,transcrib]'s ,notes ,texts pr9t$ 9 italics & bold face 9 ! s\rce docum5t h be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores & equal signs respectively4 ,small capitals h be5 transcrib$ z ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,vacuum ,clean+ ,sy/ems ,a ,treatise on ! ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,me*anical ,clean+ ,,by ,m4 ,s4 ,,cooley1 ,m4 ,e4 ,,me*anical ,,eng9e] ,,9 ,,(fice ,,( ,,! ,,sup]vis+ ,,ar*itect1 ,,treasury ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,fir/ ,,edition ,new ,york3 ,,heat+ ,,& ,,v5tilat+ ,,magaz9e ,,company1 #aabc ,broadway ,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by ,,heat+ ,,& ,,v5tilat+ ,,magaz9e ,,co4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,me*anical ,,clean+4 ,,page ,e>ly ,attempts #c ,limitations ( ! ,c>pet ,sweep] #d ,compress$ ,air ,clean]s #e ,vacuum ,produc$ by ,compress$ ,air #g ,compress$ ,air ,supplem5t$ by ,vacuum #g ,pi/on ,pump ! ,fir/ ,satisfactory ,vacuum ,produc] #i ,sy/ems ,us+ ,vacuum ,only #aa ,r5ovator ) ,inru% ,slot #ac ,/eam ,aspirators ,us$ z ,vacuum ,produc]s #ad ,pi/on ,pump ,us$ ,)\t ,sep>ators #ae ,fir/ ,portable ,vacuum ,clean] #ae ,fir/ ,use ( ,/ation>y ,multi-,/age ,turb9e ,bl[]s #af ,sep>ators ,empty+ to ,sew] by ,air ,pressure #ah ,ma*9es ,us+ ,root ,bl[]s z ,vacuum ,produc]s #ah ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,requirem5ts ,,( ,,an ,,ideal ,,vacuum ,,clean+ ,,sy/em4 ,necessity & ,prop] ,location ( ,/ation>y ,p>ts #bd ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,c>pet ,,r5ovator4 ,f\r ,important ,p>ts ( ,vacuum ,clean+ ,sy/em #be ,! ,/raight ,vacuum ,tool #bf ,r5ovator ) ,auxili>y ,slot ,op5 to ,atmosph]e #bg ,r5ovator ) ,two ,clean+ ,slots #cj ,r5ovator ) ,inru% ,slots on ,ea* ,side #cj ,te/s on ,dirty ,c>pets #cj ,type ,a ,r5ovator ,mo/ ,effici5t on ,dirty ,c>pets #cf ,te/s ( ,c>pets 8,artificially0 ,soil$ #cf ,ef=t ,necess>y to ,op]ate ,v>i\s ,type ( ,r5ovators #ea ,relative ,damage to ,c>pets ) ,v>i\s ,type ( ,r5ovators #eb ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,o!r ,,r5ovators4 ,diff]5t ,=m ( ,r5ovator ,necess>y to ,clean ,walls1 ,ceil+s & ,simil> ,flat ,surfaces #fj ,uphol/]y ,r5ovators ,disa/r\s to ,surfaces ,clean$ #fd ,attempts to ,ov]come ,de/ructive ,t5d5cy ( ,/raight-,slot ,uphol/]y ,r5ovator #fd ,uphol/]y ,r5ovators ,mo/ ,s]viceable ,clo?+ ,clean]s #fe ,special ,r5ovators = ,clean+ ,/airs #ff ,r5ovation ( ,furs #ff ,r5ovation ( ,pill[s #ff ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,/ems ,,& ,,h&les4 ,use ( ,drawn ,/eel ,tub+ = ,/ems ( ,clean+ ,tools #gj ,drawn ,alum9um ,tub+ = ,long ,/ems #ga ,swivel ,jo9ts ,betwe5 ,r5ovator & ,/em #gb ,we> on ,hose ,ne> ,/em #gd ,me?ods ( ,ov]com+ ,we> ( ,hose #gd ,valves to ,cut ,(f ,suction #gh ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,hose4 ,e>ly ,types ,made ( ,canvas-,w\nd ,rubb] ,tub+ #hj ,/&>d ,weight ,adopt$ #hj ,fir/ ,type ,produc$ ,especially = ,use 9 ,vacuum ,clean+ ,"w #ha ,fir/ ,attempt to ,produce ,light-,weight ,hose #ha ,o!r ,types #hb ,hose ,c\pl+s #hb ,hose ,friction #hd ,effect ( ,hose ,friction #hh ,mo/ ,economical ,hose ,size = ,c>pet & ,floor ,r5ovators #ic ,conditions = ,plant ( ,small ,p[] #ig ,limit ( ,l5g? = ,hose #ii ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,pipe ,,& ,,fitt+s4 ,hose ,inlets #ajj ,pipe ,friction #ajg ,det]m9ation ( ,prop] ,size ,pipe #ajg ,det]m9ation ( ,numb] ( ,sweep]s to be ,op]at$ #aac ,det]m9ation ( ,numb] ( ,ris]s to be ,in/all$ #aae ,size ( ,ris]s #aae ,illu/ration ( ,effect ( ,long ,l9es ( ,pip+ #abj ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,sep>ators4 ,classification ( ,sep>ators #abg ,prim>y ,sep>ators #abg ,second>y ,sep>ators #acj ,complete ,sep>ators #acd ,total ,wet ,sep>ator #ach ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,vacuum ,,produc]s4 ,types ( ,vacuum ,produc]s #adb ,displacem5t ,type #adb ,c5trifugal ,type #adb ,p[] ,requir$ to ,produce ,vacuum #adb ,reciprocat+ ,pumps #adc ,rot>y ,pumps #adh ,c5trifugal ,exhau/]s #aef ,/eam ,aspirators #afb ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,control4 ,fir/ ,type ( ,controll] #aff ,second ,=m ( ,control #afh ,appliances = ,v>y+ ,spe$ ( ,motor-,driv5 ,vacuum ,pump #aga ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,scrubb+ ,,sy/ems4 ,fir/ ,real ,me*anical ,scrubb+ ,device #agf ,comb9+ ,scrubb+ ) ,dry ,clean+ #agg ,ideal ,sep>ator = ,use ) a ,comb9$ ,clean+ & ,scrubb+ ,sy/em #agh ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,selection ,,( ,,clean+ ,,plant4 ,r5ovators #agi ,hose #ahb ,pipe ,l9es #ahb ,sep>ators #ahb ,vacuum ,produc]s #ahc ,control #ahc ,selection ( ,appliances = ,f\r ,classes ( ,"w #ahd ,,class #a4--,plant = ,resid5ce or ,small ,(fice or ,dep>tm5tal ,build+1 to be ,n ,m ?an ,"o-,sweep] ,capacity4 ,,class #b4--,l>ge ,(fice or ,dep>tm5tal ,build+ ,:]e ,c>pet ,clean+ is ,important & ,pipe ,l9es are ( ,reasonable ,l5g?4 ,,class #c4--,l>ge ,build+ or ,gr\p ( ,build+s ,:]e ,c>pet ,clean+ is ,important & ,long ,l9es ( ,pip+ are ,necess>y4 ,,class #d4--,l>ge or ,small ,plant ,:]e ,c>pet ,clean+ is ,n an ,important ,function ( ! ,clean+ ,sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,te/s4 ,e>ly ,me?ods ( ,te/+ #ahg ,mo/ ,rational ,sy/em ( ,te/+ #ahi ,use ( ,vacomet] #aij ,prop] ,orifice to be ,us$ ) ,ea* ,class ( ,plant #aia ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,specifications4 ,aw>d ( ,contracts on ,evaluation ,basis #aic ,det]m9ation ,basis ( ,evaluation #aic ,specification = ,class #a1 ,plant = ,resid5ce or ,small ,(fice ,build+ ( ,"o-,sweep] ,capacity #aid ,specification = ,class #b1 ,plant = ,l>ge ,(fice ,build+ ,hav+ ,pipe ,l9es ( ,mod]ate ,l5g? #bjd ,specification = ,class #c1 ,l>ge ,in/allation1 ) ,unusually ,long ,pipe ,l9es #bji ,specification = ,class #d1 ,l>ge or ,small ,plant ,:]e ,c>pet ,clean+ is ( ,second>y ,importance #bae ,specification = ,class #e1 ,to ,give ,wide/ ,competition #bah ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,portable ,,vacuum ,,clean]s4 ,p[] ,requir$ #bbh ,weight ( ,effici5t ,portable ,clean]s #bbh ,limit ( ,p[] ,consumption ,:5 ,atta*$ to ,light+ ,sy/em #bbi ,disadvantage ( ,hav+ ,du/ ,bag at ,outlet ( ,fan #bcj ,portables ,equipp$ ) ,me*anically-,op]at$ ,bru%es #bca ,portables ,exhau/+ ,air ,inside ( ,build+ #bca ,,tables4 ,,page #a4 ,clean+ ,te/s ( ,dirty ,c>pets #cd #b4 ,clean+ ,te/s ( ,c>pets ,fill$ ) ,quicks& #ch #c4 ,clean+ ,te/s ,us+ #a oz4 ( ,s& p] ,squ>e ,y>d ( ,c>pet #dj #d4 ,comp>ison ( ,te/s ,made by ,mr4 ,reeve & by ! ,au?or #dh #e4 ,ef=t ,necess>y to ,op]ate ,clean+ ,tools #ea #f4 ,vacuum ,requir$ at ,hose ,cock to ,op]ate ,type ,a ,r5ovators ,atta*$ to ,v>y+ ,l5g?s ( ,diff]5t-,siz$ ,hose #hi #g4 ,air ,quantities & ,vacuum at ,r5ovator ) #a-;94 ,hose & #aj 94 ,vacuum at ,hose ,cock #ij #h4 ,air ,quantities & ,vacuum at ,r5ovator ) #a-;94 ,hose & #f 94 ,vacuum at ,hose ,cock #ij #i4 ,vacuum ,requir$ at ,hose ,cock to ,op]ate ,type ,c ,r5ovators ) ,v>i\s ,l5g?s ( ,?ree ,sizes ( ,hose #ia #aj4 ,air ,quantities ,?r\gh ,floor ,bru% ) ,v>i\s ,sizes & ,l5g?s ( ,hose1 ,op]at$ on ,same ,sy/em ) ,type ,a ,r5ovators #ib #aa4 ,horse ,p[] ,requir$ at ,hose ,cock to ,op]ate ,b>e ,floor ,bru%es on ,same ,sy/em ) ,type ,a ,r5ovators #ic #ab4 ,free ,air ,pass+ ,bru% ,type ( ,b>e ,floor ,r5ovator ,op]at$ on ,same ,sy/em ) ,type ,c ,c>pet ,r5ovators #id #ac4 ,horse ,p[] at ,hose ,cock ) ,bru% ,type ( ,b>e ,floor ,r5ovator ,op]at$ on ,same ,sy/em ) ,type ,c ,c>pet ,r5ovators #id #ad4 ,cubic ,feet ( ,free ,air ,pass+ ! ,felt-,cov]$ ,floor ,r5ovator ,op]at$ on ,same ,sy/em ) ,type ,a ,r5ovators #if #ae4 ,horse ,p[] ,requir$ at ,hose ,cock to ,op]ate ,felt-,cov]$ ,floor ,r5ovators ,op]at$ on ,same ,sy/em ) ,type ,a ,r5ovators #if #af4 ,vacuum at ,hose ,cock ) #b 94 ,vacuum at ,type ,a ,r5ovator #ig #ag4 ,air ,quantities :5 ,bri/le ,b>e ,floor ,r5ovators are ,us$ 9 ,conjunction ) ,type ,a ,c>pet ,r5ovators at #b 94 ,m]cury #ih #ah4 ,pipe ,sizes ,requir$1 z ,det]m9$ by ,air ,pass+ ,r5ovators #aji #ai4 ,friction ,loss 9 ,pipe ,l9es1 ) ,c>pet ,r5ovators 9 ,use ,exclusively #aji #bj4 ,pressure ,losses f ,inlet to ,sep>ator 9 ,sy/em = ,clean+ ,railroad ,c>s #aba ,,illu/rations4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,e>ly ,type ( ,me*anical ,clean+ ,nozzle ,us+ ,compress$ ,air #f #b4 ,ano!r ,type ( ,compress$ ,air ,clean+ ,nozzle1 ,supplem5t$ ) ,vacuum ,pipe #h #c4 ,sep>ators ,us$ ,) ,comb9$ ,compress$ ,air & ,vacuum ,ma*9es #i #d4 ,pi/on ,type ( ,vacuum ,pump1 ,m\nt$ ,t&em ,) ,air ,compressor #i #e4 ,mr4 ,k5ney's ,fir/ ,r5ovators ,vacuum ,alone ,be+ ,us$ z ,clean+ ,ag5t #aj #f4 ,air ,compressors ,arrang$ = ,op]ation z ,vacuum ,pumps #aa #g4 ,sep>ators ,in/all$ by ,mr4 ,k5ney 9 ,frick ,build+ #ab #h4 ,vacuum ,r5ovator ,) ,inru% ,slot1 ,introduc$ by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company #ac #i4 ,fir/ ,portable ,vacuum ,clean]1 ,con/ruct$ by ,dr4 ,william ,noe1 ( ,san ,francisco1 9 #aije #af #aj4 ,late ,type ( ,sp5c] ,vacuum ,clean+ ,ma*9e1 ,op]at$ by ,multi-,/age ,turb9e ,bl[]s #ag #aa4 ,type ,a1 ! ,/raight ,vacuum ,tool #bf #ab4 ,type ,b1 ) ,wide ,slot & ,wide ,be>+ ,surface #bf #ac4 ,type ,c1 ) ,auxili>y ,slot1 ,op5 to ,atmosph]e #bh #ad4 ,type ,d1 ) ,two ,clean+ ,slots #bh #ae4 ,type ,e1 ) ,inru% ,slot on ,ea* ,side ( ,vacuum ,slot #ca #af4 ,type ,f1 an ,exagg]at$ ,=m ( ,type ,b #ca #ag4 ,te/s ( ,?ree ,r5ovators on ,dirty ,c>pets #ce #ah4 ,clean+ ,te/s ( ,c>pets ,fill$ ) ,quicks& #ci #ai4 ,clean+ ,te/s ,us+ #a oz4 ( ,s& ,p] ,squ>e ,y>d ( ,c>pet #da #bj4 ,?ree ,s]ies ( ,te/s ) ,k5ney ,type ,a ,r5ovators #de #ba4 ,te/s by ,mr4 ,reeve1 ,us+ ,type ,c ,r5ovator #df #bb4 ,te/s by ,mr4 ,reeve1 ,us+ ,type ,d ,r5ovator #dg #bc4 ,te/s ,%[+ ,effici5cy ( ,diff]5t ,types ( ,r5ovators at ,diff]5t ,degrees ( ,vacuum #ej #bd4 ,e>ly ,type ( ,b>e ,floor ,r5ovator #ee #be4 ,lat] ,type ( ,b>e ,floor ,r5ovator #ee #bf4 ,ano!r ,type ( ,b>e ,floor ,r5ovator #ef #bg4 ,b>e ,floor ,r5ovator ) ,felt ,clean+ ,surface #eg #bh4 ,b>e ,floor ,r5ovator ) ,unusual ,=m ( ,slot #eh #bi4 ,b>e ,floor ,r5ovator ) ,h>d ,felt or ,composition ,rubb] ,/rips #eh #cj4 ,b>e ,floor ,r5ovator ) ,r\nd$ ,we>+ ,surface #ei #cj;a4 ,! ,tuec ,s*ool ,tool #fb #ca4 ,r\nd ,bri/le ,bru% = ,c>v$ or ,o!r ,relief ,"w #fb #cb4 ,rubb]-,tipp$ ,corn] ,clean] = ,use on ,c>v$ or ,o!r ,relief ,"w #fb #cc4 ,e>ly ,type ( ,uphol/]y ,r5ovator #fc #cd4 ,uphol/]y ,r5ovator ) ,n>r[ ,slots to ,prev5t ,damage to ,furniture #fd #ce4 ,ano!r ,type ( ,uphol/]y ,r5ovator ) ,%ort ,slots #fe #cf4 ,h& ,bru% ,type ( ,r5ovator #fe #cg4 ,=m ( ,swivel ,jo9t ,connect+ ,/em to ,r5ovator #gb #ch4 ,swivel ,jo9t ,arrang$ to ,prev5t ,du/ ,lodg+ ,betwe5 ! ,we>+ ,surfaces #gc #ci4 ,swivel ,jo9t 9 ,use #gd #dj4 ,ano!r ,use ( ,swivel ,jo9t1 ,%[+ ,possibilities ( ?is ,=m #ge #da4 ,op]ator ,clean+ ,trim ( ,door ) ,swivel ,jo9t #gf #db4 ,swivel ,jo9t1 ) ,screw$ ,union #gf #dc4 ,swivel ,jo9t ,hav+ ,ball ,be>+s #gf #dd4 ,action ( ,ball-,be>+ ,swivel ,jo9t #gg #de4 ,illu/ration ( ,defects ( ,plug ,cocks #gh #df4 ,bayonet ,type ( ,hose ,c\pl+1 ,introduc$ by ! ,am]ican ,air ,clean+ ,company #hb #dg4 ,all ,rubb] ,hose ,c\pl+ ,us$ by ! ,sp5c] ,turb9e ,clean] ,company #hc #dh4 ,*>t = ,det]m9+ ,hose ,friction #hf #di4 ,effect ( ,increase ( ,velocity on ! ,friction ,loss #hh #ej4 ,ano!r ,te/ ,%[+ ,friction ,loss ,due to ,velocity #hi #ea4 ,inlet ,cock to ,prev5t ,air ,leakage :5 ,n 9 ,use #aja #eb4 ,type ( ,automatic ,self-,clos+ ,inlet ,cock #ajb #ec4 8,smoo? ,bore0 ,pipe ,c\pl+ #ajc #ed4 ,jo9t ,made ( ,/&>d ,pipe ,flanges #ajd #ee4 ,/&>d ,durham ,recess$ ,dra9age ,fitt+s ,g5]ally ,us$ 9 ,vacuum ,clean+ ,in/allations #aje #ef4 ,friction ,loss 9 ,pipe ,l9es #ajf #eg-fj4 ,diagrams ,%[+ ,op]ation ( ,bru% & ,c>pet ,r5ovators ,"u ,diff]5t ,conditions #aaj #fa4 ,typical ,floor ,plan ( ,(fice ,build+ ,illu/rat+ ,numb] ( ,sweep]s ,requir$ #aad #fb4 ,plan ( ,lay\t = ,(fice ,build+ ,%[+ ,be/ ,location 7at d7 = ,vacuum ,produc] #aah #fc4 ,vacuum ,clean+ ,lay\t = a ,pass5g] ,c> ,/orage ,y>d #abb #fd4 ,arrangem5t ( ,pip+ ,recomm5d$ z ,be/ = ,pass5g] ,c> ,/orage ,y>d #abc #fe4 ,good ,location = ,du/ ,sep>ator ,:]e ,l>ge ,areas ,are ,s]v$ by ,"o ,clean+ ,sy/em #abe #ff4 ,location ( ,sep>ators at ,c5t]s ( ,gr\ps ( ,ris]s = ,l>ge ,sy/ems #abf #fg4 ,e>ly ,type ( ,prim>y ,sep>ator1 ,us$ by ,vacuum ,clean] ,company #abh #fh4 ,prim>y ,sep>ator ,us$ by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company #abh #fi4 ,prim>y ,sep>ator ,us$ by ! ,g5]al ,compress$ ,air & ,vacuum ,clean+ ,company #abi #gj4 ,prim>y ,sep>ator ,made by ! ,blaisdell ,eng9e]+ ,co4 #abi #ga4 ,second>y ,sep>ator ,us$ by ! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company #aca #gb4 ,second>y ,sep>ator ,us$ by ! ,g5]al ,compress$ ,air & ,vacuum ,clean+ ,company #aca #gc4 ,second>y ,sep>ator ,us$ by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company #acb #gd4 ,type ( ,dry ,sep>ator ,us$ z ,second>y ,sep>ator #acd #ge4 ,=m ( ,complete ,sep>ator ,us$ by ! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company #ace #gf4 ,complete ,sep>ator ,br\ght ,out by ! ,electric ,r5ovator ,manufactur+ ,company #acf #gg4 ,complete ,sep>ator ,made by ! ,am]ican ,radiator ,company #acg #gg;a4 ,int]ior ,con/ruction ( ,dunn ,vacuum ,clean+ ,ma*9e #adj #gh4 ,p[] ,consumption & ,effici5cy ( ,air ,compressor ,us$ z a ,vacuum ,pump #adc #gi4 ,modification ( ,reciprocat+ ,pump ,made by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company #add #hj4 ,p[] ,consumption & ,effici5cy ( ,modifi$ ,reciprocat+ ,pump #ade #ha & #hb4 ,indicator ,c>ds = ,clayton & ,modifi$ ,pumps #adf #hc4 ,"o ( ! ,pumps ,in/all$ 9 ,connection ) ! ,vacuum ,clean+ ,sy/em 9 ! ,new ,york ,po/ ,(fice1 ! ,l>ge/ ,reciprocat+ ,pump ,us$ = ?is ,purpose up to ! ,pres5t #adh #hd4 ,int]ior ,arrangem5t ( ! ,g>d5 ,city ,rot>y ,pump #adi #he4 ,p[] ,requir$ to ,op]ate ,g>d5 ,city ,type ( ,rot>y ,pump #aej #hf4 ,arrangem5t ( ,d\ble-,impell] ,root ,type ,rot>y ,pump = ,vacuum ,clean+ ,"w #aea #hg4 ,rot>y ,pump ,arrang$ ) ,d\ble-,?r[ ,swit* = ,rev]s+ ,pump #aeb #hh4 ,p[] ,consumption & ,effici5cy ( ,root ,type ( ,pump #aec #hi4 ,! ,rotrex ,vacuum ,pump1 ,us$ by ! ,vacuum ,eng9e]+ ,company #aec #ij4 ,late ,type ( ,c5trifugal ,exhau/] ,made by ! ,sp5c] ,turb9e ,clean] ,company #aed #ia4 ,p[] & ,effici5cy ,curves = ! ,sp5c] ,ma*9e #aee #ib4 ,int]ior ,arrangem5t ( ,inv9cible ,ma*9e1 ,manufactur$ by ! ,electric ,r5ovator ,manufactur+ ,company #aef #ic4 ,p[] ,consumption1 ,vacuum & ,effici5cy ( ,fir/ ,types ( ,inv9cible ,ma*9e #aeg #id4 ,p[] ,consumption1 ,vacuum & ,effici5cy ( ,inv9cible ,ma*9e ,aft] ,valve ,0 ,fitt$ to ,dis*>ge #aeh #ie4 ,f\r-,sweep] ,inv9cible ,plant ,in/all$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,po/ ,(fice at ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 #aei #if4 ,c5trifugal ,pump ) ,s+le ,impell]1 ,manufactur$ by ,! ,unit$ ,electric ,company #afa #if;a4 ,te/ ( ,c5trifugal ,pump ) ,s+le ,impell] #afb #ig4 ,/eam ,aspirator ,us$ by ! ,am]ican ,air ,clean+ ,company #afc #ih4 ,/eam ,consumption ( ,/eam ,aspirator #afd #ii4 ,fir/ ,type ( ,controll] ,introduc$ by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company1 kn[n z ! 8,unload+ ,valve0 #afg #ajj4 ,te/ ( ,controll] ,connect$ to ,suction ( #h-,sweep] ,pi/on ,pump #afh #aja4 ,type ( ,controll] = ,use on ,pumps ,)\t ,valves #afi #ajb4 ,regulator = ,motor-,driv5 ,vacuum ,pump1 ,manufactur$ by ! ,cutl]-,hamm] ,manufactur+ ,company #agj #ajc4 ,inspirator ,type ,vacuum ,contactor1 ,us$ to ,control ,pilot ,motor ( ,cutl]-,hamm] ,controll] #aga #ajd4 ,vacomet] = ,use 9 ,te/+ ,vacuum ,clean+ ,sy/ems #aij ,,preface4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is "w are compil$ f ! obs]vations ( ! au?or ?r\gh ! sev5 ye>s dur+ :i* he has be5 engag$ 9 ! prep>ation ( specifications =1 & ! te/+ (1 complete plants in/all$ 9 ! build+s "u ! control ( ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t4 ,dur+ ?is "t x has become necess>y to alt] no less ?an five times ! /ock =m ( specifications = /ation>y vacuum clean+ plants :i* 7 adopt$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 ) ! int5t ( obta9+ ! wide/ competition possible ) effici5t & economical op]ation1 9 ord] to keep pace ) ! v>iation & improvem5t 9 ! app>atus manufactur$4 ,z ea* new type ( sy/em has come on ! m>ket a p]sonal inve/igation at ! factory1 toge!r ) te/s1 has be5 made4 ,an exhau/ive te/ ( c>pet r5ovators 0 also conduct$1 us+ "o ( ! ,gov]nm5t plants4 ,9 addition ! vacomet]s recomm5d$ = use 9 capacity te/s 7 c>efully calibrat$1 us+ ! ma*9e at ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,! writ] wi%es to ackn[l$ge ! aid receiv$ f ! v>i\s manufactur]s 9 furni%+ illu/rations & data on _! ma*9es1 to ,messrs4 ,ew+ ,ew+ & ,pr(4 ,sidney ,a4 ,reeve = data on te/s made by ,pr(4 ,reeve & us$ 9 def5d+ ! ,k5ney basic pat5t4 ,9 analyz+ ! results ( 8 te/s & obs]vations1 ! writ] has endeavor$ to put 8 own conclusions into concrete =m = ! use ( ! consult+ eng9e] & has n ent]$ into ! problems to be enc\nt]$ 9 ! design & manufacture ( ! v>i\s =ms ( app>atus4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,me*anical ,,clean+4 ,e>ly ,attempts4--,:5ev] ma*9]y has be5 introduc$ to assi/ or replace manual labor1 ! e>li] attempts h be5 9 imitat+ ! tools =m]ly us$ by man4 ,z ! e>lie/ me*anically-propell$ c>riages 7 me*anical walk+ ma*9es1 ! e>lie/ /eamboats me*anical r[+ ma*9es1 & ! e>lie/ fly+ ma*9es me*anical birds1 s 7 ! e>lie/ me*anical clean]s 9 ! =m ( me*anical brooms4 ,^! me*anical brooms 7 introduc$ ab\t #ahhj & took ! =m ( ! well-kn[n /reet sweep]1 ) a l>ge circul> bru% m\nt$ on a f\r-:eel$ c>t & rotat$ by means ( ge>+ driv5 f ! :eels1 ! propell+ p[] be+ ! horses :i* drew ! ma*9e4 ,?is ma*9e at once made itself unpopul> ) ! resid5ts ( ! /reets clean$ on acc\nt ( its great activity 9 /irr+ up du/1 because ! /reets 7 swept dry4 ,?is tr\ble 0 lat] ov]come to a consid]able ext5t by spr9kl+ ! /reets be=e sweep+1 b only at a sacrifice 9 effici5cy ( clean+1 especially :]e su* unev5 surfaces z cobble or m$9a /one blocks =m$ ! surface ( ! roadway4 ,v>i\s atta*m5ts 7 add$ to r$uce ?is du/ nuisance1 b none has app>5tly be5 successful1 z we see ^! ma*9es 9 _! orig9al =m 9 use today4 ,almo/ simultane\sly ) ! introduction ( ! /reet sweep] came its c\nt]p>t1 ! c>pet sweep]1 ) a simil> b small] bru%1 enclos$ 9 a wood & metal case1 ! bru% be+ driv5 by friction f ! :eels support+ ! box & ! p[] = op]ation be+ d]iv$ f ! p]son :o pu%$ ! ma*9e along ! floor4 ,?is ma*9e has n be5 modifi$ to any great ext5t dur+ ! ?irty odd ye>s ( its exi/5ce4 ,x is today 9 practically its orig9al =m1 & is do+ no bett] "w ?an :5 fir/ introduc$4 ,?is =m ( me*anical clean] occupi$ ! field ( h\sehold clean+ = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s )\t a rival1 dur+ :i* "t x won its way into ! he>ts & h&s ( _m h\sekeep]s 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries4 ,limitations ( ! ,c>pet ,sweep]4--,?is device1 ) its light bru% & equally light pressure on ! surface clean$ & its limit$ capacity = c>ry+ ! mat]ial pick$ up1 has nev] be5 a ?or\gh clean] 9 any s5se ( ! ^w1 & has be5 & is n[ us$ only to take up t portion ( ! usual litt] & light du/ :i* is locat$ directly on ! surface1 & is1 !re=e1 mo/ annoy+ to ! h\sekeep]1 ow+ to its be+ visible to ! eye4 ,because ( its g5]\s proportions1 made necess>y to accommodate ! mat]ial pick$ up1 & its c5trally-pivot$ h&le1 made necess>y by its me*anical con/ruction1 x is impossible to op]ate x "u l[ furniture4 ,l ! lawn m[]1 x mu/ be 9 motion 9 ord] to op]ate its revolv+ bru%1 on :i* its clean+ action is dep5d5t4 ,x is impossible to make use ( same 9 corn]s1 along walls1 or close to heavy furniture1 its use be+ limit$ to a lit]al slick+ up ( ^? portions ( ! c>pet 9 ! mo/ conspicu\s portions ( ! ap>tm5t4 ,9 spite ( ^! s]i\s defects x came into1 & is /ill 91 ne>ly univ]sal use1 ev5 9 h\seholds equipp$ ) ! late/ approv$ types ( me*anical clean]s4 ,its use on b>e floors has nev] be5 ev5 a mod]ate success & 9 no case has x sup]s$$ ! broom & du/ pan ( our gr&mo!rs4 ,compress$ ,air ,clean]s4--,compress$ air has be5 9 use = _m ye>s 9 f\ndries & ma*9e %ops1 = clean+ ca/+s & produc+ c]ta9 f9i%es on metal4 ,) ! introduction ( mod]n electrical ma*9]y x 0 rapidly adapt$ to ! clean+ ( w9d+s & o!r inaccessible p>ts ( ?is ma*9]y4 ,its fir/ use 9 clean+ build+s 0 und\bt$ly 9 ! =m ( an op5 jet = dislodg+ du/ f c>v+s & relief "w1 = :i* purpose x is v effici5t z a remov] ( ! du/ f ! p>ts to be clean$ & also z a di/ributor ( ?is same du/ ov] ! wide/ possible area = subsequ5t removal by o!r means4 ,x has a draw-back 9 t ! expansion ( air bo? cools ! same & r$uces its ability to reta9 moi/ure1 result+ 9 ! deposit ( moi/ure on ! surfaces clean$4 ,ab\t #ahih1 attempts to ov]come ! objections to ! op5 air jet & to produce a comm]cially successful compress$ air c>pet clean] 7 und]tak5 almo/ simultane\sly by two companies1 ! ,am]ican ,air ,clean+ ,company1 ( ,milwaukee1 op]at+ "u ! ,*ri/5s5 pat5ts1 & ! ,g5]al ,compress$ ,air ,clean+ ,company1 ( ,/4 ,l\is1 op]at+ "u ! ,?urman pat5ts4 ,! r5ovator us$ by ! ,am]ican ,air ,clean+ ,company consi/$ ( a heavy metal frame1 ab\t #ah 94 long & #ab 94 wide1 hav+ m\nt$ on its long] axis a w$ge-l nozzle ext5d+ ! entire l5g? ( ! frame1 ) a v n>r[ slit1 94 wide1 ext5d+ ! entire l5g? ( its l[] edge4 ,?is nozzle 0 pivot$ & s connect$ to ! op]at+ h&le1 by :i* ! r5ovator 0 mov$ ov] ! floor1 t :5 ! r5ovator 0 alt]nately pu%$ & pull$ ov] ! surface to be clean$1 ! slot 0 always incl9$ 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! r5ovator 0 be+ mov$4 ,! top ( ! r5ovator 0 clos$ by a canvas bag1 small] at ! neck ?an 9 its c5t]1 :i* 0 support$ by a wire hook4 ,air 0 introduc$ into ! nozzle1 at a pressure ( f #de to #ee lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 & issu$ f ! slot 9 a ?9 %eet :i* imp+$ on ! c>pet at an angle4 ,! frame 0 held close to ! c>pet by its weight1 prev5t+ ! escape ( ! air "u its l[] edge4 ,! air /rik+ ! c>pet at an angle 0 deflect$ up into ! bag1 inflat+ same l a m9iature balloon4 ,! du/ loos5$ f ! c>pet by ! impact ( ! air 0 c>ri$ up into ! bag :]e x lodg$1 ! air escap+ ?r\gh ! fabric ( ! canvas into ! ap>tm5t4 ,! r5ovator us$ by ! ,g5]al ,compress$ ,air ,clean+ ,company diff]$ f ! above-describ$ r5ovator 9 t x conta9$ two nozzles1 ) slots incl9$ at fix$ angles to ! c>pet4 ,a pair ( h&-op]at$ valves 7 provid$ 9 ! h&le to introduce air into ! nozzle :i* 0 incl9$ 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! r5ovator 0 mov+2 o!rwise ! r5ovator 0 id5tical ) t us$ by ! ,milwaukee company4 ,^! r5ovators 7 g5]ally suppli$ ) air f a portable unit1 consi/+ ( an air compressor1 driv5 by a gasol9e eng9e m\nt$ ) ! necess>y gasol9e & air /orage tanks on a small truck4 ,"o ( ^! ma*9es 0 9 use 9 ,wa%+ton la/ ye>1 b its use at t "t 0 v limit$ & x is n to be se5 ?is ye>4 ,^! trucks 7 drawn up 9 front ( ! build+ to be clean$ & a l>ge-size hose1 usually #a 94 9 diamet]1 0 c>ri$ into ! h\se & atta*$ to an auxili>y tank f :i* -94 diamet] hose l9es 7 c>ri$ to two or m r5ovators4 ,a few build+s 7 equipp$ ) air compressors & pipe l9es1 ) outlets ?r\gh\t ! build+ = use ) ?is type ( r5ovator1 among :i* 0 ! ,hotel ,a/or 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,^! r5ovators1 ! con/ruction ( :i* is %[n diagrammatically 9 ,fig4 #a1 requir$ approximately #ce cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute at a pressure ( f #de to #ee lbs4 p] squ>e in* & 7 usually driv5 by a #ae ,h4 ,p4 eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,e>ly ,,type ,,( ,,me*anical ,,clean+ ,,nozzle ,,us+ ,,compress$ ,,air4 ,! r5ovators 7 v heavy to c>ry ab\t1 al?\gh _! op]ation ) ! air pressure "u !m 0 n difficult4 ,h[ev]1 _! op]ation 0 complicat$1 requir+ skill$ op]ators4 ,ow+ to _! g5]\s proportions x 0 impossible to clean ar\nd furniture1 mak+ its removal f ! ap>tm5t necess>y1 & limit+ _! use to ! clean+ ( c>pets at ! "t ( g5]al h\se clean+4 ,! cool+ effect ( ! expansion ( ! air 9 ! nozzle (t5 caus$ cond5sation ( moi/ure on ! c>pets :5 ! relative humidity 0 high4 ,!y 7 also at a disadvantage 9 t all ! heavy du/ collect$ 9 ! canvas bag _h to be c>ri$ f ! ap>tm5t by h&4 ,ow+ to ! con/ant agitation ( ! du/ 9 ! bag by ! ent]+ air curr5ts1 mu* ( ! f9] p>ticles ( du/ & all ! disease g]ms lib]at$ by ! r5ovator 7 bl[n ?r\gh ! bag back into ! ap>tm5t4 ,!y 7 n1 !re=e1 by any means sanit>y devices4 ,vacuum ,produc$ by ,compress$ ,air4--,! ,g5]al ,compress$ ,air ,clean+ ,company also introduc$ ano!r =m ( r5ovator = use ) _! compress$ air plants4 ,?is 0 compos$ ( an ejector op]at$ by compress$ air1 ) a %ort hose atta*$ to a c>pet r5ovator ( ! /raight n>r[-slot type1 su* z 0 us$ lat] 9 vacuum clean+ sy/ems4 ,! outlet f ?is ejector 0 connect$ by ano!r %ort hose to a metal box conta9+ a canvas bag1 wov5 backw>ds & =w>ds ov] metal frames to give a l>ge surface = ! passage ( air4 ,! du/ pick$ up by ! suction ( ! ejector 0 c>ri$ ) ! air into ! box & !re sep>at$ f ! air1 :i* escap$ ?r\gh ! canvas into ! ap>tm5t4 ,?is =m ( r5ovator ov]came "s ( ! objections to ! =m] type 9 t !re 0 no cond5sation ( moi/ure on ! c>pets1 & x 0 possible to op]ate ! r5ovator "u & ar\nd furniture1 & ev5 on porti]es & o!r hang+s4 ,h[ev]1 ! app>atus 0 r5d]$ ineffici5t by ! resi/ance ( ! bag1 caus+ a back pressure on ! injector :i* greatly r$uc$ its air-draw+ capacity4 ,compress$ ,air ,supplem5t$ by ,vacuum4--,%ortly aft] ^! two companies began op]ation1 ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company1 ( ,san ,francisco1 introduc$ a new sy/em ( me*anical clean+ "u ! ,lotz pat5ts4 ,?is sy/em us$ a r5ovator hav+ a compress$ air nozzle t]m9at+ 9 a n>r[ slot1 simil> to ! nozzles ( ! ,am]ican & ,?urman sy/ems1 b diff]+ f !m 9 t ! slot 0 fix$ v]tically1 po9t+ d[nw>d4 ,?is nozzle 0 surr\nd$ by an annul> *amb] hav+ an op5+ at ! bottom ( consid]able wid?4 ,! :ole =m$ a r5ovator ab\t #ad 94 long & n ov] #b 94 wide at its base4 ,9 addition to ! compress$ air connection to its nozzle1 a second hose1 #a 94 9 diamet]1 0 connect$ to ! annul> space surr\nd+ ! nozzle & l$ to a vacuum pump by :i* ! air lib]at$ ?r\gh ! nozzle1 toge!r ) ! du/ :i* 0 lib]at$ f ! c>pet1 0 c>ri$ f ! ap>tm5t4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is r5ovator is %[n diagrammatically 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,ano!r ,,type ,,( ,,compress$ ,,air ,,clean+ ,,nozzle1 ,,supplem5t$ ,,) ,,vacuum ,,pipe4 ,z du/-lad5 air 0 n suitable to be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! pump us$ z a vacuum produc]1 sep>ators _h to be provid$ to remove ! du/ f ?is air be=e x rea*$ ! pump4 ,! sep>ators us$ consi/$ ( two cyl9drical tanks4 ,! air 0 introduc$ into ! fir/ tank 9 su* a way t a :irl+ motion 0 imp>t$ to x1 ?us sep>at+ ! heavi] p>ticles ( du/ by c5trifugal =ce4 ,! second tank conta9$ wat] :i* 0 br\ght into intimate contact ) ! air by means ( an atomiz] locat$ 9 ! pipe connection betwe5 ! two tanks1 ?us wa%+ ! air 9 a mann] some:at simil> to ! famili> air wa%]s us$ 9 connection ) me*anical v5tilat+ sy/ems4 ,! air & spray !n ent]$ ! second tank1 above ! wat] l9e1 :]e ! entra9$ wat] sep>at$ on ! r$uction ( velocity & fell back into ! wat] bel[1 to be recirculat$ ?r\gh ! atomiz]4 ,! air pass$ on out ( ! top ( ! tank to ! pump4 ,an illu/ration ( ^! sep>ators is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,sep>ators ,,us$ ,,) ,,comb9$ ,,compress$ ,,air ,,& ,,vacuum ,,ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,pi/on ,,type ,,( ,,vacuum ,,pump1 ,,m\nt$ ,,t&em ,,) ,,air ,,compressor4 ,pi/on ,pump ! ,fir/ ,satisfactory ,vacuum ,produc]4--,v>i\s types ( app>atus 7 tri$ z vacuum produc]s1 includ+ an air ejector1 su* z 0 us$ ) ! ,?urman r5ovator1 & f\nd to be ineffective due to its inability to ov]come ! back-pressure necess>y to dis*>ge ! air ?r\gh ! hose1 :i* 0 plac$ on its outlet4 ,a rot>y pump 0 next tri$1 b1 ow+ to ! selection ( an ineffici5t type1 ?is 0 ab&on$ &1 f9ally1 a pi/on-type vacuum pump1 ) v light poppet valves & m\nt$ t&em ) ! air compressor1 0 adapt$ & rema9$ 9 use ) ?is sy/em until /raight vacuum 0 adopt$1 :5 ! air compression cyl9d] 0 omitt$4 ,?is pump is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,mr4 ,,k5ney',s ,,fir/ ,,r5ovator1 ,,vacuum ,,alone ,,be+ ,,us$ ,,z ,,clean+ ,,ag5t4 ,9 ?is sy/em we see ! fir/ sanit>y device to be introduc$ into ! field ( me*anical clean+1 z ! du/ & g]m-lad5 air 7 remov$ entirely f ! ap>tm5t & purifi$ be=e be+ dis*>g$ into ! outside atmosph]e4 ,! f\lness ( ! wat] 9 ! sep>ators cle>ly %[$ ! am\nt ( impurities remov$ f ! air4 ,^! ma*9es 7 m\nt$ on wagons1 simil> to _! =]unn]s1 & 7 also in/all$ 9 _m build+s z /ation>y plants1 among :i* 7 ! old ,palace ,hotel & ! bran* ,m9t1 9 ,san ,francisco1 & ! old ,fif? ,av5ue ,hotel1 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,sy/ems ,us+ ,vacuum ,only4--,9 #aijb ,david ,t4 ,k5ney1 ( ,new ,york1 in/all$ ! fir/ me*anical clean+ sy/em 9 :i* vacuum alone 0 us$ z ! clean+ ag5t4 ,mr4 ,k5ney us$ a r5ovator ) a slot ab\t #ab 94 long & 94 wide1 atta*$ to a metal tube :i* s]v$ z a h&le1 & to a -94 diamet] hose & l>g] pipe l9e lead+ to sep>ators & vacuum pump4 ,mr4 ,k5ney's fir/ r5ovator is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,air ,,compressors ,,arrang$ ,,= ,,op]ation ,,z ,,vacuum ,,pumps4 ,mr4 ,k5ney us$ z vacuum pumps comm]cial air compressors1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 in/all$ 9 ! ,frick ,build+ 9 #aijb & is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,lat] he adapt$ ! ,clayton air compressor1 ) me*anically-op]at$ induction & poppet eduction valves on l>g] sizes1 & s+le me*anically-op]at$ induction & eduction valves on ! small] sizes4 ,! sep>ators us$ by ,mr4 ,k5ney diff]$ f ^? us$ by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company 9 t !y conta9$ sev]al int]ior p>titions1 scre5s1 & baffles1 & ! air 0 drawn directly ?r\gh ! body ( wat] 9 ! wet sep>ator4 ,! relative m]its ( ^! types ( sep>ators w be discuss$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,sep>ators ,,in/all$ ,,by ,,mr4 ,,k5ney ,,9 ,,frick ,,build+4 ,! sep>ators in/all$ by ,mr4 ,k5ney 9 ! ,frick ,build+1 & :i* are practically ! same z 7 us$ by him z long z he manufactur$ vacuum clean+ app>atus1 are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,aft] 8 application _h be5 9 ! pat5t (fice = ab\t six ye>s he 0 grant$ a fundam5tal pat5t on a vacuum clean+ sy/em4 ,r5ovator ) ,inru% ,slot4--,! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company !n produc$ a c>pet r5ovator us+ vacuum only z a clean+ ag5t4 ,?is clean] has a wid] clean+ slot ?an ! clean]s usually furni%$ by ,mr4 ,k5ney1 ab\t 94 wide1 ) a supplem5tal slot or vacuum break] op5+ out ( ! top ( ! r5ovator & sep>at$ f ! clean+ slot by a n>r[ p>tition ext5d+ ne>ly to ! c>pet1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! relative m]its ( ^! types ( r5ovators w be discuss$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,vacuum ,,r5ovator ,,) ,,inru% ,,slot1 ,,introduc$ ,,by ,,! ,,sanit>y ,,devices ,,manufactur+ ,,co4 ,%ortly aft] ! introduction ( vacuum clean+ by ,mr4 ,k5ney & ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company1 ! ,am]ican ,air ,clean+ ,company publi%$ an int]e/+ little booklet entitl$1 8,compress$ ,air ,v]sus ,vacuum10 :i* set =? 9 great detail ! s-call$ advantages ( compress$ air ov] vacuum z a m$ium ( me*anical c>pet clean+1 &1 app>5tly1 prov$ t vacuum clean]s 7 mu* less effici5t ?an clean]s op]at$ by compress$ air4 ,a ye> or two lat] ! ,am]ican ,air ,clean+ ,company evid5tly _h a *ange ( he>t & began to manufacture ^! same 8ineffici5t0 vacuum clean]s4 ,_! previ\s treatise on vacuum clean+1 :i* app>5tly 0 n copyright$1 0 republi%$ by bo? ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company & by ! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company1 :i* _h acquir$ ,mr4 ,k5ney's pat5ts1 & freely di/ribut$4 ,?us ?is little "w ( ! ,milwaukee company1 in/ead ( injur+ _! competitors1 0 turn$ into good adv]tis+ = !m & requir$ a lot ( explanation f ! ,milwaukee company4 ,/eam ,aspirators ,us$ z ,vacuum ,produc]s4--,! ,am]ican ,air ,clean+ ,company us$ a /eam aspirator z its vacuum produc] &1 unlike its pr$ecessor1 ! air-op]at$ ejector1 x made good & has also be5 us$ to a limit$ ext5t by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company4 ,x is n[ m>ket$ by ! ,ri*mond ,radiator ,company1 & its m]its w be discuss$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,! ,am]ican ,air ,clean] ,company also us$ z a vacuum produc] ! s+le-impell] type ( rot>y pump1 made by ! ,g>d5 ,city ,eng9e]+ ,company1 :i* 0 also lat] adopt$1 to a limit$ ext5t1 by ! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company4 ,?is w be discuss$ fur!r on4 ,! r5ovator us$ by ?is company 0 a s+le-slot type1 ) -94 by #aj-;94 clean+ slot4 ,^! sy/ems at once became notable on acc\nt ( ! small size ( ! vacuum produc]s us$1 ! l[ degree ( vacuum c>ri$1 & ! vigor\s campaign ( adv]tis+ :i* 0 conduct$4 ,sev]al firms soon began to m>ket vacuum clean+ sy/ems almo/ id5tical ) t ( ,mr4 ,k5ney1 among :i* 7 ! ,blaisdell ,ma*9]y ,company1 ,! ,baldw9 ,eng9e]+ ,company1 & ,! ,g5]al ,compress$ ,air & ,vacuum ,ma*9]y ,company1 ! latt] be+ ! orig9al ,?urman company4 ,! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company !n began a s]ies ( infr+em5t suits aga9/ ne>ly e manufactur] ( vacuum clean+ sy/ems4 ,9 ne>ly e case ! suit has result$ 9 ! (f5d+ company pay+ lic5se fees to ! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company1 & ?is conc]n has n[ ab&on$ ! manufacture ( vacuum clean]s & has become a lic5s+ company4 ,at ?is writ+ ne>ly tw5ty firms are pay+ lic5se fees to ! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company & !re is "o suit n[ 9 ! c\rts4 ,pi/on ,pump ,us$ ,)\t ,sep>ators4--,a vacuum clean+ sy/em ( some:at diff]5t design 0 produc$ by two =m] employees ( ! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company1 ,mr4 ,dunn1 ! once well-kn[n 8,f>m] ,dunn0 ( ! wea!r bureau1 aft]w>d salesman = ! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company1 & ,mr4 ,locke1 at "o "t ?is firm's eng9e]4 ,?is company 0 fir/ kn[n z ! ,vacuum ,clean+ ,company1 &1 %ortly aft]w>d1 z ! ,dunn-,locke ,vacuum ,clean+ ,company4 ,no sep>ators 7 us$ ) ?is sy/em1 b ! du/-lad5 air 0 l$ f ! pipe l9es directly into a *amb] on ! pump1 kn[n z ! 8saturation *amb]10 & !re m+l$ ) a /ream ( wat] conv]t+ ! du/ into a ?9 mud4 ,! air1 wat] & mud !n pass$ ?r\gh ! pump1 ! muddy wat] 0 dis*>g$ into ! sew]1 & ! air into ! atmosph]e4 ,! vacuum produc] us$ 0 a pi/on pump )\t suction valves4 ,) ?is sy/em x 0 possible to h&le wat] 9 almo/ unlimit$ quantities & ) ?is feature a sy/em ( me*anical scrubb+ 0 attempt$ = :i* great claims 7 made1 none ( :i*1 h[ev]1 7 realiz$ 9 a comm]cial way4 ,^! g5tlem5 sold _! pat5ts to ! ,e4 ,h4 ,:eel] ,company1 :i* attempt$ to m>ket ! sy/em 9 its orig9al =m4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! pi/on pump 0 n adapt$ to ! h&l+ ( grit :i* 0 pick$ up by ! r5ovators1 & a rot>y pump1 ) s+le impell] & a foll[] 0 sub/itut$4 ,?is sy/em is n[ m>ket$ by ! ,vacuum ,eng9e]+ ,company1 ( ,new ,york1 & is kn[n z ! ,rotrex sy/em4 ,mr4 ,dunn aga9 ent]$ ! field ( vacuum clean+ & began m>ket+ 8 ma*9e a %ort "t ago ) a new =m ( automatic sep>ator dis*>g+ to sew]4 ,fir/ ,portable ,vacuum ,clean]4--,ab\t #aije1 ,dr4 ,william ,noe1 ( ,san ,francisco1 con/ruct$ ! fir/ portable vacuum clean]4 ,?is ma*9e conta9$ a me*anically-driv5 rot>y bru%1 simil> to ! bru%es us$ 9 ! famili> c>pet sweep]1 = loos5+ ! du/ f ! c>pet4 ,?is du/ 0 suck$ up by a two-/age turb9e fan & dis*>g$ into a du/ bag1 m\nt$ on ! h&le1 simil> to ! bags on ! compress$ air clean]s4 ,! :ole ma*9e 0 m\nt$ on :eels & provid$ ) a small direct-connect$ motor4 ,?is ma*9e is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #i & is ! orig9al =m ( ! well-kn[n ,inv9cible r5ovator manufactur$ by ! ,electric ,r5ovator ,company1 ( ,pittsburgh4 ,?is company n[ produces a complete l9e ( /ation>y & portable vacuum clean]s1 all ( :i* use multi-/age turb9es4 ,! sale ( ! product ( ?is company1 until rec5tly1 0 controll$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,radiator ,corporation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,fir/ ,,portable ,,vacuum ,,clean]1 ,,con/ruct$ ,,by ,,dr4 ,,william ,,noe1 ,,( ,,san ,,francisco1 ,,9 #aije4 ,fir/ ,use ( ,/ation>y ,multi-,/age ,turb9e ,bl[]s4--,ab\t #aije ,mr4 ,ira ,sp5c]1 presid5t & eng9e] ( ! ,organ ,p[] ,company1 :i* manufactur$ a multi-/age turb9e bl[] = organs1 kn[n z ! 8,orgobl[10 organiz$ ! ,sp5c] ,turb9e ,clean] ,company & m>ket$ a vacuum clean+ sy/em1 us+ a modification ( ! 8,orgobl[0 z a vacuum produc]4 ,^! ma*9es 7 fir/ con/ruct$ ) %eet metal cas+s & _h %eet /eel fans1 ) w+s rivet$ on & m\nt$ on horizontal %afts4 ,! sep>ators 7 %eet metal receptacles ) scre5s = cat*+ litt]4 ,light-weight hose1 #b 94 9 diamet]1 0 us$ to connect ! r5ovators to #d-;94 %eet metal pipe l9es4 ,a v>iety ( r5ovators 0 produc$ = use ) ?is sy/em4 ,c>pet r5ovators hav+ clean+ slots v>y+ f #aj 94 by 94 to #bj 94 by 94 7 us$1 & a v complete l9e ( swivel jo9ts = connect+ ! r5ovators & ! hose to ! h&les 0 develop$4 ,?is sy/em 0 op]at$ at #e 94 vacuum1 :i* 0 mu* l[] ?an t us$ by any o!r sy/em1 #ae 94 be+ /&>d at t "t1 & a mu* l>g] volume ( air 0 exhau/$ "u c]ta9 conditions ?an 0 possible ) any ( ! !n exi/+ sy/ems4 ,ow+ to ! l>ge volume ( air exhau/$ & to ! l>ge size ( ! r5ovators1 hose & pipe l9es1 l>g] articles c\ld be pick$ up ?an 0 possible ) any ( ! exi/+ sy/ems4 ,a great deal ( weight 0 atta*$ to ?is condition by ! manufactur]s1 a favorite /unt be+ to pick up nails1 wa%]s1 wa/e1 small pieces ( pap] & ev5 pea coal f a floor & f9ally to pick up a quantity ( fl\r :i* _h fir/ be5 c>efully arrang$ = ! demon/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,late ,,type ,,( ,,sp5c] ,,vacuum ,,clean+ ,,ma*9e1 ,,op]at$ ,,by ,,multi-,,/age ,,turb9e ,,bl[]4 ,?is invasion ( ! vacuum clean+ field 0 consid]$ by ! e/abli%$ manufactur]s z a freak & ! app>atus 0 *ri/5$ 8! t9 ma*9e40 ,:5ev] x 0 in/all$ 9 competition ) o!r =ms ( clean+ sy/ems1 ! daily "q ask$ by its competitors 01 8,has ! t9 ma*9e fall5 ap>t80 ,h[ev]1 ! t9 ma*9e did n fall ap>t1 b held its own ) ! o!r sy/ems1 ev5 9 its crude & ineffici5t /ate4 ,f9d+ t ! con/ruction he _h adopt$ 0 too flimsy & subject to abnormal leakage1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] develop$ a new =m ( ma*9e1 us+ ca/-iron cas+ & weld$ fan :eels & adopt$ /&>d pipe & fitt+s4 ,he also br\ght out a l9e ( %eet metal tools & on ! :ole p]fect$ a satisfactory clean+ sy/em4 ,"o ( 8 ma*9es ( a lat] type is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,sep>ators ,empty+ to ,sew] by ,air ,pressure4--,a new =m ( vacuum clean+ sy/em 0 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,moorhead1 ( ,san ,francisco1 :o us$ an inru% type ( r5ovator hav+ an inlet = air on ea* side ( ! clean+ slot4 ,! sep>ator us$ ) ?is sy/em 0 a wet sep>ator & conta9$ a scre5 clean$ by a rot>y bru% into :i* all ! du/ conta9$ 9 ! air lodg$4 ,! pump us$ ) ?is sy/em 0 g5]ally ( ! pi/on type1 fitt$ ) a s+le rot>y valve1 s connect$ to ! valve /em t x c\ld be rotat$ !reon & ! ma*9e *ang$ f a vacuum pump to an air compressor 9 ord] t ! cont5ts ( ! sep>ators might be dis*>g$ into ! sew] by air pressure :5 x 0 desir$ to empty same4 ,?is sy/em 0 m>ket$ by ! ,sanit>y ,du/ ,removal ,company1 ( ,san ,francisco1 &1 lat]1 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,am]ican ,rot>y ,valve ,company1 ( ,*icago1 :i* is n[ m>ket+ same4 ,x elim9ates ! manual h&l+ ( ! du/ at any /age ( its removal1 a feature :i* is made mu* ( by its manufactur]s1 b "o :i* is likely to cause "s tr\ble = ! sew]age sy/em if c>e is n ex]cis$4 ,ma*9es ,us+ ,root ,bl[]s z ,vacuum ,produc]s4--,! use ( a ,root type ( rot>y pump z a vacuum produc] 0 fir/ und]tak5 by ! ,fo/] & ,glidd5 ,eng9e]+ ,company1 ( ,buffalo1 :i* m>ket$ ! ,acme sy/em ab\t #aijg1 ! same company hav+ previ\sly built a simil> sy/em = ! removal ( gra9 f /eam b>ges4 ,! o!r features ( ?is sy/em did n diff] mat]ially f ^? already on ! m>ket4 ,be+ famili> ) ! v>i\s uses to :i* ?is type ( vacuum pump _h be5 adapt$1 ! pr9cipal "o be+ ! op]ation ( pneumatic tube sy/ems1 ! au?or sugge/$ ! use ( ?is type ( vacuum produc] ab\t two ye>s previ\s to its introduction & 0 advis$ by "o manufactur] t su* a type ( pump 0 n suitable = vacuum clean+4 ,! fallacy ( ?is /atem5t w be br\ght out 9 detail 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,! type ( vacuum produc] j describ$ has be5 adopt$ 9 _m makes ( vacuum clean]s1 includ+ ! ,hope1 ,connellsville1 ,arco1 &1 lately1 9 ! ,am]ican ,rot>y ,valve ,company's small] sy/ems4 ,dur+ ! pa/ f\r ye>s a score or m ( new /ation>y vacuum clean+ sy/ems h be5 introduc$1 among :i* are ! ,palm1 a modification ( ! ,dunn-,locke sy/em2 ! ,tuec1 a turb9e clean]2 ! ,wat] ,wit*1 :i* uses a wat]-op]at$ turb9e z a vacuum produc]1 & ! ,hydraulic1 ) wat]-op]at$ ejector4 ,at ! same "t a hundr$ or m portable vacuum clean]s h be5 m>ket$4 ,^! are ( almo/ e conceivable type & =m & are op]at$ by h&1 electricity1 & wat] p[]4 ,among !m w be f\nd ma*9es :i* are good1 bad & indiff]5t1 ! effici5cy & economy ( :i* w be discuss$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,?is ne>ly univ]sal invasion ( ! vacuum clean] field by anybody & ev]ybody look+ = a good sell+ article1 e/abli%es ! fact t ! vacuum clean] is n a fad or fancy1 b has become almo/ a h\sehold necessity & has l$ l>ge corporations to take x up z a bran* ( _! bus9ess4 ,fir/1 ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company & ! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company1 ! pione]s 9 ! field1 aft] a legal battle ( ye>s1 consolidat$ ) a view ( driv+ _! competitors f ! field z infr+]s ( ! pat5ts controll$ by ! two organizations4 ,! result ( ?is 0 ! lic5s+ ( o!r companies4 ,9 an attempt to control ! sale ( _! type ( app>atus notice 0 s]v$ on all us]s ( o!r types ( vacuum clean]s t !y 7 liable to prosecution = us+ infr++ app>atus4 ,lat]1 ! ,mc,crum-,h[ell ,company1 a manufactur] ( heat+ boil]s & radiators1 secur$ control ( ! products ( ! ,am]ican ,air ,clean+ ,company & ! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company & sold ^! ma*9es to ! trade = in/allation by ! plumb]s & /eam fitt]s4 ,! ,mc,crum-,h[ell ,company has be5 succe$$ by ! ,ri*mond ,radiator ,company1 :i* is h&l+ ^! vacuum clean+ ma*9es4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,radiator ,corporation secur$ control ( ! ,inv9cible & ! ,connellsville sy/ems1 &1 la/ly1 ! ,am]ican ,radiator ,company secur$ ! ,w& sy/em4 ,?us we see t vacuum clean+ seems to be virtually 9 ! control ( ! manufactur]s ( heat+ app>atus1 :o are also among ! l>ge/ corporations 9 ?is c\ntry & well able to control ! future ( ?is bus9ess to _! lik+4 ,z to ! future ( vacuum clean+ ! au?or consid]s t x is at pres5t1 l ! automobile1 at ! height ( its c>e]1 & also1 l ! automobile1 t x is a useful appliance to mank9d & t x has its prop] place z a "p ( ! me*anical equipm5t ( our mod]n build+s4 ,z to ! type ( vacuum clean] ( ! future1 ! au?or believes t ^! appliances w become /&>diz$1 j z all o!r useful appliances h be51 & t ! =m t x w !n take w be a survival ( ! fitte/4 ,:at t =m may resemble ! read] may m readily judge :5 he has complet$ ! read+ ( ?is book4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,requirem5ts ,,( ,,an ,,ideal ,,vacuum ,,clean+ ,,sy/em4 ,be=e a comp>ison ( ! relative m]its ( any l9e ( appliances1 us$ = any "o purpose1 c be intellig5tly made1 "o mu/ h ei!r "s =m ( t app>atus :i* we consid] z a /&>d = comp>ison t we may rate all o!rs z inf]ior or sup]ior !reto1 or else an ideal ( a p]fect sy/em mu/ be assum$1 & ! measures ) :i* ea* ( ! v>i\s appliances approa*es ! requirem5ts ( ! ideal w e/abli% _! relative m]its4 ,! au?or has elect$ to use ! latt] me?od 9 comp>+ ! v>i\s sy/ems ( vacuum clean+1 & x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to fir/ det]m9e :at are ! requirem5ts we %all impose on ! ideal sy/em4 ,an ideal vacuum clean+ sy/em w\ld be "o :i*1 :5 in/all$ 9 any build+1 w displace all appliances us$ = dry clean+ 9 ! semi-annual r5ovat+ or h\se clean+1 ! weekly clean+ or ,friday sweep+ & ! daily supplem5tal clean+4 ,if our sy/em be truly an ideal "o1 ! premises %\ld nev] become s dirty z to require any semi-annual clean+ at all1 &1 if ! daily clean+ be anyway ?or\gh1 !re ne$ be no weekly clean+4 ,?is latt] condition may be gov]n$ by ! w ( ! h\sekeep] or janitor4 ,! compress$ air clean]s fir/ introduc$ 7 int5d$ = use only at ! semi-annual clean+ & !y 7 9 reality c>pet r5ovators1 :i* 7 assum$ z imp>t+ to ! c>pets all ! b5eficial results t c\ld be obta9$ by tak+ !m up & s5d+ !m to a c>pet-clean+ e/abli%m5t1 ) ! advantage ov] ?is latt] me?od1 t ! labor ( removal & replacem5t ( ! c>pets 0 r5d]$ unnecess>y1 b ) ! disadvantage t all ! g]m-lad5 air1 us$ z a means ( clean+ ! c>pets1 0 bl[n back into ! ap>tm5t1 leav+ ! g]ms 9 _! =m] abode4 ,?is disadvantage1 h[ev]1 is p>tly (fset by ! fact t :ile ! majority ( ! g]ms 9 "o's own c>pet are bl[n out at ! c>pet clean]s1 a mix$ company ( g]ms f y\r neighbors' & o!rs' c>pets1 :i* may be 9 ! tumbl+ b>rel at ! same "t ) y\r own1 are return$ to y ) y\r c>pet4 ,nei!r ( ^! conditions is ideal & we w expect our ideal clean] to completely remove f ! premises1 n only ! du/ & dirt1 b also ! g]m-lad5 air :i* is us$ z a means ( convey+ ?is dirt4 ,= replac+ ! weekly & ! daily clean+1 ^! e>li] r5ovators 7 n suitable1 z 9 ord] to use same ! furniture mu/ all be remov$ f ! ap>tm5t4 ,to accompli% ?is daily & weekly clean+1 ! ideal vacuum clean] mu/ replace ! broom & du/ pan1 & _! insep>able companion1 ! du/]1 & mu/ also sup]s$e t "t-honor$ me*anical clean]1 ! c>pet sweep]4 ,! read] w d\btless consid] t 9 mak+ ?is /atem5t ! au?or is ask+ ! vacuum clean] to p]=m mu* m ?an x is usually call$ on to d4 ,h[ev]1 we are n[ discuss+ an ideal sy/em1 & ! above requirem5ts are n absolutely beyond :at c be accompli%$ by "s ( ! clean+ sy/ems n[ on ! m>ket4 ,to accompli% ?is requirem5t ! ideal clean] mu/ pick up ev]y?+ likely to be f\nd on ! floor :i* _c be readily pick$ up by h&4 ,! "* ( ?is mat]ial w v>y greatly accord+ to ! uses ( ! ap>tm5t clean$4 ,9 resid5ces & (fices1 :]e c>pets or rugs are 9 use1 cig> /umps & mat*es are usually deposit$ 9 cuspidors & small pieces ( pap] 9 wa/e baskets1 consequ5tly !re %\ld be no?+ b du/ to be remov$ f a resid5ce &1 p]haps1 mud & s& f ! %oes ( ! _m visitors1 9 addition to ! du/ 9 an (fice4 ,h[ev]1 !re are special conditions likely to be met 9 _m cases2 sew+ rooms w be litt]$ ) ba/+ ?reads & scraps ( clo?2 dep>tm5t /ores1 ) a great quantity ( p9s2 bank+ rooms ) b&s & l>ge-siz$ bank p9s2 all ( :i* increase ! requirem5ts ( ! ideal sy/em4 ,a clean] :i* is p]fectly adapt$ to "o sort ( ap>tm5t w be entirely unsuit$ = ano!r1 & ! ideal clean] w be "o :i* c be readily adapt$ to all conditions likely to be met 9 ! build+ 9 :i* x is in/all$4 ,! ideal clean] mu/ be able to accompli% ! above /at$ requirem5ts )\t ! necessity ( mov+ heavy pieces ( furniture out ( or ab\t ! ap>tm5t2 t is1 x mu/ be capable ( be+ effici5tly op]at$ "u b$s1 tables & *airs1 ar\nd ! legs ( o!r heavy furniture1 beh9d bookcases1 pianos1 cab9ets1 etc41 ov] curta9s1 drap]ies & hang+s1 ov] walls1 beh9d pictures & ov] m\ld+s & c>v$ ornam5ts1 all )\t injury to any ( ! furniture or fitt+s ( ! ap>tm5t1 & ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( en]gy by ! op]ator4 ,^! conditions %\ld be met ) ! fewe/ possible numb] ( clean+ appliances1 none ( :i* %\ld be provid$ ) small atta*m5ts liable to be lo/ or misplac$1 & all p>ts ( ! sy/em1 :i* mu/ necess>ily be mov$ ab\t1 ei!r be=e1 aft] or dur+ ! clean+ op]ation1 %\ld be ( m9imum weight & bulk1 b ( rugg$ & la/+ con/ruction4 ,! ideal vacuum clean] %\ld be ( su* proportions & provid$ ) ample motive p[] to clean rapidly & effectively4 ,= use 9 an (fice build+ ! clean] %\ld be able to ?or\ghly clean an av]age-siz$ (fice1 includ+ floor1 walls1 furniture & fitt+s 9 f #aj to #ae m9utes1 & = resid5ce "w1 %\ld be ( suffici5t capacity to clean an ap>tm5t1 includ+ floor1 walls1 curta9s1 drap]ies1 pictures & furniture 9 n exce$+ #cj m9utes4 ,! ideal sy/em %\ld be s arrang$ t any ap>tm5t 9 ! build+ c be clean$ ) ! lea/ possible di/urbance & )\t affect+ ! use ( any o!r ap>tm5t1 except+ p]haps1 ! corridors or hallways4 ,9 l>ge (fices1 draft+ rooms & simil> ap>tm5ts1 x may become necess>y to clean same :ile !y are occupi$2 !re=e1 our ideal sy/em mu/ be practically noiseless 9 op]ation & mu/ (f] ! lea/ possible ob/ruction to ! prop] use ( ! room by its regul> occupants4 ,necessity & ,prop] ,location ( ,/ation>y ,p>ts4--,to be ( suffici5t p[] to d rapid clean+ & 9 ord] to remove f ! build+ all du/ & g]m-lad5 air1 ! clean+ sy/em mu/ necess>ily conta9 "s /ation>y p>ts4 ,! motive p[] c g5]ally be conf9$ to ^! /ation>y p>ts1 & mu/1 9 su* cases1 be locat$ )9 ! build+ to be clean$4 ,!re=e1 x %\ld op]ate ) ! m9imum ( noise & vibration4 ,ma*9es locat$ 9 (fice or o!r l>ge build+s1 conta9+ elevators or o!r complicat$ app>atus requir+ skill$ att5dance1 :i* are provid$ ) complicat$ control & ) o!r atta*m5ts1 are n objectionable1 & 9 su* cases simplicity %\ld give way to effici5cy1 b unnecess>y complications %\ld be avoid$4 ,9 resid5ces & o!r small build+s1 :]e ! vacuum clean] is likely to be ! only ma*9]y in/all$1 ! sy/em mu/ be "o :i* requires ! m9imum att5tion & mu/ be capable ( be+ />t$ & /opp$ by any p]son ( av]age ability1 )\t ! necessity ( go+ to ! po9t :]e ! ma*9e is locat$4 ,! p[] consumption ( ! ideal sy/em %\ld be a m9imum to accompli% satisfactory results & %\ld be1 z ne>ly z possible1 directly proportion$ to ! am\nt ( clean+ be+ done4 ,?is requirem5t is mo/ important 9 hotels1 :]e "s clean+ is likely to be done at all h\rs1 day & night4 ,9 o!r words1 vacuum mu/ be 8on tap0 & z readily atta9able at any po9t 9 ! build+ z y\r wat] or electric light4 ,9 (fice build+s1 :]e a s*$ule ( clean+ h\rs is fix$1 & 9 resid5ces :]e clean+ h\rs are few & ! capacity ( ! plant is r>ely m ?an c\ld be att5d$ to by "o op]ator1 ?is requirem5t is n ( z great importance4 ,la/ly1 our ideal sy/em1 f ! /&po9t ( ! pur*as]1 mu/ be ( su* rugg$ con/ruction1 z w enable x to op]ate effici5tly =1 at lea/1 t5 ye>s & its me*anical details su* t x w op]ate cont9u\sly1 )\t exp]t att5tion1 & t ! annual exp5se = repairs dur+ ! life ( ! ma*9e w n exce$ #e ( ! fir/ co/ ( ! sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,c>pet ,,r5ovator4 ,9 und]tak+ ! comp>ison ( a numb] ( diff]5t makes ( any appliance1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! good & bad po9ts 9 ea*1 :]e ! app>atus is compos$ ( a numb] ( sep>ate & di/9ct p>ts1 ea* hav+ its prop] function1 :i* !y mu/ p]=m 9 ord] to make ! :ole app>atus effective1 z 9 a vacuum clean+ sy/em1 x becomes necess>y to isolate tempor>ily ea* "p & consid] its action1 fir/1 z a unit work+ "u ! mo/ favorable conditions1 &1 second1 z a compon5t "p ( ! :ole app>atus 9 ord] to det]m9e :]e ! weak po9ts 9 any sy/em occur & :at modifications are necess>y 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! app>atus to make "s vital "p ( ! :ole m effective4 ,x is fur!r necess>y to det]m9e :at are ! vital p>ts ( ! sy/em 9 ord] t ! o!r p>ts may be accommodat$ to ! effective action ( t "p4 ,f\r ,important ,p>ts ( ,vacuum ,clean+ ,sy/em4--,9 analyz+ a vacuum clean+ sy/em x naturally divides itself into f\r p>ts1 viz43 ! clean+ tool or r5ovator1 ! air-convey+ sy/em or hose & pipe l9es1 ! sep>ators or o!r means ( disposal ( ! mat]ial pick$ up1 & ! vacuum produc]4 ,! au?or consid]s t ! r5ovator is ! mo/ important "p ( ! sy/em & t ! o!r p>ts %\ld be made ( su* proportions & ) su* physical *>act]i/ics z w produce ! prop] conditions at ! r5ovator to p]mit x to p]=m its functions 9 ! mo/ effective mann]4 ,z ! vacuum clean+ sy/em mu/ be capable ( clean+ surfaces ( a widely v>iable "* _m =ms ( r5ovators are necess>y4 ,( ! v>i\s surfaces clean$ ! au?or consid]s t c>pets & rugs comprise ! mo/ important1 z well z ! mo/ difficult to clean effectively1 s t ! c>pet r5ovator w be consid]$ fir/4 ,! ,/raight ,vacuum ,tool4--,v>i\s =ms ( c>pet r5ovators h be5 & are 9 use by manufactur]s ( vacuum clean+ sy/ems4 ,! fir/ type ( r5ovator to be consid]$ is t hav+ a clean+ slot n ov] #ab 94 long1 ) its edges p>allel ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 & n ov] 94 wide1 ) a face 9 contact ) ! c>pet n ov] 94 wide on ea* side ( ! slot4 ,?is =m ( r5ovator is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aa & is designat$ by ! writ] z ,type ,a4 ,! fir/ ( ^! r5ovators 0 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,k5ney &1 z f9ally adopt$ by him1 0 #ab 94 long1 ) -94 face & ) a clean+ slot #aa 94 long & 94 wide4 ,?is =m ( clean] 0 t]m$ ! 8/raight vacuum tool0 & is us$ today by _m manufactur]s4 ,slight modifications 9 its =m & dim5sions 7 made 9 "s cases1 z 9 ! "o manufactur$ by ! ,am]ican ,air ,clean+ ,company4 ,9 ! "o us$ 9 all te/s by ! writ] on type ,a r5ovators1 ! slot 0 r$uc$ to #aj 94 long & 94 wide & ! face ( ! r5ovator 0 slightly r\nd$ at ! out] edges1 leav+ v little surface 9 contact ) ! c>pet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,type ,a1 ,,! ,,/raight ,,vacuum ,,tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,type ,b1 ,,) ,,wide ,,slot ,,& ,,wide ,,be>+ ,,surface4 ,a r5ovator ( ?is type is easily op]at$ ov] any c>pet ev5 :5 a consid]able degree ( vacuum exi/s )9 ! r5ovator itself4 ,x has met ) favor :5 us$ ) ! pi/on type ( vacuum pump )\t vacuum control1 z 0 ! case ) ! e>li] sy/ems4 ,h[ev]1 :5 a v high degree ( vacuum occurs )9 ! r5ovator x has a t5d5cy to pull ! nap f ! pile ( ! c>pet4 ,soon aft] ! introduction ( ?is =m ( r5ovator1 "s us]s ( same1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,san ,francisco1 compla9$ t :ile ! r5ovator effectively remov$ ! du/ f c>pets x fail$ to pick up mat*es & o!r small articles & prelim9>y or subsequ5t clean+ 0 necess>y 9 ord] to remove su* litt]4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty ,mr4 ,k5ney increas$ ! wid? ( ! clean+ slot to ne>ly 941 ) ! result t :5 a high degree ( vacuum exi/$ )9 ! r5ovator1 :i* (t5 occurr$ :]e no vacuum control 0 us$1 x /uck to ! c>pet1 r5d]+ its op]ation difficult &1 at ! same "t1 do+ great damage to ! c>pet4 ,h5ce1 its use ) ! pi/on type ( vacuum pumps 0 ab&on$4 ,mr4 ,k5ney !n modifi$ ?is wide slot r5ovator by mak+ ! face ( same mu* wid]1 ?us hav+ m surface 9 contact ) ! c>pet on ea* side ( ! slot1 prev5t+ ! r5ovator f s9k+ into ! nap ( ! c>pet4 ,?is type ( r5ovator is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ab & has be5 designat$ z ,type ,b4 ,:ile n z de/ructive to ! c>pets1 :5 a high degree ( vacuum exi/$ "u ! same1 x /ill pu%$ h>d & 0 n z rapid a clean] z ! n>r[-lipp$ ,type ,a r5ovator4 ,r5ovator ) ,auxili>y ,slot ,op5 to ,atmosph]e4--,! r5ovator introduc$ by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company diff]$ widely f ! =m] types 9 t x 0 provid$ ) an auxili>y slot1 op5 to ! atmosph]e ?r\gh ! top ( ! r5ovator1 :i* communicat$ ) ! slot op5 to ! vacuum by a space ( -94 "u ! p>tition sep>at+ ! slots4 ,! clean+ slot 0 made -94 wide & ! face ( ! r5ovator 0 made #b-;94 wide1 :i* gave a contact ( -94 9 front ( ! inru% slot & -94 9 ! re> ( ! clean+ slot4 ,?is =m ( r5ovator is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ac & is designat$ z ,type ,c4 ,! auxili>y slot or vacuum break] p]mitt$ air to ent] ! clean+ slot ev5 :5 ! r5ovator 0 plac$ on a surface plate1 &1 ow+ to ?is feature1 a high degree ( vacuum nev] exi/$ )9 ! r5ovator4 ,x 0 always easy to op]ate & did n damage ! c>pet4 ,ow+ to ! wide slot1 articles ( consid]able size c\ld be pick$ up1 & !re 0 always an abundance ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! r5ovator to produce a velocity 9 ! hose & pipe l9es suffici5t to c>ry any heavy articles pick$ up4 ,! vacuum produc]1 control app>atus & ! proportions ( ! hose & pip+ us$ at t "t made ! degree ( vacuum 9 ! r5ovator a function ( ! quantity ( air pass+1 ) wide limits ( v>iation "u exi/+ conditions1 & ?is =m ( r5ovator is practically ! only "o :i* w d effective clean+1 includ+ ! pick+ up ( litt]1 )\t undue we> on c>pets1 :5 us$ ) a sy/em hav+ ! above-/at$ *>act]i/ics4 ,?is r5ovator1 h[ev] is n )\t its faults4 ,ow+ to ! wide surface 9 contact ) ! c>pet1 a consid]able degree ( vacuum is necess>y 9 ord] t any air %all ent] ! r5ovator "u ! faces ( same &1 z ! air ent]+ ! inru% slot prev5ts ! =mation ( su* vacuum )9 ! r5ovator1 v little air ent]s ! r5ovator betwe5 its face & ! c>pet4 ,:5 ! r5ovator is op]at$ on a c>pet hav+ a glue-siz$ back1 no air ent]s ?r\gh ! c>pet1 !re=e all air ent]+ ! r5ovator mu/ come ?r\gh ! inru% slot & "u ! p>tition sep>at+ same f ! clean+ slot4 ,"u ^! conditions only "o side ( ! vacuum slot is effective & ?is effective side is rais$ above ! surface ( ! c>pet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,type ,c1 ,,) ,,auxili>y ,,slot1 ,,op5 ,,to ,,atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,type ,d1 ,,) ,,two ,,clean+ ,,slots4 ,:5 op]at$ on an +ra9 or o!r loose-fabric c>pet1 mu* air ent]s ?r\gh ! fabric ( ! c>pet1 due to ! wide clean+ & inru% slots1 9 addition to ! quantity ( air ent]+ ?r\gh ! inru% slot1 mak+ ?is r5ovator1 :5 op]at+ "u ^! conditions1 use an unnecess>y am\nt ( air4 ,app>5tly1 ?is r5ovator has be5 design$ to prev5t ! =mation ( any great degree ( vacuum "u same & su* a design has result$ 9 a great] volume ( air at a l[] vacuum pass+ ?r\gh ?an ?r\gh r5ovators ( o!r types4 ,?is prop]ty ( ! r5ovator raises ! "q :e!r ! quantity ( air or ! degree ( vacuum 9 ! r5ovator is mo/ ess5tial = ! removal ( dirt f c>pets4 ,te/s made by ,mr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,reeve1 consult+ eng9e] = ! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company1 ) ?is type ( r5ovator1 ) ! inru% op5 & repeat$ ) ! inru% clos$1 disclose ! fact t x does m effective clean+ ) its inru% clos$1 :ile ! volume ( air pass+ is consid]ably less ) ! inru% clos$4 ,! degree ( vacuum 0 great]1 :i* t5ds to indicate t ! vacuum )9 ! r5ovator is ! mo/ important factor4 ,an extract f ! affidavits ( ,mr4 ,reeve 9 "o ( ! num]\s pat5t suits w %[ 8 explanation ( ?is ph5om5on3 8,if we exam9e m closely into ! actual process :]eby su* a sweep] succe$s 9 extract+ du/ f c>pets1 etc41 x w appe> t ! actual clean+ is effect$ at ! p]iph]y ( ! slot 9 ! l[] surface ( ! sweep]4 ,x is accompli%$ *iefly by ! developm5t ( local *anges ( air pressure at ! lips def9+ ?is slot1 incid5tally to ! movem5t ( ! tool ov] ! c>pet4 ,^! *anges cause ! air occupy+ ! int]/ices betwe5 ! du/ p>ticles to exp& sudd5ly1 ?us #8rais+ ! du/4' ,to a less] degree1 ! sc\r+ is effect$ by highly localiz$ air curr5ts ( consid]able velocity1 eng5d]$ :]e ! tool comes 9 contact ) ! c>pet4 ,^! air curr5ts pick up ! du/ :i* has already be5 exp&$ or rais$ by pressure *ange4 ,!y w be ( high] velocity1 & !re=e m effective1 ! bett] ! contact ( ! tool ) ! c>pet4 ,! same is true ( ! pressure *anges4 8,all ?is action dep5ds = its int5sity1 spe$ & effectiv5ess1 n on ! vacuum exi/+ at ! pump or 9 ! sep>ators1 b ^u ! vacuum prevail+ )9 ! sweep] head itself40 ,r5ovator ) ,two ,clean+ ,slots4--,ano!r =m ( r5ovator 0 introduc$ by ! ,blaisdell ,ma*9]y ,company :i* conta9$ two clean+ slots ea* -94 wide & #ab-;94 long1 sep>at$ by a p>tition -94 wide 9 contact ) ! surface ( ! c>pet1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ad 7,type ,d74 ,:ile ?is =m ( r5ovator has a great] area ( clean+ slot ?an ,type ,a1 its individual clean+ slots are no wid]2 !re=e1 x _c pick up any?+ l>g] ?an c be pick$ up by ,type ,a4 ,z no air c ent] "u ! p>tition x c d no m effective "w z a du/ remov] :5 op]at$ on a c>pet ) a glue-siz$ back & its only advantage ov] a clean] ( ,type ,a is t :5 op]at$ on a loose-fabric c>pet m air c pass ?r\gh ! fabric into ! clean+ slot1 ?us giv+ a great] v>iation 9 ! quantity ( air exhau/$ :5 op]at$ on c>pets ( diff]5t texture1 a condition :i* is undesirable :5 us$ ) a sy/em hav+ *>act]i/ics previ\sly describ$4 ,te/s ( ?is type ( r5ovator1 made by ,mr4 ,reeve1 are giv5 lat] 9 ?is *apt]4 ,r5ovator ) ,inru% ,slots on ,ea* ,side4--,ano!r =m ( r5ovator1 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,moorhead1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ae 7,type ,e74 ,?is is a modification ( ,type ,a 9 t an inru% slot is provid$ on ea* side ( ! vacuum slot1 ^! inru%es be+ h+$ memb]s :i* =m ! sides ( ! clean+ slot4 ,?is clean] has ! advantage ov] ,type ,c r5ovator 9 t x c take air f ei!r side1 b 9 action x takes air f b "o side at any "t4 ,its inru% w n become entirely clogg$1 b its me*anically-mov+ p>ts 9 contact ) ! du/ & l9t pick$ up w easily become inop]ative & are z l z n to become caught wide op5 :5 ! air ent]+ ! clean] w n come into intimate contact ) ! c>pet4 ,9 t ev5t1 its clean+ effici5cy w be greatly r$uc$4 ,! au?or has n _h an opportunity to make any comp>ative te/s ( ?is =m ( r5ovator4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,sp5c] introduc$ ! c5trifugal fan z a vacuum produc]1 he also br\ght out a s]ies ( c>pet r5ovators ( v>i\s =ms & sizes4 ,"o _h a clean+ slot -94 wide & #aj-;94 long1 ano!r a slot #ae-;94 long1 -94 wide at its end1 increas+ to -94 at ! c5t]4 ,ano!r _h a slot #bj-;94 long & -94 wide1 & f9ally he adopt$ a tool ) a clean+ slot #ae-;94 long & -94 wide ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,?is is m]ely ! re-entrance into ! field ( ! wide-slot tool fir/ us$ by ,mr4 ,k5ney & its successful op]ation dep5ds on its use ) a vacuum produc] ( su* *>act]i/ics & a hose & pipe l9e ( su* proportions t practically a con/ant vacuum is ma9ta9$ )9 ! r5ovator1 reg>dless ( ! quantity ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! tool4 ,! late/ =m ( ?is r5ovator1 z us$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,at ! "t t ! writ] made te/s on r5ovators ( ?is make1 ! majority ( ! te/s 7 made ) a r5ovator hav+ a clean+ slot #aj-;94 long & -94 wide4 ,?is r5ovator is designat$ z ,type ,f1 :ile ! #ae-;94 -94 to -94 slot is designat$ z ,type ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,type ,e1 ,,) ,,inru% ,,slot ,,on ,,ea* ,,side ,,( ,,vacuum ,,slot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,type ,f1 ,,an ,,exagg]at$ ,,=m ,,( ,,type ,b4 ,ab\t sev5 ye>s ago ! ,sup]vis+ ,ar*itect ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury ,dep>tm5t gave consid]ation to ! use ( a c>pet clean+ te/ to det]m9e ! acceptability ( any vacuum clean+ sy/em :i* might be in/all$ 9 any ( ! build+s "u 8 control4 ,! au?or 0 in/ruct$ to make a s]ies ( te/s ( c>pet r5ovators1 ) a view ( det]m9+3 7#a7 ! feasibility ( us+ a c>pet clean+ te/ to det]m9e ! m]its ( a vacuum clean+ sy/em2 7#b7 to fix ! requirem5ts to be incorporat$ 9 a specification :]e ! acceptance ( ! sy/em 0 dep5d5t on a satisfactory c>pet clean+ te/1 to be made at ! build+ aft] ! completion ( ! in/allation2 7#c7 to det]m9e :at requirem5ts1 o!r ?an a clean+ te/1 w\ld be necess>y to obta9 a fir/-class clean+ sy/em4 ,! record ( _m su* te/s 0 %[n to ! au?or1 %ortly be=e he began mak+ te/s4 ,^! purport$ to h be5 made by ,pr(4 ,mill] at ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ) a pump furni%$ by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company1 9 :i* ! effici5cy ( ! inru% type ( r5ovator 7,type ,c7 & ! /raight vacuum r5ovator 7,type ,a7 0 comp>$4 ,! results ( ^! te/s1 z giv5 9 a brief resum1 :i* 0 di/ribut$ by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,co41 indicat$ t ! ,type ,c r5ovator 0 ! m rapid & effici5t clean]4 ,! au?or le>n$ t ^! te/s 7 made by ! und]graduate /ud5ts z a "p ( ! regul> laboratory "w1 & t lat] a s]ies ( te/s 0 made z ! basis ( a !sis by ,messrs4 ,pat]son & ,phelps 9 #aijf1 us+ ! above-describ$ app>atus4 ,! foll[+ ye> ano!r s]ies ( te/s 0 made by ,mr4 ,/ew>t ,r4 ,mill]1 z ! basis ( an und]graduate !sis1 9 :i* ! effici5cies ( ! pi/on pump & inru% sweep] ( ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,co4 7 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! /eam aspirator & /raight vacuum r5ovator ( ! ,am]ican ,air ,clean] ,company4 ,a copy ( ?is !sis 0 furni%$ ! au?or by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company %ortly aft] ! completion ( ! te/s made by ! au?or4 ,! relative effici5cy ( ! two types ( r5ovators report$ by ^! te/s diff]$ widely 9 ea* case1 an occurr5ce :i* is liable to happ5 :]e und]graduate /ud5ts are engag$ 9 su* "w4 ,!y 71 !re=e1 consid]$ z ( d\btful reliability4 ,! au?or c\ld f9d no record ( any te/s made by anyone ( long] exp]i5ce &1 inde$1 ^! 7 ! only te/s ( :i* he c\ld f9d any record4 ,z ! au?or desir$ to specify a clean+ te/ :i* c\ld be readily repeat$ at ! build+ 9 :i* ! clean+ sy/em 0 in/all$1 :i* build+ 0 likely to be locat$ 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 no exhau/ive laboratory me?ods 7 desir$ or attempt$4 ,z ! build+ 0 likely to be locat$ 9 a city :]e no o!r vacuum clean+ sy/ems 7 !n in/all$ & 9 a new build+ 9 :i* no dirty c>pets 7 available1 & z x 0 n desirable to h ! contractor furni% ! mat]ial = ! te/1 x 0 consid]$ necess>y to use "s mat]ial 9 soil+ c>pets :i* w\ld be readily obta9able any:]e1 :i* c\ld be readily br\ght to a /&>d1 & :i*1 :5 work$ into ! c>pets 9 a reasonable l5g? ( "t1 w\ld be z difficult to remove z ! dirt f\nd 9 ! av]age dirty c>pet4 ,te/s on ,dirty ,c>pets4--,z no te/s ( clean+ an actually dirty c>pet 7 on record1 quicks& hav+ be5 us$ 9 ! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology te/s1 x 0 necess>y to fir/ clean "s c>pets t _h be5 soil$ 9 actual daily s]vice 9 ord] to obta9 a /&>d ) :i* to comp>e ! results 9 remov+ v>i\s sub/ances1 :i* x 0 int5d$ to try z a sub/itute = dirt4 ,a c>pet :i* _h be5 9 actual use = a numb] ( ye>s on ! floors ( ! old ,unit$ ,/ates ,m9t build+1 9 ,philadelphia1 & receiv+ ! ord9>y am\nt ( clean+1 0 procur$4 ,?is 0 a ,brussels c>pet ) a glue-siz$ back1 conta9+ ab\t #bj sq4 yds4 ,x 0 divid$ into ?ree approximately equal p>ts4 ,an indicator 0 atta*$ to ! vacuum pump = tak+ air measurem5ts1 & x 0 f\nd t !re 0 consid]able leakage ( air into ! sy/em ?r\gh ! connections to ! sep>ators & at o!r po9ts1 !re=e ! pump 0 op]at$ ) #bb 94 ( vacuum 9 ! sep>ator & a c>d tak5 ) all outlets clos$ & ! am\nt ( leakage not$4 ,dur+ ! te/s ?is degree ( vacuum 0 always ma9ta9$ 9 ! sep>ators & pipe l9es & ! vacuum 9 ! r5ovator 0 v>i$ ?r\gh\t ! te/s by ?rottl+ ! hose cock4 ,?is mann] ( mak+ te/s gave a practically con/ant leakage :i* 0 d$uct$ f ! quantities %[n by ! indicator c>ds tak5 ) ! r5ovators 9 op]ation4 ,z ! writ] _h already made _m te/s ( ! effici5cy ( v>i\s types ( vacuum pumps z air mov]s "u v>i\s degrees ( vacuum1 & z ! capacity ( ! pump available 0 f> 9 excess ( t requir$ to op]ate "o r5ovator1 no attempt to obta9 ! effici5cy ( ! plant z a unit 0 made4 ,in/ead1 ! vacuum at ! hose cock 0 adju/$ until ! degree obta9$ 0 :at ! writ] _h f\nd to be )9 ! limit obta9$ 9 practice4 ,! result+ vacuum at ! r5ovator 0 !n not$4 ,ea* piece ( c>pet 0 clean$ dur+ six p]iods ( "o m9ute ea*1 us+ a diff]5t vacuum at ! tool = ea* piece ( c>pet4 ,! c>pets 7 weigh$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! te/ & aft] ea* "o-m9ute p]iod4 ,at ! conclusion ( ^! te/s ea* c>pet 0 clean$ until no *ange ( weight occurr$ aft] two m9utes' clean+4 ,!y 7 !n consid]$ z be+ #ajj clean & ?is /&>d 0 made a basis = comput+ ! p]c5tage ( dirt removal4 ,a r5ovator ( ,type ,c 0 us$ 9 ^! te/s4 ,%ortly aft]w>d a simil> te/ 0 made on a dirty c>pet ( #d4f sq4 yds4 area1 us+ a r5ovator ( ,type ,f4 ,?is c>pet 0 also a ,brussels1 ) glue-siz$ back1 :i* _h be5 9 use 9 ! %oe dep>tm5t ( a l>ge dep>tm5t /ore 9 ,h>t=d4 ,^! c>pets conta9$ approximately #b oz4 ( du/ p] squ>e y>d1 none ( :i* 0 visible on ! surface1 & !y 7 probably z clean z ! av]age c>pet aft] be+ gone ov] ) a c>pet sweep] or aft] a light application ( a broom4 ,,table #a4 ,,clean+ ,,te/s ,,( ,,dirty ,,c>pets4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,type ( ,r5ovator4 ,a ,c ,f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,vacuum 9 r5ovator1 94 ,hg #b #d #a #b #d #c ,air exhau/$1 cu4 ft4 p] m9 #af #bg #bd #cg #dd #ei ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #a m94 #ej #fj #cg #ci #dg #ce ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #b m94 #gb #ha #eb #ei #fc #ee ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #c m94 #he #ij #ei #ff #ga #fi ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #d m94 #ij #ie #fa #gb #hc #gg ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #e m94 #ic #ih #ff #ge #hg #hd ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #f m94 #ie #ajj #fg #hb #ij #hi ,h4 ,p4 p] ounce du/ #j4jcg #j4adg #j4jde #j4aaf #j4bebj4bfa ,ounces du/ p] m9ute #a4i #b4j #a4cd #a4fd #a4h #a4gh ,h4 ,p4 at r5ovator #j4jg #j4bi #j4jf #j4ai #j4de #j4dge ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,z ! sizes ( ! c>pets us$ 9 mak+ ! te/s 7 n always ! same1 all[ance has be5 made = ?is v>iation by us+1 9 ! case ( ,type ,f r5ovator1 in/ead ( ! true "t1 a calculat$ "t :i* all[s ea* r5ovator ! same "t = clean+ #a sq4 yd4 ( c>pet4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! small c>pet clean$ ) ,type ,f r5ovator1 an int]val ( #fj #d4f #f1 or #df seconds1 0 tak5 z equal to "o m9ute's clean+ ( ! c>pet ) types ,a & ,c r5ovators4 ,su* int]val is /at$ & plott$ z "o m9ute 9 ! table opposite1 :i* gives ! results ( clean+ dirty c>pets ) ! ?ree types ( r5ovators4 ,type ,a ,r5ovator ,mo/ ,effici5t on ,dirty ,c>pets4--,! results ( ! te/s ( ! ?ree types ( r5ovators1 ea* :5 x 0 op]at$ ) ! highe/ vacuum "u ! r5ovator1 are plott$ 9 ,fig4 #ag 9 ord] t a ready comp>ison may be made4 ,?is curve indicates t ,type ,a r5ovator does m effective clean+ 9 less "t ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two types te/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,te/s ,,( ,,?ree ,,r5ovators ,,on ,,dirty ,,c>pets4 ,ref]r+ to ! second l9e ( ! table1 :i* gives ! degree ( vacuum obta9$ 9 ! r5ovator dur+ ! te/s1 x w be not$ t ! highe/ vacuum atta9$ ) ea* type ( r5ovator is practically ! same4 ,?is degree ( vacuum 0 obta9$ ) ! av]age vacuum at ! hose cock1 us+ #ajj ft4 ( hose 9 ea* case1 & corresponds to t obta9$ 9 ! comm]cial op]ation ( ea* ( ! r5ovators ) ! vacuum produc]s ord9>ily us$1 :i* 0 #ae 94 9 ! case ( ,type ,c1 #aj 94 9 case ( ,type ,a1 & #e 94 9 case ( ,type ,f1 ! hose be+ ! size us$ by ea* ( ! sy/ems z m>ket$4 ,! ?ird l9e1 :i* %[s ! cubic feet ( free air p] m9ute pass+ ! r5ovator1 indicates t ,type ,a r5ovator requires mu* less air at ! same degree ( vacuum ?an ei!r ( ! o!r types to d bett] "w4 ,f ! read+s 9 ^! two l9es ! horse p[] requir$ at ! r5ovator1 to move ! air t passes same is obta9$ ) #ajj effici5cy adiabatic compression4 ,! results are tabulat$ 9 ! n9? l9e ( ! table4 ,?is indicates t ,type ,a r5ovator does m effective "w ) ab\t #ej ( ! p[] requir$ by ei!r ( ! o!r types ( r5ovators4 ,! t5? l9e gives ! rate ( clean+ & aga9 %[s ,type ,a r5ovator to be ! mo/ rapid clean]4 ,! elev5? l9e gives ! horse p[] requir$ at ! r5ovator :5 9 op]ation1 f :i* x w be se5 t effective clean+ _c be accompli%$ ) less ?an ,h4 ,p4 at ! r5ovator4 ,att5tion is call$ to ! great r$uction 9 p[] 9 case ( ,type ,a r5ovator :5 ! vacuum at ! tool is r$uc$ f #d 94 to #b 94 & to ! small r$uction 9 ! effici5cy :i* results f ?is great r$uction 9 p[]4 ,?is is n ! case ) ! ,type ,c r5ovator1 :]e !re is a consid]able r$uction 9 ! already l[ effici5cy ) ea* r$uction 9 ! vacuum4 ,?is *>act]i/ic ( ,type ,a r5ovator is discuss$ fur!r on 9 ! *apt] on hose4 ,te/s ( ,c>pets 8,artificially0 ,soil$4--,hav+ det]m9$ ! effici5cy ( ! v>i\s types ( r5ovators :5 op]at$ on dirty c>pets1 ! au?or !n attempt$ to f9d "s sub/ance easily obta9$ any:]e :i* c\ld be us$ z a sub/itute = actual dirt1 & :i* w\ld give approximately equal results ) ^! obta9$ on dirty c>pets4 ,a te/ ( ?is "* 0 made by ! au?or "s "t previ\s to ! te/s ( dirty c>pets & 0 made on a ,wilton velvet rug ( ab\t #ab sq4 yds4 area4 ,! mat]ial spread on same 0 ord9>y :eat fl\r1 z us$ 9 demon/rations1 #c lbs4 ( :i* 7 plac$ on ! rug & rubb$ 9 ) /icks ( wood z well z possible & ! rug clean$ = ?ree m9utes1 us+ a ,type ,a r5ovator atta*$ to ! sep>ator ) #ej ft4 ( #a-;94 diamet] hose4 ,! results 7 z foll[s3 ,,vacuum ,,at ,,sep>ator1 ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,dirt ,,ins4 ,,m]cury4 ,,remov$4 #e #ie #aj #ih #ae #ih ,! vacuum at ! r5ovator 0 n measur$ at ! "t ( mak+ ?is te/ & its am\nt is n exactly kn[n1 b fur!r te/s ) ?is type ( r5ovator "u ne>ly ! same conditions gave ! foll[+ results3 ,,vacuum ,,at ,,hose ,,cock1 ,,vacuum ,,9 ,,r5ovator1 ,,ins4 ,,m]cury4 ,,ins4 ,,m]cury4 #e #c #aj #f #ae #i & x is probable t ! vacuum at ! r5ovator dur+ ^! te/s 0 approximately ! same4 ,comp>ison ( ! results ( ?is te/1 9 :i* #d sq4 yds4 ( c>pet 7 clean$ p] m9ute1 ) ^? ( ! te/s ( dirty c>pets1 9 :i* only #a sq4 yd4 0 clean$ p] m9ute1 indicates t :eat fl\r is n a suitable sub/itute = dirt 9 mak+ a c>pet clean+ te/4 ,! au?or1 believ+ t fl\r is ( suffici5t f95ess1 b n ( suffici5t weight1 tri$ ,portl& cem5t1 :i* is v heavy & at ! same "t exce$+ly f9e1 z a sub/itute = dirt 9 soil+ c>pets4 ,! same c>pet t _h be5 clean$ 9 ,philadelphia 0 us$ & #f oz4 ( cem5t 0 work$ into ! same4 ,x 0 !n clean$ ) a ,type ,c r5ovator1 ) a vacuum ( #b 94 hg4 at ! r5ovator & #ie ( ! cem5t 0 remov$ 9 two m9utes' clean+1 z aga9/ #ei ( ! dirt 9 ! c>pet :5 receiv$4 ,ord9>y dirt1 tak5 f "s fl[] pots :i* _h be5 left dry = "s "t1 0 !n tri$ ) ! same c>pet1 us+ a ,type ,c r5ovator & #a 94 hg4 ,) ?is arrangem5t1 #ga ( ! dirt 0 remov$ 9 two m9utes z aga9/ #eb ( ! dirt 9 ! c>pet z receiv$4 ,?is dirt 0 !n mix$ ) wat] to a ?9 mud & spread ov] ! c>pet & ! c>pet dri$ be=e clean+4 ,!n #aa oz4 ( ?is mat]ial 0 work$ into #f sq4 yds4 ( c>pet & a ,type ,c r5ovator remov$ #ajj ( ?is 9 f\r m9utes' clean+1 ) a vacuum ( #b 94 hg4 at ! tool z aga9/ #gb ( ! dirt 9 ! c>pet z receiv$4 ,! au?or's +5uity be+ ab\t exhau/$1 he ref]r$ to ! te/ ( ,mr4 ,/ew>t ,r4 ,mill] 9 :i* quicks& :i* w\ld pass a #ej-me% to ! in* scre5 0 us$1 a long-napp$ ,brussels c>pet be+ fill$ ) #e oz4 p] squ>e y>d & clean$ ) ,types ,a & ,c r5ovators4 ,?is te/ indicat$ t a ne>] approa* to ! results 9 clean+ dirty c>pets 0 possible ) ?is sub/ance ?an ) any :i* ! au?or _h tri$4 ,! au?or repeat$ ,mr4 ,mill]'s te/1 us+ a ,type ,f r5ovator1 #aj-;94 -94 clean+ slot1 & also a ,type ,f r5ovator1 #ae-;94 -94 to -94 clean+ slot4 ,9 duplicat+ ^! te/s ! au?or 0 associat$ ) ,mr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,wilson1 a graduate ( ! ,in/itute1 :o 0 famili> ) ! me?ods us$ by ,mr4 ,mill]4 ,) 8 assi/ance1 ! conditions ( ,mr4 ,mill]'s te/s 7 almo/ exactly duplicat$4 ,! results ( ,mr4 ,mill]'s & ! au?or's te/s are giv5 9 ! table opposite1 correction be+ made 9 ! "t ( clean+ proportional to ! size ( c>pets us$1 to all[ ! same "t = clean+ #a sq4 yd4 ( c>pet by ea* r5ovator4 ,,table #b4 ,,clean+ ,,te/s ,,( ,,c>pets ,,fill$ ,,) #e ,,oz4 ,,( ,,quicks& ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,y>d ,,( ,,c>pet4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,type ( ,r5ovator4 ,a ,c ,f ,f ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,vacuum 9 r5ovator1 94 hg4 #d #d #c #c ,air exhau/$1 cubic feet p] m9ute #bg #dd #ei #ed ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #a m94 #fj #ec #ff #ec ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #b m94 #ge #fe #hc #ge ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #c m94 #hb #gd #id #hf ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #d m94 #hg #hb #ajj #id ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #e m94 #ib #hg -- #ajj ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #f m94 #ie #ic -- -- ,h4 ,p4 p] ounce s& #j4jij4achj4jhdj4aji ,ounces s& p] m9ute #c4b #c4a #e4c #d4j ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! results ( ^! te/s are %[n graphically 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,comp>ison ( ^! curves ) ! curves ( clean+ dirty c>pets 7,fig4 #ag71 %[s a fall+ (f 9 ! effici5cy ( clean+ by ,type ,a r5ovator :ile !re is a ga9 9 ! effici5cy 9 clean+ by all ( ! o!r types ( r5ovators1 ,type ,c be+ n[ ne>ly z effici5t z ,type ,a1 :ile ,types ,f & ,f r5ovators are n[ m effici5t ?an ,type ,a4 ,?is result mu/ be due ei!r to ! increas$ quantity ( mat]ial to be remov$1 #e oz4 p] squ>e y>d 9 case ( ! s& z aga9/ #b oz4 p] squ>e y>d 9 case ( ! dirt1 or else to ! *ange 9 ! "* ( ! mat]ial remov$1 ! s& hav+ mu* %>p] surfaces ?an w\ld be enc\nt]$ 9 case ( dirt :i* mu/ necess>ily be gr\nd "u ! feet be=e x rea*es ! c>pet1 or to ! long] nap ( ! c>pet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,clean+ ,,te/s ,,( ,,c>pets ,,fill$ ,,) ,,quicks&4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! effect ( ! increase 9 ! quantity ( mat]ial on ! results1 ! te/s 7 repeat$ us+ #a oz4 ( s& p] squ>e y>d ( c>pet 9 ea* case1 omitt+ ! te/ on ,type ,f r5ovator4 ,^! te/s 7 made on a glue-siz$ back1 %ort napp$ ,brussels c>pet1 us+ z mu* s& z c\ld readily be work$ out ( sight 9 ?is c>pet4 ,! results ( te/s are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,table #c4 ,,clean+ ,,te/s ,,us+ #a ,,ounce ,,( ,,s& ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,y>d ,,( ,,c>pet4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,type ( ,r5ovator4 ,a ,c ,f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,vacuum 9 r5ovator1 94 hg4 #b #d #a #b #d #c ,air exhau/$1 cubic feet p] m94 #af #bg #bd #cg #dd #ei ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #a m94 #dh #ed #de #dh #ej #ej ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #b m94 #gj #hg #fj #fc #fe #gc ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #c m94 #ia #ajj #gc #ge #gg #hg ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #d m94 #ajj -- #gf #ha #hh #ajj ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #e m94 -- -- -- #hh #ig -- ,mat]ial remov$1 p] c5t4 ( total1 #f m94 -- -- -- #ib #ajb -- ,h4 ,p4 p] ounce s& #j4jdg #j4adcj4jf #j4aie #j4ddj4bbc ,ounces s& p] m9ute #a4e #b4j -- #j4ib #a4jbb4aa ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! results ( ^! te/s at ! high] vacua are %[n graphically 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,comp>ison ( ^! curves ) ^? obta9$ :5 remov+ s& f a long napp$ c>pet 7,fig4 #ah71 %[s3 ,fir/1 a m>k$ increase 9 ! effici5cy ( ,type ,a r5ovator1 ?is be+ slightly bett] ?an obta9$ :5 clean+ a dirty c>pet4 ,second1 practically no *ange 9 ! effici5cy ( ,type ,c r5ovator4 ,?ird1 a small decrease 9 ! effici5cy ( ,type ,f r5ovator1 :i* /ill %[s a mu* high] effici5cy ?an :5 clean+ dirty c>pets4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e h[ mu*1 if any1 ( ^! *anges 9 ! behavior ( ! r5ovators 0 due to ! increase 9 ! quantity ( mat]ial to be remov$1 ! horizontal l9e1 repres5t+ #a oz4 ( s& rema9+ 9 ! long-napp$ c>pet1 0 drawn on ,fig4 #ah &1 us+ ?is z a base l9e1 x w be se5 t ,type ,a r5ovator removes ?is rema9+ mat]ial 9 ?ree m9utes1 ! same "t z 0 requir$ to remove ! same am\nt f ! %ort-napp$ c>pet4 ,h[ev]1 ! fir/ #d oz4 ( s& h be5 remov$ f ! long-napp$ c>pet 9 ?ree m9utes1 or at a rate #d times z fa/ z ! la/ #a oz4 0 remov$4 ,?is indicates t ! n>r[ slot r5ovator is capable ( h&l+ m mat]ial ?an is likely to be enc\nt]$ 9 any dirty c>pet & t ! app>5t decrease 9 ! effici5cy ( ?is r5ovator is n due to ! increas$ quantity ( mat]ial to be remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,clean+ ,,te/s ,,us+ #a ,,oz4 ,,( ,,s& ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,y>d ,,( ,,c>pet4 ,x w be not$ t ! ,type ,c r5ovator remov$ ! la/ #a oz4 p] squ>e y>d f ! long-napp$ c>pet 9 ! same "t t 0 requir$ by ,type ,a r5ovator1 :ile x ne$$ ne>ly twice z long to remove ?is am\nt ( mat]ial f ! %ort-napp$ c>pet 7,fig4 #ai74 ,?is r5ovator1 h[ev]1 0 sl[] 9 remov+ ! fir/ #d oz4 p] squ>e y>d4 ,type ,f r5ovator remov$ ! la/ #a oz4 p] squ>e y>d f ! long-napp$ c>pet 9 two m9utes1 :ile x requir$ twice ?is "t to remove ! same am\nt f ! %ort-napp$ c>pet4 ,?is r5ovator also remov$ ! fir/ #d oz4 p] squ>e y>d f ! long-napp$ c>pet 9 two m9utes1 :ile x requir$ ?ree m9utes = ,type ,a & #c- m9utes = ,type ,c r5ovators to remove ! same quantity4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t s& is remov$ m rapidly f a long ?an f a %ort-napp$ c>pet :5 a wide slot r5ovator is us$4 ,! same "t is requir$ to remove small quantities ( s& f a long or %ort-napp$ c>pet ) a n>r[ slot4 ,?is ph5om5on is probably due to ! s& be+ held 9 ! c>pets by ! adhesion ( its %>p edges to ! sides ( ! nap1 ?is be+ m pron\nc$ 9 ! case ( ! long-napp$ c>pet :]e x is easi] to "w ! mat]ial out ( sight )\t gr9d+ x into intimate contact ) ! pile ( ! c>pet4 ,:5 ! wide-slot r5ovator passes ov] ! c>pet1 ! c>pet is ar*$ up into ! slot & ! upp] ends ( ! nap sep>at$4 ,! long] ! nap or ! wid] ! slot1 ! great] w be ?is sep>ation4 ,) ! long-napp$ c>pet ?is sep>ation w at once release ! s&1 :ile1 9 case ( ! %ort nap1 !re is less sep>ation & also m adhesion ( ! s& to ! pile ( ! c>pet1 due to ! h>d] gr9d+ necess>y to "w ! mat]ial out ( sight4 ,!re=e1 ! wid] ! clean+ slot us$1 ! fa/] ! s& w be remov$1 z is evid5t by comp>ison ( ! te/s ( ,types ,f & ,f r5ovators on ! long-napp$ c>pet4 ,) ! n>r[ slot r5ovator ! ar*+ ( ! c>pet "u ! clean+ slot is negligible & no advantage is ga9$ :5 us+ ?is type ( r5ovator to remove s& f a long-napp$ c>pet4 ,x is also possible t ! nap ( ! c>pet may be long] ?an ! wid? ( ! clean+ slot1 9 :i* case ! nap w n snap back to a v]tical position :5 x is "u ! clean+ slot1 b w be press$ d[n & w impair ! action ( ! r5ovator4 ,! au?or consid]s t ! wid? ( ! slot %\ld always be great] ?an ! l5g? ( ! nap ( ! c>pet 9 ord] to d effective clean+4 ,%ortly aft] mak+ ! above-describ$ te/s1 ! au?or _h occasion to make some:at simil> te/s1 us+ a s&-fill$ c>pet1 9 an attempt to try out a propos$ c>pet clean+ te/ int5d$ to be us$ z a /&>d = use 9 specifications = a vacuum clean+ sy/em4 ,:5 a ,wilton c>pet 0 us$1 x 0 f\nd t nei!r ,type ,a or ,c r5ovator w\ld fulfill ! te/ requirem5ts1 :i* 7 )9 ! results obta9$ 9 te/s already describ$4 ,un=tunately a ,type ,f r5ovator 0 n available1 b ! au?or is ( ! op9ion t x w\ld h done bett]4 ,! te/ 0 !n repeat$1 us+ a ,brussels c>pet & ! te/ requirem5t 0 easily met4 ,?is discov]y l$ ! au?or to make fur!r te/s ( c>pets ( diff]5t makes1 fill$ ) s& & clean$ "u ! same conditions :i* yield$ f> f uni=m or satisfactory results1 & ! use ( a clean+ te/1 :]e artificially-soil$ c>pets are us$1 0 ab&on$4 ,! au?or is ( ! op9ion t no sub/ance artificially appli$ to a c>pet1 o!r ?an regul> sweep+s1 w give any?+ l ! same results z w be obta9$ 9 actual clean+4 ,s& seems to be ! only sub/ance :i* c be work$ into ! c>pet t is ne>ly z difficult to remove z ! actual dirt f\nd 9 c>pets1 &1 9 _m cases1 ?is mat]ial gives results t are mislead+ & unfair to "s types ( r5ovators4 ,no te/ :i* uses a c>pet artificially soil$ ) artificially prep>$ dirt is consid]$ to be ( any value 9 det]m9+ ! relative effici5cy ( v>i\s types ( c>pet r5ovators4 ,a s]ies ( te/s 0 made by ,mr4 ,sidney ,a4 ,reeve consult+ eng9e]1 ( ,new ,york ,city1 9 ,octob]1 #aiaj1 at ! works ( ! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company1 ,pla9field1 ,n4 ,j41 9 :i* ! conditions 7 su* z w\ld give mu* m uni=m results ?an 7 possible 9 ! te/s made by ! au?or4 ,9 mak+ ^! te/s ! r5ovator 0 held firmly clamp$ 9 any desir$ position 9 a wood5 c>riage roll+ ^u a /raight wood5 track4 ,! portion ( ! c>riage support+ ! sweep] is atta*$ to ! rema9d] ( ! c>riage by h+es1 s t ! sweep] is free to seek its own contact ) ! c>pet4 ,! c>riage 0 giv5 a reciprocat+ motion by its atta*m5t to a l>ge bell crank1 :i* 9 turn receiv$ its motion f ! factory %aft+4 ,! con/ruction ( ! bell crank 0 su* t ! driv+ p[] c\ld be readily ?r[n 9 & out ( ge> at any "t4 ,! c>pet 0 /ret*$ tightly ^u a plat5 :i* 0 fitt$ = movem5t across ! l9e ( motion ( ! sweep]1 along /raight guides suitably atta*$ to ! floor4 ,! ends ( ! c>pet 7 fir/ w$g$ tightly 9 clamps & ! clamps w$g$ ap>t s z to /ret* ! c>pet4 ,! te/s consi/$ 9 fir/ weigh+ ! c>pet1 !n /ret*+ x ^u ! plat51 !n spr9kl+ !reon a suitable & kn[n weight ( dirt tak5 f ! sep>ators ( ! company's ma*9es1 f :i* ! l9t & co>se1 fibr\s mat]ial _h be5 sift$ & :i* 0 ?or\ghly trodd5 into ! fibres ( ! c>pet1 :]eupon ! sweep] 0 set 9 motion = a giv5 numb] ( /rokes4 ,9 ne>ly all cases ! te/s 7 repeat$ ^u ! same piece ( c>pet1 ) ! same *>ge ( dirt1 by repeat$ly plac+ ! c>pet 9 ! frame & giv+ x a fur!r & m ext5d$ clean+4 ,all te/s 7 corroborat$ by repetition be=e be+ admitt$ to ! records4 ,e ef=t 0 made to h ! te/s approa* ! conditions occurr+ 9 actual practice1 z ne>ly z possible1 & /ill keep !m def9ite & measurable4 ,! c>pet us$ 0 a ,wilton1 ( ! /&>d wid? ( #bg 94 & some?+ ov] a y>d long1 & ! sweep] 0 giv5 a /roke ( #cd 94 at ! rate ( #dj /rokes p] m9ute4 ,! sweep]s 7 atta*$ to a #f-;ft4 tubul> h&le1 -94 inside diamet]1 & connect$ to ! sep>ator by #ej ft4 ( #a-;94 diamet] hose4 ,be=e mak+ any te/s1 ! pi/on pump us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts 0 calibrat$ by pump+ ?r\gh a rot>y met] & ! am\nt ( air mov$ p] revolution = ea* degree ( vacuum f op5 inlet to clos$ sy/em 0 c>efully det]m9$4 ,9 mak+ ! te/s ( v>i\s r5ovators1 ea* r5ovator 0 all[$ to pass ! same am\nt ( air z ! o!rs te/$ 9 comp>ison !re) & ! vacuum at ! r5ovator & at ! sep>ator 0 all[$ to be :at 0 necess>y to pass ?is kn[n am\nt ( air ?r\gh ! r5ovators4 ,?is me?od is widely diff]5t f t us$ by ! au?or :]e ! degree ( vacuum at ! r5ovator head 0 det]m9$ & us$ z a limit+ factor1 ! quantity ( air be+ all[$ to v>y z necess>y to produce ?is vacuum4 ,! results ( ?ree s]ies ( te/s are giv5 9 ,fig4 #bj1 :i* %[s ^? obta9$ ) ,k5ney ,type ,a r5ovators1 hav+ a face #ab 94 94 & a clean+ slot #aa 94 94 ,curve ,a 0 made ) ! angle ( ! h&le su* z w\ld give z ne> z possible a p]fect contact ( ! sweep] ) ! c>pet4 ,curve ,b 0 made ) ! sweep] h&le cant$ #e bel[ ! prop] angle4 ,curve ,c 0 made ) ! sweep] h&le rais$ approximately #ae above ! prop] angle4 ,! ord9ates repres5t$ ! am\nt ( du/ 9 ! c>pet 9 #dj?s ( a p\nd1 also r$uc$ by ! au?or to ounces1 & ! abscissae ! numb] ( /rokes made by ! sweep]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,?ree ,,s]ies ,,( ,,te/s ,,) ,,k5ney ,,type ,a ,,r5ovators4 ,curves ,b & ,c %[ ! loss 9 effici5cy :i* occurs :5 ! r5ovator is cant$ f its prop] position on ! c>pet4 ,?is fall+ (f 9 effici5cy w necess>ily be great] ! wid] ! face ( ! r5ovator1 z is %[n 9 fur!r te/s by ,mr4 ,reeve1 us+ a ,type ,c r5ovator1 :i* te/s also %[ t ?is r5ovator gives a slightly high] effici5cy :5 op]at$ ) ! inru% slot /opp$1 z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,9 ?is curve ! ord9ates repres5t ! p] c5t4 ( normal dirt1 i4 e41 ! am\nt likely to be f\nd 9 a dirty c>pet1 rema9+ 9 ! c>pet at any /age ( ! clean+1 & ! abscissae ! numb] ( /rokes t h be5 made by ! sweep]4 ,heavy solid l9es repres5t ! results ) ! inru% op5 & dott$ l9es ! results ) ! inru% /opp$4 ,! figures on ! curve repres5t ! degree to :i* ! h&le has be5 v>i$ f ! position giv+ ! be/ results 9 clean+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,te/s ,,by ,,mr4 ,,reeve1 ,,us+ ,,type ,c ,,r5ovator4 ,fig4 #bb %[s ! results ( te/s by ,mr4 ,reeve us+ a r5ovator ( ,type ,d1 hav+ a d\ble clean+ slot1 & indicate t ?is type ( clean] is n z effici5t z ,type ,a & is affect$ m by ! cant+ ( ! h&le f ! be/ angle = clean+4 ,! above m5tion$ te/s are publi%$ ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,ew+ & ,ew+1 attorneys = ! ,vacuum ,clean ,clean] ,company4 ,s9ce ! me?od ( mak+ ^! te/s is entirely diff]5t f t us$ by ! au?or1 a comp>ison ( ! results1 ) any assurance t ! same conditions exi/$ 9 bo? cases1 is impossible4 ,x occurr$ to ! au?or t a comp>ison ( ! results ( ! te/s by ,mr4 ,reeve1 us+ a c>pet artificially fill$ ) actual dirt tak5 f c>pets1 ) ! te/s made by ! au?or on c>pets naturally soil$1 w\ld t5d to %[ if equal results c\ld be obta9$ by a vacuum clean] by artificially soil+ a c>pet ) dirt tak5 f ano!r c>pet1 & 9 clean+ a c>pet naturally soil$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,te/s ,,by ,,mr4 ,,reeve1 ,,us+ ,,type ,d ,,r5ovator4 ,! au?or has r$uc$ ^! results to ! same units ( "t p] squ>e y>d ( c>pet clean$ z 9 ! te/ on ! ,philadelphia c>pet ) ! small-siz$ ,type ,a r5ovator 7#aa-;94 -94 face & #aj-;94 -94 clean+ slot74 ,! c>pet us$ by ! au?or conta9$ #f sq4 yds4 & 0 held 9 clean+ by a weight at ea* corn]1 :ile ! c>pet us$ by ,mr4 ,reeve 0 yd4 wide & clean$ = approximately "o y>d ( its l5g?1 ! relative size be+ #a to #h4 ,! "t ( clean+ 0 #f m94 9 ! au?or's te/ :i* w\ld correspond to -m94 clean+ 9 ,mr4 ,reeve's te/1 or #cj /rokes ( ! sweep]4 ,! total du/ 9 ! c>pet 9 ,mr4 ,reeve's te/ 0 lbs41 or #b4ff oz4 p] squ>e y>d1 & 8 te/ is comp>$ ) ! au?or's te/ ) ! c>pet conta9+ #b oz4 p] squ>e y>d4 ,calculation ( ! p] c5t4 ( total dirt remov$ 9 ea* #e /rokes ( ! sweep] 9 ,mr4 ,reeve's te/1 & a comp>ison ( ! p] c5t4 ( dirt remov$ 9 ea* "o m9ute's te/ by ! au?or are giv5 bel[3 ,,table #d4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,te/s ,,made ,,by ,,mr4 ,,reeve ,,& ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,mr4 ,,reeve',s ,,te/4 ,,au?or',s ,,te/4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,mat]ial remov$1 ,mat]ial remov$1 ,/rokes4 p] c5t4 ( total4,m9utes4 p] c5t4 ( total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #e #fb #a #fj #aj #hj #b #ha #ae #hi #c #ij #bj #id #d #ie #be #ig #e #ih #cj #ii #f #ajj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,! above comp>ison 0 made us+ curve ,a1 ,fig4 #bj1 ) ! sweep] at its be/ angle ) ! floor4 ,! close agreem5t ( ! two te/s indicates t a c>pet artificially soil$ ) dirt actually remov$ f ano!r c>pet by a vacuum clean] is z difficult to remove z dirt :i* has be5 work$ into a c>pet by ord9>y daily use4 ,?is condition does n result :5 any o!r sub/ance is us$ to artificially soil ! c>pet1 z w readily be se5 by ref]5ce to ! te/s ( c>pets fill$ ) s& & o!r sub/ances :i* h be5 describ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,a comp>ative te/ ( ?ree diff]5t r5ovators 0 rec5tly made by ! au?or4 ,r5ovator ,no4 #a _h a clean+ slot #ad 94 long by 94 wide1 ! edges ( ! slot be+ a segm5t ( a circle hav+ a -94 radius4 ,?is =m ( clean+ surface all[s v small area ( contact ) ! surface clean$ & p]mits ! admission ( l>ge air volumes1 ab\t #ef cu4 ft41 ) #b-;94 vacuum4 ,x is practically a ,type ,f r5ovator1 simil> to t us$ 9 ! te/s at ,h>t=d4 ,r5ovator ,no4 #b _h a clean+ slot #i 94 long & 94 wide1 ! face ( ! r5ovator be+ approximately 94 wide & practically a pla9 surface1 a typical ,type ,b r5ovator4 ,r5ovator ,no4 #c _h a clean+ slot #g 94 long & 94 wide1 ! face ( ! r5ovator be+ 94 wide & ! edges slightly r\nd$1 a typical ,type ,a r5ovator4 ,! c>pet us$ 0 a ,colonial velvet rug ) -94 nap1 closely wov51 conta9+ #f sq4 yds4 ,?is rug 0 fill$ ) #ab oz4 ( dirt tak5 f sep>ators ( clean+ ma*9es1 f :i* ! l9t & litt] _h be5 scre5$4 ,?is 0 rubb$ into ! c>pet until no dirt 0 visible on ! surface1 ! surface be+ !n lightly swept ) a bru% & weigh$4 ,9 clean+ ?is c>pet ! r5ovator 0 pass$ once ov] ! entire surface at ! rate ( ab\t #gj ft4 p] m9ute4 ,?is requir$ six /rokes & #ej seconds = ,no4 #a clean]1 n9e /rokes & #gg seconds = ,no4 #b clean]1 & #ab /rokes & #ajj seconds = ,no4 #c clean]4 ,! c>pet 0 !n weigh$1 spread d[n & gone ov] ?ree times1 weigh$1 spread d[n & gone ov] f\r times4 ,?is op]ation 0 repeat$ until ! c>pet came )9 oz4 ( its weight :5 receiv$4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree r5ovators 0 op]at$ ) a vacuum ( #b 94 at ! r5ovator4 ,! results ( ^! te/s are illu/rat$ by curves #a;,a1 #b;,a & #c;,a 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,?is %[s t to remove #ie ( ! dirt ! r5ovator _h to be pass$ ov] ! c>pet #bj times = ,no4 #a r5ovator1 #ae times = ,no4 #b r5ovator & #h times = ,no4 #c r5ovator4 ,simil> te/s 7 !n made ) ea* ( ! r5ovators1 ) a vacuum ( #d4e 94 ( m]cury at ! r5ovator4 ,! results are %[n by curves #a;,b1 #b;,b & #c;,b 7,fig4 #bc7 ,^! %[ t to remove #ie ( ! dirt ! r5ovator _h to be pass$ ov] ! c>pet #aa times ) ,no4 #a r5ovator1 #f times ) ,no4 #b1 & #d times ) ,no4 #c4 ,^! te/s are all on ! same c>pet1 ) ! same quantity ( ! same dirt & ) ! r5ovators mov$ at ! same spe$ 9 ea* case4 ,! comp>ison ( ! results %\ld give a fair indication ( ! effici5cy ( ! diff]5t types ( r5ovators at diff]5t degrees ( vacuum )9 ! r5ovator &1 !re=e1 =m ! mo/ conclusive pro( ( ! /atem5ts relative to ! effici5cy ( r5ovators z giv5 9 ?is *apt]4 ,all clean+ te/s t ! au?or has obs]v$ indicate t ! high] ! vacuum )9 ! r5ovator ! m rapid & effective ! clean+1 & t ! effici5cy ( ! r5ovator is fully z high ) a small z ) a l>ge volume ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! r5ovator & ) ! same degree ( vacuum )9 same4 ,!re=e1 ! mo/ effective & economical r5ovator %\ld be t :i* gives ! highe/ vacuum ) ! lea/ air pass+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,te/s ,,%[+ ,,effici5cy ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,types ,,( ,,r5ovators ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,degrees ,,( ,,vacuum4 ,if ! degree ( vacuum )9 ! r5ovator be c>ri$ to an abnormally high degree1 !re w be a t5d5cy = ! r5ovator to cl+ s close to ! c>pet t its op]ation w be difficult & ! we> on ! c>pet rapid4 ,! production ( ?is high vacuum1 ) a l>g] quantity ( air exhau/$1 w result 9 ! exp5diture ( p[] at ! r5ovator 9 excess ( ! ga9 9 effici5cy & spe$ ( clean+4 ,x is evid5t t ! wid] ! clean+ slot1 ! great] w be ! t5d5cy ( ! r5ovator to /ick to ! c>pet ) a high vacuum )9 ! same4 ,! au?or has exp]i5c$ no difficulty 9 op]at+ ! #aj-;94 r5ovator1 ) -94 clean+ slot1 ) a vacuum z high z #i 94 ( m]cury1 b wid]-slot r5ovators always pu% h>d :5 any high degree ( vacuum exi/s )9 !m4 ,ef=t ,necess>y to ,op]ate ,v>i\s ,types ( ,r5ovators4--,! au?or made a s]ies ( te/s to det]m9e ! ef=t necess>y to op]ate ! v>i\s types ( r5ovators "u diff]5t conditions4 ,9 mak+ ^! te/s ! r5ovator 0 atta*$ to a spr+ balance & pull$ along ! floor1 ! pull requir$ to move ! r5ovator be+ obs]v$ by ! read+ ( ! balance4 ,?ree types ( r5ovators 7 us$ 9 ?is te/3 ,type ,a1 hav+ a clean+ slot 94 wide & #ab 94 long2 ,type ,c1 hav+ a clean+ slot 94 wide & #ab 94 long1 ) an auxili>y inru% slot 9-wide & #ab 94 long2 ,type ,f1 hav+ a clean+ slot 94 wide & #aj 94 long4 ,! results 7 z foll[s3 ,,table #e4 ,,ef=t ,,necess>y ,,to ,,op]ate ,,clean+ ,,tools4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,vacuum at ,type ( ,r5ovator1 ,pull1 ,air1 cu4 ft4 ,k9d ( ,c>pet4 ,r5ovator4 ,94 ,hg4 ,p\nds4 p] m94 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,brussels1 %ort ,a #h #bj #bg ,napp$1 close back ,c #f #ag #ca ,f #c #aa #ei ,axm9/]1 long nap ,f #c #ad #ei ,velvet1 ) glue ,a #h #ah #bh ,siz$ back ,c #f #ag #ca ,velvet1 )\t glue ,a #c #ae #dj ,siz$ back ,c #a #ab #de ,l9oleum ,a #ac #bc #ab ,c #a #aj #dj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,x may be not$ t1 :5 op]at+ on ! ,brussels & ! glue-siz$ velvet1 ! pull requir$ to move all types ( r5ovators be>s a direct ratio to ! degree ( vacuum "u ! r5ovator1 & t ! quantity ( air exhau/$ is ! same = ea* r5ovator on ei!r c>pet1 b diff]5t = ea* type ( r5ovator4 ,x is evid5t t1 9 ?is case1 v little air ent]s ! r5ovator by pass+ up ?r\gh ! c>pet1 & h5ce ! action ( ! inru% slot on ,type ,c r5ovator is noticeable only to a slight degree4 ,:5 op]at+ on velvet c>pet1 )\t glue-siz$ back1 ! inru% slot1 9 conjunction ) ! great] quantity ( air com+ ?r\gh ! c>pet1 has caus$ ! passage ( a l>ge quantity ( air1 :ile ! vacuum ma9ta9$ at ! r5ovator is greatly r$uc$ ov] t :i* 0 ma9ta9$ "u ,type ,a r5ovator :5 ! same quantity ( air 0 pass+4 ,9 ?is case1 ne>ly all ( ! air ent]+ ,type ,a r5ovator came f ! "u side ( ! c>pet4 ,! effect on ! effici5cy ( clean+ ) ,type ,c r5ovator "u ^! conditions c readily be imag9$1 by ref]5ce to =m] te/s1 z be+ greatly r$uc$ ov] t ( ,type ,a :5 pass+ ! same quantity ( air4 ,) l9oleum1 ! action ( ! inru% slot ( ! ,type ,c r5ovator has aga9 greatly r$uc$ ! vacuum "u ! r5ovator1 al?\gh ! quantity ( air is mu* 9 excess ( t pass+ ,type ,a r5ovator4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! behavior ( ! r5ovators on diff]5t makes ( c>pet is se5 to be due l>gely to ! diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( air :i* passes up ?r\gh ! c>pet into ! r5ovator4 ,x is evid5t t1 ) ! same degree ( vacuum )9 ! r5ovator1 all types are equally easy to pu% & t1 if ! vacuum )9 ! r5ovator becomes high] ?an is necess>y to produce good clean+ results1 unnecess>y ef=t w be requir$ to op]ate ! r5ovator4 ,relative ,damage to ,c>pets ) ,v>i\s ,types ( ,r5ovators4--,a few te/s h be5 made by ! au?or to det]m9e ! relative damage to c>pets ) ! v>i\s types ( r5ovators 9 use & x is f\nd t1 :5 ! edges ( ! r5ovators are made exce$+ly %>p1 consid]able nap is pull$ out4 ,h[ev]1 if ! edges are made slightly r\nd+ & n too n>r[1 no undue we> w occur ) any ( ! types ( r5ovators describ$1 provid$ ! vacuum 9 ! r5ovator is n p]mitt$ to become great] ?an #e 94 ( m]cury4 ,! au?or consid]s t = be/ results ! vacuum %\ld n be less ?an #c 94 ( m]cury at ! r5ovator & t at lea/ #b 94 is necess>y to d ev5 fair "w1 :ile1 to p]mit easy op]ation & prev5t undue we> on ! c>pets1 x %\ld n be high] ?an #e 94 ,be=e decid+ :i* type ( r5ovator w be mo/ economical to use 9 any case ! "* ( ! clean+ to be done mu/ be consid]$4 ,( ! v>i\s types ( r5ovators consid]$ 9 ?is *apt]1 ,type ,c c be dismiss$ at once1 z x is nei!r z effective a du/ remov] z ,types ,a or ,f nor w x remove litt] any m effectively ?an ,type ,f4 ,te/s ( ,type ,d r5ovator d n %[ z good results z a du/ remov] z ,type ,a1 nor w x remove litt] any m effectively4 ,type ,e r5ovator is a modification ( ,type ,c & is n likely to be any bett]4 ,! selection1 !re=e1 lies betwe5 ,type ,a & ,type ,f r5ovators1 ! =m] be+ by f> ! be/ du/ remov]1 :ile ! latt] w pick up a limit$ am\nt ( small litt]1 su* z mat*es1 cig> & cig>ette /umps1 & small bits ( pap]4 ,:]e l>ge quantities ( ^! articles are likely to be enc\nt]$1 x is m important t ! r5ovator %\ld be capable ( pick+ !m up1 b1 un=tunately1 :5 ^! articles are met )1 !re are also likely to be mu* l>g] articles pres5t t _c be pick$ up by any b a specially-design$ r5ovator1 & o!r means mu/ be employ$ to remove !m4 ,9 resid5ces1 private (fices & ne>ly e place :]e c>pets or rugs are likely to be us$1 wa/e baskets & cuspidors are provid$ & ! articles m5tion$ are deposit$ 9 !m r ?an on ! floor4 ,?us1 ! r5ovator w be requir$ to remove du/1 cig> a%es & s& or mud only1 all ( :i* c be readily remov$ ) a ,type ,a r5ovator ) less exp5diture ( p[] ?an ) a ,type ,f r5ovator4 ,public places1 su* z ante-rooms1 reception rooms & o!r (fices to :i* ! g5]al public is admitt$ 9 great numb]s & :i* are sometimes c>pet$1 are likely to conta9 articles :i* c be pick$ up by ,type ,f r5ovator & n by ,type ,a4 ,= clean+ su* places1 a ,type ,f r5ovator is necess>y1 al?\gh x requires consid]ably m p[]1 b ! au?or sees no reason :y ?is type ( r5ovator %\ld be us$ to ! exclusion ( ,type ,a1 ev5 9 build+s conta9+ rooms ( ?is "*4 ,if ! build+ also conta9s sev]al rooms :]e litt] w n be enc\nt]$1 ! au?or w\ld recomm5d t bo? types ( r5ovators be us$1 ea* 9 its prop] place1 & !reby cause a consid]able sav+ ( p[] 9 clean+ rooms :]e no litt] is enc\nt]$4 ,= resid5ce "w !re is little ne$ ( provid+ c>pet r5ovators capable ( pick+ up litt] &1 also1 !re w be v little b>e floor clean+ to be done1 :i* requires l>g] volumes ( air4 ,a small] capacity exhau/+ plant1 !re=e1 c be in/all$1 if ! ,type ,a r5ovator is adopt$4 ,9 l>ge (fice build+s :]e all clean+ is done aft] (fice h\rs1 :]e ! build+ is provid$ ) its own p[] plant1 & :]e spe$ ( clean+ & ability to clean all ap>tm5ts ) ! fewe/ tools to be c>ri$ by ! clean]s is desir$1 x appe>s to be bett] to use only ,type ,f r5ovators = all c>pet "w1 z ! extra p[] requir$ w n be ( vital importance4 ,summ+ up ! matt]1 ! au?or believes t bo? ,type ,a & ,f r5ovators h _! uses 9 _! prop] places b t ,type ,a has ! wide/ field ( usefulness1 yet x ne$ n invade ! field ( ! o!r4 ,he also believes t ?is fact w be realiz$ by manufactur]s 9 ! ne> future1 :5 ! two types ( r5ovators w "w toge!r side by side = ! g5]al good ( ! manufactur]s & ! us]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,o!r ,,r5ovators4 ,! r5ovator :i* is next 9 importance to ! c>pet r5ovator is t us$ = clean+ b>e floors4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( ?is r5ovator 0 ! oscillat+ floor type introduc$ by ,mr4 ,k5ney4 ,?is 0 a modification ( ! n>r[-slot c>pet r5ovator introduc$ by him4 ,! body ( same 0 curv$ & support$ on two small :eels or roll]s1 ) ! int5tion ( br++ ! clean+ slot close to ! surface clean$ )\t its t\*+ same1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,e>ly ,,type ,,( ,,b>e ,,floor ,,r5ovator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,lat] ,,type ,,( ,,b>e ,,floor ,,r5ovator4 ,?is =m ( r5ovator 0 f\nd to be impracticable = ! reason t any *ange 9 ! angle ) :i* ! /em or tube connect+ ! body ( ! r5ovator ) ! h&le 9 relation to ! surface clean$ t5d$ to make its action ineffective4 ,if ! angle 7 made less ! di/ance betwe5 ! clean+ slot & ! floor 0 increas$1 all[+ ! air to ent] ! clean+ slot )\t com+ 9 contact ) ! surface to be clean$1 or1 if ! angle 7 made great]1 x w\ld cause ! face ( ! r5ovator to /rike & damage ! surface ( ! floor4 ,! :eels or roll]s on :i* ?is r5ovator 0 m\nt$1 be+ s small1 7 subject to rapid we> bo? on _! faces & 9 _! be>+s1 & :5 ^! :eels 7 slightly worn ! r5ovator 0 practically useless4 ,on acc\nt ( ! above defects ?is =m ( r5ovator 0 ab&on$ %ortly aft] its introduction4 ,! next =m ( r5ovator to be tri$ 0 a modification ( ! ord9>y s(t bri/le bru%1 su* z _h be5 9 g5]al use = clean+ h>d wood floors4 ,! bri/les 7 arrang$ ar\nd ! edges ( ! clean+ slot1 9 ! body1 :i* 0 %ap$ simil> to ! slot 9 ! c>pet r5ovator4 ,rubb] or lea!r curta9s or skirt+1 ext5d+ ne>ly to ! ends ( ! bri/les1 0 plac$ inside ( ^! bri/les 9 ord] to cause ! air 9 ent]+ ! body ( ! r5ovator to come into intimate contact ) ! surface to be clean$4 ,! g5]al =m ( ?is type is %[n 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,ano!r ,,type ,,( ,,b>e ,,floor ,,r5ovator4 ,?is =m ( r5ovator1 :ile m effici5t ?an ! oscillat+ floor type1 /ill _h its faults 9 t x _h a t5d5cy to pu% ! dirt along ! floor 9 front ( x1 mu* ! same z ! floor bru% f :i* x 0 copi$ 0 design$ to d4 ,also1 !re 0 too mu* t5d5cy = ! air to pass into ! body ( ! r5ovator )\t com+ into intimate contact ) ! surface to be clean$4 ,:ile ?is type ( floor r5ovator or a slight modification !re( is /ill 9 use by sev]al manufactur]s today1 x nev] has & nev] w be an effective b>e floor clean]4 ,a modification ( ?is type ( b>e floor r5ovator1 9 :i* ! bri/les h be5 %ort5$ & made ?ick]1 ! skirt+ or flaps plac$ on ! outside & ! /em provid$ ) a swivel jo9t1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,su* an arrangem5t is an improvem5t ov] ! =m] type z1 ow+ to its wid] & %ort] mass ( bri/les1 !re is less t5d5cy = ! air to pass into ! body ( ! r5ovator )\t com+ into intimate contact ) ! surface clean$4 ,x is /ill prone to pu% its dirt be=e x & is f> f be+ a p]fect b>e floor clean]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,b>e ,,floor ,,r5ovator ,,) ,,felt ,,clean+ ,,surface4 ,! next modification 9 ! b>e floor r5ovator 0 ! ab&on+ ( ! bri/le bru% 9 favor ( a clean+ surface compos$ ( felt z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,9 ?is =m ( r5ovator ! air ent]+ ! body ( ! same mu/ pass ei!r betwe5 ! felt & ! surface clean$ or ?r\gh ! felt itself1 & ?is air quantity is small4 ,s9ce ?is r5ovator has a wid] clean+ slot ?an ! ,type ,a c>pet r5ovator1 &1 z x is us$ ) ! same vacuum produc]1 hose & pipe l9es1 a consid]able degree ( vacuum w be produc$ "u same1 especially :5 op]at$ on poli%$ floors1 :]e ! conditions are ne>ly ! same z we obs]v$ ) ,type ,a c>pet r5ovator op]at$ on l9oleum4 ,) ! wid] slot1 ! ef=t to move ^! r5ovators becomes too great = easy op]ation4 ,?is tr\ble c be ov]come by us+ a s(t grade ( felt :i* p]mits suffici5t air to pass ?r\gh its op5 pores to r$uce ! vacuum "u same & p]mit easy op]ation4 ,un=tunately1 ?is felt is subject to rapid we> :5 op]at$ on surfaces z h>d z floors & its use has be5 ab&on$ 9 favor ( a h>d] felt4 ,op5+s are left 9 ! felt to p]mit ! passage ( suffici5t air to r$uce ! vacuum 9 ! r5ovator to work+ limits4 ,^! slots h tak5 _m =ms4 ,9 "o =m ! felt 0 plac$ 9 alt]nate ,x & diamond %apes1 glu$ to ! face ) small op5 spaces betwe5 !m1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,h[ev]1 z ^! small pieces mu/ be held 9 place by glue1 !y are easily brok5 loose & ! effici5cy ( ! r5ovator impair$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,b>e ,,floor ,,r5ovator ,,) ,,unusual ,,=m ,,( ,,slot4 ,ano!r me?od1 :i* has n[ become /&>d1 is to op5 ! ends ( ! r5ovator suffici5tly to p]mit easy op]ation4 ,?is me?od produces high velocities at ^! end op5+s :i* are v effective 9 clean+ close to walls & 9 corn]s1 :]e l>ge quantities ( du/ always lodge & are remov$ ) difficulty )\t ^! op5 slots4 ,! we> on ^! felt fac$ r5ovators 0 f\nd to be s rapid t h>d felt or composition rubb] /rips1 plac$ s t ! we> comes on ! edges ( ! same1 h be5 sub/itut$4 ,! felt or rubb] 0 screw$ on to ! outside ( a metal %ell & project$ suffici5tly bel[ ! face ( ! metal to p]mit consid]able we>+ (f ( same be=e ! surface ( ! metal came 9 contact ) ! surface clean$4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 ! felt /rips c readily be replac$ ) new ones4 ,! ends are left op5 ab\t 94 to =m an inru% = ! ent]+ air4 ,su* a type is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,b>e ,,floor ,,r5ovator ,,) ,,h>d ,,felt ,,or ,,composition ,,rubb] ,,/rips4 ,?is r5ovator1 9 ei!r ( ! above-describ$ =ms1 is a great improvem5t ov] ! bri/le bru% 9 t ! air pass+ into ! body ( ! r5ovator mu/ come into intimate contact ) ! surfaces clean$1 b x /ill has ! disadvantage ( t5d+ to pu% ! dirt be=e x4 ,a modification ( ! above-describ$ r5ovators has be5 introduc$1 9 :i* ! we>+ surface ( ! r5ovator1 :i* is cov]$ ) felt1 is r\nd$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,) ?is =m ( b>e floor r5ovator1 ! air pass+ into same is n only br\ght into intimate contact ) ! surface clean$ b ! du/ is also cr[d$ "u ! curv$ surface ( ! r5ovator z ! same is pu%$ ov] ! floor & ?us br\ght directly into ! pa? ( ! air curr5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,b>e ,,floor ,,r5ovator ,,) ,,r\nd$ ,,we>+ ,,surface4 ,! la/ nam$ type is by f> ! mo/ effective = clean+ ei!r poli%$ or unpoli%$ floors4 ,x mu/ be provid$1 h[ev]1 ) inru% slots 9 ord] to prev5t its /ick+ & prev5t+ easy op]ation4 ,:5 op]at$ ) hose pipe & a vacuum produc] necess>y to produce #b 94 ( vacuum 9 ,type ,a c>pet r5ovators1 at lea/ #cj cu4 ft4 ( air mu/ be p]mitt$ to pass ! r5ovator4 ,:5 op]at$ ) sy/ems adapt$ to produce #d 94 ( vacuum 9 ,type ,a c>pet r5ovators1 at lea/ #gj cu4 ft4 ( air mu/ pass ! r5ovator 9 ord] to p]mit easy op]ation4 ,?is increase 9 ! air quantity )\t *ange 9 ! degree ( vacuum 9 ! case ( ^! r5ovators1 is n )\t increase 9 effici5cy1 z 9 ! case ( ! c>pet r5ovators1 because l>ge quantities ( du/ & also small litt] are met ) mu* m frequ5tly on b>e floors ?an on c>pets4 ,) ! increase 9 ! volume ( air pass+1 x is possible to pick up mu* heavi] articles ?an ) ! small] quantity4 ,x is also possible to pull du/ out ( deep cracks or f surfaces :i* are n 9 contact ) ! r5ovator face1 su* z ! spaces betwe5 ! slats ( floors ( trolley c>s4 ,?is w\ld n be possible ) ! small air quantity4 ,! use ( ! l>g] quantity ( air prohibits ! use ( small-siz$ hose & pipe &1 !re=e1 l>g] articles c be convey$ ?r\gh !m4 ,:]e a l>ge am\nt ( b>e floor mu/ be rapidly clean$ ! use ( ! l>g] air quantity is recomm5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj;a4 ,,! ,,tuec ,,s*ool ,,tool4 ,a r5ovator 7,fig4 #cj;a7 ( unusual int]e/ has rec5tly be5 develop$ by ,! ,unit$ ,electric ,company1 kn[n z ! ,tuec s*ool tool4 ,?is is a b>e floor tool op5 at bo? ends4 ,x is made telescopic & is m\nt$ on ?ree :eels fitt$ ) spr+-actuat$ guide rails :i* are adju/able to ! exact di/ance betwe5 ! legs ( s*ool desks4 ,a turb9e motor1 op]at$ by ! air pass+ ?r\gh ! r5ovator1 is arrang$ to drive two ( ! :eels by means ( worm ge> & clut*4 ,9 op]ation ! tool is plac$ opposite ! front ( a r[ ( desks4 ,! clut* engag$ on ! turb9e propels ! tool ?r\gh ! space betwe5 ! desk legs to ! re> ( ! room4 ,:5 ! tool /rikes ! wall at ! re> ( ! room1 ! clut* is dis5gag$ & x is pull$ back by draw+ 9 ! hose4 ,! spr+-actuat$ guides cause ! clean+ slot to l5g!n :5 pass+ betwe5 ! desk legs !reby clean+ ^! spaces4 ,! tool is !n s5t up ! aisle1 ! :eels be+ set s t x hugs ! left side ( ! aisle :5 go+ up & ! "r side :5 pull$ back4 ,! use ( ?is =m ( tool %\ld result 9 consid]able sav+ ( "t 9 clean+ s*ool rooms4 ,un=tunately1 x _c be op]at$ :]e p$e/al /ools are us$4 ,= use 9 clean+ walls1 ceil+s1 & o!r flat surfaces ( simil> "*1 ! bri/le bru% is practically ! only =m ( r5ovator us$4 ,rubb] skirt+ _c be us$ on ^! bru%es z x is too h>% = ! easily-m>r$ surfaces enc\nt]$ by ?is r5ovator1 & cotton flannel or a v s(t grade ( felt takes ! place !re(4 ,?is *ange 9 ! mat]ial us$ = skirt+ results 9 a great] %ort-circuit+ ( ! air into ! clean] )\t com+ into intimate contact ) ! surface clean$ ?an occurs :5 us$ ) rubb] or h>d felt on b>e floors4 ,z ! mat]ial to be remov$ f surfaces ( ?is "* is v light du/1 :i* has simply settl$ on ! surface & is n gr\nd 91 x is v easy to dislodge4 ,:5 a bri/le bru%1 ) a small volume ( air pass+ ?r\gh same1 is us$ to remove ?is mat]ial1 a great] portion !re( is pu%$ (f ! projections & o!r po9ts ( lodgm5t & falls to ! floor f :5ce x mu/ be remov$ by a second op]ation1 us+ a floor r5ovator4 ,9 fact1 ! use ( an ord9>y bri/le bru%1 foll[$ by ! use ( a floor r5ovator1 w give almo/ z good results z ! use ( a bri/le wall bru% ) a small quantity ( air pass+4 ,h[ev]1 ) a l>ge quantity ( air pass+ into ! r5ovator1 ?is light surface du/ w all be pick$ up by ! rapidly-mov+ air curr5t & effective clean+ c be accompli%$ )\t ! r5ovator com+ into direct contact ) ! surface to be clean$4 ,! au?or consid]s t a diff]5t =m ( r5ovator is necess>y to effectively clean walls1 ceil+s & simil> flat surfaces1 ) a small quantity ( air pass+ & w\ld recomm5d ! use ( "s =m ( r5ovator hav+ a clean+ face compos$ ( cotton flannel or "s o!r s(t sub/ance :i* c\ld be mov$ ov] ! surface clean$1 9 intimate contact !re) & )\t damage !reto4 ,) ! s(t1 op5 fibre ( ! sub/ance necess>y to be us$ z a work+ surface1 suffici5t air w\ld ent] ! r5ovator )\t resort+ to ! use ( inru% slots or op5+s & mu* bett] results w\ld be obta9$4 ,no su* r5ovator has be5 design$ = ?is purpose to date1 = :at reason ! au?or does n "k1 & until "s su* r5ovator is produc$ a l>ge volume ( air w be necess>y = clean+ ?is k9d ( surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,r\nd ,,bri/le ,,bru% ,,= ,,c>v$ ,,or ,,o!r ,,relief ,,"w4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is defect 9 ! wall bru% 0 br\ght to ! au?or's att5tion rec5tly 9 wat*+ a gang ( labor]s clean+ ! walls 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,treasury ,build+4 ,!y _h at _! disposal a portable clean] ( ! mo/ effici5t type1 b 9 lieu ( us+ ! wall bru% provid$ ) same1 !y 7 rubb+ (f ! walls ) a clo? mop :i* _h be5 soak$ 9 oil1 !n air-dri$1 kn[n z ! 8du/less du/]40 ,?is 0 m\nt$ on ! end ( a pole4 ,! workm5 frequ5tly clean$ ?is du/] ) ! vacuum clean] hose )\t any r5ovator atta*$ !reto4 ,?is clean]1 ) bru% 9 use1 pass$ approximately #cj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute4 ,x is evid5t t ^! labor]s _h le>n$ by exp]i5ce t x 0 practically useless to try to remove du/ f ! walls by ! direct application ( ! wall bru% to surfaces & 7 und\bt$ly accompli%+ mu* bett] results 9 ! r\ndab\t way !y _h ( necessity adopt$4 ,:5 c>v$ or o!r relief "w is enc\nt]$1 ! r\nd bri/le bru%1 ) extra long bri/les & cotton flannel skirt+1 is ne>ly univ]sally us$4 ,?is type ( r5ovator is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,ow+ to ! irregul>ity ( su* surfaces1 intimate contact !re) _c be obta9$ & practically no results w be _h unless !re is a l>ge quantity ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! r5ovator4 ,:5 a l>ge quantity ( air is available1 ne>ly z good results 9 clean+ ?is "* ( surface c be obta9$ by ! use ( ! /raight rubb]-tipp$ corn] clean]1 ) a r\nd op5+ ab\t 94 9 diamet]1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,a v high velocity w be obta9$ ?r\gh ?is r5ovator :i* w pull ! du/ out ( inaccessible places4 ,?is =m ( clean] is also v effective = clean+ ! corn]s ( rooms1 :]e ! floor & walls int]sect1 v]itable du/ cat*]s t !y are1 ! clean+ ( :i* is fully z important z x is difficult4 ,pigeon holes & o!r small comp>tm5ts 9 safes1 desks & simil> furniture c be easily clean$ ) ?is little r5ovator by simply introduc+ x into ! front ( su* comp>tm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,rubb]-,,tipp$ ,,corn] ,,clean] ,,= ,,use ,,on ,,c>v$ ,,or ,,o!r ,,relief ,,"w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,e>ly ,,type ,,( ,,uphol/]y ,,r5ovator4 ,to be effective1 ?is r5ovator mu/ pass approximately #ee cu4 ft4 ( air p] m9ute & w require a vacuum )9 ! r5ovator ( approximately #c 94 ( m]cury4 ,:]e only a small quantity ( air is available1 ! au?or consid]s t x is bett] to make use ( compress$ air to bl[ ! du/ out ( relief "w1 pigeon holes1 & o!r inaccessible places & subsequ5tly pick ?is du/ up ) o!r =ms ( r5ovators aft] x has f\nd lodgm5t at m accessible po9ts4 ,! clean] :i* has met ) ! mo/ disa/r\s results to ! surfaces clean$ is ! furniture or uphol/]y r5ovator4 ,?is has ne>ly always tak5 ! =m ( a small c>pet r5ovator4 ,! type ( uphol/]y r5ovator us$ = _m ye>s by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,?is r5ovator _h an inru% slot 9 ! c5t]1 sep>at$ f a clean+ slot on ea* side by a p>tition ext5d+ to )9 94 ( ! work+ face ( ! r5ovator4 ,x _h ! hose connect$ into "o end :i* 0 ext5d$ to =m a h&le4 ,) ?is clean+ tool x 0 consid]$ impossible to obta9 a high vacuum )9 ! r5ovator1 z ! inru% slots 7 suppos$ to act z vacuum break]s4 ,h[ev]1 z ! surface ( ! uphol/]y is n firmly atta*$ to ! furniture x c\ld be drawn up into ! clean]1 clos+ ! space "u ! p>titions & p]mitt+ a high vacuum to be obta9$4 ,?is caus$ ! r5ovator to /ick1 b1 ow+ to ! n>r[ slot on ea* side ( ! inru%1 ! fabric 0 n caught4 ,o!r manufactur]s us$ a r5ovator ) a s+le slot1 9 "s cases z wide z 941 & in/ances are on record :]e ! cov]+s ( ! furniture h be5 drawn up ?r\gh ! clean+ slot into ! r5ovator & w$g$ s tightly t x 0 necess>y to cut ! cov]+ f ! furniture 9 ord] to release ! r5ovator4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty "o manufactur] con/ruct$ ! r5ovator 9 two pieces1 secur$ toge!r ) screws1 s t1 9 case ! r5ovator became caught1 x c\ld be tak5 ap>t to release ! fabric4 ,_m manufactur]s h attempt$ to ov]come ?is de/ructive t5d5cy ( ! /raight-slot uphol/]y r5ovator by ins]t+ p>titions on ! clean+ face ( ! r5ovator1 ?us divid+ ! clean+ slot into a numb] ( small slots ! area ( ea* n be+ suffici5tly l>ge to p]mit ! draw+ 9 ( ! fabric4 ,^! clean]s h foll[$ two g5]al =ms1 "o hav+ n>r[ slots runn+ l5g?wise ( ! clean]1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cd4 ,?is =m r$uces ! de/ructive t5d5cy to a great ext5t1 b does n entirely prev5t draw+ ! fabric into ! r5ovator4 ,if ! p>titions across ! r5ovator be cont9u\s1 z indicat$ by ! sket*1 !re w be a portion ( ! r5ovator :i* w n d any clean+4 ,ano!r =m uses %ort slots1 suffici5tly incl9$ = ! top ( "o slot to ov]lap ! bottom ( its neighbor1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,?is =m ( r5ovator is effective ?r\gh\t its entire l5g? & ! small area ( ea* slot makes x practically impossible to draw ! fabric into ! clean+ slot4 ,x is consid]$ by ! au?or to be sup]ior to ! =m] type1 especially :5 clean+ lace curta9s or silk hang+s or any o!r v light fabric4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,uphol/]y ,,r5ovator ,,) ,,n>r[ ,,slots ,,to ,,prev5t ,,damage ,,to ,,furniture4 ,h[ev]1 if ! exhau/] be ( su* *>act]i/ics & ! hose & pipe l9es be s proportion$ t !re is practically a con/ant vacuum 9 ! r5ovator1 reg>dless ( ! quantity ( air pass+1 & provid$ ?is vacuum is n all[$ to exce$ #e or #f 94 ( m]cury1 no disa/r\s effects w be exp]i5c$ 9 clean+ light-weight fabrics ) a /raight-slot r5ovator hav+ a clean+ slot n ov] 94 wide4 ,! use ( ?is type1 9 connection ) a sy/em hav+ ! above-describ$ *>act]i/ics1 is recomm5d$ :5ev] rapid clean+ is desir$4 ,uphol/]y r5ovators make ! mo/ s]viceable clo?+ clean]s1 :ile a small type ( bri/le bru%1 n ov] #d 94 long & n ov] 94 wide1 makes ! mo/ s]viceable hat bru%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,ano!r ,,type ,,( ,,uphol/]y ,,r5ovator ,,) ,,%ort ,,slots4 ,an important =m ( r5ovator is t us$ = clean+ betwe5 ! sections & beh9d heat+ radiators4 ,a piece ( tub+1 flatt5$ at its out] end1 is by f> ! mo/ effective device = ?is purpose4 ,?is r5ovator1 9 connection ) ! hat bru% tool1 makes ! two be/ r5ovators = use 9 ! libr>y1 effective clean+ be+ possible ) n m ?an #bj cu4 ft4 ( air p] m9ute1 b mu* fa/] "w c be done ) l>g] quantities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,h& ,,bru% ,,type ,,( ,,r5ovator4 ,ano!r =m ( r5ovator sometimes furni%$ is ! small h& bru%4 ,?is is a bri/le bru%1 approximately #h 94 long & #b 94 wide1 ) ! hose connection made into "o end ( same1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,?is r5ovator is useful = clean+ wood5 furniture1 %elves1 tables1 & o!r horizontal surfaces at ab\t h& height1 b1 ow+ to ! t5d5cy ( ! air to %ort circuit 9 its way to ! body ( ! r5ovator1 x w n d effective "w ) small quantities ( air4 ,_m manufactur]s h produc$ a special r5ovator = clean+ /airs4 ,?is has ne>ly always tak5 ! =m ( a bri/le bru%1 approximately #d 94 squ>e4 ,:5 r5ovators are rigidly atta*$ to _! /ems1 ?is =m ( r5ovator is conv5i5t & almo/ a necessity4 ,h[ev]1 :5 swivel jo9ts are provid$1 ! ord9>y c>pet or b>e floor r5ovators are fully z conv5i5t1 &1 be+ l>g]1 are m rapid clean]s1 & ! /air r5ovator is unnecess>y4 ,9 isolat$ cases1 :]e unusual clean+ is necess>y1 su* z ! removal ( cork du/ f ! floors ( a cork factory1 pick+ up telegraph =ms f ! floors ( /ock ex*anges1 pick+ up wrapp+ pap]s 9 wat* factories1 etc41 special =ms ( r5ovators1 ) l>ge op5+s & l>ge capacities = air exhau/ion1 become necess>y4 ,^! appliances h g5]ally tak5 ! =m simil> to ! c>pet r5ovator1 b ) mu* wid] slots1 ! =w>d edges ( :i* are rais$ slightly above ! surface ( ! floor :5 ! r5ovator is 9 op]ation4 ,^! r5ovators1 be+ ( no use = any o!r purpose ?an t = :i* !y are specially design$1 & requir+ quantities ( air 9 excess ( ^? usually provid$ = ord9>y types ( r5ovators1 may be consid]$ simply z special appliances & d n =m a "p ( ! outfit requir$ to be furni%$ ) an ord9>y clean+ sy/em4 ,ano!r class ( clean+ :i* requires a special sy/em & special appliances is ! r5ovation ( furs4 ,furs mu/ nev] be bru%$1 z x t5ds to mat ! hair & produce an effect opposite to r5ovation4 ,! only ag5t suitable = r5ovat+ furs is compress$ air & ! =m ( r5ovator be/ suit$ = ?is "w is a /raight nozzle1 flatt5$ at ! end ) a slot approximately #d 94 long & n ov] 94 wide1 f :i* ! air escapes 9 a ?9 %eet4 ,:5 held at su* an angle t ! air w imp+e on ! sk9 "u ! hair1 a ?or\gh r5ovation ( ! fur is possible4 ,= ! r5ovation ( pill[s a holl[ ne$le1 ) small op5+s along its sides1 suppli$ ) compress$ air1 produces ! be/ results4 ,! ne$le is ?ru/ ?r\gh ! cov] into ! mass ( fea!rs1 ! air t5d+ to loos5 up ! matt$ fea!rs & to leave !m 9 practically ! same condition z :5 ! pill[ 0 fir/ fill$4 ,z ! arrangem5t ( ! air removal sy/em1 to p]mit x be+ rev]s$ f exhau/ion to compression1 complicates ! outfit & adds to its fir/ co/1 & z clean+ ( ?is "* is requir$ only at r>e int]vals1 ^! r5ovators may also be consid]$ z special & ne$ n be includ$ 9 ! av]age equipm5t4 ,! au?or consid]s t ! r5ovator equipm5t = a sy/em 9 :i* f #bj to #cj cu4 ft4 ( air p] m9ute is exhau/$ = ea* r5ovator 9 op]ation1 & :i* ! au?or classes z a 8small volume0 sy/em1 %\ld conta9 ! foll[+ r5ovators 9 ea* 8set0 furni%$3 ,"o c>pet r5ovator ) clean+ slot 94 by #ab 94 long4 ,"o b>e floor r5ovator #ab 94 long1 ) curv$ felt-cov]$ face4 ,"o wall r5ovator #ab 94 long1 ) cotton flannel & curv$ face4 ,"o uphol/]y r5ovator ) slot 94 by #d 94 ,"o corn] clean]4 ,"o radiator clean]4 ,9 addition1 "o or m hat bru%es %\ld be includ$ ) ea* in/allation4 ,! r5ovator equipm5t = a sy/em 9 :i* #gj cu4 ft4 ( air p] m9ute is exhau/$ = ea* r5ovator 9 op]ation1 :i* ! au?or classes z a 8l>ge volume0 sy/em1 %\ld conta9 ! foll[+ r5ovators 9 ea* 8set0 furni%$3 ,"o c>pet r5ovator1 ) slot 94 by #ae 94 ,"o b>e floor r5ovator #ae 94 long1 ) curv$ felt-cov]$ face4 ,"o wall bru%1 ) skirt$ bri/les #ab 94 long & #b 94 wide4 ,"o h& bru%1 ) hose connection at end1 #h 94 long & #b 94 wide4 ,"o #d-;94 r\nd bru% = relief "w4 ,"o uphol/]y r5ovator4 ,"o corn] clean]4 ,"o radiator tool4 ,at lea/ "o hat bru% ) ea* sy/em4 ,! numb] ( sets ( r5ovators to be furni%$ %\ld naturally be at lea/ equal to ! numb] ( sweep]s :i* ! plant w h&le1 & 9 all build+s1 except resid5ces1 !re %\ld be "o set ( r5ovators = ea* floor ( ! build+4 ,?is w be ample1 except 9 exce$+ly l>ge build+s4 ,! we>+ face ( any r5ovator %\ld nev] be made ( s(t metal1 su* z brass or alum9um1 z ! action ( ! du/ pass+ ! face ( ! r5ovator1 :]e ! velocity is always ! highe/ 9 ! sy/em1 w r\gh5 ^! p>ts & cause undue we> on ! surfaces clean$4 ,/amp$ /eel is und\bt$ly ! be/ mat]ial = we>+ surface & ca/-iron ranks next4 ,^! are ! only mat]ials :i* %\ld be p]mitt$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,/ems ,,& ,,h&les4 ,hav+ discuss$ ! v>i\s =ms ( r5ovators 9 detail1 ! next appliance to be tak5 up is ! connection betwe5 ! r5ovator & ! clean+ hose1 ?is be+ ! next portion ( ! app>atus =m+ a conduit = ! du/-lad5 air on its way f ! r5ovator to ! atmosph]e on ! exhau/ side ( ! vacuum produc]4 ,9 ord] t ! r5ovator may be mov$ ab\t on ! surfaces to be clean$1 a rigid h&le mu/ be provid$ &1 9 ord] t ^! v>i\s surfaces may be rea*$ :ile ! op]ator rema9s 9 a /&+ position1 x is necess>y t ?is h&le be ( consid]able1 z well z v>iable1 l5g?4 ,also1 a passage = ! du/-lad5 air mu/ be provid$ 9 connection ) ?is h&le4 ,^! conditions are be/ met by a metal tube1 :i* ! au?or t]ms ! /em4 ,^! /ems h be5 made ( v>i\s metals1 t fir/ us$ be+ drawn brass1 probably because x is be/ suit$ to be nickel plat$4 ,on ! e>li] sy/ems !y 7 almo/ inv>iably made ( ,no4 #af-;gauge tub+1 -94 outside diamet]1 & 7 b5t at _! upp] end ?r\gh an angle ( ne>ly #ace 9 ord] t ! hose w\ld hang f ! /em v]tically d[nw>d1 :5 ! /em 0 held at an angle ) ! floor ( #de4 ,! l[] ends ( ^! /ems 7 rigidly atta*$ to ! r5ovator 9 su* a mann] z to assume ! above-m5tion$ angle ) ! floor :5 ! r5ovator 0 9 ! prop] position = clean+4 ,9 ord] to br+ ! curv$ portion ( ! /em h& high1 ! /em 0 made approximately #e ft4 long4 ,:5 op]at$ ) ,type ,a c>pet r5ovators1 ^! curv$ /ems 7 app>5tly satisfactory4 ,h[ev]1 :5 !y 7 us$ 9 dep>tm5t /ores1 & o!r places :]e mu* b>e floor clean+ 0 necess>y1 ! /ems 7 cut ?r\gh at ! curv$ portion by ! s& bla/ action ( ! du/4 ,! cutt+ ( ^! /ems 9 b>e floor "w1 :ile !y 7 satisfactory 9 c>pet clean+1 indicates t ! velocity 9 ! /em1 due to ! l>ge volume ( air pass+ ! b>e floor r5ovator1 0 too great = ?is s(t metal to )/& ! impact ( ! du/ on ! curv$ surface4 ,) ! sy/ems 9 use at t "t no means 7 provid$ to control ! vacuum at ! vacuum produc] & ! hose & pipe l9es 7 small1 bo? ( :i* t5d$ to cause a wide v>iation 9 ! volume ( air exhau/$ "u v>i\s conditions1 9 ! "* ( surface clean$1 & 9 ! numb] ( r5ovators 9 use4 ,!re=e1 ! value ( ?is de/ructive velocity is n readily obta9able4 ,h[ev]1 ! au?or consid]s t1 9 extreme cases1 ! quantity ( air pass+ ?r\gh ^! /ems may h be5 z high z #ee cu4 ft4 p] m9ute4 ,z ! inside diamet] ( ! /ems 0 94 ! area 0 #j4dd sq4 941 or #j4jjcbh sq4 ft41 & ! velocity ?r\gh ! /em 0 ne>ly #ag1jjj ft4 p] m9ute4 ,) an av]age air passage ( #dj cu4 ft4 p] m9ute ! velocity 0 #ab1bjj ft4 p] m9ute4 ,ref]r+ to te/s ( c>pet r5ovators1 ,*apt] ,,iii1 x w be not$ t ! maximum volume ( air pass+ ?r\gh c>pet r5ovators ( ,type ,a 0 #cc cu4 ft4 p] m9ute1 :i* gives a velocity ( #aj1jjj ft4 p] m9ute4 ,app>5tly1 at ?is velocity1 ! cutt+ action1 due to ! impact ( ! du/ on ! curv$ surfaces1 0 n sev]e4 ,h[ev]1 ! au?or consid]s t ! maximum velocity t %\ld be p]mitt$ ?r\gh ^! /ems is #i1jjj ft4 p] m9ute4 ,z ! dirt pick$ up mu/ be lift$ almo/ v]tically1 ! velocity 9 ! /em mu/ n become too l[ or dirt w lodge 9 ! /em4 ,exp]im5ts made by ! au?or indicate t ! m9imum velocity %\ld be at lea/ #d1jjj ft4 p] m9ute1 9 ord] to insure a clean /em at all times4 ,%ortly aft] ! introduction ( vacuum clean+1 ! use ( drawn-/eel tub+ = ! manufacture ( /ems = clean+ tools 0 /&>d ) "o manufactur] &1 lately1 its use has become almo/ univ]sal1 except 9 cases :]e v long /ems are necess>y1 z on wall bru%es :5 clean+ v high ceil+s4 ,= su* "w1 alum9um /ems h be5 adopt$4 ,?is h>d] metal w bett] )/& ! cutt+ action ( ! du/ & c also be made mu* ?9n] & light] 9 weight ?an brass tub+ ( equal /r5g?4 ,^! /ems 7 made f #a 94 outside diamet]1 ,no4 #ba gauge tub+1 hav+ an int]nal area ( #j4fh sq4 941 & ! au?or does n "k ( any cases :]e ^! /ems h be5 cut by ! impact ( ! du/4 ,/ems ( ?is metal are recomm5d$ by ! au?or = use ) all floor r5ovators & ) wall bru%es1 except 9 cases :]e exce$+ly long /ems are requir$1 :5 ^? ( drawn alum9um tub+ are recomm5d$4 ,= use ) ,type ,a r5ovators1 :]e ! m9imum air quantity is approximately #bb cu4 ft4 p] m9ute1 ! greate/ area p]missible is #bb ---- #djjj #j4jjee sq4 ft41 or #j4gi sq4 941 equival5t to #a-;94 diamet]4 ,) a maximum air quantity1 "u prop] control1 ( #ci cu4 ft4 p] m9ute1 ! m9imum area w be #ci ---- #ijjj #j4jjdcc sq4 ft4 or #j4fbe sq4 941 equival5t to #j4hi 94 diamet]1 s t a #a-;94 outside diamet] /em ( ,no4 #ba gauge metal1 hav+ an inside diamet] ( #j4icb 941 is recomm5d$4 ,= use ) a ,type ,f r5ovator1 ) a m9imum air quantity ( #dd cu4 ft4 p] m9ute1 ! maximum area ( ! /em w be #dd ---- #djjj #j4jaa sq4 ft41 or #a4eh sq4 941 equival5t to #a4d 94 diamet]1 :ile1 ) a maximum air quantity ( #gj cu4 ft4 p] m9ute1 ! m9imum area w be #gj ---- #ijjj #j4jjgg sq4 ft41 or #a4aa sq4 941 equival5t to #a4ah 94 diamet]1 & a #a-;94 diamet] /em ( ,no4 #ba gauge metal1 hav+ an inside diamet] ( #a4ah 94 is recomm5d$4 ,te/s ( ,mr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,reeve1 :i* are discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 indicate t bo? edges ( ! clean+ slot on any r5ovator mu/ be 9 contact ) ! surface clean$ 9 ord] to d effective clean+4 ,a r5ovator :i* is rigidly connect$ to its /em c be effectively op]at$ ) ! /em at b "o angle ) ! surface clean$1 :i* makes ! clean+ "u furniture1 or on wall at v>i\s heights above ! floor1 impossible4 ,9 ord] to d effective clean+ ) any degree ( spe$ & com=t to ! op]ator1 "s =m ( swivel jo9t betwe5 ! r5ovator & its /em is necess>y4 ,^! swivels h be5 made 9 _m =ms1 "o ( :i* consi/s ( two hemisph]es connect$ by a bolt on _! axis1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,?is =m ( swivel is unsuit$ = use "u ^! conditions1 z l9t1 ?read & any o!r small articles pick$ up w cat* on ! bolt :i* lies directly 9 ! pa? ( ! du/-lad5 air curr5t1 & its use %\ld be prohibit$ 9 all cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,=m ,,( ,,swivel ,,jo9t ,,connect+ ,,/em ,,to ,,r5ovator4 ,ano!r =m ( swivel1 :i* is mu/ bett] ?an ! la/ m5tion$1 is %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( ! b>e floor bru%1 ,fig4 #bf1 ,*apt] ,,iv1 !re be+ no ob/ruction 9 ! air passage4 ,h[ev]1 ^! swivels are compos$ ( mov+ p>ts :i* are 9 contact ) ! du/-lad5 air & great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 _! design s t 9 action du/ does n lodge betwe5 ! we>+ surfaces & %ortly ru9 ! swivel4 ,?is c be gu>d$ aga9/ by mak+ any op5+ betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! swivel po9t away f ! du/ curr5t1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ch1 9 :i* ! direction ( ! air curr5t is indicat$ by ! arr[4 ,a slightly loose fit betwe5 ! we>+ surfaces w p]mit a small leakage ( air ?r\gh ! jo9t :i* w t5d to remove any du/ :i* may f9d its way into ! jo9t4 ,h[ev]1 x is n consid]$ advisable ei!r to all[ v mu* leakage ?r\gh ! jo9t1 z x r$uces ! net effici5cy ( ! sy/em1 or to dep5d mu* on ! air curr5t ?r\gh ! jo9t keep+ ! we>+ surfaces clean4 ,! swivel indicat$ 9 ! illu/ration ( ! floor bru% does n entirely prev5t ! du/ ent]+ same & x p]mits ! movem5t ( ! /em 9 a v]tical plane only4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a swivel consi/+ ( a #de elb[1 rigidly atta*$ to ! /em & turn+ freely on a horizontal spud1 & fa/5$ to ! r5ovator1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch1 all[s a motion ( ! /em ei!r 9 a v]tical plane1 :i* w cause ! r5ovator to rotate1 & enable ! op]ator to pass same ar\nd or back ( legs ( furniture1 or a semi-rot>y motion may be imp>t$ to ! /em1 :i* w p]mit ! r5ovator to move =w>d 9 a /raight l9e :ile ! angle :i* ! /em makes ) ! floor w con/antly decrease4 ,aft] a little practice ! op]ator c place a r5ovator equipp$ ) "o ( ^! swivels 9 almo/ any position )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,illu/rations ( ! possibilities ( ?is =m ( swivel are pres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #ci & #dj1 9 :i* an op]ator is %[n clean+ ! treads & ris]s ( a /airway )\t *ang+ h] position1 & 9 ,fig4 #da1 :]e ! op]ator is clean+ ! trim ( a door ) app>5t ease4 ,! au?or consid]s t ?is =m ( swivel is ! only satisfactory jo9t betwe5 ! r5ovator & its /em4 ,x is be+ rapidly adopt$ by ne>ly e manufactur] ( vacuum clean]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,swivel ,,jo9t ,,arrang$ ,,to ,,prev5t ,,du/ ,,lodg+ ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,we>+ ,,surfaces4 ,9 op]at+ any r5ovator x is ne>ly always drawn backw>ds & =w>ds 9 front ( ! op]ator1 across ! surface to be clean$4 ,:5 ! hose is rigidly atta*$ to ! upp] end ( ! /em1 x becomes necess>y to drag at lea/ a portion ( ! clean+ hose along ) ! r5ovator :5 x is mov$ =w>d1 & to cr[d ! same back on itself :5 ! r5ovator is mov$ backw>d4 ,?is action has a t5d5cy to k9k or sn>l ! hose ab\t itself & makes ! op]ation ( ! r5ovator v awkw>d1 (t5 caus+ ! op]ator's feet to become entangl$ 9 ! hose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,swivel ,,jo9t ,,9 ,,use4 ,?is action also br+s an undue am\nt ( we> on ! hose ne> ! end :i* is atta*$ to ! /em1 z may be readily not$ by inspection ( hose us$ ) rigidly-atta*$ /ems4 ,?is w %[ t ! end ( ! hose is entirely worn ?r\gh1 :ile ! rema9d] ( ! hose is /ill 9 s]viceable condition4 ,! tr\ble above /at$ c be ov]come by provid+ a swivel jo9t at ! po9t ( connection betwe5 ! hose & ! /em4 ,a few attempts to use a jo9t simil> to t fir/ describ$ 9 connection ) ! r5ovator & its /em1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cg1 h be5 made1 b )\t mu* success1 z ! bolt ?r\gh ! air passage cat*es dirt & !re is n suffici5t fre$om ( movem5t betwe5 ! portions ( ! swivel4 ,v>iations ( ?is =m ( jo9t h be5 made1 "o ( :i* is provid$ ) a screw$ union to jo9 ! two portions1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,?is is a mu* bett] =m ?an t fir/ describ$ & has be5 successfully us$ 9 connection ) heavy #a-;94 diamet] hose4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ t ! direction ( ! fl[ ( air is always 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[s 9 ! sket*es1 z a rev]sal1 if only = a %ort "t1 w ru9 ! jo9t1 due to lodgm5t ( du/ 9 ! mov+ p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,ano!r ,,use ,,( ,,swivel ,,jo9t1 ,,%[+ ,,possibilities ,,( ,,?is ,,=m4 ,/ill ano!r v>iation 9 ?is =m ( swivel has ! two ma9 p>ts made to fit "o )9 ! o!r & a snap r+ is plac$ 9 a groove 9 ! male portion ( ! jo9t1 ?is groove be+ deep en\gh to take ! entire ?ickness ( ! r+4 ,! two p>ts are !n fitt$ toge!r & ! r+ snaps out into a correspond+ groove 9 ! female portion ( ! jo9t1 unit+ ! two p>ts4 ,?is jo9t gives a fairly free movem5t to ! p>ts !re(1 b has ! disadvantage t x _c be tak5 ap>t )\t break+ "o ( its p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,op]ator ,,clean+ ,,trim ,,( ,,door ,,) ,,swivel ,,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,swivel ,,jo9t1 ,,) ,,screw$ ,,union4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,swivel ,,jo9t ,,hav+ ,,ball ,,be>+s4 ,a modification ( ?is =m ( swivel has be5 made by ! manufactur]s ( ! la/-describ$ swivel1 9 :i* semi-circul> grooves h be5 cut1 "o on ! inside ( ! female portion & "o on ! outside ( ! male portion4 ,/eel balls are =c$ into ?is groove1 aft] ! p>ts are assembl$1 ?r\gh an op5+ provid$ 9 ! edges ( ! p>ts4 ,?is op5+ is clos$1 aft] ! balls are 9 place1 by a small p91 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,! swivel !n becomes a ball-be>+ jo9t1 ) a fre$om ( motion *>act]i/ic ( su* be>+s4 ,?is jo9t readily responds to e movem5t ( ! /em & keeps ! hose hang+ v]tically d[nw>d & always free f k9ks4 ,its action is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dd1 9 :i* x is be+ us$ 9 connection ) a c>pet r5ovator4 ,?is jo9t is consid]$ to be ! mo/ effici5t on ! m>ket4 ,x is protect$ by a pat5t controll$ by a manufactur] ( vacuum clean]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,action ,,( ,,ball-,,be>+ ,,swivel ,,jo9t4 ,valves are plac$ at ! upp] end ( ! /ems by _m manufactur]s1 to cut (f ! suction :5 c>ry+ ! r5ovators f room to room1 & :5 x is necess>y to /op sweep+ to move furniture4 ,^! valves h ne>ly always tak5 ! =m ( a plug cock ) tee or knurl$ h&le4 ,!y are useful on l>ge in/allations1 :]e vacuum control is ei!r inh]5t 9 ! exhau/] or :]e "s means ( vacuum control is provid$1 z a consid]able sav+ ( p[] may be obta9$ by clos+ same1 z w be expla9$ 9 a lat] *apt]1 & to ov]come ! unpleasant hiss+ noise caus$ by ! inru% ( air into ! r5ovator :5 same is held (f ! floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,defects ,,( ,,plug ,,cocks4 ,:5 ! exhau/] has a capacity ( b "o sweep] & :5 ! clean+ is done at times :5 ! build+ is unoccupi$1 !re seems to be little ne$ = ?is ref9em5t1 :i* has two defects3 fir/1 ! op]ators w n close ! valves3 second1 :5 !y h be5 clos$ !y are only p>tly op5$1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 ! portions ( ! plug1 :i* are %[n /ippl$1 are quickly cut away by ! s&-bla/ action ( ! du/1 mak+ x necess>y to op5 ! valve a /ill small] am\nt ! next "t x is op]at$1 cutt+ (f /ill m ( ! plug until a new plug is necess>y 9 ord] to make ! valve aga9 op]ative4 ,a few attempts h be5 made to ov]come ^! defects by mak+ ! valves self-clos+ & hav+ !m s con/ruct$ t :5 ! op]ator grasps ! h&le ! valve w be =c$ wide op51 on ! pr9ciple ( ! pi/ol grip4 ,^! valves w1 ( c\rse1 close :5ev] ! h&le is releas$1 & x is impossible to grasp ! h&le 9 any degree ( com=t )\t ?r[+ ! valve wide op54 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! valve is clos$ by a spr+1 consid]able pressure mu/ be appli$ to ! h&le 9 ord] to keep x op5 & x acts simil> to ! ,s&[ dumb bell 9 produc+ fatigue ( ! f+]s 9 a %ort "t2 !y h n come into g5]al use4 ,! use ( valves 9 ! r5ovator h&le is consid]$ by ! au?or to be an exp5se n ju/ifi$ by ! ga9 9 economy & !y are no long] includ$ 9 specifications prep>$ by him4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,hose4 ,! m important /eps 9 ! evolution ( ! mod]n vacuum clean+ sy/em c ea* be attribut$ to a *ange 9 ! design or con/ruction ( "s "o ( its compon5t p>ts1 :i*1 9 _! =m] /&>d design1 h act$ z a limit+ factor gov]n+ ! =m & size ( o!r & m important p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,t "p ( ! e>ly sy/ems :i* play$ ! mo/ important role z a limit+ factor 0 "o = ^: production ! build] ( ! sy/em _h to look to o!r manufactur]s3 namely1 ! flexible hose connect+ ! r5ovator /em to ! rigid pipe l9es & vacuum produc]4 ,! e>ly build]s ( vacuum clean+ sy/ems naturally adopt$ a /&>d article = use z a flexible conduit2 t is1 ! vacuum hose :i* _h be5 us$ z suction l9es = pumps ( v>i\s *>act]s4 ,= su* use x 0 n necess>y t ! hose be mov$ ab\t to any great ext5t &1 !re=e1 its weight 0 n an important factor & _h be5 sacrific$ to /r5g? to )/& collapse & ! r\gh h&l+ to :i* suction hose is subject4 ,?is /&>d hose 0 built up ( _m lay]s ( canvas w\nd ar\nd a rubb] tube or l9+4 ,a spiral wire 0 imb$d$ betwe5 ! lay]s ( canvas to prev5t collapse & ! :ole 0 provid$ ) an out] cov]+ ( rubb]4 ,g5]ally five to sev5 lay]s ( canvas 7 us$ & ! result+ hose 0 n highly flexible4 ,:5 us$ z a flexible conduit 9 connection ) a vacuum clean+ sy/em x became necess>y to con/antly move ! hose back & =? & ar\nd ! room to be clean$4 ,x 0 also necess>y to limit ! weight ( ! hose to t :i* c\ld be easily h&l$ by "o p]son4 ,?is l$ to ! adoption ( small sizes ( ! !n /&>d hose1 -94 diamet] be+ fir/ us$1 b soon ?is 0 ab&on$ 9 favor ( #a-;94 diamet] hose weigh+ ne>ly #a lb4 p] foot ( l5g?1 :i* is ! maximum weight t c be conv5i5tly h&l$ by "o p]son4 ,?is size hose has become ! /&>d = all sy/ems ma9ta9+ a vacuum at ! sep>ators ( #aj 94 ( m]cury or m4 ,ow+ to its lack ( flexibility ?is type ( hose is easily k9k$ & is damag$ by ! pull+ out ( su* k9ks1 caus+ ! tub+ or l9+ to become sep>at$ f ! canvas & to collapse1 r5d]+ ! hose useless4 ,!re is also consid]able we> at ! po9t ( connection to ! /ems ( r5ovators1 :]e rigid connections are us$4 ,! outside ( ?is hose1 be+ rubb]1 is always lib]ally cov]$ ) soap-/one :5 x leaves ! manufactur]1 & :5 new hose is dragg$ ab\t ov] c>pets1 x frequ5tly soils same to a great] degree ?an !y are clean$ by ! r5ovator4 ,:5 ?is hose has be5 9 use ab\t twice z long z is necess>y to we> (f ! soap-/one1 its appe>ance becomes f> f h&some & is n consid]$ to be 9 keep+ ) ! nickel-plat$ appliances :i* are furni%$ ) ! clean+ tools4 ,to ov]come ?is objection1 an out] braid has be5 appli$ g5]ally ov] ! rubb] coat+1 ?us add+ fur!r to its already great weight4 ,:at 0 p]haps ! fir/ type ( hose to be produc$ especially = use ) vacuum clean+ sy/ems 0 t 9 :i* ! fabric 0 wov5 9 lay]s1 in/ead ( be+ wrapp$ spirally ar\nd ! c5tral tube or l9+4 ,/eam 0 introduc$ into ! l9+1 vulcaniz+ ! l9+ & firmly unit+ ! :ole mass4 ,?is hose 0 made #a 94 9 diamet]1 )\t any metal re-in=cem5t1 & 0 cov]$ ) ! usual rubb] coat+ & ) braid1 :5 ord]$4 ,?is hose weigh$ #ab oz4 p] l9eal foot & #a-;94 diamet] 0 /ill ! l>ge/ t c\ld be easily h&l$4 ,! fir/ attempt to produce a light-weight hose = use ) vacuum clean+ sy/ems 0 by cov]+ a spiral /eel tape ) canvas4 ,! air leakage ?r\gh ?is hose 0 f\nd to be s high t its use result$ 9 loss ( effici5cy ( ! clean+ plant & x 0 f\nd necess>y to l9e ! hose ) rubb]4 ,?is rubb]-l9$ hose is made 9 l>g] sizes ?an =m]ly us$ & #b-;94 diamet] hose weighs approximately #ad oz4 p] l9eal foot4 ,x is also mu* m flexible ?an ! #a-;94 hose =m]ly us$4 ,! introduction ( ?is type made x possible to use l>g] hose 9 connection ) vacuum clean+ sy/ems & p]mitt$ ! use ( a l[] vacuum at ! sep>ators1 ) ! same results at ! c>pet r5ovator1 & a l>g] quantity ( air :5 us+ ! bru%es & o!r r5ovators4 ,)\t ?is type ( hose ! l[-vacuum1 l>ge-volume sy/ems w\ld be impractical4 ,ano!r type ( hose has be5 rec5tly introduc$ 9 :i* a wire is wov5 into ! fabric ( ! hose & ! rubb] l9+ vulcaniz$ into place z already describ$4 ,no out] coat+ ( rubb] is us$ &1 !re=e1 no braid is necess>y4 ,?is gives a light-weight hose ( great flexibility & neat appe>ance & is und\bt$ly ! be/ hose = resid5ce "w4 ,x is m co/ly ?an ! /eel tape hose :i* is recomm5d$ = (fice build+ & factory use1 :]e appe>ance is n important4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,,bayonet ,,type ,,( ,,hose ,,c\pl+1 ,,introduc$ ,,by ,,! ,,am]ican ,,air ,,clean+ ,,company4 ,hose ,c\pl+s4--,! e>li] sy/ems us$ c\pl+s hav+ screw-?read$ gr\nd jo9ts1 simil> to ^? :i* 7 !n 9 use on hose int5d$ to )/& pressure4 ,^! c\pl+s require consid]able "t to connect & disconnect & ! ?reads are easily damag$ by dragg+ ! hose ab\t4 ,! expos$ metal p>ts ( ! c\pl+s are liable to scrat* furniture4 ,to ov]come ! "t requir$ to connect & disconnect ! screw-c\pl+1 ! ,am]ican ,air ,clean+ ,company introduc$ ! bayonet type ( c\pl+1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #df4 ,?is c\pl+ is n readily damag$ by r\gh h&l+1 b x has metal surfaces expos$ :i* w scrat* furniture4 ,bo? ( ^! c\pl+s h ! disadvantage t ! air curr5t 9 ! hose mu/ always be 9 ! same direction & ! same end ( ! hose mu/ always be next to ! r5ovator h&le4 ,bo? ( ^! features t5d to increase ! we> on ! hose1 & ! rev]sal ( ! air curr5t to remove /oppages is n possible4 ,! c\pl+ produc$ by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company has a piece ( /eel tub+ fitt$ into ea* end ( ! hose & secur$ by means ( a brass slip-c\pl] fitt+ ov] ! tub+4 ,all ends be+ alike1 ! rev]sal ( ! hose is possible ) ?is =m ( c\pl+4 ,h[ev]1 ! metal c\pl] is liable to m> furniture & sometimes !re is tr\ble ) ! c\pl+s pull+ ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,all ,,rubb] ,,hose ,,c\pl+ ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,sp5c] ,,turb9e ,,clean] ,,company4 ,mu* ( ! hose 9 use today is provid$ ) 8pure gum0 ends are vulcaniz$ 9 place1 x is necess>y to take ! hose ( metal tub+ is slipp$ inside ( ^! ends to make a c\pl+4 ,) ?is arrangem5t !re is no metal expos$ to m> furniture & ! hose l5g?s are rev]sible4 ,h[ev]1 !re is "s tr\ble f ! c\pl+s pull+ ap>t4 ,s9ce ^! ends are vulcaniz$ 9 place1 x is necess>y to take ! hose to a rubb] repair %op :5ev] ! hose breaks back ( ! c\pl+1 :i* occurs frequ5tly :5 rigidly atta*$ to ! /em ( ! r5ovator4 ,^! repair %ops are mu* m num]\s ?an a few ye>s ago & ?is drawback is n a s]i\s "o4 ,ano!r =m ( c\pl+ us$ by ! ,sp5c] ,turb9e ,clean] ,company is ! all-rubb] male & female end1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,?is has ! advantage ov] ! metal-slip c\pl+s & ! c\pl+ ) pure gum ends 9 t :5 x is prop]ly lock$ x _c be pull$ ap>t4 ,x is absolutely air tight1 :i* is true ( no o!r c\pl+4 ,b x does n p]mit ! rev]sal ( ! hose & is1 !re=e1 recomm5d$ = use only ) hose ( #a-;94 diamet] or l>g]1 :]e !re is less liability ( /oppage1 & :]e ! ball-be>+ swivel is us$ at ! connection to ! /em1 prev5t+ excessive we> at ?is po9t4 ,! pure gum ends1 ) ! int]nal-slip c\pl]1 is consid]$ to be ! mo/ satisfactory = use 9 all cases1 except z above /at$4 ,hose ,friction4--,hose friction plays an important "p 9 ! action ( any vacuum clean+ sy/em4 ,9 fact1 :]e #a-;94 hose is us$1 x becomes a limit+ factor 9 ! capacity ( ! sy/em to p]=m "s k9ds ( clean+4 ,!re are sev]al tables ( hose friction publi%$ by ! manufactur]s ( vacuum clean+ sy/ems1 all ( :i* appe> to h be5 bas$ on a con/ant velocity )9 ! hose equal to t :i* w\ld be obta9$ if ! air 7 at atmosph]ic pressure ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g? ( ! hose4 ,b 9 practice ! air is admitt$ to ! hose f ! r5ovator at a consid]ably l[] absolute pressure ( f #be 94 to #bg 94 ( m]cury1 & is1 !re=e1 mov+ at a high] velocity4 ,z ! pressure is decreas$ by ! friction loss 9 ! hose1 ! velocity con/antly increases ) ! expansion ( ! air4 ,! results ( _m te/s made by ! au?or dur+ ! pa/ sev5 ye>s1 ) hose rang+ f #a-;94 to #b-;94 diamet] & ) an ent]+ vacuum rang+ f #j to #g 94 ( m]cury & a friction loss ( f #a 94 to #be 94 ( m]cury1 indicate a close agreem5t ) ! =mula giv5 9 ,pr(4 ,william ,k5t's 8,me*anical ,eng9e]'s ,pocketbook10 :i* is bas$ on ! =mula3 _/pd ,q c _/ --- w,l ,q free air 9 cubic feet p] m9ute4 c a con/ant :i* 0 det]m9$ by ,d',arcy z approximately #fj4 p ! loss ( pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e in*4 d ! diamet] ( pipe 9 in*es4 ,l ! l5g? ( pipe 9 feet4 w ! d5sity ( ! ent]+ air 9 p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,r$uc+ ! pressure loss to in*es ( m]cury & us+ 9 lieu ( w1 r :i* is ! ratio ( ! av]age absolute pressure 9 ! pipe to atmosph]ic pressure1 ?is =mula becomes3 _/pd ,q #caj4c _/ --- ,lr ,to p]mit ! rapid calculation ( ! air quantity :i* c be pass$ ?r\gh a hose1 ! au?or has prep>$ ! diagram %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh4 ,to use ?is table1 look up ! friction loss 9 ! hose 9 ! "r h& m>g91 pass along ! horizontal l9e to ! left until x int]sects ! l9e incl9$ at an angle ( #de t[>d ! left1 indicat+ ! l5g? ( ! hose4 ,f ?is int]section pass v]tically to ! l9e incl9$ at approximately #cj t[>d ! left1 repres5t+ ! diamet] ( ! hose4 ,! quantity 9 ! left-h& m>g91 opposite ! horizontal pass+ ?r\gh ?is int]section1 repres5ts ! quantity ( air :i* w\ld pass ?r\gh ?is hose 9 cubic feet at ! av]age d5sity 9 ! hose4 ,to correct ?is quantity to free air1 /ep (f ! di/ance on ! v]tical l9e f ! bottom ( ! table1 repres5t+ ! av]age degree ( vacuum 9 ! hose1 to its int]section ) ! curv$ l9e ne> ! bottom ( table4 ,transf] ?is di/ance v]tically d[nw>d on ! left h& m>g9 f ! quantity fir/ read on ?is m>g94 ,! quantity opposite ! l[] end ( ?is di/ance w be ! cubic feet ( free air p] m9ute pass+ ?r\gh ! hose "u ^! conditions4 ,! l9e incl9$ t[>ds ! "r1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! int]section ( l9es repres5t+ hose diamet]1 & ! horizontal l9e repres5t+ ! cubic feet ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! hose at actual d5sity 9 same1 %[s ! actual velocity 9 ! hose 9 feet p] second4 ,= friction loss ov] #aj 94 ( m]cury1 use ! figures at ! "r h& ( ! l[] m>g91 in/ead ( ^? 9 ! "r h& m>g91 & pass v]tically to ! hose diamet]4 ,!n proce$ z be=e4 ,z ^! high frictions are seldom us$ 9 practice1 ?is dep>ture has be5 made 9 ord] to r$uce ! size ( ! diagram4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,*>t ,,= ,,det]m9+ ,,hose ,,friction4 ,to illu/rate h[ mu* ! friction tables1 bas$ on air at atmosph]ic d5sity1 v>y f actual results1 two te/s made by ! au?or are giv54 ,9 ! fir/ te/ x 0 desir$ to pass #fh cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute ?r\gh a -94 diamet] orifice at ! end ( #ajj ft4 ( #a-;94 diamet] hose4 ,te/s on l>g] hose %[$ t1 to p]mit ?is quantity ( air to pass ?r\gh ! orifice1 a vacuum at ! orifice ( #b4f 94 m]cury 0 necess>y4 ,! mo/ rational table ! writ] c\ld f9d indicat$ t ! friction loss 9 ! hose %\ld be #ah 94 m]cury1 & ! f9al vacuum necess>y at ! hose cock w\ld h to be #bj4f 94 m]cury4 ,on te/ x 0 f\nd t1 ) #bd4h 94 vacuum at ! hose cock1 b #ej cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute 0 pass+1 ) a vacuum at ! orifice ( #a4f 94 m]cury1 %[+ a friction loss ( #bc4b 94 m]cury4 ,) ! small] quantity ( air pass+1 ! same friction table indicat$ a friction loss1 ) ?is quantity ( air1 ( b #i4h 94 m]cury1 or #ci ( t actually obs]v$4 ,*eck+ ! results ( ! te/ ) ! diagram 7,fig4 #dh7 gives #ej cu4 ft4 ( free air1 ) a friction loss ( #bc 94 m]cury4 ,to illu/rate m cle>ly ! effect ( ! increase ( velocity on ! friction loss1 ! actual vacuum 9 ! hose has be5 comput$ = ea* #aj ft4 ( its l5g? & curves drawn ?r\gh ^! po9ts4 ,! results are %[n 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,! /raight l9e indicates ! vacuum :i* %\ld exi/ 7 ! velocity 9 ! hose con/ant ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 & ! curv$ l9e %[s ! vacuum 9 ! hose :5 ! effect ( ! increas+ velocity1 due to ! r>efaction ( ! air1 is consid]$4 ,! wide v>iation 9 ! results %[s cle>ly ! error 9 ! =m] assumption ( a con/ant velocity 9 ! hose ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,ano!r te/1 9 :i* #dd cu4 ft4 ( free air 0 pass$ ?r\gh #ajj ft4 ( #a-;94 diamet] hose1 is %[n graphically 9 ,fig4 #ej1 :i* discloses t ! assumption ( a con/ant velocity 9 ! hose produces an error ( #ce 9 ! results1 indicat+ a loss ( b #g4h 941 :5 ! actual loss is #ab 94 m]cury4 ,naturally1 ! l[] ! f9al vacuum at ! hose cock1 ! less w be ! error due to ! assumption ( con/ant velocity 9 ! hose4 ,te/s ) #a-;94 hose gave results :i* agree sub/antially ) ! result giv5 9 tables already publi%$1 & x 0 ?is condition t l$ to ! discov]y ( ! error 9 ! assumption /at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,,effect ,,( ,,increase ,,( ,,velocity ,,on ,,! ,,friction ,,loss4 ,effect ( ,hose ,friction4--,z any increase 9 ! degree ( vacuum necess>y to be ma9ta9$ at ! vacuum produc] ov] t ma9ta9$ )9 ! r5ovator requires a great] exp5diture ( p[]1 )\t any increase 9 ! effici5cy or spe$ ( clean+1 x is ess5tial t ! friction loss 9 ! air conduit f ! r5ovator to ! vacuum produc] %\ld be made z small z possible4 ,! friction loss 9 ! hose is ! greate/ loss 9 any "p ( ! sy/em1 be+ ! smalle/ 9 diamet]1 & its r$uction to ! l[e/ figure possible is ( vital importance4 ,take1 = example1 ! use ( a ,type ,a r5ovator ) a vacuum )9 ! r5ovator ( #d 94 m]cury & ) #bi cu4 ft4 ( air pass+ ?r\gh same4 ,! friction loss1 ) v>y+ l5g?s ( diff]5t-siz$ hose1 w be z foll[s3 ,,table #f4 ,,vacuum ,,at ,,hose ,,cock ,,) ,,type ,a ,,r5ovators ,,& ,,) ,,v>y+ ,,l5g?s ,,( ,,diff]5t-,,siz$ ,,hose4 ---------------------------------------- - ,l5g?1 9 ,feet4 ,size ( ,hose1---------------------------- #ajj #ge #ej #be ,94 ,diamet]4---------------------------- ,vacuum at hose cock1 94 hg4 ---------------------------------------- - #a #aj #h #g #e #a #f #e4g #e4be #d4he #a #e4j #d4he #d4ge #d4fb ---------------------------------------- - ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,ano!r ,,te/ ,,%[+ ,,friction ,,loss ,,due ,,to ,,velocity4 ,?is indicates1 fir/1 t a mu* l[] friction loss w result ) ! use ( l>g] hose ?an is ! case ) ! small] size4 ,note1 also1 t ! diff]5ce 9 ! f9al vacuum at ! hose cock is mu* m uni=m :5 ! l>g]-siz$ hose is us$ 9 v>y+ l5g?s4 ,s9ce x is desir$ to ma9ta9 a con/ant vacuum at ! r5ovator at all times & x is also desirable to be able to v>y ! l5g? ( hose to suit ! conditions ( ! "w1 :ile x is n conv5i5t to v>y ! vacuum at ! hose cock1 mu* m uni=m results w be possible :5 l>g] hose is us$4 ,if ! small] hose is us$ 9 v>y+ l5g?s & a practically uni=m vacuum is ma9ta9$ at ! hose cock1 ! quantity ( air & ! vacuum at ! r5ovator w v>y4 ,if #a-;94 hose is us$ & ! vacuum at ! hose cock be ma9ta9$ at #aj 94 m]cury1 ! air quantities & vacuum at ! r5ovator w be approximately3 ,,table #g4 ,,air ,,quantities ,,& ,,vacuum ,,at ,,r5ovator ,,) #a-;,,94 ,,hose ,,& #aj-;,,94 ,,vacuum ,,at ,,hose ,,cock4 -------------------------------------- ,vacuum at ,l5g? ( ,r5ovator1 ,air1 ,h4 ,p4 at ,hose1 feet4 94 hg4 cu4 ft4,hose ,cock4 -------------------------------------- #ajj #d #bi #j4hj #ge #e #cb #j4hhe #ej #f #cd #j4id #be #g #cg #a4jb -------------------------------------- ,f ?is x is evid5t t ! vacuum )9 ! r5ovator w be increas$ above t necess>y = economical clean+4 ,x w require some:at m ef=t to pu% ! clean] ov] ! c>pet & also a slightly great] exp5diture ( p[] at ! hose cock to op]ate ! clean] ) a %ort ?an ) a long hose4 ,h[ev]1 ! au?or does n consid] t ei!r ! increase ( ef=t to pu% ! r5ovator or ! increase ( p[] w be suffici5t to prohibit ! use ( #a-;94 hose ) ! ,type ,a r5ovator4 ,if we use #a-;94 hose ) ,type ,a r5ovator & ma9ta9 a vacuum ( #f 94 ( m]cury at ! hose cock1 ! result+ vacuum & air displacem5t at ! r5ovator w be3 ,,table #h4 ,,air ,,quantities ,,& ,,vacuum ,,at ,,r5ovator ,,) #a-;,,94 ,,hose ,,& #f-;,,94 ,,vacuum ,,at ,,hose ,,cock4 -------------------------------------- ,vacuum at ,l5g? ( ,r5ovator1 ,air1 ,h4 ,p4 at ,hose1 feet4 94 hg4 cu4 ft4,hose ,cock4 -------------------------------------- #ajj #d #bi #j4dc #ge #d4g #cj #j4dde #ej #e4j #cc #j4ddh #be #e4d #ce #j4eah -------------------------------------- ,?is table %[s a m uni=m degree ( vacuum at ! r5ovator ) ! v>y+ l5g? ( hose1 b ! greate/ diff]5ce is 9 ! horse p[] requir$ at ! hose cock to accompli% ! same results at ! r5ovator4 ,if we use #a-;94 hose ) ,type ,a r5ovator1 ! vacuum at ! hose cock c be r$uc$ to #e 94 m]cury & a practically con/ant vacuum w be obta9$ at ! r5ovator1 ) an exp5diture ( #j4cf ,h4 ,p4 at ! hose cock4 ,) ! ,type ,c r5ovator :]e ! vacuum )9 ! r5ovator is ma9ta9$ at #d 94 m]cury1 ) #dd cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute pass+ ?r\gh ! r5ovator1 ! result+ vacuum at ! hose cock1 ) v>i\s l5g?s ( ! ?ree sizes ( hose1 w be z foll[s3 ,,table #i4 ,,vacuum ,,at ,,hose ,,cock1 ,,) ,,type ,c ,,r5ovators ,,& ,,v>i\s ,,l5g?s ,,( ,,?ree ,,sizes ,,( ,,hose4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,l5g?1 9 ,feet4 ,size ( ,hose1----------------------------- ,94 ,diamet]4 #ajj #ge #ej #be ----------------------------- ,vacuum at hose cock1 94 hg4 ---------------------------------------- -- #a #ai #ad #aj #f4g #a #g4e #f4be #e4e #d4g #a #e4a #d4hj #d4ej #d4be ---------------------------------------- -- ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #ag1 ,*apt] ,,iii1 x w be not$ t ,type ,c r5ovator w n accompli% mu* 9 ! way ( clean+ ) a vacuum 9 ! r5ovator l[] ?an #d 94 m]cury4 ,!re=e1 if we use ?is type ( r5ovator1 ) #a-;94 diamet] hose1 its l5g? %\ld be limit$ to #ej ft41 = if we use a vacuum high] ?an #aj 94 at ! hose cock1 !re w be too mu* increase 9 ! vacuum at ! r5ovator :5 %ort hose is us$ to all[ easy op]ation1 & if we use long] hose ) #aj-;94 vacuum at ! hose cock1 !re w be a r$uction 9 ! vacuum at ! r5ovator & effective clean+ _c be accompli%$4 ,also1 ! p[] requir$ at ! hose cock to pass #dd cu4 ft4 ( air1 ) a vacuum ( #ai 94 m]cury1 requir$ to produce a vacuum ( #d 94 at ! r5ovator ) #ajj ft4 ( #a-;94 hose1 w be #c4c ,h4 ,p41 :i* is prohibitive :5 comp>$ ) t requir$ ) ! use ( l>g] hose1 i4 e41 #j4hbe ,h4 ,p4 ) #a-;94 hose & #j4ei ,h4 ,p4 ) #a-;94 hose4 ,! ,type ,f r5ovators te/$ by ! au?or w %[ ev5 wid] v>iations 9 ! vacuum requir$ at ! hose cock ) ! v>i\s l5g?s & diamet]s ( hose ?an is giv5 = ,type ,c r5ovator4 ,h[ev]1 ! type ,f r5ovator1 :i* is n[ us$ by ! ,sp5c] ,turb9e ,clean] ,company1 hav+ a clean+ slot #ae 94 long & 94 wide ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 passes #dd cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute1 ) a vacuum "u ! r5ovator ( #d 94 m]cury & ! result+ vacuum at ! hose cock w be ! same z t giv5 9 ! case ( ! ,type ,c r5ovator4 ,:5 a b>e floor r5ovator ( ! bri/le-bru% type is atta*$ to ! hose1 ! effect is practically ! same z :5 ! end ( ! hose is left wide op51 z ! op5 "* ( ! bru% prev5ts ! =mation ( any vacuum 9 ! r5ovator4 ,!re=e1 suffici5t air mu/ pass ?r\gh ! r5ovator to create a friction loss 9 ! hose equal to ! vacuum at ! hose cock4 ,z practically all sy/ems are arrang$ to ma9ta9 a con/ant vacuum at ! vacuum produc] & z ! pipe friction is g5]ally less ?an ! hose friction1 ! vacuum at ! hose cock w be practically ! same :5 op]at+ a floor bru% z ) a c>pet r5ovator4 ,assum+ t #aj 94 m]cury is ma9ta9$ at ! hose cock ) #a-;9 hose1 #f 94 ) #a-;94 hose1 & #e 94 ) #a-;94 hose1 ! quantity ( air :i* w pass ?r\gh a floor bru% ) v>i\s sizes & l5g?s ( hose w be3 ,,table #aj4 ,,air ,,quantities ,,?r\gh ,,floor ,,bru% ,,op]at$ ,,9 ,,conjunction ,,) ,,type ,a ,,r5ovators4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,hose ,l5g?1 9 ,feet4 ,size ( ,hose1---------------------------------- ,94 ,diamet]4 #ajj #ge #ej #be ---------------------------------- ,cubic feet ( free air p] m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- ------- #a #db #dh #fj #hf #a #fb #gb #hf #abe #a #ie #aaj #ace #aij ---------------------------------------- ------- ,! quantities giv5 = ! %ort] hose l5g?s are high] ?an w be obs]v$ 9 actual practice1 due to ! increase 9 ! pipe friction1 :i* w dep5d on ! l5g? ( ! pipe l9es4 ,h[ev]1 ! results w illu/rate ! great increase 9 ! quantity ( air :i* w pass ^! b>e floor bru%es :5 op]at$ on ! same sy/em ) c>pet r5ovators4 ,if ! same numb] ( b>e floor r5ovators are to be us$ at "o "t z !re w be c>pet r5ovators at "s o!r "t1 t is1 if ! sweep] capacity mu/ be ma9ta9$ :5 us+ b>e floor bru%es z :5 us+ c>pet r5ovators1 a mu* l>g] air exhau/+ plant mu/ be in/all$ ?an w\ld be necess>y to op]ate t numb] ( c>pet r5ovators4 ,if x 7 possible to s arrange ! s*$ule ( clean+ op]ations t b>e floor bru%es 7 nev] us$ at ! same "t z c>pet r5ovators1 ! vacuum at ! ma*9e might be r$uc$ :5 op]at+ ! floor bru%es to a po9t t w\ld r$uce ! quantity ( air pass+ to )9 ! capacity ( a ma*9e design$ to op]ate ! same numb] ( c>pet r5ovators4 ,un=tunately1 ?is condition r>ely exi/s &1 !re=e1 ! vacuum mu/ be ma9ta9$ at ! degree necess>y to op]ate ! c>pet r5ovators t may be 9 use at ! same "t ) ! floor bru%es4 ,x is also evid5t t if ! l5g? ( hose us$ ) b>e floor bru%es c\ld be limit$ to ! maximum ev] us$ ) ! c>pet r5ovators1 a r$uction 9 ! capacity ( ! exhau/] necess>y c\ld be made4 ,?is is ano!r condition :i* ! design] ( ! sy/em _c control4 ,mo/ ,economical ,hose ,size = ,c>pet & ,floor ,r5ovators4--,! horse p[] requir$ at ! hose cock to op]ate ! b>e floor bru%es ) ea* ( ! diff]5t sizes & l5g?s ( hose is3 ,,table #aa4 ,,horse ,,p[] ,,requir$ ,,at ,,hose ,,cock ,,to ,,op]ate ,,b>e ,,floor ,,bru%es ,,9 ,,conjunction ,,) ,,type ,a ,,r5ovators4 ---------------------------------------- - ,l5g?1 9 ,feet4 ,size ( ,hose1---------------------------- ,94 ,diamet]4 #ajj #ge #ej #be ---------------------------- ,horse p[] at hose cock4 ---------------------------------------- - #a #a4af #a4cb #a4fe #b4ch #a #j4ib #a4jf #a4bg #a4ch #a #a4ae #a4cb #a4fb #b4bh ---------------------------------------- - ,?is %[s t :]e b>e floor or wall bru%es ( ! bri/le type are us$ 9 conjunction ) c>pet r5ovators on any sy/em & ) ,type ,a c>pet r5ovator1 #a-;94 diamet] hose w give ! l[e/ p[] consumption4 ,:5 ei!r ,type ,c or ,f r5ovator is us$ 9 comb9ation ) bri/le-type bru%es1 ! use ( #a-;94 diamet] hose mu/ be ab&on$ 9 l5g?s ov] #ej ft4 & ! vacuum at ! hose cock mu/ be ma9ta9$ at #aj 94 m]cury4 ,) #a-;94 hose1 x w be necess>y to ma9ta9 a vacuum at ! hose cock ( #g 94 m]cury1 &1 ) #a-;94 hose1 #e 94 w be suffici5t1 provid$ we cont9ue to use #ajj ft4 ( hose 9 ! case ( ! l>g] sizes4 ,! free air pass+ a bru% type ( b>e floor r5ovator "u ^! conditions w be3 ,,table #ab4 ,,free ,,air ,,pass+ ,,bru% ,,type ,,( ,,b>e ,,floor ,,r5ovator ,,op]at$ ,,9 ,,conjunction ,,) ,,type ,c ,,r5ovators4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,l5g?1 9 ,feet4 ,size ( ,hose1---------------------------------- ,94 ,diamet]4 #ajj #ge #ej #be ---------------------------------- ,cubic feet ( free air p] m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- ------- #a #db #dh #fj #hf #a #fh #gf #ib #acj #a #ie #aaj #ace #aij ---------------------------------------- ------- ,?is %[s an increase 9 ! volume ( air pass+ ! floor bru% ) #a-;94 hose1 :ile a high] vacuum is n[ c>ri$ at ! hose cock ?an 0 necess>y :5 ,type ,a r5ovator 0 us$ 9 conjunction ) ! bri/le-type ( floor r5ovator4 ,! horse p[] at ! hose cock w n[ be3 ,,table #ac4 ,,horse ,,p[] ,,at ,,hose ,,cock ,,) ,,bru% ,,type ,,( ,,b>e ,,floor ,,r5ovator ,,op]at$ ,,9 ,,conjunction ,,) ,,type ,c ,,r5ovators4 -------------------------------------- ,l5g?1 9 ,feet4 ,size ( ,hose1------------------------- ,94 ,diamet]4 #ajj #ge #ej #be ------------------------- ,horse p[] at hose cock4 -------------------------------------- #a #a4af #a4cb #a4fe #b4ch #a #a4ai #a4cf #a4fj #b4bf #a #a4ae #a4cb #a4fb #b4bh -------------------------------------- ,) ?is comb9ation ( floor & c>pet r5ovators1 !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! p[] consumption :5 any "o ( ! ?ree sizes ( hose is us$4 ,h[ev]1 !re is a consid]able increase 9 ! quantity ( air pass+ ! l>g] hose4 ,?is leads to ! /atem5t made by "s manufactur]s t ?is increase 9 air volume results 9 m effici5t clean+4 ,te/s giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iii indicate t increase 9 air volume does n result 9 any m rapid or effici5t clean+ ( c>pets4 ,! results ( actual use ( ! b>e floor bru% ( ! bri/le type %[ no ga9 :5 clean+ b>e floors4 ,z /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 ! felt-fac$ r5ovator1 be+ m effective :ile x requires less air4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ! degree ( vacuum )9 ! clean] & n ! quantity ( air :i* produces ! clean+ 9 all cases :]e any degree ( vacuum is possible4 ,:5 intimate contact betwe5 ! clean] & ! surface clean$ _c be _h1 ! volume ( air det]m9es ! effici5cy ( clean+4 ,h[ev]1 ! au?or does n consid] t an exhau/ion ( m ?an #fj to #gj cu4 ft4 ( free air ?r\gh clean]s ( ?is type w increase ! effici5cy to su* an ext5t z to ju/ify ! increase ( p[] necess>y to adapt a sy/em to l>g] volumes4 ,! au?or consid]s t ) a sy/em 9 :i* bru%es ( ! bri/le type are to be us$1 ! exhau/] %\ld h a capacity ( #gj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute4 ,su* a sy/em is t]m$ by ! au?or a 8l>ge volume sy/em10 z already m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,:5 ! felt-cov]$ floor r5ovator is us$ in/ead ( ! bru%1 ! vacuum )9 ?is r5ovator mu/ n be p]mitt$ to rise above #b 94 or ! op]ation ( ! r5ovator on ! floor w be difficult4 ,to accompli% ?is1 x is necess>y to provide op5+s 9 ! ends ( ! clean+ slot1 z has be5 expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,if ! vacuum at ! hose cock be assum$ z #aj 94 ) #a-;9 hose1 #f 94 ) #a-;94 hose1 & #e 94 ) #a-;94 hose1 & ! vacuum )9 ! felt-cov]$ floor r5ovator be ma9ta9$ at #b 94 m]cury ! cubic feet ( free air pass+ ! r5ovator ) ! v>i\s sizes & l5g?s ( hose w be3 ,,table #ad4 ,,cubic ,,feet ,,( ,,free ,,air ,,pass+ ,,! ,,felt-,,cov]$ ,,floor ,,r5ovators ,,op]at$ ,,9 ,,conjunction ,,) ,,type ,a ,,r5ovators4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,l5g?1 9 ,feet4 ,size ( ,hose1-------------------------------- ,94 ,diamet]4 #ajj #ge #ej #be -------------------------------- ,free air1 cubic feet p] m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #a #cf #dc #ed #gd #a #di #ef #fh #id #a #fh #gh #id #acj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,^! figures %[ a consid]able r$uction f ^? obta9$ ) ! bru% type ( floor r5ovator1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! l>g] sizes ( hose are us$1 & consid]able r$uction c be made 9 ! capacity ( ! exhau/] & /ill obta9 ! be/ results :5 us+ c>pet r5ovator & b>e floor r5ovator simultane\sly4 ,! horse p[] at ! hose cock requir$ to op]ate ^! felt-fac$ floor r5ovators ) diff]5t sizes & l5g?s ( hose are3 ,,table #ae4 ,,horse ,,p[] ,,requir$ ,,at ,,hose ,,cock ,,to ,,op]ate ,,felt-,,cov]$ ,,floor ,,r5ovators ,,9 ,,conjunction ,,) ,,type ,a ,,r5ovators4 ---------------------------------------- ,l5g?1 9 ,feet4 ,size ( ,hose1--------------------------- ,94 ,diamet]4 #ajj #ge #ej #be --------------------------- ,horse p[] at hose cock4 ---------------------------------------- #a #a4j #a4ai #a4di #b4je #a #j4gb #j4hc #a4j #a4ci #a #j4gi #j4ic #a4ac #a4ef ---------------------------------------- ,9 ?is case1 ! #a-;94 hose is ! mo/ economical size to use1 z 0 ! case ) ! bru% r5ovators4 ,h[ev]1 ! advantage ov] ! #a-;94 hose is n z great z ) ! bru% r5ovator4 ,) ?is type ( r5ovator1 ! manufactur] has "s control ov] ! l5g? ( hose :i* ! op]ator w use 9 connection ) ! b>e floor r5ovator1 z he may op5 ! ends ( ! r5ovator j suffici5tly to produce #b 94 ( vacuum "u same )1 say1 #ej ft4 ( hose4 ,!n1 if ! op]ator %\ld attempt to use ! r5ovator ) #be ft4 ( hose1 x w /ick & pu% h>d & he w soon le>n t a long] hose is necess>y4 ,conditions = ,plant ( ,small ,p[]4--,= locations :]e x is desirable to sacrifice effici5cy some:at to r$uction 9 ! am\nt ( p[] requir$1 z 9 resid5ces1 ! ,type ,a c>pet r5ovator may be us$ & ! vacuum "u ! same r$uc$ to #b 94 m]cury1 :i* w /ill d effective clean+1 b at a sl[] rate1 z 0 %[n by te/s 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,?is requires n exce$+ #bj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute4 ,) ?is quantity ( air ! velocity 9 ! hose mu/ be consid]$ z1 9 ord] to h a clean hose at all times1 x is necess>y to ma9ta9 a velocity 9 ! hose ( n less ?an #dj ft4 p] second4 ,ref]r+ to ! diagram1 ,fig4 #dh1 x w be se5 t ?is velocity w n be obta9$ 9 any hose l>g] ?an #a 94 & ?is is1 !re=e1 ! l>ge/ size :i* c be us$4 ,9 all ! =m] cases ! velocity 0 s mu* 9 excess ( ?is m9imum t its consid]ation 0 n necess>y4 ,) a vacuum ( #b 94 ( m]cury 9 ! r5ovator & #bj cu4 ft4 ( air pass+1 ! vacuum at ! hose cock w be3 ,,table #af4 ,,vacuum ,,at ,,hose ,,cock1 ,,) #b-;,,94 ,,vacuum ,,at ,,type ,a ,,r5ovator4 ---------------------------------------- - ,l5g?1 9 ,feet4 ,size ( ,hose1---------------------------- ,94 ,diamet]4 #ajj #ge #ej #be ---------------------------- ,vacuum at hose cock1 94 hg4 ---------------------------------------- - #a #d #c4e #c #b4e #a #b4f #b4de #b4c #b4ae ---------------------------------------- - ,9 ?is case ! increase 9 vacuum at ! r5ovator w\ld n be objectionable z1 ) #d 94 vacuum at ! hose cock1 ! vacuum at ! r5ovator w\ld nev] rea* ! /&>d us$ ) ! =m] d$uctions & ! volume ( air pass+ c\ld1 !re=e1 nev] rea* #bi cu4 ft4 ,any increase1 due to ! use ( %ort] hose1 w\ld1 !re=e1 be an advantage 9 its approa* t[>d ! /&>d set = ! l>g] plants4 ,!re=e1 we w assume t a vacuum ( #d 94 m]cury w be ma9ta9$ at ! hose cock ) #a-;94 hose & a vacuum ( #b 94 at ! hose cock ) #a-;94 hose4 ,! r5ovators = b>e floor "w w be ! felt-cov]$ type & w be op5$ at ! ends j suffici5tly to limit ! vacuum )9 ! same to #b 94 m]cury :5 op]at+ ) #be ft4 ( hose4 ,?is w require ! passage ( #dj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute :5 #a-;94 hose is us$ & #ce cu4 ft4 :5 #a-;94 hose is us$4 ,! horse p[] at ! hose cock w be #j4ci ,h4 ,p4 ) ! #a-;94 diamet] hose & #j4ag ,h4 ,p4 ) ! #a-;94 hose4 ,"h aga9 we see t ! #a-;94 hose is ! m economical to use4 ,if bri/le bru%es are us$ ) ?is sy/em at ! same "t t c>pet r5ovators are 9 use1 ! quantity ( air :i* w h to pass !m1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! vacuum on ! sy/em at ! prop] po9t to d effective clean+ ) ! c>pet r5ovators1 w be3 ,,table #ag4 ,,air ,,quantities ,,:5 ,,bri/le ,,b>e ,,floor ,,r5ovators ,,are ,,us$ ,,9 ,,conjunction ,,) ,,type ,a ,,c>pet ,,r5ovators ,,at #b ,,94 ,,hg4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,l5g? ( ,hose1 9 ,feet4 ,size ( ,hose1----------------------------- ,94 ,diamet]4 #ajj #ge #ej #be ----------------------------- ,free air1 cu4 ft4 p] m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- -- #a #cj #cf #db #fj #a #da #dh #fj #hj ---------------------------------------- -- ,! use ( ^! bru%es 9 plants ( m ?an "o-sweep] capacity w\ld require ! use ( an exhau/] ( great] capacity ?an is requir$ = ei!r ! c>pet or ! b>e floor r5ovator4 ,:]e ! plant is ( b "o-sweep] capacity1 ! quantity ( air t w\ld pass ^! bru%es1 7 ! plant ( prop] capacity to s]ve ! c>pet & floor r5ovators1 w\ld n be suffici5t to d effective "w1 z 0 expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,9 su* cases1 ?is arrangem5t %\ld be prohibit$4 ,a sy/em ( ! type j describ$ is :at has be5 t]m$ by ! au?or z a 8small volume0 plant 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,limit ( ,l5g? = ,hose4--,! au?or has made ! d$uctions 9 ?is *apt]1 us+ #ajj ft4 ( hose z ! maximum l5g?4 ,?is is consid]$ to be ! greate/ l5g? t %\ld be us$4 ,! adoption ( a %ort] l5g? is recomm5d$ by _m manufactur]s1 b ! au?or does n consid] t ! advantage to be obta9$ by ! adoption ( a %ort] l5g? ju/ifies ! additional exp5se ( pip+ :i* w result 9 _m cases4 ,?is w be gov]n$ by ! "* ( ! build+ &1 9 _m cases1 x w be possible to use #ej ft4 z a maximum4 ,x has be5 ! practice ( ! au?or to lay out 8 in/allations s t any po9t on ! floor ( any room may be rea*$ 9 ! mo/ direct l9e ) #ge ft4 ( hose4 ,:5 ?is is done #ajj ft4 ( hose w easily clean any "p ( ! walls or ceil+s & give an ample all[ance = runn+ ar\nd furniture or o!r ob/ructions4 ,! figures 9 ?is *apt] w demon/rate to ! read] ! "p t ! clean+ hose plays z a limit+ factor 9 ! op]ation ( a vacuum clean+ sy/em & %[s ! c>e t mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( ! prop] hose = ea* condition4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,pipe ,,& ,,fitt+s4 ,z we cont9ue to foll[ ! du/-lad5 air 9 its passage t[>d ! vacuum produc] we next enc\nt] t portion ( ! conduit :i* is p]man5tly & rigidly fix$ 9 place 9 ! build+2 namely1 ! pipe l9e1 its fitt+s & o!r appliances4 ,hose ,inlets4--,! fir/ portion ( ?is conduit :i* we mu/ consid] is ! po9t :]e ! hose is atta*$ to ! pipe l9e2 t is1 ! inlet1 or1 z x is (t5 improp]ly t]m$1 ! 8outlet0 valves4 ,z x is necess>y to close ! inlets air tight :5 !y are n 9 actual use1 9 ord] to prev5t ! entrance ( air except ?r\gh ! hose l9es 9 use1 "s k9d ( a cut-(f valve mu/ be provid$1 z well z a receptacle into :i* ! end ( ! hose may be connect$ :5 desir$4 ,) ! e>li] sy/ems a high degree ( vacuum 0 c>ri$ 9 ! pipe l9es & ! vacuum produc]s 7 ( small displacem5t4 ,slight leakage w\ld greatly r$uce ! capacity ( ! sy/em & ! be/ =m ( valve 0 necess>y4 ,! valve adopt$ 0 ! ord9>y gr\nd-seat plug cock1 on acc\nt ( its unob/ruct$ air passage & air-tight clos+4 ,! hose 0 connect$ to ^! cocks ei!r by a gr\nd-jo9t1 screw$ c\pl+ or by a slip c\pl+ simil> to ^? us$ to unite ! sections ( ! clean+ hose4 ,an inlet cock ( ?is type is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,^! cocks project$ ab\t #d 94 beyond ! face ( ! f9i%$ wall & =m$ a consid]able ob/ruction1 especially :5 locat$ 9 halls or corridors4 ,9 ord] to r$uce ! projection into ! ap>tm5t ! manufactur]s ( ! sy/ems us+ screw$-hose c\pl+s & sub/itut$ a project+ nipple clos$ by a cap screw$ 9 place4 ,! :ole project$ only 94 beyond ! f9i%$ wall l9e4 ,^! outlets 7 suitable = use only ) hose hav+ screw$ connections4 ,:5 an attempt is made to remove ! cap ) ! vacuum produc] 9 op]ation1 !re is a t5d5cy = ! vacuum to cause ! cap to hug ! la/ ?read & r5d] its removal difficult4 ,also1 :5 ! suction is f9ally brok5 x is accompli%$ ) consid]able hiss+ noise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,,inlet ,,cock ,,to ,,prev5t ,,air ,,leakage ,,:5 ,,n ,,9 ,,use4 ,9 ord] to p]mit ! use ( ! slip type ( hose c\pl+1 a h+$ flap valve 0 sub/itut$ = ! screw$ cap1 a rubb] gasket be+ plac$ "u ! cap4 ,?is 0 held firmly 9 place by ! vacuum 9 ! pipe l9e4 ,! int]ior ( ! ca/+ inside ( ! flap 0 turn$ to a slip fit = ! end ( ! hose c\pl+4 ,) ?is type ( valve & ! slip hose c\pl+1 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi1 x is possible to rev]se ! hose to equalize we> & remove ob/ructions4 ,^! inlets h be5 made ) valves t are clos$ only by gravity :5 !re is no vacuum on ! sy/em & _m are s con/ruct$ t :5 op5$ wide !y w rema9 op5 ) ! vacuum on ! pip+4 ,?is type ( valve w (t5 be op5$ by ! inquisitive p]son :5 no vacuum exi/s 9 ! sy/em & z !re are no imm$iate results1 !y may be left op5 ) ! result t !re w be a v l>ge leakage ( air on />t+ ! vacuum produc]4 ,?is makes x necess>y = "s "o to make a t\r ( ! build+ 9 ord] to close ! valve :i* is op5 be=e ! sy/em c be effici5tly op]at$4 ,if ! vacuum produc] is design$ to op]ate sev]al r5ovators simultane\sly1 x may n be discov]$ t !re are any valves op5 & a consid]able am\nt ( p[] w be wa/$4 ,9 ord] to ov]come ?is difficulty x is necess>y to provide a spr+ on ! h+e ( ! flap valve t w automatically close ! valve :5ev] ! hose is )drawn4 ,:5 ! inlets are locat$ 9 public places !y %\ld be fitt$ ) a lock atta*m5t to prev5t !m f be+ op5$ by unau?oriz$ p]sons4 ,a valve ( ?is type is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,?is valve has a projection on its inn] face :i* engages ) a ridge on ! hose c\pl+s1 prev5t+ ! removal ( ! hose )\t slightly rais+ ! cap & mak+ x impossible to accid5tally pull ! hose out ( ! inlet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,type ,,( ,,automatic ,,self-,,clos+ ,,inlet ,,cock4 ,! p>ticul> valve "h %[n is suitable = use only ) ! all-rubb] hose connection describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,we mu/ next consid] ! mat]ial ( :i* ! conduit itself is to be made4 ,! comm]cial wr\ght-iron or mild /eel1 screw-jo9t$ pipe1 su* z is us$ = wat] & /eam l9es1 is probably ! be/ suit$ = ?is purpose & 0 ! fir/ mat]ial us$4 ,9 e>li] in/allations ! pipe 0 galvaniz$1 b1 ow+ to ! t5d5cy = ! z9c coat+ to =m irregul>ities )9 ! pipe1 its use has be5 ab&on$ 9 favor ( ! comm]cial black iron pipe4 ,seamless drawn tub+ w\ld und\bt$ly make ! ideal mat]ial = ?is purpose4 ,h[ev]1 ! ord9>y butt or lap-weld$ pipe is satisfactory & is n[ g5]ally us$4 ,%eet metal pipe 0 introduc$ by "o manufactur] b its use 0 %ortly ab&on$ 9 favor ( ! comm]cial pipe4 ,z jo9ts & *anges 9 direction are necess>y 9 ! pipe l9es1 "s sort ( fitt+s mu/ be us$4 ,! ideal conduit = passage ( du/-lad5 air %\ld be ( uni=m bore & z smoo? on ! inside z a gun b>rel4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to accompli% ?is result 9 comm]cial in/allations1 "o ( :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ec4 ,^! fitt+s are made up ( ?ree p>ts = a c\pl+ & f\r = a bran* or *ange 9 direction4 ,"o ( ^! is screw$ on to ! end ( ea* piece ( pipe1 ! pipe butt+ aga9/ a %\ld] & ! end ( ! pipe made to regi/] ) ! bore ( ! fitt+ by ream+4 ,?is piece is fac$ true & fitt$ aga9/ ! face ( ! ca/+1 =m+ ! b5d or bran*1 or fitt$ aga9/ ! piece on ! end ( ! o!r l5g? ( pipe4 ,a ?9 gasket is plac$ betwe5 !m1 a project+ r+ on "o piece fitt+ into a groove on ! o!r1 caus+ ! bore ( ! two halves to regi/]4 ,! two halves are jo9$ toge!r by ! ,v-groov$ clamp1 held 9 place by a small bolt4 ,?is is !oretically an ideal jo9t1 b ! clamp is n ( suffici5t /r5g? to )/& ! /ra9 ( settlem5t ( ! build+ & breakages are frequ5t4 ,sev]al in/ances ( ?is "*1 p>ticul>ly on /eam]s1 h come to ! obs]vation ( ! au?or1 & !re are sev]al build+s :i* h be5 r\gh$ 9 ) ?is type ( fitt+1 us$ on conceal$ pip+1 :i* 7 f\nd to be useless on ! completion ( ! build+1 due to break+ ( ! jo9ts 9 inaccessible places4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 8,,smoo? ,,bore0 ,,pipe ,,c\pl+4 ,a modification ( ?is jo9t :i* w h ample /r5g? c be made by us+ /&>d pipe flanges1 screw+ ! pipe ?r\gh ! flange & fac+ ! end (f 9 a la!4 ,fitt+s c\ld be made ) a bore equal to t ( ! pipe & prop] alignm5t secur$ by ! use ( d[el p9s1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ed4 ,! co/ ( mak+ ?is jo9t w\ld be high & !y w\ld occupy too mu* space to be easily conceal$ 9 p>titions1 furr+ or o!r *annels usually provid$ = ! reception ( su* pip+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,jo9t ,,made ,,( ,,/&>d ,,pipe ,,flanges4 ,! /&>d ,durham recess$ dra9age fitt+1 hav+ ! inside cor$ to ! bore ( ! pipe & recesses provid$ = ! ?reads z us$ 9 connection ) ! mod]n plumb+ sy/em1 if left ungalvaniz$ & hav+ ! inside well s&-bla/$ to remove all r\gh places1 makes a s]viceable fitt+4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to cut ! ?reads on ! pip+ ( prop] dep? to all[ ! end ( ! pipe to come z close to ! %\ld] ( ! recess z practicable & to obta9 a tight jo9t4 ,! end ( ! pipe %\ld be c>efully ream$ be=e assembl+4 ,^! fitt+s h become /&>d ) ne>ly all manufactur]s & are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ee1 :i* %[s ! "r & wrong way to in/all same4 ,tr\ble 0 exp]i5c$ on "s ( ! e>li] sy/ems us+ high vacuum ) ! fitt+s cutt+ out on ! side subject$ to ! impact ( ! du/-lad5 air4 ,to ov]come ?is tr\ble "o manufactur] re-in=c$ ! fitt+s by increas+ ! ?ickness ( metal at ! po9t affect$4 ,! tr\ble 0 und\bt$ly caus$ by too high a velocity 9 ! pipe l9e1 z 9 ! case ( ! small brass /ems1 expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,) ! introduction ( vacuum control & l>g] pipes1 ?is tr\ble disappe>$ & ! special fitt+s nev] came into g5]al use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"r ,,way4 ,,wrong ,,way4 ,use two ,y-bran*es in/ead ( /raight or clean\t tees4 ,9 case ! latt] are us$ ! dirt w %oot by into ! o!r bran*4 ,always place ,y-bran*es s !y w turn 9 ! direction ( ! fl[4 ,place ! clean-out at "r angles to ! direction ( fl[ ent]+ ! fitt+4 ,o!rwise x s]ves z a pocket to cat* pass+ dirt4 ,special c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to see t !re is no opportunity = dirt to collect 9 ! basem5t drops4 ,above is %[n a common wrong way & two possible "r ways4 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,/&>d ,,durham ,,recess$ ,,dra9age ,,fitt+s ,,g5]ally ,,us$ ,,9 ,,vacuum ,,clean+ ,,in/allations4 ,:ile ! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t /oppage ( ! pipe l9es ^! /oppages are likely to occur 9 ! be/-con/ruct$ l9es & ample clean-out plugs %\ld be provid$ = ! removal ( su* /oppage4 ,brass plugs are ! mo/ s]viceable = ?is purpose1 z !y are easily remov$ :5 necess>y & c usually be replac$ air tight4 ,! brass clean-outs1 :ile mo/ satisfactory1 are co/ly :5 in/all$ 9 l>ge sizes4 ,equally satisfactory results c be obta9$ at a l[] co/ by us+ #b-;94 diamet] plugs on all l9es #b 94 & ov] 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,friction ,,loss ,,9 ,,pipe ,,l9es4 ,mat*es are p]haps ! mo/ frequ5t cause ( /oppage 9 pipe l9es4 ,/oppage f ?is cause c be l>gely avoid$ by ! use ( pipe ( suffici5t size to p]mit ! mat* to turn a complete som]sault )9 ! pipe :5ev] x cat*es aga9/ a slight ob/ruction or r\gh place 9 ! pipe or fitt+s4 ,a #b-;94 diamet] pipe is j l>ge en\gh to p]mit ?is & small] sizes ( pipe %\ld be avoid$ :5ev] possible4 ,pipe ,friction4--,! friction loss 9 pip+ foll[s ! same law z t 9 hose l9es & is easily comput$ by use ( ! *>t 7,fig4 #ef71 :i* is con/ruct$ on ! same g5]al pr9ciple z ! *>t ( hose friction 7,fig4 #dh74 ,! directions = use ( ! hose *>t apply to ! pipe *>t4 ,9 comput+ ?is *>t ! actual inside diamet] ( ! comm]cial wr\ght-iron pipes h be5 us$ in/ead ( ! nom9al diamet]s1 result+ 9 an increas$ capacity = all sizes except #b-;94 :i* is less ?an ! nom9al diamet]4 ,det]m9ation ( ,prop] ,size ,pipe4--,friction 9 ! pipe l9es t5ds to increase ! vacuum to be ma9ta9$ & !re=e ! p[] to be exp5d$ at ! vacuum produc] & %\ld be kept z l[ z possible4 ,! pipe sizes %\ld be made z l>ge z conditions w p]mit4 ,! limit ( size is fix$ by ! velocity 9 ! pipe4 ,:5 x is necess>y to lift ! dirt to any ext5t1 ! velocity %\ld n be all[$ to fall bel[ #dj ft4 p] second at any "t4 ,:5 ! pipe is a v]tical drop1 ! velocity does n matt] z gravitation w assi/ ! air curr5t 9 remov+ ! dirt4 ,:5 ! l9e is horizontal a l[] velocity ?an #dj ft4 p] second is p]missible at times1 provid$ t ?is m9imum velocity is exce$$ at frequ5t int]vals to flu% out any dirt t has lodg$ 9 ! pipe dur+ p]iods ( l[ velocity4 ,if a ,type ,a r5ovator is us$ ) #a-;94 hose & a vacuum ( #aj 94 ( m]cury ma9ta9$ at ! hose cock1 ! m9imum air pass+1 ) #ajj ft4 ( hose 9 use1 w be #bi cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute1 :i* is equival5t to #dd cu4 ft4 at #aj 94 ( vacuum4 ,! ent]+ velocity 9 ! pipe %\ld be calculat$ ) air at ?is d5sity4 ,?is w give a velocity ( #ej ft4 p] second 9 a #a-;94 pipe1 b only #cj ft4 p] second 9 a #b-;94 pipe4 ,!re=e1 ! #a-;94 pipe is ! l>ge/ t %\ld be us$ :]e lifts occur on a l9e s]v+ b "o ,type ,a r5ovator ) #a-;9 hose4 ,:5 ! r5ovator is tilt$ at a consid]able angle or lift$ f ! c>pet1 z w frequ5tly occur 9 clean+ op]ations1 ! quantity ( air pass+ ! r5ovator w be upw>ds ( #db cu4 ft4 ( free air1 equival5t to #fb cu4 ft4 at #aj-;94 vacuum4 ,:5 ?is occurs ! velocity 9 a #b-;94 pipe w be #dd ft4 p] second1 :i* w be ample to flu% a horizontal l9e ( pip+4 ,if #a-;94 hose is us$ ) a ,type ,a r5ovator1 ! m9imum quantity ( air w be #bi cu4 ft4 & ! vacuum ent]+ ! pipe w be #f 94 m]cury1 giv+ an equival5t volume ( #cg cu4 ft4 ,?is w produce a velocity ( #db ft4 p] second 9 a #a-;94 pipe1 :i* is ! l>ge/ t c be us$ :]e a lift occurs4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! r5ovator is lift$ free ( ! c>pet1 ! air quantity w be #fb cu4 ft4 ( free air1 equival5t to #hj cu4 ft4 at #f 94 ( vacuum1 & w produce a velocity ( #ci ft4 p] second 9 a #b-;94 pipe4 ,?is w\ld be j ab\t suffici5t to flu% a horizontal l9e4 ,if #a-;94 hose 7 us$ ! air quantity w be #bi cu4 ft4 & ! vacuum ent]+ ! pipe #e 94 m]cury1 equival5t to #ce cu4 ft4 ,?is w give a velocity 9 a #a-;94 pipe ( #dj ft4 p] second4 ,:5 ! r5ovator is rais$ f ! c>pet1 ! air quantity w be upw>ds ( #ij cu4 ft4 ( free air1 equival5t to #aaj cu4 ft4 at ! d5sity ( t ent]+ ! pipe1 & w produce a velocity ( #cc ft4 p] second 9 a #c-;94 pipe4 ,?is is too l[ to ?or\ghly flu% a horizontal pipe4 ,! figures giv5 above are repeat$ f ,*apt] ,,vi & %[ t ! use ( #a-;94 in/ead ( #a-;94 hose1 p]mits ! use ( a l>g]-siz$ horizontal pipe l9e = s]v+ "o r5ovator1 b t ! use ( #a-;94 hose1 in/ead ( #a-;941 w n p]mit ( any enl>gem5t 9 ! pipe size4 ,s9ce we h se5 9 ,*apt] ,,vi t a #a-;94 hose gives ! lea/ exp5diture ( p[] :5 us$ ) a ,type ,a r5ovator1 !re w be no ga9 f a r$uction 9 ! pipe friction due to ! adoption ( ?is hose4 ,! dep5d5ce on ! rais+ ( ! r5ovator f ! floor to flu% out a l>g] pipe l9e %\ld n be c>ri$ beyond t to be obta9$ f a s+le r5ovator4 ,t is1 :5 ! pipe mu/ s]ve m ?an "o r5ovator at ! same "t1 ! quantity ( air t two or m r5ovators w pass1 if !y 7 rais$ f ! floor at ! same "t1 %\ld n be us$ 9 det]m9+ ! limit+ velocity 9 ! pipe1 z su* an occurr5ce is n likely to be obta9$ (t5 en\gh to ?or\ghly flu% ! pipe4 ,fur!rmore1 !re w be times :5 ?is pipe w h to s]ve only "o r5ovator & ! pipe w n be adequately flu%$4 ,:5 ! pipe is s]v+ m ?an "o r5ovator1 ! actual air pass+ ! r5ovators %\ld be us$ 9 det]m9+ ! maximum size ( pipe & x is advisable to use ?is maximum size 9 ne>ly all cases :]e ! /ructural conditions w p]mit4 ,^! sizes w !n be3 ,,table #ah4 ,,pipe ,,sizes ,,requir$1 ,,z ,,det]m9$ ,,by ,,air ,,pass+ ,,r5ovators4 ---------------------------------------- - ,pipe ,sizes1 ,94 ,diam4 ,numb] ( ------------------ ,r5ovators,cu4 ,ft4 ,) #a-;94,) #a-;94 9 ,use4 p] m94 ,hose4 ,hose4 ---------------------------------------- #a #bi #b #b #b #eh #b #b #c #hg #c #c #d #aaf #c #c #e #ade #c #c #f #agd #d #d ---------------------------------------- ,us+ ^! maximum sizes1 ! friction loss 9 a pipe l9e1 ) c>pet r5ovators 9 use exclusively1 w be3 ,,table #ai4 ,,friction ,,loss ,,9 ,,pipe ,,l9es1 ,,) ,,c>pet ,,r5ovators ,,9 ,,use ,,exclusively4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,friction ,loss p] #ajj ,feet1 ,in*es4 ,numb] (------------------------------------- ,sweep]s4,) #a-;94 hose4 ,) #a-;94 hose4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #a #j4bj #j4jf #b #j4cj #j4bj #c #j4bd #j4ag #d #j4ai #j4ac #e #j4cj #j4bb #f #j4bd #j4ag ---------------------------------------- ------ ,^! friction losses are figur$ ) a d5sity ( air 9 ! pipe equal to #f-;94 vacuum 9 case ( ! #a-;94 hose & #aj-;94 vacuum 9 case ( ! #a-;94 hose1 :i* w be ! d5sity ( ! air ent]+ ! pipe1 :ile ! av]age d5sity %\ld be us$ 9 ord] to give correct results4 ,if ! pipe l9e is n ov] #djj ft4 equival5t l5g? ! results w be approximately correct4 ,^! results %[1 fir/1 t ! friction loss 9 pipe l9es is mu* l[] ?an t 9 ! hose l9es us$ ) ! same sy/em2 second1 t ! high] vacuum 9 ! pipe causes great] loss1 an argum5t 9 favor ( ! use ( l>g] hose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #eg-fj4 ,,diagrams ,,%[+ ,,op]ation ,,( ,,bru% ,,& ,,c>pet ,,r5ovators ,,"u ,,diff]5t ,,conditions4 ,^! friction losses are obta9$ only :5 c>pet r5ovators are us$ exclusively & all ! r5ovators are held 9 ! prop] position to p]=m ! mo/ economical clean+4 ,9 actual practice ?is condition w n exi/ except :5 "o r5ovator is us$4 ,:]e m ?an "o r5ovator is 9 use simultane\sly1 "s ( ! r5ovators w be rais$ f ! floors at ! "t o!rs are 9 position to d effective clean+ & w admit a great] quantity ( air1 increas+ ! friction4 ,?is is n a s]i\s condition z ! "t t ! r5ovators w be rais$ is only a small "p ( ! total "t sp5t 9 clean+ & w m]ely r$uce ! effici5cy ( ! o!r r5ovators tempor>ily4 ,h[ev]1 :5 bru%es or floor r5ovators are us$ at ! same "t z ! c>pet r5ovators1 !re w be a cont9u\s fl[ ( air 9 great] quantities ?r\gh ^! bru%es1 :i* w p]man5tly increase ! friction loss4 ,! use ( a s+le bru% or floor r5ovator ) ! same siz$ pipe z is necess>y to op]ate ! c>pet r5ovator w n r$uce ! effici5cy ( ! bru%1 z a high degree ( vacuum at ! bru% or floor r5ovator is n necess>y or ev5 p]missible & a fur!r slight r$uction w n affect ! op]ation ( ^! r5ovators4 ,:5 a bru% or floor r5ovator is us$ on ! fur!/ outlet f ! vacuum produc] at ! same "t t c>pet r5ovators are be+ us$ on outlets ne>] ! vacuum produc]1 ! l>g] quantity ( air pass+ ! bru% w t5d to r$uce ! vacuum at ! hose cock to :i* ! c>pet r5ovator is atta*$ & !reby impair its effici5cy4 ,= example1 if we h a bru% r5ovator connect$ ?r\gh #ajj ft4 ( #a-;94 hose to an outlet at ! end ( a pipe l9e #djj ft4 long1 prop]ly design$ to s]ve two c>pet r5ovators1 ! vacuum at ! sep>ators %\ld be ma9ta9$ at #aj-;941 plus #b #j4bj plus #b #j4cj1 or #aa 94 ( m]cury4 ,suppose t ?is vacuum is automatically ma9ta9$ at ?is po9t & a c>pet r5ovator be atta*$ #bjj ft4 f end ( pipe 7,fig4 #eg74 ,! quantity ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! #b-;94 pipe ,b-,c w be approximately #bi plus #dj or #fi cu4 ft41 & ! friction loss 9 ?is pipe w be #a4a 94 ,! vacuum ma9ta9$ at ! outlet ,b 7,fig4 #eg7 w be #i4i 94 or approximately ! correct vacuum to ma9ta9 #d-;94 vacuum at ! r5ovator 8a40 ,! friction loss 9 ! pipe l9e f ,b to ,a w be #j4g 94 & ! result+ vacuum at ! hose cock ,a w be #i4b 94 ,! quantity ( air pass+ ! bru% w be #dj cu4 ft4 ,"u ^! conditions !re w be no loss 9 effici5cy ( clean+ due to ! bru% r5ovator be+ us$ on ! end ( ! l9e4 ,if ! op]ator us+ ! bru% at ! outlet ,a %\ld use only #be ft4 ( hose in/ead ( #ajj ft4 7,fig4 #eh7 ! air pass+ ?is bru% w be #ge cu4 ft4 & ! vacuum at ! hose cock ,a w be #f4h 94 ,! vacuum at ! hose cock ,b w be #h4h 94 & ! vacuum at ! c>pet r5ovator 8a0 w be r$uc$ to #c 94 ) #be cu4 ft4 ( air pass+1 :i* w r$uce ! effici5cy ( ! c>pet r5ovator 8a40 ,if ! bru% r5ovator be atta*$ to ! hose cock ,b 7,fig4 #ei71 us+ #be ft4 ( hose1 ! vacuum at hose cock ,b w be #i 94 & ! bru% r5ovator w pass #he cu4 ft4 ( air1 :ile ! vacuum at hose cock ,a w n[ be r$uc$ to #h4f 94 & ! vacuum at ! r5ovator w be r$uc$ to #c 94 m]cury & ! air pass+ to #bc cu4 ft4 ,if a bru% type ( r5ovator be us$ at ea* outlet1 ) #be ft4 ( hose 9 ea* case & ! vacuum at ! sep>ator be ma9ta9$ at #aa 94 m]cury ! vacuum at hose cock ,b w be #g 94 & bru% 8a0 w pass #gf cu4 ft4 ( air :ile ! vacuum at hose cock 8a0 w be #e 94 & bru% 8b0 w pass #fc cu4 ft4 ( air or a total ( #add cu4 ft41 :i* w be 9 excess ( ! #gj cu4 ft4 p] r5ovator recomm5d$ z ! capacity ( ! plant 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,?is w n result 9 any loss ( effici5cy if ! vacuum produc] be design$ to h&le b #adj cu4 ft4 z a maximum1 = ! vacuum at ! sep>ator w !n fall to a po9t :]e b #adj cu4 ft4 passes1 result+ 9 a decrease 9 ! vacuum ?r\gh\t ! sy/em4 ,b z only bru%es are n[ 9 use !re w be no loss 9 effici5cy1 ow+ to ! r$uction 9 ! vacuum at ! bru%es4 ,:5 #a-;94 hose is us$ ) a c>pet r5ovator at ! end ( ! pipe l9e connect$ ?r\gh #ajj ft4 ( hose & a bru% at ! hose cock ,b connect$ ?r\gh #be ft4 ( hose 7,fig4 #fj71 ! wor/ case ( ! ?ree already cit$1 ! vacuum at ! sep>ator be+ ma9ta9$ at t necess>y to c>ry #d 94 :5 two c>pet r5ovators are 9 use1 ! vacuum at ! hose cock ,b w be #d4e 94 & bru% 8a0 w pass #aaf cu4 ft4 ( air :ile ! vacuum at hose cock ,a w be #d4d 94 & ! vacuum 9 r5ovator 8b0 w be #c4g 9 & w pass #bd cu4 ft4 ( air4 ,^! are bett] clean+ conditions ?an 7 obta9$ :5 #a-;94 hose 0 us$4 ,x w be not$ t ! total air pass+ ! exhau/] is n[ #adj cu4 ft4 & ?is mu/ n be r$uc$ or !re w be a fall+ (f 9 ! vacuum at ! c>pet r5ovator 8b40 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y = ! exhau/] to be capable ( h&l+ #adj cu4 ft4 ( air or #gj cu4 ft4 ( air p] r5ovator 9 ord] to d effective c>pet clean+ :5 c>pet r5ovators & bru%es are us$ 9 conjunction4 ,:5 two floor bru%es are us$ ) ! above arrangem5t ( pipe & hose1 ! vacuum mu/ fall consid]ably or ! air quantity be greatly increas$4 ,h[ev]1 ! r$uction 9 vacuum w n result 9 s]i\s loss 9 effici5cy :5 only bru%es are 9 use4 ,:5 a l>g] numb] ( sweep]s are us$ ) a sy/em ( pip+1 x is necess>y to all[ #gj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] sweep] 9 figur+ ! sizes ( pipe to be us$1 & ! total loss ( pressure 9 ! pip+ betwe5 ! outlet f>!/ f ! vacuum produc] & t ne>e/ to same mu/ be limit$ 9 ord] to prev5t too wide a diff]5ce 9 ! vacuum at ! hose cock :5 all ! sweep]s = :i* ! plant is design$ are 9 use4 ,! au?or consid]s t ?is loss 9 pressure %\ld n be great] ?an #b 94 m]cury 9 ord] to give satisfactory results4 ,be=e ! pip+ sy/em c be laid out & ! sizes ( pip+ det]m9$ x is necess>y to asc]ta91 fir/1 ! numb] ( sweep]s to be op]at$ simultane\sly & ! numb] ( ris]s necess>y to prop]ly s]ve ^! sweep]s4 ,numb] ( ,sweep]s to be ,op]at$4--,?is is det]m9$ by ! "* ( ! surfaces to be clean$1 ! am\nt ( su* surface1 & ! "t all[$ = clean+4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ 9 actual practice t "o op]ator c clean z high z #b1ejj sq4 ft4 ( c>pet :5 same is on floors ( comp>atively l>ge areas1 & n ov] #a1ejj sq4 ft4 :5 ! c>pets are on small rooms2 #b1jjj sq4 ft4 is consid]$ to be a fair av]age4 ,b>e floors are clean$ m rapidly4 ,9 s*ool h\se "w an ord9>y class room has be5 clean$ 9 #aj m9utes1 or at ! rate ( #g1bjj sq4 ft4 p] h\r1 b "t is occupi$ 9 mov+ f "o room to ano!r & ! writ] consid]s #e1jjj sq4 ft4 p] h\r z rapid clean+ & #c1ejj sq4 ft4 z a fair av]age4 ,! "t ( clean+ w v>y 9 build+s ( diff]5t "* & us$ = diff]5t purposes4 ,9 (fice build+s ! clean+ =ce "w ?r\gh\t ! night or ab\t #aj h\rs1 :ile 9 s*ool h\ses ! clean+ is done by ! janitor =ce :i* has be5 on duty ?r\gh\t ! s*ool p]iod & ! "t is necess>ily limit$ to ab\t two or ?ree h\rs aft] s*ool h\rs1 ! corridors & play rooms be+ clean$ dur+ ! s*ool p]iod & only ! class rooms be+ clean$ aft] clos+ "t4 ,let u assume1 z an example1 an (fice build+ hav+ eight floors ea* #ajj ft4 #aej ft41 ) a floor plan z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,! corridors1 /airs & elevator halls w probably be floor$ ) m>ble :i* mu/ be scrubb$ 9 ord] to remove ! /a9 accumulat$ dur+ ! day & !y w n be consid]$ 9 connection ) a dry vacuum clean+ sy/em4 ,! area ( ! floors 9 ! (fices on any floor w be approximately #aj1jjj sq4 ft4 & "o floor c be clean$ by "o op]ator 9 #e h\rs1 or two floors dur+ ! clean+ p]iod1 s ! plant mu/ be ( suffici5t size to s]ve f\r sweep]s simultane\sly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,typical ,,floor ,,plan ,,( ,,(fice ,,build+ ,,illu/rat+ ,,numb] ,,( ,,sweep]s ,,requir$4 ,9 a s*ool h\se conta9+ f\r class rooms1 :]e ! janitor cleans ! play rooms & corridors dur+ ! s*ool p]iod1 z c be readily done ) a vacuum clean] s9ce !re w be no du/ scatt]$ ab\t to fill ! air & r5d] x unsanit>y1 ! class rooms c easily be clean$ 9 "o h\r by "o op]ator4 ,! au?or consid]s t "o sweep] capacity = ea* six to eight rooms is ample = a l>ge s*ool4 ,build+s ( special con/ruction & us$ = special purposes mu/ be consid]$ diff]5tly accord+ to ! conditions to be met1 b ! size ( ! plant c be readily det]m9$ 9 ea* case by use ( ! rules already giv54 ,numb] ( ,ris]s to be ,in/all$4--,mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s among ! v>i\s manufactur]s ( vacuum clean+ sy/ems z to ! maximum l5g? ( hose t %\ld be us$ ) a clean+ sy/em1 & z ?is maximum l5g? det]m9es ! numb] ( ris]s to be in/all$1 "s fix$ /&>d is necess>y4 ,z already /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi1 ! au?or consid]s t ?is maximum %\ld be fix$ at #ge ft42 t is1 ! ris]s %\ld be s spac$ t all p>ts ( ! floor ( ! build+ c be rea*$ ) #ge ft4 ( hose4 ,:]e #ej ft4 is us$ z a maximum1 z is recomm5d$ by _m manufactur]s1 ! numb] ( ris]s w\ld be increas$1 incurr+ a great] co/ ( in/allation & requir+ ! op]ator to %ift 8 hose f "o inlet to ano!r m (t5 ?an w\ld be ! case :]e few] inlets 7 us$1 & m "t w\ld be requir$ 9 clean+1 ) a slight r$uction 9 ! p[]4 ,! au?or does n consid] t ?is r$uction 9 p[] w\ld be suffici5t to (fset ! additional "t requir$ to *ange ! hose f "o inlet to ano!r4 ,! be/ & quicke/ way to det]m9e ! numb] ( ris]s necess>y is to cut a piece ( /r+ to ! l5g? repres5t+ #ge ft4 on ! scale ( ! plans1 & by runn+ ?is ar\nd ! plan us+ corridor doors = access to all rooms1 :]ev] possible1 locate ! ris] s t e po9t c be rea*$ ) ! /r+4 ,9 ! case ( ! build+ illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fa f\r ris]s locat$ z %[n w be necess>y4 ,size ( ,ris]s4--,be=e we c det]m9e ! size ( ris]s to be in/all$ x is necess>y to det]m9e ! probable numb] ( sweep]s t w be atta*$ to any "o ris] simultane\sly4 ,9 ! case ( ! build+ 7,fig4 #fa7 x is possible t !re may be f\r sweep]s atta*$ to "o ris] & x is also possible t !re may be b "o1 & two sweep]s to a ris] is consid]$ to be a safe assumption4 ,! au?or uses ! foll[+ rule 9 det]m9+ ! size ( ris]s to use3 ,:]e ! numb] ( sweep]s is d\ble ! numb] ( ris]s1 assume t all sweep]s w be on "o ris] simultane\sly4 ,:]e ! numb] ( sweep]s is equal to ! numb] ( ris]s1 assume t half ! sweep]s w be on "o ris] simultane\sly4 ,:]e ! numb] ( sweep]s is half ! numb] ( ris]s1 assume t "o-qu>t] ( ! sweep]s w be on "o ris] simultane\sly4 ,:5 no lifts occur a l[ velocity 9 ! ris] is n objectionable & ! size ( ! ris] %\ld be made equal to ! size ( ! horizontal bran* !reto ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 :]ev] ?is bran* is n l>g] ?an #b 94 diamet]4 ,:5 l>g]1 r$uctions 9 ! ris] c be made until #b 94 is rea*$ :5 ?is size %\ld be ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( its l5g?4 ,no ris] %\ld be made less ?an #b 94 unless a lift is necess>y4 ,be=e f9ally fix+ ! size ( ris] to be us$ 9 any case ! size ( ! bran* 9 ! horizontal l9es s]v+ ! same mu/ be approximately det]m9$4 ,^! sizes w be dep5d5t on ! location 9 :i* x is necess>y to in/all ! vacuum produc]4 ,9 ! case ( ! build+ 7,fig4 #fa7 ! mo/ desirable location = ! vacuum produc] w be 9 ! exact c5t] ( ! build+4 ,) ! vacuum produc] c5trally locat$ ! longe/ run f any ris] w be #ee ft4 ,to ?is we mu/ add3 #e ft4 = ea* long-turn elb[4 #aj ft4 = ea* %ort-turn elb[4 #aj ft4 = entrance to ea* long sweep ,y bran*4 #bj ft4 = entrance to a tee bran*1 except at sweep] inlets on ris]s1 :]e #aj ft4 is ample4 ,9 calculat+ ! ris] friction = ris]s "u #aej ft4 9 l5g? ! :ole capacity ( ! ris] c be assum$ z be+ connect$ to a po9t midway ( its l5g?4 ,9 ! eight-/ory build+ 7,fig4 #fa7 ! l5g? ( ! ris] f basem5t ceil+ to eigh? floor w be #ajj ft4 & ! l5g? to be figur$1 #ej ft4 ,! equival5t l5g? ( pipe l9e = any ( ! ris]s1 ) ! vacuum produc] c5trally locat$1 w be3 ,f entrance tee into ris] #aj ft4 ,l5g? ( ris]1 "o-half total l5g? #ej ft4 ,turn at base ( ris] #aj ft4 ,run 9 basem5t #ee ft4 ,y bran* or elb[ #aj ft4 ,elb[ at sep>ator #e ft4 ------ ,equival5t l5g? #adj ft4 ,ea* ris] is to s]ve two sweep]s & mu/ pass #adj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute4 ,?is w give a friction loss 9 a #b-;94 pipe ( #b 94 m]cury1 if #aj 94 m]cury be ma9ta9$ at ! hose cock & #a-;94 hose us$2 & #a4e 94 m]cury if #f 94 m]cury be ma9ta9$ at ! hose cock & #a-;94 hose us$4 ,ei!r ( ^! figures are )9 ! limits set = ! maximum friction loss & #b-;94 pipe w be ! prop] size = ! ris]s & _! bran*es 9 ! basem5t4 ,! portion ( ! ma9 9 ! basem5t t s]ves ! two ris]s on ei!r side ( ! build+ 7portion 8ab10 ,fig4 #fa7 mu/ be ( su* size z w produce ! same loss 9 vacuum ) #bhj cu4 ft4 ( air pass+ z ! #b-;94 pipe gives ) #adj cu4 ft4 ( air pass+4 ,?is may be det]m9$ f any table ( equalization ( pipes or may be obta9$ f ! *>t1 ,fig4 #dh1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,f9d ! int]section ( ! horizontal l9e 8#adj0 ) ! diagonal repres5t+ a #b-;94 pipe & pass on ! ne>e/ v]tical to its int]section ) ! horizontal l9e 8#bhj40 ,! diagonal incl9$ t[>d ! left pass+ ne>e/ ?is int]section w be ! pipe size requir$4 ,9 ?is case a #c-;94 pipe w give a slightly great] friction & w be suffici5t4 ,un=tunately1 x is r>ely possible to locate ! vacuum produc] 9 z favorable a po9t z t giv5 9 ! illu/ration1 b an ef=t %\ld always be made to select a location z ne>ly c5tral to all ris]s z possible4 ,! basem5ts ( mod]n (fice build+s are g5]ally cr[d$ & ! space assign$ to ! me*anical equipm5t is limit$ & ow+ to ! necessity ( v5tilation1 ! vacuum produc] is g5]ally locat$ ne> ! outside ( ! build+4 ,probably ! be/ location t c\ld be obta9$ 9 ?is case w\ld be at 8d0 7,fig4 #fb74 ,! l5g? ( pip+ to ris]s #a & #b w\ld n[ be ! same z t to all ris]s 9 case ( ,fig4 #fa1 b ! di/ance to ris]s #c & #d w be increas$ #ej ft4 ,x w be possible to increase ! size ( ! pipe l9e 8bd0 to ! maximum size to s]ve f\r sweep]s1 or #c 941 ! ris]s & _! bran*es to rema9 #b 94 ,! total friction loss to ris]s #a & #b w n[ be3 ,entrance to tee 9 ris]s1 #aj ft4 plus #ej ft4 #fj ft4 ,turn at base ( ris]1 #aj ft41 bran* f 8c0 to ris] #cb ft4 #db ft4 ,entrance to tee 9 ma9 #bj ft4 ------- ,total equival5t l5g? ( #b-;94 pipe #abb ft4 ,:5 #a-;94 hose is us$ ! d5sity ( ! air ent]+ ! #b-;94 pipe is equival5t to a vacuum ( #aj 94 m]cury & ! friction loss 9 ! #b-;94 pipe w be #a4i 94 m]cury4 ,:5 #a-;94 hose is us$1 ! d5sity ( ! air ent]+ ! pipe w be equival5t to a vacuum ( #f-;94 m]cury & ! friction loss 9 ! #b-;94 pipe w be #a4cb 94 m]cury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,elevation ,,( ,,lay\t ,,= ,,(fice ,,build+1 ,,%[+ ,,be/ ,,location 7,,at ,d7 ,,= ,,vacuum ,,produc]4 ,! d5sity ( ! air ent]+ ! #c-;94 pipe1 8bd10 w be equival5t to a vacuum ( #aa4i 94 m]cury :5 #a-;94 hose is us$1 & to #g4cb 94 m]cury :5 #a-;94 hose is us$4 ,! friction loss 9 ! #c-;94 pipe w be #j4ca & #j4bc 94 m]cury1 respectively4 ,total friction loss to inlets on ris]s #a & #b w be #b4ba 94 ) #a-;94 hose 9 use1 & #a4ee 94 ) #a-;94 hose4 ,to obta9 ! friction loss to inlets on ris]s #c & #d ! friction loss 9 ! pipe 8bc0 mu/ be add$ to ! above figures4 ,) #ej ft4 ( #c-;94 pipe c>ry+ #bhj cu4 ft4 free air ! friction loss is #j4f 94 :5 ! vacuum 9 ! pipe is #ab 94 & #j4d :5 ! vacuum 9 ! pipe is #h 94 ,! total loss ( vacuum to inlets on ris]s #c & #d w be #b4ia 94 if #a-;94 hose is us$ & #a4ie 94 if #a-;94 hose is us$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! total loss f inlet to vacuum produc] is approximately equal to ! maximum v>iation ( vacuum p]mitt$ at sweep] outlets :5 #a-;94 hose is us$1 b is great] ?an :5 #a-;94 hose is us$4 ,h[ev]1 x is ! v>iation 9 vacuum at ! hose cock f>!/ f & t ne>e/ to ! vacuum produc] t fixes ! maximum v>iation all[able4 ,9 ?is case x w be ! diff]5ce 9 vacuum betwe5 an inlet on ris] #a or #b & a simil> inlet on ris] #c or #d4 ,! diff]5ce 9 vacuum at ! bases ( ^! ris]s w be ! friction loss 9 ! pipe 8bc10 & ! total diff]5ce 9 friction 9 ! ris]s w occur :5 "o sweep] is atta*$ to ! l[e/ inlet on "o ris]1 & "o sweep] on ! eigh? & "o on ! sev5? floor on ! o!r ris]4 ,! friction loss 9 ! ris] hav+ ! two sweep]s atta*$ to its upp] inlets w be3 #ae ft4 ( #b-;94 pipe f sev5? to eigh? floors1 #gj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute1 or #j4jea 94 ) a d5sity equival5t to #f-;94 vacuum1 & #j4jge 94 ) a d5sity equival5t to #aj-;94 vacuum4 #he ft4 ( #b-;94 pipe f fir/ to sev5? floors1 #adj cu4 ft4 free air p] m9ute1 or #j4be 94 ) a d5sity equival5t to #f-;94 vacuum1 & #j4db 94 ) a d5sity equival5t to #aj-;94 vacuum4 ,! total diff]5ce 9 vacuum at ! hose cocks w be3 #j4jea #j4be #j4d #j4g 94 ) #f-;94 vacuum at ! hose cock4 #j4jge #j4db #j4f #a4ae 94 ) #aj-;94 vacuum at ! hose cock4 ,ei!r ( ^! values are well )9 ! maximum v>iation4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t :5 ! vacuum produc] _c be c5trally locat$ t a pip+ sy/em :i* w give ! mo/ ne>ly equal l5g? ( pipe to ea* ris] w yield ! be/ results4 ,a vacuum clean+ sy/em = s]v+ a pass5g] c> /orage y>d w be/ illu/rate ! effect ( long l9es ( pip+4 ,a typical y>d hav+ #h tracks1 ea* ( suffici5t l5g? to accommodate #aj c>s1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc4 ,! vacuum produc] 9 ?is case is locat$ at ! side ( ! y>d at "o end1 :i* is n an unusual condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,,vacuum ,,clean+ ,,lay\t ,,= ,a ,,pass5g] ,,c> ,,/orage ,,y>d4 ,! capacity ( ?is y>d w be #hj c>s :i* mu/ g5]ally be clean$ betwe5 ! h\rs ( midnight & #f ,a4 ,m41 or a p]iod ( #f h\rs = clean+4 ,x w require "o op]ator approximately #bj m9utes to ?or\ghly clean ! floor ( "o c>1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty 9 gett+ "u & ar\nd ! seat legs4 ,9 addition to ?is1 x is also necess>y to clean ! uphol/]y ( ! seats & _! backs1 :i* w require approximately #be m9utes m or #de m9utes = "o op]ator to ?or\ghly clean "o c>4 ,!re=e1 "o op]ator c clean #h c>s dur+ ! clean+ p]iod & a t5-sweep] plant w be necess>y to s]ve ! y>d4 ,"o lat]al clean+ pipe mu/ be run betwe5 e pair ( tracks or f\r lat]als 9 all to prop]ly rea* all c>s )\t runn+ ! hose across tracks :]e x might be cut 9 two by ! %ift+ ( tra9s4 ,outlets %\ld be spac$ two c> l5g?s ap>t 9 ord] to br+ an outlet opposite ! end ( e second c>4 ,?is w make x possible to br+ ! hose 9 ?r\gh ! end ( ! c> at ! door op5+ & clean ! entire c> f "o end :i* c be done by us+ #ajj ft4 ( hose4 ,! use ( d\ble ! numb] ( outlets & #ej ft4 ( hose w\ld require two atta*m5ts ( ! hose to clean "o c> result+ 9 a loss ( "t 9 clean+ & is n recomm5d$4 ,9 ?is case1 #ajj ft4 ( hose w\ld be ! %orte/ l5g? t w\ld be likely to be us$ & #fj cu4 ft4 ( free air w\ld be ! maximum to be all[$ = :5 us+ #a-;94 hose4 ,! simple/ lay\t = a pip+ sy/em to s]ve ?is y>d w\ld be t %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc4 ,:5 ! entire y>d is fill$ ) c>s & ! entire =ce ( t5 op]ators is />t$ to clean !m x w\ld be possible to s divide !m t n ov] ?ree op]ators w\ld be work+ on any "o lat]al & ?is condition w be assum$ to exi/4 ,! maximum size = ! lat]als betwe5 ! tracks w be t = ?ree sweep]s1 or #c 941 & x w n be safe to use ?is size beyond ! second inlet f ! manifold1 f :i* po9t to ! end ( ! lat]al x mu/ be made #b 941 ! maximum size = ei!r "o or two sweep]s4 ,! total loss ( pressure due to friction f ! inlet at x 7,fig4 #fc7 to ! sep>ator c be readily calculat$ f ! *>t 7,fig4 #ef7 z foll[s3 ,,table #bj4 ,,pressure ,,losses ,,f ,,inlet ,,to ,,sep>ator ,,9 ,,sy/em ,,= ,,clean+ ,,railroad ,,c>s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,av]age ,friction ,f9al ,cubic ,ft4,equival5t ,size ( ,vacuum1 ,loss1 ,vacuum1 ,section ,free ,air ,l5g?1 ,pipe1 ,ins4 ,ins4 ,ins4 ( ,pipe4 p] m94 feet4 ,94 ,diam4,m]cury4,m]cury4,m]cury4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- x--#e #fj #aej #b #f #j4ce #f4ce #e--d #abj #adj #b #g #a4ce #g4gj #d--b #ahj #bhj #b #aa #g4j #ad4gj #b--w #ahj #aij #c #af #d4j #ah4gj w--u #cfj #bj #e #ai #j4i #ai4fj u--s #dhj #bj #f #bj #j4e #bj4aj s--sep #fjj #bj #f #bj #j4d #bj4ej ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,?is loss w be ! maximum t is possible "u any condition z x is comput$ ) ?ree sweep]s work+ on ! ?ree mo/ remote inlets on lat]als 8xy0 & 8vw0 & ) two sweep]s on lat]als 8tu0 & 8rs40 ,! pipes are ! l>ge/ :i* w give a velocity ( #dj ft4 p] second ) ! full load & at ! d5sity :i* w actually exi/ 9 ! pipe l9es ) ! vacuum ma9ta9$ at ! sep>ator ( #bj 94 m]cury 9 all cases1 except ! pipe f 8s0 to sep>ator4 ,!re ! size 0 ma9ta9$ at #f 941 z x 0 n consid]$ advisable to increase ?is on acc\nt ( ! r$uc$ velocity :i* w\ld occur :5 less ?an ! total numb] ( sweep]s might be work+4 ,z b>e floor bru%es w be us$ = clean+ coa*es x is n consid]$ advisable to r$uce ! air quantity bel[ t requir$ by su* r5ovators4 ,h[ev]1 :5 c>pet r5ovators are us$ 9 ,pullman c>s & uphol/]y r5ovators are us$ on ! cu%ions ( bo? coa*es & ,pullmans1 ! air quantity w be r$uc$4 ,?is condition may exi/ at any "t1 also "o ( ^! c>pet or uphol/]y r5ovators may be 9 use on "o ( ! inlets mo/ remote f ! sep>ator at ! same "t t n9e floor bru%es are 9 use on ! rema9+ outlets4 ,9 t case a vacuum at ! sep>ator ( less ?an #bj 94 w\ld result 9 a decrease 9 ! vacuum at ! inlet to :i* ?is r5ovator 0 atta*$4 ,! vacuum at ! sep>ator mu/1 !re=e1 be ma9ta9$ at ! po9t /at$4 ,) su* a vacuum !re w be v>iation 9 ! vacuum at ! hose cocks ( f #f 94 to #bj 94 or sev5 times ! maximum all[able v>iation 9 vacuum at ! hose cocks4 ,if #a-;94 hose be us$1 ! maximum air quantities w be #dj cu4 ft4 p] sweep]4 ,if we />t ) a vacuum at ! inlet 8x0 ( #aj-;94 m]cury1 ! vacuum at ! sep>ator w aga9 be #bj 94 & we n[ h a v>iation ( #aj 94 betwe5 ! ne>e/ & mo/ remote inlet f ! sep>ator1 or five times ! maximum all[$4 ,ei!r ( ^! conditions is practically prohibitive1 due to3 #a4 ,! excessive p[] consumption at ! sep>ator4 #ej ,h4 ,p4 9 case #a-;94 hose is us$1 & #cc ,h4 ,p4 9 case #a-;94 hose is us$4 #b4 ,! excessive capacity ( ! exhau/] 9 ord] to h&le ! air at su* l[ d5sity1 a displacem5t ( #a1hjj cu4 ft4 be+ necess>y 9 case #a-;94 hose is us$ & #a1bjj cu4 ft4 9 case #a-;9 hose is us$4 #c4 ,! great v>iation 9 ! vacuum at ! hose cocks :i* w admit ! passage ( s mu* m air ?r\gh a bru% r5ovator on an outlet close to ! sep>ator z to r5d] useless ! calculations already made1 or ! high vacuum at ! c>pet or uphol/]y r5ovators w\ld r5d] _! op]ation practically impossible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,pip+ ,,recomm5d$ ,,z ,,be/ ,,= ,,pass5g] ,,c> ,,/orage ,,y>d4 ,su* a lay\t mu/ be at once dismiss$ z impractical1 & "s o!r arrangem5t mu/ be adapt$4 ,! arrangem5t ( pip+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd is consid]$ by ! au?or to be ! be/ t c be devis$ = ?is case4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ! vacuum at ! sep>ator mu/ be ma9ta9$ at #aa4ej 94 m]cury to insure a vacuum ( #f 94 m]cury at ! outlet 8x0 "u ! mo/ unfavorable conditions1 & ! maximum v>iation 9 vacuum at ! inlets w be #c4de 94 m]cury :5 #a-;94 hose is us$4 ,?is w give a maximum vacuum "u a c>pet r5ovator ( #g 94 m]cury ) #cg cu4 ft4 ( air pass+ & w p]mit #gj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute to pass a bru% r5ovator :5 op]at+ ) #ajj ft4 ( hose atta*$ to ! inlet at :i* ! highe/ vacuum is ma9ta9$4 ,bo? ( ^! conditions w p]mit satisfactory op]ation & ! increas$ air quantities w n s]i\sly affect ! calculations already made4 ,! maximum horse p[] requir$ at ! sep>ator w n[ be #bj4e z aga9/ ov] #ej 9 ! case ( ! pip+ arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc1 & w require an exhau/] hav+ a displacem5t ( #iej cu4 ft4 in/ead ( #a1hjj cu4 ft4 requir$ ) ! =m] lay\t4 ,if #a-;94 hose is us$ & #aj 94 m]cury ma9ta9$ at ! outlet 8x0 "u ! same conditions z be=e1 ! vacuum at ! sep>ator w be #ad4ej 94 & ! maximum v>iation 9 ! vacuum at ! inlets w be #c 941 :i* w give a maximum vacuum "u a c>pet r5ovator ( #f 94 m]cury ) #cb cu4 ft4 ( air pass+ & w p]mit ! passage ( #de cu4 ft4 ( free air ?r\gh a bru% r5ovator :5 op]at$ at ! end ( #ajj ft4 ( hose atta*$ to ! outlet at :i* ! highe/ vacuum is ma9ta9$4 ,?is is a m uni=m result1 ?an 0 not$ :5 #a-;94 hose 0 us$4 ,! maximum horse p[] :i* w be requir$ at ! sep>ator w n[ be #ah4f & ! maximum displacem5t 9 ! exhau/] w be #gdj cu4 ft4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t1 :]e v long runs ( pip+ are necess>y & :]e #ajj ft4 ( hose w always be necess>y1 ! use ( #a-;94 hose w require less p[] & a small] displacem5t exhau/] ?an w\ld be requir$ ) #a-;94 hose1 )\t affect+ ! effici5cy ( ! clean+ op]ations1 & at ! same "t r5d]+ ! op]ation ( ! r5ovators on extreme ends ( ! sy/em m uni=m4 ,! example cit$ 9 ,figs4 #fc & #fd is n by any means an extreme case to be met 9 clean+ sy/ems = c> y>ds1 & ! l>g] ! sy/em ! great] w be ! economy obta9$ ) #a-;94 hose4 ,su* conditions1 h[ev]1 are conf9$ almo/ entirely to lay\ts ( ?is "* & w seldom be met 9 lay\ts )9 any s+le build+4 ,?is is =tunate1 z ! tra9 clean+ is practically ! only place :]e ! use ( #ajj ft4 ( hose c be assur$ at all times4 ,v tall build+s (f] a simil> condition al?\gh ! lat]als are n[ v]tical & c be kept l>ge en\gh to suffici5tly r$uce ! friction )\t dang] ( deposit ( dirt 9 !m1 & ! horizontal bran*es w be %ort & also l>ge en\gh to keep ! friction )9 reasonable limits )\t dang] ( deposit ( du/4 ,:]e l>ge areas )9 "o or a gr\p ( build+s mu/ be s]v$ by "o clean+ sy/em1 bett] results c (t5 be obta9$ by in/all+ ! du/ sep>ator at or ne> ! c5t] ( ! sy/em ( ris]s in/ead ( close to ! vacuum produc]1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #fe4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! pipe lead+ f ! sep>ator to ! vacuum produc] c>ries only clean air & c be made z l>ge z desir$ & ! friction loss r$uc$1 result+ 9 a consid]able r$uction 9 ! p[] requir$ to op]ate ! sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,,good ,,location ,,= ,,du/ ,,sep>ator ,,:]e ,,l>ge ,,areas ,,are ,,s]v$ ,,by ,,"o ,,clean+ ,,sy/em4 ,:]e ! sy/em becomes /ill l>g]1 two or m sep>ators locat$ at c5t]s ( gr\ps ( ris]s c be us$ & clean air pipes ( any desir$ size run to ! vacuum produc] 7,fig4 #ff74 ,:5 m ?an "o sep>ator is us$ c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 proportion+ ! pipe l9es f ! sep>ators to ! vacuum produc] s z to h ! friction loss f ! vacuum produc] to ea* sep>ator ! same 9 ord] to give uni=m results at all inlets4 ,?is loss %\ld also be kept z l[ z possible 9 ord] to prev5t a high vacuum 9 a sep>ator s]v+ a portion ( ! sy/em on :i* few sweep]s are 9 op]ation4 ,if l[ friction losses 9 ! clean air pipe w require l>g] pipes ?an x is practical or economical to in/all1 pressure r$uc+ valves might be locat$ 9 ! clean air pipes ne> ! sep>ators to s regulate ! vacuum at ! sep>ators & insure uni=m results4 ,a sy/em ( ?is k9d might s]ve sev]al premises & ! air us$ by ea* be met]$ & ! s]vice sold mu* ! same z heat & electricity4 ,h[ev]1 ! p[] requir$ to op]ate ! sy/em w\ld be great] ?an t ne$$ to op]ate a simil> numb] ( sweep]s by individual plants ow+ to ! high] vacuum requir$ to ov]come ! friction 9 ! trunk ma9s4 ,?is w\ld be (fset by ! use ( l>g] units & ! possibility ( op]at+ !m at full load at ne>ly all times4 ,a sy/em ( ?is k9d 0 contemplat$ 9 ,milwaukee "s sev5 ye>s ago1 b 0 nev] in/all$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,,location ,,( ,,sep>ators ,,at ,,c5t]s ,,( ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,ris]s ,,= ,,l>ge ,,sy/ems4 ,! "q ( pipe friction 9 connection ) ! design ( vacuum clean+ sy/ems requires c>eful consid]ation1 mu* m ?an x ev] receiv$ 9 ! e>ly days ( ! art & a great deal m ?an x sometimes receives at ! pres5t "t4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,sep>ators4 ,! appliances :i* remove ! du/ f ! air curr5t :i* has c>ri$ x ?r\gh ! hose & pipe l9es1 9 ord] to prev5t damage to ! vacuum produc]1 play an important "p 9 ! make-up ( a vacuum clean+ sy/em4 ,classification ( ,sep>ators4--,sep>ators may be divid$ into two classes accord+ to _! use3 #a4 ,p>tial sep>ators1 :i* mu/ be us$ 9 conjunction ) ano!r sep>ator 9 ord] to effect a complete removal ( ! du/ f ! air4 ,^! sep>ators are aga9 divid$ into two sub-classes1 i4 e41 prim>y1 or ^? remov+ ! heavy p>ticles ( du/ & dirt only1 & second>y1 or ^? remov+ ! f9] p>ticles ( dirt :i* h pass$ ?r\gh ! prim>y sep>ator4 #b4 ,complete sep>ators1 or ^? 9 :i* ! removal ( bo? ! heavy & ! f9] p>ticles ( du/ is effect$ 9 a s+le sep>ator4 ,sep>ators may also be classifi$1 accord+ to ! me?od employ$ 9 effect+ ! sep>ation1 into dry sep>ators 9 :i* all op]ations are effect$ )\t ! use ( liquid1 & wet sep>ators 9 :i* wat] is employ$ 9 ! removal ( ! du/4 ,prim>y ,sep>ators4--,prim>y sep>ators are ne>ly always op]at$ z dry sep>ators & dep5d l>gely on c5trifugal =ce to effect ! sep>ation4 ,! fir/ type ( prim>y sep>ator us$ by ! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fg4 ,?is consi/s ( a cyl9drical tank1 ) hopp] bottom1 conta9+ an inn] cyl9d] fix$ to ! top head4 ,! du/-lad5 air ent]s ! out] cyl9d] ne> ! top on a tang5t to ! cyl9d]4 ,! c5trifugal action set up by ! air /rik+ ! curv$ surface ( ! out] cyl9d] t5ds to keep ! heavy dirt ne> ! outside ( same1 & z x falls t[>ds ! bottom ! velocity is r$uc$ & its ability to c>ry ! du/ is lo/4 ,:5 ! air passes bel[ ! inn] cyl9d] ! velocity is almo/ entirely de/roy$ & all b ! v lighte/ ( ! du/ p>ticles fall to ! bottom1 :ile ! air & ! light du/ p>ticles f9d _! way out ( ! sep>ator ?r\gh ! op5+ 9 ! c5t] at ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,e>ly ,,type ,,( ,,prim>y ,,sep>ator ,,us$ ,,by ,,vacuum ,,clean] ,,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,,prim>y ,,sep>ator ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,sanit>y ,,devices ,,manufactur+ ,,company4 ,! prim>y sep>ator us$ by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fh4 ,! inn] c5trifugal cyl9d] is omitt$ & ! air ent]s ?r\gh an elb[ 9 ! top ( ! sep>ator1 ne> its out] extremity1 :i* is turn$ at su* an angle t ! air is giv5 a :irl+ motion result+ 9 ! du/ be+ sep>at$ mu* ! same z 9 ! case ( ! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company's app>atus4 ,ei!r ( ^! sep>ators w remove f #ie to #ih ( ! dirt t ord9>ily comes to !m ?r\gh ! pipe l9es & are ab\t equally effici5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,,prim>y ,,sep>ator ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,g5]al ,,compress$ ,,air ,,& ,,vacuum ,,clean+ ,,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,,prim>y ,,sep>ator ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,blaisdell ,,eng9e]+ ,,company4 ,! sep>ator illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fi 0 us$ by ! ,g5]al ,compress$ ,air & ,vacuum ,clean+ ,company4 ,! ent]+ air is l$ to ! c5t] ne> ! bottom & is !n releas$ ?r\gh two bran*es curv$ to give ! air a :irl+ motion4 ,! clean air is remov$ f ! c5t] ( ! sep>ator ne> ! top4 ,?is sep>ator is n z effective 9 its removal ( dirt z ei!r ( ! =m] types1 ow+ to ! ent]+ air be+ introduc$ ne> ! bottom4 ,?is t5ds to keep ! air & ! du/ 9 ! bottom ( ! sep>ator cont9ually /irr$ up1 also ! curv$ inlets give ! air m ( a radial ?an a tang5tial motion & !re is less sep>ation due to c5trifugal action4 ,! sep>ator illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gj is made by ! ,blaisdell ,eng9e]+ ,company4 ,9 ?is sep>ator ! inn] c5trifugal cyl9d] ( ! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company's sep>ator is replac$ by a spiral ext5d+ ne>ly to ! outlet 9 ! c5t] ( ! top4 ,?is arrangem5t t5ds to prev5t ! r$uction 9 ! air velocity & to limit its effectiv5ess 9 ! removal ( du/4 ,sep>ators simil> to ! ,sanit>y sep>ator h be5 manufactur$ by _m firms produc+ vacuum clean+ sy/ems4 ,^! all diff] some:at 9 details ( con/ruction b ! pr9ciple involv$1 i4 e41 c5trifugal =ce & r$uction 9 air velocity1 is ! same 9 all cases4 ,) vacuum produc]s 9 :i* !re are no close cle>ances or rubb+ contacts1 ^! are ! only sep>ators us$4 ,! f9] p>ticles ( du/ pass+ ^! sep>ators are c>ri$ h>mlessly ?r\gh ! vacuum produc] & ?r\gh ! exhau/ to ! out] atmosph]e or to ! *imney or o!r flue :]e !y are effectively /]iliz$4 ,second>y ,sep>ators4--,) vacuum produc]s hav+ close cle>ances or rubb+ p>ts 9 contact ) ea* o!r & ! air exhau/$1 fur!r sep>ation ( ! f9] du/ p>ticles is necess>y4 ,to accompli% ?is1 second>y sep>ators are us$4 ,all ( ! e>ly sy/ems us$ a wet sep>ator z a second>y sep>ator4 ,t us$ by ! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ga4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9drical tank p>tially fill$ ) wat]1 ) a diaphragm p]=at$ 9 ! c5tral portion & fix$ 9 place bel[ ! wat] l9e1 & an inv]t$ fru/rum ( a cone plac$ j above ! wat] l9e4 ,! air ent]s ! sep>ator bel[ ! wat] l9e & passes up ?r\gh ! wat] 9 ! =m ( small bubbles :i* are brok5 up into /ill small] bubbles on pass+ ?r\gh ! p]=ations 9 ! diaphragm4 ,?is action is v ess5tial to ! ?or\gh cleans+ ( ! air1 z l>ge bubbles ( air may conta9 entrapp$ du/ :i* w pass ?r\gh ! wat] & out into ! vacuum produc]4 ,! inv]t$ fru/rum ( a cone is int5d$ to prev5t any entra9$ wat] pass+ out ( ! sep>ator ) ! air4 ,?is sep>ator has always giv5 satisfactory results :5 us$ 9 connection ) reciprocat+ pumps4 ,! sep>ator illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gb 0 manufactur$ by ! ,g5]al ,compress$ ,air & ,vacuum ,clean+ ,company4 ,! air ent]s ! sep>ator ?r\gh ! pipe curv$ d[nw>d & escapes at ! c5t] bel[ ! wat] l9e4 ,x !n rises 9 ! =m ( bubbles & mo/ ( x /rikes ! "u side ( ! ribb$ alum9um disc 8a10 :i* is int5d$ to float on ! surface ( ! wat]1 & passes along ! ribb$ "u surface ( ?is disc1 escap+ into ! upp] "p ( ! sep>ator ar\nd ! edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,,second>y ,,sep>ator ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,vacuum ,,clean] ,,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,,second>y ,,sep>ator ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,g5]al ,,compress$ ,,air ,,& ,,vacuum ,,clean+ ,,company4 ,! clean air passes out ( ! top ( ! sep>ator to ! vacuum produc]4 ,! successful op]ation ( ?is sep>ator is dep5d5t on ! fre$om ( motion ( ! disc 8a10 :i* w always keep x on ! surface ( ! wat]1 & on all ( ! air pass+ up ?r\gh ! wat] "u ! disc4 ,%\ld ! disc become caught on ! support+ pipe ! viol5t agitation ( ! wat]1 :i* occurs :5 ! sy/em is 9 op]ation1 w cause ! disc to be left high & dry above ! wat] at times1 & subm]g$ at o!r times4 ,:5 ?is disc is above ! wat] l9e x w n break up any ( ! l>ge bubbles4 ,also1 :5 !re is a l>ge quantity ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! sep>ator1 !re is great likelihood t consid]able ( ! air bubbles w pass up ?r\gh ! wat] entirely outside ( ! disc & ^! bubbles w n be brok5 up4 ,?is sep>ator has giv5 some:at unsatisfactory results 9 "s in/allations te/$ by ! au?or4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,,second>y ,,sep>ator ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,sanit>y ,,devices ,,manufactur+ ,,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,type ,,( ,,dry ,,sep>ator ,,us$ ,,z ,,second>y ,,sep>ator4 ,! sep>ator us$ by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company diff]s f ^? already describ$ 9 t ! air & wat] are mix$ be=e !y ent] ! sep>ator & ! air comes into ! sep>ator above ! wat] l9e4 ,! air ent]s ! pipe 8a0 7,fig4 #gc7 & passes to ! aspirator 8b10 :i* is connect$ to ! sep>ator by ! pipe 8d0 bel[ ! wat] l9e & ! pipe 8e0 above ! wat] l9e4 ,! excess ( vacuum 9 ! sep>ator draws ! wat] out ( ! aspirator & its pipe connections until ! wat] l9e 9 ?is pipe is l[]$ bel[ ! top ( ! horizontal portion ( ! pip+1 :5 ! air bubbles up ?r\gh ! demon/rator glass 8c0 & passes into ! sep>ator ?r\gh ! pipe 8e40 ,! fill+ ( ! v]tical pipe lead+ to 8c0 ) air causes ! /atic head ( ! wat] 9 ! sep>ator to produce a fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh ! pipe 8d0 into ! aspirator 8b40 ,?is is =m$ 9 ! %ape ( a nozzle & ! wat] ent]s 9 ! =m ( a spray & ?or\ghly mixes ) ! air4 ,! cleans+ action ( ?is wat] spray has be5 f\nd to be v effective 9 removal ( all f9e du/ & ?is sep>ator has be5 f\nd to be ! mo/ effective wet sep>ator ev] produc$4 ,:ile ! wet sep>ator :5 prop]ly design$ w effectively remove ! f9e/ ( du/1 greasy soot w n emulsify ) ! wat] & its removal is practically impossible4 ,=tunately1 ?is =m ( mat]ial 9 ! f9ely-divid$ condition 9 :i* x passes ! prim>y sep>ator is n gritty & does n produce injuri\s effect on ! vacuum produc]4 ,! wet sep>ator is also at a disadvantage 9 t !re is a loss ( vacuum 9 pass+ ?r\gh same equal to ! head ( wat] t is c>ri$ betwe5 ! inlet & ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,?is g5]ally am\nts to ne>ly #b 94 m]cury4 ,means mu/ be provid$ to obs]ve ! height ( ! wat] 9 ! wet sep>ator4 ,= ?is purpose a glass w9d[ 9 ! side ( ! sep>ator has be5 f\nd to be ! mo/ effective4 ,! use ( an ord9>y gauge glass su* z is us$ on boil]s has be5 tri$1 b x has be5 f\nd t !y readily become s cl\d$ by ! action ( ! muddy wat] z to r5d] !m useless :ile ! con/ant agitation ( ! wat] aga9/ ! w9d[ :5 ! sy/em is 9 op]ation t5ds to keep ! glass clean4 ,dry sep>ators h be5 us$ = second>y sep>ators to a limit$ ext5t4 ,all ( ^! conta9$ a bag made ( canvas or "s o!r fabric4 ,! sep>ator illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gd conta9s a bag made ( drill+ :i* is slightly small] ?an ! inn] diamet] ( ! cyl9drical cas+ ( ! sep>ator4 ,! air ent]s ! inside ( ! bag1 inflat+ x1 & passes ?r\gh ! bag & out ?r\gh ! op5+ 9 "o side ( ! cas+4 ,a wire gu>d is plac$ ov] ?is op5+ to prev5t ! bag be+ drawn aga9/ ! op5+ & ?us r5d]+ only a small portion ( x effective4 ,^! bags (f] v little resi/ance to ! passage ( ! air :5 !y are clean b !y soon become fill$ ) du/ & produce an increas$ resi/ance :i*1 if neglect$1 may result 9 s great a diff]5ce 9 pressure z to h9d] ! action ( ! sy/em & result 9 ! rupture ( ! bag1 lett+ ! du/ into ! vacuum produc]4 ,"s tr\ble has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 f9d+ a suitable mat]ial ?r\gh :i* ! du/ w n pass4 ,hu% clo?1 su* z us$ on d9+ tables1 has be5 f\nd to be ! be/ mat]ial = ?is purpose4 ,bett] results are obta9$ by pass+ ! air f ! outside ( ! bag t[>ds ! inside ?an :5 ! air is pass$ z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #gd4 ,:5 ?is arrangem5t is adopt$1 x is necess>y to /ret* ! bag ov] a metal scre5 or frame 9 ord] to prev5t collapse4 ,complete ,sep>ators4--,complete sep>ators are ( two classes1 i4 e41 dry & wet4 ,! fir/ complete sep>ator t ! au?or has k ( 0 us$ by ! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company1 9 ! =m ( a cyl9drical tank & conta9$ c5trifugal cyl9d] & also a p]=at$ plate4 ,x 0 practically a comb9ation ( ! sep>ators indicat$ 9 ,figs4 #fg & #ga4 ,?is sep>ator 0 in/all$ 9 connection ) a small rot>y pump & m\nt$ on a truck4 ,x work$ v well until x became fill$ ) dirt :51 9 "o case1 ! entire cont5ts 7 eject$ into an ap>tm5t 9 :i* x 0 be+ us$4 ,?is sep>ator 0 !n rebuilt 9 ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #ge1 ! bag be+ made ( hu% clo? /ret*$ ov] a wire scre54 ,! air ent]s ! cyl9d] tang5tially & mu* ( ! sep>ation is accompli%$ by c5trifugal =ce1 ! rema9d] ( ! du/ be+ remov$ z ! air passes ?r\gh ! bag4 ,?is sep>ator 0 successfully us$ z long z ?is company cont9u$ to manufacture su* app>atus4 ,ano!r =m ( complete sep>ator q simil> to t above describ$ has rec5tly be5 br\ght out by ! ,electric ,r5ovator ,manufactur+ ,company & is %[n 9 section 9 ,fig4 #gf4 ,! air ent]s ?is sep>ator tang5tially bel[ ! l9e ( ! du/ bag1 :i* is made ( musl9 fold$ back & =w>d ov] a set ( conc5tric cyl9d]s ?us giv+ a l>ge area = ! passage ( ! air4 ,be+ entirely above ! l9e ( ! ent]+ air1 none ( ! heavy dirt /rikes ! bag & :at dirt is caught on ! bag is on ! l[] side ( same & is %ak5 (f e "t ! bag is agitat$4 ,?is agitation occurs e "t !re is any *ange 9 ! volume ( air pass+ ! sep>ator1 & :5 ^! sep>ators are us$ 9 connection ) fan type ( exhau/]s !re is a con/ant surg+ :5ev] ! exhau/] is op]at$ ) a small volume ( air pass+4 ,?is t5ds to keep ! bag clean automatically4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,,=m ,,( ,,complete ,,sep>ator ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,vacuum ,,clean] ,,company4 ,! sep>ator illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gg is manufactur$ by ! ,am]ican ,radiator ,company4 ,! air ent]s ?is app>atus ?r\gh ! pipe 9 ! c5t] & passes directly d[n to ! bottom1 ! velocity be+ gradually r$uc$ due to ! expansion ( ! air z x passes d[n ! cone-%ap$ inlet1 ! heavy dirt fall+ to ! bottom4 ,! air !n passes up along ! inn] surface ( ! cyl9drical %ell & !nce ?r\gh ! bag1 :i* is /ret*$ ov] a scre51 to ! outlet4 ,9 ?is sep>ator we see ! fir/ case 9 :i* c5trifugal action is n utiliz$ 9 sep>at+ ! heavy du/1 ! mak]s evid5tly consid]+ ! r$uction ( air velocity & ! action ( gravitation to be ample4 ,?is bag is arrang$ to p]mit ! air passage f ! outside t[>ds ! inside & x is tap]$ to all[ ! dirt to fall (f4 ,! vacuum gauge is connect$ to ! inn] & out] sides ( ! bag by means ( a ?ree-way cock to p]mit ( measur+ ! diff]5ce 9 vacuum betwe5 ! inside & outside ( ! bag to det]m9e :5 ! bag is 9 ne$ ( clean+1 :i* is accompli%$ by a rev]sal ( ! air curr5t ?r\gh ! bag4 ,?is is q necess>y 9 ord] to keep ! sep>ator always 9 an effici5t condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,,complete ,,sep>ator ,,br\ght ,,out ,,by ,,! ,,electric ,,r5ovator ,,manufactur+ ,,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,,complete ,,sep>ator ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,am]ican ,,radiator ,,company4 ,a sep>ator 0 devis$ by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company 9 :i* ! bag 0 held ext5d$ by a wire r+ hav+ a weight$ rod pass+ out ?r\gh ! top ( ! sep>ator atta*$ !reto4 ,:5 ! bag became clogg$ ! diff]5ce 9 pressure on ! two sides w\ld result 9 a t5d5cy ( ! bag to collapse & ! rod w\ld be rais$ up out ( ! sep>ator1 indicat+ t clean+ 0 necess>y1 :i* c\ld be easily accompli%$ by draw+ ! rod up & d[n a few times ?us %ak+ ! du/ (f ! bag4 ,?is sep>ator nev] came into g5]al use1 al?\gh its arrangem5t 0 +5i\s & %\ld h be5 easy to op]ate4 ,! great difficulty ) all bags :i* mu/ be clean$ p]iodically is t !y are almo/ univ]sally neglect$ ev5 :5 !re is a visual indicator to %[ ! accumulation ( dirt1 & :5 x becomes necess>y to manipulate a ?ree-way cock 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :5 ?is clean+ mu/ be done x w seldom if ev] be att5d$ to4 ,a bag t w clean itself1 su* z ! ,capitol ,inv9cible1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gf4 ,! sep>ator us$ by "o manufactur] consi/s ( a simple cyl9drical tank into :i* ! air is bl[n tang5tially1 ) a scre5 ne> ! top1 ! :ole =m+ a base = ! vacuum produc]4 ,?is sep>ator does n remove any b ! heavie/ dirt & is suitable = use only ) a vacuum produc] hav+ v l>ge cle>ances & 9 locations :]e ! dis*>ge ( consid]able dirt into ! atmosph]e is n objectionable4 ,total ,wet ,sep>ator4--,! only total wet sep>ator :i* is 9 comm]cial use is manufactur$ by ! ,am]ican ,rot>y ,valve ,company4 ,?is sep>ator is conta9$ 9 ! base ( ! vacuum produc] & is provid$ ) a scre5 ne> ! po9t ( entrance ( ! du/-lad5 air1 :i* scre5 is clean$ by a me*anically-driv5 bri/le bru%4 ,:5 ! wat] 9 ! sep>ator becomes f\l1 ! cont5ts ( ! sep>ator are dis*>g$ direct to ! sew] by means ( compress$ air4 ,if ?is sep>ator receives prop] att5tion x makes ! mo/ sanit>y arrangem5t t has be5 introduc$ 9 ! vacuum clean+ l9e to date4 ,h[ev]1 ! sep>ator %\ld be empti$ at frequ5t int]vals or ! volume ( solid matt] conta9$ 9 ! same w become s great t !re w n be en\gh wat] pres5t to flu% ! sew] & /oppage is likely4 ,^! sep>ators are (t5 neglect$ until ! cont5ts become ( ! consi/5cy ( mort> or molasses :i* is n a fit sub/ance to dis*>ge into a sew]age sy/em4 ,!re is /ill ano!r =m ( app>atus us$ 9 connection ) vacuum clean+ sy/ems :i* %\ld be call$ an emulsifi] r ?an a sep>ator4 ,t is ! type us$ ) ! ,rotrex & ! ,palm sy/ems4 ,! du/ is mix$ ) wat] :5 x fir/ ent]s ! pump *amb]1 a scre5 be+ us$ to remove ! l9t & l>g] p>ticles ( dirt & !n ! mud produc$ by ! comb9ation ( ! du/ & wat] is pass$ ?r\gh ! pump along ) ! air4 ,! air & muddy wat] are sep>at$ on ! dis*>ge side ( ! vacuum produc]4 ,9 _m cases :]e ! exhau/ pipe is long1 !re is consid]able back pressure on ! dis*>ge :i* is (t5 suffici5t to =ce ! seals 9 traps on ! sew]age sy/em1 all[+ sew] gas to be dis*>g$ into ! build+ 9 :i* ! clean+ sy/em is in/all$4 ,no means are provid$ = automatically clean+ ! scre5 us$ 9 ^! appliances & ! au?or kn[s ( cases :]e ! scre5 has become s completely clogg$ ) l9t t its removal f ! ma*9e 0 necess>y 9 ord] to r5d] ! op]ation ( ! clean+ tools possible4 ,:5 dry sep>ators are us$1 ! manual removal ( ! dry dirt accumulat$ is necess>y & is an objectionable z well z unsanit>y op]ation4 ,! au?or consid]s t ! ideal arrangem5t ( sep>ator w\ld be "o 9 :i* ! dirt c all be emulsifi$ ) wat] & reta9$ 9 ! sep>ator1 only ! air pass+ ?r\gh ! vacuum produc]1 & 9 :i* ! cont5ts ( ! sep>ator w\ld be dis*>g$ automatically to ! sew] :5 ! d5sity ( ?is mixture becomes z heavy z w readily run ?r\gh ! sew]4 ,?is dis*>ge %\ld be ( suffici5t volume to completely fill an ord9>y h\se sew] 9 ord] to insure a ?or\gh flu%+ ( ! dra91 & %\ld be dis*>g$ into ! sew] "u atmosph]ic pressure 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ! =c+ ( wat] seals 9 any ( ! plumb+ fixtures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg;a4 ,,int]ior ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,dunn ,,vacuum ,,clean+ ,,ma*9e4 ,a sep>ator ( ?is type has rec5tly be5 pat5t$ by ,e4 ,d4 ,dunn1 orig9ator ( ! ,dunn ,locke sy/em4 ,x is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gg;a4 ,! action ( ! sep>ator is z foll[s3 ,aft] />t+ ! motor & turn+ on a small quantity ( wat]1 a vacuum is produc$ 9 "o tank & ?r\gh a sy/em ( pip+ to ! clean+ implem5t 9 use4 ,! du/ & dirt collect$ by ! implem5t is saturat$ z x approa*es ! plant & 9 ?is saturat$ condition ent]s ! bottom ( a body ( wat] 9 ! tank4 ,:5 ! accumulat+ dirt & wat] rea* a c]ta9 level a valve is automatically op]at$ :i* closes ! tank's communication ) ! vacuum pump & all[s its cont5ts to fl[ (f to ! sew] by gravity4 ,! me*anism = op]at+ ! valve is r unique & includes a float :i*1 on ris+ ) ! wat]1 makes a positive electrical contact1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,9 ?is illu/ration "o tank is ab\t to dis*>ge & ! o!r tank is ab\t to become op]ative4 ,! electrical contact causes ! core ( ! magnet at ,o to rise1 mak+ ! lev]1 ,k1 turn ov]1 :i* action op5s "o valve & closes ! o!r4 ,9 ?is way ! tanks alt]nately p>tly fill & empty _! collections ( wat] & sweep+s4 ,?is sy/em has n z yet be5 9 comm]cial use = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to insure its successful op]ation1 & ! au?or does n consid] ! pass+ ( dirt & wat] ?r\gh ord9>y *eck valves to be comm]cially possible )\t r5d]+ ^! *ecks inop]ative4 ,*eck valves h be5 us$ :]e p>tial wet & dry sep>ators are op]at$ 9 t&em to prev5t draw+ wat] into ! dry sep>ator1 9 ! ev5t ( ! plant be+ %ut d[n ) all inlets on ! pipe l9e clos$4 ,9 su* a case1 ! leakage ?r\gh ! pump into ! wet sep>ator may raise ! pressure 9 ?is sep>ator fa/] ?an leakage on ! pipe l9e raises ! pressure 9 ! dry sep>ator4 ,?is is accompli%$ by provid+ a small connection betwe5 ! upp] "p ( ! two sep>ators1 fitt$ ) a *eck valve op5+ t[>ds ! dry sep>ator4 ,:5 ! vacuum produc] is 9 op]ation1 ! vacuum 9 ! wet sep>ator is approximately #b 94 great] ?an t 9 ! dry & ! *eck is held clos$4 ,:5 ! vacuum produc] is /opp$ & ! vacuum 9 ! wet sep>ator falls fa/] ?an 9 ! dry sep>ator1 ?is *eck op5s & clean air passes f ! wet to ! dry sep>ator4 ,:5 op]at+ "u ^! conditions1 ! action ( ! *eck valve is satisfactory4 ,h[ev]1 ! au?or has kn[n ( cases :]e ! *eck leak$ & :5 ?is happ5$ ! *eck 0 imm$iately clogg$ by ! du/-lad5 air f ! dry sep>ator4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,vacuum ,,produc]s4 ,! next portion ( ! clean+ sy/em is t :i* produces ! motion ( ! air ?r\gh ! sy/em & t to :i* ! motive p[] is appli$1 namely1 ! vacuum produc]4 ,types ( ,vacuum ,produc]s4--,vacuum produc]s c be divid$ into g5]al classes3 #a4 ,displacem5t type1 9 :i* a con/ant volume ( air is displac$ dur+ ea* complete cycle ( op]ations ( ! ma*9e1 & #b4 ,c5trifugal type1 9 :i* ! volume ( air pass+ ! produc] dur+ ea* complete cycle ( op]ations v>ies ) ! resi/ance to ! passage ( su* air ?r\gh ! sy/em4 ,displacem5t ,type4--,"u ?is head ! pi/on & rot>y pumps are class$1 & !y are subdivid$ accord+ to con/ruction into reciprocat+ & rot>y1 valv$ & valveless1 air cool$ & wat] cool$4 ,c5trifugal ,type4--,"u ?is head ! fan type ( vacuum produc]s are class$4 ,!y may be divid$1 accord+ to con/ruction1 into s+le /age & multi-/age1 horizontal & v]tical4 ,p[] ,requir$ to ,produce ,vacuum4--,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! effici5cy ( ! v>i\s types ( exhau/]s to be discuss$ 9 ?is *apt] x is necess>y to asc]ta9 ! actual p[] necess>y to move "o cubic foot ( free air at any degree ( vacuum4 ,z ne>ly all ma*9es te/$ by ! au?or 7 driv5 by electric motors & ! p[] 01 !re=e1 indicat$ 9 watts1 ! curve ,c-,d 9 ,fig4 #gh %[+ ! actual p[] necess>y to exhau/ "o cubic foot ( free air at ! vacuum not$ 9 ! l[] m>g91 assum+ no cle>ance & adiabatic compression1 is us$ z a basis = calculation ( effici5cy4 ,?is %[s t to produce a vacuum ( #h 94 m]cury !re w be requir$ an exp5diture ( #af watts = ea* cubic foot ( free air exhau/$1 & to produce a vacuum ( #ab 94 m]cury w require an exp5diture ( #bg watts4 ,if ^! quantities be divid$ by ! effici5cy ( ! ma*9e ! actual p[] requir$ w be det]m9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,,p[] ,,consumption ,,& ,,effici5cy ,,( ,,air ,,compressor ,,us$ ,,z ,a ,,vacuum ,,pump4 ,reciprocat+ ,pumps4--,! reciprocat+ pump 0 us$ on ! majority ( ! e>li] vacuum clean+ sy/ems4 ,! mo/ common =m 9 e>ly use 0 a comm]cial air compressor :i* 0 us$ z a vacuum pump )\t any *ange 9 its con/ruction4 ,x 0 usually fitt$ ) me*anically-op]at$ induction & poppet type ( eduction valves ( heavy patt]n1 fitt$ ) cu%ions ( ! da% pot pr9ciple1 ! same z are us$ on air compressors work+ aga9/ t]m9al pressures z high z #ajj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 wat] jacket$ to remove ! heat ( high compression4 ,! valves 9 ^! compressors 7 heavy & requir$ consid]able pressure to op5 !m & ! friction ( ! valve ge> & o!r mov+ p>ts1 :i* 7 made heavy en\gh to )/& ! /ra9s ( high compression1 0 excessively high = a ma*9e :]e ! compression did n exce$ #h or #i lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,_! effici5cy1 !re=e1 is l[] "u actual op]at+ conditions ?an if !y 7 work+ aga9/ pressures = :i* !y 7 design$4 ,a curve ( ! p[] consumption ( a #ad-;94 #h-;94 ,clayton compressor is %[n on ,fig4 #gh1 ! abscissae be+ ! vacuum 9 in*es ( m]cury & ! ord9ates ( curve 8,,ab0 ! watts requir$ to exhau/ "o cubic foot ( free air4 ,curve 8cd0 repres5ts ! !oretical watts requir$ to d ! same "w4 ,^! compressors 7 us$ 9 connection ) sy/ems op]at+ ) #a-;94 hose & ! vacuum usually c>ri$ 0 #ae 94 m]cury4 ,!y require approximately #gg watts p] cubic foot ( free air at ?is vacuum & ! effici5cy1 %[n 9 curve 8ce0 7,fig4 #gh7 is #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,,modification ,,( ,,reciprocat+ ,,pump ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,sanit>y ,,devices ,,manufactur+ ,,company4 ,7 ?is compressor us$ 9 connection ) a sy/em op]at+ ?r\gh #a-;94 hose & a vacuum ( #h 94 m]cury ma9ta9$1 ! effici5cy w\ld drop to #ca4 ,a modification ( ! reciprocat+ pump 0 manufactur$ by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company 9 :i* light-weight poppet valves plac$ 9 ! heads ( ! cyl9d] 7 us$1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #gi4 ,curves ( ! watts p] cubic foot & effici5cy ( ?is type ( compressor are %[n 9 ,fig4 #hj4 ,x w be not$ t ?is compressor %[s a bett] effici5cy ?an ! air compressor at all degrees ( vacuum & x is ! be/ reciprocat+ pump t ! writ] has ev] te/$4 ,?is pump 0 made = sev]al ye>s )\t wat] jacket & no tr\ble 0 ev] exp]i5c$ ) ov]heat+4 ,h[ev]1 ow+ to ! comm]cial air compressors be+ jacket$1 ! mak]s us+ same made ?is a talk+ po9t & ?is company 0 oblig$ to jacket its pumps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,,p[] ,,consumption ,,& ,,effici5cy ,,( ,,modifi$ ,,reciprocat+ ,,pump4 ,! ,vacuum ,clean] ,company us$ a ,clayton pump on its small] plants :i* 0 fitt$ ) a semi-rot>y valve 9 ea* end s]v+ z an induction & eduction valve1 :ile ! heavy poppet eduction valve ( ! air compressor 0 disp5s$ )4 ,! increase 9 effici5cy t %\ld h result$ f ?is *ange 0 n realiz$4 ,! reason = ?is c be m readily se5 by inspection ( ! indicator c>ds1 ,figs4 #ha & #hb4 ,fig4 #ha is a c>d tak5 f "o ( ! ,clayton compressors fitt$ ) comb9$ induction & eduction valves1 & ,fig4 #hb a c>d f a compressor ) light /eel induction & eduction valves ( ! poppet type4 ,x w be not$ t ! compression l9e1 a-d1 ,fig4 #ha1 ext5ds above ! atmosph]e l9e1 ! pressure at ! "t ( op5+ ! eduction valve be+ #d lbs4 p] squ>e in* above ! atmosph]e4 ,?is is due to ! failure ( ! me*anically-op]at$ valve to op5 soon en\gh4 ,?is valve be+ also ! induction valve1 x is necess>y = ! eduction port to be clos$ be=e ! induction port c be op5$1 9 ord] to prev5t a %ort circuit ( air f ! atmosph]e into ! sep>ators4 ,?is fact is responsible = ! sudd5 increase 9 ! pressure at b1 ! eduction port hav+ clos$ be=e ! completion ( ! /roke & ! air 9 ! cle>ance space be+ compress$ to #f lbs4 above atmosph]e4 ,! induction port is n op5$ until aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! suction /roke result+ 9 ! high degree ( vacuum at c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ha ,,& #hb4 ,,indicator ,,c>ds ,,= ,,clayton ,,& ,,modifi$ ,,pumps4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! c>d1 ,fig4 #hb4 ,"h ! compression does n ext5d above ! atmosph]e l9e m ?an lb4 p] squ>e in* & ! eduction valve does n close until ! end ( ! /roke s t ! vacuum at ! beg9n+ ( ! suction /roke is no l[] ?an dur+ ! entire /roke4 ,^! pumps 7 work+ "u ! same conditions1 i4 e41 #ae-;94 vacuum 9 ! sep>ator4 ,! ,m4 ,e4 ,p4 = ,fig4 #ha is #g4je :ile t 9 ,fig4 #hb is #f4g & is high] ?an is usually ! case ) ?is pump1 due to ! fact t ! exhau/ pipe f ?is pump 0 v long & crook$1 a condition :i* %\ld be avoid$ :5ev] possible4 ,also1 ! pump f :i* ?is c>d 0 tak5 is "o ( ! old] patt]n & ! cle>ance 0 great] ?an 9 ! lat] models4 ,! po9t at :i* ! eduction valve op5s 9 ,fig4 #ha is #ec ( ! /roke & x closes at #ie ( ! /roke & is1 !re=e1 op5 #db ( ! /roke1 :ile 9 ,fig4 #hb ! eduction valve op5s at #df ( ! /roke & rema9s op5 to ! end ( ! /roke1 &1 !re=e1 is op5 = #ed ( ! /roke4 ,?us ! pump ) ! poppet valves w move m air at ! same vacuum ) less exp5diture ( p[] ?an ! pump ) ! me*anically-op]at$ valves4 ,ano!r type ( reciprocat+ pump has be5 introduc$ 9 ! pa/ two or ?ree ye>s 9 :i* a s+le valve :i* rotates cont9u\sly 9 "o direction is us$ = induction & eduction valve1 = bo? ends ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is valve is a pla9 cyl9drical ca/+ hav+ ports cor$ ?r\gh to alt]nately connect ! cyl9d] ports ) ! intake & exhau/ ports4 ,by rotat+ ?is valve #ahj on its /em ! vacuum pump is *ang$ to an air compressor4 ,?is arrangem5t is adopt$ 9 ord] to dis*>ge ! cont5ts ( ! sep>ator into ! sew] z 0 expla9$ 9 ,*apt]s ,i & ,,viii4 ,9 ?is pump !re mu/ be po9ts at :i* bo? ! induction & eduction valves are clos$ at ! same "t & results simil> to ^? f\nd ) ! semi-rot>y valves ( ! ,clayton pump w naturally be 9 evid5ce4 ,! au?or has endeavor$ to obta9 an indicator c>d f "o ( ^! pumps b has be5 unable to d s4 ,! effect ( simultane\s clos+ ( bo? induction & eduction ports w\ld naturally be m m>k$ 9 ?is pump ?an 9 ! ,clayton1 z ! motion ( ! valve 9 ?is case is uni=m at all times :ile ! motion ( ! valve ge> ( ! ,clayton pump is s arrang$ t ! valve moves v fa/ at ! "t t bo? ports are clos$4 ,"o ( ! two pumps ( ?is type :i* 0 rec5tly in/all$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,po/ ,(fice is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #hc4 ,^! pumps h a displacem5t ( #a1bjj cu4 ft4 ea* & are ! l>ge/ reciprocat+ pumps 9 use = vacuum clean+ at ?is writ+4 ,an int]e/+ prop]ty ( ! pi/on pump :i* l5ds itself to ! economical control ( ! vacuum 9 ! sy/em is illu/rat$ by ! curve at ! top ( ,fig4 #gh :i* %[s ! total p[] requir$ to op]ate ! ,clayton type air compressor1 ! effici5cy ( :i* is indicat$ by ! l[] curves on ?is figure4 ,! compressor 0 op]at$ at con/ant spe$ & ! air volume v>i$ to give v>i\s degrees ( vacuum f atmosph]ic pressure to a clos$ suction & ! p[] to op]ate ! compressor read at int]vals ( two in*es4 ,! curr5t input to ! motor 9 amp]es is indicat$ by ord9ates & ! vacuum 9 ! sep>ator by ! abscissae4 ,?is indicates t ! pi/on pump requires ! maximum p[] to op]ate at ab\t #ae-;94 vacuum & t ! lea/ p[] is requir$ :5 ! vacuum is at ! highe/ po9t possible to obta94 ,! me?od employ$ 9 utiliz+ ?is *>act]i/ic ( a pi/on pump w be discuss$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,pumps ,,in/all$ ,,9 ,,connection ,,) ,,! ,,vacuum ,,clean+ ,,sy/em ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,po/ ,,(fice1 ,,! ,,l>ge/ ,,reciprocat+ ,,pump ,,us$ ,,= ,,?is ,,purpose ,,up ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t4 ,rot>y ,pumps4--,! ,g>d5 ,city rot>y pump is a good example ( ! s+le-impell] type ( pump & is or has be5 us$ to "s ext5t by at lea/ two mak]s ( vacuum clean+ sy/ems4 ,its int]ior arrangem5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hd4 ,a solid cyl9drical impell]1 ,a1 is m\nt$ ecc5trically 9 ! cyl9drical out] cas+1 ! impell] be+ fitt$ ) f\r slid+ vanes :i* are provid$ ) di/ance pieces1 ,e1 & we>+ faces1 ,b4 ,! oil res]voir is provid$ ) a ne$le valve :i* is automatically op5$ z soon z !re is any vacuum produc$ & closes automatically :5 ! ma*9e is %ut d[n4 ,! rate ( fe$ ( oil is adju/$ by ! screw ,i4 ,?is type ( pump (f]s a l>ge surface 9 rubb+ contact ) ! case & becomes v hot :5 9 op]ation4 ,x requires lib]al lubrication 9 ord] to prev5t heat+ & cutt+ ( ! surface ( ! cas+4 ,end we> 9 ^! pumps causes leakage1 &1 z usually con/ruct$1 !re are no means provid$ = tak+ up ?is we>4 ,x c be provid$ =1 h[ev]1 by us+ metal %ims on ! ends ( ! cyl9drical cas+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,,int]ior ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,g>d5 ,,city ,,rot>y ,,pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,,p[] ,,requir$ ,,to ,,op]ate ,,g>d5 ,,city ,,type ,,( ,,rot>y ,,pump4 ,! p[] requir$ to op]ate ?is type ( pump 7,curve a-b1 ,fig4 #he71 is ne>ly ! same z t requir$ to op]ate a pi/on pump = vacuum less ?an #ab 94 m]cury1 b :5 ! vacuum becomes high]1 ! p[] requir$ becomes mu* great] ?an t requir$ by ! pi/on pump4 ,! effici5cy 7,curve c-e1 ,fig4 #he71 is id5tical ) t obta9$ ) ! light-weight poppet valve pump 7,curve c-e1 ,fig4 #hj7 f #j to #aa 94 vacuum1 b = high] vacuum ! effici5cy ( ?is type ( pump falls (f1 :ile ! effici5cy ( ! pi/on pump becomes great] z ! vacuum becomes high]4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! two types ( pumps is due to ! pres5ce ( valves 9 "o case & _! abs5ce 9 ! o!r4 ,) ! pi/on pump ! atmosph]ic pressure rea*es ! cyl9d] only :ile air is be+ dis*>g$1 ! eduction valves be+ clos$ at o!r times & a p>tial vacuum exi/s on bo? sides ( ! pi/on4 ,! high] ! vacuum produc$1 ! less "t !re is atmosph]ic pressure on ! pi/on until1 :5 no air is dis*>g$1 ! air conta9$ 9 ! cle>ance space ( ! cyl9d] is compress$ & exp&$1 ! compression & expansion l9es be+ co9cid5t4 ,! indicator c>d w h no area1 & ! only p[] exp5d$ is t requir$ to ov]come ! friction 9 ! mov+ p>ts4 ,) ! rot>y pump !re are no dis*>ge valves to hold ! atmosph]ic pressure f ! dis*>ge side ( ! impell] & ! compression ( ! r>ifi$ air is accompli%$ by ! atmosph]ic pressure admitt+ air ?r\gh ! eduction port into ! *amb]4 ,z x comes opposite ! eduction port !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! "t dur+ :i* ! impell] is subject to atmosph]ic pressure1 no matt] :at ! quantity ( air be+ dis*>g$4 ,! high] ! vacuum 9 ! spaces conta9+ r>ifi$ air1 ! great] ! diff]5ce 9 pressure on ! opposite sides ( ! slid+ vane &1 !re=e1 ! great] total p[] requir$ to turn ! rotor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,d\ble-,,impell] ,,root ,,type ,,rot>y ,,pump ,,= ,,vacuum ,,clean+ ,,"w4 ,ano!r type ( rot>y pump :i* is fa/ becom+ ! mo/ popul> is ! d\ble-impell] type4 ,?is is g5]ally kn[n z ! ,root bl[]1 z ! firm ( ?is "n 0 ! fir/ to manufacture same4 ,!y h be5 9 use = _m ye>s z bl[]s = gas works1 & z vacuum produc]s = v>i\s purposes1 ma9ly ! op]ation ( pneumatic tube sy/ems4 ,:y ?is =m ( vacuum produc] 0 n e>li] adopt$ 9 vacuum clean+ sy/ems1 in/ead ( ! slid+-vane type1 is h>d to und]/&4 ,?is pump conta9s two impell]s or cams :i* are m\nt$ on %afts ge>$ toge!r & revolve 9 opposite directions inside ( a case1 always be+ 9 close proximity to ! case & to ea* o!r1 b nev] t\*+4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 frictionless 9 op]ation & ! introduction ( a small am\nt ( wat] r5d]s !m practically air tight4 ,!re be+ no metallic contact betwe5 ! mov+ p>ts1 int]nal lubrication is unnecess>y & !re is no we> on ei!r ! impell]s or ! cas+ & no means ( tak+ up we> are necess>y4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! impell]s & ! me?od ( provid+ wat] to seal ! p>ts is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hf4 ,a res]voir conta9+ wat] is provid$ on ! dis*>ge side ( ! pump & a small pipe leads f ?is res]voir to ! suction side ( ! pump4 ,! vacuum lifts wat] f ! res]voir & dis*>ges same 9 a spray into ! suction *amb]4 ,?is wat] passes ?r\gh ! pump & is sep>at$ f ! air 9 ! dis*>ge *amb] to be return$ to ! suction *amb] by ! vacuum4 ,?is op]ation w />t automatically z soon z any degree ( vacuum is =m$ & w cease z soon z ! pump is %ut d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,,rot>y ,,pump ,,arrang$ ,,) ,,d\ble-,,?r[ ,,swit* ,,= ,,rev]s+ ,,pump4 ,any ( ^! rot>y pumps hav+ no valves c be *ang$ to an air compressor by rev]s+ ! direction ( rotation4 ,?is is adapt$ by ! ,am]ican ,rot>y ,valve ,company 9 connection ) _! wet sep>ators to dis*>ge ! cont5ts ( ! sep>ator into ! sew]1 on all ( _! small]-siz$ plants4 ,fig4 #hg %[s "o ( ^! plants arrang$ ) d\ble-?r[ swit* = rev]s+ ! electric motor us$ to op]ate ! pump & also %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! rot>y bru% :i* is us$ to clean ! scre5 9 ! wet sep>ator1 z has be5 expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,,p[] ,,consumption ,,& ,,effici5cy ,,root ,,type ,,( ,,pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,,! ,,rotrex ,,vacuum ,,pump1 ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,vacuum ,,eng9e]+ ,,company4 ,! p[] consumption & effici5cy ( ?is type ( pump are %[n 9 ,fig4 #hh4 ,! watts p] cubic foot ( free air 7,curve a-b7 %[ a mu* l[] consumption ( p[] at ! l[] vacuum ?an any ( ! pumps already te/$4 ,?is is probably due to ! fact !re is no int]nal friction4 ,x w be not$ t ! p[] to op]ate at no vacuum is b #aj watts p] cubic foot ( free air1 :ile all ! o!rs require f #bd to #cd cubic feet4 ,?is also results 9 ! effici5cy curve 7c-e1 ,fig4 #hh7 rea*+ its maximum value at a l[] vacuum ?an 9 ! case ( ! slid+ vane pump 7,fig4 #he74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,,late ,,type ,,( ,,c5trifugal ,,exhau/] ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,sp5c] ,,turb9e ,,clean] ,,company4 ,! effici5cy is fairly con/ant betwe5 #f-;94 & #aj-;94 vacuum & is mu* high] ?an is obta9$ ) any ( ! o!r types ( pumps at ^! vacua4 ,:5 !y are op]at$ at high] vacuum ! effici5cy is ab\t ! same z obta9$ ) ! slid+ vane pumps & l[] ?an t obta9$ ) ! reciprocat+ pumps4 ,! be/ effici5cy ( ?is pump is at ! vacuum necess>y to op]ate a clean+ sy/em provid$ ) #a-;94 hose4 ,a slight modification ( ?is type ( pump is t us$ by ! ,vacuum ,eng9e]+ ,company1 kn[n z ! ,rotrex4 ,?is pump has b "o impell]1 ( ne>ly ! same =m z ! impell]s 9 ! ,root bl[]s & has a foll[] driv5 by crank & connect+ rods :i* is always 9 close proximity to ! impell] b does n t\* same4 ,! arrangem5t ( ?is pump is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #hi :i* also %[s ! saturation *amb] & scre5s us$ in/ead ( a sep>ator1 z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,,p[] ,,& ,,effici5cy ,,curves ,,= ,,! ,,sp5c] ,,ma*9e4 ,! au?or has nev] te/$ ! economy ( ^! pumps b w\ld inf] t _! economy %\ld be ab\t ! same z t ( ! ,root bl[]4 ,c5trifugal ,exhau/]s4--,?is type ( exhau/] has always tak5 ! =m ( a fan4 ,! fir/ /ation>y fan type ( exhau/] 0 manufactur$ by ! ,sp5c] ,turb9e ,clean] ,company4 ,_! late/ type is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ij4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( c5trifugal fans m\nt$ on a v]tical %aft1 /ation>y deflection blades be+ provid$ betwe5 ! :eels to conduct ! air f ! p]iph]y ( "o :eel to ! c5t] ( ! next4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,,int]ior ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,inv9cible ,,ma*9e1 ,,manufactur$ ,,by ,,! ,,electric ,,r5ovator ,,manufactur+ ,,company4 ,^! c5trifugal exhau/]s d n h a positive displacem5t1 z d all ^? already describ$1 & !re=e ! v>iation ( ! vacuum is n z mu* z 9 case ( ! positive displacem5t ma*9es4 ,! vacuum produc$ :5 ! ma*9e is mov+ no air is slightly less ?an ! maximum t ! exhau/] c produce & !re is v little v>iation 9 ! vacuum ) air quantities :i* c be mov$ )\t exce$+ ! capacity ( ! motor or o!r means produc+ ! p[]4 ,! curves %[+ ! p[] requir$ to op]ate & ! effici5cy ( ?is type ( vacuum produc] are1 !re=e1 plott$ ) abscissae repres5t+ ! air mov$ 9 cubic feet p] m9ute4 ,! vacuum produc$ & ! p[] requir$ to op]ate are plott$ z ord9ates4 ,! curves = ! ,sp5c] ma*9e are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ia4 ,?is curve is tak5 f a f\r-sweep] ma*9e & ! v]tical l9es numb]$ #a to #d repres5t ! conditions :5 t numb] ( sweep]s are 9 op]ation2 t is1 b>e floor r5ovators1 ) #ej ft4 ( hose or #hj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute4 ,! maximum effici5cy is rea*$ at full load & is approximately #db4 ,! vacuum at ?is effici5cy is #e 94 m]cury1 a drop ( -94 f ! maximum :i* 0 obta9$ at "o-f\r? load4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,,p[] ,,consumption4 ,,vacuum ,,& ,,effici5cy ,,( ,,fir/ ,,types ,,( ,,inv9cible ,,ma*9e4 ,^! ma*9es h r l>ge cle>ances & a prelim9>y sep>ator is all t is requir$4 ,!y op]ate at a spe$ ( ab\t #c1fjj ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 & ! p]iph]al spe$ ( ! fans v>ies f #ae1jjj to #bb1jjj ft4 p] m9ute4 ,?is produces "s noise & consid]able vibration & c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 m\nt+ ! ma*9e4 ,9 ord] to insure quiet runn+ ! usual me?od is to place ! ma*9e on a felt pad ( consid]able ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,,p[] ,,consumption1 ,,vacuum ,,& ,,effici5cy ,,( ,,inv9cible ,,ma*9e ,,aft] ,,valve ,,0 ,,fitt$ ,,to ,,dis*>ge4 ,! ma*9es made by ! ,electric ,r5ovator ,manufactur+ ,company are horizontal & h mu* small] cle>ances ?an ! ,sp5c] ma*9es4 ,!y op]ate at approximately ! same rot>y & p]iph]al spe$ & are1 !re=e1 z noisy4 ,h[ev]1 ! c5t] ( gravity ( ^! ma*9es is l[] & ! vibration is n s great4 ,! ,sp5c] ,company is n[ mak+ a horizontal ma*9e :i* x furni%es only :5 requir$1 ! claim = _! v]tical ma*9e be+ t ! weight ( ! mov+ p>ts c\nt]acts ! ?ru/ ( ! atmosph]ic pressure aga9/ ! fans & relieves ! "w ( ! ?ru/ be>+s1 at ! exp5se ( great] vibration4 ,) ball be>+ ?ru/s1 ! au?or does n consid] ?is to be ( great importance4 ,a view ( ! int]ior arrangem5t ( ! ,inv9cible ma*9e1 z manufactur$ by ! ,electric ,r5ovator ,manufactur+ ,company1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ib4 ,^! ma*9es1 :5 fir/ made1 7 )\t valves & ! p[] consumption1 vacuum & effici5cy are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic4 ,x w be not$ t ! vacuum produc$1 :5 ! ma*9e is op]at$ at or bel[ "o-half load1 is consid]ably l[] ?an is obta9$ at great] loads4 ,?is *>act]i/ic produces a disagreeable noise :5 ! ma*9e is n h&l+ any air1 evid5tly due to air ru%+ back ?r\gh ! outlet :5 ! vacuum t5ds to build up to ! maximum :i* occurs at int]vals ( ab\t "o-half second4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,,f\r-,,sweep] ,,inv9cible ,,plant ,,in/all$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,po/-,,(fice ,,at ,,los ,,angeles1 ,,cal4 ,9 ord] to ov]come ?is tr\ble a valve has be5 fitt$ to ! dis*>ge1 z indicat$ at #d1 ,fig4 #ib4 ,) ?is valve 9 place ! p[] consumption1 effici5cy & vacuum are z %[n 9 ,fig4 #id4 ,x w be not$ t ! vacuum is z high at no load z at any load up to full load & is practically con/ant4 ,! effici5cy at light loads is ! same z be=e b x is slightly l[] at full load1 be+ #ej )\t ! valve & #dg ) ! valve4 ,?is is due to ! p[] be+ exp5d$ 9 op5+ ! valve = l>ge quantities ( air & to friction 9 ! valve passage4 ,a f\r-sweep] plant ( ?is manufacture is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ie4 ,?is plant is in/all$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,po/ ,(fice at ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 ,! sep>ate c5trifugal sep>ator1 %[n at ! left ( ! cut1 is n us$ 9 ! regul> equipm5t & 0 add$ 9 ?is case to fulfill ! specification requirem5ts4 ,a c5trifugal pump ) a s+le impell] is manufactur$ by ,! ,unit$ ,electric ,company & is kn[n z ! ,tuec sy/em4 ,a phantom view ( ! pump & sep>ator is %[n 9 ,fig4 #if4 ,x w be not$ t ! %aft is v]tical4 ,h[ev]1 ! vacuum is "u ! impell] 9 ?is case1 & ! ?ru/ due to ! atmosph]ic pressure is d[n in/ead ( up1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,sp5c] ma*9es4 ,?is ?r[s ! weight ( ! p>ts1 plus ! ?ru/ due to atmosph]ic pressure1 on ! ?ru/ be>+4 ,^! ma*9es d n produce a vacuum great] ?an #c-;94 m]cury1 & ! additional ?ru/ is n z great z 9 ! case ( ! ma*9es produc+ high] vacuum1 ! impell] be+ #bd 94 9 diamet]1 its area #dej sq4 94 & ! ?ru/1 ) a vacuum ( #c-;94 m]cury1 #fge lbs41 :i* is wor? consid]+4 ,?is d[nw>d ?ru/ is p>tially c\nt]balanc$ by m\nt+ ! armature ( ! electric motor us$ to op]ate ! fan1 slightly bel[ ! magnetic c5t]1 !reby caus+ an upw>d magnetic pull4 ,^! ma*9es are int5d$ to be us$ ) l>ge hose & pipe l9es to r$uce ! friction to a v l[ po9t4 ,:5 op]at+ c>pet r5ovators ! vacuum at ! r5ovator rises to #a--;94 m]cury & ! type ( r5ovator us$ by !m passes approximately #ej cu4 ft4 ( air1 :ile ! b>e floor r5ovators pass approximately #ie cu4 ft4 ,!y are ext5sively us$ :]e b>e floor "w is requir$1 _! fir/ co/ be+ l[4 ,! results ( te/s ( two ( ^! ma*9es ( f\r-sweep] capacity1 driv5 by alt]nat+ & direct-curr5t motors1 respectively1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #if;a4 ,^! curves indicate a consid]ably high] effici5cy ) ! alt]nat+ ?an ) ! direct-curr5t motor4 ,?is is due to ! l[ effici5cy ( ! special high-spe$ direct-curr5t motors us$ ) all c5trifugal fan-type exhau/]s4 ,! alt]nat+-curr5t motors are n s affect$1 9 fact1 ! spe$ at :i* ^! fans are op]at$ is fix$ by ! requirem5ts ( ! alt]nat+-curr5t motors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,,c5trifugal ,,pump ,,) ,,s+le ,,impell]1 ,,manufactur$ ,,by ,,! ,,unit$ ,,electric ,,company4 ,! effici5cy ( ! o!r types ( c5trifugal exhau/]s 7,figs4 #ia1 #ic & #id7 is 9 e case accompli%$ ) direct-curr5t motors4 ,?is ma*9e has an effici5cy ab\t ! same z ! ,sp5c] ma*9e4 ,x w be not$ t ! vacuum produc$ does n fall (f z ! load increases1 z 9 ! case ( ! multi-/age fans4 ,?is *>act]i/ic is probably due to ! fact t !re is no wire draw+ 9 ! div]sion vanes1 z 9 ! case ( ! multi-/age exhau/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if;a4 ,,te/ ,,( ,,c5trifugal ,,pump ,,) ,,s+le ,,impell]4 ,/eam ,aspirators4--,! /eam aspirator z a vacuum produc] 9 connection ) vacuum clean+ sy/ems 0 fir/ us$ by ! ,am]ican ,air ,clean+ ,company1 & has be5 us$ to a limit$ ext5t by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company4 ,! type ( app>atus us$ by ! ,am]ican ,air ,clean+ ,company is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ig4 ,a s+le p>tial sep>ator is us$ ) ?is sy/em & ! light] du/ is all[$ to pass ?r\gh ! aspirator1 :]e x is mix$ ) ! /eam & /]iliz$4 ,! aspirator is 9 ! =m ( an ejector1 ) a specially design$ nozzle1 & is always fitt$ ) an automatic device = cutt+ (f ! /eam :5 ! vacuum 9 ! sep>ator rea*es ! degree desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,,/eam ,,aspirator ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,am]ican ,,air ,,clean+ ,,company4 ,! /eam consumption requir$ to exhau/ #a cu4 ft4 ( free air at v>i\s vacua1 z det]m9$ by actual te/ ( f\r diff]5t nozzles1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ih1 ! /eam be+ ! actual weight ( dry & saturat$ /eam at ! gauge pressures not$4 ,! ,am]ican ,air ,clean+ ,company us$ to gu>antee a /eam consumption ( #bej lbs4 p] h\r f & at #bab ,f41 assum+ t ! fe$ wat] temp]ature 0 #cb ,f41 ! vacuum to be ma9ta9$ at #i 94 m]cury at ! aspirator4 ,tak+ ! results ( ! te/ ( ! ?ree-sweep] nozzle z an av]age1 #j4jff lbs4 ( /eam w be requir$ to exhau/ #a cu4 ft4 ( free air at #i 94 vacuum4 ,! total heat 9 #a p\nd ( dry /eam at #aaj lbs4 gauge is #aahg ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 & at #bab ,f4 ! lat5t heat is #igj ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 ,! factor ( evaporation1 !re=e1 is #a4bce1 & ! weight ( /eam at #aaj lbs4 all[$ by ! gu>antee is #bjb lbs4 ,?is am\nt ( /eam w exhau/ #c1jfj cu4 ft4 p] h\r1 or #ea cu4 ft4 p] m9ute1 :i* is m ?an suffici5t to op]ate a c>pet r5ovator1 & is a little less ?an w pass ?r\gh a b>e floor bru% atta*$ to ! end ( #ej ft4 ( #a 94 diamet] hose1 if ! hose is atta*$ directly to ! aspirator4 ,) a l9e ( pipe betwe5 ! hose cock & ! aspirator1 ! air quantity w be some:at less1 & ?is gu>antee w und\bt$ly be fulfill$ 9 e case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,,/eam ,,consumption ,,( ,,/eam ,,aspirator4 ,! advisability ( us+ an aspirator w dep5d on ! conditions to be met at ! build+ 9 ea* case4 ,?ree typical cases are cit$ bel[3 #a4 ,:5 !re is a ,g5]at+ ,plant 9 ! ,build+1 & a ,plant ,us+ #a-;94 ,hose & #h-;94 ,vacuum is ,desir$4--,a ,root bl[] w require #bg watts = ea* cubic foot ( air exhau/$ 7,fig4 #hh71 & ! ?ree-sweep] aspirator1 #j4jfe lbs4 ( /eam4 ,!n ! p\nds ( /eam requir$ by ! aspirator to d ! same "w z "o ,k4 ,w4 h\r at ! motor ( ! ,root bl[] w be #j4jfe #fj ---------- #adf4c #j4jbg ,! g5]at+ plant w produce a kil[att h\r at ! swit*bo>d ) n exce$+ #fj lbs4 ( /eam1 & if ! transmission loss is #aj !re w be requir$ by ! ,root bl[] n ov] #ff lbs4 ( /eam to d ! same "w t takes #adf lbs4 ) ! aspirator4 ,?is case w\ld require t ! ,root bl[]1 driv5 by an electric motor1 be us$4 #b4 ,:5 !re is ,high ,pressure ,/eam ,available1 b no ,g5]at+ ,plant4--,!n we may use ei!r ! aspirator or a ,root bl[] driv5 by a /eam eng9e4 ,?is eng9e %\ld h an economy ( #fj lbs4 p] indicat$ horse p[]1 ) n ov] #ae friction loss1 :i* w require #fi lbs4 p] brake horse p[]4 ,?is w be equival5t to #fi #j4ggf #ij lbs4 p] ,k4 ,w4 h\r1 :i* is /ill mu* bett] ?an #adf lbs4 requir$ by ! aspirator4 #c4 ,:5 ,/eam is ,g5]at$ on ! ,premises ) ,coal ,co/+ #c4jj p] ton & all ,ma*9]y ,mu/ be ,driv5 by ,electricity ,pur*as$ = #e ,c5ts p] ,k4 ,w4 ,h\r4--,co/ ( /eam to d ! same "w 9 ! aspirator t #a ,k4 ,w4 h\r w d 9 a motor driv+ a ,root bl[] is3 #adf #cjj --------- #b4h c5ts #g #bbdj z aga9/ #e c5ts t w\ld h to be paid = curr5t4 ,9 ?is case !re w\ld be a sav+ 9 us+ ! aspirator1 :i* w\ld n require z mu* att5tion z ! motor1 & at loads less ?an full load1 ! /eam us$ by ! aspirator w\ld be 9 direct proportion to ! load1 z ! control w\ld %ut ! /eam (f entirely dur+ a portion ( ! "t1 :ile ! motor w\ld require "s curr5t z long z x 0 9 op]ation1 ev5 if no air 0 be+ exhau/$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /eam :i* is exhau/$ f ! aspirator is n suitable = use 9 heat+1 z x is mix$ ) air & f9e dirt1 & mu/ be ?r[n away1 a condition t mu/ always be consid]$ :]e !re is an opportunity to use exhau/ /eam = heat+ or o!r purposes4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,control4 ,:5 ! displacem5t type ( vacuum produc] ( m ?an "o-sweep] capacity is us$ ) a vacuum clean+ sy/em1 "s means mu/ be employ$ to prev5t ! vacuum ris+ above t necess>y = effici5t op]ation ( ! sweep]s :5 !re are less r5ovators 9 use ?an ! capacity ( ! vacuum produc] or :5 c>pet r5ovators are 9 use on all outlets4 ,if ! displacem5t pump be run at con/ant spe$1 e *ange 9 ! quantity ( air exhau/$ w cause a *ange 9 ! vacuum produc$4 ,?is w result 9 ineffici5t op]ation & may result 9 undue ef=t be+ necess>y to op]ate ! r5ovator & 9 excessive we> on ! c>pets4 ,! e>li] sy/ems 7 n provid$ ) any control & ! fir/ attempt to control ! vacuum 0 by plac+ a spr+ relief valve on ! pipe l9e ne> ! sep>ator1 :i* admitt$ additional air :5 ! vacuum t5d$ to rise4 ,?is result$ 9 full load be+ ?r[n on ! pump at all times :5 ! same 0 9 use1 :i* does n give economical op]ation4 ,! controll]s t h be5 devis$ = ma9ta9+ a con/ant vacuum )\t ! introduction ( air into ! sy/em op]ate on "o ( ?ree pr9ciples3 #a4 ,clos+ ! suction ( ! vacuum produc]4 #b4 ,op5+ ! suction ( ! vacuum produc] & hold+ vacuum 9 ! sy/em4 #c4 ,v>y+ ! spe$ ( ! vacuum produc]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,,fir/ ,,type ,,( ,,controll] ,,introduc$ ,,by ,,! ,,sanit>y ,,devices ,,manufactur+ ,,company1 ,,kn[n ,,z ,,! 8,,unload+ ,,valve40 ,! fir/ type ( controll] 0 introduc$ 9 ! vacuum clean+ field by ! ,sanit>y ,devices ,manufactur+ ,company1 & 0 kn[n z ! 8unload+ valve40 ,x 0 simil> to ! unload] :i* _h be5 us$ = "s "t 9 connection ) air compressors4 ,! detail ( con/ruction is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ii1 & consi/s ( a balanc$ valve1 :i* is connect$ to a weight$ pi/on1 op]at+ 9 a *amb] communicat+ ) ! sep>ators by a pilot valve4 ,! pilot valve is op]at$ by an auxili>y pi/on :i* is weight$ to ov]come ! lift+ ef=t due to ! vacuum desir$4 ,:5 ! vacuum 9 ! cyl9d] becomes great en\gh to ov]come ! weights atta*$ to ! auxili>y pi/on1 x rises1 all[+ vacuum to rea* ! ma9 pi/on1 :i* is drawn up & ! suction valve clos$4 ,:5 ?is valve is clos$ ! vacuum 9 ! pump at once />ts to build up to ! maximum possible = ! pump to produce1 & if ! pump us$ is ( ! pi/on type ! vacuum w run up to ne>ly #bh 941 result+ 9 ! pump's tak+ ! lea/ p[] on :i* x c be op]at$4 ,z soon z ! vacuum 9 ! sep>ators falls bel[ t :i* w su/a9 ! weight on ! auxili>y pi/on ! valve falls op5 & ! pump aga9 draws air ?r\gh ! sy/em4 ,9 actual practice ?is valve w op]ate at m or less frequ5t int]vals4 ,! au?or tim$ ! action ( "o ( ^! valves connect$ to ! suction ( an eight-sweep] pi/on pump1 & its "t v>i$ f second to #fe seconds4 ,! curr5t tak5 by ! pump :5 ! suction 0 op5 0 #ajj amp]es at #bbj volts4 ,:5 ! valve 0 clos$ = b second ! curr5t dropp$ to #ge amp]es1 !re n be+ suffici5t elaps$ "t = ! pump to produce a p]fect vacuum4 ,:5 ! valve 0 clos$ = #b seconds1 ! vacuum rea*$ its maximum value & ! curr5t fell to #cb amp]es4 ,fig4 #ajj is a curve plott$ f ! results ( ?is te/ & %[s an increase 9 ! p[] above t necess>y to ov]come ! friction 9 ! mov+ p>ts ( ! pump 9 direct proportion to ! p]c5tage ( full load t ! pump 0 s]v+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,,te/ ,,( ,,controll] ,,connect$ ,,to ,,suction ,,( #h-,,sweep] ,,pi/on ,,pump4 ,?is is z ne> an ideal condition z "o c\ld expect to obta9 by any means o!r ?an /opp+ ! pump or o!rwise decreas+ ! friction load4 ,h[ev]1 ?is =m ( unload] is n suitable = a pump )\t valves1 z ! p[] w increase ) an increase 9 vacuum1 & o!r means mu/ be employ$ to control su* a pump4 ,! second =m ( control is adapt$ to ?is type ( pump4 ,! arrangem5t ( "o ( ^! controls is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aja4 ,?is consi/s ( a s+le-port$ valve op5$ by ! vacuum 9 ! cyl9d]1 ,m1 ! action ( :i* is controll$ by a pilot or auxili>y control valve actuat$ by ! vacuum 9 ! sep>ator4 ,?is auxili>y valve is fitt$ ) two pi/ons1 ,s & ,o1 :i* are held toge!r by spr+s1 & :5 s held ! ma9 cyl9d] is op5 to ! atmosph]e ?r\gh ! small ports 9 ! pi/on1 ,o4 ,:5 ! vacuum 9 ! sep>ator becomes great en\gh to ov]come ! compressive /r5g? ( ! spr+s1 ,t & ,p1 ! pi/ons1 ,s & ,o1 are drawn ap>t1 clos+ ! port 9 ! pi/on1 ,o1 & op5+ ! port 9 pi/on1 ,s1 all[+ ! vacuum to ent] ! ma9 cyl9d]1 ,m1 & op5 ! ma9 valve4 ,?is valve p]mits ! atmosph]ic pressure to ent] ! pump suction1 ! air be+ prev5t$ f ent]+ ! sep>ators by a *eck valve1 n %[n4 ,! pump !n op]ates )\t produc+ any vacuum1 & ! p[] requir$ to op]ate ! pump is r$uc$4 ,a relief valve ( ! common vacuum-break] type is %[n at ! left ( ! cut4 ,?is valve is provid$ to prev5t ov]load 9 case ! control fails to op]ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,,type ,,( ,,controll] ,,= ,,use ,,on ,,pumps ,,)\t ,,valves4 ,?is type ( control does n effect z great a r$uction 9 ! p[] z ! fir/ type ( control describ$1 s9ce x requires a great] p] c5t4 ( ! full load p[] to op]ate ! pump at no vacuum ?an at p]fect vacuum4 ,no air is mov$ 9 ! latt] case1 & ! maximum volume ( air is mov$ 9 ! =m] case4 ,ei!r ( ^! controls gives fairly economical results :5 ! pump is s]v+ at lea/ a "p ( ! sweep]s at all times4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! sy/em is us$ 9 a build+ :]e !re may be clean+ done at any "t & vacuum mu/ be 8on tap0 at all times1 z 9 a hotel1 !re w be _m occasions :5 no sweep]s w be 9 use1 & ! pump might !n be /opp$ entirely1 provid$ t x c\ld be automatically />t$ :5 ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,,regulator ,,= ,,motor-,,driv5 ,,vacuum ,,pump1 ,,manufactur$ ,,by ,,! ,,cutl]-,,hamm] ,,manufactur+ ,,co4 ,:]e ! /eam aspirator is us$1 ! control 7,fig4 #ig7 is atta*$ to ! /eam supply valve4 ,:5 ! valve is clos$ no /eam is consum$ by ! aspirator4 ,?is is ! ideal condition :]e we mu/ keep vacuum 8on tap10 & is a *>act]i/ic ( ! aspirator sy/em :i* has l$ to its introduction 9 _m in/ances4 ,! same economy c be obta9$ ) a /eam-driv5 pump by ins]t+ a ?rottle valve1 controll$ by ! vacuum 9 ! sep>ators1 :i* w />t & /op ! eng9e driv+ ! pump & v>y its spe$ 9 accordance ) ! quantity ( air requir$ by ! sy/em4 ,sev]al appliances = v>y+ ! spe$ ( a motor-driv5 vacuum pump h be5 plac$ on ! m>ket1 ! simple/ & probably ! be/ ( ^! appliances be+ t manufactur$ by ! ,cutl] ,hamm] ,manufactur+ ,company1 illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #ajb & #ajc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,,inspirator ,,type ,,vacuum ,,contactor1 ,,us$ ,,to ,,control ,,pilot ,,motor ,,( ,,cutl]-,,hamm] ,,controll]4 ,! object ( ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajb is to automatically />t a motor-driv5 vacuum pump & control ! spe$ ( ! motor s t ! vacuum is ma9ta9$ at ! desir$ degree1 irrespective ( v>iation 9 ! numb] ( sweep]s 9 use4 ,?is control ( ! degree ( v>iation is accompli%$ 9 a m effici5t mann] ?an if ! pump 7 to be driv5 at its maximum spe$ at all times & ! pressure kept at ! desir$ po9t by means ( a bl[-(f or by-pass valve4 ,) ?is sy/em a motor is us$ hav+ a control1 by %unt field weak5+1 ( approximately #c3a 9 ord] t ! control ( ! spe$ may be z effici5t z possible4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #ajc1 a small pilot motor is m\nt$ on brackets at ! side ( ! panel1 driv+ directly1 ?r\gh an insulat+ c\pl+1 a screw %aft :i* c>ries a travel+ cross-head4 ,?is cross-head is %[n 9 ! photograph at ! extreme "r ( its travel1 :i* corresponds to ! maximum spe$ ( ! motor1 ! left-h& end correspond+ to z]o spe$ ( ! motor4 ,9 ?is position ! motor circuit is op5$ by ! clapp] type magnetic swit*4 ,assum+ t ! cross-head is 9 ! extreme left-h& position & ! knife swit* is clos$1 ! pilot motor w be />t$ 9 su* a direction z to move ! cross-head to ! "r4 ,a slight movem5t 9 ?is direction completes a connection to ! magnetic swit*1 :i* !reupon closes ! motor circuit ?r\gh all ( ! resi/ance1 />t+ ! pump motor4 ,inasmu* z ! pilot cont9ues to move ! cross-head t[>d ! "r1 ! spe$ ( ! pump w be gradually increas$ until1 at a po9t ab\t midway ( its travel1 all ( ! resi/ance 9 ! armature circuit ( ! motor w h be5 cut out ^u ! upp] segm5ts & fur!r movem5t !n s]ves to weak5 ! field4 ,?is is accompli%$ by means ( ! contact buttons %[n j bel[ ! screw %aft4 ,z soon z ! cross-head has weak5$ ! field to its m9imum value & ?us spe$$ ! motor up to its maximum po9t1 a limit swit* /ops ! pilot motor & ?us prev5ts fur!r motion 9 t direction4 ,z soon z ! pump work+ ?is at its maximum spe$ has produc$ a vacuum 9 ! clean+ sy/em (1 say1 #ab 94 ( m]cury1 ! cross-head w beg9 to move backw>d & r$uce ! spe$ to a po9t correspond+ ) ! air requir$4 ,?is control ( ! pilot motor is accompli%$ by means ( :at is t]m$ 8inspirator type vacuum contactor40 ,?is app>atus is %[n m 9 detail 9 ,fig4 #ajc1 & consi/s ( a diaphragm clos+ "o side ( a *amb]4 ,! diaphragm is press$ outw>d by an int]nal spr+ ^: t5sion may be adju/$ by means ( a hexagonal head cap screw1 visible 9 ! photograph ( ! complete regulator4 ,! diaphragm is c\pl$ to a pivot$ arm c>ry+ insulat$ conical-po9t$ silv] screws1 s locat$ t !y ent] holes 9 small silv] plates m\nt$ on opposite sides1 respectively1 ( ! upp] & l[] contact po/s4 ,^! contact po/s are holl[ & communicate ) ! diaphragm *amb]1 :i* latt] is connect$ by pip+ to ! vacuum sy/em4 ,normally1 ! int]nal spr+ =ces ! diaphragm ov] s t ! lev] makes contact ) ! l[] po/4 ,?is s]ves to drive ! pilot motor 9 a direction to move ! cross-head to increase ! spe$ ( ! pump4 ,:5 ! degree ( vacuum = :i* ! app>atus is adju/$ is rea*$ ! lev] />ts to move t[>d ! left h&1 & 9 s do+ /ops ! pilot motor4 ,?is ma9ta9s ! pump spe$ at t p>ticul> value4 ,%\ld ! vacuum increase to a suffici5t degree ! lev] w be drawn fur!r ov] t[>d ! left & contact w !n be e/abli%$ ) ! upp] po/1 :i* w cause ! pilot motor to move ! cross-head to ! left1 & ?us decrease ! pump motor spe$4 ,inasmu* z ! motion ( ! diaphragm lev] is v gradual1 de/ructive arc+ w\ld take place at ! pilot motor contacts 7 x n = ! small op5+s 9 ! silv] contact plates1 :i*1 z ! po9t$ screw leaves ! hole1 imm$iately sucks ! arc inw>d & ext+ui%es x4 ,?is me?od ( prev5t+ arc+ is exce$+ly unique & is subject to pat5ts n[ p5d+4 ,x is possible to adju/ ! high & l[ limits by *ang+ ! sett+ ( ! po9t$ silv] screws1 ! usual adju/m5ts be+ su* z to ma9ta9 ! vacuum )9 #b 94 ( m]cury4 ,! spe$ ( ! pilot motor may be adju/$ by means ( ! small l9k %[n 9 ! upp] left-h& corn] ( ! panels to correspond ) ! capacity ( ! sy/em1 x be+ f\nd t sy/ems ( l>ge capacity require a sl[] motion ?an ^? 9 :i* ! am\nt ( pip+1 etc41 is less = ! same size ( pump4 ,9 practice1 ! regulator w v quickly f9d ! position correspond+ to ! prop] spe$ = ! numb] ( outlets 9 use1 & only moves a slight am\nt ei!r side ( ?is p>ticul> position4 ,) ?is regulator x is possible to employ remote control p]mitt+ ! e/abli%m5t ( vacuum 9 ! pip+ sy/em by ! turn+ ( a pilot swit* locat$ at any po9t 9 ! build+4 ,if desir$1 sev]al su* swit*es may be plac$ 9 p>allel1 &1 "u ^! conditions1 ! turn+ on ( any swit* w e/abli% ! vacuum supply :i* w be ma9ta9$ until all ( ! pilot swit*es are turn$ (f4 ,by ?is means x is possible to h sev]al janitors work+ at ! same "t on diff]5t floors ( ! build+1 & ea* w be indep5d5t ( ! o!rs 9 8 control ( ! vacuum2 al?\gh "o man may f9i% & turn (f ! swit* on 8 floor1 ! pump w n be /opp$ if ! vacuum is /ill requir$ by work]s on o!r floors4 ,:5 ! total size ( "o in/allation becomes great] ?an #be ,h4 ,p41 x is f\nd desirable to provide two pump+ units1 &1 9 ?is case1 ! same sy/em is applicable4 ,! cross-head is !n arrang$ to />t fir/ "o pump & increase its spe$ to a maximum4 ,if ?is does n supply ! necess>y am\nt ( air1 ! cross-head cont9ues to move1 & />ts ! second pump1 :i* w !n be run at a necess>y spe$ to supply ! rema9+ am\nt ( air4 ,! fir/ pump always rema9s 9 motion at its po9t ( highe/ effici5cy4 ,x is evid5t t ?is duplex arrangem5t is m effici5t ?an "o l>ge pump :5 only a v few sweep]s are 9 op]ation1 s9ce1 = ?is condition1 ! v l>ge pump w\ld h to be run at su* a sl[ spe$ t ! armature resi/ance w\ld be 9 circuit1 :ile ! s+le small] pump w\ld be runn+ at a m effici5t spe$ & ) less proportionate motor losses4 ,9 duplex outfits swit*es are provid$ = disconnect+ ei!r motor 9 case ( its be+ necess>y to clean or repair ei!r unit4 ,:5 s disconnect$ ! o!r unit may be op]at$ & ma9ta9 ! same degree ( vacuum )9 ! limits ( its capacity4 ,:ile ?is type ( control is m economical 9 curr5t consumption ?an ei!r ( ! =m] types describ$1 its co/ is mu* high]1 & x is seldom us$ unless specifically ord]$4 ,:5 ! c5trifugal type ( vacuum produc]s is us$ no control is necess>y1 z ! inh]5t feature ( ?is type ( app>atus insures a practically con/ant vacuum at all air quantities )9 ! capacity ( ! ma*9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,scrubb+ ,,sy/ems4 ,vacuum clean+ sy/ems 9 :i* appliances = scrubb+ are provid$ 9 addition to ! usual appliances = ! removal ( ! du/ & o!r mat]ials 9 a dry /ate h be5 introduc$ by a few manufactur]s1 none ( :i* has come into g5]al use4 ,! usual me?od employ$ is to provide an ord9>y corn scrubb+ bru% :i* has a connection to ! wat] supply ( ! build+1 ) control valves 9 ! tool h&le = regulat+ ! fl[ ( wat] to ! bru%4 ,soap is appli$ ei!r 9 ! =m ( soap p[d] spr9kl$ on ! floor1 9 a liquid /ate f$ into ! wat] supply by means ( a sight-fe$ oil cup or s(t soap 9 a pla/ic /ate f$ into ! wat] supply by means ( a compression grease cup4 ,9 any case1 ! wat] is run onto ! floor mix$ ) ! soap & ! floor scrubb$ by manipulat+ ! corn bru%1 9 ! same mann] t an ord9>y corn scrubb+ bru% )\t atta*m5ts w\ld be us$4 ,aft] ! dirt has be5 loos5$ f ! floor1 ! floor may be r9s$ by ! application ( m wat]4 ,! wat] is !n drawn up f ! floor by ! suction ( ! clean+ ma*9e1 & passes ?r\gh ! hose & pip+ sy/em to ! sep>ator & vacuum produc]4 ,to effectively remove ! wat] a rubb]-fac$ tool is usually employ$4 ,9 "o sy/em ?is rubb] face is arrang$ to p]mit ! corn bru% to be fitt$ ov] same :5 scrubb+ is be+ done1 & ! bru% mu/ be remov$ f ! tool be=e ! wat] c be drawn up f ! floor4 ,o!r manufactur]s provide a d\ble-fac$ tool hav+ ! bru% on ! opposite side ( ! tool f ! rubb]-fac$ slot4 ,by rev]s+ ! tool1 scrubb+ & mopp+ c be accompli%$ )\t ! removal ( ! corn bru% f ! tool1 :i* is m conv5i5t = ! op]ator4 ,) ei!r ( ! above =ms ( scrubb+ tools x is necess>y or desirable to cut (f ! suction to ! mopp+ atta*m5t :5 us+ ! corn bru%1 & x is also necess>y to cut (f ! wat] supply to ! bru% :5 us+ ! mopp+ atta*m5t4 ,"o sy/em1 introduc$ sev]al ye>s ago1 conduct$ ! wat] to ! bru% & away f ! rubb]-fac$ mopp+ appliance ?r\gh ! same hose4 ,?is arrangem5t requires ! use ( a special ?ree-way hose cock1 :i* _h to be manipulat$ frequ5tly dur+ ! scrubb+ op]ation1 requir+ ! "t ( ano!r p]son 9 addition to ! op]ator1 or else greatly delay+ ! scrubb+ process by requir+ ! op]ator to con/antly pass back & =? betwe5 ! hose cock & ! scrubb+ tool4 ,?is me?od ( supply+ wat] also requires ! use ( a removable corn bru% atta*$ ov] ! rubb] mopp+ device4 ,o!r =ms ( scrubb+ appliances are provid$ ) sep>ate hose = ! wat] supply & suction & ) valves 9 ! h&les = controll+ ! suction & wat] supply4 ,^! valves to be effici5t & quick 9 action are g5]ally made self-clos+1 o!rwise !y w be %ort-liv$1 z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,:5 spr+s are us$ to close ! valves1 ! h& & wri/ w be quickly fatigu$1 z /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,) ei!r ( ! above sy/ems all ( ! scrubb+1 t is1 ! agitation ( ! bru%1 has to be p]=m$ by ! op]ator1 z 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y scrubb+ bru%4 ,h[ev]1 ! comb9ation tool is mu* heavi] & clumsi] ?an ! ord9>y scrubb+ bru%1 & ! only advantage obta9$ by us+ ?is heavy & clumsy appliance is ! ability to supply wat] )\t c>ry+ x 9 buckets1 also ! removal ( ! dirty wat] aft] scrubb+4 ,^! appliances _c be t]m$ me*anical scrubb]s1 nor c !y be class$ ) scrubb+ ma*9es ) motor-driv5 bru%es1 su* z h be5 rec5tly introduc$4 ,a real me*anical scrubb+ device = use ) a vacuum clean+ sy/em 0 manufactur$ by ,fo/] ,glidd51 ( ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 b 0 nev] plac$ on ! m>ket1 al?\gh at lea/ "o is 9 comm]cial op]ation to-day4 ,?is ma*9e is provid$ ) a turb9e motor op]at$ by ! air curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! ma*9e4 ,?is turb9e revolves a pair ( scrubb+ bru%es turn+ 9 opposite directions4 ,wat] is f$ ?r\gh a sep>ate hose1 & an auxili>y air inlet is op5$ :5 ! suction "u ! bru%es is clos$1 9 ord] to supply ! necess>y air to keep ! turb9e runn+4 ,mr4 ,fo/] /ates t he has exp]i5c$ no tr\ble 9 op]at+ ?is ma*9e on f #h 94 to #ab 94 ( vacuum1 be+ able to scrub & remove ! dirt & wat] ) "o op]ation4 ,! spe$ ) :i* ! "w 0 done dep5d$ on ! condition ( ! floor1 ! usual rate1 z giv5 by ,mr4 ,fo/]1 be+ f #aj to #ab yds4 p] m9ute4 ,mr4 ,fo/] also /ates t he has n pu%$ ! introduction ( ?is scrubb]1 z he consid]s x s f> ahead ( ! times z to require ! education ( ! public 9 ! use ( ! hose & ord9>y vacuum clean+ tools be=e us]s w\ld be capable ( successfully op]at+ ?is type ( scrubb]4 ,! au?or consid]s ?is condition to be lam5table if true1 = until "s su* appliance is 9 comm]cial use scrubb+ atta*m5ts to a vacuum clean+ sy/em c nev] compete ) ! me*anical scrubb+ ma*9es n[ on ! m>ket1 & are little if any bett] ?an ! old me?od ( scrub-bru%1 mop & pail1 & c]ta9ly n z rapid 9 op]ation4 ,:5 ! vacuum clean+ sy/ems comb9e scrubb+ ) dry clean+1 ! sep>ator & vacuum produc] mu/ provide = ! removal ( wat] z well z air4 ,a few manufactur]s h attempt$ ?is1 among :i* are ! mak]s ( ! ,rotrex sy/em1 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix1 9 :i* ! wat] is pass$ ?r\gh ! pump & into ! sew] "u suffici5t pressure to ov]come ! friction 9 ! exhau/ pipe ?r\gh :i* ! expell$ air passes aft] leav+ ! sep>ator4 ,?is may be suffici5t to =ce ! trap seals ( ! plumb+ sy/em1 &1 if us$1 ! dis*>ge connection %\ld be made to ! sew] outside ! ma9 runn+ trap1 close to ! fre% air inlet4 ,z l>ge articles _c be all[$ to pass ?r\gh ! pump1 a scre5 is necess>y on ! inlet side ( ! vacuum produc]1 b ?is may give tr\ble1 due to ! clogg+ ) litt]4 ,! ,atwood ,vacuum ,clean] ,company uses a wet tank on ! suction side ( ! vacuum produc] into :i* ! dirt & wat] are dis*>g$1 ! air be+ sep>at$ & pass$ to ! vacuum produc]4 ,:5 ?is tank becomes p>tly fill$ x is necess>y to %ut d[n ! plant & empty ! cont5ts ( ! tank by gravity into ! sew]4 ,?is me?od ov]comes ! objections to clogg$ scre5s & =c$ trap seals1 & all litt] is dis*>g$ direct to ! sew]1 toge!r ) a quantity ( wat] :i* is presumably suffici5t to flu% ! litt] ?r\gh ! sew]4 ,! la/ nam$ sy/em is /ill op5 to two objections2 fir/1 x is n automatic1 &1 if neglect$1 ! tank w fill ) wat] & =ce same into ! vacuum produc]4 ,) ! ,root type ( vacuum pump ?is w d little h>m unless a l>ge quantity ( float+ litt] %\ld pass into ! pump4 ,second1 ! sy/em may be op]at$ ) dry r5ovators exclusively = a consid]able portion ( ! "t1 9 :i* case ! cont5ts ( ! sep>ator may become ( su* a consi/5cy z w n readily flu% ?r\gh ! sew]1 & /oppage ( ! same may occur4 ,ano!r sep>ator ( ?is type has rec5tly be5 pat5t$ by ,e4 ,b4 ,dunn1 ! orig9ator ( ! ,dunn ,locke1 9 :i* ! mud & ! wat] are automatically dis*>g$ alt]nately f "o ( two sep>ators1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,su* a sep>ator1 9 :i* suffici5t wat] is automatically introduc$ to dilute ! dirt & :i* w automatically empty :5 suffici5tly fill$1 :5 s con/ruct$ t x w op]ate cont9u\sly1 is consid]$ to be ! ideal sep>ator = use ) a comb9$ clean+ & scrubb+ sy/em4 ,until ! me*anical scrubb] & an automatically op]at$ sep>ator are comm]cially introduc$ ! au?or does n consid] t ! use ( scrubb+ atta*m5ts1 9 connection ) ! vacuum clean+ sy/em1 is advisable4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,selection ,,( ,,clean+ ,,plant4 ,we h consid]$ 9 detail ! v>i\s appliances :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 make a complete vacuum clean+ sy/em1 b )\t consid]+ _! relation to "o ano!r4 ,x n[ becomes necess>y to *oose an exact type & =m ( ea* ( ^! appliances :i* w produce 9 comb9ation a complete vacuum clean+ sy/em be/ suit$ to ! conditions to be met 9 a giv5 in/allation4 ,9 select+ a vacuum clean+ sy/em consid]ation mu/ be giv5 to ! "* ( ! mat]ial to be remov$1 ! k9d & quality ( ! surfaces to be clean$1 ! rate at :i* clean+ mu/ be done1 ! ext5t ( ! clean+ sy/em1 & ! co/ ( labor to op]ate ! sy/em1 all ( :i* mu/ be consid]$ 9 ea* /ep 9 ! selection ( a suitable plant4 ,9 assembl+ ! complete sy/em1 ! au?or w take up ! v>i\s p>ts !re( 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,r5ovators4--,! selection ( r5ovators is ! mo/ important /ep 9 mak+ up a vacuum clean+ sy/em1 z ! entire makeup ( ! sy/em1 :e!r good or bad1 is dep5d5t on ! prop] selection ( ^! tools4 ,! c>pet r5ovator is g5]ally consid]$ fir/ 9 importance1 because ! clean+ ( c>pets has ne>ly always be5 f\nd to be ! pr9cipal field ( usefulness 9 vacuum clean+ "w4 ,?is is due1 p]haps1 l>gely to ! fact t f ! beg9n+ ( ! art ( vacuum clean+1 ?is function ( ! sy/em has be5 held be=e ! eyes ( ! public by ! manufactur]s ( ! e>li] sy/ems4 ,ne>ly all demon/rations ( clean+ sy/ems %[n to ! public consi/ ( ! removal ( ord9>y :eat fl\r f a c>pet4 ,! reason = ?is is two-fold2 fir/1 because x is ! mo/ /rik+ demon/ration to ! eye ( ! layman1 &1 second1 x is ! easie/ to accompli% ) a small air displacem5t & small p[]1 :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! app>atus made by ^! manufactur]s4 ,! au?or 0 at "o "t ( ! op9ion t ?is function ( ! clean+ plant 0 giv5 too mu* prom95ce by build]s ( sy/ems hav+ small air displacem5t1 & lett]s 7 s5t to ! (ficials 9 *>ge ( sixte5 ,gov]nm5t build+s 9 :i* vacuum clean+ sy/ems 7 in/all$1 ask+ !m1 among o!r que/ions1 :e!r ! clean+ sy/em 0 us$ to any ext5t 9 clean+ b>e floors1 ( :i* !re 7 l>ge areas1 bo? wood & m>ble1 9 ! build+s 9 "q4 ,! plants in/all$ 7 ( v>i\s makes1 "s ( :i* ma9ta9$ #ab 94 m]cury at ! sep>ator & us$ #a-;94 hose1 :ile ab\t an equal numb] ( o!rs ma9ta9$ #f 94 m]cury at ! sep>ator & us$ #a-;94 hose4 ,! answ]s %[$ t out ( ! sixte5 build+s ! clean] 0 us$ on b>e floors 9 b two ( ! build+s4 ,"o writ]1 :o _h a plant ma9ta9+ #f-;94 vacuum1 provid$ ) ,type ,f r5ovators & #a-;94 hose1 /at$ t he _h tri$ clean+ b>e floors )\t success1 z ! r5ovator & hose became s clogg$ ) litt] z to be inop]ative4 ,! majority /at$ t ! clean+ sy/em displac$ brooms on c>pets & rugs & sev]al /at$ t ! clean+ sy/em 0 us$ to advantage 9 clean+ walls1 cases1 pigeon holes & relief "w4 ,?is indicates t = ! av]age (fice & dep>tm5tal build+ ! clean+ ( c>pets is ! mo/ important function ( ! vacuum clean]4 ,?is is also true ( resid5ce "w4 ,s*ools1 dep>tm5t /ores & manufactur+ build+s conta9 v little floor space cov]$ ) c>pets1 & 9 build+s ( ?is "* ! clean+ ( b>e floors is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,9 su* cases ! effici5cy ( ! c>pet r5ovator c be sacrific$ to a m effici5t & economical op]ation ( b>e floor r5ovators4 ,9 a build+ :]e c>pet clean+ is an important function ( ! clean+ sy/em1 ! selection ( ! c>pet r5ovator is mo/ important4 ,( all ! v>i\s types ( c>pet r5ovators discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 only two ne$ to be consid]$1 ,type ,a & ,type ,f4 ,( ^!1 ,type ,a is sup]ior 9 all respects except ! pick+ up ( l>ge litt]1 &1 unless ! "* ( ! mat]ial to be remov$ conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial :i* c be pick$ up by ,type ,f r5ovator t w n pass ,type ,a1 ,type ,a r5ovator %\ld always be us$4 ,ev5 :5 ,type ,f r5ovators are desirable1 ! writ] consid]s t ! plant %\ld /ill conta9 "s ,type ,a r5ovators = use 9 places :]e ?is unusual litt] w n be enc\nt]$4 ,among ! b>e floor r5ovators1 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 only ! "o hav+ a felt face1 curv$ to p]mit its runn+ ov] ! dirt1 is wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,?is r5ovator requires an inlet or vacuum break] to keep same f /ick+ to ! surface clean$1 ! ext5t ( su* op5+ be+ dep5d5t on ! vacuum ma9ta9$ 9 ! c>pet r5ovators1 z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,:5 c>pet clean+ is consid]$ z ( second>y importance to b>e floor clean+1 ! degree ( vacuum ma9ta9$ at ! sep>ators may be r$uc$ to t :i* w produce a vacuum ( #a 94 m]cury at ! b>e floor r5ovator1 all[+ ! vacuum ma9ta9$ at ! c>pet r5ovator to be :atev] ! conditions ( hose & pipe l9e w produce4 ,"u su* conditions1 ! area ( ! inru% or vacuum break] 9 ! b>e floor r5ovator may be r$uc$ consid]ably4 ,! use ( bru% r5ovators is dep5d5t on ! capacity ( ! air exhau/] suppli$1 z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,if x is decid$ t bru% r5ovators are necess>y1 !n ! 8l>ge volume0 exhau/] mu/ be in/all$4 ,! advisability ( su* in/allation is dep5d5t on ! "t all[$ = clean+ & ! co/ ( ! op]ators4 ,9 resid5ces & small build+s :]e ! clean+ op]ations c be done ) "o or ev5 two dome/ics or labor]s1 v little1 if any1 sav+ 9 ! wages ( op]ators c be effect$ by increas+ ! rate at :i* ! clean+ c be done4 ,9 su* build+s a small-volume plant w be ! mo/ economical 9 fir/ co/ & op]ation4 ,if su* a plant is in/all$1 ! bru% r5ovators %\ld be omitt$4 ,9 cases :]e b>e floor clean+ is ! pr9cipal function ( ! clean+ sy/em ! extra quantity ( air at ! l[ vacuum necess>y w n require mu* l>g] exp5diture ( p[] ?an t ne$$ by ! small-volume plants :5 ma9ta9+ suffici5t vacuum = effective c>pet clean+ & bru% r5ovators %\ld be provid$ ) sy/ems ( ?is "*4 ,hose4--,9 ,*apt] ,,vi x is %[n t :5 c>pet r5ovators are op]at$ effici5tly 9 comb9ation ) b>e floor r5ovators1 #a-;94 hose w produce ! be/ results ) ! l[e/ exp5diture ( p[] at ! hose cock4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,vii x is %[n t ) pipe l9es ( ord9>y l5g? #a-;94 hose also gives ! be/ results1 ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( p[] at ! sep>ator1 b t 9 cases ( exce$+ly long pipe l9es1 #a-;94 hose w be ! mo/ economical4 ,9 a sy/em :]e b>e floor clean+ is ! pr9cipal function1 ! vacuum to be ma9ta9$ at ! c>pet r5ovator is no long] consid]$1 & = su* sy/ems ! l>ge/ hose :i* c easily be h&l$ w cause ! lea/ hose friction & require ! l[e/ vacuum at ! hose cock4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! mo/ economical to use on su* a sy/em4 ,! au?or does n recomm5d ! use ( a hose l>g] ?an #a--;94 diamet] = ?is type ( plant4 ,! prop] hose sizes1 !re=e1 w be3 ,= ord9>y build+s :]e c>pet clean+ is important1 #a-;94 diamet]4 ,= in/allations ) unusually long l9es ( pip+1 :]e c>pet clean+ is important1 #a-;94 diamet]4 ,= all sy/ems :]e c>pet clean+ is ( second>y importance1 #a-;94 or #a--;94 diamet]4 ,pipe ,l9es4--,pipe l9es %\ld always be z l>ge z possible )\t r$uc+ ! velocity 9 same bel[ #dj ft4 p] second1 z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,sep>ators4--,! type ( sep>ator to be us$ is dep5d5t on ! type ( vacuum produc] adopt$4 ,:]e reciprocat+ exhau/]s are us$1 or o!r type ( exhau/] :]e !re is rubb+ contact betwe5 ! mov+ p>ts & ! du/1 ! comb9ation ( a wet & dry sep>ator is recomm5d$4 ,:5 rot>y or c5trifugal exhau/]s hav+ close cle>ances are us$1 total sep>ators ) bags are recomm5d$4 ,:5 exhau/]s ) l>ge cle>ances are op]at$1 p>tial sep>ators are satisfactory4 ,! use ( any =m ( app>atus contemplat+ ! adoption ( a satisfactory scrubb+ sy/em is n consid]$ advisable1 z ! au?or believes t sep>ators = h&l+ wat] w be improv$ be=e scrubb+ becomes comm]cially successful4 ,*anges 9 ! exi/+ sep>ators c be made :5 satisfactory scrubb+ appliances are plac$ on ! m>ket1 at no great] exp5se ?an w\ld be necess>y to br+ up to date any ( ! pres5t sy/ems = h&l+ wat]4 ,vacuum ,produc]s4--,! selection ( ! vacuum produc] is dep5d5t on ! degree ( vacuum t mu/ be ma9ta9$ to effectively op]ate ! sy/em select$4 ,= ! op]ation ( a sy/em :]e c>pet clean+ is ! pr9cipal function & #a-;94 hose is us$1 ! vacuum requir$ at ! produc] w be f #f 94 to #i 94 m]cury4 ,inspection ( ! effici5cy curves ( ! v>i\s types ( vacuum produc]s1 giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,ix1 %[s t ! two-impell] rot>y pump has ! highe/ effici5cy at ?is vacuum4 ,= ! op]ation ( sy/ems :]e c>pet clean+ is ! mo/ important function & #a-;94 hose is f\nd to be ! mo/ economical1 #ad 94 to #ae 94 ( vacuum at ! vacuum produc] is necess>y1 & effici5cy curves1 giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,ix1 %[ t ! pi/on pump is ! be/ suit$ = su* s]vice4 ,= ! op]ation ( a sy/em :]e c>pet clean+ is ( second>y importance a vacuum at ! produc] ( f #b 94 to #d 94 ( m]cury w be suffici5t4 ,= ?is "w1 ! multi-/age or ev5 s+le-/age c5trifugal fan is practically z effici5t z ! two-impell] rot>y1 & w be l[] 9 fir/ co/ & co/ ( ma9t5ance4 ,ei!r ( ! above m5tion$ vacuum produc]s are satisfactory = op]at+ a sy/em ( ?is type4 ,control4--,e sy/em ( m ?an "o-sweep] capacity 9 :i* a displacem5t type ( exhau/] is us$ %\ld be provid$ ) "s means ( economically controll+ ! vacuum at ! produc]4 ,on "o-sweep] plants an automatic />t] :i* w /op ! motor :5 ! vacuum rea*es a po9t #b 94 above t requir$ & />t same :5 ! vacuum drops to #a 94 bel[ t requir$ is conv5i5t1 b n necess>y4 ,= pi/on pumps & all o!r displacem5t pumps fitt$ ) eduction valves1 an unload+ device1 :i* closes ! suction :5 ! necess>y vacuum is exce$$1 is ! lea/ exp5sive to in/all & gives v good economy :5 ! dem& on ! plant is fairly cont9u\s dur+ ! "t x is 9 op]ation4 ,:]e ! s]vice is int]mitt5t & requir$ at ne>ly all h\rs1 ! ,cutl] ,hamm] control1 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,x1 is ! mo/ economical4 ,) displacem5t exhau/]s hav+ no eduction valves1 ! by-pass type ( control is satisfactory :]e ! s]vice is cont9u\s1 b is n z economical1 z ! unload] us$ ) produc]s hav+ eduction valves & ! ,cutl] ,hamm] control is m effici5t "u all conditions ( s]vice4 ,c5trifugal exhau/]s ne$ no control1 z vacuum control is an inh]5t feature ( ^! ma*9es4 ,summ+ up ! subject1 we c divide ! vacuum clean+ sy/ems into f\r classes1 ea* ( :i* requires a diff]5t selection ( appliances4 ,!y are z foll[s3 ,class #a4--,plant = resid5ce or small (fice or dep>tm5tal build+1 to be n m ?an "o-sweep] capacity4 ,r5ovators3 ,see li/ giv5 = 8small volume0 plant1 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,hose3 #a-;94 diamet]4 ,sep>ator3 ,c5trifugal1 dry1 ) bag or scre54 ,vacuum ,produc]3 ,two impell]1 rot>y1 alt]nate c5trifugal fan4 ,capacity1 #cj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute1 #d 94 vacuum at produc]4 ,control3 ,automatic />t]1 op]at$ by vacuum4 ,size ( motor3 to #a ,h4 ,p4 ,class #b4--,l>ge (fice or dep>tm5tal build+ :]e c>pet clean+ is important & pipe l9es are ( reasonable l5g?4 ,r5ovators3 ,see li/ giv5 = 8l>ge volume0 plant1 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,hose3 #a-;94 diamet]4 ,sep>ator3 ,c5trifugal1 dry1 ) bag or scre54 ,vacuum ,produc]3 ,two impell]1 rot>y4 ,capacity1 #gj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute = ea* sweep] ( plant capacity at #g 94 to #i 94 vacuum4 ,size ( motor3 #b ,h4 ,p4 p] sweep] capacity4 ,control3 ,cutl] ,hamm]4 ,class #c4--,l>ge build+ or gr\p ( build+s :]e c>pet clean+ is important & long l9es ( pip+ are necess>y4 ,r5ovator3 ,see li/ = 8l>ge volume0 plants1 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,hose3 #a-;94 diamet]4 ,sep>ators3 ,"o c5trifugal dry & "o wet4 ,vacuum ,produc]3 ,pi/on type pump4 ,capacity1 #de cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute = ea* sweep] ( plant capacity at #ad 94 vacuum4 ,size ( motor3 #d ,h4 ,p4 = ea* sweep] ( plant capacity4 ,control3 ,automatic unload] = cont9u\s s]vice4 ,cutl] ,hamm] = int]mitt5t "w at all times4 ,class #d4--,l>ge or small plant :]e c>pet clean+ is n an important function ( ! clean+ sy/em4 ,r5ovators3 ,same z = ,class #c4 ,hose3 #a 94 or #a- 94 ,sep>ators3 ,"o c5trifugal1 dry1 ) or )\t bag1 accord+ to type ( exhau/] adopt$4 ,vacuum ,produc]3 ,c5trifugal fan or two-impell] rot>y pump4 ,capacity3 #gj to #ij cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute = ea* sweep] ( plant capacity1 ) a vacuum ( f #b 94 to #c 94 m]cury4 ,size ( motor3 #a to #b ,h4 ,p4 = ea* sweep] ( plant capacity4 ,control3 ,) c5trifugal fan1 none2 ) pump1 ,cutl] ,hamm]4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t to produce ! mo/ effici5t plant = all ( ! f\r cases nam$1 all ( ! v>i\s types ( vacuum clean+ sy/ems :i* h come into g5]al use h to be op]at$ ea* "u its mo/ favorable conditions & ! eng9e] %\ld select 8 plant to be/ fulfill ! conditions ( ! special case at h&1 j z he w\ld select 8 prime mov] = an electric g5]at+ plant accord+ to its size & location4 ,!re %\ld be no m reason :y any "o ( ^! sy/ems %\ld attempt to fulfill ! requirem5ts ( e in/allation ?an !re w\ld be = a manufactur] ( /eam eng9es to attempt to use ! same type ( eng9e to drive a g5]ator "u all conditions4 ,! writ] believes t ?is condition w soon be realiz$ by all manufactur]s ( vacuum clean+ sy/ems & t !y w endeavor to in/all app>atus ( ! type be/ suit$ to ! conditions to be met 9 ea* case4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,te/s4 ,hav+ decid$ on ! type ( vacuum clean+ sy/em t is be/ suit$ to ! conditions ( ! p>ticul> build+ 9 :i* x is to be in/all$1 x !n becomes necess>y to asc]ta9 :at are ! te/s necess>y to det]m9e :e!r ! in/allation w produce ! desir$ results4 ,if ! in/allation is "o 9 :i* c>pet clean+ is important & ! plant is ( m ?an "o-sweep] capacity1 ! exhau/] mu/ be ( suffici5t capacity to produce a vacuum ( n less ?an #d 94 m]cury at a c>pet r5ovator atta*$ to any inlet on ! pip+ sy/em1 :5 ! plant is op]at+ o!r r5ovators ( any type atta*$ to any ( ! o!r inlets correspond+ to "o less ?an ! total sweep] capacity ( ! sy/em4 ,:5 hose l5g?s z %ort z #be ft4 c be us$ on any or all ( ! outlets1 x has be5 demon/rat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii t an air removal ( #gj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute = ea* sweep] ( plant capacity is necess>y1 no matt] :at size ( hose is us$4 ,x 0 also %[n t :]e pipe l9es are v long & x is possible to always use #ajj ft4 ( hose1 effici5t clean+ c be done ) less exp5diture ( p[] ) an air displacem5t ( #de cu4 ft4 ( free air = ea* sweep] ( plant capacity4 ,_m me?ods h be5 recomm5d$ = te/+ a clean+ plant4 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ 0 ! ma9ta9+ ( #ae 94 ( vacuum at ! vacuum produc] ) c>pet r5ovators ea* atta*$ to #ajj ft4 ( hose1 equal 9 numb] to ! sweep] capacity ( ! plant 9 op]ation on c>pets4 ,ano!r te/ is to atta* #ajj-;ft4 l5g?s ( hose to inlets on ! sy/em1 ) ! ends wide op51 equal 9 numb] to ! sweep] capacity ( ! plant1 & require ! pump to ma9ta9 a vacuum ( #ae 94 m]cury4 ,bo? ( ^! te/s 7 recomm5d$ = use on plants :]e #a-;94 diamet] hose 0 provid$ & ! results are dep5d5t l>gely on ! size & l5g? ( ! pip+ sy/em4 ,) an av]age-siz$ sy/em1 ! fir/ te/ w require an exhau/ion ( approximately #be cu4 ft4 ( free air p] r5ovator p] m9ute if ,type ,a r5ovators are us$4 ,! second te/ wall require an exhau/ion ( approximately #ej cu4 ft4 ( free air p] op5 hose p] m9ute4 ,nei!r ( ^! te/s w insure a plant ( suffici5t capacity to d effective clean+ :]e #be-;ft4 l5g?s ( #a-;94 hose c be us$ or if l>g] bore ?an #a-;94 hose be us$4 ,if ^! te/s are requir$ ) bores l>g] ?an #a-;94 diamet] & ! vacuum is ma9ta9$ ! same z be=e1 air exhau/ion ) #a-;94 op5 hose w be approximately #gj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] op5 hose1 & ) #a-;94 hose1 approximately #aej cu4 ft4 p] op5 hose1 :ile1 if c>pet r5ovators be us$1 ! vacuum at ! r5ovator w\ld be f #g to #i 94 ( m]cury4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! vacuum requir$ to be ma9ta9$ at ! sep>ators is high] ?an is necess>y to produce economical clean+ ) ei!r #a-;94 or #a-;94 hose4 ,te/s ) c>pet r5ovators atta*$ to #ajj ft4 hose l9es 9 numb] equal to ! capacity ( ! plant1 & a vacuum ( #d 94 ( m]cury at ! r5ovator w result 9 an exhau/ion bel[ t necess>y to produce effici5t clean+ :5 b>e floor r5ovators & c>pet r5ovators ) %ort] hose l9es are us$1 z is likely to occur 9 actual practice4 ,aga91 op5 hose te/s require a v>iable l5g? ( hose to be us$ 9 ord] to obta9 ! same air quantity ) ! prop] vacuum at ! sep>ator = economical op]ation4 ,if #gj cu4 ft4 ( air is desir$1 z 9 ! case ( ,class #b plant 7,*apt] ,,xii71 ! hose l5g?s %\ld be3 #ej ft4 #a 94 diamet]4 #ab 94 vacuum at sep>ator4 #ge ft4 #a 94 diamet]4 #i 94 vacuum at sep>ator4 #abe ft4 #a 94 diamet]4 #f 94 vacuum at sep>ator4 ,any ( ^! l5g?s w\ld give satisfactory clean+ ) "o c>pet r5ovator 9 use1 toge!r ) suffici5t b>e floor r5ovators to equal ! capacity ( ! plant4 ,?is is a possible condition 9 any plant4 ,ano!r me?od ( te/+ is to measure ! actual air pass+ ?r\gh a giv5 l5g? ( hose & require suffici5t vacuum at ! sep>ator to produce ?is fl[4 ,?is me?od is op5 to ! objection t v>iation 9 ! size ( ! hose w result 9 consid]able v>iation 9 ! vacuum at ! sep>ator & conditions ( hose l5g?s may be su* t :5 c>pet r5ovators are atta*$ to ! hose1 ! vacuum at ! r5ovator w v>y accord+ to ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! passage ( ! air by ! friction 9 ! hose4 ,) ! small hose1 ! friction w be greate/1 & ! r$uction 9 ! quantity ( air pass+ ! r5ovator f t pass+ an op5 hose w result 9 ! greate/ r$uction 9 friction loss ?r\gh ! hose & produce ! highe/ vacuum at ! r5ovator4 ,?is w cause a widely diff]5t vacuum at ! r5ovator ) diff]5t sizes ( hose1 ea* ( :i* passes ! same am\nt ( air ) ! end ( hose op54 ,:at is desir$ 9 clean+ op]ations is a c]ta9 degree ( vacuum at ! c>pet r5ovator1 ) ! sy/em op]at$ "u ! same conditions t w obta9 9 practical clean+1 & ) clean]s ( v>i\s types atta*$ to hose ends equal 9 numb] to ! capacity ( ! plant4 ,! mo/ rational sy/em ( te/+ is "o 9 :i* ! actual conditions ( air quantity & vacuum are measur$ at ! hose ends4 ,?is c be obta9$ by actually atta*+ clean+ tools to ! hose ends & measur+ ! vacuum )9 ! r5ovator4 ,h[ev]1 a wide v>iation 9 vacuum w result :5 ! r5ovator is mov$ along ! c>pet1 & ?is v>iation w be diff]5t ) diff]5t op]ators & diff]5t grades ( c>pet to su* an ext5t z to r5d] x impossible to actually meet any requirem5ts t may be specifi$1 unless a consid]able v>iation 9 vacuum is p]mitt$4 ,x is also possible = an op]ator to become s exp]t 9 ! manipulation ( ! r5ovators z to be able to meet ! specification requirem5ts ) a plant :i* w n give satisfactory results 9 actual op]ation4 ,! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( te/+ t has be5 devis$ is ! use ( an orifice ( prop] size fix$ to ! hose end & measure ! vacuum j inside ( ?is orifice4 ,9 mak+ su* measurem5ts c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! tube connect+ to ! vacuum gauge is n ins]t$ 9 su* a mann] t ! air velocity affects ! read+ ( ! vacuum gauge4 ,! %ape ( orifice mu/ also be c>efully specifi$1 z ! r\nd+ ( ! edges ( ! op5+ w greatly increase ! quantity ( air pass+ a giv5-siz$ orifice4 ,! be/ /&>d is a %>p-edg$ orifice 9 a ?9 disk :i* has a coeffici5t ( +ress ( approximately #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,,vacomet] ,,= ,,use ,,9 ,,te/+ ,,vacuum ,,clean+ ,,sy/ems4 ,a conv5i5t =m ( te/+ appliance bas$ on ! orifice te/ is ! vacomet]1 manufactur$ by ! ,sp5c] ,turb9e ,clean] ,company & %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,?is device consi/s ( a sph]ical alum9um ca/+1 ) a #a-;94 diamet] hole on ! equatorial circle1 a vacuum gauge be+ atta*$ to "o pol> extremity1 ! o!r be+ atta*$ to ! end ( ! hose4 ,a r+ hav+ a slip fit is plac$ ar\nd ! equatorial circle 9 :i* op5+s v>y+ f -94 to -94 diamet] are drill$4 ,by turn+ ?is r+ any ( ! orifices may be made to regi/] ) ! op5+ 9 ! sph]e4 ,! op5+ to :i* ! vacuum gauge is atta*$ is s locat$ t x is n affect$ by ! ent]+ air curr5t1 & its read+s are n affect$ by ! velocity head4 ,exp]im5ts ) ?is in/rum5t 9 connection ) a ,pitot tube %[ t a -94 diamet] orifice is equival5t to a ,type ,a c>pet r5ovator1 a -94 orifice to a ,type ,f r5ovator & a -94 orifice to a b>e floor r5ovator4 ,) in/rum5ts ( ?is type equal 9 numb] to ! capacity ( ! plant 9 sweep]s1 atta*$ to ! ends ( ! clean+ hose1 x is possible to obta9 uni=m conditions equal to ! av]age results t w be obta9$ 9 actual practice ) r5ovators atta*$ to ! hose1 )\t ! possibility ( exp]t manipulation ( ! r5ovators affect+ ! results4 ,! prop] orifice to be us$ 9 ea* vacomet] dur+ ! te/ w v>y ) ! "* ( ! s]vice = :i* ! plant is design$1 & ! au?or recomm5ds ! foll[+ = ea* ( ! classes ( plants describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii3 ,class #a4 #b-;94 m]cury1 ) -94 orifice1 maximum l5g? ( hose to be us$ 9 actual clean+4 ,class #b4 ,"o-half ! inlets -94 orifice1 #d4e 94 m]cury at "o orifice atta*$ at end ( longe/ hose desir$ to use 9 practice1 ! rema9+ -94 outlets on %ort] hose l5g?s4 ,! o!r half ( inlets to h -94 orifices op5 at same "t1 ) longe/ hose on "o-qu>t] ( total inlets & %orte/ on ! balance4 ,class #c4 ,all inlets on long hose1 "o-half ) -94 orifice1 balance ) -94 ,class #d4 ,all inlets to h -94 orifice & #a 94 vacuum at vacomet]1 all hose l9es maximum l5g?4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,specifications4 ,be=e ! eng9e] beg9s to prep>e 8 specifications = a propos$ vacuum clean+ sy/em1 he w naturally consid] c>efully ! conditions to be met 9 ! p>ticul> in/allation contemplat$4 ,hav+ consid]$ ^! conditions1 he c readily det]m9e ! type ( sy/em t w op]ate mo/ effici5tly & economically "u su* conditions4 ,x is1 !re=e1 natural to assume t ! be/ int]e/s ( 8 cli5ts c be obta9$ by conf9+ 8 specifications to app>atus ( ! type giv+ ! mo/ effici5t results = ! special conditions to be met4 ,h[ev]1 x is also necess>y to /udy ! app>atus on ! m>ket to det]m9e if !re is a suffici5t numb] ( manufactur]s produc+ ! p>ticul> type ( app>atus specifi$ to insure heal?y competition & reasonable bids4 ,x becomes necess>y1 !re=e1 to exam9e ! v>i\s sy/ems (f]$ by ! manufactur]s 9 ord] to det]m9e :at competition c be obta9$4 ,app>atus = ,class #a or ,class #b1 if conf9$ to ! positive displacem5t rot>y exhau/]s ( ! two-impell] type1 c be obta9$ f at lea/ sev5 manufactur]s4 ,if ! c5trifugal fan is includ$1 at lea/ ?ree o!r manufactur]s c be consid]$ & 9 ei!r case a heal?y competition be _h4 ,if app>atus ( ,class #c is desir$1 x c be obta9$ f at lea/ ?ree manufactur]s4 ,a few ye>s ago m manufactur]s ( sy/ems ( ?is type 7 9 ! m>ket4 ,"s ( ^! h dropp$ out1 ow+ to ! comp>atively limit$ field = ?is app>atus4 ,h[ev]1 !re are /ill en\gh manufactur]s 9 ! field to insure competition4 ,app>atus ( ,class #d has be5 especially manufactur$ by "o company4 ,h[ev]1 any ( ! manufactur]s ( c5trifugal fan type ( app>atus c easily meet ! specification requirem5ts = app>atus ( ! "*4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t ! specification ( app>atus ( ! type be/ suit$ to any p>ticul> in/allation w n result 9 lack ( competition1 & su* a proc$ure w\ld app>5tly be ju/ifi$4 ,!re are in/allations1 su* z ^? = public build+s1 :]e x may be advisable f an adm9i/rative /&po9t to all[ ! wide/ competition possible4 ,9 su* cases ! eng9e] c secure ! be/ results = 8 cli5ts by s draw+ 8 specifications z to include all types ( app>atus1 fix+ c>efully ! te/ requirem5ts to be met & requir+ ea* bidd] to /ate 9 8 proposal ! am\nt ( p[] requir$ to op]ate 8 app>atus "u full load1 ?ree-qu>t] load & half-load conditions1 & to base ! aw>d ( ! contract on an evaluation basis4 ,to det]m9e :at ! basis ( ?is evaluation %all be x is fir/ necess>y to asc]ta9 ! l5g? ( "t ! plant w be op]at$ at ea* ( ! loads specifi$ & f9d ! annual co/ ( a unit ( p[] to op]ate ! plant4 ,assum+ ! plant has a life ( t5 ye>s1 we c *>ge #aj depreciation1 add to ?is #e = int]e/ on ! inve/m5t & #a = insurance4 ,we c capitalize ! sav+ 9 p[] at #af & use ?is am\nt z a basis = evaluation4 ,z an example1 assume "o bidd] gu>antees a p[] consumption ( #a ,k4 ,w4 less at full load1 #a4be ,k4 ,w4 less at ?ree-qu>t]s load & #j4ge ,k4 ,w4 m at half load ?an a l[] bidd]4 ,assume ! plant w op]ate #ejj hrs4 p] ye> at full load1 #bjj hrs4 at ?ree-qu>t]s load & #cjj hrs4 at half load4 ,! total kil[att h\rs sav$ by ! m economical plant w be3 ,full load #ejj #a #ejj ,?ree-qu>t] load #bjj #a4be #bej --- ,total sav+ #gej ,"o-half load1 #cjj #j4ge #bbe --- ,net sav+ 7,k4 ,w4 ,hr47 #ebe ,if p[] co/s #e c5ts p] ,k4 ,w4 ,hr4 ! ye>ly sav+ w be #bf4be1 :i*1 capitaliz$ at #af1 w equal #afd4jj4 ,?is is ! am\nt :i* ! own] w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 pay+ = ! m economical plant above ! price ask$ = ! *eap]1 b less economical1 sy/em4 ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ any bidd] gu>antee+ a l[] p[] consumption ?an he c actually %[ on te/1 x is necess>y to impose a p5alty = failure to meet ! gu>antee :i* is 9 excess ( ! increase 9 price %[n to be ju/ifi$ by ! evaluation4 ,! au?or recomm5ds t ?is p5alty be made n less ?an #aej ( ! increase 9 price %[n by ! evaluation4 ,actually1 ! own] w n lose by ! less effici5t plant any m ?an ! am\nt %[n by ! evaluation if he junks ! plant at ! end ( t5 ye>s4 ,h[ev]1 x is m ?an likely t he w ei!r use x = a long] "t or w be able to realize some?+ = ! plant :5 x is displac$4 ,! increas$ p5alty1 !re=e1 is ju/ifi$1 & x is absolutely necess>y to make ?is p5alty great] ?an ! increas$ value to prev5t ! bidd] gu>antee+ a p[] consumption l[] ?an he c %[ on te/4 ,! foll[+ pages conta9 sample specifications = app>atus ( ea* ( ! f\r classes ( sy/ems describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii & a specification p]mitt+ ! wide/ competition1 ) evaluation & p5alty clauses4 ,,class #a ,,plant ,,= ,,resid5ce ,,or ,,small ,,(fice ,,build+ ,,( ,,"o-,,sweep] ,,capacity4 #a4 ,g5]al ,description4 ,! "w includ$ 9 ?is specification %all be ! in/allation ( a complete vacuum clean+ sy/em = ! removal ( du/ & dirt f rugs1 c>pets1 floors1 /airs1 furniture1 %elves1 walls & o!r fixtures & furni%+s ?r\gh\t ! build+1 & = convey+ said du/ & dirt to suitable receptacles locat$ :]e %[n1 toge!r ) all ( ! necess>y clean+ tools1 hose1 pip+1 sep>ators1 exhau/]1 motor1 etc41 z h]eaft] m fully specifi$4 #b4 ,exhau/]4 ,! exhau/] 9 all ( its details %all be made ( ! be/ mat]ials suitable = ! purpose & %all be ( approv$ design & con/ruction1 & may be ei!r ( ! positive displacem5t 7rot>y7 or ( ! multi-/age fan type4 #c4 ,rot>y ,exhau/]4 ,! rot>y displacem5t exhau/] %all be ei!r ( ! two-impell] type or ( type hav+ s+le impell] )\t slid+ vanes revolv+ )\t friction contact ) case & ) oscillat+ foll[]4 #d4 ,exhau/]s fitt$ ) slid+ blade or blades w n be acceptable4 #e4 ,all p>ts ( ! exhau/] %all be rigid en\gh to reta9 _! %ape :5 ! ma*9e is work+ "u maximum-load conditions4 #f4 ,! impell]s mu/ be ma*9$ all ov] & mu/ be ( su* %ape & size t !y w revolve freely & n t\* ea* o!r1 ! foll[]1 or ! cas+ 7cyl9d]7 9 :i* !y are plac$1 b ! cle>ance mu/ be ( ! lea/ possible am\nt consi/5t ) successful op]ation4 #g4 ,! %afts mu/ be ( /eel ) ! j\rnals gr\nd to size4 #h4 ,! j\rnal boxes mu/ be long & rigidly support$ by ! headplates & plac$ f> en\gh f ! headplates to all[ ! plac+ ( prop] /uff+ boxes on ! %afts4 #i4 ,! %afts ( two impell] exhau/]s mu/ be connect$ by wide-fac$ /eel ge>s1 cut f ! solid & securely fa/5$ to ! %afts4 ,foll[] %aft on s+le impell] exhau/] to be connect$ to impell] %aft by crank & connect+ rod4 ,! ge>s %all run 9 suitable oil-tight ge> boxes t %all be fitt$ ) adequate & suitable means = lubrication4 #aj4 ,c5trifugal ,fan ,type4 ,! c5trifugal fan exhau/] to be s proportion$ & con/ruct$ z to h&le ! volume ( air requir$ at ! specifi$ vacuum ) ! lea/ possible loss4 ,! h\s+ %all be ( ca/ iron or alum9um1 made 9 sections4 ,! h\s+ mu/ be air-tight4 #aa4 ,! fan :eels to be con/ruct$ ( /eel or o!r metal ( high t5sile /r5g?1 prop]ly re9=c$1 &1 if ca/1 mu/ include hub & arms complete 9 "o piece4 ,if ! fan :eels are built up1 !y mu/ be /rongly rivet$ to ca/-iron1 /eel or brass hubs or spid]s4 #ab4 ,! fan :eels are to be secur$ to %aft ) a fea!r & set screws1 or ) left-h& screw4 #ac4 ,! %aft ( fan exhau/] may be v]tical & ! :eels s m\nt$ t _! weight w equalize or p>tly equalize ! end ?ru/1 or ! end ?ru/ may be balanc$ by ! magnetic pull ( ! armature4 ,%aft may be horizontal & end ?ru/ tak5 c>e ( ) ball-be>+ ?ru/ r+s4 #ad4 ,! j\rnal boxes = all ( ! above nam$ types ( exhau/]s %all be ( ! design be/ adapt$ = ! purpose & mu/ be fitt$ ) fir/-class approv$ cont9u\s lubricat+ devices1 ei!r sight fe$1 r+ oil]1 or any o!r k9d be/ suit$ = ! "w or design ( app>atus us$4 #ae4 ,cool+4 ,! rot>y type ( exhau/] mu/ be provid$ ) ! necess>y wat] connections to prop]ly seal & cool ! pump4 ,fan type ( exhau/] mu/ be design$ to op]ate cont9u\sly )\t a rise ( temp]ature ov] #ajj ,f4 above room temp]ature4 #af4 ,spe$4 ,rot>y exhau/]s %all n exce$ a p]iph]al spe$ ( #a1ajj ft4 p] m9ute at tips ( impell]s4 #ag4 ,c5trifugal fans %all n exce$ p]iph]al velocity ( #bb1jjj ft4 p] m9ute :5 runn+ "u specifi$ full-load conditions4 #ah4 ,m\nt+4 ,! exhau/]1 motor & sep>ators %all be m\nt$ z a unit on suitable ca/-iron base plate1 ei!r m\nt$ on legs or re/+ on ! basem5t floor4 #ai4 ,drive4 ,! exhau/] %all be driv5 by an electric motor1 :i* may be direct connect$ to ! exhau/] %aft or be op]at$ ) an oak-tann$ lea!r belt1 or by cut ge>+4 ,belt & ge>+ are to be ( ample size & /r5g? = _! "w & mu/ run )\t undue noise or we>4 ,means %all be provid$ to take up ! slack ( ! belt4 ,furni% & place a suitable metal gu>d ov] belt & pulley :eels t %all prev5t oil be+ spla%$ outside ( ! base plate & prev5t clo?+ be+ caught4 #bj4 ,if ! exhau/] is op]at$ ?r\gh cut ge>+1 ! ge>+ mu/ be inclos$ 9 an oil & du/ pro( case1 :i* %all be fitt$ ) means = copi\s & cont9u\s lubrication ( same4 #ba4 ,f9i%4 ,! air exhau/] & motor & ! base plate %all be f9i%$ 9 a fir/-class mann]1 fill$1 rubb$ d[n & pa9t$ at lea/ "o coat at ! %op1 & aft] in/allation %all receive two m coats1 f9i%+ t9t to be z direct$4 #bb4 ,electric ,motor4 ,motor to be ( su* size t :5 op]at+ "u te/ conditions x w n be "u less ?an ?ree-f\r?s nor m ?an full-load condition4 ,x is to be ( /&>d make1 approv$ by ! ar*itect4 #bc4 ,motor to be w\nd = 4444 volts direct curr5t4 #bd4 ,armature to be ( too!d-core con/ruction1 ) w9d+s ?or\ghly insulat$1 & securely fa/5$ 9 place1 & mu/ be balanc$ bo? me*anically & electrically4 #be4 ,commutator segm5ts mu/ be ( drop-=g$ or h>d-drawn copp] ( highe/ conductivity1 well insulat$ ) mica ( ev5 ?ickness & prop] h>dness to insure uni=m we>1 & %all run free f sp>k+ or fla%+ at ! bru%es "u all conditions ( spe$4 ,x mu/ be free f all defects & h ample be>+ surfaces & radial dep? z provision = we>4 #bf4 ,bru%es to be ( c>bon1 m\nt$ on a common rock] arm = motor1 & to h cross-sectional area ( n less ?an #a squ>e in* = ea* #ce amp]es ( curr5t4 #bg4 ,bru% hold]s to be ( a design to prev5t *att]+1 ) individual adju/m5t 9 t5sion = ea* bru%4 #bh4 ,be>+s to be ( an approv$ self-oil+ or r+ type4 #bi4 ,!re mu/ be an insulation resi/ance betwe5 motor frame & field coils1 armature w9d+s & bru% hold]s ( n less ?an #a megohm4 #cj4 ,motor mu/ be capable ( /&+ a breakd[n te/ ( #a1ejj volts alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,ei!r or bo? ( ! =ego+ te/s to be appli$ at ! discretion ( ! ar*itect's ag5t at ! "t ( %op te/s4 #ca4 ,! maximum rise 9 temp]ature ( ! motor at a cont9u\s run 7aft] in/allation at build+7 at full spe$ & full-rat$ load = a p]iod ( eight h\rs mu/ n exce$ #ej ,c4 9 w9d+s & #ee ,c4 on commutator above ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 #cb4 ,motor to be f9i%$ 9 a fir/-class mann]1 fill$ & rubb$ d[n & pa9t$ two coats at ! %op1 & aft] in/allation to h two m coats2 f9i%+ t9ts to be z direct$ by ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! build+4 #cc4 ,tablet4 ,furni% & m\nt :]e direct$ a poli%$ slate tablet n less ?an 94 ?ick1 hav+ m\nt$ !reon "o #cj-;amp]e1 #bej-volt1 d\ble-pole knife swit*1 ) enclos$ indicat+ fuses1 &1 if displacem5t exhau/] is furni%$1 "o automatic self-/>t] hav+ butt contacts1 cutt+ out />t+ resi/ance 9 n less ?an two /eps1 />t] to be controll$ by ! vacuum 9 sep>ator1 & %all /op motor :5 vacuum rises #b 94 above t requir$ to meet te/ requirem5ts & />t motor :5 vacuum falls to t requir$ = work+4 #cd4 ,electrical ,connections4 ,?is contractor %all run fe$]s f vacuum clean] panel 9 swit*bo>d :]e %[n to ! motor panel & make all electrical connections betwe5 panel & motor1 etc4 #ce4 ,all wires are to be run 9 /&>d /eel conduit1 except ^? t are s %ort z to be self-support+1 & ^! are to be cord wrapp$ or o!rwise protect$4 ,no wire small] ?an ,no4 #h to be us$4 #cf4 ,all mat]ial & workman%ip to be /rictly fir/ class4 ,electrical "w mu/ %[ an insulation resi/ance ( at lea/ #a megohm1 & to be 9 /rict accordance ) ! late/ edition ( ! 8,national ,electrical ,code40 #cg4 ,du/ ,sep>ator4 ,!re %all be "o dry sep>ator locat$ :]e %[n on plans1 hav+ a volume n less ?an #c cu4 ft4 #ch4 ,! int]ior arrangem5t ( ! sep>ator %all be su* t no "p ( same w receive ! direct impact ( ! du/4 ,clo? bags or metal scre5s if us$ 9 ?is sep>ator %all be s plac$ t no?+ b ! v lighte/ ( ! du/ c lodge !reon1 & t same may be easily clean$ )\t dismantl+ ! sep>ator4 ,x mu/ be s con/ruct$ t x %all int]cept n less ?an #ie ( ! du/ ent]+ same4 #ch;a4 ,sep>ator tank %all be con/ruct$ ) /eel %ells1 ) ei!r ca/ iron or /eel heads1 & be fitt$ ) suitable bases or floor /&s = support & prop] op5+s = clean+ same4 ,sep>ator %all be fitt$ ) iron-column m]cury gauge read+ #ej 9 excess ( op]at+ vacuum4 #ci4 ,pipe ,l9es4 ,all pipe l9es %all be ( ! sizes & run z indicat$ on draw+s4 #dj4 ,pipes4 ,all pipe convey+ air is to be /&>d black wr\ght-iron or mild-/eel screw-jo9t$ pipe1 & is to be smoo? inside1 free f d5ts1 k9ks1 f9s1 or burs4 ,ends ( pipe to be ream$ to ! full inside diamet] & bevel$4 ,b5t pipe to be us$ 9 ma9s :]e necess>y & :]e %[n on plans4 #da4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 erect+ pipe to ma9ta9 z ne>ly z possible a smoo?1 uni=m bore ?r\gh all pipe & fitt+s4 #db4 ,fitt+s4 ,all fitt+s to be t\gh gray ca/ iron1 free f bl[holes or o!r defects2 smoo? ca/+s 9 all cases4 #dc4 ,all fitt+s on vacuum l9es mu/ h inside diamet] ?r\gh body ( same size z pipe bore1 & all f9s1 burs1 or r\gh places mu/ be remov$4 #dd4 ,fitt+s on vacuum l9es are to be black or may be galvaniz$4 #de4 ,:]e space p]mits1 all tees & elb[s mu/ h a radius at c5t] l9e ( n less ?an #c 94 #df4 ,horizontal ov]head pipes to be support$ ) sub/antial pipe hang]s spac$ n m ?an #aj ft4 ap>t4 #dg4 ,! hang]s mu/ h an approv$ =m ( adju/m5t & ! in/ructions ( ! sup]9t5d5t 9 reg>d to secur+ hang]s to floor con/ruction1 etc41 above mu/ be c>efully foll[$4 #dh4 ,:]e expos$ pipes pass ?r\gh walls or floors ( f9i%$ rooms !y mu/ be fitt$ ) ca/-iron nickel-plat$ plates4 #di4 ,clean-,out ,plugs4 ,brass screw-jo9t$ clean-out plugs are to be provid$ 9 l9es at all turns :]e indicat$ on ! draw+4 ,! clean-out plugs to be #b 94 diamet]1 except 9 ! #a-;94 l9es1 :]e clean-outs are to be same diamet] z ! l9es4 #ej4 ,exhau/ ,connection4 ,exhau/ pipe f ! exhau/] is to be run up to ! basem5t ceil+ & along same into ! smoke bree*+ beyond damp] z direct$4 #ea4 ,sweep] ,inlets4 ,! foll[+ numb] ( inlets are to be provid$3 ,subbasem5t 1 basem5t 1 fir/ /ory 1 second /ory 1 attic 4 #eb4 ,! sweep] inlets are to be fitt$ ) h+$ cov]s or caps ) rubb] gaskets arrang$ to be self-clos+ :5 hose is remov$1 & ^? 9 corridors & lobby arrang$ to be op5$ ) a key4 #ec4 ,inlets com+ ?r\gh f9i%$ walls or p>titions are to be flu% patt]n4 #ed4 ,inlets on ris]s run expos$ aga9/ walls are to be set close up aga9/ bead ( fitt+s4 #ee4 ,if contractor desires to use o!r =m ( connection ?an above describ$ :i* is equally satisfactory1 same mu/ be submitt$ to ! ,ar*itect = approval aft] aw>d ( ! contract4 #ef4 ,9 ?is specification ! ^w 8r5ovator0 is us$ to mean t portion ( ! tool :i* is 9 contact ) ! surfaces clean$2 ! ^w 8/em10 t portion connect+ ! r5ovator & hose2 ! ^w 8clean]0 is us$ to mean a complete clean+ tool4 #eg4 ,! foll[+ clean+ tools are to be furni%$3 ,"o c>pet r5ovator1 ) clean+ slot 94 by #ab 94 long4 ,"o b>e floor r5ovator1 #ab 94 long1 ) curv$ felt-cov]$ face4 ,"o wall r5ovator1 #ab 94 long1 ) cotton flannel curv$ face4 ,"o uphol/]y r5ovator1 ) slot 94 by #d 94 ,"o corn] clean]4 ,"o radiator clean]4 ,"o hat bru%4 ,"o long curv$ /em ab\t #e ft4 long4 ,"o ext5sion tube ab\t #e ft4 long4 #eh4 ,! r5ovators = c>pets1 b>e floors & walls to be arrang$ ) adju/able swivel jo9t1 s t same c be op]at$ at an angle ) /em f #de = regul> use to an angle ( ab\t #hj = use "u or back ( furniture & o!r simil> places4 ,?is movable jo9t to be s arrang$ t lips ( clean+ tool w always rema9 9 contact ) surface clean$1 & con/ruct$ s t fitt$ surfaces are n expos$ to du/1 & ! air curr5ts :5 deflect$ to imp+e only ^u surfaces :i* are ( heavy metal & :]e su* we> z occurs w n affect ! op]ation & h&l+ ( ! tool4 #ei4 ,all r5ovators & /ems are to be z light z is consi/5t ) /r5g? & ability to )/& cutt+ action ( du/4 #fj4 ,! lips ( c>pet r5ovators & uphol/]y clean] to be ( su* proportions & =m z w prev5t injury to ! fabric1 & su* wid?s z w r$uce to a m9imum ! /ick+ ( r5ovator face to ! mat]ial be+ clean$4 #fa4 ,/ems to be n less ?an #a 94 outside diamet]4 ,air passages 9 swivels to be same diamet] z inside ( /em4 ,/em = use ) floor r5ovators %all be curv$ ne> upp] end to =m h&le & provid$ ) swivel to p]mit hose hang+ v]tical4 #fb4 ,/ems to be drawn-/eel or brass tub+1 n less ?an ,no4 #ba ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d gauge ?ick if /eel & n less ?an ,no4 #af ,br[n ,%>pe gauge ?ick if brass4 #fc4 ,c>pet r5ovators to be made pref]ably ( press$ /eel1 z light z possible1 or may be made ( ca/ iron1 brass or alum9um ) iron we>+ face4 #fd4 ,b>e floor r5ovators %all h r5ewable ela/ic we>+ face curv$ 9 direction ( motion :5 clean+4 #fe4 ,all r5ovators & bru%es mu/ be provid$ ) prop] rubb] or o!r approv$ buff]s to prev5t m>r+ ! woodwork4 #ff4 ,uphol/]y clean]s are to h inlet slots or op5+s ( su* size & =m z to absolutely prev5t draw+ 9 loose cov]+ ( furniture4 #fg4 ,uphol/]y & corn] clean]s are n to be arrang$ = use ) /ems1 b are to h _! own h&les p]man5tly atta*$ & be provid$ ) hose c\pl+s4 #fh4 ,all metal p>ts ( r5ovators & /ems are to be f9i%$1 & all except alum9um p>ts nickel plat$4 #fi4 ,hose4 ,furni% #ge ft4 clean+ hose 9 ?ree #be-;ft4 l5g?s4 #gj4 ,! hose to be #a 94 inside diamet] be/ quality rubb] hose1 re9=c$ 9 be/ mann] to absolutely prev5t collapse at highe/ vacuum obta9able ) ! exhau/] furni%$ & to prev5t collapse if /epp$ on4 ,weight ( hose to be n ov] #ab oz4 p] l9e> foot4 #ga4 ,c\pl+s = hose to be ei!r slip1 bayonet-lock or all-rubb] type1 ) smoo? bore ( practically same diamet] z inside ( hose4 ,! c\pl+s to h lea/ possible projection outside ( hose dim5sions & be well r\nd$1 s z n to injure floors1 doors1 furniture1 etc4 #gb4 ,bayonet jo9ts may h pack+ wa%]1 & slip jo9ts to h p]man5t /eel pieces on ends ( hose & brass slip c\pl]4 ,all ends ( hose at c\pl+s to h outside f]rules securely fa/5$ 9 place1 or pure gum ends glu$ to c\pl+4 ,simple conical slip jo9ts slipp$ into ends ( hose )\t f]rules w n be acceptable4 ,all jo9ts mu/ fit toge!r s t !y w n be readily pull$ ap>t4 #gc4 ,te/s4 ,all pip+ to be te/$ ) air pressure equal to #e 94 m]cury be=e be+ conceal$ 9 walls & o!r spaces4 ,m]cury mu/ n fall m ?an 94 9 "o-half h\r4 #gd4 ,on completion ( plant ! pump w be op]at$ ) all outlets clos$ &1 "u ^! conditions1 !re mu/ be an int]val ( n less ?an #aj m94 betwe5 ! /opp+ & />t+ ( ! motor by ! automatic control1 if pump sy/em is us$4 ,& if fan sy/em be us$1 ! p[] requir$ to op]ate ! exhau/] mu/ n be m ?an #fe t requir$ 9 capacity te/4 #ge4 ,to te/ ! capacity ( ! sep>ator1 a mixture conta9+ #f lbs4 ( s&1 pass$ ?r\gh a #ej-me% scre51 #c lbs4 ( common :eat fl\r & #af lbs4 ( ,portl& cem5t %all be spread ov] #ej sq4 ft4 ( floor & pick$ up ) a r5ovator atta*$ to ! end ( #ej ft4 ( #a-;94 hose4 ,! ma*9e %all be /opp$ & ! mat]ial remov$ f ! sep>ator spread on floor & pick$ up4 ,?is proc$ure %all be repeat$ until ! mat]ial has be5 h&l$ f\r times4 ,if ! sep>ator conta9s a bag1 ! same mu/ n be di/urb$ until aft] completion ( ! capacity te/1 :i* w be made ) ! mat]ial 9 place 9 sep>ator1 aft] be+ pick$ up ! f\r? "t4 ,aft] completion ( capacity te/1 ! cont5ts ( sep>ator %all be weigh$ & if same be a p>tial sep>ator x mu/ conta9 #ie ( ! mat]ial pick$ up4 ,if a displacem5t ma*9e is us$ z a vacuum produc]1 ! sep>ator mu/ prev5t ! passage ( any du/ ?r\gh sep>ator1 :i* w be det]m9$ by hold+ a damp5$ clo? ov] pump outlet dur+ te/ ( app>atus4 ,said clo? mu/ n %[ any du/ lodg$ !reon at end ( te/4 #gf4 ,to te/ ! capacity ( ! plant a /&>d vacomet]1 atta*$ to ! end ( #ge ft4 ( clean+ hose %all %[ a vacuum ( #b 94 m]cury ) -94 diamet] orifice op54 #gg4 ,te/ ( ,clean+ ,tools4 ,! plant %all be op]at$ by ! ,contractor 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,ar*itect's repres5tative1 & a te/ made ( ea* k9d ( clean+ tool furni%$4 ,! tool %all be atta*$ to a #ej-;ft4 l5g? ( hose atta*$ to an outlet select$ by ! ,ar*itect's repres5tative1 & "u normal work+ conditions ea* tool mu/ satisfactorily p]=m ! "w = :i* x 0 design$4 ,du/ & surfaces to be clean$ %all be furni%$ by ! contractor4 #gh4 ,pa9t+4 ,aft] ! completion ( ! specifi$ te/s1 all expos$ iron "w except galvaniz$ iron or t9n$ "w 9 connection ) ?is app>atus1 n specifi$ to be o!rwise f9i%$1 %all be prim$ ) pa9t suitable = surfaces cov]$1 & !n giv5 two additional coats4 ,ma*9]y %all be pa9t$ z already specifi$1 & all o!r "w %all be giv5 f9i%+ t9ts z select$ or approv$ by ! ar*itect4 ,black iron pipe1 etc41 %all be giv5 two coats lead & oil ( t9t direct$4 ,modifications ( ,specifications :5 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t is ,available4--,:5 alt]nat+ curr5t is available1 in/ead ( direct1 modify specifications z foll[s3 #bc4 ,motor to be w\nd = 4444 volts1 4444 cycle1 4444 phase alt]nat+ curr5t4 #bd4 ,motor to h rotor ( ! squirrel cage type4 ,omit #be1 #bf & #bg4 #bh4 ,to rema9 z = direct curr5t4 #bi4 ,!re mu/ be an insulation betwe5 ! />t] or prim>y w9d+s & ! frame ( n less ?an "o megohm4 #cj1 #ca1 & #cb4 ,same z = direct curr5t4 #cc4 ,tablet4 ,furni% & m\nt :]e direct$ a poli%$ slate tablet hav+ m\nt$ !reon a #cj amp]e1 #bej volt1 4444 pole knife swit* ) enclos$ indicat+ fuses &1 if displacem5t type exhau/] is furni%$1 an automatic />t] ( ! 8across ! l9e0 type1 op]at$ by vacuum 9 ! sep>ator :i* w /op motor :5 ! vacuum 9 ! sep>ator rises #b 94 above t requir$ to meet te/ conditions1 & />t exhau/] :5 vacuum rea*es work+ range4 ,,class #b ,,plant ,,= ,,l>ge ,,(fice ,,build+ ,,hav+ ,,pipe ,,l9es ,,( ,,mod]ate ,,l5g?4 #a4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #b4 ,omit c5trifugal fan4 #c to #i4 ,same z = ,class #a4 ,omit #aj to #ac4 #ad & #af4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #ae4 ,omit c5trifugal fan4 ,omit #ag & #ah4 #ah;a4 ,base ,plate1 ,f\ndation1 etc4 ,provide suitable base plate to rigidly support ! exhau/] & its motor z a unit1 :i* %all be l>ge en\gh to cat* all drip ( wat] or oil4 ,provide a rais$ m>g9 & pads = feet ( exhau/] frame1 motor1 & an*or bolts1 high en\gh to prev5t any drip f gett+ into ! f\ndation or on ! floor4 #ah;b4 ,provide suitable f\ndation ( brick or concrete1 to :i* ! base plate %all be firmly an*or$4 ,! f\ndation %all be built on top ( ! cem5t floor ( ! basem5t1 :i* %all be pick$ to af=d prop] bond = ! f\ndation4 #ah;c4 ,con/ruct ! f\ndation ( su* a height z to br+ ! work+ p>ts ( ! ma*9e at ! mo/ conv5i5t level = op]at+ purposes4 ,expos$ p>ts ( ! f\ndation to be fac$ ) be/ grade :ite enamel$ brick4 ,if ! base plate does n cov] ! f\ndation1 ! expos$ top surface is to be f9i%$ ) enamel$ brick1 us+ bull-nose brick on all edges & corn]s4 #ai to #bc4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #bc;a4 ,! gu>ante$ effici5cy ( motor %all n be less ?an #gh at half load & n less ?an #hd at full load4 #bd to #cb4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #cb;a4 ,motor %all be subject to %op te/ to det]m9e effici5cy1 heat+1 insulation1 etc4 ,manufactur]'s c]tifi$ te/ %eets ( motor giv+ all read+s tak5 dur+ %op te/s1 toge!r ) calculat$ results1 mu/ be submitt$ to ! ,ar*itect = approval be=e motor is %ipp$ f factory4 #cc4 ,rheo/at4 ,furni% & in/all :]e %[n1 ^u a slate panel h]e9aft] specifi$1 a />t+ rheo/at ( prop] size & approv$ made1 design$ = ! p>ticul> duty x has to p]=m4 ,x mu/ h an automatic no-voltage & ov]load release4 ,all resi/ance = rheo/at is to be plac$ on ! back ( ! tablet4 ,contacts mu/ project ?r\gh bo>d to front side4 ,all mov+ p>ts mu/ be on front ( bo>d4 #cc;a4 ,tablet4 ,furni% & place :]e %[n1 a slate tablet n less ?an 94 ?ick1 support$ by a sub/antial angle iron frame1 s plac$ t !re w be a space ( n less ?an #d 94 betwe5 ! wall & back ( resi/ance4 ,m\nt on ?is tablet "o d\ble-pole1 #bej-volt knife swit*1 ) two #bej-volt inclos$ fuses & "o />t+ rheo/at1 z specifi$ h]e9be=e4 ,! connections %all be on ! back ( ! tablet4 ,! space betwe5 ! column & ! tablet %all be inclos$ ) a removable diamond-me% grill ( ,no4 #aj iron wire 9 *annel frame4 #cd1 #ce1 #cf4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #cf;a4 ,automatic ,control4 ,suitable means %all be provid$ 9 connection ) ! rot>y exhau/]s t w ma9ta9 ! vacuum 9 ! sep>ators )9 ! limit ( ! ma*9e at po9t f\nd to be mo/ desirable1 irrespective ( ! numb] ( sweep]s 9 op]ation4 #cf;b4 ,controll] %all consi/ ( a suitable means provid$ 9 ! exhau/]1 or z an atta*m5t !reto1 :i* w automatically ?r[ ! exhau/] out ( action by admitt+ atmosph]ic pressure to ! exhau/] only1 b n to ! sy/em :5ev] ! vacuum 9 ! sep>ators rises above ! po9t consid]$ desirable1 & ?r[ ! exhau/] into action :5 ! vacuum falls bel[ ! e/abli%$ l[] limit4 #cf;c4 ,vacuum ,break]4 ,9 addition to ! controll+ devices above specifi$ !re %all be plac$ 9 ! suction pipe to ! exhau/] an approv$ positive-act+ vacuum break] hav+ op5+ equival5t to ! area ( #a-;94 diamet] pipe & set to op5 at #aj in*es vacuum4 7,if plant is to be run = long p]iods )\t mu* load1 z 9 a hotel1 omit #cf;a1 b1 c1 & sub/itute73 #cf;d4 ,automatic ,control4 ,an approv$ type ( controll] = ma9ta9+ practically a con/ant vacuum by v>y+ ! spe$ ( ! motor driv+ exhau/] arrang$ to p]mit ! op]ation ( ! motor cont9u\sly at any spe$ betwe5 full spe$ & /op1 s long z !re be no *ange 9 vacuum & :i* w increase spe$ :5ev] vacuum falls & r$uce spe$ :5ev] vacuum rises1 mu/ be provid$4 #cg4 ,du/ ,sep>ator4 ,!re %all be "o dry sep>ator locat$ :]e %[n on plans1 hav+ a volume ( n less ?an #c cu4 ft4 = ea* sweep] ( plant capacity4 #ch4 ,! int]ior arrangem5t ( ! sep>ator %all be su* t no "p ( same w receive ! direct impact ( ! du/4 ,clo? bags or metal scre5s1 if us$ 9 ?is sep>ator1 %all be s plac$ t no?+ b ! v lighte/ ( ! du/ c lodge !reon1 & t same may be easily clean$ )\t dismantl+ ! sep>ator4 ,x mu/ be s con/ruct$ t x w int]cept all ( ! du/ ent]+ same4 #ch;a to #ef4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #ef;a4 ,tool ,cases4 ,furni% approv$ h>dwood cab9et-f9i%$ cases = clean+ tools4 ,ea* case to be made z light z possible & ( conv5i5t =m = c>ry+ by h& & provid$ ) a complete set ( clean+ tools1 ea* securely held 9 its prop] place1 & fitt$ ) lock & key1 clamps1 & conv5i5tly arrang$ h&les4 #eg4 ,ea* case %all conta9 ! foll[+3 ,"o c>pet r5ovator1 ) slot 94 by #ae 94 ,"o b>e floor r5ovator1 #ae 94 long1 ) curv$ felt-cov]$ face4 ,"o wall bru%1 ) skirt$ bri/les1 #ab 94 long & 94 wide4 ,"o h& bru%1 ) hose connections at end1 #h 94 long1 #b 94 wide4 ,"o #d-;94 r\nd bru% = relief "w4 ,"o uphol/]y r5ovator4 ,"o corn] clean]4 ,"o radiator tool4 ,"o curv$ /em ab\t #e ft4 long4 ,"o ext5sion tube #e ft4 long4 ,at lea/ "o hat bru% ) ! sy/em4 #eh to #fd4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #fd;a4 ,all bru%es to be ( sub/antial con/ruction1 ) be/ quality bri/les set 9 close r[s & z ?ick z possible1 skirt$ ) rubb]1 lea!r1 or *amois sk91 s t all air ent]+ r5ovator w pass ov] surface be+ clean$4 #fe to #fh4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #fi4 ,hose ,racks4 ,furni% & prop]ly secure 9 place1 :]e direct$1 4444 hose racks 9 basem5t1 4444 ea* 9 fir/ & second /ories 74444 racks 9 all74 ,! racks to be con/ruct$ ( ca/ iron1 galvaniz$ or enamel f9i%1 & ea* rack to be suitable = hold+ #ge ft4 ( hose ( requir$ size4 #fi;a4 ,hose4 ,!re mu/ be furni%$ ) ea* hose rack #ge ft4 ( noncollapsible hose 9 ?ree #be-;ft4 l5g?s4 #gj to #gc4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #gd4 ,on completion ( ! plant ! pump w be op]at$ ) all outlets clos$1 &1 "u ?is condition1 ! p[] consumption mu/ n be m ?an #ej ( t requir$ "u te/ conditions4 #ge4 ,te/ ( ,sep>ators4 ,at ea* ( ---- po9ts1 ne> ---- outlets on diff]5t ris]s select$ by ! ar*itect's repres5tative1 ! contractor %all furni% & spread on ! floor1 ev5ly cov]+ an area ( approximately #ej sq4 ft4 = ea* outlet1 a mixture ( #f lbs4 ( dry %>p s& t w pass a #ej-me% scre51 #c lbs4 ( f9e :eat fl\r & #f lbs4 ( ,portl& cem5t4 #ge;b4 ,fifty feet ( hose %all be atta*$ to ea* ( ! ---- outlets1 & ! surfaces prep>$ = clean+ %all be clean$ simultane\sly by op]ators provid$ by ! contractor until all ( ! s&1 fl\r & ,portl& cem5t has be5 tak5 up1 :5 ! exhau/] %all be /opp$ & ! dirt remov$ f ! sep>ator & spread on ! floor aga91 & ! op]ation ( clean+ repeat$ until ! mixture has be5 h&l$ by ! app>atus f\r times4 ,! bag conta9$ 9 ! sep>ator mu/ n be di/urb$ until aft] completion ( ! capacity te/1 :i* w be made ) mat]ial 9 place 9 ! sep>ator aft] be+ pick$ up ! f\r? "t4 ,aft] completion ( ! capacity te/ ! cont5ts ( sep>ator w be remov$4 ,dur+ te/ ( sep>ators a damp5$ clo? w be held ov] ! exhau/ f pump4 ,if su* clo? indicates dirt pass+ ?r\gh ! sep>ator1 same w be reject$4 #gf4 ,to te/ ! capacity ( ! plant1 "o hose l9e #ajj ft4 long %all be atta*$ to inlet f>!/ f ! sep>ator ) /&>d vacomet]1 ) -94 op5+ 9 end ( hose4 4444 hose l9es %all be atta*$ to o!r outlets1 ea* ) #ej ft4 hose & vacomet]s 9 end ( hose1 4444 vacomet]s hav+ -94 op5+ & 4444 vacomet]s hav+ -94 op5+4 ,"u ^! conditions #d 94 m]cury mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 vacomet] at end ( #ajj ft4 ( hose4 #gg & #gh4 ,same z = ,class #a4 ,modifications ( ,specifications :5 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t is ,available4--,:5 alt]nat+ curr5t is available1 in/ead ( direct1 modify specifications z foll[s3 #bc4 ,motor to be w\nd = 4444 volts1 4444 cycle1 4444 phase alt]nat+ curr5t4 #bc;a4 ,bidd]s mu/ "n effici5cy & p[] factor ( motor at "o-half & full load4 #bd4 ,motor to h phase-w\nd rotor ) collector r+s = ins]tion ( />t+ resi/ance4 ,omit #be1 #bf & #bg4 #bh4 ,same z = direct curr5t4 #bi4 ,!re mu/ be an insulation betwe5 ! />t] or prim>y w9d+s & ! frame ( n less ?an "o megohm4 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cb;a4 ,same z = direct curr5t4 #cc4 ,rheo/at4 ,furni% & in/all an approv$ h&-/>t+ rheo/at = ins]t+ resi/ance 9 rotor circuit 9 />t+1 ( prop] size to insure ! />t+ ( motor 9 n exce$+ #ae seconds )\t ov]heat+4 #cc;a4 ,same z = direct curr5t1 except t swit* mu/ be ei!r ?ree- or f\r-pole1 accord+ to curr5t available4 ,omit #cf;d ) alt]nat+ curr5t ma*9e4 ,,class #c ,,l>ge ,,in/allation ,,) ,,unusually ,,long ,,pipe ,,l9es4 #a4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #b4 ,exhau/] %all be ( ! reciprocat+ pi/on type4 #c4 ,! pi/on type ( exhau/] %all be d\ble act+ & s design$ t ! cyl9d] cle>ance %all be r$uc$ to a m9imum1 or suitable device %all be employ$ to m9imize ! effect ( l>ge cle>ance4 #d4 ,! induction & eduction valves may be ei!r poppet1 rot>y1 or semi-rot>y1 & %all op]ate smoo?ly & noiselessly4 #e4 ,! pi/on pack+ %all be ( su* "* z to be practically air tight "u work+ conditions & con/ruct$ s t x w be set out ) its own ela/icity )\t ! use ( spr+s ( any sort4 ,if metallic r+s are us$1 !y mu/ fill ! grooves 9 :i* !y are fitt$1 bo? 9 wid? & dep?1 & mu/ be conc5tric2 t is1 ( ! same ?ickness ?r\gh\t4 ,! jo9t 9 ! r+ or r+s to be lapp$ 9 wid? b n 9 ?ickness1 & if m ?an "o r+ is us$ !y are to be plac$ & d[el$ 9 su* position 9 _! respective grooves s t ! jo9ts w be at lea/ "o-f\r? ( ! circumf]5ce ap>t4 #f4 ,! pi/on %all h no *amb] or space into :i* air may leak f ei!r side ( ! pi/on4 ,all op5+s into ! body ( ! pi/on mu/ be tightly plugg$ ) ca/-iron plugs4 #g4 ,! pi/on rod /uff+ box to be ( su* size & dep? t if s(t pack+ is us$ x c be kept tight )\t undue pressure f ! gl&4 ,if metallic pack+ is us$1 x mu/ be vacuum tight )\t undue pressure on ! rod4 ,prop] means %all be provid$ = ! cont9u\s lubrication ( ! pi/on rod4 #h4 ,! exhau/] ( ! pi/on type %all be fitt$ ) an approv$ cross-head suitably atta*$ to ! pi/on rod2 ma*9es hav+ an ext5d$ pi/on rod = guide purposes w n be acceptable4 ,omit #i to #ac4 #ad4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #ae4 ,reciprocat+ pi/on exhau/] %all be provid$ ) ! necess>y devices = ! removal ( ! heat g5]at$ by friction & compression1 t %all prev5t ! temp]ature ( cyl9d]s or eduction *amb]s ris+ m ?an #ajj ,f4 above ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e aft] two h\rs' cont9u\s op]ation "u full-load conditions4 #af4 ,spe$4 ,reciprocat+ exhau/] ) poppet valves %all op]ate at an av]age pi/on spe$ n exce$+ #bjj ft4 p] m9ute1 ) rot>y valves n exce$+ #cjj ft4 p] m9ute4 ,omit #ag & #ah4 #ah;a4 ,base ,plate1 ,f\ndation1 etc4 ,provide suitable base plate to rigidly support ! exhau/] & its motor z a unit1 :i* %all be l>ge en\gh to cat* all drip ( wat] or oil4 ,provide a rais$ m>g9 & pads = feet ( exhau/] frame1 motor1 & an*or bolts1 high en\gh to prev5t any drip f gett+ into ! f\ndation or on ! floor4 #ah;b4 ,provide suitable f\ndation ( brick or concrete1 to :i* base plate %all be firmly an*or$4 ,! f\ndation %all be built on top ( ! cem5t floor ( ! basem5t1 :i* %all be pick$ to af=d prop] bond = ! f\ndation4 #ah;c4 ,con/ruct ! f\ndation ( su* a height z to br+ ! work+ p>ts ( ! ma*9e at ! mo/ conv5i5t level = op]at+ purposes4 ,expos$ p>ts ( ! f\ndation to be fac$ ) be/ grade :ite enamel$ brick4 ,if ! base plate does n cov] ! f\ndation1 ! expos$ top surface is to be f9i%$ ) enamel$ brick1 us+ bull-nose brick on all edges & corn]s4 #ai to #bc4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #bc;a4 ,! gu>ante$ effici5cy ( motor %all n be less ?an #hj at half load & n less ?an #he at full load4 #bd to #cb4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #cb;a4 ,motor %all be subject to %op te/ to det]m9e effici5cy1 heat+1 insulation1 etc4 ,manufactur]s' c]tifi$ te/ %eets ( motor1 giv+ all read+s tak5 dur+ %op te/1 toge!r ) calculat$ results1 mu/ be submitt$ to ! ,ar*itect = approval be=e motor is %ipp$ f factory4 #cc4 ,rheo/at4 ,furni% & in/all :]e %[n1 ^u a slate panel h]e9aft] specifi$1 a />t+ rheo/at ( prop] size & approv$ make1 design$ = ! p>ticul> duty x has to p]=m4 ,x mu/ h an automatic no-voltage & ov]load release4 ,all resi/ance = rheo/at is to be plac$ on ! back ( ! tablet4 ,contacts mu/ project ?r\gh bo>d to front side4 ,all mov+ p>ts mu/ be on front ( bo>d4 #cc;a4 ,tablet4 ,furni% & place :]e %[n1 a slate tablet1 n less ?an 94 ?ick1 support$ by a sub/antial angle b> frame1 s plac$ t !re w be a space ( n less ?an #d 94 betwe5 ! wall & back ( resi/ance4 ,m\nt on ?is tablet "o d\ble-pole1 #bej-volt knife swit*1 ) two #bej-volt inclos$ fuses & "o />t+ rheo/at1 z specifi$ h]e9be=e4 ,! connections %all be on ! back ( ! tablet4 ,! space betwe5 ! column & ! tablet %all be inclos$ ) a removable diamond-me% grill ( ,no4 #aj iron wire 9 *annel frame4 #cd1 #ce & #cf4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #cg4 ,du/ ,sep>ators4 ,!re %all be "o dry & "o wet sep>ator locat$ :]e %[n on draw+s4 ,ea* sep>ator %all h a volume ( #c cu4 ft4 = ea* r5ovator ( plant capacity4 #ch4 ,! sep>ator fir/ receiv+ ! du/ %all be a dry sep>ator1 ! int]ior arrangem5t ( :i* %all be su* t no "p ( same %all receive ! direct impact ( ! du/4 ,no scre5s or clo? bags %all be us$ 9 ?is sep>ator & x mu/ be s con/ruct$ t x w int]cept #ie ( ! du/ ent]+ same4 #ch;a4 ,! second sep>ator mu/ be a wet sep>ator :i* may be conta9$ 9 ! base ( ! ma*9e or consi/ ( a sep>ate tank4 #ch;b4 ,wet sep>ators1 :e!r sep>ate f or integral ) ! base ( ! ma*9e1 mu/ be provid$ ) an atta*m5t :i* w positively mix ! air & wat]1 ?or\ghly break up all bubbles1 sep>ate ! wat] f ! air1 & prev5t any wat] ent]+ ! exhau/] cyl9d]4 #ch;c4 ,suitable means mu/ be provid$ to automatically equalize ! vacuum betwe5 wet & dry sep>ators ^u ! %utt+ d[n ( ! exhau/]4 #ch;d4 ,! sep>ators mu/ be provid$ ) suitable op5+s = access to ! int]ior = inspection & clean+1 & ! int]ior arrangem5t ( ! sep>ators mu/ be su* t !y may be readily clean$ )\t dismantl+4 #ch;e4 ,all p>ts ( ! wet sep>ator tank n con/ruct$ ( non-corrosive metal mu/ be ?or\ghly t9n$ or galvaniz$ bo? inside & outside4 ,! int]ior ( ! wet sep>ator =m$ 9 base ( exhau/] %all be pa9t$ ) at lea/ two coats ( asphalt v>ni% or o!r pa9t suitable to prev5t ! corrosion ( same4 #ch;f4 ,sep>ators mu/ be provid$ ) all necess>y valves or o!r atta*m5ts = successful op]ation1 includ+ a sight glass = ! wet sep>ator1 ?r\gh :i* ! int]ior ( ! same may be obs]v$1 & an iron-case m]cury column read+ #ej 9 excess ( op]at+ vacuum1 atta*$ to ! dry sep>ator fir/ receiv+ ! du/4 #ch;g4 ,! wet sep>ator %all be prop]ly connect$ to wat] supply :]e direct$ & dis*>ge to sew] :]e %[n on plans4 #ch;h4 ,a runn+ trap ) clean-out %all be in/all$ 9 ! wa/e l9e4 #ci to #da4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #da;a4 ,wa/e & wat] pipe1 9 connection ) wet sep>ator & jacket1 except wa/e pipe bel[ basem5t floor1 to be /&>d galvaniz$ wr\ght-iron pipe or /eel screw-jo9t$ pipe free f burs4 ,wa/e pipe bel[ ! basem5t floor is to be be/ grade1 8extra heavy0 ca/-iron pipe1 ) lead-calk$ jo9ts4 #db to #de4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #de;a4 ,fitt+s on wat] l9es to be /&>d galvaniz$ bead$ fitt+s4 #de;b4 ,fitt+s on wa/e l9e above basem5t floor l9e to be galvaniz$ recess$ screw-jo9t$ dra9age fitt+s & ^? bel[ basem5t floor to be 8extra heavy0 ca/-iron ) hub jo9ts4 #df to #ej4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #ej;a4 ,! exhau/ pipe is to be fitt$ ) an approv$ fir/-class exhau/ muffl] n less ?an #ab 94 9 diamet] & #fj 94 high1 closely rivet$ & con/ruct$ ( galvaniz$ iron n less ?an 94 ?ick1 & 9 ev5t an exhau/] requir+ lubrication is furni%$1 ?is muffl] is to be arrang$ s t x w also be an effici5t oil sep>ator4 ,drip connection to be arrang$ at bottom ( muffl]4 #ea to #ef4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #ef;a4 ,tool ,cases4 ,furni% 4444 approv$ h>dwood cab9et-f9i%$ cases = clean+ tools4 ,ea* case to be made z light z possible & ( conv5i5t =m = c>ry+ by h& & provid$ ) a complete set ( clean+ tools1 ea* securely held 9 its prop] place1 & fitt$ ) lock & key1 clamps & conv5i5tly arrang$ h&les4 #eg4 ,ea* case %all conta9 ! foll[+3 ,"o c>pet r5ovator1 ) slot 94 by #ab 94 ,"o b>e floor r5ovator #ab 94 long1 ) curv$1 felt-cov]$ face4 ,"o wall bru%1 ) skirt$ bri/les1 #ab 94 long & 94 wide4 ,"o h& bru%1 ) hose connection at end1 #h 94 long & #b 94 wide4 ,"o #d-;94 r\nd bru% = relief "w4 ,"o uphol/]y r5ovator4 ,"o corn] clean]4 ,"o radiator tool4 ,"o curv$ /em ab\t #e ft long4 ,"o /raight ext5sion /em #e ft4 long4 ,at lea/ "o hat bru% ) ! sy/em4 #eh to #fd4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #fd;a4 ,all bru%es to be ( sub/antial con/ruction1 ) be/ quality bri/les set 9 close r[s & z ?ick z possible1 skirt$ ) rubb]1 lea!r1 or *amois sk91 s t all air ent]+ r5ovator w pass ov] surface be+ clean$4 #fe to #fh4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #fi4 ,hose ,racks4 ,furni% & prop]ly secure 9 place :]e direct$1 4444 hose racks 9 basem5t1 4444 ea* 9 fir/ & second /ories 74444 racks 9 all74 ,! racks to be con/ruct$ ( ca/-iron1 galvaniz$ or enamel f9i%1 & ea* rack to be suitable = hold+ #ge ft4 ( hose ( requir$ size4 #fi;a4 ,hose4 ,!re mu/ be furni%$ ) ea* hose rack #ge ft4 ( non-collapsible hose 9 ?ree #be-;ft4 l5g?s4 #gj4 ,hose to be #a 94 inside diamet] ( be/ quality1 rubb] hose1 re9=c$ 9 be/ mann] to absolutely prev5t collapse at highe/ vacuum obta9able ) ! exhau/] furni%$ & to prev5t collapse if /epp$ on4 ,weight ( hose to be n ov] #ab oz4 p] l9e> foot4 #ga1 #gb & #gc4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #gd4 ,on completion ( ! plant ! pump w be op]at$ ) all outlets clos$ &1 "u ?is condition1 ! p[] consumption mu/ n be m ?an #ej ( t requir$ "u te/ conditions4 #ge4 ,to te/ ! capacity ( ! plant1 4444 hose l9es ea* #ajj ft4 long w be atta*$ to outlets on ! sy/em & ea* hose fitt$ ) a /&>d vacomet]4 4444 vacomet]s %all h -94 op5+ & 4444 vacomet]s %all h -94 op5+4 ,"u ^! conditions #d 94 vacuum mu/ be ma9ta9$ at vacomet]s hav+ 94 op5+4 #ge;a4 ,te/ ( ,sep>ators4 ,at ea* ( ---- po9ts1 ne> ---- outlets on diff]5t ris]s select$ by ! ar*itect's repres5tative1 ! contractor %all furni% & spread on ! floor1 ev5ly cov]+ an area ( approximately #ej sq4 ft4 = ea* outlet1 a mixture ( #f lbs4 ( dry %>p s& t w pass a #ej-me% scre51 #c lbs4 ( f9e :eat fl\r1 & #a lb4 ( f9ely pulv]iz$ *>coal4 #ge;b4 ,fifty feet ( hose ( size requir$ by ! sy/em %all be atta*$ to ea* ( ! ---- outlets1 & ! surface or surfaces prep>$ = clean+ %all be clean$ simultane\sly by op]ators provid$ by ! contractor until all ( ! s&1 fl\r & *>coal has be5 tak5 up1 :5 ! exhau/] %all be /opp$ & ! dirt remov$ f ! dry sep>ator & spread on ! floor aga91 & ! op]ation ( clean+ repeat$ until ! mixture has be5 h&l$ by ! app>atus f\r times4 ,if1 aft] ?or\ghly flu%+ ! sy/em at completion ( above run1 any du/ or mud is f\nd 9 ! cyl9d]1 ports1 or valve *amb]s ( ! displacem5t exhau/]1 or if less ?an #ie ( ! dirt remov$ is f\nd 9 ! dry sep>ator1 x %all be deem$ suffici5t gr\nd = ! rejection ( ! sep>ators4 #gf & #gg4 ,same z = ,class #a4 ,modifications ( ,specifications :5 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t is ,available4--,:5 alt]nat+ curr5t is available1 in/ead ( direct1 modify specifications z foll[s3 #bc4 ,motor to be w\nd = 4444 volts1 4444 cycle1 4444 phase alt]nat+ curr5t4 #bc;a4 ,bidd]s mu/ "n effici5cy & p[] factor ( motor at "o-half & full load4 #bd4 ,motor to h phase-w\nd rotor ) collector r+s = ins]tion ( />t] resi/ance4 ,omit #be1 #bf & #bg4 #bi4 ,same z = ,class #a1 alt]nat+ curr5t4 #cc4 ,rheo/at4 ,furni% & in/all an approv$ h&-/>t+ rheo/at = ins]t+ resi/ance 9 rotor circuit 9 />t+1 ( prop] size to insure ! />t+ ( motor 9 n exce$+ #ae seconds )\t ov]heat+4 #cc;a4 ,same z = direct curr5t1 except swit* mu/ be ei!r ?ree- or f\r-pole1 accord+ to curr5t available4 ,,class #d ,,l>ge ,,or ,,small ,,plant ,,:]e ,,c>pet ,,clean+ ,,is ,,( ,,second>y ,,importance4 #a to #ag4 ,same z = ,class #a4 ,omit #ah4 #ah;a4 ,base ,plate1 ,f\ndation1 etc4 ,provide suitable base plate to rigidly support ! exhau/] & its motor z a unit1 :i* %all be l>ge en\gh to cat* all drip ( wat] or oil4 ,provide a rais$ m>g9 & pads = feet ( exhau/] frame1 motor1 & an*or bolts1 high en\gh to prev5t any drip f gett+ into ! f\ndation or on ! floor4 #ah;b4 ,provide suitable f\ndation ( brick or concrete1 to :i* ! base plate %all be firmly an*or$4 ,! f\ndation %all be built on top ( ! cem5t floor ( ! basem5t1 :i* %all be pick$ to af=d prop] bond = ! f\ndation4 #ah;c4 ,con/ruct ! f\ndation ( su* a height z to br+ ! work+ p>ts ( ! ma*9e at ! mo/ conv5i5t level = op]at+ purposes4 ,expos$ p>ts ( ! f\ndation to be fac$ ) be/ grade :ite enamel$ brick4 ,if ! base plate does n cov] ! f\ndation1 ! expos$ top surface is to be f9i%$ ) enamel$ brick1 us+ bull-nose brick on all edges & corn]s4 #ai to #bc4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #bc;a4 ,! gu>ante$ effici5cy ( motor %all n be less ?an #gh at half load & n less ?an #hd at full load4 #bd to #cb4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #cb;a4 ,motor %all be subject to %op te/ to det]m9e effici5cy1 heat+1 insulation1 etc4 ,manufactur]s' c]tifi$ te/ %eets ( motor1 giv+ all read+s tak5 dur+ %op te/1 toge!r ) calculat$ results1 mu/ be submitt$ to ! ,ar*itect = approval be=e motor is %ipp$ f factory4 #cc4 ,rheo/at4 ,furni% & in/all :]e %[n1 ^u a slate panel h]e9aft] specifi$1 a />t+ rheo/at ( prop] size & approv$ make1 design$ = ! p>ticul> duty x has to p]=m4 ,x mu/ h an automatic no-voltage & ov]load release4 ,all resi/ance = rheo/at is to be plac$ on ! back ( ! tablet4 ,contacts mu/ project ?r\gh bo>d to front side4 ,all mov+ p>ts mu/ be on front ( bo>d4 #cc;a4 ,tablet4 ,furni% & place :]e %[n1 a slate tablet n less ?an 94 ?ick1 support$ by a sub/antial angle iron frame1 s plac$ t !re w be a space ( n less ?an #d 94 betwe5 ! wall & back ( resi/ance4 ,m\nt on ?is tablet "o d\ble-pole1 #bej-volt knife swit*1 ) two #bej-volt inclos$ fuses & "o />t+ rheo/at1 z specifi$ h]e9be=e4 ,! connections %all be on ! back ( ! tablet4 ,! space betwe5 ! column & ! tablet %all be enclos$ ) a removable diamond-me% grill ( ,no4 #aj wire 9 *annel frame4 #cd1 #ce & #cf4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #cf;a4 ,automatic ,control4 ,suitable means %all be provid$ 9 connection ) ! rot>y exhau/] t w ma9ta9 ! vacuum 9 ! sep>ators )9 ! limit ( ! ma*9e at po9t f\nd to be mo/ desirable1 irrespective ( ! numb] ( sweep]s 9 op]ation4 #cf;b4 ,controll] %all consi/ ( a suitable means provid$ 9 ! exhau/]1 or z an atta*m5t !reto1 :i* w automatically ?r[ ! exhau/] out ( action by admitt+ atmosph]ic pressure to ! exhau/] only1 b n to ! sy/em2 :5ev] ! vacuum 9 ! sep>ator rises above ! po9t consid]$ desirable1 & ?r[ ! exhau/] into action :5 ! vacuum falls bel[ ! e/abli%$ l[] limit4 #cf;c4 ,9 addition to control1 a positive vacuum break] hav+ an op5+ equal to #a 94 diamet] pipe net = #f 94 ( m]cury1 mu/ be provid$ on sep>ator4 #cf;d4 ,if c5trifugal fan is us$1 no control or vacuum break] w be requir$4 #cg4 ,furni% "o sep>ator hav+ a cubic cont5ts ( #d4e cu4 ft4 = ea* sweep] ( plant capacity4 #ch to #ef4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #ef;a4 ,tool ,cases4 ,furni% approv$ h>dwood cab9et-f9i%$ cases = clean+ tools4 ,ea* case to be made z light z possible & ( conv5i5t =m = c>ry+ by h& & provid$ ) a complete set ( clean+ tools1 ea* securely held 9 its prop] place1 & fitt$ ) lock & key1 clamps1 & conv5i5tly arrang$ h&les4 #eg4 ,ea* case %all conta9 ! foll[+3 ,"o c>pet r5ovator 94 by #ae 94 ,"o b>e floor r5ovator1 #ae 94 long1 ) curv$ felt-cov]$ face4 ,"o wall bru%1 ) skirt$ bri/les1 #ab 94 long & 94 wide4 ,"o h& bru%1 ) hose connection at end1 #h 94 long & #b 94 wide4 ,"o #d-;94 r\nd bru% = relief "w4 ,"o uphol/]y r5ovator4 ,"o corn] clean]4 ,"o radiator tool4 ,"o curv$ /em ab\t #e ft4 long4 ,"o /raight ext5sion /em #e ft4 long4 ,at lea/ "o hat bru% ) ! sy/em4 #eh to #fh4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #fi4 ,hose ,racks4 ,furni% & prop]ly secure 9 place1 :]e direct$1 4444 hose racks 9 basem5t1 4444 ea* 9 fir/ & second /ories 74444 racks 9 all74 ,! racks to be con/ruct$ ( ca/-iron1 galvaniz$ or enamel f9i%1 & ea* rack to be suitable = hold+ #ge ft4 ( hose ( requir$ size4 #fi;a4 ,hose4 ,!re mu/ be furni%$ ) ea* hose rack #ge ft4 ( non-collapsible hose 9 ?ree #be-;ft4 l5g?s4 #gj4 ,hose to be #a 94 or #a- 94 inside diamet]1 be/ quality rubb] hose1 re9=c$ 9 be/ mann] to absolutely prev5t collapse at highe/ vacuum obta9able ) ! exhau/] furni%$ & to prev5t collapse if /epp$ on4 ,weight ( hose to be n ov] #ab oz4 p] l9e> foot4 #ga to #gc4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #gd4 ,on completion ( ! plant ! pump w be op]at$ ) all outlets clos$ &1 "u ?is condition1 ! p[] consumption mu/ n be m ?an #ej ( t requir$ "u te/ conditions4 #ge4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #gf4 ,to te/ ! capacity ( ! plant1 4444 hose l9es ea* #ge ft4 long %all be atta*$ to ! inlets1 ea* hose to be fitt$ ) /&>d vacomet] ) -94 op5+4 ,"u ^! conditions a vacuum ( #a 94 m]cury mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 ea* vacomet]4 #gg & #gh4 ,same z = ,class #a4 ,,class #e ,,to ,,give ,,wide/ ,,competition4 #a4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #b4 ,exhau/] to be pi/on1 rot>y or c5trifugal fan type4 #c4 ,! pi/on type ( exhau/] %all be d\ble-act+ & s design$ t ! cyl9d] cle>ance %all be r$uc$ to a m9imum1 or suitable devices %all be employ$ to m9imize ! effect ( l>ge cle>ances4 #d4 ,! induction & eduction valves may be ei!r poppet1 rot>y or semi-rot>y1 & %all op]ate smoo?ly & noiselessly4 #e4 ,! pi/on pack+ %all be ( su* "* z to be practically air tight "u work+ conditions & con/ruct$ s t x w be set out ) its own ela/icity )\t ! use ( spr+s ( any sort4 ,if metallic r+s are us$1 !y mu/ fill ! grooves 9 :i* !y are fitt$1 bo? 9 wid? & dep?1 & mu/ be conc5tric2 t is1 ( ! same ?ickness ?r\gh\t4 ,! jo9t 9 ! r+ or r+s to be lapp$ 9 wid? b n 9 ?ickness1 & if m ?an "o r+ is us$ !y are to be plac$ & d[el$ 9 su* position 9 _! respective grooves s t ! jo9ts w be at lea/ "o-f\r? ( ! circumf]5ce ap>t4 #f4 ,! pi/on %all h no *amb] or space into :i* air may leak f ei!r side ( ! pi/on4 ,all op5+s into ! body ( ! pi/on mu/ be tightly plugg$ ) ca/-iron plugs4 #g4 ,! pi/on-rod /uff+ box to be ( su* size & dep? t if s(t pack+ is us$ x c be kept tight )\t undue pressure f ! gl&4 ,if metallic pack+ is us$1 x mu/ be vacuum tight )\t undue pressure on ! rod4 ,prop] means %all be provid$ = ! cont9u\s lubrication ( ! pi/on rod4 #h4 ,! exhau/] ( ! pi/on type %all be fitt$ ) an approv$ cross-head suitably atta*$ to ! pi/on rod2 ma*9es hav+ an ext5d$ pi/on rod = guide purposes w n be acceptable4 ,ins]t p>agraphs #c to #ae f specifications = ,class #a4 #ae;a4 ,reciprocat+ exhau/] %all be provid$ ) ! necess>y devices = ! removal ( ! heat g5]at$ by friction & compression1 t %all prev5t ! temp]ature ( cyl9d]s or eduction *amb]s ris+ m ?an #ajj ,f4 above ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e aft] two h\rs' cont9u\s op]ation "u full load conditions4 #ae;b4 ,spe$4 ,reciprocat+ exhau/] ) poppet valves %all op]ate at an av]age pi/on spe$ n exce$+ #bjj ft4 p] m9ute1 ) rot>y valves n exce$+ #cjj ft4 p] m9ute4 ,ins]t p>agraphs #af & #ag f specifications = ,class #a4 ,omit #ah4 #ah;a4 ,base ,plate1 ,f\ndation1 etc4 ,provide suitable base plate to rigidly support ! exhau/] & its motor z a unit1 :i* %all be l>ge en\gh to cat* all drip ( wat] or oil4 ,provide a rais$ m>g9 & pads = feet ( exhau/] frame1 motor1 & an*or bolts1 high en\gh to prev5t any drip f gett+ into ! f\ndation or on ! floor4 #ah;b4 ,provide suitable f\ndation ( brick or concrete1 to :i* ! base plate %all be firmly an*or$4 ,! f\ndation %all be built on top ( ! cem5t floor ( ! basem5t1 :i* %all be pick$ to af=d prop] bond = ! f\ndation4 #ah;c4 ,con/ruct ! f\ndation ( su* a height z to br+ ! work+ p>ts ( ! ma*9e at ! mo/ conv5i5t level = op]at+ purposes4 ,expos$ p>ts ( ! f\ndation to be fac$ ) be/ grade :ite enamel$ brick4 ,if ! base plate does n cov] ! f\ndation1 ! expos$ top surface is to be f9i%$ ) enamel$ brick us+ bull-nose brick on all edges & corn]s4 #ai to #bc4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #bc;a4 ,! gu>ante$ effici5cy ( motor %all n be less ?an #gh at half load & n less ?an #hd at full load4 #bd to #cb4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #cb;a4 ,motors %all be subject to %op te/ to det]m9e effici5cy1 heat+1 insulation1 etc4 ,manufactur]s' c]tifi$ te/ %eets ( motor1 giv+ all read+s tak5 dur+ %op te/1 toge!r ) calculat$ results1 mu/ be submitt$ to ! ar*itect = approval be=e motor is %ipp$ f factory4 #cc4 ,rheo/at4 ,furni% & in/all :]e %[n1 ^u a slate panel h]e9aft] specifi$1 a />t+ rheo/at ( prop] size & approv$ make1 design$ = ! p>ticul> duty x has to p]=m4 ,x mu/ h an automatic no-voltage & ov]load release4 ,all resi/ance = rheo/ats is to be plac$ on ! back ( ! tablet4 ,contacts mu/ project ?r\gh bo>d to front side4 ,all mov+ p>ts mu/ be on front ( bo>d4 #cc;a4 ,tablet4 ,furni% & place :]e %[n1 a slate tablet n less ?an 94 ?ick1 support$ by a sub/antial angle b> frame1 s plac$ t !re w be a space ( n less ?an #d 94 betwe5 ! wall & back ( resi/ance4 ,m\nt on ! tablet "o d\ble-pole1 #bej-volt knife swit*1 ) two #bej-volt enclos$ fuses & "o />t+ rheo/at1 z specifi$ h]e9be=e4 ,! connections %all be on ! back ( ! tablet4 ,! space betwe5 ! column & ! tablet %all be enclos$ ) a removable diamond-me% grill ( ,no4 #aj iron wire 9 *annel frame4 #cd1 #ce & #cf4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #cf;a4 ,automatic ,control4 ,suitable means %all be provid$ 9 connection ) ! reciprocat+ & rot>y exhau/]s t w ma9ta9 ! vacuum 9 ! sep>ators )9 ! limit ( ! ma*9e at po9t f\nd to be mo/ desirable1 irrespective ( ! numb] ( sweep]s 9 op]ation4 #cf;b4 ,controll] %all consi/ ( a suitable means provid$ 9 ! exhau/]1 or z an atta*m5t !reto1 :i* w automatically ?r[ ! exhau/] out ( action by admitt+ atmosph]ic pressure to ! exhau/] only1 b n to ! sy/em2 or t %all cause suction f ! sy/em to cease :5ev] ! vacuum 9 ! sep>ators rises above ! po9t consid]$ desirable1 & ?r[ ! exhau/] into action :5 ! vacuum falls bel[ ! e/abli%$ l[] limit4 #cf;c4 ,vacuum ,break]4 ,9 addition to ! controll+ devices above specifi$1 if a reciprocat+ or rot>y exhau/] is us$1 !re %all be plac$ 9 ! suction pipe to ! exhau/] an approv$ positive-act+ vacuum break] hav+ op5+ equival5t to ! area ( #a-;94 diamet] pipe & set to op5 at #ab 94 #cf;d4 ,if c5trifugal fan is us$1 no control or vacuum break] w be requir$4 #cg4 ,du/ ,sep>ators4 ,!re mu/ be provid$ at lea/ "o sep>ator betwe5 ! pipe l9es & exhau/] hav+ a volume ( n less ?an #c cu4 ft4 p] sweep] ( plant capacity4 ,?is sep>ator mu/ be s con/ruct$ t no "p !re( w receive ! direct impact ( ! du/4 ,if rot>y exhau/] is us$1 ?is sep>ator mu/ also conta9 a bag s plac$ t only ! lighte/ du/ w rea* same & mu/ be arrang$ to be readily clean$ )\t dismantl+ ! sep>ator4 ,if a c5trifugal exhau/] is us$1 ?is app>atus may or may n conta9 a bag1 &1 if pi/on pump is us$1 ?is sep>ator mu/ conta9 no bags or scre5s :atev]4 ,if a pi/on type ( exhau/] is in/all$1 an additional sep>ator mu/ be plac$ betwe5 ! fir/ sep>ator & ! exhau/]4 ,?is mu/ be a wet sep>ator & may be conta9$ 9 ! base ( ! ma*9e or consi/ ( a sep>ate tank4 ,omit #ch4 #ch;a4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #ch;b4 ,wet sep>ators1 :e!r sep>ate f or integral ) ! base ( ! ma*9e1 mu/ be provid$ ) an atta*m5t :i* w positively mix ! air & wat]1 ?or\ghly break up all bubbles1 sep>ate ! wat] f ! air1 & prev5t any wat] ent]+ ! exhau/] cyl9d]4 #ch;c4 ,suitable means mu/ be provid$ to automatically equalize ! vacuum betwe5 wet & dry sep>ators ^u ! %utt+ d[n ( ! exhau/]4 #ch;d4 ,! sep>ators mu/ be provid$ ) suitable op5+s = access to ! int]ior = inspection & clean+1 & ! int]ior arrangem5t ( ! sep>ators mu/ be su* t !y may be readily clean$ )\t dismantl+4 #ch;e4 ,all p>ts ( ! wet sep>ator tank 7if us$7 n con/ruct$ ( non-corrosive metal mu/ be ?or\ghly t9n$ or galvaniz$ bo? inside & outside4 ,! int]ior ( ! wet sep>ator =m$ 9 base ( exhau/] %all be pa9t$ ) at lea/ two coats ( asphalt v>ni% or o!r pa9t suitable to prev5t ! corrosion ( same4 #ch;f4 ,sep>ators mu/ be provid$ ) all necess>y valves or o!r atta*m5ts = successful op]ation1 includ+ a sight glass = ! wet sep>ator 7if us$71 ?r\gh :i* ! int]ior ( same may be obs]v$4 #ch;g4 ,! wet sep>ator 7if us$7 %all be prop]ly connect$ to wat] supply :]e direct$ & dis*>ge to sew] :]e %[n on plans4 #ch;h4 ,a runn+ trap ) clean-out %all be in/all$ 9 ! wa/e l9e4 #ci to #da4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #da;a4 ,wa/e & wat] pipe1 9 connection ) wet sep>ator & jacket1 except wa/e pipe bel[ basem5t floor1 to be /&>d galvaniz$ wr\ght-iron or /eel screw-jo9t$ pipe free f burs4 ,wa/e pipe bel[ ! basem5t floor is to be be/ grade1 8extra heavy0 ca/-iron pipe1 ) lead-calk$ jo9ts4 #db to #de4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #de;a4 ,fitt+s on wat] l9es to be /&>d galvaniz$ bead$ fitt+s4 #de;b4 ,fitt+s on wa/e l9e above basem5t floor to be galvaniz$ recess$ screw-jo9t$ dra9age fitt+s & ^? bel[ basem5t floor to be 8extra heavy0 ca/-iron ) hub jo9ts4 #df to #ej4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #ej;a4 ,if reciprocat+ exhau/] is us$1 ! exhau/ pipe is to be fitt$ ) an approv$ fir/-class muffl] n less ?an #ab 94 9 diamet] & #fj 94 high1 closely rivet$ & con/ruct$ ( galvaniz$ iron n less ?an 94 ?ick1 & 9 ev5t an exhau/] requir+ lubrication is furni%$ ?is muffl] is to be arrang$ s t x w also be an effici5t oil sep>ator4 ,drip connection is to be arrang$ at bottom ( muffl]4 #ea to #ef4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #ef;a4 ,tool ,cases4 ,furni% 444 approv$ h>dwood cab9et-f9i%$ cases = clean+ tools4 ,ea* case to be made z light z possible & ( conv5i5t =m = c>ry+ by h& & provid$ ) a complete set ( clean+ tools1 ea* securely held 9 its prop] place1 & fitt$ ) lock & key1 clamps1 & conv5i5tly arrang$ h&les4 #eg4 ,ea* case w conta9 ! foll[+3 ,"o c>pet r5ovator1 ) slot 94 by n less ?an #ab or m ?an #ae 94 long4 ,"o b>e floor r5ovator1 #ae 94 long1 ) curv$ felt-cov]$ face4 ,"o wall bru%1 ) skirt$ bri/les1 #ab 94 long & 94 wide4 ,"o h& bru%1 ) hose connection at end1 #h 94 long & #b 94 wide4 ,"o #d-;94 r\nd bru% = relief "w4 ,"o uphol/]y r5ovator4 ,"o corn] clean]4 ,"o radiator tool4 ,"o curv$ /em ab\t #e ft4 long4 ,"o /raight ext5sion /em #e ft4 long4 ,at lea/ "o hat bru% ) ! sy/em4 #eh to #fd4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #fd;a4 ,all bru%es to be ( sub/antial con/ruction1 ) be/ quality bri/les set 9 close r[s & z ?ick z possible1 skirt$ ) rubb]1 lea!r1 or *amois sk91 s t all air ent]+ r5ovator w pass ov] surface be+ clean$4 #fe to #fh4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #fi4 ,hose ,racks4 ,furni% & prop]ly secure 9 place1 :]e direct$1 4444 hose racks 9 basem5t1 4444 ea* 9 fir/ & second /ories 74444 racks 9 all74 ,! racks to be con/ruct$ ( ca/-iron1 galvaniz$ or enamel f9i%1 & ea* rack to be suitable = hold+ #ge ft4 ( hose ( requir$ size4 #fi;a4 ,hose4 ,!re mu/ be furni%$ ) ea* hose rack1 #ge ft4 ( non-collapsible hose 9 ?ree #be-;ft4 l5g?s4 #gj4 ,hose %all n be less ?an #a 94 or m ?an #a- 94 inside diamet]1 be/ quality rubb] hose1 re9=c$ 9 be/ mann] to absolutely prev5t collapse at highe/ vacuum obta9able ) ! exhau/] furni%$ & to prev5t collapse if /epp$ on4 ,weight ( hose to be n ov] #ab oz4 p] l9e> foot4 #ga to #gc4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #gd4 ,on completion ( ! plant1 ! pump w be op]at$ ) all outlets clos$ & "u ?is condition ! p[] consumption mu/ n be m ?an #ej ( t requir$ "u te/ conditions4 #ge4 ,to te/ ! capacity ( plant1 "o hose l9e #ajj ft4 long %all be atta*$ to inlet f>!/ f ! sep>ator1 ) /&>d vacomet] ) -94 op5+ 9 end ( hose4 ,hose l9es %all be atta*$ to o!r outlets1 ea* ) #ej-;ft4 hose & vacomet] 9 end ( hose1 4444 vacomet]s hav+ -94 op5+ & 4444 vacomet]s hav+ -94 op5+4 ,"u ^! conditions #d 94 m]cury mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 vacomet] at end ( #ajj ft4 ( hose4 #ge;a4 ,te/ ( ,sep>ators4 ,at ea* ( ---- po9ts1 ne> ---- outlets on diff]5t ris]s select$ by ! 4444 repres5tative1 ! contractor %all furni% & spread on ! floor1 ev5ly cov]+ an area ( approximately #ej sq4 ft4 = ea* outlet1 a mixture ( #f lbs4 ( dry %>p s& t w pass a #ej-me% scre51 #c lbs4 ( f9e :eat fl\r1 & #a lb4 ( f9ely pulv]iz$ *>coal1 if wet sep>ator be us$1 & #f lbs4 ( ,portl& cem5t1 if bag be us$4 #ge;b4 ,fifty feet ( hose ( size requir$ by ! sy/em us$ %all be atta*$ to ea* ( ! ---- outlets1 & ! surface or surfaces prep>$ = clean+ %all be clean$ simultane\sly by op]ators provid$ by ! contractor until all ( ! s&1 fl\r & *>coal has be5 tak5 up1 :5 ! exhau/] %all be /opp$ & ! dirt remov$ f ! dry sep>ator & spread on ! floor aga91 & ! op]ation ( clean+ repeat$ until ! mixture has be5 h&l$ by ! app>atus f\r times4 ,if1 aft] ?or\ghly flu%+ ! sy/em at completion ( ! above run1 any du/ or mud is f\nd 9 ! cyl9d]1 ports1 or valve *amb]s ( ! displacem5t exhau/]1 or if less ?an #ie ( ! dirt remov$ is f\nd 9 ! dry sep>ator ( ! c5trifugal exhau/]1 x %all be deem$ suffici5t gr\nd = ! rejection ( ! sep>ators4 ,if bag is us$1 same mu/ n be di/urb$ until aft] capacity te/1 :i* w be made ) mat]ial 9 sep>ator aft] be+ pick$ up ! f\r? "t4 #gf-gg4 ,same z = ,class #a4 #gh4 ,evaluation ( proposal 7= #d-sweep] plant73 ,no proposal w be consid]$ :i* contemplates furni%+ an exhau/] requir+ m p[] to op]ate "u te/ conditions ?an3 ,full load1 #ad ,k4 ,w42 ?ree-qu>t] load1 #ab4be ,k4 ,w42 "o-half load1 #aj4e ,k4 ,w4 ,te/ ,requirem5t3 ,p>agraph #ge to be consid]$ full load4 ,to r$uce ! load to ?ree-qu>t]s1 "o -94 vacomet] op5+ to be clos$2 to produce "o-half load1 "o -94 op5+ to be clos$ 9 addition to ! -94 op5+4 ,bidd]s are reque/$ to /ate 9 proposal ! p[] consumption requir$ by _! app>atus at full1 ?ree-qu>t]s & "o-half loads1 & 9 case ! gu>antees ( ! v>i\s bidd]s diff]1 !y w be evaluat$ z foll[s = ! purpose ( comp>ison3 ,= ea* full ,k4 ,w4 ( p[] consumption or fractional "p !re( !re w be all[$ ! foll[+ am\nt or proportionate p>ts = fractional p>ts ( a ,k4 ,w4 h\r at ! v>i\s loads3 ,p] ,c5t4 ( ,full ,load #ajj #ge #ej ,am\nt #aef4jj #fb4jj #id4jj ,z an illu/ration1 let x be assum$ t proposals h be5 receiv$ (f]+ equipm5t 9 accordance ) specification requirem5ts1 & ! "o (f]+ ! mo/ economical app>atus bas$ on gu>ante$ p[] consumption names ! highe/ price = ! in/allation4 ,to det]m9e if ! pur*as] w be ju/ifi$ 9 accept+ ! highe/ proposal1 let x be assum$ t he has gu>ante$ a p[] consumption ( #a ,k4 ,w4 less at full load1 #j4ge ,k4 ,w4 less at ?ree-qu>t]s load1 & #j4be ,k4 ,w4 m at half-load ?an ! l[e/ bidd]4 ,"u ^! conditions ! algebraic sum ( ! sav+ ( ! high] bidd] ov] ! l[] bidd] w\ld be #aef #df4ej - #bc4ej #agi1 :i* is ! additional am\nt 9 doll>s :i* ! pur*as] w\ld be w>rant$ 9 pay+ = ! app>atus ( high] effici5cy4 ,9 mak+ ! economy te/ to det]m9e if ! gu>ante$ p[] consumption has be5 fulfill$1 an integrat+ watt met]1 previ\sly calibrat$ & f\nd correct1 w be plac$ 9 circuit & a two-h\r run made at ea* load & ! p[] consumption bas$ on ! met] read+s4 ,p5alty4--,x mu/ be di/9ctly und]/ood to be "o ( ! conditions "u :i* bids are to be submitt$ = ! "w embrac$ 9 ?is specification t ! app>atus %all meet e requirem5t ( ! specification & ! gu>anty = effici5cy "u :i* conditions ! contract price w be paid4 ,9 ! ev5t ! app>atus te/$ fails to meet ! specifi$ requirem5ts = capacity or economy1 or bo?1 ! ,ar*itect %all h ! "r to reject ! app>atus1 absolutely1 & require ! in/allation ( satisfactory app>atus1 :i* %all comply ) ! contract requirem5ts2 or if he elects to accept ! same1 9 ! ev5t ! capacity or effici5cy at any load 7irrespective ( o!r loads7 is less ?an t nam$ 9 ! proposal1 !n ! contract price %all be ! am\nt nam$ 9 ! contract = a satisfactory plant1 less ! am\nt ( defici5cies %[n by ! te/ bas$ on ! foll[+3 ,= ,capacity4--#ejj4jj = ea* in* ( vacuum & a proportionate "p !re( = ea* fraction ( an in* bel[ ! #d 94 requir$ 9 vacomet] :5 op]at+ "u full load4 ,= ,economy4--,d$uction = ea* ,k4 ,w4 or a proportionate "p !re( = ea* fraction !re( requir$ 9 excess ( gu>antee4 ,p]c5tage ( ,full ,load #ajj #ge #ej ,p5alty #bbi4jj #ic4jj #ada4jj 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is evaluation 0 bas$ on ! same "t ( op]ation & co/ ( curr5t z t us$ 9 illu/ration "u te/s 7,*apt] ,,xii74 ,! maximum p[] to be all[$ = plants ( v>i\s capacities %\ld be z foll[s3 ,capacity 9 #ajj #ge #ej ,sweep]s ( ,load ( ,load ( ,load #h #bd #bj #ag #f #bj #ah #ae #d #ad #ab4be #aj4e #b #g4e 44444 #f4be ,9 ev5t t ! plant is to be run ) vacuum 8on tap10 z 9 a hotel1 a gu>ante$ p[] consumption at no load %\ld be requir$ & evaluat$ on ! numb] ( h\rs ! plant w probably op]ate "u ^! conditions4 ,?is w be ! l>ge/ item 9 ! evaluation "u su* conditions4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,portable ,,vacuum ,,clean]s4 ,:ile ?is book is prim>ily int5d$ to deal only ) vacuum clean+ sy/ems1 :i* w\ld limit ! "w to su* app>atus z is p]man5tly in/all$ )9 ! build+ to be clean$1 ! au?or consid]s t x w\ld n be complete )\t "s m5tion ( ! portable clean]s :i* are s popul> at ! pres5t "t4 ,on fir/ consid]ation1 ! portable clean] w\ld appe> to h a consid]able advantage ov] ! /ation>y type 9 t ! l5g? ( hose is usually limit$ to n ov] #ae ft4 & !re is no pipe l9e1 :i* results 9 ! elim9ation ( practically all friction loss1 giv+ practically ! same vacuum at ! r5ovator z at ! exhau/]4 ,?is %\ld result 9 a sav+ ( practically #ej ( ! p[] requir$ to op]ate ! exhau/]4 ,ref]r+ to ,*apt] ,,xii1 we f9d t ! p[] requir$ to op]ate a really effici5t vacuum clean+ sy/em is approximately #b4e ,h4 ,p4 p] sweep]4 ,if a portable clean]1 ) ! same effici5cy & capacity1 be built1 x w\ld require at lea/ #a ,h4 ,p4 ,su* a clean] w\ld n be portable 9 ! s5se ( ! t]m z appli$ to ! mo/ popul> clean]s today4 ,! same type has be5 built on special ord] by ! ,am]ican ,radiator ,company1 :i* m\nt$ its #a ,h4 ,p4 ,arco ,w& ma*9e on a truck4 ,?is clean] weighs sev]al hundr$ p\nds & c\ld be mov$ up & d[n /airs ab\t z easily z a sew+ ma*9e & w\ld n be ( any s]vice 9 a build+ n equipp$ ) elevators4 ,! p[] requir$ to op]ate ?is clean] is also s great t special p[] wir+ & l>ge capacity outlet plugs h to be in/all$ ?r\gh\t ! build+4 ,su* equipm5t has be5 provid$ 9 at lea/ two dep>tm5t /ores :]e ^! clean]s are 9 use4 ,?is means t "o wires 8 build+ = vacuum clean+ in/ead ( pip+ x1 & !re is also ! necessity ( mov+ a heavy ma*9e ab\t to d ! same "w z a /ation>y plant4 ,x w\ld appe> to ! au?or t ! co/ ( wir+ w\ld ab\t equal t ( pip+ & t ! additional labor requir$ to move ! ma*9e ab\t w\ld co/ z mu* z ! additional p[] ne$$ by ! /ation>y exhau/]4 ,?is clean]1 z well z all o!r portable clean]s1 dis*>ges ! air f ! exhau/] directly back into ! ap>tm5t clean$1 & is op5 to ! same objection t 0 rais$ aga9/ ! e>ly compress$ air clean]s4 ,:ile all ! du/ may be caught by ! du/ bag1 ! microbes are all[$ to escape ) ! air & ! clean] is n a sanit>y device by any mann] ( means4 ,!re are a few portable ma*9es us+ rot>y exhau/]s ( ! ,root type1 & pi/on pumps1 all ( :i* are heavy to move ab\t &1 9 mak+ !m z light z possible1 ! effici5cy ( ! exhau/] has be5 sacrific$4 ,^! ma*9es w d ! same quality ( clean+ z ! /ation>y plants recomm5d$ = resid5ce "w & !y require ab\t ,h4 ,p41 :i* is no less ?an is ne$$ = a /ation>y plant ( ! same capacity & effici5cy4 ,! mo/ popul> type ( portable clean] is "o :i* c be atta*$ to a socket or plug connect$ ) ! light+ sy/em4 ,?is %\ld limit ! p[] consumption to ,h4 ,p4 ,h[ev]1 _m ( ^! clean]s use z mu* z #djj watts & a fair av]age = clean]s retail+ at ab\t #abe4jj is #bej watts4 ,su* clean]s w exhau/ ab\t #be cu4 ft4 ( air ) a vacuum ( #a 94 m]cury at ! vacomet]1 a -94 orifice be+ us$4 ,! !oretical p[] requir$ to move ! air is approximately #ej watts & ! ov]all effici5cy ( ^! clean]s is1 !re=e1 ab\t #bj1 z aga9/ #dj to #ej 9 a good1 "o-sweep] /ation>y plant4 ,! p[] exp5d$ 9 op]at+ ^! portable clean]s 9 proportion to ! "w done is no less ?an ) an effici5t /ation>y plant4 ,portable clean]s h be5 made 9 _m types b practically all ! /&>d makes use "o or two =ms ( vacuum produc]s1 ei!r ! diaphragm pump or ! s+le or multi-/age fan4 ,! pumps ( ! =m] type are able to produce a vacuum z high z #f 94 to #aj 94 ( m]cury1 :5 no air is pass+1 & w displace z high z #cj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute1 :5 op]at$ ) a free inlet4 ,!y produce ab\t #a 94 ( m]cury at ! c>pet r5ovator :5 op]at$ on an ord9>y c>pet4 ,:5 small-siz$ uphol/]y r5ovators are us$1 a mu* high] vacuum is possible4 ,:5 op]at$ ) b>e floor r5ovators or bru%es1 ! quantity ( air exhau/$ is n mu* ov] #bj cu4 ft4 p] m9ute & !y make v ineffici5t b>e floor & wall clean]s1 b w d ?or\gh c>pet & uphol/]y clean+ provid$ a small en\gh r5ovator is us$4 ,ma*9es us+ a multi-/age fan w produce a maximum vacuum ( approximately #b 94 ( m]cury :5 exhau/+ no air1 & w produce a vacuum ( approximately #a 94 ( m]cury :5 op]at$ on an ord9>y c>pet4 ,) an unre/rict$ inlet1 !y w exhau/ f #dj to #ej cu4 ft4 ( air p] m9ute4 ,:5 op]at$ on a b>e floor1 !y w exhau/ approximately #cj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 m effici5t floor clean]s ?an ! pumps1 b _c d ?or\gh c>pet & uphol/]y clean+1 no matt] h[ small ! r5ovator4 ,! small]-fan type ( ma*9es1 9 :i* ! fan is plac$ integral ) ! c>pet r5ovator & 9 :i* hose is n us$ 9 clean+ floors or c>pets1 are provid$ ) a s+le-/age fan4 ,!y produce a suction ( n exce$+ 94 ( m]cury :5 no air is exhau/$ & w exhau/ f #e to #aj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute :5 op]at$ on a c>pet4 ,) a free inlet !y w exhau/ f #ae to #bj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute4 ,^! ma*9es are little if any bett] ?an ord9>y c>pet sweep]s4 ,ma*9es ( ?is type are op5 to ano!r objection 9 t ! du/ bag is plac$ on ! outlet ( ! fan & ! du/ 9 ! bag is cont9ually agitat$ by ! passage ( ! air1 ) ! result t all ! f9] p>ticles ( ! du/ are bl[n ?r\gh ! bag back into ! ap>tm5t4 ,to be effective1 ! du/ bag mu/ always be plac$ on ! suction side ( ! exhau/] & %\ld be s arrang$ t ! du/ w n quickly cov] ! entire area ( ! bag1 =1 :5 ?is occurs1 ! suction is quickly r$uc$ to su* an ext5t t no fur!r clean+ c be done until ! bag has be5 clean$4 ,!re is ano!r type ( me*anical clean] manufactur$ by ! ,hoov] ,suction ,sweep] ,company :i* is provid$ ) a me*anically-op]at$ bru% = loos5+ ! dirt f ! c>pet4 ,! du/ is !n convey$ ?r\gh a s+le-/age fan to a du/ bag4 ,! clean] does n dep5d on ! vacuum to loos5 ! dirt & w d q effective c>pet clean+ ) a small exp5diture ( p[]4 ,ow+ to ! small suction produc$1 x is ( little value = clean+ any?+ b c>pets4 ,f ! exp]i5ce ! au?or has _h ) portable vacuum clean]s1 "s ?irty makes hav+ be5 te/$ = ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t by him & by ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds1 ! use ( su* clean]s is n consid]$ z ei!r an effici5t or sanit>y means ( me*anical clean+4 ,if a clean] requir+ small p[] is requir$1 "o ( ! small] /ation>y plants1 co/+ n ov] #cjj4jj & op]at+ ) or ,h4 ,p41 is consid]$ a bett] inve/m5t ?an #abe4jj paid = a portable clean]4 ,if ! pur*as] feels t he _c af=d to pay m ?an #abe4jj = 8 vacuum clean]1 a type su* z ! ,wat] ,wit* c be furni%$ = ?is price4 ,?is clean] is plac$ 9 ! basem5t1 ) arrangem5ts = />t+ same f any floor4 ,! manufactur]s /ate t ?is app>atus produces a vacuum ( #b 94 m]cury 9 a c>pet r5ovator1 #d 94 m]cury 9 an uphol/]y r5ovator & exhau/s #be to #cj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute ) op5 hose4 ,! ma*9e op]ates by wat] pressure & ! manufactur]s /ate t x requires ab\t #f to #h gals4 ( wat] p] m9ute4 ,all air is exhau/$ outside ( ! build+ & all du/ wa%$ d[n ! sew] ) ! exhau/ wat]4 ,x is !re=e1 a fairly effici5t & sanit>y clean+ sy/em4 ,! /atem5ts made above apply to p>ties :o own _! resid5ces & occupy (fices 9 mod]n build+s4 ,!re are1 besides ^!1 a great _m :o live 9 r5t$ h\ses & ap>tm5ts or occupy (fices 9 build+s :]e ! own]s are n suffici5tly progressive to in/all /ation>y clean+ plants4 ,to supply ! ne$s ( ?is class is evid5tly ! field ( ! portable clean]1 z ev5 ! poore/ ( ^! ma*9es is m effective 9 ! removal ( du/ & dirt ?an ! broom & c>pet sweep]4 ,! selection ( a portable clean] by "o :o mu/ necess>ily resort to ! use ( su* a clean] %\ld be made ) c>e4 ,! motor %\ld be look$ into & only "o :i* has bru%es readily removable & "o 9 :i* ! condition ( ! bru%es c be easily not$ %\ld be select$4 ,lubrication is important4 ,a good clean] %\ld be s con/ruct$ t x c be op]at$ = at lea/ #ajj h\rs )\t relubrication4 ,! du/ bag %\ld always be on ! suction side ( ! vacuum produc] & ( su* a design & con/ruction t at lea/ peck ( a mixture ( #dj s&1 #cj fl\r1 #ae sweep+s & #ae ,portl& cem5t c be pick$ up f ! floor & reta9$ 9 ! bag & ! ma*9e /ill be capable ( pick+ up mat]ial f a b>e floor4 ,a good te/ = capacity ( a portable ma*9e is to pick up peck ( su* mat]ial1 !n fit a ?9 disk ) -94 diamet] op5+ ov] ! end ( ! hose4 ,a ma*9e1 to be ( any value1 %\ld %[ a suction ( #c 94 wat] & a fir/-class ma*9e w %[ #h 94 "u ^! conditions4 ,?is w d fairly good b>e floor "w4 ,to asc]ta9 if ! ma*9e w clean c>pets1 use a simil> disk ) -94 diamet] op5+1 :5 a suction ( #g 94 wat] indicates ! l[e/ value & #af 94 ab\t ! be/ t c be obta9$ f any portable clean]4 ,clean]s mu/ be readily portable & %\ld n weigh exce$+ #ge lbs4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5t & unusual spell+ h be5 reta9$4 ,9 sev]al places ! text appe>s to be incomplete or jumbl$2 ?is has n be5 correct$4 ,9 _m ( ! illu/rations ref]5ce lett]s are giv5 9 upp]case :]eas ! text uses l[]case lett]s2 ?is has n be5 /&>dis$4 ,inconsi/5cies & diff]5ces 9 word+ & /ructure betwe5 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts & ! text h n be5 rectifi$4 ,page #hc1 p>agraph />t+ ,mu* ( ! hose 9 use today 4443 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t2 "p ( ! text may be miss+ or mix$ up4 ,*anges made3 ,illu/rations & tables h be5 mov$ outside text p>agraphs4 ,9 "s illu/rations ref]5ce lett]s h be5 enhanc$ = ! sake ( cl>ity2 9 ,fig4 #fa ref]5ce #a has be5 add$4 ,obvi\s m9or typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,9 multiplications1 ! lett] x & ! multiplication symbol 77 h be5 /&>dis$ to ! latt]4 ,page #ch1 ,table #b3 ,f *ang$ to ,f cf4 text4 ,page #ada3 ,o *ang$ to ,o cf4 ,fig4 #gg;a4 ,page #adi3 444 by us+ metal %9s 444 *ang$ to 444 by us+ metal %ims 4444 ,page #agj3 444 ! control 7,fig4 #ajg7 444 *ang$ to 444 ! control 7,fig4 #ig7 4444 ,page #bje1 item #cc3 444 approv$ made 444 *ang$ to 444 approv$ make 4444