,,transcrib]',s ,,note      ,italic text
 is d5ot$ by und]scores4      ,!re are  
two in/ances ( ! lett] c ) a macron4    
,us+ !    ,unicode comb9+ diacritical1  
?is w display on ?is device    z c4     
,! t]ms table & tablet 7a small table7  
are us$ 9 ref]5ce to    anci5t writ+    
surfaces4      ,! t]m size z us$ 9 ?is  
book (t5 ref]s to glut9\s mat]ial    us$
 9 ! pap]-mak+ process to make ! pap]   
surface smoo!r4      ,"s m9or *anges to 
! text are not$ at ! end ( ! book4      
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pap] ,,mak+ ,,ma*9e4
                                  ,,pap]
  ,,pap] ,,mak+1                        
,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n4                   
,,by                                    
,,ri*>d ,,h]r+3                         
,,)                               ,,an  
,,introduction1                         
,,by ,,!                          ,,rev4
 ,,george ,,croly1 ,,ll4 ,d4            
,,london3                   ,,longman1  
,,br[n1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,longmans4         
#ahee4                              ,w4 

,,dewick1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,b>bican4           
,,to ,,!                                
,,"r ,,hon\rable                        
,,sir ,,francis ,,graham ,,moon1        
,,b>onet1                               
,,"l ,,mayor ,,( ,,london3              
,,?is ,,"w1                 ,,) ,,e     
,,s5tim5t ,,( ,,respect ,,& ,,e/eem1    
,,is ,,d$icat$2                         
,,by ,,8 ,,lord%ip',s                   
,,oblig$ ,,& ,,fai?ful ,,s]vant1        
,,! ,,au?or4            ,,cont5ts4      
,,page4      ,,preface                  
,,vii      ,,introduction               
ix        ,,*apt] ,i4                   
,,introduction--,language--,orig9 ( !   
,art ( ,writ+--,v>i\s modes    ( record+
 ev5ts :i* prec$$ x--,mat]ials ^u :i*   
m5 fir/ ,wrote--,/ones1 ,bricks1        
,metals1 ,sk9s & ,inte/9es    (         
,animals1 ,tablets1 ,leaves1 ,b>k1 etc41
 etc4--,! ,egyptian    ,papyrus1 f :i*  
,pap] 7s call$7 0 fir/ made--,process   
( ,manufacture--,usual dim5sions &      
extreme durability (    ,papyri--,mod]n 

,pap]--,its g5]al advantages to         
mank9d--,suppos$    p]iod ( its         
,inv5tion--,! ,introduction ( ,pap]-mak+
    into ,europe--,hi/orical incid5ts   
connect$ !re)--,james    ,:atman--,!    
sup]iority ( 8 manufacture--,adoption ( 
!    ,f\rdr9i]-,ma*9e--,g5]al advantages
 ( ,ma*9]y ov] !    ,orig9al ,process1  
etc41 etc4                              
#a        ,,*apt] ,,ii4      ,on !      
,mat]ials employ$ 9 ! ,=mation (        
,pap]--,me?od (                         
,prep>ation--,processes ( ,comm9ution1  
,wa%+1 ,blea*+1 etc4                    
describ$--,pap]-mak+ by ,h&--,pap]-mak+ 
,ma*9e--,siz+                           
,app>atus--,cutt+-,ma*9e1 etc4          
expla9$--,g5]al ,obs]vations    on :at  
are t]m$ ,wat]-,m>ks--,mann] ( effect+ !
    same--,importance frequ5tly atta*$  
to !m--,irel&'s ,fabrication    ( !     
,%akspe>e ,,mss4--,difficulty 9 procur+ 
suitable ,pap]    = ! purpose--,on !    
p]fection to :i* ,wat]-,m>ks h n[       
atta9$1 especially ) ref]5ce to !       

production ( ,light    & ,%ade1 z se5 9 
! ,new ,bank ,note1 etc41 etc4          
#di        ,,*apt] ,,iii4      ,anecdote
 ( an ov]-curi\s enquir]--,its probable 
application    to _m read]s--,pap]      
,mak+1 :5 /raight=w>d1 extremely        
simple1 b ord9>ily involv+ consid]able  
*emical &    practical skill--,brief    
review ( artificial aids--,anecdotes (  
! delet]i\s effects ( blea*+1 & ( imp>t+
 col\r    to ! 8/uff0--,ultram>9e1 its  
use & abuse--,manufactur$    ,pap]1 its 
v>ieties & peculi>ities--,excise        
,regulations--,pap]                     
,duty--,conclusion4                     
#ia          ,,preface4      ,! pres5t  
"w is f\nd$ ^u ,lectures rec5tly deliv]$
 at !  ,london ,in/itution4    ,!       
subject ( ,pap] & ,pap] ,mak+ is "o :i* 
has be5 at all  times reg>d$ )          
consid]able int]e/1 indep5d5tly ( t     
att5tion to x :i* comm]cial pursuits1 ( 
necessity1 dem&4  ,! confid5ce1 h[ev]1  
:i* orig9ally prompt$ me to treat !     
subject1 has1 be5 9 no slight degree1   

augm5t$ by ! advantage  :i* ,i possess 9
 ! exp]i5ce ( my fa!r1 ext5d+ ov] a     
p]iod ( ne>ly half a c5tury4    ,9 !    
illu/ration ( ! ,lectures1 7:i* "h /& z 
,,*apt]s  #a & #b71--! syllabus furni%$ 
by ! ,london ,in/itution be+  reta9$ z a
 head+ 9 ea* in/ance--,i h ! pleas+ duty
 to  ackn[l$ge myself mu* indebt$ to !  
k9d assi/ance ( _m  fri5ds 9 connection 
) ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ! ,hon4   
,ea/ ,india ,company1 ! ,royal          
,botanical ,g>d5s at ,kew1 ! ,london    
,mission>y ,museum1 & ! ,bank ( ,engl&4 
,s f> z x has be5 f\nd practicable to   
illu/rate ! pres5t  "w1 no ef=t has be5 
sp>$1 & 9 ord] to su/a9 ! int]e/  :i* 0 
s /rik+ly exhibit$ at ! deliv]y ( !     
,lectures--!  remembrance ( :i* ?r\gh\t 
life w be to me a con/ant s\rce  (      
gratification2--,i h app5d$1 among/ o!r 
specim5s1 a %eet  manufactur$ f ! same  
m\ld z ,i !n employ$4                   
,r4 ,h4      ,,walbrook1 ,,april1 #ahee4
          ,,introduction4    ,,by ,,!   
,,rev4 ,,george ,,croly1 ,,ll4 ,d4      

,hav+ be5 pres5t at ! deliv]y ( ^!      
,lectures1 & feel+  an int]e/ 9 !m1 z ! 
p]=mance ( my intellig5t fri5d1  &      
p>i%ion]1 ,mr4 ,h]r+1 ,i h add$1 at 8   
reque/1 a few  prelim9>y obs]vations1 on
 ! *ief employm5t ( pap] 9 our  day1    
namely1 9 ,,pr9t+4    ,x is a /rik+1 &  
p]haps a significant1 co9cid5ce1 t !    
art ( mak+ pap] f l95 fibre1 & ! art (  
pr9t+1 7  discov]$ ne>ly at ! same "t1 &
 7 coeval ) ! fir/  prea*+ ( !          
,re=mation2 by ,huss & ,j]ome ( ,prague1
 ( :om  ,lu!r 0 only ! m em95t          
successor--! :ole ?ree ev5ts  dat+ f !  
fifte5? c5tury4    ,x is c]ta91 t pr9t+ 
0 ! great in/rum5t ( !  ,re=mation 9    
,g]many1 & ( spread+ x ?r\gh ,europe2 & 
x is  equally c]ta91 t ! mak+ ( pap]1 by
 means ( ! cotton  or flax5 fibre1      
suppli$ ! only mat]ial1 :i* has be5 f\nd
  ext5sively available = pr9t+4 ,:e!r   
?is co9cid5ce 0  simply accid5tal1 or 0 
! effect ( t high arrangem5t =  high    
purposes1 :i* we s (t5 f9d 9 ! hi/ory ( 
,provid5ce1  may be left to !           

consid]ation ( ! ,*ri/ian4    ,b1 x is  
evid5t1 t if pr9t+ _h be5 inv5t$ 9 any (
  ! e>li] ages1 x w\ld h be5            
comp>atively ?r[n away4 ,!  ,*9ese b>k (
 ! bamboo1 or ! rice /raw2 ! ,egyptian  
papyrus1  & ! ,greek or ,roman p>*m5t1  
w\ld h be5 too feeble1 or  too exp5sive1
 = ! rapid dem&s ( ! ,press4 ,b1 at !   
exact p]iod1 :5 ,pr9t+ 0 giv5 to ! _w1 !
 fabric 0  also giv51 :i* 0 to meet !   
broade/ exig5cy ( t mo/  illu/ri\s      
inv5tion4    ,t ! ,*9ese1 9 ages almo/  
beyond hi/ory1 _h made pap] (  cotton1 &
 ev5 ( hemp2 & t ! ,arabians ei!r       
borr[$1 or  inv5t$1 ! manufacture1 9 !  
eigh? c5tury1 is kn[n4 ,b1 !  discov]y  
p]i%$ = want ( ! ,press2 z ! ,press w\ld
 h  p]i%$ = want ( ! vig\r1 yet to be   
creat$ 9 e faculty  ( human advance1 by 
! ,re=mation4    ,x %\ld n be =gott51 t 
! fir/ pr9t$ works 7  religi\s2 z !     
8,biblia ,paup]um10 a small folio1 ( =ty
 leaves1  ea* ) a picture1 & a text (   
,scripture "u x2 & !  8,speculum human  
,salvationis10 a simil> "w ( pictures & 

texts1  9 ,lat92 & t ! la/1 & noble/1   
a*ievem5t ( ,pr9t+1  has be5 ! r5ew$    
publication ( ! ,gospel1 9 ne>ly e      
language ( ! globe6    ,! actual orig9 (
 ,pr9t+ has be5 matt] ( le>n$           
controv]sy4  ,f ! e>lie/ ages1          
impressions _h be5 tak5 f seals4  ,!re  
are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum blocks ( lead1  
impress$ ) !  "n or /amp ( ! ,roman     
au?orities4 ,! ,*9ese1 :o seem to  h _h 
a glimpse ( e inv5tion ( ,europe1       
produc$ blocks (  wood-engrav+1 ) :i* !y
 multipli$ copies1 by impression at     
lea/1 s e>ly z ! t5? c5tury2 & ev5 appe>
 to h appli$  x to a species ( bank     
note4 ,:e!r ! inv5tion 0 introduc$  into
 ,europe by ,m>co ,polo1 7:o visit$ ,*9a
 9 ! ?irte5?  c5tury71 or by o!rs1 x is 
kn[n1 t pr9t$ play+ c>ds &  devotional  
tracts1 7?\gh ( ! simple/ /ructure1     
g5]ally a  s+le page71 7 n infrequ5t1 f 
! ye> ,a4,d4 #adjj4 ,/ill1  ! op]ation 0
 s exp5sive1 &1 also1 s insuffici5t1 t !
  ,art ( ,pr9t+ _c be said1 to h be5 yet
 discov]$4 ,= ?is  discov]y1 ! ess5tial 

0 ! use ( moveable types4    ,! hon\r ( 
?is mo/ simple1 yet mo/ compreh5sive1   
*ange1 has  be5 w>mly disput$ by ,holl&1
 & ,g]many4 ,b1 ?\gh ,co/]1 a  ,holl&]1 
adopt$ x e>ly2 g5]al op9ion gives x to  
,gut5burg1 a  pr9t] at ,/rasburg1 betwe5
 #adcf & #addb4 ,gut5burg 0 orig9ally  a
 block-pr9t]2 at l5g? ! =tunate idea    
occurr$ to him1  ( gett+ rid ( ! solid  
page1 & mak+ 8 types sep>ate2  ^?1 9 !  
fir/ in/ance1 7 cut out ( wood4 ,return+
 to  ,may5ce1 8 native city1 a p>tn]%ip 
) ,fau/ suppli$ him )  capital4 ,fau/   
made a second /ep 9 ! me*anical portion 
( !  art1 by ca/+ ! types 9 metal4 ,a   
subsequ5t p>tn]%ip )  ,s*oeff]1 ,fau/'s 
son-9-law1 suppli$ all t 0 want+ to  !  
art1 9 8 inv5tion ( ! ,pun* = mak+ !    
types4 ,!  p>tn]s subsequ5tly qu>rell$1 
& ,gut5burg1 9 #adeh1 =m$ a  new        
e/abli%m5t 9 ,may5ce4 ,! /orm+ ( ! city 
by ,adolphus  ( ,nassau1 9 #adfb1       
disp]s$ ! workm51 & ?us spread ! art    
?r\gh ,europe4 ,x 0 !nce=? practis$ 9   
,italy1 9 ,france1 9  ,spa91 & 9 ,engl&1

 7at ,we/m9/]1 9 #adge47    ,! ,cologne 
,*ronicle1 pr9t$ 9 #adgd1 /ates1 t !    
fir/  l>ge volume produc$ by pr9t+1 0 ! 
,bible1 7an edition ( !  ,vulgate17 a "w
 :i* co/ a prep>ation ( t5 ye>s4 ,?is   
edition  is )\t date1 or pr9t]'s "n1 b  
is suppos$ to h be5  complet$ 9 #adee4  
,9 an age1 :5 ! ,european m9d 0 only    
em]g+ f a ?\s&  ye>s ( d>kness1 ev]y?+ 0
 t+$ ) sup]/ition4  ,! pr9t+ ( ! ,bible 
%>$ ! g5]al *>ge2 & !  comp>ative       
*eapness1 & /ill m1 ! s+ul> fidelity ( !
  copies to ea* o!r1 7 attribut$ to     
sorc]y4 ,fau/1 :o probably  _h no       
objection to a report1 by :i* s mu* 0 to
 be ga9$1  & :i* 0 fav\r$ by ! abs5ce ( 
date & "n2 has s9ce  be5 made ! h]o (   
,g]man my/icism2 & is immortaliz$1 z !  
philosoph]1 & ma/] ( magic1 9 !         
celebrat$ poem ( ,goe!4    ,! ,newspap]1
 ! mo/ influ5tial ( all human works1 is 
!  creation ( ,pr9t+4 ,x is to ! hon\r (
 ,engl&1 t 9  ?is c\ntry1 x approa*es   
ne>e/ to excell5ce1 9 intellectual      
vig\r1 9 v>iety ( k1 9 ext5t (          

in=mation1 & 9  patriotic pr9ciple4 ,x  
has1 l all ! works ( man1 occasional    
imp]fections1 & p]haps among ! mo/      
prom95t1 are its too  m9ute details (   
(f5ces aga9/ public purity4 ,b1 !re is  
sc>cely a newspap] 9 ?is age1 :i* w\ld n
 h be5 reg>d$  z a triumph ( ability1 9 
! la/4 ,9 fact1 ! newspap] (  ,engl& is 
! great practical tea*] ( ! p4 ,its     
con/ant  & univ]sal tea*+ alone acc\nts 
= ! sup]ior intellig5ce  ( ! population4
 ,s*ools1 lecture-rooms1 & univ]sities1 
important z !y all are1 altoge!r fall   
beh9d x 9 public  effect1 or f9d1 t to  
reta9 _! influ5ce1 !y mu/ foll[  its    
/eps4 ,^? /eps may n[ & !n turn f ! "r  
road1 b  _! native t5d5cy is1 =w>ds &   
upw>ds6 ,?is intellectual  giant always 
advances1 & c>ries ! c\ntry ) him to a  
height1  :i* no o!r c\ntry1 anci5t or   
mod]n1 ev] atta9$1 or p]haps1  ev] hop$ 
to atta94    ,i speak ( ?is =m (        
publication1 9 no lit]>y favoritism2 b1 
z a great in/rum5t1 (f]$ to nations = ! 
safety1 ! spe$1  & ! security ( national

 progress2 an intellectual railroad1    
giv5 to our era1 to meet ! increas$     
exig5cies ( intellectual  int]c\rse2 &  
equal to any weight1 & any rapidity4    
,! mo/ hopeless feature ( =eign         
gov]nm5ts appe>s to me1 _!  ho/ility to 
! press4 ,?us1 !y prohibit ! m5tal air &
  ex]cise1 :i* w\ld rectify ! 8peccant  
hum\rs0 ( _! p2  ?us1 !y aggravate      
popul> /agnation into political disease2
 ?us1  casual passion is d>k5$ into     
conspiracy1 & pass+ disgu/ is  compress$
 into rebellion4    ,engl& has h]       
ill-hum\rs1 b ! press v5tilates !m away2
 !  vap\rs are n suff]$ to lie on !     
gr\nd1 until !y cond5se  into mal>ia4   
,!re may be folly1 & ev5 faction1 among 
u1 & !  press may be ! trumpet ( bo?2 b1
 ! wid? ( ! area is !  rem$y4 ,a :ole   
nation is always "r4 ,no s\nd c /ir x1 b
  ! s\nd :i* is 9 accord ) its own      
feel+s2 ! trumpet :i*  is ov]:elm+ )9   
f\r walls1 is unhe>d at ! horizon6      
,if1 9 an age ( =eign convulsion1 ,engl&
 has und]gone no  cata/rophe2 if1 9 !   

fall ( mon>*ies1 %e has pres]v$ h]      
h]$it>y ?rone2 if1 9 ! m+l$ infidelity &
 sup]/ition  ( ! ,cont95t1 :i*1 l ! m+l$
 fr5zy & fett]s ( a  lunatic hospital1  
h1 9 our day1 exhibit$ ! l[e/           
humiliation  ( human nature2 %e has     
pres]v$ h] fre$om & h] religion2 ,i     
attribute all1 "u ,god1 to ! vig\r1 &   
intellig5ce ( public  inve/igation2 !   
incessant urg5cy ( appeal to ! public   
m9d2  ! liv+ organization1 ( :i* ! he>t 
is ! ,,press ( ,engl&6          ,,pap]  
,,& ,,pap] ,,mak+1    ,,anci5t ,,&      
,,mod]n4          ,,*apt] ,i4           
,introduction--,language--,orig9 ( !    
,art ( ,writ+--,v>i\s modes    ( record+
 ev5ts :i* prec$$ x--,mat]ials ^u :i*   
,m5 fir/ ,wrote--,/ones1 ,bricks1       
,metals1 ,sk9s & ,inte/9es    (         
,animals1 ,tablets1 ,leaves1 ,b>k1 etc41
 etc4--,! ,egyptian    ,papyrus1 f :i*  
,pap] 7s call$7 0 fir/ made--,process   
( ,manufacture--,usual dim5sions &      
extreme durability (    ,papyri--,mod]n 
,pap]--,its g5]al advantages to         

mank9d--,suppos$    p]iod ( its         
,inv5tion--,! ,introduction ( ,pap]-mak+
    into ,europe--,hi/orical incid5ts   
connect$ !re)--,james    ,:atman--,!    
sup]iority ( 8 manufacture--,adoption ( 
!    ,f\rdr9i]-,ma*9e--,g5]al advantages
 ( ,ma*9]y ov] !    ,orig9al ,process1  
etc41 etc4      ,among/ ! num]\s &      
div]sifi$ objects ( human inve/igation  
& rese>*1 x w\ld1 p]haps1 be difficult  
to s+le out "o1 m  curi\s & int]e/+1 ?an
 t ( ! m$ium :i* be>s !  symbols (      
language2 :i* reta9s ! regi/] (         
circum/ances &  ev5ts ( pa/ ages1 & :i* 
h&s d[n to u ! transactions (  primeval 
"t1 ) its int]v5+ p]iods4    ,und\bt$ly 
! noble/ acquisition ( mank9d1 p]haps ! 
greate/  advantage :i* we possess1 is t 
( ! faculty ( spee*4  ,)\t spee*1 man1 9
 ! mid/ ( cr[ds1 w\ld be solit>y4 ,!    
ende>m5ts ( fri5d%ip1 & ! communications
 ( wisdom1 alike  w\ld become unavail+2 
man1 9 fact1 )\t spee*1 c\ld h>dly  be  
acc\nt$ a rational be+4    ,t ! use (   
spee* or language 0 giv5 to ,adam       

imm$iately ^u  8 =mation1 we h no reason
 to d\bt2 = f ! te/imony  ( ,moses x    
appe>s1 t he n only gave names to e liv+
  creature1 8to e bea/ ( ! field1 & to e
 f[l ( !  air10 z !y 7 br\ght to him1 b 
t also z soon z ,eve 0  made he c\ld    
say--8,?is is n[ bone ( my bone1 & fle% 
( my  fle%10 ! fir/ s5t5ce :i* is       
record$ ( 8 utt]+1 &  :i* is suffici5t  
to %[1 t ev5 !n1 he possess$ a compet5t 
/ock ( words to decl>e ! ideas or       
conceptions ( 8 m9d4    ,?us 0 man at   
once r5d]$ z sup]ior to ! brute         
creation1 z  9 aft] times by ! aid (    
writ+1 or ! art ( draw+ ^?  ideas into  
vision1 he 0 especially di/+ui%$ f !    
condition  ( unciviliz$ savages4 ,= (   
all ! arts t contribute to !  com=t &   
happ9ess ( mank9d1 no "o1 p]haps1 is m  
intimately  connect$ ) our social       
habits1 or m closely entw9$ ) !  be/ &  
pure/ feel+s ( our nature1 ?an t (      
writ+4 ,& yet  to conceive or to acc\nt 
= ! orig9 ( an art s invaluable 9  its  
t5d5cy to elevate & improve mank9d1 z t 

( exhibit+ to  sight ! v>i\s conceptions
 ( ! m9d1 :i* h no corporeal  =ms1 by   
means ( hi]oglyphics or legible *>act]s1
 is /ill z  difficult & p]plex+1 z 9 pa/
 ages x has ev] prov$ to !  sagacity (  
mank9d4 ,) ! poet ( old we h yet to     
enquire--          8,:5ce did ! wondr\s 
my/ic art arise1        ,( pa9t+ spee*1 
& speak+ to ! eyes8        ,t we by     
trac+ magic l9es are taught        ,h[  
to embody1 & to col\r ?\ght40           
,not)/&+ ! great & manifold bless+s :i* 
m5 h  receiv$ f ?is curi\s & wond]ful   
inv5tion1 x is v  rem>kable1 z a        
di/+ui%$ writ] obs]ves1 t writ+1 :i*    
gives a sort ( immortality to all o!r   
?+s1 %\ld1 by !  disposal ( ,div9e      
,provid5ce1 be )\t any trace ( ! memory 
( its fir/ f\nd]s4 ,inde$1 ! inv5tion ( 
lett]s & _!  v>i\s comb9ations 9 =m+    
words1 am\nt+1 x is comput$1 to         
#fbj1ddh1dja1gcc1bci1dci1cfj1jjj1 )\t   
repeat+ any comb9ation  capable ( be+   
made f s small a numb] ( lett]s z t n[  
compris+ our alphabet1 has some?+ s     

extremely +5i\s &  surpris+ 9 its       
application1 t mo/ m5 :o h treat$ !     
subject1 c h>dly =be> attribut+ x to a  
div9e orig9al4    ,_m h conceiv$ t !    
!atre ( ?is important legacy to  man 0  
,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,b x is obs]vable1 t       
previ\sly to !  arrival ( ! ,israelites 
at ,m\nt ,s9ai1 ,scripture makes m5tion 
(  writ+ z an art already und]/ood by   
,moses3 8,& ! ,"l said  unto ,moses1    
write ?is = a memorial40 7,exodus1 #ag? 
*4 #ad? v47  ,n[1 ,moses seems to h     
express$ no difficulty ( compreh5sion   
:5 he receiv$ ?is comm&1 nor does any?+ 
appe> to induce  ! slighte/ d\bt2 on !  
contr>y1 ,i ?9k we may safely conclude  
t ,moses 0 ev5 !n well acqua9t$ ) ! art 
( writ+1 or  o!rwise he w\ld h be5      
in/ruct$ by ,god1 z 9 ! case (  ,noah1  
:5 he 0 requir$ to build ! ,ark4 ,&     
fur!r1 we f9d  t ,moses wrote all !     
words1 & all ! judgm5ts ( ! ,"l1        
conta9$ 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ & two foll[+     
*apt]s ( !  ,book ( ,exodus1 be=e ! two 
writt5 tables ( /one 7 ev5 s  mu* z     

promis$4 ,! deliv]y ( ! tables is n     
m5tion$ till  ! #ah? v]se ( ! #ca/      
*apt]1 aft] ,god _h made an end (       
commun+ ) him ^u ! m\nt4 ,nev]!less1 ,i 
am n prep>$ to  dispute ! probability ( 
a div9e orig9 to s wond]ful a m$ium1    
any m ?an ,i am dispos$ to "q !         
possibility ( its  result+ m]ely f :at  
,ari/otle t]ms ! ,faculty ( ,imitation2 
= :i*1 says he1 m5 are s rem>kable1 ev5 
9 an unciviliz$  /ate4 ,i pass by all   
que/ions ( ! k9d1 satisfi$ = ! pres5t  )
 ! simple fact1 t su* m$ium does exi/2 t
 ?r\gh x  we become1 z x 71 introduc$ to
 ! multitud9\s ?rong ( a  _w's t5antry1 
:ile we ?us le>n _! words1 works1 &     
ways1  _! ,hi/ory1 ,lit]ature1 & ,arts1 
_! ,sci5ce1 & ,!ology2 &  :ile ev5 !    
mummy1 recov]$ f ! subt]ranean recesses 
( !  ,egyptian pyramids1 may /ill be    
said to talk ) u1 by virtue (  ! roll ( 
papyrus & its pictur$ inscription :i* he
 holds 9  8 h&2          ,writ+'s art1  
:i* l a sov]eign que51        ,among/ h]
 subject sci5ces is se52        ,z %e 9 

dignity ! re/ transc5ds1        ,s f> h]
 p[] ( good1 & h>m ext5ds4    ,9 !      
e>lie/ ages ( mank9d1 v simple means 7  
necess>ily  adopt$1 to pres]ve !        
remembrance ( any important ev5t4 ,dur+ 
_m c5turies1 tradition1 p]haps solely1  
s]v$ to repres5t t1  :i* 9 rec5t times  
has be5 m completely effect$ by !       
introduction ( pr9t+4    ,at o!r p]iods 
we f9d trees 7 plant$1 heaps ( /ones1   
alt>s or pill>s1 z we read 9 sacr$      
hi/ory1 7 erect$2 &  ev5 games &        
fe/ivals ord]$1 to keep up !            
recollection (  important facts4 ,s9ce1 
h[ev]1 ! art ( writ+ 0 inv5t$  7be !    
p]iod :5 x may71 v>i\s mat]ials h f "t  
to  "t be5 made use (1 = ! purpose (    
transmitt+ to po/]ity  ! discov]ies &   
de$s ( _! ance/ors4 ,?us1 = in/ance1  ! 
mo/ anci5t rema9s ( writ+ :i* h be5 h&$ 
d[n to  u1 are ^u h>d sub/ances1 su* z  
bricks1 /ones1 & metals1  :i* 7 us$ by !
 anci5ts = all matt]s ( public          
notoriety2  abundant pro(s ( :i* we h 9 
! rec5t discov]ies (  ,mr4 ,lay>d4 ,&   

,josephus1 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ! fir/ book 
( ,jewi% ,antiquities1 tells u3 t1 8!   
desc5dants ( ,se?1  lead+ a happy &     
quiet life1 f\nd out by /udy &          
obs]vation  ! motions & di/ribution1 or 
ord]1 ( ! heav5ly bodies2 &1  t _!      
discov]ies might n be lo/ to m5 7kn[+ t 
!  de/ruction ( ! _w _h be5 =etold by   
,adam1 :i* %\ld be  once by fire1 & once
 by wat]17 !y made two pill>s--"o (     
brick1  & ! o!r ( /one1 & wrote or      
engrav$ _! discov]ies  !reon2 s t if !  
ra9s %\ld de/roy t ( brick1 ! o!r  (    
/one might cont9ue to %[ mank9d _!      
obs]vations40    ,9 ! sacr$ text we are 
fur!r in=m$1 t great /ones 7  direct$ to
 be set up by ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 aft] !
 passage  ( ! ,jordan1 & be+ 8pla/]$ )  
pla/]10--:i* appe>s  to h be5 a v common
 practice--8!reon 7 to be writt5 all  ! 
words ( ! law v pla9ly40 ,9 ! book (    
,job1 :i* "s  suppose to h be5 writt5 by
 ,moses1 we h an obscure intimation  ( !
 me?od employ$ 9 regi/]+ ^u ! rock1     
8grav5 )  an iron p5 & lead 9 ! rock =  

ev]40 ,b1 al?\gh !re is  app>5tly a want
 ( cle>ness 9 our translation ( !       
passage1 by  no means does x affect !   
idea ( ,job's desire to give ! greate/  
possible p]man5ce to ! words he !n      
utt]$4 ,he exclaims1 8,oh  t my words 7 
n[ writt510 or1 7?\gh probably n an     
exact  translation17 8,oh t !y 7 pr9t$ 9
 a book20 & m 7he  adds7 8t !y 7 ev5    
grav5 ) an iron p5 & lead 9 !  rock =   
ev]20 :i* latt] clause "s take to be 9  
ref]5ce to  ! lead5 tablets :i* are f\nd
 to h be5 9 v e>ly use4  ,b ,i r fav\r !
 int]pretation1 = :i* ,i am indebt$1 to 
my mu* e/eem$ fri5d ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,croly2
 t z a /ill m  indelible & effectual    
mode ( p]petuat+ 8 ?\ghts1 x 0  ,job's  
conception t 8 words %\ld be grav5 9 !  
rock ) an  iron p51 or tool1 & !        
int]/ices aft]w>ds fill$ ) lead1  9 ord]
 t ! contra/ occasion$ !reby might r5d] 
!m !  m readily intelligible to ^? :o   
happ5$ to travel t way4    ,h]odotus    
also m5tions a lett] engrav5 on plates (
 /one1 :i*  ,!mi/ocles1 ! ,a!nian g5]al1

 s5t to ! ,ionians1 ab\t five  hundr$   
ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,lead1 h[ev]1 
& simil>  metals be+ less difficult to  
write ^u1 & m simple &  conv5i5t1       
aft]w>ds sup]s$$ to a great ext5t ! use 
( su*  unwieldy sub/ances z bricks &    
/one4 ,& subsequ5tly we f9d  o!rs ( a   
/ill m pliable texture employ$1 su* z ! 
sk9s (  animals1 b>k1 wood1 & ! leaves (
 trees4 ,solomon1 = in/ance1  9 ! ,book 
( ,prov]bs1 9 allusion to ! practice (  
writ+ ^u  ?9 slices ( wood1 advises 8   
son to write 8 precepts ^u  ! tables ( 8
 he>t4 ,& ! prophet ,habakkuk 0 comm&$  
to write a vision & make x pla9 ^u      
tables1 t he may run  t reade? x4       
,solomon1 z y are aw>e1 liv$ a ?\s&     
ye>s1  & ,habakkuk ab\t six hundr$ &    
tw5ty six1 be=e ! ,*ri/ian  era4 ,at a  
lat] p]iod1 ,za*>ias1 ! fa!r ( ,john !  
,bapti/1  :5 enquir$ ( z to :at he w\ld 
h 8 *ild call$1 ask$1  we are told1 = 8a
 writ+ table1 & wrote1 say+1 8 "n is    
,john40 ,among/ ! ,romans1 x 0 cu/om>y =
 ! public affairs  ( e ye> to be        

committ$ to writ+ by ! high prie/1 &    
publi%$ on a table2 su* tables be+      
expos$ to view1 ei!r 9  _! m>ket-places 
or temples1 9 ord] t ! p might h  an    
opportunity ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) _!      
cont5ts4    ,at an e>ly p]iod 9 _!      
hi/ory1 bo? ,greeks & ,romans appe>  to 
h commonly us$ ei!r ^? pla9 wood5 bo>ds1
 or bo>ds  cov]$ ) wax4 ,x is probable1 
t at fir/ ! tables 7  writt5 ^u j z !y 7
 plan$1 & t ! ov]lay+  !m ) wax 0 an    
improvem5t on t inv5tion4 ,a v decid$   
advantage be+ ?us obta9$1 9 ! facility  
af=d$ = eras+  any inaccuracies t might 
h occurr$1 & consequ5tly (  correct+ !  
manuscript4 ,! practice ( writ+ ^u      
tablets (  "o k9d or ano!r1 appe>s n to 
h be5 entirely laid aside1  until !     
comm5cem5t ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 &1 inde$1
 ev5  9 our day1 tablet books ( ivory   
are occasionally us$1 = writ+  ^u )     
black lead p5cils4    ,! use ( bo>ds 0 9
 "s measure sup]s$$ by t ( !  leaves (  
palm1 olive1 popl>1 & o!r trees4 ,&1    
al?\gh 9  ,europe1 all ^! disappe>$ ^u !

 introduction ( ! papyrus  & p>*m5ts1 9 
"s c\ntries ! use ( !m rema9s ev5 to    
?is day4 ,p]haps a record ( ?is old     
cu/om may /ill be f\nd 9  ! ^w leaf1 :i*
 we cont9ue to apply to %eets ( pap]1 :5
  sew$ up into ! =m ( a book4 ,accord+  
to ! acc\nt ( ,pl9y1  ! ,egyptians 7 !  
fir/ to use ! palm leaf1 & books writt5 
on x are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,india   
,museum1 z also 9 !  ,libr>y ( ! ,briti%
 ,museum4    ,! mode ( prep>ation1 aft] 
cutt+ into /rips ( ! l5g? &  wid?       
requir$1 is simply to soak !m = a %ort  
"t 9 boil+  wat]1 aft] :i* !y are rubb$ 
backw>ds & =w>ds ov] a  smoo? piece (   
wood to make !m pliable1 & !n c>efully  
dri$4  ,! lett]s or *>act]s be+ writt5  
or r engrav$ !reon  ) an iron /yle1 :i*1
 pi]c+ ! outside cov]+1 makes  indelible
 lett]s2 & by aft]w>ds rubb+ ! writ+ ov]
 )  "s d>k col\r$ sub/ance1 su* z soot  
or *>coal1 ! p>ts  et*$ or scrat*$1 h   
great] relief imp>t$ to !m3 & !  writ+  
is m easily read4    ,not)/&+ _m pap]   
mills h be5 erect$ 9 ,india1 !  natives1

 ,i und]/&1 frequ5tly pref] ?is me?od1 n
 only =  ! ord9>y purposes (            
correspond5ce & acc\nts1 b ev5 9  "s    
qu>t]s = gov]nm5t docum5ts ( importance4
    ,i mu/ "h express my s5se ( ! k9d   
assi/ance :i* has on  sev]al occasions  
be5 af=d$ me by ! ,rev4 ,b5jam9 ,bailey1
 late  ( ,cottyam1 ,allepie1 ,madras1 :o
 has n only giv5 to ! _w a  translation 
9 ,malayalim ( ! entire ,bible1 b has   
also compil$  two volum9\s diction>ies1 
= r5d]+ assi/ance 9 ! /udy (  t         
language4 ,?is g5tleman has rec5tly     
af=d$ me an opportunity  ( inspect+ _m  
great curiosities ( ! k9d3 inde$1 be=e  
me  is n[ ly+ a v neat little specim5   
writt5 9 ,malayalim by him  7,/4 ,paul's
 ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y71 :i* %[s1 9
 a rem>kable  degree1 ! a/oni%+         
di/9ctness :i* may be produc$ by ?is    
s+ul> mode ( writ+4    ,! /yle ) :i* !  
lett]s are engrav5 ^u ! leaf is  usually
 worn 9 ! girdle z a prom95t ornam5t (  
dress4 ,!  case :i* protects x conta9+  
also a small knife1 employ$ 9  prep>+ ! 

slips1 & likewise a little in/rum5t :i* 
is us$  = pi]c+ ! leaves1 9 ord] t cords
 may be pass$ ?r\gh  !m = ! purpose (   
secur+ ! manuscript1 z may be se5 9  !  
in/ance ( v>i\s docum5ts bo? 9 ! ,ea/   
,india ,company's  ,museum1 & also 9 !  
,libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum4    ,a "w   
:i* ,i possess1 t]m$ ! ,kammavakyam1    
writt5 9 !  ,pali language1 9 ,burmese  
"*1 ^u palm leaf1 is ?us secur$  betwe5 
v h&some cov]s4 ,x is a ,cate*ism (     
,sacr$ ,rites1 us$  by ! ,buddhi/       
prie/hood 9 ! exam9ation ( a c&idate =  
admission to t ord]4 ,a translation ( x 
"h1 h[ev]1 w\ld be  no m consi/5t 9 po9t
 ( matt] conta9$1 ?an x w\ld be 9       
ref]5ce to ! subject ,i am treat+4 ,its 
"* & language  ?r\gh\t are truly        
humiliat+ to human nature4    ,9 !      
,briti% ,museum !re are _m v s+ul>      
docum5ts ( !  k9d1 "o 9 p>ticul>1 :i* is
 writt5 ^u #cij leaves1 b\nd1 z  x 71 9 
a frame ( gilt copp] 9 ! =m ( a         
tortoise1 screws  be+ pass$ ?r\gh !     
/rips in/ead ( cords1 ! fa/5+s1  ) "s   

addition1 repres5t+ ! limbs ( ! animal4 
,& 9  ! ,ea/ ,india ,museum may be se5 a
 small] "o1 protect$ by /\t  wood5      
cov]s1 :i* has be5 c>v$ to repres5t "s  
animal1  app>5tly a pig4 ,! cu/om (     
writ+ ^u leaves ( trees1 appe>s  to h   
giv5 rise to ! adoption also ( ! int]ior
 b>k2 !  out] be+ seldom made use (1 9  
consequ5ce ( its extreme  co>s5ess4 ,:5 
employ$1 x is cu/om>ily fold$ ov]1 to   
admit (  its be+ writt5 ^u bo? sides4 ,!
 only docum5ts ( ?is k9d1  :i* h come "u
 my notice1 h be5 ,batta manuscripts1 f 
! isl& ( ,sumatra4    ,be=e ! art ( mak+
 pap] 0 kn[n to ! ,*9ese1 !y appe>  to h
 cut pieces ( silk to su* sizes z !y    
wi%$ to make _!  books1 & !reupon pa9t$ 
! lett]s ) p5cils2 ! silk be+  fir/     
/eep$ 9 a k9d ( size1 to prev5t ! col\r 
f runn+4  ,b su* mat]ial be+ liable to  
decay1 v>i\s animal sub/ances  7        
aft]w>ds employ$1 z be+ ( a m durable   
nature4 ,(  c\rse ! sk9s 7 pr9cipally   
us$1 aft] be+ tann$2 b  _! bones1 & ev5 
entrails1 7 also made use ( = ! l       

purpose4 ,?us1 9 ! 8,hi/ory ( ,mahomet10
 we read t ! ,arabians  us$ ! %\ld]     
bones ( %eep1 on :i* !y c>v$ rem>kable  
ev5ts ) a knife1 :51 aft] ty+ !m ) a    
/r+1 !y hung  ^? *ronicles up 9 _!      
cab9ets4 ,& 9 ! libr>y ( ,ptolemy       
,philadelphus1 :i* is said to h conta9$ 
#gjj1jjj volumes1 7  ! works ( ,hom]1   
writt5 9 gold5 lett]s1 on ! sk9s (      
s]p5ts4 ,i might m5tion1 t ! t]m volume 
"h1 %\ld n be  und]/ood 9 ! s5se :i* x  
is n[ cu/om>y to receive x1 b  9 its    
d]ivation f ! ,lat92 signify+ simply a  
roll1 :i* 0  ! mo/ anci5t =m ( book4    
,p>*m5t1 or ! sk9s ( bea/s1 dress$ &    
prep>$ 9 a mann]  r5d]+ !m fit = writ+  
^u1 appe>s to h be5 employ$  at a v e>ly
 p]iod4 ,diodorus ,siculus in=ms u1 t ! 
,p]sians ( old wrote all _! records on  
sk9s2 & ,h]odotus also  alludes to %eep 
sk9s1 & goat sk9s1 z 9 g5]al use among  
! ,ionians ab\t #ddj ye>s be=e !        
,*ri/ian ,era4 ,! ^w  ,p>*m5t is a      
corruption ( ! ,lat9 ,p]gam5a1 f        
,p]gamus1  :i* "s allege to h be5 !     

place ( its inv5tion4 ,b  x is v        
probable t 9 ! "t ( ,eum5es1 :o 0 k+  ( 
,p]gamus1 7ab\t #bjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/17 !
 circum/ance  ( increas$ consumption    
m]ely occasion$ ! discov]y ( a  bett]   
me?od ( dress+ ! sk9s2 f :i* fact alone1
 &  p]haps ) suffici5t reason1 ! orig9 (
 ! pres5t t]m 0  d]iv$4 ,eum5es1 ab\t t 
p]iod1 appe>s to h endeav\r$ to  =m a   
libr>y at ,p]gamus1 :i* %\ld surpass t (
 ,ptolemy  ,philadelphus at ,alex&ria1 &
 9 s do+ enrag$ ,ptolemy to t  degree1 t
 he imm$iately prohibit$ any fur!r      
exportation f  ,egypt1 ( ! papyrus :i*  
by t "t 0 com+ into v g5]al  use1 & ?us 
effectually put a /op to ,eum5es'       
emulation 9 t  p>ticul>4 ,x may be1     
h[ev]1 t ?is prohibition 0 n solely     
occasion$ by jeal\sy1 b by ,ptolemy's   
fe>+ t 8 dom9ions1  :i* 7 s mu* improv$ 
9 arts1 sci5ces1 & civilization1  s9ce !
 discov]y & adoption ( ! papyrus1 7( :i*
 we %all  pres5tly speak71 w\ld be aga9 
r$uc$ to a /ate ( ignorance =  want ( x2
 ! plant sometimes fail+ 9 unfav\rable  

wea!r1  :ile ! supply inv>iably prov$   
unequal to ! dem&4 ,!  p ( ,p]gamus1    
!re=e1 7 oblig$ to devise o!r means1  & 
! improv$ manufacture ( p>*m5t w\ld seem
 to h be5  ! result4 ,b1 t ,eum5es on   
?is occasion inv5t$ ! art (  mak+ p>*m5t
 is exce$+ly dubi\s2 = 9 ! books (      
,isaiah1  ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 & o!r p>ts
 ( ,scripture1 we f9d m5tion made  (    
rolls ( writ+3 9 all probability rolls (
 p>*m5t4    ,! mann] ( read+ su* rolls  
may be ga!r$ f a passage  extract$ f    
,h>tley's 8,travels 9 ,greece10 :i*     
s]ves also to  elucidate ! peculi>      
scriptural expression ( _! be+ 8writt5  
)9 & )\t40 ,y began1 7says he7 to read  
by unfold+1 &  y cont9u$ to read & to   
unfold1 till1 at la/1 y arriv$  at !    
/ick to :i* ! roll 0 atta*$2 !n y turn$ 
!  p>*m5t r\nd1 & cont9u$ to read on !  
o!r side ( ! roll1  fold+ x gradually up
 until y complet$ ! writ+1 ?us 7  !y    
8writt5 )9 & )\t40    ,papyrus1 f :i* ! 
t]m pap] 0 d]iv$1 is ! "n ( a  celebrat$
 plant1 once ext5sively us$ by !        

,egyptians = mak+  v>i\s articles (     
utility1 su* z baskets1 %oes1 cordage1 &
  ! l4 ,"s writ]s /ate t ( ?is plant !  
little ark 0  made1 9 :i* ! p>5ts (     
,moses expos$ him ^u ! banks  ( ! ,nile1
 & ( ?is x 0 t ! mo/ anci5t pap] 0      
manufactur$4 ,n z w\ld n[ be cu/om>y1 by
 fir/ r$uc+ x to  a pulp1 nor1 inde$1 9 
any way z resembl+ mod]n pap]1 except  t
 9 bo?1 vegetable fibre is ! basis4 ,t a
 plant once s  useful1 & = ages 9 ,egypt
 s comm]cially valuable1 %\ld h  totally
 disappe>$1 be+ altoge!r unkn[n to mod]n
 botani/s1  appe>s sc>cely cr$ible2 yet 
s x is4 ,= ! anci5t descriptions  ( !   
papyrus1 z a flag or bulru%1 ) a        
triangul> /em t  c\ld b>ely be spann$1 &
 :i* grew to ! height ( t5 feet1  or ev5
 consid]ably m1 9 ! imm5se m>%es occupy+
 a l>ge  "p ( ! surface ( l[] ,egypt2 a 
leafless wood1 z x 71 or  z "o writ]    
describes x1 a =e/ )\t bran*es1 ! b>e   
/em  be+ surm\nt$ only by a head ( long1
 ?91 /raight fibres1 is  c]ta9ly q      
irreconcilable ) ! nature ( ! plant :i* 

n[ be>s t "n1 & ( :i* "o ( ! /\te/ gr[? 
has be5  v k9dly furni%$ me by ,sir ,w4 
,j4 ,hook]1 f ! ,royal ,g>d5s  at ,kew4 
,9 ! prophecy ( ,isaiah a v rem>kable   
pr$iction occurs )  ref]5ce to ?is      
plant4 8,! pap] re$s by ! brooks1 by !  
m\?  ( ! brooks1 & ev]y?+ s[n by !      
brooks1 %all )]1 be  driv5 away1 & be no
 m40 ,d\btless1 we may believe t ?is    
prophecy has lit]ally receiv$ its       
fulfilm5t4    ,) ref]5ce to ! mode 9 :i*
 ! pap] 0 manufactur$ f  ?is plant1 two 
di/9ct op9ions h be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,"o1 
t ! epid]mis be+ remov$1 ! spongy "p 0  
cut into ?9  slices1 :i* 7 /eep$ 9 !    
wat]s ( ! ,nile1 or 9 wat]  slightly    
imbu$ ) gum2 aft] :i* two lay]s 7 plac$ 
"o  above ano!r1 c>efully arrang$ 9     
contr>y directions1 t is1  l5g?wise &   
bread?wise1 :i*1 aft] be+ dri$1 7 f9ally
  smoo!d & br\ght to a fit surface =    
receiv+ writ+1 by be+  rubb$ ) a too? or
 piece ( poli%$ ivory4    ,ano!r me?od  
said to h be5 adopt$ 9 prep>+ ?is       
mat]ial1  0 simply t ( sep>at+ ! ?9     

conc5tric coats1 or pellicles  ( ! plant
 :i* surr\nd$ ! /ock1 by means ( a ne$le
 or  po9t$ %ell 7on an av]age ab\t tw5ty
 f ea* /alk71 &  aft]w>ds ext5d+ !m     
longitud9ally side by side on a table1  
a simil> lay] be+ plac$ across !m at "r 
angles2 9 :i*  /ate !y 7 moi/5$ ) wat]1 
& :ile wet put "u  pressure1 be+        
aft]w>ds expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun1 &    
f9ally poli%$ z 9 ! =m] case1 ) "s h>d  
sub/ance1  su* z a too? or %ell1 n m]ely
 = ! purpose ( improv+  ! surface1 b to 
prev5t its absorb+ ! ink4 ,! sac*>9e    
matt] ) :i* ! :ole juice ( ! plant is   
said to h be5  impregnat$1 be+ usually  
suffici5t to cause ! adhesion ( !  /rips
 toge!r4    ,s great 0 ! importance (   
?is manufacture at "s p]iods1 t  ,gibbon
 in=ms u ( "o ,firmus1 :o rais$ ! /&>d (
 revolt 9  ,egypt aga9/ ! ,emp]or       
,aurelian2 t he boa/$ he w\ld ma9ta9  an
 army solely f ! pr(its ( 8 pap] trade4 
,at ano!r "t1  9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 !re
 happ5$ su* a sc>city ( pap]1  f causes 
t are n m5tion$1 t ! ,s5ate1 9 ord] to  

prev5t a riot1 7 oblig$ to appo9t       
commission]s to di/ribute  pap] to !    
applicants accord+ to _! respective     
dem&s4    ,papyri v>y mu* m 9 l5g? ?an 9
 bread?1 & ^u ?is fact  ,i w\ld dwell1 z
 decid$ly fav\r+ ! conception t ! out]  
coat m]ely 0 employ$ 9 prep>+ ! writ+   
mat]ial4 ,inde$1  9 e specim5 :i* ,i h  
exam9$1 ,i h f\nd ! slips (  :i* x is   
compos$ r>ely exce$+ twelve or fifte5   
in*es ev5  l5g?wise4 ,:]eas1 if !y _h   
be5 produc$ f ! pi?y "p  ( ! /em1 aft]  
be+ cut into slices1 !re w\ld h be5 no  
difficulty :atev] 9 manufactur+ ! pap] (
 ! entire l5g?1  :i*1 z ,i h already    
/at$1 sometimes exce$$ t5 feet4    ,!   
bread? ( papyri seldom exce$s eighte5   
in*es1 sometimes !y  are n m ?an f\r    
in*es 9 wid?1 :i* ,i imag9e to h be5    
det]m9$ by ! l5g? ( ! out] coats or     
pellicles tak5 f  ! plant2 ! l5g?1 (    
c\rse1 be+ c>ri$ to any ext5t1 simply   
by fa/5+ "o %eet to ano!r4 ,! l>ge/     
specim5 ( :i* ,i  h he>d is "o at ,p>is1
 measur+ ?irty feet 9 l5g?4 ,! mo/      

int]e/+ :i* we possess 9 ?is c\ntry is  
"o :i* may be se5  9 ! ,manuscript      
,dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i*      
appe>s to  h be5 writt5 9 ,lat9 9 ! ye> 
#egb1 ^u a roll ( papyrus1  eight feet &
 a half long1 & twelve in*es wide4 ,x is
 a de$  relat+ to ! sale ( a h\se & l&  
at ,rav5na4    ,?\gh papyri f\nd on     
mummies are (t5 9 a good /ate (         
pres]vation1 x is necess>y to be v      
c>eful 9 h&l+ !m4  ,! roll1 ow+ to its  
be+ press$ "u ! swa?+s ( !  mummy1 be+  
completely flatt5$1 & f ! unv>y+ high   
temp]ature ( ! tomb to :i* x has = s    
long a "t be5  subject$1 is frequ5tly s 
dry & brittle1 t if any attempt be  made
 to unroll x )\t previ\s precaution1    
small pieces w  cont9ually fall (f4     
,/ill1 ! durability ( ?is writ+ mat]ial 
is "o ( its be/ qualities4 ,x c1 9 "s   
in/ances1 be roll$  & unroll$ aft] !    
lapse ( _m c5turies )\t any detrim5t  to
 x2 b ! complete pres]vation ( su*      
specim5s is g5]ally  to be attribut$ to 
_! be+ kept f ! air ei!r 9 wood5  or    

e>!n vessels1 frequ5tly 9 ! int]ior ( ! 
,idol to :i*  ! mummy 0 once wont to    
pres5t 8 (f]+1 :i* is usually  ( "s     
grotesque1 or ev5 hide\s =m1 altoge!r   
unwor?y (  m5tion z repres5t+ any creat$
 ?+1 ei!r ^u ! face (  ! e>?1 or 9 !    
wat]s b5ea?4 ,n long s9ce ,i 0 %[n "o1  
conta9+ a roll ( papyrus1 :i* _h be5    
r\ghly c>v$ out (  wood1 some:at        
resembl+ an ov]gr[n cat 9 a sitt+       
po/ure4  ,& ?is s call$ god1 z appe>s to
 h be5 cu/om>ily ! case1  0 tak5 f !    
tomb1 :]e x /ood ov] ! mummy1 ) two  v  
beautiful vases1 :i* at "o "t conta9$   
fragrant oils1  believ$ to be acceptable
 to ! ,idol1 plac$ 9 front4 ,! papyri   
?us curi\sly pres]v$1 usually conta9 an 
acc\nt ( ! rank or  /ation :i* ! dead   
once fill$1 & occasionally "s           
description  ( ! p>ticul> rites &       
c]emonies obs]v$ ) ref]5ce to !  wor%ip4
    ,) respect to ! p]iod at :i* !      
anci5ts began to make a  writ+ sub/ance 
( ! papyrus1 or1 inde$1 ( ! "n ( !      
orig9ator1 no?+ decisive is kn[n4 ,x    

w\ld1 h[ev]1 appe>  f ! prophecy 9      
,isaiah1 :i* has be5 already ref]r$ to1 
9  :i* m5tion is made ( pap] re$s by !  
brooks1 t pap] made  ( su* re$s 0       
actually 9 use :5 t prophecy 0 writt54  
,& 9 accordance ) ?is conception1 !     
le>n$ ,dr4 ,gill1 9 8  comm5t>y says1   
8,on ! banks ( ! ,nile grew a re$1 or   
ru%1  call$ by ! ,greeks papyrus1 or    
byblus1 f :5ce come ! words  pap] &     
bible1 or book1 ( :i* pap] 0 anci5tly   
made1 ev5 z  e>ly z ! "t ( ,isaiah10 n[ 
ne>ly #cjjj ye>s ago4    ,! k9d ( p5    
ord9>ily us$ = writ+ ^u ?is mat]ial 0   
simply a re$1 cut & split j z our quill 
p5s at pres5t  are1 b ) a po9t n q s    
%>p4    ,i h 9 my possession "s v f9e   
specim5s ( :at is usually  call$ ,b>k   
,clo?1 :i*1 9 its manufacture1          
approximates m  ne>ly to t ( mod]n pap] 
?an any o!r sub/ance ) :i* ,i  am       
acqua9t$4 ,x is =m$ f ! b>k ( a small   
tree1 or %rub1  call$ ! ,pap] ,mulb]ry  
7morus papyrif]a71 :i* gr[s wild 9  !   
s\!rn prov9ces ( ,*9a1 9 ,ava1 9 !      

,burmese c\ntry1 &  9 ,india1 z well z 9
 all ! ,asiatic & ,polynesian isl&s f   
,japan to ,otaheite4 ,if a /rip ( ?is   
b>k1 :i* is rem>kable =  ! f95ess ( its 
texture1 aft] be+ soak$ 9 wat]1 be laid 
on a smoo? /one1 & !n c>efully beat5 ) a
 bat or mallet1  ! surface ( :i* is cut 
into f9e ribs1 ! fibres w become        
sep>at$ m or less f "o ano!r1 & if !    
beat+ be  c>efully conduct$1 ! b>k w    
ultimately assume ! appe>ance  ( a web (
 f9e l951 two pieces ( b>k be+ made to  
incorporate  ) "o ano!r simply by lay+  
!m s z to ov]lap a little1  & !n beat+  
aga94 ,9 ?is simple way ! mat]ial is    
=m$2  & by a %ort exposure to ! sun%9e  
:5 wet1 becomes p]fectly  :ite4 ,to r5d]
 x fit = writ+1 x is aft]w>ds poli%$ 9 a
  mann] simil> to ! papyrus1 by rubb+ x 
) a %ell or o!r  h>d sub/ance until x   
has v mu* ! appe>ance ( p>*m5t2  & t x  
be>s ink p]fectly well1 may be se5 by an
 inspection (  "s ,javanese ,works1 :i* 
are conta9$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,hon4  ,ea/  
,india ,company4    ,! bat or mallet    

employ$ by ! natives 9 prep>+ ?is       
mat]ial  is usually ab\t #ae in*es 9    
l5g?1 & f two & a half to  ?ree in*es   
squ>e1 "o side be+ groov$ v co>sely1    
ano!r  some:at f9]1 a ?ird exce$+ly f9e1
 & ! f\r? g5]ally  cut 9 *equ]s or small
 squ>es4 ,! b>k is fir/ beat5 ) !       
co>se/ side ( ! in/rum5t1 & !n1 9 turn1 
) ^? p>ts  :i* are f9]1 ! res9\s matt]  
conta9$ 9 x be+ usually  f\nd           
suffici5tly adhesive4    ,)\t1 h[ev]1   
dwell+ long] ^u ?is portion ( our       
subject1  :i* "t w n p]mit1 let u n[    
proce$ to trace out1 9  "s measure1 !   
hi/ory & progress ( t m p]fect &  +5i\s 
inv5tion1 ,,mod]n ,,pap]2 & 9 s do+1 ,i 
c h>dly  =be> mak+ "s allusion to !     
incalculable advantages :i*  h result$  
to mank9d f ! introduction ( s +5i\s  & 
extraord9>y a discov]y4 ,x c]ta9ly w\ld 
appe> v  rem>kable1 t n only among/     
mank9d g5]ally1 b ev5 )  ^? intimately  
associat$ ) t bran* ( comm]ce1 s little 
int]e/ %\ld be f\nd to exi/ 9 an        
acqua9tance ) its orig9  & advancem5t1  

beyond ! b>e k :i* directly conc]ns  !m4
 ,x is true t ) !m1 no less ?an ) p 9   
g5]al1  ! v indisp5sabl5ess ( ! mat]ial 
r5d]s famili>ity  at once an unconsci\s 
/umbl+-block1 to any conception ( !     
gr&eur ( its importance1 or its va/ly   
int]e/+1 & v>i$  associations4 ,yet :at 
inf9ite tr\ble & lab\r1 :at fruitless   
consumption ( "t1 has n be5 sav$ by !   
inv5tion ( pap]4  ,h[ _m toilsome &     
dang]\s exp]im5ts h n philosophical     
projectors be5 sp>$4 ,:at labori\s      
inve/igations & /udy h  n ?us be5       
abridg$1 by ! facts ( o!rs' rese>*es be+
  s convey$ to po/]ity--k1 m ?an any "o 
man c\ld  h atta9$ to 9 a ?\s& ye>s1    
?\gh born ) faculties 9  maturity4 ,to  
enum]ate all ! advantages :i* ! inv5tion
 (  pap] has af=d$ mank9d1 x 71 inde$1  
useless to attempt2 =1  :e!r we look at 
! travell]1 trav]s+ sea & l&1 )\t  ! k (
 geography1 & navigation2 )\t ^?        
beautiful  *>ts ( ! ocean1 by :i* he is 
n[ enabl$ to proce$ )  safety1 & ev5 to 
pr$ict ) c]ta9ty1 8 arrival at ! mo/    

di/ant ports3 or1 :e!r we look at ! man 
( sci5ce1 :o be+  nei!r arti/1 nor      
manufactur]1 is ?us enabl$ to           
communicate 8  plans & projects )       
accuracy & ease1 = me*anics aft]w>ds  to
 improve & p]fect3 or1 inde$1 :e!r we   
view ! gr[+  y\?1 educat$ ) su* facility
 9 ! pr9ciples ( _! duty1  backw>d ev5  
to b>b>\s /ates1 s(t5$ & enlight5$ by   
means  ( ! discov]y2 its value1 9 !     
applicability ( its purposes1  /&s out  
alike 9 ea*1 decl>+ x di/9ctly above all
 o!r  inv5tions1 z truly ! mo/ wond]ful1
 useful1 & important1  :i* has ev] yet  
transpir$ 9 any age ( ! _w2 inasmu*1 z  
)\t x1 e o!r discov]y mu/ necess>ily h  
cont9u$  comp>atively useless to        
society4 ,=1 be x rememb]$1 t 9         
contra/+ ! results ( ?is inv5tion1 ) !  
productions (  =m] p]iods1 we are1 9    
fact1 array+ 9 our tra91 ! mighty  arm (
 ! press aga9/ ! feeble ef=ts ( an      
unwieldy /yle1  or ! t$i\s & unc]ta9    
process ( ! sl[-pac$ p51 :i*  prior to  
an acqua9tance ) ! art ( pr9t+1 7 ! only

  means mank9d possess$ = spread+ !     
influ5ce & advantages  ( le>n+ among/ _!
 fell[-creatures4 ,&1 aga91 h[ highly   
int]e/+ is x1 to obs]ve ! prodigi\s     
advancem5t result+  f an +5i\s &        
successful application ( ma*9]y 9 ! "o  
case1 s]v+ at ! same "t to develop to   
our wond] & amazem5t  ! extraord9>y     
capabilities ( production :i* h s9ce be5
  reveal$ by ! ,pr9t+ ,ma*9e4 ,truly may
 we n[ pron\nce--          ,! ,press6 ! 
v5]at$ ,press6          ,fre$om's       
imp5etrable %ield--        ,! sword t   
w9s h] be/ success1          ,! only    
sword t man %\ld wield4    ,x is /at$ t 
! daily aggregate pr9t$ surface ( !     
,times  alone1 actually exce$s t ( ?irty
 acres1 & ! ,illu/rat$  ,london ,news1  
on "o occasion1 s5t =? no less ?an      
#ejj1jjj d\ble  numb]s1 or "o million   
%eets4 ,9 fact1 #bjjj reams1 exce$+     
sev5ty tons 9 weight4    ,! manufacture 
( f\r or five hundr$ squ>e feet ( pap]  
p]  m9ute1 & #ab1jjj impressions p] h\r1
 are n[ matt]s ( e day  occurr5ce1      

al?\gh x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 t )\t !   
pap] ma*9e1 p\r+ =? its miles ( web1 ^! 
correspond+  advantages 9 pr9t+ c\ld n h
 be5 develop$4    ,we may take z an     
in/ance1 t book ( books1 :i* ,pollok v  
beautifully describes z--               
8,! only />        ,by :i* ! b>k ( man  
c\ld navigate        ,! sea ( life1 &   
ga9 ! coa/ ( bliss        ,securely60   
,al?\gh n[ a h&some copy1 pr9t$ on      
tol]ably f9e pap]1 gilt  edg$1 & b\nd 9 
emboss$ roan1 may be pur*as$ = "o %ill+1
  9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,?ird1 x is       
record$ t two ar*es (  ,london ,bridge 7
 built = a less sum ?an t = :i* a ,bible
  c\ld be procur$4 ,&1 z we cont9ue !   
se>* /ill fur!r  back1 ! contra/ becomes
 increas+ly int]e/+4 ,= let x be        
rememb]$1 t ! sixty-six books ( :i* !   
,bible is compos$1  7 n always conta9$ 9
 s conv5i5t a =m4 ,dur+ ! sixte5        
c5turies :i* 7 occupi$ 9 mak+ kn[n ?is  
revelation to man1  n only 7 !          
advantages :i* we possess altoge!r      
unkn[n1  ev5 9 _! rude/ =m1 b           

sub/itutes1 app>5tly f> less  promis+   
?an _m we h ref]r$ to1 7 also at "o     
p]iod  & ano!r direct$ to be employ$4 ,z
 = in/ance1 to ,ezekiel1  ,jehovah once 
said1 8,?\ also son ( man1 take !e a    
tile1 &  lay x be=e !e1 & p\rtray ^u x !
 city1 ev5 ,j]usalem40  ,& else:]e1     
8,moreov]1 ?\ son ( man1 take !e "o     
/ick1  & write ^u x1 = ,judah1 & = !    
*ildr5 ( ,israel1 8  companions40    ,( 
c\rse !re h be5 occasions :5 c]ta9      
portions ( !  ,scriptures 7 v           
beautifully inscrib$ 7m p>ticul>ly (  ! 
,new ,te/am5t7 sometimes 9 lett]s (     
gold1 on p>*m5t (  ! ri*e/ purple4 ,/ill
 !y 7 manuscript1 & z su*1 n            
unfrequ5tly occupi$ ! lab\r (           
individuals = ye>s4 ,in/ances  are ^u   
record1 ( fifty ye>s 9 ! life ( "o man  
be+ engag$  9 ! execution ( a s+le copy 
( ! ,scriptures4 ,9 ! pres5t  day x is1 
p]haps1 impossible = u prop]ly to       
appreciate !  skill1 ! lab\r1 & ! imm5se
 exp5diture employ$ 9 su*  productions4 
,= n[1 by ! aid ( ! pr9t+ ma*9e1 we h an

 entire copy  /ruck (f 9 ! space ( "o   
m9ute2 & su* 7 ! almo/  miracul\s ef=ts 
( ! ,briti% & ,=eign ,bible ,society la/
  ye>1 t !y actually issu$1 9 ne>ly #aej
 kn[n languages1 an  av]age circulation 
( a copy = e m9ute ?r\gh\t ! ye>4    ,x 
is mu* to be regrett$ t 9 trac+ ! orig9 
( s curi\s  an art z t ( ! manufacture (
 mod]n pap]1 any def9ite  conclusion z  
to ! precise "t or p]iod ( its adoption 
%\ld  hi!rto h prov$ altoge!r           
unatta9able4 ,! ,royal ,society  (      
,sci5ces at ,gott+51 9 #agee & #agfc1   
(f]$ consid]able  premiums = t especial 
object1 b un=tunately all rese>*es1     
h[ev] direct$1 7 utt]ly fruitless4 ,!   
mo/ anci5t manuscript  on cotton pap]   
appe>s to h be5 writt5 9 #ajej1 :ile    
,eu/a?ius1 :o wrote t[>ds ! end ( ! #ab?
 c5tury1 /ates  t ! ,egyptian papyrus _h
 gone into disuse b a little be=e  8 "t4
 ,to reconcile1 h[ev]1 9 "s measure     
contradictory  acc\nts1 x may be obs]v$1
 t on "s p>ticul> occasions1  & by "s   
p>ticul> p]sons1 ! ,egyptian pap] might 

h be5  employ$ = sev]al hundr$ ye>s aft]
 x ceas$ to be 9 g5]al  use1 & x is q   
c]ta91 t al?\gh ! new inv5tion mu/  h   
prov$ ( great advantage to mank9d1 x    
c\ld only h be5  introduc$ by degrees4  
,among/ ! records :i* are pres]v$ at !  
,t[] ( ,london ,i h se5 a lett] address$
 to ,h5ry ! ,?ird1  & writt5 previ\sly  
to #abbb1 :i* appe>s to be ^u /rong     
pap]1 ( mix$ mat]ials4 ,sev]al lett]s ( 
! foll[+ reign1  :i* are !re pres]v$1   
are evid5tly writt5 on cotton pap]4  ,7 
we able to det]m9e ! precise "t :5 pap] 
0 fir/ made  f cotton1 we %\ld also be  
enabl$ to fix ! inv5tion ( !  art ( pap]
 mak+ z x is n[ practis$4 ,= !          
application  ( cotton to ! purposes (   
pap] mak+1 requires almo/ z mu*  lab\r &
 +5uity z ! use ( l95 rags4 ,"s h       
conceiv$1  & ,i ?9k ) suffici5t reason1 
t ,*9a orig9ally gave bir?  to !        
inv5tion4 ,c]ta9 x is1 t ! art ( mak+   
pap] f  vegetable matt] r$uc$ to pulp 0 
kn[n & und]/ood !re long  be=e x 0      
practis$ 9 ,europe1 :i* did n take place

 until  ! #aa? c5tury1 & ! ,*9ese h     
c>ri$ x to a high degree  ( p]fection4  
,sev]al k9ds ( _! pap] ev9ce ! greate/  
art  & +5uity1 & are appli$ ) mu*       
advantage to _m purposes4  ,"o          
especially1 manufactur$ f ! inn] b>k ( !
 bamboo1 is  p>ticul>ly celebrat$ =     
af=d+ ! cle>e/ & mo/ delicate           
impressions f copp] plates1 :i* we      
ord9>ily t]m india  pro(s4 ,! ,*9ese1   
h[ev]1 make pap] ( v>i\s k9ds1 "s (  !  
b>k ( trees1 especially ! mulb]ry tree1 
& ! elm1 b  *iefly ( ! bamboo & cotton  
tree1 & occasionally f o!r  sub/ances1  
su* z hemp1 :eat1 or rice /raw4 ,to give
 an idea (  ! mann] ( fabricat+ pap] f  
^! diff]5t sub/ances1 x  w suffice1 7!  
process be+ ne>ly ! same 9 ea*17 to     
conf9e  our obs]vations to ! me?od      
adopt$ 9 ! manufacture ( pap]  f !      
bamboo1--a k9d ( cane or holl[ re$1     
divid$ by knots1  b l>g]1 m ela/ic1 & m 
durable ?an any o!r re$4 ,!  :ole       
sub/ance ( ! bamboo is at times employ$ 
by ! ,*9ese  9 ?is op]ation1 b ! y\ng]  

/alks are pref]r$4 ,! canes  be+ fir/   
cut into pieces ( f\r or five feet 9    
l5g?1 are made  into p>cels1 & ?r[n into
 a res]voir ( mud & wat] = ab\t  a      
=tnight1 to s(t5 !m2 !y are !n tak5 out1
 & c>efully  wa%$1 e "o ( ! pieces be+  
aga9 cut into filam5ts1 :i*  are expos$ 
to ! rays ( ! sun to dry1 & to blea*4   
,aft]  ?is !y are boil$ 9 l>ge kettles1 
& !n r$uc$ to pulp 9  mort>s1 by means (
 a hamm] ) a long h&le2 or z is m       
commonly ! case1 by submitt+ ! mass to !
 action ( /amp]s1  rais$ 9 ! usual way  
by cogs on a revolv+ axis4 ,! pulp be+  
?us f> prep>$1 a glut9\s sub/ance1      
extract$ f ! %oots  ( a c]ta9 plant1 is 
next mix$ ) x 9 /at$ quantities1 &  ^u  
?is mixture *iefly dep5ds ! quality ( ! 
pap]4 ,z soon  z ?is has tak5 place !   
:ole is aga9 beat5 toge!r until x       
becomes a ?ick visc\s liquor1 :i*1 aft] 
be+ r$uc$ to an  ess5tial /ate (        
consi/5cy1 by a fur!r admixture ( wat]1 
is  !n transf]r$ to a l>ge res]voir or  
vat1 hav+ on ea* side  ( x a dry+ /ove1 

9 ! =m ( ! ridge ( a h\se1 t is1        
consi/+ ( two slop+ sides t\*+ at top4  
,^! sides are  cov]$ ext]nally ) an     
exce$+ly smoo? coat+ ( /ucco1  & a flue 
passes ?r\gh ! brickwork1 s z to keep ! 
:ole (  ea* side equally & mod]ately    
w>m4 ,a vat & a /ove are plac$          
alt]nately 9 ! manufactory1 s t !re are 
two sides ( two  diff]5t /oves adjac5t  
to ea* vat4 ,! workman dips 8 m\ld1  :i*
 is sometimes =m$ m]ely ( bulru%es1 cut 
9 n>r[ /rips1  & m\nt$ 9 a frame1 into !
 vat1 & !n raises x out aga91  ! wat]   
pass+ (f ?r\gh ! p]=ations 9 ! bottom1 &
 !  pulpy pap]-/uff rema9+ on its       
surface4 ,! frame ( ! m\ld is  !n       
remov$1 & ! bottom is press$ aga9/ !    
side ( "o (  ! /oves1 s z to make ! %eet
 ( pap] adh]e to its surface1  & all[ ! 
sieve1 7z x 77 to be )drawn4 ,! moi/ure1
 (  c\rse1 spe$ily evaporates by ! w>m? 
( ! /ove1 b be=e  ! pap] is q dry1 x is 
bru%$ ov] on its out] surface )  a size 
made ( rice1 :i* also soon dries1 & !   
pap] is !n  /ripp$ (f 9 a f9i%$ /ate1   

hav+ "o surface exquisitely  smoo?1 x   
be+ seldom ! practice ( ! ,*9ese to     
write or  pr9t on bo? sides ( ! pap]4   
,:ile all ?is is tak+ place1  ! m\ld]   
has made a second %eet1 & press$ x aga9/
 ! side  ( ! o!r /ove1 :]e x und]goes ! 
op]ation ( siz+ &  dry+1 precisely z 9 !
 =m] case4    ,! v delicate mat]ial1 :i*
 is br\ght f ,*9a 9 pieces  only a few  
in*es squ>e1 & commonly1 b errone\sly1  
t]m$  rice pap]1 is 9 reality b a       
membrane ( ! breadfruit tree1  obta9$ by
 cutt+ ! /em spirally r\nd ! axis1 &    
aft]w>ds  flatt5+ x by pressure4 ,t x is
 n an artificial production  may v      
readily be p]ceiv$ by contra/+ "o ( ! m 
transluc5t specim5s ) a piece ( ! f9e/  
manufactur$ pap]1  by ! aid ( !         
microscope4    ,! precise p]iod at :i* !
 manufacture ( pap] 0 fir/  introduc$   
into ,europe appe>s to be r a matt] (   
unc]ta9ty4  ,pap] mills1 mov$ by wat]   
p[]1 7 9 op]ation 9 ,tuscany  at !      
comm5cem5t ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & at     
,nuremb]g1  9 ,g]many1 "o 0 e/abli%$ 9  

#acij1 by ,ulman ,/rom]1 :o  wrote !    
fir/ "w ev] publi%$ on ! art ( pap]     
mak+4 ,he  seems to h employ$ a great   
numb] ( p]sons1 all ( :om 7  oblig$ to  
take an oa? t !y w\ld n tea* any "o !   
art  ( pap] mak+1 or make x on _! own   
acc\nt4 ,9 ! foll[+  ye>1 :5 anxi\s to  
increase ! means ( its production1 he   
met  ) su* /rong opposition f ^? he     
employ$1 :o w\ld n  cons5t to any       
enl>gem5t ( ! mill1 t x became at l5g?  
requisite to br+ !m be=e ! magi/rates1  
by :om !y 7  imprison$1 aft] :i* !y     
submitt$1 by r5ew+ _! oa?s4  ,two or    
?ree c5turies lat]1 we f9d ! ,dut* 9 l  
mann]1 s  extremely jeal\s ) respect to 
! manufacture1 z to prohibit !          
exportation ( m\lds1 "u no less sev]e a 
p5alty ?an t (  dea?4    ,full] makes "s
 exce$+ly curi\s obs]vations respect+ ! 
pap] ( 8 "t1 :i* may1 p]haps1 be        
introduc$ "h )  advantage4 ,he          
says--8,pap] p>ticipates 9 "s sort ( !  
"*  ( ! c\ntry :i* makes x2 ! ,v5etian  
be+ neat1 subtile1 &  c\rt l2 ! ,fr5*   

light1 slight1 & sl5d]2 & ! ,dut*  ?ick1
 corpul5t1 & gross1 suck+ up ! ink ) !  
spong9ess  !re(40 ,he compla9s t ! pap] 
manufactories 7 n !n  suffici5tly       
enc\rag$1 consid]+ ! va/ sums ( money   
exp5d$  9 our l& = pap] out ( ,italy1   
,france1 & ,g]many1 :i* might  be       
less5$1 7 x made 9 our nation4 8,to su* 
:o object10  says he1 8t we c nev] equal
 ! p]fection ( ,v5ice pap]1  ,i return1 
nei!r c we mat* ! purity ( ,v5ice       
glasses1 &  yet _m gre5 ones are bl[n 9 
,sussex1 pr(itable to ! mak]s1  &       
conv5i5t to ! us]s1 our home-spun pap]  
might be f\nd  b5eficial40    ,) ref]5ce
 to any p>ticul> "t or place at :i* ?is 
ine/imable inv5tion 0 fir/ adopt$ 9     
,engl&1 all rese>*es  into exi/+ records
 contribute little to our assi/ance4 ,! 
fir/  pap] mill erect$ "h is commonly   
attribut$ to ,sir ,john ,spielman1  a   
,g]man1 :o e/abli%$ "o 9 #aehh1 at      
,d>t=d1 = :i* !  hon\r ( knigh?ood 0    
aft]w>ds conf]r$ ^u him by ,que5        
,elizabe?1 :o 0 also pleas$ to grant him

 a lic5se 8= ! sole  ga!r+ = t5 ye>s (  
all rags1 c41 necess>y = ! mak+ (  su*  
pap]40 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q c]ta9 t pap]     
mills 7 9  exi/5ce "h long be=e         
,spielman's "t4 ,%akspe>e1 9 ! second   
"p ( 8 play ( ,h5ry ! ,six?1 ! plot (   
:i* appe>s laid  at lea/ a c5tury       
previ\sly1 ref]s to a pap] mill4 ,9     
fact1 he  introduces x z an additional  
weight to ! *>ge :i* ,jack ,cade  is    
made to br+ aga9/ ,"l ,saye1 8,?\ ha/   
mo/ traitor\sly  corrupt$10 says he1 8! 
y\? ( ! realm1 9 erect+ a gramm>  s*ool1
 & :]eas1 be=e1 our =efa!rs _h no o!r   
books b  ! score & ! tally1 ?\ ha/ caus$
 pr9t+ to be us$1 &  contr>y to ! k+1 8 
cr[n & dignity1 ?\ ha/ built a pap]     
mill40    ,und]/&+ t "s five-&-?irty or 
=ty ye>s s9ce x 0  ass]t$ by ! !n       
occupi] ( ,nor? ,newton mill1 ne>       
,banbury1  9 ,ox=d%ire1 :i* at t "t 0 ! 
prop]ty ( ,"l ,saye  & ,sele1 t su* 0 ! 
fir/ erect$ 9 ?is c\ntry = !            
manufacture ( pap]1 & also t x 0 to t   
mill ,%akspe>e  ref]r$ 9 ! passage j    

quot$1 ,i rec5tly communicat$ )  ,"l    
,saye & ,sele z to ! plausibility ( !   
supposition2  rem>k+ at ! same "t z ,i  
w\ld n[1 t al?\gh x 0 (  c\rse q        
impossible to aw>d ! immortal b>d great 
cr$it =  *ronological accuracy1 x mu/1  
,i ?\ght1 be admitt$1 t s  m>vell\s an  
inv5tion1 unless really 9 exi/5ce1 c\ld 
n by any  possibility ( conception h be5
 conjur$ up ev5 to supply !  unlimit$   
necessities ( ! poet's /ra94 ,8         
,lord%ip1 h[ev]1 at  once t]m9at$ !     
probability ( ?is mill tak+ ! prec$5ce1 
ev5 ( ,sir ,john ,spielman's1 by in=m+  
me t ! fir/ nobleman  succe$+ to t title
 :o _h prop]ty 9 ,ox=d%ire1 :i* he      
acquir$ by m>riage1 0 ! son ( ! fir/ ,"l
 ,saye1 to :om  ,%akspe>e makes ref]5ce4
    ,! e>lie/ trace ( ! manufacture 9   
?is c\ntry occurs 9 a  book pr9t$ by    
,caxton1 ab\t ! ye> #adij1 9 :i* x is   
said (  ,john ,tate--          8,:i*    
late ha! 9 ,engl& doo make ?ys pap]     
?ynne1        ,t n[ 9 our ,englys% ?ys  
booke is prynt$ inne40    ,8 mill 0     

situate at or ne> ,/ev5age1 9           
,h]t=d%ire1 &  t x 0 consid]$ wor?y (   
especial notice is evid5t f an  entry   
made 9 ,h5ry ! ,sev5?'s ,h\sehold ,book1
 on ! #be? ( ,may1  #adih--8;,= a rew>de
 gev5 at ! pap]-mylne1 #afs4 #h;d40 ,&  
aga9 9  #adii--8;,gev5 9 rew>de to ,tate
 ( ! mylne1 #fs4 #h;d40    ,/ill1 x     
appe>s to me f> less probable t         
,%akspe>e allud$ to  ?is mill1 al?\gh   
e/abli%$ at a p]iod correspond+ 9 _m    
respects ) t ( occurr5ces ref]r$ to 9   
connection1 ?an  to t ( ,sir ,john      
,spielman's1 :i*1 /&+ z x did 9 !       
imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,jack ,cade's   
rebellion1 & be+ e/eem$  s important at 
! "t1 z to call =? ! m>k$ patronage  (  
,que5 ,elizabe?2 :ile ! ext5t ( !       
op]ations c>ri$ on  !re1 if we may judge
 f ! rem>ks ( a poet ( ! "t1 7  equally 
calculat$ to ar\se undivid$ national    
int]e/2 "o c  h>dly help ?9k+1 t !      
prom95ce to :i* ,%akspe>e assigns  !    
exi/5ce ( a pap] mill1 c\pl$ z su*      
allusion is ) an  ackn[l$g$ lib]ty1     

inh]5t 9 him1 ( transpos+ ev5ts1 to add 
=ce to 8 /yle1 z also ) v consid]able   
d\bt z to !  exact ye> 9 :i* he wrote ! 
play1 t ! ref]5ce made 0 to  none o!r   
?an t ( ,sir ,john ,spielman's          
e/abli%m5t ( #aehh1  conc]n+ :i* we f9d 
x said--          8,six hundr$ m5 are   
set to "w by him1        ,t else might  
/>ve or seek abroad _! bread1        ,:o
 n[ live well1 & g full brave & trim1   
,& :o may boa/ !y are ) pap] f$40    ,be
 ! introduction or e/abli%m5t ( !       
inv5tion1 s f> z  ?is c\ntry is conc]n$1
 :5 x may2 little progress appe>s to  h 
result$ !refrom1 ev5 s late z ! middle (
 ! #ag?  c5tury4 ,9 #afie1 a company 0  
=m$ 9 ,scotl& 8= manufactur+  :ite writ+
 & pr9t+ pap]10 relat+ to :i*1          
8,articles  conclud$ & agre$ ^u at a    
g5]al meet+ at ,ed9burgh1 !  #ai? day ( 
,augu/10 9 ! same ye>1 may /ill be se5  
by ^?  :o are suffici5tly curi\s1 9 !   
,libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum4  ,x is also
 record$ 9 ! ,craftsman 7#iaj71 t       
,william ! ,?ird  grant$ ! ,hugu5ots    

refug$ 9 ,engl& a pat5t = e/abli%+  pap]
 manufactories1 & t ,p>liam5t likewise  
grant$ to !m  o!r privileges1 among/    
:i*1 9 all probability1 t v             
unsatisfactory practice ( putt+ up ea*  
ream ) two quires  compos$ entirely (   
%eets spoil$ 9 c\rse ( production4 ,_!  
und]tak+1 h[ev]1 l t ( _m o!rs1 appe>s  
to h met  ) v little success4    ,9     
fact1 ! mak+ ( pap] "h sc>cely rea*$ any
 high degree (  p]fection until ab\t    
#agfj-e1 at :i* p]iod ! celebrat$ ,james
  ,:atman e/abli%$ 8 reputation at      
,maid/one4    ,! report ( ! ,juries ( ! 
,great ,exhibition ( #ahea--;a "w  f    
:5ce in=mation might v naturally be     
s\ght1 &  :i* "o w\ld h suppos$ to be   
unexceptionable 9 po9t  (               
au!nticity1--conta9s1 ,i regret to say1 
a v un=tunate  mis/atem5t ) ref]5ce to !
 position ( ,mr4 ,:atman at  t "t4 ,x is
 !re /at$ t he ga9$ 8 k ( !  manufacture
 prior to e/abli%+ ^! well-kn[n mills   
8by work+  z a j\rneyman 9 mo/ ( !      
pr9cipal pap] manufactories ( !         

,cont95t10 :i* is altoge!r an errone\s  
ass]tion2 = ,mr4  ,:atman previ\sly to 8
 be+ engag$ z a manufactur]1 0 an  (fic]
 9 ! ,k5t ,militia1 & acquir$ !         
in=mation1 :i*  ev5tually r5d]$ him s   
successful1 by travell+ 9 ! suite (  !  
,briti% ,ambassador to ,holl&1 :]e ! be/
 pap]s 7 !n  made1 & ! insight ?us      
obta9$ enabl$ 8 g5ius to effect !  great
 improvem5ts aft]w>ds s univ]sally      
admitt$4    ,at ! pres5t "t1 ,:atman's  
pap]s 7s call$7 are manufactur$ at  two 
mills1 totally di/9ct1 bo? ( :i* are    
/ill work$ by !  desc5dants ( ,mr4      
,:atman's successors2 ! pap] 9 ! "o case
  be+ readily di/+ui%$ by ! wat]-m>k1   
8,j4 ,:atman1 ,turkey  ,mill10 & 9 !    
o!r1 by ! wat]-m>k simply 8,j4 ,:atman10
  b be>+ ^u ! upp] wrapp] ( ea* ream !  
orig9al &  well-kn[n /amp1 conta9+ !    
initials ,l4 ,v4 ,g41 :i* are ^?  ( ,l4 
,v4 ,g]rev9k1 z celebrat$ a ,dut*       
manufactur] prior to ,mr4  ,:atman's    
improvem5ts1 z ,mr4 ,:atman's "n has    
s9ce become 9 all  p>ts ( ! _w4    ,9   

mak+ s m>k$ an allusion to ?is p>ticul> 
manufacture1 ,i am  b\nd1 p]haps1 to    
qualify x 9 "s measure by direct+       
att5tion  to ! comp>atively rec5t       
application ( cont9u\s or rotatory      
motion :i* has1 inde$1 effect$ no m     
wond]ful or extraord9>y  results ?an 9 !
 s+ul> conv]sion ( pulp into pap]4    ,!
 l>ge/ pap] n[ made by h&1 :i* is t]m$  
,antiqu>ian1  measures #ec in*es by #ca1
 & s great is ! weight ( liquid pulp    
employ$ 9 ! =mation ( a s+le %eet1 t no 
few] ?an n9e  m5 are requir$1 besides   
additional assi/ance 9 rais+ ! m\ld  out
 ( ! vat by means ( pulleys2 :ile by !  
aid ( ! pap]  ma*9e1 ! mo/ p]fect       
production may be ensur$1 ( a cont9u\s  
l5g?1 & eight feet wide1 )\t any        
positive necessity =  p]sonal           
sup]9t5d5ce4    ,! pr9ciple ( pap] mak+ 
by ma*9]y is simply ?is1 in/ead (       
employ+ m\lds & felts ( limit$          
dim5sions1 z 0 orig9ally  ! practice1 ! 
peculi> m]it ( ! inv5tion consi/s 9 !   
adaptation ( an endless wire-gauze to   

receive ! pap] pulp1 &  aga9 an endless 
felt1 to :i* 9 progress ! pap] is       
transf]r$2  & ?us by a m>vell\sly       
delicate adju/m5t1 :ile ! wire at  "o   
end receives b a con/ant fl[ ( liquid   
pulp1 9 ! c\rse  ( two or ?ree m9utes we
 may h1 c>efully w\nd on a roll] at  !  
o!r extremity1 ! mo/ beautiful &        
s]viceable ( fabrics4  ,in/ead ( c\nt+  
%eets 9 c\rse ( production z =m]ly1  or 
ev5 measur+ ! l5g? by y>ds1 we may      
actually h !  pap] drawn out z x 71 &   
w\nd up1 miles 9 l5g?4 ,9 !  rec5t      
,dubl9 ,exhibition1 a %eet 0 exhibit$   
:i* 0 said to  h be5 ( suffici5t l5g? to
 wrap r\nd ! _w2 b1 ,i mu/  confess1 t  
,i am n 9 a position to v\* = ! accuracy
 ( !  /atem5t4 ,an anecdote1 h[ev]1 is  
told1 7! tru? ( :i* ,i h  no reason to  
d\bt17 ( ! pat5tee ( ?is ma*9e1 & a     
relative  or fri5d ( 81 ( "s consid]able
 /&+ & influ5ce 9  ! pott]y di/rict1 :o 
7 d9+ toge!r ab\t ! p]iod  at :i* ?is   
ma*9e 0 fir/ adopt$2 :5 ! "o speak+ (  !
 advantages :i* he conceiv$ ! new mode  

w\ld prove to 8  fri5d1 allud$ above all
 o!rs to ! rem>kable capability :i*  x  
possess$ ( produc+ pap] ( any l5g? t    
c\ld possibly  be requir$4 8,well10 said
 8 fri5d1 8,i v mu* d\bt t1 b  if y c   
make me five miles ( ! quality ,i       
require1 ,i %all  c]ta9ly h little      
hesitation 9 admitt+ all ! p]fection  & 
suitability :i* y h lab\r$ to impress ^u
 me40 ,!  v next day ! ma*9e 0 set to   
"w1 & tim$1 9 ord] to  asc]ta9 ! requir$
 l5g? w\nd ^u ! reel1 :i*1 aft]  be+    
*>g$ ) ,excise duty1 0 =w>d$ )\t delay  
to its  de/9ation2 &1 z may be conceiv$1
 to ! utt] a/oni%m5t (  8 incr$ul\s     
fri5d4    ,x is a fact1 :i* c]ta9ly     
des]ves to be notic$ = its  s+ul>ity z  
well z = ! /rong po9t ( view 9 :i* x    
places ! m]its ( ?is inv5tion1 t an art 
( su* great  importance to society z t (
 ! manufacture ( pap]1 %\ld  h rema9$ = 
at lea/ eight c5turies s9ce pap] is fir/
  believ$ to h be5 9 use1 & t upw>ds (  
#bjj ( ^? ye>s  %\ld h elaps$ s9ce its  
fir/ introduction into ,engl&1  )\t any 

me*anical improvem5t :atev] z reg>ds !  
processes  :i* 7 !n employ$4 ,x is true1
 t v>i\s attempts f "t  to "t 7 made1 b 
9 e in/ance !y appe> to h met  ) v      
little success4 ,9 ,france1 an +5i\s    
arti/ contriv$  ?ree figures 9 wood to d
 ! "w ( ! vatman1 ! c\*]1  & ! lay]2 b1 
aft] p]sev]+ = six mon?s1 & incurr+     
consid]able exp5se1 he 0 at l5g?        
compell$ to ab&on 8  s*eme4 ,& al?\gh   
pap] 0 previ\sly manufactur$ 9 ,*9a1 9  
,p]sia1 & inde$ ?r\gh\t all ,asia1      
sometimes ( consid]able  l5g?1 ,i might 
m5tion t x 0 s1 n by ma*9]y1 b by  means
 ( a m\ld ( ! size ( ! pap] int5d$ to be
 made1  susp5d$ l a sw+1 & hav+ m5 plac$
 at ! di/ance (  ab\t e f\r feet1 = !   
purpose ( produc+ an uni=m  %ak+ motion1
 aft] ! m\ld _h be5 imm]s$ 9 ! vat1 9   
ord] to compact ! pulp4    ,su* !n 0 !  
rude /ate ( ?is important manufacture1  
ev5 up  to ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t      
c5tury1 :5 ano!r +5i\s  ,fr5*man1 nam$  
,didot1 br\ght ov] to ?is c\ntry a small
 model  ( a cont9u\s ma*9e1 ) ! view (  

gett+ ! b5efit (  ,engli% capital &     
me*anical skill to br+ x into an        
op]ative  /ate2 & =tunately = ! vigor\s 
developm5t ( ?is embryo  project1 :i* _h
 prov$ an abortion 9 ,france1 he        
communicat$  8 ideas ( ! practicability 
( ! measure to a m]cantile firm  (      
consid]able opul5ce1 :o1 ) great public 
_s1 at once  conclud$ an agreem5t ) him 
= ! pur*ase ( a pr9ciple :i*  might be  
said at t p]iod nev] to h be5 tri$4 ,!  
firm  allud$ to 0 t ( ! ,messrs4        
,f\rdr9i]1 :o at t "t1 &  = sev]al ye>s 
aft]w>ds1 7 ! pr9cipal /ation]s & pap]  
manufactur]s 9 ,great ,brita94    ,9    
ord] to accompli% ! ardu\s object :i* ^?
 g5tlem5  !n _h 9 view1 !y appe> to h   
lab\r$ )\t int]mission  = ne>ly six     
ye>s1 :51 aft] incurr+ an exp5se :i*    
w\ld  h exhau/$ any =tune ( mod]ate     
ext5t 7upw>ds ( #fj1jjj71  !y at l5g?   
succe$$ 9 giv+ "s sort ( organization & 
connection to ! me*anical p>ts1 = :i* !y
 obta9$ a pat5t1  & f9d+ ev5tually t !re
 0 little prospect ( be+  recomp5s$ =   

lab\r & risk1 or ev5 reimburs$ _!       
exp5ses1  unless ,p>liam5t %\ld ?9k     
prop] to grant an ext5sion ( _!  pat5t1 
!y det]m9$ ^u mak+ a fre% application to
 !  ,legislature = t purpose4 ,b1 x w\ld
 appe> t al?\gh 9  ! ,bill z x pass$ !  
,h\se ( ,commons1 su* prolong$ p]iod    
ext5d$ to f\rte5 ye>s2 9 ! ,lords x 0   
limit$ to sev51  ) an und]/&+ t su* t]m 
%\ld be ext5d$ to sev5  ye>s m 9 ! ev5t 
( ! pat5tees prov+1 ^u a future         
application1 t !y _h n be5 suffici5tly  
remun]at$4 ,no su*  application1 h[ev]1 
0 made1 9 consequ5ce ( a ,/&+ ,ord]  ( !
 ,h\se ( ,lords1 plac$ on _! j\rnal     
subsequ5tly to !  pass+ ( ! said act2   
:i* regulation _h ! effect ( depriv+  ! 
,messrs4 ,f\rdr9i] ( any b5efit :atev] f
 ! inv5tion2  & ultimately1 s great 7 ! 
difficulties !y _h to enc\nt]1  & s     
little enc\ragem5t or support did !y    
receive1 t !  "t & att5tion requir$ to  
mature ?is valuable inv5tion1 &  ! l>ge 
capital :i* x absorb$1 7 ! means ( r$uc+
 t  weal?y & lib]al firm to ! humiliat+ 

condition ( bankruptcy2  & only )9 ! pa/
 few mon?s ! surviv+ p>tn]1 ,mr4  ,h5ry 
,f\rdr9i]1 to :om ma9ly we owe ! success
 ( !  inv5tion1 & z unque/ionably our   
pres5t high position 9 !  scale (       
nations1 0 c>ri$ to 8 grave1 9 8 n9etie?
 ye>1  comp>atively a begg>4 ,a lead+   
article 9 ! ,times1 ,june #ag1  #ahdg1  
speak+ ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,f\rdr9i]1 ?us      
concludes by advocat+  8 claims3--8,?ree
 days only are pa/ s9ce an assembly1    
illu/ri\s  = rank & /ation1 met to      
celebrate & immortalize ! memory (      
,caxton4 ,:at m fitt+ or graceful       
opportunity ( pay+ a tribute  ( respect 
& ju/ice to 8 fell[-lab\r] 9 an adjo9+  
field8  ! "o ! fa!r ( pr9t+1 ! o!r !    
inv5tor ( a process  by :i* ! full      
b5efits ( pr9t+ h be5 realiz$ to !      
civiliz$ _w4 ,& 9 ! case ( ,mr4         
,f\rdr9i] ?is advantage  is f\nd1 t he c
 receive 9 p]son ! tribute ( a nation's 
gratitude2 an octog5>ian1 he /ill lives2
 unlike ,caxton1 he is n  yet a subject 
= po/hum\s hon\rs4 ,x is n a monum5t he 

wants1  b ju/ice4 ,! _w1 no d\bt1       
accord+ to anci5t prec$5t1  w\ld r pay  
its tribute ( admiration1 if we %\ld n r
  say its debt ( homage1 aft] dea?4 ,b x
 is =tunately 9 !  p[] ( ! pres5t age to
 po9t to a mod]n example ( t>dy b  full 
rep>ation made to a liv+ man1 a great   
improvem5t ^u !  old rule1 ! mock]y ( a 
national fun]al1 & ,we/m9/] ,abbey4  ,"l
 ,dundonald's case w always /& z a      
brilliant exception to  ! common neglect
 ( contempor>y m]it1 & by 8 side x w\ld 
be well to place1 at no great int]val1 !
 man :o 9 a humbl]  sph]e1 b bett] suit$
 to an age ( peace1 has b5efitt$        
humanity  by facilitat+ ! diffusion (   
lett]s1 & ! acquisition (  k40 ,p[]ful &
 influ5tial z is t j\rnal1 h[ev]1  ?is  
wor?y man 0 /ill left to combat s bitt] 
a rev]se1 )\t  ev5 ! means ( procur+    
com=t 9 8 decl9+ ye>s4    ,b ,i am happy
 to say t an appeal has lately be5 made 
to t  p>ticul> bran* ( trade s mat]ially
 b5efitt$ by ! inv5tion1  ! pap]        
manufactur]s1 9 ! hope t ?us a suffici5t

 fund may  be rais$ to furni% 8 surviv+ 
daught]s ) a compet5t annuity  = !      
rema9d] ( _! days4 ,& ,i s9c]ely hope t 
!  results ( ?is laudable ef=t may      
spe$ily prove to be z wor?y  ! _s ( its 
orig9ators1 z on ! "p ( ! public g5]ally
  x des]ves consid]ation1 z be+         
supremely a national duty4 ,=1  be x    
rememb]$1 t :ile ! value & importance ( 
su* an  inv5tion to ! pap] mak] is      
suffici5tly cle> & conclusive1  f ! fact
 ( its g5]al adoption ?r\gh\t ! unit$   
k+dom1  by no less ?an #gjj manufactur]s
 7av]ag+1 probably1 twice  t numb] (    
ma*9es72 s on ! o!r h&1 we surely _c    
rema9 unm9dful ( its effects & b5efits  
^u ourselves1 :5  9 contra/+ ! results (
 ! pap]-mak+-ma*9e ) !  productions ( a 
=m] p]iod1 we f9d ! co/ r$uc$ to !      
consum] consid]ably m ?an "o-half1 9 "s 
in/ances to  actually a f\r?4    ,?us   
!n1 x w be se5 t z civilization has     
advanc$1 !  facilities = record+ &      
transmitt+ facts h uni=mly  improv$ &   
multipli$ until n[1 in/ead ( oral       

tradition1  necess>ily unc]ta92 in/ead (
 ! b>k & leaf1 p]i%able  or fragile2    
in/ead ( ! papyrus1 s brittle2 ! p>*m5t1
 s  co/ly2 ! raw cotton pap]1 s         
exp5sive2 in/ead ( inscriptions  by !   
unwieldy /yle & by ! sl[-pac$ p51 we h  
n[ a *eap1  s]viceable mat]ial1         
manufactur$ f ! mo/ useless ( fabrics1  
& ev5 f ! v refuse ( our clo?+1 :i*1    
conjo9tly )  t art :i* pres]ves all o!r 
arts1 enables u f> to surpass 9  record+
 & transmitt+ p[]1 ev5 ! greate/ dem&s 9
 !  _w's hi/ory4      ,,note4--,s9ce !  
8pro(0 %eet 0 put into my h&s1 ,i h he>d
    ) v great satisfaction1 t "s int]e/ 
has at l5g?    be5 awak5$ 9 ! case ( !  
,f\rdr9i]s1 & t a li/ has    be5        
comm5c$1 head$ ) lib]al subscriptions f 
8 ,grace    ! ,duke ( ,su!rl&1 ! ,"r    
,hon4 ! ,e>l ( ,h>r[by1 !               
,proprietors ( ,! ,times1 ,illu/rat$    
,london ,news1 & sev]al    lead+ firms  
connect$ ) ! ,pap] ,trade4--,r4 ,h4     
,,*apt] ,,ii4      ,on ! ,mat]ials      
employ$ 9 ! ,=mation ( ,pap]--,me?od (  

,prep>ation--,processes ( ,comm9ution1  
,wa%+1 ,blea*+1 etc4                    
describ$--,pap]-mak+ by ,h&--,pap]-mak+ 
,ma*9e--,siz+                           
,app>atus--,cutt+-,ma*9e1 etc4          
expla9$--,g5]al ,obs]vations    on :at  
are t]m$ ,wat]-,m>ks--,mann] ( effect+ !
    same--,importance frequ5tly atta*$  
to !m--,irel&'s ,fabrication    ( !     
,%akspe>e ,,mss4--,difficulty 9 procur+ 
suitable ,pap]    = ! purpose--,on !    
p]fection to :i* ,wat]-,m>ks h n[       
atta9$1 especially ) ref]5ce to !       
production ( ,light    & ,%ade1 z se5 9 
! ,new ,bank ,note1 etc41 etc4      ,9 !
 pres5t *apt] x w be my object to take z
 g5]al a  glance at ! pr9ciples ( pap]  
mak+1 z 9 ! =m] x 0 my  endeav\r to     
treat its hi/ory4    ,fir/ !n1 we h to  
notice ! nature ( "s ( ! mat]ials       
employ$4 ,& al?\gh ev]ybody is suppos$  
to "k t pap] is  made f rags1 x may1    
p]haps1 be excuseable to consid] ( :at  
! rags !mselves orig9ally 7 compos$4    
,unque/ionably1 !  simple/ def9ition "o 

c\ld give w\ld be1 fragm5ts ( worn-out  
clo?+2 & by clo?+1 no d\bt1 we all      
suffici5tly und]/&  ! dress1 ve/ure or  
g>m5ts usually adopt$ by man4 ,/ill we h
  to ask ourselves ( :at are ^! articles
 ( clo?+ compos$8  ,x has be5 some:at   
%rewdly rem>k$ 9 e in/ance1 ( a  some?+ 
( :i* man has previ\sly d5ud$ some?+    
else4 ,at "o  "t 7z we all "k7 he       
cunn+ly entraps innum]able individuals1 
( ! fox1 weazel1 & squirrel tribes1 to  
/rip !m ( _!  w>m & valuable fur4 ,at   
ano!r1 he hat*es & fe$s legions (       
cat]pill>s1 t he may rob !m ( ! def5sive
 padd+ :i*  !y sp9 to protect _!        
helplessness :ile pass+ ?r\gh !         
*rysalis /ate4 ,sometimes he pa/ures !  
%eep = its sk9 & its  wool1 occasionally
 sett+ s little /ore by ! c>case z to   
melt  x into tall[1 or burn x z fuel4 ,&
 ev5 "m e>? h]self is  treat$ ) no      
great] =be>ance1 by alt]nately fe$+ h]  
up  ) manure1 & teaz+ & torm5t+ h]      
surface ) tillage1  %e is coax$ &       
compell$ to s5d =? a liv+ vegetable d[n1

  :i* is %orn1 pluck$ & plund]$ f h]    
bosom1 9 ! %ape (  cotton1 flax1 & hemp4
    ,& all ^? silks1 wooll5s1 flax1     
hemp1 & cotton1 9 all _!  v>i$ =ms1 :e!r
 z cambric1 lace1 l951 holl&1 fu/ian1   
corduroy1 bagg+1 canvas1 or ev5 z       
cables1 are or c be us$  9 ! manufacture
 ( pap] ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,/ill1 :5 we 
speak ( rags1 z ( necessity1 !y         
accumulate1 & are ga!r$  up by ^? :o    
make x _! bus9ess to collect !m1 !y are 
v f> f answ]+ ! purposes ( pap] mak+4   
,rags1 to  ! pap]-mak]1 are almo/ z     
v>i\s 9 po9t ( quality or  di/9ction1 z 
! mat]ials :i* are s\ght aft] ?r\gh !   
influ5ce ( fa%ion4 ,?us1 ! pap] mak]1 9 
buy+ rags1 requires  to "k exactly ( :at
 ! bulk is compos$4 ,if he is a         
manufactur]  ( :ite pap]s1 no matt] :e!r
 int5d$ = writ+ or pr9t+1  silk or      
wooll5 rags1 w\ld be f\nd altoge!r      
useless1 inasmu*1  z is well kn[n1 !    
blea* w fail to act ^u any animal       
sub/ance :atev]4 ,& al?\gh he may       
pur*ase ev5 a mixture  9 prop]          

proportions adapt$ = ! quality he is 9 !
 habit  ( supply+1 x is z ess5tial 9 !  
processes ( prep>ation1  t !y %all be   
previ\sly sep>at$4 ,cotton 9 its raw    
/ate1  z may be readily conceiv$1       
requires f> less prep>ation ?an a  /rong
 hemp5 fabric1 & ?us1 to meet !         
requirem5ts ( !  pap]-mak]1 we h rags   
class$ "u diff]5t d5om9ations1 z  =     
in/ance1 besides ,f9es & ,seconds1 we h 
,?irds1 :i*  are compos$ ( fu/ians1     
corduroy1 & simil> fabrics2 ,/amps  or  
,pr9ts 7z !y are t]m$ by ! pap]-mak]71  
:i* are  col\r$ rags1 & also innum]able 
=eign rags1 di/+ui%$ by  c]ta9 well-kn[n
 m>ks1 indicat+ _! v>i\s peculi>ities4  
,i might m5tion1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh by f> !
 great] portion  ( ! mat]ials employ$   
are su* z we h already allud$ to1  x is 
n f _! possess+ any exclusive           
suitabl5ess--s9ce  v>i\s fibr\s         
vegetable sub/ances h frequ5tly be5 us$1
  & are inde$ /ill successfully         
employ$--b r on acc\nt  ( _!            
comp>atively trifl+ value1 aris+ f !    

limit$  use to :i* !y are o!rwise       
applicable4 ,! agitation ( late1  :i* 0 
p>tly-occasion$ by ! w>1 & p>tly by a   
sudd5 &  unprec$5t$ dem&1 t !re 0 a     
great sc>city ( fibr\s  mat]ials fit to 
be us$ 9 pap] mak+1 c\pl$ ) an advance 9
  ! price ( at lea/ tw5ty p] c5t41 &    
/ill fur!r height5$  by ! (f] ( #a1jjj  
to any "o :o c\ld procure an advantage\s
  sub/itute1 has necess>ily call$ =? _m 
sugge/ions1 b1  to quote ! words ( ,dr4 
,=bes ,royle1 8,! g5]ality ( mod]n      
exp]im5tali/s seem to be :olly          
unacqua9t$ ) ! lab\rs  ( _! pr$ecessors1
 _m ( !m comm5c+ improvem5t by  repeat+ 
exp]im5ts :i* _h already be5 made1 &    
ann\nc+  results z new1 :i* _h long     
previ\sly be5 asc]ta9$40  ,! late/      
sugge/ion ( ! k9d1 & inde$ ! only "o    
wor?  ref]r+ to1 is t :i* ,"l ,d]by     
rec5tly br\ght =w>d 9  ! ,h\se ( ,lords4
 ,he fir/ ref]r$ to a ,bill be=e ! o!r  
,h\se ( ,p>liam5t = incorporat+ a       
company e/abli%$ = !  manufacture ( pap]
 f flax /raw4 ,( c\rse !re is little new

  9 ?is4 ,! rags or mat]ials already    
employ$1 are compos$1 z  ev]ybody kn[s1 
to a v great ext5t1 ( ! fibre ( flax1 & 
besides1 possess ?is great advantage1 t 
!y h be5 repeat$ly  prep>$ = pap] mak+  
by ! num]\s alkal9e wa%+s :i*  !y       
necess>ily receive dur+ _! p]iod ( use1 
:i*1 if left  to ! pap]-mak]1 z w\ld be 
! case ) flax 9 its raw /ate1  to be    
done all at once1 7& x mu/ be done be=e 
! fibre is  fit = use17 w\ld add s      
fe>fully to ! exp5se1 z to r5d]  its    
adoption = pr9t+ or writ+ pap] altoge!r 
unadvisable4  ,h[ev]1 ,"l ,d]by         
proce$s--8,x 0 propos$ to employ !      
fibres (  v>i\s plants indig5\s to !    
,we/ ,indies1 su* z ! planta91  ! aloe1 
& o!rs1 :i* gr[ 9 va/ abundance1 & :i* 7
  utt]ly valueless at ! pres5t mom5t4   
,he ne$ n say1 t an  imm5se abundance ( 
?is mat]ial c\ld be produc$2 & he wi%$  
only to m5tion1 t on "o e/ate 9 ,dem]>a 
no less ?an #afj1jjj  planta9 trees 7   
cut d[n e ye>1 ! trees go+ to wa/e1 z   
!y 7 cut d[n only = ! purpose ( gett+ at

 ! fruit2 &  ?is wa/$ mat]ial conta9$   
#bej tons ( fibre1 capable ( be+        
manufactur$ into pap]40    ,n[1 admitt+ 
all ?is1 :i* ,"l ,d]by is report$ to h  
said1 ,i c aga9 ass]t t !re is no?+     
:atev] new 9 x4  ,i h specim5s ( pap] f 
! same mat]ials1 :i* 7 made  sev]al ye>s
 ago4 ,! co/1 h[ev]1 ( r$uc+ ! planta9  
into  fibre1 c\pl$ ) ! exp5se ( freight1
 0 f\nd1 & w /ill  be f\nd1 to br+ up ! 
price s mu*1 z to effectually exclude  x
 f ! manufacture ( pap]2 = ?is simple   
reason1 t rags1  ( necessity1 mu/       
cont9ue accumulat+1 & be=e x w answ]  ! 
purpose ( ! pap]-mak] to employ new     
mat]ial--:i* is n  s well adapt$ = 8    
purpose z ! old--he mu/ be enabl$ to    
pur*ase x = consid]ably less ?an x w\ld 
be wor? 9 !  manufacture ( textile      
fabrics4    ,all t c be said z to !     
suitabl5ess ( fibre 9 g5]al  may be     
summ$ up 9 v few words2 any vegetable   
fibre hav+ a  corrugat$ edge1 :i* w     
enable x to coh]e 9 ! mass1 is fit  = ! 
purposes ( pap] mak+2 ! ext5t to :i* su*

 might  be appli$ c solely be det]m9$ by
 ! "q ( co/ 9 its  production2 & hi!rto1
 ev]y?+ propos$ has be5 exclud$1 z  9 ! 
case ( ! planta9 or banana1 ei!r by !   
co/ (  freight1 ! co/ ( prep>ation1 or !
 exp5ses comb9$4    ,to convey "s idea (
 ! numb] ( sub/ances :i* h be5  really  
tri$2 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum   
may be se5 a  book1 pr9t$ 9 l[ ,dut*1   
conta9+ upw>ds ( sixty specim5s  ( pap]1
 made ( diff]5t mat]ials1 ! result ( "o 
man's  exp]im5ts alone1 s f> back z !   
ye> #aggb4 ,9 fact1 almo/  e species (  
t\gh fibr\s vegetable1 & ev5 animal     
sub/ance1  has at "o "t or ano!r be5    
employ$3 ev5 ! roots ( trees1  _! b>k1 !
 b9e ( hops1 ! t5drils ( ! v9e1 ! /alks 
(  ! nettle1 ! common ?i/le1 ! /em ( !  
hollyhock1 ! sug>  cane1 cabbage /alks1 
wood %av+s1 saw du/1 hay1 /raw1 will[1  
& ! l4    ,at ! pres5t "t /raw is       
occasionally us$1 sometimes 9           
connection ) o!r mat]ials1 su* z l95 or 
cotton rags1  & ev5 ) consid]able       
advantage1 provid+ ! processes (        

prep>ation are ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,:]e  
su* is n ! case1  & ! silica conta9$ 9 !
 /raw has n be5 de/roy$ 7by  means ( a  
/rong alkali71 ! pap] w inv>iably be    
f\nd m  or less brittle2 9 "s cases s   
mu* s z to be h>dly applicable  to any  
purpose :atev] ( practical utility4     
,specim5s1 numb]$ #ah  & #ai1 affix$ at 
! end ( ?is "w1 are manufactur$ f z  mu*
 z #hj p] c5t4 /raw & #bj p] c5t4 rope1 
& c]ta9ly1  z reg>ds t\ghness1 are      
excell5t4 ,no4 #bj1 is manufactur$ almo/
  entirely f :eat /raw1 :i* is fir/     
blea*$ to ! utmo/1  & !n blu$ by an     
admixture ( ultram>9e4 ,! wa/e1 h[ev]1  
:i* ! /raw und]goes1 9 addition to a mo/
 exp5sive process (  prep>ation1        
necess>ily precludes its adoption to any
 great ext5t4    ,an +5i\s inv5tion has 
rec5tly be5 pat5t$ = conv]t+  l>ge      
blocks ( wood into pap] pulp2 b to :at  
ext5t x is  likely to receive fav\rable 
att5tion at ! h&s ( pap] mak]s  g5]ally1
 is q impossible to say4 ,! inv5tion is 
v simple1  consi/+ m]ely ( a wood5 box  

enclos+ a gr9d/one1 :i* has  a r\gh5$   
surface1 & aga9/ :i* ! blocks ( wood are
 kept  9 close contact by a lev]1 a     
small /ream ( wat] be+ all[$  to fl[ ^u 
! /one z x turns1 9 ord] to free x ( !  
pulp1  & to assi/ 9 c>ry+ x (f ?r\gh an 
outlet at ! bottom4 ,(  c\rse1 x is n   
expect$1 t ! pulp ?us produc$ %\ld be   
employ$ = any b ! co>s] k9ds ( pap]1 9 !
 manufacture  ( :i* !re has hi!rto be5  
f\nd ! greate/ sc>city (  mat]ial4 ,=   
all writ+ & pr9t+ purposes1 :i*         
manife/ly  are ! mo/ important1 no?+ has
 yet be5 discov]$1 to less5  ! value (  
rags1 nei!r is x at all probable t !re w
  be2 inde$1 ! value ( pap] = "s "t pa/ 
has consid]ably  decl9$1 :ile dur+ ! mo/
 excit+ p]iod ( la/ ye>1 !  sc>city s   
mu* talk$ (1 01 9 fact1 comp>atively    
trifl+4    ,! annual consumption ( rags 
9 ?is c\ntry alone f> exce$s  #abj1jjj  
tons1 ?ree-f\r?s ( :i* are import$1     
,italy & ,g]many  furni%+ ! pr9cipal    
supplies4 ,t ! condition 9 :i* !  rags  
are import$ furni%es any crit]ion ( !   

national habits (  ! p f :i* !y came1 z 
has be5 frequ5tly ass]t$1  h[ev]        
plausible 9 !ory1 mu/1 at lea/1 be      
receiv$ )  caution4 ,b t is by no means 
important4 ,! specim5 ( pr9t+  pap]1    
,no4 #ba1 0 manufactur$ f a selection f>
 f cleanly2  9 fact1 !re 0 n a :ite rag 
employ$1 :ile ev5 fu/ians1  corduroy1 & 
col\r$ rags =m$ a consid]able           
proportion4    ,9 consid]+ ! v>i\s      
processes or /ages ( ! manufacture  (   
pap]1 we h fir/ to notice t1 ( c>efully 
sort+ &  cutt+ ! rags into small pieces1
 :i* is done by wom52 ea*  woman /&+ at 
a table frame1 ! upp] surface ( :i*     
consi/s  ( v co>se wire-clo?2 a l>ge    
knife be+ fix$ 9 ! c5tre  ( ! table1    
ne>ly 9 a v]tical position4 ,! woman /&s
 s z  to h ! back ( ! blade opposite to 
h]1 :ile at h] "r  h& on ! floor is a   
l>ge wood5 box1 ) sev]al divisions4 ,h] 
bus9ess consi/s 9 exam9+ ! rags1 op5+ ! 
seams1 remov+  dirt1 p9s1 ne$les1 &     
buttons1 ( endless v>iety1 :i* w\ld be  
liable to injure ! ma*9]y1 or damage !  

quality ( ! pap]4  ,%e !n cuts ! rags   
into small pieces1 n exce$+ f\r in*es   
squ>e1 by draw+ !m %>ply across ! edge (
 ! knife1 at !  same "t keep+ ea*       
quality di/9ct1 9 ! sev]al divisions (  
! box plac$ on h] "r h&4 ,dur+ ?is      
process1 mu* ( !  dirt1 s&1 & s =?1     
passes ?r\gh ! wire-clo? into a draw]   
und]nea?1 :i* is occasionally clean$    
out4 ,aft] ?is1 ! rags  are remov$ to   
:at is call$ ! du/+ ma*9e1 :i* is a l>ge
  cyl9drical frame1 cov]$ ) simil> co>se
 iron wire-clo?1 &  hav+ a p[]ful       
revolv+ %aft ext5d+ ?r\gh ! int]ior1  ) 
a numb] ( spokes fix$ transv]sely1 ne>ly
 long en\gh to  t\* ! cage4 ,by means ( 
?is contrivance1 ! ma*9e be+ fix$  ^u an
 incl9e ( "s in*es to ! foot1 ! rags1   
:i* are put  9 at ! top1 h any rema9+   
p>ticles ( du/ t may /ill  adh]e to !m  
effectually beat5 out1 by ! "t !y rea* !
  bottom4    ,"s objection1 h[ev]1 may  
be made to ?is me?od1 :i* has a  t5d5cy 
to bl[ away at ! same "t a consid]able  
portion (  fibre set loose 9 cutt+ !    

rags1 along ) ! du/4 ,to avoid  ?is     
wa/e1 an inv5tion has rec5tly be5 br\ght
 out by a son  ( ! late em95t ,mr4      
,f\rdr9i]1 :i* he t]ms 8 8,pat5t        
,accel]ator40 ,! process adopt$ is      
simply t ( plac+ ! rags  9 _! dirty /ate
 9 wat]1 & employ+ t z a m$ium =  c>ry+ 
(f ! du/ & dirt1 9 pref]5ce to air4 ,!  
inv5tion  has n yet be5 v ext5sively    
us$1 & consequ5tly ,i am n 9  a position
 to say mu* z to its m]its4    ,! rags  
be+ ?us f> cleans$1 h next to be boil$ 9
 an  alkal9e lye or solution1 made m or 
less /rong1 z ! rags are  m or less     
col\r$1 ! object be+ to get rid ( !     
rema9+  dirt & "s ( ! col\r+ matt]4 ,!  
proportion is f f\r to  t5 p\nds (      
c>bonate ( soda ) "o-?ird ( quick lime  
to !  hundr$ weight ( mat]ial4 ,9 ?is ! 
rags are boil$ = sev]al  h\rs1 accord+  
to _! quality4    ,! mode n[ adopt$ z ! 
mo/ rec5t improvem5t is t (  plac+ !    
rags 9 l>ge cyl9d]s1 :i* are con/antly1 
?\gh  sl[ly1 revolv+1 ?us caus+ ! rags  
to be z frequ5tly turn$  ov]1 & into :i*

 a jet ( /eam is ca/ ) a pressure (     
some?+ ne> #cj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4     
,illu/ration3 ,,rag ,,eng9e    ,aft] ?is
 process ( cleans+1 ! rags are consid]$ 
9 a fit  /ate to be torn or mac]at$     
until !y become r$uc$ to pulp1  :i* 0   
accompli%$ "s five & ?irty or =ty ye>s  
s9ce1  by sett+ !m to heat & f]m5t = _m 
days 9 close vessels1  :]eby 9 reality  
!y und]w5t a species ( putrefaction4    
,ano!r me?od subsequ5tly employ$ 0 t (  
beat+ !m by  means ( /amp+ rods1 %od )  
iron1 work+ 9 /rong oak or  /one mort>s1
 & mov$ by wat]-:eel ma*9]y4 ,s rude &  
ineffective h[ev] 0 ?is app>atus1 t no  
few] ?an =ty  pairs ( /amps 7 requir$ to
 op]ate a night & a day 9  prep>+ "o    
hundr$ weight ( mat]ial4 ,at ! pres5t   
"t1 !  av]age weekly consumption ( rags1
 at _m pap] mills1 exce$s  ev5 #cj tons4
 ,! cyl9d] or eng9e mode ( comm9ut+ rags
  into pap] pulp appe>s to h be5 inv5t$ 
9 ,holl&1 ab\t !  middle ( ! la/ c5tury1
 b receiv$ v little att5tion "h  = "s   
ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,! accompany+ draw+ w    

s]ve to  convey "s idea ( ! wond]ful    
rapidity ) :i* ! "w is  at pres5t       
accompli%$4 ,no less ?an twelve tons p] 
week c  n[ be prep>$ by means ( ?is     
simple contrivance4 ,! horizontal       
section repres5ts an oblong ci/]n1 ( ca/
 iron1 or wood l9$  ) lead1 into :i* !  
rags1 ) a suffici5t quantity ( wat]1    
are receiv$4 ,x is divid$ by a p>tition1
 z %[n 7,a71 to regulate  ! c\rse ( !   
/uff4 ,! sp9dle ^u :i* ea* cyl9d] 7,c7  
moves1 ext5d+ across ! eng9e1 & be+ put 
9 motion by a  b& :eel or p9ion at !    
po9t 7,b74 ,"o cyl9d]1 is made to       
trav]se at a mu* swift] rate ?an ! o!r1 
9 ord] t !  rags may be ! m effectually 
triturat$4 ,! cyl9d]s 7,c71 z  %[n 9 !  
v]tical section1 are furni%$ ) num]\s   
cutt]s1  runn+ p>allel to ! axis1 & aga9
 b5ea? !m simil> cutt]s  are m\nt$ 7,d7 
some:at obliquely1 aga9/ :i*1 :5 9      
motion1  ! rags are drawn by ! rapid    
rotation ( ! cyl9d]s1 & ?us  r$uc$ to ! 
smalle/ filam5ts requisite1 sometimes n 
exce$+  ! sixte5? ( an in* 9 l5g?2 !    

di/ance betwe5 ! fix$  & moveable blades
 be+ capable ( any adju/m5t1 simply by  
elevat+ or depress+ ! be>+s ^u :i* !    
necks ( !  %aft are support$4 ,:5 9     
op]ation1 x is ( c\rse necess>y  to     
enclose ! cyl9d]s 9 a case1 z %[n 7,e71 
o!rwise a l>ge  proportion ( ! rags w\ld
 inevitably be ?r[n out ( ! eng9e4  ,i  
%\ld m5tion1 t ! rags are fir/ work$    
co>sely1 ) a  /ream ( wat] runn+ ?r\gh !
 eng9e1 :i* t5ds effectually  to wa% !m1
 z also to op5 _! fibres2 & 9 ord] to   
c>ry (f  ! dirty wat]1 :at is t]m$ a    
wa%+ drum is usually employ$1  consi/+  
simply ( a framework cov]$ ) v f9e      
wire-gauze1  9 ! int]ior ( :i*1 connect$
 ) ! %aft or sp9dle1 :i*  is holl[1 are 
two suction tubes1 & by ?is means1 on ! 
pr9ciple  ( a syphon1 ! dirty wat]      
con/antly fl[s away ?r\gh a l>g]  tube  
runn+ d[n outside1 :i* is connect$ ) t 9
 !  c5tre1 )\t c>ry+ away any ( ! fibre4
    ,aft] ?is1 ! mass is plac$ 9 ano!r  
eng9e1 :]e1 if  necess>y1 x is blea*$ by
 an admixture ( *loride ( lime1 :i*  is 

reta9$ 9 ! eng9e until its action       
becomes app>5t4 ,! pulp  is !n let d[n  
into l>ge slate ci/]ns to /eep1 prior to
 be+  r$uc$ to a suitable consi/5cy by !
 beat+ eng9e1 z already  describ$4 ,!   
rolls or cyl9d]s1 h[ev]1 ( ! beat+ eng9e
  are always made to rotate mu* fa/] ?an
 :5 employ$ 9 wa%+  or blea*+1 revolv+  
probably f #abj to #aej times p] m9ute1 
& ?us1 suppos+ ! cyl9d]s to conta9 #dh  
tee? ea*1 pass+  ov] eight o!rs1 z %[n 9
 ! draw+1 effect+ no few] ?an  #ajc1fhj 
cuts 9 t %ort p]iod4 ,f ?is ! great     
advantage (  ! mod]n eng9e ov] ! old    
fa%ion$ mort> ma*9e1 9 turn+  out a     
quantity ( pap] pulp1 w be at once      
app>5t4    ,! op]ation ( pap] mak+1 aft]
 ! rags or mat]ials to be  us$ h be5 ?us
 r$uc$ & prep>$1 may be divid$ into two 
k9ds2 t :i* is c>ri$ on 9 h&-mills1 :]e 
! =mation (  ! %eet is p]=m$ by manual  
lab\r2 & t :i* is c>ri$  on 9           
ma*9e-mills1 :]e ! pap] is produc$ ^u ! 
ma*9e  wire-clo? 9 "o cont9u\s web4     
,) respect to h&-made pap]s1 ! %eet is  

=m$ by ! vatman's  dipp+ a m\ld ( f9e   
wire-clo? fix$ ^u a wood5 frame1 &  hav+
 :at is t]m$ a deckle1 to det]m9e ! size
 ( ! %eet1  into a quantity ( pulp :i*  
has be5 previ\sly mix$ ) wat]  to a     
requisite consi/5cy2 :5 aft] g5tly %ak+ 
x to &  fro 9 a horizontal position1 !  
fibres become s connect$ z to  =m "o    
uni=m fabric1 :ile ! wat] dra9s away4 ,!
 deckle  is !n remov$ f ! m\ld1 & ! %eet
 ( pap] turn$ (f  ^u a felt1 9 a pile ) 
_m o!rs1 a felt int]v5+ betwe5  ea*     
%eet1 & ! :ole subject$ to great        
pressure1 9 ord] to  displace !         
sup]flu\s wat]2 :5 aft] be+ dri$ &      
press$  )\t ! felts1 ! %eets are dipp$  
into a tub ( f9e animal  size1 !        
sup]fluity ( :i* is aga9 =c$ out by     
ano!r  press+2 ea* %eet aft] be+ f9ally 
dri$1 und]go+ c>eful  exam9ation be=e x 
is f9i%$4    ,specim5s #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e1
 ins]t$ at ! end ( ! "w1 s]ve to        
illu/rate ! diff]5t /ages ( !           
manufacture4 ,fir/1 we h  :at is t]m$ ! 
wat]-leaf1 7#b7 or ! condition 9 :i* !  

pap] appe>s aft] be+ press$ betwe5 !    
felts--?is is ! fir/  /age4 ,next1 a    
%eet f ! bulk1 z press$ )\t ! felts 7#c7
  :i* /ill rema9s 9 a /ate unfit = writ+
 on1 n hav+ be5  siz$--& is 9 fact b    
:ite blott+ pap]4 ,!n we h a %eet  aft] 
siz+1 :i* completely *anges its "* 7#d72
 & la/ly  "o ) ! beautiful surface1 :i* 
mo/ ( u1 9 ?is /eel-p5  age are capable 
( appreciat+ 7#e74 ,?is is produc$ by   
plac+ !  %eets sep>ately betwe5 v smoo? 
copp] plates1 & !n pass+  !m ?r\gh      
roll]s1 :i* imp>t a pressure ( f #bj to 
#cj tons4  ,aft] only ?ree or f\r su*   
pressures1 x is simply call$ roll$      
7#e71 b if pass$ ?r\gh m frequ5tly1 !   
pap] acquires a  high] surface1 & is !n 
call$ glaz$ 7#f74    ,! pap]-mak+ ma*9e 
7see frontispiece7 is con/ruct$ to      
imitate  9 a great measure1 & 9 "s      
respects to improve1 ! processes  us$ 9 
mak+ pap] by h&2 b its *ief advantages  
are !  increas$ rapidity ) :i* x        
accompli%es ! manufacture1 &  ! means ( 
produc+ pap] ( any size :i* c           

practically be  requir$4    ,by ! ag5cy 
( ?is admirable contrivance1 :i* is s   
adju/$ z  to produce ! int5d$ effect )  
un]r+ precision1 a process1  :i* 9 ! old
 sy/em ( pap]-mak+1 occupi$ ab\t ?ree   
weeks1 is n[ p]=m$ 9 z _m m9utes4    ,! 
pap]-mak+ ma*9e is suppli$ f ! 8*e/0 or 
res]voir  7,f71 into :i* ! pulp desc5ds 
f ! beat+ eng9e1 :5  suffici5tly gr\nd2 
be+ kept 9 con/ant motion1 z x desc5ds1 
by means ( ! agitator 7,g71 9 ord] t x  
%all n settle4 ,f  ?is res]voir ! pulp  
is aga9 convey$ by a pipe into :at is   
te*nically t]m$ ! 8lift]0 7,h71 :i*     
consi/s ( a ca/-iron  :eel1 enclos$ 9 a 
wood5 case1 & hav+ a numb] ( buckets    
affix$ to its circumf]5ce4 ,! tr\gh     
7,i71 plac$ imm$iately  b5ea? ! endless 
wire 7,k7 is = ! purpose ( receiv+  !   
wat] :i* dra9s away f ! pulp dur+ !     
process (  manufacture1 & z ?is wat] is 
frequ5tly impregnat$ ) c]ta9  *emicals  
us$ 9 connexion ) pap]-mak+1 x is       
return$ aga9  by a conduct+ sp\t1 into !
 8lift]10 :]e1 by ! rotation (  !       

buckets1 bo? ! pulp & back-wat] become  
aga9 ?or\ghly  mix$1 & are toge!r rais$ 
by ! lift] ?r\gh ! sp\t 7,l7  into ! vat
 7,m7 :]e ! pulp is /ra9$ by means ( a  
sieve or  8knott]10 z x is call$1 :i* is
 usually =m$ ( brass1 hav+  f9e slits   
cut 9 x to all[ ! comm9ut$ pulp to pass 
?r\gh1  :ile x reta9s all lumps & knots2
 & s f9e are ^! op5+s1  9 ord] to free !
 pulp entirely f any?+ :i* w\ld be      
liable to damage ! quality ( ! pap]1 t x
 becomes necess>y  to apply a means (   
exhau/ion und]nea?1 9 ord] to facilitate
 !  passage ( ! pulp ?r\gh ! /ra9]4     
,i h frequ5tly exam9$ a mass ( ^! lumps 
collect$ ^u !  top ( ! knott]1 m        
p>ticul>ly :5 pr9t+ pap]s are be+       
manufactur$1 & h g5]ally f\nd !m        
compos$1 to a v great  ext5t1 ( ,india  
,rubb]1 :i* is a s\rce ( mu* great]     
annoyance  to ! pap] mak] ?an is readily
 conceiv$4 ,=1 9 ! fir/  place1 x is    
next to impossible 9 sort+ & cutt+ !    
rags to  free !m entirely f ! braid+1 & 
s =?1 ) :i* ladies  w insi/ ^u adorn+ _!

 dresses1 & 9 ! next1 ! blea*  fail+ to 
act ^u a sub/ance ( t "*1 ! quality ( ! 
pap] becomes greatly det]iorat$1 by !   
l>ge black specks :i*  x occasions1 &   
:i*1 by ! comb9$ heat & pressure ( !    
rolls & cyl9d]s1 enl>ge consid]ably z x 
proce$s4    ,pass+ f ?is /ra9] ! pulp is
 next made to di/ribute  itself equally 
?r\gh\t ! entire wid? ( ! ma*9e1 & is   
aft]w>ds all[$ to fl[ ov] a small lip or
 l$ge1 9 a regul>  & ev5 /ream1 :5ce x  
is receiv$ by ! upp] surface ( !        
endless wire 7,k71 ^u :i* ! fir/ process
 ( manufacture takes  place4 ,( c\rse ! 
?ickness ( ! pap] dep5ds 9 "s measure   
^u ! spe$ at :i* ! ma*9e is made to     
travel1 b x is  ma9ly det]m9$ by !      
quantity ( pulp all[$ to fl[ ^u !  wire1
 :i* by v>i\s contrivances c be regulat$
 to great nicety4  ,among ! specim5s at 
! end1 y w f9d "o1 ,no4 #g1 :i*  0 made 
by ?is ma*9e1 & :i* is consid]ably less 
?an !  ?\s&? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1--a    
?\s& %eets measur+ b  ?ree qu>t]s ( an  
in*4 ,& ,i w\ld call y\r att5tion to !  

fact1 t al?\gh s ?91 x is capable ( be+ 
col\r$1 x is  capable ( be+ glaz$1 x is 
capable ( receiv+ a wat]-m>k2  & :at is 
p]haps /ill m a/oni%+1 a /rip n exce$+  
f\r in*es 9 wid?1 w be f\nd capable (   
su/a9+ a weight (  tw5ty p\nds3 s great 
is its t5acity4    ,b1 to return to !   
ma*9e itself4 ,! quantity ( pulp requir$
  to fl[ f ! vat 7,m7 be+ det]m9$2 x is 
fir/ receiv$  by ! cont9u\s wov5 wire   
7,k71 ^u :i* x =ms itself into  pap]4   
,?is wire-gauze1 :i* resembles a        
jack-t[el1 pass+ ov]  ! small copp]     
roll]s 7,n71 r\nd ! l>g] "o m>k$ 7,o71 &
  be+ kept 9 prop] t5sion by two o!rs   
plac$ und]nea?4 ,a  g5tle vibratory     
motion f side to side is giv5 to ! wire1
  :i* assi/s to spread ! pulp ev5ly1 &  
also to facilitate !  sep>ation ( !     
wat]1 & by ?is means1 aid$ by a suction 
pump1  ! pulp solidifies z x advances4  
,! two black squ>es on ei!r  side ( !   
8d&y0 roll] 7,p7 indicate ! position (  
two wood5  boxes1 f :i* ! air is        
p>tially exhau/$1 ?us caus+ !           

atmosph]ic pressure to op]ate 9 compact+
 ! pulp into pap]1  ! wat] & moi/ure be+
 drawn ?r\gh ! wire1 & ! pulp  reta9$ on
 ! surface4    ,next1 we h to notice !  
deckle or b\nd>y /raps 7,q7 :i*         
regulate ! wid? ( ! pap]1 travell+ at ! 
same rate z !  wire1 & ?us limit+ !     
spread ( pulp4 ,! 8d&y0 roll] 7,p71  is 
employ$ to give any impression to ! pap]
 t may be requir$4  ,we may suppose =   
in/ance1 t ! circumf]5ce ( t roll]      
answ]s exactly to ! l5g? or bread? ( !  
wire =m+ a h&  m\ld1 :i*1 suppos+ su*   
wire to be fix$ or curv$ 9 t =m1  w\ld  
necess>ily leave ! same impression z :5 
employ$ 9 !  ord9>y way4 ,be+ plac$     
betwe5 ! air boxes1 ! pap] becomes      
impress$ by x :5 9 a half =m$ /ate1 &   
:atev] m>ks are  ?us made1 ! pap] w     
effectually reta94 ,! m>ks se5 9        
,specim5s #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e1 h be5       
occasion$ by a h& m\ld1 ^?  9 #f1 #g1   
#i1 & #aa1 are impressions giv5 by a d&y
 roll]4 ,! two  roll]s foll[+ ! d&y1    
m>k$ 7,r7 & 7,o71 are t]m$ c\*+  roll]s1

 f _! p]=m+ a simil> op]ation 9 !       
manufacture  ( ma*9e-made pap]s1 to !   
bus9ess ( ! c\*] 9 conduct+  ! process  
by h&4 ,!y are simply wood5 roll]s cov]$
 )  felt4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! upp] 
c\* roll 7,r7 is made  to answ] a d\ble 
purpose4 ,9 mak+ writ+ or o!r pap]s1 :]e
  smalts1 ultram>9e1 & v>i\s col\rs are 
us$1 consid]able  diff]5ce w frequ5tly  
be f\nd 9 ! t9t ( ! pap] :5  ! two sides
 are comp>$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! col\r+    
matt]  s9k+ to ! l[] side1 by ! natural 
subsid5ce ( ! wat]1 or  f ! action ( !  
suction boxes2 & to obviate ?is1 in/ead 
( employ+ ! ord9>y c\* roll1 :i* acts ^u
 ! upp]  surface ( ! pap]1 a holl[ "o is
 sub/itut$1 hav+ a suction  box )9 x1   
act$ ^u by an air pump1 :i* t5ds 9 "s   
measure  to c\nt]act ! effect1 ju/ly    
consid]$ objectionable4 ,m]g+  f ^?     
roll]s ! pap] is receiv$ f ! wire-gauze 
by a  cont9u\s felt 7,s71 :i* conducts x
 ?r\gh two pair ( press+  roll]s1 &     
aft]w>ds to ! dry+ cyl9d]s4 ,y w obs]ve1
  t ! pap]1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! fir/ pair

 ( roll]s1  is c>ri$ along ! felt = "s  
di/ance1 & !n turn$ ov]1  9 ord] to     
receive a correspond+ pressure on ! o!r 
side1  ?us obviat+ ! inequality (       
surface :i* w\ld o!rwise be  app>5t1    
especially if ! pap] 7 to be employ$ =  
books4    ,! advantage ga9$ by ! use ( s
 great a l5g? ( felt1 is  simply1 t x   
becomes less necess>y to /op ! ma*9e = !
  purpose ( wa%+ x1 ?an w\ld be ! case  
if ! felt 7  limit$ 9 l5g? to its       
absolute necessity4    ,9 "s in/ances1  
:5 ! pap] be+ made is siz$ 9 ! pulp  )  
su* an +r$i5t z res91 ! felt becomes s  
completely  clogg$ 9 ! space ( a few    
h\rs1 t unless a v great &  app>5tly    
unnecess>y l5g? ( felt be employ$1 a    
consid]able  wa/e ( "t is con/antly     
incurr$ 9 wa%+ or *ang+ ! felt4  ,to    
obviate all ?is--:e!r wa/e ( "t or wa/e 
( felt--,i h  sugge/$ 9 "o or two       
qu>t]s1 ! propriety ( pass+ ! felt1  z x
 returns f conduct+ ! pap] to ! heat$   
cyl9d]s1  ?r\gh a tr\gh ( wat]1 & :ile  
travell+ ?r\gh ! wat] to  apply suction 

boxes to bo? ! upp] & l[] surface ( !   
felt1  :i* by an alt]nate action1 might 
be made suffici5tly p[]ful to  remove   
all impurity1 )\t 9 any way ob/ruct+ !  
progress (  ! felt2 :i* if f\nd         
necess>y1 might be assi/$1 :ile at !    
same "t ! felt w\ld be re/or$ to its    
orig9al condition1 by  employ+ a suction
 roll] to :i* a /eady motion 0 giv5 9   
connexion ) ! ma*9e4    ,! op]ation ( ! 
manufacture w n[ be app>5t4 ,! pulp     
fl[+ f ! res]voir into ! lift]1 & !nce  
?r\gh !  /ra9]1 passes ov] a small lip  
to ! cont9u\s wire1 be+  !re p>tially   
compact$ by ! %ak+ motion1 m ?or\ghly  s
 on its passage ov] ! air boxes1 receiv+
 any desir$ m>ks  by means ( ! d&y roll]
 pass+ ov] ! cont9u\s felt  betwe5 !    
fir/ press+ roll]s1 !n turn$ ov] to     
receive a  correspond+ pressure on ! o!r
 side1 & f !nce (f to !  dry+ cyl9d]s1  
:i* are heat$ m or less by inject$ /eam2
  ! cyl9d] :i* receives ! pap] fir/1 be+
 heat$ less ?an  ! second1 ! second ?an 
! ?ird1 & s on2 ! pap] aft]  pass+ ov]  

^? cyl9d]s1 be+ f9ally w\nd ^u a reel1 z
  %[n1 unless x be pr9t+ pap]1 :i* c be 
siz$ suffici5tly  9 ! pulp1 by an       
admixture ( alum1 soda1 & res91 or ! l2 
9 :i* case x may be at once conduct$ to 
! cutt+ ma*9e1  to be divid$ into any   
l5g? & wid? requir$4 ,b1 suppos+ x  to  
be int5d$ = writ+ purposes1 x has fir/  
to und]go a m  effectual me?od ( siz+1 z
 %[n 9 ! accompany+ draw+4  ,! size 9   
?is in/ance be+ made f p>+s obta9$ f    
tann]s1 curri]s1 & p>*m5t-mak]s1 z      
employ$ 9 ! case (  h&-made pap]s4 ,(   
c\rse1 siz+ 9 ! pulp or 9 ! eng9e  (f]s 
_m advantages1 b z gelat9e1 or animal   
size1 :i* is  really ess5tial = all good
 writ+ qualities1 _c at pres5t  be      
employ$ dur+ ! process ( manufactur+ by 
! ma*9e  )\t injury to ! felts1 x       
becomes necess>y to pass ! web  ( pap]1 
aft] x has be5 dri$ by ! cyl9d]s1 ?r\gh 
?is  app>atus4    ,illu/ration3 ,,siz+  
,,app>atus    ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 !    
pap] is at once guid$ z x issues f  !   
ma*9e1 ?r\gh ! tub ( size1 & is !nce    

c>ri$ ov]  ! skeleton drums %[n1 inside 
ea* ( :i* are a numb] ( fans  rapidly   
revolv+2 sometimes !re are =ty or fifty 
( ^! drums  9 succession1 ! :ole conf9$ 
9 a *amb] heat$ by /eam4 ,i  h se5 a    
pap] ma*9e ) ! siz+ app>atus atta*$1 :i*
  f ! wire-clo? :]e ! pulp fir/ fl[s on1
 to ! cutt+  ma*9e at ! extremity1      
measur$ no less ?an "o ?\s& feet4  ,!   
advantage ( dry+ ! pap] 9 ?is mann] ov] 
s _m (  ^! drums is1 t x turns out mu*  
h>d] & /rong]1 ?an  if dri$ m rapidly   
ov] heat$ cyl9d]s4 ,"s manufactur]s     
adopt a peculi> process ( siz+1 :i* 9   
fact answ]s v mu*  bett]1 & is alike    
applicable to pap]s made by h& or by    
ma*9e1  provid$ ! latt] description be  
fir/ cut into pieces or %eets (  !      
requir$ dim5sions4 ,! contrivance       
consi/s ( two revolv+  felts1 betwe5 :i*
 ! %eets are c>ri$ "u sev]al roll]s     
?r\gh a long tr\gh ( size1 be+ aft]w>ds 
hung up to dry ^u  l9es1 previ\sly to   
roll+ or glaz+4 ,! pap] ?us siz$ becomes
  mu* h>d] & /rong]1 by reason ( !      

fre$om ) :i* !  %eets c contract 9 dry+2
 & ?is is ma9ly ! reason :y  pap] made  
by h& cont9ues to be s mu* t\gh] ?an t  
made by  ! ma*9e1 9 consequ5ce ( !      
natural t5d5cy ( ! pulp to  contract 9  
dry+1 & consequ5tly becom+1 :]e no      
resi/ance  is (f]$1 m entw9$ or         
entangl$1 :i* ( c\rse adds v            
consid]ably to ! /r5g? & durability ( ! 
pap]4 ,9 mak+  by ! ma*9e1 ?is t5d5cy1 y
 w obs]ve1 is completely  *eck$4    ,!  
next op]ation :i* we h to notice1 n[ t !
 pap] is  f9i%$1 is t ( cutt+ x into    
/&>d sizes4 ,orig9ally1  ! reel ^u :i* x
 0 f9ally w\nd1 0 =m$ s t its  diamet]  
might be less5$ or increas$ at pleasure1
 accord+ to  ! sizes :i* 7 requir$4     
,?us1 = in/ance1 suppos+ we  want$ to   
cut ! web ( pap] into %eets ( #ah in*es 
9 l5g?1  we %\ld ei!r less5 ! diamet] ( 
! reel to #f in*es1 &  ?us ! circumf]5ce
 to #ah in*es1 or if conv5i5t increase x
 to  #cf in*es1 aft]w>ds cutt+ ! pap] 9 
two ) a l>ge knife1  simil> 9 size &    
%ape to t employ$ by a *eesemong]2 !    

wid? ( ! web be+ regulat$ by ! deckle   
/raps 7,q7 to ei!r  twice or ?ree times 
! wid? ( ! %eet1 z ! case might be4     
,h[ev]1 9 reg>d to ! l5g? consid]able   
wa/e1 ( necessity1  arose1 f ! great    
increase 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! reel z  !  
pap] 0 w\nd ^u x1 & to rem$y ?is1 sev]al
 contrivances  h be5 inv5t$4 ,to dwell  
^u _! v>i\s peculi>ities or  sep>ate    
/ages ( improvem5t1 w\ld1 no d\bt1 prove
 to ! g5]al  read] ( little comp>ative  
int]e/1 ,i %all1 !re=e1 conf9e my       
att5tion to a brief explanation ( !     
cutt+ ma*9e1 ( :i* ,i  h giv5 an        
illu/ration1 & :i* is unque/ionably !   
be/1 z  well z ! mo/ +5i\s1 inv5tion ( !
 k9d4    ,! fir/ movem5t or op]ation    
peculi> to ?is ma*9e is t (  cutt+ ! web
 ( pap] longitud9ally1 into su* wid?s z 
may be  requir$4 ,& ?is is effect$ by   
means ( circul> blades1 plac$ at  /at$  
di/ances1 :i* receive ! pap] z x issues 
direct f  ! o!r ma*9]y1 & by a v swift  
motion1 mu* great] ?an  t at :i* ! pap] 
travels1 slit x up ) un]r+ precision    

:]ev] !y may be fix$4    ,a pair ( ^?   
circul> blades is %[n 9 ! draw+ 7a71 !  
upp] "o be+ mu* l>g] ?an ! l[]1 :i* is  
ess5tial to  ! smoo?ness ( ! cut4 ,& n  
only is ! upp] blade l>g]  9            
circumf]5ce1 b x is also made to revolve
 ) mu* great]  rapidity1 by means (     
employ+ a small p9ion1 work$ by "o at   
lea/ twice its diamet]1 :i* is fix$ ^u !
 same %aft z !  l[] blade1 to :i* !     
motive p[] is appli$4 ,! action aim$  at
 is precisely su* z we obta9 f a pair ( 
scissors4    ,! web1 z x is t]m$ by !   
pap]-mak]1 be+ ?us sev]$  longitud9ally1
 ! next op]ation is t ( cutt+ x (f into 
%eets ( "s p>ticul> l5g? horizontally2 &
 to d ?is  requires a mo/ +5i\s movem5t4
 ,to give a v g5]al idea (  !           
contrivance1 ! dott$ l9e is int5d$ to   
repres5t ! pap]  travell+ on ) a        
rapidity 9 "s cases ( #hj feet p] m9ute1
  & yet its c\rse has to be tempor>ily  
arre/$ :ile ! requir$  sep>ation is     
effect$1 & t too )\t ! pap]'s accumulat+
  9 any mass1 or gett+ creas$ 9 !       

slighte/ degree4    ,illu/ration3       
,,cutt+ ,,ma*9e4    ,! l>ge drum 7b71   
ov] :i* ! pap] passes1 9 ! direction    
indicat$ by ! arr[s1 has simply an      
alt]nat+ motion1 :i*  s]ves to ga!r !   
pap] 9 su* l5g?s z may be requir$4 ,!   
crank arm 7c71 :i* is capable ( any     
adju/m5t ei!r at top or  bottom1        
regulat+ ! ext5t ( ! movem5t backw>ds & 
=w>ds1  & ?us ! l5g? ( ! %eet4 ,z soon z
 ! pap] to be cut  (f has pass$ bel[ !  
po9t 7d71 at :i* a press] is  susp5d$1  
hav+ an alt]nat+ motion giv5 to x1 9    
ord] to make  x approa* to1 & rec$e f1 a
 /ation>y press]-bo>d2 x is  tak5 hold (
 z x desc5ds f ! drum1 & ! l5g? p5dant  
f ! press]1 is in/antly cut (f by !     
moveable knife 7e71  to :i* motion is   
giv5 by ! crank 7f71 ! connect+ rod     
7g71 ! lev] 7h71 & ! connect+ rod 7i74  
,! comb9$  motion ( ^! rods & lev]s1    
admits ( ! moveable knife 7e71  rema9+  
ne>ly quiesc5t = a giv5 "t1 & !n spe$ily
  clos+ ^u ! fix$ knife 7k71 cutt+ (f ! 
pap] 9 a  simil> mann] to a pair ( %e>s1

 :5 x imm$iately slides d[n  a bo>d1 or 
9 "s in/ances is c>ri$ along a revolv+  
felt1 at  ! extremity ( :i* sev]al m5 or
 boys are plac$ to receive !  %eets1    
accord+ to ! numb] into :i* ! wid? ( !  
web is  divid$4    ,z soon z ! press]s  
are clos$ = a l5g? ( pap] to be cut  (f1
 ! motion ( ! ga!r+ drum is rev]s$1     
smoo?+ out  ! pap] ^u its surface1 :i*  
is n[ held betwe5 ! press]s2  ! t5sion  
roll 7l71 tak+ up ! slack 9 ! pap] z x  
accumulates1 or r be>+ x g5tly d[n1     
until ! movem5t (  ! drum is aga9 rev]s$
 to furni% ano!r l5g?4 ,! h&le  7m71 is 
employ$ m]ely to /op a portion ( !      
ma*9]y1 %\ld  ! wat]-m>k n fall exactly 
9 ! c5tre ( ! %eet1 :5 by  ?is means x c
 be mom5t>ily adju/$4    ,! pap] be+ ?us
 made1 & cut up into %eets ( /at$       
dim5sions1 is next look$ ov] & c\nt$ out
 into quires ( #bd  %eets1 & aft]w>ds   
into reams ( #bj quires2 :i*            
subsequ5tly1  "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( an     
,excise ,(fic]1 are c>efully weigh$  &  
/amp$1 previ\sly to _! be+ s5t into !   

m>ket4    ,connect$ ) ! manufacture (   
pap]1 !re is "o po9t (  consid]able     
int]e/ & importance1 & t is1 :at is     
commonly1  b errone\sly1 t]m$ !         
wat]-m>k1 :i* may be notic$ 9 !  ,times 
,newspap]1 9 ! ,new ,bank ( ,engl&      
,notes1 ,*eques & ,bills1  z also 9 e   
,po/age & ,receipt ,label ( ! pres5t    
day4    ,! curi\s1 & 9 "s in/ances      
absurd t]ms1 :i* n[ puzzle  u s mu* 9   
describ+ ! diff]5t sorts & sizes ( pap]1
  may frequ5tly be expla9$ by ref]5ce to
 ! v>i\s pap]-m>ks  :i* h be5 adopt$ at 
diff]5t p]iods4 ,9 anci5t times1 :5     
comp>atively few p c\ld read1 pictures (
 e k9d 7  mu* 9 use :]e writ+ w\ld n[ be
 employ$4 ,e %op1 =  in/ance1 _h its    
sign1 z well z e public-h\se1 & ^?      
signs 7 n !n1 z !y (t5 are n[1 only     
pa9t$ ^u a  bo>d1 b 7 inv>iably actual  
models ( ! ?+ :i* ! sign  express$--z we
 /ill occasionally see "s su* sign z a  
bee-hive1  a tea-cani/]1 or a doll1 & ! 
l4 ,= ! same reason pr9t]s  employ$ "s  
device1 :i* !y put ^u ! title pages & at

 !  end ( _! books1 & pap] mak]s also   
introduc$ m>ks1 by way (  di/+ui%+ !    
pap] ( _! manufacture f t ( o!rs2  :i*  
m>ks becom+ common1 naturally gave _!   
names to diff]5t  sorts ( pap]4 ,& s9ce 
names (t5 rema9 long aft] ! orig9 (  !m 
is =gott5 & circum/ances are *ang$1 x is
 n surpris+  to f9d ! old names /ill 9  
use1 ?\gh 9 "s cases !y are  n appli$ to
 ! same ?+s :i* !y orig9ally d5ot$4 ,"o 
(  ! illu/rations ( anci5t wat]-m>k :i* 
,i h giv5 9 !  accompany+ plate2 t ( an 
op5 h& ) a /> at ! top1  :i* 0 9 use z  
e>ly z #aecj2 probably gave ! "n to :at 
is  /ill call$ h& pap]4    ,ano!r v     
fav\rite pap]-m>k1 at a subsequ5t p]iod 
#aedj-fj1  0 ! jug or pot1 :i* is also  
%[n1 & w\ld appe> to h  orig9at$ ! t]m  
pot pap]4 ,! foolscap 0 a lat] device1 &
  does n appe> to h be5 ne>ly ( su* long
 cont9uance z !  =m]4 ,x has giv5 place 
to ! figure ( ,britannia1 or t (  a lion
 rampant1 support+ ! cap ( lib]ty on a  
pole4 ,! "n1  h[ev]1 has cont9u$1 & we  
/ill d5om9ate pap] ( a p>ticul>  size1  

by ! title ( foolscap4 ,! orig9al figure
 has ! cap &  bells1 ( :i* we s (t5 read
 9 old plays & hi/ories1 z !  p>ticul>  
head-dress ( ! fool1 :o at "o "t =m$ "p 
(  e great man's e/abli%m5t4    ,i h met
 ) ! wat]-m>k ( a cap1 mu* simpl] ?an t 
:i*  we h j notic$1 some:at resembl+ !  
jockey-caps ( !  pres5t day1 ) a trifl+ 
ornam5tation or addition to ! upp]  "p4 
,! fir/ edition ( 8,%akspe>e10 pr9t$ by 
,isaac ,jagg>d   ,ed4 ,bl\nt1 #afbc1 w  
be f\nd to conta9 ?is m>k1 int]sp]s$  ) 
sev]al o!rs ( a diff]5t "*4 ,no d\bt !  
g5]al  use ( ! t]m cap to v>i\s pap]s ( 
! pres5t day owes its  orig9 to m>ks (  
?is description4    ,! t]m imp]ial 0 9  
all probability d]iv$ f ! f9e/  specim5s
 ( papyri1 :i* 7 s call$ by ! anci5ts4  
,illu/ration3 7,wat]-m>ks7    ,po/ pap] 
seems to h d]iv$ its "n f ! po/-horn1   
:i* at "o "t 0 its di/+ui%+ m>k4 ,x does
 n appe>  to h be5 us$ prior to !       
e/abli%m5t ( ! g5]al  po/-(fice 7#afgj71
 :5 x became ! cu/om to bl[ a horn1 to  
:i* circum/ance no d\bt we may attribute

 its introduction4 ,!  m>k is /ill      
frequ5tly us$1 b ! same *ange :i* has s 
mu*  dim9i%$ ! numb] ( pa9t$ signs 9 !  
/reets ( our t[ns  & cities1 has ne>ly  
made pap]-m>ks a matt] ( antiqu>ian     
curiosity2 ! mak]'s "n be+ n[ g5]ally   
us$1 & ! m>k1  9 ! few in/ances :]e x   
/ill rema9s1 s]v+ ! purpose (  m]e      
ornam5t1 r ?an t ( di/9ction4           
,wat]-m>ks1 h[ev]1 h at v>i\s p]iods be5
 ! means (  detect+ frauds1 =g]ies &    
impositions1 9 our c\rts ( law  &       
else:]e1 to say no?+ ( ! protection !y  
af=d 9 !  in/ances already ref]r$ to1   
su* z bank notes1 *eques1 receipt1      
bill1 & po/age /amps4 ,! celebrat$      
,curran once di/+ui%$  himself 9 a case 
:i* he _h und]tak51 by %rewdly ref]r+   
to ! wat]-m>k1 :i* effectually det]m9$ !
 v]dict4 ,&  ano!r in/ance1 :i* ,i      
introduce m]ely 9 ! =m ( an amus+       
anecdote1 occurr$ once at ,mess9a1 :]e !
 monks ( a c]ta9  mona/]y exhibit$1 )   
great triumph1 a lett] z be+ writt5  by 
! ,virg9 ,m>y ) h] own h&4 ,unluckily = 

!m1 h[ev]1  ?is 0 n1 z x easily might h 
be51 writt5 ^u ! anci5t  papyrus1 b on  
pap] made ( rags4 ,on "o occasion a     
visitor1 to  :om ?is 0 %[n1 obs]v$1 )   
affect$ solemnity1 t !  lett] involv$   
also a miracle1 = ! pap] on :i* x 0     
writt5 0 n 9 exi/5ce until sev]al       
c5turies aft] ! "m  ( our ,"l _h di$4   
,a fur!r illu/ration ( ! k9d occurs 9 a 
"w entitl$  8,irel&'s ,confessions10 :i*
 0 publi%$ respect+ 8  fabrication ( !  
,%akspe>e manuscripts1--a lit]>y =g]y   
ev5  /ill m rem>kable1 ,i ?9k1 ?an t :i*
 is said to h be5  p]petrat$ by         
,*att]ton1 z ,r[ley's ,poems4    ,!     
int]e/ :i* at ! "t 0 univ]sally felt 9  
?is  production ( ,irel&'s1 may be      
p>tially ga!r$ f ! fact1  t ! :ole ( !  
orig9al edition1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! =m  ( a 
%ill+ pamphlet1 0 dispos$ ( 9 a few     
h\rs2 :ile s  great 0 ! eag]ness to     
obta9 copies aft]w>ds1 t s+le           
impressions 7 sold 9 an auction room at 
! extravagant price (  a gu9ea4    ,?is 
g5tleman tells u1 at "o "p ( 8          

explanation1 t !  %eet ( pap] :i* he us$
 0 ! outside ( sev]al o!rs1  on "s ( :i*
 acc\nts _h be5 kept 9 ! reign ( ,*>les 
! ,fir/2 & be+ at t "t :olly unacqua9t$ 
) !  wat]-m>ks us$ 9 ! reign ( ,que5    
,elizabe?1 8,i c>efully  select$ 7says  
he7 two half-%eets1 n hav+ any m>k      
:atev]1  on :i* ,i p5n$ my fir/         
effusion40 ,a few pages fur!r on  he    
writes--8,be+ ?us urg$ =w>d to !        
production ( m  manuscripts1 x became   
necess>y t ,i %\ld possess a suffici5t  
quantity ( old pap] to enable me to     
proce$1 9 consequ5ce  ( :i* ,i appli$ to
 a booksell]1 nam$ ,v]ey1 9 ,great      
,may's  ,build+s1 ,/4 ,m>t9's ,lane1 :o1
 = ! sum ( five %ill+s1  suff]$ me to   
take f all ! folio & qu>to volumes 9 8  
%op1 ! fly leaves :i* !y conta9$4 ,by   
?is means ,i 0  amply /or$ ) t          
commodity2 nor did ,i fe> any m5tion ( !
  circum/ance by ,mr4 ,v]ey1 ^: quiet   
unsuspect+ disposition1 ,i  0 well      
conv9c$1 w\ld nev] lead him to make !   
transaction  public1 9 addition to :i*  

he 0 n likely ev5 to "k any?+  conc]n+ !
 suppos$ ,%aksp]ian discov]y by myself1 
& ev5  if he _h1 ,i d n imag9e t my     
pur*ase ( ! old pap]  9 "q1 w\ld h      
excit$ 9 him ! smalle/ degree (         
suspicion4 ,z ,i 0 fully aw>e f ! v>iety
 ( wat]-m>ks  :i* are 9 exi/5ce at !    
pres5t day1 t !y mu/ h  con/antly be5   
alt]$ s9ce ! p]iod ( ,elizabe?1 & be+  =
 "s "t :olly unacqua9t$ ) ! wat]-m>ks ( 
t age1  ,i v c>efully produc$ my fir/   
specim5s ( ! writ+ on  su* %eets ( old  
pap] z _h no m>k :atev]4 ,hav+ he>d x   
frequ5tly /at$ t ! appe>ance ( su* m>ks 
on ! pap]s  w\ld h greatly t5d$ to      
e/abli% _! validity1 ,i li/5$           
att5tively to e rem>k :i* 0 made ^u !   
subject1 &  f !nce ,i at l5g? glean$ !  
intellig5ce t a jug 0 !  preval5t       
wat]-m>k ( ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 9       
consequ5ce (  :i* ,i inspect$ all !     
%eets ( old pap] !n 9 my possession1  & 
hav+ select$ su* z _h ! jug ^u !m1 ,i   
produc$ !  succe$+ manuscripts ^u ^!1   
be+ c>eful1 h[ev]1 to m+le  ) !m a c]ta9

 numb] ( blank leaves1 t ! production   
on a sudd5 ( s _m wat]-m>ks might n     
excite suspicion 9  ! brea/s ( ^? p]sons
 :o 7 mo/ conv]sant ) !  manuscripts40  
,?us1 ?is notori\s lit]>y =g]y1 ?r\gh ! 
cunn+ +5uity  ( ! p]petrator1 ultimately
 prov$ s successful z to deceive  _m    
le>n$ & able critics ( ! age4 ,inde$1 on
 "o occasion a  k9d ( c]tificate 0 drawn
 up1 /at+ t ! und]sign$ names  7 affix$ 
by g5tlem5 :o ent]ta9$ no d\bt :atev] z 
to !  validity ( ! ,%aksp]ian           
production1 & t !y volunt>ily  gave su* 
public te/imony ( _! convictions ^u !   
subject4 ,to  ?is docum5t sev]al names 7
 app5d$ by p]sons z conspicu\s  = _!    
erudition z !y 7 p]t9aci\s 9 _! op9ions4
    ,! wat]-m>k 9 ! =m ( a lett] p1 (   
:i* ,i h giv5 an  illu/ration1 is tak5 f
 ,caxton's well-kn[n "w1 8,! ,game (  ! 
,*esse10 a fac simile ( :i* is ab\t to  
be publi%$ z a  tribute to 8 memory4    
,pap] has rec5tly be5 made expressly = !
  purpose1 9 exact repres5tation ( !    
orig9al1 & conta9+ ?is  wat]-m>k1 :i* w 

be f\nd common 9 works pr9t$ by him4    
,! ord9>y mode ( effect+ su* pap] m>ks z
 we h be5  describ+ is t ( affix+ a /\t 
wire 9 ! =m ( any object  to be         
repres5t$ to ! surface ( ! f9e          
wire-gauze1 ( :i* !  h&-m\ld1 or ma*9e  
d&y roll] is con/ruct$4    ,! p]fection1
 h[ev]1 to :i* wat]-m>ks h n[ atta9$1   
:i* 9 _m in/ances is really v beautiful1
 is ow+ to a m  +5i\s me?od rec5tly     
pat5t$1 & s9ce adopt$ by ! ,bank  (     
,engl&1 z af=d+ consid]able protection  
to ! public 9  det]m9+ ! g5u95ess ( a   
bank note4    ,= ! orig9al idea (       
produc+ light & %ade1 z se5 9  specim5s 
#a1 #ac1 & #ae1 we are indebt$ to ,mr4  
,wm4 ,h5ry ,smi?1  ^: pati5t p]sev]ance1
 & labori\s ef=ts1 at l5g? enabl$  him  
to ov]come _m difficulties1 & f9ally to 
produce n only  any peculi>ity ( design1
 h[ev] complicate1 b also to secure  its
 repetition ) a c]ta9ty ( uni=mity :i*1 
9 ! process  ( manufacture z hi!rto     
conduct$1 x 0 f\nd impossible to        
accompli%4    ,to produce a l9e wat]-m>k

 ( ! "* %[n 9 specim5s  #aj1 #ab1 & #af1
 or ( any ( ! autographs or cre/s 9 ,no4
 #ad1  7:i* %eet 0 produc$ f ! m\ld :i* 
,i employ$ at !  ,london ,in/itution17  
we might ei!r engrave ! patt]n or device
  fir/ 9 "s yield+ surface1 precisely z 
we %\ld engrave a  copp]-plate = pr9t+1 
& aft]w>ds by imm]s+ ! plate  9 a       
solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 &          
electrotyp+ x 9 !  usual way1 all[ !    
int]/ices ( ! engrav+ to give x z  7 a  
ca/+ ( pure copp]1 & ?us an exact       
repres5tation (  ! orig9al device1 :i*1 
^u be+ remov$ f ! plate1 &  affix$ to ! 
surface ( ! wire-gauze =m+ ! m\ld1 w\ld 
produce a correspond+ impression 9 !    
pap]3 or1 suppos+  p]fect id5tity to be 
ess5tial1 z 9 ! case ( a bank note1 we  
might engrave ! design ^u ! surface ( a 
/eel die1 tak+ c>e  to cut ^? p>ts 9 !  
die deepe/ :i* are int5d$ to give       
great] effect 9 ! pap]1 & !n1 aft] hav+ 
h>d5$1 &  o!rwise prop]ly prep>$ ! die1 
x w\ld be plac$ "u a /eam  hamm] or o!r 
/amp+ app>atus1 = ! purpose ( produc+   

:at is te*nically t]m$ a 8=ce10 :i* is  
requir$ to assi/ 9  transf]r+ an        
impression f ! die to a plate ( %eet    
brass4  ,?is be+ done1 ! die1 ) !       
m\ld-plate 9 x1 w\ld next be  tak5 to a 
p]=at+ or cutt+ ma*9e1 :]e ! back ( !   
m\ld-plate--t is ! portion :i* projects 
above ! face ( !  die--w\ld be remov$1  
:ile t portion :i* 0 impress$ into !    
design engrav51 w\ld rema9 unt\*$1 & ?is
 be+ subsequ5tly  tak5 f ! int]/ices ( !
 die & plac$ 9 a frame ^u a  back+ ( f9e
 wire-clo?1 becomes a m\ld = !          
manufacture (  pap] ( ! patt]n :i* is   
desir$1 or = ! production ( any         
wat]-m>k1 autograph1 cre/ or device1    
h[ev] complicate4    ,light & %ade1 z   
se5 9 ,nos4 #a1 #ac1 & #ae1 are         
occasion$ by a  v simil> process1 b "o  
:i* p]haps requires a little m  c>e1 &  
necess>ily becomes some:at m t$i\s4 ,=  
in/ance1 9  ! =m] case ! pulp is        
di/ribut$ equally ?r\gh\t ! entire      
surface ( ! wire =m+ ! m\ld1 :]eas n[ we
 h to  contrive ! means ( increas+ to a 

v great nicety ! ?ickness  or           
di/ribution ( ! pulp1 & at ! same "t to 
make provision  = ! wat]'s dra9+ away4  
,?is has be5 accompli%$1 z 9 !  case (  
,no4 #ac1 by fir/ tak+ an electrotype ( 
! rais$ surface  ( any model or design1 
& aga9 f t1 =m+ 9 a simil>  mann] a     
matrix or m\ld1 bo? ( :i* are           
subsequ5tly m\nt$ ^u  lead or gutta     
p]*a1 9 ord] t !y may )/& ! pressure    
:i* is requir$ to be put ^u !m 9 giv+   
impression to a  %eet ( v f9e copp]     
wire-gauze1 :i*1 9 ! =m ( a m\ld1  & 9 !
 h&s ( ! vatman1 suffices ultimately to 
produce su*  beautiful transp>5t effects
 9 pap] pulp z ^? to :i* ,i h  call$ y\r
 att5tion4 ,by simil> means a portrait (
 ! ,emp]or  ,napoleon 0 produc$ = !     
,p>is ,exhibition4    ,! o!r specim5s1  
#a & #ae1 are produc$ 9 ! same mann] z  
! ^w 8,five0 9 ! c5tre ( ! new ,bank (  
,engl& note4 ,!  deepe/ %ad[s 9 !       
wat]-m>k be+ occasion$ by ! deepe/      
engrav+ ^u ! die1 ! lighte/1 by !       
%all[e/1 & s  =?2 ! die be+ employ$ to  

give impression by means ( !  /amp+     
press & 8=ce0 to ! f9e wire-gauze       
itself1 :i* by  ?is means1 provid+ ! die
 be prop]ly cut1 is accompli%$ f>  m    
successfully ?an by any o!r process1 & )
 ! additional  advantage ( secur+ p]fect
 id5tity4    ,x may be int]e/+ to call  
att5tion to ! contra/ z reg>ds  ! me?od 
( m\ld-mak+ orig9ally practis$1 & t :i* 
has  rec5tly be5 adopt$ by ! ,bank (    
,engl&4 ,9 a pair ( five  p\nd note     
m\lds1 prep>$ by ! old process1 !re 7 #h
 curv$  bord]s1 #af figures1 #afh l>ge  
waves1 & #bdj lett]s1 :i* _h all  to be 
sep>ately secur$ by ! f9e/ wire to !    
wav$ surface4  ,!re 7 #a1jef wires1     
#fg1ehd twi/s1 & ! same repetition  :]e 
! /\t wires 7 introduc$ to support ! "u 
surface4  ,!re=e1 ) ! back+1 lay+1 l>ge 
waves1 figures1 lett]s1  & bord]s1 be=e 
a pair ( m\lds 0 complet$1 !re 7 "s     
hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( /it*es1 mo/ ( :i* are 
n[ avoid$ by  ! new pat5t4 ,b fur!r1 by 
?is multitud9\s /it*+ &  sew+1 ! p>ts 7 
nev] plac$ precisely 9 ! same position1 

& ! wat]-m>k 0 consequ5tly nev]         
id5tical4 ,n[1 !  same die gives        
impression to ! metal :i* transf]s x to 
!  wat]-m>k1 ) a c]ta9ty ( id5tity      
unatta9able be=e1 & "o  c\ld almo/ say1 
nev] to be surpass$4    ,b1 z x has be5 
prop]ly rem>k$1 may we n detect         
pr9ciples  9 ?is process :i* are n only 
valuable to ! ,bank1 b to all  public   
e/abli%m5ts hav+ important docum5ts on  
pap]1 = :at  c exce$ ! value ( su* a te/
 = discov]+ ! deceptions  ( di%one/ m54 
,"o's signature1 cre/1 or device ( any  
k9d1  r5d]+ ! pap] exclusively "o's own1
 c n[ be secur$ 9 a  pair ( m\lds1 at ! 
co/ m]ely ( a few gu9eas4    ,?us !n1 ,i
 h endeav\r$ briefly to glance at all ! 
v>i$  manipulations compris$ 9 ! t]m    
,pap] ,mak+2 f ! soil$  rags1 :i* by ?is
 reg5]at+ process1 are conv]t$ into pure
  & spotless pap]1 & !nce to ! op]ations
 :i* 9 degree  di/+ui% x1 until f9ally1 
! /rong] ! te/ = illum9at+  its         
p]fection1 b suffices to prove x ( t mo/
 ari/ocratic  class1 to :i* belongs our 

new bank note4          ,,*apt] ,,iii4  
,anecdote ( an ov]-curi\s enquir]--,its 
probable application    to _m           
read]s--,pap] ,mak+1 :5 /raight=w>d1    
extremely    simple1 b ord9>ily involv+ 
consid]able *emical &    practical      
skill--,brief review ( artificial       
aids--,anecdotes (    ! delet]i\s       
effects ( blea*+1 & ( imp>t+ col\r    to
 ! 8/uff0--,ultram>9e1 its use &        
abuse--,manufactur$    ,pap]1 its       
v>ieties & peculi>ities--,excise        
,regulations--,pap]                     
,duty--,conclusion4      ,n long s9ce ,i
 he>d ( a v inquisitive g5tleman1 z "s  
p w\ld t]m him1 :o wrote to a fri5d (   
m9e ask+ him to  obta9 c]ta9 in=mation  
respect+ ! manufacture ( is+lass2  &    
al?\gh ! que/ions put1 7 by no means    
ess5tial to g5]al  k1 my fri5d compli$ )
 8 reque/1 & =w>d$ !  application to !  
p>ty imm$iately int]e/$ 9 its           
production2  :o1 ) simil> promptitude   
und]took to furni% ! answ]s  p] return (
 po/1 ^u receiv+ f ! anxi\s applicant a 

repetition ( ! inquiry1 accompani$ by 8 
*eque = ?ree  ?\s& p\nds4    ,n[1 x is n
 at all improbable t _m into ^: h&s ?is 
book may fall w be dispos$ to *>ge me ) 
simil> motives1  z conceal+ secrets     
connect$ ) pap] mak+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1  a  
reliable fact1 t no?+ c be m simple or  
/raight=w>d  ?an ! manufacture ( t1 :i*1
 = want ( a m compreh5sive  expression1 
,i mu/ d5om9ate g5u9e pap]4 ,*emical    
aid1 comb9$  ) great practical skill1 is
 absolutely indisp5sable1 ,i admit1 to  
enable "o to keep pace ) competition 9 !
 pres5t day2 :5  ev5 ! rags & tatt]s1   
ca/ (f by ! v poore/ ( ! poor1  may n[  
be =w>d$ aft] sunrise1 _m miles di/ant1 
& be=e  sunset1 receiv$ back aga9       
conv]t$ into a becom+ gr\nd-"w  = ! mo/ 
en*ant+ billet-d\x4 ,/ill1 productions (
 ?is  "*1 :5 contra/$ ) ! results ( a   
sl[ & simple  manipulation ( f9]        
mat]ials1 ev5 to ! unpractis$ eye1 w  be
 f\nd f> inf]ior1 z reg>ds ! "o gr& te/ 
( sup]iority1  viz41 durability4 ,! sl[]
 ! process ( manufacture is  conduct$ f 

beg9n+ to end1 f ! trituration ( !      
8/uff0  9 ! rag eng9e1 to ! =mation ( ! 
%eet1 its siz+1 dry+1  & roll+1 ! /rong]
 & m durable w ! pap] ultimately  turn  
out4 ,no4 #ag1 :i* is a specim5 ( pap]  
?us c>efully  made1 & almo/ z t\gh &    
durable z p>*m5t1 is capable (  su/a9+ a
 weight ( no less ?an #bjj lbs41 simply 
by means ( a  slip ! wid? ( a bank note4
 ,if1 h[ev]1 we glance at ! o!r         
extreme1 & take ! aids frequ5tly adopt$ 
to produce pap] (  app>5t excell5ce f   
comp>atively wor?less mat]ials1 we %all 
f9d occasion to regret m ?an "o =m (    
artificial assi/ance1  :i* is p]petually
 liable to objection4 ,! effects1 =     
in/ance1  ( excessive blea*+ are /ill   
occasionally manife/$1 al?\gh  by a     
bett] sy/em ( wa%+ ! pulp & ! use (     
c\nt]act+  *emicals1 evils :i* at "o "t 
result$ !refrom are n[ ma9ly  *eck$4 ,)9
 ! recollection ( my fa!r1 x 0 n at all 
an  uncommon occurr5ce = a p>cel ( pap] 
to become s completely  p]i%$ f !       
circum/ance ( its n hav+ be5 ?or\ghly   

wa%$ aft] blea*+1 t to draw a %eet z a  
sample1 & to  fold x up 9 ! usual way1 0
 f\nd utt]ly impossible1 )\t  ! %eets   
be+ crack$ or brok5 at e fold4 ,9 "s    
in/ances1  ! fibre 0 s completely       
de/roy$1 t an entire ream1 compos$  (   
#dhj %eets1 might be z readily snapp$   
asund] z a piece (  rott5 wood1 m]ely by
 giv+ x a %>p bl[ aga9/ ! back ( a      
*air4 ,! evils & inconv5i5ces :i* mu/ h 
result$ f  ?is are altoge!r             
incalculable4 ,mr4 ,hans>d              
78,typographia10 #ahbe17  ?us writes1   
8,:ole piles ( quir$ /ock1 mean+ books  
unb\nd1 are  already crumbl+ to du/ 9 ! 
w>eh\ses ( booksell]s1 nev]  to come to 
light z books1 & _m a volume design$ to 
enri* !  libr>y ( its possessor & to    
desc5d z an heir-loom to po/]ity1  n[   
pres5ts to ! mortifi$ own] its elegant  
pr9t surr\nd$ by  a m>g9 ( tan col\r1   
:i* 9 "s in/ances =ms1 z x 71 a         
complete frame r\nd ea* page1 ! oil     
v>ni% 9 ! composition  ( ! ink seem+ to 
pres]ve ! int]/ices betwe5 ! pr9t  f !  

same k9d ( discoloration4 ,s*ool books  
7he adds7 pr9t$  on ?is species ( pap]1 
w sc>cely la/ out _! de/9$  p]iod1 f "o 
vacation to ! next40 ,ano!r g5tleman    
in=ms u1  speak+ ( a quantity ( ,bibles1
 :i* 7 pr9t$ = ! ,briti%  & ,=eign      
,bible ,society1 t "o 9 8 possession1   
pr9t$ at !  ,univ]sity press at ,ox=d 9 
#ahaf1 7:i* _h nev] be5 us$7 0  !n1 )9 a
 ye> or two aft]w>ds1 lit]ally crumbl+  
into du/4  8,almo/ ! entire book (      
,g5esis 7says he7 has m\ld]$ away1 &    
left n a trace beh9d40 ,( c\rse1 pap] ( 
?is description 7if x  des]ves ! "n at  
all7 w\ld prove v bad /ock 9 l mann]  = 
! /ation]1 be+ = any purpose :atev] z   
utt]ly useless  z x 0 wor?less1 ) b "o  
exception1 :i* 9 ! case ( a  l>ge p>cel 
( ?is description1 ,i und]/&1 0 once    
adopt$1  viz41 t ( %ipp+ x 9 v common   
cases1 ?us secur+ !  drawback1 :i*1 at t
 "t1 0 f> m wor? consid]ation  ?an x    
w\ld be n[1 & ev5tually consign+ x to ! 
fate (  innum]able o!r treasures )9 !   
b\ndless limits ( ! ocean4    ,if to    

speak ( ! v>i\s artificial aids :i* !   
manufactur] has  rec\rse to 9 ! pres5t  
day be necess>y1 x surely _c b be       
equally advisable1 to po9t out _! ma9   
cause2 & if blame exi/  at all1 or fault
 be f\nd1 x _c1 ,i appreh5d1 be re/$ )  
great] safety ?an ) ^? :o1 /ipulat+ _!  
own t]ms1 mu/  ( necessity be suppli$ 9 
_! own way4 ,! pap] mak] requires  to be
 remun]at$2 & ) competition to grapple )
 & cont5d  aga9/1 n only all !          
improvem5ts :i* me*anical sci5ce is     
capable ( supply+1 mu/ be adopt$ by him1
 b ev5 9 _m cases1  h[ev] mu* to be     
regrett$1 he is tempt$ to an int]mixture
 (  noxi\s & het]og5e\s mat]ials1 9 ord]
 t ! m9imum price  may be atta9$4    ,"s
 specim5s ( pap] w be f\nd to conta9 z  
mu* z  "o-f\r? _! weight ( gypsum2 & 9  
fact1 ev5 worse mat]ial1  z a means (   
adult]ation1 is z eag]ly s\ght aft] by !
  manufactur] ( pap]1 z ! public        
g5]ally1 to ! sacrifice (  quality1 seek
 ! *eape/ article :i* x is possible to  
procure4 ,i  ne$ b ref]1 z an in/ance1  

to ! pack+ pap]s ( ! pres5t  day1 ( :i* 
"o %eet prop]ly made 7#be71 contra/$ )  
"o  ( ! same weight ( ! sort usually    
select$1 w be f\nd to  possess ?ree     
times ! am\nt ( /r5g?1 al?\gh n #aj p]  
c5t4  high] 9 price4    ,) a f9] class (
 pap]s common mat]ials are z readily    
employ$1 ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( "s col\r+  
matt]1 :i*  t5ds to conceal !           
imp]fection4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be difficult
  to "n an in/ance ( app>5t deception m 
=cible ?an t  :i* is accompli%$ by ! use
 ( ultram>9e4 ,until v rec5tly  ! f9e   
blui% t+e giv5 to _m writ+ pap]s 0 d]iv$
 f  ! admixture ( t exp5sive m9]al blue1
 ! oxide ( cobalt1  g5]ally t]m$ smalts1
 & :i* has /ill ! advantage ov] !       
ultram>9e ( imp>t+ a col\r :i* w endure 
= a mu* long]  p]iod4 ,"o p\nd (        
ultram>9e1 h[ev]1 go+ fur!r ?an f\r  (  
smalts at ! same price1 ! =m] necess>ily
 meets ) m  ext5d$ application1 & :]e ! 
us+ is rightly und]/ood1  & ! mat]ials  
employ$ in/ead ( be+ f9e rags1          
comp>ative  rubbi%1 excessively blea*$2 

its application proves rem>kably        
s]viceable 9 conceal+ = a "t all o!r    
irregul>ities1 &  ev5 f> surpass+ 9     
appe>ance ! be/ pap]s ( ! k9d4    ,at   
fir/ ! introduction ( ultram>9e l$ to "s
 difficulty  9 siz+ ! pap]1 = s long z  
smalts cont9u$ to be us$1  any am\nt (  
alum might be employ$1 & x 0 actually   
add$ to  ! size to pres]ve x f          
putrefaction4 ,b s9ce artificial        
ultram>9e is blea*$ by alum1 x became ( 
c\rse necess>y  to add ?is salt to !    
size 9 v small proportions1 & z a       
natural consequ5ce1 ! gelat9e 0 no long]
 protect$ f !  action ( ! air1 :i* l$ to
 incipi5t decomposition1 & 9 su*  cases 
! putrefaction once comm5c$1 proce$$ ev5
 aft] !  size 0 dri$ on ! pap]1 & gave  
to x a mo/ (f5sive smell1  :i* r5d]$ !  
pap] unsaleable4 ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1
 has  n[ be5 ov]come1 & provid+ ! size  
be q free f ta9t  :5 appli$ to ! pap]1 &
 quickly dri$1 putrefaction w n         
subsequ5tly occur2 b if decay has once  
comm5c$1 x _c be  arre/$ by dry+ only4  

,! practice ( blue+ ! pap] pulp _h its  
orig9 9 a s+ul>ly  accid5tal            
circum/ance1 :i* n m]ely z an hi/orical 
fact1  b z =m+ an amus+ anecdote1 is    
p]haps wor? m5tion+4  ,x occurr$ ab\t ! 
ye> #agij1 at a pap] mill belong+ to    
,mr4 ,butt5%aw1 ^: wife1 on ! occasion 9
 "q1 0  sup]9t5d+ ! wa%+ ( "s f9e l951  
:5 accid5tally  %e dropp$ h] bag ( p[d]$
 blue into ! mid/ ( "s pulp  9 a =w>d   
/ate ( prep>ation1 & s great 0 ! fe> %e 
ent]ta9$ ( ! mis*ief %e _h done1 see+ ! 
blue rapidly  amalgamat$ ) ! pulp1 t all
 allusion to x 0 /udi\sly  avoid$2      
until1 on ,mr4 ,butt5%aw's inquir+ 9    
great a/oni%m5t  :at x 0 t _h imp>t$ !  
peculi> col\r to ! pulp1  8 wife1       
p]ceiv+ t no v great damage _h be5 done1
  took c\rage & at once disclos$ !      
secret1 = :i* %e 0  aft]w>ds rew>d$ 9 a 
rem>kable mann] by h] husb&1 :o be+     
naturally pleas$ ) an advance ( s mu* z 
f\r %ill+s p]  bundle1 ^u submitt+ !    
improv$ make to ! ,london m>ket1        
imm$iately pur*as$ a co/ly sc>let cloak1

 7some:at m  cong5ial to ta/e 9 ^? days1
 x is presum$1 ?an x w\ld be  n[17 :i*  
he c>efully convey$ home1 & pres5t$ )   
mu*  satisfaction to ! %>] ( 8 joy4     
,al?\gh ! practice ( blue+ pap] is n1   
p]haps1 s cu/om>y  n[ z 0 ! case a few  
ye>s back1 ! ext5t to :i* x is /ill     
c>ri$ may be a matt] ( consid]able      
a/oni%m5t4 ,on its fir/  introduction1  
:51 z reg>ds col\r1 ! be/ pap] 0 any?+  
b pleas+1 s /rik+ a novelty w\ld no d\bt
 be hail$ z a  great improvem5t1 & z su*
 receiv$ into g5]al use1 b :5 we        
contra/ a fir/ class pap] n[ 7#h71 )\t  
any col\r+ matt]  :atev]1 & )\t any     
sup]flu\s m>ks ^u its surface1 )  !     
mis]able blue t9ts "o s frequ5tly sees1 
x becomes a s\rce  ( surprise1 t !      
sup]ior delicacy ( ! =m] is n m  g5]ally
 appreciat$4    ,! only objection :i* c 
be urg$ aga9/ ! use ( a col\rless  pap] 
is1 its comp>ative transp>5cy :5 glaz$ 9
 ! ord9>y  way3 b ?is is by no means    
ess5tial4 ,a f9i%$ surface imp>t$  by   
cal5d]+1 :5 contra/$ ) "o m highly      

glaz$1 w be  f\nd :olly sup]ior = a     
writ+ pap]1 & unobjectionable z  reg>ds 
opaqu5ess4    ,9 pap] mak+1 !re has     
seldom1 p]haps1 aris5 a great]          
difficulty ?an 9 furni%+ a supply suit$ 
to ! purposes (  photography4           
,unque/ionably1 great c>e is requisite 9
 ! selection  ( ! mat]ials1 _!          
prep>ation1 & subsequ5t manufacture4  ,b
 ! difficulty is ow+ m to ! want (      
positive in=mation  on ! "p ( !         
photograph]1 ?an to failure 9 ! ex]tions
  ( ! ,pap] ,mak]4 ,i h rec5tly be5     
in=m$ by a g5tleman  :o has devot$ mu*  
"t & att5tion to ?is p>ticul> class  (  
pap]1 t aft] =w>d+ specim5s to _m score 
memb]s (  t pr(ession1 & invit+         
obs]vations & sugge/ions !reon1  n "o 9 
t5 fav\r$ him ) any reply1 & ( ^? :o    
did1  al?\gh _m fir/-rate names might be
 m5tion$1 ! conclusions to  :i* !y      
sev]ally came 7 totally adv]se4    ,x is
 n my int5tion to w&] fur!r into ! field
 ( pap] &  pap] mak+ ?an to m>k ! b\nd>y
 :i* has be5 set up by ,act  (          

,p>liam5t1 9 ! =m ( ,excise             
,regulations1 ) a few g5]al  obs]vations
 ^u ! v>ieties & peculi>ities (         
manufactur$  pap]1 z a becom+ & at !    
pres5t "t some:at important  t]m9ation  
to our subject4    ,manufactur$ pap]1   
indep5d5tly ( ! miscellane\s k9ds1 su* z
  blott+1 filt]+1 & ! l1 :i* are r5d]$  
absorb5t by  ! free use ( wooll5 rags1  
may be divid$ into ?ree di/9ct  classes1
 viz41 writ+1 pr9t+1 & wrapp+4 ,! =m]   
aga9  into five1 cream wove 7#h71 yell[ 
wove 7#ag71 blue wove 7#g71 cream  laid 
7#af71 & blue laid 7#e74 ,! pr9t+ into  
two1 laid & wove1  & ! latt] into f\r1  
blue 7#bb71 purple 7#bd71 br[n 7#be71 & 
:it$ br[n 7#bc71 z x is commonly t]m$4  
,ea* ( ^! sorts  ought aga9 to be       
classifi$1 until x w\ld appe> z if n    
m]ely  all ! wants1 wi%es1 & fancies (  
mank9d _h be5 fully /udi$  & provid$ =1 
b t ev5 ! utmo/ b\nds ( v>iety 9 l      
mann] _h be5 includ$1 9 ord] to te/ !   
compreh5siv5ess (  human caprice4    ,to
 give a simple def9ition ( ! mode adopt$

 = di/+ui%+  ! v>i\s k9ds1 ,i mu/       
include1 ) ! class d5om9at$  writ+      
pap]s1 ^? :i* are us$ = draw+1 :i* be+  
siz$  9 l mann]1 & ) ! exception ( "o or
 two l>g] k9ds1  ( precisely ! same     
dim5sions z ^? pass+ by ! same "n1  :i* 
are us$ /rictly = writ+ purposes1 7!    
only di/9ction1  9 fact1 be+1 t ! draw+s
 are cream wove1 :ile ! writ+s  are     
laid17 !re w\ld ( c\rse be no necessity 
= sep>at+ !m4  ,inde$1 s9ce _m ( ! sizes
 us$ = pr9t+ are exactly !  same z ^?   
:i* w\ld be nam$ z writ+ pap]s1 = ! sake
  ( abridgm5t ,i w r$uce my di/9ctions (
 diff]5ce to b two  heads1 f9e & co>se2 
"u ! latt]1 includ+ ! ord9>y  br[n      
pap]s1 ! :it$ br[n1 or small h& quality1
 & ! blues  & purples1 us$ by groc]s4 ,!
 smalle/ size ( ! f9e quality1  z s5t f 
! mill1 measures #ab by #ae in*es1 & is 
t]m$ ,pot2  next to t ,foolscap1 #ag by 
#ac2 !n ,po/1 #ah by #ae2 ,copy1 #bj by 
#af2 ,l>ge ,po/1 #bj by #af2 ,m$ium     
,po/1 #ah by #bc2 ,%eet-&-?ird          
,foolscap1 #bc by #ac2 ,%eet-&-half     

,foolscap1 #bd by #ac2 ,d\ble           
,foolscap1 #bg by #ag2 ,d\ble ,pot1 #cj 
by #be2 ,d\ble ,po/1 #cj by #ai2  ,d\ble
 ,cr[n1 #bj by #cj2 ,demy1 #bj by #ae2  
ditto ,pr9t+1 #bb by #ag2  ,m$ium1 #bb  
by #ag2 ditto ,pr9t+1 #bc by #ah2       
,royal1 #bd by #ai2 ditto  ,pr9t+1 #be  
by #bj2 ,sup] ,royal1 #bg by #ai2 ditto 
,pr9t+1 #ba by #bg2  ,imp]ial1 #cj by   
#bb2 ,elephant1 #bh by #bc2 ,atlas1 #cd 
by #bf2 ,columbi]1  #cd by #bc2 ,d\ble  
,elephant1 #bf by #dj2 & ,antiqu>ian1   
#ec by #ca4  ,! diff]5t sizes ( lett] & 
note pap] ord9>ily us$ are  prep>$ f ^? 
k9ds by ! /ation]1 ^: bus9ess consi/s   
*iefly 9 smoo?+ ! edges ( ! pap]1 &     
aft]w>ds pack+  x up 9 "s ta/eful =m1   
:i* s]ves to attract att5tion4    ,"u ! 
*>act]i/ic names ( co>se pap]s may be   
m5tion$ ,k5t  ,cap1 #ba by #ah2 ,bag    
,cap1 #ai by #bd2 ,havon ,cap1 #ba by   
#bf2 ,imp]ial ,cap1  #bb by #bi2 ,d\ble 
#b-lb41 #ag by #bd2 ,d\ble #d-lb41 #ba  
by #cj2 ,d\ble  #f-lb41 #ai by #bh2     
,cas+ ( v>i\s dim5sions1 also           

,c>tridges1 )  o!r descriptive names1   
besides ,middle ,h&1 #bb by #af2 ,lumb] 
,h&1  #ai by #bi2 ,royal ,h&1 #bj by    
#be2 ,d\ble ,small ,h&1 #ai by #bi2 & ( 
! purples1 su* significations z ,copy   
,loaf1 #af by #ba1 #ch-lb42  ,p[d]      
,loaf1 #ah by #bf1 #eh-lb42 ,d\ble      
,loaf1 #af by #bc1 #dh-lb42 ,s+le       
,loaf1 #ba by #bg1 #gh-lb42 ,lump1 #bc  
by #cc1 #ajj-lb42 ,hambro'1 #af by  #bc1
 #dh-lb42 ,titl]1 #bi by #ce1 #abj-lb42 
,prussian or ,d\ble ,lump1 #cb  by #db1 
#bjj-lb42 & s =?1 ) glaz$ bo>ds1 ( v>i\s
 sizes1  us$ *iefly by pr9t]s1 = press+1
 :i* are manufactur$ 9  a peculi> mann] 
by h&1 ! bo>ds be+ sev]ally compos$ (   
v>i\s %eets made 9 ! ord9>y way1 b turn$
 (f ! m\ld "o  %eet ^u ano!r1 until !   
requir$ sub/ance be atta9$2 a felt  is  
!n plac$ ^u ! mass & ano!r bo>d =m$4 ,by
 ?is means1  ! %eets1 :5 press$1 adh]e m
 effectually to ea* o!r1 &  ! bo>ds     
consequ5tly become mu* m durable ?an    
w\ld be !  case if !y 7 produc$ by pa/+4
 ,inde$1 if any great am\nt  ( heat be  

appli$ to pa/ebo>ds1 !y w split1 & be   
r5d]$  utt]ly useless4 ,! glaz+ 9 ?is   
case is accompli%$ by friction4    ,to  
complete ! category ( co>se pap]s1 ,i   
ought to m5tion1 z  com+ )9 ! range ( ! 
,excise1 ,mill$ ,bo>ds1 employ$ 9       
bookb9d+1 ( n less ?an "o hundr$ & fifty
 descriptions1  t is1 z reg>ds sizes &  
sub/ances4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 an  incomplete 
idea is convey$ ( ! extraord9>y numb] ( 
sizes &  descriptions into :i* pap] is  
at pres5t divid$4 ,= in/ance1 ,i  h said
 ) ref]5ce to writ+ qualities1 t !re are
 five  k9ds1 cream wove1 yell[ wove1    
blue wove1 cream laid1 & blue laid1  &  
aga91 t ( ea* ( ^? k9ds !re are num]\s  
sizes2 b  9 addition !re are1 z a matt] 
( c\rse1 v>i\s ?icknesses &  makes ( ea*
 size & k9d4 ,9 fact1 no h\se 9 ,london1
 c>ry+  on ! :olesale /ation]y trade1 is
 )\t a ?\s& diff]5t  sorts2 _m keep /ock
 ( twice t numb]4    ,s mu* hav+ ( late 
be5 said ) ref]5ce to a repeal (  :at   
are t]m$ 8,taxes on ,k10 occasion+ !reby
 _m  v errone\s op9ions1 x may be useful

 to (f] "s rem>ks  ^u ,excise           
,regulations 9 connection ) ! duty on   
pap]4 ,&1  9 adv]t+ to ^? regulations1  
we %all h an opportunity  = obs]v+ !    
gradual increase :i* has tak5 place 9 ! 
consumption1 :i* 9 "s measure t5ds to   
illu/rate national  advancem5t 9 ! arts 
& sci5ces1 & ! g5]al ext5sion (  lit]>y 
pursuits4 ,! ,excise duty on pap] 0 fir/
 impos$ 9  ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,!    
/atute1 be>+ date #agaa1 recites  z a   
reason = ! grant--:i* no d\bt           
corresponds ) t (  our ,*ancellor ( !   
,ex*equ] = its cont9uance--8! necessity 
( rais+ l>ge supplies ( money to c>ry on
 ! pres5t w>1  until y\r ,maje/y %all be
 enabl$ to e/abli% a good & la/+        
peace40 ,! duties at t "t 7 *>g$ on !   
ream1 at rates  v>y+ accord+ to ! k9d ( 
pap]1 :i* 0 = ?is purpose  divid$ into  
num]\s d5om9ations or classes1 ?us--8,t 
!re  %all be rais$1 levy$1 collect$1 &  
paid to & = ! use (  h] ,maje/y1 h]     
heires & successors1 = & ^u all pap] (  
:at k9d soev]----:i* %all at any "t or  

times )91 or dur+  ! t]me ( #cb ye>s1 to
 be reckon$ f ! f\re & tw5tie?  day (   
,june1 "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & twelve1 be 
made 9 ,great  ,brita9e1 ! sev]all &    
respective duties h]e9aft] m5con$1  t is
 to say1 = & ^u all pap] usually call$  
or kn[ne by  ! "n ( demy f9e1 :i* %all  
be soe made 9 ,great ,brita9e1  ! sume (
 "o %ill+ & sixp5ce = e reame1 & aft]  t
 rate = a great] or less] quantity40 ,& 
9 l mann] x  goes on1 fix+ ! am\nt p]   
ream to be paid = second demy1 f9e  &   
second cr[n1 f9e & second foolscap1 f9e 
& second pott1  br[n1 l>ge cap1 small   
ord9>y br[n1 :it$ br[n1 pa/ebo>ds1  &   
la/ly1 8,= & ^u all o!r pap]1 :ite or   
br[ne1 or (  any o!r col\r or k9d       
:atsoev]1 :i* %all be made 9 ,great     
,brita9e z a=esaid1 7n be+ p>ticul>ly   
*>g$ 9 ?is ,act17  a duty aft] ! rate ( 
twelve p\nds = e "o hundr$ p\nds  ( !   
true & reall value ( ! same1 & aft] t   
rate =  any great] or less] quantities1 
:i* said duties = & ^u  ! said sev]all  
sorts ( pap] & o!r ! commodities la/    

m5con$ to be made 9 ,great ,brita9e1    
%all be paid by ! mak]s  !re(           
respectively40 ,b ?is me?od ( draw+     
di/9ctions  betwe5 diff]5t qualities &  
sizes ( pap]1 be+ f\nd to lead  to      
frequ5t disputes ) ! ,excise1 & great   
inequality 9 !  *>ge on ! manufactur$   
article at diff]5t mills1 alt]ations  7 
gradually made1 till at l5g? x 0 enact$ 
9 ! #dcrd  ye> ( ! reign ( ,george      
,,iii41 8t all pap] & pa/ebo>ds  %\ld be
 consid]$ fir/ class1 & subject to #c;d4
 p] lb4 duty1  unless made :olly out (  
old t>r$ rope & cordage1 )\t  extract+  
!refrom ! pit* or t>1 or any "p !re(10 &
  ! ,act fur!r says1 8& )\t any mixture 
( o!r mat]ials  !re)20 & 8t = e p\nd    
weight avoirdupois ( pap]  made 9 ,great
 ,brita91 ( ! second class or           
d5om9ation1 t  is to say1 all br[n pap] 
made ( old ropes or cordage only1 z     
a=esaid1 a duty ( #a;d4 p] lb40 ,!      
pr(ess$ object ( ! la/  m5tion$ ,act be+
 a simplification ( ! mode ( *>g+ !     
duties1 ! num]\s di/9ct classes into :i*

 pap] _h be5  divid$ be+ "h r$uc$ to    
two4 ,b aga91 evasion ( ! law 0  soon   
discov]$ to be practicable4 ,ei!r by a  
p>tial purification  ( ! t>r$ rope1     
select+ also t :i* 0 mo/ :it5$ by  use &
 exposure1 & !n *>g+ ! pap] s made 7:i* 
0  ne>ly equal to fir/ class 9 m>ketable
 value7 ) ! second  class duty2 or z    
t>r$ rope increas$ 9 price1 & "s sorts (
  fir/ class mat]ial v consid]ably      
decl9$1 ! great temptation  ( an        
ext5sive evasion ( ! law necess>ily     
foll[$1 by ! use  ( fir/ class mat]ial 9
 second class pap]4    ,:e!r ! duty on  
pap] z n[ impos$1 or ! ,excise          
regulations  "u :i* t duty is collect$1 
be ! m objectionable1 is  p]haps        
difficult to say4 ,( c\rse1 ! pap]-mak] 
is subject$  to consid]able annoyance1 &
 ! publi%] compell$ to submit to  an    
outlay :i* he deems unju/1 & w\ld v     
happily disp5se  )2 b ! public are n    
really affect$ by x to ! ext5t x  is    
cu/om>y to suppose4 ,! duty at pres5t   
levi$ ^u pap] (  all k9ds is f\rte5     

gu9eas p] ton1 or a little m ?an ?ree   
halfp5ce p] lb4 ,:51 !re=e1 we he> m5   
pron\nc+ x 8a  mo/ obnoxi\s tax10 & "o  
8directly oppos$ to ! advancem5t (      
lit]ature10 ,i freely confess t1 = my   
own "p1 ,i hesitate v  mu* to reit]ate  
_! s5tim5ts4    ,"s1 h[ev]1 pref] an    
int]m$iate c\rse1 & propose a p>tial    
abolition ( ! duty4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,dick5s 
has fav\r$ u ) a  sugge/ion to ?is      
effect3 he says1 8,9 ,engl&1 :]e col\r$ 
pap] is s little us$1 ! ,*ancellor ( !  
,ex*equ] might z  well1 z n1 take (f !  
duty altoge!r f col\r$ pap]4 ,x  w\ld   
co/ ! rev5ue a m]e trifle1 :ile x w\ld  
be a va/ boon  to ! public40 ,b :at     
induces ?is ass]tion8 ,if col\r$ pap]   
is s little us$1 ! trifl+ r$uction c\ld 
n be consid]$  a va/ boon4 ,& "o w\ld l 
to "k h[ or :]e x w\ld be  possible to  
draw a l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 su* pap]s 
z are  col\r$ & ^? :i* are n4 ,i happ5  
to be 9 a position to  ass]t t !re is no
 class ( pap] :atev]1 :i* is n t9t$  m  
or less by diff]5t manufactur]s4 ,to    

sugge/ !n a p>tial  repeal ( ! duty ^u  
su* gr\nds1 is1 ,i appreh5d1 useless4   
,if x _h be5 confess$ t ! r$uction w\ld 
be a boon to !  publi%]1 ,i %\ld        
promptly h ass5t$1 simply because ,i am 
equally well aw>e t pr9t+ pap] may be   
slightly t9t$1 )  consid]able advantage 
bo? z reg>ds sett+ (f ! type1 & !  g5]al
 appe>ance ( a "w2 consequ5tly if su*   
really 7 to  ! public a boon1 to !      
publi%] x w\ld be v consid]ably         
increas$4    ,h[ev]1 9 ord] t we may n  
be suppos$ to lean to ! pres5t          
regulations1 ,i %all ref] to "o or two  
clauses ( ! ,act :i* ,i  h no d\bt w    
suffice to %[1 t :ile 9 itself x is v   
f> f p]fect 9 its op]ation1 z protect+ !
 int]e/s (  ^? conc]n$1 x is equally    
unsatisfactory1 & 9 "s respects  unju/4 
,i %all obs]ve1 t ) reg>d to ! ,tax     
itself1 ,i simply  "q :e!r x w\ld be    
possible to impose "o less injuri\s  to 
! well-be+ ( society1 & aga9/ :i*1 z (  
necessity1  few] p]sons c\ld h cause to 
murmur1 ?an ! exi/+ duty on  pap]4 ,!   

sections ( ! ,act to :i* ,i cont5t      
myself ) call+  att5tion1 are ?ree1     
affect+ ! conv5i5ce & int]e/ ( !        
manufactur]1 & "o :i* (f]s a ready      
opportunity = an act  ( seem+ di%one/y4 
,e /ep ( ! manufacture ( pap] mu/ be    
conduct$ "u  ! surveillance ( ! ,excise1
 & ! provisions z to entries1  fold+1   
weigh+1 sort+1 labell+1 remov+1 & s on1 
are n  only exce$+ly num]\s & vexati\s1 
b en=c$ "u heavy  p5alties4 ,= in/ance1 
e pap] mak] is requir$ by sections  #bj 
#ba1 to provide suitable scales &       
weights = ! use ( !  ,excise1 & also to 
assi/ ! (fic] 9 :at we might conceive to
  be ! execution ( 8 peculi> duty1 "u ! 
p5alties1 9 !  =m] case ( #ajj41 & 9 !  
latt]1 #ej4 = e refusal or  neglect4 ,to
 _m manufactur]s ! co/ ( ?is extra lab\r
 alone  becomes an important            
consid]ation4    ,aga91 9 ! in/ance (   
procur+ ! ,excise labels1 :i* h to  be  
pa/$ on ea* ream1 section #i requires t 
e "o sign$ =  by ! workman on deliv]y1  
mu/ be produc$ or acc\nt$ =1 "u  a      

p5alty ( #aj4 ea*1 :i* is equal to !    
duty ^u no less ?an  #afjj lbs4 weight (
 pap]2 an idea necess>ily inconsi/5t ) t
  ( its be+ pack$ 9 "o p>cel2 & !re=e1  
s9ce = e  "t we divide su* quantity1 an 
additional label is requir$1 a  v =cible
 argum5t aga9/ s excessive a p5alty may 
readily be  d$uc$4    ,! labels employ$ 
are ( ?ree col\rs1--r$1 blue1 & gre52   
d5ot+ 9 :i* "p ( ! k+dom ! pap] 0 made4 
,r$ be+  us$ = ,engl&2 blue1 = ,scotl&2 
& gre5 = ,irel&4    ,! #bg? section ( ! 
,act1 relat+ to ! real & nom9al weight  
( ea* ream or p>cel1 is t to :i* ,i h   
ref]r$ z be+  liable to deceptive or    
di%one/ purposes4 ,x runs ?us--8,& be x 
enact$--,t if any ream1 c41 be f\nd to  
weigh "u or ov] !  weight m>k$1 9 !     
proportion ( #e p] c5tum1 if ! weight   
m>k$ on su* ream exce$ tw5ty p\nds1 or  
#aj p] c5tum if su*  weight be tw5ty    
p\nds or less1 ! same %all be =feit$40  
,( c\rse !re is no necessity = a proviso
 le/ ! mak] %\ld  give a pref]5ce to an 
increase ( weight ^u t m>k$1 b  s9ce "s 

cyl9d] dri$ pap]s are apt aft]w>ds to   
increase 9  weight1 ! addition is       
requisite to prev5t unju/ seizure4      
,h[ev]1  9 all probability1 at !        
sugge/ion ( ! pap] mak]1 :5 aid+  !     
,excise1 9 consequ5ce ( a great quantity
 to be *>g$1 x has  become cu/om>y to   
av]age ! weight ( a draft1 in/ead (     
putt+  ea* ream sep>ately into ! scale4 
,?us ! practicability (  r5d]+ ?is      
clause highly objectionable w be at once
 app>5t1  & des]ves to be po9t$ out = ! 
purpose ( w>n+ aga9/ !  temptation4     
,! quantity ( pap] manufactur$ 9 ?is    
c\ntry at !  comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5?    
c5tury1 :5 ! duty 0 fir/  impos$1 appe>s
 to h be5 f> f suffici5t to meet !      
necessities ( ! "t4 ,ev5 9 #agba1 x is  
suppos$ t !re 7  b ab\t #cjj1jjj reams (
 pap] annually produc$ 9 ,great ,brita91
  :i* 7 equal m]ely to two-?irds ( !    
consumption4 ,b 9  #aghd1 ! value ( !   
pap] manufactur$ 9 ,engl& alone is /at$ 
to h am\nt$ to #hjj1jjj42 & t1 by reason
 ( ! increase  9 price1 z also ( its    

use1 9 less ?an tw5ty ye>s1 x ne>ly     
d\bl$ t am\nt4    ,i h extract$1 f a    
,p>liam5t>y report1 v>i\s returns       
relat+ to ! ,excise duties levi$ ^u     
pap]1 :i*1 s9ce an  article ( ! k9d is  
necess>ily subject$ to great alt]ation 9
  value1 accord+ to ! sc>city or        
abundance ( raw mat]ials1 are1  ( c\rse1
 bett] calculat$ to %[ a /eady increase 
9 ! dem&1  ?an any m]e ref]5ces to      
/atem5ts ( suppos$ value1 f "t  to "t4  
,9 "o return1 specify+ ! rates ( duty & 
am\nt ( duty  receiv$ ^u ea* d5om9ation 
( pap] s9ce #aggj1 x appe>s t  ! total  
am\nt ( duty on pap] manufactur$ 9      
,engl& = !  ye> #aghd1 to :i* ,i h j    
allud$ z be+ e/imat$ 9 value  at        
#hjj1jjj41 0 #df1hfg4 #ais4 #i;d41 !    
duty at t "t be+  divid$ into sev5      
di/9ct classes or rates ( collection2   
:ile  tw5ty ye>s aft]1 :5 ! mode (      
assess+ ! duty 0 r$uc$  to b ?ree       
classes1 x _h ris5 to #cae1hjb4 #ds4    
#h;d42 9 #ahcj1  fifte5 ye>s aft]1 to   
#fai1hbd4 #gs4 #aa;d42 9 #ahce1 = !     

,unit$  ,k+dom1 to #hcc1hbb4 #abs4      
#d;d41 or1 9 weight1 to #gj1fee1bhg     
lbs41  :i* 01 aga91 )9 s %ort a p]iod z 
fifte5 ye>s1 v  ne>ly d\bl$4 ,! quantity
 ( pap] *>g$ ) ,excise duty 9 !  ,unit$ 
,k+dom1 be+1 9 #ahej1 no less ?an       
#ada1jcb1dgd lbs41 &  la/ ye> 7#ahed7 ! 
enorm\s weight ( #agi1hif1bbb lbs4      
,^? obs]vations1 :i* are p>tly te*nical1
 because1 )\t  te*nicality1 ! view w\ld 
be incomplete1--may give "s idea (  !   
skill requir$ 9 ! workman1 & !          
exp5diture dem&$ (  ! capitali/1 to     
produce s simple a ?+1 z a %eet ( pap]4 
,! mo/ exact c>e1 ! mo/ +5i\s inv5tion1 
! nice/ "w  ( h&1 & ! mo/ complicat$    
ma*9]y1 are ess5tial to t  sup]iority   
:i* ! ,briti% manufacture ( pap] has at 
l5g?  e/abli%$4    ,b ! capabilities (  
pap] are /ill m ext5sive4 ,!re are      
probably few bran*es ( use1 ta/e1 or    
ornam5t1 to :i* x may n  be applicable4 
,we h x already m\ld$ into _m =ms (     
utility1  & ev5 ( elegance1 "u !        
well-kn[n "n ( papi] ma*e--a  mat]ial   

:i* may yet be =m$ into works ( art1    
pa9t$ &  enamell$ tables1 antique       
c&elabra1 models ( bu/s1 /atuettes1     
classic temples1 & ev]y?+ :i* c be %ap$ 
9 a m\ld4    ,an e>li] & m important use
 ( ,pap] is 9 ! decoration (  dwell+s4  
,=m]ly1 ! ap>tm5ts ( p]sons ( opul5ce 7 
hung  ) tape/ry1 g5]ally br\ght f !     
,cont95tal loom4 ,b its  co/1 its loss (
 col\r by "t2 & ! rise ( comm]cial &    
indu/rial opul5ce1 displac$ ?is         
elaborate & heavy decoration1  &        
sub/itut$ 8pap] hang+s40 ,! fir/        
specim5s ( ^?  exhibit$ no?+ b ! rud5ess
 ( an art 9 its infancy1 &  7 almo/     
:olly =eign2 b ! capability ( ! inv5tion
 0  l>ge1 & x _h ! advantage ( conv]t+ !
 humble cov]+  ( walls into copies ( !  
p5cil1 on a new & ext5d$ scale4  ,!     
,cont95tal specim5s ( ?is manufacture   
already display  repres5tations ( lead+ 
national ev5ts1 memorable battles1 &    
ev5 portraits ( em95t m51 =m+1 = ev5 !  
humbl] ranks1 a  k9d ( hi/oric gall]ies4
    ,! ,engli% manufactur] excels 9 !   

proportions ( 8 pap]1  7,engli%1 #ab    
y>ds long1 by #ba in*es wide2 ,fr5*1 #i 
y>ds1 by #ah  in*es74 ,b1 ! art is /ill 
difficult & co/ly2 ! blocks = a  s+le   
patt]n sometimes am\nt+ to ?\s&s4 ,"o ( 
! pr9cipal  ,fr5* manufactur]s is1 at   
pres5t1 produc+ a design1 requir+       
upw>ds ( ?ree ?\s& blocks1 at a co/ (   
#bjjj41 ! design  alone co/+ #abjj4     
,b1 "t & practice w light5 bo? !        
difficulty & !  exp5se4 ,! manufacture  
may yet spread ?r\gh e m>t 9 !  _w4 ,9  
its m advanc$ /age1 x may supply ! place
 ( ,,fresco1  or r be a multipli$       
,fresco4    ,! ,c>toons ( ,raphael1 !   
noble/ "w ( design1 are ^u pap]2  ! f9e/
 ,italian pictures might be copi$ ^u    
pap]2 & ! t>dy  & toilsome "w ( !       
,engrav] might be ex*ang$ = ! rapid1    
*eap1 & popul> design1 no long] limit$  
to ! palace or !  cloi/]1 b s5t1 9 ?\s&s
 ( copies1 r\nd ! globe4 ,nor let  ?is  
be call$ ,utopian2 :at c be ,utopian1 9 
! c\ntry ( !  ,railroad1 ! ,/eam-%ip1 & 
! ,electric ,telegraph6    ,! art wants 

only public enc\ragem5t4 ,let !         
enc\ragem5t be  giv51 & ! tal5t w be    
f\nd4 ,let ,gov]nm5t (f] a premium  (   
ev5 a ?\s& p\nds = ! be/ specim54 ,let !
 ,society (  ,arts make x "o ( ! objects
 ( _! patronage2 let x be once  fav\r$1 
& x w soon advance to excell5ce4    ,nor
 let any "o sc(f at ! int]e/1 :i* ,i    
v5ture to express 9  ! ornam5t ev5 ( a  
cottage wall4 ,ornam5t is ! cr[n ( art4 
,ta/e is ?\ght4 ,elegance is ! ref9em5t 
( civilization4 ,!  /udy ( beauty1      
gr&eur1 & tru?1 9 ,hi/ory & 9 ,nature1  
is  ! mo/ practical education ( man6 ,:o
 %all say1 t ! sight  ( "s h]oic        
action--"s noble figure ( hi/ory--"s    
sublime  ex]cise ( tal5t1 magnanimity1  
or patriotism1 pictur$ on a cottage     
wall1--may n be l a fla% ?r\gh ! d>kness
 ( ! peasant  he>t2 may n sudd5ly awake 
! lat5t en]gy ( ! unconsci\s  poet1 !   
patriot1 & ! h]o2 may n give to ! _w a  
,%akspe>e1 a ,wallace1 or a ,well+ton6  
,,adv]tisem5t4        ,! ,au?or desires 
to /ate = ! in=mation ( ! ,subscrib]s1  

t ! delay :i* has aris5 9 ! publication 
( ?is "w has    be5 altoge!r            
unavoidable2 ow+ to ! lab\r & difficulty
 (    prep>+ su* illu/rations z 7 f\nd  
to be necess>y3 _m (    ! ,specim5s     
ins]t$ hav+ be5 produc$ f m\lds :i* 7   
manufactur$ expressly = ! purpose4      
,,li/ ,,( ,,subscrib]s4        ,,adams1 
,,francis ,,bryant1 ,esq41 7,messrs4    
,*>les ,morgan & ,co47      ,,amos1 ,c4 
,e41 ,esq41 ,consult+ ,eng9e] to !      
,royal ,agricultural          ,society (
 ,engl&4      ,,ann&ale1 ,,james1 ,esq41
 ,newca/le4      ,,ann&ale1 ,,pet]1     
,esq41 ,newca/le4      ,,appold1 ,j4    
,g41 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4        ,,bal/on1  
,r4 ,e4 ,p41 ,esq41 ,maid/one4          
,,bal/on1 ,,william1 ,esq41 ,maid/one4  
,,b>+1 ,,?omas1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41          
,f4,r4,g4,s41 c41 ,presid5t ( ! ,london 
,in/itution4      ,,b>l[1 ,,?omas1      
,esq41 ,metropolitan ,life ,assurance   
,society4      ,,b>rett1 ,,ri*>d1 ,esq4 
,,b>ry1 ,,sir ,,*>les1 ,r4,a41          
,f4,r4,s41 c41 c4      ,,b>ry1 ,,james1 

,esq4 7,messrs4 ,b>ry & ,hayw>d47       
,,batt1 ,,b5jam91 ,esq4      ,,beavis1  
,,william1 ,esq4      ,,bebb+ton1 ,h4   
,a41 ,esq4      ,,blunt1 ,,h5ry1 ,esq4  
,,brayley1 ,e4 ,w41 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41   
c41 c4      ,,brookman1 ,,william1      
,esq41 ,romsey4      ,,br[n1 ,,ri*>d1   
,esq4      ,,br[ne1 ,,george1 ,esq4     
,,burr1 ,t4 ,w41 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4    
,,c>t]  ,,bromley1 ,messrs4      ,,*at]1
 ,,george1 ,esq41 7,messrs4 ,grosv5or1  
,*at] & ,co47      ,,coe1 ,,john1 ,esq41
 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,/ation]y & ,pr9t+     
,dep>tm5t at ! ,bank ( ,engl&4          
,,coh51 ,a41 ,esq4      ,,coles1 ,,h5ry1
 ,esq41 ,wells1 ,som]set4      ,,coll9s1
 ,,*>les1 ,esq41 ,hele1 ,devon4         
,,crompton1 ,,rog]1 ,esq41 ,bolton1     
,lanca%ire4      ,,cooke1 ,,wakeman ,e41
 ,esq4      ,,cookes1 ,,james1 ,esq4    
,,coop]1 ,,?omas1 ,esq4 7,messrs4       
,williams1 ,coop]s & ,co47      ,,c[an1 
,,*>les1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4      ,,c[ley1    
,,fr$]ick ,t41 ,esq4      ,,cran/\n1    
,,george ,c4 ,,trott]1 ,esq4            

,,crosby1 ,,james1 ,esq4                
,,davies1 ,,*>les1 ,esq4      ,,digg5s1 
,j4 ,g41 ,esq41 ,h4 ,m4 ,/ation]y       
,(fice4      ,,drap]1 ,s41 ,esq4        
,,drew1 ,,william1 ,esq41 ,bradn9*1     
,devon4      ,,dun/]1 ,,?omas1 ,esq4    
,,editor ,,( ,,notes ,,& ,,qu]ies4      
,,ehr5sp]g]1 ,c41  ,,co41 ,messrs4      
,,evans ,,& ,,adl>d1 ,messrs41          
,birm+ham4      ,,evans1 ,,samuel1      
,,co41 ,messrs41 ,d]by4        ,,fickl+1
 ,w41 ,esq4      ,,f\rdr9i] ,,& ,,hunt1 
,messrs4        ,,gale1 ,a41 ,esq4      
,,gallon1 ,,?omas1  ,,co41 ,messrs41    
,gate%ead4      ,,goo*1 ,,edw>d ,f41    
,esq4      ,,g[]1 ,,john1 ,esq4         
,,grace1 ,,william1 ,esq41 ,scotswood4  
,,gre5away1 ,,edw>d1 ,esq4      ,,gre]1 
,,alfr$1 ,esq41 ,cork4        ,,hale1   
,,=d1 ,esq4      ,,hall[s1 ,w4 ,a41     
,esq4      ,,hammond1 ,,*>les1 ,esq4    
,,h>dy1 ,t4 ,,duffus1 ,esq41 ,record    
,(fice1 ,t[]4      ,,h>dy1 ,,john       
,,sm>t1 ,esq4      ,,h>ris1 ,,*>les1    
,esq41 ,c\ntess ,weir1 ,exet]4          

,,hawt91 ,,william1 ,esq4      ,,hayles1
 ,,james ,n41 ,esq4      ,,h]r+1        
,,george1 ,esq4      ,,hodgk9son1       
,,william ,,sampson1 ,esq4              
,,holl+wor?1 ,,?omas1 ,esq41 ,maid/one4 
,,hussey1 ,,?omas ,e41 ,esq41 ,dudley4  
,,hutton1 ,,?omas ,o41 ,esq4 7,messrs4  
,mill+ton  ,hutton47                    
,,jeaffreson1 ,,h5ry1 ,esq41 ,m4,d4     
,,johnson1 ,,ri*>d1 ,esq4               
,,kelly1 ,rev4 ,a4 ,p41 ,m4,a4          
,,kidd1 ,,david1 ,esq4 7,messrs4 ,dobbs1
 ,kidd & ,co47        ,,lawson1 ,f4 ,l41
 ,esq4      ,,le ,,blond1 ,,rob]t1 ,esq4
      ,,lunnon1 ,,?omas1 ,esq41         
,wooburn4        ,,mcmurray1 ,,william1 
,esq41 ,hon4 ,sec4 to ! 8,f\rdr9i]      
,fund40      ,,magnay1 ,,sir ,,william1 
,b>onet4      ,,m>tyn1 ,,ri*>d1 ,esq41  
,broadcli/1 ,devon4      ,,mat!ws1      
,,*>les1 ,esq41 ,bradn9*1 ,devon4       
,,mill+ton1 ,,*>les1 ,esq4      ,,mills1
 ,a4 ,d41 ,esq4      ,,morgan1 ,,*>les1 
,esq4      ,,morgan1 ,,george1 ,esq4    
,,munn1 ,r4 ,j41 ,esq41 ,!t=d4          

,,murrell1 ,h4 ,e41 ,esq4               
,,mus*amp1 ,,william1 ,esq41 ,gate%ead4 
,,neill1 ,,john1 ,esq41 ,le$s4          
,,ni*oll1 ,,john1 ,esq41 ,f4,s4,a4      
,,niss5 ,,& ,,p>k]1 ,messrs4            
,,norris1 ,,john ,,?omas1 ,esq4         
,,pampl91 ,,james1 ,esq41 ,w9*e/]4      
,,pattison1 ,t4 ,s41 ,esq4              
,,peebles1 ,,alex&] ,m41 ,esq4          
,,phelps1 ,j4 ,b41 ,esq4      ,,pirie1  
,,alex&]1 ,,& ,,sons1 ,messrs4          
,,poll>d1 ,,george1 ,esq4               
,,pollock1 ,,john1 ,esq4      ,,pope1   
,,h5ry1 ,esq4      ,,p\lt]1 ,,?omas1    
,esq4      ,,pr9ce1 ,,george1 ,esq4     
,,ralph1 ,f4 ,w41 ,esq4      ,,ri*>d1   
,,john ,,edmund1 ,esq4      ,,rock1     
,,william ,,fr$]ick1 ,esq4      ,,rock1 
,,bro!rs ,,& ,,payne1 ,messrs4          
,,roe1 ,,?omas1 ,esq4 7,messrs4 ,gibbons
 & ,roe47      ,,rosselli1 ,e41 ,esq4   
,,russell1 ,,rev4 ,,samuel ,,h5ry1 ,b4  
,d4        ,,sak]1 ,,william ,e41 ,esq41
 ,read+4      ,,s&ell1 ,,ri*>d ,b41     
,esq4      ,,saund]s1 ,j4  ,e41 ,messrs4

      ,,saund]s1 ,t4 ,h41 ,esq41 ,d>t=d4
      ,,%aw1 ,,edmund1 ,esq4            
,,slade1 ,,william1 ,esq4      ,,smee1  
,,alfr$1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,c4,s4    
,,smi?1 ,,james1 ,esq4      ,,smi?1     
,,john1 ,esq41 ,b+ley4      ,,smi?1 ,j4 
,w41 ,esq41 ,b+ley4      ,,smi?1 ,,john1
 ,esq41 ,langley4      ,,smi?1          
,,william1 ,esq4      ,,smi?1 ,,william 
,,lep>d1 ,,& ,,co41 ,messrs4            
,,somm]ville1 ,,william1 ,esq41 ,bitton4
      ,,spald+ ,,& ,,hodge1 ,messrs4    
,,/]ry1 ,,h5ry1 ,esq4        ,,tann]1   
,r4 ,t41 ,esq4      ,,t>box1 ,,edw>d1   
,esq4      ,,taylor1 ,,william1 ,esq4   
,,templeton1 ,,allan1 ,esq4      ,,tite1
 ,,william1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 ,f4,r4,s41   
c41 c4      ,,toovey1 ,a4 ,d41 ,esq4    
,,t[good1 ,,alfr$1 ,esq41 ,read+4       
,,t[good1 ,,edw>d1 ,esq41 ,saw/on4      
,,t[good1 ,,fr$]ick1 ,esq41 ,/4 ,neots4 
,,t[n1 ,,joseph1 ,esq41 ,le$s4          
,,tullis ,,& ,,co41 ,messrs4 ,r41       
,m>k9*1 ,n4,b4      ,,tyl]1 ,,william1  
,esq4 7,messrs4 ,v5ables1 ,wilson &     

,tyl]47        ,,v>ty1 ,,edw>d1 ,esq4   
,,v5ables1 ,,george1 ,esq4      ,,v9c5t1
 ,j41 ,esq4        ,,wall1 ,,james1     
,esq4      ,,w>r51 ,b4 ,j41 ,esq41      
,deal4      ,,w>r51 ,g4 ,r41 ,esq41     
,bram%ott4      ,,watson1 ,,william1    
,esq4      ,,weakl91 ,,fr$]ick1 ,esq4   
,,we/1 ,,fr$]ick1 ,esq4      ,,:atman1  
,,james1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 ,f4,r4,s41 c41  
c41 ,maid/one4      ,,:ite1 ,,edw>d1    
,esq4      ,,:itak]1 ,,?omas1 ,esq4     
,,williams1 ,,samuel ,t41 ,esq4         
,,williams1 ,,rob]t1 ,esq4              
,,wilmot1 ,,george1 ,esq41 ,%oreham4    
,,wilson1 ,,samuel1 ,esq41 ,ald]man1    
,lieut5ant-,colonel ( ! ,royal          
,london ,militia4      ,,w9/one1        
,,b5jam91 ,esq4      ,,wire1 ,,david    
,,williams1 ,esq41 ,ald]man ( ! ,w>d (  
,walbrook4      ,,wood1 ,,drew1 ,esq4   
,,woodw>d1 ,,*>les1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41   
,presid5t ( ! ,isl+ton ,lit]>y          
& ,sci5tific ,society4        ,,"y1     
,,john ,t41 ,esq4          ,,specim5s4  
,illu/ration3 #a    ,illu/ration3 7back 

( #a7      ,illu/ration3 #b             
,illu/ration3 7back ( #b7               
,illu/ration3 #c    ,illu/ration3 7back 
( #c7      ,illu/ration3 #d             
,illu/ration3 7back ( #d7               
,illu/ration3 #e    ,illu/ration3 7back 
( #e7      ,illu/ration3 #f             
,illu/ration3 7back ( #f7               
,illu/ration3 #g    ,illu/ration3 7back 
( #g7      ,illu/ration3 #h             
,illu/ration3 7back ( #h7               
,illu/ration3 #i    ,illu/ration3 7back 
( #i7      ,illu/ration3 #aj            
,illu/ration3 7back ( #aj7              
,illu/ration3 #aa    ,illu/ration3 7back
 ( #aa7      ,illu/ration3 #ab          
,illu/ration3 7back ( #ab7              
,illu/ration3 #ac    ,illu/ration3 7back
 ( #ac7      ,illu/ration3 #ad          
,illu/ration3 7back ( #ad7              
,illu/ration3 #ae    ,illu/ration3 7back
 ( #ae7      ,illu/ration3 #af          
,illu/ration3 7back ( #af7              
,illu/ration3 #ag    ,illu/ration3 7back
 ( #ag7      ,illu/ration3 #ah          

,illu/ration3 7back ( #ah7              
,illu/ration3 #ai    ,illu/ration3 7back
 ( #ai7      ,illu/ration3 #bj          
,illu/ration3 7back ( #bj7              
,illu/ration3 #ba    ,illu/ration3 7back
 ( #ba7      ,illu/ration3 #bb          
,illu/ration3 7back ( #bb7              
,illu/ration3 #bc    ,illu/ration3 7back
 ( #bc7      ,illu/ration3 #bd          
,illu/ration3 7back ( #bd7              
,illu/ration3 #be    ,illu/ration3 7back
 ( #be7            ,,transcrib]',s      
,,note      ,obvi\s typographical errors
 & punctuation errors h be5    correct$ 
aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces  
)9    ! text & consultation ( ext]nal   
s\rces4      ,"s hyph5s 9 words h be5   
sil5tly remov$1 "s add$1    :5 a        
pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al   
book4      ,except = ^? *anges not$     
bel[1 all misspell+s 9 ! text1    &     
inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5       
reta9$4      ,pg #ce3 #8,%akespe>e'     
replac$ by #8,%akspe>e' = consi/5cy4    
,pg #ce3 #8,"l ,say' replac$ by #8,"l   

,saye' = consi/5cy4    ,pg #cf3 #8fir/  
,"l ,say' replac$ by #8fir/ ,"l ,saye'4 
,pg #db3 #8,i h no no reason to' replac$
 by #8,i h no reason to'4    ,pg #dg3   
#8s bitt] a a rev]se' replac$ by #8s    
bitt] a rev]se'4    ,pg #ei3 #8an       
alkal9e ley' replac$ by #8an alkal9e    
lye'4    ,pg #gg3 #8or ra!rb e>+'       
replac$ by #8or r be>+'4    ,pg #gg3    
#8until ? emovem5t' replac$ by #8until !
 movem5t'4    ,pg #hf3 #8indet]m in+ !' 
replac$ by #89 det]m9+ !'4    ,pg #aaf3 
#8,%akespe>e' replac$ by #8,%akspe>e' = 
consi/5cy4      ,! numb] #8#a' 0 miss+ &
 has be5 ins]t$ z a caption on    ! fir/
 #8,specim5' illu/ration at ! back ( !  
book4