,,! ,,al,,saka ,,cult ,,( ,,! ,,hopi ,,indians ,by ,j4 ,,walt] ,,fewkes 7,f ! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/ 7,n4 ,s471 ,vol4 #a1 ,july1 #ahii7 ,,new ,,york ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons #ahii ,,! ,,al,,saka ,,cult ,,( ,,! ,,hopi ,,indians#a ,by ,j4 ,,walt] ,,fewkes ,introduction ,a little ov] t5 ye>s ago an ,indian liv+ ne> ,keam's ,canyon1 ,arizona1 in=m$ ,mr ,t4 ,v4 ,keam1 :o = sev]al ye>s _h be5 mak+ a collection ( ,hopi curiosities1 t !re 7 two idols 9 a cave ne> ! ru9s ( ! old pueblo ( ,awatobi4 ,mr ,keam1 suppos+ ^! images to be s anci5t t !y no long] 7 us$ 9 ! ,hopi ritual1 especially z !y 7 report$ f a po9t t5 miles f ! ne>e/ pueblo1 visit$ ! place1 & br\ght ! idols to 8 /ore1 sev]al miles di/ant4 ,:5 ! removal ( ^! objects became kn[n1 x creat$ great con/]nation among "s ( ! ,hopi1 & a delegation ( prie/s f "o ( _! villages begg$ ,mr ,keam to re/ore ! figur9es to !m1 /at+ t !y 7 /ill us$ 9 _! c]emonies4 ,?is reque/ 0 imm$iately grant$1 & ! two idols 7 borne away ) great rev]5ce by ! prie/s1 :o spr9kl$ a l9e ( meal on ! gr\nd along ! trail z !y return$ home4 ,! images1 h[ev]1 h nev] be5 return$ to _! old %r9e "u ! ,awatobi mesa1 b a new fane has be5 f\nd = !m1 ! situation ( :i* is kn[n to no :ite man4#b ,f ! late ,mr ,a4 ,m4 ,/eph5's r\gh sket*es1 notes1 & measurem5ts ( ^! images 7:i* ! writ] has n se571 x appe>s t !y are made ( cottonwood1 ! l>g] "o ab\t f\r feet tall1 ! o!r five in*es %ort]4 ,mr ,/eph5 ?\ght t !y repres5t$ male & female1 & 8 sket*es ( !m %[ gr\nd = t belief4 ,ea* has a well c>v$ head1 f :i* arise two /raight projections :i* w be spok5 ( z horns4 ,9 8 /udies ( ! ,hopi ,indians ! au?or has sev]al times visit$ ! %r9e at ,awatobi :]e ^! objects 7 once kept1 f9d+ x a depression 9 a l>ge b[ld]1 :i* 0 =m]ly wall$ up ) masonry1 mak+ a %elf ^u :i* ! images /ood4 ,! entrance to ?is %r9e faces ! ea/1 & ! b[ld] lies a few feet l[] d[n on ! cliff ?an ! f\ndation ( ! old mission *ur* ( ,san ,b]n>d9o de ,awatobi4 ,by int]rogat+ ,indians reg>d+ ! images1 he has f\nd t !y repres5t be+s call$ ,alsakas1 ! cult ( :i*1 once practis$ at ,awatobi1 /ill survives 9 ! rites ( ! mod]n ,hopi pueblos4 ,_m leg5ds conc]n+ ,alsaka h be5 collect$1 b only dur+ ! la/ few ye>s has ! au?or witness$ c]emonies connect$ ) _! cult4 ,z a result ( ^! obs]vations a sugge/ion 9 reg>d to its significance is (f]$4 ,! di/9ctive symbolic feature ( ^! images is ! horns 7la7 above ref]r$ to1 f :i* !y take _! "n4 ,!re is a prie/hood at ,walpi call$ ! ,aalt or ,horn-m5 7to :om ! "n ,alsaka is also giv571 :o are ! special gu>dians ( ! cult & :o p]=m rites :i* ?r[ light on its nature4 ,^! ,aalt1 9 _! p]sonifications ( ,alsakas1 we> on _! heads close-fitt+ wick] caps1#c on :i* are m\nt$ two l>ge1 artificial1 curv$ projections made ( bucksk91 pa9t$ :ite1 & resembl+ horns ( ! m\nta9 %eep#d :i*1 9 c]ta9 ( _! actions1 ! ,aalt imitate4 ,! ?ree ,walpi c]emonies 9 :i* we f9d survivals ( ! ,alsaka cult are ! ,flute1 ! ,new-fire1 & ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice1 :i* are especially in/ructive 9 a /udy ( its significance4 ,p]sonations ( ,alsaka z ,escorts ,9 ! ,flute & ,new-fire c]emonies ! role ( ! p]sonators ( ,alsaka is t ( an escort :o leads ! columns ( danc]s or processions ( prie/s4 ,! p]sonation ( ,alsaka 9 ! ,walpi ,flute-dance 0 by a memb] ( ! sa clan1 :o1 on ! fif? day ( ! c]emony1 drew a l9e ( gr\nd corn & made ra9-cl\d symbols along ! pa? by :i* alt> objects 7 c>ri$ f "o place to ano!r4 ,he made a l9e ( meal across ! trail by :i* "o ent]s ,walpi1 9 ord] to symbolically close x to visitors on ! sev5? day1 :5 ! hi/oric reception ( ! ,flute *ief by ! ,be> & ,snake *iefs 0 dramatiz$1 & bru%$ away ?is meal :5 ! ,flute *ief 0 invit$ to ent] ! pueblo at t "t4 ,he also 8clos$0 ! trail a second "t :5 ! ,flute prie/s m>*$ into ! pueblo1 & bru%$ ! meal away z !y proce$$4 ,on ! la/ day he l$ a procession ( prie/s to ! ,sun spr+ 7,twapa71 :]e a c]emony ( wad+ into ! wat] 0 p]=m$1 & escort$ x back to ,walpi on ! aft]noon ( ! la/ day1 :5 ! public ,flute ex]cises 7 conduct$4 ,he spr9kl$ a l9e ( meal ov] :i* c]ta9 sacr$ objects 7 c>ri$ f ! ,flute alt> to ! ro( ( ! h\se1 & l$ ! prie/s z !y bore ^! objects f place to place4 ,!re are only obscure h9ts reg>d+ ! nature ( ! ,alsaka cult 9 ^! acts4 ,9 ! ,new-fire c]emonies we f9d ,alsaka fill+ ! role ( escort1 & also t ( tyl] at ! kiva hat*es4 ,he escort$ ! public danc]s1 visit$ ! trails1 & drew l9es ( meal across !m to prev5t /rang]s f ent]+ ! pueblo4 ,he inspect$ ^! trails f "t to "t1 gu>d$ ! ladd] :ile ! new fire 0 be+ k9dl$1 & c>ri$ x to ! o!r kivas4 ,^! duties are ^? ( w>riors1 b ,alsaka 0 n arm$1 nor is ! m\nta9 %eep :i* he repres5ts a probable p]sonation ( a w>rior4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t !re is no ,alsaka escort ( ! ,flute prie/s 9 _! public dances at ! ,middle ,mesa1 &1 judg+ f photographs1 x w\ld seem t !re is a l abs5ce at ,oraibi1 :i* may be due to ! abs5ce ( c]ta9 clans4 ,?us1 "o ( ! *iefs ( ! ,aalt or ,alsaka society at ,walpi belongs to ! sa clan ( ,tanoan extraction limit$ to ! ,ea/ ,mesa4 ,! fir/ coloni/s ( ?is clan 7 ess5tially w>riors1 & _! p]=mance ( escort duty may be a survival ( =m] times4 ,z !re are two *iefs ( equal /&+ 9 ! ,aalt prie/hood1 "o ( ! sa & ! o!r ( ! ,be> clan 7"o ( ! olde/ 9 ,walpi71 x w\ld seem t !re are two phases ( ! cult1 & t ! function ( ,alsaka z an escort is di/9ct f an old] "o common to o!r ,hopi villages4 ,g]m9ative ,elem5t 9 ! ,alsaka ,cult ,! g]m9ative elem5t ( ! ,alsaka cult1 :i* we may reg>d z an anci5t phase1 0 introduc$ into ,awatobi & ! o!r ,hopi pueblos by a gr\p ( clans f ! f> s\?4 ,^! clans1 call$ ! ,patu1 or ,squa%1 f\nd$ ! pueblo ( ,micoinovi1#e :]e ! ,alsaka cult is n[ vigor\s1 & 7 prom95t 9 ,awatobi :]e x 0 important4 ,!re is "o episode ( ! elaborat$ ,new-fire c]emony :i* is trac$ to ^! s\!rn clans2 ?is conc]ns a figur9e1 call$ ,talatumsi1 kept 9 a %r9e "u ! cliffs ( ,walpi & especially rev]5c$ by ! ,aalt or ,alsaka prie/s4 ,9 ! elaborat$ ,new-fire rites1 call$ ! ,nacnaiya1 j aft] ! fire has be5 k9dl$ by frictional me?ods 9 ! ,mokiva be=e a man p]sonat+ ! ,fire-god1 "o ( ! ,aalt br\ght into ! pueblo1 f ! %r9e 9 :i* x is kept1 ! image ( ,talatumsi wrapp$ 9 a :ite blanket ) pray]-/icks 9 its girdle4 ,?is 0 set on ! kiva hat*es1 "o aft] ano!r1 :]e x rema9$ sev]al days2 rites 7 p]=m$ ab\t x1 dur+ :i* x 0 spr9kl$ ) meal 9 pray]1 & lat] rev]5tially c>ri$ by ! ,aalt back to its %r9e1 :]e x 0 set 9 position to rema9 until ! next quadr5nial c]emony4 ,?is image is suppos$ to repres5t1 n ,alsaka1 b ! bride ( ,alsaka1 ! mat]nal p>5t ( ! ,aalt society ab\t :om clu/] s _m folktales4 ,%e is ! cultus h]o9e ( t society1--"o ( _! ance/ors1--& h] effigy is br\ght into ! pueblo 9 ,novemb]1 e f\r ye>s1 by "o ( _! numb]1 j z we may suppose ! images ( ,alsaka 7 br\ght into old ,awatobi :5 ! ,new-fire c]emony 0 celebrat$ 9 t ill-fat$ pueblo4 ,! ,hopi h ano!r %r9e at :i* !y wor%ip 9 ! ,new-fire c]emony1 b in/ead ( an image ?is conta9s a log ( silicifi$ wood call$ ,tuwapontumsi1 8,e>?-alt>-woman40 ,exactly :o ?is p]sonage is1 ! au?or has n yet discov]$1 b x is in/ructive to "k t among ! ,hopi totems :i* he obta9$1 "o ( ! m5 gave z 8 signature a figure ( a liz>d1 a circle repres5t+ ! e>?1 & a horn$ human figure :i* 0 call$ ,tuwapontumsi4 ,z ?is figure recalls t ( ,alsaka1 & z ! %r9e ( ! be+ x repres5ts is visit$ at ! same "t z t ( ,talatumsi by prie/s guid$ by ,alsaka1 x is n impossible t ,tuwapontumsi is connect$ ) ! ,alsaka cult4 ,a visit to ?is %r9e 0 made by ! two phallic societies1 ,tataukyam & ,wwtcimt1 directly aft] ! k9dl+ ( ! new fire 9 ! *ief kiva at ,walpi4 ,!y 7 l$ by a man p]sonat+ ,alsaka1 & aft] pray+ at ! %r9e !y m>*$ 9 s+le file to ! site ( ,old ,walpi1 on ! t]race bel[ ! pres5t pueblo1 & encircl$ ! m\nds ( ?is old habitation f\r times1 spr9kl+ pray]-meal z _! lead]1 ,alsaka1 direct$4 ,?is place is call$ a spap1 & bel[ x are ?\ght to dwell ! anci5ts4 ,! pray]s 7 address$ to ! old m5 :o h di$4 8,d[n bel[ u !y dwell10 said an old prie/4 8,!re ! anci5ts dwell10 said he1 patt+ ! gr\nd ) 8 foot4 8,we are n[ pray+ to !m40 ,!re are _m facts :i* %[ ! exi/5ce ( ance/or wor%ip among ! ,hopi1 b ! au?or nev] he>d x /at$ m cle>ly by ! prie/s ?an ! night he accompani$ ! phallic societies#f to ! anci5t site ( ,walpi 9 ! celebration ( ! ,new-fire c]emonies 9 ,novemb]1 #ahih4 ,! ,bird-man 9 ! ,soylua ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! rites ( ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice c]emony 9 ! *ief kiva is ! p]sonation1 be=e an alt>1 ( a ,bird-man :o is ?\ght to repres5t a sol> god4 ,?is episode at ,walpi has be5 else:]e describ$1#g b z at ,oraibi x imm$iately prec$es c]ta9 rites directly relat$ to ! ,alsaka cult1 a few notes on ! p]sonation ( ! ,bird-man 9 ! latt] pueblo w be introduc$4 ,ab\t #aj ,p4,m4 on ! day call$ ,ttokya1 ! *ief day ( all great c]emonies1 ?is man1 prec$$ by two o!rs1 pass$ into ! kiva1 8 entrance be+ ann\nc$ by balls ( meal ?r[n ?r\gh ! hat*way ^u ! floor1 fall+ ne> ! fireplace4 ,! two m5 seat$ !mselves1 "o on ea* side ( ! ladd]1 :i* 0 grasp$ 9 "o arm4 ,! ,bird-man :o foll[$ _h 8 face pa9t$ :ite1 & 9 8 m\? 0 a :i/le ) :i* he cont9ually imitat$ ! call ( a bird1 probably ! eagle4 ,he fir/ /ood on ! upraise 9 ! floor1 call$ ! spectators' "p1 !n squatt$ on ! floor ne> ! "r pole ( ! ladd]4 ,he c>ri$ fea!rs 9 8 h&s1#h &1 mov+ 8 arms up & d[n1 imitat$ ! motion ( w+s1 z if flapp+ !m l a bird4 ,:ile he 0 p]=m+ ^! avian movem5ts1 ! spectators sang a /irr+ song & ! ,bird-man sl[ly advanc$ to ! middle ( ! room1 imitat+ ! gait ( a bird & cr\*+ 9 a squatt+ attitude4 ,! motion ( ! w+s & ! bird-cries cont9u$1 ! p]sonator n[ & !n rais+ 8 arms & lett+ !m fall ) a quiv]+ motion4 ,once 9 ! middle ( ! room he laid ! fea!rs on ! floor & rema9$ !re = a %ort "t )\t mov+4 ,he !n arose & danc$ = a long "t1 accompani$ by a woman :o held 9 "o h& an e> ( corn :i* %e gracefully wav$ back & =?4 ,%e foll[$ ! ,bird-man z he mov$ f place to place1 & at ! close ( ! dance took h] seat ne> ! "r wall ( ! kiva :]e %e sat be=e ! ,bird-man ent]$ ! room4 ,aft] ! woman _h tak5 h] seat1 ! ,bird-man cont9u$ ! w+ movem5ts ) 8 arms1 /ret*+ !m at full l5g? & !n draw+ !m back to 8 body4 ,he !n proce$$ to a pile ( s& 9 a corn] ne> ! upraise2 tak+ po9t$ /icks or re$s 9 8 h& & halt+ be=e ?is m\nd ( s&1 he ?rew fir/ "o1 !n ano!r1 ( ! /icks into ! s&1 all ! "t imitat+ a bird 9 ! movem5ts ( 8 body & simulat+ ! bird-calls ) a :i/le4 ,he !n w5t to ! ,soylua woman :o _h danc$ ) him2 squatt+ be=e h]1 he utt]$ ! /range bird-calls1 &1 mak+ a pass1 rais$ ! small /icks :i* he c>ri$ f h] feet to h] head sev]al times4 ,he !n return$ to ! m\nd ( s& & aga9 %ot ! /icks into x1 aft] :i* he return$ to ! woman4 ,?is 0 repeat$ sev]al times4 ,! bird p]sonator !n return$ to ! middle ( ! kiva1 be=e ! alt>1 &1 tak+ a b[ & "s arr[s1 danc$ = "s "t1 :ile all ! assembl$ prie/s sang 9 *orus4 ,z ! ,bird-man danc$1 he rais$ ! b[1 fitt$ an arr[ to x1 fac$ ! nor?1 & drew ! b[/r+ z if to %oot4 ,?is 0 repeat$ six times1 ! p]=m] po9t+ ! arr[ to ! c>d9al directions 9 prescrib$ s9i/ral sequ5ce4 ,at ! close ( ?is "p ( ! p]=mance ! songs ceas$ & ! ,bird-man took a seat be=e ! alt>1 :ile a prie/ at 8 "r lit a conical pipe & blew ?r\gh x1 on ! body ( ! ,bird-man1 cl\ds ( tobacco smoke4 ,?is smoke 0 n tak5 into ! m\?1 b ! smok] plac$ ! l>g] end betwe5 8 lips1 & blew ?r\gh ! tube1 caus+ ! smoke to issue f a small hole at ! po9t$ end4#i ,aft] pray]s by "o or m ( ! prie/s1 ! ,bird-man aga9 danc$ be=e ! alt>1 at ! same "t imitat+ ! movem5ts ( w+s ) 8 arms & bird-calls ) a :i/le 9 8 m\?4 ,he !n left ! room & ! calls c\ld be he>d z he w5t outside4 ,?is proce$+ is int]pret$ z a symbolic dramatization or repres5tation ( ! f]tilization ( ! e>?1 & is an example ( highly complicat$ sympa!tic magic by :i* nature p[]s ( sky & e>? are suppos$ to be influ5c$4#aj ,! ,bird-man1 call$ ,kwtaka or ,kwtoka1#aa is an old w>-god1 & possibly a sun god1 ! return ( :om ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice c]emony commemorates4 ,! evid5ce t ! ,bird-man p]sonates a sun or sky god is d]iv$ ma9ly f morphological symbolism1 & 9 support ( ! !ory !re are "h introduc$ a figure ( ! mo/ common ,hopi sun symbol1 also repres5tations ( dolls ( a sun god1 & ,kwtaka :om ! ,bird-man p]sonates4 ,! common sun emblem 7plate ,,xxv1 a7 is a r\nd disk ) a wov5 corn-husk m>g9 9 :i* are ins]t$ fea!rs ( ! eagle radiat+ at all angles4 ,f ! f\r quadrants project /icks--! ends ( an equal-arm$ cross4 ,?is disk has ! foll[+ design pa9t$ ^u x3 ,! upp] "p is sep>at$ f ! l[] by a horizontal l9e1 & ! space above is divid$ into two p>ts by a p]p5dicul> l9e1 :ile ! m\? is repres5t$ 9 ! l[] space by an h\rglass-%ap$ figure4 ,two m>ks repres5t eyes4 ,?is disk is worn on ! backs ( m5 p]sonat+ ! sun1 9 _m rites1 & is f\nd pa9t$ on ! scre5s us$ 9 ! ,pallkoti c]emony4 ,x is ! ord9>y sun symbol 9 ,hopi pictography4 ,_m conv5tional modifications ( ?is symbol are common4 ,! pa9t$ design is (t5 omitt$ & ! disk r$uc$ to a circle1 :ile ! fea!rs are dropp$1 or conc5trat$ 9 clu/]s 9 ! f\r quadrants4 ,9 ! s& picture ( ,p[alaw#ab ! sun symbol is made ( conc5tric zones ( s& ( diff]5t colors ) arr[-%ap$ ext5sions 9 ! f\r quadrants4 ,aga91 ! circle may be abs5t1 :5 ! f\r ext5sions 9 its quadrants rema91 =m+ a cross call$ a tokpela4 ,?is highly conv5tionaliz$ =m ( ! sun is (t5 f\nd depict$ on %ields z a w>rior's symbol4 ,?us1 :ile ! equal-arm$ cross sometimes becomes a sun symbol1 ?is by no means implies t ! cross may n also h o!r mean+s4 ,! signification ( symbols dep5ds on association1 & ! simple emblem describ$ may h an entirely diff]5t mean+ 9 o!r associations4 ,!re is no m con/ant decoration us$ 9 ! ornam5tation ( anci5t ,hopi pott]y ?an ! cross1 yet to int]pret ?is simple figure z inv>iably a sun symbol w\ld be absurd1 = x may mean ! sky1 ! f\r _w-qu>t]s1 ! f\r w9ds1 ! sun1 or a />2 or x may be employ$ simply z an insignificant decorative motive4 ,su* simple designs z ! cross1 ! circle1 or ! triangle1 9 primitive symbolism1 may (t5 be reg>d$ z simply qualitative & are s us$ 9 pictography1 _! true mean+ 9 specific cases dep5d+ on _! association ) o!r figures4 ,9 c]ta9 associations a circle is a sun symbol1 9 o!rs an e>? symbol2 an equal-arm$ cross ) a figure ( a rapaci\s bird sometimes repres5ts ! sun1 9 o!r in/ances ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 :i*1 ) ! ,hopi1 are purely t]re/rial directions or positions on ! horizon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxv ,,hopi ,,sun ,,symbolism a1 ,common ,hopi sun symbol4 b1 8,big-head10 a sol> god4 c1 ,kwtaka1 bird ) sun symbolism4 d1 ,ahole4 ,return+ to ! common symbol ( ! sun1 or ! disk ) pa9t$ design & radiat+ p]iph]al eagle fea!rs1 we f9d on comp>+ x ) ! symbolism ( ! head ( a sun god 7plate ,,xxv1 b71 a close simil>ity4 ,among ! features common to bo? are ! m>k+s on ! upp] half ( ! face1 ! radiat+ fea!rs1 & ! cross ext5sions4 ,! m>ks on ! sun disk1 indicat+ eyes1 are "h replac$ by balls1 b ( great] importance 9 future comp>ison1 ! m\? or d\ble triangle is repres5t$ by a curv+ beak4 ,! reason = ! sub/itution ( ?is =m ( m\? is app>5t 9 a comp>ison ) ! head ( ! doll ( ,kwtaka 7plate ,,xxv1 c71 :]e a bird's head1 w+s1 & tail are all repres5t$4 ,! symbolic design on ! body ( ?is bird doll is /rictly comp>able ) ^? on ! two sun symbols previ\sly m5tion$4 ,! radiat+ fea!rs are replac$ by tail & w+s1 :ile ! head is sugge/$ by ! curv$ beak ( ! second symbol4 ,a comp>ison ( ^! ?ree figures leads to ! belief t !y are ?ree diff]5t sun symbols4 ,! fact t ! la/ is call$ ,kwtaka1 & t ! ,bird-man 9 ,soylua 0 giv5 ! same "n1 supports ! !ory t ! latt] is a sol> god4 ,9 8 p]=mance he does n1 to be sure1 we> a mask ) sol> symbols1 b he imitates a bird 9 action & voice4 ,he is a patron ( w>riors1 l ! sun2 he is ! fir/ god to return1 & ! ,soylua is a celebration to cause ! sun to return4 ,! eagle or a raptorial bird is ! sun bird2 ! sun f]tilizes ! e>?1 & ! c]emonial acts ( ! ,bird-man at ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice dramatize f]tilization4 ,9 %ort1 ! conclusion to :i* /udies ( ! c]emonial acts ( ! ,bird-man1 re9=c$ by ^? ( comp>ative symbolism1 h l$ me1 is t ! ,bird-man p]sonates ! sun or a sol> deity4 ,c]emony ) ! ,alsaka ,scre5 ,aft] ! bird p]sonator _h retir$1 a %ort int]val elaps$1 all ! spectators ( ! previ\s rites rema9+ seat$4 ,a scre5 0 !n h&$ ?r\gh ! kiva hat*way & propp$ upright ne> ! fireplace ) blocks ( clay & /ones4 ,?is scre5 7plate ,,xxvi7 0 e/imat$ to be betwe5 f\r & five feet long1 by ab\t ?ree feet wide1 & 0 decorat$ on ! side turn$ t[>d ! fireplace & ! rais$ floor ( ! kiva4 ,! entire middle ( ! scre5 0 occupi$ by a picture ( ,alsaka1 id5tical ) t on ! sun-%ield us$ 9 ! ,walpi ,soylua4#ac ,! head ( ?is figure bore two curv$ horns1 ) two fan-%ap$ lat]al atta*m5ts2 ! *9 0 pa9t$ black2 9 ! "r h& an e> ( corn 0 repres5t$1 & 9 ! left a mokohu or :it5$ slab ( wood ) atta*$ fea!rs4 ,a triple ra9-cl\d symbol 0 depict$ on ! scre5 above ! head ( ! ,alsaka figure1 & to ! left 7 f\r p>allel b>s ) a v]tical r[ ( f\r dots4 ,9 ! l[] left-h& corn] !re 0 a symbolic picture ( ! sun1 & on ! "r side ( ,alsaka appe>$ an elongat$ figure :i* possibly may h repres5t$ a spr\t+ se$4 ,to ea* side ( ! scre5 7 atta*$ f\r artificial fl[]s1 & to ! upp] edge a numb] ( hoops cov]$ ) raw cotton1 possibly repres5t+ sn[4 ,a conv5tional symbol ( corn 0 drawn on ! l[] "p ( ! scre51 & ! surface 0 cov]$ ) v>i\s se$s1 z corn1 beans1 etc41 fa/5$ ) clay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxvi ,drawn by ,m>y ,m4 ,leight] ,,scre5 ,,( ,,! ,,al,,saka ,! rites p]=m$ be=e ?is scre5 7 ( a v simple nature1 & "o ( ! mo/ important 0 ! scrap+ ( ! se$s f ! l[] "p into a tray aft] c]ta9 pray]s & o!r obs]vances4 ,to ! se$s 9 ! basket 0 add$ a small quantity ( raw cotton tak5 f ! top ( ! scre51 :i* 0 !n c>ri$ out ( ! kiva4 ,! c]emony be=e ! scre5 is int]pret$ z a pray] to ,alsaka = ra91 sn[1 f]tilization ( se$1 & abundant h>ve/s1 symboliz$ by ! figures on x & ! rites p]=m$ be=e x4 ,^! c]emonies are v appropriately introduc$ 9 connection ) ^? ( ! ,ra9-cl\d p1 s9ce bo? came f ! s\? & 7 br\ght by relat$ clans4#ad ,c]emony ) ! ,alsaka ,%ield ,9 ! ,walpi v>iant ( ! ,soylua or ,w9t] ,sol/ice c]emony1 we h n z yet obs]v$ a c]emony ) ! ,alsaka figure comp>able ) t ) ! scre5 j describ$2 b !re is a %ield ^u :i* is pa9t$ an almo/ id5tical figure ( ,alsaka4#ae ,! nature ( ! rites 9 :i* ?is %ield is us$ is imp]fectly kn[n1 & ! "* ( ! ,alsaka wor%ip 9 ! pueblos ( ! ,middle ,mesa is yet to be inve/igat$4 ,pictures ( ,alsaka ,! symbolism ( ,alsaka is %[n 9 a rude draw+ made by "o ( ! ,hopi to illu/rate a leg5d1 & x repres5ts ?is be+ on a ra9b[1 on :i* he is said to h travel$ f 8 home 9 ! ,san ,francisco m\nta9s to meet an ,awatobi maid4 ,above ! figure ( ,alsaka is repres5t$ ! sun1 :i* is drawn also on ! scre5 above describ$1 = ,alsaka is intimately associat$ ) ! sun1 z are all ! o!r horn$ gods1 ,ahole1 ,calako1 ,tuwup1 & ! ,natackas4 ,an int]e/+ detail ( ! symbolism ( ?is picture ( ! sun is ! cresc5ts "u ! eyes1 :i* are f\nd also on dolls repres5t+ ! "m ( ! gods1 ,hahaiwqti1 an ,e>?-goddess ( fir/ importance4 ,! p]sonators ( ,alsaka pa9t a :ite cresc5t "u ! left eye4 ,!re is good au?ority = ! belief t ! conv5tional symbol ( ,alsaka is a pr(ile view ( a budd+ squa%-blossom--a c5tral bud & two lat]al leaves4 ,:5 ?is symbol becomes highly conv5tionaliz$1 or made ( rectangul> in/ead ( curv$ l9es1 x consi/s ( a /raight l9e ) a triangle on ea* side1 & is !n ! same symbol ( g5]ation t is pa9t$ ) r$ iron oxide on ! brea/1 arms1 & ?ighs ( ! two phallic societies 9 ! public ,new-fire c]emony4 ,z an idea ( ! nature ( ,alsaka may be discov]$ f morphological symbolism1 let u exam9e ! figures ( a few ( ! horn$ 8gods0 9 ! ,hopi ,olympus4 ,! fir/ gr\p ( horn-head$ gods to :i* ref]5ce may be made are ! pictures f\nd on alt>s 9 ! c]emonies call$ ,nimn & ,p[am4 ,at ,walpi ^! pictures are said to repres5t ,tuwupkatc9a1#af a "n :i* may be ( ,tanoan orig94 ,figures ( ,tuwup h two lat]al horns on ! head1 to ! tips ( :i* repres5tations ( fea!rs are sometimes app5d$4 ,on ! top ( ! head1 betwe5 ^! two horns1 !re is repres5t$ a cre/ ( radiat+ fea!rs1 & on ! =ehead a broadhead$ arr[ :i* is sometimes modifi$ to resemble ! symbolism on ! face ( ! figures ( ! sun pa9t$ on disks4 ,! ,tuwup type ( horn$ gods includes ! ,calako-taka1 ,natacka1 & "o or two o!rs4 ,! mask ( ,ahole1 :o flogs ! *ildr5 dur+ ! ,p[am celebration1 has ! same two lat]al horns & repres5tation ( radiat+ fea!rs ov] ! cr[n ( ! head1 b in/ead ( sagitta=m m>ks on ! =ehead !re is a color$ b& f e> to e> across ! face1 z %[n 9 plate ,,xxvi1 d4 ,x is probable t ^! horn$ gods h close k9%ip & are possibly id5tical1 ,ahole be+ simply a "n ( ! p]sonification by a mask$ man1 & ,tuwup t ( ! picture ( ! same on ! alt>4 ,! horn$ ,alsaka does n belong to ?is type ( horn$ 8gods10 al?\gh x has two horns on ! head bo? 9 grav5 images & 9 pictures4 ,my?s ( ,alsaka ,x w be se5 f ! prec$+ acc\nt t ! ,alsaka rites are well develop$ 9 ! c]emonies ( ! ,new-fire & ,w9t] ,sol/ice1 9 :i* ! clans f ! s\? :o jo9$ ! ,hopi are well repres5t$1 or 9 :i* religi\s societies & c]emonial p>aph]nalia br\ght by ! ,patu1 ,pba1 ,ptki1 & relat$ clans h preem95ce4 ,/udy ( ! ,alsaka my?s reveals an explanation ( ! mean+ ( ?is relation%ip4 ,dur+ 8 valuable /udies among ! ,hopi1 ! late ,a4 ,m4 ,/eph5 obta9$ an ,alsaka leg5d :i* is record$ 9 8 notes on ! ,keam collection1 & is "h quot$ ) explanations obta9$ by ! au?or s9ce ,mr ,/eph5's dea?4 8,at ! ,r$ ,h\se 9 ! s\?#ag int]nec9e w>s prevail$1 & ! two bran*es ( ! ,ptki#ah p sep>at$ f ! o!r ,hopi & det]m9$ to return to ! fa!rl& 9 ! nor?4#ai ,b ^! two bran*es 7 n on ! be/ ( t]ms1 & !y travel$ nor?w>d by sep>ate r\tes1 ! lat] settl]s ( ,micoinovi#bj hold+ to ! ea/ ( ! lat] settl]s ( ,walpi4 8,! ,ptki travel$ nor? until !y came to ,little ,colorado riv]1 & built h\ses on bo? its banks4#ba ,aft] liv+ !re _m ye>s ! factional diss5sions1 :i* seem to h ev] haunt$ ^! p1 aga9 broke out1 & ! great] portion ( !m )drew /ill f>!r nor? & built villages ! ru9s#bb ( :i* are /ill disc]nible n f> f ! site ( ! villages _! desc5dants inhabit at pres5t4 8,! ,squa% ,micoinovi also tr5d$ sl[ly nor?w>d1 occupy+1 l all _! leg5d>y movem5ts1 a protract$ p]iod ( indef9ite l5g?--ye>s dur+ :i* !y plant$ & built homes alt]nat+ ) ye>s ( devi\s travel4 ,!y grew lax 9 ! obs]vance ( fe/ivals1 & ,mu9w inflict$ puni%m5t ^u !m4 ,he caus$ ! wat] to turn r$1 & ! color ( ! p also turn$ r$2 he !n *ang$ ! wat] to blue1 & ! p *ang$ to a simil> color4 ,! ,sn[ katc9a appe>$ & urg$ !m to return to _! religion1 b !y gave no he$ to him1 s he left !m & took away corn4 ,mu9w !n s5t ,pallko1#bc :o kill$ rabbits & p\r$ _! blood 9 ! spr+s & /reams1 & all ! wat] 0 *ang$ to blood & ! p 7 /rick5 ) a plague4 ,!y n[ return$ to _! religi\s obs]vances1 & danc$ & sang1 b none ( ! deities w\ld li/5 to !m4 8,a horn$ katc9a#bd appe>$ to ! olde/ woman & told h] t on ! foll[+ morn+ ! olde/ man %\ld g out & procure a root1 & t %e & a "y virg9 ( h] clan %\ld eat x4 ,aft] a "t %e 7! old woman7 w\ld give bir? to a son :o w\ld m>ry ! virg91 & _! (fspr+ w\ld r$eem ! p4 ,! old woman & ! virg9 obey$ ! katc9a1 & ! =m] gave bir? to a son :o _h two horns ^u 8 head4 ,! p w\ld n believe t ! *ild 0 ( div9e orig92 !y call$ x a mon/] & kill$ x4 8,aft] ?is all mann] ( di/ress+ puni%m5ts 7 inflict$ ^u !m1 & :]ev] !y halt$ ! grass imm$iately )]$ & dri$4 ,_! w&]+s br\ght !m to ! foot ( ! ,san ,francisco m\nta9s1 :]e !y dwelt = a long "t1 & at t place ! virg9 gave bir? to a daught] :o _h a little knob on ea* side ( h] =ehead4 ,!y pres]v$ ?is *ild1 & :5 %e _h gr[n to be a woman1 ! horn$ katc9a#be appe>$ & ann\nc$ to h] t %e w\ld give bir? to horn$ tw9s1 :o w\ld br+ ra9 & remove ! puni%m5t f _! p4 ,?is woman 0 m>ri$1 & ! tw9s1 a boy & a girl1 7 born2 b %e conceal$ _! div9e orig91 fe>+ !y w\ld be de/roy$4 8,! ,patu ,squa%#bf n[ mov$ to ! ,little ,colorado :]e !y built h\ses & met "s ( ! ,ptki p to :om !y relat$ _! di/resses4 ,a wise man ( ! ,ptki came ov] to !m1 & on see+ ! tw9s at once pron\nc$ !m to be ! ,alsaka4 ,!y _h no horns up to ?is "t1 b z soon z ?is ann\ncem5t 0 made1 _! horns became visible & ! tw9s !n spoke to ! p & said t x _h be5 orda9$ t !y 7 to be unable to help _! p until ! p !mselves discov]$ :o !y 74 ,! ,patu 7 s enrag$ to ?9k t ! ,alsaka _h be5 ) !m1 unkn[n s _m ye>s1 t !y kill$ !m1 & /ill great] suff]+s ensu$4 8,!y aga9 rep5t$1 & c>v$ two /one images ( ! ,alsaka :i* !y pa9t$ & deck$ ) fea!rs & s\ght to propitiate ! "m4 ,%e 0 full ( pity = h] p1 & pray$ to ! ,sky-god#bg to relieve !m4 ,a p]iod elaps$ 9 :i* _! suff]+s 7 9 great measure abat$4 8,! ,patu !n s\ght to jo9 ! ,ptki clans1 b ! ,ptki w\ld n p]mit ?is1 & compell$ !m to keep ea/ ( ,awatobi4 8,_m ru9s ( phratry & family h\ses ( ! ,patu p exi/ on ! small wat]c\rses nor? ( ! ,pu]co at v>i\s di/ances ea/w>d f ! pres5t village ( ,walpi4 ,! ne>e/ are almo/ fifte5 miles1 ! f>!/ ab\t fifty miles4#bh 8,_! w&]+ c\rse 0 n[ /ay$4 ,:5 !y essay$ to move f>!r ea/w>d1 a nomadic hunt+ race :o occupi$ t region bes\ght !m n to advance f>!r4 ,_! evil notoriety _h prec$$ !m1 & ! nomads fe>$ ! malific5t influ5ce ( _! neighborhood4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t in/ead ( ho/ile demon/rations ! nomads ent]$ into a treaty ) !m1 (f]+ to pay tribute ( v5ison1 roots1 & grass-se$s1 if !y w\ld ab/a9 f trav]s+ & blight+ _! l&1 to :i* ! ,patu agre$4 8,b ^! un=tunate wret*es 7 soon aga9 embroil$ 9 factional w>f>e :i* f9ally involv$ all ! ,hopi1 & ! /one images ( ! ,alsaka 7 lo/ or de/roy$4 ,fam9e & pe/il5ce aga9 decimat$ !m1 until f9ally ! ,alsaka katc9a appe>$ to !m & in/ruct$ !m to c>ve#bi two wood5 images1 b ?reat5+ !m t if ^! %\ld be lo/ or de/roy$ all ! p w\ld die40 99 99 99 99 99 ,_m o!r b widely div]g5t leg5ds exi/ reg>d+ ,alsaka1 a numb] ( :i* are associat$ ) ! pueblo ( ,awatobi1 :i* 0 =m]ly "o ( ! mo/ popul\s ,hopi t[ns4 ,at "o "t ?is village exp]i5c$ dr\? & fam9e1 & ,alsaka1 f 8 home 9 ! ,san ,francisco m\nta9s1 obs]v$ ! tr\ble ( ! p4 ,disguis$ z a y\? he visit$ ,awatobi & became enamor$ ) a maid5 ( t t[n4 ,sev]al times he visit$ h]1 b no "o knew :5ce he came or :i!r he w5t1 = 8 trail no "o c\ld foll[4 ,! p>5ts ( ! girl at la/ discov]$ t he came on ! ra9b[1 & recogniz$ him z a div9e be+4 ,! *ildr5 ( ?is maid 7 horn$ be+s1 or ,alsakas1 b _! id5tity 0 n at fir/ recogniz$4 ,l all ! cultus h]oes1 ,alsaka is said1 9 leg5ds1 to h be5 miracul\sly born ( a virg94 ,8 fa!r 0 ! ,sun1 8 "m an ,e>?-goddess1 sometimes call$ a maid54 ,l _m gods1 he travel$ on ! ra9b[2 he liv$ at ,tawaki1 ! h\se ( 8 fa!r1 ! ,sun1 or ! ,san ,francisco m\nta9s4 ,x w\ld seem f all ^! /ories t ! ,alsaka cult 0 vigor\s 9 ,awatobi1 ! ill-fat$ pueblo :]e ! zeal\s ,padre ,porras lo/ 8 life 9 #afcc1 & t x 0 ( s\!rn orig91 hav+ be5 introduc$ into ,awatobi by "o ( ! phratries f ! s\? :i* liv$ 9 ! n[ ru9$ pueblos on ! ,little ,colorado4 ,! mo/ complicat$ survival ( ! ,alsaka cultus is to be expect$ 9 ! ,middle ,mesa pueblos1 because ! phratry :i* introduc$ x f\nd$ "s ( ^! pueblos#cj & /ill survives !re4 ,! result ( an exam9ation ( _m ,alsaka my?s w\ld seem to be a conclusion t he is a cultus h]o ( clans :i* came f ! s\?4 ,totemic ,aspect ( ,alsaka ,! ,alsaka cult may be reg>d$ z ano!r =m ( t totemic ance/or wor%ip :i* appe>s 9 all ,hopi my?ology & ritual4 ,! male & female ,alsakas are suppos$ to be ance/ors ( a cult society call$ ! ,aalt1 & are repres5t$ symbolically 9 ! ritual by grav5 images1 pictures1 or p]sonations by m54 ,! "n ,alsaka is simply a sac]dotal "n us$ 9 ?is society1 b x is appli$ to a simil> conception f\nd 9 ! wor%ip ( o!r societies "u o!r names4 ,9 ! ,snake-,antelope societies ( ! ,hopi ! male & female p>5ts are call$ ,tca-tiyo 7,snake-y\?7 & ,tca-mana 7,snake-maid71 :i* be+s are p]sonat$ 9 ! secret ex]cises ( ! ,snake dance by a boy & a girl appropriately clo!d4 ,9 ! ,flute c]emony ! cult society ance/ors are call$ ! ,leya-tiyo 7,flute-y\?7 & ,leya-mana 7,flute-maid71 :o are repres5t$ symbolically by images on ! alt>s & by a boy & two girls 9 ! public exhibition4 ,9 ! ,lalakonti c]emony ^! two ance/ral p]sonages are repres5t$ 9 a symbolic way by images on ! alt> & by s& pictures on ! floor1 & by a man & two girls 9 ! public dance4 ,^! p]sonages are call$ by ! ,lalakonti society ! ,lakone-taka & ! ,lakone-manas respectively4 ,9 ! ,mamzraut society !y are call$ ! ,m>au-taka & ! ,m>au-manas1 & are symbolically repres5t$ on ! alt> by figur9es & 9 ! public dance by a boy & a maid call$ ! ,palahiko-mana ^: headdress ) symbolic cl\ds & squa% blossoms s closely resembles t ( ,calako-mana1 or ! ,corn-maid1#ca t x is difficult to di/+ui% ! two4 ,9 ! great katc9a cult ^! two p]sonages are call$ ,anwucno%otaka & ,hahaiwuqti1 or 8,man ( all ! ,cr[ clans10 & 8,"m ( katc9as10 respectively2 b z ?is cult is v complex 9 ! ,ea/ ,mesa t[ns1 & is celebrat$ by _m amalgamat$ cult societies1 !re are v>i\s o!r names = ^! two ance/ors4 ,x is in/ructive to consid] some:at m 9 detail ?is aspect ( ! ,hopi katc9a cult 9 ! two great *>act]i/ic fe/ivals call$ ,p[am & ,nimn4 ,review+ ! ,hopi cal5d> x is f\nd t katc9a wor%ip appe>s 9 c]emonies f ,decemb] to ,july1 inclusive1 & :ile none ( ! fe/ivals betwe5 ,july & ,decemb] is a true katc9a1 ! majority ( ^? dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! ye> be> ?is "n4 ,z express$ by ! ,hopi prie/s1 ! ,nimn c]emony celebrates ! dep>ture ( ! katc9as f ! pueblos1 to :i* !y d n return = ab\t six mon?s4 ,?is ,nimn 78,dep>ture07 c]emony ( ! katc9as is celebrat$ 9 ,july1 & no katc9as are p]sonat$ 9 ! ,hopi pueblos until ,decemb]4 ,! "t ( ! return ( ^! sup]naturals is n z di/9ct z t ( _! dep>ture1 & !y may be said to /raggle back 9 ! ,decemb] & ,janu>y rites2 b _! return 9 =ce takes place 9 ! ,febru>y c]emony call$ ,p[am :i* is made up :olly ( *>act]i/ic katc9a exhibitions4 ,x is ( "s int]e/ to det]m9e ! mon? ( ! return1 = !re are katc9a p]sonations 9 ,decemb] 7,soylua7 & dur+ ! ,janu>y moon1 & x may be held t _! appe>ance 9 ! =m] proves t ! adv5t ( ^! wor?ies occurs 9 ! mon? nam$4 ,! *ief p>ticipants 9 ! ,decemb] rite 7& ! same may be said ( ! ,janu>y c]emony7 are n di/9ctive katc9as1 or r !re are o!r c]emonies n belong+ to ?is cult 9 _! composition1 & no special di/9ctive katc9a alt>s are erect$4 ,9 ! ,p[am1 h[ev]1 !re is a true katc9a alt> :i* is ess5tially ! same z t set up 9 ! ,nimn :5 ! katc9as leave ! pueblo4 ,p[am may ?us be reg>d$ z ! (ficial celebration ( ! return1 & f t "t to ,july ^! p]sonages dom9ate ! ritual4 ,b ! rites ( int]v5+ moons are n all necess>ily pure katc9as1 ev5 if katc9as p>ticipate 9 !m4 ,?us1 9 ! ,m>* c]emony1 ,pallkoti 7,unkwanti71 !y are aga9 subord9ate4 ,?is is n a pure katc9a1 b t ( ano!r cult into :i* !y h /raggl$ or to :i* !y h be5 add$ 9 ! c\rse ( evolution4 ,!re are only two great katc9a celebrations1 ,p[am & ,nimn1 bo? controll$ by ! katc9a *ief1 bo? ) a true katc9a alt>1 bo? free f o!r ,hopi cults4 ,"s ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,p[am at ,walpi & ! o!r ,hopi pueblos are due to ! introduction ( mask$ p]sonifications at ,walpi :i* are abs5t else:]e4 ,?is may be expla9$ z foll[s3 ,ne> ,walpi !re are two o!r pueblos--"o ,tanoan1 ! o!r peopl$ by desc5dants ( ,tanoan clans1 nei!r ( :i* has ex]t$ an influ5ce on ! o!r pueblos4 ,^! ,tanoan coloni/s h br\ght _! own katc9as to ! ,ea/ ,mesa ( ,tusayan1 & :ile !y possess no alt> ( ?is cult !y contribute _! di/9ctive katc9as to ! ,walpi ,p[am4 ,9 ! ,janu>y c]emony !y d ! same1 & :ile ! ,walpi prie/s are celebrat+ 9 t mon? a true ,hopi ,flute or ,snake rite1 ,hano & ,sitcomovi contribute mask$ katc9as :i* complicate ! c]emony4#cb ,h5ce ! ,p[am rites at ,walpi became m complicat$ ?an ^? p]=m$ else:]e at ! same "t1 because ( ! proximity ( two pueblos 9 :i* !re are v>iations 9 ! katc9a cult t are peculi> to !m2 & z x is probable t ! katc9a rites 9 o!r pueblos h n be5 affect$ by sa & ,hano clans1 we %\ld expect to f9d 9 !m a less complex pres5tation ( ! rites ( ! katc9a cult4 ,?is is also 9 accordance ) tradition1 = ! ,honani clans1 :i* introduc$ ! katc9a cult f ,kicuba1 w5t fir/ to ,oraibi1 f :i* pueblo ! cult 0 di/ribut$ to ! o!r pueblos4 ,! ,walpi katc9a alt> is simple z comp>$ ) t at ,oraibi2 x has no figur9es because x is d]ivative1 & ! same fact may expla9 :y ,walpi has b "o ,p[am alt> :ile ,oraibi has sev]al4 ,! ,walpi katc9a alt> is simpl] ?an t ( ,oraibi1#cc because d]ivative1 b ! katc9a p]sonations 9 ?is pueblo are m num]\s & v>i$ because ! sa & o!r ,tanoan clans h contribut$ _m new =ms4 ,if we sep>ate f ! ,walpi ,p[am ! elem5ts introduc$ by sa & ,hano clans1 we f9d 9 x ! same p]sonages z 9 ! ,oraibi celebration--,ahole1 a ,sun-god :o flogs ! *ildr52 ! katc9a cultus h]o2 ,hahaiwuqti1 ! old woman1 & ,eototo4 ,! la/ m5tion$1 a cultus h]o ( ! ,kokop p & a tutel>y god ( ,sikyatki1#cd 0 an e>ly addition to ! ,walpi ritual be=e ! ,p[am 0 celebrat$4 ,he 0 hi/orically ! fir/ katc9a to come to ! pueblo1 z he n[ leads ! procession ( mask$ prie/s 9 _! dramatization ( _! adv5t & exit4 ,"u ! "n ,masauuh he invad$ ! ,snake rites1 & z ,eototo he became a mask$ p]sonage 9 ! ,p[am & ! ,nimn :5 ^! c]emonies 7 add$ to ! ,walpi ritual4 ,conclusions #a4 ,!re survives 9 ! ,hopi ritual a wor%ip ( horn$ be+s call$ ,alsakas1 :i* once exi/$ at ! n[ ru9$ pueblo ( ,awatobi4 #b4 ,! purpose ( ! rites p]=m$ 9 ?is cult is to cause se$s1 especially corn1 to g]m9ate & gr[1 & to br+ ra9 to wat] ! f>ms4 #c4 ,! ,aalt prie/hood at ,walpi1 :o p]sonate ,alsakas1 p]=m duties sugge/ive ( ^? ( w>riors4 #d4 ,! intimate relation%ip ( ,alsaka rites ) ^? ( ! ,ra9-cl\d clans supports leg5ds t !y 7 at "o "t associat$ & br\ght f s\!rn ,arizona by ! ,squa% p :o =m]ly liv$ ) or ne> ! ,ra9-cl\d p along ,little ,colorado riv]4 #e4 ,! ,alsaka cult is a highly modifi$ =m ( animal totemism1 & ! ,alsaka repres5ts ! m\nta9 %eep4 ,! ,knick]bock] ,press1 ,new ,york ,,footnotes3 #a ,^! /udies 7 made "u ! auspices ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology4 #b ,! au?or has be5 told t !y 7 deposit$ among ! foo?ills ( ! c(f9-%ap$ mesa s\?we/ ( ,awatobi4 #c ,see ,fifte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 plate ,,cx4 #d ,! m\nta9 %eep or m\nta9 8goat0 0 =m]ly abundant 9 ! m\nta9s :i* =m ! wat]%$ betwe5 ,gila & ,little ,colorado riv]s1 & ,ca/aeda speaks ( see+ & foll[+ !m aft] leav+ ,*i*ilticalli1 probably 9 ! ,:ite m\nta9s4 ,?is animal 0 no d\bt well kn[n to ! clans :o liv$ 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,arizona1 be=e !y migrat$ nor?w>d1 & wor%ip ( x 0 ! orig9al =m ( ! ,alsaka cult4 #e ,!y also f\nd$ ! pueblo ( ,tcukubi1 ! ru9s ( :i* are /ill to be se5 on ! ,middle ,mesa4 #f ,! two societies call$ ! ,tataukyam & ,wwtcimt are t]m$ phallic because !y we> on _! brea/s1 arms1 & legs1 figures ( human phalli1 & c>ry 9 _! h&s reali/ic repres5tations ( ! ext]nal female organ ( g5]ation cut out ( wood or wat]melon r9d4 ,! =m] society 0 introduc$ f ,awatobi by ,tapolo1 ! *ief ( ! ,tobacco clan2 ! latt] by ! ,squa% clans1 n[ ext9ct 9 ,walpi4 ,bo? ^! clans orig9ally came f ! banks ( ,little ,colorado riv] ne> ,w9sl[2 ! ,tobacco f ,cakwabaiyaki1 n[ 9 ru9s at ! m\? ( ,*evlon ,=k4 ,see ,smi?sonian ,report = #ahif4 #g ,see ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #bj2 also ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,n4 ,s41 ,april1 #ahii4 #h ,at ,walpi he has a l9e ( fea!rs ti$ along 8 arm4 #i ,a simil> me?od ( smok+ has previ\sly be5 describ$ 9 an acc\nt ( ! sixte5 songs sung by ! ,antelope prie/s 9 _! kiva on ea* day ( ! ,snake dance at ,walpi4 #aj ,a pantomimic pray] or symbolic repres5tation by :i* man %[s 8 wi%es to ! gods by act+ out :at he desires in/ead ( v]bally petition+ !m4 ,?is c]emony comes fairly )9 a def9ition ( religi\s rites f\nd 9 ,tylor's ,primitive ,culture 7p4 #cfc73 8,9 "p !y religi\s rites are expressions & symbolic p]=mances1 ! dramatic utt]ance ( religi\s ?\ght1 ! ge/ure language ( !ology40 ,! int]pretation ( savage rites z a sign language to ! gods1 & ! relation ( ! alt> to primitive c]emony h be5 ably discuss$ by ,major ,p[ell1 to :om ! writ] is greatly indebt$ = a prop] und]/&+ ( ! significance ( primitive alt>s4 7,see ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bf et seq47 #aa ,! ^w ,kwtaka admits ( ! foll[+ d]ivation3 ,kwhu1 eagle2 tka1 man1 ,eagle-man2 or1 m probably1 kwhu1 eagle2 tokpela1 ! cross1 symbol ( ! sky4 ,?is cross or f\r-po9t$ /> appe>s on _m anci5t pictures ( ,kwtaka4 7,see ,smi?sonian ,report1 #ahif1 pl4 xlviii47 #ab ,p[alaw is a "p ( ! ,oraibi ,p[am c]emony :i* has nev] be5 describ$4 #ac ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vol4 ,,xi1 #ahih1 pl4 ii4 #ad ,?is relation%ip is yet to be det]m9$ at ,oraibi1 & ! /atem5t is d]iv$ f /udies ( ! sociology ( ! ,ea/ ,mesa pueblos4 #ae ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vol4 ,,xi1 #ahih1 p4 #bc4 #af ,tu 7,tewa71 sun2 wupo 7,hopi71 great 8great sun katc9a40 #ag ,paltkwabi1 a leg5d>y home on ! ,gila4 #ah ,probably ! ,squa% & ,ra9-cl\d clans4 #ai ,ev5 ! s\!rn clans are suppos$ to h orig9ally em]g$ f ! und]world ?r\gh ! ,gr& canyon1 b aft] _! em]g5ce drift$ into ! s\?1 j z ! :ite m51 :o are said to h em]g$ f ! same place1 w5t to ! f> ea/4 #bj ,?is indicates t ! two gr\ps ref]r$ to 7 ! ,squa% & ,ra9-cl\d clans1 = ! =m] lat] settl$ on ! ,middle ,mesa & ! latt] jo9$ ! ,snake p at ,walpi4 #ba ,homolobi1 ne> ,w9sl[1 ,arizona4 ,! sev]al pueblos :i* ^! clans built & inhabit$ 9 _! migration to ,walpi 7 ,ku*alpi1 ,utcevaca1 ,kwiapa1 ,jettypehika 7,navaho "n ( ,*aves ,pass & also ! two ru9s at t place call$ ,tcubkwitcalobi by ! ,hopi71 ,homolobi1 ,sipabi 7ne> "o ( ! ,hopi or ,moki buttes71 & ,pakatcomo4 #bb ,! la/ pueblo inhabit$ by ! ,ptki p be=e !y jo9$ ! ,walpi is n[ a ru9 call$ ,pakatcomo 9 ! valley s\? ( ! ,ea/ ,mesa ne> ! wa%4 ,x is a small ru91 n m ?an f\r miles away1 & its m\nds are easily se5 f ! mesa top4 #bc ,! ,great ,s]p5t4 #bd ,?is 0 possibly ! p]sonation ( ! ,sun or o!r sol> deity4 #be ,! horn$ katc9a is suppos$ to be ei!r ! ,sun or o!r sol> deity4 ,! t]m katc9a is (t5 us$ 9 a v g5]al way to mean any div9e p]sonage1 b at ,walpi ?is is believ$ to be a second>y use ( ! "n4 ,orig9ally x 0 appli$ to c]ta9 p]sonifications introduc$ by clans f ! ea/1 & lat] came to h a g5]al application4 #bf ,?r\gh\t ! leg5d ^! are call$ ! ,micoinovi p1 b f ! fact t ! orig9al settl]s ( ! pueblo 7 ( ! ,squa% clans1 ! "n ( ^! clans is sub/itut$ 9 ! rema9d] ( ! leg5d = ! "n ( ! pueblo :i* !y f\nd$4 #bg ,t is1 to ! ,sun1 _! fa!r4 #bh ,!re is "h su* m>k$ contradiction ( o!r leg5ds t ?is acc\nt mu/ n be accept$ z f9al4 ,probably ,awatobi1 & possibly o!r pueblos on ! same mesa1 _h ,patu clans 9 _! populations4 #bi ,^! are ! two images f\nd at ,awatobi :i* ?is acc\nt consid]s 9 ! op5+ pages1 & ! pr9cipal reason :y ! p f ! ,middle ,mesa 7 s solicit\s conc]n+ !m is %[n 9 ! clos+ p>agraphs ( ! leg5d above quot$4 #cj ,! ,squa% clan is ext9ct at ,walpi4 #ca ,9 ! horrible rites ( ! ,aztec at _! midsumm] c]emony1 ,hueytecuilhuitl1 a girl p]sonat+ ! ,corn-"m1 0 sacrific$ be=e ! hide\s idol ( ,*icomehuatl & h] he>t (f]$ to ! image4 ,9 ! dances prec$+ h] dea? ?is un=tunate girl wore on h] head an amalli or 8pa/ebo>d0 mit]1 surr\nd$ by wav+ plumes1 & h] face 0 pa9t$ yell[ & r$1 symbolic ( ! colors ( corn4 ,%e 0 call$ ,xalaquia 7pron\nc$ ,%alakia74 ,! ,hopi ,corn-maid1 repres5t$ by a girl ) a ra9-cl\d tablet on h] head & a symbol ( an e> ( corn on h] =ehead1 is call$ ,calako-mana 7pron\nc$ ,%alako-mana74 #cb ,! kiva rites are complicat$ at ,walpi by ! visits ( ^! p]sonifications f ! two neighbor+ pueblos4 #cc ,x is mu* to be hop$ t ! v elaborate ,p[am ( ,oraibi w be accurately describ$ 9 detail4 ,! indications are t x w be f\nd to be ! mo/ in/ructive ( all pres5tations ( ?is c]emony4 #cd ,sikyatki 0 probably a fl\ri%+ pueblo :5 ! ,snake p fir/ settl$ ,walpi4 ,! tutel>y god 0 ,eototo1 or ,masauuh1 :om ! e>ly ,walpians ov]?rew & :o gave !m ! site = _! pueblo4 ,at ! de/ruction ( ,sikyatki by ! comb9$ ,horn-,snake & ,horn-,flute p1 "s ( ! survivors settl$ at ,walpi1 & _! desc5dants are intimately connect$ ) ! ,eototo cult :i* is incorporat$ 9 ! katc9as4 ,9 ! celebration ( ! ,snake-,antelope c]emony he is kn[n by ! "n ( ,masauuh1 & a pray]-/ick is made & consecrat$ to him at t "t4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 - ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 - ,blank pages h be5 remov$4 - ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4