,,c>p5try ,,by ,,ira ,,samuel ,,griffi? ,*airman ( ! ,manual ,arts ,dep>tm5t ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri ,illu/ration ,,! ,,manual ,,arts ,,press ,,peoria1 ,,ill9ois ,copyright #aiaf by ,ira ,samuel ,griffi? ,f\r? ,edition1 #aiai ,,ackn[l$gm5ts ,to my fa!r1 ^: pati5t in/ruction & =be>+ ov]sight dur+ ! p]iod ( c>p5try appr5tice%ip has made possible ! practical aspect ( ?is pres5t volume1 grateful ackn[l$gm5t is made4 ,ackn[l$gm5t is also made ( assi/ance d]iv$ f ! v>i\s trade magaz9es & f ! few books on c>p5try4 ,cr$it is due ,mr4 frankl9 ,g4 ,elwood1 ,peoria1 = mo/ ( ! excell5t draw+s :i* accompany & cl>ify ! text4 ,a numb] ( ! draw+s 7 p5cil$ by ,gordon ,kell>1 ,bo/on4 ,! photographs are ! "w ( ,james ,f4 ,b>ham1 ,columbia1 ,mo-4 ,i4 ,s4 ,g4 ,,preface ,,x is ! au?or's hope t ! foll[+ text may be ( s]vice to appr5tices to ! trade1 to vocational & trade s*ool /ud5ts1 & to manual tra9+ /ud5ts4 ,! au?or's exp]i5ce z a c>p5t] leads him to feel t n a few j\rneyman c>p5t]s may f9d _! horizon wid5$ & _! usefulness z fram]s ( ! unusual ro( increas$ by a /udy ( ,*apt] ,,iv :]e an ef=t has be5 made to indicate h[ ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 fram+ ! squ>e & octagonal ro( may be g5]aliz$ s z to make possible _! application to ro(s ( any numb] ( sides4 ,beyond ?is1 ! book makes claims to be+ no?+ m ?an an elem5t>y treatise ( ! ess5tials ( c>p5try4 ,no apology is (f]$ = mak+ use ( trigonometric solutions ( plane "r triangles z a basis = develop+ g5]aliz$ ro( fram+ pr9ciples 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,!re is absolutely no?+ 9 ! use ( natural trigonometric functions to prev5t _! introduction e>ly 9 ! ma!matical exp]i5ce ( a boy1 except academic tradition4 ,! au?or has made use ( ?is ma!matical tool ) upp] gramm> grade boys ) less ef=t ^u _! "p 9 ma/]+ ! pr9ciples ?an 0 exp5d$ 9 ma/]+ squ>e root4 ,! ease ) :i* ro( fram+ problems l5d !mselves to solution by ! use ( natural trigonometric functions & ! read9ess ) :i* problems may be g5]aliz$ !reby has embold5$ ! au?or to make use ( x 9 a text z elem5t>y z ?is4 ,no previ\s k ( trigonometry is presuppos$1 ! ,app5dix provides all ! in=mation requir$ = ! solution ( any problem giv5 h]e94 ,%\ld a read]1 because ( lack ( "t or = any o!r cause1 n c>e to consid] m ?an ro( fram+ ( ! squ>e corn]$ build+1 he w f9d a complete treatise 9 ,*apt] ,,iii )\t ref]5ce to solutions o!r ?an by common ari?metic4 ,app5dix ,,iv (f]s a /ill m abbreviat$ approa* to bo? squ>e & octagonal ro( fram+4 ,! greate/ good 9 /udy+ ! *apt] on ,e/imat+ w come only :5 ea* /ud5t is provid$ ) a set ( plans & specifications completely drawn1 z by a practic+ ar*itect4 ,plans & specifications1 su* z w s]ve ! purpose1 c be pur*as$ at small co/ f ar*itectural companies1 %\ld local ar*itects be unwill+ to provide sets = ! s*ools4 ,also1 !re mu/ be provid$ = ea* /ud5t1 catalogs ( lumb] & millwork specifications & prices4 ,^! c be obta9$ f mail ord] lumb] & millwork companies4 ,z a rule1 local lumb] & millwork companies are glad to provide su* data1 b x mu/ be 9 a =m complete1 & readily accessible to be ( ! greate/ value4 ,ira ,s4 ,griffi?4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri1 ,septemb]1 #aiaf4 ,,cont5ts ,*apt] ,i4 ,f\ndations #ac #a4 ,lay+ out2 #b4 ,grade l9e2 #c4 ,excavation2 #d4 ,f\ndations2 foot+s2 #e4 ,f\ndation mat]ials2 #f4 ,=ms = concrete walls2 #g4 ,wat]pro(+2 #h4 ,basem5t frames4 ,*apt] ,ii4 ,ma9 ,frame #bg #i4 ,me?ods ( fram+ sup]/ructure2 #aj4 ,sills & gird]s2 #aa4 ,bridg+2 #ab4 ,trimm]s & head]s2 #ac4 ,walls & p>titions2 joi/s & r\gh floors2 #ad4 ,op5+s 9 framework4 ,*apt] ,iii4 ,ro( ,frame3 ,squ>e ,corn]$ ,build+ #de #ae4 ,ro( fram+2 #af4 ,fram+ ! common raft]2 lay+ out ! plumb cut2 #ag4 ,f9d+ ! l5g? ( a common raft]2 #ah4 ,lay+ (f a common raft] seat cut & end cut4 #ai4 ,ridge piece2 #bj4 ,hip & valley raft]2 #ba4 ,fram+ hip & valley raft]s2 #bb4 ,side or *eek cut ( hip or valley raft]2 #bc4 ,det]m9+ l5g? ( hip or valley raft]2 #bd4 ,lay+ (f & end cut ( hip raft]2 #be4 ,r$uction ( hip or valley l5g? seat cut because ( ridge piece2 #bf4 ,back+ a hip raft]2 #bg4 ,valley raft]s2 #bh4 ,fram+ jack raft]s2 plumb cut2 side cut2 #bi4 ,l5g?s ( jacks4 ,*apt] ,iv4 ,ro( ,frame3 ,any ,polygon #fi #cj4 ,tang5ts2 mit] cuts ( plate2 #ca4 ,octagonal ro(s2 #cb4 ,common raft] = plate ( any numb] ( sides2 #cc4 ,hip & valley raft]s = octagon & o!r polygons2 #cd4 ,plumb cut ( octagonal & o!r polygonal hips & valleys2 #ce4 ,side or *eek cuts ( hip or valley raft]s1 any polygon2 #cf4 ,raft] l5g?s ( octagonal & o!r polygonal hips & valleys2 #cg4 ,r$uctions 9 l5g?s = k+-po/2 #ch4 ,seat cut & end cut ( octagonal & o!r polygonal hips & valleys2 #ci4 ,back+ octagonal & o!r hips2 #dj4 ,fram+ octagonal & o!r polygonal jacks2 #da4 ,side cut ( octagonal & o!r polygonal jacks2 #db4 ,l5g?s ( octagonal & o!r polygonal jacks2 #dc4 ,fram+ by means ( a protractor2 #dd4 ,translat+ fram+ problems f protractor to fram+ squ>e & vice v]sa2 #de4 ,fram+ an octagon bay2 #df4 ,fram+ a ro( ( "o pit* to ano!r ( diff]5t pit*2 #dg4 ,fram+ ro( ( unev5 pit*2 #dh4 ,decks2 *imney op5+s4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,ext]ior ,cov]+ & ,f9i% #ie #di4 ,%ea?+2 #ej4 ,scaffold+2 #ea4 ,cornice2 #eb4 ,rak$ m\ld+s2 #ec4 ,%+l+2 #ed4 ,%+l+ hips & valleys2 #ee4 ,f9i%+ ext]ior walls2 #ef4 ,sett+ w9d[ & door frames2 #eg4 ,sid+4 ,*apt] ,vi4 ,int]ior ,f9i% #aae #eh4 ,la?+2 gr\nds2 #ei4 ,int]ior walls2 #fj4 ,/air build+2 por* /eps2 #fa4 ,ris]s & treads2 #fb4 ,por*es2 #fc4 ,int]ior f9i%2 #fd4 ,sett+ door jambs2 #fe4 ,fitt+ w9d[ sa%2 #ff4 ,plac+ door1 w9d[1 & o!r trim2 #fg4 ,hang+ doors2 #fh4 ,fitt+ a door2 #fi4 ,h++ a door2 #gj4 ,fitt+ locks2 #ga4 ,lay+ & scrap+ floors2 #gb4 ,door & w9d[ frames2 #gc4 ,woodwork 9 masonry /ructures4 ,*apt] ,vii4 ,e/imat+ #adb #gd4 ,me?ods ( e/imat+2 #ge4 ,table = e/imat+ by cubic-foot unit2 #gf4 ,grad+ rules2 #gg4 ,e/imat+ lumb] quantities2 #gh4 ,e/imat+ millwork quantities2 #gi4 ,example ( =m = bill ( mat]ials2 #hj4 ,e/imat+ labor co/s2 #ha4 ,e/imat+ quantities ( nails2 #hb4 ,example ( =m = c>p5try co/s2 #hc4 ,total build+ co/s by p]c5tages4 ,app5dix #aeh ,i4 ,natural trigonometric functions2 =mul d$uc$4 ,solution ( "r triangles1 7brief7 ,,ii4 ,table ( natural functions 7= degrees only74 ,int]polation4 ,,iii4 ,useful tables4 ,fractional equival5ts = decimal values4 ,wood & ma*9e screw sizes4 ,l5g? & numb] ( nails4 ,wire brads4 ,bo>d measure table4 ,/r5g? ( mat]ials4 ,/resses = /ructural timb]s4 ,cont5ts ( brick walls4 ,,iv4 ,%ort cuts to ro( fram+4 ,directions = ,griffi?'s ,fram+ ,tables4 ,v4 ,e/imat+4 ,excavations4 ,masonry4 ,slate4 ,pla/]4 ,pa9t+4 ,bibliography ( ,ref]5ces ,index ,illu/ration3 ,! h\se us$ z a model = _m ( ! illu/rations 9 ?is book4 ,,c>p5try ,,*apt] ,i ,f\ndations ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,transit4 #a4 ,lay+ out ,f\ndations4--,9 mo/ communities x is cu/om>y = ! c>p5t] to be pres5t & to assi/ ! mason 9 ! lay+ out ( ! f\ndations4 ,:]e build+s are l>ge & important1 ?is "w is done by an eng9e] ) a /eel tape & a surveyor's in/rum5t1 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is in/rum5t is kn[n z a build]'s transit1 & consi/s ( a tripod ^u :i* re/s a small telescope ) cross$ hair wires )91 by means ( :i* ! obs]v] may fix ! l9e ( sight v accurately4 ,a circul> dial conta9s a magnetic ne$le :i* enables ! fix$ dial to be set ) ref]5ce to ! true nor? & s\? l9e ( ! obs]v]4 ,aft] ! fix$ dial has be5 adju/$1 ! telescope may be swung to ! "r or ! left until ! circul> graduations indicate t x po9ts 9 ! direction want$1 aft] :i* /akes may be set4 ,a level ^u ! telescope enables ! obs]v] to sight grades or levels2 a help] c>ry+ ! level+ rod1 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,level+ ,rod ,fig4 #c %[s a m common in/rum5t4 ,?is is an ar*itect's ,y-level & diff]s f ! o!r 9 t x is less complete4 ,x has no atta*m5t = measur+ v]tical angles4 ,?is is n s]i\s1 h[ev]1 s9ce ! build] seldom ne$s su* an atta*m5t1 ! level be+ ! mo/ ess5tial "p4 ,y-levels are made bo? ) & )\t compass atta*m5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,y-,level ,^u ord9>y resid5ce "w a surveyor is employ$ to locate lot l9es4 ,once ^! l9es are locat$ ! build] is able to locate ! build+ l9es by measurem5t4 ,suppose x is desir$ to locate a build+ by means ( ! side lot l9e3 7#a7 ,measure f ! side lot l9e1 along ! front & along ! back lot l9es1 a di/ance equal to t :i* x is desir$ ! h\se %all hold relative to ! lot side l9e4 ,drive /akes "h4 7#b7 ,:ile sight+ f "o ( ^! /akes to ! o!r1 h an assi/ant locate two o!r /akes 9 ! l9e ( sight1 a di/ance ap>t suffici5t to gu>antee ! plac+ ( ! cross-l9es = ! back & front ( ! h\se )\t re/ak+ ^!1 ,a-,b1 ,fig4 #d4 ,! process ( lay+ out l9es = a h\se is almo/ id5tical ) t us$ 9 lay+ out a rectangle on a draw+ bo>d4 7#c7 ,hav+ locat$ a l9e ( indef9ite l5g? = "o side ( ! h\se1 a second l9e ( indef9ite l5g?1 pref]ably = ! front ( ! build+1 may next be locat$4 ,to d ?is1 fir/ locate a front corn] /ake ^u ! fir/ l9e j locat$4 ,?is is done by measurem5t f ! /reet l9e4 ,hav+ locat$ & driv5 9 ?is /ake1 ,a1 ,fig4 #d1 drive a nail 9 ! top ( ! /ake to m accurately locate ?is corn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,batt] ,bo>ds ,if an in/rum5t is available x w be locat$ ov] ?is /ake & ! front l9e ,a-,c1 ,fig4 #d1 locat$ by lay+ x (f at #ij degrees f ! side l9e already locat$4 ,if no in/rum5t is available1 ! front l9e may be laid (f at "r angles to ,a-,b by hold+ a fram+ squ>e at _! int]section4 ,?is angle %\ld be v]ifi$ by ! #f-h-aj me?od4 ,?is consi/s 9 measur+ f ! int]section at ,a along "o l9e a di/ance ( #f feet & /ick+ a p9 9 ! l9e at t po9t2 a p5cil m>k may be us$ :5 ! cord is :ite4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 measure (f #h feet along ! o!r l9e & !n measure ! hypot5use ( ! triangle s =m$4 ,x %\ld measure #aj feet4 ,if x does n1 ! front build+ l9e mu/ be %ift$ until x does4 7#d7 ,) ^! two l9es locat$1 ! rema9+ two l9es may be locat$ by measurem5t f !m1 ! nail ( /ake ,a giv+ ! />t+ po9t4 ,be=e ?is is attempt$1 h[ev]1 ! batt] bo>ds %\ld be plac$4 ,batt] bo>ds are v>i\sly con/ruct$4 ,^? %[n are common types4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ free ( ! f\ndation propos$ by at lea/ #c or #d feet4 7#e7 ,te/ ! squ>5ess ( ! :ole lay-out by measur+ ! diagonals ,a-,d & ,b-,c4 ,if ! build+ lay-out is squ>e ! diagonals %\ld be equal4 ,if !y are n equal1 %ift ! cords at ,c & ,d1 reta9+ _! p>allelism1 until ! diagonals become equal4 7#f7 ,once ! lay-out is correct1 saw k]fs %\ld be made 9 ! batt] bo>ds :]e ! cords are plac$4 ,^! k]fs w p]mit ! cords be+ remov$ & replac$ )\t fur!r measur+4 #b4 ,grade ,l9e4--,a prop]ly drawn set ( plans w %[ bo? ! pres5t lay ( ! gr\nd ^u :i* ! build+ is to be erect$ & ! new grade l9e :i* is to be e/abli%$ aft] ! build+ is complet$4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( det]m9+ old grade l9es & ( e/abli%+ new ones is by means ( ! transit1 ,fig4 #a1 or ! ,y-level1 ,figs4 #c & #e1 ) ! rod1 ,fig4 #b4 ,bo? in/rum5ts op]ate ^u ! same pr9ciple 9 grade "w4 ,! telescope is set level & sights tak5 ?ru x to ! t>get ^u ! rod4 ,! read+ ( ! t>get's position ^u ! rod comp>$ ) ! height ( ! telescope above ! base1 usually ! /reet walk1 det]m9es ! diff]5ce 9 grade ( t p>ticul> plac+ ( ! t>get4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,tak+ ,sights ) ,y-,level ,to locate levels = ! masonry1 7#a7 set ! in/rum5t at "s conv5i5t place & level ! dial4 7#b7 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! height ( ! in/rum5t above "s pr$et]m9$ base1 su* z ! /reet walk1 sw+ ! telescope ab\t &1 mak+ all[ance = ! diff]5ce 9 level z %[n by ! draw+s1 place successively /akes at ea* corn] ( ! build+ ) ! requir$ level m>k$ !reon4 ,z a rule1 ! mason has 8 own ,y-level & uses x freely z ! wall is con/ruct$1 especially :]e levels are to be ma9ta9$ z ! lay]s ( mat]ial are plac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,level+ ) ,/raight-edge ,9 a simil> mann] ! e>? grade ab\t ! build+ may be locat$1 /akes be+ driv5 into ! gr\nd at frequ5t int]vals & ! am\nt ( fill or r$uction indicat$ !reon4 ,grade levels are e/abli%$ usually only aft] ! build]s are ?ru1 except t ! mason w h ! grade indicat$ = him :]e ! wall above ! grade is to be diff]5tly f9i%$ f t bel[4 ,:]e no surveyor's level is at h&1 ! mason or c>p5t] w secure ! levels by means ( a /raight-edge ( "s #ad feet 9 l5g?4 ,a common level is plac$ ^u ?is plank z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,by successive levels ) /akes driv5 to indicate ! successive level+s1 a grade may be c>ri$ q a di/ance )\t v great v>iations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,f\ndation ,detail #c4 ,excavations4--,excavations %\ld be made en\gh l>g] ?an ! propos$ f\ndation t ! mason may h room to wield 8 tr[el 9 po9t+ ! out] jo9ts1 & = wat]pro(+4 ,an extra foot ( excavation ^u ea* side w usually be requir$4 ,all f\ndations mu/ be c>ri$ well bel[ ! fro/ l9e4 ,excavations %\ld be made accord+ly4 #d4 ,f\ndations2 ,foot+s4--,because ( ! t5d5cy ( a build+ to settle unev5ly1 due to v>iations 9 ! /r5g? ( ! support+ gr\nd or ! unequal weight plac$ ^u ?is gr\nd1 f\ndations mu/ be con/ruct$ ( "s non-yield+ mat]ial su* z brick or /one1 & ( su* ?ickness & s bond$ t ! weight ( ! build+ may be ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,! ?ickness ( wall w dep5d ^u ! weight to be support$ & ^u ! "* ( ! soil4 ,unless rock or gravel is enc\nt]$1 e f\ndation %\ld h a foot+1 ,fig4 #g4 ,! am\nt ( foot+ us$ is usually twice ! ?ickness ( ! f\ndation wall4 ,9 brick walls ?is foot+ draws into ! wall by /epp$ c\rses ( brick1 ea* lay] be+ n>r[] ?an ! "o j prec$+4 ,= ord9>y resid5ce "w ) ord9>y soil conditions a #aj- or #ab-;in* wall re/+ ^u a foot+ #b feet wide & #h or #aj in*es deep w suffice4 ,a safe foot+ = support+ po/s ( #ff #f yell[ p9e1 = mo/ soils1 w be #aj in*es deep by #ah in*es squ>e4 ,p>tition walls c>ry+ no unusual load ne$ n be ov] #h in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,am]ican ,bond ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,engli% ,bond ,9 _m communities ! use ( concrete is supplant+ t ( /one or brick1 especially bel[ ! grade l9e4 ,su* a wall %\ld be compos$ ( #e p>ts ( cru%$ /one or gravel1 #c p>ts s&1 & #a "p cem5t4 ,! foot+ may be =m$ by tamp+ ! mixture 9 a =m made by spad+ out ( ! e>? a dep? & wid? suffici5t = ! wall to be support$4 #e4 ,f\ndation ,mat]ials2 ,con/ruction4--,( ! mat]ials commonly us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( f\ndations monoli?ic concrete is becom+ ! mo/ common = t "p ( ! wall :i* lies bel[ ! gr\nd or grade level4 ,brick & /one are sometimes us$4 ,:]e brick or /one is made use (1 "s device is requir$ to tie ! mat]ial toge!r1 due to ! fact t ! mort> us$ 9 fill+ ! voids or spaces betwe5 ! memb]s has little /r5g? z comp>$ ) t ( ! /one or brick itself4 ,?is bond+ is secur$ by plac+ ! brick or /one s t !y %all ov]lap "o ano!r1 bo? along ! faces ( ! wall & across ! wall4 ,bricks laid ) _! l5g?s 9 ! same direction z t ( ! wall are kn[n z /ret*]s2 ^? laid ) _! l5g?s across ! wall are kn[n z head]s1 ,fig4 #h4 ,! mann] ( plac+ ^! head]s among ! /ret*]s det]m9es ! type ( bond4 ,! ,am]ican1 ,engli% & ,flemi% are ! m common types4 ,( ^! ! ,am]ican1 ,fig4 #h1 is ! mo/ us$ ^u ord9>y "w4 ,x consi/s ( a c\rse ( head]s plac$ e six? c\rse4 ,! ,engli% bond1 ,fig4 #i1 is mu* /rong]1 hav+ e o!r c\rse a head] c\rse4 ,x is us$ ma9ly ^u v important "w :]e unusual /r5g? is requir$4 ,flemi% bond is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,flemi% ,bond ,( ! v>i\s types ( /one "w1 rubble "w & a%l> pr$om9ate1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,rubble "w is mo/ frequ5tly us$ = t "p ( ! wall bel[ ! grade l9e1 & a%l> = ! rema9d] ( ! wall4 ,9 ei!r case1 ?ru /ones are plac$ e #d or #e feet 9 ! l5g? ( ! wall & e #ah in*es 9 ! height1 to provide bonds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,types ( ,/one ,"w ,9 rubble "w ! /ones are r\gh & unhewn4 ,!y mu/ be laid ^u a good b$ ( /iff mort> ) _! /ratifications 9 a horizontal position4 ,o!rwise1 ! face ( ! wall might peel f ! effects ( fro/ & moi/ure1 mak+ an unsightly z well z a weak] wall4 ,! t]m a%l> ref]s to a wall build$ ( /ones hav+ f9i%$ faces4 ,:5 ei!r rubble "w or a%l> is laid up 9 c\rses x is kn[n z c\rs$ rubble or c\rs$ a%l>4 ,:5 ! horizontal jo9ts are n cont9u\s ! wall is kn[n z r&om rubble or brok5 a%l>4 ,n infrequ5tly a wall w be con/ruct$ ) an a%l> fac+ atta*$ to a brick back+ by means ( metal bonds4 ,9 su* a wall1 ! fac$ a%l>1 unless m ?an #h in*es 9 ?ickness & well bond$ into ! wall1 %\ld n be consid]$ 9 e/imat+ ! /r5g? ( ! wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,=m = ,concrete ,9 ! con/ruction ( bo? brick & /one walls ! "w %\ld be c>ri$ up z ne>ly z possible at ! same levels4 ,9 bo? brick & /one walls ! corn]s are run up ) /epp$ c\rses1 ! corn]s be+ plumb$ z ! wall is c>ri$ upw>d4 ,a l9e is !n /ret*$ betwe5 ! corn]s &1 lay] by lay]1 ! re/ ( ! wall fill$ 94 ,no corn] %\ld1 ord9>ily1 be c>ri$ m ?an #c feet above ! re/ ( ! wall4 ,9 ! case ( unc\rs$ /one "w ! wall is level$ e #ae to #ah in*es 9 its height4 #f4 ,=ms = ,concrete ,walls4--,! economical build+ ( =ms = concrete walls is a matt] ( importance 9 build+ con/ruction4 ,fig4 #ab %[s a type ( =m suitable = f\ndation "w4 ,su* =ms %\ld be made ( semi-season$ /ock4 ,?or\ghly season$ /ock w w>p badly :5 ! wet concrete is plac$4 ,spruce1 ,norway p9e1 etc41 are bett] woods to use ?an h>d or ,georgia p9e4 ,= ord9>y f\ndation "w #a-;in* bo>ds may be us$1 ! /uds be+ plac$ n ov] #b feet ap>t4 ,^! /uds may be assi/$ mat]ially 9 hold+ ! =ms 9 position1 by wires plac$ z 9 ,fig4 #ab1 & by props plac$ aga9/ ! dirt wall ( ! excavation4 ,9 plac+ ! concrete a #d-;in* lay] is laid & !n spad$ or work$ well into place1 a wet mix be+ us$4 ,! smoo?ness ( ! result+ faces is increas$ by an additional spad+ ( ! mixture away f ! =m4 ,a good spad+ tool is made by /raight5+ out an ord9>y g>d5 hoe4 ,?is all[s ! cem5t & mort> to fl[ next to ! =m & hold ?is place :ile ! fill+ proce$s4 ,:]e =ms are plac$ to give f9i%$ walls1 t is1 walls to :i* no pla/] is to be appli$1 !y %\ld be align$ ) no great] v>iation ?an f ! l9es specifi$4 ,=ms %\ld be all[$ to rema9 until ! concrete w resi/ ind5tation ) ! ?umb1 ^u ord9>y walls4 ,!re is no limit to ! +5uity "o may make use ( 9 =m build+4 ,! illu/ration giv5 is m]ely sugge/ive4 #g4 ,wat]pro(+4--,! ext5t to :i* a wall %\ld be wat]pro($ w dep5d ^u ! location ( ! build+4 ,f\ndations ne> runn+ wat] mu/ naturally be bett] protect$ ?an ^? 9 well dra9$ locations4 ,fig4 #g illu/rates a treatm5t :i* w prove q safe = almo/ all localities4 ,! ext]ior face ( ! wall is cov]$ ) sev]al lay]s ( asphaltum or t>4 ,by coat+ ! top ( ! foot+ & ! top ( ! concrete floor j be=e ! f9i% floor ( cem5t is plac$1 little wat] w ent]4 ,a dra9 tile c>ri$ ab\t ! h\se z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 especially if gravel is plac$ aga9/ ! wall above x1 w meet e em]g5cy4 ,!re are o!r ways ( wat]pro(+ basem5t walls1 b ?is is typical ( ! ext]nal wall treatm5ts4 ,9 monoli?ic con/ruction wat]pro(+ may be secur$ by appropriate additions to ! mixture ( wat]pro(+ mat]ials su* z slack$ lime1 j be=e ! mixture is plac$1 no ext]nal applications be+ requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,cell> ,frame ) ,sa% #h4 ,basem5t ,frames4--,fig4 #ac illu/rates "o successful =m ( basem5t w9d[ frame con/ruction1 ) sa%4 ,9 ?is type ! sa% is h+$ to ! top ( ! frame1 & a cat* or button at ! bottom ( ! frame secures ! sa% :5 clos$4 ,! con/ruction is su* z to be/ %ut out w9d & wat] :5 ! sa% is clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,basem5t ,door ,frame ,fig4 #ad illu/rates a basem5t door frame4 ,frames su* z ?is1 & ! w9d[ frame ( ,fig4 #ac1 are made ( heavy /ock & are kn[n z plank frames4 ,basem5t frames are held 9 place by means ( wood5 blocks nail$ to ! sides ( ! frame1 z well z by ! project+ lugs ( ! frame itself4 ,! frame is set & plumb$ by ! c>p5t] z soon z ! mason has prep>$ ! sill4 ,fig4 #ad %[s a frame plumb$ & /ay$1 ready = ! mason to lay ! adjac5t wall4 ,fig4 #ae indicates ! position ( plumb & level 9 ! sett+ ( a frame4 ,! edges ( a door frame are sight$ = w9d4 ,:]e x is necess>y to atta* frames or o!r woodwork to brick walls1 x is cu/om>y to h ! mason ins]t wood5 bricks z ! wall is con/ruct$4 ,wood5 bricks are ( ! same size z o!r bricks1 & %\ld be con/ruct$ ) ! edge :i* is to be laid back 9 ! wall ?ick] ?an ! front edge1 s t a dovetail$ effect is secur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,plumb+ & ,level+ ,cell> ,frame ,,*apt] ,,ii ,ma9 ,frame ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,full ,frame ,h\se #i4 ,me?ods ( ,fram+ ! ,sup]/ructure4--,9 ! e>ly days :5 lumb] 0 pl5tiful1 h\ses & b>ns 7 fram$ 9 :at is kn[n z full frame4 ,su* frames consi/$ ( heavy & solid timb]s mortis$ & t5on$ & p9n$ toge!r1 ,figs4 #af & #ag4 ,) ! gr[+ sc>city ( lumb] ! half frame ( ,fig4 #ah became common4 ,?is latt] type1 x w be se51 makes less use ( heavy timb]s & wood5 p9s1 & m use ( planks & nails4 ,to-day ! va/ majority ( build+s1 :]e wood is ! mat]ial us$1 are con/ruct$ by :at is kn[n z balloon fram+ 9 h\ses & plank fram+ 9 b>ns1 ,figs4 #ai & #bj4 ,9 view ( ?is1 att5tion w be direct$ to balloon fram+ only4 ,"o :o is able to frame a h\se %\ld h no tr\ble ) plank b>n fram+1 :]e draw+s %[ ! details4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,heavy ,timb] ,b>n ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 too1 t !re are q a v>iety ( ways ( fram+ a balloon & a plank frame4 ,x w be possible 9 ?is *apt] to treat ( b "o type4 ,a ma/]y ( ?is "o type %\ld enable ! /ud5t to "w out o!r types1 ) suitable detail$ draw+s provid$ him4 #aj4 ,sills & ,gird]s4--,9 ,fig4 #ba w be f\nd illu/rat$ ?ree types ( box sill con/ruction4 ,:atev] ! sill us$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to s plan t mice may n h free access to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! build+4 ,if ! sill does n inhibit1 !n blocks %\ld be spik$ betwe5 ! /uds4 ,su* blocks s]ve z fire breaks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,half-,frame ,h\se ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,balloon ,frame ,h\se ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,plank ,frame ,b>n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,?ree ,types ( ,box ,sills ,! b$ plate ( ! box sill %\ld be select$ f /ock ) /raight edges4 ,9 ! fram+ ( joi/s1 plan s t ! cr[n+ edges %all be up :5 9 position1 & 9 plac+ ! joi/s see t ! mo/ cr[n+ are 9 ! middle ( a room4 ,joi/s are fa/5$ to _! sills z 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,fig4 #bb-;a illu/rates a built up gird]1 & ! mann] ( fram+ ! joi/s to x4 ,?ree #b #aj's ) a #b #d atta*$ to ea* side1 ! :ole ?or\ghly spik$ toge!r1 =m ! gird]4 ,! advantage ( ?is type ( gird] lies ma9ly 9 ! fact t x leaves ! headroom ( a basem5t cle>1 :i* is n ! case 9 ! type %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb-;b4 ,?is second type is some:at easi] to frame1 & is !re=e greatly us$ :]e ! own] does n object4 ,x is bett] :]e furnace /acks mu/ be plac$ 9 a p>tition above x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb-;a4 ,fig4 #bb-;b4 ,gird] ,types ,fir/ floor joi/s1 l second floor joi/s & /uds1 %\ld be spac$ #af in*es f c5t] to c5t]1 beg9n+ at "o side or end ( a room4 ,n to make su* provision w\ld cause a wa/e 9 la?+1 s9ce ! la? are all #d feet 9 l5g?1 a multiple ( #af in*es4 ,any rema9d] aft] su* a spac+ %\ld be all[$ to come at ! side or end ( ! room4 #aa4 ,bridg+4--,to add to ! c>ry+ p[] ( floor joi/s1 bridg+ is cut 9 betwe5 !m z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,= ord9>y dwell+s #a #c /ock w s]ve4 ,on l>ge "w1 /ock two in*es ?ick %\ld be made use (4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,cutt+ ,bridg+ ,bridg+ %\ld be spac$ n m ?an #h feet ap>t4 ,a mit]-box1 set at ! appropriate angle1 may be us$ 9 cutt+ bridg+1 all ! pieces be+ cut at "o "t ) ! exception ( ^? = ! odd spac+s at ! side or end ( a room4 ,a m common practice is to take a piece ( /ock1 &1 aft] cutt+ a bevel on "o end1 place x z 9 ,fig4 #bc ) ! bevel$ end above ! l[] edge ( ! joi/ aga9/ :i* x re/s1 a di/ance slightly 9 excess ( ! ?ickness ( ! /ock2 !n saw z indicat$1 saw+ v]tically & along ! joi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,lay+ (f a ,/ay ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be-;a-b4 ,head]s & ,trimm]s 9 ,floor ,frame ,be=e plac+ bridg+1 ! joi/ mu/ be spac$ & prop]ly fa/5$ 9 place4 ,?is is done by plac+ a piece ( /ock1 #a #f or #b #d1 z 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,) a try squ>e1 m>k ! locations ( ! joi/s4 ,?is bo>d may !n be transf]r$ to ! c5t] ( ! room & ! joi/s !re spac$ accord+ to ! m>ks1 & held 9 place by be+ tack$4 ,a second me?od consi/s 9 plac+ ! spac+ bo>d 9 ! c5t] ( ! room & hav+ a second p]son sight ! joi/s = /raightness :ile ! fir/ p>ty places !m z direct$ & tacks !m4 ,?is tack+ consi/s 9 driv+ ! nails only p>tially 91 leav+ ! heads project en\gh t !y may lat] be )drawn ) a claw hamm]4 ,/ill ano!r me?od is to lay (f ! /ay by measurem5t ) ! fram+ squ>e s t x corresponds ) ! spac+s ( ! joi/s at ! side walls4 ,bridg+ %\ld be nail$ ) two nails at ea* end ( ! piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,plac+ ,head]s & ,trimm]s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,floor ,frame & ,r\gh ,floor #ab4 ,trimm]s & ,head]s4--,9 ! mak+ ( /air & *imney op5+s x becomes necess>y to support ! ends ( joi/s o!r ?an 9 ! usual mann]4 ,?is is done by cutt+ 9 head]s z 9 ,figs4 #be1 #bf & #bg4 ,:]e ! span is n great1 su* z at an ord9>y *imney 9 resid5ce "w1 9 :i* b "o or two tail beams are to be c>ri$1 head]s are n d\bl$ & are m]ely spik$ 9 place4 ,:]e _m joi/s are to be c>ri$1 head]s or trimm]s1 or c>ry+ joi/s mu/ be d\bl$4 ,iron /irrups or hang]s %\ld be us$ in/ead ( spikes 9 jo9+ head]s to c>ry+ joi/s :]e spikes w\ld weak5 ! c>ry+ joi/ & w\ld n give ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh-;a4 ,fig4 #bh-;b4 ,head]s & ,trimm]s 9 ,wall ,frame suffici5t /r5g? to ! jo9t4 ,except ^u long spans1 tail beams are usually fa/5$ to ! head] by spik+ only4 ,on long spans !y %\ld be fram$ to ! head] z joi/s are fram$ to a gird]1 a #b #d be+ spik$ firmly to ! head] z a support4 ,9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( space to all[ = head room 9 fram+ ab\t a well hole = a /air1 det]m9e ! run & rise ( ! /air f ! plan & elevation1 & !n plan to all[ at lea/ #f' #f1 measur$ f ! propos$ nos+ l9e ( ! treads up to ! propos$ location ( ! trimm]1 or c>ry+ joi/1 or head]1 z ! case may be1 at ! ceil+ level1 ,fig4 #aba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,head]s & ,trimm]s 9 ,wall ,frame ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,/ud & ,joi/ ,patt]ns ,! t]m head] is also us$ to designate ! /udd+1 or joi/ 9 ! case ( d\ble doors1 plac$ horizontally ov] w9d[ & door op5+s1 ,fig4 #bh4 ,/udd+ cut 9 bel[ w9d[ op5+s =ms ! /ool1 also kn[n z head]4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! mann] ( fram+ = op5+s ( diff]5t wid?s4 ,a small s+le w9d[ may require b "o ?ickness ( #b #d4 ,a m$ium siz$ op5+ w h a head] ( two pieces ( #b #d4 ,:]e ! op5+ is r l>ge1 z 9 ! case ( d\ble door op5+s1 two joi/s w be set on edge ov] ! op5+ z head]4 #ac4 ,walls & ,p>titions2 ,joi/s & ,r\gh ,floors4--,a /udy ( ,figs4 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj & #bi %\ld give an und]/&+ ( ! ess5tial memb]s ( ! fram$ wall ( a build+1 & _! relations "o to ano!r4 ,:e!r side walls %all be fram$ & rais$ be=e ! r\gh or false floor ( ! fir/ /ory is laid w dep5d ^u ! type ( sill con/ruction made use (4 ,9 lay+ (f /uds1 joi/s1 etc41 a patt]n is fir/ fram$4 ,^! patt]ns are aft]w>d us$ 9 ! build+ & are !re=e c\nt$ 9 ) ! total numb] ( pieces to be fram$4 ,to ^! patt]ns1 /ops & f5ces are atta*$ ne> ! two ends & at ! middle1 ,fig4 #cj4 ,! o!r /uds or joi/s ( simil> dim5sions are laid (f "o at a "t by sup]impos+ ^! patt]ns & m>k+ ab\t !m ) p5cil1 ,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,m>k+ ,joi/s f ,patt]n ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb-;a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb-;b4 ,corn] ,po/ ,types ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb-;c4 ,ribb& or ribbon bo>ds & plates are laid (f by plac+ !m alongside ! lay-out = ! /uds made ^u ! sills1 & transcrib+ ! m>ks to ! ribb& bo>d & plate by means ( try-squ>e & p5cil4 ,sometimes ribb& bo>ds & plates are laid (f by measurem5t1 z are sills4 ,corn] po/s are con/ruct$ fir/ & plac$4 ,fig4 #cb-;a %[s a section ( a corn] po/ :i* has mu* to comm5d x4 ,fig4 #cb-;b illu/rates a m common type ( con/ruction4 ,! mo/ s]i\s objection to ?is type is ! fact t ! po/ mu/ be furr$ aft] ! la!r has plac$ ! la? ^u "o side ( ! room4 ,corn] po/s are plumb$ & /ay$ 9 two directions1 aft] be+ rais$1 ,fig4 #cc4 ,ei!r #b #d or #a #f /ock w be us$ = /ays4 ,) ! corn] po/s set1 ! ribb& bo>ds are plac$4 ,:]e ! span is too long = any available l5g? ( ribb& bo>d1 9 lay+ out ! ribb& bo>ds provision mu/ be made = _! break+ jo9ts ^u /uds4 ,^! /uds w be rais$ imm$iately aft] ! corn] po/s1 ! ribb& bo>d atta*$ to corn] po/ & /ud1 aft] :i* ! /ud w be plumb$ & /ay$1 ,fig4 #cd4 ,/uds are fram$ be=e be+ rais$ s t ribb& bo>ds may be let into !m z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd4 ,second & ?ird floor joi/s w be not*$ to slip ov] ^! bo>ds & w be spik$ to ! /uds 9 addition4 ,rema9+ /uds are plac$ "o at a "t1 "o man sett+ up & nail+ ! foot :ile ano!r fa/5s ! ribb& bo>d to ! /ud at ! second floor l9e1 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,corn] ,po/ ,be+ ,plumb$ & ,/ay$ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,side ,wall ,/ay$ ,) ! completion ( ! rais+ ( ! two outside walls :i* are to be> ! joi/ ends1 ! middle p>tition1 %\ld !re be "o1 p>allel+ ^! walls %\ld be fram$ & rais$4 ,a slightly diff]5t proc$ure f t j describ$ is foll[$1 t is1 in/ead ( rais+ "o /ud at a "t ! :ole p>tition is fram$ & nail$ toge!r ^u ! floor1 ev5 to ! cutt+ 9 ( head]s1 etc4 ,:5 a section su* z ! numb] ( m5 available c raise is ready1 ! same is rais$1 & /ay$ aft] be+ plumb$4 ,! /uds ( p>titions are fram$ b "o /ory high & plat$ at su* a height t second floor joi/s may be plac$ !reon 9 splic+4 ,j z f> z possible fir/ & second floor joi/s %\ld be spac$ to re/ "o directly above ano!r & 9 l9e ) ! support+ /uds ( p>titions s t furnace /acks may be plac$ ) ease4 ,if joi/s re/ ^u p>tition plates & n directly above /uds1 a d\ble plate mu/ be made use (4 ,hav+ plac$ ! second floor joi/s1 ! /uds at ! ends ( ! h\se may be set up4 ,_! locations w be m>k$ ^u sill & ^u second floor joi/ :i* is to be plac$ at ! end ( ! h\se4 ,?is m>k+ is be/ done by plac+ ! joi/ ^u ! sill & transcrib+ ! m>ks laid out ^u ! sill to ! joi/1 aft] :i* x is to be rais$ into place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,sett+ up ,/uds & ,atta*+ to ,ribbon ,bo>d ,d\ble plates w next be fram$4 ,!y %\ld break ^u /uds & be m>k$ by transcrib+ ! m>ks = ! /uds f ! sills4 ,at ! corn]s ! plates w be fram$ ) butt jo9ts1 ! second set lapp+ ov] ! jo9ts made by ! fir/ plate4 ,next1 ! su/a9+ middle p>tition ( ! second /ory is rais$ z 0 t ( ! fir/ /ory4 ,! attic floor joi/s are plac$ z 7 ^? = ! second floor4 ,all walls & p>titions are n[ l9$ up1 t is1 any irregul>ities are tak5 out by additional /ays4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,e/imat+ ,w9d[ ,op5+s ,false or r\gh floors are laid 9 ! v>i\s /ories :]e n already plac$1 bridg+ be+ plac$ & op5+s = /airs & *imneys fram$4 ,su* floors are laid ei!r diagonally or /raight across ! joi/s4 ,! diagonal floor is consid]$ bett]1 ,fig4 #bg4 #ad4 ,op5+s 9 ,framework4--,/uds 9 outside walls are set )\t ref]5ce to op5+s = doors & w9d[s4 ,su* op5+s are cut & head]s & /ools plac$ aft] ! walls are up & ready = %ea?+4 ,! seem+ wa/e occasion$ by ?is me?od is slight s9ce ! cut-out mat]ial is available = head+s1 etc4 ,mo/ c>p5t]s make a /ory pole to be us$ 9 lay+ (f w9d[ & door heights 9 cutt+ out /uds4 ,?is is no?+ m ?an a piece ( #a #b or #a #c /ock ) ! heights ( ! op5+s f ! r\gh floor or f ! joi/s1 :]e ! r\gh floor is n laid1 m>k$ pla9ly !reon4 ,?is pole is plac$ alongside ! /ud to be cut & ! m>k transcrib$ f pole to /ud4 ,beg9n]s are frequ5tly tr\bl$ 9 det]m9+ ! prop] op5+1 ev5 :5 ! size ( ! w9d[ is specifi$4 ,9 g5]al1 c>p5t]s plan to h ! /uds on ei!r side ( an op5+1 ei!r door or w9d[1 s set t ! out] edges ( ! ext]ior cas+s w break ^u _! c5t]s4 ,w9d[s are specifi$ by ! wid? & height ( _! glass & ! numb] ( divisions or lights1 wid? always be+ specifi$ fir/4 ,! di/ribution ( excess measurem5t due to ! meet+ rail1 top & bottom rails1 side rails or /iles is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,rail & /ile wid?s & sa% ?icknesses w v>y f ^? giv5 :5 any v great increase 9 size ( w9d[ is made4 ,manufactur]s ( sa% & doors provide catalogs 9 :i* /ock sizes are li/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,fram+ ,wall ,op5+s ,e/imate an op5+ v]tically1 ,fig4 #cf1 ?us3 ,sill1 #b2 subsill1 :]e frame is made ) "o1 #a2 bottom rail1 f edge to bottom ( rabbet1 #c2 glass 9 l[] sa%1 #cd2 meet+ rail1 f rabbet to rabbet1 #a2 glass 9 upp] sa%1 #cd2 top rail1 #b2 space = head jamb & lugs ( side jambs1 #b or #c2 total1 #gi4 ,a c>p5t] w\ld say1 ,add #aa to ! glass measurem5t to get v]tical height betwe5 /ool & head]4 ,w9d[ sa%es ) munt9s require an addition ( = ea* munt94 ,! ?icknesses ( head] & /ool mu/ be consid]$ 9 addition to ! measurem5t j m5tion$ :5 /uds are saw$1 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! wid? betwe5 /uds w\ld be e/imat$ ?us3 ,wid? ( glass1 #bh2 wid? ( /iles1 f rabbet$ edge to out] edge1 #d2 wid? ( cas+s1 #h2 total #dj1 di/ance f c5t] ( /ud to c5t] ( /ud4 ,comp>+ ?is ) ! wid? ( glass x w be se5 t ! diff]5ce is #ab4 ,a c>p5t]1 !re=e1 makes use ( a g5]al rule3 ,add #aj to ! glass measurem5t to get di/ance betwe5 /uds1 :]e a #d or #d cas+ is us$ ) ?is type ( w9d[ frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,?re%old ,detail ,= ! #c' x #g' door1 ,figs4 #cg & #ch1 e/imate ! op5+ z foll[s3 ,height ( door1 #g'2 all[ance = r\gh floor1 2 f9i% floor1 2 ?re%old1 to 1 head jamb & space = lugs ( side jambs1 #b to #c2 total f joi/1 may be #g' #e4 ,= ! wid? ( op5+ e/imate3 ,wid? ( door1 #c'2 wid? ( cas+s1 at #d ea*1 #i2 total spac+ ( /uds c5t] to c5t]1 #c' #i4 ,di/ance betwe5 /uds w be #c' #g4 ,?is w leave space en\gh to put ! d\bl+ /uds on ea* side betwe5 head] & floor4 ,s9ce locations ( op5+s 9 ! ma9 frame1 bo? w9d[ & door1 are dim5sion$ to ! c5t]s ( ! op5+s1 x is easie/ 9 lay+ (f to e/imate f ! c5t] ea* way r ?an to e/imate total wid?4 ,aft] ^! op5+s are made1 ! frame ( ! h\se may be cov]$ ) %ea?+1 or ! ro( may be fram$2 bo? ord]s ( proc$ure are common4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,ro( ,frame3 ,squ>e ,corn]$ ,build+s #ae4 ,ro( ,fram+4--,! problem ( fram+ ! v>i\s memb]s ( a ro( is n a difficult "o provid$ ! und]ly+ pr9ciples are und]/ood1 & dep5d5ce plac$ ^u ?is und]/&+ r ?an ^u m]e k ( :at figures to use ^u ! squ>e to get ! cuts1 )\t kn[+ :y ^? figures are us$4 ,an ef=t w be made 9 ?is treatm5t to indicate ! :y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gable ,,hip ,,%$ ,,gambrel ,fig4 #ci4 ,ro( ,types ,9 ,fig4 #ci are illu/rat$ f\r types ( ro(4 ,figs4 #dj1 #da1 & #db illu/rate ! raft] =ms & ! names ( ! v>i\s cuts to be made 9 fram+ ! memb]s to place4 ,! common raft]1 x w be se51 has ?ree cuts--plumb or ridge cut1 seat or heel or plate cut1 & end cut4 ,! hip1 valley1 & jack h f\r cuts ea*2 a side cut or *eek cut is possess$ by ea* 9 addition to ! ?ree cuts belong+ to ! common raft]4 ,be=e any raft] c be fram$1 ! rise & run ( ! common raft]1 9 o!r words1 ! pit* ( ! ro(1 mu/ be kn[n4 ,9 ro( fram+1 ! run ( a raft] :5 9 place is ! horizontal di/ance measur$ f ! extreme end ( ! seat to a po9t directly bel[ ! ridge end ( ! raft]1 ,fig4 #dc4 ,! rise is ! v]tical di/ance f ! ridge end ( ! raft] to ! level ( ! seat4 ,! pit* ( a ro( or raft] is ! ratio ( ! rise ( ! raft] to ! span or :ole wid? ( ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,ro( ,details ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,plan ( ,ro( ,raft]s ,! t]ms rise1 run1 & raft] l5g? h /ill ano!r set ( mean+s--!y may be us$ to designate unit l5g?s4 ,9 all su* cases #ab ( run ( ! common raft] is assum$ z ! base1 & ! o!r unit l5g?s or con/ants are comput$ f ?is con/ant4 ,! num]ical values ( ^! con/ants w be comput$ z ! developm5t ( ! subject ( ro( fram+ makes _! use necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,rais+ ! ,raft]s ,x w be not$ 9 ,fig4 #dd t ! con/ant ( run1 or #ab1 is tak5 along ! tongue & ! rise p] foot ( run along ! blade ( ! squ>e4 ,x is n ess5tial t ?is ord] be foll[$2 ! beg9n] w g5]ally f9d x easi] to visualize 8 "w1 h[ev]1 if he keeps ! tongue = ei!r rise or run1 & ! blade = ! opposite4 ,!re are occasions :5 ! rev]se ord] is necess>y no matt] :i* =m is foll[$1 s t x is unwise to insi/ ^u only "o way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,run1 ,rise & ,l5g? ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,unit ,l5g? ( ,common ,raft] ,! v>iation 9 t]m9ology 9 ro( fram+ is s g5]al t ! beg9n] w d well to famili>ize himself ) ! mo/ common4 ,h]eaft] an ef=t w be made to conf9e ! text to ! foll[+3 plumb cut1 seat cut1 end cut1 side cut4 ,! value to a beg9n] ( a c>efully made plan ( a ro( to be fram$ ) necess>y data su* z raft] l5g?s & positions indicat$ !reon1 _c be too /rongly emphasiz$4 ,ar*itects n infrequ5tly prep>e elaborate & complete fram+ plans = ! use ( ! c>p5t]4 ,^u intricate plans1 exp]i5c$ m5 prep>e plans be=e attempt+ to frame ! same4 ,fig4 #dc illu/rates a fram+ plan ready = ! plac+ !reon ( ! necess>y data1 su* z measurem5ts along ! plate = spac+ ! raft]s1 l5g?s ( raft]s1 ridge pieces1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de-;a-b4 ,lay+ (f ,common ,raft] #af4 ,fram+ ! ,common ,raft]2 ,lay+ out ! ,plumb ,cut4--,:ile 9 ?is discussion ! plumb cut is fir/ describ$1 x %\ld be und]/ood t x is equally z conv5i5t & m common among c>p5t]s to beg9 ! fram+ ( ! memb]s ( a squ>e corn]$ ro( frame ) ! end & seat cuts4 ,9 fram+ o!r ?an a squ>e corn]$ ro( x is some:at m conv5i5t to beg9 ) ! plumb cut4 ,! me?od ( fram+ ( ! common raft] is ! same = all build+s1 :e!r ! build+s h f\r sides or m or less4 7#a7 ,place ! fram+ squ>e z 9 ,fig4 #de-;b1 tak+ #ab on ! tongue z ! run1 & ^u ! blade ! rise 9 in*es p] foot ( run4 ,keep ^! numb]s aga9/ ! cr[n+1 or :at is to become ! top edge ( ! raft]1 & scribe along ! blade4 ,?is gives ! plumb cut4 ,occasionally a c>p5t] w be f\nd :o frames to a c5t] l9e r ?an ! top edge ( a raft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,position 9 ,lay+ (f ,plumb ,cut :5 ,laid (f be=e ,seat ,cut ,figs4 #de1 #df & #dg illu/rate ! prop] position ( ! work] relative to 8 "w4 ,su* a position w seem awkw>d to ! beg9n] b he %\ld le>n to visualize 8 "w :ile 9 ?is position t ! effici5cy ( fram+ may n be r$uc$ ?ru ! awkw>d position fir/ likely to be assum$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,lay+ (f ,plumb ,cut :5 ,seat ,cut is ,fir/ ,laid (f #ag4 ,to ,f9d ! ,l5g? ( a ,common ,raft]4--,fir/ ,me?od3 ,! !oretic l5g? ( a raft] is indicat$ by ! c5t] l9es 9 ,figs4 #de-;a & #dh4 ,9 e/imat+ ! total l5g? ( /ock = a raft] hav+ a tail1 ! run ( tail or l5g? ( look\t mu/ be consid]$4 ,! pit*es mo/ commonly us$ are ! half1 ?ird1 & qu>t]4 ,f an exam9ation ( ,fig4 #dc x w be se5 t ! l5g? ( a common raft] is ! hypot5use ( a "r triangle ^: legs are ! rise & ! run ( ! ro(4 ,! problem1 !n1 ( f9d+ ! l5g? ( a common raft] :5 ! rise & run are kn[n is m]ely t ( solv+ ! equation c a b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,raft] ,l5g? ,practical c>p5t]s w\ld n consid] x economy to take "t to solve = raft] l5g?s 9 ?is mann]1 = e v>iation 9 rise or run w\ld necessitate a r long solution4 ,in/ead1 !y h discov]$ t = e foot ( run ( a raft] ! l5g? ( ! raft] increases proportionately1 ! ratio ( rise to run rema9+ ! same1 ,fig4 #dd4 ,) a table1 !re=e1 9 :i* ! l5g? ( raft] = ea* foot ( run1 = ea* ( ! common pit*es is giv51 ! l5g? ( raft] = any giv5 pit* c be f\nd by m]ely multiply+ ! con/ant giv5 by ! am\nt ( run = t p>ticul> raft]4 ,fig4 #di %[s su* a table work$ out = a r ext5d$ numb] ( pit*es4 ,f ?is table x w be se5 t ! numb] to take z a con/ant = ! run is #ab1 & t ! rise 9 in*es p] foot ( run is tak5 ^u ! o!r memb] ( ! fram+ squ>e4 ,a jack raft] z w be illu/rat$ lat] is b a %ort5$ common raft]1 !re=e1 :at is said ( ! common raft] is also true ( ! jack raft]4 ,! jack1 h[ev]1 has an additional cut :i* w be discuss$ 9 ano!r section4 ,example3 ,det]m9e ! l5g? ( a common raft] ( a h\se ) a #be' span & a qu>t] pit*1 )\t tail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,fram+ ,table = ,common ,raft] ,solution3 ,run #ab' ,l5g? p] foot ( run = qu>t] pit* #ac4db #ab4e #ac4db #afg4ge #ac4ih' 7,look+ = ! ne>e/ fractional value ( 4#ih 9 ! ,table ( ,decimal ,equival5ts 9 ,app5dix ,,iii1 #fc_/fd or practically #a'7 ,! raft] w\ld be fram$ #ad' 9 l5g?4 ,:5 a tail is a "p ( ! raft]1 proce$ 9 ! mann] describ$ add+ ! run ( ! tail1 or l5g? ( look\t1 to ! run ( ! raft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,fram+ ,squ>e ,detail ,fig4 #ej %[s a fram+ squ>e1 conta9+ among o!r data1 ! raft] l5g?s p] foot ( run4 ,to use ! data p]ta9+ to common or jack raft] l5g?s1 7#a7 consid] ! run z #ab tak5 on ! tongue2 7#b7 select ^u ! blade along its out] edge ! in* m>k :i* repres5ts ! rise ( ! ro( p] foot ( run requir$ to give ! pit* specifi$2 7#c7 ! numb] directly bel[ ?is m>k1 read+ across ! blade 9 ! space m>k$ ,l5g? ( ,common ,raft] ,p] ,foot ( ,run gives ! l5g? p] foot = t p>ticul> rise or pit*4 ,z a *eck = raft] l5g? computations1 ! foll[+ proc$ure is sugge/$3 ,select+ ! run z #ab on ! tongue & ! rise 9 in*es p] foot ( run on ! blade1 place "o squ>e ^u ano!r z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea1 us+ t side ( ! squ>e divid$ into in*es & twelf?s4 ,d n use ! end ( ! blade1 ! r\nd$ corn] makes x impossible to secure ! accuracy dem&$4 ,extreme accuracy is requir$ if ! con/ant is to be us$ = raft]s ( consid]able l5g? ( run4 ,read ! diagonal l5g? betwe5 ! numb]s repres5t+ ! run & rise4 ,read ! :ole numb] ( in*es z feet1 & ! fractions z in*es1 & take (f any fractional rema9d] ^u a v %>p po9t$ pair ( divid]s4 ,read ?is divid] spac+ by means ( ! hundr$?s scale on ! fram+ squ>e4 ,! result %\ld1 if ! "w is v accurately done1 be ! same z t obta9$ by computation f ! tables1 ev5 to ! hundr$?s place decimal4 ,^u ord9>y "w :]e great accuracy is n requir$ c>p5t]s sometimes det]m9e ?is con/ant = a giv5 pit* by plac+ ! fram+ squ>e z 9 ,fig4 #df or #dg1 tak+ ^u ! tongue ! run & on ! blade ! rise1 m>k+ along bo? tongue & blade4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ^! m>ks is !n read on a squ>e plac$ along ! edge4 ,second ,me?od3 ,9 det]m9+ raft] l5g?1 an equally common practice is to lay ! fram+ squ>e z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #de-;a4 ,:ile 9 ?is position ! seat cut is scrib$1 cf4 ,section #ah1 & also a %ort %>p l9e scrib$ along ! o!r memb] ( ! squ>e at ! top edge ( ! raft]4 ,! squ>e is mov$ along1 us+ ! same numb]s1 & ano!r advance m>k scrib$4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ j z _m times z !re are feet 9 ! run ( ! common raft]4 ,) a span ( #bd' ! op]ation w\ld be repeat$ #ab times4 ,%\ld ! run n happ5 to be 9 ev5 feet1 ! squ>e w\ld be plac$ z _m times z !re 7 full feet 9 ! run4 ,9 addition x w\ld be advanc$ t fractional "p :i* ! fraction ( ! run 0 ( #ab4 ,= example1 9 a run ( #ab' #g1 ) a ro( ( pit*1 ! squ>e w\ld be advanc$ #ab times us+ ! numb] #ab on ! tongue & #f on ! blade4 ,9 addition to ?is ! squ>e w\ld be advanc$ us+ #g_/ab ( #ab or #g on ! tongue & #g_/ab ( #f or #c on ! blade4 ,z ^! numb]s d n all[ en\gh ( ! squ>e to re/ on ! raft] to give a full l9e1 z soon z ! advance limit ( raft] l5g? is indicat$ ! squ>e may be mov$ up1 us+ ! set ( numb]s fir/ us$1 t is #ab & #f4 ,on common raft]s1 ?is la/ op]ation is simplifi$ by not+ t ! fractional run1 divid$ by #ab1 times #ab1 always equals itself4 ,! f9al position ( ! squ>e1 !re=e1 may be obta9$ by simply slid+ ! memb]1 us$ 9 lay+ out ! la/ full foot l9e :i* p>allels ! seat cut1 an additional di/ance equal to ! fractional foot ( total run1 ,fig4 #dd4 ,! tail l5g? is obta9$ simil>ly1 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,f9d+ ,raft] ,l5g? by ,scal+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,lay+ out ,raft] #ah4 ,lay+ (f ,common ,raft] ,seat ,cut & ,end ,cut4--,fir/ ,me?od3 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! raft] l5g? z direct$ 9 ,sec4 #ag1 fir/ me?od1 7#a7 lay (f ?is l5g? along ! upp] edge beg9n+ at ! plumb cut4 ,! :ole numb] ( feet is m safely tak5 (f by means ( a pole m>k$ 9 feet1 & ( good l5g?4 ,! rule or squ>e may be us$ to transmit fractional p>ts ( a foot4 7#b7 ,place squ>e z at b1 ,fig4 #eb1 /&+ z 9 ,fig4 #de-;b1 & scribe a plumb l9e z indicat$ at #a-b1 ,fig4 #eb4 7#c7 ,f ! po9t #a1 ,fig4 #eb1 measure along ! l9e m>k$ #a-b a di/ance equal to "o-half t ( #a-b4 ,! di/ance #a-c may be increas$ or decreas$ some:at :5 an extreme pit* makes x advisable4 ,z a rule ?is %\ld be #b to #c4 7#d7 ,place ! squ>e z at c1 ,fig4 #eb1 ) ! edge ( ! tongue re/+ on #c & scribe a l9e = ! seat cut1 z #c-d4 ,^! la/ m>ks give ! bird's m\? jo9t :i* is to fit ov] ! plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,indep5d5t ,raft] ,tail ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,l5g? ( ,ridge ,piece ,:ile _m c>p5t]s all[ end cutt+ ( ! raft] tails to wait until ! raft]s are set 9 place s t !y may be l9$ & cut :ile 9 position1 c]ta9 k9ds ( "w p]mit ! ends to be cut at ! same "t ! rema9d] ( ! raft] is fram$4 ,9 ?is latt] me?od ! squ>e is plac$ z 9 ,fig4 #dd & 7#e7 ! end cut scrib$4 ,! po9t ( cut(f on ! tail is det]m9$ 9 ! same mann] z t us$ 9 det]m9+ raft] l5g?1 ! run ( ! tail be+ consid]$ & ! tail l5g? be+ measur$ f ! po9t #a1 ,fig4 #eb4 ,:]e a cornice is ( unusual wid?1 tails are usually fram$ indep5d5t ( ! raft]s & are !n spik$ to ! ends ( ! raft]s ei!r above or bel[ ! plate1 ,fig4 #ec4 ,second ,me?od3 ,:]e ! second me?od ( f9d+ l5g?1 ,section #ag1 is employ$1 ! end cut & seat cut w be laid out be=e ! plumb cut4 ,! op]ator w /& z 9 ,fig4 #de-;a4 ,:5 "o raft] has be5 laid out x is cut & us$ z a patt]n by :i* to cut simil> raft]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,det]m9+ ,diagonal ,?ickness ( ,hip ( ,squ>e ,corn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,r$uction ( ,common ,raft] = ,ridge ,piece4 #ai4 ,ridge ,piece4--,ro(s may be fram$ ) or )\t a ridge piece4 ,! use ( a ridge piece makes ! assembly or rais+ ( a ro( some:at easi]1 especially a hip ro(4 ,^u an ord9>y dwell+ a ridge piece is usually a #a #f bo>d4 ,^u a gabl$ ro( ! l5g? ( ridge piece w be ! same z t ( ! plate :i* x is to p>allel1 & w be laid (f by plac+ ! ridge bo>d alongside ! plate aft] ! raft] positions h be5 m>k$ ^u ! plate4 ,^! m>ks are transcrib$ ^u ! ridge bo>d by means ( ! squ>e & p5cil4 ,on a hip ro(1 ,fig4 #ed1 ! l5g? ( a ridge piece w be equal to ! l5g? ( ! p>allel plate dim9i%$ by ! l5g? ( ! plate at "r angles to ?is4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ! !oretic l5g? ( ridge z measur$ f c5t] to c5t]4 ,en\gh extra /ock mu/ be left on ! ridge :5 fram+ x to all[ full contact ( hip *eeks4 ,?is additional measurem5t at ea* end ( ! ridge w be equal to ! diagonal ?ickness ( ! hip plus ! ?ickness ( ! ridge1 ,fig4 #ed1 mak+ a total addition equal to ! diagonal ?ickness ( ! hip plus ! ?ickness ( ! ridge4 ,fig4 #ee illu/rates ! plac+ ( ! squ>e to det]m9e ! diagonal ?ickness ( a hip raft] :i* /rikes ! ridge at an angle ( #de degrees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,hip or ,valley ,raft] is ,diagonal ( ,squ>e ,prism ,9 reckon+ ! l5g? ( a common raft] :i* is to re/ aga9/ a ridge1 ! total l5g? mu/ be r$uc$ by an am\nt equal to "o-half ! ?ickness ( ! ridge measur$ at "r angles to ! plumb cut1 ,fig4 #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh-;a4 ,hip ,raft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh-;b4 ,valley ,raft] #bj4 ,hip & ,valley ,raft]s ( ,squ>e ,corn]$ ,build+s4--,fir/ ,me?od3 ,! l9e ( measurem5t = l5g? ( a hip & valley raft] is along ! middle ( ! back or top edge1 z on common & jack raft]s4 ,! mann] ( det]m9+ ! numb] to use on ! tongue ( ! squ>e z a con/ant = ! run1 9 t]ms ( ! #ab con/ant run ( ! common raft]1 :5 ! rise ( ! hip or valley raft] p] foot ( common run is tak5 on ! blade2 & ! mann] ( con/ruct+ a table ( unit l5g?s ( hip & valley raft]1 p] foot ( run ( common raft]1 are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #eg1 #eh1 #ei & #fj4 ,f a /udy ( ^! illu/rations x w be se5 t a hip or valley raft] ( a squ>e corn]$ build+ is 9 ei!r case ! diagonal ( a squ>e prism :i* has = its base dim5sions ! tang5t & run ( ! ro(1 & = its height ! rise ( ! ro(1 ,fig4 #eg4 ,on a squ>e corn]$ build+ ! run & tang5t are always equal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,det]m9+ ,unit ,l5g? ( ,hip or ,valley ,raft]4 ,! l5g? ( ! diagonal ( ! base ( su* a prism1 :i* is ! run ( ! hip or valley raft]1 is f\nd by ! =mula c a b1 ,fig4 #eh4 ,:5 tang5t & run are equal & ea* tak5 z #ab1 ! run ( ! hip or valley equals #af4ig1 :i* = practical purposes ( c>p5try is consid]$ z #ag4 ,9 lay+ on ! squ>e1 !n1 9 fram+ a hip or valley raft] ( a squ>e corn]$ build+1 #ag w be tak5 ^u ! tongue1 ! rise ( ! ro( p] foot ( run ( common raft] or p] #ag ( run ( hip or valley raft]1 be+ tak5 on ! blade4 ,! table ( hip & valley l5g?s p] foot ( run ( common raft]1 ,fig4 #fj1 w be =m$ by solv+ ! "r triangle c a b1 ,fig4 #ei1 = ea* ( ! pit*es repres5t$4 ,! positions to be assum$ by ! work] 9 fram+ a hip or valley raft] are simil> to ^? to be assum$ 9 fram+ ! common raft]4 ,9 measur+ ! l5g? ( a hip or valley raft] by ! fir/ me?od1 ! plumb cut may be laid (f fir/4 ,! upp] end ( ! hip raft] w h to be fram$ ) a side cut z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,! measurem5t = l5g? w be made f a po9t along ! middle ( ! top arris4 ,:]e ! second me?od is employ$1 ! end & seat cuts are laid (f fir/4 #ba4 ,lay+ (f ,plumb ,cut ( ,hip or ,valley ,raft] = ,squ>e ,corn]$ ,build+s4--,assum+ a position ) ref]5ce to ! raft] simil> to t 9 fram+ ! common raft]1 lay (f ! plumb cut us+ #ag on ! tongue1 & on ! blade ! rise p] foot ( run ( ! ro(1 or common raft]1 :i* is also ! rise ( a hip or valley on t ro( p] #ag ( hip or valley run4 ,scribe along ! blade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,fram+ ,table = ,hip or ,valley ,raft]s #bb4 ,side or ,*eek ,cut ( ,hip or ,valley ,raft]4--,fir/ ,me?od3 ,!re are a numb] ( ways to lay out a side cut on a squ>e corn]$ build+4 ,! simple/ to rememb]1 :]e no fram+ tables are at h&1 consi/s 9 measur+ squ>e back f ! plumb cut l9e a di/ance ,a-,b1 ,fig4 #fb1 equal to ! ?ickness ( ! raft] be+ fram$4 ,?ru ?is po9t lay (f ano!r l9e p>allel to ! plumb cut l9e & c>ry ?is across ! top edge ( ! raft] ) ! squ>e1 z at ,d-,e4 ,n[ adju/ ! bevel to pass ?ru ,e & ,f1 ,fig4 #fb1 & ! sett+ is obta9$ = all side cuts ( hip or valley raft]s ( t pit* ( ro(4 ,scribe ?is l9e on ! top edge ( ! raft]4 ,c>ry x d[n ! rema9+ side us+ ! same numb]s on ! squ>e z 7 us$ 9 lay+ (f ! plumb cut on ! fir/ side4 ,second ,me?od3 ,?is me?od ( lay+ (f side or *eek cut consi/s 9 lay+ ! fram+ squ>e across ! top edge ( ! raft]1 tak+ #ag on ! tongue & ! l5g? ( hip or valley raft] p] foot ( run ( common raft] = ! pit* requir$ on ! blade1 & scrib+ along ! blade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,side ,cut ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,lay+ (f ,side ,cut #bc4 ,det]m9+ ,l5g? ( ,hip or ,valley ,raft]4--,fir/ ,me?od3 ,if a table ( unit l5g?s ( hip or valley p] foot ( run ( common raft] is available1 ,fig4 #fj1 ! total raft] l5g? may be det]m9$ by multiply+ ! unit ( hip or valley raft] l5g? p] foot ( run ( common raft] by ! total run ( common raft]4 ,d n make ! mi/ake ( try+ to multiply by ! run ( ! hip or valley raft]4 ,rememb] t ^! tables are all work$ out ) ! #ab run ( ! common raft] z ! base4 ,?is is true no matt] :e!r ! h\se is f\r sid$1 eight sid$1 or any o!r numb] ( sides4 ,! respective tables are bas$ 9 e case ^u #ab run ( ! common raft]4 ,measurem5ts = l5g?s ( hip or valley are to be made along ! top edge ( ! /ock beg9n+ at ! l9e = side cut & midway betwe5 ! po9t & heel1 ,fig4 #fa4 ,second ,me?od3 ,?is me?od ( det]m9+ l5g? ( a hip or valley raft] is n unlike ! second me?od describ$ = ! common raft]4 ,"h1 ! numb]s are #ag on ! tongue1 & ! rise p] foot ( run ( ro( or ( common raft]1 on ! blade4 ,! end & seat cuts are scrib$1 aft] :i* ! squ>e is advanc$ /ep by /ep1 us+ ^! same numb]s1 z _m times z !re are feet ( run ( common raft]4 ,%\ld !re be a fraction ( a foot 9 ! run ( common raft] an additional & proportional advancem5t mu/ be made4 ,= example1 to frame a hip = a squ>e ro( ( pit*1 hav+ a run ( common raft] ( #ab' #g4 ,advance ! fram+ squ>e #ab times1 us+ #ag on ! tongue & #f on ! blade4 ,= ! fractional advance take #a_/ab ( #ag or #i-aa_/ab 7! fram+ squ>e is laid (f 9 twelf?s on "o side7 on ! tongue & #g_/ab ( #f or #c on ! blade1 & scribe ! limit4 ,fractional foot l5g? ( tail w be det]m9$ 9 a simil> mann]1 ! run or horizontal ext5sion1 or ! look\t1 ( ! common raft] det]m9+ ! numb] ( times ! squ>e mu/ be advanc$ us+ #ag & #f = ! above giv5 pit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,mit] ,cut ( ,hip ,raft] ,end #bd4 ,lay+ (f ,seat & ,end ,cut ( ,hip ,raft] = ,squ>e ,corn]$ ,build+4--,! seat cut & end cut ( a hip raft] w be laid (f 9 a mann] q simil> to t us$ 9 lay+ (f ! seat & end cuts ( ! common raft] z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #ah4 ,!re w be ?is diff]5ce1 ( c\rse2 ! numb]s to be us$ on ! squ>e w be #ag on ! tongue in/ead ( #ab z 9 ! case ( ! common raft]4 ,! rise p] foot ( run w be ! same z = ! common raft]4 ,! run ( ! tail ( ! common raft] det]m9es ! l5g? ( look\t or ! numb] ( times ! squ>e w be advanc$4 ,! di/ance #a-c1 ,fig4 #eb1 mu/ be ! same on hip & valley z on common raft] ( ! same pit* ( ro(4 ,! end cut ( a hip raft] mu/ be mit]$ to receive ! fascia4 ,! am\nt to be tak5 (f = a squ>e corn]$ build+ w be indicat$ by lay+ (f l9es a di/ance equal to "o-half ! ?ickness ( ! raft]1 measur$ /raight back f ! lay-out ( ! end cut1 ,fig4 #fc4 ,s9ce ^! cuts are id5tical ) ! side cut at ! upp] end ( hip or valley1 ! squ>e may be us$ z 9 lay+ (f a side cut1 cf4 ,section #bb1 second me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,back+ ! ,hip ,raft] #be4 ,r$uction ( ,hip or ,valley ,raft] ,l5g? ,because ( ,ridge ,piece4--,if a hip raft] ( a squ>e corn]$ build+ is to be fram$ aga9/ a ridge piece1 ,fig4 #dj1 its l5g? mu/ be r$uc$ correspond+ly4 ,to make su* all[ance1 measure squ>e back f ! l9e ( plumb cut a di/ance equal to ! diagonal ?ickness ( ! ridge1 ,fig4 #fa-;,a-,b4 #bf4 ,back+ a ,hip ,raft] = ,squ>e ,corn]$ ,build+4--,fir/ ,me?od3 ,s9ce ! l9e ( measurem5t ( a hip raft] is along ! c5t] ( ! top edge1 if ! raft] is fram$ ) ! same plumb di/ance z 0 giv5 ! common raft]s1 #a-c1 ,fig4 #eb1 x /&s to reason t ! ro( bo>ds w n fit ! top edge ( ! hip prop]ly until ! arrises ( ! hip h be5 remov$ z 9 ! cross-section ( ,fig4 #fd4 ,! lay+ out & removal ( ^! arrises is kn[n z back+ ! hip4 ,! am\nt ( back+ = a hip raft] w dep5d ^u ! raft] ?ickness1 ! pit* ( ! ro(1 & ! numb] ( sides to ! plate1 & is indicat$ by gage l9es on ei!r side & "o on ! top edge ( ! raft]4 ,to det]m9e ! location ( ^! gage l9es on ! sides ( ! raft]1 7#a7 place ! squ>e on ! hip z 9 lay+ out ! seat cut = ! hip on :i* ! back+ is to be plac$1 ! con/ant1 #ag1 on ! tongue & ! rise on ! blade1 if ! h\se is rectangul>1 ,fig4 #fd4 7#b7 ,measure f ! edge ( ! hip back along ! tongue a di/ance equal to ! ?ickness ( ! raft]1 & m>k4 ,?is po9t gives ! sett+ = ! gage4 7#c7 ,gage bo? sides ( ! raft] & !n remove ! arrises z %[n 9 ! cross-section4 ,c>p5t]s m frequ5tly frame a hip )\t back+1 all[+ ! ro( bo>ds to re/ ^u ! arrises ( ! hip1 =m+ a small triangul> space betwe5 ! ro( bo>ds & ! top edge ( ! hip4 ,9 ord] to keep ^! arrises 9 ! same planes z ! tops ( ! common raft]s1 !y mu/ r$uce ! plumb height #a-c1 ,fig4 #eb1 ( ! hip4 ,! am\nt ( r$uction1 t is1 ! am\nt ( drop ! hip mu/ make is equal to ! plumb height ( ! back+1 ,fig4 #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe-;a4 ,fig4 #fe-;b4 ,fram+ ,valley ,raft] at ,plate ,second ,me?od3 ,take ! rise 9 in*es p] foot ( run ( common raft] on ! tongue1 & ! l5g? ( hip or valley p] foot ( run ( common raft] on ! blade2 scribe along ! tongue to get ! angle ( back+4 #bg4 ,valley ,raft]s4--,z has be5 indicat$ 9 previ\s sections ( ! text1 valley raft]s h _! l5g?s1 plumb cuts1 & seat cuts det]m9$ l hip raft]s4 ,!re is "o diff]5ce2 ! valley raft] at its seat mu/ be fram$ z 9 ,fig4 #fe 9 ord] t ! plumb l9e may come directly ov] ! corn] ( ! build+4 ,! ends ( ro( bo>ds w re/ ^u ! valley raft] at its c5t] l9e1 :i* l9e is 9 ! same plane z t ( ! common raft]s4 ,l ! hip raft]1 ! upp] end may be laid out fir/1 aft] :i* ! raft] l5g? is measur$ f ?is1 ! measurem5t be+ made along ! middle ( ! back ( ! raft]1 ! top edge4 ,to lay out ! cuts %[n 9 ,fig4 #fe-;a1 proce$ z 9 lay+ out ! end ( a hip raft]1 z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #bd1 ,fig4 #fc4 ,9 ! case ( an octagon ! am\nt w\ld be #e_/ab ( t us$ = ! squ>e1 ,fig4 #fe-;b4 ,9 ,figs4 #dj & #da is %[n a valley raft] fram$ ?ru to ! ridge4 ,?is is done to give ! valley support1 = a valley1 unlike a hip1 is n self support+ :5 ! jacks are atta*$4 ,aga9/ ?is valley raft] is fram$ a second valley raft]4 ,! upp] end ( ?is second valley raft] is fram$ ) a plumb cut su* z w\ld be giv5 a hip or valley ( ! same rise & run2 ! end1 h[ev]1 is cut squ>e across z 9 ! case ( a common raft] re/+ aga9/ a ridge4 #bh4 ,fram+ ! ,jack ,raft] = ,squ>e ,corn]$ ,build+s2 ,plumb ,cut2 ,side ,cut4--,jack raft]s :i* h _! top ends fram$ aga9/ a hip are kn[n z hip jacks2 ^? hav+ ! l[] ends fram$ aga9/ a valley are kn[n z valley jacks2 ^? :i* are fram$ 9 betwe5 hip & valley are kn[n z cripple jacks4 ,! jack raft]1 be+ b a portion ( a common raft]1 is fram$ 9 a mann] q l t us$ 9 fram+ ! common raft]4 ,! *ief diff]5ce is 9 ! fact t ! jack raft] has a side or *eek cut1 & t ! l5g?s ( jacks v>y ) _! position along ! plate4 ,! ord] ( proc$ure may be3 7#a7 ,to lay (f ! plumb cut1 j z = a common raft] hav+ ! same rise1 t is1 us+ #ab on ! tongue1 & ! rise p] foot ( run on ! blade2 scribe along ! blade4 7#b7 ,lay (f ! side cut or *eek cut4 ,?is is done j z 9 lay+ (f ! side cut ( ! hip raft] on a squ>e corn]$ build+1 fir/ me?od only1 ,fig4 #fb4 ,:]e a table ( common raft] l5g?s p] foot ( run is available1 ,fig4 #di1 a second me?od ( lay+ out ! side cut ( a jack raft] consi/s 9 tak+ #ab on ! tongue ( ! fram+ squ>e1 & ! common raft] l5g? p] foot ( run = ! pit* giv51 on ! blade2 lay+ ! squ>e across ! edge ( ! raft] & scrib+ along ! blade4 7#c7 ,lay (f ! l5g? ( ! jack z det]m9$ 9 ! next section4 7#d7 ,lay (f ! seat cut j z 9 lay+ (f ! seat cut ( ! common raft] = ! same pit* ( ro(1 ,section #ah4 ,equally common is ! practice ( beg9n+ ) ! end & seat cuts4 ,! fram+ squ>e ( ,fig4 #ej conta9s data :i* makes possible ! lay+ out ( side cuts = ! squ>e corn]$ build+ by means ( numb]s tak5 ^u tongue & blade4 ,:ile ! ratios ( ! numb]s us$ ^u ! tongue & ! blade are always ! same = any giv5 pit*1 diff]5t mak]s ( squ>es use diff]5t numb]s = side cuts4 ,! /ud5t w h to h special directions = ea* diff]5t make ( squ>e4 ,^! may be gott5 f ! manufactur]s4 #bi4 ,l5g?s ( ,jack ,raft]s = ,squ>e ,corn]$ ,ro(s4--,fir/ ,me?od3 ,! fram+ table = common raft]s & jack raft]s1 ,fig4 #di1 may be made use ( 9 det]m9+ l5g?s ( jacks4 ,to make use ( ?is table we %all ne$ to "k ! run ( ea* sep>ate jack4 ,an exam9ation ( ,fig4 #ff %[s t 9 a rectangul> h\se ! run ( a jack is ! same z ! l5g? ( plate or ( ridge :i* =ms ! angle4 ,?is is true ( hip jack1 valley jack1 or cripple jack4 ,h[ev]1 su* measurem5ts are along ! c5t]s ( ! top edges ( ! raft]s & all[ance mu/ be made 9 ! l5g? ( ! jacks = ! ?ickness ( hip or valley raft]4 ,9 ! case ( ! cripple jack ?is am\nt ( r$uction w be equal to ! diagonal ?ickness ( ! hip plus ! diagonal ?ickness ( ! valley1 measur$ at "r angles to ! plumb cut1 ,fig4 #fa1 or measur$ 9 ! plane ( ! plate1 or a p>allel plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,l5g?s ( ,jack ,raft]s4 ,top & bottom ends ( cripples are alike1 b 9 nail+ !m 9 place ! l[] ends mu/ be held up s t _! c5t] l9es w /rike ! c5t] ( ! valley raft]4 ,_! tops w be kept ev5 ) ! out] arrises ( ! hip :e!r ! hip is back$ or n4 ,9 det]m9+ ! true l5g? ( hip jack & valley jack we %\ld "k t a r$uction ( ! diagonal ?ickness ( hip or valley1 measur$ /raight back f ! plumb cut1 is to be made4 ,9 ! case ( a valley jack re/+ aga9/ a ridge piece1 an additional r$uction mu/ be made z describ$ 9 ,section #ai1 ,fig4 #ef4 ,9 actual practice c>p5t]s usually measure ! l5g? ( hip or valley jack f ! long po9t1 along ! arris1 in/ead ( along ! c5t] ( ! top edge1 no r$uction be+ made = ! diagonal ?ickness ( hip or valley4 ,cripple jacks are measur$ f long po9t to long po9t1 no r$uction be+ made = ?ickness ( hip & valley4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,det]m9+ ,l5g? ( ,jack ,raft]s ,second ,me?od3 ,:]e jacks are fram$ s t equal spac+s may be laid (f1 beg9n+ ) a full l5g? common raft]1 z 9 ,fig4 #fg1 ! simple/ me?od ( det]m9+ l5g?s ( jacks is to fir/ c\nt ! numb] ( spaces betwe5 jacks1 :i* mu/ be laid (f on ridge or on plate1 & divide ! l5g? ( common raft] by ?is numb]4 ,! result w be ! common diff]5ce betwe5 l5g?s ( jacks4 ,! longe/ jack w be fram$ fir/ by r$uc+ ! l5g? ( common raft] by ! common diff]5ce4 ,! next1 by r$uc+ ! jack j fram$ by ! common diff]5ce1 etc4 ,?is me?od is applicable to ro(s ( any numb] ( sides4 ,?ird ,me?od3 ,if we beg9 to frame ) ! %orte/ jack in/ead ( ! longe/1 we fir/ det]m9e ! l5g? ( ! %orte/ jack1 rememb]+ t its run 9 ! squ>e corn]$ build+ w be ! same z its spac+ f ! corn] along ! plate1 or along ! ridge 9 case ( a valley jack4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! second jack c be fram$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g?s ( ^! two is ! common diff]5ce4 ,to ! l5g? ( ?is second jack1 & to ea* succe$+ jack add ! common diff]5ce1 to get ! l5g? ( ! next4 ,f\r? ,me?od3 ,z raft]s are usually spac$ ei!r #af or #bd ap>t1 a table consi/+ ( ! common diff]5ces 9 l5g?s = ! v>i\s pit*es w be f\nd conv5i5t1 ,fig4 #di4 ,! /eel squ>e ( ,fig4 #ej also %[s su* a table = ! squ>e ro(4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,ro( ,frame3 any ,polygon ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,tang5ts #cj4 ,tang5ts2 ,mit] ,cuts ( ! ,plate4--,be=e ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! lay+ out ( raft]s on any type ( ro( c be und]/ood1 a cle>] idea ( ! t]m tang5t z us$ 9 ro( fram+ mu/ be _h4 ,a tang5t ( an angle ( a "r triangle is ! ratio or fractional value obta9$ by divid+ ! value ( ! side opposite t angle by ! value ( ! adjac5t side4 ,! tang5t at ! plate1 to :i* ref]5ce 0 made is ! tang5t ( ! angle hav+ = its adjac5t sides ! run ( ! common raft] & ! run ( ! hip or valley4 ,by mak+ use ( a circle ) a radius ( #ab we may repres5t ! value ( ?is tang5t graphically 9 t]ms ( ! con/ant ( common raft] run1 ,fig4 #fh4 ,by con/ruct+ ^! figures v c>efully & measur+ ! l9e m>k$ tang5t1 we may obta9 ! value ( ! tang5t = ! polygon measur$ 9 in*es to ! foot ( run ( ! common raft]4 ,su* measurem5ts1 if made to ! #a_/ajj ( an in* w s]ve all practical purposes4 ,a saf] way1 h[ev]1 is to make use ( values secur$ ?ru ! trigonometric solutions describ$ 9 ,app5dix ,i1 us+ ! graphic solutions z *ecks4 ,! values ( tang5ts at int]vals ( "o degree are giv5 9 ! ,table ( ,natural ,functions1 ,app5dix ,,ii4 ,by int]polation1 fractional degree values may be f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi-;a4 ,table ( ,tang5ts ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi-;b4 ,raft] ,table4 ,example3 ,f9d ! value ( ! tang5t = an octagonal plate4 ,solution3 ,angle ,a ( ,fig4 #fh #bb 7#a_/af ( ! sum ( all ! angles ab\t a po9t7 ,tan #bb 4#dadc ,tables are build$ ) #a z a base4 ,9 ro( fram+ #a or #ab is tak5 z ! con/ant or base1 or unit ( run ( common raft]4 4#dadc may be consid]$ z feet1 :i* equals #d4ig4 ,9 a simil> mann] tang5ts may be f\nd = plates ( build+s ( any numb] ( sides4 ,9 ,fig4 #fi is illu/rat$ a h&y device "o side ( :i*1 by ! twirl+ ( "o disk )9 ! o!r1 c be made to give tang5t values1 9 t]ms ( a #ab base1 = any numb] ( degrees4 ,! rev]se side ( ?is key gives data to be us$ 9 ! fram+ ( squ>e corn]$ & octagonal ro(s4 ,su* a key w be f\nd a conv5i5t way 9 :i* to c>ry ne$$ data & %\ld be easily und]/ood & intellig5tly us$1 once ! pr9ciples discuss$ 9 ?is *apt] are ma/]$4 ,an explanation ( ! au?or's key1 ,fig4 #gj1 w be f\nd 9 ,app5dix ,,iv4 ,n[ z to "s ( ! uses = tang5t values3 ,fir/1 by tak+ #ab on ! tongue & ! tang5t value 9 in*es p] foot ( common raft] run ^u ! blade ( ! squ>e1 we are able to get ! lay-out = ! mit] jo9t ( ! plate4 ,fig4 #ga-;b illu/rates ! squ>e plac$ = ! lay-out ( ! octagonal plate or sill mit]4 ,five in*es is tak5 z tang5t s9ce ! real value #d4ig is equival5t to #e = all practical purposes4 ,= ! squ>e corn]$ build+ #ab & #ab w\ld be us$ 9 mak+ ! plate mit] lay-out1 s9ce ! tang5t ( #de is #a accord+ to ! ,table1 ,app5dix ,,ii4 ,any o!r l numb]s w\ld give a tang5t value ( #a1 ( c\rse1 b x is be/ to consid] #ab on ! tongue1 9 :i* case #ab mu/ be tak5 on ! blade4 ,second1 ?is tang5t value is ne$$ 9 det]m9+ ! *eek or side cut ( hip1 valley & jack raft]s1 z w be %[n 9 ,sec4 #ce4 ,?ird1 ?is tang5t value is ne$$ 9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( back+ to be giv5 hip raft]s4 ,?is is discuss$ 9 ,sec4 #ci4 ,n infrequ5tly ! plate mit] 9 degrees is requir$4 ,?is is det]m9$ = any regul> polygon by ! proposition3 ,! plate or mit] angle ( any regul> polygon #ij - 7c5tral angle_/#b7 ,example3 ,f9d ! value ( ! plate mit] ( ! octagon4 ,solution3 ,! octagon has #h sides2 !re=e c5tral angle #de #de #b #bg #ij - #bb #fg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj-;a4 ,fig4 #gj-;b4 ,griffi?'s ,ro( ,fram+ ,tables ,f\r?1 ! tang5t value is ne$$ 9 f9d+ ! l5g? ( a side ( a polygon1 ! span or run ( ! polygon be+ kn[n1 & vice v]sa4 ,l5g? ( side span x tang5t ( plate1 us+ #ab z base4 ,example3 ,an octagonal silo has a span ( #ah'2 det]m9e ! l5g? ( plate = any side4 ,solution3 ,! tang5t value ( ! octagon #d4ig 7to ea* #ab ( run7 #ah #d4ig #hi4df #g' #e4df #g' #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga-;a4 ,fig4 #ga-;b ,lay+ out ,mit]s ,example3 ,a side ( a hexagon measures #d'2 det]m9e ! run ( ! hexagon4 ,solution3 ,transpos+ ! rule above3 ,span l5g? ( side divid$ by tang5t ( plate4 ,tang5t ( hexagon #f4ib :5 base #ab4 #d' divid$ by #f4ib #f' #f4dh span4 ,run #c' #c4bd4 #ca4 ,octagonal ,ro(s4--,:ile ! squ>e corn]$ build+ is ! mo/ common1 ! octagon is frequ5tly us$ 9 ! =m ( a bay atta*$ to ! side ( a h\se4 ,! octagon is also common ^u silos & t[]s4 ,! mann] ( f9d+ ! run1 tang5t1 l5g? ( hip & valley raft]1 mit] cut ( plate or sill1 ! mann] ( det]m9+ ! numb]s to use on ! squ>e to lay out ! plumb & seat cuts1 etc41 w be f\nd develop$ h]e9 = bo? squ>e & octagonal ro(4 ,hav+ ma/]$ ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ^! two =ms1 ! /ud5t %\ld be able to "w out fram+ problems = ro(s ( any numb] ( sides4 #cb4 ,common ,raft] = ,plate ( any ,numb] ( ,sides4--,by ref]r+ to ,figs4 #fh & #gb x w be se5 t common raft]s h = _! runs ! apo!m ( ! polygon made by ! plate1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #fh by ! l9es b1 b'1 b4 ,! run ( ! hip is repres5t$ by ! l9e c1 c1 c4 ,! rise w be f\nd ! same = full l5g? common raft]s & hips4 ,plumb & seat cuts & l5g?s p] foot ( run ( common raft]s & jacks are det]m9$ = a build+ ( any numb] ( sides j z = ! squ>e corn]$ build+4 ,! degree ( incl9ation ( common & jack raft] is applicable1 too1 ,fig4 #di4 #cc4 ,hip & ,valley ,raft]s = ,octagonal & o!r ,polygons4--,be=e ! table ( con/ants = hips & valleys = octagonal & o!r polygonal ro(s c be =m$1 x is necess>y to det]m9e ! tang5t values ( ^! polygons1 z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #cj4 ,proce$+ ) ! octagon1 ^: tang5t 0 f\nd to be #d4ig :5 ! run ( ! common raft] 0 tak5 z #ab1 by ! =mula c a b1 ,fig4 #gb1 ! run ( ! octagon hip or valley w be f\nd to be #ab4ii = ea* foot ( run ( ! common raft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,run ( ,common ,raft] ( any ,ro( is ,apo!m ( ,polygon #cd4 ,plumb ,cut ( ,octagonal & o!r ,polygonal ,hips & ,valleys4--,! run ( an octagonal hip or valley is #ab4ii = ea* foot ( run ( common raft]4 ,= practical purposes ?is is consid]$ z #ac4 ,to lay (f a plumb cut = an octagonal hip or valley1 take #ac on ! tongue & ! rise p] foot ( run ( common raft] on ! blade1 ,fig4 #gc2 scribe on ! blade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,table = ,octagon ,hip or ,valley ,9 a simil> mann]1 hav+ det]m9$ ! tang5t ( any polygon "u consid]ation1 ! run ( hip or valley p] foot ( run ( common raft] may be figur$4 ,! result w give ! numb] to take on ! tongue :5 ! rise p] foot ( run ( common raft] is tak5 on ! blade1 = lay+ out plumb cuts4 #ce4 ,side or ,*eek ,cuts ( ,hip & ,valley ,raft]s = ,ro(s ( ,any ,numb] ( ,sides4--,fig4 #gd illu/rates ! pr9ciples involv$ & me?od us$ 9 det]m9+ side cuts :atsoev] ! pit* & numb] ( sides involv$4 7#a7 ,lay ! squ>e across ! jack or hip or valley1 :atev] is to be fram$1 at any conv5i5t place1 us+ on ! blade ! tang5t 7) #ab z base7 ( ! polygon be+ fram$1 & on ! tongue ! con/ant ( ! run ( ! common raft]1 #ab4 ,scribe along ! tongue ,a-,c1 ,fig4 #gd4 7#b7 ,) ! squ>e1 c>ry ! l9e ,b-,c across ! edge z indicat$4 7#c7 ,lay (f ! plumb cut = ! requir$ pit*1 tak+ ^u ! blade ! rise1 & ^u ! tongue ! con/ant ( ! run ( ! hip or valley or jack1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts = t p>ticul> memb] z det]m9$ by ! /yle ( ro(4 7#d7 ,measure squ>e back f ?is plumb cut l9e ! di/ance ,a-,b ( ,fig4 #gd4 7#e7 ,?ru po9t ,a scribe a l9e ,d-,a p>allel to t ( ! plumb cut l9e & 7#f7 squ>e ?is across ! edge z at ,d-,e4 7#g7 ,adju/ ! bevel to pass ?ru ,e & ,f1 ,fig4 #gd4 7#h7 ,scribe a plumb cut l9e ^u ! rev]se surface ( ! /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd-;a4 ,fig4 #gd-;b4 ,lay+ (f ,side ,cut ( ,jack1 ,hip or ,valley1 any ,polygon ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 "o case ! squ>e is laid across ! edge ) #ab on ! tongue & #ab on ! blade1 ,fig4 #gd-;a4 ,?is1 z might be suppos$1 is = f9d+ ! *eek or side cut = jack1 hip1 or valley :]e ! junction angle is #de4 ,9 ! case ( ! octagonal hip1 valley1 or jack #e mu/ be tak5 ^u ! blade1 s9ce t is ! tang5t value ( #bb1 #ab z base be+ tak5 on ! tongue1 ,fig4 #gd-;b4 ,?is tang5t value w v>y1 !n1 accord+ to ! *ange 9 ! junction angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge-;a4 ,fig4 #ge-;b4 ,secur+ ,value ( ,a-,b ( ,fig4 #gd1 ,v>i\s ,angles ,! reason = us+ ! tang5t & run = ?is "w is indicat$ by ! position ( ! squ>e on ! plan ( ! ro(1 ,fig4 #ge4 ,^! figures are = use only :5 ! timb]s lie 9 ! plane ( ! plate1 or any p>allel plane4 ,:5 raft]s take on pit* or rise1 h[ev]1 ! upw>d projection ( ! plan ( ! mit] cut1 ,fig4 #gd1 w det]m9e ! side cut z j describ$4 #cf4 ,raft] ,l5g?s ( ,octagonal & o!r ,polygonal ,hips & ,valleys4--,fir/ ,me?od3 ,kn[+ ! run ( a hip or valley = ! polygon "u consid]ation 7#ag = ! squ>e1 #ac = ! octagon1 etc471 by assum+ ! respective rises = ! v>i\s pit*es & solv+ c a b'1 ,fig4 #gf1 data p]ta9+ to hip or valley unit raft] l5g?s1 su* z t = ! octagon 9 ,fig4 #gc1 is obta9$4 ,to det]m9e a raft] l5g?1 hav+ available su* a table1 multiply ! hip or valley l5g? p] foot ( run ( common raft] z giv5 9 ! table by ! run ( ! common raft] ( t ro(4 ,r$uce to feet4 ,su* l5g?s w be laid (f by measurem5t f ! side or *eek cut1 :i* w h be5 laid (f1 d[n ! top edge ( ! raft]4 ,l5g?s ( hip or valley tails w be det]m9$ 9 a simil> mann] f ! same table4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,k+-,po/ ,second ,me?od3 ,?is consi/s 9 successive plac+s ( ! squ>e1 us+ ! same numb]s on tongue & blade z w be us$ 9 lay+ out ! plumb cut = ?is p>ticul> ro(4 ,! successive advances w be det]m9$1 z 9 ! hip or valley ( a squ>e corn]$ build+1 by ! numb] ( feet 9 ! run ( ! common raft] ( ?is ro(4 ,a fractional "p ( a foot 9 run w be treat$ 9 a mann] simil> to t describ$ = ! squ>e corn]$ build+4 ,suitable all[ance mu/ be made = ! fact t ! l5g? ( raft] is along ! middle ( ! top edge ( ! raft]1 :5 ?is latt] me?od is us$4 ,example3 ,an octagonal ro( ( pit* has a span ( #be4 ,! run ( common raft] #ab' #f4 ,tak+ #ac on ! tongue & #f on ! blade lay (f successively #ab measurem5ts4 ,take #f_/ab or ( #ac or #f on ! tongue & #f_/ab or ( #f or #c on ! blade = ! fractional foot ( run4 #cg4 ,r$uctions 9 ,l5g?s = ,k+-,po/4--,suitable r$uction mu/ be made = k+-po/1 %\ld !re be "o1 ,fig4 #gf1 or = raft] ?icknesses %\ld no k+-po/ be us$1 ,fig4 #ge-;b4 ,:]e a k+-po/ is us$ ! r$uction w be ! wid? ( ! squ>e out ( :i* ! k+-po/ is =m$1 ! measurem5t be+ made squ>e back f ! l9e ( ! plumb cut1 z 9 r$uc+ common raft] l5g?s = ridge piece1 ,fig4 #ef4 ,:]e an apex is =m$ z 9 ,fig4 #ge-;b1 "o pair ( hips is fram$ ea* ) a run equal to ! octagon's diagonal1 ) cuts at ! top ! same z ^? ( common raft]s4 ,! second pair w be simil>ly fram$ b ! l5g?s w ea* be r$uc$ an am\nt equal to ! ?ickness ( ! fir/ pair1 measur+ /raight back f ! plumb cut4 ,! ?ird & f\r? pairs w be r$uc$ an am\nt equal to ! diagonal ?ickness ( ! raft]s already fram$1 measur$ /raight back f ! plumb cut1 ,figs4 #gd-;a & #ge-;b4 ,^! raft]s w h to h d\ble side cuts z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ge-;b4 ,x w be not$ t ^! latt] raft]s meet ! o!rs at an angle ( #de degrees1 mak+ ! fram+ ( ! side cut simil> to t ( a squ>e corn]$ build+ except t ^! are giv5 d\ble *eeks4 #ch4 ,seat & ,end ,cut ( ,octagonal & o!r ,polygonal ,hips & ,valleys4--,! me?od ( proc$ure 9 lay+ out ! seat & end cuts ( octagonal & o!r polygonal hips & valleys is simil> to t describ$ = ! squ>e hip1 except ( c\rse1 ! numb]s to use on ! squ>e w diff]4 ,^! numb]s w be det]m9$ by ! run ( ! hip = t p>ticul> ro(1 & by ! rise 9 in*es p] foot ( run ( common raft]4 ,9 ! case ( ! octagon ! numb]s w be #ac on ! tongue1 & ! rise on ! blade4 ,! l5g? ( tail may be figur$ by ! tables1 if su* are available1 or ! fram+ squ>e may be advanc$ successively z _m times z !re are feet 9 ! run ( ! tail or ! look\t ( ! common raft] ( t ro(1 z h]et(ore describ$4 ,! mit] cut on ! end ( a hip raft] & 9 ! crot* ( a valley raft] w v>y ) ! tang5t value ( ! plate4 ,= ! octagon1 ^: tang5t is #e ! measurem5t f ! end cut & at "r angles to x w be #e_/ab t us$ on ! squ>e corn]$ build+4 ,?is same ratio w hold = ! measurem5t at ! crot* ( ! valley1 ,fig4 #fe-;b4 #ci4 ,back+ ,octagonal & o!r ,hips4--,! pr9ciple involv$ 9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( back+ on hip raft]s = ! octagon1 z well z t ( o!r polygons1 is simil> to t = back+ hips = ! squ>e corn]$ build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,lay+ out ,back+ = ,octagon ,hip 7#a7 ,place ! fram+ squ>e ^u ! hip z = mak+ ! seat cut ( ! octagon hip raft]1 ,fig4 #gg4 7#b7 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #gh x w be se5 t ! m sides a ro( possesses ! less w be ! back+ requir$4 ,fig4 #gh repres5ts ! hips on squ>e1 octagon1 & hexagon z !y w\ld appe> ^u ! plan if made to /& /raight up at ! corn]s ( ! plates4 ,! back+ 9 ea* case is det]m9$ by ! tang5t ( ! angle ^: adjac5t side is ! raft] ?ickness1 & ^: angle is equival5t to ! c5tral angle z ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 ,fig4 #gh4 ,! fact t ! hips are incl9$ & n v]tical 9 _! f9al position 9 a ro( makes no diff]5ce 9 ! pr9ciple ( det]m9+ back+ because ( ! fact t our measurem5ts are made 9 a horizontal plane1 or 9 ! plane ( ! plate1 ,figs4 #fd & #gg4 ,! ratio ( ! back+ ( ! octagon or any o!r polygonal hip to t ( ! squ>e ( equal rise w be proportional to _! tang5t values4 ,= illu/ration1 on ! squ>e ro( we measur$ along ! tongue ( ! squ>e1 f ! top edge ( ! hip1 ,fig4 #fd1 ! ?ickness ( ! raft]1 = reasons made pla9 9 ,fig4 #gh4 ,9 lay+ (f ! octagon back+ we %\ld lay (f along ! tongue 9 ! l9e ( ! octagon seat cut1 #e_/ab ( ! ?ickness ( ! raft]4 ,9 ! case ( a #b raft]1 #e_/ab w be set (f1 us+ t side ( ! squ>e conta9+ graduations 9 #ab?s4 7#c7 ,:]e back+ is n desir$ ! raft] w be dropp$ a plumb di/ance equal to ! plumb di/ance ( ! back+ ( ! raft]1 ,fig4 #gg4 ,consult ,fig4 #gc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,back+ = ,hip ( any ,polygon #dj4 ,fram+ ! ,octagonal & o!r ,polygonal ,jacks4--,plumb cuts ( jacks are det]m9$ by ! rise & run ( ! common raft] ( t p>ticul> ro(4 ,! seat cuts w be det]m9$ by ! same numb]s4 ,side cuts1 end cuts1 & l5g?s ( jacks are det]m9$ z describ$ 9 ,sections #da & #db4 #da4 ,side ,cut ( ,octagonal & o!r ,polygonal ,jacks4--,fir/ ,me?od3 ,! me?od describ$ 9 ,section #ce is applicable to jacks z well4 ,second ,me?od3 ,if a table ( common raft] l5g?s p] foot ( run is available1 ! side cut ( any polygonal jack may be laid out by plac+ ! fram+ squ>e across ! top ( ! raft]1 tak+ ! tang5t value ( ! polygon on ! tongue1 & ! l5g? ( common raft] p] foot ( run on ! blade1 & scrib+ on ! blade4 ,! tang5t ( ! polygon =ms ! opposite side ( a triangle 9 :i* ! adjac5t side is ! l5g? ( common or jack raft] p] foot ( run4 ,! angle =m$ be+ ! angle ( side cut ( jack4 #db4 ,l5g?s ( ,octagonal & o!r ,polygonal ,jacks4--,! me?ods ( proc$ure 9 det]m9+ ! l5g?s ( jacks = o!r ?an squ>e corn]$ build+s diff]s f t describ$ = ! squ>e corn]$ build+ only 9 ! fact t ! runs1 h5ce l5g?s1 ( ! jacks mu/ be det]m9$ diff]5tly4 ,an exam9ation ( ,figs4 #fh & #gb w %[ t ! runs1 h5ce ! l5g?s1 ( jacks = ! squ>e1 ! octagon1 etc41 :5 ! run ( common raft] is ! same1 w v>y inv]sely z ! tang5t ratio4 ,= example1 ! tang5t ( ! squ>e is #ab :5 its run ( common raft] is #ab1 :ile t ( ! octagon is #d4ig or practically #e4 ,! runs1 &1 !re=e1 ! l5g?s ( octagon jacks w diff] "o ) ref]5ce to ano!r1 #ab_/e ( ^? ( ! jacks = ! squ>e build+4 ,if an octagon jack re/s #bd f ! corn]1 its run1 & !re=e its l5g?1 w be #ab_/e times t ( a jack on a squ>e corn]$ build+ simil>ly plac$4 ,second ,me?od3 ,diff]5ce 9 l5g?s ( jacks may be det]m9$ by c\nt+ ! spac+s along ! plate & divid+ ! l5g? ( common raft] by t numb]4 #dc4 ,fram+ by ,means ( a ,protractor4--,by means ( a protractor us$ 9 connection ) ! columns conta9+ degree measurem5ts1 ,figs4 #di1 #fj1 & #gc1 ro( fram+ may be greatly simplifi$4 ,to lay (f a seat cut1 x is m]ely necess>y to look 9 ! table ( hip1 valley1 jack1 or common raft]1 :atev] is be+ fram$1 & read ! degree ( incl9ation ( raft] = ! pit* requir$4 ,! blade ( a ,t-bevel is set by means ( ! protractor to ?is angle2 or a comb9ation tool may be us$1 & ! tool appli$ z 9 ,fig4 #gi4 ,! plumb cut & seat cut are complem5t>y4 ,s9ce a protractor is made to read 9 ei!r ( two directions1 ! plumb cut sett+ may be got by add+ to or subtract+ f #ij degrees ! angle ( incl9ation ( t raft]4 ,) a comb9ation tool1 "o sett+ ( ! tool s]ves to lay out bo? seat & plumb cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,lay+ (f ,seat ,cut ) ,fig4 #hj4 ,lay+ (f ,plumb ,cut ) ,fram+ ,tool ,fram+ ,tool ,! degree ( sett+ = a side or *eek cut1 ! gage sett+ = back+1 & ! am\nt ( drop :]e no back+ is us$ w be f\nd "u appropriate columns 9 ! tables ref]r$ to above4 ,! mann] ( apply+ ! comb9ation tool = lay+ out plumb cut1 seat cut1 side cut & end cut is indicat$ 9 ,figs4 #gi1 #hj1 #ha & #hb4 ,! mann] ( det]m9+ ! data f\nd 9 ^! tables is a matt] ( trigonometric solution1 no m difficult ?an t already giv51 & omitt$ = lack ( space4 ,su* problems may well =m a "p ( ! pupil's "w 9 ma!matics4 ,= ,example3 ,data = side cuts ( jack1 hip & valley = squ>e & octagonal ro(s w be f\nd 9 ,figs4 #di1 #fj1 & #gc4 ,9 ^! tables w be f\nd a column m>k$ ,degree ( side cut ( hip or valley1 also ( jack4 ,to secure ! angle ( side cut x is only necess>y to solve by simple trigonometric =mul1 ! triangle a b c & !n a b c ( ,fig4 #fb4 ,! angle ,a is ! angle ( incl9ation ( hip or jack or valley1 & w be f\nd = ea* in* ( rise 9 ! tables2 ! mann] ( det]m9+ ! same hav+ be5 describ$4 ,! side b is ,a-,b ( ,fig4 #gd1 ! value ( :i* is also easily det]m9$ once ! pr9ciples ( ,fig4 #gd are ma/]$4 ,) ?is data ! /ud5t may f9d ! angle ,a' ( ,fig4 #fb z giv5 9 ! tables4 ,raft] l5g?s are det]m9$ z previ\sly describ$ 9 connection ) fram+ ) ! /eel squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,side ,cut ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,end ,cut #dd4 ,translat+ ,fram+ ,problems f ,protractor to ,fram+ ,squ>e & ,vice ,v]sa4--,frequ5tly x is desirable to translate fram+ problems f degrees to numb]s to be us$ ^u ! /eel squ>e1 & vice v]sa4 ,to *ange f degree fram+ to /eel squ>e fram+ x is only necess>y to rememb] t ! numb]s to use on ! squ>e mu/ be numb]s su* t _! ratio "o to ! o!r %all give a tang5t value equal to t giv5 9 ! ,table ( ,natural ,functions1 ,app5dix ,,ii1 = ! angle "u consid]ation4 ,example3 ,giv53 ,angle ( incl9ation ( common raft] or ( ro( #cj degrees4 ,f9d ! numb]s to take on ! squ>e to frame seat & plumb cuts4 ,solution3 ,tan #cj 4#egg 7by ,table1 ,app5dix ,,ii74 ,by agreem5t1 run ( common raft] takes #ab on "o memb] ( ! squ>e = con/ant ( run4 ,!re=e1 rise mu/ be #f4ic1 or #faa_/ab1 mu/ be tak5 on ! o!r memb] ( ! squ>e4 7,! base ( ! table is #a s t = #ab run we mu/ h #ab x 4#eggd47 ,9 a simil> mann] ! numb] to be tak5 on ! blade1 :5 ! incl9ation ( any o!r common or jack raft] is giv51 may be det]m9$4 ,9 ! case ( ! hip or valley incl9ation1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t #ag is to be tak5 on ! tongue = ! run 9 ! squ>e corn]$ h\se1 ) #ac 9 ! octagon1 :i* w necessitate multiply+ ! tang5t value ( ! angle ( incl9ation by #ag & #ac respectively to f9d ! numb] to take on ! blade :5 "o or ! o!r ( ^! is tak5 on ! tongue4 ,example3 ,giv53 ,side cut ( jack raft]1 or hip or valley #ch degrees4 ,f9d ! numb]s to use on ! fram+ squ>e to lay (f ?is same angle4 ,solution3 ,tan #ch 4#ghac ,by agreem5t1 we %all take #ab on ! tongue4 ,! numb] to be tak5 on ! blade mu/ be1 !re=e1 #ab x 4#ghac #i 7,9 ! case ( ! side cut1 any numb] o!r ?an #ab might h be5 assum$ on ! tongue47 ,example3 ,giv53 ,a hip raft] on a squ>e ro( :i* is fram$ ) #ag on ! tongue & #h on ! blade4 ,to f9d ! angle ( incl9ation ( ! hip4 ,solution3 #h_/ag 4#dgjf ,! angle ^: tan 4#dgjf is #be #ai #de4 ,fram+ an ,octagon ,bay4--,:atev] may be "o's op9ion z to ! propriety ( ! octagon bay ar*itecturally1 its v common use makes x obligatory ^u ! build] to "k h[ to prop]ly frame x4 ,ref]r+ to ,figs4 #gb & #hc-;a x w be se5 t ! octagon bay is b a portion ( a full octagon set up aga9/ ! side ( a h\se4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! fram+ ( ! plate1 sills1 ! lay+ out ( plumb & seat cuts1 & side or *eek cuts ( jacks t re/ aga9/ hips1 etc41 w be accord+ to pr9ciples discuss$ 9 previ\s sections ( ! text4 ,! *ief ?+ :i* ne$s explanation is ! matt] ( lay+ out side cuts = hips & jacks :i* are to re/ aga9/ ! side ( ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc-;a4 ,fig4 #hc-;b4 ,fram+ ,raft]s ( ,octagon ,bay ,consid] ! bay z cut along ! l9e ,i-,j1 ,fig4 #hc-;a4 ,to frame ! hip ne>e/ ! build+3 7#a7 ,det]m9e ! angle :i* w\ld give ! side or *eek cut ( ! raft] involv$ :5 ! raft] has no pit*1 t is1 :5 x lies 9 ! plane ( ! plate4 ,fig4 #hc-;a indicates ! mann] ( det]m9+ ?is angle1 :i* w be f\nd to be #bb4 ,if we wi% to use a fram+ squ>e in/ead ( a fram+ tool we may readily translate ! #bb4 ,we %all f9d t #ab tak5 on ! tongue ( ! squ>e w require #d4ig or #e on ! blade4 7#b7 ,place ! squ>e z 9 ,fig4 #hc-;b & scribe along ! tongue4 ,rememb] t ?is gives ! mit] :5 ! raft] lies 9 ! plane ( ! plate4 ,?is w\ld give ! cut to be us$ :]e ceil+ joi/ or floor joi/ ( octagon bay are run p>allel ) ! raft]s4 ,on small bays1 joi/s are seldom run ?us b are run p>allel ) o!r joi/s ( ! h\se4 ,no special directions are ne$$ = sett+ ! protractor1 or ! comb9ation tool1 ! mann] ( sett+ & plac+ is s obvi\s4 7#c7 ,once hav+ ?is mit] :5 ! raft] lies 9 ! plane ( ! plate1 proce$ z direct$ 9 ,sec4 #ce1 7#b7 et seq4 ,) "o su* raft] fram$ ! mates may be laid out by transposition4 ,to frame ! rema9+ hips ( ,fig4 #hc-;a proce$ 9 a mann] simil> to t j describ$4 ,9 ?is case ! angle made by ! hip :5 x lies 9 ! plane ( ! plate & ! side ( ! h\se w be #fg degrees4 ,:y8 ,fig4 #hd-;a4 ,! fram+ tool or protractor & ,t-bevel provide ! simple/ means ( fram+4 ,if "o wi%es to use ! fram+ squ>e he w f9d t by us+ ! tang5t value ( #fg he gets #bh4ig to take on ! blade :5 #ab is tak5 on ! tongue4 ,?is he _c f9d1 ( c\rse4 ,he may ei!r take o!r small] numb]s hav+ ! same ratio1 or he might bett] take ! cotang5t value ( #fg4 ,cot ( an angle ( a "r triangle is ! ratio ( ! adjac5t side to ! opposite side4 ,solution3 ,angle ,a #fg1 ,fig4 #hd-;a4 ,cot #fg 4#dad :5 b #a4 ,:5 b #ab cot ,a #d4ig or #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd-;a4 ,fig4 #hd-;b4 ,fram+ ,octagon ,hip ,int]cept$ at #fg 7#a7 ,place ! squ>e z 9 ,fig4 #hd-;b & scribe along ! blade4 ,by ?is "t ! /ud5t %\ld h obs]v$ t ! tang5t value ( any angle increases z ! cotang5t value ( ! angle decreases & vice v]sa4 ,note t :5 a cotang5t value is us$1 #ab is /ill tak5 on ! tongue & ! same numb] z = ! tang5t value ( t numb] ( degrees is tak5 on ! blade1 b t ! scrib+ is done along ! blade & n along ! tongue z is ! case :5 tang5t values are us$4 7#b7 ,proce$ f ?is po9t z 9 ,sec4 #ce1 7#b7 et seq4 ,to frame ! jack int]cept$ by ! side ( ! h\se4 ,fig4 #he-;a2 7#a7 ,proce$ to f9d ! mit] = ! int]cept$ jack :5 x lies 9 ! plane ( ! plate4 ,x is #de degrees4 ,tan #de degrees #a :5 b #a4 ,tan #de degrees #ab :5 b #ab4 7#b7 ,place ! squ>e z 9 ,fig4 #he-;b & scribe along ! tongue4 7#c7 ,f ?is on1 cont9ue z 9 ,sec4 #ce1 7#b7 et seq4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he-;a4 ,fig4 #he-;b4 ,fram+ an ,int]cept$ ,jack ,f ^! solutions ! /ud5t %\ld be able to g5]alize suffici5tly to c>e = raft]s ( any angle ( int]section ) ! side ( a build+1 & ( any pit*4 ,! use ( ! fram+ tool or protractor & ,t-squ>e is /rongly recomm5d$ ^u su* "w z ?is4 ,no?+ b tradition prev5ts its m g5]al use 9 c>p5try4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! lay-out = ! side cut ( ^! raft]s1 ! l5g? ( ea* mu/ next be det]m9$4 ,to det]m9e ! l5g? ( hip or jack int]cept$ by ! side ( ! h\se & ! plate3 7#a7 ,det]m9e ! run ( ! int]cept$ "p ( ! common or jack raft]1 z b1 ,fig4 #hc-;a4 7#b7 ,by means ( ! table ( raft] l5g?s p] foot ( run compute ! l5g? ( raft] "u consid]ation4 ,9 det]m9+ ! run ( an int]cept$ "p x is necess>y to h data conc]n+ ! size ( ! octagon & ! am\nt cut (f by ! build+4 ,! l9es ,e-,d & ,f-,d1 ,fig4 #hc-;a1 :5 dim5sion$1 give ?is data4 ,! actual l5g?s ( ! v>i\s hips1 jacks1 etc41 9 practical c>p5try1 ^u small bays1 are usually det]m9$ by actual measurem5t f ! plate or sill to ! prop] po9t ( int]section on ! build+ z indicat$ by a /ick or ext5sion rule held at ! prop] angle4 ,sometimes a l>ge scale draw+ is made & ! runs tak5 f ?is4 ,^u l>ge "w :]e accuracy is necess>y & measurem5ts impossible1 trigonometric solutions %\ld be us$4 ,to det]m9e ! l5g? ( ! int]cept$ hip raft] ov] c ( triangle a b c ,fig4 #hc-;a1 ! value ( b mu/ fir/ be secur$4 ,?is value repres5ts common raft] run = hip raft] ris+ ov] side c1 & run ( int]cept$ common raft] ris+ ov] side b4 ,l5g? ( int]cept$ hip ris+ ov] side c b x unit l5g? ( hip4 7,table ( l5g?s ( octagon hips 9 t]ms ( run ( common raft]1 ,fig4 #gc47 ,l5g? ( int]cept$ common raft] or jack ne>e/ h\se b x unit l5g? ( common raft]4 7,table ( l5g?s ( common raft] 9 t]ms ( run ( common raft]1 ,fig4 #di47 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! are !oretic l5g?s measur$ d[n ! middle ( ! top edge ( ! raft]s4 ,9 fram+1 suitable r$uctions mu/ be made4 ,= example1 9 fram+ ! int]cept$ common raft] ne>e/ ! build+1 ! raft] mu/ be set ov] "o-half its ?ickness t x may be nail$ aga9/ ! side ( ! build+4 ,! all[ance necess>y 9 ord] to d ?is may be secur$ by measur+ ! l5g? f ! long po9t in/ead ( ! middle ( ! side or *eek cut4 ,suitable r$uction1 too1 mu/ be made = ! hip ?ickness 9 ?is case "o-half ! diagonal across ! top edge ( ! hip1 laid (f at an angle ( #bb1 or #e & #ab on ! squ>e4 ,?is am\nt w be laid (f /raight back f ! plumb cut1 ,sec4 #ce1 7#b7 et seq4 ,l5g? ( hip mu/ be measur$ along ! middle ( ! top ( ! raft]4 #df4 ,fram+ a ,ro( ( ,"o ,pit* to ,ano!r ( ,diff]5t ,pit*4--,occasionally "o mu/ frame a ro( ( "o pit* aga9/ a ro( ( ano!r pit*4 ,to det]m9e ! cut1 if ! comb9ation tool is to be us$1 m]ely f9d ! diff]5ce 9 degrees ( ! angles ( incl9ation ( ! two raft]s1 & apply ! tool z indicat$ 9 ! tables = mak+ any o!r plumb cut1 ,figs4 #di1 #fj & #gc4 ,! seat cut w be det]m9$ by ! rise & run ( ! %$ raft] 9 ! usual mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,lay+ (f ,cut ( ,%$ ,raft] ,:]e ! fram+ squ>e is to be us$1 lay ! squ>e z 9 fram+ a plumb cut on ! %$ raft]1 z at ,a1 ,fig4 #hf1 tak+ on ! tongue1 ! run1 & on ! blade ! rise ( ! %$ raft]4 ,next lay a second squ>e z at ,b1 ,fig4 #hf1 tak+ on ! blade ! rise & on ! tongue ! run ( ! raft] ( ! ma9 ro(1 us+ ! blade ( ,a z a ref]5ce edge4 ,blade ( ,b gives ! cut4 #dg4 ,fram+ a ,ro( ( ,unev5 ,pit*4--,n infrequ5tly a ro( mu/ be fram$ 9 :i* sev]al pit*es are involv$4 ,all ( ! pr9ciples necess>y = fram+ su* a ro( h be5 develop$4 ,x rema9s = ! /ud5t to make ! applications to unev5 pit*es4 ,x is advisable to prep>e a fram+ plan z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hg4 ,f su* a plan x may be se5 t ! seat & plumb cuts ( common & jack raft]s are det]m9$ 9 ! usual mann]1 be+ diff]5t ^u ! diff]5t pit*es1 ( c\rse1 b det]m9$ z = any giv5 pit*4 ,l5g?s ( common raft]s w be det]m9$ = any pit* by ! tables already made use (1 ! run be+ kn[n or det]m9$4 ,9 select+ ! numb]s to use on ! tongue & ! blade ( ! squ>e1 9 lay+ out seat & plumb cuts ( hip or valley raft]s ( int]sect+ ro(s ( diff]5t pit*es1 any numb]s may be us$ provid+ !y h a ratio equal to t ( ! run & rise ( ! raft] be+ fram$4 ,s9ce ! angle ( int]section *anges ) e *ange ( pit*1 x is h>dly wor? :ile develop+ a con/ant to be us$ on ! tongue 9 fram+ hip & valley raft]s on irregul> pit*es4 ,side or *eek cuts = valley1 hip or jacks are det]m9$ accord+ to pr9ciples develop$ 9 ,sec4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,plan ( ,unev5 ,pit*es ,! back+ ( hips on ro(s ( unev5 pit*es1 :ile ! am\nt to be remov$ on ea* side ( ! hip w v>y1 is det]m9$ by ! pr9ciples develop$ 9 ,sec4 #ci4 ,! am\nt to be remov$ f ea* side mu/ be sep>ately det]m9$ accord+ to ! angle ! hip makes ) ! plate4 ,l5g?s ( hip & valley jacks are det]m9$ z 9 ,sec4 #db4 ,l5g?s ( cripple jacks w n be ( uni=m l5g?1 z 9 ev5 pit*$ ro(s4 ,! runs = su* jacks may be obta9$ ) suffici5t accuracy by measurem5ts tak5 f an accurately made scale draw+4 ,! foll[+ example w make cle> ! me?od ( attack :]e x is desir$ to develop a con/ant = hip or valley 9 t]ms ( ! common raft] ( "o ( ! pit*es4 ,example3 ,giv53 ,ma9 ro(1 ,rise #h'1 ,run #ab' pit*4 ,m9or ro(1 ,rise #e'1 ,run #f' #e_/ab pit*4 7#a7 ,f9d ! run ( valley raft] ov] c1 ,fig4 #hh-;a1 9 t]ms ( ! run ( ! common raft] ov] b4 ,solution3 c a b 7#g7 #f 7a3#ab33e3h1 :5ce a #g7 c #i4fj' ,express+ ?is run ( valley 9 t]ms ( #ab ( run ( common raft] ov] b4 #i4fj'3f'33x3#ab4 x #ai4bj4 7,*eck ?is value by scale draw+47 ,l5g? ( valley raft]1 !n1 is f\nd by tak+ #ai4bj on ! tongue ) #aj 7#e_/f ( #ab7 on ! blade1 advanc+ ! sett+ z _m times z !re are feet 9 ! run ( ! common raft] ov] b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh-;a4 ,unev5 ,pit*es ,! numb]s j giv5 w give ! plumb cut & ! seat cut ( ?is valley raft]4 7#b7 ,f9d ! side cut ( ! valley raft] :5 x re/s aga9/ ! ridge ( ! m9or ro(4 ,solution3 ,! side cut ( ! valley :5 all[$ to re/ 9 ! plane ( ! plate angle ,b1 ,fig4 #hh-;a1 ^: tang5t b_/a #f_/g 7 #ab_/ae 4#hjj #ch #dj'7 ,!re=e1 take #g on ! blade 7always ! run ( int]cept$ common raft] ( major ro(71 & #f on ! tongue 7always ! run ( ! common raft] ( ! m9or ro(72 scribe on ! blade4 ,= side cut ( valley raft] :5 x is to be fitt$ to a ridge ( ! major ro(1 ! lay-out :5 9 ! plane ( ! plate is obta9$ by means ( ^! same numb]s1 b ! scrib+ is done on ! tongue4 ,?is lay-out 9 ei!r case is = ! raft] :5 ly+ 9 ! plane ( ! plate4 ,hav+ secur$ ?is1 proce$ z 9 ,sec4 #ce1 7#b74 ,side cuts ( jacks = ! m9or ro( are det]m9$ by ! l5g? ( ! ridge ov] a1 ,fig4 #hh-;a1 & ! l5g? ( ! raft] ov] b4 ,b ! l5g? ( ! ridge ov] a ! run ( ! int]cept$ common raft] ( ! major ro(1 #g' "h4 ,a g5]al rule may be d]iv$1 !re=e3 ,= ! side cut ( a jack on a m9or ro( take on ! blade ( ! squ>e ! run ( ! int]cept$ common raft] ( ! major ro( 7in*es = feet71 & on ! tongue take ! l5g? ( raft] ( ! m9or ro(2 scribe on ! tongue1 ,fig4 #hh-;b4 ,= ! side cut ( jacks on a major ro(1 take on ! tongue ( ! squ>e ! run ( ! common raft] ( ! m9or ro(1 & on ! blade ! l5g? ( ! int]cept$ common raft] ( ! major ro(2 scribe on ! blade1 ,fig4 #hh-;c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh-;b4 ,fig4 #hh-;c4 ,side ,cuts ( ,jacks = ,unev5 ,pit*es ,a new problem arises 9 connection ) unev5 or irregul> pit*es1 ! problem ( mak+ ! project+ cornice memb] "o ) ano!r4 ,manife/ly1 if "o "p ( a ro( is /eep] ?an ano!r & ! plate ! same height all ar\nd ! build+1 ! cornice _c be made to meet 9 ! same plane4 ,?is difficulty is ov]come by rais+ ! plate ( ! /eep] ro( an am\nt equal to ! diff]5ce 9 ! rises ( ! two pit*es = a run equal to t ( ! project+ cornice4 ,= example1 9 a half-pit* ! rise w\ld be #bd = a run ( #bd 9 ! cornice4 ,9 a qu>t]-pit* rise = a #bd run ( cornice w\ld be #ab1 a diff]5ce 9 rises ( #ab4 ,! plate ( ! /eep] ro( mu/ be rais$ t mu* high] ?an t = ! l[] pit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,deck ,frame #dh4 ,decks2 ,*imney ,op5+s4--,decks are sometimes us$ 9 ro( fram+ to prev5t "s "p ( ! ro( f ris+ too high above ! rema9d]4 ,su* decks are fram$ ( joi/ /ock spik$ toge!r ) butt jo9ts4 ,^u ! top ( su* deck joi/s are plac$ fea!r+ /rips s saw$ z to give ! deck a slight fall 9 ea* direction1 two to ?ree in*es 9 eight to t5 feet4 ,^u ^! fea!r+ /rips floor+ is laid4 ,! deck is fram$1 rais$ & brac$1 be+ held up by /udd+ plac$ "u ea* corn]4 ,next1 ! hip raft]s are plac$1 !n ! floor+ on ! deck1 & f9ally ! common & jack raft]s4 ,%\ld common raft]s be plac$ be=e ! deck floor+1 ! joi/s mu/ be brac$ to )/& ! pressure aga9/ _! sides4 ,on l>ge decks ! out] deck frame is d\bl$4 ,*imney op5+s are fram$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hi4 ,,*apt] ,v ,ext]ior ,cov]+ & ,f9i% #di4 ,%ea?+ or ,%eet+4--,aft] ! frame "w ( a build+ is erect$ & ! op5+s made 9 ! frame = w9d[s & doors1 ! %eet+ is to be plac$4 ,%eet+ is plac$ ei!r horizontally across ! /uds or diagonally1 sometimes bo? ways1 dep5d+ ^u ! specifications ( ! ar*itect4 ,! diagonal is some:at /rong] b is m exp5sive4 ,! horizontal is satisfactory ^u ord9>y frame dwell+s1 especially :]e ! build+ is brac$ at ! corn]s by /uds cut 9 diagonally1 or by %eet+ plac$ diagonally at ! corn]s z 9 ,fig4 #ij4 ,su* %eet+ %\ld be mat*$ & well nail$ ) two #h;d nails to ea* /ud4 ,build+ pap] %\ld be plac$ ^u ! %eet+ to fur!r protect ! int]ior f cold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,%ea?+ ,ro( %eet+ = %+le ro(s may be/ be ( unmat*$ bo>ds spac$ ab\t #b ap>t4 ,= slate1 mat*$ /ock %\ld be us$ & ?is cov]$ ) a t> or asphalt pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,sett+ ,t-bevel = ,ro( ,bo>ds ,9 mak+ ! face cut on ro( bo>ds = hips or valleys ! fram+ tool or ! ,t-bevel may be made use (1 be+ set to ! complem5t ( ! angle us$ 9 mak+ ! side or *eek cut on jack raft]s4 ,! complem5t angle 9 ?is case equals #ij less ! angle ( ! side cut ( jack4 ,or1 if ! fram+ squ>e is to be us$1 ! same numb]s us$ 9 mak+ ! side cut ( ! jack w be us$ 9 lay+ out ! face cut ( ro( bo>ds1 ) ! scrib+ be+ done along ! tongue in/ead ( along ! blade z 9 ! case ( ! side cut4 ,a second ,t-bevel may be set z 9 ,fig4 #ia1 ! beam be+ plac$ across ! edge ( ! jack & at "r angles to x1 ) ! blade adju/$ to ! *eek or saw$ surface ( ! jack :i* is to fit aga9/ hip or valley raft]4 ,a fram+ tool might be us$4 ,c>p5t]s m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 get ! angles = saw+ ro( bo>ds by lay+ ! bo>d to be cut out ov] ! hip or valley raft]1 !n saw+ along ! side ! raft] z 9 ,fig4 #ib4 ,9 w>m climates1 wea!r bo>d+ is (t5 appli$ directly to ! /uds1 no %eet+ be+ us$2 ! frame be+ /rongly brac$ at ! corn]s4 #ej4 ,scaffold+4--,cornice is plac$ aft] %eet+4 ,to d ?is advantage\sly x is necess>y to erect scaffold+ or /ag+4 ,fig4 #ic illu/rates a common type4 ,/ock #b #d is us$ = ! uprights1 & #a #f = ! horizontal memb]s & braces or /ays4 ,planks are plac$ ^u ^! horizontals z %[n4 ,fig4 #id illu/rates a sub/itute = /ag+1 a scaffold bracket ^u :i* planks are laid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,saw+ ,ro( ,bo>ds ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,scaffold+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,scaffold ,bracket #ea4 ,cornice4--,cornices are g5]ally classifi$ z op5 or skeleton1 & box1 ,figs4 #ie & #if4 ,ea* ( ^! types w be f\nd con/ruct$ 9 almo/ endless v>iety ( =ms4 ,! illu/rations %[n w s]ve ! purposes ( ?is text4 ,! /ud5t %\ld famili>ize himself ) ! v>i\s common =ms1 details ( :i* may be got f any good1 mod]n book on build+ details4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,skeleton ,cornice ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,box ,cornice ,9 mak+ ! v>i\s cuts on cornice "w1 a mit]-box mu/ be available = m\ld+s4 ,! old type ( wood mit] box1 ) ! v>i\s necess>y cuts laid out 9 its sides is satisfactory4 ,"s exp]im5t+ w be necess>y ^u ! "p ( ! beg9n] to det]m9e ! mann] ( plac+ ! m\ld+ 9 ! box to give ! correct cut4 ,! cuts = ! plan*]1 :i* re/s 9 ! planes ( a hipp$ ro( & :i* mu/ be memb]$ ar\nd a corn] are det]m9$ 9 a mann] simil> to t describ$ = ro( bo>ds1 ,sec4 #di1 f ! cuts ( ! jack raft] *eeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig;a4 ,skeleton ,cornice ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig-;b4 ,box ,cornice4 ,fig4 #ig illu/rates ! mann] ( fram+ 9 ! look\ts on' gables :]e a skeleton cornice is us$4 ,also !re is illu/rat$ ! mann] ( plac+ look\ts 9 gables = a box cornice4 ,unless ! cornice is q wide1 ^! blocks are m]ely fa/5$ to ! und]side ( ! ro( bo>ds at int]vals ( #c or #d feet4 ,! dep? ( ^! blocks w dep5d ^u ! mann] ( fram+ ! tail ends ( ! raft]s4 ,metallic gutt]s made to assume ! =m ( ! cr[n m\ld1 no wood cr[n m\ld be+ us$1 w be f\nd 9 common use ^u ord9>y h\se con/ruction4 ,a fall ( in* to e #aj feet is usually giv5 gutt]s4 #eb4 ,rak$ ,m\ld+s4--,9 all cases :]e a m\ld+ re/+ 9 "o plane1 z cr[n or b$ m\ld+ at ! eaves1 is to be memb]$ ) m\ld+ swung up out ( t plane1 z up a gable1 "o ( two ?+s mu/ be done to make ! surfaces ( ! m\ld+s mat* or memb] prop]ly at ! jo9t3 7#a7 ,! m\ld+ at ! eave may h its top edge tipp$ =w>d until its top edge lies 9 ! same plane z ! top edge ( ! correspond+ gable m\ld+2 7#b7 a m\ld+ ) a new face may be work$ :i* w memb] ) ! eaves m\ld+ :5 _! rev]se surfaces are fitt$ to ! fascia or1 9 case ( b$ m\ld+1 to ! frieze4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,lay+ out ,gable or ,rak$ ,m\ld+ ,to memb] by means ( ! second me?od proce$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,make a full siz$ draw+ ( a cross-section ( ! m\ld+1 ,fig4 #ih4 7#b7 ,draw a numb] ( l9es ?ru ! m important ref]5ce po9ts ( ! m\ld+ at an angle equal to ! pit* ( ! gable4 7#c7 ,draw horizontal l9es ?ru ! po9ts ( ref]5ce & erect a p]p5dicul> ?ru ^! pass+ ?ru ! back ( ! m\ld z ,a-,b4 7#d7 ,lay (f a l9e ,c-,d1 ,fig4 #ih1 p]p5dicul> to ! oblique l9es4 7#e7 ,us+ ! l9es ,a-,b & ,c-,d z ref]5ce l9es1 transf] ! di/ances ( ! v>i\s po9ts on ! eaves m\ld+1 measur$ horizontally f ,a-,b1 to pit* l9es measur$ obliquely4 ,a curve trac$ ?ru ^! po9ts w give ! %ape ( ! m\ld+ requir$ = ! gable4 ,s9ce ?is m\ld+ w\ld1 9 all probability1 h to be work$ up especially = any p>ticul> job1 ?is practice is n foll[$ except ^u l>ge or important "w4 ,cornices are usually design$ s z to avoid su* "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,mit] ,box = ,rak$ ,gable ,m\ld+ ,cut at ,eaves ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,mit] ,box = ,plumb ,cut ( ,gable ,m\ld+s ,figs4 #ii & #ajj illu/rate two mit]-boxes con/ruct$ = use 9 cutt+ rake m\ld+s 9 gables4 ,9 mak+ ! mit] cuts on m\ld+s ( ! eaves1 ! horizontal memb]s1 no special box is ne$$4 ,! m\ld+ w be set on ! f> side ( ! box1 upside d[n4 ,! box w h ! side cuts p]p5dicul> to ! top edge & ! angles across ! top edges w be det]m9$ by ! mit] ( ! plate1 sill1 or corn] ( ! build+4 ,on a squ>e corn]$ build+ ?is mit] w be "o ( #de1 #ab & #ab be+ tak5 on ! squ>e4 ,two cuts ( ea* k9d1 b rev]s$1 are made 9 ea* box s t ! m\ld+ = ea* side ( ea* gable may be readily cut4 ,on ! octagonal build+ #e & #ab w\ld be us$ 9 lay+ out ! mit]1 ) scrib+ done along ! #e memb] ( ! squ>e4 ,= ! mit] cuts ( ! rake or gable memb]1 special boxes w\ld be/ be con/ruct$4 ,= ! cut ( ! gable memb] :]e x jo9s ! eave m\ld+3 7#a7 ,lay (f across ! top ( ! mit]-box1 "r & left1 ! mit] ( ! plate1 sill1 or corn] ( ! build+4 7#b7 ,d[n ! sides ( ! box lay (f ! slant+ l9es z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ii1 at angles det]m9$ by ! plumb cut ( ! common raft]4 7#c7 ,lay ! m\ld+ 9 ! box z indicat$ by ! cross-section1 ,fig4 #ii1 be+ c>eful to keep ! backs ( ! m\ld+s adju/$ to ! side & bottom ( ! box4 ,a good plan is to drive a nail or two 9 ! bottom ( ! box aga9/ :i* ! m\ld+ may be made to re/1 once ! prop] position is det]m9$ by trial4 ,= ! plumb cut ( ! gable m\ld+1 7#a7 lay (f l9es across ! edges ( ! box z 9 ,fig4 #ajj1 us+ on ! fram+ squ>e ! numb]s :i* give ! plumb cut ( ! common raft]4 ,lay (f a "r & a left cut z %[n4 7#b7 ,squ>e ^! l9es d[n ! sides ( ! box & saw4 7#c7 ,! m\ld+ w be plac$ 9 ! box z %[n 9 ! cross-section view ( ,fig4 #ajj1 especial c>e be+ tak5 to h ! backs ( ! m\ld+s adju/$ to ! back ( ! box4 ,manife/ly1 "o box may conta9 all ^! cuts to advantage in/ead ( hav+ ?ree boxes4 ,^! cuts1 ,figs4 #ii & #ajj1 s]ve 9 cutt+ ! mit]s on ends ( ! gable fascia4 ,a little consid]ation w make cle> ! rema9+ cuts ^u ord9>y cornice "w4 ,9 splic+ m\ld+s1 corn] bo>ds1 etc41 a mit]$ jo9t is be/ & %\ld be made s z to %$ wat] f ! jo9t1 ,fig4 #aja4 #ec4 ,%+l+4--,! reason = plac+ cornice be=e base or w9d[ frames1 etc41 is to all[ ! workm5 to "w inside %\ld inclem5t wea!r ov]take build+ op]ations at any "t4 ,%+l+1 !re=e1 w foll[ cornice "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,splic$ ,com] ,bo>ds & ,m\ld+ ,! am\nt ( %+le to be expos$ to ! wea!r w dep5d 9 g5]al ^u ! pit* ( ! ro(4 ,9 no case %\ld ?is exposure exce$ #e in*es4 ,! %+le mo/ us$ is #af in*es long1 & ea* %+le %\ld lap two c\rses b5ea? x4 ,! usual am\nt ( lay is f #d to #d1 by qu>t]s4 ,:5 ne>+ ! ridge or comb ( a ro( 9 %+l+1 ! dim5sions us$ on ! ma9 body ( ! ro( %\ld be increas$ or decreas$ s z to make ! f9al lay] %[ "u ! comb or ridge or saddle bo>ds prop]ly4 ,! work] %\ld beg9 su* calculations :5 )9 ab\t f\r or five feet ( ! ridge s t *anges ( exposure ( ! diff]5t lay]s may n be noticeable & s t ! l9e ( %+le butts may be kept p>allel ) ! ridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,beg9n+ ,c\rse ,! fir/ lay] ( %+les %\ld be a d\ble "o ) jo9ts prop]ly brok51 & ) ! butts project+ ov] ! cr[n m\ld+ ab\t #a to #b4 ,lay ! %+les at ! gables fir/1 !n at int]vals ( ab\t t5 feet4 ,/ret* a *alk l9e betwe5 ^! fa/5+ x to ! butts by %+le nails driv5 into ! butts1 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,! rema9+ c\rses may be laid by means ( a /raight-edge or by means ( a *alk l9e4 ,bo? practices h ard5t advocates4 ,:]e a /raight-edge is us$1 x is usually a piece ( lap sid+ or clapbo>d1 & is held 9 place by be+ lightly tack$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,%+l+4 ,toe ,hold ,9 us+ ! *alk l9e a man = ea* end is requir$4 ,! l9e is *alk$ & snapp$ = ?ree c\rses at a "t4 ,! me*anic1 aft] a little practice1 is able to keep ! butts ( ! %+les /raight & to sight !m s t !y %all foll[ ! *alk l9e m>k4 ,on long c\rses a ?ird p]son may be utiliz$ 9 *alk+ & 9 lay+ %+les4 ,9 *alk+1 ?is p]son holds ! l9e to ! ro( z sight$ by an end man & ! snapp+ is done on ea* half ( ! l9e4 ,! *alk+ ( a l9e s z to cons]ve ! *alk is "o ( ! tricks ( ! trade :i* mu/ be ma/]$ e>ly4 ,x consi/s 9 rotat+ ! *alk ab\t its hemisph]ical axis :ile be+ work$ backw>d & =w>d along ! l9e1 ! l9e be+ held betwe5 ! *alk & ! ball ( ! ?umb4 ,o!rwise ! l9e w\ld soon sev] ! *alk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,%+l+4 ,toe ,holds ,cut nails %\ld be us$ 9 pref]5ce to wire nails because ( _! great] ru/-resi/+ quality4 ,dry %+les %\ld n be laid tight toge!r1 in* betwe5 is n unusual ) dry %+les4 ,x is be/ to split %+les ov] #aj in*es wide be=e lay+ !m4 ,ea* %+le %\ld h at lea/ two nails1 ! av]age is two nails = e f\r to six in*es ( %+le4 ,scaffold+ = ro( "w1 or toe hold1 is usually con/ruct$ by nail+ %+les to #b #d z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ajc & #ajd4 ,o!r =ms are equally common4 ,app>5tly ! holes left by ! nails us$ to fa/5 ! toe hold to ! ro( w\ld cause a leak 9 ! ro(4 ,to avoid any su* dang]1 ?o su* dang] is slight because ( ! swell+ ( ! wood fib] ^u ! application ( moi/ure1 ! %+les hav+ su* holes are driv5 d[n ! ro( slightly by /rik+ _! surfaces a glanc+ /roke4 #ed4 ,%+l+ ,hips & ,valleys2 ,fla%+2 ,saddle or ,comb ,bo>ds4--,hip & valley %+les are usually saw$ to %ape be=e be+ tak5 to ! ro(1 ! face cut be+ ! same z t us$ across ! face ( ! ro( bo>ds & plan*] memb]s int]sect+ ab\t a corn] ( a hipp$ ro( :]e plan*] lies 9 ! plane ( ! ro(4 ,! cut across ! edge ( su* %+les is made squ>e to ! face4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,%+le ,t9s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,valley ,( ! _m ways ( protect+ ! int]section ( hip %+les :5 9 place ^u a ro(1 ! simple/ is t ( employ+ t9 %+les4 ,su* %+les %\ld be ( suffici5t l5g? to all[ ! corn]s to be turn$ "u z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aje1 & /ill ext5d f> en\gh "u ! next c\rse ( %+les to p]mit ! nails hold+ ! t9s to be cov]$4 ,x is n good practice to nail ?ru ^! t9s aft] ! ro( has be5 cov]$1 t is1 to place ^! t9s aft] ! ro( has be5 %+l$ because ! action ( ! wea!r lifts ! nails :5 expos$ ?us4 ,valleys are cov]$ ) a /rip ( metal to a wid? ( #bj in*es4 ,^u /eep ro(s & %ort valleys ?is wid? may be r$uc$ to #af in*es4 ,space mu/ be left betwe5 ! edges ( valley %+les z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ajf & #ajg4 ,! am\nt w dep5d ^u ! l5g? ( ! valley & ! /eepness ( ! ro(4 ,= a pit* ) a l5g? ( twelve to f\rte5 feet ( valley1 ! space at ! top ( ! valley may well be #a in* to ea* side ( ! valley c5t] l9e1 wid5+ gradually t[>d ! l[] end to #b in*es to ea* side4 ,*alk l9es snapp$ ^u ! t9 or o!r metal =m+ ! valley indicate ! location ( %+le edges4 ,nails 9 valley %+les %\ld be kept well back f ! valley edge ( ! %+les4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,%+l+ ,valley ,fla%+ consi/s 9 plac+ t9 %+les or o!r mat]ial ab\t ! memb]s mak+ up a jo9t s t ! jo9t %all turn wat]4 ,c\nt]fla%+ consi/s 9 plac+ a d\ble lay] ( t9s 9 su* a way z to d\bly insure turn+ wat] f a jo9t4 ,fig4 #ajh is an illu/ration ( fla%+ :]e %+les meet lap sid+4 ,%+le t9s are =c$ "u ! sid+ on "o side & ei!r "u or ov] ! %+les1 sev]al in*es ( lap be+ all[$ all ab\t4 ,fig4 #aji illu/rates a c\nt]fla%$ *imney4 ,a lay] ( t9s is plac$ z 9 fla%+ aga9/ sid+ except _! top edges are n ins]t$4 ,ov] ^! t9s a second lay] is plac$ z %[n1 ! top edges be+ ins]t$ betwe5 ! lay]s ( brick1 ! mort> be+ rak$ out s t ?is c be done4 ,^! turn$ edges are held 9 place by ! ins]tion ( a w$g+ nail or tack1 aft] :i* ! cracks are fill$ ) cem5t1 or bett]1 an ela/ic ro(+ composition4 ,t9s %\ld be c>ri$ high en\gh to prev5t drift$ sn[ f ent]+2 #b or #c in*es at ! n>r[e/ place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,fla%+ ,fig4 #aji4 ,fla%$ & ,c\nt]-fla%$ ,saddle or comb bo>ds are ( v>i\s =ms4 ,!y are us$ to give ! ridge a f9i%$ appe>ance & to turn any wat] :i* might happ5 to /rike !reon2 also to hold ! la/ c\rse ( %+les 9 place4 ,a simple =m is obta9$ by creas+ to ! appropriate angle a /rip ( t9 eight in*es 9 wid?4 ,place ?is on ! ridge & nail its edges at int]vals ( #c or #d in*es4 ,:]e bo>ds are us$1 "o bo>d %\ld ov]lap ! o!r & ext5d a half in* beyond to turn wat] f ! jo9t s made4 ,galvaniz$ ridge rolls may be pur*as$ 9 /ock /yles4 #ee4 ,f9i%+ ,ext]ior ,walls4--,) ! ro( complet$1 side walls are next cov]$ except :]e por*es are to be atta*$4 ,fig4 #aaj illu/rates ! mann] ( con/ruct+ an ext]ior wall hav+ a wat] table & lap sid+1 also ! relation ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( an ext]ior wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj-;b4 ,ext]ior ,wall ,detail ,a belt c\rse is sometimes us$ betwe5 ! fir/ & second /ories ( a build+4 ,su* a c\rse is (t5 con/ruct$ l ! wat] table4 ,l ! wat] table or base1 ?is belt c\rse is furr$ out 9 ord] to ?r[ ! c\rse into great] relief4 ,9 case ?is furr+ is n done1 ! l[] edge ( ! belt bo>d mu/ be rabbet$ to receive ! top edge ( ! sid+4 ,frieze bo>ds1 too1 are frequ5tly furr$ in/ead ( be+ rabbet$4 ,m elaborate belt c\rses are common4 ,build+ pap] %\ld be /ripp$ ab\t ! op5+s = doors & w9d[s be=e ! frames are set1 to insure w>m?2 also ab\t corn] bo>ds & cornice4 ,corn] bo>ds & cas+ edges %\ld be v slightly bevel$ s t ! sid+ may take a slight squeeze z x is plac$4 ,c>e 9 sett+ frames & 9 mak+ cas+ edges true w insure a sav+ ( "t 9 plac+ sid+4 #ef4 ,sett+ ,w9d[ & ,door ,frames4--,two m5 usually "w toge!r 9 sett+ frames1 z 9 fact !y d on mu* o!r c>p5try "w4 ,9 sett+ door frames on out] walls 7#a7 ! r\gh floor1 etc41 mu/ be cut away s t ! top ( ! sill may re/ on a level ) f9i%$ floor :5 t is 9 place4 7#b7 ,:5 ?is is done ! door sill is c>efully level$1 ,fig4 #aaa1 & %+le po9ts ins]t$ "u ! sill :]e ne$$ to give solidity & support4 7#c7 ,! cas+ is giv5 a nail close to ! sill at ea* side ( ! frame & 7#d7 ! sides ( ! jambs1 are plumb$ & ! cas+s f9i% nail$4 ,if ! "w is c>efully done ! frame %\ld be squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,level+ ,door ,sill ,:]e heads ( sev]al w9d[s are a giv5 di/ance f ! floor1 a /iff /ick may be cut ?is l5g? & us$ 9 plac+ w9d[s 9 position = height4 ,! w9d[ sills w be level$ z are door sills2 ! jambs are plumb$1 ,fig4 #aab1 & cas+s nail$ at int]vals ( ab\t a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,plumb+ ,frame ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,us+ ,sid+ ,/ick #eg4 ,sid+4 ,prep>atory to sid+1 a sid+ /ick %\ld be made4 ,su* a /ick is made by plan+ p>allel edges ^u a piece ( ,y in* /ock ab\t #a in* 9 wid?4 ,^u ?is /ick m>ks w be made :i* w indicate ! spac+ ( ! sid+2 ^! m>ks be+ transf]r$ to corn] bo>ds & cas+ edges1 ,fig4 #aac4 ,to lay (f ?is /ick a giv5 space is tak51 wat] table drip cap to ! l[] edge ( a w9d[ sill = example4 7#a7 ,?is space may be transcrib$ ^u ! /ick easie/ by sett+ ! /ick ^u ! drip cap & aga9/ ! cas+ edge1 m>k+ "u ! sill ^u ! /ick4 7#b7 ,?is space is /epp$ (f by means ( a pair ( divid]s set to ! am\nt ( exposure desir$4 ,exposures w run f #d to #d in*es on ord9>y lap or bevel sid+4 7#c7 ,%\ld !re be a rema9d]1 & !re almo/ always is1 ! exposure mu/ be increas$ or decreas$1 :i*ev] is necess>y1 an am\nt suffici5t to give an equal or ev5 numb] ( divisions4 ,9 practice ?is am\nt is f\nd by /epp+ (f z sugge/$ & !n mak+ necess>y adju/m5ts by guess & aga9 /epp+4 ,?is is cont9u$ until ! desir$ result is atta9$4 ,! diff]5ce is ?us divid$ equally ov] ! :ole space in/ead ( ov] ! la/ c\rses z 9 %+l+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,m>k+ ,l5g? ( ,sid+ ,fig4 #aae4 ,us+ ,sid+ ,hook ,9 a simil> mann] a /ick1 or ano!r space ( ! same /ick is laid (f & /epp$ = ! space betwe5 ! bottom ( ! w9d[ sill & ! top ( ! drip cap above ! head cas+ ( ! w9d[1 etc4 ,on long lat]al spaces ?is /ick w be us$ to keep ! l[] edges ( ! bo>ds 9 position betwe5 ! cas+s1 by transf]r+ its m>ks to ! build+ pap]1 /epp+ d[n f "o ( ^! m>ks ) a pair ( divid]s to ! l[] edge ( ! sid+ bo>d be+ plac$4 7#d7 ,a bun* ( sid+ bo>ds %\ld h "o end ( ea* saw$ squ>e across ! face1 b saw$ "u on ! back side slightly s z to insure a fit on ! surface4 7#e7 ,"o end is next fitt$1 ) block plane if necess>y1 aft] :i* 7#f7 ! l5g? is m>k$ by turn+ ! bo>d upside d[n & m>k+ on ! l[] edge ( ! bo>d1 :i* is upp]mo/1 ) a knife1 ,fig4 #aad4 ,ano!r way to m>k l5g? is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #aae4 ,?is tool is call$ a sid+ hook or tool & ?is me?od possesses ! advantage ( c>+ = any lack ( squ>5ess 9 ! frame or trim4 ,9 nail+1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to place ! nail s t x %all pass ?ru bo? bo>ds :]e lapp$4 ,"u w9d[s x w be necess>y to trim (f "p ( ! upp] edges ( ! sid+ bo>ds4 ,saw k]fs at ei!r side ( ! "p to be cut1 & a %>p1 deep knife scor+ along a /raight-edge %\ld be us$ to outl9e ! "p to be remov$4 ,to det]m9e ! am\nt to be remov$1 set ! divid]s to ! am\nt ( spac+ us$ = ! bo>ds 9 ! space "u ! w9d[1 plus ! dep? ( rabbet1 or groove 9 ! "u side ( ! w9d[ sill into :i* ! upp] edge ( ! sid+ bo>d mu/ fit4 ,set (f ?is am\nt on ! sid+ bo>d f ! butt or "u edge at ea* end ( propos$ cut1 & connect ) /raight-edge2 scor+ ) knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,sid+ ,circul> ,t[] ,occasionally ! c>p5t] is call$ ^u to side a circul> t[] or r\nd$ corn] ( a build+4 ,t ! l[] edge ( ea* bo>d may re/ 9 a horizontal plane x w be necess>y to %ape t edge be=e apply+ ! bo>d to ! side ( ! build+4 ,to det]m9e ! am\nt ( curvature to give su* an edge proce$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,plot a curve to repres5t ! plan ( ! t[]1 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,draw ?is ^u a scale suffici5tly l>ge & make use ( accuracy su* z w insure a result equal to ! requirem5ts ( ! occasion4 7#b7 ,draw ! l9e ,a-,b ( indef9ite l5g?4 7#c7 ,place a section ( a clapbo>d 9 ! position x w h on ! %eet+1 z at abc1 ,fig4 #aaf1 & 7#d7 ext5d a l9e along ! face surface to meet ,a-,b4 7#e7 ,) a radius equal to ,b-,c describe an arc ) ,b z a c5t] :i* %all cut ! sid+ bo>d z %[n1 tak+ an equal am\nt (f ! edge at ea* end4 ,occasionally x becomes necess>y to fit a cas+ aga9/ a sid$ wall4 ,?is cas+ is scrib$ z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #aag1 a pair ( %>p divid]s be+ made to foll[ ! cont\r ( ! wall ) "o po9t :ile ! o!r m>ks or scribes ! cas+4 ,a saw w be us$ to cut to ^! l9es1 saw+ "u slightly to insure a fit at ! face4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,scrib+ aga9/ ,irregul> ,surface ,,*apt] ,,vi ,int]ior ,f9i% #eh4 ,la?+2 ,gr\nds4--,la?+ is usually consid]$ a "p ( ! pla/]]'s "w b ! c>p5t] is expect$ to prep>e ! gr\nds & place ! necess>y furr+s4 ,! success ( ! pla/]] dep5ds 9 no small degree ^u ! way ! c>p5t] does ?is "w4 ,if corn]s are n firmly con/ruct$1 cracks w be sure to appe> 9 ! pla/]+4 ,9 la?+1 jo9ts mu/ be brok5 ^u diff]5t /udd+ e doz5 la?1 & jo9ts are n to be all[$ ab\t a door or w9d[ op5+ :]e _! pres5ce w\ld weak5 ! wall2 su* z %ort la? nail$ at "o end only4 ,nei!r are la? to be plac$ at "r angles to ! usual run ( la? on ! wall because unev5 %r9kage w\ld cause ! pla/] to crack4 ,t ! pla/]] may make walls true & ( uni=m ?ickness ab\t door & w9d[ op5+s & along ! floor1 gr\nds are plac$ z 9 ,fig4 #aah4 ,su* gr\nds are ( /ock if #ac_/af #a or #b nail$ firmly to ! /udd+4 ,gr\nds = base %\ld be plac$ s t ! wall may be la!d & pla/]$ entirely to ! floor t cold & v]m9 may be kept out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,pla/] ,gr\nds ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,detail ( ,p>tition ,wall ,= gr\nds on ext]nal corn]s 9 a room1 metallic corn]s especially manufactur$ = ?is purpose are recomm5d$4 ,! beg9n] w be surpris$ at ! numb]less places requir+ att5tion 9 prep>+ = ! pla/]]4 ,he %\ld visualize e corn] & angle z he ?9ks ! pla/]] or la!r mu/ h x4 #ei4 ,int]ior ,walls4--,fig4 #aai illu/rates ! con/ruction ( a corn] ( an int]ior wall :i* is to be recomm5d$ highly = /r5g?4 ,all door /udd+ are to be d\bl$ = /r5g?1 also w9d[ op5+s ( unusual size4 ,int]ior door jambs are n usually plac$ until aft] pla/]+ has be5 done4 ,?re%olds are no long] us$ ) int]ior op5+s :]e bo? rooms are to be heat$4 ,joi/s d\bl$ to support p>titions %\ld be spread suffici5tly to all[ furnace pipes to ent]1 & /ill provide be>+ = p>tition /uds4 ,badly crook$ /uds 9 a p>tition wall may be /raight5$ by saw+ a k]f on ! holl[ side1 almo/ ?ru1 & w$g+ ) a %+le po9t4 ,a cleat nail$ to ! side ( ! /ud aft] w$g+ w give ! orig9al /r5g?4 ,/raight /uds %\ld be select$ = use ab\t op5+s4 ,9 sett+ /uds = int]ior door jambs :]e /uds are to be d\bl$ on ! inside1 add to ! wid? ( door en\gh to make ! out] edges ( ! cas+s c5t] on /uds1 & d\ble inside ^!1 z 9 figur+ op5+s betwe5 /uds = outside door jambs4 ,make all[ance = ! extra ?ickness ( /ud on ea* side4 ,= height ( op5+1 :]e no ?re%old is to be us$1 add #b to ! height ( ! door4 ,rememb] t en\gh m mu/ be cut f v]tical /uds to all[ = ?ickness ( head]4 #fj4 ,/air ,build+2 ,por* ,/eps4--,/air build+ is an art 9 itself & z su* belongs to millwork r ?an to c>p5try4 ,h[ev]1 ! c>p5t] mu/ "k ! pr9ciples ( simple /air lay-out & con/ruction = he is call$ ^u to con/ruct por* /eps1 basem5t & (t5 attic /airs4 ,9 small] communities he may also h to build ! ma9 /air4 ,fig4 #abj illu/rates ?ree common types ( /air4 ,9 plann+ a /air1 ! fir/ requisite is to "k its rise & run1 ,fig4 #aba4 ,! rise 9 ?is case is ! v]tical di/ance measur$ f ! top ( ! fir/ floor to ! top ( ! second floor4 ,! run is ! horizontal span ( ! /air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj-;a-b ,types ( ,/airs ,fig4 #abj-;c ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,rise & ,run ( ,/air ,a good av]age /air = a cottage w h a rise p] /ep ( #g in*es & a run ( tread ( #aj in*es4 ,v>iations w h to be made 9 bo? rise & tread to meet conditions1 b ! /ud5t may take ^! dim5sions z />t+ dim5sions unless o!rwise direct$4 ,/eps %\ld n be ei!r too /eep1 due to excessive rise p] foot1 or sl[ due to extreme wid? ( /ep4 ,an old rule = det]m9+ ! relation ( rise to tread is3 ,twice ! rise plus ! tread %\ld equal #bd4 ,proce$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,lay (f on a /ory pole ! total rise ( ! /air by plac+ ! pole upright 9 ! well hole4 7#b7 ,set a pair ( divid]s to #a & /ep (f ?is di/ance s m>k$4 ,if !re is a rema9d]1 increase or dim9i% ! divid]'s space & aga9 /ep (f ! space4 ,cont9ue ?is until a sett+ is obta9$ :i* gives no rema9d]4 ,! numb] ( ris]s w be f\nd by c\nt+ ! spaces1 & ! rise p] /ep by measur+ "o ( ^! spaces4 7#c7 ,if ! run ( ! /air is n ( exact specification 7"s v>iation is usually possible7 ! run p] /ep or tread may be det]m9$ by ! rule j giv54 ,if a def9ite total run is specifi$ ! tread mu/ be figur$4 7#d7 ,s9ce !re is always "o m ris] ?an tread1 ! run p] /ep is obta9$ by divid+ ! total run 9 in*es by ! numb] ( ris]s less "o4 ,! numb]s ?us obta9$ = rise & run p] /ep are ! ones to be us$ on ! fram+ squ>e 9 lay+ out ! /r+]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,lay+ out ,/r+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,pit* ,bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,economical ,c5t] ,/r+] 7#e7 ,jo9t "o edge ( ea* /r+] /raight & squ>e & place ! fram+ squ>e z 9 ,fig4 #abb & scribe along bo? blade & tongue4 7#f7 ,scribe ! l9e ,a p>allel to ! #i run1 at a di/ance f x equal to ! rise dim9i%$ by ! ?ickness ( ! propos$ tread4 7#g7 ,cont9ue to lay ! squ>e z 9 7#e7 until ! requir$ numb] ( /eps h be5 laid out4 ,a pit* bo>d might h be5 con/ruct$ & made use ( in/ead ( ! fram+ squ>e 9 lay+ out ! /r+]s4 ,?is is no?+ m ?an a piece ( /ock :i* s]ves z a template by :i* to lay out ! rise & run ( ea* /ep1 ,fig4 #abc4 ,a cleat or f5ce nail$ to "o edge aft] ! ?ree edges h be5 plan$ to dim5sions p]mits easy & accurate plac+ ( ! same4 7#h7 ,!re rema9s ! saw+ out4 ,on op5 /r+]s ?is is done by saw+ squ>e across ! bo>d or plank4 ,:]e ! expos$ ends ( ris]s w\ld make a bad appe>ance1 ! cuts 9 ! /r+]s = ris]s are made mit]+ & ! ends ( ! ris]s are mit]$ correspond+ly4 ,9 ei!r case ! end ( ! ris] w be flu% ) ! expos$ side ( ! /r+] or /r+4 ,fig4 #abd illu/rates an economical way ( con/ruct+ a c5t] /r+]1 a #b #d hav+ nail$ to its top edge ! wa/e cut f ! side or wall /r+]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,/r+] = ,attic ,/air #fa4 ,ris]s & ,treads4--,^u ! common /air1 su* z attic & por*1 etc41 treads & ris]s are plac$ z 9 ,fig4 #abj1 be+ nail$ to place1 ris]s fir/ & !n treads4 ,on por* /eps & op5 /r+]s1 ! treads %\ld ov]hang at _! ends an am\nt equal to t giv5 ! front4 ,! cove1 if "o be us$1 %\ld be c>ri$ ar\nd & return$ "u ! end ( ! tread4 ,on enclos$ or semi-enclos$ /r+]s1 a comb9ation ( /r+] & wall bo>d is commonly us$4 ,fig4 #abe illu/rates a type ( con/ruction (t5 us$ ^u attic /airs4 ,9 ?is ! side /r+]s are fram$ ( #a /ock & !n nail$ to ! wall bo>d ( simil> ?ickness4 ,su* con/ruction is n suit$ = fir/ floor /air "w :]e ! effects ( %r9kage w\ld %[ to great] disadvantage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,ma9 ,/air ,detail ,fig4 #abf illu/rates ! mann] ( fram+ a mod]n /air suitable = a fir/ floor :]e ! be/ type ( con/ruction is dem&$4 ,z a rule1 su* /air "w w be done at a mill & ! /air br\ght to ! build+ knock-d[n4 ,! c>p5t] w h fram$ ! r\gh /r+]s :i* are to support ! ceil+ bel[ ! /air1 & plac$ !m s t !y may be us$ z a tempor>y /air = ! workm54 ,if ! /airway is an op5 "o or semi-op51 ! pla/]+ "u ^! /r+]s w h be5 plac$1 ! /air be+ put toge!r on ! floor & !n rais$ to its place4 ,if ! well-hole is su* t ! /air mu/ be assembl$ :ile ! /r+s or wall bo>ds are 9 place1 ! la? & pla/] mu/ be left (f ! r\gh /r+]s until aft] ! /air has be5 assembl$ & ! w$ges glu$ & driv5 9 place z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,r\gh /r+]s mu/ be plac$ f> en\gh f ! sides ( ! well-hole s t ! wall bo>d may settle 9 place & t ! w$ges may be easily plac$1 usually ab\t #d or #e f ! wall w be suffici5t4 #fb4 ,por*es4--,fig4 #abg illu/rates ! mann] ( fram+ ! floor ( a por*4 ,su* framework %\ld be giv5 a pit* d[nw>d away f ! h\se ( ab\t #a 9 #aj' t ! wat] may be dra9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,detail ( ,por* ,fram+ ,fig4 #abh illu/rates ! mann] ( plac+ wat] table & floor+1 etc4 ,wat] table is fir/ plac$1 ! corn]s be+ mit]$ & ! :ole furr$ out f ! frame ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* to all[ any dampness to escape4 ,por* floors %\ld h _! jo9ts pa9t$ ) lead j be=e be+ laid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,detail ( ,por* ,f9i% ,po/s & balu/]s are usually plac$ aft] ! por* ro( has be5 plac$1 ! upp] frame be+ tempor>ily support$ by /uds4 ,9 ,fig4 #abg is also %[n ! mann] ( fram+ ! be>+ joi/s1 ceil+ joi/s & raft]s = a hip ro(4 ,! v>i\s cuts are obta9$ 9 ! same mann] z are simil> cuts on ! ma9 ro(4 ,por* ro(s are seldom giv5 z mu* pit* z ! ma9 ro(4 ,!y d n ne$ z mu* & mu/1 usually1 be kept bel[ ! w9d[ sill l9e ( ! second /ory4 ,fig4 #abh also illu/rates a common type ( trim = por* cornice4 ,:]e support+ plates are long1 a flit* plate gird] is =m$ ( !m by ! ins]tion betwe5 !m ( a /iff plate ( /ructural /eel ( suitable l5g? & wid?4 #fc4 ,int]ior ,f9i%4--,a "p ( ! c>p5t]'s duty is ! plac+ ( all int]ior f9i%1 su* z base bo>ds1 door jambs1 etc4 ,=m]ly ! c>p5t] made1 or got out 8 trim by h& b today he f9ds x mu* pleasant] & *eap] to buy ! ma*9e-made product ( ! mill4 ,ev5 door & w9d[ frames are usually pur*as$ f ! mill1 ei!r assembl$ or knock-d[n4 #fd4 ,sett+ ,door ,jambs4--,if ! /uds ab\t int]ior door op5+s h be5 c>efully select$ = /raightness & prop]ly set or plumb$1 ! sett+ ( ! door jamb %\ld be an easy matt]1 ,if ?is "w has n be5 prop]ly done1 consid]able +5uity w be requir$ (t5times to get ! frame set s t its edges are out ( w9d & ! frame plumb4 ,if a jamb %\ld n be set plumb & out ( w9d1 ! op]ation ( mak+ a door fit its /ops prop]ly is a mo/ try+ "o & ! result usually unsatisfactory4 ,too mu* emphasis _c be plac$ ^u ! necessity = prop] plac+ ( /uds & jambs4 7#a7 ,saw (f ! head lugs j en\gh to all[ ! frame to be plac$ 9 ! op5+4 7#b7 ,cut a spac+ /ick ( a l5g? suffici5t to rea* f ! floor to ! "u surface ( ! head jamb :5 t memb] is 9 its prop] place4 7#c7 ,place ! head jamb at "o ( its ends ^u ?is /ick & tack ! jamb to ! /ud lightly4 7#d7 ,level ! head jamb & lightly tack ! second jamb1 ins]t+ w$g+ blocks or %+le po9ts betwe5 ! jamb & /ud4 ,a spread /ick cut to hold ! jambs ap>t prop]ly at ! base is desirable4 7#e7 ,lay a piece ( f9i% floor aga9/ ! face ( ea* jamb & scribe along ! top ( ?is to indicate :]e ! jambs mu/ be cut (f to fit ! f9i% floor :5 x is plac$4 ,x is tak5 = grant$ t ! f9i% floor is to be laid la/4 ,if a f9i% floor is n to be us$1 or if x is to be plac$ be=e ! wall trim1 ! head jamb w be level$ b n locat$ z to height1 ! divid]s be+ us$ to scribe ! feet1 be+ set s t ! prop] am\nt w be cut (f to all[ ! jamb to re/ at ! "r height :5 cut to ! scrib$ l9es4 7#f7 ,remove ! jamb & saw to ! scrib$ l9es4 7#g7 ,replace ! frame & tack x at "o side aft] plumb+ x bo? on its face side & face edge4 ,see t ! jamb is at ! "r height by ins]t+ ! blocks ( floor+ us$ 9 scrib+ to l5g?4 7#h7 ,tack ! second side-jamb close to ! head4 7#i7 ,sight across ! edges ( ^! jambs & adju/ ! loose jamb until ! frame is out ( w9d4 ,plumb its face1 block+ ! back4 ,%+les plac$ po9t to po9t provide easy block+ :]e ! space is n too l>ge4 ,a /raight-edge plac$ aga9/ ! face ( a jamb w indicate :e!r x has be5 sprung 9 ! block+ or w$g+ betwe5 jamb & /ud4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,sett+ ,divid]s at ,meet+ ,rails ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,scrib+ ,bottom ( ,l[] ,sa% #fe4 ,fitt+ ,w9d[ ,sa%4--,sa% are (t5 fitt$ be=e ! h\se is pla/]$ & be=e ! sa% are glaz$4 7#a7 ,jo9t ! top & sides ( ! top sa%1 *amf]+ ! arrises v slightly by a /roke or two ) ! plane4 7#b7 ,cut & fit ! meet+ rails ab\t ! p>t+ /ops rememb]+ to leave a little play1 t successive coats ( pa9t on ! /ops may n cause b9d+1 #a_/af on ea* side is n too mu*4 7#c7 ,jo9t ! edges ( ! l[] sa%4 7#d7 ,s9ce ! bottom rail has n be5 bevel$1 only ! lugs saw$ (f1 ! meet+ rails w appe> ) ref]5ce to "o ano!r z 9 ,fig4 #abi4 ,set a pair ( divid]s to a di/ance equal to t betwe5 ! tops ( ! meet+ rails4 ,?is c be done by plac+ ! divid]s betwe5 ! meet+ rails4 7#e7 ,scribe ! bottom rail z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #acj4 ,if ! sa% has be5 glaz$ s t ! out] face ( ! bottom rail is n accessible f ! inside1 ! scrib+ is to be done on ! inside ( ! bottom rail & a ,t-bevel set to ! slope ( ! sill & ?is us$ to transf] ! angle to ! edges ( ! sa%4 ,be=e scrib+ ! bottom rail1 see t ! meet+ rails are ap>t a uni=m di/ance across ! sa%4 7#f7 ,saw & !n plane to ! scrib$ l9e4 ,:]e sa% weights are to be us$1 !y are easie/ plac$ be=e la?+4 ,! prop] ty+ ( a sa% cord s t x %all n "w loose ) "t is a matt] = c>eful in/ruction by ! tea*]4 ,no good c>p5t] w h 8 sa% cords com+ unti$4 ,! cord c be cut ! e/imat$ l5g? aft] ! weight has be5 atta*$1 & a knot or loop ti$ 9 ! free end s t ! cord %all n slip ?ru ! pulley4 ,9 case weights are n plac$ be=e ! la? & pla/]1 x w be necess>y to make use ( a duck to draw ! end ( ! sa% cord up ?ru ! remov$ pocket cov] ( ! jamb4 ,?is duck is usually a piece ( lead beat5 ab\t "o end ( a piece ( /\t %ort cord4 ,?is lead weight is l[]$ ?ru ! pulley by means ( a long] cord1 ! end ( ! sa% cord is !n fa/5$ to ! long] cord1 aft] remov+ ! duck1 & !n drawn up & ?ru ! pulley4 ,to det]m9e ! l5g? ( sa% cord1 draw ! sa% weight to ! top ( ! jamb &1 sett+ a sa% ^u ! sill1 m>k & cut ! cord ab\t f\r or five in*es bel[ ! op5+ 9 ! edge ( ! sa% 9 :i* ! knott$ end ( ! cord is to re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,us+ ,block to ,locate ,door ,/op ,position on ,jamb #ff4 ,plac+ ,door1 ,w9d[1 & o!r ,trim4--,9 ,fig4 #aaj-;a is %[n "o ( ! _m /yles ( cas+ 9 common use4 ,base blocks & cas+ /ock are prep>$ at ! mill & ! c>p5t] has b to cut ^! to ! prop] l5g?s & fit & atta* !m4 7#a7 ,! base block is fir/ plac$1 ?o "s workm5 pref] to fit ! base fir/1 cutt+ x to a l5g? su* z w all[ ! prop] plac+ ( ! block aft] ! base is nail$ 9 position4 ,:]e ! f9i% floor is laid la/1 ?is block w be scrib$ at its bottom by means ( a piece ( floor+1 o!rwise ! divid]s w\ld be us$4 7#b7 ,aft] ! blocks are plac$ ! cas+s are cut to l5g? & nail$4 7#c7 ,! head memb] is next made up & plac$4 ,x is cu/om>y = all door & w9d[ heads1 :]e built up1 to be con/ruct$ at "o "t4 ,x %\ld be not$ t door cas+s are n plac$ flu% ) ! face ( ! jamb4 ,!y %\ld be kept back ab\t #e_/af4 ,?is is to all[ ! easy plac+ ( h+es & also = appe>ance' sake4 ,9 all cas+ "w ! exp$i5t ( saw+ "u at ! back %\ld be supplem5t$ by ! use ( ! block plane1 :]e necess>y1 t tight jo9ts may result4 ,w9d[ /ool /ock1 l t ( cas+s1 is prep>$ at a mill & ne$s only to be cut to l5g? & h ! ends return$ to mat* ! face edge4 7#a7 ,l[] ! sa%1 !n fit ! /ool to ?is all[+ en\gh play t subsequ5t pa9t or v>ni% may n cause ! /ool to b9d ! l[] rail ( ! sa%4 7#b7 ,place & nail ! apron4 7#c7 ,cut & place ! side cas+s4 ,note t side cas+s are plac$ flu% ) ! face ( ! jambs4 ,! crack s =m$ is conceal$ :5 ! /op bead is plac$4 7#d7 ,place ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,door ,p>ts ,base bo>ds & base m\ld may n[ be plac$4 ,blocks ( a ?ickness ( ! f9i% floor plac$ along ! wall at frequ5t int]vals w s]ve to locate ! position ( ! base above ! r\gh floor1 :5 ! f9i% floor is to be laid aft]w>d4 ,int]nal corn]s ( base m\ld & picture m\ld1 :5 ( irregul> face1 %\ld be cop$4 ,ext]nal corn]s %\ld h mit]$ jo9ts4 ,%oe m\ld w be plac$ aft] ! f9i% floor is laid4 ,/op beads may next be plac$ 9 ! w9d[s & 9 su* doors z are n rabbet$4 ,head /ops are plac$ fir/ & ! side /ops !n cop$ to ^!4 ,a block ( a wid? equal to ! ?ickness ( ! door w be an aid 9 plac+ /ops easily1 ,fig4 #aca4 ,w9d[ /ops %\ld be s plac$ t ! l[] sa% may move freely z x is rais$4 #fg4 ,hang+ ,doors4--,9 ! fitt+ ( l>ge doors1 su* z 9 dwell+s1 all[ance mu/ be made = subsequ5t coats ( v>ni% or pa9t1 usually a scant #a_/af is all[$ at top & ea* side ( a door4 ,! bottom ( a door is (t5 n t\*$1 except to saw away ! lugs ( ! /iles1 until aft] ! door is hung4 ,! door is h+$1 !n clos$ & ! bottom scrib$ to ! floor s z to all[ ! door to sw+ ov] rugs or c>pet freely4 ,:]e a ?re%old is to be us$1 ! door is scrib$ to fit ! ?ickness ( ! propos$ ?re%old4 %\ld be all[$ at ! bottom ( ! door = play4 ,if a door has a /ile ) a b[ 9 its face1 x %\ld be turn$ s t ! b[ is next ! /op ( ! lock side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,measur+ ,op5+ #fh4 ,fitt+ a ,door4--,! names ( ! p>ts ( a door & _! relative positions are indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #acb4 7#a7 ,m>k ) a try-squ>e & saw (f ! lugs1 ! p>ts ( ! /iles :i* project beyond ! rails4 7#b7 ,plane an edge ( ! door until x fits ! side ( ! frame aga9/ :i* x is to be hung4 ,if ! frame is /raight1 ?is edge may be plan$ /raight4 ,x is n wise to take = grant$ ! squ>5ess or /raightness ( a frame4 ,a te/ or s]ies ( te/s may fir/ be made ) squ>e & /raight-edge4 ,a me*anic1 h[ev]1 usually planes an edge until x fits ! frame1 te/+ by hold+ ! door aga9/ ! frame z ne> to its position z its size w all[4 7#c7 ,measure ! wid? ( ! frame at its top & bottom1 ,fig4 #acc1 & transf] ^! dim5sions to ! top & bottom ( ! door1 ,fig4 #acd4 ,:5 approa*+ ! l9e1 9 plan+1 place ! door aga9/ ! frame (t5 en\gh to see :]e ! all[ances mu/ be made = irregul>ities 9 ! frame4 7#d7 ,plane ! top edge ( ! door until x fits ! frame prop]ly :5 ! fir/ plan$ edge is 9 position4 7#e7 ,! l5g? ( ! door w be det]m9$ by scrib+ x to ! floor aft] be+ h+$4 ,! edge ( ! door :i* is to sw+ free is usually plan$ slightly l[] at ! back arris ?an at ! front4 ,an exam9ation ( ! movem5t ( an ord9>y h\se door w %[ ! reason = ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,lay+ (f ,wid? #fi4 ,h++ a ,door4--,! h+es mo/ commonly us$ 9 c>p5try are ! k9d kn[n z butts4 ,:]e ! door /&s 9 a v]tical position1 h+es 9 :i* ! two p>ts are jo9$ by a loose p9 are g5]ally us$4 ,by remov+ ! p9s ! door may be remov$ )\t tak+ ! screws out ( ! h+e4 ,su* h+es are m easily appli$ ?an ^? ) ! fix$ p94 7#a7 ,place ! door 9 position2 keep x tight aga9/ ! top & ! h+e side ( ! frame4 7#b7 ,measure f top & bottom ( ! door to locate ! position = ! top ( ! high] h+e & ! bottom ( ! l[] h+e4 ,usually1 ! l[] h+e is plac$ some:at f>!r f ! bottom ?an ! high] h+e is f ! top4 7#c7 ,) ! knife or *isel m>k on bo? door & frame at ! po9ts j locat$1 ,fig4 #ace4 7#d7 ,take out ! door1 place ! h+e z 9 ,fig4 #acf1 & m>k along ! ends ) a knife4 ,9 a simil> mann] m>k ! frame4 ,make c]ta9 t ! op5+s on door & on frame are laid (f s z to correspond be=e proce$+ fur!r1 7#e7 ,set ! gage = ! dep? ! h+e is to be sunk ,fig4 #acg & gage bo? door & frame4 7#f7 ,set ano!r gage = wid? ( op5+s1 ,fig4 #ach1 & gage bo? door & frame1 keep+ ! head ( ! gage aga9/ ! front ( ! door4 7#g7 ,*isel out ^! ga9s on door & frame1 ,fig4 #aci4 7#h7 ,if loose-p9 butts are us$1 sep>ate ! p>ts & fa/5 !m 9 place4 ,use a spiral drill to make op5+s = ! screws4 ,to insure ! h+es' pull+ tight aga9/ ! side ( ! ga9 make ! holes j a little ne>] ! back side ( ! screw hole ( ! h+e ,put ! door 9 place & ins]t ! p9s4 ,x is a good me*anic :o c make a door hang prop]ly ! fir/ "t x is put up4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to ins]t b "o or two screws 9 ea* "p ( a h+e until ! door has be5 tri$4 7#i7 ,if ! door hangs away f ! frame on ! h+e side1 take x (f2 take (f h+e on door or frame1 or bo? if ! crack is l>ge2 *isel ! ga9 deep] at its front4 ,by *isel+ at ! front only & fea!r+ ! cut t[>d ! back1 ! ga9 ne$s to be cut b ab\t "o-half z deep z if ! :ole h+e 7 sunk4 ,if ! door %\ld fail to %ut because ! h+e edge /rikes ! frame to soon1 ! screws ( ! (f5d+ h+e mu/ be loos5$ & a piece ( heavy pap] or c>dbo>d ins]t$ along ! entire edge ( ! ga94 ,fa/5 ! screws & cut (f ! surplus pap] ) a knife4 ,if pla9 butt h+es are us$ ! op]ations are simil> to ^? j describ$ except t ! :ole h+e mu/ be fa/5$ to ! door & ! door held 9 place :ile fa/5+ ! h+es to ! frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,locat+ ,h+e ,position ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,knif+ ,h+e ,location #gj4 ,fitt+ ,locks4--,two types ( lock are 9 common use ^u dwell+ doors1 ! rim & ! mortise lock4 ,! rim lock1 ,fig4 #adj1 is us$ ^u *eap con/ruction & is atta*$ to ! out] surface ( ! door4 ,! mortise lock is us$ ^u ! bett] class ( "w2 ! box is h\s$ into a mortise & ! selvage into a ga9 cut into ! edge ( ! door /ile4 ,door locks are made s t ! bolts may be rev]s$ to fit ei!r "r or left h& doors4 ,?is is accompli%$ by remov+ a screw 9 ! side ( ! box & c>efully lift+ ! bolt1 replac+ x 9 rev]s$ position4 ,a "r h& door is "o :i* sw+s to ! "r :5 pu%$ op54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,sett+ ,gage = ,dep? ( ,ga9 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,sett+ gage = ,wid? ( ,ga9 ,to atta* a rim lock3 7#a7 ,place ! lock aga9/ ! side ( ! door & m>k ?ru ! key hole & knob sp9dle hole ) a %>p awl or divid] po9t4 7#b7 ,remove ! lock & bore appropriate siz$ holes4 7#c7 ,fa/5 ! lock & place ! escut*eons1 knob sp9dle & knobs4 7#d7 ,locate & atta* ! /rike or lat* plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,ga9 ,ready = ,h+e ,to place a mortise lock1 ,fig4 #ada3 7#a7 ,9 a mann] simil> to t us$ 9 plac+ ! rim lock1 locate ! knob sp9dle & key holes4 ,a m accurate result is obta9$ if ! knob sp9dle hole is locat$ by f\r po9ts1 "o at ea* corn] ( ! squ>e1 ,fig4 #adb4 ,9 plac+ ! lock1 keep ! selvage back f ! edge ( ! door a scant #a_/af s t ! selvage may be sunk bel[ ! edge ( ! door by t am\nt :5 mortis$ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,rim ,lock ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,mortise ,lock ,?is w p]mit ! door to be trimm$ )\t ! removal ( ! lock 9 case ! door %\ld swell aft] be+ fitt$ & lock$4 7#b7 ,bore ! holes = knob sp9dle & key4 7#c7 ,locate a c5t] l9e on ! edge ( ! /ile & bore = ! mortise :i* %all receive ! box ( ! lock4 7#d7 ,place ! box & !n m>k ab\t ! protrud+ selvage us+ a %>p knife1 ,fig4 #adc4 7#e7 ,remove ! lock & ga9 9 ! selvage1 ,fig4 #add4 7#f7 ,fa/5 ! lock by means ( ! screws ?ru ! selvage & atta* ! escut*eons1 knob sp9dle & knobs4 7#g7 ,close ! door & m>k ! v]tical position ( ! lat* ^u ! jamb4 7#h7 ,op5 ! door & place ! lat* or /rike plate1 locat+ its v]tical position by means ( ! knife m>ks j made ^u ! jamb1 & its horizontal position by a measurem5t tak5 f ! lat* to ! face ( ! door2 transf] to ! jamb by rule or gage4 7#i7 ,scribe ab\t ! plate & !n ga9 x into ! jamb4 ,on a door ) a rabbet$ jamb in/ead ( an adju/able /op1 ! ess5tial measurem5t w be f ! back arris ( ! /ile to ! front ( ! lat*4 7#aj7 ,atta* ! plate1 !n *isel out ! op5+s = lat* & bolt4 ,equally common is ! practice ( tak+ /ep 7#c7 fir/1 ) /eps 7#a7 & 7#b7 tak5 aft] /ep 7#e74 #ga4 ,lay+ & ,scrap+ ,floors4--,qu>t]-saw$ /ock makes ! be/ we>+ floor4 ,h[ev]1 oak we>s well 9 ei!r pla9 or qu>t]-saw$ =ms4 ,all h>d wood f9i% floors are mill$ ) tongues & grooves on edges & ends4 ,holes = nail+ are usually drill$ at ! mill also4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,locat+ ,knob ,sp9dle ,hole ,9 lay+ a f9i% floor1 x is n advisable to lay x ) its l5g?s ext5d+ 9 ! same direction z ^? ( ! r\gh floor4 ,! %r9kage ( ! wide bo>ds ( ! "u floor w op5 unseemly cracks 9 ! f9i% floor4 ,:]e x is necess>y to run l5g?s = bo? floors 9 ! same direction ! f9i% floor %\ld be sep>at$ f ! r\gh floor by ?9 furr+1 su* z la?1 plac$ #af ap>t4 ,r\gh floors laid diagonally ov]come ?is difficulty4 ,pap] is usually plac$ betwe5 ! two floors4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 />t+ a floor to select /raight bo>ds4 ,:]e grooves fail to fit tongues ( bo>ds t are laid1 a piece ( #b #d ab\t #c' or #d' long %\ld be us$ z a p\nd+ block t ! tongue ( ! bo>d be+ laid may n be batt]$1 ! mo/ common cause ( tr\ble 9 floor lay+4 ,nails are driv5 toe+ ?ru ! bo>d j above ! tongue t ! heads may be conceal$ & also to bett] draw ! bo>d 9 position4 ,hamm] m>ks %[+ ^u ! face ( a floor indicate c>elessness4 ,x is n necess>y t nails %\ld always /rike joi/s1 = a good r\gh floor w hold su* nails ) suffici5t firmness4 ,:]e nails mu/ be driv5 into h>d maple1 a hole mu/ be drill$ fir/4 ,on ! great majority ( h>d woods ! dipp+ ( ! po9t ( ! nail 9 soap or oil w cause x to ent] ! wood ) c>eful driv+1 )\t ! drill+ ( a hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,locat+ ,selvage ,ga9 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,ready = ! ,lock ,aft] a h>dwood floor has be5 laid x %\ld be scrap$4 ,scrap+ floors is a t$i\s task at be/4 ,electrically driv5 ma*9es n[ relieve ! c>p5t] ( mu* ( ?is "w1 ! floors be+ laid & f9i%$ by a speciali/ 9 floor "w4 ,! %oe m\ld is plac$ la/1 be+ nail$ to ! floor1 s t any %r9kage ( ! joi/s w cause ! m\ld to drop ) ! floor4 ,base bo>d & %oe m\ld %\ld be /a9$1 b n v>ni%$1 be=e ! m\ld is plac$4 ,on acc\nt ( wa/e 9 tongu+ & groov+ & /raight5+ floor+ /ock1 an all[ance ( f to extra is necess>y 9 e/imat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,detail ( ,door ,frame #gb4 ,door & ,w9d[ ,frames4--,l o!r c>p5try detail1 w9d[ & door frames may be con/ruct$ 9 any "o ( a numb] ( /yles4 ,fig4 #ade illu/rates a satisfactory type ( door frame = cottage use4 ,! sill w be giv5 a pit* or fall ( #a 9 #ab & w h its ends h\s$ into ! jambs4 ,! jambs w be assembl$ fir/1 be+ nail$ toge!r4 ,next1 ! side cas+s are fitt$ at _! l[] ends1 cut to l5g? & nail$4 ,frequ5tly !y are nail$ & !n cut to l5g?4 ,! head cas+ ) its cap is next plac$4 ,fig4 #adf illu/rates a common type ( cottage w9d[ frame4 ,! me?od ( proc$ure is n unlike t describ$ = ! door frame4 ,! sill w be groov$ on its "u side to receive ! top edge ( ! sid+ bo>d & giv5 a fall ( #a 9 #aj4 ,jambs mu/ be groov$ to receive a p>t+ /op z %[n4 ,:]e weights are to be us$ ea* jamb mu/ h a pocket z detail$4 ,! /ock saw$ out ( ! jamb may be made use ( = pocket cov] /ock by prop] manipulation4 ,pulleys may be plac$ be=e ! jambs are assembl$1 at lea/ ! holes = !m %\ld be prep>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,detail ( ,w9d[ ,frame ,!re are a numb] ( tricks ( ! trade 9 frame mak+4 ,_! pres5tation mu/ be left to ! in/ructor1 = ! mak+ ( frames belongs to millwork & space c be sp>$ "h = g5]al directions only4 #gc4 ,woodwork 9 ,masonry ,/ructures4--,wood fram+ 9 brick & o!r masonry build+s is b slightly diff]5t f t :olly 9 wood4 ,fig4 #adg illu/rates ! mann] ( fram+ ! ends ( joi/s :i* re/ 9 solid masonry walls4 ,! ends are %ap$ z indicat$ s t1 9 case ( fire1 ! floors 9 fall+ w n pull ov] ! walls1 b w fall free4 ,an*ors are us$ to tie ! build+ toge!r1 & ^! are to be plac$ ne> ! l[] edge ( ! joi/s s t !y may split out ( ! joi/s easily or all[ ! floor to drop free1 9 case ( a fall+ ( ! floor & joi/s4 ,a popul> type ( con/ruction is t kn[n z brick v5e]1 ,fig4 #adh4 ,x consi/s ( an ord9>y fram$ h\se ) a cov]+ ( brick z %[n4 ,^! bricks are fa/5$ to ! wall by metallic bonds4 ,f ! outside1 ! build+ has all ( ! appe>ance ( solid brick1 :ile x is claim$ t a wall s =m$ is w>m] ?an "o ( solid brick4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg-;a ,fig4 #adg-;b ,joi/ ,fram$ into ,brick ,wall ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,brick ,v5e] ,ov] op5+s 9 brick walls1 l9tels are requir$ to support ! ar*1 ,fig4 #aej4 ,fig4 #adi %[s ! mann] ( fram+ a w9d[ op5+ = a brick wall4 ,fig4 #aea illu/rates ! mann] ( atta*+ a plate to a brick wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,w9d[ ,detail = ,brick ,wall ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,l9tels ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,atta*+ ,plate to ,brick ,wall ,,*apt] ,,vii ,e/imat+ #gd4 ,me?ods ( ,e/imat+4--,build+ co/s may be divid$ into two ma9 divisions1 co/ ( mat]ial & co/ ( labor4 ,!re is b "o s-call$ safe way to figure or e/imate ! co/ ( any p>ticul> piece ( c>p5try "w4 ,?is consi/s 9 tak+ (f ! mat]ial quantities 9 detail & to ?is add+ ! labor co/ ( plac+ ! same4 ,?is is ! me?od 9 common use by contractors 9 mak+ a f9al e/imate4 ,:]e a r\gh or work+ e/imate is requir$1 su* z an ar*itect's e/imate ( ! probable co/ ( a build+ plann$ by him1 two me?ods may be us$4 ,"o consi/s 9 figur+ ! cubical cont5ts 9 feet & multiply+ a pr$et]m9$1 or unit price p] cubic foot = t type ( h\se4 ,ord9>ily1 ! ma9 frame is figur$1 c\nt+ f ! basem5t floor to ! top ( ! attic walls t are1 or may be f9i%$--outside measurem5ts4 ,por*es & op5 spaces are n figur$4 ,a second me?od consi/s 9 e/imat+ ! numb] ( squ>es 7#ajj sq4 ft47 ( side wall1 ( p>titions1 ( floors1 etc41 & multiply+ a pr$et]m9$ price p] squ>e = a simil> type ( build+4 ,?is latt] me?od is m accurate ?an ! cubic-foot unit me?od4 #ge4 ,table = ,e/imat+ by ,cubic-,foot ,unit4--,! foll[+ table ( unit prices w give a r\gh work+ e/imate = v>i\s types ( build+ diff]5tiat$ aft] ! cu/om ( insurance adju/]s4 ,! prices are = #aiae & to be ( any value mu/ be comp>$ ) kn[n co/s ( simil> /ructures 9 ! community 9 :i* !y are to be us$4 ,any evid5t v>iations 9 unit co/s s discov]$ %\ld be not$ & corrections made4 ,,cubic-,,foot ,,unit ,,e/imate ,,c\ntry ,,prop]ty ,,p] ,,cubic ,,foot ,frame dwell+1 small box h\se1 no cornice #e;c ,frame dwell+1 %+le ro(1 small cornice1 no sa% weights1 pla9 #f- #g;c ,brick dwell+1 same class #h-aj;c ,frame dwell+1 %+le ro(1 good cornice1 sa% weights1 bl9ds 7good h\se7 #h-aj;c ,brick dwell+1 same class #aa-ab;c ,frame b>n1 %+le ro(1 n pa9t$1 pla9 f9i% #b- #c;c ,frame b>n1 %+le ro(1 pa9t$1 good f\ndation #c - #d;c ,frame /ore1 %+le ro(1 pa9t$1 pla9 f9i% #f- #h;c ,brick /ore1 %+le ro(1 pa9t$1 good cornice1 well f9i%$ #h-aa;c ,frame *ur* or s*ool h\se1 ord9>y #f- #h;c ,brick *ur* or s*ool h\se1 ord9>y #aj -#ab;c ,if slate or metal ro(1 add c p] cubic foot4 ,,city ,,prop]ty ,frame dwell+1 %+le ro(1 p9e floors & f9i%1 no ba? or furnace1 pla9 f9i% 7good h\se7 8- #h;c ,brick dwell+1 same class #aj -#aa;c ,frame dwell+1 %+le ro(1 h>dwood floors 9 hall & p>lor1 ba?1 furnace1 fair plumb+ #aj -#aa;c ,brick dwell+ same class #aj -#ab;c ,frame dwell+1 %+le ro(1 h>dwood 9 fir/ floor1 good plumb+1 furnace1 arti/ic design1 "s int]ior ornam5tation1 well pa9t$ #ab-ae;c ,brick dwell+1 good plumb+1 ba?1 furnace1 p9e f9i%1 well pa9t$ #ac-ah;c #gf4 ,grad+ ,rules4--,!re is no uni=mity z to grades ( lumb]4 ,fifte5 or m associations h rules = inspection4 & classification ( lumb] & ^! rules v>y ) ! association & f ye> to ye> 9 ! same association4 ,! foll[+ rules tak5 f a catalogue ( a middle we/ lumb] conc]n w be f\nd helpful3 ,yell[ ,p9e ,dim5sion1 ,/udd+1 ,joi/s & ,timb]s ,no4 #a ,common4--,! be/ grade & ! "o recomm5d$ = use on fir/ class jobs4 ,no4 #b ,common4--,dim5sion up to #bj feet long only c be obta9$ 9 ?is grade4 ,timb]s are n manufactur$ 9 ,no4 #b4 ,?is /ock w %[ defects n f\nd 9 ,no4 #a grade1 & "s pieces are n entirely /raight4 ,x is a s\nd1 s]viceable grade1 b n recomm5d$ = fir/ class "w4 ,yell[ ,p9e ,bo>ds1 ,%ea?+1 ,%iplap1 & ,f5c+ ,no4 #a ,common4--,?is grade is n cle>1 b is /rictly s\nd & uni=m 9 ?ickness & wid?4 ,x is us$ on ! be/ classes ( "w1 = b>n bo>ds1 & :]ev] expos$ to we> & wea!r4 ,no4 #b ,common4--,?is grade is s\nd b conta9s m s\nd knots ?an ,no4 #a & is some:at co>s]4 ,x is mo/ly us$ on fir/ class jobs = sub or r\gh floors1 & = %ea?+ "u sid+4 ,x c be us$ = outside "w1 b is n recomm5d$ = ?is purpose except ^u *eap build+s4 ,no4 #h ,common4 ,a fairly good l[] grade :i* w "w up nicely b ) "s wa/e due to cutt+ out defects4 ,runs unev5 9 quality4 ,makes a fair subfloor or %ea?+4 ,yell[ ,p9e ,floor+1 ,ceil+1 ,p>tition1 & ,drop ,sid+ ,cle> ,grade4--,! be/ grade manufactur$4 ,practically free f defects & ! grade us$ ^u fir/ class jobs4 ,is /rong1 s\nd1 & w lay )\t wa/e due to cutt+ out ( imp]fections4 ,%\ld be us$ :5 a natural f9i% is desir$4 ,no4 #a ,common4 ,?is grade w conta9 small1 s\nd knots1 sap /a9s1 pit* or pit* pockets4 ,x is s\nd & durable1 & a good grade = ord9>y "w or :]ev] cov]$ ) pa9t4 ,no4 #b ,common4 ,co>s] ?an ,no4 #a grade2 w lay up ) little wa/e4 ,is s\nd1 & floor+ ( ?is grade is (t5 us$ = %ea?+ or sub floor+ :]e a w>m1 tight job is desir$4 ,c also be us$ on *eap pa9t$ jobs4 ,fir ,bo>ds1 ,timb]s1 ,drop ,sid+1 ,ceil+ & ,floor+ ,select ,no4 #a ,b>n ,bo>ds4--,?is grade is especially select$ & is bett] ?an ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #a ,timb]s4--,good s\nd /raight /ock1 to be us$ = sills & po/s subject$ to moi/ure4 ,cle> ,ceil+4--,free f defects4 ,good = cornice "w & por* ceil+s4 ,edge ,gra9 ,floor+1 ,cle> ,grade4--,especially suit$ to por* floors z x we>s well & resi/s effects ( moi/ure4 ,cle> ,drop ,sid+4--,conta9s no sap1 %akes or o!r defects4 ,%+les1 ,lap ,sid+1 ,y4 ,p4 & ,cypress ,f9i%1 ,:ite ,p9e ,bo>ds #e to #b ,cle>s4--,! heavie/ grade five %+les laid "o on top ( ! o!r w measure #b at ! butts4 #f to #b ,extra ,/> ,a ,/>4--,a light] grade1 b cle> & #af1 z are ! #e to #b grade4 ,bevel or ,lap ,sid+4--,c>ri$ 9 /ock 9 r$ c$>1 r$wood1 cypress1 & :ite p9e4 ,cle> is free f all defects4 ,cypress ,c ,grade4--,has small s\nd knots & o!r slight defects su* z c be cov]$ ) pa9t4 ,all sid+ is bundl$ #aj pieces to ! bun* 9 r&om l5g?s4 ,n furni%$ 9 specifi$ l5g?s4 ,yell[ ,p9e & ,cypress ,f9i%4--,?is /ock 9 cle> grade is practically free f defects4 ,! yell[ p9e is suitable = int]ior f9i%4 ,cypress is suitable = inside f9i% or = cornice "w on fir/ class jobs4 ,c cypress f9i% conta9s "s knots & o!r slight defects4 ,is suitable = outside f9i% on ord9>y jobs4 ,:ite ,p9e ,bo>ds4 ,z a rule1 c>ri$ 9 /ock only 9 ,no4 #a grade4 ,no?+ b s\nd1 r$-knott$ bo>ds %\ld be includ$4 ,no %akes4 ,excell5t = exposure to wea!r4 #gg4 ,e/imat+ ,lumb] ,quantities4--,lumb] is measur$ 9 t]ms ( ! bo>d foot z a unit1 #ab by #ab by #a or its equival5t1 indicat$ by ! abbreviation ,b4 ,m4 7bo>d measure74 ,example3 ,det]m9e ! ,b4 ,m4 9 a gird] #f by #h by #af'4 ,solution3 ,rule--,?ickness 9 in*es times wid? 9 in*es1 divid$ by #ab times ! l5g? 9 feet gives a numb] equal to ! numb] ( bo>d feet4 7#f #h7 _/ #ab #af' #fd' ,b4,m4 ,/ock less ?an #a ?ick is figur$ z #a ?ick4 ,9 comm]cial practice lumb]m5 make use ( tables 9 det]m9+ quantities4 ,app5dix ,,iii4 ,9 e/imat+ quantities1 suitable all[ance mu/ be made = wa/e4 ,?is wa/e is incurr$ 7#a7 ?ru loss :5 bo>ds or planks are cut to requir$ l5g?s4 ,/&>d l5g?s are #aj'1 #ab'1 #ad'1 etc41 & ^! w n always cut to advantage4 7#b7 ,wa/e is incurr$ 9 ma*9+ ! /ock1 z dress+1 edg+1 tongu+ & groov+4 ,necess>y all[ances w be indicat$ h]e94 ,heavy ,timb]s4 ,gird]s1 po/s1 etc41 are det]m9$ by c\nt4 ,joi/s4 ,to det]m9e ! numb] ( joi/s requir$ = a room or a build+1 c\nt ! actual numb] requir$ beg9n+ at a wall 7 times numb] ( feet 9 l5g? or wid? ( room :5 set #af on c5t]s71 & to ?is add "o joi/ to be plac$ aga9/ ! second wall4 ,catalog$ or li/$ sizes are = lumb] fre% f ! saw4 ,%r9kage due to season+ & surfac+ "o side & "o edge s t ! /ock may h uni=m ?ickness & wid? w give actual sizes z foll[s3 #b #d :5 siz$ on "o side & "o edge1 w give #a x #c2 #b #f1 ,s-#a-,s & #a;,e1 #a #e2 #b #h1 ,s-#a-,s & #a;,e gives #a #g2 #b #aj1 ,s-#a-,s & #a;,e gives #a x #i2 #b x #ab1 ,s-#a-,s & #a;,e gives #a x #aa4 ,:5 ,s-#b-,s & #b;,e or siz$ on #d sides1 /ock w measure less ?an indicat$ above4 ,/uds = ,walls & ,p>titions4--,c\nt "o = ea* l9eal foot ( wall or p>tition1 :]e specifi$ #af on c5t]s4 ,! extra /uds are to be us$ 9 d\bl+ corn]s1 at doors & w9d[s1 & 9 gables4 ,b>ns & %$s w n require ^! extra /uds4 ,bridg+4--,all[ #be l9eal feet ( #b by #d = ea* squ>e ( floor+4 ,raft]s4--,on a pla9 ro(1 c\nt actual numb] & add "o1 z 9 c\nt+ = joi/s4 ,%ea?+4--,calculate ! exact surface to be cov]$1 d$uct op5+s2 !n1 = unmat*$ %ea?+ or b>n bo>ds or f5c+1 z x is also call$1 add #a_/ab = #ab bo>ds1 #a_/af = #aj bo>ds & :]e #h bo>ds are us$4 ,f\r in* & #f are seldom laid solid1 be+ us$ ma9ly = ro( %ea?+ = %+le ro(s1 & laid #b ap>t4 ,^! additions are due to ! fact t ?ru season+ & dress+1 a #ab bo>d becomes #aa1 a #aj becomes #i1 an #h becomes #g1 a #f becomes #e & a #d becomes #c4 ,! additions specifi$ all[ = wa/e 9 cutt+4 ,%iplap4 ,calculate ! exact surface to be cov]$1 d$uct op5+s2 !n add = floors #ag1 = sidewalls #bj1 = ro(s #be4 ,%ea?+ laid ) #b spaces %\ld h proportionate d$uctions made1 t is1 on #a #f1 figure z if laid solid1 !n d$uct 2 = #a #d d$uct 4 ,%ea?+ :5 mat*$1 su* z is us$ sometimes = sub-floors & side walls & ro( %ea?+ "u slate ro(s & bett] kn[n z floor+1 w be e/imat$ by figur+ ! exact surface to be cov]$1 d$uct+ ! op5+s1 !n add+ = #f /ock1 :i* is ! k9d mo/ always us$1 #ae = floors1 #ag = sidewalls1 & #bj = ro(s4 ,if %iplap or mat*$ %ea?+ is laid diagonally add #e = wa/e due to lack ( ability to rev]se cut4 ,sid+4--,= bevel sid+1 calculate ! exact surface1 d$uct op5+s2 !n add = #f sid+ :5 laid #d to ! wea!r1 #cc2 = ! #d sid+ add #ej4 ,drop ,sid+4--,drop sid+1 ceil+ & wa9scot+ are figur$ j l mat*$ floor+1 :i* is describ$ bel[4 ,floor+4--,= squ>e edge1 calculate ! exact surface to be cov]$1 add = #f floor+ #aa = wa/e 9 mat*+1 etc42 = #d floor+ add #bj4 ,x is becom+ common practice to specify floor+ by actual face measurem5t aft] be+ ma*9$4 ,! foll[+ figures are = actual surface measurem5ts4 ,= mat*$ floor+1 calculate ! exact surface to be cov]$1 !n add #bj = #e floor+1 = #c floor+ add #be1 = #b add #cc1 = #a add #dj4 ,floor+ less ?an #a ?ick1 l all o!r lumb]1 is e/imat$ z #a ?ick4 ,%+les4--,a bun* ( %+les conta9s ! equival5t ( #bej %+les ( #d av]age wid?4 ,) an exposure ( #d to ! wea!r a #d av]age %+le w cov] #ah squ>e in*es1 mak+ #hjj %+les to ! squ>e4 ,wa/e 9 d\bl+ ! fir/ c\rse & 9 lay+ w necessitate an addition ( #h on a pla9 ro( & #ab on hips or on gabl$ walls4 ,co/ e/imates are bas$ ^u ! ,m4 or #ajjj4 ,,%+les ,,p] ,,squ>e ,pla9 ro(1 #d exposure1 #iij2 ro( cut up1 #ajaj ,pla9 ro(1 #d exposure1 #hhj2 ro( cut up1 #ijj ,pla9 ro(1 #e exposure1 #gij2 ro( cut up1 #haj ,la?4 ,la? = int]ior pla/] "w are usually by #a by #d'1 put up 9 bundles ( #ej ea* & are sold by ! #ajjj4 #ajjj la? w cov] #gj y>ds ( surface & w require #h lbs4 ( #c;d f9e la? nails4 ,la?+ is usually consid]$ a "p ( ! pla/]]'s contract4 ,!re is no uni=mity ( practice z to ! d$uction = op5+s4 ,build+ ,pap]s4 ,! *eape/ is ros9 siz$1 & is n wat]pro(4 ,?is is us$ ma9ly "u floors & ^u side walls "u bevel sid+4 ,x is sold by ! p\nd 9 rolls ea* #cf wide conta9+ #ejj squ>e feet4 ,dry felt is us$ :]e bett] protection f cold is desir$4 ,9 ! *eap] grades1 ! mat]ial is made ( wood fib] & ros94 ,9 ! bett] grades wool is us$4 ,t> felt1 us$ :]e moi/ure is to be resi/$1 is dry felt saturat$ ) t>4 ,^! mat]ials are sold by ! p\nd3 #ab1 #ae1 & #bj lbs4 to ! #ajj squ>e feet1 9 rolls ( v>i\s wid?s4 ,a catalog %\ld be consult$ = weights & cov]+ capacity4 #gh4 ,e/imat+ ,millwork ,quantities4--,! numb] ( doors & w9d[s w be det]m9$ by an actual c\nt4 ,m\ld+s1 cas+s1 basebo>d :5 m\ld$1 w9d[ /ools1 etc41 are sold by ! #ajj feet l9eal measure1 r&om l5g?s4 ,extra *>ge is made = specifi$ l5g?s :]e ! quantities are det]m9$ by scale measurem5ts ( ! plan & elevations4 ,w9d[ frames ( /ock sizes1 door frames1 inside jambs1 /air p>ts1 buffets1 etc41 w be f\nd pric$ 9 millm5's catalogs1 & assi/ greatly 9 det]m9+ prices = ord9>y "w4 ,?is text _c give space to li/ su* data1 :i* is s readily obta9$ f comm]cial catalogs4 #gi4 ,example ( ,=m = ,bill ( ,mat]ials4-- ,,bill ,ticket ,price or ,no4 (,no4 (,size ,l5g?,description----------------------- - ,catalog ,feet ,pieces ,rate ,ext5sions ,numb] ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #bgj #cj #b #d #ad ,y4 ,p41 ,,sis & ,,ie #bb #e #id #b ,m #e-b r$ c$> %+les #c #ee #g #aj #cjj #a #f #b ,y4 ,p4-- floor+ #bj #f #jj #ai #dj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #hj4 ,e/imat+ ,labor ,co/s4,a--,9 e/imat+ labor co/s ! foll[+ data is to be made use (4 ,! e/imator w h to det]m9e ! h\rs p] day & ! scale ( wages p] h\r paid 9 8 locality1 & make :atev] *anges 9 ! data is necess>y4 ,he %\ld also comp>e ! quantity ( "w done by m5 he may obs]ve ) t giv5 h]e)4 ,! "t data h]e) is bas$ ^u ! "w ( "o me*anic :o has ma/]$ 8 trade fairly well4 ,) an effici5t =eman & a select$ gr\p ( workm5 ^! "t all[ances c be r$uc$ 9 _m in/ances z mu* z "o-half4 ,exp]i5ce alone w det]m9e ! possibilities ( su* r$uctions ) safety4 ,footnote ,a3 ,= a m complete treatise ( labor co/s1 ! /ud5t is ref]r$ to ,gillette's ,h&book ( ,co/ ,data1 ,section ,x1 ! s\rce1 9 ! ma91 ( ! basis ( ?is data4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,plac+ ,,frame ,,& ,,cov]+ ,by ,"o ,man ,,hrs4 ,,p] #ajjj ,b4,m4 ,,ft4 ,sills & plates #f #h1 no ga9s or mortises #bj ,sills & plates #f #h1 ga9s no mortises #dj ,sills & plates #f #h1 ga9s & mortises #fj ,joi/s & box sills #bj ,/udd+ #b #d #cb ,/udd+ #b #f #bc ,raft]s #b #d1 pla9 gable ro( #dj ,raft]s #b #d1 hip ro( add #e to #cj = ea* hip or valley4 ,raft]s #b #f1 pla9 gable ro( #bg ,raft]s #b #f1 hip ro( add #e to #cj = ea* hip or valley4 ,%ea?+1 squ>e edg$1 horizontal1 walls #af ,%ea?+1 squ>e edg$1 diagonal1 walls #ai ,%ea?+1 #f mat*$1 walls #bd ,%ea?+1 #f mat*$1 walls diagonal #cb ,%ea?+ = floors1 sub-floors1 squ>e edg$ #aj ,%ea?+ = floors1 sub-floors1 squ>e edg$ diagonal #ab ,ro( ,%ea?+1 pla9 gable ro( #ac ,ro( ,%ea?+1 hip ro( #bj ,,co/ ,,( ,,plac+ ,,frame ,,& ,,cov]+ 7,cont9u$7 ,,hrs4 ,,p] #ajjj ,,l94 ,,ft4 ,cornices #djj to #hjj ,wat] table1 #c memb] #bbj ,corn] bo>ds #gc ,belt #aie ,,hrs4 ,,p] ,m4 ,%+l+1 pla9 ro(1 new "w #c ,%+l+1 hips & valleys1 add #e = ea* hip or valley4 ,%+l+1 old "w1 add #bj = labor 9 remov+ old %+les4 ,%+l+ side walls1 pla9 #e ,%+l+ side walls1 fancy #h ,,hrs4 ,,p] #ajjj ,b4,m4 ,,ft4 ,sid+1 bevel1 #f #ce ,sid+1 bevel1 #d #db ,sid+1 %iplap #bg ,sid+1 drop1 :5 w9d[ & door cas+s & corn] bo>ds are plac$ ov] sid+ #abj ,sid+1 drop1 :5 jo9t$ betwe5 cas+s & corn] bo>ds #cb ,surfac$ b>n bo>ds #aa ,ceil+1 /ore #ec ,wa9scot+1 cut1 put up1 f9i%$ ) cap & r\nd1 9 a dwell+ #df ,,co/ ,,( ,,plac+ ,,floors ,by ,"o ,man ,,hrs4 ,,p] #ajjj ,b4,m4 ,,ft4 ,floors1 p9e #ce ,floors1 yell[ p9e1 #c face1 laid on %ea?+1 includ+ pap] betwe51 smoo?+ r\gh jo9ts1 bus9ess block #dj ,floors1 yell[ p9e1 #c face1 laid direct on joi/1 no smoo?+ #bf ,floors1 yell[ p9e1 #c face1 smoo!d & s&$ #de ,floors1 maple1 #b face1 laid n smoo!d #dj ,floors1 maple1 #b face1 laid & smoo!d #hj ,floors1 maple1 #a face1 laid & well smoo!d #ajg ,floors1 oak1 f9e floor1 glu$1 smoo!d1 scrap$1 s& pap]$ #cbj ,,co/ ,,( ,,bridg+ ,,& ,,furr+ ,,hrs4 ,,p] #ajjj ,,l94 ,,ft4 ,bridg+ #fe ,plac+ pla/] gr\nds #bj ,,co/ ,,( ,,plac+ ,,basebo>ds b ,,hrs4 ,,p] #ajj ,,l94 ,,ft4 ,basebo>d1 ?ree memb]1 h>dwood1 av]age numb] mit]s #aj ,basebo>d1 two memb]1 scrib$ to floor #af ,basebo>d1 pla91 r\nd at floor #h ,m\ld+1 b$1 flat1 #c #b ,,co/ ,,( ,,plac+ ,,doors1 ,,w9d[s1 ,,bl9ds ,,hrs4 ,,on ,,ea* ,w9d[1 to put toge!r :5 ,k4 ,d4 7knock-d[n7 #a ,w9d[1 mak+ frame #c ,w9d[1 sett+ frame ,w9d[1 sett+ frame 9 brickwork #a ,w9d[1 fitt+ & hang+ sa% p] pair #a ,w9d[1 hang+ bl9ds p] pair1 be=e frames are set ,w9d[1 hang+ bl9ds p] pair1 aft] frames are set #b ,w9d[1 cas+ inside #b ,w9d[1 ord9>y p9e 9 frame build+1 includ+ sett+ ( frame #e ,w9d[1 same b h>dwood #f ,w9d[1 ord9>y p9e 9 brick build+1 includ+ sett+ ( frame #f ,w9d[1 same b h>dwood #i ,w9d[1 attic & cell> #a ,door1 mak+ frame #b ,door1 mak+ frame ) transom #c ,door1 common h>dwood1 set jambs1 case1 hang & f9i%1 includ+ transom #aj ,door1 common #a p9e complete #d ,door1 common #a p9e complete #e ,door1 cas+ op5+ "o side ,door1 cas+ op5+ bo? sides #a ,door1 fitt+1 hang+ & trimm+ #a ,door1 fitt+1 hang+ & trimm+ outside door1 p9e #b ,door1 fitt+1 hang+ & trimm+ outside door1 oak #d ,slid+ doors1 p9e1 7fram+ n includ$7 to f9i% complete ) l9+1 jambs1 cas+ & h>dw>e1 p] pair #cb ,slid+ doors1 same1 b h>dwood #dh ,slid+ doors = b>n #ab' #ah' #bd ,transom1 fix$ #a ,transom1 hung #a ,,e/imat+ ,,co/ ,,( ,,/air ,,"w ,,hrs4 ,,on ,,ea* ,box /air1 cell> or attic #be ,"o flight pla9 /air1 #g-room h\se1 h& rail1 balu/]s #dj ,"o flight f9e /air1 #i-room h\se1 h&rail1 panel$ #ajj ,,por*es ,,9 ,,g5]al ,h\rs p] l9eal foot #e ,balu/rade h\rs p] #ajjj l9eal feet #ejj ,lattice = por*es1 h\rs p] #ajjj squ>e feet #af to #bjj ,,la? ,la?1 h\rs p] #ajjj #g ,,miscellane\s ,,labor ,,items ,panel+1 p9e1 h\rs p] #ajj sq4 ft4 #ej ,panel+1 h>dwood1 h\rs p] #ajj sq4 ft4 #hc ,draw]s1 dovetail$1 h\rs1 ea* #b ,draw]s1 #ae #ah1 includ+ racks & fitt+s #b ,%elves1 9 /or]oom1 dado$ into comp>tm5ts #ah squ>e1 h\rs p] #ajj sq4 ft4 #fb ,%elves1 pantry1 no dado1 h\rs p] #ajj sq4 ft4 %elf #cg ,closet hooks on /rip ( wood1 #ab ap>t1 h\rs p] #ajj l9eal feet #ae ,sidebo>d1 oak1 #h' #h'1 h\rs #ajj #ha4 ,e/imat+ ,quantities ( ,nails4--,! foll[+ table w enable "o to e/imate ! quantity ( nails requir$ = ! v>i\s k9ds ( common c>p5try4 ,! table ( l5g? & numb] ( nails to ! p\nd1 ,app5dix ,,iii1 may be made use ( 9 det]m9+ nail e/imates = o!r k9ds ( "w n "h specifi$4 ,,quantities ,,( ,,nails ,,mat]ials ,,p\nds ,,size ,,k9d ,joi/s & sills p] #ajjj ,b4,m4 ft4 #be #bj;d common4 ,/udd+ p] #ajjj ,b4,m4 ft4 #ae #aj;d common4 ,raft]s p] #ajjj ,b4,m4 ft4 #ae #aj;d common4 ,%ea?+1 drop sid+1 %iplap p] #ajjj ,b4,m4 ft4 #bj #h;d common4 ,cornice p] #ajjj l94 ft4 #ah #h;d common4 ,%+l+ p] #ajjj #d #d;d common4 ,bevel sid+ p] #ajjj ,b4,m4 ft4 #ah #f;d common4 ,ceil+1 wa9scot+ p] #ajjj ,b4,m4 ft4 #bj #f;d common4 ,floors1 p9e p] #ajjj ,b4,m4 ft4 #cj #h;d common4 ,floors1 h>dwood p] #ajjj ,b4,m4 ft4 #cj #f;d common4 ,basebo>d p] #ajjj ,b4,m4 ft4 #ab #h;d f9i%4 ,w9d[ trim1 "o side #h;d f9i%4 ,door trim1 "o side #h;d f9i%4 ,la? p] #ajjj #h #c;d common1 f9e4 ,lattice = por*es p] #ajjj sq4 ft4 #bj #c;d common4 ,balu/rade p] #ajjj l94 ft4 #ah #f;d cas+4 #hb4 ,example ( ,=m = ,c>p5try ,co/s4--,! foll[+ =m1 us$ by a practical c>p5t]1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,correspond5ce ,dep>tm5t ( ,! ,am]ican ,c>p5t] & ,build]1 %\ld sugge/ means :]eby ! data j giv5 may be made m readily available = e/imat+ purposes4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ 9 int]pret+ all su* data t co/s w v>y greatly ) conditions4 ,a c>p5t]1 = illu/ration1 :o gives 8 "t & att5tion to g5]al c>p5try _c lay %+les ) ! spe$ a speciali/ 9 %+l+ c4 ,aga91 a c>p5t] _c make w9d[ & door frames by h& ) ! same spe$ t ^! c be made by ma*9]y 9 a mill4 ,! prices giv5 h]e) are = "w done by a g5]al c>p5try me*anic4 ,! e/imator %\ld te/ out ^! figures to see h[ !y comp>e ) actual work+ conditions 9 8 community4 ,! foll[+ table is made = c\ntry conditions1 ! m5 work+ at #cj;c p] h\r1 #i h\rs a day4 ,,mat]ials ,,9 ,,place ,,at #cj;c ,,p] ,,h\r ,ft4 p] ,hrs4 p] ,co/ ( ,labor ,nails ,v>i\s ,mat]ials #i-;hrs4 #ajjj ------------------------ #b ,m5 ft4 ,m ,ft4 ,l or ,sq4,lbs4,size ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,joi/s & sills #ijj #bj #f4jj #be #bj;d ,/udd+ plac$ #fjj #cj #i4jj #ae #aj;d ,raft]s #dej #dj #ab4jj #ae #aj;d ,%ea?+ v]tical #gej #bd #g4bj #bj #h;d ,%ea?+1 diagonal #efb #cb #i4fj #bj #h;d ,bevel sid+ #ead #ce #aj4ej #ah #f;d ,cornices #de #djj 4#ab -,l #ah #h;d ,%+l+ new ro(s #djjj #d #a4ce #d #d;d ,la?+ = pla/] #begb #g #b4aj #h #c;d ,lattice = por*es #aabe #af #d4hj #bj #c;d ,balu/rade = por*es #cf #ejj 4#ae -,l #ah #f;d ,base bo>ds #h p9e #baf #hc #bd4ij 4#jb -,l #ab #h;d ,basebo>ds1 #h h>dwood #ajh #aff #di4hj 4#je -,l ,floors laid1 p9e #ead #ce #aj4ej #cj #h;d ,floors laid1 h>dwood4 #ajj #ahj #ed4jj 4#je -,l #cj #f;d ,floors clean$1 h>dwood #ajj #ahj #ed4jj 4#je -,l ,wa9scot+1 p9e #ed 4#aj -,l #bj #f;d ,panel+1 p9e #cf 4#ae -,sq ,panel+1 h>dwood #bb 4#be -,sq ,por*es & v]&as #a4ej -,l #ah #h;d ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,m #ajjj ,ft4 ,l ,l9eal ,sq ,squ>e ,feet4 ,%+les are = new ro(s2 :]e hips & valleys are requir$ add #e additional = ea* "o2 :]e old %+les & nails mu/ be remov$1 add aga9 7#bj to total7 = ?is "w4 ,! above rate is bas$ on figures ( #cj;c p] h\r4 ,= o!r rates ! foll[+ w apply 9 addition3 ,at #ce;c p] h\r add #ag2 at #dj;c add #cd2 at #de;c add #ea2 & at #ej;c p] h\r add ,example3 7,a7 ,take #a1jjj feet ( h>dwood floor to be clean$ at #ej;c p] h\r #ed4jj #cf4gb #ij4gb ,look+ aga9 we f9d x w\ld take #ahj h\rs at #ej;c p] h\r #ij4jj 7,b7 ,take #a1jjj feet ( joi/s to be plac$ at #ej;c p] h\r #f4jj #ad4jh #aj4jh4 ,look+ = ! h\rs we f9d x w\ld take #bj at #ej;c1 or #aj4jj4 #hc4 ,total ,build+ ,co/s by ,p]c5tages4--,hav+ c>efully e/imat$ ! co/s ( "o or two ( ! l>ge items 9 a build+1 su* z lumb] or millwork or labor1 ! total co/ ( a build+ may be approximat$ ) a fair degree ( accuracy by a g5]al contractor by means ( ! foll[+ table ( p]c5tages4 ,f\ndations or any o!r p>ts ( a build+ :i* may be unusual %\ld be exclud$ & figur$ sep>ately 9 detail4 ,9 any ev5t1 be=e a build+ is f9ally complet$ ! contractor w h to settle ) ea* sub-contractor ^u ! basis ( detail$ co/ e/imates4 ,:]e "t is available1 ! contractor z a rule secures bids f ! v>i\s sub-contractors1 su* z ! plumb]1 ! la!r1 ! mason1 etc41 comb9+ ^! & add+ 8 commission ( #aj = ov]sight1 & an additional #aj = incid5tals or cont+5cies4 ,,co/s ,,by ,,p]c5tages ,frame ,brick ,items ,build+ ,dwell+ ,excavation1 brick & cut /one #af #cf ,pla/]+ & mat]ials1 includ+ la?+ #h #f ,millwork includ+ glass & glaz+ #ba #bj ,lumb] #ai #ab ,c>p5try labor #ah #aj ,h>dw>e #c #c ,t9work & galvaniz$ iron #b #d ,plumb+ & gas fitt+ & mat]ials #g #c ,pa9t+ & mat]ials #e #e ,heat+ 7n includ$7 -------------- ,total #ajj #ajj ,example3 ,a lumb] bill = a giv5 frame h\se is f\nd to figure #ejj1 det]m9e ! approximate co/ ( ! v>i\s sub-contracts1 & = ! h\se z a :ole4 ,solution3 #ejj #ai ( ! total co/4 ,total co/ #bfcb 7exclusive ( heat+74 ,excavation1 brick & cem5t "w #af ( #bfcb #dba4ab ,pla/]+ #h ( #bfcb #baj4ef ,millwork & glaz+ #ba ( #bfcb #eeb4gb ,c>p5try labor #ah ( #bfcb #dgc4gf ,h>dw>e #c ( #bfcb #ib4ab ,t9work #b ( #bfcb #fe4hj ,plumb+ #g ( #bfcb #ahd4bd ,pa9t+ #e ( #bfcb #aca4fj ,lumb] #ejj4jj -------- #bfca4ib ,to ?is mu/ be add$ heat+1 electric wir+1 electric & gas fixtures1 w9d[ %ades1 cem5t walks1 sew]age1 grad+1 decoration ( walls1 ar*itect's fee & contractor's commission4 ,= furnace heat1 add #f to #g 2 = /eam1 add #h to #aj 2 = hot wat]1 add #aj to #ab additional4 ,= electric wir+1 add #a4 ,= fixtures1 electric & gas1 add #b to #c4 ,to ?is total add #aj = incid5tals & cont+5cies2 add #aj = contractor's *>ge4 ,above ?is am\nt add #f = ar*itect's fee1 to get ! co/ to ! own]4 ,su* a me?od ( e/imat+ %\ld n be mi/ak5 = any?+ b fairly safe approximation :]e normal conditions exi/4 ,,app5dix ,i ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,natural ,trigonometric ,functions4 ,consid] ! angle ,,dae1 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,f any po9t on ! l9e ,,ad drop a l9e p]p5dicul> to ! side ,,ae =m+ ! "r triangle ,,abc4 ,let a repres5t ! value or l5g? ( ! side ,,bc2 let b repres5t ! value ( ! side ,,ac2 let c repres5t ! value ( ! side ,,ab4 ,! ratio ( ! side a to ! side c is call$ ! s9e ( ! angle ,a4 ,m concisely /at$1 a_/c s9 ,a4 ,! s9e ( an angle is ! ratio ( its opposite side to its hypot5use1 or opposite side ov] hypot5use s9e ( angle ,a s9 ,a4 ,9 a simil> mann]3 b adjac5t side --- --------------- cos9e ( angle ,a cos ,a4 c hypot5use a opposite side --- --------------- tang5t ( angle ,a tan ,a4 b adjac5t side b adjac5t side --- ---------------- cotang5t ( angle ,a cot ,a4 a opposite side c hypot5use --- ---------------- secant ( angle ,a sec ,a4 b adjac5t side c hypot5use --- --------------- cosecant ( angle ,a csc ,a4 a opposite side ,^! ratios are kn[n z natural functions ( ! angle because _! values *ange ) e *ange 9 ! value ( ! angle4 ,! l5g!n+ ( ! sides ( ! angle %\ld n be mi/ak5 = a *ange 9 ! value ( ! angle4 ,draw to scale v c>efully any angle & drop l9es f any two po9ts1 z at ,b & ,b1 ,fig4 #aeb1 :i* %all be p]p5dicul> to ! base l9e4 ,measure ! sides ( ! triangles s =m$ & express _! ratios z functions ( ! angle ,a4 ,comp>+ l functions ( l>ge & small triangle x w be se5 t once an angle is kn[n 9 degrees1 its s9e1 cos9e1 etc41 are det]m9$ irrespective ( ! l5g? ( sides4 ,&1 vice v]sa1 if we "k ! functional values or ratios ( c]ta9 sides ( ! "r triangle =m$ ab\t an angle1 we h det]m9$ ! value ( ! angle 9 degrees4 ,! ,table ( ,natural ,trigonometric ,functions1 ,app5dix ,,ii1 is no?+ m ?an a compilation ( ^! v>i\s ratios c>efully figur$ out & plac$ 9 ! =m ( a table to assi/ 9 ! easy solution ( problems hav+ to d ) ! f9d+ ( c]ta9 p>ts ( a triangle :5 o!r p>ts are giv54 ,) a protractor1 measure ! angle ,a ( ! triangle ^: sides 7 j measur$1 & comp>e ! ratios ( ! sides or ! functional values ) ^? giv5 9 ! ,table1 ,app5dix ,,iii1 = ! same angle4 ,! l>g] ! scale ( ! draw+1 ! great] ! accuracy4 ,by mak+ use ( ! hundr$?s scale ( ! fram+ squ>e toge!r ) a f9ely po9t$ pair ( divid]s1 v>iation 9 values %\ld n be great4 ,solutions ( ,"r ,triangles4--,by ! solution ( "r triangles is meant ! f9d+ ( unkn[n sides or angles :5 values ( o!r sides & angles are kn[n4 ,example #a4--;,giv5 ,a #cj degrees1 c #bd2 ,f9d ,b1 a1 b4 ,solution--,b #ij-cj #fj degrees4 7,! sum ( ! angles ( a triangle equals #ahj degrees4 ,c #ij degrees47 7#a7 a_/c s9 ,a2 :5ce1 a c s9 ,a4 7a c times s9e ,a47 7#b7 b_/c cos ,a2 :5ce b c cos ,a4 ,f ! ,tables1 ,app5dix ,,ii1 s9 ( ,a1 or #cj degrees1 4#e4 ,sub/itut+ num]ical values 9 7#a71 a #ab4 ,aga91 f ,tables1 cos ,a1 or #cj degrees1 4#hff4 ,sub/itut+ num]ical values 9 7#b71 b #bj4ghd4 ,ari?4 *eck c a b2 #bd #ab #bj4gh2 #egf #add #dca4h2 #egf #egf4 ,graphic *eck4--,! graphic *eck :i*1 x w be se51 might h be5 made use ( z a graphic solution1 consi/s 9 sett+ "o squ>e ^u ano!r ) ! angle ( direction & ! l5g? ( "o side det]m9$ by ! data giv54 ,t is1 9 ?is problem ! protractor is set at #cj degrees & a l5g? ( #bd units is tak5 on ! incl9$ squ>e4 ,! l5g?s ( a & b are !n c>efully measur$ by tak+ a read+ ( ! full in*es & read+1 ! rema9+ fraction to hundr$?s by means ( a %>p pair ( divid]s & ! hundr$?s scale ( ! squ>e4 ,v _m c>p5t]s make use ( graphic solutions su* z ?is 9 det]m9+ raft] l5g?s4 ,a little consid]ation1 h[ev]1 w %[ t x is a r risky me?od ( proc$ure unless ! scale is l>ge & ! "w scal$ small4 ,graphs s]ve z easy *ecks aga9/ grave errors ^u all k9ds ( "w4 ,example #b4--;,giv5 ,a & a4 ,to f9d ,b1 c1 & b4 ,solution--,b #ij degrees ,a4 a_/c s9 ,a2 c a_/s9 ,a b_/c cos ,a2 b c cos ,a4 ,sub/itute ! num]ical values & *eck z 9 ,example #a4 ,example #c4--;,giv5 ,a & b4 ,to f9d ,b1 a1 & c4 ,solution--,b #ij degrees ,a4 a_/c s9 ,a2 a c s9 ,a4 b_/c cos ,a2 c b _/ cos ,a ,sub/itute ! num]ical values & *eck z 9 ,example i4 ,example #d4--;,giv5 a & c4 ,to f9d ,a1 ,b1 & b4 ,solution--s9 ,a a _/ c 7,t is1 look 9 ! tables1 ,app5dix ,,ii1 = ! angle :i* has a s9e equal to ! result obta9$ by divid+ ! num]ical value ( ! side a by ! value ( ! side c47 ,b #ij degrees ,a4 b_/c cos ,a2 b c cos ,a4 ,sub/itute num]ical values & *eck z 9 ,example i4 ,example #e4--;,giv5 a & b4 ,to f9d ,a1 ,b4 & c4 ,solution--tan ,a a _/ b ,b #ij degrees ,a4 a_/c s9 ,a2 c a _/ s9 ,a ,sub/itute num]ical values & *eck z 9 ,example #a4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,directions4 ,an exam9ation ( ! table ( natural functions w indicate 9 ! column at ! left1 angles ( degrees to & includ+ #de degrees1 read+ d[n4 ,! column to ! extreme "r w be f\nd to conta9 degrees f #de-ij inclusive1 read+ up4 ,?is compact arrangem5t ( table is made possible ?ru ! fact t s9es & cos9es1 tang5ts & cotang5ts are reciprocals "o ( ! o!r4 ,t is1 z ! s9e 7column #b1 read+ d[n7 increases 9 value1 ! cos9e ( ! complem5t>y angle 7columns #f & #b1 read+ up7 decreases4 ,example #a4--;,f9d ! value ( ! s9e ( #dj degrees4 ,solution--,columns #a & #b1 read+ d[n1 s9 #dj degrees 4#fdbh4 ,example #b4--;,f9d ! value ( s9 #ej degrees4 ,solution--,columns #f & #e1 read+ up1 s9 #ej degrees 4#gffj4 ,example #c4--;,f9d ! value ( cos #dj degrees4 ,solution--,columns #a & #e1 read+ d[n1 cos #dj degrees 4#gffj :i* is z might h be5 expect$4 ,s9ce #dj degrees is ! complem5t ( #ej degrees1 ! cos #dj degrees %\ld be ! same 9 value z ! s9 #ej degrees4 ,example #d4--;,f9d ! value ( cos #hg degrees4 ,solution--,columns #f & #b read+ up1 cos #hg degrees 4#jebc ,example #e4--,tang5t & cotang5t values4 ,proce$ z ) s9es us+ columns #a & #c1 read+ d[n1 = tang5t values betwe5 #j-de degrees inclusive1 columns #f & #d1 read+ up1 = values betwe5 #de-ij degrees4 ,= cotang5t values betwe5 #j-de degrees use columns #a & #d read+ d[n1 & columns #f & #c read+ up = cotang5t values betwe5 #de-ij degrees inclusive4 ,,table ,,( ,,natural ,,s9es1 ,,tang5ts1 ,,cos9es1 ,,& ,,cotang5ts ,degrees ,s9e ,tang5t ,cotang5t ,cos9e ---------------------------------------- --------------- #j #j #j #a #ij #a 4#jage 4#jage #eg4bijj 4#iiih #hi #b 4#jcdi 4#jcdi #bh4fcfc 4#iiid #hh #c 4#jebc 4#jebd #ai4jhaa 4#iihf #hg #d 4#jfih 4#jfii #ad4cjjg 4#iigf #hf ---------------------------------------- --------------- #e 4#jhgb 4#jhge #aa4dcja 4#iifb #he ---------------------------------------- --------------- #f 4#ajde 4#ajea #i4eadd 4#iide #hd #g 4#abai 4#abbh #h4addc 4#iibe #hc #h 4#acib 4#adje #g4aaed 4#iijc #hb #i 4#aefd 4#aehd #f4cach 4#ihgg #ha ---------------------------------------- --------------- #aj 4#agcf 4#agfc #e4fgac 4#ihdh #hj ---------------------------------------- --------------- #aa 4#aijh 4#aidd #e4addf 4#ihaf #gi #ab 4#bjgi 4#babf #d4gjdf 4#igha #gh #ac 4#bbej 4#bcji #d4ccae 4#igdd #gg #ad 4#bdai 4#bdic #d4jajh 4#igjc #gf ---------------------------------------- --------------- #ae 4#behh 4#bfgi #c4gcba 4#ifei #ge ---------------------------------------- --------------- #af 4#bgef 4#bhfg #c4dhgd 4#ifac #gd #ag 4#bibd 4#cjeg #c4bgji 4#iefc #gc #ah 4#cjij 4#cbdi #c4jggg 4#ieaa #gb #ai 4#cbef 4#cddc #b4ijdb 4#idee #ga ---------------------------------------- --------------- #bj 4#cdbj 4#cfdj #b4gdge 4#icig #gj ---------------------------------------- --------------- #ba 4#cehd 4#chci #b4fjea 4#iccf #fi #bb 4#cgdf 4#djdj #b4dgea 4#ibgb #fh #bc 4#cijg 4#dbde #b4ceei 4#ibje #fg #bd 4#djfg 4#ddeb #b4bdfj 4#iace #ff ---------------------------------------- --------------- #be 4#dbbf 4#dffc #b4adde 4#ijfc #fe ---------------------------------------- --------------- #bf 4#dchd 4#dhgg #b4jejc 4#hihh #fd #bg 4#dedj 4#ejie #a4ifbf 4#hiaj #fc #bh 4#dfie 4#ecag #a4hhjg 4#hhbi #fb #bi 4#dhdh 4#eedc #a4hjdj 4#hgdf #fa ---------------------------------------- --------------- #cj 4#ejjj 4#eggd #a4gcba 4#hffj #fj ---------------------------------------- --------------- #ca 4#eaej 4#fjji #a4ffdc 4#hegb #ei #cb 4#ebii 4#fbdi #a4fjjc 4#hdhj #eh #cc 4#eddf 4#fdid #a4ecii 4#hchg #eg #cd 4#eeib 4#fgde #a4dhbf 4#hbij #ef ---------------------------------------- --------------- #ce 4#egcf 4#gjjb #a4dbha 4#haib #ee ---------------------------------------- --------------- #cf 4#ehgh 4#gbfe #a4cgfd 4#hjij #ed #cg 4#fjah 4#gecf #a4cbgj 4#gihf #ec #ch 4#faeg 4#ghac #a4bgii 4#ghhj #eb #ci 4#fbic 4#hjih #a4bcdi 4#ggga #ea ---------------------------------------- --------------- #dj 4#fdbh 4#hcia #a4aiah 4#gffj #ej ---------------------------------------- --------------- #da 4#fefa 4#hfic #a4aejd 4#gedg #di #db 4#ffia 4#ijjd #a4aajf 4#gdca #dh #dc 4#fhbj 4#icbe #a4jgbd 4#gcad #dg #dd 4#fidg 4#ifeg #a4jcee 4#gaic #df ---------------------------------------- --------------- #de 4#gjga #a4jjjj #a4jjjj 4#gjga #de ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,cos9e ,cotang5t ,tang5t ,s9e ,degrees ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,to ,,f9d ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,an ,,angle1 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,a ,,function ,,be+ ,,kn[n ,example #f4--s9 4#eaej1 f9d ! angle4 ,solution--,look+ 9 columns #b & #e 7s9e values f #j-ij degrees7 ,ans4 #ca degrees 7,columns #b & #a74 ,example #g4--;cot #a4cgfd1 f9d ! angle4 ,solution--,look+ 9 columns #c & #d1 ,ans4 #cf degrees4 ,int]polation4--,frequ5tly "o mu/ f9d a functional value = fractional degrees1 or degrees & m9utes4 ,also1 x becomes necess>y to f9d ! value ( an angle ) great] accuracy ?an ev5 degrees1 z giv5 9 ! table h]e)4 ,?is process ( f9d+ m accurate values is kn[n z int]polation4 ,,to ,,f9d ,,! ,,value ,,( ,a ,,function ,,:5 ,,! ,,angle ,,is ,,9 ,,fractional ,,degrees ,example #h4--;,f9d ! value ( tan #ej degrees #bj m94 ,solution4--tan #ej degrees #a4aiah tan #ea degrees #a4bcdi diff]5ce = an int]val ( #a degree 4#jdca #bj m94 #bj_/fj #a_/c ( #a degree2 ( 4#jdca 4#jadd tan #ej degrees #bj m94 #a4aiah 4#jadd #a4bjfb4 ,! value ( a fractional degree w\ld be simil>ly treat$ = ! s9e1 ^! functions increas+ z ! value ( ! angle increases4 ,! cos9e & cotang5t1 h[ev]1 decrease 9 value z ! angle increases4 ,= ?is reason ! fractional value ( ! cos9e & cotang5t mu/ be subtract$ f1 in/ead ( add$ to1 ! value ( ! function ( ! next l[] numb] ( degrees4 ,example #i4 ,f9d ! value ( cos #bf deg4 #cj m94 ,solution--cos #bf deg4 4#hihh cos #bg deg4 4#hiaj diff]5ce = int]val ( #a deg4 4#jjgh #cj m94 ( #a deg42 ( 4#jjgh 4#jjci cos4 #bf deg4 #cj m94 4#hihh - 4#jjci 4#hidi4 ,,to ,,f9d ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,an ,,angle ,,:5 ,,! ,,functional ,,value ,,_c ,,be ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,exact ,,=m ,,9 ,,! ,,table ,example #aj4--;,f9d ! angle ^: tan is 4#e ,solution--,f ! table1 4#dhgg tan #bf deg4 4#ejie tan #bg deg4 diff]5ce = int]val ( #a deg4 4#jbah 4#ejjj tan angle ,x4 4#dhgg tan #bf deg4 diff]5ce = int]val betwe5 tan angle ,x & tan #bf deg4 4#jabc #abc_/bah ( #a deg4 or #fj m94 #cd m94 ,!re=e1 angle ^: tang5t 4#e #bf deg4 #cd'4 ,rule3 7#a7 ,se>* ! body ( ! table = ! functional values next above & next bel[ t giv54 7#b7 ,f9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! functional values4 ,?is diff]5ce is = an int]val ( #a degree or #fj m9utes4 7#c7 ,f9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! giv5 functional value & t ( ! l[] angle ( ! two us$ above4 7#d7 ,express ?is la/ diff]5ce z ! num]ator ( a fraction ^: d5om9ator is ! fir/ diff]5ce f\nd1 or ! diff]5ce = ! int]val ( #a degree4 ,?is gives ! fractional "p ( #a degree or #fj m9utes :i* ! second diff]5ce is4 7#e7 ,express ?is diff]5ce 9 m9utes & add if ! function be a s9e or tang5t1 & sub/ract if a cos9e or cotang5t to ! numb] ( degrees repres5t+ ! angle ^: function 0 ! l[] ( ! two functions f\nd giv5 9 ! table4 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,,useful ,,tables ,,fractional ,,equival5ts ,,= ,,decimal ,,values 4#jaef #a_/fd 4#bfef #ag_/fd 4#eaef #cc_/fd 4#gfef #di_/fd 4#jcab #a_/cb 4#ecab #i_/cb 4#bhab #ag_/cb 4#ghab #be_/cb 4#jdfh #c_/fd 4#bifh #ai_/fd 4#edfh #ce_/fd 4#gifh #ea_/fd 4#jfbe #a_/fd 4#cabe #e_/af 4#efbe #i_/af 4#habe #ac_/af 4#jgha #e_/fd 4#cbha #ba_/fd 4#egha #cg_/fd 4#hbha #ec_/fd 4#jicg #c_/cb 4#cdcg #aa_/cb 4#eicg #ai_/cb 4#hdcg #bg_/cb 4#ajic #g_/fd 4#ceic #bc_/fd 4#fjic #ci_/fd 4#heic #ee_/fd 4#abe #a_/h 4#cge #c_/h 4#fbe #e_/h 4#hge #g_/h 4#adjf #i_/fd 4#cijf #be_/fd 4#fdjf #da_/fd 4#hijf #eg_/fd 4#aefb #e_/cb 4#djfb #ac_/cb 4#fefb #ba_/cb 4#ijfb #bi_/cb 4#agah #aa_/fd 4#dbah #bg_/fd 4#fgah #dc_/fd 4#ibah #ei_/fd 4#ahge #c_/af 4#dcge #g_/af 4#fhge #aa_/af 4#icge #ae_/af 4#bjca #ac_/fd 4#deca #bi_/fd 4#gjca #de_/fd 4#ieca #fa_/fd 4#bahg #g_/cb 4#dfhg #ae_/cb 4#gahg #bc_/cb 4#ifhg #ca_/cb 4#bcdc #ae_/fd 4#dhdc #ca_/fd 4#gcdc #dg_/fd 4#ihdc #fc_/fd 4#bej #a_/d 4#ejj #a_/b 4#gej #c_/d #a4jjj #a ,:]e raft] l5g?s are det]m9$ by multiply+ unit l5g?s by ! run1 ! answ] w almo/ inv>iably result 9 a decimal4 ,su* decimal values may be readily translat$ into fractional =ms by means ( ! accompany+ table4 ,example3 ,a ro( ( pit* has a common raft] run ( #ad'2 f9d ! l5g? ( common raft]4 ,answ]3 #ad #ad4db #bja4hh or #af4hb'4 ,by ! table1 4#hb #ec_/fd4 ,a c>p5t]1 h[ev]1 w\ld n c>e = su* accuracy2 ! ne>e/ #a_/af or ev5 w\ld be suffici5t4 ,,wood ,,& ,,ma*9e ,,screw ,,sizes ,! diff]5ce betwe5 consecutive sizes is 4#jacaf4 ,no4 ( ,size ( ,no4 ( ,size ( ,no4 ( ,size ( ,screw ,numb] 9 ,screw ,numb] 9 ,screw ,numb] 9 ,gage ,decimals ,gage ,decimals ,gage ,decimals ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #jjj 4#jcaeb #af 4#bfhdj #cd 4#ejebh #jj 4#jddhf #ag 4#bhaef #ce 4#eahdd #j 4#jeghd #ah 4#bidgb #cf 4#ecafj #a 4#jgajj #ai 4#cjghh #cg 4#eddgf #b 4#jhdaf #bj 4#cbajd #ch 4#eegib #c 4#jigcb #ba 4#ccdbj #ci 4#egajh #d 4#aajdh #bb 4#cdgcf #dj 4#ehdbd #e 4#abcfd #bc 4#cfjeb #da 4#eigdj #f 4#acfhj #bd 4#cgcfh #db 4#fajef #g 4#adiif #be 4#chhfd #dc 4#fbcgb #h 4#afcab #bf 4#djjjj #dd 4#fcfhh #i 4#agfbh #bg 4#dacaf #de 4#fejjd #aj 4#ahidd #bh 4#dbfcb #df 4#ffcbj #aa 4#bjbfj #bi 4#dcidh #dg 4#fgfcf #ab 4#baegf #cj 4#debfd #dh 4#fhieb #ac 4#bbhib #ca 4#dfehj #di 4#gjbfh #ad 4#bdbjh #cb 4#dghif #ej 4#gaehd #ae 4#beebd #cc 4#dibab ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,frequ5tly ! c>p5t] wi%es to "k ! diamet] ( hole necess>y to receive ! %ank ( a screw ( a c]ta9 gage4 ,%\ld a screw gage be accessible1 he may readily det]m9e ?is4 ,%\ld no gage be at h&1 he may det]m9e ! size ( hole by consult+ ! accompany+ table ( ,wood & ,ma*9e ,screw ,sizes4 ,example3 ,:at size bit mu/ be select$ to bore a hole = a ,no4 #aj screw4 ,by ! table1 a ,no4 #aj screw is 4#ahidd 9 diamet]4 ,by ! table ( ,fractional ,equival5ts = ,decimal ,values x w be se5 t a #c_/af bit mu/ be us$4 ,! te/ = gage ( screw is always made ov] ! %ank j bel[ ! head4 ,,l5g? ,,& ,,numb] ,,( ,,wire ,,nails ,,to ,,! ,,p\nd ,size ,,l5g?,,common,,cas+,,f9i%,,cl9*,,f5ce ,,f9e ,,gal4 ,,ins4 ,,%+le ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #b;d #a #ijj #addj #c;d #a #fae #haj #efh #d;d #a #cbb #dgc #ehd #bej #e;d #a #bed #f;d #b #bjj #ahj #cjj #aeg #aad #g;d #b #aed #h;d #b #ajf #aab #aij #ii #gd #i;d #b #he #aj;d #c #gd #ij #acd #fi #db #ab;d #c #eg #af;d #c #df 4 #bj;d #d #bi #cj;d #d #bc #dj;d #e #ag #ej;d #e #ad #fj;d #f #aa ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,nails are sold 9 quantity by ! keg1 #ajj lbs4 ( nails1 exclusive ( ! keg4 ,tw5ty1 #cj1 #dj1 #ej & #fj;d are base4 ,o!r sizes h c]ta9 fix$ additions p] keg to ?is base price4 ,= example1 ! price li/ adopt$ by manufactur]s 9 #ahif all[s an addition p] keg ( 4#gj = #b;d common1 4#de = #c;d common1 etc4 ,wire nails are also b\ght & sold by weight1 ! size ( wire accord+ to ! /&>d wire gage & ! l5g? 9 in*es be+ tak5 into consid]ation 9 specify+ ! size & 9 fix+ ! price p] p\nd4 ,common wire nails are ?ick & h l>ge flat heads4 ,!y are us$ 9 r\gh "w :]e /r5g? is desir$4 ,f9i%+ nails are us$ = f9e "w su* z inside woodwork & cab9et "w4 ,cas+ nails are some:at ?ick] & /rong] ?an f9i%+ nails2 !y h small] heads4 ,,wire ,,brads ,size1 in*es #a ,wire ,gage1 nos #bj #ah #ai #ai #ah #af #ah #ag #ah ,approx no brads to lb4 #gejjgbjjdbfgceefbgehbfjjbcfdaghabjfi ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,size1 in*es #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a ,wire ,gage1 nos #ag #af #ag #af #af #ae #ad #ae #ad ,approx no brads to lb4 #aeehaadcabdf #iac #gfa #ehd #ejj #ejj #djf ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,size1 in*es #b #b #b #b #c #c #c ,wire ,gage1 nos #ad #ac #ac #ab #ad #ab #aa ,approx no brads to lb4 #cej #bfh #bad #afd #aej #acg #aje ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,bo>d ,,measure ,,table ,size ,l5g?1 9 ,feet1 ( ,joi/1 ,scantl+ & ,timb] 9 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,in*es #ab #ad #af #ah #bj #bb #bd #bf #bh #cj #cb #cd #cf #ch #dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #b #d #h #i #aa #ab #ac #ae #af #ag #ai #bj #ba #bc #bd #be #bg #b #f #ab #ad #af #ah #bj #bb #bd #bf #bh #cj #cb #cd #cf #ch #dj #b #h #af #ai #ba #bd #bg #bi #cb #ce #cg #dj #dc #de #dh #ea #ec #b #aj #bj #bc #bg #cj #cc #cg #dj #dc #dg #ej #ec #eg #fj #fc #fg #b #ab #bd #bh #cb #cf #dj #dd #dh #eb #ef #fj #fd #fh #gb #gf #hj #b #ad #bh #cc #cg #db #dg #ea #ef #fa #fe #gj #ge #gi #hd #hi #ic #c #f #ah #ba #bd #bg #cj #cc #cf #ci #db #de #dh #ea #ed #eg #fj #c #h #bd #bh #cb #cf #dj #dd #dh #eb #ef #fj #fd #fh #gb #gf #hj #c #aj #cj #ce #dj #de #ej #ee #fj #fe #gj #ge #hj #he #ij #ie #ajj #c #ab #cf #db #dh #ed #fj #ff #gb #gh #hd #ij #if #ajb #ajh #aad #abj #c #ad #db #di #ef #fc #gj #gg #hd #ia #ih #aje #aab #aai #abf #acc #adj #d #d #af #ai #ba #bd #bg #bi #cb #ce #cg #dj #dc #de #dh #ea #ec #d #f #bd #bh #cb #cf #dj #dd #dh #eb #ef #fj #fd #fh #gb #gf #hj #f #f #cf #db #dh #ed #fj #ff #gb #gh #hd #ij #if #ajb #ajh #aad #abj #f #h #dh #ef #fd #gb #hj #hh #if #ajd #aab #abj #abh #acf #add #aeb #afj #h #h #fd #ge #he #if #ajg #aag #abh #aci #adi #afj #aga #aha #aib #bjc #bac #h #aj #hj #ic #ajg #abj #acc #adg #afj #agc #ahg #bjj #bac #bbg #bdj #bec #bfg #aj #aj #ajj #aag #acc #aej #afg #ahc #bjj #bag #bcc #bej #bfg #bhc #cjj #cag #ccc #aj #ab #abj #adj #afj #ahj #bjj #bbj #bdj #bfj #bhj #cjj #cbj #cdj #cfj #chj #djj #ab #ab #add #afh #aib #baf #bdj #bfd #bhh #cab #ccf #cfj #chd #djh #dcb #def #dhj #ab #ad #afc #aif #bbd #beb #bhj #cjh #ccf #cfd #cib #dbj #ddh #dgf #ejd #ecb #efj #ad #ad #aif #bbi #bfa #bid #cbg #cei #cib #dbe #deg #dij #ebc #eee #ehh #fba #fec ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,mat]ials ,,yell[ ,,p9e ,,po/s ,load 9 ,tons ,l5g? 9 ft4 ,size 9 in*es #d #d #e #e #f #f #g #g #h #h #i #i #h #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #c #d #e #f #g #h #ab #b #c #d #e #f #g #ad #a #b #c #d #e #f #af #a #b #c #d #e #ah #a #b #c #d ,,h>d ,,p9e ,,beams ,,& ,,gird]s ,load 9 ,tons ,l5g? 9 ft4 ,size 9 in*es #b #f #c #f #d #f #f #f #h #h #f #a #a #b #c #e #h #a #a #b #e #aj #a #b #d #ab #a #a #c #ad #a #b #af #b #ah #a ,,/eel ,i ,,beams ,load 9 ,tons ,l5g? ,size 9 in*es 9 ft4 #f #h #ab #aj #g #ad #ah #ab #f #ab #af #ad #e #aj #ad #af #d #h #ab #ah #b #f #aj #bj #d #h #bb #b #f #bd #d ,,brick ,,pi]s ,load 9 ,tons ,height ,size 9 in*es 9 ft4 #f #f #f #h #h #h #h #ab #ab #ab #ab #af #af #af #f #b #c #d #e #f #g #i #h #a #b #c #d #e #f #h #aj #a #b #c #e #e #f #g ,,/resses ,,= ,,/ructural ,,timb]s ,,work+ ,,unit ,,/resses ,,us$ ,,9 ,,dry ,,locations ,b5d+ ,compression ,/ress 9 ,horizontal ,p>allel to ,p]p5- extreme %e> gra9 ,%ort dicul> ,species ( fibre /ress ,columns to gra9 ,timb] ,lbs4 sq494 ,lbs4 sq494 ,lbs4 sq494 ,lbs4 sq494 99,fir1 ,d\glas ,d5se grade #a1fjj #ajj #a1bjj #cej ,s\nd grade #a1cjj #he #ijj #cjj ,hemlock1 ea/]n #a1jjj #gj #gjj #cjj ,hemlock1 we/]n #a1cjj #ge #ijj #cjj ,oak #a1djj #abe #ijj #djj ,p9e1 ea/]n :ite #ijj #hj #gjj #bej ,p9e1 ,norway #a1ajj #he #hjj #cjj 99,p9e1 s\!rn yell[ ,d5se grade #a1fjj #abe #a1bji #cej ,s\nd grade #a1cjj #he #ijj #cjj ,spruce #ijj #gj #fjj #bjj ,tam>ack #a1bjj #ie #ijj #cej 99 ,,note3 ,! safe work+ /resses giv5 9 ?is table are = timb]s ) defects limit$ accord+ to ! sections on defects 9 ! rules ( ! ,s\!rn ,p9e ,association = ,select ,/ructural ,mat]ial4 ,d5se s\!rn yell[ p9e & d5se ,d\glas fir %\ld also con=m to ! o!r requirem5ts ( ?is rule4 ,s\nd s\!rn yell[ p9e & s\nd ,d\glas fir require no additional qualifications1 :]eas ! o!r species %\ld1 9 addition to be+ grad$ = defects1 h all pieces ( exceptionally l[ d5sity = ! species exclud$4 ,?is table gives work+ unit /resses = /ructural timb]s us$ 9 dry locations1 & is compil$ 9 ! ma9 f mat]ial furni%$ by ! ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory1 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,,table ,,( ,,brick ,,wall ,,cont5ts ,,9 ,,numb] ,,( ,,bricks ,sev5 ,bricks to ,ea* ,sq4 ,ft4 ( ,wall ,surface ,no4 ( sq ft4 ,?ickness ( wall #d #h #ab #af #bj #bd #a #g #ae #bc #cj #ch #de #b #ae #cj #de #fj #ge #ij #c #bc #de #fh #ij #aac #ace #d #cj #fj #ij #abj #aej #ahj #e #ch #ge #aac #aej #ahh #bbe #f #de #ij #ace #ahj #bbe #bgj #g #ec #aje #aeh #baj #bfc #cae #h #fj #abj #ahj #bdj #cjj #cfj #i #fh #ace #bjc #bgj #cch #dje #aj #ge #aej #bbe #cjj #cge #dej #bj #aej #cjj #dej #fjj #gej #ijj #cj #bbe #dej #fge #ijj #a1abe #a1cej #dj #cjj #fjj #ijj #a1bjj #a1ejj #a1hjj #ej #cge #gej #a1abe #a1ejj #a1hge #b1bej #fj #dej #ijj #a1cej #a1hjj #b1bej #b1gjj #gj #ebe #a1jej #a1ege #b1ajj #b1fbe #c1aej #hj #fjj #a1bjj #a1hjj #b1djj #c1jjj #c1fjj #ij #fge #a1cej #b1jbe #b1gjj #c1cge #d1jej #ajj #gej #a1ejj #b1bej #c1jjj #c1gej #d1ejj ,example--,det]m9e ! numb] ( bricks 9 a wall #ab #ah' #fj'4 ,solution--,! wall conta9s a surface area ( #a1jhj sq4 ft4 ,by ! table #ajj sq4 ft4 conta9s #b1bej bricks1 !n #a1jjj sq4 ft4 w conta9 #bb1ejj bricks4 #hj sq4 ft4 w conta91 by ! table1 #a1hjj bricks1 mak+ a total ( #bd1cjj bricks4 ,,app5dix ,,iv 7,%ort ,cuts to ,ro( ,fram+7 ,griffi?'s ,fram+ ,tables ,= ! ,squ>e & ,octagonal ,ro( ,directions = ,us+ ,table = ! ,/eel ,squ>e4--,fig4 #gj-;a4 ,example4--,giv5 a squ>e hipp$ ro(1 t is1 a ro( ) squ>e corn]s1 hav+ a span ( #be ft4 & a pit* ( 4 #a4 ,to ,lay ,out ,mit] ,cut ( ,plate4--,take #ab on tongue ( fram+ squ>e & #ab on blade2 scribe along blade4 7,cf4 small table1 ,fig4 #gj-;a47 #b4 ,l5g? ( ,ridge4--,l5g? ( long plate dim9i%$ by l5g? ( %ort plate1 increas$ by ?ickness ( ridge piece plus diagonal ?ickness ( hip4 #c4 ,to ,lay ,out ,common ,raft]4-- a4 ,plumb cut4 7,cf4 column #e1 beg9n+ at left1 ,fig4 #gj-;a47 ,take #ab on tongue ( squ>e & #ab on blade 7column #b71 scribe along blade4 b4 ,l5g? ( common raft]4 7,cf4 column #aa7 #ab 7run ( common raft]7 x #af4ig 7l5g? ( common raft] p] foot ( run7 #ag' #h4ab #ag' #h 74#ab 1 columns #c & #d74 c4 ,seat cut4 7,cf4 column #h7 ,take #ab on tongue & #ab on blade2 scribe along tongue4 d4 ,tail = common raft]4 7#a7 ,l5g? det]m9$ z 0 t ( common raft]1 ! horizontal projection or l5g? ( look- out becom+ multipli]4 #agc 7#b7 ,end cut use same numb]s z = plumb cut b inv]t position ( squ>e4 e4 ,r$uction = ridge4 ,measure /raight back f plumb cut a di/ance equal to #c_/ ! ?ickness ( ridge piece4 #d4 ,to ,lay ,out ,hip or ,valley ,raft]4-- a4 ,plumb cut4 7,cf4 column #f7 ,take #ag on ! tongue & #ab on ! blade2 scribe along ! blade4 b4 ,side cut4 7,cf4 column #af7 ,take #ag on ! tongue & #bj4gh or #bj-ac_/af 7columns #c & #d7 on ! blade2 scribe along ! blade4 ,?is also gives ! mit] cut at ! end ( ! tail ( ! hip = fascia1 & also ! mit] cut at ! bird's m\? jo9t ( valley raft]1 :]e x mu/ be cut out to fit ! angle ( ! plate4 c4 ,l5g? ( hip or valley raft]4 7,cf4 column #ab7 #ab 7run ( common raft]7 x #bj4gh 7l5g? ( hip or valley raft] p] foot ( run ( common raft]7 #ba' #g4ge #ba' #g 74#ge 1 columns #c & #d47 d4 ,seat cut4 7,cf4 column #i7 ,take #ag on tongue & #ab on ! blade1 scribe along ! tongue4 e4 ,tail = hip or valley raft]4 7#a7 ,l5g? det]m9$ z 0 t ( hip or valley raft]1 ! horizontal projection ( tail or l5g? ( ! look\t ( common raft] becom+ ! multipli]4 7#b7 ,end cut use same numb]s z = plumb cut ( hip or valley b inv]t squ>e4 f4 ,r$uction = ridge4 ,measure /raight back f plumb cut diagonal ?ickness ( ridge4 g4 ,back+ ( hip4 7,cf4 column #ba7 ,take #ab 7rise ( common raft]7 on ! tongue & #bj-ac_/af on ! blade scribe along ! tongue = angle ( back+4 h4 ,drop ( hip :5 no back+ is giv54 7,cf4 column #bc7 ,r$uce at seat cut #i_/af1 measur$ at "r angles to seat cut4 #e4 ,to ,lay ,out ,jacks4-- a4 ,plumb cut4 ,same z t = ! common raft]6 b4 ,side cut4 7,cf4 column #ad7 ,take #ab on ! tongue & #af4ig or #ag on blade 74#ig #a1 columns #c & #d71 scribe on ! blade4 ,scrib+ along ! tongue w give ! face cut ( ro( bo>ds1 also ( plan*]4 c4 ,l5g?4 ,jacks set #bd c5t]s1 beg9n+ ) %orte/ jack #b' #aj 7column #ai74 ,second %orte/ jack l5g? ( %orte/ increas$ #b' #aj1 etc4 ,beg9n+ ) longe/ jack l5g? ( common raft] dim9i%$ by #b' #aj1 etc4 d4 ,tail = jack4 ,same z = common raft]4 #f4 ,note4-- ,all raft] l5g?s are measur$ d[n ! middle ( ! top edges !oretically4 ,on ! squ>e corn]$ ro(1 measurem5ts ( hip or valley raft]s may be made f ! long po9t )\t fur!r r$uction 9 l5g? provid+ a #b ?ick ridge is us$4 ,jacks ne$ no fur!r r$uction 9 l5g? on a squ>e corn]$ build+ provid$ ! hips or valleys are ( ! same ?ickness z ! jacks & ! measurem5ts are made f ! long po9ts ( ! jacks4 ,o!rwise suitable r$uctions mu/ be made = raft] & ridge ?icknesses4 ,directions = ,us+ ,table = ,protractor4--,fig4 #gj-;b4 ,example4--,giv5 to frame an octagonal silo ) a span ( #ba' & a ro( pit* ( #aa to ! foot4 #a4 ,to ,lay ,out ,mit] ,cut ( ,plate4--7,cf4 small table ,fig4 #gj-;b47 ,eight sid$ polygon1 plate mit] #fg degrees4 ,set a ,t-bevel by means ( a protractor,b to ?is angle4 ,footnote ,b3 ,/>rett's ,fram+ ,tool is /rongly recomm5d$ = fram+ 9 degrees1 ,cf4 ,figs4 #ha & #hb4 #b4 ,to ,f9d ,l5g? ( a ,side = ,plate4--7,cf4 small table1 ,fig4 #gj-;b47 #ba' 7#b x run7 x 4#dad 7cotang5t ( octagon7 #h4fi' #h' 74#fi 1 columns #c & #d47 #c4 ,to ,lay ,out ,common ,raft]4-- a4 ,plumb cut4--7,cf4 column #e7 #dg deg4 #cj m94 ,set ,t-bevel by means ( protractor to same4 b4 ,l5g?4--7,cf4 column #aa74 ,take #aj 7run7 #af4bh 7l5g? ( common raft] p] foot ( run7 #ad' #b4id #ad' #c4 74#id #a1 columns #c & #d47 c4 ,seat cut4--7,cf4 column #h7 #db deg4 #cj m94 ,set ,t-bevel by means ( protractor4 d4 ,tail4-- 7#a7 ,l5g? ,det]m9$ z is l5g? ( common raft] 7,cf4 column #aa71 horizontal projection ( tail or l5g? ( look\t becom+ ! multipli]4 7#b7 ,end cut4 ,use same numb] ( degrees z = plumb cut4 #d4 ,to ,lay ,out ,hip or ,valley ,raft]4-- a4 ,plumb cut4--7,cf4 column #g7 #di deg4 #ej m94 b4 ,side cut4--7,cf4 column #ag7 #ag deg4 #dj m94 ,?is also gives mit] cut at end ( hip tail = fascia1 & also ! mit] cut ( ! bird's m\? jo9t ( valley raft]1 :]e x mu/ be cut out to fit ! angle ( ! plate4 c4 ,l5g? ( hip or valley raft]4--7,cf4 column #ac7 #aj 7run ( common raft]7 #ag4jc 7l5g? ( octagon hip or valley p] foot ( run ( common raft]7 #ad' #aj4hb #ad' #aj 74#hb 1 columns #c & #d74 d4 ,seat cut4--7,cf4 column #aj7 #dj deg4 #aj m94 ,use protractor & ,t-bevel4 e4 ,tail = hip or valley raft]4-- 7#a7 ,l5g?4 ,det]m9$ z = hip or valley1 horizontal projection ( tail or l5g? ( look\t ( common raft] becom+ multipli]4 7#b7 ,end cut4 ,use same numb] ( degrees z = plumb cut ( hip or valley4 f4 ,back+ ( hip4--7,cf4 column #bb7 #gd deg4 #ej m94 g4 ,drop ( hip :5 no back+ is us$4--7,cf4 column #bd7 #e_/af4 #e4 ,to ,lay ,out ,jacks4-- a4 ,plumb cut4--,same z = common raft]4 b4 ,side cut4--7,cf4 column #ae7 #ag deg4 c4 ,l5g?4--7,cf4 column #bj7 #ab_/e t = squ>e ro( ( same pit*4 ,:5 set #af c5t]s #ab_/e #ba #eb1 common diff]5ce4 ,proce$ accord+ly4 d4 ,tail = jack4--,same z = common raft]4 ,,app5dix ,v ,,miscellane\s ,,e/imat+ ,excavations4 ,excavations are e/imat$ 9 t]ms ( ! cubic y>d1 #bg cubic feet4 ,! price p] y>d w v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! soil4 ,:]e gr\nd is n level1 ! plot %\ld be divid$ into squ>es1 ea* squ>e be+ figur$ z to its cubical cont5ts & ! v>i\s am\nts comb9$4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,co/ ,,factors ,,p] ,,cubic ,,y>d ,spad+ or pick+ labor1 h\r at 444444444444444 ,?r[+ out labor1 h\r at 444444444444444444444 ,:eel+ #ej feet1 h\r at 44444444444444444444444 -------- ,co/ p] y>d ,concrete4--,concrete is e/imat$ 9 t]ms ( ! cubic y>d4 ,! price w v>y some:at accord+ to ! mixture & ! am\nt ( =m "w requir$4 ,mixtures are designat$ z ri*--#a "p cem5t1 #b p>ts s&1 #d p>ts cru%$ rock1 by volume2 m$ium--#a3b3e2 ord9>y--#a3c3f1 & lean1--#a3d3h4 ,! ri* mixture is us$ = cell> floors on high grade "w4 ,ci/]ns & tanks make use ( a special mixture ( #a3b3c1 ! /one or gravel be+ pass$ ?ru a scre54 ,cem5t topp+ = cell> floors is a mort> compos$ ( #a "p cem5t & #b p>ts %>p s&4 ,sometimes a #a3a mixture is us$4 ,cell> floors & sidewalks are (t5 pric$ by ! foot surface measure1 /&>d specifications = dep? & con/ruction be+ und]/ood4 ,,table ,,= ,,e/imat+ ,,quantities ,,= ,,concrete 7,proportion ( mat]ials 9 "o cubic foot ( concrete47 ,,mixture ,ri* 7#a3b3d7 ,m$ium 7#a3b3e7 ,ord9>y 7#a3c3f7 ,cem5t #j4jeh bbl4 #j4jdh bbl4 #j4jda bbl4 ,s& #j4jafc cu4 yd4 #j4jagj cu4 yd4 #j4jagd cu4 yd4 ,/one or gravel3 #j4jcbf cu4 yd4 #j4jcda cu4 yd4 #j4jcdh cu4 yd4 ,example ,e/imate quantities ( v>i\s mat]ials ne$$ = a wall #aj #g' #dh'1 us+ a #a3b3e mixture4 ,solution--7#aj #g #dh7 _/ #ab #bhj cu4 ft4 ,cem5t #bhj #j4jdh bbl4 #ac4dd bbl4 ,s& #bhj #j4 #jag cu4 yd4 #d4gf cu4 yd4 ,/one #bhj #j4jcda cu4 yd4 #i4edh cu4 yd4 ,kn[+ ! co/ ( cem5t p] bbl4 & ( s& & /one p] cu4 yd41 ! co/ ( mat]ials = ! wall may be easily det]m9$4 ,,table ,,= ,,e/imat+ ,,quantities ,,= ,,cem5t ,,mort> 7,proportion ( mat]ials 9 "o cubic foot ( cem5t mort>7 ,,mixture #a3a #a3b #a3b ,cem5t #j4adha bbl4 #j4abci bbl4 #j4ajeb bbl4 ,s& #j4jcaa cu4 yd4 #j4jcdd cu4 yd4 #j4jcgj cu4 yd4 ,example ,e/imate quantities ( mat]ial = #a3b cem5t mort> = topp+ ( cell> floor #a #bd' #dj'4 ,solution--7#bd #dj7 #hj cu4 ft4 ,cem5t #hj #j4abci bbl4 #i4iab bbl4 ,s& #hj #j4jcdd cu4 yd4 #b4 #geb cu4 yd4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,labor ,,co/ ,,factors ,,p] ,,cubic ,,y>d #a mason1 #b h\rs 44444444444444444444444 #b labor]s1 #b h\rs ea* 444444444444444 ------- ,total ,:]e =ms are requir$ add #a c>p5t]1 #b h\rs 4444444444444444444 ,cell> floor con/ruction co/s approximately ! same z wall "w hav+ =ms4 ,! exp5se ( =m "w 9 ord9>y basem5t wall con/ruction is (fset by labor & additional cem5t co/ ( topp+ ( cell> floor4 ,brickwork4--,! unit ( measurem5t 9 brickwork is ! #ajjj bricks1 ord9>ily4 ,to det]m9e ! numb] ( bricks 9 a wall1 multiply ea* squ>e foot ( surface by #g 7sometimes #g is us$7 :i* is ! av]age numb] ( bricks p] foot ( wall :5 #d ?ick4 ,add #e = breakage4 ,d$uct = op5+s ov] #b' squ>e4 ,= walls ?ick] ?an #d1 make suitable all[ance4 ,a mason c lay #hjj to #ajjj common & #cjj to #djj face bricks 9 a day4 ,bricks may be laid 9 lime mort> or 9 cem5t mort>4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,co/ ,,factors ,,p] #ajjj ,,bricks1 ,,lime ,,mort> #a3c ,brick1 #ajjj 4444444444444444444444444444 ,lime1 #c bu4 4444444444444444444444444444 ,s&1 cu4 yd4 444444444444444444444444 ,mason1 #aj hrs4 4444444444444444444444444 ,t5d]1 #aj hrs4 444444444444444444444444 ------- ,total ,,analysis ,,( ,,co/ ,,factors ,,p] #ajjj ,,bricks1 ,,cem5t ,,mort> #a3c ,brick1 #ajjj 4444444444444444444444444444 ,portl& cem5t1 #a bbl4 4444444444444444 ,s& cu4 yd4 4444444444444444444444444 ,mason1 #aj hrs4 4444444444444444444444444 ,t5d]1 #aj hrs4 444444444444444444444444 ------- ,total ,*imneys4--,"o foot ( *imney height w conta9 five c\rses ( ord9>y bricks4 ,,*imneys ,no4 ,size ( ,size ( ,no4 ,bricks ,flues ,flue ,*imney p] ,ft4 #a #h #h #af #af #cj #b #h #h #af #bh #ej #c #h #h #af #dj #gj #a #ab #ab #bj #bj #dj ,slate ,ro(4--,exposure ( ea* slate w equal ! l5g? ( a slate dim9i%$ by #c 7! usual am\nt ( lap7 divid$ by #b1 multipli$ by ! wid? ( ! slate4 ,to det]m9e ! numb] ( slates requir$1 divide ! area to be cov]$ by ! exposure ( ea* slate z det]m9$ j above4 ,example--,det]m9e ! numb] ( #f #ab slates requir$ to cov] a surface #af' #bj'4 ,solution--7 7#ab - #c7 _/ #b7 #f #bg sq4 94 7#af #bj #add7 _/ #bg #agjg slates4 ,,table ,,( ,,slates ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,( #ajj ,,feet ,size ,l5g? ( ,expos4 ,no4 ,req4 ,nails ,req4 #f #ab #d #ecc #c4h lbs4 #g #ad #e #cgg #b4ff #h #af #f #bgg #b #i #ah #g #bad #a4e ,,analysis ,,( ,,co/ ,,factors ,,p] ,,squ>e4 7#ajj ,,sq4 ,,ft47 ,slate1 44444444444444444444444444444 ,slat]1 #h hrs41 44444444444444444444 ,ro(+ ,pap]1 444444444444444444444 ,plac+ pap]1 #bj m9 4444444444444444 ,nails1 #b lbs4 7#h #af slate7 44444 -------- ,total ,metal "w extra4 ,pla/]+4--,pla/]+ is e/imat$ by ! squ>e y>d4 ,9 e/imat+ ! numb] ( squ>e y>ds1 d$uct ! area ( op5+s4 ,! extra labor involv$ 9 work+ ar\nd gr\nds is ?us all[$ =4 ,/rips ( pla/]+ less ?an #a foot wide are e/imat$ z a foot 9 wid?4 ,closet areas are increas$ by ,j_/ to make all[ance = ! extra labor involv$ 9 work+ small surfaces4 ,special pla/]+ ( cornice1 etc41 w be *>g$ extra3 ,la?+ is usually a "p ( ! pla/]]'s contract1 ?o done by a diff]5t set ( workm54 ,! unit is ei!r ! squ>e y>d or ! #ajjj la?s4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,co/ ,,factors ,,= ,,la?+ ,a ,,squ>e 7#ajj ,,sq4 ,,ft47 ,la?1 #aejj 4444444444444444444444444 ,nails1 #aj lbs4 #c;d f9e 4444444444444 ,la!r1 #h hrs4 444444444444444444444 -------- ,total 4444444444444444444444444444 ,,analysis ,,( ,,co/ ,,factors ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,= #b-;,,coat ,,lime ,,pla/] ,lime1 #aj bu4 44444444444444444444444 ,hair1 #f lbs4 44444444444444444444444 ,s&1 #a yd4 444444444444444444444444 #b pla/]]s1 #ab hrs4 ea* 444444444 #a help]1 #ab hrs4 444444444444444444 -------- ,total 4444444444444444444444444444 ,,analysis ,,( ,,co/ ,,factors ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,= #c-;,,coat ,,lime ,,pla/] ,lime1 #ac bu4 44444444444444444444444 ,hair1 #h lbs4 44444444444444444444444 ,s&1 #a yds4 4444444444444444444444 ,pla/] ( ,p>is1 #a bbl4 44444444444 #b pla/]]s1 #af hrs4 ea* 444444444 #a help]1 #af hrs 444444444444444444444 ------- ,total 4444444444444444444444444444 ,pa9t+4--,pa9t+ is e/imat$ by ! squ>e y>d1 no d$uctions be+ made = op5+s su* z doors & w9d[s4 ,rail+s1 grills1 etc41 are figur$ z if solid4 ,a gallon ( pa9t w cov] approximately #bej to #cjj sq4 ft4 ( old "w & #cej ft4 ( new "w4 ,a pa9t] %\ld cov] #aej sq4 ft1 #a/4 coat1 p] h\r1 & #ij sq4 ft41 #bnd coat4 ,co/ factors may be easily det]m9$ f ! above /atem5ts1 & co/s easily e/imat$ = ord9>y "w4 ,,bibliography ,,( ,,ref]5ces ,*icago ,millwork ,supply ,co43 ,price ,book & ,specifications = ,lumb] & ,millwork1 ,*icago4 ,gillette3 ,h&book ( ,co/ ,data1 ,myron ,c4 ,cl>k ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,gordon-,van ,t9e ,co43 ,price ,book & ,specifications = ,lumb] & ,millwork1 ,dav5port1 ,i[a4 ,griffi?3 ,ess5tials ( ,woodwork+1 ,manual ,arts ,press1 ,peoria1 ,ill4 ,hodgson3 ,mod]n ,c>p5try1 ,fr$]ick ,j4 ,drake ,co41 ,*icago4 ,hodgson3 ,practical ,uses ( ! ,/eel ,squ>e1 ,fr$]ick ,j4 ,drake ,co-41 ,*icago4 ,kidd]3 ,ar*itects' & ,build]s' ,pocket ,book1 ,john ,wiley & ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,kidd]3 ,build+1 ,con/ruction & ,sup]9t5d5ce1 ,wm4 ,t4 ,com/ock1 ,new ,york4 ,rad=d3 ,cyclop$ia ( ,build+ ,con/ruction1 ,rad=d ,ar*itectural ,co41 ,*icago4 ,rad=d3 ,details ( ,build+ ,con/ruction1 ,rad=d ,ar*itectural ,co41 ,*icago4 ,! ,national ,h>dwood ,lumb] ,association3 ,rules = ,measurem5t & ,inspection ( ,h>dwood ,lumb]1 ,mc,cormick ,bldg41 ,*icago4 ,,index 7,,numb]s ,,ref] ,,to ,,pages7 ,a ,am]ican ,bond #bj ,an*or1 ,brick ,wall #aci ,angle ,po/ #aah ,apron #aji ,ar*itrave #aji ,a%l> #bj ,b ,back+ ,hip ,raft] = ,squ>e ,corn]$ ,build+ #fc ,octagon & ,o!r ,hips #hj ,balloon ,frame #bg ,base ,block #aji ,blocks1 ,plac+ #abh ,m\ld #aji ,m\ld1 ,plac+ #abi ,batt] ,bo>ds #ae ,b$ ,m\ld+ #ih ,belt ,c\rse #aaj ,bibliography ( ,read+ ,ref]5ces #ahc ,bl9d ,/op #aji1 #ach ,bo>d ,measure ,table #afi ,bonds1 ,masonry #bj ,brick ,walls #bj ,cont5ts ,table #agb ,bridg+ #cb ,build+ ,pap] #ie1 #ih ,c ,cas+ #aji1 #ach ,cas+s1 ,plac+ #abh ,*alk ,l9e #ajc ,common ,raft] #gd ,concrete ,mixtures #ai ,corn] ,bo>ds #aji ,bo>d1 ,splic+ #ajb ,po/s #ch1 #ci1 #aji ,cornice #ih ,co/s1 by ,p]c5tages #aef ,example ( ,=m #aed ,c\nt] ,fla%+ #ajg ,cove #aah ,cr[n ,m\ld+ #ih ,d ,deck #id ,door1 ,fitt+ #acj ,frame #acg ,hang+ #abi ,h++ #aca ,jambs1 ,sett+ #abe ,p>ts ,nam$ #abi ,sill #aji ,trim1 ,plac+ #abg ,dra9 ,tile #bd ,drip ,cap #aji1 #ach ,duck #abg ,e ,end ,cut ( ,common ,raft] #ee ( ,hip & ,valley ,raft] #fb ( ,octagonal & ,o!r ,hips & ,valleys #gi ,engli% ,bond #bj ,e/imat+ #adb ,brick ,"w #ahj ,e/imat+ ,cem5t ,mort> #agi ,concrete #agh ,cubic-foot ,unit #adb ,excavations #agh ,labor ,co/s1 ,c>p5try #aej ,la?+ #ahb ,lumb] ,quantities #adf ,millwork ,quantities #adi ,pa9t+ #ahb ,pla/]+ #aha1 #ahb ,quantities ( ,nails #aec ,slate ,ro( #aha ,excavations #ah ,ext]ior ,wall ,cov]+s #ie ,f ,fascia #ih ,f9i% ,floor #aji ,f9i%+ ,ext]ior ,walls #ajh ,fla%+ #aje ,flemi% ,bond #bj ,floors1 ,lay+ & ,scrap+ #ace ,foot+s #ah ,=ms = ,concrete #bc ,f\ndations #ah ,lay+ out #ac ,f\ndation ,mat]ials #ai ,frames1 ,basem5t #be ,fram+ ,common ,raft] #di ,joi/s #ca ,ro( ab\t ,*imney #id ,squ>e ) ,raft] ,table #ec ,table = ,common & ,jack ,raft]s #eb ,frieze #ih ,full ,frame #bg ,furr+ #aji ,g ,gird]s #bi1 #ca ,grade ,l9e #af ,grad+ ,rules1 ,lumb] #adc ,griffi?'s ,ro( ,fram+ ,tables #gb ,griffi?'s ,tables1 ,directions = #agc ,gr\nds #aae ,h ,half-frame #bg ,head]s #bj1 #ce1 #aji ,headroom #aai ,hip & ,valley ,raft] ,end ,cut #fb & ,valley ,raft] ,l5g?s #fa & ,valley ,raft] ,plumb ,cut #fj & ,valley ,raft] ,seat ,cut #fb & ,valley ,raft]s = ,octagon & o!r ,polygons #gd & ,valley ,raft] ,side ,cut #fj ,raft]1 ,unit ,l5g?s #ei ,i ,int]ior ,f9i% #aae1 #abe ,walls #aag ,int]polation #afd ,j ,jamb #aji1 #ach ,jack ,raft] = ,octagonal & ,o!r ,polygonal ,ro(s #ha = ,squ>e ,corn]$ ,build+ #fe ,k ,k+-,po/ #gh ,l ,lap ,sid+ #aaa ,la?+ #aae ,l5g? & ,numb] ( ,wire ,nails to ! ,p\nd #afh ,l5g? ( ,common ,raft] #ej1 #ed ( ,hip & ,valley ,raft]s #fa ( ,jacks = ,squ>e ,corn]$ ,build+ #ff ,l5g? ( ,octagon & ,o!r ,polygonal ,jacks #hb ( ,raft] by ,scal+ #ec ( ,side ( ,polygon #gc ,level+ ,door ,sill #aaj ,f\ndation #af ,rod #ad ) ,/raight-edge #ag ,l9tels #ada ,locks1 ,fitt+ #acb ,look\t #ih ,look\ts1 ,fram+ #ii ,m ,ma9 ,frame #bg ,masonry ,con/ruction1 ,woodwork = #ach ,mit] ,cuts ( ,plate #fi ,n ,natural ,trigonometric ,functions #aeh ,nos+ #aah ,o ,octagonal & ,o!r ,jacks #ha ,ro(s #gc ,octagon ,bay1 ,fram+ #he ,op5+s 9 ,framework #db1 #id ,p ,p>t+ ,/rip #aji1 #ach ,p>tition #ch ,wall ,detail #aaf ,patt]ns = ,joi/s & ,/udd+ #ch ,pi] #abc ,pit* #df ,pit* ,bo>d #abj ,plac+ ,joi/s #cb1 #da ,plan*] #ih ,plank ,frame #bg ,plates #da1 #ih ,plat=m1 ,/air #aah ,plumb ,cut ( ,hip & ,valley ,raft] #fj ( ,octagonal ,hip & ,valley ,raft]s #gd ,por*es #abb ,por* ,/eps #aag ,protractor1 ,fram+ ) #hb ,pulleys #ach ,pulley ,/ile #aji1 #ach ,r ,rak$ ,m\ld+ #ajj ,r$uction = ,k+-po/ #gi = ,ridge #eg ,ribbon ,bo>ds #ci ,ridge1 ,l5g? ( #ef ,piece #eg ,rise #df ,rise ( ,/air #aai ,ris] #aah1 #aba ,ro( ,bo>ds1 ,cutt+ ( #ie1 #if1 #ih ,frame #de ,frame1 ,any ,polygon #fi ,fram+ #de ,fram+ ,t]ms #df ,r\gh ,floors #db1 #aji ,rubble ,"w #bj ,run #de ,run ( ,/air #aai ,s ,sa% ,cord #abg ,scaffold+ #if ,scrib+ ,aga9/ ,irregul> ,surface #aad ,seat ,cut ( ,common ,raft] #ee ( ,hip & ,valley ,raft] #fb ( ,octagonal & ,o!r ,hips & ,valleys #gi ,sett+ ,basem5t ,frames #be ,sett+ ,p>titions #da ,/uds #dj ,w9d[ ,frames #aaj ,%ea?+ or ,%eet+ #ie1 #ih ,%$ ,ro( ,fram+ #hi ,%+l+ #ajb ,hips & ,valleys #aje ,%+le ,t9s #ajf ,%oe ,m\ld #aji ,plac+ #abi ,side ,cut1 ,hip & ,valley ,raft]s #fj ,octagonal & ,o!r ,hips & ,valleys #ge ( ,jack ,raft] #fe ( ,octagonal & ,o!r ,polygonal ,jacks #ha ,sid+ #aaa ,circul> ,t[] #aac ,hook #aac ,/ick #aaa ,sills #bi1 #ca1 #aji1 #ach ,six-eight-t5 ,me?od #ae ,sole ,piece #aji ,solution ( ,"r ,triangles #aei ,spac+ ,joi/s #cb ,/air ,build+ #aag ,types #aah ,/irrups #cf ,/ock ,bill ,=m #adi ,/one ,"w #bj ,/ool #aji ,/op ,bead #aji1 #ach ,/ory ,pole #db ,/raight5+ ,/udd+ #aag ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials #agj ,/ret*]s #bj ,/r+] #aah ,t ,table = ,hip & ,valley ,raft]s #fj ( ,common & ,jack ,raft]s #eb ,table ( ,fractional ,equival5ts = ,decimal ,values #aff ( ,natural ,functions #afc ( ,octagonal ,hip & ,valley ,raft]s #ge ,tail1 ,raft] #ef ,tang5ts #fi ,?re%old #aji ,toe ,hold #ajd ,transit #ac ,translat+ ,fram+ ,problems f ,protractor to ,fram+ ,squ>e & ,vice ,v]sa #hd ,tread #aah1 #aba ,trimm]s #ce ,u ,unev5 ,pit* ( ,ro( #ij ,useful ,tables #aff ,v ,valley ,raft]s #fe ,raft] ,unit ,l5g?s #eh ,value ( a ,function1 ,! ,angle ,be+ ,giv5 9 ,fractional ,degrees #afd ( ,angle1 ,! ,value ( a ,function ,be+ ,kn[n #afd ,v5e]1 ,brick #ach ,w ,wall ,bo>d #aba ,walls #ch ,wat] ,pro(+ #bd ,table #aji ,weight ,pocket #aji1 #ach ,well ,hole #cf ,w9d]s1 ,/air #aah ,w9d[ ,detail1 = ,brick ,wall #adj ,frames #acg ,sa%1 ,fitt+ #abf ,w9d[ ,sill #aji ,/ool #aji ,trim1 ,plac+ #abg ,wire ,brads1 ,table = #afi ,wood & ,ma*9e ,screw1 ,sizes1 ,table ( #afg ,wood5 ,bricks #bf ,wood's ,key to ! ,/eel ,squ>e #gj ,y ,y-level #ad ,yoke #aji 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,a l9k to ! ,index 0 add$ to ! ,cont5ts table4