,transcriber's ,note ,italic text displayed as3 italic ,bold text displayed as3 bold ,,spalding ,,athletic ,,library ,,spalding ,,official ,,annuals ,no4 #a4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,base ,,ball ,,guide ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #a,s4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,base ,,ball ,,guide 7,spanish ,edition7 ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #b4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,foot ,,ball ,,guide ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #f4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,ice ,,hockey ,,guide ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #g4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,basket ,,ball ,,guide ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #g;,a4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,women',s ,,basket ,,ball ,,guide ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #i4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,indoor ,,base ,,ball ,,guide ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #ab;,a4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,athletic ,,rules ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #a,r4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,athletic ,,almanac ,price #be;c4 ,no4 #c,r4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,golf ,,guide ,price #be;c4 ,no4 #ee,r4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,soccer ,,foot ,,ball ,,guide ,price #be;c4 ,no4 #eg,r4 ,,spalding',s ,,lawn ,,tennis ,,annual ,price #be;c4 ,no4 #ei,r4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,base ,,ball ,,record ,price #be;c4 ,specially ,bound ,series of ,athletic ,handbooks ,flexible binding4 ,mailed postpaid on receipt of #ej cents each number4 ,no4 #eja,l4 ,,strokes ,,and ,,science ,,of ,,lawn ,,tennis ,no4 #ejb,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,play ,,golf ,no4 #ejc,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,play ,,foot ,,ball ,no4 #ejd,l4 ,,art ,,of ,,skating ,no4 #eje,l4 ,,get ,,well--,,keep ,,well ,no4 #ejf,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,live #ajj ,,years ,no4 #ejg,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,wrestle ,no4 #ejh,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,play ,,lawn ,,tennis2 ,,how ,,to ,,play ,,tennis ,,for ,,beginners ,no4 #eji,l4 ,,boxing ,no4 #eaj,l4 ,,dumb ,,bell ,,exercises ,no4 #eaa,l4 ,,jiu ,,jitsu ,no4 #eab,l4 ,,speed ,,swimming ,no4 #eac,l4 ,,winter ,,sports ,no4 #ead,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,bowl ,no4 #eae,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,swim ,,and ,,competitive ,,diving ,no4 #eaf,l4 ,,school ,,tactics ,,and ,,maze ,,running2 ,,children',s ,,games ,no4 #eag,l4 ,,ten ,,and ,,twenty ,,minute ,,exercises ,no4 #eah,l4 ,,indoor ,,and ,,outdoor ,,gymnastic ,,games ,no4 #eai,l4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,base ,,ball ,,guide ,no4 #ebj,l4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,foot ,,ball ,,guide ,no4 #eba,l4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,basket ,,ball ,,guide ,no4 #ebb,l4 ,,golf ,,for ,,girls ,no4 #ebc,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,play ,,base ,,ball2 ,,how ,,to ,,umpire2 ,,how ,,to ,,manage ,a ,,team1 ,,etc4 ,no4 #ebd,l4 ,,spalding',s ,,lawn ,,tennis ,,annual ,no4 #ebe,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,pitch2 ,,ready ,,reckoner ,,of ,,base ,,ball ,,percentages ,no4 #ebf,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,catch2 ,,how ,,to ,,bat ,in addition to above1 any #be cent 8,red ,cover0 book listed in ,spalding's ,athletic ,library will be bound in flexible binding for #ej cents each2 or any two #aj cent 8,green ,cover0 or 8,blue ,cover0 books in one volume for #ej cents4 7,continued on the next page47 ,,any ,,of ,,the ,,above ,,books ,,mailed ,,postpaid ,,upon ,,receipt ,,of ,,price #aa-cj-af ,group ,i4 ,base ,ball 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #a ,spalding's ,official ,base ,ball ,guide ,no4 #a,s ,spalding's ,official ,base ,ball ,guide4 ,spanish ,edition4 ,no4 #bjb ,how to ,play ,base ,ball ,no4 #bai ,ready ,reckoner of ,base ,ball ,percentages ,no4 #bbc ,how to ,bat ,no4 #bbd ,how to ,play the ,outfield ,no4 #bbe ,how to ,play ,first ,base ,no4 #bbf ,how to ,play ,second ,base ,no4 #bbg ,how to ,play ,third ,base ,no4 #bbh ,how to ,play ,shortstop ,no4 #bbi ,how to ,catch ,no4 #bcj ,how to ,pitch ,how to ,organize a ,base ,ball ,league ,how to ,organize a ,base ,ball ,club ,how to ,manage a ,base ,ball ,club ,no4 #bca ,how to ,train a ,base ,ball ,team ,how to ,captain a ,base ,ball ,team ,how to ,umpire ,technical ,base ,ball ,terms ,no4 #bcb ,how to ,run ,bases ,no4 #cej ,how to ,score ,no4 #cee ,minor ,league ,base ,ball ,guide ,no4 #cef ,official ,book ,national ,league of ,prof4 ,base ,ball ,clubs ,no4 #i ,spalding's ,official ,indoor ,base ,ball ,guide 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #ei,r4 ,official ,base ,ball ,record 7including ,college records7 ,group ,,ii4 ,foot ,ball 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #b ,spalding's ,official ,foot ,ball ,guide ,no4 #ceh ,official ,college ,soccer ,guide 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #ci,r4 ,how to ,play ,soccer ,no4 #dg,r4 ,how to ,play ,foot ,ball ,no4 #ee,r4 ,spalding's ,official ,soccer ,foot ,ball ,guide ,group ,,iii4 ,tennis 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #aeg ,how to ,play ,lawn ,tennis ,no4 #cfc ,tennis ,errors and ,remedies 8,green ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #a,p4 ,how to ,play ,tennis--,for ,beginners4 ,by ,p4 ,a4 ,vaile 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #b,r4 ,strokes and ,science of ,lawn ,tennis ,no4 #db,r4 ,davis ,cup ,contests in ,australasia ,no4 #eg,r4 ,spalding's ,lawn ,tennis ,annual ,group ,,iv4 ,golf 8,green ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #b,p4 ,how to ,learn ,golf 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #c,r4 ,spalding's ,official ,golf ,guide ,no4 #d,r4 ,how to ,play ,golf ,no4 #fc,r4 ,golf for ,girls ,group ,v4 ,basket ,ball 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #g ,spalding's ,official ,basket ,ball ,guide ,no4 #g;,a ,spalding's ,official ,women's ,basket ,ball ,guide ,no4 #aic ,how to ,play ,basket ,ball ,group ,,vi4 ,skating and ,winter ,sports 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #f ,spalding's ,official ,ice ,hockey ,guide ,no4 #ad ,curling 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #h,r4 ,the ,art of ,skating ,no4 #bj,r4 ,how to ,play ,ice ,hockey ,no4 #bh,r4 ,winter ,sports ,no4 #gb,r4 ,figure ,skating for ,women ,group ,,vii4 ,field and ,track ,athletics 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #ab;,a ,spalding's ,official ,athletic ,rules ,no4 #bg ,college ,athletics ,no4 #ee ,official ,sporting ,rules ,no4 #hg ,athletic ,primer ,no4 #aef ,athletes' ,guide ,no4 #agh ,how to ,train for ,bicycling ,no4 #ahb ,all ,around ,athletics ,no4 #bee ,how to ,run #ajj ,yards ,no4 #cjb ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,official ,handbook ,no4 #cag ,marathon ,running ,no4 #cdb ,walking for ,health and ,competition ,no4 #cfb ,track1 ,relay and ,cross ,country ,rules of the ,national ,collegiate ,athletic ,ass'n4 8,green ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #c,p4 ,how to ,become an ,athlete ,by ,james ,e4 ,sullivan ,no4 #d,p4 ,how to ,sprint 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #a,r4 ,spalding's ,official ,athletic ,almanac ,no4 #ag,r4 ,olympic ,games1 ,stockholm4 #aiab ,no4 #de,r4 ,intercollegiate ,official ,handbook ,no4 #dh,r4 ,distance and ,cross ,country ,running ,no4 #gj,r4 ,how to ,become a ,weight ,thrower ,group ,,viii4 ,school ,athletics 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #bdf ,athletic ,training for ,schoolboys ,no4 #cca ,schoolyard ,athletics 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #fa,r4 ,school ,tactics and ,maze ,running2 ,children's ,games ,no4 #ff,r4 ,calisthenic ,drills and ,fancy ,marching and ,physical ,training for the ,school and ,class ,room ,no4 #ga,r4 ,public ,schools ,athletic ,league ,official ,handbook ,group ,,ix4 ,water ,sports 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #abh ,how to ,row ,no4 #abi ,water ,polo ,no4 #cfa ,intercollegiate ,swimming ,guide 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #cf,r4 ,speed ,swimming ,no4 #cg,r4 ,how to ,swim and ,competitive ,diving ,no4 #fj,r4 ,canoeing and ,camping ,group ,x4 ,athletic ,games for ,women and ,girls 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #g;,a ,spalding's ,official ,women's ,basket ,ball ,guide ,no4 #cad ,girls' ,athletics 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #ch,r4 ,field ,hockey ,no4 #da,r4 ,newcomb ,no4 #fc,r4 ,golf for ,girls ,no4 #fi,r4 ,girls and ,athletics ,group ,,xi4 ,lawn and ,field ,games 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #afg ,quoits ,no4 #agj ,push ,ball ,no4 #ahj ,ring ,hockey ,no4 #aii ,equestrian ,polo ,no4 #bja ,how to ,play ,lacrosse ,no4 #bjg ,lawn ,bowls 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #f,r4 ,cricket1 and ,how to ,play ,it ,group ,,xii4 ,miscellaneous ,games 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #ac ,american ,game of ,hand ,ball ,no4 #cfd ,volley ,ball 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #dc,r4 ,archery1 ,roque1 ,croquet1 ,english ,croquet1 ,lawn ,hockey1 ,tether ,ball1 ,clock ,golf1 ,golf-,croquet1 ,hand ,tennis1 ,hand ,polo1 ,wicket ,polo1 ,badminton1 ,drawing ,room ,hockey1 ,garden ,hockey1 ,basket ,goal1 ,volley ,ball ,rules and ,pin ,ball ,no4 #di,r4 ,how to ,bowl ,no4 #ej,r4 ,court ,games ,group ,,xiii4 ,manly ,sports 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #aia ,how to ,punch the ,bag ,no4 #bhb ,roller ,skating ,guide 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #aa,r4 ,fencing ,foil ,work ,illustrated ,no4 #ai,r4 ,professional ,wrestling ,no4 #ba,r4 ,jiu ,jitsu ,no4 #be,r4 ,boxing ,no4 #cj,r4 ,the ,art of ,fencing ,no4 #fe,r4 ,how to ,wrestle ,group ,,xiv4 ,calisthenics 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #aj,r4 ,single ,stick ,drill ,no4 #af,r4 ,team ,wand ,drill ,no4 #bb,r4 ,indian ,clubs and ,dumb ,bells and ,pulley ,weights ,no4 #bd,r4 ,dumb ,bell ,exercises ,no4 #gc,r4 ,graded ,calisthenics and ,dumb ,bell ,drills ,group ,,xv4 ,gymnastics 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #abd ,how to ,become a ,gymnast ,no4 #bed ,barnjum ,bar ,bell ,drill ,no4 #bhg ,fancy ,dumb ,bell and ,marching ,drills 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #ad,r4 ,trapeze1 ,long ,horse and ,rope ,exercises ,no4 #cd,r4 ,grading of ,gym4 ,exercises ,no4 #dj,r4 ,indoor and ,outdoor ,gymnastic ,games ,no4 #eb,r4 ,pyramid ,building ,no4 #ef,r4 ,tumbling for ,amateurs and ,ground ,tumbling ,no4 #fg,r4 ,exercises on the ,side ,horse2 ,exercises on the ,flying ,rings4 ,no4 #fh,r4 ,horizontal ,bar ,exercises2 ,exercises on ,parallel ,bars ,group ,,xvi4 ,home ,exercising 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #afa ,ten ,minutes' ,exercise for ,busy ,men ,no4 #ahe ,hints on ,health ,no4 #cbe ,twenty-,minute ,exercises 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #g,r4 ,physical ,training ,simplified ,no4 #i,r4 ,how to ,live #ajj ,years ,no4 #bc,r4 ,get ,well2 ,keep ,well ,no4 #cc,r4 ,tensing ,exercises ,no4 #ea,r4 #bhe ,health ,answers ,no4 #ed,r4 ,medicine ,ball ,exercises1 ,indigestion ,treated by ,gymnastics1 ,physical ,education and ,hygiene ,no4 #fb,r4 ,the ,care of the ,body ,no4 #fd,r4 ,muscle ,building2 ,health by ,muscular ,gymnastics ,,any ,,of ,,the ,,above ,,books ,,mailed ,,postpaid ,,upon ,,receipt ,,of ,,price #aa-cj-af ,illustration3 ,sincerely and swimmingly yours1 ,james ,h4 ,sterrett 7signature7 ,,spalding 8,,red ,,cover0 ,,series ,,of ,,athletic ,,handbooks ,,no4 #cg ,r ,,how ,,to ,,swim ,a ,practical ,manual of ,swimming by a ,practical ,swimmer and a ,guide to the ,novice as well as the ,expert ,showing the ,easiest ,methods of ,learning to ,swim1 ,dive and ,float1 ,various ,kinds of ,strokes1 with ,directions and ,illustrations for ,acquiring the ,crawl and ,trudge-,crawl ,strokes4 ,also a ,chapter on ,modern ,life-,saving1 and ,one for ,women and ,girl ,swimmers4 ,by ,,james ,h4 ,,sterrett ,organizer of the first ,american swimming club1 authority on swimming matters1 and successful amateur coach4 ,,revised ,,and ,,enlarged ,,edition ,,published ,,by ,,american ,,sports ,,publishing ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,copyright #aiag ,,by ,,american ,,sports ,,publishing ,,company ,,new ,,york ,james ,h4 ,sterrett ,the author of this little volume originally compiled the material at the request of the late ,james ,e4 ,sullivan1 with whom he was associated in ,amateur ,athletic ,union affairs for a great many years and therefore naturally takes a more than passing interest in the book4 ,with the great advance that has been manifested in swimming1 it became necessary to make a thorough revision of the entire matter1 at the same time adding a new chapter in life-saving methods which should prove invaluable4 ,while the author disclaims any attempt of self-laudation1 still for the benefit of the many who will read this volume and would like to know his capability for assuming to teach the modern methods of swimming1 the following letters1 from prominent authorities on the sport1 are reproduced3 ,l4 de,b4 ,handley1 ,new ,york ,athletic ,club4 8,jim ,sterrett may be counted among the pioneers of swimming in this country4 ,he was called the #8,father of ,american ,swimming' when ,i entered the field of competition #bj years ago4 ,sterrett's prolific pen1 too1 has done much to spread knowledge of developments4 ,it was in one of his books that ,i read the first technical discussion of the principles of aquatic progression ever come to my notice1 and his numerous articles on all branches of watermanship have ever held interest for me40 ,wm4 ,e4 ,bernard1 ,jr41 ,swimming ,coach1 ,girard ,college1 ,philadelphia4 8,mr4 ,sterrett is known from coast to coast as an authority on swimming1 as well as a successful amateur coach4 ,he taught me a lot ten years ago1 and ,i am now successfully using his methods in teaching boys at ,girard ,college40 ,william ,g4 ,friedgen1 ,philadelphia ,turngemeinde4 8,through the early years of ,mr4 ,sterrett's connection with the ,philadelphia ,swimming ,club1 which he organized in #ahij1 he was the guiding spirit of that body of enthusiastic devotees of the sport1 always having in view the teaching and propagation of the art of natation among its members1 as well as to assist in similar development in other organizations4 ,he lent his aid to the ,athletic ,club of the ,schuylkill ,navy and the ,y4,m4,c4,a41 and was one of the original members of the ,swimming ,committee of the ,philadelphia ,turngemeinde1 besides being instrumental in promoting many national and district swimming tournaments1 thus affording frequent opportunity for competitions40 ,john ,w4 ,stevens1 ,swimming ,instructor1 ,first ,regiment ,pool1 ,philadelphia4 8,as an expert authority on swimming1 ,james ,h4 ,sterrett classes among the foremost in the country1 and ,i attribute my success in the swimming world1 both as a swimmer and a teacher1 to him--being a pupil of his when a boy1 and a close follower of his methods as a teacher4 ,he is a never tiring worker in his endeavor to further the interest in swimming and his advice and criticism is always in demand40 ,f4 ,vance ,veith1 ,swimming ,coach1 ,los ,angeles ,a4,c41 ,california4 8,in my early days of competition1 ,mr4 ,sterrett showed me a lot about advanced swimming4 ,i remember once how1 in the ,central ,y4,m4,c4,a4 of ,philadelphia1 before ,i became a professional swimming teacher1 ,jim held himself up by the arms on the iron fence at the side of the bath1 and demonstrated the crawl kick for me1 and then while in the water1 gave me some pointers which improved my speed over the #ajj yards #aj seconds in two weeks' practice4 ,i use his methods now in teaching1 and owe much of my success to his precepts and examples40 ,thomas ,g4 ,whitaker1 ,coach1 ,missouri ,a4,c41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 8,mr4 ,james ,h4 ,sterrett can truly be called the ,nestor of ,american swimming4 ,many times when the pastime took a slump1 his unselfish and disinterested efforts were largely responsible for its rehabilitation1 and only those who have known the man and come into personal contact with him1 know what he has done for the sport1 and what it owes him in this country4 ,his kindly manner and encouraging advice has helped many youngsters to achieve their ambition in the swimming world40 ,andrew ,b4 ,kean1 ,charter ,member ,p4,s4,c41 ,lansdowne1 ,pa4 8,there are many of our present-day #8crack' swimmers who owe their success to ,jim ,sterrett's coaching4 ,his advice to young swimmers is always on tap4 ,he is ever ready and willing to do what he can to further the sport1 and what he did for swimming in this part of the country would fill a volume40 ,prof4 ,charles ,holroyd1 ,swimming ,instructor1 ,training ,school1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 8,jim ,sterrett's work for swimming during the past #be years has done much toward organizing the sport in this country4 ,he has made it possible for a number of expert teachers to secure positions1 while he himself has started many a young lad with the proper stroke1 who has afterward become a successful racer40 ,charles ,b4 ,durborow1 ,america's ,long-distance ,swimmer4 8,i have had advice from numerous coaches in connection with my training for long-distance events1 but ,mr4 ,sterrett has been tireless in his interest in my swimming and has accompanied me on many of my big performances1 and has always been a steadfast and dependable friend and adviser4 ,i have closely watched his work as a coach of speed swimmers1 in which line he has been so successful40 ,gordon ,m4 ,mullen1 ,swimming ,instructor1 ,hygeia ,baths1 ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 8,james ,h4 ,sterrett1 affectionately called #8,papa ,jim' by his host of friends1 is the most liberal swimming philanthropist ,i ever met1 always ready to impart his expert knowledge to the #8other fellow4' ,he is one of the few of the old school of swimmers who has kept right up to date in the art4 ,he taught me to swim all the strokes scientifically1 and ,i owe much of my success as a teacher to his helpfulness40 ,illustration3 ,,breast ,,stroke1 ,,side ,,view4 ,illustration3 ,,crawl ,,stroke1 ,,side ,,view4 ,swimming a ,necessary ,part of ,one's ,education ,some years ago it was not so easy to get people interested in the art of swimming and to have them realize the necessity of a knowledge of how to keep the body afloat and to propel it through the water by means of the arms and legs1 in order to be able not only to save one's own life but be the means of rendering assistance to others in time of danger and accident4 ,conditions have greatly changed in this direction now1 and swimming is on a strong wave of popularity2 in fact1 the great mass of people of the ,united ,states1 both young and old1 have taken up this pastime with so much vigor and enthusiasm that it will not be long ere this country1 as in many other things1 will lead all the nations of the world in its educational interest in spreading this useful accomplishment1 as our competitive swimmers are now leading the world in speed swimming and skill in the water4 ,that swimming is healthful1 splendid for development1 easily acquired and should be a part of one's education and taught in schools as being as necessary as reading1 writing1 and arithmetic1 is now generally admitted1 and means have been provided in nearly all the large cities whereby the school children are given the proper facilities1 under careful and up-to-date instruction1 to bring about the desired end4 ,the ,simple ,method ,it is not our purpose in this book to go into any extended details or give dry statistics1 but to show by simple and plain talks on the art and science of swimming and by language that is clear and readily understood1 with the assistance of various pictures1 the different positions in the water in swimming the breast stroke1 the over-arm side stroke1 the double-over-arm stroke 7sometimes called the ,trudgeon71 and the now generally accepted and famous 8crawl0 stroke1 as these four movements in the water practically complete one's swimming education and make their possessor worthy of the title of an expert4 ,there has been considerable controversy among expert swimmers and teachers as to whether it is best to learn the crawl stroke first1 or the breast stroke1 and various competitive tests have been made in order to let the exponents of each principle prove1 if possible1 the superiority of one method over the other1 but no permanent deductions have been arrived at2 however1 the author1 aside from having decided opinions himself in this matter1 considers that where one method has an advantage over the other1 both have their good points4 ,crawl ,teaching ,is ,quickest ,it is claimed that one can be taught quicker by a sort of dog-paddle1 sometimes spoken of as the crawl stroke1 and we will admit this to be so1 but those who learn by this route are seldom good swimmers until they master the other strokes1 while the breast stroke as an elementary one1 although being a little harder to grasp1 on account of the co-ordination of arms and legs1 gives more confidence to the beginner1 and he or she will rapidly advance from this point on1 and even in the early stages will be able to swim farther and with less effort than by the so-called crawl method2 however1 if the beginner can grasp the ,trudge-crawl at the very start1 the result will be much easier and the advancement more rapid4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,breast ,,stroke4 ,beginning and ,ending of ,stroke4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,breast ,,stroke4 ,count of ,two1 ,separating ,legs1 ,toes and ,knees ,pointing ,out4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,crawl ,,stroke4 ,head-on ,view1 ,showing ,position of ,arms and ,legs at ,beginning of ,stroke4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,crawl1 ,,second ,,position1 ,,exhaling ,,under ,,water4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,crawl1 ,,third ,,position1 ,,taking ,a ,,breath4 ,but1 as we will show and explain both methods1 the reader who does not know how1 can choose either one1 and if he is taught by a professional instructor1 or some expert amateur coach1 it matters not which way he learns1 so that he accomplishes the first object--to keep the body afloat and propel it by means of the arms and legs4 ,the very first thing you want to get in your mind1 and fasten it there firmly1 is the fact that there are only three things necessary to become a good swimmer--the proper timing of the stroke1 or what experts call the alternate action or harmony 7timing72 breathing2 and the ability to relax2 and when you have acquired these things--and every one can master them--you will not only be able to swim well and without effort1 but go indefinite distances in the water just as easily as walking on the land1 and swim as long as your vitality will permit and the lowered temperature of the body will allow4 ,the ,breast ,stroke ,and now for the simple lessons1 beginning with the breast stroke4 ,to swim the breast stroke the beginner lies flat on the water1 being supported by water wings1 rubber life preserver1 or held up in shallow water by the hand of a friend or instructor4 ,the body1 except the head and shoulders1 is submerged a few inches under the water1 the arms and legs outstretched in a line with the body1 the hands1 with palms downward1 touching4 ,the toes1 knees and feet should be pointing outward4 ,when beginning the stroke it is best to make the movements with three counts4 ,at 8one0 the hands are parted1 describing a semi-circle1 and at 8two0 are brought up under the chin1 the knees being simultaneously brought up under the body1 pointing outward1 the legs being separated4 ,at 8three0 the hands are shot out in front of the body and the legs whipped together1 completing the full stroke1 the body being allowed to float for an instant before again beginning the stroke1 to get the benefit of the run as well as a little rest between strokes4 ,at first the pupil may naturally keep the limbs tense in going through these movements1 and it is this1 and holding the breath1 that tires1 and not the muscular movements4 ,but you will soon loosen up after gaining a little confidence and you will find how easy it is to float on and move through the water4 ,and now comes that all-important part of all swimming--breathing4 ,breathing ,breathing plays the most important part in the art of swimming2 in fact1 no one ever becomes a good swimmer unless attention is paid to the matter of breathing1 which must be done with regularity and precision4 ,this is especially necessary when using the advanced or scientific strokes and much of the speed and endurance in swimming depend on a correct performance of this part of the work4 ,in breast swimming1 the head and face being more above the surface of the water than in the side strokes1 breathing is usually performed through the nose alone1 keeping the mouth closed in order not to take in any water4 ,but it is not long before those who breathe in this fashion find out that the respiration is restricted1 irregular and jerky1 and the swimmer soon gets 8out of wind0 and tires1 wondering why it is that he can only go such a short distance before he is 8played out40 ,to nothing else1 so much as breathing1 is due the inability of those who can swim to keep up the speed and regularity of movement for an indefinite period4 ,annette ,kellerman1 the wonderful ,australian woman swimmer1 makes the matter of breathing very clear when she says1 8,take a quick gulp of air through the mouth and let it ooze out slowly through the nose40 ,what could be more simple in explanation8 ,in swimming you breathe entirely different from any other form of exercise1 and you will never swim well1 easily or far1 until you breathe as described above and in unison with each stroke4 ,it is much better to take the quick breath through the mouth and then submerge the head and exhale through the nose under water1 for once you have mastered this you have learned the real secret of success in swimming4 ,make the stroke easy1 and in proper timing1 or co-ordination1 breathe regularly and with precision on each stroke1 and1 above all1 do not keep the limbs stiff or rigid1 but relax1 as swimming is not a matter of strength or force1 but skill4 ,be patient and persistent and you will soon acquire an art you can enjoy1 with much physical benefit and great pleasure1 until extreme old age4 ,illustration3 ,,over-,,arm ,,side ,,stroke1 ,,position ,,in ,,water4 ,illustration3 ,,double-,,over-,,arm 7,,trudge74 ,after the ,roll1 ,exhaling ,under ,water4 ,the ,over-arm ,side ,stroke ,having mastered the breast stroke sufficiently to feel comfortable in the water1 the pupil is now ready to learn the more advanced swimming strokes1 and the best one to take up next is the over-arm side stroke1 a method by which ,joey ,nuttall1 of ,england1 held all the world's records and won all the championship events from #ajj yards to one mile1 defeating all comers and being unbeatable throughout the world for over twenty-one years4 ,the over-arm side stroke is still one of the very best methods1 and is used by many of the world's great swimmers1 particularly for long distance swimming1 as it is not only very easy and comfortable1 but requires less exertion than any of the other strokes1 and one can glide along smoothly and at a good pace and keep up the movements for an almost indefinite period4 ,as in many other things where greater speed is required1 the over-arm side stroke gives better pace and a longer run1 because of the fact that the body1 being on the side1 presents less resistance than when on the breast1 and1 by minimizing the negative parts of the stroke1 we get a maximum amount of positive action1 resulting in more speed1 with no greater effort4 ,breast ,stroke ,elementary ,the breast stroke is distinctly an elementary stroke1 and until a swimmer masters the over-arm side or the double over-arm strokes he cannot be classed as a first-class performer in the water1 as these modern and up-to-date methods are now recognized by all first-class swimmers throughout the world1 both for record-making performances as well as for all-around swimming ability4 ,these strokes have been experimented with and brought to a state of high proficiency in recent years by expert swimmers1 and are practical and useful in all kinds of water and under every possible condition1 requiring the least energy and giving the best results1 with little lost motion4 ,before describing the over-arm side stroke1 we wish to emphasize the fact that the idea is to have a power working continuously on the water1 for as the over-arm is being drawn through the water the legs are drawn up and the under-arm is shot forward1 and when the over arm extends the legs are brought together1 and the body moves through the water with a continuous run1 and1 when the stroke is properly timed1 or the swimmer acquires the alternative action1 he glides along quick and fast from the power of each stroke1 without much loss of pace4 ,it matters not which side the swimmer lies on1 as the side that comes most natural will be found to be the better side1 although some people1 being ambidextrous1 can swim as easy on one side as the other4 ,right ,side for ,illustration ,for the purpose of illustrating the lesson1 we will imagine the swimmer to be on the right side4 ,at the start of the stroke and on the count of 8one0 the lower arm should be pulled steadily downward toward the hip1 but keeping it on the inside line of the body1 and not toward the back1 which will keep the swimmer on his side much like a cutter or yacht on her keel4 ,the fingers should be kept closed1 with the thumbs touching and forming a sort of spoon-shape1 and used much like an oar in the pull through the water4 ,when the under-arm stroke is finished the hand should be turned quickly1 palm upward1 in order to have as little resistance as possible1 and pushed rapidly forward to the point where it began4 ,the over-arm stroke is started as the downward part of the under-arm stroke is finished1 and should begin its downward course about six inches in front of the face4 ,the upper arm should be slightly bent to work clear of the chest1 with the palm and thumb pointing downward and cuplike1 to get the most from the pull4 ,the ,pull ,through ,when the upper arm is about opposite the shoulder in its pull through the water the legs should be separated for the leg stroke1 and they should be in position for giving the snappy kick when the hand leaves the water and the kick should be completed and legs straightened out before the upper arm is ready to begin the next stroke4 ,the legs are opened up and brought together simultaneously1 the upper leg being brought forward1 the knee slightly bent1 and the foot kept in its ordinary position and not allowed to hang free1 the lower leg being bent backward1 with the heel toward the thigh and swinging on a hinge 7so to speak71 so that there is little resistance4 ,both feet should be kept near to the surface of the water1 except at the end of the stroke1 when the right foot dips to come just under the left4 ,keep on the ,side ,remember that you must keep on your side like a cutter4 ,you must not roll over on your breast1 but keep in a straight-line position1 for1 if you turn1 or reach too far ahead with the upper arm1 you will throw yourself out of position and lose the easy run4 ,and1 as in all the other strokes1 remember about breathing and relaxing1 the great factors in making you swim easier1 further and better than other swimmers4 ,as the under arm is drawn down1 take the quick breath or gulp of air through the mouth1 closing the mouth and exhaling through the nose until the completion of the stroke1 and then begin all over again4 ,you will find that you do not have to make any effort to keep your body afloat while on the side1 therefore you can relax more1 and when you get the stroke and the breathing and relaxing in harmony1 it will be dead easy4 ,persist1 practice daily and do not get discouraged1 for all of a sudden it will dawn on you that you have mastered the stroke and will soon go through the movements intuitively4 ,the ,double-,over-arm or 8,trudgeon0 ,stroke ,once the swimmer has acquired the over-arm side stroke1 he is not only ready but invariably ambitious to swim the double-over-arm stroke1 and this desire is but natural1 as it can be readily seen that the latter method gives an opportunity to increase one's speed as well as to get a more evenly balanced exercise from this form of stroke2 and here a word or two about swimming as an exercise and for body development is in order1 for it can be shown that there is probably no other form of exercise that is better for a uniform development of the body and which brings all the muscles into play1 including the heart and lungs1 than swimming4 ,the exercise of swimming has the effect of toning up and quickening the whole muscular condition1 making the moving muscles pliant1 responsive1 and not bunchy and hard1 as in the case of some of the heavier athletic and gymnastic pastimes4 ,illustration3 ,,herbert ,,vollmer1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a4 ,c41 ,,swimming ,,the ,,trudge-,,crawl4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,position for breathing2 #b4 ,correct position for ,crawl1 showing arched back2 #c4 ,overhand ,stroke with ,crawl ,kick2 #d4 ,back ,overhand ,stroke4 ,photos posed by ,teddy ,cann of the ,new ,york ,athletic ,club and copyrighted by ,american ,press ,association1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,correct position for ,swan ,dive2 #b4 ,correct stand for ,race ,start2 #c4 ,this illustration is only designed to show the ,crawl ,stroke position of the hands2 #d4 ,crawl ,stroke 7in action7 position4 ,photos posed by ,teddy ,cann of the ,new ,york ,athletic ,club and copyrighted by ,american ,press ,association1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration3 ,,swimming ,,on ,,the ,,back1 ,,in ,,action4 ,the double-over-arm stroke is more frequently referred to as the ,trudgeon1 but nowadays this name is a misnomer1 as the original ,trudgeon stroke was so called after a man by that name had won an ,english #ajj-yard championship1 using the double-over-arm1 or both arms out of the water1 but kicking a sort of leg motion like the breast stroke action1 a style not now approved of by modern swimmers1 because the scissors kick1 as used with this stroke1 made the same way as in the over-arm side stroke1 has been found to be better1 faster and more graceful in action4 ,the ,stroke for ,distance ,work ,before describing the movements of the double-over-arm stroke1 we will here remark that almost all the world's records for middle and long-distance swimming have been made by this stroke1 and some idea of the speed attained can be formed by the following records1 all made by ,george ,hodgson of ,canada1 one of the world's greatest distance champion swimmers1 and the best exponent of this method the writer has ever seen3 #djj meters1 #e minutes #bd #b-e seconds2 #a1jjj meters1 #ad minutes #cg seconds2 #a1ejj meters1 #bb minutes2 #a1fjj meters1 #bc minutes #bh #a-e seconds1 and one mile1 #bc minutes #cd #a-b seconds4 ,and at the time the great swimmer made these records at the ,olympic games in #aiab1 he defeated all the fastest and best swimmers and record-holders from all parts of the world1 some of them using the famous crawl stroke1 thus proving himself1 as well as the stroke1 to be the best in the world at that time4 ,while it would not be literally correct to call the modern ,trudgeon stroke a 8double-over-arm-side stroke10 yet that is most nearly what the motions of the double-over-arm approach1 for you must first swim one part of the stroke as a side-stroke movement1 and then roll over partly on the breast to get your other arm out of the water1 thus giving you more positive action and greater speed by getting both arms out1 than you would get from the single-over-arm1 in which one of the arms must be pushed under and through the water1 with the resistance such negative action entails4 ,depends ,upon ,side ,if you swim on the right side you begin the movements of the double-over-arm stroke by diving into the water1 or pushing off on your side from the side or end of the tank1 or the shore1 and1 when at full length1 with right hand under the water and extended beyond the head1 and the left hand pointing backward1 and at the count of 8one10 bring the right hand downward1 on the inside line of the body1 and not behind the back1 for this movement will keep you on your side like a cutter1 while if you pull downwards and back of the body1 you will be thrown on your chest too soon and stop your run4 ,at the same time as the right arm is being drawn downward1 and on the same count of 8one10 the left arm is thrown forward out of and clear of the water1 and at the count of 8two10 the left leg is drawn up to meet the left arm as it comes down and through the water much like an oar1 and at 8three0 the legs are whipped together and the body turned partly on the breast and the right arm brought out of the water and thrown forward1 the body rolling to the right side again and repeating the same movements4 ,if you swim on the left side1 of course you must make the movements described to suit the opposite arm and legs from those given in the description4 ,the ,test of ,breathing ,and now you are up to the point where it is a real test of whether you have mastered the art of breathing1 for this stroke requires regular and automatic breathing1 with proper timing and precision on each stroke1 before you will be able to swim it easily and as comfortably as the other strokes1 because you cannot miss a breath or hold your breath for any number of strokes1 but must take the quick gulp of air while on the side as the face is upturned just as you draw the right hand down through the water1 then close your mouth1 and exhale slowly through the nose while the face is under water1 until the stroke is fully completed1 or1 in other words1 breathe in harmony and in timing with each stroke4 ,the double-over-arm1 because of the submerging of the face on each stroke1 and because of the forced regularity of breathing1 and no effort being required to keep the body afloat1 is well adapted for swimming in rough water1 as the waves will not be so apt to dash in your face and mouth at the wrong time1 to disconcert you1 and interrupt the regularity of your breathing4 ,charles ,b4 ,durborow1 conceded to be the world's greatest distance endurance swimmer1 uses the double-over-arm stroke in making all his great long-distance swims1 some of which have never been made before or since by any other swimmer4 ,the ,crawl ,stroke ,the crawl stroke is undoubtedly the greatest stroke that has ever been invented or discovered in connection with the art of swimming1 and until its adoption and subsequent improvement by experimenting with it until it was brought up to a high point of efficiency1 the swimmers of the world had practically reached their limit of speed performances1 having perfected the other strokes beyond further improvement1 and thus it was that they were eager to take up the new-found method by which it has been discovered that a person can go still faster through the water4 ,and now1 before describing the stroke and the action of the arms and legs when swimming the crawl1 as we have done in our previous lessons1 we will tell you the secret of why this new method is so much faster than the others1 and the whole thing is a matter of eliminating resistance1 or minimizing the negative parts of the stroke and getting a maximum amount of positive action2 or1 in other words1 doing the same thing as has been done in many other things to produce greater speed--applying the maximum of power while at the same time reducing resistance to the minimum4 ,the crawl stroke originated in ,australia1 and ,dick ,cavil1 one of the members of that famous family of expert swimmers1 and one of the best all-around swimmers the author has ever seen1 told the writer that his brother1 8,tums10 in an argument with another swimmer as to their relative ability1 said he could tie his feet together and then beat the other chap for a length of the pool1 and when the contest came off he made good his boast4 8,tums0 ,cavil always argued that the legs were not of much use to him in fast swimming1 and he believed that they hindered other swimmers when going at top speed1 because in drawing them up and separating them they stopped the run on the stroke1 and he at once started experimenting on this theory1 with the result that a new stroke was developed and launched on the natatorial world and at once became popular1 until now it is used by all the fast swimmers of the world4 ,at the ,olympic games in #aiab1 ,hodgson1 the ,canadian swimmer1 beat all the fastest swimmers in the world at middle distance swimming1 using the double-over-arm stroke1 and ,duke ,kahanamoku1 the ,hawaiian1 beat all the short distance men of the world with the crawl stroke1 swimming #ajj meters 7#aji #a-c yards7 in #fa seconds1 and since then the big bronze-skin athlete1 at his home in ,honolulu1 swam #ej yards in #bc seconds and #ajj yards in #ec #a-e seconds1 which shows how very fast he can go through the water with the crawl stroke4 ,the ,important ,point ,the most important thing to remember in swimming the crawl stroke is the fact that the body should be kept perfectly flat on the water1 the face and head partly submerged1 the eyes preferably above the water and looking straight ahead4 ,the arms are alternately reached out at a comfortable distance in front of the head1 and on a direct line with the body1 not pointing out sideways1 but1 if anything1 pointing at the start of the arm stroke more nearly to the center line of the body4 ,the catch on the water should be taken at the beginning of each arm stroke1 using the weight of the shoulders1 without over-reaching1 to get a good leverage on the downward pull4 ,the arms must be brought straight down1 stopping the pull about on a line parallel with the shoulders1 and in recovering1 describe a long oval1 making sure that before the power of one hand is fully expended the other has taken up the motion1 that it may be continuous1 for it is this regular and steady pull of the arms1 and not the thrash of the legs1 that has the most to do with propelling the crawl swimmer through the water4 ,breathing while using this stroke is harder than the other strokes1 because the swimmer must not roll the body out of its straight line2 therefore1 the head and shoulders must be slightly turned in order to get the breath1 which can be taken after swimming two or three strokes1 but later on1 when one has mastered the movements better1 breathing should be done on each stroke1 exhaling slowly under water4 ,the ,leg ,movement ,the legs are moved up and down in a continuous action1 and not necessarily in co-ordination with the arms1 the motions being free from the hips and not from the knees1 keeping the legs straight1 without having them bent much at the knees 7a fault almost all beginners have7 and pointing the toes out straight4 ,however1 after the swimmer has mastered the leg action1 he can bend slightly at the knees1 in order to get the sort of propelling movements necessary to help move the body in its steady pace through the water4 ,but remember1 the legs do not play so large a part in the crawl stroke as the arm movements1 and are used mostly to keep them afloat and accelerate the run1 and the fellow who gets it into his head that the more work and greater fuss he makes with his legs the faster he will go1 will soon find that he is retarding his movements and not getting the full speed4 ,while there are definite and fixed movements for the crawl1 hardly two swimmers use the stroke exactly alike1 but all of them must nearly approach the proper position in the water1 get good balance1 breathe regularly and with precision on each stroke1 and relax more in the crawl than any of the other strokes1 if a clean1 easy movement through the water is desired4 ,the ,recognized ,methods of the ,crawl ,stroke ,there are two methods of swimming the crawl stroke that are generally accepted by expert swimmers and master coaches1 the one being referred to as the straight crawl1 where the swimmer lies very flat on the water1 with but very little roll in order to breathe1 and uses a six-beat kick1 which the majority think is the best method for sprinting1 say1 from #ej to #bbj yards1 and the other being called the ,trudge-crawl1 using a four-beat kick1 the under leg being used with a short scissor or ,trudge kick1 and the swimmer rolling more than on the straight crawl1 and the action of legs not being as fast1 this latter method is considered best for middle and longer distances4 ,l4 de,b4 ,handley of the ,new ,york ,athletic ,club1 a recognized authority on swimming matters1 and a man who has had a lot to do with the coaching of many good amateur swimmers1 both men and women1 and who has spent considerable time in connection with the study of the crawl stroke1 has proposed the following suggestion in connection with the crawl method1 which the author cheerfully endorses3 8,it has been my aim for several years to have universally accepted a swimming nomenclature that would be descriptive1 in as much as possible1 and ,i have classified the strokes under the styles of3 crawl1 for a leg thrash of even scope2 single ,trudgeon-crawl1 for leg thrash with one major and one or more minor kicks1 and double ,trudgeon-crawl1 for a thrash with two major kicks 7double rhythm7 or two such kicks and minor ones2 then add two1 or four1 or six-beat1 to indicate the number of movements per full stroke4 ,that gives to a swimmer a pretty clear idea of a man's stroke without further explanation1 while such names as ,australian1 ,american1 rotary1 etc41 mean nothing unless every detail is added4 ,swimmers who want to take up a more thorough and deeper study of the crawl stroke than given herein1 should read the 8,symposium of the ,crawl10 in 8,speed ,swimming10 ,no4 #cf,r of ,spalding's ,athletic ,library1 price #be cents4 ,illustration3 ,,duke ,p4 ,,kahanamoku1 ,honolulu4 ,h4 ,i42 the ,fastest ,sprint ,swimmer in the ,world4 ,illustration3 ,,ludy ,,langer1 ,los ,angeles ,athletic ,club1 ,california2 ,american ,champion at #ddj ,yards1 #ejj ,yards1 #hhj ,yards and ,one-mile ,swims4 ,illustration3 ,h4 ,j4 ,,hebner1 ,illinois ,athletic ,club1 ,chicago2 ,back ,stroke and ,all-,around ,swimmer4 ,illustration3 ,,george ,,hodgson1 ,montreal ,a4 ,a4 ,c42 ,winner of #djj ,meters and #a4ejj ,meters ,swims1 ,olympic ,games1 #aiab1 in ,world's ,record ,time4 ,training for ,speed ,swimming ,there are many and various ways of training for speed swimming1 and it would require quite a volume to enumerate them all4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,k4 ,shell has prepared for the writer a form of training for swimming which not only fully meets my approval1 but it is so good that it is herewith given3 8,in training the only maxim for the successful racer is1 #8,don't do too much4' ,it is unnecessary to swim every day1 nor is it useful to go the entire distance at each immersion4 ,the aim is to strengthen the muscles1 and have the powers and functions trained to an excessive expenditure of power without any deleterious after effects4 ,the best plan for either a one hundred yards or a mile man is to swim three days a week at the pace he expects to race1 at intermediate distances1 reserving the entire distances for the same day on which the race will take place4 ,the first week of training should be given to running1 punching the bag1 some hand ball1 dumb bells1 ,indian clubs1 pulley weights and general gymnasium work4 8,the second week commences the swimming work--go slowly1 pay the greatest attention to form1 never mind speed1 but get your action fully automatic and working with a conservation of energy4 ,do half of your distance three times this week4 8,the third week will see you going on with much greater speed and easier action1 and now commence the regular practice of starting and sprinting4 8,starting is but the action of a standing broad jump2 there should be but one spring1 and that made at the report of the pistol4 ,stand in the position taken in jumping1 just as you are ready to go off4 ,have the legs bent1 the arms back1 the body leaning forward1 and when the word is given don't straighten up and then spring1 nor swing your arms forward and then back and off1 nor look at your competitors1 nor pick your course1 but spring1 and spring with power and quickness far out1 get the arms in front quick1 dive shallow1 and get a stroke in under water1 and be sure to have your stroke ready upon reaching the surface4 ,these little points come in very important in a hundred yards1 and in a distance race give you an advantage of many feet without any extra exertion2 excepting that of thinking instead of floating4 ,this sprint and start may be practiced on the intermediate days of swimming4 8,during the third week increase your distance to three-quarters1 and endeavor to swim it clear through from start to finish1 not holding back for the sprint1 but depending upon your energy and spirit to sprint out the last #aej yards4 ,the full distance should be swam not later than one week before the race1 and at very nearly your best speed4 ,three days before the race do at your best speed three-fifths of your distance1 and rest quietly until the day of the race1 doing just enough exercise to keep yourself pliant4 ,on the day keep cool--don't fret and worry4 ,don't think of a race or racing until you get on your mark1 get set1 and spring--and strike the water and then swim hard and steady clear through1 and swim fair and true4 8,the swimmer demands plenty of sleep at night1 regular and methodical4 ,be in bed each night by #aj3cj1 and sleep until morning2 do not let anything disturb you2 go to bed to sleep1 and sleep that sound sleep that swimmers usually get4 ,in the morning1 take a few quick movements1 a splash off1 a little walk1 and a good nutritious breakfast4 ,in eating1 use fully all seasonable vegetables1 and ,i would advise the use of a good modern cook's products--except the pastries and highly seasoned dishes4 ,roasts--beef1 mutton and game--and broiled steaks1 filets and fish1 fruit and custards1 all may be enjoyed4 ,but eat slowly1 masticate well1 and have good cheer wait on you4 8,have a friend--a trainer1 a rubber or a mate--with you in training1 and never omit a good1 hard1 conscientious rubbing and massaging and kneading of the muscles2 let all your muscles be pliant during this operation2 and finally recollect in racing1 and in your actions1 to be #8always a gentleman4' ,don't jockey nor scold1 nor be profane1 but swim1 and #8may the best man win4'0 ,in this connection the writer would call the attention of every swimmer--whether he belongs to a college or not--to the ,official ,intercollegiate ,swimming ,guide1 published annually in the ,spalding ,athletic ,library series 7,no4 #cfa1 price #aj cents7 for the ,intercollegiate ,swimming ,association4 ,this book contains not only articles of interest concerning the happenings in the collegiate swimming world1 and records of same1 but1 each year1 in addition1 contains special articles by leading authorities on some important feature of swimming4 ,touching and ,turning ,touching and turning is a branch of swimming more practiced for racing than for ordinary purposes4 ,there are several styles of touching and turning1 but ,i will deal with the one most easily mastered1 and shall begin by advising the learner to practice across the bath1 from side to side1 and not to be in the slightest hurry4 ,master the details of the turn by slow motions1 nor need there be any desire to lengthen the push until one knows that he is performing all the motions perfectly4 ,we assume that the pupil is lying on the right side4 ,he must1 therefore1 when about three feet from the end of wall of the bath1 have finished the progressive movements of the left hand1 which1 instead of being put into the water again to renew the stroke1 must be reached forward in advance of the head until it touches the wall immediately above the water mark4 ,the palm of the hand is then placed flat against the side of the bath1 the hand being in a horizontal line1 with the fingers pointing to the right1 which is the direction one will turn to4 ,the little finger is uppermost1 and the thumb downward4 ,this done1 the body is close to the side of the wall1 the knees are now bent1 the body turned around by pushing with the hand1 that is on the solid wall1 until the feet are pressing on the wall and directly below this hand1 but1 of course1 under the surface of the water4 ,the whole body is now drawn up or crouched together1 and is turned1 as it were1 on its axis4 ,it is under water1 head and all4 ,the soles of both feet are placed hard against the wall1 the hands put together in front of the head1 which is kept between the arms1 and the position of the body and limbs should be straight1 with the legs crouched up4 ,then1 by a strong movement of the legs1 the body is pushed off from the side as if shot from a catapult and straightened out4 ,its position1 when lying on the push1 is the same as when lying still1 in plunging4 ,from nine to fifteen feet is the distance generally covered by the push off before renewing the stroke4 ,one must be especially careful to guard against pushing off1 even to the smallest extent1 stronger with one foot than the other1 else a slip may take place on the smooth tile work1 and that means a loss of perhaps a yard or two1 and1 in the case of a competition1 puts the swimmer off his course1 or station1 and bumping against another swimmer and fouling are likely to occur4 ,ornamental ,swimming ,if there is any one thing more than another in connection with the art of swimming that will show that a person has mastered the watery element and is at ease at all times in their foster sphere1 it is a knowledge of ornamental swimming4 ,to be able to successfully and correctly make any kind of a dive1 to float in various positions at will and to perform the multitudinous natatorial feats that are possible1 is an accomplishment that stamps the performer an expert4 ,we will1 therefore1 suppose that those who are about to essay these difficult swimming movements have passed the elementary and intermediate stages and have the ability to float well4 ,without a knowledge of floating1 or at least the ability to control the buoyancy of the body when placed in all manner of positions1 it will be almost impossible to make any success of ornamental swimming4 ,many of the movements that seem remarkable to the uninitiated1 however1 are not really hard at all1 but can be accomplished with practice1 by being persistent and patient until finally acquired4 ,among the feats that are at all times interesting and those that stamp the swimmer as being clever1 are porpoise swimming2 sculling on the back1 using hands only2 the running header2 plunging1 feet foremost2 the sitting jump2 imitation of a torpedo2 the back dive2 revolving2 the twister2 back somersault2 marching on the water2 the propeller1 and imitation of a bicycle rider4 ,floating ,most people can float in salt water1 no matter what may be their build4 ,in learning1 the first movement is to gradually throw the body on the back1 arching the spine1 keeping the chest well inflated1 crossing the arms over and back on the head1 the thumbs locked or fingers touching1 which latter movement tends to increase the expansion of the chest and thus make the body more floatable4 ,if the legs are kept straight out and together the beginner will find that their weight in this position1 in most cases1 has a tendency to sink the body4 ,this can be overcome by drawing up the lower limbs and extending them slightly apart and keeping them bent1 which will have the effect of more evenly balancing the body1 and then1 later on1 when the swimmer masters control of the breathing1 so that the lungs can be kept partly inflated all the time1 he will find that the legs can be gradually extended until they are straight1 when the position in the water will be more graceful4 ,because of their lighter bony structure and increased tissue1 women learn to float easier than men1 while stout persons1 being more floatable1 master floating quicker than slim people4 ,but the latter need not despair of learning1 for the best floating and the most graceful work ,i have ever seen of this kind has been performed by comparatively slim people1 who have caught on to the proper equipoise of the body and overcome the tendency of the legs to sink4 ,floating does not properly belong to the elementary part of swimming1 as there is considerable skill required and much practice needed before those who do not float naturally can accomplish the art2 but1 as the ability to float means so much in ornamental and scientific swimming1 the novice is advised to learn to float as soon as possible4 ,double floating is much easier than single floating1 as each of the two performers aids the other in supporting the feet and lower limbs1 the parts that have a tendency to sink4 ,at the seashore nothing can be more pleasant than to go out beyond the breakers and float on the back and be buoyed up and down by the hidden power of the sea1 and if one is tired from battling with the strong waves1 it is only necessary to turn over on the back1 a little farther out1 on the long swell of the big rollers1 and get thoroughly rested before coming in again4 ,illustration3 ,,charles ,b4 ,,durborow4 ,of ,riverton1 ,n4 ,j42 the ,world's ,greatest ,long-,distance ,endurance ,swimmer4 ,illustration3 ,ludy ,langer1 ,los ,angeles ,a4 ,c42 ,teddy ,cann1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a4 ,c42 ,herbert ,vollmer1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,three ,,of ,,the ,,world',s ,,greatest ,,swimmers ,,and ,,record-,,holders4 ,illustration3 ,,leo ,,handy1 ,brookline 7,mass47 ,high ,school4 ,greatest ,scholastic ,speed ,swimmer in the ,world4 #ajj ,yards1 #ef #b-es42 #bbj ,yards1 #bm4 #bi #c-es4 ,princeton1 ,n4 ,j41 ,february #ab1 #aiaf4 ,illustration3 ,,norman ,,ross1 ,stanford ,university1 ,california2 #bj years of age 7#aiaf72 #f feet #a inch2 #bjg pounds4 #ej yards1 #bd #b-e seconds2 #ajj yards1 #ef seconds2 #bbj yards1 #b minutes #ba #c-e seconds2 one mile1 #bc minutes #bb seconds2 #aej yards on back1 #a minute #ef seconds2 plunge1 #fe feet4 ,diving ,shallow ,dive ,diving is a necessary part of a swimmer's knowledge1 and once the learner has mastered the simple strokes1 there is but one way to enter the water--head first4 ,what is known as the low or shallow dive is not only the best for the beginner1 but is useful when one advances to the racing stage in their experience1 while being the easiest to learn4 ,to make a good dive1 stand perfectly erect1 with the hands first placed at the sides of the body1 the position being the same as you would assume when making a broad jump4 ,then bend the legs slightly1 draw the arms back of the body and spring forward1 getting the arms in front of the head1 palms downward1 the thumbs touching1 entering the water with a shallow dive1 keeping the feet and legs close together1 without bending at the knees while entering the water4 ,as soon as you make the plunge point the hands upward and the body will come to the surface at once1 inclining always as the hands are pointed2 for1 if you should point the hands downward1 then the body would descend4 ,to learn to dive1 a little confidence is needed more than anything else1 and after you have made your first effort1 which1 on account of timidity1 is usually a little awkward1 it will be a matter of a short time only when you will catch on to the idea1 after which you will never think of jumping in the water1 the pleasure and sensation attending a dive always being fascinating4 ,of course1 there are other forms of diving1 such as the high dive1 running header1 etc42 but these can be mastered later on1 when the pupil has advanced to a higher point in the art1 when they will be found to be easy of accomplishment1 and you will be ambitious to excel in all the various ornamental and difficult water feats of the expert swimmer4 ,running ,header ,probably the most interesting kind of a dive is known as the running header4 ,this kind of a plunge admits of considerable artistic execution and finish1 and to see a good diver run and spring upward and forward into the air and then poise and control the body1 turning it in such a manner as to enter the water gracefully1 keeping all the limbs rigid and cutting the water sharply like a knife1 without making any splash1 is a great treat4 ,the running header is usually made from a spring-board1 extending over the water or from the end of the bath4 ,the swimmer takes a short run1 similar to that taken by a high or broad jumper1 in order to give sufficient impetus or force to the springing or forward movement4 ,then soaring upward and outward he shoots through the air1 keeping the body straight until the declining turn toward the water is made1 when a sudden twist of the body is given and the diver enters the water in a slanting position1 keeping the upper and lower limbs straight and close together1 the arms extended beyond the head1 with the palms of the hands or fingers touching in a wedge-like manner4 ,back ,dive ,the back dive is always an interesting swimming feat4 ,it brings into play considerable gymnastic ability1 but1 on account of the confidence the performer has as to the certainty that the water will not hurt him much1 barring a slight sting to the flesh1 should he come down flat on his back1 it does not require so much courage1 in attempting the first trial1 as tumbling on land1 in which the back dive may be in a measure likened4 ,while it is possible to make a good back dive from a rigid base1 it can be more artistically made from the springing board4 ,the diver stands erect1 with his back towards the water4 ,the hands are first held down to and close by the side4 ,the person stands on the edge of the pool on the diving board1 resting on the toes alone1 the rest of the feet extended over the water4 ,at the movement of making the spring1 the diver lowers the body by bending the knees1 while at the same time he extends his arms back of the body and then by a quick and sudden movement brings them forward1 simultaneously with throwing the head back and entering the water very much the same as the forward dive4 ,when properly done1 the back dive is a beautiful method of entering the water4 ,diving ,feet ,foremost ,to enter the water1 diving feet foremost1 is a difficult thing to do1 but when such a plunge is nicely made it usually comes in for a good share of merited approval4 ,most of the ornamental and difficult swimming movements are usually performed in tanks or at swimming gatherings1 where there is an audience1 and the spectators1 who know very little about scientific strokes1 are interested1 amused and entertained by these other performances1 among which none ranks higher than plunging feet foremost4 ,as in other forms of diving and plunging1 the swimmer stands on the edge of the pool or starting station1 and1 taking the usual breath1 leaps outward1 feet foremost1 much like jumping in the water1 throwing the arms behind and over the head and entering the water feet first1 instead of head first4 ,the body must be well thrown back1 and the legs straightened and kept perfectly rigid while entering the water4 ,one must jump well out and be sure to judge the distance safely in order that there be no danger of striking the upper part of the body on the ledge of the bath1 pier or wharf1 as the case may be4 ,the number of ornamental feats in swimming is almost unlimited1 according to the ability and ingenuity of the performer2 but1 in addition to the above-described movements1 such figures as porpoise swimming1 where the expert describes1 by going under and over the water1 the swimming of a porpoise2 imitation of a torpedo1 the head and body being submerged and the feet above the water1 the swimmer propelling himself with the hands1 the feet alone showing above the water2 the back and front somersaults1 which are really swimming gymnastics2 sculling on the back1 using feet and hands only2 imitation of a bicycle rider1 etc41 etc41 all of which can be mastered by a clever swimmer with practice4 ,the ,propeller ,to perform the propelling trick it is necessary that the swimmer be able to float well1 for by that means the body is supported in the water1 while the hands1 extended beyond the head1 the back of the hands pointing downwards1 propel the swimmer1 feet foremost1 through the water4 ,place the body on or near the surface of the water as possible1 lying on the back1 the feet and legs fully extended and close together1 the hands beyond the head1 also in a straight line4 ,then1 by a vigorous sculling movement of the hands against the water1 the body is sent gradually but steadily forward1 the quick action of the hands against the water having the same effect in driving the body forward as the propeller of a boat4 ,some pretty turning movements like the directing of the course of a boat with a rudder can be made by propelling with one hand only or each alternately1 as the case may be1 as1 by sculling with the right hand1 the body will glide or take an opposite course1 while the left hand movement will direct to the right4 ,marching on the ,water ,until one sees the swimmer march on the water its title is somewhat misleading4 ,it is not a difficult method of progression through the water1 after one catches on to the idea4 ,place yourself in a floating position1 with the arms folded across the breast or the hands crossed back of the head1 with the fingers locked4 ,then by bending the knees and drawing up the legs slowly1 one after the other1 keeping the toes pointed straight out in the upward movement1 so as to have as little resistance as possible against the water4 ,straighten out the limb1 turning the toes upward toward the knee1 making a downward stroke with the leg1 bringing the calf against the water with pressure enough to draw the body along4 ,the upward1 or negative movement1 as we said before1 must be slowly executed1 while the downward1 or positive movement1 should be performed with some force against the water1 the locomotion1 feet foremost1 the alternate action being the same as in walking4 ,as it is not possible to get much power from the positive movements1 marching on the water is therefore not a rapid means of gliding along4 ,swimming on the ,back ,swimming on the back is one of the simplest of the natatorial exercises1 and one of the easiest methods to learn1 besides being absolutely necessary in life-saving1 as well as useful as a means of resting after swimming a long while on the breast or side4 ,the movements of the legs are very much the same as in the breast stroke1 except that the knees are kept farther apart4 ,the best way to learn to swim on the back is to place yourself in the water on the back1 the same as you would when floating4 ,this position can be easily attained by holding the arms straight down close to the sides1 the hands pointing toward the feet1 and by giving a few sculling movements with the hands1 you will at once get into a good floating position4 ,now slowly open the legs apart1 while at the same time extending the arms beyond the head and bring the legs together with a vigorous kick1 holding the arms beyond the head for an instant until all the momentum from the kick is expended4 ,at the second movement the arms are brought back to their former position1 describing an arc and catching the water with the palms of the hands somewhat like an oar1 which helps to send the swimmer ahead1 repeating the movements as before4 ,when tired1 swimming on the back is useful as a means of resting the muscles used in the other strokes4 ,long-,distance ,endurance ,swimming ,american swimmers have made some wonderful strides in long-distance swimming and tests of endurance in the past few years1 until now our records over distance and time immersions stand out prominently among the world's greatest watermen4 ,over the very long and tiresome routes our swimmers use various strokes1 some of them relying on the breast stroke1 others using the over-arm side stroke1 but most of them stick to the double-over-arm stroke 7sometimes called the ,trudgeon71 the latter method affording an opportunity for putting more continuous power to the stroke1 which makes for greater speed2 besides1 this method makes the swimmer breathe regularly and with precision on each stroke and is useful in both rough and smooth water4 ,space will not admit of recounting the numerous performances made by the various distance swimmers of this country1 but all the leading record authorities and writers on swimming have agreed on ,charles ,b4 ,durborow of ,riverton1 ,n4 ,j41 the big ,philadelphia bank clerk1 as the foremost long-distance and greatest mileage swimmer in the world4 ,durborow is thirty-four years old 7#aiaf72 weight1 #baj pounds2 height1 #f feet2 swims the double-over-arm stroke1 and has been swimming since #aijg4 ,he swims about #fjj miles a year1 and has covered over #e1jjj miles in ten years4 ,in his training1 particularly before he begins his very long swims1 he does a lot of rowing over long routes1 and generally rows about #b1jjj miles a year4 ,he is the only swimmer who has ultimately conquered every swim he ever tried4 ,he never takes any nourishment during a swim1 and is always at his work the next day after a big feat1 none the worse for wear4 ,among the hundreds of big swims made by ,durborow1 the following record of ten of his greatest performances1 some of which have never been equalled by another swimmer1 stamp him as the leading distance swimmer in the world3 ,thirty-four miles1 #ab hours and #dd minutes1 from ,arch ,street wharf1 ,philadelphia1 to one mile below ,market ,street wharf1 ,chester1 and return to ,washington ,avenue wharf1 ,philadelphia1 ,delaware ,river1 ,july #aj1 #aiaj4 ,ten miles1 #g hours and #ei minutes1 from ,flat ,rock ,dam to ,conshohocken and return1 ,schuylkill ,river1 ,july #bd1 #aiaj4 ,twelve miles1 #e hours and #ec minutes1 from the million-dollar pier1 ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 across the mouth of ,great ,egg ,harbor ,bay1 over the bar to the beach1 at ,tenth ,street1 ,ocean ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 in ,atlantic ,ocean1 ,june #be1 #aiaa4 ,forty-two and forty-three-one-hundredths miles1 #ad hours1 #ae minutes and #ca seconds1 from ,cape ,may1 ,n4 ,j41 across the mouth of ,delaware ,bay to ,broadkill ,shoals1 ,delaware1 ,atlantic ,ocean and ,delaware ,bay1 ,july #a1 #aiab4 ,thirteen miles1 #h hours1 #ab minutes and #ac seconds1 from the ,charlestown ,bridge to ,boston ,light1 ,boston ,harbor1 ,july #bg1 #aiac4 ,thirty-two and one-half miles1 #ab hours and #eb minutes1 from ,walnut ,street1 ,philadelphia1 to one-eighth of a mile below ,market ,street1 ,chester1 ,pa41 and return to ,washington ,avenue1 ,philadelphia1 ,delaware ,river1 ,june #bg1 #aiad4 ,twenty-two miles1 #h hours and #df minutes1 from the ,battery1 ,new ,york ,city1 to ,sandy ,hook ,beacon1 ,sandy ,hook1 ,n4 ,j41 ,new ,york ,harbor1 ,july #ai1 #aiad4 ,twenty-six miles1 #i hours and #h minutes1 from ,riverton1 ,n4 ,j41 to ,bristol1 ,pa41 and return to ,riverton1 ,n4 ,j41 upper ,delaware ,river1 ,may #bh1 #aiaf4 ,twenty-two miles1 #h hours and #db minutes1 from ,cape ,charles1 ,va41 across the mouth of ,chesapeake ,bay to ,cape ,henry1 ,va41 ,atlantic ,ocean 7swam outside the capes71 ,june #bc-bd1 #aiaf4 ,thirty-six and one-half miles1 #ac hours and #cj minutes1 from ,market ,street1 ,chester1 ,pa41 to ,penn ,treaty ,park1 ,philadelphia1 and return to ,market ,street1 ,chester1 ,pa41 and then on the third tide to ,eddystone1 ,pa41 ,delaware ,river1 ,september #i-aj1 #aiaf4 ,illustration3 ,,olga ,,dorfner4 ,philadelphia ,turngemeinde2 ,american ,champion ,sprint ,swimmer and ,record-holder4 ,illustration3 ,,claire ,,galligan4 ,new ,rochelle1 ,n4 ,y42 ,american ,champion ,middle-,distance ,swimmer and ,record-holder4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,gertrude ,artelt1 ,p4 ,t4 ,g42 #b44 ,helen ,pennepacker1 ,p4 ,t4 ,g42 ,middle ,atlantic champion diver2 #c4 ,elizabeth ,becker1 ,p4 ,t4 ,g42 #d4 ,josephine ,bartlett1 ,metropolitan champion diver4 ,a ,,quartette ,,of ,,fast ,,girl ,,swimmers ,,and ,,divers4 ,illustration3 ,left to right--,bessie ,ryan1 fast ,philadelphia swimmer and frequent prize-winner2 ,florence ,mc,loughlin1 ,first ,regiment 7,philadelphia71 ,america's greatest juvenile swimmer2 ,anna ,c4 ,kean1 ,lansdowne1 ,pa41 ,ocean ,city to ,atlantic ,city 7in sea71 #h;h4 #bhm41 and #bf miles1 ,delaware ,river1 #aa;h4 #hm4 #da #b-es4 ,women and ,girl ,swimmers ,probably no other form of exercise or competitive sport among women and girls has advanced so rapidly in the ,united ,states as that of swimming1 and with the recognition of women swimmers by registration in the ,amateur ,athletic ,union1 contests and championship events have been held in various cities throughout the ,united ,states1 from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 with the result that our women swimmers are rapidly coming to the front in speed swimming1 and their records at various distances are very close to the best world's marks for those of their sex4 ,women make better swimmers than men1 when equally skilled in the art1 and while they do not quite approach the speed times of the men1 because of the difference in muscular strength and power1 they are more graceful than men in the water1 practice more frequently1 make less fuss about it1 and get a lot of physical benefit from their favorite pastime4 ,a woman1 being of lighter bony structure1 with more flesh than a man in proportion to her size and weight1 and with a different physical formation of body1 gets a better equipoise in the water1 with the result that most all women float naturally2 in fact1 after they learn to swim1 very few of them have to make any effort to stay on top of the water1 which gives them a confidence not usually seen among men swimmers2 and1 as nature has endowed them with a much better circulation than men1 they are able to stay in the water and stand a lower temperature than the opposite sex without getting chilled4 ,miss ,olga ,dorfner of the ,philadelphia ,turngemeinde has shown herself to be the fastest short-distance speed swimmer in this country in contests up to #bbj yards1 at which distances she has defeated all comers1 and she holds the ,american records over these routes4 ,she swims an excellent crawl stroke1 and the following times1 most of them ,american records for women1 shows her top class as a sprint swimmer3 #dj yards1 #bb seconds2 #ej yards1 #bi seconds2 #fj yards1 #ci seconds2 #hj yards1 #ec seconds2 #ajj yards1 #a minute #h #d-e seconds2 #bbj yards1 #c minutes #e #a-e seconds4 ,miss ,claire ,galligan1 of ,new ,rochelle1 is the best middle distance swimmer among our girls1 having defeated all the other aspiring contestants in races over #bbj yards4 ,miss ,galligan has swam #ajj yards in #a minute #i seconds2 #bbj yards in #c minutes #d #a-e seconds2 #ddj yards in #g minutes #f #c-e seconds2 half mile in #ae minutes #ae #b-e seconds1 and one mile in #ca minutes #ai #c-e seconds4 ,she uses a four-beat ,trudgeon-crawl stroke1 and is almost certain to break many more women's swimming records1 as she is increasing in speed all the time4 ,gertrude ,artelt1 ,philadelphia ,turngemeinde1 is coming on fast at sprint swimming1 having now a record of #a minute #ac #b-e seconds for #ajj yards1 while her team-mate1 ,elizabeth ,becker1 from the same organization1 has covered #bbj yards in a race in #c minutes #ac #a-e seconds1 with very fast times for the shorter distances4 ,bessie ,ryan of the ,first ,regiment ,swimming ,pool1 ,philadelphia1 is a coming fast swimmer who invariably wins a prize every time she competes4 ,her #ajj yards time is #a minute #ae seconds1 her #bbj yards #c minutes #ce seconds1 and all this in her first year of competition4 ,florence ,mc,laughlin of the ,first ,regiment ,swimming ,pool1 ,philadelphia1 was the most remarkable juvenile swimmer and diver in this country and her many records and prizes over all distances stamp her as a great swimmer4 ,miss ,anna ,c4 ,kean of ,lansdowne1 ,pa41 swam from ,ocean ,city to ,atlantic ,city1 #ab miles in the sea1 ,august #ba1 #aiaf1 in #h hours and #bh minutes1 and on ,september #ah1 #aiaf1 swam #bf miles in the ,delaware ,river in #aa hours #h minutes #da #c-e seconds1 this performance being the longest swim ever made by a woman in the world under same conditions4 ,modern ,methods of ,life-,saving ,it is often remarked by those who have a very limited knowledge of swimming matters1 that it is the good swimmer who gets drowned4 ,this is a very erroneous impression and one that will not bear investigation4 ,it is the fellow who thinks he is a good swimmer and who usually tries some fool-hardy stunt which he is not competent to undertake1 who loses his life4 ,besides1 this sort of chap may be a fair swimmer1 but he does not get any practice1 and probably overeats before going into the water1 and goes far out beyond his depth1 forgetting that he has to come back again1 and when his muscles and wind1 which are not accustomed to the extra tax1 give out1 loses his head1 gulps a big shipment of water1 and then the excitement strangles him and brings on heart-failure and he is gone for good4 ,he is not literally drowned1 he is shocked to death1 for ,i mean to say it1 and most medical men and other experts competent to judge will bear out my statement when ,i tell you that there are very few people drowned in the water1 and that most of the deaths occur from heart-failure1 as ,i have stated above1 while the fact that many of the drowning cases in the surf are found floating face down1 show that the shock has closed up the epiglottis1 and no water has penetrated the stomach or lungs4 ,but until everyone who attends school is taught to swim and be competent to take care of themselves in the water under all conditions1 life-saving must be part of the educational work of swimming1 in fact1 made a strong feature of natatorial instruction2 therefore1 it behooves the skilled swimmer to learn the best ways to approach a person in the water who may need help1 and better still1 to know how to release one's self from the death-grip of a drowning person4 ,illustration3 ,,life-,,saving--,,front ,,strangle ,,hold1 ,,held ,,at ,,distance4 ,illustration3 ,,life-,,saving--,,front ,,strangle ,,hold1 ,,held ,,close4 ,illustration3 ,,life-,,saving--,,back ,,strangle ,,hold4 ,illustration3 ,,life-,,saving--,,pitinoff ,,carry4 ,illustration3 ,,life-,,saving--,,head ,,and ,,chin ,,carry4 ,illustration3 ,,life-,,saving--,,arm ,,rescue4 ,illustration3 ,,life-,,saving--,,schaefer ,,method ,,of ,,resuscitation4 ,the chief don't that ,i would emphasize is that1 unless you are a good swimmer yourself1 and know how to keep cool in times of excitement such as when a boat overturns1 or some one is suddenly precipitated in the water1 you had better not attempt a rescue1 for1 while it is very commendable to be a hero1 unless you know what you are about1 two people will lose their lives instead of one4 ,however1 if you are cool1 and can swim well1 to approach a person in the right way1 break any hold they may take on you1 and tow them into shore and out of danger1 is but a simple task1 although if you have to go quite a distance1 it may tire you a lot1 but you will have that glorious satisfaction of having saved a life of a fellow brother4 ,in attempting a rescue1 never approach a person from in front1 if you can possibly avoid it1 and you invariably can1 unless you are in a boat with them and you are suddenly thrown in the water1 and coming up near someone they may grasp you before you have time to get back of them4 ,always get back of them and then it will be easy to grasp them by the various holds that are herein described1 and by telling them to keep cool1 easily tow them to shore4 ,the most likely grip to be taken by the drowning person is for them to grasp you by the wrists1 if in front of them4 ,this is a very easy hold to break1 for1 by turning your elbows up suddenly and your hands down and outward1 they will have to release because they have no clutch on you but the thumb-hold4 ,after effecting the releases1 you can turn the person around1 so you will be back of them and then bring them in by the holds here explained and illustrated4 ,a most dangerous hold is for the person to grasp you around the neck with both arms1 and clutching you tight1 draw you very close to them in a strangle-hold4 ,when this hold is taken1 you must put your right arm under their left shoulder1 placing your thumb and forefinger tightly over their nose and shutting off the wind1 while you press your left hand against his back1 drawing him to you and pushing his head back4 ,be strong and rough about it if necessary1 as you will not hurt him1 and very soon1 because he cannot get his breath1 he will release his hold1 and then you must turn him around quickly on his back and the rest will be easy1 especially if you assure him that there is no danger if he will not try to struggle4 ,another hold that looks as if it might be very hard to break is the back strangle-hold1 where the excited one grasps you from behind around the neck with both arms4 ,you must at once take hold of both of his hands with your hands1 throw your head back with all the force you can1 knocking him a hard blow on the nose with the back of your head1 and then by ducking your head down under water1 you will be able to get free1 but you must keep hold of one of his hands in order to turn him around as in the other holds1 in order not to lose your grip so you can tow him to safety4 ,towing the subject to shore1 of course1 is much easier than breaking the holds4 ,one of the very easy methods is to grasp the person by the hair of the head1 unless he be bald1 and as the body is easy to carry this way and floats well1 you can use both your lower limbs and one arm to tow him to shore or to the upturned boat or canoe1 if the latter is near1 for it is not wise to go further than necessary1 for someone will be very apt to come to your assistance if you hold on to the craft1 and numerous cases are on record of the rescuer becoming exhausted when having to carry a person very far4 ,if you are swimming with a friend or near another person who gets tired1 it is the easiest thing in the world to help him1 for all you have to do is to ask him to place his forefingers of both hands upon your shoulders1 he lying on his back1 his feet kept close together and between your legs1 and then you swim the breast stroke1 and as you have the use of all your limbs1 the person will be very easy to carry for a long distance1 providing you swim easy and slowly and do not try to hurry4 ,another method of carrying is by the neck and arm hold1 where you turn the person on their side1 grasping them with one arm around and under the neck and over their shoulder1 to prevent them from struggling1 and you can then swim on your side1 using one arm under water and getting a side-stroke kick1 having the person entirely under your control1 in a case where he might be struggling to release himself4 ,more people's lives are now saved annually than at any time before in the world's history1 on account of the advanced ideas now in vogue in connection with the resuscitation of the apparently drowned1 and with the latest and best method now used1 called the ,schaefer method1 it is easier to bring the person who is recovered from the water1 when not submerged too long1 back again to life by producing artificial respiration1 and restoring circulation1 if life is not already extinct4 ,as soon as the person's body is recovered1 he is placed face down on the beach or some flat place1 preferably with the head at the lowest point1 in order that any water that may be in the stomach or lungs will be more readily gotten out4 ,the face is turned to one side1 the tongue pulled out and fastened by a rubber band1 a string1 or held out by an assistant1 so it will stay out and not fall back again into the mouth and close up the passage-way4 ,the hands are extended straight out beyond the head4 ,the operator kneels down on one knee1 grasps the sides of the body just below the lower ribs1 making pressure steadily and firmly inwards and upwards1 and releasing suddenly1 the idea being to make the lungs work something like a rubber ball would act after pressure and on sudden release1 or in other words producing an artificial gasp1 for the purpose of bringing back respiration1 for when this is accomplished1 the circulation will be restored1 and by keeping the patient warm and rubbing the limbs you will be able to bring the apparently dead back to life4 ,the work of the operator must not be too quickly done1 but timed in keeping with your own or natural breathing1 and it is better to have another person ready to take up the work when you are tired and thus work in relays1 persisting for a long time if necessary1 or until medical help can be obtained1 for as long as there is life in the body1 even though animation be suspended1 there is hope4 ,illustration3 ,,high ,,dive--,,plain ,,header4 ,illustration3 ,backward header4 ,illustration3 ,backward somersault4 ,,high ,,dive4 ,illustration3 ,,high ,,dive--,,armstand ,,with ,,header4 ,illustration3 ,,high ,,dive--,,armstand ,,with ,,overback4 ,competitive ,diving ,the illustrations of various styles of diving have been taken from the prospectus issued for the benefit of intending competitors at the last ,olympic ,games1 held at ,stockholm1 ,sweden1 in #aiab4 ,the text for the regulation of diving contests has been taken bodily from ,rule #ee of the ,amateur ,athletic ,union handbook4 ,the ,amateur ,athletic ,union is the governing body of amateur athletic sport in the ,united ,states and every amateur swimmer who expects to enter in races or competition of any kind should be registered with his local association of the ,amateur ,athletic ,union in order to prevent being disqualified4 ,regulations for ,diving ,competitions ,instruction to ,judges4 ,in making awards for points for each dive the judges shall have regard to the character of the respective dive to be performed1 and shall take into consideration3 ,the manner of the dive 7proper carriage1 confidence and form71 the force and speed of the dive1 the entrance into the water and how the run or take-off is performed4 ,when judging the carriage the individuality of the diver should be taken into consideration4 ,the bearing in the air should be natural1 easy1 supple and graceful4 ,when performing plain head dives1 the head should be erect1 back hollowed1 legs closed with feet turned back1 arms supple and fingers closed4 ,the start should be made gracefully1 with confidence and in a bold manner2 in running dives the force and energy imparted should be considered4 ,the entrance into the water should be made without splashing and with good carriage of the body4 ,for each dive each judge shall award points according to the following scale3 ,points4 ,unsuccessful attempt #j ,bad dive #c ,fair dive #f ,good dive #h ,excellent dive #aj ,the judges may mark points and half points between those mentioned in the above scale1 but #aj shall be the highest possible that can be awarded by any judge4 ,an unsuccessful attempt is one in which the competitor has failed to perform the dive nominated4 ,in all jackknife dives the competitor should enter the water within six feet from the take-off4 ,all head dives with arms by sides are ruled out4 ,swallow and all other forms of straight front dives are to be considered as plain front dives4 ,in all somersaults or jackknife dives with twists1 the somersaults or jackknives must be completed before twisting4 ,under observation of the foregoing conditions and instructions in making their respective awards each judge shall3 a4 ,write down his points for each dive performed by each competitor according to the scale of points named in point table above4 b4 ,the points awarded by him for each voluntary dive shall be multiplied by the points allowed for the degree of difficulty in each case as specified in the following diving tables4 c4 ,after the total of points for each competitor has been found and checked as being correct1 each judge shall place the competitors in the order in which they finish on his diving card4 ,he shall give #a1 to the diver scoring the greatest number of points2 #b1 to the diver scoring the second greatest number of points1 etc4 ,if two competitors score the same number of points their place numbers shall be added and each given one-half4 ,for instance1 if two competitors receive the same number of points1 which is the second largest on the diving card of a judge1 their place numbers #b and #c shall be added1 and each competitor shall receive #b1 and the next following competitor shall receive the number #d4 ,the place numbers given to the respective competitors by each of the judges shall be added together and the competitor showing the lowest total of place numbers shall be declared the winner4 ,in case of a tie the point totals of all the judges shall be added together and the competitor whose total of points is greatest shall be the winner of the tie4 ,a list of voluntary dives shall be submitted by each competitor to the judges in writing before the beginning of the competition4 ,changes in the list of voluntary dives are not permitted4 ,no competitor shall be permitted to repeat any of his dives4 ,the ,referee must ascertain before the beginning of a competition that the depth of the water is sufficient to insure the safety of the competitors4 ,competitions or exhibitions of diving from a greater height than #cd feet are prohibited4 ,the conditions of a diving competition1 namely1 height of board1 number of voluntary and compulsory dives1 and the character of the latter1 must be stated in entry blanks4 ,fancy ,diving from the ,springboard4 ,the board shall have a length of #ac feet and shall be #bj inches wide and shall be of the usual elastic character4 ,in championship meetings the height of the board from the surface of the water shall be not less than #i feet #f inches1 nor more than #aa feet4 ,the program for championships shall consist of the following dives3 ,running front dive1 back dive1 running forward jackknife1 back jackknife and six voluntary dives selected from the following table3 ,standing4 ,running4 #a--;,backward spring and forward dive 7half twist7 #a4d #b--;,backward spring and backward dive 7full twist7 #b4j #c--;,forward spring with half twist and backward dive #a4e #a4f #d--;,forward spring with full twist and forward dive #a4h #a4h #e--;,forward somersault #a4e #a4e #f--;,forward #a somersault #a4f #a4f #g--;,backward somersault #a4e #h--;,backward #a somersault #b4b #i--;,forward double somersault #a4i #a4i #aj--;,backward double somersault #a4i #a4i #aa--;,backward spring and forward somersault #a4g #ab--;,backward spring and #a forward somersault #b4j #ac--;,forward somersault with half twist #a4f #a4f #ad--;,forward #a somersault with half twist #b4b #b4b #ae--;,forward #b somersault #b4c #b4c #af--;,flying ,dutchman 7forward spring with backward dive7 #a4h #a4i #ag--;,flying ,dutchman somersault 7forward spring with backward somersault7 #a4g #a4g #ah--;,flying ,dutchman #a somersault #b4d #b4d #ai--;,flying ,dutchman with half twist #a4g #a4g #bj--;,handstand dive #a4d #ba--;,handstand dive with somersault #a4g #bb--;,handspring dive with somersault #a4f #a4f #bc--;,jackknife forward #a4e #a4e #bd--;,jackknife backward #a4e #be--;,jackknife forward with half twist and back dive #a4h #a4i #bf--;,jackknife forward with full twist and forward dive #b4b #b4b #bg--;,jackknife backward with half twist and forward dive #a4i #bh--;,jackknife backward with full twist and backward dive #b4c #bi--;,backward dive #a4e ,in competitions where a lower board is used1 the board shall be not less than #b feet #f inches or more than #d feet from the surface of the water and the voluntary dives shall be selected from the following table3 ,standing4 ,running4 #a--;,backward spring and forward dive 7half twist7 #a4d #b--;,backward spring and backward dive 7full twist7 #a4i #c--;,forward spring and backward dive 7half twist7 #a4e #a4f #d--;,forward spring and forward dive 7full twist7 #a4h #a4h #e--;,forward somersault #a4e #a4e #f--;,forward #a somersault #a4h #a4g #g--;,forward double somersault #b4b #a4i #h--;,backward somersault #a4e #i--;,backward #a somersault #b4b #aj--;,backward double somersault #b4b #aa--;,backward spring and forward somersault #a4i #ab--;,flying ,dutchman 7forward spring and backward dive7 #a4g #a4h #ac--;,flying ,dutchman somersault 7forward spring and backward somersault7 #a4h #a4h #ad--;,handstand #a4b #ae--;,jackknife forward #a4d #a4e #af--;,jackknife backward #a4e #ag--;,jackknife forward and half twist #a4h #a4i #ah--;,jackknife forward and full twist #b4b #b4b #ai--;,jackknife backward and half twist #a4i #bj--;,jackknife backward and full twist #b4b #ba--;,backward dive #a4e ,high ,diving from a ,firm ,take-off4 ,for high diving competitions from a firm take-off the platforms shall be #g feet wide1 fixed1 free from spring and placed at two heights1 the first not less than #ad feet and not more than #af feet and the second not less than #bd feet and not more than #bg feet above the surface of the water4 ,the program for championships shall consist of two compulsory dives from the lower platform1 namely1 one plain back dive and one backward somersault2 and two from the high platform1 one running plain dive and one standing plain dive1 and six voluntary dives1 to be performed from the high platform and to be selected from the following table3 ,standing4 ,running4 #a--;,backward spring and forward dive with half twist #a4d #b--;,forward spring and backward dive with half twist #a4f #a4g #c--;,forward spring and forward dive with full twist #a4i #a4i #d--;,backward spring and backward dive with full twist #b4a #e--;,armstand #a4f #f--;,armstand and somersault #a4e #g--;,armstand backward fall dive #b4a #h--;,armstand with double somersault #b4b #i--;,backward dive #b4a #aj--;,backward somersault #a4g #aa--;,forward somersault #b4a #b4a #ab--;,forward #a somersault #a4i #a4i #ac--;,forward double somersault #b4b #b4b #ad--;,forward #b somersault #b4c #b4c #ae--;,backward #a somersault #b4d #af--;,backward double somersault #b4a #ag--;,forward somersault with half twist #b4a #b4a #ah--;,forward #a somersault with half twist #b4b #b4b #ai--;,backward spring and forward somersault #a4h #bj--;,backward spring and forward #a somersault #b4j #ba--;,flying ,dutchman #b4a #b4b #bb--;,flying ,dutchman somersault #a4i #a4i #bc--;,flying ,dutchman #a somersault #b4e #b4e #bd--;,flying ,dutchman double somersault #b4c #b4c #be--;,flying ,dutchman with half twist #a4h #a4h #bf--;,jackknife forward #a4d #a4d #bg--;,jackknife backward #a4d #bh--;,jackknife forward with half twist #a4i #a4i #bi--;,jackknife forward with full twist #b4a #b4a #cj--;,jackknife backward with half twist #b4j #ca--;,jackknife backward with full twist #b4b ,plunge for ,distance4 ,the maximum height of take-off for the plunge for distance shall be limited to eighteen inches above the surface of the water4 ,a plunge shall be a standing dive1 made head first from an indicated firm take-off 7i4 e41 diving base71 free from spring4 ,the body is to be kept motionless--face downward--and no progressive action to be imparted to it other than impetus of the dive4 ,the plunge shall terminate1 if the competitor has not already raised his face above the surface of the water1 at the expiration of #fj seconds1 or such time as may have been previously announced by the promoting body4 ,the duration of such plunge shall be reckoned from the time the competitor dives from the take-off4 ,at the finish of any plunge the competitor must leave the water as quietly as possible4 ,anyone disturbing the water so as to interfere with the progress of the competitor following will be disqualified4 ,the distance traversed in a plunge shall be measured along a straight line1 at right angles to the diving base1 to a line parallel to the diving base1 over the farthest point reached by any portion of the competitor's body while fulfilling the above conditions4 ,in championship or level contests each competitor shall be allowed three plunges1 and the farthest plunge shall win4 ,in handicaps1 the number of plunges shall be left to the discretion of the promoting club4 ,when a competitor touches the side of the tank or pool1 his distance shall be taken and he shall be compelled to stop4 ,a line may be made or painted along the bottom of the pool or tank to enable the competitors to guide themselves4 ,miscellaneous4 ,a competitor in turning must touch the end of the bath or course with one or both hands before kicking off4 ,standing upon the bottom in the shallow end of a bath during a competition is only allowed for the purpose of resting4 ,walking or jumping from the bottom in the shallow end of a bath shall not be allowed4 ,the competitor in a handicap race who has the lowest handicap shall have the choice of position4 ,where two men are on the same mark they shall draw for choice of position4 ,in case of a dead heat in a handicap the competitor with the lowest handicap shall be declared the winner4 ,where a dead heat occurs between two men on the same mark the tie shall be decided by a swim-off on the same day1 or the one refusing to swim shall be given the next lowest prize4 ,choice of position shall be drawn for in races other than handicaps4 ,when a trophy or prize is given to a club scoring the greatest number of points in a meeting1 the points shall be counted as follows3 ,points4 ,first in swim1 plunge or dive #e ,second in swim1 plunge or dive #c ,third in swim1 plunge or dive #a ,first in relay race #aj ,second in relay race #f ,third in relay race #b ,first in water polo #ae ,second in water polo #i ,third in water polo #c ,,how ,,to ,,score ,a ,,diving ,,competition4 ,,suggestions ,,for ,,score ,,cards4 ,blanks for voluntary dives to be supplied by the club holding the competition4 ,after filling them out and signing them1 competitors deliver them to the clerk of the course4 ,the announcer announces each voluntary dive from these blanks when the respective competitor's turn comes1 and the diving judges must see that the dive nominated shall be performed4 ,after the competition these blanks are turned over to the diving scorers4 ,illustration3 ,,high ,,dive--,,flying ,,somersault ,,forward4 ,illustration3 ,,high ,,dive--,,one ,,and ,a ,,half ,,somersault ,,forward4 ,illustration3 ,,high ,,dive--,,armstand ,,with ,,somersault4 ,illustration3 ,,high ,,dive--,,one ,,somersault ,,forward4 ,illustration3 ,,high ,,dive--,,backward ,,spring ,,outward ,,and ,,turning ,,inward ,,with ,,header4 ,illustration3 ,backward spring outward and turning inward with somersault4 ,backward spring outward and turning inward with #a somersault4 ,,high ,,dive4 ,illustration3 ,,high ,,dive--,,isander',s ,,dive4 ,illustration3 ,,high ,,dive--,,mollberg',s ,,dive4 ,,voluntary ,,dives4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,number ,grade of in ,table ,description ,difficulty ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a4 #f ,forward1 #a ,somersault1 standing #a4f ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #b4 #g ,backward ,somersault #a4e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #c4 #af ,flying ,dutchman1 standing #a4h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #d4 #af ,flying ,dutchman1 running #a4i ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #e4 #h ,backward1 #a ,somersault #b4b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #f4 #be ,jackknife1 forward1 with ,half ,twist1 standing #a4h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,competitor's ,signature3 ,s4 ,jones4 ,,voluntary ,,dives4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,number ,grade of in ,table ,description ,difficulty ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a4 #ae #b ,forward ,somersault1 standing #b4c ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #b4 #ae #b ,forward ,somersault1 running #b4c ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #c4 #ah #a ,flying ,dutchman1 standing #b4d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #d4 #ah #a ,flying ,dutchman1 running #b4d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #e4 #ad #a ,forward ,somersault with ,half ,twist1 standing #b4b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #f4 #ab ,backward ,spring1 #a ,forward ,somersault #b4j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,competitor's ,signature3 ,w4 ,smith4 ,,voluntary ,,dives4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,number ,grade of in ,table ,description ,difficulty ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a4 #f ,forward1 #a ,somersault1 standing #a4f ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #b4 #ab ,backward ,spring1 #a ,forward ,somersault #b4j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #c4 #af ,flying ,dutchman1 running #a4i ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #d4 #af ,flying ,dutchman1 standing #a4h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #e4 #d ,full ,twist1 forward1 running #a4h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #f4 #be ,jackknife1 forward1 with ,half ,twist1 standing #a4h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,competitor's ,signature3 ,j4 ,brown4 ,illustration3 ,plain header4 ,falling dive forward4 ,ordinary header forward 7arms at sides74 ,screw dive forward with half turn4 ,,springboard ,,dive4 ,illustration3 ,screw dive forward with one turn4 ,pike dive forward4 ,pike dive 7arms at sides74 ,,springboard ,,dive4 ,illustration3 ,mollberg's dive4 ,isander's dive4 ,backward somersault4 ,,springboard ,,dive4 ,,voluntary ,,dives4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,number ,grade of in ,table ,description ,difficulty ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a4 #ab ,backward ,spring1 #a ,forward ,somersault #b4j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #b4 #ae ,forward1 #b ,somersault1 running #b4c ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #c4 #ah #a ,flying ,dutchman1 standing #b4d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #d4 #h ,backward1 #a ,somersault #b4b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #e4 #d ,full ,twist1 forward1 running #a4h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #f4 #d ,full ,twist1 forward1 standing #a4h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,competitor's ,signature3 ,w4 ,black4 ,,score ,,card ,,as ,,filled ,,out ,,by ,,judge ,,and ,,delivered ,,to ,,diving ,,scorers ,first ,column for ,each ,name ,only to be ,used by ,judge4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,name ,,jones ,,smith ,,brown ,,black ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a4 ,compulsory ,dive #g #i #h #i ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #b4 ,compulsory ,dive #h #aj #i #i ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #c4 ,compulsory ,dive #i #aj #i #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #d4 ,compulsory ,dive #i #aj #i #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a4 ,voluntary ,dive #g #b #i #g ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #b4 ,voluntary ,dive #i #c #g #g ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #c4 ,voluntary ,dive #h #a #aj #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #d4 ,voluntary ,dive #d #j #aj #i ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #e4 ,voluntary ,dive #a #f #f #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #f4 ,voluntary ,dive #g #h #g #g ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,total ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,place ,number ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,judge's ,signature3 ,j4 ,s4 ,white4 ,checked by44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,score ,,card ,,as ,,filled ,,out ,,by ,,diving ,,scorers ,the second column to be used for grade of difficulty for voluntary dives to be left blank for compulsory dives4 ,last column to be used for result of multiplication for voluntary dives1 and on line of last compulsory dive the total for all compulsory dives to be extended4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,name ,,jones ,,smith ,,brown ,,black ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a4 ,compulsory ,dive #g #i #h #i ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #b4 ,compulsory ,dive #h #aj #i #i ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #c4 ,compulsory ,dive #i #aj #i #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #d4 ,compulsory ,dive #i #cc4jaj #ci4ji #cf4eaj #ch4e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a4 ,voluntary ,dive #g #a4faa4b #b #b4c #d4f #i #a4fad4dg #b4jae4j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #b4 ,voluntary ,dive #i #a4eac4e #c #b4c #f4ig #b4jae4j #g #b4caf4a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #c4 ,voluntary ,dive #h #a4had4d #a #b4d #b4daj #a4iai4je #b4dac4b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #d4 ,voluntary ,dive #d #a4i #g4f #j #b4d #j4jaj #a4hah4j #i #b4bai4h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #e4 ,voluntary ,dive #a #b4b #b4b #f #b4bac4b #f #b4bac4b #h #a4had4d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #f4 ,voluntary ,dive #g #a4hab4f #h #b4jaf4jg #a4hac4e #g #a4hab4f ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,total #id4e #hb4a #abi4f #abi4f ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,place ,number #c #d #a #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,judge's ,signature3 ,j4 ,s4 ,white4 ,checked by ,mc,carthy4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,summary ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,name ,,jones ,,smith ,,brown ,,black ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,points ,place,points ,place,points ,place,points ,place ,judge ,,white #id4e #c #hb4a #d #abi4f #a #abi4f #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,judge ,,green #ig4j #c #hh4j #d #acb4d #a #abh4b #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,judge ,,rose #ii4c #c #ib4j #d #abi4b #b #aca4b #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total #bij4h #i #bfb4a #ab #cia4b #d #chi4j #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,final placing ,average ,points #if4ic #crd #hg4cg #dth #acj4d #ast #abi4fg #bnd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,scorers' ,signatures3 ,j4 ,wilson4 ,b4 ,gordon4 ,j4 ,van ,dyke4 ,brown and ,black having the same total of place numbers1 the total of points decides the competition and ,brown wins4 ,illustration3 ,pike dive with backward spring and turning inward4 ,illustration3 ,pike dive with backward spring1 turning inward and somersault4 ,illustration3 ,pike dive with backward spring1 turning inward and #a somersault4 ,,springboard ,,dive4 ,illustration3 ,flying somersault forward4 ,illustration3 ,one and a half somersault4 ,illustration3 ,one and a half somersault 7arms at sides74 ,,springboard ,,dive4 ,illustration3 ,forward somersault4 ,illustration3 ,falling dive backward4 ,illustration3 ,ordinary header backward4 ,,springboard ,,dive4 ,illustration3 ,,accept ,,no ,,guarantees ,,substitute ,,the ,,spalding ,,trade-,,mark ,,quality ,,spalding ,,worsted ,,bathing ,,suits ,all ,styles ,furnished in ,sizes #bh to #df ,inches ,chest ,measurement4 ,change ,pocket in ,trunks of ,all ,spalding ,bathing ,suits4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aae ,no4 #aaa ,no4 #fad ,no4 #aae4 ,sleeveless1 extra quality fashioned worsted1 with attractive striping1 solid colors and mixtures on skirt of shirt and bottoms of tights in following colors3 ,black trimmed ,gray1 ,brown and ,white stripe2 ,iron ,gray1 ,white and ,black ,stripe2 ,navy trimmed ,maroon1 ,cardinal and ,white stripe ,suit1 #g4jj ,no4 #aaa4 ,quarter sleeve1 striped worsted1 full fashioned1 best quality1 in following colors only3 ,gray trimmed ,white2 ,black trimmed ,cardinal2 ,navy trimmed ,white ,suit1 #f4jj ,no4 #aaj4 ,sleeveless1 worsted1 full fashioned1 best quality4 ,plain colors only3 ,navy1 ,black or ,iron ,gray ,suit1 #f4jj ,no4 #fad4 ,sleeveless1 fine worsted1 striping on shirt and tights4 ,black1 ,cardinal and ,white striping2 ,navy1 ,gray and ,white striping2 ,gray1 ,navy and ,cardinal striping2 ,iron ,gray1 ,white and ,black striping ,suit1 #e4jj ,no4 #aji4 ,sleeveless1 fine quality worsted1 solid colors only1 either ,black1 ,navy ,blue or ,heather ,mixture ,suit1 #e4jj ,illustration3 ,,prompt ,,attention ,,given ,,to ,,for ,,complete ,,list ,,of ,,stores ,,any ,,communications ,a4 ,g4 ,,spalding ,,bros4 ,,see ,,inside ,,front ,,cover ,,addressed ,,to ,,us ,,stores ,,in ,,all ,,large ,,cities ,,of ,,this ,,book ,,prices ,,subject ,,to ,,change ,,without ,,notice4 ,for ,canadian prices see special ,canadian ,catalogue4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aie ,no4 ,,lr ,no4 #ajj,,pc ,no4 #aie4 ,sleeveless1 fancy worsted1 with attractive striping on shirt and tights in following colors3 ,gray trimmed ,white2 ,navy trimmed ,white2 ,black trimmed ,red2 ,gray trimmed ,navy4 ,suit1 #e4jj ,no4 ,,lr4 ,improved ,pacific ,coast style 7patented74 ,buttons over one shoulder4 ,shirt attached to tights and tights cut away under skirt at sides4 ,supplied in following colors3 ,black1 ,navy or ,heather4 ,suit1 #e4jj ,no4 #ajj,,pc4 ,pacific ,coast style2 that is1 one piece1 but with skirt which cannot be tucked inside of tights4 ,sleeveless1 striped worsted1 full fashioned1 best quality4 ,in following colors only3 ,gray trimmed ,navy2 ,navy trimmed ,cardinal2 ,navy trimmed ,white4 ,suit1 #e4jj ,no4 #fjj;,,bs4 ,sleeveless1 fine quality cut worsted with fancy striping on skirt and tights1 in following colors3 ,navy trimmed ,white2 ,black trimmed ,red2 ,black trimmed ,green4 ,suit1 #d4ej ,illustration3 ,no4 #fjj,,pcs ,no4 #fjj,,pc ,no4 #fja ,no4 #fjj,,pcs4 ,pacific ,coast style1 that is1 one piece1 with skirt which cannot be tucked inside of tights4 ,sleeveless1 striped1 cut worsted4 ,colors3 ,navy trimmed ,white2 ,black trimmed ,red2 ,dark ,gray trimmed ,white4 ,suit1 #d4ej ,no4 #fjj,,pc4 ,pacific ,coast style1 all in one piece1 but with skirt which cannot be tucked inside of tights4 ,sleeveless1 fine quality cut worsted in plain colors only2 either ,navy1 ,black1 ,gray or ,maroon4 ,suit1 #c4ej ,no4 #fja4 ,quarter sleeve1 fine quality cut worsted in plain colors only3 ,navy1 ,black or ,maroon4 ,suit1 #d4jj ,no4 #fjj4 ,sleeveless1 fine quality cut worsted1 in plain colors only3 ,navy1 ,black or ,gray4 ,suit1 #c4ej ,no4 #cjj4 ,sleeveless1 light weight worsted4 ,plain colors only3 ,navy1 ,black or ,gray4 ,no special orders4 ,suit1 #c4jj ,illustration3 ,no4 #cjj,s ,no4 #cjj,,pcs ,no4 #fjf ,no4 #cjj,s4 ,sleeveless1 worsted4 ,striping on shirt and tights4 ,colors3 ,navy trimmed ,white1 ,black trimmed ,red1 ,gray trimmed ,white4 ,suit1 #c4jj ,no4 #cjj,,pc4 ,coast style1 one piece2 skirt cannot be tucked inside of tights4 ,sleeveless1 worsted1 plain colors3 ,navy1 ,black or ,maroon4 ,suit1 #c4jj ,no4 #cjj,,pcs4 ,coast style1 one piece2 skirt which cannot be tucked inside tights4 ,sleeveless1 worsted4 ,striping on shirt and tights4 ,colors3 ,navy trimmed ,white1 ,black trimmed ,red1 ,gray trimmed ,white4 ,suit1 #c4jj ,no4 #bjj4 ,sleeveless1 three quarters worsted1 in plain colors only3 ,navy or ,black4 ,suit1 #b4ej ,no4 #bh4 ,quarter sleeve1 cotton1 fashioned1 mercerized trimming1 in following colors3 ,navy trimmed ,red1 ,navy trimmed ,white4 ,suit1 #a4ej ,no4 ,p#b,s4 ,coast style1 finest quality cotton1 trimmed shirt and tights4 ,colors3 ,navy and ,red or ,navy and ,white4 ,suit1 #a4ej ,no4 #fjf4 ,sleeveless1 cotton1 in ,navy ,blue1 with either ,red or ,white trimmings on shirt and tights4 ,suit1 #a4be ,no4 #fje4 ,sleeveless1 cotton1 ,navy ,blue4 ,suit1 #a4jj ,patent ,combination ,swimming ,suit ,no4 #c,r4 ,best quality worsted1 in solid color only1 either plain ,black1 plain ,navy ,blue or plain ,gray4 ,shirt has combination supporter4 ,arm holes extra large and shirt fastens to trunks at side with invisible catches1 making a tight fitting1 neat combination4 ,white canvas belt1 with adjustable buckle1 forms part of trunks1 no drawing tape to knot or break4 ,pocket for change1 etc41 inside of trunks4 ,furnished in regular length and extra long4 ,suit1 #e4ej ,illustration3 ,trunks of ,no4 #c,r ,suit ,illustration3 ,shirt of ,no4 #c,r ,suit ,expert ,racing and ,swimming ,suits ,no4 #b,s4 ,men's4 ,good quality silk one-piece suit4 ,navy ,blue or ,black4 ,buttons over shoulders4 ,suit1 #d4jj 99 #dc4bj ,doz4 ,no4 #b,,sl4 ,women's4 ,otherwise same as ,no4 #b,s4 ,suit1 #d4jj 99 #dc4bj ,doz4 ,no4 #d,r4 ,fine quality worsted4 ,made in plain ,navy ,blue or plain ,black4 ,buttons over shoulders4 ,suit1 #c4ej 99 #cg4hj ,doz4 ,no4 #b,r4 ,mercerized cotton1 silky finish4 ,plain ,black or ,navy ,blue4 ,buttons over shoulders4 ,suit1 #b4jj 99 #ba4fj ,doz4 ,no4 #a,r4 ,men's4 ,cotton4 ,plain ,black or ,navy ,blue4 ,snug fitting4 ,buttons over shoulders4 ,suit1 #a4jj 99 #aj4hj ,doz4 ,no4 #a,,rl4 ,women's4 ,same as ,no4 #a,r4 ,supplied also in ,gray4 ,suit1 #a4jj 99 #aj4hj ,dz4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #b,s ,spalding ,one-,piece ,bathing ,suits ,no4 #ej4 ,sleeveless1 cotton4 ,solid ,navy ,blue4 ,button at shoulders4 ,suit1 #a4jj 99 #aj4hj ,doz4 ,flannel ,bathing ,knee ,pants ,no4 ,f4 ,good quality ,gray or ,navy flannel knee pants2 fly front2 belt loops4 ,loose fitting and just the thing for those who dislike bathing tights4 ,dry quickly4 ,pair1 #b4ge 99 #bi4gj ,doz4 ,spalding ,worsted ,bathing ,trunks ,no4 #b4 ,cut worsted1 in ,navy and ,black4 ,pair1 #a4ej 99 #af4bj ,doz4 ,cotton ,bathing ,trunks ,no4 #fja4 ,navy ,blue2 ,red or ,white stripes4 ,pair1 #fj;c4 99 #f4dh ,doz4 ,no4 #fjb4 ,solid ,navy ,blue4 ,pair1 #ej;c4 99 #e4dj ,doz4 ,no4 #fjc4 ,fancy stripes4 0 #ce;c4 99 #c4gh 0 ,illustration3 ,no4 #a ,spalding ,bathing ,slippers ,no4 ,,fl4 ,extra high cut2 best quality canvas shoes1 with special leather soles which will not harden4 ,pair1 #a4ge ,no4 ,,rs4 ,rubber sole2 white canvas tops4 ,pair4 #ge;c4 ,illustration3 ,no4 ,,fl ,pat4 ,applied ,for ,the prices printed in italics opposite items marked with 99 will be quoted only on orders for one-half dozen or more at one time4 ,quantity prices ,,not allowed on items ,,not marked with 99 ,spalding ,water ,polo ,balls ,no4 ,,lc4 ,special leather cover water polo ball4 ,this style is used in games under official rules4 ,ea41 #f4jj ,no4 #a4 ,white rubber fabric4 ,inflated1 with key4 ,regulation size4 ,ea41 #b4be ,official ,water ,polo ,goal ,nets ,made in accordance with official rules ,pair1 #aj4jj ,illustration3 ,no4 ,,lc ,official ,association ,water ,polo ,cap ,no4 ,,wpc4 ,used to distinguish swimmers in match races1 and to pick out easily players on opposing teams in water polo games1 the caps being made in a variety of colors4 ,each1 #a4ej ,illustration3 ,no4 ,,wpc ,water ,polo ,guide ,no4 #abi4 ,directions for playing2 official rules ,each1 #aj;c4 ,bathing and ,swimming ,caps ,no4 ,,sh4 ,extra heavy pure gum rubber2 large size2 furnished in ,black1 ,tan or ,red4 ,each1 #ge;c4 ,no4 ,s4 ,good quality pure gum rubber2 large size2 ,black1 ,tan or ,red4 ,each1 #ce;c4 ,no4 ,,dsc4 ,white duck skull cap1 tape bound2 ventilated ,each1 #be;c4 ,illustration3 ,no4 ,s ,illustration3 ,no4 ,,dsc ,spalding ,bathing ,suit ,bags ,illustration3 ,no4 #a4 ,bag closed4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #a4 ,bag open4 ,note extra inside flap4 ,no4 #a4 ,bag1 for one suit4 ,blue mackintosh material1 waterproof2 braid bound2 glove clasp snap fasteners4 ,handle for carrying at top4 ,supplied in medium and large sizes4 ,ea41 #ge;c4 ,no4 #b4 ,bag1 for two suits4 ,special design adjustable roll effect4 ,blue mackintosh material1 waterproof2 braid bound2 glove clasp snap fasteners4 ,handle at side for carrying4 ,supplied in medium and large sizes ,each1 #a4be ,illustration3 ,no4 #b4 ,bag closed4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #b4 ,bag open4 ,note ample size and convenient shape4 ,canvas ,bathing ,belt ,no4 ,c4 ,made of white canvas1 with metal buckle4 ,each1 #fj;c4 ,ayvad's ,water ,wings ,no4 #a4 ,plain white4 ,ea41 #ce;c4 ,no4 #b4 ,variegated colors4 ,ea41 #ej;c4 ,illustration3 ,,prompt ,,attention ,,given ,,to ,,for ,,complete ,,list ,,of ,,stores ,,any ,,communications ,a4 ,g4 ,,spalding ,,bros4 ,,see ,,inside ,,front ,,cover ,,addressed ,,to ,,us ,,stores ,,in ,,all ,,large ,,cities ,,of ,,this ,,book ,,prices ,,subject ,,to ,,change ,,without ,,notice4 ,for ,canadian prices see special ,canadian ,catalogue ,,for ,,our ,,customers ,,this ,,order ,,blank ,,is ,,for ,,your ,,convenience ,,you ,,purchased ,,this ,,book ,,at ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,we also sell a complete line of ,spalding ,athletic ,goods as well as all the books of the ,spalding ,athletic ,library4 ,,consult ,,the ,,full ,,list ,,for ,,other ,,books ,,on ,,athletics ,when ordering ,athletic ,goods use this sheet4 ,simply tear it out along dotted line1 fill in your wants on the reverse side1 and mail it with the price as noted4 ,,see ,,the ,,other ,,side ,transcriber's ,notes pg #ac ,changed3 we get a maximim amount to3 we get a maximum amount pg #bj ,changed3 discovered that a person can go stilll to3 discovered that a person can go still pg #dg ,changed3 best method now used1 called the ,schaeffer to3 best method now used1 called the ,schaefer