rs be+ only #c gallons1 or betwe5 #h & #i p] c5t4 ,9 ?is case ! mutual int]f]5ce is v mu* less ?an t betwe5 ,nos4 #e & #f1 d\btless l>gely ow+ to ! great] di/ance ap>t1 & to ! less] diff]5ce betwe5 ! outlet-levels ( ! wells4 ,9 all probability !re are _m o!r conditions :i* comb9e ) ! above 9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( int]f]5ce1 su* z ! positions ( ! wells ) reg>d to ! ma9 l9es ( und]gr\nd fl[1 ! relative dep?s ( ! bores1 & ! ?icknesses ( s&/one f :i* !y draw _! supplies4 ,! mo/ m>k$ example ( int]f]5ce ) :i* ,i h met 0 9 ! case ( two anci5t wells at ,el ,dr el ,gh5nma1 situat$ only #hh metres ap>t1 on ! cre/ ( an anticl9al fold runn+ nor? & s\?4 ,^! wells _h be5 s&$-up = c5turies1 b 7 rec5tly tak5 9 h& & clean$ out4 ,! diff]5ce ( level 9 ! outlets is #bjg metres1 ! high] well be+ #cd metres 9 dep?1 ! l[] #da metres4 ,! op5+ or clos+ ( ! l[] well produces an almo/ in/antane\s effect on ! high]1 ! diff]5ce 9 fl[ ( ! latt] )9 ?irty seconds am\nt+ to z mu* z #aa p] c5t4 ,a great _m obs]vations 7 made1 b ! foll[+ are suffici5t to %[ ! rates ( decrease & increase3 ,gallons p] ,m9ute4 ,upp] well fl[$ #acb :5 l[] well 0 op5 7fl[ #ejc g4p4m474 #bje _h be5 clos$ #aj m9utes4 #bcg #bj #bfc #cj #cid #bd h\rs4 #cef _h be5 op5 #cj seconds4 #cbe #b m9utes4 #bfg #g #bdi #i #bcd #af #aig #de ,! clos+ d[n ( ! l[] well is ?us se5 to h influ5c$ ! dis*>ge ( ! upp] to ! ext5t ( #ajj p] c5t1 9 ! %ort space ( ?irty m9utes1 :ile ! fl[ 0 trebl$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,on op5+ ! l[] well ! dis*>ge ( ! upp] fell to )9 #ej p] c5t4 ( its normal )9 =ty-five m9utes4 ,z already m5tion$1 mo/ bores %[ a m>k$ decl9e 9 dis*>ge = "s "t aft] completion1 & except 9 special cases x seems d\btful if l>ge bores c be expect$ to ma9ta9 _! orig9al fl[s = long p]iods ( ye>s4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( its exi/5ce a well draws its supplies f fully saturat$ b$s1 ! wat] be+ =c$ into x f e side1 n only ?r\gh ! pores ( ! s&/one1 b ?r\gh any fissures ! bore may h /ruck4 ,! fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh a compact s&/one is1 h[ev]1 extremely sl[1 & x is probable t z "t goes on e bore becomes m & m dep5d5t on fissures = ! ma9t5ance ( its supply4 ,?is sup]saturation ( ! wat]-be>+ b$s1 if we may be p]mitt$ to use ! t]m1 is well illu/rat$ by ! clos+ ( a bore = a few days4 ,! wat] at once comm5ces to accumulate ar\nd x1 & :5 ! bore is reop5$ ! dis*>ge w g5]ally be f\nd to h increas$ to a v great ext5t4 ,z an example ( ?is ,i may m5tion ,bore ,no4 #ad1 :i*1 on ,april #ai1 #aijg1 0 fl[+ at ! rate ( #bbe gallons p] m9ute4 ,! well 0 !n clos$ d[n = five days2 on reop5+ ! dis*>ge 0 f\nd to be #cgj gallons p] m9ute1 an increase ( #ade gallons1 or ab\t #fe p] c5t41 ! pressure dur+ ! same "t hav+ ris5 f bel[ #i to ne>ly #af p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! dis*>ge took ab\t twelve h\rs1 or "o-t5? ( ! "t1 to fall to its normal4 ,on ano!r occasion ! same well _h its output increas$ f #bag to #cci gallons by be+ clos$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 a ga9 am\nt+ to #ee p] c5t4 ,! rate ( fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh an und]gr\nd s&/one dep5ds ^u a numb] ( conditions1 ! mo/ important be+ ! size ( ! pores or spaces betwe5 ! compon5t gra9s1 ! porosity or wat]-hold+ capacity ( ! s&/one1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat]1 & ! pressure act+ on x4 ,! yield ( a well w dep5d1 ( c\rse1 n only on all ^! factors1 b also on ! diamet] ( ! bore1 its dep? into ! wat]-/ratum1 ! size & numb] ( fissures pass$ ?r\gh1 &1 la/ & mo/ important ( all1 on ! absolute height ( its outlet4 ,l>ge pores1 high av]age porosity1 & high temp]atures make = /rong fl[s1 ?\gh 9 ! abs5ce ( pressure great] ?an t due to a column ( wat] equal 9 height to ! di/ance betwe5 ! wat]-/ratum & ! outlet ( ! well1 !y are 9 !mselves ( no avail 9 ! production ( an artesian fl[4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh "s ( ! above conditions may be kn[n be=eh&1 ! resi/ance to fl[ ( ! /rata imm$iately surr\nd+ a bore c nev] be m ?an approximately conjectur$1 z ! size & mode ( arrangem5t ( ! individual gra9s ( any s$im5t>y rock mu/ always v>y1 bo? horizontally & v]tically1 to a v great ext5t1 & on ^! factors dep5ds 9 v l>ge measure ! capacity ( ! /rata to transmit wat]4 ,data are z yet f> too insuffici5t to w>rant an attempt to calculate ! supply :i* c safely be drawn f a giv5 area )\t unduly r$uc+ ! pressure1 l[]+ ! av]age /atic head1 & endang]+ ! cont9uance ( ! artesian supply4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! oasis !re are bores _m hundr$s ( ye>s old /ill p\r+ =? _! hundr$s ( gallons a m9ute2 su* wells are probably situat$ 9 exceptionally fav\rable localities1 & are v possibly f$ to a great ext5t by fissures4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ n be =gott5 t !re are ?r\gh\t ! oasis scores ( wells :i* h ceas$ to run1 ei!r ?r\gh local exhau/ion ( ! wat]-be>+ /rata1 or ?r\gh failure to keep ! bore-*annels op52 possibly ?r\gh a comb9ation ( bo? circum/ances4 ,9 "s cases "t seems to h rem$i$ matt]s1 z x is n uncommon to meet ) in/ances :]e new bores1 sunk 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( long ext9ct wells1 h produc$ /rong dis*>ges ( consid]able volume4 ,z ,i h already /at$1 ! rate ( fl[ ( wat] is l>gely influ5c$ by bo? ! size ( ! pores & ! porosity ( ! rock1 ! capacity to transmit wat] be+ v mu* great] = l>ge ?an = small pores1 & = high ?an = l[ porosity4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be po9t$ out t l>ge pores & high porosity d n necess>ily g toge!r1 & t small pores 9 a rock frequ5tly accompany high hold+ capacity4 ,= in/ance1 a f9e-gra9$ sample ( ,nubian ,s&/one w absorb f #be to #bh p] c5t4 ( wat]1 a m$ium-gra9$ sample #bj p] c5t41 :ile a v co>se sample may take up z little z #ae p] c5t4 ,! pores & transmitt+ capacity ( ! co>se-gra9$ v>iety w1 h[ev]1 be v mu* great] ?an 9 ! case ( ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,9 ord] to arrive at "s sort ( idea z to ! hold+ capacity ( ! artesian-wat] /rata ( ! oasis ,i made an exam9ation ( betwe5 sixty & sev5ty samples ( s& br\ght up f v>y+ dep?s f a few select$ bores 9 ! oasis4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ow+ to ! me?ods ( drill+ employ$1 only p[d]$ samples 7 available1 x 0 necess>y 9 ! fir/ in/ance to asc]ta9 ! relative porosity ( s&/one 9 its ord9>y /ate & brok5 up into ! =m ( s&4 ,= ?is purpose ,i collect$ eight specim5s ( ! ,surface-wat] ,s&/one f v>i\s po9ts 9 ,nor!rn ,kh>ga1 & subject$ !m to absorption te/s1 bo? 9 ! :ole & 9 ! p[d]$ /ates4 ,9 six out ( ! eight examples ! absorption 0 m :5 p[d]$ ?an :5 :ole1 ! av]age = ! eight rock samples be+ #bbdd p] c5t42 = ! same :5 p[d]$1 #bcee p] c5t4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 no reason to suspect t 9 ord9>y li?ological *>act]s ! ,surface-wat] ,s&/one diff]s 9 any important respect f ! ,artesian-wat] ,s&/one1 s t if we e/imate ! porosity ( ! latt] f p[d]$ samples1 we %all obta9 a figure only ab\t #e p] c5t4 too high4 ,! av]age porosity ( sixty-f\r samples1 collect$ f ,bores #ad1 #af1 #ah1 #ca1 #ci1 & #dd1 at v>i\s dep?s 9 ! wat]-be>+ /rata1 0 f\nd to be #aide p] c5t4 ,if we conf9e our att5tion to a s+le bore1 & exam9e a repres5tative sample f e /ratum ( ! wat]-be>+ s&/one1 &1 9 d$uc+ ! porosity1 take into acc\nt ! ?ickness ( ea* individual b$1 we %all obta9 a /ill m reliable figure4 ,?is 0 done 9 ! case ( ,bore ,no4 #ah1 :i* pass$ ?r\gh #abb metres ( wat]-be>+ /rata1 ?irty-"o samples be+ collect$ & subject$ to exam9ation4 ,! absorptions obta9$ v>i$ f #aec to #bee p] c5t41 ! av]age porosity ( ! :ole column be+ calculat$ z #aif p] c5t4 ,i believe ?is figure may be accept$ )\t misgiv+ z a satisfactory work+ value = ! porosity ( p[d]$ ,nubian ,s&/one1 t ( ! solid rock be+ tak5 z #e p] c5t4 l[]1 or1 say1 #ahe p] c5t4 ,! ,artesian-wat] ,s&/one has be5 prov$ to rea* a ?ickness ( #abb metres1 & probably its total ?ickness is consid]ably m4 ,assum+1 h[ev]1 a v]tical ext5t ( only #abb metres1 ! wat]-be>+ b$s "u #a squ>e kilometre w\ld1 if fully saturat$1 hold #d1ife1jjj1jjj gallons1 :i* is ! equival5t ( ! wat] :i* w\ld be dis*>g$ 9 n9ety-f\r ye>s by a well fl[+ at ! rate ( #ajj gallons a m9ute4 ,:5 we consid] t ! area ( ! floor ( ! depression is "s ?\s&s ( squ>e kilometres1 & t ! wat]-s&/ones1 except 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! exi/+ wells1 are probably fully saturat$1 we realize ! va/ am\nt ( wat] :i* is /or$ "u ! depression alone1 irrespective ( ! /ill great] quantities :i* und]lie ! surr\nd+ plateaux4 ,! movem5t ( ! wat] ?r\gh ! s&/ones1 except along fissures & ?r\gh p>ticul>ly por\s b$s1 is1 h[ev]1 v sl[1 s t ! am\nt ( wat] :i* c economically be made available at ! surface is m or less limit$1 self-fl[+ wells be+ only obta9able ov] t portion ( ! area ly+ bel[ ! g5]al /atic head4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,artesian ,,wat]s ,fl[ ( ,wat] ?r\gh ,por\s ,rocks -- ,importance ( ,pressure1 ,porosity1 & ,temp]ature -- ,int]mitt5t ,fl[s -- ,abundance ( ,ext9ct ,wells -- ,=m] ,prosp]ity -- ,possibility ( increas+ ,pres5t ,total ,dis*>ge -- ,local ,traditions reg>d+ ,orig9 ( ,artesian ,wat]s -- ,possible ,s\rces ( ,orig9 -- ,seepage f ,nile into ,nubian ,s&/one -- ,s&/ones z ,/orage ,res]voirs -- ,! ,oasis ,wat]s ( ,meteoric ,orig9 -- ,fissures -- ,rate ( ,fl[ -- ,/rongly-fl[+ ,wells n necess>ily dep5d5t on ,fissures -- ,local ,pressure f ,v>iation 9 ,level ( ,wat]-,table -- ,rise ( ,wat] due to ,hydraulic ,pressure -- ,po9ts requir+ ,inve/igation -- ,high-,level ,spr+s3 ,a9 ,amr2 on ,esc>pm5t ne> ,b]is2 at ,nakhail4 ,! rate ( fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh por\s rocks has be5 inve/igat$ by a numb] ( eng9e]s & geologi/s1 among :om may be m5tion$ ,d>cy1 ,haz51 ,k+1 ,sli*t]1 ,knibbs1 & ,baldw9-,wiseman4 ,! subject is an extremely complicat$ "o1 & its /udy requires a comb9$ k ( ma!matics1 physics1 & geology4 ,v>i\s =mul = det]m9+ ! rate ( fl[ "u v>y+ conditions h be5 devis$1 b x w be suffici5t = our pres5t purpose to rem>k t ! av]age velocity ( wat] 9 s&s does n appe> to be m ?an #c or #d kilometres a ye>4 ,! importance ( porosity1 pressure1 & temp]ature on ! rate ( fl[ c be illu/rat$ by utiliz+ tubes conta9+ equal columns ( s& ( diff]5t degrees ( co>s5ess1 & not+ ! volumes ( wat] pass$ "u diff]5t conditions ( pressure & temp]ature4 ,! co>se s&s w be obs]v$ to p]mit ! passage ( wat] at a f> great] rate ?an ! f9] v>ieties1 :ile any s& c be made to m>k$ly quick5 its rate ( dis*>ge by increas+ ! head ( wat] 9 ! tube above4 ,moreov]1 ! rate ( fl[ w be f\nd to increase ) ! temp]ature ( ! wat]4 ,9 ! case ( ! ord9>y wat] ( ! oasis1 a diff]5ce ( only a few degrees 0 f\nd to cause a v great diff]5ce 9 ! rate ( fl[2 x seems1 inde$1 z if ! wat]1 :5 bel[ a c]ta9 temp]ature1 deposits its m9]al cont5ts 9 ! pores ( ! s&/one1 s z to block ! passages to a l>ge ext5t4 ,i h n yet _h an opportunity ( mak+ ! necess>y exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 if ?is explanation is correct1 b if x %\ld prove to be s1 ! importance ( temp]ature on ! rate ( und]gr\nd fl[ c h>dly be ov]-e/imat$4 ,we h already describ$ ! int]mitt5t "* ( ! fl[ 9 ! case ( "s ( ! l>g] wells 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! oasis4 ,! circum/ance is app>5tly due to ! tempor>y block+ ( ! bore-hole by s$im5t1 & ! consequ5t increase ( wat] & gas pressure bel[1 :i* at int]vals =ces ! s$im5t f ! *annels & re/ores ! normal fl[4 ,some?+ ( ! same nature 0 also notic$ 9 ,bore ,no4 #db1 9 ! c\rse ( exp]im5ts c>ri$ out to det]m9e ! height to :i* ! wat] w\ld rise 9 an op5 pipe fix$ to ! end ( ! cas+4 ,at int]vals a di/9ct gurgl+ & bubbl+ took place 9 ! pipe1 ! wat] at ! same "t ris+ to z mu* z #h c5timetres above its normal level1 ) di/9ct oscillations ( a pressure-gauge atta*$ to ! well4 ,! ebb & fl[ did n1 h[ev]1 take place at regul> int]vals1 b at p]iods v>y+ f f\r to n9e m9utes4 ,i ?9k a suffici5t explanation ( ^! ph5om5a is ! probable v>iation 9 ! am\nt ( gas f9d+ its way into ! bore2 & c]ta9ly1 aft] sev]al ye>s' obs]vation ( ! fl[s ( a l>ge numb] ( bores1 ,i _c admit t !re is ! slighte/ evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! view t ! fl[s ( ! wells h a p]iodicity dep5d5t on ! rise & fall ( ! ,nile4 ,"o frequ5tly he>s x /at$ t ! oases 7 f> m ?ickly populat$ & bett] wat]$ 9 old5 times ?an at ! pres5t day4 ,?is belief is bas$ on ! exi/5ce 9 _m p>ts ( ! depression ( ext5sive rema9s ( temples1 =ts1 & villages1 on ! widespread traces ( =m]ly cultivat$ l&s1 & on ! abundance ( s&$-up wells4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be =gott5 t ! rema9s 9 "q belong to successive g5]ations1 & t !re is z yet no evid5ce to enable u to det]m9e h[ mu* ( ! l&1 or h[ _m ( ! wells1 7 9 use at "o & ! same "t4 ,! evid5ce is1 h[ev]1 suffici5tly pron\nc$ to ju/ify ! conclusion t "u ! ,romans ! oasis ( ,kh>ga 0 f> m fl\ri%+ ?an 9 mod]n times1 a l>ge "p ( ! population be+ engag$1 n 9 agriculture1 b 9 m9+1 bor+1 & 9 ! excavation ( subt]ranean aqu$ucts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l&s ,,"u ,,reclamation ,,at ,,bore ,,no4 #ci4 ,we h he>d ! mo/ div]se & dogmatic op9ions z to ! feasibility ( re/or+ ! oases to _! suppos$ =m] prosp]ity4 ,= my "p1 ,i d n ?9k t !re is ! slighte/ d\bt t ! total dis*>ge ( wat] c\ld be v mu* increas$1 ?\gh to :at ext5t x is impossible to say ) ! in=mation at pres5t available4 ,"o mu/ consid] ! va/ areas "u :i* ! wat]-be>+ s&/ones are kn[n to ext5d1 & ! comp>atively small ext5t ( c\ntry ov] :i* ! exi/+ wells occur2 t z yet ! deepe/ bores h only p5etrat$ ! wat]-be>+ b$s to a dep? ( #abb metres2 t ! exi/+ total dis*>ge is mo/ly made up ( insignificant fl[s f a great numb] ( anci5t & comp>atively %all[ wells1 :i* = c5turies h be5 subject to gradual decay2 t s f> z obs]v$ ! fl[s increase 9 volume z deep] b$s are /ruck2 & t x might be possible to use artificial means ( lift+ ! wat] to ! surface1 especially 9 di/ricts ly+ above ! level to :i* ! artesian wat] w rise unaid$4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! wat]-supply c\ld be pr(itably augm5t$ is1 h[ev]1 q ano!r "q1 & "o dep5d+ on a great numb] ( at pres5t indet]m9able factors4 ,accord+ to local tradition1 ! wat]s ( ! ,kh>ga wells come directly f ! ,nile ?r\gh subt]ranean passages "u ! int]v5+ plateaux1 & ! exp]i5ce ( an ,arab trad] is frequ5tly relat$ 9 support ( ?is idea4 ,! ,b$awi 9 "q1 :ile engag$ 9 fill+ 8 wat]-sk9s on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 prep>atory to sett+ out across ! des]t to ! oasis1 let fall 8 #8t>bu%1' :i* 0 spe$ily engulf$ 9 an eddy ( ! riv]4 ,al?\gh mu* annoy$ at ! "t1 our fri5d soon =got ! incid5t1 until a few days lat]1 :5 he 0 refre%+ himself aft] 8 j\rney at a well 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,b]is1 ! id5tical piece ( head-ge> 0 borne up f its dep?s6 ,mr4 ,patt]son1 ^: k ( ! folklore ( ! inhabitants is unique1 rec5tly relat$ to me ! foll[+ *>act]i/ic /ory3 ,! natives ( ,b]is1 z ! result ( op5+ a long s&$-up well1 obta9$ a v l>ge fl[ ( wat]4 ,s t]rifi$ 7 !y at ! magnitude ( ! dis*>ge--imag9+1 inde$1 t !y _h tapp$ ! ,nile--t a deputation 0 ha/ily despat*$ to ! ,gov]nor ( ,assiut1 ) pr(use apologies = ! damage done to ! riv]4 ,ne$less to say1 ! ,gov]nor 0 some:at tak5 aback1 b realiz+ ! solemnity ( ! mission1 magnanim\sly in=m$ its memb]s t ! wat]s ( ! ,nile 7 s abundant t !y might )\t fe> take all !y requir$4 ,at pres5t any attempt to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! artesian wat]s ( ! oases mu/ be reg>d$ z little bett] ?an speculation4 ,m in=mation is requir$ conc]n+ ! geology ( ! c\ntry to ! s\? ( ! oases1 & z to ! relative levels ( ! oases-depressions & ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,nile ,valley & ,libyan ,des]t1 z f> s\? z ! m elevat$ regions ( ,kord(an1 ,d>fur1 & ,tibe/i4 ,little has be5 writt5 on ?is subject1 b ! s\rce g5]ally assign$ appe>s to h be5 ,d>fur4 ,possible s\rces ( orig9 lie 9 ! ra9y di/ricts ( ! ,sudan1 9 ! m\nta9\s region ( ,abyss9ia1 9 ! great swamps ( ! ,upp] ,nile1 9 ! ,nile ,riv] itself1 & 9 pa/ accumulations ( wat] absorb$ f ! ext5sive lakes :i* cov]$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry 9 ! pluvial p]iod :i* prec$$ ! exi/+ des]t conditions4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k ,i am p]sonally incl9$ to agree ) ^? :o reg>d ! ,nile ,riv] z a pres5t s\rce ( supply4 ,x is kn[n to fl[ = a consid]able "p ( its c\rse ?r\gh a valley cut out 9 ! ,nubian ,s&/one1 & x is believ$ to lose an appreciable volume ( wat] into t s&/one1 ?\gh ! exact am\nt has n be5 det]m9$4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,i4 ,craig1 ( ! ,egyptian ,survey1 has e/imat$ t at l[ ,nile z mu* z #f1jjj cubic metres ( wat] 7#a1cbj1jjj gallons7 p] m9ute dra9s back into ! riv] f ! s&/ones on ei!r side ( ! rea* betwe5 ,kh>tum & ,wadi ,halfa1 &1 z ,capta9 ,lyons rem>ks1 ?is indicates t !re is consid]able p]colation into ! s&/ones f ! riv] :5 9 flood4#aj ,!re is "o po9t ( ! greate/ importance to :i* we %\ld l to draw att5tion1 z x is g5]ally entirely ov]look$4 ,! /ores ( wat] 9 ! s&/ones may repres5t ! accumulations ( hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & ! conditions to :i* ! b$s =m]ly ow$ _! s\rces ( supply may at ! pres5t "t h become mat]ially alt]$4 ,x is q conceivable t x may h requir$ c5turies or ?\s&s ( ye>s to saturate ! huge block ( s&/one und]ly+ ! ,libyan ,des]t1 & ev5 7 ! orig9al s\rces ( supply entirely cut (f at any p>ticul> "t1 ! effect on a few hundr$ bores1 dis*>g+ only #ej1jjj cubic metres a day1 w\ld n necess>ily be appreciable 9 "o1 or ev5 five1 c5turies4 ,! total annual dis*>ge ( ! :ole ( ! wells ( ,kh>ga ,oasis is b>ely equal 9 volume to ! wat] :i* c be held by saturat$ b$s und]ly+ #a squ>e kilometre ( surface1 assum+ ! s&/one to be only #abb metres ?ick2 t is to say1 x w\ld take betwe5 #c1jjj & #d1jjj ye>s = ! exi/+ wells to dis*>ge ! wat] held by ! b$s und]ly+ ! depression alone1 )\t consid]+ ! va/ surr\nd+ des]t areas1 :]e !re is no reason to d\bt t ! wat]-tables are equally well develop$4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 = a mom5t be suppos$ t bores w\ld cont9ue to dis*>ge until ! s&/ones imm$iately surr\nd+ !m 7 completely deplet$ ( wat]2 !y w\ld1 9 all probability1 pass into a sub-artesian condition 9 a v %ort "t 7 ! s&/ones n repl5i%$ f m outly+ di/ricts4 ,9 my op9ion ! subt]ranean wat] ( ! oasis is c]ta9ly ( meteoric orig9--t is to say1 x is wat] :i* orig9ally fell z ra91 & has p]colat$ und]gr\nd f "o ( ! possible s\rces above m5tion$4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 readily be admitt$ t ! ord9>y explanation ( ! fl[ & orig9 ( artesian wells 9 regions ( mod]ate or abundant ra9fall1 situat$ 9 well-def9$ bas9s1 :]e ! exact position1 ext5t1 & absorb+ capacity ( ! wat]-table outcrop c be c>efully det]m9$1 may be 9 "s respects inadequate to acc\nt = ! fl[+ wells ( va/ arid regions l ! des]ts ( ,africa & ,au/ralia2 yet1 aft] due consid]ation ( ! argum5ts = & aga9/1 ,i am unable to subscribe to ,pr(essor ,j4 ,w4 ,gregory's view#aa t a consid]able portion ( ! wat]s 9 su* regions is d]iv$ f magmatic or plutonic s\rces--t is to say1 has its orig9 9 ! deep-seat$ cry/all9e rocks4 ,x may seem at fir/ sight almo/ incr$ible t 9 ^? regions1 :]e ! outcrop ( ! wat]-be>+ /rata is s remote f ! wells !mselves & ! dip ov] ! int]v5+ c\ntry s slight1 ! rise ( ! wat] 9 ! wells c\ld be due to direct pressure ( wat] 9 ! high] portions ( ! b$s1 unless on ! supposition ( l>ge & cont9u\s op5 fissures4 ,t su* fissures exi/1 & exi/ abundantly1 is1 ,i ?9k1 almo/ a matt] ( c]ta9ty2 b x does n foll[ t _! pres5ce is ess5tial to ! production ( fl[+ wells4 ,fissures are visible to ! eye 9 ! ,surface-wat] ,s&/one 7:i*1 z has be5 rem>k$1 does n appe> to diff] 9 any important respect f ! ,artesian-wat] ,s&/one71 & x is ?r\gh !m t ! bulk ( ! sub-surface wat] is obta9$4 ,! pres5ce ( fissures 9 ! ,artesian-wat] ,s&/one is1 moreov]1 9 my op9ion1 almo/ demon/rat$ by ! exp]im5ts on ! mutual int]f]5ce ( wells4 ,x seems h>dly conceivable t ! clos+ or op5+ ( a bore c\ld 9 ! space ( a m9ute or two affect ! dis*>ge ( ano!r well ov] kilometre di/ant1 if !re did n exi/ a m or less op5 & direct connection betwe5 ! two4 ,rapid fl[ ?r\gh a compact s&/one is impossible ow+ to friction1 :i* increases z ! size ( ! *annels decreases2 b1 z po9t$ out by ,knibbs & o!rs1 ! hydro/atic pressure c nev] entirely disappe> ?r\gh friction1 ! rate ( loss ( head be+ dep5d5t on ! rate ( fl[4 ,x !re=e by no means foll[s t a /rongly-fl[+ well _c be obta9$ f an unfissur$ s&/one1 = a rapid fl[ f ! bore itself does n 9 any way dep5d on an equally rapid fl[ ( ! wat] ?r\gh ! s&/one surr\nd+ ! bore4 ,= in/ance1 ,mr4 ,knibbs has calculat$#ab t al?\gh 9 a #aj-;in* bore1 dis*>g+ #gjj gallons a m9ute f a #aj-;foot /ratum1 ! wat] w\ld h a velocity ( #e feet a second at ! bore itself1 at ! di/ance ( "o mile x w\ld only be mov+ ?r\gh ! /ratum at ! rate ( ab\t in* p] second1 or #ah in*es an h\r4 ,9 o!r words1 wat] fl[+ ?r\gh a #aj-;foot b$ ( s&/one f all sides t[>ds a #aj-;in* bore1 ne$1 at ! di/ance ( "o mile1 only h a velocity ( #ah in*es an h\r to produce a dis*>ge f ! well ( #gjj gallons a m9ute4 ,! importance ( local pressure aris+ f v>iations 9 level ( a fully saturat$ wat]-table 9 adjac5t areas may be ( itself q adequate to cause fl[+ wells1 especially if assi/$ by ! pres5ce ( l>ge volumes ( gas "u compression1 su* z occur 9 ! ,kh>ga wat]s4 ,ano!r !ory :i* has at times be5 br\ght =w>d z an adequate cause ( fl[+ wells is rock-pressure-- i4e41 pressure due to ! weight ( ! ov]ly+ /rata4 ,! objections to ?is !ory seem to me1 h[ev]1 s cog5t t we may at once dismiss x f our m9ds4 ,!re is inde$ little d\bt t ! wat]s ( ! oasis are ( meteoric orig91 h travell$ imm5se di/ances und]gr\nd1 & rise ?r\gh bores plac$ 9 fav\rable localities by means ( hydro/atic or hydraulic pressure1 act+ bo? ?r\gh ! pores ( ! rock & ?r\gh op5 fissures4 ,al?\gh ! rate & direction ( fl[ ?r\gh ! s&/ones z a :ole may rema9 m or less matt]s ( conjecture1 x seems probable t ! wat] ( any "o bore is d]iv$ f all sides1 ris+ z ! result ( ! pressure ex]t$ by ! wat] held 9 ! same b$ situat$ at high] levels1 :e!r 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood or at a consid]able di/ance4 ,i am consci\s ( hav+ done little m ?an indicate ! possible orig9 ( ! oasis wat]s & sugge/ ! causes to :i* ! fl[+ wells are due2 m ?an ?is x is at pres5t impossible to /ate ) any confid5ce4 ,! po9ts to :i* att5tion %\ld be direct$ z likely to ?r[ fur!r light on ! subject are z foll[s3 ,! area & position ( ! outcrops ( ! ,imp]meable ,grey ,%ales & ! und]ly+ s&/one1 & _! relations to possible s\rces ( wat]1 :e!r ra91 riv]1 or lake2 ! nature ( ! b$ ( ! swamp region ( ! ,upp] ,nile2 ! am\nt & di/ribution ( ! ra9fall ( all surr\nd+ regions2 ! volume ( wat] lo/ 9 ! diff]5t rea*es ( ! ,nile ov] & above t :i* c be directly acc\nt$ = by evaporation & by wat] ab/ract$ = purposes ( irrigation2 & ! total ?ickness ( ! wat]-be>+ b$s1 ! pres5ce )9 !m ( imp]vi\s /rata1 & _! relation to ! und]ly+ cry/all9e rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,a9 ,,amur1 ,,on ,,! ,,upp] ,,dakhla ,,road4 ,,high-,,level ,,spr+s4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( wat]-supply we mu/ briefly ref] to two or ?ree rem>kable in/ances :]e wat] is f\nd at v high elevations4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is on ! upp] road betwe5 ,kh>ga & ,dakhla1 :]e a spr+1 kn[n z ,a9 ,amr1 occurs ne> ! summit ( ! plateau at ab\t #dfj metres above sea-level4 ,! wat]1 :i* is q potable1 occupies ! bottom ( a hole ab\t #c or #d metres 9 dep?1 at ! base ( a clump ( palm-/ubs1 a few paces to ! s\? ( a solit>y tree2 x does n run1 & ! wat]-level is said to fall consid]ably 9 ! summ]4 ,a small pat* ( gre5 ru%es lies a few paces to ! we/1 & !re is a good deal ( scrub 9 ! neighb\rhood1 f ! position ( :i* "o is l$ to inf] t !re are sev]al small spr+s ?r[n out along "o ( ! b$d+-planes1 at ! summit ( ! m>ly & clayey b$s :i* und]lie ! lime/ones =m+ ! upp]mo/ portion ( ! cliff4 ,! high-level spr+ on ! ea/]n wall ( ! oasis1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,b]is1 consi/s ( a pool ( cle> sweet wat] at ! base ( a l>ge fall5 block ( lime/one1 9 a desolate rocky d+le4 ,ball det]m9$ its height z be+ #ahj metres above ,b]is1 or #bfj metres above sea-level4 ,! pool itself is ov]gr[n ) we$s1 &1 scatt]$ ab\t on ! sides & bottom ( ! valley1 !re is a good deal ( vegetation1 mo/ly 9 ! =m ( co>se grasses1 prickly scrub1 & tam>isk bu%es4 ,geologically1 ! spr+ appe>s to be simil>ly situat$ to ,a9 ,amr--t is to say1 x em]ges ne>1 or at ! summit (1 ! argillace\s ,exogyra ,s]ies1 & bel[ ! ov]ly+ ,danian lime/ones4 ,! wat] obta9able at ,nakhail1 #fj kilometres ,s4,s4,e4 ( ! oasis1 also appe>s ne> ! summit ( ! ,exogyra ,s]ies1 & may !re=e be consid]$ to h a simil> orig9 to ! spr+s j describ$4 ,^! elevat$ occurr5ces1 ?r[n out along m or less def9ite geological horizons1 mu/ be reg>d$ z natural spr+s1 q di/9ct f ! artificially-made wells ( ! oasis-floor4 ,z ! spr+s lie sev]al hundr$ feet above ! /atic head ( ! artesian wat]1 & are sep>at$ f ! wat]-be>+ s&/ones by a great ?ickness ( argillace\s imp]meable /rata1 x is p]haps p]missible to assume t _! wat]s are d]iv$ f an entirely diff]5t s\rce4 ,! occurr5ces kn[n are ( v limit$ numb]1 & ! wat] only appe>s 9 small quantities1 s t x is n unlikely t x is d]iv$ f ! v occasional ra9s :i* fall on ! plateaux4 ,a portion ( ^! ra9s w\ld d\btless f9d its way d[nw>ds ?r\gh fissures 9 ! lime/one1 &1 9 areas :]e ! dip ( ! b$s 0 t[>ds ! oasis1 might travel und]gr\nd & occasionally be ?r[n out z spr+s on ! walls ( ! depression1 at ! junction ( ! lime/ones & und]ly+ clays4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,anci5t ,,subt]ranean ,,aqu$ucts ,works ( ,public ,utility -- ,! ,sy/em probably introduc$ f ,p]sia -- ,! ,bulk ( ! ,works c>ri$ out by ! ,romans -- ,tr5*es connect+ ,wells ) ,cultivable ,l&s -- ,=tress ,bores & _! ,und]gr\nd ,connections -- ,dr el ,gh5nma -- ,subt]ranean ,aqu$ucts ( ,qasr ,gyb -- ,qasr ,lebekha & ,um el ,dabdib -- ,reop5+ ( ,tunnel by ,%eikh ,hassan ,hanadi -- ,sala ,abdulla -- ,nature ( ,tunnels & ,%afts -- ,! ,magnitude ( ! ,und]gr\nd ,works -- ,exploration ( ! ,tunnels -- ,orig9 ( ! ,wat]4 ,al?\gh ! ,p]sians & ,romans left abundant traces ( _! occupation ( ! c\ntry 9 ! %ape ( temples1 =ts1 & mona/]ies1 ! det]m9ation & en]gy ) :i* !y prosecut$ ! colonization & g5]al developm5t ( ! oases is be/ %[n by _! att5tion to works ( public utility4 ,at no p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! oases has s mu* att5tion be5 paid to ! wat]-supply4 ,n cont5t ) tapp+ ! deep-seat$ s\rces by means ( bores1 !y c>ri$ out und]gr\nd works ( consid]able magnitude & involv+ eng9e]+ difficulties ( no mean ord]1 s z to obta9 additional supplies f ! s&/ones ly+ at or ne> ! surface4 ,! me?ods employ$ 7 probably introduc$ f ,p]sia1 :]e und]gr\nd aqu$ucts1 or #8k>eez1' = ! transf]5ce ( wat] f "o locality to ano!r1 h f an e>ly date be5 employ$4 ,at ! same "t1 judg+ by ! "* ( ! anci5t build+s 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! mo/ important ( ^! works1 x seems probable t ! latt] 7 = ! mo/ "p con/ruct$ by ! ,romans4 ,und]gr\nd aqu$ucts are f\nd to "s ext5t 9 all ! *ief oases ( ! ,libyan ,des]t1 b 9 ,nor!rn ,kh>ga !y f> exce$ 9 magnitude any?+ kn[n else:]e4 ,9 _! simple/ =m !y consi/ ( deep tr5*es connect+ ! wells ) l[-ly+ areas ( cultivable l&1 ! object be+ to tap ! bores at ! l[e/ possible levels1 9 ord] to obta9 ! greate/ dis*>ges4 ,?us1 al?\gh a bore1 orig9ally sunk on comp>atively high gr\nd = ! purpose ( irrigat+ a p>ticul> area ( l&1 might ?r\gh "o cause or ano!r h ceas$ to fl[1 x c\ld /ill be made available = any l[-ly+ area f>!r afield by ! simple exp$i5t ( tapp+ x bel[ ! surface by means ( a tr5* or tunnel4 ,?is practice 0 frequ5tly resort$ to4 ,9 select+ sites = _! =ts1 mona/]ies1 & o!r build+s1 ! ,romans 7 naturally drawn to em95ces comm&+ views ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 desirable1 & 9 ! case ( =ts absolutely necess>y1 to h a supply ( wat] )9 ! build+1 & x 0 ! cu/om1 !re=e1 to s9k a deep bore )9 ! prec9cts1 g5]ally 9 ! c5tre ( ! c\rty>d4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ow+ to ! elevation1 ! wat] w\ld n rise to ! surface1 ! supplies be+ drawn up by h&4 ,9 ord] to make ! wat] ( su* a well available = irrigat+ ! l&s situat$ outside ! =t1 "o or m g5tly incl9$ tunnels 7 excavat$ s z to tap ! bore bel[ ! =t2 ! well 0 ?us made to s]ve a d\ble purpose4 ,excell5t examples ( su* conduits are to be se5 at ,dr el ,gh5nma4 ,"h ! well is 9 ! middle ( ! c\rty>d1 & ?ree und]gr\nd tunnels conv]ge on x f ! l[-ly+ & anci5tly cultivat$ l&s to ! nor? & nor?-we/4 ,along ^? portions :]e ! bottom ( ! *annel 0 9 s(t gr\nd1 & n m ?an a metre or two bel[ ! surface1 ! conduit 0 made 9 ! =m ( an op5 tr5*1 ! sides be+ c>efully built 9 ) /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,qasr ,,lebekha ,,& ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,esc>pm5t ,,( ,,! ,,oasis4 ,:5 ! excavation ( ! tr5*es 0 complet$1 ! op5 portions 7 cov]$ ov] ) l>ge flat slabs ( rock1 s t ! *annels 7 n only well protect$ f bl[+ s&1 b q invisible on ! surface4 ,! und]gr\nd conduits at ,dr el ,gh5nma 7 inde$ q unsuspect$ be=e !y 7 accid5tally discov]$ a ye> or two ago4 ,! tapp+ ( ! bore )9 ! =t _h1 ( c\rse1 ! effect ( /ill fur!r l[]+ ! wat]-level z reg>ds ! c\rty>d2 x is q likely1 !re=e1 t ! inhabitants _h a means ( block+ ! und]gr\nd *annel :5 !y desir$ ! wat] to rise to its maximum level 9 ! well4 ,b 9 any case ! few extra metres ( di/ance f ! surface to ! wat] c\ld n h be5 a matt] ( importance1 z ! comp>atively small supplies ne$$ = dome/ic purposes )9 ! =t 7 d\btless rais$ by means ( a bucket & rope atta*$ to a w9dlass4 ,^! %ort tunnels1 tapp+ ! wat] ( artesian wells bor$ on high gr\nd1 are q insignificant comp>$ ) ! ext5sive sy/ems ( subt]ranean aqu$ucts driv5 into ! solid rock 9 v>i\s localities 9 ! nor? ( ! oasis4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! are f\nd at ,um el ,dabdib1 at ,qasr ,lebekha1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,qasr ,gyb4 ,!y 7 made ) ! object ( obta9+ auxili>y supplies ( wat] f ! ,surface-wat] ,s&/one1 & 7 especially applicable to localities :]e ?is s&/one has an ext5sive developm5t & =ms hills or plateaux above ! g5]al level ( ! floor ( ! oasis4 ,al?\gh x is difficult to believe t ! supplies ( wat] obta9$ 7 comm5surate ) ! "t & lab\r involv$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! collect+ tunnels1 we may safely assume t ! eng9e]s :o s c>efully plann$ & c>ri$ out ! works _h fully consid]$ ! results to be look$ =4 ,! ru9s ( villages & ! traces ( =m]ly cultivat$ tracts %[ t suffici5t wat] 0 obta9$ to enable fairly l>ge colonies to exi/1 ?\gh aft] ! )drawal ( ! ,romans ^! outly+ di/ricts 7 ab&on$1 ! aqu$ucts silt$ up1 & ! cultivat$ l&s rev]t$ to ! des]t4 ,! ru9s ( ,um el ,dabdib are situat$ "u ! nor!rn wall ( ! depression1 & di/ant ab\t #cf kilometres ,n4,n4,w4 ( ,kh>ga village1 ! r\te usually foll[$ ly+ betwe5 ! hill-massifs ( ,jebel ,tr & ,jebel ,t>if4 ,a bett] r\te is af=d$ by ! c>avan road runn+ f ,meh]iq to ,a9 ,amr1 ,um el ,dabdib ly+ some:at to ! nor? ( ! track at a di/ance ( #be kilometres f ! village4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,ball1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 survey ( ! oasis1 visit$ ,um el ,dabdib 9 #ahih1 & ?\ght x possible t "o ( ! tunnels1 :i* he obs]v$ ran nor?w>ds f ! neighb\rhood ( ! ru9s1 _h orig9ally =m$ a means ( communication ) "s unkn[n & =m]ly inhabit$ depression to ! nor? ( ! esc>pm5t4 ,its real nature 01 h[ev]1 well kn[n to ! ,kh>ga p1 & a ye> or two lat] ,%eikh ,hassan ,hanadi1 a bro!r ( ! pres5t ,omda ( ,kh>ga village1 got toge!r a numb] ( m5 & clean$ out "o ( ! tunnels f top to bottom1 ) ! result t1 aft] a lapse ( p]haps #a1jjj ye>s1 wat] aga9 fl[$ f ! m\? ( ! aqu$uct1 & enabl$ a small agricultural colony to e/abli% itself on ! ru9$ site ( ! orig9al f\nd]s4 ,%eikh ,hassan in=m$ me t ! bulk ( ! "w _h be5 done "u 8 p]sonal sup]vision1 by a gang ( f sev5ty to eighty m5 employ$ ?r\gh\t ! hot season2 he _h f\nd f exp]i5ce t ! natives work$ bett] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]4 ,! ma9 tunnel 0 entirely cle>$ ( clay & s&1 ! silt$ mat]ial be+ lift$ out ?r\gh ! num]\s man-holes or v]tical %afts :i* connect ! aqu$uct ) ! surface above4 ,a great deal ( r\gh masonry "w _h also to be und]tak5 :]e ! s&/one ro( or walls _h fall5 94 ,! place 0 put 9 ?or\ghly good ord]1 & all ! %afts aga9 clos$1 ) ! exception ( two or ?ree left op5 to p]mit ( ! desc5t ( ! m5 s5t d[n p]iodically to exam9e ! *annel & keep x free f silt$ mat]ial4 ,:5 ,i fir/ visit$ ! place 9 ,janu>y1 #aije1 ,i f\nd ! dis*>ge f ! m\? ( ! aqu$uct 0 betwe5 #cj & #ce gallons p] m9ute4 ,a doz5 acres or s ( l& _h be5 reclaim$1 & 7 t5d$ by sev5 or eight m51 :o in=m$ me t ! crops rais$ !re 7 equal to ^? 9 any "p ( ! oasis4 ,?is ,i c q believe1 z1 9 spite ( ! fact t sev]al dune-belts exi/ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 ! place is comp>atively %elt]$ f ! nor!rly w9ds by ! great esc>pm5t to ! nor?4 ,! little settlem5t ( ,um el ,dabdib1 ) its adjo9+ f]tile fields & fruit-g>d51 ?read$ by ! life-giv+ /ream em]g+ f ! foot-hills ( ! /up5d\s cliffs to ! nor?1 & back$ by ! grim =t ( bygone ages to ! s\?1 has 9 ! mid/ ( ?is des]t an indescribable *>m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,at ,,um ,,el ,,dabadib4 ,sala ,abdulla1 old ,%eikh ,hassan's head-man "h1 prov$ to be a mo/ delightful fell[1 & f> sup]ior to ! av]age native 9 g5]al intellig5ce4 ,he spun ! mo/ fanta/ic y>ns ab\t ! des]t tablel& to ! nor?1 &--a peculi>ity ,i appreciat$ mo/ ( all--)\t expect+ me to believe him4 ,accord+ to ,sala1 traces exi/ ( a =m]ly mu*-frequ5t$ road1 said to lead to a place call$ ,a9 ,hamr1 ly+ some:]e to ! nor?-we/ ( ,a9 ,amr4 ,b al?\gh he himself _h on "o occasion set out & travell$ = _m h\rs beyond ! summit ( ! cliffs1 he _h be5 =c$ to return )\t f9d+ ! place1 ! exact position ( :i* is at ! pres5t day unkn[n4 ,?is out-(-!-way corn] ( ! des]t is1 accord+ to my in=mant1 s undi/urb$ by man t ! gazelle !re live = untold p]iods1 & only ev5tually succumb to old age & ! increas+ weight ( _! horns1 :i* gr[ to su* a size t ! poor bea/s are unable to move ab\t 9 se>* ( food6 ,on my express+ a desire to exam9e ! und]gr\nd aqu$uct1 ,sala l$ ! way to "o ( ! man-holes situat$ a c\ple ( kilometres to ! nor?1 ne> ! upp] end ( ! tunnel4 ,produc+ a palm-fibre rope f "u a l$ge 9 a cliff h>d by1 he atta*$ x to a log plac$ across ! m\? ( ! %aft4 ,!re 0 a hot1 /eamy curr5t ( air asc5d+ f ! man-hole1 ! int]ior ( :i* 0 z black z night4 ,sala _h1 h[ev]1 provid$ c&les & mat*es1 & :5 he rea*$ ! bottom & %ook ! rope z a signal to me to foll[1 ,i c\ld see a t9y speck ( light 9 :at seem$ to be ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,=tunately ,i _h _h a good tra9+ 9 ! ,corni% & ,wel% m9es at home1 s t ! prospect ( a desc5t by ! rope did n worry me 9 ! lea/1 & aft] scrambl+ into ! %aft ,i w5t c>efully d[n h& ov] h&4 ,! %aft1 rectangul> 9 cross-section1 & beautifully cut ?r\gh ! solid s&/one rock1 measur$ r\ghly #a metres by ( a metre1 tap]+ gradually d[nw>ds4 ,! fir/ few metres1 sunk ?r\gh ! d[n-wa% =m+ ! b$ ( a valley1 7 c>efully built 9 ) blocks ( lime/one1 ! bottom lay] re/+ on ! solid rock bel[4 ,r\gh foo?olds on opposite sides ( ! %aft facilitate ! desc5t1 & :5 ne>+ ! bottom1 z ! rope /ret*$ & contract$ l ela/ic 9 a mo/ unpleasant mann]1 ,i 0 glad to avail myself ( _! assi/ance4 ,! %aft1 :i* ,i aft]w>ds f\nd to h a dep? ( #djc metres 7#acb feet71 goes d[n p]p5dicul>ly1 & :5 ! bottom 0 rea*$1 ,i f\nd myself /&+ 9 a g5tly fl[+ /ream ( wat]1 :i* ,i knew cont9u$ its und]gr\nd c\rse = at lea/ #b kilometres to ! s\?4 ,! tunnel itself is di/9ctly c(f9-%ap$ 9 cross-section1 be+ wide/ ne> ! ro(1 & tap]+ d[nw>ds4 ,its av]age height is ab\t #a metres1 ! mean wid? ne> ! top be+ ab\t #fj c5timetres--i4e41 x measures r\ghly #e feet by #b feet4 ,9 "s places x is ev5 n>r[]1 s t a man ( av]age /ature n only has to keep 8 head v mu* b5t1 b is also =c$ to progress sideways if he wi%es to make 8 way along ! *annel4 ,! place 0 s sultry1 & ! cramp$ position ,i _h to assume s tir+1 t ,i _h soon _h en\gh1 & grop$ my way back to ! base ( ! %aft4 ,z ,i _h anticipat$1 ! asc5t prov$ consid]ably m difficult ?an ! desc5t1 & ,i 0 n sorry :5 ,i rega9$ ! surface4 ,aft] ! heat ( ! %aft & ! ex]tion ( climb+1 ! outside air1 despite ! fact t x 0 an exceptionally hot day1 felt bitt]ly cold1 & ! rapid evaporation f our p]spir+ bodies *ill$ u to ! m>r[4 ,al?\gh ,i _h v[$ at ! "t t no?+ w\ld induce me to aga9 ent] ! place1 ,i aft]w>ds reflect$ t1 n hav+ foll[$ ! tunnel to its extreme limits1 !re might /ill be fur!r in=mation to be ga9$1 & at ! t]m9ation !re might exi/ an inscription1 ! deciph]+ ( :i* w\ld yield ! mu*-desir$ in=mation z to :5 & by :om ! "w _h be5 c>ri$ out4 ,moreov]1 ,i p>ticul>ly wi%$ to asc]ta9 :e!r ! bulk ( ! wat] came f "o p>ticul> po9t or :e!r x repres5t$ ! accumulat$ fl[ f ! num]\s small fissures :i* a tunnel ( su* l5g? mu/ necess>ily trav]se4 ,i !re=e took ! fir/ opportunity ( revisit+ ! place1 ?is "t provid+ myself ) prop] ge> to facilitate ! desc5t1 & ) in/rum5ts to make a ?or\gh survey ( ! :ole network ( und]gr\nd wat]ways4 ,! accompany+ sket*-map1 r$uc$ f ! detail$ plan made dur+ my la/ visit1 %[s t !re are f\r ma9 aqu$ucts1 runn+ ne>ly p>allel1 9 a nor? & s\? direction1 along ! sides ( ?ree sep>ate valleys4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 q evid5t t ! tunnels 7 run "u ! valleys r ?an b5ea? ! int]v5+ ridges ) ! express object ( keep+ z ne> ! surface z possible1 s z to avoid unnecess>y excavation 9 ! s9k+ ( ! v]tical %afts1 & to r$uce ! lab\r involv$ 9 hoi/+ ! excavat$ mat]ial to ! surface4 ,! eng9e]s 7 at ! same "t c>eful to avoid ! actual b$s ( ! valleys1 z !re ! s(t nature ( ! gr\nd w\ld h necessitat$ a consid]able am\nt ( /one pit*+1 )\t :i* !re w\ld h be5 con/ant falls ( ! loose detritus1 consi/+ ( s& & pebbles ) l>ge blocks ( lime/one1 =m+ ! actual floors ( ! valleys4 ,alignm5ts 7 *os5 along ! extreme m>g9s1 ! m\?s ( ! man-holes be+ comm5c$ on ! slop+ sides ( ! valleys1 a metre or two above _! pebbly floors4 ,! great majority 7 ?us excavat$ ?r\gh\t 9 solid rock1 ! latt] be+1 z a rule1 suffici5tly firm to /& )\t timb]+ or masonry supports4 ,al?\gh only "o ( ! f\r ma9 aqu$ucts is op5 at ! pres5t "t1 ! exact c\rse :i* ea* foll[s c be se5 f ! dump-heaps m>k+ ! positions ( ! %afts4 ,! longe/ ( ! tunnels is ! mo/ we/]ly1 measur+ #df kilometres f ! po9t ( orig9 to its exit on ! we/ side ( ! ru9$ =t1 ! f\r toge!r hav+ a total l5g? ( #adc kilometres4 ,! actual l5g? ( horizontal excavation is1 h[ev]1 consid]ably 9 excess ( ?is figure1 z !re are v num]\s subsidi>y collect+ bran*es ramify+ f ! ma9 tunnels4 ,moreov]1 ! total l5g? giv5 is ! figure obta9$ by measur+ along ! surface f %aft to %aft2 :]eas1 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ?+s und]gr\nd is ! m>k$ly irregul> tr5d ( ! tunnel1 :i* frequ5tly takes a wide b5d betwe5 two adjac5t %afts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,subt]ranean ,,aqu$ucts ,,( ,,um ,,el ,,dabadib ,! man-holes1 or v]tical %afts connect+ ! und]gr\nd wat]way ) ! surface1 s]v$ a d\ble purpose4 ,?r\gh !m ! excavat$ mat]ial 0 hoi/$ to ! surface1 & 9 addition !y af=d$ a means ( v5tilation1 )\t :i* x is d\btful :e!r ! "w c\ld h be5 c>ri$ out4 ,! excavation ( ! man-holes alone mu/ h be5 a gigantic task1 equal to1 if n great] ?an1 t ( cutt+ out ! horizontal tunnels4 ,! cross-section ( an av]age-siz$ %aft is1 if any?+1 great] ?an t ( ! tunnel2 & al?\gh 9 v]tical dim5sion ! man-holes ne> ! m\? ( ! aqu$uct are insignificant1 ! dep? rapidly increases 9 ! opposite direction1 ow+ to ! upw>d slope ( ! gr\nd-surface t[>ds ! esc>pm5t4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! p>ticul> %aft ,i desc5d$ _h a dep? ( ov] #dj metres1 & subsequ5t levell+1 f ! exit ( ! aqu$uct to a po9t above its orig91 %[$ ! mo/ nor!rly "o to h a dep? ( n less ?an #ec metres 7#age feet74 ,along ?is tunnel1 :i* has a total l5g? ( #bi kilometres1 ,i c\nt$ exactly #aej %afts1 s t _! av]age di/ance ap>t is betwe5 #ai & #bj metres4 ,t ! tunnel 0 mo/ c>efully plann$ & excavat$ is evid5t f its v l[ & gradual slope1 z is indicat$ by ! dep? ( wat] fl[+ ?r\gh & by ! g5]ally unrippl$ "* ( ! /ream4 ,judg+ by ! height ( ! m\? ( "o ( ! man-holes ne> ! po9t ( orig9 ( ! tunnel1 & by its dep? to ! /ream 9 ! tunnel bel[1 !re only appe>s to be a fall ( #a metre 9 ab\t #b kilometres1 or a slope ( #a 9 #b1fgj4 ,x is possible t1 ow+ to ! ela/icity ( ! l9e us$1 !re may be a slight error 9 ! measurem5t ( ! %aft1 b ! above figure may be tak5 z approximately correct4 ,we h n[ en\gh data to calculate ! am\nt ( mat]ial excavat$ f ^! und]gr\nd works1 & ?is gives u a good idea ( ! magnitude ( ! task4 ,! av]age dep? ( ! man-holes 7f ! gr\nd-surface to ! ro( ( ! horizontal tunnel7 works out at #bb metres-- t is to say1 !y repres5t a total l5g? ( v]tical excavation am\nt+ to #cc kilometres4 ,add+ #aj p] c5t4 to ! l5g? ( ! aqu$uct1 to all[ = ! num]\s b5ds & ! side bran*es1 we get #cb kilometres ( horizontal excavation1 or a gr& total ( #fe kilometres4 ,f a numb] ( measurem5ts ! cross-section ( bo? %afts & tunnels works out at an almo/ id5tical figure--i4e41 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a squ>e metre4 ,?us ! am\nt ( rock excavat$ 9 ?is sy/em alone is ab\t #d1hge cubic metres1 & we may safely say t ! con/ruction ( ! f\r subt]ranean aqu$ucts & ! #fjj or #gjj v]tical %afts meant ! excavation & removal ( ov] #bj1jjj cubic metres ( solid rock4 ,9 contemplat+ ! "t & lab\r involv$ 9 ! excavation & removal ( ?is great mass ( mat]ial1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! latt] repres5ts ! con/ruction ( und]gr\nd passages ov] tw5ty miles 9 l5g?1 & ( su* re/rict$ size t only "o man c\ld h f\nd room to "w on ! face ( ! tunnel or %aft at a "t4 ,& al?\gh ! s9k+ ( m ?an "o v]tical %aft may h be5 c>ri$ on simultane\sly1 ! cutt+ ( ! long aqu$ucts _h almo/ c]ta9ly to be conduct$ f "o side only--i4e41 f _! exits4 ,! accumulation ( wat] w\ld probably h prev5t$ ! cutt+ out ( diff]5t sections at "o & ! same "t by sep>ate gangs ( m54 ,"o day1 9 ! summ] ( #aijh1 ,i 0 foolh>dy en\gh to foll[ ! aqu$uct to its t]m9ation1 f ! bottom ( ! n9? %aft--! "o ,i _h previ\sly desc5d$--& 9 case "s future visitor to ,um el ,dabdib %\ld feel incl9$ to exam9e = himself ^! wond]ful subt]ranean works1 x may n be out ( place to give a brief acc\nt ( my exam9ation ( ! upp] portion & t]m9ation ( ! aqu$uct 9 "q 7! second1 c\nt+ f ! mo/ we/]ly71 s t he may b5efit by my exp]i5ce4 ,my p>ticul> objects 7 to asc]ta9 if ! bulk ( ! wat] came f "o or m l>ge fissures1 to det]m9e :e!r any special *>act]i/ics m>k$ ! t]m9ation ( ! tunnel1 & to discov] :e!r !re 7 inscriptions :i* w\ld yield valuable in=mation reg>d+ ! mak+ ( ! aqu$uct4 ,my int5tion 0 to desc5d "o ( ! upp]mo/ %afts by means ( ! w9dlass ) :i*1 rememb]+ my previ\s exp]i5ce ) no?+ bett] ?an a v ela/ic native-made rope1 ,i _h be5 c>eful to provide myself4 ,i reckon$ t ! di/ance !nce to ! po9t ( orig9 ( ! aqu$uct c\ld n be s f> z to entail any great difficulty or dang] f insuffici5cy ( v5tilation4 ,un=tunately desc5t by any ( ^! %afts prov$ out ( ! "q 9 ! "t available1 ow+ to _! m\?s hav+ be5 c>efully clos$ by great slabs ( rock1 :i* ,i _h no facilities = mov+4 ,?is discov]y upset my calculations 9 two ways3 unless ,i ab&on$ ! und]tak+ altoge!r1 :i* ,i 0 extremely loa? to d aft] com+ s f>1 x w\ld be necess>y to foll[ ! tunnel f ! bottom ( ! n9? man-hole = at lea/ #bcj metres1 & ,i _h already exp]i5c$ ! difficulty ( progress+ ev5 a %ort di/ance 9 s conf9$ a space4 ,secondly1 !re 0 ! "q ( v5tilation4 ,) an op5 %aft ne> ! top !re w\ld at lea/ h be5 good circulation ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ! aqu$uct2 h[ev]1 ,i /ill hop$ t ! upp] man-holes 7 n s tightly clos$ z to r5d] ! air bel[ entirely /agnant4 ,"o ( ! natives :o _h tak5 "p 9 ! clean+ out ( ! aqu$uct _m ye>s be=e ass]t$ t ! air 0 n altoge!r bad1 & ?\gh ,i c\ld n def9itely asc]ta9 :e!r or no he _h be5 to ! end ( ! tunnel s9ce ! clos+ ( s _m ( ! v5tilat+ %afts1 ,i det]m9$ to accept 8 ^w = x1 & we desc5d$ safely to ! bottom4 ,! wat] felt cool by comp>ison ) ! air ( ! tunnel1 ?\gh my !rmomet] %[$ ! temp]ature ( bo? air & wat] to be id5tical1 regi/]+ #hg ,f4 9 bo? cases4 ,x 0 q sweet1 ?\gh a good deal ( s$im5t appe>$ :5 ! /ream 0 /irr$ up4 ,aft] mak+ a numb] ( measurem5ts ( ! %aft & tunnel1 we proce$$ on our way up/ream4 ,! sides ( ! tunnel 7 ev]y:]e beautifully cut 9 a light br[n s&/one1 ! direction ( ! pick-m>ks %[+ t x _h be5 excavat$ 9 ! same direction z t we 7 foll[+--i4e41 f s\? to nor?4 ,small not*es = ! lights us$ by ! workm5 7 pla9ly obs]vable on ! walls1 ab\t half-way betwe5 ! floor & ! ro(4 ,z a rule ! tunnel ma9ta9s an elongat$ oval =m1 wid] ne> ! top ?an else:]e2 along "o l5g?1 h[ev]1 :]e x evid5tly foll[s a fissure1 bo? top & bottom tap] %>ply1 s mu* s t our feet con/antly got jamm$ 9 ! n>r[1 w$ge-%ap$ *annel ?r\gh :i* ! wat] fl[s4 ,we pass$ _m side bran*es1 bl9d alleys1 9 fact1 & ! ma9 tunnel itself zigzagg$ consid]ably1 frequ5tly turn+ at %>p angles1 & m ?an once almo/ d\bl+ back on itself4 ,! air 0 bad en\gh at ! />t1 b seem$ to get worse z we proce$$4 ,i tru/$1 h[ev]1 to f9d+ a di/9ct improvem5t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! %afts1 b to my dismay ea* "o 9 turn prov$ to be h]metically seal$ ) masses ( rock j above its junction ) ! tunnel1 & !re 0 n ! slighte/ suspicion ( any circulation ( air1 s t ! only relief !y af=d$ 0 ! possibility ( re/+ 9 an upright position4 ,?ree hundr$ metres1 z ,i aft]w>ds calculat$ ! total di/ance to be1 may seem little en\gh 9 ! op51 b to grope "o's way ?is di/ance by ! light ( a feeble c&le along a passage s re/rict$ t "o has to proce$ n only ) b5t head & %\ld]s1 b half sideways1 9 a hot1 /eamy1 /agnant atmosph]e1 is q a diff]5t matt]4 ,my companion1 be+ ( small build & /ature1 0 able to walk upright 9 comp>ative com=t1 )\t cont9ually bump+ 8 head & bruis+ 8 %\ld]s1 s t ! want ( air did n tell on him to ! same ext5t2 :ile ,i became m & m fatigu$1 ow+ to ! difficulty exp]i5c$ ( gett+ suffici5t oxyg5 f su* an atmosph]e 9 ! cramp$ position ,i _h ( necessity to assume4 ,on m ?an "o occasion ,i sank exhau/$ into ! wat]1 ! huge gasps ( brea? :i* ,i took seem+ p[]less to relieve ! horrible s5sation ( /ifl+1 & ) ! unpleasant prospect ( gett+ dr[n$ if ,i escap$ suffocation4 ,yet !re seem$ to be t5 ?\s& devils tempt+ me onw>ds1 & al?\gh ,i did n "k h[ long life c\ld be support$ "u su* conditions1 a mad desire possess$ me to see ! ?+ ?r\gh2 s t :5ev] ,i 0 able to progress a few y>ds x 0 t[>ds ! head ( ! tunnel4 ,:5 ev5tually we rea*$ our de/9ation1 "s #ae to #bj metres beyond ! la/ man-hole1 x 0 only to f9d t ! tunnel j /opp$4 ,!re 0 no m wat] em]g+ f ! rock at ! end ?an ,i _h se5 ent]+ at a doz5 small fissures along ! c\rse we _h trav]s$2 !re 0 no v]tical excavation d[nw>ds2 !re 7 no traces ( inscriptions2 no?+1 9 fact4 ,aft] all our tr\ble1 we _h drawn a blank4 ,al?\gh ,i positively dread$ ! long crawl back1 ! v fact t e /ep took u t[>ds ! fre% air made me feel comp>atively *e]ful4 ,aft] mak+ my exam9ation ( ! end ( ! tunnel1 h[ev]1 ,i f\nd ! space 0 insuffici5t to all[ ( my turn+ r\nd1 s t ,i 0 compell$ to proce$ backw>ds = "s di/ance be=e ,i f\nd room 9 :i* to turn4 ,i mu/ confess to nev] hav+ exp]i5c$ su* a feel+ ( relief z :5 we ev5tually arriv$ at ! bottom ( ! op5 %aft1 & 7 able to fill our lungs ) copi\s draughts ( ! air desc5d+ f above4 ,we c\ld see ! t9y p9-hole ( light f> above u1 & :5 suffici5tly re/$ we swung ! rope z a signal to be w\nd up4 ,al?\gh ,i got back to ! surface none ! worse = my adv5ture1 ) ! exception ( sk9 bruises1 ,i w\ld n recomm5d anyone to attempt ! exploration ( o!r simil> tunnels unless !re 7 op5 %afts on ei!r side to insure "s circulation ( air4 ,x is n[ q c]ta9 t ! aqu$ucts d]iv$ _! wat] f ! num]\s small fissures trav]s$1 s t ! yield ( any s+le tunnel mu/ h dep5d$ to a great ext5t on its total l5g?4 ,! g5]al =mation ( ! c\ntry det]m9$ ! g5]al direction ( ! tunnels1 :i*1 9 ord] to keep )9 reasonable di/ance ( ! surface1 _h to foll[ ! valleys4 ,! latt]1 )\t exception 9 ?is di/rict1 run 9 a nor? & s\? direction1 hav+ =m$ at "o "t dra9age-l9es f ! high plateau to ! nor?4 ,_m ( ! %ort bran* tunnels are1 h[ev]1 driv5 along ea/ & we/ fissures1 ?\gh ^! c\ld n be foll[$ to any great di/ance1 ow+ to ! high ridges sep>at+ ! valleys4 ,x is also q c]ta9 t ! "w ( excavation 0 ev5tually /opp$ by ! ev]-increas+ lab\r involv$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! v]tical %afts1 ! dep? ( :i* necess>ily increas$ at a rapid rate z ! surface ( ! gr\nd rose :5 ne>+ ! actual esc>pm5t4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! space ( only #bcj metres1 betwe5 ! n9? & ! fir/ %afts1 ! dep? ( ! man-holes increases f #dj to #ed metres1 & to ! nor? ( ?is ! increase w\ld h be5 /ill m rapid1 until ! am\nt ( v]tical excavation w\ld h become altoge!r disproportionate to ! horizontal di/ance ga9$ by ! aqu$uct4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,bor+ ,,me?ods3 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,! ,skill ( ! ,anci5ts 9 ,well-,bor+ -- ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,anci5t ,wells -- ,anci5t ,me?ods ( ,bor+ -- ,wood5 ,cas+ -- ,introduction ( ,ma*9]y by ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t -- ,native ,me?ods ( ,bor+ at ! ,pres5t ,day -- ,clean+ ( ,wells -- ,div]s & _! ,"w -- ,rec5t ,bor+ ,op]ations -- ,am]ican ,/eam-driv5 ,bor+ ,rigs4 ,olympiodorus1 writ+ m ?an #a1ejj ye>s ago1 rem>k$ t ! inhabitants ( ! oases 7 celebrat$ = _! skill 9 s9k+ wells4 ,al?\gh at ! pres5t day a l>ge proportion ( ! v anci5t wells are completely s&$ up1 or h suff]$ great det]ioration 9 respect ( _! fl[s1 !re are /ill _m examples to be met ) :]e bores1 c]ta9ly betwe5 #b1jjj & #c1jjj ye>s old1 are /ill produc+ /rong dis*>ges ( wat] at ! rate ( hundr$s ( gallons a m9ute by day & by night4 ,al?\gh scores ( ! old wells h be5 clean$ out & repair$ 9 mod]n times1 n a s+le in/ance has come "u my notice ( ! f9d+ ( implem5ts us$ by ! well-bor]s ( anci5t times4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t ! bores 7 9 practically all cases l9$ to a consid]able dep? ) wood5 cas+1 manufactur$ f ! wood ( ! d\m-palm1 date-palm1 or acacia1 :i* d\btless 7 !n1 z n[1 cultivat$ 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! oasis4 ,! timb] 0 c>efully fa%ion$ into ! requir$ l5g?s & fitt$ toge!r by wat]-tight jo9ts4 ,dur+ ! clean+ op]ations to :i* _m ( ! old wells h be5 subject$ 9 mod]n times1 portions ( ! anci5t cas+ h frequ5tly be5 extract$1 & "s ( ! examples :i* ,i h exam9$1 especially ^? made ( acacia1 prov$ to be 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! wood ( ?is p>ticul> tree--#8sunt1' z x is locally call$--has rem>kably endur+ qualities bo? 9 & out ( wat]1 ?\gh n :5 subject$ to alt]nations ( wet & dry4 ,/ill1 t x %\ld 9 "s cases h reta9$ its orig9al qualities s9ce ,roman times is notewor?y4 ,x is q evid5t1 f a comp>ison ( ! anci5t timb]+ & cas+ ) ^? manufactur$ & us$ by ! inhabitants ( ! oases at ! pres5t day1 t ! me?ods ( well-s9k+ 9 mod]n times are 9 _m respects id5tical ) ^? anci5tly employ$4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 s9k+ ?r\gh ! sup]ficial /rata--i4e41 ^? ov]ly+ ! actual b$s 9 :i* ! artesian wat] is held--?\gh ( ! me?ods =m]ly practis$ = c>ry+ ! bore ?r\gh ! ,artesian-wat] ,s&/ones no?+ is kn[n4 ,we h little1 if any1 in=mation z to h[ ! inhabitants kept up _! wat]-supply aft] ! )drawal ( ! ,romans4 ,probably !re 0 a gradual dim9ution ( ! total output1 z x is n at all c]ta9 t any new wells 7 subsequ5tly sunk--at any rate1 until aft] ! introduction ( mod]n h&-bor+ ma*9]y "s fifty or sixty ye>s ago4 ,on t occasion "o ,hassan ,eff5di1 a s]vant ( a ,fr5* eng9e] ( ! "n ( ,lefvre1 0 s5t out by ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t to in/ruct ! inhabitants 9 ! use ( ! new ma*9]y4 ,judg+ f _! pres5t pr(ici5cy 9 s9k+ wells ?r\gh difficult /rata ) ! mo/ hopelessly worn & antiquat$ tackle1 ! natives did n take long to le>n ! new sy/em4 ,un=tunately1 :5 left to !mselves )\t adequate sup]vision1 !y promiscu\sly sunk a great numb] ( new bores1 )\t reg>d to ! probable effects on ! old] wells irrigat+ ! exi/+ palm-groves & cultivat$ l&s1 ) ! result t1 m especially 9 ! oasis ( ,dakhla1 a great deal ( h>m 0 done4 ,:ole di/ricts suff]$ a g5]al l[]+ ( wat]-level1 _m ( ! wells ceas+ to fl[ altoge!r4 ,?is 0 ! direct outcome ( ! excessive numb] ( new bores put d[n 9 c]ta9 di/ricts :]e ! inhabitants 7 suffici5tly ri* & influ5tial to get & reta9 possession ( ! majority ( ! newly-import$ bor+-rigs4 ,ab\t t5 ye>s ago ,i /udi$ ! me?od ( well-s9k+ us$ 9 ! oases1 & f\nd x to consi/ ( a comb9ation ( anci5t & mod]n bor+ practices4 ,ow+ to ! difficulty & prohibitive co/ ( transport+ heavy /eel tubes across ! des]t1 ! use ( locally-made wood5 cas+ c\ld n be disp5s$ )1 & z cas+ ( ?is description c\ld n possibly be made ( suffici5t /r5g? to /& #8driv+1' ! upp] portion ( ! well _h ( necessity to take ! =m ( an op5 %aft c>ri$ d[n z ne> z possible to ! wat]-be>+ b$s1 ! actual bor+ by means ( ! drill+-plant be+ conf9$ to ! lat] /ages4 ,! fir/ op]ation consi/s 9 s9k+ a rectangul> %aft1 usually #b metres squ>e2 ?is "w is c>ri$ out by h&1 ! ord9>y native #8fass' be+ almo/ ! only implem5t us$4 ,z ! %aft is cut out x is timb]$ ) l5g?s ( palm-wood /rung "o bel[ ! o!r1 to prev5t ! walls f fall+ 94 ,! excavation is c>ri$ z deep z possible1 ! limit g5]ally dep5d+ on ! am\nt ( sub-surface wat] met )4 ,9 ! oasis ( ,dakhla1 :]e ! sup]ficial /rata consi/ almo/ entirely ( clays1 x c usually be cont9u$ to a dep? ( ab\t #cj metres2 b 9 ,kh>ga ! dep? v>ies consid]ably1 ow+ to ! m frequ5t int]calations ( wat]-logg$ s&/ones4 ,! success ( ! prospective bore dep5ds to a v great ext5t on ! dep? to :i* ?is prelim9>y "w is c>ri$1 z ! succe$+ /rata1 ly+ betwe5 ! base ( ! %aft & ! true artesian b$s1 h to be pi]c$ by a hole unprotect$ by cas+1 & if ( any v consid]able ?ickness1 cav+ b$s are likely to greatly int]f]e )1 if n prev5t1 ! progress ( ! "w4 ,on completion ( ! timb]$ %aft ! wood5 cas+ is plac$ c5trally 9 position1 s z to =m a v]tical pipe f ! base ( ! %aft to ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! pipe may be ei!r squ>e or r\nd 9 section1 & is usually made ( acacia1 ?\gh holl[$ trunks ( d\m-palm are sometimes us$4 ,x consi/s ( a numb] ( diff]5t sections1 jo9$ toge!r 9 su* a way z to leave no project+ portions ei!r )9 or )\t1 ! :ole l5g? ( cas+ ?us pres]v+ a con/ant diamet] f top to bottom4 ,z a rule1 ! jo9ts are s well =m$ t ! pipe is1 to all int5ts & purposes1 wat]-tight aft] a %ort soak+4 ,! squ>e v>iety ( cas+ usually has an inside wid? ( #cf c5timetres1 ! ?ickness ( ! wood be+ #d or #e c5timetres2 ! circul>1 & p]haps m common1 v>iety is made ) an inside diamet] ( #ce c5timetres1 except :5 requir$ = ins]tion )9 a previ\sly fix$ /r+ ( cas+1 :5 small] sizes h to be us$4 ,! cas+1 ( c\rse1 ev5tually =ms ! actual *annel ?r\gh :i* ! artesian wat] fl[s to ! surface4 ,! space int]v5+ betwe5 ! sides ( ! timb]$ %aft & ! c5tral pipe is !n fill$ 9 ) a mixture ( s& & clay1 firmly pack$ d[n1 s z to hold ! pipe securely 9 position1 & prev5t ! escape ( wat] %\ld any ( ! jo9ts become leaky4 ,up to ?is po9t !re is good reason to believe t ! mod]n practice is simil> to1 if n id5tical )1 t anci5tly us$2 b 9 ! complete abs5ce ( evid5ce1 docum5t>y or o!rwise1 we _c conjecture h[ ! old well-s9k]s proce$$ 9 subsequ5t /ages4 ,we surmise1 h[ev]1 t1 giv5 suffici5cy ( "t1 !y 7 possess$ ( ! requisite pati5ce & skill to ov]come all ord9>y ob/acles--z has be5 ! case = g5]ations 9 ,*9a--& x is probable t ! p]c5tage ( wells ab&on$ 0 n great] ?an x is at ! pres5t day 9 c\ntries :]e well-bor+ has become an art1 c>ri$ out by means ( sci5tifically design$ ma*9]y4 ,! second "p ( ! mod]n op]ations is conduct$ ) an ord9>y p]cussion h&-bor+ outfit ( ,european manufacture4 ,z ! me?od ( bor+ ) ?is type ( rig is ess5tially ! same all ov] ! _w1 we only propose to describe x 9 brief4 ,! proce$+s comm5ce ) ! erection ( a timb] framework1 or d]rick1 imm$iately ov] ! m\? ( ! pipe2 at ! summit ( ! d]rick is a pulley1 ov] :i* passes ! rope or *a9 :i* connects on "o side ) ! drum ( ! w9*1 & f ! end ( :i*1 on ! o!r side1 are susp5d$ ! actual tools ) :i* drill+ is cont9u$4 ,! bor+-rod is made up to ! requir$ l5g? by screw+ toge!r a numb] ( #aj-;foot sections1 ! t]m9al l5g? be+ a %ort] rod fitt$ ) a *isel1 aug]1 or s&-pump1 accord+ to ! "w 9 h&4 ,! rate ( progress dep5ds to a great ext5t on ! rapidity ) :i* ! bl[s ( ! *isel are deliv]$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 v>ies consid]ably1 dep5d+ on ! dep? ( ! well & consequ5t weight ( ! rods 9 use4 ,:]e ! weight is great & ! =mation /icky1 ! rods h to be lift$ by means ( ! w9*1 & n m ?an two or ?ree bl[s a m9ute c be /ruck4 ,:5 ! rods are light or work+ freely1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 drill+ 9 s&/ones1 ! w9* c be disp5s$ )1 & ! necess>y motion convey$ by means ( a lev] actuat$ by a numb] ( m54 ,9 ?is way progress c be v mu* accel]at$1 z _m z tw5ty or tw5ty-five bl[s be+ deliv]$ p] m9ute4 ,at ! be/1 h[ev]1 ! me?od ( drill+ by p]cussion ) a solid rod is necess>ily sl[1 ow+ ma9ly to ! fact t ! t]m9al tool _c be *ang$ or )drawn )\t ! entire l5g? ( rod be+ tak5 to pieces4 ,x is seldom1 !re=e1 t a well ( #abj to #aej metres is complet$ 9 less ?an five mon?s1 & ! av]age "t tak5 is m l n9e mon?s or a ye>4 ,x w readily be admitt$ t ?is me?od ( s9k+ wells is 9 _m respects well adapt$ to ! local conditions obta9+ 9 su* isolat$ localities z ! oases1 :]e "t is ( little consequ5ce to ! inhabitants4 ,! complet$ wells are frequ5tly equal 9 almo/ e respect to ^? put d[n by means ( ! mo/ up-to-date appliances2 9 fact1 ! only objections to ! me?od are its sl[ness1 ! limit$ dep? to :i* x is applicable1 & ! difficulty ( fix+ to ! wood5 cas+ satisfactory appliances = regulat+ ! dis*>ge4 ,! pati5ce & indu/ry ( ! inhabitants ( ! oases are well exemplifi$ by _! unceas+ attempts to ma9ta9 undim9i%$ ! wat]-supply on :i* _! v exi/5ce dep5ds4 ,! population mu/ always h borne a direct ratio to ! total dis*>ge ( ! wells1 z on ! latt] dep5ds ! am\nt ( food-supplies :i* c be rais$4 ,at no p]iod1 z f> z we c judge1 has ! output ( ! wells be5 great] ?an ! requirem5ts1 & x is probable t !re has always be5 a population some:at 9 excess ( t :i* c\ld be support$ by local products1 ! surplus portion be+ dispos$ ( by emigration to ! ,nile ,valley4 ,! me?ods ( deal+ ) wells 9 :i* ! fl[s h dim9i%$ or altoge!r ceas$ are ( consid]able int]e/1 z !y h giv5 rise to a class ( m5 call$ #8ghattas9' 7div]s71 :i* "o w\ld nev] h expect$ to f9d 9 su* remote & arid localities z ! oases ( ! ,libyan ,des]t4 ,x is seldom t ! poor] inhabitants c comm& ! use ( a h&-rig = ! clean+ ( _! wells1 s t !y usually h rec\rse to appliances ( ! mo/ primitive description4 ,p]haps ! simple/ =m consi/s ( a %ort iron rod1 a sort ( cr[b> or jump]1 susp5d$ f a palm-fibre rope1 & ) a t9y basket atta*$ to ! l[] end4 ,9 "s cases ! end ( ! jump] is itself fa%ion$ into ! =m ( a cup1 s t ! basket ( plait$ grass or palm-leaf c be disp5s$ )4 ,! rod is work$ up & d[n 9 ! bore1 s z to /ir up ! s& & clay at ! bottom1 :i* settles 9 ! basket or cup1 & is p]iodically hoi/$ to ! surface4 ,! rope is work$ ov] a wood5 roll] fix$ alongside ! m\? ( ! well1 a contrivance :i* enables ! up-&-d[n motion to be giv5 ) a m9imum ( en]gy & friction4 ,! process is (t5 cont9u$ = ye>s1 ! mat]ial :i* c be remov$ 9 a day only am\nt+ to a few h&fuls4 ,! above me?od is only applicable to bores 9 :i* ! wood5 cas+ is m or less intact4 ,:]e ! latt] has rott$ & all[$ ! sides ( ! well to collapse1 a mu* m difficult & complicat$ proc$ure is necess>y be=e ! dis*>ge c be re-e/abli%$4 ,9 a case ( ?is sort ! orig9al rectangul> %aft has to be entirely cle>$ ( mat]ial1 & a new /r+ ( cas+ plac$ 9 ! exact position occupi$ by ! orig9al pipe ( ! well4 ,moreov]1 ! timb] ( ! %aft itself has g5]ally to be repair$ or entirely r5ew$1 z o!rwise !re w\ld be v great dang] ( ! sides collaps+ :5 ! mat]ial f )9 0 remov$4 ,! process is r5d]$ extremely difficult & labori\s by reason ( ! entire "w hav+ to be c>ri$ on "u wat]4 ,al?\gh a well may h /opp$ fl[+1 ! passages are nev] s completely block$ z to altoge!r prev5t ! wat] f ris+ to )9 a few feet ( ! surface1 & any excavation made w always be f\nd to become spe$ily fill$ ) wat]4 ,! "w c1 !re=e1 only be c>ri$ out by m5 :o h tra9$ !mselves to rema9 & "w "u wat]1 & a limit$ numb] ( ^! div]s are f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! ,egyptian oases4 ,i h frequ5tly wat*$ & *att$ ) ! div]s at "w on old wells1 bo? 9 ,dakhla & ,kh>ga4 ,unlike ! usual cu/om ( remun]at+ m5 employ$ on well-clean+ by %>es ( ! result+ wat]1 div]s are g5]ally paid 9 ca% at ! rate ( ab\t a %ill+ a day1 ea* man receiv+ 8 food z well4 ,! desc5t is always made feet fir/1 h& ov] h& d[n a rope /ret*$ f ! top to ! bottom4 ,:5 ! div] wi%es to return to ! surface he signals by a motion ( ! rope to ^? at ! top1 :o promptly haul him up4 ,! rate ( progress dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 on ! dep? at :i* ! "w is proce$+4 ,9 a well ,i once visit$ ne> ,h9daw1 9 ! oasis ( ,dakhla1 div]s 7 work+ at a dep? ( #bi metres4 ,ea* man desc5d$ six or sev5 times a day1 rema9+ on ea* occasion f two to two & a half m9utes "u wat]4 ,"w _h be5 9 progress "h = f\r ye>s1 & ! excavation 0 /ill #af or #ag metres f ! bottom ( ! %aft4 ,! excavat$ mat]ial is plac$ 9 baskets1 :i*1 :5 full1 are drawn up by h&4 ,z soon z ! %aft has be5 cle>$ to ! bottom ! new cas+ is ins]t$1 ! int]v5+ space fill$ 91 & ! "w c>ri$ on z 9 a new bore4 ,_m ext9ct wells h ?us be5 put into good work+ ord]1 ?\gh 9 "s cases ! div]s h be5 unable to ov]come ! difficulties enc\nt]$1 & ! wells h be5 f9ally ab&on$ aft] mon?s1 or ev5 ye>s1 ( lab\r4 ,9 ! reclamation op]ations conduct$ 9 ! oasis ( ,kh>ga dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s1 bo? h& & /eam bor+ rigs h be5 employ$1 /eel cas+ be+ us$ = all wells4 ,! co/ p] foot drill$ is some:at 9 fav\r ( ! h&-rigs1 b ! rate ( progress is f> m rapid 9 ! case ( ! /eam-driv5 ma*9es4 ,! me?od us$ ) ! h&-ma*9es is ! same 9 pr9ciple z t employ$ by ! natives & already describ$1 ) ! exception t ! prelim9>y excavation is disp5s$ )1 ! bore be+ drill$ f ! surface & l9$ ) metal cas+ d[n to ! ,wat]-be>+ ,s&/ones4 ,! cas+ is driv5 by means ( a heavy weight1 or #8monkey1' atta*$ to ! bor+-rod4 ,! /eam-rigs us$ are ( ,am]ican manufacture1 & ( ! design usually employ$ 9 ! oil-fields ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! me?od is a mod]n adaptation ( a practice employ$ f v e>ly times 9 ,*9a1 free-fall+ tools atta*$ to a flexible rope be+ us$ 9 place ( a solid iron rod4 ,! actual drill+ tool1 :i* is ( great weight1 is susp5d$ f a cable1 & work$ by /eam-p[] 9 su* a way z to give a rapid succession ( bl[s ( su* =ce z to cut out a circul> hole ?r\gh ! h>de/ ( rocks4 ,! outfit consi/s ess5tially ( a v high d]rick1 a l>ge drum on :i* ! cable is w\nd1 & a specially-design$ eng9e work$ by /eam1 ! boil] 9 :i* ! latt] is g5]at$ be+ usually plac$ on a sep>ate c>riage4 ,a second & small] drum is provid$ = a f9e wire rope1 :i* is us$ ) v>i\s =ms ( s&-pump = clean+ out ! loose s& or sludge =m$ by ! drill+ tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/eam ,,bor+ ,,rig4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,h& ,,bor+ ,,rig4 ,^! /eam-rigs necessitate ! employm5t ( skill$ drill]s1 & are1 moreov]1 ) difficulty kept 9 prop] repair 9 out-(-!-way localities4 ,_! initial co/ is high2 !y are extremely cumb]some to drag f "o site to ano!r ov] ! s(t surface ( ! des]t1 & !y consume a l>ge quantity ( fuel4 ,^! drawbacks are1 h[ev]1 p>tly1 if n entirely1 c\nt]balanc$ by ! rapidity ) :i* ! "w c be c>ri$ out1 ! av]age rate ( progress "u ! conditions met ) 9 ! oasis be+ #e to #g metres p] #8%ift' ( eight or t5 h\rs4 ,9 ! wat]-s&/ones ,i h kn[n ,mr4 ,b4 ,f4 ,:it+1 :o 0 rec5tly my drill+ sup]9t5d5t 9 ! oasis1 c>ry a bore d[n z mu* z #bj or #be metres 9 a s+le %ift4 ,breakd[ns are1 ( c\rse1 n infrequ5t ) ?is sy/em ( bor+1 b ! ,am]ican drill]s are rem>kably pr(ici5t 9 ! recov]y ( lo/ tools4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,conte/ ,,betwe5 ,,man ,,& ,,w9d-,,borne ,,s& ,! ,w9ds -- ,w9d & ,s& z ,ag5ts ( ,d5udation -- ,! ,combat ( ! ,inhabitants ) ,s&-lad5 ,w9ds -- ,! ,dune-,belts -- ,orig9 ( ! ,s& -- ,composition ( ,dune-,s& -- ,! ,=ms ( ,dunes -- ,dim5sions & ,rate ( ,movem5t -- ,irresi/ibility ( ,bl[n ,s& -- ,protection af=d$ by ,topographical ,features -- ,effect ( ,artificial ,ob/ructions on ! ,=mation ( ,dunes -- ,fix+ ( ,dunes by ,vegetation & ,moi/ure -- ,/orm-,walls & ,f5ces -- ,! ,dunes ( ,g5nh -- ,w9d-borne ,s& b5eficial 9 ! ,s\? ( ! ,oasis -- ,=mation ( ,t]races ( ,w9d-borne ,mat]ials -- ,encroa*m5t ( ,dunes 9 ! ,s\? ( ! ,oasis4 ,no "o :o has soj\rn$ 9 ,kh>ga long en\gh to comp>e x ) o!r p>ts ( ,egypt w feel incl9$ to dispute ! /atem5t t ! depression is "o ( ! mo/ w9dy places 9 ! c\ntry4 ,only "o day 9 t5 or elev5 is calm1 ?\gh if ! w9d has be5 bl[+ fairly /eadily dur+ ! day x g5]ally drops at night4 ,five times out ( six its direction is f ! nor?1 & :5 unaccompani$ by s& ! w9d acts z a welcome mod]ator ( ! temp]ature4 ,9 a des]t region1 ow+ to ! surface be+ unprotect$ by vegetation1 !re is ne>ly always an abundance ( wea!r$ mat]ial loosely expos$ on ! surface1 ! light] portions ( :i* are quickly swept up & c>ri$ along z soon z ! w9d atta9s ev5 a mod]ate velocity4 ,on ! actual dunes ev5 a light breeze is suffici5t to set ! surface-lay]s 9 motion1 :ile on ! op5 pla9 ! w9d becomes visibly *>g$ ) s& directly x atta9s ! velocity ( a mod]ate breeze4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* ! w9d bl[s has already be5 m5tion$1 & :5 we add t on "o day 9 ?ree x atta9s a velocity suffici5t to enable x to easily c>ry s& 9 susp5sion1 its p[] z a transport+ ag5t c readily be conceiv$4 ,n only does ! w9d c>ry ! s& along f "o place to ano!r1 dump+ x beh9d or 9 front ( e ob/acle x may meet1 b ! comb9ation ( s& & w9d =ms a d5ud+ =ce ( no mean p[]1 capable ( plan+ & groov+ ! expos$ surfaces ( ! h>de/ ( rocks4 ,n[1 al?\gh op9ions may diff] z to ! "p play$ 9 ! pa/ by w9d & s& 9 ! %ap+ & =mation ( ! oases-depressions ( ! ,libyan ,des]t1 !re c be no "q ( ! effects !y are produc+ at ! pres5t day4 ,w9d-borne s& is inde$ ! curse ( ! oasis1 & al?\gh its evil effects may be mitigat$ or altoge!r /av$ (f = a "t1 ! long] ?is =ce ( ,nature is oppos$ by man ! great] & m ov]:elm+ is its f9al victory4 ,if a full acc\nt ( ! human occupation ( ! oases c\ld be writt51 x w\ld be v l>gely ! hi/ory ( an incessant combat betwe5 man & ,nature2 & al?\gh man may = a "t ga9 ! upp] h&1 & ev5 make ! s&-lad5 w9ds to "s ext5t s]ve 8 purposes1 he is 9 ! end g5]ally =c$ to ab&on ^? places 9 :i* he has be5 at su* pa9s to e/abli% himself4 ,9 ! ,libyan ,des]t1 bo? on ! plateaux & 9 ! depressions1 bl[n s& has a m>k$ t5d5cy to collect into dunes occupy+ def9ite nor? & s\? belts ( c\ntry1 ly+ p>allel to ! direction ( ! prevail+ w9ds4 ,?is peculi> & =tunate disposition dep5ds on a numb] ( circum/ances1 su* z ! mean direction ( ! w9d1 ! po9ts ( greate/ supply ( ! mat]ial1 & on o!r causes :i* are n p]haps z yet ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,9 ,kh>ga ,oasis ! be/ m>k$ & mo/ important belt lies some:at to ! we/ ( ! c5tral axis ( ! depression4 ,at ! nor? end1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,um el ,dabdib1 x consi/s ( a numb] ( isolat$ b p>allel l9es ( dunes1 :i* s\?w>ds pass ov] & r\nd ! hill-massif ( ,jebel ,t>if1 ev5tually unit+ & =m+ a m compact belt ( s&1 ) an av]age wid? ( #h or #aj kilometres1 :i* cont9ues "r ?r\gh ! depression into ! des]t to ! s\?4 ,?is l9e ( s& sets a limit to ! ext5sion ( cultivation to ! we/4 ,a second belt comes f ! plateau to ! nor? ( ,qasr ,lebekha1 passes imm$iately to ! ea/ ( ,jebel ,tr & ! village ( ,kh>ga1 & cont9ues s\?w>ds until x spreads out & is arre/$1 m or less by artificial means1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,g5nh4 ,o!r small] & less def9$ belts exi/ to ! s\? ( ,a9 el ,tawl1 to ! ea/ ( ,headqu>t]s1 & ne> ! foot (1 & p>allel to1 ! ea/]n wall ( ! depression4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,belt ,,( ,,dunes ,,ne> ,,qasr ,,lebekha4 ,al?\gh x has be5 /at$ by m ?an "o writ] t ! great s& accumulations ( ! ,libyan ,des]t orig9ate 9 ! d5udation ( ! ,nubian ,s&/one :i* occupies l>ge areas to ! s\? ( ! oases1 ,i h nev] myself met ) any evid5ce 9 support ( su* a view4 ,9 my op9ion ! bulk ( ! s& mu/ be reg>d$ z orig9at+ 9 ! ar5ace\s deposits ( po/-,middle ,eoc5e age1 :i* l>gely occupy & are expos$ on ! surface ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea & latitude #bi ,n4 ,we "k f p]sonal obs]vation t "s ( ! great s&-belts1 :i* cross ! int]v5+ lime/one plateau to ! s\!rn oases1 comm5ce 9 ?is region1 & ! supply ( s& made available by ! d5udation ( ! b$s 9 "q is inexhau/ible4 ,dur+ ! passage ( ?is s& across ! great des]t tablel& ! individual gra9s ( silica d\btless become mu* r\nd$ & r$uc$ by attrition1 ?\gh ! total loss is probably m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! v consid]able additions receiv$ 9 ! =m ( calc>e\s gra9s1 d]iv$ f ! lime/ones =m+ ! surface ( ! high des]t4 ,an exam9ation ( ! dunes ( ,kh>ga ,oasis at once %[s t ! s& is n by any means compos$ solely ( silice\s gra9s1 b t !re is a consid]able proportion ( :ite granules ( lime/one4 ,a numb] ( samples collect$ at r&om f ! dunes 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! depression 7 all f\nd to conta9 a visible proportion ( calc>e\s gra9s1 & "o ( ^!1 collect$ f ! big dune to ! s\?-ea/ ( ,headqu>t]s1 0 qualitatively exam9$ = me by ,mr4 ,g>s$1 & %[n to conta9 #gg p] c5t4 ( calcium c>bonate4 ,x w\ld be difficult to acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( ^! calc>e\s gra9s on ! assumption t ! s& is d]iv$ f ! ,nubian ,s&/one1 ?\gh ! d5udation ( ! latt] 9 & to ! s\? ( ! oases mu/ give rise to a v l>ge am\nt ( silice\s s&1 :i* goes to swell ! bulk ( ! dunes :i* h invad$ ?is c\ntry f beyond ! lime/one plateau to ! nor?4 ,! dom9ant =m ( dune 9 ! oasis is ( cresc5tic or horse-%oe %ape1 a =m specially typical ( des]t regions :]e !re are prevail+ w9ds 9 any "o direction4 ,^! #8b>*ans1' z !y are call$1 :i* are always dispos$ ) ! concave1 /eeply-incl9$ sides fac+ s\?w>ds1 are f\nd ( e size1 & exhibit _m v>iations ( ! simple cresc5tic patt]n4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! oasis ! s&-belts are made up ( a numb] ( isolat$ & promiscu\sly dispos$ b>*ans2 9 o!rs ! dunes h jo9$ toge!r into a compact mass1 9 :i* ! typical %ape ( ! individual b>*an is m or less oblit]at$4 ,solit>y b>*ans1 be+ well-def9$ isolat$ masses1 l5d !mselves to obs]vation bett] ?an ! l>ge & cont9u\s belts ( s&4 ,!y occur ( all sizes1 f little baby cresc5ts1 a metre or two across1 to enorm\s masses #cj or #dj metres high & #bjj to #cjj metres 9 bread?4 ,9 all cases1 except :5 _! /eady m>* s\?w>ds has be5 tempor>ily int]rupt$ by s\!rly w9ds1 ! s\!rn face1 flank$ by ! horns ( ! cresc5t1 is a /raight slope ( f #cj to #cc degrees1 its incl9ation is1 9 fact1 ! angle ( re/ ( loose dry s&1 & x is =m$ ( ! s& :i* is cont9ually bl[n up ! opposite slope & dropp$ ov] ! cre/4 ,9 a mod]ate breeze ! :ole b>*an progresses /eadily 9 a s\!rly direction )\t loss or ga9 ( s&2 9 /rong] w9ds1 :ile /ill cont9u+ its c\rse1 ! dune may at ! same "t be ei!r los+ or ga9+ 9 actual bulk4 ,! rate at :i* ! b>*ans travel v>ies ) _! size4 ,! l>g] ! dune ! great] ! am\nt ( mat]ial to be mov$1 s t1 z a g5]al rule1 small b>*ans progress mu* m rapidly ?an l>ge ones4 ,! actual rate may v>y f #aj to #bj metres p] annum1 ! av]age be+ ab\t #ag4 ,= in/ance1 ! big isolat$ dune on ! road betwe5 ,headqu>t]s & ,kh>ga village mov$ #aa metres s\?w>ds betwe5 ,decemb] #h1 #aijg1 & ,decemb] #h1 #aijh1 :ile dur+ ! same p]iod a small dune 9 ! ,bellaida di/rict travell$ #ba metres 9 ! same direction4 ,! dim5sions ( ^! two dunes is z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,kh>ga ,road ,bellaida ,dune4 ,dune4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,metres4 ,metres4 ,v]tical height ( c5tre ( cre/ #ag #aje ,maximum bread? 7ea/ & we/7 #bei #afj ,maximum l5g? 7nor? & s\?7 #bcj #gj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,^! are m]ely in/ances f dunes :i* ,i h _h "u obs]vation = a numb] ( mon?s1 full details ( :i* ,i hope %ortly to publi%4 ,approa*$ on a bright sunny day f ! s\? side1 ! angle ( slope )9 ! cresc5t ( a b>*an is mo/ deceptive4 ,n9e out ( t5 p]sons w confid5tly /ate t ! face ( ! dune _c be less ?an #fj or #gj degrees f ! horizontal1 ?\gh1 z a matt] ( fact1 x nev] exce$s by m ?an two or ?ree degrees a ?ird ( a "r angle4 ,unless held toge!r by vegetation or compact$ by moi/ure1 x _c exce$ ! angle ( re/ ( dry bl[n s&1 :i* is ab\t #cb degrees4 ,9 normal wea!r ?is face ( a b>*an is a /raight1 unrippl$1 ev5 slope ( loose s& f top to bottom2 :5 a light or g5tle breeze is bl[+ f ! nor?1 ! dune c be se5 #8smok+' at ! top ( ! cre/1 ! s& be+ bl[n up ! mu* m g5tle & m>k$ly rippl$ nor!rly slope1 & dropp$ ov] ! cre/ on to ! /eep1 smoo?1 s\!rly face4 ,! bulk ( ?is s& 9 a light breeze falls on ! upp] "p ( ! slope1 equilibrium be+ adju/$ f "t to "t by a d[nw>d slid+ ( ! sup]ficial lay]s4 ,a cross-section ( ! dune1 f nor? to s\?1 w\ld inde$ %[ x to be compos$ ( well-/ratifi$ lay]s ( s&1 dipp+ /eadily s\?w>ds at a little ov] #cj degrees4 ,9 ?is di/rict ,i h nev] obs]v$ s\!rly w9ds hold = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to d m ?an slightly modify ! g5]al =m ( a b>*an1 ?\gh dur+ _! cont9uance ! progress ( ! dune is arre/$1 ! outl9e ( ! cre/ becomes consid]ably alt]$1 ripple-m>ks appe> on ! /eep s\!rly face1 & an apron ( s& ( great] or less] dim5sions =ms at its foot4 ,! irresi/ibility ( drift s& is well se5 :]e isolat$ hills lie 9 ! pa? ( ! dunes4 ,:5 su* hills are n>r[1 & elongat$ 9 a nor? & s\? direction1 !y g5]ally act z a w$ge1 divide ! w9d1 & =ce any s& x may be c>ry+ to pass on ei!r side4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a hill has nor!rly flanks ( any consid]able wid?1 x w only =m a tempor>y *eck to ! s\?w>d passage ( ! s&4 ,! progress ( ! latt] may be arre/$ = a :ile1 until holl[s h be5 fill$ 9 & ! g5]al slopes r$uc$2 b ev5tually ! s& w pass up along ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance to ! summit4 ,?is is beautifully illu/rat$ at ,jebel ,t>if1 ! great isolat$1 flat-topp$1 hill-massif ly+ betwe5 ,um el ,dabdib & ,kh>ga village1 /&+ ov] #cjj metres1 or #a1jjj feet1 above ! surr\nd+ pla94 ,in/ead ( be+ div]t$ by ?is ob/acle1 ! s&1 com+ f ! plateau to ! nor? & nor?-we/ ( ,um el ,dabdib1 surm\nts ! slopes1 & cont9ues 9 its normal direction across ! flat-topp$ summit4 ,! latt] has be5 cut up into numb]less p>allel nor?- & s\?-dispos$ ridges1 sep>at$ by deep tr\ghs1 :i* are n[ to a consid]able ext5t fill$ ) s&4 ,active erosion mu/1 !re=e1 at ! pres5t day be conf9$ to ! upp] portions ( ! slopes ( ! valleys & to ! int]v5+ ridges4 ,naturally 9 su* a region ! inhabitants h be5 quick to take advantage ( any protection af=d$ by topographical features1 & x is n surpris+ to f9d t ! mo/ important ( ! anci5t monum5ts1 z well z ! greate/ area ( mod]nly cultivat$ l&1 lie 9 a comp>atively %elt]$ position to ! s\? ( ,jebel ,tr4 ,ev5 !re1 h[ev]1 tr\ble is con/antly exp]i5c$ on ! ea/ side1 ow+ to ! t5d5cy ( ! belt ( s&-dunes1 :i* comes f ! vic9ity ( ,qasr ,lebekha1 to spread lat]ally4 ,along ! ea/ side ( ! village ! dunes are close up aga9/ ! outly+ h\ses1 & ! s& cont9ually surm\nts & p\rs ov] ! walls :i* f "t to "t are erect$ by ! natives to act z b>ricades4 ,%elt]$ places ( ! above description are r>e1 ! majority ( ! small] settlem5ts be+ situat$ on ! op5 pla91 :]e ! only precaution :i* c be tak5 is to select ! sites = wells z f> away z possible f ! well-def9$ s&-belts4 ,b 9 w9dy wea!r ! s&-bla/ is n conf9$ to ! neighb\rhood ( ! dunes2 ! w9d rages across ! op5 pla9s1 c>ry+ d5se cl\ds ( s& 9 susp5sion1 & deva/at+ ! works ( man :]ev] ! latt] (f] ! slighte/ ob/acle to its progress4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s& ,,erosion ,,on ,,summit ,,( ,,jebel ,,t>if4 ,9 ord] to protect 8 crops f ! fi]ce onslaught ( w9d-borne s& ! native is compell$ to erect f5ces & b>ricades along ! nor!rn b\nd>ies ( 8 fields4 ,^! s]ve 8 purpose = ! "t be+1 ! s& :i* w\ld o!rwise h cut & beat5 d[n ! gr[+ crops be+ deposit$ on ei!r side ( ! f5ce1 :]e ! velocity ( ! w9d is *eck$4 ,! arre/$ s& accumulates ) increas+ rapidity z ! size ( ! ob/ruction becomes great]1 a v]itable dune1 con/itut+ a really effici5t protection to ! cultivat$ l&s1 be+ =m$ ov] ! site ( ! orig9al small & insignificant h$ge4 ,un=tunately1 ?is s& cont9ues to collect1 & al?\gh ! cultivator may h satisfactorily insur$ himself aga9/ ! frequ5t damage caus$ to 8 crops by _! exposure to w9d-driv5 s&1 he is n[ confront$ ) ! /ill m s]i\s prospect ( hav+ 8 l&s ov]:elm$ by ! ev]-increas+ dunes1 :i* h gr[n to consid]able proportions z ! result ( 8 ef=ts to protect himself4 ,=tunately = ! occupi]s ( ^! outly+ settlem5ts1 ! progress ( su* dunes1 =m$ m or less artificially on ! nor!rly sides ( ! cultivat$ tracts1 is n at ! same rate z t ( isolat$ dunes mov+ across ! op5 des]t pla94 ,ow+ to ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! sup]ficial lay]s ( ! gr\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! wells & ! cultivat$ l&s1 plants ( v>i\s k9ds are enabl$ to ?rive1 ) ! result t ! dunes become to "s ext5t #8fix$' by wild vegetation4 ,! mo/ valuable plant 9 ?is connection is ! tam>isk1 :i* by means ( imm5sely long roots cont9ues to ?rive & keep its head above gr[+ dunes ) rem>kable facility4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 moreov]1 ! moi/ure f ! soil itself rises by capill>ity into ! base ( ! s&1 & assi/s ! vegetation 9 b9d+ x into a compact mass1 :i* is n liable to movem5t 9 ! same degree z dry s&4 ,! rate ( progress ( su* dunes may !re=e be r$uc$ to a consid]able ext5t1 b ! movem5t c nev] be altoge!r /opp$4 ,z we h se5 9 ! case ( ! hamlet ( ,meh]iq1 ! s& ev5tually gets ! upp] h&1 blott+ out ! arable l&s1 bury+ ! palm-groves1 & =c+ man to ab&on 8 habitations4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,corporation's ,headqu>t]s a consid]able area ( ! floor ( ! depression has be5 br\ght "u cultivation dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s4 ,?is tract is expos$ on e side1 !re be+ no protection :atev] 9 ! %ape ( natural features4 ,al?\gh occasional s&/orms are exp]i5c$ f ! s\?1 & ev5 f ! ea/ & we/ sides1 practically ! :ole ( ! tr\ble enc\nt]$ comes f nor!rly s&/orms & s&-lad5 w9ds4 ,x 0 f\nd q impossible to raise crops unless ! fields 7 protect$ by /orm-walls or f5ces1 ! "y plants be+ cut d[n z if by a scy!4 ,s long z ! reclamation ( l& proce$$ f s\? to nor? at a fairly rapid rate1 ! accumulation ( s& aga9/ ^! f5ces 0 ( little mom5t1 be+1 inde$1 r welcome ?an o!rwise1 z ! s& 0 f\nd to be ( consid]able value :5 spread out & pl\gh$ into ! heavy clay soil ) :i* ?is area is sup]ficially cov]$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a /orm-wall rema9s = sev]al consecutive mon?s expos$ to ! op5 des]t to ! nor?1 ! accumulation ( s& becomes a m s]i\s matt]1 & c>e has to be tak5 to avoid ! =mation ( dunes1 :i* x might be aft]w>ds difficult to get rid (4 ,a fairly satisfactory mode ( proc$ure is ! plant+ ( n>r[ belts ( #8sesban1' or o!r quickly-gr[+ %rub1 along ! nor!rn limits ( ! newly reclaim$ l&s2 a h$ge ( ?is description =ms an effici5t %elt] to ! fields1 :ile at ! same "t x all[s a good deal ( ! s& to filt] ?r\gh & become absorb$ by ! soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,corporation',s ,,home/ead 7,,headqu>t]s74 ,mo/ ( ! dunes 9 ! ,g5nh di/rict are m or less cov]$ ) tam>isk & o!r wild vegetation1 b t _! progression s\?w>ds has only be5 ret>d$1 & n prev5t$1 is evid5t f an exam9ation ( ! c\ntry4 ,l>ge areas ( l& h be5 ab&on$ ow+ to ! invasion ( ! dunes1 & ! magnific5t wells ( ,g5nh are ?reat5$ ) de/ruction )9 a v %ort t]m ( ye>s1 unless special measures are adopt$ to cope ) ! advance ( ! s&4 ,! available l& 9 ! vic9ity ( ! village has long be5 insuffici5t to utilize ! wat] dis*>g$ by ^! wells1 :i* has 9 consequ5ce to be l$ by a *annel ( sev]al kilometres 9 l5g? to l[] gr\nd s\?-ea/ ( ! ,gorn el ,g5nh4 ,?is *annel is be+ con/antly pu%$ to ! s\?1 & z ! gr\nd rises 9 t direction1 x may ev5tually become impossible to ma9ta9 ! conduit at a suffici5tly l[ level to c>ry ! wat] ( ! wells to ?is outly+ di/rict4 ,! s\!rn portion ( ! oasis is ! only area :]e s& & w9d c be said to be ( any actual b5efit to ! inhabitants1 b 9 ?is area1 ow+ to ! broad pla9s ( alluvial clay1 ! susp5d$ mat]ial consi/s to a v great ext5t ( f9e argillace\s p>ticles4 ,at _m ( ! wells 9 ! ,dakhakh9 & ,b]is di/ricts ! cultivators enc\rage ! gradual deposition on _! fields ( ! s& & clay-du/ borne by ! nor!rly w9ds4 ,! mixture =ms an excell5t loam1 & an annual dress+ ( ! mat]ial is reg>d$ z desirable1 & ev5 necess>y1 on acc\nt ( its value z a f]tiliz]4 ,! result ( ?is gradual deposition ( w9d-borne mat]ial has be5 t ! cultivat$ t]races h 9 _m cases atta9$ to su* elevations t ! dis*>ges ( ! wells h suff]$ v consid]able dim9ution1 ow+ to ! increas$ height ( ! outlets4 ,to ! we/ ( ! villages ( ,maks & ,b]is ! great belt ( s& has already envelop$ a numb] ( wells1 & appe>s to be /ill encroa*+--z ! individual dunes foll[ _! normal c\rse 9 a direction slightly ea/ ( s\?--on ! area occupi$ by ! exi/+ cultivat$ l&s4 ,=tunately !re are /ill ext5sive tracts ( cultivable l& comp>atively free f accumulations ( drift s&1 & d\btless ! inhabitants1 :5 driv5 by ! irresi/ible =ces ( ,nature f ! localities !y n[ occupy1 w aga91 z !y h s frequ5tly be5 compell$ to d 9 ! pa/1 migrate to pa/ures new4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,"s ,,economical ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,oasis ,! ,/aple ,crops ( ! ,oasis -- ,rice ! ,summ] ,crop 9 ,nor!rn ,kh>ga -- ,! ,value ( ,rice 9 ! ,reclamation ( ,l& -- ,! ,date ,h>ve/ -- ,conditions "u :i* ! ,date-,palm fl\ri%es -- ,v>ieties -- ,propagation -- ,! ,d\m-,palm -- ,luc]ne -- ,its ,value 9 ,l&-,reclamation -- ,! ,v9e -- ,oranges & ,o!r ,fruits -- ,! ,wadi ,molk -- ,e>?y ,m9]als -- ,! ,anci5t ,alum ,m9es -- ,! ,phosphatic ,deposits4 ,! /aple crops ( ! oasis are dates1 rice1 :eat1 & b>ley1 :ile = fodd] l>ge quantities ( luc]ne are gr[n4 ,x seems at fir/ sight a curi\s anomaly t 9 an arid region1 :]e wat] is s sc>ce & preci\s a commodity1 rice %\ld be gr[n z ! summ] crop4 ,few1 if any1 plants require su* an abundance ( wat] z rice1 :i* f ! "t ( s[+ to t ( reap+ has to be cont9ually irrigat$ by fre% wat]1 ! fields be+1 inde$1 dur+ ! :ole p]iod t ! crop is on ! gr\nd1 9 a con/ant /ate ( saturation4 ,rice does n ?rive 9 /agnant wat]1 & x is noticeable t ! be/ crops 9 ! oasis are rais$ on l&s :i* h a decid$ slope1 & ov] :i* fre% wat] c be kept con/antly runn+4 ,! prop] irrigation ( a rice-field is a matt] ( no small difficulty1 & ! +5i\s mann] 9 :i* ! oasis cultivator lays out 8 irrigat+ *annels & subdivides !m by means ( not*$ weirs1 s z to insure e portion ( ! crop gett+ a cont9u\s supply ( fre% wat]1 is well wor?y ( close exam9ation4 ,9 ! ,nile ,delta1 accord+ to ,sir ,william ,willcocks1#ac rice requires ab\t twice z mu* wat] z ! o!r commonly-gr[n crops1 b 9 ! oases ,i d n ?9k ,i am mi/ak5 9 say+ t x ne$s ?ree times z mu* z any o!r gra94 ,rice appe>s to h be5 gr[n f "t immemorial1 & c]ta9ly at ! pres5t day ! inhabitants w\ld z soon ?9k ( giv+ up _! date-trees z ( replac+ x by any o!r crop4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 t facilities exi/ = ! export ( f>m-produce to ! ,nile ,valley m>kets1 x w be int]e/+ to obs]ve :e!r rice w to any ext5t be replac$ by m valuable crops4 ,9 ,upp] ,egypt ! summ] crop is l>gely durra millet 7sorghum71 b ?is plant does n ?rive 9 ! oasis1 ?\gh :e!r on acc\nt ( an uncong5ial soil or ow+ to unsuitable climatic conditions ,i am unable to say4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 tri$--9 fact1 small areas are annually plant$1 b nev] produce crops--at any rate1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,kh>ga--9 any s5se comp>able ) ^? ( ! ,nile ,valley4 ,! v fact t durra _c be satisfactorily gr[n sugge/s a probable reason :y rice1 ! lea/ valuable ( ! ,egyptian c]eals1 & ! "o requir+ mo/ wat]1 is s univ]sally gr[n 9 ,nor!rn ,kh>ga4 ,rice1 z is well kn[n1 w gr[ on l& conta9+ a proportion ( salts :i* w\ld be injuri\s1 or ev5 fatal1 to ! majority ( crops1 & w at ! same "t ex]cise a b5eficial & cleans+ effect on su* l&4 ,! gr[+ ( rice may !re=e h come ab\t ?r\gh ! actual necessity = a p]iodical cleans+ ( l&1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h become salt$ to a suffici5t ext5t to adv]sely affect o!r crops gr[n on ! same gr\nd4 ,at ! pres5t day1 b>ley & :eat alt]nate ) rice4 ,! ?or\gh & prolong$ soak+ to :i* l& is subject :5 "u rice is 9 itself ( consid]able value to succe$+ crops1 & 9 ! reclamation ( heavy clay-l&s 9 ! ,headqu>t]s di/rict my exp]i5ce has be5 t z a fir/ crop !re is no?+ to equal ?is c]eal4 ,9 _m cases1 inde$1 x 0 f\nd to be ! only crop :i* c\ld be at all satisfactorily rais$ on new l&s ) only a mod]ate application ( manure4 ,a good til?1 moreov]1 is f> m rapidly obta9$ ?an :5 o!r crops are gr[n1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! second & ?ird ye>s betwe5 l&s :i* h & h n _h rice on !m be+ mo/ m>k$4 ,i 0 mu* surpris$ to f9d t rice is n gr[n 9 ! s\!rn di/ricts ( ! oasis1 ) ! exception ( a c\ple ( small areas ne> ,dakhakh94 ,ext5d$ inquiries fail$ to elicit satisfactory reasons = ?is rem>kable diff]5ce f ! practice foll[$ 9 ! nor?1 ! univ]sal reply to my que/ions be+ t !y1 ! inhabitants1 9 n gr[+ rice1 7 m]ely foll[+ ! cu/om ( _! ance/ors6 ,i notic$1 h[ev]1 t durra 0 gr[n on a mu* l>g] scale ?an 9 ! nor? ( ! oasis1 & t ! crops 9 "s cases rea*$ a fairly good /&>d4 ,x seems probable1 !re=e1 t 9 ?is "p ( ! depression ! soil is ( high] av]age quality1 s t ! l&1 r5ovat$ by ! annual deposition ( a fre% lay] ( w9d-borne s& & clay-du/ 9 ! mann] already describ$1 does n ne$ a p]iodical cleans+ by rice4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is ! only satisfactory explanation :i* has occurr$ to me4 ,! h>ve/+ ( ! date-crop 9 ,septemb] & ,octob] is ! mo/ important ev5t ( ! ye> 9 ,kh>ga ,oasis4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! crop is export$ to ! ,nile ,valley1 ! ,b$aw9 becom+ trad]s = ! "t be+1 & transport+ ! produce across ! des]t by means ( camels4 ,!re are ov] #fj1jjj adult date-palms1 ! *ief palm-groves be+ at ,kh>ga1 ,g5nh1 & ,bulaq 9 ! nor?1 & at ,b]is 9 ! s\?4 ,! sell+-price 9 ! oasis fluctuates to "s ext5t1 b av]ages tw5ty pia/res a #8weba' ( betwe5 #fj & #gj p\nds1 ! weight ( a weba v>y+ consid]ably accord+ to ! moi/ness ( ! fruit & ! a/ut5ess ( ! man entru/$ ) ! measur+4 ,! price works out r\ghly at #d p\nds = ?reep5ce4 ,9 a book#ad entitl$ 8,! ,great ,sah>a10 publi%$ ne>ly fifty ye>s ago1 ,canon ,tri/ram gives a v full acc\nt ( ! cultivation ( ! date-palm 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,! date-palm 7,phnix dactilif]a7 is a tree specially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,sah>a1 :]e ! climate is m>k$ by defici5cy ( ra9fall & by consid]able v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,al?\gh x fl\ri%es be/ 9 ra9less regions1 ! date-palm w n fruit unless its roots are well wat]$2 x mu/1 inde$1 z ! native prov]b puts x1 #8h its head 9 ! fire & its roots 9 wat]4' ,9 ,egypt !re are ab\t fifty v>ieties ( date-palm ! *ief k9ds 9 ,kh>ga ,oasis be+ ! ,sadi1 ,tam>1 ,flig1 & ,hamrwi4 ,! ,sadi dates ( ! oases are g5]ally consid]$ to be sup]ior 9 flav\r to almo/ any o!r ,egyptian v>iety1 & h 9 consequ5ce a ready sale 9 ! ,nile ,valley4 ,! o!r v>ieties are n export$ to any great ext5t1 except1 p]haps1 ! ,flig2 ! ,tam>1 :ile produc+ a heavi] crop ?an ! o!r k9ds1 yields fruit ( comp>atively poor quality1 :i* is on t acc\nt almo/ entirely us$ = home consumption4 ,! ,hamrwi trees are v limit$ 9 numb]1 b produce fruit ( l>ge size & excell5t flav\r2 ,hamrwi dates are1 h[ev]1 ,i believe1 reg>d$ z hav+ bad keep+ prop]ties4 ,dates are met ) ( almo/ e v>iety ( col\r except pure black or :ite4 ,all ! diff]5t k9ds rip5 at or ab\t ! same "t--9 ! e>ly "p ( ,septemb]4 ,a tree w be> f eight to t5 bun*es1 ea* c>ry+ f #ab to #bj p\nds ( fruit1 s t 9 full be>+ x w yield f #ajj to #bjj p\nds ( dates annually4 ,! fruit export$ f ! oases1 be+ entirely dispos$ ( 9 ! native m>kets ( ! ,nile ,valley1 is pack$ & sewn up )\t any special c>e 9 palm-leaf baskets4 ,= local use small quantities ( select$ fruit are frequ5tly pres]v$ 9 a moi/ /ate 9 e>!nw>e j>s4 ,date-/ones ca/ on ! gr\nd & accid5tally buri$ "u an in* or two ( soil w g]m9ate freely1 b ! result+ plants are ( little use4 ,n "o 9 a hundr$ w turn out ( ! same v>iety z its p>5t1 s t plants rais$ f se$ mu/ 9 ! great majority ( cases be reg>d$ z ba/>ds1 ( no value z fruit-produc]s4 ,9 ,kh>ga all new trees are rais$ f slipp$ plants--t is to say1 f ! "y %oots :i* spr+ up at ! butts ( ! p>5t trees4 ,^! are deta*$ & plant$ out sep>ately on new gr\nd4 ,! greate/ c>e has to be tak5 to protect !m f hot w9ds & s&/orms1 & !y mu/ be wat]$ daily = a numb] ( weeks aft] be+ plant$4 ,gr[? is v sl[ = ! fir/ two ye>s1 & ev5 "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions ! trees w n comm5ce to be> fruit = five or six ye>s4 ,date-palms come into full be>+ :5 f tw5ty to tw5ty-five ye>s old1 & may live to a c5tury or m4 ,e ye> ! l[e/ r+ ( bran*es is cut (f1 s t ! age ( a tree c be fairly accurately asc]ta9$ by c\nt+ ! r+s ( not*es on ! /em4 ,! wild1 unkempt1 wea!r-beat5 trees occasionally met ) 9 outly+1 un9habit$ portions ( ! oasis h a v diff]5t appe>ance f ! trim1 erect palms ( ! cultivat$ areas4 ,9 ! oases & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,egypt a f]m5t$ liquor call$ #8lagmi1' ) a peculi> insipid ta/e1 is obta9$ by mak+ a deep incision 9 ! top ( ! date-palm1 ! liquid ooz+ out & be+ collect$ 9 a vessel1 g5]ally made ( ! r9d ( a g\rd4 ,z mu* z #aj qu>ts c be obta9$ 9 a day1 & ! tree may be bl$ once or twice a mon? )\t su/a9+ any h>m2 ! op]ation may1 9 fact1 prove ( consid]able b5efit to a sickly palm4 ,a v /rong _s--date-br&y--is also made f ! fruit4 ,tri/ram records t ! he>t or cabbage ( a date-palm1 :i* 9 ta/e is said to resemble ! sweet potato1 is eat5 by ! natives :5 a tree falls or is bl[n d[n4 ,! uses to :i* ! leaves1 fibre1 & wood ( ! date-palm are put are innum]able1 & include ! manufacture ( su* div]se articles z baskets1 mats1 ropes1 & saddles4 ,! d\m-palm1 or g+]bread-tree1 fl\ri%es 9 a semi-wild /ate 9 _m p>ts ( ! oasis1 m especially 9 ! tract ( c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ,g5nh & ,bulaq4 ,! fruit is br[n & mealy1 &1 9 localities :]e ! trees are prop]ly t5d$1 is said to be v nutriti\s1 & to resemble g+]bread 9 ta/e & col\r4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,sah>a ! spongy int]nal portion ( ! nut =ms an important article ( food1 & :5 mix$ ) an infusion ( dates con/itutes a cool+ dr9k mu* valu$ = use 9 cases ( febrile disord]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\m-,,palms ,,at ,,a9 ,,girm ,,me%im4 ,al?\gh pa/ure or graz+ l&s c h>dly be said to exi/ 9 ! ,we/]n s5se ( ! t]m1 luc]ne is v commonly gr[n 9 ,kh>ga to provide a supply ( gre5 fodd] = cattle4 ,! plant seems to be peculi>ly adapt$ to ! local conditions1 & is (t5 kept on ! gr\nd = long p]iods1 ! crop provid+ v frequ5t cutt+s & improv+ f ye> to ye>4 ,x is seldom or nev] graz$ direct1 probably = ! reason t cattle are apt to pull ! plants out by ! roots1 ! gr\nd on :i* x be/ ?rives be+ v loose & s&y4 ,9 ! reclamation ( new l&s1 :]e ! soil is defici5t 9 organic matt] & nitrog51 ?is legum9\s plant has be5 f\nd to be ( v great value4 ,excell5t results 7 obta9$ at ,headqu>t]s on des]t surfaces :i* _h nev] previ\sly borne vegetation4 ,on ! m s&y areas ! plant quickly e/abli%$ itself1 becom+ 9 ! second ye> an ev5 & /rongly-gr[+ crop f #ah in*es to #b feet high1 yield+ heavy cutt+s e few weeks4 ,= b5efit+ a poor soil by ! introduction ( nitrog5 f ! atmosph]e probably no?+ c\ld be f\nd to excel luc]ne1 :i*1 judg+ by ! num]\s & well-m>k$ nodules =m$ on ! roots1 acts z a mo/ effici5t ho/-plant = nitrog5-fix+ bact]ia4 ,my att5tion 0 fir/ drawn to ^! nodules by ,mr4 ,d4 ,milne1 :o 0 =m]ly 9 *>ge ( ! agricultural "w at ,headqu>t]s1 & bo? he & my pres5t assi/ant1 ,mohamm$ ,said1 an ,egyptian agriculturi/ ( wide practical exp]i5ce1 h =m$ a v high op9ion ( ! utility ( luc]ne 9 ! reclamation & f]tilization ( raw & new des]t soils4 ,9 anci5t days ! v9e 0 ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ! oases1 & "u ! ,romans !re appe>s to h be5 a consid]able trade 9 w9e4 ,at ! pres5t day excell5t oranges1 z well z apricots1 mulb]ries1 & olives1 are gr[n 9 bo? ,kh>ga & ,dakhla1 b only 9 comp>atively small quantities1 ?\gh ! soil & climate appe> to be em95tly suit$ to ! cultivation ( fruit-trees4 ,cotton _c be said to be cultivat$ 9 ! oases1 z ! v occasional plots "o meets ) are evid5ce t its culture is n und]/ood by ! natives1 :o aim at ! production ( wood r ?an fibre4 ,exp]im5ts made at ,headqu>t]s1 h[ev]1 %[ t _m ,nile ,valley crops n hi!rto gr[n 9 ,kh>ga1 su* z cotton1 sug>-cane1 & beans1 c be successfully rais$ )\t difficulty4 ,!re exi/s 9 ! possession ( ,8 ,excell5cy ,johnson ,pa%a1 =m]ly ( ! ,egyptian ,m9i/ry ( ,ju/ice1 a curi\s old ,arabic docum5t1 purport+ to describe ! s-call$ ,wadi el ,molk1 or ,valley ( ! ,k+s1 a depression or valley 9 :i*1 accord+ to tradition1 l>ge quantities ( gold1 silv]1 & o!r preci\s metals exi/4 ,! place is describ$ 9 true ,ori5tal fa%ion1 & ! manuscript relates 9 detail h[ ! r\te1 />t+ f an old mona/]y 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,esna1 proce$s4 ,accord+ to ! in=mation giv51 ! ,wadi el ,molk w\ld appe> to lie some:]e )9 ! des]t triangle betwe5 ! po9ts ,esna1 ,aswn1 & ,b]is1 b al?\gh a numb] ( m or less s]i\s attempts h be5 made to discov] its :]eab\ts1 ?is ,el ,dorado has n yet be5 locat$4 ,judg+ by ! geological conditions--s f> z !y are kn[n 9 ! area 9 "q--"o might1 ) equally good *ances ( success1 se>* = metallif]\s deposits ( gold & silv] 9 ! ,weald ( ! ,s\? ( ,engl&4 ,e>?y m9]als exi/ 9 ! oasis ( ,kh>ga1 & appe> to h be5 ext5sively m9$ by ! anci5ts 9 "s localities4 ,deposits ( o*re occur ne> sev]al ( ! wells to ! ea/ & s\?-ea/ ( ,kh>ga village1 notably to ! we/ ( ,a9 ,aid1 to ! we/ ( ,a9 ,khall1 & to ! nor? ( ,a9 ,girgwi4 ,! be/ occurr5ces are to ! s\? ( ! ,gorn el ,g5nh1 9 :i* di/rict ! f]rug9\s wat]s ( c]ta9 wells h deposit$ ?ick banks ( o*re along _! *annels4 ,! sulphates ( alum9ium & magnesium are widely di/ribut$ 9 ! oasis1 ?\gh ! deposits are seldom ( suffici5t ext5t to repay extraction4 ,!y occur z ?9 b&s 9 ! %ales & s&/ones ( ! surface-wat] s]ies1 seldom exce$+ a few c5timetres 9 ?ickness1 & be+ g5]ally ( v limit$ horizontal ext5t4 ,! alum1 :i* is (t5 f\nd 9 beautiful fibr\s or hair-l cry/all9e masses1 is frequ5tly ( a delicate rose t9t1 & analysis %[s ! col\r to be due to ! pres5ce ( small quantities ( cobalt4 ,epsomite 7,epsom salts or hydr\s sulphate ( magnesia7 is also f\nd 9 fibr\s cry/all9e seams1 a rem>kably pure deposit1 conta9+ sev]al hundr$ tons1 hav+ be5 q rec5tly locat$ a few kilometres we/ ( ,headqu>t]s4 ,9 ! foot-hills to ! nor? ( ,bellaida1 at ! base ( ! ea/]n slopes ( ,jebel ,t>if1 & 9 ! hills imm$iately to ! we/ ( ,qasr ,lebekha1 anci5t m9es ( ! mo/ ext5sive description are to be se54 ,! rocks 9 ^! localities consi/ ( v>iegat$ s&/ones & grits1 _m ( ! b$s be+ s d>k & f]rug9\s t ! hills1 z a :ole1 h a black5$ & almo/ volcanic appe>ance4 ,!y are lit]ally honeycomb$ ) anci5t work+s1 _m ( :i*1 bo? 9 ! =m ( l>ge *amb]s & n>r[ tunnels1 p5etrate = long di/ances und]gr\nd4 ,huge dump-heaps m>k ! entrances ( ! work+s1 & be> witness to ! enorm\s quantities ( #8c\ntry' rock remov$ 9 ! w9n+ ( ! useful m9]al4 ,! rude %elt]s built by ! m9]s are to be se5 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity1 & 9 _m cases are /ill intact4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,wadi ,,9 ,,jebel ,,t>if4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,riv] ,,( ,,s& ,,ne> ,,um ,,el ,,dabadib4 ,! ext5t & magnitude ( ! und]gr\nd work+s prove t :atev] ! m9]al m9$1 x 0 a sub/ance ( consid]able value 9 ^? days2 & an exam9ation ( ! bl9d t]m9ations ( ! tunnels occasionally reveals ! pres5ce ( v ?9 seams ( alum9ium sulphate1 :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( indications ( o!r useful m9]als1 we mu/ conclude 0 ! sub/ance s\ght4 ,! b&s ( alum 7 evid5tly foll[$ until !y ?9n$ out to a fraction ( an in*1 or disappe>$ altoge!r4 ,a ref]5ce to ! geological sequ5ce w %[ ! /ratigraphical position ( ! phosphatic s]ies ( ! oasis1 consi/+ ( h>d b&s compos$ ( fi%-rema9s1 coprolites1 & phosphatic nodules4 ,! b$s h a wide ext5sion 9 ,nor!rn ,kh>ga1 & are especially well develop$ on ! flanks ( ,jebel ,t>wan & ,jebel ,tr1 9 ! c5tre ( ! depression4 ,z a rule1 !y consi/ ( an upp] br[n-col\r$ s]ies1 individual b$s ( :i* 9 places h a ?ickness ( #b or #c metres1 & a l[] division consi/+ ( ?ree or f\r ?91 h>d1 & light]-col\r$ b&s1 9 :i* ! phosphatic nodules are (t5 cem5t$ by iron pyrites4 ,! upp] b&s may conta9 any?+ up to #fj p] c5t4 ( tricalcium phosphate1 s t ! deposit may be reg>d$ z ( consid]able pot5tial value4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,"s ,,notes ,,on ,,sport ,,& ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,! ,libyan ,des]t z a ,sport+ ,region -- ,! ,dorcas ,gazelle -- ,snipe -- ,wild-,f[l -- ,! ,local ,sportsm5 -- ,an all-night ,sitt+ -- ,quail -- ,s&-,gr\se -- ,rock-,pigeons -- ,turtle-,doves -- ,v>i\s -- ,/rip$ ,hyna -- ,jackals -- ,?ree ,species ( ,fox -- ,! ,des]t ,fox -- ,! ,true ,f5nec4 ,sportsm5 :o reckon ! success & pleasures ( a %oot+ exp$ition only by ! cont5ts ( ! result+ bag are advis$ to give a wide b]? to ! ,libyan ,des]t1 z 9 t arid region--) ! exception ( "o re/rict$ area f> remov$ f ! oasis "u description--no game is to be f\nd :i* _c be obta9$ f> m easily1 & 9 mu* great] quantities1 9 ! cultivat$ pla9s ( ! ,nile ,valley & on ! adjo9+ des]t m>g9s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sportsman :o does n reg>d too s]i\sly ! actual head ( game br\ght to bag1 & :o has no objection to h>d "w1 w f9d 9 ! oases und\bt$ attractions 9 ! way ( r\gh sport4 ,provid$ ) a few camels to c>ry ! necess>y imp$im5ta1 s z to be r5d]$ indep5d5t & able to w&] ab\t at w1 a v enjoyable "t c be sp5t explor+ ! v>i\s isolat$ portions ( ! depression :]e gazelles ab\nd1 & visit+ ! num]\s outly+ wells :]e wild-f[l1 snipe1 quail1 s&-gr\se1 & rock-pigeons are to be met ) 9 fair quantities4 ,! little ,dorcas gazelle ranges ov] ! :ole ( ! ,libyan ,des]t4 ,on ! plateau1 ow+ to ! extreme sc>city & scant9ess ( vegetation1 gazelles seldom rema9 9 ! same locality = any l5g? ( "t1 & ev5 :5 met ) c r>ely be approa*$1 ow+ to ! op5 nature ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! m f]tile oases-depressions !y are to be se5 9 f> great] numb]s1 especially 9 ! outly+ portions :]e l>ge tracts are cov]$ ) co>se grasses1 tam>isk1 & o!r k9ds ( scrub4 ,aft] nightfall !y frequ5tly desc5d to ! cultivat$ l&s to br[se on ! crops1 almo/ inv>iably retir+ to ! outly+ des]t areas at ! fir/ traces ( dawn1 ?\gh ,i recollect on "o occasion br++ a lagg>d to bag v e>ly 9 ! morn+ on ! edge ( a b>ley-field at ,um el ,dabdib4 ,gazelles are1 9 fact1 seldom to be se51 unless c>efully s\ght = 9 _! special haunts2 "o might rema9 = mon?s 9 ! inhabit$ portions ( ! depression & only be aw>e ( _! exi/5ce f occasionally meet+ ) _! spoor4 ,x is advisable :5 hunt+ gazelles to pit* camp at "s di/ance f _! graz+ gr\nds1 z !y are extremely w>y1 & n to be approa*$ once !y h tak5 al>m4 ,ext5sive tracts ( un9habit$1 scrub-cov]$ des]t1 l ^? to ! nor? ( ,a9 el ,qasr1 af=d+ ample supplies ( food1 & undi/urb$ by man1 are ! fav\rite haunts ( ^! extremely %y animals4 ,= %oot+ ?is di/rict an excell5t camp+-gr\nd w be f\nd on ! edge ( ! scrub 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,qasr ,gyb1 an anci5t ru9 conspicu\sly p]*$ on ! summit ( a conical hillock1 ab\t #bj kilometres nor? ( ,meh]iq4 ,! dead p>ts ( ! scrub supply an abundance ( fuel1 & good wat] is obta9able by cle>+ out a section ( ! anci5t und]gr\nd aqu$uct ly+ a %ort di/ance to ! s\?4 ,f ! %elt] ( any ( ! high] clumps ( vegetation "o c1 ) ! aid ( field-glasses1 keep a c>eful look-out ov] ! surr\nd+ scrub-cov]$ c\ntry1 &1 once gazelles h be5 locat$1 gett+ )9 range is m]ely a matt] ( pati5ce & c>eful /alk+4 ,aft] sight+ ! qu>ry1 x is be/ to proce$ alone1 z natives h an exasp]at+ way ( expos+ !mselves at ! mo/ critical mom5ts4 ,on my la/ visit to ! nor? ( ! oasis !re 7 a good _m gazelles ab\t1 includ+ a h]d ( "s sev5 or eight2 x 01 h[ev]1 q impossible to get )9 #ejj y>ds ( ^!1 b ,i _h bett] luck ) a solit>y c\ple a few kilometres to ! nor? ( ! old ru91 bo? ( :i* ,i succe$$ 9 bagg+4 ,! ,dorcas gazelle is "o ( ! smalle/ & fleete/ ( ! antelopes4 ,:5 full gr[n1 ! buck /&s ab\t #bb in*es high at ! %\ld]1 ! horns 9 my be/ head--n1 h[ev]1 %ot 9 ,kh>ga--measur+ exactly #ac in*es4 ,prop]ly cook$1 its fle% is excell5t1 & c]ta9ly sup]ior to ! av]age ,egyptian mutton4 ,= snipe ! be/ "t is f ,decemb] to ,febru>y1 ?\gh ,i h %ot odd birds z e>ly z ,octob] & z late z ,april4 ,bo? ! full & ! jack snipe are to be met )1 _! fav\rite fe$+-gr\nds be+ ! rice-/ubbles imm$iately aft] ! crops h be5 h>ve/$1 & be=e ! gr\nd has _h "t to get h>d & dry4 ,9 ! cold wea!r1 h[ev]1 almo/ any wet pat*--& !re are num]\s small bogs at ! l[] ends ( ! paddy-fields & alongside leaky irrigation *annels--w yield "o or two c\ple4 ,=m]ly !re 0 a v useful bit ( gr\nd at ,a9 el ,tawl1 b ! be/ place ( all is close to ! village ( ,g5nh1 :]e a re$y bog ( consid]able size at times positively sw>ms ) snipe4 ,?is place is r difficult to %oot1 & ,i us$ to consid] ,i _h done well if f\r or five c\ple 7 ga!r$4 ,pools ( v>i\s size1 =m$ by dra9age wat]s f ! cultivat$ l&s1 are f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! oasis1 & 9 ! e>ly morn+ or late ev5+ h\rs q a respectable bag ( wild-f[l c sometimes1 ) a little luck1 be secur$4 ,i say sometimes advis$ly1 z :]e duck are conc]n$ "o has to compete ) ! local sportsm51 ^: "n is legion4 ,mall>d1 teal1 & %ovell] ducks are ! mo/ common1 ?\gh sev]al ( ! o!r species commonly f\nd 9 ! ,nile ,valley are also to be met ) 9 ! oasis4 ,! ke5ness ( ! ,kh>ga sportsm5 is well illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ incid5t3 ,encamp$ on "o occasion = a week or two ne> ! village1 ,i 0 9 ! habit ( pott]+ ab\t ( an ev5+ ) my gun1 visit+ ! two or ?ree pools )9 easy walk+ di/ance ( ! t5ts2 b al?\gh !re 7 a good _m wild-f[l ab\t1 ^! _h be5 worri$ to su* an ext5t t !y only rema9$ on ! ponds dur+ ! d>ke/ h\rs ( ! night1 pref]r+1 inde$1 to pass ! day 9 solitude 9 ! op5 des]t ?an to turn !mselves into t>gets = ! nev]-end+ practice ( ! local ,nimrods4 ,?9k+ to get ! bett] ( bo? duck & natives1 ,i made arrangem5ts to visit a pool ab\t ?ree miles di/ant f ! village1 />t+ at an h\r e>ly en\gh to enable me to take up a good /& be=e daybreak4 ,=tifi$ by biscuits & hot cocoa1 ,i & my fai?ful reta9]1 ,mohamm$ ,abu ,salem1 left camp "o *illy morn+ ab\t ?ree1 rid+ ! be/ "p ( ! way on camels1 ov] ! r\ghe/ c\ntry imag9able4 ,half a mile f ! pool we dism\nt$1 & ,i proce$$ alone on foot across cultivat$ l&s1 on :i*1 to my a/oni%m5t1 pl\gh+ 0 already 9 progress1 ?\gh x 0 /ill d>k1 want+ a full h\r to dawn4 ,sl[ly & ) "s difficulty ,i made my way t[>ds ! ?9 /reak ( light t ,i knew m>k$ ! position ( ! pool1 :i* 9 my m9d's eye ,i already pictur$ z cov]$ ) duck4 ,pres5tly1 to my surprise & disgu/1 a %ot rang out2 b ?is 0 no?+ to my a/oni%m5t a few mom5ts lat]1 :51 j z ,i 0 gett+ up to ! wat]1 a regul> broadside 0 dis*>g$4 ,!re seem$ to be gunn]s all ov] ! place1 & my only conc]n n[ 0 to get out ( _! way z spe$ily z possible2 s1 ensconc+ myself beh9d a small s&-hill1 ,i light$ a pipe & await$ fur!r developm5ts4 ,by c>eful manuvr+ ,i 0 able to wat* 9 mod]ate safety ! glassy surface ( ! pond1 & did n h to wait long be=e ,i he>d a rattle ( w+s1 foll[$ by ! swoop on to ! wat]4 ,no soon] _h ! birds alight$ ?an !y 7 greet$ ) a fusillade f all sides ( ! pool1 aft] :i* sil5ce once m reign$ supreme4 ,?is p]=mance 0 repeat$ e "t duck or coot made _! appe>ance1 & few escap$ ! effects ( ! deadly cross-fire to :i* !y 7 subject$4 ,:5 daylight appe>$ ,i c\nt$ ov] a doz5 gunn]s squatt+ r\nd ! pond1 al?\gh ! latt] measur$ no m ?an #abj to #acj y>ds across its wide/ "p4 ,!y 7 arm$ ) e sort ( weapon1 f ! late/ ?+ 9 *eap ,european bree*-load]s to ! mo/ antiquat$ =m ( fl9t-lock1 ! b>rel ( ! latt] type ( gun be+ usually ( great l5g?1 & n unlike a piece ( gas-pipe4 ,z soon z daylight 0 suffici5tly advanc$1 ! natives proce$$ to ga!r ! sla91 ! bulk ( ! bag be+ made up ( coots1 :i* at night h a habit ( des]t+ ! dep?s ( ! rice-fields = a swim & *ange ( food on ! op5 pools4 ,ea* man seiz$ ! birds he consid]$ _h fall5 to 8 gun1 & ,i 0 /ruck by ! small am\nt ( squabbl+ :i* took place ov] ! division ( ! spoil1 mo/ ( ! bick]+ hav+ ref]5ce to compla9ts ( be+ pepp]$1 ?\gh ! wond] 0 t no "o _h be5 kill$1 or ev5 s]i\sly hurt4 ,z soon z ev]y?+ 0 satisfactorily adju/$ ! majority ( ! m51 hav+ salaam$ & express$ surprise at my pres5ce1 made (f t[>ds ! village1 only a few ( ! ke5] spirits rema9+ on ! *ance ( fur!r sport4 ,to my delight1 a flight ( duck %ortly aft]w>ds put 9 an appe>ance1 & ,i 0 able to score by bagg+ a c\ple z !y pass$ suspici\sly ov] ! pond4 ,! laugh 0 n[ on my side1 z ,i ne$ h>dly say t ! native nev] risks wa/+ 8 p[d] & %ot on birds on ! w+1 & aft] "s mutual bant] !y dep>t$1 leav+ me 9 possession ( ! field4 ,quantities ( quail pass ?r\gh ! oasis on _! annual migration f nor? to s\? & on _! return j\rney 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! be/ bags c be made 9 ! spr+1 :5 ! corn is comm5c+ to rip51 b sport is usually r5d]$ difficult ow+ to ! numb] ( natives at "w 9 ! fields4 ,! local sportsm5 d n seem to consid] quail wor?y ( _! att5tion1 probably because ! birds s seldom %[ !mselves except :5 on ! w+4 ,a good _m are1 h[ev]1 secur$ by ! peasants 9 traps4 ,s&-gr\se are to be met ) 9 _m p>ts ( ! depression1 m especially ne> ! outly+ sp>sely cultivat$ spots1 ! commone/ v>iety f\nd be+ "o ( ! p9-tail$ species4 ,! s&y c\ntry r\nd ,g5nh is p]haps ! be/ di/rict4 ,rock-pigeons frequ5t ! cultivat$ l&s ( ,bellaida1 to ! nor? ( ! village ( ,kh>ga1 & h _! homes 9 ! rocky fa/nesses ( ,jebel ,tr & ,jebel ,t>if1 bre$+ 9 p]fect security 9 ! fissures :i* trav]se ! lime/one rocks ( ^? hills4 ,turtle-doves are f\nd 9 ! m wood$ portions ( ! oasis1 _! fav\rite haunts be+ ! old spread+ acacias :i* l9e ! wat]-*annels & m>k ! s\rces ( ! anci5t wells4 ,al?\gh n z a rule reg>d$ z com+ into ! category ( game-birds1 turtle-doves are by no means to be despis$ :5 "o has fail$ to repl5i% ! l>d] f ord9>y s\rces4 ,:5 di/urb$ 9 _! fav\rite haunts1 ! birds fly rapidly f tree to tree1 & %oot+ has to be bo? /raight & quick if any?+ ( a bag is to be made4 ,9 addition to ^! an occasional plov] or wat]-h5 may be met ) & be consid]$ z wor?y ( record 9 ! #8v>i\s' column ( ! game di>y4 ,9 ! ,nile ,valley ! /rip$ hyna has (t5 af=d$ me a day's amusem5t if n actual sport1 b ?is animal is c]ta9ly n a resid5t 9 ! oasis1 ?\gh on r>e occasions an individual crosses ! plateau & rema9s = a few days )9 ! depression4 ,jackals are common1 ?\gh n ne>ly s num]\s z 9 ! neighb\r+ oasis ( ,dakhla4 ,at night !y pr[l ab\t ! outskirts ( ! villages1 & ! d9 t a s+le c\ple c make mu/ be he>d to be believ$4 ,! cry is mo/ weird1 consi/+ ( a succession ( long melan*oly wails1 ea* "o a little high] pit*$ ?an ! prec$+1 foll[$ f9ally by a quick succession ( %>p yelps or b>ks4 ,( foxes !re appe> to be ?ree species 9 ,egypt1 ! l>ge/ & be/ kn[n be+ a v>iety ( ! common fox 7,canis vulpes1 subsp4 gyptiaca74 ,al?\gh ?is animal frequ5tly makes its home on ! m>g9s ( ! bord]+ des]ts1 x is nev] f\nd at any great di/ance f ! villages ( ! ,nile ,valley1 to :i* x inv>iably desc5ds at dusk1 return+ to its lair 9 ! e>ly morn+ aft] sp5d+ ! night roam+ ! cultivat$ l&s 9 se>* ( food4 ,! small] des]t fox1 or f5nec 7,canis famelicus71 is f\nd n only on ! des]t m>g9s1 b ?r\gh\t ! int]ior plateaux & depressions4 ,a true d5iz5 ( ! des]t1 ?is animal seldom approa*es ! abodes ( man1 & probably nev] p5etrates into ! cultivat$ l&s on ei!r side ( ! ,nile4 ,?irdly1 !re is ! dim9utive little fox1 ! true f5nec 7,canis z]da71 :i*1 al?\gh f\nd ?r\gh\t ! int]ior ( ! ,libyan ,des]t tablel&1 is especially abundant 9 ! oases-depressions4 ,( ?is beautiful species ! late ,dr4 ,&]son1 9 8 #8,zoology ( ,egypt1' wrote3 8,!re is no au!ntic record ( ! ,f5nec hav+ be5 discov]$ 9 a wild /ate by any ,european travell]4 ,all ! specim5s :i* h be5 br\ght home h be5 obta9$ f ,arabs40 ,?is fox is1 x is true1 a v %y animal1 s mu* s t dur+ ! c\rse ( _m ye>s' "w 9 almo/ e "p ( ! ,libyan ,des]t ,i nev] _h ! good =tune to obs]ve "o 9 its natural haunts1 ?\gh its burr[s 7 (t5 met )1 & my m5 at night occasionally succe$$ 9 secur+ specim5s 9 traps4 ,dur+ ! la/ ye> or two1 h[ev]1 :ile resid5t 9 ,kh>ga ,oasis1 ,i h be5 m =tunate1 hav+ frequ5tly obs]v$ ^! int]e/+ little animals sitt+ ne> ! entrances to _! burr[s or sniff+ ab\t 9 se>* ( food on areas sp>sely dott$ ) des]t vegetation4 ,sev]al pairs _h burr[s )9 a few kilometres ( my headqu>t]s1 & 71 ,i believe1 responsible = f[ls t disappe>$ f "t to "t f our f>m-y>d4 ,mr4 ,p4 von ,adametz kept "o ( ^! t9y foxes 9 ! mess = "s "t1 b ?is p>ticul> animal1 :i* _h be5 caught 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,meh]iq1 0 evid5tly too old to become tame4 ,f5necs probably subsi/ ma9ly on des]t g]bils & j]boas1 :i* are always to be f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ^? portions ( ! des]t :]e vegetation is at all pl5tiful4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,oasis ,,( ,,kh>ga ,,poncet1 ,m4 #agji4 8,a ,voyage to ?iopia1 made 9 ! ,ye>s #afih1 #afii1 & #agjj40 7,translat$ f ! ,fr5*47 ,pr9t$ = ,w4 ,lewis at ! ,dolph91 next ,tom's ,c(fee ,h\se1 9 ,russel ,/reet1 ,cov5t ,g>d51 ,london1 #agji4 ,,br[ne1 ,w4 ,g4 #ahjf4 8,travels 9 ,africa1 ,egypt1 & ,syria1 f ! ,ye> #agib to #agih40 ,longman1 ,hur/1 ,rees1 & ,orme1 ,london1 #ahjf4 ,,cailliaud1 ,f4 #ahbb4 8,travels 9 ! ,oasis ( ,!bes1 & 9 ! ,des]ts situat$ ,ea/ & ,we/ ( ! ,!baid1 9 ! ,ye>s #ahae1 #ahaf1 #ahag1 & #ahah40 7,translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 & publi%$ 9 ,new ,voyages & ,travels1 vol4 vii47 ,sir ,ri*>d ,phillips & ,co41 ,london1 #ahbb4 ,,drovetti1 ,m4 ,,! ,,*evali]4 #ahbb4 8,it9]>y ( an ,excursion to ! ,valley ( ,dakel10 by ,m4 ! ,*evali] ,drovetti1 ,fr5* ,consul-,g5]al 9 ,egypt1 ab\t ! latt] end ( #ahah1 ) a previ\s ,it9]>y f ,sy\t to ,dongolah & ,d>f\r4 ,9 ,new ,voyages & ,travels1 vol4 vii4 ,sir ,ri*>d ,phillips & ,co41 ,london1 #ahbb4 ,,edmon/one1 ,,sir ,,ar*ibald1 ,,b>t4 #ahbb4 8,a ,j\rney to ,two ( ! ,oases ( ,upp] ,egypt40 ,john ,murray1 ,london1 #ahbb4 ,,cailliaud1 ,f4 #ahbf4 8,voyage a ,mro1 au ,fleuve ,blanc1 au del de ,fzogl dans le ,midi du ,royaume de ,s5nr1 a ,sy\ah et dans c9q autres ,oasis2 fait dans les annes #ahai1 #ahbj1 #ahba1 et #ahbb40 ,l'imprim]ie ,royale1 ,p>is1 #ahbf4 ,,wilk9son1 ,i4 ,g4 #ahce4 8,topography ( ,!bes & ,g5]al ,view ( ,egypt40 ,john ,murray1 ,london1 #ahce4 ,,hosk9s1 ,g4 ,a4 #ahcg4 8,visit to ! ,great ,oasis ( ! ,libyan ,des]t40 ,longman1 ,rees1 ,orme & ,co41 ,london1 #ahcg4 ,,s*we9fur?1 ,,dr4 ,g4 #ahge4 8,notiz5 zur ,k5ntniss d] ,oase ,el-,*>geh0 7,i4 ,alt]?m]74 ,pet]mann's ,mit!ilung51 #ba ,b&1 #ahge4 ,ju/us ,p]!s1 ,go?a1 #ahge4 ,,rohlfs1 ,,g]h>d4 #ahge4 8,drei ,monate 9 d] ,libys*5 ,w/e40 ,mit ,beitrg5 von ,p4 ,as*]son1 ,w4 ,jordan1 und ,k4 ,zittel4 ,!odor ,fis*]1 ,cassel1 #ahge4 ,,jordan1 ,,dr4 ,w4 #ahgf4 8,physis*e ,geographie und ,meteorologie d] ,libys*5 ,w/e40 ,rohlfs's*5 ,exp$ition4 ,!odor ,fis*]1 ,cassel1 #ahgf4 ,,brugs*1 ,,dr4 ,,he9ri*4 #ahgh4 8,reise na* dem gross5 ,oase el ,kh>geh 9 d] ,libys*5 ,w/e40 8,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt "u ! ,ph>aohs40 ,john ,murray1 ,london1 #ahha4 ,,zittel1 ,k4 ,,von4 #ahhc4 8,beitrge zur ,geologie und ,palontologie d] ,libys*5 ,w/e40 ,rohlfs's*5 ,exp$ition4 ,!odor ,fis*]1 ,cassel1 #ahhc4 ,,lyons1 ,,capta9 ,h4 ,g4 #ahid4 8,notes sur le ,gographie ,physique des ,oasis de ,kh>gueh et de ,dakhel40 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,khd4 de ,gogr41 iv4 srie1 ,no4 #d1 #ahid4 8,on ! ,/ratigraphy & ,physiography ( ! ,libyan ,des]t ( ,egypt40 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 #a41 ,london1 #ahid4 ,,b>ron1 ,,beadnell1 ,,lucas1 ,,& ,,hume1 ,,messrs4 #aijj4 8,! ,phosphate ,deposits ( ,egypt40 ,survey ,dep>tm5t1 ,cairo1 #aijj & #aije4 ,,ball1 ,,dr4 ,,john4 #aijj4 8,kh>ga ,oasis3 its ,topography & ,geology40 ,survey ,dep>tm5t1 ,cairo1 #aijj4 ,,gue/1 ,a ,r4 #aijj4 8,! ,oases ( ! ,mudirieh ( ,assyut40 ,! ,geographical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xvi41 ,london1 #aijj4 ,,beadnell1 ,h4 ,j4 ,,llewellyn4 #aijd4 8,! ,oases & ! ,geology ( ,egypt10 9 8,! ,nile 9 #aijd10 by ,sir ,william ,willcocks4 ,e4 & ,f4 ,n4 ,spon1 ,london1 #aijd4 ,,sayce1 ,,pr(essor ,a4 ,h4 #aije4 8,hi/ory ( ! ,egyptian ,oases40 ,! ,egyptian ,gazette1 ,april #f1 #aije4 ,,beadnell1 ,h4 ,j4 ,,llewellyn4 #aijh4 8,fl[+ ,wells & ,sub-,surface ,wat] 9 ,kh>ga ,oasis40 ,geological ,magaz9e1 ,n4,s41 ,decade ,v41 vol4 v41 ,febru>y--,m>*1 #aijh4 ,,lyons1 ,,capta9 ,h4 ,g4 #aijh4 8,"s ,unsolv$ ,problems ( ! ,nile ,bas940 ,! ,cairo ,sci5tific ,j\rnal1 vol4 ii41 ,no4 #ah1 ,m>*1 #aijh4 ,,hume1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 #aijh4 8,! ,s\?-,we/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt40 ,! ,cairo ,sci5tific ,j\rnal1 vol4 ii41 ,nos4 #bc & #bd1 ,augu/--,septemb]1 #aijh4 ,,beadnell1 ,h4 ,j4 ,,llewellyn4 #aiji4 8,! ,mutual ,int]f]5ce ( ,artesian ,wells40 ,geological ,magaz9e1 ,n4,s41 ,decade ,v41 vol4 vi41 ,janu>y1 #aiji4 8,! ,relations ( ! ,nubian ,s&/one & ! ,cry/all9e ,rocks s\? ( ! ,oasis ( ,kh>ga40 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 lxv41 ,london1 #aiji4 ,,index ,ababdeh ,arabs1 #ajf ,abraham1 ,s>a1 & ,isaac1 #ajd ,abrasion ( ,rocks 7see ,d5udation7 ,absorption ,te/s1 #aea1 #aeb ,ab/emi\sness ( ,camels1 #ae ,abu ,bayan1 ,jebel1 #de ,abulfida ,ismail1 #aji ,abu ,moh>iq ,dunes1 #d1 #dc ,abu ,sighawl1 #bf1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #ci ,abydus1 #ajh ,abyss9ia1 #f1 #ac1 #hh1 #ib1 #abe1 #aei ,acacia-,trees1 #fi1 #gf1 #gg1 #ib1 #ahg1 #aij1 #bca ,adam & ,eve1 #ajd ,adametz1 ,p4 von1 #bcc ?iopia 7see ,abyss9ia7 ,age ( ,anci5t ,lakes1 #abj ,age ( ,wells1 #ga1 #gb1 #hj ,agriculture1 #fg1 #aeg1 #aga1 #bab-bbj ,agl el ,d\ma1 #gf ,a9 7,aiyn71 #fi ,a9 ,aid1 #bba ,ali ,morad1 #ei ,amr1 #ag1 #ba1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #ee1 #ii1 #afe1 #aff1 #aga1 #agc ,bella1 #hc ,bellal1 #ei ,b]gis1 #hj1 #ha ,dakhakh91 #gh1 #gi1 #hj ,diz1 #ae ,e/akh]ab1 #ei1 #ga1 #gb1 #aci1 #baj ,foq el ,d\m1 #ha ,girgwi1 #bba ,girm ,me%m1 #eg1 #ge1 #gf1 #aad1 #aae ,hamr1 #agc ,h>rn1 #ei1 #aad ,jaja1 #gg ,joh>1 #ha1 #he ,khall1 #bba ,kh5fi%1 #cf1 #ajf ,mabrka1 #he ,mag>91 #ei1 #ga1 #gb1 #baj ,mahmud1 #ei1 #aae ,mohamm$ ,delaib1 #adb ,mu/apha ,ka%ef1 #aja ,taba%r1 #ajf ,zaaf1 #ei ,zaha el ,d91 #he ,zaiyan1 #ei el ,burg1 #ei1 #ajf ,burrda1 #hd ,d\ma1 #gf1 #aad ,ghazl1 #bh1 #ei1 #fi1 #aaj1 #aad1 #aae1 #adb ,ghuta1 #ei ,hais1 #ch ,hu%i1 #ha ,k>m1 #he ,qasr 7ne> ,maks71 #he ,qasr 7,n4 ( ,meh]iq71 #ae1 #ei1 #aad1 #aae1 #bbf ,sabbagh1 #ei ,tawl1 #ei1 #fj1 #gj1 #bbg ,t]fai 7,n471 #aae ,t]fai 7,s471 #he ,akhmm1 #ajf ,alex&ria1 #fh1 #aje1 #ajf ,alluvial ,clays1 #gf1 #ha1 #hc ,altitudes1 #aj1 #bg1 #eg1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj1 #gb1 #aaf1 #aag1 #acf1 #adb1 #add ,alum1 #ba1 #abe1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbc ,al ,vahat1 #ajh ,am5ebis1 #ii ,am]ican ,me?ods ( ,drill+1 #acd1 #aif1 #aig ,excavation 9 ,necropolis1 #hg ,ammonians1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij ,ammon ( ,hibis1 #ii ,amun 7,ammon-,ra71 #ib1 #ajj1 #aje ,amr 7see ,a9 ,amr7 ,anci5t ,lakes1 #aaj1 #abb ,roads1 #ch1 ,&]son1 ,j41 #bcb ,&rews1 ,c4 ,w41 #aah ,an]oid ,det]m9ations 7see ,b>ometric ,obs]vations7 ,animals1 ,wild1 #ad1 #ajh1 #bbd1 #bcc ,annexation ( ,oases1 #ff ,anticl9al ,folds1 #abi1 #adg ,antiquities1 #f1 #g1 #hf-aji ,anton9us ,pius1 #ih1 #ii ,apt$1 ,f4 ,e41 #ei ,aqu$ucts1 #h1 #i1 #ga1 #ajj1 #aja1 #aag1 #aah1 #aca1 #afg-ahe ,arabian ,geograph]s1 #ajh ,arabic ,inscriptions1 #ajd ,arban 7,d]b el71 #ac1 #af1 #cc1 #cd ,arcadius1 #aje ,area ( ,libyan ,des]t1 #b ,arianism1 #aje ,army ( ,cambyses1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib ,artesian ,bas9s1 ,conditions requir$ 91 #abd ,artesian-,wat] ,s&/one1 #di1 #aba1 #abe1 #abf1 #aca1 #ach1 #aea1 #aeb1 #afb ,ars el ,buq>1 #d ,asc5t ( ,passes1 #bg1 #cj1 #cf1 #cg ,as*]son1 ,p41 #bj1 #hi ,a%-,grey ,%ales1 #dh ,assiut1 #bg1 #bh1 #cc1 #cd1 #cg1 #dc1 #dd1 #ia ,a?anasius1 #id1 #aje ,auasis1 #ajh ,augila1 #ij ,au/ralian ,wells1 #adj1 #adc1 #afa ,av]age ,dis*>ge ( ,wells1 #ace1 #adj ,avidius ,heliodorus1 #ii ,baglli1 ,el1 #cb ,baguat1 ,el1 #ajc ,bah>ia ,oasis1 #c1 #h1 #ag1 #bc1 #ch1 #ea1 #ec1 #if ,bahnessa1 #e ,bak]1 ,h4 ,h41 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,reclamation1 #aj1 #agb1 #bad1 #bai1 #bbj ,lebekha 7see ,qasr ,lebekha7 ,lefvre1 ,m41 #ahh ,l5g? ( ,und]gr\nd ,aqu$ucts1 ,total1 #agi ,letronne1 ,m41 #ie ,level ( ,sub-surface ,wat]1 #abf1 #abg ,level ( ,a9 ,amr1 ,b]is ,spr+1 & ,nakhail1 #afe1 #aff ,levels 7see ,altitudes7 ,libyan ,des]t1 ,limits1 ,area1 etc41 #a-e ,libyan ,=mation 7see ,eoc5e7 ,libyan ,races1 #ff ,lignite1 #acb ,limits ( ,anci5t ,lakes1 #aab1 #aad ,limits ( ,oasis1 #he ,local ,pressure1 #abi1 #acj1 #afc1 #afd ,longitud9al ,flexure1 #ee1 #aaf ,loss ( ,cambyses' ,army1 #hh-ib ,lucas1 ,a41 #acg1 #bcf ,luc]ne1 #bab1 #bai ,lyons1 ,h4 ,g41 #bb1 #afj1 #bce1 #bcf ,ly?goe1 ,a4 ,m41 #hf ,ma*9]y = ,bor+1 #h1 #i1 #ahh1 #aia-aic1 #aif1 #aig ,mafriq1 ,el1 #cb ,magmatic ,wat]s1 #afa ,magnesia1 ,sulphate (1 #abe1 #bba ,maks1 #ae1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #aae1 #baa ,manfalut1 #ac1 #ch1 #dc ,man-,holes1 or ,air-%afts1 ( ,und]gr\nd ,tunnels1 #i1 #agc-ahe ,manufacture ( ,cas+1 #ahg1 #aij ,manufactures1 #fh1 #ajg1 #bah ,manures 7see ,f]tiliz]s7 ,maps 7see ,survey+7 ,m>cus ,ruff9us ,lupus1 #ig ,m>9e ,deposits1 #ej ,masad1 ,el1 #cj ,masks1 ,c(f91 #ajb ,mats1 #fh1 #gd ,maximus1 #if ,measurem5t ( ,wells1 #fc-fe ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 #bja ,meh]iq1 #bh1 #ci1 #gj1 #aja1 #ajf1 #aad1 #aae1 #adb1 #aga1 #bjh1 #bbf1 #bcc ,melh1 ,g>at el1 #ca ,mellawi1 #ia ,memphis1 #ij ,m5es1 #hg ,meteoric ,wat]s1 #afa1 #afc ,me?ods ( ,s9k+ ,wells 7see ,bor+7 ,middle ,ages1 #ic ,migration ( ,villag]s1 #gj ,milne1 ,d41 #bbj ,m9]als1 #abe1 #aeg1 #bbj-bbc ,m9es1 ,anci5t1 #bbb1 #bbc ,mioc5e ,sy/em1 #d ,mi%bit1 ,el1 #cj ,mog>a1 #d ,mograbi1 ,el1 #cj ,mohamm$ ,abu ,salem1 #bbh ,mohamm$an ,conque/1 #g1 #i1 #ajc1 #ajh ,mohamm$ ,said1 #bbj ,moh>iq 7see ,abu ,moh>iq7 ,mona/]ies1 #ajj1 #aja1 #aje1 #afg1 #afh ,monocl9al ,fold1 #ef ,monum5ts1 ,e>lie/1 #g ,mosquitoes1 #aj ,m\aslet el ,kh>ga1 #ch1 #ci ,movem5t ( ,dune-,s&1 #aii1 #bjc1 #bjd ,mud-,volcanoes1 #ha ,mummies & ,mummy-,cases1 #ajb1 #ajd ,murr1 ,bir1 #dc ,mut1 #ajj ,nadra1 #bb1 #ef1 #ic1 #ih ,nagab ,bulaq1 #bf1 #cc ,nagab el ,jellab1 #cj ,nakhail1 ,el1 #cc1 #he1 #aff ,natural ,hi/ory1 #bbd-bcc ,nature ( ,des]t ,roads1 #ci-dd ,necropolis1 ,*ri/ian1 #ba1 #hg1 #ajc-aje1 #aaf ,nektanebos1 #ib ,neoli?ic ,implem5ts1 #g1 #bi1 #aai ,ne/orius1 ,bi%op1 #id1 #ajf ,nile ,delta1 #bac ,nile ,riv]1 #f1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afd ,nitrog5 7see ,gases7 ,noah1 #ajd ,notables ( ,oasis captur$ by ,d]vi%es1 #hb ,nubia1 #f1 #ff1 #abd ,nubian ,s&/one1 #dh1 #ea1 #ib1 #abd1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aei1 #bja ,nummulitic ,lime/ones1 #ed ,oasis1 ,d]ivation ( ,t]m1 #c1 #ba ,obs]vations on ,wells 7see ,exp]im5ts7 ,o*re\s ,wat]s1 #gb1 #acj1 #acg ,o*re 7,oxide ( ,iron71 #gb1 #gc1 #abe1 #ach1 #bba ,olympiodorus1 #ajg1 #ahf ,omda ( ,kh>ga1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff1 #fh1 #aga ,orig9 ( ,lakes1 #abj-abb ,orig9 ( ,oases-,depressions 7see ,depressions7 ,orig9 ( ,und]gr\nd ,wat]s1 #f1 #abe1 #aed-aff ,osiris1 #bb ,otu1 #ba1 #bb ,outcrop ( ,wat]-be>+ ,b$s1 #abd1 #afd ,output ( ,wells 7see ,dis*>ges7 ,own]%ip ( ,wells1 #aj1 #aa1 #dg ,paganism1 #aje ,paloli?ic ,implem5ts1 #f1 #aai ,palm ,leaves & ,fibre1 #fh ,palm ,trees1 #fc1 #ff1 #fg1 #gd1 #gg1 #ha1 #hd ,panopolis1 #ajf ,p>!y1 #ij ,passage ,b$s 7see ,esna ,%ales7 ,passes1 #bf1 #bg1 #cf ,pa/ ,accumulations ( ,wat]1 #afj ,patt]son1 ,r4 ,s41 #fe1 #aeh ,paul1 #ajd ,peasantry ( ,oasis1 #ff1 #bac1 #bcj ,pelusium1 #hh ,p]colation f ,nile into ,nubian ,s&/one1 #afj ,p]sian ,p]iod1 #g1 #bb1 #hf-ic1 #afg ,p]sian ,wat]-,:eels 7see ,saqia7 ,phosphatic ,deposits1 #dh1 #bbc ,physiognomic ,types1 #ff ,pick-,m>ks1 ,anci5t1 #aha ,pi]pont ,morgan1 #hg ,pigeons1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #bca ,plants1 ,fossil 7see ,fossils7 ,plateau1 ,lime/one1 #dh1 #ed ,plei/oc5e ,deposits1 #dh1 #ec1 #aah1 #abj ,pl9ius ,capito1 #ii ,plov]1 #bca ,plutonic ,rocks 7see ,cry/all9e ,rocks7 ,plutonic ,wat]s1 #afa ,poncet1 ,m41 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #aji1 #bcd ,population1 #fa1 #ff1 #fg ,porosity ( ,nubian ,s&/one1 #aea1 #aeb ,porosity ( ,/rata1 #abd1 #acb1 #adi1 #aej1 #aea1 #aee ,pott]y1 #bi1 #ca1 #ajb1 #aac1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj ,prehi/oric ,p]iod1 #f1 #h1 #bi1 #hg1 #aab1 #aac1 #abj ,pressure ( ,gases1 #gg1 #aee ,pressure ( ,wat]1 #gg1 #aba1 #acj1 #acd1 #acf1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb1 #adi1 #aej1 #aee1 #afb1 #afc1 #afd ,primitive ,"* ( ,kh>ga ,village1 #fh ,proclamations inscrib$ on ,monum5ts1 #ie ,prosp]ity1 ,=m]1 #aj1 #id1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji ,protection ( ,conduits1 #afi ,protection ( ,cultivat$ ,l&s1 #fi1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bji ,psammetikh1 #hh ,ptolemaic ,rema9s1 #g1 #ic1 #ii1 #aah ,pump+1 #abc1 #abg1 #abh1 #aeg ,purple ,%ales1 #dh1 #abf1 #abh ,pyrites1 #acg1 #bbc ,q>a1 ,el1 #ch ,qasr ,a9 ,mu/apha ,ka%ef1 #aja ,qasr ,dakhl1 #d1 #ch ,qasr ,du%1 #he1 #ig ,qasr el ,ghuta1 #gc1 #ic ,qasr ,f>afra1 #dd ,qasr ,gyb1 #aca1 #agj1 #bbf ,qasr ,lebekha1 #h1 #ajj1 #aja1 #abf1 #aca1 #agj1 #bjj1 #bjf1 #bbb ,qasr ,zaiyan1 #ei1 #fj1 #gc1 #ih1 #ii1 #aag ,qirat1 ,value ( !1 #fd1 #fe1 #ach ,quail1 #bcj ,que5sl&1 ,artesian ,wells (1 #adj ,quicks&s1 #acd ,qusya1 ,el1 #dc ,radwan1 ,g>at1 #ca ,railway1 #aj1 #be1 #bi1 #ca1 #ch1 #eh1 #fh1 #gd ,ra9fall1 #b1 #bi1 #dj1 #fb1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #afa1 #aff1 #baf ,rais+ ( ,outlets ( ,wells 7see ,elevation7 ,rais+ ( ,wat] f ,wells1 #agj ,ramlia1 ,el1 #ae1 #bf1 #bh ,rate ( ,bor+1 #aib1 #aig ,rate ( ,travell+ ( ,c>avans1 #dd ,rate ( ,und]gr\nd ,fl[ 7see ,fl[ ( ,wat]7 ,ratio ( ,calm to ,w9dy ,days1 #aih ,rawl9son1 ,canon1 #hh ,rec5t ,deposits1 #dh ,re*>g+ ( ,deplet$ ,wat]-be>+ ,/rata1 #aej ,reclamation 7see ,l& ,reclamation7 ,r$uction ( ,pressure1 #adj ,reff1 ,el1 #bf1 #bh1 #cj1 #ca1 #ci ,regulat+ ,appliances = ,wells1 #i1 #fe1 #aic ,relation ( ,population & ,wat]-,supply1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #aic ,religion & ,cu/oms1 #if1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf ,repair+ ,wells1 #gh1 #hb1 #hc1 #ahg1 #aic-aif ,resi/ance ( ,/rata to ,fl[ ( ,wat]1 #adi1 #aej ,reta9+ ,banks1 #gh1 #hj1 #hb1 #hc ,rev5ue1 #ff1 #id ,rev]sion to ,des]t1 #g1 #gj1 #ga1 #hc1 #hd1 #bjh1 #baj1 #baa ,rice1 #fb1 #ff1 #bab-bad1 #bbg1 #bcj ,rice 9 ,l&-,reclamation1 #b1 #bac-bae ,rigs = ,bor+ 7see ,ma*9]y7 ,rizagat1 #ah1 #bh1 #cb ,roads1 #d1 #ac1 #be-dd ,rock-,pressure1 #afc ,rod el ,ghanam1 #cb ,rohlfs ,exp$ition1 #d1 #bj ,rohlfs1 ,g41 #bj1 #ba1 #hi1 #ic1 #ajj1 #bce ,roman ,occupation1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #bb1 #ca1 #fh1 #ic-aji1 #aah1 #aeg1 #afg1 #agj1 #ahg1 #bbf ,rotation ( ,crops1 #aj ,sala ,abdulla1 #agc ,salt-pans1 #ge ,samhd 7see ,wadi ,samhd7 ,samples ( ,/rata f ,bores1 #aea1 #aeb ,s& & ,s&-,dunes3 ,composition1 #bja1 #bjb ,cross-,section ( ,dunes1 #bje ,damage to ,cultivation1 #fi1 #bjj1 #bjg ,disposition1 #bjj ,encroa*m5t1 #d1 #gj1 #ga1 #hc1 #hd1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bji ,erosion1 #ce1 #eb1 #hc1 #aaa1 #aii1 #bjf ,=m1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje ,=mation ( ,t]races1 #gh1 #baj1 #bae ,held by ,moi/ure & ,vegetation1 #bjh ,movem5t1 ,rate & ,direction (1 #ib1 #bjc1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #baa ,relation to ,hills1 etc41 #aii1 #bjj1 #bje1 #bjf ,s&/orms1 #ac1 #hi1 #ia1 #bjh1 #bag ,%elt]$ ,areas1 #bjf ,/orm-,walls & ,f5ces1 #bjg1 #bji ,orig91 #bja ,velocity ( ,w9d1 #aii ,s&$-up ,wells1 #gf1 #he1 #aai1 #aej1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aga1 #aha ,saqias1 #abh ,saturat$ ,s&/ones1 #aba1 #acc1 #adh1 #aeb ,sayce1 ,a4 ,h41 #g1 #hg1 #id1 #ih1 #ajh1 #bcf ,s*we9fur?1 ,g41 #ba1 #bb1 #hf1 #id1 #aja1 #bce ,sea-,level1 ,relation ( ,floor & ,plateau to1 #ei1 #fj ,s$im5t>y ,rocks1 #di1 #ed ,seepage #ga1 #aei ,selection ( ,sites = ,=ts1 #afh ,selma1 #ac1 #ae1 #cc ,s5na1 #ad ,s5sitiv5ess ( ,wells 7see ,influ5ce7 ,s5ussi ,arabs1 #d ,septimus ,macro1 #ii ,s]apis1 ,isis &1 #ig ,s]ir ,type ( ,des]t-,surface1 #ce ,set-am5t1 #bb ,se?1 #bb ,settlem5ts1 ,outly+1 #fi1 #gj1 #hd ,%ebb1 #ac1 #ae ,%eikh ,hassan ,hanadi1 #aga1 #agc ,%eikh ,khalid ,ibn el ,wald1 #gd ,%eikh ,mu/apha 7see ,omda ( ,kh>ga7 ,%eikhs' ,tombs1 #gj1 #gd1 #hd ,%ells 7see ,fossils7 ,%]f el ,edrissi1 ,el1 #ajh ,%ug]a1 ,el1 #bh1 #bi1 #ci1 #db ,sighawl 7see ,abu ,sighawl7 ,silt ,deposits1 #bi ,silt+ ( ,wells1 #i1 #ge ,simil>ity ( ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,me?ods ( ,bor+1 #ahg1 #aij ,simultane\s ,elevation & ,d5udation ( ,/rata1 #ed ,siwa ,oasis1 #c1 #d1 #ag1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia ,slaves1 #cc1 #cd ,sli*t]1 ,c4 ,s41 #aed ,slope ( ,und]gr\nd ,aqu$ucts1 #agh ,sohag1 #bg1 #bh1 #cj1 #ca1 #ci1 #db ,soils1 #eb1 #gb1 #bad1 #bae1 #bbj ,s\!rnmo/ ,wells ( ,oasis1 #he ,s\?-,we/ ,des]t ( ,egypt1 #ed ,spr+s1 #g1 #h1 #dg1 #eb1 #aab1 #aaf1 #aba1 #abb1 #abf1 #afe1 #aff ,spr+ ,deposits1 #dh ,/4 ,m>t91 ,v4 de1 #ci1 #ij ,/agnation ( ,wat] 9 ,/rata1 #aca ,/atic ,head1 #abh1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb1 #aec1 #aff ,/eam-bor+ ,rigs1 #aif1 #aig ,/eel ,cas+1 #ahi1 #aif ,/e9dorff1 ,g41 #hh ,/orage ,res]voirs1 #abd1 #aeb1 #aec ,/rabo1 #ajh ,/reets ( ,kh>ga ,village1 #fg ,suga1 ,el1 #ca ,sub-artesian ,wat]1 #h1 #abe1 #afa ,subsid5ce 7see ,fold+7 ,subt]ranean ,wat]-,supply1 #abc-ahe ,subt]ranean ,works 7see ,aqu$ucts7 ,sudan1 #b1 #f1 #cc1 #hb1 #abd1 #aei ,sudd ,region1 #f1 #aei ,sug>-cane1 #bbj ,sunt 7see ,acacias7 ,surface ,wat]1 #h1 #dg1 #gf1 #he1 #aac1 #acc1 #ahi ,surface-,wat] ,s&/one1 #dg1 #aba1 #abe-aca1 #aea1 #afb ,survey+1 #ag1 #bj1 #bc1 #db1 #dc1 #eh-fj1 #gb1 #agf ,swamps1 #d1 #i1 #abe1 #aei1 #afd1 #bbg ,sy5e1 #id ,syncl9al ,folds1 #ef ,tables3 ,altitudes1 #ei ,dunes1 #bjd ,geological ,deposits1 #dh ,int]f]5ce ( ,wells1 #ade ,population1 #fb ,wat] ,analyses1 #ach ,tam> ,dates1 #baf ,tam>isks1 #gg1 #he1 #bji1 #bbe ,tahta1 #bh1 #bi ,tapp+ ! ,nile1 #aeh ,t>if 7see ,jebel ,t>if7 ,t>wan 7see ,jebel ,t>wan7 ,tau ,symbol1 #ajd ,tawl1 ,a9 el1 #ei1 #fj1 #gj1 #bbg ,d]b el1 #af1 #ag1 #cg ,taxes1 #fb1 #fc1 #fe ,t*onemyris1 #ii ,temp]ature1 ,*anges (1 #eb ,effect on ,rate ( ,fl[ ( ,wat]1 #aee ( ,artesian ,wat]s1 #gg1 #aji1 #acf1 #adi ( ,sub-,surface ,wat]s1 #aha ,temples 7see ,hibis1 ,jupit] ,ammon1 ,qasr el ,ghuta1 ,qasr ,du%1 ,qasr ,zaiyan7 ,t5da1 #cf1 #cg ,tr 7see ,jebel ,tr7 ,t]m9ation ( ,um el ,dabdib ,aqu$uct1 #ahc ,t]races =m$ by ,w9d-borne ,mat]ial1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj1 #ha1 #hc1 #baj ,!bes1 #ah1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia1 #aje ,!odosius1 #ajg ,?ickness ( ,artesian-,wat] ,s&-/ones1 #aeb ,tib]ius ,julius ,alex&]1 #ie ,tibe/i1 #b1 #aei ,timasius1 #ajf ,timb]+ ,wells1 #ahi1 #aij ,topography1 #de-fj ,total ,?ickness ( ,/rata1 #dh1 #di1 #afd ,total ,yield ( ,wells1 #fb1 #fc1 #aci ,trad+1 #fb1 #fh1 #gd1 #gf ,traditions1 ,local1 #aeh1 #agc ,trajan1 ,emp]or1 #ig ,transportation1 ,ag5ts (1 #eb ,travell+ 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t1 #da1 #db ,tr5*es1 #afh1 #afi ,tripoli1 #b ,tri/ram1 ,h4 ,b41 #baf ,tufa 7see ,calc>e\s ,tufa7 ,tundaba1 ,el1 #bi1 #ca1 #ci ,types ( ,des]t1 #ca1 #ce1 #db ,um el ,dabdib1 #h1 #fj1 #gj1 #ajj1 #aja1 #abf1 #aca1 #agj-ahe1 #bjj1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bbe ,um el ,gh5naim1 #bf ,uncem5t$ ,s&/ones1 #acd ,und]gr\nd ,exploration1 #agd1 #age ,und]gr\nd ,wat]-,supply1 #abc-ahe ,unit$ ,/ates1 #adc1 #aif ,value ( ,dates1 #bae ,value ( ! ,qirat1 #fd1 #fe1 #ach ,v>iation 9 ,"* ( ,deposits ( ,libyan ,des]t1 #ej1 #ea1 #ee ,v>iation 9 ,dis*>ges ( ,wells1 #eg ,v>iation 9 ,level ( ,wat]-be>+ ,/rata1 #abi1 #ada ,v>iation 9 ,porosity ( ,s&/one1 #aea ,v>iation 9 ,/atic ,head1 #ada ,v>ieties ( ,dates1 #baf ,vegetation1 ,wild1 #ae1 #cg1 #dj1 #gf1 #hd1 #he1 #afe1 #aff1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bbe1 #bcc ,velocity ( ,des]t ,w9ds1 #aii ,velocity ( ,und]gr\nd ,fl[ 7see ,fl[7 ,v5tilation ( ,aqu$ucts1 #agg1 #aha ,vespasian1 ,emp]or1 #if ,villages ov]:elm$ by ,s&1 #gj ,vuta1 ,g41 #bc ,wadi el ,molk1 #bbj1 #bba ,wadi ,halfa1 #aei ,wadi ,samhd1 #af1 #cb1 #ch ,wah1 #ba ,wal$ ,hallaf1 #bg1 #cj1 #cb1 #cd ,walls ( ,kh>ga village1 #fg ,wa/e ( ,wat]1 #i ,wat*-,t[]1 #ajb ,wat]-be>+ ,b$s bel[ ,plateau1 #abc1 #abd1 #aec ,wat]-be>+ ,b$s di/urb$ by ,faults1 etc41 #ef ,s&/ones1 #f1 #di1 #abc-ahe ,wat]falls at ,dakhakh91 #gh ,wat]+ ,camels1 #bg1 #bh ,wat] ,/ations1 #i1 #ca ,wat] /or$ "u ,oasis-,depression1 ,am\nt (1 #aeb1 #aec ,wat] us$ 9 rais+ ,rice1 ,am\nt (1 #bac ,wea!r+ 7see ,d5udation7 ,weba ,measure1 #bae ,:eat1 #fb1 #bab1 #bad ,:ite ,*alk1 #dh1 #ed1 #ee ,:it+1 ,b4 ,f41 #aig ,wild-,f[l1 #bbg-bcj ,wilk9son1 ,i4 ,g41 #ii1 #ajj1 #bce ,willcocks1 ,sir ,william1 #bac ,w9d1 #ac1 #ce1 #di1 #eb1 #gh1 #gi1 #hd1 #ajf1 #aaa1 #agb1 #aih-baa1 #bag ,w9d-=m$ ,deposits1 #gh1 #gi1 #abb ,w9e1 #id1 #ajh1 #bbj ,w9lock1 #hg ,wood5 ,l9+ ( ,wells 7see ,cas+7 ,xav]ius de ,brev$5t1 #ac ,yabsa1 ,el1 #bf1 #bh ,yield ( ,date-,trees1 #bag ,yield ( ,wells 7see ,dis*>ges7 ,"y1 #ie ,zambiles 7see ,baskets7 ,z>bi1 #bh ,zittel1 ,k4 von1 #bj1 #bce ,zizagat1 ,el1 #ca ,zoology ( ,egypt1 #bcc ,zosimus1 #ajf ,,! ,,end ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,?is leg5d is /at$ by ,rohlfs1 on ,brugs*'s au?ority1 to be record$ on ! temple ( ,horus at ,edfu4 ,footnote #b3 ,ref]5ce to ! plan %[+ ! diff]5t roads & passes out ( ! oasis-depression w facilitate ! p]usal ( ! foll[+ pages4 ,footnote #c3 ,s9ce writ+ ! above1 ,i h read ) mu* int]e/ a pap] on ! ,s\?-,we/ ,des]t ( ,egypt1 9 :i* my fri5d & =m] colleague1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,hume1 9 a discussion ( ! =mation ( ! oases-depressions1 ref]s to ! importance ( s(t & h>d /rata1 & to ! action ( fold+ 9 expos+ ! =m] to ! ag5ts ( d5udation4 ,?is is /rik+ confirmation ( ! views promulgat$ by me s9ce my fir/ acqua9tance ) ! oases _m ye>s ago4 ,( great int]e/ & value1 be+ new1 is ! sugge/ion t ! topography ( ! s\!rn oases & surr\nd+ des]t may be1 to a consid]able ext5t1 due to d5udation act+ on ! c\ntry z x 0 9 process ( be+ elevat$ f ! sea 9 :i* ! deposits =m+ x _h be5 laid d[n4 ,footnote #d3 ,! dates giv5 9 ?is *apt] are ^? assign$ by ,pr(essor ,/e9dorff4 ,footnote #e3 ,canon ,rawl9son's translation4 ,footnote #f3 ,t ev5 occasional ra9s c effect a consid]able am\nt ( erosion ( s(t mat]ials is %[n by ! pres5t /ate ( ^! domes1 f :i* a sk9 ( "s ?ickness has be5 wa%$ away1 leav+ ! surfaces bri/l+ ) ! %>p fragm5ts ( rock :i* 7 includ$ 9 ! orig9al mixture ( s& & clay f :i* ! bricks 7 manufactur$4 ,footnote #g3 ,! royal cubit 0 ! *ief unit ( l5g?1 & measur$ #bjf in*es2 #cjj & #ejj cubits w\ld !re=e be equival5t to #eae & #heh feet respectively4 ,footnote #h3 ,! ,headqu>t]s ( ! ,corporation ( ,we/]n ,egypt1 ,limit$ 7see map74 ,footnote #i3 ,i %\ld l to record my indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,g>s$1 :o1 :ile 9 ! oasis1 und]took1 at my reque/1 a consid]able am\nt ( special analytical "w1 9 addition to 8 regul> duties4 ,footnote #aj3 #8,! ,nile ,flood & ,ra9s ( ! ,nile ,bas91 #aijf1' ,survey ,dep>tm5t1 ,cairo1 #aijg2 #8,"s ,geographical ,aspects ( ! ,nile1' ! ,geographical ,j\rnal1 ,novemb]1 #aijh1 vol4 xxxii41 ,no4 #e4 ,footnote #aa3 #8,! ,dead ,he>t ( ,au/ralia'2 ,john ,murray1 ,london1 #aijf4 ,footnote #ab3 #8,! ,hydraulic ,aspect ( ! ,artesian ,problem1' ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 xxxvii41 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #ac3 #8,egyptian ,irrigation1' second edition1 ,e4 & ,f4 ,n4 ,spon1 ,limit$1 ,london1 #ahii4 ,footnote #ad3 #8,! ,great ,sah>a1' by ,h4 ,b4 ,tri/ram2 ,john ,murray1 ,london1 #ahfj4 ,see also #8,tropical ,agriculture1' by ,p4 ,l4 ,simmonds4 ,transcrib]'s note3 pg #c ,*ang$3 latitud9a direction to3 latitud9al ,spell+ & =matt+ inconsi/5cies h be5 left un*ang$