,,national ,,cann]s ,,association ,,rese>* ,,laboratory--,bullet9 ,no4 #ba,l4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,bigel[1 ,director ,tomato ,products ,pulp1 ,ket*up & ,*ili ,sauce ,,by ,w4 ,d4 ,,bigel[ & ,a4 ,e4 ,,/ev5son ,illu/ration ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,augu/1 #aibc ,,cont5ts ,pulp ,,page ,introduction #e ,sanit>y control ( tomato pulp factories #f ,quality ( product #g ,disc>d+ tomato juice #h ,composition ( tomato pulp #aj ,:ole tomato pulp #aj ,trimm+ /ock pulp #ab ,me?ods ( analysis #ab ,microscopic exam9ation #ac ,det]m9ation ( total solids #ai ,det]m9ation ( insoluble solids #cb ,det]m9ation ( sug> #cb ,det]m9ation ( acidity #cc ,det]m9ation ( salt #cc ,det]m9ation ( specific gravity #cc ,importance ( accuracy 9 ! det]m9ation ( specific gravity #ej ,evaporation to def9ite volume ( conc5trat$ pulp #eb ,ket*up ,me?ods ( manufacture #fb ,factory control ( ! composition ( ,ket*up #fc ,*ili ,sauce ,me?ods ( manufacture #gb ,,tables ,table #a1 ,composition ( pulp & ( ! liquor sep>at$ f x #i ,table #b1 ,composition ( :ole tomato pulps #ba ,table #c1 ,composition ( trimm+ /ock pulps #bb ,table #d1 ,comp>ison ( me?ods = ! det]m9ation & calculation ( solids 9 :ole tomato pulp #bc ,table #e1 ,tomato pulp & filt]$ liquor #bd ,table #f1 ,corrections = specific gravity ( hot pulp #dc ,table #g1 ,comp>isons ( me?ods = det]m9+ specific gravity #de ,table #h1 ,corrections = specific gravity & ,brix read+s at diff]5t temp]atures #ee ,table #i1 ,equival5t volumes ( pulp ( diff]5t degrees ( conc5tration #ef ,table #aj1 ,specific gravity & solids ( tomato pulp #ei ,table #aa1 ,manufacture ( ,ket*up4 ,quantity ( con/itu5ts to be add$ to #hjj gallons ( boil+1 p>tly conc5trat$ pulp #fe ,table #ab1 ,solids 9 ,ket*up obta9$ by dry+ 9 vacuum at #gj ,c4 & by ,abb refractomet] f ,ge]lig's table #fh ,table #ac1 ,refractive index & p] c5t solids 9 ,tomato ,ket*up #fi ,table #ad1 ,corrections = temp]ature to be us$ ) ,table #ac #gj ,,illu/rations ,fig4 #a4 ,small specific gravity flask #cf ,fig4 #b4 ,l>ge specific gravity flask #cf ,fig4 #c4 ,special head & flask receptacles = ,babcock milk te/] #cg ,fig4 #d4 ,weight & specific gravity ( tomato pulp #ci ,fig4 #e4 ,specific gravity cup = hot pulp #dd ,,tomato ,,pulp ,,introduction ,tomato pulp is ! fle%y portion ( ! tomato sep>at$ f sk9s1 cores & se$s by means ( a f9e me% scre5 & suitably conc5trat$ by evaporation4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! manufacture ( tomato pulp & 9 ! quality & appe>ance ( ! product4 ,! c>e ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( ! raw mat]ial & 9 all /eps ( ! manufacture ( tomato pulp has be5 greatly increas$4 ,?is is equally true ( pulp m>ket$ 9 small cans to be us$ z s\p /ock 9 private homes & ( ! pulp sold 9 l>g] conta9]s = ! manufacture ( s\p & ket*up4 ,! l>ge buy]s ( pulp h det]m9$ ! grade or quality :i* gives !m ! be/ results 9 ! manufacture ( o!r products & ! degree ( conc5tration :i* !y c use mo/ economically4 ,x is n[ cu/om>y1 !re=e1 = l>ge sales ( pulp to be made on specifications1 & x is impracticable to comply ) su* specifications )\t c>efully controll+ ! manufacture ( ! product4 ,! raw mat]ial mu/ be s select$ & ! manufactur+ op]ations s controll$ t ! color & flavor ( ! f9i%$ product is cons]v$4 ,?is is discuss$ briefly on page #g4 ,if he desires to sell "u specification1 ! manufactur] mu/ comply ) 8 contract ) respect to specific gravity1 & he _c greatly exce$ ! specific gravity specifi$ )\t sub/antial sacrifice 9 co/ ( manufacture4 ,x is !re=e economical to det]m9e ! specific gravity ( ! product z accurately z practicable 7see p4 #ea7 & also to adopt me?ods ( manufacture t w control z closely z possible ! specific gravity ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,beg9n+ on page #cc1 me?ods are giv5 = ! det]m9ation ( specific gravity "u v>i\s conditions ( manufacture & sale1 & on page #ej is giv5 ! me?od = ! det]m9ation ( specific gravity ( ! cyclone juice or p>tly conc5trat$ pulp :i* ?is laboratory has sugge/$ z an aid to det]m9+ ! volume to :i* ! product %\ld be evaporat$ to secure ! desir$ specific gravity4 ,?is me?od has be5 us$ by a numb] ( pulp manufactur]s & f\nd to be relatively conv5i5t & practicable4 ,x might be us$ to bett] advantage & to consid]ably great] pr(it if m help 7 employ$--& "s times m compet5t help--9 det]m9+ specific gravity & controll+ ! po9t at :i* evaporation %\ld /op4 ,! importance & economy ( accuracy 9 ! det]m9ation ( specific gravity is n fully appreciat$ by all1 ?\gh "s ( ! l>g] manufactur]s are n[ giv+ mu* att5tion to t subject4 ,?is matt] is discuss$ on page #ej4 ,!re is includ$ 9 ! bullet9 beg9n+ on page #ac a detail$ description ( ! ,h[>d me?od = ! microscopic exam9ation ( tomato products1 & foll[+ t a detail$ /atem5t ( ! *emical & physical me?ods employ$ 9 ?is laboratory = _! exam9ation4 ,su* me?ods are only ( value to ^? tra9$ 9 laboratory "w4 ,!y are includ$ "h because ! laboratory receives _m reque/s = ^! me?ods f *emi/s employ$ by manufactur]s ( pulp4 ,m5 :o are employ$ only = ! tomato season f9d special ne$ = su* in=mation4 ,our correspond5ce br+s _m inquiries reg>d+ ! p]c5tage ( solids 9 pulp ( diff]5t specific gravities1 & also reg>d+ ! relative values ( pulp ( diff]5t specific gravities4 ,9 ,table #aj 7p4 #ei7 !re is giv5 9 p>allel columns ! specific gravities ( pulp ( diff]5t degrees ( conc5tration & correspond+ p]c5tage ( solids1 & x is a simple matt] to calculate ! volume :i* ! same pulp w\ld make if conc5trat$ to any o!r specific gravity4 ,?is calculation is expla9$ on page #ed--;9 discuss+ ! po9t at :i* to /op evaporation to secure pulp ( any desir$ specific gravity4 ,?is bullet9 sup]s$es ,bullet9s #c & #g1 & also conta9s mat]ial :i* has appe>$ 9 sev]al trade-pap] articles prep>$ 9 ?is laboratory4 ,^! articles are ext5sively quot$ & "s ( !m are pr9t$ almo/ 9 full4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,f4 ,fitzg]ald 0 ! co-au?or ( mo/ ( ^! publications & did mu* ( ! "w on :i* !y 7 bas$4 ,he is !re=e entitl$ to a sub/antial %>e ( ! cr$it = ! mat]ial 9 ?is bullet94 ,,sanit>y ,,control ,,( ,,tomato ,,pulp ,,factories ,! manufacture ( tomato pulp requires c>eful sup]vision f beg9n+ to end4 ,! raw product mu/ be c>efully select$1 & all possible /eps %\ld be tak5 to induce gr[]s to disc>d rott+ tomatoes 9 ! field & to exp$ite ! movem5t ( ! raw product f field to factory4 ,tomatoes mu/ be c>efully wa%$ & sort$4 ,x is only practicable to accompli% ! latt] by means ( "s type ( sort+ belt4 ,sort]s %\ld n attempt to trim4 ,_! full att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! tomatoes pass+ by !m4 ,! sort] may place ! tomatoes requir+ trimm+ 9 a sep>ate receptacle 9 ord] t !y may be c>ri$ to a table n provid$ ) a mov+ belt & h&l$ by special trimm]s4 ,conveyors1 receptacles & ma*9es mu/ be con/ruct$ & in/all$ ) a view to conv5i5ce 9 clean+4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to exp$ite ! manufacture ( ! product 9 e way possible 9 ord] to give no opportunity = bact]ial gr[? dur+ ! process ( manufacture4 ,! brief comm5ts giv5 above are (f]$ by way ( rem9d]4 ,?is important subject is n fur!r discuss$ because x has be5 adequately treat$ by ,mr4 ,b4 ,j4 ,h[>d ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry 9 bullet9s :i* are readily available4 ,^! bullet9s are designat$ z ,bullet9s #efi & #eha1 respectively1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,!y may be secur$ by reque/+ !m ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ?is city1 & enclos+ five c5ts 9 co9 = ea* copy desir$4 ,all manufactur]s ( tomato pulp w d well to /udy ^! bullet9s & h !m /udi$ by _! responsible employees4 ,,quality ,,( ,,product ,!re is a gr[+ t5d5cy to give increas$ att5tion to ! quality ( tomato pulp4 ,! tomatoes %\ld be ripe & well color$4 ,gre5 tomatoes or tomatoes ) gre5 portions n only d n h ! requisite am\nt ( r$ color+ matt] b !y conta9 mat]ial :i* masks & dulls ! color ( fully ripe tomatoes4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion among successful manufactur]s ( pulp reg>d+ ! relative color ( pulp manufactur$ aft] hot or cold cyclon+4 ,"s ma9ta9 t a bett] color is obta9$ by cyclon+ hot4 ,o!rs1 app>5tly equally skill$ & able to manufacture an equally good product1 ma9ta9 ! rev]se4 ,mu* dep5ds on ! control ( ! cyclone--! sett+ ( ! paddles & ! spe$ at :i* !y are op]at$4 ,! evaporation %\ld be z rapid z possible4 ,! op]ation ( ! kettles 9 su* a way t ! pulp burns on ! kettles or on ! coils damages ! flavor ( ! product & impairs its color4 ,! pulp %\ld be cool$ promptly aft] process+1 or if t is n practicable %\ld be /ack$ loosely s t ! cans w h ample v5tilation until !y are entirely cool$4 ,pulp pack$ 9 five-gallon cans is r>ely process$4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be fill$ into ! cans at a temp]ature ( at lea/ #ahj ,f4 ,x is be/ to give pulp 9 ,no4 #aj & small] size cans a %ort process 9 boil+ wat]4 ,) pulp fill$ at #ahj ,f41 t5 or fifte5 m9utes is a suffici5t cook4 ,pulp fill$ at l[] temp]atures or :i* is all[$ to p>tially cool be=e process+ requires a long] process4 ,9 ord] to protect ! color x is be/ to wat] cool ,no4 #aj cans ( pulp aft] process+4 ,pulp 9 cans ( any size %\ld n be /ack$ solid :ile x is /ill hot4 ,! metal ( ! c has a blea*+ action on ! pulp & ?is is greatly increas$ if ! pulp is /ack$ hot or /or$ 9 a hot w>eh\se4 ,if /ack$ :ile excessively hot1 /ack-burn+ may occur ) consequ5t d>k5+ ( ! pulp4 ,z indicat$ above1 !re is a consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion among successful manufactur]s ( pulp reg>d+ ! details ( manufacture necess>y to secure ! be/ results4 ,x is probable t diff]5t conditions call = diff]5t me?ods ( op]ation4 ,at any rate1 all successful manufactur]s are agre$ t ! color ( ! pulp is an important index to its quality & greatly influ5ces its comm]cial value4 ,! flavor ( pulp is also an important crit]ion & is consid]$ by _m buy]s 9 =m+ an e/imate ( ! value ( pulp4 ,a scor*$ ta/e or a flat flavor %[ t ! manufacture ( ! pulp 0 n adequately controll$ & impairs ! comm]cial value ( ! product4 ,color & flavor commonly g toge!r4 ,! same manufactur+ me?ods :i* yield a product ( high color are likely to give a product ( sup]ior flavor4 ,,disc>d+ ,,tomato ,,juice ,x 0 =m]ly cu/om>y1 & is /ill ! practice ( "s manufactur]s ( tomato pulp1 to disc>d a portion ( ! juice ( ! tomatoes4 ,"s manufactur]s1 especially 9 ! prep>ation ( pulp f tomato trimm+s1 all[ ! trimm+s to pass ov] a col&] & ?us sep>ate ! free juice1 :i* is disc>d$4 ,o!rs all[ ! product ( ! cyclone to /& = a "t 9 tanks & !n disc>d ! cle> juice :i* settles 9 ! bottom ( ! tanks4 ,bo? practices are wa/eful & h g5]ally be5 discont9u$4 ,"s /ill adh]e to "o or bo?1 h[ev]1 & x 0 ?\ght be/ to make ! matt] ! subject ( /udy4 ,"s disc>d ! juice because ( ! belief t x consi/s ( no?+ b wat] & is valueless4 ,"s are ( ! impression t ! juice sep>at$ f ! trimm+ /ock be=e /ra9+ takes on a br[n color dur+ evaporation :i* w\ld int]f]e ) ! r$ color desir$ 9 ! f9i%$ product1 if all[$ to g into ! pulp4 ,"s recognize ! value ( ! juice1 b believe t ! exp5se ( its evaporation w\ld n be w>rant$ by ! increas$ quantity ( pulp4 ,"s h n measur$ ! juice disc>d$ & greatly und]e/imate its volume4 ,) ! view ( det]m9+ ! approximate value ( ! mat]ial disc>d$ 9 ?is mann]1 a bat* ( mat]ial1 fre% f ! cyclone1 0 divid$ into two portions1 "o ( :i* 0 imm$iately conc5trat$ to =m a pulp1 & ! o!r 0 all[$ to /& ab\t #bj m9utes :5 a cle> liquor _h sep>at$ at ! bottom4 ,?is cle> liquor 0 !n remov$ & ! rema9d] evaporat$ until ! desir$ consi/5cy 0 obta9$4 ,samples ( ! f9i%$ pulps1 ( ! raw product f :i* ea* 0 prep>$ & ( ! cle> liquor1 sep>at$ f ! second "o1 7 pres]v$ by seal+ 9 cans & process+4 ,^! samples 7 numb]$ z foll[s3 #gjb--,product f ! tr\gh "u ! second cyclone1 or f9i%]4 #gjc--;,cle> liquor1 :i* sep>at$ at ! bottom ( ! tank1 aft] a portion ( #gjb 0 all[$ to /&4 ,?is =m$ ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! entire product ( ! tank4 #gjd--;,dra9$ residue f #gjc4 #gje--;,f9i%$ pulp obta9$ by conc5trat+ #gjd4 #gjf--;,f9i%$ pulp obta9$ by conc5trat+ #gjb4 ,^! samples 7 exam9$ ) ! results giv5 bel[4 ,,table #a4--;,composition ( ,pulp & ( ! ,liquor ,sep>at$ f ,x ,sample ,total ,insoluble ,a% ,sug> ,acid ,undet]m9$ ,numb] ,solids ,solids 7z 7z ,organic ,inv]t7 ,citric7 ,matt] ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,c5t ,c5t ,c5t ,c5t ,c5t ,c5t #gjb #d4ch #j4dj #j4cd #b4bg #j4bi #j4hg #gjc #c4hd #j4aj #j4ch #b4cb #j4bi #j4ge #gjd #d4dg #j4ej #j4ch #b4ca #j4ca #j4gg #gje #i4ag #a4hc #j4gh #d4jg #j4ea #a4hg #gjf #g4he #j4ih #j4fi #c4ea #j4df #b4jd ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! two products 7#gje & #gjf7 7 evaporat$ "u exactly ! same conditions & to :at appe>$ to ! op]ator to be ! same consi/5cy4 ,aft] cool+1 h[ev]1 x 0 app>5t t :ile ! body ( ! two f9i%$ products 0 app>5tly equal1 ! consi/5cy ( ,no4 #gjf 0 sup]ior to ,no4 #gje 9 t ! =m] 0 smoo? & creamy1 :]eas ! latt] _h a some:at irregul>1 lumpy appe>ance4 ,?is diff]5ce 0 d\btless due to ! great] cont5t ( soluble solids 9 ,no4 #gjf4 ,! color ( ! two samples 0 id5tical4 ,a mixture ( "o "p ( ,no4 #gjc & ?ree p>ts ( ,no4 #gjd :5 evaporat$ 9 ! laboratory to ! same consi/5cy 0 id5tical 9 e way ) ,no4 #gjf4 ,f ! composition z /at$ 9 ,table #a x is app>5t t ! flavor & food value ( ! cle> juice1 :i* is sometimes disc>d$ 7repres5t$ 9 ,no4 #gjc71 are practically id5tical ) ! unconc5trat$ pulp z x passes ?r\gh ! cyclone4 ,9 fact1 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two appe>s to be ab\t "o-half p] c5t ( insoluble matt]4 ,:5 ! product is all[$ to sep>ate1 x seems probable t ?is insoluble mat]ial z x rises 9 ! mass has a t5d5cy to act l a filt] & c>ry up ) x a l>ge proportion ( ! bact]ia & m\lds pres5t4 ,! scale on :i* ! "w 0 done did n p]mit ( suffici5tly accurate measurem5t ( ! f9i%$ pulp to w>rant ! calculation ( ! loss 9 quantity caus$ by disc>d+ ! juice4 ,f ! composition ( ! pulps & ( ! raw mat]ial1 h[ev]1 x is app>5t t ?is loss is practically proportional to ! p]c5tage ( juice disc>d$4 ,x is app>5t1 !re=e1 t ! evaporation ( ! mat]ial j z x passes ?r\gh ! f9i%] w yield a product ( ! same color1 ( bett] consi/5cy1 9 consid]ably great] quantity1 & at practically ! same proportionate exp5se ( conc5tration z ! evaporation ( ! residue aft] disc>d+ ! juice 9 accordance ) ! cu/om m5tion$ above4 ,,composition ,,( ,,tomato ,,pulp#a ,:ole ,tomato ,pulp ,! results obta9$ by ! exam9ation ( #cc samples ( :ole tomato pulp are giv5 9 ,table #b4 ,! conc5tration ( ! samples v>ies f unconc5trat$ pulp z x runs f ! cyclone to pulps ( v heavy consi/5cy4 ,?is table conta9s ! data f :i* ,tables #d & #e 7 calculat$1 al?\gh dur+ ! season a p>tial analysis 0 made ( a l>ge numb] ( o!r samples1 & ! data secur$ !refrom 7 9 all respects confirmatory ( ! relations calculat$ f ,table #b4 #a ,?is *apt] is tak5 l>gely f an article by ,bigel[ & ,fitzg]ald1 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry1 #aiae1 vol4 #g1 page #fjb4 ,9 addition to ! data obta9$ by ! v>i\s det]m9ations1 ,table #b gives ! relation betwe5 ! results ( ! det]m9ations = ea* individual sample4 ,= in/ance1 ! ratio ( pulp solids to filtrate solids 7pulp solids divid$ by filtrate solids7 v>ies 9 ! diff]5t samples f #a4jia to #a4aed1 &1 ) ! exception ( two samples1 x v>ies f #a4ajj to #a4ade4 ,! av]age ( ! #cc samples 0 #a4ab4 ,! relation ( insoluble solids to total solids 7express$ z p] c5t ( insoluble solids 9 total solids7 is %[n 9 ,table #b4 ,consid]+ ! v>iations 9 ! me?ods employ$ by diff]5t manufactur]s 9 ! prep>ation ( tomato pulp1 ! p] c5t ( insoluble solids 9 ! total solids z %[n by ?is column is clos] ?an we might expect1 v>y+ 9 mo/ ( ! samples f #aa to #ad p] c5t4 ,! p] c5t ( sug> 9 ! soluble solids1 z %[n by ,table #b1 v>ies 9 mo/ ( ! samples f #ej to #ee p] c5t4 ,?is figure _c be expect$ to be con/ant 9 diff]5t localities & 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,! acid1 e/imat$ z citric1 con/itutes 9 mo/ ( ! samples f #i to #aj p] c5t ( ! soluble solids4 ,( especial int]e/ is ! refractive con/ant ( ! filt]$ liquor1 %[n 9 ! la/ column ( ,table #b4 ,! refractive con/ant ( ! v>i\s samples is mu* m uni=m ?an might be expect$ f a product ( ?is nature4 ,table #b is *iefly int]e/+ z af=d+ ! data f :i* ,tables #d & #e 7 calculat$4 ,! uni=mity ( ! relations %[n 9 ,table #e is su* t x is usually possible f "o det]m9ation on ! filtrate & ! det]m9ation ( solids 9 ! pulp by dry+ to di/+ui% pulp made f :ole tomatoes f t made f trimm+ /ock4 ,= in/ance1 if ! specific gravity or index ( refraction ( a filtrate prep>$ f a pulp ( unkn[n orig91 & ! p] c5t ( solids 9 ! pulp by dry+1 d n agree approximately ) ! relation betwe5 ^! det]m9ations z %[n 9 ,table #e1 x may be assum$ t ! sample 0 n prep>$ f :ole tomatoes1 or t "s o!r sub/ance1 su* z salt1 has be5 add$4 ,moreov]1 trimm+ /ock pulp r>ely con=ms to ! relations f\nd 9 :ole tomato pulp4 ,= in/ance1 ! insoluble solids are usually high] & ! acid l[] 9 trimm+ /ock pulp4 ,trimm+ ,/ock ,pulp ,9 ,table #c are giv5 ! results ( ! exam9ation ( #ba typical samples ( trimm+ /ock pulp prep>$ at diff]5t plants & 9 diff]5t localities4 ,?is table is ( especial int]e/ 9 %[+ t ! relations betwe5 ! results ( ! v>i\s analytical det]m9ations diff] f ^? ( :ole tomato pulps z giv5 9 ,table #e4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,no4 #adgj ! imm]sion refractomet] read+ is #de4ij1 & ! p] c5t ( solids is #i4ed1 :]eas1 accord+ to ,table #e1 ! p] c5t ( solids 9 ! pulp correspond+ to an index ( refraction ( #de4ij %\ld be #h4eg4 ,! specific gravity ( ! pulp is #a4jcgc1 :i*1 accord+ to ,table #e1 %\ld correspond to #h4ih in/ead ( #i4ed4 ,( c\rse x _c be said def9itely t a pulp :i* on exam9ation is f\nd to con=m to all ! relations %[n 9 ,table #e is necess>ily :ole tomato pulp4 ,x is entirely possible = an occasional sample ( trimm+ /ock pulp to con=m to all ! relations %[n 9 t table2 moreov]1 ! ext5t to :i* diff]5t samples ( trimm+ /ock pulp w v>y f ! relations %[n 9 ,table #e diff]s ) ! mann] ( prep>ation4 ,= in/ance1 if a portion ( ! juice is disc>d$ 9 ! manufacture ( trimm+ /ock pulp1 z is /ill ! practice ( "s manufactur]s1 ! v>iation f :ole tomato pulp w be great] ?an o!rwise & ! v>iation w increase ) ! am\nt ( juice disc>d$4 ,me?ods ( ,analysis#b ,^! me?ods may also be appli$ to ! exam9ation ( raw tomatoes & cann$ tomatoes4 ,9 apply+ ! relations giv5 bel[ to ! results obta9$ by ! exam9ation ( tomato pulp or cann$ tomatoes1 x is assum$ t no sub/ance su* z sug> or salt has be5 add$4 ,if salt is f\nd to be pres5t 9 excess ( ! am\nt normal to tomatoes 7f #j4je to #j4a p] c5t71 x is necess>y to det]m9e ! am\nt & make correction !re= be=e apply+ ! relations giv5 bel[4 #b ,?is *apt] is l>gely tak5 f an article by ,bigel[ & ,fitzg]ald1 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry4 ,! section on ,microscopic ,exam9ation is sub/antially a repr9t ( an article by ,bigel[ & ,donk publi%$ 9 ! trade pap]s 9 ,septemb]1 #aiah4 ,= fur!r in=mation on ! analysis ( tomato products ! ,me?ods ( ,analysis ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s 7#aiai7 %\ld be consult$4 ,9 exam9+ raw tomatoes1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to secure a repres5tative sample ( ! juice4 ,?is _c be done by apply+ pressure directly1 z ! juice ( ! se$ receptacles is ( diff]5t composition f t ( ! fle%y "p ( ! tomato4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to cru% ! sample & ?or\ghly cook x 9 a flask surr\nd$ by boil+ wat] & connect$ ) a reflux cond5s]4 ,microscopic ,exam9ation ,! laboratory ( ! ,national ,cann]s' ,association is frequ5tly ask$ to exam9e samples ( tomato products to det]m9e :e!r or n !y comply ) ! ,gov]nm5t requirem5ts4 ,9 exam9+ ^! samples we use ! ,gov]nm5t me?od 7! ,h[>d me?od71 b d n p>ticipate 9 ! discussions reg>d+ its m]its & %ortcom+s4 ,x is our exp]i5ce t skill$ analy/s c *eck !mselves & ea* o!r ) reasonable accuracy1 & x is our duty to tell ! manufactur] :e!r 8 product is legal4 ,%\ld ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry adopt "s o!r me?od z pref]able to ! ,h[>d me?od1 x w\ld be our duty to use ! new me?od & cont9ue to s]ve ! indu/ry by tell+ ! manufactur] :e!r samples submitt$ by him w\ld pass ! ,gov]nm5t te/s4 ,) a full und]/&+ ( our attitude 9 ?is matt] _m manufactur]s ( tomato products s5d samples f "t to "t = exam9ation4 ,x is made pla9 9 e in/ance t ! results obta9$ by ! exam9ation ( a p>ticul> sample ref] only to ! bat* f :i* t sample 0 tak5 & may give no indication ( ! "* ( any o!r bat*4 ,"s manufactur]s ( tomato products use ! ,h[>d me?od z a *eck on _! factory control4 ,= ?is purpose x is n satisfactory to h samples exam9$ 9 a laboratory locat$ at a di/ance f ! factory4 ,ev5 if sev]al samples are exam9$ f a day's run1 !y probably d n repres5t all ! pulp manufactur$ on t day4 ,x sometimes happ5s t "o wagonload ( tomatoes is almo/ entirely free ( rott+ mat]ial1 :]eas ! succe$+ load conta9s a consid]able am\nt4 ,ev5 ) ineffici5t sort+1 ! pulp made f ! fir/ load w %[ a l[ microscopic c\nt :]eas1 unless sort+ is exceptionally good1 ! pulp made f ! second load may %[ a high c\nt4 ,?us "o bat* may readily comply ) ! requirem5ts ( ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry & ! next bat* may be outside ( ^? limits4 ,because ( ?is fact ?is laboratory recomm5ds t manufactur]s ( tomato pulp d n rely ^u ! microscopic results ( a s+le sample4 ,! only way 9 :i* ! product may be absolutely controll$ by means ( ! microscopic c\nt is to exam9e a sample f ea* bat*--t is1 f ea* kettleful or tankful t is evaporat$4 ,?is is manife/ly impossible4 ,x w\ld require sev]al analy/s = "o plant4 ,moreov]1 x is entirely unnecess>y4 ,x has be5 f\nd t mu* bett] results c be secur$ by hav+ an analy/ 9 ! plant to exam9e samples f "t to "t4 ,!n1 :5ev] ! microscopic c\nt becomes excessive1 he c locate ! tr\ble & see t x is correct$4 ,manufactur]s :o desire frequ5t analyses ( _! products1 !re=e1 %\ld employ an analy/ & arrange to h him in/ruct$ 9 a laboratory conv]sant ) ! ,h[>d me?od z us$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! laboratory ( ! ,national ,cann]s' ,association makes x a practice to give ! necess>y in/ruction 9 ?is me?od to analy/s employ$ by memb]s ( ! association4 ,^! analy/s %\ld be c>efully select$4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 bett] results %\ld be expect$ ( a college graduate or at lea/ "o :o has _h college tra9+ 9 biology & *emi/ry4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly demon/rat$1 h[ev]1 t a c>efully select$ man or woman ) common s*ool education c le>n ! me?od & use x ) suffici5t accuracy = factory control4 ,! p]son select$ = ?is "w %\ld h good p[]s ( obs]vation & a positive "*4 ,?is laboratory has h]et(ore advis$ t manufactur]s ( tomato pulp %\ld n give too mu* att5tion to ! microscopic c\nt ( _! product4 ,we h ma9ta9$ t ! exp5se w\ld be bett] plac$ on ! sort+ belt2 t if ! sort+ & trimm+ 7 adequately done1 ! plant ma9ta9$ 9 a sanit>y condition & ! product manufactur$ z rapidly z possible1 a l[ microscopic c\nt w\ld be assur$4 ,?is we /ill ma9ta9 is true4 ,s _m cases h come to our att5tion1 h[ev]1 9 :i* cann]s h n succe$$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! degree ( sort+ necess>y ) a product ( ?is k9d t we h gr[n to feel t ! pres5ce ( an analy/ work+ cont9u\sly 9 a plant is an additional safegu>d4 ,! conditions att5d+ ! cann+ ( tomatoes are widely diff]5t f ^? att5d+ ! manufacture ( tomato pulp4 ,! ord9>y rot is almo/ always app>5t f ! outside ( ! tomatoes#c & is remov$ by ! peel]s :5 prep>+ tomatoes = cann+4 ,practically none ( x1 !re=e1 f9ds its way into ! c4 ,) pulp x is q diff]5t4 ,any rot :i* is n remov$ by sort+ & trimm+ goes into ! cyclone & passes into ! pulp4 ,) trimm+ /ock pulp1 ! condition is obvi\sly mu* worse ?an ) :ole tomato pulp4 ,"o hundr$ p\nds ( tomatoes w yield n f> f #he p\nds ( cyclone juice4 ,if only trimm+ /ock is made into pulp1 h[ev]1 ne>ly half ! tomatoes are us$ = cann+ & ! rema9d] 7#ej or #ee p\nds ( trimm+ /ock7 w only make some?+ l #ce or #dj p\nds ( cyclone juice4 ,yet1 s9ce ! rot is almo/ entirely on ! outside ( ! tomatoes1 ?is #ce or #dj p\nds made f ! trimm+ /ock conta9s ! same am\nt ( molds z ! #he p\nds manufactur$ f ! :ole tomatoes4 ,! mold c\nt ( ! trimm+ /ock pulp1 !re=e1 is mu* high] ?an t ( :ole tomato pulp made f ! same raw product4 #c ,tomatoes are sometimes f\nd ) rott5 c5t]s ( :i* !re is little or no ext]nal evid5ce4 ,?is is unusual1 h[ev]1 & ! influ5ce ( ?is =m ( rot "u manufactur+ conditions is negligible4 ,! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry condemns tomato pulp ^: microscopic exam9ation gives results z high z ! foll[+ figures3 ,molds #ff p] c5t ( fields4 ,bact]ia #ajj million p] cubic c5timet]4 ,yea/s & spores #abe p] #a_/fj cubic millimet]4 ,^! figures1 ( c\rse1 apply to ! ,h[>d me?od z employ$ by ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry4 ,! me?od is entirely arbitr>y & results agree+ ) ^? obta9$ by ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry c be obta9$ only by us+ ?is me?od sub/antially z x is us$ by ! bureau4 ,an exam9ation ( ! pulp1 !re=e1 by an analy/ :o is n ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ?is me?od z x is employ$ by ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry n only is useless b may actually af=d a manufactur] a false s5se ( security :i* w be greatly to 8 disadvantage4 ,microscopic ,equipm5t ,requir$ ,! app>atus employ$ by ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry includes apo*romatic objectives & comp5sat+ ocul>s4 ,9 #aiad x became impossible to obta9 ^! accessories#d because ( ! ,european w> & equival5t app>atus ( ,am]ican manufacture 0 f\nd to give ! same results4 ,bo? ( ^! =ms ( app>atus are recogniz$ 9 ! (ficial ,h[>d me?od :i* is giv5 bel[4 #d ,apo*romatic objectives may n[ be obta9$ b are m exp5sive ?an ! a*romatic4 ,?is laboratory made a c>eful /udy ( ! accessories available 9 ord] to det]m9e :at c\ld be/ be us$4 ,x 0 f\nd t v satisfactory results c\ld be obta9$ by employ+ a #aj,x ,huygh5ian ocul> & a #d mm4 a*romatic objective 7work+ di/ance #j4f mm47 & a #af mm4 a*romatic objective4 ,^! accessories require a c>eful adju/m5t ( light1 b ) prop] use enable an analy/ to secure satisfactory results4 ,x is f\nd t ! be/ results are obta9$ ) a r d>k field4 ,! app>atus necess>y = ! ,h[>d me?od1 includ+ ! accessories m5tion$ above1 may be obta9$ ( two ,am]ican manufactur]s1 ! ,baus* ,lomb ,optical ,company1 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 & ! ,sp5c] ,l5s ,company1 ( ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,!re is giv5 bel[ a full li/ ( ! optical app>atus requir$1 includ+ catalog numb]s ( ! two manufactur]s1 z f> z numb]s h be5 assign$ by !m to ! v>i\s items4 ,9 addition to ! app>atus giv5 9 ?is li/1 ! analy/ %\ld h a #ej c4 c4 graduat$ cyl9d] = measur+ & dilut+ samples4 ,?is may be obta9$ ( any deal] 9 *emical app>atus & at _m drug /ores4 ,:5 ord]+ ! optical app>atus ! full description z giv5 bel[ %\ld be includ$4 ,optical ,app>atus = ! ,h[>d ,me?od ,quantity ,item ,baus* desir$ ,lomb ,sp5c] #a ,microscope )\t ocul>s1 objectives or o!r a ,,ff #dd #a ,abbe cond5s] ) two iris diaphragms 7l[] & upp]7 #agdj #cjj #a ,d\ble nosepiece #ahdd #dej #a #af mm4 a*romatic objective #ajba #ajh #a #d mm4 a*romatic objective ) work+ di/ance ( #j4f mm4 #ajbi #aaf #a #h mm4 a*romatic objective ) work+ di/ance ( #a4f mm4 #ajbg #aab #a #aj,x ,huygh5ian ocul> #aajd #adb #a ,me*anical /age #baaf #dhe #a ,sub/age lamp ) ,daylite glass #aggd #che-;,b #a ,blood c\nt+ *amb] 7,haemacytomet] ) rul+ ( ,?oma1 ,neubau]1 ,japp]t1 ,brew] or ,turk7 #ceej #adgb #f ,cov] glasses = same1 #bjba mm41 #j4d ?ick #ceie #adfj #a ,h[>d's mold c\nt+ *amb] 7) in* inn] disk7 = same #ceff ,special #f ,cov] glasses = same #cc mm4 squ>e1 #j4f mm4 ?ick #ceih ,special #b ,cases = c\nt+ *amb]s #cehj #aeje ,all analy/s und]tak+ ! ,h[>d me?od %\ld secure copies ( ! two bullet9s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture writt5 by ,mr4 ,b4 ,j4 ,h[>d--,bullet9 #efi on ,sanit>y ,control ( ,tomato ,cann+ ,factories & ,bullet9 #eha1 ,microscopic ,/udies on ,tomato ,products4 ,^! bullet9s may be obta9$ f ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 on paym5t ( five c5ts ea* 9 co94 ,! details ( ! me?od z giv5 bel[ are repr9t$ f ! ,me?ods ( ,analysis ( ! ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s z am5d$ 9 #aiba4 ,app>atus 7a7 ,comp\nd microscope4--,equipp$ ) apo*romatic objectives & comp5sat+ ocul>s1 giv+ magnifications ( approximately #ij1 #ahj1 & #ejj diamet]s4 ,^! magnifications c be obta9$ by ! use ( #af & #h mm4 ,zeiss apo*romatic objectives ) ,x#f & ,x#ah ,zeiss comp5sat+ ocul>s1 or _! equival5ts1 su* z ! ,sp5c] #af & #h mm4 apo*romatic objectives#e ) ,sp5c] ,x#aj & ,x#bj comp5sat+ ocul>s1 ! draw-tube ( ! microscope be+ adju/$ z direct$ bel[4 7b7 ,?oma-,zeiss blood c\nt+ cell4#b 7c7 ,h[>d mold c\nt+ cell4--,con/ruct$ l a blood-c\nt+ cell b ) ! inn] disk 7:i* ne$ n be rul$7 ab\t #ai mm4 9 diamet]4#f #e ,we are in=m$ t ! ,baus* & ,lomb ,optical ,co4 also furni%es suitable apo*romatic objectives & comp5sat+ ocul>s = use 9 c\nt+ molds1 yea/ & bact]ia by ! ,h[>d me?od4 #f ,comm5t by au?ors3 ,9 us+ ^! cells ! plane p>allel cov] glasses furni%$ ) !m by mak] %\ld be us$ in/ead ( ! ord9>y microscope cov]-glasses1 s9ce ! latt] are subject to curvatures t introduce errors 9 ! ?ickness ( ! m\nts4 ,molds4--,t5tative ,clean ! special ,h[>d cell s t ,newton's r+s are produc$ betwe5 ! slide & ! cov]-glass4 ,remove ! cov] & place1 by means ( a knife blade or scalpel1 a small drop ( ! sample ^u ! c5tral disk2 spread ! drop ev5ly ov] ! disk & cov] ) ! cov]-glass s z to give an ev5 spread to ! mat]ial4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! drop be mix$ ?or\ghly & spread ev5ly2 o!rwise ! insoluble matt]1 & consequ5tly ! molds1 are mo/ abundant at ! c5t] ( ! drop4 ,squeez+ out ( ! m liquid portions ar\nd ! m>g9 mu/ be avoid$4 ,9 a satisfactory m\nt ,newton's r+s %\ld be app>5t :5 f9ally m\nt$ & none ( ! liquid %\ld be drawn across ! moat & "u ! cov]-glass4 ,place ! slide "u ! microscope & exam9e ) a magnification ( ab\t #ij diamet]s & ) su* adju/m5t t ea* field ( view cov]s #a4e sq4 mm4 ,?is area is ( vital importance & may be obta9$ by adju/+ ! draw-tube 9 su* a way t ! diamet] ( ! field becomes #a4chb mm4 z det]m9$ by measurem5t ) a /age micromet]4#g ,a #af mm4 ,zeiss apo*romatic objective ) a ,zeiss ,x#f comp5sat+ ocul> or a ,sp5c] #af mm4 apo*romatic objective ) a ,sp5c] ,x#aj comp5sat+ ocul>1 or _! equival5ts1 %all be us$ to obta9 ?is magnification4 ,"u ^! conditions ! am\nt ( liquid exam9$ is 4#ae cmm4 p] field4 ,obs]ve ea* field z to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( mold filam5ts & note ! result z positive or negative4 ,exam9e at lea/ #ej fields1 prep>$ f two or m m\nts4 ,no field %\ld be consid]$ positive unless ! aggregate l5g? ( ! filam5ts pres5t exce$s approximately "o-six? ( ! diamet] ( ! field4 ,calculate ! proportion ( positive fields f ! results ( ! exam9ation ( all ! obs]v$ fields & report z p]c5tage ( fields conta9+ mold filam5ts4 #g ,comm5t by au?ors3 ,obvi\sly aft] ! prop] draw-tube l5g? has be5 secur$ t adju/m5t %\ld be not$ & always us$ 9 mak+ mold c\nts4 ,yea/s & ,spores4--,t5tative ,fill a graduat$ cyl9d] ) wat] to ! #bj cc4 m>k1 & !n add ! sample till ! level ( ! mixture rea*es ! #cj cc4 m>k4 ,close ! graduate1 or p\r ! cont5ts into an ,erl5mey] flask1 & %ake ! mixture vigor\sly = #ae to #bj seconds4 ,to facilitate ?or\gh mix+ ! mixture %\ld n fill m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! conta9] 9 :i* ! %ak+ is p]=m$4 ,= tomato sauce or pa/es1 or products runn+ v high 9 ! numb] ( organisms1 or ( heavy consi/5cy1 #hj cc4 ( wat] %\ld be us$ ) #aj cc4 or #aj grams ( ! sample4 ,9 ! case ( exceptionally ?ick or dry pa/es1 x may be necess>y to make an ev5 great] dilution4 ,p\r ! mixture into a beak]4 ,?or\ghly clean ! ,?oma-,zeiss c\nt+ cell s z to give good ,newton's r+s4 ,/ir ?or\ghly ! cont5ts ( ! beak] ) a scalpel or knife blade1 & !n1 aft] all[+ to /& #c to #e seconds1 remove a small drop & place ^u ! c5tral disk ( ! ,?oma-,zeiss c\nt+ cell & cov] imm$iately ) ! cov]-glass1 obs]v+ ! same precautions 9 m\nt+ ! sample z giv5 "u #bh4h ,all[ ! slide to /& n less ?an #aj m9utes be=e beg9n+ to make ! c\nt4 ,make ! c\nt ) a magnification ( ab\t #ahj diamet]s to obta9 :i* ! foll[+ comb9ation1 or _! equival5ts1 %\ld be employ$3 #h mm4 ,zeiss apo*romatic objective ) ,x#f ,zeiss comp5sat+ ocul>1 or an #h mm4 ,sp5c] apo*romatic objective ) ,x#aj ,sp5c] comp5sat+ ocul> ) draw-tube n ext5d$4 ,c\nt ! numb] ( yea/s & spores#i on "o-half ( ! rul$ squ>es on ! disk 7?is am\nts to c\nt+ ! numb] 9 #h ( ! blocks1 ea* ( :i* conta9s #be ( ! small rul$ squ>es74 ,! total numb] ?us obta9$ equals ! numb] ( organisms 9 #a_/fj1jjj cc4 if a dilution ( #a "p ( ! sample ) #b p>ts ( wat] is us$4 ,if a dilution ( #a "p ( ! sample ) #h p>ts ( wat] is us$ ! numb] mu/ be multipli$ by #c4 ,9 mak+ ! c\nts1 ! analy/ %\ld avoid c\nt+ an organism twice :5 x re/s on a b\nd>y l9e betwe5 two adjac5t squ>es4 #h ,?is numb] ref]s to ! section z giv5 9 ! ,me?ods ( ,analysis ( ! ,association ( ,agricultural ,*emi/s4 #i ,comm5t by au?ors3 ,! organisms c\nt$ z 8yea/s & spores0 are ! yea/ cell & yea/ & mold spores1 n bact]ia spores4 ,bact]ia4--,t5tative ,e/imate ! numb] ( rod-%ap$ bact]ia f ! m\nt$ sample us$ 9 #biaj 7yea/s & spores71 b be=e exam9ation all[ ! sample to /& n less ?an #ae m9utes aft] m\nt+4 ,employ a magnification ( ab\t #ejj1 :i* may be obta9$ by ! use ( an #h mm4 ,zeiss apo*romatic objective ) ,x#ah ,zeiss comp5sat+ ocul> ) draw-tube n ext5d$1 or an #h mm4 ,sp5c] apo*romatic objective ) ,x#bj ,sp5c] comp5sat+ ocul> & a tube l5g? ( #aij1 or _! equival5ts4#aa ,c\nt & record ! numb] ( bact]ia hav+ a l5g? great] ?an "o & "o-half times _! wid? 9 an area consi/+ ( five ( ! small size squ>es4 ,c\nt five su* areas1 pref]ably "o f ne> ea* corn] ( ! rul$ portion ( ! slide & "o f ne> ! c5t]4 ,det]m9e ! total numb] ( ! rod-%ap$ bact]ia p] area 9 ! five areas & multiply by #dhj1jjj4 ,?is gives ! numb] ( ?is type ( bact]ia p] cc4 ,if a dilution ( #a "p ( ! sample ) #h p>ts ( wat] in/ead ( #a "p ( ! sample ) #b p>ts ( wat] is us$ 9 mak+ up ! sample1 !n ! total c\nt obta9$ z above mu/ be multipli$ by #a1ddj1jjj4 ,omit ! micrococcus type ( bact]ia 9 mak+ ! c\nt4 ,?us f> x has prov$ impracticable to c\nt ! micrococci pres5t1 z !y are likely to be confus$ ) o!r bodies frequ5tly pres5t 9 su* products4 #aj ,?is numb] ref]s to ! section z giv5 9 ! ,me?ods ( ,analysis ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s4 #aa ,! #d mm4 a*romatic objective & ! #aj,x ocul> z giv5 9 ! li/ ( app>atus may also be us$ to secure ?is magnification4 ,det]m9ation ( ,total ,solids #a4 ,,by ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,pulp ,! total solids 9 tomato pulp may be det]m9$ by dry+ 9 vacuo at #gj ,c42 by dry+ at atmosph]ic pressure at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]2 by calculation f ! specific gravity ( ! pulp2 or f ! p] c5t ( solids1 specific gravity or index ( refraction ( ! filtrate4 ,! solids obta9$ by diff]5t me?ods on #ca samples ( pulp are giv5 9 ,table #d4 7a7 ,by dry+4--,by dry+ ei!r 9 vacuo or at atmosph]ic pressure1 x is our exp]i5ce t aft] ! sample has rea*$ app>5t dryness1 f\r h\rs' dry+ gives complete results4 ,f #b to #d grams %\ld be tak5 = ! det]m9ation1 & en\gh wat] add$ to di/ribute ! sample uni=mly ov] ! bottom ( a flat-bottom$ di% at lea/ #b4e in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! solids z det]m9$ by dry+ 9 vacuo at #gj ,c4 are ab\t #ajh4e p] c5t ( ! result obta9$ by dry+ at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] at atmosph]ic pressure4 ,?is figure is ! av]age ( ! results obta9$ by ! exam9ation ( #bj samples ( pulp1 9 all ( :i* ! p] c5t ( solids obta9$ by dry+ 9 vacuo agree q closely ) ! p] c5t obta9$ by dry+ at atmosph]ic pressure multipli$ by #a4jhe4 ,9 #ae ( ! #bj samples exam9$1 ! diff]5ce did n exce$ #j4aj p] c5t1 & 9 only "o case did x exce$ #j4bj p] c5t4 ,! results obta9$ by ! subsequ5t exam9ation ( a consid]able numb] ( o!r samples confirm ?is relation4 7b7 ,by calculation f ! specific gravity ( ! pulp4--,!re is a v exact relation betwe5 ! specific gravity ( pulp 7det]m9$ by ! me?od giv5 above7 & ! p] c5t ( total solids z det]m9$ by dry+4 ,! solids correspond+ to pulps ( v>i\s specific gravities are giv5 9 ,table #e1 or may be obta9$ f ! foll[+ =mula :i* is d]iv$ f ! same table3 ,p] c5t ,solids #bbh 7sp4 gr4 ( pulp - #a4jjj7 #ai4a 7sp4 gr4 ( pulp - #a4jae74 #b4 ,,by ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,filtrate ,if a sample ( pulp ( consid]able size be ?r[n on a fold$ filt]1 a filtrate is obta9$ ^: composition has a def9ite relation to t ( ! :ole pulp4 7a7 ,by dry+4--,! p] c5t ( solids 9 ! filtrate may be det]m9$ by dry+ 9 vacuo at #gj ,c1 or "u atmosph]ic pressure at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! dry+ ( pulp1 a con/ant relation is f\nd to exi/ betwe5 ! p] c5t ( solids 9 ! filt]$ liquor z det]m9$ by dry+ 9 vacuo at #gj ,c41 & ! p] c5t ( solids z det]m9$ by dry+ at atmosph]ic pressure at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,! p] c5t ( solids 9 ! filtrate obta9$ by dry+ at atmosph]ic pressure1 multipli$ by #a4abe1 gives ! p] c5t ( solids obta9$ by dry+ 9 vacuo4 ,?is relation is %[n 9 detail 9 ,table #e4 ,,table #b4--;,composition ( ,:ole ,tomato ,pulps ,composition ( pulps ---------------------------- ,sp4 gr4 ,total ,insoluble ,sample at solids7a7 solids ,no4 #bj ,c4 ----------------------------------- ,p] c5t,p] c5t #abij #a4jbeb #e4id #j4ff #abia #a4jbgc #f4ed #j4gh #abib #a4jbcd #e4ej #j4hj #abic #a4jbic #g4jb #j4gd #abid #a4jbgb #f4dh #j4fi #abie #a4jcfa #h4fg #j4ie #abif #a4jchj #i4jj #a4jf #abig #a4jdfe #aa4bj #a4ai #abii #a4jdag #aj4jg #a4bc #acjj #a4jcbb #g4gj #j4ic #acja #a4jcab #g4cf #j4ia #acjb #a4jcaj #g4de #j4ia #acjc #a4jcdj #h4ag #j4ia #acjd #a4jbib #f4hh #j4hh #acje #a4jcga #i4jc #a4ai #acjf #a4jcgj #h4ie #j4ih #acjg7;b7 #a4jcbh #g4hf #a4ja #adha #a4jddi #aj4hb #adhb #a4jddd #aj4hc #adhc #a4jdfd #aa4ba #adhd #a4jdbc #aj4bg #adhe #a4jcdg #h4ee #adgg7;c7 #a4jfaj #ac4hf #adgi #a4jdaa #aj4jj #a4ba #adhf #a4jafi #d4cd #j4fb #adia #a4jaih #d4ig #j4fc #adif #a4jcda #h4bg #a4ae #aeae #a4jceb #h4ef #a4ae #aebi #a4jbji #e4aa #j4hi #aecj #a4jbeb #f4ba #j4ih #aeca #a4jbia #g4ag #a4jh #abbd7;c7 #a4jdhf #aa4bb #j4ia #acbe #a4jcbg #g4hf #j4ic ----------------------------------- ,filtrate f pulps ,sample ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,no4 ,sp4 gr4 ,acid ,imm]sion at z refractomet] #bj ,c4 ,solids7a7 ,sug>7d7 citric #ag4e ,c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,p] c5t,p] c5t,p] c5t #abij #a4jbcc #e4bd #b4da #j4eh #cf4bd #abia #a4jbeb #e4ga #c4aj #j4ec #cg4hj #abib #a4jbaa #d4hh #b4dh #j4di #cd4ea #abic #a4jbgf #f4bh #c4ce #j4fa #dj4jd #abid #a4jbef #e4hb #c4bj #j4ee #ch4bg #abie #a4jcdj #g4fi #d4cf #j4fg #df4jc #abif #h4je #d4dg #j4ff #df4hf #abig #a4jddf #aj4bg #e4fa #j4hi #ef4gj #abii #a4jcid #i4ji #d4if #j4ha #ea4ge #acjj #a4jcjd #f4hh #c4ee #j4fg #db4hd #acja #f4fh #c4bg #j4fi #da4ef #acjb #a4jbic #f4fa #c4dc #j4fd #da4gf #acjc #a4jcbc #g4bi #c4gg #j4ga #dd4fe #acjd #a4jbgd #f4bj #c4jc #j4fd #ci4gd #acje #g4ih #d4ad #j4hb #dg4cj #acjf #h4ja #d4ga #j4fi #dg4fj #acjg7;b7 #a4jcjh #f4ig #c4gi #j4ff #dc4ae #adha #a4jdba #i4fd #e4ae #j4ii #ed4bj #adhb #a4jdbb #i4hf #e4fb #j4id #ed4ge #adhc #a4jdda #aj4ai #e4fg #j4ih #ef4de #adhd #a4jcif #i4bc #e4db #j4ha #eb4aj #adhe #a4jccb #g4gc #d4ce #j4gb #de4he #adgg7;c7 #a4jegi #ab4ge #f4ee #j4ig #fg4ae #adgi #a4jchf #h4if #ea4eg #adhf #a4jaeh #c4gf #adia #a4jahh #d4dj #cb4fg #adif #a4jcah #g4ca #dd4hf #aeae #a4jcca #g4fa #df4bj #aebi #a4jaie #d4ed #cb4if #aecj #a4jbca #e4db #cf4ca #aeca #a4jbgc #f4bg #dj4ji #abbd7;c7 #a4jdfh #aj4cc #eg4fb #acbe #f4ii #dc4hj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,solids ( filtrate --------------------------------------- ,ratio ,insoluble ,ratio ,refractive ,sample ( pulp solids 9 sug> con/ant ,no4 solids to total ,sug>7d7 ,acid to acid( filt]$ filtrate solids liquor7f7 solids ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p] c5t,p] c5t,p] c5t #abij #a4acc #aa4a #df4j #aa4a #d4a #j4bjeef #abia #a4ade #aa4i #ed4c #i4d #e4h #j4bjeej #abib #a4abg #ad4f #ej4h #aj4a #e4j #j4bjefd #abic #a4aah #aj4e #ec4d #i4g #e4e #j4bjedh #abid #a4aac #aj4f #ee4j #i4e #e4h #j4bjebe #abie #a4abg #aa4j #ef4h #h4g #f4e #j4bjecd #abif #a4aag #aa4h #ee4e #h4b #f4h #abig #a4jia #aj4f #ed4f #h4i #f4c #j4bjedd #abii #a4ajh #ab4b #ed4f #h4i #f4a #j4bjeej #acjj #a4aai #ab4a #ea4f #i4g #e4c #j4bjedf #acja #a4ajb #ab4d #dh4i #aj4c #d4h #acjb #a4abg #ab4b #ea4i #i4g #e4d #j4bjeea #acjc #a4abj #aa4a #ea4g #i4g #e4c #j4bjedi #acjd #a4aaj #ab4h #dh4i #aj4d #d4g #j4bjedf #acje #a4acb #ac4b #ea4i #aj4c #e4j #acjf #a4aag #aa4j #eh4h #h4g #f4h #acjg7;b7 #a4abf #ab4i #ed4d #i4e #e4g #j4bjedd #adha #a4abc #ec4d #aj4c #e4b #j4bjede #adhb #a4ajj #eg4j #i4f #f4j #j4bjeed #adhc #a4ajj #ee4f #i4f #e4h #j4bjeej #adhd #a4aad #eh4g #h4h #f4g #j4bjedd #adhe #a4ajf #ef4c #i4c #f4j #j4bjebi #adgg7;c7 #a4aaa7;e7 #ea4d #g4g #f4g #adgi #a4aaf #i4h #j4bjeed #adhf #a4aed #ad4c #adia #a4abh #ab4g #j4bjefe #adif #a4aca #ac4i #j4bjeed #aeae #a4abe #ac4e #j4bjeef #aebi #a4abe #ag4d #j4bjeef #aecj #a4ade #ae4h #j4bjeec #aeca #a4adc #ae4a #j4bjedg #abbd7;c7 #a4abd7;e7 #aa4h #acbe #a4abc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 7a7 ,det]m9$ by dry+ 9 vacuo at #gj;,c4 7b7 ,composite ( #abij to #acjf1 inclusive4 7c7 ,?is sample conta9$ salt4 7d7 ,express$ z inv]t4 7e7 ,salt-free ratio4 7f7 ,calculat$ by =mula ( ,lor5tz-,lor5z1 7n#b - #a7_/7n#b #b7b4 ,note4--,all specific gravities 9 ?is bullet9 are on a #bj;,c_/#bj;,c basis4 ,,table #c4--;,composition ( ,trimm+ ,/ock ,pulps ,composition ( pulps ----------------------------- ,sample ,no4,specific ,total ,insoluble gravitysolids7a7 solids at #bj ,c4 --------------------------------------- ,p] c5t,p] c5t #adgj #a4jcgc #i4ed #adga #a4jche #i4dj #adgj-a #a4jcdi #h4ef #adgj-b #a4jcaf #g4hh #adgj-c #a4jbhd #g4jj #adgj-d #a4jbeh #f4fb #adga-a #a4jccd #h4ab #adga-b #a4jbeh #f4da #adga-c #a4jbbi #g4dh #adga-d #a4jaia #d4gd #aegb #a4jdbd #aj4bh #aegc #a4jcib #i4ec #a4bb #aegd #a4jdbg #aj4bi #a4ag #aege #a4jchf #i4gc #a4bi #affb7;b7 #a4jbjd #d4he #j4ah #affd7;c7 #a4jegg #ac4bj #j4fb #affe #a4jcca #g4gd #a4aj #gja #a4jbjj #d4hi #j4gb #gjc7;d7 #a4jahj #d4bd #j4aj #gje #a4jchh #i4he #a4hc #gjf #a4jccc #h4ce #j4ih --------------------------------------- ,composition ( liquor obta9$ by filt]+ pulps ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,sample ,no4,specific ,acid ,imm]sion gravity z refractomet] at #bj ,c4,solids7a7 ,sug>7e7 citric at #ag4e ,c4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p] c5t,p] c5t,p] c5t #adgj #a4jccg #g4fh #d4aa #j4eh #de4ij #adga #a4jccd #g4fb #d4je #j4ei #de4ge #adgj-a #a4jcjb #g4aa #db4hg #adgj-b #a4jbgi #f4ee #dj4ge #adgj-c #e4hc #cg4hj #adgj-d #a4jbcb #e4ec #cf4dj #adga-a #a4jbhh #f4hf #da4fj #adga-b #a4jbbg #e4da #cf4aj #adga-c #a4jbge #f4ad #ci4be #adga-d #a4jafh #c4id #cj4ce #aegb #a4jdjj #i4bh #eb4dg #aegc #a4jcfi #h4ec #di4cc #aegd #a4jdja #i4bi #eb4dj #aege #a4jcfi #h4bh #di4cg #affb7;b7 #a4jbja #d4fe #cc4bg #affd7;c7 #a4jeff #ab4gj #ff4ib #affe #a4jcjd #f4hi #db4fe #gja #a4jahd #d4bi #b4ce #j4cj #cb4ji #gjc7;d7 #a4jagh #d4ae #b4cb #j4bi #cb4ji #gje #a4jcei #h4jh #d4jg #j4ea #dg4he #gjf #g4bi #c4ea #j4df #dd4fi ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,sample ,no4 ,ratio ( ,insoluble ,sug> ,acid 9 ,ratio pulp solids 9 solids ( acid solids to 9 total solids ( to filtrate solids ( liquor sug> solids liquor ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,p] c5t,p] c5t,p] c5t #adgj #a4bda #ec4e #g4f #g4j #adga #a4bcc #ec4b #g4g #f4i #adgj-a #a4bjc #adgj-b #a4bjc #adgj-c #a4bja #adgj-d #a4aig #adga-a #a4ahd #adga-b #a4ahd #adga-c #a4bah #adga-d #a4bjc #aegb #a4aji #aegc #a4aag #ab4h #aegd #a4aji #aa4d #aege #a4age #ac4c #affb7;b7 #a4jdb #c4g #affd7;c7 #a4jdj #d4g #affe #a4abc #ad4c #gja #a4adj #ad4g #ed4h #g4j #g4h #gjc7;d7 #a4jbb #b4d #ee4i #g4j #h4j #gje #a4bbj #ah4f #ej4d #f4b #h4j #gjf #a4ade #aa4g #dh4c #f4c #g4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 7a7 ,det]m9$ by dry+ 9 vacuo at #gj ,c4 7b7 ,unconc5trat$ tomato juice f peel+ table4 7c7 ,no4 #affb conc5trat$4 7d7 ,cle> liquor sep>at$ f unconc5trat$ pulp on /&+4 7e7 ,express$ z inv]t4 ,,table #d4--;,comp>ison ( ,me?ods = ! ,det]m9ation & ,calculation ( ,solids 9 ,:ole ,tomato ,pulp ,solids 9 liquor f filt]$ pulp ---------------------------------------- ----- ,by dry+ ,calculat$ f-- 9 vacuo--------------------------------- ,sample at ,imm]sion ,no4 #gj ,c4 refractomet] ,specific ,specific read+ gravity7#a7;gravity7#b7 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,p] c5t ,p] c5t ,p] c5t,p] c5t #abij #e4bd #e4ca #e4ce #e4ce #abia #e4ga #e4fg #e4gh #e4hj #abib #d4hh #d4hg #d4he #d4he #abic #f4bh #f4ba #f4cc #f4ce #abid #e4hb #e4gi #e4hg #e4hi #abie #g4fi #g4fg #g4hb #g4hb #abif #h4je #g4hh 444 444 #abig #aj4bg #aj4bg #aj4be #aj4bf #abii #i4ji #i4jf #i4je #i4jf #acjj #f4hh #f4ia #f4ih #f4ii #acja #f4fh #f4ei 444 444 #acjb #f4fa #f4fd #f4gc #f4gd #acjc #g4bi #g4cd #g4db #g4dc #acjd #f4bj #f4af #f4cj #f4cj #acje #g4ih #g4ih 444 444 #acjf #h4ja #h4je 444 444 #acjg #f4ig #f4if #g4jh #g4jh #adha #i4fd #i4fg #i4fh #i4fh #adhb #i4hf #i4ha #i4gj #i4ga #adhc #aj4ai #aj4ba #aj4ae #aj4ad #adhd #i4bc #i4ae #i4aj #i4aa #adhe #g4gc #g4fd #g4fc #g4fd #adgi #h4if #i4jc #h4hg #h4hh #adhf #c4gf 444 #c4fb #c4fc #adia #d4dj #d4dd #d4cj #d4cb #adif #g4ca #g4ci #g4cj #g4ca #aeae #g4fa #g4gj #g4fj #g4fa #aebi #d4ed #d4eb #d4dg #d4di #aecj #e4db #e4cb #e4cj #e4ca #aeca #f4bg #f4be #f4bg #f4bh #acbe #f4ii #g4ac 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,solids 9 :ole pulp ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,by ,calculat$ ,calculat$ f specific dry+ f gravity (-- 9 vacuo imm]sion ------------------------------ ,sample at #gj ,c4refractomet],filt]$ ,:ole ,filt]$ ,no4 read+ liquor#c pulp liquor#d7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,p] c5t ,p] c5t ,p] c5t,p] c5t,p] c5t #abij #e4id #e4ie #f4jj #e4ig #e4ii #abia #f4ed #f4cf #f4dh #f4dg #f4ej #abib #e4ej #e4dg #e4dd #e4eb #e4dc #abic #g4jb #f4if #g4aj #f4ih #g4aa #abid #f4dh #f4di #f4eh #f4de #f4fj #abie #h4fg #h4ei #h4gg #h4fc #h4gf #abif #i4jj #h4hc 444 #i4aa 444 #abig #aa4bj #aa4ej #aa4dg #aa4bj #aa4di #abii #aj4jg #aj4ae #aj4ad #aj4jb #aj4ae #acjj #g4gj #g4ge #g4hb #g4fh #g4hc #acja #g4cf #g4ch 444 #g4dc 444 #acjb #g4de #g4dd #g4ed #g4dj #g4ee #acjc #h4ag #h4bc #h4cc #h4ab #h4cb #acjd #f4hh #f4ij #g4jf #f4ie #g4jf #acje #i4jc #h4id 444 #h4hh 444 #acjf #h4ie #i4jb 444 #h4hf 444 #acjg #g4hf #g4ha #g4ic #g4hc #g4ic #adha #aj4hb #aj4hc #aj4hd #aj4hj #aj4hd #adhb #aj4hc #aj4ih #aj4hf #aj4gj #aj4hh #adhc #aa4ba #aa4dc #aa4cf #aa4ag #aa4cf #adhd #aj4bg #aj4be #aj4ai #aj4ag #aj4bj #adhe #h4ee #h4ef #h4ee #h4cj #h4ef #adgi #aj4jj #aj4aj #i4id #i4hh #i4he #adhf #d4cd 444 #d4je #c4ij #d4jg #adia #d4ig #d4ig #d4hb #d4fb #d4hd #adif #h4bg #h4bh #h4ah #h4ae #h4bi #aeae #h4ef #h4fc #h4eb #h4dj #h4eb #aebi #e4aa #e4jf #e4ja #d4ij #e4jc #aecj #f4ba #e4ig #e4id #e4ig #e4ie #aeca #g4ag #g4ja #g4jd #f4ib #g4jc #acbe #g4hf #g4ii 444 #g4ha 444 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- 7#a7 ,f =mula on page #cj4 7#b7 ,! solution factor ( ,o',sullivan 7,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahgf1 p4 #abi7 0 employ$ ) slight modification4 ,! =mula employ$ 0 #ajjj7;d - #ajjj7 _/ #d4ce p] c5t solids4 ,9 ?is =mula d specific gravity ( solution at #bj ,c4 7#c7 ,f =mula on page #ca4 7#d7 ,= ^! figures ! =mula ( footnote #b 0 employ$ & ! results multipli$ by #a4ab ,,table #e4--,tomato ,pulp & ,filt]$ ,liquor ,:ole pulp ,filtrate f pulp ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,solids by dry+ ,solids by dry+ ,imm]sion --------------------- ---------------------refract- ,9 vacuo ,at ,specific,9 vacuo ,at omet] ,specific at #gj ,c4 atmo- gravity at #gj ,c4 atmo- read+ gravity sph]ic at sph]ic at at pressure #bj ,c4 pressure #ag4e ,c4 #bj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 #ajj ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p] c5t,p] c5t ,p] c5t,p] c5t #c4db #c4ae #a4jaej #c4je #b4ga #bf4i #a4jacc #c4dg #c4bj #a4jaeb #c4aj #b4ge #bg4a #a4jacf #c4ec #c4be #a4jaee #c4ae #b4hj #bg4c #a4jach #c4eh #c4cj #a4jaeg #c4bj #b4he #bg4e #a4jadj #c4fd #c4ce #a4jaei #c4be #b4hi #bg4g #a4jadb #c4gj #c4da #a4jafa #c4cj #b4ic #bg4i #a4jadd #c4gf #c4df #a4jafc #c4ce #b4ig #bh4a #a4jadf #c4ha #c4ea #a4jaff #c4dj #c4jb #bh4c #a4jadi #c4hg #c4ef #a4jafh #c4de #c4jg #bh4f #a4jaea #c4ib #c4fa #a4jagj #c4ej #c4aa #bh4h #a4jaec #c4ih #c4fg #a4jagb #c4ee #c4ae #bi4j #a4jaee #d4jc #c4gb #a4jagd #c4fj #c4bj #bi4b #a4jaeg #d4ji #c4gg #a4jagg #c4fe #c4bd #bi4d #a4jafj #d4ae #c4hb #a4jagi #c4gj #c4bh #bi4f #a4jafb #d4bj #c4hg #a4jaha #c4ge #c4cc #bi4h #a4jafd #d4bf #c4ic #a4jahc #c4hj #c4ch #cj4j #a4jaff #d4ca #c4ih #a4jahe #c4he #c4db #cj4c #a4jafh #d4cg #d4jc #a4jahh #c4ij #c4df #cj4e #a4jagj #d4dc #d4jh #a4jaij #c4ie #c4ea #cj4g #a4jagc #d4dh #d4ac #a4jaib #d4jj #c4ee #cj4i #a4jage #d #ed #d4ah #a4jaid #d4je #c4fj #ca4a #a4jagg #d4ei #d4bc #a4jaig #d4aj #c4fd #ca4c #a4jagi #d4fe #d4bh #a4jaii #d4ae #c4fi #ca4e #a4jaha #d4ga #d4cc #a4jbja #d4bj #c4gc #ca4g #a4jahc #d4gf #d4ch #a4jbjc #d4be #c4gh #ca4i #a4jahe #d4hb #d4dd #a4jbje #d4cj #c4hb #cb4a #a4jahh #d4hg #d4di #a4jbjh #d4ce #c4hf #cb4c #a4jaij #d4ic #d4ed #a4jbaj #d4dj #c4ia #cb4e #a4jaib #d4ii #d4ei #a4jbab #d4de #c4ie #cb4g #a4jaid #e4jd #d4fd #a4jbae #d4ej #d4jj #cb4i #a4jaif ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,table #e4--,tomato ,pulp & ,filt]$ ,liquor--,cont9u$ ,:ole pulp ,filtrate f pulp ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,solids by dry+ ,solids by dry+ ,imm]sion --------------------- ---------------------refract- ,9 vacuo ,at ,specific,9 vacuo ,at omet] ,specific at #gj ,c4 atmo- gravity at #gj ,c4 atmo- read+ gravity sph]ic at sph]ic at at pressure #bj ,c4 pressure #ag4e ,c4 #bj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 #ajj ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p] c5t,p] c5t ,p] c5t,p] c5t #e4aj #d4gj #a4jbag #d4ee #d4jd #cc4a #a4jaih #e4af #d4ge #a4jbai #d4fj #d4ji #cc4c #a4jbjj #e4ba #d4hj #a4jbbb #d4fe #d4ac #cc4f #a4jbjc #e4bg #d4he #a4jbbd #d4gj #d4ah #cc4h #a4jbje #e4cc #d4ij #a4jbbf #d4ge #d4bb #cd4j #a4jbjg #e4ch #d4if #a4jbbh #d4hj #d4bf #cd4b #a4jbji #e4dd #e4ja #a4jbcj #d4he #d4ca #cd4d #a4jbaa #e4di #e4jf #a4jbcc #d4ij #d4cf #cd4f #a4jbac #e4ee #e4aa #a4jbce #d4ie #d4dj #cd4h #a4jbaf #e4fj #e4af #a4jbcg #e4jj #d4dd #ce4j #a4jbah #e4ff #e4ba #a4jbdj #e4je #d4di #ce4b #a4jbbj #e4gb #e4bf #a4jbdb #e4aj #d4ec #ce4d #a4jbbc #e4gg #e4ca #a4jbdd #e4ae #d4eh #ce4f #a4jbbe #e4hc #e4cf #a4jbdg #e4bj #d4fb #ce4h #a4jbbg #e4hh #e4da #a4jbdi #e4be #d4ff #cf4j #a4jbbi #e4id #e4dg #a4jbea #e4cj #d4ga #cf4b #a4jbca #f4jj #e4eb #a4jbec #e4ce #d4ge #cf4d #a4accc #f4je #e4eg #a4jbef #e4dj #d4hj #cf4f #a4jbce #f4aa #e4fb #a4jbeh #e4de #d4hd #cf4h #a4jbch #f4af #e4fg #a4jbfj #e4ej #d4hi #cg4a #a4jbdj #f4bb #e4gc #a4jbfc #e4ee #d4ic #cg4c #a4jbdb #f4bh #e4gh #a4jbfe #e4fj #d4ih #cg4e #a4jbdd #f4cc #e4hc #a4jbfg #e4fe #e4jb #cg4g #a4jbdf #f4ci #e4hh #a4jbgj #e4gj #e4jf #cg4i #a4jbdi #f4de #e4ic #a4jbgb #e4ge #e4aa #ch4a #a4jbea #f4ej #e4ii #a4jbgd #e4hj #e4ae #ch4c #a4jbec #f4ef #f4jd #a4jbgf #e4he #e4bj #ch4e #a4jbee #f4fa #f4ji #a4jbgi #e4ij #e4bd #ch4g #a4jbeg #f4fg #f4ad #a4jbha #e4ie #e4bi #ch4i #a4jbei #f4gb #f4ai #a4jbhc #f4jj #e4cc #ci4a #a4jbfa ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,table #e4--,tomato ,pulp & ,filt]$ ,liquor--,cont9u$ ,:ole pulp ,filtrate f pulp ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,solids by dry+ ,solids by dry+ ,imm]sion --------------------- ---------------------refract- ,9 vacuo ,at ,specific,9 vacuo ,at omet] ,specific at #gj ,c4 atmo- gravity at #gj ,c4 atmo- read+ gravity sph]ic at sph]ic at at pressure #bj ,c4 pressure #ag4e ,c4 #bj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 #ajj ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p] c5t,p] c5t ,p] c5t,p] c5t #f4gh #f4bd #a4jbhe #f4je #e4ch #ci4c #a4jbfc #f4hd #f4bi #a4jbhh #f4aj #e4db #ci4e #a4jbff #f4hi #f4ce #a4jbij #f4ae #e4df #ci4g #a4jbfh #f4ie #f4da #a4jbib #f4bj #e4ea #ci4i #a4jbgj #g4ja #f4df #a4jbid #f4be #e4ef #dj4a #a4jbgb #g4jf #f4ea #a4jbig #f4cj #e4fj #dj4c #a4jbgd #g4ab #f4ef #a4jbii #f4ce #e4fd #dj4f #a4jbgg #g4ag #f4fa #a4jcja #f4dj #e4fi #dj4h #a4jbgi #g4bc #f4ff #a4jcjd #f4de #e4gc #da4j #a4jbha #g4bh #f4ga #a4jcjf #f4ej #e4gh #da4b #a4jbhc #g4cd #f4gf #a4jcjh #f4ee #e4hb #da4d #a4jbhe #g4dj #f4hb #a4jcaj #f4fj #e4hf #da4f #a4jbhg #g4de #f4hg #a4jcac #f4fe #e4ia #da4h #a4jbij #g4ea #f4ib #a4jcae #f4gj #e4ie #db4j #a4jbib #g4ef #f4ig #a4jcag #f4ge #f4jj #db4b #a4jbid #g4fb #g4jb #a4jcbj #f4hj #f4jd #db4d #a4jbif #g4fh #g4jh #a4jcbb #f4he #f4ji #db4f #a4jbih #g4gd #g4ac #a4jcbd #f4ij #f4ad #db4h #a4jcjj #g4gi #g4ah #a4jcbf #f4ie #f4ah #dc4a #a4jcjc #g4he #g4bc #a4jcbi #g4jj #f4bb #dc4c #a4jcje #g4ij #g4bh #a4jcca #g4je #f4bf #dc4e #a4jcjg #g4if #g4cc #a4jccc #g4aj #f4ca #dc4g #a4jcji #h4jb #g4ch #a4jccf #g4ae #f4cf #dc4i #a4jcaa #h4jg #g4dc #a4jcch #g4bj #f4dj #dd4a #a4jcac #h4ab #g4dh #a4jcdj #g4be #f4dd #dd4c #a4jcae #h4ah #g4ed #a4jcdb #g4cj #f4dh #dd4e #a4jcah #h4bd #g4ei #a4jcde #g4ce #f4ec #dd4g #a4jcbj #h4cj #g4fd #a4jcdg #g4dj #f4eh #dd4i #a4jcbb #h4ce #g4fi #a4jcdi #g4de #f4fb #de4a #a4jcbd #h4dj #g4gd #a4jceb #g4ej #f4ff #de4c #a4jcbf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,table #e4--,tomato ,pulp & ,filt]$ ,liquor--,cont9u$ ,:ole pulp ,filtrate f pulp ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,solids by dry+ ,solids by dry+ ,imm]sion --------------------- ---------------------refract- ,9 vacuo ,at ,specific,9 vacuo ,at omet] ,specific at #gj ,c4 atmo- gravity at #gj ,c4 atmo- read+ gravity sph]ic at sph]ic at at pressure #bj ,c4 pressure #ag4e ,c4 #bj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 #ajj ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p] c5t,p] c5t ,p] c5t,p] c5t #h4df #g4gi #a4jced #g4ee #f4ga #de4e #a4jcbh #h4eb #g4hd #a4jcef #g4fj #f4gf #de4g #a4jcca #h4eg #g4hi #a4jceh #g4fe #f4hj #de4i #a4jccc #h4fc #g4ie #a4jcfa #g4gj #f4hd #df4b #a4jcce #h4fh #h4jj #a4jcfc #g4ge #f4hi #df4d #a4jccg #h4gd #h4je #a4jcfe #g4hj #f4ic #df4f #a4jcci #h4hj #h4aa #a4jcfg #g4he #f4ih #df4h #a4jcda #h4hf #h4af #a4jcgj #g4ij #g4jb #dg4j #a4jcdd #h4ia #h4ba #a4jcgb #g4ie #g4jg #dg4b #a4jcdf #h4if #h4bf #a4jcgd #h4jj #g4aa #dg4d #a4jcdh #i4jb #h4ca #a4jcgg #h4je #g4af #dg4f #a4jcej #i4jh #h4cf #a4jcgi #h4aj #g4bj #dg4h #a4jceb #i4ad #h4da #a4jcha #h4ae #g4bd #dh4j #a4jced #i4ai #h4df #a4jchc #h4bj #g4bh #dh4b #a4jceg #i4be #h4ea #a4jchf #h4be #g4cc #dh4d #a4jcei #i4cj #h4eg #a4jchh #h4cj #g4ch #dh4f #a4jcfa #i4cf #h4fb #a4jcij #h4ce #g4db #dh4h #a4jcfc #i4db #h4fg #a4jcic #h4dj #g4df #di4j #a4jcff #i4dg #h4gb #a4jcie #h4de #g4ea #di4b #a4jcfh #i4ec #h4gg #a4jcig #h4ej #g4ee #di4d #a4jcgj #i4eh #h4hc #a4jdjj #h4ee #g4fj #di4f #a4jcgb #i4fd #h4hh #a4jdjb #h4fj #g4fd #di4h #a4jcgd #i4gj #h4ic #a4jdjd #h4fe #g4fh #ej4j #a4jcgf #i4ge #h4ih #a4jdjf #h4gj #g4gc #ej4b #a4jcgi #i4hj #i4jc #a4jdjh #h4ge #g4gh #ej4d #a4jcha #i4hf #i4ji #a4jdaj #h4hj #g4hb #ej4g #a4jchc #i4ib #i4ad #a4jdac #h4he #g4hf #ej4i #a4jche #i4ig #i4ai #a4jdae #h4ij #g4ia #ea4a #a4jchg #aj4jb #i4bd #a4jdag #h4ie #g4ie #ea4c #a4jchi #aj4jh #i4bi #a4jdai #i4jj #h4jj #ea4e #a4jcib ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,table #e4--,tomato ,pulp & ,filt]$ ,liquor--,cont9u$ ,:ole pulp ,filtrate f pulp ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,solids by dry+ ,solids by dry+ ,imm]sion --------------------- ---------------------refract- ,9 vacuo ,at ,specific,9 vacuo ,at omet] ,specific at #gj ,c4 atmo- gravity at #gj ,c4 atmo- read+ gravity sph]ic at sph]ic at at pressure #bj ,c4 pressure #ag4e ,c4 #bj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 #ajj ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p] c5t,p] c5t ,p] c5t,p] c5t #aj4ad #i4ce #a4jdba #i4je #h4je #ea4g #a4jcid #aj4ai #i4dj #a4jdbd #i4aj #h4ji #ea4i #a4jcif #aj4be #i4de #a4jdbf #i4ae #h4ac #eb4a #a4jcih #aj4cj #i4ej #a4jdbh #i4bj #h4ah #eb4c #a4jdjj #aj4ce #i4ee #a4jdcj #i4be #h4bb #eb4e #a4jdjb #aj4da #i4fj #a4jdcc #i4cj #h4bg #eb4g #a4jdjd #aj4dg #i4fe #a4jdce #i4ce #h4ca #eb4i #a4jdjf #aj4eb #i4gj #a4jdcg #i4dj #h4ce #ec4a #a4jdji #aj4eh #i4ge #a4jddj #i4de #h4dj #ec4c #a4jdaa #aj4fd #i4hj #a4jddb #i4ej #h4de #ec4e #a4jdac #aj4gj #i4hf #a4jddd #i4ee #h4di #ec4g #a4jdae #aj4ge #i4ia #a4jddg #i4fj #h4ec #ec4i #a4jdag #aj4hj #i4if #a4jddi #i4fe #h4eh #ed4a #a4jdai #aj4hf #aj4ja #a4jdea #i4gj #h4fb #ed4c #a4jdbb #aj4ia #aj4jf #a4jdec #i4ge #h4fg #ed4e #a4jdbd #aj4ig #aj4aa #a4jdef #i4hj #h4ga #ed4g #a4jdbf #aa4jb #aj4af #a4jdeh #i4he #h4ge #ee4j #a4jdbh #aa4jh #aj4ba #a4jdfa #i4ij #h4hj #ee4b #a4jdcj #aa4ad #aj4bf #a4jdfc #i4ie #h4he #ee4d #a4jdcc #aa4bj #aj4ca #a4jdfe #aj4jj #h4hi #ee4f #a4jdce #aa4be #aj4cg #a4jdfg #aj4je #h4ic #ee4h #a4jdcg #aa4cj #aj4db #a4jdfi #aj4aj #h4ih #ef4j #a4jdci #aa4cf #aj4dg #a4jdgb #aj4ae #i4jb #ef4b #a4jdda #aa4da #aj4eb #a4jdgd #aj4bj #i4jg #ef4d #a4jddd #aa4dg #aj4eg #a4jdgf #aj4be #i4aa #ef4f #a4jddf #aa4ec #aj4fc #a4jdgh #aj4cj #i4ae #ef4h #a4jddh #aa4ei #aj4fh #a4jdha #aj4ce #i4bj #eg4j #a4jdej #aa4fd #aj4gc #a4jdhc #aj4dj #i4be #eg4b #a4jdeb #aa4gj #aj4gh #a4jdhe #aj4de #i4bi #eg4d #a4jded #aa4ge #aj4hc #a4jdhg #aj4ej #i4cc #eg4f #a4jdeg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,table #e4--,tomato ,pulp & ,filt]$ ,liquor--,cont9u$ ,:ole pulp ,filtrate f pulp ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,solids by dry+ ,solids by dry+ ,imm]sion --------------------- ---------------------refract- ,9 vacuo ,at ,specific,9 vacuo ,at omet] ,specific at #gj ,c4 atmo- gravity at #gj ,c4 atmo- read+ gravity sph]ic at sph]ic at at pressure #bj ,c4 pressure #ag4e ,c4 #bj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 #ajj ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p] c5t,p] c5t ,p] c5t,p] c5t #aa4ha #aj4hi #a4jdij #aj4ee #i4ch #eg4h #a4jdei #aa4hg #aj4id #a4jdib #aj4fj #i4db #eh4j #a4jdfa #aa4ic #aj4ii #a4jdid #aj4fe #i4dg #eh4b #a4jdfc #aa4ii #aa4jd #a4jdif #aj4gj #i4ea #eh4d #a4jdfe #ab4je #aa4ji #a4jdii #aj4ge #i4ee #eh4f #a4jdfg #ab4aj #aa4ae #a4jeja #aj4hj #i4fj #eh4h #a4jdfi #ab4ae #aa4bj #a4jejc #aj4he #i4fe #ei4j #a4jdga #ab4ba #aa4be #a4jeje #aj4ij #i4gj #ei4b #a4jdg #ab4bf #aa4cj #a4jejh #aj4ie #i4gd #ei4d #a4jdgf #ab4cb #aa4ce #a4jeaj #aa4jj #i4gh #ei4f #a4jdgh #ab4cg #aa4dj #a4jeab #aa4je #i4hb #ei4i #a4jdhj #ab4dc #aa4de #a4jeae #aa4aj #i4hg #fj4a #a4jdhb #ab4di #aa4ej #a4jeag #aa4ae #i4ib #fj4c #a4jdhd #ab4ee #aa4ee #a4jeai #aa4bj #i4if #fj4e #a4jdhg #ab4fj #aa4fj #a4jebb #aa4be #aj4jj #fj4g #a4jdhi #ab4fe #aa4ff #a4jebd #aa4cj #aj4jd #fj4i #a4jdia #ab4ga #aa4ga #a4jebf #aa4ce #aj4ji #fa4a #a4jdic #ab4gg #aa4gf #a4jebh #aa4dj #aj4ac #fa4c #a4jdie #ab4hc #aa4ha #a4jeca #aa4de #aj4ah #fa4e #a4jdih #ab4hh #aa4hf #a4jecc #aa4ej #aj4bb #fa4g #a4jejj #ab4id #aa4ib #a4jece #aa4ee #aj4bg #fa4i #a4jejb #ab4ii #aa4ig #a4jech #aa4fj #aj4ca #fb4a #a4jejd #ac4je #ab4jb #a4jedj #aa4fe #aj4ce #fb4c #a4jejf #ac4aj #ab4jg #a4jedb #aa4gj #aj4dj #fb4e #a4jejh #ac4af #ab4ab #a4jedd #aa4ge #aj4de #fb4g #a4jeaa #ac4bb #ab4ah #a4jedg #aa4hj #aj4di #fb4i #a4jeac #ac4bg #ab4bc #a4jedi #aa4he #aj4ec #fc4a #a4jeae #ac4cb #ab4bh #a4jeea #aa4ij #aj4eh #fc4c #a4jeag #ac4ch #ab4cc #a4jeed #aa4ie #aj4fc #fc4e #a4jeai #ac4dd #ab4ch #a4jeef #ab4jj #aj4fg #fc4g #a4jeba ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,table #e4--,tomato ,pulp & ,filt]$ ,liquor--,cont9u$ ,:ole pulp ,filtrate f pulp ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,solids by dry+ ,solids by dry+ ,imm]sion --------------------- ---------------------refract- ,9 vacuo ,at ,specific,9 vacuo ,at omet] ,specific at #gj ,c4 atmo- gravity at #gj ,c4 atmo- read+ gravity sph]ic at sph]ic at at pressure #bj ,c4 pressure #ag4e ,c4 #bj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 #ajj ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p] c5t,p] c5t ,p] c5t,p] c5t #ac4ej #ab4dd #a4jeeh #ab4je #aj4ga #fd4j #a4jebc #ac4ee #ab4di #a4jefj #ab4aj #aj4ge #fd4b #a4jebe #ac4fj #ab4ed #a4jefb #ab4ae #aj4hj #fd4d #a4jebg #ac4ff #ab4ei #a4jefe #ab4bj #aj4hd #fd4f #a4jebi #ac4gb #ab4fd #a4jefg #ab4be #aj4hi #fd4h #a4jeca #ac4gh #ab4gj #a4jefi #ab4cj #aj4id #fe4j #a4jecc #ac4hc #ab4ge #a4jegb #ab4ce #aj4ih #fe4b #a4jece #ac4hi #ab4hj #a4jegd #ab4dj #aa4jb #fe4d #a4jecg #ac4ie #ab4he #a4jegf #ab4de #aa4jg #fe4f #a4jeci #ad4ja #ab4ij #a4jegi #ab4ej #aa4aa #fe4h #a4jeda ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,! p] c5t ( solids 9 ! filt]$ liquor obta9$ by dry+ 9 vacuo1 multipli$ by #a4ab1 gives ! p] c5t ( solids 9 ! orig9al pulp obta9$ by dry+ 9 vacuo4 ,?is relation%ip is %[n 9 ,table #b1 9 ! column head$ 8,ratio ( pulp solids to filtrate solids10 & also 9 ,table #e4 ,( ! #cc samples %[n 9 ,table #b1 ! result obta9$ by multiply+ ! p] c5t ( solids 9 ! filtrate 7obta9$ by dry+ 9 vacuo7 by ! factor #a4ab is v ne>ly id5tical ) ! p] c5t ( solids 9 ! pulp 7obta9$ by dry+ 9 vacuo74 ,9 #bb ( ! #cc samples ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two figures is less ?an #j4a p] c5t4 ,9 #ag samples x is less ?an #j4jf p] c5t1 & 9 #ac samples x is less ?an #j4je p] c5t4 ,9 only two samples does x exce$ #j4ag p] c5t4 7b7 ,by calculation f ! specific gravity ( ! filtrate4--,! specific gravity ( ! filt]$ liquor may be det]m9$ by means ( an ord9>y pycnomet]4 ,f ! specific gravity at #bj ,c41 ! p] c5t ( solids 9 ! filtrate z det]m9$ by dry+ 9 vacuo at #gj ,c4 may be obta9$ f ,table #e4 ,x may also be calculat$ by ! foll[+ =mula1 :i* 0 d]iv$ f ! same table3 ,p] c5t ,solids 9 ,filtrate #bcj 7sp4 gr4 ( filtrate - #a4jjj74 ,! p] c5t ( solids 9 ! pulp may also be asc]ta9$ f ! specific gravity ( ! filtrate at #bj ,c41 f ,table #e4 ,! same results may be obta9$ f ! foll[+ =mula1 :i* 0 d]iv$ f ,table #d3 ,p] c5t ,solids 9 ,pulp #beg4e 7sp4 gr4 ( filtrate at #bj ,c4 - #a4jjj74 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t ! table sugge/$ by ,w9dis* = ! det]m9ation ( extract 9 w9e 7,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agri41 ,bull4 #ajg1 revis$1 ,table ,v7 may be employ$ to det]m9e solids 9 tomato pulp f ! specific gravity ( ! filt]$ liquor f ! same4 ,if ! specific gravity ( ! liquor be det]m9$ at #bj ,c41 ! figures 9 ! adjo9+ column1 "u 8,extract10 correspond v closely to ! p] c5t ( total solids 9 ! orig9al pulp4 ,a /ill clos] agreem5t is obta9$ if ! figure #j4je be d$uct$ f ! p]c5tage ( extract giv5 9 ! table4 7c7 ,by calculation f ! index ( refraction ( ! filtrate4--,! index ( refraction ( ! liquor obta9$ by filt]+ tomato pulp may be det]m9$ by means ( ei!r ! ,zeiss-,abb refractomet]1 or ! imm]sion refractomet] at ! temp]ature ( #ag4e ,c4 ,! latt] is pref]able z x p]mits ( mu* great] accuracy4 ,! correspond+ p]c5tage ( solids 9 ! filtrate & ! p]c5tage ( solids 9 ! pulp f :i* x is prep>$ may be asc]ta9$ f ! index ( refraction by ,table #e4 ,! p] c5t ( solids 9 ! filtrate may also be calculat$ f ! scale read+ ( ! imm]sion refractomet] at #ag4e ,c4 by ! foll[+ =mula1 :i* is d]iv$ f ,table #e3 ,p] c5t ,solids 9 ,filtrate #j4beh 7scale read+ - #ae7 - #j4jafe7scale read+ - #bf4d74 ,if ! index ( refraction has be5 det]m9$ by means ( an ,abb refractomet]1 ! p] c5t ( solids 9 ! filtrate may be calculat$ by ! foll[+ =mula3 ,p] c5t ,solids 9 ,filtrate #fff7n,d - #a4cccb7 - #bj4g7n,d - #a4ccgf74 ,! p] c5t ( total solids 9 tomato pulp may also be asc]ta9$ f ! index ( refraction ( ! liquor prep>$ by filt]+ ! pulp z %[n 9 ,table #e2 or x may be calculat$ f ! imm]sion refractomet] read+ by ! foll[+ =mula1 :i* is d]iv$ f ,table #e3 ,p] c5t ,solids 9 ,pulp #j4bhi7scale read+ ( filtrate - #ae7 - #j4jahe7scale read+ - #bf4d74 ,if ! index ( refraction ( ! filtrate has be5 det]m9$ by means ( an ,abb refractomet]1 ! p] c5t ( solids 9 ! pulp may be calculat$ by ! foll[+ =mula3 ,p] c5t ,solids 9 ,pulp #gdh7n,d - #a4cccb7 - #be4e7n,d - #a4ccgf74 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t ! relation betwe5 ! index ( refraction ( ! liquor obta9$ by filt]+ tomato pulp & ! p] c5t ( solids 9 t liquid is v simil> to ! relation betwe5 ! index ( refraction & dissolv$ solids 9 be] & w9e extract1 z %[n 9 ! table prep>$ by ,wagn]4#ab #ab 8,ueb] quantitative ,be/immung5 wss]ig] ,lsung5 mit dem ,zeiss-s*5 ,e9tau*-refraktomet]10 ,table ,,xvii4 ,9 ! =mula giv5 above1 z well z 9 ,table #e1 x is assum$ t salt is abs5t4 ,if x be desir$ to calculate ! p]c5tage ( solids 9 a sample conta9+ salt f ! index ( refraction ( ! filtrate1 x is necess>y fir/ to det]m9e ! am\nt ( salt pres5t & make correction !re= 7see p4 #cd74 ,= ?is purpose ! table ( ,wagn]#ac may be employ$4 ,! correction ( ! imm]sion refractomet] read+ am\nts to #j4de = ea* t5? p] c5t ( salt pres5t4 #ac ,ibid41 ,table ,i4 ,?is correction is necess>y if ! p]c5tage ( solids be det]m9$ by dry+1 or calculat$ f specific gravity4 ,det]m9ation ( ,insoluble ,solids ,transf] #bj grams ( ! pulp to an eight-ounce nurs+ bottle1 ne>ly fill$ ) hot wat]1 mix by %ak+1 & c5trifuge until ! insoluble matt] is collect$ 9 a cake 9 ! bottom ( ! bottle4 ,transf] ! sup]natant liquor onto a d\ble1 t>$ filt] pap] cov]+ ! bottom ( a ,b*n] funnel1 us+ suction to facilitate filtration4 ,aga9 fill ! nurs+ bottle ) hot wat]1 /ir ! cake ( insoluble solids s t x is ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! wat]1 c5trifuge1 & decant ! sup]natant liquor on ! filt]4 ,repeat ! c5trifug+ & ! filtration ( ! sup]natant liquor once m1 & !n f9ally transf] ! insoluble solids to ! filt] pap] & ?or\ghly wa% ) hot wat]4 ,dry ! pap] & insoluble solids1 & weigh4 ,! insoluble solids are q hydroscopic & ! weight mu/ be tak5 quickly4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sug> ,! sug> ( tomatoes is probably always pres5t z inv]t sug>4 ,if cane sug> is ev] pres5t 9 ! raw product x is d\btless inv]t$ dur+ ! conc5tration ( pulp4 ,! p] c5t ( sug> giv5 9 ,tables #b & #c 0 det]m9$ by ! me?od ( ,munson & ,walk]4#ad #ad ,me?ods ( ,analysis ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s 7#aiai74 ,det]m9ation ( ,acidity ,accurate results _c be obta9$ by ! titration ( tomato products 9 ! pres5ce ( ! insoluble solids4 ,if x be desir$ to det]m9e ! acidity 9 ! entire sample ( tomatoes or tomato pulp r ?an 9 ! express$ juice1 ! insoluble solids %\ld fir/ be remov$ by ! me?od giv5 9 ! det]m9ation ( insoluble solids or by filtration ?r\gh filt] pap]4 ,! p] c5t ( acid giv5 9 ,tables #b & #c 0 obta9$ by titrat+ ! liquor obta9$ by filt]+ ! pulp4 ,9 products ( ?is nature1 ! addition ( an alkali causes a br[ni% color :i* has a t5d5cy to obscure ! end po9t %[n by ! indicator4 ,to obviate ?is1 ! sample %\ld be dilut$ to at lea/ #bjj cc4 & a l>g] am\nt ( indicator employ$ ?an is necess>y ) a cle> solution4 ,! foll[+ details are sugge/$4 ,dilute #bj grams ( ! filtrate "u exam9ation ) ov] #bjj cc4 ( wat]4 ,add at cc4 ( ph5olph?ale9 solution 7prep>$ by dissolv+ #a gram ( ph5olph?ale9 9 #ajj cc4 ( #ie p] c5t alcohol7 & titrate ) sodium hydroxide until ! end po9t is obta9$4 ,add #a cc4 ( t5?-normal hydro*loric acid1 heat ! solution quickly to boil+ & boil "o m9ute to expel c>bon dioxide4 ,cool ! solution quickly to ab\t room temp]ature1 & !n add t5?-normal sodium hydroxide until ! end po9t is obta9$4 ,! volume ( hydro*loric acid add$ mu/1 ( c\rse1 be tak5 into consid]ation 9 ! f9al result4 ,! filtrate may also be titrat$ direct ) t5?-normal sodium hydroxide solution ) satisfactory results4 ,det]m9ation ( ,salt ,?is laboratory has be5 us+ ! foll[+ rapid me?od :i* gives results agree+ closely ) results obta9$ by ! analysis ( ! a%3 ,weigh out #bj grams ( pulp1 dilute 9 a volumetric flask to #bjj cc41 filt] & titrate an aliquot portion ) /&>d silv] nitrate solution1 us+ potassium *romate z indicator4 ,! acidity ( tomato pulp is n suffici5t to int]f]e ) ?is det]m9ation4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,specific ,,gravity#ae #ae ,all specific gravities giv5 9 ?is bullet9 are on a #bj;,c_/#bj;,c basis4 ,! specific gravity ( tomato pulp is us$ z "o crit]ion = e/abli%+ ! value ( pulp t is (f]$ = sale & is also us$ 9 connection ) ! manufacture ( pulp to det]m9e ! po9t at :i* evaporation %\ld be /opp$4 ,9 ! =m] case !re is ample "t = mak+ ! exam9ation1 & conditions may be e/abli%$ :i* p]mit a reasonable degree ( accuracy 9 ! "w4 ,9 ! det]m9ation ( ! specific gravity ( hot pulp dur+ ! process ( its evaporation spe$ is ess5tial1 & ! conditions ( a manufactur+ plant d n always p]mit a high degree ( accuracy4 ,x becomes necess>y1 !re=e1 to consid] :at me?ods may give ! highe/ degree ( accuracy obta9able "u ! conditions ( ! "w & at ! same "t af=d quick results4 ,tomato pulp1 ow+ to its high viscosity1 reta9s a l>ge quantity ( air bubbles :i* increase ! volume ( ! pulp & h5ce int]f]e ) ! accuracy ( ! det]m9ation ( specific gravity4 ,9 work+ ) cold pulp ?is air may be elim9at$ by :irl+ 9 a c5trifuge4 ,) hot pulp t op]ation is impossible1 & ! specific gravity mu/ be det]m9$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! air bubbles m5tion$4 ,moreov]1 9 work+ ) cold pulp ! temp]ature c be m accurately controll$1 & ! error caus$ by v>iation 9 temp]ature c be correct$4 ,) hot pulp ^! conditions _c be obta9$ ne>ly s well4 ,! det]m9ation ( specific gravity ( hot pulp is !re=e only r\ghly approximate at be/4 ,:]e "t p]mits x is /rongly advisable to cool ! pulp "u conditions t prev5t evaporation be=e det]m9+ specific gravity4 ,! importance ( accuracy 9 ! det]m9ation ( specific gravity 9 tomato pulp is discuss$ on page #ej4 ,me?ods are giv5 bel[ = ! det]m9ation ( specific gravity 9 bo? hot & cold pulp4 ,:5 salt has be5 add$1 ! am\nt %\ld be det]m9$ & a correction appli$ by d$uct+ 4#jjg f ! specific gravity = ea* p] c5t ( salt pres5t4 7a7 sc,,cold ,,pulp ,,aft] ,,c5trifug+ ,,to ,,elim9ate ,,air ,,bubbles_/sc ,?is me?od may be employ$ = pulp ( any degree ( conc5tration or = unconc5trat$ cyclone juice4 ,a specific gravity flask su* z is %[n 9 ,figure #a is us$ toge!r ) a 8#b-;bottle0 ,babcock milk te/] 7! c5trifuge ref]r$ to bel[74 ,! flask may be obta9$ ( ,eim] ,am5d1 ,?ird ,av5ue1 #ah? to #ai? ,/reets1 ,new ,york ,city1 or ( ,emil ,gre9] ,co41 #ee ,fulton ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city1 & 9 ord]+ x %\ld be designat$ z 8specific gravity flask = tomato pulp ( ,pyrex glass ) a capacity ( ab\t #abe cc40 ,! 8#b-;bottle0 ,babcock milk te/] may be obta9$ ( any dairy supply h\se4 ,x may also be obta9$ ( any deal] 9 *emical app>atus by designat+ x z ,e4 ,a4 ,no4 #ahcc4 ,! specific gravity flask may be calibrat$ z foll[s3 ,obta9 ! weight ( ! flask aft] ?or\ghly clean+ & dry+1 fill to ov]fl[+ ) wat] 7pref]ably boil$ & cool$ di/ill$ wat]7 & remove ! excess wat] f ! m\? ( ! flask by means ( a /raight edge4 ,wipe dry & weigh imm$iately4 ,if ! flask full ( wat] is weigh$ at any o!r temp]ature ?an #bj ,c4 7#fh ,f47 a correction mu/ be made to obta9 ! weight at t temp]ature4 ,^! corrections are z foll[s3 ,temp]ature ,correction to be add$ ) flasks hav+ a volume (-- ---------------------------------------- -- ,fahr5heit,c5tigrade #abe cc4 #djj cc4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,grams ,grams #fi #bj4f 4#jb 4#je #gj #ba4a 4#jc 4#ji #ga #ba4g 4#je 4#ad #gb #bb4b 4#jf 4#bj #gc #bb4h 4#jh 4#be #gd #bc4c 4#ji 4#cj #ge #bc4i 4#aa 4#ce #gf #bd4d 4#ac 4#da #gg #be4j 4#ae 4#dg #gh #be4f 4#ag 4#ec #gi #bf4a 4#ah 4#ei #hj #bf4g 4#bj 4#fe #ha #bg4b 4#bb 4#ga #hb #bg4h 4#bd 4#gg #hc #bh4c 4#bf 4#hc #hd #bh4i 4#bh 4#hi #he #bi4d 4#cj 4#if #hf #cj4j 4#cb #a4jb ---------------------------------------- -- ,if x is desir$ to use some:at l>g] samples & ?us secure correspond+ly m accurate results1 a simil> flask1 b made some:at l>g] 7capacity approximately #djj cc471 may be employ$4 ,su* a flask1 ) a diamet] ( a little ov] #c in*es1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #b4 ,?is l>g] flask w n fit into ! ,babcock te/]1 & :5 x is us$ a special head = ! ,babcock te/] mu/ be made4 ,su* a head is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #c1 & c be made by any good t9n]4 ,! l>g] flask %[n 9 ,figure #b holds a heavi] weight ?an ! ,babcock ma*9e is int5d$ to c>ry1 & ! advisability ( its use is p]haps que/ionable4 ,9 any case1 :atev] size flask is us$1 x is important to build a gu>d ar\nd ! c5trifuge 9 ord] to protect ! op]ator :5 ! app>atus gives way1 z x ev5tually w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,small ,specific ,gravity ,flask4 ,fig4 #b4 ,l>ge ,specific ,gravity ,flask4 ,dim5sions giv5 are outside measurem5ts4 ,?ickness ( walls is ab\t #c_/fd 94 ,! details ( ! me?od ( det]m9+ specific gravity by ! use ( ?is app>atus are z foll[s3 ,fill ! flask %[n 9 ,figure #a ) ! sample ( pulp & place 9 ! c5trifuge 7! ,babcock milk te/] m5tion$ above74 ,place a suitable c\nt]poise#af 9 ! o!r receptacle ( ! c5trifuge4 ,:irl = f "o-half to "o m9ute at a spe$ ( ab\t #a1jjj revolutions p] m9ute1 t is ) ! h&le turn+ ab\t #ajj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,because ( ! air bubbles remov$ by :irl+1 ! surface ( ! pulp w n[ be consid]ably bel[ ! top ( ! flask4 ,fill ! flask & :irl 9 ! c5trifuge aga94 ,repeat ?is fill+ & :irl+ until ! flask is practically full ( pulp aft] :irl+4 ,ord9>ily two or ?ree sep>ate :irl+s are suffici5t4 ,!n add a few m drops ( pulp s t ! pulp comes above ! top ( ! flask1 & /rike (f flu% ) ! top ( ! flask ) a /raight edge4 ,wa% ! outside ( ! flask1 wipe dry1 & weigh4 ,!n read ! specific gravity ( ! pulp f a table prep>$1 giv+ ! weight ( ! flask full ( pulp & ! specific gravity ( ! pulp 9 p>allel columns1 or calculate ! specific gravity z describ$ bel[4 #af ,?is c\nt]poise may be prep>$ ) a c or bottle weight$ ) "s heavy mat]ial su* z sold] or %ot1 until x balances approximately ! weight ( ! c full ( pulp4 ,! c\nt]poise1 once prep>$1 may be left 9 ! c5trifuge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,special ,head & ,flask ,receptacles = ,babcock ,milk ,te/]4 ,:ile ! weight is be+ tak5 a !rmomet] may be plac$ 9 ! pulp rema9+ 9 ! c or dipp] f :i* ! flask 0 fill$4 ,if ! temp]ature v>ies f #fh ,f4 ! specific gravity may be correct$ by ,table #h4 ,9 ord] to use ?is me?od ! temp]ature ( ! pulp %\ld n be bel[ #ej ,f41 or above #hf ,f42 o!rwise1 x %\ld be w>m$ or cool$1 z describ$ above4 ,! me?od is accurate1 simple1 easily op]at$ & fairly rapid4 ,to calculate ! specific gravity f ! weights obta9$1 ! weight ( ! clean1 dry flask & ( ! wat] x conta9s at #fh ,f4 are necess>y4 ,! weight ( ! clean1 dry flask is !n subtract$ f ! weight ( ! flask full ( pulp to obta9 ! net weight ( ! pulp4 ,?is divid$ by ! weight ( ! wat] ! flask w conta9 at #fh ,f41 gives ! specific gravity4 ,a table c be con/ruct$ readily = ea* flask1 :i* w give 9 p>allel columns ! weight ( ! flask full ( pulp & ! correspond+ specific gravity4 ,?is greatly simplifies ! det]m9ation1 z x elim9ates all calculation4 ,:5 su* a table is employ$ a balance giv+ actual weights is practically z conv5i5t z "o read+ specific gravity directly4 ,x has ! v important advantage t ! balance1 weights1 & flask may be te/$ f "t to "t4 ,9 prep>+ su* a table x is conv5i5t fir/ to draw a curve repres5t+ specific gravities ( ! pulp & correspond+ weights ( ! flask full ( pulp ( v>i\s degrees ( specific gravity4 ,! table may !n be con/ruct$ f ! curve4 ,= in/ance1 let u suppose t ! flask weighs #ef4jj grams & t :5 full ( wat] at #fh ,f4 7#bj ,c47 x weighs #agf4fc grams4 ,! wat] conta9$ at ! temp]ature m5tion$ !n weighs 7#agf4fc - #ef4jj7 #abj4fc grams4 ,n[ ! specific gravity ( ! pulp is its weight comp>$ ) ! weight ( an equal volume ( wat]4 ,hav+ ! figures giv5 above we c easily calculate ! weight ( ! flask fill$ ) pulp ( any desir$ specific gravity4 ,we may !re=e calculate ! weight ( ! flask plus pulp ( two diff]5t specific gravities2 m>k ^? po9ts on a %eet ( coord9ate pap] ) specific gravity ( ! pulp ent]$ at ! bottom & ! weight ( flask plus pulp at ! side1 & a /raight l9e drawn ?r\gh ! two po9ts m5tion$ gives u ! weight ( ! flask :5 fill$ ) pulp ( any specific gravity4 ,= in/ance1 if ! flask m5tion$ above be fill$ ) a pulp ( ! specific gravity ( #a4jc1 ! weight ( ! pulp is 7#abj4fc #a4jc7 #abd4be grams4 ,?is add$ to ! weight ( ! flask 7#ef4jj grams7 gives u #ahj4be grams4 ,simil>ly1 if ! flask be fill$ ) pulp ( #a4jd specific gravity ! weight ( ! cont5ts at #fh ,f4 w be 7#abj4fc #a4jd7 #abe4df grams4 ,?is add$ to ! weight ( ! flask 7#ef4jj grams7 gives #aha4df grams z ! weight ( flask plus pulp4 ,n[ if a %eet ( coord9ate pap] be prep>$ ) specific gravities ent]$ at ! bottom & weight ( flask plus pulp at ! side1 ^! po9ts may be ent]$4 ,?is is done 9 ,figure #d & ! two po9ts m5tion$ are ea* indicat$ by a circle & are connect$ by a /raight l9e4 ,a table may be con/ruct$ f ?is l9e1 giv+ ! weights ( flask plus pulp 9 "o column & ! correspond+ specific gravity 9 ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,weight & ,specific ,gravity ( ,tomato ,pulp4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is !re are giv5 bel[ a s]ies ( figures illu/rat+ ! beg9n+ ( ! table t c\ld be con/ruct$ f ,figure #d4 ,if a l>ge %eet ( coord9ate pap] be tak5 ! l9e %[n 9 ,figure #d may be ext5d$ s t a table may be con/ruct$ = pulp ( all conc5trations4 ----------------- ,weight (,specific flask &gravity pulp ----------------- #ahj4be #a4jcjj #ahj4ca #a4jcje #ahj4cg #a4jcaj #ahj4dc #a4jcae #ahj4di #a4jcbj #ahj4ee #a4jcbe #ahj4fa #a4jccj #ahj4fg #a4jcce ----------------- ,! highe/ degree ( accuracy c be secur$ by fill+ ! flask & mak+ ! weigh+ at exactly #fh ,f4 ,?is is obvi\sly n practicable "u factory conditions1 h[ev]1 & satisfactory results c be secur$ by tak+ ! temp]ature ( ! pulp at ! "t ( weigh+ & correct+ = temp]ature by ! use ( ,table #h4 ,?is table gives ! correction to be add$ to ! specific gravity :5 ! pulp is tak5 at temp]atures betwe5 #fh & #hf ,f41 & ! correction to be d$uct$ f ! specific gravity = temp]atures1 betwe5 #ee & #fh ,f4 ,z a matt] ( pr9ciple1 correction factors %\ld be avoid$ z f> z practicable1 & ! small] ! correction factor ! m accurate ! results w be4 ,?is table w be f\nd especially useful 9 det]m9+ ! specific gravity ( ! p>tly conc5trat$ pulp1 z is direct$ on page #ej4 ,z /at$ above1 9 det]m9+ specific gravity by ?is me?od x is advisable t ! read+ be made to ! second place ( decimals4 ,= ?is purpose an assay pulp balance is sugge/$4 ,an assay pulp balance c>ry+ a maximum load ( #cjj grams is li/$ by deal]s 9 *emical app>atus at #eb4ej4 ,?is balance may be obta9$ f deal]s 9 *emical app>atus by designat+ x z 8,assay pulp balance ,e4 ,a4 ,no4 #bib1 capacity #cjj grams40 ,! same balance1 m heavily built1 & pref]able = t reason1 c>ry+ a maximum capacity ( #fjj grams1 is li/$ at #fc4 ,a satisfactory set ( weights1 suitable = weigh+ a cup simil> to t %[n 9 ,figure #a1 may be obta9$ f any deal] 9 *emical app>atus by designat+ x z ,e4 ,a4 ,no4 #eaf1 8,metric brass weights 9 wood5 box1 #bjj grams to #a c5tigram40 ,?is is li/$ at #e4ej4 ,= conv5i5ce1 all ( ! app>atus necess>y = us+ ?is me?od ( det]m9+ specific gravity is li/$ bel[4 ,) ! exception ( ! specific gravity flask ?is app>atus may be pur*as$ ( any deal] 9 *emical supplies4 ,! specific gravity flasks h n h]et(ore be5 available except ?r\gh ?is laboratory1 :i* pur*as$ a consid]able quantity ( !m & suppli$ !m to manufactur]s ( pulp z long z ?is supply la/$4 ,at ! urg5t reque/ ( ! writ]1 ,eim] ,am5d & ,emil ,gre9] ,co41 bo? ( ,new ,york ,city1 h f9ally /ock$ ?is item & /& ready to supply x to ^? wi%+ to secure x4 ,specific gravity flask = tomato pulp1 ( ,pyrex glass1 #a #f in*es 7outside measurem5ts71 capacity ab\t #abe cc4 ,two-bottle ,babcock milk te/]1 ) #b brass hold]s1 ,e4 ,a4 ,no4 #ahhc4 ,assay pulp balance1 maximum load #cjj grams1 ,e4 ,a4 ,no4 #bib4 ,metric brass weights 9 wood5 box1 #bjj grams to #a c5tigram1 ,e4 ,a4 ,no4 #eaf4 ,*emical !rmomet]1 #ej to #bab ,f4#ag #ag ,if x is pref]r$ a *emical !rmomet] ) ,c5tigrade scale may be us$ hav+ a range ( f #j to #ajj degrees4 7b7 ,,cold ,,pulp ,,)\t ,,c5trifug+ ,a me?od frequ5tly employ$ = det]m9+ ! specific gravity ( cold pulp is to fill ! cup by p\r+1 /rike (f ) a /raight edge1 wa% ! outside1 dry & weigh4 ,z ord9>ily practic$1 ?is det]m9ation is att5d$ by consid]able error4 ,if ! balance is arrang$ = read+ specific gravity directly1 weights %\ld be at h& = det]m9+ ! accuracy ( ! balance & ! weight ( ! flask1 & bo? %\ld be *eck$ f "t to "t4 ,! pulp on be+ p\r$ into ! flask or cup c>ries ) x air bubbles to su* an ext5t z to mat]ially r$uce ! weight4 ,attempts to remove ^! air bubbles )\t ! use ( a c5trifuge h n be5 successful4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,table #g1 9 ! column head$ 8,p\r+ cold & :irl+ by h&40 ,! figures giv5 9 ?is column 7 obta9$ by weigh+ ! sample aft] x _h be5 :irl$ vigor\sly 9 ! cup %[n 9 ,fig4 #e until air bubbles appe>$ to be elim9at$4 ,f #ej to #age revolutions 7 giv5 ! cup 9 ea* ( ! det]m9ations ^: results are %[n 9 ?is column4 ,ev5 !n x w be not$ by comp>ison ) ,column #a t ! results are l[4 ,z ! me?od is ord9>ily practic$ 9 ! plant1 )\t any attempt to remove ! air bubbles by :irl+1 ! results obta9$ are likely to be less accurate ?an ^? %[n 9 ! column j m5tion$4 7c7 ,,specific ,,gravity ,,( ,,hot ,,pulp ,_m manufactur]s ( tomato pulp control ! conc5tration ( _! product by det]m9+ specific gravity :5 ! evaporation is almo/ complet$4 ,!y !re=e desire ! results at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t1 & !re is no attempt to cool ! sample be=e det]m9+ specific gravity1 al?\gh 9 t way mu* m accurate results c\ld be obta9$4 ,:5 necess>y to use ?is me?od ! hot pulp is p\r$ into ! specific gravity flask 7,fig4 #a or ,fig4 #b7 by means ( a dipp] until ! flask ov]fl[s4 ,! top is !n 8/ruck (f0 ) a /raight edge & ! flask plac$ 9 a %all[ bas9 ( wat] & ! pulp c>efully wa%$ f ! outside4 ,! temp]ature ( ! pulp rema9+ 9 ! dipp] is !n det]m9$ by means ( a *emical !rmomet]4 ,! flask is !n dri$ ) a t[el1 :i* op]ation is greatly facilitat$ by ! heat ( ! pulp4 ,! cool+ ( ! cont5ts ( ! flask causes contraction1 s t aft] wa%+ ! flask is n entirely full4 ,?is %\ld be disreg>d$1 z x is desir$ to det]m9e ! weight ( ! am\nt ( pulp t fill$ ! flask orig9ally4 ,z soon z ! outside ( ! flask is clean & dry ! flask & cont5ts are weigh$4 ,! app>5t specific gravity ( ! hot pulp is asc]ta9$ f ! special table prep>$ = ! flask accord+ to ! directions giv5 on page #ch1 & ! correction figure = ! temp]ature ( ! pulp obta9$ f ,table #f is add$4 ,= example1 ?is me?od :5 appli$ to a c]ta9 sample ( hot pulp 7)\t c5trifug+7 indicat$ a specific gravity ( #j4ihgd4 ,! temp]ature ( ! pulp 0 f\nd to be #bja ,f4 ,9 ,table #f we f9d t ! correction 4#jdeg is equival5t to #bja ,f4 ,add+ ?is to ! app>5t specific gravity giv5 above1 we h #j4ihgd #j4deg or #a4jcc :i* is z ne>ly z we c det]m9e f ! hot pulp ! specific gravity t w\ld h be5 det]m9$ by exam9+ ! same sample aft] cool+ by me?od 7a74 ,m accurate results c be obta9$ by work+ ) l>g] specific gravity flasks4 ,= in/ance1 ! specific gravity cup %[n 9 ,figure #e may be made ( copp]1 & may readily be made l>g] ?an ! glass flasks %[n 9 ,figures #a & #b4 ,all metal flasks w gradually *ange 9 weight1 ow+ to ! solution ( metal by ! hot tomato pulp1 & _! weight %\ld !re=e be *eck$ f "t to "t4 ,,table #f4--;,corrections = ,specific ,gravity ( ,hot ,pulp ,temp4 ,f4,correction ------------------- #aij 4#jdja #aia 4#jdjf #aib 4#jdaa #aic 4#jdaf #aid 4#jdba #aie 4#jdbf #aif 4#jdca #aig 4#jdcf #aih 4#jdda #aii 4#jddg #bjj 4#jdeb #bja 4#jdeg #bjb 4#jdfb #bjc 4#jdff #bjd 4#jdgb #bje 4#jdgg #bjf 4#jdhb #bjg 4#jdhg #bjh 4#jdib #bji 4#jdih #baj 4#jejd #baa 4#jeaj #bab 4#jeae ------------------- ,) a mat]ially l>g] cup or flask 7:i* %\ld be ( metal7 a heavi] balance & heavi] weights %\ld be us$ ?an sugge/$ on page #dj4 ,9 us+ a specific gravity cup simil> to t %[n 9 ,figure #e b hold+ ab\t #a1jjj grams ( pulp an assay pulp balance ) a capacity ( #a1ejj c be employ$1 or ow+ to ! increas$ accuracy ( ! l>g] sample a less accurate & *eap] scale su* z ! 8,h[>d trip scale10 or bett] a box scale su* z is li/$ z ,e4 ,a4 #cch1 may be employ$4 ,9 work+ ) a cup ( ?is size a set ( weights rang+ f #ajjj grams to #a c5tigram is necess>y4 ,! det]m9ation ( specific gravity 9 hot pulp is att5d$ by consid]able error4 ,ev5 if ! flask or cup be c>ri$ directly to ! kettle1 & fill$ z quickly z possible1 ! pulp is mat]ially cool$ 9 transf]r+1 & by ! "t ! surface is 8/ruck (f0 suffici5t contraction may occur to increase ! weight ( ! cont5ts ( ! flask & cause mat]ial error4 ,:5 a pail ( hot pulp is c>ri$ to ano!r room or build+ = ! det]m9ation ( specific gravity1 ! error caus$ by cool+ may be increas$4 ,aga91 not)/&+ ! fact t ! pulp is hot1 en\gh air bubbles become incorporat$ into x 9 p\r+ into ! cup to make a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! weight4 ,^! two errors c\nt] balance ea* o!r to "s ext5t1 b x is impossible to control ! manipulation ) suffici5t uni=mity to secure satisfactory results4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,specific ,gravity ,cup = ,hot ,pulp4 ,! figures obta9$ 9 ! second column ( ,table #g 7"u ! head+ 8,p\r+ at boil+ temp]ature07 %[ ! error ( ?is me?od ) c>efully calibrat$ app>atus & work+ "u ! be/ conditions4 ,by comp>ison ) ! fir/ column1 x w be not$ t ! results are always l[1 & t ! diff]5ce betwe5 individual det]m9ations is s great t a correction factor _c be e/abli%$4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ^! results 7 obta9$ by *emi/s4 ,:5 ! me?od is employ$ ev5 by c>eful op]ators 9 ! plant1 /ill great] discrepancies may be expect$4 ,,table #g4--;,comp>ison ( ,diff]5t ,me?ods ( ,det]m9+ ,specific ,gravity#ah ,specific gravity by diff]5t me?ods ( fill+ cup or flask4 ,sample--------------------------------- -------------------------- ,numb] ,c5trifug+ ,p\r+ cold ,p\r+ at ,dipp+ at at #fh;,f4 & :irl+ boil+ boil+ by h& temp]ature temp]ature ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #adgg #a4jfaj #a4jdfd ,d #a4jfaj #a4jddi ,d #a4jfjj #adhd #a4jdbc #a4jccj #a4jchj #adhe #a4jcdg #a4jccf #adhc #a4jdfd #a4jdcg #a4jdb ,d #a4jdbj #a4jddf ,d #a4jdcj ,d #a4jddb #adhb #a4jdda #a4jdaf #a4jcfj ,d #a4jddd #a4jdai #a4jdaj ,d #a4jddg #a4jdbd #a4jdac #adha #a4jddi #a4jdaj #a4jdj ,d #a4jddi #a4jdaj #a4jda ,d #a4jdah #a4jcig #adhj #a4jdcj #a4jcf ,d #a4jdbj #a4jdj ,d #a4jdbi #a4jdd ,d #a4jdjg #adif #a4jcdj #a4jccj ,d #a4jcda #a4jcbf ,d #a4jcbf ,d #a4jcdf #a4jbii ,d #a4jcda #a4jcjc ,d #a4jcda #a4jcdc ,d #a4jcc #aeae #a4jcea #a4jcf ,d #a4jceb #a4jce #aeai #a4jchj #a4jcgg ,d #a4jchc ,d #a4jcbi ,d #a4jcej #aeba #a4jddj #a4jdaj #a4jdci ,d #a4jdci #a4jddh #aebb #a4jejj #a4jdbh #a4jdic ,d #a4jdee #a4jejh #aebd #a4jeai #a4jejd #aebd #a4jebi ,d #a4jeaj #aebf #a4jeai #a4jdgb #a4jebi ,d #a4jdfc #a4jebe #aebh #a4jeai #a4jeji #a4jead ,d #a4jdhe #a4jead #aecj #a4jbeb #a4jbha #a4jbfj ,d #a4jbfd ,d #a4jbfi #aeca #a4jbia #a4jcab #a4jbid ,d #a4jcaa ,d #a4jcac ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ah ,table #g gives ! results obta9$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( specific gravity ( sev]al samples ( pulp by diff]5t me?ods4 ,! specific gravity giv5 9 ! fir/ column "u ! head 8,c5trifug+ at #fh ,f40 has be5 prov$ to be correct by o!r analytical me?ods4 ,x w be not$ t :]e duplicate det]m9ations are giv5 9 ?is column !y agree ) ea* o!r v closely4 ,! errors 9 ! o!r me?ods 9 det]m9+ specific gravity are %[n 9 ! rema9+ columns4 ,x w be not$ t ! duplicates giv5 9 ^! columns v>y mat]ially f ea* o!r4 ,x %\ld be /at$ t ! results giv5 "u ! head+ 8,p\r+ cold & :irl+ by h&0 7 obta9$ by mu* m c>eful "w ?an is practicable 9 ! factory4 ,! flasks 9 :i* ! det]m9ation 0 made 7 equipp$ ) a bail1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 page #dd1 & ! samples 7 :irl$ by h& until air bubbles 7 elim9at$ z f> z practicable by t me?od4 ,! results1 9 ?is column are !re=e mu* m accurate ?an are obta9$ by ! me?od z ord9>ily practic$4 ,x 0 ?\ght t bett] results might be secur$ by modify+ ! con/ruction ( a cup 9 su* a mann] z to p]mit x to be fill$ by dipp+ bel[ ! surface ( ! pulp 9 ! kettle4 ,a bail made ( #c_/af-;in* wire 01 !re=e1 sold]$ to ! opposite side ( ! cup 7see ,fig4 #e74 ,by means ( ! bail ! cup 0 l[]$ into ! kettle4 ,aft] x 0 fill$ ) ! pulp ! attempt 0 made to remove air bubbles by repeat$ly giv+ ! bail a quick twi/ or circul> motion ) a sudd5 /op4 ,! cup 0 !n br\ght quickly to ! surface ( ! kettle & 8/ruck (f0 ) a /raight edge1 ! outside ( ! cup & bail wa%$ quickly ) wat]1 dri$1 & ! cup & cont5ts weigh$4 ,9 us+ ?is me?od ! /eam is turn$ (f1 & z soon z ! foam subsides ! cup is sunk well bel[ ! surface ( ! pulp4 ,at ?is "t ! heat 9 v>i\s portions ( ! kettle is ( c\rse uni=m1 by reason ( ! ?or\gh mixture caus$ by ! vigor\s boil+4 ,ow+ to ! l>ge mass ( r visc\s mat]ial1 & ! heat ( ! kettle itself1 ! cont5ts ( ! kettle cool sl[ly1 & ev5 aft] #aj m9utes ! temp]ature does n decrease m ?an #a ,f41 except at ! v surface ( ! pulp4 ,z a result ( sev]al obs]vations1 x 0 f\nd t a !rmomet] bulb held #c in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! pulp %[$ a l[]+ ( temp]ature ( n m ?an #a ,f4 9 #aj m9utes & a l[]+ ( only #j4e ,f4 9 f #e to #g m9utes4 ,! bail employ$ 0 ab\t #f in*es wide & #h in*es long4 ,!re 0 "s difficulty1 ow+ to ! pulp spatt]+ on ! h&s ( ! op]ator because ( ! air escap+ f ! cup4 ,?is might be dim9i%$ by ! use ( a long] bail1 or by we>+ suitable gloves4 ,:5 evaporat+ tanks are us$ x w probably be necess>y to atta* ! bail to a /ick or support ( "s k9d4 ,9 addition to p]mitt+ ?is me?od ( fill+1 ! bail has ! additional advantage t ! cup full ( pulp may be h&l$ = wa%+ & convey+ to ! balance mu* m conv5i5tly & ) less dang] ( spill+ ?an ) ! h&le on ! side ( ! cup4 ,aga91 ! bail does n heat :5 ! cup is fill$ ) hot pulp1 & = t reason is easi] to h&le4 7d7 ,,hydromet] ,,me?od ,hydromet]s are ( little value 9 det]m9+ ! specific gravity ( tomato pulp4 ,) cold pulp !y _c be us$ at all4 ,) hot pulp a relatively sl5d] hydromet] comes to re/ & read+s c be tak5 ) m or less accuracy4 ,! value ( ! read+ is relative to ! specific gravity ( ! pulp & v>ies ) ! %ape ( ! hydromet] & ) ! "* ( ! pulp4 ,x is necess>y !re=e to obta9 ! relation betwe5 ! read+ ( ! hydromet] 9 ! hot pulp & ! specific gravity 7obta9$ by an accurate me?od7 ( ! same pulp cool$ )\t evaporation4 ,9 ! h&s ( a c>eful op]ator "s manufactur]s h f\nd hydromet]s 7us$ ) hot pulp7 helpful 9 mak+ pulp ( uni=m specific gravity4 ,! hydromet] gives mu* m accurate results ) ! filtrate ( pulp4 ,z %[n on page #ca1 !re is a direct relation betwe5 ! specific gravity ( tomato pulp & ( ! liquor obta9$ by filt]+ or /ra9+ ! same1 s t :5 ! specific gravity ( ! latt] is kn[n t ( ! =m] may be asc]ta9$ readily by means ( a table4 ,?is me?od is peculi>ly applicable to ! exam9ation ( cyclone juice & light pulp f :i* ! insoluble solids may be remov$ quickly by /ra9+ ?r\gh a clo?1 & x !re=e af=ds ! mo/ rapid me?od t is available to ! av]age factory = det]m9+ ! specific gravity ( cyclone juice4 ,9 ,table #h are giv5 a s]ies ( corrections mak+ x possible to use ?is me?od at any temp]ature betwe5 #ej & #hj ,fahr5heit4 ,! m closely ! read+s are tak5 to #fh ,f4 ! m accurate ! results4 ,moreov]1 :5 x is attempt$ to /ra9 ! insoluble solids f hot pulp or cyclone juice1 consid]able evaporation occurs1 caus+ conc5tration ( ! product & produc+ an error 9 ! results4 ,:5 hot pulp is h&l$1 !re=e1 x mu/ be /ra9$ z quickly z possible1 & m accurate results may be obta9$ if ! pulp is cool$ quickly be=e /ra9+4 ,?is may be done by plac+ 9 a l>ge c & /irr+ vigor\sly :ile ! c /&s 9 ice wat]1 or %ak+ "u wat] 9 a l>ge flask4 ,!re are sev]al =ms ( hydromet] :i* may be us$ = det]m9+ ! specific gravity ( ! filtrate4 ,! ord9>y specific gravity hydromet] is ! mo/ logical =m to use1 s9ce x gives ! specific gravity directly4 ,un=tunately1 specific gravity hydromet]s ) ! p>ticul> m>k+ requir$ = ?is "w are n a /ock article1 & w\ld1 !re=e1 h to be made to ord]4 ,= ?is reason !y w\ld be difficult to obta9 & n easily replac$ if brok54 ,! ,brix hydromet] appe>s to solve ! difficulty4 ,?is hydromet] has no direct relation to specific gravity1 b ,brix read+s c1 ( c\rse1 be conv]t$ to ! specific gravity read+s by a table arrang$ 9 p>allel columns4 ,table #i gives ! specific gravity ( tomato pulp & ! correspond+ ,brix read+ ( ! filtrate4 ,! ,brix hydromet] gives directly ! p] c5t ( sug> 9 a solution ( cane sug>1 "o degree ,brix be+ equival5t to "o p] c5t sug> at ! temp]ature = :i* ! hydromet] 0 calibrat$4 ,?is fact & ! ord9>y purpose = :i* ! in/rum5t is manufactur$ are ( no int]e/ to u 9 ?is connection1 h[ev]4 ,! ,brix hydromet] ( ! range desir$ = ! exam9ation ( cyclone juice & pulp is a /ock article & c be secur$ readily4 ,! in/rum5t c be us$ ) ! same accuracy z ! specific gravity hydromet]1 & ! results obta9$ by x1 aft] correct+ = temp]ature by ,table #h1 are conv]t$ into t]ms ( specific gravity by means ( ,table #i4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! specific gravity ( pulp by means ( ! hydromet] read+ ( ! filtrate obta9$ f ! pulp has sev]al advantages ov] ! ord9>y me?od ( weigh+ a measur$ quantity ( ! pulp4 ,:5 appli$ to pulp manufactur$ f :ole tomatoes1 ! me?od is reasonably accurate4 ,x is also v rapid & ! equipm5t requir$ is inexp5sive4 ,?is me?od is especially applicable to ! exam9ation ( pulp manufactur$ f :ole tomatoes4 ,x is less applicable to trimm+ /ock pulp1 al?\gh ev5 ) t product ! me?od w be ( value1 especially = ! exam9ation ( cyclone juice = ! purpose ( controll+ conc5tration4 ,) pulp manufactur$ f trimm+ /ock1 ! relation ( ! specific gravity ( ! pulp to ! specific gravity ( ! filtrate obta9$ f x w v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! raw mat]ial us$ & also accord+ to ! me?od ( manufacture4 ,x seems probable1 !re=e1 t aft] a manufactur] has det]m9$ ?is relation z appli$ to 8 own product1 he may be able to use ?is me?od ) reasonable accuracy ev5 9 connection ) trimm+ /ock pulp4 ,! me?od is adapt$ especially to ! exam9ation ( cold pulp or cyclone juice4 ,! foll[+ app>atus is us$ 9 ?is me?od3 #a ,brix hydromet]1 graduat$ at #bj4j ,c41 ) a range ( #a-aj1 graduat$ 9 #a_/aj4 #a ,cyl9d] ( heavy glass1 lipp$1 height #ab in*es1 diamet] #b in*es4 #a ,*emical !rmomet]1 graduat$ 9 ,fahr5heit sy/em up to #bab ,f4 ,s9ce ?is app>atus is likely to be brok51 x is well = ea* plant t contemplates us+ ! me?od to equip itself ) at lea/ two ( ea* item m5tion$ above4 ,! ,brix hydromet] m5tion$ above is sugge/$ because x is a /ock article h&l$ by all deal]s 9 *emical app>atus & c be secur$ quickly4 ,x has ! disadvantage t x is relatively l>ge1 & 9 ord] to use x ! filtrate mu/ be prep>$ 9 mu* l>g] quantity ?an w\ld be requir$ by a small] hydromet]4 ,by plac+ ord]s well 9 advance ) deal]s 9 *emical app>atus special hydromet]s may be made ) a bulb ab\t "o-half in* 9 diamet] & ) a total l5g? ( five or six in*es4 ,su* hydromet]s c\ld be us$ ) a cyl9d] z small z "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y w\ld require mu* less liquor ?an is necess>y = ! ,brix hydromet] & !re=e w\ld enable ! analy/ to obta9 results mu* m quickly4 ,9 secur+ su* hydromet]s x w\ld be well to ord] sev]al at a "t1 s9ce x w\ld require sev]al weeks to replace any t may be brok54 ,! details ( ! me?od are z foll[s3 ,place a piece ( cotton clo? ( ab\t ! texture ( ord9>y glass t[el+ ov] a clean1 dry conta9] #aj or #ab in*es 9 diamet] or ov] a ,no4 #aj c4 ,p\r on ! clo? a suitable am\nt ( ! pulp or cyclone juice to be exam9$1 pick ! clo? up by ! corn]s & squeeze g5tly to sep>ate ! great] "p ( ! insoluble solids4 ,! /ra9$ liquid left 9 ! vessel w be m or less turbid1 accord+ to ! pressure ex]t$ 9 squeez+4 ,! am\nt ( insoluble mat]ial produc+ ?is turbidity1 h[ev]1 is n usually suffici5t to int]f]e ) ! exam9ation ( ! product by means ( a hydromet]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to ex]t consid]able pressure to get ! am\nt ( filtrate desir$ & ! turbidity is !re=e consid]able x w be necess>y to pass ! liquor ?r\gh a second filt]1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 may be done quickly4 ,transf] ?is /ra9$ liquid1 :i* = ! sake ( conv5i5ce we w designate z 8filtrate10 to ! #b-;in* cyl9d] describ$ above1 & l[] ! ,brix hydromet] into x until ! hydromet] floats4 ,:5 ! hydromet]1 becomes /ation>y1 ! read+ on ! /em is tak54 ,9 read+ ! hydromet] x w be not$ t1 ow+ to ! m5iscus1 ! liquid imm$iately at ! /em rises "o or two divisions above ! g5]al surface4 ,! read+ at ! l[e/ po9t ( ! surface is desir$4 ,9 read+ ! /em1 !re=e1 all[ance = ! m5iscus %\ld be made & a read+ record$ "o or two divisions on ! scale bel[ ! extreme height ( ! m5iscus on ! /em4 ,! read+ s obta9$ is record$ z ! ,brix hydromet] read+ ( ! filtrate4 ,aft] det]m9+ ! ,brix read+ ( ! filtrate f ! tomato pulp1 ! correspond+ specific gravity ( ! pulp may be obta9$ f ,table #i4 ,! result obta9$ by ! me?od %\ld be correct$ to ! temp]ature ( #fh ,f41 accord+ to ,table #h4 ,if x is desir$ to use ! read+ ( ! filtrate f cyclone juice = ! purpose ( controll+ ! evaporation ( tomato pulp1 suitable directions are giv5 bel[ "u 8,evaporation to ,specific ,gravity ,desir$40 ,,importance ,,( ,,accuracy ,,9 ,,det]m9+ ,,specific ,,gravity ,! description ( ! tables giv5 9 ! foll[+ page is int5d$ = ^? op]ators :o desire to take ! tr\ble to obta9 ! specific gravity ( raw product4 ,:]e1 z is (t5 ! case1 ! pulp is sold "u def9ite specifications = specific gravity1 ! c>e necess>y to make ^! obs]vations ) a consid]able degree ( accuracy w be f\nd to be an economy4 ,if a product be %ipp$ t is mat]ially bel[ ! specific gravity /ipulat$1 ! manufactur] w ( c\rse be dock$ & ! loss w be consid]able4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! specific gravity %\ld n be mat]ially above ! specifications4 ,! buy]1 :o is usually a manufactur] ( ket*up1 desires ! pulp ( ! specific gravity /ipulat$1 & a high] degree ( conc5tration is !re=e n a m>k ( sup]iority 9 pulp int5d$ = t purpose4 ,moreov]1 mat]ial increase 9 conc5tration above ! specifications ( ! pur*as] causes consid]able loss by reason ( r$uc$ volume4 ,= in/ance1 #ajj gallons ( pulp ) a specific gravity ( #a4jcf are equival5t to #ajc gallons ( a pulp ) a specific gravity ( #a4jce4 ,aga91 #ajj gallons ( pulp ) a specific gravity ( #a4jdj are equival5t to #aad4g gallons ( pulp ) a specific gravity ( #a4jce4 ,:5 ^! figures are consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! entire output ( ! season1 x is app>5t t ! det]m9ation ( ! specific gravity ( ! f9al product is ( consid]able importance1 & w w>rant c>e &1 if necess>y1 ! employm5t ( a man :o is compet5t to d ! "w accurately4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by an exp]i5ce ( "o ( ! l>ge pulp mak]s1 :o 0 sell+ pulp "u specification ( #a4jce specific gravity4 ,ow+ p>tly to an error 9 8 specific gravity app>atus1 he 0 actually turn+ out pulp ( a specific gravity v>y+ f #a4jdj to #a4jej4 ,9 o!r words1 ea* #ajj cases ( pulp he deliv]$ 7 equival5t to f #aae to #abf cases ( pulp ( #a4jce specific gravity4 ,:ile ?is manufactur] 0 us+ ! great] "p ( ! pulp himself1 he _h contract$ to sell a consid]able am\nt ( x1 & all t 0 suppli$ be=e ! error 0 notic$ 0 sold at a loss1 :]eas aft] ! error 0 discov]$ he suppli$ pulp well above ! specifications ( ! buy] at a sub/antial pr(it4 ,ev5 !n 8 pr(it 0 n :at x %\ld h be54 ,8 output w\ld h be5 #aj p] c5t great] ?an x 0 if ! specific gravity ( 8 product _h j compli$ ) 8 specifications4 ,ano!r manufactur] :o sold 8 pulp "u ! specification ( #a4jce specific gravity1 receiv$ a compla9t f "o ( ! l>ge/ buy]s ( pulp 9 ! c\ntry t ! specific gravity 0 l[4 ,! manufactur] !n exam9$ samples1 :i* he _h reta9$ 9 8 possession1 ( ! v>i\s runs1 us+ ! me?od describ$ on page #da1 "u ! head ( 8,specific gravity ( cold pulp )\t c5trifug+40 ,sev5te5 samples 9 all 7 exam9$1 & he obta9$ an av]age specific gravity ( #a4jbgf4 ,! pur*as] _h report$ a specific gravity ( #a4jcae-4jjci high] ?an t obta9$ by ! mak]4 ,! manufactur] !n br\ght duplicate samples to ?is laboratory & ! specific gravity 0 det]m9$ 9 all ( !m by ! me?od describ$ on page #cd1 8,aft] c5trifug+ to elim9ate air bubbles40 ,:ile ?is "w 0 be+ done ! manufactur] himself desir$ to *eck ! me*anical c5trifuge1 & attempt$ to remove ! air bubbles f ! same samples by sw++ ! specific gravity cups by h&4 ,he made a special ef=t to remove ! air bubbles 9 ?is way1 devot+ ne>ly a day to ! exam9ation ( ! #ag samples4 ,not)/&+ 8 unusual c>e1 8 av]age specific gravity 0 #a4jcah1 :ile ! c5trifuge me?od gave #a4jcbh4 ,x w be not$ t ! specific gravity z det]m9$ by ! c5trifuge me?od 0 4#jjac high] ?an t obta9$ by ! pur*as]1 ?\gh ! latt] us$ a m accurate me?od ?an has ord9>ily be5 employ$ 9 ?is det]m9ation4 ,?is diff]5ce has ord9>ily be5 reg>d$ 9 ! indu/ry z insignificant4 ,x is app>5t t x is n negligible1 h[ev]1 :5 we consid] t ! diff]5ce 9 yield involv$ am\nts to ov] #d4e gallons 9 #ajj gallons ( pulp4 ,x is true t all ^! results are l[] ?an ! specifications = :i* ?is p>ticul> pulp 0 sold1 b ! incid5t illu/rates ! importance ( an accurate det]m9ation ( specific gravity4 ,,evaporation ,,to ,,! ,,specific ,,gravity ,,desir$ ,manufactur]s ( tomato pulp h consid]able difficulty 9 secur+ a product ( uni=m conc5tration & 9 det]m9+ at :at po9t to /op evaporation4 ,"s manufactur]s turn (f ! /eam :5 x is believ$ t ! conc5tration has gone f> en\gh & make a ha/y det]m9ation ( specific gravity4 ,if x is f\nd ! conc5tration is n z great z is desir$1 heat+ is resum$ = a "t & ! specific gravity aga9 det]m9$4 ,o!rs make b "o det]m9ation ( specific gravity :5 x is believ$ t ! desir$ conc5tration has be5 rea*$1 & if x is f\nd to be und]conc5trat$1 cont9ue ! evaporation = a l5g? ( "t :i* exp]i5ce has indicat$ to be necess>y4 ,nei!r ( ^! me?ods ( op]at+ is satisfactory4 ,!y involve a great deal ( "w & ! conc5tration ( ! product obta9$ is n suffici5tly uni=m4 ,moreov]1 ! det]m9ation ( specific gravity ( hot pulp is v inaccurate 7see p4 #dd74 ,a me?od ( employ+ a gauge /ick is believ$ to be simpl] & m practicable4 ,"s manufactur]s :o desire to "w ) ! simple/ possible me?ods1 ev5 at ! sacrifice ( a high degree ( control ov] ! conc5tration ( _! products1 measure ! volume ( cyclone juice introduc$ into ! evaporat+ tank2 & :5 x is believ$ t ! conc5tration is suffici5t1 measure ! dep? ( ! evaporat$ product 9 ! tank1 ! /eam be+ mom5t>ily turn$ (f = t purpose & ! measurem5t be+ tak5 aft] ! foam subsides4 ,?is me?od 0 outl9$ 9 detail 9 a trade pap] article publi%$ f ?is laboratory 9 #aiah4 ,! me?od is some:at inaccurate1 because x is bas$ on ! measurem5t ( cyclone juice z x fl[s f ! cyclone & :i* !re=e conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( air4 ,?is air mat]ially increases ! volume ( ! pulp & consequ5tly ! am\nt ( f9i%$ pulp calculat$ f ! volume ( cyclone juice conta9+ ?is air is great] ?an c actually be obta9$4 ,"s manufactur]s ( pulp h f\nd ! me?od practicable1 h[ev]1 by mak+ a correction bas$ on factory exp]i5ce on ! am\nt ( pulp :i* ! me?od indicates %\ld result f ! evaporation ( ea* ba?4 ,?is me?od also calls = ! use ( measur+ tanks1 :i* _m manufactur]s d n h & d n c>e to provide4 ,! me?od is !re=e n repeat$ "h1 b ! laboratory has a numb] ( repr9ts ( ! trade pap] article :i* are available to any :o desire m detail$ in=mation reg>d+ ! matt]4 ,! foll[+ me?od has be5 f\nd m accurate & m conv5i5t ?an ! "o m5tion$ above4 ,x has ! special advantage t x is bas$ on ! exam9ation ( ! cyclone juice aft] ! juice has be5 heat$ to a suffici5t ext5t to 8break0 ! foam4 ,9 us+ ?is me?od1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! cyclone juice is prep>$ is immat]ial4 ,! tomatoes may be brok5 by /eam or me*anical break] & may be cyclon$ hot or cold4 ,! /eam may be turn$ into ! coils z soon z !y are cov]$ & ! cyclone juice may run into ! evaporat+ tank until ! tank is fill$4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! la/ ( ! cyclone juice is add$ & ! cont5ts ( ! tank are boil+ vigor\sly1 ! /eam is mom5t>ily turn$ (f4 ,! volume is !n det]m9$ by means ( a gauge /ick & a sample is )drawn1 filt]$ & ! specific gravity or degrees ,brix det]m9$ z describ$ on page #ej4 ,! ext5t to :i* evaporation mu/ be cont9u$ to secure pulp ( ! desir$ specific gravity is det]m9$ by ,table #i4 ,?is table gives 9 ! fir/ f\r columns ! specific gravity ( ! p>tially conc5trat$ pulp tak5 f ! evaporat+ tank1 ! p] c5t ( solids ( ! same1 ! specific gravity ( ! filtrate & ! ,brix read+ ( ! filtrate4 ,9 ord] to use ! tables1 x is only necess>y to make use ( "o ( ^! columns4 ,?is me?od ( op]ation c be simplifi$ & m accurate results obta9$ by equipp+ ea* evaporat+ tank ) a "o-in* gage glass ext5d+ ! full height ( ! tank4 ,! gage glass %\ld be op5 at ! top & connect$ ) ! bottom ( ! tank by a pipe equipp$ ) a valve4 ,be=e ! tank is fill$ ) cyclone juice ! valve is turn$ (f & ! gage glass fill$ ) wat]4 ,/eam is turn$ on z soon z ! pipes are cov]$ & ! foam is 8brok50 quickly )\t tr\ble t 0 exp]i5c$ 9 heat+ ! tank fill$ ) cool pulp4 ,! heat is cont9u$ :ile ! tank is fill$ to ! desir$ height ) ! pulp4 ,! /eam is !n mom5t>ily turn$ (f & ! valve at ! top ( ! gage glass op5$ to p]mit ! wat] 9 ! gage glass to equalize 9 height ) ! p>tly conc5trat$ pulp )9 ! tank4 ,! height ( wat] 9 ! gage glass is read by a scale atta*$1 ! sample ( ! pulp tak5 = exam9ation & ! /eam aga9 turn$ on4 ,!re is ample "t to det]m9e ! specific gravity ( ! sample ( p>tly conc5trat$ pulp & f its volume z obta9$ by ! gage glass to calculate ! volume to :i* ! pulp %\ld be evaporat$ to secure ! desir$ specific gravity 9 ! f9i%$ product4 ,! specific gravity ( ! sample may be tak5 by any ( ! me?ods describ$ 9 ! *apt] on 8,det]m9ation ( specific gravity40 ,m accurate results c be obta9$ by p\r+ ! sample ( pulp z soon z x is tak5 into a l>ge loosely /opp]$ flask & hold+ ! flask ) con/ant agitation 9 a tub ( ice wat] until x is br\ght to ab\t ! temp]ature ( ! room4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! volume 7:5 heat$ to ! boil+ po9t7 ( a bat* ( cyclone juice or ( pulp at any /age ( its manufacture & its specific gravity 7at #fh ,f471 ea* ( ! la/ five columns ( ! table gives a factor by :i* ! volume ( ! p>tially evaporat$ pulp may be multipli$ to det]m9e ! volume ( pulp ( ! specific gravity giv5 at ! top ( ! column4 ,s9ce bo? measurem5ts are tak5 at ! boil+ po9t ! "q ( temp]ature ne$ n be consid]$4 ,table #h4--;,corrections = ,specific ,gravity & ,brix#ai ,read+s at ,diff]5t ,temp]atures to #fh ,degrees ,f4 7#bj ,degrees ,c47 ,corrections to be subtract$ f specific gravity or degrees ,brix4 ,temp]ature ,corrections -------------------------- ,deg4 ,f4,deg4 ,c4,sp4 ,gr4,brix4 -------------------------- #ej #aj4j 4#jjag 4#ch #ea #aj4f 4#jjaf 4#cf #eb #aa4a 4#jjaf 4#ce #ec #aa4g 4#jjae 4#cc #ed #ab4b 4#jjad 4#ca #ee #ab4h 4#jjad 4#cj #ef #ac4c 4#jjac 4#bh #eg #ac4i 4#jjab 4#bf #eh #ad4d 4#jjaa 4#bd #ei #ae4j 4#jjaj 4#bb #fj #ae4f 4#jjji 4#bj #fa #af4a 4#jjji 4#ah #fb #af4g 4#jjjh 4#af #fc #ag4b 4#jjjg 4#ac #fd #ag4h 4#jjjf 4#aa #fe #ah4c 4#jjjd 4#jh #ff #ah4i 4#jjjc 4#je #fg #ai4d 4#jjjb 4#jc #fi #bj4f 4#jjjb 4#jc #gj #ba4a 4#jjjc 4#je #ga #ba4g 4#jjjd 4#jh #gb #bb4b 4#jjjf 4#aa #gc #bb4h 4#jjjg 4#ae #gd #bc4c 4#jjji 4#ah #ge #bc4i 4#jjaa 4#ba #gf #bd4d 4#jjab 4#bd #gg #be4j 4#jjac 4#bh #gh #be4f 4#jjae 4#cb #gi #bf4a 4#jjag 4#ce #hj #bf4g 4#jjah 4#ci #ha #bg4b 4#jjai 4#db #hb #bg4h 4#jjba 4#df #hc #bh4c 4#jjbc 4#di #hd #bh4i 4#jjbd 4#ed #he #bi4d 4#jjbf 4#eh #hf #cj4j 4#jjbg 4#fb #hg #cj4f 4#jjbi 4#ff #hh #ca4a 4#jjca 4#gj -------------------------- #ai ,^! temp]ature corrections are = a ,brix in/rum5t /&>diz$ = #bj;,c4 ,!re are ,brix hydromet]s on ! m>ket /&>diz$ = #ag4e;,c4 ,temp]ature corrections = a ,brix hydromet] /&>diz$ at ?is temp]ature may be obta9$ by correct+ to #bj by means ( ! above table 7= in/rum5t graduat$ at #bj;,c47 & add+ to ?is correct$ read+ #j4ab4 ,= in/ance suppose ! read+ = a #ag4e in/rum5t is #g4jj at #be;,c4 ,! correction f ! above table w be 4#bh or a total ( #g4bh4 ,add+ 4#ab to ?is gives a correct$ read+ ( #g4dj4 ,if ! read+ is #g4jj at #ae;,c4 ! correction f ! above table am\nts to 4#bb 7to be subtract$7 giv+ #f4gh4 ,add+ #j4ab to ?is gives ! correct$ read+ ( #f4ij4 ,,table #i4--;,equival5t ,volumes ( ,pulp ( ,diff]5t ,degrees ( ,conc5tration ,factor by :i* to multiply volume ( ,tomato pulp ,filtrate pulp ( giv5 specific gravity to f pulp asc]ta9 volume ( pulp ) equival5t solid cont5t & ) specific gravity ( ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,specific ,p] ,specific,degrees gravity c5t gravity ,brix at solids at at #a4jcj #a4jce #a4jdj #a4jde #a4jej #fh ,f4 #fh ,f4 #fh ,f4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a4jabe #b4gi #a4jajh #b4gh 4#chd 4#cbf 4#bhc 4#bdi 4#bbc #a4jacj #b4ib #a4jaac #b4hi 4#djb 4#cdb 4#bif 4#bfa 4#bcd #a4jace #c4je #a4jaah #c4jb 4#dbj 4#ceg 4#caj 4#bgc 4#bdd #a4jadj #c4ag #a4jabc #c4ad 4#dcg 4#cgb 4#cbc 4#bhe 4#bee #a4jade #c4cj #a4jabh #c4bg 4#dee 4#chh 4#ccf 4#big 4#bfe #a4jaej #c4db #a4jacc #c4dj 4#dgb 4#dja 4#cdh 4#cjf 4#bgd #a4jaee #c4ed #a4jach #c4ea 4#dhi 4#daf 4#cfa 4#cah 4#bhd #a4jafj #c4fg #a4jadc #c4fe 4#ejg 4#dca 4#cgd 4#cbi 4#bid #a4jafe #c4gi #a4jadh #c4gg 4#ebd 4#dde 4#chg 4#cda 4#cjd #a4jagj #c4ib #a4jaec #c4ij 4#edb 4#dfj 4#djj 4#ceb 4#cae #a4jage #d4je #a4jaeh #d4jc 4#efj 4#dgf 4#dac 4#cfd 4#cbe #a4jahj #d4ah #a4jafc #d4ae 4#egi 4#dia 4#dbf 4#cge 4#cce #a4jahe #d4cj #a4jafh #d4bh 4#eif 4#ejf 4#ddj 4#chg 4#cdf #a4jaij #d4dc #a4jagc #d4dj 4#fad 4#eba 4#deb 4#cii 4#cef #a4jaie #d4ef #a4jagh #d4ec 4#fcb 4#ecg 4#dff 4#daj 4#cfg #a4jbjj #d4fh #a4jahb #d4fc 4#fdi 4#eea 4#dgh 4#dba 4#cgg #a4jbje #d4ha #a4jahh #d4gg 4#ffg 4#eff 4#dia 4#dcc 4#chg #a4jbaj #d4ic #a4jaib #d4hg 4#fhd 4#eha 4#ejd 4#ddd 4#cih #a4jbae #e4je #a4jaif #d4ig 4#gja 4#eif 4#eag 4#def 4#djg #a4jbbj #e4ag #a4jbja #e4aj 4#gah 4#faj 4#ebi 4#dfg 4#dag #a4jbbe #e4cj #a4jbjf #e4bb 4#gcg 4#fbe 4#edc 4#dgi 4#dbh #a4jbcj #e4dc #a4jbaa #e4ce 4#gee 4#fda 4#eef 4#dij 4#dch #a4jbce #e4ee #a4jbaf #e4dg 4#ggb 4#fef 4#efi 4#ejb 4#ddh #a4jbdj #e4fg #a4jbbj #e4eg 4#ghi 4#fga 4#ehb 4#eac 4#dei #a4jbde #e4hj #a4jbbf #e4gb 4#hjh 4#fhf 4#eie 4#ebe 4#dfi #a4jbej #e4ib #a4jbcj #e4hb 4#hbe 4#gja 4#fjh 4#ecf 4#dgi #a4jbee #f4jd #a4jbce #e4id 4#hdb 4#gae 4#fbj 4#edg 4#dhi #a4jbfj #f4af #a4jbdj #f4jg 4#hei 4#gbi 4#fcc 4#eeh 4#dii #a4jbfe #f4bh #a4jbdd #f4ag 4#hgf 4#gdd 4#fdf 4#efi 4#eji #a4jbgj #f4dj #a4jbdi #f4bi 4#hid 4#gei 4#feh 4#ehj 4#eai #a4jbge #f4ec #a4jbed #f4dc 4#iab 4#gge 4#fgb 4#eib 4#ebi #a4jbhj #f4fe #a4jbeh #f4ec 4#icj 4#ghi 4#fhe 4#fjd 4#eci #a4jbhe #f4gg #a4jbfc #f4fe 4#idg 4#hjd 4#fig 4#fae 4#edi #a4jbij #f4ij #a4jbfh #f4gh 4#ife 4#hai 4#gaa 4#fbf 4#efj #a4jbie #g4jb #a4jbgc #f4ij 4#ihc 4#hcd 4#gbd 4#fch 4#egj #a4jcjj #g4ad #a4jbgh #g4jc #a4jjj 4#hdi 4#gcg 4#fdi 4#ehj #a4jcje #g4bf #a4jbhb #g4ac #a4jag 4#hfd 4#gdi 4#ffj 4#eij #a4jcaj #g4ch #a4jbhg #g4bc #a4jce 4#hgh 4#gfb 4#fgb 4#fjj #a4jcae #g4ej #a4jbib #g4ce #a4jeb 4#hic 4#gge 4#fhc 4#faj #a4jcbj #g4fc #a4jbif #g4de #a4jga 4#ijh 4#ghh 4#fie 4#fba #a4jcbe #g4ge #a4jcja #g4eh #a4jhh 4#ibd 4#hjb 4#gjf 4#fca #a4jccj #g4hh #a4jcjf #g4gj #a4ajg 4#ici 4#hae 4#gah 4#fdb #a4jcce #h4jj #a4jcaj #g4hj #a4abd 4#ied 4#hbh 4#gcj 4#feb #a4jcdj #h4ab #a4jcae #g4ic #a4adb 4#igj 4#hdb 4#gdb 4#ffc #a4jcde #h4be #a4jcbj #h4je #a4afj 4#ihe 4#hee 4#gec 4#fgc #a4jcej #h4cg #a4jcbe #h4af #a4agh #a4jjj 4#hfh 4#gfe 4#fhd #a4jcee #h4ej #a4jccj #h4bg #a4aig #a4jaf 4#hhb 4#ggg 4#fie #a4jcfj #h4fb #a4jccd #h4cg #a4bad #a4jca 4#hie 4#ghh 4#gje #a4jcfe #h4gd #a4jcci #h4ej #a4bcb #a4jdf 4#ijg 4#hjj 4#gae #a4jcgj #h4hf #a4jcdd #h4fc #a4bdi #a4jfa 4#ibj 4#haa 4#gbe #a4jcge #h4ih #a4jcdi #h4ge #a4bfg #a4jgf 4#icc 4#hbc 4#gce #a4jchj #i4aj #a4jcec #h4he #a4bhd #a4jia 4#idg 4#hcd 4#gdf #a4jche #i4bc #a4jceh #h4ig #a4cjc #a4ajf 4#ifj 4#hdf 4#gef #a4jcij #i4ce #a4jcfc #i4jg #a4cba #a4abb 4#igd 4#heh 4#gfg #a4jcie #i4dh #a4jcfh #i4bj #a4cdj #a4ach 4#ihg 4#hgj 4#ggh #a4jdjj #i4fj #a4jcgb #i4cj #a4ceh #a4aec #a4jjj 4#hha 4#ghh #a4jdje #i4gc #a4jcgh #i4de #a4cgg #a4afh #a4jad 4#hic 4#gii #a4jdaj #i4he #a4jchc #i4eg #a4cid #a4ahd #a4jbg 4#ije 4#hji #a4jdae #i4ig #a4jchg #i4fg #a4dab #a4aii #a4jda 4#iag 4#hbj #a4jdbj #aj4aj #a4jcic #i4hj #a4dca #a4bae #a4jed 4#ibi 4#hcj #a4jdbe #aj4bb #a4jcig #i4ij #a4ddi #a4bcj #a4jfg 4#ida 4#hda #a4jdcj #aj4ce #a4jdjb #aj4jc #a4dfh #a4bdf #a4jha 4#iec 4#hea #a4jdce #aj4dg #a4jdjf #aj4ac #a4dhf #a4bfa #a4jid 4#ifd 4#hfb #a4jddj #aj4fj #a4jdaa #aj4be #a4eje #a4bgg #a4ajh 4#igf 4#hgc #a4jdde #aj4gb #a4jdaf #aj4cf #a4ebc #a4bic #a4abb 4#ihh 4#hhd #a4jdej #aj4hd #a4jdbj #aj4de #a4edj #a4cjh #a4ace #a4jjj 4#hid #a4jdee #aj4if #a4jdbe #aj4eg #a4eeh #a4cbb #a4adh #a4jab 4#ijd #a4jdfj #aa4jh #a4jdbi #aj4fg #a4egf #a4cch #a4afa #a4jbc 4#iae #a4jdfe #aa4bj #a4jdce #aj4hc #a4eid #a4cec #a4agd #a4jce 4#ibe #a4jdgj #aa4cc #a4jddj #aj4ic #a4fac #a4cfi #a4ahh #a4jdg 4#icf #a4jdge #aa4de #a4jdde #aa4je #a4fca #a4chd #a4bja #a4jei 4#idf #a4jdhj #aa4eg #a4jddi #aa4ae #a4fdi #a4djj #a4bae #a4jga 4#ieg #a4jdhe #aa4gj #a4jded #aa4bg #a4ffh #a4daf #a4bbi #a4jhc 4#ifh #a4jdij #aa4hb #a4jdei #aa4dj #a4fhf #a4dcb #a4bdc #a4jie 4#igi #a4jdie #aa4ie #a4jdfe #aa4ec #a4gje #a4ddi #a4bef #a4ajg 4#iij #a4jejj #ab4jg #a4jdfh #aa4fj #a4gbd #a4dfd #a4bgj #a4aai #a4jj #a4jeje #ab4bj #a4jdgd #aa4ge #a4gdc #a4dgi #a4bhd #a4aca #a4ja #a4jeaj #ab4cb #a4jdgh #aa4hd #a4gfa #a4die #a4bih #a4add #a4jb #a4jeae #ab4de #a4jdhb #aa4ic #a4ghj #a4eaa #a4caa #a4aef #a4jc #a4jebj #ab4eg #a4jdhh #ab4jg #a4gig #a4ebf #a4cbe #a4afg #a4jd #a4jebe #ab4fi #a4jdib #ab4ag #a4haf #a4edb #a4cch #a4agi #a4je #a4jecj #ab4ha #a4jdig #ab4cj #a4hcd #a4eeg #a4cea #a4aia #a4jf #a4jece #ab4ic #a4jejb #ab4dj #a4heb #a4egb #a4cfd #a4bjc #a4jg #a4jedj #ac4je #a4jejf #ab4ej #a4hgj #a4ehh #a4cgh #a4bae #a4jh #a4jede #ac4ah #a4jeab #ab4fe #a4hij #a4fjd #a4cib #a4bbg #a4ji #a4jeej #ac4cj #a4jeaf #ab4gd #a4ijh #a4fbj #a4dje #a4bci #a4aj #a4jeee #ac4db #a4jebj #ab4hc #a4ibf #a4fce #a4dai #a4bej #a4aa #a4jefj #ac4ee #a4jebe #ab4ie #a4ide #a4fea #a4dcc #a4bfc #a4ab #a4jefe #ac4fg #a4jebi #ac4je #a4ifd #a4ffg #a4ddg #a4bge #a4ad #a4jegj #ac4hj #a4jecd #ac4af #a4ihc #a4fhd #a4dfa #a4bhh #a4ae ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,table #aj4--,specific ,gravity & ,solids ( ,tomato ,pulp#bj ,specific ,p] c5t gravity solids at #fh ,f49 vacuo at #gj ,c4 ------------------- #a4jade #c4cj #a4jaej #c4db #a4jaee #c4ee #a4jafj #c4fg #a4jafe #c4hj #a4jagj #c4ib #a4jage #d4je #a4jahj #d4ah #a4jahe #d4cj #a4jaij #d4dc #a4jaie #d4ef #a4jbjj #d4fh #a4jbje #d4ha #a4jbaj #d4ic #a4jbae #e4je #a4jbbj #e4ag #a4jbbe #e4cj #a4jbcj #e4dc #a4jbce #e4ee #a4jbdj #e4fg #a4jbde #e4hj #a4jbej #e4ib #a4jbee #f4jd #a4jbfj #f4af #a4jbfe #f4bh #a4jbgj #f4dj #a4jbge #f4ec #a4jbhj #f4fe #a4jbhe #f4gg #a4jbij #f4ij #a4jbie #g4jb #a4jcjj #g4ad #a4jcje #g4bf #a4jcaj #g4ch #a4jcae #g4ej #a4jcbj #g4fc #a4jcbe #g4ge #a4jccj #g4hh #a4jcce #h4jj #a4jcdj #h4ab #a4jcde #h4be #a4jcej #h4cg #a4jcee #h4ej #a4jcfj #h4fb #a4jcfe #h4gd #a4jcgj #h4hf #a4jcge #h4ih #a4jchj #i4aj #a4jche #i4bc #a4jcij #i4ce #a4jcie #i4dh #a4jdjj #i4fj #a4jdje #i4gc #a4jdaj #i4he #a4jdae #i4ig #a4jdbj #aj4aj #a4jdbe #aj4bb #a4jdcj #aj4ce #a4jdce #aj4dg #a4jddj #aj4fj #a4jdde #aj4gb #a4jdej #aj4hd #a4jdee #aj4if #a4jdfj #aa4jh #a4jdfe #aa4bj #a4jdgj #aa4cc #a4jdge #aa4de #a4jdhj #aa4eg #a4jdhe #aa4gj #a4jdij #aa4hb #a4jdie #aa4ie #a4jejj #ab4jg #a4jeje #ab4bj #a4jeaj #ab4cb #a4jeae #ab4de #a4jebj #ab4eg #a4jebe #ab4fi #a4jecj #ab4ha #a4jece #ab4ic #a4jedj #ac4je #a4jede #ac4ah #a4jeej #ac4cj #a4jeee #ac4db #a4jefj #ac4ee #a4jefe #ac4fg #a4jegj #ac4hj #a4jege #ac4ib #a4jehj #ad4je #a4jehe #ad4ag #a4jeij #ad4bi #a4jeie #ad4db #a4jfjj #ad4ed #a4jfje #ad4fg #a4jfaj #ad4gi #a4jfbj #ae4jc #a4jfcj #ae4bg #a4jfdj #ae4eb #a4jfej #ae4gg #a4jffj #af4jb #a4jfgj #af4bg #a4jfhj #af4eb #a4jfij #af4gg #a4jgjj #ag4jb #a4jgaj #ag4bg #a4jgbj #ag4ea #a4jgcj #ag4gf #a4jgdj #ah4jj #a4jgej #ah4be #a4jgfj #ah4ej #a4jggj #ah4ge #a4jghj #ah4ii #a4jgij #ai4bd #a4jhjj #ai4dh #a4jhaj #ai4gb #a4jhbj #ai4ig #a4jhcj #bj4bb #a4jhdj #bj4dg #a4jhej #bj4gb #a4jhfj #bj4if #a4jhgj #ba4ba #a4jhhj #ba4df #a4jhij #ba4gj #a4jijj #ba4ie #a4jiaj #bb4bj #a4jibj #bb4de #a4jicj #bb4gj #a4jidj #bb4id #a4jiej #bc4ah #a4jifj #bc4dc #a4jigj #bc4fh #a4jihj #bc4ic #a4jiij #bd4ah #a4ajjj #bd4dc #a4ajaj #bd4fg #a4ajbj #bd4ib #a4ajcj #be4ah #a4ajdj #be4db #a4ajej #be4fg #a4ajfj #be4ia #a4ajgj #bf4af ------------------- #bj ,?is table gives ! p] c5t ( total solids conta9$ by pulp ( diff]5t specific gravities v>y+ f unconc5trat$ pulp z x comes f ! cyclone to ! highly conc5trat$ product4 ,illu/ration3 ,suppose t :5 ! cyclone juice is all add$ to ! tank ! cont5ts ( :i* are vigor\sly boil+ s t !y are d\btless ( uni=m composition1 ! volume is f\nd by ! gauge /ick to be #hae gallons4 ,a sample ( ?is p>tially evaporat$ pulp is )drawn & filt]$ & ! filtrate is f\nd to h a ,brix read+ ( #f4ij4 ,let u suppose t ! product is to be evaporat$ to a pulp hav+ a specific gravity ( #a4jce & ! op]ator desires to "k at :at po9t to turn (f ! /eam4 ,by ref]r+ to ,table #i 9 ! column head$ by ! figure #a4jce1 we f9d opposite ! ,brix read+ #f4ij ! factor 4#hcd4 ,multiply+ ! volume ( ! pulp 7#hae gallons7 by ?is factor1 we obta9 #fhj gallons4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! /eam %\ld be turn$ (f :5 ! evaporation has rea*$ su* a po9t t ! gauge /ick %[s ! volume ( pulp to be #fhj gallons4 ,table #i may be us$ 9 ! same way = calculat+ ! volume ( any pulp1 hot or cold1 ( any specifi$ specific gravity equival5t to a c]ta9 volume ( pulp ( any o!r /at$ specific gravity :5 held at ! same temp]ature4 ,= in/ance1 ! illu/ration giv5 above s]ves equally well to illu/rate h[ ! relative value ( two f9i%$ pulps ( diff]5t specific gravities may be calculat$4 ,x also %[s directly ! relative value 7bas$ on tomato solids alone7 ( ! same volume ( two pulps ( diff]5t gravity4 ,illu/ration3 ,suppose a %ipm5t conta9s #a1jjj cases ( ,no4 #aj cans ( pulp ?\ght to h a specific gravity ( #a4jdj b f\nd on exam9ation to h a specific gravity ( #a4jcfe4 ,:at is ! value ( ! pulp 9 comp>ison ) pulp ( specific gravity ( #a4jdj8 ,turn+ 9 ,table #i to ! figure #a4jcfe 9 ! left-h& column we foll[ ! horizontal l9e conta9+ t figure to ! column head$ by specific gravity #a4jdj4 ,"h we f9d t 4#ijg is ! factor by :i* to multiply ! volume ( pulp ( a specific gravity #a4jcfe to obta9 ! equival5t volume ( pulp ( specific gravity #a4jdj4 ,! answ] to our "q !re=e is #ajjj 4#ijg #ijg4 ,9 o!r words pulp ( a gravity ( #a4jcfe judg$ by ! tomato solids x conta9s1 has #ij4g p] c5t ( ! value ( pulp ( ! gravity ( #a4jdj4 ,table #i is bas$ on ! results obta9$ f a s]ies ( samples ( :ole tomato pulp & cyclone juice v>y+ 9 specific gravity f #a4jb to #a4je4 ,! table 0 ext5d$ by calculation to give correspond+ values = m dilute cyclone juices & m conc5trat$ products4 ,! l[] portion ( ! table has be5 repeat$ly confirm$ by results obta9$ 9 ! exam9ation ( cyclone juice & pulp1 b ! figures 9 ! high] portion ( ! table are bas$ on calculation f l[] conc5trations4 ,?is table is only applicable to pulp to :i* no o!r sub/ance1 su* z salt1 has be5 add$4 ,salt if pres5t to ! ext5t ( m ?an #j4be p] c5t c be recogniz$ by ! ta/e4 ,! am\nt ( salt1 :5 any has be5 add$1 may be det]m9$ by ! me?od giv5 on page #cc & ! specific gravity correct$ by subtract+ f ! app>5t specific gravity #j4jjg = ea* p] c5t ( salt pres5t4 ,?is gives ! specific gravity ( ! salt-free pulp & ! correspond+ p] c5t ( solids may be obta9$ f ,table #i4 ,,tomato ,,ket*up ,ket*up is def9$ 9 ! ,f$]al food /&>ds z ! clean1 s\nd product made f prop]ly prep>$ pulp ( clean1 s\nd1 fre%1 ripe tomatoes1 ) spices1 & ) or )\t sug> & v9eg>4 ,! solid matt]1 or total solids1 9 ket*up v>ies f less ?an #ab p] c5t to ov] #cg p] c5t4 ,?is means t ! product v>ies f a sub/ance hav+ b>ely suffici5t tomato add$ to give color & ta/e1 to a ri*1 heavy tomato ket*up4 ,! v>iation ( total solids 9 any "o br& is1 ( c\rse1 less1 b l>ge diff]5ces are n unusual4 ,?ree bottles ( "o br& %[$ a solids cont5t v>y+ f #ab p] c5t to #af p] c5t1 & sev5 ( ano!r br& v>i$ f #cb p] c5t to #cg4b p] c5t4 ,! am\nt ( solids 9 a non-pres]vative ket*up %\ld be n mat]ially less ?an #bh p] c5t4 ,x is necess>y to h a r high solid cont5t = ket*up ( ?is k9d1 s t x may keep aft] be+ op5$ on ! consum]'s table4 ,! v>iation 9 ! insoluble solids is comp>able to t 9 ! total solids4 ,! values = a numb] ( samples exam9$ 9 ?is laboratory rang$ f 4#i p] c5t to #b4c p] c5t4 ,z ! insoluble solids come f ! tomato pulp ! am\nt ( insoluble solids is to t ext5t an indication ( ! am\nt ( tomato pulp us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! ket*up f :ole tomato pulp4 ,! consi/5cy ( ! ket*up is dep5d5t *iefly on ! am\nt ( insoluble tomato solids pres5t4 ,! a% usually v>ies f #b p] c5t to #d p] c5t1 ow+ to ! diff]5t am\nts ( salt1 :i* v>ies 9 g5]al f #a to #c p] c5t4 ,! acidity ranges f 4#d to #b4c p] c5t4 ,! acidity is "o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 prev5t+ ! gr[? ( bact]ia & yea/s 9 ! ket*up aft] be+ op5$4 ,9 ord] to secure ! be/ results ! ket*up %\ld h an acidity ( ov] #a p] c5t 7express$ z acetic acid7 & an acidity ( #a4be p] c5t or high] adds to ! keep+ quality ( ! ket*up aft] ! bottle is op5$4 ,an increase 9 acidity w necess>ily require an increase 9 ! am\nt ( sug> 9 ord] to secure ! prop] flavor2 or1 vice v]sa1 an increase 9 ! sug> w necessitate an increase 9 acidity4 ,9 "s ket*ups ab\t "o-half ( ! acidity is due to ! citric acid ( ! tomatoes & ! rema9d] to ! v9eg> add$ 9 manufacture4 ,) ket*ups ( exceptionally high acidity1 ! proportion ( citric acid to total acid may be mu* less ?an ?is4 ,!re may be consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! acidity 9 ket*up ( ! same br& due to v>iations 9 manufacture4 ,! sug> pres5t 9 ! ket*up is d]iv$ bo? f ! pulp & f ! add$ sug>4 ,9 ket*up rang+ f #ab to #cj p] c5t total solids1 f #i to #bb p] c5t ( ! solids may consi/ ( sug>s4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,manufacture ,ket*up may be prep>$ ei!r f ! fre% tomatoes1 or f pulp4 ,! mo/ common practice is to prep>e x f fre% tomatoes1 al?\gh "s manufactur]s pref] to make ket*up dur+ ! w9t]1 :5 !y are n s busy ) o!r products1 & !re=e use pulp4 ,presum+ t ! same quality ( /ock is us$ & ! same c>e us$ 9 manufacture1 !re are "s advantages 9 mak+ ket*up f fre% tomatoes4 ,! pulp loses "s ( its color by blea*+1 & a ket*up made f pulp is naturally subject$ to m heat+ ?an t made f fre% tomatoes4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ket*up ! fre% tomatoes may be brok5 by /eam or by ! use ( a me*anical break]4 ,bo? me?ods h _! advantages1 "s pref]r+ ! "o me?od1 "s ! o!r4 ,9 secur+ good quality 9 ket*up ! same factors mu/ be consid]$ z 9 ! mak+ ( pulp4 ,^! factors are c>e 9 manufacture & ! use ( a raw product ( good color & quality4 ,= discussion ( ^! po9ts 9 reg>d to pulp1 see page #g4 ,! con/itu5ts us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ket*up 9 addition to ! tomatoes are sug>1 v9eg>1 salt1 onions & spices4 ,! sug> g5]ally us$ is granulat$ cane or beet sug>4 ,"s ( ! l[] grades ( cane sug> may be us$ satisfactorily4 ,! t]ms us$ to designate grades ( sug> bel[ granulat$ d n always give a correct idea ( ! purity ( ! sug> & 9 buy+ su* grades x is be/ to h samples submitt$ & h analyses made = sug> cont5t4 ,! v9eg> g5]ally us$ is #ajj-;gra9 di/ill$ v9eg>4 ,! salt us$ is ( ! grade kn[n z dairy salt4 ,a v>iety ( spices is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ket*up4 ,among ^! are c9namon1 cassia1 cloves1 all-spice1 pepp]1 cay5ne pepp]1 g+]1 mu/>d & paprika4 ,spices may be us$ ei!r 9 ! =m ( :ole spices1 gr\nd spices or volatile spice oils4 ,:ole spices are ?\ght by "s to produce a bett] flavor4 ,gr\nd spices1 :5 us$1 %\ld be secur$ f a reputable manufactur]1 z !re is a possibility ( adult]ation or use ( l[-grade mat]ial 9 gr\nd products4 ,volatile spice oils are us$ to "s ext5t1 especially ( spices conta9+ l>ge am\nts ( tann91 :]e !re is liability ( discoloration due to ! =mation ( iron tannate dur+ ! manufacture ( ! ket*up4 ,acetic acid extracts ( spices are also us$ to a limit$ ext5t4 ,! sug> may be add$ at any "t dur+ ! mak+ ( ! ket*up1 b is pref]ably add$ dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! cook+4 ,!re is less dang] ( scor*+ if add$ at ?is "t4 ,x %\ld be add$ gradually & scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! cook+ ket*up s t x may g into solution m readily4 ,v9eg> is always add$ a few m9utes be=e f9i%+4 ,! acetic acid ( ! v9eg> is volatile1 & a l>ge portion ( x w be driv5 (f ) /eam if add$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! cook+4 ,salt may be add$ at any "t dur+ ! cook+1 b x is be/ to add x suffici5tly soon s t x w be dissolv$ & ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! product4 ,! onions %\ld be add$ *opp$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! cook4 ,spices1 ei!r :ole or gr\nd1 are g5]ally plac$ 9 a bag & add$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! cook4 ,if ! volatile oils are us$1 !y %\ld be add$ %ortly be=e f9i%+ ! ket*up1 z o!rwise a l>ge am\nt ( !m may be c>ri$ (f ) ! /eam4 ,,factory ,,control ,,( ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,ket*up ,ket*up ( uni=m color1 consi/5cy & ta/e c be produc$ only by controll+ ! quality & quantity ( its con/itu5ts4 ,!re=e1 any satisfactory me?od ( control necessitates ! det]m9ation ( ! solids 9 ! bat* ( cyclone juice be=e sug>1 salt1 v9eg> & spices are add$4 ,control1 bas$ solely on uni=m specific gravity ( ! f9i%$ product1 assures only t ! specific gravity is uni=m2 x does n assure uni=mity 9 consi/5cy1 sweetness1 acidity1 or 9 any o!r *>act]i/ic ( ! product4 ,s9ce1 "u any specific proc$ure 9 a factory1 ! di/9ctive tomato flavor & ! consi/5cy ( ! f9i%$ product dep5d entirely on ! tomato solids1 & s9ce ab\t half ! f9al acidity & sug> cont5t is d]iv$ f ! same s\rce1 ! control ( ! tomato solid cont5t is especially important4 ,=tunately ! solids 9 cyclone juice h a fairly uni=m composition4 ,! ratio ( total solids to insoluble solids is fairly con/ant1 likewise ! ratio ( sug> to acid4 ,! sug> 9 cyclone juice v>ies f ab\t #db p] c5t to #ed p] c5t ( ! total solids1 av]ag+ ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ,z ! consi/5cy or body ( ket*up is due *iefly to ! tomato solids1 ! am\nt ( evaporation necess>y to secure ket*up ( ! desir$ consi/5cy f a kn[n volume ( pulp measur$ at ! boil+ temp]ature & ( kn[n ,brix or specific gravity c be det]m9$ f ,table #i1 page #ef4 ,= in/ance1 if ! volume ( ! boil+ pulp is #hjj gallons & ! correct$ ,brix read+ ( ! filtrate is #e4aj1 x is f\nd f ,table #i t x w be necess>y to evaporate to #dbc gallons to secure a ket*up ( approximately ! consi/5cy ( #a4jdj pulp1 to #cgd gallons = a consi/5cy comp>able to #a4jde pulp & to #ccd gallons = a consi/5cy comp>able to #a4jej pulp4 ,?is evaporation is c>ri$ out1 ( c\rse1 ) ! addition ( ! necess>y +r$i5ts = ! mak+ ( ket*up4 ,! am\nt ( ^! +r$i5ts c be v>i$ 9 ord] to secure ket*up ( ! desir$ flavor4 ,aft] hav+ once decid$ on ! am\nt ( +r$i5ts to be us$1 ! manufacture may be /&>diz$4 ,suppos+ = in/ance on evaporat+ #hjj gallons ( p>tly conc5trat$ pulp ( ,brix ( filtrate 7#e4aj7 to approximately #ccd gallons 7calculat$ f ! #a4jej column 9 ,table #i7 x has be5 f\nd t ! use ( #cja p\nds ( sug>1 #bf4g gallons ( #ajj gra9 v9eg>1 #ff4h p\nds ( salt & #ej4b p\nds ( onions toge!r ) spices gives ket*up ( ! flavor desir$4 ,divid+ ! am\nt ( ea* +r$i5t by #ccd1 x is f\nd t ea* gallon ( f9i%$ ket*up conta9s 4#i p\nd ( add$ sug>1 4#b p\nd ( salt1 4#ae p\nd ( onions1 & ab\t #aj ounces ( v9eg>4 ,aft] hav+ det]m9$ ! am\nt ( ea* +r$i5t p] gallon ( f9i%$ ket*up1 x is easy to make a table giv+ ! am\nt ( +r$i5ts necess>y = a giv5 volume ( cyclone juice or conc5trat$ pulp ( any gravity4 ,9 ,table #aa su* calculations are made4 ,?is table is bas$ on secur+ a ket*up hav+ ! consi/5cy ( #a4jej pulp & />t+ ) #hjj gallons ( boil+ pulp ( specific gravity #a4jbbj 7,brix read+ ( filtrate #e4aj74 ,"s manufactur]s may desire to base ! am\nt ( +r$i5ts on #ajj gallons or multiple ( #ajj gallons ( f9i%$ ket*up4 ,?is may be done by fir/ mak+ out a table simil> to #i & !n calculat+ ! am\nt ( pulp & o!r +r$i5ts = #ajj gallons ( ket*up4 ,?is w\ld1 h[ev]1 involve consid]able "w z unless ! pulp us$ _h a con/ant specific gravity1 a calculation ( ! quantity ( ea* +r$i5t w\ld h to be made = ! volume ( pulp = ea* bat*4 ,,table #aa4--,manufacture ( ,ket*up4 ,quantity ( ,con/itu5ts to be ,add$ to #hjj ,gallons ( ,boil+1 ,p>tly ,conc5trat$ ,pulp ,filtrate f pulp ,add$ con/itu5ts ,specific -----------------,volume (---------------------------- gravity ,degrees ,specific f9i%$ #ajj-;gra9 ( pulp ,brix at gravity ket*up ,sug> v9eg> ,salt ,onions at #fh ,f4#fh ,f4 at #fh ,f4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,gals4 ,lbs4 ,gals4 ,lbs4,lbs4 #a4jaed #c4ej #a4jacg #bbf4j #bjc #ah4a #de4b #cc4j #a4jaeh #c4fj #a4jada #bcb4j #bji #ah4e #df4d #cd4h #a4jafb #c4gj #a4jade #bci4j #bae #ai4a #dg4h #ce4i #a4jaff #c4hj #a4jadi #bde4j #bba #ai4f #di4j #cf4h #a4jagj #c4ij #a4jaec #beb4j #bbg #bj4b #ej4b #cg4h #a4jagd #d4jj #a4jaeg #beh4j #bcb #bj4f #ea4h #ch4g #a4jagh #d4aj #a4jafa #bfe4j #bci #ba4b #ec4j #ci4h #a4jahb #d4bj #a4jafe #bgb4j #bde #ba4g #ed4d #dj4h #a4jahf #d4cj #a4jafi #bgh4j #bej #bb4b #ee4f #da4g #a4jaij #d4dj #a4jagc #bhe4j #beg #bb4h #eg4j #db4h #a4jaid #d4ej #a4jagg #bib4j #bfc #bc4d #eh4d #dc4h #a4jaii #d4fj #a4jaha #bii4j #bfi #bc4i #ei4h #dd4i #a4jbjb #d4gj #a4jahe #cjf4j #bge #bd4e #fa4b #de4i #a4jbjf #d4hj #a4jahi #cac4j #bhb #be4j #fb4f #dg4j #a4jbaa #d4ij #a4jaic #cbj4j #bhh #be4f #fd4j #dh4j #a4jbaf #e4jj #a4jaig #cbg4j #bid #bf4b #fe4d #di4a #a4jbbj #e4aj #a4jbja #ccd4j #cja #bf4g #ff4h #ej4b #a4jbbd #e4bj #a4jbje #cda4j #cjg #bg4c #fh4b #ea4b #a4jbbh #e4cj #a4jbji #cdg4j #cab #bg4h #fi4d #eb4a #a4jbcb #e4dj #a4jbac #ced4j #cai #bh4c #gj4h #ec4b #a4jbcf #e4ej #a4jbag #cfa4j #cbd #bh4i #gb4b #ed4b #a4jbdj #e4fj #a4jbba #cfh4j #cca #bi4d #gc4f #ee4b #a4jbdd #e4gj #a4jbbe #cgd4j #ccg #bi4i #gd4h #ef4b #a4jbdi #e4hj #a4jbbi #cha4j #cdc #cj4e #gf4b #eg4b #a4jbec #e4ij #a4jbcc #chh4j #cdi #ca4j #gg4f #eh4b #a4jbeg #f4jj #a4jbcg #cie4j #cef #ca4f #gi4j #ei4c #a4jbfa #f4aj #a4jbda #djb4j #cfb #cb4a #hj4d #fj4d #a4jbff #f4bj #a4jbde #dji4j #cfh #cb4g #ha4h #fa4d #a4jbga #f4cj #a4jbdi #daf4j #cgd #cc4c #hc4b #fb4e #a4jbge #f4dj #a4jbec #dbb4j #chj #cc4h #hd4d #fc4d #a4jbgi #f4ej #a4jbeg #dbi4j #chf #cd4c #he4h #fd4d #a4jbhc #f4fj #a4jbfa #dcf4j #cib #cd4i #hg4b #fe4d #a4jbhg #f4gj #a4jbfe #ddc4j #cii #ce4d #hh4f #ff4e #a4jbia #f4hj #a4jbgj #dej4j #dje #cf4j #ij4j #fg4e #a4jbie #f4ij #a4jbgd #deg4j #daa #cf4f #ia4d #fh4f #a4jbii #g4jj #a4jbgh #dfd4j #dah #cg4a #ib4h #fi4f #a4jcjd #g4aj #a4jbhb #dga4j #dbd #cg4g #id4b #gj4g #a4jcji #g4bj #a4jbhf #dgh4j #dcj #ch4b #ie4g #ga4h #a4jcac #g4cj #a4jbij #dhe4j #dcg #ch4h #ig4a #gb4h #a4jcah #g4dj #a4jbid #dib4j #ddc #ci4d #ih4e #gc4h #a4jcbb #g4ej #a4jbih #dii4j #ddi #ci4i #ii4i #gd4i #a4jcbf #g4fj #a4jcjb #ejf4j #dee #dj4e #aja4c #gf4j #a4jccj #g4gj #a4jcjf #eac4j #dfb #da4a #ajb4g #gg4j #a4jcce #g4hj #a4jcaj #eba4j #dfi #da4g #ajd4b #gh4b #a4jcci #g4ij #a4jcae #ebi4j #dgf #db4c #aje4h #gi4d #a4jcdc #h4jj #a4jcai #ecf4j #dhb #db4i #ajg4b #hj4d #a4jcdg #h4aj #a4jcbc #edc4j #dhi #dc4e #ajh4f #ha4e #a4jceb #h4bj #a4jcbg #eej4j #die #dd4j #aaj4j #hb4f #a4jcef #h4cj #a4jcca #eeg4j #eja #dd4e #aaa4d #hc4f #a4jcfa #h4dj #a4jcce #efd4j #ejh #de4a #aab4h #hd4g #a4jcfe #h4ej #a4jcci #ega4j #ead #de4g #aad4b #he4g #a4jcfi #h4fj #a4jcdc #egh4j #ebj #df4b #aae4f #hf4h #a4jcgd #h4gj #a4jcdh #ehe4j #ebg #df4h #aag4j #hg4h #a4jcgi #h4hj #a4jceb #eib4j #ecc #dg4d #aah4d #hh4h #a4jchc #h4ij #a4jcef #fjj4j #edj #dh4j #aai4j #ij4j ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! use ( ,table #aa gives a ket*up ( m$ium conc5tration4 ,us+ ?is z a basis ! manufactur] c decide ! ext5t to :i* he %\ld evaporate to secure a ket*up ( ! consi/5cy desir$ & modify ! table accord+ly4 ,f9al conc5tration ( ! ket*up is controll$ 9 ! same mann] z = pulp1 ei!r by a gaug$ tank or by specific gravity det]m9ation4 ,if we />t1 !re=e1 ) a giv5 volume ( p>tially conc5trat$ cyclone juice & det]m9e ! solids pres5t1 we c 9 e case quickly asc]ta9 f ! appropriate table ! numb] ( gallons ( f9i%$ product we %\ld obta91 & ! gauge /ick or atta*$ gauge glass w indicate :5 to /op evaporation 9 ! tank4 ,"o advantage ( measur+ ! orig9al volume at ! boil+ temp]ature is t no temp]ature corrections are necess>y1 z bo? ! initial & f9al temp]ature measurem5ts are approximately ! same4 ,! f9al conc5tration may be controll$1 z /at$ above1 by det]m9+ ! specific gravity ( ! f9i%$ product by "o ( ! me?ods giv5 "u pulp 7see page #cc & foll[+74 ,! det]m9ation ( specific gravity at ?is po9t w probably give m accurate results ?an ! use ( a gauge /ick1 & is to be recomm5d$ = use ) ! f9i%$ product1 provid$ ! add$ con/itu5ts h be5 /&>diz$4 ,! me?od describ$ on page #db = det]m9+ ! specific gravity ( hot tomato pulp1 may be us$ = obta9+ ! p] c5t ( solids 9 ! boil+ cyclone juice 9 place ( ! ,brix sp9dle read+ on ! filtrate4 ,table #aa = controll+ ! conc5tration ( f9i%$ ket*up is bas$ on ! idea t !re %all be a def9ite volume ( p>tly conc5trat$ pulp 9 ! tank :5 ! infl[ ( cyclone juice is /opp$ & ! sample is tak5 = analysis4 ,9 ?is respect1 ?is me?od ( controll+ ! conc5tration ( ket*up v>ies f ! me?od describ$ on page #ed = ! control ( ! conc5tration ( tomato pulp4 ,x is sometimes conv5i5t to secure ?is def9ite volume by fill+ ! tank to a great] height ?an is desir$ & evaporat+ until ! desir$ volume is secur$4 ,:5 ?is po9t is rea*$ ! sample ( pulp is tak5 = specific gravity & /eam is aga9 turn$ on ! tank4 ,! ,abb refractomet] may also be us$ = controll+ ! f9al conc5tration ( ! ket*up4 ,?is provides a v simple & quick me?od = det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( solids4 ,x requires b a few drops ( ! filt]$ liquor f ! ket*up to make ! det]m9ation4 ,! read+ may be tak5 & ! calculation made 9 "o or two m9utes' "t by use ( ,tables #ac & #ad4 ,! table = calculat+ ! solids f ! refractomet] read+ is ,ge]lig's table = dry sub/ance 9 sug>-h\se products1 & is tak5 f ! ,me?ods ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 #aiai4 ,! entire table is n giv5 b only ! range ov] :i* x might possibly be desir$ to use x 9 ! control ( ! manufacture ( ket*up4 ,! results by ?is me?od are only approximate1 b are suffici5tly accurate = manufactur+ control4 ,table #ab gives a comp>ison ( ! solids obta9$ by dry+ 9 vacuum at #gj ,c4 ) results obta9$ by ! refractomet]4 ,,table #ab4--,solids 9 ,ket*up ,obta9$ by ,dry+ 9 ,vacuum at #gj ,c4 & by ,abb ,refractomet] f ,ge]lig's ,table ------------------------------ ,solids 9 tomato ket*up ----------------------------- ,by dry+ 9 ,by ,abb vacuum at #gj ,c4refractomet] ----------------------------- ,p] c5t ,p] c5t #bi4e #bi4j #cj4j #bi4d #cb4h #cb4d #bh4j #bg4i #bb4j #ba4h #bg4g #bh4j ----------------------------- ,!re are sev]al errors 9 ?is det]m9ation :i* p>tially comp5sate = ea* o!r & give results fairly comp>able ) ^? obta9$ by dry+4 ,! refractomet] ( c\rse det]m9es only soluble con/itu5ts4 ,s9ce salt gives a high] refractive read+ ?an ! same p] c5t ( sug>1 & s9ce tomato solids give a high] refractive read+ ?an ! same p]c5tage ( sug>1 & s9ce any acetic acid ( ! v9eg> is also read z solids on ! refractomet]1 ! total increase 9 read+ due to ^! diff]5t factors ne>ly comp5sates = ! insoluble solids ( ! ket*up4 ,! v>iation ( ! p] c5t ( solids z obta9$ by ! refractomet] f t obta9$ by dry+ w dep5d some:at on ! composition ( ! ket*up & 9 us+ ! refractomet] x is advisable to also det]m9e ! solids by dry+ on a few samples to obta9 ! relation betwe5 ! two figures = t p>ticul> ket*up4 ,,table #ac4--,refractive ,index & ,p] ,c5t ,solids 9 ,tomato ,ket*up#ba ,refractive ,p] ,decimals to be index c5t add$ = solidsfractional read+s ----------------------------------- #a4cdhd #aa #j4jjja #j4je #a4cejj #ab #j4jjjb #j4a #a4ceaf #ac #j4jjjc #j4b #a4cecj #ad #j4jjjd #j4be #a4cedf #ae #j4jjje #j4c #a4cefb #af #j4jjjf #j4d #a4cegh #ag #j4jjjg #j4de #a4ceid #ah #j4jjjh #j4e #a4cfaa #ai #j4jjji #j4f #a4cfbg #bj #j4jjaj #j4fe #a4cfdd #ba #j4jjaa #j4g #a4cffa #bb #j4jjab #j4ge #a4cfgh #bc #j4jjac #j4h #a4cfie #bd #j4jjad #j4he #a4cgab #be #j4jjae #j4i #a4cgbi #bf #j4jjaf #j4ie #a4cgdf #bg #j4jjja #j4je #a4cgfd #bh #j4jjjb #j4a #a4cghb #bi #j4jjjc #j4ae #a4chjj #cj #j4jjjd #j4b #a4chah #ca #j4jjje #j4be #a4chcf #cb #j4jjjf #j4c #a4ched #cc #j4jjjg #j4ce #a4chgb #cd #j4jjjh #j4d #a4chij #ce #j4jjji #j4de #a4ciji #cf #j4jjaj #j4e #a4cibh #cg #j4jjaa #j4ee #a4cidg #ch #j4jjab #j4f #a4ciff #ci #j4jjac #j4fe #a4cihd #dj #j4jjad #j4g #a4djjc #da #j4jjae #j4ge #j4jjaf #j4h #j4jjag #j4he #j4jjah #j4i #j4jjai #j4ie #j4jjbj #a4j #j4jjba #a4j ----------------------------------- #ba ,ge]lig's table = dry sub/ance 9 sug> h\se products by ,abb refractomet] at #bh;,c4 ,9 us+ ,table #ac1 f9d ! refractive index :i* is next l[] ?an ! read+ actually obta9$ & note ! correspond+ :ole numb] = ! p] c5t ( dry sub/ance4 ,subtract ! refractive index obta9$ f ! table f ! obs]v$ read+2 ! decimal p]c5tages correspond+ to ?is diff]5ce1 z giv5 9 ! column s m>k$1 is add$ to ! :ole p] c5t ( solids z fir/ obta9$4 ,correction mu/ also be made = ! temp]ature if above or bel[ #bh ,c4 ,! temp]ature correction is obta9$ f ,table #ad4 ,= in/ance1 suppose ! refractive index 0 #a4cgej & t ! temp]ature 0 #be ,c4 ,! p] c5t ( solids z obta9$ f ! table w\ld be #bg4b4 ,! correction = temp]ature w\ld am\nt to 4#ad1 :i* w\ld be add$ to ?is read+1 giv+ #bg4cd z ! p] c5t ( solids4 ,,table #ad4--;,corrections = ,temp]ature to be ,us$ ) ,table #ac ,p] c5t ( solids4 ,temp]ature1------------------------ ,c4 #aj #ae #bj #be #cj #dj ------------------------------------ ,to be subtract$ ------------------------ #bj #j4eej4efj4egj4ehj4fjj4fb #ba 4#dh 4#di 4#ej 4#ea 4#eb 4#ed #bb 4#db 4#db 4#db 4#dd 4#de 4#dg #bc 4#cd 4#ce 4#cf 4#cg 4#ch 4#ci #bd 4#bg 4#bh 4#bh 4#bi 4#cj 4#ca #be 4#ba 4#ba 4#bb 4#bb 4#bc 4#bc #bf 4#ac 4#ad 4#ad 4#ae 4#ae 4#af #bg 4#jg 4#jg 4#jg 4#jg 4#jh 4#jh ------------------------ ,to be add$ ------------------------ #bi #j4jgj4jgj4jgj4jgj4jhj4jh #cj 4#ac 4#ad 4#ad 4#ad 4#ae 4#ae #ca 4#ba 4#ba 4#bb 4#bb 4#bc 4#bc #cb 4#bg 4#bh 4#bh 4#bi 4#cj 4#ca #cc 4#cd 4#ce 4#cf 4#cg 4#ch 4#ci #cd 4#db 4#db 4#dc 4#dd 4#de 4#dg #ce 4#dh 4#di 4#ej 4#ea 4#eb 4#ed ------------------------------------ ,:e!r or n ket*up %\ld be process$ aft] fill+ into bottles dep5ds on ! conditions "u :i* x is bottl$4 ,if ! bottl$ product c be seal$ at #ahj ,f4 or bett] a process is n necess>y & is an unnecess>y exp5se & wa/e ( "t1 besides x may injure ! color ( ! product4 ,) ! mod]n type ( equipm5t x is possible to fill ! bottles at a temp]ature :i* obviates /]ilization4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! temp]ature ( ! ket*up 9 ! receiv+ tank fe$+ ! fill] does n fall too l[4 ,c>e mu/ also be avoid$ 9 ord] n to fill ! ket*up at too high a temp]ature z x results 9 excessive %r9kage ( ! cont5ts4 ,= ket*up fill$ at relatively l[ temp]ature a process %\ld be us$4 ,! process necess>y w dep5d ^u ! temp]ature at :i* ! ket*up is fill$ & on ! "t t may elapse betwe5 fill+ & process+4 ,sanit>y conditions ( ! factory & equipm5t are exce$+ly important n only 9 relation to ease ( /]ilization b also 9 secur+ a product ( good quality4 ,9 /ack+ ket*up x is be/ to /ack ! bottles upside d[n4 ,?is t5ds to prev5t d>k5+ ( ! ket*up 9 ! neck ( bottle1 a condition kn[n z 8black neck40 ,x has be5 our exp]i5ce t :]ev] ?is condition has occurr$ x is due to leakage ( air into ! bottles4 ,/ack+ bottles 9 ?is way und\bt$ly keeps ! cork ( ! cap moi/ & makes ! seal m effective4 ,,*ili ,,sauce ,*ili sauce is ( ! same g5]al "* z ket*up b is made f peel$ & cor$ tomatoes )\t remov+ ! se$s1 conta9s m sug> & onions & sometimes is made hott] ?an ket*up by ! use ( m cay5ne pepp]4 ,!re is a great v>iation among diff]5t manufactur]s ) respect to ! me?ods ( treat+ ! tomatoes4 ,usually l>ge to m$ium siz$ tomatoes are employ$1 sep>at$ f ! small tomatoes :i* are us$ = mak+ pulp & ket*up4 ,"s manufactur]s ( *ili sauce place ! peel$ & cor$ tomatoes directly into ! kettle & mix ! o!r +r$i5ts )\t any =m ( break+4 ,o!r manufactur]s h v>i\s me?ods ( break+ & cru%+ ! tomatoes4 ,sev]al cru%]s = ?is purpose are on ! m>ket & o!r means ( break+1 su* z meat *opp]s1 meat cutt]s & apple grat]s are employ$4 ,"s convey ! tomatoes f ! peel+ room to ! kettle ?r\gh a pump :i* breaks !m up m or less4 ,because ( ! nature ( ! product !re is no me?od available = te/+ ! conc5tration ( *ili sauce & det]m9+ ! po9t at :i* ! cook+ %\ld be /opp$4 ,! refractomet] may be us$ z a r\gh me?od ( controll+ ! conc5tration4 ,! p]c5tage ( solids z det]m9$ f ! refractomet] read+ & ,ge]lig's table is too l[ on acc\nt ( ! relatively high p]c5tage ( insoluble solids4 ,h[ev]1 a relation betwe5 ! soluble solids & total solids may be obta9$ 9 ?is way :i* may be useful 9 controll+ ! conc5tration4 ,! consi/5cy ( ! product is always regulat$ by its appe>ance4 ,! am\nt ( cook+ v>ies among diff]5t manufactur]s b 9 g5]al !re is a conc5tration ( f #dj to #de p] c5t ( ! volume ( ! raw tomatoes employ$4 ,t is1 #ajj gallons ( peel$ & cor$ tomatoes yield f #dj to #de gallons ( *ili sauce4 ,! am\nt ( onions add$ to *ili sauce is sub/antially l>g] ?an ! am\nt us$ ) ket*up4 ,"s manufactur]s use approximately twice z mu* z ! =m]4 ,hi]#bb sugge/s #ajj p\nds ( onions :5 us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( #ajj gallons ( *ili sauce4 ,l>ge onions %\ld be us$ s9ce !y are m easily peel$ & give less wa/e ?an small] onions4 ,!y %\ld be c>efully peel$ & %\ld be f9ally *opp$ 9 ord] to safegu>d aga9/ /opp+ up ! tubes ( ! fill+ ma*9e4 #bb 8,! ,manufacture ( ,tomato ,products1 #aiai40 ,! cook+ is sub/antially ! same z ) ket*up & ! same +r$i5ts are us$ ) ! exception ( g>lic :i* is n employ$4 ,"s manufactur]s make ! product r mild1 :ile o!rs use sub/antially twice z mu* cay5ne pepp] z ) ket*up4 ,! same am\nt ( salt & v9eg> are employ$ ) ket*up b sub/antially m sug>1 "s manufactur]s us+ "o-half m sug> ?an ) ket*up4 ,because ( its lumpy condition *ili sauce af=ds m difficulty 9 fill+ into ! bottle ?an is ! case ) ket*up4 ,! bottle is also h>d] to seal4 ,its wide neck makes x m difficult to make ! seal+ tight ?an ! small] neck ket*up bottles1 & ! black r+s 9 ! top ( ! bottle are m frequ5t & m conspicu\s ?an is ! case ) ket*up4 ,! discussion ( ! process+ giv5 "u ket*up 7p4 #gj7 is also applicable to *ili sauce4 ,,publications ,,rese>* ,,laboratory ,,national ,,cann]s ,,association ,,bullet9s 99#a ,"s ,safety ,measures 9 ,cann+ ,factories 99#b ,swells & ,spr+]s 7,sup]s$$ by ,circul> #f-,l7 99#c ,tomato ,pulp 7,sup]s$$ by ,bullet9 #ba-,l7 99#d ,prelim9>y ,bullet9 on ,cann+ 99#e ,! ,exam9ation ( ,evaporat$ ,milk 99#f ,a cause ( ,d>k ,color 9 ,cann$ ,corn 99#g ,specific ,gravity & ,solids 9 ,tomato ,pulp 7,sup]s$$ by ,bullet9 #ba-,l7 99#h ,exhau/ & ,vacuum 99#i ,process+ & ,process ,devices 99#aj ,lye ,peel+ #aa ,det]ioration 9 ,asp>agus #ab ,wa%+ ,fruits & ,vegetables #ac ,wa%+ & ,clean+ ,cans 99#ad ,bact]iological ,exam9ation ( ,cann$ ,foods #ae ,sugge/ions = ,cann+ ,pork & ,beans #af-,l ,heat ,p5etration 9 ,process+ ,cann$ ,foods #ag-,l ,relation ( ,process+ to ! ,acidity ( ,cann$ ,foods #ah-,l ,black ,discoloration 9 ,cann$ ,corn 99#ai-,l ,vitam9s 9 ,cann$ ,foods #bj-,l ,! ,effect ( ,h>d ,wat] 9 ,cann+ ,vegetables ,,circul>s 99#a-,l ,spr+]s & ,p]=ations 9 ,cann$ ,fruits #b-,l ,! ,discoloration ( ,lye ,hom9y #c-,l ,"s ,rese>* ,problems ( ! ,cann+ ,indu/ry #d-,l ,! ,effect on ,cann$ ,foods ( ,indu/rial ,wa/es 9 ! ,wat] ,supply #e-,l ,process+ ( ,peas #f-,l ,swells & ,spr+]s #g-,l ,process+ ( ,/r+ ,beans & ,beets #h-,l ,process+ ( ,corn & ,pumpk9 99 ,out ( pr9t4 ,transcrib]'s notes3 ,9 ! text v]sion1 italics are repres5t$ by und]scores1 & bold & black lett] text by equals symbols4 ,page p#af iris diaphrams -- correct$ to diaphragms4 p#af ,abbe cond5s] usually has an acc5t on ! e -- left z pr9t$4 p#ag ,comp\nd miscroscope -- correct$ to microscope p#ag ,!re are two an*ors = footnote #f p#ba ,table #b has be5 split into #c sections because ( its wid?4 p#bb ,table #c has be5 split into #c sections because ( its wid?4 p#bc ,table #d has be5 split into #b sections because ( its wid?4 p#be ,table #e refractomet] read+s column ne$$ to be %ift$ d[n "o r[ />t+ betwe5 #e4fj & #e4ff4 p#be ,table #e ,! entry = specific gravity ( ! filtrate = a :ole pulp read+ 9 vacuo ( #f4je p]c5t is giv5 z #j4jbce -- ?is has be5 correct$ to #a4jbce p#cb raw product x its -- *ang$ to x is4 p#fj value ( ( ! pulp4 -- extra ( remov$4 p#fh refractometor -- *ang$ to refractomet]