,transcrib]'s ,note ,italic text display$ z3 italic ,,furniture ,,uphol/]y ,,= ,,s*ools ,,by ,,emil ,a4 ,,johnson1 ,b4,s41 ,a4,m4 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,manual ,arts4 ,bradley ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 ,peoria1 ,ill9ois ,illu/ration3 ,decoration ,,! ,,manual ,,arts ,,press ,,peoria1 ,,ill9ois #aiai ,,copyright1 #aiai1 ,,by ,,emil ,a4 ,,johnson ,,preface ,! purpose ( ?is book is to give in=mation conc]n+ ! me?ods by :i* uphol/]y "w may be successfully c>ri$ on 9 s*ool %ops4 ,! add$ beauty & com=t giv5 to furniture by uphol/]y makes "w ( ?is "* wor? :ile4 ,if p]iod furniture is to be reproduc$ or modifi$1 ! work] mu/ und]/& ! art ( uphol/]+4 ,! t5d5cy to reproduce or copy good old pieces ( furniture %\ld be enc\rag$1 = only 9 ?is way may a /ud5t obta9 a prop] backgr\nd1 f :i* may be develop$ a new /yle4 ,new ideas1 d]iv$ f ! be/ ( ! old1 are likely to s]ve humanity 9 ! be/ way4 ,! /udy ( ! art ( uphol/]y is an int]e/+ "o4 ,x leads into _m av5ues ( int]e/ & pr(it1 su* z ! hi/ory & me?ods ( weav+2 ! processes ( tann+ & color+2 ! manufacture & hi/ory ( textiles2 & ! l4 ,su* correlation is valuable1 & ea* is di/9ctly educational4 ,i wi% to ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness to ,pr(4 ,*as4 ,a4 ,b5nett = valuable sugge/ions & inspiration2 to ,david ,h4 ,t+wall = valuable help1 & photographs2 to ,a4 ,c4 ,newell = sugge/ions on ! outl9es2 to ,wm4 ,f4 ,tuttle = ! photographs ( antiqu>ian furniture tak5 at ! ,art ,in/itute ( ,*icago2 to ,bessie ,b5nett = c]ta9 in=mation ab\t ! furniture2 to ,john ,r4 ,fasi] = ! draw+ 9 ,fig4 #bh2 & to my =m] & pres5t ,bradley /ud5ts = inspiration & help4 ,! practical cont5ts h be5 v]ifi$ & corroborat$ by ,h5ry ,eul]1 a practical uphol/]] = fifty-n9e ye>s1 & by ,h]man ,s*w>tl+ :o has foll[$ ! trade = ?irty ye>s4 ,,emil ,a4 ,,johnson4 ,peoria1 ,ill9ois1 ,febru>y1 #aiai4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,hi/orical #g ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,tools ,,& ,,mat]ials #aa ,tools #aa ,mat]ials #aa ,,"p ,,ii ,,uphol/]y ,,)\t ,,spr+s ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,uphol/]+ ,,bo>d ,,/ructures #af ,a ,l[ ,foot/ool #af ,a ,c>t #ag ,a ,leg ,re/ #ag ,a ,foot/ool #ba ,mat]ials ,requir$ #bc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,uphol/]+ ,,*air ,,seats #bd ,a ,*air ,seat #bd ,a ,set-9 ,seat #bg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,uphol/]+ ,a ,,fram$ ,,/ructure #bh ,foot/ool #bh ,proc$ure #bi ,mat]ials #cf ,ord] ( ,proc$ure #cg ,diff]5t ,me?ods #cg ,,"p ,,iii ,,uphol/]y ,,) ,,spr+s ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,mak+ ,a ,,h>d-,,edge ,,seat #ch ,me?od #ch ,process #dj ,a ,que5 ,anne ,/ool #dg ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,re-,,uphol/]+ #ej ,old ,furniture #ej ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,spr+-,,edge ,,uphol/]y #ec ,,outl9es #fj ,,index #fd ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,que5 ,,anne ,,/ool ,,:i* ,,illu/rates ,a ,,h>d-,,edge ,,seat1 ,,see ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,"p ,i ,,*apt] ,i ,,hi/orical ,uphol/]+ 9 its broade/ s5se means ! furni%+ ( a h\se ) drap]ies1 curta9s & o!r hang+s2 b$d+2 cov]+s = c\*es1 *airs & /ools2 & cov]+s = c>riages & automobiles4 ,! ^w uphol/]1 or uphol/]]1 designates ! workman :o hangs ! drap]ies & atta*es textiles or lea!r to furniture4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! craft1 z well z today1 drap]ies _h to be hung 9 a mann] t assur$ ret5tion ( _! %ape1 & textiles requir$ /uff+ & spr+s und]nea? to give ! fabric p]man5t =m4 ,?is hold+ up attribute l$ to ! use ( ! words 8uphold]10 8uphol/]10 8uphol/]+10 & 8uphol/]]40 ,^! appli$ also to furniture huxt]s :o held up _! w>es = inspection :5 sold at auction4 8,! old "t ca/le or b>onial hall1 ) its /rong /one walls & /one floors1 01 s f> z com=t w5t1 little bett] ?an ! clay hut ( ! feudal s]f2 b :5 ! ladies ( ! b>onial family _h excogitat$1 or acquir$ ! art ( ne$lecraft1 & _h become pr(ici5t !re91 ! 8up-hold]0 sprang into be+1 z a necess>y adjunct to an important family4 ,! ladies' ne$lework 7tape/ry7 0 obvi\sly adapt$ to drape ! rude /one walls ( ! feudal hall1 & ! artisan :o c\ld drape or hang x effectively & )\t injury 0 a useful dep5d5t1 or tradesman1 :o1 z he caus$ ! tape/ry to 8hold up10 naturally became kn[n z an 8up-hold]10 or 8uphol/]]40 8,! ,egyptians f ! e>lie/ times us$ uphol/]$ c\*es1 *airs1 & foot/ools10 says ,ri*>d ,bitmead4 8,x is kn[n1 too1 t _! neighbors1 ! ,assyrians1 excell$ 9 weav+ & practic$ ! art ( decorat+ drap]ies by ! introduction ( gold 9 ! wo(4 ,! ri* c>pets ( ,p]sia & ! musl9s ( ,india 7 9 use = ages be=e ! ,romans set foot 9 ,brita91 & !re c be little d\bt b t ! ,ori5tal p rais$ ! art to a v high /&>d1 & long be=e ! trade 0 kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,b at ! pres5t "t1 mu* m s ?an =m]ly1 ! progress ( ! arts1 ! ref9em5ts ( ta/e1 ! caprice ( fa%ion1 & ! habits & requirem5ts ( luxuri\s ease1 :i* h ext5d$ to all classes ( society1 h giv5 a great] impetus to ! trade & a f> high] importance to ! art ( uphol/]y ?an x has ev] be=e atta9$40 ,rese>* %[s t 9 ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,jacobean p]iod1 /ools1 *airs1 settees & s(as 7 uphol/]$4 ,bo? seats & backs 7 padd$ & cov]$ ) lea!r or textiles4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( tack+ ! goods onto ! furniture itself1 loose cu%ions 7 made to fit ! frame4 ,^! cu%ions 7 call$ 8squabs40 ,) ! introduction ( lea!r 9 uphol/]+1 com=t 0 n ! prim>y ?\ght1 b 9 common ) all /ructures ( ! p]iod1 durability 0 a fir/ consid]ation4 ,s ! lea!r utiliz$ 0 ?ick & /iff1 ?us (f]+ durability1 b little com=t4 ,! ,fl&]s *air %[n 9 ,fig4 #a is done 9 lea!r4 ,x is "o ( two side *airs f ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,"o has a pla9 lea!r back2 ! o!r is tool$1 illu/rat+ a decorative coat ( arms4 ,! lea!r 9 ?is *air is made ?ick & rigid by ! use ( a /iff pap] core1 on bo? sides ( :i* is glu$ a jute-l fabric1 & ov] ?is ! lea!r4 ,?is makes a five ply composition ( almo/ ev]la/+ we>+ qualities1 b v susceptible to *eck+ & crack+4 ,! arm *air %[n 9 ,fig4 #b is ,italian1 f ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x has c>v$ f9ials4 ,webb+ is us$ z a f\ndation = ! seat1 ov] :i* a jute-l fabric is fa/5$4 ,a canvas fabric is plac$ ov] ?is4 ,! /uff+ is plac$ ov] ?is & cov]$ ) lea!r1 :i* is nail$ to ! /ructure ) l>ge1 flat1 brass-head$ nails4 ,! edg+ is a fabric gimp ) fr+$ edge4 ,! arm *air illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #c is ,italian1 f ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x has c>v$ f9ials b no turn$ "w4 ,! lea!r back is tool$1 & gild$ ) an elaborate design4 ,! lea!r seat has be5 block$ up f bel[ to ma9ta9 ! orig9al appe>ance1 & ! lea!r is n ! same grade z us$ on ! back4 ,r\nd head$ nails1 ( two sizes1 & ! fr+$ gimp1 complete ! ornam5tation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,! *air %[n 9 ,fig4 #d is an ,engli% ladd]-back side *air f ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,"h we h bo? com=t & practicability comb9$4 ,! seat is built up ) webb+1 canvas & /uff+1 & cov]$ ) a ne$lework tape/ry4 ,x is f9i%$ ) a fr+$ gimp ) brass head$ nails4 ,n only does uphol/]y add com=t to furniture1 b x reflects ! conditions 9 ! life ( a p4 ,alice ,f4 ,s*mall said rec5tly3 8,) ! accession ( ,james ,i to ! ?rone ( ,engl& ! /yle ( dress *ang$ to trunk hose & padd$ d\blet1 & ! c>v5 =ms ( furniture gave place to uphol/]y4 ,!re is a s5se ( dignity & ref9em5t ab\t a really f9e *air2 & ! mod]n uphol/]$ *air1 :i* ,*ipp5dale develop$1 %[s t our ance/ors 7 fully alive to its advantages 9 ! way ( com=t40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,good mod]n uphol/]y is to a great ext5t a copy ( ! old] =ms4 ,new] goods are utiliz$ b old me?ods ( application are reta9$4 ,! *eap] =ms ( uphol/]y are1 h[ev]1 entirely mod]n4 ,:ile =m]ly !re exi/$ no *eap uphol/]y1 today wire & b& iron are us$ 9 place ( webb+1 & tuft+ is done by ma*9e4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,tools ,,& ,,mat]ials ,,tools4--,! only tools ne$$ 9 simple uphol/]y1 besides ^? 9 ! av]age manual tra9+ %op1 are a gimp hamm]1 a webb+ /ret*]1 a pair ( scissors1 a regulator & /raight & curv$ ne$les4 ,9 ,fig4 #e1 f left to "r are illu/rat$3 webb+ /ret*]1 regulator1 gimp hamm] & a pair ( scissors4 ,! webb+ /ret*] may be made by driv+ nails into a =m$ piece ( wood z %[n1 #c in*es wide by #g in*es long4 ,!n cut or file (f ! heads & file ea* to a %>p po9t4 ,! regulator is a long wire %>p5$ at "o end & us$ = /ick+ ?ru ! musl9 cov] to re>range ! /uff+1 to insure ev5ness4 ,?is tool may be made f a heavy wire b5t 9 ! =m ( a r+ at "o end1 & %>p5$ at ! o!r4 ,scissors #h in*es or m 9 l5g? are m conv5i5t ?an small] ones4 ,two ne$les are requir$1 a /raight d\ble po9t$ "o #ab in*es long1 & a curv$ s+le po9t$ "o #f in*es long4 ,sev]al o!r k9ds w facilitate "w1 h[ev]4 ,a /raight1 d\ble po9t$ #f-;in* ne$le is conv5i5t = sew+ spr+s to webb+ & triangul> po9t$ ne$les are be/ adapt$ = sew+ lea!r4 ,skew]s are uphol/]y p9s1 usually #c or #c in*es long4 ,!y are po9t$ on "o end & b5t 9 a circle on ! o!r4 ,^! are us$ 9 do+ welt-edg$ "w1 or :]ev] x is necess>y to hold goods tempor>ily :ile adju/+ ! "w4 ,all ^! tools may be pur*as$ f any firm deal+ 9 uphol/]y supplies4 ,,mat]ials4--,webb+ is our fir/ consid]ation 9 ! matt] ( mat]ials4 ,! two be/ k9ds are ,l4 ,m4 ,c4 & ,b4 ,f4 ,m4 ,! =m] has a clos] weave & is ( bett] quality ?an ! latt]4 ,x w )/& great /ra9 be=e its ela/icity gives out4 ,x is good policy to pur*ase ! bett] grade inasmu* z x co/s b #cj c5ts m = a #gb-y>d piece4 ,l4 ,m4 ,c4 comes 9 two wid?s1 #c in* & #d in*1 ) ! =m] wid? 9 m g5]al use4 ,! #c in* v>iety may be pur*as$ = ab\t #a4fe p] #gb-y>d roll4 ,burlap is ! be/ mat]ial to use ov] webb+ & ov] spr+s4 ,x w n rip & te> z readily z mo/ textiles & x is !re=e a pref]r$ mat]ial4 ,burlap comes 9 ?ree weights3 light 7#h oz471 m$ium 7#aj oz471 & heavy 7#ab oz474 ,! m$ium weight is be/ adapt$ = our "w4 ,?is may be pur*as$ = #i c5ts a y>d4 ,x is #dj in*es wide4 ,us$ burlap may ord9>ily be pur*as$ at local dry-goods /ores = ab\t #e c5ts p] p\nd4 ,ev5 consid]+ wa/e1 ?is is mu* *eap] & q z good z new burlap = ! "w int5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,sev]al k9ds ( mat]ial may be employ$ = /uff+4 ,! v be/ mat]ial available is curl$ horse hair4 ,x is also ! mo/ exp5sive1 co/+ f #cj to #fe c5ts p] p\nd dep5d+ ^u quality4 ,! /uff+ recomm5d$ = su* "w z ours is t[4 ,?is may be pur*as$ by ! #ajj-p\nd bale at a co/ ( #b c5ts p] p\nd4 ,!re are ?ree grades ( t[3 f9e1 m$ium & co>se4 ,! f9e v>iety %\ld be us$1 = ! co>s] k9ds are h>d to manipulate & result 9 unev5 surfaces aft] a p]iod ( use4 ,ev5 ) ! m$ium grade ( t[ x is necess>y to use a lay] ( wadd+ ov] x to prev5t ridges %[+ ?ru ! cov]4 ,o!r /uff+ mat]ials are moss1 kapok1 alva1 & excelsior4 ,cork %av+s are g5]ally us$ = boat cu%ions4 ,:5 clo? is desir$ betwe5 ! /uff+ & cov]1 unblea*$ musl9 %\ld be us$4 ,9 *eap] "w ?is is elim9at$4 ,9 our "w we w f9d x advantage\s1 = x gives to ! seat ! prop] %ape1 & p]mits bett] & smoo!r "w on ! f9al cov]+4 ,aft] ! application ( ! musl91 if x is f\nd t ! seat is n ( ! desir$ %ape1 m /uff+ may be add$ or ! /uff+ may be di/ribut$ by ! regulator4 ,musl9 #cf in*es wide may be obta9$ = #g c5ts a y>d f any local dry-goods /ore4 ,wadd+ is a k9d ( /uff+ arrang$ 9 %eets4 ,x is us$ ov] o!r /uff+4 ,its function is to give a smoo?1 ev5 appe>ance to ! seat or cu%ion4 ,wadd+ is inv>iably us$ ov] curl$ hair to prev5t ! ends ( ! hair f p5etrat+ ! cov]4 ,x may be pur*as$ 9 %eets #cj #cf in*es2 ! "o p\nd quality at #ce c5ts p] doz5 %eets4 ,x is g5]ally desirable to place clo? "u ! seat to prev5t du/ f fall+ to ! floor f ! seat1 & to exclude mo?s f ! /uff+4 ,cambric is desirable = ?is purpose4 ,x has a f9i% :i* makes x du/-pro(1 b x te>s easily & _c supplant ! musl9 us$ ov] /uff+4 ,cambric comes 9 a #bd-;in* wid? & co/s ab\t #e c5ts p] y>d4 ,!re are innum]able v>ieties ( fabrics adapt$ = outside cov]+s1 & good ta/e & judgm5t mu/ be us$ 9 select+ prop] k9ds = c]ta9 jobs4 ,x is obvi\s t (fice & libr>y furniture require cov]+s ( a diff]5t quality & k9d f t ( ! liv+ room2 & d9+ room furniture f t ( ! b$room4 ,a foot/ool may prop]ly be giv5 a cov]+ ( diff]5t "* f a *air seat4 ,9 ! selection ( figur$ goods great discretion is necess>y4 ,! figures on fabrics = a *air seat or back %\ld manife/ly be small] & m subdu$ ?an ^? = a s(a or dav5port4 ,a s5se ( good design ne$s to be develop$ "h1 = prop] selection is ess5tial1 bo? z reg>ds color1 figure1 & adaptability to ! p>ticul> /ructure1 & its placem5t4 ,! fir/ piece ( tape/ry wov5 9 ?is c\ntry 0 complet$ 9 #ahic4 ,x 0 = a *air seat4 ,! second 0 a c\nt]p>t ( ! fir/ & is n[ 9 ! ,field ,museum ( ,*icago4 ,tape/ry may be def9$ z pr9t+ 9 color$ ?reads4 ,! mo/ p]fect "w 9 tape/ry is produc$ on v]tical looms1 b "o-?ird m "w may be accompli%$ on horizontal looms 9 ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,a ,gobel9 workman on a v]tical loom produces on an av]age1 "o squ>e y>d ( tape/ry 9 #cjj work+ days4 ,! art 9 ?is "w is ! graduation ( %ades4 ,9 ! be/ days ( tape/ry weav+1 betwe5 #adej & #aeej1 b tw5ty to sixty %ades 7 kn[n1 :ile today we h k ( ov] #ad1jjj4 8,brocade0 is ! t]m appli$ to any mat]ial hav+ a rais$ patt]n4 ,=m]ly ! "n ref]r$ to mat]ials ) embroid]$ patt]ns ^u color$ fabrics4 8,*9tz0 is ! t]m appli$ to cotton clo? pr9t$ ) a floral or bird design4 8,d5im0 is a /rong1 twill$ cotton fabric4 8,gunny0 is jute-clo?4 8,burlap0 is a sub/itute = gunny clo?4 ,!re are ?ree classes ( cov]+s 9 uphol/]y3 g5u9e lea!r1 textiles1 & lea!r sub/itutes4 ,lea!r sub/itutes1 or s-call$ artificial lea!r1 is well adapt$ = beg9n]s 9 uphol/]y1 & is inexp5sive4 ,x is manufactur$ 9 #ej & #ed-;in* wid?s1 & co/s f #fj c5ts to #a4ge p] y>d4 ,trade names ( lea!r sub/itute are ,m>ok5e1 ,*ase ,lea!r1 ,h]cules1 ,victor ,lea!r1 ,pantasote1 ,mole ,sk91 ,mule ,sk91 etc4 ,! bett] v>ieties are v durable & v closely resemble lea!r4 ,g5u9e lea!r co/s f #af to #cf c5ts p] squ>e foot 9 ! :ole hide or full sk91 & up to #ge c5ts p] foot cut to size4 ,clo? or textiles co/ f #a4jj to #c4jj p] y>d 9 ! g5]al run ( grades4 ,!y may co/ z high z #aj4jj p] y>d4 ,tape/ry may run into prohibitive co/s4 ,"s ( ! be/ textiles are tape/ries1 brocades1 velvets1 plu%es1 sat9s & hair clo?2 *eap] ones are vel\rs1 *9tz1 reps1 & d5ims4 ,gimp is a n>r[ edg+ us$ = cov]+ raw edges ( ! cov] & heads ( common tacks :i* secure ! cov]4 ,x comes 9 rolls ( #be to #cf y>ds4 ,black imitation lea!r gimp co/s #bj c5ts a roll ( #be y>ds1 & br[n or ,spani%1 #ce c5ts4 ,clo? gimp co/s f #b to #c c5ts a y>d4 ,?ree k9ds ( nails may be us$ 9 ! "w outl9$3 solid lea!r1 ,p]fection & ,metal5e4 ,metal5e is p]haps ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,^! come 9 ! foll[+ numb]s ) att5dant sizes2 ,no4 #bcj---;in* head2 ,no4 #bdj---;in* head2 ,no4 #bej--g_/af-;in* head2 ,no4 #bfj--i_/af-;in* head1 & ,no4 #bgj---;in* head4 ,no4 #bej is us$ 9 our "w4 ,!y co/ #hj c5ts p] ?\s& 9 ! pla91 & #ij c5ts 9 ,spani% effect4 ,uphol/]y spr+s may be pur*as$ f #c to #af in*es 9 height4 ,!y co/ #f c5ts a p\nd & weigh f #bb to #ajj p\nds p] gross4 ,on ?is basis ! co/ ( ! l>ge ones approximates #d c5ts apiece4 ,! #i-;in* spr+s are mo/ frequ5tly us$1 & _! co/ is a trifle ov] #b c5ts apiece4 ,x is bett] to pur*ase spr+s long] ?an necess>y ?an to obta9 !m too %ort1 = !y may easily be ti$ d[n4 ,!y %\ld be twice z long z ! wid? ( ! rails into :i* !y are plac$4 ,spr+ tw9e is ne$$ = ty+ ! spr+s4 ,no4 #fj f\r-ply ,italian hemp s]ves ?is purpose v well4 ,?is c be pur*as$ = #bg c5ts a p\nd 9 "o-p\nd balls4 ,/it*+ tw9e is also ne$$ = spr+ & /it*$ edge "w4 ,= ?is purpose ,no4 #beb elm flax /it*+ is us$4 ,?is co/s #cj c5ts p] half-p\nd ball4 ,! prices quot$ are :olesale4 ,retail prices v>y s mu* 9 diff]5t communities1 & ev5 9 diff]5t places 9 ! same community t !y _c be giv5 ) any fair degree ( accuracy4 ,! :olesale prices quot$ w1 h[ev]1 give "s idea ( ! co/ ( mat]ials to ! workman4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ev5 :olesale prices are v un/able4 ,all prices above are pre-w> prices4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,uphol/]y ,,)\t ,,spr+s ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,uphol/]+ ,a ,,bo>d ,,/ructure ,a ,,l[ ,,foot/ool4--,?is project is *os5 = ! fir/ "w 9 uphol/]y = ! reason t x involves ! simple/ processes possible4 ,nail+ a piece ( lea!r or /rips ( lea!r across a frame _c be dignifi$ by ! t]m uphol/]y4 ,!re=e1 su* "w is n to be consid]$ "u ?is head4 ,! /ructure1 9 addition to ! simple uphol/]y processes involv$1 requires b elem5t>y b5* "w 9 wood 9 its con/ruction4 ,aft] /a9+ ! /ool take a small am\nt ( t[1 pull x out ?oroly ) ! h&s until all unev5 bun*es are elim9at$2 !n spread x out ev5ly on ! top ( ! /ool z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,!n place a piece ( musl9 ov] ?is1 tack+ x ) #d-oz4 tacks in* f ! edges ( ! bo>d4 ,! musl9 %\ld be fold$ ov] on itself at ! edges1 & /ret*$ v taut4 ,tack ea* side fir/1 !n "w t[>d corn]s4 ,?is me?od ( tack+ insures a smoo?1 taut surface1 & %\ld be foll[$ always4 ,use ! regulator1 ,fig4 #g1 to ev5 out any irregul>ities & to =ce ! t[ well out t[>d ! out] edges ( ! musl94 ,!n lay a piece ( wadd+ ov] ?is to make a smoo? surface2 see ,fig4 #g4 ,next /ret* a piece ( ,m>ok5e lea!r ( ! color desir$ ov] ! previ\s lay]s & secure x ) #b-oz4 tacks4 ,^! %\ld be plac$ ab\t #b in*es ap>t1 in* f ! edges ( ! /ool1 & surplus fabric trimm$ to in* f edges4 ,f9ally1 cut a piece ( gimp & secure ) ,metal5e nails z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,fold ! gimp at ! corn]s & splice at ! la/ corn]4 ,place ! nails equal di/ances ap>t on p>allel edges4 ,be sure t ! lea!r1 gimp & nails h>monize ) ea* o!r & ^! ) ! f9al color ( ! /ool4 ,a ,,c>t4--,! diff]5t processes = uphol/]+ a c>t1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #i1 are id5tical to ^? j describ$1 ) ! exception t a m>g9 is left at ! edges ( ! seat4 ,! c>t sugge/s a v practical application ( simple uphol/]y1 ei!r 9 cov]+ a wood seat or 9 replac+ a worn uphol/]$ seat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,a ,,leg ,,re/4--,! processes ( uphol/]+ ! leg re/ %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj v>y sub/antially f ^? already discuss$4 ,"h is ! fir/ introduction to a h>d edge4 ,ref]5ce to ,fig4 #aj w %[ h[ ?is edge is made4 ,*amf] ! upp] arris ( ! seat z wide z ! tack head & drive ! tacks 9 at "r angles to ! *amf]4 ,?is me?od avoids splitt+ ! corn]s4 ,! ne> side ( ! illu/ration %[s a piece ( burlap tack$ ) two-?irds ( its wid? ov]hang+4 ,use #d-oz4 tacks = ?is purpose1 & tack 9 su* a way t ! heads ( ! tacks are ev5 ) ! edge ( ! seat4 ,aft] ! burlap has be5 secur$ 9 ?is way ins]t a small roll ( t[ or a /r& or two ( welt cord "u ! burlap at ! edge ( ! seat4 ,! diamet] ( ?is roll may v>y f to in* z desir$4 ,br+ ! burlap ov] & ar\nd ! firmly pack$ t[ or cord1 & tack d[n extremely close to ! roll1 keep+ ! roll r\nd4 ,special ef=t %\ld be made to keep ! roll smoo? & ev51 = its =m det]m9es ! f9al =m4 ,! re> side ( ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #aj1 %[s ! complet$ roll4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g ,/rips ( webb+ may be employ$ 9 place ( burlap4 ,webb+ is a clos] wov5 fabric ?an burlap1 & 9 consequ5ce produces a m ev5 roll4 ,& webb+ cord is pref]able to t[ = x requires less "t to place & results 9 a smoo? edg+4 ,! /rip ( s(t wood %[n 9 ! illu/ration is call$ an uphol/]y block4 ,gimp & musl9 are secur$ to ?is block4 ,)\t ^! blocks1 "o at ea* end1 ! cov] c\ld n be plac$ )\t mu* labor & result+ unsightly folds at ! corn]s4 ,aft] ! corn] /rips are plac$ & ! rolls =m$1 place suffici5t t[ on ! seat to produce a slightly r\nd$ top :5 ! t[ is press$ d[n firmly ) ! h&s4 ,! t[ mu/ be pick$1 t is1 pull$ out ?oroly to make x ev5 & fluffy4 ,place ov] ?is a piece ( musl91 tack+ x tempor>ily at ! c5t] ( ea* side ) sev]al #b-oz4 tacks4 ,^! %\ld be only p>tly driv51 a process call$ slip-tack+ or loose-tack+4 ,/ret* x tightly1 & br+ ! ?reads ( ! musl9 9 l9e ) ! edges ( ! seat4 ,next pull out ! tacks f "o side & re-/ret* ! musl9 by /rok+ x sev]al times ) ! left h&1 always hold+ x ) ! "r4 ,d ?is on ea* side 9 succession4 ,an exp]t workman w hold ! tacks 9 8 m\? & ! hamm] 9 ! "r h& dur+ ! :ole process4 ,aft] ! musl9 has be5 plac$ use ! regulator & re-di/ribute ! t[ %\ld any unev5ness exi/4 ,?is process is call$ regulat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i ,next place ! cov]4 ,:e!r x be g5u9e lea!r1 lea!r sub/itute or textile fabric1 proce$ z ) ! musl9 omitt+ fold+ ! edges4 ,/ret* ! cov] tightly & tack ) #b-oz4 tacks4 ,place ! tacks a small fraction ( an in* f ! l[] edge ( ! bo>d s ! trimm+ ( ! cov] may be easily done4 ,apply ! gimp4 ,?is cov]s ! raw edges ( ! mat]ials & tack heads4 ,/>t at ! "r-h& corn]1 fa/5+ x ) a #b-oz4 tack4 ,c>ry x across to ! left-h& corn] & fa/5 ) ano!r tack4 ,fold x ^u itself s z to =m a def9ite crease !n twi/ x ov] & c>ry x up & along ! s(t wood /rip to ! next corn]4 ,repeat ?is process to ! />t+ po9t2 !n cut ! gimp (f flu% ) ! bottom ( ! bo>d & secure ) a tack4 ,z ! =ty-five degree folds are made1 ! gimp nails %\ld also be driv5 9 place4 ,fig4 #aa %[s ! /eps 9 mak+ ! folds at ! corn]s4 ,space di/ances equally & place all gimp nails4 ,a desirable di/ance is f #a to #b in*es--dep5d+ on ! cov] mat]ial4 ,a quick way to place ^! nails is to drive a nail 9 ! middle ( an edge1 !n "o 9 ! half way po9ts betwe5 ?is & ea* corn]1 & s on4 ,?is process gives good eye tra9+4 ,fig4 #ab %[s complet$ leg re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa ,a ,,foot/ool4--,! uphol/]y op]ations on ! /ool %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac are v simil> to ^? on ! leg re/4 ,! rolls are =m$ id5tically b are plac$ on f\r sides4 ,special c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to keep ! corn]s firm & ev51 & 9 l9e ) o!r p>ts ( ! rolls4 ,! cov] ne$s fold+ at ! corn]s to make x smoo?4 ,! gimp runs cont9u\sly ar\nd ! edge )\t folds4 ,?is =m ( /ool requires a great] am\nt ( uphol/]y mat]ial ?an ! fir/ =m1 & is n z pleas+ 9 /ructural design1 b is a m com=table /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac ,,mat]ials ,,requir$4--,?is /ool1 ) top #iad in*es requires ! foll[+ mat]ials = uphol/]+3 ,,quantity ,,mat]ial ,,size #b pieces ,burlap #cad in*es #b pieces ,burlap #ch in*es #gj ,tacks #d ounce #aj ounces ,t[ #a piece ,musl9 #aaah in*es #fj ,tacks #b ounce 7,= musl9 & cov]7 #a piece ,m>ok5e #abag in*es #df in*es ,gimp #ad ,metal5e ,nails ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,uphol/]+ ,,*air ,,seats ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,a ,,*air ,,seat4--,! typical uphol/]$ seat is und\bt$ly t ( ! d9+ *air4 ,! processes involv$ are v simple4 ,a %all[ rabbet %\ld be run along ! inside edges ( ! seat frame1 say ab\t in* deep & in* wide4 ,?is w p]mit ! gimp to run flu% ) ! top ( ! seat frame :5 all "w is complet$4 ,fir/ decide on ! numb] ( l5g?s ( webb+ t w be requir$ = ! giv5 area4 ,!n1 us+ ! be/ ( webb+1 take "o end & tack ) #aj-oz4 tacks4 ,if h>d wood is us$ 9 ! /ructure & x t5ds to split1 use small] tacks1 say #h-oz4 or #f-oz4 ,/ret* ! /r& ( webb+ ) ! webb+ /ret*]1 & tack z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,:5 f\r tacks h be5 driv5 9 cut ! webb+ (f #a in* beyond ! r[ ( tacks2 fold ov]1 & tack d[n ) ?ree tacks plac$ betwe5 ! f\r previ\s ones4 ,fold+ ! ends ov] r ?an "u is bett] practice1 = ! fold protects ! webb+ at ! po9ts ( greate/ /ra94 ,use z _m tacks z ! wood w p]mit1 = _m tacks di/ribute ! /ra9 ov] all ?reads ( ! webb+4 ,aft] ! l5g?s ( webb+ h be5 atta*$ f front to back weave l5g?s ?ru ^! f side to side z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad1 & secure 9 ! same mann]4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! und]side ( ! seat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af ,next tack burlap ov] ! webb+ ) #d-oz4 tacks4 ,cut ! burlap slightly l>g] ?an ! op5+1 includ+ ! rabbet1 & fold ! edges ov] 9 tack+4 ,/ret* ! burlap slightly to prev5t sagg+ 9 ! op5+1 b n s tight t ! webb+ w n support practically all ! weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah ,n[ place ! /uff+1 t[1 pick+ x & work+ x into %ape4 ,ov] ?is secure musl9 & !n lay a %eet or two ( blue-%eet wadd+ ov] all4 ,place ! lea!r sub/itute1 & ! gimp & nails4 ,! gimp is nail$ aga9/ ! rabbet edge1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,^! processes h be5 describ$ & ne$ no repetition "h4 ,! f9i%$ seat frame is %[n on a d9+ *air 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,! back ( ! *air is also uphol/]$1 practically 9 a mann] id5tical to ! seat4 ,on ! re> ( ?is back a piece ( lea!r sub/itute ( same color & f9i% z ! front is tack$ & ! edges cov]$ ) gimp4 ,x is a good practice to tack a piece ( cambric "u ! seat frame = sanit>y reasons indicat$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,a ,,set-,,9 ,,seat4--,?is =m ( seat is v conv5i5t = any *air or /ool :]e a set-9 seat is desir$4 ,cleats on :i* ! seat re/s may be screw$ or nail$ to ! rails1 or ! rails may be rabbett$ to receive !m4 ,corn] blocks may also be utiliz$ = ! purpose4 ,9 addition ! seat may be fa/5$ to ^! re/s ) screws4 ,?is usually prev5ts ! *air f squeak+1 due to a loose seat4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! wood frame = ?is k9d ( seat all[ at lea/ #c_/af in* = ! ?ickness ( mat]ials4 ,m all[ance %\ld be made = ?ick mat]ial & g5u9e lea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai ,atta* webb+ & burlap 9 ! usual mann]2 !n =m ! h>d edge z describ$ previ\sly4 ,! h>d edge is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag toge!r ) t[1 wadd+1 & musl91 & ,fig4 #ah %[s ! seat ready = ! cov]+ aft] ! trimm+ ( ! raw edges4 ,! f9i%$ seat plac$ 9 a rock] is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,uphol/]+ ,a ,,fram$ ,,/ructure ,,foot/ool4--,a /ool :i* makes a v int]e/+ problem = simple uphol/]y is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,?is is typical ( t class ( /ructures on :i* ! cov]+s completely hide ! rails1 leav+ only ! legs expos$4 ,! rails %\ld be plac$ in* bel[ ! r\nd$ "p ( ! legs1 & be at lea/ in* ?ick4 ,inside arrises ( ! rails %\ld be r\nd$ ) a rasp to prev5t ! webb+ f ev5tually be+ cut ?ru4 ,! framework ( su* a /ructure is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,atta* ! corn] blocks z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb2 !n prop]ly /ret* ! webb+ & tack x 9 place4 ,! webb+ is ! gr\nd "w ( uphol/]+1 & ! durability ( ! "w dep5ds to a consid]able degree ^u its quality & prop] application4 ,use ! orig9al roll ( webb+4 ,?is enables ! work] to use ! webb+ /ret*] )\t wa/e4 ,bo? ends %\ld be us$4 ,?is p]mits ! utilization ( ! two free ends1 & all[s fre] "w4 ,fig4 #bc illu/rates ! me?od ( us+ ! webb+ /ret*]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj ,,proc$ure4--,fold ! end ( ! webb+ ov] ab\t #a in* & tack ) five #aj-oz4 tacks z ne> ! middle ( ! rail z possible4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! ends ( ! webb+ %\ld be fold$ ov] & n "u1 z sugge/$ be=e4 ,! tacks w hold bett]4 ,! middle l5g? ( webb+ %\ld be plac$ fir/ to facilitate equal spac+ betwe5 /r&s4 ,! o!r free end ( ! bolt ( webb+ %\ld be tack$ on ! opposite side 9 l mann] to assure prop] spac+4 ,fig4 #bd %[s ! ends tack$ & /ret*$ f ! same side1 b 9 tack+ !m f ! opposite sides x t5ds to prev5t splitt+1 = ! la/ ends are to be secur$ ) sev5 tacks4 ,aft] ! fir/ end is secur$ ) five tacks use ! webb+ /ret*] & pull ! webb+ across1 extremely taut1 & fa/5 ) f\r tacks :ile ?us /ret*$4 ,d likewise ) ! second /r&4 ,cut ea* piece ab\t an in* f ! tacks2 !n fold ov] & tack ) ?ree tacks4 ,be=e tack+ ! two long /r&s !y %\ld be wov5 ?ru ! %ort] /r&s z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! op5+s betwe5 /r&s %\ld n exce$ #b in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba ,cov] ! webb+ ) burlap4 ,! edges ( ?is %\ld project slightly beyond ! ends ( ! webb+1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,x is desirable1 9 fact ess5tial1 9 all uphol/]y to keep ! cov] away f ! wood z mu* z possible4 ,?is prev5ts ! cov] f becom+ worn or cut1 & avoids a h>d1 uncom=table edge = ! occupant ( ! uphol/]$ /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc ,a simple exp$i5t to avoid ?is contact ) wood is to atta* a h>d edge all ar\nd ! top ( ! rail4 ,?is edge is made by tack+ /rips ( burlap on 9 su* a mann] t t[ may be roll$ 9 !m4 ,!y are !n retack$ beh9d ! roll4 ,! fir/ r[ ( tacks %\ld be plac$ s t ! heads run flu% ) ! out] edge ( ! rail4 ,! /rip ( burlap on ! f>!r side ( ! /ool %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf is fa/5$ 9 ?is way4 ,! roll on ! ne> side is complete4 ,on ! left end ! burlap is %[n p>tly roll$ back to reveal ! t[ 9 place4 ,! t[ mu/ be ?oroly work$ 9 ) ! f+] to produce an ev51 smoo? edge1 & ! burlap drawn tight to make x firm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd ,fig4 #bg %[s all f\r rolls 9 place ready = ! corn] or uphol/]y blocks1 provid+ ! fir/ =m ( corn] blocks illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bb h n be5 atta*$4 ,! fir/ =m ( block is pref]r$ by mo/ workm54 ,9 ,fig4 #bf is %[n ! second =m ( corn] block 9 place4 ,?is is fitt$ beh9d ! rolls1 & is cut 9 a mann] to avoid %ort gra91 :i* has a t5d5cy to split4 ,corn] blocks are requir$ :5 gimp is run cont9u\s ar\nd ! edge ( ! cov]4 ,^! are secur$ ) sev]al brads1 aga9/ bo? po/s & rails4 ,take t[ & pick x ov] ?oroly2 !n place x ^u ! /ool mak+ a r\nd$ heap f ! top edges ( ! rolls4 ,pack & "w into place v ?oroly to secure an ev5 seat4 ,! h&s easily detect unev5 areas1 & may be m readily dep5d$ ^u ?an ! eyes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg ,n[ /ret* & tack ! musl9 9 place4 ,fig4 #bh %[s ! processes complet$4 ,slip-tack x 9 ! c5t]s ( f\r sides ) two or ?ree tacks to a side4 ,slit ! musl9 diagonally f ! corn]s to a po9t imm$iately inside ! legs4 ,fold ! edges "u2 "w f ! c5t] t[>d ! corn]s1 & tack ! musl9 p]man5tly4 ,keep ! musl9 smoo? & drawn tightly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh ,! cov]+ is plac$ practically 9 ! same mann] z ! musl94 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to avoid cutt+ too f> at ! corn]s1 to h ! mat]ial fit snugly1 & to h ! :ole job firm & smoo?4 ,if1 aft] ! gimp has be5 plac$1 portions ( ! cov]+ %[ bel[1 ^! may be trimm$ easily ) a %>p knife or *isel4 ,! me?od ( fa/5+ gimp has be5 expla9$4 ,fig4 #bi illu/rates ! s*eme ( tack+1 fold+ & nail+4 ,9 ,fig4 #cj are %[n diff]5t treatm5ts 9 ! plac+ ( gimp4 ,! "r-h& /ool requires no roll1 inasmu* z ! gimp is fa/5$ on ! top ( ! rails4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj ,,mat]ials4--,! foll[+ mat]ials are requir$ = uphol/]+ a /ool su* z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bj3 ,,quantity ,,mat]ial ,,size #b y>ds ,webb+ ,l4 ,m4 ,c4 #c in*es #e doz5 ,tacks #aj ounces4 #a piece ,burlap #abah in*es #b pieces ,burlap #ch in*es #b pieces ,burlap #cac in*es p\nds ,t[1 f9e #a piece ,musl9 #adbj in*es #a piece ,wadd+ #ajaf in*es #a piece ,m>ok5e #aibe in*es #a piece ,gimp #b y>ds #e doz5 ,metal5e ,nails ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca ,,ord] ,,( ,,proc$ure4--,! foll[+ ord] ( processes 9 uphol/]+ may be consid]$ /&>d3 #a4 ,rasp inside arrises ( rails4 #b4 ,apply webb+4 #c4 ,fa/5 burlap4 #d4 ,secure rolls on top edges4 #e4 ,fa/5 corn] blocks4 #f4 ,pack ) t[4 #g4 ,place musl94 #h4 ,place ! cov]+4 #i4 ,tack gimp 9 place4 #aj4 ,place nails4 ,,diff]5t ,,me?ods4--,?is type ( foot/ool may be treat$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,webb+ may be omitt$ z a base = ! uphol/]y & a bo>d sub/itut$1 pref]ably "s ?9 /ock4 ,in/ead ( br++ ! cov] d[n to ! l[] edge ( ! rails z 9 ,fig4 #bj1 a %all[ rabbet may be run & ! uphol/]y br\ght to ! edge ( ?is z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,or x may be treat$ 9 ! mann] %[n on ! foot/ool illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,9 ?is in/ance x w\ld be simil> to a pad seat4 ,! rails ( ! /ool %\ld "h be plac$ ev5 ) ! *amf] on ! legs4 ,! /ool may also be uphol/]$ ) a welt edge4 ,?is me?od is v desirable :5 ! work] is limit$ to small pieces ( tape/ry or lea!r4 ,welt-edg$ "w w be describ$ 9 a *apt] on spr+-edge "w4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,uphol/]y ,,) ,,spr+s ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,mak+ ,a ,,h>d-,,edge ,,seat ,! h>d-edge seat z x is te*nically t]m$ is relatively simple :5 comp>$ ) o!r k9ds ( uphol/]+1 b x is probably ! mo/ important ( ! gr\p4 ,! edge ( ! seat ne$s to be /uff$ & sew$ 9 a mann] t makes x h>d & firm1 :ile ! c5t] is spr+y4 ,) a work+ k ( ?is class ( uphol/]y "o may make "s ( ! f9e/ pieces ( furniture )\t difficulty4 ,! directions to be giv5 may be modifi$ to suit any p>ticul> piece ( "w 9 ?is gr\p4 ,,me?od4--,con/ruct a frame #ah #bd in*es outside dim5sions1 & #c in*es deep4 ,employ a simple butt jo9t1 secur$ ) nails & re9=c$ ) corn] blocks z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,a light1 close-gra9$ wood1 z popl>1 basswood or p9e is pref]r$ to h>d1 op5-gra9$ wood4 ,! webb+ is fa/5$ 9 place z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,v1 us+ b ?ree /r&s crosswise & two ! l5g?wise ( ! frame4 ,?is is a diff]5t type ( "w1 & ! sugge/ions z to spac+ d n apply "h z 9 ! foot/ool j describ$4 ,! webb+ is plac$ s t ! spr+s1 six 9 numb]1 /& ov] ! laps4 ,a di/ance ( ab\t #c in*es %\ld be left betwe5 ! out] edge ( ! frame & ! spr+s4 ,! webb+ is #c in*es wide1 & ! ,no4 #c spr+s us$ are #e in*es across4 ,^! dim5sions det]m9e t ! /r&s ( webb+ %\ld be #c in*es f ! out] edge ( ! frame4 ,place spr+s 9 position turn+ ! b5t ends up4 ,sew ^! to ! webb+ ) /it*+ tw9e us+ a #f or #ab in* d\ble-po9t$ ne$le4 ,make at lea/ ?ree loops ar\nd ! bottom coil1 fa/5+ x securely to ! webb+4 ,pull ! tw9e taut & tie ! f9al end to a ne>by /it*4 ,fig4 #cc illu/rates ! me?od ( sew+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb ,next ! spr+s are ti$ ) spr+ tw9e to keep !m 9 an upright position1 & to prev5t break+ d[n & b5d+4 ,! tw9e also supports ! burlap & /uff+ above x4 ,aft] ! spr+s are ti$ d[n ! tw9e %\ld receive all ! pull f ! reaction4 ,^u ! p]man5cy ( ! webb+ & spr+ tw9e dep5d ! la/+ qualities ( ! seat4 ,! tw9e g5]ally det]iorates or breaks fir/1 & !n ! webb+4 ,to insure a relatively p]man5t seat tie ! spr+s eight times1 t is1 place f\r /r&s across ea* spr+1 "o f front to back1 "o f side to side1 & two diagonals4 ,multiply ! dim5sion ( ! frame by "o & two-?irds to det]m9e ! l5g?s ( tw9e requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd ,,! ,,process4--,tie a simple knot 9 "o end ( a l5g? ( tw9e4 ,drive a #aj-oz4 tack ?ru ?is into ! top edge ( ! frame & 9 l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! spr+4 ,!n /ret* ! tw9e across ! top ( ! spr+s to ! opposite side ( ! frame2 pull ! spr+s d[n ) x until ! out] side ( ! coil is ab\t #f in*es f ! bottom & ! inn] side ab\t #g in*es4 ,adju/ ! spr+s to /& v]tical4 ,grasp ! tw9e & spr+ ne>e/ ! fa/5$ end ) ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! left h&2 hold !m1 :ile ) ! "r h& pass ! free end ( ! tw9e d[n inside ! coil1 up on ! left h& side ( ! fa/5$ end1 d[n inside ! coil aga91 up on ! "r h& side ( ! fa/5$ end1 & ?ru loop ?us =m$4 ,pull x tight4 ,?is is call$ a clove hit* knot4 ,its advantage is t x does n loos5 ev5 aft] ! tw9e ov] ! top ( ! wire we>s (f4 ,) ! easi] knot ! entire tw9e loos5s imm$iately aft] ! top we>s4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ,fig4 #cd1 & a little practice w cl>ify ! me?od j describ$4 ,pull ! tw9e taut to ! o!r side ( ! coil & =m ano!r knot4 ,?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! tw9e is pass$ d[n on ! outside ( ! coil fir/ & up on ! inside4 ,be=e ty+ ! second spr+ space x at ! top a di/ance equal to t at ! bottom4 ,:5 ! second end is to be ti$1 drive a tack "p way into ! edge ( ! frame & w9d ! tw9e once & a qu>t] ar\nd x1 pull x tight en\gh to br+ ! spr+s d[n prop]ly1 & drive tack securely4 ,drive a second tack close to ! "o at ! end4 ,! tw9e %\ld be fa/5$ 9 j ?is way s t 9 mov+ up & d[n ) ! spr+s x w n we> away aga9/ ! head ( ! tack4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce ,all o!r tw9es are fa/5$ & ti$ 9 practically ! same mann]4 ,h[ev]1 c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ t ! spr+s are n drawn d[n l[] ) successive /r&s ( tw9e1 or an unev5 /ra9 & we> w result4 ,! la/ tw9e %\ld be ti$ to all o!rs cross+ at ! spr+ c5t]s1 to prev5t tw9e we>+ at ^! po9ts4 ,a /udy ( ,fig4 #cd %\ld make cle> any d\btful po9t4 ,tack a piece ( #aj or #ab-oz4 burlap on ! top edge ( ! frame ) #d-oz4 tacks1 fold+ ! edges ov] z !y are be+ tack$4 ,fa/5 x j tight en\gh to insure smoo?ness1 avoid+ pull+ ! spr+s d[n l[]4 ,z previ\sly /at$ all spr+ reaction /ra9 %\ld fall on ! tw9e exclusively4 ,sew ! burlap to ! spr+s ) a curv$ ne$le & /it*+ tw9e4 ,?is keeps ! burlap 9 position1 prev5ts we>+1 & helps to unify ! seat4 ,place ! /uff+4 ,"w ov] ab\t #e p\nds ( t[1 & "w x d[n & out ov] ! seat until x ext5ds ab\t #c in*es beyond ! frame z %[n to ! left ( ,fig4 #ce4 ,be c>eful to keep ! t[ ev5 at all times1 especially at ! edges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf ,place a piece ( light burlap1 #f or #h-oz4 weight ov] ! t[4 ,x %\ld be l>ge en\gh to be slip-tack$ on ! sides ( ! frame4 ,/it* ?ru ! two lay]s ( burlap & ! t[ ) a #ab-;in* d\ble-po9t$ ne$le4 ,! r[ ( /it*+ %\ld come j outside ! edge ( ! spr+s4 ,ea* /it* %\ld be ab\t #c in*es long1 & x is =m$ by pass+ ! ne$le up & d[n ?ru ! burlap4 ,aft] all f\r sides h be5 /it*$ pull ! tw9e tight4 ,beg9 at ! fir/ /it* & pull ea* taut 9 succession4 ,f9ally take a few /it*es ?ru ! c5t] ( ! seat at irregul> int]vals1 ?us mak+ ! seat firm & compact4 ,d n /it* ar\nd ! loose coils ( ! spr+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch ,n[ release ! slip tack+ & roll ! loose edges ( ! burlap "u ! t[4 ,drive tacks ?ru t "p ( ! burlap :i* comes 9 contact ) ! top edge ( ! frame1 beg9n+ at ! c5t] ( ea* ( ! f\r sides & work+ t[>d ! corn]s4 ,use precaution to make all sides equal4 ,tack ! corn]s la/4 ,%\ld !y be too full1 due to ! ov]lapp+ ( ! burlap1 cut away "s burlap & remove ! necess>y am\nt ( t[ to keep ! corn] ev5 ) ! sides4 ,we n[ arrive at t process 9 ! developm5t ( ! seat f :i* ?is class ( uphol/]y d]ives its "n4 ,! /it*+ ( ! roll$ edge already =m$ is r difficult1 & c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to assure a neat appe>+ seat4 ,/it* ! edge ar\nd to ! numb] ( two or ?ree r[s4 ,use a #f-;in* curv$ ne$le1 & beg9n+ at ! left-h& end ( "o ( ! rolls1 />t ! ne$le ab\t #a in*es f ! r[ ( tacks1 & all[ x to em]ge ab\t #a in*es f ! r[ ( /it*+4 ,ab\t #a in*es to ! "r ins]t ! ne$le into ! roll aga9 ab\t in* f ! r[ ( /it*+1 & all[ x to em]ge ab\t in* f ! r[ ( tacks4 ,tie ! end ( ! tw9e ar\nd ! o!r ) a d\ble slip knot4 ,ins]t ! ne$le aga9 ab\t #a in*es to ! "r1 up ?ru ! roll1 & d[n z be=e4 ,repeat ?is op]ation ar\nd ! f\r sides ( ! seat1 regulat+ z ! /it*+ progresses4 ,! "r-h& ne$le 9 ,fig4 #cf %[s ! fir/ r[ ( /it*+4 ,always ins]t ! ne$le at a "r angle to ! roll1 = ! arc ( ! ne$le ga!rs 9 consid]able t[ :i* is =c$ into ! roll z ! tw9e is pull$ taut4 ,! second r[ ( /it*+ is also illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,! /it*es 9 ?is op]ation are n made 9 a zig-zag mann] z 9 ! fir/ r[4 ,! ne$le is ins]t$ ab\t in* above ! fir/ r[ ( /it*+ & all[$ to em]ge at ! same di/ance on top4 ,"w to ! left at an int]val ( in* & use ! d\ble slip knot z previ\sly4 ,pass ! ne$le to ! "r ab\t #b in*es & ins]t x z at fir/1 !n c>ry x back aga9 ab\t in* & pu% x ?ru ! roll all[+ ! end to project2 !n loop ! tw9e ar\nd ! po9t4 ,see left-h& ne$le 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,repeat on all f\r sides4 ,aft] ! second r[ ( /it*+ is complet$ a ?ird r[ ( /it*+ may be made4 ,!n place m /uff+ on ! top ( ! seat1 r\nd+ out all irregul>ities4 ,?is is call$ d\ble /uff+1 & "w ( ?is k9d is t]m$ d\ble /uff$ "w4 ,hair is extremely resili5t1 & us$ = ?is purpose adds life to ! seat4 ,moss w answ] ! purpose4 ,place a lay] ( cotton batt+ ov] ?is4 ,!n a piece ( musl9 is f9ally tack$ ov] all4 ,fig4 #cg %[s ! musl9 p>tly tack$1 & ! two lay]s ( mat]ial roll$ back4 ,keep ! musl9 smoo?1 especially at ! corn]s1 cutt+ away all surplus mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci ,use a cov] ( s(t mat]ial r ?an "o ( lea!r or sub/itutes4 ,secure x 9 place l ! musl91 only tack x "u ! l[] edges ( ! frame & fold x c>efully at ! corn]s z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! process ( bl9d /it*+ is pla9ly %[n4 ,:5 ! seat has be5 cov]$ tack a piece ( cambric und]nea?4 ,! h>d-edge seat is !n f9i%$4 ,fig4 #ci %[s ! complet$ cricket4 ,figs4 #dj & #da illu/rate d\ble /uff$ h>d-edge seats utiliz$ 9 *airs4 ,! rock] 9 its entirety is ! product ( a "y woman1 a /ud5t 9 ! au?or's class4 ,a ,,que5 ,,anne ,,/ool4--,?is /ool also has a h>d-edge seat b ! me?od foll[$ is a modification ( ! "o j describ$4 ,9 ! =m] ! uphol/]$ seat 0 built ov] a box or frame1 & fitt$ snugly into ! cricket base4 ,9 ?is project ! uphol/]y is fa/5$ p]man5tly to ! rails2 x becomes an integral "p ( ! /ructure4 ,! edge is bl9d /it*$4 ,! webb+ _c be tack$ directly to ! rails2 !y are too weak to )/& ! /ra91 & 9 ?is in/ance are curv$ or =m$1 :i* precludes tack+ webb+ und]nea?4 ,9 su* in/ances ! webb+ is fold$ sev]al times & tack$ ?ru ! folds aga9/ ! inn] sides ( ! rail4 ,if ! rails are n suffici5tly /rong /rips may be screw$ on z re9=cem5t4 ,?is has be5 done 9 ?is in/ance z %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,frequ5tly on su* /ructures a brace or two is plac$ across betwe5 ! long rails4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da ,! id5tical me?od ( uphol/]+ is foll[$ f ?is po9t on z 9 ! cricket1 up to ! po9t ( /uff+4 ,?is seat is %all[ requir+ consid]ably less t[4 ,place j a suffici5t am\nt to prev5t ! spr+s f be+ felt "u pressure f ! h&2 !n place & secure ! burlap 9 ! usual mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db ,next sew ! h>d edge ) a #ab-;in* /raight d\ble-po9t$ ne$le4 ,beg9 ab\t in* above ! rail1 & p]mit ! ne$le to em]ge above ab\t #d in*es f ! edge4 ,! left-h& ne$le 9 ,fig4 #dc %[s ! me?od4 ,pull ! ne$le up to its eye z %[n 9 ! middle ne$le2 !n b5d ! po9t t[>d ! l[] edge4 ,z x em]ges t[>d ! "r loop ! tw9e ar\nd ! ne$le & pull x ?ru4 ,?is br+s ! tw9e ar\nd ! t[1 pulls x d[n firmly t[>d ! l[] edge & holds x !re4 ,?is op]ation is frequ5tly call$ bl9d h>d-edge /it*+4 ,! ,frontispiece %[s ! f9i%$ /ool1 & ,fig4 #dd ano!r /ool employ+ ! same =m ( seat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,re-,,uphol/]+ ,! fir/ evid5ce ( det]ioration 9 mu* old spr+ uphol/]$ furniture is a sagg+ seat4 ,if att5d$ to at ! fir/ indication ( sag ! fault may be rem$i$ by simply retack+ ! webb+ :i* mo/ likely has pull$ away f ! rails4 ,if ! sag is n rem$i$ %ortly ! /uff+ beg9s to %ift1 & ! expos$ spr+s w soon cut or we> a hole ?ru ! cov]4 ,!n ! seat is practically beyond repair1 ) ! exception ( ! utilization ( ! spr+s4 ,%\ld ! spr+s %[ evid5ce ( ru/1 or if !y h lo/ _! temp] & resili5cy1 new ones are requir$4 ,! be/ policy is to repair a seat at ! fir/ indications ( sag1 provid+ ! mat]ials g5]ally are wor?y ( repair4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de ,9 ,fig4 #de is %[n a small rock] ) webb+ & spr+s plac$1 & spr+s prop]ly ti$4 ,?is seat is a recon/ruction job4 ,note t ! cords are secur$ inside ! rails1 & t ! webb+ is tack$ und]nea? ! rails except+ on ! front rail :]e x is fa/5$ inside4 ,?is is necess>y because ( ! curve on ! bottom ( ! front rail4 ,x %[s ! base = a h>d-edge seat1 & is treat$ 9 ! same mann] z ! ,que5 ,anne /ool previ\sly describ$4 ,! "o exception is t ! goods are to be /ret*$ ov] ! faces ( ! rails & tack$ und]nea?4 ,,old ,,furniture4--,_m heirlooms & o!r pieces ( old furniture may be repair$ by reglue+ & replac+ p>ts1 or by re-uphol/]+1 & ! :ole ref9i%$ s t x w comp>e favorably ) f9e pieces ( furniture4 ,a piece ( furniture ( ?is k9d is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #df4 ,! treatm5t ( ! seat is some:at diff]5t f t describ$ be=e4 ,! front edge has a h>d edge1 id5tical to t describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! edges at ! sides & back ne$ no sew+2 at lea/1 !y require v little /it*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg ,! webb+ is tack$ on ! inn] edges ( ! back1 o!rwise ! rabbet w\ld prove too %all[ to p]mit ! gimp to run flu% ) ! wood surface4 ,! /uff+ %\ld be /it*$ to ! burlap & webb+4 ,?is holds all firmly toge!r4 ,to uphol/] ! arms tack tw9e ov] ! edges1 =m+ loose loops into :i* /uff+ may be plac$4 ,?is tw9e holds ! /uff+ 9 place :ile ! musl9 is be+ tack$ & ! prop] %ape or =m giv5 to ! arms4 ,!n place ! cov] ov] ?is1 c>efully fold+ & draw+ at ! corn]s4 ,tack firmly 9 place & atta* ! gimp4 ,fig4 #dg illu/rates an ov]/uff$ *air4 ,! processes describ$ = mak+ a h>d-edge seat are foll[$ on a *air ( ?is k9d4 ,x requires pati5ce to uphol/]1 b :5 cov]$ ) a good piece ( tape/ry results 9 a v valuable & com=table piece ( furniture4 ,9 ,fig4 #dh is illu/rat$ a rock] :i* %[s examples ( bo? loose & atta*$ pads on a s+le /ructure4 ,! seat is a h>d-edge loose pad1 made 9 a mann] id5tical to ! cricket1 b ) a curv$ front :i* increases ! difficulty ( ! "w4 ,! arms are loose pads held by means ( d[els4 ,! back pad is fa/5$ to ! frame by means ( screws1 secur$ be=e ! back "p ( ! cov] is atta*$4 ,) sub/antial uphol/]y "w ?is type ( *air is bo? s]viceable & com=table4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,spr+-,,edge ,,uphol/]y ,! two examples ( furniture illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #di are two types :i* are uphol/]$ 9 a v diff]5t mann] f any ( ! processes describ$ ?us f>4 ,?is is spr+-edge "w1 & is v g5]ally employ$ on s(as1 l\nges & settees4 ,9 uphol/]y ( ?is k9d ! spr+s mu/ be plac$ flu% ) ! outside ( ! frame4 ,?is necessitates b5d+ ! spr+s out some:at4 ,fig4 #ej %[s a *air ( ?is type ) webb+ atta*$ & ! me?od ( /it*+ ! spr+s to ! webb+4 ,note ! spac+ ( ! webb+4 ,fig4 #ea %[s a top view ( ! same seat4 ,notice t ! spr+s are flu% ) ! outside surface ( ! rail4 ,! spr+ wire is %[n atta*$ & =m$4 ,?is =m mu/ be accurately made = x det]m9es ! f9al outl9e ( ! seat4 ,! wire is fa/5$ ne> ! ends to ! uphol/]y blocks1 ) /aples1 & to ! spr+s by means ( /it*+ tw9e coil$ & ti$4 ,!re is on ! m>ket a c]ta9 metal clip = fa/5+ ! coil & wire toge!r4 ,^! clips are atta*$ by means ( a pair ( special pli]s4 ,fig4 #eb %[s ! seat 9 a natural view4 ,note ! me?od ( ty+ ! spr+s4 ,?is is diff]5t f ! me?od previ\sly describ$4 ,! tw9e is br\ght d[n inside ( a spr+ & ti$ to a second or ?ird coil in/ead ( ov] ! outside top coil4 ,?is p]mits ! top coil to lie horizontal1 & braces ! spr+ s x rema9s v]tical4 ,fig4 #ea also illu/rates ?is me?od4 ,a tw9e is also tack$ to ! top ( ! frame & c>ri$ up to ! spr+ wire & d[n to ! frame aga94 ,x is cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,?is tw9e braces ! spr+s & prev5ts sagg+1 & results 9 a v]tical motion r ?an p>tially horizontal :5 ! seat is us$4 ,ov] ?is spr+ "w a piece ( burlap is !n plac$ & tack$ ) #d-oz4 tacks on ! top edge ( ! frame1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ec4 ,?is burlap mu/ fit tight en\gh to be smoo?1 b c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ t x does n fit s tight z to result 9 ! pull+ d[n ( ! spr+s4 ,next place a lay] ( t[ ov] ! burlap4 ,foll[ ) ano!r piece ( burlap1 & sew onto ! spr+ wire in/ead ( tack+ to ! frame z 9 a h>d-edge seat4 ,next =m ! h>d edge1 & f9i% (f ) t[ or moss z describ$ previ\sly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di ,fig4 #ed %[s ! v>i\s /eps 9 ! build+ up ( a seat4 ,aft] ! t[ has be5 plac$ lay on a piece ( blue %eet wadd+ or a lay] ( cotton batt+4 ,lay ! cov] ov] ?is & tack x loosely ^u ! frame & uphol/]y blocks at ! back2 /ret* t[>d ! front & fa/5 und]nea? ! spr+ wire ) skew]s1 & secure x 9 a simil> mann] at ! sides4 ,!n adju/ x c>efully2 tack p]man5tly at ! back1 & !n sew j "u ! spr+ wire4 ,^! /it*es may be se5 at ! left 9 ,fig4 #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed ,! next /ep is ! plac+ ( ! welt edge4 ,?is edge is cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee4 ,j bel[ ! turn ( ! top piece a bead+ may be se54 ,?is is ! welt edge1 & imm$iately bel[ is ! b&4 ,9 ,fig4 #ed is %[n a close view ( ! welt edge4 ,! process ( mak+ x is z foll[s3 ,fold a n>r[ /rip ( clo? ar\nd a s(t cord4 ,hold x aga9/ ! seat ) ! edges d[n2 turn ! b& inside out & sew its l[] edge4 ,run ! curv$ ne$le ?ru x & ! welt+ s t ! seam comes imm$iately above ! seam :i* fa/5s ! top cov] to ! seat4 ,sew f "r to left1 = !n ! piece may be h&l$ conv5i5tly ) ! left h& :ile sew+ is done ) ! "r4 ,?ree pieces are manipulat$ 9 ?is "w2 ! cord1 ! n>r[ b& ( clo? fold$ ar\nd ! cord1 & ! front b&4 ,?is process may be simplifi$ if a sew+ ma*9e is employ$4 ,!n ! welt+ cord may be sew$ into ! top edge ( ! front b&4 ,:5 ?is is sew$ to ! *air seat b "o piece rema9s to be manag$4 ,! front b& %\ld be drap$ or fold$ at ! corn]s4 ,?is fold may be notic$ at ! corn]s ( ! *air seat 9 ,fig4 #ee1 & x all[s ! b& to run ab\t ! corn] full & smoo?4 ,?is is all ! m necess>y because "s /uff+ is plac$ beh9d ! b& to keep ! b& f fall+ 9 :5 ! edge ( ! seat is press$ d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef ,9 ,fig4 #ef is %[n ! gimp4 ,x is g5]ally fa/5$ ) gimp tacks1 b 9 v f9e "w x is glu$ 9 place4 ,glue+ has a di/9ct advantage :]e ! gimp mu/ be plac$ ar\nd curves = !n x may run cont9u\sly r ?an 9 a s]ies ( /raight l9es betwe5 tacks1 z is necess>y :5 tacks are employ$4 ,9 ,fig4 #eg are %[n a s]ies ( problems 9 uphol/]y2 9 ,fig4 #eh1 ! application ( su* type problems to /ructures ( a di/9ctly useful nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh ,,outl9es ,,gr\p ,i4--,,fir/ ,,me?od--,,uphol/]+ ,a ,,pla9 ,,bo>d ,,surface4 ,,tool ,,processes ,,topics ,,= ,,class ,,problems ,,discussion ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,%ap+ /uff+3 moss1 ,prelim9>y talks on ,foot/ool4 t[1 kapok1 alva1 cork uphol/]+ tools4 ,c>t4 %av+s or excelsior4 ,prep>ation ( ,*e/ cov]4 /uff+4 ,%irtwai/ box4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,box lid4 ,/ret*+ & tack+ ,advantage ( tack+ musl9 or burlap & /ret*+ cov]4 goods f c5t] t[>d corn]s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,cov]+ ) wadd+ or ,! ne$ ( wadd+ cotton batt+4 or cotton4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,atta*+ cov]1 ,diff]5t classes ( imitation lea!r1 cov]s appropriate g5u9e lea!r or = diff]5t uses4 textiles4 ,co/1 durability1 appe>ance & com=t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,gimp+4 ,appropriate gimps = diff]5t cov]s4 ,nails3 ,metal5e1 ,p]fection & ,lea!r4 ,spac+ ( nails4 ,me?od ( fold+ gimp at corn]s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,gr\p ,i4--,,second ,,me?od ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,atta*+ burlap or ,advantages ( h>d ,leg re/4 webb+ /rips4 edges4 ,foot/ool4 ,=m+ h>d edges4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,plac+ ( /uff+4 ,desirable =m to seat4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,adju/+ musl94 ,reason = use ( musl9 "u cov]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,plac+ ( wadd+4 ,gimp or no gimp4 ,plac+ ( cov]4 ,fold+ at corn]s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,plac+ & nail+ ( gimp4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,gr\p ,,ii4--,,uphol/]+ ,a ,,fram$ ,,/ructure4 ,,tool ,,processes ,,topics ,,= ,,class ,,problems ,,discussion ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,r\nd+ inside edges ( ,advantages ( r\nd+ ,foot/ool4 rails4 or *amf]+ arrises4 ,*air seat & ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- back4 ,tack+ on webb+1 or ,comp>ison ( webb+ ,slip seats4 ,atta*+ bo>d bottom4 ) bo>d bottom4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,atta*+ burlap4 ,size ( burlap to p]mit mak+ ( h>d edge4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mak+ h>d edge4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,/uff+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,tack+ musl9 ov] ,reasons = loose or /uff+4 slip tack+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,regulat+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,cov]+ ) wadd+ or cotton batt+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,/ret*+ & tack+ ,all-ov] uphol/]y4 outside cov]4 ,%[ wood uphol/]y4 ,welt edge "w4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,tack+ on cambric4 ,ne$ = cambric4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,gr\p ,,iii4--,,h>d-,,edge ,,uphol/]y4 ,,tool ,,processes ,,topics ,,= ,,class ,,problems ,,discussion ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,tack+ webb+ 9 ,prev5t+ ! click+ ,easy *air4 place1 or ,atta*+ ( spr+s4 ,settee seats4 slats4 ,cricket seats4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,plac+ spr+s4 ,diff]5t sizes & %apes ( spr+s = diff]5t uses4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,sew+ spr+s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,ty+ spr+s4 ,importance ( well ti$ spr+s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,tack+ on burlap4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,plac+ /uff+ = ,ov]-hang ( /uff+4 h>d edge4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,tack+ on light burlap4 ,diff]5t me?ods ( ,sew+ h>d edge4 sew+4 ,con/ant regulat+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,ev5+ seat ) d\ble /uff+ & cotton4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,tack+ on musl94 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,plac+ outside cov]4 ,bl9d sew+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,tack+ on cambric4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,gr\p ,,iv4--,,spr+-,,edge ,,uphol/]y4 ,,tool ,,processes ,,topics ,,= ,,class ,,problems ,,discussion ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,atta*+ webb+1 or ,diff]5ce :5 ,side *air4 ,atta*+ slats4 comp>$ ) ,arm *air4 h>d-edge "w4 ,s(as & ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- l\nges4 ,plac+ spr+s4 ,diff]5ce 9 placem5t ( spr+s :5 comp>$ ) h>d-edge "w4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,atta*+ spr+-wire edge4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,ty+ spr+s4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & =m] "w4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,plac+ burlap4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,/uff+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,plac+ burlap ov] /uff+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,/it*+ edge4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,plac+ musl94 ,ne$ ( lay] ( cotton batt+ :5 hair is us$ = /uff+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,atta*+ outside cov]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,sew+ welt edge4 ,advantages ( welt edge4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,gimp+4 ,diff]5t me?ods ( atta*+ gimp4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,index 7,,numb]s ,,ref] ,,to ,,pages7 ,brocades1 #ad ,burlap1 #ab1 #af1 #bc ,cambric1 #ac1 #bg1 #df1 #fa1 #fb ,*ase ,lea!r1 #ad ,*9tz1 #ad1 #ae ,cricket1 #df1 #fb ,d5im1 #ad1 #ae ,fabric1 #g1 #h1 #ac1 #ah1 #bj ,foot/ool1 #ac1 #af1 #bh1 #ce ,gimp1 #ae1 #af1 #bj1 #bc1 #cb ,hamm]1 #aa ,tacks1 #eh ,gunny1 #ac ,hair1 #df ,clo?1 #ae ,hamm]1 ,gimp1 #aa ,h>d-edge1 #ag1 #bg1 #ca1 #ch ,italian ,hemp1 #ae ,knot1 ,clove ,hit*1 #da ,d\ble ,slip1 #de ,lea!r1 ,artificial1 #ad1 #df1 #fj ,g5u9e1 #ad ,leg ,re/1 #ag1 #ba1 #fj ,loose ,cu%ions1 #h ,m>ok5e1 #ad1 #af1 #bc1 #cf ,metal5e1 #ae1 #bc ,mole ,sk91 #ad ,moss1 #ac1 #df1 #ed1 #fj ,mule ,sk91 #ad ,musl91 #ac1 #af1 #bc ,nails1 #i1 #ae1 #af1 #cg ,lea!r1 #ae ,metal5e1 #ae1 #cf ,p]fection1 #ae ,ne$les1 ,curv$1 #aa1 #de1 #eg ,d\ble ,po9t$1 #aa1 #ci1 #dh ,triangul> ,po9t$1 #aa ,ov]/uff$1 #eb ,pad ,seat1 #eb ,pantasote ,lea!r1 #ad ,plu%1 #ae ,que5 ,anne ,/ool1 #f1 #dg1 #ej ,regulator1 #aa1 #ac1 #af1 #ai ,reps1 #ae ,re-uphol/]y1 #ej1 #ea ,sat91 #ae ,scissors1 #aa ,seat1 #ag1 #bd1 #bg ,frame1 #be1 #bf ,skew]s1 #aa ,slip-,tack1 #cd1 #dc1 #de1 #fa ,spr+s1 #ab1 #ae1 #ch1 #ec ,spr+ ,edge ,tw9e1 #ae1 #ci ,wire1 #ec1 #ed1 #eg1 #fc ,squabs1 #h ,/it*+1 #ae1 #dc1 #de ,bl9d1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #fb ,tw9e1 #ae1 #ch ,/ools1 #af1 #ba1 #bc1 #bh ,/uff$-,d\ble1 #df ,/uff+1 #aa1 #ab ,alva1 #ac1 #fj ,cotton ,batt+1 #df1 #fj ,cork ,%av+s1 #ac1 #fj ,excelsior1 #ac1 #fj ,curl$ ,horse ,hair1 #ab1 #df ,kapok1 #ac1 #fj ,moss1 #ac1 #df1 #fj ,t[1 #ab1 #af1 #bc1 #cb ,tacks1 #af1 #ag1 #bc ,tape/ry1 #g1 #ad ,textiles1 #g1 #ad1 #fj ,tools1 #aa ,t[1 #ab1 #af1 #bc1 #cb ,tuft+1 #aj ,tw9e1 #ae1 #dj ,ty+ ,spr+s1 #ae1 #ec1 #fb1 #fc ,uphol/]y1 #aa1 #ba ,blocks1 #ah1 #bh1 #ca1 #ec1 #ed ,vel\rs1 #ae ,velvet1 #ae ,wadd+1 #ac1 #af1 #bf1 #bg1 #cf1 #fj ,webb+1 #aa1 #ah ,b4 ,f4 ,m41 #aa ,l4 ,m4 ,c41 #aa1 #ab ,/ret*]1 #aa1 #be1 #bh ,welt ,cord1 #ah1 #eg1 #eh ,edge1 #aa1 #cg1 #eg1 #fc