,,national ,,canners ,,association ,,research ,,laboratory--,bulletin ,no4 #ba,l4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,bigelow1 ,director ,tomato ,products ,pulp1 ,ketchup and ,chili ,sauce ,,by ,w4 ,d4 ,,bigelow and ,a4 ,e4 ,,stevenson ,illustration ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,august1 #aibc ,,contents ,pulp ,,page ,introduction #e ,sanitary control of tomato pulp factories #f ,quality of product #g ,discarding tomato juice #h ,composition of tomato pulp #aj ,whole tomato pulp #aj ,trimming stock pulp #ab ,methods of analysis #ab ,microscopic examination #ac ,determination of total solids #ai ,determination of insoluble solids #cb ,determination of sugar #cb ,determination of acidity #cc ,determination of salt #cc ,determination of specific gravity #cc ,importance of accuracy in the determination of specific gravity #ej ,evaporation to definite volume of concentrated pulp #eb ,ketchup ,methods of manufacture #fb ,factory control of the composition of ,ketchup #fc ,chili ,sauce ,methods of manufacture #gb ,,tables ,table #a1 ,composition of pulp and of the liquor separated from it #i ,table #b1 ,composition of whole tomato pulps #ba ,table #c1 ,composition of trimming stock pulps #bb ,table #d1 ,comparison of methods for the determination and calculation of solids in whole tomato pulp #bc ,table #e1 ,tomato pulp and filtered liquor #bd ,table #f1 ,corrections for specific gravity of hot pulp #dc ,table #g1 ,comparisons of methods for determining specific gravity #de ,table #h1 ,corrections for specific gravity and ,brix readings at different temperatures #ee ,table #i1 ,equivalent volumes of pulp of different degrees of concentration #ef ,table #aj1 ,specific gravity and solids of tomato pulp #ei ,table #aa1 ,manufacture of ,ketchup4 ,quantity of constituents to be added to #hjj gallons of boiling1 partly concentrated pulp #fe ,table #ab1 ,solids in ,ketchup obtained by drying in vacuum at #gj ,c4 and by ,abb refractometer from ,geerlig's table #fh ,table #ac1 ,refractive index and per cent solids in ,tomato ,ketchup #fi ,table #ad1 ,corrections for temperature to be used with ,table #ac #gj ,,illustrations ,fig4 #a4 ,small specific gravity flask #cf ,fig4 #b4 ,large specific gravity flask #cf ,fig4 #c4 ,special head and flask receptacles for ,babcock milk tester #cg ,fig4 #d4 ,weight and specific gravity of tomato pulp #ci ,fig4 #e4 ,specific gravity cup for hot pulp #dd ,,tomato ,,pulp ,,introduction ,tomato pulp is the fleshy portion of the tomato separated from skins1 cores and seeds by means of a fine mesh screen and suitably concentrated by evaporation4 ,during recent years great improvements have been made in the manufacture of tomato pulp and in the quality and appearance of the product4 ,the care exercised in the selection of the raw material and in all steps of the manufacture of tomato pulp has been greatly increased4 ,this is equally true of pulp marketed in small cans to be used as soup stock in private homes and of the pulp sold in larger containers for the manufacture of soup and ketchup4 ,the large buyers of pulp have determined the grade or quality which gives them the best results in the manufacture of other products and the degree of concentration which they can use most economically4 ,it is now customary1 therefore1 for large sales of pulp to be made on specifications1 and it is impracticable to comply with such specifications without carefully controlling the manufacture of the product4 ,the raw material must be so selected and the manufacturing operations so controlled that the color and flavor of the finished product is conserved4 ,this is discussed briefly on page #g4 ,if he desires to sell under specification1 the manufacturer must comply with his contract with respect to specific gravity1 and he cannot greatly exceed the specific gravity specified without substantial sacrifice in cost of manufacture4 ,it is therefore economical to determine the specific gravity of the product as accurately as practicable 7see p4 #ea7 and also to adopt methods of manufacture that will control as closely as possible the specific gravity of the finished product4 ,beginning on page #cc1 methods are given for the determination of specific gravity under various conditions of manufacture and sale1 and on page #ej is given the method for the determination of specific gravity of the cyclone juice or partly concentrated pulp which this laboratory has suggested as an aid to determining the volume to which the product should be evaporated to secure the desired specific gravity4 ,this method has been used by a number of pulp manufacturers and found to be relatively convenient and practicable4 ,it might be used to better advantage and to considerably greater profit if more help were employed--and some times more competent help--in determining specific gravity and controlling the point at which evaporation should stop4 ,the importance and economy of accuracy in the determination of specific gravity is not fully appreciated by all1 though some of the larger manufacturers are now giving much attention to that subject4 ,this matter is discussed on page #ej4 ,there is included in the bulletin beginning on page #ac a detailed description of the ,howard method for the microscopic examination of tomato products1 and following that a detailed statement of the chemical and physical methods employed in this laboratory for their examination4 ,such methods are only of value to those trained in laboratory work4 ,they are included here because the laboratory receives many requests for these methods from chemists employed by manufacturers of pulp4 ,men who are employed only for the tomato season find special need for such information4 ,our correspondence brings many inquiries regarding the percentage of solids in pulp of different specific gravities1 and also regarding the relative values of pulp of different specific gravities4 ,in ,table #aj 7p4 #ei7 there is given in parallel columns the specific gravities of pulp of different degrees of concentration and corresponding percentage of solids1 and it is a simple matter to calculate the volume which the same pulp would make if concentrated to any other specific gravity4 ,this calculation is explained on page #ed--;in discussing the point at which to stop evaporation to secure pulp of any desired specific gravity4 ,this bulletin supersedes ,bulletins #c and #g1 and also contains material which has appeared in several trade-paper articles prepared in this laboratory4 ,these articles are extensively quoted and some of them are printed almost in full4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,f4 ,fitzgerald was the co-author of most of these publications and did much of the work on which they were based4 ,he is therefore entitled to a substantial share of the credit for the material in this bulletin4 ,,sanitary ,,control ,,of ,,tomato ,,pulp ,,factories ,the manufacture of tomato pulp requires careful supervision from beginning to end4 ,the raw product must be carefully selected1 and all possible steps should be taken to induce growers to discard rotting tomatoes in the field and to expedite the movement of the raw product from field to factory4 ,tomatoes must be carefully washed and sorted4 ,it is only practicable to accomplish the latter by means of some type of sorting belt4 ,sorters should not attempt to trim4 ,their full attention should be given to the tomatoes passing by them4 ,the sorter may place the tomatoes requiring trimming in a separate receptacle in order that they may be carried to a table not provided with a moving belt and handled by special trimmers4 ,conveyors1 receptacles and machines must be constructed and installed with a view to convenience in cleaning4 ,care must be taken to expedite the manufacture of the product in every way possible in order to give no opportunity for bacterial growth during the process of manufacture4 ,the brief comments given above are offered by way of reminder4 ,this important subject is not further discussed because it has been adequately treated by ,mr4 ,b4 ,j4 ,howard of the ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,chemistry in bulletins which are readily available4 ,these bulletins are designated as ,bulletins #efi and #eha1 respectively1 of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,they may be secured by requesting them of the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,government ,printing ,office1 this city1 and enclosing five cents in coin for each copy desired4 ,all manufacturers of tomato pulp will do well to study these bulletins and have them studied by their responsible employees4 ,,quality ,,of ,,product ,there is a growing tendency to give increased attention to the quality of tomato pulp4 ,the tomatoes should be ripe and well colored4 ,green tomatoes or tomatoes with green portions not only do not have the requisite amount of red coloring matter but they contain material which masks and dulls the color of fully ripe tomatoes4 ,there is a difference of opinion among successful manufacturers of pulp regarding the relative color of pulp manufactured after hot or cold cycloning4 ,some maintain that a better color is obtained by cycloning hot4 ,others1 apparently equally skilled and able to manufacture an equally good product1 maintain the reverse4 ,much depends on the control of the cyclone--the setting of the paddles and the speed at which they are operated4 ,the evaporation should be as rapid as possible4 ,the operation of the kettles in such a way that the pulp burns on the kettles or on the coils damages the flavor of the product and impairs its color4 ,the pulp should be cooled promptly after processing1 or if that is not practicable should be stacked loosely so that the cans will have ample ventilation until they are entirely cooled4 ,pulp packed in five-gallon cans is rarely processed4 ,it should1 however1 be filled into the cans at a temperature of at least #ahj ,f4 ,it is best to give pulp in ,no4 #aj and smaller size cans a short process in boiling water4 ,with pulp filled at #ahj ,f41 ten or fifteen minutes is a sufficient cook4 ,pulp filled at lower temperatures or which is allowed to partially cool before processing requires a longer process4 ,in order to protect the color it is best to water cool ,no4 #aj cans of pulp after processing4 ,pulp in cans of any size should not be stacked solid while it is still hot4 ,the metal of the can has a bleaching action on the pulp and this is greatly increased if the pulp is stacked hot or stored in a hot warehouse4 ,if stacked while excessively hot1 stack-burning may occur with consequent darkening of the pulp4 ,as indicated above1 there is a considerable difference of opinion among successful manufacturers of pulp regarding the details of manufacture necessary to secure the best results4 ,it is probable that different conditions call for different methods of operation4 ,at any rate1 all successful manufacturers are agreed that the color of the pulp is an important index to its quality and greatly influences its commercial value4 ,the flavor of pulp is also an important criterion and is considered by many buyers in forming an estimate of the value of pulp4 ,a scorched taste or a flat flavor show that the manufacture of the pulp was not adequately controlled and impairs the commercial value of the product4 ,color and flavor commonly go together4 ,the same manufacturing methods which yield a product of high color are likely to give a product of superior flavor4 ,,discarding ,,tomato ,,juice ,it was formerly customary1 and is still the practice of some manufacturers of tomato pulp1 to discard a portion of the juice of the tomatoes4 ,some manufacturers1 especially in the preparation of pulp from tomato trimmings1 allow the trimmings to pass over a colander and thus separate the free juice1 which is discarded4 ,others allow the product of the cyclone to stand for a time in tanks and then discard the clear juice which settles in the bottom of the tanks4 ,both practices are wasteful and have generally been discontinued4 ,some still adhere to one or both1 however1 and it was thought best to make the matter the subject of study4 ,some discard the juice because of the belief that it consists of nothing but water and is valueless4 ,some are of the impression that the juice separated from the trimming stock before straining takes on a brown color during evaporation which would interfere with the red color desired in the finished product1 if allowed to go into the pulp4 ,some recognize the value of the juice1 but believe that the expense of its evaporation would not be warranted by the increased quantity of pulp4 ,some have not measured the juice discarded and greatly underestimate its volume4 ,with the view of determining the approximate value of the material discarded in this manner1 a batch of material1 fresh from the cyclone1 was divided into two portions1 one of which was immediately concentrated to form a pulp1 and the other was allowed to stand about #bj minutes when a clear liquor had separated at the bottom4 ,this clear liquor was then removed and the remainder evaporated until the desired consistency was obtained4 ,samples of the finished pulps1 of the raw product from which each was prepared and of the clear liquor1 separated from the second one1 were preserved by sealing in cans and processing4 ,these samples were numbered as follows3 #gjb--,product from the trough under the second cyclone1 or finisher4 #gjc--;,clear liquor1 which separated at the bottom of the tank1 after a portion of #gjb was allowed to stand4 ,this formed about one-fourth of the entire product of the tank4 #gjd--;,drained residue from #gjc4 #gje--;,finished pulp obtained by concentrating #gjd4 #gjf--;,finished pulp obtained by concentrating #gjb4 ,these samples were examined with the results given below4 ,,table #a4--;,composition of ,pulp and of the ,liquor ,separated from ,it ,sample ,total ,insoluble ,ash ,sugar ,acid ,undetermined ,number ,solids ,solids 7as 7as ,organic ,invert7 ,citric7 ,matter ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,per ,per ,per ,per ,per ,per ,cent ,cent ,cent ,cent ,cent ,cent #gjb #d4ch #j4dj #j4cd #b4bg #j4bi #j4hg #gjc #c4hd #j4aj #j4ch #b4cb #j4bi #j4ge #gjd #d4dg #j4ej #j4ch #b4ca #j4ca #j4gg #gje #i4ag #a4hc #j4gh #d4jg #j4ea #a4hg #gjf #g4he #j4ih #j4fi #c4ea #j4df #b4jd ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,the two products 7#gje and #gjf7 were evaporated under exactly the same conditions and to what appeared to the operator to be the same consistency4 ,after cooling1 however1 it was apparent that while the body of the two finished products was apparently equal1 the consistency of ,no4 #gjf was superior to ,no4 #gje in that the former was smooth and creamy1 whereas the latter had a somewhat irregular1 lumpy appearance4 ,this difference was doubtless due to the greater content of soluble solids in ,no4 #gjf4 ,the color of the two samples was identical4 ,a mixture of one part of ,no4 #gjc and three parts of ,no4 #gjd when evaporated in the laboratory to the same consistency was identical in every way with ,no4 #gjf4 ,from the composition as stated in ,table #a it is apparent that the flavor and food value of the clear juice1 which is sometimes discarded 7represented in ,no4 #gjc71 are practically identical with the unconcentrated pulp as it passes through the cyclone4 ,in fact1 the only difference between the two appears to be about one-half per cent of insoluble matter4 ,when the product is allowed to separate1 it seems probable that this insoluble material as it rises in the mass has a tendency to act like a filter and carry up with it a large proportion of the bacteria and moulds present4 ,the scale on which the work was done did not permit of sufficiently accurate measurement of the finished pulp to warrant the calculation of the loss in quantity caused by discarding the juice4 ,from the composition of the pulps and of the raw material1 however1 it is apparent that this loss is practically proportional to the percentage of juice discarded4 ,it is apparent1 therefore1 that the evaporation of the material just as it passes through the finisher will yield a product of the same color1 of better consistency1 in considerably greater quantity1 and at practically the same proportionate expense of concentration as the evaporation of the residue after discarding the juice in accordance with the custom mentioned above4 ,,composition ,,of ,,tomato ,,pulp#a ,whole ,tomato ,pulp ,the results obtained by the examination of #cc samples of whole tomato pulp are given in ,table #b4 ,the concentration of the samples varies from unconcentrated pulp as it runs from the cyclone to pulps of very heavy consistency4 ,this table contains the data from which ,tables #d and #e were calculated1 although during the season a partial analysis was made of a large number of other samples1 and the data secured therefrom were in all respects confirmatory of the relations calculated from ,table #b4 #a ,this chapter is taken largely from an article by ,bigelow and ,fitzgerald1 published in the ,journal of ,industrial and ,engineering ,chemistry1 #aiae1 vol4 #g1 page #fjb4 ,in addition to the data obtained by the various determinations1 ,table #b gives the relation between the results of the determinations for each individual sample4 ,for instance1 the ratio of pulp solids to filtrate solids 7pulp solids divided by filtrate solids7 varies in the different samples from #a4jia to #a4aed1 and1 with the exception of two samples1 it varies from #a4ajj to #a4ade4 ,the average of the #cc samples was #a4ab4 ,the relation of insoluble solids to total solids 7expressed as per cent of insoluble solids in total solids7 is shown in ,table #b4 ,considering the variations in the methods employed by different manufacturers in the preparation of tomato pulp1 the per cent of insoluble solids in the total solids as shown by this column is closer than we might expect1 varying in most of the samples from #aa to #ad per cent4 ,the per cent of sugar in the soluble solids1 as shown by ,table #b1 varies in most of the samples from #ej to #ee per cent4 ,this figure cannot be expected to be constant in different localities and in different years4 ,the acid1 estimated as citric1 constitutes in most of the samples from #i to #aj per cent of the soluble solids4 ,of especial interest is the refractive constant of the filtered liquor1 shown in the last column of ,table #b4 ,the refractive constant of the various samples is much more uniform than might be expected from a product of this nature4 ,table #b is chiefly interesting as affording the data from which ,tables #d and #e were calculated4 ,the uniformity of the relations shown in ,table #e is such that it is usually possible from one determination on the filtrate and the determination of solids in the pulp by drying to distinguish pulp made from whole tomatoes from that made from trimming stock4 ,for instance1 if the specific gravity or index of refraction of a filtrate prepared from a pulp of unknown origin1 and the per cent of solids in the pulp by drying1 do not agree approximately with the relation between these determinations as shown in ,table #e1 it may be assumed that the sample was not prepared from whole tomatoes1 or that some other substance1 such as salt1 has been added4 ,moreover1 trimming stock pulp rarely conforms to the relations found in whole tomato pulp4 ,for instance1 the insoluble solids are usually higher and the acid lower in trimming stock pulp4 ,trimming ,stock ,pulp ,in ,table #c are given the results of the examination of #ba typical samples of trimming stock pulp prepared at different plants and in different localities4 ,this table is of especial interest in showing that the relations between the results of the various analytical determinations differ from those of whole tomato pulps as given in ,table #e4 ,for instance1 in ,no4 #adgj the immersion refractometer reading is #de4ij1 and the per cent of solids is #i4ed1 whereas1 according to ,table #e1 the per cent of solids in the pulp corresponding to an index of refraction of #de4ij should be #h4eg4 ,the specific gravity of the pulp is #a4jcgc1 which1 according to ,table #e1 should correspond to #h4ih instead of #i4ed4 ,of course it cannot be said definitely that a pulp which on examination is found to conform to all the relations shown in ,table #e is necessarily whole tomato pulp4 ,it is entirely possible for an occasional sample of trimming stock pulp to conform to all the relations shown in that table2 moreover1 the extent to which different samples of trimming stock pulp will vary from the relations shown in ,table #e differs with the manner of preparation4 ,for instance1 if a portion of the juice is discarded in the manufacture of trimming stock pulp1 as is still the practice of some manufacturers1 the variation from whole tomato pulp will be greater than otherwise and the variation will increase with the amount of juice discarded4 ,methods of ,analysis#b ,these methods may also be applied to the examination of raw tomatoes and canned tomatoes4 ,in applying the relations given below to the results obtained by the examination of tomato pulp or canned tomatoes1 it is assumed that no substance such as sugar or salt has been added4 ,if salt is found to be present in excess of the amount normal to tomatoes 7from #j4je to #j4a per cent71 it is necessary to determine the amount and make correction therefor before applying the relations given below4 #b ,this chapter is largely taken from an article by ,bigelow and ,fitzgerald1 published in the ,journal of ,industrial and ,engineering ,chemistry4 ,the section on ,microscopic ,examination is substantially a reprint of an article by ,bigelow and ,donk published in the trade papers in ,september1 #aiah4 ,for further information on the analysis of tomato products the ,methods of ,analysis of the ,association of ,official ,agricultural ,chemists 7#aiai7 should be consulted4 ,in examining raw tomatoes1 care must be taken to secure a representative sample of the juice4 ,this cannot be done by applying pressure directly1 as the juice of the seed receptacles is of different composition from that of the fleshy part of the tomato4 ,it is necessary1 therefore1 to crush the sample and thoroughly cook it in a flask surrounded by boiling water and connected with a reflux condenser4 ,microscopic ,examination ,the laboratory of the ,national ,canners' ,association is frequently asked to examine samples of tomato products to determine whether or not they comply with the ,government requirements4 ,in examining these samples we use the ,government method 7the ,howard method71 but do not participate in the discussions regarding its merits and shortcomings4 ,it is our experience that skilled analysts can check themselves and each other with reasonable accuracy1 and it is our duty to tell the manufacturer whether his product is legal4 ,should the ,bureau of ,chemistry adopt some other method as preferable to the ,howard method1 it would be our duty to use the new method and continue to serve the industry by telling the manufacturer whether samples submitted by him would pass the ,government tests4 ,with a full understanding of our attitude in this matter many manufacturers of tomato products send samples from time to time for examination4 ,it is made plain in every instance that the results obtained by the examination of a particular sample refer only to the batch from which that sample was taken and may give no indication of the character of any other batch4 ,some manufacturers of tomato products use the ,howard method as a check on their factory control4 ,for this purpose it is not satisfactory to have samples examined in a laboratory located at a distance from the factory4 ,even if several samples are examined from a day's run1 they probably do not represent all the pulp manufactured on that day4 ,it sometimes happens that one wagonload of tomatoes is almost entirely free of rotting material1 whereas the succeeding load contains a considerable amount4 ,even with inefficient sorting1 the pulp made from the first load will show a low microscopic count whereas1 unless sorting is exceptionally good1 the pulp made from the second load may show a high count4 ,thus one batch may readily comply with the requirements of the ,bureau of ,chemistry and the next batch may be outside of those limits4 ,because of this fact this laboratory recommends that manufacturers of tomato pulp do not rely upon the microscopic results of a single sample4 ,the only way in which the product may be absolutely controlled by means of the microscopic count is to examine a sample from each batch--that is1 from each kettleful or tankful that is evaporated4 ,this is manifestly impossible4 ,it would require several analysts for one plant4 ,moreover1 it is entirely unnecessary4 ,it has been found that much better results can be secured by having an analyst in the plant to examine samples from time to time4 ,then1 whenever the microscopic count becomes excessive1 he can locate the trouble and see that it is corrected4 ,manufacturers who desire frequent analyses of their products1 therefore1 should employ an analyst and arrange to have him instructed in a laboratory conversant with the ,howard method as used by the ,government4 ,the laboratory of the ,national ,canners' ,association makes it a practice to give the necessary instruction in this method to analysts employed by members of the association4 ,these analysts should be carefully selected4 ,other things being equal1 better results should be expected of a college graduate or at least one who has had college training in biology and chemistry4 ,it has been repeatedly demonstrated1 however1 that a carefully selected man or woman with common school education can learn the method and use it with sufficient accuracy for factory control4 ,the person selected for this work should have good powers of observation and a positive character4 ,this laboratory has heretofore advised that manufacturers of tomato pulp should not give too much attention to the microscopic count of their product4 ,we have maintained that the expense would be better placed on the sorting belt2 that if the sorting and trimming were adequately done1 the plant maintained in a sanitary condition and the product manufactured as rapidly as possible1 a low microscopic count would be assured4 ,this we still maintain is true4 ,so many cases have come to our attention1 however1 in which canners have not succeeded in maintaining the degree of sorting necessary with a product of this kind that we have grown to feel that the presence of an analyst working continuously in a plant is an additional safeguard4 ,the conditions attending the canning of tomatoes are widely different from those attending the manufacture of tomato pulp4 ,the ordinary rot is almost always apparent from the outside of the tomatoes#c and is removed by the peelers when preparing tomatoes for canning4 ,practically none of it1 therefore1 finds its way into the can4 ,with pulp it is quite different4 ,any rot which is not removed by sorting and trimming goes into the cyclone and passes into the pulp4 ,with trimming stock pulp1 the condition is obviously much worse than with whole tomato pulp4 ,one hundred pounds of tomatoes will yield not far from #he pounds of cyclone juice4 ,if only trimming stock is made into pulp1 however1 nearly half the tomatoes are used for canning and the remainder 7#ej or #ee pounds of trimming stock7 will only make something like #ce or #dj pounds of cyclone juice4 ,yet1 since the rot is almost entirely on the outside of the tomatoes1 this #ce or #dj pounds made from the trimming stock contains the same amount of molds as the #he pounds manufactured from the whole tomatoes4 ,the mold count of the trimming stock pulp1 therefore1 is much higher than that of whole tomato pulp made from the same raw product4 #c ,tomatoes are sometimes found with rotten centers of which there is little or no external evidence4 ,this is unusual1 however1 and the influence of this form of rot under manufacturing conditions is negligible4 ,the ,bureau of ,chemistry condemns tomato pulp whose microscopic examination gives results as high as the following figures3 ,molds #ff per cent of fields4 ,bacteria #ajj million per cubic centimeter4 ,yeasts and spores #abe per #a_/fj cubic millimeter4 ,these figures1 of course1 apply to the ,howard method as employed by the ,bureau of ,chemistry4 ,the method is entirely arbitrary and results agreeing with those obtained by the ,bureau of ,chemistry can be obtained only by using this method substantially as it is used by the bureau4 ,an examination of the pulp1 therefore1 by an analyst who is not thoroughly conversant with this method as it is employed by the ,bureau of ,chemistry not only is useless but may actually afford a manufacturer a false sense of security which will be greatly to his disadvantage4 ,microscopic ,equipment ,required ,the apparatus employed by the ,bureau of ,chemistry includes apochromatic objectives and compensating oculars4 ,in #aiad it became impossible to obtain these accessories#d because of the ,european war and equivalent apparatus of ,american manufacture was found to give the same results4 ,both of these forms of apparatus are recognized in the official ,howard method which is given below4 #d ,apochromatic objectives may now be obtained but are more expensive than the achromatic4 ,this laboratory made a careful study of the accessories available in order to determine what could best be used4 ,it was found that very satisfactory results could be obtained by employing a #aj,x ,huyghenian ocular and a #d mm4 achromatic objective 7working distance #j4f mm47 and a #af mm4 achromatic objective4 ,these accessories require a careful adjustment of light1 but with proper use enable an analyst to secure satisfactory results4 ,it is found that the best results are obtained with a rather dark field4 ,the apparatus necessary for the ,howard method1 including the accessories mentioned above1 may be obtained of two ,american manufacturers1 the ,bausch ,lomb ,optical ,company1 of ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 and the ,spencer ,lens ,company1 of ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,there is given below a full list of the optical apparatus required1 including catalog numbers of the two manufacturers1 as far as numbers have been assigned by them to the various items4 ,in addition to the apparatus given in this list1 the analyst should have a #ej c4 c4 graduated cylinder for measuring and diluting samples4 ,this may be obtained of any dealer in chemical apparatus and at many drug stores4 ,when ordering the optical apparatus the full description as given below should be included4 ,optical ,apparatus for the ,howard ,method ,quantity ,item ,bausch desired ,lomb ,spencer #a ,microscope without oculars1 objectives or other a ,,ff #dd #a ,abbe condenser with two iris diaphragms 7lower and upper7 #agdj #cjj #a ,double nosepiece #ahdd #dej #a #af mm4 achromatic objective #ajba #ajh #a #d mm4 achromatic objective with working distance of #j4f mm4 #ajbi #aaf #a #h mm4 achromatic objective with working distance of #a4f mm4 #ajbg #aab #a #aj,x ,huyghenian ocular #aajd #adb #a ,mechanical stage #baaf #dhe #a ,substage lamp with ,daylite glass #aggd #che-;,b #a ,blood counting chamber 7,haemacytometer with ruling of ,thoma1 ,neubauer1 ,jappert1 ,brewer or ,turk7 #ceej #adgb #f ,cover glasses for same1 #bjba mm41 #j4d thick #ceie #adfj #a ,howard's mold counting chamber 7with inch inner disk7 for same #ceff ,special #f ,cover glasses for same #cc mm4 square1 #j4f mm4 thick #ceih ,special #b ,cases for counting chambers #cehj #aeje ,all analysts undertaking the ,howard method should secure copies of the two bulletins of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture written by ,mr4 ,b4 ,j4 ,howard--,bulletin #efi on ,sanitary ,control of ,tomato ,canning ,factories and ,bulletin #eha1 ,microscopic ,studies on ,tomato ,products4 ,these bulletins may be obtained from the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 on payment of five cents each in coin4 ,the details of the method as given below are reprinted from the ,methods of ,analysis of the ,official ,agricultural ,chemists as amended in #aiba4 ,apparatus 7a7 ,compound microscope4--,equipped with apochromatic objectives and compensating oculars1 giving magnifications of approximately #ij1 #ahj1 and #ejj diameters4 ,these magnifications can be obtained by the use of #af and #h mm4 ,zeiss apochromatic objectives with ,x#f and ,x#ah ,zeiss compensating oculars1 or their equivalents1 such as the ,spencer #af and #h mm4 apochromatic objectives#e with ,spencer ,x#aj and ,x#bj compensating oculars1 the draw-tube of the microscope being adjusted as directed below4 7b7 ,thoma-,zeiss blood counting cell4#b 7c7 ,howard mold counting cell4--,constructed like a blood-counting cell but with the inner disk 7which need not be ruled7 about #ai mm4 in diameter4#f #e ,we are informed that the ,bausch and ,lomb ,optical ,co4 also furnishes suitable apochromatic objectives and compensating oculars for use in counting molds1 yeast and bacteria by the ,howard method4 #f ,comment by authors3 ,in using these cells the plane parallel cover glasses furnished with them by maker should be used instead of the ordinary microscope cover-glasses1 since the latter are subject to curvatures that introduce errors in the thickness of the mounts4 ,molds4--,tentative ,clean the special ,howard cell so that ,newton's rings are produced between the slide and the cover-glass4 ,remove the cover and place1 by means of a knife blade or scalpel1 a small drop of the sample upon the central disk2 spread the drop evenly over the disk and cover with the cover-glass so as to give an even spread to the material4 ,it is of the utmost importance that the drop be mixed thoroughly and spread evenly2 otherwise the insoluble matter1 and consequently the molds1 are most abundant at the center of the drop4 ,squeezing out of the more liquid portions around the margin must be avoided4 ,in a satisfactory mount ,newton's rings should be apparent when finally mounted and none of the liquid should be drawn across the moat and under the cover-glass4 ,place the slide under the microscope and examine with a magnification of about #ij diameters and with such adjustment that each field of view covers #a4e sq4 mm4 ,this area is of vital importance and may be obtained by adjusting the draw-tube in such a way that the diameter of the field becomes #a4chb mm4 as determined by measurement with a stage micrometer4#g ,a #af mm4 ,zeiss apochromatic objective with a ,zeiss ,x#f compensating ocular or a ,spencer #af mm4 apochromatic objective with a ,spencer ,x#aj compensating ocular1 or their equivalents1 shall be used to obtain this magnification4 ,under these conditions the amount of liquid examined is 4#ae cmm4 per field4 ,observe each field as to the presence or absence of mold filaments and note the result as positive or negative4 ,examine at least #ej fields1 prepared from two or more mounts4 ,no field should be considered positive unless the aggregate length of the filaments present exceeds approximately one-sixth of the diameter of the field4 ,calculate the proportion of positive fields from the results of the examination of all the observed fields and report as percentage of fields containing mold filaments4 #g ,comment by authors3 ,obviously after the proper draw-tube length has been secured that adjustment should be noted and always used in making mold counts4 ,yeasts and ,spores4--,tentative ,fill a graduated cylinder with water to the #bj cc4 mark1 and then add the sample till the level of the mixture reaches the #cj cc4 mark4 ,close the graduate1 or pour the contents into an ,erlenmeyer flask1 and shake the mixture vigorously for #ae to #bj seconds4 ,to facilitate thorough mixing the mixture should not fill more than three-fourths of the container in which the shaking is performed4 ,for tomato sauce or pastes1 or products running very high in the number of organisms1 or of heavy consistency1 #hj cc4 of water should be used with #aj cc4 or #aj grams of the sample4 ,in the case of exceptionally thick or dry pastes1 it may be necessary to make an even greater dilution4 ,pour the mixture into a beaker4 ,thoroughly clean the ,thoma-,zeiss counting cell so as to give good ,newton's rings4 ,stir thoroughly the contents of the beaker with a scalpel or knife blade1 and then1 after allowing to stand #c to #e seconds1 remove a small drop and place upon the central disk of the ,thoma-,zeiss counting cell and cover immediately with the cover-glass1 observing the same precautions in mounting the sample as given under #bh4h ,allow the slide to stand not less than #aj minutes before beginning to make the count4 ,make the count with a magnification of about #ahj diameters to obtain which the following combination1 or their equivalents1 should be employed3 #h mm4 ,zeiss apochromatic objective with ,x#f ,zeiss compensating ocular1 or an #h mm4 ,spencer apochromatic objective with ,x#aj ,spencer compensating ocular with draw-tube not extended4 ,count the number of yeasts and spores#i on one-half of the ruled squares on the disk 7this amounts to counting the number in #h of the blocks1 each of which contains #be of the small ruled squares74 ,the total number thus obtained equals the number of organisms in #a_/fj1jjj cc4 if a dilution of #a part of the sample with #b parts of water is used4 ,if a dilution of #a part of the sample with #h parts of water is used the number must be multiplied by #c4 ,in making the counts1 the analyst should avoid counting an organism twice when it rests on a boundary line between two adjacent squares4 #h ,this number refers to the section as given in the ,methods of ,analysis of the ,association of ,agricultural ,chemists4 #i ,comment by authors3 ,the organisms counted as 8yeasts and spores0 are the yeast cell and yeast and mold spores1 not bacteria spores4 ,bacteria4--,tentative ,estimate the number of rod-shaped bacteria from the mounted sample used in #biaj 7yeasts and spores71 but before examination allow the sample to stand not less than #ae minutes after mounting4 ,employ a magnification of about #ejj1 which may be obtained by the use of an #h mm4 ,zeiss apochromatic objective with ,x#ah ,zeiss compensating ocular with draw-tube not extended1 or an #h mm4 ,spencer apochromatic objective with ,x#bj ,spencer compensating ocular and a tube length of #aij1 or their equivalents4#aa ,count and record the number of bacteria having a length greater than one and one-half times their width in an area consisting of five of the small size squares4 ,count five such areas1 preferably one from near each corner of the ruled portion of the slide and one from near the center4 ,determine the total number of the rod-shaped bacteria per area in the five areas and multiply by #dhj1jjj4 ,this gives the number of this type of bacteria per cc4 ,if a dilution of #a part of the sample with #h parts of water instead of #a part of the sample with #b parts of water is used in making up the sample1 then the total count obtained as above must be multiplied by #a1ddj1jjj4 ,omit the micrococcus type of bacteria in making the count4 ,thus far it has proved impracticable to count the micrococci present1 as they are likely to be confused with other bodies frequently present in such products4 #aj ,this number refers to the section as given in the ,methods of ,analysis of the ,association of ,official ,agricultural ,chemists4 #aa ,the #d mm4 achromatic objective and the #aj,x ocular as given in the list of apparatus may also be used to secure this magnification4 ,determination of ,total ,solids #a4 ,,by ,,the ,,examination ,,of ,,the ,,pulp ,the total solids in tomato pulp may be determined by drying in vacuo at #gj ,c42 by drying at atmospheric pressure at the temperature of boiling water2 by calculation from the specific gravity of the pulp2 or from the per cent of solids1 specific gravity or index of refraction of the filtrate4 ,the solids obtained by different methods on #ca samples of pulp are given in ,table #d4 7a7 ,by drying4--,by drying either in vacuo or at atmospheric pressure1 it is our experience that after the sample has reached apparent dryness1 four hours' drying gives complete results4 ,from #b to #d grams should be taken for the determination1 and enough water added to distribute the sample uniformly over the bottom of a flat-bottomed dish at least #b4e inches in diameter4 ,the solids as determined by drying in vacuo at #gj ,c4 are about #ajh4e per cent of the result obtained by drying at the temperature of boiling water at atmospheric pressure4 ,this figure is the average of the results obtained by the examination of #bj samples of pulp1 in all of which the per cent of solids obtained by drying in vacuo agree quite closely with the per cent obtained by drying at atmospheric pressure multiplied by #a4jhe4 ,in #ae of the #bj samples examined1 the difference did not exceed #j4aj per cent1 and in only one case did it exceed #j4bj per cent4 ,the results obtained by the subsequent examination of a considerable number of other samples confirm this relation4 7b7 ,by calculation from the specific gravity of the pulp4--,there is a very exact relation between the specific gravity of pulp 7determined by the method given above7 and the per cent of total solids as determined by drying4 ,the solids corresponding to pulps of various specific gravities are given in ,table #e1 or may be obtained from the following formula which is derived from the same table3 ,per cent ,solids #bbh 7sp4 gr4 of pulp - #a4jjj7 #ai4a 7sp4 gr4 of pulp - #a4jae74 #b4 ,,by ,,the ,,examination ,,of ,,the ,,filtrate ,if a sample of pulp of considerable size be thrown on a folded filter1 a filtrate is obtained whose composition has a definite relation to that of the whole pulp4 7a7 ,by drying4--,the per cent of solids in the filtrate may be determined by drying in vacuo at #gj ,c1 or under atmospheric pressure at the temperature of boiling water4 ,as in the case of the drying of pulp1 a constant relation is found to exist between the per cent of solids in the filtered liquor as determined by drying in vacuo at #gj ,c41 and the per cent of solids as determined by drying at atmospheric pressure at the temperature of boiling water4 ,the per cent of solids in the filtrate obtained by drying at atmospheric pressure1 multiplied by #a4abe1 gives the per cent of solids obtained by drying in vacuo4 ,this relation is shown in detail in ,table #e4 ,,table #b4--;,composition of ,whole ,tomato ,pulps ,composition of pulps ---------------------------- ,sp4 gr4 ,total ,insoluble ,sample at solids7a7 solids ,no4 #bj ,c4 ----------------------------------- ,per cent,per cent #abij #a4jbeb #e4id #j4ff #abia #a4jbgc #f4ed #j4gh #abib #a4jbcd #e4ej #j4hj #abic #a4jbic #g4jb #j4gd #abid #a4jbgb #f4dh #j4fi #abie #a4jcfa #h4fg #j4ie #abif #a4jchj #i4jj #a4jf #abig #a4jdfe #aa4bj #a4ai #abii #a4jdag #aj4jg #a4bc #acjj #a4jcbb #g4gj #j4ic #acja #a4jcab #g4cf #j4ia #acjb #a4jcaj #g4de #j4ia #acjc #a4jcdj #h4ag #j4ia #acjd #a4jbib #f4hh #j4hh #acje #a4jcga #i4jc #a4ai #acjf #a4jcgj #h4ie #j4ih #acjg7;b7 #a4jcbh #g4hf #a4ja #adha #a4jddi #aj4hb #adhb #a4jddd #aj4hc #adhc #a4jdfd #aa4ba #adhd #a4jdbc #aj4bg #adhe #a4jcdg #h4ee #adgg7;c7 #a4jfaj #ac4hf #adgi #a4jdaa #aj4jj #a4ba #adhf #a4jafi #d4cd #j4fb #adia #a4jaih #d4ig #j4fc #adif #a4jcda #h4bg #a4ae #aeae #a4jceb #h4ef #a4ae #aebi #a4jbji #e4aa #j4hi #aecj #a4jbeb #f4ba #j4ih #aeca #a4jbia #g4ag #a4jh #abbd7;c7 #a4jdhf #aa4bb #j4ia #acbe #a4jcbg #g4hf #j4ic ----------------------------------- ,filtrate from pulps ,sample ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,no4 ,sp4 gr4 ,acid ,immersion at as refractometer #bj ,c4 ,solids7a7 ,sugar7d7 citric #ag4e ,c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,per cent,per cent,per cent #abij #a4jbcc #e4bd #b4da #j4eh #cf4bd #abia #a4jbeb #e4ga #c4aj #j4ec #cg4hj #abib #a4jbaa #d4hh #b4dh #j4di #cd4ea #abic #a4jbgf #f4bh #c4ce #j4fa #dj4jd #abid #a4jbef #e4hb #c4bj #j4ee #ch4bg #abie #a4jcdj #g4fi #d4cf #j4fg #df4jc #abif #h4je #d4dg #j4ff #df4hf #abig #a4jddf #aj4bg #e4fa #j4hi #ef4gj #abii #a4jcid #i4ji #d4if #j4ha #ea4ge #acjj #a4jcjd #f4hh #c4ee #j4fg #db4hd #acja #f4fh #c4bg #j4fi #da4ef #acjb #a4jbic #f4fa #c4dc #j4fd #da4gf #acjc #a4jcbc #g4bi #c4gg #j4ga #dd4fe #acjd #a4jbgd #f4bj #c4jc #j4fd #ci4gd #acje #g4ih #d4ad #j4hb #dg4cj #acjf #h4ja #d4ga #j4fi #dg4fj #acjg7;b7 #a4jcjh #f4ig #c4gi #j4ff #dc4ae #adha #a4jdba #i4fd #e4ae #j4ii #ed4bj #adhb #a4jdbb #i4hf #e4fb #j4id #ed4ge #adhc #a4jdda #aj4ai #e4fg #j4ih #ef4de #adhd #a4jcif #i4bc #e4db #j4ha #eb4aj #adhe #a4jccb #g4gc #d4ce #j4gb #de4he #adgg7;c7 #a4jegi #ab4ge #f4ee #j4ig #fg4ae #adgi #a4jchf #h4if #ea4eg #adhf #a4jaeh #c4gf #adia #a4jahh #d4dj #cb4fg #adif #a4jcah #g4ca #dd4hf #aeae #a4jcca #g4fa #df4bj #aebi #a4jaie #d4ed #cb4if #aecj #a4jbca #e4db #cf4ca #aeca #a4jbgc #f4bg #dj4ji #abbd7;c7 #a4jdfh #aj4cc #eg4fb #acbe #f4ii #dc4hj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,solids of filtrate --------------------------------------- ,ratio ,insoluble ,ratio ,refractive ,sample of pulp solids in sugar constant ,no4 solids to total ,sugar7d7 ,acid to acidof filtered filtrate solids liquor7f7 solids ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,per cent,per cent,per cent #abij #a4acc #aa4a #df4j #aa4a #d4a #j4bjeef #abia #a4ade #aa4i #ed4c #i4d #e4h #j4bjeej #abib #a4abg #ad4f #ej4h #aj4a #e4j #j4bjefd #abic #a4aah #aj4e #ec4d #i4g #e4e #j4bjedh #abid #a4aac #aj4f #ee4j #i4e #e4h #j4bjebe #abie #a4abg #aa4j #ef4h #h4g #f4e #j4bjecd #abif #a4aag #aa4h #ee4e #h4b #f4h #abig #a4jia #aj4f #ed4f #h4i #f4c #j4bjedd #abii #a4ajh #ab4b #ed4f #h4i #f4a #j4bjeej #acjj #a4aai #ab4a #ea4f #i4g #e4c #j4bjedf #acja #a4ajb #ab4d #dh4i #aj4c #d4h #acjb #a4abg #ab4b #ea4i #i4g #e4d #j4bjeea #acjc #a4abj #aa4a #ea4g #i4g #e4c #j4bjedi #acjd #a4aaj #ab4h #dh4i #aj4d #d4g #j4bjedf #acje #a4acb #ac4b #ea4i #aj4c #e4j #acjf #a4aag #aa4j #eh4h #h4g #f4h #acjg7;b7 #a4abf #ab4i #ed4d #i4e #e4g #j4bjedd #adha #a4abc #ec4d #aj4c #e4b #j4bjede #adhb #a4ajj #eg4j #i4f #f4j #j4bjeed #adhc #a4ajj #ee4f #i4f #e4h #j4bjeej #adhd #a4aad #eh4g #h4h #f4g #j4bjedd #adhe #a4ajf #ef4c #i4c #f4j #j4bjebi #adgg7;c7 #a4aaa7;e7 #ea4d #g4g #f4g #adgi #a4aaf #i4h #j4bjeed #adhf #a4aed #ad4c #adia #a4abh #ab4g #j4bjefe #adif #a4aca #ac4i #j4bjeed #aeae #a4abe #ac4e #j4bjeef #aebi #a4abe #ag4d #j4bjeef #aecj #a4ade #ae4h #j4bjeec #aeca #a4adc #ae4a #j4bjedg #abbd7;c7 #a4abd7;e7 #aa4h #acbe #a4abc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 7a7 ,determined by drying in vacuo at #gj;,c4 7b7 ,composite of #abij to #acjf1 inclusive4 7c7 ,this sample contained salt4 7d7 ,expressed as invert4 7e7 ,salt-free ratio4 7f7 ,calculated by formula of ,lorentz-,lorenz1 7n#b - #a7_/7n#b #b7b4 ,note4--,all specific gravities in this bulletin are on a #bj;,c_/#bj;,c basis4 ,,table #c4--;,composition of ,trimming ,stock ,pulps ,composition of pulps ----------------------------- ,sample ,no4,specific ,total ,insoluble gravitysolids7a7 solids at #bj ,c4 --------------------------------------- ,per cent,per cent #adgj #a4jcgc #i4ed #adga #a4jche #i4dj #adgj-a #a4jcdi #h4ef #adgj-b #a4jcaf #g4hh #adgj-c #a4jbhd #g4jj #adgj-d #a4jbeh #f4fb #adga-a #a4jccd #h4ab #adga-b #a4jbeh #f4da #adga-c #a4jbbi #g4dh #adga-d #a4jaia #d4gd #aegb #a4jdbd #aj4bh #aegc #a4jcib #i4ec #a4bb #aegd #a4jdbg #aj4bi #a4ag #aege #a4jchf #i4gc #a4bi #affb7;b7 #a4jbjd #d4he #j4ah #affd7;c7 #a4jegg #ac4bj #j4fb #affe #a4jcca #g4gd #a4aj #gja #a4jbjj #d4hi #j4gb #gjc7;d7 #a4jahj #d4bd #j4aj #gje #a4jchh #i4he #a4hc #gjf #a4jccc #h4ce #j4ih --------------------------------------- ,composition of liquor obtained by filtering pulps ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,sample ,no4,specific ,acid ,immersion gravity as refractometer at #bj ,c4,solids7a7 ,sugar7e7 citric at #ag4e ,c4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,per cent,per cent,per cent #adgj #a4jccg #g4fh #d4aa #j4eh #de4ij #adga #a4jccd #g4fb #d4je #j4ei #de4ge #adgj-a #a4jcjb #g4aa #db4hg #adgj-b #a4jbgi #f4ee #dj4ge #adgj-c #e4hc #cg4hj #adgj-d #a4jbcb #e4ec #cf4dj #adga-a #a4jbhh #f4hf #da4fj #adga-b #a4jbbg #e4da #cf4aj #adga-c #a4jbge #f4ad #ci4be #adga-d #a4jafh #c4id #cj4ce #aegb #a4jdjj #i4bh #eb4dg #aegc #a4jcfi #h4ec #di4cc #aegd #a4jdja #i4bi #eb4dj #aege #a4jcfi #h4bh #di4cg #affb7;b7 #a4jbja #d4fe #cc4bg #affd7;c7 #a4jeff #ab4gj #ff4ib #affe #a4jcjd #f4hi #db4fe #gja #a4jahd #d4bi #b4ce #j4cj #cb4ji #gjc7;d7 #a4jagh #d4ae #b4cb #j4bi #cb4ji #gje #a4jcei #h4jh #d4jg #j4ea #dg4he #gjf #g4bi #c4ea #j4df #dd4fi ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,sample ,no4 ,ratio of ,insoluble ,sugar ,acid in ,ratio pulp solids in solids of acid solids to in total solids of to filtrate solids of liquor sugar solids liquor ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,per cent,per cent,per cent #adgj #a4bda #ec4e #g4f #g4j #adga #a4bcc #ec4b #g4g #f4i #adgj-a #a4bjc #adgj-b #a4bjc #adgj-c #a4bja #adgj-d #a4aig #adga-a #a4ahd #adga-b #a4ahd #adga-c #a4bah #adga-d #a4bjc #aegb #a4aji #aegc #a4aag #ab4h #aegd #a4aji #aa4d #aege #a4age #ac4c #affb7;b7 #a4jdb #c4g #affd7;c7 #a4jdj #d4g #affe #a4abc #ad4c #gja #a4adj #ad4g #ed4h #g4j #g4h #gjc7;d7 #a4jbb #b4d #ee4i #g4j #h4j #gje #a4bbj #ah4f #ej4d #f4b #h4j #gjf #a4ade #aa4g #dh4c #f4c #g4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 7a7 ,determined by drying in vacuo at #gj ,c4 7b7 ,unconcentrated tomato juice from peeling table4 7c7 ,no4 #affb concentrated4 7d7 ,clear liquor separated from unconcentrated pulp on standing4 7e7 ,expressed as invert4 ,,table #d4--;,comparison of ,methods for the ,determination and ,calculation of ,solids in ,whole ,tomato ,pulp ,solids in liquor from filtered pulp ---------------------------------------- ----- ,by drying ,calculated from-- in vacuo--------------------------------- ,sample at ,immersion ,no4 #gj ,c4 refractometer ,specific ,specific reading gravity7#a7;gravity7#b7 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,per cent ,per cent ,per cent,per cent #abij #e4bd #e4ca #e4ce #e4ce #abia #e4ga #e4fg #e4gh #e4hj #abib #d4hh #d4hg #d4he #d4he #abic #f4bh #f4ba #f4cc #f4ce #abid #e4hb #e4gi #e4hg #e4hi #abie #g4fi #g4fg #g4hb #g4hb #abif #h4je #g4hh 444 444 #abig #aj4bg #aj4bg #aj4be #aj4bf #abii #i4ji #i4jf #i4je #i4jf #acjj #f4hh #f4ia #f4ih #f4ii #acja #f4fh #f4ei 444 444 #acjb #f4fa #f4fd #f4gc #f4gd #acjc #g4bi #g4cd #g4db #g4dc #acjd #f4bj #f4af #f4cj #f4cj #acje #g4ih #g4ih 444 444 #acjf #h4ja #h4je 444 444 #acjg #f4ig #f4if #g4jh #g4jh #adha #i4fd #i4fg #i4fh #i4fh #adhb #i4hf #i4ha #i4gj #i4ga #adhc #aj4ai #aj4ba #aj4ae #aj4ad #adhd #i4bc #i4ae #i4aj #i4aa #adhe #g4gc #g4fd #g4fc #g4fd #adgi #h4if #i4jc #h4hg #h4hh #adhf #c4gf 444 #c4fb #c4fc #adia #d4dj #d4dd #d4cj #d4cb #adif #g4ca #g4ci #g4cj #g4ca #aeae #g4fa #g4gj #g4fj #g4fa #aebi #d4ed #d4eb #d4dg #d4di #aecj #e4db #e4cb #e4cj #e4ca #aeca #f4bg #f4be #f4bg #f4bh #acbe #f4ii #g4ac 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,solids in whole pulp ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,by ,calculated ,calculated from specific drying from gravity of-- in vacuo immersion ------------------------------ ,sample at #gj ,c4refractometer,filtered ,whole ,filtered ,no4 reading liquor#c pulp liquor#d7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,per cent ,per cent ,per cent,per cent,per cent #abij #e4id #e4ie #f4jj #e4ig #e4ii #abia #f4ed #f4cf #f4dh #f4dg #f4ej #abib #e4ej #e4dg #e4dd #e4eb #e4dc #abic #g4jb #f4if #g4aj #f4ih #g4aa #abid #f4dh #f4di #f4eh #f4de #f4fj #abie #h4fg #h4ei #h4gg #h4fc #h4gf #abif #i4jj #h4hc 444 #i4aa 444 #abig #aa4bj #aa4ej #aa4dg #aa4bj #aa4di #abii #aj4jg #aj4ae #aj4ad #aj4jb #aj4ae #acjj #g4gj #g4ge #g4hb #g4fh #g4hc #acja #g4cf #g4ch 444 #g4dc 444 #acjb #g4de #g4dd #g4ed #g4dj #g4ee #acjc #h4ag #h4bc #h4cc #h4ab #h4cb #acjd #f4hh #f4ij #g4jf #f4ie #g4jf #acje #i4jc #h4id 444 #h4hh 444 #acjf #h4ie #i4jb 444 #h4hf 444 #acjg #g4hf #g4ha #g4ic #g4hc #g4ic #adha #aj4hb #aj4hc #aj4hd #aj4hj #aj4hd #adhb #aj4hc #aj4ih #aj4hf #aj4gj #aj4hh #adhc #aa4ba #aa4dc #aa4cf #aa4ag #aa4cf #adhd #aj4bg #aj4be #aj4ai #aj4ag #aj4bj #adhe #h4ee #h4ef #h4ee #h4cj #h4ef #adgi #aj4jj #aj4aj #i4id #i4hh #i4he #adhf #d4cd 444 #d4je #c4ij #d4jg #adia #d4ig #d4ig #d4hb #d4fb #d4hd #adif #h4bg #h4bh #h4ah #h4ae #h4bi #aeae #h4ef #h4fc #h4eb #h4dj #h4eb #aebi #e4aa #e4jf #e4ja #d4ij #e4jc #aecj #f4ba #e4ig #e4id #e4ig #e4ie #aeca #g4ag #g4ja #g4jd #f4ib #g4jc #acbe #g4hf #g4ii 444 #g4ha 444 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- 7#a7 ,from formula on page #cj4 7#b7 ,the solution factor of ,o',sullivan 7,j4 ,chem4 ,soc41 #ahgf1 p4 #abi7 was employed with slight modification4 ,the formula employed was #ajjj7;d - #ajjj7 _/ #d4ce per cent solids4 ,in this formula d specific gravity of solution at #bj ,c4 7#c7 ,from formula on page #ca4 7#d7 ,for these figures the formula of footnote #b was employed and the results multiplied by #a4ab ,,table #e4--,tomato ,pulp and ,filtered ,liquor ,whole pulp ,filtrate from pulp ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,solids by drying ,solids by drying ,immersion --------------------- ---------------------refract- ,in vacuo ,at ,specific,in vacuo ,at ometer ,specific at #gj ,c4 atmo- gravity at #gj ,c4 atmo- reading gravity spheric at spheric at at pressure #bj ,c4 pressure #ag4e ,c4 #bj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 #ajj ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,per cent,per cent ,per cent,per cent #c4db #c4ae #a4jaej #c4je #b4ga #bf4i #a4jacc #c4dg #c4bj #a4jaeb #c4aj #b4ge #bg4a #a4jacf #c4ec #c4be #a4jaee #c4ae #b4hj #bg4c #a4jach #c4eh #c4cj #a4jaeg #c4bj #b4he #bg4e #a4jadj #c4fd #c4ce #a4jaei #c4be #b4hi #bg4g #a4jadb #c4gj #c4da #a4jafa #c4cj #b4ic #bg4i #a4jadd #c4gf #c4df #a4jafc #c4ce #b4ig #bh4a #a4jadf #c4ha #c4ea #a4jaff #c4dj #c4jb #bh4c #a4jadi #c4hg #c4ef #a4jafh #c4de #c4jg #bh4f #a4jaea #c4ib #c4fa #a4jagj #c4ej #c4aa #bh4h #a4jaec #c4ih #c4fg #a4jagb #c4ee #c4ae #bi4j #a4jaee #d4jc #c4gb #a4jagd #c4fj #c4bj #bi4b #a4jaeg #d4ji #c4gg #a4jagg #c4fe #c4bd #bi4d #a4jafj #d4ae #c4hb #a4jagi #c4gj #c4bh #bi4f #a4jafb #d4bj #c4hg #a4jaha #c4ge #c4cc #bi4h #a4jafd #d4bf #c4ic #a4jahc #c4hj #c4ch #cj4j #a4jaff #d4ca #c4ih #a4jahe #c4he #c4db #cj4c #a4jafh #d4cg #d4jc #a4jahh #c4ij #c4df #cj4e #a4jagj #d4dc #d4jh #a4jaij #c4ie #c4ea #cj4g #a4jagc #d4dh #d4ac #a4jaib #d4jj #c4ee #cj4i #a4jage #d #ed #d4ah #a4jaid #d4je #c4fj #ca4a #a4jagg #d4ei #d4bc #a4jaig #d4aj #c4fd #ca4c #a4jagi #d4fe #d4bh #a4jaii #d4ae #c4fi #ca4e #a4jaha #d4ga #d4cc #a4jbja #d4bj #c4gc #ca4g #a4jahc #d4gf #d4ch #a4jbjc #d4be #c4gh #ca4i #a4jahe #d4hb #d4dd #a4jbje #d4cj #c4hb #cb4a #a4jahh #d4hg #d4di #a4jbjh #d4ce #c4hf #cb4c #a4jaij #d4ic #d4ed #a4jbaj #d4dj #c4ia #cb4e #a4jaib #d4ii #d4ei #a4jbab #d4de #c4ie #cb4g #a4jaid #e4jd #d4fd #a4jbae #d4ej #d4jj #cb4i #a4jaif ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,table #e4--,tomato ,pulp and ,filtered ,liquor--,continued ,whole pulp ,filtrate from pulp ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,solids by drying ,solids by drying ,immersion --------------------- ---------------------refract- ,in vacuo ,at ,specific,in vacuo ,at ometer ,specific at #gj ,c4 atmo- gravity at #gj ,c4 atmo- reading gravity spheric at spheric at at pressure #bj ,c4 pressure #ag4e ,c4 #bj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 #ajj ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,per cent,per cent ,per cent,per cent #e4aj #d4gj #a4jbag #d4ee #d4jd #cc4a #a4jaih #e4af #d4ge #a4jbai #d4fj #d4ji #cc4c #a4jbjj #e4ba #d4hj #a4jbbb #d4fe #d4ac #cc4f #a4jbjc #e4bg #d4he #a4jbbd #d4gj #d4ah #cc4h #a4jbje #e4cc #d4ij #a4jbbf #d4ge #d4bb #cd4j #a4jbjg #e4ch #d4if #a4jbbh #d4hj #d4bf #cd4b #a4jbji #e4dd #e4ja #a4jbcj #d4he #d4ca #cd4d #a4jbaa #e4di #e4jf #a4jbcc #d4ij #d4cf #cd4f #a4jbac #e4ee #e4aa #a4jbce #d4ie #d4dj #cd4h #a4jbaf #e4fj #e4af #a4jbcg #e4jj #d4dd #ce4j #a4jbah #e4ff #e4ba #a4jbdj #e4je #d4di #ce4b #a4jbbj #e4gb #e4bf #a4jbdb #e4aj #d4ec #ce4d #a4jbbc #e4gg #e4ca #a4jbdd #e4ae #d4eh #ce4f #a4jbbe #e4hc #e4cf #a4jbdg #e4bj #d4fb #ce4h #a4jbbg #e4hh #e4da #a4jbdi #e4be #d4ff #cf4j #a4jbbi #e4id #e4dg #a4jbea #e4cj #d4ga #cf4b #a4jbca #f4jj #e4eb #a4jbec #e4ce #d4ge #cf4d #a4accc #f4je #e4eg #a4jbef #e4dj #d4hj #cf4f #a4jbce #f4aa #e4fb #a4jbeh #e4de #d4hd #cf4h #a4jbch #f4af #e4fg #a4jbfj #e4ej #d4hi #cg4a #a4jbdj #f4bb #e4gc #a4jbfc #e4ee #d4ic #cg4c #a4jbdb #f4bh #e4gh #a4jbfe #e4fj #d4ih #cg4e #a4jbdd #f4cc #e4hc #a4jbfg #e4fe #e4jb #cg4g #a4jbdf #f4ci #e4hh #a4jbgj #e4gj #e4jf #cg4i #a4jbdi #f4de #e4ic #a4jbgb #e4ge #e4aa #ch4a #a4jbea #f4ej #e4ii #a4jbgd #e4hj #e4ae #ch4c #a4jbec #f4ef #f4jd #a4jbgf #e4he #e4bj #ch4e #a4jbee #f4fa #f4ji #a4jbgi #e4ij #e4bd #ch4g #a4jbeg #f4fg #f4ad #a4jbha #e4ie #e4bi #ch4i #a4jbei #f4gb #f4ai #a4jbhc #f4jj #e4cc #ci4a #a4jbfa ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,table #e4--,tomato ,pulp and ,filtered ,liquor--,continued ,whole pulp ,filtrate from pulp ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,solids by drying ,solids by drying ,immersion --------------------- ---------------------refract- ,in vacuo ,at ,specific,in vacuo ,at ometer ,specific at #gj ,c4 atmo- gravity at #gj ,c4 atmo- reading gravity spheric at spheric at at pressure #bj ,c4 pressure #ag4e ,c4 #bj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 #ajj ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,per cent,per cent ,per cent,per cent #f4gh #f4bd #a4jbhe #f4je #e4ch #ci4c #a4jbfc #f4hd #f4bi #a4jbhh #f4aj #e4db #ci4e #a4jbff #f4hi #f4ce #a4jbij #f4ae #e4df #ci4g #a4jbfh #f4ie #f4da #a4jbib #f4bj #e4ea #ci4i #a4jbgj #g4ja #f4df #a4jbid #f4be #e4ef #dj4a #a4jbgb #g4jf #f4ea #a4jbig #f4cj #e4fj #dj4c #a4jbgd #g4ab #f4ef #a4jbii #f4ce #e4fd #dj4f #a4jbgg #g4ag #f4fa #a4jcja #f4dj #e4fi #dj4h #a4jbgi #g4bc #f4ff #a4jcjd #f4de #e4gc #da4j #a4jbha #g4bh #f4ga #a4jcjf #f4ej #e4gh #da4b #a4jbhc #g4cd #f4gf #a4jcjh #f4ee #e4hb #da4d #a4jbhe #g4dj #f4hb #a4jcaj #f4fj #e4hf #da4f #a4jbhg #g4de #f4hg #a4jcac #f4fe #e4ia #da4h #a4jbij #g4ea #f4ib #a4jcae #f4gj #e4ie #db4j #a4jbib #g4ef #f4ig #a4jcag #f4ge #f4jj #db4b #a4jbid #g4fb #g4jb #a4jcbj #f4hj #f4jd #db4d #a4jbif #g4fh #g4jh #a4jcbb #f4he #f4ji #db4f #a4jbih #g4gd #g4ac #a4jcbd #f4ij #f4ad #db4h #a4jcjj #g4gi #g4ah #a4jcbf #f4ie #f4ah #dc4a #a4jcjc #g4he #g4bc #a4jcbi #g4jj #f4bb #dc4c #a4jcje #g4ij #g4bh #a4jcca #g4je #f4bf #dc4e #a4jcjg #g4if #g4cc #a4jccc #g4aj #f4ca #dc4g #a4jcji #h4jb #g4ch #a4jccf #g4ae #f4cf #dc4i #a4jcaa #h4jg #g4dc #a4jcch #g4bj #f4dj #dd4a #a4jcac #h4ab #g4dh #a4jcdj #g4be #f4dd #dd4c #a4jcae #h4ah #g4ed #a4jcdb #g4cj #f4dh #dd4e #a4jcah #h4bd #g4ei #a4jcde #g4ce #f4ec #dd4g #a4jcbj #h4cj #g4fd #a4jcdg #g4dj #f4eh #dd4i #a4jcbb #h4ce #g4fi #a4jcdi #g4de #f4fb #de4a #a4jcbd #h4dj #g4gd #a4jceb #g4ej #f4ff #de4c #a4jcbf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,table #e4--,tomato ,pulp and ,filtered ,liquor--,continued ,whole pulp ,filtrate from pulp ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,solids by drying ,solids by drying ,immersion --------------------- ---------------------refract- ,in vacuo ,at ,specific,in vacuo ,at ometer ,specific at #gj ,c4 atmo- gravity at #gj ,c4 atmo- reading gravity spheric at spheric at at pressure #bj ,c4 pressure #ag4e ,c4 #bj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 #ajj ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,per cent,per cent ,per cent,per cent #h4df #g4gi #a4jced #g4ee #f4ga #de4e #a4jcbh #h4eb #g4hd #a4jcef #g4fj #f4gf #de4g #a4jcca #h4eg #g4hi #a4jceh #g4fe #f4hj #de4i #a4jccc #h4fc #g4ie #a4jcfa #g4gj #f4hd #df4b #a4jcce #h4fh #h4jj #a4jcfc #g4ge #f4hi #df4d #a4jccg #h4gd #h4je #a4jcfe #g4hj #f4ic #df4f #a4jcci #h4hj #h4aa #a4jcfg #g4he #f4ih #df4h #a4jcda #h4hf #h4af #a4jcgj #g4ij #g4jb #dg4j #a4jcdd #h4ia #h4ba #a4jcgb #g4ie #g4jg #dg4b #a4jcdf #h4if #h4bf #a4jcgd #h4jj #g4aa #dg4d #a4jcdh #i4jb #h4ca #a4jcgg #h4je #g4af #dg4f #a4jcej #i4jh #h4cf #a4jcgi #h4aj #g4bj #dg4h #a4jceb #i4ad #h4da #a4jcha #h4ae #g4bd #dh4j #a4jced #i4ai #h4df #a4jchc #h4bj #g4bh #dh4b #a4jceg #i4be #h4ea #a4jchf #h4be #g4cc #dh4d #a4jcei #i4cj #h4eg #a4jchh #h4cj #g4ch #dh4f #a4jcfa #i4cf #h4fb #a4jcij #h4ce #g4db #dh4h #a4jcfc #i4db #h4fg #a4jcic #h4dj #g4df #di4j #a4jcff #i4dg #h4gb #a4jcie #h4de #g4ea #di4b #a4jcfh #i4ec #h4gg #a4jcig #h4ej #g4ee #di4d #a4jcgj #i4eh #h4hc #a4jdjj #h4ee #g4fj #di4f #a4jcgb #i4fd #h4hh #a4jdjb #h4fj #g4fd #di4h #a4jcgd #i4gj #h4ic #a4jdjd #h4fe #g4fh #ej4j #a4jcgf #i4ge #h4ih #a4jdjf #h4gj #g4gc #ej4b #a4jcgi #i4hj #i4jc #a4jdjh #h4ge #g4gh #ej4d #a4jcha #i4hf #i4ji #a4jdaj #h4hj #g4hb #ej4g #a4jchc #i4ib #i4ad #a4jdac #h4he #g4hf #ej4i #a4jche #i4ig #i4ai #a4jdae #h4ij #g4ia #ea4a #a4jchg #aj4jb #i4bd #a4jdag #h4ie #g4ie #ea4c #a4jchi #aj4jh #i4bi #a4jdai #i4jj #h4jj #ea4e #a4jcib ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,table #e4--,tomato ,pulp and ,filtered ,liquor--,continued ,whole pulp ,filtrate from pulp ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,solids by drying ,solids by drying ,immersion --------------------- ---------------------refract- ,in vacuo ,at ,specific,in vacuo ,at ometer ,specific at #gj ,c4 atmo- gravity at #gj ,c4 atmo- reading gravity spheric at spheric at at pressure #bj ,c4 pressure #ag4e ,c4 #bj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 #ajj ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,per cent,per cent ,per cent,per cent #aj4ad #i4ce #a4jdba #i4je #h4je #ea4g #a4jcid #aj4ai #i4dj #a4jdbd #i4aj #h4ji #ea4i #a4jcif #aj4be #i4de #a4jdbf #i4ae #h4ac #eb4a #a4jcih #aj4cj #i4ej #a4jdbh #i4bj #h4ah #eb4c #a4jdjj #aj4ce #i4ee #a4jdcj #i4be #h4bb #eb4e #a4jdjb #aj4da #i4fj #a4jdcc #i4cj #h4bg #eb4g #a4jdjd #aj4dg #i4fe #a4jdce #i4ce #h4ca #eb4i #a4jdjf #aj4eb #i4gj #a4jdcg #i4dj #h4ce #ec4a #a4jdji #aj4eh #i4ge #a4jddj #i4de #h4dj #ec4c #a4jdaa #aj4fd #i4hj #a4jddb #i4ej #h4de #ec4e #a4jdac #aj4gj #i4hf #a4jddd #i4ee #h4di #ec4g #a4jdae #aj4ge #i4ia #a4jddg #i4fj #h4ec #ec4i #a4jdag #aj4hj #i4if #a4jddi #i4fe #h4eh #ed4a #a4jdai #aj4hf #aj4ja #a4jdea #i4gj #h4fb #ed4c #a4jdbb #aj4ia #aj4jf #a4jdec #i4ge #h4fg #ed4e #a4jdbd #aj4ig #aj4aa #a4jdef #i4hj #h4ga #ed4g #a4jdbf #aa4jb #aj4af #a4jdeh #i4he #h4ge #ee4j #a4jdbh #aa4jh #aj4ba #a4jdfa #i4ij #h4hj #ee4b #a4jdcj #aa4ad #aj4bf #a4jdfc #i4ie #h4he #ee4d #a4jdcc #aa4bj #aj4ca #a4jdfe #aj4jj #h4hi #ee4f #a4jdce #aa4be #aj4cg #a4jdfg #aj4je #h4ic #ee4h #a4jdcg #aa4cj #aj4db #a4jdfi #aj4aj #h4ih #ef4j #a4jdci #aa4cf #aj4dg #a4jdgb #aj4ae #i4jb #ef4b #a4jdda #aa4da #aj4eb #a4jdgd #aj4bj #i4jg #ef4d #a4jddd #aa4dg #aj4eg #a4jdgf #aj4be #i4aa #ef4f #a4jddf #aa4ec #aj4fc #a4jdgh #aj4cj #i4ae #ef4h #a4jddh #aa4ei #aj4fh #a4jdha #aj4ce #i4bj #eg4j #a4jdej #aa4fd #aj4gc #a4jdhc #aj4dj #i4be #eg4b #a4jdeb #aa4gj #aj4gh #a4jdhe #aj4de #i4bi #eg4d #a4jded #aa4ge #aj4hc #a4jdhg #aj4ej #i4cc #eg4f #a4jdeg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,table #e4--,tomato ,pulp and ,filtered ,liquor--,continued ,whole pulp ,filtrate from pulp ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,solids by drying ,solids by drying ,immersion --------------------- ---------------------refract- ,in vacuo ,at ,specific,in vacuo ,at ometer ,specific at #gj ,c4 atmo- gravity at #gj ,c4 atmo- reading gravity spheric at spheric at at pressure #bj ,c4 pressure #ag4e ,c4 #bj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 #ajj ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,per cent,per cent ,per cent,per cent #aa4ha #aj4hi #a4jdij #aj4ee #i4ch #eg4h #a4jdei #aa4hg #aj4id #a4jdib #aj4fj #i4db #eh4j #a4jdfa #aa4ic #aj4ii #a4jdid #aj4fe #i4dg #eh4b #a4jdfc #aa4ii #aa4jd #a4jdif #aj4gj #i4ea #eh4d #a4jdfe #ab4je #aa4ji #a4jdii #aj4ge #i4ee #eh4f #a4jdfg #ab4aj #aa4ae #a4jeja #aj4hj #i4fj #eh4h #a4jdfi #ab4ae #aa4bj #a4jejc #aj4he #i4fe #ei4j #a4jdga #ab4ba #aa4be #a4jeje #aj4ij #i4gj #ei4b #a4jdg #ab4bf #aa4cj #a4jejh #aj4ie #i4gd #ei4d #a4jdgf #ab4cb #aa4ce #a4jeaj #aa4jj #i4gh #ei4f #a4jdgh #ab4cg #aa4dj #a4jeab #aa4je #i4hb #ei4i #a4jdhj #ab4dc #aa4de #a4jeae #aa4aj #i4hg #fj4a #a4jdhb #ab4di #aa4ej #a4jeag #aa4ae #i4ib #fj4c #a4jdhd #ab4ee #aa4ee #a4jeai #aa4bj #i4if #fj4e #a4jdhg #ab4fj #aa4fj #a4jebb #aa4be #aj4jj #fj4g #a4jdhi #ab4fe #aa4ff #a4jebd #aa4cj #aj4jd #fj4i #a4jdia #ab4ga #aa4ga #a4jebf #aa4ce #aj4ji #fa4a #a4jdic #ab4gg #aa4gf #a4jebh #aa4dj #aj4ac #fa4c #a4jdie #ab4hc #aa4ha #a4jeca #aa4de #aj4ah #fa4e #a4jdih #ab4hh #aa4hf #a4jecc #aa4ej #aj4bb #fa4g #a4jejj #ab4id #aa4ib #a4jece #aa4ee #aj4bg #fa4i #a4jejb #ab4ii #aa4ig #a4jech #aa4fj #aj4ca #fb4a #a4jejd #ac4je #ab4jb #a4jedj #aa4fe #aj4ce #fb4c #a4jejf #ac4aj #ab4jg #a4jedb #aa4gj #aj4dj #fb4e #a4jejh #ac4af #ab4ab #a4jedd #aa4ge #aj4de #fb4g #a4jeaa #ac4bb #ab4ah #a4jedg #aa4hj #aj4di #fb4i #a4jeac #ac4bg #ab4bc #a4jedi #aa4he #aj4ec #fc4a #a4jeae #ac4cb #ab4bh #a4jeea #aa4ij #aj4eh #fc4c #a4jeag #ac4ch #ab4cc #a4jeed #aa4ie #aj4fc #fc4e #a4jeai #ac4dd #ab4ch #a4jeef #ab4jj #aj4fg #fc4g #a4jeba ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,table #e4--,tomato ,pulp and ,filtered ,liquor--,continued ,whole pulp ,filtrate from pulp ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,solids by drying ,solids by drying ,immersion --------------------- ---------------------refract- ,in vacuo ,at ,specific,in vacuo ,at ometer ,specific at #gj ,c4 atmo- gravity at #gj ,c4 atmo- reading gravity spheric at spheric at at pressure #bj ,c4 pressure #ag4e ,c4 #bj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 #ajj ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,per cent,per cent ,per cent,per cent #ac4ej #ab4dd #a4jeeh #ab4je #aj4ga #fd4j #a4jebc #ac4ee #ab4di #a4jefj #ab4aj #aj4ge #fd4b #a4jebe #ac4fj #ab4ed #a4jefb #ab4ae #aj4hj #fd4d #a4jebg #ac4ff #ab4ei #a4jefe #ab4bj #aj4hd #fd4f #a4jebi #ac4gb #ab4fd #a4jefg #ab4be #aj4hi #fd4h #a4jeca #ac4gh #ab4gj #a4jefi #ab4cj #aj4id #fe4j #a4jecc #ac4hc #ab4ge #a4jegb #ab4ce #aj4ih #fe4b #a4jece #ac4hi #ab4hj #a4jegd #ab4dj #aa4jb #fe4d #a4jecg #ac4ie #ab4he #a4jegf #ab4de #aa4jg #fe4f #a4jeci #ad4ja #ab4ij #a4jegi #ab4ej #aa4aa #fe4h #a4jeda ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,the per cent of solids in the filtered liquor obtained by drying in vacuo1 multiplied by #a4ab1 gives the per cent of solids in the original pulp obtained by drying in vacuo4 ,this relationship is shown in ,table #b1 in the column headed 8,ratio of pulp solids to filtrate solids10 and also in ,table #e4 ,of the #cc samples shown in ,table #b1 the result obtained by multiplying the per cent of solids in the filtrate 7obtained by drying in vacuo7 by the factor #a4ab is very nearly identical with the per cent of solids in the pulp 7obtained by drying in vacuo74 ,in #bb of the #cc samples the difference between these two figures is less than #j4a per cent4 ,in #ag samples it is less than #j4jf per cent1 and in #ac samples it is less than #j4je per cent4 ,in only two samples does it exceed #j4ag per cent4 7b7 ,by calculation from the specific gravity of the filtrate4--,the specific gravity of the filtered liquor may be determined by means of an ordinary pycnometer4 ,from the specific gravity at #bj ,c41 the per cent of solids in the filtrate as determined by drying in vacuo at #gj ,c4 may be obtained from ,table #e4 ,it may also be calculated by the following formula1 which was derived from the same table3 ,per cent ,solids in ,filtrate #bcj 7sp4 gr4 of filtrate - #a4jjj74 ,the per cent of solids in the pulp may also be ascertained from the specific gravity of the filtrate at #bj ,c41 from ,table #e4 ,the same results may be obtained from the following formula1 which was derived from ,table #d3 ,per cent ,solids in ,pulp #beg4e 7sp4 gr4 of filtrate at #bj ,c4 - #a4jjj74 ,it is of interest to note that the table suggested by ,windisch for the determination of extract in wine 7,bureau of ,chemistry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agri41 ,bull4 #ajg1 revised1 ,table ,v7 may be employed to determine solids in tomato pulp from the specific gravity of the filtered liquor from the same4 ,if the specific gravity of the liquor be determined at #bj ,c41 the figures in the adjoining column1 under 8,extract10 correspond very closely to the per cent of total solids in the original pulp4 ,a still closer agreement is obtained if the figure #j4je be deducted from the percentage of extract given in the table4 7c7 ,by calculation from the index of refraction of the filtrate4--,the index of refraction of the liquor obtained by filtering tomato pulp may be determined by means of either the ,zeiss-,abb refractometer1 or the immersion refractometer at the temperature of #ag4e ,c4 ,the latter is preferable as it permits of much greater accuracy4 ,the corresponding percentage of solids in the filtrate and the percentage of solids in the pulp from which it is prepared may be ascertained from the index of refraction by ,table #e4 ,the per cent of solids in the filtrate may also be calculated from the scale reading of the immersion refractometer at #ag4e ,c4 by the following formula1 which is derived from ,table #e3 ,per cent ,solids in ,filtrate #j4beh 7scale reading - #ae7 - #j4jafe7scale reading - #bf4d74 ,if the index of refraction has been determined by means of an ,abb refractometer1 the per cent of solids in the filtrate may be calculated by the following formula3 ,per cent ,solids in ,filtrate #fff7n,d - #a4cccb7 - #bj4g7n,d - #a4ccgf74 ,the per cent of total solids in tomato pulp may also be ascertained from the index of refraction of the liquor prepared by filtering the pulp as shown in ,table #e2 or it may be calculated from the immersion refractometer reading by the following formula1 which is derived from ,table #e3 ,per cent ,solids in ,pulp #j4bhi7scale reading of filtrate - #ae7 - #j4jahe7scale reading - #bf4d74 ,if the index of refraction of the filtrate has been determined by means of an ,abb refractometer1 the per cent of solids in the pulp may be calculated by the following formula3 ,per cent ,solids in ,pulp #gdh7n,d - #a4cccb7 - #be4e7n,d - #a4ccgf74 ,it is of interest to note that the relation between the index of refraction of the liquor obtained by filtering tomato pulp and the per cent of solids in that liquid is very similar to the relation between the index of refraction and dissolved solids in beer and wine extract1 as shown in the table prepared by ,wagner4#ab #ab 8,ueber quantitative ,bestimmungen wsseriger ,lsungen mit dem ,zeiss-schen ,eintauch-refraktometer10 ,table ,,xvii4 ,in the formula given above1 as well as in ,table #e1 it is assumed that salt is absent4 ,if it be desired to calculate the percentage of solids in a sample containing salt from the index of refraction of the filtrate1 it is necessary first to determine the amount of salt present and make correction therefor 7see p4 #cd74 ,for this purpose the table of ,wagner#ac may be employed4 ,the correction of the immersion refractometer reading amounts to #j4de for each tenth per cent of salt present4 #ac ,ibid41 ,table ,i4 ,this correction is necessary if the percentage of solids be determined by drying1 or calculated from specific gravity4 ,determination of ,insoluble ,solids ,transfer #bj grams of the pulp to an eight-ounce nursing bottle1 nearly filled with hot water1 mix by shaking1 and centrifuge until the insoluble matter is collected in a cake in the bottom of the bottle4 ,transfer the supernatant liquor onto a double1 tared filter paper covering the bottom of a ,bchner funnel1 using suction to facilitate filtration4 ,again fill the nursing bottle with hot water1 stir the cake of insoluble solids so that it is thoroughly mixed with the water1 centrifuge1 and decant the supernatant liquor on the filter4 ,repeat the centrifuging and the filtration of the supernatant liquor once more1 and then finally transfer the insoluble solids to the filter paper and thoroughly wash with hot water4 ,dry the paper and insoluble solids1 and weigh4 ,the insoluble solids are quite hydroscopic and the weight must be taken quickly4 ,determination of ,sugar ,the sugar of tomatoes is probably always present as invert sugar4 ,if cane sugar is ever present in the raw product it is doubtless inverted during the concentration of pulp4 ,the per cent of sugar given in ,tables #b and #c was determined by the method of ,munson and ,walker4#ad #ad ,methods of ,analysis of the ,association of ,official ,agricultural ,chemists 7#aiai74 ,determination of ,acidity ,accurate results cannot be obtained by the titration of tomato products in the presence of the insoluble solids4 ,if it be desired to determine the acidity in the entire sample of tomatoes or tomato pulp rather than in the expressed juice1 the insoluble solids should first be removed by the method given in the determination of insoluble solids or by filtration through filter paper4 ,the per cent of acid given in ,tables #b and #c was obtained by titrating the liquor obtained by filtering the pulp4 ,in products of this nature1 the addition of an alkali causes a brownish color which has a tendency to obscure the end point shown by the indicator4 ,to obviate this1 the sample should be diluted to at least #bjj cc4 and a larger amount of indicator employed than is necessary with a clear solution4 ,the following details are suggested4 ,dilute #bj grams of the filtrate under examination with over #bjj cc4 of water4 ,add at cc4 of phenolphthalein solution 7prepared by dissolving #a gram of phenolphthalein in #ajj cc4 of #ie per cent alcohol7 and titrate with sodium hydroxide until the end point is obtained4 ,add #a cc4 of tenth-normal hydrochloric acid1 heat the solution quickly to boiling and boil one minute to expel carbon dioxide4 ,cool the solution quickly to about room temperature1 and then add tenth-normal sodium hydroxide until the end point is obtained4 ,the volume of hydrochloric acid added must1 of course1 be taken into consideration in the final result4 ,the filtrate may also be titrated direct with tenth-normal sodium hydroxide solution with satisfactory results4 ,determination of ,salt ,this laboratory has been using the following rapid method which gives results agreeing closely with results obtained by the analysis of the ash3 ,weigh out #bj grams of pulp1 dilute in a volumetric flask to #bjj cc41 filter and titrate an aliquot portion with standard silver nitrate solution1 using potassium chromate as indicator4 ,the acidity of tomato pulp is not sufficient to interfere with this determination4 ,,determination ,,of ,,specific ,,gravity#ae #ae ,all specific gravities given in this bulletin are on a #bj;,c_/#bj;,c basis4 ,the specific gravity of tomato pulp is used as one criterion for establishing the value of pulp that is offered for sale and is also used in connection with the manufacture of pulp to determine the point at which evaporation should be stopped4 ,in the former case there is ample time for making the examination1 and conditions may be established which permit a reasonable degree of accuracy in the work4 ,in the determination of the specific gravity of hot pulp during the process of its evaporation speed is essential1 and the conditions of a manufacturing plant do not always permit a high degree of accuracy4 ,it becomes necessary1 therefore1 to consider what methods may give the highest degree of accuracy obtainable under the conditions of the work and at the same time afford quick results4 ,tomato pulp1 owing to its high viscosity1 retains a large quantity of air bubbles which increase the volume of the pulp and hence interfere with the accuracy of the determination of specific gravity4 ,in working with cold pulp this air may be eliminated by whirling in a centrifuge4 ,with hot pulp that operation is impossible1 and the specific gravity must be determined in the presence of the air bubbles mentioned4 ,moreover1 in working with cold pulp the temperature can be more accurately controlled1 and the error caused by variation in temperature can be corrected4 ,with hot pulp these conditions cannot be obtained nearly so well4 ,the determination of specific gravity of hot pulp is therefore only roughly approximate at best4 ,where time permits it is strongly advisable to cool the pulp under conditions that prevent evaporation before determining specific gravity4 ,the importance of accuracy in the determination of specific gravity in tomato pulp is discussed on page #ej4 ,methods are given below for the determination of specific gravity in both hot and cold pulp4 ,when salt has been added1 the amount should be determined and a correction applied by deducting 4#jjg from the specific gravity for each per cent of salt present4 7a7 sc,,cold ,,pulp ,,after ,,centrifuging ,,to ,,eliminate ,,air ,,bubbles_/sc ,this method may be employed for pulp of any degree of concentration or for unconcentrated cyclone juice4 ,a specific gravity flask such as is shown in ,figure #a is used together with a 8#b-;bottle0 ,babcock milk tester 7the centrifuge referred to below74 ,the flask may be obtained of ,eimer ,amend1 ,third ,avenue1 #ahth to #aith ,streets1 ,new ,york ,city1 or of ,emil ,greiner ,co41 #ee ,fulton ,street1 ,new ,york ,city1 and in ordering it should be designated as 8specific gravity flask for tomato pulp of ,pyrex glass with a capacity of about #abe cc40 ,the 8#b-;bottle0 ,babcock milk tester may be obtained of any dairy supply house4 ,it may also be obtained of any dealer in chemical apparatus by designating it as ,e4 ,a4 ,no4 #ahcc4 ,the specific gravity flask may be calibrated as follows3 ,obtain the weight of the flask after thoroughly cleaning and drying1 fill to overflowing with water 7preferably boiled and cooled distilled water7 and remove the excess water from the mouth of the flask by means of a straight edge4 ,wipe dry and weigh immediately4 ,if the flask full of water is weighed at any other temperature than #bj ,c4 7#fh ,f47 a correction must be made to obtain the weight at that temperature4 ,these corrections are as follows3 ,temperature ,correction to be added with flasks having a volume of-- ---------------------------------------- -- ,fahrenheit,centigrade #abe cc4 #djj cc4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,grams ,grams #fi #bj4f 4#jb 4#je #gj #ba4a 4#jc 4#ji #ga #ba4g 4#je 4#ad #gb #bb4b 4#jf 4#bj #gc #bb4h 4#jh 4#be #gd #bc4c 4#ji 4#cj #ge #bc4i 4#aa 4#ce #gf #bd4d 4#ac 4#da #gg #be4j 4#ae 4#dg #gh #be4f 4#ag 4#ec #gi #bf4a 4#ah 4#ei #hj #bf4g 4#bj 4#fe #ha #bg4b 4#bb 4#ga #hb #bg4h 4#bd 4#gg #hc #bh4c 4#bf 4#hc #hd #bh4i 4#bh 4#hi #he #bi4d 4#cj 4#if #hf #cj4j 4#cb #a4jb ---------------------------------------- -- ,if it is desired to use somewhat larger samples and thus secure correspondingly more accurate results1 a similar flask1 but made somewhat larger 7capacity approximately #djj cc471 may be employed4 ,such a flask1 with a diameter of a little over #c inches1 is illustrated in ,figure #b4 ,this larger flask will not fit into the ,babcock tester1 and when it is used a special head for the ,babcock tester must be made4 ,such a head is illustrated in ,figure #c1 and can be made by any good tinner4 ,the larger flask shown in ,figure #b holds a heavier weight than the ,babcock machine is intended to carry1 and the advisability of its use is perhaps questionable4 ,in any case1 whatever size flask is used1 it is important to build a guard around the centrifuge in order to protect the operator when the apparatus gives way1 as it eventually will4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,small ,specific ,gravity ,flask4 ,fig4 #b4 ,large ,specific ,gravity ,flask4 ,dimensions given are outside measurements4 ,thickness of walls is about #c_/fd in4 ,the details of the method of determining specific gravity by the use of this apparatus are as follows3 ,fill the flask shown in ,figure #a with the sample of pulp and place in the centrifuge 7the ,babcock milk tester mentioned above74 ,place a suitable counterpoise#af in the other receptacle of the centrifuge4 ,whirl for from one-half to one minute at a speed of about #a1jjj revolutions per minute1 that is with the handle turning about #ajj revolutions per minute4 ,because of the air bubbles removed by whirling1 the surface of the pulp will now be considerably below the top of the flask4 ,fill the flask and whirl in the centrifuge again4 ,repeat this filling and whirling until the flask is practically full of pulp after whirling4 ,ordinarily two or three separate whirlings are sufficient4 ,then add a few more drops of pulp so that the pulp comes above the top of the flask1 and strike off flush with the top of the flask with a straight edge4 ,wash the outside of the flask1 wipe dry1 and weigh4 ,then read the specific gravity of the pulp from a table prepared1 giving the weight of the flask full of pulp and the specific gravity of the pulp in parallel columns1 or calculate the specific gravity as described below4 #af ,this counterpoise may be prepared with a can or bottle weighted with some heavy material such as solder or shot1 until it balances approximately the weight of the can full of pulp4 ,the counterpoise1 once prepared1 may be left in the centrifuge4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,special ,head and ,flask ,receptacles for ,babcock ,milk ,tester4 ,while the weight is being taken a thermometer may be placed in the pulp remaining in the can or dipper from which the flask was filled4 ,if the temperature varies from #fh ,f4 the specific gravity may be corrected by ,table #h4 ,in order to use this method the temperature of the pulp should not be below #ej ,f41 or above #hf ,f42 otherwise1 it should be warmed or cooled1 as described above4 ,the method is accurate1 simple1 easily operated and fairly rapid4 ,to calculate the specific gravity from the weights obtained1 the weight of the clean1 dry flask and of the water it contains at #fh ,f4 are necessary4 ,the weight of the clean1 dry flask is then subtracted from the weight of the flask full of pulp to obtain the net weight of the pulp4 ,this divided by the weight of the water the flask will contain at #fh ,f41 gives the specific gravity4 ,a table can be constructed readily for each flask1 which will give in parallel columns the weight of the flask full of pulp and the corresponding specific gravity4 ,this greatly simplifies the determination1 as it eliminates all calculation4 ,when such a table is employed a balance giving actual weights is practically as convenient as one reading specific gravity directly4 ,it has the very important advantage that the balance1 weights1 and flask may be tested from time to time4 ,in preparing such a table it is convenient first to draw a curve representing specific gravities of the pulp and corresponding weights of the flask full of pulp of various degrees of specific gravity4 ,the table may then be constructed from the curve4 ,for instance1 let us suppose that the flask weighs #ef4jj grams and that when full of water at #fh ,f4 7#bj ,c47 it weighs #agf4fc grams4 ,the water contained at the temperature mentioned then weighs 7#agf4fc - #ef4jj7 #abj4fc grams4 ,now the specific gravity of the pulp is its weight compared with the weight of an equal volume of water4 ,having the figures given above we can easily calculate the weight of the flask filled with pulp of any desired specific gravity4 ,we may therefore calculate the weight of the flask plus pulp of two different specific gravities2 mark those points on a sheet of coordinate paper with specific gravity of the pulp entered at the bottom and the weight of flask plus pulp at the side1 and a straight line drawn through the two points mentioned gives us the weight of the flask when filled with pulp of any specific gravity4 ,for instance1 if the flask mentioned above be filled with a pulp of the specific gravity of #a4jc1 the weight of the pulp is 7#abj4fc #a4jc7 #abd4be grams4 ,this added to the weight of the flask 7#ef4jj grams7 gives us #ahj4be grams4 ,similarly1 if the flask be filled with pulp of #a4jd specific gravity the weight of the contents at #fh ,f4 will be 7#abj4fc #a4jd7 #abe4df grams4 ,this added to the weight of the flask 7#ef4jj grams7 gives #aha4df grams as the weight of flask plus pulp4 ,now if a sheet of coordinate paper be prepared with specific gravities entered at the bottom and weight of flask plus pulp at the side1 these points may be entered4 ,this is done in ,figure #d and the two points mentioned are each indicated by a circle and are connected by a straight line4 ,a table may be constructed from this line1 giving the weights of flask plus pulp in one column and the corresponding specific gravity in another4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,weight and ,specific ,gravity of ,tomato ,pulp4 ,as an illustration of this there are given below a series of figures illustrating the beginning of the table that could be constructed from ,figure #d4 ,if a large sheet of coordinate paper be taken the line shown in ,figure #d may be extended so that a table may be constructed for pulp of all concentrations4 ----------------- ,weight of,specific flask andgravity pulp ----------------- #ahj4be #a4jcjj #ahj4ca #a4jcje #ahj4cg #a4jcaj #ahj4dc #a4jcae #ahj4di #a4jcbj #ahj4ee #a4jcbe #ahj4fa #a4jccj #ahj4fg #a4jcce ----------------- ,the highest degree of accuracy can be secured by filling the flask and making the weighing at exactly #fh ,f4 ,this is obviously not practicable under factory conditions1 however1 and satisfactory results can be secured by taking the temperature of the pulp at the time of weighing and correcting for temperature by the use of ,table #h4 ,this table gives the correction to be added to the specific gravity when the pulp is taken at temperatures between #fh and #hf ,f41 and the correction to be deducted from the specific gravity for temperatures1 between #ee and #fh ,f4 ,as a matter of principle1 correction factors should be avoided as far as practicable1 and the smaller the correction factor the more accurate the results will be4 ,this table will be found especially useful in determining the specific gravity of the partly concentrated pulp1 as is directed on page #ej4 ,as stated above1 in determining specific gravity by this method it is advisable that the reading be made to the second place of decimals4 ,for this purpose an assay pulp balance is suggested4 ,an assay pulp balance carrying a maximum load of #cjj grams is listed by dealers in chemical apparatus at #eb4ej4 ,this balance may be obtained from dealers in chemical apparatus by designating it as 8,assay pulp balance ,e4 ,a4 ,no4 #bib1 capacity #cjj grams40 ,the same balance1 more heavily built1 and preferable for that reason1 carrying a maximum capacity of #fjj grams1 is listed at #fc4 ,a satisfactory set of weights1 suitable for weighing a cup similar to that shown in ,figure #a1 may be obtained from any dealer in chemical apparatus by designating it as ,e4 ,a4 ,no4 #eaf1 8,metric brass weights in wooden box1 #bjj grams to #a centigram40 ,this is listed at #e4ej4 ,for convenience1 all of the apparatus necessary for using this method of determining specific gravity is listed below4 ,with the exception of the specific gravity flask this apparatus may be purchased of any dealer in chemical supplies4 ,the specific gravity flasks have not heretofore been available except through this laboratory1 which purchased a considerable quantity of them and supplied them to manufacturers of pulp as long as this supply lasted4 ,at the urgent request of the writer1 ,eimer ,amend and ,emil ,greiner ,co41 both of ,new ,york ,city1 have finally stocked this item and stand ready to supply it to those wishing to secure it4 ,specific gravity flask for tomato pulp1 of ,pyrex glass1 #a #f inches 7outside measurements71 capacity about #abe cc4 ,two-bottle ,babcock milk tester1 with #b brass holders1 ,e4 ,a4 ,no4 #ahhc4 ,assay pulp balance1 maximum load #cjj grams1 ,e4 ,a4 ,no4 #bib4 ,metric brass weights in wooden box1 #bjj grams to #a centigram1 ,e4 ,a4 ,no4 #eaf4 ,chemical thermometer1 #ej to #bab ,f4#ag #ag ,if it is preferred a chemical thermometer with ,centigrade scale may be used having a range of from #j to #ajj degrees4 7b7 ,,cold ,,pulp ,,without ,,centrifuging ,a method frequently employed for determining the specific gravity of cold pulp is to fill the cup by pouring1 strike off with a straight edge1 wash the outside1 dry and weigh4 ,as ordinarily practiced1 this determination is attended by considerable error4 ,if the balance is arranged for reading specific gravity directly1 weights should be at hand for determining the accuracy of the balance and the weight of the flask1 and both should be checked from time to time4 ,the pulp on being poured into the flask or cup carries with it air bubbles to such an extent as to materially reduce the weight4 ,attempts to remove these air bubbles without the use of a centrifuge have not been successful4 ,this is shown in ,table #g1 in the column headed 8,pouring cold and whirling by hand40 ,the figures given in this column were obtained by weighing the sample after it had been whirled vigorously in the cup shown in ,fig4 #e until air bubbles appeared to be eliminated4 ,from #ej to #age revolutions were given the cup in each of the determinations whose results are shown in this column4 ,even then it will be noted by comparison with ,column #a that the results are low4 ,as the method is ordinarily practiced in the plant1 without any attempt to remove the air bubbles by whirling1 the results obtained are likely to be less accurate than those shown in the column just mentioned4 7c7 ,,specific ,,gravity ,,of ,,hot ,,pulp ,many manufacturers of tomato pulp control the concentration of their product by determining specific gravity when the evaporation is almost completed4 ,they therefore desire the results at the earliest possible moment1 and there is no attempt to cool the sample before determining specific gravity1 although in that way much more accurate results could be obtained4 ,when necessary to use this method the hot pulp is poured into the specific gravity flask 7,fig4 #a or ,fig4 #b7 by means of a dipper until the flask overflows4 ,the top is then 8struck off0 with a straight edge and the flask placed in a shallow basin of water and the pulp carefully washed from the outside4 ,the temperature of the pulp remaining in the dipper is then determined by means of a chemical thermometer4 ,the flask is then dried with a towel1 which operation is greatly facilitated by the heat of the pulp4 ,the cooling of the contents of the flask causes contraction1 so that after washing the flask is not entirely full4 ,this should be disregarded1 as it is desired to determine the weight of the amount of pulp that filled the flask originally4 ,as soon as the outside of the flask is clean and dry the flask and contents are weighed4 ,the apparent specific gravity of the hot pulp is ascertained from the special table prepared for the flask according to the directions given on page #ch1 and the correction figure for the temperature of the pulp obtained from ,table #f is added4 ,for example1 this method when applied to a certain sample of hot pulp 7without centrifuging7 indicated a specific gravity of #j4ihgd4 ,the temperature of the pulp was found to be #bja ,f4 ,in ,table #f we find that the correction 4#jdeg is equivalent to #bja ,f4 ,adding this to the apparent specific gravity given above1 we have #j4ihgd #j4deg or #a4jcc which is as nearly as we can determine from the hot pulp the specific gravity that would have been determined by examining the same sample after cooling by method 7a74 ,more accurate results can be obtained by working with larger specific gravity flasks4 ,for instance1 the specific gravity cup shown in ,figure #e may be made of copper1 and may readily be made larger than the glass flasks shown in ,figures #a and #b4 ,all metal flasks will gradually change in weight1 owing to the solution of metal by the hot tomato pulp1 and their weight should therefore be checked from time to time4 ,,table #f4--;,corrections for ,specific ,gravity of ,hot ,pulp ,temp4 ,f4,correction ------------------- #aij 4#jdja #aia 4#jdjf #aib 4#jdaa #aic 4#jdaf #aid 4#jdba #aie 4#jdbf #aif 4#jdca #aig 4#jdcf #aih 4#jdda #aii 4#jddg #bjj 4#jdeb #bja 4#jdeg #bjb 4#jdfb #bjc 4#jdff #bjd 4#jdgb #bje 4#jdgg #bjf 4#jdhb #bjg 4#jdhg #bjh 4#jdib #bji 4#jdih #baj 4#jejd #baa 4#jeaj #bab 4#jeae ------------------- ,with a materially larger cup or flask 7which should be of metal7 a heavier balance and heavier weights should be used than suggested on page #dj4 ,in using a specific gravity cup similar to that shown in ,figure #e but holding about #a1jjj grams of pulp an assay pulp balance with a capacity of #a1ejj can be employed1 or owing to the increased accuracy of the larger sample a less accurate and cheaper scale such as the 8,howard trip scale10 or better a box scale such as is listed as ,e4 ,a4 #cch1 may be employed4 ,in working with a cup of this size a set of weights ranging from #ajjj grams to #a centigram is necessary4 ,the determination of specific gravity in hot pulp is attended by considerable error4 ,even if the flask or cup be carried directly to the kettle1 and filled as quickly as possible1 the pulp is materially cooled in transferring1 and by the time the surface is 8struck off0 sufficient contraction may occur to increase the weight of the contents of the flask and cause material error4 ,when a pail of hot pulp is carried to another room or building for the determination of specific gravity1 the error caused by cooling may be increased4 ,again1 notwithstanding the fact that the pulp is hot1 enough air bubbles become incorporated into it in pouring into the cup to make a considerable difference in the weight4 ,these two errors counter balance each other to some extent1 but it is impossible to control the manipulation with sufficient uniformity to secure satisfactory results4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,specific ,gravity ,cup for ,hot ,pulp4 ,the figures obtained in the second column of ,table #g 7under the heading 8,pouring at boiling temperature07 show the error of this method with carefully calibrated apparatus and working under the best conditions4 ,by comparison with the first column1 it will be noted that the results are always low1 and that the difference between individual determinations is so great that a correction factor cannot be established4 ,it should be borne in mind that these results were obtained by chemists4 ,when the method is employed even by careful operators in the plant1 still greater discrepancies may be expected4 ,,table #g4--;,comparison of ,different ,methods of ,determining ,specific ,gravity#ah ,specific gravity by different methods of filling cup or flask4 ,sample--------------------------------- -------------------------- ,number ,centrifuging ,pouring cold ,pouring at ,dipping at at #fh;,f4 and whirling boiling boiling by hand temperature temperature ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #adgg #a4jfaj #a4jdfd ,do #a4jfaj #a4jddi ,do #a4jfjj #adhd #a4jdbc #a4jccj #a4jchj #adhe #a4jcdg #a4jccf #adhc #a4jdfd #a4jdcg #a4jdb ,do #a4jdbj #a4jddf ,do #a4jdcj ,do #a4jddb #adhb #a4jdda #a4jdaf #a4jcfj ,do #a4jddd #a4jdai #a4jdaj ,do #a4jddg #a4jdbd #a4jdac #adha #a4jddi #a4jdaj #a4jdj ,do #a4jddi #a4jdaj #a4jda ,do #a4jdah #a4jcig #adhj #a4jdcj #a4jcf ,do #a4jdbj #a4jdj ,do #a4jdbi #a4jdd ,do #a4jdjg #adif #a4jcdj #a4jccj ,do #a4jcda #a4jcbf ,do #a4jcbf ,do #a4jcdf #a4jbii ,do #a4jcda #a4jcjc ,do #a4jcda #a4jcdc ,do #a4jcc #aeae #a4jcea #a4jcf ,do #a4jceb #a4jce #aeai #a4jchj #a4jcgg ,do #a4jchc ,do #a4jcbi ,do #a4jcej #aeba #a4jddj #a4jdaj #a4jdci ,do #a4jdci #a4jddh #aebb #a4jejj #a4jdbh #a4jdic ,do #a4jdee #a4jejh #aebd #a4jeai #a4jejd #aebd #a4jebi ,do #a4jeaj #aebf #a4jeai #a4jdgb #a4jebi ,do #a4jdfc #a4jebe #aebh #a4jeai #a4jeji #a4jead ,do #a4jdhe #a4jead #aecj #a4jbeb #a4jbha #a4jbfj ,do #a4jbfd ,do #a4jbfi #aeca #a4jbia #a4jcab #a4jbid ,do #a4jcaa ,do #a4jcac ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ah ,table #g gives the results obtained in the determination of specific gravity of several samples of pulp by different methods4 ,the specific gravity given in the first column under the head 8,centrifuging at #fh ,f40 has been proved to be correct by other analytical methods4 ,it will be noted that where duplicate determinations are given in this column they agree with each other very closely4 ,the errors in the other methods in determining specific gravity are shown in the remaining columns4 ,it will be noted that the duplicates given in these columns vary materially from each other4 ,it should be stated that the results given under the heading 8,pouring cold and whirling by hand0 were obtained by much more careful work than is practicable in the factory4 ,the flasks in which the determination was made were equipped with a bail1 as shown in ,fig4 #e4 page #dd1 and the samples were whirled by hand until air bubbles were eliminated as far as practicable by that method4 ,the results1 in this column are therefore much more accurate than are obtained by the method as ordinarily practiced4 ,it was thought that better results might be secured by modifying the construction of a cup in such a manner as to permit it to be filled by dipping below the surface of the pulp in the kettle4 ,a bail made of #c_/af-;inch wire was1 therefore1 soldered to the opposite side of the cup 7see ,fig4 #e74 ,by means of the bail the cup was lowered into the kettle4 ,after it was filled with the pulp the attempt was made to remove air bubbles by repeatedly giving the bail a quick twist or circular motion with a sudden stop4 ,the cup was then brought quickly to the surface of the kettle and 8struck off0 with a straight edge1 the outside of the cup and bail washed quickly with water1 dried1 and the cup and contents weighed4 ,in using this method the steam is turned off1 and as soon as the foam subsides the cup is sunk well below the surface of the pulp4 ,at this time the heat in various portions of the kettle is of course uniform1 by reason of the thorough mixture caused by the vigorous boiling4 ,owing to the large mass of rather viscous material1 and the heat of the kettle itself1 the contents of the kettle cool slowly1 and even after #aj minutes the temperature does not decrease more than #a ,f41 except at the very surface of the pulp4 ,as a result of several observations1 it was found that a thermometer bulb held #c inches below the surface of the pulp showed a lowering of temperature of not more than #a ,f4 in #aj minutes and a lowering of only #j4e ,f4 in from #e to #g minutes4 ,the bail employed was about #f inches wide and #h inches long4 ,there was some difficulty1 owing to the pulp spattering on the hands of the operator because of the air escaping from the cup4 ,this might be diminished by the use of a longer bail1 or by wearing suitable gloves4 ,when evaporating tanks are used it will probably be necessary to attach the bail to a stick or support of some kind4 ,in addition to permitting this method of filling1 the bail has the additional advantage that the cup full of pulp may be handled for washing and conveying to the balance much more conveniently and with less danger of spilling than with the handle on the side of the cup4 ,again1 the bail does not heat when the cup is filled with hot pulp1 and for that reason is easier to handle4 7d7 ,,hydrometer ,,method ,hydrometers are of little value in determining the specific gravity of tomato pulp4 ,with cold pulp they cannot be used at all4 ,with hot pulp a relatively slender hydrometer comes to rest and readings can be taken with more or less accuracy4 ,the value of the reading is relative to the specific gravity of the pulp and varies with the shape of the hydrometer and with the character of the pulp4 ,it is necessary therefore to obtain the relation between the reading of the hydrometer in the hot pulp and the specific gravity 7obtained by an accurate method7 of the same pulp cooled without evaporation4 ,in the hands of a careful operator some manufacturers have found hydrometers 7used with hot pulp7 helpful in making pulp of uniform specific gravity4 ,the hydrometer gives much more accurate results with the filtrate of pulp4 ,as shown on page #ca1 there is a direct relation between the specific gravity of tomato pulp and of the liquor obtained by filtering or straining the same1 so that when the specific gravity of the latter is known that of the former may be ascertained readily by means of a table4 ,this method is peculiarly applicable to the examination of cyclone juice and light pulp from which the insoluble solids may be removed quickly by straining through a cloth1 and it therefore affords the most rapid method that is available to the average factory for determining the specific gravity of cyclone juice4 ,in ,table #h are given a series of corrections making it possible to use this method at any temperature between #ej and #hj ,fahrenheit4 ,the more closely the readings are taken to #fh ,f4 the more accurate the results4 ,moreover1 when it is attempted to strain the insoluble solids from hot pulp or cyclone juice1 considerable evaporation occurs1 causing concentration of the product and producing an error in the results4 ,when hot pulp is handled1 therefore1 it must be strained as quickly as possible1 and more accurate results may be obtained if the pulp is cooled quickly before straining4 ,this may be done by placing in a large can and stirring vigorously while the can stands in ice water1 or shaking under water in a large flask4 ,there are several forms of hydrometer which may be used for determining the specific gravity of the filtrate4 ,the ordinary specific gravity hydrometer is the most logical form to use1 since it gives the specific gravity directly4 ,unfortunately1 specific gravity hydrometers with the particular marking required for this work are not a stock article1 and would1 therefore1 have to be made to order4 ,for this reason they would be difficult to obtain and not easily replaced if broken4 ,the ,brix hydrometer appears to solve the difficulty4 ,this hydrometer has no direct relation to specific gravity1 but ,brix readings can1 of course1 be converted to the specific gravity readings by a table arranged in parallel columns4 ,table #i gives the specific gravity of tomato pulp and the corresponding ,brix reading of the filtrate4 ,the ,brix hydrometer gives directly the per cent of sugar in a solution of cane sugar1 one degree ,brix being equivalent to one per cent sugar at the temperature for which the hydrometer was calibrated4 ,this fact and the ordinary purpose for which the instrument is manufactured are of no interest to us in this connection1 however4 ,the ,brix hydrometer of the range desired for the examination of cyclone juice and pulp is a stock article and can be secured readily4 ,the instrument can be used with the same accuracy as the specific gravity hydrometer1 and the results obtained by it1 after correcting for temperature by ,table #h1 are converted into terms of specific gravity by means of ,table #i4 ,the determination of the specific gravity of pulp by means of the hydrometer reading of the filtrate obtained from the pulp has several advantages over the ordinary method of weighing a measured quantity of the pulp4 ,when applied to pulp manufactured from whole tomatoes1 the method is reasonably accurate4 ,it is also very rapid and the equipment required is inexpensive4 ,this method is especially applicable to the examination of pulp manufactured from whole tomatoes4 ,it is less applicable to trimming stock pulp1 although even with that product the method will be of value1 especially for the examination of cyclone juice for the purpose of controlling concentration4 ,with pulp manufactured from trimming stock1 the relation of the specific gravity of the pulp to the specific gravity of the filtrate obtained from it will vary according to the nature of the raw material used and also according to the method of manufacture4 ,it seems probable1 therefore1 that after a manufacturer has determined this relation as applied to his own product1 he may be able to use this method with reasonable accuracy even in connection with trimming stock pulp4 ,the method is adapted especially to the examination of cold pulp or cyclone juice4 ,the following apparatus is used in this method3 #a ,brix hydrometer1 graduated at #bj4j ,c41 with a range of #a-aj1 graduated in #a_/aj4 #a ,cylinder of heavy glass1 lipped1 height #ab inches1 diameter #b inches4 #a ,chemical thermometer1 graduated in ,fahrenheit system up to #bab ,f4 ,since this apparatus is likely to be broken1 it is well for each plant that contemplates using the method to equip itself with at least two of each item mentioned above4 ,the ,brix hydrometer mentioned above is suggested because it is a stock article handled by all dealers in chemical apparatus and can be secured quickly4 ,it has the disadvantage that it is relatively large1 and in order to use it the filtrate must be prepared in much larger quantity than would be required by a smaller hydrometer4 ,by placing orders well in advance with dealers in chemical apparatus special hydrometers may be made with a bulb about one-half inch in diameter and with a total length of five or six inches4 ,such hydrometers could be used with a cylinder as small as one inch in diameter4 ,they would require much less liquor than is necessary for the ,brix hydrometer and therefore would enable the analyst to obtain results much more quickly4 ,in securing such hydrometers it would be well to order several at a time1 since it would require several weeks to replace any that may be broken4 ,the details of the method are as follows3 ,place a piece of cotton cloth of about the texture of ordinary glass toweling over a clean1 dry container #aj or #ab inches in diameter or over a ,no4 #aj can4 ,pour on the cloth a suitable amount of the pulp or cyclone juice to be examined1 pick the cloth up by the corners and squeeze gently to separate the greater part of the insoluble solids4 ,the strained liquid left in the vessel will be more or less turbid1 according to the pressure exerted in squeezing4 ,the amount of insoluble material producing this turbidity1 however1 is not usually sufficient to interfere with the examination of the product by means of a hydrometer4 ,if1 however1 it is necessary to exert considerable pressure to get the amount of filtrate desired and the turbidity is therefore considerable it will be necessary to pass the liquor through a second filter1 which1 of course1 may be done quickly4 ,transfer this strained liquid1 which for the sake of convenience we will designate as 8filtrate10 to the #b-;inch cylinder described above1 and lower the ,brix hydrometer into it until the hydrometer floats4 ,when the hydrometer1 becomes stationary1 the reading on the stem is taken4 ,in reading the hydrometer it will be noted that1 owing to the meniscus1 the liquid immediately at the stem rises one or two divisions above the general surface4 ,the reading at the lowest point of the surface is desired4 ,in reading the stem1 therefore1 allowance for the meniscus should be made and a reading recorded one or two divisions on the scale below the extreme height of the meniscus on the stem4 ,the reading so obtained is recorded as the ,brix hydrometer reading of the filtrate4 ,after determining the ,brix reading of the filtrate from the tomato pulp1 the corresponding specific gravity of the pulp may be obtained from ,table #i4 ,the result obtained by the method should be corrected to the temperature of #fh ,f41 according to ,table #h4 ,if it is desired to use the reading of the filtrate from cyclone juice for the purpose of controlling the evaporation of tomato pulp1 suitable directions are given below under 8,evaporation to ,specific ,gravity ,desired40 ,,importance ,,of ,,accuracy ,,in ,,determining ,,specific ,,gravity ,the description of the tables given in the following page is intended for those operators who desire to take the trouble to obtain the specific gravity of raw product4 ,where1 as is often the case1 the pulp is sold under definite specifications for specific gravity1 the care necessary to make these observations with a considerable degree of accuracy will be found to be an economy4 ,if a product be shipped that is materially below the specific gravity stipulated1 the manufacturer will of course be docked and the loss will be considerable4 ,on the other hand1 the specific gravity should not be materially above the specifications4 ,the buyer1 who is usually a manufacturer of ketchup1 desires the pulp of the specific gravity stipulated1 and a higher degree of concentration is therefore not a mark of superiority in pulp intended for that purpose4 ,moreover1 material increase in concentration above the specifications of the purchaser causes considerable loss by reason of reduced volume4 ,for instance1 #ajj gallons of pulp with a specific gravity of #a4jcf are equivalent to #ajc gallons of a pulp with a specific gravity of #a4jce4 ,again1 #ajj gallons of pulp with a specific gravity of #a4jdj are equivalent to #aad4g gallons of pulp with a specific gravity of #a4jce4 ,when these figures are considered with reference to the entire output of the season1 it is apparent that the determination of the specific gravity of the final product is of considerable importance1 and will warrant care and1 if necessary1 the employment of a man who is competent to do the work accurately4 ,this is well illustrated by an experience of one of the large pulp makers1 who was selling pulp under specification of #a4jce specific gravity4 ,owing partly to an error in his specific gravity apparatus1 he was actually turning out pulp of a specific gravity varying from #a4jdj to #a4jej4 ,in other words1 each #ajj cases of pulp he delivered were equivalent to from #aae to #abf cases of pulp of #a4jce specific gravity4 ,while this manufacturer was using the greater part of the pulp himself1 he had contracted to sell a considerable amount of it1 and all that was supplied before the error was noticed was sold at a loss1 whereas after the error was discovered he supplied pulp well above the specifications of the buyer at a substantial profit4 ,even then his profit was not what it should have been4 ,his output would have been #aj per cent greater than it was if the specific gravity of his product had just complied with his specifications4 ,another manufacturer who sold his pulp under the specification of #a4jce specific gravity1 received a complaint from one of the largest buyers of pulp in the country that the specific gravity was low4 ,the manufacturer then examined samples1 which he had retained in his possession1 of the various runs1 using the method described on page #da1 under the head of 8,specific gravity of cold pulp without centrifuging40 ,seventeen samples in all were examined1 and he obtained an average specific gravity of #a4jbgf4 ,the purchaser had reported a specific gravity of #a4jcae-4jjci higher than that obtained by the maker4 ,the manufacturer then brought duplicate samples to this laboratory and the specific gravity was determined in all of them by the method described on page #cd1 8,after centrifuging to eliminate air bubbles40 ,while this work was being done the manufacturer himself desired to check the mechanical centrifuge1 and attempted to remove the air bubbles from the same samples by swinging the specific gravity cups by hand4 ,he made a special effort to remove the air bubbles in this way1 devoting nearly a day to the examination of the #ag samples4 ,notwithstanding his unusual care1 his average specific gravity was #a4jcah1 while the centrifuge method gave #a4jcbh4 ,it will be noted that the specific gravity as determined by the centrifuge method was 4#jjac higher than that obtained by the purchaser1 though the latter used a more accurate method than has ordinarily been employed in this determination4 ,this difference has ordinarily been regarded in the industry as insignificant4 ,it is apparent that it is not negligible1 however1 when we consider that the difference in yield involved amounts to over #d4e gallons in #ajj gallons of pulp4 ,it is true that all these results are lower than the specifications for which this particular pulp was sold1 but the incident illustrates the importance of an accurate determination of specific gravity4 ,,evaporation ,,to ,,the ,,specific ,,gravity ,,desired ,manufacturers of tomato pulp have considerable difficulty in securing a product of uniform concentration and in determining at what point to stop evaporation4 ,some manufacturers turn off the steam when it is believed that the concentration has gone far enough and make a hasty determination of specific gravity4 ,if it is found the concentration is not as great as is desired1 heating is resumed for a time and the specific gravity again determined4 ,others make but one determination of specific gravity when it is believed that the desired concentration has been reached1 and if it is found to be underconcentrated1 continue the evaporation for a length of time which experience has indicated to be necessary4 ,neither of these methods of operating is satisfactory4 ,they involve a great deal of work and the concentration of the product obtained is not sufficiently uniform4 ,moreover1 the determination of specific gravity of hot pulp is very inaccurate 7see p4 #dd74 ,a method of employing a gauge stick is believed to be simpler and more practicable4 ,some manufacturers who desire to work with the simplest possible methods1 even at the sacrifice of a high degree of control over the concentration of their products1 measure the volume of cyclone juice introduced into the evaporating tank2 and when it is believed that the concentration is sufficient1 measure the depth of the evaporated product in the tank1 the steam being momentarily turned off for that purpose and the measurement being taken after the foam subsides4 ,this method was outlined in detail in a trade paper article published from this laboratory in #aiah4 ,the method is somewhat inaccurate1 because it is based on the measurement of cyclone juice as it flows from the cyclone and which therefore contains a large amount of air4 ,this air materially increases the volume of the pulp and consequently the amount of finished pulp calculated from the volume of cyclone juice containing this air is greater than can actually be obtained4 ,some manufacturers of pulp have found the method practicable1 however1 by making a correction based on factory experience on the amount of pulp which the method indicates should result from the evaporation of each bath4 ,this method also calls for the use of measuring tanks1 which many manufacturers do not have and do not care to provide4 ,the method is therefore not repeated here1 but the laboratory has a number of reprints of the trade paper article which are available to any who desire more detailed information regarding the matter4 ,the following method has been found more accurate and more convenient than the one mentioned above4 ,it has the special advantage that it is based on the examination of the cyclone juice after the juice has been heated to a sufficient extent to 8break0 the foam4 ,in using this method1 the manner in which the cyclone juice is prepared is immaterial4 ,the tomatoes may be broken by steam or mechanical breaker and may be cycloned hot or cold4 ,the steam may be turned into the coils as soon as they are covered and the cyclone juice may run into the evaporating tank until the tank is filled4 ,finally1 when the last of the cyclone juice is added and the contents of the tank are boiling vigorously1 the steam is momentarily turned off4 ,the volume is then determined by means of a gauge stick and a sample is withdrawn1 filtered and the specific gravity or degrees ,brix determined as described on page #ej4 ,the extent to which evaporation must be continued to secure pulp of the desired specific gravity is determined by ,table #i4 ,this table gives in the first four columns the specific gravity of the partially concentrated pulp taken from the evaporating tank1 the per cent of solids of the same1 the specific gravity of the filtrate and the ,brix reading of the filtrate4 ,in order to use the tables1 it is only necessary to make use of one of these columns4 ,this method of operation can be simplified and more accurate results obtained by equipping each evaporating tank with a one-inch gage glass extending the full height of the tank4 ,the gage glass should be open at the top and connected with the bottom of the tank by a pipe equipped with a valve4 ,before the tank is filled with cyclone juice the valve is turned off and the gage glass filled with water4 ,steam is turned on as soon as the pipes are covered and the foam is 8broken0 quickly without trouble that was experienced in heating the tank filled with cool pulp4 ,the heat is continued while the tank is filled to the desired height with the pulp4 ,the steam is then momentarily turned off and the valve at the top of the gage glass opened to permit the water in the gage glass to equalize in height with the partly concentrated pulp within the tank4 ,the height of water in the gage glass is read by a scale attached1 the sample of the pulp taken for examination and the steam again turned on4 ,there is ample time to determine the specific gravity of the sample of partly concentrated pulp and from its volume as obtained by the gage glass to calculate the volume to which the pulp should be evaporated to secure the desired specific gravity in the finished product4 ,the specific gravity of the sample may be taken by any of the methods described in the chapter on 8,determination of specific gravity40 ,more accurate results can be obtained by pouring the sample of pulp as soon as it is taken into a large loosely stoppered flask and holding the flask with constant agitation in a tub of ice water until it is brought to about the temperature of the room4 ,having determined the volume 7when heated to the boiling point7 of a batch of cyclone juice or of pulp at any stage of its manufacture and its specific gravity 7at #fh ,f471 each of the last five columns of the table gives a factor by which the volume of the partially evaporated pulp may be multiplied to determine the volume of pulp of the specific gravity given at the top of the column4 ,since both measurements are taken at the boiling point the question of temperature need not be considered4 ,table #h4--;,corrections for ,specific ,gravity and ,brix#ai ,readings at ,different ,temperatures to #fh ,degrees ,f4 7#bj ,degrees ,c47 ,corrections to be subtracted from specific gravity or degrees ,brix4 ,temperature ,corrections -------------------------- ,deg4 ,f4,deg4 ,c4,sp4 ,gr4,brix4 -------------------------- #ej #aj4j 4#jjag 4#ch #ea #aj4f 4#jjaf 4#cf #eb #aa4a 4#jjaf 4#ce #ec #aa4g 4#jjae 4#cc #ed #ab4b 4#jjad 4#ca #ee #ab4h 4#jjad 4#cj #ef #ac4c 4#jjac 4#bh #eg #ac4i 4#jjab 4#bf #eh #ad4d 4#jjaa 4#bd #ei #ae4j 4#jjaj 4#bb #fj #ae4f 4#jjji 4#bj #fa #af4a 4#jjji 4#ah #fb #af4g 4#jjjh 4#af #fc #ag4b 4#jjjg 4#ac #fd #ag4h 4#jjjf 4#aa #fe #ah4c 4#jjjd 4#jh #ff #ah4i 4#jjjc 4#je #fg #ai4d 4#jjjb 4#jc #fi #bj4f 4#jjjb 4#jc #gj #ba4a 4#jjjc 4#je #ga #ba4g 4#jjjd 4#jh #gb #bb4b 4#jjjf 4#aa #gc #bb4h 4#jjjg 4#ae #gd #bc4c 4#jjji 4#ah #ge #bc4i 4#jjaa 4#ba #gf #bd4d 4#jjab 4#bd #gg #be4j 4#jjac 4#bh #gh #be4f 4#jjae 4#cb #gi #bf4a 4#jjag 4#ce #hj #bf4g 4#jjah 4#ci #ha #bg4b 4#jjai 4#db #hb #bg4h 4#jjba 4#df #hc #bh4c 4#jjbc 4#di #hd #bh4i 4#jjbd 4#ed #he #bi4d 4#jjbf 4#eh #hf #cj4j 4#jjbg 4#fb #hg #cj4f 4#jjbi 4#ff #hh #ca4a 4#jjca 4#gj -------------------------- #ai ,these temperature corrections are for a ,brix instrument standardized for #bj;,c4 ,there are ,brix hydrometers on the market standardized for #ag4e;,c4 ,temperature corrections for a ,brix hydrometer standardized at this temperature may be obtained by correcting to #bj by means of the above table 7for instrument graduated at #bj;,c47 and adding to this corrected reading #j4ab4 ,for instance suppose the reading for a #ag4e instrument is #g4jj at #be;,c4 ,the correction from the above table will be 4#bh or a total of #g4bh4 ,adding 4#ab to this gives a corrected reading of #g4dj4 ,if the reading is #g4jj at #ae;,c4 the correction from the above table amounts to 4#bb 7to be subtracted7 giving #f4gh4 ,adding #j4ab to this gives the corrected reading of #f4ij4 ,,table #i4--;,equivalent ,volumes of ,pulp of ,different ,degrees of ,concentration ,factor by which to multiply volume of ,tomato pulp ,filtrate pulp of given specific gravity to from pulp ascertain volume of pulp with equivalent solid content and with specific gravity of ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,specific ,per ,specific,degrees gravity cent gravity ,brix at solids at at #a4jcj #a4jce #a4jdj #a4jde #a4jej #fh ,f4 #fh ,f4 #fh ,f4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a4jabe #b4gi #a4jajh #b4gh 4#chd 4#cbf 4#bhc 4#bdi 4#bbc #a4jacj #b4ib #a4jaac #b4hi 4#djb 4#cdb 4#bif 4#bfa 4#bcd #a4jace #c4je #a4jaah #c4jb 4#dbj 4#ceg 4#caj 4#bgc 4#bdd #a4jadj #c4ag #a4jabc #c4ad 4#dcg 4#cgb 4#cbc 4#bhe 4#bee #a4jade #c4cj #a4jabh #c4bg 4#dee 4#chh 4#ccf 4#big 4#bfe #a4jaej #c4db #a4jacc #c4dj 4#dgb 4#dja 4#cdh 4#cjf 4#bgd #a4jaee #c4ed #a4jach #c4ea 4#dhi 4#daf 4#cfa 4#cah 4#bhd #a4jafj #c4fg #a4jadc #c4fe 4#ejg 4#dca 4#cgd 4#cbi 4#bid #a4jafe #c4gi #a4jadh #c4gg 4#ebd 4#dde 4#chg 4#cda 4#cjd #a4jagj #c4ib #a4jaec #c4ij 4#edb 4#dfj 4#djj 4#ceb 4#cae #a4jage #d4je #a4jaeh #d4jc 4#efj 4#dgf 4#dac 4#cfd 4#cbe #a4jahj #d4ah #a4jafc #d4ae 4#egi 4#dia 4#dbf 4#cge 4#cce #a4jahe #d4cj #a4jafh #d4bh 4#eif 4#ejf 4#ddj 4#chg 4#cdf #a4jaij #d4dc #a4jagc #d4dj 4#fad 4#eba 4#deb 4#cii 4#cef #a4jaie #d4ef #a4jagh #d4ec 4#fcb 4#ecg 4#dff 4#daj 4#cfg #a4jbjj #d4fh #a4jahb #d4fc 4#fdi 4#eea 4#dgh 4#dba 4#cgg #a4jbje #d4ha #a4jahh #d4gg 4#ffg 4#eff 4#dia 4#dcc 4#chg #a4jbaj #d4ic #a4jaib #d4hg 4#fhd 4#eha 4#ejd 4#ddd 4#cih #a4jbae #e4je #a4jaif #d4ig 4#gja 4#eif 4#eag 4#def 4#djg #a4jbbj #e4ag #a4jbja #e4aj 4#gah 4#faj 4#ebi 4#dfg 4#dag #a4jbbe #e4cj #a4jbjf #e4bb 4#gcg 4#fbe 4#edc 4#dgi 4#dbh #a4jbcj #e4dc #a4jbaa #e4ce 4#gee 4#fda 4#eef 4#dij 4#dch #a4jbce #e4ee #a4jbaf #e4dg 4#ggb 4#fef 4#efi 4#ejb 4#ddh #a4jbdj #e4fg #a4jbbj #e4eg 4#ghi 4#fga 4#ehb 4#eac 4#dei #a4jbde #e4hj #a4jbbf #e4gb 4#hjh 4#fhf 4#eie 4#ebe 4#dfi #a4jbej #e4ib #a4jbcj #e4hb 4#hbe 4#gja 4#fjh 4#ecf 4#dgi #a4jbee #f4jd #a4jbce #e4id 4#hdb 4#gae 4#fbj 4#edg 4#dhi #a4jbfj #f4af #a4jbdj #f4jg 4#hei 4#gbi 4#fcc 4#eeh 4#dii #a4jbfe #f4bh #a4jbdd #f4ag 4#hgf 4#gdd 4#fdf 4#efi 4#eji #a4jbgj #f4dj #a4jbdi #f4bi 4#hid 4#gei 4#feh 4#ehj 4#eai #a4jbge #f4ec #a4jbed #f4dc 4#iab 4#gge 4#fgb 4#eib 4#ebi #a4jbhj #f4fe #a4jbeh #f4ec 4#icj 4#ghi 4#fhe 4#fjd 4#eci #a4jbhe #f4gg #a4jbfc #f4fe 4#idg 4#hjd 4#fig 4#fae 4#edi #a4jbij #f4ij #a4jbfh #f4gh 4#ife 4#hai 4#gaa 4#fbf 4#efj #a4jbie #g4jb #a4jbgc #f4ij 4#ihc 4#hcd 4#gbd 4#fch 4#egj #a4jcjj #g4ad #a4jbgh #g4jc #a4jjj 4#hdi 4#gcg 4#fdi 4#ehj #a4jcje #g4bf #a4jbhb #g4ac #a4jag 4#hfd 4#gdi 4#ffj 4#eij #a4jcaj #g4ch #a4jbhg #g4bc #a4jce 4#hgh 4#gfb 4#fgb 4#fjj #a4jcae #g4ej #a4jbib #g4ce #a4jeb 4#hic 4#gge 4#fhc 4#faj #a4jcbj #g4fc #a4jbif #g4de #a4jga 4#ijh 4#ghh 4#fie 4#fba #a4jcbe #g4ge #a4jcja #g4eh #a4jhh 4#ibd 4#hjb 4#gjf 4#fca #a4jccj #g4hh #a4jcjf #g4gj #a4ajg 4#ici 4#hae 4#gah 4#fdb #a4jcce #h4jj #a4jcaj #g4hj #a4abd 4#ied 4#hbh 4#gcj 4#feb #a4jcdj #h4ab #a4jcae #g4ic #a4adb 4#igj 4#hdb 4#gdb 4#ffc #a4jcde #h4be #a4jcbj #h4je #a4afj 4#ihe 4#hee 4#gec 4#fgc #a4jcej #h4cg #a4jcbe #h4af #a4agh #a4jjj 4#hfh 4#gfe 4#fhd #a4jcee #h4ej #a4jccj #h4bg #a4aig #a4jaf 4#hhb 4#ggg 4#fie #a4jcfj #h4fb #a4jccd #h4cg #a4bad #a4jca 4#hie 4#ghh 4#gje #a4jcfe #h4gd #a4jcci #h4ej #a4bcb #a4jdf 4#ijg 4#hjj 4#gae #a4jcgj #h4hf #a4jcdd #h4fc #a4bdi #a4jfa 4#ibj 4#haa 4#gbe #a4jcge #h4ih #a4jcdi #h4ge #a4bfg #a4jgf 4#icc 4#hbc 4#gce #a4jchj #i4aj #a4jcec #h4he #a4bhd #a4jia 4#idg 4#hcd 4#gdf #a4jche #i4bc #a4jceh #h4ig #a4cjc #a4ajf 4#ifj 4#hdf 4#gef #a4jcij #i4ce #a4jcfc #i4jg #a4cba #a4abb 4#igd 4#heh 4#gfg #a4jcie #i4dh #a4jcfh #i4bj #a4cdj #a4ach 4#ihg 4#hgj 4#ggh #a4jdjj #i4fj #a4jcgb #i4cj #a4ceh #a4aec #a4jjj 4#hha 4#ghh #a4jdje #i4gc #a4jcgh #i4de #a4cgg #a4afh #a4jad 4#hic 4#gii #a4jdaj #i4he #a4jchc #i4eg #a4cid #a4ahd #a4jbg 4#ije 4#hji #a4jdae #i4ig #a4jchg #i4fg #a4dab #a4aii #a4jda 4#iag 4#hbj #a4jdbj #aj4aj #a4jcic #i4hj #a4dca #a4bae #a4jed 4#ibi 4#hcj #a4jdbe #aj4bb #a4jcig #i4ij #a4ddi #a4bcj #a4jfg 4#ida 4#hda #a4jdcj #aj4ce #a4jdjb #aj4jc #a4dfh #a4bdf #a4jha 4#iec 4#hea #a4jdce #aj4dg #a4jdjf #aj4ac #a4dhf #a4bfa #a4jid 4#ifd 4#hfb #a4jddj #aj4fj #a4jdaa #aj4be #a4eje #a4bgg #a4ajh 4#igf 4#hgc #a4jdde #aj4gb #a4jdaf #aj4cf #a4ebc #a4bic #a4abb 4#ihh 4#hhd #a4jdej #aj4hd #a4jdbj #aj4de #a4edj #a4cjh #a4ace #a4jjj 4#hid #a4jdee #aj4if #a4jdbe #aj4eg #a4eeh #a4cbb #a4adh #a4jab 4#ijd #a4jdfj #aa4jh #a4jdbi #aj4fg #a4egf #a4cch #a4afa #a4jbc 4#iae #a4jdfe #aa4bj #a4jdce #aj4hc #a4eid #a4cec #a4agd #a4jce 4#ibe #a4jdgj #aa4cc #a4jddj #aj4ic #a4fac #a4cfi #a4ahh #a4jdg 4#icf #a4jdge #aa4de #a4jdde #aa4je #a4fca #a4chd #a4bja #a4jei 4#idf #a4jdhj #aa4eg #a4jddi #aa4ae #a4fdi #a4djj #a4bae #a4jga 4#ieg #a4jdhe #aa4gj #a4jded #aa4bg #a4ffh #a4daf #a4bbi #a4jhc 4#ifh #a4jdij #aa4hb #a4jdei #aa4dj #a4fhf #a4dcb #a4bdc #a4jie 4#igi #a4jdie #aa4ie #a4jdfe #aa4ec #a4gje #a4ddi #a4bef #a4ajg 4#iij #a4jejj #ab4jg #a4jdfh #aa4fj #a4gbd #a4dfd #a4bgj #a4aai #a4jj #a4jeje #ab4bj #a4jdgd #aa4ge #a4gdc #a4dgi #a4bhd #a4aca #a4ja #a4jeaj #ab4cb #a4jdgh #aa4hd #a4gfa #a4die #a4bih #a4add #a4jb #a4jeae #ab4de #a4jdhb #aa4ic #a4ghj #a4eaa #a4caa #a4aef #a4jc #a4jebj #ab4eg #a4jdhh #ab4jg #a4gig #a4ebf #a4cbe #a4afg #a4jd #a4jebe #ab4fi #a4jdib #ab4ag #a4haf #a4edb #a4cch #a4agi #a4je #a4jecj #ab4ha #a4jdig #ab4cj #a4hcd #a4eeg #a4cea #a4aia #a4jf #a4jece #ab4ic #a4jejb #ab4dj #a4heb #a4egb #a4cfd #a4bjc #a4jg #a4jedj #ac4je #a4jejf #ab4ej #a4hgj #a4ehh #a4cgh #a4bae #a4jh #a4jede #ac4ah #a4jeab #ab4fe #a4hij #a4fjd #a4cib #a4bbg #a4ji #a4jeej #ac4cj #a4jeaf #ab4gd #a4ijh #a4fbj #a4dje #a4bci #a4aj #a4jeee #ac4db #a4jebj #ab4hc #a4ibf #a4fce #a4dai #a4bej #a4aa #a4jefj #ac4ee #a4jebe #ab4ie #a4ide #a4fea #a4dcc #a4bfc #a4ab #a4jefe #ac4fg #a4jebi #ac4je #a4ifd #a4ffg #a4ddg #a4bge #a4ad #a4jegj #ac4hj #a4jecd #ac4af #a4ihc #a4fhd #a4dfa #a4bhh #a4ae ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,table #aj4--,specific ,gravity and ,solids of ,tomato ,pulp#bj ,specific ,per cent gravity solids at #fh ,f4in vacuo at #gj ,c4 ------------------- #a4jade #c4cj #a4jaej #c4db #a4jaee #c4ee #a4jafj #c4fg #a4jafe #c4hj #a4jagj #c4ib #a4jage #d4je #a4jahj #d4ah #a4jahe #d4cj #a4jaij #d4dc #a4jaie #d4ef #a4jbjj #d4fh #a4jbje #d4ha #a4jbaj #d4ic #a4jbae #e4je #a4jbbj #e4ag #a4jbbe #e4cj #a4jbcj #e4dc #a4jbce #e4ee #a4jbdj #e4fg #a4jbde #e4hj #a4jbej #e4ib #a4jbee #f4jd #a4jbfj #f4af #a4jbfe #f4bh #a4jbgj #f4dj #a4jbge #f4ec #a4jbhj #f4fe #a4jbhe #f4gg #a4jbij #f4ij #a4jbie #g4jb #a4jcjj #g4ad #a4jcje #g4bf #a4jcaj #g4ch #a4jcae #g4ej #a4jcbj #g4fc #a4jcbe #g4ge #a4jccj #g4hh #a4jcce #h4jj #a4jcdj #h4ab #a4jcde #h4be #a4jcej #h4cg #a4jcee #h4ej #a4jcfj #h4fb #a4jcfe #h4gd #a4jcgj #h4hf #a4jcge #h4ih #a4jchj #i4aj #a4jche #i4bc #a4jcij #i4ce #a4jcie #i4dh #a4jdjj #i4fj #a4jdje #i4gc #a4jdaj #i4he #a4jdae #i4ig #a4jdbj #aj4aj #a4jdbe #aj4bb #a4jdcj #aj4ce #a4jdce #aj4dg #a4jddj #aj4fj #a4jdde #aj4gb #a4jdej #aj4hd #a4jdee #aj4if #a4jdfj #aa4jh #a4jdfe #aa4bj #a4jdgj #aa4cc #a4jdge #aa4de #a4jdhj #aa4eg #a4jdhe #aa4gj #a4jdij #aa4hb #a4jdie #aa4ie #a4jejj #ab4jg #a4jeje #ab4bj #a4jeaj #ab4cb #a4jeae #ab4de #a4jebj #ab4eg #a4jebe #ab4fi #a4jecj #ab4ha #a4jece #ab4ic #a4jedj #ac4je #a4jede #ac4ah #a4jeej #ac4cj #a4jeee #ac4db #a4jefj #ac4ee #a4jefe #ac4fg #a4jegj #ac4hj #a4jege #ac4ib #a4jehj #ad4je #a4jehe #ad4ag #a4jeij #ad4bi #a4jeie #ad4db #a4jfjj #ad4ed #a4jfje #ad4fg #a4jfaj #ad4gi #a4jfbj #ae4jc #a4jfcj #ae4bg #a4jfdj #ae4eb #a4jfej #ae4gg #a4jffj #af4jb #a4jfgj #af4bg #a4jfhj #af4eb #a4jfij #af4gg #a4jgjj #ag4jb #a4jgaj #ag4bg #a4jgbj #ag4ea #a4jgcj #ag4gf #a4jgdj #ah4jj #a4jgej #ah4be #a4jgfj #ah4ej #a4jggj #ah4ge #a4jghj #ah4ii #a4jgij #ai4bd #a4jhjj #ai4dh #a4jhaj #ai4gb #a4jhbj #ai4ig #a4jhcj #bj4bb #a4jhdj #bj4dg #a4jhej #bj4gb #a4jhfj #bj4if #a4jhgj #ba4ba #a4jhhj #ba4df #a4jhij #ba4gj #a4jijj #ba4ie #a4jiaj #bb4bj #a4jibj #bb4de #a4jicj #bb4gj #a4jidj #bb4id #a4jiej #bc4ah #a4jifj #bc4dc #a4jigj #bc4fh #a4jihj #bc4ic #a4jiij #bd4ah #a4ajjj #bd4dc #a4ajaj #bd4fg #a4ajbj #bd4ib #a4ajcj #be4ah #a4ajdj #be4db #a4ajej #be4fg #a4ajfj #be4ia #a4ajgj #bf4af ------------------- #bj ,this table gives the per cent of total solids contained by pulp of different specific gravities varying from unconcentrated pulp as it comes from the cyclone to the highly concentrated product4 ,illustration3 ,suppose that when the cyclone juice is all added to the tank the contents of which are vigorously boiling so that they are doubtless of uniform composition1 the volume is found by the gauge stick to be #hae gallons4 ,a sample of this partially evaporated pulp is withdrawn and filtered and the filtrate is found to have a ,brix reading of #f4ij4 ,let us suppose that the product is to be evaporated to a pulp having a specific gravity of #a4jce and the operator desires to know at what point to turn off the steam4 ,by referring to ,table #i in the column headed by the figure #a4jce1 we find opposite the ,brix reading #f4ij the factor 4#hcd4 ,multiplying the volume of the pulp 7#hae gallons7 by this factor1 we obtain #fhj gallons4 ,it follows1 therefore1 that the steam should be turned off when the evaporation has reached such a point that the gauge stick shows the volume of pulp to be #fhj gallons4 ,table #i may be used in the same way for calculating the volume of any pulp1 hot or cold1 of any specified specific gravity equivalent to a certain volume of pulp of any other stated specific gravity when held at the same temperature4 ,for instance1 the illustration given above serves equally well to illustrate how the relative value of two finished pulps of different specific gravities may be calculated4 ,it also shows directly the relative value 7based on tomato solids alone7 of the same volume of two pulps of different gravity4 ,illustration3 ,suppose a shipment contains #a1jjj cases of ,no4 #aj cans of pulp thought to have a specific gravity of #a4jdj but found on examination to have a specific gravity of #a4jcfe4 ,what is the value of the pulp in comparison with pulp of specific gravity of #a4jdj8 ,turning in ,table #i to the figure #a4jcfe in the left-hand column we follow the horizontal line containing that figure to the column headed by specific gravity #a4jdj4 ,here we find that 4#ijg is the factor by which to multiply the volume of pulp of a specific gravity #a4jcfe to obtain the equivalent volume of pulp of specific gravity #a4jdj4 ,the answer to our question therefore is #ajjj 4#ijg #ijg4 ,in other words pulp of a gravity of #a4jcfe judged by the tomato solids it contains1 has #ij4g per cent of the value of pulp of the gravity of #a4jdj4 ,table #i is based on the results obtained from a series of samples of whole tomato pulp and cyclone juice varying in specific gravity from #a4jb to #a4je4 ,the table was extended by calculation to give corresponding values for more dilute cyclone juices and more concentrated products4 ,the lower portion of the table has been repeatedly confirmed by results obtained in the examination of cyclone juice and pulp1 but the figures in the higher portion of the table are based on calculation from lower concentrations4 ,this table is only applicable to pulp to which no other substance1 such as salt1 has been added4 ,salt if present to the extent of more than #j4be per cent can be recognized by the taste4 ,the amount of salt1 when any has been added1 may be determined by the method given on page #cc and the specific gravity corrected by subtracting from the apparent specific gravity #j4jjg for each per cent of salt present4 ,this gives the specific gravity of the salt-free pulp and the corresponding per cent of solids may be obtained from ,table #i4 ,,tomato ,,ketchup ,ketchup is defined in the ,federal food standards as the clean1 sound product made from properly prepared pulp of clean1 sound1 fresh1 ripe tomatoes1 with spices1 and with or without sugar and vinegar4 ,the solid matter1 or total solids1 in ketchup varies from less than #ab per cent to over #cg per cent4 ,this means that the product varies from a substance having barely sufficient tomato added to give color and taste1 to a rich1 heavy tomato ketchup4 ,the variation of total solids in any one brand is1 of course1 less1 but large differences are not unusual4 ,three bottles of one brand showed a solids content varying from #ab per cent to #af per cent1 and seven of another brand varied from #cb per cent to #cg4b per cent4 ,the amount of solids in a non-preservative ketchup should be not materially less than #bh per cent4 ,it is necessary to have a rather high solid content for ketchup of this kind1 so that it may keep after being opened on the consumer's table4 ,the variation in the insoluble solids is comparable to that in the total solids4 ,the values for a number of samples examined in this laboratory ranged from 4#i per cent to #b4c per cent4 ,as the insoluble solids come from the tomato pulp the amount of insoluble solids is to that extent an indication of the amount of tomato pulp used in the manufacture of the ketchup from whole tomato pulp4 ,the consistency of the ketchup is dependent chiefly on the amount of insoluble tomato solids present4 ,the ash usually varies from #b per cent to #d per cent1 owing to the different amounts of salt1 which varies in general from #a to #c per cent4 ,the acidity ranges from 4#d to #b4c per cent4 ,the acidity is one of the most important factors in preventing the growth of bacteria and yeasts in the ketchup after being opened4 ,in order to secure the best results the ketchup should have an acidity of over #a per cent 7expressed as acetic acid7 and an acidity of #a4be per cent or higher adds to the keeping quality of the ketchup after the bottle is opened4 ,an increase in acidity will necessarily require an increase in the amount of sugar in order to secure the proper flavor2 or1 vice versa1 an increase in the sugar will necessitate an increase in acidity4 ,in some ketchups about one-half of the acidity is due to the citric acid of the tomatoes and the remainder to the vinegar added in manufacture4 ,with ketchups of exceptionally high acidity1 the proportion of citric acid to total acid may be much less than this4 ,there may be considerable difference in the acidity in ketchup of the same brand due to variations in manufacture4 ,the sugar present in the ketchup is derived both from the pulp and from the added sugar4 ,in ketchup ranging from #ab to #cj per cent total solids1 from #i to #bb per cent of the solids may consist of sugars4 ,,methods ,,of ,,manufacture ,ketchup may be prepared either from the fresh tomatoes1 or from pulp4 ,the most common practice is to prepare it from fresh tomatoes1 although some manufacturers prefer to make ketchup during the winter1 when they are not so busy with other products1 and therefore use pulp4 ,presuming that the same quality of stock is used and the same care used in manufacture1 there are some advantages in making ketchup from fresh tomatoes4 ,the pulp loses some of its color by bleaching1 and a ketchup made from pulp is naturally subjected to more heating than that made from fresh tomatoes4 ,in the manufacture of ketchup the fresh tomatoes may be broken by steam or by the use of a mechanical breaker4 ,both methods have their advantages1 some preferring the one method1 some the other4 ,in securing good quality in ketchup the same factors must be considered as in the making of pulp4 ,these factors are care in manufacture and the use of a raw product of good color and quality4 ,for discussion of these points in regard to pulp1 see page #g4 ,the constituents used in the manufacture of ketchup in addition to the tomatoes are sugar1 vinegar1 salt1 onions and spices4 ,the sugar generally used is granulated cane or beet sugar4 ,some of the lower grades of cane sugar may be used satisfactorily4 ,the terms used to designate grades of sugar below granulated do not always give a correct idea of the purity of the sugar and in buying such grades it is best to have samples submitted and have analyses made for sugar content4 ,the vinegar generally used is #ajj-;grain distilled vinegar4 ,the salt used is of the grade known as dairy salt4 ,a variety of spices is used in the manufacture of ketchup4 ,among these are cinnamon1 cassia1 cloves1 all-spice1 pepper1 cayenne pepper1 ginger1 mustard and paprika4 ,spices may be used either in the form of whole spices1 ground spices or volatile spice oils4 ,whole spices are thought by some to produce a better flavor4 ,ground spices1 when used1 should be secured from a reputable manufacturer1 as there is a possibility of adulteration or use of low-grade material in ground products4 ,volatile spice oils are used to some extent1 especially of spices containing large amounts of tannin1 where there is liability of discoloration due to the formation of iron tannate during the manufacture of the ketchup4 ,acetic acid extracts of spices are also used to a limited extent4 ,the sugar may be added at any time during the making of the ketchup1 but is preferably added during the latter part of the cooking4 ,there is less danger of scorching if added at this time4 ,it should be added gradually and scattered over the surface of the cooking ketchup so that it may go into solution more readily4 ,vinegar is always added a few minutes before finishing4 ,the acetic acid of the vinegar is volatile1 and a large portion of it will be driven off with steam if added at the beginning of the cooking4 ,salt may be added at any time during the cooking1 but it is best to add it sufficiently soon so that it will be dissolved and thoroughly mixed with the product4 ,the onions should be added chopped at the beginning of the cook4 ,spices1 either whole or ground1 are generally placed in a bag and added at the beginning of the cook4 ,if the volatile oils are used1 they should be added shortly before finishing the ketchup1 as otherwise a large amount of them may be carried off with the steam4 ,,factory ,,control ,,of ,,the ,,composition ,,of ,,ketchup ,ketchup of uniform color1 consistency and taste can be produced only by controlling the quality and quantity of its constituents4 ,therefore1 any satisfactory method of control necessitates the determination of the solids in the batch of cyclone juice before sugar1 salt1 vinegar and spices are added4 ,control1 based solely on uniform specific gravity of the finished product1 assures only that the specific gravity is uniform2 it does not assure uniformity in consistency1 sweetness1 acidity1 or in any other characteristic of the product4 ,since1 under any specific procedure in a factory1 the distinctive tomato flavor and the consistency of the finished product depend entirely on the tomato solids1 and since about half the final acidity and sugar content is derived from the same source1 the control of the tomato solid content is especially important4 ,fortunately the solids in cyclone juice have a fairly uniform composition4 ,the ratio of total solids to insoluble solids is fairly constant1 likewise the ratio of sugar to acid4 ,the sugar in cyclone juice varies from about #db per cent to #ed per cent of the total solids1 averaging about #ej per cent4 ,as the consistency or body of ketchup is due chiefly to the tomato solids1 the amount of evaporation necessary to secure ketchup of the desired consistency from a known volume of pulp measured at the boiling temperature and of known ,brix or specific gravity can be determined from ,table #i1 page #ef4 ,for instance1 if the volume of the boiling pulp is #hjj gallons and the corrected ,brix reading of the filtrate is #e4aj1 it is found from ,table #i that it will be necessary to evaporate to #dbc gallons to secure a ketchup of approximately the consistency of #a4jdj pulp1 to #cgd gallons for a consistency comparable to #a4jde pulp and to #ccd gallons for a consistency comparable to #a4jej pulp4 ,this evaporation is carried out1 of course1 with the addition of the necessary ingredients for the making of ketchup4 ,the amount of these ingredients can be varied in order to secure ketchup of the desired flavor4 ,after having once decided on the amount of ingredients to be used1 the manufacture may be standardized4 ,supposing for instance on evaporating #hjj gallons of partly concentrated pulp of ,brix of filtrate 7#e4aj7 to approximately #ccd gallons 7calculated from the #a4jej column in ,table #i7 it has been found that the use of #cja pounds of sugar1 #bf4g gallons of #ajj grain vinegar1 #ff4h pounds of salt and #ej4b pounds of onions together with spices gives ketchup of the flavor desired4 ,dividing the amount of each ingredient by #ccd1 it is found that each gallon of finished ketchup contains 4#i pound of added sugar1 4#b pound of salt1 4#ae pound of onions1 and about #aj ounces of vinegar4 ,after having determined the amount of each ingredient per gallon of finished ketchup1 it is easy to make a table giving the amount of ingredients necessary for a given volume of cyclone juice or concentrated pulp of any gravity4 ,in ,table #aa such calculations are made4 ,this table is based on securing a ketchup having the consistency of #a4jej pulp and starting with #hjj gallons of boiling pulp of specific gravity #a4jbbj 7,brix reading of filtrate #e4aj74 ,some manufacturers may desire to base the amount of ingredients on #ajj gallons or multiple of #ajj gallons of finished ketchup4 ,this may be done by first making out a table similar to #i and then calculating the amount of pulp and other ingredients for #ajj gallons of ketchup4 ,this would1 however1 involve considerable work as unless the pulp used had a constant specific gravity1 a calculation of the quantity of each ingredient would have to be made for the volume of pulp for each batch4 ,,table #aa4--,manufacture of ,ketchup4 ,quantity of ,constituents to be ,added to #hjj ,gallons of ,boiling1 ,partly ,concentrated ,pulp ,filtrate from pulp ,added constituents ,specific -----------------,volume of---------------------------- gravity ,degrees ,specific finished #ajj-;grain of pulp ,brix at gravity ketchup ,sugar vinegar ,salt ,onions at #fh ,f4#fh ,f4 at #fh ,f4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,gals4 ,lbs4 ,gals4 ,lbs4,lbs4 #a4jaed #c4ej #a4jacg #bbf4j #bjc #ah4a #de4b #cc4j #a4jaeh #c4fj #a4jada #bcb4j #bji #ah4e #df4d #cd4h #a4jafb #c4gj #a4jade #bci4j #bae #ai4a #dg4h #ce4i #a4jaff #c4hj #a4jadi #bde4j #bba #ai4f #di4j #cf4h #a4jagj #c4ij #a4jaec #beb4j #bbg #bj4b #ej4b #cg4h #a4jagd #d4jj #a4jaeg #beh4j #bcb #bj4f #ea4h #ch4g #a4jagh #d4aj #a4jafa #bfe4j #bci #ba4b #ec4j #ci4h #a4jahb #d4bj #a4jafe #bgb4j #bde #ba4g #ed4d #dj4h #a4jahf #d4cj #a4jafi #bgh4j #bej #bb4b #ee4f #da4g #a4jaij #d4dj #a4jagc #bhe4j #beg #bb4h #eg4j #db4h #a4jaid #d4ej #a4jagg #bib4j #bfc #bc4d #eh4d #dc4h #a4jaii #d4fj #a4jaha #bii4j #bfi #bc4i #ei4h #dd4i #a4jbjb #d4gj #a4jahe #cjf4j #bge #bd4e #fa4b #de4i #a4jbjf #d4hj #a4jahi #cac4j #bhb #be4j #fb4f #dg4j #a4jbaa #d4ij #a4jaic #cbj4j #bhh #be4f #fd4j #dh4j #a4jbaf #e4jj #a4jaig #cbg4j #bid #bf4b #fe4d #di4a #a4jbbj #e4aj #a4jbja #ccd4j #cja #bf4g #ff4h #ej4b #a4jbbd #e4bj #a4jbje #cda4j #cjg #bg4c #fh4b #ea4b #a4jbbh #e4cj #a4jbji #cdg4j #cab #bg4h #fi4d #eb4a #a4jbcb #e4dj #a4jbac #ced4j #cai #bh4c #gj4h #ec4b #a4jbcf #e4ej #a4jbag #cfa4j #cbd #bh4i #gb4b #ed4b #a4jbdj #e4fj #a4jbba #cfh4j #cca #bi4d #gc4f #ee4b #a4jbdd #e4gj #a4jbbe #cgd4j #ccg #bi4i #gd4h #ef4b #a4jbdi #e4hj #a4jbbi #cha4j #cdc #cj4e #gf4b #eg4b #a4jbec #e4ij #a4jbcc #chh4j #cdi #ca4j #gg4f #eh4b #a4jbeg #f4jj #a4jbcg #cie4j #cef #ca4f #gi4j #ei4c #a4jbfa #f4aj #a4jbda #djb4j #cfb #cb4a #hj4d #fj4d #a4jbff #f4bj #a4jbde #dji4j #cfh #cb4g #ha4h #fa4d #a4jbga #f4cj #a4jbdi #daf4j #cgd #cc4c #hc4b #fb4e #a4jbge #f4dj #a4jbec #dbb4j #chj #cc4h #hd4d #fc4d #a4jbgi #f4ej #a4jbeg #dbi4j #chf #cd4c #he4h #fd4d #a4jbhc #f4fj #a4jbfa #dcf4j #cib #cd4i #hg4b #fe4d #a4jbhg #f4gj #a4jbfe #ddc4j #cii #ce4d #hh4f #ff4e #a4jbia #f4hj #a4jbgj #dej4j #dje #cf4j #ij4j #fg4e #a4jbie #f4ij #a4jbgd #deg4j #daa #cf4f #ia4d #fh4f #a4jbii #g4jj #a4jbgh #dfd4j #dah #cg4a #ib4h #fi4f #a4jcjd #g4aj #a4jbhb #dga4j #dbd #cg4g #id4b #gj4g #a4jcji #g4bj #a4jbhf #dgh4j #dcj #ch4b #ie4g #ga4h #a4jcac #g4cj #a4jbij #dhe4j #dcg #ch4h #ig4a #gb4h #a4jcah #g4dj #a4jbid #dib4j #ddc #ci4d #ih4e #gc4h #a4jcbb #g4ej #a4jbih #dii4j #ddi #ci4i #ii4i #gd4i #a4jcbf #g4fj #a4jcjb #ejf4j #dee #dj4e #aja4c #gf4j #a4jccj #g4gj #a4jcjf #eac4j #dfb #da4a #ajb4g #gg4j #a4jcce #g4hj #a4jcaj #eba4j #dfi #da4g #ajd4b #gh4b #a4jcci #g4ij #a4jcae #ebi4j #dgf #db4c #aje4h #gi4d #a4jcdc #h4jj #a4jcai #ecf4j #dhb #db4i #ajg4b #hj4d #a4jcdg #h4aj #a4jcbc #edc4j #dhi #dc4e #ajh4f #ha4e #a4jceb #h4bj #a4jcbg #eej4j #die #dd4j #aaj4j #hb4f #a4jcef #h4cj #a4jcca #eeg4j #eja #dd4e #aaa4d #hc4f #a4jcfa #h4dj #a4jcce #efd4j #ejh #de4a #aab4h #hd4g #a4jcfe #h4ej #a4jcci #ega4j #ead #de4g #aad4b #he4g #a4jcfi #h4fj #a4jcdc #egh4j #ebj #df4b #aae4f #hf4h #a4jcgd #h4gj #a4jcdh #ehe4j #ebg #df4h #aag4j #hg4h #a4jcgi #h4hj #a4jceb #eib4j #ecc #dg4d #aah4d #hh4h #a4jchc #h4ij #a4jcef #fjj4j #edj #dh4j #aai4j #ij4j ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,the use of ,table #aa gives a ketchup of medium concentration4 ,using this as a basis the manufacturer can decide the extent to which he should evaporate to secure a ketchup of the consistency desired and modify the table accordingly4 ,final concentration of the ketchup is controlled in the same manner as for pulp1 either by a gauged tank or by specific gravity determination4 ,if we start1 therefore1 with a given volume of partially concentrated cyclone juice and determine the solids present1 we can in every case quickly ascertain from the appropriate table the number of gallons of finished product we should obtain1 and the gauge stick or attached gauge glass will indicate when to stop evaporation in the tank4 ,one advantage of measuring the original volume at the boiling temperature is that no temperature corrections are necessary1 as both the initial and final temperature measurements are approximately the same4 ,the final concentration may be controlled1 as stated above1 by determining the specific gravity of the finished product by one of the methods given under pulp 7see page #cc and following74 ,the determination of specific gravity at this point will probably give more accurate results than the use of a gauge stick1 and is to be recommended for use with the finished product1 provided the added constituents have been standardized4 ,the method described on page #db for determining the specific gravity of hot tomato pulp1 may be used for obtaining the per cent of solids in the boiling cyclone juice in place of the ,brix spindle reading on the filtrate4 ,table #aa for controlling the concentration of finished ketchup is based on the idea that there shall be a definite volume of partly concentrated pulp in the tank when the inflow of cyclone juice is stopped and the sample is taken for analysis4 ,in this respect1 this method of controlling the concentration of ketchup varies from the method described on page #ed for the control of the concentration of tomato pulp4 ,it is sometimes convenient to secure this definite volume by filling the tank to a greater height than is desired and evaporating until the desired volume is secured4 ,when this point is reached the sample of pulp is taken for specific gravity and steam is again turned on the tank4 ,the ,abb refractometer may also be used for controlling the final concentration of the ketchup4 ,this provides a very simple and quick method for determining the percentage of solids4 ,it requires but a few drops of the filtered liquor from the ketchup to make the determination4 ,the reading may be taken and the calculation made in one or two minutes' time by use of ,tables #ac and #ad4 ,the table for calculating the solids from the refractometer reading is ,geerlig's table for dry substance in sugar-house products1 and is taken from the ,methods of the ,association of ,official ,agricultural ,chemists1 #aiai4 ,the entire table is not given but only the range over which it might possibly be desired to use it in the control of the manufacture of ketchup4 ,the results by this method are only approximate1 but are sufficiently accurate for manufacturing control4 ,table #ab gives a comparison of the solids obtained by drying in vacuum at #gj ,c4 with results obtained by the refractometer4 ,,table #ab4--,solids in ,ketchup ,obtained by ,drying in ,vacuum at #gj ,c4 and by ,abb ,refractometer from ,geerlig's ,table ------------------------------ ,solids in tomato ketchup ----------------------------- ,by drying in ,by ,abb vacuum at #gj ,c4refractometer ----------------------------- ,per cent ,per cent #bi4e #bi4j #cj4j #bi4d #cb4h #cb4d #bh4j #bg4i #bb4j #ba4h #bg4g #bh4j ----------------------------- ,there are several errors in this determination which partially compensate for each other and give results fairly comparable with those obtained by drying4 ,the refractometer of course determines only soluble constituents4 ,since salt gives a higher refractive reading than the same per cent of sugar1 and since tomato solids give a higher refractive reading than the same percentage of sugar1 and since any acetic acid of the vinegar is also read as solids on the refractometer1 the total increase in reading due to these different factors nearly compensates for the insoluble solids of the ketchup4 ,the variation of the per cent of solids as obtained by the refractometer from that obtained by drying will depend somewhat on the composition of the ketchup and in using the refractometer it is advisable to also determine the solids by drying on a few samples to obtain the relation between the two figures for that particular ketchup4 ,,table #ac4--,refractive ,index and ,per ,cent ,solids in ,tomato ,ketchup#ba ,refractive ,per ,decimals to be index cent added for solidsfractional readings ----------------------------------- #a4cdhd #aa #j4jjja #j4je #a4cejj #ab #j4jjjb #j4a #a4ceaf #ac #j4jjjc #j4b #a4cecj #ad #j4jjjd #j4be #a4cedf #ae #j4jjje #j4c #a4cefb #af #j4jjjf #j4d #a4cegh #ag #j4jjjg #j4de #a4ceid #ah #j4jjjh #j4e #a4cfaa #ai #j4jjji #j4f #a4cfbg #bj #j4jjaj #j4fe #a4cfdd #ba #j4jjaa #j4g #a4cffa #bb #j4jjab #j4ge #a4cfgh #bc #j4jjac #j4h #a4cfie #bd #j4jjad #j4he #a4cgab #be #j4jjae #j4i #a4cgbi #bf #j4jjaf #j4ie #a4cgdf #bg #j4jjja #j4je #a4cgfd #bh #j4jjjb #j4a #a4cghb #bi #j4jjjc #j4ae #a4chjj #cj #j4jjjd #j4b #a4chah #ca #j4jjje #j4be #a4chcf #cb #j4jjjf #j4c #a4ched #cc #j4jjjg #j4ce #a4chgb #cd #j4jjjh #j4d #a4chij #ce #j4jjji #j4de #a4ciji #cf #j4jjaj #j4e #a4cibh #cg #j4jjaa #j4ee #a4cidg #ch #j4jjab #j4f #a4ciff #ci #j4jjac #j4fe #a4cihd #dj #j4jjad #j4g #a4djjc #da #j4jjae #j4ge #j4jjaf #j4h #j4jjag #j4he #j4jjah #j4i #j4jjai #j4ie #j4jjbj #a4j #j4jjba #a4j ----------------------------------- #ba ,geerlig's table for dry substance in sugar house products by ,abb refractometer at #bh;,c4 ,in using ,table #ac1 find the refractive index which is next lower than the reading actually obtained and note the corresponding whole number for the per cent of dry substance4 ,subtract the refractive index obtained from the table from the observed reading2 the decimal percentages corresponding to this difference1 as given in the column so marked1 is added to the whole per cent of solids as first obtained4 ,correction must also be made for the temperature if above or below #bh ,c4 ,the temperature correction is obtained from ,table #ad4 ,for instance1 suppose the refractive index was #a4cgej and that the temperature was #be ,c4 ,the per cent of solids as obtained from the table would be #bg4b4 ,the correction for temperature would amount to 4#ad1 which would be added to this reading1 giving #bg4cd as the per cent of solids4 ,,table #ad4--;,corrections for ,temperature to be ,used with ,table #ac ,per cent of solids4 ,temperature1------------------------ ,c4 #aj #ae #bj #be #cj #dj ------------------------------------ ,to be subtracted ------------------------ #bj #j4eej4efj4egj4ehj4fjj4fb #ba 4#dh 4#di 4#ej 4#ea 4#eb 4#ed #bb 4#db 4#db 4#db 4#dd 4#de 4#dg #bc 4#cd 4#ce 4#cf 4#cg 4#ch 4#ci #bd 4#bg 4#bh 4#bh 4#bi 4#cj 4#ca #be 4#ba 4#ba 4#bb 4#bb 4#bc 4#bc #bf 4#ac 4#ad 4#ad 4#ae 4#ae 4#af #bg 4#jg 4#jg 4#jg 4#jg 4#jh 4#jh ------------------------ ,to be added ------------------------ #bi #j4jgj4jgj4jgj4jgj4jhj4jh #cj 4#ac 4#ad 4#ad 4#ad 4#ae 4#ae #ca 4#ba 4#ba 4#bb 4#bb 4#bc 4#bc #cb 4#bg 4#bh 4#bh 4#bi 4#cj 4#ca #cc 4#cd 4#ce 4#cf 4#cg 4#ch 4#ci #cd 4#db 4#db 4#dc 4#dd 4#de 4#dg #ce 4#dh 4#di 4#ej 4#ea 4#eb 4#ed ------------------------------------ ,whether or not ketchup should be processed after filling into bottles depends on the conditions under which it is bottled4 ,if the bottled product can be sealed at #ahj ,f4 or better a process is not necessary and is an unnecessary expense and waste of time1 besides it may injure the color of the product4 ,with the modern type of equipment it is possible to fill the bottles at a temperature which obviates sterilization4 ,care must be taken that the temperature of the ketchup in the receiving tank feeding the filler does not fall too low4 ,care must also be avoided in order not to fill the ketchup at too high a temperature as it results in excessive shrinkage of the contents4 ,for ketchup filled at relatively low temperature a process should be used4 ,the process necessary will depend upon the temperature at which the ketchup is filled and on the time that may elapse between filling and processing4 ,sanitary conditions of the factory and equipment are exceedingly important not only in relation to ease of sterilization but also in securing a product of good quality4 ,in stacking ketchup it is best to stack the bottles upside down4 ,this tends to prevent darkening of the ketchup in the neck of bottle1 a condition known as 8black neck40 ,it has been our experience that wherever this condition has occurred it is due to leakage of air into the bottles4 ,stacking bottles in this way undoubtedly keeps the cork of the cap moist and makes the seal more effective4 ,,chili ,,sauce ,chili sauce is of the same general character as ketchup but is made from peeled and cored tomatoes without removing the seeds1 contains more sugar and onions and sometimes is made hotter than ketchup by the use of more cayenne pepper4 ,there is a great variation among different manufacturers with respect to the methods of treating the tomatoes4 ,usually large to medium sized tomatoes are employed1 separated from the small tomatoes which are used for making pulp and ketchup4 ,some manufacturers of chili sauce place the peeled and cored tomatoes directly into the kettle and mix the other ingredients without any form of breaking4 ,other manufacturers have various methods of breaking and crushing the tomatoes4 ,several crushers for this purpose are on the market and other means of breaking1 such as meat choppers1 meat cutters and apple graters are employed4 ,some convey the tomatoes from the peeling room to the kettle through a pump which breaks them up more or less4 ,because of the nature of the product there is no method available for testing the concentration of chili sauce and determining the point at which the cooking should be stopped4 ,the refractometer may be used as a rough method of controlling the concentration4 ,the percentage of solids as determined from the refractometer reading and ,geerlig's table is too low on account of the relatively high percentage of insoluble solids4 ,however1 a relation between the soluble solids and total solids may be obtained in this way which may be useful in controlling the concentration4 ,the consistency of the product is always regulated by its appearance4 ,the amount of cooking varies among different manufacturers but in general there is a concentration of from #dj to #de per cent of the volume of the raw tomatoes employed4 ,that is1 #ajj gallons of peeled and cored tomatoes yield from #dj to #de gallons of chili sauce4 ,the amount of onions added to chili sauce is substantially larger than the amount used with ketchup4 ,some manufacturers use approximately twice as much as the former4 ,hier#bb suggests #ajj pounds of onions when used in the preparation of #ajj gallons of chili sauce4 ,large onions should be used since they are more easily peeled and give less waste than smaller onions4 ,they should be carefully peeled and should be finally chopped in order to safeguard against stopping up the tubes of the filling machine4 #bb 8,the ,manufacture of ,tomato ,products1 #aiai40 ,the cooking is substantially the same as with ketchup and the same ingredients are used with the exception of garlic which is not employed4 ,some manufacturers make the product rather mild1 while others use substantially twice as much cayenne pepper as with ketchup4 ,the same amount of salt and vinegar are employed with ketchup but substantially more sugar1 some manufacturers using one-half more sugar than with ketchup4 ,because of its lumpy condition chili sauce affords more difficulty in filling into the bottle than is the case with ketchup4 ,the bottle is also harder to seal4 ,its wide neck makes it more difficult to make the sealing tight than the smaller neck ketchup bottles1 and the black rings in the top of the bottle are more frequent and more conspicuous than is the case with ketchup4 ,the discussion of the processing given under ketchup 7p4 #gj7 is also applicable to chili sauce4 ,,publications ,,research ,,laboratory ,,national ,,canners ,,association ,,bulletins 99#a ,some ,safety ,measures in ,canning ,factories 99#b ,swells and ,springers 7,superseded by ,circular #f-,l7 99#c ,tomato ,pulp 7,superseded by ,bulletin #ba-,l7 99#d ,preliminary ,bulletin on ,canning 99#e ,the ,examination of ,evaporated ,milk 99#f ,a cause of ,dark ,color in ,canned ,corn 99#g ,specific ,gravity and ,solids in ,tomato ,pulp 7,superseded by ,bulletin #ba-,l7 99#h ,exhaust and ,vacuum 99#i ,processing and ,process ,devices 99#aj ,lye ,peeling #aa ,deterioration in ,asparagus #ab ,washing ,fruits and ,vegetables #ac ,washing and ,cleaning ,cans 99#ad ,bacteriological ,examination of ,canned ,foods #ae ,suggestions for ,canning ,pork and ,beans #af-,l ,heat ,penetration in ,processing ,canned ,foods #ag-,l ,relation of ,processing to the ,acidity of ,canned ,foods #ah-,l ,black ,discoloration in ,canned ,corn 99#ai-,l ,vitamins in ,canned ,foods #bj-,l ,the ,effect of ,hard ,water in ,canning ,vegetables ,,circulars 99#a-,l ,springers and ,perforations in ,canned ,fruits #b-,l ,the ,discoloration of ,lye ,hominy #c-,l ,some ,research ,problems of the ,canning ,industry #d-,l ,the ,effect on ,canned ,foods of ,industrial ,wastes in the ,water ,supply #e-,l ,processing of ,peas #f-,l ,swells and ,springers #g-,l ,processing of ,string ,beans and ,beets #h-,l ,processing of ,corn and ,pumpkin 99 ,out of print4 ,transcriber's notes3 ,in the text version1 italics are represented by underscores1 and bold and black letter text by equals symbols4 ,page p#af iris diaphrams -- corrected to diaphragms4 p#af ,abbe condenser usually has an accent on the e -- left as printed4 p#ag ,compound miscroscope -- corrected to microscope p#ag ,there are two anchors for footnote #f p#ba ,table #b has been split into #c sections because of its width4 p#bb ,table #c has been split into #c sections because of its width4 p#bc ,table #d has been split into #b sections because of its width4 p#be ,table #e refractometer readings column needed to be shifted down one row starting between #e4fj and #e4ff4 p#be ,table #e ,the entry for specific gravity of the filtrate for a whole pulp reading in vacuo of #f4je percent is given as #j4jbce -- this has been corrected to #a4jbce p#cb raw product it its -- changed to it is4 p#fj value of of the pulp4 -- extra of removed4 p#fh refractometor -- changed to refractometer