,transcrib]'s ,note ,italic text display$ z3 italic ,t9t+ & ,ton+ ( ,ea/man ,positive ,motion ,picture ,film ,price #b4ej ,second ,edition--,revis$ ,ea/man ,kodak ,company ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 #aiah ,,preface ,ow+ to ! difficulty ( obta9+ =eign made dyes1 a revision ( ! fir/ edition ( ?is publication has be5 made necess>y4 ,z ! result ( an exhau/ive s]ies ( te/s ( ! products ( ! ,national ,anil9e ,*emical ,company1 ,incorporat$1 ,new ,york ,city1 x is n[ possible to recomm5d a numb] ( ,am]ican made dyes suitable = ! t9t+ ( motion picture film1 & ^? recomm5d$ 9 ?is book are 9 mo/ cases equal 9 e respect to ^? previ\sly obta9$ abroad4 ,to date1 x has n be5 possible to obta9 a ?or\ghly satisfactory blue dye1 film t9t$ ) ! ,c9e ,blue recomm5d$ be+ too r$1 especially be=e dry+4 ,a m suitable dye w no d\bt be available 9 due c\rse4 ,! numb] ( sample t9ts has be5 curtail$ to twelve1 & ^! are giv5 m]ely = guidance4 ,x is int5d$ t ! v>i\s =mulas %\ld be alt]$ to suit individual requirem5ts4 ,! *apt] on ton+ has be5 ?or\ghly revis$1 a numb] ( tones hav+ be5 elim9at$ & o!rs sub/itut$4 ,! =mula = ! copp] tone has be5 improv$1 :ile ! =mulas = gre5 tones requir+ ! use ( vanadium *loride h be5 elim9at$ 9 view ( ! exp5se & difficulty ( obta9+ satisfactory vanadium *loride4 ,) ! samples at pres5t on ! m>ket x has n be5 possible to prep>e a s+le-solution ton+ ba? :i* w\ld keep = any reasonable l5g? ( "t4 ,att5tion is drawn to ! new me?od ( dye ton+#a rec5tly work$ out 9 our ,rese>* ,laboratory4 ,?is consi/s 9 fir/ treat+ ! film 9 ! copp] ton+ ba? & !n imm]s+ ! wa%$ film 9 a solution ( a basic dye1 ! dye atta*+ itself to ! image & leav+ ! gelat9e cle>4 ,al?\gh specific directions are giv5 = obta9+ five tones only by ?is me?od1 z fur!r dyes are available1 ^? suitable = ton+ purposes w be publi%$ 9 due c\rse4 ,! me?od ( produc+ sulphide tones has be5 *ang$ to "o ( simple re-developm5t ) sodium sulphide1 ! addition ( hypo to ! sulphide solution hav+ be5 elim9at$4 ,by comm5c+ ) ?9 positive film ( ! correct d5sity1 & us+ a pla9 solution ( sodium sulphide = re-developm5t1 satisfactory transp>5t tones are obta9able ) precision4 ,! =mulas = ! iron & uranium tones are ! same z 9 ! fir/ edition4 ,,ea/man ,,kodak ,,company1 ,,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,augu/1 #aiah4 ,t9t+ & ,ton+ ( ,ea/man ,positive ,motion ,picture ,film ,9 ! production ( motion picture film x is becom+ m common to v>y ! color ( ! film ei!r by ton+ or t9t+ or by a comb9ation ( ! two processes4 ,ton+ consi/s 9 ei!r :olly or p>tially replac+ ! silv] image ( ! positive film by "s color$ comp\nd1 ! cle> portions or highlights ( ! image1 consi/+ ( pla9 gelat9e1 rema9+ unaffect$ & colorless4 ,t9t+1 on ! o!r h&1 consi/s ( imm]s+ ! film 9 a solution ( dye :i* colors ! gelat9e itself1 caus+ ! :ole picture on ! scre5 to h a veil ( color ov] x4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,t9t+ ,9 8t9t+0 ! foll[+ factors mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation3 ,nature ( ! ,dye ,employ$ ,dyes are *emically ( two diff]5t types1 acid & basic2 s-call$ acid dyes are ! alkali salts ( organic acids1 :ile basic dyes are ! *lorides1 sulphates1 etc41 ( organic bases4 ,= ! t9t+ ( film only 8acid0 dyes h be5 consid]$ s9ce x is n possible to make a complete selection f basic dyes alone1 :i* w\ld necessitate ! use ( acid & basic dyes 9 admixture--a proc$ure highly undesirable & 9 _m cases impossible4 ,any dye suitable = admixture ) o!rs to produce int]m$iate t9ts %\ld possess ! foll[+ prop]ties3 ,a4 ,! dye %\ld be in]t & n attack ! gelat9e or support4 ,?is is ( fundam5tal importance z ! gelat9e coat+ ( dy$ film 9 _m cases has a t5d5cy to lose its flexibility1 giv+ rise to :at is kn[n 9 ! trade z 8brittl5ess40 ,sev]al dyes :5 employ$ at a conc5tration ( #a attack gelat9e readily at #gj degrees ,f4 & vigor\sly at #hj degrees ,f41 especially 9 pres5ce ( small am\nts ( acid1 produc+ a m>k$ s(t5+ & (t5 p>tial dissolution ( ! film4 ,! effect is r\ghly proportional to ! conc5tration ( ! dye & to ! temp]ature1 & v>ies ) ea* individual dye4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! gelat9e coat+ ( film :i* has be5 s(t5$ 9 ?is way by ! dye becomes 8brittle0 on subsequ5t projection4 ,! actual factors 9 ! production ( brittl5ess are3 #a4 ,! hydrolys+ action ( acid :i* 9 _m cases is add$ to assi/ dye+4 ,9 case a solid acid is employ$ ! heat enc\nt]$ dur+ projection w greatly accel]ate ?is hydrolysis4 #b4 ,! corrosive action ( ! dye itself4 ,dyes v>y consid]ably 9 ?is respect accord+ to _! p>ticul> composition4 ,s f>1 x has n be5 possible to make any g5]al classification ( dyes 9 ?is connection1 ?\gh nitro comp\nds appe> to be p>ticul>ly corrosive 9 _! action4 #c4 ,! pres5ce ( impurities 9 ! dye4 ,^! take ! =m ( excessive am\nts ( load+ mat]ial su* z sodium sulphate or *loride1 or small traces ( iron1 ! latt] hav+ a t5d5cy to h>d5 ! film consid]ably4 ,9 all ! above cases1 ! physical nature ( ! gelat9e is alt]$1 :]eby x loses its prop]ty ( rema9+ resili5t "u normal conditions ( temp]ature & humidity1 result+ 9 8brittl5ess40 ,a suitable te/ z to :e!r a dye has any prop5sity to produce brittl5ess is to incubate a sample ( film1 half ( :i* has be5 dy$1 = ab\t #dh h\rs at #bab degrees ,f4 ,if any diff]5ce 9 brittl5ess is noticeable betwe5 ! dy$ & ! undy$ portions s treat$ aft] ! film has be5 all[$ to /& 9 ! air = "s "t1 ! dye is unsuitable = t9t+4 ,ap>t f ! above1 mo/ dyes :5 us$ at a conc5tration ( #a & at #hj degrees ,f4 produce m or less s(t5+ ( ! gelat9e1 :i* may be prev5t$ by3 7a7 ,use ( only dilute solutions4 ,except 9 v special cases1 a dye solution /rong] ?an #j4e is seldom requir$1 ! usual /r5g? employ$ be+ ab\t #j4b1 at :i* conc5tration s(t5+ is unusual4 7b7 ,use ( a m9imum am\nt ( volatile acid 9 ! dye-ba? or omission ( ! same :5ev] possible4 7c7 ,by work+ at temp]atures n high] ?an #gj degrees ,f4 7d7 ,by slight h>d5+ ( ! film be=e dye+ & subsequ5t s(t5+ by glyc]9e1 z describ$ bel[3 ,b4 ,! dye %\ld n 8ble$0 to any consid]able ext5t :5 ! film is wa%$2 9 o!r words1 ! rate ( removal ( ! dye %\ld be sl[ & only a slight am\nt %\ld wa% out 9 a p]iod (1 say1 five m9utes4 ,9 t9t+1 ble$+ is ( v consid]able importance1 s9ce1 dur+ ! p]iods betwe5 r9s+ aft] dye+ & ! plac+ ( ! film on ! dry+ rack1 any drops ( wat] on ! surface ( ! film become m or less saturat$ ) dye1 & ^! aft] dry+ rema9 z spots & irregul> m>k+s :i* are v app>5t on ! scre54 ,x is possible 9 "s cases to modify ?is ble$+ by an acid 8/op ba?10 or by add+ acid to ! dye-ba?2 ?\gh x may be consid]$ a g5]al rule t ! ble$+ ( a dye is a prop]ty peculi> to itself4 ,9 mak+ a selection ( dyes !re=e1 x is necess>y to *oose only ^? ^: prop5sity = ble$+ is a m9imum4 ,c4 ,! rate ( dye+ %\ld be only slightly affect$ by ! addition ( acid to ! dye-ba?1 al?\gh mo/ acid dyes are m or less s5sitive to acid4 ,9 case ! rate ( dye+ is appreciably affect$ by ! addition ( acid x is possible to take advantage ( ?is fact s9ce a mu* weak] dye solution may be employ$ to obta9 a giv5 t9t1 :ile an app>5tly exhau/$ ba? may be reviv$ by add+ a small trace ( acid4 ,only a volatile acid su* z acetic acid %\ld be us$ s9ce ?is w evaporate on dry+1 :ile ! /r5g? ( ! acid 9 ! dye-ba? %\ld n exce$ 4#je or "o "p 9 #bjjj1 o!rwise s(t5+ ( ! gelat9e is liable to occur1 especially if ! temp]ature exce$s #gj ,f4 ,9 ! case ( a ba? conta9+ a mixture ( dyes1 ow+ to ! fact t acid affects "s dyes m ?an o!rs1 z ! dye-ba? becomes exhau/$ & ! acid cont5t *anges1 ! t9t obta9$ w gradually *ange also4 ,x is only possible !re=e to use acid ) any degree ( c]ta9ty 9 ! case ( dye-ba?s conta9+ a s+le dye4 ,d4 ,! dyes %\ld n fade on exposure to heat or light & %\ld n be 8di*roic0 or *ange color on dilution4 ,moreov]1 ! we> & te> ( ! film %\ld n be impair$ 9 any way aft] dye+1 & ev5 aft] incubat+ = #dh h\rs at #bab degrees ,f41 aft]w>ds all[+ ! film to humidify1 no diff]5ce %\ld be disc]nible betwe5 dy$ & undy$ film s treat$4 ,e4 ,! dye %\ld n be affect$ by ! acid fix+ ba? s9ce any fix+ solution accid5tally spla%$ !reon1 w\ld de/roy ! dye imm$iately4 ,9 view ( ! l>ge numb] ( t9ts requir$ 9 comm]cial "w1 x is undesirable to keep a sep>ate dye-p[d] = ! prep>ation ( ea* p>ticul> ba?1 b r to prep>e ! same by admixture ( ?ree or m dyes4 ,if ?ree only are employ$1 mix+ mu/ be conduct$ ) great precision 9 ord] to reproduce any giv5 t9t1 b ?is difficulty is remov$ by ! use ( int]m$iate colors4 ,! foll[+ six /&>d dyes h be5 *os5 z fulfill+ ! above conditions z ne>ly z possible1 & by suitably mix+ solutions ( ^!1 almo/ any desir$ t9t may be obta9$4 ,"n ,us$ 9 ,=mula ,comm]cial ,"n ,c9e ,r$ ,s]i*rome ,blue ,r 0 ,sc>let ,croce9 ,sc>let ,,moo 0 ,orange ,orange ,a ,conc5trat$ 0 ,yell[ ,niag>a ,fa/ ,yell[ 0 ,gre5 ,ammaco ,acid ,gre5 ,l 0 ,blue ,buffalo ,fa/ ,blue ,r ,^! dyes are obta9able f ! ,national ,anil9e ,*emical ,co41 ,inc41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,! /r5g? ( ! dyes may v>y slightly f bat* to bat*1 b ?is v>iation is usually s small z n to mat]ially affect ! nature ( ! t9t obta9$ f any p>ticul> =mula4 ,! ,c9e ,blue dye appe>s mu* r$d] by artificial light ?an by daylight1 especially be=e dry+ ! film1 z d all t9ts conta9+ ,c9e ,blue4 ,! foll[+ =mulas are giv5 m]ely = guidance & %\ld be alt]$ to suit individual requirem5ts4 ,:5 mat*+ any color view only by artificial light4 ,,=mulas ,,= ,,t9t+ ,,at #fe ,f4 ,t9t ,numb] on ,*>t ,avoirdupois ,metric ,"t ( ,t9t+ #a4 ,c9e ,r$ #h ozs4 #bej grams ,acetic ,acid 7,glacial7 #c ozs4 #ajj grams ,wat] #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s #e m9utes #b4 ,c9e ,r$ #h ozs4 #bej grams ,wat] #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s #aj m9utes #c4 ,c9e ,sc>let #h ozs4 #bej grams ,acetic ,acid 7,glacial7 #c ozs4 #ajj grams ,wat] #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s #e m9utes #d4 ,c9e ,orange #h ozs4 #bej grams ,acetic ,acid 7,glacial7 #c ozs4 #ajj grams ,wat] #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s #d m9utes #e4 ,c9e ,orange #a lb4 #ejj grams ,wat] #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s #aj m9utes #f4 ,c9e ,yell[ #h ozs4 #bej grams ,wat] #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s #aj m9utes #g4 ,c9e ,yell[ #d ozs4 #abe grams ,c9e ,gre5 #h ozs4 #bej grams ,wat] #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s #aj m9utes #h4 ,c9e ,gre5 #ac ozs4 #djj grams ,wat] #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s #aj m9utes #i4 ,c9e ,gre5 #h ozs4 #bej grams ,c9e ,blue #h ozs4 #bej grams ,wat] #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s #aj m9utes #aj4 ,c9e ,blue #h ozs4 #bej grams ,wat] #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s #aj m9utes #aa4 ,c9e ,blue #d ozs4 #abe grams ,wat] #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s #aj m9utes #ab4 ,c9e ,blue #h ozs4 #bej grams ,c9e ,r$ #d ozs4 #abe grams ,wat] #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s #aj m9utes ,me?od ( ,mix+ ,dissolve ! solid dyes 9 z small an am\nt ( hot wat] z possible1 & filt] ?r\gh f9e musl94 ,p\r hot wat] ov] any residue rema9+1 :i* %\ld only be slight1 9 ord] to ensure ?or\gh solution ( ! dye1 & dilute ! solution 9 ! tank to ! requir$ volume at #fe degrees ,f4 ,nature ( ,positive ,film ,only good snappy positive film may be successfully t9t$1 s9ce t9t+ t5ds to r$uce contra/4 ,! dep? ( ! t9t obta9$ dep5ds on ! foll[+ factors3 ,nature & ,/r5g? ( ! ,dye-ba? ,except 9 special cases su* z fire sc5es1 sunset & moonlight effects1 & ! l1 x is v undesirable to employ /rong t9ts1 s9ce ap>t f ! displeas+ effect & irritation to ! eye1 ! dyes produce a slight s(t5+ ( ! gelat9e film :5 us$ at #hj degrees ,f4 9 #a solution4 ,%\ld x be necess>y to employ conc5trat$ ba?s 9 summ]1 ei!r cool ! dye-ba? or use a suitable h>d5]4 ,?is w be unnecess>y if h>d5] is employ$ 9 ! fix+ ba? aft] developm5t1 b o!rwise if =mal9 7#dj7 be add$ to ! dye-ba? to ! ext5t ( #a volume to #djj volumes ( dye solution1 no tr\ble w be enc\nt]$4 ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 :5 x is advisable to treat all film aft] develop+ & fix+1 ) glyc]9e1 ! latt] may be incorporat$ ) ! dye-ba?1 !reby elim9at+ an extra op]ation4 ,! /r5g? ( ! glyc]9e %\ld be #b1 or two volumes p] "o hundr$ volumes ( dye solution4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ! addition ( glyc]9e consid]ably ret>ds ! rate ( dye+1 s t 9 ord] to obta9 ! same degree ( t9t+ )9 a p]iod ( t5 m9utes1 ! conc5tration ( ! dye-ba? %\ld be increas$ accord+ly4 ,:5 delicate t9ts are employ$1 ! effect is bo? to remove ! contra/y black & :ite effect1 & to add a t\* ( w>m? to ! black deposit ( silv]1 ev5 9 cases :]e ! highlights are insuffici5tly /a9$ to be noticeable4 ,! result 9 _m cases is equal to t obta9$ by p>tial ton+1 = example1 t9t ,no4 #aa gives ! effect ( a blue-black tone4 ,temp]ature ( ,dye-ba? ,al?\gh temp]ature has little effect on ! rate ( dye+ ) ! dyes recomm5d$1 :5 us$ )\t ! addition ( acid x is advisable 9 all cases to "w at #fe to #gj degrees ,f4 9 ord] to produce uni=m results & remove any dang] ( s(t5+ ! film4 ,"t ( ,dye+ ,9 ord] to duplicate any p>ticul> t9t ) a giv5 dye-ba? ! film may be dy$ ei!r by "t or by inspection4 ,dye+ by "t is reliable if ! dye-ba? does n conta9 acid1 ?\gh if acid is pres5t1 9 "t ! acidity decreases1 caus+ a sl[+ d[n ( ! rate ( dye+ s t x becomes necess>y to judge ! progress ( dye+ by inspection4 ,if two or m t9ts ( ! same color are requir$1 9 ord] to r$uce ! numb] ( individual dye-ba?s to a m9imum1 x is bett] to v>y ! "t ( dye+ r ?an to v>y ! dilution ( ! ba?1 provid+ ! "t ( dye+ = ! light] t9t is n less ?an "o m9ute1 :i* "t is consid]$ a m9imum = ! production ( uni=m results & = complete control ( ! dye+ op]ations4 ,! "t ( dye+ also dep5ds some:at on ! previ\s h&l+ ( ! film4 ,film :i* has be5 fix$ 9 a ba? conta9+ ord9>y1 or *rome alum1 dyes m quickly ?an t treat$ ) pla9 hypo & h>d5$ ) =mal94 ,x is probable !re=e1 t small traces ( alum are left 9 ! film ev5 aft] prolong$ wa%+1 :i* s]ve z a mordant = ! dye4 ,! film samples h]e) %[n 7 fix$ 9 ! regul> acid hypo ba?1 s t if = any reason ! t9ts indicat$ are n obta9$ 9 ! "t /at$1 !n ei!r ! "t ( dye+ or ! dilution ( ! dye-ba? %\ld be alt]$ accord+ly4 ,%\ld ! film = any reason be ov]-dy$1 a small portion ( ! dye may be remov$ by wa%+ = #aj to #ae m9utes1 ?\gh ! nature ( ! dyes w p]mit only slight mi/akes to be rectifi$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,life ( ! ,dye-ba?s ,?is av]ages ab\t #dj1jjj feet p] #ej gallons ( dye-ba?4 ,! ba?s may be reviv$ at int]vals by ! addition ( m dye1 ?\gh ?is proc$ure is unc]ta9 & x is g5]ally advisable to mix fre% solution4 ,! addition ( a trace ( acetic acid 7#a "p 9 #ajjj7 w revive an app>5tly exhau/$ ba? ?\gh z /at$ above1 x is only advisable to d ?is 9 ! case ( ba?s conta9+ a s+le dye4 ,me?od ( ,proc$ure ,ei!r ! 8drum0 or 8rack0 me?od may be employ$1 & 9 ei!r case aft] dye+ = t5 m9utes 7dur+ :i* "t ! drum or rack %\ld be agitat$ to ensure ev5 dye+ & prev5t accumulation ( air bubbles7 ! film %\ld be giv5 a ?or\gh r9se 9 pla9 wat]4 ,be=e dry+ films on racks x is advisable to set ! rack at a slight angle = a few m9utes1 to enable ! surplus wat] to dra9 (f m readily ?r\gh ! p]=ations4 ,if drums are us$ = dry+ x is advisable to remove ! surplus wat] by :irl+ ! drum previ\s to dry+4 ,if uni=m results are to be obta9$1 film %\ld nev] be pass$ ?r\gh ! projector be=e ei!r t9t+ or ton+4 ,h[ to ,obta9 ,int]m$iate ,t9ts ,! twelve t9ts above are giv5 m]ely z examples2 o!r t9ts may be readily obta9$ by mak+ a trial ) a small am\nt ( solution on a %ort l5g? ( film1 tak+ c>e to mat* ! t9t 9 artificial light & n by daylight1 s9ce any dye conta9+ ,c9e ,blue appe>s r$d] by artificial light ?an by daylight4 ,:5 mat*+ ?9k ( ! t9t z be+ made up ( "o or m ( ! colors1 r$1 yell[1 & blue4 ,colors su* z orange are made by mix+ yell[ & r$1 violet by mix+ r$ & blue1 & gre5 by mix+ yell[ & blue4 ,br[ns are obta9$ by mix+ all ?ree colors r$1 yell[1 & blue4 ,:5 comp>+ any two p>ticul> t9ts1 x is usual to say t "o is r$d]1 yell[] or blu] ?an ! o!r1 & ! two may !re=e be mat*$ accord+ly4 ,*oice ( ,t9t ,almo/ any t9t if delicate may be employ$ ) advantage1 ?\gh = g5]al use ^? rang+ ?r\gh p9k1 rose1 orange1 yell[1 pale gre5 & pale blue are to be recomm5d$2 o!rs are = special purposes4 ,x is always desirable to obta9 h>mony 9 color1 especially :5 comb9+ t9t+ ) ton+1 s t ! comb9ation is pleas+ to ! normal eye4 ,= local t9t+ & h& color+1 ! above dyes are likewise satisfactory4 ,,tr\bles ,,9 ,,t9t+ ,/reaks & ,unev5 ,color+ ,cause a4 ,grease on ! film4 ,nev] project film be=e t9t+4 b4 ,slight ble$+ & insuffici5t squeegee+ :5 on ! dry+ rack4 ,always c>efully remove any surface moi/ure f ! film ) a damp *amois1 be=e dry+4 ,sludge 9 ! ,dye-ba? ,?is is due to ! precipitation ( ! dye by small traces ( alum or iron 9 ! wat] supply4 ,9 _m localities wat] is purifi$ by add+ alum1 & only ! smalle/ trace ne$ be pres5t to ?r[ "s ( ! dye out ( solution4 ,fro?+ ( ! ,dye-ba? ,?is occurs only :5 t9t+ on ! drum ) ,c9e ,sc>let1 ,c9e ,orange1 & ,c9e ,gre51 b no inconv5i5ce w be caus$ if ! drum is revolv$ sl[ly4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! pat5t rights to ?is me?od are be+ secur$ by u1 b x may be freely us$ = ton+ motion picture film manufactur$ by ! ,ea/man ,kodak ,company4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,ton+ ,z di/9ct f t9t+1 a ton$ image consi/s ( a color image emb$d$ )9 a lay] ( colorless gelat9e1 s t :ile ! highlights are cle>1 ! %ad[s are color$4 ,! color+ matt] may consi/ ( an inorganic color$ comp\nd or a dye1 or ( a mixture ( bo?1 & by :olly or p>tially replac+ ! black & :ite silv] image by "o or m ( ^! sub/ances1 a color$ image is produc$4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 important t ! color$ comp\nd %\ld be z transp>5t z possible s t ! full tone w be app>5t on projection4 ,9 ?is respect1 :ile "s samples ( ton$ film appe> color$ 9 ! h&1 !y produce a sub/antially black & :ite image on projection1 s t :5 judg+ any p>ticul> tone1 x is absolutely necess>y to view ! image on ! scre54 ,( ! v>i\s inorganic color$ comp\nds1 ! metallic f]rocyanides are ! mo/ suitable = ton+ purposes ( :i*3 ,iron 7f]ric7 f]rocyanide is blue1 ,copp] f]rocyanide is r$1 & ,uranium f]rocyanide is r$di% br[n4 ,x is ! object 9 ton+ to replace ! metallic silv] compos+ ! image m or less by "o ( ! above comp\nds or by a mixture ( ^!4 ,9 ?is way int]m$iate tones are obta9$4 ,ton+ may be effect$ ei!r by a s+le solution process or a two solution process4 ,two ,solution ,process ,?is consi/s ( fir/ conv]t+ ! silv] image into silv] f]rocyanide by a suitable blea*+ ba?1 ?or\ghly wa%+1 & act+ ^u ! f]rocyanide image ) a metallic salt1 usually 9 pres5ce ( an acid1 ! metallic f]rocyanide be+ produc$ by d\ble decomposition4 ,! reaction1 h[ev]1 is nev] complete1 s t ! image is mix$ ) undecompos$ silv] f]rocyanide :i* t5ds to make ! image opaque1 b at ! same "t x also adds 8body0 to ! latt]4 ,provid+ all[ance is made 9 ! orig9al positive = ?is int5sification1 good tones are obta9$4 7,see ,tone ,g47 ,s+le ,solution ,process ,in/ead ( ! two sep>ate ba?s us$ above1 a s+le solution may be employ$ consi/+ ( a metallic f]ricyanide dissolv$ 9 a suitable solv5t 7say1 an alkali salt ( citric1 t>t>ic1 or oxalic acids7 9 pres5ce ( an acid & c]ta9 o!r salts4 ,on imm]sion ( ! positive film 9 ?is solution ! silv] image is conv]t$ to silv] f]rocyanide1 :ile ! color$ f]rocyanide is =m$ simultane\sly & comb9$ ) x4 ,9 ei!r ( ! above cases 9 view ( ! fact t ! metallic f]rocyanide is deposit$ 9 a colloidal condition 9 pres5ce ( ! gelat9e ( ! film1 its /ate ( division & ! nature ( ! tone are usually affect$ by ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 salts1 *anges ( temp]ature1 conc5tration ( ! ba?s & o!r factors :i* mu/ be ma9ta9$ con/ant 9 ord] to obta9 uni=m results4 ,) su* s+le ba?s x is possible to secure tones :i* are unobta9able by a two solution process1 ?\gh z su* s+le solutions are s5sitive to light & rapidly attack =eign metals :i* may be pres5t 9 ! %ape ( faucets1 etc41 su* solutions are comp>atively un/able & require c>e 9 _! use4 ,,dye ,,ton+ ,ow+ to ! limit$ numb] ( color$ inorganic comp\nds available = ton+ purposes1 x is possible to obta9 only a limit$ range ( tones by ! above me?ods4 ,9 view ( ! possible wide range ( colors obta9able by ! use ( dyes1 x has long be5 consid]$ t a satisfactory me?od ( produc+ a dye image w\ld be ! ideal me?od = ton+ purposes4 ,z a result ( rec5t "w 9 our ,rese>* ,laboratory1 x is n[ possible to recomm5d su* a me?od ( ton+ :i* dep5ds ^u ! fact t c]ta9 inorganic comp\nds1 includ+ copp] f]rocyanide1 h ! prop]ty ( mordant+ c]ta9 basic dyes1 s t :5 !y are imm]s$ 9 a solution ( ! dye ! latt] atta*es itself to ! mordant1 :i* 9 turn becomes color$4 ,! mo/ suitable dyes = dye ton+ are ^? :i* d n readily dye gelat9e s t on imm]s+1 say1 a sample ( copp] ton$ film 9 a weak solution ( ! dye conta9+ a little acid1 ! dye becomes mordant$ to ! image1 :ile ! highlights consi/+ ( cle> gelat9e rema9 colorless1 ! result+ tone be+ a comb9ation ( ! color ( ! ton$ film & ! dye4 ,full p>ticul>s are giv5 "u tones ,j1 ,k1 ,l1 ,m & ,n4 ,nature ( ! ,positive to be ,ton$ ,s9ce mo/ ton+ processes ei!r int5sify or r$uce ! orig9al image1 9 ord] to obta9 uni=m results1 comm5ce ton+ ) positive film ( ! correct d5sity4 ,?ree /&>ds ( positive film h be5 *os53 ,?91 ,m$ium & ,normal4 7,see *>t47 ,! 8,?90 & 8,m$ium0 /&>ds are obta9$ by giv+ a slight ov]exposure & a %ort] "t ( developm5t4 ,! exact degree ( int5sification :i* takes place 9 any p>ticul> case w soon be le>n$ aft] a few trials4 ,nature ( ! ,develop] ,any good ,elon-,hydro*9on1 ,kodelon-,hydro*9on1 or /raight ,hydro*9on =mula w give satisfactory tones1 ?\gh 9 ! case ( ,tone ,g an ,elon-,hydro*9on develop] is ess5tial 9 ord] t a ri* olive color may be obta9$4 ,= ton+1 x is necess>y t ! develop$ film %\ld be entirely free f fog1 s9ce a ?9 veil becomes int5sifi$ 9 mo/ ( ! ton+ processes4 ,fog may be caus$ by3 7a7 ,oxidation ( ! develop]1 noticeable by ! br[n coloration produc$ aft] cont9u$ use4 ,! rem$y is to r5ew ! develop]4 7b7 ,c>elessness 9 comp\nd+ ! develop]4 ,! usual mi/ake consi/s 9 add+ ! c>bonate to ! ,elon & ,hydro*9on )\t previ\sly add+ a portion ( sulphite to prev5t oxidation4 ,x is n advisable1 h[ev]1 to add ! :ole ( ! sulphite to ! ,elon & ,hydro*9on 9 ! fir/ place1 o!rwise ! ,elon may precipitate4 ,mix+ ! develop] ) wat] :i* is too w>m w (t5 cause fog4 7c7 ,! pres5ce ( copp]1 brass1 & t91 ! fumes f sodium sulphide1 etc41 9 ! develop+ ba?s are to be /rictly avoid$4 ,a salt ( copp] if pres5t only to ! ext5t ( "o "p 9 #aj1jjj w produce fog on c9e positive film4 ,fix+ ,?is op]ation %\ld be complete &1 if possible1 c>ri$ out 9 two consecutive ba?s & foll[$ by ?or\gh wa%+1 o!rwise unev5 color+ w result4 ,9 ord] to elim9ate any possibility ( unev5 ton+ x is always advisable to tone imm$iately aft] wa%+ & be=e dry+4 ,control 9 ,ton+ ,z 9 ! case ( t9t+1 ! nature ( ! tone obta9$ ) ! v>i\s solutions dep5ds on ! foll[+ factors3 a4 ,! nature & dilution ( ! ton+ solutions4 ,except 9 ^? cases :]e x is recomm5d$ to revive ! ba? by add+ m acid1 x is n advisable to modify ! composition or dilution ( ! v>i\s solutions1 z ^! h be5 adju/$ to give ! be/ results4 b4 ,temp]ature ( ton+4 ,9 mo/ cases a *ange ( temp]ature f #fj to #gj degrees ,f4 has m]ely ! effect ( *ang+ ! "t ( ton+4 ,x is advisable1 h[ev]1 to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature ( ! v>i\s solutions betwe5 #fe degrees & #gj degrees ,f4 c4 ,"t ( ton+4 ,except 9 ! case ( tones ,f & ,g :5 ton+ proce$s to a limit1 ! nature ( ! tone produc$ v>ies ) ! "t ( ton+1 rea*+ a limit 9 f #aj to #ae m9utes1 s t 9 a %ort] "t int]m$iate tones are produc$4 ,s9ce mo/ ( ! ton+ processes int5sify ! orig9al image1 if an int]m$iate tone is requir$1 x is usually necess>y to comm5ce ton+ ) d5s] film ?an :5 ton+ is to be c>ri$ to ! limit4 ,see tones ,b1 ,c & ,d4 ,:5 produc+ int]m$iate tones1 x is !re=e possible ei!r to tone 9 ! normal ba? = a giv5 "t or 9 a dilut$ ba? = a long] "t4 ,9 ord] to r$uce ! numb] ( individual ton+ ba?s to a m9imum x is recomm5d$ to v>y ! "t ( ton+ r ?an to v>y ! dilution ( ! ba? & to judge ! tone by inspection4 ,s9ce ! /r5g? ( ! ton+ ba? falls (f ) use1 inspection is necess>y 9 all cases except ,tones ,f & ,g4 ,be=e comm5c+ "w ) any ba?1 x is advisable to make a te/ on a %ort l5g? ( film4 ,p]man5cy ( ,tones ,! p]man5cy ( ! tones produc$ l>gely dep5ds on ! c>e ex]cis$ ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s op]ations4 ,! silv] sulphide image may be consid]$ p]man5t1 ?\gh 9 ! o!r cases1 :]e m or less silv] f]rocyanide is pres5t1 ! ton$ image is n absolutely p]man5t1 be+ some:at soluble 9 hypo & affect$ by fumes ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,9 ! case ( ! iron & uranium tones1 ! color$ f]rocyanides are dissolv$ by alkali su* z sodium c>bonate1 s t ! ton$ film %\ld n be wa%$ = too long a "t 9 wat] :i* is at all incl9$ to be alkal9e4 ,9 no case h[ev]1 if ! in/ructions are c>efully foll[$ w ! ton$ image det]iorate dur+ ! active life ( ! film4 ,moreov]1 s f> z c be asc]ta9$1 ! we> & te> ( film :i* has be5 ton$ by ! me?ods recomm5d$ is 9 no way impair$1 ?\gh by virtue ( ! h>d5+ action ( mo/ ( ! ton+ ba?s on ! gelat9e x is advisable1 especially dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 to imm]se ! film = ?ree or f\r m9utes 9 ! usual #b glyc]9e ba? aft] ton+4 ,%\ld film h to be /or$ = long p]iods ( "t1 ton+ is inadvisable1 nor is x advisable to tone valuable film unless duplicates are available4 ,! life ( ! ton+ ba? has be5 c>efully inve/igat$ 9 ea* case1 ! t]m 8life0 be+ consid]$ z ! total l5g? ( film capable ( be+ ton$ by a giv5 volume ( fre% solution :5 ton+ is conduct$ cont9u\sly & )\t int]ruption4 ,9 all cases x is false economy to exhau/ a ton+ ba? to ! limit & ?us obta9 inf]ior tones1 s9ce ! co/ ( ! *emicals employ$ is insignificant comp>$ ) ! value ( ! film be+ treat$4 ,s9ce ! figures giv5 repres5t ! capacity ( ! ba? = ton+ "u ! be/ conditions1 !y only apply provid+ ! ba?s are kept cov]$ z f> z possible :5 n 9 use1 to exclude light1 & provid+ no =eign metallic surface1 h[ev] small1 is all[$ to come into contact ) ! solution4 ,z m5tion$ above1 s+le solution ba?s are n int5d$ = occasional use4 ,9 su* cases two-solution me?ods %\ld z f> z possible be employ$1 al?\gh x has only be5 possible to recomm5d ! latt] = ! production ( sulphide & blue-gre5 tones4 ,/ability ( ! ,solutions ,all ton+ solutions conta9+ potassium f]ricyanide are s5sitive to light1 ! f]ricyanide be+ r$uc$ to f]rocyanide4 ,!re=e :5 n 9 use ! tanks %\ld be c>efully cov]$ s z to scre5 ! solutions f sunlight4 ,x is also v important t no metallic surface h[ev] small %\ld come 9 contact ) ! solutions2 any metal pegs on ! racks or p9s us$ to hold ! film toge!r w ga!r ! tone 9 pref]5ce to ! film1 caus+ ! =mation ( sludge4 ,pla9 wood5 racks ) or )\t wood5 pegs %\ld be us$1 & metal faucets replac$ by wood5 plugs4 ,if any consid]able am\nt ( sludge =ms 9 ! tank at any "t1 x is due ei!r to incorrect mix+1 ! action ( light1 or to ! pres5ce ( =eign metallic sub/ances4 ,,tone ,a ,tone ,a ,r$ 7,copp]7 ,positive ,employ$--,normal ,aft] imm]sion ( ! well wa%$ film 9 wat] = "o m9ute1 ba! 9 ! foll[+3 ,avoirdupois ,metric ,copp] sulphate #a lb4 #aa ozs4 #hjj grams ,ammonium citrate 7neutral7 #e lbs4 #c ozs4 #bejj 0 ,potassium f]ricyanide #a lb4 #aa ozs4 #hjj 0 ,ammonium c>bonate #ac ozs4 #djj 0 ,wat] to #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s ,dissolve ea* +r$i5t sep>ately 9 z little wat] z possible1 mix ! filt]$ solutions s obta9$ 9 ! ord] giv51 & dilute to ! requir$ volume4 ,! solution obta9$ %\ld be light gre5 9 color & p]fectly cle>4 ,! ammonium c>bonate %\ld be almo/ transp>5t & free f :ite p[d]1 & %\ld be dissolv$ 9 cold wat]1 :ile ! ammonium citrate employ$ %\ld be neutral4 ,mo/ samples conta9 acid1 :i* acid w\ld neutralize ! ammonium c>bonate & affect ! result+ tone4 ,! free acid is usually citric acid1 & %\ld be neutraliz$ ) a solution ( ammonia us+ litmus z indicator4 ,temp]ature ( ,ton+--,to obta9 ! be/ results ! temp]ature ( ! ba? %\ld be f #fe degrees to #gj degrees ,f4 ,"t ( ,ton+--,five to t5 m9utes4 ,"t ( ,wa%+--#aj m9utes4 ,life ( ,ba?--,) use ! ba? precipitates a br[n sludge ( copp] f]rocyanide1 & 9 consequ5ce becomes weak] by virtue ( ! loss ( copp]1 ?\gh #ej gallons ( ! solution w tone ab\t #aj1jjj feet ( film4 ,x is necess>y to keep ! film entirely subm]g$ 9 ! tank1 or con/antly 9 motion :5 on ! drum1 o!rwise if ! film is frequ5tly exam9$1 especially dur+ ! fir/ few m9utes ( ton+1 /reaks are liable to occur4 ,,tone ,b ,tone ,b ,r$ 7,uranium7 ,positive ,employ$--,?94 ,imm]se ! well wa%$ film 9 ! foll[+3 ,avoirdupois ,metric ,uranium ,nitrate 7,neutral7 #af ozs4 #ejj grams ,potassium ,oxalate 7,neutral7 #af ozs4 #ejj grams ,potassium ,f]ricyanide #f ozs4 #bjj grams ,ammonium ,alum #b lbs4 #abjj grams ,hydro*loric ,acid #aj #a qu>t #ajjj cc4 ,wat] to #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s ,mix 9 ! ord] giv54 ,! solution obta9$ %\ld be p]fectly cle> & pale yell[ 9 color4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! nature ( ! tone is influ5c$ l>gely by ! acid cont5t1 x is v important t ! uranium nitrate %\ld conta9 no free acid1 & ?is may be assur$ by neutraliz+ a solution ) dilute ammonia until a slight p]man5t precipitate is obta9$4 ,x is conv5i5t to keep /ock solutions ( ! above 7say1 #aj solutions7 f :i* a new ba? may be exp$iti\sly comp\nd$4 ,a #aj hydro*loric acid solution is "o conta9+ #aj p>ts by volume ( ! conc5trat$ acid p] #ajj volumes ( ! f9al solution4 ,temp]ature ( ,ton+--#fe degrees to #gj degrees ,f4 ,"t ( ,ton+--,t5 m9utes4 ,s9ce ?is & ! foll[+ s+le solution me?ods ( ton+ produce a m>k$ int5sification ( ! silv] image--:i* int5sification increases ) ! "t ( ton+--x foll[s t ! nature ( ! tone *anges ) "t also4 ,! composition ( ! ba? has be5 s adju/$ t ! maximum effect is produc$ 9 ab\t #aj m9utes1 ! tone pass+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( *anges f br[n to r$ dur+ ?is "t4 ,x is !re=e possible to obta9 int]m$iate tones by )draw+ ! film f ! ba? at %ort] int]vals1 ?\gh 9 su* cases ! contra/ ( ! orig9al black & :ite film %\ld be adju/$ accord+ly1 s9ce ) slight ton+ v little int5sification takes place4 7,see tones ,c & ,d47 ,"t ( ,wa%+--,t5 to fifte5 m9utes4 ,! highlights w become cle> 9 ! above "t1 ?\gh a ?9 yell[i% br[n veil may rema9 9 ! cle> gelat9e z a result ( ! int5sification ( m9ute traces ( fog1 b ?is has no effect on projection4 ,if ! ba? is work+ correctly ! yell[i% veil is only j p]ceptible1 b if appreciably visible1 !n ei!r ! film 0 fogg$ dur+ developm5t1 or ! ba? 0 n comp\nd$ correctly4 ,wa%+ %\ld n be c>ri$ out = too long a p]iod1 especially ) wat] incl9$ to be alkal9e1 because ! ton$ image is soluble 9 alkali4 ,life ( ,ba? ,fifty gallons ( solution w tone ab\t #ejjj feet ( film )\t any appreciable *ange 9 ! tone1 aft] :i* ! ri* tone t5ds to flatness z a result ( a defici5cy ( acid 9 ! ba?4 ,at ?is po9t ! ba? may be reviv$ by ! fur!r addition ( acid to ! ext5t ( ! orig9al am\nt1 :5 a fur!r #ejjj feet may be ton$4 ,at ?is /age ! ri*ness ( tone falls (f rapidly & ! ba? %\ld be ?r[n away4 ,us$ int]mitt5tly ov] a p]iod ( sev]al days ! life ( ! ba? is approximately ! same4 ,) cont9u$ use a slight br[ni% floccul5t precipitate may =m 9 ! ba?1 b ?is %\ld only be slight1 o!rwise x is caus$ by incorrect mix+1 ! action ( light1 or by contact ) a metallic surface4 ,,tone ,c ,tone ,c--,r$ ,br[n 7,uranium7 ,positive ,employ$--,m$ium ,! ton+ =mula employ$ & ! in/ructions to be foll[$ are ! same z = ,tone ,b1 ! "t ( ton+ be+ ab\t #e m9utes at #fe degrees to #gj degrees ,f4 ,,tone ,d ,tone ,d--,br[n 7,uranium7 ,positive ,employ$--,normal ,! ton+ =mula employ$ & ! in/ructions to be foll[$ are ! same z = ,tone ,b1 ! "t ( ton+ be+ ab\t #c m9utes at #fe degrees to #gj degrees ,f4 ,,tone ,e ,tone ,e--,sepia 7,uranium & ,iron7 ,?is p>ticul> tone is obta9$ by suitable mixture ( r$ & blue ton+ solutions4 ,by v>y+ ! proportions ( ^! ba?s1 tones v>y+ f r$ to sepia may be obta9$4 ,! foll[+ is only "o ( ! _m tones produc$ by ?is me?od4 ,increase 9 ! proportion ( ! iron ba? makes ! tone cold]1 & vice v]sa4 ,positive ,employ$--,m$ium ,imm]se ! well wa%$ film 9 ,solution = tone ,b 7r$ br[n7 #e vols4 ,solution = tone ,h 7blue7 #a vol4 ,"t ( ,ton+ #c to #d m9utes at #fe degrees to #gj degrees ,f4 ,! in/ructions reg>d+ me?od ( proc$ure1 life ( ba?1 etc41 are exactly ! same z = tone ,b4 ,,tone ,f ,tone ,f 7,sulphide7 ,positive ,employ$ ,) a ?9 positive a w>m br[n tone is obta9$1 :ile ) d5s] film ! effect is t ( a blue-black tone4 ,avoirdupois ,metric ,a4 ,potassium ,f]ricyanide #h lbs4 #e ozs4 #djjj grams ,potassium ,bromide #b lbs4 #b ozs4 #ajjj grams ,wat] to #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s ,b4 ,sodium ,sulphide 7cry/al7 #b lbs4 #b ozs4 #ajjj grams ,wat] to #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s ,a trace ( iron 9 ! sodium sulphide w d no h>m provid+ ! solution is boil$ & ! precipitat$ iron sulphide all[$ to settle be=e use4 ,! well wa%$ positive is ?or\ghly blea*$ 9 ,a1 wa%$ = #e m9utes1 & imm]s$ 9 solution ,b until ! film is ?or\ghly ton$4 ,temp]ature ( ,ton+--#fe degrees to #gj degrees ,f4 ,"t ( ,ton+--,f\r to five m9utes4 ,"t ( ,wa%+--,t5 to fifte5 m9utes4 ,life ( ,ba?s ,! ton+ ba?s ,a & ,b are comp>atively /able & w keep until exhau/$4 ,,tone ,g ,tone ,g--,olive ,gre5 7,iron7 ,positive ,employ$--,?9 to m$ium4 ,! be/ tones are only obta9able on film develop$ 9 an ,elon-,hydro*9on develop]4 ,?or\ghly blea* ! well wa%$ film 93 ,avoirdupois ,metric ,a4 ,potassium ,f]ricyanide #bj lbs4 #ab ozs4 #aj1jjj grams ,ammonia 7conc5trat$ 4#hi7 gal4 #b lit]s ,wat] to #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s ,"t ( ,blea*+--,two to five m9utes4 ,aft] wa%+ = #aj to #ae m9utes1 tone 9 ! foll[+ at #fe degrees to #gj degrees ,f43 ,avoirdupois ,metric ,b4 ,f]ric ,alum 7,f]ric ,ammonium ,sulphate7 #d lbs4 #b ozs4 #bjjj grams ,potassium ,bromide #b lbs4 #b ozs4 #ajjj grams ,hydro*loric ,acid 7conc5trat$7 #ac ozs4 #djj cc4 ,wat] to #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s ,"t ( ,ton+ ,ton+ %\ld be complete 9 f #c to #e m9utes4 ,"t ( ,wa%+--,t5 to fifte5 m9utes4 ,if ! highlights are /a9$ blue1 or if ! image w n completely tone 9 ! %ad[s1 ?is is due to insuffici5t wa%+ aft] blea*+4 ,:5 blea*+1 x is important to exam9e ! film z little z possible1 o!rwise /reaks are liable to be produc$ due to ! action ( ! air at ^? p>ts :]e ! solution dra9s (f ! film4 ,x is also important to tone imm$iately aft] blea*+ & wa%+4 ,life ( ,ba?s ,blea* ,a4 ,provid+ ! solution is scre5$ f ! light & kept cov]$ to prev5t ! undue escape ( ammonia1 ! ba? keeps fairly well1 b if x %[s any signs ( weak5+1 x %\ld be reviv$ by ! addition ( a fur!r quantity ( ammonia equal 9 am\nt to t orig9ally us$4 ,if s reviv$ at int]vals1 #ej gallons w blea* #dj1jjj feet ( film be=e exhau/ion4 ,solution ,b4 ,fifty gallons ( solution ,b w tone #cj1jjj feet ( film )\t fur!r addition ( acid1 :5 x %\ld be ?r[n away4 ,,tone ,h ,tone ,h ,blue 7,iron7 ,positive ,employ$ ,?9 or ,m$ium1 accord+ to result desir$4 ,tone 9 ! foll[+3 ,avoirdupois ,metric ,potassium ,bi*romate #ge gra9s #e grams ,f]ric ,alum 7,f]ric ammonium sulphate7 #h ozs4 #he grs4 #bej grams ,oxalic ,acid #a lb4 #d ozs4 #fjj grams ,potassium ,f]ricyanide #f ozs4 #bjj grams ,ammonium ,alum #b lbs4 #b ozs4 #ajjj grams ,hydro*loric ,acid #aj #f ozs4 #bjj cc4 ,wat] to #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s ,! me?od ( comp\nd+ ?is ba? is v important4 ,ea* ( ! solid *emicals %\ld be dissolv$ sep>ately 9 a small quantity ( w>m wat]1 ! solutions all[$ to cool1 filt]$ into ! tank /rictly 9 ! ord] giv51 & ! :ole dilut$ to ! requir$ volume4 ,if ^! in/ructions are foll[$1 ! ba? w be a pale yell[ color1 p]fectly cle>1 & w rema9 s = a consid]able p]iod4 ,"t ( ,ton+--,five to t5 m9utes at #gj degrees ,f4 ,"t ( ,wa%+ ,wa% = t5 to fifte5 m9utes until ! highlights are cle>4 ,a v slight p]man5t yell[ coloration ( ! cle> gelat9e w usually occur1 b %\ld be only j p]ceptible1 :5 x w h no effect on projection4 ,if ! highlights are /a9$ blue1 !n ei!r ! film 0 fogg$ dur+ developm5t or ! ba? 0 n comp\nd$ correctly4 ,wa%+ %\ld n be c>ri$ out = too long a p]iod1 especially ) wat] incl9$ to be alkal9e1 because ! ton$ image is soluble 9 alkali4 ,life ( ,ba? ,if ! acid is r5ew$ to ! ext5t ( ! orig9al am\nt aft] ton+ ea* #ejjj feet1 ! ba? is capable ( ton+ #ae1jjj feet p] #ej gallons ( solution4 ,if ev5 aft] revival1 ! tone rema9s flat1 ! ba? is exhau/$ & %\ld be ?r[n away4 ,aft] cont9u$ use1 a slight blui% sludge w collect 9 ! ba?1 b ?is is n h>mful4 ,%\ld ?is =m1 h[ev]1 to any appreciable ext5t1 x is due ei!r to incorrect mix+1 ! action ( light1 or to contact ) metallic surfaces4 ,,tone ,i ,tone ,i--,pale ,blue 7,iron7 ,! in/ructions are z = ,tone ,h ) ! foll[+ modifications3 ,positive ,employ$--,normal4 ,"t ( ,ton+--,two to f\r m9utes accord+ to dep? ( tone desir$4 ,,new ,,tones ,,tone ,j ,tone ,j--,r$ 7,dye ,tone7 ,by fir/ ton+ 9 ,tone ,a1 wa%+1 & !n imm]s+ ! copp] ton$ film 9 an acid solution ( a basic dye1 ! dye is mordant$ to ! ton$ image1 ?us modify+ ! color4 ,nature ( ,positive--,m$ium ,tone = five to t5 m9utes 9 solution z = ,tone ,a1 & aft] wa%+ = t5 m9utes imm]se 9 ! foll[+ dye-ba?4 ,avoirdupois ,metric ,safran9e ,a 7,national ,anil9e & ,*emical ,co41 ,inc47 #g ozs4 #bjj grams ,acetic ,acid 7,glacial7 #cb ozs4 #ajjj cc4 ,wat] to #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s ,"t ( ,ton+ ,five to t5 m9utes1 accord+ to dep? desir$4 ,temp]ature ( ,ton+--#fe degrees to #gj degrees ,f4 ,"t ( ,wa%+ ,usually only a slight r9se 9 wat] is necess>y4 ,if ! highlights are /a9$1 ! film %\ld be wa%$ = five or t5 m9utes or until cle>4 ,/a9$ highlights are caus$ ei!r by insuffici5t wa%+ aft] ton+1 too /rong a dye-ba?1 or an incorrect am\nt ( acid 9 ! dye-ba?4 ,,tone ,k ,tone ,k--,orange 7,dye ,tone7 ,! in/ructions are exactly z = ,tone ,j1 sub/itut+ ! foll[+ dye-ba?4 ,avoirdupois ,metric ,*rysoid9 #c,r 7,national ,anil9e & ,*emical ,co41 ,inc47 or ,*rysoid9 ,y 7,extra7 #b ozs4 #cbj grs4 #hj grams ,acetic ,acid 7,glacial7 #cb ozs4 #ajjj cc4 ,wat] to #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s ,,tone ,l ,tone ,l--,violet 7,dye ,tone7 ,! in/ructions are exactly z = ,tone ,j1 sub/itut+ ! foll[+ dye-ba?3 ,avoirdupois ,metric ,me?yl ,violet 7,national ,anil9e & ,*emical ,co41 ,inc47 #b ozs4 #cbj grs4 #hj grams ,acetic ,acid 7,glacial7 #cb ozs4 #ajjj cc4 ,wat] to #ej gals4 #bjj lit]s ,int]m$iate ,dye ,tones ,! dep? ( ! dye tone is det]m9$ by ! "t ( imm]sion bo? 9 ! copp] ton+ ba? & 9 ! dye-ba?4 ,pale tones may !re=e be obta9$ ei!r by giv+ a %ort ba? 9 ,tone ,a & fully dye+1 or by ton+ = a long] "t & giv+ a %ort imm]sion 9 ! dye-ba?4 ,by mix+ ! dye-ba?s ,j1 ,k1 & ,l 9 v>y+ proportions int]m$iate colors may be obta9$ j z 9 t9t+4 ,,tone ,m ,tone ,m--,pale ,r$ 7,dye ,tone7 ,positive ,employ$--,normal ,tone = "o to two m9utes 9 ,tone ,a1 wa% = t5 m9utes & !n imm]se 9 ! foll[+ dye-ba?4 ,dye solution = ,tone ,j1 "o volume4 ,dye solution = ,tone ,k1 "o volume4 ,:5 ! desir$ tone is obta9$ r9se until ! highlights are cle>4 ,comp\nd ,tones ,,tone ,n ,tone ,n--,copp]-,iron-,dye ,tone4 ,by fir/ p>tially ton+ ! black & :ite film 7,m$ium7 9 ,tone ,a = ?ree to f\r m9utes at #fe degrees to #gj degrees ,f41 s t ! half-tones are completely ton$ b ! %ad[s only p>tially1 wa%+ = t5 m9utes & !n complet+ ! ton+ process 9 ! blue ton+ ba? ,h1 ! residual silv] 9 ! %ad[s is ton$ blue4 ,9 ?is way a d\ble tone is obta9$1 ! %ad[s appe>+ d>k blue & ! half-tones r$di% br[n4 ,by imm]s+ ! film ton$ 9 ?is mann] 9 ! ,*rysoid9 dye-ba? z giv5 "u ,tone ,k1 ! dye is mordant$ to ! half-tones :i* conta9 copp] f]rocyanide1 produc+ ! effect indicat$4 ,comb9$ ,t9t+ & ,ton+ ,9 _m cases pleas+ effects may be obta9$ by t9t+ film :i* has already be5 ton$1 ! result be+ t ! cle> portions or highlights assume ! color ( ! dye1 :ile ! %ad[s & half-tones project a t9t int]m$iate betwe5 t ( ! dye & ! ton$ deposit4 ,consid]able judgm5t is necess>y1 h[ev]1 9 *oos+ suitable t9ts to bl5d ) any giv5 tone4 ,! mo/ successful comb9ation ( ton+ ) t9t+ is 9 ! production ( sunset & moonlight effects ov] wat]1 by fir/ ton+ blue & !n t9t+ orange1 r$ or yell[4 ,! foll[+ comb9ations w cov] mo/ cases requir$3 ,tones ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,j1 ,k1 ,l4 ,t9ts ,nos4 #b1 #e1 #f4 ,tones ,g1 ,h1 ,i4 ,t9t almo/ any delicate %ade4 ,x is consid]$ unnecess>y to illu/rate e comb9ation ( tone & t9t above1 s t only typical examples are giv54 ,x mu/ be not$ t ton$ film 7except tones ,a & ,f7 absorbs ! dye m quickly ?an unton$ film1 s 9 ord] to duplicate app5d$ samples1 ! dye-ba?s %\ld be dilut$ accord+ly4 ,v pleas+ effects may also be obta9$ by locally t9t+ ton$ film1 ! color be+ appli$ ei!r by h& ) a bru%1 or by /5cill+4 ,equipm5t ,! equipm5t necess>y = sy/ematic t9t+ & ton+ is ess5tially ! same z t requir$ = developm5t1 consi/+ ( ! usual tanks & racks or small drums1 only x is advisable t !y %\ld be us$ = ?is purpose exclusively &1 if possible1 occupy a sep>ate room to exclude any possibility ( contam9at+ ! develop+ solutions by ! copp] or sulphid+ ba?1 :i* w\ld cause developm5t fog imm$iately4 ,! 8drum0 sy/em1 on acc\nt ( ! exp5se involv$ 9 app>atus & ! l>g] space requir$ = manipulation1 is n to be recomm5d$ = t9t+ & ton+ op]ations1 ?\gh = op]ation on a small scale1 a small wood5 drum revolv+ 9 a %all[ wood5 tank is mo/ effici5t & economical4 ,:5 ! tank & rack sy/em is employ$1 ! tanks %\ld be ( slate or o!r resi/ive mat]ial1 & h an outlet at ! bottom 9 ! =m ( a h>d-rubb] /opcock or a pla9 wood5 plug4 ,! racks or drums may be ( wood1 b if metal pegs are employ$ on ! racks !y %\ld be coat$ ) acid-resi/+ pa9t su* z asphalt1 s9ce ! pres5ce ( any metallic surface 9 ! ton+ ba?s w cause contam9ation & effect a precipitation ( sludge4 ,! frames %\ld n be int]*ang$ b kept sep>ate ei!r = t9t+ or ton+ to prev5t contam9ation ( "o ba? ) racks previ\sly employ$ 9 ano!r4 ,?is also applies to ! small drum sy/em4 ,= in/ance1 a p9k t9t w\ld be ru9$ by us+ a rack :i* _h previ\sly be5 imm]s$ 9 a deep blue dye-ba?1 unless t p>ticul> rack _h be5 ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,9 ! case ( delicate t9t+1 h[ev]1 no h>m is done provid+ ! racks h be5 previ\sly coat$ ) ! foll[+ wat]pro( v>ni%3 ,avoirdupois ,metric ,h>d p>aff9 #c lbs4 #afjj grams ,c>bon tetra*loride #aj gals4 #dj lit]s ,be=e treatm5t x is pref]able to imm]se ! racks :i* h be5 previ\sly us$ = develop+1 9 a #a solution ( hydro*loric acid = two or ?ree m9utes1 wa% = fifte5 m9utes & ?or\ghly dry4 ,! well-dri$ racks are !n dipp$ 9 ! above solution & ! excess liquid dra9$ (f1 :5 ! v>ni% dries almo/ imm$iately4 ,! v>ni%+ %\ld be repeat$ at int]vals4 ,mix+ ,solutions ,develop]s1 ton+ solutions & dyes %\ld be mix$ 9 crocks ( glaz$ e>!nw>e or enamel$ iron1 us+ w>m wat] :]e necess>y & ensur+ ?or\gh solution by /irr+ ) a wood5 paddle1 :i* %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ aft] ea* op]ation4 ,hav+ ?us dissolv$ ! *emicals 9 z small a quantity ( w>m wat] z possible1 filt] ?r\gh f9e musl9 & make up ! ba? ) cold wat]1 s t ! f9al solution w be at approximately ! correct temp]ature4 ,! *emicals employ$ %\ld be pure 7= ! samples1 8,e,k,co40 te/$ *emicals 7 us$71 & 9 cases :]e a good wat] supply is n available1 only di/ill$ wat] %\ld be us$4 ,tr\bles 9 ,ton+ ,mo/ difficulties met ) 9 ton+ may be trac$ to "o or m ( ! foll[+ causes3 ,unev5 ,ton+ ,?is may be due to3 a4 ,grease on ! film4 ,nev] project film be=e t9t+ or ton+4 b4 ,dry+ spots on unton$ film4 ,if possible1 always t9t or tone film imm$iately aft] wa%+ & be=e dry+4 c4 ,exam9ation ( ! film too frequ5tly dur+ ton+1 causes an oxidation ( ! ton+ solution 9 places :]e ! solution fails to dra9 f ! film4 d4 ,insuffici5t or unev5 wa%+ ( ! film aft] blea*+ & be=e ton+ 7,tones ,f & ,g74 ,:ite ,spots ,:ite spots are produc$ by p>ticles ( hypo or c>bonate du/ or spla%es ( a solution ( ^!1 settl+ on ! ton$ film4 ,! ton$ image consi/s ( silv] toge!r ) m or less silv] f]rocyanide & ! f]rocyanides ( uranium1 iron & copp] z ! case may be4 ,silv] f]rocyanide is soluble 9 hypo :ile uranium & iron f]rocyanides are soluble 9 a solution ( sodium c>bonate1 /rong ammonia1 etc41 s t ! :ite spots indicate ^? p>ts :]e ! ton$ image has be5 dissolv$ away4 ,irregul> :ite spots may also be =m$ if ! film is imp]fectly squeege$ aft] wa%+ & be=e dry+1 especially if ! wa% wat] is slightly alkal9e4 ,:5 a spot ( wat] on ! ton$ film evaporates1 ! small am\nt ( alkali pres5t 9 ! wat] becomes m conc5trat$ & f9ally dissolves away m or less ( ! tone1 leav+ a :ite spot on ! film4 ,:ite spots due to ^! causes may be prev5t$ by imm]s+ ! film = a few seconds 9 a 4#e solution ( glacial acetic acid aft] ton+ & be=e plac+ on ! dry+ rack4 ,/a9$ ,highlights ,are caus$ by3 a4 ,traces ( fog on ! film be=e ton+4 b4 ,an improp]ly comp\nd$ ton+ ba?4 ,all solutions :5 new %\ld be p]fectly cle>4 c4 ,premature exhau/ion ( ! ba?4 ,?is is due ei!r to ! action ( light or to ! pres5ce ( "s metal 9 ! tank 9 ! %ape ( screw heads1 faucets1 p9s1 etc41 :i* ga!r ! tone & cause ! =mation ( sludge4 ,x is important to keep all solutions conta9+ potassium f]ricyanide expos$ z little z possible to daylight1 to use only wood5 racks ) wood5 pegs1 & to cov] all metal p>ts v c>efully ) acid resi/+ pa9t4 d4 ,9 dye-ton+1 /a9$ highlights are due ei!r to insuffici5t wa%+ aft] ton+ ) copp]1 too /rong a dye-ba?1 or an incorrect am\nt ( acid 9 ! dye-ba?4 ,t9ts ,illu/ration3 #a ,illu/ration3 #b ,illu/ration3 #c ,illu/ration3 #d ,illu/ration3 #e ,illu/ration3 #f ,illu/ration3 #g ,illu/ration3 #h ,illu/ration3 #i ,illu/ration3 #aj ,illu/ration3 #aa ,illu/ration3 #ab ,illu/ration3 t9t ,illu/ration3 t9t ,illu/ration3 t9t ,illu/ration3 t9t ,illu/ration3 t9t ,illu/ration3 t9t ,illu/ration3 t9t ,illu/ration3 t9t ,illu/ration3 t9t ,illu/ration3 t9t ,illu/ration3 t9t ,illu/ration3 t9t ,tones ,illu/ration3 ,?9 ,illu/ration3 ,m$ium ,illu/ration3 ,normal ,illu/ration3 ,a ,illu/ration3 ,b ,illu/ration3 ,c ,illu/ration3 ,d ,illu/ration3 ,e ,illu/ration3 ,f ,illu/ration3 ,g ,illu/ration3 ,h ,illu/ration3 ,i ,illu/ration3 tones ,illu/ration3 tones ,illu/ration3 tones ,illu/ration3 tones ,illu/ration3 tones ,illu/ration3 tones ,illu/ration3 tones ,illu/ration3 tones ,illu/ration3 tones ,illu/ration3 tones ,illu/ration3 tones ,illu/ration3 tones ,t9t$ & ,ton$ ,illu/ration3 ,j ,illu/ration3 ,k ,illu/ration3 ,l ,illu/ration3 ,m ,illu/ration3 ,n ,illu/ration3 ,tone ,j ,t9t #f ,illu/ration3 ,tone ,c ,t9t #a ,illu/ration3 ,tone ,c ,t9t #d ,illu/ration3 ,tone ,c ,t9t #f ,illu/ration3 ,tone ,h ,t9t #b ,illu/ration3 ,tone ,h ,t9t #f ,illu/ration3 ,tone ,h ,t9t #h ,illu/ration3 t9t$ & ton$ ,illu/ration3 t9t$ & ton$ ,illu/ration3 t9t$ & ton$ ,illu/ration3 t9t$ & ton$ ,illu/ration3 t9t$ & ton$ ,illu/ration3 t9t$ & ton$ ,illu/ration3 t9t$ & ton$ ,illu/ration3 t9t$ & ton$ ,illu/ration3 t9t$ & ton$ ,illu/ration3 t9t$ & ton$ ,illu/ration3 t9t$ & ton$ ,illu/ration3 t9t$ & ton$ ,transcrib]'s ,notes pg #bi ,*ang$3 ! tanks %\d be ( slate to3 ! tanks %\ld be ( slate