,,primitive ,,culture ,,fir/ ,,edition ,april1 #ahga4 ,,second ,,edition ,novemb]1 #ahgc4 ,,?ird ,,edition ,decemb]1 #ahia4 ,,f\r? ,,edition ,octob]1 #aijc4 ,,fif? ,,edition ,janu>y1 #aiac4 ,,six? ,,edition ,june1 #aibj4 ,,primitive ,,culture ,,rese>*es ,,into ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,my?ology1 ,,philosophy1 ,,religion ,,language1 ,,art1 ,,& ,,cu/om ,,by ,,edw>d ,b4 ,,tylor1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,an?ropology ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d ,,au?or ,,( 8,,rese>*es ,,into ,,! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,mank9d10 ,,etc4 8,ce n'e/ pas dans les possibilits1 c'e/ dans l'homme mme qu'il faut tudi] l'homme3 il ne s'agit pas d'imag9] ce qu'il auroit p ou d faire1 mais de reg>d] ce qu'il fait40--,,de ,,brosses4 ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes ,,vol4 ,i ,,london ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albem>le ,,/reet1 ,w4 #aibj ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,u4,s4,a4 ,rights ( ,translation & ,reproduction res]v$ ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,! pres5t volumes1 uni=m ) ! previ\s volume ( #8,rese>*es into ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d' 7#a/ ,ed4 #ahfe2 #bnd ,ed4 #ahgj71 c>ry on ! inve/igation ( ,culture into o!r bran*es ( ?\ght & belief1 art & cu/om4 ,dur+ ! pa/ six ye>s ,i h tak5 occasion to br+ t5tatively be=e ! public "s ( ! pr9cipal po9ts ( new evid5ce & argum5t "h advanc$4 ,! doctr9e ( survival 9 culture1 ! be>+ ( directly-expressive language & ! inv5tion ( num]als on ! problem ( e>ly civilization1 ! place ( my? 9 ! primitive hi/ory ( ! human m9d1 ! developm5t ( ! animi/ic philosophy ( religion1 & ! orig9 ( rites & c]emonies1 h be5 discuss$ 9 v>i\s pap]s & lectures1#a be=e be+ treat$ at l>ge & ) a full] array ( facts 9 ?is "w4 ,! au?orities = ! facts /at$ 9 ! text are fully specifi$ 9 ! foot-notes1 :i* mu/ also s]ve z my g5]al ackn[l$gm5t ( obligations to writ]s on e?nography & k9dr$ sci5ces1 z well z to hi/orians1 travell]s1 & mission>ies4 ,i w only m5tion ap>t two treatises ( :i* ,i h made especial use3 ! #8,m5s* 9 d] ,ges*i*te1' by ,pr(essor ,ba/ian1 ( ,b]l91 & ! #8,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1' by ! late ,pr(essor ,waitz1 ( ,m>burg4 ,9 discuss+ problems s complex z ^? ( ! developm5t ( civilization1 x is n en\gh to put =w>d !ories accompani$ by a few illu/rative examples4 ,! /atem5t ( ! facts mu/ =m ! /aple ( ! argum5t1 & ! limit ( ne$ful detail is only rea*$ :5 ea* gr\p s displays its g5]al law1 t fre% cases come to range !mselves 9 _! prop] ni*es z new in/ances ( an already e/abli%$ rule4 ,%\ld x seem to any read]s t my attempt to rea* ?is limit sometimes leads to ! heap+ up ( too cumbr\s detail1 ,i w\ld po9t out t ! !oretical novelty z well z ! practical importance ( _m ( ! issues rais$1 make x mo/ unadvisable to /9t !m ( _! full evid5ce4 ,9 ! c\rse ( t5 ye>s *iefly sp5t 9 ^! rese>*es1 x has be5 my con/ant task to select ! mo/ in/ructive e?nological facts f ! va/ mass on record1 & by lopp+ away unnecess>y matt] to r$uce ! data on ea* problem to :at is indisp5sable = reasonable pro(4 ,e4 ,b4 ,t4 ,m>*1 #ahga4 ,footnote #a3 ,=tnightly ,review3 #8,orig9 ( ,language1' ,april #ae1 #ahff2 #8,religion ( ,savages1' ,augu/ #ae1 #ahff4 ,lectures at ,royal ,in/itution3 #8,traces ( ! ,e>ly ,m5tal ,condition ( ,man1' ,m>* #ae1 #ahfg2 #8,survival ( ,savage ,?\ght 9 ,mod]n ,civilization1' ,april #bc1 #ahfi4 ,lecture at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london3 #8,spirituali/ic ,philosophy ( ! ,l[] ,races ( ,mank9d1' ,may #h1 #ahfi4 ,pap] read at ,briti% ,association1 ,nott+ham1 #ahff3 #8,ph5om5a ( ,civilization ,traceable to a ,rudim5tal ,orig9 among ,savage ,tribes4' ,pap] read at ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ,april #bf1 #ahgj3 #8,philosophy ( ,religion among ! ,l[] ,races ( ,mank9d1' c41 c4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ?is "w 9 #ahga1 translations h appe>$ 9 ,g]man & ,russian4 ,9 ! pres5t edition ! =m ( page has be5 slightly alt]$1 = conv5i5ce ( re-issue at once 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,! matt]1 h[ev]1 rema9s sub/antially ! same4 ,a few passages h be5 amplifi$ or alt]$ = great] cle>ness1 & on "s po9ts additional or improv$ evid5ce has be5 put 94 ,among ! an?ropologi/s ^: publi%$ reviews or private communications h enabl$ me to correct or /r5g!n v>i\s po9ts1 ,i w only m5tion by "n ,pr(essor ,felix ,liebre*t1 ( ,lige1 ,mr4 ,clem5ts ,r4 ,m>kham1 ,pr(essor ,cald]wood1 ,mr4 ,ral/on1 & ,mr4 ,seba/ian ,evans4 ,x may h /ruck "s read]s z an omission1 t 9 a "w on civilization insi/+ s /r5u\sly on a !ory ( developm5t or evolution1 m5tion %\ld sc>cely h be5 made ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ^: influ5ce on ! :ole c\rse ( mod]n ?\ght on su* subjects %\ld n be left )\t =mal recognition4 ,?is abs5ce ( p>ticul> ref]5ce is acc\nt$ = by ! pres5t "w1 arrang$ on its own l9es1 com+ sc>cely into contact ( detail ) ! previ\s works ( ^! em95t philosoph]s4 ,an objection made by sev]al critics z to ! accumulation ( evid5ce 9 ^! volumes leads me to rem>k1 ) s9c]e gratification1 t ?is objection has 9 fact be5 balanc$ by solid advantage4 ,! plan ( collect+ wide & m9ute evid5ce1 s t read]s may h actually be=e !m ! means ( judg+ ! !ory put =w>d1 has be5 ju/ifi$ by ! reception ( ! book1 ev5 9 circles to ^: views _m ( its argum5ts are /rongly adv]se1 & t 9 matt]s ( ! fir/ importance4 ,writ]s ( mo/ v>i\s philosophical & !ological s*ools n[ admit t ! e?nological facts are real1 & vital1 & h to be acc\nt$ =4 ,x is n too mu* to say t a p]ceptible movem5t ( public op9ion has "h ju/ifi$ ! belief t ! ,engli% m9d1 n readily sway$ by rhetoric1 moves freely "u ! pressure ( facts4 ,e4 ,b4 ,t4 ,septemb]1 #ahgc4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,9 ?is edition1 :ile ,i h n f\nd x ne$ful to alt] ! g5]al argum5t1 ! new in=mation :i* has become available dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s has made x necess>y to ins]t fur!r details ( evid5ce1 & to correct "s few /atem5ts4 ,= conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce1 ! pag+ ( ! la/ edition is kept to4 ,e4 ,b4 ,t4 ,septemb]1 #ahia4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,= ord9>y purposes ! pres5t edition may be tak5 z sub/antially un*ang$4 ,9 only a few passages noticeable alt]ations h be5 made1 7see vol4 i4 p4 #afg1 vocal tone2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bcd-g1 totemism74 ,e4 ,b4 ,t4 ,octob]1 #aijc4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,volume4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,culture4 ,culture or ,civilization--,its ph5om5a relat$ accord+ to def9ite ,laws--,me?od ( classification & discussion ( ! evid5ce--,connexion ( successive /ages ( culture by ,p]man5ce1 ,modification1 & ,survival--,pr9cipal topics exam9$ 9 ! pres5t "w #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,culture4 ,/ate ( culture1 indu/rial1 intellectual1 political1 moral--,developm5t ( culture 9 great measure corresponds ) transition f savage ?r\gh b>b>ic to civiliz$ life--,progression-!ory--,deg5]ation-!or y--,developm5t-!ory includes bo?1 ! "o z prim>y1 ! o!r z second>y--,hi/orical & traditional evid5ce n available z to l[ /ages ( culture--,hi/orical evid5ce z to pr9ciples ( ,deg5]ation--,e?nological evid5ce z to rise & fall 9 culture1 f comp>ison ( diff]5t levels ( culture 9 bran*es ( ! same race--,ext5t ( hi/orically record$ antiquity ( civilization--,prehi/oric ,ar*ology ext5ds ! antiquity ( man 9 l[ /ages ( civilization--,traces ( ,/one ,age1 corroborat$ by megali?ic /ructures1 lake-dwell+s1 %ell-heaps1 burial-places1 c41 prove orig9al l[ culture ?r\gh\t ! _w--,/ages ( ,progressive ,developm5t 9 indu/rial arts #bf ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,survival ,,9 ,,culture4 ,survival & ,sup]/ition--,*ildr5's games--,games ( *ance--,traditional say+s--,nurs]y poems--,prov]bs--,riddles--,significance & survival 9 ,cu/oms3 sneez+-=mula1 rite ( f\ndation-sacrifice1 prejudice aga9/ sav+ a dr[n+ man #gj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,occult ,sci5ces--,magical p[]s attribut$ by high] to l[] races--,magical processes bas$ on ,association ( ,ideas--,om5s--,augury1 c4--,oneiromancy--,h>uspication1 ,scapulimancy1 ,*iromancy1 c4--,c>tomancy1 c4--,rhabdomancy1 ,dactyliomancy1 ,cosc9omancy1 c4--,a/rology--,intellectual conditions acc\nt+ = ! p]si/5ce ( ,magic--,survival passes into ,revival--,wit*craft1 orig9at+ 9 savage culture1 cont9ues 9 b>b>ic civilization2 its decl9e 9 e>ly m$ival ,europe foll[$ by revival2 its practices & c\nt]-practices belong to e>li] culture--,spiritualism has its s\rce 9 e>ly /ages ( culture1 9 close connexion ) wit*craft--,_s-rapp+ & ,_s-writ+--,ris+ 9 ! air--,p]=mances ( ti$ m$iums--,practical be>+ ( ! /udy ( ,survival #aab ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,emotional ,,& ,,imitative ,,language4 ,elem5t ( directly expressive ,s\nd 9 ,language--,te/ by indep5d5t correspond5ce 9 di/9ct languages--,con/itu5t processes ( ,language--,ge/ure--,expression ( feature1 c4--,emotional ,tone--,articulate s\nds1 v[els det]m9$ by musical quality & pit*1 consonants--,emphasis & ,acc5t--,phrase-melody1 ,recitative--,s\nd-words--,int]jections- -,calls to ,animals--,emotional ,cries--,s5se-words =m$ f ,int]jections--,affirmative & ,negative p>ticles1 c4 #afj ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,emotional ,,& ,,imitative ,,language 7cont9u$74 ,imitative ,words--,human actions nam$ f s\nd--,animals' names f cries1 c4--,musical ,in/rum5ts--,s\nds reproduc$--,words modifi$ to adapt s\nd to s5se--,r$uplication--,graduation ( v[els to express di/ance & diff]5ce--,*ildr5's ,language--,s\nd-words z relat$ to ,s5se-words--,language an orig9al product ( ! l[] ,culture #bjj ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,c\nt+4 ,ideas ( ,numb] d]iv$ f exp]i5ce--,/ate ( ,ari?metic among unciviliz$ races--,small ext5t ( ,num]al-words among l[ tribes--,c\nt+ by f+]s & toes--,h&-num]als %[ d]ivation ( ,v]bal reckon+ f ,ge/ure-c\nt+--,etymology ( ,num]als--,qu9>y1 ,decimal1 & ,vigesimal notations ( ! _w d]iv$ f c\nt+ on f+]s & toes--,adoption ( =eign ,num]al-words--,evid5ce ( developm5t ( ,ari?metic f a l[ orig9al level ( ,culture #bdj ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,my?ology4 ,my?ic fancy bas$1 l o!r ?\ght1 on ,exp]i5ce--,my?ology af=ds evid5ce = /udy+ laws ( ,imag9ation--,*ange 9 public op9ion z to cr$ibility ( ,my?s--,my?s rationaliz$ into ,allegory & ,hi/ory--,e?nological import & treatm5t ( ,my?--,my? to be /udi$ 9 actual exi/5ce & gr[? among mod]n savages & b>b>ians--,orig9al s\rces ( ,my?--,e>ly doctr9es ( g5]al animation ( ,nature--,p]sonification ( ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s2 ,wat]-sp\t1 ,s&-pill>1 ,ra9b[1 ,wat]fall1 ,pe/il5ce--,analogy work$ into ,my? & ,metaphor--,my?s ( ,ra91 ,?und]1 c4--,effect ( ,language 9 =mation ( ,my?--,mat]ial ,p]sonification prim>y1 ,v]bal ,p]sonification second>y--,grammatical ,g5d]1 male & female1 animate & inanimate1 9 relation to ,my?--,prop] names ( objects 9 relation to ,my?--,m5tal ,/ate prop] to promote my?ic imag9ation--,doctr9e ( ,w]ewolves--,phantasy & ,fancy #bgc ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,my?ology 7cont9u$74 ,nature-my?s1 _! orig91 canon ( int]pretation1 pres]vation ( orig9al s5se & significant names--,nature-my?s ( upp] savage races comp>$ ) relat$ =ms among b>b>ic & civiliz$ nations--,heav5 & ,e>? z ,univ]sal ,p>5ts--,sun & ,moon3 ,eclipse & ,sunset1 z ,h]o or ,maid5 swall[$ by ,mon/]2 ,ris+ ( ,sun f ,sea & ,desc5t to ,"u-,_w2 ,jaws ( ,night & ,dea?1 ,symplegades2 ,eye ( ,heav51 ,eye ( ,od9 & ! ,grai--,sun & ,moon z my?ic civiliz]s--,moon1 h] incon/ancy1 p]iodical dea? & revival--,/>s1 _! g5]ation--,con/ellations1 _! place 9 ,my?ology & ,a/ronomy--,w9d & ,tempe/--,?und]--,e>?quake #caf ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,my?ology 7cont9u$74 ,philosophical ,my?s3 inf]5ces become pseudo-hi/ory--,geological ,my?s--,effect ( doctr9e ( ,miracles on ,my?ology--,magnetic ,m\nta9--,my?s ( relation ( ,apes to ,m5 by developm5t or deg5]ation--,e?nological import ( my?s ( ,ape-m51 ,m5 ) tails1 ,m5 ( ! woods--,my?s ( ,error1 ,p]v]sion1 & ,exagg]ation3 /ories ( ,giants1 ,dw>fs1 & ,mon/r\s ,tribes ( m5--,fanciful explanatory ,my?s--,my?s atta*$ to leg5d>y or hi/orical ,p]sonages--,etymological ,my?s on names ( places & p]sons--,eponymic ,my?s on names ( tribes1 nations1 c\ntries1 c42 _! e?nological import--,pragmatic ,my?s by realization ( metaphors & ideas--,allegory--,bea/-,fable--,conclus ion #cfh ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,animism4 ,religi\s ideas g5]ally appe> among l[ races ( ,mank9d--,negative /atem5ts on ?is subject frequ5tly mislead+ & mi/ak53 _m cases unc]ta9--,m9imum def9ition ( ,religion--,doctr9e ( ,spiritual ,be+s1 "h t]m$ ,animism--,animism treat$ z belong+ to ,natural ,religion--,animism divid$ into two sections1 ! philosophy ( ,s\ls1 & ( o!r ,spirits--,doctr9e ( ,s\ls1 its preval5ce & def9ition among ! l[] races--,def9ition ( ,app>itional ,s\l or ,gho/-,s\l--,x is a !oretical conception ( primitive ,philosophy1 design$ to acc\nt = ph5om5a n[ class$ "u ,biology1 especially ,life & ,dea?1 ,heal? & ,disease1 ,sleep & ,dreams1 ,trance & ,visions--,relation ( ,s\l 9 "n & nature to ,%ad[1 ,blood1 ,brea?--,division or ,plurality ( ,s\ls--,s\l cause ( ,life2 its re/oration to body :5 suppos$ abs5t--,exit ( ,s\l 9 ,trances--,dreams & ,visions3 !ory ( exit ( dream]'s or se]'s own s\l2 !ory ( visits receiv$ by !m f o!r s\ls--,gho/-,s\l se5 9 ,app>itions--,wrai?s & ,d\bles--,s\l has =m ( ,body2 suff]s mutilation ) x--,voice ( ,gho/--,s\l treat$ & def9$ z ( ,mat]ial ,sub/ance2 ?is appe>s to be ! orig9al doctr9e--,transmission ( ,s\ls to s]vice 9 future life by ,fun]al ,sacrifice ( wives1 att5dants1 c4--,s\ls ( ,animals--,_! transmission by ,fun]al ,sacrifice--,s\ls ( ,plants--,s\ls ( ,objects--,_! transmission by ,fun]al ,sacrifice--,relation ( ,doctr9e ( ,object-,s\ls to ,epicurean !ory ( ,ideas--,hi/orical developm5t ( ,doctr9e ( ,s\ls1 f ! ,e!real ,s\l ( primitive ,biology to ! ,immat]ial ,s\l ( mod]n ,!ology #dag ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,culture4 ,culture or ,civilization--,its ph5om5a relat$ accord+ to def9ite ,laws--,me?od ( classification & discussion ( ! evid5ce--,connexion ( successive /ages ( culture by ,p]man5ce1 ,modification1 & ,survival--,pr9cipal topics exam9$ 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,culture or ,civilization1 tak5 9 its wide e?nographic s5se1 is t complex :ole :i* includes k1 belief1 art1 morals1 law1 cu/om1 & any o!r capabilities & habits acquir$ by man z a memb] ( society4 ,! condition ( culture among ! v>i\s societies ( mank9d1 9 s f> z x is capable ( be+ inve/igat$ on g5]al pr9ciples1 is a subject apt = ! /udy ( laws ( human ?\ght & action4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! uni=mity :i* s l>gely p]vades civilization may be ascrib$1 9 great measure1 to ! uni=m action ( uni=m causes3 :ile on ! o!r h& its v>i\s grades may be reg>d$ z /ages ( developm5t or evolution1 ea* ! outcome ( previ\s hi/ory1 & ab\t to d its prop] "p 9 %ap+ ! hi/ory ( ! future4 ,to ! inve/igation ( ^! two great pr9ciples 9 sev]al dep>tm5ts ( e?nography1 ) especial consid]ation ( ! civilization ( ! l[] tribes z relat$ to ! civilization ( ! high] nations1 ! pres5t volumes are devot$4 ,our mod]n inve/igators 9 ! sci5ces ( inorganic nature are =emo/ to recognize1 bo? )9 & )\t _! special fields ( "w1 ! unity ( nature1 ! fixity ( its laws1 ! def9ite sequ5ce ( cause & effect ?r\gh :i* e fact dep5ds on :at has gone be=e x1 & acts ^u :at is to come aft] x4 ,!y grasp firmly ! ,py?agorean doctr9e ( p]vad+ ord] 9 ! univ]sal ,kosmos4 ,!y affirm1 ) ,ari/otle1 t nature is n full ( incoh]5t episodes1 l a bad trag$y4 ,!y agree ) ,leibnitz 9 :at he calls #8my axiom1 t nature nev] acts by leaps 7la nature n'agit jamais p> saut71' z well z 9 8 #8great pr9ciple1 commonly little employ$1 t no?+ happ5s )\t suffici5t reason4' ,nor aga91 9 /udy+ ! /ructure & habits ( plants & animals1 or 9 inve/igat+ ! l[] functions ev5 ( man1 are ^! lead+ ideas unackn[l$g$4 ,b :5 we come to talk ( ! high] processes ( human feel+ & action1 ( ?\ght & language1 k & art1 a *ange appe>s 9 ! preval5t tone ( op9ion4 ,! _w at l>ge is sc>cely prep>$ to accept ! g5]al /udy ( human life z a bran* ( natural sci5ce1 & to c>ry out1 9 a l>ge s5se1 ! poet's injunction1 to #8,acc\nt = moral z = natural ?+s4' ,to _m educat$ m9ds !re seems some?+ presumptu\s & repulsive 9 ! view t ! hi/ory ( mank9d is "p & p>cel ( ! hi/ory ( nature1 t our ?\ghts1 wills1 & actions accord ) laws z def9ite z ^? :i* gov]n ! motion ( waves1 ! comb9ation ( acids & bases1 & ! gr[? ( plants & animals4 ,! ma9 reasons ( ?is /ate ( ! popul> judgm5t are n f> to seek4 ,!re are _m :o w\ld will+ly accept a sci5ce ( hi/ory if plac$ be=e !m ) sub/antial def9it5ess ( pr9ciple & evid5ce1 b :o n unreasonably reject ! sy/ems (f]$ to !m1 z fall+ too f> %ort ( a sci5tific /&>d4 ,?r\gh resi/ance su* z ?is1 real k always soon] or lat] makes its way1 :ile ! habit ( opposition to novelty does su* excell5t s]vice aga9/ ! invasions ( speculative dogmatism1 t we may sometimes ev5 wi% x 7 /rong] ?an x is4 ,b o!r ob/acles to ! inve/igation ( laws ( human nature arise f consid]ations ( metaphysics & !ology4 ,! popul> notion ( free human w involves n only fre$om to act 9 accordance ) motive1 b also a p[] ( break+ loose f cont9uity & act+ )\t cause1--a comb9ation :i* may be r\ghly illu/rat$ by ! simile ( a balance sometimes act+ 9 ! usual way1 b also possess$ ( ! faculty ( turn+ by itself )\t or aga9/ its weights4 ,?is view ( an anomal\s action ( ! w1 :i* x ne$ h>dly be said is incompatible ) sci5tific argum5t1 subsi/s z an op9ion pat5t or lat5t 9 m5's m9ds1 & /rongly affect+ _! !oretic views ( hi/ory1 ?\gh x is n1 z a rule1 br\ght prom95tly =w>d 9 sy/ematic reason+4 ,inde$ ! def9ition ( human w1 z /rictly accord+ ) motive1 is ! only possible sci5tific basis 9 su* enquiries4 ,happily1 x is n ne$ful to add "h yet ano!r to ! li/ ( diss]tations on sup]natural int]v5tion & natural causation1 on lib]ty1 pr$e/9ation1 & acc\ntability4 ,we may ha/5 to escape f ! regions ( transc5d5tal philosophy & !ology1 to />t on a m hopeful j\rney ov] m practicable gr\nd4 ,none w d5y t1 z ea* man kn[s by ! evid5ce ( 8 own consci\sness1 def9ite & natural cause does1 to a great ext5t1 det]m9e human action4 ,!n1 keep+ aside f consid]ations ( extra-natural int]f]5ce & causeless spontaneity1 let u take ?is admitt$ exi/5ce ( natural cause & effect z our /&+-gr\nd1 & travel on x s f> z x w be> u4 ,x is on ?is same basis t physical sci5ce pursues1 ) ev]-increas+ success1 its que/ ( laws ( nature4 ,nor ne$ ?is re/riction hamp] ! sci5tific /udy ( human life1 9 :i* ! real difficulties are ! practical ones ( enorm\s complexity ( evid5ce1 & imp]fection ( me?ods ( obs]vation4 ,n[ x appe>s t ?is view ( human w & conduct z subject to def9ite law1 is inde$ recognis$ & act$ ^u by ! v p :o oppose x :5 /at$ 9 ! ab/ract z a g5]al pr9ciple1 & :o !n compla9 t x annihilates man's free w1 de/roys 8 s5se ( p]sonal responsibility1 & degrades him to a s\lless ma*9e4 ,he :o w say ^! ?+s w nev]!less pass mu* ( 8 own life 9 /udy+ ! motives :i* lead to human action1 seek+ to atta9 8 wi%es ?r\gh !m1 fram+ 9 8 m9d !ories ( p]sonal "*1 reckon+ :at are likely to be ! effects ( new comb9ations1 & giv+ to 8 reason+ ! cr[n+ "* ( true sci5tific enquiry1 by tak+ x = grant$ t 9 s f> z 8 calculation turns out wrong1 ei!r 8 evid5ce mu/ h be5 false or incomplete1 or 8 judgm5t ^u x uns\nd4 ,su* a "o w sum up ! exp]i5ce ( ye>s sp5t 9 complex relations ) society1 by decl>+ 8 p]suasion t !re is a reason = ev]y?+ 9 life1 & t :]e ev5ts look unacc\ntable1 ! rule is to wait & wat* 9 hope t ! key to ! problem may "s day be f\nd4 ,?is man's obs]vation may h be5 z n>r[ z 8 inf]5ces are crude & prejudic$1 b nev]!less he has be5 an inductive philosoph] #8m ?an =ty ye>s )\t kn[+ x4' ,he has practically ackn[l$g$ def9ite laws ( human ?\ght & action1 & has simply ?r[n out ( acc\nt 9 8 own /udies ( life ! :ole fabric ( motiveless w & uncaus$ spontaneity4 ,x is assum$ "h t !y %\ld be j s ?r[n out ( acc\nt 9 wid] /udies1 & t ! true philosophy ( hi/ory lies 9 ext5d+ & improv+ ! me?ods ( ! pla9 p :o =m _! judgm5ts ^u facts1 & *eck !m ^u new facts4 ,:e!r ! doctr9e be :olly or b p>tly true1 x accepts ! v condition "u :i* we se>* = new k 9 ! lessons ( exp]i5ce1 & 9 a ^w ! :ole c\rse ( our rational life is bas$ ^u x4 #8,"o ev5t is always ! son ( ano!r1 & we mu/ nev] =get ! p>5tage1' 0 a rem>k made by a ,be*uana *ief to ,casalis ! ,african mission>y4 ,?us at all times hi/orians1 s f> z !y h aim$ at be+ m ?an m]e *ronicl]s1 h done _! be/ to %[ n m]ely succession1 b connexion1 among ! ev5ts ^u _! record4 ,moreov]1 !y h /riv5 to elicit g5]al pr9ciples ( human action1 & by ^! to expla9 p>ticul> ev5ts1 /at+ expressly or tak+ tacitly = grant$ ! exi/5ce ( a philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,%\ld any "o d5y ! possibility ( ?us e/abli%+ hi/orical laws1 ! answ] is ready ) :i* ,boswell 9 su* a case turn$ on ,johnson3 #8,!n1 sir1 y w\ld r$uce all hi/ory to no bett] ?an an almanack4' ,t nev]!less ! lab\rs ( s _m em95t ?9k]s %\ld h z yet br\ght hi/ory only to ! ?re%old ( sci5ce1 ne$ cause no wond] to ^? :o consid] ! bewild]+ complexity ( ! problems :i* come be=e ! g5]al hi/orian4 ,! evid5ce f :i* he is to draw 8 conclusions is at once s multif>i\s & s d\btful1 t a full & di/9ct view ( its be>+ on a p>ticul> "q is h>dly to be atta9$1 & ?us ! temptation becomes all b irresi/ible to g>ble x 9 support ( "s r\gh & ready !ory ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! philosophy ( hi/ory at l>ge1 expla9+ ! pa/ & pr$ict+ ! future ph5om5a ( man's life 9 ! _w by ref]5ce to g5]al laws1 is 9 fact a subject ) :i*1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k1 ev5 g5ius aid$ by wide rese>* seems b h>dly able to cope4 ,yet !re are dep>tm5ts ( x :i*1 ?\gh difficult en\gh1 seem comp>atively accessible4 ,if ! field ( enquiry be n>r[$ f ,hi/ory z a :ole to t bran* ( x :i* is "h call$ ,culture1 ! hi/ory1 n ( tribes or nations1 b ( ! condition ( k1 religion1 art1 cu/om1 & ! l among !m1 ! task ( inve/igation proves to lie )9 f> m mod]ate compass4 ,we suff] /ill f ! same k9d ( difficulties :i* beset ! wid] argum5t1 b !y are mu* dim9i%$4 ,! evid5ce is no long] s wildly het]og5e\s1 b may be m simply classifi$ & comp>$1 :ile ! p[] ( gett+ rid ( extrane\s matt]1 & treat+ ea* issue on its own prop] set ( facts1 makes close reason+ on ! :ole m available ?an 9 g5]al hi/ory4 ,?is may appe> f a brief prelim9>y exam9ation ( ! problem1 h[ ! ph5om5a ( ,culture may be classifi$ & arrang$1 /age by /age1 9 a probable ord] ( evolution4 ,survey$ 9 a broad view1 ! "* & habit ( mank9d at once display t simil>ity & consi/5cy ( ph5om5a :i* l$ ! ,italian prov]b-mak] to decl>e t #8all ! _w is "o c\ntry1' #8tutto il mondo paese4' ,to g5]al lik5ess 9 human nature on ! "o h&1 & to g5]al lik5ess 9 ! circum/ances ( life on ! o!r1 ?is simil>ity & consi/5cy may no d\bt be trac$1 & !y may be /udi$ ) especial fitness 9 comp>+ races ne> ! same grade ( civilization4 ,little respect ne$ be _h 9 su* comp>isons = date 9 hi/ory or = place on ! map2 ! anci5t ,swiss lake-dwell] may be set beside ! m$ival ,aztec1 & ! ,ojibwa ( ,nor? ,am]ica beside ! ,zulu ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,z ,dr4 ,johnson contemptu\sly said :5 he _h read ab\t ,patagonians & ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s 9 ,hawkeswor?'s ,voyages1 #8"o set ( savages is l ano!r4' ,h[ true a g5]alization ?is really is1 any ,e?nological ,museum may %[4 ,exam9e = in/ance ! edg$ & po9t$ in/rum5ts 9 su* a collection2 ! inv5tory includes hat*et1 adze1 *isel1 knife1 saw1 scrap]1 awl1 ne$le1 spe> & arr[-head1 & ( ^! mo/ or all belong ) only diff]5ces ( detail to races ! mo/ v>i\s4 ,s x is ) savage occupations2 ! wood-*opp+1 fi%+ ) net & l9e1 %oot+ & spe>+ game1 fire-mak+1 cook+1 twi/+ cord & plait+ baskets1 repeat !mselves ) wond]ful uni=mity 9 ! museum %elves :i* illu/rate ! life ( ! l[] races f ,kam*atka to ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 & f ,dahome to ,hawaii4 ,ev5 :5 x comes to comp>+ b>b>\s hordes ) civiliz$ nations1 ! consid]ation ?ru/s itself ^u our m9ds1 h[ f> item aft] item ( ! life ( ! l[] races passes into analog\s proce$+s ( ! high]1 9 =ms n too f> *ang$ to be recogniz$1 & sometimes h>dly *ang$ at all4 ,look at ! mod]n ,european peasant us+ 8 hat*et & 8 hoe1 see 8 food boil+ or roa/+ ov] ! log-fire1 obs]ve ! exact place :i* be] holds 9 8 calculation ( happ9ess1 he> 8 tale ( ! gho/ 9 ! ne>e/ haunt$ h\se1 & ( ! f>m]'s niece :o 0 bewit*$ ) knots 9 h] inside till %e fell into fits & di$4 ,if we *oose out 9 ?is way ?+s :i* h alt]$ little 9 a long c\rse ( c5turies1 we may draw a picture :]e !re %all be sc>ce a h&'s bread? diff]5ce betwe5 an ,engli% pl\ghman & a negro ( ,c5tral ,africa4 ,^! pages w be s cr[d$ ) evid5ce ( su* correspond5ce among mank9d1 t !re is no ne$ to dwell ^u its details "h1 b x may be us$ at once to ov]ride a problem :i* w\ld complicate ! argum5t1 namely1 ! "q ( race4 ,= ! pres5t purpose x appe>s bo? possible & desirable to elim9ate consid]ations ( h]$it>y v>ieties or races ( man1 & to treat mank9d z homog5e\s 9 nature1 ?\gh plac$ 9 diff]5t grades ( civilization4 ,! details ( ! enquiry w1 ,i ?9k1 prove t /ages ( culture may be comp>$ )\t tak+ into acc\nt h[ f> tribes :o use ! same implem5t1 foll[ ! same cu/om1 or believe ! same my?1 may diff] 9 _! bodily configuration & ! col\r ( _! sk9 & hair4 ,a fir/ /ep 9 ! /udy ( civilization is to dissect x into details1 & to classify ^! 9 _! prop] gr\ps4 ,?us1 9 exam9+ weapons1 !y are to be class$ "u spe>1 club1 sl+1 b[ & arr[1 & s =?2 among textile arts are to be rang$ matt+1 nett+1 & sev]al grades ( mak+ & weav+ ?reads2 my?s are divid$ "u su* head+s z my?s ( sunrise & sunset1 eclipse-my?s1 e>?quake-my?s1 local my?s :i* acc\nt = ! names ( places by "s fanciful tale1 eponymic my?s :i* acc\nt = ! p>5tage ( a tribe by turn+ its "n into ! "n ( an imag9>y ance/or2 "u rites & c]emonies occur su* practices z ! v>i\s k9ds ( sacrifice to ! gho/s ( ! dead & to o!r spiritual be+s1 ! turn+ to ! ea/ 9 wor%ip1 ! purification ( c]emonial or moral uncleanness by means ( wat] or fire4 ,su* are a few miscellane\s examples f a li/ ( hundr$s1 & ! e?nograph]'s bus9ess is to classify su* details ) a view to mak+ out _! di/ribution 9 geography & hi/ory1 & ! relations :i* exi/ among !m4 ,:at ?is task is l1 may be almo/ p]fectly illu/rat$ by comp>+ ^! details ( culture ) ! species ( plants & animals z /udi$ by ! naturali/4 ,to ! e?nograph] ! b[ & arr[ is a species1 ! habit ( flatt5+ *ildr5's skulls is a species1 ! practice ( reckon+ numb]s by t5s is a species4 ,! geographical di/ribution ( ^! ?+s1 & _! transmission f region to region1 h to be /udi$ z ! naturali/ /udies ! geography ( 8 botanical & zoological1 species4 ,j z c]ta9 plants & animals are peculi> to c]ta9 di/ricts1 s x is ) su* in/rum5ts z ! ,au/ralian boom]ang1 ! ,polynesian /ick-&-groove = fire-mak+1 ! t9y b[ & arr[ us$ z a lancet or phleme by tribes ab\t ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 & 9 l mann] ) _m an art1 my?1 or cu/om1 f\nd isolat$ 9 a p>ticul> field4 ,j z ! catalogue ( all ! species ( plants & animals ( a di/rict repres5ts its ,flora & ,fauna1 s ! li/ ( all ! items ( ! g5]al life ( a p repres5ts t :ole :i* we call its culture4 ,& j z di/ant regions s (t5 produce vegetables & animals :i* are analog\s1 ?\gh by no means id5tical1 s x is ) ! details ( ! civilization ( _! inhabitants4 ,h[ good a work+ analogy !re really is betwe5 ! diffusion ( plants & animals & ! diffusion ( civilization1 comes well into view :5 we notice h[ f> ! same causes h produc$ bo? at once4 ,9 di/rict aft] di/rict1 ! same causes :i* h introduc$ ! cultivat$ plants & dome/icat$ animals ( civilization1 h br\ght 9 ) !m a correspond+ art & k4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts :i* c>ri$ horses & :eat to ,am]ica c>ri$ ) !m ! use ( ! gun & ! iron hat*et1 :ile 9 return ! :ole _w receiv$ n only maize1 potatoes1 & turkeys1 b ! habit ( tobacco-smok+ & ! sailor's hammock4 ,x is a matt] wor?y ( consid]ation1 t ! acc\nts ( simil> ph5om5a ( culture1 recurr+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 actually supply incid5tal pro( ( _! own au!nticity4 ,"s ye>s s9ce1 a "q :i* br+s out ?is po9t 0 put to me by a great hi/orian--#8,h[ c a /atem5t z to cu/oms1 my?s1 beliefs1 c41 ( a savage tribe be treat$ z evid5ce :]e x dep5ds on ! te/imony ( "s travell] or mission>y1 :o may be a sup]ficial obs]v]1 m or less ignorant ( ! native language1 a c>eless retail] ( unsift$ talk1 a man prejudic$ or ev5 wilfully deceitful8' ,?is "q is1 inde$1 "o :i* e e?nograph] ought to keep cle>ly & con/antly be=e 8 m9d4 ,( c\rse he is b\nd to use 8 be/ judgm5t z to ! tru/wor?9ess ( all au?ors he quotes1 & if possible to obta9 sev]al acc\nts to c]tify ea* po9t 9 ea* locality4 ,b x is ov] & above ^! measures ( precaution t ! te/ ( recurr5ce comes 94 ,if two indep5d5t visitors to diff]5t c\ntries1 say a m$ival ,mohamm$an 9 ,t>t>y & a mod]n ,engli%man 9 ,dahome1 or a ,jesuit mission>y 9 ,brazil & a ,wesleyan 9 ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 agree 9 describ+ "s analog\s art or rite or my? among ! p !y h visit$1 x becomes difficult or impossible to set d[n su* correspond5ce to accid5t or wilful fraud4 ,a /ory by a bu%rang] 9 ,au/ralia may1 p]haps1 be object$ to z a mi/ake or an inv5tion1 b did a ,me?odi/ m9i/] 9 ,gu9ea conspire ) him to *eat ! public by tell+ ! same /ory !re8 ,! possibility ( int5tional or un9t5tional my/ification is (t5 b>r$ by su* a /ate ( ?+s z t a simil> /atem5t is made 9 two remote l&s1 by two witnesses1 ( :om ,a liv$ a c5tury be=e ,b1 & ,b appe>s nev] to h he>d ( ,a4 ,h[ di/ant are ! c\ntries1 h[ wide ap>t ! dates1 h[ diff]5t ! cre$s & *>act]s ( ! obs]v]s1 9 ! catalogue ( facts ( civilization1 ne$s no f>!r %[+ to any "o :o w ev5 glance at ! footnotes ( ! pres5t "w4 ,& ! m odd ! /atem5t1 ! less likely t sev]al p 9 sev]al places %\ld h made x wrongly4 ,?is be+ s1 x seems reasonable to judge t ! /atem5ts are 9 ! ma9 truly giv51 & t _! close & regul> co9cid5ce is due to ! cropp+ up ( simil> facts 9 v>i\s di/ricts ( culture4 ,n[ ! mo/ important facts ( e?nography are v\*$ = 9 ?is way4 ,exp]i5ce leads ! /ud5t aft] a :ile to expect & f9d t ! ph5om5a ( culture1 z result+ f widely-act+ simil> causes1 %\ld recur aga9 & aga9 9 ! _w4 ,he ev5 mi/ru/s isolat$ /atem5ts to :i* he kn[s ( no p>allel else:]e1 & waits = _! g5u95ess to be %[n by correspond+ acc\nts f ! o!r side ( ! e>?1 or ! o!r end ( hi/ory4 ,s /rong1 inde$1 is ?is means ( au!ntication1 t ! e?nograph] 9 8 libr>y may sometimes presume to decide1 n only :e!r a p>ticul> explor] is a %rewd1 hone/ obs]v]1 b also :e!r :at he reports is con=mable to ! g5]al rules ( civilization4 #8,non quis1 s$ quid4' ,to turn f ! di/ribution ( culture 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 to its diffusion )9 ^! c\ntries4 ,! quality ( mank9d :i* t5ds mo/ to make ! sy/ematic /udy ( civilization possible1 is t rem>kable tacit cons5sus or agreem5t :i* s f> induces :ole populations to unite 9 ! use ( ! same language1 to foll[ ! same religion & cu/om>y law1 to settle d[n to ! same g5]al level ( art & k4 ,x is ?is /ate ( ?+s :i* makes x s f> possible to ignore exceptional facts & to describe nations by a sort ( g5]al av]age4 ,x is ?is /ate ( ?+s :i* makes x s f> possible to repres5t imm5se masses ( details by a few typical facts1 :ile1 ^! once settl$1 new cases record$ by new obs]v]s simply fall into _! places to prove ! s\ndness ( ! classification4 ,!re is f\nd to be su* regul>ity 9 ! composition ( societies ( m51 t we c drop individual diff]5ces out ( sight1 & ?us c g5]alize on ! arts & op9ions ( :ole nations1 j z1 :5 look+ d[n ^u an army f a hill1 we =get ! individual soldi]1 :om1 9 fact1 we c sc>ce di/+ui% 9 ! mass1 :ile we see ea* regim5t z an organiz$ body1 spread+ or conc5trat+1 mov+ 9 advance or 9 retreat4 ,9 "s bran*es ( ! /udy ( social laws x is n[ possible to call 9 ! aid ( /ati/ics1 & to set ap>t special actions ( l>ge mix$ communities ( m5 by means ( taxga!r]s' s*$ules1 or ! tables ( ! insurance (fice4 ,among mod]n argum5ts on ! laws ( human action1 none h _h a deep] effect ?an g5]alizations su* z ^? ( ,m4 ,quetelet1 on ! regul>ity1 n only ( su* matt]s z av]age /ature & ! annual rates ( bir? & dea?1 b ( ! recurr5ce1 ye> aft] ye>1 ( su* obscure & seem+ly incalculable products ( national life z ! numb]s ( murd]s & suicides1 & ! proportion ( ! v weapons ( crime4 ,o!r /rik+ cases are ! annual regul>ity ( p]sons kill$ accid5tally 9 ! ,london /reets1 & ( undirect$ lett]s dropp$ into po/-(fice lett]-boxes4 ,b 9 exam9+ ! culture ( ! l[] races1 f> f hav+ at comm& ! measur$ ari?metical facts ( mod]n /ati/ics1 we may h to judge ( ! condition ( tribes f ! imp]fect acc\nts suppli$ by travell]s or mission>ies1 or ev5 to reason ^u relics ( prehi/oric races ( ^: v names & languages we are hopelessly ignorant4 ,n[ ^! may seem at ! fir/ glance sadly indef9ite & unpromis+ mat]ials = sci5tific enquiry4 ,b 9 fact !y are nei!r indef9ite nor unpromis+1 b give evid5ce t is good & def9ite s f> z x goes4 ,!y are data :i*1 = ! di/9ct way 9 :i* !y sev]ally d5ote ! condition ( ! tribe !y belong to1 w actually be> comp>ison ) ! /ati/ician's returns4 ,! fact is t a /one arr[-head1 a c>v$ club1 an idol1 a grave-m\nd :]e slaves & prop]ty h be5 buri$ = ! use ( ! dead1 an acc\nt ( a sorc]]'s rites 9 mak+ ra91 a table ( num]als1 ! conjugation ( a v]b1 are ?+s :i* ea* express ! /ate ( a p z to "o p>ticul> po9t ( culture1 z truly z ! tabulat$ numb]s ( dea?s by poison1 & ( *e/s ( tea import$1 express 9 a diff]5t way o!r p>tial results ( ! g5]al life ( a :ole community4 ,t a :ole nation %\ld h a special dress1 special tools & weapons1 special laws ( m>riage & prop]ty1 special moral & religi\s doctr9es1 is a rem>kable fact1 :i* we notice s little because we h liv$ all our lives 9 ! mid/ ( x4 ,x is ) su* g5]al qualities ( organiz$ bodies ( m5 t e?nography has especially to deal4 ,yet1 :ile g5]aliz+ on ! culture ( a tribe or nation1 & sett+ aside ! peculi>ities ( ! individuals compos+ x z unimportant to ! ma9 result1 we mu/ be c>eful n to =get :at makes up ?is ma9 result4 ,!re are p s int5t on ! sep>ate life ( individuals t !y _c grasp a notion ( ! action ( a community z a :ole--su* an obs]v]1 incapable ( a wide view ( society1 is aptly describ$ 9 ! say+ t he #8_c see ! =e/ = ! trees4' ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! philosoph] may be s int5t ^u 8 g5]al laws ( society z to neglect ! individual actors ( :om t society is made up1 & ( him x may be said t he _c see ! trees = ! =e/4 ,we "k h[ arts1 cu/oms1 & ideas are %ap$ among ourselves by ! comb9$ actions ( _m individuals1 ( :i* actions bo? motive & effect (t5 come q di/9ctly )9 our view4 ,! hi/ory ( an inv5tion1 an op9ion1 a c]emony1 is a hi/ory ( sugge/ion & modification1 enc\ragem5t & opposition1 p]sonal ga9 & p>ty prejudice1 & ! individuals conc]n$ act ea* accord+ to 8 own motives1 z det]m9$ by 8 "* & circum/ances4 ,?us sometimes we wat* individuals act+ = _! own ends ) little ?\ght ( _! effect on society at l>ge1 & sometimes we h to /udy movem5ts ( national life z a :ole1 :]e ! individuals co-op]at+ 9 !m are utt]ly beyond our obs]vation4 ,b see+ t collective social action is ! m]e resultant ( _m individual actions1 x is cle> t ^! two me?ods ( enquiry1 if rightly foll[$1 mu/ be absolutely consi/5t4 ,9 /udy+ bo? ! recurr5ce ( special habits or ideas 9 sev]al di/ricts1 & _! preval5ce )9 ea* di/rict1 !re come be=e u ev]-reit]at$ pro(s ( regul> causation produc+ ! ph5om5a ( human life1 & ( laws ( ma9t5ance & diffusion accord+ to :i* ^! ph5om5a settle into p]man5t /&>d conditions ( society1 at def9ite /ages ( culture4 ,b1 :ile giv+ full importance to ! evid5ce be>+ on ^! /&>d conditions ( society1 let u be c>eful to avoid a pitfall :i* may entrap ! unw>y /ud5t4 ,( c\rse ! op9ions & habits belong+ 9 common to masses ( mank9d are to a great ext5t ! results ( s\nd judgm5t & practical wisdom4 ,b to a great ext5t x is n s4 ,t _m num]\s societies ( m5 %\ld h believ$ 9 ! influ5ce ( ! evil eye & ! exi/5ce ( a firmam5t1 %\ld h sacrific$ slaves & goods to ! gho/s ( ! dep>t$1 %\ld h h&$ d[n traditions ( giants slay+ mon/]s & m5 turn+ into bea/s--all ?is is gr\nd = hold+ t su* ideas 7 inde$ produc$ 9 m5's m9ds by effici5t causes1 b x is n gr\nd = hold+ t ! rites 9 "q are pr(itable1 ! beliefs s\nd1 & ! hi/ory au!ntic4 ,?is may seem at ! fir/ glance a truism1 b1 9 fact1 x is ! d5ial ( a fallacy :i* deeply affects ! m9ds ( all b a small critical m9ority ( mank9d4 ,popul>ly1 :at ev]ybody says mu/ be true1 :at ev]ybody does mu/ be "r--#8,quod ubique1 quod semp]1 quod ab omnibus cr$itum e/1 hoc e/ v]e proprieque ,ca?olicum'--& s =?4 ,!re are v>i\s topics1 especially 9 hi/ory1 law1 philosophy1 & !ology1 :]e ev5 ! educat$ p we live among c h>dly be br\ght to see t ! cause :y m5 d hold an op9ion1 or practise a cu/om1 is by no means necess>ily a reason :y !y ought to d s4 ,n[ collections ( e?nographic evid5ce br++ s prom95tly into view ! agreem5t ( imm5se multitudes ( m5 z to c]ta9 traditions1 beliefs1 & usages1 are peculi>ly liable to be ?us improp]ly us$ 9 direct def5ce ( ^! in/itutions !mselves1 ev5 old b>b>ic nations be+ poll$ to ma9ta9 _! op9ions aga9/ :at are call$ mod]n ideas4 ,z x has m ?an once happ5$ to myself to f9d my collections ( traditions & beliefs ?us set up to prove _! own objective tru?1 )\t prop] exam9ation ( ! gr\nds on :i* !y 7 actually receiv$1 ,i take ?is occasion ( rem>k+ t ! same l9e ( argum5t w s]ve equally well to demon/rate1 by ! /rong & wide cons5t ( nations1 t ! e>? is flat1 & nightm>e ! visit ( a demon4 ,x be+ %[n t ! details ( ,culture are capable ( be+ classifi$ 9 a great numb] ( e?nographic gr\ps ( arts1 beliefs1 cu/oms1 & ! re/1 ! consid]ation comes next h[ f> ! facts arrang$ 9 ^! gr\ps are produc$ by evolution f "o ano!r4 ,x ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out t ! gr\ps 9 "q1 ?\gh held toge!r ea* by a common "*1 are by no means accurately def9$4 ,to take up aga9 ! natural hi/ory illu/ration1 x may be said t !y are species :i* t5d to run widely into v>ieties4 ,& :5 x comes to ! "q :at relations "s ( ^! gr\ps be> to o!rs1 x is pla9 t ! /ud5t ( ! habits ( mank9d has a great advantage ov] ! /ud5t ( ! species ( plants & animals4 ,among naturali/s x is an op5 "q :e!r a !ory ( developm5t f species to species is a record ( transitions :i* actually took place1 or a m]e ideal s*eme s]viceable 9 ! classification ( species ^: orig9 0 really indep5d5t4 ,b among e?nograph]s !re is no su* "q z to ! possibility ( species ( implem5ts or habits or beliefs be+ develop$ "o out ( ano!r1 = developm5t 9 ,culture is recogniz$ by our mo/ famili> k4 ,me*anical inv5tion supplies apt examples ( ! k9d ( developm5t :i* affects civilization at l>ge4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( fire-arms1 ! clumsy :eel-lock1 9 :i* a not*$ /eel :eel revolv$ by means ( a spr+ aga9/ a piece ( pyrites till a sp>k caught ! prim+1 l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! m s]viceable fl9t-lock1 ( :i* a few /ill hang 9 ! kit*5s ( our f>m-h\ses = ! boys to %oot small birds ) at ,*ri/mas2 ! fl9t-lock 9 "t pass$ by modification into ! p]cussion-lock1 :i* is j n[ *ang+ its old-fa%ion$ arrangem5t to be adapt$ f muzzle-load+ to bree*-load+4 ,! m$ival a/rolabe pass$ into ! quadrant1 n[ disc>d$ 9 its turn by ! seaman1 :o uses ! m delicate sextant1 & s x is ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( "o art & in/rum5t aft] ano!r4 ,su* examples ( progression are kn[n to u z direct hi/ory1 b s ?or\ghly is ?is notion ( developm5t at home 9 our m9ds1 t by means ( x we recon/ruct lo/ hi/ory )\t scruple1 tru/+ to g5]al k ( ! pr9ciples ( human ?\ght & action z a guide 9 putt+ ! facts 9 _! prop] ord]4 ,:e!r *ronicle speaks or is sil5t on ! po9t1 no "o comp>+ a long-b[ & a cross-b[ w\ld d\bt t ! cross-b[ 0 a developm5t aris+ f ! simpl] in/rum5t4 ,s among ! fire-drills = ignit+ by friction1 x seems cle> on ! face ( ! matt] t ! drill work$ by a cord or b[ is a lat] improvem5t on ! clumsi] primitive in/rum5t twirl$ betwe5 ! h&s4 ,t in/ructive class ( specim5s :i* antiqu>ies sometimes discov]1 bronze celts modell$ on ! heavy type ( ! /one hat*et1 are sc>cely explicable except z fir/ /eps 9 ! transition f ! ,/one ,age to ! ,bronze ,age1 to be foll[$ soon by ! next /age ( progress1 9 :i* x is discov]$ t ! new mat]ial is suit$ to a h&i] & less wa/eful patt]n4 ,& ?us1 9 ! o!r bran*es ( our hi/ory1 !re w come aga9 & aga9 into view s]ies ( facts :i* may be consi/5tly arrang$ z hav+ foll[$ "o ano!r 9 a p>ticul> ord] ( developm5t1 b :i* w h>dly be> be+ turn$ r\nd & made to foll[ 9 rev]s$ ord]4 ,su* = in/ance are ! facts ,i h "h br\ght =w>d 9 a *apt] on ! ,art ( ,c\nt+1 :i* t5d to prove t z to ?is po9t ( culture at lea/1 savage tribes rea*$ _! position by le>n+ & n by unle>n+1 by elevation f a l[] r ?an by degradation f a high] /ate4 ,among evid5ce aid+ u to trace ! c\rse :i* ! civilization ( ! _w has actually foll[$1 is t great class ( facts to d5ote :i* ,i h f\nd x conv5i5t to introduce ! t]m #8survivals4' ,^! are processes1 cu/oms1 op9ions1 & s =?1 :i* h be5 c>ri$ on by =ce ( habit into a new /ate ( society diff]5t f t 9 :i* !y _h _! orig9al home1 & !y ?us rema9 z pro(s & examples ( an old] condition ( culture out ( :i* a new] has be5 evolv$4 ,?us1 ,i "k an old ,som]set%ire woman ^: h&-loom dates f ! "t be=e ! introduction ( ! #8fly+ %uttle1' :i* new-fangl$ appliance %e has nev] ev5 le>nt to use1 & ,i h se5 h] ?r[ h] %uttle f h& to h& 9 true classic fa%ion2 ?is old woman is n a c5tury beh9d h] times1 b %e is a case ( survival4 ,su* examples (t5 lead u back to ! habits ( hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,! ordeal ( ! ,key & ,bible1 /ill 9 use1 is a survival2 ! ,midsumm] bonfire is a survival2 ! ,breton peasants' ,all ,s\ls' supp] = ! spirits ( ! dead is a survival4 ,! simple keep+ up ( anci5t habits is only "o "p ( ! transition f old into new & *ang+ times4 ,! s]i\s bus9ess ( anci5t society may be se5 to s9k into ! sport ( lat] g5]ations1 & its s]i\s belief to l+] on 9 nurs]y folk-lore1 :ile sup]s$$ habits ( old-_w life may be modifi$ into new-_w =ms /ill p[]ful = good & evil4 ,sometimes old ?\ghts & practices w bur/ out afre%1 to ! amazem5t ( a _w t ?\ght !m long s9ce dead or dy+2 "h survival passes into revival1 z has lately happ5$ 9 s rem>kable a way 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n spiritualism1 a subject full ( in/ruction f ! e?nograph]'s po9t ( view4 ,! /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( survival has1 inde$1 no small practical importance1 = mo/ ( :at we call sup]/ition is includ$ )9 survival1 & 9 ?is way lies op5 to ! attack ( its deadlie/ enemy1 a reasonable explanation4 ,insignificant1 moreov]1 z multitudes ( ! facts ( survival are 9 !mselves1 _! /udy is s effective = trac+ ! c\rse ( ! hi/orical developm5t ?r\gh :i* alone x is possible to und]/& _! mean+1 t x becomes a vital po9t ( e?nographic rese>* to ga9 ! cle>e/ possible insight into _! nature4 ,?is importance mu/ ju/ify ! detail "h devot$ to an exam9ation ( survival1 on ! evid5ce ( su* games1 popul> say+s1 cu/oms1 sup]/itions1 & ! l1 z may s]ve well to br+ into view ! mann] ( its op]ation4 ,progress1 degradation1 survival1 revival1 modification1 are all modes ( ! connexion t b9ds toge!r ! complex network ( civilization4 ,x ne$s b a glance into ! trivial details ( our own daily life to set u ?9k+ h[ f> we are really its orig9ators1 & h[ f> b ! transmitt]s & modifi]s ( ! results ( long pa/ ages4 ,look+ r\nd ! rooms we live 91 we may try "h h[ f> he :o only kn[s 8 own "t c be capable ( rightly compreh5d+ ev5 t4 ,"h is ! #8honeysuckle' ( ,assyria1 !re ! fleur-de-lis ( ,anj\1 a cornice ) a ,greek bord] runs r\nd ! ceil+1 ! /yle ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 & its p>5t ! ,r5aissance %>e ! look+-glass betwe5 !m4 ,trans=m$1 %ift$1 or mutilat$1 su* elem5ts ( art /ill c>ry _! hi/ory pla9ly /amp$ ^u !m2 & if ! hi/ory yet f>!r beh9d is less easy to read1 we are n to say t because we _c cle>ly disc]n x !re is !re=e no hi/ory !re4 ,x is ?us ev5 ) ! fa%ion ( ! clo!s m5 we>4 ,! ridicul\s little tails ( ! ,g]man po/ilion's coat %[ ( !mselves h[ !y came to dw9dle to su* absurd rudim5ts2 b ! ,engli% cl]gyman's b&s no long] s convey _! hi/ory to ! eye1 & look unacc\ntable en\gh till "o has se5 ! int]m$iate /ages ?r\gh :i* !y came d[n f ! m s]viceable wide coll>s1 su* z ,milton we>s 9 8 portrait1 & :i* gave _! "n to ! #8b&-box' !y us$ to be kept 94 ,9 fact1 ! books ( co/ume1 %[+ h[ "o g>m5t grew or %rank by gradual /ages & pass$ into ano!r1 illu/rate ) mu* =ce & cle>ness ! nature ( ! *ange & gr[?1 revival & decay1 :i* g on f ye> to ye> 9 m important matt]s ( life4 ,9 books1 aga91 we see ea* writ] n = & by himself1 b occupy+ 8 prop] place 9 hi/ory2 we look ?r\gh ea* philosoph]1 ma!matician1 *emi/1 poet1 into ! backgr\nd ( 8 education1--?r\gh ,leibnitz into ,desc>tes1 ?r\gh ,dalton into ,prie/ley1 ?r\gh ,milton into ,hom]4 ,! /udy ( language has1 p]haps1 done m ?an any o!r 9 remov+ f our view ( human ?\ght & action ! ideas ( *ance & arbitr>y inv5tion1 & 9 sub/itut+ = !m a !ory ( developm5t by ! co-op]ation ( individual m51 ?r\gh processes ev] reasonable & intelligible :]e ! facts are fully kn[n4 ,rudim5t>y z ! sci5ce ( culture /ill is1 ! symptoms are becom+ v /rong t ev5 :at seem its mo/ spontane\s & motiveless ph5om5a w1 nev]!less1 be %[n to come )9 ! range ( di/9ct cause & effect z c]ta9ly z ! facts ( me*anics4 ,:at w\ld be popul>ly ?\ght m indef9ite & uncontroll$ ?an ! products ( ! imag9ation 9 my?s & fables8 ,yet any sy/ematic inve/igation ( my?ology1 on ! basis ( a wide collection ( evid5ce1 w %[ pla9ly en\gh 9 su* ef=ts ( fancy at once a developm5t f /age to /age1 & a production ( uni=mity ( result f uni=mity ( cause4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 causeless spontaneity is se5 to rec$e f>!r & f>!r into %elt] )9 ! d>k prec9cts ( ignorance2 l *ance1 t /ill holds its place among ! vulg> z a real cause ( ev5ts o!rwise unacc\ntable1 :ile to educat$ m5 x has long consci\sly meant no?+ b ?is ignorance itself4 ,x is only :5 m5 fail to see ! l9e ( connexion 9 ev5ts1 t !y are prone to fall ^u ! notions ( arbitr>y impulses1 causeless freaks1 *ance & nons5se & indef9ite unacc\ntability4 ,if *ildi% games1 purposeless cu/oms1 absurd sup]/itions1 are set d[n z spontane\s because no "o c say exactly h[ !y came to be1 ! ass]tion may rem9d u ( ! l effect t ! ecc5tric habits ( ! wild rice-plant _h on ! philosophy ( a ,r$ ,indian tribe1 o!rwise dispos$ to see 9 ! h>mony ( nature ! effects ( "o controll+ p]sonal w4 ,! ,great ,_s1 said ^! ,si\x !ologians1 made all ?+s except ! wild rice2 b ! wild rice came by *ance4 #8,man1' said ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 #8ev] connects on f :at lies at h& 7d] ,m5s* knpft imm] an ,vorh&5es an74' ,! notion ( ! cont9uity ( civilization conta9$ 9 ?is maxim is no b>r5 philosophic pr9ciple1 b is at once made practical by ! consid]ation t !y :o wi% to und]/& _! own lives ought to "k ! /ages ?r\gh :i* _! op9ions & habits h become :at !y are4 ,augu/e ,comte sc>cely ov]/at$ ! necessity ( ?is /udy ( developm5t :5 he decl>$ at ! beg9n+ ( 8 #8,positive ,philosophy' t #8no conception c be und]/ood except ?r\gh its hi/ory1' & 8 phrase w be> ext5sion to culture at l>ge4 ,to expect to look mod]n life 9 ! face & compreh5d x by m]e inspection1 is a philosophy ^: weakness c easily be te/$4 ,imag9e any "o expla9+ ! trivial say+1 #8a little bird told me1' )\t kn[+ ( ! old belief 9 ! language ( birds & bea/s1 to :i* ,dr4 ,das5t1 9 ! introduction to ! ,norse ,tales1 s reasonably traces its orig94 ,attempts to expla9 by ! light ( reason ?+s :i* want ! light ( hi/ory to %[ _! mean+1 may be in/anc$ f ,black/one's ,comm5t>ies4 ,to ,black/one's m9d1 ! v "r ( ! common] to turn 8 bea/ out to graze on ! common1 f9ds its orig9 & explanation 9 ! feudal sy/em4 #8,=1 :5 lords ( manors grant$ out p>cels ( l& to t5ants1 = s]vices ei!r done or to be done1 ^! t5ants c\ld n pl\gh or manure ! l& )\t bea/s2 ^! bea/s c\ld n be su/a9$ )\t pa/ure2 & pa/ure c\ld n be _h b 9 ! "l's wa/es1 & on ! un9clos$ fall[ gr\nds ( !mselves & ! o!r t5ants4 ,! law !re=e annex$ ?is "r ( common1 z insep>ably incid5t1 to ! grant ( ! l&s2 & ?is 0 ! orig9al ( common app5dant1' c4#b ,n[ ?\gh !re is no?+ irrational 9 ?is explanation1 x does n agree at all ) ! ,teutonic l&-law :i* prevail$ 9 ,engl& long be=e ! ,norman ,conque/1 & ( :i* ! rema9s h nev] :olly disappe>$4 ,9 ! old village-community ev5 ! arable l&1 ly+ 9 ! great common fields :i* may /ill be trac$ 9 our c\ntry1 _h n yet pass$ into sep>ate prop]ty1 :ile ! pa/urage 9 ! fall[s & /ubbles & on ! wa/e belong$ to ! h\sehold]s 9 common4 ,s9ce ^? days1 ! *ange f communal to individual own]%ip has mo/ly trans=m$ ?is old-_w sy/em1 b ! "r :i* ! peasant enjoys ( pa/ur+ 8 cattle on ! common /ill rema9s1 n z a concession to feudal t5ants1 b z possess$ by ! common]s be=e ! "l ev] claim$ ! own]%ip ( ! wa/e4 ,x is always unsafe to deta* a cu/om f its hold on pa/ ev5ts1 treat+ x z an isolat$ fact to be simply dispos$ ( by "s plausible explanation4 ,9 c>ry+ on ! great task ( rational e?nography1 ! inve/igation ( ! causes :i* h produc$ ! ph5om5a ( culture1 & ( ! laws to :i* !y are subord9ate1 x is desirable to "w out z sy/ematically z possible a s*eme ( evolution ( ?is culture along its _m l9es4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 on ! ,developm5t ( ,culture1 an attempt is made to sket* a !oretical c\rse ( civilization among mank9d1 su* z appe>s on ! :ole mo/ accordant ) ! evid5ce4 ,by comp>+ ! v>i\s /ages ( civilization among races kn[n to hi/ory1 ) ! aid ( ar*ological inf]5ce f ! rema9s ( prehi/oric tribes1 x seems possible to judge 9 a r\gh way ( an e>ly g5]al condition ( man1 :i* f our po9t ( view is to be reg>d$ z a primitive condition1 :atev] yet e>li] /ate may 9 reality h la9 beh9d x4 ,?is hypo!tical primitive condition corresponds 9 a consid]able degree to t ( mod]n savage tribes1 :o1 9 spite ( _! diff]5ce & di/ance1 h 9 common c]ta9 elem5ts ( civilization1 :i* seem rema9s ( an e>ly /ate ( ! human race at l>ge4 ,if ?is hypo!sis be true1 !n1 not)/&+ ! cont9ual int]f]5ce ( deg5]ation1 ! ma9 t5d5cy ( culture f primval up to mod]n times has be5 f savag]y t[>ds civilization4 ,on ! problem ( ?is relation ( savage to civiliz$ life1 almo/ e "o ( ! ?\s&s ( facts discuss$ 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s has its direct be>+4 ,survival 9 ,culture1 plac+ all along ! c\rse ( advanc+ civilization way-m>ks full ( mean+ to ^? :o c deciph] _! signs1 ev5 n[ sets up 9 our mid/ primval monum5ts ( b>b>ic ?\ght & life4 ,its inve/igation tells /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! view t ! ,european may f9d among ! ,gre5l&]s or ,maoris _m a trait = recon/ruct+ ! picture ( 8 own primitive ance/ors4 ,next comes ! problem ( ! ,orig9 ( ,language4 ,obscure z _m p>ts ( ?is problem /ill rema91 its cle>] positions lie op5 to ! inve/igation :e!r spee* took its orig9 among mank9d 9 ! savage /ate1 & ! result ( ! enquiry is t consi/5tly ) all kn[n evid5ce1 ?is may h be5 ! case4 ,f ! exam9ation ( ! ,art ( ,c\nt+ a f> m def9ite consequ5ce is %[n4 ,x may be confid5tly ass]t$1 t n only is ?is important art f\nd 9 a rudim5t>y /ate among savage tribes1 b t satisfactory evid5ce proves num]ation to h be5 develop$ by rational inv5tion f ?is l[ /age up to t 9 :i* we ourselves possess x4 ,! exam9ation ( ,my?ology conta9$ 9 ! fir/ volume1 is = ! mo/ "p made f a special po9t ( view1 on evid5ce collect$ = a special purpose1 t ( trac+ ! relation betwe5 ! my?s ( savage tribes & _! analogues among m civiliz$ nations4 ,! issue ( su* enquiry goes f> to prove t ! e>lie/ my?-mak] arose & fl\ri%$ among savage hordes1 sett+ on foot an art :i* 8 m cultur$ successors w\ld c>ry on1 till its results came to be fossiliz$ 9 sup]/ition1 mi/ak5 = hi/ory1 %ap$ & drap$ 9 poetry1 or ca/ aside z ly+ folly4 ,n[h]e1 p]haps1 are broad views ( hi/orical developm5t m ne$$ ?an 9 ! /udy ( religion4 ,not)/&+ all t has be5 writt5 to make ! _w acqua9t$ ) ! l[] !ologies1 ! popul> ideas ( _! place 9 hi/ory & _! relation to ! fai?s ( high] nations are /ill ( ! m$ival type4 ,x is wond]ful to contra/ "s mission>y j\rnals ) ,max ,mll]'s ,essays1 & to set ! unappreciat+ hatr$ & ridicule t is lavi%$ by n>r[ ho/ile zeal on ,brahmanism1 ,buddhism1 ,zoroa/rism1 besides ! ca?olic sympa?y ) :i* deep & wide k c survey ^? anci5t & noble phases ( man's religi\s consci\sness2 nor1 because ! religions ( savage tribes may be rude & primitive comp>$ ) ! great ,asiatic sy/ems1 d !y lie too l[ = int]e/ & ev5 = respect4 ,! "q really lies betwe5 und]/&+ & misund]/&+ !m4 ,few :o w give _! m9ds to ma/] ! g5]al pr9ciples ( savage religion w ev] aga9 ?9k x ridicul\s1 or ! k ( x sup]flu\s to ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,f> f its beliefs & practices be+ a rubbi%-heap ( miscellane\s folly1 !y are consi/5t & logical 9 s high a degree z to beg91 z soon z ev5 r\ghly classifi$1 to display ! pr9ciples ( _! =mation & developm5t2 & ^! pr9ciples prove to be ess5tially rational1 ?\gh work+ 9 a m5tal condition ( int5se & invet]ate ignorance4 ,x is ) a s5se ( attempt+ an inve/igation :i* be>s v closely on ! curr5t !ology ( our own day1 t ,i h set myself to exam9e sy/ematically1 among ! l[] races1 ! developm5t ( ,animism2 t is to say1 ! doctr9e ( s\ls & o!r spiritual be+s 9 g5]al4 ,m ?an half ( ! pres5t "w is occupi$ ) a mass ( evid5ce f all regions ( ! _w1 display+ ! nature & mean+ ( ?is great elem5t ( ! ,philosophy ( ,religion1 & trac+ its transmission1 expansion1 re/riction1 modification1 along ! c\rse ( hi/ory into ! mid/ ( our own mod]n ?\ght4 ,nor are ! que/ions ( small practical mom5t :i* h to be rais$ 9 a simil> attempt to trace ! developm5t ( c]ta9 prom95t ,rites & ,c]emonies--cu/oms s full ( in/ruction z to ! inmo/ p[]s ( religion1 ^: outw>d expression & practical result !y are4 ,9 ^! inve/igations1 h[ev]1 made r f an e?nographic ?an a !ological po9t ( view1 !re has seem$ little ne$ ( ent]+ into direct controv]sial argum5t1 :i* inde$ ,i h tak5 pa9s to avoid z f> z possible4 ,! connexion :i* runs ?r\gh religion1 f its rude/ =ms up to ! /atus ( an enlight5$ ,*ri/ianity1 may be conv5i5tly treat$ ( ) little rec\rse to dogmatic !ology4 ,! rites ( sacrifice & purification may be /udi$ 9 _! /ages ( developm5t )\t ent]+ into que/ions ( _! au?ority & value1 nor does an exam9ation ( ! successive phases ( ! _w's belief 9 a future life dem& a discussion ( ! argum5ts adduc$ = or aga9/ ! doctr9e itself4 ,! e?nographic results may !n be left z mat]ials = pr(ess$ !ologians1 & x w n p]haps be long be=e evid5ce s fraught ) mean+ %all take its legitimate place4 ,to fall back once aga9 on ! analogy ( natural hi/ory1 ! "t may soon come :5 x w be ?\ght z unreasonable = a sci5tific /ud5t ( !ology n to h a compet5t acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples ( ! religions ( ! l[] races1 z = a physiologi/ to look ) ! contempt ( pa/ c5turies on evid5ce d]iv$ f ! l[] =ms ( life1 deem+ ! /ructure ( m]e inv]tebrate creatures matt] unwor?y ( 8 philosophic /udy4 ,n m]ely z a matt] ( curi\s rese>*1 b z an important practical guide to ! und]/&+ ( ! pres5t & ! %ap+ ( ! future1 ! inve/igation into ! orig9 & e>ly developm5t ( civilization mu/ be pu%$ on zeal\sly4 ,e possible av5ue ( k mu/ be explor$1 e door tri$ to see if x is op54 ,no k9d ( evid5ce ne$ be left unt\*$ on ! score ( remot5ess or complexity1 ( m9ut5ess or triviality4 ,! t5d5cy ( mod]n enquiry is m & m t[>ds ! conclusion t if law is any:]e1 x is ev]y:]e4 ,to despair ( :at a consci5ti\s collection & /udy ( facts may lead to1 & to decl>e any problem insoluble because difficult & f> (f1 is di/9ctly to be on ! wrong side 9 sci5ce2 & he :o w *oose a hopeless task may set himself to discov] ! limits ( discov]y4 ,"o rememb]s ,comte />t+ 9 8 acc\nt ( a/ronomy ) a rem>k on ! necess>y limitation ( our k ( ! />s3 we conceive1 he tells u1 ! possibility ( det]m9+ _! =m1 di/ance1 size1 & movem5t1 :il/ we %\ld nev] by any me?od be able to /udy _! *emical composition1 _! m9]alogical /ructure1 c4 ,_h ! philosoph] liv$ to see ! application ( spectrum analysis to ?is v problem1 8 proclamation ( ! dispirit+ doctr9e ( necess>y ignorance w\ld p]haps h be5 recant$ 9 fav\r ( a m hopeful view4 ,& x seems to be ) ! philosophy ( remote human life some:at z ) ! /udy ( ! nature ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,! processes to be made out 9 ! e>ly /ages ( our m5tal evolution lie di/ant f u 9 "t z ! />s lie di/ant f u 9 space1 b ! laws ( ! univ]se are n limit$ ) ! direct obs]vation ( our s5ses4 ,!re is va/ mat]ial to be us$ 9 our enquiry2 _m work]s are n[ busi$ 9 br++ ?is mat]ial into %ape1 ?\gh little may h yet be5 done 9 proportion to :at rema9s to d2 & already x seems n too mu* to say t ! vague outl9es ( a philosophy ( primval hi/ory are beg9n+ to come )9 our view4 ,footnote #b3 ,black/one1 #8,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws ( ,engl&1' bk4 ,,ii41 *4 #c4 ,! above example replaces t giv5 9 =m] editions4 ,ano!r example may be f\nd 9 8 explanation ( ! orig9 ( deod&1 bk4 ,i41 *4 #h1 z design$1 9 ! bl9d days ( pop]y1 z an expiation = ! s\ls ( su* z 7 snat*$ away by sudd5 dea?2 see bel[1 p4 #bhg4 ,note to #crd ed4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,culture4 ,/ages ( culture1 indu/rial1 intellectual1 political1 moral--,developm5t ( culture 9 great measure corresponds ) transition f savage ?r\gh b>b>ic to civiliz$ life--,progression-!ory--,deg5]ation-!or y--,developm5t-!ory includes bo?1 ! "o z prim>y1 ! o!r z second>y--,hi/orical & traditional evid5ce n available z to l[ /ages ( culture--,hi/orical evid5ce z to pr9ciples ( ,deg5]ation--,e?nological evid5ce z to rise & fall 9 culture f comp>ison ( diff]5t levels ( culture 9 bran*es ( ! same race--,ext5t ( hi/orically record$ antiquity ( civilization--,prehi/oric ,ar*ology ext5ds ! antiquity ( man 9 l[ /ages ( civilization--,traces ( ,/one ,age1 corroborat$ by megali?ic /ructures1 lake dwell+s1 %ell-heaps1 burial-places1 c41 prove orig9al l[ culture ?r\gh\t ! _w--,/ages ( ,progressive ,developm5t 9 indu/rial arts4 ,9 tak+ up ! problem ( ! developm5t ( culture z a bran* ( e?nological rese>*1 a fir/ proce$+ is to obta9 a means ( measurem5t4 ,seek+ some?+ l a def9ite l9e along :i* to reckon progression & retrogression 9 civilization1 we may app>5tly f9d x be/ 9 ! classification ( real tribes & nations1 pa/ & pres5t4 ,civilization actually exi/+ among mank9d 9 diff]5t grades1 we are enabl$ to e/imate & comp>e x by positive examples4 ,! educat$ _w ( ,europe & ,am]ica practically settles a /&>d by simply plac+ its own nations at "o end ( ! social s]ies & savage tribes at ! o!r1 arrang+ ! re/ ( mank9d betwe5 ^! limits accord+ z !y correspond m closely to savage or to cultur$ life4 ,! pr9cipal crit]ia ( classification are ! abs5ce or pres5ce1 high or l[ developm5t1 ( ! indu/rial arts1 especially metal-work+1 manufacture ( implem5ts & vessels1 agriculture1 ar*itecture1 c41 ! ext5t ( sci5tific k1 ! def9it5ess ( moral pr9ciples1 ! condition ( religi\s belief & c]emony1 ! degree ( social & political organization1 & s =?4 ,?us1 on ! def9ite basis ( comp>$ facts1 e?nograph]s are able to set up at lea/ a r\gh scale ( civilization4 ,few w\ld dispute t ! foll[+ races are arrang$ rightly 9 ord] ( culture3--,au/ralian1 ,tahitian1 ,aztec1 ,*9ese1 ,italian4 ,by treat+ ! developm5t ( civilization on ?is pla9 e?nographic basis1 _m difficulties may be avoid$ :i* h emb>rass$ its discussion4 ,?is may be se5 by a glance at ! relation :i* !oretical pr9ciples ( civilization be> to ! transitions to be obs]v$ z matt] ( fact betwe5 ! extremes ( savage & cultur$ life4 ,f an ideal po9t ( view1 civilization may be look$ ^u z ! g5]al improvem5t ( mank9d by high] organization ( ! individual & ( society1 to ! end ( promot+ at once man's goodness1 p[]1 & happ9ess4 ,?is !oretical civilization does 9 no small measure correspond ) actual civilization1 z trac$ by comp>+ savag]y ) b>b>ism1 & b>b>ism ) mod]n educat$ life4 ,s f> z we take into acc\nt only mat]ial & intellectual culture1 ?is is especially true4 ,acqua9tance ) ! physical laws ( ! _w1 & ! accompany+ p[] ( adapt+ nature to man's own ends1 are1 on ! :ole1 l[e/ among savages1 mean among b>b>ians1 & highe/ among mod]n educat$ nations4 ,?us a transition f ! savage /ate to our own w\ld be1 practically1 t v progress ( art & k :i* is "o ma9 elem5t 9 ! developm5t ( culture4 ,b ev5 ^? /ud5ts :o hold mo/ /rongly t ! g5]al c\rse ( civilization1 z measur$ along ! scale ( races f savages to ourselves1 is progress t[>ds ! b5efit ( mank9d1 mu/ admit _m & manifold exceptions4 ,indu/rial & intellectual culture by no means advances uni=mly 9 all its bran*es1 & 9 fact excell5ce 9 v>i\s ( its details is (t5 obta9$ "u conditions :i* keep back culture z a :ole4 ,x is true t ^! exceptions seldom swamp ! g5]al rule2 & ! ,engli%man1 admitt+ t he does n climb trees l ! wild ,au/ralian1 nor track game l ! savage ( ! ,brazilian =e/1 nor compete ) ! anci5t ,etruscan & ! mod]n ,*9ese 9 delicacy ( goldsmi?'s "w & ivory c>v+1 nor rea* ! classic ,greek level ( oratory & sculpture1 may yet claim = himself a g5]al condition above any ( ^! races4 ,b !re actually h to be tak5 into acc\nt developm5ts ( sci5ce & art :i* t5d directly aga9/ culture4 ,to h le>nt to give poison secretly & effectually1 to h rais$ a corrupt lit]ature to pe/il5t p]fection1 to h organiz$ a successful s*eme to arre/ free enquiry & proscribe free expression1 are works ( k & skill ^: progress t[>d _! goal has h>dly conduc$ to ! g5]al good4 ,?us1 ev5 9 comp>+ m5tal & arti/ic culture among sev]al peoples1 ! balance ( good & ill is n q easy to /rike4 ,if n only k & art1 b at ! same "t moral & political excell5ce1 be tak5 into consid]ation1 x becomes yet h>d] to reckon on an ideal scale ! advance or decl9e f /age to /age ( culture4 ,9 fact1 a comb9$ intellectual & moral measure ( human condition is an in/rum5t :i* no /ud5t has z yet le>nt prop]ly to h&le4 ,ev5 grant+ t intellectual1 moral1 & political life may1 on a broad view1 be se5 to progress toge!r1 x is obvi\s t !y are f> f advanc+ ) equal /eps4 ,x may be tak5 z man's rule ( duty 9 ! _w1 t he %all /rive to "k z well z he c f9d out1 & to d z well z he kn[s h[4 ,b ! p>t+ asund] ( ^! two great pr9ciples1 t sep>ation ( intellig5ce f virtue :i* acc\nts = s mu* ( ! wrong-do+ ( mank9d1 is cont9ually se5 to happ5 9 ! great movem5ts ( civilization4 ,z "o conspicu\s in/ance ( :at all hi/ory /&s to prove1 if we /udy ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 we may see m5 ) m9ds p]vad$ by ! new religion ( duty1 hol9ess1 & love1 yet at ! same "t actually fall+ away 9 intellectual life1 ?us at once vigor\sly grasp+ "o half ( civilization1 & contemptu\sly ca/+ (f ! o!r4 ,:e!r 9 high ranges or 9 l[ ( human life1 x may be se5 t advance ( culture seldom results at once 9 unmix$ good4 ,c\rage1 hone/y1 g5]osity1 are virtues :i* may suff]1 at lea/ = a "t1 by ! developm5t ( a s5se ( value ( life & prop]ty4 ,! savage :o adopts some?+ ( =eign civilization too (t5 loses 8 rud] virtues )\t ga9+ an equival5t4 ,! :ite invad] or coloni/1 ?\gh repres5t+ on ! :ole a high] moral /&>d ?an ! savage he improves or de/roys1 (t5 repres5ts 8 /&>d v ill1 & at be/ c h>dly claim to sub/itute a life /rong]1 nobl]1 & pur] at e po9t ?an t :i* he sup]s$es4 ,! onw>d movem5t f b>b>ism has dropp$ beh9d x m ?an "o quality ( b>b>ic "* :i* cultur$ mod]n m5 look back on ) regret1 & w ev5 /rive to rega9 by futile attempts to /op ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 & to re/ore ! pa/ 9 ! mid/ ( ! pres5t4 ,s x is ) social in/itutions4 ,! slav]y recognis$ by savage & b>b>\s races is pref]able 9 k9d to t :i* exi/$ = c5turies 9 late ,european colonies4 ,! relation ( ! sexes among _m savage tribes is m heal?y ?an among ! ri*] classes ( ! ,mohamm$an _w4 ,z a supreme au?ority ( gov]nm5t1 ! savage c\ncils ( *iefs & eld]s comp>e fav\rably ) ! unbridl$ despotism "u :i* s _m cultur$ races h groan$4 ,! ,creek ,indians1 ask$ conc]n+ _! religion1 repli$ t :]e agreem5t 0 n to be _h1 x 0 be/ to #8let e man paddle 8 canoe 8 own way3' & aft] long ages ( !ological /rife & p]secution1 ! mod]n _w seems com+ to ?9k ^! savages n f> wrong4 ,among acc\nts ( savage life1 x is n1 inde$1 uncommon to f9d details ( admirable moral & social excell5ce4 ,to take "o prom95t in/ance1 ,lieut4 ,bruijn ,kops & ,mr4 ,wallace h describ$1 among ! rude ,papuans ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 a habitual tru?fulness1 rightfulness1 & k9dl9ess :i* x w\ld be h>d to mat* 9 ! g5]al moral life ( ,p]sia or ,india1 to say no?+ ( _m a civiliz$ ,european di/rict4#c ,su* tribes may c\nt z ! #8blameless ,e?iopians' ( ! mod]n _w1 & f !m an important lesson may be le>nt4 ,e?nograph]s :o seek 9 mod]n savages types ( ! remotely anci5t human race at l>ge1 are b\nd by su* examples to consid] ! rude life ( primval man "u fav\rable conditions to h be51 9 its measure1 a good & happy life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pictures drawn by "s travell]s ( savag]y z a k9d ( p>adisiacal /ate may be tak5 too exclusively f ! bright side4 ,x is rem>k$ z to ^! v ,papuans1 t ,europeans ^: int]c\rse ) !m has be5 ho/ile become s impress$ ) ! wild-bea/-l cunn+ ( _! attacks1 z h>dly to believe 9 _! hav+ feel+s 9 common ) civiliz$ m54 ,our ,pol> explor]s may well speak 9 k9dly t]ms ( ! indu/ry1 ! hone/y1 ! *e]ful consid]ate polit5ess ( ! ,esquimaux2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! rude p are on _! be/ behavi\r ) =eign]s1 & t _! "* is apt to be f\l & brutal :]e !y h no?+ to expect or fe>4 ,! ,c>ibs are describ$ z a *e]ful1 mode/1 c\rte\s race1 & s hone/ among !mselves t if !y miss$ any?+ out ( a h\se !y said q naturally3 #8,!re has be5 a ,*ri/ian "h4' ,yet ! malignant f]ocity ) :i* ^! e/imable p tortur$ _! prison]s ( w> ) knife & fire-br& & r$ pepp]1 & !n cook$ & ate !m 9 solemn debau*1 gave fair reason = ! "n ( ,c>ib 7,cannibal7 to become ! g5]ic "n ( man-eat]s 9 ,european languages4#d ,s :5 we read descriptions ( ! hospitality1 ! g5tl5ess1 ! brav]y1 ! deep religi\s feel+ ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 we admit _! claims to our s9c]e admiration2 b we mu/ n =get t !y 7 hospitable lit]ally to a fault1 t _! g5tl5ess w\ld pass ) a fla% ( ang] into fr5zy1 t _! brav]y 0 /a9$ ) cruel & trea*]\s malignity1 t _! religion express$ itself 9 absurd belief & useless c]emony4 ,! ideal savage ( ! #ah? c5tury may be held up z a liv+ repro( to vici\s & frivol\s ,london2 b 9 sob] fact1 a ,london] :o %\ld attempt to lead ! atroci\s life :i* ! real savage may lead ) impunity & ev5 respect1 w\ld be a crim9al only all[$ to foll[ 8 savage models dur+ 8 %ort int]vals out ( gaol4 ,savage moral /&>ds are real en\gh1 b !y are f> loos] & weak] ?an ours4 ,we may1 ,i ?9k1 apply ! (t5-repeat$ comp>ison ( savages to *ildr5 z fairly to _! moral z to _! intellectual condition4 ,! bett] savage social life seems 9 b un/able equilibrium1 liable to be easily upset by a t\* ( di/ress1 temptation1 or viol5ce1 & !n x becomes ! worse savage life1 :i* we "k by s _m dismal & hide\s examples4 ,altoge!r1 x may be admitt$ t "s rude tribes lead a life to be envi$ by "s b>b>\s races1 & ev5 by ! outca/s ( high] nations4 ,b t any kn[n savage tribe w\ld n be improv$ by judici\s civilization1 is a proposition :i* no morali/ w\ld d>e to make2 :ile ! g5]al t5\r ( ! evid5ce goes f> to ju/ify ! view t on ! :ole ! civiliz$ man is n only wis] & m capable ?an ! savage1 b also bett] & happi]1 & t ! b>b>ian /&s betwe54 ,x might1 p]haps1 seem practicable to comp>e ! :ole av]age ( ! civilization ( two peoples1 or ( ! same p 9 diff]5t ages1 by reckon+ ea*1 item by item1 to a sort ( sum-total1 & /rik+ a balance betwe5 !m1 mu* z an apprais] comp>es ! value ( two /ocks ( m]*&ise1 diff] z !y may bo? 9 quantity & quality4 ,b ! few rem>ks "h made w h %[n h[ loose mu/ be ! work+-out ( ^! r\gh-&-ready e/imates ( culture4 ,9 fact1 mu* ( ! lab\r sp5t 9 inve/igat+ ! progress & decl9e ( civilization has be5 mis-sp5t1 9 premature attempts to treat t z a :ole :i* is z yet only susceptible ( divid$ /udy4 ,! pres5t comp>atively n>r[ argum5t on ! developm5t ( culture at any rate avoids ?is greate/ p]plexity4 ,x takes cognizance pr9cipally ( k1 art1 & cu/om1 & inde$ only v p>tial cognizance )9 ?is field1 ! va/ range ( physical1 political1 social1 & e?ical consid]ations be+ left all b unt\*$4 ,its /&>d ( reckon+ progress & decl9e is n t ( ideal good & evil1 b ( movem5t along a measur$ l9e f grade to grade ( actual savag]y1 b>b>ism1 & civilization4 ,! !sis :i* ,i v5ture to su/a91 )9 limits1 is simply ?is1 t ! savage /ate 9 "s measure repres5ts an e>ly condition ( mank9d1 out ( :i* ! high] culture has gradually be5 develop$ or evolv$1 by processes /ill 9 regul> op]ation z ( old1 ! result %[+ t1 on ! :ole1 progress has f> prevail$ ov] relapse4 ,on ?is proposition1 ! ma9 t5d5cy ( human society dur+ its long t]m ( exi/5ce has be5 to pass f a savage to a civiliz$ /ate4 ,n[ all mu/ admit a great "p ( ?is ass]tion to be n only tru?1 b truism4 ,ref]r$ to direct hi/ory1 a great section ( x proves to belong n to ! doma9 ( speculation1 b to t ( positive k4 ,x is m]e matt] ( *ronicle t mod]n civilization is a developm5t ( m$ival civilization1 :i* aga9 is a developm5t f civilization ( ! ord] repres5t$ 9 ,greece1 ,assyria1 or ,egypt4 ,?us ! high] culture be+ cle>ly trac$ back to :at may be call$ ! middle culture1 ! "q :i* rema9s is :e!r ?is middle culture may be trac$ back to ! l[] culture1 t is1 to savag]y4 ,to affirm ?is1 is m]ely to ass]t t ! same k9d ( developm5t 9 culture :i* has gone on inside our range ( k has also gone on outside x1 its c\rse ( proce$+ be+ unaffect$ by our hav+ or n hav+ report]s pres5t4 ,if any "o holds t human ?\ght & action 7 work$ out 9 primval times accord+ to laws ess5tially o!r ?an ^? ( ! mod]n _w1 x is = him to prove by valid evid5ce ?is anomal\s /ate ( ?+s1 o!rwise ! doctr9e ( p]man5t pr9ciple w hold good1 z 9 a/ronomy or geology4 ,t ! t5d5cy ( culture has be5 simil> ?r\gh\t ! exi/5ce ( human society1 & t we may fairly judge f its kn[n hi/oric c\rse :at its prehi/oric c\rse may h be51 is a !ory cle>ly entitl$ to prec$5ce z a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( e?nographic rese>*4 ,gibbon 9 8 #8,roman ,empire' expresses 9 a few vigor\s s5t5ces 8 !ory ( ! c\rse ( culture1 z f savag]y upw>d4 ,judg$ by ! k ( ne>ly a c5tury lat]1 8 rem>ks _c1 inde$1 pass unque/ion$4 ,especially he seems to rely ) misplac$ confid5ce on traditions ( ar*aic rud5ess1 to exagg]ate ! l[ness ( savage life1 to und]e/imate ! liability to decay ( ! rud] arts1 & 9 8 view ( ! effect ( high on l[ civilization1 to dwell too exclusively on ! bright] side4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 ! great hi/orian's judgm5t seems s sub/antially t ( ! unprejudic$ mod]n /ud5t ( ! progressioni/ s*ool1 t ,i gladly quote ! passage "h at l5g?1 & take x z a text to repres5t ! developm5t !ory ( culture3--#8,! discov]ies ( anci5t & mod]n navigators1 & ! dome/ic hi/ory1 or tradition1 ( ! mo/ enlight5$ nations1 repres5t ! human savage nak$ bo? 9 m9d & body1 & de/itute ( laws1 ( arts1 ( ideas1 & almo/ ( language4 ,f ?is abject condition1 p]haps ! primitive & univ]sal /ate ( man1 he has gradually aris5 to comm& ! animals1 to f]tilise ! e>?1 to trav]se ! ocean1 & to measure ! heav5s4 ,8 progress 9 ! improvem5t & ex]cise ( 8 m5tal & corporeal faculties has be5 irregul> & v>i\s2 inf9itely sl[ 9 ! beg9n+1 & increas+ by degrees ) r$\bl$ velocity3 ages ( labori\s asc5t h be5 foll[$ by a mom5t ( rapid d[nfall2 & ! sev]al climates ( ! globe h felt ! vicissitudes ( light & d>kness4 ,yet ! exp]i5ce ( f\r ?\s& ye>s %\ld enl>ge our hopes1 & dim9i% our appreh5sions3 we _c det]m9e to :at height ! human species may aspire 9 _! advances t[>ds p]fection2 b x may safely be presum$1 t no p1 unless ! face ( nature is *ang$1 w relapse into _! orig9al b>b>ism4 ,! improvem5ts ( society may be view$ "u a ?reefold aspect4 #a4 ,! poet or philosoph] illu/rates 8 age & c\ntry by ! ef=ts ( a s+le m9d2 b ^! sup]ior p[]s ( reason or fancy are r>e & spontane\s productions2 & ! g5ius ( ,hom]1 or ,cic]o1 or ,newton1 w\ld excite less admiration1 if !y c\ld be creat$ by ! w ( a pr9ce1 or ! lessons ( a preceptor4 #b4 ,! b5efits ( law & policy1 ( trade & manufactures1 ( arts & sci5ces1 are m solid & p]man5t2 & _m individuals may be qualifi$1 by education & discipl9e1 to promote1 9 _! respective /ations1 ! int]e/ ( ! community4 ,b ?is g5]al ord] is ! effect ( skill & lab\r2 & ! complex ma*9]y may be decay$ by "t1 or injur$ by viol5ce4 #c4 ,=tunately = mank9d1 ! m useful1 or1 at lea/1 m necess>y arts1 c be p]=m$ )\t sup]ior tal5ts1 or national subord9ation2 )\t ! p[]s ( "o1 or ! union ( _m4 ,ea* village1 ea* family1 ea* individual1 mu/ always possess bo? ability & incl9ation1 to p]petuate ! use ( fire & ( metals2 ! propagation & s]vice ( dome/ic animals2 ! me?ods ( hunt+ & fi%+2 ! rudim5ts ( navigation2 ! imp]fect cultivation ( corn1 or o!r nutritive gra92 & ! simple practice ( ! me*anic trades4 ,private g5ius & public indu/ry may be extirpat$2 b ^! h>dy plants survive ! tempe/1 & /rike an ev]la/+ root into ! mo/ unfav\rable soil4 ,! spl5did days ( ,augu/us & ,trajan 7 eclips$ by a cl\d ( ignorance2 & ! b>b>ians subv]t$ ! laws & palaces ( ,rome4 ,b ! scy!1 ! inv5tion1 or emblem ( ,saturn1 /ill cont9u$ annually to m[ ! h>ve/s ( ,italy2 & ! human fea/s ( ,l/rigons h nev] be5 r5ew$ on ! coa/ ( ,campania4 ,s9ce ! fir/ discov]y ( ! arts1 w>1 comm]ce1 & religi\s zeal1 h diffus$1 among ! savages ( ! ,old & ,new ,_w1 ^! ine/imable gifts3 !y h be5 successively propagat$2 !y c nev] be lo/4 ,we may !re=e acquiesce 9 ! pleas+ conclusion1 t e age ( ! _w has increas$1 & /ill increases1 ! real weal?1 ! happ9ess1 ! k1 & p]haps ! virtue1 ( ! human race4'#e ,?is progression-!ory ( civilization may be contra/$ ) its rival1 ! deg5]ation-!ory1 9 ! da%+ invective ( ,c\nt ,joseph de ,mai/re1 writt5 t[>d ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury4 #8,n\s p>tons t\j\rs1' he says1 #8de l'hypo?se banale que l'homme s'e/ lev graduellem5t de la b>b>ie la sci5ce et la civilisation4 ,c'e/ le rve favori1 c'e/ l'erreur-mre1 et comme dit l'cole le proto-pseudes de notre sicle4 ,mais si les philosophes de ce malheureux sicle1 avec l'horrible p]v]sit que n\s leur avons connue1 et qui s'ob/95t encore malgr les av]tissem5ts qu'ils ont reu1 avai5t possd de plus quelques-unes de ces connaissances qui ont d ncessairem5t app>t5ir aux premi]s hommes1 c4'#f ,! deg5]ation-!ory1 :i* ?is eloqu5t antagoni/ ( #8mod]n ideas' inde$ /ates 9 an extreme %ape1 has receiv$ ! sanction ( m5 ( great le>n+ & ability4 ,x has practically resolv$ itself into two assumptions1 fir/1 t ! hi/ory ( culture began ) ! appe>ance on e>? ( a semi-civiliz$ race ( m51 & second1 t f ?is /age culture has proce$$ 9 two ways1 backw>d to produce savages1 & =w>d to produce civiliz$ m54 ,! idea ( ! orig9al condition ( man be+ "o ( m or less high culture1 mu/ h a c]ta9 prom95ce giv5 to x on acc\nt ( its consid]able hold on public op9ion4 ,z to def9ite evid5ce1 h[ev]1 x does n seem to h any e?nological basis :atev]4 ,inde$1 ,i sc>cely ?9k t a /rong] c\nt]-p]suasion c\ld be us$ on an intellig5t /ud5t incl9$ to ! ord9>y deg5]ation-!ory ?an to induce him to exam9e critically & imp>tially ! argum5ts ( ! advocates on 8 own side4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! gr\nds on :i* ?is !ory has be5 held h g5]ally be5 r !ological ?an e?nological4 ,! /r5g? ( ! position x has ?us occupi$ may be well in/anc$ f ! !ories adopt$ by two em95t ,fr5* writ]s ( ! #ah? c5tury1 :i* 9 a rem>kable way piece toge!r a belief 9 deg5]ation & an argum5t = progression4 ,de ,brosses1 ^: :ole intellectual nature turn$ to ! progression-!ory1 argu$ t by /udy+ :at actually n[ happ5s #8we may trace m5 upw>d f ! savage /ate to :i* ! flood & disp]sion _h r$uc$ !m4'#g ,& ,goguet1 hold+ t ! pre-exi/+ arts p]i%$ at ! deluge1 0 ?us left free to "w out on ! mo/ ?or\gh-go+ progressioni/ pr9ciples 8 !ories ( ! inv5tion ( fire1 cook+1 agriculture1 law1 & s =?1 among tribes ?us r$uc$ to a condition ( l[ savag]y4#h ,at ! pres5t "t x is n unusual = ! orig9 ( civilization to be treat$ z matt] ( dogmatic !ology4 ,x has happ5$ to me m ?an once to be assur$ f ! pulpit t ! !ories ( e?nologi/s :o consid] man to h ris5 f a l[ orig9al condition are delusive fancies1 x be+ reveal$ tru? t man 0 orig9ally 9 a high condition4 ,n[ z a matt] ( ,biblical criticism x mu/ be rememb]$ t a l>ge proportion ( mod]n !ologians are f> f accept+ su* a dogma4 ,b 9 inve/igat+ ! problem ( e>ly civilization1 ! claim to gr\nd sci5tific op9ion ^u a basis ( revelation is 9 itself objectionable4 ,x w\ld be1 ,i ?9k1 inexcusable if /ud5ts :o h se5 9 ,a/ronomy & ,geology ! unhappy results ( attempt+ to base sci5ce on religion1 %\ld c\nt5ance a simil> attempt 9 ,e?nology4 ,by long exp]i5ce ( ! c\rse ( human society1 ! pr9ciple ( developm5t 9 culture has become s +ra9$ 9 our philosophy t e?nologi/s1 ( :atev] s*ool1 h>dly d\bt b t1 :e!r by progress or degradation1 savag]y & civilization are connect$ z l[] & high] /ages ( "o =mation4 ,z su*1 !n1 two pr9cipal !ories claim to acc\nt = _! relation4 ,z to ! fir/ hypo!sis1 :i* takes savage life z 9 "s sort repres5t+ an e>ly human /ate :5ce high] /ates 71 9 "t1 develop$1 x has to be notic$ t advocates ( ?is progression-!ory are apt to look back t[>d yet l[] orig9al conditions ( mank9d4 ,x has be5 truly rem>k$ t ! mod]n naturali/'s doctr9e ( progressive developm5t has enc\rag$ a tra9 ( ?\ght s+ul>ly accordant ) ! ,epicurean !ory ( man's e>ly exi/5ce on e>?1 9 a condition n f> remov$ f t ( ! l[] animals4 ,on su* a view1 savage life itself w\ld be a f> advanc$ condition4 ,if ! advance ( culture be reg>d$ z tak+ place along "o g5]al l9e1 !n exi/+ savag]y /&s directly int]m$iate betwe5 animal & civiliz$ life2 if along diff]5t l9es1 !n savag]y & civilization may be consid]$ z at lea/ indirectly connect$ ?r\gh _! common orig94 ,! me?od & evid5ce "h employ$ are n1 h[ev]1 suitable = ! discussion ( ?is remot] "p ( ! problem ( civilization4 ,nor is x necess>y to enquire h[1 "u ?is or any o!r !ory1 ! savage /ate fir/ came to be on e>?4 ,x is en\gh t1 by "s means or o!r1 x has actually come into exi/5ce2 & s f> z x may s]ve z a guide 9 inf]r+ an e>ly condition ( ! human race at l>ge1 s f> ! argum5t takes ! v practicable %ape ( a discussion turn+ r on actual ?an imag9>y /ates ( society4 ,! second hypo!sis1 :i* reg>ds high] culture z orig9al1 & ! savage condition z produc$ f x by a c\rse ( deg5]ation1 at once cuts ! h>d knot ( ! orig9 ( culture4 ,x takes = grant$ a sup]natural int]f]5ce1 z :]e ,ar*bi%op ,:ately simply ref]s to miracul\s revelation t condition above ! level ( b>b>ism :i* he consid]s to h be5 man's orig9al /ate4#i ,x may be incid5tally rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t ! doctr9e ( orig9al civilization be/[$ on man by div9e int]v5tion1 by no means necess>ily involves ! view t ?is orig9al civilization 0 at a high level4 ,its advocates are free to *oose _! />t+-po9t ( culture above1 at1 or bel[ ! savage condition1 z may on ! evid5ce seem to !m mo/ reasonable4 ,! two !ories :i* ?us acc\nt = ! relation ( savage to cultur$ life may be contra/$ accord+ to _! ma9 "*1 z ! progression-!ory & ! degradation-!ory4 ,yet ( c\rse ! progression-!ory recognizes degradation1 & ! degradation-!ory recognizes progression1 z p[]ful influ5ces 9 ! c\rse ( culture4 ,"u prop] limitations ! pr9ciples ( bo? !ories are con=mable to hi/orical k1 :i* %[s u1 on ! "o h&1 t ! /ate ( ! high] nations 0 rea*$ by progression f a l[] /ate1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t culture ga9$ by progression may be lo/ by degradation4 ,if 9 ?is enquiry we %\ld be oblig$ to end 9 ! d>k1 at any rate we ne$ n beg9 !re4 ,hi/ory1 tak5 z our guide 9 expla9+ ! diff]5t /ages ( civilization1 (f]s a !ory bas$ on actual exp]i5ce4 ,?is is a developm5t-!ory1 9 :i* bo? advance & relapse h _! ackn[l$g$ places4 ,b s f> z hi/ory is to be our crit]ion1 progression is prim>y & degradation second>y2 culture mu/ be ga9$ be=e x c be lo/4 ,moreov]1 9 /rik+ a balance betwe5 ! effects ( =w>d & backw>d movem5t 9 civilization1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d h[ p[]fully ! diffusion ( culture acts 9 pres]v+ ! results ( progress f ! attacks ( deg5]ation4 ,a progressive movem5t 9 culture spreads1 & becomes indep5d5t ( ! fate ( its orig9ators4 ,:at is produc$ 9 "s limit$ di/rict is diffus$ ov] a wid] & wid] area1 :]e ! process ( effectual #8/amp+ out' becomes m & m difficult4 ,?us x is ev5 possible = ! habits & inv5tions ( races long ext9ct to rema9 z ! common prop]ty ( surviv+ nations2 & ! de/ructive actions :i* make su* havoc ) ! civilizations ( p>ticul> di/ricts fail to de/roy ! civilization ( ! _w4 ,! enquiry z to ! relation ( savag]y to b>b>ism & semi-civilization lies almo/ entirely 9 pr-hi/oric or extra-hi/oric regions4 ,?is is ( c\rse an unfav\rable condition1 & mu/ be frankly accept$4 ,direct hi/ory h>dly tells any?+ ( ! *anges ( savage culture1 except :]e 9 contact ) & "u ! dom9ant influ5ce ( =eign civilization1 a /ate ( ?+s :i* is little to our pres5t purpose4 ,p]iodical exam9ations ( l[ races o!rwise left isolat$ to "w out _! own de/9ies1 w\ld be int]e/+ evid5ce to ! /ud5t ( civilization if !y c\ld be made2 b un=tunately !y _c4 ,! l[] races1 want+ docum5t>y memorials1 loose 9 pres]v+ tradition1 & ev] ready to clo! my? 9 its %ape1 c seldom be tru/$ 9 _! /ories ( long-pa/ ages4 ,hi/ory is oral or writt5 record :i* c be satisfactorily trac$ into contact ) ! ev5ts x describes2 & p]haps no acc\nt ( ! c\rse ( culture 9 its l[] /ages c satisfy ?is /r+5t crit]ion4 ,traditions may be urg$ 9 support ei!r ( ! progression-!ory or ( ! degradation-!ory4 ,^! traditions may be p>tly true1 & mu/ be p>tly untrue2 b :atev] tru? or untru? !y may conta91 !re is su* difficulty 9 sep>at+ man's recollection ( :at 0 f 8 speculation z to :at might h be51 t e?nology seems n likely to ga9 mu* by attempts to judge ( e>ly /ages ( civilization on a traditional basis4 ,! problem is "o :i* has occupi$ ! philosophic m9d ev5 9 savage & b>b>ic life1 & has be5 solv$ by speculations ass]t$ z facts1 & by traditions :i* are1 9 great measure1 m]e realiz$ !ories4 ,! ,*9ese c %[1 ) all due gravity1 ! records ( _! anci5t dyna/ies & tell u h[ 9 old times _! ance/ors dwelt 9 caves1 clo!d !mselves ) leaves1 & ate raw fle%1 till1 "u su* & su* rul]s1 !y 7 taught to build huts1 prep>e sk9s = g>m5ts1 & make fire4#aj ,lucretius c describe to u1 9 8 fam\s l9es1 ! l>ge-bon$1 h>dy1 lawless1 primval race ( man1 liv+ ! rov+ life ( ! wild bea/s :i* !y ov]came ) /ones & heavy clubs1 dev\r+ b]ries & acorns1 ignorant z yet ( fire1 & agriculture1 & ! use ( sk9s = clo?+4 ,f ?is /ate ! ,epicurean poet traces up ! developm5t ( culture1 beg9n+ outside b end+ inside ! range ( human memory4#aa ,to ! same class belong ^? leg5ds :i*1 />t+ f an anci5t savage /ate1 describe its elevation by div9e civiliz]s3 ?is1 :i* may be call$ ! sup]natural progression-!ory1 is exemplifi$ 9 ! famili> culture-traditions ( ,p]u & ,italy4 ,b o!r m9ds1 foll[+ a diff]5t ideal track f ! pres5t to ! pa/1 h se5 9 a f> diff]5t %ape ! e>ly /ages ( human life4 ,^? m5 ^: eyes are always turn$ to look back on ! wisdom ( ! anci5ts1 ^? :o by a common confusion ( ?\ght ascribe to m5 ( old ! wisdom ( old m51 ^? :o hold fa/ to "s once-hon\r$ s*eme ( life :i* new s*emes are sup]s$+ be=e _! eyes1 are apt to c>ry back _! ?\ght ( pres5t deg5]ation into f>-gone ages1 till !y rea* a p]iod ( primval glory4 ,! ,p>si looks back to ! happy rule ( ,k+ ,yima1 :5 m5 & cattle 7 immortal1 :5 wat] & trees nev] dri$ up & food 0 inexhau/ible1 :5 !re 0 no cold nor heat1 no envy nor old age4#ab ,! ,buddhi/ looks back to ! age ( glori\s so>+ be+s :o _h no s91 no sex1 no want ( food1 till ! unhappy h\r :51 ta/+ a delici\s scum t =m$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 !y fell into evil1 & 9 "t became degrad$ to eat rice1 to be> *ildr51 to build h\ses1 to divide prop]ty1 & to e/abli% ca/e4 ,9 aft] ages1 record pres]ves details ( ! cont9u+ c\rse ( deg5]ation4 ,x 0 ,k+ ,*etiya :o told ! fir/ lie1 & ! citiz5s :o he>d ( x1 n kn[+ :at a lie 01 ask$ if x 7 :ite1 black or blue4 ,m5's lives grew %ort] & %ort]1 & x 0 ,k+ ,maha ,sg>a :o1 aft] a brief reign ( #beb1jjj ye>s1 made ! dismal discov]y ( ! fir/ grey hair4#ac ,admitt+ ! imp]fection ( ! hi/orical record z reg>ds ! l[e/ /ages ( culture1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t x tells bo? ways4 ,niebuhr1 attack+ ! progressioni/s ( ! #ah? c5tury1 rem>ks t !y h ov]look$ ! fact #8t no s+le example c be br\ght =w>d ( an actually savage p hav+ indep5d5tly become civiliz$4'#ad ,:ately appropriat$ ?is rem>k1 :i* inde$ =ms ! k]nel ( 8 well-kn[n ,lecture on ! ,orig9 ( ,civilisation3 #8,facts are /ubborn ?+s1' he says1 #8& t no au!nticat$ in/ance c be produc$ ( savages t ev] did em]ge1 unaid$1 f t /ate is no !ory1 b a /atem5t1 hi!rto nev] disprov$1 ( a matt] ( fact4' ,he uses ?is z an argum5t 9 support ( 8 g5]al conclusion1 t man c\ld n h ris5 indep5d5tly f a savage to a civiliz$ /ate1 & t savages are deg5]ate desc5dants ( civiliz$ m54#ae ,b he omits to ask ! c\nt]-"q1 :e!r we f9d "o record$ in/ance ( a civiliz$ p fall+ indep5d5tly into a savage /ate8 ,any su* record1 direct & well v\*$1 w\ld be ( high int]e/ to e?nologi/s1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 x w\ld n contradict ! developm5t-!ory1 = prov+ loss is n disprov+ previ\s ga94 ,b :]e is su* a record to be f\nd8 ,! defect ( hi/orical evid5ce z to ! transition betwe5 savag]y & high] culture is a two-sid$ fact1 only half tak5 into ,ar*bi%op ,:ately's "o-sid$ argum5t4 ,=tunately ! defect is by no means fatal4 ,?\gh hi/ory may n acc\nt directly = ! exi/5ce & expla9 ! position ( savages1 x at lea/ gives evid5ce :i* be>s closely on ! matt]4 ,moreov]1 we are 9 v>i\s ways enabl$ to /udy ! l[] c\rse ( culture on evid5ce :i* _c h be5 tamp]$ ) to support a !ory4 ,old traditional lore1 h[ev] untru/wor?y z direct record ( ev5ts1 conta9s mo/ fai?ful incid5tal descriptions ( mann]s & cu/oms2 ar*ology displays old /ructures & buri$ relics ( ! remote pa/2 philology br+s out ! undesign$ hi/ory 9 language1 :i* g5]ation aft] g5]ation h h&$ d[n )\t a ?\ght ( its hav+ su* significance2 ! e?nological survey ( ! races ( ! _w tells mu*2 ! e?nographical comp>ison ( _! condition tells m4 ,arre/ & decl9e 9 civilization are to be recognis$ z among ! m frequ5t & p[]ful op]ations ( national life4 ,t k1 arts1 & in/itutions %\ld decay 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 t peoples once progressive %\ld lag beh9d & be pass$ by advanc+ neighb\rs1 t sometimes ev5 societies ( m5 %\ld rec$e into rud5ess & mis]y--all ^! are ph5om5a ) :i* mod]n hi/ory is famili>4 ,9 judg+ ( ! relation ( ! l[] to ! high] /ages ( civilization1 x is ess5tial to ga9 "s idea h[ f> x may h be5 affect$ by su* deg5]ation4 ,:at k9d ( evid5ce c direct obs]vation & hi/ory give z to ! degradation ( m5 f a civiliz$ condition t[>ds t ( savag]y8 ,9 our great cities1 ! s-call$ #8dang]\s classes' are sunk 9 hide\s mis]y & depravity4 ,if we h to /rike a balance betwe5 ! ,papuans ( ,new ,cal$onia & ! communities ( ,european begg>s & ?ieves1 we may sadly ackn[l$ge t we h 9 our mid/ some?+ worse ?an savag]y4 ,b x is n savag]y2 x is brok5-d[n civilization4 ,negatively1 ! inmates ( a ,:ite*apel casual w>d & ( a ,hott5tot kraal agree 9 _! want ( ! k & virtue ( ! high] culture4 ,b positively1 _! m5tal & moral *>act]i/ics are utt]ly diff]5t4 ,?us1 ! savage life is ess5tially devot$ to ga9+ subsi/5ce f nature1 :i* is j :at ! prolet>ian life is n4 ,_! relations to civiliz$ life--! "o ( indep5d5ce1 ! o!r ( dep5d5ce--are absolutely opposite4 ,to my m9d ! popul> phrases ab\t #8city savages' & #8/reet ,arabs' seem l comp>+ a ru9$ h\se to a build]'s y>d4 ,x is m to ! purpose to notice h[ w> & misrule1 fam9e & pe/il5ce1 h aga9 & aga9 deva/at$ c\ntries1 r$uc$ _! population to mis]able remnants1 & l[]$ _! level ( civilization1 & h[ ! isolat$ life ( wild c\ntry di/ricts seems sometimes t5d+ t[>ds savag]y4 ,s f> z we "k1 h[ev]1 none ( ^! causes h ev] really reproduc$ a savage community4 ,= an anci5t acc\nt ( deg5]ation "u adv]se circum/ances1 ,ovid's m5tion ( ! unhappy colony ( ,tomi on ! ,black ,sea is a case 9 po9t1 ?\gh p]haps n to be tak5 too lit]ally4 ,among its mix$ ,greek & b>b>ic population1 h>ass$ & c>ri$ (f into slav]y by ! ,s>matian horsem51 mu* z ! ,p]sians till lately 7 by ! ,turkomans1 ! poet describes ! neglect ( ! g>d5]'s craft1 ! decay ( textile arts1 ! b>b>ic clo?+ ( hides4 #8,nec tam5 hc loca sunt ullo pretiosa metallo3 ,ho/is ab agricola vix s9it illa fodi4 ,purpura spe tuos fulg5s prtexit amictus3 ,s$ non ,s>matico t+itur illa m>i4 ,vell]a dura f]unt pecudes1 et ,palladis uti ,arte ,tomitan non didic]e nurus4 ,fem9a pro lana ,c]ialia mun]a frangit1 ,suppositoque gravem v]tice portat aquam4 ,non hic pamp9eis amicitur vitibus ulmus3 ,nulla premunt ramos pond]e poma suo4 ,tri/ia de=mes p>iunt abs9?ia campi1 ,t]raque de fructu quam sit am>a docet4'#af ,cases ( exceptionally l[ civilization 9 ,europe may p]haps be sometimes acc\nt$ = by deg5]ation ( ?is k9d4 ,b !y seem m (t5 ! relics ( anci5t un*ang$ b>b>ism4 ,! evid5ce f wild p>ts ( ,irel& two or ?ree c5turies ago is int]e/+ f ?is po9t ( view4 ,acts ( ,p>liam5t 7 pass$ aga9/ ! invet]ate habits ( fa/5+ pl\ghs to ! horses' tails1 & ( burn+ oats f ! /raw to save ! tr\ble ( ?re%+4 ,9 ! #ah? c5tury ,irel& c\ld /ill be ?us describ$ 9 satire3-- #8,! ,we/]n isle r5[n$ = bogs1 ,= tories & = great wolf-dogs1 ,= draw+ hobbies by ! tails1 ,& ?re%+ corn ) fi]y flails4'#ag ,fynes ,moryson's description ( ! wild or #8me]e' ,iri% ab\t #afjj1 is amaz+4 ,! v lords ( !m1 he says1 dwelt 9 poor clay h\ses1 or cab9s ( b\ghs cov]$ ) turf4 ,9 _m p>ts m5 z well z wom5 _h 9 v w9t] "t b a l95 rag ab\t ! lo9s & a wooll5 mantle on _! bodies1 s t x w\ld turn a man's /oma* to see an old woman 9 ! morn+ be=e breakfa/4 ,he notices _! habit ( burn+ oats f ! /raw1 & mak+ cakes !re(4 ,!y _h no tables1 b set _! meat on a bundle ( grass4 ,!y fea/$ on fall5 horses1 & see!d pieces ( beef & pork ) ! unwa%$ entrails ( bea/s 9 a holl[ tree1 lapp$ 9 a raw c['s hide1 & s set ov] ! fire1 & !y drank milk w>m$ ) a /one fir/ ca/ into ! fire4#ah ,ano!r di/rict rem>kable = a b>b>ic simplicity ( life is ! ,hebrides4 ,till ( late ye>s1 !re 7 to be f\nd !re 9 actual use e>!n vessels1 unglaz$ & made by h& )\t ! pott]'s :eel1 :i* might pass 9 a museum z indiff]5t specim5s ( savage manufacture4 ,^! #8craggans' are /ill made by an old woman at ,b>vas = sale z curiosities4 ,su* a mod]n /ate ( ! pott]'s art 9 ! ,hebrides fits well ) ,george ,bu*anan's /atem5t 9 ! #af? c5tury t ! isl&]s us$ to boil meat 9 ! bea/'s own paun* or hide4#ai ,e>ly 9 ! #ah? c5tury ,m>t9 m5tions z preval5t !re ! anci5t way ( dress+ corn by burn+ x dext]\sly f ! e>1 :i* he notices to be a v quick process1 !nce call$ #8graddan' 7,gaelic1 gradquick74#bj ,?us we see t ! habit ( burn+ out ! gra91 = :i* ! #8me]e ,iri%' 7 reproa*$1 0 really ! keep+ up ( an old ,keltic art1 n )\t its practical use4 ,s ! appe>ance 9 mod]n ,keltic di/ricts ( o!r widespread arts ( ! l[] culture--hide-boil+1 l t ( ! ,scy?ians 9 ,h]odotus1 & /one-boil+1 l t ( ! ,ass9abo9s ( ,nor? ,am]ica--seems to fit n s well ) degradation f a high z ) survival f a l[ civilization4 ,! ,iri% & ! ,hebrideans _h be5 = ages "u ! influ5ce ( comp>atively high civilization1 :i* nev]!less may h left unalt]$ mu* ( ! old] & rud] habit ( ! p4 ,in/ances ( civiliz$ m5 tak+ to a wild life 9 outly+ di/ricts ( ! _w1 & ceas+ to obta9 or want ! appliances ( civilization1 give m di/9ct evid5ce ( degradation4 ,9 connexion ) ?is /ate ( ?+s takes place ! ne>e/ kn[n approa* to an indep5d5t deg5]ation f a civiliz$ to a savage /ate4 ,?is happ5s 9 mix$ races1 ^: /&>d ( civilization may be m or less bel[ t ( ! high] race4 ,! mut9e]s ( ! ,b\nty1 ) _! ,polynesian wives1 f\nd$ a small b n savage community on ,pitcairn's ,isl&4#ba ,! mix$ ,portuguese & native races ( ! ,ea/ ,indies & ,africa lead a life bel[ ! ,european /&>d1 b n a savage life4#bb ,! ,gau*os ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,pampas1 a mix$ ,european & ,indian race ( eque/rian h]dsm51 are describ$ z sitt+ ab\t on ox-skulls1 mak+ bro? 9 horns ) hot c9d]s heap$ r\nd1 liv+ on meat )\t vegetables1 & altoge!r lead+ a f\l1 brutal1 com=tless1 deg5]ate1 b n savage life4#bc ,"o /ep beyond ?is br+s u to ! cases ( individual civiliz$ m5 be+ absorb$ 9 savage tribes & adopt+ ! savage life1 on :i* !y ex]cise little influ5ce = improvem5t2 ! *ildr5 ( ^! m5 may come di/9ctly "u ! category ( savages4 ,^! cases ( mix$ bre$s1 h[ev]1 d n %[ a l[ culture actually produc$ z ! result ( deg5]ation f a high "o4 ,_! !ory is t1 giv5 a high] & a l[] civilization exi/+ among two races1 a mix$ race betwe5 ! two may take to ! l[] or an int]m$iate condition4 ,deg5]ation probably op]ates ev5 m actively 9 ! l[] ?an 9 ! high] culture4 ,b>b>\s nations & savage hordes1 ) _! less k & scanti] appliances1 w\ld seem peculi>ly expos$ to degrad+ influ5ces4 ,9 ,africa1 = in/ance1 !re seems to h be5 9 mod]n c5turies a fall+ (f 9 culture1 probably due 9 a consid]able degree to =eign influ5ce4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,wilson1 contra/+ ! #af? & #ag? c5tury acc\nts ( p[]ful negro k+doms 9 ,we/ ,africa ) ! pres5t small communities1 ) little or no tradition ( _! =efa!rs' m ext5d$ political organization1 looks especially to ! slave-trade z ! det]iorat+ cause4#bd ,9 ,s\?-,ea/ ,africa1 also1 a comp>atively high b>b>ic culture1 :i* we especially associate ) ! old descriptions ( ! k+dom ( ,monomotapa1 seems to h fall5 away1 n c\nt+ ! rem>kable ru9s ( build+s ( hewn /one fitt$ )\t mort> :i* indicate ! intrusion ( m civiliz$ =eign]s into ! gold region6#be ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,fa!r ,*>levoix rem>ks ( ! ,iroquois ( ! la/ c5tury1 t 9 old times !y us$ to build _! cab9s bett] ?an o!r nations1 & bett] ?an !y d !mselves n[2 !y c>v$ rude figures 9 relief on !m2 b s9ce 9 v>i\s exp$itions almo/ all _! villages h be5 burnt1 !y h n tak5 ! tr\ble to re/ore !m 9 _! old condition4#bf ,! degradation ( ! ,*ey5ne ,indians is matt] ( hi/ory4 ,p]secut$ by _! enemies ! ,si\x1 & dislodg$ at la/ ev5 f _! =tifi$ village1 ! he>t ( ! tribe 0 brok54 ,_! numb]s 7 ?9n$1 !y no long] d>$ to e/abli% !mselves 9 a p]man5t abode1 !y gave up ! cultivation ( ! soil1 & became a tribe ( w&]+ hunt]s1 ) horses = _! only valuable possession1 :i* e ye> !y b>t]$ = a supply ( corn1 beans1 pumpk9s1 & ,european m]*&ise1 & !n return$ into ! he>t ( ! prairies4#bg ,:5 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ,"l ,milton & ,dr4 ,*eadle came ^u an outly+ fragm5t ( ! ,%u%wap race1 )\t horses or dogs1 %elt]+ !mselves "u rude tempor>y slants ( b>k or matt+1 fall+ ye> by ye> into l[] mis]y1 & rapidly dy+ out2 ?is is ano!r example ( ! deg5]ation :i* no d\bt has l[]$ or de/roy$ _m a savage p4#bh ,!re are tribes :o are ! v outca/s ( savage life4 ,!re is reason to look ^u ! mis]able ,digg] ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ! ,bu%m5 ( ,s\? ,africa z ! p]secut$ remnants ( tribes :o h se5 happi] days4#bi ,! traditions ( ! l[] races ( _! ance/ors' bett] life may sometimes be real recollections ( a n f> di/ant pa/4 ,! ,algonqu9 ,indians look back to old days z to a gold5 age :5 life 0 bett] ?an n[1 :5 !y _h bett] laws & lead]s1 & mann]s less rude4#cj ,& inde$1 kn[+ :at we d ( _! hi/ory1 we may admit t !y h cause to rememb] 9 mis]y happ9ess gone by4 ,well1 too1 might ! rude ,kam*adal decl>e t ! _w is gr[+ worse & worse1 t m5 are becom+ few] & vil]1 & food sc>c]1 = ! hunt]1 & ! be>1 & ! re9de] are hurry+ away f "h to ! happi] life 9 ! regions bel[4#ca ,x w\ld be a valuable contribution to ! /udy ( civilization to h ! action ( decl9e & fall inve/igat$ on a wid] & m exact basis ( evid5ce ?an has yet be5 attempt$4 ,! cases "h /at$ are probably b "p ( a long s]ies :i* might be br\ght =w>d to prove deg5]ation 9 culture to h be51 by no means inde$ ! prim>y cause ( ! exi/5ce ( b>b>ism & savag]y 9 ! _w1 b a second>y action l>gely & deeply affect+ ! g5]al developm5t ( civilization4 ,x may p]haps give no unfair idea to comp>e deg5]ation ( culture1 bo? 9 its k9d ( op]ation & 9 its imm5se ext5t1 to d5udation 9 ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,9 judg+ ( ! relations betwe5 savage & civiliz$ life1 some?+ may be le>nt by glanc+ ov] ! divisions ( ! human race4 ,= ?is end ! classification by families ( languages may be conv5i5tly us$1 if *eck$ by ! evid5ce ( bodily *>act]i/ics4 ,no d\bt spee* by itself is an insuffici5t guide 9 trac+ national desc5t1 z witness ! extreme cases ( ,jews 9 ,engl&1 & ?ree-p>ts negro races 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 nev]!less speak+ ,engli% z _! "m-tongue4 ,/ill1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 connexion ( spee* does indicate m or less connexion ( ance/ral race4 ,z a guide 9 trac+ ! hi/ory ( civilization1 language gives /ill bett] evid5ce1 = common language to a great ext5t involves common culture4 ,! race dom9ant en\gh to ma9ta9 or impose its language1 usually m or less ma9ta9s or imposes its civilization also4 ,?us ! common desc5t ( ! languages ( ,h9dus1 ,greeks1 & ,teutons is no d\bt due 9 great measure to common ance/ry1 b is /ill m closely b\nd up ) a common social & intellectual hi/ory1 ) :at ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] well calls _! #8spiritual relation%ip4' ,! wond]ful p]man5ce ( language (t5 enables u to detect among remotely anci5t & di/ant tribes ! traces ( connect$ civilization4 ,h[1 on su* gr\nds1 d savage & civiliz$ tribes appe> to /& relat$1 )9 ! v>i\s gr\ps ( mank9d connect$ hi/orically by ! possession ( k9dr$ languages8 ,! ,semitic family1 :i* repres5ts "o ( ! olde/ kn[n civilizations ( ! _w1 includes ,arabs1 ,jews1 ,phnicians1 ,syrians1 c41 & has an e>li] z well z a lat] connexion 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,?is family takes 9 "s rude tribes1 b none :i* w\ld be class$ z savages4 ,! ,aryan family has exi/$ 9 ,asia & ,europe c]ta9ly = _m ?\s& ye>s1 & !re are well-kn[n & well-m>k$ traces ( its e>ly b>b>ic condition1 :i* has p]haps surviv$ ) lea/ *ange among seclud$ tribes 9 ! valleys ( ! ,h9du ,ku% & ,himalaya4 ,!re seems1 aga91 no kn[n case ( any full ,aryan tribe hav+ become savage4 ,! ,gypsies & o!r outca/s are1 no d\bt1 p>tly ,aryan 9 blood1 b _! degrad$ condition is n savag]y4 ,9 ,india !re are tribes ,aryan by language1 b ^: physique is r ( indig5\s type1 & ^: ance/ry is ma9ly f indig5\s /ocks ) m or less mixture ( ! dom9ant ,h9du4 ,"s tribes com+ "u ?is category1 z among ! ,bhils & ,kulis ( ! ,bombay ,presid5cy1 speak dialects :i* are ,h9di 9 vocabul>y at lea/1 :e!r or n 9 grammatical /ructure1 & yet ! p !mselves are l[] 9 culture ?an "s ,h9duiz$ nations :o h reta9$ _! orig9al ,dravidian spee*1 ! ,tamils = in/ance4 ,b ^! all appe> to /& at high] /ages ( civilization ?an any wild =e/ tribes ( ! p59sula :o c be reckon$ z ne>ly savages2 all su* are non-,aryan bo? 9 blood & spee*4#cb ,9 ,ceylon1 h[ev]1 we h ! rem>kable ph5om5on ( m5 lead+ a savage life :ile speak+ an ,aryan dialect4 ,?is is ! wild "p ( ! race ( ,v$das or #8hunt]s1' ( :om a remnant /ill inhabit ! =e/ l&4 ,^! p are d>k-sk9n$ & flat-nos$1 slight ( frame1 & v small ( skull1 & five feet is an av]age man's height4 ,!y are a %y1 h>mless1 simple p1 liv+ pr9cipally by hunt+2 !y lime birds1 take fi% by poison+ ! wat]1 & are skilful 9 gett+ wild honey2 !y h b[s ) iron-po9t$ arr[s1 :i*1 ) _! hunt+-dogs1 are _! mo/ valuable possessions4 ,!y dwell 9 caves or b>k huts1 & _! v ^w = a h\se is ,s+halese = a holl[ tree 7rukula72 a pat* ( b>k 0 =m]ly _! dress1 b n[ a bit ( l95 hangs to _! wai/-cords2 _! plant+ ( pat*es ( gr\nd is said to be rec5t4 ,!y c\nt on _! f+]s1 & produce fire ) ! simple/ k9d ( fire-drill twirl$ by h&4 ,!y are mo/ tru?ful & hone/4 ,_! monogamy & conjugal fidelity contra/ /rongly ) ! opposite habits ( ! m civiliz$ ,s+halese4 ,a rem>kable ,v$da m>riage cu/om sanction$ a man's tak+ 8 y\ng] 7n eld]7 si/] z 8 wife2 si/]-m>riage exi/+ among ! ,s+halese1 b be+ conf9$ to ! royal family4 ,mi/ak5 /atem5ts h be5 made z to ! ,v$das hav+ no religion1 no p]sonal names1 no language4 ,_! religion1 9 fact1 corresponds ) ! animism ( ! rud] tribes ( ,india2 "s ( _! names are rem>kable z be+ ,h9du1 b n 9 use among ! mod]n ,s+halese2 _! language is a ,s+halese dialect4 ,!re is no d\bt atta*+ to ! usual op9ion t ! ,v$das are 9 ! ma9 desc5d$ f ! #8yakkos' or demons2 i4e4 f ! indig5\s tribes ( ! isl&4 ,leg5d & language concur to make probable an admixture ( ,aryan blood accompany+ ! adoption ( ,aryan spee*1 b ! evid5ce ( bodily *>act]i/ics %[s ! ,v$da race to be pr9cipally ( indig5\s pre-,aryan type4#cc ,! ,tat> family ( ,nor!rn ,asia & ,europe 7,turanian1 if ! ^w be us$ 9 a re/rict$ s5se7 displays evid5ce ( q a diff]5t k9d4 ,?is wide-ly+ gr\p ( tribes & nations has memb]s ne>ly or q t\*+ ! savage level 9 anci5t & ev5 mod]n times1 su* z ,o/yaks1 ,tunguz1 ,samoy$s1 ,lapps1 :ile m or less high ranges ( culture are repres5t$ by ,mongols1 ,turks1 & ,hung>ians4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x is unque/ionable t ! rude tribes repres5t ! e>li] condition ( ! ,tat> race at l>ge1 f :i* its m mix$ & civiliz$ peoples1 mo/ly by adopt+ ! =eign culture ( ,buddhi/1 ,moslem1 & ,*ri/ian nations1 & p>tly by int]nal developm5t1 are well kn[n to h ris54 ,! e?nology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,asia is some:at obscure2 b if we may classify "u "o head+ ! native races ( ,siam1 ,burma1 c41 ! wild] tribes may be consid]$ z repres5t+ e>li] conditions1 = ! high] culture ( ?is region is obvi\sly =eign1 especially ( ,buddhi/ orig94 ,! ,malay race is also rem>kable = ! range ( civilization repres5t$ by tribes class$ z belong+ to x4 ,if ! wild tribes ( ! ,malayan p59sula & ,borneo be comp>$ ) ! semi-civiliz$ nations ( ,java & ,sumatra1 x appe>s t "p ( ! race survives to repres5t an e>ly savage /ate1 :ile "p is f\nd 9 possession ( a civilization :i* ! fir/ glance %[s to h be5 mo/ly borr[$ f ,h9du & ,moslem s\rces4 ,"s =e/ tribes ( ! p59sula seem to be repres5tatives ( ! ,malay race at its l[e/ level ( culture1 h[ f> orig9al & h[ f> degrad$ x is n easy to say4 ,among !m ! v rude ,orang ,sabimba1 :o h no agriculture & no boats1 give a rem>kable acc\nt ( !mselves1 t !y are desc5dants ( %ipwreck$ ,malays f ! ,bugis c\ntry1 b 7 s h>ass$ by pirates t !y gave up civilization & cultivation1 & v[$ n to eat f[ls1 :i* betray$ !m by _! cr[+4 ,s !y plant no?+1 b eat wild fruit & vegetables1 & all animals b ! f[l4 ,?is1 if at all f\nd$ on fact1 is an int]e/+ case ( deg5]ation4 ,b savages usually inv5t my?s to acc\nt = peculi> habits1 z :]e1 9 ! same di/rict1 ! ,bidu&a ,kallang acc\nt = _! n cultivat+ ! gr\nd by ! /ory t _! ance/ors v[$ n to make plantations4 ,ano!r rude p ( ! ,malay p59sula are ! ,jakuns1 a simple1 k9dly race1 among :om "s trace _! p$igree to a pair ( :ite monkeys1 :ile o!rs decl>e t !y are desc5dants ( :ite m52 & inde$ !re is "s gr\nd = suppos+ ^! latt] to be really ( mix$ race1 = !y use a few ,portuguese words1 & a report exi/s ( "s refugees hav+ settl$ up ! c\ntry4#cd ,! ,melanesians1 ,papuans1 & ,au/ralians repres5t grades ( savag]y spread ea* ov] its own va/ area 9 a comp>atively homog5e\s way4 ,la/ly1 ! relations ( savag]y to high] conditions are rem>kable1 b obscure1 on ! ,am]ican cont95ts4 ,!re are sev]al great l+ui/ic families ^: memb]s 7 discov]$ 9 a savage /ate ?r\gh\t2 su* are ! ,esquimaux1 ,algonqu91 & ,gu>ani gr\ps4 ,on ! o!r h& !re 7 ?ree app>5tly unconnect$ di/ricts ( semi-civilization rea*+ a high b>b>ic level1 viz41 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,bogota1 & ,p]u4 ,betwe5 ^! high] & l[] conditions 7 races at ! level ( ! ,nat*ez ( ,l\isiana & ! ,apala*es ( ,florida4 ,l+ui/ic connexion is n unkn[n betwe5 ! m advanc$ peoples & ! l[] races ar\nd !m4#ce ,b def9ite evid5ce %[+ ! high] culture to h aris5 f ! l[]1 or ! l[] to h fall5 f ! high]1 is sc>cely =?com+4 ,bo? op]ations may 9 degree h happ5$4 ,x is app>5t1 f su* g5]al inspection ( ?is e?nological problem1 t x w\ld repay a f> clos] /udy ?an x has z yet receiv$4 ,z ! evid5ce /&s at pres5t1 x appe>s t :5 9 any race "s bran*es mu* excel ! re/ 9 culture1 ?is m (t5 happ5s by elevation ?an by subsid5ce4 ,b ?is elevation is mu* m apt to be produc$ by =eign ?an by native action4 ,civilization is a plant mu* (t5] propagat$ ?an develop$4 ,z reg>ds ! l[] races1 ?is accords ) ! results ( ,european int]c\rse ) savage tribes dur+ ! la/ ?ree or f\r c5turies2 s f> z ^! tribes h surviv$ ! process1 !y h assimilat$ m or less ( ,european ,culture & ris5 t[>ds ! ,european level1 z 9 ,polynesia1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,ano!r important po9t becomes manife/ f ?is e?nological survey4 ,! fact1 t dur+ s _m ?\s& ye>s ( kn[n exi/5ce1 nei!r ! ,aryan nor ! ,semitic race appe>s to h ?r[n (f any direct savage (f%oot1 tells1 ) "s =ce1 aga9/ ! probability ( degradation to ! savage level ev] happ5+ f high-level civilization4 ,) reg>d to ! op9ions ( old] writ]s on e>ly civilization1 :e!r progressioni/s or deg5]ationi/s1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! evid5ce at _! disposal fell f> %ort ( ev5 ! mis]ably imp]fect data n[ accessible4 ,criticiz+ an #ah? c5tury e?nologi/ is l criticiz+ an #ah? c5tury geologi/4 ,! old] writ] may h be5 f> abl] ?an 8 mod]n critic1 b he _h n ! same mat]ials4 ,especially he want$ ! guidance ( ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology1 a dep>tm5t ( rese>* only e/abli%$ on a sci5tific foot+ )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,x is ess5tial to ga9 a cle> view ( ! be>+ ( ?is new] k on ! old problem4 ,*ronology1 ?\gh reg>d+ z m or less fictiti\s ! imm5se dyna/ic s*emes ( ! ,egyptians1 ,h9dus1 & ,*9ese1 pass+ z !y d into m]e ciph]+-book sums ) ye>s = units1 nev]!less admits t exi/+ monum5ts c>ry back ! traces ( comp>atively high civilization to a di/ance ( above five ?\s& ye>s4 ,by piec+ toge!r ,ea/]n & ,we/]n docum5t>y evid5ce x seems t ! great religi\s divisions ( ! ,aryan race1 to :i* mod]n ,brahmanism1 ,z>a?u/rism1 & ,buddhism are due1 belong to a p]iod ( remotely anci5t hi/ory4 ,ev5 if we _c hold1 ) ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]1 9 ! preface to 8 translation ( ! #8,rig ,v$a1' t ?is collection ( ,aryan hymns #8w take & ma9ta9 = ev] its position z ! mo/ anci5t ( books 9 ! libr>y ( mank9d1' & if we d n admit ! /r+5cy ( 8 reckon+s ( its date 9 c5turies ,b4,c41 yet we mu/ grant t he %[s cause to ref] its composition to a v anci5t p]iod1 :]e x !n proves t a comp>atively high b>b>ic culture already exi/$4 ,! l+ui/ic argum5t = ! remotely anci5t common orig9 ( ! ,indo-,european nations1 9 a degree z to _! bodily desc5t1 & 9 a great] degree z to _! civilization1 t5ds t[>d ! same result4 ,s x is aga9 ) ,egypt4 ,! calculations ( ,egyptian dyna/ies 9 ?\s&s ( ye>s1 h[ev] disputable 9 detail1 are bas$ on facts :i* at any rate au?orize ! reception ( a long *ronology4 ,to g no fur!r ?an ! id5tification ( two or ?ree ,egyptian names m5tion$ 9 ,biblical & ,classical hi/ory1 we ga9 a /rong impression ( remote antiquity4 ,su* are ! names ( ,%i%ank2 ( ! ,psammiti*os l9e1 ^: obelisks are to be se5 9 ,rome2 ( ,tirhakah1 ,k+ ( ,e?iopia1 ^: nurse's c(f9 is 9 ! ,flor5ce ,museum2 ( ! city ( ,rameses1 pla9ly connect$ ) t great ,ramesside l9e :i* ,egyptologi/s call ! #ai? ,dyna/y4 ,"h1 be=e classic culture _h aris51 ! culture ( ,egypt culm9at$1 & beh9d ?is "t lies ! some:at less advanc$ age ( ! ,pyramid k+s1 & beh9d ?is aga9 ! indef9ite lapse ( ages :i* su* a civilization requir$ = its production4 ,aga91 ?\gh no "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t c satisfactorily prove = itself an antiquity ( composition approa*+ t ( ! e>lie/ ,egyptian hi]oglyphic inscriptions1 yet all critics mu/ admit t ! old] ( ! hi/orical books give on ! "o h& contempor>y docum5ts %[+ consid]able culture 9 ! ,semitic _w at a date :i* 9 comp>ison ) classic hi/ory is anci5t2 :ile on ! o!r h& !y af=d evid5ce by way ( *ronicle1 c>ry+ back ages f>!r ! record ( a some:at advanc$ b>b>ic civilization4 ,n[ if ! developm5t-!ory is to acc\nt = ph5om5a su* z ^!1 its *ronological dem& mu/ be no small "o1 & ! m s :5 x is admitt$ t 9 ! l[] ranges ( culture progress w\ld be extremely sl[ 9 comp>ison ) t :i* exp]i5ce %[s among nations already f> advanc$4 ,on ^! conditions ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! middle civilization be+ ?r[n back to di/ant antiquity1 & ( sl[ developm5t be+ requir$ to p]=m its heavy task 9 ages /ill m remote1 ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology *e]fully takes up ! problem4 ,&1 inde$1 f> f be+ dismay$ by ! va/ness ( ! p]iod requir$ on ! n>r[e/ computation1 ! prehi/oric ar*ologi/ %[s ev5 too mu* disposition to revel 9 calculations ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 z a f9anci] does 9 reckon+s ( ?\s&s ( p\nds1 9 a lib]al & maybe some:at reckless way4 ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology is fully alive to facts :i* may be> on deg5]ation 9 culture4 ,su* are ! colossal human figures ( hewn /one 9 ,ea/] ,isl&1 :i* may possibly h be5 %ap$ by ! ance/ors ( ! exi/+ isl&]s1 ^: pres5t res\rces1 h[ev]1 are q unequal to ! execution ( su* gigantic works4#cf ,a mu* m important case is t ( ! =m] inhabitants ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,9 di/ricts :]e ! native tribes kn[n 9 mod]n times rank z savages1 !re =m]ly dwelt a race :om e?nologi/s call ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 f ! amaz+ ext5t ( _! m\nds & enclosures1 ( :i* !re is a s+le gr\p occupy+ an area ( f\r squ>e miles4 ,! regul>ity ( ! squ>es & circles & ! repetition ( enclosures simil> 9 dim5sions1 raise int]e/+ que/ions z to ! me?ods by :i* ^! 7 plann$ out4 ,to h con/ruct$ su* works ! ,m\nd-,build]s mu/ h be5 a num]\s population1 ma9ly subsi/+ by agriculture1 & inde$ ve/iges ( _! anci5t tillage are /ill to be f\nd4 ,!y did n h[ev] 9 indu/rial arts approa* ! level ( ,mexico4 ,= in/ance1 _! use ( native copp]1 hamm]$ into %ape = cutt+ in/rum5ts1 is simil> to t ( "s ( ! savage tribes f>!r nor?4 ,on ! :ole1 judg+ by _! e>?works1 fields1 pott]y1 /one implem5ts & o!r rema9s1 !y seem to h belong$ to ^? high savage or b>b>ic tribes ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 ( :om ! ,creeks & ,*]okees1 z describ$ by ,b>tram1 may be tak5 z typical4#cg ,if any ( ! wild rov+ hunt+ tribes n[ f\nd liv+ ne> ! huge e>?works ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s are ! desc5dants ( ?is some:at advanc$ race1 !n a v consid]able degradation has tak5 place4 ,! "q is an op5 "o4 ,! explanation ( ! traces ( tillage may p]haps 9 ?is case be l t ( ! rema9s ( old cultivation-t]races 9 ,borneo1 ! "w ( ,*9ese coloni/s ^: desc5dants h mo/ly be5 m]g$ 9 ! mass ( ! population & foll[ ! native habits4#ch ,on ! o!r h&1 ! evid5ce ( locality may be mislead+ z to race4 ,a travell] 9 ,gre5l&1 com+ on ! ru9$ /one build+s at ,kakortok1 w\ld n argue ju/ly t ! ,esquimaux are deg5]ate desc5dants ( ance/ors capable ( su* ar*itecture1 = 9 fact ^! are ! rema9s ( a *ur* & bapti/]y built by ! anci5t ,sc&9avian settl]s4#ci ,on ! :ole x is rem>kable h[ little ( col\rable evid5ce ( deg5]ation has be5 disclos$ by ar*ology4 ,its negative evid5ce tells /rongly ! o!r way4 ,z an in/ance may be quot$ ,sir ,john ,lubbock's argum5t aga9/ ! idea t tribes n[ ignorant ( metallurgy & pott]y =m]ly possess$ b h s9ce lo/ ^! arts4 #8,we may also ass]t1 on a g5]al proposition1 t no weapons or in/rum5ts ( metal h ev] be5 f\nd 9 any c\ntry inhabit$ by savages :olly ignorant ( metallurgy4 ,a /ill /rong] case is af=d$ by pott]y4 ,pott]y is n easily de/roy$2 :5 kn[n at all x is always abundant1 & x possesses two qualities1 namely1 ^? ( be+ easy to break & yet difficult to de/roy1 :i* r5d] x v valuable 9 an ar*ological po9t ( view4 ,moreov]1 x is 9 mo/ cases associat$ ) burials4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a v significant fact1 t no fragm5t ( pott]y has ev] be5 f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 or 9 ! ,polynesian ,isl&s4'#dj ,h[ diff]5t a /ate ( ?+s ! popul> deg5]ation-!ory w\ld lead u to expect is po9t$ly sugge/$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's s>ca/ic s5t5ces 9 8 #8,antiquity ( ,man4' ,_h ! orig9al /ock ( mank9d1 he argues1 be5 really end[$ ) sup]ior intellectual p[]s & inspir$ k1 :ile possess+ ! same improvable nature z _! po/]ity1 h[ extreme a po9t ( advancem5t w\ld !y h rea*$4 #8,in/ead ( ! rude/ pott]y or fl9t tools1 s irregul> 9 =m z to cause ! unpractis$ eye to d\bt :e!r !y af=d unmi/akable evid5ce ( design1 we %\ld n[ be f9d+ sculptur$ =ms surpass+ 9 beauty ! ma/]pieces ( ,phidias or ,praxiteles2 l9es ( buri$ railways or electric telegraphs f :i* ! be/ eng9e]s ( our day might ga9 invaluable h9ts2 a/ronomical in/rum5ts & microscopes ( m advanc$ con/ruction ?an any kn[n 9 ,europe1 & o!r indications ( p]fection 9 ! arts & sci5ces1 su* z ! n9ete5? c5tury has n yet witness$4 ,/ill f>!r w\ld ! triumphs ( inv5tive g5ius be f\nd to h be5 c>ri$1 :5 ! lat] deposits1 n[ assign$ to ! ages ( bronze & iron1 7 =m$4 ,va9ly %\ld we be /ra9+ our imag9ations to guess ! possible uses & mean+ ( su* relics--ma*9es1 p]haps1 = navigat+ ! air or explor+ ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 or = calculat+ ari?metical problems beyond ! wants or ev5 ! conceptions ( liv+ ma!maticians4'#da ,! ma/]-key to ! inve/igation ( man's primval condition is held by ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology4 ,?is key is ! evid5ce ( ! ,/one ,age1 prov+ t m5 ( remotely anci5t ages 7 9 ! savage /ate4 ,ev] s9ce ! long-delay$ recognition ( ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s' discov]ies 7#ahda & onw>d7 ( ! fl9t implem5ts 9 ! ,drift gravels ( ! ,somme ,valley1 evid5ce has be5 accumulat+ ov] a wide ,european area to %[ t ! rud] ,/one ,age1 repres5t$ by implem5ts ( ! ,paloli?ic or ,drift type1 prevail$ among savage tribes ( ! ,quat]n>y p]iod1 ! contempor>ies ( ! mammo? & ! woolly rh9oc]os1 9 ages = :i* ,geology ass]ts an antiquity f> m remote ?an ,hi/ory c avail to sub/antiate = ! human race4 ,mr4 ,john ,fr]e _h already writt5 9 #agig respect+ su* fl9t in/rum5ts discov]$ at ,hoxne 9 ,suffolk4 #8,! situation 9 :i* ^! weapons 7 f\nd may tempt u to ref] !m to a v remote p]iod inde$1 ev5 beyond t ( ! pres5t _w4'#db ,! va/ lapse ( "t ?r\gh :i* ! hi/ory ( ,london has repres5t$ ! hi/ory ( human civilization1 is to my m9d "o ( ! mo/ sugge/ive facts disclos$ by ar*ology4 ,!re ! antiqu>y1 excavat+ b a few y>ds deep1 may desc5d f ! dbris repres5t+ our mod]n life1 to relics ( ! art & sci5ce ( ! ,middle ,ages1 to signs ( ,norman1 ,saxon1 ,romano-,briti% times1 to traces ( ! high] ,/one ,age4 ,& on 8 way f ,temple ,b> to ! ,great ,nor!rn ,/ation he passes ne> ! spot 7#8opposite to black ,m>y's ne> ,grayes inn lane'7 :]e a ,drift implem5t ( black fl9t 0 f\nd ) ! skeleton ( an elephant by ,mr4 ,cony]s1 ab\t a c5tury & a half ago1 ! relics side by side ( ! ,london mammo? & ! ,london savage4#dc ,9 ! gravel-b$s ( ,europe1 ! lat]ite ( ,india1 & o!r m sup]ficial localities1 :]e relics ( ! ,paloli?ic ,age are f\nd1 :at pr9cipally te/ifies to man's condition is ! extreme rud5ess ( 8 /one implem5ts1 & ! abs5ce ( ev5 edge-gr9d+4 ,! natural inf]5ce t ?is indicates a l[ savage /ate is confirm$ 9 ! caves ( ,c5tral ,france4 ,!re a race ( m51 :o h left inde$ really arti/ic portraits ( !mselves & ! re9de] & mammo?s !y liv$ among1 seem1 z may be judg$ f ! rema9s ( _! weapons1 implem5ts1 c41 to h l$ a life some:at ( ,esquimaux type1 b l[] by ! want ( dome/icat$ animals4 ,! di/ricts :]e implem5ts ( ! rude primitive ,drift type are f\nd are limit$ 9 ext5t4 ,x is to ages lat] 9 "t & m advanc$ 9 developm5t1 t ! ,neoli?ic or ,poli%$ ,/one ,p]iod belong$1 :5 ! manufacture ( /one in/rum5ts 0 mu* improv$1 & gr9d+ & poli%+ 7 g5]ally introduc$4 ,dur+ ! long p]iod ( preval5ce ( ?is /ate ( ?+s1 ,man appe>s to h spread almo/ ov] ! :ole habitable e>?4 ,! exam9ation ( di/rict aft] di/rict ( ! _w has n[ all b e/abli%$ a univ]sal rule t ! ,/one ,age 7bone or %ell be+ ! occasional sub/itutes = /one7 und]lies ! ,metal ,age ev]y:]e4 ,ev5 ! di/ricts fam$ 9 hi/ory z seats ( anci5t civilization %[1 l o!r regions1 _! traces ( a yet m ar*aic ,/one ,age4 ,asia ,m9or1 ,egypt1 ,pale/9e1 ,india1 ,*9a1 furni% evid5ce f actual specim5s1 hi/orical m5tions1 & survivals1 :i* demon/rate ! =m] preval5ce ( conditions ( society :i* h _! analogues among mod]n savage tribes4#dd ,! ,duke ( ,argyll1 9 8 #8,primeval ,man1' :ile admitt+ ! ,drift implem5ts z hav+ be5 ! ice hat*ets & rude knives ( l[ tribes ( m5 inhabit+ ,europe t[>d ! end ( ! ,glacial ,p]iod1 concludes !nce #8t x w\ld be ab\t z safe to argue f ^! implem5ts z to ! condition ( ,man at t "t 9 ! c\ntries ( 8 ,primeval ,home1 z x w\ld be 9 our own day to argue f ! habits & arts ( ! ,eskimo z to ! /ate ( civilization 9 ,london or 9 ,p>is4'#de ,! progress ( ,ar*ology = ye>s pa/1 h[ev]1 has be5 cont9ually cutt+ away ! gr\nd on :i* su* an argum5t z ?is c /&1 till n[ x is all b utt]ly driv5 (f ! field4 ,:]e n[ is ! di/rict ( ! e>? t c be po9t$ to z ! #8,primeval ,home' ( ,man1 & t does n %[ by rude /one implem5ts buri$ 9 its soil ! savage condition ( its =m] inhabitants8 ,!re is sc>cely a kn[n prov9ce ( ! _w ( :i* we _c say c]ta9ly1 savages once dwelt "h1 & if 9 su* a case an e?nologi/ ass]ts t ^! savages 7 ! desc5dants or successors ( a civiliz$ nation1 ! burd5 ( pro( lies on him4 ,aga91 ! ,bronze ,age & ! ,iron ,age belong 9 great measure to hi/ory1 b _! relation to ! ,/one ,age proves ! s\ndness ( ! judgem5t ( ,lucretius1 :51 atta*+ exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t to memory & inf]5ce f ! pa/1 he prop\nd$ :at is n[ a t5et ( ar*ology1 ! succession ( ! ,/one1 ,bronze1 & ,iron ,ages3 #8,arma antiqua manus ungues d5tesque fu]unt1 ,et lapides et item silv>um fragm9a rami ,po/]ius f]ri vis e/ risque rep]ta1 ,et prior ris erat quam f]ri cognitus usus4'#df ,?r\gh\t ! v>i\s topics ( ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology1 ! =ce & conv]g5ce ( its te/imony ^u ! developm5t ( culture are ov]p[]+4 ,! relics discov]$ 9 gravel-b$s1 caves1 %ell-m\nds1 t]ram>es1 lake-dwell+s1 e>?works1 ! results ( an exploration ( ! sup]ficial soil 9 _m c\ntries1 ! comp>ison ( geological evid5ce1 ( hi/orical docum5ts1 ( mod]n savage life1 corroborate & expla9 "o ano!r4 ,! megali?ic /ructures1 m5hirs1 cromle*s1 dolm5s1 & ! l1 only kn[n to ,engl&1 ,france1 ,alg]ia1 z ! "w ( races ( ! my/]i\s pa/1 h be5 kept up z matt]s ( mod]n con/ruction & recogniz$ purpose among ! rud] indig5\s tribes ( ,india4 ,! s]ies ( anci5t lake-settlem5ts :i* mu/ repres5t s _m c5turies ( successive population fr++ ! %ores ( ! ,swiss lakes1 h _! surviv+ repres5tatives among ! rude tribes ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,africa1 & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,outly+ savages are /ill heap+ up %ell-m\nds l ^? ( f>-pa/ ,sc&9avian antiquity4 ,! burial m\nds /ill to be se5 9 civiliz$ c\ntries h s]v$ at once z museums ( e>ly culture & z pro(s ( its savage or b>b>ic type4 ,x is en\gh1 )\t ent]+ f>!r "h into subjects fully discuss$ 9 mod]n special works1 to claim ! g5]al support giv5 to ! developm5t-!ory ( culture by ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology4 ,x 0 ) a true appreciation ( ! be>+s ( ?is sci5ce t "o ( its f\nd]s1 ! v5]able ,pr(essor ,sv5 ,nilsson1 decl>$ 9 #ahdc 9 ! ,introduction to 8 #8,primitive ,inhabitants ( ,sc&9avia1' t we are #8unable prop]ly to und]/& ! significance ( ! antiquities ( any individual c\ntry )\t at ! same "t cle>ly realiz+ ! idea t !y are ! fragm5ts ( a progressive s]ies ( civilization1 & t ! human race has always be51 & /ill is1 /eadily advanc+ 9 civilization4'#dg ,enquiry into ! orig9 & e>ly developm5t ( ! mat]ial arts1 z judg$ ( by comp>+ ! v>i\s /ages at :i* !y are f\nd exi/+1 leads to a correspond+ result4 ,n to take ?is argum5t up 9 its full range1 a few typical details may s]ve to %[ its g5]al "*4 ,among/ ! v>i\s /ages ( ! arts1 x is only a m9ority :i* %[ ( !mselves by m]e inspection :e!r !y are 9 ! l9e ( progress or ( decl9e4 ,mo/ su* facts may be comp>$ to an ,indian's canoe1 /em & /]n alike1 s t "o _c tell by look+ at x :i* way x is set to g4 ,b !re are "s :i*1 l our own boats1 di/9ctly po9t 9 ! direction ( _! actual c\rse4 ,su* facts are po9t]s 9 ! /udy ( civilization1 & 9 e bran* ( ! enquiry %\ld be s\ght out4 ,a good example ( ^! po9t]-facts is record$ by ,mr4 ,wallace4 ,9 ,celebes1 :]e ! bamboo h\ses are apt to lean ) ! preval5t we/ w9d1 ! natives h f\nd out t if !y fix "s crook$ timb]s 9 ! sides ( ! h\se1 x w n fall4 ,!y *oose su* accord+ly1 ! crook$e/ !y c f9d1 b !y d n "k ! rationale ( ! contrivance1 & h n hit on ! idea t /raight poles fix$ slant+ w\ld h ! same effect 9 mak+ ! /ructure rigid4#dh ,9 fact1 !y h gone half-way t[>d inv5t+ :at build]s call a #8/rut4' b h /opp$ %ort4 ,n[ ! m]e sight ( su* a h\se w\ld %[ t ! plan is n a remnant ( high] ar*itecture1 b a half-made inv5tion4 ,?is is a fact 9 ! l9e ( progress1 b n ( decl9e4 ,i h m5tion$ else:]e a numb] ( simil> cases2 ?us ! adaptation ( a cord to ! fire-drill is obvi\sly an improvem5t on ! simpl] in/rum5t twirl$ by h&1 & ! use ( ! sp9dle = mak+ ?read is an improvem5t on ! clumsi] art ( h&-twi/+2#di b to rev]se ?is position1 & suppose ! h&-drill to h come into use by leav+ (f ! use ( ! cord ( ! cord-drill1 or t p :o knew ! use ( ! sp9dle left x (f & pa9fully twi/$ _! ?read by h&1 is absurd4 ,aga91 ! appe>ance ( an art 9 a p>ticul> locality :]e x is h>d to acc\nt = x z borr[$ f else:]e1 & especially if x conc]ns "s special native product1 is evid5ce ( its be+ a native inv5tion4 ,?us1 :at p c claim ! inv5tion ( ! hammock1 or ! /ill m admirable discov]y ( ! extraction ( ! :olesome cassava f ! poison\s manioc1 b ! natives ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican & ,we/ ,indian di/ricts to :i* ^! ?+s belong8 ,z ! isolat$ possession ( an art goes to prove its inv5tion :]e x is f\nd1 s ! abs5ce ( an art goes to prove t x 0 nev] pres5t4 ,! onus prob&i is on ! o!r side2 if anyone ?9ks t ! ,ea/ ,african's ance/ors _h ! lamp & ! pott]'s :eel1 & t ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians once possess$ ! art ( mak+ be] f _! maize l ! ,mexicans1 b t ^! arts h be5 lo/1 at any rate let him %[ cause = su* an op9ion4 ,i ne$ n1 p]haps1 g s f> z a faceti\s e?nological fri5d ( m9e1 :o argues t ! exi/5ce ( savage tribes :o d n kiss _! wom5 is a pro( ( primval b>b>ism1 =1 he says1 if !y _h ev] kn[n ! practice !y c\ld n possibly h =gott5 x4 ,la/ly & pr9cipally1 z exp]i5ce %[s u t arts ( civiliz$ life are develop$ ?r\gh successive /ages ( improvem5t1 we may assume t ! e>ly developm5t ( ev5 savage arts came to pass 9 a simil> way1 & ?us1 f9d+ v>i\s /ages ( an art among ! l[] races1 we may arrange ^! /ages 9 a s]ies probably repres5t+ _! actual sequ5ce 9 hi/ory4 ,if any art c be trac$ back among savage tribes to a rudim5t>y /ate 9 :i* its inv5tion does n seem beyond _! intellectual condition1 & especially if x may be produc$ by imitat+ nature or foll[+ nature's direct sugge/ion1 !re is fair reason to suppose ! v orig9 ( ! art to h be5 rea*$4 ,pr(essor ,nilsson1 look+ at ! rem>kable simil>ity ( ! hunt+ & fi%+ in/rum5ts ( ! l[] races ( mank9d1 consid]s !m to h be5 contriv$ in/9ctively by a sort ( natural necessity4 ,z an example he takes ! b[ & arr[4#ej ,! in/ance seems an un=tunate "o1 9 ! face ( ! fact t ! suppos$ b[-&-arr[-mak+ in/9ct fails among ! natives ( ,tasmania1 to :om x w\ld h be5 v useful1 nor h ! ,au/ralians any b[ ( _! own inv5tion4 ,ev5 )9 ! ,papuan region1 ! b[ s preval5t 9 ,new ,gu9ea is abs5t1 or almo/ s1 f ,new ,cal$onia4 ,x seems to me t ,dr4 ,klemm1 9 8 diss]tations on ,implem5ts & ,weapons1 & ,colonel ,lane ,fox1 9 8 lectures on ,primitive ,w>f>e1 take a m in/ructive l9e 9 trac+ ! e>ly developm5t ( arts1 n to a bl9d in/9ct1 b to a selection1 imitation1 & gradual adaptation & improvem5t ( objects & op]ations :i* ,nature1 ! in/ructor ( primval man1 sets be=e him4 ,?us ,klemm traces ! /ages by :i* progress appe>s to h be5 made f ! r\gh /ick to ! f9i%$ spe> or club1 f ! natural %>p-edg$ or r\nd$ /one to ! arti/ically fa%ion$ celt1 spe>-head1 or hamm]4#ea ,lane ,fox traces connexion ?r\gh ! v>i\s types ( weapons1 po9t+ out h[ a =m once arriv$ at is repeat$ 9 v>i\s sizes1 l ! spe>-head & arr[-po9t2 h[ 9 rude conditions ( ! arts ! same in/rum5t s]ves diff]5t purposes1 z :]e ! ,fuegians use _! arr[-heads also = knives1 & ,kafirs c>ve ) _! assagais1 till sep>ate =ms are adopt$ = special purposes2 & h[ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! /rik+1 cutt+1 & pi]c+ in/rum5ts us$ by mank9d1 a cont9uity may be trac$1 :i* indicates a gradual progressive developm5t f ! rude/ beg9n+s to ! mo/ advanc$ improvem5ts ( mod]n skill4 ,to %[ h[ f> ! e>ly developm5t ( w>like arts may h be5 due to man's imitative faculty1 he po9ts out ! analogies 9 me?ods ( w>f>e among animals & m51 classify+ z def5sive appliances hides1 solid plates1 jo9t$ plates1 scales2 z (f5sive weapons1 ! pi]c+1 /rik+1 s]rat$1 poison$ k9ds1 c42 & "u ! head ( /ratagems1 flight1 concealm5t1 lead]s1 outpo/s1 w>-cries1 & s =?4#eb ,! manufacture ( /one implem5ts is n[ almo/ p]fectly und]/ood by ar*ologi/s4 ,! processes us$ by mod]n savages h be5 obs]v$ & imitat$4 ,sir ,john ,evans1 = in/ance1 by bl[s ) a pebble1 pressure ) a piece ( /ag's horn1 saw+ ) a fl9t-flake1 bor+ ) a /ick & s&1 & gr9d+ on a /one surface1 succe$s 9 reproduc+ all b ! f9e/ k9ds ( /one implem5ts4#ec ,on ?or\gh k we are n[ able to ref] 9 great measure ! rem>kable simil>ities ( ! /one scrap]s1 flake-knives1 hat*ets1 spe>- & arr[-heads1 c41 z f\nd 9 di/ant times & regions1 to ! simil>ity ( natural models1 ( mat]ials1 & ( requirem5ts :i* belong to savage life4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,/one ,age is cle>ly se5 to be "o ( developm5t4 ,beg9n+ ) ! natural %>p /one1 ! transition to ! rude/ artificially %ap$ /one implem5t is imp]ceptibly gradual1 & onw>d f ?is rude /age mu* indep5d5t progress 9 diff]5t directions is to be trac$1 till ! manufacture at la/ arrives at admirable arti/ic p]fection1 by ! "t t ! introduction ( metal is sup]s$+ x4 ,s ) o!r implem5ts & fabrics1 ( :i* ! /ages are kn[n ?r\gh _! :ole c\rse ( developm5t f ! m]e/ nature to ! fulle/ art4 ,! club is trac$ f ! rude/ natural bludgeon up to ! weapon ( f9i%$ %ape & c>v+4 ,pebbles held 9 ! h& to hamm] )1 & cutt+-in/rum5ts ( /one %ap$ or left smoo? at "o end to be held 9 ! h&1 may be se5 9 museums1 h9t+ t ! important art ( fix+ in/rum5ts 9 h&les 0 ! result ( inv5tion1 n ( in/9ct4 ,! /one hat*et1 us$ z a weapon1 passes into ! battle-axe4 ,! spe>1 a po9t$ /ick or pole1 has its po9t h>d5$ 9 ! fire1 & a fur!r improvem5t is to fix on a %>p po9t ( horn1 bone1 or *ipp$ /one4 ,/ones are flung by h&1 & !n by ! sl+1 a contrivance widely b n univ]sally kn[n among savage tribes4 ,f fir/ to la/ 9 ! hi/ory ( w> ! spe> or lance is grasp$ z a ?ru/+ weapon4 ,its use z a missile no d\bt began z e>ly1 b x has h>dly surviv$ s f> 9 civilization4 ,?us us$1 x is mo/ (t5 ?r[n by ! unaid$ arm1 b a sl+ = ! purpose is kn[n to v>i\s savage tribes4 ,! %ort cord ) an eye us$ 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 & call$ a #8becket' by ,capta9 ,cook1 & a :ip-l in/rum5t notic$ 9 ,new ,zeal&1 are us$ = spe>-?r[+4 ,b ! m usual in/rum5t is a wood5 h&le1 a foot or two long4 ,?is spe>-?r[] is kn[n across ! high nor!rn di/ricts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 among "s tribes ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & among ! ,au/ralians4 ,^! latt]1 x has be5 ass]t$1 c\ld n h inv5t$ x 9 _! pres5t /ate ( b>b>ism4 ,b ! rem>kable feature ( ! matt] is t ! spe>-?r[] belongs especially to savag]y1 & n to civilization4 ,among ! high] nations ! ne>e/ approa* to x seems to h be5 ! classic am5tum1 a ?ong atta*$ to ! middle ( ! %aft ( ! javel9 to ?r[ x )4 ,! highe/ p kn[n to h us$ ! spe>-?r[] prop] 7 ! nations ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,its exi/5ce among !m is v\*$ = by repres5tations 9 ! my?ological pictures1 by its ,mexican "n #8atlatl1' & by a beautifully arti/ic specim5 ( ! ?+ itself 9 ! ,*ri/y ,museum2 b we d n he> ( x z 9 practical use aft] ! ,spani% ,conque/4 ,9 fact ! hi/ory ( ! in/rum5t seems 9 absolute opposition to ! degradation-!ory1 repres5t+ z x does an inv5tion belong+ to ! l[] civilization1 & sc>cely able to survive beyond4 ,ne>ly ! same may be said ( ! bl[-tube1 :i* z a s]i\s weapon sc>cely ranges above rude tribes ( ! ,ea/ ,indies & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ?\gh kept up 9 sport at high] levels4 ,! ,au/ralian boom]ang has be5 claim$ z d]iv$ f "s hypo!tical high culture1 :]eas ! transition-/ages ?r\gh :i* x is connect$ ) ! club are to be obs]v$ 9 its own c\ntry1 :ile no civiliz$ race possesses ! weapon4 ,! use ( spr+ traps ( b\ghs1 ( swit*es to fillip small missiles )1 & ( ! rem>kable d>ts ( ! ,pelew ,isl&s1 b5t & made to fly by _! own spr+1 indicate inv5tions :i* may h l$ to t ( ! b[1 :ile ! arr[ is a m9iature =m ( ! javel94 ,! practice ( poison+ arr[s1 aft] ! mann] ( /+s & s]p5ts' fangs1 is no civiliz$ device1 b a *>act]i/ic ( l[] life1 :i* is g5]ally disc>d$ ev5 at ! b>b>ic /age4 ,! art ( n>cotiz+ fi%1 rememb]$ b n approv$ by high civilization1 belongs to _m savage tribes1 :o might easily discov] x 9 any =e/ pool :]e a suitable plant _h fall5 94 ,! art ( sett+ f5ces to cat* fi% at ! ebb ( ! tide1 s common among ! l[] races1 is a simple device = assi/+ nature q likely to occur to ! savage1 9 :om %>p hung] is no mean ally ( dull wit4 ,?us x is ) o!r arts4 ,fire-mak+1 cook+1 pott]y1 ! textile arts1 are to be trac$ along l9es ( gradual improvem5t4#ed ,music beg9s ) ! rattle & ! drum1 :i* 9 "o way or ano!r hold _! places f end to end ( civilization1 :ile pipes & /r+$ in/rum5ts repres5t an advanc$ musical art :i* is /ill develop+4 ,s ) ar*itecture & agriculture4 ,complex1 elaborate1 & highly-reason$ z are ! upp] /ages ( ^! arts1 x is to be rememb]$ t _! l[] /ages beg9 ) m]e direct imitation ( nature1 copy+ ! %elt]s :i* nature provides1 & ! propagation ( plants :i* nature p]=ms4 ,)\t enum]at+ to ! same purpose ! rema9+ indu/ries ( savage life1 x may be said g5]ally t _! facts resi/ r ?an require a !ory ( degradation f high] culture4 ,!y agree )1 & (t5 necessitate1 ! same view ( developm5t :i* we "k by exp]i5ce to acc\nt = ! orig9 & progress ( ! arts among ourselves4 ,9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! problem :i* w h5ce=w>d occupy our att5tion1 t ( det]m9+ ! relation ( ! m5tal condition ( savages to t ( civiliz$ m51 x is an excell5t guide & safegu>d to keep be=e our m9ds ! !ory ( developm5t 9 ! mat]ial arts4 ,?r\gh\t all ! manife/ations ( ! human intellect1 facts w be f\nd to fall into _! places on ! same g5]al l9es ( evolution4 ,! notion ( ! intellectual /ate ( savages z result+ f decay ( previ\s high k1 seems to h z little evid5ce 9 its fav\r z t /one celts are ! deg5]ate successors ( ,%effield axes1 or e>!n grave-m\nds degrad$ copies ( ,egyptian pyramids4 ,! /udy ( savage & civiliz$ life alike avail u to trace 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! human intellect1 n gifts ( transc5d5tal wisdom1 b rude %rewd s5se tak+ up ! facts ( common life & %ap+ f !m s*emes ( primitive philosophy4 ,x w be se5 aga9 & aga91 by exam9+ su* topics z language1 my?ology1 cu/om1 religion1 t savage op9ion is 9 a m or less rudim5t>y /ate1 :ile ! civiliz$ m9d /ill be>s ve/iges1 nei!r few nor slight1 ( a pa/ condition f :i* savages repres5t ! lea/1 & civiliz$ m5 ! greate/ advance4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole va/ range ( ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght & habit1 :ile civilization has to cont5d n only ) survival f l[] levels1 b also ) deg5]ation )9 its own bord]s1 x yet proves capable ( ov]com+ bo? & tak+ its own c\rse4 ,hi/ory )9 its prop] field1 & e?nography ov] a wid] range1 comb9e to %[ t ! in/itutions :i* c be/ hold _! own 9 ! _w gradually sup]s$e ! less fit ones1 & t ?is incessant conflict det]m9es ! g5]al resultant c\rse ( culture4 ,i w v5ture to set =? 9 my?ic fa%ion h[ progress1 ab]ration1 & retrogression 9 ! g5]al c\rse ( culture contra/ !mselves 9 my own m9d4 ,we may fancy ourselves look+ on ,civilization1 z 9 p]sonal figure %e trav]ses ! _w2 we see h] l+]+ or re/+ by ! way1 & (t5 deviat+ into pa?s t br+ h] toil+ back to :]e %e _h pass$ by long ago2 b1 direct or devi\s1 h] pa? lies =w>d1 & if n[ & !n %e tries a few backw>d /eps1 h] walk soon falls into a helpless /umbl+4 ,x is n accord+ to h] nature1 h] feet 7 n made to plant unc]ta9 /eps beh9d h]1 = bo? 9 h] =w>d view & 9 h] onw>d gait %e is ( truly human type4 ,footnote #c3 ,g4 ,w4 ,e>l1 #8,papuans1' p4 #gi2 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 #8,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago4' ,footnote #d3 ,ro*e=t1 #8,iles ,antilles1' pp4 #djj-dhj4 ,footnote #e3 ,gibbon1 #8,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1' *4 xxxviii4 ,footnote #f3 ,de ,mai/re1 #8,soires de ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aej4 ,footnote #g3 ,de ,brosses1 #8,dieux ,fti*es1' p4 #ae2 #8,=mation des ,langues1' vol4 i4 p4 #di2 vol4 ii4 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #h3 ,goguet1 #8,orig9e des ,lois1 des ,arts1' c41 vol4 i4 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #i3 ,:ately1 #8,essay on ! ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1' 9 ,miscellane\s ,lectures1 c4 ,8 evid5ce is exam9$ 9 detail 9 my #8,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1' *4 vii4 ,see also ,w4 ,cooke ,taylor1 #8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,society4' ,footnote #aj3 ,goguet1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bgj4 ,footnote #aa3 ,lecret4 v4 #ibc1 c42 see ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #c4 ,footnote #ab3 #8,ave/a1' trans4 ,spiegel ,bleeck1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #ac3 ,h>dy1 #8,manual ( ,budhism1' pp4 #fd1 #abh4 ,footnote #ad3 ,niebuhr1 #8,rmis*e ,ges*i*te1' "p i4 p4 #hh3 #8,nur das hab5 sie b]seh51 dasz ke9 e9ziges ,beyspiel von e9em wirkli* wild5 ,volk aufzuweis5 i/1 wel*es frey zur ,cultur b]gegang5 wre4' ,footnote #ae3 ,:ately1 #8,essay on ,orig9 ( ,civilisation4' ,footnote #af3 ,ovid4 ,ex ,ponto1 iii4 #h2 see ,grote1 #8,hi/ory ( ,greece1' vol4 xii4 p4 #fda4 ,footnote #ag3 ,w4 ,c4 ,taylor1 #8,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,society1' vol4 i4 p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #ah3 ,fynes ,moryson1 #8,it9]>y2' ,london1 #afag1 "p iii4 p4 #afb1 c42 ,j4 ,evans 9 #8,ar*ologia1' vol4 xli4 ,see description ( hide-boil+1 c41 among ! wild ,iri%1 ab\t #aeej1 9 ,&rew ,boorde1 #8,introduction ( ,k1' ed4 by ,f4 ,j4 ,furnivall1 ,e>ly ,engli% ,text ,soc4 #ahgj4 ,footnote #ai3 ,bu*anan1 #8,r]um ,scotic>um ,hi/oria2' ,ed9burgh1 #aebh1 p4 #g4 ,see #8,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1' #bnd ed4 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #bj3 ,m>t91 #8,description ( ,we/]n ,isl&s1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fci4 ,footnote #ba3 ,b>r[1 #8,mut9y ( ! ,b\nty'2 ,w4 ,brodie1 #8,pitcairn's ,isl&4' ,footnote #bb3 ,wallace1 #8,malay ,ar*ipelago1' vol4 i4 pp4 #db1 #dga2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aa1 #dc1 #dh2 ,la?am1 #8,descr4 ,e?41' vol4 ii4 pp4 #dib-e2 ,d4 & ,c4 ,liv+/one1 #8,exp4 to ,zambesi1' p4 #de4 ,footnote #bc3 ,s\!y1 #8,hi/ory ( ,brazil1' vol4 iii4 p4 #dbb4 ,footnote #bd3 ,j4 ,l4 ,wilson1 #8,w4 ,afr41' p4 #ahi4 ,footnote #be3 ,waitz1 #8,an?ropologie1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cei1 see #ia2 ,du ,*aillu1 #8,a%angol&1' p4 #aaf2 ,t4 ,h4 ,b5t1 #8,ru9$ ,cities ( ,ma%onal&4' ,footnote #bf3 ,*>levoix1 #8,n\velle ,france1' vol4 vi4 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #bg3 ,irv+1 #8,a/oria1' vol4 ii4 *4 v4 ,footnote #bh3 ,milton & ,*eadle1 #8,nor? ,we/ ,passage by ,l&1' p4 #bda2 ,waitz1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #gd-f4 ,footnote #bi3 #8,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1' p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #cj3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,algic ,res41' vol4 i4 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #ca3 ,/ell]1 #8,kamts*atka1' p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #cb3 ,see ,g4 ,campbell1 #8,e?nology ( ,india1' 9 ,j\rn4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1 #ahff "p ii4 ,footnote #cc3 ,j4 ,bailey1 #8,v$dahs1' 9 ,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgh2 see vol4 iii4 p4 #gj2 ,knox1 #8,hi/orical ,relation ( ,ceylon1' ,london1 #afha1 "p iii4 *ap4 i4 ,see ,a4 ,?omson1 #8,o/eology ( ! ,v$das1' 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?rop4 ,in/4 #ahhi1 vol4 xix4 p4 #abe2 ,l4 de ,zoysa1 #8,orig9 ( ,v$das1' 9 ,j\rn4 ,ceylon ,bran* ,royal ,asiatic ,soc41 vol4 vii42 ,b4 ,f4 ,h>t%orne 9 ,=tnightly ,rev41 ,m>4 #ahgf4 ,note to #crd edition4 ,footnote #cd3 ,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip41 vol4 i4 pp4 #bie-i2 vol4 ii4 p4 #bcg4 ,footnote #ce3 ,= ! connexion betwe5 ! ,aztec language & ! ,sonoran family ext5d+ ,n4 ,w4 t[>d ! s\rces ( ! ,miss\ri1 see ,bus*mann1 #8,spur5 d] ,aztekis*5 ,spra*e im ,nrdli*5 ,mexico1' c41 9 ,abh4 d] ,akad4 d] ,wiss5s*1 #ahed2 ,b]l91 #ahei2 also ,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc41 vol4 ii4 p4 #acj4 ,= ! connexion betwe5 ! ,nat*ez & ,maya languages see ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton1 9 #8,am]ican ,hi/orical ,magaz9e1' #ahfg1 vol4 i4 p4 #af2 & #8,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1' p4 #bh4 ,footnote #cf3 ,j4 ,h4 ,lamprey1 9 ,trans4 ( ,prehi/oric ,congress1 ,norwi*1 #ahfh1 p4 #fj2 ,j4 ,l9ton ,palm]1 9 ,j\rn4 ,e?4 ,soc41 vol4 i4 #ahfi4 ,footnote #cg3 ,squi] & ,davis1 #8,mon4 ( ,mississippi ,valley1' c41 9 ,smi?sonian ,contr41 vol4 i4 #ahdh2 ,lubbock1 #8,prehi/oric ,times1' *ap4 vii42 ,waitz1 #8,an?ropologie1' vol4 iii4 p4 #gb2 ,b>tram1 #8,creek & ,*]okee ,ind41' 9 ,tr4 ,am]4 ,e?nol4 ,soc41 vol4 iii4 "p i4 ,see ,petrie1 #8,inductive ,metrology1' #ahgg1 p4 #abb4 ,note to #crd ed4 ,footnote #ch3 ,/4 ,john1 #8,life 9 ,=e/s ( ,f> ,ea/1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cbg4 ,footnote #ci3 ,rafn1 #8,am]icas ,arctiske ,l&es ,gamle ,geographic1' pl4 vii41 viii4 ,footnote #dj3 ,lubbock 7,"l ,avebury71 9 #8,report ( ,briti% ,association1 #ahfg1' p4 #aba4 ,footnote #da3 ,lyell1 #8,antiquity ( ,man1' *ap4 xix4 ,footnote #db3 ,fr]e1 9 #8,ar*ologia1' #ahjj4 ,footnote #dc3 ,j4 ,evans1 9 #8,ar*ologia1' #ahfa2 ,lubbock1',prehi/oric ,times1' #bnd ed41 p4 #cce4 ,footnote #dd3 ,see #8,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1' #bnd ed4 *ap4 viii4 ,footnote #de3 ,argyll1 #8,primeval ,man1' p4 #abi4 ,footnote #df3 ,lecret4 ,de ,r]um ,natura1 v4 #abha4 ,footnote #dg3 ,see ,lyell1 #8,antiquity ( ,man1' #crd ed4 #ahfc2 ,lubbock1 #8,prehi/oric ,times1 #bnd ed4 #ahgj2 #8,trans4 ( ,congress ( ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology' 7,norwi*1 #ahfh72 ,/ev5s1 #8,fl9t ,*ips1 c41' #ahgj2 ,nilsson1 #8,primitive ,inhabitants ( ,sc&9avia' 7ed4 by ,lubbock1 #ahfh72 ,falcon]1 #8,palontological ,memoirs1 c4'2 ,l>tet & ,*ri/y1 #8,reliqui ,aquitanic' 7ed4 by ,t4 ,r4 ,jones72 ,kell]1 #8,lake ,dwell+s' 7,tr4 & ,ed4 by ,j4 ,e4 ,lee71 c41 c4 ,footnote #dh3 ,wallace1 #8,indian ,ar*ipelago1' vol4 i4 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #di3 #8,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1' pp4 #aib1 #bdc1 c41 c4 ,footnote #ej3 ,nilsson1 #8,primitive ,inhabitants ( ,sc&9avia1' p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #ea3 ,klemm1 #8,allg4 ,culturwiss5s*aft1' "p ii41 ,w]kzeuge und ,waff54 ,footnote #eb3 ,lane ,fox 7,pitt-,riv]s71 #8,lectures on ,primitive ,w>f>e1' ,j\rn4 ,unit$ ,s]vice ,in/41 #ahfg-i4 ,footnote #ec3 ,evans 9 #8,trans4 ( ,congress ( ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology' 7,norwi*1 #ahfh71 p4 #aia2 ,rau 9 #8,smi?sonian ,reports1' #ahfh2 ,sir ,e4 ,bel*] 9 ,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc41 vol4 i4 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #ed3 ,see details 9 #8,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1' *ap4 vii4-ix4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,survival ,,9 ,,culture4 ,survival & ,sup]/ition--,*ildr5's games--,games ( *ance--,traditional say+s--,nurs]y poems--,prov]bs--,riddles--,significance & survival 9 ,cu/oms3 sneez+-=mula1 rite ( f\ndation-sacrifice1 prejudice aga9/ sav+ a dr[n+ man4 ,:5 a cu/om1 an art1 or an op9ion is fairly />t$ 9 ! _w1 di/urb+ influ5ces may long affect x s slightly t x may keep its c\rse f g5]ation to g5]ation1 z a /ream once settl$ 9 its b$ w fl[ on = ages4 ,?is is m]e p]man5ce ( culture2 & ! special wond] ab\t x is t ! *ange & revolution ( human affairs %\ld h left s _m ( its feeble/ rivulets to run s long4 ,on ! ,tat> /eppes1 six hundr$ ye>s ago1 x 0 an (f5ce to tread on ! ?re%old or t\* ! ropes 9 ent]+ a t5t1 & s x appe>s to be /ill4#ee ,eighte5 c5turies ago ,ovid m5tions ! vulg> ,roman objection to m>riages 9 ,may1 :i* he n unreasonably expla9s by ! occurr5ce 9 t mon? ( ! fun]al rites ( ! ,lemuralia3-- #8,nec vidu tdis eadem nec virg9is apta ,tempora4 ,qu nupsit1 non diuturna fuit4 ,hac quoque de causa1 si te prov]bia tangunt1 ,m5se malas ,maio nub]e volgus ait4'#ef ,! say+ t m>riages 9 ,may are unlucky survives to ?is day 9 ,engl&1 a /rik+ example h[ an idea1 ! mean+ ( :i* has p]i%$ = ages1 may cont9ue to exi/ simply because x has exi/$4 ,n[ !re are ?\s&s ( cases ( ?is k9d :i* h become1 s to speak1 l&m>ks 9 ! c\rse ( culture4 ,:5 9 ! process ( "t !re has come g5]al *ange 9 ! condition ( a p1 x is usual1 not)/&+1 to f9d mu* t manife/ly _h n its orig9 9 ! new /ate ( ?+s1 b has simply la/$ on into x4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ^! survivals1 x becomes possible to decl>e t ! civilization ( ! p !y are obs]v$ among mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f an e>li] /ate1 9 :i* ! prop] home & mean+ ( ^! ?+s are to be f\nd2 & ?us collections ( su* facts are to be work$ z m9es ( hi/oric k4 ,9 deal+ ) su* mat]ials1 exp]i5ce ( :at actually happ5s is ! ma9 guide1 & direct hi/ory has to tea* u1 fir/ & =emo/1 h[ old habits hold _! gr\nd 9 ! mid/ ( a new culture :i* c]ta9ly w\ld nev] h br\ght !m 91 b on ! contr>y presses h>d to ?ru/ !m out4 ,:at ?is direct in=mation is l1 a s+le example may %[4 ,! ,dayaks ( ,borneo 7 n accu/om$ to *op wood1 z we d1 by not*+ out ,v-%ap$ cuts4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! :ite man intrud$ among !m ) ?is among o!r novelties1 !y m>k$ _! disgu/ at ! innovation by levy+ a f9e on any ( _! own p :o %\ld be caught *opp+ 9 ! ,european fa%ion2 yet s well aw>e 7 ! native wood-cutt]s t ! :ite man's plan 0 an improvem5t on _! own1 t !y w\ld use x surreptiti\sly :5 !y c\ld tru/ "o ano!r n to tell4#eg ,! acc\nt is tw5ty ye>s old1 & v likely ! =eign *op may h ceas$ to be an (f5ce aga9/ ,dayak cons]vatism1 b its prohibition 0 a /rik+ in/ance ( survival by ance/ral au?ority 9 ! v tee? ( common s5se4 ,su* a proce$+ z ?is w\ld be usually1 & n improp]ly1 describ$ z a sup]/ition2 &1 inde$1 ?is "n w\ld be giv5 to a l>ge proportion ( survivals1 su* = in/ance z may be collect$ by ! hundr$ f books ( folk-lore & occult sci5ce4 ,b ! t]m sup]/ition n[ implies a reproa*1 & ?\gh ?is reproa* may be (t5 ca/ des]v$ly on fragm5ts ( a dead l[] culture emb$d$ 9 a liv+ high] "o1 yet 9 _m cases x w\ld be h>%1 & ev5 untrue4 ,= ! e?nograph]'s purpose1 at any rate1 x is desirable to introduce su* a t]m z #8survival1' simply to d5ote ! hi/orical fact :i* ! ^w #8sup]/ition' is n[ spoil$ = express+4 ,moreov]1 !re h to be includ$ z p>tial survivals ! mass ( cases :]e en\gh ( ! old habit is kept up = its orig9 to be recognizable1 ?\gh 9 tak+ a new =m x has be5 s adapt$ to new circum/ances z /ill to hold its place on its own m]its4 ,?us x w\ld be seldom reasonable to call ! *ildr5's games ( mod]n ,europe sup]/itions1 ?\gh _m ( !m are survivals1 & inde$ rem>kable ones4 ,if ! games ( *ildr5 & ( gr[n-up p be exam9$ ) an eye to e?nological lessons to be ga9$ f !m1 "o ( ! fir/ ?+s t /rikes u is h[ _m ( !m are only sportive imitations ( ! s]i\s bus9ess ( life4 ,z *ildr5 9 mod]n civiliz$ times play at d9+ & driv+ horses & go+ to *ur*1 s a ma9 amusem5t ( savage *ildr5 is to imitate ! occupations :i* !y w c>ry on 9 e>ne/ a few ye>s lat]1 & ?us _! games are 9 fact _! lessons4 ,! ,esquimaux *ildr5's sports are %oot+ ) a t9y b[ & arr[ at a m>k1 & build+ little sn[-huts1 :i* !y light up ) scraps ( lamp-wick begg$ f _! mo!rs4#eh ,m9iature boom]angs & spe>s are among ! toys ( ,au/ralian *ildr52 & ev5 z ! fa!rs keep up z a recogniz$ means ( gett+ !mselves wives ! practice ( c>ry+ !m (f by viol5ce1 s play+ at su* ,sab9e m>riage has be5 notic$ z "o ( ! regul> games ( ! little native boys & girls4#ei ,n[ x is q a usual ?+ 9 ! _w = a game to outlive ! s]i\s practice ( :i* x is an imitation4 ,! b[ & arr[ is a conspicu\s in/ance4 ,anci5t & widespread 9 savage culture1 we trace ?is in/rum5t ?r\gh b>b>ic & classic life & onw>d to a high m$ival level4 ,b n[1 :5 we look on at an ar*]y meet+1 or g by c\ntry lanes at ! season :5 toy b[s & arr[s are #89' among ! *ildr51 we see1 r$uc$ to a m]e sportive survival1 ! anci5t weapon :i* among a few savage tribes /ill keeps its deadly place 9 ! hunt & ! battle4 ,! cross-b[1 a comp>atively late & local improvem5t on ! longb[1 has disappe>$ yet m utt]ly f practical use2 b z a toy x is 9 full ,european s]vice1 & likely to rema9 s4 ,= antiquity & wide diffusion 9 ! _w1 ?r\gh savage up to classic & m$ival times1 ! sl+ ranks ) ! b[ & arr[4 ,b 9 ! middle ages x fell out ( use z a practical weapon1 & x 0 all 9 va9 t ! #ae? c5tury poet comm5d$ ! art ( sl++ among ! ex]cises ( a good soldi]3-- #8,use eek ! ca/ ( /one1 ) slynge or honde3 ,x falle? (te1 yf o!r %ot !re none is1 ,m5 h>neys$ 9 /eel may n )/onde1 ,! multitude & mighty ca/ ( /onys2 ,& /onys 9 effecte1 are e :]e1 ,& slynges are n noy\s = to be>e4'#fj ,p]haps z s]i\s a use ( ! sl+ z c n[ be po9t$ out )\t ! limits ( civilization is among ! h]dsm5 ( ,spani% ,am]ica1 :o sl+ s clev]ly t ! say+ is !y c hit a bea/ on ei!r horn & turn him :i* way !y w4 ,b ! use ( ! rude old weapon is especially kept up by boys at play1 :o are "h aga9 ! repres5tatives ( remotely anci5t culture4 ,z games ?us keep up ! record ( primitive w>like arts1 s !y reproduce1 9 :at are at once sports & little *ildr5's lessons1 e>ly /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( *ildlike tribes ( mank9d4 ,engli% *ildr5 delight+ 9 ! imitations ( cries ( animals & s =?1 & ,new ,zeal&]s play+ _! fav\rite game ( imitat+ 9 *orus ! saw hiss+1 ! adze *ipp+1 ! musket ro>+1 & ! o!r in/rum5ts mak+ _! prop] noises1 are alike %[+ at its s\rce ! imitative elem5t s important 9 ! =mation ( language4#fa ,:5 we look into ! e>ly developm5t ( ! art ( c\nt+1 & see ! evid5ce ( tribe aft] tribe hav+ obta9$ num]als ?r\gh ! primitive /age ( c\nt+ on _! f+]s1 we f9d a c]ta9 e?nographic int]e/ 9 ! games :i* tea* ?is e>lie/ num]ation4 ,! ,new ,zeal& game ( #8ti' is describ$ z play$ by c\nt+ on ! f+]s1 a numb] be+ call$ by "o play]1 & he hav+ in/antly to t\* ! prop] f+]2 :ile 9 ! ,samoan game "o play] holds out s _m f+]s1 & 8 oppon5t mu/ d ! same in/antly or lose a po9t4#fb ,^! may be native ,polynesian games1 or !y may be our own *ildr5's games borr[$4 ,9 ! ,engli% nurs]y ! *ild le>ns to say h[ _m f+]s ! nurse %[s1 & ! appo9t$ =mula ( ! game is #8,buck1 ,buck1 h[ _m horns d ,i hold up8' ,! game ( "o hold+ up f+]s & ! o!rs hold+ up f+]s to mat* is m5tion$ 9 ,/rutt4 ,we may see small s*oolboys 9 ! lanes play+ at ! guess+-game1 :]e "o gets on ano!r's back & holds up f+]s1 ! o!r mu/ guess h[ _m4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice ! wide di/ribution & long p]man5ce ( ^! trifles 9 hi/ory :5 we read ! foll[+ passage f ,petronius ,arbit]1 writt5 9 ! "t ( ,n]o3--#8,trimal*io1 n to seem mov$ by ! loss1 kiss$ ! boy & bade him get up on 8 back4 ,)\t delay ! boy climb$ on horseback on him1 & slapp$ him on ! %\ld]s ) 8 h&1 laugh+ & call+ out #8bucca1 bucca1 quot sunt hic8'#fc ,! simple c\nt+-games play$ ) ! f+]s mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! addition-game1 :]e ea* play] ?r[s out a h&1 & ! sum ( all ! f+]s %[n has to be call$1 ! successful call] scor+ a po9t2 ea* %\ld call ! total be=e he sees 8 adv]s>y's h&1 s t ! skill lies especially 9 %rewd guess+4 ,?is game af=ds endless amusem5t to ,s\!rn ,europe1 :]e x is kn[n 9 ,italian z #8morra1' & 9 ,fr5* z #8m\rre1' & x is popul> 9 ,*9a "u ! "n ( ts'ai mei1 or #8guess h[ _m6' ,s peculi> a game w\ld h>dly h be5 inv5t$ twice ov] 9 ,europe & ,asia1 & z ! ,*9ese t]m does n appe> to be anci5t1 we may take x z likely t ! ,portuguese m]*ants introduc$ ! game into ,*9a1 z !y c]ta9ly did into ,japan4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians1 z _! sculptures %[1 us$ to play at "s k9d ( f+]-game1 & ! ,romans _h _! f+]-fla%+1 #8mic>e digitis1' at :i* but*]s us$ to gamble ) _! cu/om]s = bits ( meat4 ,x is n cle> :e!r ^! 7 morra or "s o!r games4#fd ,:5 ,scot* lads1 play+ at ! game ( #8tappie-t\sie1' take "o ano!r by ! =elock & say1 #8,w ye be my man8'#fe !y "k no?+ ( ! old symbolic mann] ( receiv+ a bondman :i* !y are keep+ up 9 survival4 ,! wood5 drill = mak+ fire by friction1 :i* s _m rude or anci5t races are kn[n to h us$ z _! common h\sehold in/rum5t1 & :i* la/s on among ! mod]n ,h9dus z ! "t-hon\r$ sacr$ means ( light+ ! pure sacrificial flame1 has be5 f\nd surviv+ 9 ,switz]l& z a toy among ! *ildr51 :o made fire ) x 9 sport1 mu* z ,equimaux w\ld h done 9 e>ne/4#ff ,9 ,go?l& x is on record t ! anci5t sacrifice ( ! wild bo> has actually be5 c>ri$ on into mod]n "t 9 sportive imitation1 by lads 9 masqu]ad+ clo!s ) _! faces black5$ & pa9t$1 :ile ! victim 0 p]sonat$ by a boy roll$ up 9 furs & plac$ ^u a seat1 ) a tuft ( po9t$ /raws 9 8 m\? to imitate ! bri/les ( ! bo>4#fg ,"o innoc5t little *ild's sport ( our own "t is /rangely mix$ up ) an ugly /ory ( ab\t a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! game 9 "q is ?us play$ 9 ,france3--,! *ildr5 /& 9 a r+1 "o lights a spill ( pap] & passes x on to ! next1 say+1 #8petit bonhomme vit encore1' & s on r\nd ! r+1 ea* say+ ! words & pass+ on ! flame z quickly z may be1 = ! "o 9 ^: h&s ! spill goes out has to pay a =feit1 & x is !n proclaim$ t #8petit bonhomme e/ mort4' ,grimm m5tions a simil> game 9 ,g]many1 play$ ) a burn+ /ick1 & ,halliwell gives ! nurs]y rhyme :i* is said ) x :5 x is play$ 9 ,engl&3-- #8,jack's alive & 9 v good heal?1 ,if he dies 9 y\r h& y mu/ look to y\rself4' ,n[1 z all read]s ( ,*ur* hi/ory "k1 x us$ to be a fav\rite eng9e ( controv]sy = ! adh]5ts ( an e/abli%$ fai? to accuse h]etical sects ( celebrat+ hide\s orgies z ! my/]ies ( _! religion4 ,! ,pagans told ^! /ories ( ! ,jews1 ! ,jews told !m ( ! ,*ri/ians1 & ,*ri/ians !mselves rea*$ a bad em95ce 9 ! art ( sl&]+ religi\s oppon5ts ^: moral life (t5 seems 9 fact to h be5 exceptionally pure4 ,! ,mani*ans 7 an especial m>k = su* asp]sions1 :i* 7 pass$ on to a sect consid]$ z _! successors--! ,paulicians1 ^: "n reappe>s 9 ! middle ages1 9 connexion ) ! ,ca?>i4 ,to ^! latt]1 app>5tly f an expression 9 "o ( _! religi\s =mulas1 0 giv5 ! "n ( ,boni ,hom9es1 :i* became a recogniz$ t]m = ! ,albig5ses4 ,x is cle> t ! e>ly ,paulicians excit$ ! ang] ( ! or?odox by object+ to sacr$ images1 & call+ ^? :o v5]at$ !m idolat]s2 & ab\t ,a4,d4 #gjj1 ,john ( ,osun1 ,patri>* ( ,arm5ia1 wrote a diatribe aga9/ ! sect1 urg+ accusations ( ! regul> anti-,mani*an type1 b ) a peculi> feature :i* br+s 8 /atem5t into ! pres5t s+ul> connexion4 ,he decl>es t !y blasphem\sly call ! or?odox #8image-wor%ipp]s2' t !y !mselves wor%ip ! sun2 t1 moreov]1 !y mix :eat5 fl\r ) ! blood ( infants & !re) celebrate _! communion1 & #8:5 !y h sla9 by ! wor/ ( dea?s a boy1 ! fir/-born ( 8 "m1 ?r[n f h& to h& among !m by turns1 !y v5]ate him 9 ^: h& ! *ild expires1 z hav+ atta9$ to ! fir/ dignity ( ! sect4' ,to expla9 ! correspond5ce ( ^! atroci\s details ) ! nurs]y sport1 x is p]haps ! mo/ likely supposition1 n t ! game ( #8,petit ,bonhomme' keeps up a recollection ( a leg5d ( ! ,boni ,hom9es1 b t ! game 0 kn[n to ! *ildr5 ( ! eigh? c5tury mu* z x is n[1 & t ! ,arm5ian ,patri>* simply accus$ ! ,paulicians ( play+ at x ) live babes4#fh ,x may be possible to trace ano!r int]e/+ gr\p ( sports z survivals f a bran* ( savage philosophy1 once ( high rank ?\gh n[ fall5 into m]it$ decay4 ,games ( *ance correspond s closely ) arts ( div9ation belong+ already to savage culture1 t !re is =ce 9 apply+ to sev]al su* games ! rule t ! s]i\s practice comes fir/1 & 9 "t may dw9dle to ! sportive survival4 ,to a mod]n educat$ man1 draw+ lots or toss+ up a co9 is an appeal to *ance1 t is1 to ignorance2 x is committ+ ! decision ( a "q to a me*anical process1 itself 9 no way unnatural or ev5 extraord9>y1 b m]ely s difficult to foll[ t no "o c say be=eh& :at w come ( x4 ,b we also "k t ?is sci5tific doctr9e ( *ance is n t ( e>ly civilization1 :i* has little 9 common ) ! ma!matician's !ory ( probabilities1 b mu* 9 common ) su* sacr$ div9ation z ! *oice ( ,mat?ias by lot z a twelf? apo/le1 or1 9 a lat] age1 ! ,moravian ,bre?r5's rite ( *oos+ wives = _! "y m5 by ca/+ lots ) pray]4 ,x 0 to no bl9d *ance t ! ,maoris look$ :5 !y div9$ by ?r[+ up lots to f9d a ?ief among a suspect$ company2#fi or ! ,gu9ea negroes :5 !y w5t to ! feti%-prie/1 :o %uffl$ 8 bundle ( little /rips ( lea!r & gave 8 sacr$ om54#gj ,! cr[d ) uplift$ h&s pray to ! gods1 :5 ! h]oes ca/ lots 9 ! cap ( ,atreides ,agamemnon1 to "k :o %all g =? to d battle ) ,hektor & help ! well-greav$ ,greeks4#ga ,) pray] to ! gods1 & look+ up to heav51 ! ,g]man prie/ or fa!r1 z ,tacitus relates1 drew ?ree lots f among ! m>k$ fruit-tree twigs scatt]$ on a pure :ite g>m5t1 & int]pret$ ! answ] f _! signs4#gb ,z 9 anci5t ,italy oracles gave responses by grav5 lots1#gc s ! mod]n ,h9dus decide disputes by ca/+ lots 9 front ( a temple1 appeal+ to ! gods ) cries ( #8,let ju/ice be %[n6 ,%[ ! innoc5t6'#gd ,! unciviliz$ man ?9ks t lots or dice are adju/$ 9 _! fall ) ref]5ce to ! mean+ he may *oose to atta* to x1 & especially he is apt to suppose spiritual be+s /&+ ov] ! div9] or ! gambl]1 %uffl+ ! lots or turn+ up ! dice to make !m give _! answ]s4 ,?is view held its place firmly 9 ! middle ages1 & lat] 9 hi/ory we /ill f9d games ( *ance look$ on z results ( sup]natural op]ation4 ,! g5]al *ange f m$ival to mod]n notions 9 ?is respect is well %[n 9 a rem>kable "w publi%$ 9 #afai1 :i* seems to h done mu* t[>d br++ ! *ange ab\t4 ,?omas ,gatak]1 a ,puritan m9i/]1 9 8 treatise #8,( ! ,nature & ,use ( ,lots1' /ates1 9 ord] to combat !m1 ! foll[+ among ! curr5t objections made aga9/ games ( *ance3--#8,lots may n be us$ b ) great rev]5ce1 because ! disposition ( !m comme? imm$iately f ,god' 444 #8! nature ( a ,lot1 :i* is affirm$ to bee a worke ( ,gods speciall & imm$iate provid5ce1 a sacr$ oracle1 a div9e judgem5t or s5t5ce3 ! light use ( x !re=e to be an abuse ( ,gods "n2 & s a s9ne aga9/ ! ?ird ,comm&em5t4' ,gatak]1 9 opposition to ?is1 argues t #8to expect ! issue & ev5t ( x1 z by ord9>ie meanes f ,god1 is common to all actions3 to expect x by an imm$iate & extraord9>ie worke is no m lawfull "h ?an else:]e1 yea is inde$ m]e sup]/ition4'#ge ,x took "t1 h[ev]1 = ?is op9ion to become preval5t 9 ! educat$ _w4 ,aft] a lapse ( =ty ye>s1 ,j]emy ,taylor c\ld /ill br+ out a remnant ( ! old] notion1 9 ! c\rse ( a g5]ally reasonable argum5t 9 fav\r ( games ( *ance :5 play$ = refre%m5t & n = money4 #8,i h he>d1' he says1 #8f !m t h skill 9 su* ?+s1 !re are su* /range *ances1 su* promot+ ( a h& by fancy & little arts ( geomancy1 su* con/ant w9n+ on "o side1 su* unreasonable losses on ! o!r1 & ^! /range cont+5cies produce su* horrible effects1 t x is n improbable t ,god ha? p]mitt$ ! conduct ( su* games ( *ance to ! devil1 :o w ord] !m s :]e he c d mo/ mis*ief2 b1 )\t ! in/rum5tality ( money1 he c\ld d no?+ at all4'#gf ,) :at vitality ! notion ( sup]natural int]f]5ce 9 games ( *ance ev5 n[ survives 9 ,europe1 is well %[n by ! /ill fl\ri%+ arts ( gambl]'s magic4 ,! folk-lore ( our own day cont9ues to tea* t a ,good ,friday's egg is to be c>ri$ = luck 9 gam+1 & t a turn ( "o's *air w turn "o's =tune2 ! ,tyrolese kn[s ! *>m = gett+ f ! devil ! gift ( w9n+ at c>ds & dice2 !re is /ill a great sale on ! cont95t = books :i* %[ h[ to discov]1 f dreams1 good numb]s = ! lott]y2 & ! ,lusatian peasant w ev5 hide 8 lott]y-tickets "u ! alt>-clo? t !y may receive ! bless+ ) ! sacram5t1 & s /& a bett] *ance ( w9n+4#gg ,arts ( div9ation & games ( *ance are s simil> 9 pr9ciple1 t ! v same in/rum5t passes f "o use to ! o!r4 ,?is appe>s 9 ! acc\nts1 v sugge/ive f ?is po9t ( view1 ( ! ,polynesian art ( div9ation by sp9n+ ! #8niu' or coco-nut4 ,9 ! ,tongan ,isl&s1 9 ,m>9]'s "t1 ! pr9cipal purpose = :i* ?is 0 solemnly p]=m$ 0 to enquire if a sick p]son w\ld recov]2 pray] 0 made al\d to ! patron god ( ! family to direct ! nut1 :i* 0 !n spun1 & its direction at re/ indicat$ ! int5tion ( ! god4 ,on o!r occasions1 :5 ! coco-nut 0 m]ely spun = amusem5t1 no pray] 0 made1 & no cr$it giv5 to ! result4 ,"h ! s]i\s & ! sportive use ( ?is rudim5t>y teetotum are f\nd toge!r4 ,9 ! ,samoan ,isl&s1 h[ev]1 at a lat] date1 ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,turn] f9ds ! practice pass$ into a diff]5t /age4 ,a p>ty sit 9 a circle1 ! coco-nut is spun 9 ! middle1 & ! oracul> answ] is accord+ to ! p]son t[>ds :om ! monkey-face ( ! fruit is turn$ :5 x /ops2 b :]eas =m]ly ! ,samoans us$ ?is z an art ( div9ation to discov] ?ieves1 n[ !y only keep x up z a way ( ca/+ lots1 & z a game ( =feits4#gh ,x is 9 fav\r ( ! view ( s]i\s div9ation be+ ! e>li] use1 to notice t ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 ?\gh !y h no coco-nuts1 keep up a trace ( ! "t :5 _! ance/ors 9 ! tropical isl&s _h !m & div9$ ) !m2 = x is ! well-kn[n ,polynesian ^w #8niu1' i4e4 coco-nut1 :i* is /ill reta9$ 9 use among ! ,maoris = o!r k9ds ( div9ation1 especially t p]=m$ ) /icks4 ,mr4 ,taylor1 :o po9ts out ?is curi\sly neat piece ( e?nological evid5ce1 records ano!r case to ! pres5t purpose4 ,a me?od ( div9ation 0 to clap ! h&s toge!r :ile a prop] *>m 0 repeat$2 if ! f+]s w5t cle> 91 x 0 fav\rable1 b a *eck 0 an ill om52 on ! "q ( a p>ty cross+ ! c\ntry 9 w>-"t1 ! lock+ ( all ! f+]s1 or ! /oppage ( "s or all1 7 naturally int]pret$ to mean cle> passage1 meet+ a travell+ p>ty1 or be+ /opp$ altoge!r4 ,?is qua9t little symbolic art ( div9ation seems n[ only to survive z a game2 x is call$ #8puni-puni4'#gi ,a simil> connexion betwe5 div9ation & gambl+ is %[n by m famili> in/rum5ts4 ,! hucklebones or a/ragali 7 us$ 9 div9ation 9 anci5t ,rome1 be+ conv]t$ into rude dice by numb]+ ! f\r sides1 & ev5 :5 ! ,roman gambl] us$ ! tali = gambl+1 he w\ld invoke a god or 8 mi/ress be=e he made 8 ?r[4#hj ,su* implem5ts are n[ mo/ly us$ = play1 b1 nev]!less1 _! use = div9ation 0 by no means conf9$ to ! anci5t _w1 = hucklebones are m5tion$ 9 ! #ag? c5tury among ! =tune-tell+ in/rum5ts :i* "y girls div9$ = husb&s )1#ha & ,negro sorc]]s /ill ?r[ dice z a means ( detect+ ?ieves4#hb ,lots s]ve ! two purposes equally well4 ,! ,*9ese gamble by lots = ca% & sweetmeats1 :il/ !y also s]i\sly take om5s by solemn appeals to ! lots kept ready = ! purpose 9 ! temples1 & pr(essional div9]s sit 9 ! m>ket-places1 ?us to op5 ! future to _! cu/om]s4#hc ,play+-c>ds are /ill 9 ,european use = div9ation4 ,t e>ly sort kn[n z #8t>ots' :i* ! ,fr5* deal]'s lic5se to sell #8c>tes et t>ots' /ill keeps 9 m9d1 is said to be pref]r$ by =tune-tell]s to ! common k9d2 = ! t>ot-pack1 ) its m num]\s & complex figures1 l5ds itself to a great] v>iety ( om5s4 ,9 ^! cases1 direct hi/ory fails to tell u :e!r ! use ( ! in/rum5t = om5 or play came fir/4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,greek #8kottabos' is in/ructive4 ,?is art ( div9ation consi/$ 9 fl++ w9e out ( a cup into a metal bas9 "s di/ance (f )\t spill+ any1 ! ?r[] say+ or ?9k+ 8 mi/ress's "n1 & judg+ f ! cle> or dull spla% ( ! w9e on ! metal :at 8 =tune 9 love w\ld be2 b 9 "t ! magic pass$ out ( ! process1 & x became a m]e game ( dext]ity play$ = a prize4#hd ,if ?is be a typical case1 & ! rule be reli$ on t ! s]i\s use prec$es ! playful1 !n games ( *ance may be consid]$ survivals 9 pr9ciple or detail f correspond+ processes ( magic--z div9ation 9 sport made gambl+ 9 e>ne/4 ,seek+ m examples ( ! la/+ on ( fix$ habits among mank9d1 let u glance at a gr\p ( "t-hon\r$ traditional say+s1 old saws :i* h a special int]e/ z cases ( survival4 ,ev5 :5 ! real signification ( ^! phrases has fad$ out ( m5's m9ds1 & !y h sunk into %e] nons5se1 or h be5 ov]laid ) "s mod]n sup]ficial mean+1 /ill ! old =mulas are h&$ on1 (t5 ga9+ m 9 my/]y ?an !y lose 9 s5se4 ,we may he> p talk ( #8buy+ a pig 9 a poke1' ^: acqua9tance ) ,engli% does n ext5d to kn[+ :at a poke is4 ,& c]ta9ly ^? :o wi% to say t !y h a great m9d to some?+1 & :o express !mselves by decl>+ t !y h #8a mon?'s m9d' to x1 c h no conception ( ! hopeless nons5se !y are mak+ ( ! old t]m ( ! #8mon?'s m9d1' :i* 0 really ! mon?ly s]vice = a dead man's s\l1 :]eby he 0 kept 9 m9d or remembrance4 ,! prop] s5se ( ! phrase #8s[+ 8 wild oats' seems g5]ally lo/ 9 our mod]n use ( x4 ,no d\bt x once impli$ t ^! ill we$s w\ld spr+ up 9 lat] ye>s1 & h[ h>d x w\ld !n be to root !m out4 ,l ! enemy 9 ! p>able1 ! ,sc&9avian ,loki1 ! mis*ief-mak]1 is prov]bially said 9 ,jutl& to s[ 8 oats 7#8nu saa] ,lokk5 s9 havre'71 & ! "n ( #8,loki's oats' 7,loke%avre7 is giv5 9 ,dani% to ! wild oats 7av5a fatua74#he ,say+s :i* h _! s\rce 9 "s obsolete cu/om or tale1 ( c\rse lie especially op5 to su* ill-usage4 ,x has become m]e ,engli% to talk ( an #8unlick$ cub' :o #8wants lick+ into %ape1' :ile few rememb] ! explanation ( ^! phrases f ,pl9y's /ory t be>s are born z eyeless1 hairless1 %apeless lumps ( :ite fle%1 & h aft]w>ds to be lick$ into =m4#hf ,aga91 9 relics ( old magic & religion1 we h sometimes to look = a deep] s5se 9 conv5tional phrases ?an !y n[ c>ry on _! face1 or = a real mean+ 9 :at n[ seems nons5se4 ,h[ an e?nographical record may become embodi$ 9 a popul> say+1 a ,tamil prov]b n[ curr5t 9 ,s\? ,india w %[ p]fectly4 ,on occasions :5 ,a hits ,b1 & ,c cries out at ! bl[1 ! by/&]s w say1 #8',tis l a ,koravan eat+ asaftida :5 8 wife lies 96' ,n[ a ,koravan belongs to a l[ race 9 ,madras1 & is def9$ z #8gipsy1 w&]]1 ass-driv]1 ?ief1 eat] ( rats1 dwell] 9 mat t5ts1 =tune-tell]1 & suspect$ "*2' & ! explanation ( ! prov]b is1 t :]eas native wom5 g5]ally eat asaftida z /r5g!n+ m$ic9e aft] *ildbir?1 among ! ,koravans x is ! husb& :o eats x to =tify himself on ! occasion4 ,?is1 9 fact1 is a v>iety ( ! _w-wide cu/om ( ! #8c\vade1' :]e at *ildbir? ! husb& und]goes m$ical treatm5t1 9 _m cases be+ put to b$ = days4 ,x appe>s t ! ,koravans are among ! races practis+ ?is qua9t cu/om1 & t _! m civiliz$ ,tamil neighb\rs1 /ruck by its oddity1 b unconsci\s ( its n[-=gott5 mean+1 h tak5 x up into a prov]b4#hg ,let u n[ apply ! same sort ( e?nographical key to d>k say+s 9 our own mod]n language4 ,! maxim1 a #8hair ( ! dog t bit y' 0 orig9ally nei!r a metaphor nor a joke1 b a matt]-(-fact recipe = cur+ ! bite ( a dog2 "o ( ! _m in/ances ( ! anci5t homopa?ic doctr9e1 t :at hurts w also cure3 x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,sc&9avian ,edda1 #8,dog's hair heals dog's bite4'#hh ,! phrase #8rais+ ! w9d' n[ passes z humor\s slang1 b x once1 9 all s]i\sness1 describ$ "o ( ! mo/ dread$ ( ! sorc]]'s arts1 practis$ especially by ! ,f9l& wiz>ds1 ( ^: uncanny p[] ov] ! wea!r our sailors h n to ?is day =gott5 _! old t]ror4 ,! anci5t c]emony or ordeal ( pass+ ?r\gh a fire or leap+ ov] burn+ br&s has be5 kept up s vigor\sly 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 t ,jamieson's d]ivation ( ! phrase #8to haul ov] ! coals' f ?is rite appe>s 9 no way f>-fet*$4 ,x is n long s9ce an ,iri%woman 9 ,new ,york 0 tri$ = kill+ h] *ild2 %e _h made x /& on burn+ coals to f9d out :e!r x 0 really h] own or a *angel+4#hi ,! ,engli% nurse :o says to a fretful *ild1 #8,y got out ( b$ wrong foot =emo/ ?is morn+1' seldom or nev] kn[s ! mean+ ( h] say+2 b ?is is /ill pla9 9 ! ,g]man folk-lore rule1 t to get out ( b$ left foot fir/ w br+ a bad day1#ij "o ( ! _m examples ( t simple association ( ideas :i* connects "r & left ) good & bad respectively4 ,to conclude1 ! phrase #8*eat+ ! devil' seems to belong to t famili> s]ies ( leg5ds :]e a man makes a compact ) ! fi5d1 b at ! la/ mom5t gets (f scot-free by ! int]position ( a sa9t1 or by "s absurd evasion--su* z :i/l+ ! gospel he has b\nd himself n to say1 or refus+ to complete 8 b>ga9 at ! fall ( ! leaf1 on ! plea t ! sculptur$ leaves 9 ! *ur* are /ill on _! b\ghs4 ,"o =m ( ! m$ival compact 0 = ! demon1 :5 he _h taught 8 black art to a class ( s*ol>s1 to seize "o ( !m = 8 pr(essional fee1 by lett+ !m all run = _! lives & cat*+ ! la/--a /ory obvi\sly connect$ ) ano!r popul> say+3 #8devil take ! h9dmo/4' ,b ev5 at ?is game ! /upid fi5d may be *eat$1 z is told 9 ! folk-lore ( ,spa9 & ,scotl&1 9 ! leg5ds ( ! ,m>qus de ,villano & ! ,e>l ( ,s\!sk1 :o att5d$ ! ,devil's magic s*ools at ,salamanca & ,padua4 ,! apt s*ol> only leaves ! ma/] 8 %ad[ to clut* z foll[+ h9dmo/ 9 ! race1 & ) ?is unsub/antial paym5t ! demon mu/ ne$s be satisfi$1 :ile ! new-made magician goes =? free1 b ev] aft] %ad[less4#ia ,x seems a fair inf]5ce to ?9k folk-lore ne>e/ to its s\rce is :]e x has its highe/ place & mean+4 ,?us1 if "s old rhyme or say+ has 9 "o place a solemn import 9 philosophy or religion1 :ile else:]e x lies at ! level ( ! nurs]y1 !re is "s gr\nd = treat+ ! s]i\s v]sion z ! m orig9al1 & ! playful "o z its m]e l+]+ survival4 ,! argum5t is n safe1 b yet is n to be q ov]look$4 ,= in/ance1 !re are two poems kept 9 remembrance among ! mod]n ,jews1 & pr9t$ at ! end ( _! book ( ,passov] s]vices 9 ,hebrew & ,engli%4 ,"o is t kn[n z 7,*ad gady73 x beg9s1 #8,a kid1 a kid1 my fa!r b\ght = two pieces ( money2' & x goes on to tell h[ a cat came & ate ! kid1 & a dog came & bit ! cat1 & s on to ! end4--#8,!n came ! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he6 & slew ! angel ( dea?1 :o slew ! but*]1 :o kill$ ! ox1 t drank ! wat]1 t qu5*$ ! fire1 t burnt ! /ick1 t beat ! dog1 t bit ! cat1 t ate ! kid1 t my fa!r b\ght = two pieces ( money1 a kid1 a kid4' ,?is composition is 9 ! #8,seph] ,haggadah1' & is look$ on by "s ,jews z a p>able conc]n+ ! pa/ & future ( ! ,holy ,l&4 ,accord+ to "o int]pretation1 ,pale/9e1 ! kid1 is dev\r$ by ,babylon ! cat2 ,babylon is ov]?r[n by ,p]sia1 ,p]sia by ,greece1 ,greece by ,rome1 till at la/ ! ,turks prevail 9 ! l&2 b ! ,edomites 7i4e4 ! nations ( ,europe7 %all drive out ! ,turks1 ! angel ( dea? %all de/roy ! enemies ( ,israel1 & 8 *ildr5 %all be re/or$ "u ! rule ( ,messiah4 ,irrespectively ( any su* p>ticul> int]pretation1 ! solemnity ( ! end+ may incl9e u to ?9k t we really h ! composition "h 9 some?+ l its fir/ =m1 & t x 0 writt5 to convey a my/ic mean+4 ,if s1 !n x foll[s t our famili> nurs]y tale ( ! old woman :o c\ldn't get h] kid 7or pig7 ov] ! /ile1 & w\ldn't get home till midnight1 mu/ be consid]$ a brok5-d[n adaptation ( ?is old ,jewi% poem4 ,! o!r composition is a c\nt+-poem1 & beg9s ?us3 #8,:o kn[e? "o8 ,i 7sai? ,israel7 "k ,"o3 ,"o is ,god1 :o is ov] heav5 & e>?4 ,:o kn[e? two8 ,i 7sai? ,israel7 "k two3 ,two tables ( ! cov5ant2 b ,"o is our ,god :o is ov] ! heav5s & ! e>?4' 7,& s =?1 accumulat+ up to ! la/ v]se1 :i* is--7 #8,:o kn[e? ?irte58 ,i 7sai? ,israel7 "k ?irte53 ,?irte5 div9e attributes1 twelve tribes1 elev5 />s1 t5 comm&m5ts1 n9e mon?s prec$+ *ildbir?1 eight days prec$+ circumcision1 sev5 days ( ! week1 six books ( ! ,mi%nah1 five books ( ! ,law1 f\r matrons1 ?ree patri>*s1 two tables ( ! cov5ant2 b ,"o is our ,god :o is ov] ! heav5s & ! e>?4' ,?is is "o ( a family ( c\nt+-poems1 app>5tly held 9 mu* fav\r 9 m$ival ,*ri/ian times1 = !y are n yet q =gott5 9 c\ntry places4 ,an old ,lat9 v]sion runs3 #8,unus e/ ,deus1' c41 & "o ( ! /ill-surviv+ ,engli% =ms beg9s1 #8,"o's ,"o all alone1 & ev]more %all be s1' !nce reckon+ on z f> z #8,twelve ! twelve apo/les4' ,"h bo? ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian =ms are or h be5 s]i\s1 s x is possible t ! ,jew may h imitat$ ! ,*ri/ian1 b ! nobl] =m ( ! ,hebrew poem "h aga9 gives x a claim to be ?\ght ! e>li]4#ib ,! old prov]bs br\ght d[n by long inh]itance into our mod]n talk are f> f be+ insignificant 9 !mselves1 = _! wit is (t5 z fre%1 & _! wisdom z p]t95t1 z x ev] 04 ,beyond ^! practical qualities1 prov]bs are in/ructive = ! place 9 e?nography :i* !y occupy4 ,_! range 9 civilization is limit$2 !y seem sc>cely to belong to ! l[e/ tribes1 b appe> fir/ 9 a settl$ =m among "s ( ! high] savages4 ,! ,fijians1 :o 7 f\nd a few ye>s s9ce liv+ 9 :at ar*ologi/s might call ! upp] ,/one ,age1 h "s well-m>k$ prov]bs4 ,!y laugh at want ( =e?\ght by ! say+ t #8,! ,nakondo p cut ! ma/ fir/' 7i4e4 be=e !y _h built ! canoe72 & :5 a poor man looks wi/fully at :at he _c buy1 !y say1 #8,becalm$1 & look+ at ! fi%4'#ic ,among ! li/ ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s' #8:akatauki1' or prov]bs1 "o describes a lazy glutton3 #8,deep ?roat1 b %all[ s9ews2' ano!r says t ! lazy (t5 pr(it by ! "w ( ! indu/ri\s3 #8,! l>ge *ips made by ,h>dwood fall to ! %>e ( ,sit-/ill2' a ?ird moralizes t #8,a crook$ "p ( a /em ( toetoe c be se52 b a crook$ "p 9 ! he>t _c be se54'#id ,among ! ,basutos ( ,s\? ,africa1 #8,wat] nev] gets tir$ ( runn+' is a reproa* to *att]]s2 #8,lions gr[l :ile !y are eat+1' means t !re are p :o nev] w enjoy any?+2 #8,! s[+-mon? is ! heada*e-mon?1' describes ^? lazy folks :o make excuses :5 "w is to be done2 #8,! ?ief eats ?und]bolts1' means t he w br+ d[n v5geance f heav5 on himself4#ie ,we/ ,african nations are especially /rong 9 prov]bial philosophy2 s mu* s t ,capta9 ,burton amus$ himself ?r\gh ! ra9y season at ,f]n&o ,po 9 compil+ a volume ( native prov]bs1#if among :i* !re are hundr$s at ab\t z high an intellectual level z ^? ( ,europe4 #8,he fl$ f ! sword & hid 9 ! scabb>d1' is z good z our #8,out ( ! fry+-pan into ! fire2' & #8,he :o has only 8 eyebr[ = a cross-b[ c nev] kill an animal1' is m picturesque1 if less t]se ?an our #8,h>d words break no bones4' ,! old ,buddhi/ aphorism1 t #8,he :o indulges 9 enmity is l "o :o ?r[s a%es to w9dw>d1 :i* come back to ! same place & cov] him all ov]1' is put ) less prose & z mu* po9t 9 ! negro say+1 #8,a%es fly back 9 ! face ( him :o ?r[s !m4' ,:5 someone tries to settle an affair 9 ! abs5ce ( ! p conc]n$1 ! negroes w object t #8,y c't %ave a man's head :5 he is n !re1' :ile1 to expla9 t ! ma/] is n to be judg$ by ! folly ( 8 s]vant1 !y say1 #8,! rid] is n a fool because ! horse is4' ,+ratitude is allud$ to 9 #8,! sword kn[s n ! head ( ! smi?' 7:o made x71 & yet m =cibly else:]e1 #8,:5 ! calaba% _h sav$ !m 79 ! fam9e71 !y said1 let u cut x = a dr9k+-cup4' ,! popul> contempt = poor m5's wisdom is put v neatly 9 ! maxim1 #8,:5 a poor man makes a prov]b x does n spread1' :ile ! v m5tion ( mak+ a prov]b z some?+ likely to happ51 %[s a l& :]e prov]b-mak+ is /ill a liv+ art4 ,transplant$ to ! ,we/ ,indies1 ! ,african keeps up ?is art1 z witness ^! say+s3 #8,beh9d dog x is dog1 b be=e dog x is ,mr4 ,dog2' & #8,t\te cab9ette t9i m>+\9'--#8,e cab9 has its mosquito4' ,! prov]b has n *ang$ its "* 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory2 b has reta9$ f fir/ to la/ a precisely def9ite type4 ,! prov]bial say+s record$ among ! high] nations ( ! _w are to be reckon$ by t5s ( ?\s&s1 & h a l>ge & well-kn[n lit]ature ( _! own4 ,b ?\gh ! range ( exi/5ce ( prov]bs ext5ds into ! highe/ levels ( civilization1 ?is is sc>cely true ( _! developm5t4 ,at ! level ( ,european culture 9 ! middle ages1 !y h inde$ a va/ importance 9 popul> education1 b _! p]iod ( actual gr[? seems already at an end4 ,c]vantes rais$ ! prov]b-mong]'s craft to a pit* x nev] surpass$2 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! incomp>able ,san*o's w>es 7 mo/ly heirlooms2 = prov]bs 7 ev5 !n s9k+ to remnants ( an e>li] condition ( society4 ,z su*1 !y survive among ourselves1 :o g on us+ mu* ! same relics ( ance/ral wisdom z came out ( ! squire's inexhau/ible budget1 old saws n to be lightly alt]$ or made anew 9 our *ang$ mod]n times4 ,we c collect & use ! old prov]bs1 b mak+ new ones has become a feeble1 spiritless imitation1 l our attempts to inv5t new my?s or new nurs]y rhymes4 ,riddles />t ne> prov]bs 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization1 & !y travel on long toge!r1 ?\gh at la/ t[>ds diff]5t ends4 ,by riddles are "h meant ! old-fa%ion$ problems ) a real answ] int5d$ to be discov]$1 su* z ! typical enigma ( ! ,sph9x1 b n ! mod]n v]bal conundrums set 9 ! traditional =m ( "q & answ]1 z a way ( br++ 9 a je/ propos ( no?+4 ,! orig9al k9d1 :i* may be def9$ z #8s5se-riddles1' are f\nd at home among ! upp] savages1 & range on into ! l[] & middle civilization2 & :ile _! gr[? /ops at ?is level1 _m anci5t specim5s h la/$ on 9 ! mod]n nurs]y & by ! cottage fireside4 ,!re is a pla9 reason :y riddles %\ld belong only to ! high] grades ( savag]y2 _! mak+ requires a fair p[] ( ideal comp>ison1 & k mu/ h made consid]able advance be=e ?is process c\ld become s famili> z to fall f e>ne/ into sport4 ,at la/1 9 a f> high] /ate ( culture1 riddles beg9 to be look$ on z trifl+1 _! gr[? ceases1 & !y only survive 9 remnants = *ildr5's play4 ,"s examples *os5 among v>i\s races1 f savag]y upw>ds1 w %[ m exactly ! place 9 m5tal hi/ory :i* ! riddle occupies4 ,! foll[+ are specim5s f a collection ( ,zulu riddles1 record$ ) qua9tly simple native comm5ts on ! philosophy ( ! matt]3--,q4 #8,guess ye "s m5 :o are _m & =m a r[2 !y dance ! w$d+-dance1 adorn$ 9 :ite hip-dresses8' ,a4 #8,! tee?2 we call !m m5 :o =m a r[1 = ! tee? /& l m5 :o are made ready = a w$d+-dance1 t !y may dance well4 ,:5 we say1 !y are 8adorn$ ) :ite hip-dresses10 we put t 91 t p may n at once ?9k ( tee?1 b be drawn away f !m by ?9k+1 8,x is m5 :o put on :ite hip-dresses10 & cont9ually h _! ?\ghts fix$ on m51' c4 ,q4 #8,guess ye a man :o does n lie d[n at night3 he lies d[n 9 ! morn+ until ! sun sets2 he !n awakes1 & works all night2 he does n "w by day2 he is n se5 :5 he works8' ,a4 #8,! clos+-poles ( ! cattle-p54' ,q4 #8,guess ye a man :om m5 d n l to laugh1 = x is kn[n t 8 laught] is a v great evil1 & is foll[$ by lam5tation1 & an end ( rejoic+4 ,m5 weep1 & trees1 & grass2 & ev]y?+ is he>d weep+ 9 ! tribe :]e he laughs2 & !y say ! man has laugh$ :o does n usually laugh8' ,a4 #8,fire4 ,x is call$ a man t :at is said may n be at once evid5t1 x be+ conceal$ by ! ^w 8man40 ,m5 say _m ?+s1 se>*+ out ! mean+ 9 rivalry1 & miss+ ! m>k4 ,a riddle is good :5 x is n disc]nible at once1' c4#ig ,among ! ,basutos1 riddles are a recogniz$ "p ( education1 & are set l ex]cises to a :ole company ( puzzl$ *ildr54 ,q4 #8,d y "k :at ?r[s itself f ! m\nta9 top )\t be+ brok58' ,a4 #8,a wat]fall4' ,q4 #8,!re is a ?+ t travels fa/ )\t legs or w+s1 & no cliff1 nor riv]1 nor wall c /op x8' ,a4 #8,! voice4' ,q4 #8,"n ! t5 trees ) t5 flat /ones on ! top ( !m4' ,a4 #8,! f+]s4' ,q4 #8,:o is ! little immovable dumb boy :o is dress$ up w>m 9 ! day & left nak$ at night8' ,a4 #8,! b$-clo!s' peg4'#ih ,f ,ea/ ,africa1 ?is ,swahili riddle is an example3 ,q4 #8,my h5 has laid among ?orns8' ,a4 #8,a p9eapple4'#ii ,f ,we/ ,africa1 ?is ,yoruba "o3 #8,a long sl5d] trad+ woman :o nev] gets to m>ket8' ,a4 #8,a canoe 7x /ops at ! l&+-place74'#ajj ,9 ,polynesia1 ! ,samoan ,isl&]s are giv5 to riddles4 ,q4 #8,!re are f\r bro!rs1 :o are always be>+ ab\t _! fa!r8' ,a4 #8,! ,samoan pill[1' :i* is a y>d ( ?ree-in* bamboo re/+ on f\r legs4 ,q4 #8,a :ite-head$ man /&s above ! f5ce1 & rea*es to ! heav5s8' ,a4 #8,! smoke ( ! ov54' ,q4 #8,a man :o /&s betwe5 two rav5\s fi%8' ,a4 #8,! tongue4'#aja 7,!re is a ,zulu riddle l ?is1 :i* comp>es ! tongue to a man liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( enemies fight+47 ,! foll[+ are old ,mexican enigmas3 ,q4 #8,:at are ! t5 /ones "o has at 8 sides8' ,a4 #8,! f+]-nails4' ,q4 #8,:at is x we get into by ?ree p>ts & out ( by "o8' ,a4 #8,a %irt4' ,q4 #8,:at goes ?r\gh a valley & drags its entrails aft] x8' ,a4 #8,a ne$le4'#ajb ,^! riddles f\nd among ! l[] races d n diff] at all 9 nature f ^? t h come d[n1 sometimes mod]niz$ 9 ! sett+1 into ! nurs]y lore ( ,europe4 ,?us ,spani% *ildr5 /ill ask1 #8,:at is ! di% ( nuts t is ga!r$ by day1 & scatt]$ by night8' 7! />s47 ,our ,engli% riddle ( ! pair ( tongs3 #8,long legs1 crook$ ?ighs1 little head1 & no eyes1' is primitive en\gh to h be5 made by a ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]4 ,! foll[+ is on ! same !me z "o ( ! ,zulu riddles3 #8,a flock ( :ite %eep1 ,on a r$ hill2 ,"h !y g1 !re !y g2 ,n[ !y /& /ill8' ,ano!r is ! v analogue ( "o ( ! ,aztec specim5s3 #8,old ,"m ,twit*ett _h b "o eye1 ,& a long tail :i* %e let fly2 ,& e "t %e w5t ov] a gap1 ,%e left a bit ( h] tail 9 a trap8' ,s ?or\ghly does riddle-mak+ belong to ! my?ologic /age ( ?\ght1 t any poet's simile1 if n too f>-fet*$1 ne$s only inv]sion to be made at once into an enigma4 ,! ,h9du calls ! ,sun ,saptsva1 i4e4 #8sev5-hors$1' :ile1 ) ! same ?\ght1 ! old ,g]man riddle asks1 #8,:at is ! *>iot drawn by ! sev5 :ite & sev5 black horses8' 7! ye>1 drawn by ! sev5 days & nights ( ! week4#ajc7 ,su*1 too1 is ! ,greek riddle ( ! two si/]s1 ,day & ,night1 :o gave bir? ea* to ! o!r to be born ( h] aga93 1 1 2 & ! enigma ( ,kleob\los1 ) its o!r l fragm5ts ( rudim5t>y my?ology3 1 ' ' 1 ' ' 4 #8,"o is ! fa!r1 & twelve ! *ildr51 &1 born unto ea* "o1 ,maid5s ?irty1 ^: =m 9 twa9 is p>t$ asund]1 ,:ite to behold on ! "o side1 black to behold on ! o!r1 ,all immortal 9 be+1 yet doom$ to dw9dle & p]i%4'#ajd ,su* que/ions z ^! may be fairly guess$ n[ z 9 old times1 & mu/ be di/+ui%$ f t sc>c] class :i* require ! div9ation ( "s unlikely ev5t to solve !m4 ,( su* ! typical example is ,samson's riddle1 & !re is an old ,sc&9avian "o l x4 ,! /ory is t ,ge/r f\nd a duck sitt+ on h] ne/ 9 an ox's horn$ skull1 & !reupon prop\nd$ a riddle1 describ+ ) *>act]i/ic ,nor?man's metaphor ! ox ) its horns fanci$ z already made into dr9k+-horns4 ,! foll[+ translation does n exagg]ate ! qua9tness ( ! orig9al3--#8,joy+ 9 *ildr5 ! bill-goose grew1 ,& h] build+-timb]s toge!r drew2 ,! bit+ grass-%e>] scre5$ h] b$1 ,) ! madd5+ dr9k-/ream ov]head4'#aje ,_m ( ! old oracul> responses are puzzles ( precisely ?is k9d4 ,su* is ! /ory ( ! ,delphic oracle1 :i* ord]$ ,tem5os to f9d a man ) ?ree eyes to guide ! army1 :i* injunction he fulfill$ by meet+ a "o-ey$ man on horseback4#ajf ,x is curi\s to f9d ?is idea aga9 9 ,sc&9avia1 :]e ,od9 sets ,k+ ,heidrek a riddle1 #8,:o are !y two t f>e to ! ,?+ ) ?ree eyes1 t5 feet1 & "o tail8' ! answ] be+1 ! "o-ey$ ,od9 himself on 8 eight-foot$ horse ,sleipnir4#ajg ,! close be>+ ( ! doctr9e ( survival on ! /udy ( mann]s & cu/oms is con/antly com+ into view 9 e?nographic rese>*4 ,x seems sc>cely too mu* to ass]t1 once = all1 t mean+less cu/oms mu/ be survivals1 t !y _h a practical1 or at lea/ c]emonial1 int5tion :5 & :]e !y fir/ arose1 b are n[ fall5 into absurdity f hav+ be5 c>ri$ on into a new /ate ( society1 :]e _! orig9al s5se has be5 disc>d$4 ,( c\rse1 new cu/oms introduc$ 9 p>ticul> ages may be ridicul\s or wick$1 b z a rule !y h disc]nible motives4 ,explanations ( ?is k9d1 by rec\rse to "s =gott5 mean+1 seem on ! :ole to acc\nt be/ = obscure cu/oms :i* "s h set d[n to m]e outbreaks ( spontane\s folly4 ,a c]ta9 ,zimm]mann1 :o publi%$ a heavy #8,geographical ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d' 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 rem>ks z foll[s on ! preval5ce ( simil> nons5sical & /upid cu/oms 9 di/ant c\ntries3--#8,= if two clev] heads may1 ea* = himself1 hit ^u a clev] inv5tion or discov]y1 !n x is f> likeli]1 consid]+ ! mu* l>g] total ( fools & blockheads1 t l fool]ies %\ld be giv5 to two f>-di/ant l&s4 ,if1 !n1 ! inv5tive fool be likewise a man ( importance & influ5ce1 z is1 inde$1 an extremely frequ5t case1 !n bo? nations adopt a simil> folly1 & !n1 c5turies aft]1 "s hi/orian goes ?r\gh x to extract 8 evid5ce = ! d]ivation ( ^! two nations "o f ! o!r4'#ajh ,/rong views z to ! folly ( mank9d seem to h be5 9 ! air ab\t ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ,"l ,*e/]field 0 no d\bt an extremely diff]5t p]son f our ,g]man philosoph]1 b !y 7 q at "o z to ! absurdity ( cu/oms4 ,advis+ 8 son z to ! etiquette ( c\rts1 ! ,e>l writes ?us to him3--#8,= example1 x is respectful to b[ to ! ,k+ ( ,engl&1 x is disrespectful to b[ to ! ,k+ ( ,france2 x is ! rule to c\rtesy to ! ,emp]or2 & ! pro/ration ( ! :ole body is requir$ by ,ea/]n ,mon>*s4 ,^! are e/abli%$ c]emonies1 & mu/ be compli$ )2 b :y !y 7 e/abli%$1 ,i defy s5se & reason to tell u4 ,x is ! same among all ranks1 :]e c]ta9 cu/oms are receiv$1 & mu/ necess>ily be compli$ )1 ?\gh by no means ! result ( s5se & reason4 ,z = in/ance1 ! v absurd1 ?\gh almo/ univ]sal cu/om ( dr9k+ p's heal?s4 ,c !re be any?+ 9 ! _w less relative to any o!r man's heal?1 ?an my dr9k+ a glass ( w9e8 ,common s5se1 c]ta9ly1 nev] po9t$ x out1 b yet common s5se tells me ,i mu/ con=m to x4'#aji ,n[1 ?\gh x might be difficult en\gh to make s5se ( ! m9or details ( c\rt etiquette1 ,"l ,*e/]field's example f x ( ! irrationality ( mank9d is a s+ul>ly unlucky "o4 ,inde$1 if any "o 7 told to set =? 9 few words ! relations ( ! p to _! rul]s 9 diff]5t /ates ( society1 he might answ] t m5 grovel on _! faces be=e ! ,k+ ( ,siam1 kneel on "o knee or uncov] be=e a ,european mon>*1 & %ake ! h& ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z ?\gh x 7 a pump-h&le4 ,^! are c]emonies at once intelligible & significant4 ,"l ,*e/]field is m =tunate 9 8 second in/ance1 = ! cu/om ( dr9k+ heal?s is really ( obscure orig94 ,yet x is closely connect$ ) an anci5t rite1 practically absurd inde$1 b done ) a consci\s & s]i\s int5tion :i* l&s x q outside ! region ( nons5se4 ,?is is ! cu/om ( p\r+ out libations & dr9k+ at c]emonial banquets to gods & ! dead4 ,?us ! old ,nor?m5 drank ! #8m9ni' ( ,?or1 ,od91 & ,freya1 & ( k+s likewise at _! fun]als4 ,! cu/om did n die out ) ! conv]sion ( ! ,sc&9avian & ,teutonic nations4 ,su* =mulas z #8,god's m9ne6' #8a b[l to ,god 9 heav56' are on record1 :ile 9 l mann] ,*ri/1 ,m>y1 & ! ,sa9ts 7 drunk to 9 place ( hea!n gods & h]oes1 & ! habit ( dr9k+ to ! dead & ! liv+ at ! same fea/ & 9 simil> t]ms goes f> to prove "h a common orig9 = bo? c]emonies4 ,! #8m9ne' 0 at once love1 memory1 & ! ?\ght ( ! abs5t1 & x long surviv$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! #8m9ny+' or #8mynde' days1 on :i* ! memory ( ! dead 0 celebrat$ by s]vices or banquets4 ,su* evid5ce z ?is fairly ju/ifies ! writ]s1 old] & new]1 :o h treat$ ^! c]emonial dr9k+ usages z 9 _! nature sacrificial4#aaj ,z = ! practice ( simply dr9k+ ! heal? ( liv+ m51 its anci5t hi/ory rea*es u f sev]al di/ricts inhabit$ by ,aryan nations4 ,! ,greeks 9 symposium drank to "o ano!r1 & ! ,romans adopt$ ! habit 71 prop9>e1 ,grco m bib]e74 ,! ,go?s cri$ #8hails6' z !y pl$g$ ea* o!r1 z we h x 9 ! curi\s fir/ l9e ( ! v]ses #8,de conviviis b>b>is' 9 ! ,lat9 ,an?ology1 :i* sets d[n ! %\ts ( a ,go?ic dr9k+-b\t ( ! fif? c5tury or s1 9 words :i* /ill p>tly keep _! s5se to an ,engli% e>4 #8,int] eils ,goticum scapiamatziaia dr9can ,non audet quisquam dignos educ]e v]sus4' ,z = ourselves1 ?\gh ! old dr9k+ salutation ( #8ws hl8' is no long] vulg> ,engli%1 ! =mula rema9s ) u1 /iff5$ into a n\n4 ,on ! :ole1 !re is presumptive ?\gh n conclusive evid5ce t ! cu/om ( dr9k+ heal?s to ! liv+ is hi/orically relat$ to ! religi\s rite ( dr9k+ to ! gods & ! dead4 ,let u n[ put ! !ory ( survival to a some:at sev]e te/1 by seek+ f x "s explanation ( ! exi/5ce1 9 practice or memory1 )9 ! limits ( mod]n civiliz$ society1 ( ?ree rem>kable gr\ps ( cu/oms :i* civiliz$ ideas totally fail to acc\nt =4 ,?\gh we may n succe$ 9 giv+ cle> & absolute explanations ( _! motives1 at any rate x is a /ep 9 advance to be able to ref] _! orig9s to savage or b>b>ic antiquity4 ,look+ at ^! cu/oms f ! mod]n practical po9t ( view1 "o is ridicul\s1 ! o!rs are atroci\s1 & all are s5seless4 ,! fir/ is ! practice ( salutation on sneez+1 ! second ! rite ( lay+ ! f\ndations ( a build+ on a human victim1 ! ?ird ! prejudice aga9/ sav+ a dr[n+ man4 ,9 int]pret+ ! cu/oms connect$ ) sneez+1 x is ne$ful to recognize a preval5t doctr9e ( ! l[] races1 ( :i* a full acc\nt w be giv5 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,z a man's s\l is consid]$ to g 9 & out ( 8 body1 s x is ) o!r spirits1 p>ticul>ly su* z ent] into pati5ts & possess !m or afflict !m ) disease4 ,among ! less cultur$ races1 ! connexion ( ?is idea ) sneez+ is be/ %[n among ! ,zulus1 a p firmly p]suad$ t k9dly or angry spirits ( ! dead hov] ab\t !m1 d !m good or h>m1 /& visibly be=e !m 9 dreams1 ent] into !m1 & cause diseases 9 !m4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s are abridg$ f ! native /atem5ts tak5 d[n by ,dr4 ,callaway3--,:5 a ,zulu sneezes1 he w say1 #8,i am n[ bless$4 ,! ,idhlozi 7ance/ral _s7 is ) me2 x has come to me4 ,let me ha/5 & praise x1 = x is x :i* causes me to sneeze6' ,s he praises ! manes ( 8 family1 ask+ = cattle1 & wives1 & bless+s4 ,sneez+ is a sign t a sick p]son w be re/or$ to heal?2 he returns ?anks aft] sneez+1 say+1 #8,ye p ( ours1 ,i h ga9$ t prosp]ity :i* ,i want$4 ,cont9ue to look on me ) fav\r6' ,sneez+ rem9ds a man t he %\ld "n ! ,itongo 7ance/ral _s7 ( 8 p )\t delay1 because x is ! ,itongo :i* causes him to sneeze1 t he may p]ceive by sneez+ t ! ,itongo is ) him4 ,if a man is ill & does n sneeze1 ^? :o come to him ask :e!r he has sneez$ or n2 if he has n sneez$1 !y murmur1 say+1 #8,! disease is great6' ,if a *ild sneezes1 !y say to x1 #8,gr[6' x is a sign ( heal?4 ,s !n1 x is said1 sneez+ among black m5 gives a man /r5g? to rememb] t ! ,itongo has ent]$ into him & abides ) him4 ,! ,zulu div9]s or sorc]]s are v apt to sneeze1 :i* !y reg>d z an indication ( ! pres5ce ( ! spirits1 :om !y adore by say+1 #8,makosi6' 7i4e4 lords or ma/]s74 ,x is a sugge/ive example ( ! transition ( su* cu/oms z ^! f "o religion to ano!r1 t ! ,amakosa1 :o us$ to call on _! div9e ance/or ,utixo :5 !y sneez$1 s9ce _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity say1 #8,pres]v]1 look ^u me6' or1 #8,creator ( heav5 & e>?6'#aaa ,else:]e 9 ,africa1 simil> ideas are m5tion$4 ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 9 8 #8,vulg> ,errors1' made well kn[n ! /ory t :5 ! ,k+ ( ,monomotapa sneez$1 acclamations ( bless+ pass$ f m\? to m\? ?r\gh ! city2 b he %\ld h m5tion$ t ,godigno1 f :om ! orig9al acc\nt is tak51 said t ?is took place :5 ! k+ drank1 or c\gh$1 or sneez$4#aab ,a lat] acc\nt f ! o!r side ( ! cont95t is m to ! purpose4 ,9 ,gu9ea1 9 ! la/ c5tury1 :5 a pr9cipal p]sonage sneez$1 all pres5t fell on _! knees1 kiss$ ! e>?1 clapp$ _! h&s1 & wi%$ him all happ9ess & prosp]ity4#aac ,) a diff]5t idea1 ! negroes ( ,old ,calab>1 :5 a *ild sneezes1 w sometimes exclaim1 #8,f> f y6' ) an appropriate ge/ure z if ?r[+ (f "s evil4#aad ,polynesia is ano!r region :]e ! sneez+ salutation is well m>k$4 ,9 ,new ,zeal&1 a *>m 0 said to prev5t evil :5 a *ild sneez$2#aae if a ,samoan sneez$1 ! by/&]s said1 #8,life to y6'#aaf :ile 9 ! ,tongan gr\p a sneeze on ! />t+ ( an exp$ition 0 a mo/ evil presage4#aag ,a curi\s ,am]ican in/ance dates f ,h]n&o de ,soto's fam\s exp$ition into ,florida1 :5 ,gua*oya1 a native *ief1 came to pay him a visit4 #8,:ile ?is 0 go+ on1 ! cacique ,gua*oya gave a great sneeze2 ! g5tlem5 :o _h come ) him & 7 l9+ ! walls ( ! hall among ! ,spani>ds !re all at once b[+ _! heads1 op5+ _! arms1 & clos+ !m aga91 & mak+ o!r ge/ures ( great v5]ation & respect1 salut$ him ) diff]5t words1 all direct$ to "o end1 say+1 8,! ,sun gu>d !e1 be ) !e1 enlight5 !e1 magnify !e1 protect !e1 fav\r !e1 def5d !e1 prosp] !e1 save !e10 & o!r l phrases1 z ! words came1 & = a good space !re l+]$ ! murmur ( ^! words among !m1 :]eat ! gov]nor wond]+ said to ! g5tlem5 & capta9s ) him1 8,d y n see t all ! _w is "o80 ,?is matt] 0 well not$ among ! ,spani>ds1 t among s b>b>\s a p %\ld be us$ ! same c]emonies1 or great]1 ?an among ^? :o hold !mselves to be v civiliz$4 ,:5ce x may be believ$ t ?is mann] ( salutation is natural among all nations1 & n caus$ by a pe/il5ce1 z is vulg>ly said1' c4#aah ,9 ,asia & ,europe ! sneez+ sup]/ition ext5ds ?r\gh a wide range ( race1 age1 & c\ntry4#aai ,among ! passages relat+ to x 9 ! classic ages ( ,greece & ,rome1 ! foll[+ are "s ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic1--! lucky sneeze ( ,telema*os 9 ! ,odyssey2#abj ! soldi]'s sneeze & ! %\t ( adoration to ! god :i* rose along ! ranks1 & :i* ,x5ophon appeal$ to z a fav\rable om52#aba ,ari/otle's rem>k t p consid] a sneeze z div9e 7 71 b n a c\gh1#abb c42 ! ,greek epigram on ! man ) ! long nose1 :o did n say :5 he sneez$1 = ! noise 0 too f> (f = him to he>2#abc ,petronius ,arbit]'s m5tion ( ! cu/om ( say+ #8,salve6' to "o :o sneez$2#abd & ,pl9y's "q1 #8,cur /]nutam5tis salutamus8' apropos ( :i* he rem>ks t ev5 ,tib]ius ,cs>1 t sadde/ ( m51 exact$ ?is obs]vance4#abe ,simil> rites ( sneez+ h long be5 obs]v$ 9 ,ea/]n ,asia4#abf ,:5 a ,h9du sneezes1 by/&]s say1 #8,live6' & ! sneez] replies1 #8,) y6' ,x is an ill om51 to :i* among o!rs ! ,?ugs paid great reg>d on />t+ on an exp$ition1 & :i* ev5 compell$ !m to let ! travell]s ) !m escape4#abg ,! ,jewi% sneez+ =mula is1 #8,tobim *ayim6' i4e4 #8,good life6'#abh ,! ,moslem says1 #8,praise to ,allah6' :5 he sneezes1 & 8 fri5ds complim5t him ) prop] =mulas1 a cu/om :i* seems to be convey$ f race to race :]ev] ,islam ext5ds4#abi ,la/ly1 ! cu/om ranges ?r\gh m$ival into mod]n ,europe4 ,to cite old ,g]man examples1 #8,die ,heid5 ni*t endorft5 nies51 d man do* spri*et 8,nu helfiu ,got80' #8,wir spre*51 sw] niuset1 ,got helfe dir4'#acj ,= a ,norman ,fr5* in/ance 9 ,engl&1 ! foll[+ l9es 7,a4,d4 #aajj7 may s]ve1 :i* %[ our old =mula #8waes hl6' 7#8may y be well6'--#8wassail6'7 us$ also to av]t be+ tak5 ill aft] a sneeze3-- #8,e pur une feyze e/]nu] ,tantot quid5t mal tr\]1 ,si uesbeil ne diez aprez4'#aca ,9 ! #8,rules ( ,civility' 7,a4,d4 #afhe1 translat$ f ! ,fr5*7 we read3--#8,if 8 lord%ip *ances to sneeze1 y are n to bawl out1 8,god bless y1 sir10 b1 pull+ (f y\r hat1 b[ to him h&somely1 & make t obsecration to y\rself4'#acb ,x is notic$ t ,anabapti/s & ,quak]s reject$ ^! ) o!r salutations1 b !y rema9$ 9 ! code ( ,engli% good mann]s among high & l[ till half a c5tury or s ago1 & are s little =gott5 n[1 t mo/ p /ill see ! po9t ( ! /ory ( ! fiddl] & 8 wife1 :]e 8 sneeze & h] he>ty #8,god bless y6' br\ght ab\t ! removal ( ! fiddle case4 #8,got hilf6' may /ill be he>d 9 ,g]many1 & #8,felicit6' 9 ,italy4 ,x is n /range t ! exi/5ce ( ^! absurd cu/oms %\ld h be5 = ages a puzzle to curi\s enquir]s4 ,especially ! leg5d-mong]s took ! matt] 9 h&1 & _! attempts to devise hi/orical explanations are on record 9 a gr\p ( philosophic my?s1--,greek1 ,jewi%1 ,*ri/ian4 ,prome!us prays = ! pres]vation ( 8 artificial man1 :5 x gives ! fir/ sign ( life by a sneeze2 ,jacob prays t man's s\l may n1 z h]et(ore1 dep>t f 8 body :5 he sneezes2 ,pope ,gregory prays to av]t ! pe/il5ce1 9 ^? days :5 ! air 0 s deadly t he :o sneez$ di$ ( x2 & f ^! imag9>y ev5ts leg5d decl>es t ! use ( ! sneez+ =mulas 0 h&$ d[n4 ,x is m to our purpose to notice ! exi/5ce ( a correspond+ set ( ideas & cu/oms connect$ ) gap+4 ,among ! ,zulus1 repeat$ yawn+ & sneez+ are class$ toge!r z signs ( approa*+ spiritual possession4#acc ,! ,h9du1 :5 he gapes1 mu/ snap 8 ?umb & f+]1 & repeat ! "n ( "s ,god1 z ,rama3 to neglect ?is is a s9 z great z ! murd] ( a ,brahman4#acd ,! ,p]sians ascribe yawn+1 sneez+1 c41 to demoniacal possession4 ,among ! mod]n ,moslems g5]ally1 :5 a man yawns1 he puts ! back ( 8 left h& to 8 m\?1 say+1 #8,i seek refuge ) ,allah f ,satan ! accurs$6' b ! act ( yawn+ is to be avoid$1 = ! ,devil is 9 ! habit ( leap+ into a gap+ m\?4#ace ,?is may v likely be ! mean+ ( ! ,jewi% prov]b1 #8,op5 n ?y m\? to ,satan6' ,! o!r half ( ?is idea %[s itself cle>ly 9 ,josephus' /ory ( 8 hav+ se5 a c]ta9 ,jew1 nam$ ,eleaz>1 cure demoniacs 9 ,vespasian's "t1 by draw+ ! demons out ?r\gh _! no/rils1 by means ( a r+ conta9+ a root ( my/ic virtue m5tion$ by ,solomon4#acf ,! acc\nt ( ! sect ( ! ,messalians1 :o us$ to spit & bl[ _! noses to expel ! demons !y might h drawn 9 ) _! brea?1#acg ! records ( ! m$ival exorci/s driv+ out devils ?r\gh ! pati5ts' no/rils1#ach & ! cu/om1 /ill kept up 9 ! ,tyrol1 ( cross+ oneself :5 "o yawns1 le/ some?+ evil %\ld come into "o's m\?1#aci involve simil> ideas4 ,9 comp>+ ! mod]n ,kafir ideas ) ^? ( o!r di/ricts ( ! _w1 we f9d a di/9ct notion ( a sneeze be+ due to a spiritual pres5ce4 ,?is1 :i* seems inde$ ! key to ! :ole matt]1 has be5 well br\ght into view by ,mr4 ,haliburton1 z display$ 9 ,keltic folk-lore1 9 a gr\p ( /ories turn+ on ! sup]/ition t any "o :o sneezes is liable to be c>ri$ (f by ! fairies1 unless _! p[] be c\nt]act$ by an invocation1 z #8,god bless y6'#adj ,! correspond+ idea z to yawn+ is to be f\nd 9 an ,icel& folk-lore leg5d1 :]e ! troll1 :o has trans=m$ h]self into ! %ape ( ! beautiful que51 says1 #8,:5 ,i yawn a little yawn1 ,i am a neat & t9y maid52 :5 ,i yawn a half-yawn1 !n ,i am z a half-troll2 :5 ,i yawn a :ole yawn1 !n am ,i z a :ole troll4'#ada ,on ! :ole1 ?\gh ! sneez+ sup]/ition makes no approa* to univ]sality among mank9d1 its wide di/ribution is highly rem>kable1 & x w\ld be an int]e/+ problem to decide h[ f> ?is wide di/ribution is due to indep5d5t gr[? 9 sev]al regions1 h[ f> to conveyance f race to race1 & h[ f> to ance/ral inh]itance4 ,"h x has only to be ma9ta9$ t x 0 n orig9ally an arbitr>y & mean+less cu/om1 b ! work+ out ( a pr9ciple4#adb ,! pla9 /atem5t by ! mod]n ,zulus fits ) ! h9ts to be ga9$ f ! sup]/ition & folk-lore ( o!r races1 to connect ! notions & practices z to sneez+ ) ! anci5t & savage doctr9e ( p]vad+ & invad+ spirits1 consid]$ z good or evil1 & treat$ accord+ly4 ,! l+]+ survivals ( ! qua9t old =mulas 9 mod]n ,europe seem an unconsci\s record ( ! "t :5 ! explanation ( sneez+ _h n yet be5 giv5 ov] to physiology1 b 0 /ill 9 ! #8!ological /age4' ,!re is curr5t 9 ,scotl& ! belief t ! ,picts1 to :om local leg5d attributes build+s ( prehi/oric antiquity1 ba!d _! f\ndation-/ones ) human blood2 & leg5d ev5 tells t ,/4 ,columba f\nd x necess>y to bury ,/4 ,oran alive b5ea? ! f\ndation ( 8 mona/]y1 9 ord] to propitiate ! spirits ( ! soil :o demoli%$ by night :at 0 built dur+ ! day4 ,s late z #ahdc1 9 ,g]many1 :5 a new bridge 0 built at ,halle1 a notion 0 abroad among ! p t a *ild 0 want$ to be built into ! f\ndation4 ,^! ideas ( *ur* or wall or bridge want+ human blood or an immur$ victim to make ! f\ndation /eadfa/1 are n only widespread 9 ,european folk-lore1 b local *ronicle or tradition ass]ts !m z matt] ( hi/orical fact 9 di/rict aft] di/rict4 ,?us1 :5 ! brok5 dam ( ! ,nogat _h to be repair$ 9 #adfc1 ! peasants1 on ! advice to ?r[ 9 a liv+ man1 are said to h made a begg> drunk & buri$ him !re4 ,?ur+ian leg5d decl>es t to make ! ca/le ( ,lieb5/e9 fa/ & impregnable1 a *ild 0 b\ght = h>d money ( its "m & wall$ 94 ,x 0 eat+ a cake :ile ! masons 7 at "w1 ! /ory goes1 & x cri$ out1 #8,"m1 ,i see !e /ill2' !n lat]1 #8,"m1 ,i see !e a little /ill2' &1 z !y put 9 ! la/ /one1 #8,"m1 n[ ,i see !e no m4' ,! wall ( ,cop5hag51 leg5d says1 sank z fa/ z x 0 built2 s !y took an innoc5t little girl1 set h] on a *air at a table ( toys & eatables1 &1 z %e play$ & ate1 twelve ma/]-masons clos$ a vault ov] h]2 !n1 ) clang+ music1 ! wall 0 rais$1 & /ood firm ev] aft]4 ,?us ,italian leg5d tells ( ! bridge ( ,arta1 t fell 9 & fell 9 till !y wall$ 9 ! ma/]-build]'s wife1 & %e spoke h] dy+ curse t ! bridge %\ld tremble l a fl[]-/alk h5ce=?4 ,! ,slavonic *iefs f\nd+ ,det9ez1 accord+ to old hea!n cu/om1 s5t out m5 to take ! fir/ boy !y met & bury him 9 ! f\ndation4 ,s]vian leg5d tells h[ ?ree bro!rs comb9$ to build ! =tress ( ,skadra 7,scut>i72 b1 ye> aft] ye>1 ! demon 7vila7 raz$ by night :at ! ?ree hundr$ masons built by day4 ,! fi5d mu/ be appeas$ by a human sacrifice1 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree wives :o %\ld come br++ food to ! workm54 ,all ?ree bro!rs swore to keep ! dreadful secret f _! wives2 b ! two elde/ gave traitor\s w>n+ to !irs1 & x 0 ! y\nge/ bro!r's wife :o came unsuspect+1 & !y built h] 94 ,b %e entreat$ t an op5+ %\ld be left = h] to suckle h] baby ?r\gh1 & = a twelve-mon? x 0 br\ght4 ,to ?is day1 ,s]vian wives visit ! tomb ( ! good "m1 /ill m>k$ by a /ream ( wat] :i* trickles1 milky ) lime1 d[n ! =tress wall4 ,la/ly1 !re is our own leg5d ( ,vortig]n1 :o c\ld n f9i% 8 t[] till ! f\ndation-/one 0 wett$ ) ! blood ( a *ild born ( a "m )\t a fa!r4 ,z is usual 9 ! hi/ory ( sacrifice1 we he> ( sub/itutes = su* victims2 empty c(f9s wall$ up 9 ,g]many1 a lamb wall$ 9 "u ! alt> 9 ,d5m>k to make ! *ur* /& fa/1 & ! *ur*y>d 9 l mann] h&sell$ by bury+ a live horse fir/4 ,9 mod]n ,greece an evid5t relic ( ! idea survives 9 ! sup]/ition t ! fir/ pass]-by aft] a f\ndation-/one is laid w die )9 ! ye>1 :]e=e ! masons w compromise ! debt by kill+ a lamb or a black cock on ! /one4 ,) mu* ! same idea ,g]man leg5d tells ( ! bridge-build+ fi5d *eat$ ( 8 promis$ fee1 a s\l1 by ! device ( mak+ a cock run fir/ across2 & ?us ,g]man folk-lore says x is well1 be=e ent]+ a new h\se1 to let a cat or dog run 94#adc ,f all ?is x seems t1 ) due all[ance = ! idea hav+ pass$ into an (t5-repeat$ & v>i$ my?ic !me1 yet writt5 & unwritt5 tradition d pres]ve ! memory ( a blood?ir/y b>b>ic rite1 :i* n only really exi/$ 9 anci5t times1 b l+]$ long 9 ,european hi/ory4 ,if n[ we look to less cultur$ c\ntries1 we %all f9d ! rite c>ri$ on 9 our own day ) a di/9ctly religi\s purpose1 ei!r to propitiate ! e>?-spirits ) a victim1 or to conv]t ! s\l ( ! victim himself into a protect+ demon4 ,9 ,africa1 9 ,galam1 a boy & girl us$ to be buri$ alive be=e ! great gate ( ! city to make x impregnable1 a practice once execut$ on a l>ge scale by a ,bamb>ra tyrant2 :ile 9 ,great ,bassam & ,y>riba su* sacrifices 7 usual at ! f\ndation ( a h\se or village4#add ,9 ,polynesia1 ,ellis he>d ( ! cu/om1 in/anc$ by ! fact t ! c5tral pill> ( "o ( ! temples at ,maeva 0 plant$ ^u ! body ( a human victim4#ade ,9 ,borneo1 among ! ,milanau ,dayaks1 at ! erection ( ! l>ge/ h\se a deep hole 0 dug to receive ! fir/ po/1 :i* 0 !n susp5d$ ov] x2 a slave girl 0 plac$ 9 ! excavation2 at a signal ! la%+s 7 cut1 & ! enorm\s timb] desc5d$1 cru%+ ! girl to dea?1 a sacrifice to ! spirits4 ,/4 ,john saw a mild] =m ( ! rite p]=m$1 :5 ! *ief ( ! ,quop ,dayaks set up a flag/aff ne> 8 h\se1 a *ick5 be+ ?r[n 9 to be cru%$ by ! desc5d+ pole4#adf ,m cultur$ nations ( ,s\!rn ,asia h c>ri$ on into mod]n ages ! rite ( ! f\ndation-sacrifice4 ,a #ag? c5tury acc\nt ( ,japan m5tions ! belief !re t a wall laid on ! body ( a will+ human victim w\ld be secure f accid5t2 accord+ly1 :5 a great wall 0 to be built1 "s wret*$ slave w\ld (f] himself z f\ndation1 ly+ d[n 9 ! tr5* to be cru%$ by ! heavy /ones l[]$ ^u him4#adg ,:5 ! gates ( ! new city ( ,tavoy1 9 ,t5ass]im1 7 built ab\t #aghj1 z ,mason relates on ! evid5ce ( an eye-witness1 a crim9al 0 put 9 ea* po/-hole to become a protect+ demon4 ,?us x appe>s t su* /ories z t ( ! human victims buri$ = _s wat*]s "u ! gates ( ,m&alay1 ( ! que5 :o 0 dr[n$ 9 a ,burmese res]voir to make ! dyke safe1 ( ! h]o ^: divid$ body 0 buri$ "u ! =tress ( ,?atung to make x impregnable1 are ! records1 :e!r 9 hi/orical or my?ical =m1 ( ! actual cu/oms ( ! l&4#adh ,)9 our own dom9ion1 :5 ,rajah ,sala ,byne 0 build+ ! =t ( ,sialkot 9 ! ,punjab1 ! f\ndation ( ! s\?-ea/ ba/ion gave way s repeat$ly t he _h rec\rse to a soo?say]1 :o assur$ him t x w\ld nev] /& until ! blood ( an only son 0 %$ !re1 :]e=e ! only son ( a wid[ 0 sacrific$4#adi ,x is ?us pla9 t hide\s rites1 ( :i* ,europe has sc>cely kept up m ?an ! dim memory1 h held fa/ _! anci5t practice & mean+ 9 ,africa1 ,polynesia1 & ,asia1 among races :o repres5t 9 grade1 if n 9 *ronology1 e>li] /ages ( civilization4 ,:5 ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 9 ! #8,pirate1' tells ( ,bryce ! p$l> refus+ to help ,mordaunt to save ! %ipwreck$ sailor f dr[n+1 & ev5 remon/rat+ ) him on ! ra%ness ( su* a de$1 he /ates an old sup]/ition ( ! ,%etl&]s4 #8,are y mad8' says ! p$l>2 #8y t h liv$ sae lang 9 ,zetl&1 to risk ! sav+ ( a dr[n+ man8 ,wot ye n1 if y br+ him to life aga91 he w be sure to d y "s capital injury8' ,7 ?is inhuman ?\ght notic$ 9 ?is "o di/rict alone1 x might be fanci$ to h _h its rise 9 "s local idea n[ no long] to be expla9$4 ,b :5 m5tions ( simil> sup]/itions are collect$ among ! ,/4 ,kilda isl&]s & ! boatm5 ( ! ,danube1 among ,fr5* & ,engli% sailors1 & ev5 out ( ,europe & among less civiliz$ races1 we cease to ?9k ( local fancies1 b look = "s widely accept$ belief ( ! l[] culture to acc\nt = su* a /ate ( ?+s4 ,! ,h9du does n save a man f dr[n+ 9 ! sacr$ ,ganges1 & ! isl&]s ( ! ,malay ar*ipelago %>e ! cruel notion4#aej ,( all p ! rude ,kam*adals h ! prohibition 9 ! mo/ rem>kable =m4 ,!y hold x a great fault1 says ,kra*59nik[1 to save a dr[n+ man2 he :o deliv]s him w be dr[n$ himself4#aea ,/ell]'s acc\nt is m extraord9>y1 & probably applies only to cases :]e ! victim is actually dr[n+3 he says t if a man fell by *ance into ! wat]1 x 0 a great s9 = him to get out1 = z he _h be5 de/9$ to dr[n he did wrong 9 n dr[n+1 :]e=e no "o w\ld let him into 8 dwell+1 nor speak to him1 nor give him food or a wife1 b he 0 reckon$ = dead2 & ev5 :5 a man fell into ! wat] :ile o!rs 7 /&+ by1 f> f help+ him out1 !y w\ld dr[n him by =ce4 ,n[ ^! b>b>ians1 x appe>s1 avoid$ volcanoes because ( ! spirits :o live !re & cook _! food2 = a l reason1 !y held x a s9 to ba! 9 hot spr+s2 & !y believ$ ) fe> 9 a fi%-l _s ( ! sea1 :om !y call$ ,mitgk4#aeb ,?is spirituali/ic belief among ! ,kam*adals is1 no d\bt1 ! key to _! sup]/ition z to rescu+ dr[n+ m54 ,!re is ev5 to be f\nd 9 mod]n ,european sup]/ition1 n only ! practice1 b ) x a l+]+ survival ( its anci5t spirituali/ic significance4 ,9 ,bohemia1 a rec5t acc\nt 7#ahfd7 says t ! fi%]m5 d n v5ture to snat* a dr[n+ man f ! wat]s4 ,!y fe> t ! #8,wat]man' 7i4e4 wat]-demon7 w\ld take away _! luck 9 fi%+1 & dr[n !mselves at ! fir/ opportunity4#aec ,?is explanation ( ! prejudice aga9/ sav+ ! wat]-_s's victim may be confirm$ by a mass ( evid5ce f v>i\s di/ricts ( ! _w4 ,?us1 9 discuss+ ! doctr9e ( sacrifice1 x w appe> t ! usual mann] ( mak+ an (f]+ to a well1 riv]1 lake1 or sea1 is simply to ca/ prop]ty1 cattle1 or m5 into ! wat]1 :i* p]sonally or by its indwell+ _s takes possession ( !m4#aed ,t ! accid5tal dr[n+ ( a man is held to be su* a seizure1 savage & civiliz$ folk-lore %[ by _m examples4 ,among ! ,si\x ,indians1 x is ,unk-tahe ! wat]-mon/] t dr[ns 8 victims 9 flood or rapid2#aee 9 ,new ,zeal& huge sup]natural reptile-mon/]s1 call$ ,tani:a1 live 9 riv]-b5ds1 & ^? :o are dr[n$ are said to be pull$ "u by !m2#aef ! ,siamese fe>s ! ,pnk or wat]-_s t seizes ba!rs & drags !m "u to 8 dwell+2#aeg 9 ,slavonic l&s x is ,topielec 7! duck]7 by :om m5 are always dr[n$2#aeh :5 "s "o is dr[n$ 9 ,g]many1 p recollect ! religion ( _! ance/ors1 & say1 #8,! riv]-_s claims 8 ye>ly sacrifice1' or1 m simply1 #8,! nix has tak5 him3'#aei-- #8,i* glaube1 die ,well5 v]s*l+51 ,am ,ende ,fis*] und ,kahn2 ,und das hat mit ihrem ,s+5 ,die ,lorelei ge?an4' ,f ?is po9t ( view x is obvi\s t to save a s9k+ man is to snat* a victim f ! v clut*es ( ! wat]-_s1 a ra% defiance ( deity :i* w\ld h>dly pass unav5g$4 ,9 ! civiliz$ _w ! rude old !ological conception ( dr[n+ has long be5 sup]s$$ by physical explanation2 & ! prejudice aga9/ rescue f su* a dea? may h n[ almo/ or altoge!r disappe>$4 ,b ar*aic ideas1 drift$ on into mod]n folk-lore & poetry1 /ill br+ to our view an app>5t connexion betwe5 ! primitive doctr9e & ! surviv+ cu/om4 ,z ! social developm5t ( ! _w goes on1 ! weightie/ ?\ghts & actions may dw9dle to m]e survival4 ,orig9al mean+ dies out gradually1 ea* g5]ation leaves few] & few] to be> x 9 m9d1 till x falls out ( popul> memory1 & 9 aft]-days e?nography has to attempt1 m or less successfully1 to re/ore x by piec+ toge!r l9es ( isolat$ or =gott5 facts4 ,*ildr5's sports1 popul> say+s1 absurd cu/oms1 may be practically unimportant1 b are n philosophically insignificant1 be>+ z !y d on "s ( ! mo/ in/ructive phases ( e>ly culture4 ,ugly & cruel sup]/itions may prove to be relics ( primitive b>b>ism1 = 9 keep+ up su* ,man is l ,%akespe>e's fox1 #8,:o1 ne'er s tame1 s *]i%'d1 & lock'd up1 ,w h a wild trick ( 8 ance/ors4' ,footnote #ee3 ,w4 de ,rubruquis 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #df1 #fg1 #acb2 ,mi*ie1 #8,sib]ian ,ov]l& ,r\te1' p4 #if4 ,footnote #ef3 ,ovid4 ,fa/4 v4 #dhg4 ,= mod]n ,italy & ,france1 see ,edle/ane du ,mril1 #8tudes d',ar*ol4' p4 #aba4 ,footnote #eg3 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' 7ed4 by ,j4 ,r4 ,logan71 vol4 ii4 p4 liv4 ,footnote #eh3 ,klemm1 #8,cultur-,ges*i*te1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #ei3 ,oldfield 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iii4 p4 #bff2 ,dumont d',urville1 #8,voy4 de l',a/rolabe1' vol4 i4 p4 #daa4 ,footnote #fj3 ,/rutt1 #8,sports & ,pa/imes1' book ii4 *ap4 ii4 ,footnote #fa3 ,polack1 #8,new ,zeal&]s1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #fb3 ,polack1 ibid42 ,wilkes1 #8,u4 ,s4 ,exp4' vol4 i4 p4 #aid4 ,see ! acc\nt ( ! game ( liagi 9 ,m>9]1 #8,tonga ,is4' vol4 ii4 p4 #cci2 & ,yate1 #8,new ,zeal&1' p4 #aac4 ,footnote #fc3 ,petron4 ,arbitri ,satir rec4 ,b*l]1 p4 #fd 7o!r read+s are bucc or bucco74 ,footnote #fd3 ,comp>e ,davis1 #8,*9ese1' vol4 i4 p4 #cag2 ,wilk9son1 ,anci5t ,egyptians1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahh2 ,facciolati1 ,lexicon1 s4v4 #8mic>e'2 c4 ,footnote #fe3 ,jamieson1 #8,dict4 ( ,scotti% ,lang4' s4v4 ,footnote #ff3 #8,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1' p4 #bdd1 c42 ,grimm1 #8,deuts*e ,my?41' p4 #egc4 ,footnote #fg3 ,grimm1 ibid41 p4 #abjj4 ,footnote #fh3 ,halliwell1 #8,popul> ,rhymes1' p4 #aab2 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' p4 #hab4 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 iii4 p4 #ajf4 ,johannis ,philosophi ,ozni5sis ,op]a 7,au*]71 ,v5ice1 #ahcd1 pp4 #gh-hi4 #8,infantium sangu9i similam commisc5tes illegitimam communionem deglutiunt2 quo pacto porcorum suos ftus immanit] vesc5tium exsup]ant edacitatem4 ,quique illorum cadav]a sup] tecti culm5 celantes1 ac sursum oculis 9 clum defixis respici5tes1 jurant ali5o v]bo ac s5su3 ,altissimus novit4 ,solem v]o deprec>i vol5tes1 ajunt3 ,solicule1 ,lucicule2 atque areos1 vagosque dmones clam invocant1 juxta ,mani*orum ,simonisque incantatoris errores4 ,similit] et primum p>i5tis fm9 pu]um de manu 9 manum int] eos invicem projectum1 quum pessim morte occid]9t1 illum1 9 cujus manu exspirav]it pu]1 ad primam sect dignitatem provectum v5]antur2 atque p] utriusque nom5 aud5t insane jur>e2 ,juro1 dicunt1 p] unig5itum filium3 et it]um3 ,te/em babeo tibi gloriam ejus1 9 cujus manum unig5itus filius spiritum suum tradidit4444 ,contra hos ! or?odox audact] evom]e prsumunt impietatis su bilem1 atque insani5tes1 ex mali spiritus blasphemi1 ,sculpticolas vocant4' ,footnote #fi3 ,polack1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgj4 ,footnote #gj3 ,bosman1 #8,gu9ese ,ku/1' lett] x42 ,eng4 ,trans4 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #cii4 ,footnote #ga3 ,hom]1 ,iliad1 vii4 #aga2 ,p9d>1 ,py?4 iv4 #cch4 ,footnote #gb3 ,tacit4 ,g]mania4 #aj4 ,footnote #gc3 ,smi?'s #8,dic4 ( ,gr4 & ,rom4 ,ant41' arts4 #8oraculum1' #8sortes4' ,footnote #gd3 ,rob]ts1 #8,ori5tal ,illu/rations1' p4 #afc4 ,footnote #ge3 ,gatak]1 pp4 #ia1 #ada2 see ,lecky1 #8,hi/ory ( ,rationalism1' vol4 i4 p4 #cjg4 ,footnote #gf3 ,j]emy ,taylor1 #8,ductor ,dubitantium1' 9 ,works1 vol4 xiv4 p4 #ccg4 ,footnote #gg3 ,see ,wuttke1 #8,deuts*e ,volksab]glaube1' pp4 #ie1 #aae1 #agh4 ,footnote #gh3 ,m>9]1 #8,tonga ,isl&s1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bci2 ,turn]1 #8,polynesia1' p4 #bad2 ,williams1 #8,fiji1' vol4 i4 p4 #bbh4 ,comp>e ,cranz1 #8,grnl&1' p4 #bca4 ,footnote #gi3 ,r4 ,taylor1 #8,new ,zeal&1' pp4 #bjf1 #cdh1 #chg4 ,footnote #hj3 ,smi?'s ,dic41 art4 #8talus4' ,footnote #ha3 ,br&1 #8,popul> ,antiquities1' vol4 ii4 p4 #dab4 ,footnote #hb3 ,d4 ,c4 ,liv+/one1 #8,exp4 to ,zambesi1' p4 #ea4 ,footnote #hc3 ,doolittle1 #8,*9ese1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #ajh1 #bhe-g2 see #chd2 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 iii4 pp4 #gf1 #abe4 ,footnote #hd3 ,smi?'s ,dic41 art4 #8cottabos4' ,footnote #he3 ,grimm1 #8,deuts*e ,my?4' p4 #bbb4 ,footnote #hf3 ,pl94 viii4 #ed4 ,footnote #hg3 ,f a lett] ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,/okes1 ,negapatam1 to ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,j5n+s4 ,g5]al details ( ! ,c\vade 9 #8,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d4' p4 #bic4 ,footnote #hh3 ,hvaml1 #ach4 ,footnote #hi3 ,jamieson1 #8,scotti% ,diction>y1' s4v4 #8coals'2 ,r4 ,hunt1 #8,popul> ,romances1' #a/ s]4 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #ij3 ,wuttke1 #8,volksab]glaube1' p4 #aca4 ,footnote #ia3 ,ro*holz1 #8,deuts*] ,glaube und ,brau*1' vol4 i4 p4 #abj2 ,r4 ,*amb]s1 #8,popul> ,rhymes ( ,scotl&1' ,miscellane\s2 ,grimm1 pp4 #ifi1 #igf2 ,wuttke1 p4 #aae4 ,footnote #ib3 ,m5des1 #8,s]vice = ! ,fir/ ,nights ( ,passov]1' ,london1 #ahfb 79 ! ,jewi% int]pretation ! ^w sbunra1--#8cat1' is comp>$ ) sb9r74 ,halliwell1 #8,nurs]y ,rhymes1' p4 #bhh2 #8,popul> ,rhymes1' p4 #f4 ,footnote #ic3 ,williams1 #8,fiji1' vol4 i4 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #id3 ,%ortl&1 #8,traditions ( ,n4 ,z4' p4 #aif4 ,footnote #ie3 ,casalis1 #8tudes sur la langue ,s*uana4' ,footnote #if3 ,r4 ,f4 ,burton1 #8,wit & ,wisdom f ,we/ ,africa4' ,see also ,waitz1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bde4 ,footnote #ig3 ,callaway1 #8,nurs]y ,tales1 c4 ( ,zulus1' vol4 i4 p4 #cfd1 c4 ,footnote #ih3 ,casalis1 #8,etudes sur la langue ,s*uana1' p4 #ia2 #8,basutos1' p4 #ccg4 ,footnote #ii3 ,/e]e1 #8,swahili ,tales1' p4 #dah4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,burton1 #8,wit & ,wisdom f ,we/ ,africa1' p4 #bab4 ,footnote #aja3 ,turn]1 #8,polynesia1' p4 #baf4 ,see ,polack1 #8,new ,zeal&]s1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,sahagun1 #8,hi/oria de ,nueva ,espaa1' 9 ,k+sbor\gh's #8,antiquities1 ( ,mexico1' vol4 vii4 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,grimm1 p4 #fii4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,diog4 ,la]t4 i4 #ia2 ,a!nagoras4 x1 #dea4 ,footnote #aje3 ,mannh>dt's #8,zeits*r4 fr ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1' vol4 iii4 p4 #b1 c43 #8,ng er =?un nsgs vax91 ,b>ngiorn su er b> btimbr saman2 ,hlif?u h5ni halms bitsklmir1 ,? l drykkj> drynhrnn yfir4' ,footnote #ajf3 ,see ,grote1 #8,hi/4 ( ,greece1' vol4 ii4 p4 #e4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,mannh>dt's #8,zeits*r4' l4c4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,e4 ,a4 ,w4 ,zimm]mann1 #8,geographis*e ,ges*i*te des ,m5s*51' c41 #aggh-hc1 vol4 iii4 ,see ,pr(essor ,rolle/on's ,inaugural ,address1 ,briti% ,association1 #ahgj4 ,footnote #aji3 ,e>l ( ,*e/]field1 #8,lett]s to 8 ,son1' vol4 ii4 ,no4 lxviii4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,see ,hylt5-,cavallius1 #8,wr5d o* ,wird>ne1' vol4 i4 pp4 #afa-gj ,grimm1 pp4 #eb-e1 #abja2 ,br&1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cad1 #cbe1 c4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,callaway1 #8,religion ( ,amazulu1' pp4 #fd1 #bbb-e1 #bfc4 ,footnote #aab3 ,godignus1 #8,vita ,patris ,gonzali ,sylv]i4' ,col4 ,agripp4 #afaf2 lib4 ii4 c4 x4 ,footnote #aac3 ,bosman1 #8,gu9ea1' lett] xviii4 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #dgh4 ,footnote #aad3 ,burton1 #8,wit & ,wisdom f ,we/ ,africa1' p4 #cgc4 ,footnote #aae3 ,%ortl&1 #8,trads4 ( ,new ,zeal&1' p4 #aca4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,turn]1 #8,polynesia1' p4 #cdh2 see also ,williams1 #8,fiji1' vol4 i4 p4 #bej4 ,footnote #aag3 ,m>9]1 #8,tonga ,is4' vol4 i4 p4 #def4 ,footnote #aah3 ,g>cilaso de la ,vega1 #8,hi/4 de la ,florida1' vol4 iii4 *4 xli4 ,footnote #aai3 ,among diss]tations on ! subject1 see especially ,sir ,?os4 ,br[ne #8,pseudodoxia ,epidemica' 7,vulg> ,errors71 book iv4 *ap4 ix42 ,br& #8,popul> ,antiquities1' vol4 iii4 p4 #aai1 c42 ,r4 ,g4 ,haliburton1 #8,new ,mat]ials = ! ,hi/ory ( ,man4' ,halifax1 ,n4 ,s4 #ahfc2 #8,encyclopdia ,britannica1' 7#e? ed47 art4 #8sneez+1' ,w]nsdorf1 #8,de ,ritu ,/]nutantibus b5e prec&i4' ,leipzig1 #agda2 see also ,grimm1 ,d4 ,m4 p4 #ajgj1 note4 ,footnote #abj3 ,hom]1 ,odyss4 xvii4 #eda4 ,footnote #aba3 ,x5ophon1 ,anabasis1 iii4 #b1 #i4 ,footnote #abb3 ,ari/ot4 ,problem4 xxxiii4 #g4 ,footnote #abc3 ,an?ologia ,grca1 ,brunck1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #abd3 ,petron4 ,arb4 ,sat4 #ih4 ,footnote #abe3 ,pl94 xxviii4 #e4 ,footnote #abf3 ,noel1 #8,dic4 des ,orig9es2' ,migne1 #8,dic4 des ,sup]/itions1' c42 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 ii4 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #abg3 ,w>d1 #8,h9doos1' vol4 i4 p4 #adb2 ,dubois1 #8,peuples de l',inde1' vol4 i4 p4 #dfe2 ,sleeman1 #8,ramaseeana1' p4 #abj4 ,footnote #abh3 ,buxtorf1 #8,lexicon ,*aldaicum2' ,t5dlau1 #8,spri*wrt]1 c4 ,deuts*-,jdis*] ,vorzeit4' ,frankf4 a4 ,m41 #ahfj1 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #abi3 ,lane1 #8,mod]n ,egyptians1' vol4 i4 p4 #bhb4 ,see ,grant1 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iii4 p4 #ij4 ,footnote #acj3 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' pp4 #ajgj1 #aaaj4 ,footnote #aca3 #8,manuel des ,pec*s1' 9 ,w$gwood1 #8,dic4 ,engli% ,etymology1' s4v41 #8wassail4' ,footnote #acb3 ,br&1 vol4 iii4 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #acc3 ,callaway1 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #acd3 ,w>d1 l4c4 ,footnote #ace3 #8,p5d-,nameh1' tr4 de ,sacy1 *4 lxiii42 ,maury1 #8,magie1' c41 p4 #cjb2 ,lane1 l4c4 ,footnote #acf3 ,g4 ,bre*]1 #8,das ,transc5d5tale im ,talmud1' p4 #afh2 ,joseph4 ,ant4 ,jud4 viii4 #b1 #e4 ,footnote #acg3 ,migne1 #8,dic4 des ,hrsies1' s4v4 ,footnote #ach3 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #aae1 #cbb4 ,footnote #aci3 ,wuttke1 #8,deuts*e ,volksab]glaube1' p4 #acg4 ,footnote #adj3 ,haliburton1 op4 cit4 ,footnote #ada3 ,p[ell & ,magnuss51 #8,leg5ds ( ,icel&1' #bnd s]4 p4 #ddh4 ,footnote #adb3 ,! cases 9 :i* a sneeze is int]pret$ "u special conditions1 z ) ref]5ce to "r & left1 e>ly morn+1 c4 7see ,plut>*1 ,de ,g5io ,socratis1 c471 are n consid]$ "h1 z !y belong to ord9>y om5-div9ation4 ,footnote #adc3 ,w4 ,scott1 #8,m9/relsy ( ,scotti% ,bord]2' ,=bes ,leslie1 #8,e>ly ,races ( ,scotl&1' vol4 i4 pp4 #aid1 #dhg2 ,grimm1 #8,deuts*e ,my?ologie1' pp4 #igb1 #ajie2 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #ib1 #djg1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #aje1 #aab2 ,b[r+1 #8,s]vian ,popul> ,poetry1' p4 #fd4 ,a review ( ! ,fir/ ,edition ( ! pres5t "w 9 #8,nature1' ,june #ae1 #ahga1 conta9s ! foll[+3--#8,x is n1 = example1 _m ye>s s9ce ! pres5t ,"l ,leigh 0 accus$ ( hav+ built an obnoxi\s p]son--"o acc\nt1 if we rememb] "r1 said eight obnoxi\s p]sons--into ! f\ndation ( a bridge at ,/oneleigh4 ,( c\rse s prepo/]\s a *>ge c>ri$ on its face its own suffici5t refutation2 b ! fact t x 0 br\ght at all is a s+ul> in/ance ( ! almo/ incr$ible vitality ( old traditions4' ,footnote #add3 ,waitz1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #ade3 ,ellis1 #8,polyn4 ,res4' vol4 i4 p4 #cdf2 ,ty]man & ,b5net1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #adf3 ,/4 ,john1 #8,f> ,ea/1' vol4 i4 p4 #df2 see ,ba/ian1 vol4 ii4 p4 #djg4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,r4 ,k4 ,d\glas = a p]fect example ( "o mean+ ( ! f\ndation-sacrifice1 f ! ,*9ese book1 #8,yh hea ke' 7#8,jewell$ ,casket ( ,div9ation'73 #8,be=e beg9n+ to build1 ! workm5 %\ld sacrifice to ! gods ( ! neighb\rhood1 ( ! e>? & wood4 ,%\ld ! c>p5t]s be v appreh5sive ( ! build+ fall+1 !y1 :5 fix+ a po/1 %\ld take some?+ liv+ & put x b5ea?1 & l[] ! po/ on x1 & to lib]ate ! evil influ5ces !y %\ld /rike ! po/ ) an axe & repeat-- 8,x is well1 x is well1 ,may ^? :o live )9 ,be ev] w>m & well f$40' ,footnote #adg3 ,c>on1 #8,japan1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 vii4 p4 #fbc4 ,footnote #adh3 ,f4 ,mason1 #8,burmah1' p4 #ajj2 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 i4 pp4 #aic1 #bad2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ia1 #bgj2 vol4 iii4 p4 #af2 ,rob]ts1 #8,ori5tal ,illu/rations1' p4 #bhc4 ,footnote #adi3 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 iii4 p4 #ajg4 ,a mod]n ,arnaut /ory is giv5 by ,pr(4 ,liebre*t 9 #8,philologus1' vol4 xxiii4 7#ahfe71 p4 #fhb4 ,footnote #aej3 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 iii4 p4 #baj2 ,w>d1 #8,h9doos1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cah4 ,footnote #aea3 ,kra*59nik[1 #8,descr4 du ,kam*atka1 ,voy4 en ,sibrie1' vol4 iii4 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,/ell]1 #8,kamts*atka1' pp4 #bfe1 #bgd4 ,footnote #aec3 ,j4 ,v4 ,grohmann1 #8,ab]glaub5 und ,gebru*e aus ,bhm51' p4 #ab4 ,footnote #aed3 ,*ap4 ,,xviii4 ,footnote #aee3 ,ea/man1 #8,dacotah1' pp4 #aah1 #abe4 ,footnote #aef3 ,r4 ,taylor1 #8,new ,zeal&1' p4 #dh4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 iii4 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,hanus*1 #8,wiss5s*aft des ,slawis*5 ,my?us1' p4 #bii4 ,footnote #aei3 ,grimm1 #8,deuts*e ,my?1' p4 #dfb4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,survival ,,9 ,,culture 7cont9u$74 ,occult ,sci5ces--,magical p[]s attribut$ by high] to l[] races--,magical processes bas$ on ,association ( ,ideas--,om5s--,augury1 c4--,oneiromancy--,h>uspication1 ,scapulimancy1 ,*iromancy1 c4--,c>tomancy1 c4--,rhabdomancy1 ,dactyliomancy1 ,cosc9omancy1 c4--,a/rology--,intellectual conditions acc\nt+ = ! p]si/5ce ( ,magic--,survival passes into ,revival--,wit*craft1 orig9at+ 9 savage culture1 cont9ues 9 b>b>ic civilization2 its decl9e 9 e>ly m$ival ,europe foll[$ by revival2 its practices & c\nt]-practices belong to e>li] culture--,spiritualism has its s\rce 9 e>ly /ages ( culture1 9 close connexion ) wit*craft--,_s-rapp+ & ,_s-writ+--,ris+ 9 ! air--,p]=mances ( ti$ m$iums--,practical be>+ ( ! /udy ( ,survival4 ,9 exam9+ ! survival ( op9ions 9 ! mid/ ( conditions ( society becom+ gradually e/rang$ f !m1 & t5d+ at la/ to suppress !m altoge!r1 mu* may be le>nt f ! hi/ory ( "o ( ! mo/ p]nici\s delusions t ev] vex$ mank9d1 ! belief 9 ,magic4 ,look+ at ,occult ,sci5ce f ?is e?nographic po9t ( view1 ,i %all in/ance "s ( its bran*es z illu/rat+ ! c\rse ( intellectual culture4 ,its place 9 hi/ory is briefly ?is4 ,x belongs 9 its ma9 pr9ciple to ! l[e/ kn[n /ages ( civilization1 & ! l[] races1 :o h n p>tak5 l>gely ( ! education ( ! _w1 /ill ma9ta9 x 9 vig\r4 ,f ?is level x may be trac$ upw>d1 mu* ( ! savage art hold+ its place sub/antially un*ang$1 & _m new practices be+ 9 c\rse ( "t develop$1 :ile bo? ! old] & new] developm5ts h la/$ on m or less among mod]n cultur$ nations4 ,b dur+ ! ages 9 :i* progressive races h be5 le>n+ to submit _! op9ions to clos] & clos] exp]im5tal te/s1 occult sci5ce has be5 break+ d[n into ! condition ( a survival1 9 :i* /ate we mo/ly f9d x among ourselves4 ,! mod]n educat$ _w1 reject+ occult sci5ce z a contemptible sup]/ition1 has practically committ$ itself to ! op9ion t magic belongs to a l[] level ( civilization4 ,x is v in/ructive to f9d ! s\ndness ( ?is judgm5t undesign$ly confirm$ by nations ^: education has n advanc$ f> en\gh to de/roy _! belief 9 magic itself4 ,9 any c\ntry an isolat$ or outly+ race1 ! l+]+ survivor ( an old] nationality1 is liable to ! reputation ( sorc]y4 ,x is ?us ) ! ,lavas ( ,burma1 suppos$ to be ! brok5-d[n rema9s ( an anci5t cultur$ race1 & dread$ z man-tig]s2#afj & ) ! ,budas ( ,abyss9ia1 :o are at once ! smi?s & pott]s1 sorc]]s & 7-wolves1 ( _! di/rict4#afa ,b ! usual & sugge/ive /ate ( ?+s is t nations :o believe ) ! s9c]e/ t]ror 9 ! reality ( ! magic art1 at ! same "t _c %ut _! eyes to ! fact t x m ess5tially belongs to1 & is m ?or\ghly at home among1 races less civiliz$ ?an !mselves4 ,! ,malays ( ! ,p59sula1 :o h adopt$ ,mohamm$an religion & civilization1 h ?is idea ( ! l[] tribes ( ! l&1 tribes m or less ( _! own race1 b :o h rema9$ 9 _! e>ly savage condition4 ,! ,malays h en*ant]s ( _! own1 b consid] !m inf]ior to ! sorc]]s or poyangs belong+ to ! rude ,m9tira2 to ^! !y w resort = ! cure ( diseases & ! work+ ( mis=tune & dea? to _! enemies4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! be/ protection ! ,m9tira h aga9/ _! /rong] ,malay neighb\rs1 t ^! are c>eful n to (f5d !m = fe> ( _! p[]s ( magical rev5ge4 ,! ,jakuns1 aga91 are a rude & wild race1 :om ! ,malays despise z infidels & little high] ?an animals1 b :om at ! same "t !y fe> extremely4 ,to ! ,malay ! ,jakun seems a sup]natural be+1 skill$ 9 div9ation1 sorc]y1 & fasc9ation1 able to d evil or good accord+ to 8 pleasure1 ^: bless+ w be foll[$ by ! mo/ =tunate success1 & 8 curse by ! mo/ dreadful consequ5ces2 he c turn t[>ds ! h\se ( an enemy1 at :atev] di/ance1 & beat two /icks toge!r till t enemy w fall sick & die2 he is skill$ 9 h]bal physic2 he has ! p[] ( *>m+ ! fi]ce/ wild bea/s4 ,?us x is t ! ,malays1 ?\gh !y despise ! ,jakuns1 refra91 9 _m circum/ances1 f ill-treat+ !m4#afb ,9 ,india1 9 long-pa/ ages1 ! dom9ant ,aryans describ$ ! rude indig5es ( ! l& by ! epi!ts ( #8possess$ ( magical p[]s1' #8*ang+ _! %ape at w4'#afc ,to ?is day1 ,h9dus settl$ 9 ,*ota-,nagpur & ,s+bhum firmly believe t ! ,mundas h p[]s ( wit*craft1 :]eby !y c trans=m !mselves into tig]s & o!r bea/s ( prey to dev\r _! enemies1 & c wit* away ! lives ( man & bea/2 x is to ! wilde/ & mo/ savage ( ! tribe t su* p[]s are g5]ally ascrib$4#afd ,9 ,s\!rn ,india1 aga91 we he> 9 pa/ times ( ,h9duiz$ ,dravidians1 ! ,sudras ( ,can>a1 liv+ 9 fe> ( ! demoniacal p[]s ( ! slave-ca/e bel[ !m4#afe ,9 our own day1 among ,dravidian tribes ( ! ,nilagiri di/rict1 ! ,todas & ,badagas are 9 mortal dread ( ! ,kurumbas1 despis$ & wret*$ =e/ outca/s1 b gift$1 x is believ$1 ) p[]s ( de/roy+ m5 & animals & prop]ty by wit*craft4#aff ,nor!rn ,europe br+s ! l contra/ %>ply into view4 ,! ,f9ns & ,lapps1 ^: l[ ,tat> b>b>ism 0 *>act]iz$ by sorc]y su* z fl\ri%es /ill among _! ,sib]ian k9sfolk1 7 accord+ly objects ( sup]/iti\s fe> to _! ,sc&9avian neighb\rs & oppressors4 ,9 ! middle ages ! "n ( ,f9n 01 z x /ill rema9s among sea-f>+ m51 equival5t to t ( sorc]]1 :ile ,lapl& wit*es _h a ,european celebrity z practition]s ( ! black art4 ,ages aft] ! ,f9ns _h ris5 9 ! social scale1 ! ,lapps reta9$ mu* ( _! old half-savage habit ( life1 & ) x naturally _! wit*craft1 s t ev5 ! magic-gift$ ,f9ns rev]$ ! occult p[]s ( a p m b>b>\s ?an !mselves4 ,rhs writes ?us e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury3 #8,!re are /ill sorc]]s 9 ,f9l&1 b ! skilfulle/ ( !m believe t ! ,lapps f> excel !m2 ( a well-exp]i5c$ magician !y say1 8,t is q a ,lapp10 & !y j\rney to ,lapl& = su* k4'#afg ,all ?is is ( a piece ) ! survival ( su* ideas among ! ignorant else:]e 9 ! civiliz$ _w4 ,_m a :ite man 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,africa dreads ! incantations ( ! ,obi-man1 & ,europe ascribes p[]s ( sorc]y to despis$ outca/ #8races maudites1' ,gypsies & ,cagots4 ,to turn f nations to sects1 ! attitude ( ,prote/ants to ,ca?olics 9 ?is matt] is in/ructive4 ,x 0 rem>k$ 9 ,scotl&3 #8,!re is "o op9ion :i* _m ( !m ent]ta91 444 t a popi% prie/ c ca/ out devils & cure madness1 & t ! ,presbyt]ian cl]gy h no su* p[]4' ,s ,b\rne says ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& cl]gy1 t ! vulg> ?9k !m no conjur]s1 & say none c lay spirits b popi% prie/s4#afh ,^! acc\nts are n rec5t1 b 9 ,g]many ! same /ate ( ?+s appe>s to exi/ /ill4 ,prote/ants get ! aid ( ,ca?olic prie/s & monks to help !m aga9/ wit*craft1 to lay gho/s1 consecrate h]bs1 & discov] ?ieves2#afi ?us ) unconsci\s irony judg+ ! relation ( ,rome t[>d mod]n civilization4 ,! pr9cipal key to ! und]/&+ ( ,occult ,sci5ce is to consid] x z bas$ on ! ,association ( ,ideas1 a faculty :i* lies at ! v f\ndation ( human reason1 b 9 no small degree ( human unreason also4 ,man1 z yet 9 a l[ intellectual condition1 hav+ come to associate 9 ?\ght ^? ?+s :i* he f\nd by exp]i5ce to be connect$ 9 fact1 proce$$ errone\sly to inv]t ?is action1 & to conclude t association 9 ?\ght mu/ involve simil> connexion 9 reality4 ,he ?us attempt$ to discov]1 to =etell1 & to cause ev5ts by means ( processes :i* we c n[ see to h only an ideal significance4 ,by a va/ mass ( evid5ce f savage1 b>b>ic1 & civiliz$ life1 magic arts :i* h result$ f ?us mi/ak+ an ideal = a real connexion1 may be cle>ly trac$ f ! l[] culture :i* !y are (1 to ! high] culture :i* !y are 94#agj ,su* are ! practices :]eby a di/ant p]son is to be affect$ by act+ on some?+ closely associat$ ) him--8 prop]ty1 clo!s he has worn1 & above all cutt+s ( 8 hair & nails4 ,n only d savages high & l[ l ! ,au/ralians & ,polynesians1 & b>b>ians l ! nations ( ,gu9ea1 live 9 deadly t]ror ( ?is spiteful craft--n only h ! ,p>sis _! sacr$ ritual prescrib$ = bury+ _! cut hair & nails1 le/ demons & sorc]]s %\ld d mis*ief ) !m1 b ! fe> ( leav+ su* clipp+s & p>+s ab\t le/ _! =m] own] %\ld be h>m$ ?r\gh !m1 has by no means di$ out ( ,european folk-lore1 & ! ,g]man peasant1 dur+ ! days betwe5 8 *ild's bir? & baptism1 objects to l5d any?+ out ( ! h\se1 le/ wit*craft %\ld be work$ ?r\gh x on ! yet unconsecrat$ baby4#aga ,z ! negro feti%-man1 :5 8 pati5t does n come 9 p]son1 c div9e by means ( 8 dirty clo? or cap in/ead1#agb s ! mod]n clairvoyant pr(esses to feel sympa!tically ! s5sations ( a di/ant p]son1 if communication be made ?r\gh a lock ( 8 hair or any object t has be5 9 contact ) him4#agc ,! simple idea ( jo9+ two objects ) a cord1 tak+ = grant$ t ?is communication w e/abli% connexion or c>ry influ5ce1 has be5 work$ out 9 v>i\s ways 9 ! _w4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 ! native doctor fa/5s "o end ( a /r+ to ! ail+ "p ( ! pati5t's body1 & by suck+ at ! o!r end pret5ds to draw out blood = 8 relief4#agd ,9 ,orissa1 ! ,jeypore wit* lets d[n a ball ( ?read ?r\gh h] enemy's ro( to rea* 8 body1 t by putt+ ! o!r end 9 h] own m\? %e may suck 8 blood4#age ,:5 a re9de] is sacrific$ at a sick ,o/yak's t5t door1 ! pati5t holds 9 8 h& a cord atta*$ to ! victim (f]$ = 8 b5efit4#agf ,greek hi/ory %[s a simil> idea1 :5 ! citiz5s ( ,ephesus c>ri$ a rope sev5 furlongs f _! walls to ! temple ( ,artemis1 ?us to place !mselves "u h] safegu>d aga9/ ! attack ( ,crsus2 & 9 ! yet m /rik+ /ory ( ! ,kylonians1 :o ti$ a cord to ! /atue ( ! goddess :5 !y quitt$ ! asylum1 & clung to x = protection z !y cross$ unhall[$ gr\nd2 b by ill-fate ! cord ( safety broke & !y 7 m]cilessly put to dea?4#agg ,& 9 our own day1 ,buddhi/ prie/s 9 solemn c]emony put !mselves 9 communication ) a sacr$ relic1 by ea* tak+ hold ( a long ?read fa/5$ ne> x & ar\nd ! temple4#agh ,magical arts 9 :i* ! connexion is t ( m]e analogy or symbolism are endlessly num]\s ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( civilization4 ,_! common !ory may be readily made out f a few typical cases1 & !nce appli$ confid5tly to ! g5]al mass4 ,! ,au/ralian w obs]ve ! track ( an insect ne> a grave1 to asc]ta9 ! direction :]e ! sorc]] is to be f\nd1 by ^: craft ! man di$4#agi ,! ,zulu may be se5 *ew+ a bit ( wood1 9 ord]1 by ?is symbolic act1 to s(t5 ! he>t ( ! man he wants to buy ox5 f1 or ( ! woman he wants = a wife4#ahj ,! ,obi-man ( ,we/ ,africa makes 8 packet ( grave-du/1 blood1 & bones1 t ?is sugge/ive repres5tation ( dea? may br+ 8 enemy to ! grave4#aha ,! ,khond sets up ! iron arr[ ( ! ,w>-god 9 a basket ( rice1 & judges f its /&+ upright t w> mu/ be kept up also1 or f its fall+ t ! qu>rel may be let fall too2 & :5 he tortures human victims sacrific$ to ! ,e>?-goddess1 he rejoices to see !m %$ pl5tiful te>s1 :i* betok5 copi\s %[]s to fall ^u 8 l&4#ahb ,^! are fair examples ( ! symbolic magic ( ! l[] races1 & !y are fully rivall$ 9 sup]/itions :i* /ill hold _! gr\nd 9 ,europe4 ,) qua9t simplicity1 ! ,g]man cottag] decl>es t if a dog h[ls look+ d[nw>d1 x port5ds a dea?2 b if upw>d1 !n a recov]y f sickness4#ahc ,locks mu/ be op5$ & bolts drawn 9 a dy+ man's h\se1 t 8 s\l may n be held fa/4#ahd ,! ,hessian lad ?9ks t he may escape ! conscription by c>ry+ a baby-girl's cap 9 8 pocket--a symbolic way ( repudiat+ manhood4#ahe ,mod]n ,s]vians1 danc+ & s++1 lead ab\t a little girl dress$ 9 leaves & fl[]s1 & p\r b[ls ( wat] ov] h] to make ! ra9 come4#ahf ,sailors becalm$ w sometimes :i/le = a w9d2 b 9 o!r wea!r !y hate :i/l+ at sea1 :i* raises a :i/l+ gale4#ahg ,fi%1 says ! ,corni%man1 %\ld be eat5 f ! tail t[>ds ! head1 to br+ ! o!r fi%es' heads t[>ds ! %ore1 = eat+ !m ! wrong way turns !m f ! coa/4#ahh ,he :o has cut himself %\ld rub ! knife ) fat1 & z x dries1 ! w\nd w heal2 ?is is a l+]+ survival f days :5 recipes = sympa!tic o9tm5t 7 to be f\nd 9 ! ,ph>macopia4#ahi ,fanciful z ^! notions are1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t !y come fairly "u def9ite m5tal law1 dep5d+ z !y d on a pr9ciple ( ideal association1 ( :i* we c q und]/& ! m5tal action1 ?\gh we d5y its practical results4 ,! clev] ,"l ,*e/]field1 too clev] to und]/& folly1 may aga9 be cit$ to prove ?is4 ,he relates 9 "o ( 8 lett]s t ! k+ _h be5 ill1 & t p g5]ally expect$ ! illness to be fatal1 because ! olde/ lion 9 ! ,t[]1 ab\t ! k+'s age1 _h j di$4 #8,s wild & caprici\s is ! human m9d1' he exclaims1 by way ( comm5t4 ,b inde$ ! ?\ght 0 nei!r wild nor caprici\s1 x 0 simply su* an argum5t f analogy z ! educat$ _w has at l5g? pa9fully le>nt to be wor?less2 b :i*1 x is n too mu* to decl>e1 w\ld to ?is day c>ry consid]able weight to ! m9ds ( f\r-fif?s ( ! human race4 ,a glance at ^? magical arts :i* h be5 sy/ematiz$ into pseudo-sci5ces1 %[s ! same und]ly+ pr9ciple4 ,! art ( tak+ om5s f see+ & meet+ animals1 :i* includes augury1 is famili> to su* savages z ! ,tupis ( ,brazil#aij & ! ,dayaks ( ,borneo1#aia & ext5ds upw>d ?r\gh classic civilization4 ,! ,maoris may give a sample ( ! "* ( its rules3 !y hold x unlucky if an owl hoots dur+ a consultation1 b a c\ncil ( w> is enc\rag$ by prospect ( victory :5 a hawk flies ov]head2 a flight ( birds to ! "r ( ! w>-sacrifice is propiti\s if ! villages ( ! tribe are 9 t qu>t]1 b if ! om5 is 9 ! enemy's direction ! w> w be giv5 up4#aib ,comp>e ^! ) ! ,tat> rules1 & x is obvi\s t simil> ?\ghts lie at ! s\rce ( bo?4 ,"h a c]ta9 little owl's cry is a s\nd ( t]ror1 al?\gh !re is a :ite owl :i* is lucky2 b ( all birds ! :ite falcon is mo/ prophetic1 & ! ,kalmuk b[s 8 ?anks = ! good om5 :5 "o flies by on ! "r1 b see+ "o on ! left turns away 8 face & expects calamity4#aic ,s to ! negro ( ,old ,calab>1 ! cry ( ! great k+fi%] bodes good or evil1 accord+ z x is he>d on ! "r or left4#aid ,"h we h ! obvi\s symbolism ( ! "r & left h&1 ! =ebod+ ( ill f ! owl's doleful note1 & ! sugge/ion ( victory f ! fi]ce swoop+ hawk1 a ?\ght :i* 9 old ,europe made ! bird ( prey ! w>rior's om5 ( conque/4 ,mean+ ( ! same k9d appe>s 9 ! #8,angang1' ! om5s tak5 f meet+ animals & p1 especially on fir/ go+ out 9 ! morn+1 z :5 ! anci5t ,slaves held meet+ a sick man or an old woman to bode ill-luck4 ,any "o :o takes ! tr\ble to g into ?is subject 9 detail1 & to /udy ! classic1 m$ival1 & ori5tal codes ( rules1 w f9d t ! pr9ciple ( direct symbolism /ill acc\nts = a fair proportion ( !m1 ?\gh ! re/ may h lo/ _! e>ly significance1 or may h be5 orig9ally due to "s o!r reason1 or may h be5 arbitr>ily inv5t$ 7z a consid]able proportion ( su* devices mu/ necess>ily be7 to fill up ! gaps 9 ! sy/em4 ,x is /ill pla9 to u :y ! om5 ( ! cr[ %\ld be diff]5t on ! "r or left h&1 :y a vulture %\ld mean rapacity1 a /ork concord1 a pelican piety1 an ass lab\r1 :y ! fi]ce conqu]+ wolf %\ld be a good om51 & ! timid h>e a bad "o1 :y bees1 types ( an ob$i5t nation1 %\ld be lucky to a k+1 :ile flies1 return+ h[ev] (t5 !y are driv5 (f1 %\ld be signs ( importunity & impud5ce4#aie ,& z to ! g5]al pr9ciple t animals are om9\s to ^? :o meet !m1 ! ,g]man peasant :o says a flock ( %eep is lucky b a h]d ( sw9e unlucky to meet1 & ! ,corni% m9] :o turns away 9 horror :5 he meets an old woman or a rabbit on 8 way to ! pit's m\?1 are to ?is day keep+ up relics ( e>ly savag]y z g5u9e z any fl9t implem5t dug out ( a tumulus4 ,! doctr9e ( dreams1 attribut$ z !y are by ! l[] & middle races to spiritual int]c\rse1 belongs 9 s f> r to religion ?an to magic4 ,b oneiromancy1 ! art ( tak+ om5s f dreams by analogical int]pretation1 has its place "h4 ,( ! lead+ pr9ciple ( su* my/ical explanation1 no bett] types c\ld be *os5 ?an ! details & int]pretations ( ,joseph's dreams 7,g5esis xxxvii41 xl41 xli471 ( ! %eaves & ! sun & moon & elev5 />s1 ( ! v9e & ! basket ( meats1 ( ! lean & fat k9e1 & ! ?9 & full corn-e>s4 ,oneiromancy1 ?us symbolically int]pret+ ! ?+s se5 9 dreams1 is n unkn[n to ! l[] races4 ,a :ole ,au/ralian tribe has be5 kn[n to decamp because "o ( !m dreamt ( a c]ta9 k9d ( owl1 :i* dream ! wise m5 decl>$ to =ebode an attack f a c]ta9 o!r tribe4#aif ,! ,kam*adals1 ^: m9ds ran mu* on dreams1 _h special int]pretations ( "s2 ?us to dream ( lice or dogs betok5$ a visit ( ,russian travell]s1 c4#aig ,! ,zulus1 exp]i5ce hav+ taught !m ! fallacy ( expect+ direct fulfilm5t ( dreams1 h 9 "s cases tri$ to m5d matt]s by ru%+ to ! o!r extreme4 ,if !y dream ( a sick man t he is dead1 & !y see ! e>? p\r$ into ! grave1 & he> ! fun]al lam5tation1 & see all 8 ?+s de/roy$1 !n !y say1 #8,because we h dreamt ( 8 dea? he w n die4' ,b if !y dream ( a w$d+-dance1 x is a sign ( a fun]al4 ,s ! ,maoris hold t a k9sman dreamt ( z dy+ w recov]1 b to see him well is a sign ( dea?4#aih ,bo? races ?us "w out1 by ! same crook$ logic t guid$ our own ance/ors1 ! axiom t #8dreams g by contr>ies4' ,x c\ld n be expect$1 9 look+ ov] ! long li/s ( precepts ( classic1 ori5tal1 & mod]n popul> dream-int]pretation1 to detect ! orig9al s5se ( all _! read+s4 ,_m mu/ turn on allusions intelligible at ! "t1 b n[ obscure4 ,! ,moslem dream-int]pretation ( eggs z conc]n+ wom51 because ( a say+ ( ,mohamm$ ab\t wom5 be+ l an egg hidd5 9 a ne/1 is an example :i* w s]ve z well z a score to %[ h[ dream-rules may turn on f>-fet*$ ideas1 n to be recogniz$ unless ! key happ5s to h be5 pres]v$4 ,_m rules mu/ h be5 tak5 at r&om to fill up li/s ( om5s1 & ( cont+5cies to mat* !m4 ,:y %\ld a dream ( roa/+ meat %[ ! dream] to be a back-bit]1 or laught] 9 sleep presage difficult circum/ances1 or a dream ( play+ on ! clavicord ! dea? ( relatives8 ,b ! o!r side ( ! matt]1 ! /ill app>5t nons5sical rationality ( s _m dream om5s1 is mu* m rem>kable4 ,x c only be consid]$ t ! same symbolism t lay at ! root ( ! :ole delusion1 fav\r$ ! keep+ up & new mak+ ( su* rules z c>ri$ obvi\s mean+4 ,take ! ,moslem ideas t x is a good om5 to dream ( some?+ :ite or gre51 or ( wat]1 b bad to dream ( black or r$1 or ( fire2 t a palm-tree indicates an ,arab1 & a peacock a k+2 t he :o dreams ( dev\r+ ! />s w live free at "s great man's table4 ,take ! classic rules z 9 ! #8,oneirocritica' ( ,artemidorus1 & pass on ?r\gh ! m$ival treatises d[n to su* a dream-diction>y z s]vant-maids /ill buy 9 p5ny *ap-books at ! fair1 & x w be se5 t ! anci5t rules /ill hold _! places to a rem>kable ext5t1 :ile half ! mass ( precepts /ill %[ _! orig9al my/ic significance1 mo/ly direct1 b occasionally accord+ to ! rule ( contr>ies4 ,an (f5sive od\r signifies annoyance2 to wa% ! h&s d5otes release f anxieties2 to embrace "o's be/ belov$ is v =tunate2 to h "o's feet cut (f prev5ts a j\rney2 to weep 9 sleep is a sign ( joy2 he :o dreams he ha? lo/ a too? %all lose a fri5d2 & he t dreams t a rib is tak5 out ( 8 side %all ere long see ! dea? ( 8 wife2 to foll[ bees1 betok5s ga92 to be m>ri$ signifies t "s ( y\r k9sfolk are dead2 if "o sees _m f[ls toge!r1 t %all be jeal\sy & *id+2 if a snake pursue him1 let him be on 8 gu>d aga9/ evil wom52 to dream ( dea?1 d5otes happ9ess & long life2 to dream ( swimm+ & wad+ 9 ! wat] is good1 s t ! head be kept above wat]2 to dream ( cross+ a bridge1 d5otes y w leave a good situation to seek a bett]2 to dream y see a dragon is a sign t y %all see "s great "l y\r ma/]1 or a magi/rate4#aii ,h>uspication belongs1 among ! l[] races1 especially to ! ,malays & ,polynesians1#bjj & to v>i\s ,asiatic tribes4#bja ,x is m5tion$ z practis$ 9 ,p]u "u ! ,incas4#bjb ,capta9 ,burton's acc\nt f ,c5tral ,africa p]haps fairly displays its symbolic pr9ciple4 ,he describes ! mganga or sorc]] tak+ an ordeal by kill+ & splitt+ a f[l & inspect+ its inside3 if blackness or blemi% appe>s ab\t ! w+s1 x d5otes ! trea*]y ( *ildr5 & k9sm52 ! backbone convicts ! "m & gr&mo!r2 ! tail %[s t ! crim9al is ! wife1 c4#bjc ,9 anci5t ,rome1 :]e ! art held s great a place 9 public affairs1 ! same sort ( int]pretation 0 usual1 z witness ! om5 ( ,augu/us1 :]e ! liv]s ( ! victims 7 f\nd fold$1 & ! div9]s prophesi$ him accord+ly a d\bl$ empire4#bjd ,s9ce !n1 h>uspication has di$ out m completely ?an almo/ any magical rite1 yet ev5 n[ a *>act]i/ic relic ( x may be notic$ 9 ,br&5burg2 :5 a pig is kill$ & ! sple5 is f\nd turn$ ov]1 !re w be ano!r ov]?r[1 namely a dea? 9 ! family t ye>4#bje ,) h>uspication may be class$ ! art ( div9+ by bones1 z :]e ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians w\ld put 9 ! fire a c]ta9 flat bone ( a porcup9e1 & judge f its col\r if ! porcup9e hunt w\ld be successful4#bjf ,! pr9cipal art ( ?is k9d is div9ation by a %\ld]-blade1 te*nically call$ scapulimancy or omoplatoscopy4 ,?is art1 relat$ to ! old ,*9ese div9ation by ! cracks ( a tortoise-%ell on ! fire1 is especially f\nd 9 vogue 9 ,t>t>y4 ,its simple symbolism is well %[n 9 ! elaborate acc\nt ) diagrams giv5 by ,pallas4 ,! %\ld]-blade is put on ! fire till x cracks 9 v>i\s directions1 & !n a long split l5g?wise is reckon$ z ! #8way ( life1' :ile cross-cracks on ! "r & left /& = diff]5t k9ds & degrees ( good & evil =tune2 or if ! om5 is only tak5 z to "s special ev5t1 !n l5g?wise splits mean go+ on well1 b crosswise ones /& = h9drance1 :ite m>ks port5d mu* sn[1 black ones a mild w9t]1 c4#bjg ,to f9d ?is qua9t art la/+ on into mod]n times 9 ,europe1 we c h>dly g to a bett] place ?an our own c\ntry2 a prop] ,engli% t]m = x is #8read+ ! speal-bone' 7speal espaule74 ,9 ,irel&1 ,camd5 describes ! look+ ?r\gh ! blade-bone ( a %eep1 to f9d a d>k spot :i* =etells a dea?1 & ,drayton ?us commemorates ! art 9 8 ,polyolbion3-- #8,by ?' %\ld] ( a ram f (f ! "r side p>'d1 ,:i* usually !y boile1 ! spade-bone be+ b>'d1 ,:i* :5 ! wiz>d takes1 & gaz+ !rupon ,?+s long to come =e%[es1 z ?+s done long agone4'#bjh ,*iromancy1 or palmi/ry1 seems mu* l ?is1 ?\gh x is also mix$ up ) a/rology4 ,x fl\ri%$ 9 anci5t ,greece & ,italy z x /ill does 9 ,india1 :]e to say1 #8,x is writt5 on ! palms ( my h&s1' is a usual way ( express+ a s5se ( inevitable fate4 ,*iromancy traces 9 ! m>k+s ( ! palm a l9e ( =tune & a l9e ( life1 f9ds pro( ( melan*oly 9 ! int]sections on ! saturn9e m\nt1 presages sorr[ & dea? f black spots 9 ! f+]-nails1 & at la/1 hav+ exhau/$ ! p[]s ( ?is *ildi% symbolism1 x completes its sy/em by details ( :i* ! absurdity is no long] reliev$ by ev5 an ideal s5se4 ,! art has its mod]n vot>ies n m]ely among ,gypsy =tune-tell]s1 b 9 :at is call$ #8good society4'#bji ,x may aga9 & aga9 ?us be notic$ 9 magic arts1 t ! association ( ideas is obvi\s up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,?us :5 ! ,new ,zeal& sorc]] took om5s by ! way 8 div9+ /icks 7guid$ by spirits7 fell1 he q naturally said x 0 a good om5 if ! /ick repres5t+ 8 own tribe fell on top ( t repres5t+ ! enemy1 & vice v]s4 ,zulu div9]s /ill "w a simil> process ) _! magical pieces ( /ick1 :i* rise to say yes & fall to say no1 jump ^u ! head or /oma* or o!r affect$ "p ( ! pati5t's body to %[ :]e 8 compla9t is1 & lie po9t+ t[>ds ! h\se ( ! doctor :o c cure him4 ,s likewise1 :]e a simil> device 0 practis$ ages ago 9 ! ,old ,_w1 ! responses 7 tak5 f /aves :i* 7by ! op]ation ( demons7 fell backw>d or =w>d1 to ! "r or left4#baj ,b :5 processes ( ?is k9d are develop$ to complexity1 ! sy/em has1 ( c\rse1 to be complet$ by m arbitr>y arrangem5ts4 ,?is is well %[n 9 "o ( ! div9atory arts m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt] = _! connexion ) games ( *ance4 ,9 c>tomancy1 ! art ( =tune-tell+ ) packs ( c>ds1 !re is a sort ( nons5sical s5se 9 su* rules z t two que5s mean fri5d%ip & f\r mean *att]+1 or t ! knave ( he>ts prophesies a brave "y man :o w come into ! family to be useful1 unless 8 purpose be rev]s$ by 8 c>d be+ upside d[n4 ,b ( c\rse ! pack c only furni% a limit$ numb] ( su* comp>atively rational int]pretations1 & ! re/ mu/ be left to su* arbitr>y fancy z t ! sev5 ( diamonds means a prize 9 ! lott]y1 & ! t5 ( ! same suit an unexpect$ j\rney4#baa ,a rem>kable gr\p ( div9+ in/rum5ts illu/rates ano!r pr9ciple4 ,9 ,s\?-,ea/ ,asia1 ! ,sgau ,k>5s1 at fun]al fea/s1 hang a bangle or metal r+ by a ?read ov] a brass bas91 :i* ! relatives ( ! dead approa* 9 succession & /rike on ! edge ) a bit ( bamboo2 :5 ! "o :o 0 mo/ belov$ t\*es ! bas91 ! dead man's _s responds by twi/+ & /ret*+ ! /r+ till x breaks & ! r+ falls into ! cup1 or at lea/ till x r+s aga9/ x4#bab ,ne>] ,c5tral ,asia1 9 ! nor?-ea/ corn] ( ,india1 among ! ,bodo & ,dhimal1 ! pr(essional exorci/ has to f9d out :at deity has ent]$ into a pati5t's body to puni% him = "s impiety by an attack ( illness2 ?is he discov]s by sett+ ?irte5 leaves r\nd him on ! gr\nd to repres5t ! gods1 & !n hold+ a p5dulum atta*$ to 8 ?umb by a /r+1 till ! god 9 "q is p]suad$ by invocation to decl>e himself1 mak+ ! p5dulum sw+ t[>ds 8 repres5tative leaf4#bac ,^! my/ic arts 7n to g into ! "q h[ ^! tribes came to use !m7 are rude =ms ( ! classical dactyliomancy1 ( :i* s curi\s an acc\nt is giv5 9 ! trial ( ! conspirators ,patricius & ,hil>ius1 :o work$ x to f9d out :o 0 to supplant ! emp]or ,val5s4 ,a r\nd table 0 m>k$ at ! edge ) ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 & ) pray]s & my/ic c]emonies a r+ 0 held susp5d$ ov] x by a ?read1 & by sw++ or /opp+ t[>ds c]ta9 lett]s gave ! responsive words ( ! oracle4#bad ,dactyliomancy has dw9dl$ 9 ,europe to ! art ( f9d+ out :at o'clock x is by hold+ a r+ hang+ inside a tumbl] by a ?read1 till1 )\t consci\s aid by ! op]ator1 x beg9s to sw+ & /rikes ! h\r4 ,fa!r ,s*ott1 9 8 #8,physica ,curiosa' 7#affb71 refra9s ) comm5dable caution f ascrib+ ?is ph5om5on univ]sally to demoniac influ5ce4 ,x survives among ourselves 9 *ild's play1 & ?\gh we are #8no conjur]s1' we may le>n some?+ f ! little in/rum5t1 :i* rem>kably displays ! effects ( ins5sible movem5t4 ,! op]ator really gives slight impulses till !y accumulate to a consid]able vibration1 z 9 r++ a *ur*-bell by v g5tle pulls exactly tim$4 ,t he does1 ?\gh unconsci\sly1 cause & direct ! sw+s1 may be %[n by an attempt to "w ! in/rum5t ) ! op]ator's eyes %ut1 :i* w be f\nd to fail1 ! direct+ p[] be+ lo/4 ,! action ( ! fam\s div9+-rod ) its curi\sly v]satile s5sibility to wat]1 ore1 treasure1 & ?ieves1 seems to belong p>tly to trick]y by pr(essional ,d\/]swivels1 & p>tly to m or less consci\s direction by hone/] op]ators4 ,x is /ill kn[n 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ,g]many !y are apt to hide x 9 a baby's clo!s1 & s get x baptiz$ = great] effici5cy4#bae ,to conclude ?is gr\p ( div9atory in/rum5ts1 *ance or ! op]ator's direction may det]m9e ! action ( "o ( ! mo/ famili> ( classic & m$ival ordeals1 ! s-call$ cosc9omancy1 or1 z x is describ$ 9 ,hudibras1 #8?' oracle ( sieve & %e>s1 t turns z c]ta9 z ! sph]es4' ,! sieve 0 held hang+ by a ?read1 or by ! po9ts ( a pair ( %e>s /uck into its rim1 & x w\ld turn1 or sw+1 or fall1 at ! m5tion ( a ?ief's "n1 & give simil> signs = o!r purposes4 ,( ?is anci5t rite1 ! ,*ri/ian ordeal ( ! ,bible & key1 /ill 9 frequ5t use1 is a v>iation3 ! prop] way to detect a ?ief by ?is is to read ! #ej? ,psalm to ! app>atus1 & :5 x he>s ! v]se1 #8,:5 ?\ sawe/ a ?ief1 !n ?\ cons5t$/ ) him1' x w turn to ! culprit4#baf ,c\nt de ,mai/re1 ) 8 usual faculty ( tak+ an argum5t up at ! wrong end1 tells u t judicial a/rology no d\bt hangs to tru?s ( ! fir/ ord]1 :i* h be5 tak5 f u z useless or dang]\s1 or :i* we _c recognize "u _! new =ms4#bag ,a sob] exam9ation ( ! subject may r ju/ify ! contr>y op9ion1 t x is on an error ( ! fir/ ord] t a/rology dep5ds1 ! error ( mi/ak+ ideal analogy = real connexion4 ,a/rology1 9 ! imm5sity ( its delusive influ5ce on mank9d1 & by ! comp>atively mod]n p]iod to :i* x rema9$ an hon\r$ bran* ( philosophy1 may claim ! highe/ rank among ! occult sci5ces4 ,x sc>cely belongs to v l[ levels ( civilization1 al?\gh "o ( its fundam5tal conceptions1 namely1 t ( ! s\ls or animat+ intellig5ces ( ! cele/ial bodies1 is root$ 9 ! dep?s ( savage life4 ,yet ! foll[+ ,maori specim5 ( a/rological reason+ is z real an argum5t z c\ld be f\nd 9 ,p>acelsus or ,agrippa1 nor is !re reason to d\bt its be+ home-made4 ,:5 ! siege ( a ,new ,zeal& #8pa' is go+ on1 if ,v5us is ne> ! moon1 ! natives naturally imag9e ! two z enemy & =tress2 if ! planet is above1 ! foe w h ! upp] h&2 b if bel[1 !n ! m5 ( ! soil w be able to def5d !mselves4#bah ,?\gh ! e>ly hi/ory ( a/rology is obscure1 its great developm5t & elaborate sy/ematization 7 und\bt$ly ! "w ( civiliz$ nations ( ! anci5t & m$ival _w4 ,z might be well suppos$1 a great "p ( its precepts h lo/ _! intelligible s5se1 or nev] _h any1 b ! orig9 ( _m o!rs is /ill evid5t4 ,to a consid]able ext5t !y re/ on direct symbolism4 ,su* are ! rules :i* connect ! sun ) gold1 ) ! heliotrope & pony1 ) ! cock :i* h]alds day1 ) magnanim\s animals1 su* z ! lion & bull2 & ! moon ) silv]1 & ! *ang+ *amleon1 & ! palm-tree1 :i* 0 consid]$ to s5d out a mon?ly %oot4 ,direct symbolism is pla9 9 t ma9 pr9ciple ( ! calculation ( nativities1 ! notion ( ! #8asc5dant' 9 ! horoscope1 :i* reckons ! "p ( ! heav5s ris+ 9 ! ea/ at ! mom5t ( a *ild's bir? z be+ connect$ ) ! *ild itself1 & prophetic ( its future life4#bai ,x is an old /ory1 t :5 two bro!rs 7 once tak5 ill toge!r1 ,hippokrates ! physician conclud$ f ! co9cid5ce t !y 7 tw9s1 b ,poseidonios ! a/rolog] consid]$ r t !y 7 born "u ! same con/ellation3 we may add1 t ei!r argum5t w\ld be ?\ght reasonable by a savage4 ,"o ( ! mo/ in/ructive a/rological doctr9es :i* has kept its place 9 mod]n popul> philosophy1 is t ( ! sympa?y ( gr[+ & decl9+ nature ) ! wax+ & wan+ moon4 ,among classical precepts are ^!3 to set eggs "u ! h5 at new moon1 b to root up trees :5 ! moon is on ! wane1 & aft] midday4 ,! ,li?uanian precept to wean boys on a wax+1 b girls on a wan+ moon1 no d\bt to make ! boys /urdy & ! girls slim & delicate1 is a fair mat* = ! ,orkney isl&]s' objection to m>ry+ except ) a gr[+ moon1 :ile "s ev5 wi% = a fl[+ tide4 ,! foll[+ l9es1 f ,tuss]'s #8,five ,hundr$ ,po9ts ( ,husb&ry1' %[ neatly 9 a s+le case ! two contr>y lun> influ5ces3-- #8,s[e peason & beans 9 ! wane ( ! moone ,:o s[e? !m soon]1 he s[e? too soone3 ,t !y1 ) ! planet1 may re/ & rise1 ,& fl\ri% ) be>+1 mo/ pl5tiful wise4'#bbj ,! notion t ! wea!r *anges ) ! moon's qu>t]+s is /ill held ) great vig\r 9 ,engl&4 ,yet ! meteorologi/s1 ) all _! eag]ness to cat* at any rule :i* at all answ]s to facts1 q repudiate ?is "o1 :i* inde$ appe>s to be simply a maxim belong+ to popul> a/rology4 ,j z ! gr[? & dw9dl+ ( plants became associat$ ) ! moon's wax & wane1 s *anges ( wea!r became associat$ ) *anges ( ! moon1 :ile1 by a/rolog]'s logic1 x did n matt] :e!r ! moon's *ange 7 real1 at new & full1 or imag9>y1 at ! int]m$iate qu>t]s4 ,t educat$ p to :om exact wea!r records are accessible %\ld /ill f9d satisfaction 9 ! fanciful lun> rule1 is an int]e/+ case ( intellectual survival4 ,9 su* cases z ^!1 ! a/rolog] has at any rate a real analogy1 deceptive ?\gh x be1 to base 8 rule ^u4 ,b mo/ ( 8 pseudo-sci5ce seems to re/ on ev5 weak] & m arbitr>y analogies1 n ( ?+s1 b ( names4 ,names ( />s & con/ellations1 ( signs d5ot+ regions ( ! sky & p]iods ( days & ye>s1 no matt] h[ arbitr>ily giv51 are mat]ials :i* ! a/rolog] c "w ^u1 & br+ into ideal connexion ) mundane ev5ts4 ,t a/ronom]s %\ld h divid$ ! sun's c\rse into imag9>y signs ( ! zodiac1 0 en\gh to orig9ate a/rological rules t ^! cele/ial signs h an actual effect on real e>?ly rams1 bulls1 crabs1 lions1 virg9s4 ,a *ild born "u ! sign ( ! ,lion w be c\rage\s2 b "o born "u ! ,crab w n g =w>d well 9 life2 "o born "u ! ,wat]man is likely to be dr[n$1 & s =?4 ,t[>ds #aebd1 ,europe 0 await+ 9 an agony ( pray]ful t]ror a second deluge1 prophesi$ = ,febru>y 9 t ye>4 ,z ! fatal mon? drew nigh1 dwell]s by ! wat]side mov$ 9 cr[ds to ! hills1 "s provid$ boats to save !m1 & ! ,presid5t ,aurial1 at ,t\l\se1 built himself a ,noah's ,ark4 ,x 0 ! great a/rolog] ,/oefl] 7! orig9ator1 x is said1 ( ! wea!r-prophecies 9 our almanacks7 :o =etold ?is cataclysm1 & 8 argum5t has ! advantage ( be+ /ill p]fectly intelligible--at ! date 9 "q1 ?ree planets w\ld be toge!r 9 ! aque\s sign ( ,pisces4 ,aga91 simply because a/ronom]s *ose to di/ribute among ! planets ! names ( c]ta9 deities1 ! planets !reby acquir$ ! *>act]s ( _! div9e namesakes4 ,?us x 0 t ! planet ,m]cury became connect$ ) travel1 trade1 & !ft1 ,v5us ) love & mir?1 ,m>s ) w>1 ,jupit] ) p[] & #8joviality4' ,?r\gh\t ! ,ea/1 a/rology ev5 n[ rema9s a sci5ce 9 full e/eem4 ,! condition ( m$ival ,europe may /ill be p]fectly realiz$ by ! travell] 9 ,p]sia1 :]e ! ,%ah waits = days outside ! walls ( 8 capital till ! con/ellations all[ him to ent]1 & :]e on ! days appo9t$ by ! />s = lett+ blood1 x lit]ally fl[s 9 /reams f ! b>b]s' %ops into ! /reet4 ,pr(essor ,wuttke decl>es t !re are _m di/ricts 9 ,g]many :]e ! *ild's horoscope is /ill regul>ly kept ) ! baptismal c]tificate 9 ! family *e/4 ,we sc>cely rea* ?is pit* ( cons]vatism 9 ,engl&1 b ,i happ5 to myself live )9 a mile ( an a/rolog]1 & ,i lately saw a grave pap] on nativities1 (f]$ 9 all good fai? to ! ,briti% ,association4 ,! piles ( #8,zadkiel's ,almanack' 9 ! booksell]'s w9d[s 9 c\ntry t[ns ab\t ,*ri/mas are a symptom h[ mu* yet rema9s to be done 9 popul> education4 ,z a specim5 at once ( ! survival & ( ! mean+ ( a/rologic reason+1 ,i _c d bett] ?an quote a passage f a book publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahfa1 & entitl$ #8,! ,h&-,book ( ,a/rology1 by ,zadkiel ,tao-,sze4' ,at page #gb ( 8 fir/ volume1 ! a/rolog] relates z foll[s3 #8,! ,map ( ! heav5s giv5 at page #de 0 drawn on ! occasion ( a "y lady hav+ be5 arre/$ on a *>ge ( ! murd] ( h] infant bro!r4 ,hav+ read 9 a newspap]1 at tw5ty-f\r m9utes pa/ noon on ! #bcrd ,july1 #ahfj1 t ,miss ,c4 ,k4 _h be5 arre/$ on a *>ge ( ! murd] ( h] "y bro!r1 ! au?or felt desir\s to asc]ta9 :e!r %e 7 guilty or n1 & drew ! map accord+ly4 ,f9d+ ! moon 9 ! twelf? h\se1 %e cle>ly signifies ! prison]4 ,! moon is 9 a moveable sign1 & moves 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 #ad #ag4 ,%e is1 !re=e1 swift 9 motion4 ,^! ?+s indicat$ t ! prison] w\ld be v spe$ily releas$4 ,!n we f9d a moveable sign 9 ! cusp ( ! twelf?1 & its rul]1 1 9 a moveable sign1 a fur!r indication ( spe$y release4 ,h5ce x 0 judg$ & decl>$ to _m fri5ds t ! prison] w\ld be imm$iately releas$1 :i* 0 ! fact4 ,we look$ to see :e!r ! prison] 7 guilty ( ! de$ or n1 & f9d+ ! ,moon 9 ,libra1 a humane sign1 & hav+ j pa/ ! aspect ( ! ,sun & 1 bo? be+ on ! ,m4 ,c4 we felt assur$ t %e 0 a humane1 feel+1 & hon\rable girl1 & t x 0 q impossible %e c\ld be guilty ( any su* atrocity4 ,we decl>$ h] to be p]fectly innoc5t1 & z ! ,moon 0 s well aspect$ f ! t5? h\se1 we decl>$ t h] hon\r w\ld be v soon p]fectly e/abli%$4' ,_h ! a/rolog] wait$ a few mon?s long]1 to h read ! confession ( ! mis]able ,con/ance ,k5t1 he w\ld p]haps h put a diff]5t s5se on 8 moveable signs1 j balances1 & sunny & jovial aspects4 ,nor w\ld ?is be a difficult task1 = ^! fancies l5d !mselves to endless v>iety ( new int]pretation4 ,& on su* fancies & su* int]pretations1 ! great sci5ce ( ! />s has f fir/ to la/ be5 bas$4 ,look+ at ! details "h select$ z fair samples ( symbolic magic1 we may well ask ! "q1 is !re 9 ! :ole mon/r\s f>rago no tru? or value :atev]8 ,x appe>s t !re is practically none1 & t ! _w has be5 en?rall$ = ages by a bl9d belief 9 processes :olly irrelevant to _! suppos$ results1 & :i* might z well h be5 tak5 j ! opposite way4 ,pl9y ju/ly saw 9 magic a /udy wor?y ( 8 especial att5tion1 #8= ! v reason t1 be+ ! mo/ fraudul5t ( arts1 x _h prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! _w & ?r\gh s _m ages' 7eo ipso quod fraudul5tissima artium plurimum 9 toto t]r>um orbe plurimisque seculis valuit74 ,if x be ask$ h[ su* a sy/em c\ld h held its gr\nd1 n m]ely 9 indep5d5ce b 9 defiance ( its own facts1 a fair answ] does n seem h>d to give4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t occult sci5ce has n exi/$ entirely 9 its own /r5g?4 ,futile z its arts may be1 !y are associat$ 9 practice ) o!r proce$+s by no means futile4 ,:at are pass$ (f z sacr$ om5s1 are (t5 really ! cunn+ man's %rewd guesses at ! pa/ & future4 ,div9ation s]ves to ! sorc]] z a mask = real inque/1 z :5 ! ordeal gives him invaluable opportunity ( exam9+ ! guilty1 ^: trembl+ h&s & equivocat+ spee* betray at once _! secret & _! utt] belief 9 8 p[] ( disc]n+ x4 ,prophecy t5ds to fulfil itself1 z :]e ! magician1 by putt+ into a victim's m9d ! belief t fatal arts h be5 practis$ aga9/ him1 c slay him ) ?is idea z ) a mat]ial weapon4 ,(t5 prie/ z well z magician1 he has ! :ole p[] ( religion at 8 back2 (t5 a man 9 p[]1 always an unscrupul\s intrigu]1 he c "w wit*craft & /atecraft toge!r1 & make 8 left h& help 8 "r4 ,(t5 a doctor1 he c aid 8 om5s ( life or dea? ) rem$y or poison1 :ile :at we /ill call #8conjur]s' tricks' ( sleight ( h& h done mu* to keep up 8 sup]natural pre/ige4 ,f ! e>lie/ kn[n /ages ( civilization1 pr(essional magicians h exi/$1 :o live by _! craft1 & keep x alive4 ,x has be5 said1 t if somebody _h end[$ lectur]s to tea* t two sides ( a triangle are toge!r equal to ! ?ird1 ! doctr9e w\ld h a respectable foll[+ among ourselves4 ,at any rate1 magic1 ) an influ5tial pr(ession int]e/$ 9 keep+ x 9 cr$it & p[]1 did n dep5d = its exi/5ce on m]e evid5ce4 ,& 9 ! second place1 z to ?is evid5ce4 ,magic has n its orig9 9 fraud1 & seems seldom practis$ z an utt] impo/ure4 ,! sorc]] g5]ally le>ns 8 "t-hon\r$ pr(ession 9 good fai?1 & reta9s 8 belief 9 x m or less f fir/ to la/2 at once dupe & *eat1 he comb9es ! en]gy ( a believ] ) ! cunn+ ( a hypocrite4 ,_h occult sci5ce be5 simply fram$ = purposes ( deception1 m]e nons5se w\ld h answ]$ ! purpose1 :]eas1 :at we f9d is an elaborate & sy/ematic pseudo-sci5ce4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a s9c]e b fallaci\s sy/em ( philosophy1 evolv$ by ! human intellect by processes /ill 9 great measure intelligible to our own m9ds1 & x _h ?us an orig9al /&+-gr\nd 9 ! _w4 ,& ?\gh ! evid5ce ( fact 0 dead aga9/ x1 x 0 b lately & gradually t ?is evid5ce 0 br\ght fatally to be>4 ,a g5]al survey ( ! practical work+ ( ! sy/em may be made some:at ?us4 ,a l>ge proportion ( successful cases belong to natural means disguis$ z magic4 ,also1 a c]ta9 proportion ( cases mu/ succe$ by m]e *ance4 ,by f> ! l>g] proportion1 h[ev]1 are :at we %\ld call failures2 b x is a "p ( ! magician's pr(ession to keep ^! f c\nt+1 & ?is he does ) extraord9>y res\rce ( rhetorical %ift & braz5 impud5ce4 ,he deals 9 ambigu\s phrases1 :i* give him ?ree or f\r *ances = "o4 ,he kn[s p]fectly h[ to impose difficult conditions1 & to lay ! blame ( failure on _! neglect4 ,if y wi% to make gold1 ! al*emi/ 9 ,c5tral ,asia has a recipe at y\r s]vice1 only1 to use x1 y mu/ ab/a9 ?ree days f ?9k+ ( apes2 j z our ,engli% folk-lore says1 t if "o ( y\r eyela%es comes out1 & y put x on y\r ?umb1 y w get any?+ y wi% =1 if y c only avoid ?9k+ ( foxes' tails at ! fatal mom5t4 ,aga91 if ! wrong ?+ happ5s1 ! wiz>d has at lea/ a reason :y4 ,has a daught] be5 born :5 he promis$ a son1 !n x is "s ho/ile practition] :o has turn$ ! boy into a girl2 does a tempe/ come j :5 he is mak+ f9e wea!r1 !n he calmly dem&s a l>g] fee = /rong] c]emonies1 assur+ 8 cli5ts t !y may ?ank him z x is1 = h[ mu* worse x w\ld h be5 _h he n done :at he did4 ,& ev5 sett+ aside all ?is accessory trick]y1 if we look at hone/ b unsci5tific p practis+ occult sci5ce 9 good fai?1 & face to face ) facts1 we %all see t ! failures :i* condemn x 9 our eyes c>ry comp>atively little weight 9 !irs4 ,"p escape "u ! ela/ic pretext ( a #8little m or less1' z ! los] 9 ! lott]y consoles himself t 8 lucky numb] came )9 two ( a prize1 or ! moon-obs]v] po9ts out triumphantly t a *ange ( wea!r has come )9 two or ?ree days be=e or aft] a qu>t]1 s t 8 conv5i5t def9ition ( ne> a moon's qu>t] applies to f\r or six days out ( e sev54 ,"p escape ?r\gh incapacity to appreciate negative evid5ce1 :i* all[s "o success to outweigh half-a-doz5 failures4 ,h[ few !re are ev5 among ! educat$ classes n[1 :o h tak5 9 ! drift ( t memorable passage 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #8,novum ,organum3'--#8,! human und]/&+1 :5 any proposition has be5 once laid d[n 7ei!r f g5]al admission & belief1 or f ! pleasure x af=ds71 =ces ev]y?+ else to add fre% support & confirmation2 & al?\gh mo/ cog5t & abundant in/ances may exi/ to ! contr>y1 yet ei!r does n obs]ve or despises !m1 or gets rid ( & rejects !m by "s di/9ction1 ) viol5t & injuri\s prejudice1 r ?an sacrifice ! au?ority ( its fir/ conclusions4 ,x 0 well answ]$ by him :o 0 %[n 9 a temple ! votive tablets susp5d$ by su* z _h escap$ ! p]il ( %ipwreck1 & 0 press$ z to :e!r he w\ld !n recognize ! p[] ( ! gods1 by an inquiry1 8,b :]e are ! portraits ( ^? :o h p]i%$ 9 spite ( _! v[s80'#bba ,on ! :ole1 ! survival ( symbolic magic ?r\gh ! middle ages & into our own times is an unsatisfactory1 b n a my/]i\s fact4 ,a once-e/abli%$ op9ion1 h[ev] delusive1 c hold its own f age to age1 = belief c propagate itself )\t ref]5ce to its reasonable orig91 z plants are propagat$ f slips )\t fre% rais+ f ! se$4 ,! hi/ory ( survival 9 cases l ^? ( ! folk-lore & occult arts :i* we h be5 consid]+1 has = ! mo/ "p be5 a hi/ory ( dw9dl+ & decay4 ,z m5's m9ds *ange 9 progress+ culture1 old cu/oms & op9ions fade gradually 9 a new & uncong5ial atmosph]e1 or pass into /ates m congru\s ) ! new life ar\nd !m4 ,b ?is is s f> f be+ a law )\t exception1 t a n>r[ view ( hi/ory may (t5 make x seem to be no law at all4 ,= ! /ream ( civilization w9ds & turns ^u itself1 & :at seems ! bright onw>d curr5t ( "o age may 9 ! next sp9 r\nd 9 a :irl+ eddy1 or spread into a dull & pe/il5tial swamp4 ,/udy+ ) a wide view ! c\rse ( human op9ion1 we may n[ & !n trace on f ! v turn+-po9t ! *ange f passive survival into active revival4 ,"s well-kn[n belief or cu/om has = c5turies %[n symptoms ( decay1 :5 we beg9 to see t ! /ate ( society1 in/ead ( /unt+ x1 is fav\r+ its new gr[?1 & x bur/s =? aga9 ) a vig\r (t5 z m>vell\s z x is unheal?y4 ,& ?\gh ! revival be n de/9$ to hold on indef9itely1 & ?\gh :5 op9ion turns aga9 its ru9 may be m m]ciless ?an be=e1 yet x may la/ = ages1 make its way into ! inmo/ con/itution ( society1 & ev5 become a v m>k & *>act]i/ic ( its "t4 ,writ]s :o desire to %[ t1 ) all our faults1 we are wis] & bett] ?an our ance/ors1 dwell will+ly on ! hi/ory ( wit*craft betwe5 ! middle & mod]n ages4 ,!y c quote ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 apropos ( ! wit*es :o spoil ! f>m]s' butt] & eggs1 #8,i w\ld h no pity on ^! wit*es2 ,i w\ld burn !m all4' ,!y c %[ ! good ,sir ,mat!w ,hale hang+ wit*es 9 ,suffolk1 on ! au?ority ( scripture & ! cons5t+ wisdom ( all nations2 & ,k+ ,james presid+ at ! torture ( ,dr4 ,fian = br++ a /orm aga9/ ! k+'s %ip on its c\rse f ,d5m>k1 by ! aid ( a fleet ( wit*es 9 sieves1 :o c>ri$ out a *ri/5$ cat to sea4 ,9 ^? dreadful days1 to be a ble>-ey$ wiz5$ cripple 0 to be wor? tw5ty %ill+s to a wit*-f9d]2 = a woman to h :at ?is wit*-f9d] 0 pleas$ to call ! devil's m>k on h] body 0 presumption = judicial s5t5ce ( dea?2 & n to ble$ or %$ te>s or s9k 9 a pond 0 torture fir/ & !n ! /ake4 ,re=m ( religion 0 no cure = ! disease ( m5's m9ds1 = 9 su* ?+s ! ,puritan 0 no worse ?an ! ,inquisitor1 & no bett]4 ,papi/ & ,prote/ant f\ght ) "o ano!r1 b bo? turn$ aga9/ t enemy ( ! human race1 ! hag :o _h sold h]self to ,satan to ride ^u a broom/ick1 & to suck *ildr5's blood1 & to be = life & dea? ( all creatures ! mo/ wret*$4 ,b ) new enlight5m5t !re came 9 ! v tee? ( law & au?ority a *ange 9 ,european op9ion4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! hide\s sup]/ition 0 break+ d[n among ourselves2 ,ri*>d ,baxt]1 ( ! #8,sa9t's ,re/1' /rove ) fanatic zeal to light aga9 at home ! wit*-fires ( ,new ,engl&1 b he /rove 9 va94 ,ye> by ye> ! p]secution ( wit*es became m hateful to ! educat$ classes1 & ?\gh x di$ h>d1 x di$ at la/ d[n to a ve/ige4 ,9 our days1 :5 we read ( a wit* be+ burnt at ,cam>go 9 #ahfj1 we po9t to ,mexico z a c\ntry mis]ably 9 ! re> ( civilization4 ,& if 9 ,engl& x /ill happ5s t village boors h to be tri$ at qu>t]-sessions = ill-us+ "s poor old woman1 :o !y fancy has dri$ a c[ or spoil$ a turnip crop1 we comm5t on ! t5acity ) :i* ! ru/ic m9d cl+s to explod$ follies1 & cry out = m s*oolma/]s4 ,true z all ?is is1 ! e?nograph] mu/ g wid] & deep] 9 8 enquiry1 to d 8 subject ju/ly4 ,! prevail+ belief 9 wit*craft t sat l a nightm>e on public op9ion f ! #ac? to ! #ag? c5turies1 f> f be+ itself a product ( m$ivalism1 0 a revival f ! remote days ( primval hi/ory4 ,! disease t broke out afre% 9 ,europe _h be5 *ronic among ! l[] races = h[ _m ages we _c tell4 ,wit*craft is "p & p>cel ( savage life4 ,!re are rude races ( ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica ^: int5se belief 9 x has l$ !m to decl>e t if m5 7 nev] bewit*$1 & nev] kill$ by viol5ce1 !y w\ld n die at all4 ,l ! ,au/ralians1 ! ,africans w inquire ( _! dead :at sorc]] slew !m by 8 wick$ arts1 & :5 !y h satisfi$ !mselves ( ?is1 blood mu/ atone = blood4 ,9 ,we/ ,africa1 x has be5 boldly ass]t$ t ! belief 9 wit*craft co/s m lives ?an ! slave trade ev] did4 ,9 ,ea/ ,africa1 ,capta9 ,burton1 a travell] apt to draw 8 social sket*es 9 a few %>p l9es1 rem>ks t :at ) slav]y & :at ) black-magic1 life is prec>i\s among ! ,wakhutu1 & #8no "o1 especially 9 old age1 is safe f be+ burnt at a day's notice2' &1 travell+ 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,waz>amo1 he tells u ( meet+ e few miles ) heaps ( a%es & *>coal1 n[ & !n su* z seem$ to h be5 a fa!r & "m1 ) a little heap h>d by t 0 a *ild4#bbb ,ev5 9 di/ricts ( ,briti% ,india a /ate ( m9d ready to produce horrors l ^! is well kn[n to exi/1 & to be kept d[n less by p]suasion ?an by ma9 =ce4 ,f ! level ( savage life1 we trace wit*craft surviv+ ?r\gh\t ! b>b>ian & e>ly civiliz$ _w4 ,x 0 exi/+ 9 ,europe 9 ! c5turies prec$+ ! #aj?1 b ) no especial prom95ce1 :ile laws ( ,ro?> & ,*>lemagne are actually direct$ aga9/ su* z %\ld put m5 or wom5 to dea? on ! *>ge ( wit*craft4 ,9 ! #aa? c5tury1 ecclesia/ical influ5ce 0 disc\rag+ ! sup]/iti\s belief 9 sorc]y4 ,b n[ a p]iod ( reaction set 94 ,! works ( ! mona/ic leg5d & miracle-mong]s m & m enc\rag$ a baneful cr$ulity z to ! sup]natural4 ,9 ! #ac? c5tury1 :5 ! _s ( religi\s p]secution _h begun to possess all ,europe ) a d>k & cruel madness1 ! doctr9e ( wit*craft reviv$ ) all its b>b>ic vig\r4#bbc ,t ! guilt ( ?us br++ d[n ,europe intellectually & morally to ! level ( negro ,africa lies 9 ! ma9 ^u ! ,roman ,*ur*1 ! records ( ,popes ,gregory ,,ix4 & ,innoc5t ,,viii41 & ! hi/ory ( ! ,holy ,inquisition1 are conclusive evid5ce to prove4 ,to u "h ! ma9 int]e/ ( m$ival wit*craft lies 9 ! ext5t & accuracy ) :i* ! !ory ( survival expla9s x4 ,9 ! v details ( ! bald conv5tional accusations t 7 sworn aga9/ ! wit*es1 !re may be trac$ tradition (t5 h>dly modifi$ f b>b>\s & savage times4 ,!y rais$ /orms by magic rites1 !y _h *>ms aga9/ ! hurt ( weapons1 !y _h _! assemblies on wild hea? & m\nta9-top1 !y c\ld ride ?r\gh ! air on bea/s & ev5 turn into wit*-cats & 7-wolves !mselves1 !y _h famili> spirits1 !y _h int]c\rse ) incubi & succubi1 !y convey$ ?orns1 p9s1 fea!rs & su* ?+s into _! victims' bodies1 !y caus$ disease by demoniacal possession1 !y c\ld bewit* by spells & ! evil eye1 by practis+ on images & symbols1 on food & prop]ty4 ,n[ all ?is is %e] survival f pr-,*ri/ian ages1 #89 errore paganorum revolvitur1' z ,bur*>d ( ,worms said ( ! sup]/ition ( 8 "t4#bbd ,two ( ! mo/ famili> devices us$ aga9/ ! m$ival wit*es may s]ve to %[ ! place 9 civilization ( ! :ole craft4 ,! ,ori5tal j9n are 9 su* deadly t]ror ( iron1 t its v "n is a *>m aga9/ !m2 & s 9 ,european folk-lore iron drives away fairies & elves1 & de/roys _! p[]4 ,!y are ess5tially1 x seems1 creatures belong+ to ! anci5t ,/one ,age1 & ! new metal is hateful & hurtful to !m4 ,n[ z to iron1 wit*es are br\ght "u ! same category z elves & nightm>es4 ,iron in/rum5ts keep !m at bay1 & especially iron horse%oes h be5 *os5 = ?is purpose1 z half ! /able doors 9 ,engl& /ill %[4#bbe ,aga91 "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ,engli% wit* ordeals is ! trial by #8fleet+' or swimm+4 ,b\nd h& & foot1 ! accus$ 0 flung into deep wat]1 to s9k if innoc5t & swim if guilty1 & 9 ! latt] case1 z ,hudibras has x1 to be hang$ only = n be+ dr[n$4 ,k+ ,james1 :o seems to h _h a notion ( ! real primitive mean+ ( ?is rite1 says 9 8 ,dmonology1 #8,x appe>s t ,god ha? appo9t$ = a sup]natural signe ( ! mon/r\s impietie ( wit*es1 t ! wat] %all refuse to receive !m 9 h] bosom t h %ak5 (f !m ! sacr$ wat] ( baptism1' c4 ,n[1 9 e>ly ,g]man hi/ory ?is same trial by wat] 0 well kn[n1 & its mean+ recogniz$ to be t ! consci\s elem5t rejects ! guilty 7si aqua illum velut innoxium recep]it--innoxii subm]guntur aqua1 culpabiles sup]natant74 ,already 9 ! #i? c5tury ! laws 7 prohibit+ ?is practice z a relic ( sup]/ition4 ,la/ly1 ! same trial by wat] is recogniz$ z "o ( ! regul> judicial ordeals 9 ! ,h9du code ( ,manu2 if ! wat] does n cause ! accus$ to float :5 plung$ into x1 8 oa? is true4 ,z ?is anci5t ,indian body ( laws 0 itself no d\bt compil$ f mat]ials ( /ill e>li] date1 we may v5ture to take ! correspond5ce ( ! wat]-ordeal among ! ,european & ,asiatic bran*es ( ! ,aryan race z c>ry+ back its orig9 to a p]iod ( remote antiquity4#bbf ,let u hope t if ! belief 9 pres5t wit*craft1 & ! p]secution necess>ily ensu+ ^u su* belief1 once m come into prom95ce 9 ! civiliz$ _w1 !y may appe> 9 a mild] %ape ?an h]et(ore1 & be kept d[n by /rong] humanity & tol]ance4 ,b any "o :o fancies f _! pres5t disappe>ance t !y h necess>ily disappe>$ = ev]1 mu/ h read hi/ory to little purpose1 & has yet to le>n t #8revival 9 culture' is some?+ m ?an an empty p$antic phrase4 ,our own "t has reviv$ a gr\p ( beliefs & practices :i* h _! roots deep 9 ! v /ratum ( e>ly philosophy :]e wit*craft makes its fir/ appe>ance4 ,?is gr\p ( beliefs & practices con/itutes :at is n[ commonly kn[n z ,spiritualism4 ,wit*craft & ,spiritualism h exi/$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 a clos5ess ( union n unfairly typifi$ 9 ?is v]se f ,john ,bale's #af?-c5tury ,int]lude conc]n+ ,nature1 :i* br+s "u "o head ! art ( bewit*+ vegetables & p\ltry1 & caus+ sup]natural movem5t ( /ools & crock]y4 #8,!yr wells ,i c up drye1 ,cause trees & h]bes to dye1 ,& slee all pult]ye1 ,:]eas m5 do? me move3 ,i c make /oles to daunce ,& e>!n pottes to praunce1 ,t none %all !m enhaunce1 ,& d b ca/ my glove4' ,! same intellectual movem5t l$ to ! decl9e ( bo? wit*craft & spiritualism1 till1 e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury1 m5 ?\ght t bo? 7 dy+ or all b dead toge!r4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 n only are spirituali/s to be c\nt$ by t5s ( ?\s&s 9 ,am]ica & ,engl&1 b !re are among !m sev]al m5 ( di/+ui%$ m5tal p[]4 ,i am well aw>e t ! problem ( ! s-call$ #8_s-manife/ations' is "o to be discuss$ on its m]its1 9 ord] to arrive at a di/9ct op9ion h[ f> x may be conc]n$ ) facts insuffici5tly appreciat$ & expla9$ by sci5ce1 & h[ f> ) sup]/ition1 delusion1 & %e] knav]y4 ,su* inve/igation1 pursu$ by c>eful obs]vation 9 a sci5tific _s1 w\ld seem apt to ?r[ light on "s mo/ int]e/+ psy*ological que/ions4 ,b ?\gh x lies beyond my scope to exam9e ! spirituali/ic evid5ce = itself1 ! e?nographic view ( ! matt] has1 nev]!less1 its value4 ,?is %[s mod]n spiritualism to be 9 great measure a direct revival f ! regions ( savage philosophy & peasant folk-lore4 ,x is n a simple "q ( ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 ph5om5a ( m9d & matt]4 ,x is t1 9 connexion ) ^! ph5om5a1 a great philosophic-religi\s doctr9e1 fl\ri%+ 9 ! l[] culture b dw9dl+ 9 ! high]1 has re-e/abli%$ itself 9 full vig\r4 ,! _w is aga9 sw>m+ ) intellig5t & p[]ful disembodi$ spiritual be+s1 ^: direct action on ?\ght & matt] is aga9 confid5tly ass]t$1 z 9 ^? times & c\ntries :]e physical sci5ce _h n z yet s f> succe$$ 9 extrud+ ^! spirits & _! influ5ces f ! sy/em ( nature4 ,app>itions h rega9$ ! place & mean+ :i* !y held f ! level ( ! l[] races to t ( m$ival ,europe4 ,! regul> gho/-/ories1 9 :i* spirits ( ! dead walk visibly & h int]c\rse ) corporeal m51 are n[ re/or$ & cit$ ) new examples z #8glimpses ( ! night-side ( nature1' nor h ^! /ories *ang$ ei!r _! /r5g? to ^? :o are dispos$ to believe !m1 or _! weakness to ^? :o are n4 ,z ( old1 m5 live n[ 9 habitual int]c\rse ) ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,necromancy is a religion1 & ! ,*9ese manes-wor%ipp] may see ! out] b>b>ians come back1 aft] a h]etical int]val ( a few c5turies1 into sympa?y ) 8 "t-hon\r$ cre$4 ,z ! sorc]]s ( b>b>\s tribes lie 9 bodily le?>gy or sleep :ile _! s\ls dep>t on di/ant j\rneys1 s x is n uncommon 9 mod]n spirituali/ic n>ratives = p]sons to be 9 an ins5sible /ate :5 _! app>itions visit di/ant places1 :5ce !y br+ back in=mation1 & :]e !y communicate ) ! liv+4 ,! spirits ( ! liv+ z well z ( ! dead1 ! s\ls ( ,/rauss & ,c>l ,vogt z well z ( ,augu/9e & ,j]ome1 are summon$ by m$iums to di/ant _s-circles4 ,z ,dr4 ,ba/ian rem>ks1 if any celebrat$ man 9 ,europe feels himself at "s mom5t 9 a melan*oly mood1 he may console himself ) ! idea t 8 s\l has be5 s5t = to ,am]ica1 to assi/ at ! #8r\gh fix+s' ( "s backwoodsman4 ,fifty ye>s ago1 ,dr4 ,maccullo*1 9 8 #8,description ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,scotl&1' wrote ?us ( ! fam\s ,highl& second-sight3 #8,9 fact x has und]gone ! fate ( wit*craft2 ceas+ to be believ$1 x has ceas$ to exi/4' ,yet a g5]ation lat] he w\ld h f\nd x re9/at$ 9 a f> l>g] range ( society1 & "u f> bett] circum/ances ( le>n+ & mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,among ! influ5ces :i* h comb9$ to br+ ab\t ! spirituali/ic r5aissance1 a prom95t place may1 ,i ?9k1 be giv5 to ! effect produc$ on ! religi\s m9d ( ,europe & ,am]ica by ! int5sely animi/ic tea*+s ( ,emanuel ,sw$5borg1 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,! position ( ?is rem>kable vision>y z to "s ( ! p>ticul> spirituali/ic doctr9es may be judg$ ( by ! foll[+ /atem5ts f #8,! ,true ,*ri/ian ,religion4' ,a man's _s is 8 m9d1 :i* lives aft] dea? 9 complete human =m1 & ?is _s may be convey$ f place to place :ile ! body rema9s at re/1 z on "s occasions happ5$ to ,sw$5borg himself4 #8,i h conv]s$1' he says1 #8) all my relations & fri5ds1 likewise ) k+s & pr9ces1 & m5 ( le>n+1 aft] _! dep>ture out ( ?is life1 & ?is n[ = tw5ty-sev5 ye>s )\t int]ruption4' ,& =esee+ t _m :o read 8 #8,memorable ,relations' w believe !m to be fictions ( imag9ation1 he prote/s 9 tru? !y are n fictions1 b 7 really se5 & he>d2 n se5 & he>d 9 any /ate ( m9d 9 sleep1 b 9 a /ate ( complete wakefulness4#bbg ,i %all h to speak else:]e ( "s ( ! doctr9es ( mod]n spiritualism1 :]e !y seem to fall into _! places 9 ! /udy ( ,animism4 ,"h1 z a means ( illu/rat+ ! relation ( ! new] to ! old] spirituali/ic ideas1 ,i propose to glance ov] ! e?nography ( two ( ! mo/ popul> means ( communicat+ ) ! _s-_w by rapp+ & writ+1 & two ( ! prom95t _s-manife/ations1 ! feat ( ris+ 9 ! air1 & ! trick ( ! ,dav5port ,bro!rs4 ,! elf :o goes knock+ & r\t+ ab\t ! h\se at night1 & ^: special ,g]man "n is ! #8,polt]gei/1' is an old & famili> p]sonage 9 ,european folk-lore4#bbh ,f ( old1 su* unexpla9$ noises h be5 ascrib$ to ! ag5cy ( p]sonal spirits1 :o m (t5 ?an n are consid]$ human s\ls4 ,! mod]n ,dayaks1 ,siamese1 & ,s+halese agree ) ! ,e/hs z to su* r\t+ & rapp+ be+ caus$ by spirits4#bbi ,knock+s may be consid]$ my/]i\s b h>mless1 l ^? :i* 9 ,swabia & ,franconia are expect$ dur+ ,adv5t on ! ,anklpf]le9s-,n*te1 or #8,little ,knock]s' ,nights4'#bcj ,or !y may be useful1 z :5 ! ,wel% m9]s ?9k t ! #8knock]s' !y he> und]gr\nd are indicat+ ! ri* ve9s ( lead & silv]4#bca ,or !y may be simply annoy+1 z :51 9 ! n9? c5tury1 a malignant _s infe/$ a p>i% by knock+ at ! walls z if ) a hamm]1 b be+ ov]come ) litanies & holy wat]1 confess$ itself to be ! famili> ( a c]ta9 wick$ prie/1 & to h be5 9 hid+ "u 8 cloak4 ,?us1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! fam\s demon-drumm] ( ,t$wor?1 commemorat$ by ,glanvil 9 ! #8,saducismus ,triumphatus1' ?ump$ ab\t ! doors & ! outside ( ! h\se1 & #8= an h\r toge!r x w\ld beat ,r\ndheads & ,cuckolds1 ! ,tat-too1 & sev]al o!r ,po9ts ( ,w>1 z well z any ,drumm]4'#bcb ,b popul> philosophy has mo/ly atta*$ to su* my/]i\s noises a =ebod+ ( dea?1 ! knock be+ held z a signal or summons among spirits z among m54 ,! ,romans consid]$ t ! g5ius ( dea? ?us ann\nc$ 8 com+4 ,mod]n folk-lore holds ei!r t a knock+ or rumbl+ 9 ! floor is an om5 ( a dea? ab\t to happ51 or t dy+ p]sons !mselves ann\nce _! dissolution to _! fri5ds 9 su* /range s\nds4 ,! ,engli% rule takes 9 bo? cases3 #8,?ree l\d & di/9ct knocks at ! b$'s head ( a sick p]son1 or at ! b$'s head or door ( any ( 8 relations1 is an om5 ( 8 dea?4' ,we happ5 to h a good means ( te/+ ! am\nt ( actual correspond5ce betwe5 om5 & ev5t necess>y to e/abli% ^! rules3 ! illogical p :o 7 7& /ill are7 able to discov] a connexion betwe5 ! tick+ ( ! #8dea?-wat*' beetle & an ensu+ dea? 9 ! h\se1 no d\bt f\nd x equally easy to give a prophetic int]pretation to any o!r my/]i\s knocks4#bcc ,!re is a /ory1 dat$ #aecd1 ( a gho/ t answ]$ que/ions by knock+ 9 ! ,ca?olic *ur* ( ,orleans1 & dem&$ ! removal ( ! provo/'s ,lu!ran wife1 :o _h be5 buri$ !re2 b ! affair prov$ to be a trick ( a ,franciscan fri>4#bcd ,! sy/em ( work+ an alphabet by c\nt$ raps is a device famili> to prison-cells1 :]e x has long be5 at once ! despair ( gaol]s & an evid5ce ( ! diffusion ( education ev5 among ! crim9al classes4 ,?us :51 9 #ahdg1 ! celebrat$ rapp+s began to tr\ble ! t[n%ip ( ,arcadia 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ! ,fox family ( ,ro*e/]1 f\nd]s ( ! mod]n spiritual movem5t1 _h on ! "o h& only to revive ! anci5t preval5t belief 9 _s-rapp+s1 :i* _h almo/ fall5 into ! limbo ( discr$it$ sup]/itions1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! sy/em ( communication ) ! spirits 0 ready made to _! h&4 ,! sy/em ( a rapp+-alphabet rema9s 9 full use1 & numb]less specim5s ( messages ?us receiv$ are 9 pr9t1 possibly ! longe/ be+ a novel1 ( :i* ,i c only give ! title1 #8,juanita1 ,n\velle p> une ,*aise4 l',imprim]ie du ,g\v]nem5t1 ,basse ,t]re 7,guadel\pe71 #ahec4' ,9 ! record$ communications1 names1 dates1 c41 are (t5 alleg$ to h be5 /at$ "u rem>kable circum/ances1 :ile ! /yle ( ?\ght1 language1 & spell+ fits ) ! intellectual quality ( ! m$ium4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! communications be+ obvi\sly false & silly1 ev5 :5 ! #8_s' has ann\nc$ itself 9 ! "n ( "s great /atesman1 morali/1 or philosoph] ( ! pa/1 ! !ory has be5 adopt$ by spirituali/s t fooli% or ly+ spirits are apt to p]sonate ^? ( high] degree1 & give messages 9 _! names4 ,_s-writ+ is ( two k9ds1 accord+ z x is done ) or )\t a mat]ial in/rum5t4 ,! fir/ k9d is 9 full practice 9 ,*9a1 :]e1 l o!r rites ( div9ation1 x is probably anci5t4 ,x is call$ #8desc5d+ ( ! p5cil1' & is especially us$ by ! lit]>y classes4 ,:5 a ,*9ese wi%es to consult a god 9 ?is way1 he s5ds = a pr(essional m$ium4 ,be=e ! image ( ! god are set c&les & inc5se1 & an (f]+ ( tea or mock money4 ,9 front ( ?is1 on ano!r table1 is plac$ an oblong tray ( dry s&4 ,! writ+ in/rum5t is a ,v-%ap$ wood5 h&le1 two or ?ree feet long1 ) a wood5 too? fix$ at its po9t4 ,two p]sons hold ?is in/rum5t1 ea* grasp+ "o leg ( x1 & ! po9t re/+ 9 ! s&4 ,prop] pray]s & *>ms induce ! god to manife/ 8 pres5ce by a movem5t ( ! po9t 9 ! s&1 & ?us ! response is writt51 & !re only rema9s ! some:at difficult & d\btful task ( deciph]+ x4 ,to :at /ate ( op9ion ! rite belongs may be judg$ f ?is3 :5 ! sacr$ apricot-tree is to be robb$ ( a bran* to make ! _s-p5 an apologetic inscription is scrat*$ ^u ! trunk4#bce ,not)/&+ !ological diff]5ces betwe5 ,*9a & ,engl&1 ! art ( _s-writ+ is mu* ! same 9 ! two c\ntries4 ,a k9d ( #8plan*ette' seems to h be5 kn[n 9 ,europe 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4#bcf ,! in/rum5t1 :i* may n[ be b\ght at ! toy-%ops1 is a he>t-%ap$ bo>d "s sev5 in*es long1 re/+ on ?ree supports1 ( :i* ! two at ! wide end are ca/ors1 & ! ?ird at ! po9t$ end is a p5cil ?ru/ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! bo>d4 ,! in/rum5t is plac$ on a %eet ( pap]1 & work$ by two p]sons lay+ _! f+]s lightly on x1 wait+ till1 )\t consci\s ef=t ( ! op]ators1 x moves & writes answ]s to que/ions4 ,x is n ev]ybody :o has ! faculty ( _s-writ+1 b a p[]ful m$ium w write alone4 ,su* m$iums sometimes consid] !mselves act$ on by "s p[] sep>ate f !mselves1 9 fact1 possess$4 ,ecclesia/ical hi/ory commemorates a miracle at ! close ( ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil4 ,two bi%ops1 ,*rysan?us & ,mysonius1 _h di$ dur+ its sitt+1 & ! rema9+ cr[d ( ,fa!rs br\ght ! acts1 sign$ by !mselves1 to ! tomb1 address$ ! deceas$ bi%ops z if /ill alive1 & left ! docum5t4 ,next day1 return+1 !y f\nd ! two signatures add$1 to ?is effect3--#8,we1 ,*rysan?us & ,mysonius1 cons5t+ ) all ! ,fa!rs 9 ! holy fir/ & cum5ical ,nic5e ,synod1 al?\gh translat$ f ! body1 h also sign$ ! volume ) our own h&s4'#bcg ,su* _s-writ+ )\t mat]ial in/rum5t has lately be5 r5ew$ by ! ,b>on de ,guld5/ubb4 ,?is writ] confirms by new evid5ce ! tru? ( ! tradition ( all peoples z to s\ls ( ! dead keep+ up _! connexion ) _! mortal rema9s1 & haunt+ ! places :]e !y dwelt #8dur+ _! t]re/rial inc>nation4' ,?us ,francis ,i4 manife/s himself pr9cipally at ,fonta9ebleau1 :ile ,l\is ,,xv4 & ,m>ie-,anto9ette roam ab\t ! ,trianons4 ,moreov]1 if pieces ( blank pap] be set out 9 suitable places1 ! spirits1 envelop$ 9 _! e!real bodies1 w conc5trate by _! =ce ( w electric curr5ts on ! pap]1 & s =m writt5 *>act]s4 ,! ,b>on publi%es1 9 8 #8,pneumatologie ,positive1' a mass ( facsimiles ( _s-writ+s ?us obta9$4 ,julius & ,augu/us ,cs> give _! names ne> _! /atues 9 ! ,l\vre2 ,juv5al produces a ludicr\s attempt at a copy ( v]ses2 ,hloise at ,pre-la-,*aise in=ms ! _w1 9 mod]n ,fr5*1 t ,abel>d & %e are unit$ & happy2 ,/4 ,paul writes himself 7mean+1 we may suppose1 72 & ,hippokrates ! physician 7:o spells himself ,hippkrats7 att5d$ ,m4 de ,guld5/ubb at 8 lodg+s 9 ,p>is1 & gave him a signature :i* ( itself cur$ a %>p attack ( rheumatism 9 a few m9utes4#bch ,! miracle ( ris+ & float+ 9 ! air is "o fully recogniz$ 9 ! lit]ature ( anci5t ,india4 ,! ,buddhi/ sa9t ( high ascetic rank atta9s ! p[] call$ #8p]fection' 7irdhi71 :]eby he is able to rise 9 ! air1 z also to ov]turn ! e>? & /op ! sun4 ,hav+ ?is p[]1 ! sa9t ex]cises x by ! m]e det]m9ation ( 8 w1 8 body becom+ impond]\s1 z :5 a man 9 ! common human /ate det]m9es to leap1 & leaps4 ,buddhi/ annals relate ! p]=mance ( ! miracul\s susp5sion by ,gautama himself1 z well z by o!r sa9ts1 z1 = example1 8 ance/or ,maha ,sammata1 :o c\ld ?us seat himself 9 ! air )\t visible support4 ,ev5 )\t ?is exalt$ faculty1 x is consid]$ possible to rise & move 9 ! air by an ef=t ( ec/atic joy 7udwega prti74 ,a rem>kable m5tion ( ?is feat1 z said to be p]=m$ by ! ,indian ,brahmans1 occurs 9 ! ?ird-c5tury biography ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana2 ^! ,brahmans are describ$ z go+ ab\t 9 ! air "s two cubits f ! gr\nd1 n = ! sake ( miracle 7su* ambition !y despis$71 b = its be+ m suitable to sol> rites4#bci ,=eign conjur]s 7 pr(ess+ to exhibit ?is miracle among ! ,greeks 9 ! second c5tury1 z witness ,lucian's jocul> acc\nt ( ! ,hyp]borean conjur]3--#8,?\ art jok+1 said ,kleodemos1 b ,i 0 once m incr$ul\s ?an ?\ ab\t su* ?+s1 = ,i ?\ght no?+ c\ld h p]suad$ me to believe !m2 b :5 ,i fir/ saw t =eign b>b>ian fly+--he 0 ( ! ,hyp]boreans1 he said--,i believ$1 & 0 ov]come 9 spite ( my resi/ance4 ,= :at 0 ,i to d1 :5 ,i saw him c>ri$ ?r\gh ! air 9 daylight1 & walk+ on ! wat]1 & pass+ leisurely & sl[ly ?r\gh ! fire8 ,:at8 7said 8 int]locutor71 y saw ! ,hyp]borean man fly+1 & walk+ on ! wat]8 ,to be sure1 said he1 & he _h on undress$ lea!r brogues z !y g5]ally we> !m2 b :at's ! use ( talk+ ( su* trifles1 consid]+ :at o!r manife/ations he %[$ u1--s5d+ loves1 call+ up demons1 rais+ ! dead1 & br++ 9 ,hekate h]self visibly1 & draw+ d[n ! moon8' ,kleodemos !n goes on to relate h[ ! conjur] fir/ _h 8 f\r m9 d[n = sacrificial exp5ses1 & !n made a clay ,cupid1 & s5t x fly+ ?r\gh ! air to fet* ! girl :om ,glaukias _h fall5 9 love )1 & pres5tly1 lo & behold1 !re %e 0 knock+ at ! door6 ,! int]locutor1 h[ev]1 comm5ts 9 a sceptical ve9 on ! n>rative4 ,x 0 sc>ce ne$ful1 he says1 to h tak5 ! tr\ble to s5d = ! girl ) clay1 & a magician f ! ,hyp]boreans1 & ev5 ! moon1 consid]+ t = tw5ty dra*mas %e w\ld h let h]self be tak5 to ! ,hyp]boreans !mselves2 & %e seems1 moreov]1 to h be5 affect$ 9 q an opposite way to spirits1 = :]eas ^! be+s take flight if !y he> ! noise ( brass or iron1 ,*rysis no soon] he>s ! *9k ( silv] any:]e1 b %e comes t[>d ! s\nd4#bdj ,ano!r e>ly in/ance ( ! belief 9 miracul\s susp5sion is 9 ! life ( ,iambli*us1 ! great ,neo-,platoni/ my/ic4 ,8 disciples says ,eunapius1 told him !y _h he>d a report f 8 s]vants1 t :ile 9 pray] to ! gods he _h be5 lift$ m ?an t5 cubits f ! gr\nd1 8 body & clo!s *ang+ to a beautiful gold5 col\r1 b aft] he ceas$ f pray] 8 body became z be=e1 & !n he came d[n to ! gr\nd & return$ to ! society ( 8 foll[]s4 ,!y entreat$ him !re=e1 #8,:y1 ,o mo/ div9e tea*]1 :y do/ ?\ d su* ?+s by ?yself1 & n let u p>take ( ! m p]fect wisdom8' ,!n ,iambli*us1 ?\gh n giv5 to laught]1 laugh$ at ?is /ory1 & said to !m1 #8,x 0 no fool :o trick$ y ?us1 b ! ?+ is n true4'#bda ,aft] a :ile1 ! prodigy :i* ! ,platoni/ disclaim$1 became a usual attribute ( ,*ri/ian sa9ts4 ,?us ,/4 ,ri*>d1 !n *ancellor to ,/4 ,edmund1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 "o day s(tly op5+ ! *apel door1 to see :y ! ar*bi%op did n come to d9n]1 saw him rais$ high 9 ! air1 ) 8 knees b5t & 8 arms /ret*$ out2 fall+ g5tly to ! gr\nd1 & see+ ! *ancellor1 he compla9$ t he _h h9d]$ him ( great spiritual delight & com=t4 ,s ,/4 ,philip ,n]i us$ to be sometimes se5 rais$ sev]al y>ds f ! gr\nd dur+ 8 raptur\s devotions1 ) a bright light %9+ f 8 c\nt5ance4 ,/4 ,ignatius ,loyola is decl>$ to h be5 rais$ ab\t two feet "u ! same circum/ances1 & simil> leg5ds ( dev\t ascetics be+ n only metaphorically b mat]ially #8rais$ above ! e>?' are told 9 ! lives ( ,/4 ,dom9ic1 ,/4 ,dun/an1 ,/4 ,!resa1 & o!r less-kn[n sa9ts4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury1 ,dom ,calmet speaks ( kn[+ a good monk :o rises sometimes f ! gr\nd & rema9s involunt>ily susp5d$1 especially on see+ "s devotional image or he>+ "s dev\t pray]1 & also a nun :o has (t5 se5 h]self rais$ 9 spite ( h]self to a c]ta9 di/ance f ! e>?4 ,un=tunately ! great comm5tator does n specify any witnesses z hav+ se5 ! monk & nun rise 9 ! air4 ,if !y only ?\ght !mselves ?us elevat$1 _! /ories c only rank ) t ( ! "y man m5tion$ by ,de ,mai/re1 :o s (t5 seem$ to himself to float 9 ! air1 t he came to suspect t gravitation might n be natural to man4#bdb ,! halluc9ation ( ris+ & float+ 9 ! air is extremely common1 & ascetics ( all religions are especially liable to x4 ,among mod]n acc\nts ( diabolic possession1 also1 ! ris+ 9 ! air is describ$ z tak+ place n subjectively b objectively4 ,9 #afeg1 ,ri*>d ,jones1 a sprightly lad ( twelve ye>s old1 liv+ at ,%epton ,mallet1 0 bewit*$ by "o ,jane ,brooks2 he 0 se5 to rise 9 ! air & pass ov] a g>d5 wall "s ?irty y>ds1 & at o!r times 0 f\nd 9 a room ) 8 h&s flat aga9/ a beam at ! top ( ! room1 & 8 body two or ?ree feet f ! gr\nd1 n9e p at a "t see+ him 9 ?is latt] position4 ,jane ,brooks 0 accord+ly condemn$ & execut$ at ,*>d ,assizes 9 ,m>*1 #afeh4 ,ri*>d1 ! ,surrey demoniac ( #afhi1 0 hoi/$ up 9 ! air & let d[n by ,satan2 at ! beg9n+ ( 8 fits he 01 z x 71 bl[n or snat*$ or borne up sudd5ly f 8 *air1 z if he w\ld h fl[n away1 b t ^? :o held him hung to 8 arms & legs & clung ab\t him4 ,"o acc\nt 7n ! (ficial m$ical "o7 ( ! demoniacal possessions at ,morz9e 9 ,savoy1 9 #ahfd1 relates t a pati5t 0 held susp5d$ 9 ! air by an invisible =ce dur+ "s seconds or m9utes above ! cemet]y1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ar*bi%op4#bdc ,mod]n spirituali/s claim ?is p[] z possess$ by c]ta9 di/+ui%$ liv+ m$iums1 :o1 inde$1 pr(ess to rival 9 sob] fact ! a]o/atic miracles ( ,buddhi/ & ,ca?olic leg5d4 ,! =ce employ$ is ( c\rse consid]$ to be t ( ! spirits4 ,! p]=mances ( ti$ m$iums h be5 specially repres5t$ 9 ,engl& by ! ,dav5port ,bro!rs1 :o #8are g5]ally recogniz$ by ,spirituali/s z g5u9e m$ia1 & attribute ! rev]se op9ion s deeply root$ 9 ! public m9d1 to ! untru?fulness ( ! ,london & _m o!r newspap]s4' ,! p]=m]s 7 b\nd fa/ & %ut by !mselves 9 a d>k cab9et1 ) musical in/rum5ts1 :5ce n only musical s\nds proce$$1 b ! coats ( ! m$iums 7 tak5 (f & replac$2 yet on inspection _! bodies 7 discov]$ /ill b\nd4 ,! spirits w\ld also release ! b\nd m$iums f _! cords1 h[ev] c>efully ti$ ab\t !m4#bdd ,n[ ! idea ( sup]natural unb9d+ is v anci5t1 v\*$ = z x is by no less a p]sonage ?an ! crafty ,odysseus himself1 9 8 adv5ture on bo>d ! %ip ( ! ,!sprotians3 #8,me on ! well-b5*$ vessel1 /rongly b\nd1 ,!y leave1 & snat* _! meal ^u ! bea*4 ,b to my help ! gods !mselves unw\nd ,my cords ) ease1 ?\gh firmly twi/$ r\nd4' ,9 e>ly ,engli% *ronicle1 we f9d x 9 a /ory told by ! ,v5]able ,b$e4 ,a c]ta9 ,imma 0 f\nd all b dead on ! field ( battle1 & tak5 prison]1 b :5 he began to recov] & 0 put 9 bonds to prev5t 8 escap+1 no soon] did 8 b9d]s leave him b he 0 loose aga94 ,! e>l :o own$ him enquir$ :e!r he _h ab\t him su* #8loos5+ lett]s' 7lit]as solutorias7 z tales 7 told (2 ! man repli$ t he knew naught ( su* arts2 yet :5 8 own] sold him to ano!r ma/]1 !re 0 /ill no b9d+ him4 ,! receiv$ explanation ( ?is /range p[] 0 emphatically a spiritual "o4 ,8 bro!r _h s\ght = 8 dead body1 & f9d+ ano!r l him1 buri$ x & proce$$ to say masses = 8 bro!r's s\l1 by ! celebration :]e( x came to pass t no "o c\ld fa/5 him1 = he 0 out ( bonds aga9 directly4 ,s !y s5t him home to ,k5t1 :5ce he duly return$ 8 ransom1 & 8 /ory1 x is relat$1 /imulat$ _m to devotion1 :o und]/ood by x h[ salut>y are masses to ! r$emption bo? ( s\l & body4 ,aga91 !re prevail$ 9 ,scotl& up to ! #ah? c5tury ?is notion3 :5 ! lunatics :o _h be5 br\ght to ,/4 ,fillan's ,pool to be ba!d1 7 laid b\nd 9 ! neighb\r+ *ur* next night1 if !y 7 f\nd loose 9 ! morn+ _! recov]y 0 expect$1 b if at dawn !y 7 /ill b\nd1 _! cure 0 d\btful4 ,! unty+ trick p]=m$ among savages is s simil> to t ( our m\ntebanks1 t :5 we f9d ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian juggl]s do+ bo? ?is & ! famili> trick ( brea?+ fire1 we are at a loss to judge :e!r !y inh]it$ ^! two feats f _! savage ance/ors1 or borr[$ !m f ! :ite m54 ,! po9t is n1 h[ev]1 ! m]e p]=mance ( ! unty+ trick1 b its be+ attribut$ to ! help ( spiritual be+s4 ,?is notion is ?or\ghly at home 9 savage culture4 ,x comes out well 9 ! ,esquimaux' acc\nts :i* date f e>ly 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,cranz ?us describes ! ,gre5l& angekok sett+ out on 8 my/ic j\rney to heav5 & hell4 ,:5 he has drumm$ a:ile & made all sorts ( wondr\s contortions1 he is himself b\nd ) a ?ong by "o ( 8 pupils1 8 head betwe5 8 legs1 & 8 h&s beh9d 8 back4 ,all ! lamps 9 ! h\se are put out1 & ! w9d[s d>k5$1 = no "o mu/ see him hold int]c\rse ) 8 _s1 no "o mu/ move or ev5 scrat* 8 head1 t ! _s may n be int]f]$ )--or r1 says ! mission>y1 t no "o may cat* him at 8 trick]y1 = !re is no go+ up to heav5 9 broad daylight4 ,at la/1 aft] /range noises h be5 he>d1 & a visit has be5 receiv$ or paid to ! torngak or _s1 ! magician reappe>s unb\nd1 b pale & excit$1 & gives an acc\nt ( 8 adv5tures4 ,ca/rn's acc\nt ( ! simil> proce$+s ( ! ,sib]ian %amans is z foll[s3 #8,!y are practis$' he says1 #89 all sorts ( conjur+-tricks1 by :i* !y "k h[ to dazzle ! simple cr[d1 & inspire great] tru/ 9 !mselves4 ,"o ( ! mo/ usual juggl]ies ( ! %amans 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,tomsk consi/s ( ! foll[+ hocus-pocus1 a wond] to ! ,russians z well z to ! ,samoi$s4 ,! %aman sits d[n on ! wrong side ( a dry re9de]-hide spread 9 ! middle ( ! floor4 ,!re he lets himself be b\nd h& & foot by ! assi/ants4 ,! %utt]s are clos$1 & ! %aman beg9s to invoke 8 m9i/]+ spirits4 ,all at once !re arises a my/]i\s gho/l9ess 9 ! d>k space4 ,voices are he>d f diff]5t p>ts1 bo? )9 & )\t ! yurt1 :ile on ! dry re9de] sk9 !re is a rattl+ & drumm+ 9 regul> "t4 ,be>s gr[l1 snakes hiss1 & squirrels leap ab\t 9 ! room4 ,at la/ ?is uncanny "w ceases1 & ! audi5ce impati5tly await ! result ( ! game4 ,a few mom5ts pass 9 ?is expectation1 & behold1 ! %aman walks 9 free & unb\nd f outside4 ,no "o d\bts t x 0 ! spirits :o 7 drumm+1 gr[l+1 & hiss+1 :o releas$ ! %aman f 8 bonds1 & :o c>ri$ him by secret ways out ( ! yurt4'#bde ,on ! :ole1 ! e?nography ( spiritualism be>s on practical op9ion some:at 9 ?is mann]4 ,beside ! "q ( ! absolute tru? or falsity ( ! alleg$ possessions1 names-oracles1 d\bles1 bra9-waves1 furniture mov+s1 & float+s 9 ! air1 !re rema9s ! hi/ory ( spirituali/ic belief z a matt] ( op9ion4 ,h]eby x appe>s t ! receiv$ spirituali/ic !ory ( ! alleg$ ph5om5a belongs to ! philosophy ( savages4 ,z to su* matt]s z app>itions or possessions ?is is obvi\s1 & x holds 9 m extreme cases4 ,suppose a wild ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian look+ on at a _s-sance 9 ,london4 ,z to ! pres5ce ( disembodi$ spirits1 manife/+ !mselves by raps1 noises1 voices1 & o!r physical actions1 ! savage w\ld be p]fectly at home 9 ! proce$+s1 = su* ?+s are "p & p>cel ( 8 recogniz$ sy/em ( nature4 ,! "p ( ! affair really /range to him w\ld be ! introduction ( su* arts z spell+ & writ+1 :i* d belong to a diff]5t /ate ( civilization f 84 ,! issue rais$ by ! comp>ison ( savage1 b>b>ic1 & civiliz$ spiritualism1 is ?is3 ,d ! ,r$ ,indian m$ic9e-man1 ! ,tat> necromanc]1 ! ,highl& gho/-se]1 & ! ,bo/on m$ium1 %>e ! possession ( belief & k ( ! highe/ tru? & import1 :i*1 nev]!less1 ! great intellectual movem5t ( ! la/ two c5turies has simply ?r[n aside z wor?less8 ,is :at we are habitually boa/+ ( & call+ new enlight5m5t1 !n1 9 fact a decay ( k8 ,if s1 ?is is a truly rem>kable case ( deg5]ation1 & ! savages :om "s e?nograph]s look on z deg5]ate f a high] civilization1 may turn on _! accus]s & *>ge !m ) hav+ fall5 f ! high level ( savage k4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is v>i$ inve/igation1 :e!r ( ! dw9dl+ survival ( old culture1 or ( its bur/+ =? afre% 9 active revival1 x may p]haps be compla9$ t its illu/rations %\ld be *os5 s mu* among ?+s worn out1 wor?less1 frivol\s1 or ev5 bad ) d[nright h>mful folly4 ,x is 9 fact s1 & ,i h tak5 up ?is c\rse ( argum5t ) full k & int5t4 ,=1 inde$1 we h 9 su* enquiries cont9ual reason to be ?ankful = fools4 ,x is q wond]ful1 ev5 if we h>dly g bel[ ! surface ( ! subject1 to see h[ l>ge a %>e /upidity & unpractical cons]vatism & dogg$ sup]/ition h _h 9 pres]v+ = u traces ( ! hi/ory ( our race1 :i* practical utilit>ianism w\ld h remorselessly swept away4 ,! savage is firmly1 ob/9ately cons]vative4 ,no man appeals ) m unhesitat+ confid5ce to ! great prec$5t-mak]s ( ! pa/2 ! wisdom ( 8 ance/ors c control aga9/ ! mo/ obvi\s evid5ce 8 own op9ions & actions4 ,we li/5 ) pity to ! rude ,indian z he ma9ta9s aga9/ civiliz$ sci5ce & exp]i5ce ! au?ority ( 8 rude =efa!rs4 ,we smile at ! ,*9ese appeal+ aga9/ mod]n innovation to ! gold5 precepts ( ,confucius1 :o 9 8 "t look$ back ) ! same pro/rate rev]5ce to sages /ill m anci5t1 c\nsell+ 8 disciples to foll[ ! seasons ( ,hea1 to ride 9 ! c>riage ( ,y91 to we> ! c]emonial cap ( ,*[4 ,! nobl] t5d5cy ( advanc+ culture1 & above all ( sci5tific culture1 is to hon\r ! dead )\t grovell+ be=e !m1 to pr(it by ! pa/ )\t sacrific+ ! pres5t to x4 ,yet ev5 ! mod]n civiliz$ _w has b half le>nt ?is lesson1 & an unprejudic$ survey may lead u to judge h[ _m ( our ideas & cu/oms exi/ r by be+ old ?an by be+ good4 ,n[ 9 deal+ ) hurtful sup]/itions1 ! pro( t !y are ?+s :i* x is ! t5d5cy ( savag]y to produce1 & ( high] culture to de/roy1 is accept$ z a fair controv]sial argum5t4 ,! m]e hi/orical position ( a belief or cu/om may raise a presumption z to its orig9 :i* becomes a presumption z to its au!nticity4 ,dr4 ,middleton's celebrat$ ,lett] f ,rome %[s cases 9 po9t4 ,he m5tions ! image ( ,diana at ,ephesus :i* fell f ! sky1 !reby damag+ ! pret5sions ( ! ,calabrian image ( ,/4 ,dom9ic1 :i*1 accord+ to pi\s tradition1 0 likewise br\ght d[n f heav54 ,he notices t z ! blood ( ,/4 ,janu>ius n[ melts miracul\sly )\t heat1 s ages ago ! prie/s ( ,gnatia tri$ to p]suade ,horace1 on 8 road to ,brundusium1 t ! frank9c5se 9 _! temple _h ! habit ( melt+ 9 l mann]3 #8444 deh9c ,gnatia lymphis ,iratis ex/ructa d$it risusque jocosque2 ,dum flamma s9e ?ura liquesc]e lim9e sacro1 ,p]suad]e cupit3 cr$at ,judu ,apella2 ,non ego4'#bdf ,?us e?nograph]s1 n )\t a c]ta9 grim satisfaction1 may at times f9d means to make /upid & evil sup]/itions be> witness aga9/ !mselves4 ,moreov]1 9 work+ to ga9 an insight into ! g5]al laws ( intellectual movem5t1 !re is practical ga9 9 be+ able to /udy !m r among antiqu>ian relics ( no int5se mod]n int]e/1 ?an among ^? see?+ problems ( ! day on :i* action has to be tak5 amid f]m5t & %>p /rife4 ,%\ld "s morali/ or politician speak contemptu\sly ( ! vanity ( /udy+ matt]s )\t practical mom5t1 x w g5]ally be f\nd t 8 own mode ( treatm5t w consi/ 9 p>tizan diatribes on ! que/ions ( ! day1 a proce$+ practical en\gh1 especially 9 confirm+ ^? :o agree ) him already1 b ! extreme opposite to ! sci5tific way ( elicit+ tru?4 ,! e?nograph]'s c\rse1 aga91 %\ld be l t ( ! anatomi/ :o c>ries on 8 /udies if possible r on dead ?an on liv+ subjects2 vivisection is n]v\s "w1 & ! humane inve/igator hates inflict+ ne$less pa94 ,?us :5 ! /ud5t ( culture occupies himself 9 view+ ! be>+s ( explod$ controv]sies1 or 9 unravell+ ! hi/ory ( long-sup]s$$ inv5tions1 he is gladly seek+ 8 evid5ce r 9 su* dead old hi/ory1 ?an 9 ! discussions :]e he & ^? he lives among are alive ) int5se p>ty feel+1 & :]e 8 judgm5t is biass$ by ! pressure ( p]sonal sympa?y1 & ev5 x may be ( p]sonal ga9 or loss4 ,s1 f ?+s :i* p]haps nev] 7 ( high importance1 ?+s :i* h fall5 out ( popul> significance1 or ev5 out ( popul> memory1 he tries to elicit g5]al laws ( culture1 (t5 to be ?us m easily & fully ga9$ ?an 9 ! ar5a ( mod]n philosophy & politics4 ,b ! op9ions drawn f old or worn-out culture are n to be left ly+ :]e !y 7 %ap$4 ,x is no m reasonable to suppose ! laws ( m9d diff]5tly con/itut$ 9 ,au/ralia & 9 ,engl&1 9 ! "t ( ! cave-dwell]s & 9 ! "t ( ! build]s ( %eet-iron h\ses1 ?an to suppose t ! laws ( *emical comb9ation 7 ( "o sort 9 ! "t ( ! coal-measures1 & are ( ano!r n[4 ,! ?+ t has be5 w be2 & we are to /udy savages & old nations to le>n ! laws t "u new circum/ances are work+ = good or ill 9 our own developm5t4 ,if x is ne$ful to give an in/ance ( ! directness ) :i* antiquity & savag]y be> ^u our mod]n life1 let x be tak5 9 ! facts j br\ght =w>d on ! relation ( anci5t sorc]y to ! belief 9 wit*craft :i* 0 n long s9ce "o ( ! grave/ facts ( ,european hi/ory1 & ( savage spiritualism to beliefs :i* s deeply affect our civilization n[4 ,no "o :o c see 9 ^! cases1 & 9 _m o!rs to be br\ght be=e him 9 ^! volumes1 h[ direct & close ! connexion may be betwe5 mod]n culture & ! condition ( ! rude/ savage1 w be prone to accuse /ud5ts :o sp5d _! lab\r on ev5 ! l[e/ & mo/ trifl+ facts ( e?nography1 ( wa/+ _! h\rs 9 ! satisfaction ( a frivol\s curiosity4 ,footnote #afj3 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 i4 p4 #aai4 ,footnote #afa3 #8,life ( ,na?4 ,pe>ce1' ed4 by ,j4 ,j4 ,halls1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhf4 ,footnote #afb3 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 i4 p4 #cbh2 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgc2 see vol4 iv4 p4 #dbe4 ,footnote #afc3 ,muir1 #8,sanskrit ,texts1' "p ii4 p4 #dce4 ,footnote #afd3 ,dalton1 #8,kols1' 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 vi4 p4 #f2 see p4 #af4 ,footnote #afe3 ,jas4 ,g>dn]1 #8,fai?s ( ! ,_w1' s4v4 #8,exorcism4' ,footnote #aff3 ,%ortt1 #8,tribes ( ,neilgh]ries1' 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 vii4 pp4 #bdg1 #bgg2 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot 9 #8,trans4 ,congress ( ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology1' #ahfh1 p4 #bec4 ,footnote #afg3 ,f4 ,rhs1 #8,f9l&1' p4 #bif2 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 iii4 p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #afh3 ,br&1 #8,pop4 ,ant4' vol4 iii4 pp4 #ha-c2 see p4 #cac4 ,footnote #afi3 ,wuttke1 #8,deuts*e ,volksab]glaube1' p4 #abh2 see p4 #bci4 ,footnote #agj3 ,= an exam9ation ( num]\s magical arts1 mo/ly com+ "u ?is category1 see #8,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1' *aps4 vi4 & x4 ,footnote #aga3 ,/anbridge1 #8,abor4 ( ,victoria1' 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 i4 p4 #bii2 ,ellis1 #8,polyn4 ,res4' vol4 i4 p4 #cfd2 ,j4 ,l4 ,wilson1 #8,w4 ,africa1' p4 #bae2 ,spiegel1 #8,ave/a1' vol4 i4 p4 #abd2 ,wuttke1 #8,deuts*e ,volksab]glaube1' p4 #aie2 g5]al ref]5ces 9 #8,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1' p4 #abi4 ,footnote #agb3 ,burton1 #8,w4 & ,w4 f ,we/ ,africa1' p4 #daa4 ,footnote #agc3 ,w4 ,gregory1 #8,lett]s on ,animal ,magnetism1' p4 #abh4 ,footnote #agd3 ,eyre1 #8,au/ralia1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cfa2 ,coll9s1 #8,new ,s\? ,wales1' vol4 i4 pp4 #efa1 #eid4 ,footnote #age3 ,%ortt1 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 vi4 p4 #bgh4 ,footnote #agf3 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 iii4 p4 #aag4 ,footnote #agg3 ,see ,grote1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #aac1 #cea4 ,footnote #agh3 ,h>dy1 #8,ea/]n ,mona*ism1' p4 #bda4 ,footnote #agi3 ,oldfield1 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iii4 p4 #bdf4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,gr\t1 #8,zulu-l&1' p4 #acd4 ,footnote #aha3 ,see specim5 & description 9 ! ,*ri/y ,museum4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,macph]son1 #8,india1' pp4 #acj1 #cfc4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,wuttke1 #8,volksab]glaube1' p4 #ca4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,r4 ,hunt1 #8,pop4 ,rom4 ( ,w4 ( ,engl&1' #bnd s]4 p4 #afe2 ,br&1 #8,pop4 ,ant4' vol4 ii4 p4 #bca4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,wuttke1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' p4 #efj4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,br&1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bdj4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,hunt1 ibid4 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,wuttke1 p4 #afe2 ,br&1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cje4 ,footnote #aij3 ,magalhanes de ,g&avo1 p4 #abe2 ,d',orbigny1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afh4 ,footnote #aia3 ,/4 ,john1 #8,f> ,ea/1' vol4 i4 p4 #bjb2 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 ii4 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #aib3 ,yate1 #8,new ,zeal&1' p4 #ij2 ,polack1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdh4 ,footnote #aic3 ,klemm1 #8,cultur-,ges*4' vol4 iii4 p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #aid3 ,burton1 #8,wit & ,wisdom f ,we/ ,africa1' p4 #cha4 ,footnote #aie3 ,see ,cornelius ,agrippa1 #8,de ,occulta ,philosophia1' i4 #ec2 #8,de ,vanitate ,sci5t4' #cg2 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' p4 #ajgc2 ,hanus*1 #8,slaw4 ,my?4' p4 #bhe2 ,br&1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ahd-bbg4 ,footnote #aif3 ,oldfield 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iii4 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #aig3 ,/ell]1 #8,kamts*atka1' p4 #bgi4 ,footnote #aih3 ,callaway1 #8,rel4 ( ,amazulu1' pp4 #bcf1 #bda2 ,r4 ,taylor1 #8,n4 ,z4' p4 #ccd4 ,footnote #aii3 ,artemidorus1 #8,oneirocritica2' ,cockayne1 #8,lee*doms1 c41 ( ,e>ly ,engl&1' vol4 iii42 ,seafield1 #8,lit]ature1 c41 ( ,dreams2' ,br&1 vol4 iii42 ,halliwell1 #8,pop4 ,rhymes1 c41' p4 #bag1 c41 c4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,/4 ,john1 #8,f> ,ea/1' vol4 i4 pp4 #gd1 #aae2 ,ellis1 #8,polyn4 ,res4' vol4 iv4 p4 #aej2 ,polack1 #8,new ,zeal&]s1' vol4 i4 p4 #bee4 ,footnote #bja3 ,georgi1 #8,reise im ,russ4 ,rei*1' vol4 i4 p4 #bha2 ,hook]1 #8,himalayan ,j\rnals1' vol4 i4 p4 #ace2 #8,z4 ,res4' vol4 iii4 p4 #bg2 ,la?am1 #8,descr4 ,e?4' vol4 i4 p4 #fa4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,cieza de ,leon1 p4 #bhi2 ,riv]o & ,ts*udi1 #8,p]u1' p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,burton1 #8,c5tral ,afr4' vol4 ii4 p4 #cb2 ,waitz1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dag1 #eah4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,pl94 xi4 #gc4 ,see ,cic4 de ,div9atione1 ii4 #ab4 ,footnote #bje3 ,wuttke1 #8,volksab]glaube1' p4 #cb4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,le ,jeune1 #8,n\velle ,france1' vol4 i4 p4 #ij4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,j4 ,h4 ,pla?1 #8,rel4 d4 alt5 ,*9es51' "p i4 p4 #hi2 ,klemm1 #8,cultur4 ,ges*4' vol4 iii4 pp4 #aji1 #aii2 vol4 iv4 p4 #bba2 ,rubruquis1 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 vii4 p4 #fe2 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' p4 #ajfg2 ,r4 ,f4 ,burton1 #8,s9dh1' p4 #ahi2 ,m4 ,a4 ,walk]1 #8,mac$onia1' p4 #afi4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,br&1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cci2 ,=bes ,leslie1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dia4 ,footnote #bji3 ,maury1 #8,magie1 c4'1 p4 #gd2 ,br&1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cdh1 c4 ,see figure 9 ,cornelius ,agrippa1 #8,de ,occult4 ,philosoph41' ii4 #bg4 ,footnote #baj3 ,r4 ,taylor1 #8,new ,zeal&1' p4 #bje2 ,%ortl&1 p4 #aci2 ,callaway1 #8,religion ( ,amazulu1' p4 #ccj1 c42 ,!ophylact4 9 ,br&1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ccb4 ,comp>e m5tions ( simil> devices2 ,h]odot4 iv4 #fg 7,scy?ia72 ,burton1 #8,c5tral ,africa1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cej4 ,footnote #baa3 ,migne's #8,dic4 des ,sci5ces ,occultes4' ,footnote #bab3 ,mason1 #8,k>5s1' 9 #8,j\rn4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1' #ahfe1 "p ii4 p4 #bjj2 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 i4 p4 #adf4 ,footnote #bac3 ,hodgson1 #8,abor4 ( ,india1' p4 #agj4 ,see ,macph]son1 p4 #ajf 7,khonds74 ,footnote #bad3 ,ammian4 ,m>cell94 xxix4 #a4 ,footnote #bae3 ,*evreul1 #8,de la ,baguette ,div9atoire1 du ,p5dule dit ,explorateur et des ,tables ,t\rnantes1' ,p>is1 #ahed2 ,br&1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ccb2 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' p4 #ibf2 ,h4 ,b4 ,woodw>d1 9 #8,geological ,mag41' ,nov4 #ahgb2 ,wuttke1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #baf3 ,cornelius ,agrippa1 #8,de ,speciebus ,magi1' xxi42 ,br&1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cea2 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' p4 #ajfb4 ,footnote #bag3 ,de ,mai/re1 #8,soires de ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #bah3 ,%ortl&1 #8,trads41 c4 ( ,new ,zeal&1' p4 #ach4 ,footnote #bai3 ,see ,cic]o1 #8,de ,div4' i42 ,lucian1 #8,de ,a/rolog4'2 ,cornelius ,agrippa1 #8,de ,occulta ,philosophia2' ,sibly1 #8,occult ,sci5ces2' ,br&1 vol4 iii4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,pl94 xvi4 #ge2 xviii4 #ge2 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' p4 #fgf2 ,br&1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afi2 vol4 iii4 p4 #add4 ,footnote #bba3 ,bacon1 #8,novum ,organum4' ,! orig9al /ory is t ( ,diagoras2 see ,cic]o1 #8,de ,natura ,deorum1' iii4 #cg2 ,diog4 ,lart4 lib4 vi41 ,diog5es1 #f4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,du ,*aillu1 #8,a%ango-l&1' pp4 #dbh1 #dce2 ,burton1 #8,c5tral ,afr4' vol4 i4 pp4 #eg1 #aac1 #aba4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,see ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' *4 xxxiv42 ,lecky1 #8,hi/4 ( ,rationalism1' vol4 i4 *ap4 i42 ,hor/1 #8,zaub]-,biblio!k2' ,raynald1 #8,annales ,ecclesia/ici1' vol4 ii41 ,greg4 ,,ix4 7#abcc71 xli4-ii42 ,innoc4 ,,viii4 7#adhd71 lxxiv4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,see also ,das5t1 #8,introd4 to ,norse ,tales2' ,maury1 #8,magie1 c41' *4 vii4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,lane1 #8,?\s& & ,"o ,nights1' vol4 i4 p4 #cj2 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' pp4 #dce1 #dfe1 #ajef2 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #bfe1 #bhg2 vol4 iii4 p4 #bjd2 ,d4 ,wilson1 #8,prehi/oric ,annals ( ,scotl&1' vol4 ii4 p4 #abf2 ,wuttke1 #8,volksab]glaube1' pp4 #ae1 #bj1 #abb1 #bbj4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,br&1 #8,pop4 ,ant4' vol4 iii4 pp4 #a-dc2 ,wuttke1 #8,volksab]glaube1' p4 #ej2 ,grimm1 #8,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1' p4 #ibc2 ,pictet1 #8,orig9es ,indo-,europ4' "p ii4 p4 #dei2 ,manu1 viii41 #aad-e2 see ,pl94 vii4 #b4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,sw$5borg1 #8,! ,true ,*ri/ian ,religion1' ,london1 #ahee1 ,nos4 #aef1 #aeg1 #bha1 #hea4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,grimm1 #8,deuts*e ,my?1' pp4 #dgc1 #dha4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,/4 ,john1 #8,f> ,ea/1' vol4 i4 p4 #hb2 ,ba/ian1 #8,psy*ologie1' p4 #aaa2 #8,oe/l4 ,asi54' vol4 iii4 pp4 #bcb1 #bei1 #bhh2 ,boecl]1 #8,eh/5 ,ab]glaube1' p4 #adg4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 p4 #gd4 ,footnote #bca3 ,br&1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dhf4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,glanvil1 #8,saducismus ,triumphatus1' "p ii4 ,! invisible drumm] appe>s to h be5 "o ,william ,drury2 see #8,pepys' ,di>y1' vol4 i4 p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,br&1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bbe1 #bcc2 ,grimm1 pp4 #hja1 #ajhi1 #aada2 ,wuttke1 pp4 #ch-i1 #bjh2 ,%ortl&1 #8,trads4 ( ,new ,zeal&1' p4 #acg 7om9\s tick+ ( insect1 d\btful :e!r idea native1 or introduc$ by =eign]s74 ,footnote #bcd3 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cic4 ,footnote #bce3 ,doolittle1 #8,*9ese1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aab2 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 iii4 p4 #beb2 #8,psy*ologie1' p4 #aei4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,toehla1 #8,aurifont9a ,*ymica1' cit$ by ,k4 ,r4 ,h4 ,mack5zie1 9 #8,spirituali/1' ,m>4 #ae1 #ahgj4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,nicephor4 ,calli/4 ,ecclesia/4 ,hi/4 viii4 #bc2 ,/anley1 #8,ea/]n ,*ur*1' p4 #agb4 ,footnote #bch3 #8,pneumatologie ,positive et ,exprim5tale2 ,la ,ralit des ,esprits et le ,phnomne ,m]veilleux de leur criture ,directe dmontrs1' p> le ,b>on ,l4 de ,guld5/ubb4 ,p>is1 #aheg4 ,footnote #bci3 ,h>dy1 #8,manual ( ,budhism1' pp4 #ch1 #abf1 #aej2 #8,ea/]n ,mona*ism1' pp4 #bgb1 #bhe1 #chb2 ,kpp51 #8,religion des ,buddha1' vol4 i4 p4 #dab2 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 iii4 p4 #cij2 ,philo/rati ,vita ,apollon4 ,tyan4 iii4 #ae4 ,see ! m5tion among ! ,saadhs ( ,india 7#ag? c5tury71 by ,trant1 9 #8,mission>y ,regi/]1' ,july1 #ahbj1 pp4 #bid-f4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,lucian1 ,philopseudes1 #ac4 ,footnote #bda3 ,eunapius 9 ,iambl4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,alban ,butl]1 #8,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1' vol4 i4 p4 #fgd2 ,calmet1 #8,diss4 sur les ,app>itions1 c41' *ap4 xxi42 ,de ,mai/re1 #8,soires de ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #aeh1 #age4 ,see also ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 p4 #egh2 #8,psy*ologie1' p4 #aei4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,glanvil1 #8,saducismus ,triumphatus1' "p ii42 ,ba/ian1 #8,psy*ologie1' p4 #afa4 ,footnote #bdd3 #8,spirituali/1' ,feb4 #ae1 #ahgj4 ,orr9 ,abbott1 #8,! ,dav5port ,bro!rs1' ,new ,york1 #ahfd4 ,footnote #bde3 ,hom]1 ,odyss4 xiv4 #cde 7,worsley's ,trans472 ,b$a1 #8,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica1' iv4 #bb2 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m41' p4 #aahj 7an old ,g]man loos+-*>m is giv5 f ! ,m]seburg ,,ms472 ,j4 ,y4 ,simpson1 9 #8,proc4 ,ant4 ,soc4 ,scotl&1' vol4 iv42 ,keat+1 #8,long's ,exp4 to ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv]1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aei2 ,eg$e1 #8,gre5l&1' p4 #ahi2 ,cranz1 #8,grnl&1' p4 #bfi2 ,ca/rn1 #8,reiseb]i*te1' #ahde-i1 p4 #agc4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,cony]s ,middleton1 #8,a ,lett] f ,rome1' #agbi2 ,hor4 ,sat4 ,i4 v4 #ih4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,emotional ,,& ,,imitative ,,language4 ,elem5t ( directly expressive ,s\nd 9 ,language--,te/ by indep5d5t correspond5ce 9 di/9ct languages--,con/itu5t processes ( ,language--,ge/ure--,expression ( feature1 c4--,emotional ,tone--,articulate s\nds1 v[els det]m9$ by musical quality & pit*1 consonants--,emphasis & ,acc5t--,phrase-melody1 ,recitative--,s\nd-,words--,int]jections --,calls to ,animals--,emotional ,cries--,s5se-,words =m$ f ,int]jections--,affirmative & ,negative p>ticles1 c4 ,9 c>ry+ on ! enquiry into ! developm5t ( culture1 evid5ce ( "s weight is to be ga9$ f an exam9ation ( ,language4 ,comp>+ ! gramm>s & diction>ies ( races at v>i\s grades ( civilization1 x appe>s t1 9 ! great art ( spee*1 ! educat$ man at ?is day sub/antially uses ! me?od ( ! savage1 only exp&$ & improv$ 9 ! work+ out ( details4 ,x is true t ! languages ( ! ,tasmanian & ! ,*9ese1 ( ! ,gre5l&] & ! ,greek1 diff] v>i\sly 9 /ructure2 b ?is is a second>y diff]5ce1 und]laid by a prim>y simil>ity 9 me?od1 namely1 ! expression ( ideas by articulate s\nds habitually allott$ to !m4 ,n[ all languages are f\nd on inspection to conta9 "s articulate s\nds ( a directly natural & directly intelligible k9d4 ,^! are s\nds ( int]jectional or imitative "*1 :i* h _! mean+ n by inh]itance f p>5ts or adoption f =eign]s1 b by be+ tak5 up directly f ! _w ( s\nd into ! _w ( s5se4 ,l pantomimic ge/ures1 !y are capable ( convey+ _! mean+ ( !mselves1 )\t ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> language !y are us$ 9 connexion )4 ,f ! obs]vation ( ^!1 !re h aris5 speculations z to ! orig9 ( language1 treat+ su* expressive s\nds z ! fundam5tal con/itu5ts ( language 9 g5]al1 & consid]+ ^? ( !m :i* are /ill pla9ly recognizable z hav+ rema9$ m or less 9 _! orig9al /ate1 long c\rses ( adaptation & v>iation hav+ produc$ f su* ! great mass ( words 9 all languages1 9 :i* no connexion betwe5 idea & s\nd c any long] be c]ta9ly made out4 ,?us grew up doctr9es ( a #8natural' orig9 ( language1 :i*1 dat+ f classic times1 7 develop$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury into a sy/em by t p[]ful ?9k]1 ! ,presid5t ,*>les de ,brosses1 & 9 our own "t h be5 exp&$ & solidifi$ by a s*ool ( philolog]s1 among :om ,mr4 ,h5sleigh ,w$gwood is ! mo/ prom95t4#bdg ,^! !ories h no d\bt be5 incauti\sly & fancifully work$4 ,no wond] t /ud5ts :o f\nd 9 nature real & direct s\rces ( articulate spee*1 9 int]jectional s\nds l ah6 ugh6 h'm6 %6 & 9 imitative s\nds l purr1 :iz1 tomtom1 cuckoo1 %\ld h ?\ght t ! :ole secret ( language lay )9 _! grasp1 & t !y _h only to fit ! keys ?us f\nd into "o hole aft] ano!r to op5 e lock4 ,:5 a philosoph] has a tru? 9 8 h&s1 he is apt to /ret* x f>!r ?an x w be>4 ,! magic umbrella mu/ spread & spread till x becomes a t5t wide en\gh to %elt] ! k+'s army4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t :at criticism t\*es 9 ^! op9ions is _! exagg]ation1 n _! reality4 ,t int]jections & imitative words are really tak5 up to "s ext5t1 be x small or l>ge1 into ! v body & /ructure ( language1 no "o d5ies4 ,su* a d5ial1 if anyone (f]$ x1 ! advocates ( ! disput$ !ories might dispose ( 9 ! s+le phrase1 t !y w\ld nei!r be pooh-pooh$ nor hoot$ d[n4 ,x may be %[n )9 ! limits ( ! mo/ /rict & sob] argum5t1 t ! !ory ( ! orig9 ( language 9 natural & directly expressive s\nds does acc\nt = a consid]able fraction ( ! exi/+ copia v]borum1 :ile x raises a presumption t1 c\ld we trace ! hi/ory ( words m fully1 x w\ld acc\nt = f> m4 ,9 "h exam9+ int]jectional & imitative s\nds ) _! d]ivative words1 z well z c]ta9 o!r p>ts ( language ( a m or less cognate "*1 ,i purpose to br+ =w>d z f> z possible new evid5ce d]iv$ f ! languages ( savage & b>b>\s races4 ,by s do+ x becomes practicable to use a *eck :i* 9 great measure /ops ! ma9 s\rce ( unc]ta9ty & error 9 su* enquiries1 ! habit ( etymologiz+ words (f-h& f expressive s\nds1 by ! unaid$ & (t5 flighty fancy ( a philolog]4 ,by simply enl>g+ ! survey ( language1 ! prov9ce ( ! imag9ation is br\ght )9 n>r[] limits4 ,if sev]al languages1 :i* _c be class$ z di/9ctly ( ! same family1 unite 9 express+ "s notion by a p>ticul> s\nd :i* may fairly claim to be int]jectional or imitative1 _! comb9$ au?ority w g f> to prove ! claim a j "o4 ,= if x be object$ t su* words may h pass$ into ! diff]5t languages f a common s\rce1 ( :i* ! trace is = ! mo/ "p lo/1 ?is may be answ]$ by ! "q1 ,:y is !re n a proportionate agreem5t betwe5 ! languages 9 "q ?r\gh\t ! f> l>g] mass ( words :i* _c pret5d to be direct s\nd-words8 ,if sev]al languages h indep5d5tly *os5 l words to express l mean+s1 !n we may reasonably suppose t we are n delud+ ourselves 9 ?9k+ su* words highly appropriate to _! purpose4 ,!y are words :i* answ]$ ! conditions ( orig9al language1 con=m+ z !y d to ! say+ ( ,?omas ,aqu9as1 t ! names ( ?+s ought to agree ) _! natures1 #8nom9a deb5t naturis r]um congru]e4' ,appli$ 9 su* comp>ison1 ! languages ( ! l[] races contribute evid5ce ( excell5t quality to ! problem4 ,x w at ! same "t & by ! same pro(s appe>1 t savages possess 9 a high degree ! faculty ( utt]+ _! m9ds directly 9 emotional tones & int]jections1 ( go+ /raight to nature to furni% !mselves ) imitative s\nds1 includ+ reproductions ( _! own direct emotional utt]ances1 z means ( expression ( ideas1 & ( introduc+ into _! =mal language words s produc$4 ,!y h cle>ly ?us f> ! means & p[] ( produc+ language4 ,9 s f> z ! !ories "u consid]ation acc\nt = ! orig9al =mation ( language1 !y c\nt5ance ! view t ?is =mation took place among mank9d 9 a savage /ate1 & ev51 = any?+ appe>+ to ! contr>y1 9 a /ill l[] /age ( culture ?an has surviv$ to our day4#bdh ,! fir/ /ep 9 su* inve/igation is to ga9 a cle> idea ( ! v>i\s elem5ts ( :i* spok5 language is made up4 ,^! may be enum]at$ z ge/ure1 expression ( feature1 emotional tone1 emphasis1 =ce1 spe$1 c4 ( utt]ance1 musical rhy?m & intonation1 & ! =mation ( ! v[els & consonants :i* are ! skeleton ( articulate spee*4 ,9 ! common int]c\rse ( m51 spee* is habitually accompani$ by ge/ure1 ! h&s1 head1 & body aid+ & illu/rat+ ! spok5 phrase4 ,s f> z we c judge1 ! visible ge/ure & ! audible ^w h be5 ?us us$ 9 comb9ation s9ce times ( mo/ remote antiquity 9 ! hi/ory ( our race4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! daily int]c\rse ( ! l[] races1 ge/ure holds a mu* m important place ?an we are accu/om$ to see x fill1 a position ev5 encroa*+ on t :i* articulate spee* holds among ourselves4 ,mr4 ,bonwick confirms by 8 exp]i5ce ,dr4 ,milligan's acc\nt ( ! ,tasmanians z us+ #8signs to eke out ! mean+ ( monosyllabic expressions1 & to give =ce1 precision1 & "* to vocal s\nds4' ,capta9 ,wilson rem>ks on ! use ( ge/iculation 9 modify+ words 9 ! ,*9ook ,j>gon4 ,!re is confirmation to ,spix & ,m>tius' description ( l[ ,brazilian tribes complet+ by signs ! mean+ ( _! scanty s5t5ces1 ?us mak+ ! words #8wood-g' s]ve to say #8,i w g into ! wood1' by po9t+ ! m\? l a sn\t 9 ! direction meant4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,wilson1 describ+ ! ,grebo language ( ,we/ ,africa1 rem>ks t !y h p]sonal pron\ns1 b seldom use !m 9 conv]sation1 leav+ x to ge/ure to det]m9e :e!r a v]b is to be tak5 9 ! fir/ or second p]son2 ?us ! words #8ni ne' w mean #8,i d x1' or #8y d x1' accord+ to ! significant ge/ures ( ! speak]4#bdi ,beside su* in/ances1 x w h]eaft] be notic$ t ! l[] races1 9 c\nt+1 habitually use ge/ure-language = a purpose to :i* high] races apply ^w-language4 ,to ?is prom95t condition ( ge/ure z a means ( expression among rude tribes1 & to ! developm5t ( pantomime 9 public %[ & private int]c\rse among su* peoples z ! ,neapolitans ( our own day1 ! mo/ extreme contra/ may be f\nd 9 ,engl&1 :]e1 :e!r = good or ill1 sugge/ive pantomime is n[ r$uc$ to s small a compass 9 social talk1 & ev5 9 public oratory4 ,*anges ( ! bodily attitude1 correspond+ 9 _! f9e gradations ) *anges ( ! feel+s1 comprise conditions ( ! surface ( ! body1 po/ures ( ! limbs1 & also especially ^? expressive attitudes ( ! face to :i* our att5tion is p>ticul>ly direct$ :5 we notice "o ano!r4 ,! visible expression ( ! features is a symptom :i* displays ! speak]'s /ate ( m9d1 8 feel+s ( pleasure or disgu/1 ( pride or humility1 ( fai? or d\bt1 & s =?4 ,n t !re is betwe5 ! emotion & its bodily expression any orig9ally int5tional connexion4 ,x is m]ely t a c]ta9 action ( our physical ma*9]y %[s symptoms :i* we h le>nt by exp]i5ce to ref] to a m5tal cause1 z we judge by see+ a man sweat or limp t he is hot or footsore4 ,blu%+ is caus$ by c]ta9 emotions1 & among ,europeans x is a visible expression or symptom ( !m2 n s among ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians1 ^: blu%es1 z ,mr4 ,david ,=bes po9ts out1 may be detect$ by ! h& or a !rmomet]1 b be+ conceal$ by ! d>k sk9 _c s]ve z a visible sign ( feel+4#bej ,by turn+ ^! natural processes to acc\nt1 m5 contrive to a c]ta9 ext5t to put on p>ticul> physical expressions1 fr[n+ or smil+ = in/ance1 9 ord] to simulate ! emotions :i* w\ld naturally produce su* expressions1 or m]ely to convey ! ?\ght ( su* emotions to o!rs4 ,n[ x is well kn[n to e "o t physical expression by feature1 c41 =m+ a "p ( ! univ]sal ge/ure-language1 ?us s]ves z an important adjunct to spok5 language4 ,x is n s obvi\s1 b on exam9ation w prove to be true1 t su* expression by feature itself acts z a =mative p[] 9 vocal language4 ,expression ( c\nt5ance has an action beyond t ( m]e visible ge/ure4 ,! bodily attitude br\ght on by a p>ticul> /ate ( m9d affects ! position ( ! organs ( spee*1 bo? ! int]nal l>ynx1 c41 & ! ext]nal features ^: *ange c be wat*$ by ! m]e look]-on4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! expression ( ! speak]'s face may n be se5 by ! he>]1 ! effect ( ! :ole bodily attitude ( :i* x =ms "p is n !reby done away )4 ,= on ! position ?us tak5 by ! v>i\s organs conc]n$ 9 spee*1 dep5ds :at ,i h "h call$ #8emotional tone1' :]eby ! voice c>ries direct expression ( ! speak]'s feel+4 ,! asc]ta9+ ( ! precise physical mode 9 :i* c]ta9 attitudes ( ! int]nal & ext]nal face come to correspond to c]ta9 moods ( m9d1 is a physiological problem z yet little und]/ood2 b ! fact t p>ticul> expressions ( face are accompani$ by correspond+ & dep5d5t expressions ( emotional tone1 only requires an obs]v] or a look+-glass to prove x4 ,! laugh made ) a solemn1 contemptu\s1 or s>ca/ic face1 is q diff]5t f t :i* comes f a joy\s "o2 ! ah6 oh6 ho6 hey6 & s on1 *ange _! modulations to mat* ! expression ( c\nt5ance4 ,! effect ( ! emotional tone does n ev5 require fitness 9 ! mean+ ( ! spok5 words1 = nons5se or an unkn[n tongue may be made to convey1 :5 spok5 ) expressive intonation1 ! feel+s :i* are display$ ^u ! speak]'s face4 ,?is expression may ev5 be recogniz$ 9 ! d>k by notic+ ! tone x gives =?1 :ile ! =c$ "* giv5 by ! attempt to br+ out a s\nd n mat*+ ev5 ! outw>d play ( ! features c h>dly be hidd5 by ! mo/ exp]t v5triloqui/1 & 9 su* =c+1 ! s\nd p]ceptibly drags ! face into ! attitude t fits ) x4 ,! nature ( communication by emotional tone seems to me to be some:at on ?is wise4 ,x does n appe> t p>ticul> tones at all belong directly & ( !mselves to p>ticul> emotions1 b t _! action dep5ds on ! vocal organs ( ! speak] & he>]4 ,o!r animals1 hav+ vocal organs diff]5t f man's1 h accord+ly1 z we "k1 a diff]5t code ( emotional tones4 ,an alt]ation 9 man's vocal organs w\ld br+ a correspond+ alt]ation 9 ! effect ( tone 9 express+ feel+2 ! tone :i* to u expresses surprise or ang] might come to express pleasure1 & s =?4 ,z x is1 *ildr5 le>n by e>ly exp]i5ce t su* & su* a tone indicates su* & su* an emotion1 & ?is !y make out p>tly by f9d+ !mselves utt]+ su* tones :5 _! feel+s h br\ght _! faces to ! appropriate attitudes1 & p>tly by obs]v+ ! expression ( voice 9 o!rs4 ,at ?ree or f\r ye>s old !y are to be se5 9 ! act ( acquir+ ?is k1 turn+ r\nd to look at ! speak]'s face & ge/ure to make sure ( ! mean+ ( ! tone4 ,b 9 lat] ye>s ?is k becomes s famili> t x is suppos$ to h be5 intuitive4 ,!n1 :5 m5 talk toge!r1 ! he>] receives f ea* emotional tone an indication1 a signal1 ( ! speak]'s attitude ( body1 & ?r\gh ?is ( 8 /ate ( m9d4 ,^! he c recognize1 & ev5 reproduce 9 himself1 z ! op]ator at "o end ( a telegraphic wire c foll[1 by notic+ 8 ne$les1 ! action ( 8 colleague at ! o!r4 ,9 wat*+ ! process :i* ?us enables "o man to take a copy ( ano!r's emotions ?r\gh _! physical effects on 8 vocal tone1 we may admire ! p]fection ) :i* a means s simple answ]s an end s complex1 & app>5tly s remote4 ,by elim9at+ f spee* all effects ( ge/ure1 ( expression ( face1 & ( emotional tone1 we g f> t[>d r$uc+ x to t sy/em ( conv5tional articulate s\nds :i* ! gramm>ian & ! comp>ative philologi/ habitually consid] z language4 ,^! articulate s\nds are capable ( be+ r\ghly set d[n 9 signs /&+ = v[els & consonants1 ) ! aid ( acc5ts & o!r significant m>ks2 & !y may !n aga9 be read al\d f ^! writt5 signs1 by any "o :o has le>nt to give its prop] s\nd to ea* lett]4 ,:at v[els are1 is a matt] :i* has be5 = "s ye>s well und]/ood4#bea ,!y are comp\nd musical tones su* z1 9 ! vox humana /op ( ! organ1 are s\nd$ by re$s 7vibrat+ tongues7 fitt$ to organ-pipes ( p>ticul> con/ruction4 ,! mann] ( =mation ( v[els by ! voice is %ortly ?is4 ,!re are situat$ 9 ! l>ynx a pair ( vibrat+ membranes call$ ! vocal *ords1 :i* may be rudely imitat$ by /ret*+ a piece ( %eet india-rubb] ov] ! op5 end ( a tube1 s z to =m two half-cov]s to x1 #8l ! p>*m5t ( a drum split across ! middle2' :5 ! tube is bl[n ?r\gh1 ! india-rubb] flaps w vibrate z ! vocal *ords d 9 ! l>ynx1 & give out a s\nd4 ,9 ! human voice1 ! musical effect ( ! vibrat+ *ords is increas$ by ! cavity ( ! m\?1 :i* acts z a resonator or s\nd+-box1 & :i* also1 by its %ape at any mom5t1 modifies ! musical #8quality' or #8timbre' ( ! s\nd produc$4 ,?is1 n ! less felt because its effects are n regi/]$ 9 musical notation1 dep5ds on ! h>monic ov]tones accompany+ ! fundam5tal tone :i* alone musical notation takes acc\nt (4 ,x makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! same note on two in/rum5ts1 flute & piano = in/ance1 :ile "s in/rum5ts1 z ! viol91 c give to "o note a wide v>iation ( quality4 ,to su* quality ! =mation ( v[els is due4 ,?is is p]fectly %[n by ! common ,jew's h>p1 :i* :5 /ruck c be made to utt] ! v[els a1 e1 i1 o1 u1 c41 by simply putt+ ! m\? 9 ! prop] position = speak+ ^! v[els4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ! play]'s voice emits no s\nd1 b ! vibrat+ tongue ( ! ,jew's h>p plac$ 9 front ( ! m\? acts z a sub/itute = ! vocal *ords1 & ! v[el-s\nds are produc$ by ! v>i\s positions ( ! cavity ( ! m\?1 modify+ ! quality ( ! note1 by br++ out ) diff]5t degrees ( /r5g? ! s]ies ( h>monic tones ( :i* x is compos$4 ,z to musical !ory1 emotional tone & v[el-tone are connect$4 ,9 fact1 an emotional tone may be def9$ z a v[el1 ^: p>ticul> musical quality is t produc$ by ! human vocal organs1 :5 adju/$ to a p>ticul> /ate ( feel+4 ,europeans1 :ile us+ modulation ( musical pit* z affect+ ! =ce ( words 9 a s5t5ce1 "k no?+ ( mak+ x alt] ! diction>y-mean+ ( a ^w4 ,b ?is device is kn[n else:]e1 especially 9 ,s\?-,ea/ ,asia1 :]e rises & falls ( tone1 to "s ext5t l ^? :i* s]ve u 9 convey+ emphasis1 "q & answ]1 c41 actually give diff]5t signification4 ,?us 9 ,siamese1 hto seek1 hpe/il5ce1 hfive4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is elaborate sy/em ( tone-acc5tuation is ! necessity ( an accumulation ( expletive p>ticles1 to supply ! place ( ! oratorical or emphatic intonation1 :i* be+ ?us giv5 ov] to ! diction>y is lo/ = ! gramm>4 ,ano!r consequ5ce is1 t ! sy/em ( sett+ poetry to music becomes radically diff]5t f ours2 to s+ a ,siamese song to a ,european tune makes ! mean+ ( ! syllables alt] accord+ to _! rise & fall 9 pit*1 & turns _! s5se into ! wilde/ nons5se4#beb ,9 ,we/ ,africa1 aga91 ! same device appe>s3 ?us 9 ,dahoman s/ick1 shorse1 s?und]2 ,yoruba1 b)1 bb5d4#bec ,= practical purposes1 ?is l+ui/ic music is h>dly to be comm5d$1 b !oretically x is int]e/+1 z %[+ t man does n s]vilely foll[ an intuitive or inh]it$ s*eme ( language1 b works out 9 v>i\s ways ! res\rces ( s\nd z a means ( expression4 ,! !ory ( consonants is mu* m obscure ?an t ( v[els4 ,!y are n musical vibrations z v[els are1 b noises accompany+ !m4 ,to ! musician su* noises z ! ru%+ ( ! w9d f ! organ-pipe1 ! scrap+ ( ! viol91 ! sputt]+ ( ! flute1 are simply tr\blesome z int]f]+ ) 8 musical tones1 & he takes pa9s to dim9i% !m z mu* z may be4 ,b 9 ! art ( language noises ( ?is k9d1 f> f be+ avoid$1 are turn$ to imm5se acc\nt by be+ us$ z consonants1 9 comb9ation ) ! musical v[els4 ,z to ! positions & movem5ts ( ! vocal organs 9 produc+ consonants1 an excell5t acc\nt ) anatomical diagrams is giv5 9 ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]'s second s]ies ( ,lectures4 ,= ! pres5t purpose ( pass+ 9 review ! v>i\s devices by :i* ! language-mak] has contriv$ to make s\nd a means ( express+ ?\ght1 p]haps no bett] illu/ration ( _! nature c be m5tion$ ?an ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one's acc\nt ( 8 speak+ ma*9e2#bed = "o ( ! be/ ways ( /udy+ difficult ph5om5a is to see !m artificially imitat$4 ,! in/rum5t 9 "q pron\nc$ ,lat91 ,fr5*1 & ,italian words well3 x c\ld say1 #8,je v\s aime de t\t mon cur1' #8,leopoldus ,secundus ,romanorum ,imp]ator1' & s =?1 b x 0 n s successful ) ,g]man4 ,z to ! v[els1 !y 7 ( c\rse simply s\nd$ by suitable re$s & pipes4 ,to affect !m ) consonants1 contrivances 7 arrang$ to act l ! human organs4 ,?us p 0 made by sudd5ly remov+ ! op]ator's h& f ! m\? ( ! figure1 & b 9 ! same way1 except t ! m\? 0 n q cov]$1 :ile an outlet l ! no/rils 0 us$ 9 =m+ m2 f & v 7 r5d]$ by modify+ ! %ape ( ! m\? by a h&2 air 0 made to ru% ?r\gh small tubes to produce ! sibilants s & %2 & ! liquids r & l 7 s\nd$ by ! action ( tremul\s re$s4 ,z ,:eat/one rem>ks1 ! mo/ important use ( su* +5i\s me*anical imitations ( spee* may be to fix & pres]ve an accurate regi/] ( ! pronunciation ( diff]5t languages4 ,a p]fectly arrang$ speak+ ma*9e w\ld 9 fact repres5t = u t framework ( language :i* consi/s ( m]e v[els & consonants1 ?\gh )\t mo/ ( ^? expressive adjuncts :i* g to make up ! conv]sation ( speak+ m54 ,( v[els & consonants capable ( be+ employ$ 9 language1 man is able to pron\nce & di/+ui% an enorm\s v>iety4 ,b ?is great /ock ( possible s\nds is n[h]e br\ght into use altoge!r4 ,ea* language or dialect ( ! _w is f\nd 9 practice to select a limit$ s]ies ( def9ite v[els & consonants1 keep+ ) tol]able exactness to ea*1 & ?us *oos+ :at we may call its phonetic alphabet4 ,neglect+ su* m9or diff]5ces z occur 9 ! spee* ( individuals or small communities1 ea* dialect ( ! _w may be said to h its own phonetic sy/em1 & ^! phonetic sy/ems v>y widely4 ,our v[els1 = in/ance1 diff] mu* f ^? ( ,fr5* & ,dut*4 ,fr5* kn[s no?+ ( ei!r ( ! s\nds :i* we write z ? 9 ?9 & t1 :ile ! ,ca/ilian lisp$ c1 ! s-call$ ceceo1 is a ?ird consonant :i* we mu/ aga9 make %ift to write z ?1 ?\gh x is q di/9ct 9 s\nd f bo? our own4 ,x is q a usual ?+ = u to f9d =eign languages want+ lett]s ev5 ne> 9 s\nd to "s ( ours1 :ile possess+ o!rs unfamili> to ourselves4 ,among su* cases are ! ,*9ese difficulty 9 pron\nc+ r1 & ! want ( s & f 9 ,au/ralian dialects4 ,:5 =eign]s tri$ to tea* ! ,mohawks1 :o h no labials 9 _! language1 to pron\nce words ) p & b 9 !m1 !y prote/$ t x 0 too ridicul\s to expect p to %ut _! m\?s to speak2 & ! ,portuguese discov]]s ( ,brazil1 rem>k+ t ! natives _h nei!r f1 l1 nor r 9 _! language1 neatly describ$ !m z a p ) nei!r f1 ley1 nor rey1 nei!r fai?1 law1 nor k+4 ,x may happ51 too1 t s\nds only us$ by "s nations z int]jectional noises1 unwritt5 & unwriteable1 %all be turn$ to acc\nt by o!rs 9 _! articulate language4 ,some?+ ( ?is k9d occurs ) ! noises call$ #8clicks4' ,su* s\nds are famili> to u z int]jections2 ?us ! lat]al click made 9 ! *eek 7& usually 9 ! left *eek7 is cont9ually us$ 9 driv+ horses1 :ile v>ieties ( ! d5tal & palatal click made ) ! tongue aga9/ ! tee? & ! ro( ( ! m\?1 are common 9 ! nurs]y z expressions ( surprise1 repro(1 or satisfaction4 ,?us1 too1 ! natives ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego express #8no' by a peculi> cluck1 z d also ! ,turks1 :o accompany x ) ! ge/ure ( ?r[+ back ! head2 & x appe>s f ! acc\nts ( travell]s t ! clicks ( surprise & admiration among ! natives ( ,au/ralia are mu* l ^? we he> at home4 ,b ?\gh "h ^! click+ noises are only us$ int]jectionally1 x is well kn[n t ,s\? ,african races h tak5 su* s\nds up into _! articulate spee* & h made1 z we may say1 lett]s ( !m4 ,! v "n ( ,hott5tots1 appli$ to ! ,namaquas & o!r k9dr$ tribes1 appe>s to be n a native "n 7z ,pet] ,kolb ?\ght7 b a rude imitative ^w co9$ by ! ,dut* to express ! click+ #8hot en tot1' & ! t]m ,hott5totism has be5 !nce adopt$ z a m$ical description ( "o ( ! v>ieties ( /amm]+4 ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica is ano!r di/rict ( ! _w di/+ui%$ = ! production ( /range cluck+1 gurgl+1 & grunt+ lett]s1 difficult or impossible to ,european voices4 ,moreov]1 !re are _m s\nds capable ( be+ us$ 9 articulate spee*1 v>ieties ( *irp+1 :i/l+1 bl[+1 & suck+ noises1 ( :i* "s are famili> to our own use z calls to animals1 or int]jectional noises ( contempt or surprise1 b :i* no tribe is kn[n to h br\ght into _! alphabet4 ,) all ! va/ phonetic v>iety ( kn[n languages1 ! limits ( possible utt]ance are f> f be+ rea*$4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t we c und]/& ! reasons :i* h guid$ ! v>i\s tribes ( mank9d 9 ! selection ( _! v>i\s alphabets2 ease ( utt]ance to ! speak]1 comb9$ ) di/9ctness ( effect to ! he>]1 h be5 und\bt$ly among ! pr9cipal ( ! select+ causes4 ,we may fairly connect ) ! close uni=mity ( m5's organs ( spee* all ov] ! _w1 ! g5]al simil>ity :i* prevails 9 ! phonetic sy/ems ( ! mo/ diff]5t languages1 & :i* gives u ! p[] ( r\ghly writ+ d[n s l>ge a proportion ( any "o language by means ( an alphabet int5d$ = any o!r4 ,b :ile we ?us acc\nt by physical simil>ity = ! exi/5ce ( a k9d ( natural alphabet common to mank9d1 we mu/ look to o!r causes to det]m9e ! selection ( s\nds us$ 9 diff]5t languages1 & to acc\nt = ^? rem>kable c\rses ( *ange :i* g on 9 languages ( a common /ock1 produc+ 9 ,europe su* v>iations ( "o orig9al ^w z pat]1 fa!r1 vat]1 or 9 ! isl&s ( ,polynesia (f]+ u ! num]al #e "u ! /rangely-v>i$ =ms ( lima1 rima1 dima1 nima1 & hima4 ,*anges ( ?is sort h act$ s widely & regul>ly1 t s9ce ! enunciation ( ,grimm's law _! /udy has become a ma9 "p ( philology4 ,?\gh _! causes are z yet s obscure1 we may at lea/ argue t su* wide & def9ite op]ations _c be due to *ance or arbitr>y fancy1 b mu/ be ! result ( laws z wide & def9ite z !mselves4 ,let u n[ suppose a book to be writt5 ) a tol]ably correct alphabet1 = in/ance an ord9>y ,italian book1 or an ,engli% "o 9 "s good sy/em ( phonetic lett]s4 ,to suppose ,engli% writt5 9 ! make%ift alphabet :i* we /ill keep 9 use1 w\ld be ( c\rse to complicate ! matt] 9 h& ) a new & ne$less difficulty4 ,if1 !n1 ! book be writt5 9 a suffici5t alphabet1 & h&$ to a read]1 8 (fice w by no means /op %ort at r5d]+ back into articulate s\nds ! v[els & consonants be=e him1 z ?\gh he 7 read+ ov] pro(s = ! press4 ,= ! emotional tone j spok5 ( has dropp$ out 9 writ+ d[n ! words 9 lett]s1 & x w be ! read]'s duty to guess f ! mean+ ( ! words :at ?is tone %\ld be1 & to put x 9 aga9 accord+ly4 ,he has moreov] to introduce emphasis1 :e!r by acc5t or /ress1 on c]ta9 syllables or words1 !reby alt]+ _! effect 9 ! s5t5ce2 if he says1 = example1 #8,i nev] sold y t horse1' an emphasis on any "o ( ^! six words w alt] ! import ( ! :ole phrase4 ,n[1 9 emphatic pronunciation two di/9ct processes are to be rem>k$4 ,! effect produc$ by *anges 9 l\dness & duration ( words is directly imitative2 x is a m]e ge/ure made ) ! voice1 z we may notice by ! way 9 :i* any "o w speak ( #8a %ort %>p answ]1' #8a long we>y ye>1' #8a l\d bur/ ( music1' #8a g5tle glid+ motion1' z comp>$ ) ! l mann] 9 :i* ! ge/ure-language w\ld adapt its =ce & spe$ to ! k9d ( action to be repres5t$4 ,writt5 language c h>dly convey b by ! context ! /rik+ effects :i* our imitative faculty adds to spok5 language1 9 our cont9ual endeav\r to make ! s\nd ( ea* ^w we speak a sort ( e*o to its s5se4 ,we see ?is 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 writ+ & tell+ ! little /ory ( ! man :o 0 worri$ by be+ talk$ to ab\t #8good books4' #8,d y mean1' he ask$1 speak+ %ortly ) a face ( /rong firm approval1 #8good books8' #8or1' ) a drawl & a fatu\s-b5evol5t simp]1 #8goo-d books8' ,musical acc5t 7acc5tus1#bee musical tone7 is turn$ to acc\nt z a means ( emphasis1 z :5 we give prom95ce to a p>ticul> syllable or ^w 9 a s5t5ce by rais+ or depress+ x a semi-tone or m4 ,! read] has to divide 8 s5t5ces ) pauses1 be+ guid$ 9 ?is to "s ext5t by /ops2 ! rhy?mic measure 9 :i* he w utt] prose z well z poetry is n )\t its effect2 & he has aga9 to introduce music by speak+ ea* s5t5ce to a k9d ( imp]fect melody4 ,pr(essor ,helmholtz endeav\rs to write d[n 9 musical notes h[ a ,g]man ) a bass voice1 speak+ on ,b flat1 might say1 #8,i* b9 spatzi]5 gegang54--,bi/ du spatzi]5 gegang58' fall+ a f\r? 7to ,f7 at ! end ( ! affirmative s5t5ce1 & ris+ a fif? 7to f7 9 ask+ ! "q1 ?us rang+ ?r\gh an octave4#bef ,:5 an ,engli% speak] tries to illu/rate 9 8 own language ! ris+ & fall+ tones ( ,siamese v[els1 he comp>es !m ) ! ,engli% ones ( "q & answ]1 z 9 #8,w y g8 ,yes4'#beg ,! rules ( ?is imp]fect musical intonation 9 ord9>y conv]sation h be5 z yet b little /udi$4 ,b z a means ( giv+ solemnity & pa?os to language1 x has be5 m fully develop$ & ev5 sy/ematiz$ "u exact rules ( melody1 & we ?us h on ! "o h& ecclesia/ical inton+ & ! less conv5tional half-s++ s (t5 to be he>d 9 religi\s meet+s1 & on ! o!r ! anci5t & mod]n !atrical recitative4 ,by su* int]m$iate /ages we may cross ! wide int]val f spok5 prose1 ) ! musical pit* ( its v[els s c>elessly kept1 & s obscur$ by consonants z to be difficult ev5 to det]m9e1 to full song1 9 :i* ! consonants are z mu* z possible suppress$1 t !y may n int]f]e ) ! precise & expressive music ( ! v[els4 ,proce$+ n[ to survey su* p>ts ( ! vocabul>y ( mank9d z appe> to h an intelligible orig9 9 ! direct expression ( s5se by s\nd1 let u fir/ exam9e ,int]jections4 ,:5 ,horne ,tooke spoke1 9 words (t5 repeat$ s9ce1 ( #8! bruti% in>ticulate ,int]jection1' he c]ta9ly meant to express 8 contempt = a mode ( expression :i* lay outside 8 own too n>r[ view ( language4 ,b ! epi!ts are 9 !mselves ju/ifiable en\gh4 ,int]jections are und\bt$ly to a c]ta9 ext5t #8bruti%' 9 _! analogy to ! cries ( animals2 & ! fact gives !m an especial int]e/ to mod]n obs]v]s1 :o are ?us enabl$ to trace ph5om5a belong+ to ! m5tal /ate ( ! l[] animals up into ! mid/ ( ! mo/ highly cultivat$ human language4 ,x is also true t !y are #8in>ticulate1' s f> at lea/ t ! sy/ems ( consonants & v[els recogniz$ by gramm>ians break d[n m hopelessly ?an else:]e 9 ! attempt to write d[n int]jections4 ,alphabetic writ+ is f> too incomplete & clumsy an in/rum5t to r5d] _! peculi> & v>i\sly-modulat$ s\nds1 = :i* a few conv5tionally-writt5 words d duty poorly en\gh4 ,9 read+ al\d1 & sometimes ev5 9 ! talk ( ^? :o h le>nt r f books ?an f ! liv+ _w1 we may he> ^! awkw>d imitations1 ahem6 he96 tu%6 tut6 p%aw6 n[ c>ry+ ! unque/ion$ au?ority ( words pr9t$ 9 a book1 & reproduc$ lett] = lett] ) a mo/ amus+ accuracy4 ,b :5 ,horne ,tooke fa/5s ^u an un=tunate ,italian gramm>ian & describes him z #8,! indu/ri\s & exact ,c9onio1 :o does n appe> ev] to h _h a s+le glimpse ( reason1' x is n easy to see :at ! pione] ( ,engli% philology c\ld f9d to object to 9 ,c9onio's obvi\sly true ass]tion1 t a s+le int]jection1 ah6 or ahi6 is capable ( express+ m ?an tw5ty diff]5t emotions or int5tions1 su* z pa91 entreaty1 ?reat5+1 sigh+1 disda91 accord+ to ! tone 9 :i* x is utt]$4#beh ,! fact t int]jections d ?us utt] feel+s is q beyond dispute1 & ! philologi/'s conc]n ) !m is on ! "o h& to /udy _! action 9 express+ emotion1 & on ! o!r to trace _! passage into m fully-=m$ words1 su* z h _! place 9 connect$ syntax & =m "p ( logical propositions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to sep>ate f prop] int]jections ! _m s5se-words :i*1 (t5 kept up 9 a mutilat$ or old-fa%ion$ guise1 come s close to !m bo? 9 appe>ance & 9 use4 ,among classic examples are 6 6 age6 macte6 ,su* a ^w is hail6 :i* z ! ,go?ic ,bible %[s1 0 orig9ally an adjective1 #8:ole1 hale1 prosp]\s1' us$ vocatively1 j z ! ,italians cry bravo6 brava6 bravi6 brave6 ,:5 ! ,african negro cries out 9 fe> or wond] mm6 mm6#bei he might be ?\ght to be utt]+ a real int]jection1 #8a ^w us$ to express "s passion or emotion ( ! m9d1' z ,l9dley ,murray has x1 b 9 fact he is simply call+1 gr[n-up baby z he is1 = 8 "m2 & ! v same ?+ has be5 notic$ among ,indians ( ,upp] ,cali=nia1 :o z an expression ( pa9 cry1 an6 t is #8"m4'#bfj ,o!r exclamations consi/ ( a pure int]jection comb9$ ) a pron\n1 z 6 oim6 ah me6 or ) an adjective1 z alas6 hlas6 7ah we>y67 ,) :at c>e int]jections %\ld be sift$1 to avoid ! risk ( treat+ z orig9al elem5t>y s\nds ( language :at are really no?+ b s5se-words1 we may judge f ! way 9 :i* ! common ,engli% exclamation well6 well6 approa*es ! g5u9e int]jectional s\nd 9 ! ,coptic expression #8to make ouel\ele1' :i* signifies to wail1 ,lat9 ulul>e4 ,/ill bett]1 we may f9d a le>n$ travell] 9 ! #ah? c5tury q s]i\sly rem>k+1 apropos ( ! old ,greek battle-%\t1 6 6 t ! ,turks to ?is day call out ,allah6 ,allah6 ,allah6 ^u ! l occasion4#bfa ,! calls to animals cu/om>y 9 diff]5t c\ntries#bfb are to a great ext5t int]jectional 9 _! use1 b to attempt to expla9 !m z a :ole is to /ep ^u z slipp]y gr\nd z lies )9 ! range ( philology4 ,sometimes !y may be 9 fact pure int]jections1 l ! s* s*6 m5tion$ z an old ,g]man cry to sc>e birds1 z we %\ld say % %61 or ! a6 ) :i* ! ,indians ( ,brazil call _! dogs4 ,or !y may be set d[n z simple imitations ( ! animal's own cries1 z ! cluck+ to call f[ls 9 our own f>m-y>ds1 or ! ,au/rian calls ( pi pi6 or tiet tiet6 to *ick5s1 or ! ,swabian kaut] kaut6 to turkeys1 or ! %eph]d's baa+ to call %eep 9 ,india4 ,9 o!r cases1 h[ev]1 !y may be s5se-words m or less brok5 d[n1 z :5 ! creature is spok5 to by a s\nd :i* seems m]ely tak5 f its own common "n4 ,if an ,engli% c\ntryman meets a /ray %eep-dog1 he w simply call to him %ip6 %ip6 ,s s*p s*p6 is an ,au/rian call to %eep1 & kss kuhel kss6 to c[s4 ,9 ,g]man di/ricts gus gus6 gus* gus*6 gs gs6 are set d[n z calls to geese2 & :5 we notice t ! ,bohemian peasant calls husy6 to !m1 we rememb] t ! "n = goose 9 8 language is husa1 a ^w famili> to ,engli% e>s 9 ! "n ( ,john ,huss4 ,! ,bohemian1 aga91 w call to 8 dog ps ps6 b !n pes means #8dog4' ,o!r s5se-words address$ to animals break d[n by long repetition into mutilat$ =ms4 ,:5 we are told t ! to to6 ) :i* a ,portuguese calls a dog is %ort = toma toma6 7i4e41 #8take take6'7 :i* tells him to come & take 8 food1 we admit ! explanation z plausible2 & ! coop coop6 :i* a cockney might s easily mi/ake = a pure int]jection1 is only #8,come up6 come up6' #8,come uppe1 ,:itefoot1 come uppe1 ,lightfoot1 ,come uppe1 ,jetty1 rise & foll[1 ,jetty1 to ! milk+ %$4' ,b ,i _c (f] a plausible guess at ! orig9 ( su* calls z hf hf6 to horses1 hhl hhl6 to geese1 deckel deckel6 to %eep4 ,x is =tunate = etymologi/s t su* trivial little words h n an importance proportion$ to ! difficulty ( cle>+ up _! orig94 ,! ^w puss6 raises an int]e/+ philological problem4 ,an ,engli% *ild call+ puss puss6 is v likely keep+ up ! trace ( ! old ,keltic "n = ! cat1 ,iri% pus1 ,erse pusag1 ,gaelic puis4 ,simil> calls are kn[n else:]e 9 ,europe 7z 9 ,saxony1 ps ps671 & !re is "s reason to ?9k t ! cat1 :i* came to u f ! ,ea/1 br\ght ) x "o ( its names1 :i* is /ill curr5t !re1 ,tamil psei6 ,afghan pu%a1 ,p]sian pu%ak1 c4 ,mr4 ,w$gwood f9ds an orig9 = ! call 9 an imitation ( ! cat's spitt+1 & rem>ks t ! ,s]vians cry pis6 to drive a cat away1 :ile ! ,albanians use a simil> s\nd to call x4 ,! way 9 :i* ! cry ( puss6 has furni%$ a "n = ! cat itself1 comes out curi\sly 9 c\ntries :]e ! animal has be5 lately introduc$ by ,engli%m54 ,?us boosi is ! recogniz$ ^w = cat 9 ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 no d\bt f ,capta9 ,cook's "t4 ,among ,indian tribes ( ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica1 pw%1 pi%-pi%1 appe> 9 native languages ) ! mean+ ( cat2 & n only is ! ,european cat call$ a puss puss 9 ! ,*9ook ,j>gon1 b 9 ! same curi\s dialect ! ^w is appli$ to a native bea/1 ! c\g>1 n[ call$ #8hyas puss-puss1' i4e41 #8great cat4'#bfc ,! d]ivation ( names ( animals 9 ?is mann] f calls to !m1 may p]haps n h be5 unfrequ5t4 ,x appe>s t huss6 is a cry us$ 9 ,switz]l& to set dogs on to fight1 z s--s6 might be 9 ,engl&1 & t ! ,swiss call a dog huss or hauss1 possibly f ?is4 ,we "k ! cry ( dill6 dilly6 z a recogniz$ call to ducks 9 ,engl&1 & x is difficult to ?9k x a corruption ( any ,engli% ^w or phrase1 = ! ,bohemians also call dlidli6 to _! ducks4 ,n[1 ?\gh dill or dilly may n be f\nd 9 our diction>ies z ! "n = a duck1 yet ! way 9 :i* ,hood c use x z su* 9 "o ( 8 be/-kn[n comic poems1 %[s p]fectly ! easy & natural /ep by :i* su* transitions c be made3-- #8,= ,dea? among ! wat]-lilies1 ,cri$ 8,duc ad me0 to all h] dillies4' ,9 j ! same way1 because gee6 is a usual call ( ! ,engli% waggon] to 8 horses1 ! ^w gee-gee has become a famili> nurs]y n\n mean+ a horse4 ,& nei!r 9 su* nurs]y words1 nor 9 words co9$ 9 je/1 is ! evid5ce be>+ on ! orig9 ( language to be set aside z wor?less2 = x may be tak5 z a maxim ( e?nology1 t :at is done among civiliz$ m5 9 je/1 or among civiliz$ *ildr5 9 ! nurs]y1 is apt to f9d its analogue 9 ! s]i\s m5tal ef=t ( savage1 & !re=e ( primval tribes4 ,driv]s' calls to _! bea/s1 su* z ?is gee6 gee-ho6 to urge on horses1 & weh6 woh6 to /op !m1 =m "p ( ! v]nacul> ( p>ticul> di/ricts4 ,! geho6 p]haps came to ,engl& 9 ! ,norman-,fr5*1 = x is kn[n 9 ,france1 & appe>s 9 ! ,italian diction>y z gio6 ,! travell] :o has be5 he>+ ! driv]s 9 ! ,grisons /op _! horses ) a long br-r-r6 may cross a pass & he> on ! o!r side a h--6 in/ead4 ,! pl\ghman's calls to turn ! lead]s ( ! team to "r & left h pass$ into prov]b4 ,9 ,france !y say ( a /upid cl[n #8,il n'ent5d ni dia6 ni hurhaut6' & ! correspond+ ,platt-,deuts* phrase is #8,he weet ni* hutt6 no* hoh6' ,s !re is a regul> language to camels1 z ,capta9 ,burton rem>ks on 8 j\rney to ,mekka3 ikh ikh6 makes !m kneel1 yhh yhh6 urges !m on1 hai hai6 induces caution1 & s =?4 ,9 ! =mation ( ^! qua9t expressions1 two causes h be5 at "w4 ,! s\nds seem sometimes ?or\ghly int]jectional1 z ! ,arab hai6 ( caution1 or ! ,fr5* hue6 ,nor? ,g]man j6 ,:atev] _! orig91 !y may be made to c>ry _! s5se by imitative tones expressive to ! e> ( bo? horse & man1 z any "o w say :o he>s ! contra/ betwe5 ! %ort & %>p high-pit*$ hp6 :i* tells ! ,swiss horse to g fa/]1 & ! long-drawn h---6 :i* br+s him to a /&4 ,also1 ! way 9 :i* common s5se-words are tak5 up into calls l gee-up6 woh-back6 %[s t we may expect to f9d v>i\s old brok5 fragm5ts ( =mal language 9 ! li/1 & su* on inspection we f9d accord+ly4 ,! foll[+ l9es are quot$ by ,halliwell f ! ,micro-,cynicon 7#aeii73-- #8,a base borne issue ( a bas] sy]1 ,br$ 9 a cottage1 w&]+ 9 ! my]1 ,) nail$ %ooes & :ip/affe 9 8 h&1 ,:o ) a hey & ree ! bea/s comm&4' ,?is ree6 is equival5t to #8"r' 7riddle-me-ree riddle me "r71 & tells ! lead] ( ! team to be> to ! "r h&4 ,! hey6 may correspond ) heit6 or came!r6 :i* call him to be> #8hi!r1' i4e41 to ! left4 ,9 ,g]many h>6 hr6 h>-h6 are likewise ! same z #8h]1' #8hi!r1 to ! left4' ,s swude6 s*wude6 zwud]6 #8to ! left1' are ( c\rse simply #8zuwid]1' #8on ! contr>y way4' ,pairs ( calls = #8"r' & #8left' 9 ,g]man-speak+ c\ntries are hot6--h>6 & hott6--wi/6 ,?is wi/6 is an int]e/+ example ( ! keep+ up ( anci5t words 9 su* popul> tradition4 ,x is evid5tly a mutilat$ =m ( an old ,g]man ^w = ! left h&1 w9i/r1 ,anglo-,saxon w9/re1 a "n long s9ce =gott5 by mod]n ,high ,g]man1 z by our own mod]n ,engli%4#bfd ,z qua9t a mixture ( words & int]jectional cries z ,i h met )1 is 9 ! great ,fr5* ,encyclopdia1#bfe :i* gives a m9ute description ( ! hunt]'s craft1 & prescribes exactly :at is to be cri$ to ! h\nds "u all possible cont+5cies ( ! *ase4 ,if ! creatures und]/ood gramm> & syntax1 ! language c\ld n be m accurately arrang$ = _! e>s4 ,sometimes we h :at seem pure int]jectional cries4 ,?us1 to enc\rage ! h\nds to "w1 ! huntsman is to call to !m h halle halle halle6 :ile to br+ !m up be=e !y are unc\pl$ x is prescrib$ t he %all call hau hau6 or hau tahaut6 & :5 !y are unc\pl$ he is to *ange 8 cry to hau la y la la y la tayau6 a call :i* sugge/s ! ,norman orig9al ( ! ,engli% tally-ho6 ,) cries ( ?is k9d pla9 ,fr5* words are int]mix$1 h bellem5t l ila1 l ila1 hau valet6--hau l'ami1 tau tau aprs aprs1 r\te r\te6 & s on4 ,& sometimes words h brok5 d[n into calls ^: s5se is n q gone1 l ! #8vois le ci' & ! #8vois le ce l'e/' :i* are /ill to be di/+ui%$ 9 ! %\t :i* is to tell ! hunt]s t ! /ag !y h be5 *as+ has made a return1 vauleci rev>i vaulecelez6 ,b ! drolle/ ?+ 9 ! treatise is ! grave set ( ,engli% words 79 v ,gallic %ape7 ) :i* ,engli% dogs are to be spok5 to1 because1 z ! au?or says1 #8!re are _m ,engli% h\nds 9 ,france1 & x is difficult to get !m to "w :5 y speak to !m 9 an unkn[n tongue1 t is1 9 o!r t]ms ?an !y h be5 tra9$ to4' ,!re=e1 to call !m1 ! huntsman is to cry "h d-d ho ho6 to get !m back to ! "r track he is to say h\pe boy1 h\pe boy6 :5 !re are sev]al on ahead ( ! re/ ( ! pack1 he is to ride up to !m & cry saf me boy6 saf me boy6 & la/ly1 if !y are ob/9ate & w n /op1 he is to make !m g back ) a %\t ( cobat1 cobat6 ,h[ f> ! l[] animals may atta* any inh]5t mean+ to int]jectional s\nds is a "q n easy to answ]4 ,b x is pla9 t 9 mo/ ( ! cases m5tion$ "h !y only und]/& !m z recogniz$ signals :i* h a mean+ by regul> association1 z :5 !y rememb] t !y are f$ ) "o noise & driv5 away ) ano!r1 & !y also pay att5tion to ! ge/ures :i* accompany ! cries4 ,?us ! well-kn[n ,spani% way ( call+ ! cat is miz miz6 :ile zape zape6 is us$ to drive x away2 & ! writ] ( an old diction>y ma9ta9s t !re c be no real diff]5ce betwe5 ^! words except by cu/om1 =1 he decl>es1 he has he>d t 9 a c]ta9 mona/]y :]e !y kept v h&some cats1 ! bro!r 9 *>ge ( ! refectory hit ^u ! device ( call+ zape zape6 to !m :5 he gave !m _! food1 & !n he drove !m away ) a /ick1 cry+ angrily miz miz2 & ?is ( c\rse prev5t$ any /rang] f call+ & /eal+ !m1 = only he & ! cats knew ! secret6#bff ,to philologi/s1 ! mann] 9 :i* su* calls to animals become cu/om>y 9 p>ticul> di/ricts illu/rates ! cons5sus by :i* ! use ( words is settl$4 ,ea* case ( ! k9d indicates t a ^w has prevail$ by selection among a c]ta9 society ( m51 & ! ma9 reasons ( words hold+ _! gr\nd )9 p>ticul> limits1 ?\gh x is s difficult to assign !m exactly 9 ea* case1 are probably inh]5t fitness 9 ! fir/ place1 & traditional inh]itance 9 ! second4 ,:5 ! gr\nd has be5 cle>$ ( obscure or mutilat$ s5se-words1 !re rema9s beh9d a residue ( real s\nd-words1 or pure int]jections4 ,x has long & reasonably be5 consid]$ t ! place 9 hi/ory ( ^! expressions is a v primitive "o4 ,?us ,de ,brosses describes !m z necess>y & natural words1 common to all mank9d1 & produc$ by ! comb9ation ( man's con=mation ) ! int]ior affections ( 8 m9d4 ,"o ( ! be/ means ( judg+ ! relation betwe5 int]jectional utt]ances & ! feel+s !y express1 is to comp>e ! voices ( ! l[] animals ) our own4 ,to a consid]able ext5t !re is a simil>ity4 ,z _! bodily & m5tal /ructure has an analogy ) our own1 s !y express _! m9ds by s\nds :i* h to our e>s a c]ta9 fitness = :at !y appe> to mean4 ,x is s ) ! b>k1 ! h[l1 & ! :9e ( ! dog1 ! hiss+ ( geese1 ! purr+ ( cats1 ! cr[+ & cluck+ ( cocks & h5s4 ,b 9 o!r cases1 z ) ! hoot+ ( owls & ! %rieks ( p>rots & _m o!r birds1 we _c suppose t ^! s\nds are int5d$ to utt] any?+ l ! melan*oly or pa9 :i* su* cries f a human be+ w\ld be tak5 to convey4 ,!re are _m animals t nev] utt] any cry b :at1 accord+ to our notions ( ! mean+ ( s\nds1 w\ld express rage or discom=t2 h[ f> are ! ro>s & h[ls ( wild bea/s to be ?us int]pret$8 ,we might z well imag9e ! tun+ viol9 to be 9 pa91 or ! moan+ w9d to express sorr[4 ,! connexion betwe5 int]jection & emotion dep5d+ on ! physical /ructure ( ! animal :i* utt]s or he>s ! s\nd1 x foll[s t ! g5]al simil>ity ( int]jectional utt]ance among all ! v>ieties ( ! human race is an important manife/ation ( _! close physical & intellectual unity4 ,int]jectional s\nds utt]$ by man = ! expression ( 8 own feel+s s]ve also z signs indicat+ ^! feel+s to ano!r4 ,a long li/ ( su* int]jections1 common to races speak+ ! mo/ widely v>i\s languages1 might be set d[n 9 a r\gh way z repres5t+ ! sighs1 groans1 moans1 cries1 %rieks1 & gr[ls by :i* man gives utt]ance to v>i\s ( 8 feel+s4 ,su* = in/ance1 are "s ( ! _m s\nds = :i* ah6 oh6 ahi6 aie6 are ! inexpressive writt5 repres5tatives2 su* is ! sigh :i* is writt5 d[n 9 ! ,wol( language ( ,africa z hhihhe6 9 ,engli% z heigho6 9 ,greek & ,lat9 z 6 6 heu6 eheu6 ,?us ! op5-m\!d wah wah6 ( a/oni%m5t1 s common 9 ! ,ea/1 reappe>s 9 ,am]ica 9 ! hwah6 hwah-wa6 ( ! ,*9ook ,j>gon2 & ! k9d ( groan :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,european languages by weh6 ouais6 6 vae6 is giv5 9 ,coptic by ouae6 9 ,galla by wayo6 9 ! ,ossetic ( ! ,caucasus by voy6 among ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia by wo6 ,:]e ! int]jections tak5 d[n 9 ! vocabul>ies ( o!r languages diff] f ^? recogniz$ 9 our own1 we at any rate appreciate !m & see h[ !y c>ry _! mean+4 ,?us ) ! ,malagasy u-u6 ( pleasure1 ! ,nor?-,am]ican ,indian's (t5-describ$ guttural ugh6 ! kwi%6 ( contempt 9 ! ,*9ook ,j>gon1 ! ,tunguz yo yo6 ( pa91 ! ,iri% wb wb6 ( di/ress1 ! native ,brazilian's teh teh6 ( wond] & rev]5ce1 ! hai-yah6 s well kn[n 9 ! ,pigeon-,engli% ( ! ,*9ese ports1 & ev51 to take an extreme case1 ! int]jections ( surprise among ! ,algonqu9 ,indians1 :]e m5 say tiau6 & wom5 nyau6 ,x is mu* ! same ) expressions :i* are n utt]$ = ! speak]'s satisfaction1 b are calls address$ to ano!r4 ,?us ! ,siamese call ( h6 ! ,hebrew he6 ha6 = #8lo6 behold6' ! hi6 ( ! ,clallam ,indians = #8/op6' ! ,lummi hi6 = #8hold1 en\gh6'--^! & o!rs l !m belong j z mu* to ,engli%4 ,ano!r class ( int]jections are su* z any "o conv]sant ) ! ge/ure-signs ( savages & deaf-mutes w\ld recognize z be+ !mselves ge/ure signs1 made ) vocal s\nd1 9 %ort1 voice-ge/ures4 ,! s\nd m'm1 m'n1 made ) ! lips clos$1 is ! obvi\s expression ( ! man :o tries to speak1 b _c4 ,ev5 ! deaf-&-dumb *ild1 ?\gh he _c he> ! s\nd ( 8 own voice1 makes ?is noise to %[ t he is dumb1 t he is mu mu1 z ! ,vei negroes ( ,we/ ,africa w\ld say4 ,to ! speak+ man1 ! s\nd :i* we write z mum6 says pla9ly en\gh #8hold y\r tongue6' #8mum's ! ^w6' & 9 accordance ) ?is mean+ has s]v$ to =m v>i\s imitative words1 ( :i* a type is ,tahitian mamu1 to be sil5t4 ,(t5 made ) a slight ef=t :i* aspirates x1 & ) m or less cont9uance1 ?is s\nd becomes :at may be indicat$ z #8m1 #8n1 h'm1 h'n1 c41 int]jections :i* are conv5tionally writt5 d[n z words1 hem6 ahem6 he96 ,_! prim>y s5se seems 9 any case t ( hesitation to speak1 ( #8humm+ & haw+1' b ?is s]ves ) a v>i$ intonation to express su* hesitation or refra9+ f articulate words z belongs ei!r to surprise1 d\bt or enquiry1 approbation or contempt4 ,9 ! vocabul>y ( ! ,yorubas ( ,we/ ,africa1 ! nasal int]jection hu is r5d]$1 j z x might be 9 ,engli%1 z #8fudge6' ,ro*e=t describes ! ,c>ibs li/5+ 9 rev]5t sil5ce to _! *ief's disc\rse1 & te/ify+ _! approval ) a hun-hun6 j z 9 8 "t 7#ag? c5tury7 an ,engli% congregation w\ld h salut$ a popul> prea*]4#bfg ,! ge/ure ( bl[+1 aga91 is a famili> expression ( contempt & disgu/1 & :5 vocaliz$ gives ! labial int]jections :i* are writt5 pah6 bah6 pugh6 pooh6 9 ,wel% pw6 9 ,l[ ,lat9 puppup6 & set d[n by travell]s among ! savages 9 ,au/ralia z pooh6 ,^! int]jections correspond ) ! mass ( imitative words :i* express bl[+1 su* z ,malay puput1 to bl[4 ,! labial ge/ures ( bl[+ pass into ^? ( spitt+1 ( :i* "o k9d gives ! d5tal int]jection t' t' t'6 :i* is writt5 9 ,engli% or ,dut* tut tut6 & t ?is is no m]e fancy1 a numb] ( imitative v]bs ( v>i\s c\ntries w s]ve to %[1 ,tahitian tutua1 to spit1 be+ a typical in/ance4 ,! place ( int]jectional utt]ance 9 savage int]c\rse is well %[n 9 ,cranz's description4 ,! ,gre5l&]s1 he says1 especially ! wom51 accompany _m words ) mi5 & glances1 & he :o does n well appreh5d ?is may easily miss ! s5se4 ,?us :5 !y affirm any?+ ) pleasure !y suck d[n air by ! ?roat ) a c]ta9 s\nd1 & :5 !y d5y any?+ ) contempt or horror1 !y turn up ! nose & give a slight s\nd ?r\gh x4 ,& :5 !y are out ( hum\r1 "o mu/ und]/& m f _! ge/ures ?an _! words4#bfh ,int]jection & ge/ure comb9e to =m a tol]able practical means ( int]c\rse1 z :]e ! communication betwe5 ,fr5* & ,engli% troops 9 ! ,crimea is describ$ z #8consi/+ l>gely ( su* int]jectional utt]ances1 reit]at$ ) expressive emphasis & consid]able ge/iculation4'#bfi ,?is description well br+s be=e u 9 actual life a sy/em ( effective human int]c\rse1 9 :i* !re has n yet aris5 ! use ( ^? articulate s\nds c>ry+ _! mean+ by tradition1 :i* are ! inh]it$ words ( ! diction>y4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we look closely into ^! inh]it$ s5se-words !mselves1 we f9d t int]jectional s\nds h actually _h m or less %>e 9 _! =mation4 ,n /opp+ %ort at ! function ascrib$ to !m by gramm>ians1 ( /&+ "h & !re outside a logical s5t5ce1 ! int]jections h also s]v$ z radical s\nds out ( :i* v]bs1 sub/antives1 & o!r p>ts ( spee* h be5 %ap$4 ,9 trac+ ! progress ( int]jections upw>d into fully develop$ language1 we beg9 ) s\nds m]ely express+ ! speak]'s actual feel+s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 expressive s\nds l ah6 ugh6 pooh6 are utt]$ n to exhibit ! speak]'s actual feel+s at ! mom5t1 b only 9 ord] to sugge/ to ano!r ! ?\ght ( admiration or disgu/1 !n su* int]jections h little or no?+ to di/+ui% !m f fully =m$ words4 ,! next /ep is to trace ! tak+ up ( su* s\nds into ! regul> =ms ( ord9>y gramm>4 ,famili> in/ances ( su* =mations may be f\nd among ourselves 9 nurs]y language1 :]e to woh is f\nd 9 use ) ! mean+ ( to /op1 or 9 t real ?\gh h>dly ackn[l$g$ "p ( ! ,engli% language to :i* belong su* v]bs z to boo-hoo4 ,among ! mo/ obvi\s ( su* words are ^? :i* d5ote ! actual utt]ance ( an int]jection1 or pass !nce into "s closely alli$ mean+4 ,?us ! ,fijian wom5's cry ( lam5tation oile6 becomes ! v]b oile #8to bewail1' oile-taka #8to lam5t =' 7! m5 cry ule672 n[ ?is is 9 p]fect analogy ) su* words z ulul>e1 to wail4 ,) diff]5t grammatical t]m9ations1 ano!r s\nd produces ! ,zulu v]b gigiteka & its ,engli% equival5t to giggle4 ,! ,galla iya1 #8to cry1 scream1 give ! battle-cry' has its analogues 9 ,greek 1 1 #8a cry1' #8wail+1 m\rnful1' c4 ,good cases may be tak5 f a curi\s mod]n dialect ) a /rong prop5sity to ! use ( obvi\s s\nd-words1 ! ,*9ook ,j>gon ( ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica4 ,"h we f9d adopt$ f an ,indian dialect ! v]b to ki%-ki%1 t is1 #8to drive cattle or horses'2 humm /&s = ! ^w #8/9k1' v]b or n\n2 & ! laugh1 heehee1 becomes a recogniz$ t]m mean+ fun or amusem5t1 z 9 mamook heehee1 #8to amuse' 7i4e41 #8to make heehee'7 & heehee h\se1 #8a tav]n4' ,9 ,hawaii1 aa is #8to insult2' 9 ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 i6 is at once ! exclamation #8fie6' & ! v]b #8to cry out aga9/4' ,9 ,new ,zeal&1 h6 is an int]jection d5ot+ surprise at a mi/ake1 h z a n\n or v]b mean+ #8error1 mi/ake1 to err1 to g a/ray4' ,9 ! ,qui* language ( ,guatemala1 ! v]bs ay1 oy1 boy1 express ! idea ( #8to call' 9 diff]5t ways4 ,9 ! ,c>ajas language ( ,brazil1 we may guess an int]jectional orig9 9 ! adjective ei1 #8sorr[ful1' & c sc>cely fail to see a d]ivation f expressive s\nd 9 ! v]b hai-hai #8to run away' 7! ^w aie-aie1 us$ to mean #8an omnibus' 9 mod]n ,fr5* slang1 is said to be a comic allusion to ! cries ( ! pass5g]s ^: toes are trodd5 on74 ,! ,camacan ,indians1 :5 !y wi% to express ! notion ( #8mu*' or #8_m1' hold out _! f+]s & say hi4 ,z ?is is an ord9>y savage ge/ure express+ multitude1 x seems likely t ! hi is a m]e int]jection1 requir+ ! visible sign to convey ! full mean+4#bgj ,9 ! ,qui*ua language ( ,p]u1 alalau6 is an int]jection ( compla9t at cold1 :5ce ! v]b alalauini1 #8to compla9 ( ! cold4' ,at ! end ( ea* /rophe ( ! ,p]uvian hymns to ! ,sun 0 sung ! triumphant exclamation haylli6 & ) ?is s\nd are connect$ ! v]bs hayll9i #8to s+1' hayllicuni1 #8to celebrate a victory4' ,! ,zulu halala6 ( exultation1 :i* becomes also a v]b #8to %\t = joy1' has its analogues 9 ! ,tibetan alala6 ( joy1 & ! ,greek 1 :i* is us$ z a n\n mean+ ! battle-cry & ev5 ! onset itself1 1 #8to raise ! w>-cry1' z well z ,hebrew hillel1 #8to s+ praise1' :5ce hallelujah6 a ^w :i* ! believ]s 9 ! !ory t ! ,r$ ,indians 7 ! ,lo/ ,tribes naturally recogniz$ 9 ! native m$ic9e-man's *ant ( hi-le-li-lah6 ,! ,zulu makes 8 pant+ ha6 d duty z an expression ( heat1 :5 he says t ! hot wea!r #8says ha ha'2 8 way ( pit*+ a song by a ha6 ha6 is app>5tly repres5t$ 9 ! v]b haya1 #8to lead a song1' hayo #8a />t+ song1 a fee giv5 to ! s++-lead] = ! haya'2 & 8 int]jectional expression b b6 #8z :5 "o smacks 8 lips f a bitt] ta/e1' becomes a v]b-root mean+ #8to be bitt] or %>p to ! ta/e1 to prick1 to sm>t4' ,! ,galla language gives "s good examples ( int]jections pass+ into words1 z :]e ! v]bs birr-dj$a 7to say brr67 & birfada 7to make brr67 h ! mean+ #8to be afraid4' ,?us o6 be+ ! usual answ] to a call1 & also a cry to drive cattle1 !re are =m$ f x by ! addition ( v]bal t]m9ations1 ! v]bs oada1 #8to answ]1' & (a1 #8to drive4' ,if ! magnific & honorific o ( ,japanese gramm> c be assign$ to an int]jectional orig91 its capabilities 9 modify+ signification become in/ructive4#bga ,x is us$ be=e sub/antives z a prefix ( hon\r2 c\ni1 #8c\ntry1' ?us becom+ oc\ni4 ,:5 a man is talk+ to 8 sup]iors1 he puts o be=e ! names ( all objects belong+ to !m1 :ile ^! sup]iors drop ! o 9 speak+ ( any?+ ( _! own1 or an inf]ior's2 among ! high] classes1 p]sons ( equal rank put o be=e ! names ( ea* o!r's ?+s1 b n be=e _! own2 x is polite to say o be=e ! names ( all wom51 & well-br$ *ildr5 are di/+ui%$ f little peasants by ! way 9 :i* !y are c>eful to put x ev5 be=e ! nurs]y names ( fa!r & "m1 o toto1 o caca1 :i* correspond to ! papa & mama ( ,europe4 ,a di/9ction is made 9 writt5 language betwe5 o1 :i* is put to any?+ royal1 & oo :i* means great1 z may be in/anc$ 9 ! use ( ! ^w mets'k or #8spy' 7lit]ally #8eye-fix]'72 o mets'k is a pr9cely or imp]ial spy1 :ile oo mets'k is ! spy 9 *ief4 ,?is int]jectional adjective oo1 great1 is usually prefix$ to ! "n ( ! capital city1 :i* x is cu/om>y to call oo ,y$o 9 speak+ to "o ( its inhabitants1 or :5 (ficials talk ( x among !mselves4 ,& la/ly1 ! o ( hon\r is prefix$ to v]bs 9 all _! =ms ( conjugation1 & x is polite to say om9ahai matse1 #8please to see1' in/ead ( ! m]e plebeian m9ahai matse4 ,n[ an ,engli% *ild ( six ye>s old w\ld at once und]/& ^! =mations if tak5 z int]jectional2 & if we d n incorporate 9 our gramm> ! o6 ( admiration & rev]5tial emb>rassm5t1 x is because we h n *os5 to take advantage ( ?is rudim5t>y means ( expression4 ,ano!r exclamation1 ! cry ( io6 has tak5 a place 9 etymology4 ,:5 add$ by ! ,g]man to 8 cry ( #8,fire6' #8,murd]6' ,feu]io6 ,mordio6 x rema9s inde$ z m]e an int]jection z ! o6 9 our /reet cries ( #8,pease-o6' #8,du/-o6' or ! 6 9 old ,g]man waf56 #8to arms6' #8hilf6 #8help6' ,b ! ,iroquois ( ,nor? ,am]ica makes a full] use ( 8 mat]ials1 & c>ries 8 io6 ( admiration into ! v =mation ( comp\nd words1 add+ x to a n\n to say t x is beautiful or good2 ?us1 9 ,mohawk1 g>onta means a tree1 g>ontio a beautiful tree2 9 l mann]1 ,ohio means #8riv]-beautiful2' & ,ont>io1 #8hill-rock-beautiful1' is d]iv$ 9 ! same way4 ,:51 9 ! old times ( ! ,fr5* occupation ( ,canada1 !re 0 s5t ov] a ,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ,new ,france1 ,monsieur de ,montmagny1 ! ,iroquois r5d]$ 8 "n f _! ^w ononte1 #8m\nta91' translat+ him into ,onontio1 or #8,great ,m\nta91' & ?us x came to pass t ! "n ( ,onontio 0 h&$ d[n long aft]1 l t ( ,cs>1 z ! title ( ea* succe$+ gov]nor1 :ile = ! ,k+ ( ,france 0 res]v$ ! yet high] /yle ( #8! great ,onontio4'#bgb ,! que/ ( int]jectional d]ivations = s5se-words is apt to lead ! etymologi/ into v ra% speculations4 ,"o ( 8 be/ safegu>ds is to te/ =ms suppos$ to be int]jectional1 by asc]ta9+ :e!r any?+ simil> has come into use 9 decid$ly di/9ct languages4 ,= in/ance1 among ! famili> s\nds :i* fall on ! travell]'s e> 9 ,spa9 is ! mulete]'s cry to 8 bea/s1 arre6 arre6 ,f ?is int]jection1 a family ( ,spani% words are reasonably suppos$ to be d]iv$2 ! v]b arre>1 #8to drive mules1' arri]o1 ! "n = ! #8mulete]' himself1 & s =?4#bgc ,n[ is ?is arre6 itself a g5u9e int]jectional s\nd8 ,x seems likely to be s1 = ,capta9 ,wilson f\nd x 9 use 9 ! ,pelew ,isl&s1 :]e ! paddl]s 9 ! canoes 7 kept up to _! "w by cry+ to !m arree6 arree6 ,simil> int]jections are notic$ else:]e ) a s5se ( m]e affirmation1 z 9 an ,au/ralian dialect :]e a-ree6 is set d[n z mean+ #8inde$1' & 9 ! ,qui*ua language :]e ari6 means #8yes6' :5ce ! v]b arii1 #8to affirm4' ,two o!r cautions are desirable 9 su* enquiries4 ,^! are1 n to travel too f> f ! absolute mean+ express$ by ! int]jection1 unless !re is /rong corroborative evid5ce1 & n to ov]ride ord9>y etymology by treat+ d]ivative words z ?\gh !y 7 radical4 ,)\t ^! *ecks1 ev5 s\nd pr9ciple breaks d[n 9 application1 z ! foll[+ two examples may %[4 ,x is q true t h'm6 is a common int]jectional call1 & t ! ,dut* h made a v]b ( x1 hemm51 #8to hem aft] a p]son4' ,we may notice a simil> call 9 ,we/ ,africa1 9 ! mma6 :i* is translat$ #8hallo6 /op6' 9 ! language ( ,f]n&o ,po4 ,b to apply ?is z a d]ivation = ,g]man hemm51 #8to /op1 *eck1 re/ra91' to hem 91 & ev5 to ! hem ( a g>m5t1 z ,mr4 ,w$gwood does )\t ev5 a p]haps1#bgd is travell+ too f> beyond ! record4 ,aga91 x is q true t s\nds ( click+ & smack+ ( ! lips are common expressions ( satisfaction all ov] ! _w1 & words may be d]iv$ f ^! s\nds1 z :]e a vocabul>y ( ! ,*9ook language ( ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica expresses #8good' z t'k-tok-te1 or e-tok-te1 s\nds :i* we _c d\bt to be d]iv$ f su* click+ noises1 if ! words are n 9 fact attempts to write d[n ! v clicks !mselves4 ,b x does n foll[ t we may take su* words z delici1 delicatus1 out ( a highly organiz$ language l ,lat91 & ref] !m1 z ! same etymologi/ does1 to an int]jectional utt]ance ( satisfaction1 dlick6#bge ,to d ?is1 is to ignore altoge!r ! composition ( words2 we might z well expla9 ,lat9 dilectus or ,engli% delight z direct =mations f expressive s\nd4 ,9 conclud+ ^! rem>ks on int]jections1 two or ?ree gr\ps ( words may be br\ght =w>d z examples ( ! application ( collect$ evid5ce f a numb] ( languages1 mo/ly ( ! l[] races4 ,! affirmative & negative p>ticles1 :i* be> 9 language su* mean+s z #8yes6' #8inde$6' & #8no6' #8n1' may h _! d]ivations f _m diff]5t s\rces4 ,x is ?\ght t ! ,au/ralian dialects all belong to a s+le /ock1 b s unlike are ! s\nds !y use = #8no6' & #8yes6' t tribes are actually nam$ f ^! words z a conv5i5t means ( di/9ction4 ,?us ! tribes kn[n z ,gureang1 ,kamil>oi1 ,kogai1 ,wol>oi1 ,wailwun1 ,wira!roi1 h _! names f ! words !y use = #8no1' ^! be+ gure1 kamil1 ko1 wol1 wail1 wira1 respectively2 & on ! o!r h& ! ,pikambul are said to be s call$ f _! ^w pika1 #8yes4' ,! device ( nam+ tribes1 ?us inv5t$ by ! savages ( ,au/ralia1 & :i* p]haps recurs 9 ,brazil 9 ! "n ( ! ,cocatapuya tribe 7coca #8no1' tapuya #8man'7 is v curi\s 9 its simil>ity to ! m$ival division ( ,langue d'oc & ,langue d'ol1 accord+ to ! words = #8yes6' :i* prevail$ 9 ,s\!rn & ,nor!rn ,france3 oc6 is ,lat9 hoc1 z we might say #8t's x6' :ile ! long] =m hoc illud 0 r$uc$ to ol6 & !nce to oui6 ,_m o!r ( ! words = #8yes6' & #8no6' may be s5se-words1 z1 aga91 ! ,fr5* & ,italian si6 is ,lat9 sic4 ,b on ! o!r h& !re is reason to ?9k t _m ( ^! p>ticles 9 use 9 v>i\s languages are n s5se-words1 b s\nd-words ( a purely int]jectional k9d2 or1 :at comes ne>ly to ! same ?+1 a feel+ ( fitness ( ! s\nd to ! mean+ may h affect$ ! *oice & %ap+ ( s5se-words--a rem>k ( l>ge application 9 su* enquiries z ! pres5t4 ,x is an old sugge/ion t ! primitive s\nd ( su* words z non is a nasal int]jection ( d\bt or diss5t4#bgf ,x corresponds 9 s\nd ) ! visible ge/ure ( clos+ ! lips1 :ile a v[el-int]jection1 ) or )\t aspiration1 belongs r to op5-m\!d utt]ance4 ,:e!r f ?is or "s o!r cause1 !re is a rem>kable t5d5cy among mo/ di/ant & v>i\s languages ( ! _w1 on ! "o h& to use v[el-s\nds1 ) s(t or h>d brea?+1 to express #8yes6' & on ! o!r h& to use nasal consonants to express #8no6' ,! affirmative =m is mu* ! common]4 ,! guttural i-i6 ( ! ,we/ ,au/ralian1 ! 6 ( ! ,d>i51 ! a-ah6 ( ! ,clallam1 ! 6 ( ! ,yakama ,indians1 ! e6 ( ! ,basuto1 & ! ai6 ( ! ,kanuri1 are "s examples ( a wide gr\p ( =ms1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are only "p ( ^? not$ d[n 9 ,polynesian & ,s\? ,am]ican di/ricts--ii6 6 ia6 aio6 io6 ya6 ey6 c41 h'6 heh6 he-e6 h6 hoehah6 ah-ha6 c4 ,! idea has mo/ weight :]e pairs ( words = #8yes6' & #8no6' are f\nd bo? con=m+4 ,?us 9 ! v sugge/ive description by ,dobrizh(f] among ! ,abipones ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 = #8yes6' ! m5 & y\?s say h6 ! wom5 say h6 & ! old m5 give a grunt2 :ile = #8no' !y all say yna6 & make ! l\dness ( ! s\nd indicate ! /r5g? ( ! negation4 ,dr4 ,m>tius's collection ( vocabul>ies ( ,brazilian tribes1 philologically v di/9ct1 conta9s sev]al su* pairs ( affirmatives & negatives1 ! equival5ts ( #8yes6'--#8no6' be+ 9 ,tupi ay--aan6 aani62 9 ,guato ii6--mau62 9 ,jumana1 aeae6--miu62 9 ,miranha ha 6--nani6 ,! ,qui*ua ( ,p]u affirms by y6 hu6 & expresses #8no1' #8n1' #8n at all1' by ama6 manan6 c41 mak+ f ! latt] ! v]b manami1 #8to d5y4' ,! ,qui* ( ,guatemala has e or ve = ! affirmative1 ma1 man1 mana1 = ! negative4 ,9 ,africa1 aga91 ! ,galla language has ee6 = #8yes6' & hn1 h91 hm1 = #8n6'2 ! ,f]n&ian ee6 = #8yes6' & #8nt = #8n2' :ile ! ,coptic diction>y gives ! affirmative 7,lat9 #8sane'7 z eie1 ie1 & ! negative by a long li/ ( nasal s\nds su* z an1 emm51 en1 mmn1 c4 ,! ,sanskrit p>ticles hi6 #8inde$1 c]ta9ly1' na1 #8n1' exemplify simil> =ms 9 ,indo-,european languages1 d[n to our own aye6 & no6#bgg ,!re mu/ be "s mean+ 9 all ?is1 = o!rwise ,i c\ld h>dly h not$ d[n incid5tally1 )\t mak+ any attempt at a g5]al se>*1 s _m cases f su* diff]5t languages1 only f9d+ a comp>atively small numb] ( contradictory cases4#bgh ,de ,brosses ma9ta9$ t ! ,lat9 />e1 to /&1 might be trac$ to an orig9 9 expressive s\nd4 ,he fanci$ he c\ld he> 9 x an organic radical sign designat+ fixity1 & c\ld ?us expla9 :y /6 %\ld be us$ z a call to make a man /& /ill4 ,its connexion ) ^! s\nds is (t5 spok5 ( 9 m mod]n books1 & "o imag9ative ,g]man philolog] describes _! orig9 among primval m5 z vividly z ?\gh he _h be5 !re to see4 ,a man /&s beckon+ 9 va9 to a companion :o does n see him1 till at la/ 8 ef=t relieves itself by ! help ( ! vocal n]ves1 & involunt>ily !re breaks f him ! s\nd /6 ,n[ ! o!r he>s ! s\nd1 turns t[>d x1 sees ! beckon+ ge/ure1 kn[s t he is call$ to /op2 & :5 ?is has happ5$ aga9 & aga91 ! action comes to be describ$ 9 common talk by utt]+ ! n[ famili> /6 & ?us /a becomes a root1 ! symbol ( ! ab/ract idea to /&6#bgi ,?is is a mo/ +5i\s conjecture1 b un=tunately no?+ m4 ,x w\ld be at any rate /r5g!n$1 ?\gh n e/abli%$1 if its support]s c\ld prove t ! /6 us$ to call p 9 ,g]many1 p/6 9 ,spa91 is itself a pure int]jectional s\nd4 ,ev5 ?is1 h[ev]1 has nev] be5 made out4 ,! call has n yet be5 %[n to be 9 use outside our own ,indo-,european family ( languages2 & s long z x is only f\nd 9 use )9 ^! limits1 an oppon5t might ev5 plausibly claim x z an abbreviation ( ! v /a6 7#8/ay6 /op6'7 = :i* ! !ory proposes x z an orig94#bhj ,t x is n unfair to ask = full] evid5ce ( a s\nd be+ purely int]jectional ?an its appe>ance 9 a s+le family ( languages1 may be %[n by exam9+ ano!r gr\p ( int]jections1 :i* are f\nd among ! remote/ tribes1 & ?us h really consid]able claims to rank among ! prim>y s\nds ( language4 ,^! are ! simple sibilants1 s6 %6 h'%6 us$ especially to sc>e birds1 & among m5 to express av]sion or call = sil5ce4 ,catl9 describes a p>ty ( ,si\x ,indians1 :5 !y came to ! portrait ( a dead *ief1 ea* putt+ 8 h& ov] 8 m\? ) a hu%-%2 & :5 he himself wi%$ to approa* ! sacr$ #8m$ic9e' 9 a ,m&an lodge1 he 0 call$ to refra9 by ! same hu%-%6 ,among ourselves ! sibilant int]jection passes into two exactly opposite s5ses1 accord+ z x is meant to put ! speak] himself to sil5ce1 or to comm& sil5ce = him to be he>d2 & ?us we f9d ! sibilant us$ else:]e1 sometimes 9 ! "o way & sometimes 9 ! o!r4 ,among ! wild ,v$das ( ,ceylon1 iss6 is an exclamation ( disapproval1 z 9 anci5t or mod]n ,europe2 & ! v]b %rak1 to hiss1 is us$ 9 ,hebrew ) a l s5se1 #8!y %all hiss him out ( 8 place4' ,b 9 ,japan rev]5ce is express$ by a hiss1 comm&+ sil5ce4 ,capta9 ,cook rem>k$ t ! natives ( ! ,new ,hebrides express$ _! admiration by hiss+ l geese4 ,casalis says ( ! ,basutos1 #8,hisses are ! mo/ unequivocal m>ks ( applause1 & are z mu* c\rt$ 9 ! ,african p>liam5ts z !y are dread$ by our c&idates = popul> fav\r4'#bha ,among o!r sibilant int]jections1 are ,turki% ss6 ,ossetic ss6 sos6 #8sil5ce6' ,f]n&ian sia6 #8li/56' #8tu%6' ,yoruba si6 #8p%aw6' ,?us x appe>s t ^! s\nds1 f> f be+ special to "o l+ui/ic family1 are v widespread elem5ts ( human spee*4 ,nor is !re any "q z to _! passage into fully-=m$ words1 z 9 our v]b to hu%1 :i* has pass$ into ! s5se ( #8to quiet1 put to sleep' 7adjectively1 #8z hu% z dea?'71 metaphorically to hu% up a matt]1 or ,greek #8to hu%1 say hu%6 comm& sil5ce4' ,ev5 ,lat9 sil]e & ,go?ic silan1 #8to be sil5t1' may ) "s plausibility be expla9$ z d]iv$ f ! int]jectional s6 ( sil5ce4 ,sanskrit diction>ies recognize sev]al words :i* explicitly /ate _! own int]jectional d]ivation2 su* are hkra 7hm-mak+71 #8! utt]ance ( ! my/ic religi\s exclamation hm6' & iabda 7i-s\nd71 #8a hiss4' ,besides ^! obvi\s =mations1 ! int]jectional elem5t is pres5t to "s great] or less degree 9 ! li/ ( ,sanskrit radicals1 :i* repres5t probably bett] ?an ^? ( any o!r language ! v]b-roots ( ! anci5t ,aryan /ock4 ,9 ru1 #8to ro>1 cry1 wail' & 9 kakh1 #8to laugh1' we h ! simpl] k9d ( int]jectional d]ivation1 t :i* m]ely describes a s\nd4 ,z to ! m difficult k9d1 :i* c>ry ! s5se into a new /age1 ,mr4 ,w$gwood makes out a /rong case = ! connexion ( int]jections ( loa?+ & av]sion1 su* z pooh6 fie6 c41 ) t l>ge gr\p ( words :i* are repres5t$ 9 ,engli% by f\l & fi5d1 9 ,sanskrit by ! v]bs py1 #8to become f\l1 to /9k' & piy1 py1 #8to revile1 to hate4'#bhb ,fur!r evid5ce may be "h adduc$ 9 support ( ?is !ory4 ,! languages ( ! l[] races use ! s\nd pu to express an evil smell2 ! ,zulu rem>ks t #8! meat says pu' 7inyama iti pu71 mean+ t x /9ks2 ! ,timorese has pop #8putrid2' ! ,qui* language has puh1 poh #8corruption1 pus1' pohir #8to turn bad1 rot1' puz #8rott5ness1 :at /9ks2' ! ,tupi ^w = na/y1 puxi1 may be comp>$ ) ! ,lat9 putidus1 & ! ,columbia ,riv] "n = ! #8skunk1' o-pun-pun1 ) simil> names ( /9k+ animals1 ,sanskrit ptik #8civet-cat1' & ,fr5* putois #8pole-cat4' ,f ! ,fr5* int]jection fi6 words h long be5 =m$ belong+ to ! language1 if n au!nticat$ by ! ,academy2 9 m$ival ,fr5* #8mai/re fi-fi' 0 a recogniz$ t]m = a scav5g]1 & fi-fi books are n yet ext9ct4 ,!re has be5 z yet1 un=tunately1 too mu* sep>ation betwe5 :at may be call$ g5]ative philology1 :i* exam9es into ! ultimate orig9s ( words1 & hi/orical philology1 :i* traces _! transmission & *ange4 ,x w be a great ga9 to ! sci5ce ( language to br+ ^! two bran*es ( enquiry into clos] union1 ev5 z ! processes !y relate to h be5 go+ on toge!r s9ce ! e>lie/ days ( spee*4 ,at pres5t ! hi/orical philologi/s ( ! s*ool ( ,grimm & ,bopp1 ^: great "w has be5 ! trac+ ( our ,indo-,european dialects to an e>ly ,aryan =m ( language1 h _h mu* ! advantage 9 fulness ( evid5ce & /rictness ( treatm5t4 ,at ! same "t x is evid5t t ! views ( ! g5]ative philologi/s1 f ,de ,brosses onw>d1 embody a s\nd pr9ciple1 & t mu* ( ! evid5ce collect$ z to emotional & o!r directly expressive words1 is ( ! highe/ value 9 ! argum5t4 ,b 9 work+ out ! details ( su* ^w-=mation1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t no dep>tm5t ( philology lies m op5 to ,augu/9e's cau/ic rem>k on ! etymologi/s ( 8 "t1 t l ! int]pretation ( dreams1 ! d]ivation ( words is set d[n by ea* man accord+ to 8 own fancy4 7,ut somniorum int]pretatio ita v]borum origo pro cujusque +5io prdicatur47 ,footnote #bdg3 ,c4 de ,brosses1 #8,trait de la ,=mation ,mcanique des ,langues1' c4 7#a/ ed4 #agfe72 ,w$gwood1 #8,orig9 ( ,language' 7#ahff72 #8,dic4 ( ,engli% ,etymology' 7#ahei1 #bnd ed4 #ahgb72 ,f>r>1 #8,*apt]s on ,language' 7#ahfe74 ,footnote #bdh3 ,among ! pr9cipal savage & b>b>ic languages "h us$ = evid5ce1 are z foll[s3--,africa3 ,galla 7,tuts*ek1 ,gr4 & ,dic471 ,yoruba 7,b[51 ,gr4 & ,dic471 ,zulu 7,dhne1 ,dic474 ,polynesia1 c43 ,maori 7,k5dall1 ,vocab41 ,williams1 ,dic471 ,tonga 7,m>9]1 ,vocab471 ,fiji 7,hazlewood1 ,dic471 ,melanesia 7,gabel5tz1 ,melan4 ,spr474 ,au/ralia 7,grey1 ,moore1 ,s*rmann1 ,oldfield1 ,vocabs474 ,n4 ,am]ica3 ,pima1 ,yakama1 ,clallam1 ,lummi1 ,*9uk1 ,mohawk1 ,micmac 7,smi?son4 ,contr4 vol4 iii471 ,*9ook ,j>gon 7,gibbs1 ,dic471 ,qui* 7,brasseur1 ,gr4 & ,dic474 ,s4 ,am]ica3 ,tupi 7,diaz1 ,dic471 ,c>ib 7,ro*e=t1 ,vocab471 ,qui*ua 7,m>kham1 ,gr4 & ,dic471 ,*ilian 7,febres1 ,dic471 ,brazilian tribes 7,m>tius1 #8,gloss>ia l+u>um ,brasili5sium'74 ,_m details 9 ,pott1 #8,doppelung1' c4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,bonwick1 #8,daily ,life ( ,tasmanians1' p4 #adj2 ,capt4 ,wilson1 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc41' vol4 iv4 p4 #cbb1 c42 ,j4 ,l4 ,wilson1 9 #8,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,ori5tal ,soc41' vol4 i4 #ahdi1 ,no4 #d2 also ,cranz41 #8,grnl&1' p4 #bgi 7cit$ bel[1 p4 #ahf74 ,= o!r acc\nts1 see #8,e>ly ,hi/4 ( ,mank9d1' p4 #gg4 ,footnote #bej3 ,=bes1 #8,aym>a ,indians1' 9 ,j\rn4 ,e?4 ,soc4 #ahgj1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #bea3 ,see ,helmholtz1 #8,tonempf9dung51' #bnd ed4 p4 #afc2 ,mc,kendrick1 ,text ,book ( ,physiology1 p4 #fha1 c41 #gbj1 c42 ,max ,mll]1 #8,lectures1' #bnd s]ies1 p4 #ie1 c4 ,footnote #beb3 ,see ,pallegoix1 #8,gramm4 ,l+4 ,?ai4'2 ,ba/ian1 9 #8,monatsb4 ,b]l94 ,akad4' ,june #f1 #ahfg1 & #8,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc41' ,june1 #ahfg4 ,footnote #bec3 ,burton1 9 #8,mem4 ,an?rop4 ,soc41' vol4 i4 p4 #cac2 ,b[51 #8,yoruba ,gr4 & ,dic4' p4 #e2 see ,j4 ,l4 ,wilson1 #8,w4 ,afr41' p4 #dfa4 ,footnote #bed3 ,c4 ,w41 9 #8,london & ,we/m9/] ,review1' ,oct4 #ahcg4 ,footnote #bee3 #8,acc5tus e/ etiam 9 dic5do cantus obscurior4'--,cic4 de ,orat4 ,footnote #bef3 ,helmholtz1 p4 #cfd4 ,footnote #beg3 ,caswell1 9 ,ba/ian1 #8,b]l94 ,akad4' l4c4 ,footnote #beh3 ,horne ,tooke1 #8,div]sions ( ,purley1' #bnd ed4 ,london1 #agih1 pt4 i4 pp4 #fj-c4 ,footnote #bei3 ,r4 ,f4 ,burton1 #8,lake ,regions ( ,c5tral ,africa1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ccc2 ,liv+/one1 #8,mission>y ,tr4 9 ,s4 ,africa1' p4 #bih2 #8,gr4 ( ,mpongwe lang1' ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,f4 ,missions1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,wilson1 p4 #bg4 ,see ,callaway1 #8,zulu ,tales1' vol4 i4 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,arroyo de la ,cue/a1 #8,gr4 ( ,mutsun ,lang4' p4 #ci1 9 ,smi?sonian ,contr41 vol4 iii42 ,neapolitan mamma mia6 exclamation ( wond]1 c41 ,liebre*t 9 ,gtt+4 ,gel4 ,anz4 #ahgb1 p4 #abhg4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,%aw1 #8,travels 9 ,b>b>y1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 xv4 p4 #ffi4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,"s ( ! examples "h cit$1 w be f\nd 9 ,grimm1 #8,deuts*e ,gr4' vol4 iii4 p4 #cjh2 ,pott1 #8,doppelung4' p4 #bg2 ,w$gwood1 #8,orig9 ( ,language4' ,footnote #bfc3 ,see ,pictet1 #8,orig9es ,indo-,europ4' "p i4 p4 #chb2 ,caldwell1 #8,gr4 ( ,dravidian ,langs4' p4 #dfe2 ,w$gwood1 ,dic4 s4v4 #8puss1' c42 ,m>9]1 #8,tonga ,is4 7,vocab47'2 ,gibbs1 #8,dic4 ( ,*9ook ,j>gon1' ,smi?sonian ,coll4 ,no4 #afa2 ,p&osy1 #8,gr4 & ,dic4 ( ,yakama1' ,smi?son4 ,contr4 vol4 iii42 comp>e ,j4 ,l4 ,wilson1 #8,mpongwe ,gr4' p4 #eg4 ,! ,h9du *ild's call to ! cat mun mun6 may be f ,h9du/4 mno cat4 ,x4 micio1 ,fr4 mite1 m9on1 ,g]4 mieze1 c4 #8cat1' & ,sp4 miz6 ,g]4 m9z6 c4 #8puss6' are f imitations ( a mew4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,= li/s ( driv]s' words1 see ,grimm1 l4c42 ,pott1 #8,zhlme?ode1' p4 #bfa2 ,halliwell1 #8,dic4 ( ,ar*aic & ,prov9cial ,engli%1' s4v4 #8ree2' ,br&1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ae2 ,pictet1 "p ii4 p4 #dhi4 ,footnote #bfe3 #8,encyclopdie1 ou ,dictionnaire ,raisonn des ,sci5ces1 c4' ,recueil de ,plan*es1 ,p>is1 #agfc1 art4 #8,*asses4' ,! traditional cries are /ill m or less 9 use4 ,see #8,a ,week 9 a ,fr5* ,c\ntry-h\se4' ,footnote #bff3 ,aldrete1 #8,l5gua ,ca/ellana1' ,madrid1 #afgc1 s4vv4 h>re1 exe4 ,footnote #bfg3 #8,!re prevail$ 9 ^? days an indec5t cu/om2 :5 ! prea*] t\*$ any fav\rite topick 9 a mann] t delight$ 8 audi5ce1 _! approbation 0 express$ by a l\d hum1 cont9u$ 9 proportion to _! zeal or pleasure4 ,:5 ,burnet prea*$1 "p ( 8 congregation humm$ s l\dly & s long1 t he sat d[n to enjoy x1 & rubb$ 8 face ) 8 h&k]*ief4 ,:5 ,sprat prea*$1 he likewise 0 hon\r$ ) ! l animat+ hum1 b he /ret*$ out 8 h& to ! congregation1 & cri$1 8,peace1 peace2 ,i pray y1 peace40' ,johnson1 #8,life ( ,sprat4' ,footnote #bfh3 ,cranz1 #8,grnl&1' p4 #bgi4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,d4 ,wilson1 #8,prehi/oric ,man1' p4 #fe4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,comp>e1 9 ! same di/rict1 ,cam ii1 ,cotox biebie1 eubihi1 multus1 -a1 -um4 ,footnote #bga3 ,j4 ,h4 ,donk] ,curtius1 #8,essai de ,grammaire ,japonaise1' p4 #cd1 c4 #aii4 ,9 =m] editions ( ! pres5t "w1 ! directly int]jectional "* ( ! o is held 9 an unqualifi$ mann]4 ,ref]5ce to ! gramm>s ( ,pr(4 ,b4 ,h4 ,*amb]la9 & o!rs1 :]e ?is p>ticle 7on1 o7 is connect$ ) o!r =ms imply+ a common root1 leaves ! argum5t to dep5d :olly or p>tly on ! supposition ( an int]jectional s\rce = ?is root4 ,note to #crd ed4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,bruyas1 #8,mohawk ,lang41' p4 #af1 9 ,smi?son4 ,contr4 vol4 iii4 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes1' ,"p iii4 p4 #cbh1 #ejb1 #ejg4 ,*>levoix1 #8,n\v4 ,france1' vol4 i4 p4 #cej4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,! arre6 may h be5 introduc$ into ,europe by ! ,moors1 z x is us$ 9 ,arabic1 & its use 9 ,europe corresponds ne>ly ) ! limits ( ! ,moori% conque/1 9 ,spa9 arre6 9 ,prov5ce arri6 ,footnote #bgd3 ,w$gwood1 #8,orig9 ( ,language1' p4 #ib4 ,footnote #bge3 ,ibid41 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,de ,brosses1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjc4 ,see ,w$gwood4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,also ,oraon hae--ambo2 ,micmac --mw4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,a d\ble contradiction 9 ,c>ib anhan6 #8yes6' oua6 #8no6' ,s+le contradictions 9 ,catoqu9a hang6 ,tupi em6 ,botocudo hemhem6 ,yoruba e6 = #8yes6' ,cul9o aiy6 ,au/ralian yo6 = #8no6' c4 ,h[ mu* ^! s\nds dep5d on peculi> intonation1 we1 :o habitually use h'm6 ei!r = #8yes6' or #8no6' c well und]/&4 ,footnote #bgi3 7,*>les de ,brosses7 #8,trait de la ,=mation ,mcanique des ,langues1 c4' ,p>is1 ,an4 ix41 vol4 i4 p4 #bch2 vol4 ii4 p4 #cac4 ,laz>us & ,/e9?al1 #8,zeits*rift fr ,vlk]psy*ologie1' c41 vol4 i4 p4 #dba4 ,heyse1 #8,sy/em d] ,spra*wiss5s*aft1' p4 #gc4 ,f>r>1 #8,*apt]s on ,language1' p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,simil> s\nds are us$ to comm& sil5ce1 to /op speak+ z well z to /op go+4 ,engli% hu%t6 :i/6 hi/6 ,wel% u/6 ,fr5* *ut6 ,italian zitto6 ,sw$i% ty/6 ,russian /'6 & ! ,lat9 /6 s well describ$ 9 ! curi\s old l9e quot$ by ,mr4 ,f>r>1 :i* comp>es x ) ! ge/ure ( ! f+] on ! lips3-- #8,isis1 et ,h>pocrates digito qui significat /6' ,?is gr\p ( int]jections1 aga91 has n be5 prov$ to be 9 use outside ,aryan limits4 ,footnote #bha3 ,catl91 #8,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1' vol4 i4 pp4 #bba1 #ci1 #aea1 #afb4 ,bailey 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 p4 #cah4 ,job xxvii4 #bc4 7,! v]b %rak also signifies to call by a hiss1 #8& he w hiss unto !m f ! end ( ! e>?1 & behold1 !y %all come ) spe$1' ,is4 v4 #bf2 ,j]4 xix4 #h47 ,alcock1 #8,! ,capital ( ! ,tycoon1' vol4 i4 p4 #cid4 ,cook1 #8#bnd ,voy4' vol4 ii4 p4 #cf4 ,casalis1 #8,basutos1' p4 #bcd4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,w$gwood1 #8,orig9 ( ,language1' p4 #hc1 #8,diction>y1' ,introd4 p4 xlix4 & s4v4 #8f\l4' ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]1 #8,lectures1' #bnd s]ies1 p4 #ib1 prote/s aga9/ ! indiscrim9ate d]ivation ( words directly f su* cries & int]jections1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( det]m9ate roots4 ,z to ! pres5t topic1 he po9ts out t ,lat9 pus1 putridus1 ,go?ic fuls1 ,engli% f\l1 foll[ ,grimm's law z if words d]iv$ f a s+le root4 ,admitt+ ?is1 h[ev]1 ! "q has to be rais$1 h[ f> pure int]jections & _! direct d]ivatives1 be+ self-expressive & s to speak liv+ s\nds1 are affect$ by phonetic *anges su* z t ( ,grimm's law1 :i* act on articulate s\nds no long] fully expressive 9 !mselves1 b h&$ d[n by m]e tradition4 ,?us p & f occur 9 "o & ! same dialect 9 int]jections ( disgu/ & av]sion1 puh6 fi6 be+ us$ 9 ,v5ice or ,p>is1 j z simil> s\nds w\ld be 9 ,london4 ,9 trac+ ?is gr\p ( words f e>ly ,aryan =ms1 x mu/ also be notic$ t ,sanskrit is a v imp]fect guide1 = its alphabet has no f1 & x c h>dly give ! rule 9 ?is matt] to languages possess+ bo? p & f1 & ?us capable ( nic] appreciation ( ?is class ( int]jections4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,emotional ,,& ,,imitative ,,language 7cont9u$74 ,imitative ,words--,human actions nam$ f s\nd--,animals' names f cries1 c4--,musical ,in/rum5ts--,s\nds reproduc$--,words modifi$ to adapt s\nd to s5se--,r$uplication--,graduation ( v[els to express di/ance & diff]5ce--,*ildr5's ,language--,s\nd-words z relat$ to ,s5se-words--,language an orig9al product ( ! l[] ,culture4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ( language to our own day1 x is unlikely t m5 ev] q ceas$ to be consci\s t "s ( _! words 7 d]iv$ f imitation ( ! common s\nds he>d ab\t !m4 ,9 our own mod]n ,engli%1 = in/ance1 results ( su* imitation are evid5t2 flies buzz1 bees hum1 snakes hiss1 a crack] or a bottle ( g+]-be] pops1 a cannon or a bitt]n booms4 ,9 ! words = animals & = musical in/rum5ts 9 ! v>i\s languages ( ! _w1 ! imitation ( _! cries & tones is (t5 to be pla9ly he>d1 z 9 ! names ( ! hoopoe1 ! ai-ai slo?1 ! kaka p>rot1 ! ,ea/]n tomtom1 :i* is a drum1 ! ,african ulule1 :i* is a flute1 ! ,siamese khong-bong1 :i* is a wood5 h>monicon1 & 9 l mann] ?r\gh a ho/ ( o!r words4 ,b ^! evid5t cases are f> f repres5t+ ! :ole effects ( imitation on ! gr[? ( language4 ,!y =m1 inde$1 ! easy entrance to a philological region1 :i* becomes less p5etrable ! f>!r x is explor$4 ,! op]ations ( :i* we see ! results be=e u 9 ! actual languages ( ! _w seem to h be5 some:at z foll[s4 ,m5 h imitat$ _! own emotional utt]ances or int]jections1 ! cries ( animals1 ! tones ( musical in/rum5ts1 ! s\nds ( %\t+1 h[l+1 /amp+1 break+1 te>+1 scrap+1 ) o!rs :i* are all day com+ to _! e>s1 & out ( ^! imitations _m curr5t words indisputably h _! s\rce4 ,b ^! words1 z we f9d !m 9 use1 diff] (t5 widely1 (t5 beyond all recognition1 f ! orig9al s\nds !y sprang f4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 man's voice c only make a v rude copy ( mo/ s\nds 8 e> receives2 8 possible v[els are v limit$ 9 _! range comp>$ ) natural tones1 & 8 possible consonants /ill m helpless z a means ( imitat+ natural noises4 ,moreov]1 8 voice is only all[$ to use a "p ev5 ( ?is imp]fect imitative p[]1 see+ t ea* language = its own conv5i5ce re/ricts x to a small numb] ( set v[els & consonants1 to :i* ! imitative s\nds h to con=m1 ?us becom+ conv5tionaliz$ into articulate words ) fur!r loss ( imitative accuracy4 ,no class ( words h a m p]fect imitative orig9 ?an ^? :i* simply pr(ess to be vocal imitations ( s\nd4 ,h[ ord9>y alphabets to "s ext5t succe$ & to "s ext5t fail 9 writ+ d[n ^! s\nds may be judg$ f a few examples4 ,?us1 ! ,au/ralian imitation ( a spe> or bullet /rik+ is giv5 z toop2 to ! ,zulu1 :5 a calaba% is beat51 x says boo2 ! ,k>5s he> ! flitt+ gho/s ( ! dead call 9 ! wail+ voice ( ! w9d1 re1 re1 ro1 ro2 ! old travell]1 ,pietro della ,valle1 tells h[ ! ,%ah ( ,p]sia sne]$ at ,timur & 8 ,t>t>s1 ) _! arr[s t w5t t] t]2 c]ta9 ,buddhi/ h]etics ma9ta9$ t wat] is alive1 because :5 x boils x says *i*it1 *iti*ita1 a symptom ( vitality :i* occasion$ mu* !ological controv]sy z to dr9k+ cold & w>m wat]4 ,la/ly1 s\nd-words tak5 up into ! g5]al inv5tory ( a language h to foll[ its organic *anges1 & 9 ! c\rse ( phonetic transition1 comb9ation1 decay1 & mutilation1 to lose ev] m & m _! orig9al %ape4 ,to take a s+le example1 ! ,fr5* hu] #8to %\t' 7,wel% hwa7 may be a p]fect imitative v]b2 yet :5 x passes into mod]n ,engli% hue & cry1 our *ang$ pronunciation ( ! v[el de/roys all imitation ( ! call4 ,n[ to ! language-mak]s all ?is 0 ( little acc\nt4 ,!y m]ely want$ recogniz$ words to express recogniz$ ?\ght1 & no d\bt arriv$ by repeat$ trials at sy/ems :i* 7 f\nd practically to answ] ?is purpose4 ,b to ! mod]n philologi/1 :o is attempt+ to "w out ! conv]se ( ! problem1 & to foll[ backw>d ! c\rse ( words to orig9al imitative s\nd1 ! difficulty is mo/ emb>rass+4 ,x is n only t ?\s&s ( words really d]iv$ f su* imitation may n[ by successive *ange h lo/ all safe traces ( _! hi/ory2 su* m]e defici5cy ( k is only a m9or evil4 ,:at is f> worse is t ! way is ?r[n op5 to an unlimit$ numb] ( false solutions1 :i* yet look on ! face ( !m fully z l tru? z o!rs :i* we "k hi/orically to be true4 ,"o ?+ is cle>1 t x is ( no use to resort to viol5t means1 to ru% 9 among ! words ( language1 expla9+ !m away "r & left z d]iv$ ea* f "s remote application ( an imitative noise4 ,! advocate ( ! ,imitative ,!ory :o attempts ?is1 tru/+ 9 8 own p[]s ( disc]nm5t1 has inde$ tak5 9 h& a p]il\s task1 =1 9 fact1 ( all judges ( ! "q at issue1 he has n\ri%$ & tra9$ himself up to become ! v wor/4 ,8 imag9ation is ev] sugge/+ to him :at 8 judgm5t w\ld l to f9d true2 l a witness answ]+ ! que/ions ( ! c\nsel on 8 own side1 he answ]s 9 good fai?1 b ) :at bias we all "k4 ,x 0 ?us ) ,de ,brosses1 to :om ?is dep>tm5t ( philology owes s mu*4 ,x is no?+ to say t he _h a ke5 e> = ! voice ( ,nature2 %e mu/ h positively talk$ to him 9 alphabetic language1 = he c\ld he> ! s\nd ( holl[ness 9 ! sk ( #8to dig1' ( h>dness 9 ! cal ( callosity1 ! noise ( ins]tion ( a body betwe5 two o!rs 9 ! tr ( trans1 intra4 ,9 enquiries s liable to mislead+ fancy1 no pa9s %\ld be sp>$ 9 secur+ imp>tial te/imony1 & x =tunately happ5s t !re are available s\rces ( su* evid5ce1 :i*1 :5 ?or\ghly work$1 w give to ! !ory ( imitative words z ne> an approa* to accuracy z has be5 atta9$ to 9 any o!r wide philological problem4 ,by comp>+ a numb] ( languages1 widely ap>t 9 _! g5]al sy/em & mat]ials1 & ^: agreem5t z to ! words 9 "q c only be acc\nt$ = by simil> =mation ( words f simil> sugge/ion ( s\nd1 we obta9 gr\ps ( words ^: imitative "* is indisputable4 ,! gr\ps "h consid]$ consi/ 9 g5]al ( imitative words ( ! simpl] k9d1 ^? directly connect$ ) ! special s\nd !y are tak5 f1 b _! exam9ation to "s ext5t admits ( words be+ br\ght 91 :]e ! connexion ( ! idea express$ ) ! s\nd imitat$ is m remote4 ,?is1 la/ly1 op5s ! f> wid] & m difficult problem1 h[ f> imitation ( s\nds is ! prim>y cause ( ! great mass ( words 9 ! vocabul>ies ( ! _w1 betwe5 ^: s\nd & s5se no direct connexion appe>s4 ,words :i* express human actions accompani$ ) s\nd =m a v l>ge & intelligible class4 ,9 remote & mo/ diff]5t languages1 we f9d su* =ms z pu1 puf1 bu1 buf1 fu1 fuf1 9 use ) ! mean+ ( puff+1 fuff+2 or bl[+2 ,malay puput2 ,tongan buhi2 ,maori pupui2 ,au/ralian bobun1 bwa-bun2 ,galla bufa1 afufa2 ,zulu futa1 punga1 pupuza 7fu1 pu1 us$ z expressive p>ticles72 ,qui* puba2 ,qui*ua puhuni2 ,tupi ype2 ,f9ni% puhkia2 ,hebrew pua*2 ,dani% pu/e2 ,li?uanian pciu2 & 9 numb]s ( o!r languages2#bhc "h1 grammatical adjuncts ap>t1 ! significant =ce lies 9 ! imitative syllable4 ,savages h nam$ ! ,european musket :5 !y saw x1 by ! s\nd pu1 describ+ n ! report1 b ! puff ( smoke issu+ f ! muzzle4 ,! ,society ,isl&]s suppos$ at fir/ t ! :ite m5 blew ?r\gh ! b>rel ( ! gun1 & !y call$ x accord+ly pupuhi1 f ! v]b puhi to bl[1 :ile ! ,new ,zeal&]s m simply call$ x a pu4 ,s ! ,amaxosa ( ,s\? ,africa call x umpu1 f ! imitative s\nd pu6 ,! ,*9ook ,j>gon ( ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica uses ! phrase mamook poo 7make poo7 = a v]b #8to %oot1' & a six-*amb]$ revolv] is call$ tohum poo1 i4e41 a #8six-poo4' ,:5 a ,european uses ! ^w puff to d5ote ! dis*>ge ( a gun1 he is m]ely ref]r+ to ! smoke bl[n out1 z he w\ld speak ( a puff ( w9d1 or ev5 a p[d]-puff or a puff-ball2 & :5 a pi/ol is call$ 9 colloquial ,g]man a puff]1 ! mean+ ( ! ^w mat*es t us$ = x 9 ,fr5* ,argot1 a #8s\fflant4' ,x has (t5 be5 suppos$ t ! puff imitates ! actual s\nd1 ! bang ( ! gun1 & ?is has be5 br\ght =w>d to %[ by :at extremely diff]5t words "o & ! same s\nd may be imitat$1 b ?is is a mi/ake4#bhd ,^! d]ivations ( ! "n ( ! gun f ! notion ( bl[+ correspond ) ^? :i* give names to ! comp>atively noiseless bl[-tube ( ! bird-hunt]1 call$ by ! ,indians ( ,yucatan a pub1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica by ! ,*iquitos a pucuna1 by ! ,cocamas a puna4 ,look+ into vocabul>ies ( languages :i* h su* v]bs #8to bl[1' x is usual to f9d ) !m o!r words app>5tly relat$ to !m1 & express+ m or less di/ant ideas4 ,?us ,au/ralian poo-yu1 puyu #8smoke2' ,qui*ua puhucuni #8to light a fire1' punqu9i #8to swell1' puyu1 puhuyu #8a cl\d2' ,maori puku #8to pant1' puka #8to swell2' ,tupi pp1 pupre #8to boil2' ,galla bube #8w9d1' bubiza #8to cool by bl[+2' ,kanuri 7root fu7 fung9 #8to bl[1 swell1' furdu #8a /uff$ pad or bol/]1' c41 bubute #8bell[s' 7bubute fung9 #8,i bl[ ! bell[s'72 ,zulu 7dropp+ ! prefixes7 puku1 pukupu #8fro?+1 foam1' :5ce pukupuku #8an empty fro?y fell[1' pupuma #8to bubble1 boil1' fu #8a cl\d1' fumfu #8bl[n ab\t l high grass 9 ! w9d1' :5ce fumfuta #8to be confus$1 ?r[n into disord]1' futo #8bell[s1' fuba #8! brea/1 *e/1' !n figuratively #8bosom1 consci5ce4' ,! gr\p ( words belong+ to ! clos$ lips1 ( :i* mum1 mumm+1 mumble are among ! _m =ms belong+ to ,european languages1#bhe are work$ out 9 l mann] among ! l[] races--,vei mu mu #8dumb'2 ,mpongwe imamu #8dumb'2 ,zulu momata 7f moma1 #8a motion ) ! m\? z 9 mumbl+'7 #8to move ! m\? or lips1' mumata #8to close ! lips z ) a m\?ful ( wat]1' mumuta1 mumuza #8to eat m\?fuls ( corn1 c41 ) ! lips %ut2' ,tahitian mamu #8to be sil5t1' omumu #8to murmur2' ,fijian1 nomo1 nomo-nomo #8to be sil5t2' ,*ilian1 omn #8to be sil5t2' ,qui*1 mem #8mute1' :5ce mem] #8to become mute2' ,qui*ua1 amu #8dumb1 sil5t1' amull9i #8to h some?+ 9 ! m\?1' amul-layacuni simicta #8to mutt]1 to grumble4' ,! gr\p repres5t$ by ,sanskrit t'ht'h #8! s\nd ( spitt+1' ,p]sian ?u k]dan 7make ?u7 #8to spit1' ,greek 1 may be comp>$ ) ,*9ook mamook toh1 tooh1 7make toh1 tooh72 ,*ilian tuvctun 7make tuv72 ,tahitian tutua2 ,galla twu2 ,yoruba tu4 ,among ! ,sanskrit v]b-roots1 none c>ries its imitative nature m pla9ly ?an k%u #8to sneeze2' ! foll[+ analog\s =ms are f ,s\? ,am]ica3--,*ilian1 e*iun2 ,qui*ua1 a*h9i2 & f v>i\s languages ( ,brazilian tribes1 te*a-ai1 haits*u1 at*ian1 nats*un1 aritis*une1 c4 ,ano!r imitative v]b is well %[n 9 ! ,negro-,engli% dialect ( ,sur9am1 njam #8to eat' 7pron4 nyam71 njam-njam #8food' 7#8en hem njanjam b5 de spr9khan nanga boesi-honi'--#8& 8 meat 0 locu/s & wild honey'74 ,9 ,au/ralia ! imitative v]b #8to eat' reappe>s z g'nam-ang4 ,9 ,africa ! ,susu language has nimnim1 #8to ta/e1' & a simil> =mation is obs]v$ 9 ! ,zulu nambita #8to smack ! lips aft] eat+ or ta/+1 & !nce to be ta/eful1 to be pleasant to ! m9d4' ,?is is an excell5t in/ance ( ! transition ( m]e imitative s\nd to ! expression ( m5tal emotion1 & x corresponds ) ! imitative way 9 :i* ! ,yakama language1 9 speak+ ( little *ildr5 or pet animals1 expresses ! v]b #8to love' z nem-no-%a 7to make n'm-n'74 ,9 m civiliz$ c\ntries ^! =ms are mo/ly conf9$ to baby-language4 ,! ,*9ese *ild's ^w = eat+ is nam1 9 ,engli% nurs]ies nim is notic$ z answ]+ ! same purpose1 & ! ,sw$i% diction>y ev5 recognizes namnam #8a tid-bit4' ,z = imitative names ( animals d]iv$ f _! cries or noises1 !y are to be met ) 9 e language f ! ,au/ralian twonk #8frog1' ! ,yakama rol-rol #8l>k1' to ! ,coptic eei #8ass1' ! ,*9ese ma\ #8cat1' & ! ,engli% cuckoo & peewit4 ,_! g5]al pr9ciple ( =mation be+ ackn[l$g$1 _! fur!r philological int]e/ turns mo/ly on cases :]e correspond+ words h ?us be5 =m$ indep5d5tly 9 di/ant regions1 & ^? :]e ! imitative "n ( ! creature1 or its habitual s\nd1 passes to express "s new idea sugge/$ by its "*4 ,! ,sanskrit "n ( ! kka cr[ reappe>s 9 ! "n ( a simil> bird 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 ! kh-kh2 a fly is call$ by ! natives ( ,au/ralia a bumb]oo1 l ,sanskrit bambh>li #8fly1' ,greek -1 & our bumble-bee4 ,analog\s to ! "n ( ! tse-tse fly1 ! t]ror ( ,african travell]s1 is nts9tsi1 ! ^w = #8fly' among ! ,basutos1 :i* also1 by a simple metaphor1 s]ves to express ! idea ( #8a p>asite4' ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,bates's description seems to settle ! dispute among naturali/s1 :e!r ! t\can _h its "n f its cry or n4 ,he speaks ( its l\d1 %rill1 yelp+ cries hav+ #8a vague resemblance to ! syllables tocno1 tocno1 & h5ce ! ,indian "n ( ?is g5us ( birds4' ,grant+ ?is1 we c trace ?is s\nd-^w into a v new mean+2 = x appe>s t ! bird's mon/r\s bill has sugge/$ a "n = a c]ta9 l>ge-nos$ tribe ( ,indians1 :o are accord+ly call$ ,tucanos4#bhf ,! cock1 gallo quiquiriqui1 z ! ,spani% nurs]y-language calls him1 has a long li/ ( names f v>i\s languages :i* 9 v>i\s ways imitate 8 cr[+2 9 ,yoruba he is call$ koklo1 9 ,ibo okoko1 akoka1 9 ,zulu kuku1 9 ,f9ni% kukko1 9 ,sanskrit kukkuta1 & s on4 ,he is m5tion$ 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a 9 a v curi\s way1 by a "n :i* elaborately imitates 8 cry1 b :i* ! anci5t ,p]sians seem to h held disrespectful to _! holy bird1 :o r\ses m5 f sleep to good ?\ght1 ^w1 & "w3-- #8,! bird :o be>s ! "n ( ,p>d>s1 ,o holy ,z>a?u/ra2 ,^u :om evil-speak+ m5 impose ! "n ,kabrkata4'#bhg ,! cr[+ ( ! cock 7,malay kluruk1 kukuk7 s]ves to m>k a po9t ( "t1 cockcr[4 ,o!r words orig9ally d]iv$ f su* imitation ( cr[+ h pass$ into o!r curi\sly trans=m$ mean+s3 ,old ,fr5* coc>t #8va92' mod]n ,fr5* coquet #8/rutt+ l a cock1 coquett+1 a coxcomb2' coc>de #8a cockade' 7f its lik5ess to a cock's comb72 "o ( ! be/ in/ances is coquelicot1 a "n giv5 = ! same reason to ! wild poppy1 & ev5 m di/9ctly 9 ,langu$oc1 :]e cac>ac means bo? ! cr[+ & ! fl[]4 ,! h5 9 "s languages has a "n correspond+ to t ( ! cock1 z 9 ,kussa kukuduna #8cock1' kukukasi #8h52' ,ewe koklo-tsu #8cock1' koklo-no #8h52' & h] cackle 7:5ce %e has 9 ,switz]l& ! "n ( gugel1 gggel7 has pass$ into language z a t]m = idle gossip & *att] ( wom51 caquet1 caquet]1 gack]n1 mu* z ! noise ( a v diff]5t creature seems to h giv5 rise n only to its "n1 ,italian cicala1 b to a gr\p ( words repres5t$ by cical> #8to *irp1 *att]1 talk sillily4' ,! pigeon is a good example ( ?is k9d1 bo? = s\nd & s5se4 ,x is ,lat9 pipio1 ,italian pippione1 piccione1 pigione1 mod]n ,greek 1 ,fr5* pipion 7old71 pigeon2 its d]ivation is f ! "y bird's peep1 ,lat9 pipire1 ,italian pipi>e1 pigiol>e1 mod]n ,greek 1 to *irp2 by an easy metaphor1 a pigeon comes to mean #8a silly "y fell[ easily caught1' to pigeon #8to *eat1' ,italian pipione #8a silly gull1 "o t is soon caught & trepann$1' pippion>e #8to pigeon1 to gull "o4' ,9 an entirely diff]5t family ( languages1 ,mr4 ,w$gwood po9ts out a curi\sly simil> process ( d]ivation2 ,magy> pipegni1 pipelni #8to peep or *eep2' pipe1 pipk #8a *ick51 gosl+2' pipe-emb] 7*ick5-man71 #8a silly "y fell[1 booby4'#bhh ,! d]ivation ( ,greek 1 ,lat9 bos1 ,wel% bu1 f ! ox's l[+1 or boo+ z x is call$ 9 ! nor? c\ntry1 has be5 mu* debat$4 ,) an excessive desire to make ,sanskrit answ] z a g5]al ,indo-,european type1 ,bopp connect$ ,sanskrit g1 old ,g]man *uo1 ,engli% c[1 ) ^! words1 on ! unusual & =c$ assumption ( a *ange f guttural to labial4#bhi ,! direct d]ivation f s\nd1 h[ev]1 is fav\r$ by o!r languages1 ,co*9-,*9ese bo1 ,hott5tot b\4 ,! bea/ may almo/ answ] = himself 9 ! words ( t ,spani% prov]b :i* rem>ks t p talk accord+ to _! nature3 #8,habl el buey1 y dij bu6' #8,! ox spoke1 & he said boo6' ,among musical in/rum5ts ) imitative names are ! foll[+3--! %ee-%ee-quoi1 ! my/ic rattle ( ! ,r$ ,indian m$ic9e-man1 an imitative ^w :i* reappe>s 9 ! ,d>i5 ,indian %ak-%ak1 ! %ook-%ook ( ! ,arawaks1 ! ,*9ook %ugh 7:5ce %ugh-opoots1 rattletail1 i4e41 #8rattlesnake2'7--! drum1 call$ ganga 9 ,haussa1 gaga 9 ! ,yoruba c\ntry1 gunguma by ! ,gallas1 & hav+ its analogue 9 ! ,ea/]n gong2--! bell1 call$ 9 ,yakama 7,n4 ,am]47 kwa-lal-kwa-lal1 9 ,yal( 7,w4 ,afr47 walwal1 9 ,russian kolokol4 ,! s\nd ( ! horn is imitat$ 9 ,engli% nurs]ies z toot-toot1 & ?is is transf]r$ to express ! #8omnibus' ( :i* ! bugle is ! signal3 ) ?is nurs]y ^w is to be class$ ! ,p]uvian "n = ! #8%ell-trumpet1' pututu1 & ! ,go?ic ?u?aurn 7?ut-horn71 :i* is ev5 us$ 9 ! ,go?ic ,bible = ! la/ trumpet ( ! day ( judgem5t1--#8,9 spdi/9 ?u?arna1 ?u?arnei? auk jah da?ans u/&&' 7,i ,cor4 xv4 #eb74 ,h[ su* imitative words1 :5 ?or\ghly tak5 up into language1 suff] *ange ( pronunciation 9 :i* ! orig9al s\nd-mean+ is lo/1 may be se5 9 ! ,engli% ^w tabor1 :i* we might n recognize z a s\nd-^w at all1 did we n notice t x is ,fr5* tab\r1 a ^w :i* 9 ! =m tamb\r obvi\sly belongs to a gr\p ( words = drums1 ext5d+ f ! small rattl+ ,arabic tubl to ! ,indian dundhubi & ! tombe1 ! ,moqui drum made ( a holl[$ log4 ,! same gr\p %[s ! transf] ( su* imitative words to objects :i* are l ! in/rum5t1 b h no?+ to d ) its s\nd2 few p :o talk ( tamb\r-"w1 & few] /ill :o speak ( a foot/ool z a tab\ret1 associate ^! words ) ! s\nd ( a drum1 yet ! connexion is cle> en\gh4 ,:5 ^! two processes g on toge!r1 & a s\nd-^w *anges its orig9al s\nd on ! "o h&1 & transf]s its mean+ to some?+ else on ! o!r1 ! result may soon leave philological analysis q helpless1 unless by accid5t hi/orical evid5ce is =?com+4 ,?us ) ! ,engli% ^w pipe4 ,putt+ aside ! p>ticul> pronunciation :i* we give ! ^w1 & ref]r+ x back to its m$ival ,lat9 or ,fr5* s\nd 9 pipa1 pipe1 we h be=e u an evid5t imitative "n ( a musical in/rum5t1 d]iv$ f a famili> s\nd us$ also to repres5t ! *irp+ ( *ick5s1 ,lat9 pipire1 ,engli% to peep1 z 9 ! translation ( ,isaiah viii4 #ai3 #8,seek 444 unto wiz>ds t peep1 & t mutt]4' ,! ,algonqu9 ,indians appe> to h =m$ f ?is s\nd pib 7) a grammatical suffix7 _! "n = ! pib-e-gwun or native flute4 ,n[ j z tuba1 tubus1 #8a trumpet' 7itself v likely an imitative ^w7 has giv5 a "n = any k9d ( tube1 s ! ^w pipe has be5 transf]r$ f ! musical in/rum5t to :i* x fir/ belong$1 & is us$ to describe tubes ( v>i\s sorts1 gas-pipes1 wat]-pipes1 & pipes 9 g5]al4 ,!re is no?+ unusual 9 ^! transitions ( mean+1 :i* are 9 fact r ! rule ?an ! exception4 ,! *ib\k 0 orig9ally a h]dsman's pipe or flute 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,! calumet1 popul>ly rank$ ) ! tomahawk & ! mocass9 among *>act]i/ic ,r$ ,indian words1 is only ! "n = a %eph]d's pipe 7,lat9 calamus7 9 ! dialect ( ,norm&y1 correspond+ ) ! *alumeau ( lit]>y ,fr5*2 = :5 ! e>ly coloni/s 9 ,canada saw ! ,indians p]=m+ ! /range op]ation ( smok+1 #8) a holl[ piece ( /one or wood l a pipe1' z ,jacques ,c>ti] has x1 !y m]ely gave to ! native tobacco-pipe ! "n ( ! ,fr5* musical in/rum5t x resembl$4 ,n[ *anges ( s\nd & ( s5se l ?is ( ! ,engli% ^w pipe mu/ h be5 9 cont9ual op]ation 9 hundr$s ( languages :]e we h no evid5ce to foll[ !m by1 & :]e we probably may nev] obta9 su* evid5ce4 ,b :at little we d "k mu/ compel u to d ju/ice to ! imitation ( s\nd z a really exi/+ process1 capable ( furni%+ an indef9itely l>ge supply ( words = ?+s & actions :i* h no necess>y connexion at all ) t s\nd4 ,:]e ! traces ( ! transf] are lo/1 ! result is a /ock ( words :i* are ! despair ( philologi/s1 b are p]haps none ! less fitt$ = ! practical use ( m5 :o simply want recogniz$ symbols = recogniz$ ideas4 ,! claim ( ! ,ea/]n tomtom to h its "n f a m]e imitation ( its s\nd seems an indisputable "o2 b :5 x is notic$ 9 :at v>i\s languages ! beat+ ( a res\nd+ object is express$ by some?+ l tum1 tumb1 tump1 tup1 z 9 ,javan tumbuk1 ,coptic tmno1 #8to p\nd 9 a mort>1' x becomes evid5t t ! admission involves m ?an at fir/ sight appe>s4 ,9 ,malay1 timpa1 tampa1 is #8to beat out1 hamm]1 =ge2' 9 ! ,*9ook ,j>gon tum-tum is #8! he>t1' & by comb9+ ! same s\nd ) ! ,engli% ^w #8wat]1' a "n is made = #8wat]fall1' tum-wta4 ,! ,gallas ( ,ea/ ,africa decl>e t a box on ! e> seems to !m to make a noise l tub1 = !y call its s\nd tubdj$a1 t is1 #8to say tub4' ,9 ! same language1 tuma is #8to beat1' :5ce tumtu1 #8a workman1 especially "o :o beats1 a smi?4' ,) ! aid ( ano!r imitative ^w1 bufa #8to bl[1' ! ,gallas c con/ruct ?is :olly imitative s5t5ce1 tumtun bufa bufti1 #8! smi? bl[s ) bell[s1' z an ,engli% *ild might say1 #8! tumtum puffs ! puff]4' ,?is imitative s\nd seems to h obta9$ a foot+ among ! ,aryan v]b-roots1 z 9 ,sanskrit tup1 tubh #8to smite1' :ile 9 ,greek1 tup1 tump1 has ! mean+ ( #8to beat1 to ?ump1' produc+ = in/ance 1 tympanum1 #8a drum or tomtom4' ,aga91 ! v]b to crack has become 9 mod]n ,engli% z ?or\gh a root-^w z ! language possesses4 ,! m]e imitation ( ! s\nd ( break+ has pass$ into a v]b to break2 we speak ( a crack$ cup or a crack$ reputation )\t a ?\ght ( imitation ( s\nd2 b we _c yet use ! ,g]man kra*5 or ,fr5* craqu] 9 ?is way1 = !y h n develop$ 9 mean+ z our ^w has1 b rema9 9 _! purely imitative /age4 ,!re are two correspond+ ,sanskrit words = ! saw1 kra-k>a1 kra-ka*a1 t is to say1 ! #8kra-mak]1 kra-cri]2' & x is to be obs]v$ t all su* t]ms1 :i* expressly /ate t !y are imitations ( s\nd1 are p>ticul>ly valuable evid5ce 9 ^! enquiries1 = :atev] d\bt !re may be z to o!r words be+ really d]iv$ f imitative s\nd1 !re c1 ( c\rse1 be none "h4 ,moreov]1 !re is evid5ce ( ! same s\nd hav+ giv5 rise to imitative words 9 o!r families ( language1 ,dahoman kra-kra1 #8a wat*man's rattle2' ,grebo grik #8a saw2' ,a9o *a*a #8to saw2' ,malay graji #8a saw1' k>at #8to gna% ! tee?1' k>ot #8to make a grat+ noise2' ,coptic khrij #8to gna% ! tee?1' khrajrej #8to grate4' ,ano!r =m ( ! imitation is giv5 9 ! descriptive ,galla expression cacakdj$a1 i4e41 #8to say cacak1' #8to crack1 kra*54' ,) ?is s\nd corresponds a :ole family ( ,p]uvian words1 ( :i* ! root seems to be ! guttural cca1 com+ f f> back 9 ! ?roat2 ccallani1 #8to break1' ccatatani1 #8to gna% ! tee?1' ccaciy1 #8?und]1' & ! expressive words = #8a ?und]-/orm1' ccaccaccahay1 :i* c>ries ! imitative process s mu* f>!r ?an su* ,european words z ?und]-clap1 donn]-klapf4 ,9 ,maori1 pata is #8to patt] z wat] dropp+1 drops ( ra94' ,! ,man*u language describes ! noise ( fruits fall+ f ! trees z pata pata 7s ,h9du/ani bhadbhad72 ?is is l our ^w pat1 & we %\ld say 9 ! same mann] t ! fruit comes patt]+ d[n1 :ile ,fr5* patatra is a recogniz$ imitation ( some?+ fall+4 ,coptic potpt is #8to fall1' & ! ,au/ralian badbad9 7or patpat97 is translat$ into almo/ lit]al ,engli% z pitpatt+4 ,on ! /r5g? ( su* non-,aryan languages1 are we to assign an imitative orig9 to ! ,sanskrit v]b-root pat1 #8to fall1' & to ,greek 8 ,wi%+ r to ga9 a cle> survey ( ! pr9ciples ( language-mak+ ?an to plunge into obscure problems1 x is n necess>y = me to discuss "h que/ions ( intricate detail4 ,! po9t :i* cont9ually arises is ?is1--grant$ t a p>ticul> k9d ( transition f s\nd to s5se is possible 9 ! ab/ract1 may x be safely claim$ 9 a p>ticul> case8 ,9 look+ ?r\gh ! vocabul>ies ( ! _w1 x appe>s t mo/ languages (f] words :i*1 by obvi\s likel9ess or by _! correspond5ce ) simil> =ms else:]e1 may put =w>d a tol]able claim to be consid]$ imitative4 ,"s languages1 z ,aztec or ,mohawk1 (f] s+ul>ly few examples1 :ile 9 o!rs !y are mu* m num]\s4 ,take ,au/ralian cases3 walle1 #8to wail2' bung-bung-we51 #8?und]2' wirriti1 #8to bl[1 z w9d2' wirrirriti1 #8to /orm1 rage1 z 9 fight2' wirri1 bwirri1 #8! native ?r[+ club1' seem+ly s call$ f its :ir ?r\gh ! air2 kur>riti1 #8to hum1 buzz2' kurrirrurriri1 #8r\nd ab\t1 un9telligible1' c42 pitata1 #8to knock1 pelt1 z ra91' pitapitata1 #8to knock2' wiiti1 #8to laugh1 rejoice'--z 9 our own #8,turnam5t ( ,tott5ham'3-- #88,we te he60 quo? ,tyb1 & lugh1 8,ye er a dughty man60' ,! s-call$ ,*9ook ,j>gon ( ,briti% ,columbia is a language cr[d$ ) imitative words1 sometimes adopt$ f ! native ,indian languages1 sometimes made on ! spot by ! comb9$ ef=ts ( ! :ite man & ! ,indian to make "o ano!r und]/&4 ,samples ( its quality are hh-hoh1 #8to c\gh1' k-ko1 #8to knock1' kwa-lal-kwa-lal1 #8to gallop1' muck-a-muck1 #8to eat1' *ak-*ak1 #8! bald eagle' 7f its scream71 mamook tsi% 7make tsi%71 #8to %>p5 on ! gr9d/one4' ,x has be5 rem>k$ by ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] t ! peculi> s\nd made 9 bl[+ out a c&le is n a fav\rite 9 civiliz$ languages1 b x seems to be recogniz$ "h1 = no d\bt x is :at ! compil] ( ! vocabul>y is do+ 8 be/ to write d[n :5 he gives mamook poh 7make poh7 z ! ,*9ook expression = #8to bl[ out or ext+ui% z a c&le4' ,?is j>gon is 9 great measure ( new gr[? )9 ! la/ sev5ty or eighty ye>s1 b its imitative words d n diff] 9 nature f ^? ( ! m ord9>y & old-e/abli%$ languages ( ! _w4 ,?us among ,brazilian tribes !re appe> ,tupi cororng1 cururuc1 #8to snore' 7comp>e ,coptic kh]kh]1 ,qui*ua ccorcuni 7ccor771 :5ce x appe>s t an imitation ( a snore may p]haps s]ve ! ,c>ajs ,indians to express #8to sleep' z ar\r\-cr1 z well z ! relat$ idea ( #8night1' ro\4 ,aga9 ,pim5teira ebaung1 #8to bruise1 beat1' comp>es ) ,yoruba gba1 #8to slap1' gb 7gbang7 #8to s\nd l\dly1 to bang1' & s =?4 ,among ,african languages1 ! ,zulu seems p>ticul>ly ri* 9 imitative words4 ,?us bibiza1 #8to dribble l *ildr51 drivel 9 speak+' 7comp>e ,engli% bib72 babala1 #8! l>g] bu%-antelope' 7f ! baa ( ! female72 boba1 #8to babble1 *att]1 be noisy1' bobi1 #8a babbl]2' boboni1 #8a ?ro/le' 7cries bo6 bo6 comp>e ,am]ican bobol9k72 bomboloza1 #8to rumble 9 ! b[els1 to h a b[el-compla9t2' bubula1 #8to buzz l bees1' bubulela1 #8a sw>m ( bees1 a buzz+ cr[d ( p2' bubuluza1 #8to make a blu/]+ noise1 l fro?+ be] or boil+ fat4' ,^! examples1 f among ^? giv5 "u "o initial lett] 9 "o diction>y ( "o b>b>ic language1 may give an idea ( ! am\nt ( ! evid5ce f ! languages ( ! l[] races be>+ on ! pres5t problem4 ,= ! pres5t purpose ( giv+ a brief s]ies ( examples ( ! sort ( words 9 :i* imitative s\nd seems fairly traceable1 ! /ronge/ & mo/ manageable evid5ce is ( c\rse f\nd among su* words z directly describe s\nds or :at produces !m1 su* z cries ( & names = animals1 ! t]ms = action accompani$ by s\nd1 & ! mat]ials & objects s act$ ^u4 ,9 fur!r inve/igation x becomes m & m requisite to isolate ! s\nd-type or root f ! modifications & additions to :i* x has be5 subject$ = grammatical & phonetical adaptation4 ,x w s]ve to give an idea ( ! ext5t & intricacy ( ?is problem1 to glance at a gr\p ( words 9 "o ,european language1 & notice ! etymological network :i* spreads r\nd ! ,g]man ^w klapf1 9 ,grimm's diction>y1 klapp51 klipp51 klopf51 klff51 klimp]n1 klamp]n1 klat]51 klot]51 klitt]51 klatz51 klack51 & m1 to be mat*$ ) alli$ =ms 9 o!r languages4 ,sett+ aside ! consid]ation ( grammatical inflexion1 x belongs to ! pres5t subject to notice t man's imitative faculty 9 language is by no means limit$ to mak+ direct copies ( s\nd & %ap+ !m into words4 ,x seizes ^u ready-made t]ms ( :atev] orig91 alt]s & adapts !m to make _! s\nd fitt+ to _! s5se1 & p\rs into ! diction>ies a flood ( adapt$ words ( :i* ! mo/ difficult to analyse are ^? :i* are nei!r altoge!r etymological nor altoge!r imitative1 b p>tly bo?4 ,h[ words1 :ile pres]v+1 s to speak1 ! same skeleton1 may be made to foll[ ! v>iation ( s\nd1 ( =ce1 ( duration1 ( size1 an imitative gr\p m or less connect$ ) ! la/ w %[--crick1 creak1 crack1 cra%1 cru%1 crun*1 craun*1 scrun*1 scraun*4 ,x does n at all foll[ t because a ^w suff]s su* imitative & symbolic *anges x mu/ be1 l ?is1 directly imitative 9 its orig94 ,:at1 = in/ance1 c\ld s\nd m imitative ?an ! "n ( t old-fa%ion$ cannon = ?r[+ grape-%ot1 ! patt]]o8 ,yet ! etymology ( ! ^w appe>s 9 ! ,spani% =m p$r]o1 ,fr5* p]ri]2 x means simply an in/rum5t = ?r[+ /ones 7pi$ra1 pi]re71 & x 0 only :5 ! ,spani% ^w 0 adopt$ 9 ,engl& t ! imitative faculty caught & trans=m$ x into an app>5t s\nd-^w1 resembl+ ! v]b to patt]4 ,! prop5sity ( language1 especially 9 slang1 to make s5se ( /range words by alt]+ !m into some?+ ) an appropriate mean+ has be5 (t5 dwelt ^u by philologi/s1 b ! prop5sity to alt] words into some?+ ) an appropriate s\nd has produc$ results imm5sely m important4 ,! effects ( symbolic *ange ( s\nd act+ ^u v]b-roots seem almo/ b\ndless4 ,! v]b to waddle has a /rong imitative appe>ance1 & s 9 ,g]man we c h>dly resi/ ! sugge/ion t imitative s\nd has to d ) ! diff]5ce betwe5 w&]n & w&eln2 b all ^! v]bs belong to a family repres5t$ by ,sanskrit vad1 to g1 ,lat9 vado1 & to ?is root !re seems no suffici5t gr\nd = assign+ an imitative orig91 ! traces ( :i* x has at any rate lo/ if x ev] _h !m4 ,?us1 aga91 to /amp ) ! foot1 :i* has be5 claim$ z an imitation ( s\nd1 seems only a #8col\r$' ^w4 ,! root /a1 #8to /&1' ,sanskrit /h1 =ms a causative /ap1 ,sanskrit /hpay1 #8to make to /&1' ,engli% to /op1 & a foot-/ep is :5 ! foot comes to a /&1 a foot-/op4 ,b we h ,anglo-,saxon /apan1 /pan1 /eppan1 ,engli% to /ep1 v>y+ to express its mean+ by s\nd 9 to /aup1 to /amp1 to /ump1 & to /omp1 contra/+ 9 _! viol5ce or clumsy weight ) ! foot on ! ,dorset cottage-sill 9 ,b>nes's poem3-- #8,:]e love d seek ! mad5's ev5n vloor1 ,wi' /ip-/ep light1 an tip-tap slight ,agen ! door4' ,by exp&+1 modify+1 or1 s to speak1 col\r+1 s\nd is able to produce effects closely l ^? ( ge/ure-language1 express+ l5g? or %ortness ( "t1 /r5g? or weakness ( action1 & !n pass+ into a fur!r /age to describe greatness or smallness ( size or ( di/ance1 & !nce mak+ its way into ! wide/ fields ( metaphor4 ,& x does all ?is ) a =ce :i* is surpris+ :5 we consid] h[ *ildi%ly simple are ! means employ$4 ,?us ! ,ba*ap9 ( ,africa call a man ) ! cry hla6 b accord+ z he is f> or f>!r (f ! s\nd ( ! hela6 h--la6 is l5g!n$ out4 ,mr4 ,macgregor 9 8 #8,rob ,roy on ! ,jordan1' graphically describes ?is me?od ( expression1 #88,b :]e is ,zalm\da80444 ,!n ) r\gh eag]ness ! /ronge/ ( ! ,d[ana faction pu%es 8 long =ef+] =w>d1 po9t+ /raight en\gh--b :i!r8 & ) a volley ( words ends1 ,ah-ah-a-a-a----a-a4 ,?is /range expression _h long be=e puzzl$ me :5 fir/ he>d f a %eph]d 9 ,ba%an4444 ,b ! simple mean+ ( ?is long /r+ ( 8ah's0 %ort5$1 & quick5$1 & l[]$ 9 tone to ! end1 is m]ely t ! place po9t$ to is a 8v great way (f40' ,! ,*9ook ,j>gon1 z usual repres5t+ primitive developm5ts ( language1 uses a simil> device 9 l5g!n+ ! s\nd ( words to indicate di/ance4 ,! ,siamese c1 by v>y+ ! tone-acc5t1 make ! syllable non1 #8!re1' express a ne>1 indef9ite1 or f> di/ance1 & 9 l mann] c modify ! mean+ ( su* a ^w z ny1 #8little4' ,9 ! ,gaboon1 ! /r5g? ) :i* su* a ^w z mpolu1 #8great1' is utt]$ s]ves to %[ :e!r x is great1 v great1 or v v great1 & 9 ?is way1 z ,mr4 ,wilson rem>ks 9 8 ,mpongwe ,gramm>1 #8! comp>ative degrees ( greatness1 smallness1 h>dness1 rapidity1 & /r5g?1 c41 may be convey$ ) m accuracy & precision ?an c\ld readily be conceiv$4' ,9 ,madagasc> rat*i means #8bad1' b rt*i is #8v bad4' ,! natives ( ,au/ralia1 accord+ to ,oldfield1 %[ ! use ( ?is process 9 comb9ation ) t ( symbolic r$uplication3 among ! ,wat*&ie tribe jir-rie signifies #8already or pa/1' jir-rie jir-rie indicates #8a long "t ago1' :ile jie-r-rie jirrie 7! fir/ syllable be+ dwelt on = "s "t7 signifies #8an imm5se "t ago4' ,aga91 boo-rie is #8small1' boo-rie-boo-rie #8v small1' & b-o-rie boorie #8exce$+ly small4' ,wilhelm von ,humboldt notices ! habit ( ! s\!rn ,gu>ani dialect ( ,s\? ,am]ica ( dwell+ m or less "t on ! suffix ( ! p]fect t5se1 yma1 y--ma1 to indicate ! l5g? or %ortness ( ! di/ance ( "t at :i* ! action took place2 & x is curi\s to obs]ve t a simil> contrivance is made use ( among ! aborig9al tribes ( ,india1 :]e ! ,ho language =ms a future t5se by add+ to ! root1 & prolong+ its s\nd1 kajee #8to speak1' ,amg kaj #8,i w speak4' ,z might be expect$1 ! languages ( v rude tribes %[ extremely well h[ ! results ( su* primitive processes pass into ! recogniz$ /ock ( language4 ,no?+ c\ld be bett] = ?is ?an ! words by :i* "o ( ! rude/ ( liv+ races1 ! ,botocudos ( ,brazil1 express ! sea4 ,!y h a ^w = a /ream1 ouat\1 & an adjective :i* means great1 ijipakiji\2 !nce ! two words #8/ream-great1' a little /r5g!n$ 9 ! v[els1 w give ! t]m = a riv]1 ouat\-ijiipakiiij\1 z x 71 #8/ream-grea-at1' & ?is1 to express ! imm5sity ( ! ocean1 is amplifi$ into ouat\-iijipakiij\-ou-ou-ou-ou-ou4 ,ano!r tribe ( ! same family works out ! same result m simply2 ! ^w ouat\1 #8/ream1' becomes ouat\-ou-ou-ou1 #8! sea4' ,! ,*avantes v naturally /ret* ! expression rom-o-wodi1 #8,i g a long way1' into rom-o-o-o-o-wodi1 #8,i g a v long way inde$1' & :5 !y are call$ ^u to c\nt beyond five !y say x is ka-o-o-oki1 by :i* !y evid5tly mean x is a v great _m4 ,! ,cauixanas 9 "o vocabul>y are describ$ z say+ lawauugabi = f\r1 & drawl+ out ! same ^w = five1 z if to say #8a long f\r1' 9 some:at ! same way z ! ,aponegicrans1 ^: ^w = six is itawuna1 c exp& ?is into a ^w = sev51 itawuna1 obvi\sly ?us mean+ a #8long six4' ,9 _! e>li] & simpl] /ages no?+ c be m easy to compreh5d ?an ^!1 s to speak1 pictorial modifications ( words4 ,x is true t writ+1 ev5 ) ! aid ( italics & capitals1 ignores mu* ( ?is symbolism 9 spok5 language1 b e *ild c see its use & mean+1 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( book-le>n+ & s*ool-tea*+ to set aside :atev] _c be express$ by _! imp]fect symbols1 nor controll$ by _! n>r[ rules4 ,b :5 we try to foll[ out to _! full results ^! me?ods1 at fir/ s easy to trace & appreciate1 we soon f9d !m pass+ out ( our grasp4 ,! language ( ! ,sahapt9 ,indians %[s u a process ( modify+ words :i* is f> f cle>1 & yet n utt]ly obscure4 ,^! ,indians h a way ( mak+ a k9d ( disrespectful dim9utive by *ang+ ! n 9 a ^w to l2 ?us tw9wt means #8tailless1' b to indicate p>ticul> smallness1 or to express contempt1 !y make ?is into twilwt1 pron\nc$ ) an appropriate *ange ( tone2 & aga91 wana means #8riv]1' b ?is is made into a dim9utive wala by #8*ang+ n into l1 giv+ ! voice a diff]5t tone1 putt+ ! lips out 9 speak+1 & keep+ !m susp5d$ ar\nd ! jaw4' ,"h we are told en\gh ab\t ! *ange ( pronunciation to guess at lea/ h[ x c\ld convey ! notions ( smallness & contempt4 ,b x is less easy to foll[ ! process by :i* ! ,mpongwe language turns an affirmative into a negative v]b by #8an intonation ^u1 or prolongation ( ! radical v[el1' tnda1 to love1 tnda1 n to love2 tndo1 to be lov$1 tndo1 n to be lov$4 ,s ,yoruba1 bba1 #8a great ?+1' bba1 #8a small ?+1' contra/$ 9 a prov]b1 #8,baba bo1 baba molle'--#8,a great matt] puts a small] out ( sight4' ,language is1 9 fact1 full ( phonetic modifications :i* ju/ify a suspicion t symbolic s\nd _h to d ) _! production1 ?\gh x may be h>d to say exactly h[4 ,aga91 !re is ! famili> process ( r$uplication1 simple or modifi$1 :i* produces su* =ms z murmur1 pitpat1 helt]skelt]4 ,?is action1 ?\gh mu* re/rict$ 9 lit]>y dialects1 has su* imm5se scope 9 ! talk ( *ildr5 & savages t ,pr(essor ,pott's treatise on x#bij has become incid5tally "o ( ! mo/ valuable collections ( facts ev] made ) relation to e>ly /ages ( language4 ,n[ up to a c]ta9 po9t any *ild c see h[ & :y su* d\bl+ is done1 & h[ x always adds some?+ to ! orig9al idea4 ,x may make sup]latives or o!rwise int5sify words1 z 9 ,polynesia loa #8long1' lololoa #8v long'2 ,m&+o d+ #8a *ild1' d+d+ #8a v little *ild4' ,x makes plurals1 z ,malay raja-raja #8pr9ces1' orang-orang #8p4' ,x adds num]als1 z ,mosquito walwal #8f\r' 7two-two71 or di/ributes !m1 z ,coptic ouai ouai #8s+ly' 7"o-"o74 ,^! are cases :]e ! motive ( d\bl+ is comp>atively easy to make out4 ,z an example ( cases mu* m difficult to compreh5d may be tak5 ! famili> r$uplication ( ! p]fect t5se1 ,greek f 1 ,lat9 momordi f mordeo1 ,go?ic haihald f haldan1 #8to hold4' ,r$uplication is habitually us$ 9 imitative words to int5sify !m1 & /ill m1 to %[ t ! s\nd is repeat$ or cont9u\s4 ,f ! imm5se mass ( su* words we may take z in/ances ! ,botocudo h\-h\-h\-git*a #8to suck' 7comp>e ,tongan hh #8brea/'71 kiaku-kck-kck1 #8a butt]fly'2 ,qui*ua *iuiuiuii*i #8w9d :i/l+ 9 ! trees'2 ,maori h>uru #8noise ( w9d'2 hohoro #8hurry'2 ,dayak kakakkaka #8to g on laugh+ l\d'2 ,a9o %iriu%iriukanni #8a rasp'2 ,tamil murumuru #8to murmur'2 ,akra ewiewiewiewie #8he spoke repeat$ly & cont9ually'2 & s on1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( ! languages ( ! _w4 ,! device ( convey+ diff]5t ideas ( di/ance by ! use ( a graduat$ scale ( v[els seems to me "o ( great philological int]e/1 f ! sugge/ive h9t x gives ( ! proce$+s ( ! language-mak]s 9 mo/ di/ant regions ( ! _w1 work+ out 9 v>i\s ways a simil> +5i\s contrivance ( expression by s\nd4 ,a typical s]ies is ! ,javan3 iki #8?is' 7close by7 ika #8t' 7at "s di/ance72 iku #8t' 7f>!r (f74 ,x is n likely t ! foll[+ li/ ne>ly exhau/s ! :ole numb] ( cases 9 ! languages ( ! _w1 = ab\t half ! numb] h be5 incid5tally not$ d[n by myself )\t any especial se>*1 b m]ely 9 ! c\rse ( look+ ov] vocabul>ies ( ! l[] races4#bia ,javan 444 iki1 ?is2 ika1 t 7int]m$iate72 iku1 t4 ,malagasy 444 ao1 !re 7at a %ort di/ance72 eo1 !re 7at a %ort] di/ance72 io1 !re 7close at h&74 atsy1 !re 7n f> (f72 etsy1 !re 7ne>]72 itsy1 ?is or ^!4 ,japanese 444 ko1 "h2 ka1 !re4 kor]a1 ^!2 k>]a1 !y 7^?74 ,can>ese 444 ivanu1 ?is2 uvanu1 t 7int]m$iate72 avanu1 t4 ,tamul 444 1 ?is2 1 t4 ,rajmahali 444 h1 ?is2 h1 t4 ,dhimal 444 i%o1 ita1 "h2 u%o1 uta1 !re4 iti1 idong1 ?is2 uti1 udong1 t 7( ?+s & p]sons respectively74 ,ab*asian 444 abri1 ?is2 ubri1 t4 ,ossetic 444 am1 "h2 um1 !re4 ,magy> 444 ez1 ?is2 az1 t4 ,zulu 444 apa1 "h2 apo1 !re4 lesi1 leso1 lesiya2 abu1 abo1 abuya2 c4 ?is1 t1 t 79 ! di/ance74 ,yoruba 444 na1 ?is2 ni1 t4 ,f]n&ian 444 olo1 ?is2 ole1 t4 ,tumale 444 re1 ?is2 ri1 t4 ngi1 ,i2 ngo1 ?\2 ngu1 he4 ,gre5l&i% 444 uv1 "h1 !re 7:]e "o po9ts to72 iv1 !re1 up !re4 ,sujelpa 7,coleville ,ind47 444 aa1 ?is2 ii1 t4 ,sahapt9 444 k9a1 "h2 kuna1 !re4 ,mutsun 444 ne1 "h2 nu1 !re4 ,t>ahum>a 444 ibe1 "h2 abe1 !re4 ,gu>ani 444 nde1 ne1 ?\2 ndi1 ni1 he4 ,botocudo 444 ati1 ,i2 oti1 ?\1 y1 7prep47 to4 ,c>ib 444 ne1 ?\2 ni1 he4 ,*ilian 444 tva1 va*i1 ?is2 tvey1 vey*i1 t4 ,x is obvi\s on inspection ( ?is li/ ( pron\ns & adv]bs t !y h 9 "s way come to h _! v[els contra/$ to mat* ! contra/ ( "h & !re1 ?is & t4 ,accid5t may sometimes acc\nt = su* cases4 ,= in/ance x is well kn[n to philologi/s t our own ?is & t are pron\ns p>tly di/9ct 9 _! =mation1 ?i-s be+ probably two pron\ns run toge!r1 b yet ! ,dut* neut]s dit #8?is1' & dat #8t1' h tak5 ! appe>ance ( a s+le =m ) contra/$ v[els4#bib ,b accid5t _c acc\nt = ! frequ5cy ( su* words 9 pairs1 & ev5 9 sets ( ?ree1 9 s _m diff]5t languages4 ,!re mu/ h be5 "s common int5tion at "w1 & !re is evid5ce t "s ( ^! languages d resort to a *ange ( s\nd z a means ( express+ *ange ( di/ance4 ,?us ! language ( ,f]n&o ,po c n only express #8?is' & #8t' by olo1 ole1 b x c ev5 make a *ange ( ! pronunciation ( ! v[el di/+ui% betwe5 o boehe #8?is mon?1' & oh boehe1 #8t mon?4' ,9 ! same way ! ,grebo c make ! diff]5ce betwe5 #8,i' & #8?\1' #8we1' & #8y1' #8solely by ! intonation ( ! voice1 :i* ! f9al h ( ! second p]sons mh & h is int5d$ to express4' m di1 ,i eat2 mh di1 ?\ eate/2 di1 we eat2 h di1 ye eat4 ,! set ( ,zulu demon/ratives :i* express ! ?ree di/ances ( ne>1 f>!r1 f>!/1 are v complex1 b a rem>k z to _! use %[s h[ ?or\ghly symbolic s\nd ent]s into _! nature4 ,! ,zulus n only say nansi1 #8"h is1' nanso1 #8!re is1' nansiya1 #8!re is 9 ! di/ance1' b !y ev5 express ! greatness ( ?is di/ance by ! emphasis & prolongation ( ! ya4 ,if we c\ld disc]n a simil> gradation ( ! v[els to express a correspond+ gradation ( di/ance ?r\gh\t our li/1 ! :ole matt] w\ld be easi] to expla92 b x is n s1 ! i-words = in/ance1 are sometimes ne>] & sometimes f>!r (f ?an ! a-words4 ,we c only judge t1 z ev5 *ildr5 c see t a scale ( v[els makes a mo/ expressive scale ( di/ances1 _m pron\ns & adv]bs 9 use 9 ! _w h probably tak5 _! %ape "u ! influ5ce ( ?is simple device1 & ?us !re h aris5 sets ( :at we may call contra/$ or #8diff]5tial' words4 ,h[ ! diff]5c+ ( words by *ange ( v[els may be us$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! sexes1 is well put 9 a rem>k ( ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]'s3 #8,! di/9ction ( g5d] 444 is sometimes express$ 9 su* a mann] t we c only expla9 x by ascrib+ an expressive p[] to ! m or less obscure s\nd ( v[els4 ,ukko1 9 ,f9nic1 is an old man2 akka1 an old woman4444 ,9 ,m&%u *a*a is mas4 444 *e*e1 fem9a4 ,aga91 ama1 9 ,m&%u1 is fa!r2 eme1 "m2 am*a1 fa!r-9-law1 em*e1 "m-9-law4'#bic ,! ,coret language ( ,brazil has ano!r curi\sly contra/$ pair ( words tsack1 #8fa!r1' tsaacko #8"m1' :ile ! ,c>ib has baba = fa!r1 & bibi = "m1 & ! ,ibu ( ,africa has nna = fa!r & nne = "m4 ,?is contrivance ( di/+ui%+ ! male f ! female by a diff]5ce ( v[els is h[ev] b a small "p ( ! process ( =mation :i* c be trac$ among su* words z ^? = fa!r & "m4 ,_! consid]ation leads into a v int]e/+ philological region1 t ( #8,*ildr5's language4' ,if we set d[n a few ( ! pairs ( words :i* /& = #8fa!r' & #8"m' 9 v diff]5t & di/ant languages--papa & mama2 ,wel%1 tad 7dad7 & mam2 ,hung>ian1 atya & anya2 ,m&+o1 fa & ba2 ,lummi 7,n4 ,am]ica71 man & tan2 ,catoqu9a 7,s4 ,am]ica71 pay & nay2 ,wat*&ie 7,au/ralia71 amo & ago--_! contra/ seems to lie 9 _! consonants1 :ile _m o!r pairs diff] totally1 l ,hebrew ab & im2 ,kuki1 p'ha & noo2 ,kayan1 amay & inei2 ,t>ahum>a1 nono & jeje4 ,words ( ! class ( papa & mama1 occurr+ 9 remote p>ts ( ! _w1 7 once freely us$ z evid5ce ( a common orig9 ( ! languages 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd alike4 ,b ,pr(essor ,bus*mann's pap] on #8,nature-,s\nd1' publi%$ 9 #ahec1bid effectually ov]?rew ?is argum5t1 & settl$ ! view t su* co9cid5ce might arise aga9 & aga9 by indep5d5t production4 ,x 0 cle>ly ( no use to argue t ,c>ib & ,engli% 7 alli$ because ! ^w papa1 #8fa!r1' belongs to bo?1 or ,hott5tot & ,engli% because bo? use mama = #8"m1' see+ t ^! *ildi% articulations may be us$ 9 j ! opposite way1 = ! ,*ilian ^w = "m is papa1 & ! ,tlatskanai = fa!r is mama4 ,yet ! *oice ( easy little words = #8fa!r' & #8"m' does n seem to h be5 q indiscrim9ate4 ,! imm5se li/ ( su* words collect$ by ,bus*mann %[s t ! types pa & ta1 ) ! simil> =ms ap & at1 prepond]ate 9 ! _w z names = #8fa!r1' :ile ma & na1 am & an1 prepond]ate z names = #8"m4' ,8 explanation ( ?is /ate ( ?+s z affect$ by direct symbolism *oos+ ! h>d s\nd = ! fa!r1 & ! g5tl] = ! "m1 has v likely tru? 9 x1 b x mu/ n be pu%$ too f>4 ,x _c be1 = in/ance1 ! same pr9ciple ( symbolism :i* leads ! ,wel%m5 to say tad = #8fa!r' & mam = #8"m1' & ! ,indian ( ,briti% ,columbia to say maan1 #8fa!r' & taan1 #8"m1' or ! ,georgian to say mama #8fa!r' & d$a #8"m4' ,yet ,i h n succe$$ 9 f9d+ any:]e our famili> papa & mama exactly rev]s$ 9 "o & ! same language2 ! ne>e/ approa* to x t ,i c give is f ! isl& ( ,meang1 :]e mama meant #8fa!r1 man1' & babi1 #8"m1 woman4'#bie ,betwe5 ! nurs]y words papa & mama & ! m =mal fa!r & "m !re is an obvi\s resemblance 9 s\nd4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! orig9 ( ^! words fa!r & "m8 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t _! hi/ory is cle>4 ,!y belong to ! same gr\p ( organiz$ words ) vat] & mutt]1 pat] & mat]1 & 1 pit> & mt>1 & o!r simil> =ms ?r\gh ! ,indo-,european family ( languages4 ,!re is no d\bt t all ^! pairs ( names are d]iv$ f an anci5t & common ,aryan s\rce1 & :5 !y are trac$ back z f> z possible t[>ds t s\rce1 !y appe> to h sprung f a pair ( words :i* may be r\ghly call$ pat> & mat>1 & :i* 7 =m$ by add+ t>1 ! suffix ( ! actor1 to ! v]b-roots pa & ma4 ,!re be+ two appropriate ,sanskrit v]bs p & m1 x is possible to etymologize ! two words z pat>1 #8protector1' & mat>1 #8produc]4' ,n[ ?is pair ( ,aryan words mu/ h be5 v anci5t1 ly+ back at ! remote common s\rce f :i* =ms p>allel to our ,engli% fa!r & "m pass$ into ,greek & ,p]sian1 ,norse & ,arm5ian1 ?us hold+ fix$ type ?r\gh ! ev5tful c\rse ( ,indo-,european hi/ory4 ,yet1 anci5t z ^! words are1 !y 7 no d\bt prec$$ by simpl] rudim5t>y words ( ! *ildr5's language1 = x is n likely t ! primitive ,aryans did )\t baby-words = fa!r & "m until !y _h an organiz$ sy/em ( add+ suffixes to v]b-roots to express su* notions z #8protector' or #8produc]4' ,nor c x be suppos$ t x 0 by m]e accid5t t ! root-words ?us *os5 happ5$ to be ! v s\nds pa & ma1 ^: types s (t5 occur 9 ! remote/ p>ts ( ! _w z names = #8fa!r' & #8"m4' ,pr(4 ,adolphe ,pictet makes %ift to acc\nt = ! co9cid5ce ?us3 he po/ulates fir/ ! pair ( =ms p & m z ,aryan v]b-roots ( unkn[n orig91 mean+ #8to protect' & #8to create1' next ano!r pair ( =ms pa & ma1 *ildr5's words commonly us$ to d5ote fa!r & "m1 & la/ly he comb9es ! two by suppos+ t ! root-v]bs p & m 7 *os5 to =m ! ,indo-,european words = p>5ts1 because ( _! resemblance to ! famili> baby-words already 9 use4 ,?is circuit\s process at any rate saves ^? sacr$ monosyllables1 ! ,sanskrit v]b-roots1 f ! disgrace ( an assignable orig94 ,yet ^? :o rememb] t ^! v]b-roots are only a set ( crude =ms 9 use 9 "o p>ticul> language ( ! _w at "o p>ticul> p]iod ( its developm5t1 may acc\nt = ! facts m simply & m ?or\ghly4 ,x is a fair guess t ! ubiquit\s pa & ma ( ! *ildr5's language 7 ! orig9al =ms2 t !y 7 us$ 9 an e>ly p]iod ( ,aryan spee* z indiscrim9ately sub/antive & v]b1 j z our mod]n ,engli%1 :i* s (t5 reproduces ! mo/ rudim5t>y l+ui/ic processes1 c =m f ! n\n #8fa!r' a v]b #8to fa!r2' & t la/ly !y became v]b-roots1 :5ce ! words pat> & mat> 7 =m$ by ! addition ( ! suffix4#bif ,! baby-names = p>5ts mu/ n be /udi$ z ?\gh !y /ood alone 9 language4 ,!y are only important memb]s ( a great class ( words1 belong+ to all times & c\ntries )9 our exp]i5ce1 & =m+ a *ildr5's language1 ^: common "* is due to its conc]n+ itself ) ! limit$ set ( ideas 9 :i* little *ildr5 are int]e/$1 & express+ ^! ideas by ! limit$ set ( articulations suit$ to ! *ild's fir/ attempts to talk4 ,?is peculi> language is m>k$ q *>act]i/ically among ! l[ savage tribes ( ,au/ralia2 mamman #8fa!r1' ngangan #8"m1' & by metaphor #8?umb1' #8great toe' 7z is m fully expla9$ 9 j9namamman #8great toe1' i4e4 foot's fa!r71 tamm9 #8gr&fa!r or gr&mo!r1' bab-ba #8bad1 fooli%1 *ildi%1' bee-bee1 beep #8brea/1' pappi #8fa!r1' pappa #8"y "o1 pup1 :elp1' 7:5ce is grammatically =m$ ! v]b papp>niti #8to become a "y "o1 to be born4'7 ,or if we look = examples f ,india1 x does n matt] :e!r we take !m f non-,h9du or ,h9du languages1 = 9 baby-language all races are on "o foot+4 ,?us ,tamil app #8fa!r1' amm #8"m1' ,bodo aph #8fa!r1' y #8"m2' ! ,koc* gr\p nn & nni #8pat]nal gr&fa!r & gr&mo!r1' mm #8uncle1' dd #8c\s91' may be set beside ,sanskrit tata #8fa!r1' nan #8"m1' & ! ,h9du/ani words ( ! same class1 ( :i* "s are famili> to ! ,engli% e> by be+ naturaliz$ 9 ,anglo-,indian talk1 bb #8fa!r1' bb #8*ild1 pr9ce1 ,mr41' bb #8lady1' dad #8nurse' 7y #8nurse' seems borr[$ f ,portuguese74 ,su* words are cont9ually com+ fre% into exi/5ce ev]y:]e1 & ! law ( natural selection det]m9es _! fate4 ,! great mass ( ! nana's & dada's ( ! nurs]y die out almo/ z soon z made4 ,"s few take m root & spread ov] l>ge di/ricts z accept$ nurs]y words1 & n[ & !n a curi\s philologi/ makes a collection ( !m4 ,( su*1 _m are obvi\s mutilations ( long] words1 z ,fr5* faire dodo #8to sleep' 7dormir71 ,br&5burg wiwi1 a common cradle lullaby 7wieg574 ,o!rs1 :atev] _! orig91 fall1 9 consequ5ce ( ! small v>iety ( articulations out ( :i* !y mu/ be *os51 into a curi\sly indiscrim9ate & unmean+ mass1 z ,swiss bobo #8a scrat*2' bambam #8all gone2' ,italian bob #8some?+ to dr9k1' gogo #8little boy1' = d$e #8to play4' ,^! are words quot$ by ,pott1 & = ,engli% examples nana #8nurse1' tata6 #8good-bye6' may s]ve4 ,b all baby-words1 z ?is v "n proves1 d n /op %ort ev5 at ?is /age ( publicity4 ,a small proportion ( !m e/abli% !mselves 9 ! ord9>y talk ( gr[n-up m5 & wom51 & :5 !y h once made good _! place z con/itu5ts ( g5]al language1 !y may pass on by inh]itance f age to age4 ,su* examples z h be5 "h quot$ ( nurs]y words give a clue to ! orig9 ( a mass ( names 9 ! mo/ div]se languages1 = fa!r1 "m1 gr&mo!r1 aunt1 *ild1 brea/1 toy1 doll1 c4 ,! negro ( ,f]n&o ,po :o uses ! ^w bubboh = #8a little boy1' is on equal t]ms ) ! ,g]man :o uses bube2 ! ,congo-man :o uses tata = #8fa!r' w\ld und]/& h[ ! same ^w c\ld be us$ 9 classic ,lat9 = #8fa!r1' & 9 m$ival ,lat9 = #8p$agogue2' ! ,c>ib & ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&] agree ) ! ,engli%man t papa is a suitable ^w to express #8fa!r1' & !n x only rema9s to c>ry on ! ^w1 & make ! baby-language "n ! prie/s ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* & ! great ,papa ( ! ,we/]n4 ,at ! same "t ! evid5ce expla9s ! indiff]5ce ) :i*1 out ( ! small /ock ( available mat]ials1 ! same s\nd does duty = ! mo/ diff]5t ideas2 :y mama means "h #8"m1' !re #8fa!r1' !re #8uncle1' maman "h #8"m1' !re #8fa!r-9-law1' dada "h #8fa!r1' !re #8nurse1' !re #8brea/1' tata "h #8fa!r1' !re #8son4' ,a s+le gr\p ( words may s]ve to %[ ! "* ( ?is peculi> region ( language3 ,blackfoot ,indian n9nah #8fa!r2' ,greek #8uncle1' #8aunt2' ,zulu n9a1 ,sangir n9a1 ,malagasy n9i #8"m2' ,javan n9i #8gr&fa!r or gr&mo!r2' ,vayu n9i #8pat]nal aunt2' ,d>i5 ,indian n9ah #8daught]2' ,spani% nio1 nia #8*ild2' ,italian n9na #8little girl2' ,milanese n99 #8b$2' ,italian n9n>e #8to rock ! cradle4' ,9 ?is way a doz5 easy *ild's articulations1 ba's & na's1 ti's & de's1 pa's & ma's1 s]ve almo/ z indiscrim9ately to express a doz5 *ild's ideas z ?\gh !y _h be5 %ak5 9 a bag & pull$ out at r&om to express ! notion t came fir/1 doll or uncle1 nurse or gr&fa!r4 ,x is obvi\s t among words cramp$ to su* scanty *oice ( articulate s\nds1 speculations z to d]ivation mu/ be m ?an usually unsafe4 ,look$ at f ?is po9t ( view1 *ildr5's language may give a valuable lesson to ! philologi/4 ,he has be=e him a k9d ( language1 =m$1 "u peculi> conditions1 & %[+ ! weak po9ts ( 8 me?od ( philological rese>*1 only exagg]at$ into extraord9>y di/9ctness4 ,9 ord9>y language1 ! difficulty ( connect+ s\nd ) s5se lies 9 great measure 9 ! inability ( a small & rigid set ( articulations to express an int]m9able v>iety ( tones & noises4 ,9 *ildr5's language1 a /ill m scanty set ( articulations fails yet m to r5d] ^! di/9ctly4 ,! difficulty ( f9d+ ! d]ivation ( words lies 9 great measure 9 ! use ( m or less simil> root-s\nds = mo/ het]og5e\s purposes4 ,to assume t two words ( diff]5t mean+s1 j because !y s\nd some:at alike1 mu/ !re=e h a common orig91 is ev5 9 ord9>y language ! great s\rce ( bad etymology4 ,b 9 *ildr5's language ! !ory ( root-s\nds fairly breaks d[n4 ,few w\ld v5ture to ass]t1 = in/ance1 t papa & pap h a common d]ivation or a common root4 ,all t we c safely say ( connexion betwe5 !m is t !y are words relat$ by common acceptance 9 ! nurs]y language4 ,z su*1 !y are well m>k$ 9 anci5t ,rome z 9 mod]n ,engl&3 papas #8nutricius1 nutritor1' pappus #8s5ex2' #8cum cibum et potum buas ac papas dicunt1 et matrem mammam1 patrem tatam 7or papam74'#big ,f *ildr5's language1 moreov]1 we h /rik+ pro( ( ! p[] ( cons5sus ( society1 9 e/abli%+ words 9 settl$ use )\t _! c>ry+ traces ( inh]5t expressiv5ess4 ,x is true t *ildr5 are intimately acqua9t$ ) ! use ( emotional & imitative s\nd1 & _! vocal int]c\rse l>gely consi/s ( su* expression4 ,! effects ( ?is are 9 "s degree disc]nible 9 ! class ( words we are consid]+4 ,b x is obvi\s t ! lead+ pr9ciple ( _! =mation is n to adopt words di/+ui%$ by ! expressive "* ( _! s\nd1 b to *oose someh[ a fix$ ^w to answ] a giv5 purpose4 ,to d ?is1 diff]5t languages h *os5 simil> articulations to express ! mo/ div]se & opposite ideas4 ,n[ 9 ! language ( gr[n-up p1 x is cle> t social cons5sus has work$ 9 ! same way4 ,ev5 if ! extreme supposition be grant$1 t ! ultimate orig9 ( e ^w ( language lies 9 inh]5tly expressive s\nd1 ?is only p>tly affects ! case1 = x w\ld h to be admitt$ t1 9 actual languages1 mo/ words h s f> dep>t$ 9 s\nd or s5se f ?is orig9ally expressive /age1 t to all int5ts & purposes !y might at fir/ h be5 arbitr>ily *os54 ,! ma9 pr9ciple ( language has be51 n to pres]ve traces ( orig9al s\nd-signification = ! b5efit ( future etymologi/s1 b to fix elem5ts ( language to s]ve z c\nt]s = practical reckon+ ( ideas4 ,9 ?is process mu* orig9al expressiv5ess has no d\bt disappe>$ beyond all hope ( recov]y4 ,su* are "s ( ! ways 9 :i* vocal s\nds seem to h comm5d$ !mselves to ! m9d ( ! ^w-mak] z fit to express 8 mean+1 & to h be5 us$ accord+ly4 ,i d n ?9k t ! evid5ce "h adduc$ ju/ifies ! sett+-up ( :at is call$ ! ,int]jectional & ,imitative ,!ory z a complete solution ( ! problem ( orig9al language4 ,valid z ?is !ory proves itself )9 limits1 x w\ld be incauti\s to accept a hypo!sis :i* c p]haps satisfactorily acc\nt = a tw5tie? ( ! crude =ms 9 any language1 z a c]ta9 & absolute explanation ( ! n9ete5-tw5tie?s ^: orig9 rema9s d\btful4 ,a key mu/ unlock m doors ?an ?is1 to be tak5 z ! ma/]-key4 ,moreov]1 "s special po9ts :i* h come "u consid]ation 9 ^! *apt]s t5d to %[ ! positive necessity ( su* caution 9 !oriz+4 ,too n>r[ a !ory ( ! application ( s\nd to s5se may fail to include ! v>i$ devices :i* ! languages ( diff]5t regions turn to acc\nt4 ,x is ?us ) ! di/9ction 9 mean+ ( a ^w by its musical acc5t1 & ! di/9ction ( di/ance by graduat$ v[els4 ,^! are +5i\s & intelligible contrivances1 b !y h>dly seem directly emotional or imitative 9 orig94 ,a saf] way ( putt+ ! !ory ( a natural orig9 ( language is to po/ulate ! orig9al utt]ance ( ideas 9 :at may be call$ self-expressive s\nds1 )\t def9+ closely :e!r _! expression lay 9 emotional tone1 imitative noise1 contra/ ( acc5t or v[el or consonant1 or o!r phonetic quality4 ,ev5 "h1 exception ( unkn[n & p]haps enorm\s ext5t mu/ be made = s\nds *os5 by individuals to express "s notion1 f motives :i* ev5 _! own m9ds fail$ to disc]n1 b :i* s\nds nev]!less made good _! foot+ 9 ! language ( ! family1 ! tribe1 & ! nation4 ,!re may be _m modes ev5 ( recognizable phonetic expression1 unkn[n to u z yet4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 z ,i h be5 able to trace !m "h1 su* modes h 9 common a claim to belong n exclusively to ! s*eme ( ?is or t p>ticul> dialect1 b to wide-rang+ pr9ciples ( =mation ( language4 ,_! examples are to be drawn ) equal cog5cy f ,sanskrit or ,hebrew1 f ! nurs]y-language ( ,lomb>dy1 or ! half-,indian1 half-,european j>gon ( ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&2 & :]ev] !y are f\nd1 !y help to furni% gr\ps ( s\nd-words--words :i* h n lo/ ! traces ( _! fir/ expressive orig91 b /ill c>ry _! direct significance pla9ly /amp$ ^u !m4 ,9 fact1 ! "t has n[ come = a sub/antial basis to be laid = ,g5]ative ,philology4 ,a classifi$ collection ( words ) any /rong claim to be self-expressive %\ld be br\ght toge!r out ( ! ?\s& or s ( recogniz$ languages & dialects ( ! _w4 ,9 su* a ,diction>y ( ,s\nd-,words1 half ! cases cit$ might v likely be wor?less1 b ! collection w\ld af=d ! practical means ( expurgat+ itself2 = x w\ld %[ on a l>ge scale :at p>ticul> s\nds h manife/$ _! fitness to convey p>ticul> ideas1 by hav+ be5 repeat$ly *os5 among diff]5t races to convey !m4 ,attempts to expla9 z f> z may be ! prim>y =mation ( spee*1 by trac+ out 9 detail su* processes z h be5 "h describ$1 are likely to increase our k by sure & /eady /eps :]ev] imag9ation does n get ! bett] ( sob] comp>ison ( facts4 ,b !re is "o side ( ?is problem ( ! ,orig9 ( ,language on :i* su* /udies h by no means an enc\rag+ effect4 ,mu* ( ! popul> int]e/ 9 su* matt]s is c5tr$ 9 ! "q1 :e!r ! kn[n languages ( ! _w h _! s\rce 9 "o or _m primval tongues4 ,on ?is subject ! op9ions ( ! philologi/s :o h comp>$ ! greate/ numb] ( languages are utt]ly at v>iance1 nor has any "o br\ght =w>d a body ( philological evid5ce /rong & direct en\gh to make any?+ beyond m]e vague op9ion ju/ifiable4 ,n[ su* processes z ! gr[? ( imitative or symbolic words =m a "p1 be x small or l>ge1 ( ! ,orig9 ( ,language1 b !y are by no means re/rict$ to any p>ticul> place or p]iod1 & are inde$ m or less 9 activity n[4 ,_! op]ation on any two dialects ( "o language w be to introduce 9 ea* a numb] ( new & indep5d5t words1 & words ev5 suspect$ ( hav+ be5 =m$ 9 ?is direct way become valueless z pro( ( g5ealogical connexion betwe5 ! languages 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,! te/ ( su* g5ealogical connexion mu/1 9 fact1 be g5]ally n>r[$ to su* words or grammatical =ms z h become s f> conv5tional 9 s\nd & s5se1 t we _c suppose two tribes to h arriv$ at !m indep5d5tly1 & !re=e consid] t bo? mu/ h inh]it$ !m f a common s\rce4 ,?us ! introduction ( new s\nd-words t5ds to make x practically ( less & less consequ5ce to a language :at its orig9al /ock ( words at />t+ may h be52 & ! philologi/'s ext5sion ( 8 k ( su* direct =mations mu/ compel him to /rip (f m & m ( any language1 z be+ possibly ( lat] gr[?1 be=e he c set himself to argue ^u su* a residuum z may h come by direct inh]itance f times ( primval spee*4 ,9 conclud+ ?is survey1 "s g5]al consid]ations sugge/ !mselves z to ! nature & fir/ beg9n+s ( language4 ,9 /udy+ ! means ( expression among m5 9 /ages ( m5tal culture f> bel[ our own1 "o ( our fir/ ne$s is to cle> our m9ds ( ! k9d ( sup]/iti\s v5]ation ) :i* articulate spee* has s commonly be5 treat$1 z ?\gh x 7 n m]ely ! pr9cipal b ! sole means ( utt]+ ?\ght4 ,we mu/ cease to measure ! hi/orical importance ( emotional exclamations1 ( ge/ure-signs1 & ( picture-writ+1 by _! comp>ative insignificance 9 mod]n civiliz$ life1 b mu/ br+ ourselves to associate ! articulate words ( ! diction>y 9 "o gr\p ) cries & ge/ures & pictures1 z be+ all ( !m means ( manife/+ outw>dly ! inw>d work+s ( ! m9d4 ,su* an admission1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 is f> f be+ a m]e detail ( sci5tific classification4 ,x has really a mo/ important be>+ on ! problem ( ! ,orig9 ( ,language4 ,= z ! reasons are mo/ly d>k to u1 :y p>ticul> words are curr5tly us$ to express p>ticul> ideas1 language has come to be look$ ^u z a my/]y1 & ei!r occult philosophical causes h be5 call$ 9 to expla9 its ph5om5a1 or else ! end[m5t ( man ) ! faculties ( ?\ght & utt]ance has be5 deem$ insuffici5t1 & a special revelation has be5 dem&$ to put into 8 m\? ! vocabul>y ( a p>ticul> language4 ,9 ! debate :i* has be5 c>ri$ on = ages ov] ?is mu*-vex$ problem1 ! say+ 9 ! #8,kratylos' comes back to our m9ds aga9 & aga91 :]e ,sokrates describes ! etymologi/s :o release !mselves f _! difficulties z to ! orig9 ( words by say+ t ! fir/ words 7 div9ely made1 & !re=e "r1 j z ! trag$ians1 :5 !y are 9 p]plexity1 fly to _! ma*9]y & br+ 9 ! gods4#bih ,n[ ,i ?9k t ^? :o sob]ly contemplate ! op]ation ( cries1 groans1 laughs1 & o!r emotional utt]ances1 z to :i* "s consid]ations h be5 "h br\ght =w>d1 w admit t1 at lea/1 our pres5t crude und]/&+ ( ?is k9d ( expression w\ld lead u to class x among ! natural actions ( man's body & m9d4 ,c]ta9ly1 no "o :o und]/&s any?+ ( ! ge/ure-language or ( picture-writ+ w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ei!r z due to occult causes1 or to any sup]natural int]f]5ce ) ! c\rse ( man's intellectual developm5t4 ,_! cause evid5tly lies 9 natural op]ations ( ! human m9d1 n su* z 7 effective 9 "s long-pa/ condition ( humanity & h s9ce disappe>$1 b 9 processes exi/+ among/ u1 :i* we c und]/& & ev5 practise = ourselves4 ,:5 we /udy ! pictures & ge/ures ) :i* savages & ! deaf-&-dumb express _! m9ds1 we c mo/ly see at a glance ! direct relation betwe5 ! outw>d sign & ! inw>d ?\ght :i* x makes manife/4 ,we may see ! idea ( #8sleep' %[n 9 ge/ure by ! head ) %ut eyes1 leant heavily aga9/ ! op5 h&2 or ! idea ( #8runn+' by ! attitude ( ! runn]1 ) *e/ =w>d1 m\? half op51 elb[s & %\ld]s well back2 or #8c&le' by ! /raight =ef+] held up1 & z x 7 bl[n out2 or #8salt' by ! imitat$ act ( spr9kl+ x ) ?umb & f+]4 ,! figures ( ! *ild's picture-book1 ! sleep] & ! runn]1 ! c&le & ! salt-cell>1 %[ _! purport by ! same sort ( evid5t relation betwe5 ?\ght & sign4 ,we s f> und]/& ! nature ( ^! modes ( utt]ance1 t we are ready ourselves to express ?\ght aft] ?\ght by su* means1 s t ^? :o see our signs %all p]ceive our mean+4 ,:51 h[ev]1 enc\rag$ by our ready success 9 mak+ out ! nature & action ( ^! rud] me?ods1 we turn to ! high] art ( spee*1 & ask h[ su* & su* words h come to express su* & su* ?\ghts1 we f9d ourselves face to face ) an imm5se problem1 z yet b 9 small "p solv$4 ,! success ( inve/igation has inde$ be5 en\gh to enc\rage u to pu% vigor\sly =w>d 9 ! rese>*1 b ! pres5t explorations h n ext5d$ beyond corn]s & pat*es ( an else:]e unkn[n field4 ,/ill ! results g f> to w>rant u 9 associat+ expression by ge/ures & pictures ) articulate language z to pr9ciples ( orig9al =mation1 mu* z m5 associate !m 9 actual life by us+ ge/ure & ^w at once4 ,( c\rse1 articulate spee*1 9 its f> m complex & elaborate developm5t1 has tak5 up devices to :i* ! m simple & rude means ( communication (f] no?+ comp>able4 ,/ill1 language1 s f> z its con/itution is und]/ood1 seems to h be5 develop$ l writ+ or music1 l hunt+ or fire-mak+1 by ! ex]cise ( purely human faculties 9 purely human ways4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s by no means belongs exclusively to rudim5t>y philological op]ations1 su* z ! *oos+ expressive s\nds to "n correspond+ ideas by4 ,9 ! high] dep>tm5ts ( spee*1 :]e words already exi/+ are turn$ to acc\nt to express new mean+s & %ade (f new di/9ctions1 we f9d ^! ends atta9$ by contrivances rang+ f extreme dext]ity d[n to utt] clums9ess4 ,= a s+le in/ance1 "o great means ( giv+ new mean+ to old s\nd is metaphor1 :i* transf]s ideas f he>+ to see+1 f t\*+ to ?9k+1 f ! concrete ( "o k9d to ! ab/ract ( ano!r1 & c ?us make almo/ any?+ 9 ! _w help to describe or sugge/ any?+ else4 ,:at ! ,g]man philosoph] describ$ z ! relation ( a c[ to a comet1 t bo? h tails1 is en\gh & m ?an en\gh = ! language-mak]4 ,x /ruck ! ,au/ralians1 :5 !y saw a ,european book1 t x op5$ & %ut l a mussel-%ell1 & !y began accord+ly to call books #8mussels' 7mym74 ,! sight ( a /eam eng9e may sugge/ a :ole gr\p ( su* transitions 9 our own language2 ! /eam passes along #8fifes' or #8trumpets1' t is1 pipes or tubes1 & ent]s by #8fold+-doors' or valves1 to pu% a #8pe/le' or pi/on up & d[n 9 a #8roll]' or cyl9d]1 :ile ! light p\rs f ! furnace 9 #8/aves' or #8poles1' t is1 9 rays or beams4 ,! diction>ies are full ( cases comp>$ ) :i* su* z ^! are pla9 & /raight=w>d4 ,inde$1 ! processes by :i* words h really come into exi/5ce may (t5 en\gh rem9d u ( ! game ( #8,:at is my ?\ght l8' ,:5 "o kn[s ! answ]1 x is easy en\gh to see :at junkett+ & ca!dral canons h to d ) re$s2 ,lat9 juncus #8a re$1' ,l[ ,lat9 juncata1 #8*eese made 9 a re$-basket1' ,italian giuncata #8cream *eese 9 a ru% frail1' ,fr5* joncade & ,engli% junket1 :i* are prep>ations ( cream1 & la/ly junkett+ p>ties :]e su* delicacies are eat52 ,greek 1 #8re$1 cane1' 1 #8measure1 rule1' !nce canonicus1 #8a cl]k "u ! ecclesia/ical rule or canon4' ,b :o c\ld guess ! hi/ory ( ^! words1 :o did n happ5 to "k ^! int]m$iate l9ks8 ,yet !re is ab\t ?is process ( d]ivation a ?or\ghly human artificial "*4 ,:5 we "k ! :ole facts ( any case1 we c g5]ally und]/& x at once1 & see t we might h done ! same ourselves _h x come 9 our way4 ,& ! same ?+ is true ( ! processes ( mak+ s\nd-words detail$ 9 ^! *apt]s4 ,su* a view is1 h[ev]1 9 no way inconsi/5t ) ! attempt to g5]alize ^u ^! processes1 & to /ate !m z phases ( ! developm5t ( language among mank9d4 ,if c]ta9 m5 "u c]ta9 circum/ances produce c]ta9 results1 !n we may at lea/ expect t o!r m5 mu* resembl+ ^! & plac$ "u r\ghly simil> circum/ances w produce m or less l results2 & ?is has be5 %[n ov] & ov] aga9 9 ^! pages to be :at really happ5s4 ,n[ ,wilhelm von ,humboldt's view t language is an #8organism' has be5 consid]$ a great /ep 9 philological speculation2 & s f> z x has l$ /ud5ts to turn _! m9ds to ! se>* aft] g5]al laws1 no d\bt x has be5 s4 ,b x has also caus$ an increase ( vague ?9k+ & talk+1 & !reby no small d>k5+ ( c\nsel4 ,_h x be5 meant to say t human ?\ght1 language1 & action g5]ally1 are organic 9 _! nature1 & "w "u fix$ laws1 ?is w\ld be a v diff]5t matt]2 b ?is is di/9ctly n :at is meant1 & ! v object ( call+ language an organism is to keep x ap>t f m]e human arts & contrivances4 ,x 0 a hateful ?+ to ,humboldt's m9d to #8br+ d[n spee* to a m]e op]ation ( ! und]/&+4' #8,man1' he says1 #8does n s mu* =m language1 z disc]n ) a k9d ( joy\s wond] its developm5ts1 com+ =? z ( !mselves4' ,yet1 if ! practical %ifts by :i* words are %ap$ or appli$ to fit new mean+s are n devis$ by an op]ation ( ! und]/&+1 we ought consi/5tly to c>ry ! /ratagems ( ! soldi] 9 ! field1 or ! contrivances ( ! workman at 8 b5*1 back into ! d>k regions ( in/9ct & involunt>y action4 ,t ! actions ( individual m5 comb9e to produce results :i* may be set d[n 9 ^? g5]al /atem5ts ( fact :i* we call laws1 may be /at$ once aga9 z "o ( ! ma9 propositions ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,culture4 ,b ! nature ( a fact is n alt]$ by its be+ class$ 9 common ) o!rs ( ! same k9d1 & a man is n less ! intellig5t inv5tor ( a new ^w or a new metaphor1 because tw5ty o!r intellig5t inv5tors else:]e may h fall5 on a simil> exp$i5t4 ,! !ory t ! orig9al =ms ( language are to be ref]r$ to a l[ or savage condition ( culture among ! remotely anci5t human race1 /&s 9 g5]al consi/5cy ) ! kn[n facts ( philology4 ,! causes :i* h produc$ language1 s f> z !y are und]/ood1 are notable = t *ildlike simplicity ( op]ation :i* befits ! infancy ( human civilization4 ,! ways 9 :i* s\nds are 9 ! fir/ in/ance *os5 & arrang$ to express ideas1 are practical exp$i5ts at ! level ( nurs]y philosophy4 ,a *ild ( five ye>s old c\ld cat* ! mean+ ( imitative s\nds1 int]jectional words1 symbolism ( sex or di/ance by contra/ ( v[els4 ,j z no "o is likely to ent] into ! real nature ( my?ology :o has n ! ke5e/ appreciation ( nurs]y tales1 s ! _s 9 :i* we guess riddles & play at *ildr5's games is ne$$ to appreciate ! l[] phases ( language4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s agrees ) ! op9ion t su* rudim5t>y spee* _h its orig9 among m5 :ile 9 a *ildlike intellectual condition1 & ?us ! self-expressive bran* ( savage language af=ds valuable mat]ials = ! problem ( primitive spee*4 ,if we look back 9 imag9ation to an e>ly p]iod ( human int]c\rse1 :]e ge/ure & self-expressive utt]ance may h _h a f> great] comp>ative importance ?an among ourselves1 su* a conception introduces no new elem5t into ! problem1 = a /ate ( ?+s m or less answ]+ to ?is is describ$ among c]ta9 l[ savage tribes4 ,if we turn f su* self-expressive utt]ance1 to t "p ( articulate language :i* c>ries its s5se only by traditional & seem+ly arbitr>y cu/om1 we %all f9d no contradiction to ! hypo!sis4 ,s\nd c>ry+ direct mean+ may be tak5 up z an elem5t ( language1 keep+ its fir/ significance recognizable to nations yet unborn4 ,b x may f> m probably become by we> ( s\nd & %ift ( s5se an expressionless symbol1 su* z might h be5 *os5 9 pure arbitr>9ess--a philological process to :i* ! vocabul>ies ( savage dialects be> full witness4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( language1 su* traditional words ) m]ely an inh]it$ mean+ h 9 no small measure driv5 into ! backgr\nd ! self-expressive words1 j z ! ,ea/]n figures #b1 #c1 #d1 :i* are n self-expressive1 h driv5 into ! backgr\nd ! ,roman num]als ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iiii1 :i* are--?is1 aga91 is an op]ation :i* has its place 9 savage z 9 cultivat$ spee*4 ,moreov]1 to look closely at language z a practical means ( express+ ?\ght1 is to face evid5ce ( no slight be>+ on ! hi/ory ( civilization4 ,we come back to ! fact1 s full ( sugge/ion1 t ! languages ( ! _w repres5t sub/antially ! same intellectual art1 ! high] nations inde$ ga9+ m expressive p[] ?an ! l[e/ tribes1 yet do+ ?is n by introduc+ new & m effective c5tral pr9ciples1 b by m]e addition & improvem5t 9 detail4 ,! two great me?ods ( nam+ ?\ghts & /at+ _! relation to "o ano!r1 viz41 metaphor & syntax1 belong to ! infancy ( human expression1 & are z ?or\ghly at home 9 ! language ( savages z ( philosoph]s4 ,if x be argu$ t ?is simil>ity 9 pr9ciples ( language is due to savage tribes hav+ desc5d$ f high] culture1 c>ry+ d[n ) !m 9 _! spee* ! relics ( _! =m] excell5ce1 ! answ] is t l+ui/ic exp$i5ts are actually work$ out ) z mu* orig9ality1 & m ext5sively if n m pr(itably1 among savages ?an among cultur$ m54 ,take = example ! ,algonqu9 sy/em ( comp\nd+ words1 & ! va/ ,esquimaux s*eme ( grammatical inflexion4 ,language belongs 9 ess5tial pr9ciple bo? to l[ grades & high ( civilization2 to :i* %\ld its orig9 be attribut$8 ,an answ] may be _h by comp>+ ! me?ods ( language ) ! "w x has to d4 ,take language all 9 all ov] ! _w1 x is obvi\s t ! processes by :i* words are made & adapt$ h f> less to d ) sy/ematic arrangem5t & sci5tific classification1 ?an ) m]e r\gh & ready +5uity & ! great rule ( ?umb4 ,let any "o ^: vocation x is to realize philosophical or sci5tific conceptions & to express !m 9 words1 ask himself :e!r ord9>y language is an in/rum5t plann$ = su* purposes4 ,( c\rse x is n4 ,x is h>d to say :i* is ! m /rik+1 ! want ( sci5tific sy/em 9 ! expression ( ?\ght by words1 or ! inf9ite clev]ness ( detail by :i* ?is imp]fection is got ov]1 s t he :o has an idea does someh[ make %ift to get x cle>ly 9 words be=e 8 own & o!r m9ds4 ,! language by :i* a nation ) highly develop$ art & k & s5tim5t mu/ express its ?\ghts on ^! subjects1 is no apt ma*9e devis$ = su* special "w1 b an old b>b>ic eng9e add$ to & alt]$1 pat*$ & t9k]$ into "s sort ( capability4 ,e?nography reasonably acc\nts at once = ! imm5se p[] & ! manife/ weakness ( language z a means ( express+ mod]n educat$ ?\ght1 by treat+ x z an orig9al product ( l[ culture1 gradually adapt$ by ages ( evolution & selection1 to answ] m or less suffici5tly ! requirem5ts ( mod]n civilization4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,mpongwe punj9a2 ,basuto foka2 ,c>ib ph\be2 ,arawac appdn 7ignem suffl>e74 ,o!r cases are giv5 by ,w$gwood1 #8,or4 ( ,lang4' p4 #hc4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,see ,w$gwood1 #8,dic4' ,introd4 p4 viii4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,see ,w$gwood1 ,dic41 s4v4 #8mum1' c4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,bates1 #8,naturali/ on ! ,amazons1' #bnd ed41 p4 #djd2 ,m>kham 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc41' vol4 iii4 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #bhg3 #8,ave/a1' ,f>g4 xviii4 #cd-e4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,w$gwood1 ,dic41 s4v4 #8pigeon2' ,diez1 #8,etym4 ,wrt]b41' s4v4 #8piccione4' ,footnote #bhi3 ,bopp1 #8,gloss4 ,sanscr41' s4v4 #8g4' ,see ,pott1 #8,wurzel-,wrt]b4 d] ,indo-,g]m4 ,spr41' s4v4 #8gu1' #8,zhlme?ode1' p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #bij3 ,pott1 #8,doppelung 7,r$uplication1 ,gem9ation7 als e9es d] wi*tig/5 ,bildungsmittel d] ,spra*e1' #ahfb4 ,frequ5t use has be5 "h made ( ?is "w4 ,footnote #bia3 ,= au?orities see especially ,pott1 #8,doppelung1' p4 #cj1 #dg-di2 ,w4 v4 ,humboldt1 #8,kawi-,spr4' vol4 ii4 p4 #cf2 ,max ,mll] 9 ,buns51 #8,philos4 ( ,univ4 ,hi/4' vol4 i4 p4 #cbi2 ,la?am1 #8,comp4 ,phil4' p4 #bjj2 & ! gramm>s & diction>ies ( ! p>ticul> languages4 ,! ,gu>ani & ,c>ib on au?ority ( ,d',orbigny1 #8,l',homme ,amrica91' vol4 ii4 p4 #bfh2 ,dhimal ( ,hodgson1 #8,abor4 ( ,india1' p4 #fi1 #gi1 #aae2 ,colville ,ind4 ( ,wilson 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iv4 p4 #cca2 ,botocudo ( ,m>tius1 #8,gloss4 ,brasil4' ,footnote #bib3 ,also ,old ,high ,g]man diz & daz4 ,footnote #bic3 ,max ,mll]1 l4c4 ,footnote #bid3 ,j4 ,c4 ,e4 ,bus*mann1 #8,ueb] d5 ,naturlaut1' ,b]l91 #ahec2 & 9 #8,abh4 d] ,k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*1' #aheb4 ,an ,engli% trans4 9 #8,proc4 ,philological ,society1' vol4 vi4 ,see ,de ,brosses1 #8,=m4 des ,l41' vol4 i4 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #bie3 ,"o family ( languages1 ! ,a?apascan1 conta9s bo? app & mama z t]ms = #8fa!r1' 9 ! ,tahkali & ,tlatskanai4 ,footnote #bif3 ,see ,pott1 #8,indo-,g]4 ,wurzelwrt]b4' s4v4 #8p'2 ,bhtl+k & ,ro?1 #8,sanskrit-,wrt]b4' s4v4 mt>2 ,pictet1 #8,orig9es ,indo-,europ41' "p ii4 p4 #cdi2 ,max ,mll]1 #8,lectures1' #bnd s]ies1 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #big3 ,facciolati1 #8,lexicon2' ,v>ro1 ap4 ,nonn41 ii4 #ig4 ,footnote #bih3 ,plato1 #8,cratylus'1 #ij4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,c\nt+4 ,ideas ( ,numb] d]iv$ f exp]i5ce--,/ate ( ,ari?metic among unciviliz$ races--,small ext5t ( ,num]al-words among l[ tribes--,c\nt+ by f+]s & toes--,h&-num]als %[ d]ivation ( ,v]bal reckon+ f ,ge/ure-c\nt+--,etymology ( ,num]als--,qu9>y1 ,decimal1 & ,vigesimal notations ( ! _w d]iv$ f c\nt+ on f+]s & toes--,adoption ( =eign ,num]al-words--,evid5ce ( developm5t ( ,ari?metic f a l[ orig9al level ( ,culture4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 9 8 #8,sy/em ( ,logic1' takes occasion to exam9e ! f\ndations ( ! art ( ari?metic4 ,aga9/ ,dr4 ,:ewell1 :o _h ma9ta9$ t su* propositions z t two & ?ree make five are #8necess>y tru?s1' conta9+ 9 !m an elem5t ( c]ta9ty beyond t :i* m]e exp]i5ce c give1 ,mr4 ,mill ass]ts t #8two & "o are equal to ?ree' expresses m]ely #8a tru? kn[n to u by e>ly & con/ant exp]i5ce3 an inductive tru?2 & su* tru?s are ! f\ndation ( ! sci5ce ( ,numb]4 ,! fundam5tal tru?s ( t sci5ce all re/ on ! evid5ce ( s5se2 !y are prov$ by %[+ to our eyes & our f+]s t any giv5 numb] ( objects1 t5 balls = example1 may by sep>ation & re-arrangem5t exhibit to our s5ses all ! diff]5t sets ( numb]s ! sum ( :i* is equal to t54 ,all ! improv$ me?ods ( tea*+ ari?metic to *ildr5 proce$ on a k ( ?is fact4 ,all :o wi% to c>ry ! *ild's m9d along ) !m 9 le>n+ ari?metic2 all :o wi% to tea* numb]s1 & n m]e ciph]s--n[ tea* x ?r\gh ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses1 9 ! mann] we h describ$4' ,mr4 ,mill's argum5t is tak5 f ! m5tal conditions ( p among :om !re exi/s a highly advanc$ ari?metic4 ,! subject is also "o to be advantage\sly /udi$ f ! e?nograph]'s po9t ( view4 ,! exam9ation ( ! me?ods ( num]ation 9 use among ! l[] races n only fully be>s out ,mr4 ,mill's view1 t our k ( ! relations ( numb]s is bas$ on actual exp]im5t1 b x enables u to trace ! art ( c\nt+ to its s\rce1 & to asc]ta9 by :at /eps x arose 9 ! _w among p>ticul> races1 & probably among all mank9d4 ,9 our advanc$ sy/em ( num]ation1 no limit is kn[n ei!r to l>g5ess or smallness4 ,! philosoph] _c conceive ! =mation ( any quantity s l>ge or ( any atom s small b ! ari?metician c keep pace ) him1 & c def9e x 9 a simple comb9ation ( writt5 signs4 ,b z we g d[nw>ds 9 ! scale ( culture1 we f9d t ev5 :]e ! curr5t language has t]ms = hundr$s & ?\s&s1 !re is less & less p[] ( =m+ a di/9ct notion ( l>ge numb]s1 ! reckon] is soon] driv5 to 8 f+]s1 & !re increases among ! mo/ intellig5t t num]ical indef9it5ess t we notice among *ildr5--if !re 7 n a ?\s& p 9 ! /reet !re 7 c]ta9ly a hundr$1 at any rate !re 7 tw5ty4 ,/r5g? 9 ari?metic does n1 x is true1 v>y regul>ly ) ! level ( g5]al culture4 ,"s savage or b>b>ic peoples are exceptionally skill$ 9 num]ation4 ,! ,tonga ,isl&]s really h native num]als up to #ajj1jjj4 ,n cont5t ev5 ) ?is1 ! ,fr5* explor] ,labill>dire press$ !m f>!r & obta9$ num]als up to #ajjj billions1 :i* 7 duly pr9t$1 b prov$ on lat] exam9ation to be p>tly nons5se-words & p>tly indelicate expressions1#bii s t ! suppos$ s]ies ( high num]als =ms at once a little vocabul>y ( ,tongan indec5cy1 & a w>n+ z to ! probable results ( tak+ d[n un*eck$ answ]s f "q-worri$ savages4 ,9 ,we/ ,africa1 a lively & cont9ual habit ( b>ga9+ has develop$ a great p[] ( ari?metic1 & little *ildr5 already d feats ( computation ) _! heaps ( c[ries4 ,among ! ,yorubas ( ,abeokuta1 to say #8y don't "k n9e times n9e' is actually an insult+ way ( say+ #8y are a dunce4'#cjj ,?is is an extraord9>y prov]b1 :5 we comp>e x ) ! /&>d :i* our correspond+ ,european say+s set = ! limits ( /upidity3 ! ,g]man says1 #8he c sc>ce c\nt five'2 ! ,spani>d1 #8,i w tell y h[ _m make five' 7cuantos son c9co72 & we h ! same saw 9 ,engl&3-- #8444 z sure z ,i'm alive1 ,& kn[s h[ _m beans make five4' ,a ,siamese law-c\rt w n take ! evid5ce ( a witness :o _c c\nt or reckon figures up to t52 a rule :i* rem9ds u ( ! anci5t cu/om ( ,%rewsbury1 :]e a p]son 0 deem$ ( age :5 he knew h[ to c\nt up to twelve p5ce4#cja ,among ! l[e/ liv+ m51 ! savages ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican =e/s & ! des]ts ( ,au/ralia1 #e is actually f\nd to be a numb] :i* ! languages ( "s tribes d n "k by a special ^w4 ,n only h travell]s fail$ to get f !m names = numb]s above #b1 #c1 or #d1 b ! op9ion t ^! are ! real limits ( _! num]al s]ies is /r5g!n$ by ! use ( _! highe/ kn[n numb] z an indef9ite t]m = a great _m4 ,spix & ,m>tius say ( ! l[ tribes ( ,brazil1 #8,!y c\nt commonly by _! f+] jo9ts1 s up to ?ree only4 ,any l>g] numb] !y express by ! ^w 8_m40'#cjb ,9 a ,puri vocabul>y ! num]als are giv5 z #a4 omi2 #b4 curiri2 #c4 prica1 #8_m'3 9 a ,botocudo vocabul>y1 #a4 mok5am2 #b4 uruh1 #8_m4' ,! num]ation ( ! ,tasmanians is1 accord+ to ,jorg5s51 #a4 p>m]y2 #b4 calabawa2 m ?an #b1 c>dia2 z ,backh\se puts x1 !y c\nt #8"o1 two1 pl5ty2' b an obs]v] :o _h specially good opportunities1 ,dr4 ,milligan1 gives _! num]als up to #e1 puggana1 :i* we %all recur to4#cjc ,mr4 ,oldfield 7writ+ especially ( ,we/]n tribes7 says1 #8,! ,new ,holl&]s h no names = numb]s beyond two4 ,! ,wat*&ie scale ( notation is co-ote-on 7"o71 u-tau-ra 7two71 bool-?a 7_m71 & bool-?a-bat 7v _m74 ,if absolutely requir$ to express ! numb]s ?ree or f\r1 !y say u-t>-ra coo-te-oo to indicate ! =m] numb]1 & u-t>-ra u-t>-ra to d5ote ! latt]4' ,t is to say1 _! names = "o1 two1 ?ree1 & f\r1 are equival5t to #8"o1' #8two1' #8two-"o1' #8two-two4' ,dr4 ,lang's num]als f ,que5sl& are j ! same 9 pr9ciple1 ?\gh ! words are diff]5t3 #a4 gan>2 #b4 burla2 #c4 burla-gan>1 #8two-"o'2 #d4 burla-burla1 #8two-two'2 korumba1 #8m ?an f\r1 mu*1 great4' ,! ,kamil>oi dialect1 ?\gh ) ! same #b z ! la/1 improves ^u x by hav+ an indep5d5t #c1 & ) ! aid ( ?is x reckons z f> z #f3 #a4 mal2 #b4 bul>r2 #c4 guliba2 #d4 bul>r-bul>r1 #8two-two'2 #e4 bulaguliba1 #8two-?ree'2 #f4 guliba-guliba #8?ree-?ree4' ,^! ,au/ralian examples are at lea/ evid5ce ( a v scanty z well z clumsy num]al sy/em among c]ta9 tribes4#cjd ,yet "h aga9 high] =ms w h to be notic$1 :i* 9 "o di/rict at lea/ c>ry ! native num]als up to #ae or #bj4 ,x is n to be suppos$1 because a savage tribe has no curr5t words = numb]s above #c or #e or s1 t !re=e !y _c c\nt beyond ?is4 ,x appe>s t !y c & d c\nt consid]ably f>!r1 b x is by fall+ back on a l[] & rud] me?od ( expression ?an spee*--! ge/ure-language4 ,! place 9 intellectual developm5t held by ! art ( c\nt+ on "o's f+]s1 is well m>k$ 9 ! description :i* ,massieu1 ! ,abb ,sic>d's deaf-&-dumb pupil1 gives ( 8 notion ( numb]s 9 8 comp>atively untaught *ildhood3 #8,i knew ! numb]s be=e my in/ruction1 my f+]s _h taught me !m4 ,i did n "k ! ciph]s2 ,i c\nt$ on my f+]s1 & :5 ! numb] pass$ #aj ,i made not*es on a bit ( wood4'#cje ,x is ?us t all savage tribes h be5 taught ari?metic by _! f+]s4 ,mr4 ,oldfield1 aft] giv+ ! acc\nt j quot$ ( ! capability ( ! ,wat*&ie language to rea* #d by num]als1 goes on to describe ! means by :i* ! tribe contrive to deal ) a h>d] problem 9 num]ation4 #8,i once wi%$ to asc]ta9 ! exact numb] ( natives :o _h be5 sla9 on a c]ta9 occasion4 ,! individual ( :om ,i made ! enquiry1 began to ?9k ov] ! names 444 assign+ "o ( 8 f+]s to ea*1 & x 0 n until aft] _m failures1 & consequ5t fre% />ts1 t he 0 able to express s high a numb]1 :i* he at l5g? did by hold+ up 8 h& ?ree times1 ?us giv+ me to und]/& t fifte5 0 ! answ] to ?is mo/ difficult ari?metical "q4' ,( ! aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ,mr4 ,/anbridge says3 #8,!y h no "n = num]als above two1 b by repetition !y c\nt to five2 !y also record ! days ( ! moon by means ( ! f+]s1 ! bones & jo9ts ( ! arms & ! head4'#cjf ,! ,bororos ( ,brazil reckon3 #a4 c\ai2 #b4 mac\ai2 #c4 ouai2 & !n g on c\nt+ on _! f+]s1 repeat+ ?is ouai4#cjg ,( c\rse x no m foll[s among savages ?an among ourselves t1 because a man c\nts on 8 f+]s1 8 language mu/ be want+ 9 words to express ! numb] he wi%es to reckon4 ,= example x 0 notic$ t :5 natives ( ,kam*atka 7 set to c\nt1 !y w\ld reckon all _! f+]s1 & !n all _! toes1 s gett+ up to #bj1 & !n w\ld ask1 #8,:at are we to d next8' ,yet x 0 f\nd on exam9ation t numb]s up to #ajj exi/$ 9 _! language4#cjh ,travell]s notice ! use ( f+]-c\nt+ among tribes :o c1 if !y *oose1 speak ! numb]1 & :o ei!r sil5tly c\nt x ^u _! f+]s1 or v usually accompany ! ^w ) ! action2 nor inde$ are ei!r ( ^! modes at all unfamili> 9 mod]n ,europe4 ,let ,fa!r ,gumilla1 "o ( ! e>ly ,jesuit mission>ies 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 describe = u ! relation ( ge/ure to spee* 9 c\nt+1 & at ! same "t br+ to our m9ds v rem>kable examples 7to be p>allel$ else:]e7 ( ! action ( cons5sus1 :]eby conv5tional rules become fix$ among societies ( m51 ev5 9 s simple an art z t ( c\nt+ on "o's f+]s4 #8,nobody among ourselves1' he rem>ks1 #8except incid5tally1 w\ld say = in/ance 8"o10 8two10 c41 & give ! numb] on 8 f+]s z well1 by t\*+ !m ) ! o!r h&4 ,exactly ! contr>y happ5s among ,indians4 ,!y say1 = in/ance1 8give me "o pair ( scissors10 & =?) !y raise "o f+]2 8give me two10 & at once !y raise two1 & s on4 ,!y w\ld nev] say 8five0 )\t %[+ a h&1 nev] 8t50 )\t hold+ out bo?1 nev] 8tw5ty0 )\t add+ up ! f+]s1 plac$ opposite to ! toes4 ,moreov]1 ! mode ( %[+ ! numb]s ) ! f+]s diff]s 9 ea* nation4 ,to avoid prolixity1 ,i give z an example ! numb] 8?ree40 ,! ,otomacs to say 8?ree0 unite ! ?umb1 =ef+]1 & middle f+]1 keep+ ! o!rs d[n4 ,! ,tamanacs %[ ! little f+]1 ! r+ f+]1 & ! middle f+]1 & close ! o!r two4 ,! ,maipures1 la/ly1 raise ! =e1 middle1 & r+ f+]s1 keep+ ! o!r two hidd54'#cji ,?r\gh\t ! _w1 ! g5]al relation betwe5 f+]-c\nt+ & ^w-c\nt+ may be /at$ z foll[s4 ,= read9ess & = ease & appreh5sion ( numb]s1 a palpable ari?metic1 su* z is work$ on f+]-jo9ts or f+]s1#caj or heaps ( pebbles or beans1 or ! m artificial contrivances ( ! ros>y or ! abacus1 has s great an advantage ov] reckon+ 9 words z almo/ necess>ily to prec$e x4 ,?us n only d we f9d f+]-c\nt+ among savages & un$ucat$ m51 c>ry+ on a "p ( _! m5tal op]ations :]e language is only p>tly able to foll[ x1 b x also reta9s a place & an und\bt$ use among ! mo/ cultur$ nations1 z a prep>ation = & means ( acquir+ high] ari?metical me?ods4 ,n[ !re exi/s valid evid5ce to prove t a *ild le>n+ to c\nt ^u its f+]s does 9 a way reproduce a process ( ! m5tal hi/ory ( ! human race2 t 9 fact m5 c\nt$ ^u _! f+]s be=e !y f\nd words = ! numb]s !y ?us express$2 t 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( culture1 ,^w-language n only foll[$ ,ge/ure-language1 b actually grew out ( x4 ,! evid5ce 9 "q is pr9cipally t ( language itself1 :i* %[s t1 among _m & di/ant tribes1 m5 want+ to express #e 9 words call$ x simply by _! "n = ! h& :i* !y held up to d5ote x1 t 9 l mann] !y said two h&s or half a man to d5ote #aj1 t ! ^w foot c>ri$ on ! reckon+ up to #ae1 & to #bj1 :i* !y describ$ 9 words z 9 ge/ure by ! h&s & feet toge!r1 or z "o man1 & t la/ly1 by v>i\s expressions ref]r+ directly to ! ge/ures ( c\nt+ on ! f+]s & toes1 !y gave names to ^! & int]m$iate num]als4 ,z a def9ite t]m is want$ to describe significant num]als ( ?is class1 x may be conv5i5t to call !m #8h&-num]als' or #8digit-num]als4' ,a selection ( typical in/ances w s]ve to make x probable t ?is +5i\s device 0 n1 at any rate g5]ally1 copi$ f "o tribe by ano!r or inh]it$ f a common s\rce1 b t its work+ out ) orig9al "* & curi\sly v>y+ detail displays ! recurr5ce ( a simil> b indep5d5t process ( m5tal developm5t among v>i\s races ( man4 ,fa!r ,gilij1 describ+ ! ari?metic ( ! ,tamanacs on ! ,or9oco1 gives _! num]als up to #d3 :5 !y come to #e1 !y express x by ! ^w amgnaitne1 :i* be+ translat$ means #8a :ole h&2' #f is express$ by a t]m :i* translates ! prop] ge/ure into words1 itacon amgnapon tev9itpe #8"o ( ! o!r h&1' & s on up to #i4 ,com+ to #aj1 !y give x 9 words z amgna aceponre #8bo? h&s4' ,to d5ote #aa !y /ret* out bo? ! h&s1 & add+ ! foot !y say puittapon tev9itpe #8"o to ! foot1' & ?us up to #ae1 :i* is iptaitne #8a :ole foot4' ,next foll[s #af1 #8"o to ! o!r foot1' & s on to #bj1 tev9 xto1 #8"o ,indian2' #ba1 itacon xto jamgnr bon tev9itpe #8"o to ! h&s ( ! o!r ,indian2' #dj1 accia* xto1 #8two ,indians2' !nce on to #fj1 #hj1 #ajj1 #8?ree1 f\r1 five ,indians1' & beyond if ne$ful4 ,s\? ,am]ica is rem>kably ri* 9 su* evid5ce ( an e>ly condition ( f+]-c\nt+ record$ 9 spok5 language4 ,among its _m o!r languages :i* h recognizable digit-num]als1 ! ,cayriri1 ,tupi1 ,abipone1 & ,c>ib rival ! ,tamanac 9 _! sy/ematic way ( work+ out #8h&1' #8h&s1' #8foot1' #8feet1' c4 ,o!rs %[ slight] traces ( ! same process1 :]e1 = in/ance1 ! num]als #e or #aj are f\nd to be connect$ ) words = #8h&1' c41 z :5 ! ,omagua uses pua1 #8h&1' = #e1 & r$uplicates ?is into upapua = #aj4 ,9 "s ,s\? ,am]ican languages a man is reckon$ by f+]s & toes up to #bj1 :ile 9 contra/ to ?is1 !re are two languages :i* display a mis]ably l[ m5tal /ate1 ! man c\nt+ only "o h&1 ?us /opp+ %ort at #e2 ! ,juri ghom5 apa #8"o man1' /&s = #e2 ! ,cayriri ibi* is us$ to mean bo? #8p]son' & #e4 ,digit-num]als are n conf9$ to tribes /&+1 l ^!1 l[ or high )9 ! limits ( savag]y4 ,! ,muyscas ( ,bogota 7 among ! m civiliz$ native races ( ,am]ica1 rank+ ) ! ,p]uvians 9 _! culture1 yet ! same me?od ( =mation :i* appe>s 9 ! language ( ! rude ,tamanacs is to be trac$ 9 t ( ! ,muyscas1 :o1 :5 !y came to #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 c\nt$ quihi*a ata1 bosa1 mica1 i4e41 #8foot "o1 two1 ?ree4'#caa ,to turn to ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,cranz1 ! ,moravian mission>y1 ?us describes ab\t a c5tury ago ! num]ation ( ! ,gre5l&]s4 #8,_! num]als1' he says1 #8g n f>1 & ) !m ! prov]b holds t !y c sc>ce c\nt five1 = !y reckon by ! five f+]s & !n get ! help ( ! toes on _! feet1 & s ) lab\r br+ out tw5ty1' ,! mod]n ,gre5l& gramm> gives ! num]als mu* z ,cranz does1 b m fully4 ,! ^w = #e is tatdlimat1 :i* !re is "s gr\nd = suppos+ to h once meant #8h&2' #f is arf9ek-attausek1 #8on ! o!r h& "o1' or m %ortly arf9igdlit1 #8^? :i* h on ! o!r h&2' #g is arf9ek-m>dluk1 #8on ! o!r h& two2' #ac is arkanck-p+asut1 #8on ! fir/ foot ?ree2' #ah is arf]sanek-p+asut1 #8on ! o!r foot ?ree2' :5 !y rea* #bj1 !y c say inuk nvdlugo1 #8a man end$1' or 9p avatai nvdlugit1' ! man's out] memb]s end$2' 9 ?is way by c\nt+ sev]al m5 !y rea* high] numb]s1 ?us express+1 = example1 #ec z 9p p+a-jugsne arkanek-p+asut1 #8on ! ?ird man on ! fir/ foot ?ree4'#cab ,if we pass f ! rude ,gre5l&]s to ! comp>atively civiliz$ ,aztecs1 we %all f9d on ! ,nor!rn z on ! ,s\!rn cont95t traces ( e>ly f+]-num]ation surviv+ among high] races4 ,! ,mexican names = ! fir/ f\r num]als are z obscure 9 etymology z our own4 ,b :5 we come to #e we f9d ?is express$ by macuilli2 & z ma 7ma-itl7 means #8h&1' & cuiloa #8to pa9t or depict1' x is likely t ! ^w = #e may h meant some?+ l #8h&-depict+4' ,9 #aj1 matlactli1 ! ^w ma1 #8h&1' appe>s aga91 :ile tlactli means half1 & is repres5t$ 9 ! ,mexico picture-writ+s by ! figure ( half a man f ! wai/ upw>d2 ?us x appe>s t ! ,aztec #aj means ! #8h&-half' ( a man1 j z among ! ,t[ka ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica #aj is express$ z #8half a man1' a :ole man be+ #bj4 ,:5 ! ,aztecs rea* #bj !y call x cempoalli1 #8"o c\nt+1' ) evid5tly ! same mean+ z else:]e1 "o :ole man1 f+]s & toes4 ,among races ( ! l[] culture else:]e1 simil> facts are to be obs]v$4 ,! ,tasmanian language aga9 %[s ! man /opp+ %ort at ! reckon+ ( himself :5 he has held up "o h& & c\nt$ its f+]s2 ?is appe>s by ,milligan's li/ be=e m5tion$1 :i* ends ) puggana1 #8man1' /&+ = #e4 ,"s ( ! ,we/ ,au/ralian tribes h done mu* bett] ?an ?is1 us+ _! ^w = #8h&1' m>h-ra2 m>h-j9-bang-ga1 #8half ! h&s1' is #e2 m>h-j9-bang-ga-gudjir-gyn1 #8half ! h&s & "o1' is #f1 & s on2 m>h-j9-belli-belli-gudjir-j9a-bang-ga1 #8! h& on ei!r side & half ! feet1' is #ae4cac ,z an example f ! ,melanesian languages ! ,m> w s]ve2 x reckons #aj z ome re rue tub59e1 app>5tly #8! two sides' 7i4e4 bo? h&s71 #bj z sa re ngome1'"o man1' c42 ?us 9 ,john v4 #e #8:i* _h an infirmity ?irty & eight ye>s1' ! num]al #ch is express$ by ! phrase1 #8"o man & bo? sides five & ?ree4'#cad ,9 ! ,malayo-,polynesian languages1 ! typical ^w = #e is lima or rima1 #8h&1' & ! connexion is n lo/ by ! phonetic v>iations among diff]5t bran*es ( ?is family ( languages1 z 9 ,malagasy dimy1 ,m>quesan fima1 ,tongan nima1 b :ile lima & its v>ieties mean #e 9 almo/ all ,malayo-,polynesian dialects1 its mean+ ( #8h&' is conf9$ to a mu* n>r[] di/rict1 %[+ t ! ^w became m p]man5t by pass+ into ! condition ( a traditional num]al4 ,9 languages ( ! ,malayo-,polynesian family1 x is usually f\nd t #f1 c41 are c>ri$ on ) words ^: etymology is no long] obvi\s1 b ! =ms lima-sa1 lima-zua #8h&-"o1' #8h&-two1' h be5 f\nd do+ duty = #f & #g4cae ,9 ,we/ ,africa1 ,klle's acc\nt ( ! ,vei language gives a case 9 po9t4 ,^! negroes are s dep5d5t on _! f+]s t "s c h>dly c\nt )\t1 & _! toes are conv5i5t z ! calculator squats on ! gr\nd4 ,! ,vei p & _m o!r ,african tribes1 :5 c\nt+1 fir/ c\nt ! f+]s ( _! left h&1 beg9n+1 be x rememb]$1 f ! little "o1 !n 9 ! same mann] ^? ( ! "r h&1 & aft]w>ds ! toes4 ,! ,vei num]al = #bj1 m bnde1 means obvi\sly #8a p]son 7mo7 is f9i%$ 7b&e71' & simil>ly #dj1 #fj1 #hj1 c4 #8two m51 ?ree m51 f\r m51 c41 are f9i%$1' ,x is an int]e/+ po9t t ! negroes :o us$ ^! phrases _h lo/ _! orig9al descriptive s5se--! words h become m]e num]als to !m4#caf ,la/ly1 = br++ be=e our m9ds a picture ( a man c\nt+ ^u 8 f+]s1 & be+ /ruck by ! idea t if he describes 8 ge/ures 9 words1 ^! words may become an actual "n = ! numb]1 p]haps no language 9 ! _w surpasses ! ,zulu4 ,! ,zulu c\nt+ on 8 f+]s beg9s 9 g5]al ) ! little f+] ( 8 left h&4 ,:5 he comes to #e1 ?is he may call edesanta #8f9i% h&2' !n he goes on to ! ?umb ( ! "r h&1 & s ! ^w tatisitupa #8tak+ ! ?umb' becomes a num]al = #f4 ,!n ! v]b komba #8to po9t1' indicat+ ! =ef+]1 or #8po9t]1' makes ! next num]al1 #g4 ,?us1 answ]+ ! "q #8,h[ mu* did y\r ma/] give y8' a ,zulu w\ld say #8,u kombile' #8,he po9t$ ) 8 =ef+]1' i4e41 #8,he gave me sev51' & ?is curi\s way ( us+ ! num]al v]b is %[n 9 su* an example z #8amahasi akombile' #8! horses h po9t$1' i4e41 #8!re 7 sev5 ( !m4' ,9 l mann]1 ,kijangalobili #8keep back two f+]s1' i4e4 #h1 & ,kijangalolunje #8keep back "o f+]1' i4e4 #i1 lead on to kumi1 #aj2 at ! completion ( ea* t5 ! two h&s ) op5 f+]s are clapp$ toge!r4#cag ,! !ory t man's primitive mode ( c\nt+ 0 palpable reckon+ on 8 h&s1 & ! pro( t _m num]als 9 pres5t use are actually d]iv$ f su* a /ate ( ?+s1 is a great /ep t[>ds discov]+ ! orig9 ( num]als 9 g5]al4 ,c we g f>!r1 & /ate broadly ! m5tal process by :i* savage m51 hav+ no num]als z yet 9 _! language1 came to inv5t !m8 ,:at 0 ! orig9 ( num]als n nam$ ) ref]5ce to h&s & feet1 & especially ( ! num]als bel[ five1 to :i* su* a d]ivation is h>dly appropriate8 ,! subject is a peculi>ly difficult "o4 ,yet z to pr9ciple x is n altoge!r obscure1 = "s evid5ce is =?com+ z to ! actual =mation ( new num]al words1 ^! be+ made by simply press+ into ! s]vice names ( objects or actions 9 "s way appropriate to ! purpose4 ,p possess+ full sets ( inh]it$ num]als 9 _! own languages h nev]!less sometimes f\nd x conv5i5t to inv5t new ones4 ,?us ! s*ol>s ( ,india1 ages ago1 select$ a set ( words f a memoria te*nica 9 ord] to record dates & numb]s4 ,^! words !y *ose = reasons :i* are /ill 9 great measure evid5t2 ?us #8moon' or #8e>?' express$ #a1 !re be+ b "o ( ea*2 #b might be call$ #8eye1' #8w+1' #8arm1' #8jaw1' z go+ 9 pairs2 = #c !y said #8,rama1' #8fire1' or #8quality1' !re be+ consid]$ to be ?ree ,ramas1 ?ree k9ds ( fire1 ?ree qualities 7guna72 = #d 7 us$ #8v$a'1 #8age1' or #8ocean1' !re be+ f\r ( ea* recogniz$2 #8season' = #f1 because !y reckon$ six seasons2 #8sage' or #8v[el' = #g1 f ! sev5 sages & ! sev5 v[els2 & s on ) high] numb]s1 #8sun' = #ab1 because ( 8 twelve annual d5om9ations1 or #8zodiac' f its twelve signs1 & #8nail' = #bj1 a ^w incid5tally br++ 9 a f+] notation4 ,z ,sanskrit is v ri* 9 synonyms1 & z ev5 ! num]als !mselves might be us$1 x becomes v easy to draw up phrases or nons5se-v]ses to record s]ies ( numb]s by ?is sy/em ( artificial memory4 ,! foll[+ is a ,h9du a/ronomical =mula1 a li/ ( numb]s ref]r+ to ! />s ( ! lun> con/ellations4 ,ea* ^w /&s z ! mnemonic equival5t ( ! numb] plac$ ov] x 9 ! ,engli% translation4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple on :i* ! words are *os5 to d5ote ! numb]s is evid5t )\t fur!r explanation3-- #8,vahni tri rtvi%u gun5du kritgnibhta ,bnsv9etra ara bhku yugabdhi rmh ,rudrbdhirmagunav$aat dviyugma ,dant budhairabhihith kramao bhatrh4' #c #c #f #e #c #a #8,fire1 ?ree1 season1 arr[1 quality1 moon1 #d #c #e f\r-side ( die1 fire1 elem5t1 #e #b #b #e #a #a #d #d #c ,arr[1 ,asv91 eye1 arr[1 e>?1 e>?1 age1 ocean1 ,rama1 #aa #d #c #c #d #ajj #b #b ,rudra1 ocean1 ,rama1 quality1 ,v$a1 hundr$1 two1 c\ple1 #cb ,tee?3 by ! wise h be5 set =? 9 ord] ! mighty lords4'#cah ,x occurr$ to ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 9 /udy+ ?is curi\s sy/em ( num]ation1 t he _h be=e 8 eyes ! evid5ce ( a process v l t :i* actually produc$ ! regul> num]al words d5ot+ "o1 two1 ?ree1 c41 9 ! v>i\s languages ( ! _w4 ,! foll[+ passage 9 :i*1 m ?an sixty ye>s ago1 he set =? ?is view1 seems to me to conta9 a ne>ly p]fect key to ! !ory ( num]al words4 #8,if we take into consid]ation ! orig9 ( actual num]als1 ! process ( _! =mation appe>s evid5tly to h be5 ! same z t "h describ$4 ,! latt] is no?+ else ?an a wid] ext5sion ( ! =m]4 ,= :5 #e is express$1 z 9 sev]al languages ( ! ,malay family1 by 8h&0 7lima71 ?is is precisely ! same ?+ z :5 9 ! description ( numb]s by words1 #b is d5ot$ by 8w+40 ,indisputably !re lie at ! root ( all num]als su* metaphors z ^!1 ?\gh !y _c always be n[ trac$4 ,b p seem e>ly to h felt t ! multiplicity ( su* signs = ! same numb] 0 sup]flu\s1 too clumsy1 & lead+ to misund]/&+s4' ,!re=e1 he goes on to argue1 synonyms ( num]als are v r>e4 ,& to nations ) a deep s5se ( language1 ! feel+ mu/ soon h be5 pres5t1 ?\gh p]haps )\t ris+ to di/9ct consci\sness1 t recollections ( ! orig9al etymology & descriptive mean+ ( num]als _h be/ be all[$ to disappe>1 s z to leave ! num]als !mselves to become m]e conv5tional t]ms4 ,! mo/ in/ructive evid5ce ,i h f\nd be>+ on ! =mation ( num]als1 o!r ?an digit-num]als1 among ! l[] races1 appe>s 9 ! use on bo? sides ( ! globe ( :at may be call$ num]al-names = *ildr54 ,9 ,au/ralia a well-m>k$ case occurs4 ,) all ! pov]ty ( ! aborig9al languages 9 num]als1 #c be+ commonly us$ z mean+ #8sev]al or _m1' ! natives 9 ! ,adelaide di/rict h = a p>ticul> purpose gone f> beyond ?is n>r[ limit1 & possess :at is to all int5ts a special num]al sy/em1 ext5d+ p]haps to #i4 ,!y give fix$ names to _! *ildr5 9 ord] ( age1 :i* are set d[n z foll[s by ,mr4 ,eyre3 #a4 ,k]tam]u2 #b4 ,w>ritya2 #c4 ,kudnutya2 #d4 ,monaitya2 #e4 ,milaitya2 #f4 ,m>rutya2 #g4 ,wangutya2 #h4 ,ng>laitya2 #i4 ,p\>na4 ,^! are ! male names1 f :i* ! female diff] 9 t]m9ation4 ,!y are giv5 at bir?1 m di/9ctive appellations be+ soon aft]w>ds *os54#cai ,a simil> habit makes its appe>ance among ! ,malays1 :o 9 "s di/ricts are report$ to use a s]ies ( sev5 names 9 ord] ( age1 beg9n+ ) #a4 ,sulung 7#8elde/'72 #b4 ,awang 7#8fri5d1 companion'71 & end+ ) ,ke*il 7#8little "o'71 or ,bongsu 7#8y\nge/'74 ,^! are = sons2 daught]s h ,meh prefix$1 & nicknames h to be us$ = practical di/9ction4#cbj ,9 ,madagasc>1 ! ,malay connexion manife/s itself 9 ! appe>ance ( a simil> set ( appellations giv5 to *ildr5 9 lieu ( prop] names1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 (t5 sub/itut$ 9 aft] ye>s4 ,males2 ,lahimatoa 7#8fir/ male'71 ,lah-ivo 7#8int]m$iate male'72 ,ra-f>a-lahy 7#8la/ born male'74 ,females2 ,ramatoa 7#8elde/ female'71 ,ra-ivo 7#8int]m$iate'71 ,ra-f>a-vavy 7#8la/ born female'74#cba ,! sy/em exi/s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!re h be5 f\nd 9 use among ! ,dacotas ! foll[+ two s]ies ( names = sons & daught]s 9 ord] ( bir?4 ,elde/ son1 ,*ask2 second1 ,hap>m2 ?ird1 ,ha-pe-dah2 f\r?1 ,*atun2 fif? ,h>ka4 ,elde/ daught]1 ,w5onah2 second1 ,h>p52 ?ird1 ,h>p/5ah2 f\r?1 ,waska2 fif?1 ,we-h>ka4 ,^! m]e num]al appellations !y reta9 ?r\gh *ildhood1 till _! relations or fri5ds f9d occasion to replace !m by be/[+ "s m di/9ctive p]sonal "n4#cbb ,africa af=ds fur!r examples4#cbc ,z to num]als 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 ,polynesia %[s rem>kable cases ( new =mation4 ,besides ! well-kn[n sy/em ( num]al words preval5t 9 ,polynesia1 exceptional t]ms h f "t to "t gr[n up4 ,?us ! habit ( alt]+ words :i* s\nd$ too ne>ly l a k+'s "n1 has l$ ! ,tahitians on ! accession ( new *iefs to make sev]al new words = numb]s4 ,?us1 want+ a new t]m = #b in/ead ( ! ord9>y rua1 !y = obvi\s reasons took up ! ^w piti1 #8toge!r1' & made x a num]al1 :ile to get a new ^w = #e in/ead ( rima1 #8h&1' :i* _h to be discont9u$1 !y sub/itut$ pae1 #8"p1 division1' mean+ probably division ( ! two h&s4 ,su* words z ^!1 introduc$ 9 ,polynesia = c]emonial reasons1 are expect$ to be dropp$ aga9 & ! old ones replac$1 :5 ! reason = _! tempor>y exclusion ceases1 yet ! new #b & #e1 piti & pae1 became s positively ! prop] num]als ( ! language1 t !y /& in/ead ( rua & rima 9 ! ,tahitian translation ( ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john made at ! "t4 ,aga91 v>i\s special habits ( c\nt+ 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s h _h _! effect on language4 ,! ,m>quesans1 c\nt+ fi% or fruit by "o 9 ea* h&1 h come to use a sy/em ( c\nt+ by pairs in/ead ( by units4 ,!y />t ) tauna1 #8a pair1' :i* ?us becomes a num]al equival5t to #b2 !n !y c\nt onw>d by pairs1 s t :5 !y talk ( takau or #aj1 !y really mean #aj pair or #bj4 ,= bread-fruit1 z !y are accu/om$ to tie !m up 9 knots ( f\r1 !y beg9 ) ! ^w pona1 #8knot1' :i* ?us becomes a real num]al = #d1 & "h aga9 !y g on c\nt+ by knots1 s t :5 !y say takau or #aj1 !y mean #aj knots or #dj4 ,! philological my/ification ?us caus$ 9 ,polynesian vocabul>ies is extraord9>y2 9 ,tahitian1 c41 rau & mano1 prop]ly mean+ #ajj & #a1jjj1 h come to signify #bjj & #b1jjj1 :ile 9 ,hawaii a second d\bl+ 9 _! s5se makes !m equival5t to #djj & #d1jjj4 ,moreov]1 x seems possible to trace ! transf] ( suitable names ( objects /ill f>!r 9 ,polynesia 9 ! ,tongan & ,maori ^w tekau1 #aj1 :i* seems to h be5 a ^w = #8p>cel' or #8bun*1' us$ 9 c\nt+ yams & fi%1 z also 9 tefuhi1 #ajj1 d]iv$ f fuhi1 #8%eaf or bundle4'#cbd ,9 ,africa1 also1 special num]al =mations are to be notic$4 ,9 ! ,yoruba language1 #dj is call$ ogodzi1 #8a /r+1' because c[ries are /rung by =ties1 & #bjj is igba1 #8a heap1' mean+ aga9 a heap ( c[ries4 ,among ! ,dahomans 9 l mann]1 #dj c[ries make a kade or #8/r+1' #ej /r+s make "o afo or #8head2' ^! words becom+ num]als = #dj & #b1jjj4 ,:5 ! k+ ( ,dahome attack$ ,abeokuta1 x is on record t he 0 repuls$ ) ! heavy loss ( #8two heads1 tw5ty /r+s1 & tw5ty c[ries' ( m51 t is to say1 #d1hbj4cbe ,among cultur$ nations1 ^: languages are mo/ tightly b\nd to ! conv5tional & un9telligible num]als ( _! ance/ors1 x is likewise usual to f9d o!r t]ms exi/+ :i* are practically num]als already1 & might drop at once into ! recogniz$ places ( su*1 if by any *ance a gap 7 made = !m 9 ! traditional s]ies4 ,_h we room1 = in/ance1 = a new ^w in/ead ( two1 !n ei!r pair 7,lat9 p>1 #8equal'7 or c\ple 7,lat9 copula1 #8bond or tie1'7 is ready to fill its place4 ,in/ead ( tw5ty1 ! good ,engli% ^w score1 #8not*1' w s]ve our turn1 :ile1 = ! same purpose1 ,g]man c use /iege1 possibly ) ! orig9al s5se ( #8a /all full ( cattle1 a /y2' ,old ,norse drtt1 #8a company1' ,dani%1 snees4 ,a li/ ( su* words us$1 b n grammatically class$ z num]als 9 ,european languages1 %[s great v>iety3 examples are1 ,old ,norse1 flockr 7flock71 #e2 sveit1 #f2 drtt 7p>ty71 #bj2 ?iodh 7p71 #cj2 flk 7p71 #dj2 ld 7p71 #hj2 h] 7army71 #ajj2 ,sleswig1 s*ilk1 #ab 7z ?\gh we 7 to make a num]al out ( #8%ill+'72 ,middle ,high-,g]man1 rotte1 #d2 ,new ,high-,g]man1 m&el1 #ae2 s*ock 7%eaf71 #fj4 ,! ,letts give a curi\s p>allel to ,polynesian cases j cit$4 ,!y ?r[ crabs & little fi% ?ree at a "t 9 c\nt+ !m1 & !re=e ! ^w mett5s1 #8a ?r[1' has come to mean #c2 :ile fl\nd]s be+ fa/5$ 9 lots ( ?irty1 ! ^w kahlis1 #8a cord1' becomes a t]m to express ?is numb]4#cbf ,9 two o!r ways1 ! production ( num]als f m]ely descriptive words may be obs]v$ bo? among l[] & high] races4 ,! ,gallas h no num]ical fractional t]ms1 b !y make an equival5t set ( t]ms f ! division ( ! cakes ( salt :i* !y use z money4 ,?us t*abnana1 #8a brok5 piece' 7f t*aba1 #8to break1' z we say #8a fraction'71 receives ! mean+ ( "o-half2 a t]m :i* we may comp>e ) ,lat9 dimidium1 ,fr5* demi4 ,ord9al numb]s are g5]ally d]iv$ f c>d9al numb]s1 z ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?1 f ?ree1 f\r1 five4 ,b among ! v l[ ones !re is to be se5 evid5ce ( indep5d5t =mation q unconnect$ ) a conv5tional sy/em ( num]als already exi/+4 ,?us ! ,gre5l&] did n use 8 #8"o' to make #8fir/1' b calls x sujugdlek1 #8=emo/1' nor #8two' to make #8second1' :i* he calls aip1 #88 companion2' x is only at #8?ird' t he takes to 8 c>d9als1 & =ms p+ajuat 9 connexion ) p+asut1 #c4 ,s1 9 ,indo-,european languages1 ! ord9al pra?amas1 1 primus1 fir/1 has no?+ to d ) a num]ical #8"o1' b ) ! preposition pra1 #8be=e1' z mean+ simply #8=emo/2' & al?\gh ,greeks & ,g]mans call ! next ord9al 1 zweite1 f 1 zwei1 we call x second1 ,lat9 secundus1 #8! foll[+' 7sequi71 :i* is aga9 a descriptive s5se-^w4 ,if we all[ ourselves to mix = a mom5t :at is ) :at might be1 we c see h[ unlimit$ is ! field ( possible gr[? ( num]als by m]e adoption ( ! names ( famili> ?+s4 ,foll[+ ! example ( ! ,sleswig]s we might make %ill+ a num]al = #ab1 & g on to express #d by groat2 week w\ld provide u ) a "n = #g1 & clov] = #c4 ,b ?is simple me?od ( description is n ! only available "o = ! purpose ( mak+ num]als4 ,! mom5t any s]ies ( names is arrang$ 9 regul> ord] 9 our m9ds1 x becomes a c\nt+-ma*9e4 ,i h read ( a little girl :o 0 set to c\nt c>ds1 & %e c\nt$ !m accord+ly1 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 ,m>*1 ,april4 ,%e might1 ( c\rse1 h reckon$ !m z ,monday1 ,tuesday1 ,w$nesday4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d a case com+ "u ! same class 9 ! language ( gr[n p4 ,we "k t ! num]ical value ( ! ,hebrew lett]s is giv5 ) ref]5ce to _! place 9 ! alphabet1 :i* 0 arrang$ = reasons t c h>dly h _h any?+ to d ) ari?metic4 ,! ,greek alphabet is modifi$ f a ,semitic "o1 b in/ead ( lett+ ! num]al value ( _! lett]s foll[ ?r\gh\t _! newly-arrang$ alphabet1 !y reckon 1 1 1 1 1 prop]ly1 z #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 !n put 9 = #f1 & s manage to let /& = #aj1 z does 9 ,hebrew1 :]e x is really ! #aj? lett]4 ,n[1 hav+ ?is conv5tional arrangem5t ( lett]s made1 x is evid5t t a ,greek :o _h to give up ! regul> #a1 #b1 #c1--1 1 1 c\ld supply _! places at once by adopt+ ! names ( ! lett]s :i* _h be5 settl$ to /& = !m1 ?us call+ #a alpha1 #b bta1 #c gamma1 & s onw>d4 ,! ?+ has actually happ5$2 a rem>kable slang dialect ( ,albania1 :i* is ,greek 9 /ructure1 ?\gh full ( borr[$ & my/ifi$ words & metaphors & epi!ts und]/ood only by ! initiat$1 has1 z its equival5t = #8f\r' & #8t51' ! words & 4#cbg ,:ile insi/+ on ! value ( su* evid5ce z ?is 9 mak+ out ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! =mation ( num]als1 ,i h n f\nd x pr(itable to und]take ! task ( etymologiz+ ! actual num]als ( ! languages ( ! _w1 outside ! safe limits ( ! sy/ems ( digit-num]als among ! l[] races1 already discuss$4 ,!re may be 9 ! languages ( ! l[] races o!r relics ( ! etymology ( num]als1 giv+ ! clue to ! ideas accord+ to :i* !y 7 select$ = an ari?metical purpose1 b su* relics seem scanty & indi/9ct4#cbh ,!re may ev5 exi/ ve/iges ( a gr[? ( num]als f descriptive words 9 our ,indo-,european languages1 9 ,hebrew & ,arabic1 9 ,*9ese4 ,su* etymologies h be5 br\ght =w>d1#cbi & !y are consi/5t ) :at is kn[n ( ! pr9ciples on :i* num]als or quasi-num]als are really =m$4 ,b s f> z ,i h be5 able to exam9e ! evid5ce1 ! cases all seem s philologically d\btful1 t ,i _c br+ !m =w>d 9 aid ( ! !ory be=e u1 &1 inde$1 ?9k t if !y succe$ 9 e/abli%+ !mselves1 x w be by ! !ory support+ !m1 r ?an by _! support+ ! !ory4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s1 inde$1 fits p]fectly ) ! view "h adopt$1 t :5 a ^w has once be5 tak5 up to s]ve z a num]al1 & is !nce=? want$ z a m]e symbol1 x becomes ! int]e/ ( language to all[ x to break d[n into an app>5t nons5se-^w1 f :i* all traces ( orig9al etymology h disappe>$4 ,etymological rese>* into ! d]ivation ( num]al words ?us h>dly goes ) safety beyond %[+ 9 ! languages ( ! l[] culture frequ5t in/ances ( digit-num]als1 words tak5 f direct description ( ! ge/ures ( c\nt+ on f+]s & toes4 ,beyond ?is1 ano!r /rong argum5t is available1 :i* inde$ cov]s almo/ ! :ole range ( ! problem4 ,! num]ical sy/ems ( ! _w1 by ! actual s*emes ( _! arrangem5t1 ext5d & confirm ! op9ion t c\nt+ on f+]s & toes 0 man's orig9al me?od ( reckon+1 tak5 up & repres5t$ 9 language4 ,to c\nt ! f+]s on "o h& up to #e1 & !n g on ) a second five1 is a notation by fives1 or z x is call$1 a qu9>y notation4 ,to c\nt by ! use ( bo? h&s to #aj1 & !nce to reckon by t5s1 is a decimal notation4 ,to g on by h&s & feet to #bj1 & !nce to reckon by tw5ties1 is a vigesimal notation4 ,n[ ?\gh 9 ! l>g] proportion ( kn[n languages1 no di/9ct m5tion ( f+]s & toes1 h&s & feet1 is obs]vable 9 ! num]als !mselves1 yet ! v s*emes ( qu9>y1 decimal1 & vigesimal notation rema9 to v\* = su* h&-&-foot-c\nt+ hav+ be5 ! orig9al me?od on :i* !y 7 f\nd$4 ,!re seems no d\bt t ! numb] ( ! f+]s l$ to ! adoption ( ! n especially suitable numb] #aj z a p]iod 9 reckon+1 s t decimal ari?metic is bas$ on human anatomy4 ,?is is s obvi\s1 t x is curi\s to see ,ovid 9 8 well-kn[n l9es putt+ ! two facts close toge!r1 )\t see+ t ! second 0 ! consequ5ce ( ! fir/4 #8,annus erat1 decimum cum luna recep]at orbem4 ,hic num]us magno tune 9 honore fuit4 ,seu quia tot digiti1 p] quos num]>e solemus3 ,seu quia bis qu9o fem9a m5se p>it3 ,seu quod adusque decem num]o cresc5te v5itur1 ,pr9cipium spatiis sumitur inde novis4'#ccj ,9 survey+ ! languages ( ! _w at l>ge1 x is f\nd t among tribes or nations f> en\gh advanc$ 9 ari?metic to c\nt up to five 9 words1 !re prevails1 ) sc>cely an exception1 a me?od f\nd$ on h&-c\nt+1 qu9>y1 decimal1 vigesimal1 or comb9$ ( ^!4 ,= p]fect examples ( ! qu9>y me?od1 we may take a ,polynesian s]ies :i* runs #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #ea1 #eb1 c42 or a ,melanesian s]ies :i* may be r5d]$ z #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #bnd #a1 #bnd #b1 c4 ,qu9>y lead+ into decimal is well %[n 9 ! ,fellata s]ies #a 444 #e1 #ea 444 #aj1 #aja 444#aje1 #ajea 444 #bj1 444 #cj1 444 #dj1 c4 ,pure decimal may be in/anc$ f ,hebrew #a1 #b 444 #aj1 #aja 444 #bj1 #bja 444 c4 ,pure vigesimal is n usual1 = ! obvi\s reason t a set ( indep5d5t num]als to #bj w\ld be inconv5i5t2 b x takes on f qu9>y1 z 9 ,aztec1 :i* may be analyz$ z #a1 #b 444 #e1 #ea 444 #aj1 #aja 444 #aje1 #ajea 444 #bj1 #bja 444 #bjaj1 #bjaja 444 #dj1 c42 or f decimal1 z 9 ,basque1 #a 444 #aj1 #aja 444 #bj1 #bja 444 #bjaj1 #bjaja 444 #dj c4#cca ,x seems unnecess>y to br+ =w>d "h ! mass ( l+ui/ic details requir$ = any g5]al demon/ration ( ^! pr9ciples ( num]ation among ! races ( ! _w4 ,pr(4 ,pott1 ( ,halle1 has treat$ ! subject on elaborate philological evid5ce1 9 a special monograph1#ccb :i* is incid5tally ! mo/ ext5sive collection ( details relat+ to num]als1 indisp5sable to /ud5ts occupi$ ) su* enquiries4 ,= ! pres5t purpose ! foll[+ r\gh g5]alization may suffice1 t ! qu9>y sy/em is frequ5t among ! l[] races1 among :om also ! vigesimal sy/em is consid]ably develop$1 b ! t5d5cy ( ! high] nations has be5 to avoid ! "o z too scanty1 & ! o!r z too cumbr\s1 & to use ! int]m$iate decimal sy/em4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 ! usage ( v>i\s tribes & nations d n int]f]e )1 b r confirm1 ! g5]al pr9ciple :i* is _! common cause1 t man orig9ally le>nt to reckon f 8 f+]s & toes1 & 9 v>i\s ways /]eotyp$ 9 language ! result ( ?is primitive me?od4 ,"s curi\s po9ts z to ! relation ( ^! sy/ems may be notic$ 9 ,europe4 ,x 0 obs]v$ ( a c]ta9 deaf-&-dumb boy1 ,oliv] ,caswell1 t he le>nt to c\nt z high z #ej on 8 f+]s1 b always #8fiv$1' reckon+1 = in/ance1 #ah objects z #8bo? h&s1 "o h&1 ?ree f+]s4'#ccc ,! sugge/ion has be5 made t ! ,greek use ( 1 #8to five1' z an expression = c\nt+1 is a trace ( rude old qu9>y num]ation 7comp>e ,f9ni% lokket #8to c\nt1' f lokke #8t5'74 ,c]ta9ly1 ! ,roman num]als ,i1 ,,ii1 444 ,v1 ,,vi 444 ,x1 ,,xi 444 ,,xv1 ,,xvi1 c41 =m a rem>kably well-def9$ writt5 qu9>y sy/em4 ,rema9s ( vigesimal c\nt+ are /ill m in/ructive4 ,c\nt+ by tw5ties is a /rongly m>k$ ,keltic *>act]i/ic4 ,! cumbr\s vigesimal notation c\ld h>dly be br\ght m /rongly into view 9 any savage race ?an 9 su* examples z ,gaelic aon deug is da fhi*ead #8"o1 t51 & two tw5ties1' i4e41 #ea2 or ,wel% un>bym!g ar uga9 #8"o & fifte5 ov] tw5ty1' i4e41 #cf2 or ,breton unnek ha triug5t #8elev5 & ?ree tw5ties1' i4e41 #ga4 ,n[ ,fr5*1 be+ a ,romance language1 has a regul> sy/em ( ,lat9 t5s up to #ajj2 c9quante1 soixante1 septante1 huitante1 nonante1 :i* are to be f\nd /ill 9 use 9 di/ricts )9 ! limits ( ! ,fr5* language1 z 9 ,belgium4 ,nev]!less1 ! clumsy sy/em ( reckon+ by tw5ties has brok5 out ?r\gh ! decimal sy/em 9 ,france4 ,! septante is to a great ext5t suppress$1 soixante-quatorze1 = in/ance1 /&+ = #gd2 quatre-v+ts has fairly e/abli%$ itself = #hj1 & its use cont9ues into ! n9eties1 quatre-v+t-treize = #ic2 9 numb]s above #ajj we f9d six-v+ts1 sept-v+ts1 huit-v+ts1 = #abj1 #adj1 #afj1 & a c]ta9 hospital has its "n ( ,les ,qu9ze-v+ts f its #cjj inmates4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ reasonable explanation ( ?is curi\s ph5om5on1 to suppose ! e>li] ,keltic sy/em ( ,france to h held its gr\nd1 modell+ ! lat] ,fr5* into its own rud] %ape4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! ,anglo-,saxon num]ation is decimal1 hund-se(ontig1 #gj2 hund-eahtatig1 #hj2 hund-nigontig1 #ij2 hund-teontig1 #ajj2 hund-enlufontig1 #aaj2 hund-twelftig1 #abj4 ,x may be "h also by ,keltic survival t ! vigesimal reckon+ by ! #8score1' ?reescore & t51 f\rscore & ?irte51 c41 ga9$ a position 9 ,engli% :i* x has n yet totally lo/4#ccd ,f "s m9or details 9 num]ation1 e?nological h9ts may be ga9$4 ,among rude tribes ) scanty s]ies ( num]als1 comb9ation to make out new numb]s is v soon resort$ to4 ,among ,au/ralian tribes addition makes #8two-"o1' #8two-two1' express #c & #d2 9 ,gua*i #8two-two' is #d2 9 ,san ,antonio #8f\r & two-"o' is #g4 ,! plan ( mak+ num]als by subtraction is kn[n 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & is well %[n 9 ! ,a9o language ( ,yesso1 :]e ! words = #h & #i obvi\sly mean #8two f t51' #8"o f t54' ,multiplication appe>s1 z 9 ,san ,antonio1 #8two-&-"o-two1' & 9 a ,tupi dialect #8two-?ree1' to express #f4 ,division seems n kn[n = su* purposes among ! l[] races1 & q exceptional among ! high]4 ,facts ( ?is class %[ v>iety 9 ! inv5tive devices ( mank9d1 & indep5d5ce 9 _! =mation ( language4 ,!y are consi/5t at ! same "t ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( h&-c\nt+4 ,! traces ( :at might be call$ b9>y1 t]n>y1 quat]n>y1 s5>y reckon+1 :i* turn on #b1 #c1 #d1 #f1 are m]e v>ieties1 lead+ up to1 or laps+ into1 qu9>y & decimal me?ods4 ,! contra/ is a /rik+ "o betwe5 ! educat$ ,european1 ) 8 easy use ( 8 b\ndless num]al s]ies1 & ! ,tasmanian1 :o reckons #c1 or any?+ beyond #b1 z #8_m1' & makes %ift by 8 :ole h& to rea* ! limit ( #8man1' t is to say1 #e4 ,?is contra/ is due to arre/ ( developm5t 9 ! savage1 ^: m9d rema9s 9 ! *ildi% /ate :i* ! beg9n+ ( "o ( our nurs]y numb]-rhymes illu/rates curi\sly4 ,x runs-- #8,"o's none1 ,two's "s1 ,?ree's a _m1 ,f\r's a p5ny1 ,five's a little hundr$4' ,to notice ?is /ate ( ?+s among savages & *ildr5 raises int]e/+ po9ts z to ! e>ly hi/ory ( gramm>4 ,w4 von ,humboldt sugge/$ ! analogy betwe5 ! savage notion ( #c z #8_m' & ! grammatical use ( #c to =m a k9d ( sup]lative1 9 =ms ( :i* #8trismegi/us1' #8t] felix1' #8?rice ble/1' are famili> in/ances4 ,! relation ( s+le1 dual1 & plural is well %[n pictorially 9 ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphics1 :]e ! picture ( an object1 a horse = in/ance1 is m>k$ by a s+le l9e if b "o is meant1 by two l9es if two are meant1 by ?ree l9es if ?ree or an indef9ite plural numb] are meant4 ,! s*eme ( grammatical numb] 9 "s ( ! mo/ anci5t & important languages ( ! _w is laid d[n on ! same savage pr9ciple4 ,egyptian1 ,arabic1 ,hebrew1 ,sanskrit1 ,greek1 ,go?ic1 are examples ( languages us+ s+ul>1 dual1 & plural numb]2 b ! t5d5cy ( high] intellectual culture has be5 to disc>d ! plan z inconv5i5t & unpr(itable1 & only to di/+ui% s+ul> & plural4 ,no d\bt ! dual held its place by inh]itance f an e>ly p]iod ( culture1 & ,dr4 ,d4 ,wilson seems ju/ifi$ 9 8 op9ion t x #8pres]ves to u ! memorial ( t /age ( ?\ght :5 all beyond two 0 an idea ( indef9ite numb]4'#cce ,:5 two races at diff]5t levels ( culture come into contact1 ! rud] p adopt new art & k1 b at ! same "t _! own special culture usually comes to a /&/ill1 & ev5 falls (f4 ,x is ?us ) ! art ( c\nt+4 ,we may be able to prove t ! l[] race _h actually be5 mak+ great & indep5d5t progress 9 x1 b :5 ! high] race comes ) a conv5i5t & unlimit$ means ( n only nam+ all imag9able numb]s1 b ( writ+ !m d[n & reckon+ ) !m by means ( a few simple figures1 :at likelihood is !re t ! b>b>ian's clumsy me?ods %\ld be f>!r work$ out8 ,z to ! ways 9 :i* ! num]als ( ! sup]ior race are graft$ on ! language ( ! inf]ior1 ,capta9 ,grant describes ! native slaves ( ,equatorial ,africa occupy+ _! l\ng+ h\rs 9 le>n+ ! num]als ( _! ,arab ma/]s4#ccf ,fa!r ,dobrizh(f]'s acc\nt ( ! ari?metical relations betwe5 ! native ,brazilians & ! ,jesuits is a good description ( ! intellectual contact betwe5 savages & mission>ies4 ,! ,gu>anis1 x appe>s1 c\nt$ up to #d ) _! native num]als1 & :5 !y got beyond1 !y w\ld say #8innum]able4' #8,b z c\nt+ is bo? ( manifold use 9 common life1 & 9 ! confessional absolutely indisp5sable 9 mak+ a complete confession1 ! ,indians 7 daily taught at ! public cate*is+ 9 ! *ur* to c\nt 9 ,spani%4 ,on ,sundays ! :ole p us$ to c\nt ) a l\d voice 9 ,spani%1 f #a to #a1jjj4' ,! mission>y1 x is true1 did n f9d ! natives use ! numb]s ?us le>nt v accurately--#8,we 7 wa%+ at a blackamoor1' he says4#ccg ,if1 h[ev]1 we exam9e ! mod]n vocabul>ies ( savage or l[ b>b>ian tribes1 !y w be f\nd to af=d int]e/+ evid5ce h[ really effective ! influ5ce ( high] on l[] civilization has be5 9 ?is matt]4 ,s f> z ! rud] sy/em is complete & mod]ately conv5i5t1 x may /&1 b :]e x ceases or gr[s cumbr\s1 & sometimes at a l[] limit ?an ?is1 we c see ! clev]] =eign] tak+ x into 8 own h&s1 supplem5t+ or supplant+ ! scanty num]als ( ! l[] race by 8 own4 ,! high] race1 ?\gh advanc$ en\gh to act ?us on ! l[]1 ne$ n be itself at an extremely high level4 ,m>kham obs]ves t ! ,jiv>as ( ! ,m>aon1 ) native num]als up to #e1 adopt = high] numb]s ^? ( ! ,qui*ua1 ! language ( ! ,p]uvian ,incas4#cch ,! cases ( ! indig5es ( ,india are in/ructive4 ,! ,khonds reckon #a & #b 9 native words1 & !n take to borr[$ ,h9di num]als4 ,! ,oraon tribes1 :ile belong+ to a race ( ! ,dravidian /ock1 & hav+ _h a s]ies ( native num]als accord+ly1 appe> to h giv5 up _! use beyond #d1 or sometimes ev5 #b1 & adopt$ ,h9di num]als 9 _! place4#cci ,! ,s\? ,am]ican ,conibos 7 obs]v$ to c\nt #a & #b ) _! own words1 & !n to borr[ ,spani% num]als1 mu* z a ,brazilian dialect ( ! ,tupi family is notic$ 9 ! la/ c5tury z hav+ lo/ ! native #e1 & settl$ d[n into us+ ! old native num]als up to #c1 & !n cont9u+ 9 ,portuguese4#cdj ,9 ,melanesia1 ! ,annatom language c only c\nt 9 its own num]als to #e1 & !n borr[s ,engli% siks1 sev51 eet1 na91 c4 ,9 "s ,polynesian isl&s1 ?\gh ! native num]als are ext5sive en\gh1 ! confusion aris+ f reckon+ by pairs & f\rs z well z units1 has induc$ ! natives to escape f p]plexity by adopt+ hun]i & tausani4#cda ,& ?\gh ! ,esquimaux c\nt+ by h&s1 feet1 & :ole m51 is capable ( express+ high numb]s1 x becomes practically clumsy ev5 :5 x gets among ! scores1 & ! ,gre5l&] has done well to adopt untrte & tus9te f 8 ,dani% tea*]s4 ,simil>ity ( num]als 9 two languages is a po9t to :i* philologi/s atta* great & des]v$ importance 9 ! "q :e!r !y are to be consid]$ z sprung f a common /ock4 ,b x is cle> t s f> z "o race may h borr[$ num]als f ano!r1 ?is evid5ce breaks d[n4 ,! fact t ?is borr[+ ext5ds z l[ z #c1 & may ev5 g /ill l[] = all we "k1 is a reason = us+ ! argum5t f connect$ num]als cauti\sly1 z t5d+ r to prove int]c\rse ?an k9%ip4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! scale ( civilization1 ! adoption ( num]als f nation to nation /ill pres5ts int]e/+ philological po9ts4 ,our own language gives curi\s in/ances1 z second & million4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,engli%1 9 common ) ,g]man1 ,dut*1 ,dani%1 & ev5 ,russian1 has adopt$ ,m$ival ,lat9 doz5a 7f duodecim7 %[s h[ conv5i5t an arrangem5t x 0 f\nd to buy & sell by ! doz51 & h[ necess>y x 0 to h a special ^w = x4 ,b ! borr[+ process has gone f>!r ?an ?is4 ,if x 7 ask$ h[ _m sets ( num]als are n[ 9 use among ,engli%-speak+ p 9 ,engl&1 ! probable reply w\ld be "o set1 ! regul> "o1 two1 ?ree1 c4 ,!re exi/1 h[ev]1 two borr[$ sets z well4 ,"o is ! well-kn[n dic+-set1 ace1 deuce1 tray1 cat]1 c9que1 size2 ?us size-ace is #8#f & "o1' c9ques or s9ks1 #8d\ble five4' ,^! came to u f ,france1 & correspond ) ! common ,fr5* num]als1 except ace1 :i* is ,lat9 z1 a ^w ( great philological int]e/1 mean+ #8"o4' ,! o!r borr[$ set is to be f\nd 9 ! ,slang ,diction>y4 ,x appe>s t ! ,engli% /reet-folk h adopt$ z a means ( secret communication a set ( ,italian num]als f ! organ-gr9d]s & image-sell]s1 or by o!r ways ?r\gh :i* ,italian or ,l+ua ,franca is br\ght into ! l[ neighb\rhoods ( ,london4 ,9 s do+1 !y h p]=m$ a philological op]ation n only curi\s1 b in/ructive4 ,by copy+ su* expressions z1 ,italian due soldi1 tre soldi1 z equival5t to #8twop5ce1' #8?reep5ce1' ! ^w saltee became a recogniz$ slang t]m = #8p5ny1' & p5ce are reckon$ z foll[s3-- ,oney saltee 444 #a;d4 uno soldo4 ,dooe saltee 444 #b;d4 due soldi4 ,tray saltee 444 #c;d4 tre soldi4 ,qu>t]] saltee 444 #d;d4 quattro soldi4 ,*9k] saltee 444 #e;d4 c9que soldi4 ,say saltee 444 #f;d4 sei soldi4 ,say oney saltee or sett] saltee 444 #g;d4 sette soldi4 ,say dooe saltee or ott] saltee 444 #h;d4 otto soldi4 ,say tray saltee or nobba saltee 444 #i;d4 nove soldi4 ,say qu>t]] saltee or da*a saltee 444 #aj;d4 dieci soldi4 ,say *9k] saltee or da*a oney saltee 444 #aa;d4 undici soldi4 ,oney beong 444 #as4 ,a beong say saltee 444 #as4 #f;d4 ,dooe beong say saltee or madza c>oon 444 #bs4 #f;d4 7half cr[n1 mezza corona47#cdb ,"o ( ^! s]ies simply adopts ,italian num]als decimally4 ,b ! o!r1 :5 x has rea*$ #f1 hav+ _h en\gh ( novelty1 makes #g by #8six-"o1' & s cont9ues4 ,x is = no ab/ract reason t #f is ?us made ! turn+-po9t1 b simply because ! co/]mong] is add+ p5ce up to ! silv] sixp5ce1 & !n add+ p5ce aga9 up to ! %ill+4 ,?us our duodecimal co9age has l$ to ! practice ( c\nt+ by sixes1 & produc$ a philological curiosity1 a real s5>y notation4 ,on evid5ce su* z has be5 br\ght =w>d 9 ?is essay1 ! app>5t relations ( savage to civiliz$ culture1 z reg>ds ! ,art ( ,c\nt+1 may n[ be briefly /at$ 9 conclusion4 ,! pr9cipal me?ods to :i* ! developm5t ( ! high] ari?metic are due1 lie outside ! problem4 ,!y are mo/ly +5i\s plans ( express+ num]ical relation by writt5 symbols4 ,among !m are ! ,semitic s*eme1 & ! ,greek d]iv$ f x1 ( us+ ! alphabet z a s]ies ( num]ical symbols1 a plan n q disc>d$ by ourselves1 at lea/ = ord9als1 z 9 s*$ules ,a1 ,b1 c42 ! use ( initials ( num]al words z figures = ! numb]s !mselves1 z 9 ,greek & = #e & #aj1 ,roman ,c & ,m = #ajj & #a1jjj2 ! device ( express+ fractions1 %[n 9 a rudim5t>y /age 9 ,greek '1 '1 = #a_/c1 #a_/d1 = #c_/d2 ! introduction ( ! ciph] or z]o1 by means ( :i* ! ,arabic or ,indian num]als h _! value accord+ to _! position 9 a decimal ord] correspond+ to ! succession ( ! r[s ( ! abacus2 & la/ly1 ! mod]n notation ( decimal fractions by c>ry+ d[n bel[ ! unit ! proportional ord] :i* = ages _h be5 9 use above x4 ,! anci5t ,egyptian & ! /ill-us$ ,roman & ,*9ese num]ation are inde$ f\nd$ on savage picture-writ+1#cdc :ile ! abacus & ! swan-pan1 ! "o /ill a valuable s*ool-in/rum5t1 & ! o!r 9 full practical use1 h _! g]m 9 ! savage c\nt+ by gr\ps ( objects1 z :5 ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s c\nt ) coco-nut /alks1 putt+ a little "o aside e "t !y come to #aj1 & a l>ge "o :5 !y come to #ajj1 or :5 ,african negroes reckon ) pebbles or nuts1 & e "t !y come to #e put !m aside 9 a little heap4#cdd ,we are "h especially conc]n$ ) ge/ure-c\nt+ on ! f+]s1 z an absolutely savage art /ill 9 use among *ildr5 & peasants1 & ) ! sy/em ( num]al words1 z kn[n to all mank9d1 appe>+ scantily among ! l[e/ tribes1 & rea*+ )9 savage limits to developm5ts :i* ! highe/ civilization has only improv$ 9 detail4 ,^! two me?ods ( computation by ge/ure & ^w tell ! /ory ( primitive ari?metic 9 a way t c be h>dly p]v]t$ or misund]/ood4 ,we see ! savage :o c only c\nt to #b or #c or #d 9 words1 b c g f>!r 9 dumb %[4 ,he has words = h&s & f+]s1 feet & toes1 & ! idea /rikes him t ! words :i* describe ! ge/ure w s]ve also to express its mean+1 & !y become 8 num]als accord+ly4 ,?is did n happ5 only once1 x happ5$ among diff]5t races 9 di/ant regions1 = su* t]ms z #8h&' = #e1 #8h&-"o' = #f1 #8h&s' = #aj1 #8two on ! foot' = #ab1 #8h&s & feet' or #8man' = #bj1 #8two m5' = #dj1 c41 %[ su* uni=mity z is due to common pr9ciple1 b also su* v>iety z is due to indep5d5t work+-out4 ,^! are #8po9t]-facts' :i* h _! place & explanation 9 a developm5t-!ory ( culture1 :ile a deg5]ation-!ory totally fails to take !m 94 ,!y are di/9ct records ( developm5t1 & ( indep5d5t developm5t1 among savage tribes to :om "s writ]s on civilization h ra%ly d5i$ ! v faculty ( self-improvem5t4 ,! orig9al mean+ ( a great "p ( ! /ock ( num]als ( ! l[] races1 especially ( ^? f #a to #d1 n suit$ to be nam$ z h&-num]als1 is obscure4 ,!y may h be5 nam$ f comp>ison ) objects1 9 a way :i* is %[n actually to happ5 9 su* =ms z #8toge!r' = #b1 #8?r[' = #c1 #8knot' = #d2 b any concrete mean+ we may guess !m to h once _h seems n[ by modification & mutilation to h pass$ out ( k4 ,rememb]+ h[ ord9>y words *ange & lose _! traces ( orig9al mean+ 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 & t 9 num]als su* break+ d[n ( mean+ is actually desirable1 to make !m fit = pure ari?metical symbols1 we _c wond] t s l>ge a proportion ( exi/+ num]als %\ld h no disc]nible etymology4 ,?is is especially true ( ! #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 among l[ & high races alike1 ! e>lie/ to be made1 & !re=e ! e>lie/ to lose _! prim>y significance4 ,beyond ^! l[ numb]s ! languages ( ! high] & l[] races %[ a rem>kable diff]5ce4 ,! h&-&-foot num]als1 s preval5t & unmi/akable 9 savage tongues l ,esquimaux & ,zulu1 are sc>cely if at all traceable 9 ! great languages ( civilization1 su* z ,sanskrit & ,greek1 ,hebrew & ,arabic4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s is q con=mable to ! developm5t-!ory ( language4 ,we may argue t x 0 9 comp>atively rec5t times t savages arriv$ at ! inv5tion ( h&-num]als1 & t !re=e ! etymology ( su* num]als rema9s obvi\s4 ,b x by no means foll[s f ! non-appe>ance ( su* primitive =ms 9 cultur$ ,asia & ,europe1 t !y did n exi/ !re 9 remote ages2 !y may s9ce h be5 roll$ & batt]$ l pebbles by ! /ream ( "t1 till _! orig9al %apes c no long] be made out4 ,la/ly1 among savage & civiliz$ races alike1 ! g5]al framework ( num]ation /&s ?r\gh\t ! _w z an abid+ monum5t ( primval culture4 ,?is framework1 ! all b univ]sal s*eme ( reckon+ by fives1 t5s1 & tw5ties1 %[s t ! *ildi% & savage practice ( c\nt+ on f+]s & toes lies at ! f\ndation ( our ari?metical sci5ce4 ,t5 seems ! mo/ conv5i5t ari?metical basis (f]$ by sy/ems f\nd$ on h&-c\nt+1 b twelve w\ld h be5 bett]1 & duodecimal ari?metic is 9 fact a prote/ aga9/ ! less conv5i5t decimal ari?metic 9 ord9>y use4 ,! case is ! n uncommon "o ( high civilization be>+ evid5t traces ( ! rud5ess ( its orig9 9 anci5t b>b>ic life4 ,footnote #bii3 ,m>9]1 #8,tonga ,isl&s1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cij4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,cr[!r1 #8,yoruba ,vocab4'2 ,burton1 #8,w4 ,w4 f ,w4 ,africa1' p4 #bec4 #8,o daju danu1 o ko mo essan messan4--,y 7may seem7 v clev]1 7b7 y c't tell #i #i4' ,footnote #cja3 ,l[ 9 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 i4 p4 #djh2 #8,ye>-,books ,edw4 ,i4' 7xx4-i47 ed4 ,horwood1 p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,spix & ,m>tius1 #8,reise 9 ,brazili51' p4 #chg4 ,footnote #cjc3 #8,tasmanian ,j\rnal1' vol4 i42 ,backh\se1 #8,n>r4' p4 #ajd2 ,milligan 9 #8,pap]s1 c41 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,tasmania1' vol4 iii4 "p ii4 #ahei4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,oldfield 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4'2 vol4 iii4 p4 #bia2 ,lang1 #8,que5sl&1' p4 #dcc2 #8,la?am1 ,comp4 ,phil4' p4 #ceb4 ,o!r t]ms 9 ,bonwick1 l4 c4 ,footnote #cje3 ,sic>d1 #8,?orie des ,signes p\r l',in/ruction des ,s\rds-,muets1' vol4 ii4 p4 #fcd4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,/anbridge 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 i4 p4 #cjd4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,m>tius1 #8,gloss4 ,brasil1' p4 #ae4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,kra*59nik[1 #8,kamt*atka1' p4 #ag4 ,footnote #cji3 ,gumilla1 #8,hi/oria del ,or5oco1' vol4 iii4 *4 xlv42 ,pott1 #8,zhlme?ode1' p4 #af4 ,footnote #caj3 ,! ,ea/]n brok]s h us$ = ages1 & /ill use1 ! me?od ( secretly indicat+ numb]s to "o ano!r 9 b>ga9+1 #8by snipp+ f+]s "u a clo?4' #8,e joynt & e f+] ha? 8 signification1' z an old travell] says1 & ! sy/em seems a m or less artificial developm5t ( ord9>y f+]-c\nt+1 ! ?umb & little f+] /ret*$ out1 & ! o!r f+]s clos$1 /&+ = #f or #fj1 ! addition ( ! f\r? f+] mak+ #g or #gj1 & s on4 ,x is said t betwe5 two brok]s settl+ a price by ?us snipp+ ) ! f+]s1 clev]ness 9 b>ga9+1 (f]+ a little m1 hesitat+1 express+ an ob/9ate refusal to g f>!r1 c41 comes out j z 9 *aff]+ 9 words4 ,footnote #caa3 ,gilij2 #8,saggio di ,/oria ,am]icana1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ccb 7,tamanac1 ,maypure74 ,m>tius1 #8,gloss4 ,brasil1' 7,cayriri1 ,tupi1 ,c>ib1 ,omagua1 ,juri1 ,gua*i1 ,coretu1 ,*]5tes1 ,maxuruna1 ,c>ipuna1 ,cauixana1 ,c>ajs1 ,coroado1 c472 ,dobrizh(f]1 #8,abipones1' vol4 ii4 p4 #afh2 ,humboldt1 #8,monum5s1' pl4 xliv4 7,muysca74 ,footnote #cab3 ,cranz1 #8,grnl&1' p4 #bhf2 ,kle9s*midt1 #8,gr4 d] ,grnl4 ,spr42' ,rae 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iv4 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #cac3 ,milligan1 l4 c42 ,g4 ,f4 ,moore1 #8,vocab4 ,w4 ,au/ralia4' ,comp>e a s]ies ( qu9>y num]als to #i1 f ,sydney1 9 ,pott1 #8,zhlme?ode1' p4 #df4 ,footnote #cad3 ,gabel5tz1 #8,melanesi*e ,spra*51' p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #cae3 ,w4 v4 ,humboldt1 #8,kawi-,spr4' vol4 ii4 p4 #cjh2 corroborat$ by #8,z4 ,res4' vol4 vi4 p4 #ij2 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 iii4 p4 #ahb1 c4 ,footnote #caf3 ,klle1 #8,gr4 ( ,vei ,lang4' p4 #bg4 ,footnote #cag3 ,s*reud]1 #8,gr4 = ,zulu ,sproget1' p4 #cj2 ,dhne1 #8,zulu ,dic4'2 ,gr\t1 #8,zulu ,gr4' ,see ,hahn1 #8,gr4 des ,h]]o4' ,footnote #cah3 ,sir ,w4 ,jones 9 #8,z4 ,res4' vol4 ii4 #agij1 p4 #bif2 ,e4 ,jacquet 9 #8,n\v4 ,j\rn4 ,asiat4' #ahce2 ,w4 v4 ,humboldt1 #8,kawi-,spr4' vol4 i4 p4 #ai4 ,?is sy/em ( record+ dates1 c41 ext5d$ z f> z ,tibet & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,_m important po9ts ( ,ori5tal *ronology dep5d on su* =mulas4 ,un=tunately _! evid5ce is m or less vitiat$ by inconsi/5cies 9 ! use ( words = numb]s4 ,footnote #cai3 ,eyre1 #8,au/ralia1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cbd2 ,s*rmann1 #8,vocab4 ( ,p>nkalla ,lang1' gives =ms p>tially correspond+4 ,footnote #cbj3 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' ,new ,s]4 vol4 ii4 #aheh1 p4 #aah 7,sulong1 ,awang1 ,itam 7#8black'71 ,puteh 7#8:ite'71 ,allang1 ,p5deh1 ,ke*il or ,bongsu72 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 ii4 p4 #did4 ,! details are imp]fectly giv51 & seem n all correct4 ,footnote #cba3 ,ellis1 #8,madagasc>1' vol4 i4 p4 #aed4 ,also ,&riampaivo1 or ,lahi-,z&r9a1 = la/ male2 ,&rianivo = int]m$iate male4 ,malagasy lahy1 #8male' ,malay laki2 ,malagasy vavy1 #8female' ,tongan faf9e1 ,maori wah9e1 #8woman2' comp4 ,malay bt9a1 #8female4' ,footnote #cbb3 ,m4 ,ea/man1 #8,dahcotah2 or1 ,life & ,leg5ds ( ! ,si\x1' p4 xxv4 ,footnote #cbc3 #8,j\rn4 ,e?nol4 ,soc4' vol4 iv4 7,akra72 ,ploss1 #8,das ,k9d1' vol4 i4 p4 #aci 7,elm9a74 ,footnote #cbd3 ,h4 ,hale1 #8,e?nography & ,philology1' vol4 vi4 ( ,wilkes1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp41 ,philadelphia1 #ahdf1 pp4 #agb1 #bhi4 7,n4,b4--,! ord9>y editions d n conta9 ?is important volume47 ,footnote #cbe3 ,b[51 #8,gr4 & ,dic4 ( ,yoruba4' ,burton 9 #8,mem4 ,an?rop4 ,soc41' vol4 i4 p4 #cad4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,see ,pott1 #8,zhlme?ode1' pp4 #gh1 #ii1 #abd1 #afa2 ,grimm1 #8,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1' *4 v4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,francisque-,mi*el1 #8,argot1' p4 #dhc4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,( evid5ce ( ?is class1 ! foll[+ des]ves att5tion3--,dobrizh(f]1 #8,abipones1' vol4 ii4 p4 #afi1 gives gey5kat1 #8o/ri*-toes1' z ! num]al = #d1 _! o/ri* hav+ ?ree toes be=e & "o beh9d1 & nenhalek1 #8a five-col\r$ spott$ hide1' z ! num]al #e4 ,d',orbigny1 #8,l',homme ,amrica91' vol4 ii4 p4 #afc1 rem>ks3--#8,les ,*iquitos ne sav5t compt] que jusqu' un 7tama71 n'ayant plus ensuite que des t]mes de comp>aison4' ,klle1 #8,gr4 ( ,vei ,lang41' notices t fra means bo? #8)' & #b1 & ?9ks ! =m] mean+ orig9al 7comp>e ! ,tah4 piti1 #8toge!r1' !nce #b74 ,qui*ua *uncu1 #8heap1' *unca1 #aj1 may be connect$4 ,aztec1 ce1 #a1 c5-tli1 #8gra91' may be connect$4 ,on possible d]ivations ( #b f h&1 c41 especially ,hott5tot1 t'koam1 #8h&1 #b1' see ,pott1 #8,zhlme?ode1' p4 #bi4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,see ,f>r>1 #8,*apt]s on ,language1' p4 #bbc4 ,b5loew1 #8,re*]*es sur l',orig9e des ,noms de ,nombre2' ,pictet1 #8,orig9es ,indo-,europ4' "p ii4 *4 ii42 ,pott1 #8,zhlme?ode1' p4 #abh1 c42 ,a4 v4 ,humboldt's plausible comp>ison betwe5 ,skr4 pan*a1 #e1 & ,p]s4 p5jeh1 #8! palm ( ! h& ) ! f+]s spread out2 ! outspread foot ( a bird1' z ?\gh #e 7 call$ pan*a f be+ l a h&1 is errone\s4 ,! ,p]sian p5jeh is itself d]iv$ f ! num]al #e1 z 9 ,skr4 ! h& is call$ pan*akha1 #8! five-bran*$4' ,! same =mation is f\nd 9 ,engli%2 slang describes a man's h& z 8 #8fives1' or #8bun* ( fives1' !nce ! "n ( ! game ( fives1 play$ by /rik+ ! ball ) ! op5 h&1 a t]m :i* has made its way out ( slang into accept$ language4 ,burton describes ! polite ,arab at a meal1 call+ 8 companion's att5tion to a gra9 ( rice fall5 into 8 be>d4 #8,! gazelle is 9 ! g>d51' he says1 ) a smile4 #8,we w hunt h] ) ! five1' is ! reply4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,ovid1 ,fa/4 iii4 #aba4 ,footnote #cca3 ,! actual ^w-num]als ( ! two qu9>y s]ies are giv5 z examples4 ,triton's ,bay1 #a1 samosi2 #b1 roeti2 #c1 t\wroe2 #d1 faat2 #e1 rimi2 #f1 rim-samos2 #g1 rim-roeti2 #h1 rim-t\wroe2 #i1 rim-faat2 #aj1 woetsja4 ,lifu1 #a1 pa*a2 #b1 lo2 #c1 kun2 #d1 ?ack2 #e1 ?abumb2 #f1 lo-a*a2 #g1 lo-a-lo2 #h1 lo-kunn2 #i1 lo-?ack2 #aj1 te-b5nete4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,a4 ,f4 ,pott1 #8,die ,qu9re und ,vigesimale ,zhlme?ode bei ,vlk]n all] ,welt!ile1' ,halle1 #ahdg2 supplem5t$ 9 #8,fe/gabe zur xxv4 ,v]sammlung ,deuts*] ,philolog51 c41 9 ,halle' 7#ahfg74 ,footnote #ccc3 #8,acc\nt ( ,laura ,bridgman1' ,london1 #ahde1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,comp>e ! ,rajmahali tribes adopt+ ,h9di num]als1 yet reckon+ by tw5ties4 ,%aw1 l4c4 ,! use ( a #8score' z an indef9ite numb] 9 ,engl&1 & simil>ly ( #bj 9 ,france1 ( #dj 9 ! ,hebrew ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,arabic ( ! ,?\s& & ,"o ,nights1 may be among o!r traces ( vigesimal reckon+4 ,footnote #cce3 ,d4 ,wilson1 #8,prehi/oric ,man1' p4 #faf4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,grant 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iii4 p4 #ij4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,dobrizh(f]1 #8,ges*4 d] ,abipon]1' p4 #bje2 ,eng4 ,trans4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #cch3 ,m>kham 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iii4 p4 #aff4 ,footnote #cci3 ,la?am1 #8,comp4 ,phil4' p4 #ahf2 ,%aw 9 #8,z4 ,res4' vol4 iv4 p4 #if2 #8,j\rn4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1' #ahff1 "p ii4 pp4 #bg1 #bjd1 #bea4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,/4 ,cricq 9 #8,bullet9 de la ,soc4 de ,gog4' #ahec1 p4 #bhf2 ,pott1 #8,zhlme?ode1' p4 #g4 ,footnote #cda3 ,gabel5tz1 p4 #hi2 ,hale1 l4c4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,j4 ,c4 ,hott51 #8,slang ,diction>y1' p4 #bah4 ,footnote #cdc3 #8,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1' p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,ellis1 #8,polyn4 ,res4' vol4 i4 p4 #ia2 ,klemm1 ,c4 ,g4 vol4 iii4 p4 #chc4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,my?ology4 ,my?ic ,fancy bas$1 l o!r ?\ght1 on ,exp]i5ce--,my?ology af=ds evid5ce = /udy+ laws ( ,imag9ation--,*ange 9 public op9ion z to cr$ibility ( ,my?s--,my?s rationaliz$ into ,allegory & ,hi/ory--,e?nological import & treatm5t ( ,my?--,my? to be /udi$ 9 actual exi/5ce & gr[? among mod]n savages & b>b>ians--,orig9al s\rces ( ,my?--,e>ly doctr9e ( g5]al animation ( ,nature--,p]sonification ( ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s2 ,wat]-sp\t1 ,s& pill>1 ,ra9b[1 ,wat]fall1 ,pe/il5ce--,analogy work$ into ,my? & ,metaphor--,my?s ( ,ra91 ,?und]1 c4--,effect ( ,language 9 =mation ( ,my?--,mat]ial ,p]sonification prim>y1 ,v]bal ,p]sonification second>y--,grammatical ,g5d]1 male & female1 animate & inanimate1 9 relation to ,my?--,prop] ,names ( objects 9 relation to ,my?--,m5tal ,/ate prop] to promote my?ic imag9ation--,doctr9e ( ,w]ewolves--,phantasy & ,fancy4 ,among ^? op9ions :i* are produc$ by a little k1 to be dispell$ by a little m1 is ! belief 9 an almo/ b\ndless creative p[] ( ! human imag9ation4 ,! sup]ficial /ud5t1 maz$ 9 a cr[d ( seem+ly wild & lawless fancies1 :i* he ?9ks to h no reason 9 nature nor patt]n 9 ?is mat]ial _w1 at fir/ concludes !m to be new bir?s f ! imag9ation ( ! poet1 ! tale-tell]1 & ! se]4 ,b little by little1 9 :at seem$ ! mo/ spontane\s fiction1 a m compreh5sive /udy ( ! s\rces ( poetry & romance beg9s to disclose a cause = ea* fancy1 an education t has l$ up to ea* tra9 ( ?\ght1 a /ore ( inh]it$ mat]ials f out ( :i* ea* prov9ce ( ! poet's l& has be5 %ap$1 & built ov]1 & peopl$4 ,backw>d f our own times1 ! c\rse ( m5tal hi/ory may be trac$ ?r\gh ! *anges wr\ght by mod]n s*ools ( ?\ght & fancy1 ^u an intellectual inh]itance h&$ d[n to !m f e>li] g5]ations4 ,& ?r\gh remot] p]iods1 z we rec$e m ne>ly t[>ds primitive conditions ( our race1 ! ?reads :i* connect new ?\ght ) old d n always vani% f our sight4 ,x is 9 l>ge measure possible to foll[ !m z clues lead+ back to t actual exp]i5ce ( nature & life1 :i* is ! ultimate s\rce ( human fancy4 ,:at ,mat!w ,arnold has writt5 ( ,man's ?\ghts z he floats along ! ,riv] ( ,"t1 is mo/ true ( 8 my?ic imag9ation3-- #8,z is ! _w on ! banks ,s is ! m9d ( ! man4 ,only ! tract :]e he sails ,he wots (3 only ! ?\ghts1 ,rais$ by ! objects he passes1 are 84' ,impressions ?us receiv$ ! m9d w modify & "w ^u1 transmitt+ ! products to o!r m9ds 9 %apes t (t5 seem new1 /range1 & arbitr>y1 b :i* yet result f processes famili> to our exp]i5ce1 & to be f\nd at "w 9 our own individual consci\sness4 ,! (fice ( our ?\ght is to develop1 to comb9e1 & to d]ive1 r ?an to create2 & ! consi/5t laws x works by are to be disc]n$ ev5 9 ! unsub/antial /ructures ( ! imag9ation4 ,"h1 z else:]e 9 ! univ]se1 !re is to be recogniz$ a sequ5ce f cause to effect1 a sequ5ce intelligible1 def9ite1 & :]e k rea*es ! ne$ful exactness1 ev5 calculable4 ,!re is p]haps no bett] subject-matt] ?r\gh :i* to /udy ! processes ( ! imag9ation1 ?an ! well-m>k$ incid5ts ( my?ical /ory1 rang+ z !y d ?r\gh e kn[n p]iod ( civilization1 & ?r\gh all ! physically v>i$ tribes ( mank9d4 ,"h ! div9e ,maui ( ,new ,zeal&1 fi%+ up ! isl& ) 8 en*ant$ hook f ! bottom ( ! sea1 w take 8 place 9 company ) ! ,indian ,vi%nu1 div+ to ! dep? ( ! ocean 9 8 avat> ( ! ,bo>1 to br+ up ! subm]g$ e>? on 8 mon/r\s tusks2 & "h ,baiame ! creator1 ^: voice ! rude ,au/ralians he> 9 ! roll+ ?und]1 w sit ?ron$ by ! side ( ,olympian ,zeus himself4 ,/>t+ ) ! bold r\gh nature-my?s into :i* ! savage m\lds ! lessons he has le>nt f 8 *ildlike contemplation ( ! univ]se1 ! e?nograph] c foll[ ^! rude fictions up into times :5 !y 7 %ap$ & incorporat$ into complex my?ologic sy/ems1 gracefully arti/ic 9 ,greece1 /iff & mon/r\s 9 ,mexico1 swell$ into bomba/ic exagg]ation 9 ,buddhi/ ,asia4 ,he c wat* h[ ! my?ology ( classic ,europe1 once s true to nature & s quick ) h] ceaseless life1 fell among ! comm5tators to be pla/]$ ) allegory or euhem]iz$ into dull %am hi/ory4 ,at la/1 9 ! mid/ ( mod]n civilization1 he f9ds ! classic volumes /udi$ r = _! mann] ?an = _! matt]1 or ma9ly valu$ = _! antiqu>ian evid5ce ( ! ?\ghts ( =m] times2 :ile relics ( /ructures re>$ ) skill & /r5g? by ! my?-mak]s ( ! pa/ mu/ n[ be s\ght 9 scraps ( nurs]y folk-lore1 9 vulg> sup]/itions & old dy+ leg5ds1 9 ?\ghts & allusions c>ri$ on f anci5t days by ! p]5nial /ream ( poetry & romance1 9 fragm5ts ( old op9ion :i* /ill hold an inh]it$ rank ga9$ 9 pa/ ages ( intellectual hi/ory4 ,b ?is turn+ ( my?ology to acc\nt z a means ( trac+ ! hi/ory ( laws ( m9d1 is a bran* ( sci5ce sc>cely discov]$ till ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,be=e ent]+ "h on "s rese>*es belong+ to x1 !re w be advantage 9 glanc+ at ! views ( old] my?ologi/s1 to %[ ?r\gh :at *anges _! /udy has at l5g? rea*$ a condition 9 :i* x has a sci5tific value4 ,x is a mom5t\s phase ( ! education ( mank9d1 :5 ! regul>ity ( nature has s impr9t$ itself ^u m5's m9ds t !y beg9 to wond] h[ x is t ! anci5t leg5ds :i* !y 7 br\ght up to he> ) su* rev]5t delight1 %\ld describe a _w s /rangely diff]5t f _! own4 ,:y1 !y ask1 are ! gods & giants & mon/]s no long] se5 to lead _! prodigi\s lives on e>?--is x p]*ance t ! c\rse ( ?+s is *ang$ s9ce ! old days8 ,?us x seem$ to ,pausanias ! hi/orian1 t ! wide-gr[n wick$ness ( ! _w _h br\ght x to pass t times 7 no long] z ( old1 :5 ,lykaon 0 turn$ into a wolf1 & ,niobe into a /one1 :5 m5 /ill sat z gue/s at table ) ! gods1 or 7 rais$ l ,h]akles to become gods !mselves4 ,up to mod]n times1 ! hypo!sis ( a *ang$ _w has m or less avail$ to remove ! difficulty ( belief 9 anci5t wond]-tales4 ,yet ?\gh always hold+ firmly a p>tial gr\nd1 its application 0 soon limit$ = ^! obvi\s reasons1 t x ju/ifi$ falsehood & tru? alike ) ev5-h&$ fav\r1 & utt]ly broke d[n t b>ri] ( probability :i* 9 "s measure has always sep>at$ fact f fancy4 ,! ,greek m9d f\nd o!r outlets to ! problem4 ,9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,grote1 ! anci5t leg5ds 7 ca/ back into an undef9$ pa/1 to take rank among ! hall[$ traditions ( div9e or h]oic antiquity1 gratify+ to extol by rhetoric1 b repulsive to scrut9ize 9 argum5t4 ,or !y 7 trans=m$ into %apes m famili> to exp]i5ce1 z :5 ,plut>*1 tell+ ! tale ( ,!seus1 begs = indulg5t he>]s to accept mildly ! ar*aic /ory1 & assures !m t he has set himself to purify x by reason1 t x may receive ! aspect ( hi/ory4#cde ,?is process ( giv+ fable ! aspect ( hi/ory1 ?is pr(itless art ( trans=m+ untrue impossibilities into untrue possibilities1 has be5 c>ri$ on by ! anci5ts1 & by ! mod]ns aft] !m1 especially accord+ to ! two foll[+ me?ods4 ,m5 h = ages be5 m or less consci\s ( t great m5tal di/rict ly+ betwe5 disbelief & belief1 :]e room is f\nd = all my?ic int]pretation1 good or bad4 ,x be+ admitt$ t "s leg5d is n ! real n>rative :i* x purports to be1 !y d n !reupon wipe x out f book & memory z simply signify+ no?+1 b !y ask :at orig9al s5se may be 9 x1 out ( :at old] /ory x may be a second gr[?1 or :at actual ev5t or curr5t notion may h sugge/$ its developm5t into ! /ate 9 :i* !y f9d x8 ,su* que/ions1 h[ev]1 prove almo/ z easy to answ] plausibly z to set2 & !n1 9 ! endeav\r to obta9 security t ^! (f-h& answ]s are ! true ones1 x becomes evid5t t ! problem admits ( an indef9ite numb] ( app>5t solutions1 n only diff]5t b incompatible4 ,?is radical unc]ta9ty 9 ! speculative int]pretation ( my?s is =cibly /at$ by ,"l ,bacon1 9 ! preface to 8 #8,wisdom ( ! ,anci5ts4' #8,nei!r am ,i ignorant1' he says1 #8h[ fickle & inconsi/5t a ?+ fiction is1 z be+ subject to be drawn & wre/$ any way1 & h[ great ! commodity ( wit & disc\rse is1 t is able to apply ?+s well1 yet s z nev] meant by ! fir/ au?ors4' ,! ne$ ( su* a caution may be judg$ ( f ! v treatise to :i* ,bacon prefac$ x1 = !re he is to be se5 plung+ headlong into ! v pitfall ( :i* he _h s discreetly w>n$ 8 disciples4 ,he und]takes1 aft] ! mann] ( n a few philosoph]s be=e & aft] him1 to int]pret ! classic my?s ( ,greece z moral allegories4 ,?us ! /ory ( ,memnon depicts ! de/9ies ( ra% "y m5 ( promise2 :ile ,p]seus symbolizes w>1 & :5 ( ! ?ree ,gorgons he attacks only ! mortal "o1 ?is means t only practicable w>s are to be attempt$4 ,x w\ld n be easy to br+ out into a /rong] light ! diff]5ce betwe5 a fanciful application ( a my?1 & its analysis into its real elem5ts4 ,= "h1 :]e ! int]pret] believ$ himself to be rev]s+ ! process ( my?-mak+1 he 0 9 fact only c>ry+ x a /age fur!r 9 ! old direction1 & out ( ! sugge/ion ( "o tra9 ( ?\ght evolv+ ano!r connect$ ) x by "s m or less remote analogy4 ,any ( u may practise ?is simple art1 ea* accord+ to 8 own fancy4 ,if1 = in/ance1 political economy happ5s = ! mom5t to lie upp]mo/ 9 our m9d1 we may ) due gravity exp\nd ! /ory ( ,p]seus z an allegory ( trade3 ,p]seus himself is ,lab\r1 & he f9ds ,&rom$a1 :o is ,pr(it1 *a9$ & ready to be dev\r$ by ! mon/] ,capital2 he rescues h] & c>ries h] (f 9 triumph4 ,to "k any?+ ( poetry or ( my/icism is to "k ?is reproductive gr[? ( fancy z an admitt$ & admir$ intellectual process4 ,b :5 x comes to sob] inve/igation ( ! processes ( my?ology1 ! attempt to p5etrate to ! f\ndation ( an old fancy w sc>cely be help$ by bury+ x yet deep] und]nea? a new "o4 ,nev]!less1 allegory has _h a %>e 9 ! developm5t ( my?s :i* no int]pret] mu/ ov]look4 ,! fault ( ! rationaliz] lay 9 tak+ allegory beyond its prop] action1 & apply+ x z a univ]sal solv5t to r$uce d>k /ories to transp>5t s5se4 ,! same is true ( ! o!r great rationaliz+ process1 f\nd$ also1 to "s ext5t1 on fact4 ,no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t real p]sonages (t5 h my?ic incid5ts tack$ on to _! hi/ory1 & t !y ev5 figure 9 tales ( :i* ! v sub/ance is my?ic4 ,no "o disbelieves 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,solomon because ( 8 leg5d>y adv5ture 9 ! ,valley ( ,apes1 nor ( ,attila because he figures 9 ! ,nibelung5 ,li$4 ,sir ,francis ,drake is made n less b m real to u by ! cottage tales :i* tell h[ he /ill leads ! ,wild ,hunt ov] ,d>tmoor1 & /ill rises to 8 revels :5 !y beat at ,buckl& ,abbey ! drum t he c>ri$ r\nd ! _w4 ,! mixture ( fact & fable 9 traditions ( great m5 %[s t leg5ds conta9+ mon/r\s fancy may yet h a basis 9 hi/oric fact4 ,b1 on ! /r5g? ( ?is1 ! my?ologi/s arrang$ sy/ematic me?ods ( r$uc+ leg5d to hi/ory1 & !reby contriv$ at once to /ultify ! my?ology !y pr(ess$ to expla91 & to ru9 ! hi/ory !y pr(ess$ to develop4 ,s f> z ! plan consi/$ 9 m]e suppression ( ! m>vell\s1 a notion ( its tru/wor?9ess may be obta9$1 z ,sir ,g4 ,w4 ,cox well puts x1 9 rationaliz+ ,jack ! ,giant-,kill] by leav+ out ! giants4 ,s f> z x treat$ leg5d>y wond]s z be+ matt]-(-fact disguis$ 9 metaphor1 ! m]e nak$ /atem5t ( ! results ( ! me?od is to our m9ds its mo/ cruel criticism4 ,?us already 9 classic times m5 7 decl>+ t ,atlas 0 a great a/ronom] :o taught ! use ( ! sph]e1 & 0 !re=e repres5t$ ) ! _w re/+ on 8 %\ld]s4 ,to su* a pass _h come ! decay ( my? into commonplace1 t ! great ,heav5-god ( ! ,aryan race1 ! liv+ p]sonal ,heav5 himself1 ,zeus ! ,almighty1 0 held to h be5 a k+ ( ,krete1 & ! ,kretans c\ld %[ to wond]+ /rang]s 8 sepul*re1 ) ! v "n ( ! great dep>t$ inscrib$ ^u x4 ,! mod]n #8euhem]i/s' 7s call$ f ,euhem]os ( ,mess5ia1 a great pr(essor ( ! art 9 ! "t ( ,alex&]7 9 "p adopt$ ! old int]pretations1 & sometimes fairly left _! ,greek & ,roman tea*]s beh9d 9 ! race aft] prosaic possibility4 ,!y in=m u t ,jove smit+ ! giants ) 8 ?und]bolts 0 a k+ repress+ a s$ition2 ,danae's gold5 %[] 0 ! money ) :i* h] gu>ds 7 brib$2 ,prome!us made clay images1 :5ce x 0 hyp]bolically said t he creat$ man & woman out ( clay2 & :5 ,daidalos 0 relat$ to h made figures :i* walk$1 ?is meant t he improv$ ! %apeless old /atues1 & sep>at$ _! legs4 ,old m5 /ill rememb] z ! guides ( educat$ op9ion 9 _! y\? ! le>n$ books 9 :i* ^! fancies are solemnly put =?2 "s ( our s*ool manuals /ill g on quot+ !m ) respect1 & a few /raggl+ writ]s c>ry on a remnant ( ! once fam\s sy/em ( :i* ! ,abb ,bani] 0 s di/+ui%$ an expon5t4#cdf ,b x has ( late fall5 on evil days1 & my?ologi/s 9 au?ority h treat$ x 9 s high-h&$ a fa%ion z to br+ x into g5]al contempt4 ,s f> has ! feel+ aga9/ ! abuse ( su* argum5t gone1 t x is n[ really desirable to w>n /ud5ts t x has a reasonable z well z an unreasonable side1 & to rem9d !m t "s wild leg5ds und\bt$ly d1 & !re=e t _m o!rs may1 conta9 a k]nel ( hi/oric tru?4 ,le>n$ & +5i\s z ! old sy/ems ( rationaliz+ my? h be51 !re is no d\bt t !y are 9 great measure de/9$ to be ?r[n aside4 ,x is n t _! int]pretations are prov$ impossible1 b t m]e possibility 9 my?ological speculation is n[ se5 to be su* a wor?less commodity1 t e inve/igator dev\tly wi%es !re 7 n su* pl5ty ( x4 ,9 assign+ orig9s to my?s1 z 9 e o!r sci5tific enquiry1 ! fact is t increas$ in=mation1 & ! use ( m /r+5t canons ( evid5ce1 h rais$ f> above ! old level ! /&>d ( probability requir$ to produce conviction4 ,!re are _m :o describe our own "t z an unbeliev+ "t1 b x is by no means sure t po/]ity w accept ! v]dict4 ,no d\bt x is a sceptical & a critical "t1 b !n scepticism & criticism are ! v conditions = ! atta9m5t ( reasonable belief4 ,?us1 :]e ! positive cr$5ce ( anci5t hi/ory has be5 affect$1 x is n t ! p[] ( receiv+ evid5ce has dim9i%$1 b t ! consci\sness ( ignorance has gr[n4 ,we are be+ tra9$ to ! facts ( physical sci5ce1 :i* we c te/ & te/ aga91 & we feel x a fall f ?is high level ( pro( :5 we turn our m9ds to ! old records :i* elude su* te/+1 & are ev5 admitt$ on all h&s to conta9 /atem5ts n to be reli$ on4 ,hi/orical criticism becomes h>d & exact+1 ev5 :]e ! *ronicle records ev5ts n improbable 9 !mselves2 & ! mom5t t ! /ory falls out ( our s*eme ( ! _w's habitual c\rse1 ! ev] repeat$ "q comes out to meet x--,:i* is ! m likely1 t s unusual an ev5t %\ld h really happ5$1 or t ! record %\ld be misund]/ood or false8 ,?us we gladly seek = s\rces ( hi/ory 9 antiqu>ian relics1 9 undesign$ & collat]al pro(s1 9 docum5ts n writt5 to be *ronicles4 ,b c any read] ( geology say we are too incr$ul\s to believe wond]s1 if ! evid5ce c>ry any fair w>rant ( _! tru?8 ,0 !re ev] a "t :5 lo/ hi/ory 0 be+ recon/ruct$1 & exi/+ hi/ory rectifi$1 m zeal\sly ?an !y are n[ by a :ole army ( travell]s1 excavators1 se>*]s ( old *>t]s1 & explor]s ( =gott5 dialects8 ,! v my?s t 7 disc>d$ z ly+ fables1 prove to be s\rces ( hi/ory 9 ways t _! mak]s & transmitt]s little dream$ (4 ,_! mean+ has be5 misund]/ood1 b !y h a mean+4 ,e tale t 0 ev] told has a mean+ = ! times x belongs to2 ev5 a lie1 z ! ,spani% prov]b says1 is a lady ( bir? 7#8la m5tira es hija de algo'74 ,?us1 z evid5ce ( ! developm5t ( ?\ght1 z records ( long pa/ belief & usage1 ev5 9 "s measure z mat]ials = ! hi/ory ( ! nations own+ !m1 ! old my?s h fairly tak5 _! place among hi/oric facts2 & ) su* ! mod]n hi/orian1 s able & will+ to pull d[n1 is also able & will+ to rebuild4 ,( all ?+s1 :at my?ologic "w ne$s is bread? ( k & ( h&l+4 ,int]pretations made to suit a n>r[ view reveal _! weakness :5 expos$ to a wide "o4 ,see ,h]odotus rationaliz+ ! /ory ( ! infant ,cyrus1 expos$ & suckl$ by a bit*2 he simply relates t ! *ild 0 br\ght up by a h]dsman's wife nam$ ,spak 79 ,greek ,kyn71 :5ce arose ! fable t a real bit* rescu$ & f$ him4 ,s f> s good--= a s+le case4 ,b does ! /ory ( ,romulus & ,remus likewise record a real ev5t1 my/ifi$ 9 ! self-same mann] by a pun on a nurse's "n1 :i* happ5$ to be a %e-bea/'s8 ,did ! ,roman tw9s also really happ5 to be expos$1 & br\ght up by a fo/]-"m :o happ5$ to be call$ ,lupa8 ,positively1 ! #8,lempri]e's ,diction>y' ( our y\? 7,i quote ! #af? edition ( #ahca7 gravely gives ?is z ! orig9 ( ! fam\s leg5d4 ,yet1 if we look prop]ly into ! matt]1 we f9d t ^! two /ories are b specim5s ( a widespread my?ic gr\p1 itself only a section ( t f> l>g] body ( traditions 9 :i* expos$ infants are sav$ to become national h]oes4 ,= o!r examples1 ,slavonic folk-lore tells ( ! %e-wolf & %e-be> t suckl$ ^? sup]human tw9s1 ,waligora ! m\nta9-roll] & ,wyrwidab ! oak-uproot]2 ,g]many has its leg5d ( ,diet]i*1 call$ ,wolfdiet]i* f 8 fo/]-"m ! %e-wolf2 9 ,india1 ! episode recurs 9 ! tales ( ,satavahana & ! lioness1 & ,s+-,baba & ! tigress2 leg5d tells ( ,burta-,*9o1 ! boy :o 0 ca/ into a lake1 & pres]v$ by a %e-wolf to become f\nd] ( ! ,turki% k+dom2 & ev5 ! savage ,yurac>s ( ,brazil tell ( _! div9e h]o ,tiri1 :o 0 suckl$ by a jagu>4#cdg ,sci5tific my?-int]pretation1 on ! contr>y1 is actually /r5g!n$ by su* comp>ison ( simil> cases4 ,:]e ! effect ( new k has be5 to con/ruct r ?an to de/roy1 x is f\nd t !re are gr\ps ( my?-int]pretations = :i* wid] & deep] evid5ce makes a wid] & deep] f\ndation4 ,! pr9ciples :i* und]lie a solid sy/em ( int]pretation are really few & simple4 ,! treatm5t ( simil> my?s f diff]5t regions1 by arrang+ !m 9 l>ge comp>$ gr\ps1 makes x possible to trace 9 my?ology ! op]ation ( imag9ative processes recurr+ ) ! evid5t regul>ity ( m5tal law2 & ?us /ories ( :i* a s+le in/ance w\ld h be5 a m]e isolat$ curiosity1 take _! place among well-m>k$ & consi/5t /ructures ( ! human m9d4 ,evid5ce l ?is w aga9 & aga9 drive u to admit t ev5 z #8tru? is /rang] ?an fiction1' s my? may be m uni=m ?an hi/ory4 ,!re lies )9 our rea*1 moreov]1 ! evid5ce ( races bo? anci5t & mod]n1 :o s fai?fully repres5t ! /ate ( ?\ght to :i* my?-developm5t belongs1 z /ill to keep up bo? ! consci\sness ( mean+ 9 _! old my?s1 & ! un/ra9$ unaffect$ habit ( creat+ new ones4 ,savages h be5 = untold ages1 & /ill are1 liv+ 9 ! my?-mak+ /age ( ! human m9d4 ,x 0 ?r\gh %e] ignorance & neglect ( ?is direct k h[ & by :at mann] ( m5 my?s are really made1 t _! simple philosophy has come to be buri$ "u masses ( comm5tators' rubbi%4 ,?\gh nev] :olly lo/1 ! secret ( my?ic int]pretation 0 all b =gott54 ,its recov]y has be5 ma9ly due to mod]n /ud5ts :o h ) va/ lab\r & skill se>*$ ! anci5t language1 poetry1 & folk-lore ( our own race1 f ! cottage tales collect$ by ! bro!rs ,grimm to ! ,rig-,v$a edit$ by ,max ,mll]4 ,aryan language & lit]ature n[ op5 out ) wond]ful range & cle>ness a view ( ! e>ly /ages ( my?ology1 display+ ^? primitive g]ms ( ! poetry ( nature1 :i* lat] ages swell$ & di/ort$ till *ildlike fancy sank into sup]/iti\s my/]y4 ,x is n propos$ "h to enquire specially into ?is ,aryan my?ology1 ( :i* s _m em95t /ud5ts h treat$1 b to comp>e "s ( ! mo/ important developm5ts ( my?ology among ! v>i\s races ( mank9d1 especially 9 ord] to det]m9e ! g5]al relation ( ! my?s ( savage tribes to ! my?s ( civiliz$ nations4 ,! argum5t does n aim at a g5]al discussion ( ! my?ology ( ! _w1 numb]s ( important topics be+ left unt\*$ :i* w\ld h to be consid]$ 9 a g5]al treatise4 ,! topics *os5 are mo/ly su* z are fitt$1 by ! /rictness ( evid5ce & argum5t apply+ to !m1 to make a s\nd basis = ! treatm5t ( my? z be>+ on ! g5]al e?nological problem ( ! developm5t ( civilization4 ,! g5]al !sis ma9ta9$ is t ,my? arose 9 ! savage condition preval5t 9 remote ages among ! :ole human race1 t x rema9s comp>atively un*ang$ among ! mod]n rude tribes :o h dep>t$ lea/ f ^! primitive conditions1 :ile ev5 high] & lat] grades ( civilization1 p>tly by reta9+ its actual pr9ciples1 & p>tly by c>ry+ on its inh]it$ results 9 ! =m ( ance/ral tradition1 h cont9u$ x n m]ely 9 tol]ation b 9 hon\r4 ,to ! human intellect 9 its e>ly *ildlike /ate may be assign$ ! orig9 & fir/ developm5t ( my?4 ,x is true t le>n$ critics1 tak+ up ! /udy ( my?ology at ! wrong end1 h almo/ habitually fail$ to appreciate its *ildlike ideas1 conv5tionaliz$ 9 poetry or disguis$ z *ronicle4 ,yet ! m we comp>e ! my?ic fancies ( diff]5t nations1 9 ord] to disc]n ! common ?\ghts :i* und]lie _! resemblances1 ! m ready we %all be to admit t 9 our *ildhood we dwelt at ! v gates ( ! realm ( my?4 ,9 my?ology1 ! *ild is1 9 a deep] s5se ?an we are apt to use ! phrase 91 fa!r ( ! man4 ,?us1 :5 9 survey+ ! qua9t fancies & wild leg5ds ( ! l[] tribes1 we f9d ! my?ology ( ! _w at once 9 its mo/ di/9ct & mo/ rudim5t>y =m1 we may "h aga9 claim ! savage z a repres5tative ( ! *ildhood ( ! human race4 ,"h ,e?nology & ,comp>ative ,my?ology g h& 9 h&1 & ! developm5t ( ,my? =ms a consi/5t "p ( ! developm5t ( ,culture4 ,if savage races1 z ! ne>e/ mod]n repres5tatives ( primval culture1 %[ 9 ! mo/ di/9ct & un*ang$ /ate ! rudim5t>y my?ic conceptions !nce to be trac$ onw>d 9 ! c\rse ( civilization1 !n x is reasonable = /ud5ts to beg91 s f> z may be1 at ! beg9n+4 ,savage my?ology may be tak5 z a basis1 & !n ! my?s ( m civiliz$ races may be display$ z compositions sprung f l orig91 ?\gh m advanc$ 9 art4 ,?is mode ( treatm5t proves satisfactory ?r\gh almo/ all ! bran*es ( ! enquiry1 & em95tly s 9 inve/igat+ ^? mo/ beautiful ( poetic fictions1 to :i* may be giv5 ! title ( ,nature-,my?s4 ,fir/ & =emo/ among ! causes :i* transfigure into my?s ! facts ( daily exp]i5ce1 is ! belief 9 ! animation ( all nature1 ris+ at its highe/ pit* to p]sonification4 ,?is1 no occasional or hypo!tical action ( ! m9d1 is inextricably b\nd 9 ) t primitive m5tal /ate :]e man recognizes 9 e detail ( 8 _w ! op]ation ( p]sonal life & w4 ,?is doctr9e ( ,animism w be consid]$ else:]e z affect+ philosophy & religion1 b "h we h only to d ) its be>+ on my?ology4 ,to ! l[] tribes ( man1 sun & />s1 trees & riv]s1 w9ds & cl\ds1 become p]sonal animate creatures1 lead+ lives con=m$ to human or animal analogies1 & p]=m+ _! special functions 9 ! univ]se ) ! aid ( limbs l bea/s or ( artificial in/rum5ts l m52 or :at m5's eyes behold is b ! in/rum5t to be us$ or ! mat]ial to be %ap$1 :ile beh9d x !re /&s "s prodigi\s b yet half-human creature1 :o grasps x ) 8 h&s or bl[s x ) 8 brea?4 ,! basis on :i* su* ideas z ^! are built is n to be n>r[$ d[n to poetic fancy & trans=m$ metaphor4 ,!y re/ ^u a broad philosophy ( nature1 e>ly & crude inde$1 b ?\ghtful1 consi/5t1 & q really & s]i\sly meant4 ,let u put ?is doctr9e ( univ]sal vitality to a te/ ( direct evid5ce1 le/ read]s new to ! subject %\ld suppose x a mod]n philosophical fiction1 or ?9k t if ! l[] races really express su* a notion1 !y may d s only z a poetical way ( talk+4 ,ev5 9 civiliz$ c\ntries1 x makes its appe>ance z ! *ild's e>ly !ory ( ! out] _w1 nor c we fail to see h[ ?is comes to pass4 ,! fir/ be+s t *ildr5 le>n to und]/& some?+ ( are human be+s1 & especially _! own selves2 & ! fir/ explanation ( all ev5ts w be ! human explanation1 z ?\gh *airs & /icks & wood5 horses 7 actuat$ by ! same sort ( p]sonal w z nurses & *ildr5 & kitt5s4 ,?us infants take _! fir/ /ep 9 my?ology by contriv+1 l ,cosette ) h] doll1 #8se figur] que quelque *ose e/ quelqu'un2' & ! way 9 :i* ?is *ildlike !ory has to be unle>nt 9 ! c\rse ( education %[s h[ primitive x is4 ,ev5 among full-gr[n civiliz$ ,europeans1 z ,mr4 ,grote appositely rem>ks1 #8,! =ce ( mom5t>y passion w (t5 suffice to sup]s$e ! acquir$ habit1 & ev5 an intellig5t man may be impell$ 9 a mom5t ( agoniz+ pa9 to kick or beat ! lifeless object f :i* he has suff]$4' ,9 su* matt]s ! savage m9d well repres5ts ! *ildi% /age4 ,! wild native ( ,brazil w\ld bite ! /one he /umbl$ ov]1 or ! arr[ t _h w\nd$ him4 ,su* a m5tal condition may be trac$ along ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 n m]ely 9 impulsive habit1 b 9 =mally enact$ law4 ,! rude ,kukis ( ,s\!rn ,asia 7 v scrupul\s 9 c>ry+ out _! simple law ( v5geance1 life = life2 if a tig] kill$ a ,kuki1 8 family 7 9 disgrace till !y _h retaliat$ by kill+ & eat+ ?is tig]1 or ano!r2 b fur!r1 if a man 0 kill$ by a fall f a tree1 8 relatives w\ld take _! rev5ge by cutt+ ! tree d[n1 & scatt]+ x 9 *ips4#cdh ,a mod]n k+ ( ,co*9-,*9a1 :5 "o ( 8 %ips sail$ badly1 us$ to put x 9 ! pillory z he w\ld any o!r crim9al4#cdi ,9 classical times1 ! /ories ( ,x]xes flogg+ ! ,hellespont & ,cyrus dra9+ ! ,gyndes occur z cases 9 po9t1 b "o ( ! regul> ,a!nian legal proce$+s is a yet m /rik+ relic4 ,a c\rt ( ju/ice 0 held at ! ,prytaneum1 to try any inanimate object1 su* z an axe or a piece ( wood or /one1 :i* _h caus$ ! dea? ( anyone )\t prov$ human ag5cy1 & ?is wood or /one1 if condemn$1 0 9 solemn =m ca/ beyond ! bord]4#cej ,! _s ( ?is rem>kable proc$ure reappe>s 9 ! old ,engli% law 7repeal$ )9 ! la/ reign71 :]eby n only a bea/ t kills a man1 b a c>t-:eel t runs ov] him1 or a tree t falls on him & kills him1 is deod&1 or giv5 to ,god1 i4e4 =feit$ & sold = ! poor3 z ,bracton says1 #8,omnia quae mov5t ad mortem sunt ,deod&a4' ,dr4 ,reid comm5ts on ?is law1 decl>+ t its int5tion 0 n to puni% ! ox or ! c>t z crim9al1 b #8to inspire ! p ) a sacr$ reg>d to ! life ( man4'#cea ,b 8 argum5t r s]ves to %[ ! wor?lessness ( (f-h& speculations on ! orig9 ( law1 l 8 own 9 ?is matt]1 unaid$ by ! indisp5sable evid5ce ( hi/ory & e?nography4 ,an example f mod]n folklore %[s /ill at its utmo/ /ret* ?is primitive fancy t in]t ?+s are alive & consci\s4 ,! pa!tic cu/om ( #8tell+ ! bees' :5 ! ma/] or mi/ress ( a h\se dies1 is n unkn[n 9 our own c\ntry4 ,b 9 ,g]many ! idea is m fully work$ out2 & n only is ! sad message giv5 to e bee-hive 9 ! g>d5 & e bea/ 9 ! /all1 b e sack ( corn mu/ be t\*$ & ev]y?+ 9 ! h\se %ak51 t !y may "k ! ma/] is gone4#ceb ,x w be se5 pres5tly h[ ,animism1 ! doctr9e ( spiritual be+s1 at once develops ) & reacts ^u my?ic p]sonification1 9 t e>ly /ate ( ! human m9d :i* gives consi/5t individual life to ph5om5a t our utmo/ /ret* ( fancy only avails to p]sonify 9 consci\s metaphor4 ,an idea ( p]vad+ life & w 9 nature f> outside mod]n limits1 a belief 9 p]sonal s\ls animat+ ev5 :at we call inanimate bodies1 a !ory ( transmigration ( s\ls z well 9 life z aft] dea?1 a s5se ( cr[ds ( spiritual be+s sometimes flitt+ ?r\gh ! air1 b sometimes also inhabit+ trees & rocks & wat]falls1 & s l5d+ _! own p]sonality to su* mat]ial objects--all ^! ?\ghts "w 9 my?ology ) su* manifold co9cid5ce1 z to make x h>d inde$ to unravel _! sep>ate action4#cec ,su* animi/ic orig9 ( nature-my?s %[s out v cle>ly 9 ! great cosmic gr\p ( ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s4 ,9 e>ly philosophy ?r\gh\t ! _w1 ! ,sun & ,moon are alive & z x 7 human 9 _! nature4 ,usually contra/$ z male & female1 !y nev]!less diff] 9 ! sex assign$ to ea*1 z well z 9 _! relations to "o ano!r4 ,among ! ,mbocobis ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ,moon is a man & ! ,sun 8 wife1 & ! /ory is told h[ %e once fell d[n & an ,indian put h] up aga91 b %e fell a second "t & set ! =e/ blaz+ 9 a deluge ( fire4#ced ,to display ! opposite ( ?is idea1 & at ! same "t to illu/rate ! vivid fancy ) :i* savages c p]sonify ! heav5ly bodies1 we may read ! foll[+ discussion conc]n+ eclipses1 betwe5 c]ta9 ,algonqu9 ,indians & "o ( ! e>ly ,jesuit mission>ies to ,canada 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 ,fa!r ,le ,june3--#8,je leur ay dem& d'o v5oit l',eclipse de ,lune et de ,soleil2 ils m'ont respondu que la ,lune s'clipsoit ou p>oissoit noire1 cause qu'elle t5oit son fils entre ses bras1 qui empes*oit que l'on ne vi/ sa cl>t4 ,si la ,lune a un fils1 elle e/ m>ie1 ou l'a t1 leur dis-je4 ,oy dea1 me dir5t-ils1 le ,soleil e/ son m>y1 qui m>*e t\t le j\r1 et elle t\te la nuict2 et s'il s'clipse1 ou s'il s'obscurcit1 c'e/ qu'il pr5d aussi p> fois le fils qu'il a eu de la ,lune entre ses bras4 ,oy1 mais ny la ,lune ny le ,soleil n'ont po9t de bras1 leur disois-je4 ,tu n'z po9t d'esprit2 ils ti5n5t t\si\rs leurs arcs b&s deuant eux1 voil p\rquoy leurs bras ne p>oiss5t po9t4 ,et sur qui veul5t-ils tir]8 ,h qu'en scauons n\s8'#cee ,a my?ologically important leg5d ( ! same race1 ! ,ottawa /ory ( ,iosco1 describes ,sun & ,moon z bro!r & si/]4 ,two ,indians1 x is said1 sprang ?r\gh a *asm 9 ! sky1 & f\nd !mselves 9 a pleasant moonlit l&2 !re !y saw ! ,moon approa*+ z f beh9d a hill1 !y knew h] at ! fir/ sight1 %e 0 an ag$ woman ) :ite face & pleas+ air2 speak+ k9dly to !m1 %e l$ !m to h] bro!r ! ,sun1 & he c>ri$ !m ) him 9 8 c\rse & s5t !m home ) promises ( happy life4#cef ,z ! ,egyptian ,osiris & ,isis 7 at once bro!r & si/]1 & husb& & wife1 s x 0 ) ! ,p]uvian ,sun & ,moon1 ,ynti & ,quilla1 fa!r & "m ( ! ,incas1 ^: si/]-m>riage ?us _h 9 _! religion at once a mean+ & a ju/ification4#ceg ,! my?s ( o!r c\ntries1 :]e su* relations ( sex may n appe>1 c>ry on ! same lifelike p]sonification 9 tell+ ! ev]-reit]at$1 nev] t$i\s tale ( day & night4 ,?us to ! ,mexicans x 0 an anci5t h]o :o1 :5 ! old sun 0 burnt out1 & _h left ! _w 9 d>kness1 sprang into a huge fire1 desc5d$ into ! %ades bel[1 & arose deifi$ & glori\s 9 ! ea/ z ,tonatiuh ! ,sun4 ,aft] him !re leapt 9 ano!r h]o1 b n[ ! fire _h gr[n dim1 & he arose only 9 mild] radiance z ,metztli ! ,moon4#ceh ,if x be object$ t all ?is may be m]e expressive =m ( spee*1 l a mod]n poet's fanciful metaphor1 !re is evid5ce :i* no su* objection c /& aga9/4 ,:5 ! ,aleutians ?\ght t if anyone gave (f5ce to ! moon1 he w\ld fl+ d[n /ones on ! (f5d] & kill him1#cei or :5 ! moon came d[n to an ,indian squaw1 appe>+ 9 ! =m ( a beautiful woman ) a *ild 9 h] arms1 & dem&+ an (f]+ ( tobacco & fur robes1#cfj :at conceptions ( p]sonal life c\ld be m di/9ct ?an ^!8 ,:5 ! ,apa*e ,indian po9t$ to ! sky & ask$ ! :ite man1 #8,d y n believe t ,god1 ?is ,sun 7que ,dios1 e/e ,sol71 sees :at we d & puni%es u :5 x is evil8' x is impossible to say t ?is savage 0 talk+ 9 rhetorical simile4#cfa ,!re 0 some?+ 9 ! ,hom]ic contemplation ( ! liv+ p]sonal ,hlios1 t 0 m & deep] ?an metaphor4 ,ev5 9 f> lat] ages1 we may read ( ! outcry t arose 9 ,greece aga9/ ! a/ronom]s1 ^? blasphem\s mat]iali/s :o d5i$1 n ! div9ity only1 b ! v p]sonality ( ! sun1 & decl>$ him a huge hot ball4 ,lat] aga91 h[ vividly ,tacitus br+s to view ! old p]sonification dy+ into simile among ! ,romans1 9 contra/ ) its /ill endur+ religi\s vig\r among ! ,g]man nations1 9 ! record ( ,boiocalcus plead+ be=e ! ,roman legate t 8 tribe %\ld n be driv5 f _! l&s4 ,look+ t[>d ! sun1 & call+ on ! o!r heav5ly bodies z ?\gh1 says ! hi/orian1 !y _h be5 !re pres5t1 ! ,g]man *ief dem&$ ( !m if x 7 _! w to look d[n ^u a vacant soil8 7,solem de9de respici5s1 et caet]a sid]a vocans1 quasi coram int]rogabat1 vell5tne contu]i inane solum87#cfb ,s x is ) ! />s4 ,savage my?ology conta9s _m a /ory ( !m1 agree+ ?r\gh all o!r diff]5ce 9 attribut+ to !m animate life4 ,!y are n m]ely talk$ ( 9 fanci$ p]sonality1 b p]sonal action is attribut$ to !m1 or !y are ev5 decl>$ once to h liv$ on e>?4 ,! natives ( ,au/ralia n only say ! />s 9 ,orion's belt & scabb>d are "y m5 danc+ a corroboree2 !y decl>e t ,jupit]1 :om !y call #8,foot ( ,day' 7,g9abong-,be>p71 0 a *ief among ! ,old ,spirits1 t anci5t race :o 7 translat$ to heav5 be=e man came on e>?4#cfc ,! ,esquimaux did n /op %ort at call+ ! />s ( ,orion's belt ! ,lo/ ,ones1 & tell+ a tale ( _! be+ seal-hunt]s :o miss$ _! way home2 b !y di/9ctly held t ! />s 7 9 old times m5 & animals1 be=e !y w5t up into ! sky4#cfd ,s ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians _h m ?an sup]ficial mean+ 9 call+ ! ,pleiades ! ,danc]s1 & ! morn+-/> ! ,day-br+]2 = among !m /ories are told l t ( ! ,i[as1 ( ! /> t an ,indian _h long gaz$ ^u 9 *ildhood1 & :o came d[n & talk$ ) him :5 he 0 once out hunt+1 we>y & luckless1 & l$ him to a place :]e !re 0 mu* game4#cfe ,! ,kasia ( ,b5gal decl>e t ! />s 7 once m53 !y climb$ to ! top ( a tree 7( c\rse ! great heav5-tree ( ! my?ology ( s _m l&s71 b o!rs bel[ cut ! trunk & left !m up !re 9 ! bran*es4#cff ,) su* savage conceptions z guides1 ! orig9al mean+ 9 ! famili> classic p]sonification ( />s c sc>cely be d\bt$4 ,! explicit doctr9e ( ! animation ( />s is to be trac$ ?r\gh pa/ c5turies1 & d[n to our own4 ,orig5 decl>es t ! />s are animate & rational1 mov$ ) su* ord] & reason z x w\ld be absurd to say irrational creatures c\ld fulfil4 ,pamphilius1 9 8 apology = ?is ,fa!r1 lays x d[n t :]eas "s h held ! lum9>ies ( heav5 to be animate & rational creatures1 :ile o!rs h held !m m]e spiritless & s5seless bodies1 no "o may call ano!r a h]etic = hold+ ei!r view1 = !re is no op5 tradition on ! subject1 & ev5 ecclesia/ics h ?\ght div]sely ( x4#cfg ,x is en\gh to m5tion "h ! well-kn[n m$ival doctr9e ( />-s\ls & />-angels1 s intimately mix$ up ) ! delusions ( a/rology4 ,9 our own "t ! !ory ( ! animat+ s\ls ( />s f9ds /ill "h & !re an advocate1 & ,de ,mai/re1 pr9ce & lead] ( reaction>y philosoph]s1 ma9ta9s aga9/ mod]n a/ronom]s ! anci5t doctr9e ( p]sonal w 9 a/ronomic motion1 & ev5 ! !ory ( animat$ planets4#cfh ,poetry has s f> kept alive 9 our m9ds ! old animative !ory ( nature1 t x is no great ef=t to u to fancy ! wat]sp\t a huge giant or sea-mon/]1 & to depict 9 :at we call appropriate metaphor its m>* across ! fields ( ocean4 ,b :]e su* =ms ( spee* are curr5t among less educat$ races1 !y are und]laid by a di/9ct prosaic mean+ ( fact4 ,?us ! wat]sp\ts :i* ! ,japanese see s (t5 (f _! coa/s are to !m long-tail$ dragons1 #8fly+ up into ! air ) a swift & viol5t motion1' :]e=e !y call !m #8tatsmaki1' #8sp\t+ dragons4'#cfi ,wat]sp\ts are believ$ by "s ,*9ese to be occasion$ by ! asc5t & desc5t ( ! dragon2 al?\gh ! mon/] is nev] se5 head & tail at once = cl\ds1 fi%]m5 & sea-side folk cat* occasional glimpses ( him asc5d+ f ! wat] & desc5d+ to x4#cgj ,9 ! m$ival ,*ronicle ( ,john ( ,bromton !re is m5tion$ a wond] :i* happ5s ab\t once a mon? 9 ! ,gulf ( ,satalia1 on ! ,pamphylian coa/4 ,a great black dragon seems to come 9 ! cl\ds1 lett+ d[n 8 head into ! waves1 :ile 8 tail seems fix$ to ! sky1 & ?is dragon draws up ! waves to him ) su* avidity t ev5 a lad5 %ip w\ld be tak5 up on high1 s t to avoid ?is dang] ! crews ought to %\t & beat bo>ds to drive ! dragon (f4 ,h[ev]1 concludes ! *ronicl]1 "s inde$ say t ?is is n a dragon1 b ! sun draw+ up ! wat]1 :i* seems m true4#cga ,! ,moslems /ill acc\nt = wat]sp\ts z caus$ by gigantic demons1 su* z t "o describ$ 9 ! #8,arabian ,nights3'--#8,! sea became tr\bl$ be=e !m1 & !re arose f x a black pill>1 asc5d+ t[>ds ! sky1 & approa*+ ! mead[ 444 & behold x 0 a ,j9nee1 ( gigantic /ature4'#cgb ,! difficulty 9 int]pret+ language l ?is is to "k h[ f> x is s]i\sly & h[ f> fancifully meant4 ,b ?is d\bt 9 no way goes aga9/ its orig9al animi/ic mean+1 ( :i* !re c be no "q 9 ! foll[+ /ory ( a #8great sea-s]p5t' curr5t among a b>b>\s ,ea/ ,african tribe4 ,a *ief ( ! ,wanika told ,dr4 ,krapf ( a great s]p5t :i* is sometimes se5 out at sea1 rea*+ f ! sea to ! sky1 & appe>+ especially dur+ heavy ra94 #8,i told !m1' says ! mission>y1 #8t ?is 0 no s]p5t1 b a wat]sp\t4'#cgc ,out ( ! simil> ph5om5on on l& !re has aris5 a simil> gr\p ( my?s4 ,! ,moslem fancies ! :irl+ s&-pill> ( ! des]t to be caus$ by ! flight ( an evil j9n1 & ! ,ea/ ,african simply calls x a demon 7p'hepo74 ,to travell] aft] travell] :o gazes on ^! mon/r\s %apes glid+ maje/ically across ! des]t1 ! ?\ght occurs t ! well-rememb]$ #8,arabian ,nights'' descriptions re/ ^u p]sonifications ( ! s&-pill>s !mselves1 z ! gigantic demons into :i* fancy c ev5 n[ s naturally %ape !m4#cgd ,rude & di/ant tribes agree 9 ! conception ( ! ,ra9b[ z a liv+ mon/]4 ,new ,zeal& my?1 describ+ ! battle ( ! ,tempe/ aga9/ ! ,=e/1 tells h[ ! ,ra9b[ arose & plac$ 8 m\? close to ,tane-mahuta1 ! ,fa!r ( ,trees1 & cont9u$ to assault him till 8 trunk 0 snapt 9 two1 & 8 brok5 bran*es /rew$ ! gr\nd4#cge ,x is n only 9 m]e nature-my? l ?is1 b 9 actual awe-/ruck belief & t]ror1 t ! idea ( ! live ,ra9b[ is work$ out4 ,! ,k>5s ( ,burma say x is a _s or demon4 #8,! ,ra9b[ c dev\r m54444 ,:5 x dev\rs a p]son1 he dies a sudd5 or viol5t dea?4 ,all p]sons t die badly1 by falls1 by dr[n+1 or by wild bea/s1 die because ! ,ra9b[ has dev\r$ _! ka-la1 or _s4 ,on dev\r+ p]sons x becomes ?ir/y & comes d[n to dr9k1 :5 x is se5 9 ! sky dr9k+ wat]4 ,!re=e :5 p see ! ,ra9b[1 !y say1 8,! ,ra9b[ has come to dr9k wat]4 ,look out1 "s "o or o!r w die viol5tly by an evil dea?40 ,if *ildr5 are play+1 _! p>5ts w say to !m1 8,! ,ra9b[ has come d[n to dr9k4 ,play no m1 le/ "s accid5t %\ld happ5 to y40 ,& aft] ! ,ra9b[ has be5 se51 if any fatal accid5t happ5s to anyone1 x is said ! ,ra9b[ has dev\r$ him4'#cgf ,! ,zulu ideas correspond 9 a curi\s way ) ^!4 ,! ,ra9b[ lives ) a snake1 t is1 :]e x is !re is also a snake2 or x is l a %eep1 & dwells 9 a pool4 ,:5 x t\*es ! e>?1 x is dr9k+ at a pool4 ,m5 are afraid to wa% 9 a l>ge pool2 !y say !re is a ,ra9b[ 9 x1 & if a man goes 91 x cat*es & eats him4 ,! ,ra9b[1 com+ out ( a riv] or pool & re/+ on ! gr\nd1 poisons m5 :om x meets1 affect+ !m ) eruptions4 ,m5 say1 #8,! ,ra9b[ is disease4 ,if x re/s on a man1 some?+ w happ5 to him4'#cgg ,la/ly 9 ,dahome1 ,danh ! ,heav5ly ,snake1 :i* makes ! ,popo beads & conf]s weal? on man1 is ! ,ra9b[4#cgh ,to ! !ory ( ,animism belong ^? endless tales :i* all nations tell ( ! presid+ g5ii ( nature1 ! spirits ( cliffs1 wells1 wat]falls1 volcanoes1 ! elves & wood nymphs se5 at times by human eyes :5 w&]+ by moonlight or assembl$ at _! fairy fe/ivals4 ,su* be+s may p]sonify ! natural objects !y belong to1 z :51 9 a ,nor? ,am]ican tale1 ! gu>dian _s ( wat]falls ru%es ?r\gh ! lodge z a rag+ curr5t1 be>+ rocks & trees along 9 its trem5d\s c\rse1 & !n ! gu>dian _s ( ! isl&s ( ,lake ,sup]ior ent]s 9 ! guise ( roll+ waves cov]$ ) silv]-sp>kl+ foam4#cgi ,or !y may be guid+ & p[]-giv+ spirits ( nature1 l ! _s ,fugamu1 ^: "w is ! cat>act ( ! ,nguyai1 & :o /ill w&]s night & day ar\nd x1 ?\gh ! negroes :o tell ( him c no long] see 8 bodily =m4#chj ,! belief prevail+ ?r\gh ! l[] culture t ! diseases :i* vex mank9d are br\ght by individual p]sonal spirits1 is "o :i* has produc$ /rik+ examples ( my?ic developm5t4 ,?us 9 ,burma ! ,k>5 lives 9 t]ror ( ! mad #8la1' ! epileptic #8la1' & ! re/ ( ! sev5 evil demons :o g ab\t seek+ 8 life2 & x is ) a fancy n _m degrees remov$ f ?is e>ly /age ( ?\ght t ! ,p]sian sees 9 bodily %ape ! app>ition ( ,al1 ! sc>let fev]3-- #8,w\ld y "k ,al8 %e seems a blu%+ maid1 ,) locks ( flame & *eeks all rosy r$4'#cha ,x is ) ?is deep old spirituali/ic belief cle>ly 9 view t ! gha/ly tales are to be read :]e pe/il5ce & dea? come on _! err& 9 weird human %ape4 ,to ! m9d ( ! ,israelite1 dea? & pe/il5ce took ! p]sonal =m ( ! de/roy+ angel :o smote ! doom$4#chb ,:5 ! great plague rag$ 9 ,ju/9ian's "t1 m5 saw on ! sea braz5 b>ks ^: crews 7 black & headless m51 & :]e !y l&$1 ! pe/il5ce broke out4#chc ,:5 ! plague fell on ,rome 9 ,gregory's "t1 ! sa9t ris+ f pray] saw ,mi*ael /&+ ) 8 bloody sword on ,hadrian's ca/le--! ar*angel /&s !re yet 9 bronze1 giv+ ! old =t its new] "n ( ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo4 ,among a :ole gr\p ( /ories ( ! pe/il5ce se5 9 p]sonal %ape travell+ to & fro 9 ! l&1 p]haps !re is none m vivid ?an ?is ,slavonic "o4 #8,!re sat a ,russian "u a l>*-tree1 & ! sun%9e gl>$ l fire4 ,he saw some?+ com+ f af>2 he look$ aga9--x 0 ! ,pe/-maid51 huge ( /ature1 all %r\d$ 9 l951 /rid+ t[>ds him4 ,he w\ld h fl$ 9 t]ror1 b ! =m grasp$ him ) h] long out/ret*$ h&4 8,kn[e/ ?\ ! ,pe/80 %e said2 8,i am %e4 ,take me on ?y %\ld]s & c>ry me ?r\gh all ,russia2 miss no village1 no t[n1 = ,i mu/ visit all4 ,b fe> n = ?yself1 ?\ %alt be safe amid ! dy+40 ,cl++ ) h] long h&s1 %e clamb]$ on ! peasant's back2 he /epp$ onw>d1 saw ! =m above him z he w5t1 b felt no burd54 ,fir/ he bore h] to ! t[ns2 !y f\nd !re joy\s dance & song2 b ! =m wav$ h] l95 %r\d1 & joy & mir? 7 gone4 ,z ! wret*$ man look$ r\nd1 he saw m\rn+1 he he>d ! toll+ ( ! bells1 !re came fun]al processions1 ! graves c\ld n hold ! dead4 ,he pass$ on1 & com+ ne> ea* village he>d ! %riek ( ! dy+1 saw all faces :ite 9 ! desolate h\ses4 ,b high on ! hill /&s 8 own hamlet3 8 wife1 8 little *ildr5 are !re1 & ! ag$ p>5ts1 & 8 he>t ble$s z he draws ne>4 ,) /rong gripe he holds ! maid5 fa/1 & plunges ) h] b5ea? ! waves4 ,he sank3 %e rose aga91 b %e quail$ be=e a he>t s fe>less1 & fl$ f> away to ! =e/ & ! m\nta94'#chd ,yet1 if my?ology be survey$ 9 a m compreh5sive view1 x is se5 t its animi/ic developm5t falls )9 a broad] g5]alization /ill4 ,! explanation ( ! c\rse & *ange ( nature1 z caus$ by life su* z ! life ( ! ?9k+ man :o gazes on x1 is b a "p ( a f> wid] m5tal process4 ,x belongs to t great doctr9e ( analogy1 f :i* we h ga9$ s mu* ( our appreh5sion ( ! _w ar\nd u4 ,di/ru/$ z x n[ is by sev]] sci5ce = its mislead+ results1 analogy is /ill to u a *ief means ( discov]y & illu/ration1 :ile 9 e>li] grades ( education its influ5ce 0 all b p>am\nt4 ,analogies :i* are b fancy to u 7 to m5 ( pa/ ages reality4 ,!y c\ld see ! flame lick+ its yet undev\r$ prey ) tongues ( fire1 or ! s]p5t glid+ along ! wav+ sword f hilt to po9t2 !y c\ld feel a live creature gnaw+ )9 _! bodies 9 ! pangs ( hung]2 !y he>d ! voices ( ! hill-dw>fs answ]+ 9 ! e*o1 & ! *>iot ( ! ,heav5-god rattl+ 9 ?und] ov] ! solid firmam5t4 ,m5 to :om ^! 7 liv+ ?\ghts _h no ne$ ( ! s*oolma/] & 8 rules ( composition1 8 injunctions to use metaphor cauti\sly1 & to take cont9ual c>e to make all similes consi/5t4 ,! similes ( ! old b>ds & orators 7 consi/5t1 because !y seem$ to see & he> & feel !m3 :at we call poetry 0 to !m real life1 n z to ! mod]n v]semak] a masqu]ade ( gods & h]oes1 %eph]ds & %eph]desses1 /age h]o9es & philosophic savages 9 pa9t & fea!rs4 ,x 0 ) a f> deep] consci\sness t ! circum/ance ( nature 0 work$ out 9 endless imag9ative detail 9 anci5t days & among uncultur$ races4 ,^u ! sky above ! hill-c\ntry ( ,orissa1 ,pidzu ,p5nu1 ! ,ra9-god ( ! ,khonds1 re/s z he p\rs d[n ! %[]s ?r\gh 8 sieve4#che ,ov] ,p]u !re /&s a pr9cess ) a vase ( ra91 & :5 h] bro!r /rikes ! pit*]1 m5 he> ! %ock 9 ?und] & see ! fla% 9 lightn+4#chf ,to ! old ,greeks ! ra9b[ seem$ /ret*$ d[n by ,jove f heav51 a purple sign ( w> & tempe/1 or x 0 ! p]sonal ,iris1 mess5g] betwe5 gods & m54#chg ,to ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&] x 0 ! heav5-ladd] :]e h]oes ( old climb$ up & d[n2#chh & s to ! ,sc&9avian x 0 ,bifr/1 ! trembl+ bridge1 timb]$ ( ?ree hues & /ret*$ f sky to e>?2 :ile 9 ,g]man folk-lore x is ! bridge :]e ! s\ls ( ! j are l$ by _! gu>dian angels across to p>adise4#chi ,z ! ,israelite call$ x ! b[ ( ,jehovah 9 ! cl\ds1 x is to ! ,h9du ! b[ ( ,rama1#cij & to ! ,f9n ! b[ ( ,ti]mes ! ,?und]]1 :o slays ) x ! sorc]]s t hunt aft] m5's lives2#cia x is imag9$1 moreov]1 z a gold-embroid]$ sc>f1 a head-dress ( fea!rs1 ,/4 ,b]n>d's cr[n1 or ! sickle ( an ,e/honian deity4#cib ,& yet ?r\gh all su* endless v>ieties ( my?ic conception1 !re runs "o ma9 pr9ciple1 ! evid5t sugge/ion & analogy ( nature4 ,x has be5 said ( ! savages ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 t #8!re is always some?+ actual & physical to gr\nd an ,indian fancy on4'#cic ,! say+ goes too f>1 b )9 limits x is emphatically true1 n ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians alone1 b ( mank9d4 ,su* resemblances z h j be5 display$ ?ru/ !mselves directly on ! m9d1 )\t any necess>y int]v5tion ( words4 ,deep z language lies 9 our m5tal life1 ! direct comp>ison ( object ) object1 & action ) action1 lies yet deep]4 ,! my?-mak]'s m9d %[s =? ev5 among ! deaf-&-dumb1 :o "w out j su* analogies ( nature 9 _! wordless ?\ght4 ,aga9 & aga9 !y h be5 f\nd to suppose !mselves taught by _! gu>dians to wor%ip & pray to sun1 moon1 & />s1 z p]sonal creatures4 ,o!rs h describ$ _! e>ly ?\ghts ( ! heav5ly bodies z analog\s to ?+s )9 _! rea*1 "o fancy+ ! moon made l a dumpl+ & roll$ ov] ! tree-tops l a m>ble across a table1 & ! />s cut out ) great scissors & /uck aga9/ ! sky1 :ile ano!r suppos$ ! moon a furnace & ! />s fire-grates1 :i* ! p above ! firmam5t light up z we k9dle fires4#cid ,n[ ! my?ology ( mank9d at l>ge is full ( conceptions ( nature l ^!1 & to assume = !m no deep] orig9al s\rce ?an metaphorical phrases1 w\ld be to ignore "o ( ! great transitions ( our intellectual hi/ory4 ,language1 !re is no d\bt1 has _h a great %>e 9 ! =mation ( my?4 ,! m]e fact ( its individualiz+ 9 words su* notions z w9t] & summ]1 cold & heat1 w> & peace1 vice & virtue1 gives ! my?-mak] ! means ( imag9+ ^! ?\ghts z p]sonal be+s4 ,language n only acts 9 ?or\gh unison ) ! imag9ation ^: product x expresses1 b x goes on produc+ ( itself1 & ?us1 by ! side ( ! my?ic conceptions 9 :i* language has foll[$ imag9ation1 we h o!rs 9 :i* language has l$1 & imag9ation has foll[$ 9 ! track4 ,^! two actions co9cide too closely = _! effects to be ?or\ghly sep>at$1 b !y %\ld be di/+ui%$ z f> z possible4 ,= myself1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k 7diff]+ "h 9 "s measure f ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]'s view ( ! subject7 t ! my?ology ( ! l[] races re/s especially on a basis ( real & s5sible analogy1 & t ! great expansion ( v]bal metaphor into my? belongs to m advanc$ p]iods ( civilization4 ,9 a ^w1 ,i take mat]ial my? to be ! prim>y1 & v]bal my? to be ! second>y =mation4 ,b :e!r ?is op9ion be hi/orically s\nd or n1 ! diff]5ce 9 nature betwe5 my? f\nd$ on fact & my? f\nd$ on ^w is suffici5tly manife/4 ,! want ( reality 9 v]bal metaphor _c be effectually hidd5 by ! utmo/ /ret* ( imag9ation4 ,9 spite ( ?is ess5tial weakness1 h[ev]1 ! habit ( realiz+ ev]y?+ t words c describe is "o :i* has gr[n & fl\ri%$ 9 ! _w4 ,descriptive names become p]sonal1 ! notion ( p]sonality /ret*es to take 9 ev5 ! mo/ ab/ract notions to :i* a "n may be appli$1 & realiz$ "n1 epi!t1 & metaphor pass into int]m9able my?ic gr[?s by ! process :i* ,max ,mll] has s aptly *>act]iz$ z #8a disease ( language4' ,x w\ld be difficult inde$ to def9e ! exact ?\ght ly+ at ! root ( e my?ic conception1 b 9 easy cases ! c\rse ( =mation c be q well foll[$4 ,nor? ,am]ican tribes h p]sonifi$ ,nip9khe & ,pipnkhe1 ! be+s :o br+ ! spr+ 7nip97 & ! w9t] 7pipn72 ,nip9khe br+s ! heat & birds & v]dure1 ,pipnkhe ravages ) 8 cold w9ds1 8 ice & sn[2 "o comes z ! o!r goes1 & betwe5 !m !y divide ! _w4#cie ,j su* p]sonification z ?is furni%es ! /aple ( endless nature-metaphor 9 our own ,european poetry4 ,9 ! spr+time x comes to be said t ,may has conqu]$ ,w9t]1 8 gate is op51 he has s5t lett]s be=e him to tell ! fruit t he is com+1 8 t5t is pit*$1 he br+s ! woods _! summ] clo?+4 ,?us1 :5 ,night is p]sonifi$1 we see h[ x comes to pass t ,day is h] son1 & h[ ea* 9 a heav5ly *>iot drives r\nd ! _w4 ,to m9ds 9 ?is my?ologic /age1 ! ,curse becomes a p]sonal be+1 hov]+ 9 space till x c light ^u its victim2 ,"t & ,nature arise z real entities2 ,fate & ,=tune become p]sonal arbit]s ( our lives4 ,b at la/1 z ! *ange ( mean+ goes on1 ?\ghts t once _h a m real s5se fade into m]e poetic =ms ( spee*4 ,we h b to comp>e ! effect ( anci5t & mod]n p]sonification on our own m9ds1 to und]/& some?+ ( :at has happ5$ 9 ! int]val4 ,milton may be consi/5t1 classical1 maje/ic1 :5 he tells h[ ,s9 & ,dea? sat )9 ! gates ( hell1 & h[ !y built _! bridge ( l5g? prodigi\s across ! deep abyss to e>?4 ,yet su* descriptions leave b scant s5se ( mean+ on mod]n m9ds1 & we are apt to say1 z we might ( "s c\nt]feit bronze f ,naples1 #8,= a %am antique h[ clev]ly x is done4' ,ent]+ into ! m9d ( ! old ,norseman1 we guess h[ mu* m ( mean+ ?an ! clev]e/ mod]n imitation c c>ry1 lay 9 8 pictures ( ,hel1 ! dea?-goddess1 /]n & grim & livid1 dwell+ 9 h] high & /rong-b>r$ h\se1 & keep+ 9 h] n9e worlds ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$2 ,hung] is h] di%1 ,fam9e is h] knife1 ,c>e is h] b$1 & ,mis]y h] curta94 ,:5 su* old mat]ial descriptions are transf]r$ to mod]n times1 9 spite ( all ! accuracy ( reproduction _! _s is q *ang$4 ,! /ory ( ! monk :o display$ among 8 relics ! g>m5ts ( ,/4 ,fai? is to u only a je/2 & we call x qua9t hum\r :5 ,*>les ,lamb1 fall+ old & infirm1 once wrote to a fri5d1 #8,my b$-fell[s are ,c\gh & ,cramp2 we sleep ?ree 9 a b$4' ,p]haps we ne$ n appreciate ! droll]y any ! less = see+ 9 x at once a consequ5ce & a record ( a pa/ intellectual life4 ,! di/9ction ( grammatical g5d] is a process intimately connect$ ) ! =mation ( my?s4 ,grammatical g5d] is ( two k9ds4 ,:at may be call$ sexual g5d] is famili> to all classically-educat$ ,engli%m51 ?\gh _! "m tongue has mo/ly lo/ its traces4 ,?us 9 ,lat9 n only are su* words z homo & fem9a class$ naturally z mascul9e & fem99e1 b su* words z pes & gladius are made mascul9e1 & biga & navis fem99e1 & ! same di/9ction is actually drawn betwe5 su* ab/ractions z honos & fides4 ,t sexless objects & ideas %\ld ?us be class$ z male & female1 9 spite ( a new g5d]--! neut] or #8nei!r' g5d]--hav+ be5 def9$1 seems 9 "p expla9$ by consid]+ ?is latt] to h be5 ( lat] =mation1 & ! orig9al ,indo-,european g5d]s to h be5 only mascul9e & fem99e1 z is actually ! case 9 ,hebrew4 ,?\gh ! practice ( attribut+ sex to objects t h none is n easy to expla9 9 detail1 yet !re seems no?+ my/]i\s 9 its pr9ciples1 to judge f "o at lea/ ( its ma9 ideas1 :i* is /ill q intelligible4 ,language makes an admirably appropriate di/9ction betwe5 /rong & weak1 /]n & g5tle1 r\gh & delicate1 :5 x contra/s !m z male & female4 ,x is possible to und]/& ev5 su* fancies z ^? :i* ,pietro della ,valle describes among ! m$ival ,p]sians1 di/+ui%+ betwe5 male & female1 t is to say1 practically betwe5 robu/ & t5d]1 ev5 9 su* ?+s z food & clo?1 air & wat]1 & prescrib+ _! prop] use accord+ly4#cif ,& no phrase c\ld be m pla9 & =cible ?an t ( ! ,dayaks ( ,borneo1 :o say ( a heavy d[np\r ( ra91 #8ujatn arai1 #8sa6'--#8a he ra9 ?is6'#cig ,difficult z x may be to decide h[ f> objects & ?\ghts 7 class$ 9 language z male & female because !y 7 p]sonifi$1 & h[ f> !y 7 p]sonifi$ because !y 7 class$ z male & female1 x is evid5t at any rate t ^! two processes fit toge!r & promote ea* o!r4#cih ,moreov]1 9 /udy+ languages :i* lie beyond ! range ( common ,european s*ol>%ip1 x is f\nd t ! !ory ( grammatical g5d] mu/ be ext5d$ into a wid] field4 ,! ,dravidian languages ( ,s\? ,india make ! int]e/+ di/9ction betwe5 a #8high-ca/e or major g5d]1' :i* includes rational be+s1 i4e4 deities & m51 & a #8ca/e-less or m9or g5d]1' :i* includes irrational objects1 :e!r liv+ animals or lifeless ?+s4#cii ,! di/9ction betwe5 an animate & an inanimate g5d] appe>s ) especial import 9 a family ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian languages1 ! ,algonqu94 ,"h n only d all animals belong to ! animate g5d]1 b also ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 ?und] & lightn+1 z be+ p]sonifi$ creatures4 ,! animate g5d]1 moreov]1 includes n only trees & fruits1 b c]ta9 exceptional lifeless objects :i* appe> to owe ?is di/9ction to _! special sanctity or p[]2 su* are ! /one :i* s]ves z ! alt> ( sacrifice to ! manitus1 ! b[1 ! eagle's fea!r1 ! kettle1 tobacco-pipe1 drum1 & wampum4 ,:]e ! :ole animal is animate1 p>ts ( its body consid]$ sep>ately may be inanimate--h& or foot1 beak or w+4 ,yet ev5 "h1 = special reasons1 special objects are treat$ z ( animate g5d]2 su* are ! eagle's talons1 ! be>'s claws1 ! beav]'s ca/or1 ! man's nails1 & o!r objects = :i* !re is claim$ a peculi> or my/ic p[]4#djj ,if to anyone x seems surpris+ t savage ?\ght %\ld be /eep$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh 9 my?ology1 let him consid] ! mean+ t is involv$ 9 a gramm> ( nature l ?is4 ,su* a language is ! v reflexion ( a my?ic _w4 ,!re is yet ano!r way 9 :i* language & my?ology c act & re-act on "o ano!r4 ,ev5 we1 ) our blunt$ my?ologic s5se1 _c give an individual "n to a lifeless object1 su* z a boat or a weapon1 )\t 9 ! v act imag9+ = x some?+ ( a p]sonal nature4 ,among nations ^: my?ic conceptions h rema9$ 9 full vig\r1 ?is action may be yet m vivid4 ,p]haps v l[ savages may n be apt to "n _! implem5ts or _! canoes z ?\gh !y 7 live p1 b races a few /ages above !m %[ ! habit 9 p]fection4 ,among ! ,zulus we he> ( names = clubs1 ,igumgehle or ,glutton1 ,u-no?lola-mazibuko or ,he-:o-wat*es-!-=ds2 among names = assagais are ,imbubuzi or ,groan-caus]1 ,u-silo-si-lambile or ,hungry ,leop>d1 & ! weapon be+ also us$ z an implem5t1 a c]ta9 assagai be>s ! peaceful "n ( ,u-simbela-banta-bami1 ,he-digs-up-=-my-*ildr54#dja ,a simil> cu/om prevail$ among ! ,new ,zeal&]s4 ,! traditions ( _! ance/ral migrations tell h[ ,ngahue made f 8 jasp] /one ^? two %>p axes ^: names 7 ,tutauru & ,hauhau-te-rangi2 h[ ) ^! axes 7 %ap$ ! canoes ,arawa & ,ta9ui2 h[ ! two /one an*ors ( ,te ,arawa 7 call$ ,toka-p>ore or ,wry/one1 & ,tu-te-rangi-h>uru or ,l-to-!-ro>+-sky4 ,^! leg5ds d n break (f 9 a remote pa/1 b c>ry on a *ronicle :i* rea*es into mod]n times4 ,x is only lately1 ! ,maoris say1 t ! fam\s axe ,tutauru 0 lo/1 & z = ! e>-ornam5t nam$ ,kaukau-matua1 :i* 0 made f a *ip ( ! same /one1 !y decl>e t x 0 n lo/ till #ahdf1 :5 its own]1 ,te ,heuheu1 p]i%$ 9 a l&slip4#djb ,up f ?is savage level ! same *ildlike habit ( giv+ p]sonal names to lifeless objects may be trac$1 z we read ( ,?or's hamm]1 ,milnir1 :om ! giants "k z he comes fly+ ?r\gh ! air1 or ( ,ar?ur's br&1 ,excalibur1 caught by ! arm clo!d 9 :ite samite :5 ,sir ,b$iv]e flung him back into ! lake1 or ( ! ,cid's mighty sword ,tizona1 ! ,firebr&1 :om he v[$ to bury 9 8 own brea/ 7 %e ov]come ?r\gh c[>dice ( 84 ,! tea*+s ( a *ildlike primval philosophy ascrib+ p]sonal life to nature at l>ge1 & ! e>ly tyranny ( spee* ov] ! human m9d1 h ?us be5 two great &1 p]haps1 greate/ ag5ts 9 my?ologic developm5t4 ,o!r causes1 too1 h be5 at "w1 :i* w be notic$ 9 connexion ) special leg5d>y gr\ps1 & a full li/1 c\ld x be drawn up1 might include z contributories _m o!r intellectual actions4 ,x mu/ be ?or\ghly und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t su* inve/igation ( ! processes ( my?-=mation dem&s a lively s5se ( ! /ate ( m5's m9ds 9 ! my?ologic p]iod4 ,:5 ! ,russians 9 ,sib]ia li/5$ to ! talk ( ! rude ,kirgis1 !y /ood amaz$ at ! b>b>ians' ceaseless fl[ ( poetic improvisation1 & exclaim$1 #8,:atev] ^! p see gives bir? to fancies6' ,j s ! civiliz$ ,european may contra/ 8 own /iff ord]ly prosaic ?\ght ) ! wild %ift+ poetry & leg5d ( ! old my?-mak]1 & may say ( him t ev]y?+ he saw gave bir? to fancy4 ,want+ ! p[] ( transport+ himself into ?is imag9ative atmosph]e1 ! /ud5t occupi$ ) ! analysis ( ! my?ic _w may fail s pitiably 9 conceiv+ its dep? & int5sity ( mean+1 z to conv]t x into /upid fiction4 ,^? c see m ju/ly :o h ! poet's gift ( ?r[+ _! m9ds back into ! _w's old] life1 l ! actor :o = a mom5t c =get himself & become :at he pret5ds to be4 ,wordswor?1 t #8mod]n anci5t1' z ,max ,mll] has s well call$ him1 c\ld write ( ,/orm & ,w9t]1 or ( ! nak$ ,sun climb+ ! sky1 z ?\gh he 7 "s ,v$ic poet at ! head-spr+ ( 8 race1 #8see+' ) 8 m9d's eye a my?ic hymn to ,agni or ,v>una4 ,fully to und]/& an old-_w my? ne$s n evid5ce & argum5t alone1 b deep poetic feel+4 ,yet su* ( u z %>e b v little 9 ?is r>e gift1 may make %ift to let evid5ce 9 "s measure /& 9 its /ead4 ,9 ! poetic /age ( ?\ght we may see t ideal conceptions once %ap$ 9 ! m9d mu/ h assum$ "s su* reality to gr[n-up m5 & wom5 z !y /ill d to *ildr54 ,i h nev] =gott5 ! vividness ) :i*1 z a *ild1 ,i fanci$ ,i might look ?r\gh a great telescope1 & see ! con/ellations /& r\nd ! sky1 r$1 gre51 & yell[1 z ,i _h j be5 %[n !m on ! cele/ial globe4 ,! int5sity ( my?ic fancy may be br\ght ev5 m ne>ly home to our m9ds by comp>+ x ) ! morbid subjectivity ( illness4 ,among ! l[] races1 & high above _! level1 morbid ec/asy br\ght on by m$itation1 fa/+1 n>cotics1 excitem5t1 or disease1 is a /ate common & held 9 hon\r among ! v classes specially conc]n$ ) my?ic idealism1 & "u its influ5ce ! b>ri]s betwe5 s5sation & imag9ation break utt]ly away4 ,a ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian prophetess once relat$ ! /ory ( h] fir/ vision3 ,at h] solit>y fa/ at womanhood %e fell into an ec/asy1 & at ! call ( ! spirits %e w5t up to heav5 by ! pa? t leads to ! op5+ ( ! sky2 !re %e he>d a voice1 &1 /&+ /ill1 saw ! figure ( a man /&+ ne> ! pa?1 ^: head 0 surr\nd$ by a brilliant halo1 & 8 brea/ 0 cov]$ ) squ>es2 he said1 #8,look at me1 my "n is ,o%auwauegeeghick1 ! ,bright ,blue ,sky6' ,record+ h] exp]i5ce aft]w>ds 9 ! rude picture-writ+ ( h] race1 %e pa9t$ ?is glori\s _s ) ! hi]oglyphic horns ( p[] & ! brilliant halo r\nd 8 head4#djc ,we "k en\gh ( ! ,indian pictographs to guess h[ a fancy ) ^! famili> details ( ! picture-language came into ! poor excit$ creature's m9d2 b h[ f> is our cold analysis f h] utt] belief t 9 vision %e _h really se5 ?is bright be+1 ?is ,r$ ,indian ,zeus4 ,f> f be+ an isolat$ case1 ?is is sc>cely m ?an a fair example ( ! rule t any idea %ap$ & made curr5t by my?ic fancy1 may at once acquire all ! def9it5ess ( fact4 ,ev5 if to ! fir/ %ap] x be no m ?an lively imag9ation1 yet :5 x comes to be embodi$ 9 words & to pass f h\se to h\se1 ^? :o he> x become capable ( ! mo/ int5se belief t x may be se5 9 mat]ial %ape1 t x has be5 se51 t !y !mselves h se5 x4 ,! ,s\? ,african :o believes 9 a god ) a crook$ leg sees him ) a crook$ leg 9 dreams & visions4#djd ,9 ! "t ( ,tacitus x 0 said1 ) a m poetic imag9ation1 t 9 ! f> nor? ( ,sc&9avia m5 might see ! v =ms ( ! gods & ! rays /ream+ f _! heads4#dje ,9 ! #f? c5tury ! fam$ ,nile-god might /ill be se51 9 gigantic human =m1 ris+ wai/-high f ! wat]s ( 8 riv]4#djf ,want ( orig9ality inde$ seems "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features 9 ! visions ( my/ics4 ,! /iff ,madonnas ) _! cr[ns & petticoats /ill transf] !mselves f ! pictures on cottage walls to appe> 9 spiritual p]sonality to peasant vision>ies1 z ! sa9ts :o /ood 9 vision be=e ec/atic monks ( old 7 to be kn[n by _! conv5tional pictorial attributes4 ,:5 ! devil ) horns1 ho(s1 & tail _h once become a fix$ image 9 ! popul> m9d1 ( c\rse m5 saw him 9 ?is conv5tional %ape4 ,s real _h ,/4 ,an?ony's satyr-demon become to m5's op9ion1 t !re is a grave #ac? c5tury acc\nt ( ! mummy ( su* a devil be+ exhibit$ at ,alex&ria2 & x is n fifte5 ye>s back f ! pres5t "t t !re 0 a /ory curr5t at ,teignm\? ( a devil walk+ up ! walls ( ! h\ses1 & leav+ 8 fi5di% backw>d footpr9ts 9 ! sn[4 ,nor is x vision alone t is conc]n$ ) ! delusive realization ( ! ideal2 !re is1 z x 71 a conspiracy ( all ! s5ses to give x pro(4 ,to take a /rik+ in/ance3 !re is an irritat+ h]petic disease :i* gradually encircles ! body z ) a girdle1 :5ce its ,engli% "n ( ! %+les 7,lat91 c+ulum74 ,by an imag9ation n difficult to und]/&1 ?is disease is attribut$ to a sort ( coil+ snake2 & ,i rememb] a case 9 ,cornwall :]e a girl's family wait$ 9 great fe> to see if ! creature w\ld /ret* all r\nd h]1 ! belief be+ t if ! snake's head & tail met1 ! pati5t w\ld die4 ,b a yet full] mean+ ( ?is fanta/ic notion is br\ght out 9 an acc\nt by ,dr4 ,ba/ian ( a physician :o suff]$ 9 a pa9ful disease1 z ?\gh a snake 7 tw9$ r\nd him1 & 9 ^: m9d ?is idea rea*$ su* reality t 9 mom5ts ( excessive pa9 he c\ld see ! snake & t\* its r\gh scales ) 8 h&4 ,! relation ( morbid imag9ation to my? is peculi>ly well in/anc$ 9 ! hi/ory ( a widespread belief1 ext5d+ ?r\gh savage1 b>b>ic1 classic1 ori5tal1 & m$ival life1 & surviv+ to ?is day 9 ,european sup]/ition4 ,?is belief1 :i* may be conv5i5tly call$ ! ,doctr9e ( ,w]ewolves1 is t c]ta9 m51 by natural gift or magic art1 c turn = a "t into rav5+ wild bea/s4 ,! orig9 ( ?is idea is by no means suffici5tly expla9$4 ,:at we are especially conc]n$ ) is ! fact ( its preval5ce 9 ! _w4 ,x may be notic$ t su* a notion is q consi/5t ) ! animi/ic !ory t a man's s\l may g out ( 8 body & ent] t ( a bea/ or bird1 & also ) ! op9ion t m5 may be trans=m$ into animals2 bo? ^! ideas hav+ an important place 9 ! belief ( mank9d1 f savag]y onw>d4 ,! doctr9e ( w]ewolves is sub/antially t ( a tempor>y metempsy*osis or metamorphosis4 ,n[ x really occurs t1 9 v>i\s =ms ( m5tal disease1 pati5ts pr[l %yly1 long to bite & de/roy mank9d1 & ev5 fancy !mselves trans=m$ into wild bea/s4 ,belief 9 ! possibility ( su* trans=mation may h be5 ! v sugge/+ cause :i* l$ ! pati5t to imag9e x tak+ place 9 8 own p]son4 ,b at any rate su* insane delusions d occur1 & physicians apply to !m ! my?ologic t]m ( lycan?ropy4 ,! belief 9 m5 be+ w]ewolves1 man-tig]s1 & ! l1 may ?us h ! /rong support ( ! v witnesses :o believe !mselves to be su* creatures4 ,moreov]1 pr(essional sorc]]s h tak5 up ! idea1 z !y d any morbid delusion1 & pret5d to turn !mselves & o!rs into bea/s by magic art4 ,?r\gh ! mass ( e?nographic details relat+ to ?is subject1 !re is manife/ a rem>kable uni=mity ( pr9ciple4 ,among ! non-,aryan indig5es ( ,india1 ! tribes ( ! ,g>o ,hills describe z #8trans=mation into a tig]' a k9d ( tempor>y madness1 app>5tly ( ! nature ( delirium trem5s1 9 :i* ! pati5t walks l a tig]1 %unn+ society4#djg ,! ,khonds ( ,orissa say t "s among !m h ! art ( #8mleepa1' & by ! aid ( a god become #8mleepa' tig]s = ! purpose ( kill+ enemies1 "o ( ! man's f\r s\ls go+ out to animate ! be/ial =m4 ,natural tig]s1 say ! ,khonds1 kill game to b5efit m51 :o f9d x half dev\r$ & %>e x1 :]eas man-kill+ tig]s are ei!r inc>nations ( ! wra?ful ,e>?-goddess1 or !y are trans=m$ m54#djh ,?us ! notion ( man-tig]s s]ves1 z simil> notions d else:]e1 to acc\nt = ! fact t c]ta9 individual wild bea/s %[ a peculi> ho/ility to man4 ,among ! ,ho ( ,s+bhoom x is relat$1 z an example ( simil> belief1 t a man nam$ ,mora saw 8 wife kill$ by a tig]1 & foll[$ ! bea/ till x l$ him to ! h\se ( a man nam$ ,poosa4 ,tell+ ,poosa's relatives ( :at _h occurr$1 !y repli$ t !y 7 aw>e t he _h ! p[] ( becom+ a tig]1 & accord+ly !y br\ght him out b\nd1 & ,mora delib]ately kill$ him4 ,inquisition be+ made by ! au?orities1 ! family depos$1 9 explanation ( _! belief1 t ,poosa _h "o night dev\r$ an entire goat1 ro>+ l a tig] :il/ eat+ x1 & t on ano!r occasion he told 8 fri5ds he _h a long+ to eat a p>ticul> bullock1 & t v night t v bullock 0 kill$ & dev\r$ by a tig]4#dji ,s\?-ea/]n ,asia is n less famili> ) ! idea ( sorc]]s turn+ into man-tig]s & w&]+ aft] prey2 ?us ! ,jakuns ( ! ,malay ,p59sula believe t :5 a man becomes a tig] to rev5ge himself on 8 enemies1 ! trans=mation happ5s j be=e he spr+s1 & has be5 se5 to take place4#daj ,h[ vividly ! imag9ation ( an excit$ tribe1 once inoculat$ ) a belief l ?is1 c realize x into an ev5t1 is graphically told by ,dobrizh(f] among ! ,abipones ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,:5 a sorc]]1 to get ! bett] ( an enemy1 ?reat5s to *ange himself into a tig] & te> 8 tribesm5 to pieces1 no soon] does he beg9 to ro>1 ?an all ! neighb\rs fly to a di/ance2 b /ill !y he> ! feign$ s\nds4 #8,alas6' !y cry1 #88 :ole body is beg9n+ to be cov]$ ) tig]-spots6' #8,look1 8 nails are gr[+6' ! fe>-/ruck wom5 exclaim1 al?\gh !y _c see ! rogue1 :o is conceal$ )9 8 t5t1 b di/ract$ fe> pres5ts ?+s to _! eyes :i* h no real exi/5ce4 #8,y daily kill tig]s 9 ! pla9 )\t dread1' said ! mission>y2 #8:y !n %\ld y weakly fe> a false imag9>y tig] 9 ! t[n8' #8,y fa!rs don't und]/& ^! matt]s1' !y reply ) a smile4 #8,we nev] fe>1 b kill tig]s 9 ! pla91 because we c see !m4 ,artificial tig]s we d fe>1 because !y c nei!r be se5 nor kill$ by u4'#daa ,! sorc]]s :o induc$ assemblies ( cr$ul\s savages to believe 9 ?is mon/r\s impo/ure1 7 also ! pr(essional spirituali/ic m$iums ( ! tribes1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to hold int]c\rse ) ! spirits ( ! dead1 caus+ !m to appe> visibly1 or c>ry+ on audible dialogues ) !m beh9d a curta94 ,africa is especially ri* 9 my?s ( man-lions1 man-leop>ds1 man-hynas4 ,9 ! ,kanuri language ( ,bornu1 !re is grammatically =m$ f ! ^w #8bultu1' a hyna1 ! v]b #8bultung91' mean+ #8,i trans=m myself into a hyna2' & ! natives ma9ta9 t !re is a t[n call$ ,kabutiloa1 :]e e man possesses ?is faculty4#dab ,! tribe ( ,budas 9 ,abyss9ia1 iron-work]s & pott]s1 are believ$ to comb9e ) ^! civiliz$ avocations ! gift ( ! evil eye & ! p[] ( turn+ into hynas1 :]e=e !y are exclud$ f society & ! ,*ri/ian sacram5t4 ,9 ! #8,life ( ,na?aniel ,pe>ce1' ! te/imony ( "o ,mr4 ,c(f9 is pr9t$4 ,a "y ,buda1 8 s]vant1 came = leave ( abs5ce1 :i* 0 grant$2 b sc>cely 0 ,mr4 ,c(f9's head turn$ to 8 o!r s]vants1 :5 "s ( !m call$ out1 po9t+ 9 ! direction ! ,buda _h tak51 #8,look1 look1 he is turn+ himself into a hyna4' ,mr4 ,c(f9 in/antly look$ r\nd1 ! "y man _h vani%$1 & a l>ge hyna 0 runn+ (f at ab\t a hundr$ paces' di/ance1 9 full light on ! op5 pla91 )\t tree or bu% to int]cept ! view4 ,! ,buda came back next morn+1 & z usual r affect$ to c\nt5ance ?an d5y ! prodigy4 ,c(f9 says1 moreov]1 t ! ,budas we> a peculi> gold e>r+1 & ?is he has frequ5tly se5 9 ! e>s ( hynas %ot 9 traps1 or spe>$ by himself & o!rs2 ! ,budas are dread$ = _! magical arts1 & ! editor ( ! book sugge/s t !y put e>-r+s 9 hynas' e>s to enc\rage a pr(itable sup]/ition4#dac ,mr4 ,mansfield ,p>kyns' m rec5t acc\nt %[s h[ ?or\ghly ?is belief is "p & p>cel ( ,abyss9ian spiritualism4 ,hy/]ics1 le?>gy1 morbid ins5sibility to pa91 & ! #8demoniacal possession1' 9 :i* ! pati5t speaks 9 ! "n & language ( an intrud+ _s1 are all ascrib$ to ! spiritual ag5cy ( ! ,budas4 ,among ! cases describ$ by ,mr4 ,p>kyns 0 t ( a s]vant-woman ( 81 ^: illness 0 set d[n to ! influ5ce ( "o ( ^! blacksmi?-hynas1 :o want$ to get h] out into ! =e/ & dev\r h]4 ,"o night1 a hyna hav+ be5 he>d h[l+ & laugh+ ne> ! village1 ! woman 0 b\nd h& & foot & closely gu>d$ 9 ! hut1 :5 sudd5ly1 ! hyna call+ close by1 h] ma/]1 to 8 a/oni%m5t1 saw h] rise #8)\t h] bonds' l a ,dav5port ,bro!r1 & try to escape4#dad ,9 ,a%ango-l&1 ,m4 ,du ,*aillu tells ! foll[+ sugge/ive /ory4 ,he 0 in=m$ t a leop>d _h kill$ two m51 & _m palav]s 7 held to settle ! affair2 b ?is 0 no ord9>y leop>d1 b a trans=m$ man4 ,two ( ,akondogo's m5 _h disappe>$1 & only _! blood 0 f\nd1 s a great doctor 0 s5t =1 :o said x 0 ,akondogo's own nephew & heir ,ako%o4 ,! lad 0 s5t =1 & :5 ask$ by ! *ief1 answ]$ t x 0 truly he :o _h committ$ ! murd]s1 t he c\ld n help x1 = he _h turn$ into a leop>d1 & 8 he>t long$ = blood1 & aft] ea* de$ he _h turn$ into a man aga94 ,akondogo lov$ ! boy s mu* t he w\ld n believe 8 confession1 till ,ako%o took him to a place 9 ! =e/1 :]e lay ! mangl$ bodies ( ! two m51 :om he _h really murd]$ "u ! influ5ce ( ?is morbid imag9ation4 ,he 0 sl[ly burnt to dea?1 all ! p /&+ by4#dae ,brief m5tion is en\gh = ! comp>atively well-kn[n ,european repres5tatives ( ^! beliefs4 ,:at ) ! m]e cont9uance ( old tradition1 :at ) ! tricks ( magicians1 & :at ) cases ( pati5ts "u delusion believ+ !mselves to h suff]$ trans=mation1 ( :i* a numb] are on record1 ! ,european s]ies ( details f anci5t to mod]n ages is v complete4 ,virgil 9 ! ,bucolics %[s ! popul> op9ion ( 8 "t t ! arts ( ! w]ewolf1 ! necromanc] or #8m$ium1' & ! wit*1 7 diff]5t bran*es ( "o craft1 :]e he tells ( ,mris z turn+ into a wolf by ! use ( poison\s h]bs1 z call+ up s\ls f ! tombs1 & z bewit*+ away crops3-- #8,has h]bas1 atque haec ,ponto mihi lecta v55a ,ipse d$it ,mo]is2 nascuntur plurima ,ponto4 ,8 ego saepe lupum fi]i1 et se cond]e sylvis ,mo]91 saepe animas imis excire sepulcris1 ,atque satas ali vidi traduc]e messes4'#daf ,( ! classic acc\nts1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable is ,petronius ,arbit]'s /ory ( ! trans=mation ( a #8v]sipellis' or #8turnsk92' ?is conta9s ! episode ( ! wolf be+ w\nd$ & ! man :o wore its %ape f\nd ) a simil> w\nd1 an idea n suffici5tly prov$ to belong orig9ally to ! l[] races1 b :i* becomes a famili> feature 9 ,european /ories ( w]ewolves & wit*es4 ,9 ,augu/9e's "t magicians 7 p]suad+ _! dupes t by means ( h]bs !y c\ld turn !m to wolves1 & ! use ( salve = ?is purpose is m5tion$ at a comp>atively mod]n date4 ,old ,sc&9avian sagas h _! w]ewolf w>riors1 & %ape-*ang]s 7hamramr7 rag+ 9 fits ( furi\s madness4 ,! ,danes /ill "k a man :o is a w]ewolf by 8 eyebr[s meet+1 & ?us resembl+ a butt]fly1 ! famili> type ( ! s\l1 ready to fly (f & ent] "s o!r body4 ,9 ! la/ ye> ( ! ,sw$i% w> ) ,russia1 ! p ( ,kalm> said ! wolves :i* ov]ran ! l& 7 trans=m$ ,sw$i% prison]s4 ,f ,h]odotus' leg5d ( ! ,neuri :o turn$ e ye> = a few days to wolves1 we foll[ ! idea on ,slavonic gr\nd to :]e ,livonian sorc]]s ba! ye>ly 9 a riv] & turn = twelve days to wolves2 & widespread ,slavonic sup]/ition /ill decl>es t ! wolves t sometimes 9 bitt] w9t]s d>e to attack m51 are !mselves #8wilkolak1' m5 bewit*$ into wolf's %ape4 ,! mod]n ,greeks in/ead ( ! classic adopt ! ,slavonic t]m 7,bulg>ian #8vrkolak'72 x is a man :o falls into a cataleptic /ate1 :ile 8 s\l ent]s a wolf & goes rav5+ = blood4 ,mod]n ,g]many1 especially 9 ! nor?1 /ill keeps up ! /ories ( wolf-girdles1 & 9 ,decemb] y mu/ n #8talk ( ! wolf' by "n1 le/ ! w]ewolves he> y4 ,our ,engli% ^w #8w]ewolf1' t is #8man-wolf' 7! #8v]evulf' ( ,cnut's ,laws71 /ill rem9ds u ( ! old belief 9 our own c\ntry1 & if x has _h = c5turies b little place 9 ,engli% folklore1 ?is has be5 n s mu* = lack ( sup]/ition1 z ( wolves4 ,to in/ance ! survival ( ! idea1 transf]r$ to ano!r animal1 9 ! m mod]n wit*-p]secution1 ! foll[+ ,scot* /ory may s]ve4 ,c]ta9 wit*es at ,?urso = a long "t torm5t$ an hone/ fell[ "u ! usual =m ( cats1 till "o night he put !m to flight ) 8 broad-sword1 & cut (f ! leg ( "o less nimble ?an ! re/2 tak+ x up1 to 8 amazem5t he f\nd x to be a woman's leg1 & next morn+ he discov]$ ! old hag its own] ) b "o leg left4 ,9 ,france ! creature has :at is hi/orically ! same "n z our #8w]ewolf2' viz4 9 e>ly =ms #8g]ulphus1' #8g>\l1' & n[ pleona/ically #8l\p-g>\4' ,! p>liam5t ( ,fran*e-,comt made a law 9 #aegc to expel ! w]ewolves2 9 #aeih ! w]ewolf ( ,ang]s gave evid5ce ( 8 h&s & feet turn+ to wolf's claws2 9 #afjc1 9 ! case ( ,jean ,gr5i]1 ! judge decl>$ lycan?ropy to be an insane delusion1 n a crime4 ,9 #afeh1 a ,fr5* satirical description ( a magician c\ld /ill give ! foll[+ p]fect acc\nt ( ! wit*-w]ewolf3 #8,i tea* ! wit*es to take ! =m ( wolves & eat *ildr51 & :5 anyone has cut (f "o ( _! legs 7:i* proves to be a man's arm7 ,i =sake !m :5 !y are discov]$1 & leave !m 9 ! p[] ( ju/ice4' ,ev5 9 our own day ! idea has by no means di$ out ( ! ,fr5* peasant's m9d4 ,n t5 ye>s ago 9 ,france1 ,mr4 ,b>+-,g\ld f\nd x impossible to get a guide aft] d>k across a wild place haunt$ by a l\p-g>\1 an incid5t :i* l$ him aft]w>ds to write 8 #8,book ( ,w]ewolves1' a monograph ( ?is rem>kable comb9ation ( my? & madness4#dag ,if we judg$ ! my?s ( e>ly ages by ! unaid$ p[] ( our mod]n fancy1 we might be left unable to acc\nt = _! imm5se effect on ! life & belief ( mank9d4 ,b by ! /udy ( su* evid5ce z ?is1 x becomes possible to realize a usual /ate ( ! imag9ation among anci5t & savage peoples1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! conditions ( a heal?y prosaic mod]n citiz5 & ( a rav+ fanatic or a pati5t 9 a fev]-w>d4 ,a poet ( our own day has /ill mu* 9 common ) ! m9ds ( uncultur$ tribes 9 ! my?ologic /age ( ?\ght4 ,! rude man's imag9ations may be n>r[1 crude1 & repulsive1 :ile ! poet's m consci\s fictions may be highly wr\ght into %apes ( fre% arti/ic beauty1 b bo? %>e 9 t s5se ( ! reality ( ideas1 :i* =tunately or un=tunately mod]n education has prov$ s p[]ful to de/roy4 ,! *ange ( mean+ ( a s+le ^w w tell ! hi/ory ( ?is transition1 rang+ f primval to mod]n ?\ght4 ,f fir/ to la/1 ! processes ( phantasy h be5 at "w2 b :]e ! savage c\ld see phantasms1 ! civiliz$ man has come to amuse himself ) fancies4 ,footnote #cde3 ,grote1 #8,hi/ory ( ,greece1' vol4 i4 *aps4 ix4 xi42 ,pausanias viii4 #b2 ,plut>*4 ,!seus #a4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,see ,bani]1 #8,la ,my?ologie et les ,fables expliques p> l',hi/oire1' ,p>is1 #agch2 ,lempri]e1 #8,classical ,diction>y1' c4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,hanus*1 #8,slav4 ,my?4' p4 #cbc2 ,grimm1 ,d4 ,m4 p4 #cfc2 ,la?am1 #8,descr4 ,e?4' vol4 ii4 p4 #ddh2 ,i4 ,j4 ,s*midt1 #8,=s*ung51' p4 #ac2 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 #8,am]4 ,urrelig4' p4 #bfh4 ,see also ,plut>*4 ,p>allela xxxvi42 ,campbell1 #8,highl& ,tales1' vol4 i4 p4 #bgh2 ,max ,mll]1 #8,*ips1' vol4 ii4 p4 #afi2 ,tylor1 #8,wild ,m5 & ,bea/-*ildr51' 9 ,an?ropological ,review1 ,may #ahfc4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,macrae 9 #8,z4 ,res4' vol4 vii4 p4 #ahi4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 i4 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #cej3 ,grote1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ajd2 vol4 v4 p4 #bb2 ,h]odot4 i4 #ahi2 vii4 #cd2 ,porphyr4 de ,ab/95tia1 ii4 #cj2 ,pausan4 i4 #bh2 ,pollux1 #8,onoma/icon4' ,footnote #cea3 ,reid1 #8,essays1' vol4 iii4 p4 #aac4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,wuttke1 #8,volksab]glaube1' p4 #baj4 ,footnote #cec3 ,see *ap4 xi4 ,footnote #ced3 ,d',orbigny1 #8,l',homme ,amrica91' vol4 ii4 p4 #ajb4 ,see also ,de la ,borde1 #8,c>aibes1' p4 #ebe4 ,footnote #cee3 ,le ,jeune 9 #8,relations des ,jsuites dans la ,n\velle ,france1' #afcd1 p4 #bf4 ,see ,*>levoix1 #8,n\velle ,france1' vol4 ii4 p4 #agj4 ,footnote #cef3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,algic ,rese>*es1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ed2 comp>e #8,tann]'s ,n>rative1' p4 #cag2 see also #8,prose ,edda1' i4 #aa2 #8,e>ly ,hi/4 ( ,mank9d1' p4 #cbg4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,prescott1 #8,p]u1' vol4 i4 p4 #hf2 ,g>cilaso de la ,vega1 #8,comm4 ,real4' i4 c4 #ae2 iii4 c4 #ba4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,torquemada1 #8,mon>quia ,indiana1' vi4 #db2 ,clavigro1 vol4 ii4 p4 #i2 ,sahagun 9 ,k+sbor\gh1 #8,antiquities ( ,mexico4' ,footnote #cei3 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,le ,jeune1 9 #8,relations des ,jsuites dans la ,n\velle ,france1' #afci1 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,froebel1 #8,c5tral ,am]ica1' p4 #dij4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,tac4 ,ann4 xiii4 #ee4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,/anbridge1 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 i4 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,cranz1 #8,grnl&1' p4 #bie2 ,hayes1 #8,arctic ,boat ,j\rney1' p4 #bed4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p iii4 p4 #bgf2 see also ,de la ,borde1 #8,c>aibes1' p4 #ebe4 ,footnote #cff3 ,h4 ,yule 9 #8,j\rn4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1' vol4 xiii4 7#ahdd71 p4 #fbh4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,orig51 de ,pr9cipiis1 i4 #g1 #c2 ,pamphil4 ,apolog4 pro ,orig9e1 ix4 #hd4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,de ,mai/re1 #8,soires de ,sa9t-,pt]sb\rg1' vol4 ii4 p4 #baj1 see #ahd4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,kaempf]1 #8,japan1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 vii4 p4 #fhd4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,doolittle1 #8,*9ese1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bfe2 see ,w>d1 #8,h9doos1' vol4 i4 p4 #adj 7,indra's elephants dr9k+74 ,footnote #cga3 ,*ron4 ,joh4 ,bromton1 9 #8,hi/4 ,angl4 ,scriptores1' x4 ,ric4 ,i4 p4 #abaf4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,lane1 #8,?\s& & "o ,n4' vol4 i4 p4 #cj1 #g4 ,footnote #cgc3 ,krapf1 #8,travels1' p4 #aih4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,lane1 ibid4 pp4 #cj1 #db2 ,burton1 #8,el ,m$9ah & ,meccah1' vol4 ii4 p4 #fi2 #8,lake ,regions1' vol4 i4 p4 #big2 ,j4 ,d4 ,hook]1 #8,himalayan ,j\rnals1' vol4 i4 p4 #gi2 ,tylor1 #8,mexico1' p4 #cj2 ,ty]man & ,b5net1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfb4 7,h9du pi*a demon1 :irlw9d47 ,footnote #cge3 ,taylor1 #8,new ,zeal&1' p4 #aba4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,mason1 #8,k>5s1' 9 #8,j\rn4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1' #ahfe1 "p ii4 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,callaway1 #8,zulu ,tales1' vol4 i4 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,burton1 #8,dahome1' vol4 ii4 p4 #adh2 see #bdb4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,algic ,res4' vol4 ii4 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #chj3 ,du ,*aillu1 #8,a%ango-l&1' p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #cha3 ,jas4 ,atk9son1 #8,cu/oms ( ! ,wom5 ( ,p]sia1' p4 #di4 ,footnote #chb3 #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #af2 #b ,k+s xix4 #ce4 ,footnote #chc3 ,g4 ,s4 ,assemanni1 #8,biblio!ca ,ori5talis1' ii4 #hf4 ,footnote #chd3 ,hanus*1 #8,slav4 ,my?us1' p4 #cbb4 ,comp>e ,torquemada1 #8,mon>quia ,indiana1' i4 c4 #ad 7,mexico72 ,ba/ian1 #8,psy*ologie1' p4 #aig4 ,footnote #che3 ,macph]son1 #8,india1' p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #chf3 ,m>kham1 #8,qui*ua ,gr4 & ,dic4' p4 #i4 ,footnote #chg3 ,welck]1 #8,grie*4 ,gtt]l4' vol4 i4 p4 #fij4 ,footnote #chh3 ,ellis1 #8,polyn4 ,res4' vol4 i4 p4 #bca2 ,polack1 #8,new ,z4' vol4 i4 p4 #bgc4 ,footnote #chi3 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' pp4 #fid-f4 ,footnote #cij3 ,w>d1 #8,h9doos1' vol4 i4 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #cia3 ,ca/r51 #8,f9nis*e ,my?ologie1' pp4 #dh1 #di4 ,footnote #cib3 ,delbrck 9 ,laz>us & ,/e9?al's ,zeits*rift1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bfi4 ,footnote #cic3 ,s*oolcraft1 "p iii4 p4 #ebj4 ,footnote #cid3 ,sic>d1 #8,?orie des ,signes1 c4' ,p>is #ahjh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fcd2 #8,p]sonal ,recollections' by ,*>lotte ,elizabe?1 ,london1 #ahda1 p4 #ahb2 ,dr4 ,orp51 #8,! ,contra/1' p4 #be4 ,comp>e ,me9]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #db4 ,footnote #cie3 ,le ,jeune1 9 #8,rel4 des ,js4 dans la ,n\velle ,france1' #afcd1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #cif3 ,pietro della ,valle1 #8,viaggi1' lett] xvi4 ,footnote #cig3 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 ii4 p4 xxvii4 ,footnote #cih3 ,see rem>ks on ! t5d5cy ( sex-d5ot+ language to produce my? 9 ,africa1 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,bleek1 #8,reyn>d ! ,fox 9 ,s4 ,afr4' p4 xx42 #8,orig9 ( ,lang4' p4 xxiii4 ,footnote #cii3 ,caldwell1 #8,comp4 ,gr4 ( ,dravidian ,langs4' p4 #agb4 ,footnote #djj3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p ii4 p4 #cff4 ,= o!r cases see especially ,pott 9 ,ers* & ,grub]'s #8,allg4 ,encyclop4' art4 #8,ges*le*t2' also ,d4 ,=bes1 #8,p]sian ,gr4' p4 #bf2 ,la?am1 #8,descr4 ,e?4' vol4 ii4 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #dja3 ,callaway1 #8,relig4 ( ,amazulu1' p4 #aff4 ,footnote #djb3 ,grey1 #8,polyn4 ,my?4' pp4 #acb1 c41 #baa2 ,%ortl&1 #8,traditions ( ,n4 ,z4' p4 #ae4 ,footnote #djc3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p i4 p4 #cia & pl4 #ee4 ,footnote #djd3 ,liv+/one1 #8,s4 ,afr4' p4 #abd4 ,footnote #dje3 ,tac4 ,g]mania1 #de4 ,footnote #djf3 ,maury1 #8,magie1 c4' p4 #age4 ,footnote #djg3 ,eliot 9 #8,z4 ,res4' vol4 iii4 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #djh3 ,macph]son1 #8,india1' pp4 #ib1 #ii1 #ajh4 ,footnote #dji3 ,dalton1 #8,kols ( ,*ota-,nagpore' 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 vi4 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #daj3 ,j4 ,cam]on1 #8,malayan ,india1' p4 #cic2 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 i4 p4 #aai2 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bfa1 #bgc2 #8,z4 ,res4' vol4 vi4 p4 #agc4 ,footnote #daa3 ,dobrizh(f]1 #8,abipones1' vol4 ii4 p4 #gg4 ,see ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 #8,am]4 ,urrelig4' p4 #fc2 ,m>tius1 #8,e?n4 ,am]4' vol4 i4 p4 #feb2 ,ovi$o1 #8,nic>agua1' p4 #bbi2 ,pi$rahita1 #8,nuevo ,reyno de ,granada1' "p i4 lib4 c4 #c4 ,footnote #dab3 ,klle1 #8,afr4 ,lit4 & ,kanuri ,vocab4' p4 #bge4 ,footnote #dac3 #8,life & ,adv5tures ( ,na?aniel ,pe>ce' 7#ahaj-i71 ed4 by ,j4 ,j4 ,halls1 ,london1 #ahca1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhf2 also #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 vi4 p4 #bhh2 ,waitz1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ejd4 ,footnote #dad3 ,p>kyns1 #8,life 9 ,abyss9ia' 7#ahec71 vol4 ii4 p4 #adf4 ,footnote #dae3 ,du ,*aillu1 #8,a%ango-l&1' p4 #eb4 ,= o!r ,african details1 see ,waitz1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cdc2 ,j4 ,l4 ,wilson1 #8,w4 ,afr4' pp4 #bbb1 #cfe1 #cih2 ,burton1 #8,e4 ,afr4' p4 #eg2 ,liv+/one1 #8,s4 ,afr4' pp4 #fae1 #fdb2 ,magy>1 #8,s4 ,afr4' p4 #acf4 ,footnote #daf3 ,virg4 ,bucol4 ecl4 viii4 #ie4 ,footnote #dag3 ,= collections ( ,european evid5ce1 see ,w4 ,h]tz1 #8,d] ,w]wolf2' ,b>+-,g\ld1 #8,book ( ,w]ewolves2' ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' p4 #ajdg2 ,das5t1 #8,norse ,tales1' ,introd4 p4 cxix42 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*4' vol4 ii4 pp4 #cb1 #eff2 ,br&1 #8,pop4 ,ant4' vol4 i4 p4 #cab1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cb2 ,lecky1 #8,hi/4 ( ,rationalism1' vol4 i4 p4 #hb4 ,p>ticul> details 9 ,petron4 ,arbit]1 ,satir4 lxii42 ,virgil4 ,eclog4 viii4 #ig2 ,pl94 viii4 #cd2 ,h]odot4 iv4 #aje2 ,mela ii4 #a2 ,augu/94 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 xviii4 #ag2 ,hanus*1 #8,slav4 ,my?4' pp4 #bhf1 #cbj2 ,wuttke1 #8,deuts*e ,volksab]glaube1' p4 #aah4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,my?ology 7cont9u$74 ,nature-my?s1 _! orig91 canon ( int]pretation1 pres]vation ( orig9al s5se & significant names--,nature-my?s ( upp] savage races comp>$ ) relat$ =ms among b>b>ic & civiliz$ nations--,heav5 & ,e>? z ,univ]sal ,p>5ts--,sun & ,moon3 ,eclipse & ,sunset1 z ,h]o or ,maid5 swall[$ by ,mon/]2 ,ris+ ( ,sun f ,sea & ,desc5t to ,"u-,_w2 ,jaws ( ,night & ,dea?1 ,symplegades2 ,eye ( ,heav51 ,eye ( ,od9 & ! ,grai--,sun & ,moon z my?ic civiliz]s--,moon1 h] incon/ancy1 p]iodical dea? & revival--,/>s1 _! g5]ation--,con/ellations1 _! place 9 ,my?ology & ,a/ronomy--,w9d & ,tempe/--,?und]--,e>?quake4 ,f lay+ d[n g5]al pr9ciples ( my?-developm5t1 we may n[ proce$ to survey ! class ( ,nature-my?s1 su* especially z seem to h _! e>lie/ s\rce & true/ mean+ among ! l[] races ( mank9d4 ,sci5ce1 inve/igat+ nature1 discusses its facts & ann\nces its laws 9 te*nical language :i* is cle> & accurate to tra9$ /ud5ts1 b :i* falls only z a my/ic j>gon on ! e>s ( b>b>ians1 or peasants1 or *ildr54 ,x is to ! compreh5sion ( j ^! simple uns*ool$ m9ds t ! language ( poetic my? is spok51 s f> at lea/ z x is true poetry1 & n its qua9t affect$ imitation4 ,! poet contemplates ! same natural _w z ! man ( sci5ce1 b 9 8 s diff]5t craft /rives to r5d] difficult ?\ght easy by mak+ x visible & tangible1 above all by ref]r+ ! be+ & movem5t ( ! _w to su* p]sonal life z 8 he>]s feel )9 !mselves1 & ?us work+ out 9 f>-/ret*$ fancy ! maxim t #8,man is ! measure ( all ?+s4' ,let b ! key be recov]$ to ?is my?ic dialect1 & its complex & %ift+ t]ms w translate !mselves into reality1 & %[ h[ f> leg5d1 9 its sympa!tic fictions ( w>1 love1 crime1 adv5ture1 fate1 is only tell+ ! p]5nial /ory ( ! _w's daily life4 ,! my?s %ap$ out ( ^? endless analogies betwe5 man & nature :i* are ! s\l ( all poetry1 into ^? half-human /ories /ill s full to u ( unfad+ life & beauty1 are ! ma/]pieces ( an art belong+ r to ! pa/ ?an to ! pres5t4 ,! gr[? ( my? has be5 *eck$ by sci5ce1 x is dy+ ( weights & measures1 ( proportions & specim5s--x is n only dy+1 b half dead1 & /ud5ts are anatomis+ x4 ,9 ?is _w "o mu/ d :at "o c1 & if ! mod]ns _c feel my? z _! =efa!rs did1 at lea/ !y c analyse x4 ,!re is a k9d ( intellectual fronti] )9 :i* he mu/ be :o w sympa?ise ) my?1 :ile he mu/ be )\t :o w inve/igate x1 & x is our =tune t we live ne> ?is fronti]-l9e1 & c g 9 & out4 ,european s*ol>s c /ill 9 a measure und]/& ! belief ( ,greeks or ,aztecs or ,maoris 9 _! native my?s1 & at ! same "t c comp>e & int]pret !m )\t ! scruples ( m5 to :om su* tales are hi/ory1 & ev5 sacr$ hi/ory4 ,moreov]1 7 ! :ole human race at a uni=m level ( culture ) ourselves1 x w\ld be h>d to br+ our m9ds to conceive ( tribes 9 ! m5tal /ate to :i* ! e>ly gr[? ( nature-my? belongs1 ev5 z x is n[ h>d to picture to ourselves a condition ( mank9d l[] ?an any t has be5 actually f\nd4 ,b ! v>i\s grades ( exi/+ civilization pres]ve ! l&m>ks ( a long c\rse ( hi/ory1 & !re survive by millions savages & b>b>ians ^: m9ds /ill produce1 9 rude ar*aic =ms1 man's e>ly my?ic repres5tations ( nature4 ,^? :o read = ! fir/ "t ! diss]tations ( ! mod]n s*ool ( my?ologi/s1 & sometimes ev5 ^? :o h be5 famili> ) !m = ye>s1 are prone to ask1 ) half-incr$ul\s appreciation ( ! beauty & simplicity ( _! int]pretations1 c !y be really true8 ,c s great a "p ( ! leg5d>y lore ( classic1 b>b>ian1 & m$ival ,europe be tak5 up ) ! ev]la/+ depiction ( ,sun & ,sky1 ,dawn & ,gloam+1 ,day & ,night1 ,summ] & ,w9t]1 ,cl\d & ,tempe/2 c s _m ( ! p]sonages ( tradition1 = all _! h]oic human aspect1 h _! real orig9 9 an?ropomorphic my?s ( nature8 ,)\t any attempt to discuss ^! op9ions at l>ge1 x w be se5 t inspection ( nature-my?ology f ! pres5t po9t ( view tells 9 _! fav\r1 at lea/ z to pr9ciple4 ,! g5]al !ory t su* direct conceptions ( nature z are s navely & ev5 baldly utt]$ 9 ! ,v$a1 are among ! prim>y s\rces ( my?1 is en=c$ by evid5ce ga9$ else:]e 9 ! _w4 ,especially ! traditions ( savage races display my?ic conceptions ( ! out] _w1 primitive l ^? ( ! anci5t ,indian hymns1 agree+ ) !m 9 _! g5]al "*1 & (t5 rem>kably correspond+ 9 _! v episodes4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t ! tru? ( su* a g5]al pr9ciple is no w>rant = all ! p>ticul> int]pretations :i* my?ologi/s claim to base ^u x1 = ( ^! 9 fact _m are wildly speculative1 & _m hopelessly uns\nd4 ,nature-my? dem&s inde$ a recognition ( its va/ importance 9 ! leg5d>y lore ( mank9d1 b only s f> z its claim is back$ by /rong & legitimate evid5ce4 ,! close & deep analogies betwe5 ! life ( nature & ! life ( man h be5 = ages dwelt ^u by poets & philosoph]s1 :o 9 simile or 9 argum5t h told ( light & d>kness1 ( calm & tempe/1 ( bir?1 gr[?1 *ange1 decay1 dissolution1 r5ewal4 ,b no "o-sid$ int]pretation c be p]mitt$ to absorb into a s+le !ory su* endless _m-sid$ correspond5ces z ^!4 ,ra% inf]5ces :i* on ! /r5g? ( m]e resemblance d]ive episodes ( my? f episodes ( nature mu/ be reg>d$ ) utt] mi/ru/1 = ! /ud5t :o has no m /r+5t crit]ion ?an ?is = 8 my?s ( sun & sky & dawn1 w f9d !m :]ev] x pleases him to seek !m4 ,x may be judg$ by simple trial :at su* a me?od may lead to2 no leg5d1 no allegory1 no nurs]y rhyme1 is safe f ! h]m5eutics ( a ?or\gh-go+ my?ologic !ori/4 ,%\ld he1 = in/ance1 dem& z 8 prop]ty ! nurs]y #8,song ( ,sixp5ce1' 8 claim w\ld be easily e/abli%$3 obvi\sly ! f\r-&-tw5ty blackbirds are ! f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs1 & ! pie t holds !m is ! und]ly+ e>? cov]$ ) ! ov]>*+ sky2 h[ true a t\* ( nature x is t :5 ! pie is op5$1 t is1 :5 day breaks1 ! birds beg9 to s+2 ! ,k+ is ! ,sun1 & 8 c\nt+ out 8 money is p\r+ out ! sun%9e1 ! gold5 %[] ( ,danae2 ! ,que5 is ! ,moon1 & h] transp>5t honey ! moonlight2 ! ,maid is ! #8rosy-f+]$' ,dawn :o rises be=e ! ,sun h] ma/]1 & hangs out ! cl\ds1 8 clo!s1 across ! sky2 ! p>ticul> blackbird :o s tragically ends ! tale by snipp+ (f h] nose1 is ! h\r ( sunrise4 ,! "t-hon\r$ rhyme really wants b "o ?+ to prove x a ,sun-my?1 t "o ?+ be+ a pro( by "s argum5t m valid ?an analogy4 ,or if hi/orical *>act]s be select$ ) any discretion1 x is easy to po9t out ! sol> episodes embodi$ 9 _! lives4 ,see ,corts l&+ 9 ,mexico1 & seem+ to ! ,aztecs _! v ,sun-prie/ ,quetzalcoatl1 come back f ! ,ea/ to r5ew 8 reign ( light & glory2 m>k him des]t+ ! wife ( 8 y\?1 ev5 z ! ,sun leaves ! ,dawn1 & aga9 9 lat] life ab&on+ ,m>9a = a new bride2 wat* 8 sun-l c>e] ( brilliant conque/1 *eck]$ ) int]vals ( /orm1 & decl9+ to a dea? cl\d$ ) sorr[ & disgrace4 ,! life ( ,julius ,cs> w\ld fit z plausibly into a s*eme ( sol> my?2 8 spl5did c\rse z 9 ea* new l& he came1 & saw1 & conqu]$2 8 des]tion ( ,cleopatra2 8 ord9ance ( ! sol> ye> = m52 8 dea? at ! h& ( ,brutus1 l ,sfrit's dea? at ! h& ( ,hag5 9 ! ,nibelung5 ,li$2 8 fall+ pi]c$ ) _m ble$+ w\nds1 & %r\d+ himself 9 8 cloak to die 9 d>kness4 ,( ,cs>1 bett] ?an ( ,cassius 8 slay]1 x might h be5 said 9 ! language ( sun-my?3 #8444 ,o sett+ sun1 ,z 9 ?y r$ rays ?\ do/ s9k to-night1 ,s 9 8 r$ blood ,cassius' day is set2 ,! sun ( ,rome is set6' ,?us1 9 int]pret+ h]oic leg5d z bas$ on nature-my?1 circum/antial analogy mu/ be v cauti\sly appeal$ to1 & at any rate !re is ne$ ( evid5ce m cog5t ?an vague lik5esses betwe5 human & cosmic life4 ,n[ su* evid5ce is =?com+ at its /ronge/ 9 a cr[d ( my?s1 ^: op5 mean+ x w\ld be wanton incr$ulity to d\bt1 s little d !y disguise1 9 "n or s5se1 ! famili> aspects ( nature :i* !y figure z sc5es ( p]sonal life4 ,ev5 :]e ! tell]s ( leg5d may h alt]$ or =gott5 its e>li] my?ic mean+1 !re are (t5 suffici5t gr\nds = an attempt to re/ore x4 ,9 spite ( *ange & corruption1 my?s are sl[ to lose all consci\sness ( _! fir/ orig92 z = in/ance1 classical lit]ature reta9$ en\gh ( mean+ 9 ! great ,greek sun-my?1 to compel ev5 ,lempri]e ( ! ,classical ,diction>y to admit t ,apollo or ,phbus #8is (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! sun4' ,= ano!r in/ance1 ! ,greeks _h /ill pres5t to _! ?\ghts ! mean+ ( ,argos ,panoptes1 ,io's hundr$-ey$1 all-see+ gu>d :o 0 sla9 by ,h]mes & *ang$ into ! ,peacock1 = ,macrobius writes z recogniz+ 9 him ! />-ey$ heav5 itself2#dah ev5 z ,indra1 ! ,sky1 is 9 ,sanskrit ! #8?\s&-ey$' 7sahasrk%a1 sahasranayana74 ,9 mod]n times ! ?\ght is f\nd surviv+ or reviv+ 9 a /range region ( language3 :oev] x 0 t br\ght argo z a ^w = #8heav5' into ! ,l+ua ,furbesca or ,robb]s' ,j>gon ( ,italy1#dai mu/ h be5 ?9k+ ( ! />ry sky wat*+ him l ,argus ) 8 hundr$ eyes4 ,! etymology ( names1 moreov]1 is at once ! guide & safegu>d ( ! my?ologi/4 ,! obvi\s mean+ ( words did mu* to pres]ve ve/iges ( pla9 s5se 9 classic leg5d1 9 spite ( all ! ef=ts ( ! comm5tators4 ,!re 0 no disput+ ! obvi\s facts t ,hlios 0 ! ,sun1 & ,seln ! ,moon2 & z = ,jove1 all ! nons5se ( pseudo-hi/ory c\ld n q d away ! idea t he 0 really ,heav51 = language cont9u$ to decl>e ?is 9 su* expressions z #8sub ,jove frigido4' ,! explanation ( ! rape ( ,p]sephone1 z a nature-my? ( ! seasons & ! fruits ( ! e>?1 does n dep5d alone on analogy ( incid5t1 b has ! v names to prove its reality1 ,zeus1 ,hlios1 ,dmtr--,heav51 & ,sun1 & ,"m ,e>?4 ,la/ly1 9 /ories ( my?ic be+s :o are ! presid+ g5ii ( /> or m\nta91 tree or riv]1 or h]oes & h]o9es actually metamorphos$ into su* objects1 p]sonification ( nature is /ill pla9ly evid5t2 ! poet may /ill z ( old see ,atlas be> ! heav5s on 8 mighty %\ld]s1 & ,alpheus 9 impetu\s c\rse pursue ! maid5 ,are?usa4 ,9 a /udy ( ! nature-my?s ( ! _w1 x is h>dly practicable to />t f ! conceptions ( ! v l[e/ human tribes1 & to "w upw>ds f !nce to fictions ( high] gr[?2 p>tly because our in=mation is b meagre z to ! beliefs ( ^! %y & seldom q intelligible folk1 & p>tly because ! leg5ds !y possess h n rea*$ t arti/ic & sy/ematic %ape :i* !y atta9 to among races next high] 9 ! scale4 ,x !re=e answ]s bett] to take z a f\ndation ! my?ology ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s1 & o!r l[-cultur$ tribes :o be/ repres5t 9 mod]n times ! e>ly my?ologic p]iod ( human hi/ory4 ,! survey may be fitly comm5c$ by a s+ul>ly p]fect & purposeful cosmic my? f ,new ,zeal&4 ,x seems long ago & (t5 to h come into m5's m9ds1 t ! ov]>*+ ,heav5 & ! all-produc+ ,e>? are1 z x 71 a ,fa!r & a ,"m ( ! _w1 ^: (fspr+ are ! liv+ creatures1 m51 & bea/s1 & plants4 ,n[h]e1 9 ! tell+ ( ?is (t-told tale1 is pres5t nature veil$ 9 m transp>5t p]sonification1 n[h]e is ! _w's famili> daily life repeat$ ) m *ildlike simplicity z a /ory ( long pa/ ages1 ?an 9 ! leg5d ( #8,! ,*ildr5 ( ,heav5 & ,e>?' writt5 d[n by ,sir ,george ,grey among ! ,maoris ab\t ! ye> #ahej4 ,f ,rangi1 ! ,heav51 & ,papa1 ! ,e>?1 x is said1 sprang all m5 & ?+s1 b sky & e>? clave toge!r1 & d>kness re/$ ^u !m & ! be+s !y _h begott51 till at la/ _! *ildr5 took c\nsel :e!r !y %\ld r5d ap>t _! p>5ts1 or slay !m4 ,!n ,tane-mahuta1 fa!r ( =e/s1 said to 8 five great bre?r51 #8,x is bett] to r5d !m ap>t1 & to let ! heav5 /& f> above u1 & ! e>? lie "u our feet4 ,let ! sky become z a /rang] to u1 b ! e>? rema9 close to u z our nurs+ "m4' ,s ,rongo-ma-tane1 god & fa!r ( ! cultivat$ food ( man1 arose & /rove to sep>ate ! heav5 & ! e>?2 he /ruggl$1 b 9 va91 & va9 too 7 ! ef=ts ( ,tang>oa1 fa!r ( fi% & reptiles1 & ( ,haumia-tikitiki1 fa!r ( wild-gr[+ food1 & ( ,tu-matau5ga1 god & fa!r ( fi]ce m54 ,!n sl[ uprises ,tane-mahuta1 god & fa!r ( =e/s1 & wre/les ) 8 p>5ts1 /riv+ to "p !m ) 8 h&s & arms4 #8,lo1 he pauses2 8 head is n[ firmly plant$ on 8 "m ! e>?1 8 feet he raises up & re/s aga9/ 8 fa!r ! skies1 he /ra9s 8 back & limbs ) mighty ef=t4 ,n[ are r5t ap>t ,rangi & ,papa1 & ) cries & groans ( woe !y %riek al\d4444 ,b ,tane-mahuta pauses n2 f>1 f> b5ea? him he presses d[n ! e>?2 f>1 f> above him he ?ru/s up ! sky4' ,b ,ta:iri-ma-tea1 fa!r ( w9ds & /orms1 _h nev] cons5t$ t 8 "m %\ld be torn f h] "l1 & n[ !re arose 9 8 brea/ a fi]ce desire to w> aga9/ 8 bre?r54 ,s ! ,/orm-god rose & foll[$ 8 fa!r to ! realms above1 hurry+ to ! %elt]$ holl[s ( ! b\ndless skies1 to hide & cl+ & ne/le !re4 ,!n came =? 8 prog5y1 ! mighty w9ds1 ! fi]ce squalls1 ! cl\ds1 d5se1 d>k1 fi]y1 wildly drift+1 wildly bur/+2 & 9 _! mid/ _! fa!r ru%$ ^u 8 foe4 ,tane-mahuta & 8 giant =e/s /ood unconsci\s & unsuspect+ :5 ! rag+ hurricane bur/ on !m1 snapp+ ! mighty trees across1 leav+ trunks & bran*es r5t & torn ^u ! gr\nd = ! insect & ! grub to prey on4 ,!n ! fa!r ( /orms swoop$ d[n to la% ! wat]s into bill[s ^: summits rose l cliffs1 till ,tang>oa1 god ( ocean & fa!r ( all t dwell !re91 fl$ affright$ ?r\gh 8 seas4 ,8 *ildr51 ,ika-t]e1 ! fa!r ( fi%1 & ,tu-te-wehiwehi1 ! fa!r ( reptiles1 s\ght :]e !y might escape = safety2 ! fa!r ( fi% cri$1 #8,ho1 ho1 let u all escape to ! sea1' b ! fa!r ( reptiles %\t$ 9 answ]1 #8,nay1 nay1 let u r fly inl&1' & s ^! creatures sep>at$1 = :ile ! fi% fl$ into ! sea1 ! reptiles s\ght safety 9 ! =e/s & scrubs4 ,b ! sea-god ,tang>oa1 furi\s t 8 *ildr5 ! reptiles %\ld h des]t$ him1 has ev] s9ce wag$ w> on 8 bro!r ,tane :o gave !m %elt] 9 8 woods1 ,tane attacks him 9 return1 supply+ ! (fspr+ ( 8 bro!r ,tu-matau5ga1 fa!r ( fi]ce m51 ) canoes & spe>s & fi%-hooks made f 8 trees1 & ) nets wov5 f 8 fibr\s plants1 t !y may de/roy )al ! fi%1 ! ,sea-god's *ildr52 & ! ,sea-god turns 9 wra? ^u ! ,=e/-god1 ov]:elms 8 canoes ) ! surges ( ! sea1 sweeps ) floods 8 trees & h\ses into ! b\ndless ocean4 ,next ! god ( /orms pu%$ on to attack 8 bro!rs ! gods & prog5itors ( ! till$ food & ! wild1 b ,papa1 ! ,e>?1 caught !m up & hid !m1 & s safely 7 ^! h] *ildr5 conceal$ by _! "m1 t ! ,/orm-god s\ght = !m 9 va94 ,s he fell ^u ! la/ ( 8 bro!rs1 ! fa!r ( fi]ce m51 b him he c\ld n ev5 %ake1 ?\gh he put =? all 8 /r5g?4 ,:at c>$ ,tu-matau5ga = 8 bro!r's wra?8 ,he x 0 :o has plann$ ! de/ruction ( _! p>5ts1 & _h %[n himself brave & fi]ce 9 w>2 8 bre?r5 _h yield$ be=e ! trem5d\s onset ( ! ,/orm-god & 8 prog5y2 ! ,=e/-god & 8 (fspr+ _h be5 brok5 & torn 9 pieces2 ! ,sea-god & 8 *ildr5 _h fl$ to ! dep?s ( ! ocean or ! recesses ( ! %ore2 ! gods ( food _h be5 safe 9 hid+2 b man /ill /ood erect & un%ak5 ^u ! bosom ( 8 "m ,e>?1 & at la/ ! he>ts ( ! ,heav5 & ! ,/orm became tranquil1 & _! passion 0 assuag$4 ,b n[ ,tu-matau5ga1 fa!r ( fi]ce m51 took ?\ght h[ he might be av5g$ ^u 8 bre?r5 :o _h left him unaid$ to /& aga9/ ! god ( /orms4 ,he twi/$ nooses ( ! leaves ( ! :anake tree1 & ! birds & bea/s1 *ildr5 ( ,tane ! ,=e/-god1 fell be=e him2 he nett$ nets f ! flax-plant1 & dragg$ a%ore ! fi%1 ! *ildr5 ( ,tang>oa ! ,sea-god2 he f\nd 9 ! hid+-place und]gr\nd ! *ildr5 ( ,rongo-ma-tane1 ! sweet potato & all cultivat$ food1 & ! *ildr5 ( ,haumia-tikitiki1 ! f]n-root & all wild-gr[+ food1 he dug !m up & let !m )] 9 ! sun4 ,yet1 ?\gh he ov]came 8 f\r bro!rs1 & !y became 8 food1 ov] ! fif? he c\ld n prevail1 & ,ta:iri-ma-tea1 ! ,/orm-god1 /ill ev] attacks him 9 tempe/ & hurricane1 /riv+ to de/roy him bo? by sea & l&4 ,x 0 ! bur/+ =? ( ! ,/orm-god's wra? aga9/ 8 bre?r5 t caus$ ! dry l& to disappe> b5ea? ! wat]s3 ! be+s ( anci5t days :o ?us subm]g$ ! l& 7 ,t]rible-ra91 ,long-cont9u$-ra91 ,fi]ce-hail/orms2 & _! prog5y 7 ,mi/1 & ,heavy-dew1 & ,light-dew1 & ?us b little ( ! dry l& 0 left /&+ above ! sea4 ,!n cle> light increas$ 9 ! _w1 & ! be+s :o _h be5 hidd5 betwe5 ,rangi & ,papa be=e !y 7 p>t$1 n[ multipli$ ^u ! e>?4 #8,up to ?is "t ! va/ ,heav5 has /ill ev] rema9$ sep>at$ f 8 sp\se ! ,e>?4 ,yet _! mutual love /ill cont9ues2 ! s(t w>m sighs ( h] lov+ bosom /ill ev] rise up to him1 asc5d+ f ! woody m\nta9s & valleys1 & m5 call ^! mi/s2 & ! va/ ,heav51 z he m\rns ?r\gh ! long nights 8 sep>ation f 8 belov$1 drops frequ5t te>s ^u h] bosom1 & m5 see+ ^! t]m !m dew-drops4'#dbj ,! r5d+ asund] ( heav5 & e>? is a f>-spread ,polynesian leg5d1 well kn[n 9 ! isl& gr\ps t lie away to ! nor?-ea/4#dba ,its elaboration1 h[ev]1 into ! my? "h sket*$ out 0 probably native ,new ,zeal& "w4 ,nor ne$ x be suppos$ t ! p>ticul> =m 9 :i* ! ,engli% gov]nor took x d[n among ! ,maori prie/s & tale-tell]s1 is ( anci5t date4 ,! /ory c>ries 9 itself evid5ce ( an antiquity ( "* :i* does n necess>ily belong to m]e lapse ( c5turies4 ,j z ! adzes ( poli%$ jade & ! cloaks ( ti$ flax-fibre1 :i* ^! ,new ,zeal&]s 7 us+ b ye/]day1 are old] 9 _! place 9 hi/ory ?an ! bronze battle-axes & l95 mummy clo?s ( anci5t ,egypt1 s ! ,maori poet's %ap+ ( nature into nature-my? belongs to a /age ( intellectual hi/ory :i* 0 pass+ away 9 ,greece five-&-tw5ty c5turies ago4 ,! my?-mak]'s fancy ( ,heav5 & ,e>? z fa!r & "m ( all ?+s naturally sugge/$ ! leg5d t !y 9 old days abode toge!r1 b h s9ce be5 torn asund]4 ,9 ,*9a ! same idea ( ! univ]sal p>5tage is accompani$ by a simil> leg5d ( ! sep>ation4 ,:e!r or n !re is hi/orical connexion "h betwe5 ! my?ology ( ,polynesia & ,*9a1 ,i w n guess1 b c]ta9ly ! anci5t ,*9ese leg5d ( ! sep>ation ( heav5 & e>? 9 ! primval days ( ,puang-,ku seems to h tak5 ! v %ape ( ! ,polynesian my?3 #8,"s say a p]son call$ ,puang-,ku op5$ or sep>at$ ! heav5s & ! e>?1 !y previ\sly be+ press$ d[n close toge!r4'#dbb ,z to ! my?ic details 9 ! :ole /ory ( #8,! ,*ildr5 ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1' !re is sc>cely a ?\ght t is n /ill transp>5t1 sc>cely ev5 a ^w t has lo/ its mean+ to u4 ,! brok5 & /iff5$ traditions :i* our fa!rs fanci$ relics ( anci5t hi/ory1 are1 z has be5 truly said1 records ( a pa/ :i* 0 nev] pres5t2 b ! simple nature-my?1 z we f9d x 9 its actual gr[?1 or recon/ruct x f its leg5d>y remnants1 may be r call$ ! record ( a pres5t :i* is nev] pa/4 ,! battle ( ! /orm aga9/ ! =e/ & ! ocean is /ill wag$ be=e our eyes2 we /ill look ^u ! victory ( man ov] ! creatures ( ! l& & sea2 ! food-plants /ill hide 9 _! "m e>?1 & ! fi% & reptiles f9d %elt] 9 ! ocean & ! ?icket2 b ! mighty =e/-trees /& ) _! roots firm plant$ 9 ! gr\nd1 :ile ) _! bran*es !y pu% up & up aga9/ ! sky4 ,& if we h le>nt ! secret ( man's ?\ght 9 ! *ildhood ( 8 race1 we may /ill realize ) ! savage ! p]sonal be+ ( ! ance/ral ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,! idea ( ! ,e>? z a "m is m simple & obvi\s1 & no d\bt = t reason m common 9 ! _w1 ?an ! idea ( ! ,heav5 z a fa!r4 ,among ! native races ( ,am]ica ! ,e>?-"m is "o ( ! great p]sonages ( my?ology4 ,! ,p]uvians wor%ipp$ h] z ,mama-,pa*a or #8,"m-,e>?1' & ! ,c>ibs1 :5 !re 0 an e>?quake1 said t x 0 _! "m ,e>? danc+1 & signify+ to !m to dance & make m]ry likewise1 :i* accord+ly !y did4 ,among ! ,nor?-,am]ican ,indians ! ,coman*es call on ! ,e>? z _! "m1 & ! ,great ,_s z _! fa!r4 ,a /ory told by ,gregg %[s a some:at diff]5t ?\ght ( my?ic p>5tage4 ,g5]al ,h>rison once call$ ! ,%awnee *ief ,tecumseh = a talk3--#8,come "h1 ,tecumseh1 & sit by y\r fa!r6' he said4 #8,y my fa!r6' repli$ ! *ief1 ) a /]n air4 #8,no6 yond] sun 7po9t+ t[>ds x7 is my fa!r1 & ! e>? is my "m1 s ,i w re/ on h] bosom1' & he sat d[n on ! gr\nd4 ,l ?is 0 ! ,aztec fancy1 z x seems f ?is passage 9 a ,mexican pray] to ,tezcatlipoca1 (f]$ 9 "t ( w>3 #8,be pleas$1 ,o our ,"l1 t ! nobles :o %all die 9 ! w> be peacefully & joy\sly receiv$ by ! ,sun & ! ,e>?1 :o are ! lov+ fa!r & "m ( all4'#dbc ,9 ! my?ology ( ,f9ns1 ,lapps1 & ,e/hs1 ,e>?-,"m is a div9ely hon\r$ p]sonage4#dbd ,?r\gh ! my?ology ( our own c\ntry ! same ?\ght may be trac$1 f ! days :5 ! ,anglo-,saxon call$ ^u ! ,e>?1 #8,hl wes ?u folde1 fira modor1' #8,hail ?\ ,e>?1 m5's "m1' to ! "t :5 m$ival ,engli%m5 made a riddle ( h]1 ask+ #8,:o is ,adam's "m8' & poetry cont9u$ :at my?ology 0 lett+ fall1 :5 ,milton's ar*angel promis$ ,adam a life to la/ #8444 till l ripe fruit1 ?\ drop ,into ?y "m's lap4'#dbe ,among ! ,aryan race1 inde$1 !re /&s1 wide & firm1 ! d\ble my? ( ! #8two great p>5ts1' z ! ,rig-,v$a calls !m4 ,!y are ,dyau%pit>1 1 ,jupit]1 ! #8,heav5-fa!r1' & ,pr?iv mt>1 ! #8,e>?-"m2' & _! relation is /ill kept 9 m9d 9 ! ord9ance ( ,brahman m>riage accord+ to ! ,yajur-,v$a1 :]e ! bridegroom says to ! bride1 #8,i am ! sky1 ?\ art ! e>?1 come let u m>ry4' ,:5 ,greek poets call$ ,ouranos & ,gaia1 or ,zeus & ,dmtr1 husb& & wife1 :at !y meant 0 ! union ( ,heav5 & ,e>?2 & :5 ,plato said t ! e>? br\ght =? m51 b ,god 0 _! %ap]1 ! same old my?ic ?\ght mu/ h be5 pres5t to 8 m9d4#dbf ,x reappe>s 9 anci5t ,scy?ia2#dbg & aga9 9 ,*9a1 :]e ,heav5 & ,e>? are call$ 9 ! ,%u-,k+ #8,fa!r & ,"m ( all ?+s4' ,*9ese philosophy naturally work$ ?is idea into ! s*eme ( ! two great pr9ciples ( nature1 ! ,y9 & ,yang1 male & female1 heav5ly & e>?ly1 & f ?is disposition ( nature !y drew a practical moral lesson3 ,heav51 said ! philosoph]s ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 made man1 & e>? made woman & !re=e woman is to be subject to man z ,e>? to ,heav54#dbh ,ent]+ next ^u ! _w-wide my?s ( ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s1 ! regul>ity & consi/5cy ( human imag9ation may be fir/ display$ 9 ! beliefs connect$ ) eclipses4 ,x is well kn[n t ^! ph5om5a1 to u n[ crucial in/ances ( ! exactness ( natural laws1 are1 ?r\gh\t ! l[] /ages ( civilization1 ! v embodim5t ( miracul\s disa/]4 ,among ! native races ( ,am]ica x is possible to select a typical s]ies ( my?s describ+ & expla9+1 accord+ to ! rules ( savage philosophy1 ^! port5ts ( dismay4 ,! ,*iquitos ( ! s\!rn cont95t ?\ght ! ,moon 0 hunt$ across ! sky by huge dogs1 :o caught & tore h] till h] light 0 r$d5$ & qu5*$ by ! blood fl[+ f h] w\nds1 & !n ! ,indians1 rais+ a frightful h[l & lam5tation1 w\ld %oot across into ! sky to drive ! mon/]s (f4 ,! ,c>ibs1 ?9k+ t ! demon ,maboya1 hat] ( all light1 0 seek+ to dev\r ! ,sun & ,moon1 w\ld dance & h[l 9 conc]t all night long to sc>e him away4 ,! ,p]uvians1 imag9+ su* an evil _s 9 ! %ape ( a mon/r\s bea/1 rais$ ! l frightful d9 :5 ! ,moon 0 eclips$1 %\t+1 s\nd+ musical in/rum5ts1 & beat+ ! dogs to jo9 _! h[ls to ! hide\s *orus4 ,nor are su* ideas ext9ct 9 our own days4 ,9 ! ,tupi language1 ! prop] description ( a sol> eclipse is #8o>asu jagu>et v1' t is1 #8,jagu> has eat5 ,sun2' & ! full mean+ ( ?is phrase is display$ by tribes :o /ill %\t & let fly burn+ arr[s to drive ! dev\r+ bea/ f 8 prey4 ,on ! nor!rn cont95t1 aga91 "s savages believ$ 9 a great sun-swall[+ dog1 :ile o!rs w\ld %oot up arr[s to def5d _! lum9>ies aga9/ ! enemies !y fanci$ attack+ !m4 ,by ! side ( ^! preval5t notions !re occur1 h[ev]1 v>i\s o!rs2 ?us ! ,c>ibs c\ld imag9e ! eclips$ ,moon hungry1 sick1 or dy+2 ! ,p]uvians c\ld fancy ! ,sun angry & hid+ 8 face1 & ! sick ,moon likely to fall 9 total d>kness1 & br+ on ! end ( ! _w2 ! ,hurons ?\ght ! ,moon sick1 & expla9$ _! cu/om>y *>iv>i ( %\t+ m5 & h[l+ dogs z p]=m$ to recov] h] f h] compla9t4 ,pass+ on f ^! mo/ primitive conceptions1 x appe>s t natives ( bo? ,s\? & ,nor? ,am]ica fell ^u philosophic my?s some:at ne>] ! real facts ( ! case1 insomu* z !y admit t ! ,sun & ,moon cause eclipses ( "o ano!r4 ,9 ,cumana1 m5 ?\ght t ! w$d$ ,sun & ,moon qu>rell$1 & t "o ( !m 0 w\nd$2 & ! ,ojibwas endeav\r$ by tumultu\s noise to di/ract ! two f su* a conflict4 ,! c\rse ( progressive sci5ce w5t f> beyond ?is among ! ,aztecs1 :o1 z "p ( _! rem>kable a/ronomical k1 seem to h _h an idea ( ! real cause ( eclipses1 b :o kept up a relic ( ! old belief by cont9u+ to speak 9 my?ologic phrase ( ! ,sun & ,moon be+ eat54#dbi ,else:]e 9 ! l[] culture1 !re prevail$ simil> my?ic conceptions4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s "s suppos$ ! ,sun & ,moon to be swall[$ by an (f5d$ deity1 :om !y !re=e induc$1 by lib]al (f]+s1 to eject ! lum9>ies f 8 /oma*4#dcj ,9 ,sumatra we h ! comp>atively sci5tific notion t an eclipse has to d ) ! action ( ! ,sun & ,moon on "o ano!r1 &1 accord+ly1 !y make a l\d noise ) s\nd+ in/rum5ts to prev5t ! "o f dev\r+ ! o!r4#dca ,s1 9 ,africa1 !re may be f\nd bo? ! rude/ !ory ( ! ,eclipse-mon/]1 & ! m advanc$ conception t a sol> eclipse is #8! ,moon cat*+ ! ,sun4'#dcb ,x is no cause = wond] t an aspect ( ! heav5s s awful z an eclipse %\ld 9 times ( a/ronomic ignorance h fill$ m5's m9ds ) t]ror ( a com+ de/ruction ( ! _w4 ,x may help u /ill to realize ?is ?\ght if we consid] h[1 z ,calmet po9t$ out _m ye>s ago1 ! prophet ,joel adopt$ ! pla9e/ words ( description ( ! sol> & lun> eclipse1 #8,! sun %all be turn$ into d>kness & ! moon into blood2' nor c\ld ! ?\ght ( any cata/rophe ( nature h br\ght 8 he>]s face to face ) a m lurid & awful picture4 ,b to our m9ds1 n[ t ! eclipse has long pass$ f ! realm ( my?ology into ! realm ( sci5ce1 su* words c c>ry b a feeble glimm] ( _! e>ly mean+4 ,! anci5t doctr9e ( ! eclipse has n inde$ lo/ its :ole int]e/4 ,to trace x upw>d f its e>ly savage /ages to ! p]iod :5 a/ronomy claim$ x1 & to foll[ ! c\rse ( ! ensu+ conflict ov] x betwe5 !ology & sci5ce--end$ among ourselves b /ill be+ sluggi%ly f\ght out among less cultur$ nations--?is is to lay op5 a *apt] ( ! hi/ory ( op9ion1 f :i* ! /ud5t :o looks =w>d z well z back may le>n grave lessons4 ,!re is reason to consid] mo/ or all civiliz$ nations to h />t$ f ! my? ( ! ,eclipse-mon/] 9 =ms z savage z ^? ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,x prevails /ill among ! great ,asiatic nations4 ,! ,h9dus say t ! demon ,rhu ins9uat$ himself among ! gods1 & obta9$ a portion ( ! amrita1 ! dr9k ( immortality2 ,vi%nu smote (f ! n[ immortal head1 :i* /ill pursues ! ,sun & ,moon ^: wat*ful gaze detect$ 8 pres5ce 9 ! div9e assembly4 ,ano!r v]sion ( ! my? is t !re are two demons1 ,rhu & ,ketu1 :o dev\r ,sun & ,moon respectively1 & :o are describ$ 9 con=mity ) ! ph5om5a ( eclipses1 ,rhu be+ black1 & ,ketu r$2 ! usual *>iv>i is rais$ by ! populace to drive !m (f1 ?\gh inde$1 z _! bodies h be5 cut (f at ! neck1 _! prey mu/ ( natural c\rse slip out z soon z swall[$4 ,or ,rhu & ,ketu are ! head & body ( ! dissev]$ demon1 by :i* conception ! ,eclipse-mon/] is mo/ +5i\sly adapt$ to advanc$ a/ronomy1 ! head & tail be+ id5tifi$ ) ! asc5d+ & desc5d+ nodes4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks on ! eclipse-controv]sy1 made by ,mr4 ,samuel ,davis a c5tury ago 9 ! ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 are /ill full ( int]e/4 #8,x is evid5t1 f :at has be5 expla9$1 t ! ,pndits1 le>n$ 9 ! ,jyoti% %a/r1 h tru] notions ( ! =m ( e>? & ! economy ( ! univ]se ?an are ascrib$ to ! ,h9doos 9 g5]al3 & t !y mu/ reject ! ridicul\s belief ( ! common ,brahmns1 t eclipses are occasion$ by ! int]v5tion ( ! mon/] ,rahoo1 ) _m o!r p>ticul>s equally unsci5tific & absurd4 ,b z ?is belief is f\nd$ on explicit & positive decl>ations conta9$ 9 ! vds & pooranus1 ! div9e au?ority ( :i* writ+s no dev\t ,h9doo c dispute1 ! a/ronom]s h "s ( !m cauti\sly expla9$ su* passages 9 ^? writ+s z disagree ) ! pr9ciples ( _! own sci5ce3 & :]e reconciliation 0 impossible1 h apologiz$1 z well z !y c\ld1 = propositions necess>ily e/abli%$ 9 ! practice ( x1 by obs]v+1 t c]ta9 ?+s1 z /at$ 9 o!r %a/rs1 might h be5 s =m]ly1 & may be s /ill2 b = a/ronomical purposes1 a/ronomical rules mu/ be foll[$4'#dcc ,x is n easy to give a m sali5t example ?an ?is ( ! consequ5ce ( inve/+ philosophy ) ! mantle ( religion1 & all[+ prie/s & scribes to conv]t ! *ildlike sci5ce ( an e>ly age into ! sacr$ dogma ( a late "o4 ,asiatic peoples "u ,buddhi/ influ5ce %[ ! eclipse-my? 9 its diff]5t /ages4 ,! rude ,mongols make a clam\r ( r\gh music to drive ! attack+ ,ara*o 7,rhu7 f ,sun or ,moon4 ,a ,buddhi/ v]sion m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,ba/ian describes ,indra ! ,heav5-god pursu+ ,rhu ) 8 ?und]bolt1 & ripp+ op5 8 belly1 s t al?\gh he c swall[ ! heav5ly bodies1 he lets !m slip out aga94#dcd ,! m civiliz$ nations ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,asia1 accept+ ! eclipse-demons ,rhu & ,ketu1 7 n q /agg]$ 9 _! belief by ! =eign]s' p[] ( =etell+ eclipses1 nor ev5 by le>n+ r\ghly to d ! same !mselves4 ,! ,*9ese h (ficial ann\ncem5t ( an eclipse duly made be=eh&1 & !n proce$ to enc\nt] ! om9\s mon/]1 :5 he comes1 ) gongs & bells & ! regul>ly appo9t$ pray]s4 ,travell]s ( a c5tury or two ago relate curi\s details ( su* comb9$ belief 9 ! dragon & ! almanac1 culm9at+ 9 an +5i\s argum5t to acc\nt = ! accuracy ( ! ,europeans' pr$ictions4 ,^! clev] p1 ! ,siamese said1 "k ! mon/]'s mealtimes1 & c tell h[ hungry he w be1 t is1 h[ l>ge an eclipse w be requir$ to satisfy him4#dce ,9 ,europe popul> my?ology kept up ideas1 ei!r ( a fight ( sun or moon ) cele/ial enemies1 or ( ! moon's fa9t+ or sickness2 & especially remnants ( su* ar*aic belief are manife/$ 9 ! tumultu\s clam\r rais$ 9 def5ce or enc\ragem5t ( ! afflict$ lum9>y4 ,! ,romans flung firebr&s into ! air1 & blew trumpets1 & clang$ braz5 pots & pans1 #8laboranti succurr]e lunae4' ,tacitus1 relat+ ! /ory ( ! soldi]s' mut9y aga9/ ,tib]ius1 tells h[ _! plan 0 fru/rat$ by ! moon sudd5ly langui%+ 9 a cle> sky 7luna cl>o rep5te coelo visa languesc]e73 9 va9 by clang ( brass & bla/ ( trumpet !y /rove to drive away ! d>kness1 = cl\ds came up & cov]$ all1 & ! plott]s saw1 lam5t+1 t ! gods turn$ away f _! crime4#dcf ,9 ! p]iod ( ! conv]sion ( ,europe1 ,*ri/ian tea*]s began to attack ! pagan sup]/ition1 & to urge t m5 %\ld no long] clam\r & cry #8v9ce luna6' to aid ! moon 9 h] sore dang]2 & at la/ !re came a "t :5 ! picture ( ! sun or moon 9 ! dragon's m\? became a m]e old-fa%ion$ symbol to repres5t eclipses 9 ! cal5d>1 & ! say+1 #8,dieu g>de la lune des l\ps' pass$ into a mock+ prov]b aga9/ fe> ( remote dang]4 ,yet ! c]emonial *>iv>i is m5tion$ 9 our own c\ntry 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury3 #8,! ,iri% or ,wel% dur+ eclipses run ab\t beat+ kettles & pans1 ?9k+ _! clam\r & vexations available to ! assi/ance ( ! high] orbes4' ,9 #afed ,nuremb]g w5t wild ) t]ror ( an imp5d+ sol> eclipse2 ! m>kets ceas$1 ! *ur*es 7 cr[d$ ) p5it5ts1 & a record ( ! ev5t rema9s 9 ! pr9t$ ?anksgiv+ :i* 0 issu$ 7,danckgebe? na* v]gang5] h*/b$rohli* und ho*s*dli*] ,sonn5f9/5uss71 :i* gives ?anks to ! ,almighty = grant+ to poor t]rifi$ s9n]s ! grace ( cov]+ ! sky ) cl\ds1 & sp>+ !m ! sight ( ! awful sign 9 heav54 ,9 our own times1 a writ] on ,fr5* folklore 0 surpris$ dur+ a lun> eclipse to he> sighs & exclamations1 #8,mon ,dieu1 qu'elle e/ s\ffrante6' & f\nd on enquiry t ! poor moon 0 believ$ to be ! prey ( "s invisible mon/] seek+ to dev\r h]4#dcg ,no d\bt su* late survivals h belong$ 9 great measure to ! ignorant cr[d1 = ! educat$ classes ( ! ,we/ h nev] suff]$ 9 its extreme ! fatal ,*9ese union ( scepticism & sup]/ition4 ,yet if x is our mood to bewail ! sl[ness ) :i* k p5etrates ! mass ( mank9d1 !re /& dismal pro(s be=e u "h4 ,! eclipse rema9$ an om5 ( fe> almo/ up to our own c5tury1 & c\ld r\t a horror-/rick5 army1 & fill ,europe ) dismay1 a ?\s& ye>s aft] ,pl9y _h writt5 9 memorable words 8 eulogy ( ! a/ronom]s2 ^? great m51 he said1 & above ord9>y mortals1 :o1 by discov]+ ! laws ( ! heav5ly bodies1 _h fre$ ! mis]able m9d ( m5 f t]ror at ! port5ts ( eclipses4 ,day is daily swall[$ up by ,night1 to be set free aga9 at dawn1 & f "t to "t suff]s a l b %ort] durance 9 ! maw ( ! ,eclipse & ! ,/orm-cl\d2 ,summ] is ov]come & prison$ by d>k ,w9t]1 to be aga9 set free4 ,x is a plausible op9ion t su* sc5es f ! great nature-drama ( ! conflict ( light & d>kness are1 g5]ally speak+1 ! simple facts1 :i* 9 _m l&s & ages h be5 told 9 my?ic %ape1 z leg5ds ( a ,h]o or maid5 dev\r$ by a ,mon/]1 & hack$ out aga9 or disgorg$4 ,! my?s j display$ %[ ) absolute di/9ctness1 t my? c describe eclipse z ! dev\r+ & sett+ free ( ! p]sonal sun & moon by a mon/]4 ,! foll[+ ,maori leg5d w supply pro( z positive t ! episode ( ! ,sun's or ! ,day's dea? 9 sunset may be dramatiz$ into a tale ( a p]sonal sol> h]o plung+ into ! body ( ! p]sonal ,night4 ,maui1 ! ,new ,zeal& cosmic h]o1 at ! end ( 8 glori\s c>e] came back to 8 fa!r's c\ntry1 & 0 told t "h1 p]haps1 he might be ov]come1 = "h dwelt 8 mighty ance/ress1 ,h9e-nui-te-po1 ,great-,daught]-(-,night1 :om #8y may see fla%+1 & z x 7 op5+ & %utt+ !re1 :]e ! horizon meets ! sky2 :at y see yond] %9+ s brightly-r$1 are h] eyes1 & h] tee? are z %>p & h>d z pieces ( volcanic glass2 h] body is l t ( a man2 & z = ! pupils ( h] eyes1 !y are jasp]2 & h] hair is l ! tangles ( long sea-we$1 & h] m\? is l t ( a b>ra-c\ta4' ,maui boa/$ ( 8 =m] exploits1 & said1 #8,let u fe>lessly seek :e!r m5 are to die or live = ev]2' b 8 fa!r call$ to m9d an evil om51 t :5 he 0 baptiz+ ,maui he _h left out "p ( ! fitt+ pray]s1 & !re=e he knew t 8 son mu/ p]i%4 ,yet he said1 #8,o1 my la/-born1 & ! /r5g? ( my old age1 444 be bold1 g & visit y\r great ance/ress1 :o fla%es s fi]cely !re :]e ! edge ( ! horizon meets ! sky4' ,!n ! birds came to ,maui to be 8 companions 9 ! ent]prise1 & x 0 ev5+ :5 !y w5t ) him1 & !y came to ! dwell+ ( ,h9e-nui-te-po1 & f\nd h] fa/ asleep4 ,maui *>g$ ! birds n to laugh :5 !y saw him creep into ! old *iefta9ess1 b :5 he _h got altoge!r inside h]1 & 0 com+ out ( h] m\?1 !n !y might laugh long & l\d4 ,s ,maui /ripp$ (f 8 clo!s1 & ! sk9 on 8 hips1 tattoo$ by ! *isel ( ,uetonga1 look$ mottl$ & beautiful1 l a mack]el's1 z he crept 94 ,! birds kept sil5ce1 b :5 he 0 9 up to 8 wai/1 ! little tiwakawaka c\ld hold its laught] 9 no long]1 & bur/ out l\d ) its m]ry note2 !n ,maui's ance/ress awoke1 clos$ on him & caught him tight1 & he 0 kill$4 ,?us di$ ,maui1 & ?us dea? came into ! _w1 = ,h9e-nui-te-po is ! goddess bo? ( night & dea?1 & _h ,maui ent]$ into h] body & pass$ safely ?r\gh h]1 m5 w\ld h di$ no m4 ,! ,new ,zeal&]s hold t ! ,sun desc5ds at night into 8 cav]n1 ba!s 9 ! ,wai ,ora ,tane1 ! ,wat] ( ,life1 & returns at dawn f ! "u-_w2 h5ce we may int]pret ! ?\ght t if ,man c\ld likewise desc5d into ,hades & return1 8 race w\ld be immortal4#dch ,fur!r evid5ce t ,h9e-nui-te-po is ! deity ( ,night or ,hades1 appe>s 9 ano!r ,new ,zeal& my?4 ,tane1 desc5d+ to ! %ades bel[ 9 pursuit ( 8 wife1 comes to ! ,night 7,po7 ( ,h9e-a-te-po1 ,daught]-(-,night1 :o says to him1 #8,i h spok5 ?us to h] 8,return f ?is place1 z ,i1 ,h9e-a-te-po1 am "h4 ,i am ! b>ri] betwe5 night & day40'#dci ,x is seldom t sol> *>act]i/ics are m di/9ctly m>k$ 9 ! sev]al details ( a my? ?an !y are "h4 ,9 ! li/ ( my?s ( engulf+ mon/]s1 !re are o!rs :i* seem to display1 ) a cle>ness almo/ approa*+ ?is1 an orig9 sugge/$ by ! famili> spectacle ( ,day & ,night1 or ,light & ,d>kness4 ,! simple /ory ( ! ,day may well be told 9 ! ,k>5 tale ( ,ta ,ywa1 :o 0 born a t9y *ild1 & w5t to ! ,sun to make him gr[2 ! ,sun tri$ 9 va9 to de/roy him by ra9 & heat1 & !n blew him up l>ge till 8 head t\*$ ! sky2 !n he w5t =? & travell$ f 8 home f> ov] ! e>?2 & among ! adv5tures :i* befell him 0 ?is--a snake swall[$ him1 b !y ripp$ ! creature up1 & ,ta ,ywa came back to life1#ddj l ! ,sun f ! ripp$ up s]p5t-demon 9 ! ,buddhi/ eclipse-my?4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian my?ology1 a pr9cipal p]sonage is ,manabozho1 an ,algonqu9 h]o or deity ^: sol> "* is well br\ght into view 9 an ,ottawa my? :i* tells u t ,manabozho 7:om x calls ,na-na-b\-j\7 is ! eld] bro!r ( ,n+-gah-be-ar-nong ,manito1 ! ,_s ( ! ,we/1 god ( ! c\ntry ( ! dead 9 ! region ( ! sett+ sun4 ,manabozho's sol> nature is aga9 reveal$ 9 ! /ory ( 8 driv+ ! ,we/1 8 fa!r1 across m\nta9 & lake to ! br9k ( ! _w1 ?\gh he _c kill him4 ,?is sun-h]o ,manabozho1 :5 he angl$ = ! ,k+ ( ,fi%es1 0 swall[$1 canoe & all2 !n he smote ! mon/]'s he>t ) 8 w>-club till he w\ld fa9 h ca/ him up into ! lake aga91 b ! h]o set 8 canoe fa/ across ! fi%'s ?roat inside1 & f9i%$ slay+ him2 :5 ! dead mon/] drift$ a%ore1 ! gulls peck$ an op5+ = ,manabozho to come out4 ,?is is a /ory famili> to ,engli% read]s f its introduction into ! poem ( ,hiawa?a4 ,9 ano!r v]sion1 ! tale is told ( ! ,little ,mon$o ( ! ,ojibwas1 :o also corresponds ) ! ,new ,zeal& ,maui 9 be+ ! ,sun-,cat*]2 among 8 v>i\s prodigies1 he is swall[$ by ! great fi%1 & cut out aga9 by 8 si/]4#dda ,s\? ,africa is a region :]e !re prevail my?s :i* seem to tell ! /ory ( ! _w imprison$ 9 ! mon/] ,night1 & deliv]$ by ! dawn+ ,sun4 ,! ,basutos h _! my? ( ! h]o ,litaolane2 he came to man's /ature & wisdom at 8 bir?2 all mank9d save 8 "m & he _h be5 dev\r$ by a mon/]2 he attack$ ! creature & 0 swall[$ :ole1 b cutt+ 8 way out he set free all ! inhabitants ( ! _w4 ,! ,zulus tell /ories z po9t$ly sugge/ive4 ,a "m foll[s h] *ildr5 into ! maw ( ! great elephant1 & f9ds =e/s & riv]s & highl&s1 & dogs & cattle1 & p :o _h built _! villages !re2 a description :i* is simply t ( ! ,zulu ,hades4 ,:5 ! ,pr9cess ,untomb9de 0 c>ri$ (f by ! ,isikqukqumadevu1 ! #8bloat$1 squatt+1 be>d$ mon/]1' ! ,k+ ga!r$ 8 army & attack$ x1 b x swall[$ up m51 & dogs1 & cattle1 all b "o w>rior2 he slew ! mon/]1 & !re came out cattle1 & horses1 & m51 & la/ ( all ! pr9cess h]self4 ,! /ories ( ^! mon/]s be+ cut op5 imitate1 9 graphic savage fa%ion1 ! cries ( ! imprison$ creatures z !y came back f d>kness into daylight4 #8,!re came out fir/ a f[l1 x said1 8,kukuluku6 ,i see ! _w60 ,=1 = a long "t x _h be5 )\t see+ x4 ,aft] ! f[l !re came out a man1 he said 8,hau6 ,i at l5g? see ! _w60' & s on ) ! re/4#ddb ,! well-kn[n mod]n int]pretation ( ! my? ( ,p]seus & ,&rom$a1 or ( ,h]akles & ,hesione1 z a description ( ! ,sun slay+ ! ,d>kness1 has its connexion ) ?is gr\p ( leg5ds4 ,x is relat$ 9 a rem>kable v]sion ( ?is /ory1 t :5 ! ,trojan ,k+ ,laom$on _h b\nd 8 daught] ,hesione to ! rock1 a sacrifice to ,poseidon's de/roy+ sea-mon/]1 ,h]akles deliv]$ ! maid51 spr++ full-arm$ into ! fi%'s gap+ ?roat1 & com+ =? hairless aft] ?ree days' hack+ )94 ,?is s+ul> /ory1 probably 9 "p ( ,semitic orig91 comb9es ! ord9>y my? ( ,hesione or ,&rom$a ) ! /ory ( ,jonah's fi%1 = :i* inde$ ! ,greek sculpture ( ,&rom$a's mon/] s]v$ z ! model 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian art1 :ile ,joppa 0 ! place :]e ve/iges ( ,&rom$a's *a9s on a rock 9 front ( ! t[n 7 exhibit$ 9 ,pl9y's "t1 & :5ce ! bones ( a :ale 7 c>ri$ to ,rome z relics ( ,&rom$a's mon/]4 ,to recognize ! place :i* ! nature-my? ( ! ,man swall[$ by ! ,mon/] occupies 9 my?ology1 among remote & savage races & onw>d among ! high] nations1 affects ! argum5t on a po9t ( ,biblical criticism4 ,x /r5g!ns ! position ( ! critics :o1 see+ t ! ,book ( ,jonah consi/s ( two wond]-episodes adapt$ to en=ce two great religi\s lessons1 no long] suppose int5tion ( lit]al n>rative 9 :at !y may fairly consid] z ! mo/ elaborate p>able ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,_h ! ,book ( ,jonah happ5$ to be lo/ 9 old times1 & only rec5tly recov]$1 x is inde$ h>dly likely t any o!r op9ion ( x ?an ?is w\ld f9d acceptance among s*ol>s4#ddc ,! conception ( ,hades z a mon/] swall[+ m5 9 dea?1 0 actually famili> to ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,?us1 to take in/ances f diff]5t p]iods1 ! acc\nt ( ! ,desc5t into ,hades 9 ! ,apocryphal ,gospel ( ,nicodemus makes ,hades speak 9 8 prop] p]sonality1 compla9+ t 8 belly is 9 pa91 :5 ! ,savi\r is to desc5d & set free ! sa9ts imprison$ 9 x f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w2 & 9 m$ival repres5tations ( ?is deliv]ance1 ! s-call$ #8,h>r[+ ( ,hell1' ,*ri/ is depict$ /&+ be=e a huge fi%-l mon/]'s op5 jaws1 :5ce ,adam & ,eve are com+ =? fir/ ( mank9d4#ddd ,) ev5 m di/9ctness ( my?ical mean+1 ! man-dev\r+ mon/] is introduc$ 9 ! ,sc&9avian ,eireks-,saga4 ,eirek1 j\rney+ t[>d ,p>adise1 comes to a /one bridge gu>d$ by a dragon1 & ent]+ into its maw1 f9ds t he has arriv$ 9 ! _w ( bliss4#dde ,b 9 ano!r wond]-tale1 belong+ to t leg5d>y gr[? :i* =m$ r\nd e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 no su* di/+ui%able remnant ( nature-my? survives4 ,/4 ,m>g>et1 daught] ( a prie/ ( ,antio*1 _h be5 ca/ into a dungeon1 & !re ,satan came ^u h] 9 ! =m ( a dragon & swall[$ h] alive3 #8,maid5 ,m]grete ?o ,lok$ h] beside1 ,& sees a loa?ly dragon1 ,out ( an hirn glide3 ,8 ey5 7 full griesly1 ,8 m\? op5$ wide1 ,& ,m>grete might no :]e flee ,!re %e mu/ abide1 ,maid5 ,m>grete ,/ood /ill z any /one1 ,& t loa?ly worm1 ,to h]-w>d gan gone ,took h] 9 8 f\l m\?1 ,& swall[$ h] fle% & bone4 ,anon he bra/--,damage ha? %e none6 ,maid5 ,m]grete ,^u ! dragon /ood2 ,bly? 0 h] h>te1 ,& joyful 0 h] mood4'#ddf ,/ories belong+ to ! same gr\p are n unkn[n to ,european folk-lore4 ,"o is ! /ory ( ,little ,r$ ,rid+hood1 mutilat$ 9 ! ,engli% nurs]y v]sion1 b kn[n m p]fectly by old wives 9 ,g]many1 :o c tell t ! lovely little maid 9 h] %9+ r$ sat9 cloak 0 swall[$ ) h] gr&mo!r by ! ,wolf1 b !y bo? came out safe & s\nd :5 ! hunt] cut op5 ! sleep+ bea/4 ,any "o :o c fancy ) pr9ce ,hal1 #8! bless$ sun himself a fair hot w5* 9 flame-col\r$ taffeta1' & c !n imag9e h] swall[$ up by ,skll1 ! ,sun-dev\r+ ,wolf ( ,sc&9avian my?ology1 may be incl9$ to class ! tale ( ,little ,r$ ,rid+hood z a my? ( sunset & sunrise4 ,!re is inde$ ano!r /ory 9 ,grimm's ,mr*51 p>tly ! same z ?is "o1 :i* we c h>dly d\bt to h a qua9t t\* ( sun-my? 9 x4 ,x is call$ ! ,wolf & ,sev5 ,kids1 & tells ( ! ,wolf swall[+ ! kids all b ! y\nge/ ( ! sev51 :o 0 hidd5 9 ! clock-case4 ,z 9 ,little ,r$ ,rid+hood1 !y cut op5 ! ,wolf & fill him ) /ones4 ,?is tale1 :i* took its pres5t %ape s9ce ! inv5tion ( clocks1 looks z ?\gh ! tale-tell] 0 ?9k+1 n ( real kids & wolf1 b ( days ( ! week swall[$ by night1 or h[ %\ld he h hit ^u su* a fancy z t ! wolf c\ld n get at ! y\nge/ ( ! sev5 kids1 because x 0 hidd5 7l to-day7 9 ! clock case8#ddg ,x may be wor? :ile to raise ! "q apropos ( ?is nurs]y tale1 does ! peasant folk-lore ( mod]n ,europe really /ill display episodes ( nature-my?1 n z m]e brok5-d[n & s5seless fragm5ts1 b 9 full %ape & significance8 ,9 answ] x w be en\gh to quote ! /ory ( ,vasilissa ! ,beautiful1 br\ght =w>d by ,mr4 ,w4 ,ral/on 9 "o ( 8 lectures on ,russian ,folk-lore4 ,vasilissa's /epmo!r & two si/]s1 plott+ aga9/ h] life1 s5d h] to get a light at ! h\se ( ,bba ,yag1 ! wit*1 & h] j\rney conta9s ! foll[+ hi/ory ( ! ,day1 told 9 true/ my?ic fa%ion4 ,vasilissa goes & w&]s1 w&]s 9 ! =e/4 ,%e goes1 & %e %udd]s4 ,sudd5ly be=e h] b\nds a rid]1 he himself :ite1 & clad 9 :ite1 ! horse "u him :ite1 & ! trapp+s :ite4 ,& day began to dawn4 ,%e goes f>!r1 :5 a second rid] b\nds =?1 himself r$1 clad 9 r$1 & on a r$ horse4 ,! sun began to rise4 ,%e goes on all day1 & t[>ds ev5+ arrives at ! wit*'s h\se4 ,sudd5ly !re comes aga9 a rid]1 himself black1 clad all 9 black1 & on a black horse2 he b\nd$ to ! gates ( ! ,bba ,yag & disappe>$ z if he _h sunk ?r\gh ! e>?4 ,night fell4 ,aft] ?is1 :5 ,vasilissa asks ! wit*1 :o 0 ! :ite rid]1 %e answ]s1 #8,t is my cle> ,day2' :o 0 ! r$ rid]1 #8,t is my r$ ,sun2' :o 0 ! black rid]1 #8,t is my black ,night2 !y are all my tru/y fri5ds4' ,n[1 consid]+ t ! /ory ( ,little ,r$ ,rid+hood belongs to ! same class ( folk-lore tales z ?is /ory ( ,vasilissa ! ,beautiful1 we ne$ n be afraid to seek 9 ! "o = traces ( ! same ar*aic type ( nature-my? :i* ! o!r n only keeps up1 b keeps up ) ! fulle/ consci\sness ( mean+4 ,! developm5t ( nature-my? into h]oic leg5d seems to h tak5 place among ! b>b>ic tribes ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s & ,nor? ,am]ica mu* z x took place among ! ance/ors ( ! classic nations ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,we are n to expect accurate consi/5cy or prop] sequ5ce ( episodes 9 ! h]oic cycles1 b to judge f ! *>act]i/ics ( ! episodes !mselves z to ! ideas :i* sugge/$ !m4 ,z reg>ds ! less cultur$ races1 a glance at two leg5d>y cycles1 "o f ,polynesia & ! o!r f ,nor? ,am]ica1 w s]ve to give an idea ( ! v>ieties ( treatm5t ( phases ( sun-my?4 ,! ,new ,zeal& my? ( ,maui1 mix$ z x may be ) o!r fancies1 is 9 its mo/ /rik+ features ! /ory ( ,day & ,night4 ,! /ory ( ! ,sun's bir? f ! ocean is ?us told4 ,!re 7 five bro!rs1 all call$ ,maui1 & x 0 ! y\nge/ ,maui :o _h be5 ?r[n into ! sea by ,t>anga 8 "m1 & rescu$ by 8 ance/or ,tama-nui-ki-te-,rangi1 ,great-,man-9-,heav51 :o took him to 8 h\se1 & hung him 9 ! ro(4 ,!n is giv5 9 fanciful p]sonality ! tale ( ! vani%+ ( ,night at dawn4 ,"o night1 :5 ,t>anga came home1 %e f\nd little ,maui ) 8 bro!rs1 & :5 %e knew h] la/-born1 ! *ild ( h] old age1 %e took him to sleep ) h]1 z %e _h be5 us$ to take ! o!r ,mauis 8 bro!rs1 be=e !y 7 gr[n up4 ,b ! little ,maui grew vex$ & suspici\s1 :5 he f\nd t e morn+ 8 "m rose at dawn & disappe>$ f ! h\se 9 a mom5t1 n to return till nightfall4 ,s "o night he crept out & /opp$ e crevice 9 ! wood5 w9d[ & ! doorway1 t ! day might n %9e into ! h\se2 !n broke ! fa9t light ( e>ly dawn1 & !n ! sun rose & m\nt$ into ! heav5s1 b ,t>anga slept on1 = %e knew n x 0 broad day outside4 ,at la/ %e sprang up1 pull$ out ! /opp+ ( ! *9ks1 & fl$ 9 dismay4 ,!n ,maui saw h] plunge into a hole 9 ! gr\nd & disappe>1 & ?us he f\nd ! deep cav]n by :i* 8 "m w5t d[n bel[ ! e>? z ea* night dep>t$4 ,aft] ?is1 foll[s ! episode ( ,maui's visit to 8 ance/ress ,muri-ranga-:5ua1 at t we/]n ,l&'s ,end :]e ,maori s\ls desc5d into ! subt]ranean region ( ! dead4 ,%e sniffs z he comes t[>ds h]1 & di/5ds h]self to dev\r him1 b :5 %e has sniff$ r\nd f s\? by ea/ to nor?1 %e smells 8 com+ by ! we/]n breeze1 & s kn[s t he is a desc5dant ( h]s4 ,he asks = h] wondr\s jawbone1 %e gives x to him1 & x is 8 weapon 9 8 next exploit :5 he cat*es ! sun1 ,tama-nui-te-,ra1 ,great-,man-,sun1 9 ! noose1 & w\nds him & makes him g sl[ly4 ,) a fi%hook po9t$ ) ! miracul\s jawbone1 & sme>$ ) 8 own blood = bait1 ,maui next p]=ms 8 mo/ fam\s feat ( fi%+ up ,new ,zeal&1 /ill call$ ,te-,ika-a-,maui1 ! fi% ( ,maui4 ,to und]/& ?is1 we mu/ comp>e ! v>i\s v]sions ( ! /ory 9 ^! & o!r ,pacific ,isl&s1 :i* %[ t x is a g5]al my? ( ! ris+ ( dry l& f b5ea? ! ocean4 ,x is said else:]e t x 0 ,maui's gr&fa!r1 ,rangi-,:5ua1 ,heav5-,e>?1 :o gave ! jawbone4 ,m di/9ctly1 x is also said t ,maui _h two sons1 :om he slew :5 "y to take _! jawbones2 n[ ^! two sons mu/ be ! ,morn+ & ,ev5+1 = ,maui made ! morn+ & ev5+ />s f an eye ( ea*2 & x 0 ) ! jawbone ( ! elde/ t he drew up ! l& f ! deep4 ,x is relat$ t :5 ,maui pull$ up 8 fi%1 he f\nd x 0 l&1 on :i* 7 h\ses1 & /ages on :i* to put food1 & dogs b>k+1 & fires burn+1 & p work+4 ,x appe>s1 moreov]1 t ! subm>9e region out ( :i* ! l& 0 lift$ 0 ! "u-_w ( ,night1 = ,maui's hook _h caught ! gable ( ! h\se ( ,h9e-nui-te-po1 ,great-,daught]-(-,night1 & :5 ! l& came up h] h\se 0 on x1 & %e 0 /&+ ne>4 ,ano!r ,maori leg5d tells h[ ,maui takes fire 9 8 h&s1 x burns him1 & he spr+s ) x into ! sea3 #8,:5 he sank 9 ! wat]s1 ! sun = ! fir/ "t set1 & d>kness cov]$ ! e>?4 ,:5 he f\nd t all 0 night1 he imm$iately pursu$ ! sun1 & br\ght him back 9 ! morn+4' ,:5 ,maui c>ri$ or flung ! fire into ! sea1 he set a volcano burn+4 ,x is told1 aga91 t :5 ,maui _h put out all fires on e>?1 8 "m s5t him to get new fire f h] ance/ress ,mahuika4 ,! ,tongans1 9 _! v]sion ( ! my?1 relate h[ ! y\nge/ ,maui discov]s ! cav]n t leads to ,bulotu1 ! we/-l& ( ! dead1 & h[ 8 fa!r1 ano!r ,maui1 s5ds him to ! yet old] ,maui :o sits by 8 great fire2 ! two wre/le1 & ,maui br+s away fire = m51 leav+ ! old e>?quake-god ly+ crippl$ bel[4 ,! leg5d>y gr\p ?us dramatizes ! bir? ( ! sun f ! ocean & ! dep>ture ( ! night1 ! ext9ction ( ! light at sunset & its return at dawn1 & ! desc5t ( ! sun to ! we/]n ,hades1 ! "u-_w ( night & dea?1 :i* is incid5tally id5tifi$ ) ! region ( subt]ranean fire & e>?quake4 ,"h1 inde$1 ! *>act]i/ics ( true nature-my? are n indi/9ctly m>k$1 & ,maui's dea? by 8 ance/ress ! ,night fitly ends 8 sol> c>e]4#ddh ,x is a sunset-/ory1 v diff]5tly conceiv$1 t beg9s ! beautiful ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian my? ( ! ,r$ ,swan4 ,! /ory belongs to ! ,algonqu9 race4 ,! hunt] ,ojibwa _h j kill$ a be> & begun to sk9 him1 :5 sudd5ly some?+ r$ t+$ all ! air ar\nd4 ,rea*+ ! %ore ( a lake1 ! ,indian saw x 0 a beautiful r$ swan1 ^: plumage glitt]$ 9 ! sun4 ,9 va9 ! hunt] %ot 8 %afts1 = ! bird float$ unh>m$ & unhe$+1 b at la/ he rememb]$ ?ree magic arr[s at home1 :i* _h be5 8 fa!r's4 ,! fir/ & second arr[ flew ne> & ne>]1 ! ?ird /ruck ! swan1 & flapp+ its w+s1 x flew (f sl[ly t[>ds ! s9k+ ( ! sun4 ,) full s5se ( ! poetic sol> mean+ ( ?is episode ,longfell[ has adapt$ x z a sunset picture1 9 "o ( 8 ,indian poems3 #8,c x be ! sun desc5d+ ,o'er ! level pla9 ( wat]8 ,or ! ,r$ ,swan float+1 fly+1 ,w\nd$ by ! magic arr[1 ,/a9+ all ! waves ) crimson1 ,) ! crimson ( its life-blood1 ,fill+ all ! air ) spl5d\r1 ,) ! spl5d\r ( its plumage8' ,! /ory goes on to tell h[ ! hunt] spe$s we/w>d 9 pursuit ( ! ,r$ ,swan4 ,at lodges :]e he re/s1 !y tell him %e has (t5 pass$ !re1 b ^? :o foll[$ h] h nev] return$4 ,%e is ! daught] ( an old magician :o has lo/ 8 scalp1 :i* ,ojibwa succe$s 9 recov]+ = him & puts back on 8 head1 & ! old man rises f ! e>?1 no long] ag$ & decrepit1 b spl5did 9 y\?ful glory4 ,ojibwa dep>ts1 & ! magician calls =? ! beautiful maid51 n[ n 8 daught] b 8 si/]1 & gives h] to 8 victori\s fri5d4 ,x 0 9 aft] days1 :5 ,ojibwa _h gone home ) 8 bride1 t he travell$ =?1 & com+ to an op5+ 9 ! e>?1 desc5d$ & came to ! abode ( dep>t$ spirits2 !re he c\ld behold ! bright we/]n region ( ! good1 & ! d>k cl\d ( wick$ness4 ,b ! spirits told him t 8 bre?r5 at home 7 qu>rell+ = ! possession ( 8 wife1 & at la/1 aft] long w&]+1 ?is ,r$ ,indian ,odysseus return$ to 8 m\rn+ con/ant ,p5elope1 laid ! magic arr[s to 8 b[1 & /ret*$ ! wick$ suitors dead at 8 feet4#ddi ,?us savage leg5ds f ,polynesia & ,am]ica1 possibly inde$ %ap$ "u ,european influ5ce1 agree ) ! !ory#dej t ,odysseus visit+ ! ,elysian fields1 or ,orpheus desc5d+ to ! l& ( ,hades to br+ back ! #8wide-%9+' ,eurydik1 are b ! ,sun himself desc5d+ to1 & asc5d+ f1 ! _w bel[4 ,:]e ,night & ,hades take p]sonal %ape 9 my?1 we may expect to f9d conceptions l t simply %[n 9 a ,sanskrit ^w = ev5+1 #8rajanmukha1' i4e41 #8m\? ( night4' ,?us ! ,sc&9avians told ( ,hel ! dea?-goddess1 ) m\? gap+ l ! m\? ( ,f5rir h] bro!r1 ! moon-dev\r+ wolf2 & an old ,g]man poem describes ,hell's abyss yawn+ f heav5 to e>?3 #8d] 0 d] ,hell5 gel* diu daz abgrunde beg5it mit ir munde unde d5 himel zuo d] erd54'#dea ,! sculptures on ca!drals /ill display = ! t]ror ( ! wick$ ! awful jaws ( ,dea?1 ! m\? ( ,hell wide yawn+ to swall[ its victims4 ,aga91 :]e b>b>ic cosmology accepts ! doctr9e ( a firmam5t ar*+ above ! e>?1 & ( an "u _w :i!r ! sun desc5ds :5 he sets & man :5 he dies1 "h ! conception ( gates or portals1 :e!r really or metaphorically meant1 has its place4 ,su* is ! great gate :i* ! ,gold ,coa/ negro describes ! ,heav5 z op5+ 9 ! morn+ = ! ,sun2 su* 7 ! anci5t ,greek's gates ( ,hades1 & ! anci5t ,jew's gates ( ,%eol4 ,!re are ?ree my?ic descriptions connect$ ) ^! ideas f\nd among ! ,k>5s1 ! ,algonqu9s1 & ! ,aztecs1 :i* are des]v+ ( special notice4 ,! ,k>5s ( ,burma1 a race among :om ideas are 9 great measure borr[$ f ! m cultur$ ,buddhi/s !y h be5 9 contact )1 h prec$5ce "h = ! di/9ctness ( _! /atem5t4 ,!y say t 9 ! we/ !re are two massive /rata ( rocks :i* are cont9ually op5+ & %utt+1 & betwe5 ^! /rata ! sun desc5ds at sunset1 b h[ ! upp] /ratum is support$1 no "o c describe4 ,! idea comes well into view 9 ! description ( a ,bghai fe/ival1 :]e sacrific$ f[ls are ?us address$1--#8,! sev5 heav5s1 ?\ asc5de/ to ! top2 ! sev5 e>?s1 ?\ desc5de/ to ! bottom4 ,?\ arrive/ at ,khu-!2 ?\ goe/ unto ,?a-ma i4e41 ,yama1 ! ,judge ( ! ,dead 9 ,hades4 ,?\ goe/ ?r\gh ! crevices ( rocks1 ?\ goe/ ?r\gh ! crevices ( precipices4 ,at ! op5+ & %utt+ ( ! we/]n gates ( rock1 ?\ goe/ 9 betwe52 ?\ goe/ bel[ ! e>? :]e ! ,sun travels4 ,i employ !e1 ,i exhort !e4 ,i make !e a mess5g]1 ,i make !e an angel1 c4'#deb ,pass+ f ,burma to ! region ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican lakes1 we f9d a correspond+ description 9 ! ,ottawa tale ( ,iosco1 already quot$ "h = its cle>ly m>k$ p]sonification ( ,sun & ,moon4 ,?is leg5d1 ?\gh mod]n 9 "s ( its description ( ! ,europeans1 _! %ips1 & _! f>-(f l& across ! sea1 is evid5tly f\nd$ on a my? ( ,day & ,night4 ,iosco seems to be ,ioskeha1 ! ,:ite ,"o1 ^: conte/ ) 8 bro!r ,tawisc>a1 ! ,d>k ,"o1 is an e>ly & mo/ g5u9e ,huron nature-my? ( ,day & ,night4 ,iosco & 8 fri5ds travel = ye>s ea/w>d & ea/w>d to rea* ! sun1 & come at la/ to ! dwell+ ( ,manabozho ne> ! edge ( ! _w1 & !n1 a little beyond1 to ! *asm to be pass$ on ! way to ! l& ( ! ,sun & ,moon4 ,!y began to he> ! s\nd ( ! beat+ sky1 & x seem$ ne> at h&1 b !y _h f> to travel be=e !y rea*$ ! place4 ,:5 ! sky came d[n1 its pressure w\ld =ce gu/s ( w9d f ! op5+1 s /rong t ! travell]s c\ld h>dly keep _! feet1 & ! sun pass$ b a %ort di/ance above _! heads1 ,! sky w\ld come d[n ) viol5ce1 b x w\ld rise sl[ly & gradually4 ,iosco & "o ( 8 fri5ds /ood ne> ! edge1 & ) a great ef=t leapt ?r\gh & ga9$ a foo?old on ! o!r side2 b ! o!r two 7 fe>ful & undecid$1 & :5 _! companions call$ to !m ?r\gh ! d>kness1 #8,leap6 leap6 ! sky is on its way d[n1' !y look$ up & saw x desc5d+1 b p>alyz$ by fe> !y sprang s feebly t !y only rea*$ ! o!r side ) _! h&s1 & ! sky at ! same mom5t /rik+ viol5tly on ! e>? ) a t]rible s\nd1 =c$ !m into ! dreadful black abyss4#dec ,la/ly1 9 ! fun]al ritual ( ! ,aztecs !re is f\nd a l description ( ! fir/ p]il t ! %ade _h to enc\nt] on ! road lead+ to t subt]ranean ,l& ( ! ,dead1 :i* ! sun lights :5 x is night on e>?4 ,giv+ ! corpse ! fir/ ( ! passports t 7 to c>ry him safe to 8 j\rney's end1 ! survivors said to him1 #8,) ^! y w pass betwe5 ! two m\nta9s t smite "o aga9/ ! o!r4'#ded ,on ! sugge/ion ( ?is gr\p ( sol> conceptions & t ( ,maui's dea?1 we may p]haps expla9 z d]iv$ f a brok5-d[n fancy ( sol> my? t fam\s episode ( ,greek leg5d1 :]e ! good %ip ,argo pass$ betwe5 ! ,symplgades1 ^? two huge cliffs t op5$ & clos$ aga9 ) swift & viol5t collision4#dee ,c any ef=t ( baseless fancy h br\ght into ! poet's m9d a ?\ght s qua9t 9 itself1 yet s fitt+ ) ! ,k>5 & ,aztec my?s ( ! gates ( ,night & ,dea?8 ,) ! ,maori leg5d1 ! ,argonautic tale has a yet deep] co9cid5ce4 ,9 bo? ! ev5t is to det]m9e ! future2 b ?is ?\ght is work$ out 9 two conv]se ways4 ,if ,maui pass$ ?r\gh ! entrance ( ,night & return$ to ,day1 dea? %\ld n hold mank9d2 if ! ,argo pass$ ! ,cla%]s1 ! way %\ld lie op5 betwe5 !m = ev]4 ,! ,argo sp$ ?r\gh 9 safety1 & ! ,symplgades c cla% no long] on ! pass+ %ip2 ,maui 0 cru%$1 & man comes n =? aga9 f ,hades4 ,!re is ano!r sol> metaphor :i* describes ! sun1 n z a p]sonal creature1 b z a memb] ( a yet great] be+4 ,he is call$ 9 ,java & ,sumatra #8,mata-ari1' 9 ,madagasc> #8,maso-&ro1' ! #8,eye ( ,day4' ,if we look = translation ( ?is ?\ght f metaphor into my?1 we may f9d x 9 ! ,new ,zeal& /ories ( ,maui sett+ 8 own eye up 9 heav5 z ! ,sun1 & ! eyes ( 8 two *ildr5 z ! ,morn+ & ! ,ev5+ ,/>s4#def ,! nature-my? ?us implicitly & explicitly /at$ is "o widely develop$ on ,aryan gr\nd4 ,x =ms "p ( t macrocosmic description ( ! univ]se well kn[n 9 ,asiatic my?1 & 9 ,europe express$ 9 t passage ( ! ,orphic poem :i* tells ( ,jove1 at once ! _w's rul] & ! _w itself3 8 glori\s head irradiates ! sky :]e hangs 8 />ry hair1 ! wat]s ( ! s\nd+ ocean are ! belt t girds 8 sacr$ body ! e>? omnip>5t1 8 eyes are sun & moon1 8 m9d1 mov+ & rul+ by c\nsel all ?+s1 is ! royal !r t no voice nor s\nd escapes3 #8,sunt oculi ,phbus1 ,phboque adv]sa recurr5s ,cyn?ia4 ,m5s v]ax nullique obnoxius !r ,regius int]itu'1 qui cuncta movetque regitque ,consilio4 ,vox nulla pote/1 sonitusve1 nec ullus ,hancce ,jovis sobolem /repitus1 nec fama lat]e4 ,sic animi s5sum1 et caput immortale beatus ,obt9et3 illu/re1 imm5sum1 immutabile p&5s1 ,atque lac]torum valido /ans robore c]tus4'#deg ,:]e ! ,aryan my?-mak] takes no ?\ght ( ! less] light1 he c 9 v>i\s t]ms describe ! sun z ! eye ( heav54 ,9 ! ,rig-,v$a x is ! #8eye ( ,mitra1 ,v>una1 & ,agni'--#8*ak%uh ,mitrasya ,v>unasyah ,agneh4'#deh ,9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a x is #8! %9+ sun ) ! swift horses1 ! eye ( ,ahura-,mazda2' else:]e bo? eyes1 app>5tly sun & moon1 are prais$4#dei ,to ,hesiod x is ! #8all-see+ eye ( ,zeus'--#8 3' ,macrobius speaks ( antiquity call+ ! sun ! eye ( ,jove--#8 2 4'#dfj ,! old ,g]mans1 9 call+ ! sun #8,wuotan's eye1'#dfa recogniz$ ,wuotan1 ,wod5 ,odh91 z be+ himself ! div9e ,heav54 ,^! my?ic expressions are ( ! mo/ unequivocal type4 ,by ! h9t !y give1 conjectural int]pretations may be "h n inde$ ass]t$1 b sugge/$1 = two ( ! qua9te/ episodes ( anci5t ,european my?4 ,od91 ! ,all-fa!r1 say ! old skalds ( ,sc&9avia1 sits among 8 sir 9 ! city ,asg>d1 on 8 high ?rone ,hlidskialf 7,lid-%elf71 :5ce he c look d[n ov] ! :ole _w disc]n+ all ! de$s ( m54 ,he is an old man wrapp$ 9 8 wide cloak1 & cl\d+ 8 face ) 8 wide hat1 #8os pileo ne cultu prod]etur obnub5s1' z ,saxo ,grammaticus has x4 ,od9 is "o-ey$2 he desir$ to dr9k f ,mimir's well1 b he _h to leave !re "o ( 8 eyes 9 pl$ge1 z x is said 9 ! ,vluspa3 #8,all "k ,i1 ,od96 ,:]e ?\ hidde/ ?9e eye ,9 ,mimir's fam\s well4 ,mead dr9ks ,mimir e morn+ ,f ,wale-fa!r's pl$ge--,wit ye :at ?is is8' ,z ,od9's s+le eye seems c]ta9ly to be ! sun 9 heav51 "o may guess :at is ! lo/ eye 9 ! well--p]haps ! sun's own reflection 9 any pool1 or m likely t ( ! moon1 :i* 9 popul> my? is told ( z f\nd 9 ! well4#dfb ,possibly1 too1 "s su* sol> fancy may expla9 "p ( ! my? ( ,p]seus4 ,!re are ?ree ,sc&9avian ,norns1 ^: names are ,urdhr1 ,v]dh&i1 & ,skuld--,01 & ,is1 & ,%all-be--& ^! ?ree maid5s are ! #8,weird si/]s' :o fix ! lifetime ( all m54 ,s ! ,fates1 ! ,p>kai1 daught]s ( ! inevitable ,angk1 divide among !m ! p]iods ( "t3 ,la*esis s+s ! pa/1 ,kl? ! pres5t1 ,atropos ! future4 ,n[ is x all[able to consid] ^! fatal si/]s z ( common nature ) two o!r my?ic si/]-triads--! ,graiai & _! k9sfolk ! ,gorgons8#dfc ,if x be s1 x is easy to und]/& :y ( ! ?ree ,gorgons "o alone 0 mortal1 ^: life h] two immortal si/]s c\ld n save1 = ! dea?less pa/ & future _c save ! ev]-dy+ pres5t4 ,nor w\ld ! riddle be h>d to read1 :at is ! "o eye t ! ,graiai _h betwe5 !m1 & pass$ f "o to ano!r8--! eye ( day--! sun1 t ! pa/ gives up to ! pres5t1 & ! pres5t to ! future4 ,comp>$ ) ! spl5did ,"l ( ,day1 ! pale ,lady ( ,night takes1 9 my? z 9 nature1 a l[] & less] place4 ,among ! wide leg5d>y gr\p :i* associates toge!r ,sun & ,moon1 two /rik+ examples are to be se5 9 ! traditions by :i* half-civiliz$ races ( ,s\? ,am]ica trac$ _! rise f ! condition ( ! savage tribes ar\nd !m4 ,^! leg5ds h be5 appeal$ to ev5 by mod]n writ]s z gratefully rememb]$ records ( real human b5efactors1 :o c>ri$ long ago to ,am]ica ! culture ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,b happily = hi/oric tru?1 my?ic tradition tells its tales )\t expurgat+ ! episodes :i* betray its real "* to m critical obs]vation4 ,! ,muyscas ( ! high pla9s ( ,bogota 7 once1 !y said1 savages )\t agriculture1 religion1 or law2 b !re came to !m f ! ,ea/ an old & be>d$ man1 ,bo*ica1 ! *ild ( ! ,sun1 & he taught !m to till ! fields1 to clo! !mselves1 to wor%ip ! gods1 to become a nation4 ,b ,bo*ica _h a wick$1 beautiful wife1 ,huy?aca1 :o lov$ to spite & spoil h] husb&'s "w2 & %e x 0 :o made ! riv] swell till ! l& 0 cov]$ by a flood1 & b a few ( mank9d escap$ to ! m\nta9-tops4 ,!n ,bo*ica 0 wro?1 & he drove ! wick$ ,huy?aca f ! e>?1 & made h] ! ,moon1 = !re _h be5 no moon be=e2 & he cleft ! rocks & made ! mighty cat>act ( ,tequ5dama1 to let ! deluge fl[ away4 ,!n1 :5 ! l& 0 dry1 he gave to ! remnant ( mank9d ! ye> & its p]iodic sacrifices1 & ! wor%ip ( ! ,sun4 ,n[ ! p :o told ?is my? _h n =gott51 :at inde$ we might guess )\t _! help1 t ,bo*ica 0 himself ,zuh1 ! ,sun1 & ,huy?aca ! ,sun's wife1 ! ,moon4#dfd ,l to ?is 9 mean+1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 fancy1 is ! civilization-my? ( ! ,incas4 ,m51 said ?is ,qui*ua leg5d1 7 savages dwell+ 9 caves l wild bea/s dev\r+ wild roots & fruit & human fle%1 cov]+ !mselves ) leaves & b>k or sk9s ( animals4 ,b our fa!r ! ,sun took pity on !m1 & s5t two ( 8 *ildr51 ,manco ,ccapac & 8 si/]-wife1 ,mama ,occllo ^! rose f ! lake ( ,titicaca1 & gave to ! uncultur$ hordes law & gov]nm5t1 m>riage & moral ord]1 tillage & art & sci5ce4 ,?us 0 f\nd$ ! great ,p]uvian empire1 :]e 9 aft] ages ea* ,inca & 8 si/]-wife1 cont9u+ ! mighty race ( ,manco ,ccapac & ,mama ,occllo1 repres5t$ 9 rule & religion n only ! fir/ e>?ly royal ance/ors1 b ! heav5ly fa!r & "m ( :om we c see ^! to be p]sonifications1 namely1 ! ,sun himself1 & 8 si/]-wife ! ,moon4#dfe ,?us ! nations ( ,bogota & ,p]u1 rememb]+ _! days ( =m] savag]y1 & ! association ( _! culture ) _! national religion1 embodi$ _! traditions 9 my?s ( an (t5-recurr+ type1 ascrib+ to ! gods !mselves1 9 human %ape1 ! e/abli%m5t ( _! own wor%ip4 ,! #8incon/ant moon' figures 9 a gr\p ( *>act]i/ic /ories4 ,au/ralian leg5d says t ,mityan1 ! ,moon1 0 a native cat1 :o fell 9 love ) "s "o else's wife1 & 0 driv5 away to w&] ev] s9ce4#dff ,! ,khasias ( ! ,himalaya say t ! ,moon falls mon?ly 9 love ) 8 "m-9-law1 :o ?r[s a%es 9 8 face1 :5ce 8 spots4#dfg ,slavonic leg5d1 foll[+ ! same track1 says t ! ,moon1 ,k+ ( ,night & husb& ( ! ,sun1 fai?lessly lov$ ! ,morn+ ,/>1 :]e=e he 0 clov5 ?r\gh 9 puni%m5t1 z we see him 9 ! sky4#dfh ,by a diff]5t tra9 ( ?\ght1 ! ,moon's p]iodic dea? & revival has sugge/$ a pa9ful contra/ to ! de/9y ( man1 9 "o ( ! mo/ (t5-repeat$ & *>act]i/ic my?s ( ,s\? ,africa1 :i* is ?us told among ! ,namaqua4 ,! ,moon once s5t ! ,h>e to ,m5 to give ?is message1 #8,l z ,i die & rise to life aga91 s y also %all die & rise to life aga91' b ! ,h>e w5t to ! ,m5 & said1 #8,l z ,i die & d n rise aga91 s y %all also die & n rise to life aga94' ,!n ! ,h>e return$ & told ! ,moon :at he _h done1 & ! ,moon /ruck at him ) a hat*et & slit 8 lip1 z x has rema9$ ev] s9ce1 & "s say ! ,h>e fl$ & is /ill flee+1 b o!rs say he claw$ at ! ,moon's face & left ! sc>s t are /ill to be se5 on x1 & !y also say t ! reason :y ! ,namaqua object to eat+ ! h>e 7a prejudice :i* 9 fact !y %>e ) v diff]5t races7 is because he br\ght to m5 ?is evil message4#dfi ,x is rem>kable t a /ory s closely resembl+ ?is1 t x is difficult n to suppose bo? to be v]sions f a common orig9al1 is told 9 ! di/ant ,fiji ,isl&s4 ,!re 0 a dispute betwe5 two gods z to h[ man %\ld die3 #8,ra ,vula 7! ,moon7 cont5d$ t man %\ld be l himself--disappe> a:ile & !n live aga94 ,ra ,kalavo 7! ,rat7 w\ld n li/5 to ?is k9d proposal1 b said1 8,let man die z a rat dies40 ,& he prevail$4' ,! dates ( ! v]sions seem to %[ t ! pres5ce ( ^! my?s among ! ,hott5tots & ,fijians1 at ! two opposite sides ( ! globe1 is at any rate n due to transmission 9 mod]n times4#dgj ,!re is a v elaborate savage nature-my? ( ! g5]ation ( ! ,/>s1 :i* may unque/ionably s]ve z a clue connect+ ! hi/ory ( two di/ant tribes4 ,! rude ,m9tira ( ! ,malayan ,p59sula express 9 pla9 t]ms ! belief 9 a solid firmam5t1 usual 9 ! l[] grades ( civilization2 !y say ! sky is a great pot held ov] ! e>? by a cord1 & if ?is cord broke1 ev]y?+ on e>? w\ld be cru%$4 ,! ,moon is a woman1 & ! ,sun also3 ! ,/>s are ! ,moon's *ildr51 & ! ,sun _h 9 old times z _m4 ,fe>+1 h[ev]1 t mank9d c\ld n be> s mu* brightness & heat1 !y agre$ ea* to dev\r h] *ildr52 b ! ,moon1 in/ead ( eat+ up h] />s1 hid !m f ! ,sun's sight1 :o believ+ !m all dev\r$1 ate up h] own2 no soon] _h %e done x1 ?an ! ,moon br\ght h] family out ( _! hid+-place4 ,:5 ! ,sun saw !m1 fill$ ) rage %e *as$ ! ,moon to kill h]2 ! *ase has la/$ ev] s9ce1 & sometimes ! ,sun ev5 comes ne> en\gh to bite ! ,moon1 & t is an eclipse2 ! ,sun1 z m5 may /ill see1 dev\rs 8 ,/>s at dawn1 & ! ,moon hides h]s all day :ile ! ,sun is ne>1 & only br+s !m out at night :5 h] pursu] is f> away4 ,n[ among a tribe ( ,nor? ,ea/ ,india1 ! ,ho ( ,*ota-,nagpore1 ! my? reappe>s1 obvi\sly f ! same s\rce1 b ) a v>i$ end+2 ! ,sun cleft ! ,moon 9 twa9 = h] deceit1 & ?us clov5 & gr[+ :ole aga9 %e rema9s1 & h] daught]s ) h] :i* are ! ,/>s4#dga ,f savag]y up to civilization1 !re may be trac$ 9 ! my?ology ( ! ,/>s a c\rse ( ?\ght1 *ang$ inde$ 9 application1 yet nev] brok5 9 its evid5t connexion f fir/ to la/4 ,! savage sees individual />s z animate be+s1 or comb9es />-gr\ps into liv+ cele/ial creatures1 or limbs ( !m1 or objects connect$ ) !m2 :ile at ! o!r extremity ( ! scale ( civilization1 ! mod]n a/ronom] keeps up j su* anci5t fancies1 turn+ !m to acc\nt 9 useful survival1 z a means ( mapp+ out ! cele/ial globe4 ,! savage names & /ories ( />s & con/ellations may seem at fir/ b *ildi% & purposeless fancies2 b x always happ5s 9 ! /udy ( ! l[] races1 t ! m means we h ( und]/&+ _! ?\ghts1 ! m s5se & reason d we f9d 9 !m4 ,! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia say t ,yurree & ,wanjel1 :o are ! />s we call ,ca/or & ,pollux1 pursue ,purra ! ,kang>oo 7our ,capella71 & kill him at ! ! beg9n+ ( ! great heat & ! mirage is ! smoke ( ! fire !y roa/ him by4 ,!y say also t ,m>pean-,kurrk & ,neilloan 7,arcturus & ,lyra7 7 ! discov]]s ( ! ant-pupas & ! eggs ( ! loan-bird1 & taught ! aborig9es to f9d !m = food4 ,translat$ into ! language ( fact1 ^! simple my?s record ! summ] place ( ! />s 9 "q1 & ! seasons ( ant-pupas & loan-eggs1 :i* seasons are m>k$ by ! />s :o are call$ _! discov]]s4#dgb ,n less transp>5t is ! mean+ 9 ! beautiful ,algonqu9 my? ( ! ,summ]-mak]4 ,9 old days et]nal w9t] reign$ ^u ! e>?1 till a sprightly little animal call$ ! ,fi%]1 help$ by o!r bea/s 8 fri5ds1 broke an op5+ ?r\gh ! sky into ! lovely heav5-l& beyond1 let ! w>m w9ds p\r =? & ! summ] desc5d to e>?1 & op5$ ! cages ( ! prison$ birds3 b :5 ! dwell]s 9 heav5 saw _! birds let loose & _! w>m gales desc5d+1 !y />t$ 9 pursuit1 & %oot+ _! arr[s at ! ,fi%]1 hit him at la/ 9 8 "o vuln]able spot at ! tip ( 8 tail2 ?us he di$ = ! good ( ! inhabitants ( e>?1 & became ! con/ellation t be>s 8 "n1 s t /ill at ! prop] season m5 see him ly+ z he fell t[>d ! nor? on ! pla9s ( heav51 ) ! fatal arr[ /ill /ick+ 9 8 tail4#dgc ,comp>e ^! savage /ories ) ,orion pursu+ ! ,pleiad si/]s :o take refuge f him 9 ! sea1 & ! maid5s :o wept !mselves to dea? & became ! />ry clu/] ( ! ,hyades1 ^: ris+ & sett+ betok5$ ra93 su* my?ic creatures might = simple significance h be5 inv5t$ by savages1 ev5 z ! savage con/ellation-my?s might h be5 made by anci5t ,greeks4 ,:5 we consid] t ! ,au/ralians :o c inv5t su* my?s1 & inv5t !m ) su* fulness ( mean+1 are savages :o put two & "o toge!r to make _! num]al = ?ree1 we may judge h[ deep 9 ! hi/ory ( culture ^? conceptions lie1 ( :i* ! relics are /ill repres5t$ 9 our />-maps by ,ca/or & ,pollux1 ,arcturus & ,sirius1 ,botes & ,orion1 ! ,argo & ! ,*>les's ,wa91 ! ,t\can & ! ,s\!rn ,cross4 ,:e!r civiliz$ or savage1 :e!r anci5t or new made aft] ! anci5t mann]1 su* names are s l 9 "* t any tribe ( m5 might adopt !m f any o!r1 z ,am]ican tribes are kn[n to receive ,european names into _! own skies1 & z our con/ellation ( ! ,royal ,oak is said to h f\nd its way1 9 new copies ( ! old ,h9du treatises1 into ! company ( ! ,sev5 ,sages & ! o!r anci5t con/ellations ( ,brahmanic ,india4 ,su* fancies are s fanciful1 t two peoples seldom fall on ! same "n = a con/ellation1 :ile1 ev5 )9 ! limits ( ! same race1 t]ms may diff] altoge!r4 ,?us ! />s :i* we call ,orion's ,belt are 9 ,new ,zeal& ei!r ! ,elb[ ( ,maui1 or !y =m ! /em ( ! ,canoe ( ,tam>]ete1 ^: an*or dropp$ f ! pr[ is ! ,s\!rn ,cross4#dgd ,! ,great ,be> is equally l a ,wa91 ,orion's ,belt s]ves z well = ,frigga's or ,m>y's ,sp9dle1 or ,jacob's ,/aff4 ,yet sometimes natural correspond5ces occur4 ,! sev5 si/] ,pleiades seem to ! ,au/ralians a gr\p ( girls play+ to a corroboree2 :ile ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians call !m ! ,danc]s2 & ! ,lapps ! ,company ( ,virg9s4#dge ,/ill m /rik+ is ! correspond5ce betwe5 savages & cultur$ nations 9 fancies ( ! bright />ry b& t lies l a road across ! sky4 ,! ,basutos call x ! #8,way ( ! ,gods2' ! ,ojis say x is ! #8,way ( ,spirits1' :i* s\ls g up to heav5 by4#dgf ,nor? ,am]ican tribes "k x z #8! ,pa? ( ! ,ma/] ( ,life1' ! #8,pa? ( ,spirits1' #8! ,road ( ,s\ls1' :]e !y travel to ! l& beyond ! grave1 & :]e _! camp-fires may be se5 blaz+ z bright] />s4#dgg ,su* savage imag9ations ( ! ,milky ,way fit ) ! ,li?uanian my? ( ! #8,road ( ! ,birds1' at ^: end ! s\ls ( ! good1 fanci$ z flitt+ away at dea? l birds1 dwell free & happy4#dgh ,t s\ls dwell 9 ! ,galaxy 0 a ?\ght famili> to ! ,py?agoreans1 :o gave x on _! ma/]'s ^w t ! s\ls t cr[d !re desc5d1 & appe> to m5 z dreams1#dgi & to ! ,mani*ans ^: fancy transf]r$ pure s\ls to ?is #8column ( light1' :5ce !y c\ld come d[n to e>? & aga9 return4#dhj ,x is a fall f su* ideas ( ! ,galaxy to ! ,siamese #8,road ( ! ,:ite ,elephant1' ! ,spani>ds' #8,road ( ,santiago1' or ! ,turki% #8,pilgrims' ,road1' & a /ill l[] fall to ! #8,/raw ,road' ( ! ,syrian1 ! ,p]sian1 & ! ,turk1 :o ?us comp>e x ) _! lanes litt]$ ) ! morsels ( /raw t fall f ! nets !y c>ry x 94#dha ,b ( all ! fancies :i* h atta*$ !mselves to ! cele/ial road1 we at home h ! qua9te/4 ,pass+ along ! %ort & crook$ way f ,/4 ,paul's to ,cannon ,/reet1 "o ?9ks to h[ small a remnant has %runk ! "n ( ! great /reet ( ! ,wtl+as1 :i* 9 old days ran f ,dov] ?r\gh ,london into ,wales4 ,b !re is a ,watl+ ,/reet 9 heav5 z well z on e>?1 once famili> to ,engli%m51 ?\gh n[ almo/ =gott5 ev5 9 local dialect4 ,*auc] ?us speaks ( x 9 8 #8,h\se ( ,fame3' -- #8,lo !re 7quod he7 ca/ up ?9e eye ,se yondir1 lo1 ! ,galaxie1 ,! :i*e m5 clepe ,! ,milky ,way1 ,= x is :ite1 & "s p>fay1 ,ycall9 x han ,watlynge /rete4'#dhb ,turn+ f ! my?ology ( ! heav5ly bodies1 a glance ov] o!r di/ricts ( nature-my? w af=d fre% evid5ce t su* leg5d has its e>ly home )9 ! prec9cts ( savage culture4 ,x is ?us ) ! my?s ( ! ,w9ds4 ,! ,new ,zeal&]s tell h[ ,maui c ride ^u ! o!r ,w9ds or imprison !m 9 _! caves1 b he _c cat* ! ,we/ w9d nor f9d its cave to roll a /one aga9/ ! m\?1 & !re=e x prevails1 yet f "t to "t he all b ov]takes x1 & hid+ 9 its cave = %elt] x dies away4#dhc ,su* is ! fancy 9 classic poetry ( ,aeolus hold+ ! prison$ w9ds 9 8 dungeon cave3-- #8,hic va/o rex ,aeolus antro ,luctantes v5tos1 tempe/atesque sonoras ,imp]io premit1 ac v9clis et c>c]e fra5at4'#dhd ,! my? ( ! ,f\r ,w9ds is develop$ among ! native races ( ,am]ica ) a range & vig\r & beauty sc>cely rivall$ else:]e 9 ! my?ology ( ! _w4 ,episodes belong+ to ?is bran* ( ,r$ ,indian folklore are collect$ 9 ,s*oolcraft's #8,algic ,rese>*es1' & !nce r5d]$ ) admirable ta/e & sympa?y1 ?\gh un=tunately n ) prop] tru? to ! orig9als1 9 ,longfell['s ma/]piece1 ! #8,song ( ,hiawa?a4' ,! ,we/ ,w9d ,mudjekeewis is ,kabeyun1 ,fa!r ( ! ,w9ds1 ,wabun is ! ,ea/ ,w9d1 ,%awondasee ! ,s\? ,w9d1 ,kabibonokka ! ,nor? ,w9d4 ,b !re is ano!r mighty w9d n belong+ to ! my/ic quat]nion1 ,manabozho ! ,nor?-,we/ ,w9d1 !re=e describ$ ) my?ic appropriat5ess z ! unlawful *ild ( ,kabeyun4 ,! fi]ce ,nor? ,w9d1 ,kabibnokka1 9 va9 /rives to =ce ,%+ebis1 ! l+]+ div]-bird1 f 8 w>m & happy w9t]-lodge2 & ! lazy ,s\? ,w9d1 ,%awondasee1 sighs = ! maid5 ( ! prairie ) h] sunny hair1 till x turns to silv]y :ite1 & z he brea!s ^u h]1 ! prairie d&elion has vani%$4#dhe ,man naturally divides 8 horizon into f\r qu>t]s1 be=e & beh9d1 "r & left1 & ?us comes to fancy ! _w a squ>e1 & to ref] ! w9ds to its f\r corn]s4 ,dr4 ,br9ton1 9 8 #8,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1' has well trac$ f ^! ideas ! gr[? ( leg5d aft] leg5d among ! native races ( ,am]ica1 :]e f\r bro!r h]oes1 or my?ic ance/ors or div9e patrons ( mank9d1 prove1 on clos] view1 to be 9 p]sonal %ape ! ,f\r ,w9ds4#dhf ,! ,v$ic hymns to ! ,m>uts1 ! ,/orm ,w9ds1 :o te> asund] ! =e/ k+s & make ! rocks %iv]1 & assume aga91 aft] _! wont1 ! =m ( new-born babes1 ! my?ic feats ( ! *ild ,h]mes 9 ! ,hom]ic hymn1 ! leg5d>y bir? ( ,boreas f ,a/raios & ,es1 ,/>ry ,heav5 & ,dawn1 "w out1 on ,aryan gr\nd1 my?ic conceptions t ,r$ ,indian tale-tell]s c\ld und]/& & rival4#dhg ,! peasant :o keeps up 9 fireside talk ! memory ( ! ,wild ,huntsman1 ,wodejg]1 ! ,gr& ,v5eur ( ,fonta9ebleau1 ,h]ne ! ,hunt] ( ,w9dsor ,=e/1 has almo/ lo/ ! significance ( ?is gr& old /orm-my?4 ,by m]e =ce ( tradition1 ! "n ( ! #8,wi%' or #8,wu%' h\nds ( ! ,wild ,huntsman has be5 pres]v$ ?r\gh ! we/ ( ,engl&2 ! words mu/ = ages pa/ h lo/ _! mean+ among ! c\ntry folk1 ?\gh we may pla9ly recognize 9 !m ,wod5's anci5t well-kn[n "n1 old ,g]man #8,wuns*4' ,z ( old1 ! ,heav5-,god drives ! cl\ds be=e him 9 rag+ tempe/ across ! sky1 :ile1 safe )9 ! cottage walls1 ! tale-tell] unwitt+ly describes 9 p]sonal leg5d>y %ape ?is same ,wild ,hunt ( ! ,/orm4#dhh ,x has _m a "t occurr$ to ! savage poet or philosoph] to realize ! ?und]1 or its cause1 9 my?s ( a ,?und]-bird4 ,( ?is wondr\s creature ,nor? ,am]ican leg5d has mu* to tell4 ,he is ! bird ( ! great ,manitu1 z ! eagle is ( ,zeus1 or he is ev5 ! great ,manitu himself inc>nate4 ,! ,ass9ibo9s n only "k ( 8 exi/5ce1 b h ev5 se5 him1 & 9 ! f> nor? ! /ory is told h[ he creat$ ! _w4 ,! ,ahts ( ,vanc\v]'s ,isl& talk ( ,tootoo*1 ! mighty bird dwell+ al(t & f> away1 ! flap ( ^: w+s makes ! ?und] 7,tootah71 & 8 tongue is ! =k$ lightn+4 ,!re 7 once f\r ( ^! birds 9 ! l&1 & !y f$ on :ales2 b ! great deity ,quawteaht1 ent]+ into a :ale1 entic$ "o ?und]-bird aft] ano!r to swoop d[n & seize him ) 8 talons1 :5 plung+ to ! bottom ( ! sea he dr[n$ x4 ,?us ?ree ( !m p]i%$1 b ! la/ "o spread 8 w+s & flew to ! di/ant height :]e he has s9ce rema9$4 ,! mean+ ( ! /ory may probably be t ?und]/orms come especially f "o ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( heav54 ,( su* my?s1 p]haps t told among ! ,dacotas is ! qua9te/3 ,?und] is a l>ge bird1 !y say3 h5ce its velocity4 ,! old bird beg9s ! ?und]2 its rumbl+ noise is caus$ by an imm5se quantity ( "y birds1 or ?und]s1 :o cont9ue x1 h5ce ! long duration ( ! peals4 ,! ,indian says x is ! "y birds1 or ?und]s1 t d ! mis*ief2 !y are l ! "y mis*iev\s m5 :o w n li/5 to good c\nsel4 ,! old ?und] or bird is wise & good1 & does n kill anybody1 nor d any k9d ( mis*ief4 ,desc5d+ s\?w>d to ,c5tral ,am]ica1 !re is f\nd m5tion ( ! bird ,voc1 ! mess5g] ( ,hurakan1 ! ,tempe/-god 7^: "n has be5 adopt$ 9 ,european languages z huracano1 ouragan1 hurricane7 ( ! ,lightn+ & ( ! ,?und]4 ,s among ,c>ibs1 ,brazilians1 ,h]vey ,isl&]s & ,k>5s1 ,be*uanas & ,basutos1 we f9d leg5ds ( a flapp+ or fla%+ ,?und]-bird1 :i* seem simply to translate into my? ! ?\ght ( ?und] & lightn+ desc5d+ f ! upp] regions ( ! air1 ! home ( ! eagle & ! vulture4#dhi ,! ,heav5-god dwells 9 ! regions ( ! sky1 & ?us :at =m c\ld be fitt] = him & = 8 mess5g]s ?an ! lik5ess ( a bird8 ,b to cause ! gr\nd to quake b5ea? our feet1 a be+ ( q diff]5t nature is ne$$1 & accord+ly ! (fice ( support+ ! solid e>? is giv5 9 v>i\s c\ntries to v>i\s mon/r\s creatures1 human or animal 9 "*1 :o make _! (fice manife/ f "t to "t by a %ake giv5 9 neglig5ce or sport or ang] to _! burd54 ,:]ev] e>?quakes are felt1 we are likely to f9d a v]sion ( ! great my? ( ! ,e>?-be>]4 ,?us 9 ,polynesia ! ,tongans say t ,maui upholds ! e>? on 8 pro/rate body1 & :5 he tries to turn ov] into an easi] po/ure !re is an e>?quake1 & ! p %\t & beat ! gr\nd ) /icks to make him lie /ill4 ,ano!r v]sion =ms "p ( ! int]e/+ my? lately m5tion$1 :i* connects ! "u-_w :i!r ! sun desc5ds at night1 ) ! region ( subt]ranean volcanic fire & ( e>?quake4 ,! old ,maui lay by 8 fire 9 ! dead-l& ( ,bulotu1 :5 8 gr&son ,maui came d[n by ! cav]n entrance2 ! "y ,maui c>ri$ (f ! fire1 !y wre/l$1 ! old ,maui 0 ov]come1 & has la9 !re bruis$ & dr[sy ev] s9ce1 und]nea? ! e>?1 :i* quakes :5 he turns ov] 9 8 sleep4#dij ,9 ,celebes we he> ( ! _w-support+ ,hog1 :o rubs himself aga9/ a tree1 & !n !re is an e>?quake4#dia ,among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 x is said t e>?quakes come ( ! movem5t ( ! great _w-be>+ ,tortoise4 ,n[ ?is ,tortoise seems b a my?ic picture ( ! ,e>? itself1 & ?us ! /ory only expresses 9 my?ic phrase ! v fact t ! e>? quakes2 ! mean+ is b "o degree less di/9ct ?an among ! ,c>ibs1 :o say :5 !re is an e>?quake t _! ,"m ,e>? is danc+4#dib ,among ! high] races ( ! cont95t1 su* ideas rema9 little *ang$ 9 nature2 ! ,tlascalans said t ! tir$ _w-support+ deities %ift+ _! burd5 to a new relay caus$ ! e>?quake2#dic ! ,*ib*as said x 0 _! god ,*ib*acum mov+ ! e>? f %\ld] to %\ld]4#did ,! my? ranges 9 ,asia ?r\gh z wide a /ret* ( culture4 ,! ,kam*adals tell ( ,tuil ! ,e>?quake-god1 :o sl$ges bel[ gr\nd1 & :5 8 dog %akes (f fleas or sn[ !re is an e>?quake2#die ,ta ,ywa1 ! sol> h]o ( ! ,k>5s1 set ,%ie-oo b5ea? ! e>? to c>ry x1 & !re is an e>?quake :5 he moves4#dif ,! _w-be>+ elephants ( ! ,h9dus1 ! _w-support+ frog ( ! ,mongol ,lamas1 ! _w-bull ( ! ,moslems1 ! gigantic ,omophore ( ! ,mani*an cosmology1 are all creatures :o c>ry ! e>? on _! backs or heads1 & %ake x :5 !y /ret* or %ift4#dig ,?us 9 ,european my?ology ! ,sc&9avian ,loki1 /rapp$ d[n ) ?ongs ( iron 9 8 subt]ranean cav]n1 wri!s :5 ! ov]hang+ s]p5t drops v5om on him2 or ,prome!us /ruggles b5ea? ! e>? to break 8 bonds2 or ! ,letti% ,drebkuls or ,poseidon ! ,e>?-%ak] makes ! gr\nd rock b5ea? m5's feet4#dih ,f ?or\gh my?s ( imag9ation su* z mo/ ( ^!1 x may be sometimes possible to di/+ui% philosophic my?s l !m 9 =m1 b :i* appe> to be attempts at s]i\s explanation )\t ev5 a metaphor4 ,! ,japanese ?9k t e>?quakes are caus$ by huge :ales creep+ und]gr\nd1 hav+ be5 probably l$ to ?is idea by f9d+ ! fossil bones :i* seem ! rema9s ( su* subt]ranean mon/]s1 j z we "k t ! ,sib]ians :o f9d 9 ! gr\nd ! mammo?-bones & tusks acc\nt = !m z belong+ to huge burr[+ bea/s1 & by =ce ( ?is belief1 h br\ght !mselves to ?9k !y c sometimes see ! e>? heave & s9k z ! mon/]s crawl bel[4 ,?us1 9 inve/igat+ ! e>?quake my?s ( ! _w1 x appe>s t two processes1 ! translation into my?ic language ( ! ph5om5on itself1 & ! crude sci5tific !ory to acc\nt = x by a real mov+ animal und]gr\nd1 may result 9 leg5ds ( v /rik+ simil>ity4#dii ,9 ?us survey+ ! my?ic wond]s ( heav5 & e>?1 sun1 moon1 & />s1 w9d1 ?und]1 & e>?quake1 x is possible to set out 9 inve/igation "u conditions ( actual c]ta9ty4 ,s long z su* be+s z ,heav5 or ,sun are consci\sly talk$ ( 9 my?ic language1 ! mean+ ( _! leg5ds is op5 to no "q1 & ! actions ascrib$ to !m w z a rule be natural & apposite4 ,b :5 ! ph5om5a ( nature take a m an?ropomorphic =m1 & become id5tifi$ ) p]sonal gods & h]oes1 & :5 9 aft] times ^! be+s1 los+ _! fir/ consci\sness ( orig91 become c5tres r\nd :i* float+ fancies clu/]1 !n _! s5se becomes obscure & corrupt1 & ! consi/5cy ( _! e>li] "* mu/ no long] be dem&$4 ,9 fact1 ! unreasonable expectation ( su* consi/5cy 9 nature-my?s1 aft] !y h pass$ into :at may be call$ _! h]oic /age1 is "o ( ! my?ologi/'s mo/ damag+ errors4 ,! pres5t exam9ation ( nature-my?s has mo/ly tak5 !m 9 _! primitive & unmi/akable condition1 & has only be5 9 "s degree ext5d$ to include closely-correspond+ leg5ds 9 a less easily int]pretable /ate4 ,x has la9 beyond my scope to ent] into any sy/ematic discussion ( ! views ( ,grimm1 ,grote1 ,max ,mll]1 ,kuhn1 ,s*irr51 ,cox1 ,bral1 ,das5t1 ,kelly1 & o!r my?ologi/s4 ,ev5 ! outl9es "h sket*$ out h be5 purposely left )\t fill+ 9 surr\nd+ detail :i* might confuse _! %ape1 al?\gh ?is /rictness has caus$ ! neglect ( _m a tempt+ h9t to "w out episode aft] episode1 by trac+ _! relation to ! my?s ( f>-(f times & l&s4 ,x has r be5 my object to br+ prom95tly into view ! nature-my?ology ( ! l[] races1 t _! cle> & fre% my?ic conceptions may s]ve z a basis 9 /udy+ ! nature-my?s ( ! _w at l>ge4 ,! evid5ce & int]pretation "h br\ght =w>d1 imp]fect z !y are1 seem to c\nt5ance a /rong op9ion z to ! hi/orical developm5t ( leg5ds :i* describe 9 p]sonal %ape ! life ( nature4 ,! /ate ( m9d to :i* su* imag9ative fictions belong is f\nd 9 full vig\r 9 ! savage condition ( mank9d1 its gr[? & inh]itance cont9ue into ! high] culture ( b>b>\s or half-civiliz$ nations1 & at la/ 9 ! civiliz$ _w its effects pass m & m f realiz$ belief into fanciful1 affect$1 & ev5 artificial poetry4 ,footnote #dah3 ,macrob4 #8,saturn4' i4 #ai1 #ab4 ,see ,eurip4 ,phn4 #aaaf1 c4 & ,s*ol42 ,welck]1 vol4 i4 p4 #ccf2 ,max ,mll]1 #8,lectures1' vol4 ii4 p4 #chj4 ,footnote #dai3 ,francisque-,mi*el1 #8,argot1' p4 #dbe4 ,footnote #dbj3 ,sir ,g4 ,grey1 #8,polynesian ,my?ology1' p4 i4 c41 translat$ f ! orig9al ,maori text publi%$ by him "u ! title ( #8,ko nga ,mah+a a nga ,tupuna ,maori1 c4' ,london1 #ahed4 ,comp>e ) ,%ortl&1 #8,trads4 ( ,n4 ,z4' p4 #ee1 c42 ,r4 ,taylor1 #8,new ,zeal&1' p4 #aad1 c4 ,footnote #dba3 ,s*irr51 #8,w&]sag5 d] ,neuseelnd]1 c4' p4 #db2 ,ellis1 #8,polyn4 ,res4' vol4 i4 p4 #aaf2 ,ty]man & ,b5net1 p4 #ebf2 ,turn]1 #8,polynesia1' p4 #bde4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,prem>e 9 ,pau?i]1 #8,livres ,sacrs de l',ori5t1' p4 #ai2 ,doolittle1 #8,*9ese1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cif4 ,footnote #dbc3 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 #8,am]4 ,urrelig4' pp4 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aag1 #bba1 #cfi1 #did1 #fbj2 ,riv]o & ,ts*udi1 #8,ant4 ( ,p]u1' p4 #afa2 ,gregg1 #8,j\rnal ( a ,santa ,f ,trad]1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bcg2 ,sahagun1 #8,retorica1 c41 ,mexicana1' cap4 #c1 9 ,k+sbor\gh1 #8,ant4 ( ,mexico1' vol4 v4 ,footnote #dbd3 ,ca/rn1 #8,f9n4 ,my?4' p4 #hf4 ,footnote #dbe3 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' pp4 xix4 #bbi-cc1 #fjh2 ,halliwell1 #8,pop4 ,rhymes1' p4 #aec2 ,milton1 #8,p>adise ,lo/1' ix4 #bgc1 i4 #ece2 see ,lucretius1 i4 #bej4 ,footnote #dbf3 ,pictet1 #8,orig9es ,indo-,europ4' "p ii4 pp4 #ffc-g2 ,colebrooke1 #8,essays1' vol4 i4 p4 #bbj4 ,plato1 ,repub4 iii4 #dad-e2 #8 --' 4' ,footnote #dbg3 ,h]od4 iv4 #ei4 ,footnote #dbh3 ,pla?1 #8,religion d] alt5 ,*9es5' "p i4 p4 #cg2 ,davis1 #8,*9ese1' vol4 ii4 p4 #fd2 ,legge1 #8,confucius1' p4 #ajf2 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 p4 #dcg1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cjb4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 #8,am]4 ,urrelig4' pp4 #ec1 #bai1 #bca1 #bee1 #cie1 #dbj2 ,m>tius #8,e?nog4 ,am]4' vol4 i4 pp4 #cbi1 #dfg1 #ehe1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aji2 ,s\!y1 #8,brazil1' vol4 i4 p4 #ceb1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cga2 ,de la ,borde1 #8,c>aibes1' p4 #ebe2 ,dobrizh(f] #8,abipones1' vol4 ii4 p4 #hd2 ,smi? & ,l[e1 #8,j\rney f ,lima to ,p>a1' p4 #bcj2 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes ( ,n4 ,a4' "p i4 p4 #bga2 ,*>levoix1 #8,n\v4 ,france1' vol4 vi4 p4 #adi2 ,cranz1 #8,grnl&1' p4 #bie2 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 iii4 p4 #aia2 #8,e>ly ,hi/1 ( ,mank9d1' p4 #afc4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,ellis1 #8,polyn4 ,res4' vol4 i4 p4 #cca4 ,footnote #dca3 ,m>sd51 #8,sumatra1' p4 #aid4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,grant 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iii4 p4 #ij2 ,klle1 #8,kanuri ,prov]bs1 c4' p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson1 #8,vi%nupurana1' pp4 #gh1 #adj2 ,skr4 ,dic4 s4v4 rhu2 ,sir ,w4 ,jones 9 #8,z4 ,res4' vol4 ii4 p4 #bij2 ,s4 ,davis1 ibid41 p4 #beh2 ,pictet1 #8,orig9es ,indo-,europ4' "p ii4 p4 #ehd2 ,rob]ts1 #8,ori5tal ,illu/rations1' p4 #g2 ,h>dy1 #8,manual ( ,buddhism4' ,footnote #dcd3 ,ca/rn1 #8,f9n4 ,my?1' p4 #fc2 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 ii4 p4 #cdd4 ,footnote #dce3 ,klemm1 #8,c4 ,g4' vol4 vi4 p4 #ddi2 ,doolittle1 #8,*9ese1' vol4 i4 p4 #cjh2 ,turp91 ,ri*>d1 & ,borri 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #egi1 #gbe1 #hae2 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 ii4 p4 #aji1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bdb4 ,see ,eis5m5g]1 #8,entdecktes ,jud5?um1' vol4 i4 p4 #cih 7,talmudic my?74 ,footnote #dcf3 ,plut>*1 de ,facie 9 ,orbe ,lunae2 ,juv5al1 ,sat4 vi4 #dda2 ,pl94 ii4 #i2 ,tacit4 ,annal4 i4 #bh4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' pp4 #ffh-gh1 #bbd2 ,hanus*1 #8,slaw4 ,my?1' p4 #bfh2 ,br&1 #8,pop4 ,ant4' vol4 iii4 p4 #aeb2 ,hor/1 #8,zaub]-,biblio!k1' vol4 iv4 p4 #cej2 ,d4 ,monni]1 #8,traditions populaires comp>es1' p4 #ach2 see ,migne1 #8,dic4 des ,sup]/itions1' art4 #8,eclipse'2 ,cornelius ,agrippa1 #8,de ,occulta ,philosophia1' ii4 c4 #de1 gives a picture ( ! lun> eclipse-dragon4 ,footnote #dch3 ,grey1 #8,polyn4 ,my?4' pp4 #ed-eh2 9 8 ,maori texts1 ,ko nga ,mah+a1 pp4 #bh-cj1 ,ko nga ,mateatea1 pp4 xlviii4-ix4 ,i h to ?ank ,sir ,g4 ,grey = a m explicit & my?ologically m consi/5t translation ( ! /ory ( ,maui's entrance into ! womb ( ,h9e-nui-te-po & h] cru%+ him to dea? betwe5 h] ?ighs1 ?an is giv5 9 8 ,engli% v]sion4 ,comp>e ,r4 ,taylor1 #8,new ,zeal&1' p4 #acb2 ,s*irr51 #8,w&]sag5 d] ,neuseel4' p4 #cc2 ,%ortl&1 #8,trads4 ( ,n4 ,z4' p4 #fc 7a v]sion ( ! my? ( ,maui's dea?72 see also pp4 #aga1 #ahj1 & ,bak] 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 i4 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #dci3 ,john ,:ite1 #8,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,maori1' vol4 i4 p4 #adf4 ,9 =m] editions a /atem5t receiv$ f ,new ,zeal& 0 ins]t$1 t ! cry or laugh ( ! tiwakawaka or pi$ fantail is only he>d at sunset4 ,?is1 h[ev] does n agree ) ! acc\nts ( ,sir ,w4 ,lawry ,bull]1 :o1 9 8 #8,birds ( ,new ,zeal&1' vol4 i4 p4 #fi1 supplem5t$ by 8 answ] to my enquiry1 makes x cle> t ! bird s+s 9 ! daytime4 ,?us ! argum5t connect+ ! sunset-song ) ! /ory z a sunset-my? falls away4 ,9 ano!r v]sion ( ,maui's dea?1 9 ,:ite1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aab1 ! laugh+ bird is ! patatai or little swamp-rail1 :i* cries at & aft] nightfall & 9 ! e>ly morn+ 7,bull]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ih74 ,note to #crd ed4 ,footnote #ddj3 ,mason1 #8,k>5s1' 9 #8,j\rn4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1' #ahfe1 "p ii4 p4 #agh1 c4 ,footnote #dda3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p iii4 p4 #cah2 #8,algic ,res4' vol4 i4 p4 #ace1 c41 #add2 ,john ,tann]1 #8,n>rative1' p4 #ceg2 see ,br9ton1 #8,my?s ( ,new ,_w1' p4 #aff4 ,= leg5ds ( ,sun-,cat*]1 see #8,e>ly ,hi/4 ( ,mank9d1' *4 xii4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,casalis1 #8,basutos1' p4 #cdg2 ,callaway1 #8,zulu ,tales1' vol4 i4 pp4 #ef1 #fi1 #hd1 #ccd 7see also ! /ory1 p4 #bda1 ( ! frog :o swall[$ ! pr9cess & c>ri$ h] safe home74 ,see ,cranz1 p4 #bga 7,gre5l& angekok swall[$ by be> & walrus & ?r[n up aga971 & ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #ejf-g2 ,j4 ,m4 ,h>ris 9 #8,mem4 ,an?rop4 ,soc4' vol4 ii4 p4 #ca 7simil> notions 9 ,africa & ,new ,gu9ea74 ,footnote #ddc3 ,tzetzes ap4 ,lycophron1 ,cass&ra1 #cc4 ,z to connexion ) ,joppa & ,phnicia1 see ,pl94 v4 #ad2 ix4 #d2 ,mela1 i4 #aa2 ,/rabo1 xvi4 #b1 #bh2 ,mov]s1 ,phnizi]1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dbb-c4 ,! expression 9 ,jonah1 ii4 #b1 #8out ( ! belly ( ,hades' 7mibt5 %eol1 7 seems a relic ( ! orig9al mean+ ( ! my?4 ,footnote #ddd3 #8,apocr4 ,gosp4' ,nicodemus1 *4 xx42 ,mrs4 ,jameson1 #8,hi/ory ( our ,"l 9 ,art1' vol4 ii4 p4 #beh4 ,footnote #dde3 ,eireks ,saga1 #c1 #d1 9 #8,flateyj>bok1' vol4 i41 ,*ri/iania1 #ahei2 ,b>+-,g\ld1 #8,my?s ( ! ,middle ,ages1' p4 #bch4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,mrs4 ,jameson1 #8,sacr$ & ,leg5d>y ,art1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #ddg3 ,j4 & ,w4 ,grimm1 #8,k9d] und ,hausmr*51' vol4 i4 pp4 #bf1 #adj2 vol4 iii4 p4 #ae4 7,see ref4 to ^! two /ories1 #8,e>ly ,hi/1 ( ,m4' #a/ ed4 7#ahfe7 p4 #cch47 ,i f9d t ,sir ,g4 ,w4 ,cox1 #8,my?ology' 7#ahgj71 vol4 i4 p4 #ceh1 _h notic$ ! ,wolf & ,sev5 ,kids z a my? ( ! days ( ! week 7,note to #bnd ed474 ,= m5tions ( ! wolf ( d>kness1 see ,hanus*1 p4 #aib2 ,edda1 #8,gylfag9n+1' #ab2 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' pp4 #bbd1 #ffh4 ,) ! episode ( ! /ones sub/itut$ comp>e ! my? ( ,zeus & ,kronos4 ,= v>i\s o!r /ories belong+ to ! gr\p ( ! ,man swall[$ by ! ,mon/]1 see ,lucian1 ,hi/ori ,v] ,i42 ,h>dy1 #8,manual ( ,buddhism1' p4 #eja2 ,lane1 #8,?\s& & ,"o ,nights1' vol4 iii4 p4 #ajd2 ,halliwell1 #8,pop4 ,rhymes1' p4 #ih2 #8,nurs]y ,rhymes1' p4 #dh2 #8,e>ly ,hi/4 ( ,mank9d1' p4 #ccg4 ,footnote #ddh3 ,grey1 #8,polyn4 ,my?4' p4 #af1 c41 see #add2 ,jas4 ,:ite1 #8,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,maori1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #gf1 #aae4 ,o!r details 9 ,s*irr51 #8,w&]sag5 d] ,neuseelnd]1' pp4 #cb-g1 #adc-ea2 ,r4 ,taylor1 #8,new ,zeal&1' p4 #abd1 c42 comp>e #aaf1 #ada1 c41 & volcano-my?1 p4 #bdh2 ,yate1 #8,new ,zeal&1' p4 #adb2 ,polack1 #8,m4 & ,c4 ( ,new ,z4' vol4 i4 p4 #ae2 ,s4 ,s4 ,f>m]1 #8,tonga ,is4' p4 #acd4 ,see also ,turn]1 #8,polynesia1' pp4 #beb1 #ebg 7,samoan v]sion74 ,9 comp>+ ! gr\p ( ,maui-leg5ds x is to be obs]v$ t ,new ,zeal& ,mahuika & ,maui-,tikitiki correspond to ,tongan ,mafuike & ,kijikiji1 ,samoan ,mafuie & ,tiitii4 ,footnote #ddi3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,algic ,res4' vol4 ii4 pp4 #a-cc4 ,! ?ree arr[s recur 9 ,manabozho's slay+ ! ,%9+ ,manitu1 vol4 i4 p4 #aec4 ,see ! rem>kably correspond+ ?ree magic arr[s 9 ,orv> ,odd's ,saga2 ,nilsson1 #8,/one ,age1' p4 #aig4 ,! ,r$-,swan my? ( sunset is introduc$ 9 ,george ,eliot's #8,spani% ,gypsy1' p4 #fc2 ,longfell[1 #8,hiawa?a1' xii4 ,footnote #dej3 ,see ,kuhn's #8,zeits*rift1' #ahfj1 vol4 ix4 p4 #bab2 ,max ,mll]1 #8,*ips1' vol4 ii4 p4 #abg2 ,cox1 #8,my?ology1' vol4 i4 p4 #bef1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bci4 ,footnote #dea3 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' pp4 #bia1 #gfg4 ,footnote #deb3 ,mason1 #8,k>5s1' 9 #8,j\rn4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1' #ahfe1 "p ii4 pp4 #bcc-d4 ,pr(4 ,liebre*t1 9 8 notice ( ! #a/ ed4 ( ! pres5t "w1 9 #8,gtt4 ,gel4 ,anz4' #ahgb1 p4 #abij1 ref]s to a ,burmese leg5d 9 ,ba/ian1 ,o4 ,a4 vol4 ii4 p4 #eae1 & a ,mongol leg5d1 ,gess] ,*an1 book iv4 ,footnote #dec3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,algic ,rese>*es1' vol4 ii4 p4 #dj1 c42 ,loskiel1 #8,ges*4 d] ,mission1' ,b>by1 #aghi1 p4 #dg 7! ,engli% edition1 "p i4 p4 #ce1 is incorrect74 ,see also ,br9ton1 #8,my?s ( ,new ,_w1' p4 #fc4 ,9 an ,esquimaux tale1 ,giviok comes to ! two m\nta9s :i* %ut & op52 paddl+ swiftly betwe51 he gets ?r\gh1 b ! m\nta9s cla%+ toge!r cru% ! /]n ( 8 kayak3 ,r9k1 #8,eskimois*e ,ev5tyr og ,sagn1' p4 #ih1 ref]r$ to by ,liebre*t1 l4c4 ,footnote #ded3 ,k+sbor\gh1 #8,antiquities ( ,mexico1' vol4 i42 ,torquem&a1 #8,mon>quia ,indiana1' xiii4 #dg2 #8,con e/os has de pas> por m$io de dos ,si]ras1 que se e/an bati5do1 y encontr&o la una con la otra4' ,clavig]o1 vol4 ii4 p4 #id4 ,footnote #dee3 ,apollodor4 i4 #i1 #bb2 ,appollon4 ,rhod4 ,argonautica1 ii4 #caj-faf2 ,p9d>1 #8,py?ia ,c>m4' iv4 #cgj4 ,footnote #def3 ,polack1 #8,mann]s ( ,n4 ,z4' vol4 i4 p4 #af2 #8,new ,zeal&1' vol4 i4 p4 #ceh2 ,yate1 p4 #adb2 ,s*irr51 pp4 #hh1 #afe4 ,footnote #deg3 ,euseb4 ,prp4 ,evang4 iii4 #i4 ,footnote #deh3 ,rig-,v$a1 i4 #aae2 ,bhtl+k & ,ro?1 s4v4 #8mitra4' ,footnote #dei3 ,ave/a1 tr4 ,spiegel1 #8,yana1' i4 #ce2 iii41 lxvii41 #fa-b2 comp>e ,burn\f1 #8,yana4' ,footnote #dfj3 ,macrob4 ,saturnal4 i4 #ba1 #ac4 ,see ,max ,mll]1 #8,*ips1' vol4 ii4 p4 #he4 ,footnote #dfa3 ,grimm1 #8,deuts*e ,my?4' p4 #ffe4 ,see also ,hanus*1 #8,slaw4 ,my?4' p4 #bac4 ,footnote #dfb3 ,edda1 #8,vluspa1' #bb2 #8,gylfag9n+1' #ae4 ,see ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' p4 #acc2 #8,re9h>t ,fu*s4' ,footnote #dfc3 ,z to ! id5tification ( ! ,norns & ! ,fates1 see ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' pp4 #cgf-hf2 ,max ,mll]1 #8,*ips1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aed4 ,x is to be obs]v$ 9 connexion ) ! ,p]seus-my?1 t ano!r ( its obscure episodes1 ! ,gorgon's head turn+ ^? :o look on x into /one1 corresponds ) my?s ( ! sun itself4 ,9 ,hispaniola1 m5 came out ( two caves 7?us be+ born ( _! "m ,e>?72 ! giant :o gu>d$ ^! caves /ray$ "o night1 & ! ris+ sun turn$ him into a great rock call$ ,kauta1 j z ! ,gorgon's head turn$ ,atlas ! ,e>?-be>] into ! m\nta9 t be>s 8 "n2 aft] ?is1 o!rs ( ! e>ly cave-m5 7 surpris$ by ! sunlight1 & turn$ into /ones1 trees1 plants or bea/s 7,fri> ,roman ,pane 9 #8,life ( ,columbus' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 xii4 p4 #hj2 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 #8,am]4 ,urrelig4' p4 #agi74 ,9 ,c5tral ,am]ica a ,qui* leg5d relates h[ ! anci5t animals 7 petrifi$ by ! ,sun 7,brasseur1 #8,popol ,vuh1' p4 #bde74 ,?us ! ,am]icans h ! analogue ( ! ,sc&9avian my?s ( giants & dw>fs surpris$ by daylight outside _! hid+-places1 & turn$ to /ones4 ,su* fancies appe> connect$ ) ! fanci$ human %apes ( rocks or #8/&+ /ones' :i* peasants /ill acc\nt = z trans=m$ creatures4 ,?us 9 ,fiji1 two rocks are a male & female deity turn$ to /one at daylight1 ,seemann1 #8,viti1' p4 #ff2 see ,liebre*t 9 #8,heidelb]g4 ,jahrb4' #ahfd1 p4 #baf4 ,?is idea is br\ght also into ! ,p]seus-my?1 = ! rocks ab\nd+ 9 ,s]iphos are ! isl&]s ?us petrifi$ by ! ,gorgon's head4 ,footnote #dfd3 ,pi$rahita1 #8,hi/4 ,g54 de las ,conqui/as del ,nuevo ,reyno de ,granada1' ,antw]p1 #afhh1 "p i4 lib4 i4 c4 #c2 ,humboldt1 #8,monum5s1' pl4 vi42 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 #8,am]4 ,urrelig4' pp4 #dbc-cj4 ,footnote #dfe3 ,g>cilaso de la ,vega1 #8,comm5t>ios ,reales1' i4 c4 #ae2 ,prescott1 #8,p]u1' vol4 i4 p4 #g2 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 pp4 #cjc-h1 #cbh-ci4 ,o!r ,p]uvian v]sions %[ ! fundam5tal sol> idea 9 diff]5t my?ic %apes 7,tr4 ( ,cieza de ,leon1 tr4 & ed4 by ,c4 ,r4 ,m>kham1 ,hakluyt ,soc4 #ahfd1 pp4 xlix4 #bih1 #caf1 #cgb74 ,w4 ,b4 ,/ev5son 7#8,resid5ce 9 ,s4 ,am]ica1' vol4 i4 p4 #cid7 & ,ba/ian 7#8,m5s*1' vol4 iii4 p4 #cdg7 met ) a curi\s p]v]sion ( ! my?1 9 :i* ,inca ,manco ,ccapac1 corrupt$ into ,+asman ,cocapac1 gave rise to a /ory ( an ,engli%man figur+ 9 ! mid/ ( ,p]uvian my?ology4 ,footnote #dff3 ,/anbridge1 #8,abor4 ( ,au/ralia1' 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 i4 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #dfg3 ,h4 ,yule1 #8,j\rn4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1' vol4 xiii4 p4 #fbh4 ,footnote #dfh3 ,hanus*1 #8,slaw4 ,my?4' p4 #bfi4 ,footnote #dfi3 ,bleek1 #8,reyn>d 9 ,s4 ,africa1' pp4 #fi-gd2 ,c4 ,j4 ,&]sson1 #8,lake ,ngami1' p4 #cbh2 see ,gr\t1 #8,zulu-l&1' p4 #adh2 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 p4 #dga4 ,z to connexion ( ! moon ) ! h>e1 cf4 ,skr4 #8aanka2' & 9 ,mexico1 ,sahagun1 book vii4 c4 #b1 9 ,k+sbor\gh1 vol4 vii4 ,footnote #dgj3 ,williams1 #8,fiji1' vol4 i4 p4 #bje4 ,comp>e ! ,c>ol9e ,isl& my? t 9 ! beg9n+ m5 only quitt$ life on ! la/ day ( ! wan+ moon1 & resuscitat$ z f a peaceful sleep :5 %e reappe>$2 b ! evil _s ,erigir]s inflict$ a dea? f :i* !re is no revival3 ,de ,brosses1 #8,hi/4 des ,navig4 aux ,t]res ,au/rales1' vol4 ii4 p4 #dgi4 ,also 9 a song ( ! ,indians ( ,cali=nia x is said1 t ev5 z ! moon dies & returns to life1 s !y %all be re-born aft] dea?2 ,duflot de ,m(ras 9 ,ba/ian1 #8,re*tsv]hltnisse1' p4 #che1 see #8,psy*ologie1' p4 #ed4 ,footnote #dga3 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 i4 p4 #bhd2 vol4 iv4 p4 #ccc2 ,tickell 9 #8,j\rn4 ,z4 ,soc4' ,b5gal1 vol4 ix4 "p ii4 p4 #gig2 ,la?am1 #8,descr4 ,e?4' vol4 ii4 p4 #dbb4 ,footnote #dgb3 ,/anbridge 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 i4 pp4 #cja-c4 ,footnote #dgc3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,algic ,res4' vol4 i4 pp4 #eg-ff4 ,! /ory ( ! h]o or deity invuln]able l ,a*illes save 9 "o weak spot1 recurs 9 ! tales ( ! slay+ ( ! ,%9+ ,manitu1 ^: scalp alone 0 vuln]able1 & ( ! mighty ,kwas9d1 :o c\ld be kill$ only by ! cone ( ! :ite p9e w\nd+ ! vuln]able place on ! cr[n ( 8 head 7vol4 i4 p4 #aec2 vol4 ii4 p4 #afc74 ,footnote #dgd3 ,taylor1 #8,new ,zeal&1' p4 #cfc4 ,footnote #dge3 ,/anbridge1 l4c42 ,*>levoix1 vol4 vi4 p4 #adh2 ,leems1 #8,lapl&1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 i4 p4 #daa4 ,! "n ( ! ,be> occurr+ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 9 connexion ) ! />s ( ! ,great & ,little ,be> 7,*>levoix1 l4c42 ,cotton ,ma!r 9 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,tribes1' vol4 i4 p4 #bhd7 has long be5 rem>k$ on 7,goguet1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfb2 vol4 ii4 p4 #cff1 b ) ref]5ce to ,gre5l&1 see ,cranz1 p4 #bid74 ,see obs]vations on ! hi/ory ( ! ,aryan "n 9 ,max ,mll]1 #8,lectures1' #bnd s]ies1 p4 #cfa4 ,footnote #dgf3 ,casalis1 p4 #aif2 ,waitz1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aia4 ,footnote #dgg3 ,long's ,exp4 vol4 i4 p4 #bhh2 ,s*oolcraft1 "p i4 p4 #bgb2 ,le ,jeune 9 #8,rel4 des ,js4 de la ,n\velle ,france1' #afcd1 p4 #ah2 ,loskiel1 "p i4 p4 #ce2 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #dgh3 ,hanus*1 pp4 #bgb1 #djg1 #dae4 ,footnote #dgi3 ,porphyr4 de ,antro ,nymph>um1 #bh2 ,macrob4 de ,somn4 ,scip4 #a4 #ab4 ,footnote #dhj3 ,beausobre1 #8,hi/4 de ,mani*e1' vol4 ii4 p4 #eac4 ,footnote #dha3 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 iii4 p4 #cda2 #8,*ronique de ,tab>i1' tr4 ,dubeux1 p4 #bd2 ,grimm1 #8,d4,m4' p4 #ccj1 c4 ,footnote #dhb3 ,*auc]1 #8,h\se ( ,fame1' ii4 #dbg4 ,) ref]5ce to que/ions ( ,aryan my?ology illu/rat$ by ! savage galaxy-my?s1 see ,pictet1 #8,orig9es1' "p ii4 p4 #ehb1 c4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,j]emiah in=ms me t #8,watl+ ,/reet' is /ill 7#ahga7 a "n = ! ,milky ,way 9 ,scotl&2 see also 8 pap] on #8,wel% names ( ! ,milky ,way1' ,philological ,soc41 ,nov4 #ag1 #ahga4 ,! correspond+ "n #8,london ,road' is us$ 9 ,suffolk4 ,footnote #dhc3 ,yate1 #8,new ,zeal&1' p4 #add1 see ,ellis1 #8,polyn4 ,res4' vol4 ii4 p4 #dag4 ,footnote #dhd3 ,virg4 ,a5eid1 i4 #ef2 ,hom]1 ,odyss4 x4 #a4 ,footnote #dhe3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,algic ,res4' vol4 i4 p4 #bjj2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #abb1 #bad2 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p iii4 p4 #cbd4 ,footnote #dhf3 ,br9ton1 #8,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1' *4 iii4 ,footnote #dhg3 #8,rig-,v$a1' tr4 by ,max ,mll]1 vol4 i4 7,hymns to ,m>uts72 ,welck]1 #8,grie*4 ,gtt]l4' vol4 iii4 p4 #fg2 ,cox1 #8,my?ology ( ,aryan ,nations1' vol4 ii4 *4 v4 ,footnote #dhh3 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' pp4 #abf1 #eii1 #hid2 ,hunt1 #8,pop4 ,rom4' #a/ s]4 p4 xix42 ,b>+-,g\ld1 #8,book ( ,w]ewolves1' p4 #aja2 see #8,my?s ( ! ,middle ,ages1' p4 #be2 ,wuttke1 #8,deuts*e ,volksab]glaube1' pp4 #ac1 #bcf2 ,monni]1 #8,traditions1' pp4 #ge1 c41 #gda1 #gdg4 ,footnote #dhi3 ,pr4 ,max v4 ,wi$1 #8,reise 9 ,n4 ,a4' vol4 i4 pp4 #ddf1 #dee2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aeb1 #bbc2 ,sir ,alex4 ,mack5zie1 #8,voyages1' p4 cxvii42 ,sproat1 #8,sc5es ( ,savage ,life' 7,vanc\v]'s ,i471 pp4 #agg1 #bac2 ,irv+1 #8,a/oria1' vol4 ii4 *4 xxii42 ,le ,jeune1 op4 cit4 #afcd1 p4 #bf2 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p iii4 p4 #bcc1 #8,algic ,res4' vol4 ii4 pp4 #aad-f1 #aii2 ,catl91 vol4 ii4 p4 #afd2 ,brasseur1 #8,popol ,vuh1' p4 #ga & ,index1 #8,hurakan2' ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 #8,am]4 ,urrel4' pp4 #bbb1 #bga2 ,ellis1 #8,polyn4 ,res4' vol4 ii4 p4 #dag2 ,jno4 ,williams1 #8,mission>y ,ent]prise1' p4 #ic2 ,mason1 l4c4 p4 #bag2 ,m(fat1 #8,s\? ,africa1' p4 #cch2 ,casalis1 #8,basutos1' p4 #bff2 ,callaway1 #8,religion ( ,amazulu1' p4 #aai4 ,footnote #dij3 ,m>9]1 #8,tonga ,is4' vol4 ii4 p4 #abj2 ,s4 ,s4 ,f>m]1 #8,tonga1' p4 #ace2 ,s*irr51 pp4 #ce-g4 ,footnote #dia3 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 ii4 p4 #hcg4 ,footnote #dib3 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 #8,am]4 ,urrelig4' pp4 #fa1 #abb4 ,footnote #dic3 ,brasseur1 #8,mexique1' vol4 iii4 p4 #dhb4 ,footnote #did3 ,p\*et1 #8,plurality ( ,races1' p4 #b4 ,footnote #die3 ,/ell]1 #8,kamts*atka1' p4 #bfg4 ,footnote #dif3 ,mason1 #8,k>5s1' l4c4 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #dig3 ,bell1 #8,tr4 9 ,asia1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 vii4 p4 #cfi2 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 ii4 p4 #afh2 ,lane1 #8,?\s& & "o ,nights1' vol4 i4 p4 #ba2 see ,la?am1 #8,descr4 ,e?4' vol4 ii4 p4 #aga2 ,beausobre1 #8,mani*e1' vol4 i4 p4 #bdc4 ,footnote #dih3 ,edda1 #8,gylfag9n+1' #ej2 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' p4 #ggg1 c4 ,footnote #dii3 ,kaempf]1 #8,japan1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 vii4 p4 #fhd2 see mammo?-my?s 9 #8,e>ly ,hi/1 ( ,mank9d1' p4 #cae4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,my?ology 7cont9u$74 ,philosophical ,my?s3 inf]5ces become pseudo-hi/ory--,geological ,my?s--,effect ( doctr9e ( ,miracles on ,my?ology--,magnetic ,m\nta9--,my?s ( relation ( ,apes to ,m5 by developm5t or deg5]ation--,e?nological import ( my?s ( ,ape-m51 ,m5 ) tails1 ,m5 ( ! woods--,my?s ( ,error1 ,p]v]sion1 & ,exagg]ation3 /ories ( ,giants1 ,dw>fs1 & ,mon/r\s ,tribes ( m5--,fanciful explanatory ,my?s--,my?s atta*$ to leg5d>y or hi/orical ,p]sonages--,etymological ,my?s on names ( places & p]sons--,eponymic ,my?s on names ( tribes1 nations1 c\ntries1 c42 _! e?nological import--,pragmatic ,my?s by realization ( metaphors & ideas--,allegory--,bea/-,fable--,conclus ion4 ,al?\gh ! attempt to r$uce to rule & sy/em ! :ole doma9 ( my?ology w\ld z yet be ra% & premature1 yet ! piecemeal invasion ( "o my?ic prov9ce aft] ano!r proves feasible & pr(itable4 ,hav+ discuss$ ! !ory ( nature-my?s1 x is wor? :ile to ga9 9 o!r directions glimpses ( ! crude & *ild-l ?\ght ( mank9d1 n arrang$ 9 ab/ract doctr9es1 b embodi$ by my?ic fancy4 ,we %all f9d ! result 9 masses ( leg5ds1 full ( int]e/ z be>+ on ! e>ly hi/ory ( op9ion1 & :i* may be r\ghly classifi$ "u ! foll[+ head+s3 my?s philosophical or explanatory2 my?s bas$ on real descriptions misund]/ood1 exagg]at$1 or p]v]t$2 my?s attribut+ inf]r$ ev5ts to leg5d>y or hi/orical p]sonages2 my?s bas$ on realization ( fanciful metaphor2 & my?s made or adapt$ to convey moral or social or political in/ruction4 ,man's crav+ to "k ! causes at "w 9 ea* ev5t he witnesses1 ! reasons :y ea* /ate ( ?+s he surveys is su* z x is & no o!r1 is no product ( high civilization1 b a *>act]i/ic ( 8 race d[n to its l[e/ /ages4 ,among rude savages x is already an intellectual appetite ^: satisfaction claims _m ( ! mom5ts n engross$ by w> or sport1 food or sleep4 ,ev5 to ! ,botocudo or ,au/ralian1 sci5tific speculation has its g]m 9 actual exp]i5ce3 he has le>nt to d def9ite acts t def9ite results may foll[1 to see o!r acts done & _! results foll[+ 9 c\rse1 to make inf]5ce f ! result back to ! previ\s action1 & to f9d 8 inf]5ce v]ifi$ 9 fact4 ,:5 "o day he has se5 a de] or a kang>oo leave footpr9ts 9 ! s(t gr\nd1 & ! next day he has f\nd new footpr9ts & inf]r$ t su* an animal made !m1 & has foll[$ up ! track & kill$ ! game1 !n he kn[s t he has recon/ruct$ a hi/ory ( pa/ ev5ts by inf]5ce f _! results4 ,b 9 ! e>ly /ages ( k ! confusion is extreme betwe5 actual tradition ( ev5ts1 & ideal recon/ruction ( !m4 ,to ?is day !re g ab\t ! _w endless /ories told z matt] ( kn[n reality1 b :i* a critical exam9ation %[s to be m]e inf]5ces1 (t5 utt]ly illusory ones1 f facts :i* h /imulat$ ! inv5tion ( "s curi\s enquir]4 ,?us a writ] 9 ! ,asiatick ,rese>*es at ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury relates ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ,&aman isl&]s1 z a hi/orical fact ( :i* he _h be5 in=m$3 #8,%ortly aft] ! ,portuguese _h discov]$ ! passage to ,india r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 "o ( _! %ips1 on bo>d ( :i* 7 a numb] ( ,mozambique negroes1 0 lo/ on ! ,&aman isl&s1 :i* 7 till !n un9habit$4 ,! blacks rema9$ 9 ! isl& & settl$ x3 ! ,europeans made a small %allop 9 :i* !y sail$ to ,pegu4' ,_m read]s mu/ h _h _! int]e/ excit$ by ?is curi\s /ory1 b at ! fir/ t\* ( fact x dissolves into a philosophic my?1 made by ! easy transition f :at might h be5 to :at 04 ,s f> f ! isl&s hav+ be5 un9habit$ at ! "t ( ,vasco de ,gama's voyage1 _! population ( nak$ blacks ) frizzl$ hair _h be5 describ$ six hundr$ ye>s e>li]1 & ! /ory1 :i* s\nd$ reasonable to p puzzl$ by ! appe>ance ( a black population 9 ! ,&aman isl&s1 is ( c\rse repudiat$ by e?nologi/s aw>e ( ! wide di/ribution ( ! negroid ,papuans1 really s di/9ct f any race ( ,african negroes4#ejj ,n long s9ce1 ,i met ) a v p]fect my? ( ?is k9d4 ,9 a brickfield ne> ,london1 !re _h be5 f\nd a numb] ( fossil elephant bones1 & soon aft]w>ds a /ory 0 9 circulation 9 ! neighb\rhood some:at 9 ?is %ape3 #8,a few ye>s ago1 "o ( ,wombwell's c>avans 0 "h1 an elephant di$1 & !y buri$ him 9 ! field1 & n[ ! sci5tific g5tlem5 h f\nd 8 bones1 & ?9k !y h got a pr-,adamite elephant4' ,x seem$ almo/ cruel to spoil ?is +5i\s my? by po9t+ out t su* a prize z a liv+ mammo? 0 beyond ! res\rces ev5 ( ,wombwell's m5ag]ie4 ,b s exactly does su* a /ory expla9 ! facts to m9ds n tr\bl$ ) nice di/9ctions betwe5 exi/+ & ext9ct species ( elephants1 t x 0 on ano!r occasion inv5t$ else:]e "u simil> circum/ances4 ,?is 0 at ,ox=d1 :]e ,mr4 ,buckl& f\nd ! /ory ( ! ,wombwell's c>avan & dead elephant curr5t to expla9 a simil> f9d ( fossil bones4#eja ,su* explanations ( ! f9d+ ( fossils are easily devis$ & us$ to be freely made1 z :5 fossil bones f\nd 9 ! ,alps 7 set d[n to ,hannibal's elephants1 or :5 a petrifi$ oy/]-%ell f\nd ne> ,mont ,c5is set ,voltaire reflect+ on ! cr[d ( pilgrims on _! way to ,rome1 or :5 !ologians suppos$ su* %ells on m\nta9s to h be5 left on _! slopes & summits by a ris+ deluge4 ,su* !oretical explanations are unimpea*able 9 _! philosophic _s1 until fur!r obs]vation may prove !m to be uns\nd4 ,_! disa/r\s effect on ! hi/oric consci5ce ( mank9d only beg9s :5 ! inf]5ce is turn$ upside d[n1 to be told z a record$ fact4 ,9 ?is connexion brief notice may be tak5 ( ! doctr9e ( miracles 9 its special be>+ on my?ology4 ,! my?ic wond]-episodes relat$ by a savage tale-tell]1 ! amaz+ sup]human feats ( 8 gods & h]oes1 are (t5 to 8 m9d miracles 9 ! orig9al popul> s5se ( ! ^w1 t is1 !y are /range & m>vell\s ev5ts2 b !y are n to 8 m9d miracles 9 a frequ5t mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 t is1 !y are n violations or sup]sessions ( recogniz$ laws ( nature4 ,exceptio probat regulam2 to ackn[l$ge any?+ z an exception is to imply ! rule x dep>ts f2 b ! savage recognizes nei!r rule nor exception4 ,yet a ,european he>]1 br\ght up to use a diff]5t canon ( evid5ce1 w calmly reject ?is savage's mo/ rev]$ ance/ral traditions1 simply on ! gr\nd t !y relate ev5ts :i* are impossible4 ,! ord9>y /&>ds ( possibility1 z appli$ to ! cr$ibility ( tradition1 h inde$ *ang$ va/ly 9 ! c\rse ( culture ?r\gh its savage1 b>b>ic1 & civiliz$ /ages4 ,:at conc]ns u "h is t !re is an important dep>tm5t ( leg5d :i* ?is *ange 9 public op9ion1 g5]ally s resi/less1 left to a great ext5t unalt]$4 ,9 ! middle ages ! long-accept$ practice rose to its height1 ( all[+ ! m]e ass]tion ( sup]natural influ5ce by angels or devils1 sa9ts or sorc]]s1 to ov]ride ! rules ( evid5ce & ! results ( exp]i5ce4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ! doctr9e ( miracles became z x 7 a bridge along :i* my?ology travell$ f ! l[] into ! high] culture4 ,pr9ciples ( my?-=mation belong+ prop]ly to ! m5tal /ate ( ! savage1 7 by its aid cont9u$ 9 /rong action 9 ! civiliz$ _w4 ,my?ic episodes :i* ,europeans w\ld h reject$ contemptu\sly if told ( savage deities or h]oes1 only requir$ to be adapt$ to appropriate local details1 & to be set =? z miracles 9 ! life ( "s sup]human p]sonage1 to obta9 z ( old a place ( cr$it & hon\r 9 hi/ory4 ,f ! enorm\s mass ( available in/ances 9 pro( ( ?is let u take two cases belong+ to ! class ( geological my?s4 ,! fir/ is ! well-kn[n leg5d ( ,/4 ,patrick & ! s]p5ts4 ,x is ?us giv5 by ,dr4 ,&rew ,boorde 9 8 description ( ,irel& & ! ,iri% 9 ,h5ry ,,viii4's "t4 #8,yet 9 ,i]l& is /up5dy\s ?ynges2 = !re is ney!r ,pyes nor v5ymus wormes4 ,!re is no ,add]1 nor ,snake1 nor ,toode1 nor ,lyz]d1 nor no ,euyt1 nor none su* lyke4 ,i haue s5e /ones ! :i*e haue _h ! =me & %ap ( a snake & o!r v5imus wormes4 ,& ! p ( ! c\ntre say? t su*e /ones 7 wormes1 & !y 7 turn$ into /ones by ! p[] ( ,god & ! pray]s ( saynt ,patryk4 ,& ,engly% m>*auntes ( ,engl& d fet* ( ! er? ( ,irlonde to ca/e 9 _! g>d5s1 to kepe out & to kyll v5imus wormes4'#ejb ,9 treat+ ?is passage1 ! fir/ /ep is to sep>ate pieces ( import$ =eign my?1 belong+ prop]ly n to ,irel&1 b to isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 ! /ory ( ! e>? ( ! isl& ( ,krete be+ fatal to v5om\s s]p5ts is to be f\nd 9 lian1#ejc & ,/4 ,honoratus cle>+ ! snakes f 8 isl& 7"o ( ! ,l]9s opposite ,cannes7#ejd seems to take prec$5ce ( ! ,iri% sa9t4 ,:at is left aft] ^! d$uctions is a philosophic my? acc\nt+ = ! exi/5ce ( fossil ammonites z be+ petrifi$ snakes1 to :i* my? a hi/orical position is giv5 by claim+ x z a miracle1 & ascrib+ x to ,/4 ,patrick4 ,! second my? is valuable = ! hi/orical & geological evid5ce :i* x incid5tally pres]ves4 ,at ! celebrat$ ru9s ( ! temple ( ,jupit] ,s]apis at ,pozzuoli1 ! anci5t ,puteoli1 ! m>ble columns1 encircl$ half-way up by bor+s ( li?odomi1 /& to prove t ! gr\nd ( ! temple mu/ h be5 =m]ly subm]g$ _m feet bel[ ! sea1 & aft]w>ds upheav$ to become aga9 dry l&4 ,hi/ory is rem>kably sil5t z to ! ev5ts demon/rat$ by ?is conclusive geological evid5ce2 betwe5 ! record$ adornm5t ( ! temple by ,roman emp]ors f ! second to ! ?ird c5tury1 & ! m5tion ( its exi/5ce 9 ru9s 9 ! #af? c5tury1 no docum5t>y in=mation 0 till lately recogniz$4 ,x has n[ be5 po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,tuckett t a passage 9 ! ,apocryphal ,acts ( ,pet] & ,paul1 dat+ app>5tly m or less be=e ! end ( ! #i? c5tury1 m5tions ! subsid5ce ( ! temple1 ascrib+ x to a miracle ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! leg5d is z foll[s3 #8,& :5 he 7,paul7 came out ( ,mess9a he sail$ to ,didymus1 & rema9$ !re "o night4 ,& hav+ sail$ !nce1 he came to ,pontiole 7,puteoli7 on ! second day4 ,& ,dioscorus ! %ipma/]1 :o br\ght him to ,syracuse1 sympa?iz+ ) ,paul because he _h deliv]$ 8 son f dea?1 hav+ left 8 own %ip 9 ,syracuse1 accompani$ him to ,pontiole4 ,& "s ( ,pet]'s disciples hav+ be5 f\nd !re1 & hav+ receiv$ ,paul1 exhort$ him to /ay ) !m4 ,& he /ay$ a week 9 hid+1 because ( ! comm& ( ,cs> 7t he %\ld be put to dea?74 ,& all ! top>*s 7 wait+ to seize & kill him4 ,b ,dioscorus ! %ipma/]1 be+ himself also bald1 we>+ 8 %ipma/]'s dress1 & speak+ boldly1 on ! fir/ day w5t out into ! city ( ,pontiole4 ,?9k+ !re=e t he 0 ,paul1 !y seiz$ him & behead$ him1 & s5t 8 head to ,cs>4444 ,& ,paul1 be+ 9 ,pontiole1 & hav+ he>d t ,dioscorus _h be5 behead$1 be+ griev$ ) great grief1 gaz+ into ! height ( ! heav51 said3 8,o ,"l ,almighty 9 ,heav51 :o ha/ appe>$ to me 9 e place :i!r ,i h gone on acc\nt ( ,?9e only-begott5 ,^w1 our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 puni% ?is city1 & br+ out all :o h believ$ 9 ,god & foll[$ ,8 ^w40 ,he said to !m1 !re=e1 8,foll[ me40 ,& go+ =? f ,pontiole ) ^? :o _h believ$ 9 ! ^w ( ,god1 !y came to a place call$ ,baias 7,bai71 & look+ up ) _! eyes1 !y all see t city call$ ,pontiole sunk into ! sea-%ore ab\t "o fa?om2 & !re x is until ?is day1 = a remembrance1 "u ! sea4444 ,& ^? :o _h be5 sav$ out ( ! city ( ,pontiole1 t _h be5 swall[$ up1 report$ to ,cs> 9 ,rome t ,pontiole _h be5 swall[$ up ) all its multitude4'#eje ,episodes ( popul> my?1 :i* are (t5 items ( ! s]i\s belief ( ! times !y belong to1 may s]ve z important records ( intellectual hi/ory4 ,z an example belong+ to ! class ( philosophical or explanatory my?s1 let u glance at an ,arabian ,nights' /ory1 :i* at fir/ sight may seem an ef=t ( ! wilde/ imag9ation1 b :i* is nev]!less traceable to a sci5tific orig92 ?is is ! /ory ( ! ,magnetic ,m\nta94 ,! ,?ird ,kal5t] relates 9 8 tale h[ a contr>y w9d drove 8 %ips into a /range sea1 & !re1 by ! attraction ( _! nails & o!r ironwork1 !y 7 viol5tly drawn t[>ds a m\nta9 ( black load/one1 till at la/ ! iron flew out to ! m\nta91 & ! %ips w5t to pieces 9 ! surf4 ,! episode is old] ?an ! date :5 ! #8,?\s& & ,"o ,nights' 7 edit$4 ,:51 9 ,h5ry ( ,veldeck's #ab? c5tury poem1 ,duke ,erne/ & 8 companions sail into ! ,kleb]me]1 !y see ! rock t is call$ ,magnes1 & are !mselves dragg$ 9 bel[ x among #8_m a "w ( keels1' ^: ma/s /& l a =e/4#ejf ,turn+ f tale-tell]s to grave geograph]s & travell]s :o talk ( ! load/one m\nta91 we f9d ,el ,kazw9i1 l ,s]apion be=e him1 believ+ su* boats z may be /ill se5 9 ,ceylon1 pegg$ & sewn )\t metal nails1 to be s built le/ ! magnetic rock %\ld attract !m f _! c\rse at sea4 ,?is qua9t notion is to be f\nd 9 #8,sir ,john ,m&eville'3 #8,9 an isle clept ,crues1 b5 s*ippes )-out5 nayles ( ir51 or bonds1 = ! rockes ( ! adam&es2 = !y b5 alle fulle !re ab\te 9 t see1 t x is m>veyle to spak5 (4 ,& gif a s*ipp pass$ by ! m>*es1 & hadde ei!r ir5 b&es or ir5 nayles1 anon he %olde b5 p]i%et4 ,= ! adam&e ( ?is k9de draws ! ir5 to him2 & s wolde x draw to him ! s*ipp1 because ( ! ir52 t he %olde nev] dep>t5 fro x1 ne nev] g !ns4'#ejg ,n[ x seems t acc\nts ( ! magnetic m\nta9 h be5 giv5 n only z belong+ to ! s\!rn seas1 b also to ! nor?1 & t m5 h connect$ ) su* notions ! po9t+ ( ! magnetic ne$le1 z ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne says1 #8ascrib+ !reto ! cause ( ! ne$le's direction1 & conceev+ ! effluxions f ^! m\nta9s & rocks invite ! lilly t[>d ! nor?4'#ejh ,on ?is evid5ce we h1 ,i ?9k1 fair gr\nd = suppos+ t hypo!ses ( pol> magnetic m\nta9s 7 fir/ devis$ to expla9 ! action ( ! compass1 & t ^! gave rise to /ories ( su* m\nta9s ex]t+ :at w\ld be consid]$ _! prop] effect on ! iron ( pass+ %ips4 ,! argum5t is cl5*$ by ! consid]ation t ,europeans1 :o colloquially say ! ne$le po9ts to ! nor?1 naturally requir$ _! load/one m\nta9 9 high nor!rn latitudes :ile on ! o!r h& x 0 z natural t ,ori5tals %\ld place ?is wondr\s rock 9 ! s\?1 = !y say x is to ! s\? t ! ne$le po9ts4 ,! conception ( magnetism among peoples :o _h n rea*$ ! idea ( d\ble pol>ity may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ qua9t rem>ks 9 ! #ag? c5tury cyclopdia ( ! ,*9ese emp]or ,kang-hi4 #8,i n[ he> ! ,europeans say x is t[>ds ! ,nor? pole t ! compass turns2 ! anci5ts said x 0 t[>d ! ,s\?2 :i* h judg$ mo/ rightly8 ,s9ce nei!r give any reason :y1 we come to no m ) ! "o side ?an ) ! o!r4 ,b ! anci5ts are ! e>li] 9 date1 & ! f>!r ,i g ! m ,i p]ceive t !y und]/ood ! me*anism ( nature4 ,all movem5t langui%es & dies 9 proportion z x approa*es ! nor?2 x is h>d to believe x to be f !nce t ! movem5t ( ! magnetic ne$le comes4'#eji ,to suppose t !ories ( a relation betwe5 man & ! l[] mammalia are only a product ( advanc$ sci5ce1 w\ld be an extreme mi/ake4 ,ev5 at l[ levels ( culture1 m5 addict$ to speculative philosophy h be5 l$ to acc\nt = ! resemblance betwe5 apes & !mselves by solutions satisfactory to _! own m9ds1 b :i* we mu/ class z philosophic my?s4 ,among ^!1 /ories :i* embody ! ?\ght ( an upw>d *ange f ape to man1 m or less approa*+ ! la/-c5tury !ory ( developm5t1 are to be f\nd side by side ) o!rs :i* 9 ! conv]se way acc\nt = apes z deg5]ate f a previ\s human /ate4 ,c5tral ,am]ican my?ology works out ! idea t monkeys 7 once a human race4#eaj ,9 ,s\?-,ea/ ,africa1 ,fa!r ,dos ,santos rem>k$ long s9ce t #8!y hold t ! apes 7 anci5tly m5 & wom51 & ?us !y call !m 9 _! tongue ! fir/ p4' ,! ,zulus /ill tell ! tale ( an ,amafeme tribe :o became baboons4 ,!y 7 an idle race :o did n l to dig1 b wi%$ to eat at o!r p's h\ses1 say+1 #8,we %all live1 al?\gh we d n dig1 if we eat ! food ( ^? :o cultivate ! soil4' ,s ! *ief ( t place1 ( ! h\se ( ,tusi1 assembl$ ! tribe1 & !y prep>$ food & w5t out into ! wild]ness4 ,!y fa/5$ on beh9d !m ! h&les ( _! n[ useless digg+ picks1 ^! grew & became tails1 hair made its appe>ance on _! bodies1 _! =eheads became ov]hang+1 & s !y became baboons1 :o are /ill call$ #8,tusi's m54'#eaa ,mr4 ,k+sley's /ory ( ! great & fam\s nation ( ! ,doasy\likes1 :o deg5]at$ by natural selection into gorillas1 is ! civiliz$ c\nt]p>t ( ?is savage my?4 ,or monkeys may be trans=m$ aborig9es1 z ! ,mbocobis relate 9 ,s\? ,am]ica3 9 ! great conflagration ( _! =e/s a man & woman climb$ a tree = refuge f ! fi]y deluge1 b ! flames s+$ _! faces & !y became apes4#eab ,among m civiliz$ nations ^! fancies h graphic repres5tatives 9 ,moslem leg5ds1 ( :i* "o is z foll[s3--,!re 0 a ,jewi% city :i* /ood by a riv] full ( fi%1 b ! cunn+ creatures1 notic+ ! habits ( ! citiz5s1 v5tur$ freely 9 sight on ! ,sabba?1 ?\gh !y c>efully kept away on work+-days4 ,at la/ ! temptation 0 too /rong = ! ,jewi% fi%]m51 b !y paid de>ly = a few days' f9e sport by be+ miracul\sly turn$ into apes z a puni%m5t = ,sabba?-break+4 ,9 aft] times1 :5 ,solomon pass$ ?r\gh ! ,valley ( ,apes1 betwe5 ,j]usalem & ,m>eb1 he receiv$ f _! desc5dants1 monkeys liv+ 9 h\ses & dress$ l m51 an acc\nt ( _! /range hi/ory4#eac ,s1 9 classic times1 ,jove _h *a/is$ ! trea*]\s race ( ! ,c]copes2 he took f !m ! use ( tongues born b to p]jure1 leav+ !m to bewail 9 ho>se cries _! fate1 trans=m$ into ! hairy apes ( ! ,pi!cus1 l & yet unlike ! m5 !y _h be53-- #8,9 de=me viros animal mutavit1 ut idem ,dissimiles hom9i poss5t similesque vid]i4'#ead ,turn+ f deg5]ation to developm5t1 x is f\nd t leg5ds ( ! desc5t ( human tribes f apes are especially appli$ to races despis$ z l[ & bea/-l by "s high] neighb\r+ p1 & ! l[ race may ev5 ackn[l$ge ! humiliat+ explanation4 ,?us ! aborig9al features ( ! robb]-ca/e ( ! ,m>aw>s ( ,s\? ,india are ! ju/ification = _! alleg$ desc5t f ,rama's monkeys1 z = ! l g5ealogy ( ! ,ka?kuri1 or cate*u-ga!r]s1 :i* ^! small1 d>k1 l[-br[$1 curly-hair$ tribes actually !mselves believe 94 ,! ,jaitwas ( ,rajputana1 a tribe reckon$ politically z ,rajputs1 nev]!less trace _! desc5t f ! monkey-god ,hanuman1 & confirm x by alleg+ t _! pr9ces /ill be> its evid5ce 9 a tail-l prolongation ( ! sp9e2 a tradition :i* has probably a real e?nological mean+1 po9t+ out ! ,jaitwas z ( non-,aryan race4#eae ,wild tribes ( ! ,malay p59sula1 look$ d[n on z l[] animals by ! m w>like & civiliz$ ,malays1 h among !m traditions ( _! own desc5t f a pair ( ! #8unka puteh1' or #8:ite monkeys1' :o re>$ _! "y ones & s5t !m into ! pla9s1 & !re !y p]fect$ s well t !y & _! desc5dants became m51 b ^? :o return$ to ! m\nta9s /ill rema9$ apes4#eaf ,?us ,buddhi/ leg5d relates ! orig9 ( ! flat-nos$1 unc\? tribes ( ,tibet1 (fspr+ ( two miracul\s apes1 trans=m$ to p ! sn[-k+dom4 ,taught to till ! gr\nd1 :5 !y _h gr[n corn & eat5 x _! tails & hair gradually disappe>$1 !y began to speak1 became m51 & clo!d !mselves ) leaves4 ,! population grew clos]1 ! l& 0 m & m cultivat$1 & at la/ a pr9ce ( ! race ( ,sakya1 driv5 f 8 home 9 ,india1 unit$ _! isolat$ tribes into a s+le k+dom4#eag ,9 ^! traditions ! developm5t f ape to man is consid]$ to h come 9 successive g5]ations1 b ! negroes are said to atta9 ! result 9 ! individual1 by way ( metempsy*osis4 ,froebel speaks ( negro slaves 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates believ+ t 9 ! next _w !y %all be :ite m5 & free1 nor is !re any?+ /range 9 _! *]i%+ a hope s preval5t among _! k9dr$ 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,b f ?is ! travell] goes on to quote ano!r /ory1 :i*1 if n too good to be true1 is a !ory ( upw>d & d[nw>d developm5t1 almo/ ?or\gh en\gh = a ,buddhi/ philosoph]4 ,he says1 #8,a ,g]man :om ,i met "h told me t ! blacks believe ! damn$ among ! negroes to become monkeys2 b if 9 ?is /ate !y behave well1 !y are advanc$ to ! /ate ( a negro aga91 & bliss is ev5tually possible to !m1 consi/+ 9 _! turn+ :ite1 becom+ w+$1 & s on4'#eah ,to und]/& ^! /ories 7& !y are wor? "s att5tion = ! e?nological h9ts !y conta971 x is necess>y t we %\ld disc>d ! results ( mod]n sci5tific zoology1 & br+ our m9ds back to a rud] condition ( k4 ,! my?s ( human deg5]ation & developm5t h mu* m 9 common ) ! speculations ( ,"l ,monboddo ?an ) ! anatomical argum5ts ( ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,on ! "o h&1 unciviliz$ m5 delib]ately assign to apes an am\nt ( human quality :i* to mod]n naturali/s is simply ridicul\s4 ,ev]yone has he>d ! /ory ( ! negroes decl>+ t apes really c speak1 b judici\sly hold _! tongues le/ !y %\ld be made to "w2 b x is n s g5]ally kn[n t ?is is f\nd z s]i\s matt] ( belief 9 sev]al di/ant regions--,we/ ,africa1 ,madagasc>1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 c4--:]e monkeys or apes are f\nd4#eai ,) ?is goes ano!r widely-spread an?ropoid /ory1 :i* relates h[ great apes l ! gorilla & ! orang-utan c>ry (f wom5 to _! homes 9 ! woods1 mu* z ! ,apa*es & ,coman*es ( our own "t c>ry (f to _! prairies ! wom5 ( ,nor? ,mexico4#ebj ,& on ! o!r h&1 popul> op9ion has "u-e/imat$ ! man z mu* z x has ov]-e/imat$ ! monkey4 ,we "k h[ sailors & emigrants c look on savages z s5seless1 ape-l brutes1 & h[ "s writ]s on an?ropology h contriv$ to make out ( ! mod]ate intellectual diff]5ce betwe5 an ,engli%man & a negro some?+ equival5t to ! imm5se int]val betwe5 a negro & a gorilla4 ,?us we c h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ savages may seem m]e apes to ! eyes ( m5 :o hunt !m l wild bea/s 9 ! =e/s1 :o c only he> 9 _! language a sort ( irrational gurgl+ & b>k+1 & :o fail totally to appreciate ! real culture :i* bett] acqua9tance always %[s among ! rude/ tribes ( man4 ,x is well kn[n t :5 ,sanskrit leg5d tells ( ! apes :o f\ght 9 ! army ( ,k+ ,hanuman1 x really ref]s to ^? aborig9es ( ! l& :o 7 driv5 by ! ,aryan invad]s to ! hills & jungles1 & ^: desc5dants are kn[n to u z ,bhils1 ,kols1 ,son?als1 & ! l1 rude tribes su* z ! ,h9du /ill speaks ( z #8monkey-p4'#eba ,"o ( ! mo/ p]fect id5tifications ( ! savage & ! monkey 9 ,h9du/an is ! foll[+ description ( ! bunmanus1 or #8man ( ! woods' 7,sanskr4 vana wood1 manu%a man74 #8,! bunmanus is an animal ( ! monkey k9d4 ,8 face has a ne> resemblance to ! human2 he has no tail1 & walks erect4 ,! sk9 ( 8 body is black1 & slightly cov]$ ) hair4' ,t ?is description really applies n to apes1 b to ! d>k-sk9n$1 non-,aryan aborig9es ( ! l&1 appe>s fur!r 9 ! enum]ation ( ! local dialects ( ,h9du/an1 to :i*1 x is said1 #8may be add$ ! j>gon ( ! bunmanus1 or wild m5 ( ! woods4'#ebb ,9 ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ^: tropical =e/s sw>m bo? ) high apes & l[ savages1 ! confusion betwe5 ! two 9 ! m9ds ( ! half-civiliz$ inhabitants becomes almo/ inextricable4 ,!re is a well-kn[n ,h9du fable 9 ! ,hitopadesa1 :i* relates z a w>n+ to /upid imitators ! fate ( ! ape :o imitat$ ! c>p5t]1 & 0 caught 9 ! cleft :5 he pull$ out ! w$ge2 ?is fable has come to be told 9 ,sumatra z a real /ory ( "o ( ! indig5\s savages ( ! isl&4#ebc ,x is to rude =e/-m5 t ! ,malays habitually give ! "n ( orang-utan1 i4e41 #8man ( ! woods4' ,b 9 ,borneo ?is t]m is appli$ to ! miyas ape1 :5ce we h le>nt to call ?is creature ! orang-utan1 & ! ,malays !mselves are kn[n to give ! "n 9 "o & ! same di/rict to bo? ! savage & ! ape4#ebd ,?is t]m #8man ( ! woods' ext5ds f> beyond ,h9du & ,malay limits4 ,! ,siamese talk ( ! khon pa1 #8m5 ( ! wood1' mean+ apes2#ebe ! ,brazilians ( caui>i1 or #8wood-m51' mean+ a c]ta9 savage tribe4#ebf ,! "n ( ! ,bosjesman1 s amus+ly mispron\nc$ by ,engli%m51 z ?\gh x 7 "s outl&i% native ^w1 is m]ely ! ,dut* equival5t = ,bu%-man1 #8man ( ! woods or bu%4'#ebg ,9 our own language ! #8homo silvaticus' or #8=e/-man' has become ! #8salvage man' or savage4 ,european op9ion ( ! native tribes ( ! ,new ,_w may be judg$ ( by ! fact t1 9 #aecg1 ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 _h to make express /atem5t t ^! ,indians 7 really m5 7att5d5tes ,indos ipsos utpote v]os hom9es74#ebh ,?us !re is little cause to wond] at ! circulation ( /ories ( ape-m5 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & at !re be+ "s indef9it5ess 9 ! local acc\nts ( ! selvage or #8savage1' t hairy wild man ( ! woods :o1 x is said1 lives 9 ! trees1 & sometimes c>ries (f ! native wom54#ebi ,! mo/ p]fect ( ^! my/ifications is to be f\nd 9 a ,portuguese manuscript quot$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ,ca/elnau's exp$ition1 & giv+1 9 all s]i\sness1 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! p call$ ,cuatas3 #8,?is popul\s nation dwells ea/ ( ! ,juru5a1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! riv]s ,san ,joo & ,san ,?ome1 advanc+ ev5 to ! conflu5ce ( ! ,juru5a1 & ! ,ar9os4 ,x is a v rem>kable fact t ! ,indians compos+ x walk naturally l ! quadrup$s1 ) _! h&s on ! gr\nd2 !y h ! belly1 brea/1 arms1 & legs cov]$ ) hair1 & are ( small /ature2 !y are fi]ce1 & use _! tee? z weapons2 !y sleep on ! gr\nd1 or among ! bran*es ( trees2 !y h no indu/ry1 nor agriculture1 & live only on fruits1 wild roots1 & fi%4'#ecj ,! writ] ( ?is record %[s no symptom ( be+ aw>e t cuata or coata is ! "n ( ! l>ge black ,simia ,paniscus1 & t he has be5 really describ+1 n a tribe ( ,indians1 b a species ( apes4 ,v>i\s reasons may h l$ to ! gr[? ( ano!r qua9t gr\p ( leg5ds1 describ+ human tribes ) tails l bea/s4 ,to p :o at once believe monkeys a k9d ( savages1 & savages a k9d ( monkeys1 m5 ) tails are creatures com+ "u bo? def9itions4 ,?us ! ,homo caudatus1 or satyr1 (t5 appe>s 9 popul> belief z a half-human creature1 :ile ev5 9 old-fa%ion$ works on natural hi/ory he may be f\nd depict$ on ! evid5t model ( an an?ropoid ape4 ,9 ,ea/ ,africa1 ! imag9$ tribe ( long-tail$ m5 are also monkey-fac$1#eca :ile 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ! coata tapuya1 or #8monkey-m51' are z naturally describ$ z m5 ) tails4#ecb ,european travell]s h tri$ to rationalize ! /ories ( tail$ m5 :i* !y meet ) 9 ,africa & ! ,ea/4 ,?us ,dr4 ,krapf po9ts to a lea!r app5dage worn beh9d f ! girdle by ! ,wakamba1 & rem>ks1 #8,x is no wond] t p say !re are m5 ) tails 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa1' & o!r writ]s h call$ att5tion to hang+ mats or wai/-clo?s1 fly-flapp]s or artificial tails worn = ornam5t1 z hav+ made _! we>]s liable to be mi/ak5 at a di/ance = tail$ m54#ecc ,b ^! app>5tly silly my?s h (t5 a real e?nological significance1 deep] at any rate ?an su* a trivial blund]4 ,:5 an e?nologi/ meets 9 any di/rict ) ! /ory ( tail$ m51 he ought to look = a despis$ tribe ( aborig9es1 outca/s1 or h]etics1 liv+ ne> or among a dom9ant population1 :o look ^u !m z bea/s1 & furni% !m ) tails accord+ly4 ,al?\gh ! aborig9al ,miau-tsze1 or #8*ildr5 ( ! soil1' come d[n f "t to "t into ,canton to trade1 ! ,*9ese /ill firmly believe !m to h %ort tails l monkeys2#ecd ! half-civiliz$ ,malays describe ! rud] =e/ tribes z tail$ m52#ece ! ,moslem nations ( ,africa tell ! same /ory ( ! ,niam-,nam ( ! int]ior4#ecf ,! outca/ race ( ,cagots1 ab\t ! ,pyr5ees1 7 said to be born ) tails2 & 9 ,spa9 ! m$ival sup]/ition /ill survives t ! ,jews h tails1 l ! devil1 z !y say4#ecg ,9 ,engl& ! notion 0 turn$ to !ological pr(it by be+ claim$ z a judgm5t on wret*es :o insult$ ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury4 ,horne ,tooke quotes ?us f t zeal\s & some:at f\l-m\!d re=m]1 ,bi%op ,bale3 #8,johan ,capgrave & ,alex&] ( ,esseby say?1 t = ca/ynge ( fy%e tayles at ?ys ,augu/yne1 ,dorsett ,%yre m5ne hadde tayles ev] aft]4 ,b ,polydorus applie? x unto ,k5ti% m5 at ,/r\d by ,ro*e/]1 = cutt+e ( ,?omas ,becket's horse's tail4 ,?us ha? ,engl& 9 all o!r l& a p]petuall infamy ( tayles by !yr wrytt5 leg5des ( lyes1 yet c !y n well tell :]e to be/[e !m truely 444 an ,engly%man n[ _c travayle 9 an o!r l&1 by way ( m>*&yse or any o!r hone/ occupy+e1 b x is mo/ contumeli\sly ?r[n 9 8 te!1 t al ,engli%m5 h tailes4'#ech ,! /ory at la/ sank into a commonplace ( local sl&] betwe5 %ire & %ire1 & ! ,devon%ire belief t ,corni%m5 _h tails l+]$ at lea/ till a few ye>s ago4#eci ,n less curi\s is ! tradition among savage tribes1 t ! tail$ /ate 0 an e>ly or orig9al condition ( man4 ,9 ! ,fiji ,isl&s !re is a leg5d ( a tribe ( m5 ) tails l dogs1 :o p]i%$ 9 ! great deluge1 :ile ! ,tasmanians decl>$ t m5 orig9ally _h tails & no knee-jo9ts4 ,among ! natives ( ,brazil1 x is relat$ by a ,portuguese writ] ( ab\t #afjj1 aft] a c\ple h be5 m>ri$1 ! fa!r or fa!r-9-law cuts a wood5 /ick ) a %>p fl9t1 imag9+ t by ?is c]emony he cuts (f ! tails ( any future gr&*ildr51 s t !y w be born tailless4#edj ,!re seems no evid5ce to connect ! occasional occurr5ce ( tail-l projections by mal=mation ) ! /ories ( tail$ human tribes4#eda ,an?ropology1 until mod]n times1 classifi$ among its facts ! p>ticul>s ( mon/r\s human tribes1 gigantic or dw>fi%1 m\?less or headless1 "o-ey$ or "o-legg$1 & s =?4 ,! works ( anci5t geograph]s & naturali/s ab\nd 9 descriptions ( ^! /range creatures2 writ]s su* z ,isidore ( ,seville & ,rog] ,bacon collect$ !m1 & s5t !m into fre% & wid] circulation 9 ! middle ages1 & ! popul> belief ( unciviliz$ nations reta9s !m /ill4 ,x 0 n till ! real _w _h be5 s ?or\ghly explor$ z to leave little room 9 x = ! mon/]s1 t ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury sci5ce bani%$ !m to ! ideal _w ( my?ology4 ,hav+ _h to glance "h at two ( ! pr9cipal species 9 ?is amaz+ semi-human m5ag]ie1 x may be wor? :ile to look among ! re/ = m h9ts z to ! s\rces ( my?ic fancy4#edb ,t "s ( ! my?s ( giants & dw>fs are connect$ ) traditions ( real indig5\s or ho/ile tribes is settl$ beyond "q by ! evid5ce br\ght =w>d by ,grimm1 ,nilsson1 & ,hanus*4 ,) all ! difficulty ( analyz+ ! mix$ nature ( ! dw>fs ( ,european folklore1 & judg+ h[ f> !y are elves1 or gnomes1 or su* l nature-spirits1 & h[ f> human be+s 9 my?ic aspect1 x is impossible n to recognize ! elem5t d]iv$ f ! k9dly or mis*iev\s aborig9es ( ! l&1 ) _! special language1 & religion1 & co/ume4 ,! giants appe> 9 ,european folklore z ,/one-,age hea!n1 %y ( ! conqu]+ tribes ( m51 loa?+ _! agriculture & ! s\nd ( _! *ur*-bells4 ,! rude native's fe> ( ! m civiliz$ intrud] 9 8 l& is well depict$ 9 ! tale ( ! giant's daught]1 :o f\nd ! boor pl\gh+ 8 field & c>ri$ him home 9 h] apron = a play?+--pl\gh1 & ox51 & all2 b h] "m bade h] c>ry !m back to :]e %e f\nd !m1 =1 said %e1 !y are ( a p t c d ! ,huns mu* ill4 ,! fact ( ! giant tribes be>+ su* hi/oric names z ,hun or ,*ud is significant1 & ,slavonic m5 h1 p]haps1 n yet =gott5 t ! dw>fs talk$ ( 9 _! leg5ds 7 desc5d$ f ! aborig9es :om ! ,old-,prussians f\nd 9 ! l&4 ,beyond a d\bt ! old ,sc&9avians are describ+ ! anci5t & ill-us$ ,lapp population1 once s widely spread ov] ,nor!rn ,europe1 :5 _! sagas tell ( ! dw>fs1 /unt$ & ugly1 dress$ 9 re9de] kirtle & col\r$ cap1 cunn+ & c[>dly1 %y ( int]c\rse ev5 ) fri5dly ,norsem51 dwell+ 9 caves or 9 ! m\nd-l ,lapl& #8gamm1' arm$ only ) arr[s tipp$ ) /one & bone1 yet fe>$ & hat$ by _! conqu]ors = _! fanci$ p[]s ( wit*craft4#edc ,moslem leg5d relates t ! race ( ,gog & ,magog 7,yajuj & ,majuj7 are ( t9y /ature1 b ) e>s l elephants2 !y are a num]\s p1 & ravag$ ! _w2 !y dwell 9 ! ,ea/1 sep>at$ f ,p]sia by a high m\nta91 ) b "o pass2 & ! nations _! neighb\rs1 :5 !y he>d ( ,alex&] ! ,great 7,dh 'l-,k>na97 trav]s+ ! _w1 paid tribute to him1 & he made !m a wall ( bronze & iron1 to keep 9 ! nation ( ,gog & ,magog4#edd ,:o c fail to recognize 9 ?is a my/ifi$ description ( ! ,tat>s ( ,high ,asia8 ,pr(essor ,nilsson tries to acc\nt 9 a g5]al way = ! huge or t9y /ature ( leg5d>y tribes1 z be+ m]e exagg]ation ( _! actual l>g5ess or smallness4 ,we mu/ admit t ?is sometimes really happ5s4 ,! acc\nts :i* ,european eye-witnesses br\ght home ( ! colossal /ature ( ! ,patagonians1 to ^: wai/s !y decl>$ _! own heads rea*$1 are en\gh to settle once = all ! fact t my?s ( giants may arise f ! sight ( really tall m51#ede & x is s1 too1 ) ! dw>f-leg5ds ( ! same region1 z :]e ,knivet1 ! old travell]1 rem>ks ( ! little p ( ,rio de la ,plata1 t !y are #8n s v little z describ$4'#edf ,nev]!less1 ?is same gr\p ( giant & dw>f my?s may s]ve z a w>n+ n to /ret* too widely a p>tial explanation1 h[ev] s\nd )9 its prop] limits4 ,!re is pl5ty ( evid5ce t giant-leg5ds are sometimes philosophic my?s1 made to acc\nt = ! f9d+ ( great fossil bones4 ,to give b a s+le in/ance ( su* connexion1 c]ta9 huge jaws & tee?1 f\nd 9 excavat+ on ! ,hoe at ,plym\?1 7 recogniz$ z belong+ to ! giant ,gogmagog1 :o 9 old times f\ght 8 la/ fight !re aga9/ ,cor9eus1 ! eponymic h]o ( ,cornwall4#edg ,z to ! dw>fs1 aga91 /ories ( !m are curi\sly associat$ ) ^? long-endur+ monum5ts ( dep>t$ races--_! burial-cy/s & dolm5s4 ,?us1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ranges ( rude /one cy/s1 (t5 only two or ?ree feet long1 are connect$ ) ! idea ( a pygmy race buri$ 9 !m4 ,9 ,brittany1 ! dolm5s are ! abodes & treasuries ( ! dw>fs :o built !m1 & likewise 9 ,india x is a usual leg5d ( su* prehi/oric burial-places1 t !y 7 dw>fs' h\ses--! dwell+s ( ! anci5t pygmies1 :o "h aga9 appe> z repres5tatives ( prehi/oric tribes4#edh ,b a v diff]5t mean+ is obvi\s 9 a m$ival travell]'s acc\nt ( ! hairy1 man-l creatures ( ,ca?ay1 "o cubit high1 & t d n b5d _! knees z !y walk1 or 9 an ,arab geograph]'s description ( an isl& p 9 ! ,indian seas1 f\r spans high1 nak$1 ) r$ d[ny hair on _! faces1 & :o climb up trees & %un mank9d4 ,if any "o c\ld possibly d\bt ! real nature ( ^! dw>fs1 8 d\bt may be resolv$ by ,m>co ,polo's /atem5t t 9 8 "t monkeys 7 regul>ly embalm$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & sold 9 boxes to be exhibit$ ov] ! _w z pygmies4#edi ,?us v>i\s diff]5t facts h giv5 rise to /ories ( giants & dw>fs1 m ?an "o my?ic elem5t p]haps comb9+ to =m a s+le leg5d--a result p]plex+ 9 ! extreme to ! my?ological int]pret]4 ,descriptions ( /range tribes made 9 entire good fai? may come to be und]/ood 9 new extravagant s5ses1 :5 c>ri$ among p n aw>e ( ! orig9al facts4 ,! foll[+ are "s int]pretations ( ?is k9d1 among :i* "s f>-fet*$ cases are giv51 to %[ t ! me?od mu/ n be tru/$ too mu*4 ,! t]m #8nose-less' is apt to be misund]/ood1 yet x 0 fairly en\gh appli$ to flat-nos$ tribes1 su* z ,turks ( ! /eppes1 :om ,rabbi ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela ?us depicts 9 ! twelf? c5tury3--#8,!y h no noses1 b draw brea? ?r\gh two small holes4'#eej ,aga91 among ! common ornam5tal mutilations ( savages is t ( /ret*+ ! e>s to an enorm\s size by weights or coils1 & x is ?us v]bally q true t !re are m5 ^: e>s hang d[n ^u _! %\ld]s4 ,yet )\t explanation su* a phrase w\ld be und]/ood to describe1 n ! appe>ance ( a real savage ) 8 e>-lobes /ret*$ into p5dant fle%y loops1 b r t ( ,pl9y's ,panotii1 or ( ! ,indian ,k>naprv>ana1 #8^: e>s s]ve !m = cloaks1' or ( ! ,african dw>fs1 said to use _! e>s "o = mattress & ! o!r = cov]let :5 !y lie d[n4 ,"o ( ! mo/ extravagant ( ^! /ories is told by ,fray ,p$ro ,simon 9 ,cali=nia1 :]e 9 fact ! t]ritory ( ,oregon has its "n f ! ,spani% t]m ( ,orejones1 or #8,big-,e>s1' giv5 to ! inhabitants f _! practice ( /ret*+ _! e>s ) ornam5ts4#eea ,ev5 purely metaphorical descriptions1 if tak5 9 a lit]al s5se1 are capable ( turn+ into cat*es1 l ! /ory ( ! horse ) its head :]e its tail %\ld be4 ,i h be5 told by a ,fr5* ,prote/ant f ! ,nismes di/rict t ! epi!t ( gorgeo negro1 or #8black-?roat1' by :i* ,ca?olics describe a ,hugu5ot1 0 tak5 s lit]ally t h]etic *ildr5 7 sometimes =c$ to op5 _! m\?s to satisfy ! or?odox ( _! be+ ( ! usual col\r )94 ,on exam9+ ! description ( savage tribes by high] races1 x appe>s t sev]al ( ! epi!ts usually appli$ only ne$ lit]aliz+ to turn into ! wilde/ ( ! leg5d>y mon/]-/ories4 ,?us ! ,burmese speak ( ! rude ,k>5s z #8dog-m52'#eeb ,m>co ,polo describes ! ,angaman 7,&aman7 isl&]s z bruti% & savage cannibals1 ) heads l dogs4#eec lian's acc\nt ( ! dog-head$ p ( ,india is on ! face ( x an acc\nt ( a savage race4 ,! ,kynokephali1 he says1 are s call$ f _! bodily appe>ance1 b o!rwise !y are human1 & !y g dress$ 9 ! sk9s ( bea/s2 !y are j1 & h>m n m52 !y _c speak1 b ro>1 yet !y und]/& ! language ( ! ,indians2 !y live by hunt+1 be+ swift ( foot1 & !y cook _! game n by fire1 b by te>+ x into fragm5ts & dry+ x 9 ! sun2 !y keep goats & %eep1 & dr9k ! milk4 ,! naturali/ concludes by say+ t he m5tions ^! fitly among ! irrational animals1 because !y h n articulate1 di/9ct1 & human language4#eed ,?is la/ sugge/ive rem>k well /ates ! old preval5t notion t b>b>ians h no real language1 b are #8spee*less1' #8tongueless1' or ev5 m\?less4#eee ,ano!r mon/r\s p ( wide celebrity are ,pl9y's ,blemmy1 said to be headless1 & accord+ly to h _! m\?s & eyes 9 _! brea/s creatures ov] :om ,pre/] ,john reign$ 9 ,asia1 :o dwelt f> & wide 9 ,s\? ,am]ican =e/s1 & :o to our m$ival ance/ors 7 z real z ! cannibals ) :om ,o!llo c\ples !m3-- #8,! ,an?ropophagi1 & m5 ^: heads ,d gr[ b5ea? _! %\ld]s4' ,if1 h[ev]1 we look 9 diction>ies = ! ,acephali1 we may f9d n actual headless mon/]s1 b h]etics s call$ because _! orig9al head or f\nd] 0 n kn[n2 & :5 ! k+less ,turkoman hordes say ( !mselves #8,we are a p )\t a head1' ! metaphor is ev5 m pla9 & natural4#eef ,moslem leg5d tells ( ! ,%ikk & ! ,nesnas1 creatures l "o half ( a split man1 ) "o arm1 leg1 & eye4 ,possibly x 0 !nce t ! ,zulus got _! idea ( a tribe ( half-m51 :o 9 "o ( _! /ories f\nd a ,zulu maid5 9 a cave & ?\ght %e 0 two p1 b on clos] inspection ( h] admitt$1 #8,! ?+ is pretty6 ,b oh ! two legs6' ,^! reali/ic fancies co9cide ) ! simple metaphor :i* describes a savage z only #8half a man1' semihomo1 z ,virgil calls ! f]oci\s ,cacus4#eeg ,aga91 :5 ! ,*9ese comp>$ !mselves to ! out] b>b>ians1 !y said #8,we see ) two eyes1 ! ,lat9s ) "o1 & all o!r nations are bl9d4' ,su* metaphors1 prov]bial among ourselves1 v]bally correspond ) leg5ds ( "o-ey$ tribes1 su* z ! savage cave-dwell+ ,kyklopes4#eeh ,v]bal co9cid5ce ( ?is k9d1 untru/wor?y en\gh 9 ^! latt] in/ances1 passes at la/ into ! vague/ fancy4 ,! negroes call$ ,europeans #8long-head$1' us+ ! phrase 9 our famili> metaphorical s5se2 b translate x into ,greek1 & at once ,hesiod's ,makrokephaloi come into be+4#eei ,&1 to conclude ! li/1 "o ( ! commone/ ( ! mon/]-tribes ( ! ,old & ,new ,_w is t di/+ui%$ by hav+ feet turn$ backw>d4 ,n[ !re is really a p ^: "n1 memorable 9 sci5tific controv]sy1 describes !m z #8hav+ feet ! opposite way1' & !y /ill reta9 t anci5t "n ( ,antipodes4#efj ,return+ f ?is digression to ! region ( philosophic my?1 we may exam9e new gr\ps ( explanatory /ories1 produc$ f t crav+ to "k causes & reasons :i* ev] besets mank9d4 ,:5 ! att5tion ( a man 9 ! my?-mak+ /age ( intellect is drawn to any ph5om5on or cu/om :i* has to him no obvi\s reason1 he inv5ts & tells a /ory to acc\nt = x1 & ev5 if he does n p]suade himself t ?is is a real leg5d ( 8 =efa!rs1 ! /ory-tell] :o he>s x f him & repeats x is tr\bl$ ) no su* difficulty4 ,our task 9 deal+ ) su* /ories is made easy :5 ! crit]ion ( possibility c be br\ght to be> ^u !m4 ,x has become a m]e c]ta9ty to mod]ns t asbe/os is n really salam&]'s wool2 t morbid hung] is n really caus$ by a liz>d or a bird 9 a man's /oma*2 t a ,*9ese philosoph] _c really h inv5t$ ! fire-drill by see+ a bird peck at ! bran*es ( a tree till sp>ks came4 ,! ,african ,wakuafi acc\nt = _! cattle-lift+ proclivities by ! calm ass]tion t ,engai1 t is1 ,heav51 gave all cattle to !m1 & s :]ev] !re is any x is _! call to g & seize x4#efa ,s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ! fi]ce ,mbayas decl>e !y receiv$ f ! ,c>ac>a a div9e comm& to make w> on all o!r tribes1 kill+ ! m5 & adopt+ ! wom5 & *ildr54#efb ,b ?\gh x may be consi/5t ) ! notions ( ^! savages to relate su* explanatory leg5ds1 x is n consi/5t ) our notions to believe !m4 ,=tunately1 too1 ! ex po/ facto leg5ds are apt to come into collision ) m au!ntic s\rces ( in=mation1 or to encroa* on ! doma9 ( valid hi/ory4 ,x is ( no use = ! ,*9ese to tell _! /upid /ory ( writt5 *>act]s hav+ be5 inv5t$ f ! m>k+s on a tortoise's %ell1 = ! e>ly =ms ( su* *>act]s1 pla9 & simple pictures ( objects1 h be5 pres]v$ 9 ,*9a to ?is day4 ,nor c we praise any?+ b +5uity 9 ! ,we/ ,highl& leg5d t ! ,pope once laid an int]dict on ! l&1 b =got to curse ! hills1 s ! p till$ !m1 ?is /ory be+ told to acc\nt = ^? anci5t traces ( tillage /ill to be se5 on ! wild hill-sides1 ! s-call$ #8elf-furr[s4'#efc ,! mo/ emb>rass+ cases ( explanatory tradition are ^? :i* are nei!r impossible en\gh to condemn1 nor probable en\gh to receive4 ,e?nograph]s :o "k h[ _w-wide is ! practice ( defac+ ! tee? among ! l[] races1 & h[ x only dies gradually out 9 high] civilization1 naturally ascribe ! habit to "s g5]al reason 9 human nature1 at a p>ticul> /age ( developm5t4 ,b ! mutilat+ tribes !mselves h local leg5ds to acc\nt = local cu/oms2 ?us ! ,p5ongs ( ,burmah & ! ,batoka ( ,ea/ ,africa bo? break _! front tee?1 b ! "o tribe says its reason is n to look l apes1 ! o!r t x is to be l ox5 & n l zebras4#efd ,( ! leg5ds ( tattoo+1 "o ( ! olde/ is t told to acc\nt = ! fact t :ile ! ,fijians tattoo only ! wom51 _! neighb\rs1 ! ,tongans1 tattoo only ! m54 ,x is relat$ t a ,tongan1 on 8 way f ,fiji to report to 8 c\ntrym5 ! prop] cu/om = !m to obs]ve1 w5t on 8 way repeat+ ! rule he _h c>efully le>nt by he>t1 #8,tattoo ! wom51 b n ! m51' b unluckily he tripp$ ov] a /ump1 got 8 lesson wrong1 & rea*$ ,tonga repeat+ #8,tattoo ! m51 b n ! wom51' an ord9ance :i* !y obs]v$ ev] aft]4 ,h[ reasonable su* an explanation seem$ to ! ,polynesian m9d1 may be judg$ f ! ,samoans hav+ a v]sion ) diff]5t details1 & appli$ to _! own in/ead ( ! ,tongan isl&s4#efe ,all m5 feel h[ want+ 9 s5se ( reality is a /ory ) no p]sonal "n to hang x to4 ,?is want is ?us graphically express$ by ,spr5g] ! hi/orian 9 8 life ( ,mohamm$3 #8,x makes1 on me at lea/1 q a diff]5t impression :5 x is relat$ t 8! ,prophet said to ,alkama10 ev5 if ,i knew no?+ :atev] else ( ?is ,alkama1 ?an if x 7 m]ely /at$ t 8he said to somebody40' ,! feel+ :i* ?is acute & le>n$ critic ?us c&idly confesses1 has f ! e>lie/ times1 & 9 ! m9ds ( m5 tr\bl$ ) no su* nice hi/oric consci5ce1 g]m9at$ to ! production ( mu* my?ic fruit4 ,?us x has come to pass t "o ( ! lead+ p]sonages to be met ) 9 ! tradition ( ! _w is really no m ?an--,somebody4 ,!re is no?+ ?is wondr\s creature _c a*ieve1 no %ape he _c put on2 "o only re/riction b9ds him at all1 t ! "n he assumes %all h "s sort ( congruity ) ! (fice he und]takes1 & ev5 f ?is he (t5times breaks loose4 ,s rife 9 our own day is ?is manufacture ( p]sonal hi/ory1 (t5 fitt$ up ) details ( place & date into ! v semblance ( real *ronicle1 t x may be guess$ h[ va/ its work+ mu/ h be5 9 days ( old4 ,?us ! ru9s ( anci5t build+s1 ( ^: real hi/ory & use no tru/wor?y tradition survives 9 local memory1 h be5 easily furni%$ by my? ) a build] & a purpose4 ,9 ,mexico ! great ,somebody assumes ! "n ( ,montezuma1 & builds ! aqu$uct ( ,tezcuco2 to ! ,p]sian any huge & antique ru9 is ! "w ( ! h]oic ,ant>2 9 ,russia1 says ,dr4 ,ba/ian1 build+s ( ! mo/ v>i\s ages are set d[n to ,pet] ! ,great1 z 9 ,spa9 to ,boabdil or ,*>les ,v42 & ,european folklore may attribute to ! ,devil any old build+ ( unusual massiv5ess1 & especially ^? /one /ructures :i* antiqu>ies n[ class z pr-hi/oric monum5ts4 ,) a m graceful ?\ght1 ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica decl>e t ! imitative tumuli ( ,ohio1 great m\nds laid out 9 rude imitation ( animals1 7 %ap$ 9 old days by ! great ,manitu himself1 9 promise ( a pl5tiful supply ( game 9 ! _w ( spirits4 ,! ,new ,zeal&]s tell h[ ! h]o ,kupe sep>at$ ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,isl&s1 & =m$ ,cook's ,/raits4 ,greek my? plac$ at ! gate ( ! ,m$it]ranean ! tw9 pill>s ( ,h]akles2 9 m rec5t times ! op5+ ( ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> became "o ( ! _m feats ( ,alex&] ( ,mac$on4#eff ,su* a gr\p ( /ories z ?is is no unfair te/ ( ! value ( m]e traditions ( p]sonal names :i* simply answ] ! que/ions t mank9d h be5 ask+ = ages ab\t ! orig9 ( _! rites1 laws1 cu/oms1 arts4 ,"s su* traditions are ( c\rse g5u9e1 & we may be able1 especially 9 ! m mod]n cases1 to sep>ate ! real f ! imag9>y4 ,b x mu/ be di/9ctly laid d[n t1 9 ! abs5ce ( corroborative evid5ce1 e tradition /&s suspect ( my?ology1 if x c be made by ! simple device ( fitt+ "s p]sonal "n to ! purely !oretical ass]tion t somebody mu/ h introduc$ into ! _w fire-mak+1 or weapons1 or ornam5ts1 or games1 or agriculture1 or m>riage1 or any o!r ( ! elem5ts ( civilization4 ,among ! v>i\s matt]s :i* h excit$ curiosity1 & l$ to its satisfaction by explanatory my?s1 are local names4 ,^!1 :5 ! popul> e> has lo/ _! primitive significance1 become 9 b>b>ic times an apt subject = ! my?-mak] to expla9 9 8 peculi> fa%ion4 ,?us ! ,tibetans decl>e t _! lake ,*omoriri 0 nam$ f a woman 7*omo7 :o 0 c>ri$ into x by ! yak %e 0 rid+1 & cri$ 9 t]ror ri-ri6 ,! ,arabs say ! f\nd]s ( ! city ( ,s5na> saw on ! riv] bank a beautiful woman ) tee? glitt]+ l fire1 :5ce !y call$ ! place ,s9nr1 i4e41 #8too? ( fire4' ,! ,arkadians d]iv$ ! "n ( _! t[n ,trapezus f ! table 7trapeza71 :i* ,zeus ov]turn$ :5 ! wolfi% ,lykaon s]v$ a *ild on x = a banquet to him4#efg ,su* crude fancies 9 no way diff] 9 nature f ,engli% local leg5ds curr5t up to rec5t times1 su* z t :i* relates h[ ! ,romans1 com+ 9 sight ( :]e ,exet] n[ /&s1 exclaim$ 9 delight1 #8,ecce t]ra6' & ?us ! city _h its "n4 ,n long ago1 a curi\s enquir] wi%$ to "k f ! inhabitants ( ,=d+bridge1 or z ! c\ntry p call x1 ,f>d5bridge1 :at ! orig9 ( ?is "n might be1 & he>d 9 reply t ! bridge 0 ?\ght to h be5 built :5 wages 7 s *eap t masons work$ = a #8f>d5' a day4 ,! ,falm\? folks' /ory ( ,squire ,p5d>vis & 8 ale is well kn[n1 h[ 8 s]vant excus$ h]self = sell+ x to ! sailors1 because1 z %e said1 #8,! p5ny come s quick1' :5ce ! place came to be call$ ,p5nycomequick2 ?is nons5se be+ inv5t$ to acc\nt = an anci5t ,corni% "n1 probably ,p5ycumgwic1 #8head ( ! creek valley4' ,my?ic fancy _h fall5 to a l[ e/ate :5 x dw9dl$ to su* remnants z ?is4 ,t p]sonal names may pass into n\ns1 we1 :o talk ( br\ghams & blu*]s1 _c d5y4 ,b any su* etymology ought to h contempor>y docum5t or "s equally =cible pro( 9 its fav\r1 = ?is is a =m ( explanation tak5 by ! mo/ flagrant my?s4 ,david ! pa9t]1 x is relat$1 _h a promis+ pupil nam$ ,*icque1 ! son ( a fruit]]2 ! lad di$ at eighte51 b 8 ma/] cont9u$ to hold him up to lat] /ud5ts z a model ( arti/ic clev]ness1 & h5ce arose ! n[ famili> t]m ( *ic4 ,etymologi/s1 a race n want+ 9 effront]y1 h h>dly ev] surpass$ ?is circum/antial can>d2 ! ^w *ic dates at anyrate f ! sev5te5? c5tury4#efh ,ano!r ^w ) :i* simil> lib]ty has be5 tak51 is cant4 ,/eele1 9 ! #8,spectator1' says t "s p d]ive x f ! "n ( "o ,&rew ,cant1 a ,scot* m9i/]1 :o _h ! gift ( prea*+ 9 su* a dialect t he 0 und]/ood by none b 8 own congregation1 & n by all ( !m4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 n a v accurate del9eation ( ! real ,&rew ,cant1 :o is m5tion$ 9 #8,:itelock's ,memorials1' & seems to h kn[n h[ to speak out 9 v pla9 t]ms inde$4 ,b at any rate he fl\ri%$ ab\t #afej1 :]eas ! v]b to cant 0 !n already an old ^w4 ,to cante1 mean+ to speak1 is m5tion$ 9 ,h>man's #8,li/ ( ,rogues' ,words1' 9 #aeff1 & 9 #aehg ,h>rison says ( ! begg>s & gypsies t !y h devis$ a language among !mselves1 :i* !y "n cant+1 b o!rs #8,p$l>s' ,fr5*e4'#efi ,( all etymologies ascrib$ to p]sonal names1 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s is t ( ! ,danse ,macabre1 or ,dance ( ,dea?1 s well kn[n f ,holbe9's pictures4 ,its suppos$ au?or is ?us m5tion$ 9 ! #8,biographie ,univ]selle3' #8,macab]1 pote allem&1 s]ait t\t--fait inconnu sans l'ouvrage qu'on a s\s son nom4' ,?is1 x may be add$1 is true en\gh1 = !re nev] 0 su* a p]son at all1 ! ,danse ,macabre be+ really ,*orea ,ma*aborum1 ! ,dance ( ! ,maccabees1 a k9d ( pi\s pantomime ( dea? p]=m$ 9 *ur*es 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,:y ! p]=mance receiv$ ?is "n1 is t ! rite ( ,mass = ! dead is di/+ui%$ by ! read+ ( t passage f ! twelf? *apt] ( ,book ,,ii4 ( ! ,maccabees1 :i* relates h[ ! p betook !mselves to pray]1 & bes\ght ! ,"l t ! s9 ( ^? :o _h be5 sla9 among !m might be :olly blott$ out2 = if ,judas _h n expect$ t ! sla9 %\ld rise aga91 x _h be5 sup]flu\s & va9 to pray = ! dead4#egj ,trac$ to its orig91 x is ?us se5 t ! ,danse ,macabre is nei!r m nor less ?an ! ,dance ( ! ,dead4 ,x is n an unusual ?+ = tribes & nations to be kn[n by ! "n ( _! *ief1 z 9 books ( ,african travel we read ( #8,eyo's p1' or #8,kamrazi's p4' ,su* t]ms may become p]man5t1 l ! "n ( ! ,osmanli ,turks tak5 f ! great ,o?man1 or ,osman4 ,! notions ( k9%ip & *iefta9%ip may easily be comb9$1 z :]e "s individual ,brian or ,alp9e may h giv5 8 "n to a clan ( ,o',bri5s or ,mac ,alp9es4 ,h[ f> ! tribal names ( ! l[] races may h be5 d]iv$ f individual names ( *iefs or =efa!rs1 is a "q on :i* di/9ct evid5ce is difficult to obta94 ,9 ,patagonia b&s or subdivisions ( tribes are designat$ by ! names ( tempor>y *iefs1 e rov+ p>ty hav+ su* a lead]1 :o is sometimes ev5 /yl$ #8yank1' i4e4 #8fa!r4'#ega ,! ,zulus & ,maoris 7 races :o paid great att5tion to ! traditional g5ealogies ( _! clan-ance/ors1 :o 71 inde$1 n only _! k9sfolk b _! gods2 & !y di/9ctly recognize ! possibility ( tribes be+ nam$ f a deceas$ ance/or or *ief4 ,! ,kafir tribe ( ,ama-,xosa d]ives its "n f a *ief1 ,u-,xosa2#egb & ! ,maori tribes ( ,ngate-,wakaue & ,nga-,puhi claim desc5t f *iefs call$ ,wakaue & ,puhi4#egc ,ar\nd ?is nucleus ( actuality1 h[ev]1 !re ga!rs an enorm\s mass ( fiction simulat+ its effects4 ,! my?-mak]1 curi\s to "k h[ _m p or c\ntry ga9$ its "n1 _h only to conclude t x came f a great ance/or or rul]1 & !n ! simple process ( turn+ a national or local title into a p]sonal "n at once add$ a new g5ealogy to hi/orical tradition4 ,9 "s cases1 ! "n ( ! imag9$ ance/or is inv5t$ 9 su* =m t ! local or g5tile "n may /& z grammatically d]iv$ f x1 z usually happ5s 9 real cases1 l ! d]ivation ( ,cs>ea f ,cs>1 or ( ! ,b5$ict9es f ,b5$ict4 ,b 9 ! fictiti\s g5ealogy or hi/ory ( ! my?-mak]1 ! m]e unalt]$ "n ( ! nation1 tribe1 c\ntry1 or city (t5 becomes )\t m ado ! "n ( ! eponymic h]o4 ,x has to be rememb]$1 moreov]1 t c\ntries & nations c be p]sonifi$ by an imag9ative process :i* has n q lo/ its s5se 9 mod]n spee*4 ,france is talk$ ( by politicians z an individual be+1 ) p>ticul> op9ions & habits1 & may ev5 be embodi$ z a /atue or picture ) suitable attributes4 ,& if "o 7 to say t ,britannia has two daught]s1 ,canada & ,au/ralia1 or t %e has gone to keep h\se = a decrepit old aunt call$ ,india1 ?is w\ld be admitt$ z pla9 fact express$ 9 fanta/ic language4 ,! inv5tion ( ance/ries f eponymic h]oes or "n-ance/ors has1 h[ev]1 (t5 _h a s]i\s effect 9 corrupt+ hi/oric tru?1 by help+ to fill anci5t annals ) sw>ms ( fictiti\s g5ealogies4 ,yet1 :5 survey$ 9 a l>ge view1 ! nature ( ! eponymic fictions is pat5t & indisputable1 & s regul> are _! =ms1 t we c\ld sc>cely *oose m tell+ examples ( ! consi/5t processes ( imag9ation1 z %[n 9 ! developm5t ( my?s4 ,! great numb] ( ! eponymic ance/ors ( anci5t ,greek tribes & nations makes x easy to te/ !m by comp>ison1 & ! te/ is a de/ructive "o4 ,treat ! h]oic g5ealogies !y belong to z traditions f\nd$ on real hi/ory1 & !y prove hopelessly indep5d5t & incompatible2 b consid] !m z mo/ly local & tribal my?s & su* indep5d5ce & incompatibility become _! prop] features4 ,mr4 ,grote1 ^: t5d5cy is to treat all my?s z fictions n only unexpla9$ b unexpla9able1 "h makes an exception1 trac+ ! eponymic ance/ors f :om ,greek cities & tribes d]iv$ _! leg5d>y p>5tage to m]e embodi$ local & g5tile names4 ,?us1 ( ! fifty sons ( ,lykan1 a :ole l>ge gr\p consi/s ( p]sonifi$ cities ( ,arkadia1 su* z ,mant9u1 ,phigalos1 ,tegeats1 :o1 accord+ to ! simply inv]t+ leg5d1 are call$ f\nd]s ( ,mant9a1 ,phigalia1 ,tegea4 ,! fa!r ( ,k+ akos 0 ,zeus1 8 "m 8 own p]sonifi$ l&1 g9a2 ! city ( ,myknai _h n only an ance/ress ,mykn1 b an eponymic ance/or z well1 ,mykneus4 ,long aft]w>ds1 m$ival ,europe1 /imulat$ by ! spl5did g5ealogies ?r\gh :i* ,rome _h atta*$ h]self to ,greece & ! ,greek gods & h]oes1 discov]$ ! secret ( rivall+ !m 9 ! *ronicles ( ,ge(fry ( ,monm\? & o!rs1 by claim+ z f\nd]s ( ,p>is & ,t\rs ! ,trojans ,p>is & ,turnus1 & connect+ ,france & ,brita9 ) ! ,trojan w> ?r\gh ,francus1 son ( ,hector1 & ,brutus1 great gr&son ( neas4 ,a rem>kably p]fect eponymic hi/orical my? acc\nt+ = ! ,gypsies or ,egyptians1 may be f\nd cit$ s]i\sly 9 #8,black/one's ,comm5t>ies3' :5 ,sultan ,selim conqu]$ ,egypt 9 #aeag1 sev]al ( ! natives refus$ to submit to ! ,turki% yoke1 & revolt$ "u "o ,z+aneus1 :5ce ! ,turks call$ !m ,z+anees1 b1 be+ at l5g? surr\nd$ & bani%$1 !y agre$ to disp]se 9 small p>ties ov] ! _w1 c41 c4 ,x is curi\s to wat* ,milton's m9d em]g+1 b n :olly em]g+1 f ! /ate ( ! m$ival *ronicl]4 ,he m5tions 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 #8,hi/ory ( ,brita91' ! #8outl&i% figm5t' ( ! f\r k+s1 ,magus1 ,s>on1 ,druis1 & ,b>dus2 he has no approval = ! giant ,albion1 son ( ,neptune1 :o subdu$ ! isl& & call$ x aft] 8 own "n2 he sc(fs at ! f\r sons ( ,japhet1 call$ ,francus1 ,romanus1 ,alemannus1 & ,britto4 ,b :5 he comes to ,brutus & ! ,trojan leg5ds ( old ,engli% hi/ory1 8 sceptical c\rage fails him3 #8^? old & inborn names ( successive k+s1 nev] any to h b9 real p]sons1 or don 9 _! lives at lea/ som "p ( :at s long ha? b9 rememb]'d1 _c be ?\ght )\t too /rict an incr$ulity4'#egd ,among rud] races ( ! _w1 ass]t$ g5ealogies ( ?is class may be in/anc$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ican tribes call$ ! ,amoipira & ,potyu>a1#ege ,khond clans call$ ,baska & ,jakso1#egf ,turkoman hordes call$ ,yomut1 ,tekke1 & ,*audor1#egg all ( !m pr(ess+ to d]ive _! designations f ance/ors or *iefs :o bore z individuals ^! v names4 ,:]e criticism c be br\ght to be> on ^! g5ealogies1 its effect is (t5 su* z drove ,brutus & 8 ,trojans out ( ,engli% hi/ory4 ,:5 !re appe> 9 ! g5ealogy ( ,haussa1 9 ,we/ ,africa1 pla9 names ( t[ns l ,kano & ,kats5a1#egh x is natural to consid] ^! t[ns to h be5 p]sonifi$ into my?ic ance/ors4 ,mexican tradition assigns a :ole set ( eponymic ance/ors or *iefs to ! v>i\s races ( ! l&1 z ,mexi ! f\nd] ( ,mexico1 ,*i*imecatl ! fir/ k+ ( ! ,*i*imecs1 & s =?1 d[n to ,otomitl ! ance/or ( ! ,otomis1 ^: v "n by its t]m9ation betrays its ,aztec inv5tion4#egi ,! ,brazilians acc\nt = ! division ( ! ,tupis & ,gu>anis1 by ! leg5d ( two ance/ral bro!rs1 ,tupi & ,gu>ani1 :o qu>rell$ & sep>at$1 ea* ) 8 foll[]s3 "h an eponymic orig9 ( ! /ory is made likely by ! ^w ,gu>ani n be+ an old national "n at all1 b m]ely ! designation ( #8w>riors' giv5 by ! mission>ies to c]ta9 tribes4#ehj ,& :5 su* facts are consid]$ z t ,nor? ,am]ican clans nam$ aft] animals1 ,beav]1 ,crayfi%1 & ! l1 acc\nt = ^! names by simply claim+ ! v creatures !mselves z ance/ors1#eha ! t5d5cy ( g5]al criticism w probably be n s mu* 9 fav\r ( real =efa!rs & *iefs :o left _! names to _! tribes1 z ( eponymic ance/ors creat$ by backw>ds imitation ( su* inh]itance4 ,! exam9ation ( eponymic leg5d1 h[ev]1 mu/ by no means /op %ort at ! de/ructive /age4 ,9 fact1 :5 x has und]gone ! %>pe/ criticism1 x only displays ! m cle>ly a real hi/oric value1 n less p]haps ?an if all ! names x records 7 real names ( anci5t *iefs4 ,) all _! fancies1 blund]s1 & %ortcom+s1 ! h]oic g5ealogies pres]ve e>ly !ories ( nationality1 traditions ( migration1 invasion1 connexion by k9dr$ or int]c\rse4 ,! e?nologi/s ( old days1 borr[+ ! phraseology ( my?1 /at$ :at !y look$ on z ! actual relations ( races1 9 a p]sonify+ language ( :i* ! mean+ may /ill be readily int]pret$4 ,! ,greek leg5d ( ! tw9 bro!rs ,danaos & gyptos1 f\nd]s ( ! nations ( ! ,danaoi or ,hom]ic ,greeks & ( ! gyptians1 repres5ts a di/9ct ?\gh weak e?nological !ory4 ,_! eponymic my? ( ,helln1 ! p]sonifi$ race ( ! ,hellnes1 is ano!r & m reasonable e?nological docum5t /at+ k9%ip among f\r great bran*es ( ! ,greek race3 ! ?ree sons ( ,helln1 x relates1 7 ,aiolos1 ,dros1 & ,x\?os2 ! fir/ two gave _! names to ! olians & ,dorians1 ! ?ird _h sons call$ ,a*aios & ,in1 ^: names pass$ z a h]itage to ! ,a*aioi & ,ionians4 ,! belief ( ! ,lydians1 ,mysians1 & ,k>ians z to _! national k9%ip is well express$ 9 ! g5ealogy 9 ,h]odotus1 :i* traces _! desc5t f ! ?ree bro!rs ,lydos1 ,mysos1 & ,k>4#ehb ,! ,p]sian leg5d ( ,f]idun 7,?raetaona7 & 8 ?ree sons1 ,irej1 ,tur1 & ,selm1 di/+ui%es ! two nationalities ( ,iranian & ,turanian1 i4e4 ,p]sian & ,tat>4#ehc ,! national g5ealogy ( ! ,afghans is wor?y ( rem>k4 ,x runs ?us3 ,melik ,talut 7,k+ ,saul7 _h two sons1 ,b]kia & ,irmia 7,b]ekiah & ,j]emiah71 :o s]v$ ,david2 ! son ( ,b]kia 0 ,afghan1 & ! son ( ,irmia 0 ,usbek4 ,?anks to ! aquil9e noses ( ! ,afghans1 & to _! use ( ,biblical p]sonal names d]iv$ f ,biblical s\rces1 ! idea ( _! be+ desc5dants ( ! lo/ tribes ( ,israel f\nd great cr$5ce among ,european s*ol>s up to ! pres5t c5tury4#ehd ,yet ! p$igree is e?nologically absurd1 = ! :ole s\rce ( ! imag9$ c\s9%ip ( ! ,aryan ,afghan & ! ,turanian ,usbek1 s di/9ct bo? 9 feature & 9 language1 appe>s to be 9 _! union by common ,mohamm$anism1 :ile ! reckless jumble ( %am hi/ory1 :i* d]ives bo? f a ,semitic s\rce1 is only too *>act]i/ic ( ,moslem *ronicle4 ,among ! ,tat>s is f\nd a mu* m reasonable national p$igree2 9 ! #ac? c5tury1 ,william ( ,ruysbroek relates1 z sob] circum/antial hi/ory1 t !y 7 orig9ally call$ ,turks f ,turk ! elde/ son ( ,japhet1 b "o ( _! pr9ces left 8 dom9ions to 8 tw9 sons1 ,tat> & ,mongol :i* gave rise to ! di/9ction t has ev] s9ce prevail$ betwe5 ^! two nations4#ehe ,hi/orically absurd1 ?is leg5d /ates :at appe>s ! unimpea*able e?nological fact1 t ! ,turks1 ,mongols1 & ,tat>s are closely-connect$ bran*es ( "o national /ock1 & we c only dispute 9 x :at seems an exorbitant claim on ! "p ( ! ,turk to repres5t ! head ( ! family1 ! ance/or ( ! ,mongol & ! ,tat>4 ,?us ^! eponymic national g5ealogies1 my?ological 9 =m b e?nological 9 sub/ance1 embody op9ions ( :i* we may admit or d5y ! tru? or value1 b :i* we mu/ recognize z di/9ctly e?nological docum5ts4#ehf ,x ?us appe>s t e>ly e?nology is habitually express$ 9 a metaphorical language1 9 :i* l&s & nations are p]sonifi$1 & _! relations indicat$ by t]ms ( p]sonal k9%ip4 ,?is description applies to t important docum5t ( anci5t e?nology1 ! table ( nations 9 ! #aj? *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,9 "s cases x is a problem ( m9ute & difficult criticism to di/+ui% among its ance/ral names ^? :i* are simply local or national designations 9 p]sonal =m4 ,b to critics conv]sant ) ! e?nic g5ealogies ( o!r peoples1 su* z h "h be5 quot$1 simple inspection ( ?is national li/ may suffice to %[ t "p ( its names are n names ( real m51 b ( p]sonifi$ cities1 l&s1 & races4 ,! city ,zidon 77 is bro!r to ,he? 77 ! fa!r ( ! ,hittites1 & next foll[ 9 p]son ! ,jebusite & ! ,amorite4 ,among pla9 names ( c\ntries1 ,cu% or ?iopia 77 begets ,nimrod1 ,as%ur or ,assyria 77 builds ,n9eveh1 & ev5 ! dual ,mizraim 771 ! #8two ,egypts1' usually reg>d$ z signify+ ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt1 appe>s 9 ! l9e ( g5]ations z a p]sonal son & bro!r ( o!r c\ntries1 & ance/or ( populations4 ,! ,aryan /ock is cle>ly recogniz$ 9 p]sonifications ( at lea/ two ( its memb]s1 ,madai 77 ! ,m$e1 & ,javan 77 ! ,ionian4 ,& z reg>ds ! family to :i* ! ,israelites !mselves belong1 if ,canaan 771 ! fa!r ( ,zidon 771 be transf]r$ to x to repres5t ! ,phnicians1 by ! side ( ,as%ur 771 ,aram 771 ,eb] 771 & ! o!r desc5dants ( ,%em1 ! result w be ma9ly to arrange ! ,semitic /ock accord+ to ! ord9>y classification ( mod]n comp>ative philology4 ,turn+ n[ f cases :]e my?ologic phrase s]ves z a m$ium = express+ philosophic op9ion1 let u quickly cross ! di/rict :]e fancy assumes ! semblance ( explanatory leg5d4 ,! m$ival s*oolm5 h be5 ju/ly laugh$ at = _! habit ( translat+ pla9 facts into ! t]ms ( metaphysics1 & !n solemnly (f]+ !m 9 ?is sci5tific guise z explanations ( !mselves--acc\nt+ = opium mak+ p sleep1 by its possession ( a dormitive virtue4 ,! my?-mak]'s proce$+s may 9 "o respect be illu/rat$ by comp>+ !m ) ?is4 ,half my?ology is occupi$1 z _m a leg5d cit$ 9 ^! *apt]s has %[n1 9 %ap+ ! famili> facts ( daily life into imag9>y hi/ories ( _! own cause & orig91 *ildlike answ]s to ^? _w-old que/ions ( :5ce & :y1 :i* ! savage asks z readily z ! sage4 ,s famili> is ! nature ( su* description 9 ! dress ( hi/ory1 t its easi] examples translate (f-h&4 ,:5 ! ,samoans say t ev] s9ce ! great battle among ! planta9s & bananas1 ! vanqui%$ h hung d[n _! heads1 :ile ! victor /&s pr\dly erect1#ehg :o c mi/ake ! simple metaphor :i* comp>es ! upright & ! droop+ plants to a conqu]or /&+ among 8 beat5 foes8 ,9 simile j z obvi\s lies ! orig9 ( ano!r ,polynesian leg5d1 :i* relates ! creation ( ! coco-nut f a man's head1 ! *e/nuts f 8 kidneys1 & ! yams f 8 legs4#ehh ,to draw "o m example f ! my?ology ( plants1 h[ transp>5t is ! ,ojibwa fancy ( t heav5ly y\? ) gre5 robe & wav+ fea!rs1 :om = ! good ( m5 ! ,indian ov]came & buri$1 & :o sprang aga9 f 8 grave z ! ,indian corn1 ,mondam91 ! #8,_s's gra94'#ehi ,! ,new ,=e/ peasant deems t ! m>l he digs is /ill r$ ) ! blood ( 8 anci5t foes ! ,danes2 ! ,maori sees on ! r$ cliffs ( ,cook's ,/raits ! blood-/a9s t ,kupe made :51 m\rn+ = ! dea? ( 8 daught]1 he cut 8 =ehead ) pieces ( obsidian2 9 ! spot :]e ,buddha (f]$ 8 own body to fe$ ! />v$ tigress's cubs1 8 blood = ev] r$d5$ ! soil & ! trees & fl[]s4 ,! mod]n ,albanian /ill sees ! /a9 ( slaught] 9 /reams runn+ r$ ) e>?1 z to ! anci5t ,greek ! riv] t fl[$ by ,byblos bore d[n 9 its summ] floods ! r$ blood ( ,adonis4 ,! ,corni%man kn[s f ! r$ filmy gr[? on ! brook pebbles t murd] has be5 done !re2 ,john ! ,bapti/'s blood /ill gr[s 9 ,g]many on 8 day1 & peasants /ill g out to se>* = x2 ! r$ meal fungus is blood dropp$ by ! fly+ ,huns :5 !y hurt _! feet aga9/ ! high t[]-ro(s4 ,! travell] 9 ,india might see on ! ru9$ walls ( ,ganga ,raja ! traces ( ! blood ( ! citiz5s spilt 9 ! siege1 & yet m m>vell\s to relate1 at ,/4 ,d5is's *ur* 9 ,cornwall1 ! blood-/a9s on ! /ones fell !re :5 ! sa9t's head 0 cut (f some:]e else4#eij ,( su* translations ( descriptive metaphor "u ?9 pret5ce ( hi/ory1 e collection ( my? is cr[d$ ) examples1 b x /r5g!ns our judgm5t ( ! comb9$ consi/5cy & v>iety ( :at may be call$ ! my?ic language1 to extract f its diction>y su* a gr\p z ?is1 :i* 9 v>i\sly imag9ative fa%ion describes ! appe>ance ( a blood-r$ /a94 ,! m]e/ %ad[y fancy or brok5-d[n metaphor1 :5 once x ga9s a s5se ( reality1 may beg9 to be spok5 ( z an actual ev5t4 ,! ,moslems h he>d ! v /ones praise ,allah1 n 9 simile only b 9 fact1 & among !m ! say+ t a man's fate is writt5 on 8 =ehead has be5 mat]ializ$ into a belief t x c be deciph]$ f ! lett]-l m>k+s ( ! sutures ( 8 skull4 ,"o ( ! miracul\s passages 9 ! life ( ,mohamm$ himself is trac$ plausibly by ,spr5g] to su* a pragmatiz$ metaphor4 ,! angel ,gabriel1 leg5d decl>es1 op5$ ! prophet's brea/1 & took a black clot f 8 he>t1 :i* he wa%$ ) ,zemzem wat] & replac$2 details are giv5 ( ! angel's dress & gold5 bas91 & ,anas ibn ,malik decl>$ he _h se5 ! v m>k :]e ! w\nd 0 sewn up4 ,we may v5ture ) ! hi/orian to ascribe ?is m>vell\s incid5t to ! famili> metaphor t ,mohamm$'s he>t 0 div9ely op5$ & cleans$1 & inde$ he does say 9 ! ,koran t ,god op5$ 8 he>t4#eia ,a s+le in/ance is en\gh to repres5t ! same habit 9 ,*ri/ian leg5d4 ,m>co ,polo relates h[ 9 #abbe ! ,khalif ( ,bagdad comm&$ ! ,*ri/ians ( 8 dom9ions1 "u p5alty ( dea? or ,islam1 to ju/ify _! ,scriptural text by remov+ a c]ta9 m\nta94 ,n[ !re 0 among !m a %oemak]1 :o1 hav+ be5 tempt$ to excess ( admiration = a woman1 _h pluck$ out 8 (f5d+ eye4 ,?is man comm&$ ! m\nta9 to remove1 :i* x did to ! t]ror ( ! ,khalif & all 8 p1 & s9ce !n ! anniv]s>y ( ! miracle has be5 kept holy4 ,! ,v5etian travell]1 aft] ! mann] ( m$ival writ]s1 records ! /ory )\t a symptom ( suspicion2#eib yet to our m9ds its :ole orig9 s obvi\sly lies 9 ?ree v]ses ( ,/4 ,mat!w's gospel1 t x is ne$less to quote !m4 ,to mod]n ta/e su* wood5 fictions z ^! are f> f attractive4 ,9 fact ! pragmatiz] is a /upid creature2 no?+ is too beautiful or too sacr$ to be made dull & vulg> by 8 t\*1 = x is ?r\gh ! v incapacity ( 8 m9d to hold an ab/ract idea t he is =c$ to embody x 9 a mat]ial incid5t4 ,yet we>isome z he may be1 x is none ! less ne$ful to und]/& him1 to ackn[l$ge ! va/ influ5ce he has _h on ! belief ( mank9d1 & to appreciate him z repres5t+ 9 its extreme abuse t t5d5cy to clo! e ?\ght 9 a concrete %ape1 :i* has 9 all ages be5 a ma9spr+ ( my?ology4 ,?\gh allegory _c ma9ta9 ! l>ge place (t5 claim$ = x 9 my?ology1 x has yet _h too mu* influ5ce to be pass$ ov] 9 ?is survey4 ,x is true t ! se>* = allegorical explanation is a pursuit t has l$ _m a zeal\s explor] into ! quagmires ( my/icism4 ,yet !re are cases 9 :i* allegory is c]ta9ly us$ ) hi/orical int5t1 z = in/ance 9 ! apocryphal ,book ( ,eno*1 ) its c[s & %eep :i* /& = ,israelites1 & asses & wolves = ,midianites & ,egyptians1 ^! creatures figur+ 9 a pseudo-prophetic sket* ( ,old ,te/am5t *ronicles4 ,z = moral allegory1 x is imm5sely pl5tiful 9 ! _w1 al?\gh its limits are n>r[] ?an my?ologi/s ( pa/ c5turies h suppos$4 ,x is n[ reasonably ?\ght prepo/]\s to int]pret ! ,greek leg5ds z moral apologues1 aft] ! mann] ( ,h]akleides ! philosoph]1 :o c\ld disc]n a p>able ( rep5tant prud5ce 9 ,a!ne seiz+ ,a*illes :5 j ab\t to draw 8 sword on ,agamemnon4#eic ,/ill1 su* a mode ( int]pretation has ?us mu* to ju/ify x1 t numb]s ( ! fanciful my?s ( ! _w are really allegories4 ,!re is allegory 9 ! ,hesiodic my? ( ,p&ora1 :om ,zeus s5t d[n to m51 deck$ ) gold5 b& & g>l& ( spr+ fl[]s1 fit cause ( long+ & ! pangs ( love1 b us+ ) a dog-l m9d h] gifts ( lies & trea*]y & pleasant spee*4 ,he$less ( 8 wis] bro!r's words1 ! fooli% ,epime!us took h]2 %e rais$ ! lid ( ! great cask & %ook out ! evils t w&] among mank9d1 & ! diseases t by day & night come sil5tly br++ ill2 %e set on ! lid aga9 & %ut hope 91 t evil might be ev] hopeless to mank9d4 ,%ift$ to fit a diff]5t moral1 ! allegory rema9$ 9 ! lat] v]sion ( ! tale1 t ! cask held n curses b bless+s2 ^! 7 let g & lo/ to m5 :5 ! vessel 0 too curi\sly op5$1 :ile ,hope alone 0 left beh9d = com=t to ! luckless human race4#eid ,yet ! primitive nature ( su* leg5ds und]lies ! moral %ape ^u !m4 ,zeus is no allegoric fiction1 & ,prome!us1 unless mod]n my?ologi/s judge him v wrongly1 has a mean+ f> deep] ?an p>able4 ,x5ophon tells aft] ,prodikos ! /ory ( ,h]akles *oos+ betwe5 ! %ort & easy pa? ( pleasure & ! long & toilsome pa? ( virtue1#eie b ?\gh ! my?ic h]o may ?us be made to figure 9 a moral apologue1 an imag9ation s little 9 keep+ ) 8 une?ic nature j>s ^u ! read]'s m9d4 ,! g5]al relation ( allegory to pure my? c h>dly be br\ght m cle>ly into view ?an 9 a class ( /ories famili> to e *ild1 ! ,bea/-fables4 ,f ! ord9>y civiliz$ po9t ( view ! allegory 9 su* fictions seems fundam5tal1 ! notion ( a moral lesson seems b\nd up ) _! v nature1 yet a broad] exam9ation t5ds to prove ! allegorical gr[? z x 7 p>asitic on an old] trunk ( my? )\t moral4 ,x is only by an ef=t ( intellectual reaction t a mod]n writ] c imitate 9 p>able ! bea/ ( ! old ,bea/-fable4 ,no wond]1 = ! creature has become to 8 m9d a mon/]1 only conceivable z a c>icature ( man made to c>ry a moral lesson or a satire4 ,b among savages x is n s4 ,to _! m9ds ! semi-human bea/ is no fictiti\s creature1 inv5t$ to prea* or sne]1 he is all b a reality4 ,bea/-fables are n nons5se to m5 :o ascribe to ! l[] animals a p[] ( spee*1 & look on !m z p>tak+ ( moral human nature2 to m5 9 ^: eyes any hyna or wolf may probably be a man-hyna or a w]ewolf2 to m5 :o s utt]ly believe #8t ! s\l ( our gr&am might haply inhabit a bird' t !y w really regulate _! own diet s z to avoid eat+ an ance/or2 to m5 an integral "p ( ^: religion may actually be ! wor%ip ( bea/s4 ,su* beliefs belong ev5 n[ to half mank9d1 & among su* ! bea/-/ories _h _! fir/ home4 ,ev5 ! ,au/ralians tell _! qua9t bea/-tales1 ( ! ,rat1 ! ,owl1 & ! fat ,blackfell[1 or ( ,pussy-bro!r :o s+$ 8 fri5ds' noses :ile !y 7 asleep4#eif ,! ,kam*adals h an elaborate my? ( ! adv5tures ( _! /upid deity ,kutka ) ! ,mice :o play$ tricks ^u him1 su* z pa9t+ 8 face l a woman's1 s t :5 he look$ 9 ! wat] he fell 9 love ) himself4#eig ,bea/-tales ab\nd among su* races z ! ,polynesians & ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 :o value 9 !m +5uity ( incid5t & neat adaptation ( ! habits & *>act]s ( ! creatures4 ,?us 9 a leg5d ( ! ,fla!ad ,indians1 ! ,little ,wolf f\nd 9 ,cl\dl& 8 gr&sires ! ,spid]s ) _! grizzl$ hair & long crook$ nails1 & !y spun balls ( ?read to let him d[n to e>?2 :5 he came d[n & f\nd 8 wife ! ,speckl$ ,duck1 :om ! ,old ,wolf _h tak5 f him1 %e fl$ 9 confusion1 & t is :y %e lives & dives alone to ?is v day4#eih ,9 ,gu9ea1 :]e bea/-fable is "o ( ! great /aples ( native conv]sation1 ! foll[+ /ory is told z a type ( ! tales :i* 9 ?is way acc\nt = peculi>ities ( animals4 ,! great ,eng5a-monkey (f]$ 8 daught] to be bride ( ! *ampion :o %\ld p]=m ! feat ( dr9k+ a :ole b>rel ( rum4 ,! dignifi$ ,elephant1 ! graceful ,leop>d1 ! surly ,bo>1 tri$ ! fir/ m\?ful ( ! fire-wat]1 & retreat$4 ,!n ! t9y ,tel+a-monkey came1 :o _h cunn+ly hidd5 9 ! long grass ?\s&s ( 8 fell[s2 he took 8 fir/ glass & w5t away1 b in/ead ( 8 com+ back1 ano!r j l him came = ! second1 & s on till ! b>rel 0 empti$ & ,tel+a walk$ (f ) ! ,monkey-k+'s daught]4 ,b 9 ! n>r[ pa? ! ,elephant & ,leop>d attack$ him & drove him (f & he took refuge 9 ! highe/ b\ghs ( ! trees1 v[+ nev] m to live on ! gr\nd & suff] su* viol5ce & inju/ice4 ,?is is :y to ?is day ! little tel+as are only f\nd 9 ! highe/ tree-tops4#eii ,su* /ories h be5 collect$ by scores f savage tradition 9 _! orig9al /ate1 :ile z yet no moral lesson has ent]$ into !m4 ,yet ! easy & natural transition f ! /ory into ! p>able is made among savages1 p]haps )\t help f high] races4 ,9 ! ,hott5tot ,tales1 side by side ) ! my? ( ! cunn+ ,jackal trick+ ! ,lion out ( ! be/ ( ! c>case1 & gett+ ! black /ripe burnt on 8 own back by c>ry+ (f ! ,sun1 !re occurs ! moral apologue ( ! ,lion :o ?\ght himself wis] ?an 8 ,"m1 & p]i%$ by ! ,hunt]'s spe>1 = want ( he$ to h] w>n+ aga9/ ! deadly creature ^: head is 9 a l9e ) 8 brea/ & %\ld]s4#fjj ,s ! ,zulus h a ?or\gh moral apologue 9 ! /ory ( ! hyrax1 :o did n g to fet* 8 tail on ! day :5 tails 7 giv5 out1 because he did n l to be out 9 ! ra92 he only ask$ ! o!r animals to br+ x = him1 & s he nev] got x4#fja ,among ! ,nor? ,am]ican leg5ds ( ,manabozho1 !re is a fable q sopian 9 its hum\r4 ,manabozho1 trans=m$ into a ,wolf1 kill$ a fat moose1 & be+ v hungry sat d[n to eat4 ,b he fell into great d\bts z to :]e to beg91 =1 said he1 if ,i beg9 at ! head1 p w laugh & say1 he ate him backw>ds1 b if ,i beg9 at ! side !y w say1 he ate him sideways4 ,at la/ he made up 8 m9d1 & 0 j putt+ a delicate piece into 8 m\?1 :5 a tree close by creak$4 ,/op1 /op6 said he to ! tree1 ,i _c eat ) su* a noise1 & 9 spite ( 8 hung] he left ! meat & climb$ up to quiet ! creak+1 b 0 caught betwe5 two bran*es & held fa/1 & pres5tly he saw a pack ( wolves com+4 ,g t way6 ,g t way6 he cri$ out1 :]eupon ! wolves said1 he mu/ h some?+ !re1 or he w\ld n tell u to g ano!r way4 ,s !y came on1 & f\nd ! moose1 & ate x to ! bones :ile ,manabozho look$ wi/fully on4 ,! next heavy bla/ ( w9d op5$ ! bran*es & let him out1 & he w5t home ?9k+ to himself1 #8,see ! effect ( m$dl+ ) frivol\s ?+s :5 ,i _h c]ta9 good 9 my possession4'#fjb ,9 ! ,old ,_w1 ! moral ,bea/-fable 0 ( no mean antiquity1 b x did n at once supplant ! animal-my?s pure & simple4 ,= ages ! ,european m9d 0 capable at once ( receiv+ lessons ( wisdom f ! sopian cr[s & foxes1 & ( enjoy+ arti/ic b by no means edify+ bea/-/ories ( m primitive type4 ,9 fact ! ,babrius & ,phdrus collections 7 ov] a ?\s& ye>s old1 :5 ! g5u9e ,bea/-,epic rea*$ its fulle/ gr[? 9 ! incomp>able #8,reyn>d ! ,fox1' traceable 9 ,jakob ,grimm's view to an orig9al ,franki% composition ( ! #ab? c5tury1 itself conta9+ mat]ials ( f> e>li] date4#fjc ,reyn>d is n a didactic poem1 at lea/ if a moral hangs on to x "h & !re x is (t5e/ a ,mac*iavellian "o2 nor is x ess5tially a satire1 %>ply z x la%es m5 9 g5]al & ! cl]gy 9 p>ticul>4 ,its creatures are inc>nate qualities1 ! ,fox ( cunn+1 ! ,be> ( /r5g?1 ! ,ass ( dull cont5t1 ! ,%eep ( guilelessness4 ,! *>m ( ! n>rative1 :i* e class 9 m$ival ,europe delight$ 91 b :i* we h all[$ to drop out ( all b s*ol>s' k1 lies 9 great measure 9 he clev]ly su/a9$ comb9ation ( ! bea/'s nature & ! man's4 ,h[ great ! influ5ce ( ! ,reyn>d ,epic 0 9 ! middle ages1 may be judg$ f ,reyn>d1 ,bru91 ,*anticle]1 be+ /ill names famili> to p :o h no idea ( _! hav+ be5 orig9ally names ( ! *>act]s 9 ! great bea/-fable4 ,ev5 m rem>kable are its traces 9 mod]n ,fr5*4 ,! donkey has its "n ( baudet f ,baudo91 ,baldw9 ! ,ass4 ,common ,fr5* diction>ies d n ev5 conta9 ! ^w g\pil 7vulpes71 s effectually has ! ,lat9 "n ( ! fox be5 driv5 out ( use by 8 ,franki% title 9 ! ,bea/-,epic1 ,rag9h>d ! ,c\nsellor1 ,re9h>t1 ,reyn>d1 ,r5>t1 r5>d4 ,! moraliz$ apologues l sop's :i* ,grimm contemptu\sly calls #8fables ?9n$ d[n to m]e moral & allegory1' #8a f\r? wat]+ ( ! old grapes into an insipid moral infusion1' are l[ 9 /hetic quality z comp>$ ) ! g5u9e bea/-my?s4 ,my?ological critics w be apt to judge !m aft] ! mann] ( ! *ild :o said h[ conv5i5t x 0 to h #8,moral' pr9t$ 9 sop's fables1 t ev]ybody might "k :at to skip4 ,! want ( p[] ( ab/raction :i* has ev] _h su* disa/r\s effect on ! beliefs ( mank9d1 conf\nd+ my? & *ronicle1 & cru%+ ! _s ( hi/ory "u ! rubbi% ( lit]aliz$ tradition1 comes v cle>ly into view 9 ! /udy ( p>able4 ,! /ate ( m9d ( ! deaf1 dumb1 & bl9d ,laura ,bridgman1 s in/ructive 9 illu/rat+ ! m5tal habits ( un$ucat$ ?\gh full-s5s$ m51 displays 9 an extreme =m ! difficulty su* m5 h 9 compreh5d+ ! unreality ( any /ory4 ,%e c\ld n be made to see t ari?metical problems 7 any?+ b /atem5ts ( concrete fact1 & :5 h] tea*] ask$ h]1 #8,if y c buy a b>rel ( cid] = f\r doll>s1 h[ mu* c y buy = "o doll>8' %e repli$ q simply1 #8,i _c give mu* = cid]1 because x is v s\r4'#fjd ,x is a surpris+ in/ance ( ?is t5d5cy to concretism1 t among p s civiliz$ z ! ,buddhi/s1 ! mo/ obvi\sly moral bea/-fables h become lit]al incid5ts ( sacr$ hi/ory4 ,gautama1 dur+ 8 #eej jatakas or bir?s1 took ! =m ( a frog1 a fi%1 a cr[1 an ape1 & v>i\s o!r animals1 & s f> 7 ! leg5ds ( ^! trans=mations f m]e my? to 8 foll[]s1 t !re h be5 pres]v$ z relics 9 ,buddhi/ temples ! hair1 fea!rs1 & bones ( ! creatures ^: bodies ! great tea*] inhabit$4 ,n[ among ! incid5ts :i* happ5$ to ,buddha dur+ 8 s]ies ( animal bir?s1 he appe>$ z an actor 9 ! famili> fable ( ! ,fox & ! ,/ork1 & x 0 he :o1 :5 he 0 a ,squirrel1 set an example ( p>5tal virtue by try+ to dry up ! ocean ) 8 tail1 to save 8 "y ones ^: ne/ _h drift$ out to sea1 till 8 p]sev]+ c\rage 0 rew>d$ by a miracle4#fje ,to our mod]n m9ds1 a moral :i* seems ! v purpose ( a /ory is evid5ce unfav\rable to its tru? z fact4 ,b if ev5 apologues ( talk+ birds & bea/s h n be5 safe f lit]al belief1 x is cle> t ! mo/ evid5t moral c h be5 b slight protection to p>ables told ( possible & life-l m54 ,x 0 n a ne$less precaution to /ate explicitly ( ! ,new ,te/am5t p>ables t !y 7 p>ables1 & ev5 ?is gu>d has n avail$ entirely4 ,mrs4 ,jameson relates "s curi\s exp]i5ce 9 ! foll[+ passage3--#8,i "k t ,i 0 n v "y :5 ,i ent]ta9$ no m d\bt ( ! sub/antial exi/5ce ( ,laz>us & ,dives ?an ( ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,h]od2 :5 ! ,good ,sam>itan 0 z real a p]sonage z any ( ! ,apo/les2 :5 ,i 0 full ( s9c]e/ pity = ^? poor fooli% ,virg9s :o _h =gott5 to trim _! lamps1 & ?\ght !m--9 my secret s\l--r h>dly treat$4 ,?is impression ( ! lit]al actual tru? ( ! p>ables ,i h s9ce met ) 9 _m *ildr51 & 9 ! un$ucat$ b dev\t he>]s & read]s ( ! ,bible2 & ,i rememb] t :5 ,i once tri$ to expla9 to a good old woman ! prop] mean+ ( ! ^w p>able1 & t ! /ory ( ! ,prodigal ,son 0 n a fact1 %e 0 sc&aliz$--%e 0 q sure t ,jesus w\ld nev] h told any?+ to 8 disciples t 0 n true4 ,?us %e settl$ ! matt] 9 h] own m9d1 & ,i ?\ght x be/ to leave x !re undi/urb$4'#fjf ,nor1 x may be add$1 has su* realization be5 conf9$ to ! m9ds ( ! poor & ignorant4 ,/4 ,laz>us1 patron sa9t ( lep]s & _! hospitals1 & f :om ! lazz>one & ! lazz>etto take _! "n1 obvi\sly d]ives ^! qualities f ! ,laz>us ( ! p>able4 ,! pro( ( ! =ce & ob/9acy ( ! my?ic faculty1 ?us giv5 by ! relapse ( p>able into pseudo-hi/ory1 may conclude ?is diss]tation on my?ology4 ,9 its c\rse !re h be5 exam9$ ! processes ( animat+ & p]sonify+ nature1 ! =mation ( leg5d by exagg]ation & p]v]sion ( fact1 ! /iff5+ ( metaphor by mi/ak5 realization ( words1 ! conv]sion ( speculative !ories & /ill less sub/antial fictions into pret5d$ traditional ev5ts1 ! passage ( my? into miracle-leg5d1 ! def9ition by "n & place giv5 to any float+ imag9ation1 ! adaptation ( my?ic incid5t z moral example1 & ! incessant cry/allization ( /ory into hi/ory4 ,! inve/igation ( ^! intricate & devi\s op]ations has br\ght ev] m & m broadly into view two pr9ciples ( my?ologic sci5ce4 ,! fir/ is t leg5d1 :5 classifi$ on a suffici5t scale1 displays a regul>ity ( developm5t :i* ! notion ( motiveless fancy q fails to acc\nt =1 & :i* mu/ be attribut$ to laws ( =mation :]eby e /ory1 old & new1 has aris5 f its def9ite orig9 & suffici5t cause4 ,s uni=m inde$ is su* developm5t1 t x becomes possible to treat my? z an organic product ( mank9d at l>ge1 9 :i* individual1 national1 & ev5 racial di/9ctions /& subord9ate to univ]sal qualities ( ! human m9d4 ,! second pr9ciple conc]ns ! relation ( my? to hi/ory4 ,x is true t ! se>* = mutilat$ & my/ifi$ traditions ( real ev5ts1 :i* =m$ s ma9 a "p ( old my?ological rese>*es1 seems to gr[ m hopeless ! f>!r ! /udy ( leg5d ext5ds4 ,ev5 ! fragm5ts ( real *ronicle f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! my?ic /ructure are mo/ly 9 s corrupt a /ate1 t1 f> f _! elucidat+ hi/ory1 !y ne$ hi/ory to elucidate !m4 ,yet unconsci\sly1 & z x 7 9 spite ( !mselves1 ! %ap]s & transmitt]s ( poetic leg5d h pres]v$ = u masses ( s\nd hi/orical evid5ce4 ,!y m\ld$ into my?ic lives ( gods & h]oes _! own ance/ral heirlooms ( ?\ght & ^w1 !y display$ 9 ! /ructure ( _! leg5ds ! op]ations ( _! own m9ds1 !y plac$ on record ! arts & mann]s1 ! philosophy & religion ( _! own times1 times ( :i* =mal hi/ory has (t5 lo/ ! v memory4 ,my? is ! hi/ory ( its au?ors1 n ( its subjects2 x records ! lives1 n ( sup]human h]oes1 b ( poetic nations4 ,footnote #ejj3 ,hamilton 9 #8,z4 ,res4' vol4 ii4 p4 #cdd2 ,colebrooke1 ibid4 vol4 iv4 p4 #che2 ,e>l 9 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 iii4 p4 #fhb2 vol4 iv4 p4 #i4 ,see ,r5audot1 #8,travels ( ,two ,mahomm$ans1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 vii4 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #eja3 ,f4 ,buckl&1 #8,curiosities ( ,nat4 ,hi/4' #crd s]ies1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #ejb3 ,&rew ,boorde1 #8,introduction ( ,k1' ed4 by ,f4 ,j4 ,furnivall1 ,e>ly ,eng4 ,text ,soc4 #ahgj1 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #ejc3 lian1 ,de ,nat4 ,animal1 v4 #b1 see #h4 ,footnote #ejd3 ,acta ,sanctorum ,boll&4 ,jan4 xvi4 ,footnote #eje3 #8,acts ( ,pet] & ,paul1' trans4 by ,a4 ,walk]1 9 ,ante-,nic5e ,libr>y1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #beg2 ,f4 ,f4 ,tuckett 9 #8,nature1' ,oct4 #bj1 #ahgj4 ,see ,lyell1 #8,pr9ciples ( ,geology1' *4 xxx42 ,phillips1 #8,vesuvius1' p4 #bdd4 ,footnote #ejf3 ,lane1 #8,?\s& & ,"o ,n4' vol4 i4 pp4 #afa1 #bag2 vol4 iii4 p4 #gh2 ,hole1 #8,rem>ks on ! ,ar4 ,n4' p4 #ajd2 ,he9ri* von ,veldeck1 #8,h]zog ,ern/'s von ,bay]n ,erhhung1 c4' ed4 ,rixn]1 ,amb]g1 #ahcj1 p4 #fe2 see ,ludl[1 #8,popul> ,epics ( ,middle ,ages1' p4 #bba4 ,footnote #ejg3 ,sir ,john ,maundevile1 #8,voiage & ,travaile4' ,footnote #ejh3 ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 #8,vulg> ,err\rs1' ii4 #c4 ,footnote #eji3 #8,mmoires conc4 l',hi/41 c41 des ,*9ois1' vol4 iv4 p4 #deg4 ,comp>e ! /ory ( ! magnetic 787 horseman 9 #8,?\s& & ,"o ,n4' vol4 iii4 p4 #aai1 ) ! old ,*9ese m5tion ( magnetic c>s ) a movable-arm$ po9t+ figure1 ,a4 v4 ,humboldt1 #8,asie ,c5trale1' vol4 i4 p4 xl42 ,goguet1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bhd4 7,! load/one m\nta9 has its p[] f a turn+ braz5 horseman on ! top47 ,footnote #eaj3 ,brasseur1 #8,popol ,vuh1' pp4 #bc-ca4 ,comp>e ?is ,c5tral ,am]ican my? ( ! anci5t s5seless mannik9s :o become monkeys1 ) a ,pott[atomi leg5d 9 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p i4 p4 #cbj4 ,footnote #eaa3 ,dos ,santos1 #8,e?iopia ,ori5tal1' ,evora1 #afji1 "p i4 *ap4 ix42 ,callaway1 #8,zulu ,tales1' vol4 i4 p4 #agg4 ,see also ,burton1 #8,foot/eps 9 ,e4 ,afr4' p4 #bgd2 ,waitz1 #8,an?ropologie1' vol4 ii4 p4 #agh 7,w4 ,afr474 ,footnote #eab3 ,d',orbigny1 #8,l',homme ,amrica91' vol4 ii4 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #eac3 ,weil1 #8,bibl4 ,leg4 d] ,muselmnn]1' p4 #bfg2 ,lane1 #8,?\s& & ,"o ,n4' vol4 iii4 p4 #cej2 ,burton1 #8,el ,m$9ah1 c4' vol4 ii4 p4 #cdc4 ,footnote #ead3 ,ovid1 #8,metamm4' xiv4 #hi-ajj2 ,welck]1 #8,grie*is*e ,gtt]lehre1' vol4 iii4 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #eae3 ,campbell 9 #8,j\rn4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1' #ahff1 "p ii4 p4 #acb2 ,la?am1 #8,descr4 ,e?4' vol4 ii4 p4 #def2 ,tod1 #8,annals ( ,raja/han1' vol4 i4 p4 #aad4 ,footnote #eaf3 ,b\ri5 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iii4 p4 #gc2 see #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 ii4 p4 #bga4 ,footnote #eag3 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 iii4 p4 #dce2 #8,m5s*1' vol4 iii4 pp4 #cdg1 #cdi1 #chg1 ,koepp51 vol4 ii4 p4 #dd2 ,j4 ,j4 ,s*midt1 #8,vlk] ,mittel-,asi5s1' p4 #baj4 ,footnote #eah3 ,froebel1 #8,c5tral ,am]ica1' p4 #bbj2 see ,bosman1 #8,gu9ea1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #dja4 ,= o!r traditions ( human desc5t f apes1 see ,f>r>1 #8,*apt]s on ,language1' p4 #de4 ,footnote #eai3 ,bosman1 #8,gu9ea1' p4 #ddj2 ,waitz1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agh2 ,cau*e1 #8,relation de ,madagasc>1' p4 #abg2 ,dobrizh(f]1 #8,abipones1' vol4 i4 p4 #bhh2 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 p4 #dd2 ,p\*et1 #8,plurality ( ,human ,race1' p4 #bb4 ,footnote #ebj3 ,monboddo1 #8,orig9 & ,progress ( ,lang4' #bnd ed4 vol4 i4 p4 #bgg2 ,du ,*aillu1 #8,equatorial ,africa1' p4 #fa2 ,/4 ,john1 #8,=e/s ( ,f> ,ea/1' vol4 i4 p4 #ag2 vol4 ii4 p4 #bci4 ,footnote #eba3 ,max ,mll] 9 ,buns51 #8,phil4 ,univ4 ,hi/4' vol4 i4 p4 #cdj2 #8,j\rn4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1' vol4 xxiv4 p4 #bjg4 ,see ,m>sd5 9 #8,z4 ,res4' vol4 iv4 p4 #bbf2 ,fit* 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 ix4 p4 #dae2 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 i4 p4 #dfe2 vol4 ii4 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #ebb3 ,aye5 ,akb>ee1 trans4 by ,gladw92 #8,report ( ,e?nological ,committee ,jubbulpore ,exhibition1 #ahff-g1' "p i4 p4 #c4 ,see ! m5tion ( ! ban-manu% 9 #8,kumaon & ,nepal1' ,campbell2 #8,e?nology ( ,india1' 9 #8,j\rn4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1' #ahff1 "p ii4 p4 #df4 ,footnote #ebc3 ,m>sd51 #8,sumatra1' p4 #da4 ,footnote #ebd3 ,logan 9 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 i4 p4 #bdf2 vol4 iii4 p4 #dij2 ,?omson1 ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #cej2 ,crawfurd1 ibid4 vol4 iv4 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote #ebe3 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 i4 p4 #abc2 vol4 iii4 p4 #dce4 ,footnote #ebf3 ,m>tius1 #8,e?nog4 ,am]4' vol4 i4 pp4 #dbe1 #dga4 ,footnote #ebg3 ,its analogue is bosjesbok1 #8bu%-goat1' ! ,african antelope4 ,! d]ivation ( ! ,bosjesman's "n f 8 ne/-l %elt] 9 a bu%1 giv5 by ,kolb5 & o!rs s9ce1 is new] & f>-fet*$4 ,footnote #ebh3 ,m>tius1 vol4 i4 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #ebi3 ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 vol4 v4 p4 #ha2 ,s\!y1 #8,brazil1' vol4 i4 p4 xxx42 ,bates1 #8,amazons1' vol4 i4 p4 #gc2 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjd4 ,footnote #ecj3 ,ca/elnau1 #8,exp4 dans l',amr4 du ,sud1' vol4 iii4 p4 #aah4 ,see ,m>tius1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bdh1 #dad1 #efc1 #fcc4 ,footnote #eca3 ,pe!rick1 #8,egypt1 c4' p4 #cfg4 ,footnote #ecb3 ,s\!y1 #8,brazil1' vol4 i4 p4 #fhe2 ,m>tius1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dbe1 #fcc4 ,footnote #ecc3 ,krapf1 p4 #adb2 ,bak]1 #8,alb]t ,nyanza1' vol4 i4 p4 #hc2 ,/4 ,john1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ea1 #dje2 & o!rs4 ,footnote #ecd3 ,lockh>t1 #8,abor4 ( ,*9a1' 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 i4 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #ece3 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 ii4 p4 #ceh2 vol4 iv4 p4 #cgd2 ,cam]on1 #8,malayan ,india1' p4 #abj2 ,m>sd51 p4 #g2 ,antonio ,galvano1 pp4 #abj1 #bah4 ,footnote #ecf3 ,davis1 #8,c>?age1' p4 #bcj2 ,bo/ock & ,riley's ,pl9y 7,bohn's ed471 vol4 ii4 p4 #acd1 note4 ,footnote #ecg3 ,francisque-,mi*el1 #8,races ,maudites1' vol4 i4 p4 #ag2 #8,argot1' p4 #cdi2 ,f]nan ,caball]o1 #8,la ,gaviota1' vol4 i4 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #ech3 ,horne ,tooke1 #8,div]sions ( ,purley1' vol4 i4 p4 #cig4 ,footnote #eci3 ,b>+-,g\ld1 #8,my?s1' p4 #acg4 ,footnote #edj3 ,williams1 #8,fiji1' vol4 i4 p4 #beb2 ,backh\se1 #8,au/r4' p4 #eeg2 ,pur*as1 vol4 iv4 p4 #abij2 ,de ,laet1 #8,novus ,orbis1' p4 #edc4 ,footnote #eda3 ,= v>i\s o!r /ories ( tail$ m51 see #8,z4 ,res4' vol4 iii4 p4 #adi2 #8,mem4 ,an?rop4 ,soc4' vol4 i4 p4 #ded2 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 iii4 p4 #bfa1 c4 7,nicob> ,isl&s72 ,klemm1 #8,c4 ,g4' vol4 ii4 pp4 #bdf1 #caf 7,s>yts*ew ,is472 #8,lett]s ( ,columbus1' ,hakluyt ,soc4 p4 #aa 7,cuba71 c41 c4 ,footnote #edb3 ,details ( mon/r\s tribes h be5 9 pa/ c5turies specially collect$ 9 ! foll[+ works3 #8,an?ropometamorphosis3 ,man ,trans=m$1 or ! ,artificiall ,*angel+1 c41' scripsit ,j4 ,b4 cognom5to ,*irosophus1 ,m4,d41 ,london1 #afec2 ,calovius1 #8,de ,?aumatan?ropologia1 v]a p>it] atque ficta tractatus hi/orico-physicus1' ,ro/ock1 #afhe2 ,j4 ,a4 ,fabricius1 #8,diss]tatio de hom9ibus orbis no/ri incolis1 c41' ,hamburg1 #agba4 ,only a few pr9cipal ref]5ces are "h giv54 ,footnote #edc3 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' *4 xvii4 xviii42 ,nilsson1 #8,primitive ,inhabitants ( ,sc&9avia1' *4 vi42 ,hanus*1 #8,slaw4 ,my?4' pp4 #bcj1 #cbe-g2 ,wuttke1 #8,volksab]gl4' p4 #bca4 ,footnote #edd3 #8,*ronique de ,tab>i1' tr4 ,dubeux1 "p i4 *4 viii4 ,see ,koran1 xviii4 #ib4 ,footnote #ede3 ,pigafetta 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 xi4 p4 #cad4 ,see ,blum5ba*1 #8,de ,g5]is ,human ,v>ietate2' ,fitzroy1 #8,voy4 ( ,adv5ture & ,beagle1' vol4 i42 ,waitz1 #8,an?ropologie1' vol4 iii4 p4 #dhh4 ,footnote #edf3 ,knivet 9 ,pur*as1 vol4 iv4 p4 #abca2 comp>e ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 vol4 v4 p4 #efd1 ) ,m>tius1 #8,e?nog4 ,am]4' p4 #dbd2 see also ,krapf1 #8,ea/ ,africa1' p4 #ea2 ,du ,*aillu1 #8,a%ango-l&1' p4 #cai4 ,footnote #edg3 #8,e>ly ,hi/4 ( ,mank9d1' *4 xi42 ,hunt1 #8,pop4 ,rom4' #a/ s]ies1 pp4 #ah1 #cjd4 ,footnote #edh3 ,squi]1 #8,abor4 ,monum5ts ( ,n4 ,y4' p4 #fh2 ,long's #8,exp4' vol4 i4 pp4 #fb1 #bge2 ,h]s>t de ,villem>qu1 #8,*ants ,populaires de la ,bretagne1' p4 liv41 #ce2 ,mead[s ,taylor 9 #8,j\rn4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 i4 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote #edi3 ,gul4 de ,rubruquis 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 vii4 p4 #fi2 ,lane1 #8,?\s& & ,"o ,n4' vol4 iii4 pp4 #ha1 #ia1 see #bd1 #eb1 #ig2 ,hole1 p4 #fc2 ,m>co ,polo1 book iii4 *4 xii4 ,footnote #eej3 ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela1 #8,it9]>y1' ed4 & tr4 by ,a%]1 #hc2 ,pl94 vii4 #b4 ,see ,max ,mll] 9 ,buns5 #8,philos4 ,univ4 ,hi/41' vol4 i4 pp4 #cdf1 #ceh4 ,footnote #eea3 ,pl94 iv4 #bg2 ,mela1 iii4 #f2 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 i4 p4 #abj2 vol4 ii4 p4 #ic2 ,/4 ,john1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aag2 ,m>sd51 p4 #ec2 ,lane1 #8,?\s& & ,"o ,n4' vol4 iii4 pp4 #ib1 #cje2 ,pe!rick1 #8,egypt1 c4' p4 #cfg2 ,burton1 #8,c5tral ,afr4' vol4 i4 p4 #bce2 ,p$ro ,simon1 #8,indias ,occid5tales1' p4 #g4 ,footnote #eeb3 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol i4 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #eec3 ,m>co ,polo1 book iii4 *4 xviii4 ,footnote #eed3 lian1 iv4 #df2 ,pl94 vi4 #ce2 vii4 #b4 ,see = o!r v]sions1 ,pur*as1 vol4 iv4 p4 #aaia2 vol4 v4 p4 #ija2 ,cranz1 p4 #bfg2 ,lane1 #8,?\s& & ,"o ,nights1' vol4 iii4 pp4 #cf1 #id1 #ig1 #cje2 ,davis1 #8,c>?age1' p4 #bcj2 ,la?am1 #8,descr4 ,e?4' vol4 ii4 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #eee3 ,pl94 v4 #h2 vi4 #bd1 #ce2 vii4 #b2 ,mela1 iii4 #i2 ,h]b]/e9 9 ,hakluyt1 vol4 i4 p4 #eic2 ,la?am1 #8,descr4 ,e?4' vol4 i4 p4 #dhc2 ,davis1 l4c42 see #8,e>ly ,hi/4 ( ,mank9d1' p4 #gg4 ,footnote #eef3 ,pl94 v4 #h2 ,lane1 vol4 i4 p4 #cc2 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgg2 vol4 iii4 p4 #ha2 ,eis5m5g]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eei2 ,m&eville1 p4 #bdc2 ,raleigh 9 ,hakluyt1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #feb1 #ffe2 ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 vol4 v4 p4 #agf2 ,pur*as1 vol4 iv4 p4 #abhe2 vol4 v4 p4 #ija2 ,isidor4 ,hispal4 s4v4 #8,acephali2' ,vambry1 p4 #caj1 see p4 #dcf4 ,footnote #eeg3 ,lane1 vol4 i4 p4 #cc2 ,callaway1 #8,zulu ,tales1' vol4 i4 pp4 #aii1 #bjb4 ,virg4 n4 viii4 #aid2 a simil> metaphor is ! "n ( ! ,nim*as1 f ,p]sian nim--half1 #8,j\rn4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 i4 p4 #aib1 cf4 ,fr5* demi-monde4 ,comp>e ! #8"o-legg$' tribes1 ,pl94 vii4 #b2 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p iii4 p4 #eba2 ,*>levoix1 vol4 i4 p4 #be4 ,! ,au/ralians use ! metaphor #8( "o leg' 7matta gyn7 to describe tribes z ( "o /ock1 ,g4 ,f4 ,moore1 #8,vocab4' pp4 #e1 #ga4 ,footnote #eeh3 ,hayton 9 ,pur*as1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ajh2 see ,klemm1 #8,c4 ,g4' vol4 vi4 p4 #abi2 ,vambry1 p4 #di2 ,hom]4 ,odyss4 ix42 ,/rabo1 i4 #b1 #ab2 see ,s*]z]1 #8,voy4 ( ,nov>a1' vol4 ii4 p4 #dj2 ,c4 ,j4 ,&]sson1 #8,lake ,ngami1 c41' p4 #dec2 ,du ,*aillu1 #8,equatorial ,africa1' p4 #ddj2 ,sir ,j4 ,ri*>dson1 #8,pol> ,regions1' p4 #cjj4 ,= tribes ) m ?an two eyes1 see ,pl9y's metaphorically expla9$ ,nisac? & ,nisyti1 ,pl94 vi4 #ce2 also ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 p4 #dad2 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 i4 pp4 #be1 #gf2 ,pe!rick1 l4c42 ,b[51 #8,yoruba ,gr4' p4 xx42 ,s*irr51 p4 #aif4 ,footnote #eei3 ,klle1 #8,vei ,gr4' p4 #bbi2 ,/rabo1 i4 #b1 #ce4 ,! artificially elongat$ skulls ( real 7,hippokrates1 #8,de ,a]is1' #ad47 are f\nd 9 ! burial-places ( ,k]t*4 ,footnote #efj3 ,pl941 vii4 #b42 ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 vol4 v4 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #efa3 ,krapf1 p4 #cei4 ,footnote #efb3 ,s\!y1 #8,brazil1' vol4 iii4 p4 #cij4 ,footnote #efc3 ,d4 ,wilson1 #8,ar*ology1 c4 ( ,scotl&1' p4 #abc4 ,footnote #efd3 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 i4 p4 #abh2 ,liv+/one1 p4 #ecb4 ,footnote #efe3 ,williams1 #8,fiji1' p4 #afj2 ,seemann1 #8,viti1' p4 #aac2 ,turn]1 #8,polynesia1' p4 #ahb 7a simil> leg5d told by ! ,samoans74 ,ano!r tattoo+ leg5d 9 ,la?am1 #8,descr4 ,e?4' vol4 i4 p4 #aeb2 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 i4 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #eff3 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 iii4 pp4 #afg-h2 ,wilk9son 9 ,rawl9son's #8,h]odotus1' vol4 ii4 p4 #gi2 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' pp4 #igb-f2 ,w4 ,g4 ,palgrave1 #8,arabia1' vol4 i4 p4 #bea2 ,squi] & ,davis1 #8,monum5ts ( ,mississippi ,valley1' p4 #acd2 ,taylor1 #8,new ,zeal&1' p4 #beh4 ,footnote #efg3 ,la?am1 #8,descr4 ,e?4' vol4 i4 p4 #dc2 ,lejean 9 #8,rev4 des ,deux ,mondes1' #ae ,feb4 #ahfb1 p4 #hef2 ,apollodor4 iii4 #h4 ,comp>e ! d]ivation ( ,arequipa by ! ,p]uvians f ! words ari6 quepay #8yes6 rema91' said to h be5 address$ to ! coloni/s by ! ,inca3 ,m>kham1 #8,qui*ua ,gr4 & ,dic42' also ! suppos$ etymology ( ,dahome1 ,danh-ho-m5 #8on ! belly ( ,danh1' f ! /ory ( ,k+ ,dako build+ 8 palace on ! body ( ! conqu]$ ,k+ ,danh3 ,burton1 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iii4 p4 #dja4 ,footnote #efh3 ,*>nock1 #8,v]ba ,nom9alia1' s4v4 #8*ic2' see ,francisque-,mi*el1 #8,argot1' s4v4 ,footnote #efi3 #8,spectator1' ,no4 #adg2 ,br&1 #8,pop4 ,ant4' vol4 iii4 p4 #ic2 ,hott51 #8,slang ,diction>y1' p4 #c2 ,*>nock1 s4v4 #8cant4' ,z to ! real etymology1 t f ! begg>'s :9+ *aunt is defective1 = ! begg> drops ?is tone exactly :5 he cants1 i4e41 talks j>gon ) 8 fell[s4 ,if cant is directly f ,lat9 cant>e1 x w correspond ) ,italian cant>e & ,fr5* *ant]1 bo? us$ z slang words = to speak 7,francisque-,mi*el1 #8,argot'74 ,a ,keltic orig9 is m probable1 ,gaelic & ,iri% ca9nt1 ca9t talk1 language1 dialect 7see ,w$gwood #8,etymological ,diction>y'74 ,! ,gaelic equival5ts = p$l>s' ,fr5* or tramps' slang1 are #8,laidionn nan ce>d1' #8ca9nt *e>d1' i4e41 t9k]s' ,lat9 or j>gon1 or exactly #8cairds' cant4' ,a deep] connexion betwe5 ca9nt & cant>e does n affect ?is4 ,footnote #egj3 ,see also ,francisque-,mi*el1 #8,argot1' s4v4 #8maccabe1 mac*abe'noy4 ,footnote #ega3 ,mu/]s1 #8,patagonians1' pp4 #fi1 #ahd4 ,footnote #egb3 ,dhne1 #8,zulu ,dic4' p4 #dag2 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 p4 #bfi2 ,waitz1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cdi1 #ceb4 ,footnote #egc3 ,%ortl&1 #8,trads4 ( ,n4 ,z4' p4 #bbd4 ,footnote #egd3 ,on ! adoption ( imag9>y ance/ors z connect$ ) ! fiction ( a common desc5t1 & ! important political & religi\s effects ( ^! proce$+s1 see especially ,grote1 #8,hi/ory ( ,greece1' vol4 i42 ,mc,lennan1 #8,primitive ,m>riage2' ,ma9e1 #8,anci5t ,law4' ,int]e/+ details on eponymic ance/ors 9 ,pott1 #8,anti-,kaul51 od] ,my?is*e ,vor/ellung5 vom ,ursprnge d] ,vlk] & ,spra*54' ,footnote #ege3 ,m>tius1 #8,e?nog4 ,am]4' vol4 i4 p4 #ed2 see p4 #bhc4 ,footnote #egf3 ,macph]son1 #8,india1' p4 #gh4 ,footnote #egg3 ,vambry1 #8,c5tral ,asia1' p4 #cbe2 see also ,la?am1 #8,descr4 ,e?4' vol4 i4 p4 #def 7,o/yaks72 ,georgi1 #8,reise im ,russ4 ,rei*1' vol4 i4 #bdb 7,tunguz74 ,footnote #egh3 ,b>?1 #8,n4 ,c5tr4 ,afr4' vol4 ii4 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #egi3 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 #8,am]4 ,urrelig4' p4 #egd4 ,footnote #ehj3 ,m>tius1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ahj-d2 ,waitz1 vol4 iii4 p4 #daf4 ,footnote #eha3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p i4 p4 #cai1 "p iii4 p4 #bfh1 see "p ii4 p4 #di2 ,catl91 vol4 ii4 p4 #abh2 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 pp4 #acd1 #cbg4 ,footnote #ehb3 ,grote1 #8,hi/4 ( ,greece2' ,pausan4 iii4 #bj2 ,diod4 ,sic4 v42 ,apollodor4 ,bibl4 i4 #g1 #c1 vi4 #a1 #d2 ,h]odot4 i4 #aga4 ,footnote #ehc3 ,max ,mll] 9 ,buns51 vol4 i4 p4 #cch2 ,tab>i1 "p i4 *4 xlv41 lxix4 ,footnote #ehd3 ,sir ,w4 ,jones 9 #8,z4 ,res4' vol4 ii4 p4 #bd2 ,vansitt>t1 ibid4 p4 #fg2 see ,campbell1 9 #8,j\rn4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1' #ahff1 "p ii4 p4 #g4 ,footnote #ehe3 ,w1 de ,rubruquis 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bc2 ,gabel5tz 9 #8,zeits*r4 fr die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es1' vol4 ii4 p4 #gc2 ,s*midt1 #8,vlk] ,mittel-,asi51' p4 #f4 ,footnote #ehf3 ,see also ,pott1 #8,anti-,kaul51' pp4 #ai1 #bc2 #8,rass51' pp4 #gj1 #aec2 & rem>ks on colonization-my?s 9 ,max ,mll]1 #8,*ips1' vol4 ii4 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #ehg3 ,seemann1 #8,viti1' p4 #caa2 ,turn]1 #8,polynesia1' p4 #beb4 ,footnote #ehh3 ,ellis1 #8,polyn4 ,res4' vol4 i4 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #ehi3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,algic ,res4' vol4 i4 p4 #abb2 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p i4 p4 #cbj1 "p ii4 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #eij3 ,j4 ,r4 ,wise1 #8,! ,new ,=e/1' p4 #afj2 ,taylor1 #8,new ,zeal&1' p4 #bfh2 ,max ,mll]1 #8,*ips1' vol4 i4 p4 #bdi2 ,m4 ,a4 ,walk]1 #8,mac$onia1' p4 #aib2 ,mov]s1 #8,phnizi]1' vol4 i4 p4 #ffe2 ,lucian4 de ,de ,syri1 #h2 ,hunt1 #8,pop4 ,rom4' #bnd ,s]ies1 p4 #ae2 ,wuttke1 #8,volksab]glaube1' pp4 #af1 #id2 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ei1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ahe2 ,bu*anan1 #8,mysore1 c4' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 viii4 p4 #gad4 ,footnote #eia3 ,spr5g]1 #8,leb5 des ,mohammad1' vol4 i4 pp4 #gh1 #aai1 #afb1 #caj4 ,footnote #eib3 ,m>co ,polo1 book i4 *4 viii4 ,footnote #eic3 ,grote1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdg4 ,footnote #eid3 ,welck]1 vol4 i4 p4 #gef4 ,footnote #eie3 ,x5oph4 ,memorabilia1 ii4 #a4 ,footnote #eif3 ,oldfield 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iii4 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #eig3 ,/ell]1 #8,kamts*atka1' p4 #bee4 ,footnote #eih3 ,wilson 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iv4 p4 #cjf4 ,footnote #eii3 ,j4 ,l4 ,wilson1 #8,w4 ,afr4' p4 #chb4 ,footnote #fjj3 ,bleek1 #8,reyn>d 9 ,s4 ,afr4' pp4 #e1 #dg1 #fg 7^! are n among ! /ories :i* seem rec5tly borr[$ f ,europeans74 ,see #8,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1' p4 #aj4 ,footnote #fja3 ,callaway1 #8,zulu ,tales1' vol4 i4 p4 #cee4 ,footnote #fjb3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,algic ,res4' vol4 i4 p4 #afj2 see pp4 #dc1 #ea4 ,footnote #fjc3 ,jakob ,grimm1 #8,re9h>t ,fu*s1' ,introd4 ,footnote #fjd3 ,acc\nt ( ,laura ,bridgman1 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #fje3 ,b[r+1 #8,siam1' vol4 i4 p4 #cac2 ,h>dy1 #8,manual ( ,budhism1' p4 #ih4 ,see ! fable ( ! #8,cr[ & ,pit*]1' 9 ,pl94 x4 #fj1 & ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 i4 p4 #gf4 ,footnote #fjf3 ,jameson1 #8,hi/ory ( ,our ,"l 9 ,art1' vol4 i4 p4 #cge4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,animism4 ,religi\s ideas g5]ally appe> among l[ races ( ,mank9d--,negative /atem5ts on ?is subject frequ5tly mislead+ & mi/ak53 _m cases unc]ta9--,m9imum def9ition ( ,religion--,doctr9e ( ,spiritual ,be+s1 "h t]m$ ,animism--,animism treat$ z belong+ to ,natural ,religion--,animism divid$ into two sections1 ! philosophy ( ,s\ls1 & ( o!r ,spirits--,doctr9e ( ,s\ls1 its preval5ce & def9ition among ! l[] races--,def9ition ( ,app>itional ,s\l or ,gho/-,s\l--,x is a !oretical conception ( primitive ,philosophy1 design$ to acc\nt = ph5om5a n[ class$ "u ,biology1 especially ,life & ,dea?1 ,heal? & ,disease1 ,sleep & ,dreams1 ,trance & ,visions--,relation ( ,s\l 9 "n & nature to ,%ad[1 ,blood1 ,brea?--,division ( ,plurality ( ,s\ls--,s\l cause ( ,life2 its re/oration to body :5 suppos$ abs5t--,exit ( ,s\l 9 ,trances--,dreams & ,visions3 !ory ( exit ( dream]'s or se]'s own s\l2 !ory ( visits receiv$ by !m f o!r s\ls--,gho/-,s\l se5 9 ,app>itions--,wrai?s & ,d\bles--,s\l has =m ( body2 suff]s mutilation ) x--,voice ( ,gho/--,s\l treat$ & def9$ z ( ,mat]ial ,sub/ance2 ?is appe>s to be ! orig9al doctr9e--,transmission ( ,s\ls to s]vice 9 future life by ,fun]al ,sacrifice ( wives1 att5dants1 c4--,s\ls ( ,animals--,_! transmission by ,fun]al ,sacrifice--,s\ls ( ,plants--,s\ls ( ,objects--,_! transmission by ,fun]al ,sacrifice--,relation ( doctr9e ( ,object-,s\ls to ,epicurean !ory ( ,ideas--,hi/orical developm5t ( ,doctr9e ( ,s\ls1 f ! ,e!real ,s\l ( primitive ,biology to ! ,immat]ial ,s\l ( mod]n ,!ology4 ,are !re1 or h !re be51 tribes ( m5 s l[ 9 culture z to h no religi\s conceptions :atev]8 ,?is is practically ! "q ( ! univ]sality ( religion1 :i* = s _m c5turies has be5 affirm$ & d5i$1 ) a confid5ce 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! imp]fect evid5ce on :i* bo? affirmation & d5ial h be5 bas$4 ,e?nograph]s1 if look+ to a !ory ( developm5t to expla9 civilization1 & reg>d+ its successive /ages z aris+ "o f ano!r1 w\ld receive ) peculi> int]e/ acc\nts ( tribes devoid ( all religion4 ,"h1 !y w\ld naturally say1 are m5 :o h no religion because _! =efa!rs _h none1 m5 :o repres5t a pr-religi\s condition ( ! human race1 out ( :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t religi\s conditions h aris54 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 seem advisable to />t f ?is gr\nd 9 an inve/igation ( religi\s developm5t4 ,?\gh ! !oretical ni*e is ready & conv5i5t1 ! actual /atue to fill x is n =?com+4 ,! case is 9 "s degree simil> to t ( ! tribes ass]t$ to exi/ )\t language or )\t ! use ( fire2 no?+ 9 ! nature ( ?+s seems to =bid ! possibility ( su* exi/5ce1 b z a matt] ( fact ! tribes are n f\nd4 ,?us ! ass]tion t rude non-religi\s tribes h be5 kn[n 9 actual exi/5ce1 ?\gh 9 !ory possible1 & p]haps 9 fact true1 does n at pres5t re/ on t suffici5t pro( :i*1 = an exceptional /ate ( ?+s1 we are entitl$ to dem&4 ,x is n unusual = ! v writ] :o decl>es 9 g5]al t]ms ! abs5ce ( religi\s ph5om5a among "s savage p1 himself to give evid5ce t %[s 8 expressions to be mislead+4 ,?us ,dr4 ,lang n only decl>es t ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia h no idea ( a supreme div9ity1 creator1 & judge1 no object ( wor%ip1 no idol1 temple1 or sacrifice1 b t #89 %ort1 !y h no?+ :atev] ( ! "* ( religion1 or ( religi\s obs]vance1 to di/+ui% !m f ! bea/s t p]i%4' ,m ?an "o writ] has s9ce made use ( ?is tell+ /atem5t1 b )\t ref]r+ to c]ta9 details :i* occur 9 ! v same book4 ,f ^! x appe>s t a disease l small-pox1 :i* sometimes attacks ! natives1 is ascrib$ by !m #8to ! influ5ce ( ,budyah1 an evil _s :o delights 9 mis*ief2' t :5 ! natives rob a wild bees' hive1 !y g5]ally leave a little ( ! honey = ,buddai2 t at c]ta9 bi5nial ga!r+s ( ! ,que5sl& tribes1 "y girls are sla9 9 sacrifice to propitiate "s evil div9ity2 & t1 la/ly1 accord+ to ! evid5ce ( ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,ridley1 #8:5ev] he has conv]s$ ) ! aborig9es1 he f\nd !m to h def9ite traditions conc]n+ sup]natural be+s--,baiame1 ^: voice !y he> 9 ?und]1 & :o made all ?+s1 ,turramullum ! *ief ( demons1 :o is ! au?or ( disease1 mis*ief1 & wisdom1 & appe>s 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t at _! great assemblies1 c4'#fjg ,by ! concurr+ te/imony ( a cr[d ( obs]v]s1 x is kn[n t ! natives ( ,au/ralia 7 at _! discov]y1 & h s9ce rema9$1 a race ) m9ds saturat$ ) ! mo/ vivid belief 9 s\ls1 demons1 & deities4 ,9 ,africa1 ,mr4 ,m(fat's decl>ation z to ! ,be*uanas is sc>cely less surpris+--t #8man's immortality 0 nev] he>d ( among t p1' he hav+ rem>k$ 9 ! s5t5ce next be=e1 t ! ^w = ! %ades or manes ( ! dead is #8liriti4'#fjh ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 aga91 ,don ,felix de ,az>a comm5ts on ! positive falsity ( ! ecclesia/ics' ass]tion t ! native tribes h a religion4 ,he simply decl>es t !y h none2 nev]!less 9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w he m5tions su* facts z t ! ,payaguas bury arms & clo?+ ) _! dead & h "s notions ( a future life1 & t ! ,guanas believe 9 a ,be+ :o rew>ds good & puni%es evil4 ,9 fact1 ?is au?or's reckless d5ial ( religion & law to ! l[] races ( ?is region ju/ifies ,d',orbigny's %>p criticism1 t1 #8?is is inde$ :at he says ( all ! nations he describes1 :ile actually prov+ ! contr>y ( 8 !sis by ! v facts he alleges 9 its support4'#fji ,su* cases %[ h[ deceptive are judgm5ts to :i* bread? & g5]ality are giv5 by ! use ( wide words 9 n>r[ s5ses4 ,lang1 ,m(fat1 & ,az>a are au?ors to :om e?nography owes mu* valuable k ( ! tribes !y visit$1 b !y seem h>dly to h recogniz$ any?+ %ort ( ! organiz$ & e/abli%$ !ology ( ! high] races z be+ religion at all4 ,!y attribute irreligion to tribes ^: doctr9es are unlike !irs1 9 mu* ! same mann] z !ologians h s (t5 attribut$ a!ism to ^? ^: deities diff]$ f _! own1 f ! "t :5 ! anci5t invad+ ,aryans describ$ ! aborig9al tribes ( ,india z adeva1 i4e4 #8godless1' & ! ,greeks fix$ ! correspond+ t]m on ! e>ly ,*ri/ians z unbeliev]s 9 ! classic gods1 to ! comp>atively mod]n ages :5 disbeliev]s 9 wit*craft & apo/olical succession 7 d5\nc$ z a!i/s2 & d[n to our own day1 :5 controv]siali/s are apt to inf]1 z 9 pa/ c5turies1 t naturali/s :o support a !ory ( developm5t ( species !re=e necess>ily hold a!i/ic op9ions4#faj ,^! are 9 fact b examples ( a g5]al p]v]sion ( judgm5t 9 !ological matt]s1 among ! results ( :i* is a popul> misconception ( ! religions ( ! l[] races1 simply amaz+ to /ud5ts :o h rea*$ a high] po9t ( view4 ,"s mission>ies1 no d\bt1 ?or\ghly und]/& ! m9ds ( ! savages !y h to deal )1 & inde$ x is f m5 l ,cranz1 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,*>levoix1 ,ellis1 ,h>dy1 ,callaway1 ,j4 ,l4 ,wilson1 ,t4 ,williams1 t we h obta9$ our be/ k ( ! l[] phases ( religi\s belief4 ,b = ! mo/ "p ! #8religi\s _w' is s occupi$ 9 hat+ & despis+ ! beliefs ( ! hea!n ^: va/ regions ( ! globe are pa9t$ black on ! mission>y maps1 t !y h little "t or capacity left to und]/& !m4 ,x _c be s ) ^? :o fairly seek to compreh5d ! nature & mean+ ( ! l[] phases ( religion4 ,^!1 :ile fully alive to ! absurdities believ$ & ! horrors p]petrat$ 9 its "n1 w yet reg>d ) k9dly int]e/ all record ( m5's e>ne/ seek+ aft] tru? ) su* light z !y c\ld f9d4 ,su* /ud5ts w look = mean+1 h[ev] crude & *ildi%1 at ! root ( doctr9es (t5 mo/ d>k to ! believ]s :o accept !m mo/ zeal\sly2 !y w se>* = ! reasonable ?\ght :i* once gave life to obs]vances n[ become 9 seem+ or reality ! mo/ abject & sup]/iti\s folly4 ,! rew>d ( ^! enquir]s w be a m rational compreh5sion ( ! fai?s 9 ^: mid/ !y dwell1 = no m c he :o und]/&s b "o religion und]/& ev5 t religion1 ?an ! man :o kn[s b "o language c und]/& t language4 ,no religion ( mank9d lies 9 utt] isolation f ! re/1 & ! ?\ghts & pr9ciples ( mod]n ,*ri/ianity are atta*$ to intellectual clues :i* run back ?r\gh f> pr-,*ri/ian ages to ! v orig9 ( human civilization1 p]haps ev5 ( human exi/5ce4 ,:ile obs]v]s :o h _h fair opportunities ( /udy+ ! religion ( savages h ?us sometimes done scant ju/ice to ! facts be=e _! eyes1 ! ha/y d5ials ( o!rs :o h judg$ )\t ev5 facts c c>ry no great weight4 ,a #af?-c5tury travell] gave an acc\nt ( ! natives ( ,florida :i* is typical ( su*3 #8,t\*+ ! religion ( ?is p1 :i* wee h f\nd1 = want ( _! language wee c\ld n und]/& nei!r by signs nor ge/ure t !y _h any religion or lawe at all4444 ,we suppose t !y h no religion at all1 & t !y live at _! own lib]tie4'#faa ,bett] k ( ^! ,floridans nev]!less %[$ t !y _h a religion1 & bett] k has rev]s$ _m ano!r ha/y ass]tion to ! same effect2 z :5 writ]s us$ to decl>e t ! natives ( ,madagasc> _h no idea ( a future /ate1 & no ^w = s\l or _s2#fab or :5 ,dampi] enquir$ aft] ! religion ( ! natives ( ,timor1 & 0 told t !y _h none2#fac or :5 ,sir ,?omas ,roe l&$ 9 ,saldanha ,bay on 8 way to ! c\rt ( ! ,great ,mogul1 & rem>k$ ( ! ,hott5tots t #8!y h left (f _! cu/om ( /eal+1 b "k no ,god or religion4'#fad ,among ! num]\s acc\nts collect$ by ,"l ,avebury z evid5ce be>+ on ! abs5ce or l[ developm5t ( religion among l[ races1#fae "s may be select$ z ly+ op5 to criticism f ?is po9t ( view4 ,?us ! /atem5t t ! ,samoan ,isl&]s _h no religion _c /&1 9 face ( ! elaborate description by ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,turn] ( ! ,samoan religion itself2 & ! ass]tion t ! ,tup9ambas ( ,brazil _h no religion is "o n to be receiv$ on m]ely negative evid5ce1 = ! religi\s doctr9es & practices ( ! ,tupi race h be5 record$ by ,l]y1 ,de ,laet1 & o!r writ]s4 ,ev5 ) mu* "t & c>e & k ( language1 x is n always easy to elicit f savages ! details ( _! !ology4 ,!y try to hide f ! pry+ & contemptu\s =eign] _! wor%ip ( gods :o seem to %r9k1 l _! wor%ipp]s1 be=e ! :ite man & 8 mighti] ,deity4 ,mr4 ,sproat's exp]i5ce 9 ,vanc\v]'s ,isl& is an apt example ( ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,he says3 #8,i 0 two ye>s among ! ,ahts1 ) my m9d con/antly direct$ t[>ds ! subject ( _! religi\s beliefs1 be=e ,i c\ld discov] t !y possess$ any ideas z to an ov]rul+ p[] or a future /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,! trad]s on ! coa/1 & o!r p]sons well acqua9t$ ) ! p1 told me t !y _h no su* ideas1 & ?is op9ion 0 confirm$ by conv]sation ) _m ( ! less intellig5t savages2 b at la/ ,i succe$$ 9 gett+ a satisfactory clue4'#faf ,x !n appe>$ t ! ,ahts _h all ! "t be5 hid+ a :ole *>act]i/ic sy/em ( religi\s doctr9es z to s\ls & _! migrations1 ! spirits :o d good & ill to m51 & ! great gods above all4 ,?us1 ev5 :]e no positive pro( ( religi\s ideas among any p>ticul> tribe has rea*$ u1 we %\ld di/ru/ its d5ial by obs]v]s ^: acqua9tance ) ! tribe 9 "q has n be5 intimate z well z k9dly4 ,x is said ( ! ,&aman ,isl&]s t !y h n ! rude/ elem5ts ( a religi\s fai?2 yet x appe>s t ! natives did n ev5 display to ! =eign]s ! rude music :i* !y actually possess$1 s t !y c\ld sc>cely h be5 expect$ to be communicative z to _! !ology1 if !y _h any4#fag ,9 our "t ! mo/ /rik+ negation ( ! religion ( savage tribes is t publi%$ by ,sir ,samuel ,bak]1 9 a pap] read 9 #ahff be=e ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 z foll[s3 #8,! mo/ nor!rn tribes ( ! ,:ite ,nile are ! ,d9kas1 ,%illooks1 ,nuehr1 ,kyt*1 ,bohr1 ,aliab1 & ,%ir4 ,a g5]al description w suffice = ! :ole1 except+ ! ,kyt*4 ,)\t any exception1 !y are )\t a belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+1 nei!r h !y any =m ( wor%ip or idolatry2 nor is ! d>kness ( _! m9ds enlight5$ by ev5 a ray ( sup]/ition4' ,_h ?is di/+ui%$ explor] spok5 only ( ! ,latukas1 or ( o!r tribes h>dly kn[n to e?nograph]s except ?r\gh 8 own int]c\rse ) !m1 8 d5ial ( any religi\s consci\sness to !m w\ld h be5 at lea/ entitl$ to /& z ! be/ procurable acc\nt1 until m intimate communication %\ld prove or disprove x4 ,b 9 speak+ ?us ( comp>atively well kn[n tribes su* z ! ,d9kas1 ,%illuks & ,nuehr1 ,sir ,s4 ,bak] ignores ! exi/5ce ( publi%$ evid5ce1 su* z describes ! sacrifices ( ! ,d9kas1 _! belief 9 good & evil spirits 7adjok & djyok71 _! good deity & heav5-dwell+ creator1 ,d5did1 z likewise ,nar ! ,deity ( ! ,nuehr1 & ! ,%illuk's creator1 :o is describ$ z visit+1 l o!r spirits1 a sacr$ wood or tree4 ,kaufmann1 ,brun-,rollet1 ,lejean1 & o!r obs]v]s1 _h ?us plac$ on record details ( ! religion ( ^! ,:ite ,nile tribes1 ye>s be=e ,sir ,s4 ,bak]'s ra% d5ial t !y _h any religion at all4#fah ,! fir/ requisite 9 a sy/ematic /udy ( ! religions ( ! l[] races1 is to lay d[n a rudim5t>y def9ition ( religion4 ,by requir+ 9 ?is def9ition ! belief 9 a supreme deity or ( judgm5t aft] dea?1 ! adoration ( idols or ! practice ( sacrifice1 or o!r p>tially-diffus$ doctr9es or rites1 no d\bt _m tribes may be exclud$ f ! category ( religi\s4 ,b su* n>r[ def9ition has ! fault ( id5tify+ religion r ) p>ticul> developm5ts ?an ) ! deep] motive :i* und]lies !m4 ,x seems be/ to fall back at once on ?is ess5tial s\rce1 & simply to claim1 z a m9imum def9ition ( ,religion1 ! belief 9 ,spiritual ,be+s4 ,if ?is /&>d be appli$ to ! descriptions ( l[ races z to religion1 ! foll[+ results w appe>4 ,x _c be positively ass]t$ t e exi/+ tribe recognizes ! belief 9 spiritual be+s1 = ! native condition ( a consid]able numb] is obscure 9 ?is respect1 & f ! rapid *ange or ext9ction !y are und]go+1 may ev] rema9 s4 ,x w\ld be yet m unw>rant$ to set d[n e tribe m5tion$ 9 hi/ory1 or kn[n to u by ! discov]y ( antiqu>ian relics1 z necess>ily hav+ pass$ ! def9$ m9imum ( religion4 ,great] /ill w\ld be ! unwisdom ( decl>+ su* a rudim5t>y belief natural or in/9ctive 9 all human tribes ( all times2 = no evid5ce ju/ifies ! op9ion t man1 kn[n to be capable ( s va/ an intellectual developm5t1 _c h em]g$ f a non-religi\s condition1 previ\s to t religi\s condition 9 :i* he happ5s at pres5t to come ) suffici5t cle>ness )9 our range ( k4 ,x is desirable1 h[ev]1 to take our basis ( enquiry 9 obs]vation r ?an f speculation4 ,"h1 s f> z ,i c judge f ! imm5se mass ( accessible evid5ce1 we h to admit t ! belief 9 spiritual be+s appe>s among all l[ races ) :om we h atta9$ to ?or\ghly intimate acqua9tance2 :]eas ! ass]tion ( abs5ce ( su* belief mu/ apply ei!r to anci5t tribes1 or to m or less imp]fectly describ$ mod]n ones4 ,! exact be>+ ( ?is /ate ( ?+s on ! problem ( ! orig9 ( religion may be ?us briefly /at$4 ,7 x di/9ctly prov$ t non-religi\s savages exi/ or h exi/$1 ^! might be at lea/ plausibly claim$ z repres5tatives ( ! condition ( ,man be=e he arriv$ at ! religi\s /ate ( culture4 ,x is n desirable1 h[ev]1 t ?is argum5t %\ld be put =w>d1 = ! ass]t$ exi/5ce ( ! non-religi\s tribes 9 "q re/s1 z we h se51 on evid5ce (t5 mi/ak5 & nev] conclusive4 ,! argum5t = ! natural evolution ( religi\s ideas among mank9d is n invalidat$ by ! rejection ( an ally too weak at pres5t to give effectual help4 ,non-religi\s tribes may n exi/ 9 our day1 b ! fact be>s no m decisively on ! developm5t ( religion1 ?an ! impossibility ( f9d+ a mod]n ,engli% village )\t scissors or books or lucif]-mat*es be>s on ! fact t !re 0 a "t :5 no su* ?+s exi/$ 9 ! l&4 ,i propose "h1 "u ! "n ( ,animism1 to inve/igate ! deep-ly+ doctr9e ( ,spiritual ,be+s1 :i* embodies ! v ess5ce ( ,spirituali/ic z oppos$ to ,mat]iali/ic philosophy4 ,animism is n a new te*nical t]m1 ?\gh n[ seldom us$4#fai ,f its special relation to ! doctr9e ( ! s\l1 x w be se5 to h a peculi> appropriat5ess to ! view "h tak5 ( ! mode 9 :i* !ological ideas h be5 develop$ among mank9d4 ,! ^w ,spiritualism1 ?\gh x may be1 & sometimes is1 us$ 9 a g5]al s5se1 has ?is obvi\s defect to u1 t x has become ! designation ( a p>ticul> mod]n sect1 :o inde$ hold extreme spirituali/ic views1 b _c be tak5 z typical repres5tatives ( ^! views 9 ! _w at l>ge4 ,! s5se ( ,spiritualism 9 its wid] acceptation1 ! g5]al belief 9 spiritual be+s1 is "h giv5 to ,animism4 ,animism *>act]izes tribes v l[ 9 ! scale ( humanity1 & !nce asc5ds1 deeply modifi$ 9 its transmission1 b f fir/ to la/ pres]v+ an unbrok5 cont9uity1 into ! mid/ ( high mod]n culture4 ,doctr9es adv]se to x1 s l>gely held by individuals or s*ools1 are usually due n to e>ly l[ness ( civilization1 b to lat] *anges 9 ! intellectual c\rse1 to div]g5ce f1 or rejection (1 ance/ral fai?s2 & su* new] developm5ts d n affect ! pres5t enquiry z to ! fundam5tal religi\s condition ( mank9d4 ,animism is1 9 fact1 ! gr\ndwork ( ! ,philosophy ( ,religion1 f t ( savages up to t ( civiliz$ m54 ,& al?\gh x may at fir/ sight seem to af=d b a b>e & meagre def9ition ( a m9imum ( religion1 x w be f\nd practically suffici5t2 = :]e ! root is1 ! bran*es w g5]ally be produc$4 ,x is habitually f\nd t ! !ory ( ,animism divides into two great dogmas1 =m+ p>ts ( "o consi/5t doctr9e2 fir/1 conc]n+ s\ls ( individual creatures1 capable ( cont9u$ exi/5ce aft] ! dea? or de/ruction ( ! body2 second1 conc]n+ o!r spirits1 upw>d to ! rank ( p[]ful deities4 ,spiritual be+s are held to affect or control ! ev5ts ( ! mat]ial _w1 & man's life "h & h]eaft]2 & x be+ consid]$ t !y hold int]c\rse ) m51 & receive pleasure or displeasure f human actions1 ! belief 9 _! exi/5ce leads naturally1 & x might almo/ be said inevitably1 soon] or lat] to active rev]5ce & propitiation4 ,?us ,animism 9 its full developm5t1 includes ! belief 9 s\ls & 9 a future /ate1 9 controll+ deities & subord9ate spirits1 ^! doctr9es practically result+ 9 "s k9d ( active wor%ip4 ,"o great elem5t ( religion1 t moral elem5t :i* among ! high] nations =ms its mo/ vital "p1 is inde$ little repres5t$ 9 ! religion ( ! l[] races4 ,x is n t ^! races h no moral s5se or no moral /&>d1 = bo? are /rongly m>k$ among !m1 if n 9 =mal precept1 at lea/ 9 t traditional cons5sus ( society :i* we call public op9ion1 accord+ to :i* c]ta9 actions are held to be good or bad1 "r or wrong4 ,x is t ! conjunction ( e?ics & ,animi/ic philosophy1 s intimate & p[]ful 9 ! high] culture1 seems sc>cely yet to h begun 9 ! l[]4 ,i propose "h h>dly to t\* ^u ! purely moral aspects ( religion1 b r to /udy ! animism ( ! _w s f> z x con/itutes1 z unque/ionably x does con/itute1 an anci5t & _w-wide philosophy1 ( :i* belief is ! !ory & wor%ip is ! practice4 ,endeav\r+ to %ape ! mat]ials = an enquiry hi!rto /rangely und]valu$ & neglect$1 x w n[ be my task to br+ z cle>ly z may be into view ! fundam5tal animism ( ! l[] races1 & 9 "s slight & brok5 outl9e to trace its c\rse into high] regions ( civilization4 ,"h let me /ate once = all two pr9cipal conditions "u :i* ! pres5t rese>* is c>ri$ on4 ,fir/1 z to ! religi\s doctr9es & practices exam9$1 ^! are treat$ z belong+ to !ological sy/ems devis$ by human reason1 )\t sup]natural aid or revelation2 9 o!r words1 z be+ developm5ts ( ,natural ,religion4 ,second1 z to ! connexion betwe5 simil> ideas & rites 9 ! religions ( ! savage & ! civiliz$ _w4 ,:ile dwell+ at "s l5g? on doctr9es & c]emonies ( ! l[] races1 & sometimes p>ticul>iz+ = special reasons ! relat$ doctr9es & c]emonies ( ! high] nations1 x has n seem$ my prop] task to "w out 9 detail ! problems ?us sugge/$ among ! philosophies & cre$s ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,su* applications1 ext5d+ f>!/ f ! direct scope ( a "w on primitive culture1 are briefly /at$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 or t\*$ 9 slight allusion1 or tak5 = grant$ )\t rem>k4 ,educat$ read]s possess ! in=mation requir$ to "w out _! g5]al be>+ on !ology1 :ile m te*nical discussion is left to philosoph]s & !ologians specially occupi$ ) su* argum5ts4 ,! fir/ bran* ( ! subject to be consid]$ is ! doctr9e ( human & o!r ,s\ls1 an exam9ation ( :i* w occupy ! re/ ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,:at ! doctr9e ( ! s\l is among ! l[] races1 may be expla9$ 9 /at+ ! animi/ic !ory ( its developm5t4 ,x seems z ?\gh ?9k+ m51 z yet at a l[ level ( culture1 7 deeply impress$ by two gr\ps ( biological problems4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :at is x t makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 a liv+ body & a dead "o2 :at causes wak+1 sleep1 trance1 disease1 dea?8 ,9 ! second place1 :at are ^? human %apes :i* appe> 9 dreams & visions8 ,look+ at ^! two gr\ps ( ph5om5a1 ! anci5t savage philosoph]s probably made _! fir/ /ep by ! obvi\s inf]5ce t e man has two ?+s belong+ to him1 namely1 a life & a phantom4 ,^! two are evid5tly 9 close connexion ) ! body1 ! life z enabl+ x to feel & ?9k & act1 ! phantom z be+ its image or second self2 bo?1 also1 are p]ceiv$ to be ?+s sep>able f ! body1 ! life z able to g away & leave x ins5sible or dead1 ! phantom z appe>+ to p at a di/ance f x4 ,! second /ep w\ld seem also easy = savages to make1 see+ h[ extremely difficult civiliz$ m5 h f\nd x to unmake4 ,x is m]ely to comb9e ! life & ! phantom4 ,z bo? belong to ! body1 :y %\ld !y n also belong to "o ano!r1 & be manife/ations ( "o & ! same s\l8 ,let !m !n be consid]$ z unit$1 & ! result is t well-kn[n conception :i* may be describ$ z an app>itional-s\l1 a gho/-s\l4 ,?is1 at any rate1 corresponds ) ! actual conception ( ! p]sonal s\l or _s among ! l[] races1 :i* may be def9$ z foll[s3 ,x is a ?9 unsub/antial human image1 9 its nature a sort ( vap\r1 film1 or %ad[2 ! cause ( life & ?\ght 9 ! individual x animates2 indep5d5tly possess+ ! p]sonal consci\sness & volition ( its corporeal own]1 pa/ or pres5t2 capable ( leav+ ! body f> beh9d1 to fla% swiftly f place to place2 mo/ly impalpable & invisible1 yet also manife/+ physical p[]1 & especially appe>+ to m5 wak+ or asleep z a phantasm sep>ate f ! body ( :i* x be>s ! lik5ess2 cont9u+ to exi/ & appe> to m5 aft] ! dea? ( t body2 able to ent] into1 possess1 & act 9 ! bodies ( o!r m51 ( animals1 & ev5 ( ?+s4 ,?\gh ?is def9ition is by no means ( univ]sal application1 x has suffici5t g5]ality to be tak5 z a /&>d1 modifi$ by m or less div]g5ce among any p>ticul> p4 ,f> f ^! _w-wide op9ions be+ arbitr>y or conv5tional products1 x is seldom ev5 ju/ifiable to consid] _! uni=mity among di/ant races z prov+ communication ( any sort4 ,!y are doctr9es answ]+ 9 ! mo/ =cible way to ! pla9 evid5ce ( m5's s5ses1 z int]pret$ by a fairly consi/5t & rational primitive philosophy4 ,s well1 inde$1 does primitive animism acc\nt = ! facts ( nature1 t x has held its place into ! high] levels ( education4 ,?\gh classic & m$ival philosophy modifi$ x mu*1 & mod]n philosophy has h&l$ x yet m unsp>+ly1 x has s f> reta9$ ! traces ( its orig9al "*1 t heirlooms ( primitive ages may be claim$ 9 ! exi/+ psy*ology ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,out ( ! va/ mass ( evid5ce1 collect$ among ! mo/ v>i\s & di/ant races ( mank9d1 typical details may n[ be select$ to display ! e>li] !ory ( ! s\l1 ! relation ( ! p>ts ( ?is !ory1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ^! p>ts h be5 ab&on$1 modifi$1 or kept up1 along ! c\rse ( culture4 ,to und]/& ! popul> conceptions ( ! human s\l or _s1 x is in/ructive to notice ! words :i* h be5 f\nd suitable to express x4 ,! gho/ or phantasm se5 by ! dream] or ! vision>y is an unsub/antial =m1 l a %ad[ or reflexion1 & ?us ! famili> t]m ( ! %ade comes 9 to express ! s\l4 ,?us ! ,tasmanian ^w = ! %ad[ is also t = ! _s2#fbj ! ,algonqu9s describe a man's s\l z otah*uk1 #88 %ad[2'#fba ! ,qui* language uses natub = #8%ad[1 s\l2'#fbb ! ,arawak ueja means #8%ad[1 s\l1 image2'#fbc ! ,abipones made ! "o ^w lokal s]ve = #8%ad[1 s\l1 e*o1 image4'#fbd ,! ,zulus n only use ! ^w tunzi = #8%ad[1 _s1 gho/1' b !y consid] t at dea? ! %ad[ ( a man w 9 "s way dep>t f ! corpse1 to become an ance/ral _s4#fbe ,! ,basutos n only call ! _s rema9+ aft] dea? ! s]iti or #8%ad[1' b !y ?9k t if a man walks on ! riv] bank1 a crocodile may seize 8 %ad[ 9 ! wat] & draw him 92#fbf :ile 9 ,old ,calab> !re is f\nd ! same id5tification ( ! _s ) ! ukpon or #8%ad[1' = a man to lose :i* is fatal4#fbg ,!re are ?us f\nd among ! l[] races n only ! types ( ^? famili> classic t]ms1 ! skia & umbra1 b also :at seems ! fundam5tal ?\ght ( ! /ories ( %ad[less m5 /ill curr5t 9 ! folklore ( ,europe1 & famili> to mod]n read]s 9 ,*amisso's tale ( ,pet] ,s*lemihl4 ,?us ! dead 9 ,purgatory knew t ,dante 0 alive :5 !y saw t1 unlike !irs1 8 figure ca/ a %ad[ on ! gr\nd4#fbh ,o!r attributes are tak5 into ! notion ( s\l or _s1 ) especial reg>d to its be+ ! cause ( life4 ,?us ! ,c>ibs1 connect+ ! pulses ) spiritual be+s1 & especially consid]+ t 9 ! he>t dwells man's *ief s\l1 de/9$ to a future heav5ly life1 c\ld reasonably use ! "o ^w i\anni = #8s\l1 life1 he>t4'#fbi ,! ,tongans suppos$ ! s\l to exi/ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5sion ( ! body1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ! he>t4 ,on "o occasion1 ! natives 7 decl>+ to a ,european t a man buri$ mon?s ago 0 nev]!less /ill alive4 #8,& "o1 endeav\r+ to make me und]/& :at he meant1 took hold ( my h&1 & squeez+ x1 said1 8,?is w die1 b ! life t is )9 y w nev] die20 ) 8 o!r h& po9t+ to my he>t4'#fcj ,s ! ,basutos say ( a dead man t 8 he>t is gone out1 & ( "o recov]+ f sickness t 8 he>t is com+ back4#fca ,?is corresponds to ! famili> ,old ,_w view ( ! he>t z ! prime mov] 9 life1 ?\ght1 & passion4 ,! connexion ( s\l & blood1 famili> to ! ,k>5s & ,papuas1 appe>s prom95tly 9 ,jewi% & ,arabic philosophy4#fcb ,to educat$ mod]ns ! idea ( ! ,macusi ,indians ( ,guiana may seem qua9t1 t al?\gh ! body w decay1 #8! man 9 our eyes' w n die1 b w&] ab\t4#fcc ,yet ! association ( p]sonal animation ) ! pupil ( ! eye is famili> to ,european folklore1 :i* n unreasonably disc]n$ a sign ( bewit*m5t or approa*+ dea? 9 ! disappe>ance ( ! image1 pupil1 or baby1 f ! dim eyeballs ( ! sick man4#fcd ,! act ( brea?+1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! high] animals dur+ life1 & co9cid+ s closely ) life 9 its dep>ture1 has be5 repeat$ly & naturally id5tifi$ ) ! life or s\l itself4 ,laura ,bridgman %[$ 9 h] in/ructive way ! analogy betwe5 ! effects ( re/rict$ s5se & re/rict$ civilization1 :5 "o day %e made ! ge/ure ( tak+ some?+ away f h] m\?3 #8,i dream$1' %e expla9$ 9 words1 #8t ,god took away my brea? to heav54'#fce ,x is ?us t ,we/ ,au/ralians us$ "o ^w waug = #8brea?1 _s1 s\l2#fcf t 9 ! ,netela language ( ,cali=nia1 piuts means #8life1 brea?1 s\l2#fcg t c]ta9 ,gre5l&]s reckon$ two s\ls to man1 namely 8 %ad[ & 8 brea?2#fch t ! ,malays say ! s\l ( ! dy+ man escapes ?r\gh 8 no/rils1 & 9 ,java use ! same ^w awa = #8brea?1 life1 s\l4'#fci ,h[ ! notions ( life1 he>t1 brea?1 & phantom unite 9 ! "o conception ( a s\l or _s1 & at ! same "t h[ loose & vague su* ideas are among b>b>ic races1 is well br\ght into view 9 ! answ]s to a religi\s inque/ held 9 #aebh among ! natives ( ,nic>agua4 #8,:5 !y die1 !re comes out ( _! m\? some?+ t resembles a p]son1 & is call$ julio ,aztec yulito live4 ,?is be+ goes to ! place :]e ! man & woman are4 ,x is l a p]son1 b does n die1 & ! body rema9s "h4' ,"q4 #8,d ^? :o g up on high keep ! same body1 ! same face1 & ! same limbs1 z "h bel[8' ,answ]4 #8,no2 !re is only ! he>t4' ,"q4 #8,b s9ce !y te> out _! he>ts i4e4 :5 a captive 0 sacrific$1 :at happ5s !n8' ,answ]4 #8,x is n precisely ! he>t1 b t 9 !m :i* makes !m live1 & t quits ! body :5 !y die4' ,or1 z /at$ 9 ano!r int]rogatory1 #8,x is n _! he>t t goes up above1 b :at makes !m live1 t is to say1 ! brea? t issues f _! m\? & is call$ julio4'#fdj ,! conception ( ! s\l z brea? may be foll[$ up ?r\gh ,semitic & ,aryan etymology1 & ?us into ! ma9 /reams ( ! philosophy ( ! _w4 ,hebrew %[s nephe%1 #8brea?1' pass+ into all ! mean+s ( #8life1 s\l1 m9d1 animal1' :ile rua* & ne%amah make ! l transition f #8brea?' to #8_s'2 & to ^! ! ,arabic nefs & ruh correspond4 ,! same is ! hi/ory ( ,sanskrit tman & prna1 ( ,greek psy* & pneuma1 ( ,lat9 animus1 anima1 spiritus4 ,s ,slavonic du* has develop$ ! mean+ ( #8brea?' into t ( s\l or _s2 & ! dialects ( ! ,gypsies h ?is ^w dk ) ! mean+s ( #8brea?1 _s1 gho/1' :e!r ^! p>iahs br\ght ! ^w f ,india z "p ( _! inh]itance ( ,aryan spee*1 or :e!r !y adopt$ x 9 _! migration across ,slavonic l&s4#fda ,g]man gei/ & ,engli% gho/1 too1 may possibly h ! same orig9al s5se ( brea?4 ,& if any %\ld ?9k su* expressions due to m]e metaphor1 !y may judge ! /r5g? ( ! impli$ connexion betwe5 brea? & _s by cases ( mo/ unequivocal significance4 ,among ! ,sem9oles ( ,florida1 :5 a woman di$ 9 *ildbir?1 ! infant 0 held ov] h] face to receive h] p>t+ _s1 & ?us acquire /r5g? & k = its future use4 ,^! ,indians c\ld h well und]/ood :y at ! dea?-b$ ( an anci5t ,roman1 ! ne>e/ k9sman leant ov] to inhale ! la/ brea? ( ! dep>t+ 7et excipies hanc animam ore pio74 ,_! /ate ( m9d is kept up to ?is day among ,tyrolese peasants1 :o c /ill fancy a good man's s\l to issue f 8 m\? at dea? l a little :ite cl\d4#fdb ,x w be %[n t m51 9 _! composite & confus$ notions ( ! s\l1 h br\ght into connexion a li/ ( manife/ations ( life & ?\ght ev5 m multif>i\s ?an ?is4 ,b also1 seek+ to avoid su* p]plexity ( comb9ation1 !y h sometimes endeav\r$ to def9e & classify m closely1 especially by ! !ory t man has a comb9ation ( sev]al k9ds ( _s1 s\l1 or image1 to :i* diff]5t functions belong4 ,already 9 ! b>b>ic _w su* classification has be5 inv5t$ or adopt$4 ,?us ! ,fijians di/+ui%$ betwe5 a man's #8d>k _s' or %ad[1 :i* goes to ,hades1 & 8 #8light _s' or reflexion 9 wat] or a mirror1 :i* /ays ne> :]e he dies4#fdc ,! ,malagasy say t ! sa9a or m9d vani%es at dea?1 ! a9a or life becomes m]e air1 b ! matoatoa or gho/ hov]s r\nd ! tomb4#fdd ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! duality ( ! s\l is a /rongly m>k$ ,algonqu9 belief2 "o s\l goes out & sees dreams :ile ! o!r rema9s beh9d2 at dea? "o ( ! two abides ) ! body1 & = ?is ! survivors leave (f]+s ( food1 :ile ! o!r dep>ts to ! l& ( ! dead4 ,a division into ?ree s\ls is also kn[n1 & ! ,dakotas say t man has f\r s\ls1 "o rema9+ ) ! corpse1 "o /ay+ 9 ! village1 "o go+ 9 ! air1 & "o to ! l& ( spirits4#fde ,! ,k>5s di/+ui% betwe5 ! #8l' or #8kelah1' ! p]sonal life-phantom1 & ! #8?ah1' ! responsible moral s\l4#fdf ,m or less "u ,h9du influ5ce1 ! ,khonds h a f\rfold division1 z foll[s3 ! fir/ s\l is t capable ( beatification or re/oration to ,boora ! ,good ,deity2 ! second is atta*$ to a ,khond tribe on e>? & is re-born g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 s t at ! bir? ( ea* *ild ! prie/ asks :o has return$2 ! ?ird goes out to hold spiritual int]c\rse1 leav+ ! body 9 a languid /ate1 & x is ?is s\l :i* c pass = a "t into a tig]1 & transmigrates = puni%m5t aft] dea?2 ! f\r? dies on ! dissolution ( ! body4#fdg ,su* classifications resemble ^? ( high] nations1 z = in/ance ! ?ree-fold division ( %ade1 manes1 & _s3 #8,bis duo sunt hom9i1 manes1 c>o1 spiritus1 umbra3 ,quatuor i/a loci bis duo suscipiunt4 ,t]ra tegit c>nem1 tumulum circumvolat umbra1 ,orcus habet manes1 spiritus a/ra petit4' ,n attempt+ to foll[ up ! details ( su* psy*ical division into ! elaborate sy/ems ( lit]>y nations1 ,i %all n discuss ! di/9ction :i* ! anci5t ,egyptians seem to h made 9 ! ,ritual ( ! ,dead betwe5 ! man's ba1 akh1 ka1 khaba1 translat$ by ,dr4 ,bir* z 8 #8s\l1' #8m9d1' #8image1' #8%ade1' or ! ,rabb9ical division into :at may be r\ghly describ$ z ! bodily1 spiritual1 & cele/ial s\ls1 or ! di/9ction betwe5 ! emanative & g5etic s\ls 9 ,h9du philosophy1 or ! di/ribution ( life1 app>ition1 ance/ral _s1 among ! ?ree s\ls ( ! ,*9ese1 or ! dem>cations ( ! n\s1 psy*1 & pneuma1 or ( ! anima & animus1 or ! fam\s classic & m$ival !ories ( ! vegetal1 s5sitive1 & rational s\ls4 ,suffice x to po9t out "h t su* speculation dates back to ! b>b>ic condition ( our race1 9 a /ate fairly comp>+ z to sci5tific value ) mu* t has ga9$ e/eem )9 ! prec9cts ( high] culture4 ,x w\ld be a difficult task to treat su* classification on a consi/5t logical basis4 ,t]ms correspond+ ) ^? ( life1 m9d1 s\l1 _s1 gho/1 & s =?1 are n ?\ght ( z describ+ really sep>ate entities1 s mu* z ! sev]al =ms & functions ( "o individual be+4 ,?us ! confusion :i* "h prevails 9 our own ?\ght & language1 9 a mann] typical ( ! ?\ght & language ( mank9d 9 g5]al1 is 9 fact due n m]ely to vagu5ess ( t]ms1 b to an anci5t !ory ( sub/antial unity :i* und]lies !m4 ,su* ambiguity ( language1 h[ev]1 w be f\nd to int]f]e little ) ! pres5t enquiry1 = ! details giv5 ( ! nature & action ( spirits1 s\ls1 phantoms1 w !mselves def9e ! exact s5se su* words are to be tak5 94 ,! e>ly animi/ic !ory ( vitality1 reg>d+ ! functions ( life z caus$ by ! s\l1 (f]s to ! savage m9d an explanation ( sev]al bodily & m5tal conditions1 z be+ effects ( a dep>ture ( ! s\l or "s ( its con/itu5t spirits4 ,?is !ory holds a wide & /rong position 9 savage biology4 ,! ,s\? ,au/ralians express x :5 !y say ( "o ins5sible or unconsci\s1 t he is #8wilyam>raba1' i4e41 #8)\t s\l4'#fdh ,among ! ,algonqu9 ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 we he> ( sickness be+ acc\nt$ = by ! pati5t's #8%ad[' be+ unsettl$ or deta*$ f 8 body1 & ( ! convalesc5t be+ reproa*$ = expos+ himself be=e 8 %ad[ 0 safely settl$ d[n 9 him2 :]e we %\ld say t a man 0 ill & recov]$1 !y w\ld consid] t he di$1 b came aga94 ,ano!r acc\nt f among ! same race expla9s ! condition ( m5 ly+ 9 le?>gy or trance2 _! s\ls h travell$ to ! banks ( ! ,riv] ( ,dea?1 b h be5 driv5 back & return to reanimate _! bodies4#fdi ,among ! ,fijians1 #8:5 any "o fa9ts or dies1 _! _s1 x is said1 may sometimes be br\ght back by call+ aft] x2 & occasionally ! ludicr\s sc5e is witness$ ( a /\t man ly+ at full l5g?1 & bawl+ out lu/ily = ! return ( 8 own s\l4'#fej ,to ! negroes ( ,nor? ,gu9ea1 d]angem5t or dotage is caus$ by ! pati5t be+ prematurely des]t$ by 8 s\l1 sleep be+ a m tempor>y )drawal4#fea ,?us1 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 ! br++ back ( lo/ s\ls becomes a regul> "p ( ! sorc]]'s or prie/'s pr(ession4 ,! ,sali% ,indians ( ,oregon reg>d ! _s z di/9ct f ! vital pr9ciple1 & capable ( quitt+ ! body = a %ort "t )\t ! pati5t be+ consci\s ( its abs5ce2 b to avoid fatal consequ5ces x mu/ be re/or$ z soon z possible1 & accord+ly ! m$ic9e-man 9 solemn =m replaces x d[n ?r\gh ! pati5t's head4#feb ,! ,turanian or ,tat> races ( ,nor!rn ,asia /rongly hold ! !ory ( ! s\l's dep>ture 9 disease1 & among ! ,buddhi/ tribes ! ,lamas c>ry out ! c]emony ( s\l-re/oration 9 mo/ elaborate =m4 ,:5 a man has be5 robb$ by a demon ( 8 rational s\l1 & has only 8 animal s\l left1 8 s5ses & memory gr[ weak & he falls into a dismal /ate4 ,!n ! ,lama und]takes to cure him1 & ) qua9t rites exorcises ! evil demon4 ,b if ?is fails1 !n x is ! pati5t's s\l itself t _c or w n f9d its way back4 ,s ! sick man is laid out 9 8 be/ attire & surr\nd$ ) 8 mo/ attractive possessions1 ! fri5ds & relatives g ?rice r\nd ! dwell+1 affectionately call+ back ! s\l by "n1 :ile z a fur!r inducem5t ! ,lama reads f 8 book descriptions ( ! pa9s ( hell1 & ! dang]s incurr$ by a s\l :i* wilfully ab&ons its body1 & !n at la/ ! :ole assembly decl>e ) "o voice t ! w&]+ _s has return$ & ! pati5t w recov]4#fec ,! ,k>5s ( ,burma w run ab\t pret5d+ to cat* a sick man's w&]+ s\l1 or z !y say ) ! ,greeks & ,slavs1 8 #8butt]fly' 7leip-pya71 & at la/ drop x d[n ^u 8 head4 ,! ,k>5 doctr9e ( ! #8l' is inde$ a p]fect & well-m>k$ vitali/ic sy/em4 ,?is l1 s\l1 gho/1 or g5ius1 may be sep>at$ f ! body x belongs to1 & x is a matt] ( ! deepe/ int]e/ to ! ,k>5 to keep 8 l ) him1 by call+ x1 mak+ (f]+s ( food to x1 & s =?4 ,x is especially :5 ! body is asleep1 t ! s\l goes out & w&]s2 if x is deta9$ beyond a c]ta9 "t1 disease ensues1 & if p]man5tly1 !n its own] dies4 ,:5 ! #8wee' or _s-doctor is employ$ to call back ! dep>t$ %ade or life ( a ,k>51 if he _c recov] x f ! region ( ! dead1 he w sometimes take ! %ade ( a liv+ man & transf] x to ! dead1 :ile its prop] own]1 ^: s\l has v5tur$ out 9 a dream1 sick5s & dies4 ,or :5 a ,k>5 becomes sick1 languid & p9+ f 8 l hav+ left him1 8 fri5ds w p]=m a c]emony ) a g>m5t ( ! invalid's & a f[l :i* is cook$ & (f]$ ) rice1 invok+ ! _s ) =mal pray]s to come back to ! pati5t4#fed ,?is c]emony is p]haps e?nologically connect$1 ?\gh x is n easy to say by :at mann] ( diffusion or :51 ) a rite /ill practis$ 9 ,*9a4 ,:5 a ,*9ese is at ! po9t ( dea?1 & 8 s\l is suppos$ to be already out ( 8 body1 a relative may be se5 hold+ up ! pati5t's coat on a long bamboo1 to :i* a :ite cock is (t5 fa/5$1 :ile a ,taui/ prie/ by incantations br+s ! dep>t$ _s into ! coat1 9 ord] to put x back into ! sick man4 ,if ! bamboo aft] a "t turns r\nd sl[ly 9 ! hold]'s h&s1 ?is %[s t ! _s is inside ! g>m5t4#fee ,su* tempor>y exit ( ! s\l has a _w-wide application to ! proce$+s ( ! sorc]]1 prie/1 or se] himself4 ,he pr(esses to s5d =? 8 _s on di/ant j\rneys1 & probably (t5 believes 8 s\l releas$ = a "t f its bodily prison1 z 9 ! case ( t rem>kable dream] & vision>y ,j]ome ,c>dan1 :o describes himself z hav+ ! faculty ( pass+ out ( 8 s5ses z into ec/asy :5ev] he w1 feel+ :5 he goes into ?is /ate a sort ( sep>ation ne> ! he>t z if 8 s\l 7 dep>t+1 ?is /ate beg9n+ f 8 bra9 & pass+ d[n 8 sp9e1 & he !n feel+ only t he is out ( himself4#fef ,?us ! ,au/ralian native doctor is alleg$ to obta9 8 initiation by visit+ ! _w ( spirits 9 a trance ( two or ?ree days' duration2#feg ! ,khond prie/ au!nticates 8 claim to (fice by rema9+ f "o to f\rte5 days 9 a languid & dreamy /ate1 caus$ by "o ( 8 s\ls be+ away 9 ! div9e pres5ce2#feh ! ,gre5l& angekok's s\l goes =? f 8 body to fet* 8 famili> demon2#fei ! ,turanian %aman lies 9 le?>gy :ile 8 s\l dep>ts to br+ hidd5 wisdom f ! l& ( spirits4#ffj ,! lit]ature ( m progressive races supplies simil> acc\nts4 ,a *>act]i/ic /ory f old ,sc&9avia is t ( ! ,norse *ief ,+imund1 :o %ut up ?ree ,f9ns 9 a hut = ?ree nights1 t !y might visit ,icel& & in=m him ( ! lie ( ! c\ntry :]e he 0 to settle2 _! bodies became rigid1 !y s5t _! s\ls on ! err&1 & awak5+ aft] ! ?ree days !y gave a description ( ! ,vatnsdl4#ffa ,! typical classic case is ! /ory ( ,h]motimos1 ^: prophetic s\l w5t out f "t to "t to visit di/ant regions1 till at la/ 8 wife burnt ! lifeless body on ! fun]al pile1 & :5 ! poor s\l came back1 !re 0 no long] a dwell+ = x to animate4#ffb ,a gr\p ( ! leg5d>y visits to ! _s-_w2 :i* w be describ$ 9 ! next *apt]1 belong to ?is class4 ,a typical spirituali/ic in/ance may be quot$ f ,jung-,/ill+1 :o says t examples h come to 8 k ( sick p]sons :o1 long+ to see abs5t fri5ds1 h fall5 into a swoon dur+ :i* !y h appe>$ to ! di/ant objects ( _! affection4#ffc ,z an illu/ration f our own folklore1 ! well-kn[n sup]/ition may s]ve1 t fa/+ wat*]s on ,/4 ,john's ,eve may see ! app>itions ( ^? doom$ to die dur+ ! ye> come ) ! cl]gyman to ! *ur* door & knock2 ^! app>itions are spirits :o come =? f _! bodies1 = ! m9i/] has be5 notic$ to be mu* tr\bl$ 9 8 sleep :ile 8 phantom 0 ?us engag$1 & :5 "o ( a p>ty ( wat*]s fell into a s\nd sleep & c\ld n be r\s$1 ! o!rs saw 8 app>ition knock at ! *ur* door4#ffd ,mod]n ,europe has inde$ kept closely en\gh to ! l9es ( e>ly philosophy1 = su* ideas to h little /rang5ess to our own "t4 ,language pres]ves record ( !m 9 su* expressions z #8out ( oneself1' #8beside oneself1' #89 an ec/asy1' & he :o says t 8 _s goes =? to meet a fri5d1 c /ill realize 9 ! phrase a mean+ deep] ?an metaphor4 ,?is same doctr9e =ms "o side ( ! !ory ( dreams preval5t among ! l[] races4 ,c]ta9 ( ! ,gre5l&]s1 ,cranz rem>ks1 consid] t ! s\l quits ! body 9 ! night & goes out hunt+1 danc+1 & visit+2 _! dreams1 :i* are frequ5t & lively1 hav+ br\ght !m to ?is op9ion4#ffe ,among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 we he> ( ! dream]'s s\l leav+ 8 body & w&]+ 9 que/ ( ?+s attractive to x4 ,^! ?+s ! wak+ man mu/ endeav\r to obta91 le/ 8 s\l be tr\bl$1 & quit ! body altoge!r4#fff ,! ,new ,zeal&]s consid]$ ! dream+ s\l to leave ! body & return1 ev5 travell+ to ! region ( ! dead to hold conv]se ) its fri5ds4#ffg ,! ,tagals ( ,luzon object to wak+ a sleep]1 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( 8 s\l4#ffh ,! ,k>5s1 ^: !ory ( ! w&]+ s\l has j be5 notic$1 expla9 dreams to be :at ?is l sees & exp]i5ces 9 its j\rneys :5 x has left ! body asleep4 ,!y ev5 acc\nt ) mu* acut5ess = ! fact t we are apt to dream ( p & places :i* we knew be=e2 ! leip-pya1 !y say1 c only visit ! regions :]e ! body x belongs to has be5 already4#ffi ,onw>d f ! savage /ate1 ! idea ( ! _s's dep>ture 9 sleep may be trac$ into ! speculative philosophy ( high] nations1 z 9 ! ,v$anta sy/em1 & ! ,kabbala4#fgj ,/4 ,augu/9e tells "o ( ! d\ble n>ratives :i* s well illu/rate !ories ( ?is k9d4 ,! man :o tells ,augu/9e ! /ory relates t1 at home "o night be=e go+ to sleep1 he saw com+ to him a c]ta9 philosoph]1 mo/ well kn[n to him1 :o !n exp\nd$ to him c]ta9 ,platonic passages1 :i* :5 ask$ previ\sly he _h refus$ to expla94 ,& :5 he 7aft]w>ds7 enquir$ ( ?is philosoph] :y he did at 8 h\se :at he _h refus$ to d :5 ask$ at 8 own3 #8,i did n d x1' said ! philosoph]1 #8b ,i dreamt ,i did4' ,& ?us1 says ,augu/9e1 t 0 exhibit$ to "o by phanta/ic image :ile wak+1 :i* ! o!r saw 9 a dream4#fga ,european folklore1 too1 has pres]v$ int]e/+ details ( ?is primitive dream-!ory1 su* z ! fe> ( turn+ a sleep] ov] le/ ! abs5t s\l %\ld miss ! way back4 ,k+ ,gun?ram's leg5d is "o ( a gr\p int]e/+ f ! same po9t ( view4 ,! k+ lay 9 ! wood asleep ) 8 head 9 8 fai?ful h5*man's lap2 ! s]vant saw z x 7 a snake issue f 8 "l's m\? & run to ! brook1 b x c\ld n pass1 s ! s]vant laid 8 sword across ! wat]1 & ! creature ran along x & up into a m\nta92 aft] a :ile x came back & return$ into ! m\? ( ! sleep+ k+1 :o wak+ told him h[ he _h dreamt t he w5t ov] an iron bridge into a f\nta9 full ( gold4#fgb ,?is is "o ( ^? in/ructive leg5ds :i* pres]ve = u1 z 9 a museum1 relics ( an e>ly intellectual condition ( our ,aryan race1 9 ?\ghts :i* to our mod]n m9ds h fall5 to ! level ( qua9t fancy1 b :i* /ill rema9 s\nd & reasonable philosophy to ! savage4 ,a ,k>5 at ?is day w\ld appreciate e po9t ( ! /ory2 ! famili> notion ( spirits n cross+ wat] :i* he exemplifies 9 8 ,burmese =e/s by /ret*+ ?reads across ! brook = ! gho/s to pass along2 ! idea ( ! s\l go+ =? embodi$ 9 an animal2 & ! !ory ( ! dream be+ a real j\rney ( ! sleep]'s s\l4 ,f9ally1 ?is old belief /ill f9ds1 z su* beliefs s (t5 d1 a refuge 9 mod]n poetry3 #8,yon *ild is dream+ f> away1 ,& is n :]e he seems4' ,?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 only con/itutes "o ( sev]al p>ts ( ! !ory ( dreams 9 savage psy*ology4 ,ano!r "p has also a place "h1 ! view t human s\ls come f )\t to visit ! sleep]1 :o sees !m z dreams4 ,^! two views are by no means incompatible4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians all[$ !mselves ! alt]native ( suppos+ a dream to be ei!r a visit f ! s\l ( ! p]son or object dreamt (1 or a sight se5 by ! rational s\l1 gone out = an excursion :ile ! s5sitive s\l rema9s 9 ! body4#fgc ,s ! ,zulu may be visit$ 9 a dream by ! %ade ( an ance/or1 ! itongo1 :o comes to w>n him ( dang]1 or he may himself be tak5 by ! itongo 9 a dream to visit 8 di/ant p1 & see t !y are 9 tr\ble2 z = ! man :o is pass+ into ! morbid condition ( ! pr(essional se]1 phantoms are cont9ually com+ to talk to him 9 8 sleep1 till he becomes1 z ! expressive native phrase is1 #8a h\se ( dreams4'#fgd ,9 ! l[] range ( culture1 x is p]haps mo/ frequ5tly tak5 = grant$ t a man's app>ition 9 a dream is a visit f 8 disembodi$ _s1 :i* ! dream]1 to use an expressive ,ojibwa idiom1 #8sees :5 asleep4' ,su* a ?\ght comes out cle>ly 9 ! ,fijian op9ion t a liv+ man's _s may leave ! body1 to tr\ble o!r p 9 _! sleep2#fge or 9 a rec5t acc\nt ( an old ,indian woman ( ,briti% ,columbia s5d+ = ! m$ic9e-man to drive away ! dead p :o came to h] e night4#fgf ,a mod]n obs]v]'s description ( ! /ate ( m9d ( ! negroes ( ,we/ ,africa 9 ?is respect is extremely *>act]i/ic & in/ructive4 #8,all _! dreams are con/ru$ into visits f ! spirits ( _! deceas$ fri5ds4 ,! cautions1 h9ts1 & w>n+s :i* come to !m ?r\gh ?is s\rce are receiv$ ) ! mo/ s]i\s & def]5tial att5tion1 & are always act$ ^u 9 _! wak+ h\rs4 ,! habit ( relat+ _! dreams1 :i* is univ]sal1 greatly promotes ! habit ( dream+ itself1 & h5ce _! sleep+ h\rs are *>act]iz$ by almo/ z mu* int]c\rse ) ! dead z _! wak+ are ) ! liv+4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 "o ( ! reasons ( _! excessive sup]/iti\sness4 ,_! imag9ations become s lively t !y c sc>cely di/+ui% betwe5 _! dreams & _! wak+ ?\ghts1 betwe5 ! real & ! ideal1 & !y consequ5tly utt] falsehood )\t int5d+1 & pr(ess to see ?+s :i* nev] exi/$4'#fgg ,to ! ,greek ( old1 ! dream-s\l 0 :at to ! mod]n savage x /ill is4 ,sleep1 loos+ c>es ( m9d1 fell on ,a*illes z he lay by ! s\nd+ sea1 & !re /ood ov] him ! s\l ( ,patroklos1 l to him altoge!r 9 /ature1 & ! beaute\s eyes1 & ! voice1 & ! g>m5ts t wrapp$ 8 sk92 he spake1 & ,a*illes /ret*$ out to grasp him ) lov+ h&s1 b caught him n1 & l a smoke ! s\l sp$ twitt]+ bel[ ! e>?4 ,along ! ages t sep>ate u f ,hom]ic times1 ! app>ition 9 dreams ( m5 liv+ or dead has be5 a subject ( philosophic speculation & ( sup]/iti\s fe>4#fgh ,bo? ! phantom ( ! liv+ & ! gho/ ( ! dead figure 9 ,cic]o's typical tale4 ,two ,arcadians came to ,meg>a toge!r1 "o lodg$ at a fri5d's h\se1 ! o!r at an inn4 ,9 ! night ?is latt] appe>$ to 8 fell[-travell]1 implor+ 8 help1 = ! innkeep] 0 plott+ 8 dea?2 ! sleep] sprang up 9 al>m1 b ?9k+ ! vision ( no consequ5ce w5t to sleep aga94 ,!n a second "t 8 companion appe>$ to him1 to entreat t ?\gh he _h fail$ to help1 he w\ld at lea/ av5ge1 = ! innkeep] _h kill$ him & hidd5 8 body 9 a dung-c>t1 :]e=e he *>g$ 8 fell[-travell] to be e>ly next morn+ at ! city-gate be=e ! c>t pass$ out4 ,/ruck ) ?is second dream1 ! travell] w5t z bidd51 & !re f\nd ! c>t2 ! body ( ! murd]$ man 0 9 x1 & ! innkeep] 0 br\ght to ju/ice4 #8,quid hoc somnio dici pote/ div9ius6'#fgi ,augu/9e discusses ) ref]5ce to ! nature ( ! s\l v>i\s dream-/ories ( 8 "t1 :]e ! app>itions ( m5 dead or liv+ are se5 9 dreams4 ,9 "o ( ! latt] he himself figur$1 = :5 a disciple ( 81 ,eulogius ! rhetor ( ,c>?age1 once c\ld n get to sleep = ?9k+ ( an obscure passage 9 ,cic]o's ,rhetoric1 t night ,augu/9e came to him 9 a dream & expla9$ x4 ,b ,augu/9e's t5d5cy 0 t[>d ! mod]n !ory ( dreams1 & 9 ?is case he says x 0 c]ta9ly 8 image t appe>$1 n himself1 :o 0 f> across ! sea1 nei!r kn[+ nor c>+ ab\t ! matt]4#fhj ,z we survey ! imm5se s]ies ( dream-/ories ( simil> types 9 patri/ic1 m$ival1 & mod]n lit]ature1 we may f9d x difficult en\gh to decide :i* are tru? & :i* are fiction4 ,b along ! c\rse ( ^! myriad n>ratives ( human phantoms appe>+ 9 dreams to *e] or torm5t1 to w>n or in=m1 or to dem& fulfilm5t ( _! own desires1 ! problem ( dream-app>itions may be trac$ 9 progress ( gradual det]m9ation1 f ! e>li] conviction t a disembodi$ s\l really comes into ! pres5ce ( ! sleep]1 t[>d ! lat] op9ion t su* a phantasm is produc$ 9 ! dream]'s m9d )\t ! p]ception ( any ext]nal objective figure4 ,! evid5ce ( visions corresponds ) ! evid5ce ( dreams 9 _! be>+ on primitive !ories ( ! s\l1#fha & ! two classes ( ph5om5a sub/antiate & supplem5t "o ano!r4 ,ev5 9 heal?y wak+ life1 ! savage or b>b>ian has nev] le>nt to make t rigid di/9ction betwe5 subjective & objective1 betwe5 imag9ation & reality1 to en=ce :i* is "o ( ! ma9 results ( sci5tific education4 ,/ill less1 :5 disord]$ 9 body & m9d he sees ar\nd him phantom human =ms1 c he di/ru/ ! evid5ce ( 8 v s5ses4 ,?us x comes to pass t ?r\gh\t ! l[] civilization m5 believe1 ) ! mo/ vivid & int5se belief1 9 ! objective reality ( ! human spectres :i* !y see 9 sickness1 exhau/ion1 or excitem5t4 ,z w be h]eaft] notic$1 "o ma9 reason ( ! practices ( fa/+1 p5ance1 n>cotis+ by drugs1 & o!r means ( br++ on morbid exaltation1 is t ! pati5ts may obta9 ! sight ( spectral be+s1 f :om !y look to ga9 spiritual k & ev5 worldly p[]4 ,human gho/s are among ! pr9cipal ( ^! phantasmal figures4 ,!re is no d\bt t hone/ vision>ies describe gho/s z !y really appe> to _! p]ception1 :ile ev5 ! impo/ors :o pret5d to see !m con=m to ! descriptions ?us e/abli%$2 ?us1 9 ,we/ ,africa1 a man's kla or s\l1 becom+ at 8 dea? a sisa or gho/1 c rema9 9 ! h\se ) ! corpse1 b is only visible to ! wong-man1 ! _s-doctor4#fhb ,sometimes ! phantom has ! *>act]i/ic quality ( n be+ visible to all ( an assembl$ company4 ,?us ! natives ( ! ,antilles believ$ t ! dead appe>$ on ! roads :5 "o w5t alone1 b n :5 _m w5t toge!r2#fhc ?us among ! ,f9ns ! gho/s ( ! dead 7 to be se5 by ! %amans1 b n by m5 g5]ally unless 9 dreams4#fhd ,su* is p]haps ! mean+ ( ! description ( ,samuel's gho/1 visible to ! wit* ( ,endor1 b n to ,saul1 = he has to ask h] :at x is %e sees4#fhe ,yet ?is te/ ( ! nature ( an app>ition is "o :i* easily breaks d[n4 ,we "k well h[ 9 civiliz$ c\ntries a curr5t rum\r ( "s "o hav+ se5 a phantom is en\gh to br+ a sight ( x to o!rs ^: m9ds are 9 a prop]ly receptive /ate4 ,! condition ( ! mod]n gho/-se]1 ^: imag9ation passes on su* slight excitem5t into positive halluc9ation is r ! rule ?an ! exception among uncultur$ & int5sely imag9ative tribes1 ^: m9ds may be ?r[n (f _! balance by a t\*1 a ^w1 a ge/ure1 an unaccu/om$ noise4 ,among savage tribes1 h[ev]1 z among civiliz$ races :o h inh]it$ rema9s ( e>ly philosophy =m$ "u simil> conditions1 ! doctr9e ( visibility or invisibility ( phantoms has be5 obvi\sly %ap$ ) ref]5ce to actual exp]i5ce4 ,to decl>e t s\ls or gho/s are necess>ily ei!r visible or invisible1 w\ld directly contradict ! evid5ce ( m5's s5ses4 ,b to ass]t or imply1 z ! l[] races d1 t !y are visible sometimes & to "s p]sons1 b n always or to e "o1 is to lay d[n an explanation ( facts :i* is n inde$ our usual mod]n explanation1 b :i* is a p]fectly rational & intelligible product ( e>ly sci5ce4 ,)\t discuss+ on _! m]its ! acc\nts ( :at is call$ #8second sight1' x may be po9t$ out t !y are relat$ among savage tribes1 z :5 ,capta9 ,jona?an ,c>v] obta9$ f a ,cree m$ic9e-man a true prophecy ( ! arrival ( a canoe ) news next day at noon2 or :5 ,mr4 ,j4 ,mason ,br[n1 travell+ ) two voyageurs on ! ,copp]m9e ,riv]1 0 met by ,indians ( ! v b& he 0 seek+1 ^! hav+ be5 s5t by _! m$ic9e-man1 :o1 on enquiry1 /at$ t #8,he saw !m com+1 & he>d !m talk on _! j\rney4'#fhf ,^! are analog\s to acc\nts ( ! ,highl& second-sight1 z :5 ,p5nant he>d ( a g5tleman ( ! ,hebrides1 said to h ! conv5i5t gift ( =esee+ visitors 9 "t to get ready = !m1 or :5 ,dr4 ,johnson 0 told by ano!r laird t a lab\r+ man ( 8 _h pr$ict$ 8 return to ! isl&1 & describ$ ! peculi> liv]y 8 s]vant _h be5 newly dress$ 94#fhg ,z a g5]al rule1 p are apt to consid] x impossible = a man to be 9 two places at once1 & inde$ a say+ to t effect has become a popul> saw4 ,b ! rule is s f> f be+ univ]sally accept$1 t ! ^w #8bilocation' has be5 inv5t$ to express ! miracul\s faculty possess$ by c]ta9 ,sa9ts ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 ( be+ 9 two places at once2 l ,/4 ,alfonso di ,liguori1 :o _h ! useful p[] ( prea*+ 8 s]mon 9 *ur* :ile he 0 confess+ p5it5ts at home4#fhh ,! reception & explanation ( ^! v>i\s classes ( /ories fit p]fectly ) ! primitive animi/ic !ory ( app>itions1 & ! same is true ( ! foll[+ mo/ num]\s class ( ! second-sight n>ratives4 ,dea? is ! ev5t :i*1 9 all /ages ( culture1 br+s ?\ght to be> mo/ int5sely1 ?\gh n always mo/ heal?ily1 on ! problems ( psy*ology4 ,! app>ition ( ! disembodi$ s\l has 9 all ages be5 ?\ght to be> especial relation to its dep>ture f its body at dea?4 ,?is is well %[n by ! reception n only ( a !ory ( gho/s1 b ( a special doctr9e ( #8wrai?s' or #8fet*es4' ,?us ! ,k>5s say t a man's _s1 appe>+ aft] dea?1 may ?us ann\nce x4#fhi ,9 ,new ,zeal& x is om9\s to see ! figure ( an abs5t p]son1 = if x be %ad[y & ! face n visible1 8 dea? may ere long be expect$1 b if ! face be se5 he is dead already4 ,a p>ty ( ,maoris 7"o ( :om told ! /ory7 7 seat$ r\nd a fire 9 ! op5 air1 :5 !re appe>$1 se5 only by two ( !m1 ! figure ( a relative left ill at home2 !y exclaim$1 ! figure vani%$1 & on ! return ( ! p>ty x appe>$ t ! sick man _h di$ ab\t ! "t ( ! vision4#fij ,exam9+ ! position ( ! doctr9e ( wrai?s among ! high] races1 we f9d x especially prom95t 9 ?ree intellectual di/ricts1 ,*ri/ian hagiology1 popul> folklore1 & mod]n spiritualism4 ,/4 ,an?ony saw ! s\l ( ,/4 ,ammonius c>ri$ to heav5 9 ! mid/ ( *oirs ( angels1 ! same day t ! holy h]mit di$ five days' j\rney (f 9 ! des]t ( ,nitria2 :5 ,/4 ,ambrose di$ on ,ea/] ,eve1 sev]al newly-baptiz$ *ildr5 saw ! holy bi%op1 & po9t$ him out to _! p>5ts1 b ^! ) _! less pure eyes c\ld n behold him2 & s =?4#fia ,folklore examples ab\nd 9 ,silesia & ! ,tyrol1 :]e ! gift ( wrai?-see+ /ill fl\ri%es1 ) ! cu/om>y details ( fun]als1 *ur*es1 f\r-cross-roads1 & headless phantoms1 & an especial association ) ,new ,ye>'s ,eve4 ,! acc\nts ( #8second-sight' f ,nor? ,brita9 mo/ly belong to a some:at old] date4 ,?us ! ,/4 ,kilda p us$ to be haunt$ by _! own spectral d\bles1 =]unn]s ( imp5d+ dea?1 & 9 #agii a travell] writes ( ! peasants ( ,kirkcudbright%ire1 #8,x is common among !m to fancy t !y see ! wrai?s ( p]sons dy+1 :i* w be visible to "o & n to o!rs pres5t ) him4 ,)9 ^! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 x 0 h>dly possible to meet ) any p]son :o _h n se5 _m wrai?s & gho/s 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]i5ce4' ,^? :o discuss ! au!nticity ( ! second-sight /ories z actual evid5ce1 mu/ be> 9 m9d t !y prove a little too mu*2 !y v\* n only = human app>itions1 b = su* phantoms z demon-dogs1 & = /ill m fanciful symbolic om5s4 ,?us a phantom %r\d se5 9 spiritual vision on a liv+ man pr$icts 8 dea?1 imm$iate if x is up to 8 head1 less ne>ly approa*+ if x is only up to 8 wai/2 & to see 9 spiritual vision a sp>k ( fire fall ^u a p]son's arm or brea/1 is a =]unn] ( a dead *ild to be se5 9 8 arms4#fib ,z vision>ies (t5 see phantoms ( liv+ p]sons )\t any rem>kable ev5t co9cid+ ) _! halluc9ations1 x is naturally admitt$ t a man's phantom or #8d\ble' may be se5 )\t port5d+ any?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,! spirituali/ic !ory specially insi/s on cases ( app>ition :]e ! p]son's dea? corresponds m or less ne>ly ) ! "t :5 "s fri5d p]ceives 8 phantom4#fic ,n>ratives ( ?is class1 :i* ,i c "h only specify )\t argu+ on !m1 are abundantly 9 circulation4 ,?us1 ,i h an acc\nt by a lady1 :o #8saw1 z x 71 ! =m ( "s "o laid out1' ne> ! "t :5 a bro!r di$ at ,melb\rne1 & :o m5tions ano!r lady kn[n to h]1 :o ?\ght %e saw h] own fa!r look 9 at ! *ur* w9d[ at ! mom5t he 0 dy+ 9 8 own h\se4 ,ano!r acc\nt is s5t me by a ,%etl& lady1 :o relates t ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago %e & a girl lead+ h] pony recogniz$ ! famili> figure ( "o ,pet] ,su!rl&1 :om !y knew to be at ! "t 9 ill-heal? 9 ,ed9burgh2 he turn$ a corn] & !y saw no m ( him1 b next week came ! news ( 8 sudd5 dea?4 ,t ! app>itional human s\l be>s ! lik5ess ( its fle%ly body1 is ! pr9ciple implicitly accept$ by all :o believe x really & objectively pres5t 9 dreams & visions4 ,my own view is t no?+ b dreams & visions c\ld h ev] put into m5's m9ds su* an idea z t ( s\ls be+ e!real images ( bodies4 ,x is ?us habitually tak5 = grant$ 9 animi/ic philosophy1 savage or civiliz$1 t s\ls set free f ! e>?ly body are recogniz$ by a lik5ess to x :i* !y /ill reta91 :e!r z gho/ly w&]]s on e>? or inhabitants ( ! _w beyond ! grave4 ,man's _s1 says ,sw$5borg1 is 8 m9d1 :i* lives aft] dea? 9 complete human =m1 & ?is is ! poet's dictum 9 #8,9 ,memoriam3' #8,et]nal =m %all /ill divide ,! et]nal s\l f all beside2 ,& ,i %all "k him :5 we meet4' ,?is _w-wide ?\ght1 com+ into view "h 9 a multitude ( cases f all grades ( culture1 ne$s no collection ( ord9>y in/ances to illu/rate x4#fid ,b a qua9t & special gr\p ( beliefs w s]ve to display ! ?or\ghness ) :i* ! s\l is ?us conceiv$ z an image ( ! body4 ,z a consi/5t coroll>y to su* an op9ion1 x is argu$ t ! mutilation ( ! body w h a correspond+ effect ^u ! s\l1 & v l[ savage races h philosophy en\gh to "w out ?is idea4 ,?us x 0 record$ ( ! ,indians ( ,brazil by "o ( ! e>ly ,european visitors1 t !y #8believe t ! dead arrive 9 ! o!r _w w\nd$ or hack$ to pieces1 9 fact j z !y left ?is4'#fie ,?us1 too1 ! ,au/ralian :o has sla9 8 enemy w cut (f ! "r ?umb ( ! corpse1 s t al?\gh ! _s w become a ho/ile gho/1 x _c ?r[ ) its mutilat$ h& ! %ad[y spe>1 & may be safely left to w&]1 malignant b h>mless4#fif ,! negro fe>s long sickness be=e dea?1 su* z w s5d him lean & feeble into ! next _w4 ,8 !ory ( ! mutilation ( s\l ) body c\ld n be br\ght m vividly into view ?an 9 t ugly /ory ( ! ,we/ ,indian plant]1 ^: slaves began to seek 9 suicide at once relief f pres5t mis]y & re/oration to _! native l&2 b ! :ite man 0 too cunn+ = !m1 he cut (f ! heads & h&s ( ! corpses1 & ! survivors saw t n ev5 dea? c\ld save !m f a ma/] :o c\ld maim _! v s\ls 9 ! next _w4#fig ,! same rude & primitive belief cont9ues among nations ris5 f> high] 9 intellectual rank4 ,! ,*9ese hold 9 especial horror ! puni%m5t ( decapitation1 consid]+ t he :o quits ?is _w lack+ a memb] w s arrive 9 ! next1 & a case is record$ lately ( a crim9al at ,amoy :o = ?is reason begg$ to die in/ead by ! cruel dea? ( crucifixion1 & 0 crucifi$ accord+ly4#fih ,! s]ies ends z usual 9 ! folklore ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,! phantom skeleton 9 *a9s t haunt$ ! h\se at ,bologna1 %[$ ! way to ! g>d5 :]e 0 buri$ ! real *a9$ fle%less skeleton x belong$ to1 & came no m :5 ! rema9s _h be5 duly buri$4 ,:5 ! ,e>l ( ,cornwall met ! fet* ( 8 fri5d ,william ,rufus c>ri$ black & nak$ on a black goat across ! ,bodm9 moors1 he saw t x 0 w\nd$ ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! brea/2 & aft]w>ds he he>d t at t v h\r ! k+ _h be5 sla9 9 ! ,new ,=e/ by ! arr[ ( ,walt] ,tirell4#fii ,9 /udy+ ! nature ( ! s\l z conceiv$ among ! l[] races1 & 9 trac+ su* conceptions onw>d among ! high]1 circum/antial details are available4 ,x is z widely recogniz$ among mank9d t s\ls or gho/s h voices1 z t !y h visible =ms1 & inde$ ! evid5ce = bo? is ( ! same nature4 ,m5 :o p]ceive evid5tly t s\ls d talk :5 !y pres5t !mselves 9 dream or vision1 naturally take = grant$ at once ! objective reality ( ! gho/ly voice1 & ( ! gho/ly =m f :i* x proce$s4 ,?is is involv$ 9 ! s]ies ( n>ratives ( spiritual communications ) liv+ m51 f savag]y onw>d to civilization1 :ile ! m mod]n doctr9e ( ! subjectivity ( su* ph5om5a recognizes ! ph5om5a !mselves1 b (f]s a diff]5t explanation ( !m4 ,"o special conception1 h[ev]1 requires p>ticul> notice4 ,?is def9es ! _s-voice z be+ a l[ murmur1 *irp1 or :i/le1 z x 7 ! gho/ ( a voice4 ,! ,algonqu9 ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica c\ld he> ! %ad[-s\ls ( ! dead *irp l crickets4#gjj ,! div9e spirits ( ! ,new ,zeal& dead1 com+ to conv]se ) ! liv+1 utt] _! words 9 :i/l+ tones1 & su* utt]ances by a squeak+ noise are m5tion$ else:]e 9 ,polynesia4#gja ,! ,zulu div9]'s famili> spirits are ance/ral manes1 :o talk 9 a l[ :i/l+ tone %ort ( a full :i/le1 :5ce !y h _! "n ( #8imilozi' or :i/l]s4#gjb ,^! ideas correspond ) classic descriptions ( ! gho/ly voice1 z a #8twitt] or #8?9 murmur3' 1 4'#gjc #8,umbra cru5ta ,remi visa e/ assi/]e lecto1 ,atque haec exiguo murmure v]ba loqui4'#gjd ,z ! attributes ( ! s\l or gho/ ext5d to o!r spiritual be+s1 & ! utt]ances ( su* are to a great ext5t giv5 by ! voice ( m$iums1 we connect ^! acc\nts ) ! notion t ! language ( demons is also a l[ :i/le or mutt]1 :5ce ! well-kn[n practice ( :isp]+ or murmur+ *>ms1 ! #8susurrus necromanticus' ( sorc]]s1 to :om ! already cit$ description ( #8wiz>ds t peep 7i4e4 *irp7 & mutt]' is widely applicable4#gje ,! conception ( dreams & visions z caus$ by pres5t objective figures1 & ! id5tification ( su* phantom s\ls ) ! %ad[ & ! brea?1 has l$ to ! treatm5t ( s\ls z sub/antial mat]ial be+s4 ,?us x is a usual proce$+ to make op5+s ?r\gh solid mat]ials to all[ s\ls to pass4 ,! ,iroquois 9 old times us$ to leave an op5+ 9 ! grave = ! l+]+ s\l to visit its body1 & "s ( !m /ill bore holes 9 ! c(f9 = ! same purpose4#gjf ,! ,malagasy sorc]]1 = ! cure ( a sick man :o _h lo/ 8 s\l1 w\ld make a hole 9 a burial-h\se to let out a _s :i* he w\ld cat* 9 8 cap & s convey to ! pati5t's head4#gjg ,! ,*9ese make a hole 9 ! ro( to let out ! s\l at dea?4#gjh ,& la/ly1 ! cu/om ( op5+ a w9d[ or door = ! dep>t+ s\l :5 x quits ! body is to ?is day a v famili> sup]/ition 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&4#gji ,aga91 ! s\ls ( ! dead are ?\ght susceptible ( be+ beat51 hurt & driv5 l any o!r liv+ creatures4 ,?us ! ,que5sl& aborig9es w\ld beat ! air 9 an annual mock fight1 held to sc>e away ! s\ls t dea? _h let loose among ! liv+ s9ce la/ ye>4#gaj ,?us ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 :5 !y _h tortur$ an enemy to dea?1 ran ab\t cry+ & beat+ ) /icks to sc>e ! gho/ away2 !y h be5 kn[n to set nets r\nd _! cab9s to cat* & keep out neighb\rs' dep>t$ s\ls2 fancy+ ! s\l ( a dy+ man to g out at ! wigwam ro(1 !y w\ld habitually beat ! sides ) /icks to drive x =?2 we ev5 he> ( ! wid[ go+ (f f h] husb&'s fun]al foll[$ by a p]son fl\ri%+ a h&ful ( twigs ab\t h] head l a flyflapp]1 to drive (f h] husb&'s gho/ & leave h] free to m>ry aga94#gaa ,) a k9dli] feel+1 ! ,congo negroes ab/a9$ = a :ole ye> aft] a dea? f sweep+ ! h\se1 le/ ! du/ %\ld injure ! delicate sub/ance ( ! gho/2#gab ! ,tonqu9ese avoid$ h\se-clean+ dur+ ! fe/ival :5 ! s\ls ( ! dead came back to _! h\ses = ! ,new ,ye>'s visit2#gac & x seems likely t ! special pr(ession ( ! ,roman #8ev]riatores' :o swept ! h\ses out aft] a fun]al1 0 connect$ ) a simil> idea4#gad ,to ?is day1 x rema9s a ,g]man peasants' say+ t x is wrong to slam a door1 le/ "o %\ld p9* a s\l 9 x4#gae ,! n uncommon practice ( /rew+ a%es to %[ ! footpr9ts ( gho/s or demons takes = grant$ t !y are sub/antial bodies4 ,9 ! lit]ature ( animism1 extreme te/s ( ! weight ( gho/s are n[ & !n =?com+4 ,!y range f ! decl>ation ( a ,basuto div9] t ! late que5 _h be5 be/rid+ 8 %\ld]s1 & he nev] felt su* a weight 9 8 life1 to ,glanvil's /ory ( ,david ,hunt] ! neat-h]d1 :o lift$ up ! old woman's gho/1 & %e felt j l a bag ( fea!rs 9 8 arms1 or ! pa!tic ,g]man sup]/ition t ! dead "m's com+ back 9 ! night to suckle ! baby %e has left on e>?1 may be kn[n by ! holl[ press$ d[n 9 ! b$ :]e %e lay1 & at la/ d[n to ! alleg$ mod]n spirituali/ic reckon+ ( ! weight ( a human s\l at f #c to #d ounces4#gaf ,explicit /atem5ts z to ! sub/ance ( s\l are to be f\nd bo? among l[ & high races1 9 an in/ructive s]ies ( def9itions4 ,! ,tongans imag9$ ! human s\l to be ! f9] or m a]i=m "p ( ! body1 :i* leaves x sudd5ly at ! mom5t ( dea?2 some?+ comp>able to ! p]fume & ess5ce ( a fl[] z relat$ to ! m solid vegetable fibre4#gag ,! ,gre5l& se]s describ$ ! s\l z !y habitually p]ceiv$ x 9 _! visions2 x is pale & s(t1 !y said1 & he :o tries to seize x feels no?+1 = x has no fle% nor bone nor s9ew4#gah ,! ,c>ibs did n ?9k ! s\l s immat]ial z to be invisible1 b said x 0 subtle & ?9 l a purifi$ body4#gai ,turn+ to high] races1 we may take ! ,siamese z an example ( a p :o conceive ( s\ls z consi/+ ( subtle matt] escap+ sight & t\*1 or z unit$ to a swiftly mov+ a]ial body4#gbj ,9 ! classic _w1 x is record$ z an op9ion ( ,epicurus t #8!y :o say ! s\l is incorporeal talk folly1 = x c\ld nei!r d nor suff] any?+ 7 x su*4'#gba ,among ! ,fa!rs1 ,ir5u describes s\ls z incorporeal 9 comp>ison ) mortal bodies1#gbb & ,t]tullian relates a vision or revelation ( a c]ta9 ,montani/ prophetess1 ( ! s\l se5 by h] corporeally1 ?9 & lucid1 a]ial 9 col\r & human 9 =m4#gbc ,= an example ( m$ival doctr9e1 may be cit$ a #ad?-c5tury ,engli% poem1 ! #8,ay5bite ( ,inwyt' 7i4e4 #8,remorse ( ,consci5ce'7 :i* po9ts out h[ ! s\l1 by reason ( ! ?9ness ( its sub/ance1 suff]s all ! m 9 purgatory3 #8,! s\l is m t5dre & nes*e ,?an ! bodi t ha? bones & fleys*e2 ,?anne ! s\l t is s t5d]e ( k9de1 ,mote n$is hure p5aunce h>d]e y-f9de1 ,?an eni bodi t ev]e on live 04'#gbd ,! doctr9e ( ! e!real s\l pass$ on into m mod]n philosophy1 & ! ,european peasant holds fa/ to x /ill2 z ,wuttke says1 ! gho/s ( ! dead h to him a mi/y & evanesc5t mat]iality1 = !y h bodies z we h1 ?\gh ( o!r k9d3 !y c eat & dr9k1 !y c be w\nd$ & kill$4#gbe ,nor 0 ! anci5t doctr9e ev] m di/9ctly /at$ ?an by a mod]n spirituali/ic writ]1 :o obs]ves t #8a _s is no immat]ial sub/ance2 on ! contr>y1 ! spiritual organization is compos$ ( matt] 444 9 a v high /ate ( ref9em5t & att5uation4'#gbf ,among rude races1 ! orig9al conception ( ! human s\l seems to h be5 t ( e!reality1 or vapor\s mat]iality1 :i* has held s l>ge a place 9 human ?\ght ev] s9ce4 ,9 fact1 ! lat] metaphysical notion ( immat]iality c\ld sc>cely h convey$ any mean+ to a savage4 ,x is moreov] to be notic$ t1 z to ! :ole nature & action ( app>itional s\ls1 ! l[] philosophy escapes v>i\s difficulties :i* d[n to mod]n times h p]plex$ metaphysicians & !ologians ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,consid]+ ! ?9 e!real body ( ! s\l to be itself suffici5t & suitable = visibility1 movem5t1 & spee*1 ! primitive animi/s requir$ no additional hypo!ses to acc\nt = ^! manife/ations2 !y _h no place = !ories su* z detail$ by ,calmet1 z t immat]ial s\ls h _! own vapor\s bodies1 or occasionally h su* vapor\s bodies provid$ = !m by sup]natural means to enable !m to appe> z spectres1 or t !y possess ! p[] ( cond5s+ ! circumambi5t air into phantom-l bodies to inve/ !mselves 91 or ( =m+ f x vocal in/rum5ts4#gbg ,x appe>s to h be5 )9 sy/ematic s*ools ( civiliz$ philosophy t ! transc5d5tal def9itions ( ! immat]ial s\l 7 obta9$1 by ab/raction f ! primitive conception ( ! e!real-mat]ial s\l1 s z to r$uce x f a physical to a metaphysical entity4 ,dep>t+ f ! body at ! "t ( dea?1 ! s\l or _s is consid]$ set free to l+] ne> ! tomb1 to w&] on e>? or flit 9 ! air1 or to travel to ! prop] region ( spirits--! _w beyond ! grave4 ,! pr9cipal conceptions ( ! l[] psy*ology z to a ,future ,life w be consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s1 b = ! pres5t purpose ( inve/igat+ ! !ory ( s\ls 9 g5]al1 x w be well to ent] "h ^u "o dep>tm5t ( ! subject4 ,m5 d n /op %ort at ! p]suasion t dea? releases ! s\l to a free & active exi/5ce1 b !y q logically proce$ to assi/ nature1 by slay+ m5 9 ord] to lib]ate _! s\ls = gho/ly uses4 ,?us !re arises "o ( ! mo/ widespread1 di/9ct1 & intelligible rites ( animi/ic religion--t ( fun]al human sacrifice = ! s]vice ( ! dead4 ,:5 a man ( rank dies & 8 s\l dep>ts to its own place1 :]ev] & :atev] t place may be1 x is a rational inf]5ce ( e>ly philosophy t ! s\ls ( att5dants1 slaves1 & wives1 put to dea? at 8 fun]al1 w make ! same j\rney & cont9ue _! s]vice 9 ! next life1 & ! argum5t is frequ5tly /ret*$ fur!r1 to include ! s\ls ( new victims sacrific$ 9 ord] t !y may ent] ^u ! same gho/ly s]vitude4 ,x w appe> f ! e?nography ( ?is rite t x is n /rongly m>k$ 9 ! v l[e/ levels ( culture1 b t1 aris+ 9 ! l[] b>b>ic /age1 x develops itself 9 ! high]1 & !nce=? cont9ues or dw9dles 9 survival4 ,( ! murd]\s practices to :i* ?is op9ion leads1 rem>kably di/9ct acc\nts may be cit$ f among tribes ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is giv5 ( ! fun]als ( great m5 among ! rude ,kayans ( ,borneo3--#8,slaves are kill$ 9 ord] t !y may foll[ ! deceas$ & att5d ^u him4 ,be=e !y are kill$ ! relations :o surr\nd !m enjo9 !m to take great c>e ( _! ma/] :5 !y jo9 him1 to wat* & %ampoo him :5 he is indispos$1 to be always ne> him1 & to obey all 8 behe/s4 ,! female relatives ( ! deceas$ !n take a spe> & slightly w\nd ! victims1 aft] :i* ! males spe> !m to dea?4' ,aga91 ! op9ion ( ! ,idaan is #8t all :om !y kill 9 ?is _w %all att5d !m z slaves aft] dea?4 ,?is notion ( future int]e/ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! human species is a great imp$im5t to an int]c\rse ) !m1 z murd] goes f>!r ?an pres5t advantage or res5tm5t4 ,f ! same pr9ciple !y w pur*ase a slave1 guilty ( any capital crime1 at f\rfold 8 value1 t !y may be 8 execution]s4' ,) ! same idea is connect$ ! f]oci\s cu/om ( #8head-hunt+1' s preval5t among ! ,dayaks be=e ,rajah ,brooke's "t4 ,!y consid]$ t ! own] ( e human head !y c\ld procure w\ld s]ve !m 9 ! next _w1 :]e1 inde$1 a man's rank w\ld be accord+ to 8 numb] ( heads 9 ?is4 ,!y w\ld cont9ue ! m\rn+ = a dead man till a head 0 br\ght 91 to provide him ) a slave to accompany him to ! #8habitation ( s\ls2' a fa!r :o lo/ 8 *ild w\ld g out & kill ! fir/ man he met1 z a fun]al c]emony2 a "y man might n m>ry till he _h procur$ a head1 & "s tribes w\ld bury ) a dead man ! fir/ head he _h tak51 toge!r ) spe>s1 clo?1 rice1 & betel4 ,waylay+ & murd]+ m5 = _! heads became1 9 fact1 ! ,dayaks' national sport1 & !y rem>k$ #8! :ite m5 read books1 we hunt = heads in/ead4'#gbh ,( su* rites 9 ! ,pacific isl&s1 ! mo/ hide\sly purposeful acc\nts rea* u f ! ,fiji gr\p4 ,till lately1 a ma9 "p ( ! c]emony ( a great man's fun]al 0 ! /rangl+ ( wives1 fri5ds1 & slaves1 = ! di/9ct purpose ( att5d+ him into ! _w ( spirits4 ,ord9>ily ! fir/ victim 0 ! wife ( ! deceas$1 & m ?an "o if he _h sev]al1 & _! corpses1 oil$ z = a fea/1 clo!d ) new fr+$ girdles1 ) heads dress$ & ornam5t$1 & v]milion & turm]ic p[d] spread on _! faces & bosoms1 7 laid by ! side ( ! dead w>rior4 ,associates & inf]ior att5dants 7 likewise sla91 & ^! bodies 7 spok5 ( z #8grass = b$d+ ! grave4' ,:5 ,ra ,mbi?i1 ! pride ( ,somosomo1 0 lo/ at sea1 sev5te5 ( 8 wives 7 kill$2 & aft] ! news ( ! massacre ( ! ,nam5a p1 9 #ahci1 eighty wom5 7 /rangl$ to accompany ! spirits ( _! murd]$ husb&s4 ,su* sacrifices took place "u ! same pressure ( public op9ion :i* kept up ! wid[-burn+ 9 mod]n ,india4 ,! ,fijian wid[ 0 work$ ^u by h] relatives ) all ! pressure ( p]suasion & ( m5ace2 %e und]/ood well t life to h] h5ce=? w\ld mean a wret*$ exi/5ce ( neglect1 disgrace1 & de/itution2 & tyrann\s cu/om1 z h>d to /ruggle aga9/ 9 ! savage z 9 ! civiliz$ _w1 drove h] to ! grave4 ,?us1 f> f resi/+1 %e became importunate = dea?1 & ! new life to come1 & till public op9ion rea*$ a m enlight5$ /ate1 ! mission>ies (t5 us$ _! influ5ce 9 va9 to save f ! /rangl+-cord "s wife :om !y c\ld h rescu$1 b :o h]self refus$ to live4 ,s repugnant to ! native m9d 0 ! idea ( a *iefta9 go+ unatt5d$ into ! o!r _w1 t ! mission>ies' prohibition ( ! *]i%$ cu/om 0 "o reason ( ! popul> dislike to ,*ri/ianity4 ,_m ( ! nom9al ,*ri/ians1 :5 once a *ief ( !irs 0 %ot f an ambu%1 e/eem$ x mo/ =tunate t a /ray %ot at ! same "t kill$ a "y man at a di/ance f him1 & ?us provid$ a companion = ! _s ( ! sla9 *ief4#gbi ,9 ,am]ica1 ! fun]al human sacrifice makes its *>act]i/ic appe>ance4 ,a good example may be tak5 f among ! ,osages1 ^: habit 0 sometimes to plant 9 ! cairn rais$ ov] a corpse a pole ) an enemy's scalp hang+ to ! top4 ,_! notion 0 t by tak+ an enemy & susp5d+ 8 scalp ov] ! grave ( a deceas$ fri5d1 ! _s ( ! victim became subject$ to ! _s ( ! buri$ w>rior 9 ! l& ( spirits4 ,h5ce ! la/ & be/ s]vice t c\ld be p]=m$ = a deceas$ relative 0 to take an enemy's life1 & ?us transmit x by 8 scalp4#gcj ,! correspond5ce ( ?is idea ) t j m5tion$ among ! ,dayaks is v /rik+4 ,) a simil> int5tion1 ! ,c>ibs w\ld slay on ! dead ma/]'s grave any ( 8 slaves !y c\ld lay h&s on4#gca ,among ! native peoples ris5 to consid]ably high] grades ( social & political life1 ^! practices 7 n suppress$ b exagg]at$1 9 ! gha/ly sacrifices ( w>riors1 slaves1 & wives1 :o dep>t$ to cont9ue _! dute\s (fices at ! fun]al ( ! *ief or mon>* 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica#gcb & ,mexico1#gcc 9 ,bogota#gcd & ,p]u4#gce ,x is int]e/+ to notice1 9 some:at fav\rable contra/ ) ^! cu/oms ( comp>atively cultur$ ,am]ican nations1 ! practice ( c]ta9 rude tribes ( ! ,nor?-,we/4 ,! ,quakeol?s1 = in/ance1 did n actually sacrifice ! wid[1 b !y made h] re/ h] head on h] husb&'s corpse :ile x 0 be+ burn$1 until at la/ %e 0 dragg$ m dead ?an alive f ! flames2 if %e recov]$1 %e collect$ h] husb&'s a%es & c>ri$ !m ab\t ) h] = ?ree ye>s1 dur+ :i* any levity or defici5cy ( grief w\ld r5d] h] an outca/4 ,?is looks l a mitigat$ survival f an e>li] cu/om ( actual wid[-burn+4#gcf ,( su* fun]al rites1 c>ri$ out to ! dea?1 graphic & horrid descriptions are record$ 9 ! c\ntries across ,africa--,ea/1 ,c5tral1 & ,we/4 ,a headman ( ! ,wadoe is buri$ sitt+ 9 a %all[ pit1 & ) ! corpse a male & female slave alive1 he ) a bill-hook 9 8 h& to cut fuel = 8 "l 9 ! dea?-_w1 %e seat$ on a little /ool ) ! dead *ief's head 9 h] lap4 ,a *ief ( ,unyamwezi is entomb$ 9 a vault$ pit1 sitt+ on a l[ /ool ) a b[ 9 8 "r h&1 & provid$ ) a pot ( native be]2 ) him are %ut 9 alive ?ree wom5 slaves1 & ! c]emony is conclud$ ) a libation ( be] on ! e>? heap$ up above !m all4 ,! same idea :i* 9 ,gu9ea makes x common = ! liv+ to s5d messages by ! dy+ to ! dead1 is develop$ 9 ,a%anti & ,dahome into a mon/r\s sy/em ( massacre4 ,! ,k+ ( ,dahome mu/ ent] ,deadl& ) a gho/ly c\rt ( hundr$s ( wives1 eunu*s1 s+]s1 drumm]s1 & soldi]s4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,capta9 ,burton ?us describes ! ye>ly #8,cu/oms3'--#8,!y p]iodically supply ! dep>t$ mon>* ) fre% att5dants 9 ! %ad[y _w4 ,= unhappily ^! murd]\s sc5es are an expression1 lam5tably mi/ak5 b p]fectly s9c]e1 ( ! livelie/ filial piety4' ,ev5 ?is annual slaught] mu/ be supplem5t$ by almo/ daily murd]3--#8,:atev] action1 h[ev] trivial1 is p]=m$ by ! ,k+1 x mu/ dutifully be report$ to 8 sire 9 ! %ad[y realm4 ,a victim1 almo/ always a w>-captive1 is *os52 ! message is deliv]$ to him1 an intoxicat+ draught ( rum foll[s x1 & he is dispat*$ to ,hades 9 ! be/ ( hum\rs4'#gcg ,9 s\!rn di/ricts ( ,africa1 acc\nts ( ! same class beg9 9 ,congo & ,angola ) ! record$ slay+ ( ! dead man's fav\rite wives1 to live ) him 9 ! o!r _w1 a practice /ill 9 vogue among ! ,*evas ( ! ,zambesi di/rict1 & =m]ly kn[n among ! ,m>avis2 :ile ! fun]al sacrifice ( att5dants ) a *ief is a ?+ ( ! pa/ among ! ,b>otse1 z among ! ,zulus1 :o yet h n =gott5 ! days :5 ! *ief's s]vants & att5dant w>riors 7 ca/ into ! fire :i* _h consum$ 8 body1 t !y might g ) him1 & prep>e ?+s be=eh&1 & get food = him4#gch ,if n[ we turn to ! records ( ,asia & ,europe1 we %all f9d ! sacrifice ( att5dants = ! dead widely preval5t 9 bo? cont95ts 9 old times1 :ile 9 ! ea/ its c\rse may be trac$ cont9u+ onw>d to our own day4 ,! two ,mohamm$ans :o travell$ 9 ,s\!rn ,asia 9 ! n9? c5tury relate t on ! accession ( c]ta9 k+s a quantity ( rice is prep>$1 :i* is eat5 by "s ?ree or f\r hundr$ m51 :o pres5t !mselves volunt>ily to %>e x1 !reby und]tak+ to burn !mselves at ! mon>*'s dea?4 ,) ?is corresponds ,m>co ,polo's ?irte5?-c5tury acc\nt 9 ,s\!rn ,india ( ! k+ ( ,maab>'s gu>d ( horsem51 :o1 :5 he dies & 8 body is burnt1 ?r[ !mselves into ! fire to d him s]vice 9 ! next _w4#gci ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! practice is describ$ z /ill prevail+ 9 ,japan1 :]e1 on ! dea? ( a nobleman1 f t5 to ?irty ( 8 s]vants put !mselves to dea? by ! #8h>a k>i1' or ripp+-up1 hav+ inde$ engag$ dur+ 8 lifetime1 by ! solemn compact ( dr9k+ w9e toge!r1 to give _! bodies to _! "l at 8 dea?4 ,yet already 9 anci5t times su* fun]al sacrifices 7 pass+ into survival1 :5 ! s]vants :o foll[$ _! ma/] 9 dea? 7 replac$ by clay images set up at ! tomb4#gdj ,among ! ,ossetes ( ! ,caucasus1 an int]e/+ relic ( wid[-sacrifice is /ill kept up3 ! dead man's wid[ & 8 saddle-horse are l$ ?rice r\nd ! grave1 & no man may m>ry ! wid[ or m\nt ! horse ?us devot$4#gda ,9 ,*9a1 leg5d pres]ves ! memory ( ! anci5t fun]al human sacrifice4 ,! bro!r ( ,*9 ,yang1 a disciple ( ,confucius1 di$1 & 8 wid[ & /ew>d wi%$ to bury "s liv+ p]sons ) him1 to s]ve him 9 ! regions bel[4 ,!reupon ! sage sugge/$ t ! prop] victims w\ld be ! wid[ & /ew>d !mselves1 b ?is n precisely meet+ _! views1 ! matt] dropp$1 & ! deceas$ 0 int]r$ )\t att5dants4 ,?is /ory at lea/ %[s ! rite to h be5 n only kn[n b und]/ood 9 ,*9a long ago4 ,9 mod]n ,*9a1 ! suicide ( wid[s to accompany _! husb&s is a recogniz$ practice1 sometimes ev5 p]=m$ 9 public4 ,moreov]1 ! c]emonies ( provid+ s$an-be>]s & an umbrella-be>] = ! dead1 & s5d+ m\nt$ horsem5 to ann\nce be=eh& 8 arrival to ! au?orities ( ,hades1 al?\gh ^! be>]s & mess5g]s are only made ( pap] & burnt1 seem to repres5t survivals ( a m murd]\s reality4#gdb ,! ,aryan race gives /rik+ examples ( ! rite ( fun]al human sacrifice 9 its /]ne/ %ape1 :e!r 9 hi/ory or 9 my?1 t records z truly z hi/ory ! mann]s ( old days4#gdc ,! episodes ( ! ,trojan captives laid ) ! horses & h\nds on ! fun]al pile ( ,patroklos1 & ( ,evadne ?r[+ h]self into ! fun]al pile ( h] husb&1 & ,pausanias's n>rative ( ! suicide ( ! ?ree ,mess5ian wid[s1 are among its ,greek repres5tatives4#gdd ,9 ,sc&9avian my?1 ,baldr is burnt ) 8 dw>f foot-page1 8 horse & saddle2 ,brynhild lies on ! pile by h] belov$ ,sigurd1 & m5 & maids foll[ aft] !m on ! hell-way4#gde ,! ,gauls 9 ,cs>'s "t burn$ at ! dead man's sumptu\s fun]al :atev] 0 de> to him1 animals also1 & mu*-lov$ slaves & cli5ts4#gdf ,old m5tions ( ,slavonic hea!ndom describe ! burn+ ( ! dead ) clo?+ & weapons1 horses & h\nds1 ) fai?ful s]vants1 & above all1 ) wives4 ,?us ,/4 ,boniface says t #8! ,w5ds keep matrimonial love ) s great zeal1 t ! wife may refuse to survive h] husb&1 & %e is held praisewor?y among wom5 :o slays h]self by h] own h&1 t %e may be burnt on "o pyre ) h] "l4'#gdg ,?is ,aryan rite ( wid[-sacrifice has n only an e?nographic & antiqu>ian int]e/1 b ev5 a place 9 mod]n politics4 ,9 ,brahmanic ,india ! wid[ ( a ,h9du ( ! ,brahman or ! ,k%atriya ca/e 0 burnt on ! fun]al pile ) h] husb&1 z a sat or #8good woman1' :i* ^w has pass$ into ,engli% z suttee4 ,m5tion$ 9 classic & m$ival times1 ! practice 0 9 full vig\r at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury4#gdh ,(t5 "o dead husb& took _m wives ) him4 ,"s w5t will+ly & gaily to ! new life1 _m 7 driv5 by =ce ( cu/om1 by fe> ( disgrace1 by family p]suasion1 by prie/ly ?reats & promises1 by %e] viol5ce4 ,:5 ! rite 0 suppress$ "u mod]n ,briti% rule1 ! prie/hood resi/$ to ! utt]mo/1 appeal+ to ! ,v$a1 z sanction+ ! ord9ance1 & dem&+ t ! =eign rul]s %\ld respect x4 ,yet 9 fact1 z ,pr(4 ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson prov$1 ! prie/s _h actually falsifi$ _! sacr$ ,v$a 9 support ( a rite enjo9$ by long & invet]ate prejudice1 b n by ! traditional /&>ds ( ,h9du fai?4 ,! anci5t ,brahmanic fun]al rites h be5 m9utely detail$ f ! ,sanskrit au?orities 9 an essay by ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]4 ,_! directions are t ! wid[ is to be set on ! fun]al pile ) h] husb&'s corpse1 & if he be a w>rior 8 b[ is to be plac$ !re too4 ,b !n a bro!r-9-law or adopt$ *ild or old s]vant is to lead ! wid[ d[n aga9 at ! summons1 #8,rise1 woman1 come to ! _w ( life2 ?\ sleepe/ nigh unto him ^: life is gone4 ,come to u4 ,?\ ha/ ?us fulfill$ ?y duties ( a wife to ! husb& :o once took ?y h&1 & made !e a "m4' ,! b[1 h[ev]1 is to be brok5 & ?r[n back ^u ! pile1 & ! dead man's sacrificial in/rum5ts are to be laid ) him & really consum$4 ,:ile admitt+ t ! mod]n ord9ance ( ,suttee-burn+ is a corrupt dep>ture f ! e>ly ,brahmanic ritual1 we may nev]!less f9d reason to consid] ! practice z n a new inv5tion by ! lat] ,h9du prie/hood1 b z ! revival1 "u cong5ial influ5ces1 ( an anci5t ,aryan rite belong+ orig9ally to a p]iod ev5 e>li] ?an ! ,v$a4 ,! anci5t au?oriz$ c]emony looks z ?\gh1 9 a primitive =m ( ! rite1 ! wid[ _h be5 actually s5t ) ! dead1 = :i* real sacrifice a human] law sub/itut$ a m]e pret5ce4 ,?is view is support$ by ! exi/5ce ( an old & express prohibition ( ! wife be+ sacrific$1 a prohibition seem+ly direct$ aga9/ a real cu/om1 #8to foll[ ! dead husb& is prohibit$1 s says ! law ( ! ,brahmans4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r ca/es ?is law = wom5 may be or may n be4'#gdi ,to treat ! ,h9du wid[-burn+ z a case ( survival & revival seems to me mo/ 9 accordance ) a g5]al e?nographic view ( ! subject4 ,wid[-sacrifice is f\nd 9 v>i\s regions ( ! _w "u a l[ /ate ( civilization1 & ?is fits ) ! hypo!sis ( its hav+ belong$ to ! ,aryan race :ile yet 9 an e>ly & b>b>\s condition4 ,?us ! preval5ce ( a rite ( suttee l t ( mod]n ,india among anci5t ,aryan nations settl$ 9 ,europe1 ,greeks1 ,sc&9avians1 ,g]mans1 ,slaves1 may be simply acc\nt$ = by direct inh]itance f ! remote common antiquity ( !m all4 ,if ?is !ory be s\nd1 x w foll[ t anci5t z ! ,v$ic ord9ances may be1 !y repres5t 9 ?is matt] a re=m & a reaction aga9/ a yet m anci5t b>b>ic rite ( wid[-sacrifice1 :i* !y prohibit$ 9 fact1 b yet kept up 9 symbol4 ,! hi/ory ( religion displays b too pla9ly ! pron5ess ( mank9d to relapse1 9 spite ( re=mation1 into ! l[] & d>k] condition ( ! pa/4 ,/rong] & m t5aci\s ?an ev5 ,v$ic au?ority1 ! hide\s cu/om ( ! suttee may h outliv$ an attempt to suppress x 9 e>ly ,brahmanic times1 & ! ,engli% rul]s1 9 aboli%+ x1 may h aboli%$ a relic n m]ely ( deg5]ate ,h9duism1 b ( ! f> m remotely anci5t savag]y out ( :i* ! ,aryan civilization _h gr[n4 ,9 n[ pass+ f ! consid]ation ( ! s\ls ( m5 to t ( ! s\ls ( ! l[] animals1 we h fir/ to in=m ourselves z to ! savage man's idea1 :i* is v diff]5t f ! civiliz$ man's1 ( ! nature ( ^! l[] animals4 ,a rem>kable gr\p ( obs]vances cu/om>y among rude tribes w br+ ?is di/9ction %>ply into view4 ,savages talk q s]i\sly to bea/s alive or dead z !y w\ld to m5 alive or dead1 (f] !m homage1 ask p>don :5 x is _! pa9ful duty to hunt & kill !m4 ,a ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian w reason ) a horse z if rational4 ,"s w sp>e ! rattlesnake1 fe>+ ! v5geance ( its _s if sla92 o!rs w salute ! creature rev]5tly1 bid x welcome z a fri5d f ! l& ( spirits1 spr9kle a p9* ( tobacco on its head = an (f]+1 cat* x by ! tail & dispat* x ) extreme dext]ity1 & c>ry (f its sk9 z a trophy4 ,if an ,indian is attack$ & torn by a be>1 x is t ! bea/ fell ^u him int5tionally 9 ang]1 p]haps to rev5ge ! hurt done to ano!r be>4 ,:5 a be> is kill$1 !y w beg p>don ( him1 or ev5 make him condone ! (f5ce by smok+ ! peace-pipe ) 8 murd]]s1 :o put ! pipe 9 8 m\? & bl[ d[n x1 begg+ 8 _s n to take rev5ge4#gej ,s 9 ,africa1 ! ,kafirs w hunt ! elephant1 begg+ him n to tread on !m & kill !m1 & :5 he is dead !y w assure him t !y did n kill him on purpose1 & !y w bury 8 trunk1 = ! elephant is a mighty *ief1 & 8 trunk is 8 h& t he may hurt )al4 ,! ,congo p w ev5 av5ge su* a murd] by a pret5d$ attack on ! hunt]s :o did ! de$4#gea ,su* cu/oms are common among ! l[] ,asiatic tribes4 ,! ,/i5s ( ,kambodia ask p>don ( ! bea/ !y h kill$2#geb ! ,a9os ( ,yesso kill ! be>1 (f] obeisance & salutation to him1 & cut up 8 c>case4#gec ,! ,koriaks1 if !y h sla9 a be> or wolf1 w flay him1 dress "o ( _! p 9 ! sk91 & dance r\nd him1 *ant+ excuses t !y did n d x1 & especially lay+ ! blame on a ,russian4 ,b if x is a fox1 !y take 8 sk91 wrap 8 dead body 9 hay1 & sne]+ tell him to g to 8 own p & say :at fam\s hospitality he has _h1 & h[ !y gave him a new coat in/ead ( 8 old "o4#ged ,! ,samoy$s excuse !mselves to ! sla9 be>1 tell+ him x 0 ! ,russians :o did x1 & t a ,russian knife w cut him up4#gee ,! ,goldi w set up ! sla9 be>1 call him #8my "l' & d ironical homage to him1 or tak+ him alive w fatt5 him 9 a cage1 call him #8son' & #8bro!r1' & kill & eat him z a sacrifice at a solemn fe/ival4#gef ,9 ,borneo1 ! ,dayaks1 :5 !y h caught an alligator ) a bait$ hook & rope1 address him ) respect & soo?+ till !y h 8 legs fa/1 & !n mock+ call him #8rajah' & #8gr&fa!r4'#geg ,?us :5 ! savage gets ov] 8 fe>s1 he /ill keeps up 9 ironical m]rim5t ! rev]5ce :i* _h its orig9 9 trembl+ s9c]ity4 ,ev5 n[ ! ,norse hunt] w say ) horror ( a be> t w attack man1 t he c be #8no ,*ri/ian be>4' ,! s5se ( an absolute psy*ical di/9ction betwe5 man & bea/1 s preval5t 9 ! civiliz$ _w1 is h>dly to be f\nd among ! l[] races4 ,m5 to :om ! cries ( bea/s & birds seem l human language1 & _! actions guid$ z x 7 by human ?\ght1 logically en\gh all[ ! exi/5ce ( s\ls to bea/s1 birds1 & reptiles1 z to m54 ,! l[] psy*ology _c b recognize 9 bea/s ! v *>act]i/ics :i* x attributes to ! human s\l1 namely1 ! ph5om5a ( life & dea?1 w & judgm5t1 & ! phantom se5 9 vision or 9 dream4 ,z = believ]s1 savage or civiliz$1 9 ! great doctr9e ( metempsy*osis1 ^! n only consid] t an animal may h a s\l1 b t ?is s\l may h inhabit$ a human be+1 & ?us ! creature may be 9 fact _! own ance/or or once famili> fri5d4 ,a l9e ( facts1 arrang$ z waym>ks along ! c\rse ( civilization1 w s]ve to indicate ! hi/ory ( op9ion f savag]y onw>d1 z to ! s\ls ( animals dur+ life & aft] dea?4 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians held e animal to h its _s1 & ^! spirits _! future life2 ! s\l ( ! ,canadian dog w5t to s]ve 8 ma/] 9 ! o!r _w2 among ! ,si\x1 ! pr]ogative ( hav+ f\r s\ls 0 n conf9$ to man1 b belong$ also to ! be>1 ! mo/ human ( animals4#geh ,! ,gre5l&]s consid]$ t a sick human s\l might be replac$ by ! sorc]] ) a fre% heal?y s\l ( a h>e1 a re9de]1 or a "y *ild4#gei ,maori tale-tell]s h he>d ( ! road by :i* ! spirits ( dogs desc5d to ,re+a1 ! ,hades ( ! dep>t$2 ! ,hovas ( ,madagasc> "k t ! gho/s ( bea/s & m51 dwell+ 9 a great m\nta9 9 ! s\? call$ ,ambondrombe1 come out occasionally to walk among ! tombs or execution-places ( crim9als4#gfj ,! ,kam*adals held t e creature1 ev5 ! smalle/ fly1 w\ld live aga9 9 ! "u-_w4#gfa ,! ,kukis ( ,assam ?9k t ! gho/ ( e animal a ,kuki kills 9 ! *ase or = ! fea/ w belong to him 9 ! next life1 ev5 z ! enemy he slays 9 ! field w !n become 8 slave4 ,! ,k>5s apply ! doctr9e ( ! _s or p]sonal life-phantom1 :i* is apt to w&] f ! body & ?us suff] injury1 equally to m5 & to animals4#gfb ,! ,zulus say ! cattle !y kill come to life aga91 & become ! prop]ty ( ! dwell]s 9 ! _w b5ea?4#gfc ,! ,siamese but*]1 :5 9 defiance ( ! v pr9ciples ( 8 ,buddhism he slaught]s an ox1 be=e he kills ! creature has at lea/ ! grace to besee* its _s to seek a happi] abode4#gfd ,9 connexion ) su* transmigration1 ,py?agorean & ,platonic philosophy gives to ! l[] animals undy+ s\ls1 :ile o!r classic op9ion may recognize 9 bea/s only an inf]ior ord] ( s\l1 only ! #8anima' b n ! human #8animus' besides4 ,?us ,juv5al3 #8,pr9cipio indulsit communis conditor illis ,tantum animas2 nobis animum quoque4444'#gfe ,?r\gh ! middle ages1 controv]sy z to ! psy*ology ( brutes has la/$ on into our own times1 rang+ betwe5 two extremes2 on ! "o ! !ory ( ,desc>tes :i* r$uc$ animals to m]e ma*9es1 on ! o!r :at ,mr4 ,alg] def9es z #8! fai? t animals h immat]ial & dea?less s\ls4' ,among mod]n speculations may be in/anc$ t ( ,wesley1 :o ?\ght t 9 ! next life animals w be rais$ ev5 above _! bodily & m5tal /ate at ! creation1 #8! horridness ( _! appe>ance w be ex*ang$ = _! primval beauty1' & x ev5 may be t !y w be made :at m5 are n[1 creatures capable ( religion4 ,adam ,cl>ke's argum5t = ! future life ( animals re/s on ab/ract ju/ice3 :]eas !y did n s91 b yet are involv$ 9 ! suff]+s ( s9ful man1 & _c h 9 ! pres5t /ate ! happ9ess design$ = !m1 x is reasonable t !y mu/ h x 9 ano!r4#gff ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 ! primitive belief 9 ! s\ls ( animals /ill survives to "s ext5t 9 s]i\s philosophy1 x is obvi\s t ! t5d5cy ( educat$ op9ion on ! "q :e!r brutes h s\l1 z di/+ui%$ f life & m9d1 has = ages be5 9 a negative & sceptical direction4 ,! doctr9e has fall5 f its once high e/ate4 ,x belong$ orig9ally to real1 ?\gh rude sci5ce4 ,x has n[ sunk to become a fav\rite topic 9 t mild speculative talk :i* /ill does duty s l>gely z intellectual conv]sation1 & ev5 !n its prop\nd]s def5d x ) a lurk+ consci\sness ( its be+ aft] all a piece ( s5tim5tal nons5se4 ,animals be+ ?us consid]$ 9 ! primitive psy*ology to h s\ls l human be+s1 x foll[s z ! simple/ matt] ( c\rse t tribes :o kill wives & slaves1 to dispat* _! s\ls on err&s ( duty ) _! dep>t$ lords1 may also kill animals 9 ord] t _! spirits may d su* s]vice z is prop] to !m4 ,! ,pawnee w>rior's horse is sla9 on 8 grave to be ready = him to m\nt aga91 & ! ,coman*e's be/ horses are buri$ ) 8 fav\rite weapons & 8 pipe1 all alike to be us$ 9 ! di/ant happy hunt+-gr\nds4#gfg ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica n only d su* rites occur1 b !y rea* a practically disa/r\s extreme4 ,patagonian tribes1 says ,d',orbigny1 believe 9 ano!r life1 :]e !y are to enjoy p]fect happ9ess1 !re=e !y bury ) ! deceas$ 8 arms & ornam5ts1 & ev5 kill on 8 tomb all ! animals :i* belong$ to him1 t he may f9d !m 9 ! abode ( bliss2 & ?is opposes an insurm\ntable b>ri] to all civilization1 by prev5t+ !m f accumulat+ prop]ty & fix+ _! habitations4#gfh ,n only d ,pope's n[ hackney$ l9es express a real motive ) :i* ! ,indian's dog is buri$ ) him1 b on ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t ! _s ( ! dog has ano!r rem>kable (fice to p]=m4 ,c]ta9 ,esquimaux1 z ,cranz relates1 w\ld lay a dog's head 9 a *ild's grave1 t ! s\l ( ! dog1 :o is ev]y:]e at home1 might guide ! helpless infant to ! l& ( s\ls4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 ,capta9 ,scoresby 9 ,jameson's ,l& f\nd a dog's skull 9 a small grave1 probably a *ild's4 ,aga91 9 ! di/ant region ( ! ,aztecs1 "o ( ! pr9cipal fun]al c]emonies 0 to slaught] a te*i*i1 or native dog2 x 0 burnt or buri$ ) ! corpse1 ) a cotton ?read fa/5$ to its neck1 & its (fice 0 to convey ! deceas$ across ! deep wat]s ( ,*iuhnahuapan1 on ! way to ! ,l& ( ! ,dead4#gfi ,! dead ,buraet's fav\rite horse1 l$ saddl$ to ! grave1 kill$1 & flung 91 may s]ve = a ,tat> example4#ggj ,9 ,tonqu91 ev5 wild animals h be5 cu/om>ily dr[n$ at fun]al c]emonies ( pr9ces1 to be at ! s]vice ( ! dep>t$ 9 ! next _w4#gga ,among ,semitic tribes1 an in/ance ( ! cu/om may be f\nd 9 ! ,arab sacrifice ( a camel on ! grave1 = ! dead man's _s to ride ^u4#ggb ,among ! nations ( ! ,aryan race 9 ,europe1 ! preval5ce ( su* rites is deep1 wide1 & full ( purpose4 ,?us1 w>riors 7 provid$ 9 dea? ) horses & h\s+s1 ) h\nds & falcons4 ,cu/oms ?us describ$ 9 *ronicle & leg5d1 are v\*$ = 9 our own "t by ! op5+ ( old b>b>ic burial-places4 ,h[ cle> a relic ( savage mean+ lies "h may be judg$ f a ,livonian acc\nt z late z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :i* relates h[ m5 & wom5 slaves1 %eep & ox51 ) o!r ?+s1 7 burnt ) ! dead1 :o1 x 0 believ$1 w\ld rea* "s region ( ! liv+1 & f9d !re1 ) ! multitude ( cattle & slaves1 a c\ntry ( life & happ9ess4#ggc ,z usual1 ^! rites may be trac$ onw>d 9 survival4 ,! ,mongols1 :o =m]ly slaught]$ camels & horses at _! own]'s burial1 h be5 induc$ to replace ! actual sacrifice by a gift ( ! cattle to ! ,lamas4#ggd ,! ,h9dus (f] a black c[ to ! ,brahmans1 9 ord] to secure _! passage across ! ,vait>an1 ! riv] ( dea?1 & w (t5 die grasp+ ! c['s tail z if to swim across 9 h]dsman's fa%ion1 hold+ on to a c[4#gge ,x is m5tion$ z a belief 9 ,nor!rn ,europe t he :o has giv5 a c[ to ! poor w f9d a c[ to take him ov] ! bridge ( ! dead1 & a cu/om ( lead+ a c[ 9 ! fun]al procession is said to h be5 kept up to mod]n times4#ggf ,all ^! rites probably belong toge!r z connect$ ) anci5t fun]al sacrifice1 & ! survival ( ! cu/om ( sacrific+ ! w>rior's horse at 8 tomb is yet m /rik+4 ,sa9t-,foix long ago put ! ,fr5* evid5ce v =cibly4 ,m5tion+ ! horse l$ at ! fun]al ( ,*>les ,,vi41 ) ! f\r valets-de-pi$ 9 black1 & b>ehead$1 hold+ ! corn]s ( its cap>ison1 he recalls ! horses & s]vants kill$ & buri$ ) pr-,*ri/ian k+s4 ,& t 8 read]s may n ?9k ?is an extraord9>y idea1 he br+s =w>d ! records ( prop]ty & horses be+ pres5t$ at ! (f]tory 9 ,p>is1 9 #acbi1 ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 pres5t+ horses at ,k+ ,john's fun]al 9 ,london1 & ( ! fun]al s]vice = ,b]tr& ,duguescl91 at ,/4 ,d5is1 9 #achi1 :5 horses 7 (f]$1 ! ,bi%op ( ,aux]re laid 8 h& on _! heads1 & !y 7 aft]w>ds comp\nd$ =4#ggg ,g]many reta9$ ! actual sacrifice )9 ! memory ( liv+ m54 ,a cavalry g5]al1 ,c\nt ,fri$ri* ,kasimir ,boos von ,waldeck1 0 buri$ at ,treves 9 #agha accord+ to ! =ms ( ! ,teutonic ,ord]2 8 horse 0 l$ 9 ! procession1 & ! c(f9 hav+ be5 l[]$ into ! grave ! horse 0 kill$ & ?r[n 9 ^u x4#ggh ,?is 01 p]haps1 ! la/ occasion :5 su* a sacrifice 0 consummat$ 9 solemn =m 9 ,europe4 ,b t pa!tic incid5t ( a soldi]'s fun]al1 ! lead+ ( ! saddl$ & bridl$ *>g] 9 ! m\rnful procession1 keeps up to ?is day a l+]+ rem9isc5ce ( ! grim religi\s rite n[ pass$ away4 ,plants1 p>tak+ ) animals ! ph5om5a ( life & dea?1 heal? & sickness1 n unnaturally h "s k9d ( s\l ascrib$ to !m4 ,9 fact1 ! notion ( a vegetable s\l1 common to plants & to ! high] organisms possess+ an animal s\l 9 addition1 0 famili> to m$ival philosophy1 & is n yet =gott5 by naturali/s4 ,b 9 ! l[] ranges ( culture1 at lea/ )9 "o wide di/rict ( ! _w1 ! s\ls ( plants are mu* m fully id5tifi$ ) ! s\ls ( animals4 ,! ,society ,isl&]s seem to h attribut$ #8v>ua1' i4e4 surviv+ s\l or _s1 n to m5 only b to animals & plants4#ggi ,! ,dayaks ( ,borneo n only consid] m5 & animals to h a _s or liv+ pr9ciple1 ^: dep>ture f ! body causes sickness & ev5tually dea?1 b !y also give to ! rice its #8samangat padi1' or #8_s ( ! paddy1' & !y hold fea/s to reta9 ?is s\l securely1 le/ ! crop %\ld decay4#ghj ,! ,k>5s say t plants z well z m5 & animals h _! #8l' 7#8kelah'71 & ! _s ( sickly rice is "h also call$ back l a human _s consid]$ to h left ! body4 ,_! =mulas = ! purpose h ev5 be5 writt5 d[n1 & ?is is "p ( "o3--#8,o come1 rice kelah1 come4 ,come to ! field4 ,come to ! rice4444 ,come f ! ,we/4 ,come f ! ,ea/4 ,f ! ?roat ( ! bird1 f ! maw ( ! ape1 f ! ?roat ( ! elephant4444 ,f all gran>ies come4 ,o rice kelah1 come to ! rice4'#gha ,!re is reason to ?9k t ! doctr9e ( ! spirits ( plants lay deep 9 ! intellectual hi/ory ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,asia1 b 0 9 great measure sup]s$$ "u ,buddhi/ influ5ce4 ,! ,buddhi/ books %[ t 9 ! e>ly days ( _! religion1 x 0 matt] ( controv]sy :e!r trees _h s\ls1 & !re=e :e!r !y might lawfully be injur$4 ,or?odox ,buddhism decid$ aga9/ ! tree-s\ls1 & consequ5tly aga9/ ! scruple to h>m !m1 decl>+ trees to h no m9d or s5ti5t pr9ciple1 ?\gh admitt+ t c]ta9 dewas or spirits d reside 9 ! body ( trees1 & speak f )9 !m4 ,buddhi/s also relate t a het]odox sect kept up ! e>ly doctr9e ( ! actual animate life ( trees1 9 connexion ) :i* may be rememb]$ ,m>co ,polo's some:at d\btful /atem5t z to c]ta9 au/]e ,indians object+ to gre5 h]bs = su* a reason1 & "s o!r passages f lat] writ]s4 ,! subject ( ! spirits ( plants is an obscure "o1 :e!r f ! l[] races n hav+ def9ite op9ions1 or f our n f9d+ x easy to trace !m4#ghb ,! evid5ce f fun]al sacrifices1 s valuable z to mo/ dep>tm5ts ( e>ly psy*ology1 fails u "h1 f plants n be+ ?\ght suitable to s5d = ! s]vice ( ! dead4#ghc ,yet1 z we %all see m fully else:]e1 !re are two topics :i* be> closely on ! matt]4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! doctr9e ( transmigration widely & cle>ly recognises ! idea ( trees or small] plants be+ animat$ by human s\ls2 on ! o!r1 ! belief 9 tree-spirits & ! practice ( tree-wor%ip involve notions m or less closely co9cid+ ) t ( tree-s\ls1 z :5 ! classic hamadryad dies ) h] tree1 or :5 ! ,tale9 ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,asia1 consid]+ e tree to h a demon or _s1 (f]s pray]s be=e he cuts "o d[n4 ,?us f> ! details ( ! l[] animi/ic philosophy are n v unfamili> to mod]n /ud5ts4 ,! primitive view ( ! s\ls ( m5 & bea/s1 z ass]t$ or act$ on 9 ! l[] & middle levels ( culture1 s f> belongs to curr5t civiliz$ ?\ght1 t ^? :o hold ! doctr9e to be false1 & ! practices bas$ ^u x futile1 c nev]!less und]/& & sympa?ise ) ! l[] nations to :om !y are matt]s ( ! mo/ sob] & s]i\s conviction4 ,nor is ev5 ! notion ( a sep>able _s or s\l z ! cause ( life 9 plants too incongru\s ) ord9>y ideas to be readily appreciable4 ,b ! !ory ( s\ls 9 ! l[] culture /ret*es beyond ?is limit1 to take 9 a conception mu* /rang] to mod]n ?\ght4 ,c]ta9 high savage races di/9ctly hold1 & a l>ge proportion ( o!r savage & b>b>ian races make a m or less close approa* to1 a !ory ( sep>able & surviv+ s\ls or spirits belong+ to /ocks & /ones1 weapons1 boats1 food1 clo!s1 ornam5ts1 & o!r objects :i* to u are n m]ely s\lless b lifeless4 ,yet1 /range z su* a notion may seem to u at fir/ sight1 if we place ourselves by an ef=t 9 ! intellectual position ( an uncultur$ tribe1 & exam9e ! !ory ( object-s\ls f _! po9t ( view1 we %all h>dly pron\nce x irrational4 ,9 discuss+ ! orig9 ( my?1 "s acc\nt has be5 already giv5 ( ! primitive /age ( ?\ght 9 :i* p]sonality & life are ascrib$ n to m5 & bea/s only1 b to ?+s4 ,x has be5 %[n h[ :at we call inanimate objects--riv]s1 /ones1 trees1 weapons1 & s =?--are treat$ z liv+ intellig5t be+s1 talk$ to1 propitiat$1 puni%$ = ! h>m !y d4 ,hume1 ^: #8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion' is p]haps m ?an any o!r "w ! s\rce ( mod]n op9ions z to ! developm5t ( religion1 comm5ts on ! influ5ce ( ?is p]sonify+ /age ( ?\ght4 #8,!re is an univ]sal t5d5cy among mank9d to conceive all be+s l !mselves1 & to transf] to e object ^? qualities ) :i* !y are famili>ly acqua9t$1 & ( :i* !y are intimately consci\s4444 ,! unkn[n causes1 :i* cont9ually employ _! ?\ght1 appe>+ always 9 ! same aspect1 are all appreh5d$ to be ( ! same k9d or species4 ,nor is x long be=e we ascribe to !m ?\ght & reason1 & passion1 & sometimes ev5 ! limbs & figures ( m51 9 ord] to br+ !m ne>] to a resemblance ) ourselves4' ,augu/e ,comte has v5tur$ to br+ su* a /ate ( ?\ght "u t]ms ( /rict def9ition 9 8 conception ( ! prim>y m5tal condition ( mank9d--a /ate ( #8pure feti%ism1 con/antly *>act]iz$ by ! free & direct ex]cise ( our primitive t5d5cy to conceive all ext]nal bodies soev]1 natural or artificial1 z animat$ by a life ess5tially analog\s to our own1 ) m]e diff]5ces ( int5sity4'#ghd ,our compreh5sion ( ! l[] /ages ( m5tal culture dep5ds mu* on ! ?or\ghness ) :i* we c appreciate ?is primitive1 *ildlike conception1 & 9 ?is our be/ guide may be ! memory ( our own *ildi% days4 ,he :o recollects :5 !re 0 /ill p]sonality to him 9 po/s & /icks1 *airs1 & toys1 may well und]/& h[ ! infant philosophy ( mank9d c\ld ext5d ! notion ( vitality to :at mod]n sci5ce only recognises z lifeless ?+s2 ?us "o ma9 "p ( ! l[] animi/ic doctr9e z to s\ls ( objects is acc\nt$ =4 ,! doctr9e requires = its full conception ( a s\l n only life1 b also a phantom or app>itional _s2 ?is developm5t1 h[ev]1 foll[s )\t difficulty1 = ! evid5ce ( dreams & visions applies to ! spirits ( objects 9 mu* ! same mann] z to human gho/s4 ,ev]yone :o has se5 visions :ile ligh!ad$ 9 fev]1 ev]yone :o has ev] dreamt a dream1 has se5 ! phantoms ( objects z well z ( p]sons4 ,h[ !n c we *>ge ! savage ) f>-fet*$ absurdity = tak+ into 8 philosophy & religion an op9ion :i* re/s on ! v evid5ce ( 8 s5ses8 ,! notion is implicitly recogniz$ 9 8 acc\nts ( gho/s1 :i* d n come nak$1 b clo!d1 & ev5 arm$2 ( c\rse !re mu/ be spirits ( g>m5ts & weapons1 see+ t ! spirits ( m5 come be>+ !m4 ,x w inde$ place savage philosophy 9 no unfav\rable light1 if we comp>e ?is extreme animi/ic developm5t ( x ) ! popul> op9ion /ill surviv+ 9 civiliz$ c\ntries1 z to gho/s & ! nature ( ! human s\l z connect$ ) !m4 ,:5 ! gho/ ( ,hamlet's fa!r appe>$ arm$ cap-a-pe1 #8,su* 0 ! v arm\r he _h on1 ,:5 he ! ambiti\s ,norway combat$4' ,& ?us x is a habitual feature ( ! gho/-/ories ( ! civiliz$1 z ( ! savage _w1 t ! gho/ comes dress$1 & ev5 dress$ 9 well-kn[n clo?+ worn 9 life4 ,he>+ z well z sight te/ifies to ! phantoms ( objects3 ! clank+ ( gho/ly *a9s & ! ru/l+ ( gho/ly dresses are describ$ 9 ! lit]ature ( app>itions4 ,n[ by ! savage !ory1 accord+ to :i* ! gho/ & 8 clo!s are alike real & objective1 & by ! mod]n sci5tific !ory1 accord+ to :i* bo? gho/ & g>m5t are alike imag9>y & subjective1 ! facts ( app>itions are rationally met4 ,b ! mod]n vulg> :o ignore or repudiate ! notion ( gho/s ( ?+s1 :ile reta9+ ! notion ( gho/s ( p]sons1 h fall5 into a hybrid /ate ( op9ion :i* has nei!r ! logic ( ! savage nor ( ! civiliz$ philosoph]4 ,among ! l[] races ( mank9d1 ?ree h be5 obs]v$ to hold mo/ explicitly & di/9ctly ! doctr9e ( object-s\ls4 ,^! are ! ,algonqu9 tribes1 ext5d+ ov] a great di/rict ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! isl&]s ( ! ,fijian gr\p1 & ! ,k>5s ( ,burma4 ,among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,fa!r ,*>levoix wrote1 s\ls are1 z x 71 ! %ad[s & ! animat$ images ( ! body1 & x is by a consequ5ce ( ?is pr9ciple t !y believe ev]y?+ to be animate 9 ! univ]se4 ,?is mission>y 0 especially conv]sant ) ! ,algonqu9s1 & x 0 among "o ( _! tribes1 ! ,ojibwas1 t ,keat+ notic$ ! op9ion t n only m5 & bea/s h s\ls1 b inorganic ?+s1 su* z kettles1 c41 h 9 !m a simil> ess5ce4 ,9 ! same di/rict ,fa!r ,le ,jeune _h describ$1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! belief t ! s\ls1 n only ( m5 & animals1 b ( hat*ets & kettles1 _h to cross ! wat] to ! ,great ,village1 out :]e ! sun sets4#ghe ,9 int]e/+ correspond5ce ) ?is qua9t ?\ght is ,m>9]'s description ( ! ,fiji doctr9e--#8,if an animal or a plant die1 its s\l imm$iately goes to ,bolotoo2 if a /one or any o!r sub/ance is brok51 immortality is equally its rew>d2 nay1 artificial bodies h equal good luck ) m51 & hogs1 & yams4 ,if an axe or a *isel is worn out or brok5 up1 away flies its s\l = ! s]vice ( ! gods4 ,if a h\se is tak5 d[n or any way de/roy$1 its immortal "p w f9d a situation on ! pla9s ( ,bolotoo2 &1 to confirm ?is doctr9e1 ! ,fiji p c %[ y a sort ( natural well1 or deep hole 9 ! gr\nd1 at "o ( _! isl&s1 across ! bottom ( :i* runs a /ream ( wat]1 9 :i* y may cle>ly p]ceive ! s\ls ( m5 & wom51 bea/s & plants1 ( /ocks & /ones1 canoes & h\ses1 & ( all ! brok5 ut5sils ( ?is frail _w1 swimm+1 or r tumbl+ along "o ov] ! o!r pell-mell into ! regions ( immortality4' ,a full g5]ation lat] ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,williams1 :ile rem>k+ t ! escape ( brutes & lifeless sub/ances to ! _s-l& ( ,mbulu does n receive univ]sal cr$it among ! ,fijians1 nev]!less confirms ! old] acc\nt ( x3--#8,^? :o pr(ess to h se5 ! s\ls ( canoes1 h\ses1 plants1 pots1 or any artificial bodies1 swimm+ ) o!r relics ( ?is frail _w on ! /ream ( ! ,kauv&ra well1 :i* be>s !m into ! regions ( immortality1 believe ?is doctr9e z a matt] ( c\rse2 & s d ^? :o h se5 ! footm>ks left ab\t ! same well by ! gho/s ( dogs1 pigs1 c4'#ghf ,! !ory among ! ,k>5s is /at$ by ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,b4 ,cross1 z foll[s3--#8,e object is suppos$ to h its 8kelah40 ,axes & knives1 z well z trees & plants1 are suppos$ to h _! sep>ate 8kelahs40' #8,! ,k>51 ) 8 axe & cleav]1 may build 8 h\se1 cut 8 rice1 & conduct 8 affairs1 aft] dea? z be=e4'#ghg ,z s _m races p]=m fun]al sacrifices ( m5 & animals1 9 ord] to dispat* _! s\ls = ! s]vice ( ! s\l ( ! deceas$1 s tribes :o hold ?is doctr9e ( object-s\ls v rationally sacrifice objects1 9 ord] to transmit ^! s\ls4 ,among ! ,algonqu9 tribes1 ! sacrifice ( objects = ! dead 0 a habitual rite1 z :5 we read ( a w>rior's corpse be+ buri$ ) musket & w>-club1 calumet & w>-pa9t1 & a public address be+ made to ! body at burial conc]n+ 8 future pa?2 :ile 9 l mann] a woman w\ld be buri$ ) h] paddle & kettle1 & ! c>ry+-/rap = ! ev]la/+ burd5 ( h] heavily-lad5 life4 ,t ! purpose ( su* (f]+s is ! transmission ( ! object's _s or phantom to ! possession ( ! man's is explicitly /at$ z e>ly z #afbc by ,fa!r ,lallemant2 :5 ! ,indians buri$ kettles1 furs1 c41 ) ! dead1 !y said t ! bodies ( ! ?+s rema9$1 b _! s\ls w5t to ! dead :o us$ !m4 ,! :ole idea is graphically illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ ,ojibwa tradition or my?4 ,git*i ,gauz9i 0 a *ief :o liv$ on ! %ores ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 & once1 aft] a few days' illness1 he seem$ to die4 ,he _h be5 a skilful hunt]1 & _h desir$ t a f9e gun :i* he possess$ %\ld be buri$ ) him :5 he di$4 ,b "s ( 8 fri5ds n ?9k+ him really dead1 8 body 0 n buri$2 8 wid[ wat*$ him = f\r days1 he came back to life1 & told 8 /ory4 ,aft] dea?1 he said1 8 gho/ travell$ on ! broad road ( ! dead t[>d ! happy l&1 pass+ ov] great pla9s ( luxuriant h]bage1 see+ beautiful groves1 & he>+ ! songs ( innum]able birds1 till at la/1 f ! summit ( a hill1 he caught sight ( ! di/ant city ( ! dead1 f> across an int]m$iate space1 p>tly veil$ 9 mi/1 & spangl$ ) glitt]+ lakes & /reams4 ,he came 9 view ( h]ds ( /ately de] & moose1 & o!r game1 :i* ) little fe> walk$ ne> 8 pa?4 ,b he _h no gun1 & rememb]+ h[ he _h reque/$ 8 fri5ds to put 8 gun 9 8 grave1 he turn$ back to g & fet* x4 ,!n he met face to face ! tra9 ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 :o 7 travell+ t[>d ! city ( ! dead4 ,!y 7 heavily lad5 ) guns1 pipes1 kettles1 meats1 & o!r articles2 wom5 7 c>ry+ basket-"w & pa9t$ paddles1 & little boys _h _! ornam5t$ clubs & _! b[s & arr[s1 ! pres5ts ( _! fri5ds4 ,refus+ a gun :i* an ov]burd5$ travell] (f]$ him1 ! gho/ ( ,git*i ,gauz9i travell$ back 9 que/ ( 8 own1 & at la/ rea*$ ! place :]e he _h di$4 ,!re he c\ld see only a great fire be=e & ar\nd him1 & f9d+ ! flames b>r+ 8 passage on e side1 he made a desp]ate leap ?r\gh1 & awoke f 8 trance4 ,hav+ conclud$ 8 /ory1 he gave 8 auditors ?is c\nsel1 t !y %\ld no long] deposit s _m burd5some ?+s ) ! dead1 delay+ !m on _! j\rney to ! place ( repose1 s t almo/ ev]yone he met compla9$ bitt]ly4 ,x w\ld be wis]1 he said1 only to put su* ?+s 9 ! grave z ! deceas$ 0 p>ticul>ly atta*$ to1 or made a =mal reque/ to h deposit$ ) him4#ghh ,) purpose no less di/9ct1 :5 a dead ,fijian *ief is laid out oil$ & pa9t$ & dress$ z 9 life1 a heavy club is plac$ ready ne> 8 "r h&1 :i* holds "o or m ( ! mu*-priz$ c>v$ #8:ale's too?' ornam5ts4 ,! club is to s]ve = def5ce aga9/ ! adv]s>ies :o await 8 s\l on ! road to ,mbulu1 seek+ to slay & eat him4 ,we he> ( a ,fijian tak+ a club f a companion's grave1 & rem>k+ 9 explanation to a mission>y :o /ood by1 #8,! gho/ ( ! club has gone ) him4' ,! purpose ( ! :ale's too? is ?is2 on ! road to ! l& ( ! dead1 ne> ! solit>y hill ( ,takiveleyawa1 !re /&s a gho/ly p&anus-tree1 & ! _s ( ! dead man is to ?r[ ! _s ( ! :ale's too? at ?is tree1 hav+ /ruck :i* he is to asc5d ! hill & await ! com+ ( ! spirits ( 8 /rangl$ wives4#ghi ,! fun]al rites ( ! ,k>5s complete ! pres5t gr\p4 ,!y kept up :at seems a cle> survival f actual human & animal sacrifice1 fa/5+ up ne> an important p]son's grave a slave & a pony2 ^! inv>iably releas$ !mselves1 & ! slave became h5ce=? a free man4 ,moreov]1 ! practice ( plac+ food1 implem5ts & ut5sils1 & valuables ( gold & silv]1 ne> ! rema9s ( ! deceas$1 0 g5]al among !m4#gij ,n[ ! sacrifice ( prop]ty = ! dead is "o ( ! great religi\s rites ( ! _w2 are we !n ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t all m5 :o ab&on or de/roy prop]ty z a fun]al c]emony believe ! articles to h spirits1 :i* spirits are transmitt$ to ! deceas$8 ,n s2 x is notori\s t !re are p :o recognize no su* !ory b :o nev]!less deposit (f]+s ) ! dead4 ,affectionate fancy or symbolism1 a horror ( ! association ( dea? lead+ ! survivors to get rid ( any?+ t ev5 sugge/s ! dreadful ?\ght1 a desire to ab&on ! dead man's prop]ty1 an idea t ! hov]+ gho/ may take pleasure 9 or make use ( ! gifts left = him1 all ^! are or may be effici5t motives4#gia ,yet1 hav+ made full all[ance = all ?is1 we %all f9d good reason to judge t _m o!r peoples1 ?\gh !y may nev] h /at$ ! !ory ( object-s\ls 9 ! same explicit way z ! ,algonqu9s1 ,fijians1 & ,k>5s1 h recogniz$ x ) m or less di/9ctness4 ,x has giv5 me ! m confid5ce 9 ?is op9ion to f9d x held1 "u prop] res]vation1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,alg]1 an ,am]ican inve/igator1 :o 9 a treatise entitl$ #8,a ,critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life' has discuss$ ! e?nography ( 8 subject ) rem>kable le>n+ & sagacity4 #8,! b>b>ian bra91' he writes1 #8seems to h be5 g5]ally impregnat$ ) ! feel+ t ev]y?+ else has a gho/ z well z man4444 ,! cu/om ( burn+ or bury+ ?+s ) ! dead probably arose1 9 "s cases at lea/1 f ! supposition t e object1 has its manes4'#gib ,x w be desirable briefly to exam9e fur!r ! subject ( fun]al (f]+s1 z be>+ on ?is int]e/+ "q ( e>ly psy*ology4 ,a wide survey ( fun]al sacrifices ov] ! _w w pla9ly %[ "o ( _! mo/ usual motives to be a m or less def9$ notion ( b5efit+ ! deceas$1 :e!r out ( k9dness to him or f fe> ( 8 displeasure4 ,h[ su* an int5tion may h tak5 ?is practical %ape we c p]haps vaguely guess1 famili> z we are ) a /ate ( m9d out ( :i* fun]al sacrifices c\ld naturally h sprung4 ,! man is dead1 b x is /ill possible to fancy him alive1 to take 8 cold h&1 to speak to him1 to place 8 *air at ! table1 to bury sugge/ive mem5toes 9 8 c(f91 to ?r[ fl[]s into 8 grave1 to hang wrea?s ( ev]la/+s on 8 tomb4 ,! ,cid may be set on ,babieca ) 8 sword ,tizona 9 8 h&1 & c>ri$ out to d battle z ( old aga9/ ! unbeliev]2 ! dead k+'s meal may be c>ri$ 9 to him 9 /ate1 al?\gh ! *amb]la9 mu/ ann\nce t ! k+ does n d9e to-day4 ,su* *ildlike ignor+ ( dea?1 su* *ildlike make-believe t ! dead c /ill d z h]et(ore1 may well h l$ ! savage to bury ) 8 k9sman ! weapons1 clo!s1 & ornam5ts t he us$ 9 life1 to try to fe$ ! corpse1 to put a cig> 9 ! m\? ( ! skull be=e its f9al burial1 to lay play?+s 9 ! infant's grave4 ,b "o ?\ght beyond w\ld c>ry ?is dim bl9d fancy into ! range ( logical reason+4 ,grant$ t ! man is dead & 8 s\l gone out ( him1 !n ! way to provide t dep>t$ s\l ) food or clo!s or weapons is to bury or burn !m ) ! body1 = :atev] happ5s to ! man may be tak5 to happ5 to ! objects t lie beside him & %>e 8 fate1 :ile ! precise way 9 :i* ! transmission takes place may be left undecid$4 ,x is possible t ! fun]al sacrifice cu/om>y among mank9d may h re/$ at fir/1 & may to "s ext5t /ill re/1 on vague ?\ghts & imag9ations l ^!1 z yet fitt$ into no m def9ite & elaborate philosophic !ory4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two great gr\ps ( cases ( fun]al sacrifice1 :i* s logically lead up to or involve ! notion ( s\ls or spirits ( objects1 t ! sacrific] himself c\ld h>dly answ] o!rwise a po9t-blank "q z to _! mean+4 ,! fir/ gr\p is t 9 :i* ^? :o sacrifice m5 & bea/s ) ! int5tion ( convey+ _! s\ls to ! o!r _w1 also sacrifice lifeless ?+s indiscrim9ately ) !m4 ,! second gr\p is t 9 :i* ! phantoms ( ! objects sacrific$ are trac$ di/9ctly into ! possession ( ! human phantom4 ,! ,c>ibs1 hold+ t aft] decease man's s\l f\nd its way to ! l& ( ! dead1 sacrific$ slaves on a *ief's grave to s]ve him 9 ! new life1 & = ! same purpose buri$ dogs ) him1 & also weapons4#gic ,! ,gu9ea negroes1 at ! fun]al ( a great man1 kill$ sev]al wives & slaves to s]ve him 9 ! o!r _w1 & put f9e clo!s1 gold feti%es1 coral1 beads1 & o!r valuables1 into ! c(f91 to be us$ !re too4#gid ,:5 ! ,new ,zeal& *ief _h slaves kill$ at 8 dea? = 8 s]vice1 & ! m\rn+ family gave 8 *ief wid[ a rope to hang h]self ) 9 ! woods & s rejo9 h] husb&1#gie x is n easy to disc]n "h a motive diff]5t f t :i* induc$ !m at ! same "t to provide ! dead man also ) 8 weapons4 ,nor c an intellectual l9e well be drawn betwe5 ! int5tions ) :i* ! ,tunguz has buri$ ) him 8 horse1 8 b[ & arr[s1 8 smok+ app>atus & kettle4 ,9 ! typical description :i* ,h]odotus gives ( ! fun]al ( ! anci5t ,scy?ian *iefs1 ! miscellane\s cont5ts ( ! burial-m\nd1 ! /rangl$ wife & h\sehold s]vants1 ! horses1 ! *oice articles ( prop]ty1 ! gold5 vessels1 fairly repres5t ! indiscrim9ate purpose :i* actuat$ ! b>b>ic sacrifice ( creatures & ?+s4#gif ,s 9 old ,europe1 ! w>rior ) 8 sword & spe>1 ! horse ) 8 saddle1 ! hunt]'s h\nd & hawk & 8 b[ & arr[1 ! wife ) h] gay clo!s & jewels1 lie toge!r 9 ! burial-m\nd4 ,_! common purpose has become "o ( ! mo/ undisput$ inf]5ces ( ,ar*ology4 ,z = :at becomes ( ! objects sacrific$ = ! dead !re are on record ! mo/ di/9ct /atem5ts tak5 f ! sacrific]s !mselves4 ,al?\gh ! objects rot 9 ! grave or are consum$ on ! pile1 !y nev]!less come 9 "s way into ! possession ( ! disembodi$ s\ls !y are int5d$ =4 ,n ! mat]ial ?+s !mselves1 b phantasmal %apes correspond+ to !m1 are c>ri$ by ! s\ls ( ! dead on _! f> j\rney beyond ! grave1 or are us$ 9 ! _w ( spirits2 :ile sometimes ! phantoms ( ! dead appe> to ! liv+1 be>+ prop]ty :i* !y h receiv$ by sacrifice1 or dem&+ some?+ t has be5 )held4 ,! ,au/ralian w take 8 weapons ) him to 8 p>adise4#gig ,a ,tasmanian1 ask$ ! reason ( a spe> be+ deposit$ 9 a native's grave1 repli$ #8,to fight ) :5 he is asleep4'#gih ,_m ,gre5l&]s ?\ght t ! kayak & arr[s & tools laid by a man's grave1 ! knife & sew+ implem5ts laid by a woman's1 w\ld be us$ 9 ! next _w4#gii ,! in/rum5ts buri$ ) ! ,si\x are = him to make a liv+ ) h]eaft]2 ! pa9ts provid$ = ! dead ,iroquois 7 to enable him to appe> dec5tly 9 ! o!r _w4#hjj ,! ,aztec's wat]-bottle 0 to s]ve him on ! j\rney to ,mictlan1 ! l& ( ! dead2 ! bonfire ( g>m5ts & baskets & spoils ( w> 0 int5d$ to s5d !m ) him1 & someh[ to protect him aga9/ ! bitt] w9d2 ! (f]+s to ! w>rior's manes on e>? w\ld rea* him on ! heav5ly pla9s4#hja ,among ! old ,p]uvians1 a dead pr9ce's wives w\ld hang !mselves 9 ord] to cont9ue 9 8 s]vice1 & _m ( 8 att5dants w\ld be buri$ 9 8 fields or places ( fav\rite resort1 9 ord] t 8 s\l1 pass+ ?r\gh ^? places1 might take _! s\ls along ) him = future s]vice4 ,9 p]fect consi/5cy ) ^! /rong animi/ic notions1 ! ,p]uvians decl>$ t _! reason = sacrifice ( prop]ty to ! dead 0 t !y #8h se51 or ?\ght !y saw1 ^? :o h long be5 dead walk+1 adorn$ ) ! ?+s t 7 buri$ ) !m1 & accompani$ by _! wives :o _h be5 buri$ alive4'#hjb ,z def9ite an implication ( ! _s or phantom ( an object appe>s 9 a rec5t acc\nt f ,madagasc>1 :]e ?+s are buri$ to become 9 "s way useful to ! dead4 ,:5 ,k+ ,radama di$1 x 0 report$ & firmly believ$ t 8 gho/ 0 se5 "o night 9 ! g>d5 ( 8 c\ntry seat1 dress$ 9 "o ( ! uni=ms :i* _h be5 buri$ ) him1 & rid+ "o ( ! be/ horses kill$ opposite 8 tomb4#hjc ,turanian tribes ( ,nor? ,asia av[ t ! motive ( _! fun]al (f]+s ( horses & sl$ges1 clo!s & axes & kettles1 fl9t & /eel & t9d]1 meat & butt]1 is to provide ! dead = 8 j\rney to ! l& ( s\ls1 & = 8 life !re4#hjd ,among ! ,e/hs ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 ! dead />ts prop]ly equipp$ on 8 gho/ly j\rney ) ne$le & ?read1 hairbru% & soap1 bread & br&y & co92 a toy1 if x is a *ild4 ,& s full a consci\sness ( practical mean+ surviv$ till lately1 t n[ & !n a s\l w\ld come back at night to reproa* its relations ) n hav+ provid$ prop]ly = x1 b left x 9 di/ress4#hje ,to turn f ^! n[ ,europeaniz$ ,tat>s to a rude race ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 among ! ,orang ,b9ua ( ,sambawa !re prevails ?is curi\s law ( inh]itance2 n only does ea* surviv+ relative1 fa!r1 "m1 son1 bro!r1 & s =?1 take 8 or h] prop] %>e1 b ! deceas$ inh]its "o %>e f himself1 :i* is devot$ to 8 use by eat+ ! animals at ! fun]al fea/1 burn+ ev]y?+ else t w burn1 & bury+ ! rema9d]4#hjf ,9 ,co*9 ,*9a1 ! common p object to celebrat+ _! fea/ ( ! dead on ! same day ) ! upp] classes1 = ?is excell5t reason1 t ! ari/ocratic s\ls might make ! s]vant s\ls c>ry home _! pres5ts = !m4 ,^! p employ all ! res\rces ( _! civilization to p]=m ) ! m lavi% extravagance ! savage fun]al sacrifices4 ,"h are details f an acc\nt publi%$ 9 #ahdi ( ! fun]al ( a late k+ ( ,co*9 ,*9a4 #8,:5 ! corpse ( ,?i5 ,tri 0 deposit$ 9 ! c(f91 !re 7 also deposit$ 9 x _m ?+s = ! use ( ! deceas$ 9 ! o!r _w1 su* z 8 cr[n1 turbans1 clo!s ( all descriptions1 gold1 silv]1 & o!r preci\s articles1 rice & o!r provisions4' ,meals 7 set out ne> ! c(f91 & !re 0 a fram$ piece ( damask ) wooll5 *>act]s1 ! abode ( "o ( ! s\ls ( ! defunct4 ,9 ! tomb1 an enclos$ edifice ( /one1 ! *ildless wives ( ! deceas$ 7 to be p]petually %ut up to gu>d ! sepul*re1 #8& prep>e daily ! food & o!r ?+s ( :i* !y ?9k ! deceas$ has ne$ 9 ! o!r life4' ,at ! "t ( ! deposit ( ! c(f9 9 a cav]n beh9d ! tomb build+1 !re 7 burnt !re great piles ( boats1 /ages1 & ev]y?+ us$ 9 ! fun]al1 #8& moreov] ( all ! objects :i* _h be5 9 use by ! k+ dur+ 8 lifetime1 ( *essm51 musical in/rum5ts1 fans1 boxes1 p>asols1 mats1 fillets1 c>riages1 c41 c41 & likewise a horse & an elephant ( wood & pa/ebo>d4' #8,"s mon?s aft] ! fun]al1 at two diff]5t times1 !re 7 con/ruct$ 9 a =e/ ne> a pagoda two magnific5t palaces ( wood ) ri* furni%+s1 9 all ?+s simil> to ! palace :i* ! defunct mon>* _h inhabit$4 ,ea* palace 0 compos$ ( tw5ty rooms1 & ! mo/ scrupul\s att5tion 0 giv5 9 ord] t no?+ might be awant+ necess>y = a palace1 & ^! palaces 7 burn$ ) great pomp1 & x is ?us t imm5se ri*es h be5 giv5 to ! flames f ! fooli% belief t x w\ld s]ve ! dead 9 ! o!r _w4'#hjg ,?\gh ! cu/om is f\nd among ! ,b$u9s ( array+ ! dead ) turban1 girdle1 & sword1 yet fun]al (f]+s = ! s]vice ( ! dead are by no means conspicu\s among ,semitic nations4 ,! m5tion ( ! rite by ,ezekiel1 :ile %[+ a full s5se ( its mean+1 *>act]izes x z n ,israelite1 b ,g5tile3 #8,! mighty fall5 ( ! uncircumcis$1 :i* are gone d[n to ,hades ) weapons ( w>1 & !y h laid _! swords "u _! heads4'#hjh ,among ! ,aryan nations1 on ! contr>y1 su* fun]al (f]+s are kn[n to h prevail$ widely & ( old1 :ile = picturesqu5ess ( rite & def9it5ess ( purpose !y c sc>cely be surpass$ ev5 among savages4 ,:y ! ,brahman's sacrificial in/rum5ts are to be burnt ) him on ! fun]al pile1 appe>s f ?is l9e ( ! ,v$a recit$ at ! c]emony3 #8,yad ga*hatyasuntimetma? devnm vasanrbhavti1'--#8,:5 he come? unto t life1 fai?fully w he d ! s]vice ( ! gods4'#hji ,lucian is s>ca/ic1 b sc>cely unfair1 9 8 comm5ts on ! ,greek fun]al rites1 speak+ ( ^? :o slew horses & slave-girls & cupbe>]s1 & burn$ or buri$ clo!s & ornam5ts1 z = use & s]vice 9 ! _w bel[2 ( ! meat & dr9k (f]+s on ! tombs :i* s]ve to fe$ ! bodiless %ades 9 ,hades2 ( ! spl5did g>m5ts & ! g>l&s ( ! dead1 t !y might n suff] cold ^u ! road1 nor be se5 nak$ by ,k]b]os4 ,= ,k]b]os 0 int5d$ ! honey-cake deposit$ ) ! dead2 & ! obolus plac$ 9 ! m\? 0 ! toll = ,*>on1 save at ,h]mione 9 ,argolis1 :]e m5 ?\ght !re 0 a %ort desc5t to ,hades1 & !re=e provid$ ! dead ) no co9 = ! grim f]ryman4 ,h[ su* ideas c\ld be realiz$1 may be se5 9 ! /ory ( ,eukrates1 ^: dead wife appe>$ to him to dem& "o ( h] gold5 s&als1 :i* _h be5 dropp$ und]nea? ! *e/1 & s n burnt = h] ) ! re/ ( h] w>drobe2 or 9 ! /ory ( ,p]i&]1 ^: dead wife ,melissa refus$ to give him an oracul> response1 = %e 0 %iv]+ & nak$1 because ! g>m5ts buri$ ) h] _h n be5 burnt1 & s 7 ( no use1 :]e=e ,p]i&] plund]$ ! ,cor9?ian wom5 ( _! be/ clo!s1 :i* he burn$ 9 a great tr5* ) pray]1 & n[ obta9$ 8 answ]4#haj ,! anci5t ,gauls 7 l$1 by _! belief 9 ano!r life1 to burn & bury ) ! dead ?+s suit$ to ! liv+2 nor is ! record improbable t !y transf]r$ to ! _w bel[ ! repaym5t ( loans1 = ev5 9 mod]n c5turies ! ,japanese w\ld borr[ money 9 ?is life1 to be repaid ) heavy int]e/ 9 ! next4#haa ,! s\ls ( ! ,norse dead took ) !m f _! e>?ly home s]vants & horses1 boats & f]ry-money1 clo!s & weapons4 ,?us1 9 dea? z 9 life1 !y j\rney$1 foll[+ ! long d>k #8hell-way' 7helvegr74 ,! #8hell-%oon' 7helsk7 7 b\nd ^u ! dead man's feet = ! toilsome j\rney2 & :5 ,k+ ,h>ald 0 sla9 9 ! battle ( ,bravalla1 !y drove 8 w>-*>iot1 ) ! corpse ^u x into ! great burial-m\nd1 & !re !y kill$ ! horse1 & ,k+ ,hr+ gave 8 own saddle beside1 t ! fall5 *ief might ride or drive to ,walhalla1 z x pleas$ him4#hab ,la/ly1 9 ! ,li?uanian & old ,prussian di/rict1 :]e ,aryan hea!ndom held its place 9 ,europe s firmly & s late1 acc\nts ( fun]al sacrifice ( m51 & bea/s1 & ?+s1 date on ev5 beyond ! middle ages4 ,ev5 z !y ?\ght t m5 w\ld live aga9 9 ! resurrection ri* or poor1 noble or peasant1 z on e>?1 s #8!y believ$ t ! ?+s burn$ w\ld rise aga9 ) !m1 & s]ve !m z be=e4' ,among ^! p liv$ ! ,kriwe ,kriweito1 ! great prie/1 ^: h\se 0 on ! high /eep m\nta9 ,anafielas4 ,all ! ,s\ls ( _! dead mu/ clamb] up ?is m\nta91 :]e=e !y burn$ ) !m claws ( be>s & lynxes = _! help4 ,all ! s\ls mu/ pass ?r\gh ! ,kriwe's h\se1 & he c\ld describe to ! surviv+ relatives ( ea* ! clo!s1 & horse1 & weapons he _h se5 him come )1 & ev5 %[1 = great] c]ta9ty1 "s m>k made ) lance or o!r in/rum5t by ! pass+ s\l4#hac ,su* examples ( fun]al rites %[ a common c]emony1 & to a great degree a common purpose1 obta9+ f savag]y ?r\gh b>b>ism1 & ev5 into ! high] civilization4 ,n[ c\ld we h requir$ f all ^! races a di/9ct answ] to ! "q1 :e!r !y believ$ 9 spirits ( all ?+s1 f m5 & bea/s d[n to spe>s & cloaks1 /icks & /ones1 x is likely t we might h (t5 receiv$ ! same ackn[l$gm5t ( fully develop$ animism :i* /&s on record 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,polynesia1 & ,burma4 ,fail+ su* direct te/imony1 x is at lea/ ju/ifiable to say t ! l[] culture1 by practically deal+ ) object-s\ls1 goes f> t[>ds ackn[l$g+ _! exi/5ce4 ,be=e quitt+ ! discussion ( fun]al (f]+s = transmission to ! dead1 ! cu/om mu/ be trac$ to its f9al decay4 ,x is apt n to die out sudd5ly1 b to leave surviv+ remnants1 m or less dw9dl$ 9 =m & *ang$ 9 mean+4 ,! ,kan[its ( ,borneo talk ( sett+ a man's prop]ty adrift = use 9 ! next _w1 & ev5 g s f> z to lay out 8 valuables by ! bi]1 b 9 fact !y only commit to ! frail canoe a few old ?+s n wor? plund]+4#had ,s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! fun]al sacrifice ( ! ,w9nebagos has come d[n to bury+ a pipe & tobacco ) ! dead1 & sometimes a club 9 a w>rior's grave1 :ile ! goods br\ght & hung up at ! burial-place are no long] left !re1 b ! survivors gamble = !m4#hae ,! ,santals ( ,b5gal put two vessels1 "o = rice & ! o!r = wat]1 on ! dead man's c\*1 ) a few rupees1 to enable him to appease ! demons on ! ?re%old ( ! %ad[y _w1 b :5 ! fun]al pile is ready ^! ?+s are remov$4#haf ,! fanciful art ( replac+ co/ly (f]+s by wor?less imitations is at ?is day work$ out into ! qua9te/ devices 9 ,*9a4 ,z ! m5 & horses dispat*$ by fire = ! s]vice ( ! dead are b pap] figures1 s (f]+s ( clo!s & money may be repres5t$ likewise4 ,! imitations ( ,spani% pill>-doll>s 9 pa/ebo>d cov]$ ) t9foil1 ! %eets ( t9foil-pap] :i* /& = silv] money1 & if col\r$ yell[ = gold1 are consum$ 9 su* quantities t ! %am becomes a s]i\s reality1 = ! manufacture ( mock-money is ! trade ( ?\s&s ( wom5 & *ildr5 9 a ,*9ese city4 ,9 a simil> way trunks full ( prop]ty are =w>d$ 9 ! c>e ( ! newly deceas$1 to fri5ds :o are gone be=e4 ,pretty pap] h\ses1 #8replete ) e luxury1' z our auctione]s say1 are burnt = ! dead ,*9aman to live 9 h]eaft]1 & ! pap] keys are burnt also1 t he may unfa/5 ! pap] locks ( ! pap] *e/s t hold ! +ots ( gold-pap] & silv]-pap]1 :i* are to be realiz$ z curr5t gold & silv] 9 ! o!r _w1 an idea :i*1 h[ev]1 does n prev5t ! c>eful survivors f collect+ ! a%es to re-extract ! t9 f !m 9 ?is4#hag ,aga91 :5 ! mod]n ,h9du (f]s to 8 dead p>5t fun]al cakes ) fl[]s & betel1 he pres5ts a wooll5 yam :i* he lays across ! cake1 & nam+ ! deceas$ says1 #8,may ?is app>el1 made ( wooll5 yam1 be acceptable to !e4'#hah ,su* facts z ^! sugge/ a symbolic mean+ 9 ! practically useless (f]+s :i* ,sir ,john ,lubbock gr\ps toge!r--! little models ( kayaks & spe>s 9 ,esquimaux graves1 ! models ( objects 9 ,egyptian tombs1 & ! flimsy uns]viceable jewelry buri$ ) ! ,etruscan dead4#hai ,j z p 9 ,borneo1 aft] !y _h become ,mohamm$ans1 /ill kept up ! rite ( bury+ provisions = ! dead man's j\rney1 z a m>k ( respect1#hbj s ! rite ( int]r+ fun]al (f]+s surviv$ 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,! anci5t ,greek burial ( ! dead ) ! obolus 9 8 m\? = ,*>on's toll is repres5t$ 9 ! mod]n ,greek _w1 :]e ,*>on & ! fun]al co9 are bo? famili>4 ,z ! old ,prussians furni%$ ! dead ) sp5d+-money to buy refre%m5t on 8 we>y j\rney1 s to ?is day ,g]man peasants bury a corpse ) money 9 8 m\? or h&1 a f\rp5ny-piece or s4 ,simil> little fun]al (f]+s ( co9 are record$ 9 ! folklore books else:]e 9 ,europe4#hba ,*ri/ian fun]al (f]+s ( ?is k9d are mo/ly trifl+ 9 value1 & d\btful z to ! mean+ ) :i* !y 7 kept up4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians reta9$ ! hea!n cu/om ( plac+ 9 ! tomb su* ?+s z articles ( ! toilette & *ildr5's play?+s2 mod]n ,greeks w\ld place o>s on a %ipman's grave1 & o!r su* tok5s = o!r crafts2 ! beautiful classic rite ( scatt]+ fl[]s ov] ! dead /ill holds its place 9 ,europe4#hbb ,:atev] may h be5 ! ?\ghts :i* fir/ prompt$ ^! k9dly c]emonies1 !y 7 ?\ghts belong+ to f> pr-,*ri/ian ages4 ,! *ange ( sacrifice f its e>ly significance is %[n among ! ,h9dus1 :o h turn$ x to acc\nt = purposes ( prie/craft3 he :o gives wat] or %oes to a ,brahman w f9d wat] to refre% him1 & %oes to we>1 on ! j\rney to ! next _w1 :ile ! gift ( a pres5t h\se w secure him a future palace4#hbc ,9 int]e/+ correspond5ce ) ?is1 is a transition f pagan to ,*ri/ian folklore 9 our own l&4 ,! ,lyke-,wake ,dirge1 ! n yet =gott5 fun]al *ant ( ! ,nor? ,c\ntry1 tells1 l "s savage or b>b>ic leg5d1 ( ! passage ov] ! ,bridge ( ,dea? & ! dreadful j\rney to ! o!r _w4 ,b ?\gh ! gho/ly travell]'s feet are /ill %od ) ! old ,norseman's hell-%oon1 he ga9s !m no long] by fun]al (f]+1 b by 8 own *>ity 9 life3-- #8,?is a nighte1 ?is a nighte ,e night & alle2 ,fire & fleet & c&le-light1 ,& ,*ri/e receive ?y saule4 ,:5 ?\ f h5ce away are pa/e ,e night & alle2 ,to ,:9ny-moor ?\ comes at la/e1 ,& ,*ri/e receive ?y saule4 ,if ev] ?\ gave ei!r hos5 or %oon1 ,e night & alle2 ,sit !e d[n & put !m on1 ,& ,*ri/e receive ?y saule4 ,b if hos5 nor %oon ?\ nev] gave neean1 ,e night & alle2 ,! ,:9nes %all prick !e to ! b>e beean1 ,& ,*ri/e receive ?y saule4 ,f ,:9ny-moore :5 ?\ may passe1 ,e night & alle2 ,to ,brig o' ,dread ?\ comes at la/e1 ,& ,*ri/e receive ?y saule4 ,f ,brig o' ,dread :5 ?\ are pa/e1 ,e night & alle2 ,to ,purgatory ,fire ?\ comes at la/e1 ,& ,*ri/e receive ?y saule4 ,if ev] ?\ gave ei!r milke or dr9k1 ,e night & alle2 ,! fire %all nev] make !e %r9ke1 ,& ,*ri/e receive ?y saule4 ,b if milk nor dr9k ?\ nev] gave neean1 ,e night & alle2 ,! fire %all burn !e to ! b>e beean ,& ,*ri/e receive ?y saule4'#hbd ,:at read]1 unacqua9t$ ) ! old doctr9e ( (f]+s = ! dead1 c\ld realize ! mean+ ( its remnants ?us l+]+ 9 peasants' m9ds8 ,! survivals f anci5t fun]al c]emony may "h aga9 s]ve z w>n+s aga9/ attempt+ to expla9 relics ( intellectual antiquity by view+ !m f ! *ang$ level ( mod]n op9ion4 ,hav+ ?us survey$ at l>ge ! !ory ( spirits or s\ls ( objects1 x rema9s to po9t out :at1 to g5]al /ud5ts1 may seem ! mo/ important consid]ation belong+ to x1 namely1 its close relation to "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial doctr9es ( civiliz$ philosophy4 ,! savage ?9k]1 ?\gh occupy+ himself s mu* ) ! ph5om5a ( life1 sleep1 disease1 & dea?1 seems to h tak5 = grant$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! ord9>y op]ations ( 8 own m9d4 ,x h>dly occurr$ to him to ?9k ab\t ! ma*9]y ( ?9k+4 ,metaphysics is a /udy :i* fir/ assumes cle> %ape at a comp>atively high level ( intellectual culture4 ,! metaphysical philosophy ( ?\ght taught 9 our mod]n ,european lecture-rooms is hi/orically trac$ back to ! speculative psy*ology ( classic ,greece4 ,n[ "o doctr9e :i* !re comes into view is especially associat$ ) ! "n ( ,democritus1 ! philosoph] ( ,abd]a1 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,:5 ,democritus prop\nd$ ! great problem ( metaphysics1 #8,h[ d we p]ceive ext]nal ?+s8'--?us mak+1 z ,lewes says1 an era 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1--he put =?1 9 answ] to ! "q1 a !ory ( ?\ght4 ,he expla9$ ! fact ( p]ception by decl>+ t ?+s are always ?r[+ (f images ( !mselves1 :i* images1 assimilat+ to !mselves ! surr\nd+ air1 ent] a recipi5t s\l1 & are ?us p]ceiv$4 ,n[1 suppos+ ,democritus to h be5 really ! orig9ator ( ?is fam$ !ory ( ideas1 h[ f> is he to be consid]$ its inv5tor8 ,writ]s on ! hi/ory ( philosophy are accu/om$ to treat ! doctr9e z actually made by ! philosophical s*ool :i* taught x4 ,yet ! evid5ce "h br\ght =w>d %[s x to be really ! savage doctr9e ( object-s\ls1 turn$ to a new purpose z a me?od ( expla9+ ! ph5om5a ( ?\ght4 ,nor is ! correspond5ce a m]e co9cid5ce1 = at ?is po9t ( junction betwe5 classic religion & classic philosophy ! traces ( hi/orical cont9uity may be /ill disc]n$4 ,to say t ,democritus 0 an anci5t ,greek is to say t f 8 *ildhood he _h look$ on at ! fun]al c]emonies ( 8 c\ntry1 behold+ ! fun]al sacrifices ( g>m5ts & jewels & money & food & dr9k1 rites :i* 8 "m & 8 nurse c\ld tell him 7 p]=m$ 9 ord] t ! phantasmal images ( ^! objects might pass into ! possession ( =ms %ad[y l !mselves1 ! s\ls ( dead m54 ,?us ,democritus1 seek+ a solution ( 8 great problem ( ! nature ( ?\ght1 f\nd x by simply decant+ into 8 metaphysics a surviv+ doctr9e ( primitive savage animism4 ,?is ?\ght ( ! phantoms or s\ls ( ?+s1 if simply modifi$ to =m a philosophical !ory ( p]ception1 w\ld !n & !re become 8 doctr9e ( ,ideas4 ,nor does ev5 ?is fully repres5t ! clos5ess ( union :i* connects ! savage doctr9e ( flitt+ object-s\ls ) ! ,epicurean philosophy4 ,lucretius actually makes ! !ory ( film-l images ( ?+s 7simulacra1 membran7 acc\nt bo? = ! app>itions :i* come to m5 9 dreams1 & ! images :i* impress _! m9ds 9 ?9k+4 ,s unbrok5 is ! cont9uity ( philosophic speculation f savage to cultur$ ?\ght4 ,su* are ! debts :i* civiliz$ philosophy owes to primitive animism4 ,! doctr9e ( ideas1 ?us develop$ 9 ! classic _w1 has1 inde$1 by no means held its c\rse !nce=? un*ang$ ?r\gh metaphysics1 b has und]gone transition some:at l t ( ! doctr9e ( ! s\l itself4 ,ideas1 f9$ d[n to ! ab/ract =ms or species ( mat]ial objects1 & appli$ to o!r ?an visible qualities1 h at la/ come m]ely to d5ote subjects ( ?\ght4 ,yet to ?is day ! old !ory has n utt]ly di$ out1 & ! ret5tion ( ! significant t]m #8idea' 71 visible =m7 is accompani$ by a simil> ret5tion ( orig9al mean+4 ,x is /ill "o ( ! tasks ( ! metaphysician to display & refute ! old notion ( ideas z be+ real images1 & to replace x by m ab/ract conceptions4 ,x is a /rik+ in/ance t ,dugald ,/ew>t c cite f ! works ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton ! foll[+ di/9ct recognition ( #8s5sible species3' #8,is n ! s5sorium ( animals1 ! place :]e ! s5ti5t sub/ance is pres5t2 & to :i* ! s5sible species ( ?+s are br\ght1 ?r\gh ! n]ves & bra91 t !re !y may be p]ceiv$ by ! m9d pres5t 9 t place8' ,aga91 ,dr4 ,reid /ates ! orig9al !ory ( ideas1 :ile decl>+ t he conceives x #8to h no solid f\ndation1 ?\gh x has be5 adopt$ v g5]ally by philosoph]s4444 ,?is notion ( our p]ceiv+ ext]nal objects1 n imm$iately1 b 9 c]ta9 images or species ( !m convey$ by ! s5ses1 seems to be ! mo/ anci5t philosophical hypo!sis we h on ! subject ( p]ception1 & to h1 ) small v>iations1 reta9$ its au?ority to ?is day4' ,grant$ t ,dr4 ,reid exagg]at$ ! ext5t to :i* metaphysicians h kept up ! notion ( ideas z real images ( ?+s1 few w d5y t x does l+] mu* 9 mod]n m9ds1 & t p :o talk ( ideas d (t51 9 "s hazy metaphorical way1 ?9k ( s5sible images4#hbe ,"o ( ! %rewde/ ?+s ev] said ab\t ei!r ideas or gho/s 0 ,bi%op ,b]keley's retort ^u ,halley1 :o bant]$ him ab\t 8 idealism4 ,! bi%op claim$ ! ma!matician z an ideali/ also1 8 #8ultimate ratios' be+ gho/s ( dep>t$ quantities1 appe>+ :5 ! t]ms t produc$ !m vani%$4 ,x rema9s to sum up 9 few words ! doctr9e ( s\ls1 9 ! v>i\s phases x has assum$ f fir/ to la/ among mank9d4 ,9 ! attempt to trace its ma9 c\rse ?r\gh ! successive grades ( man's intellectual hi/ory1 ! evid5ce seems to accord be/ ) a !ory ( its developm5t1 some:at to ! foll[+ effect4 ,at ! l[e/ levels ( culture ( :i* we h cle> k1 ! notion ( a gho/-s\l animat+ man :ile 9 ! body1 & appe>+ 9 dream & vision out ( ! body1 is f\nd deeply +ra9$4 ,!re is no reason to ?9k t ?is belief 0 le>nt by savage tribes f contact ) high] races1 nor t x is a relic ( high] culture f :i* ! savage tribes h deg5]at$2 = :at is "h treat$ z ! primitive animi/ic doctr9e is ?or\ghly at home among savages1 :o appe> to hold x on ! v evid5ce ( _! s5ses1 int]pret$ on ! biological pr9ciple :i* seems to !m mo/ reasonable4 ,we may n[ & !n he> ! savage doctr9es & practices conc]n+ s\ls claim$ z relics ( a high religi\s culture p]vad+ ! primval race ( man4 ,!y are said to be traces ( remote ance/ral religion1 kept up 9 scanty & p]v]t$ memory by tribes degrad$ f a nobl] /ate4 ,x is easy to see t su* an explanation ( "s few facts1 sund]$ f _! connexion ) ! g5]al array1 may seem plausible to c]ta9 m9ds4 ,b a l>ge view ( ! subject c h>dly leave su* argum5t 9 possession4 ,! animism ( savages /&s = & by itself2 x expla9s its own orig94 ,! animism ( civiliz$ m51 :ile m appropriate to advanc$ k1 is 9 great measure only explicable z a develop$ product ( ! old] & rud] sy/em4 ,x is ! doctr9es & rites ( ! l[] races :i* are1 accord+ to _! philosophy1 results ( po9t-blank natural evid5ce & acts ( /raight=w>d practical purpose4 ,x is ! doctr9es & rites ( ! high] races :i* %[ survival ( ! old 9 ! mid/ ( ! new1 modification ( ! old to br+ x into con=mity ) ! new1 ab&onm5t ( ! old because x is no long] compatible ) ! new4 ,let u see at a glance 9 :at g5]al relation ! doctr9e ( s\ls among savage tribes /&s to ! doctr9e ( s\ls among b>b>ic & cultur$ nations4 ,among races )9 ! limits ( savag]y1 ! g5]al doctr9e ( s\ls is f\nd work$ out ) rem>kable bread? & consi/5cy4 ,! s\ls ( animals are recogniz$ by a natural ext5sion f ! !ory ( human s\ls2 ! s\ls ( trees & plants foll[ 9 "s vague p>tial way2 & ! s\ls ( inanimate objects exp& ! g5]al category to its extreme/ b\nd>y4 ,!nce=?1 z we explore human ?\ght onw>d f savage into b>b>ian & civiliz$ life1 we f9d a /ate ( !ory m con=m$ to positive sci5ce1 b 9 itself less complete & consi/5t4 ,f> on into civilization1 m5 /ill act z ?\gh 9 "s half-meant way !y believ$ 9 s\ls or gho/s ( objects1 :ile nev]!less _! k ( physical sci5ce is beyond s crude a philosophy4 ,z to ! doctr9e ( s\ls ( plants1 fragm5t>y evid5ce ( ! hi/ory ( its break+ d[n 9 ,asia has rea*$ u4 ,9 our own day & c\ntry1 ! notion ( s\ls ( bea/s is to be se5 dy+ out4 ,animism1 inde$1 seems to be draw+ 9 its outpo/s1 & conc5trat+ itself on its fir/ & ma9 position1 ! doctr9e ( ! human s\l4 ,?is doctr9e has und]gone extreme modification 9 ! c\rse ( culture4 ,x has outliv$ ! almo/ total loss ( "o great argum5t atta*$ to x1--! objective reality ( app>itional s\ls or gho/s se5 9 dreams & visions4 ,! s\l has giv5 up its e!real sub/ance1 & become an immat]ial entity1 #8! %ad[ ( a %ade4' ,its !ory is becom+ sep>at$ f ! inve/igations ( biology & m5tal sci5ce1 :i* n[ discuss ! ph5om5a ( life & ?\ght1 ! s5ses & ! intellect1 ! emotions & ! w1 on a gr\nd-"w ( pure exp]i5ce4 ,!re has aris5 an intellectual product ^: v exi/5ce is ( ! deepe/ significance1 a #8psy*ology' :i* has no long] any?+ to d ) #8s\l4' ,! s\l's place 9 mod]n ?\ght is 9 ! metaphysics ( religion1 & its especial (fice !re is t ( furni%+ an intellectual side to ! religi\s doctr9e ( ! future life4 ,su* are ! alt]ations :i* h diff]5c$ ! fundam5tal animi/ic belief 9 its c\rse ?r\gh successive p]iods ( ! _w's culture4 ,yet x is evid5t t1 not)/&+ all ?is pr(\nd *ange1 ! conception ( ! human s\l is1 z to its mo/ ess5tial nature1 cont9u\s f ! philosophy ( ! savage ?9k] to t ( ! mod]n pr(essor ( !ology4 ,its def9ition has rema9$ f ! fir/ t ( an animat+1 sep>able1 surviv+ entity1 ! vehicle ( individual p]sonal exi/5ce4 ,! !ory ( ! s\l is "o pr9cipal "p ( a sy/em ( religi\s philosophy :i* unites1 9 an unbrok5 l9e ( m5tal connexion1 ! savage feti%-wor%ipp] & ! civiliz$ ,*ri/ian4 ,! divisions :i* h sep>at$ ! great religions ( ! _w into intol]ant & ho/ile sects are = ! mo/ "p sup]ficial 9 comp>ison ) ! deepe/ ( all religi\s s*isms1 t :i* divides ,animism f ,mat]ialism4 ,footnote #fjg3 ,j4 ,d4 ,lang1 #8,que5sl&1' pp4 #cdj1 #cgd1 #chj1 #chh1 #ddd 7,buddai appe>s1 p4 #cgi1 z caus+ a deluge2 he is probably id5tical ) ,budyah74 ,footnote #fjh3 ,m(fat1 #8,s\? ,africa1' p4 #bfa4 ,footnote #fji3 ,az>a1 #8,voy4 dans l',amrique ,mridionale1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #c1 #ad1 #be1 #ea1 #fj1 #ia1 #aai1 c42 ,d',orbigny1 #8,l',homme ,amrica91' vol4 ii4 p4 #cah4 ,footnote #faj3 ,muir1 #8,sanskrit ,texts1' "p ii4 p4 #dce2 ,euseb4 #8,hi/4 ,eccl4' iv4 #ae2 ,b+ham1 book i4 *4 ii42 ,van9i1 #8,de ,admir&is ,naturae ,arcanis1' dial4 #cg2 ,lecky1 #8,hi/4 ( ,rationalism1' vol4 i4 p4 #abf2 ,encyclop4 ,brit4 7#e? ed47 s4v4 #8,sup]/ition4' ,footnote #faa3 ,j4 de ,v]razano 9 ,hakluyt1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cjj4 ,footnote #fab3 ,see ,w4 ,ellis1 #8,hi/4 ( ,madagasc>1' vol4 i4 p4 #dbi2 ,flac\rt1 #8,hi/4 de ,madagasc>1' p4 #ei4 ,footnote #fac3 ,dampi]1 #8,voyages1' vol4 ii4 "p ii4 p4 #gf4 ,footnote #fad3 ,roe 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 viii4 p4 #b4 ,footnote #fae3 ,lubbock1 #8,prehi/oric ,times1' p4 #efd3 see also #8,orig9 ( ,civilization1' p4 #ach4 ,footnote #faf3 ,sproat1 #8,sc5es & ,/udies ( ,savage ,life1' p4 #bje4 ,footnote #fag3 ,m\at1 #8,&aman ,isl&]s1' pp4 #b1 #bgi1 #cjc4 ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 ! rem>kable ,&aman religion has be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,man1 9 #8,j\rn4 ,an?rop4 ,in/4' vol4 xii4 7#ahhc7 p4 #aef4 7,note to #crd ed47 ,footnote #fah3 ,bak]1 #8,races ( ! ,nile ,bas91' 9 ,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4 vol4 v4 p4 #bca2 #8,! ,alb]t ,nyanza1' vol4 i4 p4 #bdf4 ,see ,kaufmann1 #8,s*ild]ung5 aus ,c5tral-afrika1' p4 #abc2 ,brun-,rollet1 #8,le ,nil ,blanc et le ,s\dan1' pp4 #ajj1 #bbb1 also pp4 #afd1 #bjj1 #bcd2 ,g4 ,lejean 9 #8,rev4 des ,deux ,m4' ,april #a1 #ahfb1 p4 #gfj2 ,waitz1 #8,an?ropologie1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #gb-e2 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 iii4 p4 #bjh4 ,o!r record$ cases ( d5ial ( religion ( savage tribes on n>r[ def9ition or inadequate evid5ce may be f\nd 9 ,me9]s1 #8,ges*4 d] ,rel4' vol4 i4 pp4 #aa-ae 7,au/ralians & ,cali=nians72 ,waitz1 #8,an?ropologie1' vol4 i4 p4 #cbc 7,aru ,isl&]s1 c472 ,f>r> 9 #8,an?rop4 ,rev4' ,aug4 #ahfd1 p4 ccxvii1 7,kafirs1 c472 ,m>tius1 #8,e?nog4 ,am]4' vol4 i4 p4 #ehc 7,manaos72 ,j4 ,g4 ,palfrey1 #8,hi/4 ( ,new ,engl&1' vol4 i4 p4 #df 7,new ,engl& tribes74 ,footnote #fai3 ,! t]m has be5 especially us$ to d5ote ! doctr9e ( ,/ahl1 ! promulgator also ( ! phlogi/on-!ory4 ,! ,animism ( ,/ahl is a revival & developm5t 9 mod]n sci5tific %ape ( ! classic !ory id5tify+ vital pr9ciple & s\l4 ,see 8 #8,!oria ,m$ica ,v]a1' ,halle1 #agcg2 & ! critical diss]tation on 8 views1 ,lemo9e1 #8,le ,vitalisme et l',animisme de ,/ahl1' ,p>is1 #ahfd4 ,footnote #fbj3 ,bonwick1 #8,tasmanians1' p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #fba3 ,tann]'s #8,n>r4' p4 #bia1 ,cree at*ks\l4 ,footnote #fbb3 ,brasseur1 #8,langue ,qui*e1' s4v4 ,footnote #fbc3 ,m>tius1 #8,e?nog4 ,am]4' vol4 i4 p4 #gje2 vol4 ii4 p4 #caj4 ,footnote #fbd3 ,dobrizh(f]1 #8,abipones1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aid4 ,footnote #fbe3 ,dhne1 #8,zulu ,dic4' s4v4 #8tunzi2' ,callaway1 #8,rel4 ( ,amazulu1' pp4 #ia1 #abf2 #8,zulu ,tales1' vol4 i4 p4 #cdb4 ,footnote #fbf3 ,casalis1 #8,basutos1' p4 #bde2 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 #8,voyage1' p4 #ab4 ,footnote #fbg3 ,goldie1 #8,efik ,diction>y1' s4v42 see ,klle1 #8,afr4 ,native ,lit4' p4 #cbd 7,kanuri74 ,also #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 v4 p4 #gac 7,au/ralian74 ,footnote #fbh3 ,dante1 #8,div4 ,comm4 ,purgatorio1' canto iii4 ,comp>e ,grohmann1 #8,ab]glaub5 aus ,bhm51' p4 #bba4 ,see ante1 p4 #he4 ,footnote #fbi3 ,ro*e=t1 pp4 #dbi1 #eaf2 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #fcj3 ,m>9]1 #8,tonga ,is4' vol4 ii4 p4 #ace2 ,s4 ,s4 ,f>m]1 #8,tonga1' c4 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #fca3 ,casalis1 l4c4 ,see also ,m>9]1 ibid4 ,footnote #fcb3 ,ba/ian1 #8,psy*ologie1' pp4 #ae-bc4 ,footnote #fcc3 ,j4 ,h4 ,b]nau1 #8,brit4 ,guiana1' p4 #acd4 ,footnote #fcd3 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' pp4 #ajbh1 #aacc4 ,anglo-,saxon man-lica4 ,footnote #fce3 ,lieb]1 #8,laura ,bridgman1' 9 ,smi?sonian ,contrib4 vol4 ii4 p4 #h4 ,footnote #fcf3 ,g4 ,f4 ,moore1 #8,vocab4 ( ,w4 ,au/ralia1' p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #fcg3 ,br9ton1 p4 #ej1 see p4 #bce2 ,ba/ian1 #8,psy*ologie1' p4 #ae4 ,footnote #fch3 ,cranz1 #8,grnl&1' p4 #beg4 ,footnote #fci3 ,crawfurd1 #8,malay ,gr4 & ,dic4' s4v42 ,m>sd51 #8,sumatra1' p4 #chf4 ,footnote #fdj3 ,ovi$o1 #8,hi/4 du ,nic>agua1' pp4 #ba-ea4 ,footnote #fda3 ,pott1 #8,zigeun]1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cjf2 #8,indo-,g]m4 ,wurzel-,wrt]bu*1' vol4 i4 p4 #ajgc2 ,borr[1 #8,lav5gro1' vol4 ii4 *4 xxvi4 #8write ! lil ( him ^: dook gallops d[n t hill e night1' see vol4 iii4 *4 iv4 ,footnote #fdb3 ,br9ton1 #8,my?s ( ,new ,_w1' p4 #bec2 ,comm4 9 ,virg4 n4 iv4 #fhd2 ,cic4 ,v]r4 v4 #de2 ,wuttke1 #8,volksab]glaube1' p4 #baj2 ,ro*holz1 #8,deuts*] ,glaube1' c4 vol4 i4 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #fdc3 ,williams1 #8,fiji1' vol4 i4 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #fdd3 ,ellis1 #8,madagasc>1' vol4 i4 p4 #cic4 ,footnote #fde3 ,*>levoix1 #8,n\velle ,france1' vol4 vi4 pp4 #ge-h2 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p i4 pp4 #cc1 #hc1 "p iv4 p4 #gj2 ,waitz1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aid2 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 pp4 #ff1 #bjg-h4 ,footnote #fdf3 ,cross 9 #8,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,ori5tal ,soc4' vol4 iv4 p4 #caj4 ,footnote #fdg3 ,macph]son1 pp4 #ia-b4 ,see also ,klemm1 #8,c4 ,g4' vol4 iii4 p4 #ga 7,lapp72 ,/4 ,john1 #8,f> ,ea/1' vol4 i4 p4 #ahi 7,dayaks74 ,footnote #fdh3 ,%rmann1 #8,vocab4 ( ,p>nkalla ,lang4' s4v4 ,footnote #fdi3 ,tann]'s #8,n>r4' p4 #bia2 ,keat+1 #8,n>r4 ( ,long's ,exp4' vol4 ii4 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #fej3 ,williams1 #8,fiji1' vol4 i4 p4 #bdb2 see ! conv]se process ( cat*+ away a man's s\l1 caus+ him to p9e & die1 p4 #bej4 ,footnote #fea3 ,j4 ,l4 ,wilson1 #8,w4 ,afr4' p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #feb3 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cai2 also ,sproat1 p4 #bac 7,vanc\v]'s ,i474 ,footnote #fec3 ,ba/ian1 #8,psy*ologie1' p4 #cd2 ,gmel91 #8,reis5 dur* ,sibiri51' vol4 ii4 p4 #cei 7,yakuts72 ,rav5/e91 #8,amur1' p4 #cea 7,tunguz74 ,footnote #fed3 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 i4 p4 #adc2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #chh1 #dah2 vol4 iii4 p4 #bcf4 ,mason1 #8,k>5s1' l4c4 p4 #aif1 c42 ,cross1 #8,k>5s1' 9 #8,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,ori5tal ,soc4' vol4 iv4 #ahed1 p4 #cjg4 ,see also ,/4 ,john1 #8,f> ,ea/1' l4c4 7,dayaks74 ,footnote #fee3 ,doolittle1 #8,*9ese1' vol4 i4 p4 #aej4 ,footnote #fef3 ,c>dan1 #8,de ,v>ietate ,r]um1' ,basel1 #aeef1 cap4 xliii4 ,footnote #feg3 ,/anbridge1 #8,abor4 ( ,victoria1' 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 i4 p4 #cjj4 ,footnote #feh3 ,macph]son1 #8,india1' p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #fei3 ,cranz1 #8,grnl&1' p4 #bfi4 ,see also ,sproat1 l4c4 ,footnote #ffj3 ,rhs1 #8,f9l&1' p4 #cjc2 ,ca/rn1 #8,f9n4 ,my?4' p4 #acd2 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #ffa3 ,vatnsdla ,saga2 ,b>+-,g\ld1 #8,w]ewolves1' p4 #bi4 ,footnote #ffb3 ,pl94 vii4 #ec2 ,lucian4 ,h]motimus1 ,musc4 ,encom4 #g4 ,footnote #ffc3 ,r4 ,d4 ,ow51 #8,footfalls on ! ,b\nd>y ( ano!r ,_w1' p4 #bei4 ,see ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 #8,sci5tific ,aspect ( ! ,sup]natural1' p4 #dc4 ,footnote #ffd3 ,br&1 #8,pop4 ,ant4' vol4 i4 p4 #cca1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bcf4 ,see ,calmet1 #8,diss4 sur les ,esprits2' ,maury1 #8,magie1' "p ii4 *4 iv4 ,footnote #ffe3 ,cranz1 #8,grnl&1' p4 #beg4 ,footnote #fff3 ,waitz1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #ffg3 ,taylor1 #8,new ,zeal&1' pp4 #ajd1 #ahd1 #ccc2 ,bak] 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 i4 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #ffh3 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cai2 ,jagor 9 #8,j\rn4 ,e?4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 p4 #age4 ,footnote #ffi3 ,mason1 #8,k>5s1' l4c4 p4 #aii2 ,cross1 l4c42 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 i4 p4 #add1 vol4 ii4 p4 #chi1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bff4 ,footnote #fgj3 ,ba/ian1 #8,psy*ologie1' pp4 #af-bj2 ,eis5m5g]1 vol4 i4 p4 #deh1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ac1 #bj1 #dec2 ,franck1 #8,kabbale1' p4 #bce4 ,footnote #fga3 ,augu/94 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 xviii4 #ah4 ,footnote #fgb3 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' p4 #ajcf4 ,footnote #fgc3 ,*>levoix1 #8,n\velle ,france1' vol4 vi4 p4 #gh2 ,lafitau1 #8,murs des ,sauvages1' vol4 i4 p4 #cfc4 ,footnote #fgd3 ,callaway1 #8,relig4 ( ,amazulu1' pp4 #bbh1 #bfj1 #caf2 #8,j\rn4 ,an?rop4 ,in/4' vol4 i4 p4 #agj4 ,see also ,/4 ,john1 #8,f> ,ea/1' vol4 i4 p4 #aii 7,dayaks74 ,footnote #fge3 ,williams1 #8,fiji1' vol4 i4 p4 #bdb4 ,footnote #fgf3 ,mayne1 #8,brit4 ,columbia1' p4 #bfa2 see ,sproat1 l4c4 ,footnote #fgg3 ,j4 ,l4 ,wilson1 #8,w4 ,africa1' pp4 #baj1 #cie2 ,m4 ,h4 ,k+sley1 #8,w4 ,african ,/udies1' p4 #bje4 ,see also ,ellis1 #8,polyn4 ,res4' vol4 i4 p4 #cif2 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 #8,am]4 ,urrel4' p4 #bhg2 ,bu*anan1 #8,mysore1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 viii4 p4 #fgg2 #8,e>ly ,hi/4 ( ,mank9d1' p4 #h4 ,footnote #fgh3 ,hom]4 ,il4 xxiii4 #ei4 ,see also ,odyss4 xi4 #bjg1 #bbb2 ,porphyr4 ,de ,antro ,nymph>um2 ,virgil4 n4 ii4 #gid2 ,ovid4 ,fa/4 v4 #dge4 ,footnote #fgi3 ,cic]o ,de ,div9atione1 i4 #bg4 ,footnote #fhj3 ,augu/94 ,de ,cur pro ,mortuis1 x4-xii4 ,epi/4 clviii4 ,footnote #fha3 ,comp>e ,voltaire's rem>ks1 #8,dict4 ,phil4' art4 #8ame1' c4 ,footnote #fhb3 ,/e9haus]1 #8,religion des ,neg]s1' 9 #8,magaz9 d] ,evang4 ,mission5'1 ,basel1 #ahef1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #fhc3 #8,hi/orie del ,s4 ,d4 ,f]n&o ,colombo1' tr4 ,alfonso ,ulloa1 ,v5ice1 #aega1 p4 #abg1 ,eng4 ,tr4 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 xii4 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #fhd3 ,ca/rn1 #8,f9n4 ,my?4' p4 #abj4 ,footnote #fhe3 #a ,sam4 xxviii4 #ab4 ,footnote #fhf3 ,br9ton1 #8,my?s ( ,new ,_w1' p4 #bfi4 ,footnote #fhg3 ,p5nant1 #8#bnd ,t\r 9 ,scotl&1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cae2 ,johnson1 #8,j\rney to ! ,hebrides4' ,footnote #fhh3 ,j4 ,g>dn]1 #8,fai?s ( ! ,_w1' s4v4 #8bilocation4' ,footnote #fhi3 ,mason1 #8,k>5s1' l4c4 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #fij3 ,%ortl&1 #8,trads4 ( ,new ,zeal&1' p4 #adj2 ,polack1 #8,m4 & ,c4 ( ,new ,zeal&]s1' vol4 i4 p4 #bfh4 ,see also ,ellis1 #8,madagasc>1' vol4 i4 p4 #cic2 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 p4 #bfa4 ,footnote #fia3 ,calmet1 #8,diss4 sur les ,esprits1' vol4 i4 *4 xl4 ,footnote #fib3 ,wuttke1 #8,volksab]glaube1' pp4 #dd1 #ef1 #bjh2 ,br&1 #8,popul> ,antiquities1' vol4 iii4 pp4 #aee1 #bce2 ,johnson1 #8,j\rney to ! ,hebrides2' ,m>t91 #8,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,scotl&1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fgj4 ,footnote #fic3 ,see ,r4 ,d4 ,ow51 #8,footfalls on ! ,b\nd>y ( ano!r ,_w2' ,mrs4 ,cr[e1 #8,night-,side ( ,nature2' ,h[itt's ,tr4 ( ,ennemos]'s #8,magic1' c4 ,footnote #fid3 ,! conception ( ! s\l z a small human image is f\nd 9 v>i\s di/ricts2 see ,eyre1 #8,au/ralia1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cef2 ,/4 ,john1 #8,f> ,ea/1' vol4 i4 p4 #ahi 7,dayaks72 ,waitz1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aid 7,n4 ,a4 ,ind474 ,! idea ( a s\l z a sort ( #8?umbl+' is famili> to ! ,h9dus & to ,g]man folklore2 comp>e ! repres5tations ( t9y s\ls 9 m$ival pictures4 ,footnote #fie3 ,magalhanes de ,g&avo1 p4 #aaj2 ,maffei1 #8,indie ,ori5tali1' p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #fif3 ,oldfield 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iii4 p4 #bhg4 ,footnote #fig3 ,waitz1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aid2 ,rm]1 #8,gu9ea1' p4 #db4 ,footnote #fih3 ,me9]s1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #gef1 #gfc2 ,pur*as1 vol4 iii4 p4 #die2 ,j4 ,jones 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iii4 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #fii3 ,calmet1 vol4 i4 *4 xxxvi42 ,pl94 ,ep4 vii4 #bg2 ,hunt1 #8,pop4 ,romances1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aef4 ,footnote #gjj3 ,le ,jeune 9 #8,rel4 des ,jsuites1' #afci1 p4 #dc2 see #afcd1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #gja3 ,%ortl&1 #8,trads4 ( ,n4 ,z4' p4 #ib2 ,yate1 p4 #adj2 ,r4 ,taylor1 pp4 #ajd1 #aec2 ,ellis1 #8,polyn4 ,res4' vol4 i4 p4 #djf4 ,footnote #gjb3 ,callaway1 #8,rel4 ( ,amazulu1' pp4 #bfe1 #cdh1 #cgj4 ,footnote #gjc3 ,hom]1 ,,ii4 xxiii4 #ajj4 ,footnote #gjd3 ,ovid1 ,fa/4 v4 #deg4 ,footnote #gje3 ,isaiah viii4 #ai2 xxix4 #d4 ,! ,arabs hate :i/l+ 7el sifr71 x is talk+ to devils 7,burton1 #8,fir/ ,foot/eps 9 ,ea/ ,africa1' p4 #adb74 #8,nicolaus ,remigius1 ^: 8,daemonolatreia0 is "o ( ! gha/lie/ volumes 9 ! gha/ly lit]ature ( wit*craft1 cites ,h]molaus ,b>b>us z hav+ he>d ! voice sub-sibilantis daemonis1 &1 aft] giv+ o!r in/ances1 adduces ! au?ority ( ,psellus to prove t ! devils g5]ally speak v l[ & confus$ly 9 ord] n to be caught fibb+1' ,dr ,seba/ian ,evans 9 #8,nature1' ,june #bb1 #ahga1 p4 #adj4 7,nicolai ,remigii ,daemonolatreia1 ,col4 ,agripp4 #aeif1 lib4 i4 c4 #h1 #8pl]aeque aliae vocem illis esse aiunt qualem emittunt qui os 9 dolium aut re/am rimosam ins]tum hab5t'--#8ut ,daemones e pelvi /ridul voce ac t5ui sibilo v]ba ed]5t'74 ,footnote #gjf3 ,morgan1 #8,iroquois1' p4 #agf4 ,footnote #gjg3 ,flac\rt1 #8,madagasc>1' p4 #aja4 ,footnote #gjh3 ,n4 ,b4 ,d5nys1 #8,folk-,lore ( ,*9a1' p4 #bb4 ,footnote #gji3 ,monni]1 #8,traditions ,populaires1' p4 #adb2 ,wuttke1 #8,volksab]glaube1' p4 #bji2 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' p4 #hja2 ,me9]s1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gfa4 ,footnote #gaj3 ,lang1 #8,que5sl&1' p4 #dda2 ,bonwick1 #8,tasmanians1' p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #gaa3 ,*>levoix1 #8,n\velle ,france1' vol4 vi4 pp4 #gf1 #abb2 ,le ,jeune 9 #8,rel4 des ,jsuites1' #afcd1 p4 #bc2 #afci1 p4 #dd2 ,tann]'s #8,n>r4' p4 #bib2 ,pet] ,jones1 #8,hi/4 ( ,ojebway ,indians1' p4 #ii4 ,footnote #gab3 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cbc4 ,footnote #gac3 ,me9]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #cah4 ,footnote #gad3 ,fe/us1 s4v4 #8ev]riatores2' see ,ba/ian1 l4c41 & comp>e ,h>tkno*1 cit$ bel[1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #gae3 ,wuttke1 #8,volksab]glaube1' pp4 #acb1 #baf4 ,footnote #gaf3 ,casalis1 #8,basutos1' p4 #bhe2 ,glanvil1 #8,saducismus ,triumphatus1' "p ii4 p4 #afa2 ,wuttke1 p4 #baf2 ,ba/ian #8,psy*ologie' p4 #aib4 ,footnote #gag3 ,m>9]1 #8,tonga ,is4' vol4 ii4 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #gah3 ,cranz1 #8,grnl&1' p4 #beg4 ,footnote #gai3 ,ro*e=t1 #8,iles ,antilles1' p4 #dbi4 ,footnote #gbj3 ,l\b]e1 #8,siam1' vol4 i4 p4 #deh2 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 iii4 p4 #bei2 see p4 #bgh4 ,footnote #gba3 ,diog4 ,la]t4 x4 #fg-h2 see ,s]v4 ad4 n4 iv4 #fed4 ,footnote #gbb3 ,ir5u contra ,hres4 v4 #g1 #a2 see ,orig51 ,de ,pr9cep4 ii4 #c1 #b4 ,footnote #gbc3 ,t]tull4 ,de ,anima1 #i4 ,footnote #gbd3 ,hampole1 #8,ay5bite ( ,inwyt4' ,footnote #gbe3 ,wuttke1 #8,volksab]glaube1' pp4 #baf1 #bbf4 ,footnote #gbf3 ,a4 ,j4 ,davis1 #8,philosophy ( ,spiritual ,int]c\rse1' ,new ,york1 #ahea1 p4 #di4 ,footnote #gbg3 ,calmet1 vol4 i4 *4 xli4 c4 ,footnote #gbh3 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 ii4 p4 #cei2 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ajd1 #eef2 ,e>l1 #8,ea/]n ,seas1' p4 #bff2 ,/4 ,john1 #8,f> ,ea/1' vol4 i4 pp4 #eb1 #gc1 #gi1 #aai2 ,mundy1 #8,n>r4 f ,brooke's ,j\rnals1' p4 #bjc4 ,heads 7 tak5 z fun]al (f]+s by ! ,g>os ( ,n4 ,e4 ,india1 ,eliot 9 #8,z4 ,res4' vol4 iii4 p4 #bh1 ,dalton1 #8,descr4 ,e?nol4 ( ,b5gal1' p4 #fg2 see also pp4 #df-g 7,kukis74 ,footnote #gbi3 ,t4 ,williams1 #8,fiji1' vol4 i4 pp4 #ahh-bjd2 ,m>9]1 #8,tonga ,is4' vol4 ii4 p4 #bbj4 ,= ,new ,zeal& acc\nts1 see ,r4 ,taylor1 #8,new ,zeal&1' pp4 #bah1 #bbg2 ,polack1 #8,new ,zeal&]s1' vol4 i4 pp4 #ff1 #gh1 #aaf4 ,footnote #gcj3 ,j4 ,m',coy1 #8,hi/4 ( ,bapti/ ,indian ,mission1' p4 #cfj2 ,waitz1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #gca3 ,ro*e=t1 #8,iles ,antilles1' pp4 #dbi1 #eab2 see also ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 pp4 #agd1 #bbb4 ,footnote #gcb3 ,ovi$o1 #8,hi/4 de las ,indias1' lib4 xxix4 c4 #ca2 ,*>levoix1 #8,n\v4 ,fr4' vol4 vi4 p4 #agh 7,nat*ez72 ,waitz1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bai4 ,see ,br9ton1 #8,my?s ( ,new ,_w1' p4 #bci4 ,footnote #gcc3 ,brasseur1 #8,mexique1' vol4 iii4 p4 #egc4 ,footnote #gcd3 ,pi$rahita1 #8,nuevo ,reyno de ,granada1' "p i4 lib4 i4 c4 #c4 ,footnote #gce3 ,cieza de ,leon1 p4 #afa2 ,riv]o & ,ts*udi1 #8,p]uv4 ,ant4' p4 #bjj2 ,prescott1 #8,p]u1' vol4 i4 p4 #bi4 ,see /atem5ts z to effigies1 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 p4 #cgi4 ,footnote #gcf3 ,simpson1 #8,j\rney1' vol4 i4 p4 #aij2 simil> practice among ,takulli or ,c>ri] ,ind41 ,waitz1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #gcg3 ,burton1 #8,c5tral ,afr4' vol4 i4 p4 #abd2 vol4 ii4 p4 #be2 #8,dahome1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ah1 c42 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iii4 p4 #djc2 ,j4 ,l4 ,wilson1 #8,w4 ,afr4' pp4 #bjc1 #bai1 #cid4 ,see also ,h4 ,r[ley1 #8,mission to ,c5tral ,africa1' p4 #bbi4 ,footnote #gch3 ,cavazzi1 #8#a/4 ,descr4 de' tre ,regni ,congo1 ,matamba1 et ,angola1' ,bologna1 #afhg1 lib4 i4 #bfd2 ,waitz1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dai-ba2 ,callaway1 #8,religion ( ,amazulu1' p4 #bab4 ,footnote #gci3 ,r5audot1 #8,acc4 by two ,mohamm$an ,travell]s1' ,london1 #agcc1 p4 #ha2 & 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bae2 ,m>co ,polo1 book iii4 *ap4 xx42 & 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 vii4 p4 #afb4 ,footnote #gdj3 ,c>on1 #8,japan1' ibid41 p4 #fbb2 ,siebold1 #8,nippon1' v4 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #gda3 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' new s]ies1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgd4 ,footnote #gdb3 ,legge1 #8,confucius1' p4 #aai2 ,doolittle1 #8,*9ese1' vol4 i4 pp4 #ajh1 #agd1 #aib4 ,! practice ( attack+ or kill+ all p]sons met by a fun]al procession is p]haps g5]ally connect$ ) fun]al human sacrifice2 any "o met on ! road by ! fun]al ( a ,mongol pr9ce 0 sla9 & ord]$ to g z escort2 9 ! ,kimbunda c\ntry1 any "o :o meets a royal fun]al procession is put to dea? ) ! o!r victims at ! grave 7,magy>1 #8,sd4 ,afrika1' p4 #cec72 see also ,m>9]1 #8,tonga ,is4' vol4 i4 p4 #djc2 ,cook1 #8,fir/ ,voy4' vol4 i4 pp4 #adf1 #bcf 7,tahiti74 ,footnote #gdc3 ,jakob ,grimm1 #8,v]br5n5 d] ,lei*51' conta9s an in/ructive collection ( ref]5ces & citations4 ,footnote #gdd3 ,hom]1 ,il4 xxiii4 #age2 ,eurip4 ,suppl42 ,pausanias1 iv4 #b4 ,footnote #gde3 ,edda1 #8,gylfag9n+1' #di2 #8,brynhild>qvi?a1' c4 ,footnote #gdf3 ,cs>41 ,bell4 ,gall4 vi4 #ai4 ,footnote #gdg3 ,hanus*1 #8,slaw4 ,my?4' p4 #ade4 ,footnote #gdh3 ,/rabo1 xv4 #a1 #fb2 ,cic4 ,tusc4 ,disp4 v4 #bg1 #gh2 ,diod4 ,sic4 xvii4 #ia2 xix4 #cc1 c42 ,grimm1 #8,v]br5n51' p4 #bfa2 ,r5audot1 #8,two ,mohamm$ans1' p4 #d2 & 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 vii4 p4 #aid4 ,see ,bu*anan1 ibid4 pp4 #fge1 #fhb2 ,w>d1 #8,h9doos1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #bih-cab4 ,footnote #gdi3 ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson1 #8,on ! suppos$ ,vaidik au?ority = ! ,burn+ ( ,h9du ,wid[s1' 9 #8,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,z4 ,soc4' vol4 xvi4 7#ahed7 p4 #bja2 9 8 #8,works1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bgj4 ,max ,mll]1 #8,todt5be/attung bei d5 ,brahman51' 9 #8,zeits*r4 d] ,deuts*4 ,morg5l4 ,ges4' vol4 ix42 #8,*ips1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #gej3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p i4 p4 #edc2 "p iii4 pp4 #bbi1 #ebj2 ,waitz1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #aia-c4 ,footnote #gea3 ,klemm1 #8,cultur-,ges*4' vol4 iii4 pp4 #cee1 #cfd2 ,waitz1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #geb3 ,m\hot1 #8,indo-,*9a1' vol4 i4 p4 #beb4 ,footnote #gec3 ,wood 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iv4 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #ged3 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 iii4 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #gee3 ,de ,brosses1 #8,dieux ,fti*es1' p4 #fa4 ,footnote #gef3 ,rav5/e91 #8,amur1' p4 #chb2 ,t4 ,w4 ,atk9son1 p4 #dhc4 ,footnote #geg3 ,/4 ,john1 #8,f> ,ea/1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bec 7,dayaks74 ,footnote #geh3 ,*>levoix1 #8,n\velle ,france1' vol4 vi4 p4 #gh2 ,sag>d1 #8,hi/4 du ,canada1' p4 #dig2 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p iii4 p4 #bbi4 ,footnote #gei3 ,cranz1 #8,grnl&1' p4 #beg4 ,footnote #gfj3 ,taylor1 #8,new ,zeal&1' p4 #bga2 ,ellis1 #8,madagasc>1' vol4 i4 p4 #dbi4 ,footnote #gfa3 ,/ell]1 #8,kamts*atka1' p4 #bfi4 ,footnote #gfb3 ,/ew>t1 #8,notes on ,nor!rn ,ca*>1' 9 #8,j\rn4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1' vol4 xxiv4 p4 #fcb2 ,cross1 #8,k>5s1' l4c42 ,mason1 #8,k>5s1' l4c4 ,footnote #gfc3 ,callaway1 #8,zulu ,tales1' vol4 i4 p4 #cag4 ,footnote #gfd3 ,l[ 9 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 i4 p4 #dbf4 ,see ,me9]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbj2 vol4 ii4 p4 #gia4 ,footnote #gfe3 ,juv5al1 ,sat4 xv4 #adh4 ,footnote #gff3 ,alg]1 #8,future ,life1' p4 #fcb1 & see #8,bibliography1' app5dix ii42 ,wesley1 #8,s]mon on ,rom4 viii4 #ai-bb2' ,adam ,cl>ke1 #8,comm5t>y1' on same text4 ,?is1 by ! way1 is ! conv]se view to ,bell>m9e's1 :o s pati5tly let ! fleas bite him1 say+1 #8,we %all h heav5 to rew>d u = our suff]+s1 b ^! poor creatures h no?+ b ! enjoym5t ( ! pres5t life4'--,bayle #8,biog4 ,dic4' ,! argum5t 9 ,butl]'s #8,analogy1' "p i4 *4 i4 puts ! evid5ce = s\ls ( brutes on mu* ! same foot+ z t = s\ls ( m54 ,footnote #gfg3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p i4 pp4 #bcg1 #bfb2 "p ii4 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #gfh3 ,d',orbigny1 #8,l',homme ,amrica91' vol4 i4 p4 #aif2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bc1 #gh2 ,falkn]1 #8,patagonia1' p4 #aah2 ,mu/]s1 #8,patagonians1' p4 #agh4 ,footnote #gfi3 ,eg$e1 #8,gre5l&1' p4 #aeb2 ,cranz1 p4 #cja3 sec ,nilsson1 p4 #adj4 ,torquemada1 #8,mon>quia ,indiana1' xiii4 *4 #dg2 ,clavig]o1 #8,messico1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #id-f4 ,footnote #ggj3 ,georgi1 #8,reise im ,russ4 ,r4' vol4 i4 p4 #cab4 ,footnote #gga3 ,b>on1 #8,tonqu91' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 ix4 p4 #gjd4 ,footnote #ggb3 ,w4 ,g4 ,palgrave1 #8,arabia1' vol4 i4 p4 #aj2 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ccd2 ,waitz1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eai 7,gallas74 ,footnote #ggc3 ,grimm1 #8,v]br5n5 d] ,lei*54' ,a curi\s correspond5ce 9 ! practice ( cutt+ (f a f[l's head z a fun]al rite is to be notic$ among ! ,yorubas ( ,w4 ,africa 7,burton1 #8,w4 & ,w4' p4 #bbj71 ,*uwa%es ( ,sib]ia 7,ca/rn1 #8,f9n4 ,my?4' p4 #abj71 old ,russians 7,grimm1 #8,v]br5n51' p4 #bed74 ,footnote #ggd3 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cce4 ,footnote #gge3 ,colebrooke1 #8,essays1' vol4 i4 p4 #agg2 ,w>d1 #8,h9doos1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #fb1 #bhd1 #cca4 ,footnote #ggf3 ,mannh>dt1 #8,gtt]welt d] ,deuts*51 c4' vol4 i4 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #ggg3 ,sa9t-,foix1 #8uvres1' ,mae/ri*t1 #aggh1 vol4 iv4 p4 #aej4 ,footnote #ggh3 ,*r4 von ,/ramb]g1 #8,rhe9is*] ,antiqu>ius1' i4 vol4 i41 ,cobl5ce1 #ahea1 p4 #bjc2 ,j4 ,m4 ,kemble1 #8,hor ,f]ales1' p4 #ff4 ,footnote #ggi3 ,mo]5h\t1 #8,voy4 ,aux ,iles du ,gr& ,ocan1' vol4 i4 p4 #dcj4 ,footnote #ghj3 ,/4 ,john #8,f> ,ea/1' vol4 i4 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #gha3 ,mason1 #8,k>5s1' 9 #8,j\rn4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1' #ahfe1 "p ii4 p4 #bjb2 ,cross 9 #8,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,ori5tal ,soc4' vol4 iv4 p4 #cji4 ,see comp>ison ( ,siamese & ,malay ideas2 ,l[ 9 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 i4 p4 #cdj4 ,footnote #ghb3 ,h>dy1 #8,manual ( ,budhism1' pp4 #bia1 #ddc2 ,ba/ian1 #8,oe/l4 ,asi51' vol4 ii4 p4 #ahd2 ,m>co ,polo1 book iii4 *4 xxii4 7comp>e v>i\s read+s72 ,me9]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #bae2 vol4 ii4 p4 #gii4 ,footnote #ghc3 ,malay evid5ce has s9ce be5 notic$ by ,wilk51 #8,het ,animisme bij d5 ,volk5 van d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel4' p4 #ajd4 7,note to #crd edition47 ,footnote #ghd3 ,hume1 #8,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,rel4' sec4 ii42 ,comte1 #8,philosophie ,positive1' vol4 v4 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #ghe3 ,*>levoix1 vol4 vi4 p4 #gd2 ,keat+1 #8,long's ,exp4' vol4 ii4 p4 #aed2 ,le ,jeune1 #8,n\velle ,france1' p4 #ei2 also ,waitz1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aii2 ,gregg1 #8,comm]ce ( ,prairies1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bdd2 see ,addison's ,no4 #ef ( ! #8,spectator4' ,footnote #ghf3 ,m>9]1 #8,tonga ,is4' vol4 ii4 p4 #abi2 ,williams1 #8,fiji1' vol4 i4 p4 #bdb4 ,simil> ideas 9 ,tahiti1 ,cook's #crd ,voy4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aff4 ,footnote #ghg3 ,cross1 l4c4 pp4 #cji1 #cac2 ,mason1 l4c4 p4 #bjb4 ,comp>e ,me9]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #add2 ,ca/rn1 #8,f9n4 ,my?4' pp4 #afa-c4 ,footnote #ghh3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p ii4 p4 #fh2 #8,algec ,res4' vol4 ii4 p4 #abh2 ,lallemant 9 #8,rel4 des ,jsuites dans la ,n\velle ,france1' #afbf1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #ghi3 ,williams1 #8,fiji1' vol4 i4 pp4 #ahh1 #bdc1 #bdf2 ,alg]1 p4 #hb2 ,seemann1 #8,viti1' p4 #bbi4 ,footnote #gij3 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' new s]ies1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dba4 ,footnote #gia3 ,= "s cases 9 :i* horror or abnegation are assign$ z motives = ab&onm5t ( ! dead man's prop]ty1 see ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 vol4 v4 p4 #fbf2 ,dalton 9 #8,j\rn4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1' #ahff1 "p ii4 p4 #aia1 c42 ,e>l1 #8,papuans1' p4 #ajh2 ,callaway1 #8,rel4 ( ,amazulu1' p4 #ac2 ,eg$e1 #8,gre5l&1' p4 #aea2 ,cranz1 p4 #cja2 ,loskiel1 #8,ind4 ,n4 ,a4' "p i4 p4 #fd1 b see p4 #gf4 ,! de/ruction or ab&onm5t ( ! :ole prop]ty ( ! dead may plausibly1 :e!r ju/ly or n1 be expla9$ by horror or abnegation2 b ^! motives d n g5]ally apply to cases :]e only "p ( ! prop]ty is sacrific$1 or new objects are provid$ expressly1 & "h ! s]vice ( ! dead seems ! reasonable motive4 ,?us1 at ! fun]al ( a ,g>o girl1 e>!n vessels 7 brok5 z !y 7 ?r[n 9 above ! buri$ a%es4 #8,!y said1 ! _s ( ! girl w\ld n b5efit by !m if !y 7 giv5 unbrok51 b = h] ! fragm5ts w\ld unite aga94' 7,dalton1 #8,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1' p4 #fg47 ,! m]e fact ( break+ or de/ruction ( objects at fun]als does n c>ry its own explanation1 = x is equally applicable to s5tim5tal ab&onm5t & to practical transmission ( ! _s ( ! object1 z a man is kill$ to lib]ate 8 s\l4 ,= good cases ( ! break+ ( vessels & ut5sils giv5 to ! dead1 see #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 i4 p4 #cbe 7,m9tira72 ,grey1 #8,au/ralia1' vol4 i4 p4 #cbb2 ,g4 ,f4 ,moore1 #8,vocab4 ,w4 ,au/ralia1' p4 #ac 7,au/ralians72 ,m>kham 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iii4 p4 #ahh 7,ticunas72 ,/4 ,john1 vol4 i4 p4 #fh 7,dayaks72 ,ellis1 #8,madagasc>1' vol4 i4 p4 #bed2 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p i4 p4 #hd 7,appala*icola72 ,d4 ,wilson1 #8,prehi/oric ,man1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aif 7,n4 ,a4 ,i4 & anci5t graves 9 ,engl&74 ,cases ( =mal sacrifice :]e objects are (f]$ to ! dead & tak5 away aga91 are g5]ally d\btful z to motive2 see ,spix & ,m>tius1 vol4 i4 p4 #chc2 ,m>tius1 vol4 i4 p4 #dhe 7,brazilian ,tribes72 ,m(fat1 #8,s4 ,africa1' p4 #cjh 7,be*uanas72 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 iii4 p4 #adi 7,kayans74 ,footnote #gib3 ,alg]1 #8,future ,life1' p4 #ha4 ,he treats1 h[ev] 7p4 #gf71 z int5tionally symbolic ! rite ( ! ,w9nebagos1 :o light fires on ! grave to provide night aft] night camp-fires = ! s\l on its f> j\rney 7,s*oolcraft1 #8,ind4 ,tr4' vol4 iv4 p4 #ee2 ! idea is introduc$ 9 ,longfell['s #8,hiawa?a1' xix474 ,i agree ) ,dr4 ,br9ton 7#8,my?s ( ,new ,_w1' p4 #bda7 t to look = recondite symbolic mean+ 9 ^! simple *ildi% rites is unreasonable4 ,!re 0 a simil> ,aztec rite 7,clavig]o1 vol4 ii4 p4 #id74 ,! ,m9tira light fires on ! grave = ! _s to w>m itself at 7#8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 i4 p4 #cbe1 see p4 #bga1 & comp>e ,m>tius1 vol4 i4 p4 #dia74 ,s ,au/ralians w light a fire ne> _! camp at night = ! gho/ ( "s lately dead relative to sit by 7,millett1 #8,au/ralian ,p>sonage1' p4 #gf47 ,footnote #gic3 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 #8,am]4 ,urrelig4' p4 #bbb1 see #dbj4 ,footnote #gid3 ,bosman1 #8,gu9ea1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #dcj4 ,footnote #gie3 ,polack1 #8,m4 ( ,new ,zeal&]s1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #ff1 #gh1 #aaf1 #abg4 ,footnote #gif3 ,georgi1 #8,russ4 ,r4' vol4 i4 p4 #bff2 ,h]odot4 iv4 #ga1 see note 9 ,rawl9son's ,tr4 c4 c4 ,footnote #gig3 ,oldfield 9 #8,tr4 ,e?4 ,soc4' vol4 iii4 pp4 #bbh1 #bde4 ,footnote #gih3 ,bonwick1 #8,tasmanians1' p4 #ig4 ,footnote #gii3 ,cranz1 #8,grnl&1' pp4 #bfc1 #cja4 ,footnote #hjj3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p iv4 pp4 #ee1 #fe2 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 #8,am]4 ,urrel4' pp4 #hh1 #bhg4 ,footnote #hja3 ,sahagun1 book iii4 ,app4 9 ,k+sbor\gh1 #8,antiquities ( ,mexico1' vol4 vii42 ,clavig]o1 vol4 ii4 p4 #id2 ,brasseur1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #dig1 #efi4 ,footnote #hjb3 ,cieza de ,leon1 p4 #afa2 ,riv]o & ,ts*udi1 #8,p]uvian ,antiquities1' pp4 #ahf1 #bjj4 ,footnote #hjc3 ,ellis1 #8,hi/1 ( ,madagasc>1' vol4 i4 pp4 #bed1 #dbi2 see ,flac\rt1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #hjd3 ,ca/rn1 #8,f9n4 ,my?1' p4 #aah2 ,j4 ,bill+s1 #8,exp4 to ,n4 ,russia1' p4 #abi2 see #8,samoi$ia' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 i4 p4 #ecb1 & ,leems1 #8,lapl&1' ibid4 p4 #dhd4 ,footnote #hje3 ,boecl]1 #8,eh/5 ,gebra*e1' p4 #fi4 ,footnote #hjf3 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 ii4 p4 #fia2 see vol4 i4 pp4 #big1 #cdi4 ,footnote #hjg3 ,ba/ian1 #8,psy*ologie1' p4 #hi2 #8,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip4' vol4 iii4 p4 #ccg4 ,= o!r in/ances1 see ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ccb1 c42 ,alg]1 #8,future ,life1' "p ii4 ,footnote #hjh3 ,klemm1 #8,c4 ,g4' vol4 iv4 p4 #aei2 ,ezek4 xxxii4 #bg4 ,footnote #hji3 ,max ,mll]1 #8,todt5be/attung d] ,brahman51' 9 ,d4 ,m4 ,z4 vol4 ix4 pp4 vii4-xiv4 ,footnote #haj3 ,lucian4 ,de ,luctu1 #i1 c42 ,philopseudes1 #bg2 ,/rabo1 viii4 #f1 #ab2 ,h]odot4 v4 #ib2 ,smi?'s #8,dic4 ,gr4 & ,rom4 ,ant4' art4 #8funus4' ,footnote #haa3 ,val]4 ,max4 ii42 ,mela1 iii4 #b4 ,froius 7#aefe7 9 ,maffei1 #8,hi/or4 ,indic>um1' lib4 iv4 ,footnote #hab3 ,grimm1 #8,v]br5n5 d] ,lei*51' pp4 #bcb1 c41 #bdg1 c42 #8,deuts*e ,my?4' pp4 #gie-hjj4 ,footnote #hac3 ,dusburg1 #8,*ronicon ,prussi1' iii4 c4 v42 ,hanus*1 #8,slaw4 ,my?4' pp4 #hih1 #dae 7,anafielas is ! glass-m\nta9 ( ,slavonic & ,g]man my?1 see ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' p4 #gif74 ,comp>e /atem5t 9 ,/4 ,clair & ,brophy1 #8,bulg>ia1' p4 #fa2 z to food transmitt$ to dead 9 o!r _w1 ) m probable explanation1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #had3 ,/4 ,john1 #8,f> ,ea/1' vol4 i4 pp4 #ed1 #fh4 ,comp>e ,bosman1 #8,gu9ea1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #dcj4 ,footnote #hae3 ,s*oolcraft1 #8,indian ,tribes1' "p iv4 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #haf3 ,hunt]1 #8,rural ,b5gal1' p4 #baj4 ,footnote #hag3 ,davis1 #8,*9ese1' vol4 i4 p4 #bgf2 ,doolittle1 vol4 i4 p4 #aic2 vol4 ii4 p4 #bge2 ,ba/ian1 #8,m5s*1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ccd2 see ,m>co ,polo1 book ii4 *4 lxviii4 ,footnote #hah3 ,colebrooke1 #8,essays1' vol4 i4 pp4 #afa1 #afi4 ,footnote #hai3 ,lubbock1 #8,prehi/oric ,times1' p4 #adb2 ,wilk9son1 #8,anci5t ,eg4' vol4 ii4 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #hbj3 ,beeckmann1 #8,voy4 to ,borneo1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 vol4 xi4 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #hba3 ,politis1 #8,neohell54 ,my?ologia1' vol4 i4 "p i4 p4 #bff2 ,h>tkno*1 #8,alt4 und ,neues ,preuss51' "p i4 p4 #aha2 ,grimm1 #8,d4 ,m4' pp4 #gia-e2 ,wuttke1 #8,deuts*e ,volksab]glaube1' p4 #bab2 ,ro*holz1 #8,deuts*] ,glaube1' c4 vol4 i4 p4 #ahg1 c42 ,maury1 #8,magie1' c4 p4 #aeh 7,france74 ,footnote #hbb3 ,maitl&1 #8,*ur* 9 ! ,catacombs1' p4 #acg2 ,=bes ,leslie1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ejb2 ,me9]s1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gej2 ,br&1 #8,pop4 ,ant4'1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cjg4 ,footnote #hbc3 ,w>d1 #8,h9doos1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bhd4 ,footnote #hbd3 ,f ! collat$ & annotat$ text 9 ,j4 ,c4 ,atk9son1 #8,gloss>y ( ,clevel& ,dialect1' p4 #eie 7a "o1 neean none1 beean bone74 ,o!r v]sions 9 ,scott1 #8,m9/relsy ( ! ,scotti% ,bord]1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cfg2 ,kelly1 #8,indo-,european ,folk-lore1' p4 #aae2 ,br&1 #8,pop4 ,ant4' vol4 ii4 p4 #bge4 ,two v]ses h p]haps be5 lo/ betwe5 ! fif? & six?4 ,j4 ,c4 ,a4 reads #8meate' 9 vv4 #g & #h2 ! usual read+ #8milke' is reta9$ "h4 ,! s5se ( ^! two v]ses may be t ! liquor sacrific$ 9 life w qu5* ! fire3 an idea p>allel to t kn[n to folklore1 t he :o gave bread 9 8 lifetime w f9d x aft] dea? ready = him to ca/ into ! hellh\nd's jaws 7,mannh>dt1 #8,gtt]welt d] ,deuts*5 und ,nordis*5 ,vlk]1' p4 #cai71 a sop to ,c]b]us4 ,footnote #hbe3 ,lewes1 #8,biographical ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1' ,democritus 7& see 8 rem>ks on ,reid72 ,lucretius1 lib4 iv42 #8,e>ly ,hi/4 ( ,mank9d1' p4 #h2 ,/ew>t1 #8,philosophy ( ,human ,m9d1' vol4 i4 *ap4 i4 sec4 #b2 ,reid1 #8,essays1' ii4 *aps4 iv4 xiv42 see ,?os4 ,br[ne1 #8,philosophy ( ! ,m9d1' lect4 #bg4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text t 0 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to foll[ ! *apt]s 9 :i* !y are ref]5c$4