,,education ,,& ,,! ,,good ,,life ,,education ,,& ,,! ,,good ,,life ,,b]tr& ,,russell ,illu/ration ,,boni ,,liv]ight ,,new ,,york ,,mcmxxvi ,,copyright #aibf 33 ,,by ,,boni ,,liv]ight1 ,,inc4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,illu/ration ,fir/ pr9t+1 ,may1 #aibf ,second pr9t+1 ,may1 #aibf ,?ird pr9t+1 ,june1 #aibf ,f\r? pr9t+1 ,july1 #aibf ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction #g ,,"p ,i ,,education ,,& ,,! ,,good ,,life ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,po/ulates ,,( ,,mod]n ,,educational ,,!ory #ae ,,ii4 ,,! ,,aims ,,( ,,education #dg ,,"p ,,ii ,,education ,,( ,,"* ,,iii4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ye> #hg ,,iv4 ,,fe> #aja ,v4 ,,play ,,& ,,fancy #abc ,,vi4 ,,con/ructiv5ess #acf ,,vii4 ,,selfi%ness ,,& ,,prop]ty #adg ,,viii4 ,,tru?fulness #aeg ,,ix4 ,,puni%m5t #aff ,x4 ,,importance ,,( ,,o!r ,,*ildr5 #agh ,,xi4 ,,affection ,,& ,,sympa?y #ahg ,,xii4 ,,sex ,,education #bji ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,nurs]y-,,s*ool #bbd ,,"p ,,iii ,,intellectual ,,education ,,xiv4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples #bci ,,xv4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,curriculum ,,be=e ,,f\rte5 #bfa ,,xvi4 ,,la/ ,,s*ool ,,ye>s #bgh ,,xvii4 ,,day ,,s*ools ,,& ,,bo>d+ ,,s*ools #bib ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,univ]sity #cja ,,xix4 ,,conclusion #cad ,,introduction ,!re mu/ be 9 ! _w _m p>5ts :o1 l ! pres5t au?or1 h "y *ildr5 :om !y are anxi\s to educate z well z possible1 b reluctant to expose to ! evils ( mo/ exi/+ educational in/itutions4 ,! difficulties ( su* p>5ts are n soluble by any ef=t on ! "p ( isolat$ individuals4 ,x is ( c\rse possible to br+ up *ildr5 at home by means ( gov]nesses & tutors1 b ?is plan deprives !m ( ! companion%ip :i* _! nature craves1 & )\t :i* "s ess5tial elem5ts ( education mu/ be lack+4 ,moreov] x is extremely bad = a boy or girl to be made to feel 8odd0 & diff]5t f o!r boys & girls3 ?is feel+1 :5 trac$ to p>5ts z its cause1 is almo/ c]ta9 to r\se res5tm5t aga9/ !m1 lead+ to a love ( all t !y mo/ dislike4 ,! consci5ti\s p>5t may be driv5 by ^! consid]ations to s5d 8 boys & girls to s*ools 9 :i* he sees grave defects1 m]ely because no exi/+ s*ools seem to him satisfactory--or1 if any are satisfactory1 !y are n 9 8 neighb\rhood4 ,?us ! cause ( educational re=m is =c$ ^u consci5ti\s p>5ts1 n only = ! good ( ! community1 b also = ! good ( _! own *ildr54 ,if ! p>5ts are well-to-d1 x is n necess>y to ! solution ( _! private problem t all s*ools %\ld be good1 b only t !re %\ld be "s good s*ool geographically available4 ,b = wage-e>n+ p>5ts no?+ suffices except re=m 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,z "o p>5t w object to ! re=ms :i* ano!r p>5t desires1 no?+ w s]ve except an en]getic educational propag&a1 :i* is n likely to prove effective until long aft] ! re=m]'s *ildr5 are gr[n up4 ,?us f love = our own *ildr5 we are driv51 /ep by /ep1 into ! wid] sph]e ( politics & philosophy4 ,f ?is wid] sph]e ,i desire1 9 ! foll[+ pages1 to rema9 alo( z f> z possible4 ,! great] "p ( :at ,i h to say w n be dep5d5t ^u ! views t ,i may happ5 to hold z reg>ds ! major controv]sies ( our age4 ,b complete indep5d5ce 9 ?is reg>d is impossible4 ,! education we desire = our *ildr5 mu/ dep5d ^u our ideals ( human "*1 & our hopes z to ! "p !y are to play 9 ! community4 ,a pacifi/ w n desire = 8 *ildr5 ! education :i* seems good to a milit>i/2 ! educational outlook ( a communi/ w n be ! same z t ( an individuali/4 ,to come to a m fundam5tal cleavage3 !re c be no agreem5t betwe5 ^? :o reg>d education z a means ( in/ill+ c]ta9 def9ite beliefs & ^? :o ?9k t x %\ld produce ! p[] ( indep5d5t judgm5t4 ,:]e su* issues are relevant1 x w\ld be idle to %irk !m4 ,at ! same "t1 !re is a consid]able body ( new k 9 psy*ology & p$agogy :i* is indep5d5t ( ^! ultimate que/ions1 & has an intimate be>+ on education4 ,already x has produc$ v important results1 b a great deal rema9s to be done be=e its tea*+s h be5 fully assimilat$4 ,?is is especially true ( ! fir/ five ye>s ( life2 ^! h be5 f\nd to h an importance f> great] ?an t =m]ly attribut$ to !m1 :i* involves a correspond+ increase 9 ! educational importance ( p>5ts4 ,my aim & purpose1 :]ev] possible1 w be to avoid controv]sial issues4 ,polemical writ+ is necess>y 9 "s sph]es2 b 9 address+ p>5ts "o may assume a s9c]e desire = ! welf>e ( _! (fspr+1 & ?is alone1 9 conjunction ) mod]n k1 suffices to decide a v l>ge numb] ( educational problems4 ,:at ,i h to say is ! outcome ( p]plexities 9 reg>d to my own *ildr52 x is !re=e n remote or !oretical1 & may1 ,i hope1 help to cl>ify ! ?\ghts ( o!r p>5ts fac$ ) a l p]plexity1 :e!r 9 ! way ( agreem5t ) my conclusions or ! opposite4 ,! op9ions ( p>5ts are imm5sely important1 because1 = lack ( exp]t k1 p>5ts are too (t5 a drag ^u ! be/ educationi/s4 ,if p>5ts desire a good education = _! *ildr51 !re w1 ,i am conv9c$1 be no lack ( tea*]s will+ & able to give x4 ,i propose1 9 :at foll[s1 to consid] fir/ ! aims ( education3 ! k9d ( individuals1 & ! k9d ( community1 t we may reasonably hope to see produc$ by education appli$ to raw mat]ial ( ! pres5t quality4 ,i ignore ! "q ( ! improvem5t ( ! bre$1 :e!r by eug5ics or by any o!r process1 natural or artificial1 s9ce ?is is ess5tially outside ! problems ( education4 ,b ,i atta* great weight to mod]n psy*ological discov]ies :i* t5d to %[ t "* is det]m9$ by e>ly education to a mu* great] ext5t ?an 0 ?\ght by ! mo/ en?usia/ic educationi/s ( =m] g5]ations4 ,i di/+ui% betwe5 education ( "* & education 9 k1 :i* may be call$ in/ruction 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,! di/9ction is useful1 ?\gh n ultimate3 "s virtues are requir$ 9 a pupil :o is to become in/ruct$1 & mu* k is requir$ = ! successful practice ( _m important virtues4 ,= purposes ( discussion1 h[ev]1 in/ruction c be kept ap>t f education ( "*4 ,i %all deal fir/ ) education ( "*1 because x is especially important 9 e>ly ye>s2 b ,i %all c>ry x ?r\gh to adolesc5ce1 & deal1 "u ?is head1 ) ! important "q ( sex education4 ,f9ally1 ,i %all discuss intellectual education1 its aims1 its curriculum1 & its possibilities1 f ! fir/ lessons 9 read+ & writ+ to ! end ( ! univ]sity ye>s4 ,! fur!r education :i* m5 & wom5 d]ive f life & ! _w ,i %all reg>d z ly+ outside my scope2 b to make m5 & wom5 capable ( le>n+ f exp]i5ce %\ld be "o ( ! aims :i* e>ly education %\ld keep mo/ prom95tly 9 view4 ,,"p ,i ,,education ,,& ,,! ,,good ,,life ,,education ,,& ,,! ,,good ,,life ,,*apt] ,i ,,po/ulates ,,( ,,mod]n ,,educational ,,!ory ,9 read+ ev5 ! be/ treatises on education writt5 9 =m] times1 "o becomes aw>e ( c]ta9 *anges t h come ov] educational !ory4 ,! two great re=m]s ( educational !ory be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 ,locke & ,r\sseau4 ,bo? des]v$ _! reputation1 = bo? repudiat$ _m errors :i* 7 wide-spread :5 !y wrote4 ,b nei!r w5t z f> 9 8 own direction z almo/ all mod]n educationi/s g4 ,bo?1 = example1 belong to ! t5d5cy :i* l$ to lib]alism & democracy2 yet bo? consid] only ! education ( an ari/ocratic boy1 to :i* "o man's :ole "t is devot$4 ,h[ev] excell5t might be ! results ( su* a sy/em1 no man ) a mod]n outlook w\ld give x s]i\s consid]ation1 because x is ari?metically impossible = e *ild to absorb ! :ole "t ( an adult tutor4 ,! sy/em is !re=e "o :i* c only be employ$ by a privileg$ ca/e2 9 a j _w1 its exi/5ce w\ld be impossible4 ,! mod]n man1 ?\gh he may seek special advantages = 8 own *ildr5 9 practice1 does n consid] ! !oretical problem solv$ except by "s me?od ( education :i* c\ld be op5 to all1 or at lea/ to all ^: capacities r5d] !m capable ( pr(it+ by x4 ,i d n mean t ! well-to-d %\ld1 "h & n[1 =ego educational opportunities :i*1 9 ! exi/+ _w1 are n op5 to all4 ,to d t w\ld be to sacrifice civilization to ju/ice4 ,:at ,i d mean is t ! educational sy/em we mu/ aim at produc+ 9 ! future is "o :i* gives to e boy & girl an opportunity = ! be/ t exi/s4 ,! ideal sy/em ( education mu/ be democratic1 al?\gh t ideal is n imm$iately atta9able4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld1 n[adays1 be pretty g5]ally conc$$4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,i %all keep democracy 9 view4 ,:atev] ,i %all advocate w be capable ( be+ univ]sal1 ?\gh ! individual %\ld n meantime sacrifice 8 *ildr5 to ! badness ( :at is common1 if he has ! intellig5ce & ! opportunity to secure some?+ bett]4 ,ev5 ?is v att5uat$ =m ( democratic pr9ciple is abs5t f ! treatises ( ,locke & ,r\sseau4 ,al?\gh ! latt] 0 a disbeliev] 9 ari/ocracy1 he nev] p]ceiv$ ! implications ( 8 disbelief :]e education 0 conc]n$4 ,?is matt] ( democracy & education is "o z to :i* cl>ity is important4 ,x w\ld be disa/r\s to insi/ ^u a dead level ( uni=mity4 ,"s boys & girls are clev]] ?an o!rs1 & c d]ive m b5efit f high] education4 ,"s tea*]s h be5 bett] tra9$ or h m native aptitude ?an o!rs1 b x is impossible t ev]ybody %\ld be taught by ! few be/ tea*]s4 ,ev5 if ! highe/ education 7 desirable = all1 :i* ,i d\bt1 x is impossible t all %\ld h x at pres5t1 & !re=e a crude application ( democratic pr9ciples might lead to ! conclusion t none %\ld h x4 ,su* a view1 if adopt$1 w\ld be fatal to sci5tific progress1 & w\ld make ! g5]al level ( education a hundr$ ye>s h5ce ne$lessly l[4 ,progress %\ld n be sacrific$ to a me*anical equality at ! pres5t mom5t2 we mu/ approa* educational democracy c>efully1 s z to de/roy 9 ! process z little z possible ( ! valuable products t happ5 to h be5 associat$ ) social inju/ice4 ,b we _c reg>d a me?od ( education z satisfactory if x is "o :i* c\ld n possibly be univ]sal4 ,! *ildr5 ( ri* p (t5 h1 9 addition to _! "m1 a nurse1 a nurs]ymaid1 & a %>e 9 ! o!r dome/ic s]vants2 ?is involves an am\nt ( att5tion :i* c\ld nev]1 9 any social sy/em1 be giv5 to all *ildr54 ,x is v d\btful :e!r c>efully t5d$ *ildr5 really ga9 by be+ made unnecess>ily p>asitic1 b 9 any case no imp>tial p]son c recomm5d special advantages = ! few1 except = special reasons1 su* z feeble-m9d$ness or g5ius4 ,! wise p>5t1 at ! pres5t day1 is likely to *oose1 if he c1 "s me?od ( education = 8 *ildr5 :i* is n 9 fact univ]sal1 & = ! sake ( exp]im5t x is desirable t p>5ts %\ld h ! opportunity ( try+ new me?ods4 ,b !y ought to be su* z c\ld be made univ]sal1 if f\nd to produce good results1 n su* z mu/ f _! v nature be conf9$ to a privileg$ few4 ,=tunately1 "s ( ! be/ elem5ts 9 mod]n educational !ory & practice h _h an extremely democratic orig92 = example1 ,madame ,montessori's "w began ) nurs]y-s*ools 9 slums4 ,9 high] education1 exceptional opportunity = exceptional ability is indisp5sable1 b o!rwise !re is no reason :y any *ild %\ld suff] f ! adoption ( sy/ems :i* might be adopt$ by all4 ,!re is ano!r mod]n t5d5cy 9 education1 :i* is connect$ ) democracy1 b p]haps some:at m op5 to "q--,i mean ! t5d5cy to make education useful r ?an ornam5tal4 ,! connection ( ! ornam5tal ) ari/ocracy has be5 set =? se>*+ly 9 ,vebl5's 8,!ory ( ! ,leisure ,class01 b x is only ! educational aspect ( ?is connection t conc]ns u4 ,9 male education1 ! matt] is b\nd up ) ! controv]sy betwe5 a classical & a 8mod]n0 education2 9 ! education ( girls1 x is "p ( ! conflict betwe5 ! ideal ( ! 8g5tlewoman0 & ! desire to tra9 girls to be self-support+4 ,b ! :ole educational problem1 :]e wom5 are conc]n$1 has be5 di/ort$ by ! desire = sex equality3 !re has be5 an attempt to acquire ! same education z t giv5 to boys1 ev5 :]e x 0 by no means good 9 itself4 ,consequ5tly wom5 educators h aim$ at giv+ to _! girls su* 8useless0 k z is giv5 to boys ( ! same class1 & h be5 bitt] oppon5ts ( ! notion t "s "p ( female education %\ld be a te*nical tra9+ = mo!rhood4 ,^! cross-curr5ts make ! t5d5cy t ,i am consid]+ 9 "s respects less def9ite :]e wom5 are conc]n$1 ?\gh ! decay ( ! ideal ( ! 8f9e lady0 is "o ( ! mo/ notewor?y examples ( ! t5d5cy4 ,9 ord] to avoid confus+ ! issue1 ,i %all = ! mom5t conf9e myself to male education4 ,_m sep>ate controv]sies1 9 all ( :i* o!r que/ions arise1 are 9 "p dep5d5t ^u our pres5t "q4 ,%\ld boys le>n ma9ly classics or ma9ly sci5ce8 ,among o!r consid]ations1 "o is t ! classics are ornam5tal & sci5ce is useful4 ,%\ld education z soon z possible become te*nical in/ruction = "s trade or pr(ession8 ,aga9 ! controv]sy betwe5 ! useful & ! ornam5tal is relevant1 ?\gh n decisive4 ,%\ld *ildr5 be taught to enunciate correctly & to h pleasant mann]s1 or are ^! m]e relics ( ari/ocracy8 ,is appreciation ( art a ?+ ( any value except 9 ! arti/8 ,%\ld spell+ be phonetic8 ,all ^! & _m o!r controv]sies are argu$ 9 "p 9 t]ms ( ! controv]sy betwe5 ! useful & ! ornam5tal4 ,nev]!less1 ,i believe ! :ole controv]sy to be unreal4 ,z soon z ! t]ms are def9$1 x melts away4 ,if we int]pret 8useful0 broadly & 8ornam5tal0 n>r[ly1 ! "o side has x2 9 ! contr>y int]pretation1 ! o!r side has x4 ,9 ! wide/ & mo/ correct s5se ( ! ^w1 an activity is 8useful0 :5 x has good results4 ,& ^! results mu/ be 8good0 9 "s o!r s5se ?an m]ely 8useful01 or else we h no true def9ition4 ,we _c say t a useful activity is "o :i* has useful results4 ,! ess5ce ( :at is 8useful0 is t x m9i/]s to "s result :i* is n m]ely useful4 ,sometimes a long *a9 ( results is necess>y be=e ! f9al result is rea*$ :i* c be call$ simply 8good04 ,a pl\gh is useful because x breaks up ! gr\nd4 ,b break+ up ! gr\nd is n good on its own acc\nt3 x is 9 turn m]ely useful because x enables se$ to be s[n4 ,?is is useful because x produces gra91 :i* is useful because x produces bread1 :i* is useful because x pres]ves life4 ,b life mu/ be capable ( "s intr9sic value3 if life 7 m]ely useful z a means to o!r life1 x w\ld n be useful at all4 ,life may be good or bad accord+ to circum/ances2 x may !re=e also be useful1 :5 x is a means to good life4 ,some:]e we mu/ get beyond ! *a9 ( successive utilities1 & f9d a peg f :i* ! *a9 is to hang2 if n1 !re is no real usefulness 9 any l9k ( ! *a94 ,:5 8useful0 is def9$ 9 ?is way1 !re c be no "q :e!r education %\ld be useful4 ,( c\rse x %\ld1 s9ce ! process ( educat+ is a means to an end1 n an end 9 itself4 ,b t is n q :at ! advocates ( utility 9 education h 9 m9d4 ,:at !y are urg+ is t ! result ( education %\ld be useful3 put crudely1 !y w\ld say t an educat$ man is a man :o kn[s h[ to make ma*9es4 ,if we ask :at is ! use ( ma*9es1 ! answ] is ultimately t !y produce necess>ies & com=ts = ! body--food1 clo?+1 h\ses1 etc4 ,?us we f9d t ! advocate ( utility1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* 8 view is que/ionable1 is a man :o atta*es intr9sic value only to physical satisfactions3 ! 8useful01 = him1 is t :i* helps u to gratify ! ne$s & desires ( ! body4 ,:5 ?is is :at is really meant1 ! advocate ( utility is c]ta9ly 9 ! wrong if he is enunciat+ an ultimate philosophy1 ?\gh 9 a _w :]e _m p are />v+ he may be "r z a politician1 s9ce ! satisfaction ( physical ne$s may be at ! mom5t m urg5t ?an any?+ else4 ,mu* ! same sort ( dissection is necess>y 9 consid]+ ! o!r side ( ?is controv]sy4 ,to call ! o!r side 8ornam5tal0 is1 ( c\rse1 to conc$e a po9t to ! advocate ( utility1 s9ce 8ornam5t0 is und]/ood to be m or less trivial4 ,! epi!t 8ornam5tal0 is q ju/ifi$ z appli$ to ! traditional conception ( a 8g5tleman0 or a 8lady04 ,! eighte5?-c5tury g5tleman spoke ) a ref9$ acc5t1 quot$ ! classics on appropriate occasions1 dress$ 9 ! fa%ion1 und]/ood punctilio & knew :5 a duel w\ld advance 8 reputation4 ,!re is a man 9 8,! ,rape ( ! ,lock0 :o 0 ( amb] snuff-box ju/ly va91 ,& ! nice conduct ( a cl\d$ cane4 ,8 education _h be5 ornam5tal 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se1 & 9 our age few ( u are ri* en\gh to be cont5t ) 8 accompli%m5ts4 ,! ideal ( an 8ornam5tal0 education 9 ! old s5se is ari/ocratic3 x presupposes a class ) pl5ty ( money & no ne$ to "w4 ,f9e g5tlem5 & f9e ladies are *>m+ to contemplate 9 hi/ory2 _! memoirs & _! c\ntry h\ses give u a c]ta9 k9d ( pleasure :i* we no long] provide = our po/]ity4 ,b _! excell5ces1 ev5 :5 real1 7 by no means supreme1 & !y 7 an incr$ibly exp5sive product3 ,hog>?'s 8,g9 ,lane0 gives a vivid idea ( ! price t 0 paid = !m4 ,no "o n[adays w\ld advocate an ornam5tal education 9 ?is n>r[ s5se4 ,b t is n ! real issue4 ,! real issue is3 %\ld we1 9 education1 aim at fill+ ! m9d ) k :i* has direct practical utility1 or %\ld we try to give our pupils m5tal possessions :i* are good on _! own acc\nt8 ,x is useful to "k t !re are twelve in*es 9 a foot1 & ?ree feet 9 a y>d1 b ?is k has no intr9sic value2 to ^? :o live :]e ! metric sy/em is 9 use1 x is utt]ly wor?less4 ,to appreciate 8,hamlet01 on ! o!r h&1 w n be mu* use 9 practical life1 except 9 ^? r>e cases :]e a man is call$ ^u to kill 8 uncle2 b x gives a man a m5tal possession :i* he w\ld be sorry to be )\t1 & makes him 9 "s s5se a m excell5t human be+4 ,x is ?is latt] sort ( k t is pref]r$ by ! man :o argues t utility is n ! sole aim ( education4 ,!re appe> to be ?ree diff]5t sub/antial issues wrapp$ up 9 ! debate betwe5 advocates ( a utilit>ian education & _! oppon5ts4 ,!re is fir/ a =m ( ! debate betwe5 ari/ocrats & democrats1 ! =m] hold+ t ! privileg$ class %\ld be taught to employ its leisure 9 ways t are agreeable to itself1 :ile ! subord9ate class %\ld be taught to employ its lab\r 9 ways t are useful to o!rs4 ,! opposition ( ! democrats to ?is view t5ds to be some:at confus$3 !y dislike ! tea*+ ( :at is useless to ! ari/ocrat1 & at ! same "t argue t ! wage-e>n]'s education %\ld n be conf9$ to :at is useful4 ,?us we f9d a democratic opposition to ! old-fa%ion$ classical education 9 ! public s*ools1 comb9$ ) a democratic dem& t work+ m5 %\ld h opportunities = le>n+ ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,?is attitude1 ev5 ?\gh x may imply "s lack ( !oretical cl>ity1 is on ! :ole "r 9 practice4 ,! democrat does n wi% to divide ! community into two sections1 "o useful & "o ornam5tal2 he w !re=e give m m]ely useful k to ! hi!rto m]ely ornam5tal classes1 & m m]ely delightful k to ! hi!rto m]ely useful classes4 ,b democracy1 p] se1 does n decide ! proportions 9 :i* ^! +r$i5ts %\ld be mix$4 ,! second issue is betwe5 m5 :o aim only at mat]ial goods & m5 :o c>e = m5tal delights4 ,mo/ mod]n well-to-d ,engli%m5 & ,am]icans1 if !y 7 transport$ by magic into ! age ( ,elizabe?1 w\ld wi% !mselves back 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,! society ( ,%akespe>e & ,raleigh & ,sir ,philip ,sydney1 ! exquisite music1 ! beauty ( ! ar*itecture w\ld n console !m = ! abs5ce ( ba?-rooms1 tea & c(fee1 motor-c>s1 & o!r mat]ial com=ts ( :i* t age 0 ignorant4 ,su* m51 except 9 s f> z !y are influ5c$ by cons]vative tradition1 t5d to ?9k t ! ma9 purpose ( education is to increase ! numb] & v>iety ( commodities produc$4 ,!y may include m$ic9e & hygi5e1 b !y w n feel any en?usiasm = lit]ature or art or philosophy4 ,und\bt$ly su* m5 h provid$ a great "p ( ! driv+ =ce = ! attack ^u ! classical curriculum e/abli%$ at ! r5aissance4 ,i d n ?9k x w\ld be fair to meet ?is attitude by ! m]e ass]tion t m5tal goods are ( m value ?an su* z are purely physical4 ,i believe ?is ass]tion to be true1 b n ! :ole tru?4 ,=1 :ile physical goods h no v high value1 physical evils may be s bad z to outweigh a great deal ( m5tal excell5ce4 ,/>vation & disease1 & ! ev]-pres5t fe> ( !m1 h ov]%ad[$ ! lives ( ! great majority ( mank9d s9ce =esight fir/ became possible4 ,mo/ birds die ( />vation1 b !y are happy :5 food is abundant1 because !y d n ?9k ab\t ! future4 ,peasants :o h surviv$ a fam9e w be p]petually haunt$ by memory & appreh5sion4 ,m5 are will+ to toil long h\rs = a pittance r ?an die1 :ile animals pref] to snat* pleasure :5 x is available1 ev5 if dea? is ! p5alty4 ,x has ?us come ab\t t mo/ m5 h put up ) a life almo/ :olly devoid ( pleasure1 because on any o!r t]ms life w\ld be brief4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 x is n[ possible1 ow+ to ! indu/rial revolution & its by-products1 to create a _w :]e ev]ybody %all h a reasonable *ance ( happ9ess4 ,physical evil c1 if we *oose1 be r$uc$ to v small proportions4 ,x w\ld be possible1 by organization & sci5ce1 to fe$ & h\se ! :ole population ( ! _w1 n luxuri\sly1 b suffici5tly to prev5t great suff]+4 ,x w\ld be possible to combat disease1 & to make *ronic ill-heal? v r>e4 ,x w\ld be possible to prev5t ! increase ( population f outrunn+ improvem5ts 9 ! food supply4 ,! great t]rors :i* h d>k5$ ! subconsci\s m9d ( ! race1 br++ cruelty1 oppression1 & w> 9 _! tra91 c\ld be s mu* dim9i%$ z to be no long] important4 ,all ?is is ( su* immeasurable value to human life t we d>e n oppose ! sort ( education :i* w t5d to br+ x ab\t4 ,9 su* an education1 appli$ sci5ce w h to be ! *ief +r$i5t4 ,)\t physics & physiology & psy*ology1 we _c build ! new _w4 ,we c build x )\t ,lat9 & ,greek1 )\t ,dante & ,%akespe>e1 )\t ,ba* & ,moz>t4 ,t is ! great argum5t 9 fav\r ( a utilit>ian education4 ,i h /at$ x /rongly1 because ,i feel x /rongly4 ,nev]!less1 !re is ano!r side to ! "q4 ,:at w be ! good ( ! conque/ ( leisure & heal?1 if no "o rememb]s h[ to use !m8 ,! w> aga9/ physical evil1 l e o!r w>1 mu/ n be conduct$ ) su* fury z to r5d] m5 incapable ( ! arts ( peace4 ,:at ! _w possesses ( ultimate good mu/ n be all[$ to p]i% 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ evil4 ,?is br+s me to ! ?ird issue involv$ 9 our controv]sy4 ,is x true t only useless k is intr9sically valuable8 ,is x true t any intr9sically valuable k is useless8 ,= my "p1 ,i sp5t 9 y\? a consid]able proportion ( my "t ^u ,lat9 & ,greek1 :i* ,i n[ consid] to h be5 almo/ completely wa/$4 ,classical k af=d$ me no help :atev] 9 any ( ! problems ) :i* ,i 0 conc]n$ 9 lat] life4 ,l n9ety-n9e p] c5t ( ^? :o are taught ! classics1 ,i nev] acquir$ suffici5t pr(ici5cy to read !m = pleasure4 ,i le>n$ su* ?+s z ! g5itive ( 8supellex01 :i* ,i h nev] be5 able to =get4 ,?is k has no m intr9sic value ?an ! k t !re are ?ree feet to a y>d2 & its utility1 to me1 has be5 /rictly conf9$ to af=d+ me ! pres5t illu/ration4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at ,i le>n$ ( ma!matics & sci5ce has be5 n only ( imm5se utility1 b also ( great intr9sic value1 z af=d+ subjects ( contemplation & reflection1 & t\*/ones ( tru? 9 a deceitful _w4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 9 "p a p]sonal idiosyncrasy2 b ,i am sure t a capacity to pr(it by ! classics is a /ill r>] idiosyncrasy among mod]n m54 ,france & ,g]many also h valuable lit]atures2 _! languages are easily le>nt1 & are useful 9 _m practical ways4 ,! case = ,fr5* & ,g]man1 z aga9/ ,lat9 & ,greek1 is !re=e ov]:elm+4 ,)\t belittl+ ! importance ( ! sort ( k :i* has no imm$iate practical utility1 ,i ?9k we may fairly dem& t1 except 9 ! education ( speciali/s1 su* k %all be giv5 9 ways t d n dem& an imm5se exp5diture ( "t & en]gy on te*nical app>atus su* z gramm>4 ,! sum ( human k & ! complexity ( human problems are p]petually increas+2 !re=e e g5]ation mu/ ov]haul its educational me?ods if "t is to be f\nd = :at is new4 ,we mu/ pres]ve ! balance by means ( compromises4 ,! humani/ic elem5ts 9 education mu/ rema91 b !y mu/ be suffici5tly simplifi$ to leave room = ! o!r elem5ts )\t :i* ! new _w r5d]$ possible by sci5ce c nev] be creat$4 ,i d n wi% to sugge/ t ! humani/ic elem5ts 9 education are less important ?an ! utilit>ian elem5ts4 ,to "k some?+ ( great lit]ature1 some?+ ( _w hi/ory1 some?+ ( music & pa9t+ & ar*itecture1 is ess5tial if ! life ( imag9ation is to be fully develop$4 ,& x is only ?r\gh imag9ation t m5 become aw>e ( :at ! _w might be2 )\t x1 8progress0 w\ld become me*anical & trivial4 ,b sci5ce1 also1 c /imulate ! imag9ation4 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy1 a/ronomy & geology did m = me 9 ?is respect ?an ! lit]atures ( ,engl&1 ,france & ,g]many1 _m ( ^: ma/]pieces ,i read "u compulsion )\t ! fa9te/ int]e/4 ,?is is a p]sonal matt]3 "o boy or girl w d]ive /imulus f "o s\rce1 ano!r f ano!r4 ,:at ,i sugge/ is t1 :]e a difficult te*nique is indisp5sable to ! ma/]+ ( a subject1 x is bett]1 except 9 tra9+ speciali/s1 t ! subject %\ld be useful4 ,9 ! "t ( ! r5aissance1 !re 0 little great lit]ature 9 mod]n languages2 n[ !re is a great deal4 ,mu* ( ! value ( ! ,greek tradition c be convey$ to p :o d n "k ,greek2 & z = ! ,lat9 tradition1 its value is n really v great4 ,i %\ld1 !re=e1 :]e boys & girls )\t special aptitudes are conc]n$1 supply ! humani/ic elem5ts ( education 9 ways n involv+ a great app>atus ( le>n+2 ! difficult "p ( education1 9 ! lat] ye>s1 ,i %\ld1 z a rule1 conf9e to ma!matics & sci5ce4 ,b ,i %\ld make exceptions :]ev] a /rong b5t or special ability po9t$ 9 o!r directions4 ,ca/-iron rules are above all ?+s to be avoid$4 ,9 a me*ani/ic civilization1 !re is grave dang] ( a crude utilit>ianism1 :i* sacrifices ! :ole /hetic side ( life to :at is call$ 8effici5cy04 ,p]haps ,i am old-fa%ion$1 b ,i mu/ confess t ,i view ) al>m ! !ory t language is m]ely a means ( communication1 & n also a vehicle ( beauty4 ,?is t5d5cy is _w-wide1 b naturally x has advanc$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 a m or less au?oritative book publi%$ by ! ,*ildr5's ,f\ndation1#a ,i f9d "s rem>ks on ! tea*+ ( ,engli% :i* seem to exemplify ! t5d5cy ,i deplore4 ,= example3 8,tw5ty-five ye>s ago pupils le>nt f t5 to fifte5 ?\s& words1 b z a result ( inve/igations c>ri$ on dur+ ! pa/ two decades1 x has be5 f\nd t ! typical graduate ( a high s*ool does n ne$ 9 8 s*ool "w1 & w n ne$ 9 lat] life1 to spell m ?an ?ree ?\s& words at ! outside1 unless he engages 9 "s te*nical pursuit1 :5 x may be necess>y = him to ma/] a special & te*nical vocabul>y4 ,! typical ,am]ican 9 8 correspond5ce r>ely employs m ?an fifte5 hundr$ diff]5t words2 _m ( u nev] use m ?an half ?is numb]4 ,9 view ( ^! facts1 ! c\rse ( spell+ 9 ! s*ools to-day is be+ con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple t ! words t w be actually us$ 9 daily life %\ld be ma/]$ s t !y c be spell$ automatically1 & ! te*nical & unusual words t 7 =m]ly taught b t w probably nev] be us$ are be+ elim9at$0 7p4 #chd74 ,?is seems to me a mo/ s+ul> inv]sion4 ,x is /ill ?\ght t a man %\ld "k h[ to spell a ^w he is go+ to use1 al?\gh ,%akespe>e & ,milton c\ld n spell1 & ! importance ( spell+ is purely & solely conv5tional4 ,b = ?is trivial purpose !re is a will+ness to sacrifice ! tea*+ ( a l>ge vocabul>y1 )\t :i* x is impossible to write well1 or ev5 to und]/& good writ+4 ,! important ?+ is n to "k h[ to spell words1 b h[ to use !m2 evid5tly ?is 0 n taught 9 ! days :5 boys le>n$ to spell #ae1jjj words b m5 only us$ #a1ejj4 ,! way to le>n to use words is to read "s good lit]ature (t5 & c>efully1 int5sively1 n ext5sively4 ,b c>eful read+ is positively disc\rag$4 ,! same book says ( s*ool-*ildr53 8,!y are tra9$ to read z rapidly z possible s t !y w n be halt$ 9 ! ga9+ ( mean+ by giv+ att5tion to sep>ate words1 s9ce explicit aw>5ess ( sep>ate words 9 "o's read+ delays & (t5 confuses ! process ( int]pret+ ! ?\ght conta9$ 9 ! read+0 7p4 #dbj74 ,i wond] :at pupils s tra9$ w\ld make ( ,sabr9a fair1 ,li/5 :]e ?\ art sitt+ ,"u ! glassy1 cool1 transluc5t wave1 ,9 twi/$ braids ( lilies knitt+ ,! loose tra9 ( ?y amb]-dropp+ hair4 ,no d\bt x w be said t ! mod]n man has no "t = su* trivialities z ! appreciation ( great poetry4 ,yet ! v m5 :o say ?is are prep>$ to set aside a great deal ( "t 9 ord] to tea* "y m5 h[ to kill ea* o!r sci5tifically4 ,?is is surely ! r$uctio ad absurdum ( a utilit>ian philosophy4 ,s f>1 we h be5 consid]+ :at sort ( k %\ld be imp>t$4 ,i come n[ to a diff]5t set ( problems1 conc]n$ p>tly ) me?ods ( tea*+1 p>tly ) moral education & ! tra9+ ( "*4 ,"h we are no long] conc]n$ ) politics1 b ) psy*ology & e?ics4 ,psy*ology 01 until fairly lately1 a m]ely academic /udy1 ) v little application to practical affairs4 ,?is is all *ang$ n[4 ,we h1 = in/ance1 indu/rial psy*ology1 cl9ical psy*ology1 educational psy*ology1 all ( ! greate/ practical importance4 ,we may hope & expect t ! influ5ce ( psy*ology ^u our in/itutions w rapidly increase 9 ! ne> future4 ,9 education1 at any rate1 its effect has already be5 great & b5efic5t4 ,let u take fir/ ! "q ( 8discipl9e04 ,! old idea ( discipl9e 0 simple4 ,a *ild or boy 0 ord]$ to d some?+ he dislik$1 or ab/a9 f some?+ he lik$4 ,:5 he disobey$1 he suff]$ physical *a/isem5t1 or1 9 extreme cases1 solit>y conf9em5t on bread & wat]4 ,read1 = example1 ! *apt] 9 8,! ,fair*ild ,family0 ab\t h[ little ,h5ry 0 taught ,lat94 ,he 0 told t he c\ld nev] hope to become a cl]gyman unless he le>n$ t language1 b 9 spite ( ?is argum5t ! little boy did n apply himself to 8 book z e>ne/ly z 8 fa!r desir$4 ,s he 0 %ut up 9 an attic1 giv5 only bread & wat]1 & =bidd5 to speak to 8 si/]s1 :o 7 told t he 0 9 disgrace & !y mu/ h no?+ to d ) him4 ,nev]!less1 "o ( !m br\ght him "s food4 ,! footman told on h]1 & %e got into tr\ble too4 ,aft] a c]ta9 p]iod 9 prison1 ! boy1 we are told1 began to love ,lat9 & work$ assidu\sly ev] aft]4 ,contra/ ) ?is ,*ekov's /ory ab\t 8 uncle :o tri$ to tea* a kitt5 to cat* mice4 ,he br\ght a m\se into ! room :]e ! kitt5 01 b ! kitt5's hunt+ in/9ct 0 n yet develop$1 & x paid no att5tion to ! m\se4 ,s he beat x4 ,! next day ! same process 0 repeat$1 & ! next & ! next4 ,at la/ ! ,pr(essor became p]suad$ t x 0 a /upid kitt51 & q untea*able4 ,9 lat] life1 ?\gh o!rwise normal1 x c\ld nev] see a m\se )\t sweat+ 9 t]ror & runn+ away4 8,l ! kitt510 ,*ekov concludes1 8,i _h ! hon\r ( be+ taught ,lat9 by my uncle40 ,^! two /ories illu/rate ! old discipl9e & ! mod]n revolt aga9/ x4 ,b ! mod]n educationi/ does n simply es*ew discipl9e2 he secures x by new me?ods4 ,on ?is subject1 ^? :o h n /udi$ ! new me?ods are apt to h mi/ak5 ideas4 ,i _h always und]/ood t ,madame ,montessori disp5s$ ) discipl9e1 & ,i _h wond]$ h[ %e manag$ a roomful ( *ildr54 ,on read+ h] own acc\nt ( h] me?ods1 ,i f\nd t discipl9e /ill held an important place1 & t !re 0 no attempt to disp5se ) x4 ,on s5d+ my little boy ( ?ree to sp5d 8 morn+s 9 a ,montessori s*ool1 ,i f\nd t he quickly became a m discipl9$ human be+1 & t he *e]fully acquiesc$ 9 ! rules ( ! s*ool4 ,b he _h no feel+ :atev] ( ext]nal compulsion3 ! rules 7 l ! rules ( a game1 & 7 obey$ z a means ( enjoym5t4 ,! old idea 0 t *ildr5 c\ld n possibly wi% to le>n1 & c\ld only be compell$ to le>n by t]ror4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ?is 0 entirely due to lack ( skill 9 p$agogy4 ,by divid+ :at has to be le>nt--= in/ance1 read+ & writ+--into suitable /ages1 e /age c be made agreeable to ! av]age *ild4 ,& :5 *ildr5 are do+ :at !y l1 !re is ( c\rse no reason = ext]nal discipl9e4 ,a few simple rules--no *ild mu/ int]f]e ) ano!r *ild1 no *ild mu/ h m ?an "o sort ( app>atus at a "t--are easily appreh5d$1 & felt to be reasonable1 s t !re is no difficulty 9 gett+ !m obs]v$4 ,! *ild ?us acquires self-discipl9e1 :i* consi/s p>tly ( good habits1 p>tly ( ! realization1 9 concrete in/ances1 t x is sometimes wor? :ile to resi/ an impulse = ! sake ( "s ultimate ga94 ,ev]ybody has always kn[n t x is easy to obta9 ?is self-discipl9e 9 games1 b no "o _h suppos$ t ! acquisition ( k c\ld be made suffici5tly int]e/+ to br+ ! same motives into op]ation4 ,we n[ "k t ?is is possible1 & x w come to be done1 n only 9 ! education ( infants1 b at all /ages4 ,i d n pret5d t x is easy4 ,! p$agogical discov]ies involv$ h requir$ g5ius1 b ! tea*]s :o are to apply !m d n require g5ius4 ,!y require only ! "r sort ( tra9+1 toge!r ) a degree ( sympa?y & pati5ce :i* is by no means unusual4 ,! fundam5tal idea is simple3 t ! "r discipl9e consi/s1 n 9 ext]nal compulsion1 b 9 habits ( m9d :i* lead spontane\sly to desirable r ?an undesirable activities4 ,:at is a/oni%+ is ! great success 9 f9d+ te*nical me?ods ( embody+ ?is idea 9 education4 ,= ?is1 ,madame ,montessori des]ves ! highe/ praise4 ,! *ange 9 educational me?ods has be5 v mu* influ5c$ by ! decay ( ! belief 9 orig9al s94 ,! traditional view1 n[ ne>ly ext9ct1 0 t we are all born ,*ildr5 ( ,wra?1 ) a nature full ( wick$ness2 be=e !re c be any good 9 u1 we h to become ,*ildr5 ( ,grace1 a process mu* accel]at$ by frequ5t ca/igation4 ,mo/ mod]ns c h>dly believe h[ mu* ?is !ory influ5c$ ! education ( our fa!rs & gr&fa!rs4 ,two quotations f ! life ( ,dr4 ,arnold by ,dean ,/anley w %[ t !y are mi/ak54 ,dean ,/anley 0 ,dr4 ,arnold's fav\rite pupil1 ! good boy ,ar?ur 9 8,tom ,br[n's ,s*ool ,days04 ,he 0 a c\s9 ( ! pres5t writ]1 :o 0 %[n ov] ,we/m9/] ,abbey by him z a boy4 ,dr4 ,arnold 0 ! great re=m] ( our public s*ools1 :i* are view$ z "o ( ! glories ( ,engl&1 & are /ill conduct$ l>gely accord+ to 8 pr9ciples4 ,9 discuss+ ,dr4 ,arnold1 !re=e1 we are deal+1 n ) some?+ belong+ to ! remote pa/1 b ) some?+ :i* to ?is day is efficaci\s 9 m\ld+ upp]-class ,engli%m54 ,dr4 ,arnold dim9i%$ flogg+1 reta9+ x only = ! y\ng] boys1 & conf9+ x1 s 8 biograph] tells u1 to 8moral (f5ces1 su* z ly+1 dr9k+1 & habitual idl5ess04 ,b :5 a lib]al j\rnal sugge/$ t flogg+ 0 a degrad+ puni%m5t1 :i* ought to be aboli%$ altoge!r1 he 0 amaz+ly indignant4 ,he repli$ 9 pr9t3 ,i "k well ( :at feel+ ?is is ! expression2 x orig9ates 9 t pr\d notion ( p]sonal indep5d5ce :i* is nei!r reasonable nor ,*ri/ian1 b ess5tially b>b>ian4 ,x visit$ ,europe ) all ! curses ( ! age ( *ivalry1 & is ?reat5+ u n[ ) ^? ( ,jacob9ism4444 ,at an age :5 x is almo/ impossible to f9d a true manly s5se ( ! degradation ( guilt or faults1 :]e is ! wisdom ( enc\rag+ a fanta/ic s5se ( ! degradation ( p]sonal correction8 ,:at c be m false1 or m adv]se to ! simplicity1 sobriety & humbl5ess ( m9d1 :i* are ! be/ ornam5t ( y\?1 & ! be/ promise ( a noble manhood8 ,! pupils ( 8 disciples1 n unnaturally1 believe 9 flogg+ natives ( ,india :5 !y are defici5t 9 8humbl5ess ( m9d04 ,!re is ano!r passage1 already quot$ 9 "p by ,mr4 ,/ra*ey 9 8,em95t ,victorians01 b s apt t ,i _c =be> to quote x aga94 ,dr4 ,arnold 0 away on a holiday1 enjoy+ ! beauties ( ! ,lake ( ,como4 ,! =m 8 enjoym5t took is record$ 9 a lett] to 8 wife1 z foll[s3 ,x is almo/ awful to look at ! ov]:elm+ beauty ar\nd me1 & !n ?9k ( moral evil2 x seems z if heav5 & hell1 in/ead ( be+ sep>at$ by a great gulf f "o ano!r1 7 absolutely on ea* o!r's conf9es1 & inde$ n f> f e "o ( u4 ,might ! s5se ( moral evil be z /rong 9 me z my delight 9 ext]nal beauty1 = 9 a deep s5se ( moral evil1 m p]haps ?an 9 any?+ else1 abides a sav+ k ( ,god6 ,x is n s mu* to admire moral good2 t we may d1 & yet n be ourselves con=m$ to x2 b if we really d abhor t :i* is evil1 n ! p]sons 9 :om evil resides1 b ! evil :i* dwelle? 9 !m1 & mu* m manife/ly & c]ta9ly to our own k1 9 our own he>ts--?is is to h ! feel+ ( ,god & ( ,*ri/1 & to h our ,_s 9 sympa?y ) ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,alas6 h[ easy to see ?is & say x--h[ h>d to d x & to feel x6 ,:o is suffici5t = ^! ?+s8 ,no "o1 b he :o feels & really lam5ts 8 own insuffici5cy4 ,god bless y1 my de>e/ wife1 & our belov$ *ildr51 n[ & ev]more1 ?r\gh ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,x is pa!tic to see ?is naturally k9dly g5tleman la%+ himself into a mood ( sadism1 9 :i* he c flog little boys )\t compunction1 & all "u ! impression t he is con=m+ to ! religion ( ,love4 ,x is pa!tic :5 we consid] ! delud$ individual2 b x is tragic :5 we ?9k ( ! g5]ations ( cruelty t he put into ! _w by creat+ an atmosph]e ( abhorr5ce ( 8moral evil01 :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 includes habitual idl5ess 9 *ildr54 ,i %udd] :5 ,i ?9k ( ! w>s1 ! tortures1 ! oppressions1 ( :i* upright m5 h be5 guilty1 "u ! impression t !y 7 righte\sly ca/igat+ 8moral evil04 ,m]cifully1 educators no long] reg>d little *ildr5 z limbs ( ,satan4 ,!re is /ill too mu* ( ?is view 9 deal+s ) adults1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! puni%m5t ( crime2 b 9 ! nurs]y & ! s*ool x has almo/ disappe>$4 ,!re is an opposite error to ,dr4 ,arnold's1 f> less p]nici\s1 b /ill sci5tifically an error1 & t is ! belief t *ildr5 are naturally virtu\s1 & are only corrupt$ by ! spectacle ( _! eld]s' vices4 ,?is view is traditionally associat$ ) ,r\sseau2 p]haps he held x 9 ! ab/ract1 b :5 "o reads 8,emile0 "o f9ds t ! pupil /ood 9 ne$ ( mu* moral tra9+ be=e he became ! p>agon t ! sy/em 0 design$ to produce4 ,! fact is t *ildr5 are n naturally ei!r 8good0 or 8bad04 ,!y are born ) only reflexes & a few in/9cts2 out ( ^!1 by ! action ( ! environm5t1 habits are produc$1 :i* may be ei!r heal?y or morbid4 ,:i* !y are to be1 dep5ds *iefly ^u ! wisdom ( mo!rs or nurses1 ! *ild's nature be+1 at fir/1 almo/ incr$ibly malleable4 ,9 ! imm5se majority ( *ildr51 !re is ! raw mat]ial ( a good citiz51 & also ! raw mat]ial ( a crim9al4 ,sci5tific psy*ology %[s t flogg+ on weekdays & s]mons on ,sundays d n con/itute ! ideal te*nique = ! production ( virtue4 ,b x is n to be inf]r$ t !re is no te*nique = ?is purpose4 ,x is difficult to resi/ ,samuel ,butl]'s view t ! educators ( =m] times took a pleasure 9 tortur+ *ildr52 o!rwise x is h>d to see h[ !y c h p]si/$ s long 9 inflict+ useless mis]y4 ,x is n difficult to make a heal?y *ild happy1 & mo/ *ildr5 w be heal?y if _! m9ds & bodies are prop]ly t5d$4 ,happ9ess 9 *ildhood is absolutely necess>y to ! production ( ! be/ type ( human be+4 ,habitual idl5ess1 :i* ,dr4 ,arnold reg>d$ z a =m ( 8moral evil01 w n exi/ if ! *ild is made to feel t its education is tea*+ x some?+ wor? kn[+4#b ,b if ! k imp>t$ is wor?less1 & ^? :o imp>t x appe> z cruel tyrants1 ! *ild w naturally behave l ,*ekov's kitt54 ,! spontane\s wi% to le>n1 :i* e normal *ild possesses1 z %[n 9 its ef=ts to walk & talk1 %\ld be ! driv+ =ce 9 education4 ,! sub/itution ( ?is driv+ =ce = ! rod is "o ( ! great advances ( our "t4 ,?is br+s me to ! la/ po9t :i* ,i wi% to notice 9 ?is prelim9>y survey ( mod]n t5d5cies--,i mean1 ! great] att5tion paid to infancy4 ,?is is closely connect$ ) ! *ange 9 our ideas z to ! tra9+ ( "*4 ,! old idea 0 t virtue dep5ds ess5tially ^u w3 we 7 suppos$ to be full ( bad desires1 :i* we controll$ by an ab/ract faculty ( volition4 ,x 0 app>5tly reg>d$ z impossible to root out bad desires2 all we c\ld d 0 to control !m4 ,! situation 0 exactly analog\s to t ( ! crim9al & ! police4 ,no "o suppos$ t a society )\t w\ld-be crim9als 0 possible2 ! mo/ t c\ld be done 0 to h su* an effici5t police =ce t mo/ p w\ld be afraid to commit crimes1 & ! few exceptions w\ld be caught & puni%$4 ,! mod]n psy*ological crim9ologi/ is n cont5t ) ?is view2 he believes t ! impulse to crime c\ld1 9 mo/ cases1 be prev5t$ f develop+ by suitable education4 ,& :at applies to society applies also to ! individual4 ,*ildr51 especially1 wi% to be lik$ by _! eld]s & _! companions2 !y h1 z a rule1 impulses :i* c be develop$ 9 good or bad directions accord+ to ! situations 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves4 ,moreov] !y are at an age at :i* ! =mation ( new habits is /ill easy2 & good habits c make a great "p ( virtue almo/ automatic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! old] type ( virtue1 :i* left bad desires rampant1 & m]ely us$ w-p[] to *eck _! manife/ations1 has be5 f\nd to af=d a f> f satisfactory me?od ( controll+ bad conduct4 ,! bad desires1 l a riv] :i* has be5 damm$1 f9d "s o!r outlet :i* has escap$ ! wat*ful eye ( ! w4 ,! man :o1 9 y\?1 w\ld h lik$ to murd] 8 fa!r1 f9ds satisfaction lat] on 9 flogg+ 8 son1 "u ! impression t he is *a/is+ 8moral evil04 ,!ories :i* ju/ify cruelty almo/ always h _! s\rce 9 "s desire div]t$ by ! w f its natural *annel1 driv5 und]gr\nd1 & at la/ em]g+ unrecogniz$ z hatr$ ( s9 or some?+ equally respectable4 ,! control ( bad desires by ! w1 !re=e1 ?\gh necess>y on occasion1 is inadequate z a te*nique ( virtue4 ,^! consid]ations br+ u to ! prov9ce ( psy*o-analysis4 ,!re is mu* 9 ! detail ( psy*o-analysis :i* ,i f9d fanta/ic1 & n support$ by adequate evid5ce4 ,b ! g5]al me?od appe>s to me v important1 & ess5tial to ! creation ( "r me?ods ( moral tra9+4 ,! importance :i* _m psy*o-analy/s atta* to e>ly infancy appe>s to me exagg]at$2 !y sometimes talk z if "* 7 irrevocably fix$ by ! "t a *ild is ?ree ye>s old4 ,?is1 ,i am sure1 is n ! case4 ,b ! fault is a fault on ! "r side4 ,infant psy*ology 0 neglect$ 9 ! pa/2 inde$1 ! intellectuali/ me?ods 9 vogue made x almo/ impossible4 ,take su* a matt] z sleep4 ,all mo!rs wi% _! *ildr5 to sleep1 because x is bo? heal?y & conv5i5t :5 !y d4 ,!y _h develop$ a c]ta9 te*nique3 rock+ ! cradle & s++ lullabys4 ,x 0 left = males :o inve/igat$ ! matt] sci5tifically to discov] t ?is te*nique is ideally wrong1 = ?\gh x is likely to succe$ on any giv5 day1 x creates bad habits4 ,e *ild loves to be made a fuss (1 because its s5se ( self-importance is gratifi$4 ,if x f9ds t by n sleep+ x secures att5tion1 x w soon le>n to adopt ?is me?od4 ,! result is equally damag+ to heal? & "*4 ,! great ?+ "h is ! =mation ( habit3 ! association ( ! cot ) sleep4 ,if ?is association has be5 adequately produc$1 ! *ild w n lie awake unless x is ill or 9 pa94 ,b ! production ( ! association requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( discipl9e2 x is n to be a*iev$ by m]e indulg5ce1 s9ce t causes pleasurable associations ) ly+ awake4 ,simil> consid]ations apply to ! =mation ( o!r good & bad habits4 ,?is :ole /udy is /ill 9 its infancy1 b its importance is already v great1 & almo/ sure to become great]4 ,x is cle> t education ( "* mu/ beg9 at bir?1 & requires a rev]sal ( mu* ( ! practice ( nurses & ignorant mo!rs4 ,x is also cle> t def9ite in/ruction c beg9 e>li] ?an 0 =m]ly ?\ght1 because x c be made pleasant & no /ra9 ^u ! infant's p[]s ( att5tion4 ,9 bo? ^! respects educational !ory has be5 radically trans=m$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 ) b5efic5t effects :i* are likely to become m & m evid5t z ! ye>s g by4 ,accord+ly ,i %all beg91 9 :at foll[s1 ) a fairly detail$ consid]ation ( ! tra9+ ( "* 9 infancy1 be=e discuss+ ! in/ruction to be giv5 9 lat] ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,aims ,,( ,,education ,be=e consid]+ h[ to educate1 x is well to be cle> z to ! sort ( result :i* we wi% to a*ieve4 ,dr4 ,arnold want$ 8humbl5ess ( m9d01 a quality n possess$ by ,ari/otle's 8magnanim\s man04 ,nietzs*e's ideal is n t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,no m is ,kant's3 = :ile ,*ri/ enjo9s love1 ,kant tea*es t no action ( :i* love is ! motive c be truly virtu\s4 ,& ev5 p :o agree z to ! +r$i5ts ( a good "* may diff] z to _! relative importance4 ,"o man w emphasize c\rage1 ano!r le>n+1 ano!r k9dl9ess1 & ano!r rectitude4 ,"o man1 l ! eld] ,brutus1 w put duty to ! ,/ate above family affection2 ano!r1 l ,confucius1 w put family affection fir/4 ,all ^! div]g5ces w produce diff]5ces z to education4 ,we mu/ h "s conception ( ! k9d ( p]son we wi% to produce1 be=e we c h any def9ite op9ion z to ! education :i* we consid] be/4 ,( c\rse an educator may be fooli%1 9 ! s5se t he produces results o!r ?an ^? at :i* he 0 aim+4 ,uriah ,heep 0 ! outcome ( lessons 9 humility at a ,*>ity ,s*ool1 :i* _h _h an effect q diff]5t f :at 0 int5d$4 ,b 9 ! ma9 ! able/ educators h be5 fairly successful4 ,take z examples ! ,*9ese lit]ati1 ! mod]n ,japanese1 ! ,jesuits1 ,dr4 ,arnold1 & ! m5 :o direct ! policy ( ! ,am]ican public s*ools4 ,all ^!1 9 _! v>i\s ways1 h be5 highly successful4 ,! results aim$ at 9 ! diff]5t cases 7 utt]ly diff]5t1 b 9 ! ma9 ! results 7 a*iev$4 ,x may be wor? :ile to sp5d a few mom5ts on ^! diff]5t sy/ems1 be=e attempt+ to decide :at we %\ld ourselves reg>d z ! aims :i* education %\ld h 9 view4 ,traditional ,*9ese education 01 9 "s respects1 v simil> to t ( ,a!ns 9 its be/ days4 ,a!nian boys 7 made to le>n ,hom] by he>t f beg9n+ to end2 ,*9ese boys 7 made to le>n ! ,confucian classics ) simil> ?or\ghness4 ,a!nians 7 taught a k9d ( rev]5ce = ! gods :i* consi/$ 9 outw>d obs]vances1 & plac$ no b>ri] 9 ! way ( free intellectual speculation4 ,simil>ly ! ,*9ese 7 taught c]ta9 rites connect$ ) ance/or-wor%ip1 b 7 by no means oblig$ to h ! beliefs :i* ! rites w\ld seem to imply4 ,an easy & elegant scepticism 0 ! attitude expect$ ( an educat$ adult3 any?+ might be discuss$1 b x 0 a trifle vulg> to rea* v positive conclusions4 ,op9ions %\ld be su* z c\ld be discuss$ pleasantly at d9n]1 n su* z m5 w\ld fight =4 ,c>lyle calls ,plato 8a lordly ,a!nian g5tleman1 v mu* at 8 ease 9 ,zion04 ,?is *>act]i/ic ( be+ 8at 8 ease 9 ,zion0 is also f\nd 9 ,*9ese sages1 & is1 z a rule1 abs5t f ! sages produc$ by ,*ri/ian civilizations1 except :51 l ,goe!1 !y h deeply imbib$ ! _s ( ,hell5ism4 ,! ,a!nians & ! ,*9ese alike wi%$ to enjoy life1 & _h a conception ( enjoym5t :i* 0 ref9$ by an exquisite s5se ( beauty4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 great diff]5ces betwe5 ! two civilizations1 ow+ to ! fact t1 broadly speak+1 ! ,greeks 7 en]getic & ! ,*9ese 7 lazy4 ,! ,greeks devot$ _! en]gies to art & sci5ce & mutual ext]m9ation1 9 all ( :i* !y a*iev$ unprec$5t$ success4 ,politics & patriotism af=d$ practical outlets = ,greek en]gy3 :5 a politician 0 ou/$1 he l$ a b& ( exiles to attack 8 native city4 ,:5 a ,*9ese (ficial 0 disgrac$1 he retir$ to ! hills & wrote poems on ! pleasures ( c\ntry life4 ,accord+ly ! ,greek civilization de/roy$ itself1 b ! ,*9ese civilization c\ld only be de/roy$ f )\t4 ,^! diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 seem n :olly attributable to education1 s9ce ,confucianism 9 ,japan nev] produc$ ! indol5t cultur$ scepticism :i* *>act]iz$ ! ,*9ese lit]ati1 except 9 ! ,kyoto nobility1 :o =m$ a k9d ( ,faub\rg ,sa9t ,g]ma94 ,*9ese education produc$ /ability & art2 x fail$ to produce progress or sci5ce4 ,p]haps ?is may be tak5 z :at is to be expect$ ( scepticism4 ,passionate beliefs produce ei!r progress or disa/]1 n /ability4 ,sci5ce1 ev5 :5 x attacks traditional beliefs1 has beliefs ( its own1 & c sc>cely fl\ri% 9 an atmosph]e ( lit]>y scepticism4 ,9 a pugnaci\s _w :i* has be5 unifi$ by mod]n inv5tions1 en]gy is ne$$ = national self-pres]vation4 ,& )\t sci5ce1 democracy is impossible3 ! ,*9ese civilization 0 conf9$ to ! small p]c5tage ( educat$ m51 & ! ,greek civilization 0 bas$ on slav]y4 ,= ^! reasons1 ! traditional education ( ,*9a is n suit$ to ! mod]n _w1 & has be5 ab&on$ by ! ,*9ese !mselves4 ,cultivat$ eighte5?-c5tury g5tlem51 :o 9 "s respects resembl$ ,*9ese lit]ati1 h become impossible = ! same reasons4 ,mod]n ,japan af=ds ! cle>e/ illu/ration ( a t5d5cy :i* is prom95t among all ! ,great ,p[]s--! t5d5cy to make national greatness ! supreme purpose ( education4 ,! aim ( ,japanese education is to produce citiz5s :o %all be devot$ to ! ,/ate ?r\gh ! tra9+ ( _! passions1 & useful to x ?r\gh ! k !y h acquir$4 ,i _c suffici5tly praise ! skill ) :i* ?is d\ble purpose has be5 pursu$4 ,ev] s9ce ! adv5t ( ,commodore ,p]ry's squadron1 ! ,japanese h be5 9 a situation 9 :i* self-pres]vation 0 v difficult2 _! success af=ds a ju/ification ( _! me?ods1 unless we are to hold t self-pres]vation itself may be culpable4 ,b only a desp]ate situation c\ld h ju/ifi$ _! educational me?ods1 :i* w\ld h be5 culpable 9 any nation n 9 imm95t p]il4 ,! ,%9to religion1 :i* mu/ n be call$ 9 "q ev5 by univ]sity pr(essors1 involves hi/ory :i* is j z dubi\s z ,g5esis2 ! ,dayton trial pales into insignificance beside ! !ological tyranny 9 ,japan4 ,!re is an equal e?ical tyranny3 nationalism1 filial piety1 ,mikado-wor%ip1 etc41 mu/ n be call$ 9 "q1 & !re=e _m k9ds ( progress are sc>cely possible4 ,! great dang] ( a ca/-iron sy/em ( ?is sort is t x may provoke revolution z ! sole me?od ( progress4 ,?is dang] is real1 ?\gh n imm$iate1 & is l>gely caus$ by ! educational sy/em4 ,we h ?us 9 mod]n ,japan a defect opposite to t ( anci5t ,*9a4 ,:]eas ! ,*9ese lit]ati 7 too sceptical & lazy1 ! products ( ,japanese education are likely to be too dogmatic & en]getic4 ,nei!r acquiesc5ce 9 scepticism nor acquiesc5ce 9 dogma is :at education %\ld produce4 ,:at x %\ld produce is a belief t k is atta9able 9 a measure1 ?\gh ) difficulty2 t mu* ( :at passes = k at any giv5 "t is likely to be m or less mi/ak51 b t ! mi/akes c be rectifi$ by c>e & indu/ry4 ,9 act+ ^u our beliefs1 we %\ld be v cauti\s :]e a small error w\ld mean disa/]2 nev]!less x is ^u our beliefs t we mu/ act4 ,?is /ate ( m9d is r difficult3 x requires a high degree ( intellectual culture )\t emotional atrophy4 ,b ?\gh difficult x is n impossible2 x is 9 fact ! sci5tific temp]4 ,k1 l o!r good ?+s1 is difficult1 b n impossible2 ! dogmati/ =gets ! difficulty1 ! sceptic d5ies ! possibility4 ,bo? are mi/ak51 & _! errors1 :5 wide-spread1 produce social disa/]4 ,! ,jesuits1 l ! mod]n ,japanese1 made ! mi/ake ( subord9at+ education to ! welf>e ( an in/itution--9 _! case1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,!y 7 n conc]n$ prim>ily ) ! good ( ! p>ticul> pupil1 b ) mak+ him a means to ! good ( ! ,*ur*4 ,if we accept _! !ology1 we _c blame !m3 to save s\ls f hell is m important ?an any m]ely t]re/rial conc]n1 & is only to be a*iev$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,b ^? :o d n accept ?is dogma w judge ,jesuit education by its results4 ,^! results1 x is true1 7 sometimes q z undesir$ z ,uriah ,heep3 ,voltaire 0 a product ( ,jesuit me?ods4 ,b on ! :ole1 & = a long "t1 ! int5d$ results 7 a*iev$3 ! c\nt]-re=mation1 & ! collapse ( ,prote/antism 9 ,france1 mu/ be l>gely attribut$ to ,jesuit ef=ts4 ,to a*ieve ^! ends1 !y made art s5tim5tal1 ?\ght sup]ficial1 & morals loose2 9 ! end1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 ne$$ to sweep away ! h>m t !y _h done4 ,9 education1 _! crime 0 t !y 7 n actuat$ by love ( _! pupils1 b by ult]ior ends4 ,dr4 ,arnold's sy/em1 :i* has rema9$ 9 =ce 9 ,engli% public s*ools to ! pres5t day1 _h ano!r defect1 namely t x 0 ari/ocratic4 ,! aim 0 to tra9 m5 = positions ( au?ority & p[]1 :e!r at home or 9 di/ant p>ts ( ! empire4 ,an ari/ocracy1 if x is to survive1 ne$s c]ta9 virtues2 ^! 7 to be imp>t$ at s*ool4 ,! product 0 to be en]getic1 /oical1 physically fit1 possess$ ( c]ta9 unalt]able beliefs1 ) high /&>ds ( rectitude1 & conv9c$ t x _h an important mission 9 ! _w4 ,to a surpris+ ext5t1 ^! results 7 a*iev$4 ,intellect 0 sacrific$ to !m1 because intellect might produce d\bt4 ,sympa?y 0 sacrific$1 because x might int]f]e ) gov]n+ 8inf]ior0 races or classes4 ,k9dl9ess 0 sacrific$ = ! sake ( t\ghness2 imag9ation1 = ! sake ( firmness4 ,9 an un*ang+ _w1 ! result might h be5 a p]man5t ari/ocracy1 possess+ ! m]its & defects ( ! ,sp>tans4 ,b ari/ocracy is out-(-date1 & subject populations w no long] obey ev5 ! mo/ wise & virtu\s rul]s4 ,! rul]s are driv5 into brutality1 & brutality fur!r enc\rages revolt4 ,! complexity ( ! mod]n _w increas+ly requires intellig5ce1 & ,dr4 ,arnold sacrific$ intellig5ce to 8virtue04 ,! battle ( ,wat]loo may h be5 won on ! play+-fields ( ,eton1 b ! ,briti% ,empire is be+ lo/ !re4 ,! mod]n _w ne$s a diff]5t type1 ) m imag9ative sympa?y1 m intellectual suppl5ess1 less belief 9 bulldog c\rage & m belief 9 te*nical k4 ,! adm9i/rator ( ! future mu/ be ! s]vant ( free citiz5s1 n ! b5evol5t rul] ( admir+ subjects4 ,! ari/ocratic tradition emb$d$ 9 ,briti% high] education is its bane4 ,p]haps ?is tradition c be elim9at$ gradually2 p]haps ! old] educational in/itutions w be f\nd incapable ( adapt+ !mselves4 ,z to t1 ,i d n v5ture an op9ion4 ,! ,am]ican public s*ools a*ieve successfully a task nev] be=e attempt$ on a l>ge scale3 ! task ( trans=m+ a het]og5e\s selection ( mank9d into a homog5e\s nation4 ,?is is done s ably1 & is on ! :ole su* a b5efic5t "w1 t on ! balance great praise is due to ^? :o accompli% x4 ,b ,am]ica1 l ,japan1 is plac$ 9 a peculi> situation1 & :at ! special circum/ances ju/ify is n necess>ily an ideal to be foll[$ ev]y:]e & always4 ,am]ica has _h c]ta9 advantages & c]ta9 difficulties4 ,among ! advantages 73 a high] /&>d ( weal?2 fre$om f ! dang] ( defeat 9 w>2 comp>ative abs5ce ( cramp+ traditions inh]it$ f ! ,middle ,ages4 ,immigrants f\nd 9 ,am]ica a g5]ally diffus$ s5tim5t ( democracy & an advanc$ /age ( indu/rial te*nique4 ,^!1 ,i ?9k1 are ! two *ief reasons :y almo/ all ( !m came to admire ,am]ica m ?an _! native c\ntries4 ,b actual immigrants1 z a rule1 reta9 a dual patriotism3 9 ,european /ruggles !y cont9ue to take passionately ! side ( ! nation to :i* !y orig9ally belong$4 ,_! *ildr51 on ! contr>y1 lose all loyalty to ! c\ntry f :i* _! p>5ts h come1 & become m]ely & simply ,am]icans4 ,! attitude ( ! p>5ts is attributable to ! g5]al m]its ( ,am]ica2 t ( ! *ildr5 is v l>gely det]m9$ by _! s*ool education4 ,x is only ! contribution ( ! s*ool t conc]ns u4 ,9 s f> z ! s*ool c rely ^u ! g5u9e m]its ( ,am]ica1 !re is no ne$ to associate ! tea*+ ( ,am]ican patriotism ) ! inculcation ( false /&>ds4 ,b :]e ! ,old ,_w is sup]ior to ! ,new1 x becomes necess>y to in/il a contempt = g5u9e excell5ces4 ,! intellectual level 9 ,we/]n ,europe & ! arti/ic level 9 ,ea/]n ,europe are1 on ! :ole1 high] ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,europe1 except 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 !re is less !ological sup]/ition ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 almo/ all ,european c\ntries ! individual is less subject to h]d dom9ation ?an 9 ,am]ica3 8 inn] fre$om is great] ev5 :]e 8 political fre$om is less4 ,9 ^! respects1 ! ,am]ican public s*ools d h>m4 ,! h>m is ess5tial to ! tea*+ ( an exclusive ,am]ican patriotism4 ,! h>m1 z ) ! ,japanese & ! ,jesuits1 comes f reg>d+ ! pupils z means to an end1 n z ends 9 !mselves4 ,! tea*] %\ld love 8 *ildr5 bett] ?an 8 ,/ate or 8 ,*ur*2 o!rwise he is n an ideal tea*]4 ,:5 ,i say t pupils %\ld be reg>d$ z ends1 n z means1 ,i may be met by ! retort t1 aft] all1 ev]ybody is m important z a means ?an z an end4 ,:at a man is z an end p]i%es :5 he dies2 :at he produces z a means cont9ues to ! end ( "t4 ,we _c d5y ?is1 b we c d5y ! consequ5ces d$uc$ f x4 ,a man's importance z a means may be = good or = evil2 ! remote effects ( human actions are s unc]ta9 t a wise man w t5d to dismiss !m f 8 calculations4 ,broadly speak+1 good m5 h good effects1 & bad m5 bad effects4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n an inv>iable law ( nature4 ,a bad man may murd] a tyrant because he has committ$ crimes :i* ! tyrant int5ds to puni%2 ! effects ( 8 act may be good1 ?\gh he & 8 act are bad4 ,nev]!less1 z a broad g5]al rule1 a community ( m5 & wom5 :o are intr9sically excell5t w h bett] effects ?an "o compos$ ( p :o are ignorant & malevol5t4 ,ap>t f su* consid]ations1 *ildr5 & "y p feel in/9ctively ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^? :o g5u9ely wi% !m well & ^? :o reg>d !m m]ely z raw mat]ial = "s s*eme4 ,nei!r "* nor intellig5ce w develop z well or z freely :]e ! tea*] is defici5t 9 love2 & love ( ?is k9d consi/s ess5tially 9 feel+ ! *ild z an end4 ,we all h ?is feel+ ab\t ourselves3 we desire good ?+s = ourselves )\t fir/ dem&+ a pro( t "s great purpose w be fur!r$ by our obta9+ !m4 ,e ord9>ily affectionate p>5t feels ! same sort ( ?+ ab\t 8 or h] *ildr54 ,p>5ts want _! *ildr5 to gr[1 to be /rong & heal?y1 to d well at s*ool1 & s on1 9 j ! same way 9 :i* !y want ?+s = !mselves2 no ef=t ( self-d5ial & no ab/ract pr9ciple ( ju/ice is involv$ 9 tak+ tr\ble ab\t su* matt]s4 ,?is p>5tal in/9ct is n always /rictly conf9$ to "o's own *ildr54 ,9 its diffus$ =m1 x mu/ exi/ 9 any "o :o is to be a good tea*] ( little boys & girls4 ,z ! pupils gr[ old]1 x gr[s less important4 ,b only ^? :o possess x c be tru/$ to draw up s*emes ( education4 ,^? :o reg>d x z "o ( ! purposes ( male education to produce m5 will+ to kill & be kill$ = frivol\s reasons are cle>ly defici5t 9 diffus$ p>5tal feel+2 yet !y control education 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries except ,d5m>k & ,*9a4 ,b x is n en\gh t ! educator %\ld love ! "y2 x is necess>y also t he %\ld h a "r conception ( human excell5ce4 ,cats tea* _! kitt5s to cat* mice & play ) !m2 milit>i/s d likewise ) ! human "y4 ,! cat loves ! kitt51 b n ! m\se2 ! milit>i/ may love 8 own son1 b n ! sons ( 8 c\ntry's enemies4 ,ev5 ^? :o love all mank9d may err ?r\gh a wrong conception ( ! good life4 ,i %all try1 !re=e1 be=e go+ any fur!r1 to give an idea ( :at ,i consid] excell5t 9 m5 & wom51 q )\t reg>d to practicality1 or to ! educational me?ods by :i* x might be br\ght into be+4 ,su* a picture w help u aft]w>ds1 :5 we come to consid] ! details ( education2 we %all "k ! direction 9 :i* we wi% to move4 ,we mu/ fir/ make a di/9ction3 "s qualities are desirable 9 a c]ta9 proportion ( mank9d1 o!rs are desirable univ]sally4 ,we want arti/s1 b we also want m5 ( sci5ce4 ,we want great adm9i/rators1 b we also want pl\ghm5 & mill]s & bak]s4 ,! qualities :i* produce a man ( great em95ce 9 "s "o direction are (t5 su* z might be undesirable if !y 7 univ]sal4 ,%elley describes ! day's "w ( a poet z foll[s3 ,he w wat* f dawn to gloom ,! lake-reflect$ sun illume ,! honey-bees 9 ! ivy bloom1 ,nor he$ nor see :at ?+s !y be4 ,^! habits are praisewor?y 9 a poet1 b n--%all we say--9 a po/man4 ,we _c !re=e frame our education ) a view to giv+ e "o ! temp]am5t ( a poet4 ,b "s *>act]i/ics are univ]sally desirable1 & x is ^! alone t ,i %all consid] at ?is /age4 ,i make no di/9ction :atev] betwe5 male & female excell5ce4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( occupational tra9+ is desirable = a woman :o is to h ! c>e ( babies1 b t only involves ! same sort ( diff]5ce z !re is betwe5 a f>m] & a mill]4 ,x is 9 no degree fundam5tal1 & does n dem& consid]ation at our pres5t level4 ,i w take f\r *>act]i/ics :i* seem to me jo9tly to =m ! basis ( an ideal "*3 vitality1 c\rage1 s5sitiv5ess1 & intellig5ce4 ,i d n sugge/ t ?is li/ is complete1 b ,i ?9k x c>ries u a good way4 ,moreov] ,i firmly believe t1 by prop] physical1 emotional & intellectual c>e ( ! "y1 ^! qualities c\ld all be made v common4 ,i %all consid] ea* 9 turn4 ,vitality is r a physiological ?an a m5tal *>act]i/ic2 x is presumably always pres5t :]e !re is p]fect heal?1 b x t5ds to ebb ) advanc+ ye>s1 & gradually dw9dles to no?+ 9 old age4 ,9 vigor\s *ildr5 x quickly rises to a maximum be=e !y rea* s*ool age1 & !n t5ds to be dim9i%$ by education4 ,:]e x exi/s1 !re is pleasure 9 feel+ alive1 q ap>t f any specific pleasant circum/ance4 ,x height5s pleasures & dim9i%es pa9s4 ,x makes x easy to take an int]e/ 9 :atev] occurs1 & ?us promotes objectivity1 :i* is an ess5tial ( sanity4 ,human be+s are prone to become absorb$ 9 !mselves1 unable to be int]e/$ 9 :at !y see & he> or 9 any?+ outside _! own sk9s4 ,?is is a great mis=tune to !mselves1 s9ce x entails at be/ bor$om & at wor/ melan*olia2 x is also a fatal b>ri] to usefulness1 except 9 v exceptional cases4 ,vitality promotes int]e/ 9 ! outside _w2 x also promotes ! p[] ( h>d "w4 ,moreov] x is a safegu>d aga9/ envy1 because x makes "o's own exi/5ce pleasant4 ,z envy is "o ( ! great s\rces ( human mis]y1 ?is is a v important m]it 9 vitality4 ,_m bad qualities are ( c\rse compatible ) vitality--= example1 ^? ( a heal?y tig]4 ,& _m ( ! be/ qualities are compatible ) its abs5ce3 ,newton & ,locke1 = example1 _h v little4 ,bo? ^! m51 h[ev]1 _h irritabilities & envies f :i* bett] heal? w\ld h set !m free4 ,probably ! :ole ( ,newton's controv]sy ) ,leibniz1 :i* ru9$ ,engli% ma!matics = ov] a hundr$ ye>s1 w\ld h be5 avoid$ if ,newton _h be5 robu/ & able to enjoy ord9>y pleasures4 ,9 spite ( its limitations1 !re=e1 ,i reckon vitality among ! qualities :i* x is important t all m5 %\ld possess4 ,c\rage--! second quality on our li/--has sev]al =ms1 & all ( !m are complex4 ,abs5ce ( fe> is "o ?+1 & ! p[] ( controll+ fe> is ano!r4 ,& abs5ce ( fe>1 9 turn1 is "o ?+ :5 ! fe> is rational1 ano!r :5 x is irrational4 ,abs5ce ( irrational fe> is cle>ly good2 s is ! p[] ( controll+ fe>4 ,b abs5ce ( rational fe> is a matt] z to :i* debate is possible4 ,h[ev]1 ,i %all po/pone ?is "q until ,i h said some?+ ab\t ! o!r =ms ( c\rage4 ,irrational fe> plays an extraord9>ily l>ge "p 9 ! in/9ctive emotional life ( mo/ p4 ,9 its pa?ological =ms1 z p]secution mania1 anxiety complex1 or :at n1 x is treat$ by ali5i/s4 ,b 9 mild] =ms x is common among ^? :o are consid]$ sane4 ,x may be a g5]al feel+ t !re are dang]s ab\t1 m correctly t]m$ 8anxiety01 or a specific dread ( ?+s t are n dang]\s1 su* z mice or spid]s4#c ,x us$ to be suppos$ t _m fe>s 7 in/9ctive1 b ?is is n[ que/ion$ by mo/ inve/igators4 ,!re are app>5tly a few in/9ctive fe>s--= in/ance1 ( l\d noises--b ! great majority arise ei!r f exp]i5ce or f sugge/ion4 ,fe> ( ! d>k1 = example1 seems to be entirely due to sugge/ion4 ,mo/ v]tebrates1 !re is reason to ?9k1 d n feel in/9ctive fe> ( _! natural enemies1 b cat* ?is emotion f _! eld]s4 ,:5 human be+s br+ !m up by h&1 ! fe>s usual among ! species are f\nd to be abs5t4 ,b fe> is exce$+ly infecti\s3 *ildr5 cat* x f _! eld]s ev5 :5 _! eld]s are n aw>e ( hav+ %[n x4 ,timidity 9 mo!rs or nurses is v quickly imitat$ by *ildr5 ?r\gh sugge/ion4 ,hi!rto1 m5 h ?\ght x attractive 9 wom5 to be full ( irrational t]rors1 because x gave m5 a *ance to seem protective )\t incurr+ any real dang]4 ,b ! sons ( ^! m5 h acquir$ ! t]rors f _! mo!rs1 & h _h to be aft]w>ds tra9$ to rega9 a c\rage :i* !y ne$ nev] h lo/ if _! fa!rs _h n desir$ to despise _! mo!rs4 ,! h>m t has be5 done by ! subjection ( wom5 is incalculable2 ?is matt] ( fe> af=ds only "o incid5tal illu/ration4 ,i am n at ! mom5t discuss+ ! me?ods by :i* fe> & anxiety may be m9imiz$2 t is a matt] :i* ,i %all consid] lat]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o "q :i* arises at ?is /age1 namely3 c we be cont5t to deal ) fe> by means ( repression1 or mu/ we f9d "s m radical cure8 ,traditionally1 ari/ocracies h be5 tra9$ n to %[ fe>1 :ile subject nations1 classes1 & sexes h be5 enc\rag$ to rema9 c[>dly4 ,! te/ ( c\rage has be5 crudely behaviori/ic3 a man mu/ n run away 9 battle2 he mu/ be pr(ici5t 9 8manly0 sports2 he mu/ reta9 self-comm& 9 fires1 %ipwrecks1 e>?quakes1 etc4 ,he mu/ n m]ely d ! "r ?+1 b he mu/ avoid turn+ pale1 or trembl+1 or gasp+ = brea?1 or giv+ any o!r easily obs]v$ sign ( fe>4 ,all ?is ,i reg>d z ( great importance3 ,i %\ld wi% to see c\rage cultivat$ 9 all nations1 9 all classes1 & 9 bo? sexes4 ,b :5 ! me?od adopt$ is repressive1 x entails ! evils always associat$ ) t practice4 ,%ame & disgrace h always be5 pot5t weapons 9 produc+ ! appe>ance ( c\rage2 b 9 fact !y m]ely cause a conflict ( t]rors1 9 :i* x is hop$ t ! dread ( public condemnation w be ! /rong]4 8,always speak ! tru? except :5 some?+ fright5s y0 0 a maxim taught to me 9 *ildhood4 ,i _c admit ! exception4 ,fe> %\ld be ov]come n only 9 action1 b 9 feel+2 & n only 9 consci\s feel+1 b 9 ! unconsci\s z well4 ,! purely ext]nal victory ov] fe>1 :i* satisfies ! ari/ocratic code1 leaves ! impulse op]ative und]gr\nd1 & produces evil twi/$ reactions :i* are n recogniz$ z ! (fspr+ ( t]ror4 ,i am n ?9k+ ( 8%ell-%ock01 9 :i* ! connection ) fe> is obvi\s4 ,i am ?9k+ r ( ! :ole sy/em ( oppression & cruelty by :i* dom9ant ca/es seek to reta9 _! asc5dancy4 ,:5 rec5tly 9 ,%anghai a ,briti% (fic] ord]$ a numb] ( un>m$ ,*9ese /ud5ts to be %ot 9 ! back )\t w>n+1 he 0 obvi\sly actuat$ by t]ror j z mu* z a soldi] :o runs away 9 battle4 ,b milit>y ari/ocracies are n suffici5tly intellig5t to trace su* actions to _! psy*ological s\rce2 !y reg>d !m r z %[+ firmness & a prop] _s4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( psy*ology & physiology1 fe> & rage are closely analog\s emotions3 ! man :o feels rage is n possess$ ( ! highe/ k9d ( c\rage4 ,! cruelty inv>iably display$ 9 suppress+ negro insurrections1 communi/ rebellions1 & o!r ?reats to ari/ocracy1 is an (f%oot ( c[>dice1 & des]ves ! same contempt z is be/[$ ^u ! m obvi\s =ms ( t vice4 ,i believe t x is possible s to educate ord9>y m5 & wom5 t !y %all be able to live )\t fe>4 ,hi!rto1 only a few h]oes & sa9ts h a*iev$ su* a life2 b :at !y h done o!rs c\ld d if !y 7 %[n ! way4 ,= ! k9d ( c\rage :i* does n consi/ 9 repression1 a numb] ( factors mu/ be comb9$4 ,to beg9 ) ! humble/3 heal? & vitality are v helpful1 ?\gh n indisp5sable4 ,practice & skill 9 dang]\s situations are v desirable4 ,b :5 we come to consid]1 n c\rage 9 ?is & t respect1 b univ]sal c\rage1 some?+ m fundam5tal is want$4 ,:at is want$ is a comb9ation ( self-respect ) an imp]sonal outlook on life4 ,to beg9 ) self-respect3 "s m5 live f )91 :ile o!rs are m]e mirrors ( :at is felt & said by _! neighb\rs4 ,! latt] c nev] h true c\rage3 !y mu/ h admiration1 & are haunt$ by ! fe> ( los+ x4 ,! tea*+ ( 8humility01 :i* us$ to be ?\ght desirable1 0 ! means ( produc+ a p]v]t$ =m ( ?is same vice4 8,humility0 suppress$ self-respect1 b n ! desire = ! respect ( o!rs2 x m]ely made nom9al self-abasem5t ! means ( acquir+ cr$it4 ,?us x produc$ hypocrisy & falsification ( in/9ct4 ,*ildr5 7 taught unreason+ submission1 & proce$$ to exact x :5 !y grew up2 x 0 said t only ^? :o h le>n$ to obey "k h[ to comm&4 ,:at ,i sugge/ is t no "o %\ld le>n h[ to obey1 & no "o %\ld attempt to comm&4 ,i d n mean1 ( c\rse1 t !re %\ld n be lead]s 9 co-op]ative ent]prises2 b _! au?ority %\ld be l t ( a capta9 ( a football team1 :i* is suff]$ volunt>ily 9 ord] to a*ieve a common purpose4 ,our purposes %\ld be our own1 n ! result ( ext]nal au?ority2 & our purposes %\ld nev] be =cibly impos$ ^u o!rs4 ,?is is :at ,i mean :5 ,i say no "o %\ld comm& & no "o %\ld obey4 ,!re is "o ?+ m requir$ = ! highe/ c\rage1 & t is :at ,i call$ j n[ an imp]sonal outlook on life4 ,! man ^: hopes & fe>s are all c5tr$ ^u himself c h>dly view dea? ) equanimity1 s9ce x ext+ui%es 8 :ole emotional univ]se4 ,"h1 aga91 we are met by a tradition urg+ ! *eap & easy way ( repression3 ! sa9t mu/ le>n to r5\nce ,self1 mu/ mortify ! fle% & =ego in/9ctive joys4 ,?is c be done1 b its consequ5ces are bad4 ,hav+ r5\nc$ pleasure = himself1 ! ascetic sa9t r5\nces x = o!rs also1 :i* is easi]4 ,envy p]si/s und]gr\nd1 & leads him to ! view t suff]+ is ennobl+1 & may !re=e be legitimately inflict$4 ,h5ce arises a complete inv]sion ( values3 :at is good is ?\ght bad1 & :at is bad is ?\ght good4 ,! s\rce ( all ! h>m is t ! good life has be5 s\ght 9 ob$i5ce to a negative imp]ative1 n 9 broad5+ & develop+ natural desires & in/9cts4 ,!re are c]ta9 ?+s 9 human nature :i* take u beyond ,self )\t ef=t4 ,! commone/ ( ^! is love1 m p>ticul>ly p>5tal love1 :i* 9 "s is s g5]aliz$ z to embrace ! :ole human race4 ,ano!r is k4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ,galileo 0 p>ticul>ly b5evol5t1 yet he liv$ = an end :i* 0 n defeat$ by 8 dea?4 ,ano!r is art4 ,b 9 fact e int]e/ 9 some?+ outside a man's own body makes 8 life to t degree imp]sonal4 ,= ?is reason1 p>adoxical z x may seem1 a man ( wide & vivid int]e/s f9ds less difficulty 9 leav+ life ?an is exp]i5c$ by "s mis]able hypo*ondriac ^: int]e/s are b\nd$ by 8 own ailm5ts4 ,?us ! p]fection ( c\rage is f\nd 9 ! man ( _m int]e/s1 :o feels 8 ego to be b a small "p ( ! _w1 n ?r\gh despis+ himself1 b ?r\gh valu+ mu* t is n himself4 ,?is c h>dly happ5 except :]e in/9ct is free & intellig5ce is active4 ,f ! union ( ! two gr[s a compreh5siv5ess ( outlook unkn[n bo? to ! voluptu>y & to ! ascetic2 & to su* an outlook p]sonal dea? appe>s a trivial matt]4 ,su* c\rage is positive & in/9ctive1 n negative & repressive4 ,x is c\rage 9 ?is positive s5se t ,i reg>d z "o ( ! major +r$i5ts 9 a p]fect "*4 ,s5sitiv5ess1 ! ?ird quality 9 our li/1 is 9 a s5se a corrective ( m]e c\rage4 ,c\rage\s behavi\r is easi] = a man :o fails to appreh5d dang]s1 b su* c\rage may (t5 be fooli%4 ,we _c reg>d z satisfactory any way ( act+ :i* is dep5d5t ^u ignorance or =getfulness3 ! fulle/ possible k & realization are an ess5tial "p ( :at is desirable4 ,! cognitive aspect1 h[ev]1 comes "u ! head ( intellig5ce2 s5sitiv5ess1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i am us+ ! t]m1 belongs to ! emotions4 ,a purely !oretical def9ition w\ld be t a p]son is emotionally s5sitive :5 _m /imuli produce emotions 9 him2 b tak5 ?us broadly ! quality is n necess>ily a good "o4 ,if s5sitiv5ess is to be good1 ! emotional reaction mu/ be 9 "s s5se appropriate3 m]e int5sity is n :at is ne$$4 ,! quality ,i h 9 m9d is t ( be+ affect$ pleasurably or ! rev]se by _m ?+s1 & by ! "r ?+s4 ,:at are ! "r ?+s1 ,i %all try to expla94 ,! fir/ /ep1 :i* mo/ *ildr5 take at ! age ( ab\t five mon?s1 is to pass beyond m]e pleasures ( s5sation1 su* z food & w>m?1 to ! pleasure ( social approbation4 ,?is pleasure1 z soon z x has aris51 develops v rapidly3 e *ild loves praise & hates blame4 ,usually ! wi% to be ?\ght well ( rema9s "o ( ! dom9ant motives ?r\gh\t life4 ,x is c]ta9ly v valuable z a /imulus to pleasant behavi\r1 & z a re/ra9t ^u impulses ( gre$4 ,if we 7 wis] 9 our admirations1 x might be mu* m valuable4 ,b s long z ! mo/ admir$ h]oes are ^? :o h kill$ ! greate/ numb] ( p1 love ( admiration _c alone be adequate to ! good life4 ,! next /age 9 ! developm5t ( a desirable =m ( s5sitiv5ess is sympa?y4 ,!re is a purely physical sympa?y3 a v "y *ild w cry because a bro!r or si/] is cry+4 ,?is1 ,i suppose1 af=ds ! basis = ! fur!r developm5ts4 ,! two enl>gem5ts t are ne$$ are3 fir/1 to feel sympa?y ev5 :5 ! suff]] is n an object ( special affection2 secondly1 to feel x :5 ! suff]+ is m]ely kn[n to be occurr+1 n s5sibly pres5t4 ,! second ( ^! enl>gem5ts dep5ds ma9ly ^u intellig5ce4 ,x may only g s f> z sympa?y ) suff]+ :i* is portray$ vividly & t\*+ly1 z 9 a good novel2 x may1 on ! o!r h&1 g s f> z to enable a man to be mov$ emotionally by /ati/ics4 ,?is capacity = ab/ract sympa?y is z r>e z x is important4 ,almo/ ev]ybody is deeply affect$ :5 "s "o he loves suff]s f canc]4 ,mo/ p are mov$ :5 !y see ! suff]+s ( unkn[n pati5ts 9 hospitals4 ,yet :5 !y read t ! dea?-rate f canc] is su*-&-su*1 !y are z a rule only mov$ to mom5t>y p]sonal fe> le/ !y or "s "o de> to !m %\ld acquire ! disease4 ,! same is true ( w>3 p ?9k x dreadful :5 _! son or bro!r is mutilat$1 b !y d n ?9k x a million times z dreadful t a million p %\ld be mutilat$4 ,a man :o is full ( k9dl9ess 9 all p]sonal deal+s may d]ive 8 income f incitem5t to w> or f ! torture ( *ildr5 9 8backw>d0 c\ntries4 ,all ^! famili> ph5om5a are due to ! fact t sympa?y is n /irr$1 9 mo/ p1 by a m]ely ab/ract /imulus4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! evils 9 ! mod]n _w w\ld cease if ?is c\ld be rem$i$4 ,sci5ce has greatly increas$ our p[] ( affect+ ! lives ( di/ant p1 )\t increas+ our sympa?y = !m4 ,suppose y are a %>ehold] 9 a company :i* manufactures cotton 9 ,%anghai4 ,y may be a busy man1 :o has m]ely foll[$ f9ancial advice 9 mak+ ! inve/m5t2 nei!r ,%anghai nor cotton int]e/s y1 b only y\r divid5ds4 ,yet y become "p ( ! =ce lead+ to massacres ( innoc5t p1 & y\r divid5ds w\ld disappe> if little *ildr5 7 n =c$ into unnatural & dang]\s toil4 ,y d n m9d1 because y h nev] se5 ! *ildr51 & an ab/ract /imulus _c move y4 ,t is ! fundam5tal reason :y l>ge-scale indu/rialism is s cruel1 & :y oppression ( subject races is tol]at$4 ,an education produc+ s5sitiv5ess to ab/ract /imuli w\ld make su* ?+s impossible4 ,cognitive s5sitiv5ess1 :i* %\ld also be includ$1 is practically ! same ?+ z a habit ( obs]vation1 & ?is is m naturally consid]$ 9 connection ) intellig5ce4 /hetic s5sitiv5ess raises a numb] ( problems :i* ,i d n wi% to discuss at ?is /age4 ,i w !re=e pass on to ! la/ ( ! f\r qualities we enum]at$1 namely1 intellig5ce4 ,"o ( ! great defects ( traditional morality has be5 ! l[ e/imate x plac$ ^u intellig5ce4 ,! ,greeks did n err 9 ?is respect1 b ! ,*ur* l$ m5 to ?9k t no?+ matt]s except virtue1 & virtue consi/s 9 ab/95ce f a c]ta9 li/ ( actions arbitr>ily labell$ 8s904 ,s long z ?is attitude p]si/s1 x is impossible to make m5 realize t intellig5ce does m good ?an an artificial conv5tional 8virtue04 ,:5 ,i speak ( intellig5ce1 ,i include bo? actual k & receptivity to k4 ,! two are1 9 fact1 closely connect$4 ,ignorant adults are untea*able2 on su* matt]s z hygi5e or diet1 = example1 !y are totally incapable ( believ+ :at sci5ce has to say4 ,! m a man has le>nt1 ! easi] x is = him to le>n /ill m--always assum+ t he has n be5 taught 9 a _s ( dogmatism4 ,ignorant p h nev] be5 compell$ to *ange _! m5tal habits1 & h /iff5$ into an un*angeable attitude4 ,x is n only t !y are cr$ul\s :]e !y %\ld be sceptical2 x is j z mu* t !y are incr$ul\s :]e !y %\ld be receptive4 ,no d\bt ! ^w 8intellig5ce0 prop]ly signifies r an aptitude = acquir+ k ?an k already acquir$2 b ,i d n ?9k ?is aptitude is acquir$ except by ex]cise1 any m ?an ! aptitude ( a piani/ or an acrobat4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible to imp>t in=mation 9 ways t d n tra9 intellig5ce2 x is n only possible1 b easy1 & frequ5tly done4 ,b ,i d n believe t x is possible to tra9 intellig5ce )\t imp>t+ in=mation1 or at any rate caus+ k to be acquir$4 ,& )\t intellig5ce our complex mod]n _w _c subsi/2 /ill less c x make progress4 ,i reg>d ! cultivation ( intellig5ce1 !re=e1 z "o ( ! major purposes ( education4 ,?is might seem a commonplace1 b 9 fact x is n4 ,! desire to in/il :at are reg>d$ z correct beliefs has made educationi/s too (t5 indiff]5t to ! tra9+ ( intellig5ce4 ,to make ?is cle>1 x is necess>y to def9e intellig5ce a little m closely1 s z to discov] ! m5tal habits :i* x requires4 ,= ?is purpose ,i %all consid] only ! aptitude = acquir+ k1 n ! /ore ( actual k :i* might legitimately be includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( intellig5ce4 ,! in/9ctive f\ndation ( ! intellectual life is curiosity1 :i* is f\nd among animals 9 its elem5t>y =ms4 ,intellig5ce dem&s an al]t curiosity1 b x mu/ be ( a c]ta9 k9d4 ,! sort t leads village neighb\rs to try to pe] ?r\gh curta9s aft] d>k has no v high value4 ,! wide-spread int]e/ 9 gossip is inspir$1 n by a love ( k1 b by malice3 no "o gossips ab\t o!r p's secret virtues1 b only ab\t _! secret vices4 ,accord+ly mo/ gossip is untrue1 b c>e is tak5 n to v]ify x4 ,our neighb\rs' s9s1 l ! consolations ( religion1 are s agreeable t we d n /op to scrut9ize ! evid5ce closely4 ,curiosity prop]ly s call$1 on ! o!r h&1 is inspir$ by a g5u9e love ( k4 ,y may see ?is impulse1 9 a mod]ately pure =m1 at "w 9 a cat :i* has be5 br\ght to a /range room1 & proce$s to smell e corn] & e piece ( furniture4 ,y w see x also 9 *ildr51 :o are passionately int]e/$ :5 a draw] or cupbo>d1 usually clos$1 is op5 = _! inspection4 ,animals1 ma*9es1 ?und]/orms1 & all =ms ( manual "w1 ar\se ! curiosity ( *ildr51 ^: ?ir/ = k puts ! mo/ intellig5t adult to %ame4 ,?is impulse gr[s weak] ) advanc+ ye>s1 until at la/ :at is unfamili> inspires only disgu/1 ) no desire = a clos] acqua9tance4 ,?is is ! /age at :i* p ann\nce t ! c\ntry is go+ to ! dogs1 & t 8?+s are n :at !y 7 9 my "y days04 ,! ?+ :i* is n ! same z x 0 9 t f>-(f "t is ! speak]'s curiosity4 ,& ) ! dea? ( curiosity we may reckon t active intellig5ce1 also1 has di$4 ,b al?\gh curiosity less5s 9 int5sity & 9 ext5t aft] *ildhood1 x may = a long "t improve 9 quality4 ,curiosity ab\t g5]al propositions %[s a high] level ( intellig5ce ?an curiosity ab\t p>ticul> facts2 broadly speak+1 ! high] ! ord] ( g5]ality ! great] is ! intellig5ce involv$4 7,?is rule1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be tak5 too /rictly47 ,curiosity dissociat$ f p]sonal advantage %[s a high] developm5t ?an curiosity connect$ 7say7 ) a *ance ( food4 ,! cat t sniffs 9 a new room is n a :olly dis9t]e/$ sci5tific inquir]1 b probably also wants to f9d out :e!r !re are mice ab\t4 ,p]haps x is n q correct to say t curiosity is be/ :5 x is dis9t]e/$1 b r t x is be/ :5 ! connection ) o!r int]e/s is n direct & obvi\s1 b discov]able only by means ( a c]ta9 degree ( intellig5ce4 ,?is po9t1 h[ev]1 x is n necess>y = u to decide4 ,if curiosity is to be fruitful1 x mu/ be associat$ ) a c]ta9 te*nique = ! acquisition ( k4 ,!re mu/ be habits ( obs]vation1 belief 9 ! possibility ( k1 pati5ce & indu/ry4 ,^! ?+s w develop ( !mselves1 giv5 ! orig9al fund ( curiosity & ! prop] intellectual education4 ,b s9ce our intellectual life is only a "p ( our activity1 & s9ce curiosity is p]petually com+ into conflict ) o!r passions1 !re is ne$ ( c]ta9 intellectual virtues1 su* z op5-m9d$ness4 ,we become imp]vi\s to new tru? bo? f habit & f desire3 we f9d x h>d to disbelieve :at we h emphatically believ$ = a numb] ( ye>s1 & also :at m9i/]s to self-e/eem or any o!r fundam5tal passion4 ,op5-m9d$ness %\ld !re=e be "o ( ! qualities t education aims at produc+4 ,at pres5t1 ?is is only done to a v limit$ ext5t1 z is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ p>agraph f 8,! ,daily ,h]ald01 ,july #ca1 #aibe3 ,a special committee1 appo9t$ to inquire into ! allegations ( ! subv]sion ( *ildr5's m9ds 9 ,bootle s*ools by _! s*ool tea*]s1 has plac$ its f9d+s be=e ! ,bootle ,bor\gh ,c\ncil4 ,! ,committee 0 ( op9ion t ! allegations 7 sub/antiat$1 b ! ,c\ncil delet$ ! ^w 8sub/antiat$01 & /at$ t 8! allegations gave cause = reasonable inquiry04 ,a recomm5dation made by ! ,committee1 & adopt$ by ! ,c\ncil1 0 t 9 future appo9tm5ts ( tea*]s1 !y %all und]take to tra9 ! s*ol>s 9 habits ( rev]5ce t[>ds ,god & religion1 & ( respect = ! civil & religi\s in/itutions ( ! c\ntry4 ,?us :atev] may happ5 else:]e1 !re is to be no op5-m9d$ness 9 ,bootle4 ,x is hop$ t ! ,bor\gh ,c\ncil w %ortly s5d a deputation to ,dayton1 ,t5nessee1 to obta9 fur!r light ^u ! be/ me?ods ( c>ry+ out _! programme4 ,b p]haps t is unnecess>y4 ,f ! word+ ( ! resolution1 x w\ld seem z if ,bootle ne$$ no in/ruction 9 obscurantism4 ,c\rage is ess5tial to intellectual probity1 z well z to physical h]oism4 ,! real _w is m unkn[n ?an we l to ?9k2 f ! fir/ day ( life we practise prec>i\s inductions1 & conf\nd our m5tal habits ) laws ( ext]nal nature4 ,all sorts ( intellectual sy/ems--,*ri/ianity1 ,socialism1 ,patriotism1 etc4--are ready1 l orphan asylums1 to give safety 9 return = s]vitude4 ,a free m5tal life _c be z w>m & com=table & sociable z a life envelop$ 9 a cre$3 only a cre$ c give ! feel+ ( a cosy fireside :ile ! w9t] /orms are rag+ )\t4 ,?is br+s u to a some:at difficult "q3 to :at ext5t %\ld ! good life be emancipat$ f ! h]d8 ,i hesitate to use ! phrase 8h]d in/9ct01 because !re are controv]sies z to its correctness4 ,b1 h[ev] int]pret$1 ! ph5om5a :i* x describes are famili>4 ,we l to /& well ) ^? :om we feel to be ! gr\p ) :i* we wi% to co-op]ate--our family1 our neighb\rs1 our colleagues1 our political p>ty1 or our nation4 ,?is is natural1 because we _c obta9 any ( ! pleasures ( life )\t co-op]ation4 ,moreov]1 emotions are infecti\s1 especially :5 !y are felt by _m p at once4 ,v few p c be pres5t at an excit$ meet+ )\t gett+ excit$3 if !y are oppon5ts1 _! opposition becomes excit$4 ,& to mo/ p su* opposition is only possible if !y c d]ive support f ! ?\ght ( a diff]5t cr[d 9 :i* !y w w9 approbation4 ,t is :y ! ,communion ( ,sa9ts has af=d$ su* com=t to ! p]secut$4 ,are we to acquiesce 9 ?is desire = co-op]ation ) a cr[d1 or %all our education try to weak5 x8 ,!re are argum5ts on bo? sides1 & ! "r answ] mu/ consi/ 9 f9d+ a j proportion1 n 9 a :ole-he>t$ decision = ei!r p>ty4 ,i ?9k myself t ! desire to please & to co-op]ate %\ld be /rong & normal1 b %\ld be capable ( be+ ov]come by o!r desires on c]ta9 important occasions4 ,! desirability ( a wi% to please has already be5 consid]$ 9 connection ) s5sitiv5ess4 ,)\t x1 we %\ld all be boors1 & all social gr\ps1 f ! family upw>ds1 w\ld be impossible4 ,education ( "y *ildr5 w\ld be v difficult if !y did n desire ! good op9ion ( _! p>5ts4 ,! contagi\s "* ( emotions also has its uses1 :5 ! contagion is f a wis] p]son to a m fooli% "o4 ,b 9 ! case ( panic fe> & panic rage x is ( c\rse ! v rev]se ( useful4 ,?us ! "q ( emotional receptivity is by no means simple4 ,ev5 9 purely intellectual matt]s1 ! issue is n cle>4 ,! great discov]]s h _h to )/& ! h]d1 & incur ho/ility by _! indep5d5ce4 ,b ! av]age man's op9ions are mu* less fooli% ?an !y w\ld be if he ?\ght = himself3 9 sci5ce1 at lea/1 8 respect = au?ority is on ! :ole b5eficial4 ,i ?9k t 9 ! life ( a man ^: circum/ances & tal5ts are n v exceptional !re %\ld be a l>ge sph]e :]e :at is vaguely t]m$ 8h]d in/9ct0 dom9ates1 & a small sph]e into :i* x does n p5etrate4 ,! small sph]e %\ld conta9 ! region ( 8 special compet5ce4 ,we ?9k ill ( a man :o _c admire a woman unless ev]ybody else also admires h]3 we ?9k t1 9 ! *oice ( a wife1 a man %\ld be guid$ by 8 own indep5d5t feel+s1 n by a reflection ( ! feel+s ( 8 society4 ,x is no matt] if 8 judgm5ts ( p 9 g5]al agree ) ^? ( 8 neighb\rs1 b :5 he falls 9 love he ought to be guid$ by 8 own indep5d5t feel+s4 ,mu* ! same ?+ applies 9 o!r directions4 ,a f>m] %\ld foll[ 8 own judgm5t z to ! capacities ( ! fields :i* he cultivates himself1 ?\gh 8 judgm5t %\ld be =m$ aft] acquir+ a k ( sci5tific agriculture4 ,an economi/ %\ld =m an indep5d5t judgm5t on curr5cy que/ions1 b an ord9>y mortal _h bett] foll[ au?ority4 ,:]ev] !re is special compet5ce1 !re %\ld be indep5d5ce4 ,b a man %\ld n make himself into a k9d ( h$gehog1 all bri/les to keep ! _w at a di/ance4 ,! bulk ( our ord9>y activities mu/ be co-op]ative1 & co-op]ation mu/ h an in/9ctive basis4 ,nev]!less1 we %\ld all le>n to be able to ?9k = ourselves ab\t matt]s t are p>ticul>ly well kn[n to u1 & we ought all to h acquir$ ! c\rage to proclaim unpopul> op9ions :5 we believe !m to be important4 ,! application ( ^! broad pr9ciples 9 special cases may1 ( c\rse1 be difficult4 ,b x w be less difficult ?an x is at pres5t 9 a _w :]e m5 commonly h ! virtues we h be5 consid]+ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! p]secut$ sa9t1 = in/ance1 w\ld n exi/ 9 su* a _w4 ,! good man w\ld h no occasion to bri/le & become self-consci\s2 8 goodness w\ld result f foll[+ 8 impulses1 & w\ld be comb9$ ) in/9ctive happ9ess4 ,8 neighb\rs w\ld n hate him1 because !y w\ld n fe> him3 ! hatr$ ( pione]s is due to ! t]ror !y inspire1 & ?is t]ror w\ld n exi/ among m5 :o _h acquir$ c\rage4 ,only a man dom9at$ by fe> w\ld jo9 ! ,ku ,klux ,klan or ! ,fasci/i4 ,9 a _w ( brave m51 su* p]secut+ organizations c\ld n exi/1 & ! good life w\ld involve f> less resi/ance to in/9ct ?an x does at pres5t4 ,! good _w c only be creat$ & su/a9$ by fe>less m51 b ! m !y succe$ 9 _! task ! few] occasions !re w be = ! ex]cise ( _! c\rage4 ,a community ( m5 & wom5 possess+ vitality1 c\rage1 s5sitiv5ess1 & intellig5ce1 9 ! highe/ degree t education c produce1 w\ld be v diff]5t f any?+ t has hi!rto exi/$4 ,v few p w\ld be unhappy4 ,! ma9 causes ( unhapp9ess at pres5t are3 ill-heal?1 pov]ty1 & an unsatisfactory sex-life4 ,all ( ^! w\ld become v r>e4 ,good heal? c\ld be almo/ univ]sal1 & ev5 old age c\ld be po/pon$4 ,pov]ty1 s9ce ! indu/rial revolution1 is only due to collective /upidity4 ,s5sitiv5ess w\ld make p wi% to aboli% x1 intellig5ce w\ld %[ !m ! way1 & c\rage w\ld lead !m to adopt x4 7,a timid p]son w\ld r rema9 mis]able ?an d any?+ unusual47 ,mo/ p's sex-life1 at pres5t1 is m or less unsatisfactory4 ,?is is p>tly due to bad education1 p>tly to p]secution by ! au?orities & ,mrs4 ,grundy4 ,a g5]ation ( wom5 br\ght up )\t irrational sex fe>s w\ld soon make an end ( ?is4 ,fe> has be5 ?\ght ! only way to make wom5 8virtu\s01 & !y h be5 delib]ately taught to be c[>ds1 bo? physically & m5tally4 ,wom5 9 :om love is cramp$ enc\rage brutality & hypocrisy 9 _! husb&s1 & di/ort ! in/9cts ( _! *ildr54 ,"o g5]ation ( fe>less wom5 c\ld trans=m ! _w1 by br++ into x a g5]ation ( fe>less *ildr51 n contort$ into unnatural %apes1 b /raight & c&id1 g5]\s1 affectionate1 & free4 ,_! ard\r w\ld sweep away ! cruelty & pa9 :i* we endure because we are lazy1 c[>dly1 h>d-he>t$ & /upid4 ,x is education t gives u ^! bad qualities1 & education t mu/ give u ! opposite virtues4 ,education is ! key to ! new _w4 ,b x is "t to h done ) g5]alities & come to ! concrete detail 9 :i* our ideals are to be embodi$4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,education ,,( ,,"* ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ye> ,! fir/ ye> ( life 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z ly+ outside ! sph]e ( education4 ,at lea/ until ! infant c\ld speak1 if n long]1 x 0 left to ! entirely un*eck$ c>e ( mo!rs & nurses1 :o 7 suppos$ to "k by in/9ct :at 0 good = ! *ild4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !y did n "k4 ,an enorm\s proportion ( *ildr5 di$ dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 & ( ! rema9d] _m 7 already ru9$ 9 heal?4 ,by bad h&l+1 ! f\ndations _h be5 laid = disa/r\s habits ( m9d4 ,all ?is has only rec5tly be5 realiz$4 ,! invasion ( ! nurs]y by sci5ce is (t5 res5t$1 because x di/urbs ! s5tim5tal picture ( "m & *ild4 ,b s5tim5tality & love _c coexi/2 ! p>5t :o loves 8 or h] *ild w wi% x to live1 ev5 if x %\ld be necess>y to employ intellig5ce = ! purpose4 ,accord+ly we f9d ?is s5tim5tality /ronge/ 9 *ildless p & 9 p :o1 l ,r\sseau1 are will+ to leave _! *ildr5 to ! ,f\ndl+ ,hospital4 ,mo/ educat$ p>5ts are eag] to "k :at sci5ce has to say1 & un$ucat$ p>5ts1 also1 le>n f mat]nity c5tres4 ,! result is %[n 9 ! rem>kable dim9ution ( infant mortality4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t1 ) adequate c>e & skill1 v few *ildr5 w\ld die 9 infancy4 ,n only w\ld few die1 b ! survivors w\ld be heal?i] 9 m9d & body4 ,que/ions ( physical heal?1 /rictly speak+1 lie outside ! scope ( ?is book1 & mu/ be left to m$ical practition]s4 ,i %all t\* on !m only :]e !y h psy*ological importance4 ,b physical & m5tal are sc>cely di/+ui%able 9 ! fir/ ye> ( life4 ,moreov] ! educator 9 lat] ye>s may f9d himself h&icapp$ by purely physiological mi/akes 9 h&l+ ! infant4 ,we _c !re=e altoge!r avoid trespass+ ^u gr\nd :i* does n ( "r belong to u4 ,! new-born infant has reflexes & in/9cts1 b no habits4 ,:atev] habits x may h acquir$ 9 ! womb are useless 9 its new situation3 ev5 brea?+ sometimes has to be taught1 & "s *ildr5 die because !y d n le>n ! lesson quickly en\gh4 ,!re is "o well-develop$ in/9ct1 ! in/9ct ( suck+2 :5 ! *ild is engag$ 9 ?is occupation1 x feels at home ) its new environm5t4 ,b ! re/ ( its wak+ life is pass$ 9 a vague bewild]m5t1 f :i* relief is f\nd by sleep+ mo/ ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,at ! end ( a =tnight1 all ?is is *ang$4 ,! *ild has acquir$ expectations f regul>ly recurr+ exp]i5ces4 ,x is already a cons]vative--probably a m complete cons]vative ?an at any lat] "t4 ,any novelty is met ) res5tm5t4 ,if x c\ld speak1 x w\ld say3 8,d y suppose ,i am go+ to *ange ! habits ( a lifetime at my "t ( life80 ,! rapidity ) :i* infants acquire habits is amaz+4 ,e bad habit acquir$ is a b>ri] to bett] habits lat]2 t is :y ! fir/ =mation ( habits 9 e>ly infancy is s important4 ,if ! fir/ habits are good1 endless tr\ble is sav$ lat]4 ,moreov] habits acquir$ v e>ly feel1 9 lat] life1 j l in/9cts2 !y h ! same pr(\nd grip4 ,new contr>y habits acquir$ aft]w>ds _c h ! same =ce2 = ?is reason1 also1 ! fir/ habits %\ld be a matt] ( grave conc]n4 ,two consid]ations come 9 :5 we are consid]+ habit-=mation 9 infancy4 ,! fir/ & p>am\nt consid]ation is heal?2 ! second is "*4 ,we want ! *ild to become ! sort ( p]son t w be lik$ & w be able to cope ) life successfully4 ,=tunately1 heal? & "* po9t 9 ! same direction3 :at is good = "o is good also = ! o!r4 ,x is "* t specially conc]ns u 9 ?is book2 b heal? requires ! same practices4 ,?us we are n fac$ ) ! difficult alt]native ( a heal?y sc\ndrel or a diseas$ sa9t4 ,e educat$ "m n[adays kn[s su* simple facts z ! importance ( fe$+ ! infant at regul> int]vals1 n :5ev] x cries4 ,?is practice has aris5 because x is bett] = ! *ild's dige/ion1 :i* is an entirely suffici5t reason4 ,b x is also desirable f ! po9t ( view ( moral education4 ,infants are f> m cunn+ ?an gr[n-up p are apt to suppose2 if !y f9d t cry+ produces agreeable results1 !y w cry4 ,:51 9 lat] life1 a habit ( compla9+ causes !m to be dislik$ in/ead ( pett$1 !y feel surpris$ & res5tful1 & ! _w seems to !m cold & unsympa!tic4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y gr[ up into *>m+ wom51 !y w /ill be pett$ :5 !y are qu]ul\s1 & ! bad tra9+ begun 9 *ildhood w be int5sifi$4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ri* m54 ,unless ! "r me?ods are adopt$ 9 infancy1 p 9 lat] life w be ei!r discont5t$ or grasp+1 accord+ to ! degree ( _! p[]4 ,! "r mom5t to beg9 ! requisite moral tra9+ is ! mom5t ( bir?1 because !n x c be begun )\t disappo9t+ expectations4 ,at any lat] "t x w h to fight aga9/ contr>y habits1 & w !re=e be met by res5tful indignation4 ,9 deal+ ) ! infant1 !re=e1 !re is ne$ ( a delicate balance betwe5 neglect & indulg5ce4 ,ev]y?+ necess>y = heal? mu/ be done4 ,! *ild mu/ be pick$ up :5 x suff]s f w9d1 x mu/ be kept dry & w>m4 ,b if x cries :5 !re is no adequate physical cause1 x mu/ be left to cry2 if n1 x w quickly develop into a tyrant4 ,:5 x is att5d$ to1 !re %\ld n be too mu* fuss3 :at is necess>y mu/ be done1 b )\t excessive expressions ( sympa?y4 ,at no p]iod ( its life mu/ x be reg>d$ z an agreeable pet1 some:at m int]e/+ ?an a lap-dog4 ,x mu/ f ! v fir/ be view$ s]i\sly1 z a pot5tial adult4 ,habits :i* w\ld be intol]able 9 an adult may be q pleasant 9 a *ild4 ,( c\rse ! *ild _c actually h ! habits ( an adult1 b we %\ld avoid ev]y?+ t places an ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! acquisition ( ^! habits4 ,above all1 we %\ld n give ! *ild a s5se ( self-importance :i* lat] exp]i5ce w mortify1 & :i*1 9 any case1 is n 9 accordance ) ! facts4 ,! difficulty 9 ! education ( "y infants is l>gely ! delicate balance requir$ 9 ! p>5t4 ,con/ant wat*fulness & mu* lab\r are ne$$ to avoid injury to heal?2 ^! qualities w h>dly exi/ 9 ! necess>y degree except :]e !re is /rong p>5tal affection4 ,b :]e ?is exi/s1 x is v likely n to be wise4 ,to ! devot$ p>5t1 ! *ild is imm5sely important4 ,unless c>e is tak51 ! *ild feels ?is1 & judges himself z important z 8 p>5ts feel him4 ,9 lat] life1 8 social environm5t w n reg>d him s fondly1 & habits :i* assume t he is ! c5tre ( o!r p's univ]se w lead to disappo9tm5t4 ,x is !re=e necess>y1 n only 9 ! fir/ ye>1 b aft]w>ds also1 t ! p>5ts %\ld be breezy & *e]ful & r matt]-(-fact :]e ! *ild's possible ailm5ts are conc]n$4 ,9 old days1 infants 7 at once re/rict$ & coddl$3 _! limbs 7 n free1 !y 7 too w>mly dress$1 !y 7 hamp]$ 9 _! spontane\s activities1 b !y 7 pett$1 sung to1 rock$ & d&l$4 ,?is 0 ideally wrong1 s9ce x turn$ !m into helpless pamp]$ p>asites4#d ,! "r rule is3 enc\rage spontane\s activities1 b disc\rage dem&s ^u o!rs4 ,d n let ! *ild see h[ mu* y d = x1 or h[ mu* tr\ble y take4 ,let x1 :]ev] possible1 ta/e ! joy ( a success a*iev$ by its own ef=ts1 n extract$ by tyranniz+ ov] ! gr[n-ups4 ,our aim1 9 mod]n education1 is to r$uce ext]nal discipl9e to a m9imum2 b ?is requires an int]nal self-discipl9e :i* is mu* m easily acquir$ 9 ! fir/ ye> ( life ?an at any o!r "t4 ,= example3 :5 y want a *ild to sleep1 d n :eel x up & d[n1 or take x 9 y\r arms1 or ev5 /ay :]e x c see y4 ,if y d ?is once1 ! *ild w dem& t y %\ld d x next "t2 9 an incr$ibly %ort space ( "t x becomes a t]rific bus9ess to get ! *ild to sleep4 ,make x w>m & dry & com=table1 put x d[n firmly1 & aft] a few quiet rem>ks leave x to itself4 ,x may cry = a few m9utes1 b unless x is ill x w soon /op4 ,if y !n g to look1 y w f9d t x is fa/ asleep4 ,& x w sleep f> m ) ?is treatm5t ?an ) pett+ & indulg5ce4 ,! new-born infant1 z we obs]v$ be=e1 has no habits1 b only reflexes & in/9cts4 ,x foll[s t 8 _w is n compos$ ( 8objects04 ,recurr5t exp]i5ces are necess>y = recognition1 & recognition is necess>y be=e ! conception ( an 8object0 c arise4 ,! feel ( ! cot1 ! feel & smell ( ! "m's brea/ 7or ! bottle71 & ! "m's or nurse's voice w soon come to be famili>4 ,! visual appe>ance ( ! "m or ! cot comes some:at lat]1 because ! new-born *ild does n "k h[ to focus s z to see %apes di/9ctly4 ,x is only gradually1 ?r\gh ! =mation ( habits by association1 t t\* & sight & smell & he>+ come toge!r & coalesce 9 ! common-s5se notion ( an object1 ( :i* "o manife/ation leads to ! expectation ( ano!r4 ,ev5 !n1 = a "t1 !re is h>dly any feel+ ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 p]sons & ?+s2 a baby :i* is p>tly brea/-f$ & p>tly bottle-f$ w1 = a "t1 h simil> feel+s t[>ds "m & bottle4 ,dur+ all ?is "t1 education mu/ be by purely physical means4 ,its pleasures are physical--*iefly food & w>m?--& its pa9s also are physical4 ,habits ( behavi\r arise ?r\gh seek+ :at is associat$ ) pleasure & avoid+ :at is associat$ ) pa94 ,a *ild's cry+ is p>tly a reflex connect$ ) pa91 p>tly an act p]=m$ 9 ! pursuit ( pleasure4 ,at fir/1 ( c\rse1 x is only ! =m]4 ,b s9ce any real pa9 t ! *ild may be suff]+ mu/1 if possible1 be remov$1 x is inevitable t cry+ %\ld come to be associat$ ) pleasant consequ5ces4 ,! *ild !re=e soon beg9s to cry because x desires a pleasure1 n because x feels a physical pa92 ?is is "o ( its fir/ triumphs ( intellig5ce4 ,b try z x may1 x _c give q ! same cry z :5 x is 9 actual pa94 ,! att5tive e> ( ! "m kn[s ! diff]5ce1 & if %e is wise %e w ignore ! cry t is n an expression ( physical pa94 ,x is easy & agreeable to amuse an infant by d&l+ x or s++ to x4 ,b x le>ns ) amaz+ rapidity to dem& m & m ( su* amusem5ts1 :i* soon int]f]e ) necess>y sleep--& sleep ought to occupy almo/ all ! day except meal-times4 ,"s ( ^! precepts may seem h>%1 b exp]i5ce %[s t !y make = ! *ild's heal? & happ9ess4 ,b :ile ! amusem5ts :i* gr[n-up p provide %\ld be kept )9 c]ta9 limits1 ^? :i* ! infant c enjoy = itself %\ld be enc\rag$ to ! utmo/4 ,f ! fir/1 x %\ld h opportunities to kick & practise its muscles4 ,h[ our ance/ors c h s long p]si/$ 9 ! practice ( swaddl+-clo!s is almo/ inconceivable1 x %[s t ev5 p>5tal affection has difficulty 9 ov]com+ laz9ess1 s9ce ! infant ^: limbs are free ne$s m att5tion4 ,z soon z ! *ild c focus1 x f9ds pleasure 9 wat*+ mov+ objects1 especially ?+s t wave 9 ! w9d4 ,b ! numb] ( possible amusem5ts is small until ! *ild has le>n$ to grasp objects t x sees4 ,!n1 imm$iately1 !re is an enorm\s accession ( pleasure4 ,= "s "t1 ! ex]cise ( grasp+ is en\gh to secure ! happ9ess ( _m wak+ h\rs4 ,pleasure 9 a rattle also comes at ?is /age4 ,slightly e>li] is ! conque/ ( ! toes & f+]s4 ,at fir/1 ! movem5t ( ! toes is purely reflex2 !n ! baby discov]s t !y c be mov$ at w4 ,?is gives all ! pleasure ( an imp]iali/ conqu]+ a =eign c\ntry3 ! toes cease to be ali5 bodies & become incorporat$ 9 ! ego4 ,f ?is "t onw>d1 ! *ild %\ld be able to f9d _m amusem5ts1 provid$ suitable objects are )9 8 rea*4 ,& a *ild's amusem5ts1 = ! mo/ "p1 w be j :at its education requires--provid$1 ( c\rse t x is n all[$ to tumble1 or to swall[ p9s1 or o!rwise injure itself4 ,! fir/ ?ree mon?s ( life are1 on ! :ole1 a some:at dre>y "t = ! infant1 except dur+ ! mom5ts :5 x is enjoy+ its meals4 ,:5 x is com=table1 x sleeps2 :5 x is awake1 !re is usually "s discom=t4 ,! happ9ess ( a human be+ dep5ds ^u m5tal capacities1 b ^! c f9d little outlet 9 an infant "u ?ree mon?s1 = lack ( exp]i5ce & muscul> control4 ,"y animals enjoy life mu* soon]1 because !y dep5d m ^u in/9ct & less ^u exp]i5ce2 b ! ?+s an infant c d by in/9ct are too few to provide m ?an a m9imum ( pleasure & int]e/4 ,on ! :ole1 ! fir/ ?ree mon?s involve a good deal ( bor$om4 ,b ! bor$om is necess>y if !re is to be en\gh sleep2 if mu* is done to amuse ! *ild1 x w n sleep en\gh4 ,at ab\t ! age ( two to ?ree mon?s1 ! *ild le>ns to smile1 & to h feel+s ab\t p]sons :i* are diff]5t f its feel+s ab\t ?+s4 ,at ?is age1 a social relation betwe5 "m & *ild beg9s to be possible3 ! *ild c & does %[ pleasure at ! sight ( ! "m1 & develops responses :i* are n m]ely animal4 ,v soon a desire = praise & approval gr[s up2 9 my own boy1 x 0 fir/ %[n unmi/akably at ! age ( five mon?s1 :5 he succe$$1 aft] _m attempts1 9 lift+ a some:at heavy bell (f ! table1 & r++ x :ile he look$ r\nd at ev]ybody ) a pr\d smile4 ,f ?is mom5t1 ! educator has a new weapon3 praise & blame4 ,?is weapon is extraord9>ily p[]ful ?r\gh\t *ildhood1 b x mu/ be us$ ) great caution4 ,!re %\ld n be any blame at all dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 & aft]w>ds x %\ld be us$ v sp>+ly4 ,praise is less h>mful4 ,b x %\ld n be giv5 s easily z to lose its value1 nor %\ld x be us$ to ov]/imulate a *ild4 ,no tol]able p>5t c\ld refra9 f prais+ a *ild :5 x fir/ walks & :5 x fir/ says an intelligible ^w4 ,& g5]ally1 :5 a *ild has ma/]$ a difficulty aft] p]si/5t ef=ts1 praise is a prop] rew>d4 ,moreov] x is well to let ! *ild feel t y sympa?ize ) 8 desire to le>n4 ,b on ! :ole an infant's desire to le>n is s /rong t p>5ts ne$ only provide opportunity4 ,give ! *ild a *ance to develop1 & 8 own ef=ts w d ! re/4 ,x is n necess>y to tea* a *ild to crawl1 or to walk1 or to le>n any ( ! o!r elem5ts ( muscul> control4 ,( c\rse we tea* a *ild to talk by talk+ to x1 b ,i d\bt :e!r any purpose is s]v$ by delib]ate attempts to tea* words4 ,*ildr5 le>n at _! own pace1 & x is a mi/ake to try to =ce !m4 ,! great inc5tive to ef=t1 all ?r\gh life1 is exp]i5ce ( success aft] initial difficulties4 ,! difficulties mu/ n be s great z to cause disc\ragem5t1 or s small z n to /imulate ef=t4 ,f bir? to dea?1 ?is is a fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,x is by :at we d ourselves t we le>n4 ,:at gr[n-up p c d is to p]=m "s simple action t ! *ild w\ld l to p]=m1 su* z rattl+ a rattle1 & !n let ! *ild f9d out h[ to d x4 ,:at o!rs d is m]ely a /imulus to ambition2 x is nev] 9 itself an education4 ,regul>ity & r\t9e are ( ! utmo/ importance 9 e>ly *ildhood1 & mo/ ( all 9 ! fir/ ye> ( life4 ,9 reg>d to sleep1 food1 & evacuation1 regul> habits %\ld be =m$ f ! />t4 ,moreov] famili>ity ( surr\nd+s is v important m5tally4 ,x tea*es recognition1 x avoids ov]/ra91 & x produces a feel+ ( safety4 ,i h sometimes ?\ght t belief 9 ! uni=mity ( nature1 :i* is said to be a po/ulate ( sci5ce1 is entirely d]iv$ f ! wi% = safety4 ,we c cope ) ! expect$1 b if ! laws ( nature 7 sudd5ly *ang$ we %\ld p]i%4 ,! infant1 because ( its weakness1 has ne$ ( reassurance1 & x w be happi] if ev]y?+ t happ5s seems to happ5 accord+ to inv>iable laws1 s z to be pr$ictable4 ,9 lat] *ildhood1 ! love ( adv5ture develops1 b 9 ! fir/ ye> ( life ev]y?+ unusual t5ds to be al>m+4 ,d n let ! *ild feel fe> if y c possibly help x4 ,if x is ill1 & y are anxi\s1 hide y\r anxiety v c>efully1 le/ x %\ld pass to ! *ild by sugge/ion4 ,avoid ev]y?+ t might produce excitem5t4 ,& d n m9i/] to ! *ild's self-importance by lett+ x see t y m9d if x does n sleep or eat or evacuate z x %\ld4 ,?is applies n only to ! fir/ ye> ( life1 b /ill m to ! subsequ5t ye>s4 ,nev] let ! *ild ?9k t a necess>y normal action1 su* z eat+ :i* ought to be a pleasure1 is some?+ t y desire1 & t y want x to d s to please y4 ,if y d1 ! *ild soon p]ceives t x has acquir$ a new s\rce ( p[]1 & expects to be coax$ into actions :i* x ought to p]=m spontane\sly4 ,d n imag9e t ! *ild has n ! intellig5ce = su* behavi\r4 ,its p[]s are small & its k is limit$1 b x has j z mu* intellig5ce z a gr[n-up p]son :]e ^! limitations d n op]ate4 ,x le>ns m 9 ! fir/ twelve mon?s ?an x w ev] le>n aga9 9 ! same space ( "t1 & ?is w\ld be impossible if x _h n a v active intellig5ce4 ,to sum up3 ,treat ev5 ! y\nge/ baby ) respect1 z a p]son :o w h to take 8 place 9 ! _w4 ,d n sacrifice 8 future to y\r pres5t conv5i5ce1 or to y\r pleasure 9 mak+ mu* ( him3 ! "o is z h>mful z ! o!r4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 a comb9ation ( love & k is necess>y if ! "r way is to be foll[$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,fe> ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]s1 ,i propose to deal ) v>i\s aspects ( moral education1 especially 9 ! ye>s f ! second to ! six?4 ,by ! "t ! *ild is six ye>s old1 moral education ought to be ne>ly complete2 t is to say1 ! fur!r virtues :i* w be requir$ 9 lat] ye>s ought to be develop$ by ! boy or girl spontane\sly1 z a result ( good habits already exi/+ & ambitions already /imulat$4 ,x is only :]e e>ly moral tra9+ has be5 neglect$ or badly giv5 t mu* w be ne$$ at lat] ages4 ,i suppose t ! *ild has rea*$ ! age ( twelve mon?s heal?y & happy1 ) ! f\ndations ( a discipl9$ "* already well laid by ! me?ods consid]$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,!re w1 ( c\rse1 be "s *ildr5 ^: heal? is bad1 ev5 if p>5ts take all ! precautions kn[n to sci5ce at pres5t4 ,b we may hope t _! numb] w be enorm\sly dim9i%$ z "t goes on4 ,!y ought1 ev5 n[1 to be s few z to be /ati/ically unimportant1 if exi/+ k 7 adequately appli$4 ,i d n propose to consid] :at ought to be done ) *ildr5 ^: e>ly tra9+ has be5 bad4 ,?is is a problem = ! s*oolma/]1 n = ! p>5t2 & x is especially to ! p>5t t ?is book is address$4 ,! second ye> ( life %\ld be "o ( great happ9ess4 ,walk+ & talk+ are new accompli%m5ts1 br++ a s5se ( fre$om & p[]4 ,e day ! *ild improves 9 bo?4#e ,indep5d5t play becomes possible1 & ! *ild has a m vivid s5se ( 8see+ ! _w0 ?an a man c d]ive f ! mo/ ext5sive globe-trott+4 ,birds & fl[]s1 riv]s & ! sea1 motor-c>s & tra9s & /eam]s all br+ delight & passionate int]e/4 ,curiosity is b\ndless3 8want to see0 is "o ( ! commone/ phrases at ?is age4 ,runn+ freely 9 a g>d5 or a field or on ! sea%ore produces an ec/asy ( emancipation aft] ! conf9em5t ( crib & baby-c>riage4 ,dige/ion is usually /rong] ?an 9 ! fir/ ye>1 food is m v>i$1 & ma/ication is a new joy4 ,= all ^! reasons1 if ! *ild is well c>$ = & heal?y1 life is a delici\s adv5ture4 ,b ) ! great] indep5d5ce ( walk+ & runn+ !re is apt to come also a new timidity4 ,! new-born infant c easily be fright5$2 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 & ,mrs4 ,watson f\nd t ! ?+s :i* al>m x mo/ are l\d noises & ! s5sation ( be+ dropp$4#f ,x is1 h[ev]1 s completely protect$ t x has little occasion = ! rational ex]cise ( fe>2 ev5 9 real dang]s x is helpless1 s t fe> w\ld n be ( any use to x4 ,dur+ ! second & ?ird ye>1 new fe>s develop4 ,x is a moot po9t h[ f> ?is is due to sugge/ion1 & h[ f> x is in/9ctive4 ,! fact t ! fe>s d n exi/ dur+ ! fir/ ye> is n conclusive aga9/ _! in/9ctive "*1 s9ce an in/9ct may rip5 at any age4 ,n ev5 ! mo/ extreme ,freudian w\ld ma9ta9 t ! sex in/9ct is mature at bir?4 ,obvi\sly *ildr5 :o c run ab\t by !mselves h m ne$ ( fe> ?an infants t _c walk2 x w\ld !re=e n be surpris+ if ! in/9ct ( fe> arose ) ! ne$4 ,! "q is ( consid]able educational importance4 ,if all fe>s arise f sugge/ion1 !y c be prev5t$ by ! simple exp$i5t ( n %[+ fe> or av]sion be=e a *ild4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 "s ( !m are in/9ctive1 m elaborate me?ods w be requir$4 ,dr4 ,*alm]s ,mit*ell1 9 8 book 8,! ,*ildhood ( ,animals01 gives a l>ge numb] ( obs]vations & exp]im5ts to %[ t !re is usually no inh]it$ in/9ct ( fe> 9 "y animals4#g ,except monkeys & a few birds1 !y view ! age-long enemies ( _! species1 su* z snakes1 )\t ! slighte/ al>m1 unless _! p>5ts h taught !m to feel fe> ( ^! animals4 ,*ildr5 well "u a ye> old seem nev] to be afraid ( animals4 ,dr4 ,watson taught "o su* *ild to be afraid ( rats by repeat$ly s\nd+ a gong beh9d its head at ! mom5t :5 he %[$ x a rat4 ,! noise 0 t]rify+1 & ! rat came to be s by association4 ,b in/9ctive fe> ( animals seems q unkn[n 9 ! e>ly mon?s4 ,fe> ( ! d>k1 also1 seems nev] to occur 9 *ildr5 :o h n be5 expos$ to ! sugge/ion t ! d>k is t]rify+4 ,!re are c]ta9ly v /rong gr\nds = ! view t mo/ ( ! fe>s :i* we us$ to reg>d z in/9ctive are acquir$1 & w\ld n arise if gr[n-up p did n create !m4 ,9 ord] to get fre% light on ?is subject1 ,i h obs]v$ my own *ildr5 c>efully2 b z ,i c\ld n always "k :at nurses & maids might h said to !m1 ! int]pretation ( ! facts 0 (t5 d\btful4 ,s f> z ,i c\ld judge1 !y bore out ,dr4 ,watson's views z to fe> 9 ! fir/ ye> ( life4 ,9 ! second ye>1 !y %[$ no fe> ( animals1 except t "o ( !m1 = a "t1 0 afraid ( horses4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 app>5tly due to ! fact t a horse _h sudd5ly gallop$ pa/ h] ) a v l\d noise4 ,%e is /ill 9 h] second ye>1 & !re=e = lat] obs]vation ,i am dep5d5t on ! boy4 ,ne> ! end ( 8 second ye>1 he _h a new nurse :o 0 g5]ally timid & especially afraid ( ! d>k4 ,he quickly acquir$ h] t]rors 7( :i* we 7 ignorant at fir/72 he fl$ f dogs & cats1 c[]$ 9 abject fe> be=e a d>k cupbo>d1 want$ lights 9 e "p ( ! room aft] d>k1 & 0 ev5 afraid ( 8 little si/] ! fir/ "t he saw h]1 ?9k+1 app>5tly1 t %e 0 a /range animal ( "s unkn[n species4#h ,all ^! fe>s might h be5 acquir$ f ! timid nurse2 9 fact !y gradually fad$ away aft] %e 0 gone4 ,!re 7 o!r fe>s1 h[ev]1 :i* c\ld n be acc\nt$ = 9 ! same way1 s9ce !y began be=e ! nurse came1 & 7 direct$ to objects :i* no gr[n-up p]son w\ld f9d al>m+4 ,*ief ( ^! 0 a fe> ( ev]y?+ t mov$ 9 a surpris+ way1 notably %ad[s & me*anical toys4 ,aft] mak+ ?is obs]vation1 ,i le>n$ t fe>s ( ?is sort are normal 9 *ildhood1 & t !re are /rong reasons = reg>d+ !m z in/9ctive4 ,! matt] is discuss$ by ,william ,/]n 9 8 8,psy*ology ( ,e>ly ,*ildhood01 p4 #did ff1 "u ! head+ 8,fe> ( ! ,my/]i\s04 ,:at he says is z foll[s3 ,! special significance ( ?is =m ( fe>1 p>ticul>ly 9 e>ly *ildhood1 has escap$ ! notice ( ! old] s*ool ( *ild psy*ologi/s2 x has lately be5 e/abli%$ by ,groos & by u4 8,fe> ( ! unaccu/om$ seems to be m a "p ( primitive nature ?an fe> ( a kn[n dang]0 7,groos1 p4 #bhd74 ,if ! *ild meets ) any?+ t does n fit 9 ) ! famili> c\rse ( 8 p]ception1 ?ree ?+s are possible4 ,ei!r ! impression is s ali5 t x is simply reject$ z a =eign body1 & consci\sness takes no notice ( x4 ,or ! int]ruption ( ! usual c\rse ( p]ception is pron\nc$ en\gh to attract att5tion b n s viol5t z to effect di/urbance2 x is r surprise1 desire = k1 ! beg9n+ ( all ?\ght1 judgm5t1 enquiry4 ,or1 la/ly1 ! new sudd5ly breaks 9 ^u ! old ) viol5t int5sity1 ?r[s famili> ideas into unexpect$ confusion )\t a possibility ( an imm$iate practical adju/m5t2 !n foll[s a %ock ) a /rong affective-tone ( displeasure1 ! fe> ( ! my/]i\s 7uncanny74 ,groos n[ has po9t$ out ) ke5 insight t ?is fe> ( ! uncanny is also di/9ctly f\nd$ on in/9ctive fe>2 x corresponds to a biological necessity :i* works f "o g5]ation to ! next4 ,/]n gives _m in/ances1 among o!rs fe> ( a sudd5ly op5$ umbrella & 8! frequ5t fe> ( me*anical toys04 ,! =m]1 by ! way1 is v /rong 9 horses & c[s3 a l>ge h]d c be driv5 into headlong flight by x1 z ,i h v]ifi$4 ,my own boy's t]rors1 "u ?is head1 7 j su* z ,/]n describes4 ,! %ad[s t fright5$ him 7 vague quickly-mov+ %ad[s ?r[n into a room by unse5 objects 7su* z omnibuses7 pass+ 9 ! /reet4 ,i cur$ him by mak+ %ad[s on ! wall & ! floor ) my f+]s1 & gett+ him to imitate me2 be=e long1 he felt t he und]/ood %ad[s & began to enjoy !m4 ,! same pr9ciple appli$ to me*anical toys3 :5 he _h se5 ! me*anism he 0 no long] fright5$4 ,b :5 ! me*anism 0 invisible ! process 0 sl[4 ,"s "o gave him a cu%ion :i* emitt$ a long melan*oly :9e aft] be+ sat ^u or press$4 ,?is al>m$ him = a long "t4 ,9 no case did we entirely remove ! t]rify+ object3 we put x at a di/ance1 :]e x 0 only slightly al>m+2 we produc$ gradual famili>ity2 & we p]si/$ till ! fe> completely ceas$4 ,g5]ally ! same my/]i\s quality :i* caus$ fe> at fir/ produc$ delight :5 ! fe> _h be5 ov]come4 ,i ?9k an irrational fe> %\ld nev] be simply let alone1 b %\ld be gradually ov]come by famili>ity ) its fa9t] =ms4 ,we adopt$ an exactly opposite process--p]haps wrongly--9 ! case ( two rational fe>s :i* 7 :olly abs5t4 ,i live half ! ye> on a rocky coa/ :]e !re are _m precipices4 ,! boy _h no s5se :atev] ( ! dang] ( heights1 & w\ld h run /raight ov] a cliff into ! sea if we _h let him4 ,"o day :5 we 7 sitt+ on a /eep slope t end$ 9 a %e] drop ( a hundr$ feet1 we expla9$ to him quietly1 z a m]ely sci5tific fact1 t if he w5t ov] ! edge he w\ld fall & break l a plate4 7,he _h lately se5 a plate brok5 into _m pieces by be+ dropp$ on ! floor47 ,he sat /ill = "s "t1 say+ to himself 8fall01 8break01 & !n ask$ to be tak5 fur!r f ! edge4 ,?is 0 at ! age ( ab\t two & a half4 ,s9ce !n he has _h j en\gh fe> ( heights to make him safe :ile we keep an eye on him4 ,b he w\ld /ill be v ra% if left to himself4 ,he n[ 7?ree & n9e mon?s7 jumps f heights ( six feet )\t hesitation1 & w\ld jump tw5ty feet if we w\ld let him4 ,?us ! in/ruction 9 appreh5sion c]ta9ly did n produce excessive results4 ,i attribute ?is to ! fact t x 0 in/ruction1 n sugge/ion2 nei!r ( u 0 feel+ fe> :5 ! in/ruction 0 giv54 ,i reg>d ?is z v important 9 education4 ,rational appreh5sion ( dang]s is necess>y2 fe> is n4 ,a *ild _c appreh5d dang]s )\t "s elem5t ( fe>1 b ?is elem5t is v mu* dim9i%$ :5 x is n pres5t 9 ! in/ructor4 ,a gr[n-up p]son 9 *>ge ( a *ild %\ld nev] feel fe>4 ,t is "o reason :y c\rage %\ld be cultivat$ 9 wom5 j z mu* z 9 m54 ,! second illu/ration 0 less delib]ate4 ,"o day :5 ,i 0 walk+ ) ! boy 7at ! age ( ?ree ye>s & f\r mon?s7 we f\nd an add] on ! pa?4 ,he _h se5 pictures ( snakes1 b _h nev] be=e se5 a real snake4 ,he did n "k t snakes bite4 ,he 0 delight$ ) ! add]1 & :5 x glid$ away he ran aft] x4 ,z ,i knew he c\ld n cat* x1 ,i did n *eck him1 & did n tell him t snakes are dang]\s4 ,8 nurse1 h[ev]1 f t "t on1 prev5t$ him f runn+ 9 long grass1 on ! gr\nd t !re might be snakes4 ,a slight fe> grew up 9 him z a result1 b n m ?an we felt to be desirable4 ,! mo/ difficult fe> to ov]come1 s f>1 has be5 fe> ( ! sea4 ,our fir/ attempt to take ! boy into ! sea 0 at ! age ( two & a half4 ,at fir/1 x 0 q impossible4 ,he dislik$ ! cold ( ! wat]1 he 0 fright5$ by ! noise ( ! waves1 & !y seem$ to him to be always com+1 nev] go+4 ,if ! waves 7 big1 he w\ld n ev5 g ne> to ! sea4 ,?is 0 a p]iod ( g5]al timidity2 animals1 odd noises1 & v>i\s o!r ?+s1 caus$ al>m4 ,we dealt ) fe> ( ! sea piecemeal4 ,we put ! boy into %all[ pools away f ! sea1 until ! m]e cold _h ceas$ to be a %ock2 at ! end ( ! f\r w>m mon?s1 he enjoy$ paddl+ 9 %all[ wat] at a di/ance f waves1 b /ill cri$ if we put him into deep pools :]e ! wat] came up to 8 wai/4 ,we accu/om$ him to ! noise ( ! waves by lett+ him play = an h\r at a "t j out ( sight ( !m2 !n we took him to :]e he c\ld see !m1 & made him notice t aft] com+ 9 !y g out aga94 ,all ?is1 comb9$ ) ! example ( 8 p>5ts & o!r *ildr51 only br\ght him to ! po9t :]e he c\ld be ne> ! waves )\t fe>4 ,i am conv9c$ t ! fe> 0 in/9ctive2 ,i am fairly c]ta9 !re _h be5 no sugge/ion to cause x4 ,! foll[+ summ]1 at ! age ( ?ree & a half1 we took ! matt] up aga94 ,!re 0 /ill a t]ror ( go+ actually into ! waves4 ,aft] "s unsuccessful coax+1 comb9$ ) ! spectacle ( ev]ybody else ba?+1 we adopt$ old-fa%ion$ me?ods4 ,:5 he %[$ c[>dice1 we made him feel t we 7 a%am$ ( him2 :5 he %[$ c\rage1 we prais$ him w>mly4 ,e day = ab\t a =tnight1 we plung$ him up to ! neck 9 ! sea1 9 spite ( 8 /ruggles & cries4#i ,e day !y grew less2 be=e !y ceas$1 he began to ask to be put 94 ,at ! end ( a =tnight1 ! desir$ result _h be5 a*iev$3 he no long] fe>$ ! sea4 ,f t mom5t1 we left him completely free1 & he ba!d ( 8 own accord :5ev] ! wea!r 0 suitable--obvi\sly ) ! greate/ enjoym5t4 ,fe> _h n ceas$ altoge!r1 b _h be5 p>tly repress$ by pride4 ,famili>ity1 h[ev]1 made ! fe> gr[ rapidly less1 & x has n[ ceas$ altoge!r4 ,8 si/]1 n[ tw5ty mon?s old1 has nev] %[n any fe> ( ! sea1 & runs /raight 9 )\t ! slighte/ hesitation4 ,i h relat$ ?is matt] 9 "s detail1 because1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 x goes aga9/ mod]n !ories = :i* ,i h mu* respect4 ,! use ( =ce 9 education %\ld be v r>e4 ,b = ! conque/ ( fe> x is1 ,i ?9k1 sometimes salut>y4 ,:]e a fe> is irrational & /rong1 ! *ild1 left to himself1 w nev] h ! exp]i5ces :i* %[ t !re is no gr\nd = appreh5sion4 ,:5 a situation has be5 exp]i5c$ repeat$ly )\t h>m1 famili>ity kills fe>4 ,x w\ld v likely be useless to give ! dread$ exp]i5ce once2 x mu/ be giv5 (t5 en\gh to become 9 no degree surpris+4 ,if ! necess>y exp]i5ce c be secur$ )\t =ce1 s mu* ! bett]2 b if n1 =ce may be bett] ?an ! p]si/5ce ( an unconqu]$ fe>4 ,!re is a fur!r po9t4 ,9 ! case ( my own boy1 & presumably 9 o!r cases too1 ! exp]i5ce ( ov]com+ fe> is extraord9>ily delightful4 ,x is easy to r\se ! boy's pride3 :5 he has won praise = c\rage1 he is radiantly happy = ! re/ ( ! day4 ,at a lat] /age1 a timid boy suff]s agonies ?r\gh ! contempt ( o!r boys1 & x is mu* m difficult !n = him to acquire new habits4 ,i ?9k !re=e t ! e>ly acquisition ( self-control 9 ! matt] ( fe>1 & ! e>ly tea*+ ( physical ent]prise1 are ( suffici5t importance to w>rant some:at dra/ic me?ods4 ,p>5ts le>n by _! mi/akes2 x is only :5 ! *ildr5 are gr[n up t "o discov]s h[ !y ought to h be5 educat$4 ,i %all !re=e relate an incid5t :i* %[s ! sn>es ( ov]9dulg5ce4 ,at ! age ( two & a half1 my boy 0 put to sleep 9 a room by himself4 ,he 0 inord9ately pr\d ( ! promotion f ! night-nurs]y1 & at fir/ he always slept quietly ?r\gh ! night4 ,b "o night !re 0 a t]rific gale1 & a hurdle 0 bl[n ov] ) a deaf5+ cra%4 ,he woke 9 t]ror1 & cri$ out4 ,i w5t to him at once3 he _h app>5tly wak$ ) a nightm>e1 & clung to me ) 8 he>t beat+ wildly4 ,v soon 8 t]ror ceas$4 ,b he _h compla9$ t x 0 d>k--usually1 at t "t ( ye>1 he slept all ?r\gh ! d>k h\rs4 ,aft] ,i left him1 ! t]ror seem$ to return 9 a mitigat$ =m1 s ,i gave him a night-light4 ,aft] t1 he made an almo/ nightly practice ( cry+ out1 until at la/ x became cle> t he 0 only do+ x = ! pleasure ( hav+ gr[n-up p come & make a fuss4 ,s we talk$ to him v c>efully ab\t ! abs5ce ( dang] 9 ! d>k1 & told him t if he woke he 0 to turn ov] & g to sleep aga91 z we %\ld n come to him unless !re 0 some?+ s]i\s ! matt]4 ,he li/5$ att5tively1 & nev] cri$ out aga9 except = grave cause on r>e occasions4 ,( c\rse ! night-light 0 discont9u$4 ,if we _h be5 m indulg5t1 we %\ld probably h made him sleep badly = a long "t1 p]haps = life4 ,s mu* f p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/ n[ pass on to a m g5]al consid]ation ( me?ods = elim9at+ fe>4 ,aft] ! fir/ ye>s1 ! prop] in/ructors 9 physical c\rage are o!r *ildr54 ,if a *ild has old] bro!rs & si/]s1 !y w /imulate x bo? by example & by precept1 & :atev] !y c d x w attempt4 ,at s*ool1 physical c[>dice is despis$1 & !re is no ne$ = gr[n-up tea*]s to emphasize ! matt]4 ,at lea/1 t is ! case among boys4 ,x ought to be equally ! case among girls1 :o %\ld h precisely ! same /&>ds ( c\rage4 ,9 physical ways1 =tunately1 s*ool-girls are no long] taught to be 8lady-l01 & _! natural impulses t[>ds physical pr[ess are all[$ a fair am\nt ( scope4 ,!re is /ill1 h[ev]1 "s diff]5ce betwe5 boys & girls 9 ?is respect4 ,i am conv9c$ !re ought to be none4#aj ,:5 ,i speak ( c\rage z desirable1 ,i am tak+ a purely behaviori/ def9ition3 a man is c\rage\s :5 he does ?+s :i* o!rs might fail to d ow+ to fe>4 ,if he feels no fe>1 s mu* ! bett]2 ,i d n reg>d control ( fe> by ! w z ! only true c\rage1 or ev5 z ! be/ =m ( c\rage4 ,! secret ( mod]n moral education is to produce results by means ( good habits :i* 7 =m]ly produc$ 7or attempt$7 by self-control & w-p[]4 ,c\rage due to ! w produces n]v\s disord]s1 ( :i* 8%ell-%ock0 af=d$ num]\s in/ances4 ,! fe>s :i* _h be5 repress$ =c$ _! way to ! surface 9 ways n recognizable to introspection4 ,i d n mean to sugge/ t self-control c be disp5s$ ) entirely2 on ! contr>y1 no man c live a consi/5t life )\t x4 ,:at ,i d mean is1 t self-control ought only to be ne$$ 9 un=ese5 situations1 = :i* education has n provid$ 9 advance4 ,x w\ld h be5 fooli%1 ev5 if x _h be5 possible1 to tra9 ! :ole population to h1 )\t ef=t1 ! sort ( c\rage t 0 ne$$ 9 ! w>4 ,?is 0 an exceptional & tempor>y ne$1 ( s extraord9>y a k9d t all o!r education w\ld h _h to be /unt$ if ! habits requir$ 9 ! tr5*es _h be5 in/ill$ 9 y\?4 ,! late ,dr4 ,riv]s1 9 8 book on 8,in/9ct & ! ,unconsci\s01 gives ! be/ psy*ological analysis ( fe> ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,he po9ts out t "o way ( meet+ a dang]\s situation is manipulative activity1 & t ^? :o are able to employ ?is me?od adequately d n1 at lea/ consci\sly1 feel ! emotion ( fe>4 ,x is a valuable exp]i5ce1 :i* /imulates bo? self-respect & ef=t1 to pass gradually f fe> to skill4 ,ev5 s simple a matt] z le>n+ to ride a bicycle w give ?is exp]i5ce 9 a mild =m4 ,9 ! mod]n _w1 ow+ to increase ( me*anism1 ?is sort ( skill is becom+ m & m important4 ,i sugge/ t tra9+ 9 physical c\rage %\ld be z f> z possible giv5 by tea*+ skill 9 manipulat+ or controll+ matt]1 n by means ( bodily conte/s ) o!r human be+s4 ,! k9d ( c\rage requir$ = m\nta9e]+1 = manipulat+ an a]oplane1 or = manag+ a small %ip 9 a gale1 seems to me f> m admirable ?an ! sort requir$ 9 fight+4 ,z f> z possible1 !re=e1 ,i %\ld tra9 s*ool-*ildr5 9 =ms ( m or less dang]\s dext]ity1 r ?an 9 su* ?+s z football4 ,:]e !re is an enemy to be ov]come1 let x be matt] r ?an o!r human be+s4 ,i d n mean t ?is pr9ciple %\ld be appli$ p$antically1 b t x %\ld be all[$ m weight 9 a?letics ?an is ! case at pres5t4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 m passive aspects ( physical c\rage4 ,!re is endurance ( hurts )\t mak+ a fuss2 ?is c be taught to *ildr5 by n giv+ too mu* sympa?y :5 !y h small mi%aps4 ,a great deal ( hy/]ia 9 lat] life consi/s ma9ly ( an excessive desire = sympa?y3 p inv5t ailm5ts 9 ! hope ( be+ pett$ & treat$ s(tly4 ,?is disposition c usually be prev5t$ f develop+ by n enc\rag+ *ildr5 to cry ov] e scrat* & bruise4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! education ( ! nurs]y is /ill mu* worse = girls ?an = boys4 ,x is j z bad to be s(t ) girls z ) boys2 if wom5 are to be ! equals ( m51 !y mu/ n be inf]ior 9 ! /]n] virtues4 ,i come n[ to ! =ms ( c\rage t are n purely physical4 ,^! are ! m important =ms1 b x is difficult to develop !m adequately except on a f\ndation ( ! m elem5t>y k9ds4 ,! fe> ( ! my/]i\s has be5 already t\*$ ^u1 9 connection ) *ildi% t]rors4 ,i believe ?is fe> to be in/9ctive1 & ( imm5se hi/orical importance4 ,mo/ sup]/ition is due to x4 ,eclipses1 e>?quakes1 plagues1 & su* occurr5ces ar\se x 9 a high degree among unsci5tific populations4 ,x is a v dang]\s =m ( fe>1 bo? individually & socially2 to eradicate x 9 y\? is !re=e highly desirable4 ,! prop] antidote to x is sci5tific explanation4 ,x is n necess>y t ev]y?+ :i* is my/]i\s at fir/ sight %\ld be expla9$3 aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( explanations h be5 giv51 ! *ild w assume t !re are explanations 9 o!r cases1 & x w become possible to say t ! explanation _c be giv5 yet4 ,! important ?+ is to produce1 z soon z possible1 ! feel+ t ! s5se ( my/]y is only due to ignorance1 :i* c be dispell$ by pati5ce & m5tal ef=t4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! v ?+s :i* t]rify *ildr5 at fir/ by _! my/]i\s prop]ties delight !m z soon z fe> is ov]come4 ,?us my/]y becomes an inc5tive to /udy1 z soon z x ceases to promote sup]/ition4 ,my little boy1 at ! age ( ?ree & a half1 sp5t _m h\rs 9 absorb$ solit>y /udy ( a g>d5 syr+e1 until he _h grasp$ h[ ! wat] came 9 & ! air came out1 & h[ ! conv]se process occurr$4 ,eclipses c be expla9$ s z to be intelligible ev5 to v t9y *ildr54 ,:atev] ei!r t]rifies or int]e/s ! *ild %\ld be expla9$ if x is at all possible2 ?is trans=ms fe> into sci5tific int]e/ by a process :i* is entirely along ! l9es ( in/9ct & repeats ! hi/ory ( ! race4 ,"s problems1 9 ?is connection1 are difficult1 & require mu* tact4 ,! mo/ difficult is dea?4 ,! *ild soon discov]s t plants & animals die4 ,! *ances are t somebody he kn[s w die be=e he is six ye>s old4 ,if he has at all an active m9d1 x occurs to him t 8 p>5ts w die1 & ev5 t he w die himself4 7,?is is m difficult to imag9e47 ,^! ?\ghts w produce a crop ( que/ions1 :i* mu/ be answ]$ c>efully4 ,a p]son ^: beliefs are or?odox w h less difficulty ?an a p]son :o ?9ks t !re is no life aft] dea?4 ,if y hold ! latt] view1 d n say any?+ contr>y to x2 no consid]ation on e>? ju/ifies a p>5t 9 tell+ lies to 8 *ild4 ,x is be/ to expla9 t dea? is a sleep f :i* p d n wake4 ,?is %\ld be said )\t solemnity1 z if x 7 ! mo/ ord9>y ?+ imag9able4 ,if ! *ild worries ab\t dy+ himself1 tell him x is n likely to happ5 = _m1 _m ye>s4 ,x w\ld be useless1 9 e>ly ye>s1 to attempt to in/il a ,/oic contempt = dea?4 ,d n introduce ! topic1 b d n avoid x :5 ! *ild introduces x4 ,d all y c to make ! *ild feel t !re is no my/]y ab\t x4 ,if he is a normal heal?y *ild1 ^! me?ods w suffice to keep him f brood+4 ,at all ages1 be will+ to talk fully & frankly1 to tell all t y believe1 & to convey ! impression t ! subject is r un9t]e/+4 ,x is n good ei!r = old or "y to sp5d mu* "t 9 ?9k+ ab\t dea?4 ,ap>t f special fe>s1 *ildr5 are liable to a diffus$ anxiety4 ,?is is g5]ally due to too mu* repression by _! eld]s1 & is !re=e mu* less common ?an x us$ to be4 ,p]petual nagg+1 prohibition ( noise1 con/ant in/ruction 9 mann]s1 us$ to make *ildhood a p]iod ( mis]y4 ,i c rememb]1 at ! age ( five1 be+ told t *ildhood 0 ! happie/ p]iod ( life 7a blank lie1 9 ^? days74 ,i wept inconsolably1 wi%$ ,i 7 dead1 & wond]$ h[ ,i %\ld endure ! bor$om ( ! ye>s to come4 ,x is almo/ inconceivable1 n[adays1 t any "o %\ld say su* a ?+ to a *ild4 ,! *ild's life is in/9ctively prospective3 x is always direct$ t[>ds ! ?+s t w become possible lat] on4 ,?is is "p ( ! /imulus to ! *ild's ef=ts4 ,to make ! *ild retrospective1 to repres5t ! future z worse ?an ! pa/1 is to sap ! life ( ! *ild at its s\rce4 ,yet t is :at he>tless s5tim5tali/s us$ to d by talk+ to ! *ild ab\t ! joys ( *ildhood4 ,=tunately ! impression ( _! words did n la/ long4 ,at mo/ times1 ,i believ$ ! gr[n-ups mu/ be p]fectly happy1 because !y _h no lessons & !y c\ld eat :at !y lik$4 ,?is belief 0 heal?y & /imulat+4 ,%yness is a di/ress+ =m ( timidity1 :i* is common 9 ,engl& & ,*9a1 & p>ts ( ,am]ica1 b r>e else:]e4 ,x arises p>tly f hav+ little to d ) /rang]s1 p>tly f insi/5ce ^u company mann]s4 ,z f> z is conv5i5t1 *ildr5 %\ld1 aft] ! fir/ ye>1 become accu/om$ to see+ /rang]s & be+ h&l$ by !m4 ,z reg>ds mann]s1 !y %\ld1 at fir/1 be taught ! b>e m9imum requir$ = n be+ an intol]able nuisance4 ,x is bett] to let !m see /rang]s = a few m9utes )\t re/ra9t & !n be tak5 away1 ?an to expect !m to /ay 9 ! room & be quiet4 ,b aft] ! fir/ two ye>s x is a good plan to tea* !m to amuse !mselves quietly "p ( ! day1 ) pictures or clay or ,montessori app>atus or some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,!re %\ld always be a reason = quiet t !y c und]/&4 ,mann]s %\ld n be taught 9 ! ab/ract1 except :5 x c be done z an amus+ game4 ,b z soon z ! *ild c und]/& he %\ld realize t p>5ts also h _! rights2 he mu/ accord fre$om to o!rs1 & h fre$om = himself to ! utmo/ possible ext5t4 ,*ildr5 easily appreciate ju/ice1 & w readily accord to o!rs :at o!rs accord to !m4 ,?is is ! core ( good mann]s4 ,above all1 if y wi% to dispel fe> 9 y\r *ildr51 be fe>less y\rself4 ,if y are afraid ( ?und]/orms1 ! *ild w cat* y\r fe> ! fir/ "t he he>s ?und] 9 y\r pres5ce4 ,if y express a dread ( social revolution1 ! *ild w feel a fright all ! great] = n kn[+ :at y are talk+ ab\t4 ,if y are appreh5sive ab\t illness1 s w y\r *ild be4 ,life is full ( p]ils1 b ! wise man ignores ^? t are inevitable1 & acts prud5tly b )\t emotion z reg>ds ^? t c be avoid$4 ,y _c avoid dy+1 b y c avoid dy+ inte/ate2 !re=e make y\r w1 & =get t y are mortal4 ,rational provision aga9/ mis=tune is a totally diff]5t ?+ f fe>2 x is a "p ( wisdom1 :]eas all fe> is slavi%4 ,if y _c avoid feel+ fe>s1 try to prev5t y\r *ild f suspect+ !m4 ,above all1 give him t wide outlook & t multiplicity ( vivid int]e/s t w prev5t him1 9 lat] life1 f brood+ ^u possibilities ( p]sonal mis=tune4 ,only s c y make him a free citiz5 ( ! univ]se4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,play ,,& ,,fancy ,love ( play is ! mo/ obvi\s di/+ui%+ m>k ( "y animals1 :e!r human or o!rwise4 ,9 human *ildr51 ?is is accompani$ by an inexhau/ible pleasure 9 pret5ce4 ,play & pret5ce are a vital ne$ ( *ildhood1 = :i* opportunity mu/ be provid$ if ! *ild is to be happy & heal?y1 q indep5d5tly ( any fur!r utility 9 ^! activities4 ,!re are two que/ions :i* conc]n education 9 ?is connection3 fir/1 :at %\ld p>5ts & s*ools d 9 ! way ( provid+ opportunity8 & secondly1 %\ld !y d any?+ m1 ) a view to increas+ ! educational usefulness ( games8 ,let u beg9 ) a few words ab\t ! psy*ology ( games4 ,?is has be5 exhau/ively treat$ by ,groos2 a %ort] discussion w be f\nd 9 ,william ,/]n's book m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,!re are two sep>ate que/ions 9 ?is matt]3 ! fir/ is z to ! impulses :i* produce play1 ! second is z to its biological utility4 ,! second is ! easi] "q4 ,!re seems no reason to d\bt ! mo/ widely accept$ !ory1 t 9 play ! "y ( any species rehe>se & practise ! activities :i* !y w h to p]=m 9 e>ne/ lat] on4 ,! play ( puppies is exactly l a dog-fight1 except t !y d n actually bite ea* o!r4 ,! play ( kitt5s resembles ! behavi\r ( cats ) mice4 ,*ildr5 love to imitate any "w !y h be5 wat*+1 su* z build+ or digg+2 ! m important ! "w seems to !m1 ! m !y l to play at x4 ,& !y enjoy any?+ t gives !m new muscul> facilities1 su* z jump+1 climb+1 or walk+ up a n>r[ plank--always provid$ ! task is n too difficult4 ,b al?\gh ?is acc\nts1 9 a g5]al way1 = ! usefulness ( ! play-impulse1 x does n by any means cov] all its manife/ations1 & mu/ n = a mom5t be reg>d$ z giv+ a psy*ological analysis4 ,"s psy*o-analy/s h tri$ to see a sexual symbolism 9 *ildr5's play4 ,?is1 ,i am conv9c$1 is utt] moon%9e4 ,! ma9 in/9ctive urge ( *ildhood is n sex1 b ! desire to become adult1 or1 p]haps m correctly1 ! w to p[]4#aa ,! *ild is impress$ by 8 own weakness 9 comp>ison ) old] p1 & he wi%es to become _! equal4 ,i rememb] my boy's pr(\nd delight :5 he realiz$ t he w\ld "o day be a man & t ,i _h once be5 a *ild2 "o c\ld see ef=t be+ /imulat$ by ! realization t success 0 possible4 ,f a v e>ly age1 ! *ild wi%es to d :at old] p d1 z is %[n by ! practice ( imitation4 ,old] bro!rs & si/]s are useful1 because _! purposes c be und]/ood & _! capacities are n s f> out ( rea* z ^? ( gr[n-up p4 ,! feel+ ( inf]iority is v /rong 9 *ildr52 :5 !y are normal & rightly educat$1 x is a /imulus to ef=t1 b if !y are repress$ x may become a s\rce ( unhapp9ess4 ,9 play1 we h two =ms ( ! w to p[]3 ! =m :i* consi/s 9 le>n+ to d ?+s1 & ! =m :i* consi/s 9 fantasy4 ,j z ! balk$ adult may indulge 9 daydreams t h a sexual significance1 s ! normal *ild indulges 9 pret5ces t h a p[]-significance4 ,he likes to be a giant1 or a lion1 or a tra92 9 8 make-believe1 he inspires t]ror4 ,:5 ,i told my boy ! /ory ( ,jack ! ,giant ,kill]1 ,i tri$ to make him id5tify himself ) ,jack1 b he firmly *ose ! giant4 ,:5 8 "m told him ! /ory ( ,bluebe>d1 he insi/$ on be+ ,bluebe>d1 & reg>d$ ! wife z ju/ly puni%$ = insubord9ation4 ,9 8 play1 !re 0 a sangu9>y outbreak ( cutt+ (f ladies' heads4 ,sadism1 ,freudians w\ld say2 b he enjoy$ j z mu* be+ a giant :o ate little boys1 or an eng9e t c\ld pull a heavy load4 ,p[]1 n sex1 0 ! common elem5t 9 ^! pret5ces4 ,"o day1 :5 we 7 return+ f a walk1 ,i told him1 z an obvi\s joke1 t p]haps we %\ld f9d a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,tiddliew9ks 9 possession ( our h\se1 & he might refuse to let u 94 ,aft] t1 = a long "t1 he w\ld /& on ! por* be+ ,mr4 ,tiddliew9ks1 & tell+ me to g to ano!r h\se4 ,8 delight 9 ?is game 0 unb\nd$1 & obvi\sly ! pret5ce ( p[] 0 :at he enjoy$4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be an undue simplification to suppose t ! w to p[] is ! sole s\rce ( *ildr5's play4 ,!y enjoy ! pret5ce ( t]ror--p]haps because ! k t x is a pret5ce increases _! s5se ( safety4 ,sometimes ,i pret5d to be a crocodile com+ to eat my boy up4 ,he squeals s reali/ically t ,i /op1 ?9k+ he is really fright5$2 b ! mom5t ,i /op he says1 8,daddy be a crocodile aga904 ,a good deal ( ! pleasure ( pret5ce is %e] joy 9 drama--! same ?+ t makes adults l novels & ! !atre4 ,i ?9k curiosity has a "p 9 all ?is3 by play+ be>s1 ! *ild feels z if he 7 gett+ to "k ab\t be>s4 ,i ?9k e /rong impulse 9 ! *ild's life is reflect$ 9 play3 p[] is only dom9ant 9 8 play 9 proportion z x is dom9ant 9 8 desires4 ,z reg>ds ! educational value ( play1 ev]ybody w\ld agree 9 prais+ ! sort t consi/s 9 acquir+ new aptitudes1 b _m mod]ns look ) suspicion ^u ! sort t consi/s 9 pret5ce4 ,daydreams1 9 adult life1 are recogniz$ z m or less pa?ological1 & z a sub/itute = ef=ts 9 ! sph]e ( reality4 ,"s ( ! discr$it :i* has fall5 ^u daydreams has spill$ ov] on to *ildr5's pret5ces1 q mi/ak5ly1 z ,i ?9k4 ,montessori tea*]s d n l *ildr5 to turn _! app>atus into tra9s or /eam]s or :at n3 ?is is call$ 8disord]$ imag9ation04 ,!y are q "r1 because :at ! *ildr5 are do+ is n really play1 ev5 if to !mselves x may seem to be no?+ m4 ,! app>atus amuses ! *ild1 b its purpose is in/ruction2 ! amusem5t is m]ely a means to in/ruction4 ,9 real play1 amusem5t is ! gov]n+ purpose4 ,:5 ! objection to 8disord]$ imag9ation0 is c>ri$ ov] into g5u9e play1 x seems to me to g too f>4 ,! same ?+ applies to ! objection to tell+ *ildr5 ab\t fairies & giants & wit*es & magic c>pets & s on4 ,i _c sympa?ize ) ! ascetics ( tru?1 any m ?an ) ascetics ( o!r k9ds4 ,x is commonly said t *ildr5 d n di/+ui% betwe5 pret5ce & reality1 b ,i see v little reason to believe ?is4 ,we d n believe t ,hamlet ev] exi/$1 b we %\ld be annoy$ by a man :o kept rem9d+ u ( ?is :ile we 7 enjoy+ ! play4 ,s *ildr5 are annoy$ by a tactless rem9d] ( reality1 b are n 9 ! lea/ tak5 9 by _! own make-believe4 ,tru? is important1 & imag9ation is important2 b imag9ation develops e>li] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! individual1 z 9 t ( ! race4 ,s long z ! *ild's physical ne$s are att5d$ to1 he f9ds games f> m int]e/+ ?an reality4 ,9 games he is a k+3 inde$ he rules 8 t]ritory ) a p[] surpass+ t ( any m]e e>?ly mon>*4 ,9 reality he has to g to b$ at a c]ta9 "t1 & to obey a ho/ ( tiresome precepts4 ,he is exasp]at$ :5 unimag9ative adults int]f]e ?\ghtlessly ) 8 mise-en-scne4 ,:5 he has built a wall t n ev5 ! bigge/ giants c scale1 & y c>elessly /ep ov] x1 he is z angry z ,romulus 0 ) ,remus4 ,see+ t 8 inf]iority to o!r p is normal1 n pa?ological1 its comp5sation 9 fantasy is also normal & n pa?ological4 ,8 games d n take up "t :i* might be m pr(itably sp5t 9 o!r ways3 if all 8 h\rs 7 giv5 ov] to s]i\s pursuits1 he w\ld soon become a n]v\s wreck4 ,an adult :o indulges 9 dreams may be told to ex]t himself 9 ord] to realize !m2 b a *ild _c yet realize dreams :i* x is "r t he %\ld h4 ,he does n reg>d 8 fancies z a p]man5t sub/itute = reality2 on ! contr>y1 he ard5tly hopes to translate !m into fact :5 ! "t comes4 ,x is a dang]\s error to conf\nd tru? ) matt]-(-fact4 ,our life is gov]n$ n only by facts1 b by hopes2 ! k9d ( tru?fulness :i* sees no?+ b facts is a prison = ! human _s4 ,dreams are only to be condemn$ :5 !y are a lazy sub/itute = an ef=t to *ange reality2 :5 !y are an inc5tive1 !y are fulfill+ a vital purpose 9 ! inc>nation ( human ideals4 ,to kill fancy 9 *ildhood is to make a slave to :at exi/s1 a creature te!r$ to e>? & !re=e unable to create heav54 ,?is is all v well1 y may say1 b :at has x to d ) giants eat+ *ildr51 or ,bluebe>d cutt+ (f 8 wives' heads8 ,are ^! ?+s to exi/ 9 y\r heav58 ,mu/ n imag9ation be purifi$ & ennobl$ be=e x c s]ve any good purpose8 ,h[ c y1 a pacifi/1 all[ y\r innoc5t boy to revel 9 ! ?\ght ( de/roy+ human life8 ,h[ c y ju/ify a pleasure d]iv$ f in/9cts ( savag]y :i* ! human race mu/ outgr[8 ,all ?is ,i imag9e ! read] has be5 feel+4 ,! matt] is important1 & ,i w try to /ate :y ,i hold to a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,education consi/s 9 ! cultivation ( in/9cts1 n 9 _! suppression4 ,human in/9cts are v vague1 & c be satisfi$ 9 a great v>iety ( ways4 ,mo/ ( !m require1 = _! gratification1 "s k9d ( skill4 ,cricket & baseball satisfy ! same in/9ct1 b a boy w play :i*ev] he has le>nt4 ,?us ! secret ( in/ruction1 9 s f> z x be>s ^u "*1 is to give a man su* k9ds ( skill z %all lead to 8 employ+ 8 in/9cts usefully4 ,! in/9ct ( p[]1 :i* 9 ! *ild is crudely satisfi$ by id5tification ) ,bluebe>d1 c f9d 9 lat] life a ref9$ satisfaction by sci5tific discov]y1 or arti/ic creation1 or ! creation & education ( spl5did *ildr51 or any "o ( a ?\s& useful activities4 ,if ! only ?+ a man kn[s is h[ to fight1 8 w to p[] w make him delight 9 battle4 ,b if he has o!r k9ds ( skill1 he w f9d 8 satisfaction 9 o!r ways4 ,if1 h[ev]1 8 w to p[] has be5 nipp$ 9 ! bud :5 he 0 a *ild1 he w be li/less & lazy1 do+ little good & little h>m2 he w be 8a ,dio spiac5te ed a' nemici sui40 ,?is k9d ( milksop goodness is n :at ! _w ne$s1 or :at we %\ld try to produce 9 our *ildr54 ,:ile !y are small & _c d mu* h>m1 x is biologically natural t !y %\ld1 9 imag9ation1 live ?r\gh ! life ( remote savage ance/ors4 ,d n be afraid t !y w rema9 at t level1 if y put 9 _! way ! k & skill requir$ = m ref9$ satisfactions4 ,:5 ,i 0 a *ild1 ,i lov$ to turn head ov] heels4 ,i nev] d s n[1 ?\gh ,i %\ld n ?9k x wick$ to d s4 ,simil>ly ! *ild :o enjoys be+ ,bluebe>d w outgr[ ?is ta/e1 & le>n to seek p[] 9 o!r ways4 ,& if 8 imag9ation has be5 kept alive 9 *ildhood by ! /imuli appropriate to t /age1 x is mu* m likely to rema9 alive 9 lat] ye>s1 :5 x c ex]cise itself 9 ! ways suitable to a man4 ,x is useless to obtrude moral ideas at an age at :i* !y c evoke no response1 & at :i* !y are n yet requir$ = ! control ( behavi\r4 ,! only effect is bor$om1 & imp]vi\sness to ^? same ideas at ! lat] age :5 !y might h become pot5t4 ,t is "o reason1 among o!rs1 :y ! /udy ( *ild psy*ology is ( su* vital importance to education4 ,! games ( lat] ye>s diff] f ^? ( e>ly *ildhood by ! fact t !y become increas+ly competitive4 ,at fir/1 a *ild's play is solit>y2 x is difficult = an infant to jo9 9 ! games ( old] bro!rs & si/]s4 ,b collective play1 z soon z x becomes possible1 is s mu* m delightful t pleasure 9 play+ alone quickly ceases4 ,engli% upp]-class education has always attribut$ an enorm\s moral importance to s*ool games4 ,to my m9d1 !re is "s exagg]ation 9 ! conv5tional ,briti% view1 al?\gh ,i admit t games h c]ta9 important m]its4 ,!y are good = heal?1 provid$ !y are n too exp]t2 if exceptional skill is too mu* priz$ ! be/ play]s ov]do x1 :ile ! o!rs t5d to lapse into spectators4 ,!y tea* boys & girls to endure hurts )\t mak+ a fuss1 & to incur great fatigue *e]fully4 ,b ! o!r advantages :i* are claim$ = !m seem to me l>gely illusory4 ,!y are said to tea* co-op]ation1 b 9 fact !y only tea* x 9 its competitive =m4 ,?is is ! =m requir$ 9 w>1 n 9 indu/ry or 9 ! "r k9d ( social relations4 ,sci5ce has made x te*nically possible to sub/itute co-op]ation = competition1 bo? 9 economics & 9 int]national politics2 at ! same "t x has made competition 79 ! =m ( w>7 mu* m dang]\s ?an x us$ to be4 ,= ^! reasons1 x is m important ?an 9 =m] times to cultivate ! idea ( co-op]ative ent]prises 9 :i* ! 8enemy0 is physical nature1 r ?an competitive ent]prises 9 :i* !re are human victors & vanqui%$4 ,i d n want to lay too mu* /ress ^u ?is consid]ation1 because competitiv5ess is natural to man & mu/ f9d "s outlet1 :i* c h>dly be m innoc5t ?an games & a?letic conte/s4 ,?is is a valid reason = n prev5t+ games1 b x is n a valid reason = exalt+ !m into a lead+ position 9 ! s*ool curriculum4 ,let boys play because !y l to d s1 n because ! au?orities ?9k games an antidote to :at ! ,japanese call 8dang]\s ?\ghts04 ,i h said a great deal 9 an e>li] *apt] ab\t ! importance ( ov]com+ fe> & produc+ c\rage2 b c\rage mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) brutality4 ,brutality is pleasure 9 =c+ "o's w ^u o!r p2 c\rage is indiff]5ce to p]sonal mis=tunes4 ,i w\ld tea* boys & girls1 if opportunity (f]$1 to sail small %ips 9 /ormy seas1 to dive f heights1 to drive a motor-c> or ev5 an a]oplane4 ,i w\ld tea* !m1 z ,s&]son ( ,oundle did1 to build ma*9es & incur risks 9 sci5tific exp]im5t4 ,z f> z possible1 ,i w\ld repres5t inanimate nature z ! antagoni/ 9 ! game2 ! w to p[] c f9d satisfaction 9 ?is conte/ j z well z 9 compet+ ) o!r human be+s4 ,! skill acquir$ 9 ?is way is m useful ?an skill 9 cricket or football1 & ! "* develop$ is m 9 accordance ) social morality4 ,& ap>t f moral qualities1 ! cult ( a?letics involves an "u-e/imation ( intellig5ce4 ,great ,brita9 is los+ h] indu/rial position1 & w p]haps lose h] empire1 ?r\gh /upidity1 & ?r\gh ! fact t ! au?orities d n value or promote intellig5ce4 ,all ?is is connect$ ) ! fanatical belief 9 ! p>am\nt importance ( games4 ,( c\rse x goes deep]3 ! belief t a "y man's a?letic record is a te/ ( 8 wor? is a symptom ( our g5]al failure to grasp ! ne$ ( k & ?\ght 9 ma/]+ ! complex mod]n _w4 ,b on ?is topic ,i w say no m n[1 z x w be consid]$ aga9 at a lat] /age4 ,!re is ano!r aspect ( s*ool games1 :i* is usually consid]$ good b :i* ,i ?9k on ! :ole bad2 ,i mean1 _! efficacy 9 promot+ esprit de corps4 ,esprit de corps is lik$ by au?orities1 because x enables !m to utilize bad motives = :at are consid]$ to be good actions4 ,if ef=ts are to be made !y are easily /imulat$ by promot+ ! desire to surpass "s o!r gr\p4 ,! difficulty is t no motive is provid$ = ef=ts :i* are n competitive4 ,x is amaz+ h[ deeply ! competitive motive has eat5 into all our activities4 ,if y wi% to p]suade a bor\gh to improve ! public provision = ! c>e ( *ildr51 y h to po9t out t "s neighb\r+ bor\gh has a l[] infant mortality4 ,if y wi% to p]suade a manufactur] to adopt a new process :i* is cle>ly an improvem5t1 y h to emphasize ! dang] ( competition4 ,if y wi% to p]suade ! ,w> ,(fice t a modicum ( milit>y k is desirable 9 ! high] comm&s--b no1 n ev5 fe> ( defeat w prevail 9 ?is case1 s /rong is ! 8g5tlemanly0 tradition4#ab ,no?+ is done to promote con/ructiv5ess = its own sake1 or to make p take an int]e/ 9 do+ _! job effici5tly ev5 if no "o is to be injur$ !reby4 ,our economic sy/em has m to d ) ?is ?an s*ool games4 ,b s*ool games1 z !y n[ exi/1 embody ! _s ( competition4 ,if ! _s ( co-op]ation is to take its place1 a *ange 9 s*ool games w be necess>y4 ,b to develop ?is subject w\ld take u too f> f our !me4 ,i am n consid]+ ! build+ ( ! good ,/ate1 b ! build+ ( ! good individual1 9 s f> z ?is is possible 9 ! exi/+ ,/ate4 ,improvem5t 9 ! individual & improvem5t 9 ! community mu/ g h& 9 h&1 b x is ! individual t specially conc]ns ! writ] on education4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,con/ructiv5ess ,! subject ( ?is *apt] is "o :i* has already be5 consid]$ incid5tally 9 connection ) play1 b x is n[ to be consid]$ on its own acc\nt4 ,! in/9ctive desires ( *ildr51 z we h se51 are vague2 education & opportunity c turn !m into _m diff]5t *annels4 ,nei!r ! old belief 9 orig9al s91 nor ,r\sseau's belief 9 natural virtue1 is 9 accordance ) ! facts4 ,! raw mat]ial ( in/9ct is e?ically neutral1 & c be %ap$ ei!r to good or evil by ! influ5ce ( ! environm5t4 ,!re is gr\nd = a sob] optimism 9 ! fact t1 ap>t f pa?ological cases1 mo/ p's in/9cts are1 at fir/1 capable ( be+ develop$ into good =ms2 & ! pa?ological cases w\ld be v few1 giv5 prop] m5tal & physical hygi5e 9 ! e>ly ye>s4 ,a prop] education w\ld make x possible to live 9 accordance ) in/9ct1 b x w\ld be a tra9$ & cultivat$ in/9ct1 n ! crude un=m$ impulse :i* is all t nature provides4 ,! great cultivator ( in/9ct is skill3 skill :i* provides c]ta9 k9ds ( satisfaction1 b n o!rs4 ,give a man ! "r k9ds ( skill1 & he w be virtu\s2 give him ! wrong k9ds1 or none at all1 & he w be wick$4 ,^! g5]al consid]ations apply ) special =ce to ! w to p[]4 ,we all l to effect some?+1 b s f> z ! love ( p[] is conc]n$ we d n c>e :at we effect4 ,broadly speak+1 ! m difficult ! a*ievem5t ! m x pleases u4 ,m5 l fly-fi%+1 because x is difficult2 !y w n %oot a bird sitt+1 because x is easy4 ,i take ^! illu/rations1 because 9 !m a man has no ult]ior motive beyond ! pleasure ( ! activity4 ,b ! same pr9ciple applies ev]y:]e4 ,i lik$ ari?metic until ,i le>nt ,euclid1 ,euclid until ,i le>nt analytical geometry1 & s on4 ,a *ild1 at fir/1 delights 9 walk+1 !n 9 runn+1 !n 9 jump+ & climb+4 ,:at we c d easily no long] gives u a s5se ( p[]2 x is ! newly-acquir$ skill1 or ! skill ab\t :i* we are d\btful1 t gives u ! ?rill ( success4 ,t is :y ! w to p[] is s immeasurably adaptable accord+ to ! type ( skill :i* is taught4 ,con/ruction & de/ruction alike satisfy ! w to p[]1 b con/ruction is m difficult z a rule1 & !re=e gives m satisfaction to ! p]son :o c a*ieve x4 ,i %all n attempt to give a p$antically exact def9ition ( con/ruction & de/ruction2 ,i suppose1 r\ghly speak+1 we con/ruct :5 we increase ! pot5tial en]gy ( ! sy/em 9 :i* we are int]e/$1 & we de/roy :5 we dim9i% its pot5tial en]gy4 ,or1 9 m psy*ological t]ms1 we con/ruct :5 we produce a pr$esign$ /ructure1 & we de/roy :5 we lib]ate natural =ces to alt] an exi/+ /ructure1 )\t be+ int]e/$ 9 ! result+ new /ructure4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ^! def9itions1 we all "k 9 practice :e!r an activity is to be reg>d$ z con/ructive or de/ructive1 except 9 a few cases :]e a man pr(esses to be de/roy+ ) a view to rebuild+ & we are n sure :e!r he is s9c]e4 ,de/ruction be+ easi]1 a *ild's games usually beg9 ) x1 & only pass on to con/ruction at a lat] /age4 ,a *ild on ! s& ) a pail likes gr[n-up p to make s&-pudd+s1 & !n knock !m d[n ) 8 spade4 ,b z soon z he c make s&-pudd+s himself1 he delights 9 do+ s1 & w n p]mit !m to be knock$ d[n4 ,:5 a *ild fir/ has bricks1 he likes to de/roy t[]s built by 8 eld]s4 ,b :5 he has le>nt to build = himself1 he becomes inord9ately pr\d ( 8 p]=mances1 & _c be> to see 8 ar*itectural ef=ts r$uc$ to a heap ( ru9s4 ,! impulse :i* makes ! *ild enjoy ! game is exactly ! same at bo? /ages1 b new skill has *ang$ ! activity result+ f ! impulse4 ,! fir/ beg9n+s ( _m virtues arise out ( exp]i5c+ ! joys ( con/ruction4 ,:5 a *ild begs y to leave 8 con/ructions unde/roy$1 y c easily make him und]/& t he mu/ n de/roy o!r p's4 ,9 ?is way y c create respect = ! produce ( lab\r1 ! only socially innocu\s s\rce ( private prop]ty4 ,y also give ! *ild an inc5tive to pati5ce1 p]si/5ce1 & obs]vation2 )\t ^! qualities1 he w n succe$ 9 build+ 8 t[] to ! height ^u :i* he _h set 8 he>t4 ,9 play ) *ildr51 y %\ld only con/ruct y\rself suffici5tly to /imulate ambition & to %[ h[ ! ?+ is done2 aft] t1 con/ruction %\ld be left to _! own ef=ts4 ,if a *ild has access to a g>d51 x is easy to cultivate a m elaborate =m ( con/ructiv5ess4 ,! fir/ impulse ( a *ild 9 a g>d5 is to pick e attractive fl[]4 ,x is easy to *eck ?is by prohibition1 b m]e prohibition is inadequate z an education4 ,"o wants to produce 9 ! *ild ! same respect = ! g>d5 t re/ra9s ! gr[n-ups f pick+ wantonly4 ,! respect ( ! gr[n-up is due to realization ( ! lab\r & ef=t requir$ to produce ! pleas+ result4 ,by ! "t a *ild is ?ree ye>s old1 he c be giv5 a corn] ( ! g>d5 & enc\rag$ to plant se$s 9 x4 ,:5 !y come up & blossom1 8 own fl[]s seem preci\s & wond]ful2 !n he c appreciate t 8 "m's fl[]s also mu/ be treat$ ) c>e4 ,! elim9ation ( ?\ghtless cruelty is to be effect$ mo/ easily by develop+ an int]e/ 9 con/ruction & gr[?4 ,almo/ e *ild1 z soon z he is old en\gh1 wants to kill flies & o!r insects2 ?is leads on to ! kill+ ( l>g] animals1 & ultimately ( m54 ,9 ! ord9>y ,engli% upp]-class family1 ! kill+ ( birds is consid]$ highly cr$itable1 & ! kill+ ( m5 9 w> is reg>d$ z ! noble/ ( pr(essions4 ,?is attitude is 9 accordance ) untra9$ in/9ct3 x is t ( m5 :o possess no =m ( con/ructive skill1 & are !re=e unable to f9d any innoc5t embodim5t ( _! w to p[]4 ,!y c make pheasants die & t5ants suff]2 :5 occasion arises1 !y c %oot a rh9oc]os or a ,g]man4 ,b 9 m useful arts !y are entirely defici5t1 z _! p>5ts & tea*]s ?\ght x suffici5t to make !m into ,engli% g5tlem54 ,i d n believe t at bir? !y are any /upid] ?an o!r babies2 _! defici5cies 9 lat] life are entirely attributable to bad education4 ,if1 f an e>ly age1 !y _h be5 l$ to feel ! value ( life by wat*+ its developm5t ) affectionate proprietor%ip2 if !y _h acquir$ =ms ( con/ructive skill2 if !y _h be5 made to realize ) appreh5sion h[ quickly & easily a sl[ product ( anxi\s solicitude c be de/roy$--if all ?is _h =m$ "p ( _! e>ly moral tra9+1 !y w\ld n be s ready to de/roy :at o!rs h simil>ly creat$ or t5d$4 ,! great educator 9 ?is respect 9 lat] life is p>5?ood1 provid$ ! in/9ct is adequately ar\s$4 ,b 9 ! ri* ?is seldom happ5s1 because !y leave ! c>e ( _! *ildr5 to paid pr(essionals2 !re=e we _c wait till !y become p>5ts be=e beg9n+ to eradicate _! de/ructive t5d5cies4 ,e au?or :o has _h un$ucat$ h\semaids kn[s t x is difficult 7! public may wi% x 7 impossible7 to re/ra9 _! passion = light+ ! fire ) 8 manuscripts4 ,a fell[-au?or1 ev5 if he 7 a jeal\s enemy1 w\ld n ?9k ( do+ su* a ?+1 because exp]i5ce has taught him ! value ( manuscripts4 ,simil>ly ! boy :o has a g>d5 w n trample on o!r p's fl[]-b$s1 & ! boy :o has pets c be taught to respect animal life4 ,respect = human life is likely to exi/ 9 any "o :o has tak5 tr\ble ov] 8 or h] own *ildr54 ,x is ! tr\ble we take ov] our *ildr5 t elicits ! /rong] =ms ( p>5tal affection2 9 ^? :o avoid ?is tr\ble ! p>5tal in/9ct becomes m or less atrophi$1 & rema9s only z a s5se ( responsibility4 ,b p>5ts are f> m likely to take tr\ble ov] _! *ildr5 if _! own con/ructive impulses h be5 fully develop$2 ?us = ?is reason also x is v desirable to pay att5tion to ?is aspect ( education4 ,:5 ,i speak ( con/ructiv5ess1 ,i am n ?9k+ only ( mat]ial con/ruction4 ,su* occupations z act+ & *oral s++ involve co-op]ative non-mat]ial con/ruction2 !y are pleasant to _m *ildr5 & "y p1 & %\ld be enc\rag$ 7?\gh n en=c$74 ,ev5 9 purely intellectual matt]s x is possible to h a con/ructive or a de/ructive bias4 ,a classical education is almo/ entirely critical3 a boy le>ns to avoid mi/akes1 & to despise ^? :o commit !m4 ,?is t5ds to produce a k9d ( cold correctness1 9 :i* orig9ality is replac$ by respect = au?ority4 ,correct ,lat9 is fix$ once = all3 x is t ( ,v]gil & ,cic]o4 ,correct sci5ce is cont9ually *ang+1 & an able y\? may look =w>d to help+ 9 ?is process4 ,consequ5tly ! attitude produc$ by a sci5tific education is likely to be m con/ructive ?an t produc$ by ! /udy ( dead languages4 ,:]ev] avoidance ( error is ! *ief ?+ aim$ at1 education t5ds to produce an intellectually bloodless type4 ,! prospect ( do+ some?+ v5turesome ) "o's k ought to be held be=e all ! abl] "y m5 & "y wom54 ,too (t51 high] education is reg>d$ z conf]r+ some?+ analog\s to good mann]s1 a m]ely negative code by :i* solecisms are avoid$4 ,9 su* an education1 con/ructiv5ess has be5 =gott54 ,! usual type produc$ is1 z might be expect$1 niggl+1 un5t]pris+1 & lack+ 9 g5]osity4 ,all ?is is avoid$ :5 positive a*ievem5t is made ! goal ( education4 ,9 ! lat] ye>s ( education1 !re %\ld be a /imulation ( social con/ructiv5ess4 ,i mean1 t ^? ^: intellig5ce is adequate %\ld be enc\rag$ 9 us+ _! imag9ations to ?9k out m productive ways ( utiliz+ exi/+ social =ces or creat+ new ones4 ,m5 read ,plato's 8,republic01 b !y d n atta* x to curr5t politics at any po9t4 ,:5 ,i /at$ t ! ,russian ,/ate 9 #aibj _h ideals :i* 7 almo/ exactly ^? ( ! 8,republic01 x 0 h>d to say :e!r ! ,platoni/s or ! ,bol%eviks 7 ! m %ock$4 ,p read a lit]>y classic )\t any attempt to see :at x means 9 t]ms ( ! lives ( ,br[n1 ,jones & ,rob9son4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly easy ) a ,utopia1 because we are n told ( any road :i* leads to x f our pres5t social sy/em4 ,! valuable faculty1 9 ^! matt]s1 is t ( judg+ rightly z to ! next /ep4 ,briti% n9ete5?-c5tury ,lib]als _h ?is m]it1 ?\gh ! ultimate results to :i* _! measures 7 b\nd to lead w\ld h horrifi$ !m4 ,a great deal dep5ds ^u ! k9d ( image t dom9ates a man's ?9k+1 (t5 q unconsci\sly4 ,a social sy/em may be conceiv$ 9 _m ways2 ! commone/ are a m\ld1 a ma*9e1 & a tree4 ,! fir/ belongs to ! /atic conceptions ( society1 su* z ^? ( ,sp>ta & traditional ,*9a3 human nature is to be p\r$ into a prep>$ m\ld1 & to set 9 a preconceiv$ %ape4 ,some?+ ( ?is idea exi/s 9 any rigid moral or social conv5tion4 ,! man ^: outlook is dom9at$ by ?is image w h a political outlook ( a c]ta9 k9d--/iff & unyield+1 /]n & p]secut+4 ,! man :o conceives ( society z a ma*9e is m mod]n4 ,! indu/riali/ & ! communi/ alike belong to ?is class4 ,to !m1 human nature is un9t]e/+1 & ! ends ( life are simple--usually ! maximiz+ ( production4 ,! purpose ( social organization is to secure ^! simple ends4 ,! difficulty is t actual human be+s w n desire !m2 !y p]si/ 9 want+ all k9ds ( *aotic ?+s :i* seem wor?less to ! tidy m9d ( ! organiz]4 ,?is drives ! organiz] back to ! m\ld1 9 ord] to produce human be+s :o desire :at he ?9ks good4 ,& ?is1 9 turn1 leads to revolution4 ,! man :o imag9es a social sy/em z a tree w h a diff]5t political outlook4 ,a bad ma*9e c be scrapp$1 & ano!r put 9 its place4 ,b if a tree is cut d[n1 x is a long "t be=e a new tree a*ieves ! same /r5g? & size4 ,a ma*9e or a m\ld is :at its mak] *ooses2 a tree has its specific nature1 & c only be made into a bett] or worse example ( ! species4 ,con/ructiv5ess appli$ to liv+ ?+s is q diff]5t f con/ructiv5ess appli$ to ma*9es2 x has humbl] functions1 & requires a sort ( sympa?y4 ,= t reason1 9 tea*+ con/ructiv5ess to ! "y1 !y %\ld h opportunities ( ex]cis+ x ^u plants & animals1 n only ^u bricks & ma*9es4 ,physics has be5 dom9ant 9 ?\ght s9ce ! "t ( ,newton1 & 9 practice s9ce ! indu/rial revolution2 ?is has br\ght ) x a r me*anical conception ( society4 ,biological evolution introduc$ a new set ( ideas1 b !y 7 some:at ov]%ad[$ by natural selection1 :i* x %\ld be our aim to elim9ate f human affairs by eug5ics1 bir?-control1 & education4 ,! conception ( society z a tree is bett] ?an ! m\ld or ! ma*9e1 b x is /ill defective4 ,x is to psy*ology t we mu/ look to supply ! defici5cy4 ,psy*ological con/ructiv5ess is a new & special k9d1 v little und]/ood z yet4 ,x is ess5tial to a "r !ory ( education1 politics1 & all purely human affairs4 ,& x %\ld dom9ate ! imag9ations ( citiz5s1 if !y are n to be misl$ by false analogies4 ,"s p dread con/ructiv5ess 9 human affairs1 because !y fe> t x mu/ be me*anical2 !y !re=e believe 9 an>*ism & ! 8return to nature04 ,i am try+ 9 ?is book to %[1 9 concrete in/ances1 h[ psy*ological con/ruction diff]s f ! con/ruction ( a ma*9e4 ,! imag9ative side ( ?is idea ought to be made famili> 9 high] education2 if x 71 ,i believe t our politics w\ld cease to be angul> & %>p & de/ructive1 becom+ in/ead supple & truly sci5tific1 ) ! developm5t ( spl5did m5 & wom5 z its goal4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,selfi%ness ,,& ,,prop]ty ,i come n[ to a problem analog\s to t ( ,fe>1 9 t we are conc]n$ ) an impulse :i* is /rong1 p>tly in/9ctive1 & l>gely undesirable4 ,9 all su* cases1 we h to be c>eful n to ?w>t a *ild's nature4 ,x is useless to %ut our eyes to 8 nature1 or to wi% t x 7 diff]5t2 we mu/ accept ! raw mat]ial :i* is provid$1 & n attempt to treat x 9 ways only applicable to "s diff]5t mat]ial4 ,selfi%ness is n an ultimate e?ical conception2 ! m x is analys$1 ! vagu] x becomes4 ,b z a ph5om5on 9 ! nurs]y x is p]fectly def9ite1 & pres5ts problems ) :i* x is v necess>y to cope4 ,left to himself1 an old] *ild w seize a y\ng] *ild's toys1 dem& m ?an 8 %>e ( gr[n-up att5tion1 & g5]ally pursue 8 desires reg>dless ( ! y\ng] *ild's disappo9tm5ts4 ,a human ego1 l a gas1 w always exp& unless re/ra9$ by ext]nal pressure4 ,! object ( education1 9 ?is respect1 is to let ! ext]nal pressure take ! =m ( habits1 ideas & sympa?ies 9 ! *ild's own m9d1 n ( knocks & bl[s & puni%m5ts4 ,! idea :i* is ne$$ is t ( ju/ice1 n self-sacrifice4 ,e p]son has a "r to a c]ta9 am\nt ( room 9 ! _w1 & %\ld n be made to feel wick$ 9 /&+ up = :at is due to him4 ,:5 self-sacrifice is taught1 ! idea seems to be t x w n be fully practis$1 & t ! practical result w be ab\t "r4 ,b 9 fact p ei!r fail to le>n ! lesson1 or feel s9ful :5 !y dem& m]e ju/ice1 or c>ry self-sacrifice to ridicul\s extremes4 ,9 ! la/ case1 !y feel an obscure res5tm5t aga9/ ! p to :om !y make r5unciations1 & probably all[ selfi%ness to return by ! back door ( a dem& = gratitude4 ,9 any case1 self-sacrifice _c be true doctr9e1 because x _c be univ]sal2 & x is mo/ undesirable to tea* falsehood z a means to virtue1 because :5 ! falsehood is p]ceiv$ ! virtue evaporates4 ,ju/ice1 on ! contr>y1 c be univ]sal4 ,!re=e ju/ice is ! conception t we ought to try to in/il into ! *ild's ?\ghts & habits4 ,x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to tea* ju/ice to a solit>y *ild4 ,! rights & desires ( gr[n-up p are s diff]5t f ^? ( *ildr5 t !y make no imag9ative appeal2 !re is h>dly ev] direct competition = exactly ! same pleasure4 ,moreov]1 z ! gr[n-up p are 9 a position to exact ob$i5ce to _! own dem&s1 !y h to be judges 9 _! own case1 & d n produce ^u ! *ild ! effect ( an imp>tial tribunal4 ,!y c1 ( c\rse1 give def9ite precepts inculcat+ ?is or t =m ( conv5i5t behavi\r3 n to int]rupt :5 _! "m is c\nt+ ! wa%1 n to %\t :5 _! fa!r is busy1 n to obtrude _! conc]ns :5 !re are visitors4 ,b ^! are inexplicable requirem5ts1 to :i*1 x is true1 ! *ild submits will+ly en\gh if o!rwise k9dly treat$1 b :i* make no appeal to 8 own s5se ( :at is reasonable4 ,x is "r t ! *ild %\ld be made to obey su* rules1 because he mu/ n be all[$ to be a tyrant1 & because he mu/ und]/& t o!r p atta* importance to _! own pursuits1 h[ev] odd ^? pursuits may be4 ,b n mu* m ?an ext]nal good behavi\r is to be got by su* me?ods2 ! real education 9 ju/ice c only come :]e !re are o!r *ildr54 ,?is is "o ( _m reasons :y no *ild %\ld long be solit>y4 ,p>5ts :o h ! mis=tune to h an only *ild %\ld d all t !y c to secure companion%ip = x1 ev5 at ! co/ ( a good deal ( sep>ation f home1 if no o!r way is possible4 ,a solit>y *ild mu/ be ei!r suppress$ or selfi%--p]haps bo? by turns4 ,a well-behav$ only *ild is pa!tic1 & an ill-behav$ "o is a nuisance4 ,9 ^! days ( small families1 ?is is a m s]i\s tr\ble ?an x us$ to be4 ,x is "o ( ! gr\nds = advocat+ nurs]y-s*ools1 z to :i* ,i %all h m to say 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,b = ! mom5t ,i %all assume a family ( two at lea/1 n v widely sep>at$ 9 age1 s t _! ta/es are l>gely ! same4 ,:]e !re is competition = a pleasure :i* c only be enjoy$ by "o at a "t1 su* z a ride 9 a :eelb>r[1 x w be f\nd t ! *ildr5 readily und]/& ju/ice4 ,_! impulse1 ( c\rse1 is to dem& ! pleasure = !mselves to ! exclusion ( ! o!rs1 b x is surpris+ h[ quickly ?is impulse is ov]come :5 ! gr[n-ups in/itute ! sy/em ( a turn = ea*4 ,i d n believe t a s5se ( ju/ice is innate1 b ,i h be5 a/oni%$ to see h[ quickly x c be creat$4 ,( c\rse1 x mu/ be real ju/ice2 !re mu/ n be any secret bias4 ,if y are fond] ( "s ( ! *ildr5 ?an ( o!rs1 y mu/ be on y\r gu>d to prev5t y\r affections f hav+ any influ5ce on y\r di/ribution ( pleasures4 ,x is ( c\rse a g5]ally recogniz$ pr9ciple t toys mu/ be equal4 ,x is q useless to attempt to suppress ! dem& = ju/ice by any k9d ( moral tra9+4 ,d n give m ?an ju/ice1 b d n expect ! *ild to accept less4 ,!re is a *apt] 9 8,! ,fair*ild ,family0 on 8,! ,secret ,s9s ( ! ,he>t0 :i* illu/rates ! me?ods to be avoid$4 ,lucy has ma9ta9$ t %e has be5 good1 s h] "m tells h] t ev5 :5 h] behavi\r is all "r h] ?\ghts are wrong1 & quotes3 8,! he>t is deceitful above all ?+s & desp]ately wick$0 7,j]emiah1 xvii1 #i74 ,s ,mrs4 ,fair*ild gives ,lucy a little book 9 :i* to record ! 8desp]ately wick$0 ?+s t are 9 h] he>t :5 outw>dly %e is good4 ,at breakfa/1 h] p>5ts give a ribbon to h] si/] & a *]ry to h] bro!r1 b no?+ to h]4 ,%e records 9 h] book t at ?is po9t %e _h a v wick$ ?\ght1 t h] p>5ts lov$ h] bro!r & si/] bett] ?an !y lov$ h]4 ,%e _h be5 taught1 & %e believ$1 t %e ought to cope ) ?is ?\ght by moral discipl9e2 b by ?is me?od x c\ld only be driv5 und]gr\nd1 to produce /range di/ort$ effects 9 lat] ye>s4 ,! prop] c\rse w\ld h be5 = h] to express h] feel+1 & = h] p>5ts to dispel x ei!r by giv+ h] a pres5t1 too1 or by expla9+1 9 a way %e c\ld und]/&1 t %e mu/ wait = ano!r "t1 z no fur!r pres5t 0 available at ! mom5t4 ,tru? & frankness dispel difficulties1 b ! attempt at repressive moral discipl9e only aggravates !m4 ,closely connect$ ) ju/ice is ! s5se ( prop]ty4 ,?is is a difficult matt]1 :i* mu/ be dealt ) by adaptable tact1 n by any rigid set ( rules4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 conflict+ consid]ations1 :i* make x difficult to take a cle> l9e4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! love ( prop]ty produces _m t]rible evils 9 lat] ye>s2 ! fe> ( los+ valu$ mat]ial possessions is "o ( ! ma9 s\rces ( political & economic cruelty4 ,x is desirable t m5 & wom5 %\ld1 z f> z possible1 f9d _! happ9ess 9 ways :i* are n subject to private own]%ip1 i4e41 9 creative r ?an def5sive activities4 ,= ?is reason1 x is unwise to cultivate ! s5se ( prop]ty 9 *ildr5 if x c be help$4 ,b be=e proce$+ to act ^u ?is view1 !re are "s v /rong argum5ts on ! o!r side1 :i* x w\ld be dang]\s to neglect4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! s5se ( prop]ty is v /rong 9 *ildr52 x develops z soon z !y c grasp objects :i* !y see 7! h&-eye co-ord9ation74 ,:at !y grasp1 !y feel is !irs1 & !y are indignant if x is tak5 away4 ,we /ill speak ( a prop]ty z a 8hold+01 & 8ma9t5ance0 means 8hold+ 9 ! h&04 ,^! words %[ ! primitive connection betwe5 prop]ty & grasp2 s does ! ^w 8grasp+04 ,a *ild :i* has no toys ( its own w pick up /icks or brok5 bricks or any odds & ends x may f9d1 & w treasure !m z its v own4 ,! desire = prop]ty is s deep-seat$ t x _c be ?w>t$ )\t dang]4 ,moreov] prop]ty cultivates c>efulness & curbs ! impulse ( de/ruction4 ,especially useful is prop]ty 9 any?+ t ! *ild has made himself2 if ?is is n p]mitt$1 8 con/ructive impulses are *eck$4 ,:]e ! argum5ts are s conflict+1 we _c adopt any cle>-cut policy1 b mu/ be guid$ to a great ext5t by circum/ances & ! *ild's nature4 ,nev]!less1 some?+ c be said z to ! means ( reconcil+ ^! opposites 9 practice4 ,among toys1 "s %\ld be private & "s common4 ,to take an extreme case1 a rock+-horse w\ld ( c\rse always be common4 ,?is sugge/s a pr9ciple3 :]e a toy c be equally enjoy$ by all1 b only by "o at a "t1 x %\ld be common if x is too l>ge or exp5sive to be duplicat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 toys m adapt$ to "o *ild ?an to ano!r 7because ( diff]5ce ( age1 = example7 may prop]ly belong to ! "o to :om !y give ! mo/ pleasure4 ,if a toy wants c>eful h&l+ :i* an old] *ild has le>nt to give1 x is fair t a y\ng] *ild %\ld n be all[$ to get hold ( x & spoil x4 ,! y\ng] *ild %\ld be comp5sat$ by private prop]ty 9 ! toys specially appropriate to its age4 ,aft] two ye>s old1 a brok5 toy %\ld n be imm$iately replac$ if x has be5 brok5 by ! *ild's c>elessness2 x is j z well t ! loss %\ld be felt = a :ile4 ,d n let a *ild always refuse ! use ( its own toys to o!r *ildr54 ,:5ev] x has m ?an x c actually use1 x %\ld n be all[$ to prote/ if ano!r *ild plays ) ^? t x is n us+4 ,b "h ,i %\ld except toys :i* ! o!r *ild is likely to break1 & toys out ( :i* _! own] has con/ruct$ "s edifice :i* is a s\rce ( pride4 ,until ! edifice is =gott51 x %\ld1 if possible1 be all[$ to /&1 z a rew>d ( indu/ry4 ,subject to ^! provisos1 d n let ! *ild develop a dog-9-!-mang] attitude2 x mu/ nev] be all[$ to prev5t ano!r *ild's enjoym5t wantonly4 ,x is n v difficult to tea* a modicum ( dec5t behavi\r 9 ^! respects1 & x is q wor? ! necess>y firmness4 ,d n all[ a *ild to snat* ?+s f ano!r *ild1 ev5 :5 x w\ld be )9 its legal rights 9 do+ s4 ,if an old] *ild is unk9d to a y\ng] "o1 %[ a simil> unk9dness to ! old] "o1 & expla9 imm$iately :y y d s4 ,by su* me?ods x is n difficult to e/abli% t degree ( k9dness 9 *ildr5 to ea* o!r :i* is necess>y to prev5t con/ant /orms & te>s4 ,on occasion1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( /]nness may be necess>y1 am\nt+ to a mild =m ( puni%m5t4 ,b on no acc\nt mu/ a habit ( tyranniz+ ov] ! weak be all[$ to develop4 ,:ile p]mitt+ a c]ta9 numb] ( *]i%$ possessions1 x is well to enc\rage ! habit ( us+ toys1 su* z bricks1 to :i* ! *ild only has ! exclusive "r :ile he is us+ !m4 ,! ,montessori app>atus is common to all ! *ildr51 b s long z a *ild is us+ "o piece ( app>atus no o!r *ild mu/ int]f]e4 ,?is develops a s5se ( limit$ t5ant-"r1 dep5d5t ^u "w2 su* a s5se does n run c\nt] to any?+ t is desirable 9 lat] ye>s4 ,= v "y *ildr51 ?is me?od is h>dly applicable1 because !y are n yet suffici5tly con/ructive4 ,b z !y acquire skill x becomes m & m possible to int]e/ !m 9 ! process ( build+4 ,s long z !y "k !y c h ! mat]ial = con/ruction :5ev] !y l1 !y w n mu* m9d o!rs hav+ x too1 & ! reluctance to %>+ :i* !y may feel at fir/ is soon dispell$ by cu/om4 ,nev]!less1 :5 a *ild is old en\gh1 he %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be all[$ to own books1 because t w increase 8 love ( books & !re=e /imulate read+4 ,! books t are 8 own prop]ty %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be good books1 su* z ,lewis ,c>roll & ,tanglewood ,tales1 n m]e tra%4 ,if ! *ildr5 want tra%1 x %\ld be common prop]ty4 ,! broad pr9ciples involv$ are3 ,fir/1 d n produce 9 ! *ild a s5se ( ?w>t+ f n hav+ en\gh prop]ty2 ?is is ! way to produce a mis]4 ,secondly1 all[ ! *ild private prop]ty :5 x /imulates a desirable activity1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 :]e x tea*es c>eful h&l+4 ,b subject to ^! limitations turn ! *ild's att5tion1 z f> z y c1 to pleasures n involv+ private own]%ip4 ,& ev5 :]e !re is private own]%ip1 d n all[ ! *ild to be mean or mis]ly :5 o!r *ildr5 wi% to be all[$ to play ) 8 ?+s4 ,z to ?is1 h[ev]1 ! object is to induce ! *ild to l5d ( 8 own free w2 s long z au?ority is requir$1 ! end aim$ at has n be5 a*iev$4 ,9 a happy *ild1 x %\ld n be difficult to /imulate a g5]\s disposition2 b if ! *ild is />v$ ( pleasures1 he w ( c\rse cl+ t5aci\sly to ^? t are atta9able4 ,x is n ?r\gh suff]+ t *ildr5 le>n virtue1 b ?r\gh happ9ess & heal?4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,tru?fulness ,to produce ! habit ( tru?fulness %\ld be "o ( ! major aims ( moral education4 ,i d n mean tru?fulness 9 spee* only1 b also 9 ?\ght2 inde$1 ( ! two1 ! latt] seems to me ! m important4 ,i pref] a p]son :o lies ) full consci\sness ( :at he is do+ to a p]son :o fir/ subconsci\sly deceives himself & !n imag9es t he is be+ virtu\s & tru?ful4 ,inde$1 no man :o ?9ks tru?fully c believe t x is always wrong to speak untru?fully4 ,^? :o hold t a lie is always wrong h to supplem5t ?is view by a great deal ( casui/ry & consid]able practice 9 mislead+ ambiguities1 by means ( :i* !y deceive )\t admitt+ to !mselves t !y are ly+4 ,nev]!less1 ,i hold t ! occasions :5 ly+ is ju/ifiable are few--mu* few] ?an w\ld be inf]r$ f ! practice ( high-m9d$ m54 ,& almo/ all ! occasions :i* ju/ify ly+ are occasions :]e p[] is be+ us$ tyrannically1 or :]e p are engag$ 9 "s h>mful activity su* z w>2 !re=e 9 a good social sy/em !y w\ld be ev5 r>] ?an !y are n[4 ,untru?fulness1 z a practice1 is almo/ always a product ( fe>4 ,! *ild br\ght up )\t fe> w be tru?ful1 n 9 virtue ( a moral ef=t1 b because x w nev] occur to him to be o!rwise4 ,! *ild :o has be5 treat$ wisely & k9dly has a frank look 9 ! eyes1 & a fe>less demean\r ev5 ) /rang]s2 :]eas ! *ild t has be5 subject to nagg+ or sev]ity is 9 p]petual t]ror ( incurr+ repro(1 & t]rifi$ ( hav+ transgress$ "s rule :5ev] he has behav$ 9 a natural mann]4 ,x does n at fir/ occur to a "y *ild t x is possible to lie4 ,! possibility ( ly+ is a discov]y1 due to obs]vation ( gr[n-ups quick5$ by t]ror4 ,! *ild discov]s t gr[n-ups lie to him1 & t x is dang]\s to tell !m ! tru?2 "u ^! circum/ances he takes to ly+4 ,avoid ^! inc5tives1 & he w n ?9k ( ly+4 ,b 9 judg+ :e!r *ildr5 are tru?ful1 a c]ta9 caution is necess>y4 ,*ildr5's memories are v faulty1 & !y (t5 d n "k ! answ] to a "q :5 gr[n-up p ?9k !y d4 ,_! s5se ( "t is v vague2 a *ild "u f\r w h>dly di/+ui% betwe5 ye/]day & a week ago1 or betwe5 ye/]day & six h\rs ago4 ,:5 !y d n "k ! answ] to a "q1 !y t5d to say yes or no accord+ to ! sugge/ion 9 y\r tone ( voice4 ,aga91 !y are (t5 talk+ 9 ! dramatic "* ( "s make-believe4 ,:5 !y tell y solemnly t !re is a lion 9 ! back g>d51 ?is is obvi\s2 b 9 _m cases x is q easy to mi/ake play = e>ne/4 ,= all ^! reasons1 a "y *ild's /atem5ts are (t5 objectively untrue1 b )\t ! slighte/ int5tion to deceive4 ,inde$1 *ildr5 t5d1 at fir/1 to reg>d gr[n-ups z omnisci5t1 & !re=e incapable ( be+ deceiv$4 ,my boy 7?ree & ?ree qu>t]s7 w ask me to tell him 7= ! pleasure ( ! /ory7 :at occurr$ to him on "s int]e/+ occasion :5 ,i 0 n pres5t2 ,i f9d x almo/ impossible to p]suade him t ,i don't "k :at happ5$4 ,gr[n-up p get to "k s _m ?+s 9 ways ! *ild does n und]/&1 t he _c set limits to _! p[]s4 ,la/ ,ea/]1 my boy 0 giv5 a numb] ( *ocolate ,ea/] eggs4 ,we told him t if he ate too mu* *ocolate he w\ld be sick1 b1 hav+ told him1 we left him alone4 ,he ate too mu*1 & 0 sick4 ,he came to me z soon z ! crisis 0 ov]1 ) a beam+ face1 say+1 9 a voice almo/ ( triumph1 8,i 0 sick1 ,daddy--,daddy told me ,i %\ld be sick40 ,8 pleasure 9 ! v]ification ( a sci5tific law 0 a/oni%+4 ,s9ce !n1 x has be5 possible to tru/ him ) *ocolate1 9 spite ( ! fact t he seldom has x2 moreov] he implicitly believes ev]y?+ we tell him ab\t :at food is good = him4 ,!re has be5 no ne$ ( moral exhortation or puni%m5t or fe> 9 br++ ab\t ?is result4 ,!re has be5 ne$1 at e>li] /ages1 ( pati5ce & firmness4 ,he is ne>+ ! age :]e x is usual = boys to /eal sweet ?+s & lie ab\t x4 ,i d>e say he w /eal sometimes1 b ,i %all be surpris$ if he lies4 ,:5 a *ild does lie1 p>5ts %\ld take !mselves to task r ?an him2 !y %\ld deal ) x by remov+ its causes1 & by expla9+ g5tly & reasonably :y x is bett] n to lie4 ,!y %\ld n deal ) x by puni%m5t1 :i* only increases fe> & !re=e ! motive = ly+4 ,rigid tru?fulness 9 adults t[>ds *ildr5 is1 ( c\rse1 absolutely indisp5sable if *ildr5 are n to le>n ly+4 ,p>5ts :o tea* t ly+ is a s91 & :o nev]!less are kn[n to lie by _! *ildr51 naturally lose all moral au?ority4 ,! idea ( speak+ ! tru? to *ildr5 is entirely novel2 h>dly anybody did x be=e ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,i greatly d\bt :e!r ,eve told ,ca9 & ,abel ! tru? ab\t apples2 ,i am conv9c$ t %e told !m %e _h nev] eat5 any?+ t wasn't good = h]4 ,x us$ to be ! ?+ = p>5ts to repres5t !mselves z ,olympians1 immune f human passions & always actuat$ by pure reason4 ,:5 !y reproa*$ ! *ildr51 !y did x m 9 sorr[ ?an 9 ang]2 h[ev] !y might scold1 !y 7 n 8cross01 b talk+ to ! *ildr5 = _! good4 ,p>5ts did n realize t *ildr5 are a/oni%+ly cle>-sight$3 !y d n und]/& all ! solemn political reasons = humbug1 b despise x /raight=w>dly & simply4 ,jeal\sies & envies ( :i* y are unconsci\s w be evid5t to y\r *ild1 :o w disc\nt all y\r f9e moral talk ab\t ! wick$ness ( ! objects ( ^! passions4 ,nev] pret5d to be faultless & inhuman2 ! *ild w n believe y1 & w\ld n l y any ! bett] if he did4 ,i rememb] vividly h[1 at a v e>ly age1 ,i saw ?r\gh ! ,victorian humbug & hypocrisy ) :i* ,i 0 surr\nd$1 & v[$ t1 if ,i ev] _h *ildr51 ,i w\ld n repeat ! mi/akes t 7 be+ made ) me4 ,to ! be/ ( my ability1 ,i am keep+ ?is v[4 ,ano!r =m ( ly+1 :i* is extremely bad = ! "y1 is to ?reat5 puni%m5ts y d n mean to inflict4 ,dr4 ,ball>d1 9 8 mo/ int]e/+ book on 8,! ,*ang+ ,s*ool01#ac has /at$ ?is pr9ciple r emphatically3 8,don't ?reat54 ,if y d1 let no?+ /op y f c>ry+ out y\r ?reat4 ,if y say to a boy1 #8,d t aga9 & ,i'll murd] y'1 & he does x aga91 !n y mu/ murd] him4 ,if y don't he w lose all respect = y0 7p4 #aab74 ,! puni%m5ts ?reat5$ by nurses & ignorant p>5ts 9 deal+ ) infants are some:at less extreme1 b ! same rule applies4 ,d n insi/1 except = good reason2 b :5 y h once begun insi/+1 cont9ue1 h[ev] y may regret hav+ emb>k$ ^u ! battle4 ,if y ?reat5 a puni%m5t1 let x be "o t y are prep>$ to inflict2 nev] tru/ to luck t y\r bluff w n be call$4 ,x is odd h[ difficult x is to get ?is pr9ciple und]/ood by un$ucat$ p4 ,x is p>ticul>ly objectionable :5 !y ?reat5 some?+ t]rify+1 su* z be+ lock$ up by ! policeman or c>ri$ (f by ! bogey-man4 ,?is produces fir/ a /ate ( dang]\s n]v\s t]ror & !n a complete scepticism z to all /atem5ts & ?reats by gr[n-up p4 ,if y nev] insi/ )\t c>ry+ ! matt] ?r\gh1 ! *ild soon le>ns t on su* occasions resi/ance is useless1 & he obeys a m]e ^w )\t giv+ fur!r tr\ble4 ,b x is ess5tial to ! success ( ?is me?od t y %\ld n insi/ unless !re is "s really /rong reason = do+ s4 ,ano!r undesirable =m ( humbug is to treat inanimate objects z if !y 7 alive4 ,nurses sometimes tea* *ildr51 :5 !y h hurt !mselves by bump+ into a *air or table1 to smack ! (f5d+ object & say1 8naughty *air0 or 8naughty table04 ,?is removes a mo/ useful s\rce ( natural discipl9e4 ,left to himself1 ! *ild soon realizes t inanimate objects c only be manipulat$ by skill1 n by ang] or cajol]y4 ,?is is a /imulus to ! acquisition ( skill1 & a help 9 realiz+ ! limits ( p]sonal p[]4 ,lies ab\t sex are sanction$ by "t-hon\r$ usage4 ,i believe !m to be :olly & utt]ly bad1 b ,i %all say no m on ?is subject n[1 z ,i propose to devote a *apt] to sex education4 ,*ildr5 :o are n suppress$ ask innum]able que/ions1 "s intellig5t1 o!rs q ! rev]se4 ,^! que/ions are (t5 we>isome1 & sometimes inconv5i5t4 ,b !y mu/ be answ]$ tru?fully1 to ! be/ ( y\r ability4 ,if ! *ild asks y a "q connect$ ) religion1 say exactly :at y ?9k1 ev5 if y contradict "s o!r gr[n-up p]son :o ?9ks diff]5tly4 ,if he asks y ab\t dea?1 answ] him4 ,if he asks y que/ions design$ to %[ t y are wick$ or fooli%1 answ] him4 ,if he asks y ab\t w>1 or capital puni%m5t1 answ] him4 ,d n put him (f ) 8y c't und]/& t yet01 except 9 difficult sci5tific matt]s1 su* z h[ electric light is made4 ,& ev5 !n1 make x cle> t ! answ] is a pleasure 9 /ore = him1 z soon z he has le>nt r m ?an he n[ kn[s4 ,tell him r m ?an he c und]/&1 n r less2 ! "p he fails to und]/& w /imulate 8 curiosity & 8 intellectual ambition4 ,inv>iable tru?fulness to a *ild reaps its rew>d 9 increas$ tru/4 ,! *ild has a natural t5d5cy to believe :at y say1 except :5 x runs c\nt] to a /rong desire1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,ea/] eggs :i* ,i m5tion$ j n[4 ,a little exp]i5ce ( ! tru? ( y\r rem>ks ev5 9 ^! cases enables y to w9 belief easily & )\t emphasis4 ,b if y h be5 9 ! habit ( ?reat5+ consequ5ces :i* did n happ51 y w h to become m & m insi/5t & t]rify+1 & 9 ! end y w only produce a /ate ( n]v\s unc]ta9ty4 ,"o day my boy want$ to paddle 9 a /ream1 b ,i told him n to1 because ,i ?\ght !re 7 bits ( brok5 crock]y :i* w\ld cut 8 feet4 ,8 desire 0 ke51 s he 0 sceptical ab\t ! crock]y2 b aft] ,i _h f\nd a piece & %[n him ! %>p edge1 he became entirely acquiesc5t4 ,if ,i _h inv5t$ ! crock]y = my own conv5i5ce1 ,i %\ld h lo/ 8 confid5ce4 ,if ,i _h n f\nd any1 ,i %\ld h let him paddle4 ,9 consequ5ce ( repeat$ exp]i5ces ( ?is sort1 he has almo/ entirely ceas$ to be sceptical ( my reasons4 ,we live 9 a _w ( humbug1 & ! *ild br\ght up )\t humbug is b\nd to despise mu* t is commonly ?\ght to des]ve respect4 ,?is is regrettable1 because contempt is a bad emotion4 ,i %\ld n call 8 att5tion to su* matt]s1 ?\gh ,i %\ld satisfy 8 curiosity :5ev] x turn$ t[>ds !m4 ,tru?fulness is some?+ ( a h&icap 9 a hypocritical society1 b ! h&icap is m ?an outweigh$ by ! advantages ( fe>lessness1 )\t :i* no "o c be tru?ful4 ,we wi% our *ildr5 to be upright1 c&id1 frank1 self-respect+2 = my "p1 ,i w\ld r see !m fail ) ^! qualities ?an succe$ by ! arts ( ! slave4 ,a c]ta9 native pride & integrity is ess5tial to a spl5did human be+1 & :]e x exi/s ly+ becomes impossible1 except :5 x is prompt$ by "s g5]\s motive4 ,i w\ld h my *ildr5 tru?ful 9 _! ?\ghts & words1 ev5 if x %\ld entail worldly mis=tune1 = some?+ ( m importance ?an ri*es & hon\rs is at /ake4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,puni%m5t ,9 =m] days1 & until v rec5tly1 ! puni%m5t ( *ildr51 bo? boys & girls1 0 tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse1 & 0 univ]sally reg>d$ z indisp5sable 9 education4 ,we h se5 9 an e>li] *apt] :at ,dr4 ,arnold ?\ght ab\t flogg+1 & 8 views 71 at ! "t1 exceptionally humane4 ,r\sseau is associat$ ) ! !ory ( leav+ ?+s to nature1 yet 9 8,emile0 he occasionally advocates q sev]e puni%m5ts4 ,! conv5tional view1 a hundr$ ye>s ago1 is set =? 9 "o ( ! 8,caution>y ,tales01 9 :i* a little girl makes a fuss because !y are putt+ on h] :ite sa% :5 %e wants h] p9k "o4 ,papa1 :o 9 ! p>l\r he>d ,h] make ! noise & r\t1 ,t in/ant w5t to ,c>ol9e1 ,to :ip h]1 !re's no d\bt4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,fair*ild f\nd 8 *ildr5 qu>rell+1 he can$ !m1 mak+ ! cane keep "t to ! v]se 8,let dogs delight to b>k & bite04 ,he !n took !m to see a corpse hang+ 9 *a9s on a gibbet4 ,! little boy 0 fright5$1 & begg$ to be tak5 home1 z ! *a9s rattl$ 9 ! w9d4 ,b ,mr4 ,fair*ild compell$ him to look = a long "t1 say+ t ?is spectacle %[$ :at happ5$ to ^? :o _h hatr$ 9 _! he>ts4 ,! *ild 0 de/9$ to become a cl]gyman1 & presumably _h to be taught to depict ! t]rors ( ! damn$ ) ! vividness ( "o :o has exp]i5c$ !m4 ,n[adays1 few p w\ld advocate su* me?ods1 ev5 9 ,t5nessee4 ,b !re is consid]able div]g5ce ( op9ion z to :at %\ld take _! place4 ,"s p /ill advocate a fair am\nt ( puni%m5t1 :ile o!rs consid] t x is possible to disp5se ) puni%m5t altoge!r4 ,!re is room = _m %ades betwe5 ^! two extremes4 ,= my "p1 ,i believe t puni%m5t has a c]ta9 v m9or place 9 education2 b ,i d\bt :e!r x ne$ ev] be sev]e4 ,i include speak+ %>ply or reprov+ly among puni%m5ts4 ,! mo/ sev]e puni%m5t t ought ev] to be necess>y is ! natural spontane\s expression ( indignation4 ,on a few occasions :5 my boy has be5 r\gh ) 8 y\ng] si/]1 8 "m has express$ ang] by an impulsive exclamation4 ,! effect has be5 v great4 ,! boy bur/ into sobs1 & w\ld n be consol$ until 8 "m _h made mu* ( him4 ,! impression 0 v pr(\nd1 z "o c\ld see f 8 subsequ5t good conduct t[>ds 8 si/]4 ,on a few occasions we h resort$ to mild =ms ( puni%m5t :5 he has p]si/$ 9 dem&+ ?+s we _h refus$ him1 or 9 int]f]+ ) 8 si/]'s play4 ,9 su* cases1 :5 reason & exhortation h fail$1 we take him to a room by himself1 leave ! door op51 & tell him he c come back z soon z he is good4 ,9 a v few m9utes1 aft] cry+ vigor\sly1 he comes back1 & is inv>iably good3 he p]fectly und]/&s t 9 com+ back he has und]tak5 to be good4 ,s f>1 we h nev] f\nd any ne$ ( sev]] p5alties4 ,if "o c judge f ! books ( old-fa%ion$ discipl9>ians1 ! *ildr5 educat$ by ! old me?ods 7 f> naughti] ?an ! mod]n *ild4 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly be horrifi$ if my boy 7 half z badly behav$ z ! *ildr5 9 8,! ,fair*ild ,family02 b ,i %\ld ?9k ! fault lay m ) 8 p>5ts ?an ) himself4 ,i believe t reasonable p>5ts create reasonable *ildr54 ,! *ildr5 mu/ feel _! p>5ts' affection--n duty & responsibility1 = :i* no *ild is grateful1 b w>m love1 :i* feels delight 9 ! *ild's pres5ce & ways4 ,& except :5 x is q impossible1 a prohibition mu/ be expla9$ c>efully & tru?fully4 ,small mis=tunes1 su* z bruises & slight cuts1 %\ld sometimes be all[$ to happ5 r ?an int]f]e ) ra% games2 a little exp]i5ce ( ?is k9d makes *ildr5 m will+ to believe t a prohibition may be wise4 ,:]e ^! conditions are pres5t f ! fir/1 ,i believe *ildr5 w seldom d any?+ des]v+ ( s]i\s puni%m5t4 ,:5 a *ild p]si/5tly int]f]es ) o!r *ildr5 or spoils _! pleasures1 ! obvi\s p5alty is bani%m5t4 ,x is imp]atively necess>y to take /eps ( "s k9d1 because x w\ld be mo/ unfair to let ! o!r *ildr5 suff]4 ,b !re is no use 9 mak+ ! refractory *ild feel guilty2 x is mu* m to ! purpose to make him feel t he is miss+ pleasures :i* ! o!rs are enjoy+4 ,madame ,montessori describes h] practice z foll[s3 ,z to puni%m5ts1 we h _m times come 9 contact ) *ildr5 :o di/urb$ ! o!rs )\t pay+ att5tion to our corrections4 ,su* *ildr5 7 at once exam9$ by ! physician4 ,:5 ! case prov$ to be t ( a normal *ild1 we plac$ "o ( ! little tables 9 a corn] ( ! room1 & 9 ?is way isolat$ ! *ild2 hav+ him sit 9 a com=table little arm*air1 s plac$ t he might see 8 companions at "w1 & giv+ him ^? games & toys to :i* he 0 mo/ attract$4 ,?is isolation almo/ always succe$$ 9 calm+ ! *ild2 f 8 position he c\ld see ! entire assembly ( 8 companions1 & ! way 9 :i* !y c>ri$ on _! "w 0 an object lesson mu* m efficaci\s ?an any words ( ! tea*] c\ld possibly h be54 ,little by little1 he w\ld come to see ! advantages ( be+ "o ( ! company work+ s busily be=e 8 eyes1 & he w\ld really wi% to g back & d z ! o!rs did4 ,we h 9 ?is way l$ back aga9 to discipl9e all ! *ildr5 :o at fir/ seem$ to rebel aga9/ x4 ,! isolat$ *ild 0 always made ! object ( special c>e1 almo/ z if he 7 ill4 ,i myself1 :5 ,i ent]$ ! room1 w5t fir/ ( all directly to him1 z if he 7 a v little *ild4 ,!n ,i turn$ my att5tion to ! o!rs1 int]e/+ myself 9 _! "w1 ask+ que/ions ab\t x z if !y _h be5 little m54 ,i d n "k :at happ5$ 9 ! s\l ( ^! *ildr5 :om we f\nd x necess>y to discipl9e1 b c]ta9ly ! conv]sion 0 always v complete & la/+4 ,!y %[$ great pride 9 le>n+ h[ to "w & h[ to conduct !mselves1 & always %[$ a v t5d] affection = ! tea*] & = me4#ad ,! success ( ?is me?od dep5d$ ^u sev]al factors n pres5t 9 old-fa%ion$ s*ools4 ,!re 0 fir/ ! elim9ation ( ^? ^: bad conduct 0 due to "s m$ical defect4 ,!n !re 0 tact & skill 9 apply+ ! me?od4 ,b ! really vital po9t 0 ! good conduct ( ! majority ( ! class3 ! *ild felt itself oppos$ to ! public op9ion :i* x naturally respect$4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 an entirely diff]5t situation f t ( ! s*oolma/] :o has a class b5t on 8ragg+04 ,i d n propose to discuss ! me?ods :i* he %\ld employ1 because !y w\ld nev] be ne$$ if education 7 prop]ly conduct$ f ! />t4 ,*ildr5 l to le>n ?+s1 provid$ !y are ! "r ?+s prop]ly taught4 ,! same mi/ake is made 9 imp>t+ k z is made1 at an e>li] /age1 9 reg>d to food & sleep3 some?+ :i* is really an advantage to ! *ild is made to appe> l a fav\r to ! adult4 ,infants easily come to ?9k t ! only reason = eat+ & sleep+ is t gr[n-ups desire x2 ?is turns !m into dyspeptic suff]]s f insomnia4#ae ,unless a *ild is ill1 let x leave its food & g hungry4 ,my boy _h be5 coax$ into eat+ by 8 nurse1 & _h gr[n m & m difficile4 ,"o day :5 we _h him = 8 mid-day meal1 he refus$ to eat 8 pudd+1 s we s5t x out4 ,aft] a :ile1 he dem&$ x back1 b x turn$ out t ! cook _h eat5 x4 ,he 0 flabb]ga/$1 & nev] made su* pret5ces ) u aga94 ,exactly ! same me?od %\ld apply to in/ruction4 ,^? :o d n want x %\ld be all[$ to g )\t1 ?\gh ,i %\ld see to x t !y 7 bor$ if !y 7 abs5t dur+ lesson-"t4 ,if !y see o!rs le>n+1 !y w pres5tly clam\r to be taught3 ! tea*] c !n appe> z conf]r+ a b5efit1 :i* is ! tru? ( ! situation4 ,i %\ld h 9 e s*ool a l>ge b>e room to :i* pupils c\ld g if !y did n want to le>n1 b if !y w5t !re1 ,i %\ld n all[ !m to come back to lessons t day4 ,& !y %\ld be s5t !re z a puni%m5t if !y behav$ badly 9 lesson-"t4 ,x seems a simple pr9ciple t a puni%m5t %\ld be some?+ y wi% ! culprit to dislike1 n some?+ y wi% him to l4 ,yet 8l9es0 are a common puni%m5t :]e ! pr(ess$ aim is to produce a love ( classical lit]ature4 ,mild puni%m5ts h _! utility = deal+ ) mild (f5ces1 especially su* z are conc]n$ ) mann]s4 ,praise & blame are an important =m ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts = "y *ildr51 & also = old] boys & girls if conf]r$ by a p]son :o inspires respect4 ,i d n believe x possible to conduct education )\t praise & blame1 b 9 reg>d to bo? a c]ta9 degree ( caution is necess>y4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 nei!r %\ld be comp>ative4 ,a *ild %\ld n be told t he has done bett] ?an s-&-s1 or t su*-&-su* is nev] naughty3 ! fir/ produces contempt1 ! second hatr$4 ,9 ! second place1 blame %\ld be giv5 mu* m sp>+ly ?an praise2 x %\ld be a def9ite puni%m5t1 adm9i/]$ = "s unexpect$ lapse f good behavi\r1 & x %\ld nev] be cont9u$ aft] x has produc$ its effect4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 praise %\ld n be giv5 = any?+ t %\ld be a matt] ( c\rse4 ,i %\ld give x = a new developm5t ( c\rage or skill1 & = an act ( unselfi%ness z reg>ds possessions1 if a*iev$ aft] a moral ef=t4 ,all ?r\gh education1 any unusually good piece ( "w %\ld be prais$4 ,to be prais$ = a difficult a*ievem5t is "o ( ! mo/ delightful exp]i5ces 9 y\?1 & ! desire = ?is pleasure is q prop] z an add$ inc5tive1 ?\gh x %\ld n be ! ma9 motive4 ,! ma9 motive %\ld always be an int]e/ 9 ! matt] itself1 :atev] ! matt] may happ5 to be4 ,grave faults ( "*1 su* z cruelty1 c seldom be dealt ) by means ( puni%m5t4 ,or r1 puni%m5t %\ld be a v small "p ( ! treatm5t4 ,cruelty to animals is m or less natural to boys1 & requires1 = its prev5tion1 an education ad hoc4 ,x is a v bad plan to wait until y f9d y\r boy tortur+ an animal1 & !n proce$ to torture ! boy4 ,?is only makes him wi% he _h n be5 caught4 ,y %\ld wat* = ! fir/ beg9n+s ( :at may aft]w>ds develop into cruelty4 ,tea* ! boy respect = life2 d n let him see y kill+ animals1 ev5 wasps or snakes4 ,if y _c prev5t x1 expla9 v c>efully :y x is done 9 ?is p>ticul> case4 ,if he does some?+ slightly unk9d to a y\ng] *ild1 d ! same to him at once4 ,he w prote/1 & y c expla9 t if he does n want x done to him he mu/ n d x to o!rs4 ,9 ?is way ! fact t o!rs h feel+s l 8 own is br\ght vividly to 8 att5tion4 ,x is obvi\sly ess5tial to ?is me?od t x %\ld be begun e>ly1 & appli$ to m9or =ms ( unk9dness4 ,x is only v small injuries to o!rs t y c retort 9 k9d ^u ! *ild4 ,& :5 y c adopt ?is plan1 d n let x seem t y are do+ x z a puni%m5t1 b r z an in/ruction3 8,see1 t is :at y did to y\r little si/]40 ,:5 ! *ild prote/s1 y say3 8,well1 if x 0 unpleasant1 y mu/n't d x to h]40 ,s long z ! :ole incid5t is simple & imm$iate1 ! *ild w und]/&1 & w le>n t o!r p's feel+s mu/ be consid]$4 ,9 t case1 s]i\s cruelty w nev] develop4 ,all moral in/ruction mu/ be imm$iate & concrete3 x mu/ arise out ( a situation :i* has gr[n up naturally1 & mu/ n g beyond :at ought to be done 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance4 ,! *ild himself w apply ! moral 9 o!r simil> cases4 ,x is mu* easi] to grasp a concrete in/ance1 & apply analog\s consid]ations to an analog\s in/ance1 ?an to appreh5d a g5]al rule & proce$ d$uctively4 ,d n say1 9 a g5]al way1 8,be brave1 be k9d01 b urge him to "s p>ticul> piece ( d>+1 & !n say1 8,bravo1 y 7 a brave boy02 get him to let 8 si/] play ) 8 me*anical eng9e1 & :5 he sees h] beam+ ) delight1 say1 8,t's "r1 y 7 a k9d boy40 ,! same pr9ciple applies 9 deal+ ) cruelty3 ,look out = its fa9t beg9n+s1 & prev5t !m f develop+4 ,if1 9 spite ( all y\r ef=ts1 grave cruelty develops at a lat] age1 ! matt] mu/ be tak5 v s]i\sly1 & dealt ) l an illness4 ,! boy %\ld be puni%$ 9 ! s5se t unpleasant ?+s %\ld happ5 to him1 j z !y d :5 he has measles1 b n 9 ! s5se t he %\ld be made to feel wick$4 ,he %\ld be isolat$ = a :ile f o!r *ildr5 & f animals1 & x %\ld be expla9$ to him t x is n safe to let him associate ) !m4 ,he %\ld be made to realize1 z f> z possible1 h[ he w\ld suff] if he 7 cruelly treat$4 ,he %\ld be made to feel t a great mis=tune _h befall5 him 9 ! %ape ( an impulse to cruelty1 & t 8 eld]s 7 endeav\r+ to %ield him f a simil> mis=tune 9 ! future4 ,i believe t su* me?ods w\ld be completely successful 9 all except a few pa?ological cases4 ,physical puni%m5t ,i believe to be nev] "r4 ,9 mild =ms1 x does little h>m1 ?\gh no good2 9 sev]e =ms1 ,i am conv9c$ t x g5]ates cruelty & brutality4 ,x is true t x (t5 produces no res5tm5t aga9/ ! p]son :o inflicts x2 :]e x is cu/om>y1 boys adapt !mselves to x & expect x z "p ( ! c\rse ( nature4 ,b x accu/oms !m to ! idea t x may be "r & prop] to inflict physical pa9 = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ au?ority--a peculi>ly dang]\s lesson to tea* to ^? :o are likely to acquire positions ( p[]4 ,& x de/roys t relation ( op5 confid5ce :i* ought to exi/ betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr51 z well z betwe5 tea*]s & pupils4 ,! mod]n p>5t wants 8 *ildr5 to be z uncon/ra9$ 9 8 pres5ce z 9 8 abs5ce2 he wants !m to feel pleasure :5 !y see him com+2 he does n want a fictiti\s ,sabba? calm :ile he is wat*+1 succe$$ by p&emonium z soon z he turns 8 back4 ,to w9 ! g5u9e affection ( *ildr5 is a joy z great z any t life has to (f]4 ,our gr&fa!rs did n "k ( ?is joy1 & !re=e did n "k t !y 7 miss+ x4 ,!y taught *ildr5 t x 0 _! 8duty0 to love _! p>5ts1 & proce$$ to make ?is duty almo/ impossible ( p]=mance4 ,c>ol9e1 9 ! v]se quot$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 c h>dly h be5 pleas$ :5 h] fa!r w5t to h]1 8to :ip h]1 !re's no d\bt04 ,s long z p p]si/$ 9 ! notion t love c\ld be comm&$ z a duty1 !y did no?+ to w9 x z a g5u9e emotion4 ,consequ5tly human relations rema9$ />k & h>% & cruel4 ,puni%m5t 0 "p ( ?is :ole conception4 ,x is /range t m5 :o w\ld n h dream$ ( rais+ _! h& aga9/ a woman 7 q will+ to inflict physical torture ^u a def5celess *ild4 ,m]cifully1 a bett] conception ( ! relations ( p>5ts & *ildr5 has gradually won its way dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 & ) x ! :ole !ory ( puni%m5t has be5 trans=m$4 ,i hope t ! enlight5$ ideas :i* beg9 to prevail 9 education w gradually spread to o!r human relations z well1 = !y are ne$$ !re j z mu* z 9 our deal+s ) our *ildr54 ,,*apt] ,x ,,importance ,,( ,,o!r ,,*ildr5 ,s f>1 we h be5 consid]+ :at p>5ts & tea*]s c d !mselves t[>ds creat+ ! "r k9d ( "* 9 a *ild4 ,b !re is a great deal t _c possibly be done )\t ! help ( o!r *ildr54 ,?is becomes increas+ly true z ! *ild gets old]2 inde$ contempor>ies are nev] m important ?an at ! univ]sity4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( life1 o!r *ildr5 are n important at all 9 ! e>li] mon?s1 & only a slight advantage 9 ! la/ ?ree mon?s4 ,at t /age1 x is slightly old] *ildr5 t are useful4 ,! fir/ *ild 9 a family is usually sl[] 9 le>n+ to walk & talk ?an subsequ5t *ildr51 because gr[n-ups are s p]fect 9 ^! accompli%m5ts t !y are difficult to imitate4 ,a *ild ( ?ree ye>s old is a bett] model = a *ild "o ye> old1 bo? because ! ?+s x does are m :at ! y\ng] *ild w\ld wi% to d1 & because its p[]s d n seem s sup]human4 ,*ildr5 feel t o!r *ildr5 are m ak9 to !m ?an adults are1 & !re=e _! ambition is m /imulat$ by :at o!r *ildr5 d4 ,only ! family provides ! opportunity = ?is e>ly education by old] *ildr54 ,mo/ *ildr5 :o h a *oice wi% to play ) *ildr5 r old] ?an !mselves1 because !n !y feel 8gr&02 b ^! old] *ildr5 wi% to play ) /ill old] *ildr51 & s on4 ,! consequ5ce is t1 9 a s*ool1 or 9 ! /reets ( a slum1 or any:]e else :]e a l>ge *oice is possible1 *ildr5 play almo/ entirely ) _! contempor>ies1 because ! old] ones w n play ) ! y\ng] ones4 ,9 ?is way x comes ab\t t :at is to be le>nt f old] *ildr5 mu/ be le>nt ma9ly 9 ! home4 ,?is has ! drawback t 9 e family !re mu/ be "o olde/ *ild1 :o fails to get ! b5efits ( ! me?od4 ,& z families gr[ small]1 ! p]c5tage ( olde/ *ildr5 gr[s l>g]1 s t ! drawback is an increas+ "o4 ,small families are 9 "s ways a disadvantage to *ildr51 unless supplem5t$ by nurs]y-s*ools4 ,b nurs]y-s*ools w =m ! subject ( a lat] *apt]4 ,old] *ildr51 y\ng] *ildr51 & contempor>ies all h _! uses1 b ! uses ( old] & y\ng] *ildr51 = ! reasons j giv51 are ma9ly conf9$ to ! family4 ,! great use ( old] *ildr5 is to provide atta9able ambitions4 ,a *ild w make trem5d\s ef=ts to be ?\ght wor?y ( jo9+ 9 an old] *ild's game4 ,! old] *ild behaves 9 an (fh& natural way1 )\t ! consid]ation & make-believe :i* is b\nd to =m "p ( a gr[n-up p]son's games ) *ildr54 ,! same lack ( consid]ation 9 a gr[n-up w\ld be pa9ful1 bo? because ! gr[n-up has p[] & au?ority1 & because he plays to please ! *ild1 n to please himself4 ,a *ild w be *e]fully submissive to an old] bro!r or si/]1 9 a way :i* w\ld be impossible t[>ds an adult except z a result ( excessive discipl9e4 ,! lesson ( co-op]ation 9 a subord9ate role is be/ le>nt f o!r *ildr52 :5 gr[n-ups try to tea* x1 !y are fac$ ) ! opposite dang]s ( unk9dness & pret5ce--unk9dness if !y dem& real co-op]ation1 pret5ce if !y are cont5t ) ! appe>ance ( x4 ,i d n mean t ei!r real or pret5ce co-op]ation is to be always avoid$1 b t x has n ! spontaneity :i* is possible betwe5 an old] & a y\ng] *ild1 & !re=e _c be comb9$ = h\rs on end ) pleasure to bo? p>ties4 ,all ?r\gh y\?1 slightly old] p cont9ue to h a special use 9 tea*+--n =mal tea*+1 b ! sort :i* occurs outside work+ h\rs4 ,a slightly old] boy or girl rema9s always a v effective /imulus to ambition1 &1 if k9d1 c expla9 difficulties bett] ?an an adult1 f ! rec5t recollection ( ov]com+ !m4 ,ev5 at ! univ]sity1 ,i le>nt mu* f p a few ye>s s5ior to me1 :i* ,i c\ld n h le>nt f grave & rev]5d signors4 ,i believe ?is exp]i5ce is g5]al :]ev] ! social life ( ! univ]sity is n too rigidly /ratifi$ by 8ye>s04 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible :]e1 z too (t5 happ5s1 ! old] /ud5ts consid] x infra dig to h any?+ to d ) ! y\ng] ones4 ,y\ng] *ildr5 also h _! uses1 especially 9 ! ye>s f ?ree to six2 ^! uses are *iefly 9 connection ) moral education4 ,s long z a *ild is ) adults1 x has no occasion = ! ex]cise ( a numb] ( important virtues1 namely1 ^? requir$ by ! /rong 9 deal+ ) ! weak4 ,a *ild has to be taught n to take ?+s by =ce f a y\ng] bro!r or si/]1 n to %[ excessive ang] :5 ! junior inadv]t5tly knocks ov] 8 t[] ( bricks1 n to ho>d toys he is n us+ :i* ! o!r desires4 ,he has to be taught t ! junior c be easily hurt by r\gh h&l+1 & to feel compunction :5 he has wantonly caus$ te>s4 ,9 protect+ a y\ng] *ild1 "o c speak to ! s5ior ) a %>pness & sudd5ness :i* w\ld n o!rwise be ju/ifi$1 b :i* h _! uses ?r\gh ! /rong impression produc$ by _! unexpect$ness4 ,all ^! are useful lessons1 :i* x is h>dly possible to give naturally 9 any o!r way4 ,x is a folly & a wa/e ( "t to give ab/ract moral in/ruction to a *ild2 ev]y?+ mu/ be concrete1 & actually dem&$ by ! exi/+ situation4 ,mu* t1 f an adult po9t ( view1 is moral education1 feels to ! *ild j l in/ruction 9 h&l+ a saw4 ,! *ild feels t he is be+ %[n h[ ! ?+ is done4 ,t is "o reason :y example is s important4 ,a *ild :o has wat*$ a c>p5t] at "w tries to copy 8 movem5ts2 a *ild :o has se5 8 p>5ts behav+ always ) k9dness & consid]ation tries to copy !m 9 ?is respect4 ,9 ea* case1 pre/ige is atta*$ to :at he wants to imitate4 ,if y gave y\r *ild a solemn lesson 9 ! use ( a saw1 b y\rself always tri$ to use x z a *opp]1 y w\ld nev] make a c>p5t] ( him4 ,& if y urge him to be k9d to 8 little si/]1 b are n k9d to h] y\rself1 all y\r in/ruction w be wa/$4 ,= t reason1 :5 y h to d some?+ t makes a little *ild cry1 su* z clean+ its nose1 y %\ld be c>eful to expla9 to ! old] *ild :y x is necess>y to d x4 ,o!rwise he is q likely to rise up 9 def5ce ( ! y\ng] *ild1 & fight y to make y /op be+ cruel4 ,if y all[ him to rema9 "u ! impression t y are cruel1 y w h lo/ ! p[] to curb 8 own impulses t[>ds tyranny4 ,al?\gh bo? old] & y\ng] *ildr5 are important1 contempor>ies are f> m s1 at any rate f ! age ( f\r onw>ds4 ,behavi\r to equals is :at mo/ ne$s to be le>nt4 ,mo/ ( ! inequalities 9 ! exi/+ _w are artificial1 & x w\ld be a good ?+ if our behavi\r ignor$ !m4 ,well-to-d p imag9e !mselves sup]ior to _! cooks1 & behave to !m 9 a diff]5t way f t 9 :i* !y behave 9 society4 ,b !y feel inf]ior to a ,duke1 & treat him 9 a way :i* %[s a lack ( self-respect4 ,9 bo? cases !y are wrong3 ! cook & ! ,duke %\ld bo? be felt & treat$ z equals4 ,9 y\?1 age makes a hi]>*y :i* is n artificial2 b = t v reason ! social habits :i* w be desirable 9 lat] life are be/ le>nt by associat+ ) contempor>ies4 ,games ( all k9ds are bett] among equals1 & s is s*ool competition4 ,among s*oolfell[s1 a boy has t degree ( importance :i* is accord$ to him by _! judgm5t2 he may be admir$ or despis$1 b ! issue dep5ds ^u 8 own "* & pr[ess4 ,affectionate p>5ts create a too indulg5t milieu2 p>5ts )\t affection create "o :]e spontaneity is repress$4 ,x is only contempor>ies :o c give scope = spontaneity 9 free competition & 9 equal co-op]ation4 ,self-respect )\t tyranny1 consid]ation )\t slavi%ness1 c be le>nt be/ 9 deal+ ) equals4 ,= ^! reasons1 no am\nt ( p>5tal solicitude c give a boy or girl ! same advantages at home z are to be enjoy$ 9 a good s*ool4 ,ap>t f ^! consid]ations1 !re is ano!r1 p]haps ev5 m important4 ,! m9d & body ( a *ild dem& a great deal ( play1 & aft] ! fir/ ye>s play c h>dly be satisfactory except ) o!r boys & girls4 ,)\t play1 a *ild becomes /ra9$ & n]v\s2 x loses ! joy ( life & develops anxieties4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible to br+ up a *ild z ,john ,/u>t ,mill 0 br\ght up1 to beg9 ,greek at ! age ( ?ree1 & nev] "k any ord9>y *ildi% fun4 ,f ! m]e /&po9t ( acquir+ k1 ! results may be good1 b tak5 all r\nd ,i _c admire !m4 ,mill relates 9 8 ,autobiography t dur+ adolesc5ce he ne>ly committ$ suicide f ! ?\ght t all comb9ations ( musical notes w\ld "o day be us$ up1 & !n new musical composition w\ld become impossible4 ,x is obvi\s t an obsession ( ?is sort is a symptom ( n]v\s exhau/ion4 ,9 lat] life1 :5ev] he came ^u an argum5t t5d+ to %[ t 8 fa!r's philosophy might h be5 mi/ak51 he %i$ away f x l a fright5$ horse1 !reby greatly dim9i%+ ! value ( 8 reason+ p[]s4 ,x seems probable t a m normal y\? w\ld h giv5 him m intellectual resili5ce1 & enabl$ him to be m orig9al 9 8 ?9k+4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x w\ld c]ta9ly h giv5 him m capacity = enjoy+ life4 ,i 0 myself ! product ( a solit>y education up to ! age ( sixte5--some:at less fi]ce ?an ,mill's1 b /ill too de/itute ( ! ord9>y joys ( y\?4 ,i exp]i5c$ 9 adolesc5ce j ! same t5d5cy to suicide z ,mill describes--9 my case1 because ,i ?\ght ! laws ( dynamics regulat$ ! movem5ts ( my body1 mak+ ! w a m]e delusion4 ,:5 ,i began to associate ) contempor>ies1 ,i f\nd myself an angul> prig4 ,h[ f> ,i h rema9$ s1 x is n = me to say4 ,9 spite ( all ! above argum5ts1 ,i am prep>$ to admit t !re are a c]ta9 numb] ( boys & girls :o ought n to g to s*ool1 & t "s ( !m are v important individuals4 ,if a boy has abnormal m5tal p[]s 9 "s direction1 comb9$ ) poor physique & great n]v\sness1 he may be q incapable ( fitt+ into a cr[d ( normal boys1 & may be s p]secut$ z to be driv5 mad4 ,exceptional capacities are n infrequ5tly associat$ ) m5tal in/ability1 & 9 su* cases x is desirable to adopt me?ods :i* w\ld be bad = ! normal boy4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to f9d out if abnormal s5sitiv5ess has "s def9ite cause1 & pati5t ef=ts %\ld be made to cure x4 ,b ^! ef=ts %\ld nev] involve t]rible suff]+1 su* z an abnormal boy may easily h to endure f brutal companions4 ,i ?9k su* s5sitiv5ess g5]ally has its s\rce 9 mi/akes dur+ infancy1 :i* h upset ! *ild's dige/ion or its n]ves4 ,giv5 wisdom 9 h&l+ infants1 ,i ?9k almo/ all ( !m w\ld gr[ into boys & girls suffici5tly normal to enjoy ! company ( o!r boys & girls4 ,nev]!less1 "s exceptions w occur1 & !y may easily occur among ^? :o h "s =m ( g5ius4 ,9 ^! r>e cases1 s*ool is undesirable1 & a m %elt]$ y\? is to be pref]r$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,affection ,,& ,,sympa?y ,_m read]s may ?9k t ,i h hi!rto unacc\ntably neglect$ affection1 :i* is1 9 "s s5se1 ! ess5ce ( a good "*4 ,i hold t love & k are ! two ma9 requisites = "r action1 yet1 9 deal+ ) moral education1 ,i h hi!rto said no?+ ab\t love4 ,my reason has be5 t ! "r sort ( love %\ld be ! natural fruit result+ f ! prop] treatm5t ( ! gr[+ *ild1 r ?an some?+ consci\sly aim$ at ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s /ages4 ,we h to be cle> z to ! k9d ( affection to be desir$1 & z to ! disposition appropriate to diff]5t ages4 ,f t5 or twelve ye>s old until pub]ty1 a boy is apt to be v de/itute ( affection1 & !re is no?+ to be ga9$ by try+ to =ce 8 nature4 ,?r\gh\t y\?1 !re is less occasion = sympa?y ?an 9 adult life1 bo? because !re is less p[] ( giv+ effective expression to x1 & because a "y p]son has to ?9k ( 8 or h] own tra9+ = life1 l>gely to ! exclusion ( o!r p's int]e/s4 ,= ^! reasons1 we %\ld be m conc]n$ to produce sympa!tic & affectionate adults ?an to =ce a precoci\s developm5t ( ^! qualities 9 e>ly ye>s4 ,our problem1 l all problems 9 ! education ( "*1 is a sci5tific "o1 belong+ to :at may be call$ psy*ological dynamics4 ,love _c exi/ z a duty3 to tell a *ild t x ought to love its p>5ts & its bro!rs & si/]s is utt]ly useless1 if n worse4 ,p>5ts :o wi% to be lov$ mu/ behave s z to elicit love1 & mu/ try to give to _! *ildr5 ^? physical & m5tal *>act]i/ics :i* produce expansive affections4 ,n only mu/ *ildr5 n be comm&$ to love _! p>5ts1 b no?+ mu/ be done :i* has ?is result z its object4 ,p>5tal affection1 at its be/1 diff]s f sex-love 9 ?is respect4 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( sex-love to seek a response1 z is natural1 s9ce1 )\t a response1 x _c fulfil its biological function4 ,b x is n ( ! ess5ce ( p>5tal love to seek a response4 ,! natural unsophi/icat$ p>5tal in/9ct feels t[>ds ! *ild z t[>ds an ext]naliz$ "p ( ! p>5t's body4 ,if y\r great toe is out ( ord]1 y att5d to x f self-int]e/1 & y d n expect x to feel grateful4 ,! savage woman1 ,i imag9e1 has a v simil> feel+ t[>ds h] *ild4 ,%e desires its welf>e 9 j ! same way z %e desires h] own1 especially :ile x is /ill v "y4 ,%e has no m s5se ( self-d5ial 9 look+ aft] ! *ild ?an 9 look+ aft] h]self2 & = t v reason %e does n look = gratitude4 ,! *ild's ne$ ( h] is suffici5t response s long z x is helpless4 ,lat]1 :5 x beg9s to gr[ up1 h] affection dim9i%es & h] dem&s may increase4 ,9 animals1 p>5tal affection ceases :5 ! *ild is adult1 & no dem&s are made ^u x2 b 9 human be+s1 ev5 if !y are v primitive1 ?is is n ! case4 ,a son :o is a lu/y w>rior is expect$ to fe$ & protect 8 p>5ts :5 !y are old & decrepit2 ! /ory ( neas & ,an*ises embodies ?is feel+ at a high] level ( culture4 ,) ! gr[? ( =esight1 !re is an increas+ t5d5cy to exploit *ildr5's affections = ! sake ( _! help :5 old age comes4 ,h5ce ! pr9ciple ( filial piety1 :i* has exi/$ ?r\gh\t ! _w & is embodi$ 9 ! ,fif? ,comm&m5t4 ,) ! developm5t ( private prop]ty & ord]$ gov]nm5t1 filial piety becomes less important2 aft] "s c5turies1 p become aw>e ( ?is fact1 & ! s5tim5t goes out ( fa%ion4 ,9 ! mod]n _w1 a man ( fifty may be f9ancially dep5d5t ^u a p>5t ( eighty1 s t ! important ?+ is /ill ! affection ( ! p>5t = ! *ild r ?an ( ! *ild = ! p>5t4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 applies *iefly to ! prop]ti$ classes2 among wage-e>n]s1 ! old] relation%ip p]si/s4 ,b ev5 !re x is be+ gradually displac$ z a result ( old-age p5sions & simil> measures4 ,affection ( *ildr5 = p>5ts1 !re=e1 is ceas+ to des]ve a place among c>d9al virtues1 :ile affection ( p>5ts = *ildr5 rema9s ( enorm\s importance4 ,!re is ano!r set ( dang]s1 :i* has be5 br\ght to ! =e by ! psy*o-analy/s1 ?\gh ,i ?9k _! int]pretation ( ! facts may be que/ion$4 ,! dang]s ,i am ?9k+ ( are ^? connect$ ) undue devotion to "o or o!r p>5t4 ,an adult1 & ev5 an adolesc5t1 ought n to be s ov]%ad[$ by ei!r fa!r or "m z to be unable to ?9k or feel indep5d5tly4 ,?is may easily happ5 if ! p]sonality ( ! p>5t is /rong] ?an t ( ! *ild4 ,i d n believe t !re is1 except 9 r>e morbid cases1 an 8dipus ,complex01 9 ! s5se ( a special attraction ( sons to mo!rs & daught]s to fa!rs4 ,! excessive influ5ce ( ! p>5t1 :]e x exi/s1 w belong to ! p>5t :o has _h mo/ to d ) ! *ild--g5]ally ! "m--)\t reg>d to diff]5ce ( sex4 ,( c\rse1 x may happ5 t a daught] :o dislikes h] "m & sees little ( h] fa!r w idealize ! latt]2 b 9 t case ! influ5ce is ex]t$ by dreams1 n by ! actual fa!r4 ,idealization consi/s ( hang+ hopes to a peg3 ! peg is m]ely conv5i5t1 & has no?+ to d ) ! nature ( ! hopes4 ,undue p>5tal influ5ce is q a diff]5t ?+ f ?is1 s9ce x is connect$ ) ! actual p]son1 n ) an imag9>y portrait4 ,an adult ) :om a *ild is 9 con/ant contact may easily become s dom9ant 9 ! *ild's life z to make ! *ild1 ev5 9 lat] life1 a m5tal slave4 ,! slav]y may be intellectual1 or emotional1 or bo?4 ,a good example ( ! =m] is ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 :o c\ld nev] br+ himself1 9 ! la/ resort1 to admit t 8 fa!r might h be5 mi/ak54 ,to "s degree1 intellectual slav]y to e>ly environm5t is normal2 v few adults are capable ( op9ions o!r ?an ^? taught by p>5ts or tea*]s1 except :]e !re is "s g5]al drift t c>ries !m along4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,mohamm$ans are ,mohamm$ans1 ! *ildr5 ( ,buddhi/s are ,buddhi/s1 & s on4 ,x may be ma9ta9$ t intellectual slav]y is natural & normal2 ,i am incl9$ to admit t x c only be avoid$ by an education ad hoc4 ,?is =m ( excessive p>5tal & s*ola/ic influ5ce ought to be avoid$ c>efully1 s9ce1 9 a rapidly *ang+ _w1 x is exce$+ly dang]\s to reta9 ! op9ions ( a by-gone g5]ation4 ,b = ! pres5t ,i %all consid] only slav]y ( ! emotions & ! w1 s9ce t is m directly b\nd up ) our pres5t topic4 ,! evils consid]$ by psy*o-analy/s "u ! head+ 8dipus ,complex0 7:i* ,i reg>d z mislead+7 arise f an undue desire on ! "p ( p>5ts = an emotional response f _! *ildr54 ,z ,i said a mom5t ago1 ,i believe t ! p>5tal in/9ct 9 its purity does n desire an emotional response2 x is satisfi$ by ! dep5d5ce ( ! "y1 & ! fact t !y look to p>5ts = protection & food4 ,:5 ! dep5d5ce ceases1 p>5tal affection also ceases4 ,?is is ! /ate ( affairs among animals1 & = _! purposes x is entirely satisfactory4 ,b su* simplicity ( in/9ct is sc>cely possible = human be+s4 ,i h already consid]$ ! effect ( milit>y & economic consid]ations1 z %[n 9 ! prea*+ ( filial piety4 ,i am n[ conc]n$ ) two purely psy*ological s\rces ( confusion 9 ! work+ ( ! p>5tal in/9ct4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ( a sort :i* occurs :]ev] intellig5ce obs]ves ! pleasures to be d]iv$ f in/9ct4 ,broadly speak+1 in/9ct prompts pleasant acts :i* h useful consequ5ces1 b ! consequ5ces may n be pleasant4 ,eat+ is pleasant1 b dige/ion is n--especially :5 x is indige/ion4 ,sex is pleasant1 b p>turition is n4 ,! dep5d5ce ( an infant is pleasant1 b ! indep5d5ce ( a vigor\s gr[n-up son is n4 ,! primitive mat]nal type ( woman d]ives mo/ pleasure f ! infant at ! brea/1 & gradually less pleasure z ! *ild gr[s less helpless4 ,!re is !re=e a t5d5cy1 = ! sake ( pleasure1 to prolong ! p]iod ( helplessness1 & to put (f ! "t :5 ! *ild c disp5se ) p>5tal guidance4 ,?is is recogniz$ 9 conv5tional phrases1 su* z be+ 8ti$ to 8 "m's apron-/r+s04 ,x 0 ?\ght impossible to deal ) ?is evil 9 boys except by s5d+ !m away to s*ool4 ,9 girls x 0 n recogniz$ z an evil1 because 7if !y 7 well-to-d7 x 0 ?\ght desirable to make !m helpless & dep5d5t1 & x 0 hop$ t aft] m>riage !y w\ld cl+ to _! husb&s z !y _h =m]ly clung to _! mo!rs4 ,?is seldom happ5$1 & its failure gave rise to ! 8"m-9-law0 joke4 ,"o ( ! purposes ( a joke is to prev5t ?\ght--a purpose 9 :i* ?is p>ticul> joke 0 highly successful4 ,no "o seem$ to realize t a girl br\ght up to be dep5d5t w\ld naturally be dep5d5t ^u h] "m1 & !re=e c\ld n ent] into t :ole-he>t$ p>tn]%ip ) a man :i* is ! ess5ce ( a happy m>riage4 ,! second psy*ological complication comes ne>] to ! or?odox ,freudian po9t ( view4 ,x arises :]e elem5ts appropriate to sex-love ent] into p>5tal affection4 ,i d n mean any?+ necess>ily dep5d5t ^u diff]5ce ( sex2 ,i mean m]ely ! desire = a c]ta9 k9d ( emotional response4 ,"p ( ! psy*ology ( sex--t "p1 9 fact1 :i* has made monogamy a possible in/itution--is ! desire to come fir/ = "s "o1 to feel t oneself is m important ?an any o!r human be+ to ! happ9ess ( at lea/ "o p]son 9 ! _w4 ,:5 ?is desire has produc$ m>riage1 x w only produce happ9ess if a numb] ( o!r conditions are realiz$4 ,= "o reason or ano!r1 a v l>ge proportion ( m>ri$ wom5 9 civiliz$ c\ntries fail to h a satisfy+ sex-life4 ,:5 ?is happ5s to a woman1 %e is apt to seek f h] *ildr5 an illegitimate & spuri\s gratification ( desires :i* only m5 c gratify adequately & naturally4 ,i d n mean any?+ obvi\s3 ,i mean m]ely a c]ta9 emotional t5sion1 a c]ta9 passionat5ess ( feel+1 a pleasure 9 kiss+ & fondl+ to excess4 ,^! ?+s us$ to be ?\ght q "r & prop] 9 an affectionate "m4 ,inde$1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at is "r & :at is h>mful is v subtle4 ,x is absurd to ma9ta91 z "s ,freudians d1 t p>5ts ought n to kiss & fondle _! *ildr5 at all4 ,*ildr5 h a "r to w>m affection f _! p>5ts2 x gives !m a happy1 c>e-free outlook ^u ! _w1 & is ess5tial to heal?y psy*ological developm5t4 ,b x %\ld be some?+ t !y take = grant$1 l ! air !y brea!1 n some?+ to :i* !y are expect$ to respond4 ,x is ?is "q ( response t is ! ess5ce ( ! matt]4 ,!re w be a c]ta9 spontane\s response1 :i* is all to ! good2 b x w be q diff]5t f ! active pursuit ( fri5d%ip f *ildi% companions4 ,psy*ologically1 p>5ts %\ld be a backgr\nd1 & ! *ild %\ld n be made to act ) a view to giv+ 8 p>5ts pleasure4 ,_! pleasure %\ld consi/ 9 8 gr[? & progress2 any?+ t he gives !m 9 ! way ( response %\ld be accept$ gratefully z a pure extra1 l f9e wea!r 9 spr+1 b %\ld n be expect$ z "p ( ! ord] ( nature4 ,x is v difficult = a woman to be a p]fect "m1 or a p]fect tea*] ( "y *ildr51 unless %e is sexually satisfi$4 ,:atev] psy*o-analy/s may say1 ! p>5tal in/9ct is ess5tially diff]5t f ! sex in/9ct1 & is damag$ by ! intrusion ( emotions appropriate to sex4 ,! habit ( employ+ celibate female tea*]s is q wrong psy*ologically4 ,! "r woman to deal ) *ildr5 is a woman ^: in/9ct is n seek+ f !m satisfactions = h]self :i* !y ought n to be expect$ to provide4 ,a woman :o is happily m>ri$ w belong to ?is type )\t ef=t2 b any o!r woman w ne$ an almo/ impossible subtlety ( self-control4 ,( c\rse1 ! same ?+ applies to m5 9 ! same circum/ances1 b ! circum/ances are f> less frequ5t ) m51 bo? because _! p>5tal in/9cts are usually n v /rong1 & because !y are seldom sexually />v$4 ,x is z well to be cle> 9 our own ?\ghts z reg>ds ! attitude we are to expect f *ildr5 to p>5ts4 ,if p>5ts h ! "r k9d ( love = _! *ildr51 ! *ildr5's response w be j :at ! p>5ts desire4 ,! *ildr5 w be pleas$ :5 _! p>5ts come1 & sorry :5 !y g1 unless !y are absorb$ 9 "s agreeable pursuit2 !y w look to _! p>5ts = help 9 any tr\ble1 physical or m5tal1 t may arise2 !y w d>e to be adv5tur\s1 because !y rely ^u _! p>5ts' protection 9 ! backgr\nd--b ?is feel+ w be h>dly consci\s except 9 mom5ts ( p]il4 ,!y w expect _! p>5ts to answ] _! que/ions1 resolve _! p]plexities1 & help !m 9 difficult tasks4 ,mo/ ( :at _! p>5ts d = !m w n ent] into _! consci\sness4 ,!y w l _! p>5ts1 n = provid+ _! bo>d & lodg+1 b = play+ ) !m1 %[+ !m h[ to d new ?+s1 & tell+ !m /ories ab\t ! _w4 ,!y w gradually realize t _! p>5ts love !m1 b ?is ought to be accept$ z a natural fact4 ,! affection t !y feel = _! p>5ts w be q a diff]5t k9d f t :i* !y feel = o!r *ildr54 ,! p>5t mu/ act ) ref]5ce to ! *ild1 b ! *ild mu/ act ) ref]5ce to himself & ! out] _w4 ,t is ! ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,! *ild has no important function to p]=m 9 relation to 8 p>5ts4 ,8 function is to gr[ 9 wisdom & /ature1 & s long z he does s a heal?y p>5tal in/9ct is satisfi$4 ,i %\ld be v sorry to convey ! impression t ,i want to dim9i% ! am\nt ( affection 9 family life1 or ! spontaneity ( its manife/ations4 ,t is n at all :at ,i mean4 ,:at ,i d mean is t !re are diff]5t k9ds ( affection4 ,! affection ( husb& & wife is "o ?+1 t ( p>5ts = *ildr5 is ano!r1 & t ( *ildr5 = p>5ts is yet ano!r4 ,! h>m comes :5 ^! diff]5t k9ds ( natural affection are confus$4 ,i d n ?9k ! ,freudians h arriv$ at ! tru?1 because !y d n recognize ^! in/9ctive diff]5ces4 ,& ?is makes !m1 9 a s5se1 ascetic z reg>ds p>5ts & *ildr51 because !y view any love betwe5 !m z a sort ( inadequate sex-love4 ,i d n believe 9 ! ne$ ( any fundam5tal self-d5ial1 provid$ !re are no special un=tunate circum/ances4 ,a man & woman :o love ea* o!r & _! *ildr5 ought to be able to act spontane\sly z ! he>t dictates4 ,!y w ne$ mu* ?\ght & k1 b ^! !y w acquire out ( p>5tal affection4 ,!y mu/ n dem& f _! *ildr5 :at !y get f ea* o!r1 b if !y are happy 9 ea* o!r !y w feel no impulse to d s4 ,if ! *ildr5 are prop]ly c>$ =1 !y w feel = _! p>5ts a natural affection :i* w be no b>ri] to indep5d5ce4 ,:at is ne$$ is n ascetic self-d5ial1 b fre$om & expansiv5ess ( in/9ct1 adequately in=m$ by intellig5ce & k4 ,:5 my boy 0 two ye>s & f\r mon?s old1 ,i w5t to ,am]ica1 & 0 abs5t ?ree mon?s4 ,he 0 p]fectly happy 9 my abs5ce1 b 0 wild ) joy :5 ,i return$4 ,i f\nd him wait+ impati5tly by ! g>d5 gate2 he seiz$ my h&1 & began %[+ me ev]y?+ t specially int]e/$ him4 ,i want$ to he>1 & he want$ to tell2 ,i _h no wi% to tell1 & he _h none to he>4 ,! two impulses 7 diff]5t1 b h>moni\s4 ,:5 x comes to /ories1 he wi%es to he> & ,i wi% to tell1 s t aga9 !re is h>mony4 ,only once has ?is situation be5 rev]s$4 ,:5 he 0 ?ree ye>s & six mon?s old1 ,i _h a bir?day1 & 8 "m told him t ev]y?+ 0 to be done to please me4 ,/ories are 8 supreme delight2 to our surprise1 :5 ! "t = !m came1 he ann\nc$ t he 0 go+ to tell me /ories1 z x 0 my bir?day4 ,he told ab\t a doz51 !n jump$ d[n1 say+ 8no m /ories to-day04 ,t 0 ?ree mon?s ago1 b he has nev] told /ories aga94 ,i come n[ to ! wid] "q ( affection & sympa?y 9 g5]al4 ,z betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr51 !re are complications ow+ to ! possibility ( abuse ( p[] by p>5ts2 x 0 necess>y to deal ) ^! complications be=e attack+ ! g5]al "q4 ,!re is no possible me?od ( compell+ a *ild to feel sympa?y or affection2 ! only possible me?od is to obs]ve ! conditions "u :i* ^! feel+s arise spontane\sly1 & !n endeav\r to produce ! conditions4 ,sympa?y1 und\bt$ly1 is p>tly in/9ctive4 ,*ildr5 are worri$ :5 _! bro!rs or si/]s cry1 & (t5 cry too4 ,!y w take _! "p vehem5tly aga9/ ! gr[n-ups :5 disagreeable ?+s are be+ done to !m4 ,:5 my boy _h a w\nd on 8 elb[ :i* _h to be dress$1 8 si/] 7ag$ eighte5 mon?s7 c\ld he> him cry+ 9 ano!r room1 & 0 v mu* upset4 ,%e kept on repeat+ 8,jonny cry+1 ,jonny cry+01 until ! pa9ful bus9ess 0 f9i%$4 ,:5 my boy saw 8 "m extract+ a ?orn ) a ne$le f h] foot1 he said anxi\sly1 8,x doesn't hurt1 ,mummy04 ,%e said x did1 wi%+ to give him a lesson 9 n mak+ a fuss4 ,he insi/$ t x didn't hurt1 :]eupon %e insi/$ t x did4 ,he !n bur/ into sobs1 j z vehem5t z if x _h be5 8 own foot4 ,su* occurr5ces mu/ spr+ f in/9ctive physical sympa?y4 ,?is is ! basis ^u :i* m elaborate =ms ( sympa?y mu/ be built4 ,x is cle> t no?+ fur!r is ne$$ 9 ! way ( positive education except to br+ home to ! *ild ! fact t p & animals c feel pa91 & d feel x "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a fur!r negative condition3 ! *ild mu/ n see p he respects committ+ unk9d or cruel actions4 ,if ! fa!r %oots or ! "m speaks rudely to ! maids1 ! *ild w cat* ^! vices4 ,x is a difficult "q h[ & :5 to make a *ild aw>e ( ! evil 9 ! _w4 ,x is impossible to gr[ up ignorant ( w>s & massacres & pov]ty & prev5table disease :i* is n prev5t$4 ,at "s /age1 ! *ild mu/ "k ( ^! ?+s1 & mu/ comb9e ! k ) a firm conviction t x is a dreadful ?+ to inflict1 or ev5 p]mit1 any suff]+ :i* c be avoid$4 ,we are "h confront$ by a problem simil> to t :i* faces p :o wi% to pres]ve female *a/ity2 ^! p =m]ly believ$ 9 ignorance till m>riage1 b n[ adopt m positive me?ods4 ,i h kn[n "s pacifi/s :o wi%$ hi/ory taught )\t ref]5ce to w>s1 & ?\ght t *ildr5 %\ld be kept z long z possible ignorant ( ! cruelty 9 ! _w4 ,b ,i _c praise ! 8fugitive & cloi/]$ virtue0 t dep5ds ^u abs5ce ( k4 ,z soon z hi/ory is taught at all1 x %\ld be taught tru?fully4 ,if true hi/ory contradicts any moral we wi% to tea*1 our moral mu/ be wrong1 & we _h bett] ab&on x4 ,i q admit t _m p1 includ+ "s ( ! mo/ virtu\s1 f9d facts inconv5i5t1 b t is due to a c]ta9 feebl5ess 9 _! virtue4 ,a truly robu/ morality c only be /r5g!n$ by ! fulle/ k ( :at really happ5s 9 ! _w4 ,we mu/ n run ! risk t ! "y p :om we h educat$ 9 ignorance w turn to wick$ness ) delight z soon z !y discov] t !re is su* a ?+4 ,unless we c give !m an av]sion f cruelty1 !y w n ab/a9 f x2 & !y _c h an av]sion f x if !y d n "k t x exi/s4 ,nev]!less1 ! "r way ( giv+ *ildr5 a k ( evil is n easily f\nd4 ,( c\rse1 ^? :o live 9 ! slums ( big cities get to "k e>ly all ab\t drunk5ness1 qu>rels1 wife-beat+1 & s on4 ,p]haps ?is does !m no h>m1 if x is c\nt]act$ by o!r influ5ces2 b no c>eful p>5t w\ld delib]ately expose a v "y *ild to su* sights4 ,i ?9k ! great objection is t !y r\se fe> s vividly z to col\r ! :ole ( ! re/ ( life4 ,a *ild1 be+ def5celess1 _c help feel+ t]ror :5 x fir/ und]/&s t cruelty to *ildr5 is possible4 ,i 0 ab\t f\rte5 :5 ,i fir/ read 8,oliv] ,twi/01 b x fill$ me ) emotions ( horror :i* ,i c\ld sc>cely h borne at an e>li] age4 ,dreadful ?+s %\ld n be kn[n to "y p until !y are old en\gh to face !m ) a c]ta9 poise4 ,?is mom5t w come soon] ) "s *ildr5 ?an ) o!rs3 ^? :o are imag9ative or timid mu/ be %elt]$ long] ?an ^? :o are /olid or end[$ ) natural c\rage4 ,a m5tal habit ( fe>lessness due to expectation ( k9dness %\ld be firmly e/abli%$ be=e ! *ild is made to face ! exi/5ce ( unk9dness4 ,to *oose ! mom5t & ! mann] requires tact & und]/&+2 x is n a matt] :i* c be decid$ by a rule4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 maxims :i* %\ld be foll[$4 ,to beg9 )1 /ories su* z ,bluebe>d & ,jack ! ,giant ,kill] d n involve any k ( cruelty :atev]1 & d n raise ! problems we are consid]+4 ,to ! *ild1 !y are purely fanta/ic1 & he nev] connects !m ) ! real _w 9 any way4 ,no d\bt ! pleasure he d]ives f !m is connect$ ) savage in/9cts1 b ^! are h>mless z m]e play-impulses 9 a p[]less *ild1 & !y t5d to die d[n z ! *ild gr[s old]4 ,b :5 ! *ild is fir/ introduc$ to cruelty z a ?+ 9 ! real _w1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to *oose incid5ts 9 :i* he w id5tify himself ) ! victim1 n ) ! tortur]4 ,some?+ savage 9 him w exult 9 a /ory 9 :i* he id5tifies himself ) ! tyrant2 a /ory ( ?is k9d t5ds to produce an imp]iali/4 ,b ! /ory ( ,abraham prep>+ to sacrifice ,isaac1 or ( ! %e-be>s kill+ ! *ildr5 :om ,eli%a curs$1 naturally r\ses ! *ild's sympa?y = ano!r *ild4 ,if su* /ories are told1 !y %\ld be told z %[+ ! dep?s ( cruelty to :i* m5 c\ld desc5d long ago4 ,i once1 z a *ild1 he>d a s]mon ( an h\r's duration1 entirely devot$ to prov+ t ,eli%a 0 "r 9 curs+ ! *ildr54 ,=tunately1 ,i 0 old en\gh to ?9k ! p>son a fool2 o!rwise ,i %\ld h be5 driv5 ne>ly mad ) t]ror4 ,! /ory ( ,abraham & ,isaac 0 ev5 m dreadful1 because x 0 ! *ild's fa!r :o 0 cruel to him4 ,:5 su* /ories are told ) ! assumption t ,abraham & ,eli%a 7 virtu\s1 !y mu/ ei!r be ignor$ or utt]ly debase a *ild's moral /&>ds4 ,b :5 told z an introduction to human wick$ness1 !y s]ve a purpose1 because !y are vivid1 remote1 & untrue4 ,! /ory ( ,hub]t putt+ out little ,ar?ur's eyes1 9 8,k+ ,john01 may be us$ 9 ! same way4 ,!n hi/ory may be taught1 ) all its w>s4 ,b 9 tell+ ab\t w>s1 sympa?y at fir/ %\ld be ) ! defeat$4 ,i %\ld beg9 ) battles 9 :i* x is natural to feel on ! side ( ! beat5 p>ty--= in/ance1 ! battle ( ,ha/+s 9 tea*+ an ,engli% boy4 ,i %\ld emphasize always ! w\nds & suff]+ produc$4 ,i %\ld gradually lead ! *ild to feel no p>tisan%ip 9 read+ ab\t w>s1 & to reg>d bo? sides z silly m5 :o _h lo/ _! temp]s1 & ought to h _h nurses to put !m to b$ till !y 7 good4 ,i %\ld assimilate w>s to qu>rels among ! *ildr5 9 ! nurs]y4 ,9 ?is way1 ,i believe *ildr5 c\ld be made to see ! tru? ab\t w>1 & to realize t x is silly4 ,if any actual in/ance ( unk9dness or cruelty comes "u ! *ild's notice1 x %\ld be fully discuss$1 ) all ! moral values :i* ! adult himself atta*es to ! incid5t1 & always ) ! sugge/ion t ! p :o act$ cruelly 7 fooli%1 & did n "k any bett] because !y _h n be5 well br\ght up4 ,b ,i %\ld n call ! *ild's att5tion to su* ?+s 9 8 real _w1 if !y 7 n spontane\sly obs]v$ by him1 until aft] he _h gr[n famili> ) !m 9 hi/ory & /ories4 ,!n ,i %\ld gradually introduce him to a k ( evil 9 8 surr\nd+s4 ,b ,i %\ld always give him ! feel+ t ! evil c be combat$1 & results f ignorance & lack ( self-control & bad education4 ,i %\ld n enc\rage him to be indignant ) malefactors1 b r to reg>d !m z bungl]s1 :o d n "k 9 :at happ9ess consi/s4 ,! cultivation ( wide sympa?ies1 giv5 ! in/9ctive g]m1 is ma9ly an intellectual matt]3 x dep5ds ^u ! "r direction ( att5tion1 & ! realization ( facts :i* milit>i/s & au?orit>ians suppress4 ,take1 = example1 ,tol/oy's description ( ,napoleon go+ r\nd ! battlefield ( ,au/]litz aft] ! victory4 ,mo/ hi/ories leave ! battlefield z soon z ! battle is ov]2 by ! simple exp$i5t ( l+]+ on x = ano!r twelve h\rs1 a completely diff]5t picture ( w> is produc$4 ,?is is done1 n by suppress+ facts1 b by giv+ m facts4 ,& :at applies to battles applies equally to o!r =ms ( cruelty4 ,9 all cases1 x %\ld be q unnecess>y to po9t ! moral2 ! "r tell+ ( ! /ory %\ld be suffici5t4 ,d n moralize1 b let ! facts produce _! own moral 9 ! *ild's m9d4 ,x rema9s to say a few words ab\t affection1 :i* diff]s f sympa?y 9 be+ inevitably & ess5tially selective4 ,i h spok5 already ( affection betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr52 x is affection betwe5 equals t ,i n[ wi% to consid]4 ,affection _c be creat$2 x c only be lib]at$4 ,!re is a k9d ( affection :i* is p>tly root$ 9 fe>2 affection = p>5ts has ?is elem5t1 s9ce p>5ts af=d protection4 ,9 *ildhood affections ( ?is sort are natural1 b 9 lat] life !y are undesirable1 & ev5 9 *ildhood affection = o!r *ildr5 is n ( ?is sort4 ,my little girl is int5sely devot$ to h] bro!r1 al?\gh he is ! only p]son 9 h] _w :o ev] treats h] unk9dly4 ,affection z to an equal1 :i* is ! be/ k9d1 is mu* m likely to exi/ :]e !re is happ9ess & abs5ce ( fe>4 ,fe>s1 consci\s or unconsci\s1 are v apt to produce hatr$1 because o!r p are reg>d$ z capable ( inflict+ injuries4 ,) mo/ p1 z ?+s are1 envy is a b>ri] to wide-spread affection4 ,i d n ?9k envy c be prev5t$ except by happ9ess2 moral discipl9e is p[]less to t\* its subconsci\s =ms4 ,happ9ess1 9 turn1 is l>gely prev5t$ by fe>4 ,"y p :o h a *ance ( happ9ess are det]r$ by p>5ts & 8fri5ds01 nom9ally on moral gr\nds1 b really f envy4 ,if ! "y p h en\gh fe>lessness1 !y w ignore ! croak]s2 o!rwise1 !y w all[ !mselves to be made mis]able1 & jo9 ! company ( envi\s morali/s4 ,! education ( "* t we h be5 consid]+ is design$ to produce happ9ess & c\rage2 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t x does :at is possible to lib]ate ! spr+s ( affection4 ,m ?an ?is _c be done4 ,if y tell *ildr5 t !y ought to be affectionate1 y run ! risk ( produc+ cant & humbug4 ,b if y make !m happy & free1 if y surr\nd !m ) k9dness1 y w f9d t !y become spontane\sly fri5dly ) ev]ybody1 & t almo/ ev]ybody responds by be+ fri5dly ) !m4 ,a tru/ful affectionate disposition ju/ifies itself1 because x gives irresi/ible *>m1 & creates ! response :i* x expects4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important results to be expect$ f ! "r education ( "*4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,sex ,,education ,! subject ( sex is s surr\nd$ by sup]/itions & taboos t ,i approa* x ) trepidation4 ,i fe> le/ ^? read]s :o h hi!rto accept$ my pr9ciples may suspect !m :5 !y are appli$ 9 ?is sph]e2 !y may h admitt$ readily en\gh t fe>lessness & fre$om are good = a *ild1 & yet desire1 :]e sex is conc]n$1 to impose slav]y & t]ror4 ,i _c s limit pr9ciples :i* ,i believe to be s\nd1 & ,i %all treat sex exactly z ,i h treat$ ! o!r impulses :i* make up a human "*4 ,!re is "o respect 9 :i*1 q indep5d5tly ( taboos1 sex is peculi>1 & t is ! late rip5+ ( ! in/9ct4 ,x is true1 z ! psy*o-analy/s h po9t$ out 7?\gh ) consid]able exagg]ation71 t ! in/9ct is n abs5t 9 *ildhood4 ,b its *ildi% manife/ations are diff]5t f ^? ( adult life1 & its /r5g? is mu* less1 & x is physically impossible = a boy to indulge x 9 ! adult mann]4 ,pub]ty rema9s an important emotional crisis1 ?ru/ into ! middle ( intellectual education1 & caus+ di/urbances :i* raise difficult problems = ! educator4 ,_m ( ^! problems ,i %all n attempt to discuss2 x is *iefly :at %\ld be done be=e pub]ty t ,i propose to consid]4 ,x is 9 ?is respect t educational re=m is mo/ ne$$1 especially 9 v e>ly *ildhood4 ,al?\gh ,i disagree ) ! ,freudians 9 _m p>ticul>s1 ,i ?9k !y h done a v valuable s]vice 9 po9t+ out ! n]v\s disord]s produc$ 9 lat] life by wrong h&l+ ( "y *ildr5 9 matt]s connect$ ) sex4 ,_! "w has already produc$ wide-spread b5eficial results 9 ?is respect1 b !re is /ill a mass ( prejudice to be ov]come4 ,! difficulty is1 ( c\rse1 greatly increas$ by ! practice ( leav+ *ildr51 dur+ _! fir/ ye>s1 l>gely 9 ! h&s ( totally un$ucat$ wom51 :o _c be expect$ to "k1 /ill less to believe1 :at has be5 said by le>n$ m5 9 ! long words necess>y to escape prosecution = obsc5ity4 ,tak+ our problems 9 *ronological ord]1 ! fir/ t confronts mo!rs & nurses is t ( ma/urbation4 ,compet5t au?orities /ate t ?is practice is all b univ]sal among boys & girls 9 _! second & ?ird ye>s1 b usually ceases ( itself a little lat] on4 ,sometimes x is r5d]$ m pron\nc$ by "s def9ite physical irritation :i* c be remov$4 7,x is n my prov9ce to g into m$ical details47 ,b x usually exi/s ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( su* special reasons4 ,x has be5 ! cu/om to view x ) horror1 & to use dreadful ?reats ) a view to /opp+ x4 ,z a rule ^! ?reats d n succe$1 al?\gh !y are believ$2 ! result is t ! *ild lives 9 an agony ( appreh5sion1 :i* pres5tly becomes dissociat$ f its orig9al cause 7n[ repress$ into ! unconsci\s71 b rema9s to produce nightm>es1 n]v\sness1 delusions & insane t]rors4 ,left to itself1 infantile ma/urbation has1 app>5tly1 no bad effect ^u heal?#af1 & no discov]able bad effect ^u "*2 ! bad effects :i* h be5 obs]v$ 9 bo? respects are1 x seems1 :olly attributable to attempts to /op x4 ,ev5 if x 7 h>mful1 x w\ld be unwise to issue a prohibition :i* is n go+ to be obs]v$2 & f ! nature ( ! case1 x is impossible to make sure t ! *ild w n cont9ue aft] y h =bidd5 him to d s4 ,if y d no?+1 ! probability is t ! practice w soon be discont9u$4 ,b if y d any?+1 y make x mu* less likely t x w cease1 & y lay ! f\ndation ( t]rible n]v\s disord]s4 ,!re=e1 difficult z x may be1 ! *ild %\ld be let alone 9 ?is respect4 ,i d n mean t y %\ld ab/a9 f me?ods o!r ?an prohibition1 9 s f> z !y are available4 ,let him be sleepy :5 he goes to b$1 s t he w n lie awake long4 ,let him h "s fav\rite toy 9 b$1 :i* may di/ract 8 att5tion4 ,su* me?ods are q unobjectionable4 ,b if !y fail1 d n resort to prohibition1 or ev5 call 8 att5tion to ! fact t he indulges 9 ! practice4 ,!n x w probably cease ( itself4 ,sexual curiosity normally beg9s dur+ ! ?ird ye>1 9 ! %ape ( an int]e/ 9 ! physical diff]5ces betwe5 m5 & wom51 & betwe5 adults & *ildr54 ,by nature1 ?is curiosity has no special quality 9 e>ly *ildhood1 b is simply a "p ( g5]al curiosity4 ,! special quality :i* x is f\nd to h 9 *ildr5 :o are be+ conv5tionally br\ght up is due to ! gr[n-up practice ( mak+ my/]ies4 ,:5 !re is no my/]y1 ! curiosity dies d[n z soon z x is satisfi$4 ,a *ild %\ld1 f ! fir/1 be all[$ to see 8 p>5ts & bro!rs & si/]s )\t _! clo!s :5ev] x s happ5s naturally4 ,no fuss %\ld be made ei!r way2 he %\ld simply n "k t p h feel+s ab\t nudity4 7,( c\rse1 lat] on he w h to "k47 ,x w be f\nd t ! *ild pres5tly notices ! diff]5ces betwe5 8 fa!r & "m1 & connects !m ) ! diff]5ces betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s4 ,b z soon z ! subject has be5 explor$ to ?is ext5t1 x becomes un9t]e/+1 l a cupbo>d t is (t5 op54 ,( c\rse1 any que/ions ! *ild may ask dur+ ?is p]iod mu/ be answ]$ j z que/ions on o!r topics w\ld be answ]$4 ,answ]+ que/ions is a major "p ( sex education4 ,two rules cov] ! gr\nd4 ,fir/1 always give a tru?ful answ] to a "q2 secondly1 reg>d sex k z exactly l any o!r k4 ,if ! *ild asks y an intellig5t "q ab\t ! sun or ! moon or ! cl\ds1 or ab\t motor-c>s or /eam-eng9es1 y are pleas$1 & y tell him z mu* z he c take 94 ,?is answ]+ ( que/ions is a v l>ge "p ( e>ly education4 ,b if he asks y a "q connect$ ) sex1 y w be tempt$ to say1 8hu%1 hu%04 ,if y h le>nt n to d t1 y w /ill answ] briefly & dryly1 p]haps ) a trifle ( emb>rassm5t 9 y\r mann]4 ,! *ild at once notices ! nuance1 & y h laid ! f\ndations ( pruri5ce4 ,y mu/ answ] ) j ! same fulness & naturalness z if ! "q _h be5 ab\t some?+ else4 ,d n all[ y\rself to feel1 ev5 unconsci\sly1 t !re is some?+ horrid & dirty ab\t sex4 ,if y d1 y\r feel+ w communicate itself to him4 ,he w ?9k1 necess>ily1 t !re is some?+ na/y 9 ! relations ( 8 p>5ts2 lat] on1 he w conclude t !y ?9k ill ( ! behavi\r :i* l$ to 8 exi/5ce4 ,su* feel+s 9 y\? make happy in/9ctive emotions almo/ impossible1 n only 9 y\?1 b 9 adult life also4 ,if ! *ild has a bro!r or si/] born :5 he is old en\gh to ask que/ions ab\t x1 say aft] ! age ( ?ree1 tell him t ! *ild grew 9 8 "m's body1 & tell him t he grew 9 ! same way4 ,let him see 8 "m suckl+ ! *ild1 & be told t ! same ?+ happ5$ to him4 ,all ?is1 l ev]y?+ else connect$ ) sex1 mu/ be told )\t solemnity1 9 a purely sci5tific _s4 ,! *ild mu/ n be talk$ to ab\t 8! my/]i\s & sacr$ functions ( mo!rhood02 ! :ole ?+ mu/ be utt]ly matt]-(-fact4 ,if no addition to ! family occurs :5 ! *ild is old en\gh to ask que/ions ab\t x1 ! subject is likely to arise out ( be+ told 8t happ5$ be=e y 7 born04 ,i f9d my boy /ill h>dly able to grasp t !re 0 a "t :5 he did n exi/2 if ,i talk to him ab\t ! build+ ( ! ,pyramids or "s su* topic1 he always wants to "k :at he 0 do+ !n1 & is m]ely puzzl$ :5 he is told t he did n exi/4 ,soon] or lat] he w want to "k :at 8be+ born0 means1 & !n we %all tell him4 ,! %>e ( ! fa!r 9 g5]ation is less likely to come up naturally 9 answ] to que/ions1 unless ! *ild lives on a f>m4 ,b x is v important t ! *ild %\ld "k ( ?is fir/ f p>5ts or tea*]1 n f *ildr5 :om bad education has made na/y4 ,i rememb] vividly be+ told all ab\t x by ano!r boy :5 ,i 0 twelve ye>s old2 ! :ole ?+ 0 treat$ 9 a ribald _s1 z a topic = obsc5e jokes4 ,t 0 ! normal exp]i5ce ( boys 9 my g5]ation4 ,x foll[$ naturally t ! va/ majority cont9u$ ?r\gh life to ?9k sex comic & na/y1 ) ! result t !y c\ld n respect a woman ) :om !y _h int]c\rse1 ev5 ?\gh %e 7 ! "m ( _! *ildr54 ,p>5ts pursu$ a c[>dly policy ( tru/+ to luck1 al?\gh fa!rs mu/ h rememb]$ h[ !y ga9$ _! fir/ k4 ,h[ x c h be5 suppos$ t su* a sy/em help$ sanity or s\nd morals1 ,i _c imag9e4 ,sex mu/ be treat$ f ! fir/ z natural1 delightful & dec5t4 ,to d o!rwise is to poison ! relations ( m5 & wom51 p>5ts & *ildr54 ,sex is at its be/ betwe5 a fa!r & "m :o love ea* o!r & _! *ildr54 ,x is f> bett] t *ildr5 %\ld fir/ "k ( sex 9 ! relations ( _! p>5ts ?an t !y %\ld d]ive _! fir/ impressions f ribaldry4 ,x is p>ticul>ly bad t !y %\ld discov] sex betwe5 _! p>5ts z a guilty secret :i* has be5 conceal$ f !m4 ,if !re 7 no likelihood ( be+ taught badly ab\t sex by o!r *ildr51 ! matt] c\ld be left to ! natural op]ation ( ! *ild's curiosity1 & p>5ts c\ld conf9e !mselves to answ]+ que/ions--always provid$ t ev]y?+ became kn[n be=e pub]ty4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is absolutely ess5tial4 ,x is a cruel ?+ to let a boy or girl be ov]tak5 by ! physical & emotional *anges ( t "t )\t prep>ation1 & possibly ) ! feel+ ( be+ attack$ by "s dreadful disease4 ,moreov]1 ! :ole subject ( sex1 aft] pub]ty1 is s electric t a boy or girl _c li/5 9 a sci5tific _s1 :i* is p]fectly possible at an e>li] age4 ,!re=e1 q ap>t f ! possibility ( na/y talk1 a boy or girl %\ld "k ! nature ( ! sexual act be=e atta9+ pub]ty4 ,h[ long be=e ?is ! in=mation %\ld be giv5 dep5ds ^u circum/ances4 ,an inquisitive & intellectually active *ild mu/ be told soon] ?an a sluggi% *ild4 ,!re mu/ at no "t be unsatisfi$ curiosity4 ,h[ev] "y ! *ild may be1 he mu/ be told if he asks4 ,& 8 p>5ts' mann] mu/ be su* t he w ask if he wants to "k4 ,b if he does n ask spontane\sly1 he mu/ 9 any case be told be=e ! age ( t51 = fe> ( be+ fir/ told by o!rs 9 a bad way4 ,x may !re=e be desirable to /imulate 8 curiosity by in/ruction ab\t g5]ation 9 plants & animals4 ,!re mu/ n be a solemn occasion1 a cle>+ ( ! ?roat1 & an exordium3 8,n[1 my boy1 ,i am go+ to tell y some?+ t x is "t = y to "k40 ,! :ole ?+ mu/ be ord9>y & e-day4 ,t is :y x comes be/ 9 answ] to que/ions4 ,i suppose x is unnecess>y at ?is date to argue t boys & girls mu/ be treat$ alike4 ,:5 ,i 0 "y1 x 0 /ill q common = a 8well-br\ght-up0 girl to m>ry be=e kn[+ any?+ ab\t ! nature ( m>riage1 & to h to le>n x f h] husb&2 b ,i h n (t5 he>d ( su* a ?+ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,i ?9k mo/ p recognize n[adays t a virtue dep5d5t ^u ignorance is wor?less1 & t girls h ! same "r to k z boys4 ,if !re are any :o /ill fail to recognize ?is1 !y are n likely to read ! pres5t "w1 s t x is n wor? :ile to argue ) !m4 ,i d n propose to discuss ! tea*+ ( sexual morality 9 ! n>r[] s5se4 ,?is is a matt] z to :i* a v>iety ( op9ions exi/4 ,*ri/ians diff] f ,mohamm$ans1 ,ca?olics f ,prote/ants :o tol]ate divorce1 free?9k]s f m$ivali/s4 ,p>5ts w all wi% _! *ildr5 taught ! p>ticul> br& ( sexual morality 9 :i* !y believe !mselves1 & ,i %\ld n wi% ! ,/ate to int]f]e ) !m4 ,b )\t go+ into vex$ que/ions1 !re is a good deal t might be common gr\nd4 ,!re is fir/ ( all hygi5e4 ,"y p mu/ "k ab\t v5]eal disease be=e !y run ! risk ( x4 ,!y %\ld be taught ab\t x tru?fully1 )\t ! exagg]ations :i* "s p practise 9 ! int]e/s ( morals4 ,!y %\ld le>n bo? h[ to avoid x1 & h[ to cure x4 ,x is a mi/ake to give only su* in/ruction z is ne$$ by ! p]fectly virtu\s1 & to reg>d ! mis=tunes :i* happ5 to o!rs z a j puni%m5t ( s94 ,we might z well refuse to help a man :o has be5 injur$ 9 a motor+ accid5t1 on ! gr\nd t c>eless driv+ is a s94 ,moreov]1 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ! puni%m5t may fall ^u ! innoc5t2 no "o c ma9ta9 t *ildr5 born ) syphilis are wick$1 any m ?an t a man is wick$ if a c>eless motori/ runs ov] him4 ,"y p %\ld be l$ to realize t x is a v s]i\s matt] to h a *ild1 & t x %\ld n be und]tak5 unless ! *ild has a reasonable prospect ( heal? & happ9ess4 ,! traditional view 0 t1 )9 m>riage1 x is always ju/ifiable to h *ildr51 ev5 if !y come s fa/ t ! "m's heal? is ru9$1 ev5 if ! *ildr5 are diseas$ or insane1 ev5 if !re is no prospect ( _! hav+ en\gh to eat4 ,?is view is n[ only ma9ta9$ by he>tless dogmati/s1 :o ?9k t ev]y?+ disgraceful to humanity r$\nds to ! glory ( ,god4 ,p :o c>e = *ildr51 or d n enjoy inflict+ mis]y ^u ! helpless1 rebel aga9/ ! ru?less dogmas :i* ju/ify ?is cruelty4 ,a c>e = ! rights & importance ( *ildr51 ) all t is impli$1 %\ld be an ess5tial "p ( moral education4 ,girls %\ld be taught to expect t "o day !y are likely to be mo!rs1 & !y %\ld acquire "s rudim5ts ( ! k t may be useful to !m 9 t capacity4 ,( c\rse bo? boys & girls ought to le>n some?+ ( physiology & some?+ ( hygi5e4 ,x %\ld be made cle> t no "o c be a good p>5t )\t p>5tal affection1 b t ev5 ) p>5tal affection a great deal ( k is requir$ z well4 ,in/9ct )\t k is z inadequate 9 deal+ ) *ildr5 z k )\t in/9ct4 ,! m ! necessity ( k is und]/ood1 ! m intellig5t wom5 w feel attract$ to mo!rhood4 ,at pres5t1 _m highly educat$ wom5 despise x1 ?9k+ t x does n give scope = ! ex]cise ( _! intellectual faculties2 ?is is a great mis=tune1 s9ce !y are capable ( be+ ! be/ mo!rs1 if _! ?\ghts 7 turn$ 9 t direction4 ,"o o!r ?+ is ess5tial 9 tea*+ ab\t sex-love4 ,jeal\sy mu/ n be reg>d$ z a ju/ifiable insi/5ce ^u rights1 b z a mis=tune to ! "o :o feels x & a wrong t[>ds its object4 ,:]e possessive elem5ts intrude ^u love1 x loses its vivify+ p[] & eats up p]sonality2 :]e !y are abs5t1 x fulfils p]sonality & br+s a great] int5sity ( life4 ,9 =m] days1 p>5ts ru9$ _! relations ) _! *ildr5 by prea*+ love z a duty2 husb&s & wives /ill too (t5 ru9 _! relations to ea* o!r by ! same mi/ake4 ,love _c be a duty1 because x is n subject to ! w4 ,x is a gift f heav51 ! be/ t heav5 has to be/[4 ,^? :o %ut x up 9 a cage de/roy ! beauty & joy :i* x c only display :ile x is free & spontane\s4 ,"h1 aga91 fe> is ! enemy4 ,he :o fe>s to lose :at makes ! happ9ess ( 8 life has already lo/ x4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 fe>lessness is ! ess5ce ( wisdom4 ,= ?is reason1 9 tea*+ my own *ildr51 ,i %all try to prev5t !m f le>n+ a moral code :i* ,i reg>d z h>mful4 ,"s p :o !mselves hold lib]al views are will+ t _! *ildr5 %all fir/ acquire conv5tional morals1 & become emancipat$ only lat]1 if at all4 ,i _c agree to ?is1 because ,i hold t ! traditional code n only =bids :at is innoc5t1 b also comm5ds :at is h>mful4 ,^? :o h be5 taught conv5tionally w almo/ inevitably believe !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 indulg+ jeal\sy :5 occasion arises2 moreov] !y w probably be obsess$ by sex ei!r positively or negatively4 ,i %all n tea* t fai?fulness to our p>tn] ?r\gh life is 9 any way desirable1 or t a p]man5t m>riage %\ld be reg>d$ z exclud+ tempor>y episodes4 ,s long z jeal\sy is reg>d$ z virtu\s1 su* episodes cause grave friction2 b !y d n d s :]e a less re/rictive morality is accept$ on bo? sides4 ,relations involv+ *ildr5 %\ld be p]man5t if possible1 b %\ld n necess>ily on t acc\nt be exclusive4 ,:]e !re is mutual fre$om & no pecuni>y motive1 love is good2 :]e ^! conditions fail1 x may (t5 be bad4 ,x is because !y fail s frequ5tly 9 ! conv5tional m>riage t a morality :i* is positive r ?an re/rictive1 bas$ ^u hope r ?an fe>1 is compell$1 if x is logical1 to disagree ) ! receiv$ code 9 matt]s ( sex4 ,& !re c be no excuse = all[+ our *ildr5 to be taught a morality :i* we ourselves believe to be p]nici\s4 ,f9ally1 ! attitude display$ by p>5ts & tea*]s t[>ds sex %\ld be sci5tific1 n emotional or dogmatic4 ,= example1 :5 x is said ( a "m speak+ to h] daught]2 8,let h] tell nature's plan1 9 a _s ( rev]5ce02 & ( a fa!r in/ruct+ 8 son3 8,! fa!r %\ld1 9 a _s ( rev]5ce1 expla9 nature's plan = ! />t+ ( a new life0--su* say+s may be pass$ ov] by ! read] z embody+ no?+ que/ionable4 ,b to my m9d !re %\ld be no m occasion = 8rev]5ce0 ?an 9 expla9+ ! con/ruction ( a /eam-eng9e4 8,rev]5ce0 means a special tone ( voice f :i* ! boy or girl inf]s t !re is "s peculi> quality ab\t sex4 ,f ?is to pruri5ce & indec5cy is only a /ep4 ,we %all nev] secure dec5cy 9 matt]s ( sex until we cease to treat ! subject z diff]5t f any o!r4 ,x foll[s t we mu/ n advance dogmas = :i* !re is no evid5ce1 & :i* mo/ imp>tial /ud5ts "q1 su* z3 8,aft] maturity is rea*$ ! ideal social relation%ip ( ! sexes is monogam\s w$lock1 to :i* relation%ip bo? p>ties %\ld live 9 absolute fidelity0 7ib4 p4 #caj74 ,?is proposition may or may n be true2 at pres5t !re is c]ta9ly no evid5ce suffici5t to prove x true4 ,by tea*+ x z some?+ unque/ionable1 we ab&on ! sci5tific attitude1 & d :at we c to inhibit rational ?\ght ^u a mo/ important matt]4 ,s long z ?is dogmatism p]si/s 9 tea*]s1 x is n to be hop$ t _! pupils w apply reason to any "q ^u :i* !y feel /rongly4 ,& ! only alt]native to reason is viol5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,nurs]y-,,s*ool ,9 previ\s *apt]s1 ,i h tri$ to give an outl9e ( :at c be done = ! "y *ild 9 ! way ( creat+ ! habits :i* w give happ9ess & usefulness 9 lat] life4 ,b ,i h n discuss$ ! "q :e!r p>5ts are to give ?is tra9+1 or :e!r x is to be giv5 9 s*ools design$ = ! purpose4 ,i ?9k ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! nurs]y-s*ool are q ov]:elm+--n only = *ildr5 ^: p>5ts are poor1 ignorant1 & ov]work$1 b = all *ildr51 or1 at ! v lea/1 = all *ildr5 :o live 9 t[ns4 ,i believe t ! *ildr5 at ,miss ,m>g>et ,mc,millan's nurs]y-s*ool 9 ,dept=d get some?+ bett] ?an any *ildr5 ( well-to-d p>5ts c at pres5t obta94 ,i %\ld l to see ! same sy/em ext5d$ to all *ildr51 ri* & poor alike4 ,b be=e discuss+ any actual nurs]y-s*ool1 let u see :at reasons !re are = desir+ su* an in/itution4 ,to beg9 )1 e>ly *ildhood is ( immeasurable importance bo? m$ically & psy*ologically4 ,^! two aspects are v closely int]tw9$4 ,= example3 fe> w make a *ild brea! badly1 & brea?+ badly w pr$ispose x to a v>iety ( diseases4#ag ,su* int]relations are s num]\s t no "o c hope to succe$ ) a *ild's "* )\t "s m$ical k1 or ) its heal? )\t "s psy*ology4 ,9 bo? directions1 mo/ ( ! k requir$ is v new1 & mu* ( x runs c\nt] to "t-hon\r$ traditions4 ,take = example ! "q ( discipl9e4 ,! great pr9ciple 9 a conte/ ) a *ild is3 d n yield1 b d n puni%4 ,! normal p>5t sometimes yields = ! sake ( a quiet life1 & sometimes puni%es f exasp]ation2 ! "r me?od1 to be successful1 requires a difficult comb9ation ( pati5ce & p[] ( sugge/ion4 ,?is is a psy*ological example2 fre% air is a m$ical example4 ,giv5 c>e & wisdom1 *ildr5 pr(it by con/ant fre% air1 day & night1 ) n too mu* clo?+4 ,b if c>e & wisdom are abs5t1 ! risk ( *ills f wet or sudd5 cold _c be ignor$4 ,p>5ts _c be expect$ to possess ! skill or ! leisure requir$ = ! new & difficult art ( deal+ ) "y *ildr54 ,9 ! case ( un$ucat$ p>5ts1 ?is is obvi\s2 !y d n "k ! "r me?ods1 & if !y 7 taught !m !y w\ld rema9 unconv9c$4 ,i live 9 an agricultural di/rict by ! sea1 :]e fre% food is easy to obta91 & !re are no extremes ( heat or cold2 ,i *ose x l>gely because x is ideal = *ildr5's heal?4 ,yet almo/ all ! *ildr5 ( ! f>m]s1 %opkeep]s1 & s on1 are pa/y-fac$ languid creatures1 because !y are indulg$ 9 food & discipl9$ 9 play4 ,!y nev] g to ! bea*1 because wet feet are ?\ght dang]\s4 ,!y we> ?ick wooll5 coats out-(-doors ev5 9 ! hotte/ summ] wea!r4 ,if _! play is noisy1 /eps are tak5 to make _! behavi\r 8g5teel04 ,b !y are all[$ to /ay up late1 & are giv5 all k9ds ( un:olesome tit-bits ( gr[n-up food4 ,_! p>5ts _c und]/& :y my *ildr5 h n di$ ( cold & exposure long ago2 b no object lesson w conv9ce !m t _! own me?ods are capable ( improvem5t4 ,!y are nei!r poor nor lack+ 9 p>5tal affection1 b !y are ob/9ately ignorant ow+ to bad education4 ,9 ! case ( t[n p>5ts :o are poor & ov]work$1 ! evils are ( c\rse f> great]4 ,b ev5 9 ! case ( p>5ts :o are highly educat$1 consci5ti\s1 & n too busy1 ! *ildr5 _c get z mu* ( :at !y ne$ z 9 a nurs]y-s*ool4 ,fir/ & =emo/1 !y d n get ! companion%ip ( o!r *ildr5 ( ! same age4 ,if ! family is small1 z su* families usually are1 ! *ildr5 may easily get too mu* att5tion f _! eld]s1 & may become n]v\s & precoci\s 9 consequ5ce4 ,moreov]1 p>5ts _c h ! exp]i5ce ( multitudes ( *ildr5 :i* gives a sure t\*4 ,& only ! ri* c provide ! space & ! environm5t t be/ suits "y *ildr54 ,su* ?+s1 if provid$ privately = "o family ( *ildr51 produce pride ( possession & a feel+ ( sup]iority1 :i* are extraord9>ily h>mful morally4 ,= all ^! reasons1 ,i believe t ev5 ! be/ p>5ts w\ld d well to s5d _! *ildr5 to a suitable s*ool f ! age ( two onw>ds1 at lea/ = "p ( ! day--provid$ su* a s*ool exi/$ 9 _! neighb\rhood4 ,!re are1 at pres5t1 two k9ds ( s*ools1 accord+ to ! /atus ( ! p>5ts4 ,!re are ,froebel s*ools & ,montessori s*ools = well-to-d-*ildr51 & !re are a small numb] ( nurs]y-s*ools = v poor *ildr54 ,( ! latt]1 ! mo/ fam\s is ,miss ,mc,millan's1 ( :i* ! above-m5tion$ book gives an acc\nt :i* %\ld be read by e lov] ( *ildr54 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t no exi/+ s*ool = well-to-d *ildr5 is z good z h]s1 p>tly because %e has l>g] numb]s1 p>tly because %e is n tr\bl$ by ! fuss9ess :i* middle-class snobb]y obtrudes ^u tea*]s4 ,%e aims at keep+ *ildr51 if possible1 f "o ye> old till sev51 ?\gh ! education au?orities incl9e to ! view t ! *ildr5 ought to g to an ord9>y elem5t>y s*ool at ! age ( five4 ,! *ildr5 come at eight 9 ! morn+1 & /ay till six 9 ! ev5+2 !y h all _! meals 9 ! s*ool4 ,!y sp5d z mu* z possible ( _! "t out-(-doors1 & indoors !y h an abnormal am\nt ( fre% air4 ,be=e a *ild is admitt$1 he or %e is m$ically exam9$1 & if possible cur$ at ! cl9ic or 9 ! hospital if n heal?y4 ,aft] admission1 ! *ildr5 become & rema9 heal?y ) v few exceptions4 ,!re is a l>ge1 lovely g>d51 & a good deal ( ! "t is sp5t 9 play+ !re4 ,! tea*+ is broadly on ,montessori l9es4 ,aft] d9n] ! *ildr5 all sleep4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t at night1 & on ,sundays1 !y h to be 9 pov]ty-/rick5 homes1 p]haps 9 cell>s ) drunk5 p>5ts1 _! physique & intellig5ce become equal to ! be/ t middle-class *ildr5 a*ieve4 ,"h is ,miss ,mc,millan's acc\nt ( h] sev5-ye>-old pupils3 ,!y are ne>ly all tall1 /raight *ildr54 ,all are /raight1 inde$1 if n tall1 b ! av]age is a big1 well-made *ild ) clean sk91 bright eyes1 & silky hair4 ,he or %e is a little above ! av]age ( ! be/ type ( well-to-d *ild ( ! upp] middle class4 ,s mu* = 8 or h] physique4 ,m5tally he is al]t1 sociable1 eag] = life & new exp]i5ce4 ,he c read & spell p]fectly1 or almo/ p]fectly4 ,he writes well & expresses himself easily4 ,he speaks good ,engli% & also ,fr5*4 ,he c n only help himself1 b he or %e has = ye>s help$ y\ng] *ildr53 & he c c\nt & measure & design & has _h "s prep>ation = sci5ce4 ,8 fir/ ye>s 7 sp5t 9 an atmosph]e ( love & calm & fun1 & 8 la/ two ye>s 7 full ( int]e/+ exp]i5ces & exp]im5t4 ,he kn[s ab\t a g>d51 & has plant$ & wat]$1 & tak5 c>e ( plants z well z animals4 ,! sev5-ye>-old c dance1 too1 & s+ & play _m games4 ,su* are ! *ildr5 :o w soon pres5t !mselves 9 ?\s&s at ! ,junior ,s*ools' doors4 ,:at is to be done ) !m8 ,i want to po9t out1 fir/ ( all1 t ! elem5t>y s*ool tea*]s' "w w be *ang$ by ?is sudd5 upru% ( clean & /rong "y life f bel[4 ,ei!r ! ,nurs]y-,s*ool w be a paltry ?+1 t is to say a new failure1 or else x w soon influ5ce n only elem5t>y s*ools b also ! second>y4 ,x w provide a new k9d ( *ildr5 to be educat$1 & ?is mu/ react soon] or lat]1 n only on all ! s*ools1 b on all our social life1 on ! k9d ( gov]nm5t & laws fram$ = ! p1 & on ! relation ( our nation to o!r nations4 ,i d n ?9k ^! claims exagg]at$4 ,! nurs]y-s*ool1 if x became univ]sal1 c\ld1 9 "o g5]ation1 remove ! pr(\nd diff]5ces 9 education :i* at pres5t divide ! classes1 c\ld produce a population all enjoy+ ! m5tal & physical developm5t :i* is n[ conf9$ to ! mo/ =tunate1 & c\ld remove ! t]rible dead-weight ( disease & /upidity & malevol5ce :i* n[ makes progress s difficult4 ,"u ! ,education ,act ( #aiah1 nurs]y-s*ools 7 to h be5 promot$ by ,gov]nm5t money2 b :5 ! ,g$des ,axe desc5d$ x 0 decid$ t x 0 m important to build cruis]s & ! ,s+apore ,dock = ! purpose ( facilitat+ w> ) ! ,japanese4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 ! ,gov]nm5t is sp5d+ a million a ye> to induce p to poison !mselves ) pres]vatives 9 ,canadian butt] r ?an eat pure butt] f ,d5m>k4 ,to secure ?is end1 our *ildr5 are condemn$ to disease & mis]y & unawak5$ intellig5ce1 f :i* multitudes c\ld be sav$ by a million a ye> sp5t on nurs]y-s*ools4 ,! mo!rs n[ h ! vote2 w !y "s day le>n to use x = ! good ( _! *ildr58#ah ,ap>t f ^! wid] consid]ations1 :at has to be realiz$ is t ! "r c>e ( "y *ildr5 is highly skill$ "w1 :i* p>5ts _c hope to d satisfactorily1 & t x is q diff]5t "w f s*ool-tea*+ 9 lat] ye>s4 ,to quote ,miss ,mc,millan aga93 ,! ,nurs]y *ild has a fairly good physique4 ,n only d 8 neighb\rs 9 ! slums fall f> %ort ( him3 8 8bett]s0 9 good di/ricts1 ! middle-class *ildr51 ( a v good type1 fall %ort ( him4 ,x is cle> t some?+ m ?an p>5tal love & 8p>5tal responsibility0 are want$4 ,rules ( ?umb h all brok5 d[n4 8,p>5tal love0 )\t k has brok5 d[n4 ,*ild nurture has n brok5 d[n4 ,x is v highly skill$ "w4 ,z reg>ds ! f9ances3 ,a ,nurs]y-,s*ool ( #ajj *ildr5 c be run to-day at an annual co/ ( #ab p] head1 & ( ?is sum ! p>5ts 9 ! poore/ qu>t]s c pay "o-?ird4 ,a ,nurs]y-,s*ool /aff$ by /ud5ts w co/ m1 b ! great] "p ( ! increas$ co/ w\ld be paid z fees & ma9t5ance ( future tea*]s4 ,an op5-air nurs]y & tra9+ c5tre1 numb]+ 9 all ab\t #ajj *ildr5 & ?irty /ud5ts1 co/s z ne>ly z makes no diff]5ce #b1bjj p] annum4 ,"o m quotation3 ,"o great result ( ! ,nurs]y-,s*ool w be t ! *ildr5 c get fa/] ?r\gh ! curriculum ( to-day4 ,:5 !y are half or two-?irds ?r\gh ! pres5t elem5t>y s*ool life !y w be ready to g on to m advanc$ "w4444 ,9 %ort1 ! ,nurs]y-,s*ool1 if x is a real place ( nurture1 & n m]ely a place :]e babies are 8m9d$0 till !y are five1 w affect our :ole educational sy/em v p[]fully & v rapidly4 ,x w quickly raise ! possible level ( culture & atta9m5t 9 all s*ools1 beg9n+ ) ! junior s*ools4 ,x w prove t ?is welt] ( disease & mis]y 9 :i* we live1 & :i* makes ! doctor's s]vice loom bigg] ?an ! tea*]'s1 c be swept away4 ,x w make ! heavy walls1 ! t]rible gates1 ! h>d playgr\nd1 ! sunless & huge class-room look mon/r\s1 z !y are4 ,x w give tea*]s a *ance4 ,! nurs]y-s*ool occupies an int]m$iate position betwe5 e>ly tra9+ ( "* & subsequ5t giv+ ( in/ruction4 ,x c>ries on bo? at once1 & ea* by ! help ( ! o!r1 ) in/ruction gradually tak+ a l>g] %>e z ! *ild gr[s old]4 ,x 0 9 in/itutions hav+ a simil> function t ,madame ,montessori p]fect$ h] me?ods4 ,9 c]ta9 l>ge t5em5t h\ses 9 ,rome1 a l>ge room 0 set ap>t = ! *ildr5 betwe5 ?ree & sev51 & ,madame ,montessori 0 put 9 *>ge ( ^! 8,*ildr5's ,h\ses04#ai ,z 9 ,dept=d1 ! *ildr5 came f ! v poore/ section ( ! population2 z 9 ,dept=d1 ! results %[$ t e>ly c>e c ov]come ! physical & m5tal disadvantages ( a bad home4 ,x is rem>kable t1 ev] s9ce ! "t ( ,sgu91 progress 9 educational me?ods ) "y *ildr5 has come f /udy ( idiots & ! feeble-m9d$1 :o are1 9 c]ta9 respects1 /ill m5tally infants4 ,i believe ! reason = ! necessity ( ?is det\r 0 t ! /upidities ( m5tal pati5ts 7 n reg>d$ z blamewor?y1 or z curable by *a/isem5t2 no "o ?\ght t ,dr4 ,arnold's recipe ( flogg+ w\ld cure _! 8laz9ess04 ,consequ5tly !y 7 treat$ sci5tifically1 n angrily2 if !y fail$ to und]/&1 no irate p$agogue /orm$ at !m & told !m !y ought to be a%am$ ( !mselves4 ,if p c\ld h br\ght !mselves to take a sci5tific in/ead ( a moraliz+ attitude t[>ds *ildr51 !y c\ld h discov]$ :at is n[ kn[n ab\t ! way to educate !m )\t fir/ hav+ to /udy ! m5tally defici5t4 ,! conception ( 8moral responsibility0 is 8responsible0 = mu* evil4 ,imag9e two *ildr51 "o ( :om has ! good =tune to be 9 a nurs]y-s*ool1 :ile ! o!r is left to unalleviat$ slum-life4 ,is ! second *ild 8morally responsible0 if he gr[s up less admirable ?an ! fir/8 ,are 8 p>5ts 8morally responsible0 = ! ignorance & c>elessness :i* makes !m unable to educate him8 ,are ! ri* 8morally responsible0 = ! selfi%ness & /upidity :i* h be5 drill$ into !m at exp5sive s*ools1 & :i* make !m pref] _! own fooli% luxuries to ! creation ( a happy community8 ,all are victims ( circum/ances2 all h _h *>act]s w>p$ 9 infancy & intellig5ce /unt$ at s*ool4 ,no good purpose is s]v$ by *oos+ to reg>d !m z 8morally responsible01 & hold+ !m up to reprobation because !y h be5 less =tunate ?an !y might h be54 ,!re is only "o road to progress1 9 education z 9 o!r human affairs1 & t is3 ,sci5ce wield$ by love4 ,)\t sci5ce1 love is p[]less2 )\t love1 sci5ce is de/ructive4 ,all t has be5 done to improve ! education ( little *ildr5 has be5 done by ^? :o lov$ !m2 all has be5 done by ^? :o knew all t sci5ce c\ld tea* on ! subject4 ,?is is "o ( ! b5efits we d]ive f ! high] education ( wom53 9 =m] days1 sci5ce & love ( *ildr5 7 mu* less likely to coexi/4 ,! p[] ( m\ld+ "y m9ds :i* sci5ce is plac+ 9 our possession is a v t]rible p[]1 capable ( deadly misuse2 if x falls into ! wrong h&s1 x may produce a _w ev5 m ru?less & cruel ?an ! haphaz>d _w ( nature4 ,*ildr5 may be taught to be bigot$1 bellicose1 & brutal1 "u ! pret5ce t !y are be+ taught religion1 patriotism1 & c\rage1 or communism1 prolet>ianism1 & revolution>y ard\r4 ,! tea*+ mu/ be inspir$ by love1 & mu/ aim at creat+ love 9 ! *ildr54 ,if n1 x w become m effici5tly h>mful ) e improvem5t 9 sci5tific te*nique4 ,love = *ildr5 exi/s 9 ! community z an effective =ce2 ?is is %[n by ! l[]+ ( ! infant dea?-rate & ! improvem5t ( education4 ,x is /ill f> too weak1 or our politicians w\ld n d>e to sacrifice ! life & happ9ess ( innum]able *ildr5 to _! nef>i\s s*emes ( blood%$ & oppression2 b x exi/s & is increas+4 ,o!r =ms ( love1 h[ev]1 are /rangely lack+4 ,! v individuals :o lavi% c>e on *ildr5 *]i% passions :i* expose ^? same *ildr51 9 lat] life1 to dea? 9 w>s :i* are m]e collective insanities4 ,is x too mu* to hope t love may gradually be ext5d$ f ! *ild to ! man he w become8 ,w ! lov]s ( *ildr5 le>n to foll[ _! lat] ye>s ) some?+ ( ! same p>5tal solicitude8 ,hav+ giv5 !m /rong bodies & vigor\s m9ds1 %all we let !m use _! /r5g? & vig\r to create a bett] _w8 ,or1 :5 !y turn to ?is "w1 %all we recoil 9 t]ror1 & plunge !m back into slav]y & drill8 ,sci5ce is ready = ei!r alt]native2 ! *oice is betwe5 love & hate1 ?\gh hate is disguis$ b5ea? all ! f9e phrases to :i* pr(essional morali/s d homage4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,intellectual ,,education ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,! build+ up ( "*1 :i* has be5 our !me hi!rto1 %\ld be ma9ly a matt] = ! e>li] ye>s4 ,if rightly conduct$1 x ought to be ne>ly complete by ! age ( six4 ,i d n mean t a "* _c be spoilt aft] t age2 !re is no age at :i* unt[>d circum/ances or environm5t w n d h>m4 ,:at ,i mean is t1 aft] ! age ( six1 a boy or girl :o has be5 giv5 ! "r e>ly tra9+ ought to h habits & desires :i* w lead 9 ! "r direction if a c]ta9 c>e is tak5 ) ! environm5t4 ,a s*ool compos$ ( boys & girls rightly br\ght up dur+ _! fir/ six ye>s w con/itute a good environm5t1 giv5 a modicum ( good s5se 9 ! au?orities2 x ought n to be necess>y to give mu* "t or ?\ght to moral que/ions1 s9ce su* fur!r virtues z are requir$ ought to result naturally f purely intellectual tra9+4 ,i d n mean to ass]t ?is p$antically z an absolute rule1 b z a pr9ciple guid+ s*ool au?orities z reg>ds ! matt]s ^u :i* !y ought to lay emphasis4 ,i am conv9c$ t1 if *ildr5 up to ! age ( six h be5 prop]ly h&l$1 x is be/ t ! s*ool au?orities %\ld lay /ress ^u purely intellectual progress1 & %\ld rely ^u ?is to produce ! fur!r developm5t ( "* :i* is /ill desirable4 ,x is a bad ?+ = intellig5ce1 & ultimately = "*1 to let in/ruction be influ5c$ by moral consid]ations4 ,x %\ld n be ?\ght t "s k is h>mful & "s ignorance is good4 ,! k :i* is imp>t$ %\ld be imp>t$ = an intellectual purpose1 n to prove "s moral or political conclusion4 ,! purpose ( ! tea*+ %\ld be1 f ! pupil's po9t ( view1 p>tly to satisfy 8 curiosity1 p>tly to give him ! skill requir$ 9 ord] t he may be able to satisfy 8 curiosity = himself4 ,f ! tea*]'s po9t ( view1 !re mu/ also be ! /imulation ( c]ta9 fruitful k9ds ( curiosity4 ,b !re mu/ nev] be disc\ragem5t ( curiosity1 ev5 if x takes directions :i* lie outside ! s*ool curriculum altoge!r4 ,i d n mean t ! curriculum %\ld be int]rupt$1 b t ! curiosity %\ld be reg>d$ z laudable1 & ! boy or girl %\ld be told h[ to satisfy x aft] s*ool h\rs1 by means ( books 9 ! libr>y = example4 ,b at ?is po9t ,i %all be met by an argum5t :i* mu/ be fac$ at ! outset4 ,:at if a boy's curiosity is morbid or p]v]t$8 ,:at if he is int]e/$ 9 obsc5ity or 9 acc\nts ( tortures8 ,:at if he is only int]e/$ 9 pry+ into o!r p's do+s8 ,are su* =ms ( curiosity to be enc\rag$8 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q1 we mu/ make a di/9ction4 ,mo/ emphatically1 we are n to behave s t ! boy's curiosity %all cont9ue to be limit$ to ^! directions4 ,b x does n foll[ t we are to make him feel wick$ = wi%+ to "k ab\t su* ?+s1 or t we are to /ruggle to keep k ( !m away f him4 ,almo/ always1 ! :ole attraction ( su* k consi/s 9 ! fact t x is =bidd52 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( cases1 x is connect$ ) "s pa?ological m5tal condition :i* ne$s m$ical treatm5t4 ,b 9 no case is prohibition & moral horror ! "r treatm5t4 ,z ! commone/ & mo/ important case1 let u take an int]e/ 9 obsc5ity4 ,i d n believe t su* a ?+ c\ld exi/ 9 a boy or girl to :om sex k 0 j l any o!r k4 ,a boy :o obta9s possession ( indec5t pictures is pr\d ( 8 skill 9 hav+ done s1 & ( kn[+ :at 8 less ent]pris+ companions h fail$ to f9d out4 ,if he _h be5 told op5ly & dec5tly all ab\t sex1 he w\ld feel no int]e/ 9 su* pictures4 ,if1 nev]!less1 a boy 7 f\nd to h su* an int]e/1 ,i %\ld h him treat$ by a doctor skill$ 9 ^! matt]s4 ,! treatm5t %\ld beg9 by enc\rag+ him to utt] freely ev5 8 mo/ %ock+ ?\ghts1 & %\ld cont9ue ) a flood ( fur!r in=mation1 gr[+ gradually m te*nical & sci5tific1 until ! :ole matt] bor$ him to ext9ction4 ,:5 he felt t !re 0 no?+ m to "k1 & t :at he did "k 0 un9t]e/+1 he w\ld be cur$4 ,! important po9t is t ! k 9 itself is n bad1 b only ! habit ( brood+ on "o p>ticul> topic4 ,an obsession is n cur$1 at fir/1 by viol5t ef=ts to di/ract att5tion1 b r by a ple?ora ( ! subject4 ,?r\gh ?is1 ! int]e/ c be made sci5tific in/ead ( morbid2 & :5 t has be5 a*iev$1 x takes its legitimate place among o!r int]e/s1 & ceases to be an obsession4 ,?is1 ,i am conv9c$1 is ! "r way to deal ) a n>r[ & morbid curiosity4 ,prohibition & moral horror c only make x worse4 ,al?\gh improvem5t ( "* %\ld n be ! aim ( in/ruction1 !re are c]ta9 qualities :i* are v desirable1 & :i* are ess5tial to ! successful pursuit ( k2 !y may be call$ ! intellectual virtues4 ,^! %\ld result f intellectual education2 b !y %\ld result z ne$$ 9 le>n+1 n z virtues pursu$ = _! own sakes4 ,among su* qualities ! *ief seem to me3 curiosity1 op5-m9d$ness1 belief t k is possible ?\gh difficult1 pati5ce1 indu/ry1 conc5tration & exactness4 ,( ^!1 curiosity is fundam5tal2 :]e x is /rong & direct$ to ! "r objects1 all ! re/ w foll[4 ,b p]haps curiosity is n q s active z to be made ! basis ( ! :ole intellectual life4 ,!re %\ld always also be a desire to d some?+ difficult2 ! k :i* is acquir$ %\ld appe> 9 ! pupil's m9d z skill1 j l skill 9 games or gymna/ics4 ,x is1 ,i suppose1 unavoidable t ! skill %\ld be 9 "p m]ely t requir$ = artificial s*ool tasks2 b :]ev] x c be made to appe> necess>y = "s non-s*ola/ic purpose :i* appeals to ! pupil1 some?+ v important has be5 accompli%$4 ,! divorce ( k f life is regrettable1 al?\gh1 dur+ s*ool ye>s1 x is n :olly avoidable4 ,:]e x is h>de/ to avoid1 !re %\ld be occasional talks ab\t ! utility ( ! k 9 "q--tak+ 8utility0 9 a v broad s5se4 ,nev]!less1 ,i %\ld all[ a l>ge place to pure curiosity1 )\t :i* mu* ( ! mo/ valuable k 7= in/ance1 pure ma!matics7 w\ld nev] h be5 discov]$4 ,!re is mu* k :i* seems to me valuable on its own acc\nt1 q ap>t f any use to :i* x is capable ( be+ put4 ,& ,i %\ld n wi% to enc\rage ! "y to look too closely = an ult]ior purpose 9 all k2 dis9t]e/$ curiosity is natural to ! "y1 & is a v valuable quality4 ,x is only :]e x fails t ,i %\ld appeal to ! desire = skill su* z c be exhibit$ 9 practice4 ,ea* motive has its place1 b nei!r %\ld be all[$ to pu% ! o!r aside4 ,i am aw>e t ,i h be5 assum+ t "s k is desirable on its own acc\nt1 n m]ely on acc\nt ( its utility4 ,?is view is (t5 *all5g$4 ,i f9d x said by ,pr(essor ,o',%ea#bj t 9 ,european & ,ori5tal s*ools 8a p]son is n reg>d$ z educat$1 or at lea/ n cultur$1 unless he has amass$ a consid]able body ( k ( anci5t flav\r4 ,b 9 our c\ntry we are rapidly com+ to ! view t culture does n dep5d ^u ! m]e possession ( facts1 :e!r anci5t or mod]n4 ,! cultur$ individual is "o :o has acquir$ k & skill :i* make him ( s]vice to society1 & habits ( conduct :i* make him agreeable 9 association ) 8 fell[s4#ba ,k :i* does n function 9 ! life ( ! individual 9 8 relations ) o!rs1 to-day is n reg>d$ by ,am]ican tea*]s z ( value = culture any m ?an = discipl9>y purposes40 ,( c\rse ?is acc\nt ( h[ ! ,old ,_w reg>ds culture is a c>icature4 ,no "o w\ld ma9ta9 t m]e k ( facts conf]s culture4 ,b x w\ld be argu$ t culture implies a c]ta9 fre$om f p>o*ialism1 bo? 9 space & "t1 & t ?is involves a respect = excell5ce ev5 if x is f\nd 9 ano!r c\ntry or ano!r age4 ,we are apt to exagg]ate our sup]iority n only to =eign]s1 b to ! m5 ( =m] times1 & ?is makes u contemptu\s ( ev]y?+ 9 :i* !y 7 bett] ?an we are1 :i* includes ! :ole /hetic side ( life4 ,& ,i %\ld say t culture involves a c]ta9 p[] ( contemplation1 = ?9k+ or feel+ )\t ru%+ headlong into en]getic action4 ,?is leads me to a c]ta9 hesitation 9 adopt+ ! !ory ( :at is call$ 8dynamic0 education1 :i* 8requires pupils actually to d :at !y are le>n+0 7ib4 p4 #dja74 ,und\bt$ly ?is me?od is "r ) "y *ildr51 b education is n complete until m ab/ract & intellectual me?ods h become possible4 ,to 8d0 ! nebul> hypo!sis or ! ,fr5* ,revolution w\ld take a long "t1 n to m5tion dang] f ! guillot9e4 ,a p]son :o has be5 adequately educat$ has le>n$ to extract ! mean+ f ab/ractions :5 necess>y1 & to manipulate !m z ab/ractions s long z t w s]ve 8 purpose4 ,a ma!matician :o _h to /op to realize ! mean+ ( ea* /ep 9 8 trans=mations w\ld nev] get ?r\gh 8 "w2 ! ess5tial m]it ( 8 in/rum5t is t x c be us$ )\t ?is lab\r4 ,9 high] education1 !re=e1 ! dynamic me?od seems inadequate4 ,i _c help ?9k+ t its popul>ity 9 ,am]ica is p>tly due to ! notion t all excell5ce consi/s 9 do+1 r ?an 9 ?9k+ & feel+4 ,?is notion is implicit 9 ! def9ition ( culture :i* ,i quot$ j n[1 & is natural 9 a me*anical age1 s9ce a ma*9e c only d1 & is n expect$ to ?9k or feel4 ,b ! assimilation ( m5 to ma*9es1 :atev] may be ?\ght ( x metaphysically1 is h>dly likely to give u a j /&>d ( values4 ,op5-m9d$ness is a quality :i* w always exi/ :]e desire = k is g5u9e4 ,x only fails :]e o!r desires h become entangl$ ) ! belief t we already "k ! tru?4 ,t is :y x is s mu* common] 9 y\? ?an 9 lat] life4 ,a man's activities are almo/ necess>ily b\nd up ) "s decision on an intellectually d\btful matt]4 ,a cl]gyman _c be dis9t]e/$ ab\t !ology1 nor a soldi] ab\t w>4 ,a lawy] is b\nd to hold t crim9als ought to be puni%$--unless !y c af=d a lead+ lawy]'s fee4 ,a s*oolma/] w fav\r ! p>ticul> sy/em ( education = :i* he is fitt$ by 8 tra9+ & exp]i5ce4 ,a politician c h>dly help believ+ 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! p>ty :i* is mo/ likely to give him (fice4 ,:5 once a man has *os5 8 c>e]1 he _c be expect$ to be p]petually consid]+ :e!r "s o!r *oice might n h be5 bett]4 ,9 lat] life1 !re=e1 op5-m9d$ness has its limitations1 ?\gh !y ought to be z few z possible4 ,b 9 y\? !re are f> few] ( :at ,william ,james call$ 8=c$ options01 & !re=e !re is less occasion = ! 8w to believe04 ,"y p ought to be enc\rag$ to reg>d e "q z op51 & to be able to ?r[ ov] any op9ion z ! result ( an argum5t4 ,x is impli$ 9 ?is fre$om ( ?\ght t !re %\ld n be complete fre$om ( action4 ,a boy mu/ n be free to run (f to sea "u ! influ5ce ( "s /ory ( adv5ture 9 ! ,spani% ,ma94 ,b s long z 8 education cont9ues1 he %\ld be free to ?9k t x is bett] to be a pirate ?an a pr(essor4 ,p[] ( conc5tration is a v valuable quality1 :i* few p acquire except ?r\gh education4 ,x is true t x gr[s naturally1 to a consid]able ext5t1 z "y p get old]2 v "y infants seldom ?9k ( any "o ?+ = m ?an a few m9utes1 b ) e ye> t passes _! att5tion gr[s less volatile until !y are adult4 ,nev]!less1 !y are h>dly likely to acquire en\gh conc5tration )\t a long p]iod ( intellectual education4 ,!re are ?ree qualities :i* di/+ui% p]fect conc5tration3 x %\ld be int5se1 prolong$1 & volunt>y4 ,int5sity is illu/rat$ by ! /ory ( ,ar*im$es1 :o is said to h nev] notic$ :5 ! ,romans captur$ ,syracuse & came to kill him1 because he 0 absorb$ 9 a ma!matical problem4 ,to be able to conc5trate on ! same matt] = a consid]able "t is ess5tial to difficult a*ievem5t1 & ev5 to ! und]/&+ ( any complicat$ or ab/ruse subject4 ,a pr(\nd spontane\s int]e/ br+s ?is ab\t naturally1 s f> z ! object ( int]e/ is conc]n$4 ,mo/ p c conc5trate on a me*anical puzzle = a long "t2 b ?is is n 9 itself v useful4 ,to be really valuable1 ! conc5tration mu/ also be )9 ! control ( ! w4 ,by ?is ,i mean t1 ev5 :]e "s piece ( k is un9t]e/+ 9 itself1 a man c =ce himself to acquire x if he has an adequate motive = do+ s4 ,i ?9k x is above all ! control ( att5tion by ! w t is conf]r$ by high] education4 ,9 ?is "o respect1 an old-fa%ion$ education is admirable2 ,i d\bt :e!r mod]n me?ods are z successful 9 tea*+ a man to endure volunt>y bor$om4 ,h[ev]1 if ?is defect does exi/ 9 mod]n educational practice1 x is by no means irrem$iable4 ,! matt] is "o to :i* ,i %all return lat]4 ,pati5ce & indu/ry ought to result f a good education4 ,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght t !y c\ld only be secur$1 9 mo/ cases1 by ! en=cem5t ( good habits impos$ by ext]nal au?ority4 ,und\bt$ly ?is me?od has "s success1 z may be se5 :5 a horse is brok5 94 ,b ,i ?9k x is bett] to /imulate ! ambition requir$ = ov]com+ difficulties1 :i* c be done by grad+ ! difficulties s t ! pleasure ( success may at fir/ be won fairly easily4 ,?is gives exp]i5ce ( ! rew>ds ( p]si/5ce1 & gradually ! am\nt ( p]si/5ce requir$ c be increas$4 ,exactly simil> rem>ks apply to ! belief t k is difficult b n impossible1 :i* is be/ g5]at$ by induc+ ! pupil to solve a s]ies ( c>efully grad$ problems4 ,exactness1 l ! volunt>y control ( att5tion1 is a matt] to :i* educational re=m]s p]haps t5d to atta* too little importance4 ,dr4 ,ball>d 7op4 cit4 ,*ap4 ,,xvi7 /ates def9itely t our elem5t>y s*ools1 9 ?is respect1 are n s good z !y 71 al?\gh 9 mo/ respects !y are va/ly improv$4 ,he says3 8,!re is 9 exi/5ce a l>ge numb] ( te/s giv5 to s*ool-*ildr5 9 ! annual exam9ations ( ! 'eighties & e>ly 'n9eties1 & ! results ( ^? te/s 7 s*$ul$ = purposes ( grant4#bb ,:5 ^? same te/s are set to-day to *ildr5 ( ! same age ! results are palpably & consi/5tly worse4 ,acc\nt = x z we may1 !re c be no d\bt :atev] ab\t ! fact4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! "w done 9 our s*ools--our prim>y s*ools at lea/--is less accurate ?an x 0 a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago40 ,dr4 ,ball>d's :ole discussion ( ?is subject is s excell5t t ,i h little to add to x4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 quote 8 conclud+ words3 8,aft] all d$uctions h be5 made1 x accuracy is /ill a noble & inspir+ ideal4 ,x is ! morality ( ! intellect3 x prescribes :at x ought to /rive = 9 ! pursuit ( its own prop] ideal4 ,= ! ext5t to :i* we are accurate 9 our ?\ghts1 words1 & de$s is a r\gh measure ( our fealty to tru?40 ,! difficulty :i* is felt by ! advocate ( mod]n me?ods is t accuracy1 z hi!rto taught1 involves bor$om1 & t x is an imm5se ga9 if education c be made int]e/+4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we mu/ make a di/9ction4 ,bor$om m]ely impos$ by ! tea*] is :olly bad2 bor$om volunt>ily endur$ by ! pupil 9 ord] to satisfy "s ambition is valuable if n ov]done4 ,x %\ld be "p ( education to fire pupils ) desires n easily gratifi$--to "k ! calculus1 to read ,hom]1 to p]=m well on ! viol91 or :at n4 ,ea* ( ^! involves its own k9d ( accuracy4 ,able boys & girls w g ?r\gh endless t$ium & submit will+ly to sev]e discipl9e 9 ord] to acquire "s covet$ k or skill4 ,^? :o h less native ability c (t5 be fir$ by simil> ambitions if !y are inspir+ly taught4 ,! driv+ =ce 9 education %\ld be ! pupil's wi% to le>n1 n ! ma/]'s au?ority2 b x does n foll[ t education %\ld be s(t & easy & pleasant at e /age4 ,?is applies1 9 p>ticul>1 to ! "q ( accuracy4 ,! acquisition ( exact k is apt to be we>isome1 b x is ess5tial to e k9d ( excell5ce1 & ?is fact c be made obvi\s to a *ild by suitable me?ods4 ,9 s f> z mod]n me?ods fail 9 ?is respect1 !y are at fault4 ,9 ?is matt]1 z 9 _m o!rs1 reaction aga9/ ! old bad =ms ( discipl9e has t5d$ to an undue laxity1 :i* w h to give place to a new discipl9e1 m int]nal & psy*ological ?an ! old ext]nal au?ority4 ,( ?is new discipl9e1 accuracy w be ! intellectual expression4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( accuracy1 ea* ( :i* has its own importance4 ,to take ! ma9 k9ds3 ,!re is muscul> accuracy1 /hetic accuracy1 accuracy z to matt]-(-fact1 & logical accuracy4 ,e boy or girl c appreciate ! importance ( muscul> accuracy 9 _m directions2 x is requir$ = ! control ( ! body :i* a heal?y *ild sp5ds all its sp>e "t 9 acquir+1 & aft]w>ds = ! games ^u :i* pre/ige dep5ds4 ,b x has o!r =ms :i* h m to d ) s*ool-tea*+1 su* z well-articulat$ spee*1 good writ+1 & correct p]=mance on a musical in/rum5t4 ,a *ild w ?9k ^! ?+s important or unimportant accord+ to 8 environm5t4 /hetic accuracy is difficult to def9e2 x has to d ) ! appropriat5ess ( a s5sible /imulus = ! production ( emotion4 ,"o way ( tea*+ an important =m ( x is to cause *ildr5 to le>n poetry by he>t--e4g41 ,%akespe>e1 = purposes ( act+--& to make !m feel1 :5 !y make mi/akes1 :y ! orig9al is bett]4 ,i believe x w\ld be f\nd t1 :]e /hetic s5sibility is wide-spread1 *ildr5 are taught conv5tional /]eotyp$ p]=mances1 su* z dances & songs1 :i* !y enjoy1 b :i* mu/ be done exactly "r on acc\nt ( tradition4 ,?is makes !m s5sitive to small diff]5ces1 :i* is ess5tial to accuracy4 ,act+1 s++1 & danc+ seem to me ! be/ me?ods ( tea*+ /hetic precision4 ,draw+ is less good1 because x is likely to be judg$ by its fidelity to ! model1 n by /hetic /&>ds4 ,x is true t /]eotyp$ p]=mances also are expect$ to reproduce a model1 b x is a model creat$ by /hetic motives2 x is copi$ because x is good1 n because copy+ is good4 ,accuracy z to matt]-(-fact is intol]ably bor+ :5 pursu$ on its own acc\nt4 ,le>n+ ! dates ( ! k+s ( ,engl&1 or ! names ( ! c\nties & _! capitals1 us$ to be "o ( ! t]rors ( *ildhood4 ,x is bett] to secure accuracy by int]e/ & repetition4 ,i c\ld nev] rememb] ! li/ ( capes1 b at eight ye>s old ,i knew almo/ all ! /ations on ! ,und]gr\nd4 ,if *ildr5 7 %[n a c9ema repres5t+ a %ip sail+ r\nd ! coa/1 !y w\ld soon "k ! capes4 ,i don't ?9k !y are wor? kn[+1 b if !y 71 t w\ld be ! way to tea* !m4 ,all geography ought to be taught on ! c9ema2 s ought hi/ory at fir/4 ,! initial exp5se w\ld be great1 b n too great = gov]nm5ts4 ,& !re w\ld be a subsequ5t economy 9 ease ( tea*+4 ,logical accuracy is a late acquisition1 & %\ld n be =c$ ^u "y *ildr54 ,gett+ ! multiplication table "r is1 ( c\rse1 accuracy z to matt]-(-fact2 x only becomes logical accuracy at a mu* lat] /age4 ,ma!matics is ! natural vehicle = ?is tea*+1 b x fails if all[$ to appe> z a set ( arbitr>y rules4 ,rules mu/ be le>nt1 b at "s /age ! reasons = !m mu/ be made cle>2 if ?is is n done1 ma!matics has little educative value4 ,i come n[ to a "q :i* has already aris5 9 connection ) exactness1 ! "q1 namely1 h[ f> x is possible or desirable to make all in/ruction int]e/+4 ,! old view 0 t a great deal ( x mu/ be dull1 & t only /]n au?ority w induce ! av]age boy to p]si/4 7,! av]age girl 0 to rema9 ignorant47 ,! mod]n view is t x c be made delightful ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,i h mu* m sympa?y ) ! mod]n view ?an ) ! old "o2 nev]!less1 ,i ?9k x is subject to "s limitations1 especially 9 high] education4 ,i %all beg9 ) :at ,i ?9k true 9 x4 ,mod]n writ]s on infant psy*ology all emphasize ! importance ( n urg+ a "y *ild to eat or sleep3 ^! ?+s ought to be done spontane\sly by ! *ild1 n z a result ( coax+ or =c+4 ,my own exp]i5ce entirely be>s out ?is tea*+4 ,at fir/1 we did n "k ! new] tea*+1 & tri$ ! old] me?ods4 ,!y 7 v unsuccessful1 :]eas ! mod]n me?ods succe$$ p]fectly4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! mod]n p>5t does no?+ ab\t eat+ & sleep+2 on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ possible is done to promote ! =mation ( good habits4 ,meals come at regul> times1 & ! *ild mu/ sit ?r\gh !m )\t games :e!r he eats or n4 ,b$ comes at regul> times1 & ! *ild mu/ lie d[n 9 b$4 ,he may h a toy animal to hug1 b n "o t squeaks or runs or does any?+ excit+4 ,if ! animal is a fav\rite1 "o may play ! game t ! animal is tir$ & ! *ild mu/ put x to sleep4 ,!n leave ! *ild alone1 & sleep w usually come v quickly4 ,b nev] let ! *ild ?9k y are anxi\s he %\ld sleep or eat4 ,t at once makes him ?9k y are ask+ a fav\r2 ?is gives him a s5se ( p[]1 :i* leads him to dem& m & m coax+ or puni%m5t4 ,he %\ld eat & sleep because he wants to1 n to please y4 ,?is psy*ology is obvi\sly applicable 9 great measure to in/ruction4 ,if y insi/ ^u tea*+ a *ild1 he w conclude t he is be+ ask$ to d some?+ disagreeable to please y1 & he w h a psy*ological resi/ance4 ,if ?is exi/s at ! />t1 x w p]petuate itself2 at a lat] age1 ! desirability ( gett+ ?r\gh exam9ations may become evid5t1 & !re w be "w = t purpose1 b none f %e] int]e/ 9 k4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 y c fir/ /imulate ! *ild's desire to "k1 & !n1 z a fav\r1 give him ! k he wants1 ! :ole situation is diff]5t4 ,v mu* less ext]nal discipl9e is requir$1 & att5tion is secur$ )\t difficulty4 ,to succe$ 9 ?is me?od1 c]ta9 conditions are necess>y1 :i* ,madame ,montessori successfully produces among ! v "y4 ,! tasks mu/ be attractive & n too difficult4 ,!re mu/1 at fir/1 be ! example ( o!r *ildr5 at a slightly m advanc$ /age4 ,!re mu/ be no o!r obvi\sly pleasant occupation op5 to ! *ild at ! mom5t4 ,!re are a numb] ( ?+s ! *ild may d1 & he works by himself at :i*ev] he pref]s4 ,almo/ all *ildr5 are p]fectly happy 9 ?is rgime1 & le>n to read & write )\t pressure be=e !y are five ye>s old4 ,h[ f> simil> me?ods c advantage\sly be appli$ to old] *ildr5 is a debatable "q4 ,z *ildr5 gr[ old]1 !y become responsive to m remote motives1 & x is no long] necess>y t e detail %\ld be int]e/+ 9 itself4 ,b ,i ?9k ! broad pr9ciple t ! impulse to education %\ld come f ! pupil c be cont9u$ up to any age4 ,! environm5t %\ld be su* z to /imulate ! impulse1 & to make bor$om & isolation ! alt]native to le>n+4 ,b any *ild t pref]r$ ?is alt]native on any occasion %\ld be all[$ to *oose x4 ,! pr9ciple ( individual "w c be ext5d$1 ?\gh a c]ta9 am\nt ( class-"w seems indisp5sable aft] ! e>ly ye>s4 ,b if ext]nal au?ority is necess>y to induce a boy or girl to le>n1 unless !re is a m$ical cause1 ! probability is t ! tea*] is at fault or t previ\s moral tra9+ has be5 bad4 ,if a *ild has be5 prop]ly tra9$ up to ! age ( five or six1 any good tea*] ought to be able to w9 8 int]e/ at lat] /ages4 ,if ?is is possible1 ! advantages are imm5se4 ,! tea*] appe>s z ! fri5d ( ! pupil1 n z 8 enemy4 ,! *ild le>ns fa/]1 because he is co-op]at+4 ,he le>ns ) less fatigue1 because !re is n ! con/ant /ra9 ( br++ back a reluctant & bor$ att5tion4 ,& 8 s5se ( p]sonal initiative is cultivat$ in/ead ( be+ dim9i%$4 ,on acc\nt ( ^! advantages1 x seems wor? :ile to assume t ! pupil c be l$ to le>n by ! =ce ( 8 own desires1 )\t ! ex]cise ( compulsion by ! tea*]4 ,if1 9 a small p]c5tage ( cases1 ! me?od 7 f\nd to be a failure1 ^! cases c\ld be isolat$ & in/ruct$ by diff]5t me?ods4 ,b ,i believe t1 giv5 me?ods adapt$ to ! *ild's intellig5ce1 !re w\ld be v few failures4 ,= reasons already giv5 9 connection ) accuracy1 ,i d n believe t a really ?or\gh education c be made int]e/+ ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,h[ev] mu* "o may wi% to "k a subject1 "s p>ts ( x are sure to be f\nd dull4 ,b ,i believe t1 giv5 suitable guidance1 a boy or girl c be made to feel ! importance ( le>n+ ! dull p>ts1 & c be got ?r\gh !m also )\t compulsion4 ,i %\ld use ! /imulus ( praise & blame1 appli$ z ! result ( good or bad p]=mance ( set tasks4 ,:e!r a pupil possesses ! necess>y skill %\ld be made z obvi\s z 9 games or gymna/ics4 ,& ! importance ( ! dull p>ts ( a subject %\ld be made cle> by ! tea*]4 ,if all ^! me?ods fail$1 ! *ild w\ld h to be classifi$ z /upid1 & taught sep>ately f *ildr5 ( normal intellig5ce1 ?\gh c>e mu/ be tak5 n to let ?is appe> z a puni%m5t4 ,except 9 v r>e cases1 ! tea*]1 ev5 at an e>ly age 7i4e41 aft] f\r1 say7 %\ld n be ei!r p>5t4 ,tea*+ is "w requir+ a special type ( skill1 :i* c be le>nt1 b :i* mo/ p>5ts h n _h ! opportunity ( le>n+4 ,! e>li] ! age ( ! pupil1 ! great] is ! p$agogical skill requir$4 ,& ap>t f ?is1 ! p>5t has be5 9 con/ant contact ) ! *ild be=e =mal education began1 s t ! *ild has a set ( habits & expectations t[>ds ! p>5t :i* are n q appropriate t[>ds a tea*]4 ,! p>5t1 moreov]1 is likely to be too eag] & too mu* int]e/$ 9 8 *ild's progress4 ,he w be inord9ately pleas$ by ! *ild's clev]ness & exasp]at$ by 8 /upidity4 ,!re are ! same reasons = n tea*+ "o's own *ildr5 z h l$ m$ical m5 n to treat _! own families4 ,b ( c\rse ,i d n mean t p>5ts %\ld n give su* in/ruction z comes naturally2 ,i mean only t !y are1 z a rule1 n ! be/ p = =mal s*ool lessons1 ev5 :5 !y are well qualifi$ to tea* o!r p's *ildr54 ,?r\gh\t education1 f ! fir/ day to ! la/1 !re %\ld be a s5se ( intellectual adv5ture4 ,! _w is full ( puzzl+ ?+s :i* c be und]/ood by suffici5t ef=t4 ,! s5se ( und]/&+ :at _h be5 puzzl+ is exhil>at+ & delightful2 e good tea*] %\ld be able to give x4 ,madame ,montessori describes ! delight ( h] *ildr5 :5 !y f9d !y c write2 ,i rememb] a s5se almo/ ( intoxication :5 ,i fir/ read ,newton's d$uction ( ,kepl]'s ,second ,law f ! law ( gravitation4 ,few joys are s pure or s useful z ?is4 ,initiative & individual "w give ! pupil ! opportunity ( discov]y1 & ?us af=d ! s5se ( m5tal adv5ture f> m (t5 & m ke5ly ?an is possible :]e ev]y?+ is taught 9 class4 ,:]ev] x is possible1 let ! /ud5t be active r ?an passive4 ,?is is "o ( ! secrets ( mak+ education a happ9ess r ?an a torm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,s*ool ,,curriculum ,,be=e ,,f\rte5 ,! que/ions3 :at %\ld be taught8 & h[ %\ld x be taught8 are intimately connect$1 because1 if bett] me?ods ( tea*+ are devis$1 x is possible to le>n m4 ,9 p>ticul>1 m c be le>nt if ! pupils wi% to le>n ?an if !y reg>d "w z a bore4 ,i h already said some?+ ab\t me?ods1 & ,i %all say m 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,= ! pres5t1 ,i %all assume t ! be/ possible me?ods are employ$1 & ,i %all consid] :at ought to be taught4 ,:5 we consid] :at an adult ought to "k1 we soon realize t !re are ?+s :i* ev]ybody ought to "k1 & o!r ?+s :i* x is necess>y t "s %\ld "k1 ?\gh o!rs ne$ n4 ,"s mu/ "k m$ic9e1 b = ! bulk ( mank9d x is suffici5t to h an elem5t>y k ( physiology & hygi5e4 ,"s mu/ "k high] ma!matics1 b ! b>e elem5ts suffice = ^? to :om ma!matics is di/a/eful4 ,"s %\ld "k h[ to play ! trombone1 b m]cifully x is n necess>y t e s*ool-*ild %\ld practise ?is in/rum5t4 ,9 ! ma91 ! ?+s taught at s*ool be=e ! age ( f\rte5 %\ld be among ^? t e "o ought to "k2 ap>t f exceptional cases1 specialization ought to come lat]4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be "o ( ! aims ( education be=e f\rte5 to discov] special aptitudes 9 boys & girls1 s t1 :]e !y exi/1 !y may be c>efully develop$ 9 ! lat] ye>s4 ,= ?is reason1 x is well t ev]ybody %\ld le>n ! b>e beg9n+s ( subjects :i* ne$ n be fur!r pursu$ by ^? :o are bad at !m4 ,:5 we h decid$ :at e adult ought to "k1 we h to decide ! ord] 9 :i* subjects are to be taught2 "h we %all naturally be guid$ by relative difficulty1 tea*+ ! easie/ subjects fir/4 ,to a great ext5t1 ^! two pr9ciples det]m9e ! curriculum 9 ! e>ly s*ool ye>s4 ,i %all assume t1 by ! "t a *ild is five ye>s old1 he kn[s h[ to read & write4 ,?is %\ld be ! bus9ess ( ! ,montessori s*ool1 or :atev] improvem5t ^u x may h]eaft] be devis$4 ,!re1 also1 ! *ild le>ns a c]ta9 accuracy 9 s5se-p]ception1 ! rudim5ts ( draw+ & s++ & danc+1 & ! p[] to conc5trate ^u "s educational occupation 9 ! middle ( a numb] ( o!r *ildr54 ,( c\rse ! *ild w n be v p]fect 9 ^! respects at five ye>s old1 & w ne$ fur!r tea*+ 9 all ( !m = "s ye>s to come4 ,i d n ?9k t any?+ involv+ sev]e m5tal ef=t %\ld be und]tak5 be=e ! age ( sev51 b by suffici5t skill difficulties c be enorm\sly dim9i%$4 ,ari?metic is a bugbe> ( *ildhood--,i rememb] weep+ bitt]ly because ,i c\ld n le>n ! multiplication table--b if x is tackl$ gradually & c>efully1 z x is by means ( ! ,montessori app>atus1 !re is no ne$ ( ! s5se ( blank despair :i* its my/]ies us$ to inspire4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 !re mu/ be a good deal ( r tiresome ma/]+ ( rules if suffici5t facility is to be acquir$4 ,?is is ! mo/ awkw>d ( e>ly s*ool subjects to fit into a curriculum int5d$ to be int]e/+2 nev]!less1 a c]ta9 degree ( pr(ici5cy is necess>y = practical reasons4 ,also1 ari?metic af=ds ! natural introduction to accuracy3 ! answ] to a sum is ei!r "r or wrong1 & nev] 8int]e/+0 or 8sugge/ive04 ,?is makes ari?metic important z "o elem5t 9 e>ly education1 q ap>t f its practical utility4 ,b its difficulties %\ld be c>efully grad$ & spread out ?92 n too mu* "t at a /ret* %\ld be devot$ to !m4 ,geography & hi/ory 71 :5 ,i 0 "y1 among ! wor/ taught ( all subjects4 ,i dread$ ! geography lesson1 & if ,i tol]at$ ! hi/ory lesson x 0 only because ,i h always _h a passion = hi/ory4 ,bo? subjects might be made fasc9at+ to q "y *ildr54 ,my little boy1 ?\gh he has nev] _h a lesson1 already kn[s f> m geography ?an 8 nurse4 ,he has acquir$ 8 k ?r\gh ! love ( tra9s & /eam]s :i* he %>es ) all boys4 ,he wants to "k ( j\rneys t 8 imag9>y /eam]s are to make1 & he li/5s ) ! close/ att5tion :ile ,i tell him ! /ages ( ! j\rney to ,*9a4 ,!n1 if he wi%es x1 ,i %[ him pictures ( ! v>i\s c\ntries on ! way4 ,sometimes he insi/s ^u pull+ out ! big ,atlas & look+ at ! j\rney on ! map4 ,! j\rney betwe5 ,london & ,cornwall 9 ! tra91 :i* he makes twice a ye>1 int]e/s him passionately1 & he kn[s all ! /ations :]e ! tra9 /ops or :]e c>riages are slipp$4 ,he is fasc9at$ by ! ,nor? ,pole & ! ,s\? ,pole1 & puzzl$ because !re is no ,ea/ ,pole or ,we/ ,pole4 ,he kn[s ! directions ( ,france & ,spa9 & ,am]ica ov] ! sea1 & a good deal ab\t :at is to be se5 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,none ( ?is has come by way ( in/ruction1 b all 9 response to an eag] curiosity4 ,almo/ e *ild becomes int]e/$ 9 geography z soon z x is associat$ ) ! idea ( travel4 ,i %\ld tea* geography p>tly by pictures & tales ab\t travell]s1 b ma9ly by ! c9ema1 %[+ :at ! travell] sees on 8 j\rney4 ,! k ( geographical facts is useful1 b )\t intr9sic intellectual value2 :51 h[ev]1 geography is made vivid by pictures1 x has ! m]it ( giv+ food = imag9ation4 ,x is good to "k t !re are hot c\ntries & cold c\ntries1 flat c\ntries & m\nta9\s c\ntries1 black m51 yell[ m51 br[n m51 & r$ m51 z well z :ite m54 ,?is k9d ( k dim9i%es ! tyranny ( famili> surr\nd+s ov] ! imag9ation1 & makes x possible 9 lat] life to feel t di/ant c\ntries really exi/1 :i* o!rwise is v difficult except by travell+4 ,= ^! reasons1 ,i %\ld give geography a l>ge place 9 ! tea*+ ( v "y *ildr51 & ,i %\ld be a/oni%$ if !y did n enjoy ! subject4 ,lat] on1 ,i %\ld give !m books ) pictures1 maps1 & elem5t>y in=mation ab\t diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 & get !m to put toge!r little essays ab\t ! peculi>ities ( v>i\s c\ntries4 ,:at applies to geography applies ev5 m /rongly to hi/ory1 ?\gh at a slightly m advanc$ age1 because ! s5se ( "t is rudim5t>y at fir/4 ,i ?9k hi/ory c pr(itably be begun at ab\t five ye>s old1 at fir/ ) int]e/+ /ories ( em95t m51 abundantly illu/rat$4 ,i myself _h1 at t age1 a picture-hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,que5 ,matilda cross+ ! ,?ames at ,ab+don on ! ice made su* a pr(\nd impression ^u me t ,i /ill felt ?rill$ :5 ,i did ! same ?+ at ! age ( eighte51 & q imag9$ t ,k+ ,/eph5 0 aft] me4 ,i believe h>dly any boy ( five ye>s old w\ld fail to be int]e/$ by ! life ( ,alex&]4 ,columbus p]haps belongs m to geography ?an to hi/ory2 ,i c te/ify t he becomes int]e/+ be=e ! age ( two1 at lea/ to *ildr5 :o "k ! sea4 ,by ! "t a *ild is six ye>s old1 he ought to be ripe = an outl9e ( _w hi/ory1 treat$ m or less on ,mr4 ,wells's or ,mr4 ,van ,loon's l9es1 ) ! necess>y simplifications1 & ) pictures1 or ! c9ema if possible4 ,if he lives 9 ,london1 he c see ! /range bea/s 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum2 b ,i %\ld n take him to ! ,briti% ,museum be=e ! age ( t5 or !reab\ts4 ,x is necess>y to be c>eful1 9 tea*+ hi/ory1 n to obtrude aspects :i* are int]e/+ to u until ! *ild is ripe = !m4 ,! two aspects :i* are fir/ int]e/+ are3 ! g5]al pageant & procession1 f geology to man1 f savage man to civiliz$ man1 & s on2 & ! dramatic /ory-tell+ int]e/ ( incid5ts :i* h a sympa!tic h]o4 ,b ,i ?9k we %\ld keep 9 our own m9ds1 z a guid+ ?read1 ! conception ( gradual *equ]$ progress1 p]petually hamp]$ by ! savag]y :i* we inh]it f ! brutes1 & yet gradually lead+ on t[>ds ma/]y ( ourselves & our environm5t ?r\gh k4 ,! conception is t ( ! human race z a :ole1 fight+ aga9/ *aos )\t & d>kness )91 ! little t9y lamp ( reason gr[+ gradually into a great light by :i* ! night is dispell$4 ,! divisions betwe5 races1 nations & cre$s %\ld be treat$ z follies1 di/ract+ u 9 ! battle aga9/ ,*aos & ,old ,night1 :i* is our "o truly human activity4 ,i %\ld give fir/ ! illu/rations ( ?is !me1 & only aft]w>ds1 if ev]1 ! !me itself4 ,i %\ld %[ savage man c[]+ 9 ! cold1 gnaw+ ! raw fruits ( ! e>?4 ,i %\ld %[ ! discov]y ( fire1 & its effects2 9 ?is connection1 ! /ory ( ,prome!us w\ld be 9 place4 ,i %\ld %[ ! beg9n+s ( agriculture 9 ! ,nile ,valley1 & ! dome/ication ( %eep & c[s & dogs4 ,i %\ld %[ ! gr[? ( %ips f canoes to ! l>ge/ l9]s1 & ! gr[? ( cities f colonies ( cave-dwell]s to ,london & ,new ,york4 ,i %\ld %[ ! gradual gr[? ( writ+ & ( num]als4 ,i %\ld %[ ! brief gleam ( ,greece1 ! diffus$ magnific5ce ( ,rome1 ! subsequ5t d>kness1 & ! com+ ( sci5ce4 ,! :ole ( ?is c\ld be made int]e/+ 9 detail ev5 to v "y *ildr54 ,i %\ld n keep sil5ce ab\t w>s & p]secutions & cruelties1 b ,i %\ld n hold up milit>y conqu]ors to admiration4 ,! true conqu]ors1 9 my tea*+ ( hi/ory1 %\ld be ^? :o did some?+ to dispel ! d>kness )9 & )\t--,buddha & ,socrates1 ,ar*im$es1 ,galileo & ,newton1 & all ! m5 :o h help$ to give u ma/]y ov] ourselves or ov] nature4 ,& s ,i %\ld build up ! conception ( a lordly spl5did de/9y = ! human race1 to :i* we are false :5 we rev]t to w>s & o!r atavi/ic follies1 & true only :5 we put into ! _w some?+ t adds to our human dom9ion4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s at s*ool1 !re %\ld be a "t set ap>t = danc+1 :i* is good = ! body & a tra9+ = ! /hetic s5se1 besides be+ a great pleasure to ! *ildr54 ,collective dances %\ld be taught aft] ! elem5ts h be5 le>nt2 ?is is a =m ( co-op]ation :i* "y *ildr5 easily appreciate4 ,simil> rem>ks apply to s++1 ?\gh x %\ld beg9 a little lat] ?an danc+1 bo? because x does n af=d ! same muscul> delight1 & because its rudim5ts are m difficult4 ,mo/ *ildr51 ?\gh n all1 w enjoy s++1 & aft] nurs]y rhymes !y %\ld le>n really beautiful songs4 ,!re is no reason to corrupt _! ta/e fir/ & try to purify x aft]w>ds4 ,at ! be/1 ?is makes p preci\s4 ,*ildr51 l adults1 diff] enorm\sly 9 musical capacity1 s t ! m difficult s++ classes w\ld h to be res]v$ = a selection among ! old] *ildr54 ,& among !m s++ ought to be volunt>y1 n en=c$4 ,! tea*+ ( lit]ature is a matt] z to :i* x is easy to make mi/akes4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ use1 ei!r = "y or old1 9 be+ well-in=m$ ab\t lit]ature1 kn[+ ! dates ( ! poets1 ! names ( _! works1 & s on4 ,ev]y?+ t c be put into a h&book is wor?less4 ,:at is valuable is great famili>ity ) c]ta9 examples ( good lit]ature--su* famili>ity z w influ5ce ! /yle1 n only ( writ+1 b ( ?\ght4 ,9 old days ! ,bible suppli$ ?is to ,engli% *ildr51 c]ta9ly ) a b5eficial effect ^u prose /yle2 b few mod]n *ildr5 "k ! ,bible intimately4 ,i ?9k ! good effect ( lit]ature _c be fully obta9$ )\t le>n+ by he>t4 ,?is practice us$ to be advocat$ z a tra9+ = ! memory1 b psy*ologi/s h %[n t x has little1 if any1 effect 9 ?is way4 ,mod]n educationi/s give x less & less place4 ,b ,i ?9k !y are mi/ak51 n because ( any possible improvem5t ( memory1 b on acc\nt ( ! effect ^u beauty ( language 9 spee* & writ+4 ,?is %\ld come )\t ef=t1 z a spontane\s expression ( ?\ght2 b 9 ord] to d s1 9 a community :i* has lo/ ! primitive /hetic impulses1 x is necess>y to produce a habit ( ?\ght :i* ,i believe is only to be g5]at$ by intimate k ( good lit]ature4 ,t is :y le>n+ by he>t seems to me important4 ,b m]e le>n+ ( set pieces1 su* z 8! quality ( m]cy0 & 8all ! _w's a /age01 seems t$i\s & artificial to mo/ *ildr51 & !re=e fails ( its purpose4 ,x is mu* bett] t le>n+ by he>t %\ld be associat$ ) act+1 because !n x is a necess>y means to some?+ :i* e *ild loves4 ,f ! age ( ?ree onw>ds1 *ildr5 delight 9 act+ a "p2 !y d x spontane\sly1 b are ov]joy$ :5 m elaborate ways ( do+ x are put 9 _! way4 ,i rememb] ! exquisite amusem5t ) :i* ,i act$ ! qu>rel sc5e betwe5 ,brutus & ,cassius1 & declaim$3 ,i _h r be a dog & bay ! moon ,?an su* a ,roman4 ,*ildr5 :o take "p 9 p]=m+ ,julius ,cs> or ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice or any o!r suitable play w n only "k _! own p>ts1 b mo/ ( ! o!r p>ts z well4 ,! play w be 9 _! ?\ghts = a long "t1 & all by way ( enjoym5t4 ,aft] all1 good lit]ature is int5d$ to give pleasure1 & if *ildr5 _c be got to d]ive pleasure f x !y are h>dly likely to d]ive b5efit ei!r4 ,= ^! reasons1 ,i %\ld conf9e ! tea*+ ( lit]ature1 9 e>ly ye>s1 to ! le>n+ ( p>ts = act+4 ,! re/ %\ld consi/ ( volunt>y read+ ( well-writt5 /ories1 obta9able 9 ! s*ool libr>y4 ,p n[adays write silly s5tim5tal /uff = *ildr51 :i* insults !m by n tak+ !m s]i\sly4 ,contra/ ! int5se s]i\sness ( 8,rob9son ,crusoe04 ,s5tim5tality1 9 deal+ ) *ildr5 & else:]e1 is a failure ( dramatic sympa?y4 ,no *ild ?9ks x *>m+ to be *ildi%2 he wants1 z soon z possible1 to le>n to behave l a gr[n-up p]son4 ,!re=e a book = *ildr5 ought nev] to display a patroniz+ pleasure 9 *ildi% ways4 ,! artificial sill9ess ( _m mod]n *ildr5's books is disgu/+4 ,x mu/ ei!r annoy a *ild1 or puzzle & confuse 8 impulse t[>ds m5tal gr[?4 ,= ?is reason1 ! be/ books = *ildr5 are ^? t happ5 to suit !m1 ?\gh writt5 = gr[n-up p4 ,! only exceptions are books writt5 = *ildr5 b delightful also to gr[n-up p1 su* z ,le> & ,lewis ,c>roll4 ,! "q ( mod]n languages is "o :i* is n altoge!r easy4 ,9 *ildhood x is possible to le>n to speak a mod]n language p]fectly1 :i* c nev] be a*iev$ 9 lat] ye>s2 !re are !re=e /rong gr\nds = tea*+ languages at an e>ly age1 if at all4 ,"s p seem to fe> t k ( "o's own language suff]s if o!rs are le>nt too soon4 ,i d n believe ?is4 ,tol/oy & ,turg5ev 7 q compet5t 9 ,russian1 ?\gh !y le>nt ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,g]man 9 infancy4 ,gibbon c\ld write 9 ,fr5* z easily z 9 ,engli%1 b ?is did n spoil 8 ,engli% /yle4 ,all ?r\gh ! eighte5? c5tury1 all ,engli% ari/ocrats le>nt ,fr5* 9 e>ly y\? z a matt] ( c\rse1 & _m also le>nt ,italian2 yet _! ,engli% 0 va/ly bett] ?an t ( _! mod]n desc5dants4 ,a *ild's dramatic in/9ct prev5ts x f confus+ "o language ) ano!r1 provid$ x speaks !m to diff]5t p4 ,i le>nt ,g]man at ! same "t z ,engli%1 & spoke x to nurses & gov]nesses up to ! age ( t52 !n ,i le>nt ,fr5*1 & spoke x to gov]nesses & tutors4 ,nei!r language ev] confus$ itself ) ,engli%1 because x _h diff]5t p]sonal associations4 ,i ?9k t if a mod]n language is to be taught1 x %\ld be taught by a p]son ^: native language x is1 n only because x w be bett] taught1 b because *ildr5 feel less artificiality 9 talk+ a =eign language to a =eign] ?an 9 talk+ x to a p]son ^: natural language is ! same z _! own4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t e s*ool = *ildr5 ought to h a ,fr5* mi/ress1 & if possible a ,g]man mi/ress too1 :o %\ld n =mally in/ruct ! *ildr5 9 h] language1 except q at fir/1 b %\ld play games ) !m & talk to !m1 & make ! success ( ! games dep5d ^u _! und]/&+ & answ]+4 ,%e c\ld />t ) ,frre ,jacques & ,sur le pont d',avignon1 & g on gradually to m complicat$ games4 ,9 ?is way ! language c\ld be acquir$ )\t any m5tal fatigue1 & ) all ! pleasure ( play-act+4 ,& x c be acquir$ !n f> m p]fectly & ) less wa/e ( valuable educational "t ?an at any subsequ5t p]iod4 ,! tea*+ ( ma!matics & sci5ce c only be begun t[>ds ! end ( ! ye>s t we are consid]+ 9 ?is *apt]--say at ! age ( twelve4 ,( c\rse ,i assume t ari?metic has already be5 taught1 & t !re h be5 popul> talks ab\t a/ronomy & geology1 ab\t prehi/oric animals1 fam\s explor]s1 & su* naturally int]e/+ matt]s4 ,b ,i am ?9k+ n[ ( =mal tea*+--geometry & algebra1 physics & *emi/ry4 ,a few boys & girls l geometry & algebra1 b ! great majority d n4 ,i d\bt if ?is is :olly due to faulty me?ods ( tea*+4 ,a s5se = ma!matics1 l musical capacity1 is ma9ly a gift ( ! gods1 & ,i believe x to be q r>e1 ev5 9 a mod]ate degree4 ,nev]!less1 e boy & girl %\ld h a ta/e ( ma!matics1 9 ord] to discov] ^? :o h a tal5t = x4 ,also1 ev5 ^? :o le>n little pr(it by ! k t !re is su* a subject4 ,& by good me?ods almo/ ev]ybody c be made to und]/& ! elem5ts ( geometry4 ,( algebra ,i _c say ! same2 x is m ab/ract ?an geometry1 & ess5tially un9telligible to ^? ^: m9ds are incapable ( deta*m5t f ! concrete4 ,a ta/e = physics & *emi/ry1 prop]ly taught1 w\ld probably be f\nd to be less r>e ?an a ta/e = ma!matics1 ?\gh /ill exi/+ only 9 a m9ority ( "y p4 ,bo? ma!matics & sci5ce1 9 ! ye>s f twelve to f\rte51 ought only to be pursu$ to ! po9t at :i* x becomes cle> :e!r a boy or girl has any aptitude = !m4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n imm$iately evid5t4 ,i loa!d algebra at fir/1 al?\gh aft]w>ds ,i _h "s facility 9 x4 ,9 "s cases1 x w\ld /ill be d\btful at ! age ( f\rte5 :e!r !re 0 ability or n4 ,9 ^! cases1 t5tative me?ods w\ld h to be cont9u$ = a :ile4 ,b 9 mo/ cases a decision c\ld be made at f\rte54 ,"s w\ld def9itely l ! subjects & be good at !m1 o!rs w\ld dislike !m & be bad at !m4 ,x w\ld v seldom happ5 t a clev] pupil dislik$ !m or a /upid pupil lik$ !m4 ,:at has be5 said ab\t ma!matics & sci5ce applies equally to ! classics4 ,betwe5 twelve & f\rte51 ,i %\ld give j s mu* in/ruction 9 ,lat9 z w\ld suffice to %[ :i* boys & girls _h a love ( ! subject & facility = x4 ,i am assum+ t at f\rte5 education %\ld beg9 to be m or less specializ$1 accord+ to ! ta/es & aptitudes ( ! pupil4 ,! la/ ye>s be=e ?is mom5t arrives %\ld be sp5t 9 f9d+ out :at x w be be/ to tea* 9 subsequ5t ye>s4 ,all ?r\gh ! s*ool ye>s1 education 9 outdoor ?+s %\ld cont9ue4 ,9 ! case ( well-to-d *ildr51 ?is c be left to ! p>5ts1 b ) o!r *ildr5 x w h to be p>tly ! bus9ess ( ! s*ool4 ,:5 ,i speak ( education 9 outdoor ?+s1 ,i am n ?9k+ ( games4 ,!y1 ( c\rse1 h _! importance1 :i* is suffici5tly recogniz$2 b ,i am ?9k+ ( some?+ diff]5t3 k ( agricultural processes1 famili>ity ) animals & plants1 g>d5+1 habits ( obs]vation 9 ! c\ntry1 & s on4 ,i h be5 amaz$ to discov] t t[n-br$ p seldom "k ! po9ts ( ! compass1 nev] "k :i* way ! sun goes r\nd1 _c f9d out :i* side ( ! h\se is out ( ! w9d1 & are g5]ally de/itute ( k :i* e c[ or %eep possesses4 ,?is is ! result ( life exclusively 9 t[ns4 ,p]haps ,i %all be ?\ght fanciful if ,i say t x is "o reason :y ! lab\r p>ty _c w9 rural con/itu5cies4 ,b x c]ta9ly is ! reason :y t[n-br$ p are s utt]ly divorc$ f ev]y?+ primitive & fundam5tal4 ,x has to d ) some?+ trivial & sup]ficial & frivol\s 9 _! attitude to life--n ( c\rse always1 b v (t54 ,! seasons & ! wea!r1 s[+ & h>ve/1 crops & flocks & h]ds1 h a c]ta9 human importance1 & ought to be intimate & famili> to ev]ybody if ! divorce f "m e>? is n to be too complete4 ,all ?is k c be acquir$ by *ildr5 9 ! c\rse ( activities :i* are ( imm5se value to heal?1 & des]ve to be und]tak5 = t reason alone4 ,& ! pleasure ( t[n *ildr5 9 ! c\ntry %[s t a pr(\nd ne$ is be+ satisfi$4 ,s long z x is n satisfi$1 our educational sy/em is incomplete4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,la/ ,,s*ool ,,ye>s ,aft] ! summ] holidays 9 ! fifte5? ye>1 ,i %all assume t a boy or girl :o s desires is all[$ to specialize1 & t ?is w be done 9 a l>ge proportion ( cases4 ,b :]e !re is no def9ite pref]5ce1 x w be bett] to prolong an all-r\nd education4 ,& 9 exceptional cases specializ+ may beg9 e>li]4 ,all rules1 9 education1 %\ld be capable ( be+ brok5 = special reasons4 ,b ,i ?9k t1 z a g5]al rule1 pupils ( m ?an av]age intellig5ce %\ld beg9 to specialize at ab\t f\rte51 :ile pupils ( less ?an av]age intellig5ce %\ld usually n specialize at all at s*ool1 unless 9 ! way ( vocational tra9+4 ,i am refra9+1 9 ?is book1 f say+ any?+ on ?is subject4 ,b ,i d n believe t x ought to beg9 be=e f\rte51 & ,i d n ?9k t1 ev5 !n1 x ought to take up ! :ole ( ! s*ool "t ( any pupil4 ,i d n propose to discuss h[ mu* "t x %\ld take up1 or :e!r x %\ld be giv5 to all pupils or only to "s4 ,^! que/ions raise economic & political issues :i* are only indirectly connect$ ) education1 & :i* _c be discuss$ briefly4 ,i !re=e conf9e myself to ! s*ola/ic education 9 ! ye>s aft] f\rte54 ,i %\ld make ?ree broad divisions 9 s*ool3 7#a7 classics1 7#b7 ma!matics & sci5ce1 7#c7 mod]n humanities4 ,?is la/ %\ld include mod]n languages1 hi/ory1 & lit]ature4 ,9 ea* division x might be possible to specialize some:at m be=e leav+ s*ool1 :i* ,i %all suppose does n occur be=e eighte54 ,obvi\sly all :o take classics mu/ d bo? ,lat9 & ,greek1 b "s may d m ( ! "o1 & "s m ( ! o!r4 ,ma!matics & sci5ce %\ld g toge!r at fir/1 b 9 "s sci5ces x is possible to a*ieve em95ce )\t mu* ma!matics1 & 9 fact _m em95t m5 ( sci5ce h be5 bad ma!maticians4 ,i %\ld1 !re=e1 at ! age ( sixte51 all[ a boy or girl to specialize 9 sci5ce or to specialize 9 ma!matics1 )\t entirely neglect+ ! bran* n *os54 ,simil> rem>ks apply to mod]n humanities4 ,c]ta9 subjects1 ( great utilit>ian importance1 w\ld h to be taught to ev]ybody4 ,among ^!1 ,i %\ld include anatomy1 physiology & hygi5e1 to ! ext5t t is likely to be requir$ 9 adult daily life4 ,b p]haps ^! subjects ought to come at an e>li] /age1 s9ce !y are naturally connect$ ) sex education1 :i* ought to be giv51 z f> z possible1 be=e pub]ty4 ,! objection to putt+ !m v e>ly is t !y ought n to be =gott5 be=e !y are ne$$4 ,i ?9k ! only solution is to give !m twice ov]1 once1 v simply & 9 b>e outl9e1 be=e pub]ty1 & aga9 lat] 9 connection ) elem5t>y k ab\t heal? & disease4 ,i %\ld say t e pupil ought to "k some?+ also ab\t ,p>liam5t & ! ,con/itution1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t tea*+ on ?is subject f deg5]at+ into political propag&a4 ,m important ?an ! curriculum is ! "q ( ! me?ods ( tea*+ & ! _s 9 :i* ! tea*+ is giv54 ,z to ?is1 ! ma9 problem is to make ! "w int]e/+ )\t mak+ x too easy4 ,exact & detail$ /udy %\ld be supplem5t$ by books & lectures on g5]al aspects ( ! /udies conc]n$4 ,be=e sitt+ d[n to a ,greek play1 ,i w\ld h ! /ud5ts read a translation1 by ,gilb]t ,murray or "s o!r translator ) a poetic gift4 ,ma!matics %\ld be div]sifi$ by an occasional lecture on ! hi/ory ( ma!matical discov]y1 & on ! influ5ce ( ?is or t piece ( ma!matics ^u sci5ce & daily life1 ) h9ts ( ! delightful ?+s to be f\nd 9 high] ma!matics4 ,simil>ly ! detail$ /udy ( hi/ory %\ld be supplem5t$ by brilliant outl9es1 ev5 if !y conta9$ que/ionable g5]alizations4 ,! /ud5ts might be told t ! g5]alizations are d\btful1 & be invit$ to consid] _! detail$ k z support+ or refut+ !m4 ,9 sci5ce1 x is good to read popul> books :i* give an ap]u ( rec5t rese>*1 9 ord] to h "s idea ( ! g5]al sci5tific purpose s]v$ by p>ticul> facts & laws4 ,all ^! ?+s are useful z inc5tives to exact & m9ute /udy1 b are p]nici\s if !y are treat$ z sub/itutes = x4 ,pupils mu/ n be enc\rag$ to ?9k t !re are %ort cuts to k4 ,?is is a real dang] 9 mod]n education1 ow+ to ! reaction aga9/ ! old sev]e drill4 ,! m5tal "w involv$ 9 ! drill 0 good2 :at 0 bad 0 ! kill+ ( intellectual int]e/s4 ,we mu/ try to secure ! h>d "w1 b by o!r me?ods ?an ^? ( ! old discipl9>ian4 ,i d n believe ?is is impossible4 ,"o f9ds 9 ,am]ica t m5 :o 7 idle z und]graduates "w h>d 9 ! law s*ool or ! m$ical s*ool1 because at la/ !y are do+ "w :i* /rikes !m z important4 ,t is ! ess5ce ( ! matt]3 make ! s*ool "w seem important to ! pupils1 & !y w "w h>d4 ,b if y make ! "w too easy1 !y w "k1 almo/ by in/9ct1 t y are n giv+ !m :at is really wor? hav+4 ,clev] boys & girls l to te/ _! m9ds on difficulties4 ,) good tea*+ & ! elim9ation ( fe>1 v _m boys & girls w\ld be clev] :o n[ seem /upid & le?>gic4 ,all ?r\gh education1 initiative %\ld come f ! pupil z f> z possible4 ,madame ,montessori has %[n h[ ?is c be done ) v "y *ildr51 b ) old] *ildr5 diff]5t me?ods are requir$4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 g5]ally recogniz$ by progressive educationi/s t !re %\ld be mu* m individual "w & mu* less class-"w ?an has be5 cu/om>y1 ?\gh ! individual "w %\ld be done 9 a room full ( o!r boys & girls simil>ly engag$4 ,libr>ies & laboratories %\ld be adequate & roomy4 ,a consid]able "p ( ! work+ day %\ld be set ap>t = volunt>y self-direct$ /udy1 b ! pupil %\ld write an acc\nt ( :at he or %e is /udy+1 ) an ab/ract ( any in=mation acquir$4 ,?is helps to fix ?+s 9 ! memory1 to make read+ h a purpose in/ead ( be+ desultory1 & to give ! tea*] j t am\nt ( control :i* may be necess>y 9 ea* case4 ,! clev]] ! pupil1 ! less control is requir$4 ,) ^? :o are n v clev] x w be necess>y to give a great deal ( guidance2 b ev5 ) !m x %\ld be by way ( sugge/ion1 inquiry1 & /imulus r ?an by comm&4 ,!re %\ld1 h[ev]1 also be set !mes1 giv+ practice 9 asc]ta9+ ! facts ab\t "s prescrib$ subject1 & 9 pres5t+ !m 9 an ord]ly mann]4 ,9 addition to regul> "w1 boys & girls ought to be enc\rag$ to take an int]e/ 9 curr5t controv]sial que/ions ( importance1 political1 social1 & ev5 !ological4 ,!y %\ld be enc\rag$ to read all sides 9 su* controv]sies1 n only ! or?odox side4 ,if any ( !m h /rong feel+s on "o side or ! o!r1 !y %\ld be told h[ to f9d out facts :i* support _! view1 & %\ld be set to debate ) ^? :o hold ! opposite view4 ,debates1 conduct$ s]i\sly ) a view to asc]ta9+ ! tru?1 c\ld be ( great value4 ,9 ^!1 ! tea*] %\ld le>n n to take sides1 ev5 if he or %e has /rong convictions4 ,if almo/ all ! pupils take "o side1 ! tea*] %\ld take ! o!r1 say+ t x is only = purposes ( argum5t4 ,o!rwise1 8 "p %\ld be conf9$ to correct+ mi/akes z to facts4 ,by su* means1 ! pupils c\ld le>n discussion z a means ( asc]ta9+ tru?1 n z a conte/ = rhetorical victory4 ,if ,i 7 at ! head ( a s*ool = old] boys & girls1 ,i %\ld consid] x equally undesirable to %irk curr5t que/ions & to d propag&a ab\t !m4 ,x is a good ?+ to make pupils feel t _! education is fitt+ !m to cope ) matt]s ab\t :i* ! _w is excit$2 x gives !m a s5se t s*ola/ic tea*+ is n divorc$ f ! practical _w4 ,b ,i %\ld n urge my own views ^u ! pupils4 ,:at ,i %\ld d is to put be=e !m ! ideal ( a sci5tific attitude to practical que/ions4 ,i %\ld expect !m to produce argum5ts t are argum5ts1 & facts t are facts4 ,9 politics1 especially1 ?is habit is z r>e z x is valuable4 ,e vehem5t political p>ty g5]ates a cocoon ( my?1 )9 :i* its m5tality peacefully slumb]s4 ,passion1 too (t51 kills intellect2 9 intellectuals1 on ! contr>y1 intellect n infrequ5tly kills passion4 ,my aim w\ld be to avoid bo? ^! mis=tunes4 ,passionate feel+ is desirable1 provid$ x is n de/ructive2 intellect is desirable1 ) ! same proviso4 ,i %\ld wi% ! fundam5tal political passions to be con/ructive1 & ,i %\ld try to make ! intellect s]ve ^! passions4 ,b x mu/ s]ve !m g5u9ely1 objectively1 n only 9 ! _w ( dreams4 ,:5 ! real _w is n suffici5tly flatt]+ we all t5d to take refuge 9 an imag9>y _w1 :]e our desires are gratifi$ )\t great ef=t4 ,?is is ! ess5ce ( hy/]ia4 ,x is also ! s\rce ( nationali/1 !ological1 & class my?s4 ,x %[s a weakness ( "* :i* is almo/ univ]sal 9 ! pres5t _w4 ,to combat ?is weakness ( "* %\ld be "o ( ! aims ( lat] s*ool education4 ,!re are two ways ( combat+ x1 bo? necess>y1 ?\gh 9 a s5se opposites4 ,! "o is to increase our s5se ( :at we c a*ieve 9 ! _w ( reality2 ! o!r is to make u m s5sitive to :at reality c d 9 ! way ( dispell+ our dreams4 ,bo? are compris$ 9 ! pr9ciple ( liv+ objectively r ?an subjectively4 ,! classic example ( subjectivity is ,don ,quixote4 ,! fir/ "t he made a helmet1 he te/$ its capacity = resi/+ bl[s1 & batt]$ x out ( %ape2 next "t he did n te/ x1 b 8deem$0 x to be a v good helmet4 ,?is habit ( 8deem+0 dom9at$ 8 life4 ,b e refusal to face unpleasant facts is ( ! same k9d3 we are all ,don ,quixotes m or less4 ,don ,quixote w\ld n h done z he did if he _h be5 taught at s*ool to make a really good helmet1 & if he _h be5 surr\nd$ by companions :o refus$ to 8deem0 :atev] he wi%$ to believe4 ,! habit ( liv+ 9 fancies is normal & "r 9 e>ly *ildhood1 because "y *ildr5 h an impot5ce :i* is n pa?ological4 ,b z adult life approa*es1 !re mu/ be a m & m vivid realization t dreams are only valuable 9 s f> z !y c be translat$1 soon] or lat]1 into fact4 ,boys are admirable 9 correct+ ! purely p]sonal claims ( o!r boys2 9 a s*ool1 x is difficult to *]i% illusions z to "o's p[] 9 relation to s*oolfell[s4 ,b ! my?-mak+ faculty rema9s active 9 o!r directions1 (t5 ) ! co-op]ation ( ! ma/]s4 ,"o's own s*ool is ! be/ 9 ! _w2 "o's c\ntry is always "r & always victori\s2 "o's social class 7if "o is ri*7 is bett] ?an any o!r class4 ,all ^! are undesirable my?s4 ,!y lead u to deem t we h a good helmet1 :5 9 fact "s "o else's sword c\ld cut x 9 two4 ,9 ?is way !y promote laz9ess & lead ultimately to disa/]4 ,to cure ?is habit ( m9d1 x is necess>y1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 to replace fe> by rational prevision ( mis=tune4 ,fe> makes p unwill+ to face real dang]s4 ,a p]son afflict$ ) subjectivity1 if awak5$ 9 ! middle ( ! night by ! cry ( 8fire01 might decide t x mu/ be 8 neighb\r's h\se1 s9ce ! tru? w\ld be too t]rify+2 he might ?us lose ! mom5t :5 escape 0 /ill possible4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 c\ld only occur 9 a pa?ological case2 b 9 politics ! analog\s behavi\r is normal4 ,fe>1 z an emotion1 is disa/r\s 9 all cases :]e ! "r c\rse c only be discov]$ by ?9k+2 we want1 !re=e1 to be able to =esee possibilities ( evil )\t feel+ fe>1 & to use our intellig5ce = ! purpose ( avoid+ :at is n inevitable4 ,evils :i* are really inevitable h to be treat$ ) %e] c\rage2 b x is n ( !m t ,i am speak+4 ,i d n want to repeat :at ,i said ab\t fe> 9 a =m] *apt]2 ,i am conc]n$ ) x n[ only 9 ! intellectual sph]e1 z an ob/acle to tru?ful ?9k+4 ,9 ?is sph]e1 x is mu* easi] to ov]come 9 y\? ?an 9 lat] life1 because a *ange ( op9ion is less likely to br+ grave mis=tune to a boy or girl ?an to an adult1 ^: life is built ^u c]ta9 po/ulates4 ,= ?is reason1 ,i %\ld enc\rage a habit ( intellig5t controv]sy among ! old] boys & girls1 & ,i %\ld place no ob/acles 9 _! way ev5 if !y que/ion$ :at ,i reg>d$ z important tru?s4 ,i %\ld make x my object to tea* ?9k+1 n or?odoxy1 or ev5 het]odoxy4 ,& ,i %\ld absolutely nev] sacrifice intellect to ! fanci$ int]e/ ( morals4 ,x is g5]ally held t ! tea*+ ( virtue dem&s ! inculcation ( falsehood4 ,9 politics1 we conceal ! vices ( em95t /atesm5 ( our own p>ty4 ,9 !ology1 we conceal ! s9s ( ,popes if we are ,ca?olics1 & ! s9s ( ,lu!r & ,calv9 if we are ,prote/ants4 ,9 matt]s ( sex1 we pret5d be=e "y p t virtue is mu* common] ?an x is4 ,9 all c\ntries1 ev5 adults are n all[$ to "k c]ta9 k9ds ( facts :i* ! police consid] undesirable1 & ! c5sor1 9 ,engl&1 does n all[ plays to be true to life1 s9ce he holds t ! public c only be cajol$ into virtue by deceit4 ,?is :ole attitude implies a c]ta9 feebl5ess4 ,let u "k ! tru?1 :atev] x is2 !n we c act rationally4 ,! hold]s ( p[] wi% to conceal ! tru? f _! slaves1 9 ord] t !y may be misl$ z to _! own int]e/s2 ?is is intelligible4 ,:at is less intelligible is t democracies %\ld volunt>ily make laws design$ to prev5t !mselves f kn[+ ! tru?4 ,?is is collective ,quixotism3 !y are resolv$ n to be told t ! helmet is less good ?an !y wi% to believe4 ,su* an attitude ( abject funk is unwor?y ( free m5 & wom54 ,9 my s*ool1 no ob/acle to k %all exi/ ( any sort or k9d4 ,i %all seek virtue by ! "r tra9+ ( passions & in/9cts1 n by ly+ & deceit4 ,9 ! virtue t ,i desire1 ! pursuit ( k1 )\t fe> & )\t limitation1 is an ess5tial elem5t1 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* ! re/ has little value4 ,:at ,i am say+ is no m ?an ?is3 t ,i %\ld cultivate ! sci5tific _s4 ,_m em95t m5 ( sci5ce d n h ?is _s outside _! special prov9ce2 ,i %\ld seek to make x all-p]vasive4 ,! sci5tific _s dem&s 9 ! fir/ place a wi% to f9d out ! tru?2 ! m ard5t ?is wi%1 ! bett]4 ,x involves1 9 addition1 c]ta9 intellectual qualities4 ,!re mu/ be prelim9>y unc]ta9ty1 & subsequ5t decision accord+ to ! evid5ce4 ,we mu/ n imag9e 9 advance t we already "k :at ! evid5ce w prove4 ,nor mu/ we be cont5t ) a lazy scepticism1 :i* reg>ds objective tru? z unatta9able & all evid5ce z inconclusive4 ,we %\ld admit t ev5 our be/-f\nd$ beliefs probably /& 9 ne$ ( "s correction2 b tru?1 s f> z x is humanly atta9able1 is a matt] ( degree4 ,our beliefs 9 physics are c]ta9ly less false n[ ?an !y 7 be=e ! "t ( ,galileo4 ,our beliefs z to *ild psy*ology are c]ta9ly ne>] to ! tru? ?an ,dr4 ,arnold's 74 ,9 ea* case1 ! advance has come ?r\gh sub/itut+ obs]vation = preconceptions & passions4 ,x is = ! sake ( ?is /ep t prelim9>y unc]ta9ty is s important4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to tea* ?is1 & also to tea* ! skill requir$ = m>%all+ evid5ce4 ,9 a _w :]e rival propag&i/s are p]petually blaz+ falsehoods at u1 to induce u to poison ourselves ) pills or ea* o!r ) poison gases1 ?is critical habit ( m9d is enorm\sly important4 ,ready cr$ulity 9 ! face ( repeat$ ass]tions is "o ( ! curses ( ! mod]n _w1 & s*ools %\ld d :at !y c to gu>d aga9/ x4 ,?r\gh\t ! lat] s*ool ye>s1 ev5 m ?an e>li]1 !re %\ld be a s5se ( intellectual adv5ture4 ,pupils %\ld be giv5 ! opportunity ( f9d+ out excit+ ?+s = !mselves aft] _! set tasks 7 done1 & !re=e ! set tasks %\ld n be too heavy4 ,!re mu/ be praise :5ev] x is des]v$1 & al?\gh mi/akes mu/ be po9t$ out1 x %\ld be done )\t c5sure4 ,pupils %\ld nev] be made to feel a%am$ ( _! /upidity4 ,! great /imulus 9 education is to feel t a*ievem5t is possible4 ,k :i* is felt to be bor+ is ( little use1 b k :i* is assimilat$ eag]ly becomes a p]man5t possession4 ,let ! relation ( k to real life be v visible to y\r pupils1 & let !m und]/& h[ by k ! _w c\ld be trans=m$4 ,let ! tea*] appe> always ! ally ( ! pupil1 n 8 natural enemy4 ,giv5 a good tra9+ 9 ! e>ly ye>s1 ^! precepts w suffice to make ! acquisition ( k delightful to ! great majority ( boys & girls4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,day ,,s*ools ,,& ,,bo>d+ ,,s*ools ,:e!r a boy or girl %\ld be s5t to a bo>d+ s*ool or a day s*ool is1 to my m9d1 a "q :i* mu/ be decid$ 9 ea* case accord+ to circum/ances & temp]am5t4 ,ea* sy/em has its own advantages2 9 "s cases ! advantages ( "o sy/em are great]1 9 o!rs ^? ( ! o!r4 ,i propose1 9 ?is *apt]1 to set =? ! k9d ( argum5ts :i* w\ld weigh ) me 9 decid+ ab\t my own *ildr51 & :i*1 ,i imag9e1 w\ld be likely to weigh ) o!r consci5ti\s p>5ts4 ,!re are fir/ ( all consid]ations ( heal?4 ,:atev] may be true ( actual s*ools1 x is cle> t s*ools are capable ( be+ made m sci5tifically c>eful 9 ?is respect ?an mo/ homes1 because !y c employ doctors & d5ti/s & matrons ) ! late/ k1 :]eas busy p>5ts are likely to be comp>atively un9=m$ m$ically4 ,moreov]1 s*ools c be put 9 heal?y neighb\rhoods4 ,9 ! case ( p :o live 9 big t[ns1 ?is argum5t alone is v p[]ful 9 fav\r ( bo>d+ s*ools4 ,x is obvi\sly bett] = "y p to sp5d mo/ ( _! life 9 ! c\ntry1 s t if _! p>5ts h to live 9 t[ns x may be desirable to s5d ! *ildr5 away = _! s*ool+4 ,?is argum5t may p]haps cease1 be=e long1 to h mu* validity3 ! heal? ( ,london1 = example1 is /eadily improv+1 & might be br\ght up to ! /&>d ( ! c\ntry by ! artificial use ( ultra-violet light4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 if illness c\ld be br\ght z l[ z 9 ! c\ntry1 a consid]able n]v\s /ra9 w\ld rema94 ,con/ant noise is bad = bo? *ildr5 & adults2 ! sights ( ! c\ntry1 ! smell ( damp e>?1 ! w9d & ! />s1 ought to be /or$ 9 ! memory ( e man & woman4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t life 9 ! c\ntry = ! great] "p ( ! ye> w rema9 important = ! "y :atev] improvem5ts may be effect$ 9 urban heal?4 ,ano!r argum5t1 ?\gh a mu* small] "o1 9 fav\r ( bo>d+ s*ools is t !y save ! "t o!rwise sp5t 9 go+ & com+4 ,mo/ p d n h a really good day s*ool at _! doors1 & ! di/ance to be trav]s$ may be consid]able4 ,?is argum5t is /ronge/ 9 ! c\ntry1 z ! o!r 0 /ronge/ = t[n dwell]s4 ,:5 x is desir$ to try any innovation 9 educational me?ods1 x is almo/ inevitable t x %\ld fir/ be tri$ 9 a bo>d+ s*ool1 because x is unlikely t ! p>5ts :o believe 9 x w all live )9 "o small area4 ,?is does n apply to infants1 because !y are n yet :olly 9 ! grip ( ! education au?orities2 consequ5tly ,madame ,montessori & ,miss ,mc,millan 7 able to try _! exp]im5t ^u ! v poor4 ,)9 ! recogniz$ s*ool ye>s1 on ! contr>y1 only ! ri* are all[$ to try exp]im5ts ) _! *ildr5's education4 ,mo/ ( !m1 naturally1 pref] :at is old & conv5tional2 ! few :o desire any?+ else are geographically widely di/ribut$1 & d n any:]e suffice to support a day s*ool4 ,su* exp]im5ts z ,b$ales are only possible = bo>d+ s*ools4 ,! argum5ts on ! o!r side are1 h[ev]1 v consid]able4 ,9 a s*ool1 _m aspects ( life d n appe>3 x is an artificial _w1 ^: problems are n ^? ( ! _w at l>ge4 ,a boy :o is only at home dur+ ! holidays1 :5 ev]ybody makes a fuss ov] him1 is likely to acquire f> less k ( life ?an a boy :o is at home e morn+ & ev5+4 ,?is is1 at pres5t1 less true ( girls1 because m is dem&$ ( !m 9 _m homes2 b 9 proportion z _! education is assimilat$ to t ( boys1 _! home life also w become simil>1 & _! pres5t great] k ( dome/ic affairs w disappe>4 ,aft] fifte5 or sixte51 x is good = boys & girls to h a c]ta9 %>e 9 p>5tal occupations & anxieties--n too mu*1 x is true1 s9ce t w\ld int]f]e ) education1 b /ill "s1 le/ !y %\ld fail to realize t ! old p h _! own life1 _! own int]e/s1 & _! own importance4 ,9 ! s*ool1 only "y p c\nt1 & x is = !m t ev]y?+ is done4 ,9 holidays1 ! atmosph]e ( home is apt to be dom9at$ by ! "y p4 ,consequ5tly !y t5d to become arrogant & h>d1 ignorant ( ! problems ( adult life1 & q alo( f _! p>5ts4 ,?is /ate ( affairs is apt to h a bad effect ^u ! affections ( "y p4 ,_! affection = _! p>5ts becomes atrophi$1 & !y nev] h to le>n to adju/ !mselves to p ^: ta/es & pursuits are diff]5t f _! own4 ,i ?9k ?is t5ds t[>ds a c]ta9 selfi% complet5ess1 a feel+ ( "o's own p]sonality z some?+ exclusive4 ,! family is ! mo/ natural corrective ( ?is t5d5cy1 s9ce x is a unit compos$ ( p ( diff]5t ages & sexes1 ) diff]5t functions to p]=m2 x is organic1 9 a way :i* a collection ( homog5e\s individuals is n4 ,p>5ts love _! *ildr5 l>gely because !y give s mu* tr\ble2 if p>5ts give no tr\ble to _! *ildr51 _! *ildr5 w n take !m s]i\sly4 ,b ! tr\ble !y give mu/ be legitimate3 x mu/ be only su* z is necess>y if !y are to d _! "w & h any life ( _! own4 ,respect = ! rights ( o!rs is "o ( ! ?+s "y p ought to le>n1 & x is m easily le>nt 9 ! family ?an else:]e4 ,x is good = boys & girls to "k t _! fa!r c be h>ass$ by worries & _! "m worn out by a multiplicity ( details4 ,& x is good t filial affection %\ld rema9 alive dur+ adolesc5ce4 ,a _w )\t family affection t5ds to become h>% & me*anical1 compos$ ( individuals :o try to dom9e]1 b become cr++ if !y fail4 ,i fe> t ^! bad effects are to a c]ta9 ext5t produc$ by s5d+ *ildr5 to bo>d+ s*ools1 & ,i reg>d !m z suffici5tly s]i\s to (fset great advantages4 ,x is ( c\rse true1 z mod]n psy*ologi/s insi/1 t ! excessive influ5ce ( fa!r or "m is a v h>mful ?+4 ,b ,i d n believe x is likely to exi/ :]e *ildr5 h gone to s*ool f ! age ( two or ?ree1 z ,i h sugge/$ t !y %\ld4 ,day s*ool f an e>ly age af=ds1 to my m9d1 ! "r compromise betwe5 p>5tal dom9ation & p>5tal insignificance4 ,s f> z conc]ns ! set ( consid]ations ) :i* we h j be5 occupi$1 ?is seems cle>ly ! be/ c\rse1 giv5 a good home4 ,9 ! case ( s5sitive boys1 !re is a c]ta9 risk 9 leav+ !m to ! exclusive society ( o!r boys4 ,boys ( ab\t twelve are1 = ! mo/ "p1 at a r b>b>\s & ins5sitive /age4 ,q rec5tly1 at a lead+ ,engli% s*ool1 !re 0 a case ( a boy suff]+ grave bodily injury = be+ sympa!tic to ! ,lab\r ,p>ty4 ,boys :o diff] f ! av]age 9 _! op9ions & ta/es are likely to suff] s]i\sly4 ,ev5 at ! mo/ mod]n & progressive bo>d+ s*ools 9 exi/5ce1 pro-,bo]s _h a bad "t dur+ ! ,bo] w>4 ,any boy :o is fond ( read+1 or does n dislike 8 "w1 is pretty sure to be ill-treat$4 ,9 ,france1 ! clev]e/ boys g to ! ,ecole ,normale ,suprieure & d n mix any long] ) ! av]age4 ,?is plan c]ta9ly has advantages4 ,x prev5ts ! intellectuals f hav+ _! n]ve brok5 & becom+ sycophants ( ! av]age ,phili/9e1 z happ5s to _m ( !m 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x avoids ! /ra9 & mis]y :i* an unpopul> boy mu/ suff]4 ,x makes x possible to give to clev] boys ! k9d ( tea*+ :i* suits !m1 :i* goes at a mu* m rapid pace ?an is possible = ! less intellig5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x isolates ! intellectuals f ! re/ ( ! community 9 lat] life1 & makes !m1 p]haps1 less able to und]/& ! av]age man4 ,9 spite ( ?is possible disadvantage1 ,i ?9k x on ! :ole bett] ?an ! ,briti% upp]-class practice ( tortur+ all boys :o h exceptional bra9s or exceptional moral qualities1 unless !y happ5 also to be good at games4#bc ,h[ev]1 ! savag]y ( boys is n incurable1 & is 9 fact mu* less ?an x 04 8,tom ,br[n's ,s*ool ,days0 gives a black picture1 :i* w\ld be exagg]at$ if appli$ to ! public s*ools ( our own day4 ,x w\ld be /ill less applicable to boys :o _h _h ! k9d ( e>ly tra9+ :i* we consid]$ 9 previ\s *apt]s4 ,i ?9k also t co-education--:i* is possible at a bo>d+ s*ool1 z ,b$ales %[s--is likely to h a civiliz+ effect ^u boys4 ,i am *>y ( admitt+ native diff]5ces betwe5 ! sexes1 b ,i ?9k t girls are less prone ?an boys to puni% oddity by s]i\s physical cruelty4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 !re are v few bo>d+ s*ools to :i* ,i %\ld v5ture to s5d a boy if he 7 above ! av]age 9 intellig5ce1 morals1 or s5sitiv5ess1 or if he 7 n cons]vative 9 politics & or?odox 9 !ology4 ,= su* boys1 ,i am conv9c$ t ! exi/+ s*ool sy/em = ! sons ( ri* p>5ts is bad4 ,& among su* boys are includ$ almo/ all :o h any exceptional m]it4 ,( ! above consid]ations1 bo? = & aga9/ bo>d+ s*ools1 !re are only two t are ess5tial & unalt]able1 & ^! two are on opposite sides4 ,on ! "o side !re is ! b5efit ( ! c\ntry & air & space2 on ! o!r1 ! family affections & ! education d]iv$ f k ( family responsibilities4 ,9 ! case ( p>5ts :o live 9 ! c\ntry1 !re is a diff]5t argum5t 9 fav\r ( bo>d+ s*ools1 namely1 ! improbability ( a really good day s*ool 9 _! neighb\rhood4 ,i d n ?9k x is possible1 9 view ( ^! conflict+ consid]ations1 to arrive at any g5]al conclusion4 ,:]e *ildr5 are s /rong & vigor\s t consid]ations ( heal? ne$ n be tak5 v s]i\sly1 "o argum5t = bo>d+ s*ools fails4 ,:]e !y are v devot$ to _! p>5ts1 "o argum5t = day s*ools fails1 s9ce ! holidays w suffice to keep family affection alive1 & t]m "t may j prev5t x f becom+ excessive4 ,a s5sitive *ild ( exceptional ability _h bett] n g to bo>d+ s*ool1 & 9 extreme cases _h bett] n g to s*ool at all4 ,( c\rse1 a good s*ool is bett] ?an a bad home1 & a good home is bett] ?an a bad s*ool4 ,b :]e bo? are good1 ea* case mu/ be decid$ on its m]its4 ,s f>1 ,i h writt5 f ! /&po9t ( a well-to-d p>5t1 to :om individual *oice is possible4 ,:5 ! matt] is consid]$ politically1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! community1 o!r consid]ations ent] 94 ,we h on ! "o h& ! exp5se ( bo>d+ s*ools1 on ! o!r ! simplification ( ! h\s+ problem if *ildr5 are away f home4 ,i hold /rongly t1 ap>t f a few r>e cases1 e "o ought to h a s*ola/ic education up to ! age ( eighte51 & exclusively vocational tra9+ %\ld only beg9 aft] t age4 ,al?\gh mu* might be urg$ bo? ways on our pres5t topic1 ! f9ancial consid]ation w1 = a long "t to come1 decide ! "q1 9 ! case ( mo/ wage-e>n]s' sons & daught]s1 9 fav\r ( day s*ools4 ,s9ce !re is no cle> gr\nd = ?9k+ ?is decision wrong1 we may accept x1 9 spite ( ! fact t x is n made on educational gr\nds4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,univ]sity ,9 previ\s *apt]s1 we h consid]$ ! education 9 "* & k :i*1 9 a good social sy/em1 %\ld be op5 to ev]ybody1 & %\ld 9 fact be enjoy$ by ev]ybody1 except = s]i\s special reasons su* z musical g5ius4 7,x w\ld h be5 un=tunate if ,moz>t _h be5 oblig$ to le>n ord9>y s*ool subjects up to ! age ( eighte547 ,b ev5 9 an ideal community !re w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be _m p :o w\ld n g to ! univ]sity4 ,i am conv9c$ t1 at pres5t1 only a m9ority ( ! population c pr(it by a s*ola/ic education prolong$ to ! age ( tw5ty-"o or tw5ty-two4 ,c]ta9ly ! idle ri* :o at pres5t infe/ ! old] univ]sities v (t5 d]ive no b5efit f !m1 b m]ely contract habits ( dissipation4 ,we h !re=e to ask on :at pr9ciple we are to select ^? :o %\ld g to ! univ]sity4 ,at pres5t1 !y are 9 ! ma9 ^? ^: p>5ts c af=d to s5d !m1 ?\gh ?is pr9ciple ( selection is be+ increas+ly modifi$ by ! s*ol>%ip sy/em4 ,obvi\sly1 ! pr9ciple ( selection ought to be educational1 n f9ancial4 ,a boy or girl ( eighte51 :o has _h a good s*ool education1 is capable ( do+ useful "w4 ,if he or %e is to be exempt$ = a fur!r p]iod ( ?ree or f\r ye>s1 ! community has a "r to expect t ! "t w be pr(itably employ$4 ,b be=e decid+ :o is to g to ! univ]sity1 we mu/ h "s view z to ! function ( ! univ]sity 9 ! life ( ! community4 ,briti% univ]sities h pass$ ?r\gh ?ree /ages1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ! second is n yet :olly displac$ by ! ?ird4 ,at fir/1 !y 7 tra9+ colleges = ! cl]gy1 to :om1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 le>n+ 0 almo/ :olly conf9$4 ,!n1 ) ! r5aissance1 ! idea ga9$ gr\nd t e well-to-d p]son ought to be educat$1 ?\gh wom5 7 suppos$ to ne$ less education ?an m54 8,! education ( a g5tleman0 0 giv5 at ! univ]sities ?r\gh\t ! sev5te5?1 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 & is /ill giv5 at ,ox=d4 ,= reasons :i* we consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,i1 ?is ideal1 :i* 0 =m]ly v useful1 is n[ out-(-date2 x dep5d$ ^u ari/ocracy1 & _c fl\ri% ei!r 9 a democracy or 9 an indu/rial plutocracy4 ,if !re is to be an ari/ocracy1 x _h bett] be compos$ ( educat$ g5tlem52 b x is bett] /ill to h no ari/ocracy4 ,i ne$ n argue ?is "q1 s9ce x 0 decid$ 9 ,engl& by ! ,re=m ,bill & ! repeal ( ! ,corn ,laws1 & 9 ,am]ica by ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,x is true t we /ill h 9 ,engl& ! =ms ( ari/ocracy1 b ! _s is t ( plutocracy1 :i* is q a diff]5t ?+4 ,snobb]y makes successful bus9ess m5 s5d _! sons to ,ox=d to be turn$ into 8g5tlem501 b ! result is to give !m a di/a/e = bus9ess1 :i* r$uces _! *ildr5 aga9 to comp>ative pov]ty & ! ne$ ( e>n+ a liv+4 ,! 8education ( a g5tleman0 has !re=e ceas$ to be an important "p ( ! life ( ! nation1 & may be ignor$ 9 consid]+ ! future4 ,! univ]sities are ?us rev]t+ to a position m analog\s to t :i* !y occupi$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 !y are becom+ tra9+ s*ools = ! pr(essions4 ,b>ri/]s1 cl]gym5 & m$ical m5 h usually _h a univ]sity education2 s h ! fir/ division ( ! civil s]vice4 ,an increas+ numb] ( eng9e]s & te*nical work]s 9 v>i\s bus9esses are univ]sity m54 ,z ! _w gr[s m complicat$ & indu/ry becomes m sci5tific1 an increas+ numb] ( exp]ts are requir$1 & 9 ! ma9 !y are suppli$ by ! univ]sities4 ,old-fa%ion$ p lam5t ! intrusion ( te*nical s*ools into ! haunts ( pure le>n+1 b x cont9ues none ! less1 because x is dem&$ by plutocrats :o c>e no?+ = 8culture04 ,x is !y1 mu* m ?an ! insurg5t democracy1 :o are ! enemies ( pure le>n+4 8,useless0 le>n+1 l 8art = art's sake01 is an ari/ocratic1 n a plutocratic1 ideal2 :]e x l+]s1 x is because ! r5aissance tradition is n yet dead4 ,i regret ! decay ( ?is ideal pr(\ndly2 pure le>n+ 0 "o ( ! be/ ?+s associat$ ) ari/ocracy4 ,b ! evils ( ari/ocracy 7 s great z easily to outweigh ?is m]it4 ,9 any case1 indu/rialism mu/ kill ari/ocracy1 :e!r we desire x or n4 ,we may z well make up our m9ds1 !re=e1 to save :at we c by atta*+ x to new & m pot5t conceptions2 s long z we cl+ to m]e tradition1 we %all be fight+ a los+ battle4 ,if pure le>n+ is to survive z "o ( ! purposes ( univ]sities1 x w h to be br\ght into relation ) ! life ( ! community z a :ole1 n only ) ! ref9$ delights ( a few g5tlem5 ( leisure4 ,i reg>d dis9t]e/$ le>n+ z a matt] ( great importance1 & ,i %\ld wi% to see its place 9 academic life increas$1 n dim9i%$4 ,bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,am]ica1 ! ma9 =ce t5d+ to its dim9ution has be5 ! desire to get end[m5ts f ignorant millionaires4 ,! cure lies 9 ! creation ( an educat$ democracy1 will+ to sp5d public money on objects :i* our capta9s ( indu/ry are unable to appreciate4 ,?is is by no means impossible1 b x dem&s a g5]al rais+ ( ! intellectual level4 ,x w\ld be mu* facilitat$ if our le>n$ m5 w\ld m frequ5tly emancipate !mselves f ! attitude ( hang]s-on ( ! ri*1 :i* !y h inh]it$ f a "t :5 patrons 7 _! natural s\rce ( livelihood4 ,x is ( c\rse possible to conf\nd le>n+ ) le>n$ m54 ,to take a purely imag9>y example1 a le>n$ man may improve 8 f9ancial position by tea*+ brew+ in/ead ( organic *emi/ry2 he ga9s1 b le>n+ suff]s4 ,if ! le>n$ man _h a m g5u9e love ( le>n+1 he w\ld n be politically on ! side ( ! brew] :o end[s a pr(essor%ip ( brew+4 ,& if he 7 on ! side ( democracy1 democracy w\ld be m ready to see ! value ( 8 le>n+4 ,= all ^! reasons1 ,i %\ld wi% to see le>n$ bodies dep5d5t ^u public money r ?an ^u ! b5efactions ( ri* m54 ,?is evil is great] 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ,engl&1 b x exi/s 9 ,engl&1 & may increase4 ,leav+ aside ^! political consid]ations1 ,i %all assume t univ]sities exi/ = two purposes3 on ! "o h&1 to tra9 m5 & wom5 = c]ta9 pr(essions2 on ! o!r h&1 to pursue le>n+ & rese>* )\t reg>d to imm$iate utility4 ,we %all !re=e wi% to see at ! univ]sities ^? :o are go+ to practise ^! pr(essions1 & ^? :o h t special k9d ( ability :i* w enable !m to be valuable 9 le>n+ & rese>*4 ,b ?is does n decide1 by itself1 h[ we are to select ! m5 & wom5 = ! pr(essions4 ,at pres5t1 x is v difficult to ent] ^u su* a pr(ession z law or m$ic9e unless "o's p>5ts h a c]ta9 am\nt ( money1 s9ce ! tra9+ is exp5sive & e>n+s d n beg9 at once4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! pr9ciple ( selection is social & h]$it>y1 n fitness = ! "w4 ,take m$ic9e z illu/rative4 ,a community :i* wi%$ to h its doctor+ done effici5tly w\ld select = m$ical tra9+ ^? "y p :o %[$ mo/ ke5ness & aptitude = ! "w4 ,at pres5t ?is pr9ciple is appli$ p>tially1 to select among ^? :o c af=d ! tra9+2 b x is q probable t _m ( ^? :o w\ld make ! be/ doctors are too poor to take ! c\rse4 ,?is involves a deplorable wa/e ( tal5t4 ,let u take ano!r example ( a some:at diff]5t k9d4 ,engl& is a v ?ickly populat$ c\ntry1 :i* imports mo/ ( its food4 ,f a numb] ( po9ts ( view1 b especially f t ( safety 9 w>1 x w\ld be a boon if m ( our food 7 produc$ at home4 ,yet no measures are tak5 to see t our v limit$ area is effici5tly cultivat$4 ,f>m]s are select$ ma9ly by h]$ity3 z a rule1 !y are ! sons ( f>m]s4 ,! o!rs are m5 :o h b\ght f>ms1 :i* implies "s capital b n necess>ily any agricultural skill4 ,x is kn[n t ,dani% me?ods ( agriculture are m productive ?an ours1 b no /eps are tak5 to cause our f>m]s to "k ab\t !m4 ,we ought to insi/ t e p]son all[$ to cultivate m ?an a small hold+ %\ld h a diploma 9 sci5tific agriculture1 j z we insi/ on a motori/ hav+ a lic5ce4 ,! h]$it>y pr9ciple has be5 ab&on$ 9 gov]nm5t1 b x l+]s 9 _m o!r dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,:]ev] x exi/s1 x promotes ! ineffici5cy to :i* x =m]ly l$ 9 public affairs4 ,we mu/ replace x by two correlative rules3 fir/1 t no "o %all be all[$ to und]take important "w )\t hav+ acquir$ ! necess>y skill2 secondly1 t ?is skill %all be taught to ! able/ ( ^? :o desire x1 q indep5d5tly ( _! p>5ts' means4 ,x is obvi\s t ^! two rules w\ld enorm\sly increase effici5cy4 ,univ]sity education %\ld !re=e be reg>d$ z a privilege = special ability1 & ^? :o possess ! skill b no money %\ld be ma9ta9$ at ! public exp5se dur+ _! c\rse4 ,no "o %\ld be admitt$ unless he satisfies ! te/s ( ability1 & no "o %\ld be all[$ to rema9 unless he satisfies ! au?orities t he is us+ 8 "t to advantage4 ,! idea ( ! univ]sity z a place ( leisure :]e ri* "y m5 loaf = ?ree or f\r ye>s is dy+1 b1 l ,*>les ,,ii1 x is an unconscionable "t ab\t x4 ,:5 ,i say t a "y man or woman at ! univ]sity %\ld n be all[$ to be idle1 ,i mu/ ha/5 to add t ! te/s ( "w mu/ n consi/ 9 a me*anical con=mity to sy/em4 ,9 ! new] univ]sities 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica !re is a regrettable t5d5cy to insi/ ^u att5dance at innum]able lectures4 ,! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( individual "w1 :i* are all[$ to be /rong 9 ! case ( infants 9 a ,montessori s*ool1 are v mu* /rong] 9 ! case ( "y p ( tw5ty1 p>ticul>ly :51 z we are assum+1 !y are ke5 & exceptionally able4 ,:5 ,i 0 an und]graduate1 my feel+1 & t ( mo/ ( my fri5ds1 0 t lectures 7 a pure wa/e ( "t4 ,no d\bt we exagg]at$1 b n mu*4 ,! real reason = lectures is t !y are obvi\s "w1 & !re=e bus9ess m5 are will+ to pay = !m4 ,if univ]sity tea*]s adopt$ ! be/ me?ods1 bus9ess m5 w\ld ?9k !m idle1 & insi/ ^u cutt+ d[n ! /aff4 ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 because ( _! pre/ige1 are to "s ext5t able to apply ! "r me?ods2 b ! new] univ]sities are unable to /& up aga9/ bus9ess m51 & s are mo/ ,am]ican univ]sities4 ,! tea*] %\ld1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! t]m1 give a li/ ( books to be read c>efully1 & a slight acc\nt ( o!r books :i* "s may l & o!rs n4 ,he %\ld set pap]s1 :i* c only be answ]$ by notic+ ! important po9ts 9 ! books intellig5tly4 ,he %\ld see ! pupils individually :5 !y h done _! pap]s4 ,ab\t once a week or once a =tnight1 he %\ld see su* z c>e to come 9 ! ev5+1 & h desultory conv]sation ab\t matt]s m or less connect$ ) _! "w4 ,all ?is is n v diff]5t f ! practice at ! old] univ]sities4 ,if a pupil *ooses to set himself a pap]1 diff]5t f t ( ! tea*] b equally difficult1 he %all be at lib]ty to d s4 ,! indu/ry ( ! pupils c be judg$ by _! pap]s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o po9t ( great importance4 ,e univ]sity tea*] %\ld be himself engag$ 9 rese>*1 & %\ld h suffici5t leisure & en]gy to "k :at is be+ done 9 8 subject 9 all c\ntries4 ,9 univ]sity tea*+1 skill 9 p$agogy is no long] important2 :at is important is k ( "o's subject & ke5ness ab\t :at is be+ done 9 x4 ,?is is impossible = a man :o is ov]work$ & n]v\sly exhau/$ by tea*+4 ,8 subject is likely to become di/a/eful to him1 & 8 k is almo/ sure to be conf9$ to :at he le>nt 9 y\?4 ,e univ]sity tea*] ought to h a ,sabbatical ye> 7"o 9 e sev571 to be sp5t 9 =eign univ]sities or 9 o!rwise acquir+ k ( :at is be+ done abroad4 ,?is is common 9 ,am]ica1 b ,european c\ntries h too mu* intellectual pride to admit t x is necess>y4 ,9 ?is !y are q mi/ak54 ,! m5 :o taught me ma!matics at ,cambridge 7 almo/ :olly unt\*$ by ! ,cont95tal ma!matics ( ! previ\s tw5ty or ?irty ye>s2 ?r\gh\t my und]graduate "t1 ,i nev] he>d ! "n ( ,wei]/rass4 ,x 0 only by subsequ5t travel t ,i came 9 contact ) mod]n ma!matics4 ,?is 0 no r>e or exceptional circum/ance4 ,( _m univ]sities at _m p]iods simil> ?+s c\ld be said4 ,!re is 9 univ]sities a c]ta9 opposition betwe5 ^? :o c>e mo/ = tea*+ & ^? :o c>e mo/ = rese>*4 ,?is is almo/ entirely due to a wrong conception ( tea*+1 & to ! pres5ce ( a numb] ( /ud5ts ^: indu/ry & capacity are bel[ ! level :i* ought to be exact$ z a condition ( resid5ce4 ,! idea ( ! old-fa%ion$ s*oolma/] p]si/s to "s ext5t at univ]sities4 ,!re is a desire to h a good moral effect on /ud5ts1 & a wi% to drill !m 9 old-fa%ion$ wor?less in=mation1 l>gely kn[n to be false b suppos$ to be morally elevat+4 ,/ud5ts ought n to be exhort$ to "w1 b !y %\ld n be all[$ to rema9 if !y are f\nd to be wa/+ _! "t1 :e!r f idl5ess or f lack ( ability4 ,! only morality :i* c be pr(itably exact$ is t ( "w2 ! re/ belongs to e>li] ye>s4 ,& ! morality ( "w %\ld be exact$ by s5d+ away ^? :o d n possess x1 s9ce evid5tly !y _h bett] be o!rwise employ$4 ,a tea*] %\ld n be expect$ to "w long h\rs at tea*+1 & %\ld h abundant leisure = rese>*2 b he %\ld be expect$ to employ ?is leisure wisely4 ,rese>* is at lea/ z important z education1 :5 we are consid]+ ! functions ( univ]sities 9 ! life ( mank9d4 ,new k is ! *ief cause ( progress1 & )\t x ! _w w\ld soon become /ation>y4 ,x c\ld cont9ue1 = a "t1 to improve by ! diffusion & wid] use ( exi/+ k1 b ?is process1 by itself1 c\ld n la/ long4 ,& ev5 ! pursuit ( k1 if x is utilit>ian1 is n self-su/a9+4 ,utilit>ian k ne$s to be fructifi$ by dis9t]e/$ inve/igation1 :i* has no motive beyond ! desire to und]/& ! _w bett]4 ,all ! great advances are at fir/ purely !oretical1 & are only aft]w>ds f\nd to be capable ( practical applications4 ,& ev5 if "s spl5did !ory nev] has any practical use1 x rema9s ( value on its own acc\nt2 = ! und]/&+ ( ! _w is "o ( ! ultimate goods4 ,if sci5ce & organization _h succe$$ 9 satisfy+ ! ne$s ( ! body & 9 aboli%+ cruelty & w>1 ! pursuit ( k & beauty w\ld rema9 to ex]cise our love ( /r5u\s creation4 ,i %\ld n wi% ! poet1 ! pa9t]1 ! compos] or ! ma!matician to be preoccupi$ ) "s remote effect ( 8 activities 9 ! _w ( practice4 ,he %\ld be occupi$1 r1 9 ! pursuit ( a vision1 9 captur+ & giv+ p]man5ce to some?+ :i* he has fir/ se5 dimly = a mom5t1 :i* he has lov$ ) su* ard\r t ! joys ( ?is _w h gr[n pale by comp>ison4 ,all great art & all great sci5ce spr+s f ! passionate desire to embody :at 0 at fir/ an unsub/antial phantom1 a beckon+ beauty lur+ m5 away f safety & ease to a glori\s torm5t4 ,! m5 9 :om ?is passion exi/s mu/ n be fett]$ by ! %ackles ( a utilit>ian philosophy1 = to _! ard\r we owe all t makes man great4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,conclusion ,at ! end ( our j\rney1 let u look back ov] ! road1 to obta9 a bird's-eye view ( ! c\ntry we h trav]s$4 ,k wield$ by love is :at ! educator ne$s & :at 8 pupils %\ld acquire4 ,9 e>li] ye>s1 love t[>ds ! pupils is ! mo/ important k9d2 9 lat] ye>s1 love ( ! k imp>t$ becomes increas+ly necess>y4 ,! important k at fir/ is k ( physiology1 hygi5e1 & psy*ology1 ( :i* ! la/ m especially conc]ns ! tea*]4 ,! in/9cts & reflexes ) :i* a *ild is born c be develop$ by ! environm5t into ! mo/ div]se habits1 & !re=e into ! mo/ div]se *>act]s4 ,mo/ ( ?is happ5s 9 v e>ly *ildhood2 consequ5tly x is at ?is p]iod t we c mo/ hopefully attempt to =m "*4 ,^? :o l exi/+ evils are fond ( ass]t+ t human nature _c be *ang$4 ,if !y mean t x _c be *ang$ aft] six ye>s old1 !re is a measure ( tru? 9 :at !y say4 ,if !y mean t no?+ c be done to alt] ! in/9cts & reflexes ) :i* an infant is born1 !y are aga9 m or less 9 ! "r1 ?\gh ( c\rse eug5ics c\ld1 & p]haps w1 produce rem>kable results ev5 "h4 ,b if !y mean1 z !y usually d1 t !re is no way ( produc+ an adult population ^: behavi\r w be radically diff]5t f t ( exi/+ populations1 !y are fly+ 9 ! face ( all mod]n psy*ology4 ,giv5 two infants ) ! same "* at bir?1 diff]5t e>ly environm5ts may turn !m into adults ) totally diff]5t dispositions4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( e>ly education to tra9 ! in/9cts s t !y may produce a h>moni\s "*1 con/ructive r ?an de/ructive1 affectionate r ?an sull51 c\rage\s1 frank1 & intellig5t4 ,all ?is c be done ) a great majority ( *ildr52 x is actually be+ done :]e *ildr5 are rightly treat$4 ,if exi/+ k 7 us$ & te/$ me?ods appli$1 we c\ld1 9 a g5]ation1 produce a population almo/ :olly free f disease1 malevol5ce1 & /upidity4 ,we d n d s1 because we pref] oppression & w>4 ,! crude mat]ial ( in/9ct is1 9 mo/ respects1 equally capable ( lead+ to desirable & to undesirable actions4 ,9 ! pa/1 m5 did n und]/& ! tra9+ ( in/9ct1 & !re=e 7 compell$ to resort to repression4 ,puni%m5t & fe> 7 ! great inc5tives to :at 0 call$ virtue4 ,we n[ "k t repression is a bad me?od1 bo? because x is nev] really successful1 & because x produces m5tal disord]s4 ,! tra9+ ( in/9cts is a totally diff]5t me?od1 involv+ a totally diff]5t te*nique4 ,habits & skill make1 z x 71 a *annel = in/9ct1 lead+ x to fl[ "o way or ano!r accord+ to ! direction ( ! *annel4 ,by creat+ ! "r habits & ! "r skill1 we cause ! *ild's in/9cts !mselves to prompt desirable actions4 ,!re is no s5se ( /ra91 because !re is no ne$ to resi/ temptation4 ,!re is no ?w>t+1 & ! *ild has a s5se ( unfett]$ spontaneity4 ,i d n mean ^! /atem5ts to be tak5 9 an absolute s5se2 !re w always be un=ese5 cont+5cies 9 :i* old] me?ods may become necess>y4 ,b ! m ! sci5ce ( *ild psy*ology is p]fect$1 & ! m exp]i5ce we acquire 9 nurs]y-s*ools1 ! m p]fectly ! new me?ods c be appli$4 ,i h tri$ to br+ be=e ! read] ! wond]ful possibilities :i* are n[ op5 to u4 ,?9k :at x w\ld mean3 heal?1 fre$om1 happ9ess1 k9dness1 intellig5ce1 all ne>ly univ]sal4 ,9 "o g5]ation1 if we *ose1 we c\ld br+ ! mill5nium4 ,b none ( ?is c come ab\t )\t love4 ,! k exi/s2 lack ( love prev5ts x f be+ appli$4 ,sometimes ! lack ( love t[>ds *ildr5 br+s me ne> to despair--= example1 :5 ,i f9d almo/ all our recogniz$ moral lead]s unwill+ t any?+ %\ld be done to prev5t ! bir? ( *ildr5 ) v5]eal disease4 ,nev]!less1 !re is a gradual lib]ation ( love ( *ildr51 :i* surely is "o ( our natural impulses4 ,ages ( fi]c5ess h ov]laid :at is naturally k9dly 9 ! dispositions ( ord9>y m5 & wom54 ,x is only lately t _m ,*ri/ians h ceas$ to tea* ! damnation ( unbaptiz$ infants4 ,nationalism is ano!r doctr9e :i* dries up ! spr+s ( humanity2 dur+ ! w>1 we caus$ almo/ all ,g]man *ildr5 to suff] f rickets4 ,we mu/ let loose our natural k9dl9ess2 if a doctr9e dem&s t we %\ld inflict mis]y ^u *ildr51 let u reject x1 h[ev] de> x may be to u4 ,9 almo/ all cases1 ! psy*ological s\rce ( cruel doctr9es is fe>2 t is "o reason :y ,i h laid s mu* /ress ^u ! elim9ation ( fe> 9 *ildhood4 ,let u root out ! fe>s t lurk 9 ! d>k places ( our own m9ds4 ,! possibilities ( a happy _w t are op5$ up by mod]n education make x well wor? :ile to run "s p]sonal risk1 ev5 if ! risk 7 m real ?an x is4 ,:5 we h creat$ "y p fre$ f fe> & inhibitions & rebelli\s or ?w>t$ in/9cts1 we %all be able to op5 to !m ! _w ( k1 freely & completely1 )\t d>k hidd5 corn]s2 & if in/ruction is wisely giv51 x w be a joy r ?an a task to ^? :o receive x4 ,x is n important to increase ! am\nt ( :at is le>nt above t n[ usually taught to ! *ildr5 ( ! pr(essional classes4 ,:at is important is ! _s ( adv5ture & lib]ty1 ! s5se ( sett+ out ^u a voyage ( discov]y4 ,if =mal education is giv5 9 ?is _s1 all ! m intellig5t pupils w supplem5t x by _! own ef=ts1 = :i* e opportunity %\ld be provid$4 ,k is ! lib]ator f ! empire ( natural =ces & de/ructive passions2 )\t k1 ! _w ( our hopes _c be built4 ,a g5]ation educat$ 9 fe>less fre$om w h wid] & bold] hopes ?an are possible to u1 :o /ill h to /ruggle ) ! sup]/iti\s fe>s t lie 9 wait = u bel[ ! level ( consci\sness4 ,n we1 b ! free m5 & wom5 :om we %all create1 mu/ see ! new _w1 fir/ 9 _! hopes1 & !n at la/ 9 ! full spl5d\r ( reality4 ,! way is cle>4 ,d we love our *ildr5 en\gh to take x8 ,or %all we let !m suff] z we h suff]$8 ,%all we let !m be twi/$ & /unt$ & t]rifi$ 9 y\?1 to be kill$ aft]w>ds 9 futile w>s :i* _! intellig5ce 0 too c[$ to prev5t8 ,a ?\s& anci5t fe>s ob/ruct ! road to happ9ess & fre$om4 ,b love c conqu] fe>1 & if we love our *ildr5 no?+ c make u )hold ! great gift :i* x is 9 our p[] to be/[4 ,,! ,,end ,,footnotes3 #a 8,! ,*ild3 ,8 ,nature & ,8 ,ne$s40 ,prep>$ "u ! editorial sup]vision ( ,m4 ,v4 ,o',%ea1 ,pr(essor ( ,education1 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 #aibd4 ,i %all allude to ?is book z 8,o',%ea04 #b ,probably _m ( ,dr4 ,arnold's pupils suff]$ f ad5oids1 = :i* m$ical m5 d n usually prescribe flogg+1 al?\gh !y cause habitual idl5ess4 #c ,on fe> & anxiety 9 *ildhood1 see e4g4 ,william ,/]n1 8,psy*ology ( ,e>ly ,*ildhood01 ,*ap4 ,,xxxv4 7,h5ry ,holt1 #aibd74 #d ,if x be object$ t1 aft] all1 ! _w progress$1 ! reply is t x did n progress ne>ly z fa/ z x might h done1 or z x w d if *ildr5 are wisely h&l$4 #e ,?is is p]haps n /rictly accurate4 ,mo/ *ildr5 h p]iods ( app>5t /agnation1 :i* cause anxiety to inexp]i5c$ p>5ts4 ,b probably ?r\gh\t ^! p]iods !re is progress 9 ways t are n easily p]ceptible4 #f 8,/udies 9 ,infant ,psy*ology01 ,sci5tific ,mon?ly1 ,decemb]1 #aiba1 p4 #ejf4 #g ,i came to "k ( ^! passages f a quotation 9 ,dr4 ,paul ,b\sfield's 8,sex & ,civilization01 :]e ! same po9t ( view is /rongly advocat$4 #h ,i ?9k ?is fe> 0 ! same z ! fe> ( me*anical toys4 ,he saw h] fir/ asleep1 & ?\ght %e 0 a doll2 :5 %e mov$ he 0 />tl$4 #i ,! me?od adopt$ ) me at ! same age 0 to pick me up by ! heels & hold my head "u wat] = "s "t4 ,?is me?od1 oddly en\gh1 succe$$ 9 mak+ me l ! wat]2 nev]!less ,i d n recomm5d x4 #aj ,see ,b\sfield1 8,sex & ,civilization01 passim4 #aa ,cf4 8,! ,n]v\s ,*ild0 by ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,cam]on 7#crd ed41 ,ox=d1 #aibd71 p4 #cb ff4 #ab ,see e4g4 8,! ,secret ,corps01 by ,capta9 ,f]d9& ,tuohy1 ,*ap4 ,,vi1 7,murray1 #aibj74 #ac ,hodd] & ,/\ghton1 #aibe4 #ad 8,! ,montessori ,me?od0 7,he9emann1 #aiab71 p4 #ajc4 #ae ,see ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,cam]on1 8,! ,n]v\s ,*ild01 ,*aps4 ,,iv & ,v4 #af ,9 v r>e in/ances1 x does a little h>m1 b ?is is easily cur$ & is n m s]i\s ?an ! results ( ?umb-suck+4 #ag ,on ?is subject1 cf4 8,! ,nurs]y-,s*ool01 by ,m>g>et ,mc,millan 7,d5t1 #aiai71 p4 #aig4 #ah ,al?\gh ,miss ,mc,millan is ,am]ican1 ,i und]/& t ! importance ( nurs]y-s*ools is ev5 less appreciat$ 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,z1 h[ev]1 !re are n ! f9ancial difficulties :i* exi/ 9 ,europe1 x may be hop$ t ! movem5t w soon become wide-spread 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re is no m5tion ( x 9 ,o',%ea's book1 ?\gh ! ne$ ( x is evid5t f 8 rem>ks on p4 #ahb4 #ai ,see ,montessori1 8,! ,montessori ,me?od0 7,he9emann1 #aiab71 p4 #db ff4 #bj ,o',%ea1 p4 #chf4 #ba ,are we to inf] t culture consi/s 9 c>ry+ a hip-flask8 ,! def9ition seems applicable4 #bb ,9 ^? days1 9 ,engl&1 ! ,/ate bore only "p ( ! exp5se ( ! s*ool2 ?is "p 0 call$ a 8grant01 & dep5d$ ^u ! success ( ! *ildr5 9 exam9ations4 #bc ,! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( segregat+ ! able *ildr5 are well /at$ 9 ,o',%ea1 ,*ap4 ,,xiv4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,italiciz$ text is surr\nd$ by und]scores3 italics4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation h be5 /&>diz$4 ,ar*aic or v>iant spell+ has be5 reta9$4 ,! cov] image = ?is e,book 0 creat$ by ! transcrib] & is ent]$ into ! public doma94