,transcrib]'s ,notes ,italic text is display$ z3 italic ,bold text is display$ z3 bold ,,motor-,,c> ,,pr9ciples ,,motor-,,c> ,,pr9ciples ,,! ,,gasol9e ,,automobile ,,by ,,rog] ,b4 ,,:itman ,,illu/rat$ ,illu/ration3 ,decoration ,,new ,,& ,,enl>g$ ,,edition ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,,new ,,york1 ,,london ,,mcmx ,,copyright1 #aijg1 #aiji1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,,introduction ,! developm5t ( ! gasol9e automobile at home & abroad has produc$ a great v>iety ( designs1 good1 bad1 & indiff]5t1 b ! advancem5t ( ! indu/ry has we$$ out ! unsatisfactory & improv$ ! good until ) few exceptions ! lead+ makes %[ a /rik+ simil>ity 9 all b details4 ,! advantages ( c]ta9 =ms ( con/ruction h be5 recogniz$1 & _! adoption by ! l>ge majority ( mak]s has produc$ :at may be call$ a /&>d type4 ,! object ( ?is book is to expla9 ! pr9ciples t und]lie automobile con/ruction & op]ation1 & to illu/rate ! movem5ts & me*anical comb9ations adopt$ 9 pres5t-day practice4 ,x is n ! int5tion to expla9 ! exact details ( con/ruction ( ! diff]5t c>s1 & ! illu/rations h be5 prep>$ ) ! sole object ( mak+ ! pr9ciples cle>1 = ) an und]/&+ ( ^! !re %\ld be no difficulty 9 compreh5d+ any p>ticul> application ( !m4 ,! lubrication table on pages #bdd & #bde1 :i* 0 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,d4 ,hanau]1 is reproduc$ ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! advantages ( magneto ignition = int]nal combu/ion eng9es are s obvi\s t design]s & inv5tors h direct$ _! att5tion to ! p]fection ( app>atus t w improve pres5t me?ods4 ,! numb] ( sy/ems propos$ = ! purpose is v l>ge 9 comp>ison ) ! numb] 9 actual & practical use1 & z 9 a "w ( ?is size x w\ld be impossible to describe ! _m me?ods = ! application ( ! magneto t are on ! m>ket1 att5tion has be5 giv5 only to ^? t are 9 actual1 ev]yday use4 ,! abs5ce ( a practical treatise on ! pr9ciples1 application1 & c>e ( l[ & high t5sion magnetos is ! reason = ! addition ( ! app5dix to ?is "w4 ,r4 ,b4 ,w4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,gasol9e-,,eng9e ,,pr9ciples ,,pages ,prop]ties ( gases--,/eam-eng9e pr9ciples--,gasol9e-eng9e pr9ciples--,combu/ion & explosion--,ev5ts ( cycle--,f\r-cycle & two-cycle eng9es--,/rokes ( cycle--,fly :eel--,valves--,inlet /roke--,inlet valve clos+--,compression-combu/ion /roke--,advantages ( compression--,in/ant ( ignition--,advanc+ & ret>d+ ignition--,limit ( compression--,p[] /roke--,heat losses--,op5+ ( exhau/ valve--,exhau/ /roke--,cle>ance--,back pressure--,/eam & ,gasol9e eng9es comp>$--,gasol9e--eng9e p[] #a-ai ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,eng9e ,,p>ts ,crank %aft--,crank-%aft be>+s--,relative position ( cranks--,connect+ rod--,wri/ p9--,pi/on & pi/on r+s--,automatically & me*anically op]at$ valves--,cams & cam %aft--,second>y %aft--,two-to-"o ge>s--,valve-lift] rod--,valve locations--,muffl]--,eng9e cool+--,cool+ by ,wat]--,pumps--,radiators--,pressure & gravity sy/ems--,cool+ by air--,lubrication #bj-cf ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,eng9e ,,balance ,vibrations ( eng9e--,"o-cyl9d] eng9e--,horizontal d\ble-oppos$--,two-cyl9d] v]tical--,f\r-cyl9d]--,fir+ ord]--,balance ( ?ree- & six-cyl9d] eng9es--,comp>ison ( eng9e types #cg-df ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,two-,,cycle ,,eng9es ,pr9ciple--,con/ruction--,ports--,cycle- -,action--,advantages & disadvantages #dg-ea ,,*apt] ,v ,,c>buretion ,,& ,,gasol9e ,,fe$s ,c>buretion--,c>buretor--,c>buretor p>ts--,c>buretor action--,necessity = auxili>y air--,auxili>y air inlet--,automatic & me*anically controll$ air inlet--,c>buretors ) side & c5tral mix+ *amb]s--,me*anically controll$ c>buretor--,surface c>buretors--,gravity fe$--,pressure fe$--,*eck & relief valve #eb-gc ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,ignition ,ignition sy/em--,electric curr5t--,p>ts ( ignition sy/em--,fl[ ( curr5t--,conductors & insulators--,resi/ance--,measurem5ts ( curr5t--,lead & return wires--,gr\nd+ ! return--,g5]ators--,dry cell--,/orage cell--,electrolyte--,hydromet]--,batt]y connections3 s]ies1 p>allel & multiple--,magnetism--,magnets--,magneti c l9es ( =ce--,magnetic field--,field & armature--,magneto & dynamo--,swit*--,swit* p>ts #gd-ij ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,ignition--7,cont9u$7 ,ignition sy/ems--,make-&-break sy/em--,ignit]--,tappet--,connections--, prim>y induction coil--,action ( coil--,induc$ curr5t--,magneto--,jump-sp>k sy/em--,second>y induction coil--,prim>y & second>y circuits--,tim]s--,me*anical & magnetic vibrators--,sp>k plug--,circuit--,cond5s]--,second>y di/ribut] #ia-aaa ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,transmission ,transmission p>ts--,clut*es--,friction-cone clut*--,rev]s$ friction-cone clut*--,multiple disk clut*--,int]nal exp&+ clut*--,*ange-spe$ me*anisms--,slid+ ge>3 progressive & selective types--,use ( clut* 9 *ang+ ge> #aab-aca ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,transmission--7,cont9u$7 ,planet>y type ( *ange-spe$ me*anism--,individual clut*--,friction type--,f9al drive--,turn+ ! direction ( ! p[]--,bevel ge>s--,s+le-*a9 drive--,propell]-%aft drive--,univ]sal jo9ts--,live axle--,float+ axle--,torsion rod--,d\ble-*a9 drive--,jack %aft--,diff]5tial--,bevel-ge> diff]5tial--,spur-ge> diff]5tial--,driv+-ge> ratios #acb-afj ,,*apt] ,x ,,runn+ ,,ge> ,/e]+--,front axle--,/e]+ knuckles & arms--,drag l9k--,/e]+ pr9ciples--,/e]+ me*anisms--,brakes3 contract+ & exp&+--,brakes3 s+le- & d\ble-act+--,runn+ brake--,em]g5cy brake--,eng9e z a brake--,brake equaliz]--,tires--,tire con/ruction--,tire inflation--,skidd+--,antiskid devices--,spr+s--,%ock absorb]s--,di/ance rods #afa-agh ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,tr\bles ,ignition--,circuit--,batt]y--,magneto-- ,coil--,sp>k plug--,ignit]--,tim]--,second>y di/ribut]--,swit*--,gasol9e--,tank--,c>b uretor--,compression-- ,cool+--,freez+--,lubrication #agi-bjb ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,locat+ ,,tr\ble ,make-&-break ignition--,jump-sp>k ignition--,c>buretor--,eng9e w n />t--,eng9e w n deliv] full p[]--,weak explosions--,miss+ explosions--,miss+ at high spe$--,eng9e />ts well1 b comes to a /op--,ov]heat+--,eng9e comes to a /op--,noises #bjc-bai ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,ma9t5ance ,,& ,,con/ruction ,inspection--,wa%+ ! c>--,tires--,c>e ( ! eng9e--,c>e ( ! *a9s--,valve gr9d+--,c>e ( ! /e]+ me*anism--,c>e ( ! spr+s--,adju/+ ! vibrators--,mat*+ coils--,adju/+ ! c>buretor--,sett+ ! valves--,ignition wir+ #bbj-bdb ,,lubrication ,,table #bdd-bde ,,app5dix ,magnetism--,induction--,magneto pr9ciples--,g5]al magneto tr\bles--,l[ t5sion ignition sy/em--,sett+ up1 c>e & tr\bles--,l[ t5sion magneto ) second>y coil--,direct high t5sion magneto--,bos* two-sp>k magneto--,bos* f\r-sp>k magneto--,dual sy/ems--,magnetic plug ignition--,inductor magnetos #bdg-cbf ,,te/+ ,,*>t ,betwe5 #cbf & #cbg ,,index #cbg-cci ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,eng9e ,actions #c #b4 ,gasol9e ,eng9e ,cycle #g #c4 ,gasol9e ,eng9e 9 ,section #ba #d4 ,crank ,%afts #bb #e4 ,"o-,?r[ ,crank ,%aft #bc #f4 ,connect+ ,rod #bc #g4 ,pi/on & ,pi/on 9 ,section #bd #h4 ,pi/on ,r+s #bd #i4 ,conical ,valve ,seat #be #aj4 ,automatic ,inlet ,valve 9 ,cage #be #aa4 ,cam ,action #bg #ab4 ,f\r ,arrangem5ts ( ,valves #bi #ac4 ,circulation ( ,cool+ ,wat] #ca #ad4 ,types ( ,pumps #cb #ae4 ,radiator ,con/ructions #cc #af4 ,radiator & ,fan #cc #ag4 ,eng9e ,arrangem5ts ,%[+ ,ord] ( ,fir+ #dj #ah4 ,two-,cycle ,eng9e #dh #ai4 ,c>buretor ,pr9ciples #ed #bj4 ,automatic ,c>buretors #ei #ba4 ,me*anically ,controll$ ,c>buretor #fc #bb4 ,float-,fe$ ,c>buretor ) ,gravity ,gasol9e ,fe$ #fe #bc4 ,pressure-,fe$ ,gasol9e ,sy/em #fg #bc;,a4 ,types ( ,float ,valves #fi #bc;,b4 ,types ( ,auxili>y ,air ,inlets #ga #bd4 ,batt]y ,connections #he #be4 ,make-&-,break ,ignition #ib #bf4 ,types ( ,tim]s #ii #bg4 ,me*anical ,vibrator #ajd #bh4 ,magnetic ,vibrator #ajd #bi4 ,sp>k ,plug & ,sp>k ,plug 9 ,section #ajg #cj4 ,ignition ,circuit #ajh #ca4 ,friction ,cone ,clut*es #aae #cb4 ,multiple-,disk ,clut* #aag #cc4 ,slid+ ,ge>--,progressive ,type #abb #cd4 ,selective ,type #abg #ce4 ,planet>y ,type #acc #cf4 ,individual ,clut* & ,friction ,drive #aci #cg4 ,propell] & ,s+le-,*a9 ,drives #adc #ch4 ,typical ,univ]sal ,jo9t #add #ch;,a4 ,types ( ,%aft ,drives #ade #ci4 ,live ,axle--,non-float+ ,type #adg #dj4 ,live ,axle--,float+ ,type #adg #dj;,a4 ,dead ,axle ) ,driv+ ,%aft #adi #da4 ,torsion ,rod #aej #db4 ,d\ble ,side-,*a9 ,drive #aea #dc4 ,diff]5tials #aed #dd4 ,two ,arrangem5ts ( ! ,drag ,l9k #afb #de4 ,/e]+ ,pr9ciples #afc #df4 ,/e]+ ,me*anisms #afe #dg4 ,?ree ,v>ieties ( ,brakes #afh #dh4 ,spr+s #age #di4 ,di/ance or ,radius ,rods #agg #ej4 ,jump-,sp>k ,wir+ ,diagrams #bcg #ea4 ,jump-,sp>k ,wir+ ,diagrams #bci #eb4 ,make-&-,break ,wir+ ,diagram #bda #ec4 ,make-&-,break ,wir+ ,diagram #bda ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,app5dix #a4 ,magnetic ,l9es ( ,=ce #bej #b4 ,armature #bef #c4 ,! ,armature & ,l9es ( ,=ce #bef #d4 ,! ,armature & ,l9es ( ,=ce #beg #e4 ,! ,armature & ,l9es ( ,=ce #beg #f4 ,! ,armature & ,l9es ( ,=ce #beh #g4 ,! ,armature & ,l9es ( ,=ce #bei #h4 ,make-&-,break ,sy/em #bga #i4 ,eisemann ,ignition ,sy/em #bhe #aj4 ,wir+ ,diagram1 ,h4-,t4 ,magneto ,int]*angeable ) ,second>y ,coil #bih #aa4 ,wir+ ,diagram1 ,two-,sp>k ,magneto #cjb #ab4 ,tim+ ,diagram1 ,two-,sp>k ,magneto #cjd #ac4 ,diagrams %[+ ,position ( ,%ield ,revolv+ ab\t ,armature #cji #ad4 ,wir+ ,diagram1 ,f\r-,sp>k ,magneto #cab #ae4 ,tim+ ,diagram1 ,f\r-,sp>k ,magneto #cad #af4 ,bos* ,jump-,sp>k ,dual ,sy/em #cah #ag4 ,remy ,inductor #cba #ah4 ,inductor ,giv+ ,six ,waves #cba #ai4 ,magnetic ,ignit] #cbd #bj4 ,wir+ ,diagram ( ,magnetic ,ignit] ,sy/em #cbd ,,motor-,,c> ,,pr9ciples ,,*apt] ,i ,,gasol9e ,,eng9e ,,pr9ciples ,! action ( a /eam1 gasol9e1 or hot-air eng9e dep5ds on ! pr9ciple t :5 air or o!r gas is heat$ x exp&s1 & t if x is conf9$ 9 a space t w n p]mit x to exp&1 9 /riv+ to d s x creates pressure aga9/ all p>ts ( ! *amb] 9 :i* x is conta9$4 ,! m a gas is heat$1 ! m x w exp& if x is free to d s1 & if n free1 ! great] w be ! pressure t x w ex]t 9 /riv+ to exp&4 ,pressure may ?us be g5]at$ by heat1 & foll[+ along simil> l9es1 heat may be produc$ by pressure1 = :5 ! pressure ( a gas is increas$ by compress+ x1 or =c+ x to occupy a small] space1 ! gas w become heat$4 ,! rev]se is also true1 t :5 a gas is cool$1 its volume is r$uc$1 :i* r$uces ! pressure t x ex]ts2 simil>ly1 r$uc+ ! pressure by p]mitt+ ! gas to exp& r$uces its temp]ature4 ,to /ate ^! pr9ciples 9 ano!r =m1 to create pressure 9 a gas x mu/ ei!r be heat$ or compress$ into a small] space1 & to r$uce its pressure x mu/ ei!r be cool$ or p]mitt$ to exp&4 ,! action ( a locomotive1 ! mo/ famili> type ( /eam eng9e1 is no my/]y1 & ! production ( /eam 9 ! boil]1 its passage to ! cyl9d]1 & ! application ( its /eady pressure aga9/ fir/ "o side ( ! pi/on & !n ! o!r1 result+ 9 ! turn+ ( ! driv+ :eels1 are well und]/ood4 ,wat] be+ conv]t$ into /eam 9 ! boil]1 pressure is creat$ because ( ! t5d5cy ( ! /eam to exp&1 b ! only place 9 :i* x may exp& is ! cyl9d]1 :]e 9 s do+ x moves ! pi/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,eng9e ,,actions4 ,a gasol9e eng9e is simil> to a /eam eng9e 9 t its pi/on is mov$ by ! pressure ex]t$ by a heat$ & exp&+ gas2 x is diff]5t 9 t ! pressure is produc$ inside ( ! cyl9d] by ! combu/ion ( an inflammable mixture ( gasol9e vapor1 in/ead ( be+ g5]at$ 9 a boil] away f ! cyl9d]4 ,! heat ( ! combu/ion creates great pressure1 & z ! pi/on is ! only "p t c give be=e x1 x is mov$ f "o end ( ! cyl9d] to ! o!r1 ?is motion be+ utiliz$ 9 ! turn+ ( ! crank %aft4 ,! combu/ion1 :i* is s rapid t ! g5]ally accept$ t]m = x is explosion1 c occur only aft] ! mixture has be5 drawn into ! cyl9d]1 & s prep>$ t x ignites quickly & burns completely1 ) ! object ( obta9+ ! greate/ possible heat f x 9 ! %orte/ possible "t4 ,9 ord] t "o explosion may be foll[$ by ano!r1 ! burn$ & useless products ( combu/ion mu/ be expell$ to make place = a fre% *>ge ( ! inflammable mixture4 ,^! successive ev5ts1 =m+ a cycle1 mu/ be p]=m$ z long z ! eng9e runs1 & ! con/antly *ang+ pressure 9 ! cyl9d] due to ! movem5t ( ! pi/on all[s a fre% *>ge to ent]1 prep>es x1 & expels ! products ( combu/ion aft] ! pressure t !y h ex]t$ has be5 utiliz$4 ,:ile 9 ! great majority ( /eam eng9es ! /eam acts fir/ on "o side ( ! pi/on & !n on ! o!r1 9 an automobile gasol9e eng9e ! pressure is ex]t$ on only "o side1 ! combu/ion ( ! mixture tak+ place betwe5 ! pi/on & ! clos$ end1 or head1 ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! o!r end ( ! cyl9d] is op51 & ! pi/on slides betwe5 ! ends1 its movem5t f "o end to ! o!r1 call$ a /roke1 correspond+ to a half revolution ( ! crank %aft4 ,gasol9e eng9es are divid$ into two classes1 accord+ to ! numb] ( /rokes ( ! pi/on t are necess>y to accompli% ! cycle2 9 ! mo/ usual type1 f\r /rokes are necess>y1 ! class be+ call$ ! f\r-/roke-cycle1 or f\r-cycle1 9 di/9ction to ! two-/roke-cycle1 or two-cycle1 9 :i* b two /rokes are necess>y4 ,( ! five ev5ts t compose ! cycle1 ?ree 7! inlet1 dur+ :i* ! fre% mixture ent]s ! cyl9d]1 its compression or prep>ation1 & ! exhau/ ( ! burn$ gases7 are p]=m$ by ! pi/on2 dur+ ! p[] ev5t ! pi/on is mov$ by ! pressure result+ f ! combu/ion1 :ile ! combu/ion ev5t is due to an outside s\rce4 ,9 ! f\r-cycle type ( eng9e1 :i* is 9 almo/ univ]sal use = automobiles1 ! ev5ts are consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! movem5t made by ! pi/on dur+ :i* !y are p]=m$1 & may be call$ ! inlet1 compression-combu/ion1 p[]1 & exhau/ /rokes4 ,9 ord] t ! eng9e may cont9ue to run1 x is obvi\s t ! ev5ts mu/ be p]=m$ 9 ! correct ord]1 & t ! failure ( "o w affect all ! o!rs4 ,dur+ ! inlet /roke1 a *>ge ( fre% mixture ent]s ! cyl9d] z ! pi/on makes an outw>d /roke f ! clos$ t[>d ! op5 end4 ,:5 ! pi/on makes ! foll[+ inw>d /roke1 ! mixture is compress$ & combu/ion occurs1 ! pressure f :i* drives ! pi/on outw>d on ! p[] /roke4 ,?is is foll[$ by ano!r inw>d /roke1 :i* pu%es ! burn$ gases out ( ! cyl9d]4 ,x w be se5 t p[] is develop$ dur+ only "o /roke ( ! f\r1 ! o!r ?ree be+ requir$ 9 ! prep>ation = ! foll[+ p[] /roke4 ,! movem5t ( ! pi/on ov] ^! ?ree dead /rokes is secur$ by atta*+ to ! crank %aft a heavy fly :eel1 ! mom5tum ( :i*1 acquir$ dur+ ! p[] /roke1 keeps ! crank %aft revolv+ & ! pi/on 9 motion :ile ! ev5ts are p]=m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,suction ,,/roke ,,compression ,,/roke ,,p[] ,,/roke ,,exhau/ ,,/roke ,,fig4 #b4--;,,gasol9e ,,eng9e ,,cycle4 ,! space betwe5 ! pi/on & cyl9d] head 9 :i* ! combu/ion occurs is call$ ! combu/ion space1 & ! inlet & exhau/ valves op5 into x1 ! fir/ be+ t by :i* ! fre% mixture ent]s1 & ! second t by :i* ! products ( combu/ion escape4 ,! device = ignit+ ! mixture projects into ! combu/ion space1 & ! means ( ignition 9 univ]sal use = automobile eng9es is an electric sp>k4 ,,inlet ,,/roke ,dur+ ! /roke 7,fig4 #b71 ! pi/on is mov$ outw>d by ! crank %aft1 :i* is revolv$ ei!r by h& or by ! mom5tum ( ! fly :eel4 ,?is movem5t increases ! size ( ! combu/ion space1 !reby r$uc+ ! pressure 9 x1 & ! high] pressure ( ! atmosph]e outside ( ! cyl9d] w =ce fre% mixture into ! combu/ion space1 ! inlet valve be+ op5 to admit x4 ,if ! pi/on moves sl[ly1 ! mixture w be able to ent] fa/ en\gh to keep ! pressure 9 ! combu/ion space equal to t outside1 b at ! high spe$ at :i* a gasol9e eng9e is run ! pi/on w rea* ! end ( its /roke be=e a complete *>ge has _h "t to ent]1 s t ! pressure 9 ! combu/ion space w /ill be bel[ t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,if ! inlet valve clos$ at ?is po9t s t no m mixture c\ld ent]1 ! combu/ion ( ! p>tial *>ge w\ld result 9 a l[] pressure ?an w\ld be possible ) a full *>ge2 ! inlet valve %\ld !re=e rema9 op5 until ! pi/on rea*es ! po9t ( its next inw>d /roke at :i* ! pressure 9 ! cyl9d] equals t outside4 ,,compression-,,combu/ion ,,/roke ,! compression & ! combu/ion ( ! *>ge occur dur+ ! next inw>d /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,! p]iod betwe5 ! br++ toge!r ( ! liquid gasol9e & air & its admission to ! cyl9d] is too brief to secure p]fect comb9ation1 & ! mixture t results is n satisfactory4 ,a portion ( ! air w n h be5 able to come into contact ) ! gasol9e1 & mu* ( ! liquid w n h be5 vaporiz$2 :at passes into ! cyl9d] consi/s ( pure air1 liquid gasol9e1 & a m or less p]fect mixture ( ! two4 ,! combu/ion ( ?is w\ld be sl[ & incomplete1 result+ 9 loss ( p[] & wa/e ( fuel4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! mixture m p]fect1 advantage is tak5 ( ! heat t is produc$ by compression2 ! inw>d /roke ( ! pi/on raises ! temp]ature ( ! mixture by compress+ x1 ! heat r5d]+ ! gasol9e m volatile1 & ! compression =c+ x into comb9ation ) ! air4 ,ev5 ?is does n result 9 ! =mation ( a p]fect mixture1 = ! p]iod is too %ort to effect x4 ,! failure ( an eng9e to deliv] full p[] may (t5 be trac$ to ?is condition1 = ! air & gasol9e vapor1 in/ead ( be+ ?or\ghly comb9$ & mix$1 w be 9 lay]s1 s to speak1 & ! combu/ion w be sl[ & unev54 ,future developm5t ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e w no d\bt eradicate ?is1 to ! increase ( effici5cy & economy4 ,! *>ge ( inflammable mixture c produce a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat1 & ! m rapidly & completely ?is heat is obta9$1 ! great] & m sudd5 w be ! rise 9 pressure4 ,! pressure w be great] :5 ! mixture is conta9$ 9 a small space ?an :5 9 a l>ge1 & z ! combu/ion space is smalle/ :5 ! pi/on is at its inmo/ po9t1 ! greate/ pressure w be obta9$ if combu/ion is complete at ?is po9t4 ,if ! combu/ion ( ! mixture 7 in/antane\s1 x %\ld be ignit$ at ?is po9t2 b ev5 ?\gh v rapid1 x nev]!less burns sl[ly en\gh to make x necess>y to ignite x suffici5tly be=e ! end ( ! /roke to h ! combu/ion complete z ! pi/on comes into position to move outw>d4 ,! in/ant at :i* ! mixture mu/ be ignit$ 9 ord] to produce ?is result dep5ds on ! spe$ ( ! pi/on1 = ! int]val betwe5 ! ignition ( a good mixture & its complete combu/ion does n v>y to any great ext5t4 ,:5 ! pi/on is mov+ sl[ly1 ! mixture may be ignit$ t[>d ! end ( ! compression /roke1 = !re w be suffici5t "t = complete combu/ion by ! "t ! /roke is end$2 b :5 mov+ at high spe$1 ignition mu/ occur mu* e>li] 9 ! /roke1 z o!rwise ! pi/on w h complet$ ! compression /roke & begun to move outw>d on ! p[] /roke be=e ! mixture is entirely burn$4 ,! in/ant at :i* ignition occurs also dep5ds on ! mixture t is us$1 = its quality & prop] comb9ation make a diff]5ce 9 ! rapidity ) :i* x burns4 ,! bett] ! quality ( ! mixture1 ! fa/] & m completely x w burn1 & ignition may occur lat] 9 ! /roke ?an w\ld be possible ) a mixture ( poor quality4 ,z ! mixture is ignit$ by ! pass+ ( an electric sp>k 9 ! combu/ion space1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! in/ant at :i* x occurs may be secur$ by p]mitt+ ! sp>k to pass e>li] or lat]1 & ?is is "u ! control ( ! driv]4 ,:5 ignition occurs e>ly 9 ! compression /roke1 ! sp>k is said to be advanc$1 9 di/9ction to a ret>d$ sp>k1 :i* passes :5 ! compression /roke is m ne>ly complete4 ,if ! sp>k is advanc$ too mu*1 combu/ion w be complete be=e ! pi/on has rea*$ ! end ( ! compression /roke1 & x w be necess>y to =ce x to ! end ( ! /roke aga9/ ! pressure by ! mom5tum ( ! fly :eel1 9 ord] t x may get into position to move outw>d on ! p[] /roke4 ,9 su* a case1 ! mom5tum may n be suffici5t to ov]come ! pressure1 & ! pi/on w be br\ght to a /op4 ,a ret>d$ sp>k results 9 ! combu/ion ( ! mixture be+ complet$ aft] ! pi/on has begun to move outw>d on ! p[] /roke1 & ! pressure w !n be r$uc$ because x is ex]t$ 9 a l>g] space1 ! pi/on consequ5tly be+ mov$ ) less =ce2 if ! sp>k is /ill fur!r ret>d$1 ! combu/ion w n be complete by ! "t ! exhau/ beg9s1 & ! heat f only a portion ( ! mixture w be utiliz$1 because x w /ill be burn+ z x is =c$ out ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! position at :i* ! sp>k occurs is "o ( ! means by :i* ! spe$ ( ! eng9e is controll$1 = ! l[ pressure t results f a ret>d$ sp>k moves ! pi/on at l[ spe$1 :ile ! great] pressure f an advanc$ sp>k drives ! pi/on outw>d ) m =ce & high] velocity4 ,:ile high compression ( ! *>ge improves its quality1 & results 9 combu/ion be+ m rapid & complete1 x has limits1 & if c>ri$ too f> ! heat g5]at$ by ! compression w be suffici5t to ignite ! mixture4 ,?is w\ld h a bad effect on ! op]ation ( ! eng9e1 = ! pressure w\ld !n be produc$ at ! wrong po9t ( ! /roke1 ret>d+ in/ead ( assi/+ ! revolution ( ! crank %aft4 ,mod]n practice has %[n t 9 eng9es t are ma9ta9$ at a prop] temp]ature ! be/ results are obta9$ by compress+ ! mixture to f sixty to eighty p\nds to ! squ>e in*2 !re are in/ances 9 :i* a high] compression is obta9$1 b ! liability to ignite ! mixture prematurely makes x undesirable4 ,,p[] ,,/roke ,! increas+ size ( ! combu/ion *amb] z ! pi/on moves outw>d on ! p[] /roke p]mits ! gases to exp&1 & 9 do+ s ! temp]ature w fall1 ! pressure decreas+ 9 consequ5ce4 ,a fur!r decrease 9 pressure is caus$ by ! hot gases be+ 9 contact ) ! metal cyl9d] & pi/on1 :i* absorb heat4 ,! m sl[ly ! eng9e runs1 ! long] ! gases w be 9 contact ) ! cyl9d] walls1 & ! m opportunity !re w be = loss ( heat f ?is cause2 at high] spe$s1 !re w be less "t = heat to be absorb$ by ! cyl9d] walls1 & m w be utiliz$ 9 exp&+ ! gases & produc+ "w4 ,ev5 at ! outmo/ position ( ! pi/on1 ! combu/ion space w n be l>ge en\gh to p]mit ! gases to exp& until _! pressure has dropp$ to t ( ! atmosph]e1 s t !y w /ill be ex]t+ pressure4 ,by op5+ ! exhau/ valve1 ! gases w h an outlet = expansion1 & w beg9 to ru% out4 ,:ile ! pressure might be utiliz$ aga9/ ! pi/on to ! end ( ! p[] /roke1 x has be5 f\nd t bett] results are obta9$ by op5+ ! exhau/ valve be=e ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( ! p[] /roke4 ,!re is !n a high] pressure =c+ ! gases out ?an !re w\ld be lat] 9 ! /roke1 & ! great] quantity ( gases t escapes leaves less to be expell$ dur+ ! exhau/ /roke4 ,,exhau/ ,,/roke ,! inw>d movem5t ( ! pi/on pu%es out ( ! op5 exhau/ valve ! gases t h n escap$ ?r\gh _! desire to exp&4 ,! exhau/ valve rema9s op5 = ! entire /roke1 b :5 ! eng9e is runn+ at high spe$ ! pi/on moves s rapidly t ! gases _c escape fa/ en\gh to prev5t _! be+ slightly compress$4 ,:5 ! pi/on is at its inmo/ po9t1 ! gases are /ill fl[+ ?r\gh ! valve because ( ?is slight compression1 & if ! valve clos$1 a portion w\ld be reta9$4 ,! be/ results come f ! clos+ ( ! exhau/ valve n at ! end ( ! exhau/ /roke1 b a %ort "t aft] ! pi/on has begun to move outw>d aga91 dur+ :i* p]iod ! compression =ces ! gases out4 ,! exhau/ valve closes at ! po9t :5 ! slight compression has be5 r$uc$ to ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e by ! escape ( ! gases & ! enl>gem5t ( ! combu/ion space4 ,if ! pi/on completely fill$ ! combu/ion space :5 at its inmo/ po9t1 all ( ! burn$ gases w\ld be expell$1 b ! necessity = leav+ a space 9 :i* combu/ion may take place r5d]s ?is impossible1 & a small portion ( ! burn$ gases !re=e rema9s 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! space betwe5 ! cyl9d] head & ! pi/on :5 at its inmo/ po9t1 call$ ! cle>ance1 %\ld be z small z possible1 9 ord] t ! am\nt ( ^! gases rema9+ 9 ! cyl9d] may n be suffici5t to contam9ate ! fre% *>ge & weak5 ! pressure ( its combu/ion4 ,! passages ?r\gh :i* ! burn$ gases are l$ away f ! cyl9d] mu/ be l>ge & free f ob/ructions1 = if a free fl[ is n p]mitt$ back pressure w be set up1 :i* w prev5t ! l>ge/ possible am\nt ( gases f escap+1 & leave a great] portion to contam9ate ! fre% *>ge4 ,! p[] t a gasol9e eng9e is capable ( develop+ dep5ds on ! size ( ! cyl9d]1 ! pressure act+ on ! pi/on1 & ! spe$ at :i* x op]ates4 ,a /eam eng9e1 :i* obta9s its pressure f a boil]1 c d "w z soon z ! /eam is turn$ into ! cyl9d]1 b a gasol9e eng9e mu/ be runn+ be=e x c be call$ on to deliv] p[]4 ,because ( ! cycle ( ev5ts on :i* its op]ation dep5ds1 ! pi/on mu/ be =c$ to p]=m ! inlet & compression /rokes be=e pressure c be develop$1 & x is necess>y to revolve ! crank %aft by outside means until a *>ge ( mixture has be5 tak5 into ! cyl9d]1 compress$1 & ignit$1 :5 ! eng9e beg9s to "w by ! pressure f ! combu/ion1 & takes up its cycle4 ,n until ?is has be5 done c x be call$ on to d "w4 ,a /eam eng9e c be made to deliv] m p[] ?an x is built = by increas+ ! pressure act+ aga9/ its pi/on1 & ! full pressure ( ! boil] c be utiliz$ :5 extra "w is necess>y4 ,! p[] develop$ by a gasol9e eng9e be+ greatly dep5d5t on its spe$1 & !re be+ no res]ve by :i* great] p[] c be develop$ 9 em]g5cies1 x is necess>y = an eng9e ( ?is type to be p]fectly adapt$ to ! "w t is desir$ ( x4 ,at excessive spe$s ! pi/on acquires great mom5tum1 :i* mu/ be ov]come at ea* end ( a /roke by ! crank %aft1 & :ile a spe$ above normal may be atta9$1 x results 9 ! quick de/ruction ( ! be>+s & ! sev]e /ra9+ ( ! eng9e4 ,! be/ results 9 effici5cy & long life accompany ! runn+ ( ! eng9e at ! sl[e/ spe$ possible = ! developm5t ( ! requir$ p[]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,eng9e ,,p>ts ,! sudd5 & p[]ful outw>d movem5ts ( ! pi/on "u ! pressure f ! combu/ion are transmitt$ to a crank %aft1 :i* mu/ be ( great /r5g? 9 ord] to resi/ ! heavy /ra9s "u :i* x op]ates4 ,x is made ( ! be/ /eel available = ! purpose1 & has z _m cranks z ! eng9e has cyl9d]s4 ,! cranks are g5]ally made 9 "o piece ) ! %aft = ! sake ( /r5g?1 & = /iffness !re are z _m be>+s z possible4 ,! numb] ( be>+s = ! crank %aft ( an eng9e ) f\r or m cyl9d]s dep5ds on ! arrangem5t ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,if ! cyl9d]s are ev5ly spac$1 !re w be room = a be>+ betwe5 ea* pair ( cranks1 s t a f\r-cyl9d] eng9e w h five be>+s1 "o at ea* end1 ! o!r ?ree be+ betwe5 ! cranks4 ,if ! cyl9d]s are 9 pairs1 !re w n be room betwe5 ! cranks ( a pair = a be>+1 ! only space = x be+ betwe5 ! pairs2 a f\r-cyl9d] eng9e built 9 ?is way w ?us h b ?ree be>+s1 "o at ea* end & "o 9 ! c5t]4 ,crank %afts are describ$ by _! be>+s z ?ree1 five1 etc41 po9t crank %afts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,gasol9e ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,a1 ,two-?r[ crank %aft2 ,b1 f\r-?r[ crank %aft1 #ahj4 ,! relative positions ( ! cranks ( a crank %aft are express$ 9 degrees ( a circle2 if1 = in/ance1 ! cranks project f opposite sides ( ! %aft s t !y are a half revolution ap>t1 x is call$ a #ahj-;degree crank %aft4 ,! out] ends ( ! crank arms1 :i* correspond to ! cranks ( a bicycle1 support ! crank p91 :i* may be lik5$ to ! p$al1 & to ?is ! l>ge end ( ! connect+ rod is atta*$1 ! small end be+ connect$ to ! pi/on4 ,! connect+ rod mu/ be ( great /r5g?1 t\gh b n brittle1 & is made ( /eel or bronze4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,"o-,,?r[ ,,crank ,,%aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,connect+ ,,rod4 ,! pi/on is a trifle small] ?an ! bore ( ! cyl9d]1 & its l5g? is usually great] ?an its diamet]4 ,x is holl[1 ) "o end clos$1 ! clos$ end be+ t aga9/ :i* ! pressure is ex]t$4 ,a wri/ p9 passes ?r\gh x1 & ?r\gh ! small end ( ! connect+ rod1 to enable ! latt] to sw+ f side to side 9 foll[+ ! turn+ ( ! crank %aft4 ,a tight jo9t is ma9ta9$ betwe5 x & ! cyl9d] walls by ca/-iron pi/on r+s1 :i* are ( squ>e or rectangul> cross-section1 split s t !y may spr+ op51 & fitt$ into grooves cut ar\nd ! pi/on4 ,!y are ( su* %ape t _! t5d5cy to exp& keeps !m press$ aga9/ ! cyl9d] walls1 b be+ split1 _! ela/icity prev5ts _! b9d+2 !y fit ! grooves snugly1 & :ile !y may move freely 9 !m1 !y hold ! pressure f escap+4 ,! numb] ( r+s v>ies ) ! design ( ! eng9e1 b ! mo/ usual arrangem5t is ?ree to a pi/on1 plac$ ar\nd ! upp] end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,a1 ,pi/on2 ,b1 pi/on 9 section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,pi/on ,,r+s4 ,! cyl9d] %\ld be ( ! highe/ grade ( ca/ iron1 ) ! smoo!/ possible surface = ! pi/on to slide aga9/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,conical ,,valve ,,seat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,,automatic ,,inlet ,,valve ,,9 ,,cage4 ,! valve op5+s1 or seats1 are circul>1 & are usually made slightly funnel %ap$1 ! disks t cov] !m be+ slightly conical to fit4 ,! l>ge end ( ! funnel is t[>d ! combu/ion space1 s t :5 ! disk is lift$ f its seat x moves inw>d4 ,valves are held aga9/ _! seats by coil spr+s t surr\nd ! valve /ems1 :i* are rods ext5d+ f ! c5t] ( ! disks1 & !re are two me?ods by :i* !y are op5$4 ,9 an automatic valve1 ! spr+ t holds ! disk aga9/ its seat is weak1 & ! high] pressure outside ( ! cyl9d] dur+ ! suction /roke =ces ! disk away f its seat aga9/ ! pressure ( ! spr+4 ,! valve rema9s op5 until ! pressure 9 ! combu/ion space is ab\t equal to t outside1 :5 ! spr+ draws ! disk back to its seat1 to :i* x is held z long z ! pressure inside is high] ?an t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is arrangem5t is only possible = inlet valves1 & is l>gely us$1 b exhau/ valves1 & (t5 inlet valves z well1 are me*anically op]at$2 t is1 !y are op5$ & held op5 by a me*anism driv5 by ! crank %aft1 9 ! =m ( a cam4 ,a cam c be/ be describ$ z a 8:eel ) a hump on x10 or1 9 o!r words1 x is a piece ( metal m\nt$ on a %aft1 cyl9drical 9 =m except = "o portion1 :i* projects f>!r f ! %aft ?an ! re/4 ,! cam revolves ) ! %aft1 & ! projection1 call$ ! nose1 w displace any?+ re/+ aga9/ x4 ,! illu/ration %[s a cam 9 ?ree positions ( its revolution1 ) ! end ( a valve /em re/+ aga9/ x--! roll] be+ atta*$ to ! /em to r$uce ! friction4 ,! valve /em is held 9 guides1 s t ! only movem5t x may h is up & d[n2 :5 ! cam revolves1 ! nose lifts ! /em & op5s ! valve1 holds x op5 z long z ! flat end ( ! cam is "u ! /em1 & :5 ! nose passes f "u1 ! valve is drawn to its seat by ! spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,,cam ,,action4 ,! mom5t at :i* an automatic valve op5s is gov]n$ p>tly by ! t5sion ( its spr+2 if x is too /rong1 great] pressure w be requir$ to op5 x1 & x w close soon] ?an if ! t5sion is light4 ,accurate adju/m5t ( ?is spr+ is necess>y 9 ord] t ! *>ge may ent] ! combu/ion space )\t delay1 & cont9ue to ent] z long z possible4 ,! op5+ & clos+ ( me*anically op]at$ valves dep5d on ! %ape ( ! cam1 & n be+ affect$ by ! m or less unc]ta9 action ( a spr+1 !y are m positive 9 action4 ,! cam %aft on :i* ! cam is m\nt$ is driv5 by ! crank %aft1 b z ! valve op5s b once dur+ two revolutions1 ! cam %aft revolves at half spe$1 mak+ "o revolution :ile ! crank %aft makes two4 ,?is is done by means ( ge>s4 ,if two ge>s runn+ toge!r1 or 9 me%1 h ! same numb] ( tee?1 !y w make ! same numb] ( revolutions1 b if "o has twice z _m tee? z ! o!r1 ! small] w revolve twice :ile ! l>g] revolves once4 ,z ! cam %aft mu/ revolve b once :ile ! crank %aft revolves twice1 its ge> mu/ h twice ! numb] ( tee? z ! ge> on ! crank %aft4 ,! cam %aft is also call$ ! second>y1 or half-"t %aft1 & ! ge>s t drive x ! two-to-"o ge>s4 ,9 "s designs ( eng9es1 ! nose ( ! cam be>s directly aga9/ ! valve /em1 b x is m usual to place a valve-lift] rod1 or pu% rod1 betwe5 !m1 ! cam act+ on ! rod & lift+ x1 & t 9 turn lift+ ! valve /em4 ,:5 ! nose ( ! cam is n act+ on ! /em or rod1 !re mu/ be a small space betwe5 !m1 = if ! /em or rod re/s firmly aga9/ ! cam at all times1 ! valve disk might be prev5t$ f seat+ firmly4 ,! space is left betwe5 ! /em & lift] rod1 ! spr+ act+ only on ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,,f\r ,,arrangem5ts ,,( ,,valves4 ,! valves may op5 into ! cyl9d] 9 a v>iety ( ways2 bo? may be 9 "o pocket1 or "o may be 9 a pocket & ! o!r 9 ! head1 or ea* 9 a sep>ate pocket1 or bo? 9 ! head4 ,! fir/ two illu/rations %[ automatic inlet valves1 & ! ?ird & f\r? me*anically op]at$ valves2 :5 two me*anically op]at$ valves are 9 ! head1 x is necess>y to op5 !m by means ( rock] arms1 = because ( _! position x w\ld be impossible = ! valve-lift] rod to act directly on _! /ems4 ,if aft] ! explosion ! burn$ gases 7 p]mitt$ to escape directly into ! op5 air f ! cyl9d]1 ! effect w\ld be ! same z ! fir+ ( a gun1 & = ! same reasons4 ,! pressure 9 ! cyl9d] be+ high] ?an t ( ! atmosph]e1 ! sudd5 expansion ( ! gases w\ld produce a report1 & z ?is w\ld be mo/ undesirable = an automobile1 provision is made by :i* ! gases are cool$ & p]mitt$ to exp& gradually1 s t :5 !y rea* ! op5 air !y are at its pressure1 or ne>ly s4 ,?is is done 9 ! muffl]1 or sil5c]1 to :i* ! exhau/ pipe conducts ! products ( combu/ion4 ,! muffl] consi/s ( a s]ies ( *amb]s ( diff]5t sizes1 "o inside ( ! o!r2 ! gases pass f ! small] to ! l>g]1 exp&+ z !y g1 until f ! l>ge/ !y %\ld escape )\t noise1 hav+ lo/ _! heat & pressure4 ,:ile ! pressure ex]t$ dur+ ! p[] /roke dep5ds on ! heat ( ! gases1 & x is necess>y to h ! eng9e hot 9 ord] t !re may be z little loss ( heat z possible1 ! temp]ature mu/ n be p]mitt$ to rise to ! po9t at :i* ! lubricat+ oil w\ld burn4 ,lubricat+ oil = gasol9e eng9es is made to /& high heat1 b if heat$ beyond its limit x w burn1 & !n1 besides ! loss ( its prop]ty ( lubrication1 a deposit ( c>bon1 h>d or gummy1 w =m1 f\l+ ! combu/ion space or pi/on r+s1 & int]f]+ ) ! op]ation ( ! eng9e4 ,ov]heat+ is prev5t$ ei!r by circulat+ wat] ?r\gh *annels surr\nd+ ! combu/ion space1 or by direct+ a bla/ ( air aga9/ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,a1 ,=ce circulation wat]-cool+ sy/em2 ,b1 !rmosiphon circulation wat]-cool+ sy/em4 7,fl[ ( wat] indicat$ by arr[s47 ,! *annels1 call$ wat] jackets1 provid$ = ! circulation ( ! wat]1 are usually ca/ ) ! cyl9d]1 or =m$ ( %eet metal4 ,cool wat] ent]s at ! bottom & escapes at ! top1 absorb+ heat dur+ its passage4 ,( ! two sy/ems ( keep+ ! wat] 9 circulation1 ! mo/ usual consi/s ( a rot>y pump1 :i* =ces ! wat] ?r\gh ! jackets & !n to a cool]1 or radiator1 :i* is s plac$ t x is expos$ to ! air curr5ts set up z ! c> moves4 ,9 ord] to cool ! wat]1 ! radiator mu/ h a l>ge surface expos$ to ! air1 & ! wat] mu/ pass ?r\gh x 9 small /reams4 ,! e>ly types consi/$ ( coils ( small copp] tub+1 on :i* 7 /rung disks ( copp]1 ! wat] fl[+ ?r\gh ! tub+1 & ! disks absorb+ its heat & giv+ x up to ! air1 b ^! are be+ ab&on$ 9 favor ( cellul> or honeycomb radiators4 ,^! types1 :i* are usually plac$ at ! extreme front ( ! c>1 are made up ( a great numb] ( %ort l5g?s ( small tub+1 9 any "o ( sev]al %apes1 plac$ side by side1 & held toge!r ei!r by plates or by sold]+ _! ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,a1 ,c5trifugal pump2 ,b1 vane pump2 ,c1 ge> pump & cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,radiator ,,con/ructions4 ,a1 ,spiral flange 7wat] passes ?r\gh ! tube72 ,b1 cellul>1 & ,c1 honeycomb 7air passes ?r\gh ! tubes2 wat] passes betwe5 ! tubes74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,radiator ,,& ,,fan4 ,! heat$ wat] ent]s at ! top ( ! case 9 :i* ! tubes are conta9$1 & fl[s to ! bottom1 f9d+ passages betwe5 ! tubes1 :ile ! air passes ?r\gh1 be+ assi/$ by a fan driv5 by ! eng9e4 ,! second sy/em ( keep+ ! wat] 9 circulation foll[s ! pr9ciple t heat$ wat] t5ds to rise1 its place be+ tak5 by ! cool] wat] t t5ds to s9k4 ,?is1 call$ ! !rmosiphon or gravity sy/em1 requires all ( ! p>ts & connections to be l>ge & completely fill$ ) wat]4 ,! wat] 9 ! jacket rises z x absorbs heat f ! cyl9d] walls1 & fl[s out to ! radiator1 :i* x ent]s at ! top4 ,its place 9 ! jacket is tak5 by ! cool$ wat] f ! bottom ( ! radiator1 & ?is circulation cont9ues1 be+ m rapid z ! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! heat$ & cool$ wat] increases4 ,x is naturally n s rapid z circulation t is =c$ by a pump1 & m liable to become inop]ative by ! clogg+ ( ! pipes1 jacket1 or radiator4 ,( ! me?ods ( increas+ ! surface ( a cyl9d] 9 ord] to cool x by a bla/ ( air1 ! mo/ usual is to ca/ x ) flanges t project f all p>ts ( ! combu/ion space4 ,^! become heat$ z ! temp]ature ( ! cyl9d] walls increases1 & ! air t is bl[n aga9/ !m c>ries (f ! heat4 ,o!r me?ods consi/ ( sett+ p9s or copp] /rips into ! cyl9d] walls1 ( su* =m t ! air curr5t /rikes a surface compos$ ( po9ts1 by :i* ! heat easily passes to ! air4 ,ano!r sy/em consi/s ( surr\nd+ ! combu/ion *amb] ) a jacket op5 at ! bottom1 air be+ bl[n into x f ! top by a p[]ful bl[]4 ,o!r ?+s t are necess>y = successful air cool+ are l>ge valves by :i* ! hot gases may be quickly dis*>g$ :5 _! p]iod ( usefulness is end$1 & small cyl9d]s r ?an l>ge1 z ! heat f small quantities ( gases may be c>ri$ (f m quickly ?an f l>ge4 ,! lubrication ( a gasol9e eng9e mu/ be c>efully look$ aft]1 z on its ?or\ghness dep5ds ! cont9u$ deliv]y ( p[]4 ,! mo/ usual me?od ( lubricat+ ! pi/on & cyl9d] walls is to keep ! crank case fill$ ) oil to su* a po9t t ! end ( ! connect+ rod dips into x 9 turn+4 ,?is spatt]s ! oil to all p>ts ( ! crank case1 & a portion is caught 9 a groove cut ar\nd ! l[] end ( ! pi/on4 ,! inw>d movem5t ( ! pi/on spreads ! oil on ! cyl9d] walls1 & x is di/ribut$ ar\nd ! pi/on r+s1 s t !y move easily 9 _! grooves4 ,z ! oil is us$ up1 x is replac$ f a lubricator s t a con/ant level is ma9ta9$1 & ?is op]ates ei!r by gravity1 or by a small =ce pump driv5 by ! eng9e1 or by ! ma9ta9+ ( pressure 9 ! oil tank4 ,me*anically op]at$ or pressure lubricators supply oil to all p>ts ( ! eng9e1 & z ! quantity pass$ to ea* be>+ is adju/able1 a fe$ may be ma9ta9$ t is exactly suit$ to ! requirem5ts4 ,! be>+s ( an automobile op]ate "u su* widely diff]5t conditions t "o k9d ( lubricant w n be suitable = all4 ,! mak] ( ! c> has te/$ ! diff]5t oils1 & x is advisable to foll[ 8 in/ructions on ! br& & grade mo/ suitable = ea* be>+1 r ?an to try exp]im5ts4 ,! ,lubrication ,table on pages #bdd & #bde gives ! k9d & quantity ( lubricant mo/ suitable to ! "w p]=m$ by ea* be>+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,eng9e ,,balance ,a drawback to ! use ( reciprocat+ eng9es is t ! weight ( ! pi/on & connect+ rod 9 slid+ fir/ "o way & !n ! o!r produces great vibration1 & t ! crank %aft 9 br++ ^! p>ts to a /op at ea* end ( ! /roke is subject$ to viol5t %ocks t 9 "t we> x loose 9 its be>+s4 ,) int]nal-combu/ion eng9es ?is vibration1 & ! %ock on ! crank %aft1 are greatly increas$ by ! int5sity ) :i* ! pressure is ex]t$4 ,eng9es ) "o cyl9d] may be balanc$ to "s ext5t by ! use ( c\nt]weights atta*$ to ! crank %aft1 & by ! use ( s heavy a fly :eel t its mom5tum produces a comp>atively /eady movem5t2 b a p]fect absorption ( ! vibration w\ld require ! eng9e to be run at a con/ant spe$1 :i* is n possible ) ^? us$ on automobiles4 ,9 two-cyl9d] eng9es ! vibration may be r$uc$ by s arrang+ ! p>ts t ! pi/ons slide 9 opposite directions1 ! weight ( "o be+ balanc$ by t ( ! o!r4 ,?is plan is us$ 9 eng9es ( ! horizontal d\ble-oppos$ type1 :i* is consid]$ to be ! mo/ satisfactory = l[ p[]s4 ,! cyl9d]s are horizontal1 ) _! op5 ends t[>d ea* o!r1 ! crank %aft ly+ betwe5 !m4 ,! crank %aft is two-?r[1 #ahj2 t is1 !re are two pairs ( crank arms1 project+ f opposite sides ( ! %aft1 s t !y are a half revolution ap>t4 ,two cyl9d] eng9es are also built ) v]tical cyl9d]s1 & are ( two types1 accord+ to ! con/ruction ( ! crank %aft4 ,9 "o1 ! crank %aft is #ahj1 & 9 ! o!r bo? pairs ( crank arms project f ! same side ( ! %aft s t ! crank p9s are 9 l9e1 ?is be+ call$ a #cfj crank %aft4 ,9 ! #ahj type "o pi/on moves up z ! o!r moves d[n1 s t !y balance1 b x results 9 ! p[] /rokes occurr+ 9 bo? cyl9d]s dur+ "o revolution ( ! crank %aft1 ) no p[] dur+ ! revolution t foll[s4 ,to und]/& ! reason = ?is1 ! ord] 9 :i* ! ev5ts ( ! cycle occur mu/ be recall$1 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t ( ! f\r /rokes ( ! pi/on dur+ :i* !y are p]=m$ ! two outw>d /rokes are inlet & p[]1 & ! two inw>d /rokes compression & exhau/4 ,if ! pi/on ( a two-cyl9d] v]tical eng9e 7,fig4 #ag7 is mov+ d[nw>d on ! p[] /roke1 pi/on ,no4 #b w be asc5d+1 & ! only ev5ts t c !n be p]=m$ 9 its cyl9d] are compression or exhau/4 ,if p]=m+ compression1 x w move "u p[] dur+ ! next /roke 7! o!r half ( ! revolution71 ,no4 #a !n exhau/+ 7,table ,no4 #a74 ,?is br+s ! two p[] /rokes 9 "o revolution1 & dur+ ! next revolution !re w be no p[] /roke1 = ,no4 #a w be p]=m+ suction & compression1 & ,no4 #b exhau/ & suction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,,eng9e ,,arrangem5ts ,,%[+ ,,ord] ,,( ,,fir+4 ,if1 z %[n 9 ! second table1 ,no4 #b is mov+ upw>d on exhau/ :ile ,no4 #a moves d[n "u p[]1 its previ\s /roke1 ! fir/ half ( ! revolution1 w h be5 ! p[] /roke1 & ! same condition w exi/ ( two p[] /rokes occurr+ 9 ! same revolution4 ,9 ei!r case ! balance ( ! mov+ p>ts is (fset by ! irregul> production ( p[]1 :i* produces bad results 9 ! sett+ up ( /ra9s 9 ! eng9e1 & ! unev5 runn+ ( ! c>4 ,9 two-cyl9d] v]tical eng9es ) #cfj crank %aft 7,fig4 #ag7 ! pi/ons move up & d[n toge!r1 :i* ( c\rse results 9 bad balance4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 ! applications ( p[] may be ev5ly spac$1 = z ! pi/on 9 cyl9d] ,no4 #a moves d[nw>d on ! p[] /roke1 pi/on ,no4 #b moves 9 ! same direction1 & may make ei!r ! inlet or p[] /roke4 ,if x makes ! inlet /roke1 x mu/ move inw>d be=e x c aga9 move outw>d on ! p[] /roke1 & !re w be an int]val ( "o /roke betwe5 ! p[] /rokes ( ! two cyl9d]s4 ,to h ! p[] /rokes 9 ! two cyl9d]s occur toge!r1 z sugge/$ z ! alt]native1 w\ld obvi\sly give bad results 9 ! great /ra9 impos$ on ! crank %aft1 ! weight ( ! fly :eel t w\ld be necess>y to c>ry two pi/ons ?r\gh ?ree dead /rokes1 & ! j]ky runn+ ( ! c>4 ,! defects ( two-cyl9d] v]tical eng9es ) ei!r design ( crank %aft outweigh any possible advantage ( t con/ruction1 & ! horizontal d\ble-oppos$ type1 9 ev5ly occurr+ p[] /rokes1 me*anical balance1 & simplicity1 is 9 almo/ univ]sal use = c>s ( l[ p[]4 ,a two-cyl9d] eng9e does n require s heavy a fly :eel z a "o-cyl9d] eng9e 9 proportion to ! p[] deliv]$1 because !re is a p[] /roke e revolution in/ead ( 9 alt]nate revolutions1 & ! p>ts mu/ be c>ri$ ov] only "o dead /roke in/ead ( ?ree4 ,simil>ly1 ! fly :eel ( a f\r-cyl9d] eng9e may be /ill light]1 = 9 t type !re are two p[] /rokes 9 e revolution1 ) no dead /rokes4 ,at ! same "t1 x is n possible to disp5se ) x entirely1 = ! pressure act+ on ! pi/on at ! beg9n+ ( ! p[] /roke falls rapidly z ! pi/on moves be=e x1 & ! mom5tum by :i* ! fly :eel t5ds to revolve at a con/ant spe$ /eadies & smoo?s :at w\ld o!rwise be a j]ky motion4 ,! crank %aft ( a f\r-cyl9d] eng9e is #ahj1 f\r-?r[1 ) ! two end cranks project+ 9 ! opposite direction to t ( ! two inside cranks4 ,?is arrangem5t is us$ 9 pref]5ce to hav+ ! cranks project alt]nately2 t is1 ! fir/ & ?ird to "o side & ! second & f\r? to ! o!r1 because ( economy 9 manufactur+1 & because practice has %[n t x results 9 less vibration 9 ! runn+ ( ! eng9e4 ,?is con/ruction ( ! crank %aft does n p]mit ! p[] /rokes to occur 9 rotation1 cyl9d] ,no4 #b foll[+ ,no #a1 & !n ,nos4 #c & #d1 = x has be5 expla9$ t :5 cranks are #ahj ap>t ! p[] /rokes occur dur+ "o revolution1 & t :5 #cfj ap>t !re is a dead /roke betwe5 ! two p[] /rokes4 ,cranks #a & #b are #ahj ap>t1 z are #c & #d1 & also #b & #d1 b #b & #c are #cfj2 t is1 _! crank p9s are 9 l9e1 :i* is also ! case ) #a & #d4 ,! p[] /roke 9 cyl9d] ,no4 #b may foll[ t 9 cyl9d] ,no4 #a1 b mu/ be foll[$ by t 9 cyl9d] ,no4 #d1 z t is #ahj away f ,no4 #b1 & ,no4 #c comes la/1 be+ #ahj f ,no4 #d4 ,! succession 9 :i* ! p[] /rokes occur1 call$ ! fir+ ord]1 is ?us #a1 #b1 #d1 #c1 & ?is is arrang$ = by ! sett+ ( ! valves & ! tim+ ( ! ignition4 ,?is fir+ ord] 0 us$ = ! fir/ f\r-cyl9d] automobile eng9es1 b x has lately be5 sugge/$ t ! fir+ ord] #a1 #c1 #d1 #b %[s advantages 9 ! r$uction ( /ra9s & vibration1 & is be+ adopt$4 ,?ree-cyl9d] eng9es are built ) #abj crank %afts2 t is1 ! cranks are "o ?ird ( a revolution ap>t1 in/ead ( "o half ( a revolution1 z is ! case ) #ahj crank %afts4 ,?is gives ?ree p[] /rokes dur+ two revolutions1 & results 9 excell5t balance4 ,six-cyl9d] eng9es h crank %afts ( simil> con/ruction1 & produce six p[] /rokes dur+ two revolutions1 ) ! be/ balance t x is possible to obta9 )\t an excessive numb] ( cyl9d]s4 ,a p[] /roke occurs at e #abj t ! crank %aft revolves1 & z ea* p[] /roke endures = a half revolution1 or #ahj1 x foll[s t "o comm5ces :5 ! previ\s "o is only two ?irds complete4 ,?is gives a v /eady application ( p[]1 = ! crank %aft is at all times op]at$ by ! driv+ effect ( ! combu/ion /rokes1 & x is possible to run ! eng9e smoo?ly at greatly v>y+ spe$s by control ( ! position at :i* ! sp>k occurs 9 ! combu/ion space1 & ! admission ( a great] or less volume ( ! mixture dur+ ! inlet /roke4 ,! type ( eng9e t w give satisfaction dep5ds on ! "w t is dem&$ ( x1 ! c>e t x w receive1 & ! k ( ! op]ator4 ,a "o-cyl9d] eng9e1 hav+ a m9imum ( p>ts1 may be successfully manag$ by a novice1 b its vibration1 & ! fact t x deliv]s p[] = only "o f\r? ( ! "t t x runs1 make x unsatisfactory = any b light "w4 ,c>s ( m$ium p[] are almo/ univ]sally equipp$ ) horizontal d\ble-oppos$ eng9es1 ) excell5t results1 & !y are n difficult to ma9ta94 ,m p[]ful c>s h f\r-cyl9d] v]tical eng9es1 :i* give a suffici5tly con/ant pull = all practical purposes1 ) a correspond+ly great] dem& = c>e & att5tion4 ,six-cyl9d] eng9es are ( d\btful advantage = g5]al use1 )\t ! s]vices ( a *auffeur1 = :ile !y develop m con/ant p[] ?an eng9es ) few] cyl9d]s1 ! complication ( p>ts & ! c>e necess>y are increas$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,two-,,cycle ,,eng9e ,! two-cycle type ( gasol9e eng9e diff]s f ! f\r-cycle type describ$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s 9 t ! five ev5ts compos+ ! cycle are p]=m$ dur+ "o revolution ( ! crank %aft1 or two /rokes ( ! pi/on1 p[] be+ develop$ dur+ e outw>d /roke ( ! pi/on in/ead ( alt]nate outw>d /rokes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,two-,,cycle ,,eng9e4 ,9 ord] t ?is result may be atta9$1 ! con/ruction ( ! eng9e is *ang$1 &1 z w be se5 9 ,fig4 #ah1 ! crank case is utiliz$ z a receiv] = ! mixture be=e x passes to ! combu/ion space4 ,! valves are replac$ by ports1 :i* are op5+s into ! combu/ion space t are cov]$ & uncov]$ by ! pi/on z x slides 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! inlet port is uncov]$ :5 ! pi/on is at ! inmo/ po9t ( its /roke 7,fig4 #ah1 ,a71 & !n admits ! mixture to ! crank case2 ! by-pass port & ! exhau/ port are uncov]$ :5 ! pi/on is at ! outmo/ po9t ( its /roke 7,fig4 #ah1 ,b71 ! =m] !n p]mitt+ ! mixture to pass f ! crank case to ! combu/ion space1 & ! latt] is t ?r\gh :i* ! burn$ gases escape aft] combu/ion has tak5 place4 ,dur+ an inw>d /roke1 ! pressure 9 ! crank case is r$uc$ z ! pi/on slides away f x1 & fre% mixture is =c$ into x by ! high] atmosph]ic pressure z soon z ! inlet port is uncov]$4 ,?is port is cov]$ :5 ! pi/on makes an outw>d /roke1 & ! mixture1 n be+ able to escape1 is compress$4 ,its t5d5cy to exp& causes x to fl[ to ! combu/ion space :5 ! by-pass port is uncov]$1 & 9 ent]+ x /rikes a l$ge on ! pi/on s t x is deflect$ to ! top ( ! combu/ion space in/ead ( be+ able to %oot across ! cyl9d] & out ! op5 exhau/ port4 ,! inw>d /roke ( ! pi/on cov]s ^! two ports & compresses ! mixture1 ignition occurr+ 9 ! regul> mann]4 ,! pressure develop$ by ! combu/ion drives ! pi/on outw>d1 & z soon z ! exhau/ port is uncov]$ 7:i* is slightly be=e ! uncov]+ ( ! by-pass port71 ! gases1 :i* are /ill exp&+1 beg9 to escape1 & are fur!r expell$ by ! fre% *>ge t ent]s & drives !m be=e x4 ,?us ! five ev5ts ( ! cycle are p]=m$ dur+ an inw>d & an outw>d /roke ( ! pi/on1 ! crank case end ( ! pi/on draw+ a *>ge ( fre% mixture into ! crank case & =c+ x into ! combu/ion space1 & ! combu/ion *amb] end compress+ x & be+ act$ on by ! pressure f ! combu/ion4 ,at sl[ spe$s1 two-cycle eng9es h advantages ov] ! f\r-cycle type 9 ! production ( a p[] /roke at e revolution ( ! crank %aft1 & ! abs5ce ( valves & valve me*anism ) _! weight & possibility ( giv+ tr\ble4 ,?is simplicity makes ! two-cycle eng9e popul> = motor boats1 :]e !y are run at sl[ & con/ant spe$1 b = high] & *ang+ spe$s ^! advantages are outweigh$ by disadvantages t %[ little sign ( be+ ov]come4 ,) ! eng9e runn+ at a ?\s& revolutions a m9ute1 x c be und]/ood t ! ports w be op5 = only a brief p]iod dur+ ea* /roke1 & t ! fa/] ! eng9e runs ! %ort] w be ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! gases may ent] or leave ! combu/ion space4 ,! ineffici5cy ( two-cycle eng9es z comp>$ ) eng9es ( ! f\r-cycle type is due entirely to ! fact t ! burn$ gases h n suffici5t "t 9 :i* to escape f ! combu/ion space1 nor ! fre% *>ge "t to ent]4 ,! fre% *>ge t does ent] be+ incomplete1 & be+ contam9at$ by ! portion ( ! burn$ gases t has n be5 able to escape1 result 9 ! 8*ok+ up0 ( ! eng9e1 & 9 ! production ( l[] p[] ?an ! dim5sions & weight ( ! eng9e %\ld w>rant4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,c>buretion ,,& ,,gasol9e ,,fe$s ,pure gasol9e vapor w n burn1 & 9 ord] to r5d] x inflammable x mu/ be comb9$ ) oxyg54 ,! simple/ mann] ( effect+ ?is is to mix air ) x1 & :5 ! correct proportions are obta9$1 ! oxyg5 suppli$ by ! air w be suffici5t to result 9 ! complete combu/ion ( ! gasol9e vapor1 )\t a surplus ( ei!r ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,?is mix+ is call$ c>buretion1 ! air be+ said to be c>buret$4 ,a correct proportion ( gasol9e vapor & air results 9 rapid combu/ion2 an excess ( air makes combu/ion sl[]1 & excess ( gasol9e vapor prev5ts ! combu/ion f be+ complete1 a residue ( c>bon rema9+4 ,! correct proportions ( air & gasol9e vapor are obta9$ by ! use ( a device call$ a c>buretor1 :i* is connect$ to ! combu/ion *amb] by ! inlet pipe1 & 9 su* a mann] t ev]y?+ ent]+ ! combu/ion space by ! inlet valve mu/ fir/ pass ?r\gh x4 ,liquid gasol9e is l$ to ! c>buretor f ! supply tank1 & ! air ent]s x :5 ! pressure 9 ! combu/ion space is r$uc$ by ! pi/on 9 mak+ ! inlet /roke4 ,! spe$ ) :i* ! air fl[s ?r\gh ! c>buretor dep5ds on ! ext5t to :i* ! pressure is r$uc$1 & ! gasol9e vapor t is requir$ to =m a mixture ( ! correct proportion mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 accordance ) x4 ,:ile !re are v>i\s classes ( c>buretors1 practically all t are us$ = automobile eng9es are ( ! float-fe$ type2 t is1 ! supply ( gasol9e is ma9ta9$ by a float1 j z wat] tanks are kept fill$ to a desir$ dep? by a holl[ metal ball t floats on ! liquid & controls ! valve by :i* ! wat] ent]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,c>buretor ,,pr9ciples4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( a float-fe$ c>buretor are ! float *amb] & ! mix+ *amb]1 ! gasol9e fl[+ f ! supply tank to ! float *amb]1 & f !re to ! mix+ *amb]1 :]e x is comb9$ ) ! air4 ,! gasol9e fl[s out ( ! float *amb] ?r\gh a small pipe1 ! end ( :i*1 call$ ! spray nozzle1 projects into ! mix+ *amb] s t ! curr5t ( air ru%es pa/ its tip 7,fig4 #ai74 ,:5 ! inlet /roke is n be+ p]=m$1 & !re is no air pass+ ?r\gh ! mix+ *amb]1 ! float 9 ! float *amb] keeps ! gasol9e at su* a level t x /&s j bel[ ! tip ( ! spray nozzle4 ,9 ?is condition ! gasol9e 9 bo? ! float *amb] & ! spray nozzle is "u atmosph]ic pressure2 b :5 ! pressure 9 ! combu/ion space is r$uc$ z ! pi/on makes ! inlet /roke1 ! pressure 9 ! inlet pipe & mix+ *amb] is also r$uc$1 & ! gasol9e w be =c$ out ( ! spray nozzle by ! high] pressure 9 ! float *amb]4 ,! passage 9 ! tip ( ! spray nozzle is small1 & ! gasol9e is brok5 up into f9e drops z x spurts out1 & 9 ?is condition is p>tly absorb$ by ! air & p>tly c>ri$ into ! cyl9d]4 ,by regulat+ ! am\nt ( gasol9e t may pass out ( ! spray nozzle1 x may be adju/$ to ! volume ( air fl[+ ?r\gh ! mix+ *amb]1 s t any desir$ proportion may be obta9$4 ,if ! eng9e 7 to be run at a con/ant spe$1 ! relative pressures on ! gasol9e 9 ! float *amb] & spray nozzle1 & ! quantity ( gasol9e =c$ out ( ! spray nozzle1 w\ld rema9 9 correct proportion to ! volume ( air2 b z ! eng9e ( an automobile is run at greatly v>y+ spe$s1 ! pressure 9 ! mix+ *amb] is n con/ant1 b v>ies to correspond4 ,if ! pi/on makes fifty inlet /rokes a m9ute1 ! r$uction ( ! pressure 9 ! mix+ *amb] is m gradual ?an w\ld be ! case ) ! pi/on mak+ two hundr$ inlet /rokes a m9ute4 ,! m rapidly ! pressure is r$uc$1 ! great] w be ! effect ( ! un*ang+ atmosph]ic pressure 9 ! float *amb]1 & ! m gasol9e w be =c$ out ( ! spray nozzle4 ,?is w result 9 ! pres5ce ( too mu* gasol9e 9 proportion to ! air1 giv+ a mixture t is too ri*4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to provide an arrangem5t by :i* ! pressure 9 ! mix+ *amb] w n be *ang$ z ! spe$ ( ! eng9e v>ies1 & ?is is accompli%$ by ! auxili>y air inlet1 :i* is clos$ :5 ! eng9e runs sl[ly1 b op5s to correspond ) increas+ spe$ 7,fig4 #ai74 ,! fa/] ! eng9e runs1 ! m ! auxili>y air inlet w op51 to admit a correspond+ly great] am\nt ( air to prev5t ! pressure 9 ! mix+ *amb] f be+ r$uc$ bel[ ! po9t at :i* ! requir$ am\nt ( gasol9e is =c$ out ( ! spray nozzle4 ,! mo/ rapid comb9ation ( ! gasol9e & air is secur$ by break+ ! gasol9e up into f9e spray z x leaves ! nozzle4 ,9 ord] to break ! gasol9e into f9e p>ticles1 ! tip ( ! spray nozzle is made ) a f9e op5+1 & (t5 =ms ! seat = ! gasol9e adju/+ valve1 :i* is a ne$le-po9t$ rod t is screw$ 9 or out to r$uce or enl>ge ! op5+2 a fur!r break+ up results f ! plac+ ( a metal cone1 or ! end ( a rod1 9 su* a position z to be /ruck by ! gasol9e z x fl[s out4 ,a c>buretor ) an auxili>y air inlet is provid$ ) two po9ts ( adju/m5t1 to control ! fl[ ( gasol9e f ! float *amb] to ! spray nozzle1 & to gov]n ! admission ( ! auxili>y air4 ,! fl[ ( gasol9e mu/ be j suffici5t to c>buret ?or\ghly ! air pass+ ?r\gh ! mix+ *amb] :5 ! eng9e runs at l[ spe$1 & ! auxili>y air inlet mu/ op5 to correspond ) increas+ spe$1 to admit suffici5t air to keep ! pressure r$uc$ to prop] proportions4 ,! auxili>y air inlet may be op]at$ ei!r by ! r$uc$ pressure t p]mits ! atmosph]ic pressure to op5 a valve1 or by ! gov]nor ( ! eng9e1 :i* op5s ! inlet z ! spe$ increases1 & closes x on sl[+ d[n4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two types1 call$ an automatic c>buretor1 is 9 mo/ g5]al use = automobiles1 & is suffici5tly satisfactory1 b is n z accurate z ! me*anically controll$ type1 :i* acts indep5d5tly ( pressure1 & exactly accord+ to ! spe$ ( ! eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,,automatic ,,c>buretors4 ,c>buretors may be divid$ into two types1 accord+ to design3 ^? 9 :i* ! float & mix+ *amb]s are side by side1 & ^? 9 :i* ! mix+ *amb] passes ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! float *amb] 7,fig4 #bj74 ,! =m] is along ! l9es ( ! fir/ =ms ( float-fe$ c>buretors1 & ! latt] is ( m rec5t design1 its object be+ a m compact device1 & "o t is n affect$ by a *ange ( level :5 ! c> is on a hill4 ,bo? h advantages & disadvantages1 & ! use ( "o z aga9/ ! o!r is optional & a matt] ( op9ion4 ,! c>buretors illu/rat$ are n ( any p>ticul> makes1 & are int5d$ to %[ pr9ciples r ?an con/ruction4 ,9 c>buretors ) a side mix+ *amb] ! float is usually a metal box1 ! jo9ts ( :i* are z f> z possible pro( aga9/ leakage4 ,guides prev5t x f hav+ any b an up-&-d[n motion1 & 9 ?us mov+ x controls ! gasol9e inlet valve by a rod atta*$ to x1 or by a sep>ate valve /em4 ,9 ?is c>buretor a sep>ate valve /em is us$1 & x is mov$ ?r\gh ! action ( a rock] arm controll$ by ! float4 ,?is con/ruction is usual :5 ! gasol9e ent]s ! float *amb] f ! bottom1 ! fl[ be+ p]mitt$ or *eck$ by a ne$le valve4 ,:5 ! level 9 ! float *amb] drops z ! gasol9e runs out ( ! spray nozzle1 ! float s9ks1 & lifts ! valve po9t f its seat4 ,?is admits gasol9e f ! supply tank1 & ! float 9 ris+ on x depresses ! valve po9t1 %utt+ (f ! fl[4 ,! gasol9e adju/+ valve is 9 ! passage betwe5 ! float & mix+ *amb]s4 ,! ma9 or initial air inlet is 9 ! side1 ! air be+ drawn ?r\gh ! mix+ *amb]1 & pa/ ! spray nozzle4 ,! auxili>y air inlet is a simple valve1 op5+ inw>d1 & held aga9/ its seat by a coil spr+1 ! t5sion ( :i* is adju/able4 ,! pressure 9 ! mix+ *amb] be+ r$uc$ 9 accordance ) ! increas+ spe$ ( ! eng9e1 ! valve is op5$ m & m z ! atmosph]ic pressure aga9/ ! out] surface ( ! valve ov]comes ! t5sion ( ! spr+4 ,9 c>buretors ) c5tral mix+ *amb] ! float is r+- or horse%oe-%ap$1 & usually made ( cork1 well v>ni%$ to prev5t ! absorption ( ! gasol9e4 ,! air ent]s at ! bottom1 pass+ directly to ! mix+ *amb]4 ,! auxili>y air inlet is at ! top1 & is ( ! arrangem5t already describ$4 ,! mixture passes out at ! side1 & may be controll$ by a ?rottle1 :i* may be a damp] arrangem5t1 z %[n1 or o!r device by :i* ! quantity pass+ to ! combu/ion space is at ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,! float & mix+ *amb]s ( a me*anically op]at$ c>buretor are ! same z 9 ! side-float *amb] type1 ! diff]5ce be+ 9 ! control ( ! auxili>y air inlet 7,fig4 #ba74 ,?is consi/s ( a tube atta*$ to ! mixture outlet1 )9 x slid+ ano!r tube mov$ by ! gov]nor z t exp&s or contracts ) ! spe$ ( ! eng9e4 ,!re are op5+s 9 ! sides ( bo? tubes1 b :5 ! slid+ tube is at its inmo/ position ^! are n 9 l9e1 & consequ5tly are clos$4 ,:5 ! gov]nor acts ) increas$ eng9e spe$1 ! slid+ tube is drawn out1 & "o or m op5+s come into l9e1 air ent]+ ?r\gh !m to ! mix+ *amb]4 ,! fa/] ! eng9e runs1 ! l>g] become ! op5+s1 & 9 consequ5ce ! great] is ! am\nt ( air t !y admit4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! ball type ( gasol9e valve1 ! ball on ! end ( ! valve /em be+ drawn aga9/ its seat z ! float rises4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,me*anically ,,controll$ ,,c>buretor4 ,:ile ^! types are 9 practically univ]sal use = automobile eng9es1 !re are o!r me?ods by :i* ! proportions ( ! mixture may be ma9ta9$4 ,9 "o =m ! gasol9e drops on a funnel made ( f9e wire gauze1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! mix+ *amb] 9 su* a mann] t ! air 9 ent]+ passes ?r\gh x4 ,! liquid =ms a film ov] ! gauze1 & is pick$ up by ! air1 z x is 9 a condition t p]mits x to evaporate rapidly4 ,9 surface c>buretors air is =c$ ?r\gh ! gasol9e tank1 or ?r\gh an absorb5t mat]ial soak$ ) gasol9e1 & becomes ?or\ghly saturat$4 ,?is mixture is !n ?9n$ ) pure air until ! desir$ proportion is obta9$1 :5 x passes to ! combu/ion space4 ,! objections to ^! =ms arise f ! clogg+ ( ! p>ts ) ! impurities pres5t 9 gasol9e1 & :ile !y give excell5t results :5 new1 !y det]iorate rapidly & pres5t su* resi/ance to ! fl[ ( ! air curr5t t !y become useless4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,,float ,,fe$ ,,c>buretor ,,) ,,gravity ,,gasol9e ,,fe$4 #a1 ,fill+ cap2 #b1 tank2 #c1 gasol9e valve2 #e1 trap & /ra9]2 #f1 c>buretor2 #g1 float *amb]2 #h1 float2 #i1 float valve2 #aj1 spray nozzle2 #aa1 gasol9e adju/m5t2 #ab1 air adju/m5t2 #ac1 ?rottle2 #ad1 mix+ *amb]2 #ae1 initial air inlet2 #af1 prim]4 ,!re are two me?ods ( supply+ ! c>buretor ) gasol9e4 ,( ^! ! mo/ usual is ! gravity fe$1 9 :i* ! tank is plac$ at a high] level ?an ! c>buretor1 s t ! gasol9e fl[s d[n to x4 ,! tank is usually plac$ "u ! seat1 & ! pip+ s arrang$ t ! c>buretor is ! l[e/ po9t ( ! sy/em4 ,?is me?od ( fe$+ is satisfactory if ! tank c be plac$ suffici5tly above ! c>buretor to h ! fl[ unaffect$ by an ord9>y hill1 b if x is n s plac$1 a /eep asc5t may tilt ! c> to su* an ext5t t ! c>buretor is above ! level ( ! gasol9e 9 ! tank1 9 :i* case ! fl[ ( c\rse ceases4 ,! pressure fe$1 :i* has be5 adopt$ on all high-grade c>s1 op]ates ?r\gh ! ma9t5ance ( pressure 9 ! supply tank1 ! gasol9e be+ =c$ out )\t reg>d to gravity4 ,! tank is tight1 s t ! pressure _c escape1 & is connect$ by a long pipe ( small diamet] ei!r ) ! combu/ion space ( "o ( ! cyl9d]s or ) ! exhau/ pipe1 s t ! pressure ( ! burn$ gases is ma9ta9$ 9 x4 ,z ! pressure _c exi/ until ! eng9e is runn+1 a h& air pump is usually provid$1 by :i* a suffici5t pressure may be produc$ 9 ! tank to =ce out en\gh gasol9e = />t+4 ,x is necess>y to use z long a pressure pipe z possible1 9 ord] to prev5t ! possibility ( flame pass+ ?r\gh x to ! supply ( fuel1 a long pipe1 expos$ to ! air1 cool+ ! gases to su* an ext5t t !y _c ignite ! gasol9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,pressure ,,fe$ ,,gasol9e ,,sy/em4 #a1 ,fill+ cap2 #b1 tank2 #c1 pressure pipe2 #d & #e1 *eck & relief valves2 #f1 h& pump2 #g1 *eck valve2 #h1 pressure gauge2 #i1 fe$ pipe2 #aj1 c>buretor4 ,! pressure pipe is always fitt$ ) a *eck & relief valve1 :i* acts z a safety valve 9 prev5t+ ! pressure 9 ! tank f rea*+ a po9t at :i* ! jo9ts might be /ra9$1 & also reta9s ! pressure :i* w\ld o!rwise escape :5 ! eng9e /ops4 ,9 "s c>s an auxili>y gasol9e tank is provid$ on ! da%1 be+ f$ by pressure f ! ma9 tank1 & f :i* gasol9e fl[s to ! c>buretor by gravity4 ,! %ort di/ance ( ?is tank f ! c>buretor & its elevation prev5t ! possibility ( ! fl[ be+ /opp$ by any tilt+ ( ! c> %ort ( an upset4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc;,a4--,,types ,,( ,,float ,,valves4 ,because ( ! liability ( ! pres5ce ( wat] 9 ! gasol9e1 z well z dirt & grit1 ! gasol9e l9e %\ld be fitt$ ) a /ra9]1 or trap4 ,?is may be 9 any position1 b x is usual to h x close to ! c>buretor1 if n built into x4 ,! simple/ /ra9] consi/s ( a numb] ( ?icknesses ( f9e wire gauze1 s arrang$ t x may be easily tak5 out = clean+4 ,?is w sep>ate ! dirt f ! gasol9e1 & wat] may be caught 9 a trap1 :i* is a pocket :]e ! wat]1 be+ heavi] ?an ! gasol9e1 may settle & be drawn (f4 ,,c>buretor ,,p>ts ,practically all ! c>buretors on ! m>ket are comb9ations ( a few =ms ( float valves1 auxili>y air inlets1 & spray nozzles4 ,9 addition to ! =ms %[n 9 ,figs4 #bj & #ba1 ! mo/ usual float valves may be se5 9 ,fig4 #bc;,a4 ,9 ! fir/ two types %[n 9 ?is diagram1 ! float valve /ems are sep>ate f ! floats1 & are suffici5tly heavy to %ut (f ! fl[ ( gasol9e by _! weight4 ,9 ! ?ird type1 ! gasol9e ent]s ! float *amb] f ! top1 & z ! valve /em is atta*$ to ! float1 ! ris+ ( ! float results 9 ! %utt+ (f ( ! gasol9e4 ,! f\r? type is 9 use on c>buretors ) c5tral mix+ *amb]s1 ! float be+ h+$ to "o wall ( ! float *amb]4 ,! loose valve /em is support$ by ! h+e1 & rises to a seat 9 ! valve :5 ! gasol9e is at ! prop] dep? on ! float *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc;,b4--,,types ,,( ,,auxili>y ,,air ,,inlets4 ,fig4 #bc;,b illu/rates ! mo/ usual =ms ( auxili>y air inlets4 ,9 ! fir/ type1 ! valve disk slides on ! valve /em1 & enl>ges ! size ( ! ma9 air inlet4 ,all ( ! air ?us passes ! spray nozzle4 ,9 ! second type1 ! inlet = ! auxili>y air is sep>ate f ! ma9 air inlet1 ! two curr5ts meet+ 9 ! mix+ *amb]1 & ! extra air dilut+ ! ri* mixture t is =m$ at ! spray nozzle4 ,?is action is m correct 9 !ory ?an t ( ! prec$+ type1 & bett] practical results are obta9$ f x4 ,^! air valves are defective 9 op5+ & clos+ too abruptly1 & 9 t5d+ to vibrate r ?an to rema9 op5 a fix$ di/ance4 ,! air inlet illu/rat$ 9 ! f\r? diagram 0 design$ to ov]come ^! faults4 ,:5 ! eng9e is n op]at+1 ! air inlets are clos$ by a holl[ pi/on t is held up by a spr+4 ,! upp] "p ( ! pi/on rod c>ries a metal disk t is atta*$ by a flexible lea!r wa%] to ! walls ( an upp] *amb]4 ,! portion ( ! *amb] above ! disk is tightly clos$1 except = a small hole 9 ! cov] t provides ! only communication betwe5 ! atmosph]e & ! air conf9$ 9 ! *amb]4 ,:5 ! eng9e runs at spe$1 ! atmosph]ic pressure aga9/ ! upp] side ( ! disk is great] ?an ! pressure aga9/ ! l[] side1 & ! disk is !re=e =c$ d[nw>d aga9/ ! action ( ! spr+4 ,! movem5t ( ! disk moves ! pi/on1 & z ?is latt] slides d[nw>d x uncov]s ! op5+s & admits air4 ,! small size ( ! op5+ 9 ! cov] prev5ts air f ent]+ or leav+ ! *amb] above ! disk rapidly1 & ! movem5t ( ! pi/on is !re=e /eady & free f j]ks4 ,! ?ird diagram illu/rates two positions ( a me*anically op]at$ auxili>y air inlet1 controll$ by a gov]nor4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,ignition ,! *>ge ( explosive mixture 9 ! combu/ion space is ignit$1 or set on fire1 by an electric sp>k1 & ! app>atus = produc+ & controll+ ?is sp>k is call$ ! ignition sy/em4 ,x is ) ?is "p ( ! me*anism ( an automobile t a novice has ! greate/ difficulty1 = an electric curr5t is usually reg>d$ z be+ surr\nd$ by an air ( my/]y4 ,x does its "w sil5tly & )\t visible reason1 & :5 x fails ! av]age man is "u ! necessity ( beg9n+ at ! beg9n+ & exam9+ all ( ! p>ts ( ! sy/em because he has s little und]/&+ ( ! :y ( x t he is unable to locate tr\ble 9 any b a rule-(-?umb me?od4 ,! pr9ciples ( electricity may be involv$1 b ! production ( a curr5t1 its h&l+1 & ! uses to :i* x may be put are n difficult to und]/&4 ,speak+ broadly1 ! p>ts ( ! ignition sy/em are ! s\rce ( curr5t1 ! arrangem5t 9 ! combu/ion space at :i* ! sp>k is produc$1 ! device by :i* ! in/ant :5 ! sp>k passes may be controll$1 & ! circuit by :i* ^! p>ts are connect$4 ,be=e go+ into a description ( ^!1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to und]/& some?+ ( ! nature & action ( an electric curr5t4 ,e g5]ator ( electricity has two t]m9als1 or poles1 & ! fl[ ( curr5t f "o to ! o!r is due to :at may be expla9$ z a diff]5ce 9 pressure betwe5 !m4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 pressure is simil> to t exi/+ :5 two tanks1 "o full ( wat] & ! o!r empty1 are connect$ by a pipe4 ,! wat] w fl[ f ! full to ! empty tank z long z !re is a diff]5ce 9 level1 :i* is ! same ?+ z a diff]5ce 9 pressure1 ! fl[ ceas+ :5 ! wat] 9 "o tank is level ) t 9 ! o!r4 ,:5 a pa? is provid$ betwe5 ! two poles ( ! g5]ator1 ! curr5t w fl[ f "o to ! o!r1 always 9 ! same direction1 leav+ by ! positive pole & return+ by ! negative4 ,because ( ?is t5d5cy to fl[1 ! curr5t may be made to p]=m "w1 = x w light a lamp1 r+ a bell1 or d any?+ else )9 its p[] 9 ord] t x may fl[ f ! positive pole ( ! g5]ator to ! negative4 ,9 ?is !re is also a simil>ity to ! two tanks1 = if a wat] :eel is plac$ 9 ! pipe connect+ !m1 ! fl[ ( wat] f "o to ! o!r w op]ate x4 ,! pa? ov] :i* ! curr5t fl[s may be =m$ ( any conductor ( electricity1 su* z c>bon or any metal2 sub/ances by :i* ! curr5t w n fl[ are call$ nonconductors or insulators1 & ^? 9 mo/ common use are rubb]1 *9a & glass1 wood1 wood fib]1 mica1 etc4 ,:ile all metals are conductors1 "s are bett] ?an o!rs1 ! diff]5ce be+ 9 ! resi/ance t !y (f]4 ,a comp>ison illu/rat+ resi/ance may be made betwe5 ! friction pres5t$ to ! fl[ ( wat] by a small pipe & by a l>g] "o1 ! wat] fl[+ m easily ?r\gh ! latt] ?an ! =m]4 ,9 fl[+1 ! curr5t mu/ ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! conductor1 & 9 s do+ w lose "p ( its /r5g? & w heat ! conductor1 !re be+ m loss ( curr5t & great] heat z ! resi/ance increases4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ord] to obta9 a curr5t ( ! greate/ /r5g? ! conductor by :i* x fl[s mu/ pres5t ! lea/ possible resi/ance1 & = ?is reason copp] is us$ almo/ univ]sally to convey ! curr5t f "o place to ano!r4 ,a copp] wire w c>ry safely a curr5t t w\ld heat an iron wire ( ! same size to ! melt+ po9t4 ,! resi/ance ( a small conductor is mu* great] ?an t ( a l>ge "o1 s t ! size ( a conductor mu/ always be consid]$ 9 relation to ! curr5t t is to be convey$4 ,a curr5t ( electricity may be measur$1 j z wat] fl[+ ?r\gh a pipe may be measur$1 & by ! same measurem5ts ( pressure & volume4 ,! pressure "u :i* ! curr5t fl[s is measur$ 9 volts1 & ! quantity t passes 9 amp]es2 !re is also a t]m = resi/ance1 t be+ measur$ 9 ohms4 ,because ( ! desire ( ! curr5t to fl[ f ! positive to ! negative pole1 ! circuit mu/ be s gu>d$ t !re may be no leakage1 = if x c return to ! g5]ator )\t do+ its "w x w d s1 tak+ any pa? t (f]s less resi/ance to its passage4 ,leakage is prev5t$ by insulat+ ! wires1 :i* may be done by wrapp+ !m ) silk or cotton ?read1 or by coat+ !m ) rubb]4 ,! wire by :i* ! curr5t fl[s f ! g5]ator to its "w is call$ ! lead 7pron\nc$ le$71 & ! conductor by :i* x fl[s back1 ! return4 ,! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 t !re is no leakage f ! lead wire 9 ord] t !re may be en\gh curr5t to p]=m ! "w2 b :5 ! curr5t has done :at 0 expect$ ( x1 any conductor t does n pres5t too mu* resi/ance w s]ve to return x to its s\rce4 ,:ile wire is sometimes us$ on ignition circuits = ! return z well z ! lead1 ! mo/ usual me?od is to utilize ! metal ( ! eng9e to return ! curr5t to its s\rce4 ,! eng9e be+ made ( iron1 x is a conductor1 & :ile ?is metal is n s good a conductor z copp]1 yet !re is s mu* ( x 9 an eng9e t its resi/ance ne$ n be consid]$4 ,?is me?od is call$ gr\nd+ ! return1 ! t]m com+ f telegraphy1 9 :i* ! dampness ( ! e>? =ms "o ( ! conductors4 ,a gr\nd$ circuit requires c>eful insulation ( ! lead wire1 = z x is v likely to come into contact ) ! metal ( ! eng9e1 a break 9 ! insulation w\ld p]mit ! curr5t to leak & to return to ! g5]ator )\t do+ its "w1 ?is condition be+ call$ a %ort circuit4 ,gr\nd+ ! circuit saves wire & r$uces complication2 simplicity is important 9 automobile "w1 & a r$uction ( ! p>ts mu* to be desir$4 ,9 ! =ego+ ! ^w fl[ has be5 us$ 9 describ+ ! action ( an electric curr5t 9 a wire1 & !re are s _m po9ts ( simil>ity ) ! fl[ ( wat] 9 a pipe t ! t]m conveys a bett] idea ?an w\ld te*nical expressions4 ,electricity1 h[ev]1 has nei!r sub/ance nor weight1 & _c be said to fl[ or to move 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! words2 b z fl[ is 9 g5]al use1 & is ! mo/ descriptive ( ! commonly und]/ood words t are appli$ to x1 x is made use ( "h4 ,a curr5t ( electricity may be g5]at$ ei!r *emically or me*anically1 & always at ! exp5se ( some?+ else4 ,a *emical g5]ator produces a curr5t at ! exp5se ( a metal1 usually z9c1 :i* is eat5 by ! *emicals 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( curr5t deliv]$2 a me*anical g5]ator produces a curr5t at ! exp5se ( ! p[] t drives x4 ,*emical g5]ators are ( two k9ds1 prim>y & second>y cells4 ,:ile prim>y cells are ( _m =ms1 t call$ ! dry cell is univ]sally us$ = ! ignition ( automobile eng9es1 be+ adapt$ to ! purpose because !re is no?+ to spill1 & may be us$ 9 any position4 ,x consi/s ( a z9c cup l9$ ) "s mat]ial ( ! nature ( blott+ pap]1 9 :i*1 b n t\*+ x1 is a /ick ( c>bon1 ! space betwe5 be+ fill$ ) absorb5t mat]ial & brok5 bits ( c>bon moi/5$ ) ! prop] *emical solution4 ,! top ( ! cell is seal$ to prev5t evaporation1 & ?umb nuts on ! project+ end ( ! c>bon /ick & ! z9c cup =m ! t]m9als to :i* ! wires are atta*$4 ,! c>bon be+ ! positive pole & ! z9c ! negative1 ! curr5t fl[s 9 t direction :5ev] a circuit is provid$4 ,! dry cell gives a curr5t at a pressure ( ab\t "o & a half volts :5 new1 ! voltage dropp+ z ! cell is us$ until x is exhau/$1 :5 ! trifl+ co/ ( a new cell %\ld n be consid]$ 9 replac+ x4 ,a bett] s\rce ( curr5t ?an ! dry cell is ! second>y or /orage cell1 :i* is a res]voir r ?an a g5]ator4 ,:5 a curr5t ( electricity is pass$ to x1 usually f a light+ circuit1 a *emical *ange takes place1 ! action be+ call$ ! *>g+ ( ! cell4 ,:5 ! *ange is complete1 ! cell is disconnect$1 & w !n deliv] a curr5t because ! p>ts ( ! cell t und]w5t a *emical *ange t5d to return to _! previ\s condition4 ,! curr5t t x gives (f is practically equal to t by :i* x 0 *>g$1 & may be us$ /eadily or int]mitt5tly until ! cell is exhau/$4 ,x is made ( prep>$ lead plates1 :i* are plac$ 9 a h>d-rubb] or celluloid j>1 ) a cov] to prev5t ! spill+ ( ! solution ) :i* ! plates are cov]$4 ,! *>g+ ( /orage cells mu/ be done by an exp]t1 = mi%&l+ w ru9 !m1 & x is f> bett] to put ?is matt]1 z well z repairs1 9 ! h&s ( a man :o kn[s 8 bus9ess ?an to attempt x )\t ! prop] k & appliances4 ,"o po9t t ! automobili/ mu/ wat*1 h[ev]1 is ! position & quality ( ! solution 9 ! cells1 call$ ! electrolyte4 ,! cells %\ld always be full en\gh to h ! plates well cov]$1 & any loss by leakage or spla%+ %\ld be made up1 = ! plates mu/ n be expos$ to ! air4 ,electrolyte is made by add+ "o "p ( *emically pure sulphuric acid to f ?ree to f\r p>ts ( di/ill$ or ra9 wat]1 add+ ! acid sl[ly & /irr+ con/antly4 ,! comb9ation ( acid & wat] g5]ates heat1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 n to p\r ! wat] into ! acid1 = ! g5]ation ( heat w\ld !n be s sudd5 t ! mixture w\ld boil & spla%1 burn+ :atev] x t\*$4 ,by means ( an in/rum5t call$ a hydromet]1 ! d5sity ( ! mixture may be asc]ta9$1 & :5 ! proportions are correct ! scale %\ld read #a1bjj4 ,hydromet]s are made ) ! in/rum5t inside ( a glass tube1 "o end ( :i* has a sp\t1 ! o!r be+ fitt$ ) a rubb] bulb4 ,by ins]t+ ! sp\t 9 ! v5t hole ( ! cell cov]1 ! tube may be fill$ ) electrolyte1 ! hydromet] %[+ :e!r or n x is ( ! correct d5sity4 ,! cells %\ld be te/$ e little :ile1 & if ! d5sity is n correct acid or wat] %\ld be add$ to make x s4 ,nev] probe inside ( ! cells ) any?+ b a glass or h>d-rubb] rod1 = metal w\ld cause a %ort circuit betwe5 ! two plates x t\*$1 & probably ru9 ! cell4 ,! t]m9als ( a /orage cell are m>k$ 9 ord] to di/+ui% !m1 ! symbols be+ ! plus 77 sign = ! positive pole & m9us 7-7 = ! negative1 ^! be+ univ]sally us$ 9 ?is way on all electrical "w4 ,9 "s makes ( /orage cells ! positive pole 9 addition is pa9t$ r$ & ! negative black4 ,a /orage cell :5 fully *>g$ gives a curr5t at a pressure ( ab\t two & a half volts2 ! voltage drops z ! cell is us$1 & :5 x gets d[n to #a4 #h volts x mu/ be re*>g$4 ,:5 a /orage cell is dis*>g$1 x %\ld be re*>g$ imm$iately1 = o!rwise x w det]iorate4 ,"o dry or /orage cell does n give a suffici5t curr5t to supply ! requir$ sp>k1 & sev]al mu/ !re=e be us$4 ,! mo/ usual me?od ( connect+ dry cells1 & ! only me?od ( connect+ /orage cells1 to =m a batt]y1 is to connect ! negative pole ( ! fir/ cell to ! positive pole ( ! second1 us+ a %ort l5g? ( insulat$ wire ( suffici5t size1 ! negative ( ! second to ! positive ( ! ?ird1 & s on1 until all ( ! cells necess>y to supply ! requir$ curr5t are us$4 ,?is leaves ! positive pole ( ! fir/ cell & ! negative pole ( ! la/ cell free to be connect$ into ! circuit4 ,! curr5t obta9$ w h a pressure t is z mu* great] ?an ! pressure ( "o cell z !re are cells 9 ! batt]y2 = in/ance1 if !re are f\r cells 9 ! batt]y1 ( "o & a half volts ea*1 ! voltage ( ! batt]y w be six volts4 ,?is me?od is call$ connect+ 9 s]ies 7,fig4 #bd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,batt]y ,,connections4 ,:5 ! voltage ( "o cell is suffici5t1 & x is desir$ to increase ! volume1 or amp]age1 ( ! curr5t1 ! cells may be connect$ 9 p>allel1 :i* is done by connect+ toge!r all ( ! negative poles by "o wire1 & all ( ! positive poles by ano!r1 ! two wires lead+ to ! circuit4 ,?is increases ! amp]age z _m times z !re are cells4 ,if x is desir$ to connect ! cells s t bo? ! voltage & amp]age are increas$1 ! cells may be divid$ into two or m gr\ps1 ) ! same numb] ( cells 9 ea*4 ,! cells ( ea* gr\p are connect$ 9 s]ies1 & ! free poles ( ! gr\ps connect$ 9 p>allel1 :i* is call$ connect+ 9 s]ies-multiple 7,fig4 #bd74 ,?is is a mo/ satisfactory me?od ( connect+ ! cells = an ignition circuit1 = x gives a uni=m curr5t1 & increases ! life ( ! cells4 ,! voltage ( ! curr5t is equal to ! voltage ( "o cell multipli$ by ! numb] ( cells 9 "o gr\p1 & ! amp]age t ( "o cell multipli$ by ! numb] ( gr\ps4 ,! action ( a me*anical g5]ator1 :i* :5 driv5 produces a curr5t ( electricity1 is due to magnetism1 t be+ und]/ood to be ! p[] sometimes possess$ by iron or /eel to attract o!r pieces ( iron or /eel4 ,magnetism may be manife/$ ei!r by p]man5t or electro-magnets4 ,if a piece ( /eel is magnetiz$--t is1 made a magnet--x cont9ues to be a magnet1 = /eel reta9s t prop]ty1 :ile iron does n4 ,a magnet made ( /eel is call$ a p]man5t magnet4 ,if a piece ( iron is w\nd ) insulat$ wire ?r\gh :i* an electric curr5t passes1 ! iron w become a magnet1 & w rema9 s z long z ! curr5t fl[s4 ,?is is call$ an electro-magnet4 ,! two ends ( a magnet are ! positive & negative poles1 & ! positive pole ( "o magnet w repel ! positive pole & attract ! negative pole ( ano!r magnet4 ,betwe5 ! two poles ( a magnet !re is a con/ant fl[ ( :at are kn[n z magnetic l9es ( =ce1 :i* may be made visible by lay+ a piece ( pap] ov] ! two poles & scatt]+ iron fil+s on x4 ,! fil+s w =m into curves f "o pole to ! o!r1 %[+ ! pres5ce ( ^! l9es4 ,if a wire is mov$ across ^! l9es ( =ce1 s t x cuts !m1 a curr5t ( electricity w be set up 9 x1 & if ! wire is w\nd into a coil & mov$ across ! l9es1 ! curr5t w be z mu* /rong] z !re are turns ( wire cutt+ !m4 ,a me*anical g5]ator consi/s ( a coil ( insulat$ wire1 arrang$ s t z x revolves 9 ! magnetic field ea* turn ( wire cuts across ! l9es ( magnetic =ce4 ,! magnet produc+ ! l9es ( =ce t compose ! magnetic field is call$ ! field1 & ! revolv+ coil ( wire ! armature4 ,me*anical g5]ators = produc+ ! curr5t = an ignition circuit are ( two types1 magnetos & dynamos1 ! =m] be+ 9 mu* m g5]al use ?an ! latt]4 ,9 a magneto ! field is a p]man5t magnet1 & 9 a dynamo x is an electro-magnet4 ,! magnets =m+ ! field ( a magneto are b5t into horse%oe %ape1 s t ! poles are close toge!r1 & ! armature revolves betwe5 !m4 ,! field ( a dynamo is ( simil> %ape1 w\nd ) insulat$ wire1 ! curr5t t fl[s ?r\gh x be+ g5]at$ by ! dynamo itself2 ! field is /rongly magnetiz$ only :5 ! dynamo is runn+4 ,! armature ( ei!r type is a piece ( s(t iron1 ) grooves cut 9 x l5g?ways1 9 :i* ! wire is w\nd2 ! w9d+ ?us be+ contr>y to t ( ?read on a spool4 ,! curr5t g5]at$ 9 ! wire ( ! armature is tak5 (f by means ( bru%es1 & connection is made ?r\gh b9d+ po/s set 9 ! base4 ,z ! c>e ( a me*anical g5]ator requires a k ( electrical eng9e]+1 x is bett] to return x to ! mak]s 9 case ( injury1 r ?an to attempt to repair x )\t ! necess>y exp]i5ce4 7,see ,app5dix47 ,practically all ignition circuits are provid$ ) two s\rces ( curr5t1 s t 9 case ( ! failure ( "o ! o!r w be available1 & ei!r may be connect$ into ! circuit by means ( a swit*4 ,! simple/ =m ( swit* is a piece ( flat spr+ brass1 pivot$ at "o end s t ! o!r may be swung f side to side to make contact ) "o or ! o!r ( two brass knobs1 or swit* po9ts4 ,"o pole ( ea* g5]ator1 usually ! negative1 is gr\nd$1 & ! o!r connect$ to "o ( ! po9ts4 ,! flat spr+1 or swit* blade1 is connect$ to ! ignition circuit1 s t :5 x is 9 contact ) "o ( ! po9ts ! correspond+ s\rce is call$ on to supply ! curr5t4 ,! blade may re/ betwe5 ! po9ts1 n t\*+ ei!r1 9 :i* case ! circuit is brok51 & no curr5t fl[s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,ignition--7,cont9u$7 ,:ile !re are v>i\s me?ods by :i* an electric sp>k may be produc$1 b two are 9 use = automobile "w1 "o be+ ! high-t5sion or jump-sp>k sy/em1 & ! o!r ! l[-t5sion or make-&-break sy/em4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! is 9 ! pressure ( ! curr5t1 :i* 9 ! fir/ is great en\gh to enable x to jump f "o t]m9al to ano!r a %ort di/ance away1 =m+ a sp>k z x passes4 ,! pressure ( ! curr5t ( ! l[-t5sion sy/em is n suffici5t to p]mit x to d ?is1 b :5 two t]m9als ( ! sy/em are br\ght into contact s t ! curr5t may fl[1 a sp>k w =m z !y are sep>at$4 ,,make-,,&-,,break ,,sy/em ,9 ! make-&-break sy/em1 ! ignit]1 :i* is ! device 9 ! combu/ion space at :i* ! sp>k occurs1 is made ) two metal po9ts1 "o ( :i* is /ation>y & ! o!r movable1 ! latt] be+ act$ on by a cam1 ?r\gh a tappet4 ,z ! cam revolves1 ! tappet is lift$ & ! movable po9t br\ght into contact ) ! /ation>y2 :5 ! nose ( ! cam passes f "u ! tappet1 ! movable po9t is snapp$ away f ! /ation>y ?r\gh ! action ( a spr+ 7,fig4 #be74 ,^! po9ts are s connect$ into ! circuit t :5 !y are 9 contact ! curr5t fl[s1 ! circuit be+ brok5 :5 !y sep>ate4 ,%ortly be=e ! sp>k is desir$ ! movable po9t is br\ght into contact ) ! o!r s t ! circuit is complet$ & ! curr5t fl[s1 & !y are sep>at$ at ! in/ant :5 ! sp>k is requir$ to ignite ! mixture1 ?is occurr+ z !y sep>ate & break ! circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,make-,,&-,,break ,,ignition4 ,! curr5t t is suppli$ by ! batt]y is n capable ( produc+ ?is sp>k1 = x fl[s ) l>ge volume & small pressure--i4e41 high amp]age & l[ voltage--& x is necess>y to trans=m x to a curr5t ( high] voltage & l[] amp]age1 :i* is done by means ( a prim>y induction coil4 ,a coil ( ?is description consi/s ( a core made ( a bundle ( s(t iron wires1 ar\nd :i* is ! prim>y w9d+1 =m$ by w9d+ sev]al lay]s ( insulat$ copp] wire on x4 ,! core becomes a magnet :5 a curr5t ( electricity fl[s ?r\gh ! w9d+1 & ceases to be a magnet :5 ! fl[ ceases1 ! magnetization occurr+ sl[ly on ! completion ( ! circuit1 & demagnetization in/antly on ! break+ ( ! circuit4 ,! influ5ce ( a magnet1 z1 = in/ance1 its attraction = a piece ( iron1 is felt ?r\gh\t a field ! ext5t ( :i* dep5ds on ! /r5g? ( ! magnetization4 ,:5 a loop ( wire =m+ a clos$ circuit is plac$ 9 ! magnetic field1 a curr5t ( electricity w be set up 9 x :5ev] ! /r5g? ( ! field *anges4 ,if ! /r5g? ( ! field does n *ange1 no curr5t w be set up2 b ! great] ! *ange 9 /r5g?1 :e!r f /rong to weak or f weak to /rong1 ! great] w be ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t4 ,?is pr9ciple is appli$ 9 ! case ( a coil1 = ! wire t =ms ! w9d+ is 9 ! magnetic field ( ! core1 & a curr5t is set up 9 x :5ev] ! /r5g? ( ! field *anges4 ,! /ronge/ curr5t w be set up1 or induc$1 :5 ! /r5g? ( ! field *anges f no magnetism to a degree :5 ! core is magnetiz$ to its fulle/ capacity or ! rev]se1 & :5 ! *ange occurs 9 ! lea/ possible "t4 ,! curr5t t is set up w la/ only dur+ ! "t :5 ! *ange 9 /r5g? occurs1 ceas+ to exi/ :5 ! /r5g? ( ! field is uni=mly /rong or weak4 ,! m rapid ! *ange1 ! great] w be ! pressure ( ! curr5t1 b ! %ort] ! p]iod ( its exi/5ce4 ,x is ?is induc$ curr5t t =ms ! sp>k 9 ! combu/ion space1 ! batt]y curr5t s]v+ only to e/abli% ! condition t w produce x4 ,:5 ! two po9ts ( ! ignit] come into contact & complete ! circuit1 ! fl[ ( ! batt]y curr5t ?r\gh ! w9d+ ( ! coil w gradually magnetize ! core1 & on ! ignit] po9ts be+ sep>at$1 ?is fl[ ?r\gh ! w9d+ w cease1 ! /r5g? ( ! magnetic field dropp+ in/antly f full int5sity to practically no?+4 ,?is *ange induces a p[]ful curr5t 9 ! w9d+1 :i* curr5t 9 pass+ ov] ! circuit causes a sp>k betwe5 ! po9ts ( ! ignit] z !y sep>ate4 ,! induc$ curr5t is set up s in/antane\sly on ! break+ ( ! batt]y circuit t ! sp>k is usually consid]$ z be+ t ( ! batt]y curr5t1 b1 z /at$1 ! batt]y curr5t s]ves only to magnetize ! core1 ! sp>k result+ f ! curr5t induc$ by its demagnetization on ! break+ ( ! circuit4 ,a magneto is a ma*9e t :5 driv5 g5]ates an electric curr5t1 & is 9 almo/ univ]sal use = ?is sy/em ( ignition4 ,9 _m c>s ! sy/em is s arrang$ t ! driv] has 8 *oice betwe5 ignition by batt]y & coil1 z describ$1 & ignition by magneto1 b ! me*anical production ( a curr5t is s reliable t _m automobile build]s rely on ! magneto alone4 ,magnetos ( ! type us$ = ignition are describ$ 9 ! app5dix4 ,,jump-,,sp>k ,,sy/em ,! jump-sp>k or high-t5sion sy/em ( ignition dep5ds on ! production ( a curr5t at su* a pressure t x c jump f "o po9t to ano!r ?r\gh high resi/ance1 su* z is pres5t$ by air at ord9>y or l[ temp]ature1 & especially :5 compress$1 ! sp>k occurr+ z x passes4 ,?is high pressure is obta9$ ?r\gh ! use ( a second>y induction coil1 :i* consi/s ( a core & prim>y w9d+ simil> to ^? ( ! prim>y induction coil already describ$1 & 9 addition has a second>y w9d+1 =m$ by a great l5g? ( insulat$ copp] wire1 :i* to save bulk & weight is v f9e1 w\nd ov] ! prim>y w9d+4 ,! *ange 9 ! /r5g? ( ! magnetic field produc$ by ! core affects ?is second>y w9d+1 j z x affects ! prim>y w9d+2 t is1 a curr5t is set up 9 x at e *ange 9 ! /r5g? ( ! magnetic field1 ! pressure ( ! curr5t dep5d+ on ! great] or less ext5t ( ! *ange1 & ! rapidity ) :i* x occurs4 ,! magnetization ( ! core takes place b sl[ly1 = ! p>ticles ( iron mu/ absorb x "o f ! o!r1 b ! demagnetization occurs in/antly2 ! curr5t t is induc$ dur+ ! demagnetization is !re=e ! great]1 & is ! curr5t t has suffici5t pressure to jump across ! gap4 ,! ignition sy/em employ+ ?is coil consi/s ( two di/9ct p>ts3 ! prim>y circuit1 :i* magnetizes ! core1 & ! second>y circuit1 :i* leads to ! combu/ion space ! curr5t t is induc$ 9 ! second>y w9d+4 ,! prim>y circuit includes ! batt]y or g5]ator t supplies ! curr5t1 ! prim>y w9d+ ( ! coil1 a tim]1 & a vibrator4 ,,! ,,tim] ,! sp>k mu/ occur 9 ! combu/ion space only at ! in/ant :5 ! mixture is 9 a condition to be ignit$1 & x is obvi\s t only !n is ! second>y curr5t requir$4 ,z ! second>y curr5t results f ! fl[ ( ! prim>y curr5t ?r\gh ! prim>y w9d+1 a device mu/ be includ$ 9 ! prim>y circuit to p]mit ! curr5t to fl[ & magnetize ! core at ?is in/ant4 ,?is device is call$ a tim]1 or commutator1 & is no?+ m ?an a revolv+ swit* op]at$ by ! eng9e1 t completes ! prim>y circuit at su* times z ! second>y curr5t is requir$1 & breaks ! circuit :5 ! second>y curr5t has done its "w 9 ! production ( ! sp>k4 ,because ignition occurs b once 9 ea* cyl9d] dur+ two revolutions ( ! crank %aft1 ! tim] completes ! circuit b once 9 t int]val1 & is plac$ on ! half-"t %aft t op]ates ! exhau/ valves4 ,9 its simple/ =m1 a tim] consi/s ( a disk ( h>d rubb]1 wood fib]1 or o!r insulat+ mat]ial 9 :i* is set a metal plate1 m\nt$ on ! half-"t %aft & revolv+ ) x4 ,a flat spr+ c>ri$ on a plate ( h>d insulat+ mat]ial be>s aga9/ ! edge ( ! disk1 & dur+ "o revolution ( ! latt] ! metal plate set 9 x w be br\ght into contact ) ! spr+ 7,fig4 #bf1 fir/ diagram74 ,if "o wire ( ! prim>y circuit is connect$ to ! metal plate ( ! disk & ! o!r wire to ! spr+1 x w be se5 t ! circuit w be complete :5 ! revolution ( ! disk br+s ! two toge!r1 & brok5 :5 ! fur!r revolution ( ! disk sep>ates !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,cyl9d] ,,two ,,cyl9d] ,,f\r ,,cyl9d] ,,fig4 #bf4--,,types ,,( ,,tim]s4 ,!re is a great v>iety 9 ! me?ods by :i* ?is result is secur$1 ! *ief ess5tial be+ t ! contact mu/ be made z positively z possible 9 ord] t ! resi/ance to ! curr5t 9 pass+ f "o "p ( ! tim] to ! o!r may be z l[ z possible1 & brok5 equally positively4 ,! numb] ( contacts t ! tim] makes dur+ "o revolution dep5ds on ! numb] ( cyl9d]s ( ! eng9e1 ! revolv+ "p t\*+ two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m spr+s or contact po9ts on ! /ation>y "p z x turns4 ,a tim] = a two-cyl9d] eng9e is %[n 9 ! second diagram on ,fig4 #bf1 ! ?ird diagram be+ ( a =m ( tim] 9 :i* ! revolv+ "p is n connect$ into ! circuit1 b s]ves to br+ toge!r a spr+ & a contact po9t1 ! circuit be+ complet$ :5 !y t\*4 ,a mod]n =m ( tim] consi/s ( a r+ ( h>d rubb] on ! inside face ( :i* are set ! metal plates1 :ile ! mov+ "p revolves )9 x1 & may be a flat spr+1 or a plung]1 or a roll]1 contact be+ ma9ta9$ by a coil spr+4 ,! difficulty ( atta*+ a wire to ! mov+ "p ( ! tim] is ov]come by hav+ its contact 9 connection ) ! half-"t %aft1 ! curr5t fl[+ f ! contact on ! /ation>y "p to t on ! mov+ "p1 & f !re fl[+ by ! half-"t %aft to ! gr\nd connection ( ! batt]y1 =1 z all p>ts are ( metal1 ! curr5t c pass f ! %aft to ! gr\nd connection ?r\gh ! be>+s & ! eng9e4 ,if ! sp>k 7 always requir$ to pass 9 ! combu/ion space at ! same po9t 9 ! /roke ( ! pi/on1 ?is c\ld be secur$ by sett+ ! /ation>y "p ( ! tim] 9 su* relation to ! mov+ "p t contact w\ld be made :5 ! half-"t %aft rea*$ any desir$ po9t 9 its revolution4 ,z x is necess>y to *ange ! po9t at :i* ignition occurs1 h[ev]1 ! tim] mu/ be s arrang$ t x closes ! circuit e>li] or lat]1 accord+ to conditions4 ,to effect ?is1 ! /ation>y "p ( ! tim] is s made t x may rotate ar\nd ! %aft = ab\t a half turn1 & x is controll$ by a lev] on ! /e]+ column1 :i* holds x 9 any desir$ position4 ,if ! /ation>y "p is rotat$ 9 ! direction opposite to t 9 :i* ! half-"t %aft revolves1 contact w be made & ! circuit clos$ at an e>li] po9t 9 its revolution ?an if x is rotat$ 9 ! same direction4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! revolution ( ! half-"t %aft1 9 op]at+ ! exhau/ valve1 revolves exactly 9 accordance ) ! crank %aft & ! movem5t ( ! pi/on1 & t z ! mov+ "p ( ! tim] is atta*$ to x1 contact c be made at any desir$ po9t 9 ! /roke ( ! pi/on by ! position 9 :i* ! /ation>y "p is plac$4 ,,! ,,vibrator ,! second>y curr5t occurs :5ev] ! core is magnetiz$ & demagnetiz$1 & x is cle> t ! (t5] ! magnetization occurs ! m con/ant w be its pres5ce4 ,! tim] closes & op5s ! prim>y circuit1 :i* results 9 ! production ( b two impulses ( ! second>y curr5t1 & z ^! are n suffici5t to produce ! necess>y sp>k1 additional means are employ$ to make & break ! circuit :ile ! tim] makes contact4 ,?is is accompli%$ by means ( a vibrator1 or trembl]1 :i* consi/s ( a flat /eel spr+ secur$ at "o end1 s t x may vibrate aft] ! mann] ( a tun+ =k4 ,ab\t midway betwe5 its ends ! po9t ( an adju/+ screw t\*es x1 & :5 ! flat spr+1 or blade1 vibrates1 x spr+s away f ?is screw & returns to x1 bo? screw & blade be+ tipp$ ) plat9um to (fset corrosion4 ,if "o wire ( ! circuit is atta*$ to ! blade & ! o!r to ! screw1 ! circuit w be complete :5 ! blade t\*es ! screw1 & brok5 :5 x spr+s away f x4 ,9 ! e>ly type ( vibrator ! blade 0 set 9 vibration by me*anical means4 ,at ! end ( ! blade 0 a weight1 :i* re/$ on ! edge ( a cam1 ! blade !n be+ out ( contact ) ! adju/+ screw 7,fig4 #bg74 ,dur+ ! revolution ( ! cam ! weight dropp$ into a deep not*1 ?us sett+ ! blade into vibration & ! circuit be+ made & brok54 ,?is type has be5 almo/ entirely sup]s$$ by ! magnetic vibrator1 :i* is m rapid & accurate4 ,9 ?is ! blade is s plac$ t its free end is close to ! end ( ! core ( ! coil 7,fig4 #bh74 ,:5 ! tim] makes contact & ! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! prim>y w9d+1 ! core becomes magnetiz$ & attracts to x ! free end ( ! /eel blade1 ?is movem5t draw+ ! blade away f ! adju/+ screw ) :i* x 0 9 contact4 ,! vibrator is s connect$ into ! prim>y circuit t ! curr5t fl[s f ! batt]y to ! adju/+ screw1 !nce to ! blade & ?r\gh ! prim>y w9d+2 :5 ! attraction ( ! blade by ! core draws x away f ! adju/+ screw1 ! circuit is brok51 & ! magnetism !n ceas+ to exi/1 ! ela/icity ( ! blade causes x to spr+ back to ! screw1 to make contact1 & to be aga9 attract$ by ! magnetism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,me*anical ,,vibrator4 ,:5 ! weight drops into ! not* on ! cam1 ! flat spr+ t\*es ! adju/+ screw & ! curr5t passes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,,magnetic ,,vibrator4 ,:5 ! magnetism ( ! core attracts ! vibrator ! contact is brok5 at ! adju/+ screw4 ,?is action cont9ues z long z ! tim] holds ! circuit clos$1 & a wave ( second>y curr5t is set up 9 ! second>y w9d+ = e make & break t results4 ,by means ( ! adju/+ screw1 ! vibrations may be made long & sl[1 or %ort & quick1 ) a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 ! second>y curr5t4 ,z ! object to be atta9$ is ! production ( a sp>k t w ignite ! mixture rapidly1 ! vibrator mu/ be adju/$ ) ?is end 9 view2 b x is also advisable to obta9 ! sp>k ) ! lea/ possible exp5diture ( curr5t1 & ) ! lea/ we> ( ! p>ts4 ,! pass+ ( ! batt]y curr5t ?r\gh ! prim>y w9d+ e/abli%es ! condition t exi/s 9 ! make-&-break ignition sy/em1 & ! demagnetization ( ! core w set up an induc$ curr5t t w result 9 a sp>k at ! po9ts :]e ! circuit is brok52 t is1 at ! vibrator & tim] contacts4 ,?is sp>k c be greatly ov]come 9 ! tim] by pack+ x ) vasel9e1 :i*1 be+ an insulator1 breaks d[n ! sp>k 9 fl[+ betwe5 ! contacts ( ! /ation>y & mov+ p>ts z !y sep>ate4 ,if ! vibrator contacts pres5t$ no resi/ance--an impossible condition--!re w\ld be no sp>k1 b z !y w always be slightly burn$ & corrod$1 ! sp>k mu/ be kept z small z ! requirem5ts ( ! second>y curr5t w ju/ify by ! adju/m5t ( ! screw4 ,9 o!r words1 adju/ ! vibrator s t x gives ! be/ results 9 ! production ( ! second>y sp>k ) z little sp>k+ z possible at ! vibrator contacts4 ,,! ,,sp>k ,,plug ,! second>y circuit includes ! second>y w9d+ ( ! coil & ! sp>k plug1 :i* is ! device 9 ! combu/ion space at :i* ! sp>k occurs4 ,! sp>k plug provides two po9ts ( metal at a fix$ di/ance ap>t1 :i* are s connect$ into ! circuit t ! curr5t mu/ jump f "o to ! o!r 9 ord] to complete its circuit4 ,! second>y curr5t1 z well z ! prim>y1 may make use ( ! metal ( ! eng9e z a gr\nd return1 & "o ( ! po9ts ( ! sp>k plug is !re=e 9 contact ) ! metal1 be+ support$ on a metal sleeve t is screw$ into ! cyl9d]4 ,! o!r po9t mu/ ( c\rse be insulat$ f x1 = if x 7 n ! curr5t c\ld pass f "o to ! o!r )\t jump+ ! space betwe5 !m4 ,! insulation is secur$ by a tube ( porcela9 or mica set 9 ! sleeve1 ! l[] end ( a metal rod t passes ?r\gh x be+ ! requir$ di/ance f ! wire or projection on ! sleeve 7,fig4 #bi74 ,?is device mu/ be /rong en\gh to resi/ ! pressure 9 ! combu/ion space dur+ ! compression & p[] /rokes1 & mu/ be unaffect$ by ! int5se heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,a1 ,sp>k plug2 ,b1 sp>k plug 9 section4 ,,! ,,circuit ,fig4 #cj %[s ! prim>y & second>y circuits ( ! jump-sp>k sy/em1 z appli$ to a "o-cyl9d] eng9e1 ! light l9es repres5t+ ! prim>y circuit & ! heavy l9es ! second>y4 ,ea* circuit =ms a complete pa? by :i* ! curr5t pass+ ov] x may return to ! po9t at :i* x />t$4 ,9 practice ! wir+ is simplifi$ by ! use ( b "o gr\nd return = bo? circuits1 ! prim>y & second>y w9d+s ( ! coil be+ connect$ at "o po9t1 & ! second>y curr5t return+ ei!r ?r\gh ! tim] z x makes contact or ?r\gh ! batt]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,,ignition ,,circuit4 ,wir+ diagram = "o-cyl9d] eng9e1 ) coil1 tim]1 & two batt]ies2 coil ) magnetic vibrator4 ,! fl[ ( ! prim>y circuit is f ! batt]y to ! swit*1 to ! vibrator1 :i* is built into ! coil1 ?r\gh ! prim>y w9d+ & ! tim] contacts1 :5ce x passes by ! metal ( ! eng9e & gr\nd wire back to ! batt]y4 ,! second>y circuit consi/s ( a wire f ! second>y w9d+ ( ! coil to ! sp>k plug1 & back to its w9d+ by ! metal ( ! eng9e & a gr\nd wire1 :i*1 z has be5 expla9$1 may be ! sep>ate gr\nd wire %[n 9 ! diagram1 or ! return t is common to bo? circuits4 ,! tim] makes contact z ! half-"t %aft revolves1 & ! vibrator op]ates z long z ! circuit is clos$2 :ile ?is occurs1 ! second>y curr5t is set up1 & ! sp>k passes4 ,includ$ 9 ! prim>y circuit & built into ! base ( ! coil is a cond5s] :i*1 :ile ( su* delicate con/ruction t x is mo/ inadvisable = ! automobili/ to attempt to exam9e or repair x1 is ( su* advantage t x %\ld be und]/ood4 ,a curr5t fl[+ 9 a circuit possesses mom5tum1 & if ! circuit is brok51 ! mom5tum w cause ! curr5t to fl[ across ! break = a great] or less "t1 accord+ to ! pressure4 ,?is w produce a sp>k1 & a sp>k at ! vibrator z x breaks ! circuit w n only burn away ! contacts1 b w prev5t ! in/ant demagnetization ( ! core4 ,! pass+ ( a sp>k betwe5 ! vibrator contacts indicates t ! curr5t is /ill fl[+ ?r\gh ! prim>y w9d+1 & t ! core is /ill magnetiz$4 ,! function ( ! cond5s] is to prev5t sp>k+ at ! vibrator by absorb+ ! mom5tum ( ! curr5t1 &1 :at is m important1 to cause ! in/ant demagnetization ( ! core by ! in/ant break+ ( ! circuit4 ,:ile x is usual to provide a multicyl9d] eng9e ) "o coil = ea* cyl9d]1 x is possible to equip x ) b "o1 9 su* a case a second>y di/ribut] be+ us$4 ,?is consi/s ( two p>ts3 a prim>y tim]1 & a some:at simil> device by :i* ! second>y curr5t induc$ 9 ! coil is swit*$ f cyl9d] to cyl9d] z x is requir$4 ,= a f\r-cyl9d] eng9e ! tim] has f\r contacts1 z 9 ! usual type2 b ! prim>y w9d+ is connect$ to all ( !m1 s t z ! mov+ "p ( ! tim] revolves1 ! core ( ! s+le coil is magnetiz$ f\r times to two revolutions ( ! crank %aft4 ,a s+le wire leads ! second>y curr5t t is ?us induc$ to ! di/ribut]1 by :i* x is swit*$ to ! sev]al cyl9d]s4 ,! mov+ "p ( ! di/ribut] rotates 9 unison ) ! mov+ "p ( ! tim]1 mak+ contact z x does s ) contact pieces1 ea* ( :i* is connect$ to "o ( ! sp>k plugs4 ,:5 ! tim] makes its contact ! di/ribut] is 9 position to pass ! induc$ curr5t to ! prop] cyl9d]1 ! connections be+ made 9 accordance ) ! fir+ ord] ( ! eng9e4 ,:ile ?is sy/em has advantages 9 t !re is b "o vibrator to adju/1 ! fact t ! coil is op]at+ = ! great] "p ( ! "t makes x m liable to injury ?r\gh heat+ & ! consequ5t break+ d[n ( its insulation4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,transmission ,! transmission ( an automobile consi/s ( ^? p>ts t transmit to ! driv+ :eels ! p[] develop$ by ! eng9e4 ,,! ,,clut* ,because a gasol9e eng9e mu/ be 9 op]ation be=e x c deliv] p[]1 a clut* is provid$ by means ( :i* x may run free or be s connect$ t x drives ! c>1 "o ( its two *ief p>ts be+ atta*$ to ! eng9e & ! o!r to ! transmission4 ,:5 ! two p>ts are 9 contact1 ! transmission is driv51 & :5 sep>at$1 ! eng9e & transmission are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & may be /ation>y or 9 motion4 ,a clut* mu/ be ( su* a nature t x does n apply ! p[] ( ! eng9e in/antly1 b gradually1 s t ! c> />ts sl[ly & )\t j]k+4 ,if ! p[] 7 to be appli$ sudd5ly1 ! ef=t ( />t+ ! /ation>y c> w\ld ei!r ov]come ! mom5tum ( ! eng9e & /op x1 or w\ld j]k ! c> into su* sudd5 motion t x might be badly wr5*$4 ,by mak+ ! clut* s t x is p]mitt$ to slip :5 fir/ appli$1 ! "p t is driv5 is gradually br\ght to ! spe$ ( ! "p t drives1 :5 slipp+ ceases & ! two make firm contact4 ,! mo/ usual =m ( clut* is ! friction cone1 9 :i* ! fly :eel ( ! eng9e is utiliz$ z ! driv+ "p1 ! rim be+ broad & ?ick1 ) its inn] side funnel-%ap$1 or bevel$4 ,a metal cone t fits ! bevel is c>ri$ on ! end ( a %aft ( ! transmission1 ! %aft at ?is po9t be+ squ>e1 to fit a squ>e hole 9 ! hub ( ! cone4 ,?is arrangem5t p]mits ! cone to slide along ! %aft :ile always revolv+ ) x4 ,:5 ! cone is press$ to a seat 9 ! fly :eel1 :i* is accompli%$ by means ( a heavy coil spr+1 ! friction betwe5 its lea!r-cov]$ surface & ! surface ( ! fly :eel causes ! two p>ts to revolve toge!r1 & by its fit on ! squ>e %aft ! transmission is set 9 motion1 & ?r\gh t ! c>4 ,! clut* is ?r[n out ( contact by means ( a foot p$al t acts on a r+ fitt+ 9 a groove ar\nd ! hub ( ! cone2 :5 ! p$al is releas$1 ! spr+ =ces ! cone to its seat 7,fig4 #ca74 ,9 ord] to support x1 ! end ( ! %aft c>ry+ ! cone projects into ! hub ( ! fly :eel1 :]e x re/s 9 a be>+1 ?is arrangem5t 9 no mann] prev5t+ ! two p>ts f act+ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,9 ! rev]s$ type ( friction-cone clut* a funnel-%ap$ r+ is bolt$ to ! rim ( ! fly :eel & =ms ! seat1 ! cone fitt+ inside ( x 7,fig4 #ca74 ,depress+ ! p$al moves ! cone t[>d ! fly :eel in/ead ( away f x1 z 9 ! regul> type1 & :ile !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! effect ( "o z aga9/ ! o!r1 ! rev]s$ type is m compact4 ,illu/ration3 ,,friction ,,cone ,,clut* ,,rev]s$ ,,friction ,,cone ,,clut* ,,fig4 #ca4--;,,friction ,,cone ,,clut*es4 ,! multiple-disk clut*1 :i* is rapidly com+ into use1 dep5ds on ! friction betwe5 ! flat surfaces ( metal :5 press$ toge!r4 ,an exp]im5t illu/rat+ ?is is to place a silv] doll> betwe5 two half doll>s1 & to press !m toge!r betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]4 ,x w be f\nd t a light pressure is suffici5t to produce friction t w make x difficult to revolve ! l>ge co9 betwe5 ! small] ones4 ,! p>ts ( a simple =m ( multiple-disk clut*1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb1 are a flange on ! eng9e %aft1 a small] flange ) a squ>e-hole1 squ>e-%aft arrangem5t on ! transmission %aft1 & l>ge & small r+s plac$ alt]nately4 ,! l>ge r+s are driv5 by ! l>ge flange1 fitt+ loosely on p9s1 or /uds1 project+ f x1 & ! small r+s are simil>ly atta*$ to ! transmission %aft4 ,! op5+s 9 ! l>ge or driv+ r+s are l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! /uds c>ry+ ! small r+s1 s t :5 ! p>ts are assembl$ ! out] surfaces ( ! small or driv5 r+s are 9 contact ) ! inn] surfaces ( ! driv+ r+s4 ,a heavy coil spr+ is arrang$ to press ! small flange t[>d ! flange on ! eng9e %aft1 b9d+ ! r+s t x c>ries betwe5 ! driv+ r+s1 & ! latt] are (t5 fac$ ) lea!r to increase ! friction betwe5 !m4 ,:5 ! small flange is releas$ f ! pressure ( ! spr+ by depress+ ! p$al1 ! driv+ & driv5 flanges ) _! r+s are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & ! eng9e may run free :ile ! transmission %aft is /ation>y or revolv+4 ,a clut* ( ?is type is incas$ & runs 9 oil1 :i* prev5ts ! r+s f gripp+ sudd5ly2 :5 ! pressure ( ! spr+ is appli$1 ! oil is gradually squeez$ out f betwe5 !m1 & ! slipp+ ( ! driv+ & driv5 r+s is r$uc$ z !y are =c$ into contact4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,multiple ,,disk ,,clut* ,,multiple ,,disk ,,clut* ,,assembl$ ,,fig4 #cb4--,,multiple ,,disk ,,clut*4 ,an int]nal-exp&+ clut* consi/s ( a broad r+1 or drum1 aga9/ ! inn] surface ( :i* be> two pieces ( metal %ap$ to fit4 ,! pieces ( metal1 or %oes1 are pivot$ toge!r at "o end s t !y may be mov$ 9 or out1 aft] ! mann] ( ! h&les ( a pair ( scissors2 :5 op5 !y be> aga9/ ! inside surface ( ! drum1 & :5 clos$ !y are free f x4 ,! drum is atta*$ to ! eng9e %aft & ! %oes to ! transmission %aft1 ! friction betwe5 !m be+ s great t ! transmission %aft is c>ri$ ar\nd z ! drum revolves4 ,! %oes are kept 9 contact ) ! drum by a coil spr+1 ! depression ( a p$al releas+ !m f its pressure4 ,,*ange-,,spe$ ,,me*anism ,! *ange-spe$ me*anism1 to :i* ! clut* transmits ! p[] ( ! eng9e1 is to ! eng9e :at a block & tackle is to a man :o lifts a heavy weight1 & is necess>y because ( ! v>y+ resi/ance to ! movem5t ( ! c> 9 trav]s+ /eep1 r\gh hills & smoo? av5ues4 ,a *ange-spe$ me*anism may be def9$ z an arrangem5t by :i* ! relative numb] ( revolutions ( ! crank %aft & driv+ :eels may be alt]$ to suit conditions4 ,if ! driv+ :eels revolve b once :ile ! crank %aft makes twelve revolutions1 ! c> w move at "o six? ! spe$ t x w\ld h if ! :eels revolv$ once to e two revolutions ( ! crank %aft1 b x w h six times ! ability to ov]come ! resi/ance pres5t$ by a hill or s&y road4 ,if a gasol9e eng9e 7 s connect$ t ! relative numb] ( revolutions ( ! crank %aft & :eels c\ld n be *ang$1 a sl[+ d[n ( ! c> ?r\gh ! resi/ance pres5t$ by a r\gh hill w\ld sl[ ! eng9e to correspond1 & z spe$ is an important factor 9 ! p[] t ! eng9e deliv]s1 x w\ld be prev5t$ f do+ ! "w ( :i* x is capable at ! "t :5 x 0 mo/ necess>y4 ,by means ( ! *ange-spe$ me*anisms 9 mo/ g5]al use1 ! relative numb] ( revolutions ( ! crank %aft to "o ( ! :eels may be v>i$ to f two to eighte51 ! =m] giv+ ! c> high spe$ ov] a smoo? road1 & ! latt] sl[ spe$1 b great] ability to ov]come hills & heavy roads4 ,to atta9 ?is result1 ge>s are us$4 ,if two ge>s hav+ ! same numb] ( tee? are 9 me%1 !y w make ! same numb] ( revolutions1 & ! =ce ) :i* ! driv5 ge> w revolve w be ! same z t ( ! driv+ ge>1 less ! friction ( ! tee?4 ,if ! driv5 ge> has twice ! numb] ( tee? ( ! driv+ ge>1 x w revolve at half ! spe$1 b ) twice ! =ce4 ,! =ms ( *ange-spe$ me*anism mo/ l>gely us$ are bas$ on ?is pr9ciple1 :i* is s appli$ t ! ge> driv5 by ! eng9e may be 9 me% ) a ge> t has _m m tee? & revolves mu* sl[] 9 consequ5ce1 or a ge> t has possibly "o & a half times ! numb] ( tee?1 or a ge> t has ! same numb] ( tee?1 & !re=e revolves at ! same spe$4 ,! slid+-ge> me*anism takes its "n f ! arrangem5t by :i* ! *anges 9 ! comb9ation ( ge>s is effect$ by slid+ !m along a %aft1 to me% ) o!r ge>s on a %aft driv5 by ! eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,neutral ,,sl[ ,,spe$ ,,second ,,spe$ ,,high ,,spe$ ,,rev]se ,,fig4 #cc4--,,slid+ ,,ge>--,,progressive ,,type4 ,a1 ,sleeve driv5 by eng9e2 ,b1 ge> on sleeve2 ,c1 ge> on c\nt]%aft2 ,d1 l[-spe$ ge>s2 ,e1 second-spe$ ge>s2 ,f1 idl] = rev]se2 ,g1 clut* = high spe$2 ,h1 connect$ to re> :eels2 ,j1 ge>s slid+ on squ>e %aft4 ,! driv] *anges ! ge>s by mov+ a lev] t 9 ! progressive type moves =w>d by degrees to move ! c> on ! sl[ spe$1 ! int]m$iate spe$s1 & ! high4 ,a typical arrangem5t ( ! progressive type ( slid+ *ange-spe$ me*anism is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,! p[] ( ! eng9e is transmitt$ to a %ort1 holl[ %aft1 call$ a sleeve 7,a71 :i* c>ries a ge> 7,b7 t is 9 p]man5t me% ) a ge> 7,c7 on ! end ( ! c\nt]%aft4 ,p>allel to ! c\nt]%aft is ano!r %aft1 "o end ( :i* is held 9 a be>+ 9 ! holl[ sleeve2 :ile ! sleeve supports ?is %aft1 ! two may revolve indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,! second %aft is squ>e1 or ( su* a con/ruction t :ile ! two ge>s t x c>ries may slide along1 !y revolve ) x4 ,! ge>s on ! squ>e %aft are ( diff]5t sizes1 & 9 slid+ on x come successively into me% ) ge>s c>ri$ on ! c\nt]%aft4 ,because ( ! ge>s betwe5 !m1 ! c\nt]%aft revolves :5 ! eng9e revolves ! sleeve2 b ! spe$ ( ! squ>e %aft dep5ds on ! comb9ation ( ge>s 9 me% betwe5 x & ! c\nt]%aft4 ,:5 ! slid+ ge>s are 9 su* a position t !y are n 9 me% ) ! c\nt]%aft ge>s1 ! squ>e %aft is indep5d5t ( ! c\nt]%aft1 & may revolve or be /ation>y1 ! ge>s !n be+ 9 ! neutral position4 ,:5 ! slid+ "p is mov$ s t its l>ge/ ge> is 9 me% ) ! smalle/ ( ! c\nt]%aft ge>s 7,d71 ! squ>e %aft w revolve at a sl[] spe$ ?an ! c\nt]%aft1 because its ge> is l>g] ?an ! "o driv+ x4 ,aga9 slid+ ! mov+ "p w sep>ate ^! ge>s1 & br+ ! next pair 7,e7 into me%1 ! squ>e %aft !n mov+ at a high] spe$1 b /ill sl[] ?an ! c\nt]%aft because ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! ge>s4 ,slid+ ! mov+ "p /ill f>!r along ! %aft w dis5gage ! second-spe$ ge>s & engage ! high spe$1 9 :i* ! squ>e %aft revolves at ! spe$ ( ! sleeve & crank %aft1 ?is be+ effect$ by lock+ ! mov+ "p to ! sleeve by means ( a clut* 7,g74 ,?is clut* consi/s ( sev]al f+]s project+ f ! mov+ "p1 correspond+ to ! spaces betwe5 simil> f+]s on ! end ( ! sleeve4 ,! lock+ toge!r ( ! squ>e %aft & sleeve gives :at is kn[n z ! direct drive1 :i* is ( comp>atively rec5t developm5t2 _m designs ( slid+ ge>s /ill use a ?ird pair ( ge>s :i*1 be+ ( ! same size1 give ! squ>e %aft ! spe$ ( ! crank %aft4 ,by ! use ( ! direct drive1 ! p[] ( ! eng9e is directly appli$ to ! squ>e %aft1 avoid+ ! loss t occurs ?r\gh ! friction ( ! tee? ( ! ge>s4 ,! revolution ( ! squ>e %aft is transmitt$ to ! driv+ :eels1 ! spe$ ( ! c> !re=e correspond+ to ! spe$ at :i* ! squ>e %aft is driv5 by ! ge> comb9ations betwe5 x & ! c\nt]%aft4 ,to obta9 ! rev]se1 :i* enables ! c> to be back$ )\t rev]s+ ! eng9e1 a ?ird ge> is introduc$ betwe5 ! l[-spe$ ge>s ( ! squ>e %aft & c\nt]%aft4 ,:5 two ge>s are 9 me%1 !y revolve 9 opposite directions1 b :5 "o ( !m is 9 addition me%$ ) a ?ird ge>1 ! fir/ & ?ird w revolve 9 ! same direction1 & opposite to ! direction 9 :i* ! middle ge> revolves4 ,:5 ! c> is go+ =w>d1 ! squ>e %aft & c\nt]%aft revolve 9 opposite directions1 b :5 ! rev]se ge> is introduc$ betwe5 !m1 ! squ>e %aft is revolv$ 9 ! same direction z ! c\nt]%aft1 rev]s+ ! rotation ( ! driv+ :eels4 ,! ends ( ! tee? ( ! ge>s are *isel-%ap$1 in/ead ( be+ flat1 z 9 ord9>y ge>s1 s t !y w g into me% easily4 ,! greate/ economy 9 ! op]ation ( a gasol9e eng9e results f its runn+ at z ne>ly con/ant a spe$ z possible1 & ! ge> is !re=e *ang$ :5 ! resi/ance ( ! road to ! movem5t ( ! c> decreases ! spe$ ( ! eng9e1 or p]mits x to increase4 ,! selective type ( slid+ *ange-spe$ me*anism z %[n on ,fig4 #cd is 9 use on _m ( ! high-grade c>s1 & its control diff]s f t ( ! progressive type describ$ 9 t ! lev] has only a %ort movem5t =w>d & back1 & 9 addition may slide sideways4 ,to ! l[] end ( ! lev] is atta*$ a %aft t rocks 9 its be>+s z ! lev] is mov$ =w>d or back1 & slides l5g?ways :5 ! lev] is mov$ t[>d or away f ! c>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,,selective ,,type4 ,a1 ,sleeve driv5 by eng9e2 ,b1 fix$ ge> on sleeve2 ,c1 fix$ ge> on c\nt]%aft2 ,d1 l[-spe$ ge>s2 ,e1 second-spe$ ge>s2 ,f1 ?ird-spe$ ge>s2 ,g1 clut* = direct drive2 ,h1 rod & arm = ?ird-spe$ & direct drive2 ,j1 rod & arm = l[ & second spe$s2 ,k1 rod & arm = rev]se1 ,l1 rock+-%aft f+] 9 groove2 ,m1 guide plate & control lev]2 ,n1 bevel ge>s on squ>e %aft & jack %aft2 ,o1 idl] ge> = rev]se4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! c\nt]%aft & squ>e %aft is ! same z 9 ! progressive type1 b !re are two sets ( slid+ ge>s in/ead ( "o1 & ^! are mov$ by means ( arms t ext5d f rods slid+ 9 be>+s at ! side ( ! ge> case4 ,:5 ^! rods are slid endways1 ! ge>s atta*$ to _! arms slide on ! squ>e %aft to correspond1 & g 9 or out ( me% ) ! c\nt]%aft ge>s4 ,across ! ends ( ^! rods are grooves1 :i* :5 ! ge>s are 9 ! neutral position are 9 l9e ) ! rock+ %aft atta*$ to ! control lev]4 ,f ! inw>d end ( ! rock+ %aft a f+] 7,l7 projects d[nw>d into ! groove2 :5 ! grooves are 9 l9e1 ! rock+ %aft may be slid endways1 ! f+] pass+ f "o groove to ! next )\t affect+ ! rods4 ,:5 ! %aft is rock$1 h[ev]1 ! f+] 9 engag+ "o ( ! grooves slides ! rod endways1 %ift+ ! ge>s controll$ by its arm4 ,mov+ ! control lev] into su* a position t x may ent] ! middle slots ( ! guide plate 7,m7 slides ! rock+ %aft s t its f+] projects into ! groove ( ! c5tral slid+ rod 7,j71 & if ! control lev] is !n pu%$ =w>d s t x ent]s ! front half ( ! slot1 ! slid+ rod w be mov$ by ! f+] 9 ! opposite direction1 & ! l[-spe$ ge>s 7,d7 w be br\ght into me%4 ,br++ ! lev] back to ! c5tral position w sep>ate ! ge>s1 & mov+ x to ! back half ( ! slot w slide ! same ge>s 9 ! opposite direction1 me%+ ! second-spe$ comb9ation 7,e74 ,mov+ ! control lev] outw>d s t x is 9 l9e ) ! outside slot br+s ! f+] into ! groove ( ! slid+ rod 7,h7 t moves ! ?ird & high spe$s 7,f & ,g71 ! latt] be+ direct drive1 & ! rev]se is obta9$ ?r\gh ! movem5t ( ! slid+ rod 7,k7 t is engag$ by ! f+] :5 ! control lev] is 9 ! inside slot4 ,! movem5t ( ?is rod br+s a ?ird ge> 7,o7 into me% ) ! l[-spe$ ge>s on ! squ>e %aft & c\nt]%aft1 & ! rotation ( ! c\nt]%aft is rev]s$4 ,:ile ?is type is 9 g5]al use1 ! ge>s are (t5 s arrang$ t ! direct drive comb9ation is rea*$ :5 ! control lev] is 9 ! ?ird-spe$ position1 ! ge>s me%$ by ! f\r?-spe$ position driv+ ! squ>e %aft at a /ill high] spe$4 ,?is high spe$ c only be us$ = runn+ "u ! be/ road conditions4 ,! advantages ( ! selective type ov] ! progressive are ! %ort] movem5ts ( ! control lev] & ! ability to pass f "o spe$ to any o!r )\t ! necessity ( fir/ me%+ & unme%+ ^? betwe51 or1 9 o!r words1 !re is a neutral position betwe5 e comb9ation ( ge>s1 & f neutral any desir$ comb9ation may be obta9$ directly )\t ref]5ce to ! o!rs4 ,9 />t+ up a c> fitt$ ) ei!r ( ^! types ( *ange-spe$ me*anism1 x is necess>y to )draw ! clut* be=e slid+ ! ge>s1 & ?is is also necess>y 9 *ang+ f "o comb9ation to ano!r4 ,! squ>e or correspond+ %aft ( a *ange-spe$ me*anism is always connect$ ) ! driv+ :eels1 & is at re/ :5 ! c> is /&+4 ,) ! eng9e runn+1 ! c\nt]%aft w be revolv+1 & x w obvi\sly be difficult to slide ! /ation>y ge> into me% ) a ge> t is revolv+4 ,:5 ! clut* is )drawn1 ! c\nt]%aft moves only ?r\gh mom5tum1 & w be br\ght to a /op by ! contact ( ! tee? ( ! slid+ ge> z t is mov$ aga9/ x1 ! two !n easily go+ into me%4 ,! clut* is !n ?r[n 9 sl[ly1 & w br+ ! spe$ ( ! c\nt]%aft to ! spe$ ( ! crank %aft4 ,:5 ! c> is mov+1 slid+ ! ge>s )\t fir/ )draw+ ! clut* w br+ toge!r two ge>s t are revolv+ at diff]5t spe$s1 & z x is necess>y = !m to be rotat+ equally 9 ord] t !y may me%1 ei!r ! spe$ ( ! c> mu/ be *ang$ to br+ ! spe$ ( ! ge> on ! squ>e %aft to t ( ! c\nt]%aft ge>1 or ! spe$ ( ! eng9e mu/ be *ang$ to br+ ! c\nt]%aft ge> to ! spe$ ( ! ge> on ! squ>e %aft4 ,if ! *ange is f a l[ to a high] spe$1 ! c\nt]%aft w be mov+ mu* fa/] ?an ! squ>e %aft1 & _! ge>s be+ br\ght into contact w result 9 ! sl[+ ( "o & spe$+ up ( ! o!r until ! spe$s are ! same1 b 9 s do+ ! ends ( ! tee? w gr9d aga9/ ea* o!r1 result+ 9 ! we> ( ! *isel-po9t$ ends1 if n 9 ! break+ ( ! tee?4 ,)draw+ ! clut* obviates ?is difficulty1 = x frees ! c\nt]%aft1 p]mitt+ its ge> to take ! spe$ ( ! squ>e-%aft ge> )\t we> or damage1 & :5 ! *ange is made1 ! sl[ engagem5t ( ! clut* br+s ! spe$ ( bo? to t requir$ by ! crank %aft4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,transmission--7,cont9u$7 ,:ile ! planet>y type ( *ange-spe$ me*anism1 :i* is 9 ext5sive use = runab\ts & light comm]cial wagons1 also employs ge>s1 _! arrangem5t is along diff]5t l9es4 ,! fir/ ?ree diagrams 9 ,fig4 #ce s]ve to illu/rate ! pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rev]se ,,sl[ ,,spe$ ,,high ,,spe$ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,planet>y ,,ge> ,,transmission ,,section ,,planet>y ,,ge> ,,transmission ,,fig4 #ce4--,,planet>y ,,type4 ,! ge> ,a 9 ^! diagrams is atta*$ directly to ! crank %aft1 & 9 me% ) x are f\r o!r ge>s 7,b7 ( ! same size4 ,surr\nd+ !m is an int]nal ge> 7,c71 ?is be+ a r+ ) tee? cut on its inn] face1 ! f\r ge>s me%+ ) x4 ,! %afts1 or /uds1 on :i* ! f\r ge>s revolve are support$ by a metal r+ 7,d71 :i* ma9ta9s ! ge>s at equal di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ diagram %[s ! me*anism 9 ! rev]se position1 = driv+ ! c> backw>d1 ! c> be+ driv5 by ! int]nal ge>4 ,to h ! int]nal ge> revolve 9 ! direction opposite to t ( ! crank %aft1 z is necess>y1 ! r+ support+ ! f\r ge>s is held /ation>y1 ) ! result t z ! crank-%aft ge> revolves ! f\r ge>s are revolv$ on _! /uds4 ,z ^! ge>s are 9 me% ) ! int]nal ge>1 t is revolv$1 & moves 9 ! same direction z ! f\r ge>s & 9 ! opposite direction to ! crank %aft4 ,= ! l[-spe$ =w>d1 ! r+ is releas$ & ! int]nal ge> held /ation>y1 ! c> n[ be+ driv5 by ! r+ in/ead ( by ! int]nal ge>4 ,if ! f\r ge>s 7 free f ! int]nal ge>1 !y & _! r+ w\ld revolve ) ! crank-%aft ge> )\t rotat+ on _! /uds1 b be+ 9 me% ) ! int]nal ge>1 !y roll ar\nd x z a :eel rolls along ! gr\nd1 rotat+ on _! /uds4 ,a simple exp]im5t t w illu/rate ?is motion is to crook ! =ef+] ar\nd a napk9 r+ or simil> object1 plac+ a p5cil betwe5 x & ! f+]1 & revolv+ ! r+ ) ! o!r h&4 ,! f+] be+ /ation>y1 ! p5cil1 :i* is revolv$ 9 ! opposite direction to ! r+1 w roll along x4 ,9 ?is ! napk9 r+ repres5ts ! crank-%aft ge>1 ! p5cil "o ( ! f\r ge>s1 & ! f+] ! int]nal ge>4 ,z ! f\r ge>s roll ar\nd1 ! r+ moves also1 = x is c>ri$ by ! /uds on :i* ! f\r ge>s revolve4 ,if ea* ( ! f\r ge>s has fifty tee?1 & ! int]nal ge> two hundr$ tee?1 ea* ge> mu/ make f\r revolutions 9 ord] to roll ar\nd ! int]nal ge> to ! po9t :]e x />t$4 ,! crank-%aft ge> also hav+ fifty tee?1 x revolves at ! same spe$1 & z f\r revolutions ( ! f\r ge>s are necess>y 9 ord] t !y may roll completely ar\nd ! int]nal ge>1 ! crank-%aft ge> w make f\r revolutions 9 ! same "t4 ,! r+ moves ) ! f\r ge>s1 & revolves once ar\nd ! crank %aft 9 ! same "t4 ,z ! c> moves accord+ to ! rotation ( ?is r+1 x w g at "o qu>t] ! spe$ t x w\ld make if ! :eels 7 directly connect$ ) ! crank %aft in/ead ( ) ! r+4 ,= ! high spe$1 ! int]nal ge> & ! r+ are lock$ to ! crank %aft s t all revolve toge!r1 ! :eels be+ driv5 by ei!r ! r+ or ! int]nal ge>4 ,9 ^! diagrams ! drive ( ! :eels is suppos$ to be %ift$ f ! int]nal ge> to ! r+1 :i* is n a practical arrangem5t1 & ! planet>y *ange-spe$ me*anism z appli$ to an automobile is %[n 9 ! l[] diagram 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,9 ?is !re are two sets ( crank-%aft ge>s1 ge>s & r+s1 & int]nal ge>s1 "o set be+ = ! rev]se & ! o!r = l[ & high spe$s4 ,betwe5 ! two crank-%aft ge>s is a loose sleeve1 "o end ( :i* =ms ! int]nal ge> = ! rev]se1 & ! o!r end ! r+ support+ ! /uds on :i* revolve ! f\r ge>s = ! l[ spe$4 ,! sprocket = ! *a9 drive to ! re> axle is c>ri$ on ?is sleeve4 ,two m loose sleeves are on ! %aft1 "o =m+ ! r+ on :i* revolve ! f\r ge>s = ! rev]se1 & be+ ext5d$ to =m a brake drum outside ( ! int]nal ge>1 & ! o!r c>ry+ ! int]nal ge> = ! l[-spe$ comb9ation1 its outside face s]v+ z a brake drum4 ,to obta9 ! rev]se1 a brake b& is tight5$ on ! drum ( ! rev]se comb9ation1 :i* holds /ation>y ! r+ support+ ! f\r ge>s1 giv+ ! result %[n on ! fir/ diagram ( ! f\r ge>s revolv+ on _! /uds1 & rotat+ ! int]nal ge> 9 ! direction opposite to t ( ! crank %aft4 ,! sleeve be>+ ! sprocket is ?us revolv$1 & ! c> backs4 ,= ! l[ spe$1 ! rev]se brake b& is loos5$1 & ! int]nal ge> ( ! l[-spe$ comb9ation held /ation>y by ! tight5+ ( ! brake b& surr\nd+ its drum4 ,! revolution ( ! crank-%aft ge> causes ! f\r ge>s to revolve on _! /uds & to roll ar\nd ! int]nal ge>1 revolv+ ! r+ & ! sleeve be>+ ! sprocket1 :i* n[ turns 9 ! direction opposite to t result+ to ! application ( ! rev]se1 or 9 ! same direction z ! crank %aft4 ,= ! high spe$1 a clut* is engag$ t locks ! int]nal ge> to ! crank %aft1 & ! f\r ge>s !n be+ held betwe5 ^! two are c>ri$ ar\nd ) !m1 & ! sprocket rotates accord+ly4 ,:5 ?is comb9ation is us$1 none ( ! ge>s are 9 motion1 all revolv+ ) ! crank %aft b n on _! /uds4 ,! planet>y *ange-spe$ me*anism gives excell5t results = light "w1 b hav+ only two spe$s =w>d is n adapt$ to high-p[]$ c>s4 ,z ! spe$s result f ! tight5+ ( brake b&s on ! drums1 !re is no dang] ( damag+ ! ge>s by mi%&l+1 = ! brakes w slip be=e ! tee? w give way4 ,! brakes1 :i* are lea!r-l9$ /rips ( /eel1 require att5tion f ! we>+ ( ! lea!r1 & ! slipp+ t results f oil work+ 9 betwe5 !m & _! drums4 ,no foot clut* is necess>y1 = ! tight5+ & loos5+ ( ! brake b&s is controll$ by a lev]2 9 "s designs1 ! rev]se is appli$ by means ( a foot p$al1 & ?is may be us$ 9 brak+ ! c>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,neutral--,,individual ,,clut* ,,drive--,,l[ ,,spe$ ,,high ,,spe$ ,,l[ ,,spe$ ,,rev]se ,,s+le ,,friction ,,drive ,,high ,,spe$ ,,l[ ,,spe$ ,,d\ble ,,friction ,,drive ,,fig4 #cf4--;,,individual ,,clut* ,,& ,,friction ,,drive4 ,! individual-clut* type ( *ange-spe$ me*anism consi/s ( two %afts1 "o be+ an ext5sion ( ! crank %aft1 & ! o!r p>allel to x 7,fig4 #cf74 ,on ! crank %aft is a sleeve be>+ ! sprocket & a ge>1 ?is sleeve be+ s arrang$ t x may revolve loosely1 or be lock$ to ! crank %aft & made to revolve ) x by a clut*4 ,! crank %aft 9 addition be>s two fix$ ge>s1 "o be+ = ! l[ spe$ & ! o!r = ! rev]se4 ,on ! c\nt]%aft is a fix$ ge> 9 me% ) ! ge> c>ri$ on ! sleeve on ! crank %aft1 & two loose sleeves be>+ ge>s t are 9 me% ) ! fix$ l[-spe$ & rev]se ge>s on ! crank %aft4 ,^! sleeves are provid$ ) clut*es by :i* !y may be lock$ to ! c\nt]%aft to revolve ) x1 or disconnect$ f x4 ,:5 ! ?ree clut*es are dis5gag$1 ! crank %aft 9 revolv+ c>ries ) x ! fix$ l[-spe$ & rev]se ge>s1 ! sleeve be>+ ! sprocket & ge> rema9+ /ation>y4 ,! sleeves on ! c\nt]%aft revolve because _! ge>s are 9 me% ) ! fix$ crank-%aft ge>s1 b ! c\nt]%aft rema9s /ation>y4 ,9 engag+ ! l[ spe$1 ! clut* is ?r[n 91 =c+ ! c\nt]%aft to revolve ) ! fix$ ge>1 ! fix$ ge> on ! c\nt]%aft !n revolv+ ! ge> & driv+ sprocket c>ri$ on ! sleeve on ! crank %aft4 ,because ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! ge>s1 ! c\nt]%aft w revolve at a sl[] spe$ ?an ! crank %aft1 & ! driv+ sprocket w make b "o revolution :ile ! crank %aft makes sev]al4 ,?is x is free to d1 = ! sleeve c>ry+ ! sprocket is 9 no way connect$ ) ! crank %aft4 ,= ! high spe$1 ! l[-spe$ clut* is )drawn1 & ! driv+-sprocket clut* engag$1 caus+ ! sprocket to revolve ) ! crank %aft4 ,! rev]se is caus$ by ! introduction ( an idl] ge> betwe5 ! ge>s ( ! crank %aft & c\nt]%aft1 by :i* ! movem5t ( ! latt] is rev]s$4 ,! application ( ! friction type ( *ange-spe$ me*anism to automobiles is rec5t1 & is giv+ good results = light "w4 ,x consi/s 9 its simple/ =m ( a heavy disk c>ri$ on ! eng9e %aft1 on ! face ( :i* runs a :eel slid+ on a squ>e %aft1 s t ! two may be 9 contact at any po9t f ! edge to ! c5t] ( ! disk 7,fig4 #cf74 ,:5 ! :eel is at ! c5t] ( ! disk x is n mov$1 & ! numb] ( spe$s at :i* ! squ>e %aft may be driv5 9 relation to t ( ! disk v>ies f no?+ to ! limit1 :i* is obta9$ :5 ! :eel is 9 contact ) ! out] edge ( ! disk4 ,= ! rev]se1 ! :eel is mov$ across ! c5t] ( ! disk1 :]e x is revolv$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,ano!r =m ( friction drive provides two driv+ disks1 ! :eel be>+ aga9/ bo?1 s t its movem5t is m positive1 & !re is less *ance = slipp+4 ,,f9al ,,drive ,f ! *ange-spe$ me*anism ! p[] is pass$ to ! driv+ :eels by ! f9al drive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,a1 ,propell] or driv+-%aft drive2 ,b1 s+le-*a9 drive4 ,9 ! mo/ usual con/ruction ! eng9e is s plac$ t ! crank %aft is at "r angles to ! axle1 & x is !re=e necess>y to *ange ! direction 9 :i* ! p[] acts1 :i* is done by means ( bevel ge>s4 ,9 ord9>y spur ge>s ! tee? are p>allel to ! %aft1 & ! two %afts t c>ry !m are p>allel1 :ile 9 bevel ge>s ! tee? are at an angle1 & ! %afts may be at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,9 ,fig4 #cg ! diagram ( ! s+le-*a9 drive illu/rates a c> 9 :i* ! eng9e is 9 ! c5t] ( ! frame1 & z ! crank %aft is p>allel to ! axle1 ! p[] may be directly appli$4 ,9 ! illu/ration ( ! propell] or driv+-%aft drive ! crank %aft is at "r angles to ! axle1 & ! p[] is turn$ by means ( ! bevel ge>s at ! re> axle4 ,! s+le-*a9 drive c only be us$ = light c>s1 & is usually appli$ 9 connection ) a *ange-spe$ me*anism ( ! planet>y type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,,typical ,,univ]sal ,,jo9t4 ,! propell]-%aft drive requires ! use ( univ]sal jo9ts1 :i* are devices t p]mit "o %aft to drive ano!r1 ev5 ?\gh !y are at an angle ) ea* o!r4 ,a typical univ]sal jo9t is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! ends ( ! %afts be> yokes1 ! ends ( :i* are pivot$ to a block ( metal ( %ape4 ,:5 ! two %afts are 9 l9e1 ! jo9t w =ce "o to rotate ) ! o!r1 & ?is w n be prev5t$ if ! two are out ( l9e1 = !n ! pivots w act1 ! sw++ on its pivots 9 ! yokes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch;,a4--,,types ,,( ,,%aft ,,drives4 ,,drive ,,?r\gh ,,univ]sal ,,jo9ts 8,,/raight ,,l9e0 ,,drive ,,ge> ,,box ,,on ,,re> ,,axle ,! *ange-spe$ me*anism is c>ri$ on ! frame ( ! c>1 & is !re=e support$ by ! spr+s1 b ! axle end ( ! driv+ %aft foll[s ! axle z t foll[s ! inequalities ( ! road4 ,"o end ( ! propell] %aft is !re=e comp>atively /ation>y1 :ile ! o!r is 9 con/ant motion1 & if ! %aft 7 inflexible x w\ld be jamm$ 9 its be>+s & twi/$ out ( l9e4 ,?is is prev5t$ by ! univ]sal jo9ts ) :i* ! %aft is provid$1 !re be+ "o & (t5 two 9 ! %aft1 & usually "o betwe5 ! clut* & *ange-spe$ me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,,live ,,axle--,,non-,,float+ ,,type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,,live ,,axle--,,full ,,float+ ,,type4 ,! s+le-*a9 & driv+-%aft drives require ! use ( a live axle1 :i* is an axle t revolves ) ! :eels4 ,! simple type ( live axle consi/s ( ! %aft to :i* ! :eels are atta*$1 & ! h\s+ t conta9s & supports x 7,fig4 #ci74 ,?is axle is cont9u\s1 & usually has squ>e ends t fit into ! squ>e hubs ( ! :eels s !re may be no slipp+4 ,! second diagram 9 ,fig4 #dj %[s a live axle ( ! float+ type1 9 :i* ! revolv+ "p s]ves only to turn ! :eels4 ,! h\s+ is ext5d$1 & ! :eels run on its ends1 ! driv+ "p project+ beyond ! h\s+ & hav+ squ>e ends t are secur$ to ! outside ( ! hubs by squ>e caps4 ,! :eels ?us run on ! h\s+1 :i* takes ! weight ( ! c> f ! driv+ "p4 ,a live axle mu/ be divid$ into two p>ts 9 ord] t a diff]5tial ge> may be fitt$1 & ! h\s+ mu/ !re=e be /rong en\gh to support ! weight & prev5t sagg+4 ,! effici5cy ( a bevel ge> is greatly r$uc$ if ! tee? are n 9 _! exact me%1 & sagg+ ( ! axle w ?r[ !m out to su* an ext5t t !y w be noisy1 & we> rapidly4 ,! float+ type ( live axle1 9 reliev+ ! driv+ "p ( ! weight1 has a great advantage ov] ! simple type1 & is 9 g5]al use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj;,a4--,,dead ,,axle ,,) ,,driv+ ,,%aft4 ,axle supports ,bevel ,ge> & ,diff]5tial4 ,! ,driv+ ,%aft is support$ 9 ,be>+s at ! ,diff]5tial end1 & drives ! :eels ?r\gh clut*es 9 ! hubs4 ,) ! driv+-%aft drive x is necess>y to use a torsion rod1 :i* ext5ds f ! ge> case1 or a crosspiece ( ! frame1 to ! re> axle4 ,! necessity = ?is is ! t5d5cy ( ! driv+ bevel ge> to roll ar\nd on ! driv5 bevel ge> r ?an to revolve x4 ,if x 7 n = ! torsion rod1 !re w\ld be a cont9ual /ra9 on ! p>ts because ( ! t5d5cy ( ! axle h\s+ to revolve ar\nd ! axle1 in/ead ( ! axle be+ revolv$ inside ( ! h\s+4 ,! torsion rod has a flexible jo9t at "o end1 t p]mits x to give z ! axle foll[s an unev5 road surface1 b x reta9s ! h\s+ 9 ! correct position1 prev5t+ ! bevel ge>s f gett+ out ( l9e 7,fig4 #da74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,,torsion ,,rod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--;,,d\ble ,,side-,,*a9 ,,drive4 ,9 ,fig4 #db is %[n a c> ) d\ble-*a9 drive1 9 :i* ! bevel ge>s t *ange ! direction 9 :i* ! p[] is appli$ are conta9$ )9 ! ge> case t incloses ! *ange-spe$ me*anism4 ,z w be se5 f ,fig4 #cd1 ! bevel ge>s connect ! squ>e %aft ) ! jack %aft1 :i* is a %aft pass+ across ! c>1 & be>+ on its ends ! sprockets by :i* ! :eels are driv54 ,?is type ( drive requires ! use ( a dead axle1 :i* is /ation>y ) ! :eels runn+ loose on its ends1 l ! axle & :eels ( a coa*4 ,an axle ( ?is type may h great /r5g? ) light weight1 & is usually a manganese-bronze or /eel =g+4 ,! sprockets on ! re> :eels are bolt$ to ! spokes1 & %\ld be1 ( c\rse1 exactly 9 l9e ) ! sprockets on ! jack %aft 9 ord] t ! *a9s may run true4 ,,diff]5tial ,:5 a c> takes a corn]1 ! outside :eels make a l>g] curve ?an ! inside1 & cov] a long] di/ance4 ,z ! front :eels are loose on ! axle1 !y accommodate !mselves to ?is2 b z bo? re> :eels are driv5 by ! eng9e1 x is necess>y to apply a device t w p]mit !m to rotate at diff]5t spe$s )\t int]f]+ ) _! driv+ ! c>4 ,?is is accompli%$ by means ( a comp5sat+ & diff]5tial ge>4 ,to und]/& ! necessity = a diff]5tial1 /& beh9d a wagon1 ) "o h& on ea* tire2 pu%1 & if ! vehicle is /e]$ /raight ahead1 ! h&s w move ahead equally2 b if ! vehicle turns1 ! h& on ! outside :eel w move ahead fa/] ?an ! o!r4 ,n[ take a /ick1 & run x ?r\gh ! re> :eels s t x be>s aga9/ ! spokes2 press x =w>d f its c5t]1 & if ! vehicle moves /raight ahead1 ! /ick w g =w>d equally2 b if ! vehicle turns1 ! outside end ( ! /ick w g ahead fa/] & f>!r ?an ! o!r1 al?\gh ! pressure is be+ appli$ to its c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bevel ,,ge> ,,type ,,spur ,,ge> ,,type ,,fig4 #dc4--;,,diff]5tials4 ,9 apply+ a simple =m ( diff]5tial ! axle is divid$ into two p>ts1 to ! inn] ends ( :i* are fitt$ bevel ge>s1 ^! be+ held at a fix$ di/ance ap>t by ! con/ruction ( ! h\s+ 7,fig4 #dc74 ,betwe5 ! bevel ge>s & 9 me% ) bo? ( !m are small bevel ge>s1 or p9ions1 :i* may revolve on %ort /uds c>ri$ on a r+ s t !y are a fix$ di/ance ap>t4 ,:5 ! r+ is revolv$ x c>ries ) x ! /uds & p9ions4 ,! r+ =ms a h\s+ t incloses ! diff]5tial1 & is driv5 by ! s+le *a9 or driv+ %aft4 ,to und]/& ! action ( ! diff]5tial1 imag9e ! re> :eels ( a c> to be jack$ up cle> ( ! gr\nd s t !y are free to revolve1 & ! h\s+ to be revolv$ by h&4 ,z x turns1 ! driv+ :eels w turn also1 = ! resi/ance to ea* is ! same1 & ! p9ions1 be+ 9 me% ) bo? bevel ge>s1 _c revolve on _! /uds4 ,if "o ( ! :eels is n[ held /ation>y & ! h\s+ revolv$1 ! bevel p9ions w revolve on _! /uds1 & roll ar\nd on ! /ation>y ge>2 ?is w drive ! ge> ( ! free :eel at twice ! spe$ ( ! h\s+4 ,! revolv+ ( ! h\s+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance caus$ ! :eels to turn equally at ! spe$ ( ! r+1 & 9 ! second p]mitt$ "o to rema9 /ation>y :ile ! o!r turn$ at twice ! spe$ ( ! h\s+1 ! spe$ ( ! latt] be+ un*ang$4 ,! fir/ is ! effect :5 ! c> moves /raight ahead1 & ! second ! result if ! c> c\ld make s %ort a turn t x w\ld pivot on "o :eel4 ,) ! :eels jack$ up1 hold "o h& lightly aga9/ "o ( ! :eels1 s t :ile x may turn1 !re is m resi/ance to x ?an to ! o!r4 ,if ! h\s+ is n[ revolv$1 ! bevel p9ions w revolve on _! /uds1 & roll sl[ly ar\nd ! ge> ( ! :eel t pres5ts ! resi/ance1 ! free :eel be+ revolv$ at a high] spe$ ?an ! h\s+4 ,?is is ! condition :5 ! c> takes a corn]1 = !re is !n m resi/ance to ! inside ?an to ! outside :eel1 & x sl[s d[n2 ?is w />t ! p9ions revolv+ on _! /uds1 & !y w drive ! outside :eel correspond+ly fa/]4 ,) ! h\s+ revolv+ at a fix$ spe$1 ! outside :eel w revolve z mu* fa/] z ! inn] :eel is revolv+ sl[]2 = an illu/ration1 if ! h\s+ makes fifty revolutions a m9ute1 & ! inn] :eel is sl[$ to =ty1 ! out] w be driv5 at sixty revolutions4 ,if "o :eel ( a jack$-up c> is revolv$ by h&1 ! o!r :eel w revolve 9 ! opposite direction4 ,?is is caus$ by ! h\s+ rema9+ /ation>y & ! p9ions be+ revolv$ on _! /uds by ! turn+ ( ! :eel1 ! movem5t be+ transmitt$ to ! free bevel ge> & :eel 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,! bevel ge> diff]5tial describ$ 0 ! e>ly type1 b a m rec5t design employs spur ge>s4 ,! axle ends c>ry spur in/ead ( bevel ge>s1 ^! be+ 9 me% ) o!r spur ge>s t are long1 b ( small diamet]4 ,^! small ge>s are 9 pairs1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc1 be+ 9 me% ) ea* o!r at _! inn] ends1 & ea* memb] ( a pair me%+ ) "o ( ! axle ge>s4 ,! small ge>s revolve on /uds support$ by ! h\s+ t is revolv$ by ! drive1 ! /uds 9 ?is case be+ p>allel ) ! axle in/ead ( at "r angles to x1 z are ! /uds 9 ! bevel-ge> type4 ,if ! small ge>s me%$ only ) ! axle ge>s1 & n ) ea* o!r1 revolv+ ! h\s+ w\ld cause !m to roll ar\nd ! axle ge>s1 all rotat+ on _! /uds 9 ! same direction1 & ! axle ge>s rema9+ /ation>y4 ,be+ 9 me% ) ea* o!r1 !y _c revolve 9 ! same direction1 = :5 two ge>s are 9 me% !y mu/ revolve 9 opposite directions4 ,?us ! small ge>s _c roll ar\nd on ! axle ge>s :5 ! h\s+ is revolv$1 & if !re is equal resi/ance to ! turn+ ( ! :eels1 ! small ge>s w n revolve on _! /uds1 b w c>ry ! axle ge>s ) !m4 ,if ! c> is turn+ a corn]1 ! great] resi/ance to ! inn] :eel w cause ! small ge>s to revolve on _! /uds1 roll+ ar\nd ! resi/+ ge> & driv+ ! o!r correspond+ly fa/]4 ,on c>s ) d\ble-*a9 drive1 ! diff]5tial is fitt$ to ! jack %aft1 & ( c\rse receives ! drive f ! *ange-spe$ me*anism ?r\gh its h\s+4 ,bo? ! driv+-%aft & d\ble-*a9 drive h po9ts ( advantage & ( weakness1 & ea* type has its advocates4 ,= ! d\ble *a91 great /r5g? c be claim$ ) light weight1 z ! axle is 9 "o piece1 & p]fectly adapt$ to support ! c>4 ,aga9/ x is ! difficulty ( keep+ ! *a9s prop]ly lubricat$1 & _! consequ5t we> & /ret*+4 ,! driv+-%aft type has ! advantage ( ! p]fect lubrication ( ! p>ts1 = all may be inclos$ & runn+ 9 oil or grease2 ! re> axle mu/ be divid$1 h[ev]1 :i* requires x to be heavily brac$ 9 ord] t ! weight impos$ on x may n b5d or spr+ x out ( l9e4 ,:]e a b5t dead axle c be /raight5$ by a blacksmi?1 a simil> condition 9 a live axle requires ! s]vices ( an exp]t me*anic2 on ! o!r h&1 bevel ge>s make less noise ?an *a9s4 ,,driv+-,,ge> ,,ratios ,ev5 :5 on ! direct drive1 ! crank %aft makes m revolutions ?an ! re> :eels1 9 ord] t ! mom5tum ( ! mov+ p>ts ( ! eng9e may be suffici5t to keep ! c> 9 motion4 ,on %aft-driv5 c>s1 ! bevel on ! driv+ %aft has few] tee? ?an t on ! axle1 s t x revolves m ?an once to "o revolution ( ! axle4 ,on *a9-driv5 c>s1 ! driv+ sprockets are small] ?an ^? driv54 ,?is driv+-ge> ratio1 z x is call$1 v>ies f "o & a half to ?ree & a half1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! :eels revolve once :ile ! driv+ %aft or sprocket makes f "o & a half to ?ree & a half revolutions4 ,o!r conditions rema9+ equal1 a high] driv+ ge> gives ! c> l[] spe$1 b great] ability 9 hill-climb+ & ! trav]s+ ( heavy roads4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,runn+ ,,ge> ,! /e]+ ( a motor c>1 or ! *ange 9 ! direction ( its movem5t1 is effect$ by *ang+ ! position ( its /e]+ :eels1 usually ^? 9 front1 9 relation to ! re> :eels4 ,9 a horse-drawn vehicle1 ! axles are p>allel :5 x is mov+ /raight1 z are also ! planes ( its front & re> :eels4 ,to turn ! vehicle to "o side or ! o!r ! front axle is swung s t x is out ( p>allel ) ! re> axles1 ! vehicle turn+ to ! side on :i* ! axles w\ld meet if !y 7 ext5d$4 ,?is con/ruction requires ! :eels to run loose on ! axle1 & ! axle to be p]mitt$ to sw+ on ! pivot by :i* x is atta*$ to ! body ( ! vehicle4 ,su* a con/ruction w\ld be impracticable = an automobile1 because ! weight re/+ on ! front axle w\ld require ! pivot to be ( great] /r5g? & /iffness ?an c\ld be conv5i5tly obta9$1 & because ( ! ef=t t w\ld be necess>y to sw+ ! axle 9 /e]+4 ,! front axle ( an automobile is /ation>y1 & ! /e]+ effect is obta9$ by pivot+ %ort pieces to its ends1 ^! c>ry+ ! :eels4 ,f ^! pivot$ ends1 call$ knuckles1 ext5d %ort /e]+ arms1 :i* are connect$ by a drag l9k1 s t mov+ ! drag l9k moves ! pivot$ ends ( ! axle & ! :eels to correspond 7,fig4 #dd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,,two ,,arrangem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,drag ,,l9k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,,/e]+ ,,pr9ciples4 ,= a :eel to foll[ a curv$ pa? )\t slipp+1 x mu/ be at all times tang5t to ! pa?1 & w be p]p5dicul> to a radius ( ! curve at t po9t4 ,! front axle ( a horse-drawn vehicle po9ts t[>d ! c5t] ( ! circle on :i* ! vehicle may be turn+ & =ms "p ( ! radius1 ! :eels1 ( c\rse1 be+ p]p5dicul> to x 7,fig4 #de74 ,z ! ma9 "p ( ! front axle ( an automobile is /ation>y1 only its pivot$ ends may po9t to ! c5t] ( ! circle1 & ?is mu/ occur 9 ord] t ! :eels may be tang5t to ! curve 7,fig4 #de74 ,bo? axle ends po9t to ! c5t]1 b along diff]5t radii2 if bo? po9t$ along ! same radius1 x w\ld necessitate _! be+ 9 l9e ) ! /ation>y "p ( ! axle1 :i* !n also w\ld be "p ( ! radius4 ,z ! axle ends are 9 l9e ) diff]5t radii ( ! same curve1 x foll[s t ! :eels are p]p5dicul> to diff]5t radii1 & n p>allel ) ea* o!r1 a condition impossible 9 horse-drawn vehicles4 ,! front :eels ( an automobile are p>allel ) ea* o!r :5 ! axle ends are 9 l9e ) ! /ation>y "p1 b g out ( p>allel z soon z !y are at an angle ) x1 z is ! case :5 ! c> takes a curve4 ,if ! /e]+ arms project$ f ! knuckles at "r angles to ! axle ends on :i* ! :eels revolve1 mov+ ! drag l9k w\ld move ea* knuckle ?r\gh an equal angle1 & ! :eels w\ld be p>allel at all times2 ?is is prev5t$ by s con/ruct+ ! knuckles t ! /e]+ arms incl9e t[>d ea* o!r1 ) ! result t :5 ! drag l9k is mov$1 "o ( ! :eels sw+s ?r\gh a great] angle ?an ! o!r1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! angle ( ea* /e]+ arm & ! /ation>y "p ( ! axle increas+ ) a great] movem5t ( ! drag l9k4 ,! control ( ! drag l9k is obta9$ ei!r by a /e]+ lev] or :eel4 ,:5 ! /e]+ lev] is mov$ by ! driv]1 ! drag l9k is mov$ to correspond by a connect+ rod1 & ?is type is usual 9 small c>s4 ,x is impracticable = heavy c>s because x is rev]sible2 t is1 ! mov+ ( ! /e]+ :eels moves ! lev]1 & a firm grasp is requir$ to prev5t ! %ock ( /rik+ a /one or rut f te>+ ! lev] f ! h& & *ang+ ! c\rse ( ! c>4 ,! irrev]sible type is us$ = all b ! lighte/ c>s1 & :ile x p]mits ! driv] to *ange ! direction ( ! front :eels x prev5ts any movem5t f be+ transmitt$ f ! :eels to ! /e]+ :eel or lev]4 ,! screw-&-nut type ( irrev]sible /e]+ me*anism 7,fig4 #df1 ,b7 consi/s ( a heavy screw atta*$ to ! l[] end ( ! %aft t revolves :5 ! driv] turns ! /e]+ :eel4 ,! screw passes ?r\gh a nut t is held 9 guides s t x _c revolve1 & is !re=e mov$ up or d[n :5 ! screw is turn$ by ! /e]+ :eel4 ,f ! nut ext5ds an arm t is connect$ to ! drag l9k1 s t its movem5t is transmitt$ to ! :eels4 ,! turn+ ( ! /e]+ :eel ?us moves ! nut & ! front :eels1 b a movem5t ( ! front :eels f any o!r cause is prev5t$1 because no pressure on ! nut c revolve ! screw4 ,ano!r type is ! worm-&-worm :eel1 or worm-&-segm5t 7,fig4 #df1 ,a71 :i*1 :ile ( diff]5t con/ruction1 dep5ds on ! same pr9ciple t ! movem5t ( ! worm or screw c move a worm :eel or nut 9 me% ) x1 b ! movem5t _c be rev]s$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,b ,,fig4 #df4--,,/e]+ ,,me*anisms4 ,a1 ,worm & worm-:eel /e]+ ge>2 ,b1 nut & screw /e]+ ge>4 ,! /ation>y "p ( ! front axle ( an automobile is usually a =g+1 & mu/ be ( consid]able /r5g? 9 ord] to support ! weight impos$ ^u x by ! eng9e4 ,x is usually b5t d[n 9 ! c5t]1 9 ord] t x may be ! l[e/ po9t ( ! me*anism1 ?us to receive possible bl[s ( /ones or o!r high po9ts ( ! road t w\ld cause s]i\s damage %\ld !y /rike ! crank case or fly :eel4 ,,brakes ,! brakes us$ 9 controll+ ! spe$ ( an automobile may be z _m z f\r 9 numb]1 & !re %\ld be at lea/ two1 = on !m dep5ds ! safety ( ! c>4 ,brakes are ( two types1 exp&+ & contract+1 & usually op]ate ?r\gh ! friction betwe5 a drum & a b& t surr\nds x1 or blocks t press aga9/ its inn] surface4 ,! b& or contract+ brake may be ei!r s+le- or d\ble-act+1 ! latt] be+ by f> ! bett]4 ,9 a s+le-act+ b& brake 7,fig4 #dg7 a flexible /eel b& surr\nds ! drum1 "o end be+ made fa/ to ! frame ( ! c> or "s o!r /ation>y "p1 & pressure appli$ by draw+ ! free end4 ,! friction caus$ by ! b9d+ ( ! lea!r or fib] l9+ ( ! b& on ! drum re/ra9s ! movem5t if ! drum is revolv+ 9 ! opposite direction to ! pull1 b !re is little effect if ! revolution is 9 ! same direction z ! pull4 ,9 ! d\ble-act+ type1 bo? ends ( ! b& are pull$1 & ! drum is prev5t$ f revolv+ 9 ei!r direction4 ,! s+le-act+ type w\ld be satisfactory :5 ! c> moves =w>d1 b w n hold x f runn+ d[nhill backw>d1 :ile ! d\ble-act+ brake holds x 9 ei!r direction4 ,! exp&+ brake usually consi/s ( two bronze %oes1 ( su* %ape t !y fit ! int]ior surface ( ! drum4 ,! %oes are pivot$ toge!r at "o end1 & s arrang$ t ! pull ( ! brake p$al or lev] exp&s !m1 b9d+ !m aga9/ ! drum 7,fig4 #dg74 ,:5 pressure is n be+ ex]t$1 a coil spr+1 n %[n 9 ! diagram1 holds !m toge!r & out ( contact ) ! drum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s+le ,,act+ ,,b& ,,brake ,,d\ble ,,act+ ,,b& ,,brake ,,int]nal ,,exp&+ ,,brake ,,fig4 #dg4--,,?ree ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,brakes4 ,brake drums are usually atta*$ to ! spokes ( ! re> :eels1 & "o drum (t5 s]ves = bo? an exp&+ & a contract+ brake4 ,brake drums are also appli$ to ! jack %aft1 or to an ext5sion ( ! c\nt]%aft ( ! *ange-spe$ me*anism4 ,x is usual to h "o set ( brakes controll$ by a foot p$al1 & ano!r1 call$ ! em]g5cy brake1 by a lev] at ! side ( ! c>4 ,! foot brake1 or runn+ brake1 is always connect$ to ! clut*1 s t apply+ x ?r[s out ! clut*4 ,! em]g5cy brake is also connect$ 9 ! same mann] 9 "s makes ( automobiles1 b ?is is n recomm5d$1 = if x is necess>y to /op ! c> :5 go+ uphill1 ! brakes mu/ be releas$ be=e ! clut* c be ?r[n 91 & ! possibility ( ! c> />t+ d[nhill backw>d be=e p[] c be appli$1 ! *ance ( /all+ ! eng9e ?r\gh ?is1 & ! dang] ( ! comb9ation to any b an exp]i5c$ driv]1 make x advisable to h ! em]g5cy brake sep>ate f any connection ) ! clut*4 ,b& brakes are usually l9$ ) lea!r1 to increase ! friction betwe5 ! b& & ! drum1 & ?is (t5 gives rise to tr\bles 9 ! burn+ ( ! lea!r :5 ! brake is appli$ = a consid]able p]iod1 z 9 ! desc5t ( a long hill4 ,! em]g5cy brake has advantages 9 t x op]ates ?r\gh ! friction ( metal aga9/ metal1 b excessive heat f cont9u$ application may be en\gh to melt ! metal & fuse toge!r ! %oe & drum4 ,= long desc5ts1 x is well to use ! motor z a brake1 = x is logical to consid] t ! means ( propulsion may also be ! means ( ret>d+1 z ! w9d t urges a sailboat =w>d may also br+ x to a /op4 ,x is obvi\sly impossible to rev]se ! motor or ge>s1 b by swit*+ (f ! ignition circuit & ?rottl+ d[n1 ! =w>d movem5t ( ! c> is caus$ to op]ate ! motor1 & ! "w necess>y 9 driv+ ! motor z an air compressor is suffici5t to *eck ! spe$4 ,! effect is s great t if ! l[-spe$ ge>s are engag$1 ! c> w be br\ght to a /op ev5 on a /eep hill4 ,ano!r advantage ( ?is c\rse is t x gives ! motor an opportunity to cool1 :i* is (t5 necess>y aft] a long asc5t4 ,9 case ( ! failure ( ! brakes to op]ate1 :i* may result f poor adju/m5t or worn b&s & %oes1 ! spe$ may be *eck$ by ?r[+ out ! clut*1 swit*+ (f ! ignition1 engag+ ! int]m$iate spe$ ge>s1 & lett+ 9 ! clut* v sl[ly4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! clut* is n p]mitt$ to b9d sudd5ly1 = t w\ld probably result 9 ! /ripp+ ( ! ge>s4 ,if ! l[-spe$ ge>s are engag$1 ! *eck+ w\ld be s sudd51 no matt] h[ sl[ly ! clut* might be engag$1 t ! %ock w\ld probably ?r[ ! pass5g]s f _! seats4 ,! failure ( ! brakes :5 desc5d+ a hill produces a condition t requires skill & coolness1 & dang] c only be av]t$ by a /eady h& & a cle> head4 ,brakes appli$ to ! re> :eels mu/ h an equal grip on ea*1 = if "o b9ds m tightly ?an ! o!r1 ! c> w h a t5d5cy to skid1 or slide sideways4 ,9 ! be/ c>s ?is is tak5 c>e ( by an equaliz]1 9 :i* ! pull ( ! lev] or p$al is n appli$ directly to ! brakes1 b to ! c5t] ( a b>1 ea* end ( :i* is connect$ to "o ( ! b&s or %oes4 ,! lev] action ( ?is b> di/ributes ! pull equally betwe5 ! two brakes1 & unless !re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! grip on ! two drums1 z might be ! case if "o 7 oily & ! o!r dry1 ! effect w be ! same on bo? sides4 ,,tires ,= l[ spe$s1 solid tires give good results 9 traction & ! absorption ( jolts f small ob/acles1 b = any?+ above six or eight miles an h\r1 pneumatic tires are a necessity 9 prev5t+ ! rapid %ak+ to pieces ( ! me*anism4 ,a h>d tire t\*es ! gr\nd at b "o po9t1 & its grip on ! road w be mu* less ?an t ( a pneumatic tire :i*1 be+ slightly flatt5$ by ! weight x be>s1 pres5ts an oval or elliptical surface to ! road4 ,:ile a pebble w =ce a solid tire to roll ov] x1 x w s9k into a pneumatic tire1 & ! jolt t x might cause w be entirely absorb$4 ,pneumatic tires are =m$ ( alt]nate lay]s ( heavy canvaslike fabric & s(t rubb]1 & ! processes ?r\gh :i* !y are put 9 manufacture are suppos$ to effect _! p]fect comb9ation2 b z x is n ! nature ( rubb] to be absorb$ by ! fabric1 ! lay]s are only b\nd toge!r by its t5acity4 ,! b5d+ ( ! sides ( ! tire "u ! weight ( ! c> t5ds to sep>ate ^! lay]s1 & wat] or dirt ent]+ betwe5 !m ?r\gh cuts quickly br+s ru92 x is obvi\s t ! less ! sides b5d1 ! small] w be ! opportunity = ! lay]s to "w ap>t4 ,a pneumatic tire %\ld always be pump$ z h>d z possible1 s t x /&s up practically r\nd "u a load$ c>4 ,:ile ! c> w ride a little h>d] "u ^! conditions ?an :5 ! tires are s(t1 !re w be great] resi/ance to punctures1 & ! life ( ! tires w be increas$4 ,! normal we> to a tire %\ld give x a smoo? surface1 b if x is notic$ t ! tread is r\gh & unev51 x may be tak5 = grant$ t ! :eels d n run true4 ,re> :eels w be ?r[n out ( true by ! spr++ or b5d+ ( ! axle1 & front :eels also f ?is cause1 b m probably f faulty adju/m5t ( ! /e]+ me*anism or ! b5d+ ( ! drag l9k or /e]+ arms4 ,! grip ( ! tire on ! road is mu* affect$ by ! nature ( ! surface1 ! traction on dry macadam be+ mu* great] ?an on wet asphalt4 ,:5 ! pull ( ! eng9e on ! :eel exce$s ! grip ( ! tire on ! road1 !re w be a slip1 & ! :eel w revolve )\t mov+ ! c>4 ,?is w we> ! tread ( ! tire f> m rapidly ?an w ord9>y runn+4 ,! bett] ! traction ( ! tires on ! road surface1 ! less w be ! t5d5cy ( ! c> to skid or slide sideways1 & less p[] w be lo/ ?r\gh ! slipp+ ( ! :eels4 ,to r$uce ! *ance ( slipp+1 because ( wet asphalt or muddy roads1 v>i\s devices are 9 use1 all ( :i* encircle ! tread ( ! tire1 & pres5t a r\gh surface4 ,! =m 9 mo/ g5]al use consi/s ( *a9s t fit across ! tread1 ^! be+ deta*able & us$ only 9 case ( necessity4 ,:ile x is (t5 done1 x is nev]!less bad practice to apply *a9s or o!r antiskid devices to only "o ( ! re> :eels in/ead ( to bo?1 = x increases ! diamet] ( ! :eel & makes a diff]5ce 9 ! resi/ance aga9/ ! :eel1 caus+ ! diff]5tial to op]ate at all times4 ,! diff]5tial is n con/ruct$ to op]ate /eadily1 & w we> rapidly if =c$ to d s4 ,,spr+s ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--;,a1 ,full elliptic spr+2 ,b1 half elliptic spr+4 ,9 addition to tires1 an automobile is fitt$ ) spr+s1 :i* are necess>y to absorb ! %ocks & jolts t are too great to be tak5 up by ! tires4 ,^! are usually full or half elliptic 7,fig4 #dh71 & made ( flat plates1 or leaves1 ( diff]5t l5g?s1 ! small be+ plac$ on ! l>ge1 & all b\nd toge!r at ! c5t]4 ,! comb9$ action ( ! spr+s & tires p]mits ! frame & body ( ! c> to move 9 a ne>ly /raight l9e1 :ile ! :eels & axles foll[ ! inequalities ( ! road4 ,:5 spr+s break1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 x is f ! reb\nd ( ! body t results :5 ! :eels drop into a deep hole1 ! upw>d movem5t sep>at+ ! leaves1 & ! entire /ra9 com+ on ! long leaves alone4 ,to prev5t ?is1 %ock absorb]s are recomm5d$1 :i* p]mit ! spr+s to h a c]ta9 am\nt ( action1 b *eck !m if !y t5d to exp& or compress to too great an ext5t4 ,!y act ei!r by ! friction betwe5 metal plates & wa%]s1 or by air or oil 9 a cyl9d] t p]mits a pi/on to move freely to a c]ta9 degree1 b pres5ts resi/ance to a great] motion4 ,%ock absorb]s are plac$ betwe5 ! axles & frame1 & !re %\ld be f\r1 two to ea* axle4 ,,di/ance ,,rods ,z ! spr+s are plac$ betwe5 ! axles & body & are flexible1 x is necess>y to provide "s me?od ( prev5t+ an ob/ruction 9 ! road f twi/+ ! axle1 z might result if "o :eel /ruck heavy s& or a /one :ile its mate 0 on good surface4 ,a twi/ ( ?is sort w\ld ?r[ ! axle out ( l9e ) ! drive & b9d ! *a9 or driv+ %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,,di/ance ,,or ,,radius ,,rods4 ,to prev5t ?is1 radius or di/ance rods are atta*$ to ! axle1 "o on ea* side1 ext5d+ to a po9t well =w>d on ! frame 7,fig4 #di74 ,^! rods are pivot$ to ! frame1 & h a loose jo9t on ! axle1 s t ! latt] is free to move up & d[n1 b prev5t$ f mov+ =w>d or back4 ,di/ance rods are adju/able1 & on *a9-driv5 c>s s]ve to adju/ ! *a9s1 :i* are tight5$ by l5g!n+ ! rods & slack5$ by %ort5+ !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,tr\bles ,practice & exp]i5ce are ! be/ in/ructors 9 keep+ ! c> runn+1 & ! op]ator quickly acquires ! ability to recognize ! s\rce ( tr\ble f ! action ( ! eng9e 9 fail+ to deliv] p[]1 or f ! mann] 9 :i* x /ops4 ,ea* "p ( ! me*anism may be c\nt$ on to give tr\ble1 & ! possibilities are num]\s1 b 9 g5]al x may be said t an int]f]5ce ) ! prop] op]ation ( ! eng9e may be laid to ! failure ( ! ignition sy/em or gasol9e supply1 a defect ( ! combu/ion space 9 n reta9+ ! pressure1 or ! ov]heat+ ( ! eng9e4 ,,ignition ,,tr\bles ,! ignition sy/em is ! greate/ produc] ( tr\ble1 & ! reason is usually difficult to locate4 ,any int]f]5ce ) ! fl[ ( ! curr5t1 or leaks by :i* x evades pass+ ov] ! entire circuit1 w cause irregul> runn+ or ! /opp+ ( ! eng9e1 & ! circuit mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 ! be/ possible condition 9 ord] to prev5t ^! z mu* z possible4 ,! wires %\ld be well insulat$1 ! insulation ( ! second>y circuit be+ heavi] ?an t ( ! prim>y because ( ! high] pressure ( ! curr5t t mu/ be reta9$4 ,! con/ant vibration to :i* ! wires are subject$ requires ! use ( cable compos$ ( a numb] ( /r&s ( f9e wire r ?an a s+le heavy wire1 = ! latt] is mu* m liable to be brok52 b 9 secur+ ! end ( a cable "u a nut1 great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ t all ( ! /r&s are b\nd4 ,a s+le /r& is h>dly noticeable1 b if x comes into contact ) un9sulat$ metal1 x w p]mit ! curr5t to leak4 ,9 mak+ connections1 ! be/ plan is to sold] ! end ( ! cable to a copp] or brass t]m9al :i* holds ! /r&s secure1 & gives a firm be>+ = ! nut4 ,be=e mak+ connections ! t]m9als %\ld be scrap$ bright1 & aft] runn+ ! nuts d[n firmly1 cov]$ ) vasel9e to prev5t corrosion4 ,corrosion ( copp] or brass produces a gre5i% deposit 7copp] sulphate7 :i* is an insulator1 & :5 x =ms betwe5 ! t]m9als ( ! conductor x produces high resi/ance1 cutt+ d[n or ev5 prev5t+ ! fl[ ( curr5t4 ,a worse effect ( corrosion is to b9d ! nuts on ! screws1 prev5t+ _! removal4 ,a loose connection pres5ts resi/ance to ! fl[ ( curr5t1 & ! curr5t w fl[ irregul>ly1 z ! vibrations br+ ! t]m9als toge!r or sep>ate !m4 ,a wire brok5 at a t]m9al is easily se51 b :5 a break occurs inside ( ! insulation1 x is m difficult to detect4 ,:5 a brok5 wire is suspect$1 its circuit may be locat$ by te/+1 & new wires laid1 "o l5g? at a "t1 until ! faulty "o is replac$4 ,x is poor economy to use *eap wire1 = ! be/ is none too good = ! h>d use to :i* x is put4 ,! we>+ away ( insulation by *af+ w produce a %ort circuit1 & ! wires %\ld be prev5t$ f com+ into contact ) any "p ( ! c> or eng9e 9 su* a mann] z to give ?is result4 ,,! ,,batt]y ,:5 a batt]y is exhau/$1 or ne>ly s1 x w n magnetize ! core ( ! coil suffici5tly to induce a curr5t t w give a /rong en\gh sp>k to ignite ! mixture4 ,! l5g? ( "t t a batt]y %\ld la/1 or ! mileage t x %\ld give1 is le>n$ f exp]i5ce1 & :5 x is exhau/$ 9 less "t !re is evid5ce t x has ei!r be5 %ort-circuit$ or t ! curr5t has be5 us$ too extravagantly4 ,! extra s\rce ( curr5t t %\ld be provid$ %\ld n be swit*$ into circuit until ! %ort circuit t exhau/$ ! regul> s\rce has be5 locat$ & remov$1 or !re w be a fur!r wa/e ( curr5t4 ,x occasionally happ5s t ?r\gh c>elessness ! batt]y is s connect$ t "o ( ! cells is rev]s$1 9 :i* case ! curr5t w be r$uc$ by ! loss ( ! curr5t f two cells1 = ! en]gy ( ! rev]s$ cell w neutralize t ( ano!r4 ,if bo? sets ( batt]y h become exhau/$ by %ort circuit1 curr5t = fur!r runn+ may be obta9$ by connect+ ! two sets toge!r 9 multiple1 suppos+ t ea* set is1 z is usual1 connect$ 9 s]ies4 ,an app>5tly exhau/$ dry batt]y w recup]ate1 or pick up1 if all[$ to /&1 b a /orage batt]y t %[s #a4h volts or less = ea* cell %\ld be imm$iately re*>g$1 = fur!r use w cause fatal injury4 ,,! ,,magneto ,! pr9cipal tr\bles t come to magnetos are due to lack ( lubrication & ! weak5+ ( ! p]man5t magnets4 ,! cle>ance betwe5 ! armature & ! pole pieces betwe5 :i* x revolves is v small1 & ev5 slight we> ( ! be>+s ?r\gh insuffici5t lubrication w p]mit ! armature to t\*4 ,! oil cups ) :i* ! be>+s are provid$ mu/ be kept fill$1 or if ! p>ts are connect$ to a me*anical lubricator1 ! prop] adju/m5t mu/ be ma9ta9$4 ,:5 a magnet is p]mitt$ to /& )\t a piece ( iron connect+ ! poles1 ! magnetism w dissipate2 to prev5t ?is1 a b> ( s(t iron1 call$ a keep]1 is plac$ across ! poles1 ! magnetic l9es ( =ce fl[+ ?r\gh x f "o pole to ! o!r1 & ! /r5g? be+ reta9$4 ,! p]man5t magnets =m+ ! field ( a magneto are v /rongly magnetiz$1 & ! proportion ( ! /r5g? lo/ ?r\gh misuse w be l>ge1 result+ 9 _! be+ weak5$ to su* an ext5t t ! curr5t produc$ w n be suffici5t = ignition purposes4 ,^! magnets c be re-magnetiz$ by ! mak]s :5 ?is occurs1 ! magneto rega9+ its curr5t-produc+ ability4 ,! /r5g? ( ! magnets w be reta9$ = a mu* long] p]iod if1 :5 ! c> is /&+1 ! armature is 9 su* a position t x acts z a keep]2 ?is w occur :5 its iron core is horizontal4 ,z ! armature w be 9 ?is position :5 ! curr5t is be+ produc$1 x is only necess>y to br+ ! eng9e to a /op at ! po9t :5 "o ( ! pi/ons is approa*+ ! end ( a compression /roke4 ,on leav+ ! c>1 ! l[ spe$ %\ld be engag$ & ! clut* )drawn2 ! eng9e may be crank$ sl[ly1 & ! armature held 9 position by ?r[+ 9 ! clut* to hold ! crank %aft :5 compression is ne>ly complete4 ,x is mo/ inadvisable to take a magneto to pieces )\t an exact k ( its con/ruction4 ,except = lubricat+ ! be>+s1 x is be/ to leave x entirely alone4 ,9 sett+ a magneto1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is n deliv]+ curr5t cont9u\sly1 & t :5 ! iron core ( ! armature is p>allel to ! poles ( ! magnets no curr5t is produc$4 ,! greate/ /r5g? ( curr5t is deliv]$ z ! core moves into a v]tical position1 & revolv+ ! armature by ! f+]s w %[ ?is1 = dur+ "p ( a revolution x w turn easily1 & dur+ ! re/ ( ! revolution !re w be resi/ance4 ,! eng9e %\ld be crank$ until a pi/on is ne> ! top ( a compression /roke2 hold+ x !re1 ! magneto ge> may be me%$ ) t on ! half-"t or crank %aft 9 su* a mann] t ! armature core has mov$ a trifle pa/ ! v]tical position4 ,?is w result 9 ! production ( a curr5t at ! in/ant t x is necess>y = ! ignition ( ! *>ge4 7,see ,app5dix47 ,,! ,,coil ,!re is always a small sp>k betwe5 ! vibrator contacts ( a coil1 & 9 "t ! plat9um w be burn$ & corrod$1 ! oxide t =ms be+ an insulator & prev5t+ ! fl[ ( ! curr5t4 ,9 su* a case ! po9ts may be smoo!d ) a f9e flat file & poli%$ on a /rip ( lea!r1 or if too f> gone = ?is1 may be r5ew$ by sold]+ a %ort l5g? ( plat9um wire to ! adju/+ screw & a plate ( ! same metal to ! blade4 ,:ile ?is job is a delicate "o1 x is n beyond ! range ( a c>eful amateur4 ,:5 ! insulation ( ! coil or cond5s] breaks d[n1 z may result f ov]work or long use1 x %\ld be return$ to ! mak]1 = ! con/ruction ( a coil is exce$+ly delicate1 & repairs on x require exp]t workman%ip4 ,x is n advisable to take ! coil ap>t 9 any way1 beyond ! vibrator p>ts1 = inexp]i5c$ h&l+ may injure x beyond repair4 ,,! ,,sp>k ,,plug ,! sp>k plug is a frequ5t s\rce ( tr\ble1 = ! insulation may break d[n1 or a c>bon deposit may =m betwe5 ! po9ts1 ei!r fault p]mitt+ ! curr5t to pass )\t jump+ ! gap4 ,plugs %\ld be s made t :5 ! p>ts are screw$ toge!r ! /ra9 w n come aga9/ ! insulation4 ,porcela9 insulation is brittle1 & may be crack$ inside ! sleeve1 ! damage n %[+ on h&l+ & inspection1 b be+ suffici5t to p]mit ! sp>k to pass inside ( ! sleeve in/ead ( betwe5 ! po9ts4 ,mica insulation is usually =m$ ( a l>ge numb] ( wa%]s squeez$ toge!r "u great pressure1 b ! action ( ! heat & ! pres5ce ( oil w frequ5tly cause ! lay]s to sep>ate1 p]mitt+ a %ort circuit4 ,! c>bon deposit t f\ls & %ort-circuits sp>k plugs results f a ri* mixture1 or ov]lubrication1 & ?is %\ld be prev5t$ by prop] adju/m5ts4 ,"u ! int5se heat ! c>bon bakes h>d1 & c be remov$ only by scrap+ or by ! action ( /rong ammonia or gasol9e4 ,z 9 scrap+ ! smoo? surface ( ! insulation may be scrat*$ 7:i* w\ld give a r\gh surface to :i* a fre% c>bon deposit w\ld cl+ m tightly71 ! removal ( ! deposit by ammonia or gasol9e1 appli$ ) a /iff bru%1 is recomm5d$4 ,! po9ts betwe5 :i* ! sp>k passes %\ld be ab\t "o ?irty-second ( an in* ap>t4 ,aft] long use1 ! corrosion due to ! heat ( ! sp>k w increase ?is di/ance1 :5 ! po9ts %\ld be b5t toge!r4 ,! high compression ?r\gh :i* ! sp>k is requir$ to pass pres5ts great] resi/ance ?an air at atmosph]ic pressure1 practically 9 proportion to ! pressure1 & a curr5t t w produce a sp>k outside ( ! cyl9d] may n h suffici5t pressure to give a l result :5 ! eng9e is runn+4 ,if ! pressure ( ! compression is f\r times t ( ! atmosph]e1 ! curr5t %\ld be able to produce a sp>k f\r ?irty-seconds1 or "o eigh?1 ( an in* long outside ( ! cyl9d]1 & = safety ?is %\ld be increas$ f\r-fold4 ,,! ,,ignit] ,! /ation>y po9t ( ! ignit] is c>ri$ on ! end ( a screw t passes ?r\gh ! cyl9d] head or wall1 & by means ( ?is screw its position 9 relation to ! mov+ po9t may be alt]$ z desir$4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts :5 !y are sep>at$ %\ld be ab\t "o sixte5? ( an in*2 m ?an ?is w result 9 ! =mation ( a long] sp>k betwe5 !m1 & z ! passage ( ! sp>k ?r\gh ! high resi/ance ( ! compress$ *>ge w produce great heat1 ! ignit] po9ts w be burn$ & corrod$ m ?an ne$ be4 ,! adju/m5t may be made by loos5+ ! lock nut on ! /ation>y po9t1 & runn+ ! screw d[n until ! /ation>y po9t is 9 contact ) ! movable :5 ! latt] is act$ on by ! cam4 ,! lock nut %\ld be run d[n until x be>s lightly aga9/ ! cyl9d] & ! po9t !n unscrew$1 ! lock nut be+ c>ri$ ) x1 until ! latt] is ab\t "o sixte5? ( an in* away f ! cyl9d]4 ,?is gives a correspond+ di/ance betwe5 ! ignit] po9ts1 & runn+ ! lock nut d[n firmly w secure x4 ,! tappet spr+ %\ld be ( consid]able /r5g? 9 ord] to snap ! movable po9t f ! /ation>y :5 ! tappet ceases to act4 ,too great /r5g? w br+ ! movable po9t aga9/ ! /ation>y ) su* =ce t ! plat9um plate t x c>ries w be batt]$ out ( place4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty t is enc\nt]$ is ! corrosion ( ^! po9ts1 ! fl[ ( ! curr5t be+ decreas$ or /opp$ by ! insulat+ film t cov]s !m4 ,! bl[ ) :i* ! two come toge!r t5ds to knock ?is (f & to keep ! surfaces flat1 b :5 !y become badly worn & pitt$ !y mu/ be fil$ smoo?4 ,! be>+ 9 ! cyl9d] wall 9 :i* ! movable po9t rocks is made aft] ! mann] ( a valve2 ! op5+ mu/ be tight 9 ord] to prev5t ! leakage ( compression1 b suffici5tly free to move z ! cam acts on ! tappet4 ,?is jo9t _c be lubricat$ ) oil because ( ! heat1 & ! two p>ts mu/ !re=e be kept z smoo? z possible4 ,to atta9 ?is result !y are gr\nd toge!r z eng9e valves are gr\nd4 ,,! ,,tim] ,! spr+ t keeps ! revolv+ "p ( a tim] 9 contact ) ! /ation>y "p mu/ be ( suffici5t /r5g? to squeeze out ! vasel9e ) :i* ! tim] is pack$1 z o!rwise ! grease w =m an insulat+ film betwe5 !m1 prev5t+ ! fl[ ( ! curr5t4 ,! tim] mu/ be securely atta*$ to its %aft1 = if x is loose ! contacts w be made at ! wrong "t1 & ! sp>ks w n occur 9 ! combu/ion space at ! correct int]vals4 ,all ( its p>ts & connections %\ld be z firm z possible4 ,! rods ) :i* ! /ation>y "p is connect$ to ! control lev] on ! /e]+ column %\ld be provid$ ) adju/m5ts by :i* lo/ motion due to we> may be tak5 up4 ,!re are usually sev]al jo9ts 9 ^! rods1 all ( :i* may we> loose1 & if !re are no means by :i* !y may be kept tight1 ! lev] w move a consid]able di/ance be=e ! tim] w respond4 ,x is (t5 possible to rem$y ?is by plac+ coil spr+s 9 su* positions t !y take up ! lo/ motion4 ,a tim] %\ld be s set on ! half-"t %aft t ! revolv+ contact is j t\*+ ! /ation>y contact :5 ! pi/on is at its highe/ po9t 9 ! cyl9d] on ! compression /roke1 ! control lev] be+ 9 ne>ly its mo/ ret>d$ position4 ,z dirt w int]f]e ) ! action ( a tim]1 ! cov] %\ld always be 9 place & tightly secur$4 ,,! ,,second>y ,,di/ribut] ,a second>y di/ribut] w give tr\ble ?r\gh loose contacts1 dirt1 or ! splitt+ ( ! sp>k1 ! effect ( ! la/ be+ ! pass+ ( ! sp>k f ! revolv+ "p to two or m contact po9ts in/ead ( b "o4 ,p>ticles f ! c>bon bru% 9 we>+ (f may /ick to ! insulat+ r+ betwe5 ! contacts & =m a pa?1 or a /r& ( wire may project1 produc+ ! same result4 ,,! ,,swit* ,loose swit* p>ts w prev5t ! fl[ ( ! curr5t or give a vibrat+ contact1 & %\ld be frequ5tly look$ aft]4 ,if ! swit* is m\nt$ on metal1 z is occasionally ! case1 a loos5+ ( ! p>ts or ! we>+ ( ! insulation w result 9 a %ort circuit t is difficult to locate because ! good condition ( ! swit* is usually tak5 = grant$4 ,,gasol9e ,,tr\bles ,comm]cial gasol9e is frequ5tly dirty1 c>ry+ p>ticles ( matt] t w /op ! f9e passages & op5+s ( ! c>buretor1 or conta9+ wat]1 ! pres5ce ( :i* w prev5t ! prop] op]ation ( ! eng9e4 ,dirt may be remov$ by ! use ( a /ra9] made ( f9e wire gauze1 & wat] may be sep>at$ by filt]+ ! liquid ?r\gh *amois sk91 ! gasol9e pass+ ?r\gh & ! wat] rema9+4 ,x is advisable to h a /ra9] & trap plac$ 9 ! pip+ t connects ! tank ) ! c>buretor to =m ! l[e/ po9t ( ! sy/em1 ! gasol9e pass+ ?r\gh x & be+ cleans$ ( dirt & wat]4 ,,! ,,tank ,! tank ( a gravity fe$ sy/em is always provid$ ) a small hole or v5t1 usually drill$ ?r\gh ! fill+ cap1 ?r\gh :i* air may ent] to replace ! gasol9e t is drawn (f 9 ! runn+ ( ! eng9e4 ,if ?is hole becomes plugg$ ) dirt1 ! escape ( ! gasol9e w r$uce ! pressure 9 ! tank to su* an ext5t t fur!r fl[ w be prev5t$1 & ! eng9e w /op ) all ( ! symptoms ( a lack ( gasol9e4 ,on op5+ ! tank = ! purpose ( inve/igation1 ! air supply w be r5ew$1 & ! eng9e w aga9 run1 to /op sl[ly z be=e4 ,cle>+ ! hole w relieve ! condition4 ,?is v5t may also cause tr\ble 9 p]mitt+ wat] to ent] & contam9ate ! gasol9e1 ?is be+ liable to happ5 :5 ! c> is wa%$4 ,! pipe by :i* ! gasol9e fl[s f ! tank to ! c>buretor %\ld project slightly above ! bottom ( ! tank1 to prev5t s$im5t f be+ drawn into x4 ,z gasol9e rots rubb] rapidly1 hose %\ld nev] be us$ to conduct x1 nor %\ld jo9ts be pack$ ) rubb]4 ,copp] & brass are attack$ by gasol9e less ?an o!r metals1 & %\ld always be us$ 9 pref]5ce to iron1 :i* is corrod$ by ! liquid4 ,jo9ts may be made tight by ! use ( %ellac or soap4 ,,! ,,c>buretor ,besides ! possibility ( gett+ out ( adju/m5t1 ! greate/ tr\ble ) a c>buretor comes f ! clogg+ ( ! passages & op5+s ) dirt4 ,:5 dirt ent]s1 x clogs ! gasol9e inlet valve & prev5ts x f seat+ prop]ly1 ! float *amb] be+ flood$ z a result4 ,:5 ! level 9 ! float *amb] is rais$1 m ?an ! requir$ am\nt ( gasol9e fl[s out ( ! spray nozzle1 & ! mixture t is produc$ is too ri*4 ,?is w also result f ! b5d+ ( ! valve /em or ! we>+ ( ! seat1 ei!r ( :i* w prev5t ! prop] %utt+-(f ( ! fl[ :5 ! correct level 9 ! float is rea*$4 ,a flood+ float *amb] may also be caus$ by a float t is out ( adju/m5t on its /em or too heavy4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! gasol9e w cut a hole ?r\gh ! metal ( a float & leak 91 & leakage w also occur if ! sold]$ jo9ts op51 ! float !n becom+ too heavy & n clos+ ! gasol9e inlet valve at ! correct "t4 ,^! holes w be too small to p]mit ! gasol9e to be p\r$ out1 b by plac+ ! float 9 hot wat]1 ! gasol9e w be evaporat$ & driv5 out z a gas4 ,9 repair+ a float1 z little sold] z possible %\ld be us$ 9 ord] t ! weight ( ! float may n be greatly alt]$4 ,a cork float w become soggy & heavy if ! v>ni% coat+ is damag$ & ! gasol9e soaks 94 ,c>buretors are built s t ! float valve & spray nozzle may be easily clean$1 = by )draw+ plugs f9e wire may be run ?r\gh !m4 ,:5 a c>buretor is tak5 ap>t = m ?or\gh clean+1 ! position ( ! gasol9e & air adju/m5ts %\ld be rememb]$1 9 ord] t !y may be replac$ 9 approximately ! correct positions1 ?us sav+ "t 9 mak+ ! adju/m5ts t w be necess>y4 ,! ma9 air intake %\ld be kept clean1 especially :5 x is cov]$ ) a wire gauze scre54 ,dirt w r$uce ! size ( ! op5+1 & ! air t ent]s w n be suffici5t to give a mixture ( ! correct proportion4 ,! scre5 %\ld be kept clean & free f oil1 = ! latt] is a du/ collector4 ,,compression ,,tr\bles ,a leak 9 ! combu/ion space w r$uce ! compression by p]mitt+ ! fre% mixture to escape dur+ ! compression /roke1 & w also give an escape = ! pressure result+ f ! combu/ion1 ! pressure on ! pi/on be+ r$uc$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,! mo/ frequ5t cause ( leakage is worn valves1 ! int5se heat t5d+ to w>p ! disks & to r\gh5 _! surfaces1 ! exhau/ valve be+ especially liable to ?is z x is surr\nd$ by ! hot gases dur+ ! "t t x is op54 ,a badly fitt+ sp>k plug1 ignit] /em1 relief cock1 or o!r op5+ into ! combu/ion space w produce ! same result4 ,:5ev] possible1 ^! p>ts %\ld be fitt$ ) copp] asbe/os wa%]s1 :i* are s(t en\gh to squeeze into ! inequalities ( ! surface1 at ! same "t resi/+ ! heat & pressure4 ,:5 pi/on r+s or cyl9d] walls are cut or scrat*$ by runn+ )\t oil1 ! pressure w escape into ! crank case1 :i*1 :ile w>m :5 ! eng9e is runn+ prop]ly1 w be heat$ to a v noticeable degree "u ^! circum/ances4 ,! only rem$y is ! use ( new pi/on r+s & ! rebor+ ( ! cyl9d]4 ,pi/on r+s1 be+ ( ca/ iron1 are brittle1 & mu/ be h&l$ c>efully4 ,to place !m 9 position 9 _! grooves1 ?9 /rips ( /eel1 l pieces ( a hack-saw blade1 %\ld be b\nd to ! pi/on1 cov]+ all b ! l[] groove4 ,! r+ = ?is groove c !n be slipp$ on1 & :5 x is 9 position ! /eel /rips mov$ upw>d to expose ! upp] grooves1 "o at a "t4 ,pi/on r+s are usually prev5t$ f revolv+ ar\nd ! pi/on by p9s driv5 into ! pi/on betwe5 _! ends2 if ^! are n provid$1 ! turn+ ( ! r+s w br+ _! ends into l9e1 & ! pressure w leak ?r\gh !m4 ,! appe>ance ( ! r+s is ! be/ indication z to :e!r !y are p]mitt+ leakage2 if !y are tight1 !y w be smoo? & poli%$ all ar\nd1 b if !re is leakage1 !y w be /reak$ ) black c>bon deposit4 ,o!r losses ( compression may be due to a crack$ pi/on1 cyl9d] head or wall1 ! =m] be+ indicat$ by a hot crank case & ! latt] by ! pres5ce ( wat] 9 ! cyl9d] & crank case4 ,,cool+ ,,tr\bles ,! fail+ ( ! cool+ or lubrication sy/ems w p]mit ! eng9e to heat1 & if cont9u$ w produce disa/r\s results4 ,! radiator ( a wat]-cool$ eng9e %\ld beg9 to heat %ortly aft] ! eng9e has />t$1 & w rapidly become w>m all ov]1 ?us %[+ t ! wat] is circulat+ prop]ly4 ,a failure ( ! circulation may be due to a clogg$ pump or passage1 & ! cause %\ld be locat$ & remov$ )\t delay4 ,dirt 9 ! wat] is ! mo/ usual cause ( ! failure ( ! pump1 & also ( ! /opp+ ( ! circulation 9 ! gravity sy/em4 ,a /ra9] %\ld be fitt$ to ! fill+ cap ( ! radiator to remove bits ( wood1 leaves1 s&1 etc4 ,! connections ( ! wat] sy/em are frequ5tly made ( rubb] hose1 & ?is 9 rott+ w free bits ( rubb] t w prev5t ! fl[4 ,a difficulty occurr+ at ! clamps t atta* ! hose to ! metal pipes is ! te>+ (f ( a /rip ( ! rubb] l9+1 :i* closes ! passage aft] ! mann] ( a valve4 ,! fan mu/ be kept runn+ correctly1 & if belt-driv51 ! belt mu/ be kept tight & ! pulleys free f oil t w\ld p]mit slipp+4 ,wat] t has be5 heat$ freezes mu* m readily ?an wat] t has n1 & !re=e ! wat] sy/em ( an automobile mu/ be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ l[ temp]atures4 ,a freeze ( ! wat] may crack ! wat] jackets or split ! radiator1 ei!r ( :i* w require ! lay+ up ( ! c> = repairs4 ,! be/ protection is to draw (f ! wat] if !re is ! slighte/ dang] ( freez+1 dra9 cocks be+ provid$ at ! l[ po9ts ( ! sy/em = ?is purpose4 ,if ?is is n practicable1 a solution ( f\r p\nds ( calcium *loride to ! gallon ( wat]1 mix$ hot & all[$ to cool1 may be us$1 & x w /& a temp]ature ( #ae ,f4 bel[ z]o )\t freez+4 ,! flanges or correspond+ p>ts ( an air-cool$ motor %\ld be kept clean1 = dirt w prev5t ! free radiation ( heat4 ,a lack ( lubricat+ oil1 ei!r ?r\gh ! failure ( ! supply or ! clogg+ ( ! pipes1 w cause ! eng9e to heat & ! pi/on to /ick or seize4 ,:5 ! c> is new1 x is bett] to supply too mu* oil ?an too little1 b :5 ! be>+s h smoo!d d[n ! supply may be r$uc$4 ,! op]ation ( ! eng9e is ! only indication z to :e!r x is receiv+ a prop] am\nt ( oil1 & r ?an run ! risk ( und]lubricat+ ! pi/on r+s & cyl9d] walls1 x is bett] to h en\gh to produce a fa9t smoke at ! exhau/ pipe4 ,?is w %[ t ! eng9e is receiv+ a little m ?an is necess>y4 ,too mu* oil 9 ! cyl9d] w f\l ! sp>k plug1 & z ?is w\ld prev5t ! pass+ ( ! sp>k1 x is to be z mu* avoid$ z too little4 ,:5 ! lubricator pipes are clogg$1 ! easie/ me?od ( cle>+ out ! ob/ruction is to =ce air ?r\gh !m by means ( a foot pump4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,locat+ ,,tr\ble ,any int]f]5ce ) ! regul> runn+ ( an automobile is usually due to eng9e tr\ble1 & ! nature ( ! irregul>ity or ! unfamili> noise w (t5 give a clew to ! exp]i5c$ driv] by :i* ! fault may be locat$4 ,:5 ! eng9e %[s t some?+ is wrong1 x is ( little use to guess at ! cause1 = *ang+ an adju/m5t )\t be+ sure t x is ! "r ?+ to d w probably add to ! difficulty in/ead ( remove x4 ,! lay+ out ( a sy/em = ! location ( a fault is n difficult1 & its application simplifies matt]s :5 tr\ble is enc\nt]$4 ,by foll[+ a process ( elim9ation1 ! condition ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! me*anism c be le>n$1 & if on te/ ! ignition sy/em proves to be op]at+ correctly1 ! production ( ! mixture may be consid]$ to be guilty until t 9 turn is %[n to be innoc5t4 ,,make-,,&-,,break ,,ignition ,an eng9e equipp$ ) ! make-&-break ignition sy/em is always provid$ ) a conduct+ b> across ! top or side ( ! cyl9d]s1 call$ a bus b>1 connect$ ) ! s\rce ( curr5t1 & ea* ignit] is connect$ to x ?r\gh a swit*4 ,if "o ( ! cyl9d]s fires regul>ly1 x is an indication t ! curr5t is be+ g5]at$ prop]ly1 & t no "t ne$ be wa/$ 9 exam9+ ! g5]ator4 ,by means ( ! swit*es1 ! ignit]s may be te/$ individually by crank+ ! eng9e ) "o swit* clos$ & ! o!rs op54 ,:5 ! clut* is dis5gag$ ! eng9e %\ld run on "o cyl9d]1 & if ?is is ! case1 ! ignit] on ! l9e ( ! clos$ swit* is %[n to be 9 good condition4 ,! op5+ ( ?is swit* & ! clos+ ( ! next w give a comp>ison :5 ! eng9e is aga9 crank$1 & if explosions occur1 ! ignit] po9ts may be adju/$ until ! two cyl9d]s "w equally well4 ,if ! cyl9d] does n op]ate1 ! /ation>y ignit] po9t %\ld be )drawn & its contact exam9$2 ?is %\ld be bright & clean4 ,! movable po9t %\ld be work$ by h&1 to det]m9e :e!r ! jo9t is /uck or ! spr+ weak or brok54 ,if none ( ! cyl9d]s %[ signs ( explosions1 ! connections %\ld be exam9$ to make sure t !y are secure4 ,on sy/ems employ+ a magneto alone1 ! wir+ consi/s ( a s+le wire f ! magneto to ! bus b>1 & ! %ort] wires f !re to ! ignit]s4 ,^! wires are cle>ly visible1 & any loose connections or brok5 wires may be detect$ )\t difficulty4 ,if ! connections & wir+ are 9 good condition1 ! fault may be locat$ 9 ! magneto1 or1 if x has rec5tly be5 dism\nt$1 its incorrect sett+ 9 relation to ! crank %aft4 7,see ,app5dix47 ,if ! ignition sy/em proves to be 9 prop] work+ ord]1 att5tion may be paid to ! c>buretor & its connections4 ,,jump-,,sp>k ,,ignition ,9 te/+ an eng9e fitt$ ) ! jump-sp>k ignition sy/em1 ! circuit %\ld be clos$ & ! crank %aft revolv$ twice1 att5tion be+ paid to ! s\nd ( ! vibrators4 ,on a f\r-cyl9d] eng9e1 ! tim] makes f\r contacts 9 two revolutions ( ! crank %aft1 & if all ( ! vibrators are he>d x is pro( t ! prim>y circuit is 9 good condition1 & n ! seat ( ! tr\ble4 ,if only "o ( ! vibrators buzzes1 ! batt]y circuit may be consid]$ to be work+ prop]ly1 = o!rwise no curr5t c\ld h pass$ to ! coil box4 ,! tr\ble may !n be id5tifi$ z be+ 9 "p if n altoge!r 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! vibrators ( ! dead coils1 _! connections ) ! tim]1 or 9 ! tim] itself4 ,"o end ( a %ort piece ( wire %\ld be t\*$ to ! tim] b9d+ po/ ( "o ( ! dead coils1 & ! o!r to any metal "p ( ! eng9e1 ! lubricator1 = in/ance1 to =m a %ort circuit ?r\gh ! prim>y circuit ) ! exception ( ! tim] & its connections4 ,if ! vibrator buzzes1 ! tr\ble is n 9 ! coil1 b 9 t "p ( ! circuit cut out by ! %ort-circuit+ wire4 ,! same piece ( wire may be us$ to bridge across to any metal "p ( ! eng9e f ! b9d+ po/ on ! tim] at :i* ! wire f ! coil is connect$1 & if ! wire f ! coil to ! tim] is 9 good condition1 ! vibrator w aga9 buzz1 %[+ t ! fault mu/ be 9 ! tim]1 = all o!r p>ts ( ! prim>y circuit ( t p>ticul> coil h be5 prov5 to be work+ correctly4 ,a dirty or faulty contact 9 ! tim]1 or a loose connection1 w probably be ! cause4 ,if ! prim>y circuit is %[n to be 9 good ord]1 att5tion may at once be giv5 to ! gasol9e fe$1 = :ile ! second>y circuits h n be5 te/$1 x is extremely unlikely t ! sp>k plugs or _! connections w prove defective on all f\r cyl9d]s at ! same "t4 ,,! ,,c>buretor ,t\*+ ! prim] ( ! c>buretor w %[ :e!r ! gasol9e fl[s to ! float *amb]1 = if x is pres5t x w spurt out ( ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! prim+ /em passes4 ,if ! air inlet is s arrang$ z to p]mit x1 gasol9e dropp+ out ( x :5 ! c>buretor is prim$ excessively indicates t ! liquid fl[s out ( ! spray nozzle1 ?is "p ?us be+ %[n to be cle>4 ,if no gasol9e %[s ar\nd ! prim+ /em1 ! fe$ pipe or float valve may be suspect$ ( be+ clogg$1 x be+ tak5 = grant$ t !re is gasol9e 9 ! tank & t ! supply cock is op54 ,if x is f\nd t gasol9e is pres5t 9 ! air inlet1 & t ! c>buretor is damp ) x :5 ! prim] has n be5 t\*$1 x indicates t ! float *amb] is flood$2 ! c>buretor %\ld be tak5 ap>t = inspection & ?or\gh clean+4 ,,eng9e ,,w ,,n ,,/>t ,:5 ! eng9e w n />t on crank+ x eight times or s1 x is useless to cont9ue to crank x1 = !re is e reason to believe t some?+ is wrong4 ,too (t5 ! difficulty is 9 =gett+ to swit* on ! ignition circuit or to op5 ! gasol9e fe$4 ,crank+ ! eng9e sl[ly w n r$uce ! pressure 9 ! inlet pipe suffici5tly to draw out ( ! spray nozzle ! quantity ( gasol9e requir$ to =m an inflammable mixture2 quick crank+ is necess>y4 ,too mu* prim+ w result 9 ! =mation ( a ri* mixture2 ! gasol9e %\ld be p]mitt$ to evaporate1 or ! c>buretor dra9$1 & !n prim$ g5tly4 ,! failure ( an eng9e to />t on a cold day may be due to ! sl[ness ) :i* gasol9e evaporates :5 *ill$4 ,z x is obvi\sly mo/ unwise to heat ! c>buretor ) a flame1 ! be/ ?+ to d 9 su* a case is to pack x ) clo?s soak$ ) hot wat]4 ,a little gasol9e squirt$ into ! air inlet1 or cotton wa/e soak$ ) gasol9e & held ov] ! same op5+1 w almo/ always p]mit ! eng9e to be />t$2 ano!r me?od is to squirt a few drops ( gasol9e into ! cyl9d]s ?r\gh ! relief cocks4 ,,eng9e ,,does ,,n ,,deliv] ,,full ,,p[] ,regul>ly occurr+ explosions indicate t ! cyl9d]s are receiv+ ! prop] quantity ( mixture1 & t ! ignition is op]at+ correctly4 ,if "u ^! conditions ! eng9e fails to deliv] full p[]1 :i* is %[n by ! sluggi% runn+ ( ! c>1 ! tr\ble may be id5tifi$ z ! result ( a condition by :i* p[] is absorb$ betwe5 ! eng9e & :eels4 ,?is may be f a slipp+ clut*1 b9d+ brakes1 or tight be>+s1 ^! m probably on ! :eels ?an on ! *ange-spe$ me*anism or drive4 ,! brake rods may get out ( adju/m5t1 or ! spr+ /ick1 ) ! result t ! b&s or %oes are 9 cont9ual contact ) ! drums4 ,a simple te/ = ! condition ( ! brakes is to pu% ! c> across ! floor by h&2 x is n difficult to recognize unusual /iffness4 ,?is te/ also applies to ! :eel be>+s4 ,eng9e or transmission be>+s t are too tight w heat1 & a t\* ( ! h& w %[ ! pres5ce ( ?is condition4 ,a tight be>+ %\ld be p]mitt$ to cool be=e readju/+ x & proce$+4 ,,weak ,,explosions ,regul> b weak explosions may be due to too ri* or too poor a mixture1 or to ! escape ( compression4 ,crank+ ! eng9e twice w produce a compression /roke 9 ea* ( ! f\r cyl9d]s1 & if !re is a leak1 ! ease ) :i* ! pi/on 9 :i* x occurs may be pull$ ov] dead c5t] w %[ its pres5ce4 ,a little soapy wat] ar\nd ! sp>k plug1 relief cock1 or o!r op5+ into ! combu/ion space w %[ ! escape ( compression 9 ! =mation ( bubbles4 ,a hiss inside ( ! cyl9d] indicates a leaky pi/on r+1 or t ! op5+s ( ! r+s are 9 l9e1 & :5 ?is s\nd is %>p & cle>1 ! pres5ce ( a brok5 r+4 ,an additional pro( ( ?is is ! undue heat+ ( ! crank case4 ,if ! compression is correct1 ! c>buretor may be readju/$ to improve ! quality ( ! mixture4 ,a poor mixture may be due to ! p>tial clogg+ ( ! spray nozzle or its passages1 & a ri* mixture to ! *ok+ ( ! air inlet by dirt or du/1 ?is be+ especially liable to occur :5 ! "p is oily4 ,,miss+ ,,explosions ,! miss+ ( explosions is a common fail+ ( automobile eng9es1 & :ile x may be due to a v>iety ( causes1 ! mo/ usual is t ! sp>k does n pass4 ,x is n always an easy matt] to det]m9e :i* ( ! cyl9d]s is miss+2 if ! miss+ is con/ant1 ! coolness ( ! exhau/ pipe ( "o z comp>$ to ! o!rs locates ! fault4 ,if ! miss+ is n con/ant1 ! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature w n be noticeable1 b ! "o at fault may be locat$ by hold+ d[n all ( ! vibrators b "o4 ,if ! cyl9d] correspond+ to ! free vibrator runs /eadily1 its vibrator may be held d[n & ano!r releas$1 ?is be+ cont9u$ until ! faulty cyl9d] is locat$4 ,! condition ( ! second>y circuit ( ?is cyl9d] may be asc]ta9$ by disconnect+ ! second>y wire f ! plug1 & hold+ x ab\t a half in* away f ! plug t]m9al :ile ! eng9e is crank$4 ,if no sp>k passes :5 ! tim] makes contact1 ! tr\ble is 9 ei!r ! wire or ! coil2 if a sp>k %[s1 x %\ld be ( good /r5g?1 = a curr5t t w produce a fair sp>k 9 ! op5 may n h suffici5t /r5g? to produce a l result :5 "u compression4 ,if a good sp>k %[s1 ! sp>k plug may be suspect$ ( be+ f\l$ & ?us %ort-circuit$1 ( hav+ a breakd[n 9 its insulation1 or ( !re be+ too great a di/ance betwe5 its po9ts4 ,! ?reads we> a little ea* "t t a sp>k plug is remov$ f ! cyl9d]1 & 9 ord] to reta9 a gas-tight jo9t x is be/ n to unscrew ! plug unless x is necess>y4 ,if ! second>y circuit is prov5 to be 9 good condition1 att5tion %\ld be paid to ! c>buretor1 = a poor mixture1 or wat] 9 ! gasol9e1 w cause ! eng9e to miss4 ,a badly fitt+ exhau/ valve w p]mit ! burn$ gases to be drawn back into ! cyl9d]1 ! fre% *>ge ?us be+ weak5$1 & z ! valve w %ift ar\nd on its seat1 ?is may happ5 irregul>ly4 ,miss+ w also be caus$ by a weak or brok5 inlet-valve spr+1 or by ! /ick+ ( ! inlet valve1 ^! conditions result+ 9 failure to reta9 ! mixture 9 ! combu/ion space dur+ ! compression /roke4 ,?is pu%+ back into ! inlet pipe ( ! *>ge w usually produce a popp+ or gurgl+ noise t is easily recogniz$4 ,,miss+ ,,at ,,high ,,spe$ ,if an eng9e runs well at l[ spe$1 b misses :5 spe$$ up1 ! tr\ble may be due to weak batt]y1 /uck vibrator blade1 or loose connections4 ,a batt]y t w produce a good sp>k at l[ eng9e spe$ may n be able to respond to ! greatly increas$ dem&s ( high spe$1 & simil>ly1 at l[ spe$ ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! tim] holds ! circuit clos$ is long] ?an at high spe$1 & ! vibrator has m "t to get into action be=e ! circuit is brok54 ,a loose connection may be s %ak5 by ! vibrations ( high spe$ z to break ! circuit4 ,,eng9e ,,/>ts ,,well1 ,,b ,,comes ,,to ,a ,,/op ,if ! batt]y is ne>ly exhau/$1 x w recup]ate dur+ a re/ to su* an ext5t t x w produce good sp>ks1 b z its condition ( /r5g? is only tempor>y1 ! eng9e w sl[ d[n & come to a /op z ! curr5t fails4 ,?is action ( ! eng9e may also be due to c>buretor defects by :i* ! vibrations ( runn+ ei!r cause ! flood+ ( ! float *amb] or ! clogg+ ( ! spray nozzle1 ! mixture 9 bo? cases becom+ non9flammable2 ! condition w also result f an air-b\nd supply tank4 ,,ov]heat+ ,x sometimes happ5s t ! eng9e w cont9ue to run aft] ! ignition circuit is op5$4 ,?is may be due to a failure ( ! wat] circulation1 :i* is indicat$ by ! l[ temp]ature ( ! radiator1 or by ! l[ spe$ or /opp+ ( ! fan f a slipp+ or brok5 belt4 ,if ! cool+ sy/em is work+ prop]ly1 ! lubrication mu/ be inve/igat$4 ,if ! oil is fl[+ z x %\ld1 ! cause w be f\nd 9 ! =mation ( a c>bon deposit 9 ! combu/ion space1 f9e po9ts ( :i* w become inc&esc5t & ignite ! mixture z x passes into ! cyl9d] or z x is compress$4 ,a m unlikely fault may be t ! po9ts ( ! sp>k plug are f9e en\gh to become heat$ 9 a simil> mann]2 mod]n plugs are made ) po9ts ( su* size t ?is possibility ne$ h>dly be consid]$4 ,?is ignition ( ! mixture by o!r cause ?an ! prop] sp>k is t]m$ preignition4 ,,eng9e ,,comes ,,to ,a ,,/op ,if ! eng9e /ops sudd5ly1 ! fault w be f\nd 9 ! accid5tal op5+ ( ! swit*1 or ! break+ ( a wire or connection4 ,an abrupt /op _c be caus$ by any?+ b an int]ruption ( ! ignition circuit1 = ! cessation ( ! gasol9e fe$ w br+ ! eng9e to a /op sl[ly1 ! gasol9e 9 ! float *amb] & spray nozzle be+ suffici5t to p]mit weak5$ explosions be=e ! supply entirely fails4 ,a sl[ /opp+ ( ! eng9e f causes o!r ?an ^? previ\sly m5tion$ may be laid to defective gasol9e fe$1 ! empty+ ( ! tank1 ! clogg+ ( ! supply pipe1 float valve1 or spray nozzle1 or ! clos+ ( ! supply cock f jolts & vibrations4 ,if ! eng9e comes to a /op :5 !re appe>s to be no fault ) ! explosions1 ! cool+ or lubricat+ sy/ems may be at fault1 result+ 9 ! heat+ ( ! cyl9d] to su* an ext5t t ! pi/on /icks or seizes4 ,excessive heat is pro( ( ?is1 ! burn+ or 8fry+0 ( excess oil on ! outside ( ! cyl9d] be+ an e>ly w>n+4 ,a seiz$ pi/on may be fre$ by inject+ k]os5e into ! cyl9d]1 & crank+1 ! cyl9d] fir/ be+ giv5 "t to cool4 ,,noises ,! noises made by ! eng9e :5 op]at+ prop]ly become s famili> to ! c>eful automobili/ t any o!r s\nd is recogniz$ m by in/9ct ?an by att5tion4 ,faults w (t5 make !mselves kn[n by noises1 & ^! may be broadly classifi$ z p\nds or knocks1 hisses1 squeaks1 & rattles4 ,a p\nd t occurs regul>ly may be due to a loose connect+ rod or wri/-p9 be>+1 & 9 ?is case w be he>d once to e two revolutions ( ! crank %aft4 ,a p\nd t occurs (t5] ?an ?is may be set d[n z a loose crank-%aft be>+1 or a loose or crack$ fly :eel4 ,if (t5 happ5s t a fly :eel 9 ?is condition w make itself he>d1 :ile suffici5tly tight to %[ no sign ( ! defect on casual inspection4 ,a h>d metallic p\nd is caus$ by ! combu/ion ( ! *>ge be=e ! completion ( ! compression /roke2 ?is condition may result f preignition or f ! sp>k be+ too f> advanc$4 ,if ! latt] is ! case1 ret>d+ ! sp>k w /op ! p\nd+4 ,hisses are due to leaks 9 ! combu/ion space1 z already describ$4 ,squeaks indicate a dry be>+1 or a lack ( lubrication 9 "o ( ! mov+ p>ts4 ,! be>+ may be detect$ by its heat4 ,a squeak ( ! leaves ( a spr+ w (t5 be difficult to trace & locate1 because ( its irregul>ity4 ,rattles indicate t some?+ is loose1 & %\ld be locat$ )\t loss ( "t4 ,all nuts & bolts %\ld n only be tight1 b 9 addition secur$ 9 position by ! use ( lock nuts or cott] p9s4 ,backfir+1 :i* is an explosion ( ! mixture 9 ! inlet pipe or c>buretor1 may be due to a /uck inlet valve t p]mits flame to pass & ignite ! mixture be=e x rea*es ! combu/ion space1 b m probably ei!r to ignition occurr+ s late t combu/ion is /ill occurr+ :5 ! inlet valve op5s1 or to preignition4 ,explosions 9 ! exhau/ pipe or muffl] are due to ! pres5ce ( unburn$ mixture1 :i* is pass$ out ( ! exhau/ valve aft] ignition has fail$1 & ignit$ by ! heat ( ! exhau/ pipe1 or by ! hot gases f ! next explosion4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,ma9t5ance ,,& ,,con/ruction ,9 ord] t an automobile may be ma9ta9$ at its highe/ effici5cy1 a con/ant wat* mu/ be kept ov] all ( its p>ts1 & repairs & replacem5ts made z soon z ! necessity is app>5t4 ,a worn be>+ or loose "p may cont9ue to op]ate1 b ! we> w be f> great] ?an w\ld occur "u normal conditions1 & may result 9 s]i\s breakage4 ,a sy/em ( inspection to be gone ?r\gh e "t t ! c> is us$ w keep ! driv] in=m$ z to its condition1 & x is be/ to =m ! habit ( do+ ?is at ! end ( a run r ?an be=e1 = !n ! necessity = mak+ readju/m5ts or repairs w be fre% on ! m9d4 ,,inspection ,! condition ( ! ignition circuit & ( ! compression w be %[n 9 revolv+ ! crank %aft twice1 & ! action ( ! c>buretor may be asc]ta9$ at ! same "t4 ,pu%+ ! c> across ! floor w %[ ! pres5ce ( tight brakes or :eel be>+s1 & ! tires may !n be exam9$ = cuts4 ,beg9n+ at ! front ( ! c>1 e be>+ n f$ by ! lubricator %\ld be oil$1 & all grease cups giv5 a slight turn1 ^? t are empty or ne>ly s be+ fill$4 ,:ile ?is is be+ done1 a wat* may be kept = nuts & bolts t may h be5 loos5$ by ! vibrations4 ,,wa%+ ,! c> %\ld be wa%$ ) cle>1 cold wat] only1 & mud float$ (f2 to remove mud by rubb+ or any o!r me?od ?an sluic+ x away by ! action ( a g5tle /ream ( wat] w scrat* ! v>ni% & ru9 ! appe>ance ( ! c>4 ,:5 clean1 ! v>ni%$ p>ts may be dri$ ) *amois or wa% lea!r1 & ! f9i% reta9$ by a light coat+ ( a good furniture poli%1 :i* is to be imm$iately dri$ by rubb+4 ,! tires may be clean$ by spong+1 b wat] %\ld n be all[$ to settle 9 ! bead4 ,on c>s hav+ ! gravity sy/em ( gasol9e fe$1 ! wat] %\ld n be p]mitt$ to spla% on ! tank1 = x w ent] ?r\gh ! v5t4 ,wat] %\ld also be kept f ! uphol/]y1 = if x ent]s ! folds & buttonholes x w cause rott+4 ,,! ,,tires ,light & heat are ! wor/ enemies ( rubb]2 sp>e tires %\ld be kept 9 a cool1 d>k place1 & protect$ f du/ & moi/ure4 ,fr5* *alk1 or "s simil> prep>ation1 %\ld be well du/$ ov] ! %oes & tubes1 & if ! tubes are fold$1 !y %\ld occasionally be op5$ & refold$ 9 fre% places1 to prev5t ! =mation ( creases4 ,! sp>e tire t is c>ri$ on ! c> %\ld be kept 9 a cas+1 & because a d>k surface w absorb m heat ?an a light1 ! cas+ %\ld be tan1 gray1 or :ite r ?an black4 ,! cas+ %\ld be z pro( z possible aga9/ moi/ure1 b = safety %\ld occasionally be remov$ & air$4 ,! position ( ! %oe 9 ! hold]s %\ld be *ang$ e little :ile1 9 ord] t ! /raps may n cut into ! bead4 ,! tires on ! :eels %\ld receive c>e1 & :5 ! c> is left /&+1 x %\ld be 9 ! %ade :5ev] possible1 to protect !m f ! delet]i\s action ( ! sunlight 9 h>d5+ ! rubb]4 ,!y %\ld frequ5tly be exam9$1 & any cuts fill$ ) /rong cem5t1 = o!rwise wat] & s& w "w 9 to =m bli/]s & to sep>ate ! lay]s ( fabric f ! rubb]4 ,! cutt+ ( tires c be r$uc$ by )draw+ ! clut* :5 cross+ brok5 /ones1 ! c> coa/+ ov] !m2 driv+ ! c> ov] su* a surface w =ce ! tires aga9/ ! %>p edges1 & cutt+ w result m surely ?an :5 ! tire rolls ov] !m4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,eng9e ,! c>bon deposits t w =m 9 ! combu/ion space w 9 "t t5d to /ick ! pi/on r+s 9 _! grooves1 & ?is may be prev5t$ by squirt+ a few drops ( k]os5e oil into ! cyl9d]s & crank+ ! eng9e to di/ribute x4 ,?is %\ld be done at ! end ( a run1 & ! eng9e p]mitt$ to /& 9 t condition4 ,! fir/ explosions w vaporize ! k]os5e & drive x (f unless too mu* has be5 us$1 :5 !re w be a t5d5cy to f\l ! sp>k plugs4 ,! lubricat+ oil %\ld be dra9$ out ( ! crank case e five hundr$ miles1 & ! case wa%$ out ) k]os5e be=e refill+ x ) fre% oil4 ,gasol9e has too great a cutt+ action to w>rant its use = ?is1 z x cleans d[n to ! b>e metal1 :ile k]os5e removes ! dirt & grease1 leav+ a good surface4 ,! case %\ld be fill$ ) oil to su* a dep? t ! connect+ rods w dip into x f a half-in* to an in*4 ,! same %\ld be done ) ! *ange-spe$ ge> case e ?\s& to fifte5 hundr$ miles1 = ! p>ticles ( metal t w be gr\nd f ! ge>s w injure ! tee? & be>+s4 ,9 refill+1 ! smalle/ ge> %\ld project ab\t an in* into ! oil4 ,if ! diff]5tial is pack$ 9 grease1 x w run = an entire season ) "o fill+1 b if x runs 9 oil x %\ld be clean$ & wa%$ two or ?ree times a ye>4 ,! bevel ge> case ( a %aft-driv5 c> %\ld receive ! same att5tion4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,*a9s ,prop]ly lubricat$ *a9s %\ld run = at lea/ a ?\s& miles )\t att5tion4 ,because ( _! expos$ position !y %\ld be protect$ aga9/ undue we>1 & ?is is be/ atta9$ by soak+ !m1 :5 ?or\ghly clean$1 9 melt$ tall[1 work+ ea* jo9t 9 ord] t ! liquid may p5etrate4 ,! *a9 %\ld be hung up to cool & dry1 ! surplus tall[ be+ wip$ (f4 ,! h>d5$ tall[ 9 ! jo9ts w prev5t grit f work+ 91 & is a lubricant z well4 ,to clean a *a91 soak x 9 k]os5e1 work+ ea* jo9t to remove ! grit4 ,! /ret*+ ( ! *a9 may be tak5 up by l5g!n+ ! radius rods1 b :5 ! /ret*+ rea*es a po9t t p]mits x1 ! *a9 %\ld be %ort5$ by ! removal ( a l9k1 & ! rods readju/$4 ,if a complete *a9 is n c>ri$ z a sp>e "p1 ! kit %\ld always include a few extra l9ks = em]g5cy repairs4 ,^! are n difficult to apply1 be+ secur$ 9 position by nuts in/ead ( by burr+ ov] ! ends ( ! rivets4 ,,valve ,,gr9d+ ,to gr9d a pitt$ or worn me*anically op]at$ valve1 ! pressure %\ld be releas$ by compress+ ! spr+ & remov+ ! key or o!r device by :i* x is held 9 place4 ,on remov+ ! plug ov] ! valve pocket1 ! upp] surface ( ! valve disk w be expos$1 & x w be f\nd to be provid$ ) a slot4 ,:ile _m gr9d+ pa/es may be pur*as$1 good results w be obta9$ by mix+ ma*9e oil ) fl\r ( em]y until x is ?ick4 ,plugg+ ! op5+ f ! valve pocket to ! combu/ion space ) cotton wa/e to prev5t ! pa/e f ent]+ ! cyl9d]1 spread x on ! valve disk & seat1 & rotate ! disk on its seat ) a screwdriv]1 pref]ably by means ( a bit brace4 ,e little :ile ! disk %\ld be lift$ & replac$ on ! seat 9 a new position1 9 ord] to di/ribute ! we> ev5ly1 & ! gr9d+ cont9u$ until a smoo? surface %[s all ar\nd bo? disk & seat4 ,x is n necess>y to smoo? ! entire surface ( ! disk & seat1 = ! pressure w be reta9$ by a n>r[] surface4 ,an automatic valve may be remov$ f ! cyl9d] by unscrew+ or unbolt+ its cage1 & aft] releas+ ! spr+ ! cage may be held 9 a vise :ile ! gr9d+ is p]=m$4 ,aft] gr9d+1 all traces ( ! pa/e %\ld be remov$ by wa%+ ) gasol9e1 = any p>ticles t rema9 w cause rapid we>4 ,:5 replac+ ! spr+1 t ( ! me*anically op]at$ valve w be f\nd difficult to compress to ! po9t at :i* ! key or wa%] may be slipp$ into position1 & to simplify ?is _m eng9es are built ) a knob or boss on ! cyl9d] to s]ve z a fulcrum by :i* a =k$ lev] may be us$4 ,if ?is is n ! case1 ! spr+ may be suffici5tly compress$ 9 a vise1 & b\nd endwise ) wire to reta9 x1 ! wire be+ cut :5 ! spr+ & key are 9 position4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,/e]+ ,,me*anism ,a failure ( ! /e]+ me*anism w cause a wreck m surely & quickly ?an ! breakd[n ( any o!r "p ( ! c>1 & ! be/ protection is absolute k t x is 9 p]fect condition4 ,all jo9ts %\ld be kept well lubricat$1 & protect$ f du/2 ! lea!r protectors t are furni%$ d n accompli% ?is any too well1 b !y are mu* bett] ?an no?+1 & if ! jo9ts are pack$ ) grease be=e apply+ !m1 ! results w be good4 ,:ile gu>d+ aga9/ /iffness1 !re %\ld be v little play or lo/ motion 9 ! me*anism1 & ! p>ts %\ld be frequ5tly exam9$ = b5t rods & loose jo9ts4 ,a b5d 9 ! drag l9k or /e]+ knuckles w ?r[ ! front :eels out ( true1 9 :i* case ! tires w be badly worn4 ,:5 go+ /raight ahead1 ! :eels %\ld be p>allel2 if ?is is ! case1 ! angles ( ! /e]+ arms w give ! prop] track :5 mak+ a turn4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,spr+s ,! spr+s ( an automobile are 9 con/ant motion1 & %\ld be z c>efully lubricat$ z ! o!r p>ts ( a c>4 ,! spr+ hang]s by :i* ! two halves ( a full elliptic spr+ are jo9$1 or by :i* a half elliptic spr+ is atta*$ to ! frame1 are (t5 provid$ ) grease cups1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( ^! ! p>ts %\ld be frequ5tly oil$4 ,once a season fre% lubricant %\ld be appli$ to !m4 ,! leaves ( a spr+ may usually be sep>at$ en\gh = ?is by jack+ up ! body1 apply+ ! jack to ! frame2 ! spr+s w ?us be reliev$ ( ! weight1 & ! leaves w sep>ate suffici5tly to p]mit heavy grease or graphite to be introduc$ betwe5 !m by means ( a table knife4 ,if ! spr+s are too heavy to p]mit ?is1 !y mu/ be tak5 ap>t1 :i* may be done by remov+ !m f ! c> & releas+ ! clips by :i* !y are held toge!r4 ,9 reassembl+ a spr+1 x may be clamp$ 9 a vise1 :5 ! clip may easily be secur$4 ,,adju/+ ,,vibrators ,9 adju/+ ! vibrators1 ! be/ guide is ! runn+ ( ! eng9e4 ,! musical tone t !y make is mislead+1 = a diff]5ce 9 ! /eel ( :i* ! blades are made1 or 9 ! quality ( ! core1 w produce a diff]5ce 9 ! tone1 & because two vibrators s\nd alike is n pro( t !y are produc+ equal second>y sp>ks4 ,) a "o-cyl9d] eng9e1 ! adju/+ screw may be turn$ until ! eng9e is runn+ at its be/1 :ile at ! same "t !re is ! smalle/ sp>k betwe5 ! vibrator contacts4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! vibrators ( a multicyl9d] eng9e is proce$$ ) along simil> l9es1 all ( ! blades b "o be+ held d[n1 :ile ! free blade is adju/$ until ! be/ results are obta9$ 9 ! op]ation ( ! cyl9d] to :i* x corresponds1 & ! smallness ( ! sp>k betwe5 ! vibrator contacts4 ,:5 "o is correct1 x is held d[n & ano!r releas$1 ?is process be+ cont9u$ until all are adju/$4 ,,mat*+ ,,coils ,:5 coil boxes are s built t ! units may be remov$ conv5i5tly1 z is usually ! case1 x (t5 happ5s t ! runn+ ( an eng9e may be improv$ by mat*+ ! coils & cyl9d]s4 ,a diff]5ce 9 ! compression 9 "o cyl9d] w (t5 cause x to run bett] on "o coil ?an on ano!r1 = no two coils w give id5tical results4 ,tak+ ea* cyl9d] 9 turn1 & transpos+ ! coil units 9 ! box1 ! effect ( ea* coil may be not$1 & a comb9ation f\nd t w improve ! op]ation ( ! eng9e4 ,,adju/+ ,,! ,,c>buretor ,:5 adju/+ a c>buretor1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! proportion ( liquid gasol9e to air 9 a correct mixture is v small2 because ?is is n well und]/ood1 a ri* mixture is pres5t f> m commonly ?an a poor "o4 ,to beg9 at ! beg9n+1 close bo? ! gasol9e & auxili>y air inlets1 & op5+ ! gasol9e adju/m5t a v little at a "t1 crank ! eng9e ) ! relief cocks op5 until combu/ion is secur$1 ! sp>k be+ ret>d$ & ! ?rottle ne>ly clos$4 ,:5 ! eng9e runs1 note ! color ( ! flame t %oots out ( ! relief cocks4 ,a poor mixture w produce a yell[ flame1 & a ri* mixture a r$ & smoky flame1 ) black smoke at ! exhau/ & a smell ( gasol9e4 ,! flame ( a correct mixture is blue & h>dly visible4 ,on secur+ a correct mixture at l[ spe$1 advance ! sp>k & op5 ! ?rottle to spe$ up ! eng9e1 & ! mixture w at once become too ri*4 ,adju/+ ! auxili>y air inlet by weak5+ ! t5sion ( its spr+ w br+ ! mixture to approximately correct proportions4 ,a m c>eful adju/m5t "u road conditions c be obta9$ by adju/+ ! air inlet :ile ! c> is be+ op]at$1 = ! position ( ! c>buretor is usually su* t ?is may be done :ile /&+ or kneel+ on ! runn+ bo>d4 ,faulty adju/m5t ( ! c>buretor is (t5 suspect$ :5 ! real s\rce is 9 ! ?rottle or gov]nor connections4 ,! b5d+ ( a rod connect+ ! ?rottle ) ei!r ! foot1 h&1 or gov]nor control1 or ! we> ( ! jo9ts1 w ?r[ ! c>buretor out1 & ! possible failure ( ^! p>ts mu/ be borne 9 m9d accord+ly4 ,,sett+ ,,! ,,valves ,9 sett+ or tim+ ! valves ( a gasol9e eng9e1 ! po9t to be consid]$ is ! clos+ ( ! exhau/ valve1 = ^u ?is good results dep5d4 ,if ?is valve is held op5 too long1 ! burn$ gases driv5 out w be drawn back into ! cyl9d]1 & if x closes too soon ! greate/ possible quantity ( burn$ gases w n h be5 expell$4 ,! _m exp]im5ts c>ri$ on by ! manufactur]s1 & ! att5tion t !y mu/ pay to ?is po9t1 result 9 ! deliv]y ( c>s ) valves correctly tim$1 & usually ) m>ks made on ! two-to-"o ge>s to guide 9 resett+ !m4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ^! guides1 ! sett+ ( valves ne$ n be difficult1 al?\gh exp]im5t+ is requir$ to secure ! be/ results4 ,! fir/ /ep is to locate ! position ( ! pi/on 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,!re is always an op5+ 9 ! cyl9d] head--a relief valve1 ! sp>k-plug op5+1 or o!r--& a /iff wire may be dropp$ ?r\gh x1 ) its l[] end re/+ on ! pi/on & its upp] end project+4 ,z ! pi/on is mov$ by crank+ ! eng9e1 ! wire w move ) x1 & is to be m>k$ ) a file at its highe/ & l[e/ positions4 ,:ile no fix$ rule c be laid d[n1 x may be said t 9 g5]al ! exhau/ valve %\ld close :5 ! pi/on has made f #a_/fd to #a_/cb in* ( its outw>d /roke4 ,! two-to-"o ge>s hav+ be5 unme%$1 ! cam %aft may be revolv$ 9 its be>+s by h&2 crank+ sl[ly1 move ! pi/on d[n f its highe/ po9t to t at :i* ! exhau/ %\ld close1 & hold x !re4 ,revolve ! cam %aft until ! nose ( ! cam is pass+ f "u ! roll] ( ! valve-lift] rod1 & ! valve j clos$4 ,?is po9t may be accurately asc]ta9$ by plac+ a /rip ( ?9 pap] betwe5 ! valve-lift] rod & valve /em2 :5 ! cam is act+ on ! valve-lift] rod1 ! pap] w be p9*$1 b ! seat+ ( ! valve w release x4 ,:5 ! pap] c be pull$ out1 me% ! two-to-"o ge>s1 & ! relations ?us e/abli%$ betwe5 ! crank & ! cam %afts w be ma9ta9$4 ,crank+ ! eng9e a few times1 us+ ! /rip ( pap]1 w v]ify results1 & ! eng9e may !n be />t$ & ! effect not$4 ,if ! runn+ is n satisfactory1 unme% ! ge>s1 & me% !m ) a diff]5ce ( "o too?1 fir/ "o way & !n ! o!r1 not+ results1 & reta9+ ! mo/ satisfactory position4 ,cams are (t5 cut 9 "o piece ) ! cam %aft1 & ! ge> key$ on ! end2 !re is !re=e no *ance to make a f9] adju/m5t ?an :at is p]mitt$ by %ift+ ! ge>s "o too? at a "t4 ,on multicyl9d] eng9es1 "o cam %aft op]ates all ( ! exhau/ valves1 & ! sett+ ( "o valve sets all4 ,:5 inlet valves are ( ! me*anically op]at$ type1 b controll$ by a sep>ate cam %aft1 ?is mu/ be set 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! nose ( ! cam %\ld j be com+ into contact ) ! pu% rod roll] at ! in/ant :5 ! exhau/ valve is completely clos$4 ,?is %\ld occur z ! pi/on beg9s to move outw>d on ! inlet /roke1 ! exact position be+ det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,:5 ! cams are s badly worn t if !y are set to op5 correctly !y close too soon1 ! be/ rem$y is a set ( new cams2 = :ile ! braz+ ( a /rip ( brass to ! sides ( ! cams c be resort$ to1 ! result is only tempor>y at be/1 & n z accurate z t secur$ by ! use ( new cams4 ,:ile ! t5sion ( ! spr+ ( an automatic valve is sometimes controll$ by a nut1 its adju/m5t usually dep5ds on ! /ret*+ ( ! spr+ to /r5g!n x1 or ! cutt+ (f ( "p ( a turn to weak5 x4 ,! t5sion %\ld be adju/$1 "o cyl9d] at a "t1 until ! be/ results f ea* are secur$4 ,,! ,,wir+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--;,,jump ,,sp>k ,,wir+ ,,diagrams4 ,9 lay+ ! wires = ! ignition sy/em1 only ! be/ wire %\ld be us$1 & all contacts %\ld be bright & clean4 ,connections %\ld be tight1 & cov]$ ) vasel9e to prev5t corrosion1 additional protection be+ secur$ by b9d+ all expos$ places ) s-call$ electric tape4 ,!re %\ld be ! fulle/ protection aga9/ *af+ & moi/ure1 & no sagg+ ( ! wires4 ,beg9n+ ) ! batt]y1 ! cells %\ld be plac$ 9 a box t holds !m securely1 s t !re may be no jolt+1 = ?is 9 work+ ! wires w t5d to loos5 ! connections4 ,9 connect+ ! cells1 ! wires %\ld be cut to correct l5g?1 b n s %ort t !y w be drawn tight :5 connect$4 ,! insulation %\ld be cut (f cleanly1 & ! p>aff9 t w cl+ to ! metal scrap$ (f4 ,! gr\nd wire may !n be run1 aft] :i* ! wires f ! two batt]ies may be connect$ to ! swit*4 7,fig4 #ej74 ,on multicyl9d] eng9es1 "o circuit %\ld be complet$ & te/$ be=e ano!r is />t$1 z ?is obviates ! dang] ( confus+ ! wires4 ,! prim>y wire %\ld be run f a coil unit to its tim] contact1 mak+ sure by ! buzz+ ( ! vibrator t ! curr5t fl[s :5 ! swit* is clos$4 ,a buzz ( ! vibrator :5 ! tim] is n mak+ contact indicates a %ort circuit4 ,! prim>y circuit = ! coil hav+ be5 correctly arrang$1 ! second>y connection %\ld be made & te/$ be=e lay+ ! prim>y ( ! next coil unit4 ,9 mak+ ! tim] contacts ( a f\r-cyl9d] eng9e ! fir+ ord] z e/abli%$ by ! op5+ ( ! exhau/ valves mu/ be kept 9 m9d4 ,) ! sp>k control lev] 9 ! ret>d$ position1 ! tim] %\ld be set s t x is j beg9n+ to make a contact :5 ! pi/on 9 cyl9d] ,no4 #a is at top dead c5t] ( ! compression /roke4 ,?is contact %\ld !n be connect$ to ! prim>y t]m9al ( ! fir/ coil1 & ! second>y ( t coil connect$ to ! sp>k plug4 ,if ! fir+ ord] is #a1 #b1 #d1 #c1 7,fig4 #ea71 cyl9d] ,no4 #b w be ! next to fire1 & ! prim>y ( coil #b %\ld be connect$ to ! next tim] contact 9 ! direction ( rotation4 ,z ! next cyl9d] to fire w be ,no4 #d1 ! tim] contact t w next be rea*$ %\ld be connect$ to coil ,no4 #d1 ! rema9+ contact po9t be+ connect$ to coil ,no4 #b4 ,9 ! diagram ! tim] is suppos$ to be mov+ 9 ! same direction z ! h&s ( a wat*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--;,,jump ,,sp>k ,,wir+ ,,diagrams4 ,!re is no diff]5ce 9 ! wir+ ( a horizontal d\ble-oppos$ & a two-cyl9d] v]tical #ahj crank-%aft eng9e1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej1 except t ! tim]s are s built t 9 ! fir/ ! two contacts are a qu>t] revolution ap>t1 & 9 ! second a half revolution4 ,9 wir+ a c> ) a s+le coil & second>y di/ribut] ! f\r contacts ( ! tim] all lead to ! prim>y t]m9al ( ! coil1 ! fir+ ord] be+ accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! second>y t]m9als ( ! di/ribut] are connect$ to ! cyl9d]s 7,fig4 #ea74 ,wir+ = ! make-&-break sy/em is mu* simpl] ?an t ( ! jump-sp>k1 & :5 a magneto alone is us$1 x consi/s1 z w be se5 f ,fig4 #eb1 ( only a wire f ! magneto to ! ignit]s1 ! o!r t]m9al ( ! magneto be+ atta*$ to its metal base 9 su* a mann] t ! gr\nd connection is made :5 ! magneto is secur$ 9 position on ! eng9e4 ,! fir+ ord] is accord+ to ! sett+ ( ! cams t op]ate ! ignit] tappets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,,make-,,&-,,break ,,wir+ ,,diagram4 ,magneto & coil4 ,batt]y = />t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,,make-,,&-,,break ,,wir+ ,,diagram4 ,magneto ignition )\t coil4 ,/>t+ on magneto4 ,,lubrication ,,table4 ,,"p4 ,,lubricant4 ,,quantity4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,eng9e cyl9d] ,cyl9d] oil #f-ab drops p] m9ute4 ,eng9e be>+s ,cyl9d] oil #h drops p] m9ute4 ,require ,fan be>+s ,cyl9d] oil #a drop e #b con/ant m9utes4 att5tion4 ,magneto1 pla9 be>+ ,cyl9d] oil ,keep pockets full4 ,wa% out ) k]os5e once a season4 ,clut* lea!r 7,vegetable71 ,if clut* ca/or oil1 slips or neatsfoot oil lea!r gets h>d1 keep (f ma*9e oil4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,valve lift]s ,cyl9d] oil ,) oil-c4 ,tim]-%aft ,cyl9d] oil ,) oil-c4 ,pump %aft drive ,cyl9d] oil ,) oil-c4 ,magneto drive ,cyl9d] oil ,) oil-c4 ,lubricator %aft ,cyl9d] oil ,) oil-c4 ,require ,clut* release ,cyl9d] oil ,) oil-c4 att5tion ,lev] be>+ ,cyl9d] oil ,) oil-c4 daily4 ,/e]+ knuckle ,grease ,"o turn4 ,wat] pump ,grease ,"o turn4 ,clut*-%ift+ coll> ,grease ,"o turn4 ,transmission be>+s ,grease ,two turns4 ,out] be>+ live ,grease or oil ,two turns4 re> axle ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,/>t+-crank bracket ,cyl9d] oil ,few drops4 ,spr+ %ackles ,cyl9d] oil ,few drops4 ,make & break tappets ,cyl9d] oil ,few drops4 ,p$al-%aft brackets ,cyl9d] oil ,few drops4 ,spe$-*ange lev] ,cyl9d] oil ,few drops4 ,em]g5cy lev] ,cyl9d] oil ,few drops4 ,require ,brake supports ,cyl9d] oil ,few drops4 att5tion ,brake equaliz]s ,cyl9d] oil ,few drops4 weekly4 ,control lev]s & ,cyl9d] oil ,few drops4 jo9ts ,spr+ hang]s ,cyl9d] oil ,few drops4 ,clut*2 multiple disk1 ,sp9dle oil & /eel on /eel k]os5e1 or k]os5e & little graphite ,clut*2 multiple disk1 ,no oil1 little lea!r on /eel graphite ,int]nal exp&+ ,?9 oil clut* ,,"p4 ,,lubricant4 ,,quantity4 ,eng9e crank case4 ,cyl9d] oil4 ,/e]+ ge> case4 ,grease4 #c turns or gunful4 ,transmission-case1 ,ge> case slid+ comp\nd or heavy ge> sy/em4 oils1 or ei!r ,require mix$ ) ab\t att5tion t5 p] c5t4 ( e two graphite4 ,let ge>s dip4 weeks or ,transmission case1 ,light motor oil & e #cjj individual little graphite4 miles4 clut* type4 ,planet>y ,non-fluid oil1 or ,fill up no transmissions4 oil & graphite4 high] ?an %aft be>+4 ,live re> axle ,non-fluid oil or heavy /eam eng9e h\s+4 cyl9d] oil2 grease & oil4 ,"o qu>t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,magneto1 ball be>+4 ,cyl9d] oil4 ,small am\nt4 ,front & re> :eel-hubs2 ball or roll] be>+4 ,grease4 ,require ,front & re> att5tion :eel-hubs2 mon?ly pla9 be>+4 ,graphite & oil4 or e ,lea!r boots ( #ejj miles4 /e]-rod jo9ts & /e] drag-rod jo9ts4 ,grease4 ,univ]sal jo9ts4 ,grease4 ,remove cov]+1 inspect & repack4 ,torsion & di/ance rods4 ,oil4 ,tim+ ge>s4 ,non-fluid oil2 graphite if expos$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,friction disk ,keep oil (f transmission4 friction surfaces1 ,r5ew friction ,require wa% (f ) compo/ e att5tion gasol9e1 dress #a1jjj miles4 at great] ) belt dress+ p]iods4 or ,fr5* *alk4 ,*a9s4 ,*a9 graphite4 ,twice a ye> boil 9 graphite & grease aft] wa%+ well 9 k]os5e4 ,,app5dix ,,op]ation ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,l[ ,,& ,,high ,,t5sion ,,magnetos ,,& ,,magneto ,,ignition ,,sy/ems ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,! r$-pa9t$ toy magnet t is "o ( ! prop]ties ( *ildhood & ) :i* ev]yone is famili>1 may well be us$ z ! beg9n+ ( a /udy ( ! magneto1 = ) x ! *>act]i/ics ( magnetism may be obs]v$4 ,a little exp]im5t+ w %[ t ! magnet w attract1 or 8pick up01 iron & /eel objects only1 hav+ no effect on copp]1 brass1 lead1 wood1 or1 = practical purposes1 any o!r sub/ance4 ,fur!rmore1 x illu/rates ! fact t :5 iron & /eel are 9 contact ) x1 !y 9 turn become magnetic1 able also to attract tacks & o!r bits ( ! same metals4 ,iron1 h[ev]1 is %[n by exp]im5t to be magnetic only :5 9 actual contact ) ! magnet1 los+ its magnetism z soon z ! contact is brok51 :ile :5 /eel is magnetiz$ by t\*+ x to a magnet x rema9s magnetic4 ,?is fact is illu/rat$ by ! magnet itself1 :i* is ( /eel & !re=e capable ( reta9+ its p[] = a great] or less "t1 dep5d+ on its quality & h>dness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,magnetic ,,l9es ,,( ,,=ce4 ,if iron fil+s are scatt]$ on a piece ( pap] laid ov] a magnet !y w n fall ev5ly & regul>ly1 b w collect mo/ ?ickly at ! ends1 or poles1 ( ! magnet1 %[+ t !re ! magnetic attraction is /rong] ?an at any o!r po9ts4 ,if ! fil+s are exam9$ closely x w be se5 t !y h tak5 up def9ite positions1 =m+ l9es & curves ext5d+ betwe5 ! two poles 7,fig4 #a74 ,?is is ! simple/ me?od by :i* ! magnetism may be made visible1 & x illu/rates ! fact t ! p[] ( a magnet acts 9 a s]ies ( l9es pass+ f "o pole to ! o!r4 ,if a piece ( iron or /eel is plac$ across ! poles ( a magnet ^! l9es1 or z _m ( !m z possible1 w use x z a bridge or conductor1 because !y c pass ?r\gh x m easily ?an ?r\gh air4 ,su* a piece ( iron or /eel is call$ a keep]1 & by its use ! magnet w reta9 its /r5g? = a mu* great] "t ?an if ! l9es are oblig$ to make _! way ?r\gh ! f> great] resi/ance t ! air pres5ts to _! passage4 ,^! l9es1 :i* are kn[n z magnetic l9es ( =ce1 always move 9 ! same direction1 pass+ ?r\gh ! air or ! keep] f ! nor? pole ( ! magnet to ! s\? pole1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! metal ( ! magnet itself f ! s\? pole to ! nor? pole4 ,! /r5g? ( a magnet dep5ds on ! numb] ( ^! l9es ( magnetic =ce t x possesses4 ,if two magnets1 "o /rong & ! o!r weak1 are plac$ "u %eets ( pap] on :i* iron fil+s are scatt]$1 _! comp>ative /r5g?s are cle>ly %[n by ! diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( l9es ( =ce t ! fil+s %[ !m to possess4 ,! space ?r\gh :i* a magnet makes itself felt is kn[n z ! magnetic field1 & ?is is l>ge or small1 accord+ to ! numb] ( l9es ( =ce4 ,! /rong] ! magnet1 ! l>g] w be ! sweep ( ! curves ( its l9es ( =ce1 & ! great] w be ! field t !y =m4 ,:5 a piece ( iron or /eel is plac$ 9 contact ) a magnet1 ! l9es ( =ce fl[ into x1 & x becomes magnetiz$1 ?r[+ out l9es ( =ce & =m+ its own magnetic field1 :i* is q di/9ct f ! magnetic field ( ! orig9al magnet4 ,if ! piece is ( iron1 its l9es ( =ce & its field die away z soon z x is sep>at$ f ! magnet1 b a piece ( /eel once magnetiz$ w reta9 its magnetism &1 ( c\rse1 its l9es ( =ce4 ,a wire ( nonmagnetic metal1 su* z copp]1 = in/ance1 w n h ! slighte/ attraction = iron fil+s1 b :5 an electric curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh x ! fil+s w act z if ! copp] 7 a magnet1 cl++ to x z long z ! curr5t passes1 & dropp+ z soon z ! circuit is brok54 ,z a matt] ( fact1 an electric curr5t sets up l9es ( magnetic =ce exactly simil> to ^? ( a p]man5t magnet1 _! numb] be+ 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t4 ,z has be5 /at$1 iron becomes magnetiz$ :5 magnetic l9es ( =ce fl[ into x4 ,if1 !re=e1 a wire ?r\gh :i* an electric curr5t passes is w\nd ar\nd an iron rod1 ! l9es ( =ce set up by ! curr5t w pass into ! rod & magnetize x1 s t x sets up its own magnetic field4 ,?is magnetic field is creat$ :5 ! electric curr5t />ts fl[+ 9 ! wire & dies out :5 ! fl[ ( ! curr5t is /opp$1 = !n ! l9es ( =ce due to ! curr5t die out1 & ! iron1 :i* dep5ds on !m = its magnetism & :i* has n ! ability to reta9 its l9es ( =ce1 returns to its orig9al nonmagnetic condition4 ,an arrangem5t ( ?is sort1 consi/+ ( a s(t iron core1 ar\nd :i* is w\nd a numb] ( lay]s ( insulat$ wire1 =ms an electro-magnet1 & w produce a magnetic field :5ev] an electric curr5t passes ?r\gh ! wire4 ,! action is practically in/antane\s1 ! magnetic field appe>+ & dy+ out on ! mak+ & break+ ( ! electric circuit4 ,a magnetic field may ?us be produc$ by ! action ( an electric curr5t1 & an electric curr5t 9 turn may be produc$ by ! action ( a magnetic field4 ,to g5]ate a curr5t by ?is me?od x is only necess>y to place a conductor =m+ a clos$ circuit 9 a magnetic field1 & to *ange ! /r5g? ( ! field1 mak+ x /rong] or weak]4 ,= an example1 a l5g? ( insulat$ wire may be w\nd on an iron b>1 & ! b> !n t\*$ ) a magnet4 ,z soon z ! l9es ( =ce fl[ into ! b> x becomes magnetiz$ & sets up a magnetic field 9 :i* ! l9es ( =ce foll[ ! law & fl[ f "o pole to ! o!r ?r\gh ! air4 ,! =mation ( ?is field is exce$+ly rapid1 b dur+ ! "t t ! field is =m+ & increas+ to its full /r5g?1 an electric curr5t w fl[ 9 ! wire w9d+4 ,:5 ! field has rea*$ its full /r5g?1 ! fl[ ( ! curr5t ceases4 ,on sep>at+ ! b> f ! magnet x loses its magnetism1 & ! field set up by x dies away2 or 9 o!r words1 its /r5g? und]goes ano!r *ange1 n[ gr[+ weak] z ! b> returns to a nonmagnetic condition4 ,?is dy+ out ( ! field g5]ates ano!r mom5t>y fl[ ( curr5t 9 ! wire1 :i* moves 9 ! direction opposite to ! fl[ ( ! curr5t g5]at$ :ile ! /r5g? ( ! field 0 increas+4 ,! curr5t g5]at$ is call$ an induc$ curr5t1 & ! me?od ( produc+ x is call$ induction4 ,! int5sity ( ! induc$ curr5t 9 any giv5 w9d+ dep5ds on ! ext5t ( ! *ange 9 ! /r5g? ( ! field & ^u ! rapidity ) :i* x occurs4 ,a b> ( iron is limit$ z to ! /r5g? to :i* x c be magnetiz$2 or 9 o!r words1 x c only set up a limit$ numb] ( l9es ( =ce4 ,increas+ ! /r5g? ( ! field f no?+ to ?is po9t1 or r$uc+ its /r5g? f ?is po9t to no?+1 gives ! greate/ *ange 9 /r5g? possible to obta91 & if ?is *ange occurs 9 ! %orte/ possible "t1 !n ! curr5t induc$ w be ( ! greate/ int5sity t c be obta9$ f a conductor ( ! size & l5g? us$4 ,= an und]/&+ ( ! action ( a magneto x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,fir/4 ,t a magnetic field is compos$ ( l9es ( magnetic =ce t fl[ f "o pole ( ! magnet to ! o!r4 ,second4 ,t ! l9es ( =ce w take ! pa? t pres5ts ! lea/ resi/ance4 ,?ird4 ,t an electric curr5t w be g5]at$1 or induc$1 9 a conductor plac$ 9 a magnetic field :5ev] ! /r5g? ( ! field *anges4 ,f\r?4 ,t ! curr5t fl[s only :ile ! *ange 9 /r5g? is tak+ place1 ceas+ to exi/ :5 ! field becomes uni=mly /rong or weak4 ,to make a practical application ( ! laws gov]n+ ! production ( an induc$ curr5t1 a conductor =m+ a clos$ circuit is plac$ 9 a magnetic field1 & ! /r5g? ( ! field caus$ to *ange1 alt]nately becom+ /rong & weak4 ,9 magnetos1 ! magnetic field is due to two or m p[]ful /eel magnets1 & ! conductor1 a l5g? ( insulat$ copp] wire1 is w\nd on a s(t iron core & revolv$ betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnets :]e ! field is /ronge/4 ,! magnets are kn[n z ! field ( ! magneto1 & ! wire on its core ! armature4 ,! %ape ( ! iron armature core is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ! w9d+ be+ indicat$ by heavy black l9es4 ,on ! inside ( ! poles ( ! field are pole pieces1 :i* are blocks ( s(t iron holl[$ out to receive ! armature4 ,z ! successful op]ation ( ! magneto requires ! l9es ( =ce to h z easy a pa? z possible1 ! air space betwe5 ! armature heads & pole pieces is v small1 be+ 9 ! neighborhood ( #a_/ajj ( an in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,armature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,:5 ! armature is n 9 position1 ! l9es ( =ce w be requir$ to pass f "o pole piece to ! o!r ?r\gh ! air1 & z !y w seek ! pa? ( l[e/ resi/ance1 mo/ ( !m w pass betwe5 ! l[] po9ts ( ! pole pieces1 :]e ! air gap is %ort1 & :]e ! l9es ( =ce are pres5t 9 ! greate/ numb] 7,fig4 #c74 ,:5 ! armature is plac$ betwe5 ! pole pieces1 h[ev]1 x gives ! l9es ( =ce a pa? ( /ill l[] resi/ance1 & !y w !re=e foll[ x1 :atev] its position may be4 ,if ! armature is free to turn1 x w take a horizontal position1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 = !n ! heads are entirely 9 contact ) ! pole pieces1 & ! greate/ possible numb] ( l9es ( =ce c take ! pa? (f]$ by ! neck ( ! armature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,:5 ! armature is 9 ?is position1 ! neck is magnetiz$ by ! fl[ ( l9es ( =ce ?r\gh x & sets up a p[]ful magnetic field :i* is q di/9ct f ! field ?r[n out by ! field magnets4 ,if ! armature is revolv$1 x takes ! l9es ( =ce1 or mo/ ( !m1 ) x1 & !y cont9ue to fl[ ?r\gh ! neck z long z "o head ( ! armature is 9 contact ) ! nor? pole piece & ! o!r head 9 contact ) ! s\? pole piece1 = ev5 ?is long & di/ort$ pa?1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 is ( less resi/ance ?an ! air gap4 ,! l9es ( =ce1 h[ev]1 resi/ ?is l5g!n+ ( _! pa?1 & t5d to hold ! armature ) ! neck horizontal1 :5 _! passage is easie/4 ,if ! armature is turn$ by h&1 x w be notic$ t x becomes h>d] to turn z ! neck approa*es ! v]tical position1 & if ! magnets are suffici5tly p[]ful1 a great ef=t w be necess>y4 ,once v]tical1 h[ev]1 ! armature hangs1 & a /ill great] ef=t is requir$ to cont9ue ! revolution1 = ! l9es ( =ce h f\nd new pa?s ( l[ resi/ance 7,fig4 #f74 ,ea* armature head n[ =ms a bridge betwe5 ! pole pieces1 & ! l9es ( =ce divide1 "s go+ ?r\gh ! upp] head & "s ?r\gh ! l[]4 ,! l9es entirely ab&on ! neck1 & 9 consequ5ce its magnetic field dies out4 ,:5 ^! pa?s are brok5 by cont9u+ ! revolution ( ! armature1 ! l9es ( =ce aga9 fl[ ?r\gh ! neck1 & its magnetic field is aga9 e/abli%$ 7,fig4 #g74 ,?is action occurs twice dur+ ea* complete revolution ( ! armature1 & if ! armature is revolv$ by h&1 ! two po9ts :5 ! neck is horizontal & ! movem5t easy w be v di/9ct f ! h>d po9ts :5 ! neck is go+ ov] ! v]tical position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,9 "o revolution ! neck is twice magnetiz$ & demagnetiz$2 or 9 o!r words1 ! magnetic field set up by ! neck z ! l9es ( =ce pass ?r\gh x twice *anges its /r5g?1 be+ /rong :5 ! neck is horizontal & weak :5 x is v]tical4 ,! w9d+ on ! armature is affect$ by ?is magnetic field1 & electric curr5ts are induc$ 9 x by ^! *anges 9 its /r5g?4 ,! greate/ *ange 9 ! /r5g? ( ! field occurs z ! armature moves into ! v]tical position1 :5 its heads =m bridges betwe5 ! two pole pieces 7,fig4 #f74 ,up to ?is po9t ! armature neck is /rongly magnetiz$1 b its magnetic field dies out z ! neck becomes v]tical4 ,x is at ?is po9t !n t ! induc$ curr5t is at its greate/ int5sity & becomes suffici5t = ignition purposes4 ,9 mak+ an armature ! *annels are w\nd full ( wire1 & ?is is reta9$ aga9/ ! action ( c5trifugal =ce by two or ?ree %ort l5g?s ( wire b\nd ar\nd ! armature & ly+ 9 grooves cut 9 ! heads = t purpose4 ,disks ( brass are also screw$ to ! ends ( ! armature core1 & assi/ 9 mak+ x du/ & wat] pro(4 ,! magneto mu/ h a base1 & ?is mu/ be ( "s nonmagnetic metal1 l brass1 = if x 7 made ( iron x w\ld provide a conv5i5t pa? = ! l9es ( =ce1 & !y w\ld h no int]e/ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! armature4 ,!re mu/ also be be>+s = ! armature %aft1 & ^! are ei!r pla9 or ball1 set 9 brass plates screw$ to ! ends ( ! pole pieces4 ,a z9c or alum9um plate cov]s ! space ov] ! armature & betwe5 ! upp] edges ( ! pole pieces1 s t ! armature revolves 9 a tunnel t is pro( aga9/ ! entrance ( du/ & wat]4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 two ends to ! wire w\nd on ! armature1 b ! simplicity ( a magneto is increas$ by gr\nd+ "o end on ! metal ( ! armature1 ! o!r end be+ br\ght to ! s+le t]m9al 7,fig4 #b74 ,! circuit is !re=e complete :5 ?is t]m9al is connect$ to any metal "p ( ! magneto2 or1 z ! magneto is m\nt$ directly on ! metal ( ! eng9e1 to any metal "p ( ! eng9e or frame ( ! c>4 ,! live end ( ! armature w9d+ is br\ght out by means ( a metal rod pass+ l5g?ways ?r\gh ! %aft ( ! armature1 ! rod be+ insulat$ f ! %aft by means ( a h>d rubb] bu%+ or tube4 ,! t]m9al ( ! w9d+ is !re=e f\nd at "o end ( ! armature %aft1 & ! curr5t fl[s f ?is revolv+ "p to ! /ation>y b9d+ po/ by means ( a c>bon or /eel spr+ t is kept press$ aga9/ ! end ( ?is rod4 ,magnetos are classifi$ z ,l4 ,t4 7l[ t5sion7 & ,h4 ,t4 7high t5sion7 accord+ to ! curr5t t !y deliv]1 ! ^w t5sion be+ us$ to indicate ! pressure or voltage ( ! curr5t1 b m accurate expressions w\ld be prim>y & second>y magnetos4 ,! magneto already describ$ is ( ! l[-t5sion type1 & is us$ = ! make-&-break ignition sy/em1 its w9d+ be+ s proportion$ t at maximum spe$ x deliv]s a curr5t ( f #ajj to #aej volts4 ,:at is (t5 spok5 ( z a high-t5sion magneto is employ$ = ! jump sp>k sy/em1 a magneto ( ! type describ$ deliv]+ a curr5t t fl[s ?r\gh ! prim>y w9d+ ( a second>y induction coil2 b ?is use ( ! t]m is errone\s1 = :ile ! sy/em deliv]s a high-t5sion sp>k1 ?is is f ! coil4 ,! magneto itself is n only ( ! l[-t5sion type1 b its curr5t mu/ be s feeble t ! dang] ( burn+ out ! coil is obviat$4 ,a true high-t5sion magneto has two w9d+s on ! armature2 "o1 ! prim>y1 consi/+ ( a few lay]s ( co>se wire1 ov] :i* ! v great numb] ( lay]s ( f9e wire =m+ ! second>y is w\nd4 ,?is may give a curr5t ( f #aj1jjj to #bj1jjj volts1 & is us$ = ! jump sp>k ignition sy/em4 ,^! types & _! applications w be discuss$ 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s4 ,,magnetos ,,9 ,,g5]al ,"o ( ! great advantages result+ f ! use ( a magneto is t = ord9>y runn+ x does away ) ! necessity = ! h& advance ( ! sp>k4 ,! great] ! spe$ at :i* a magneto runs1 ! m abrupt is ! *ange 9 ! /r5g? ( ! magnetic field1 & 9 consequ5ce ! great] is ! int5sity ( ! curr5t deliv]$4 ,:5 runn+ at sl[ spe$1 ! sp>k produc$ 9 ! cyl9d] w be weak & ?92 x w be suffici5t to ignite ! mixture1 b ! ignition w occur sl[ly4 ,at high spe$s1 on ! contr>y1 ! int5sity ( ! curr5t produc$ w be su* t a flame r ?an a sp>k w be produc$1 & ignition w occur mu* m rapidly & positively4 ,:5 />t+ an eng9e on ! magneto1 ! sp>k control lev] mu/ be advanc$ m ?an is necess>y = ignition by batt]y1 & ! eng9e mu/ be crank$ at su* a spe$ t ! magneto w produce a curr5t suffici5t = ignition4 ,once />t$1 x is r>ely necess>y to move ! sp>k control lev]1 except = high spe$s1 = spe$+ ! eng9e up by op5+ ! ?rottle w increase ! spe$ ( ! magneto1 & ! flam+ sp>k w result 9 a quick] ignition ( ! mixture4 ,because a magneto does n deliv] a cont9u\s curr5t1 x _c be driv5 by a belt or by friction1 = a slight slip w\ld ?r[ x out ( "t ) ! eng9e4 ,! be/ drive is by ge>s1 = ?is is positive1 & !re is a m9imum ( lo/ motion4 ,9 "s cases ! magneto is driv5 by *a9 & sprocket1 & :ile ?is prev5ts slipp+1 !re is consid]able lo/ motion :5 ! *a9 is loose en\gh to run smoo?ly1 & ! magneto _c be tim$ z accurately z is possible ) ge>s4 ,,magneto ,,tr\bles ,if ! ignition fails1 & ! "q arises z to ! reason1 ! condition ( ! magneto may be te/$ quickly & 9 a mo/ satisfactory mann]4 ,x ei!r gives a curr5t or x does n1 & to le>n its condition x is only necess>y to disconnect x f ! ignition sy/em1 & to connect "o end ( a l5g? ( wire to its t]m9al4 ,hold+ ! free end ( ?is wire 9 ! b>e f+]s ( "o h&1 & crank+ ! eng9e ) ! o!r h&1 also b>e1 a %ock w be felt z ! armature revolves1 if x is 9 good condition4 ,if ?is te/ is too /r5u\s1 ! free end ( ! wire may be held lightly aga9/ ! tee? ( a ge> :ile an assi/ant cranks ! eng9e briskly4 ,z ! wire falls f too? to too?1 a "t w come :5 ! po9t ( maximum curr5t co9cides ) ! break+ ( ! circuit at ! ge>1 & if ! magneto is 9 good condition1 a flam+ sp>k w appe>4 ,!re is little ab\t a magneto ( ! type describ$ to get out ( ord]4 ,oil or dirt betwe5 ! spr+ or bru% & ! end ( ! conduct+ rod may prev5t ! fl[ ( curr5t1 or1 :at is m unlikely1 ! wire ( ! armature may be brok54 ,! la/ tr\ble is ( r>e occurr5ce1 = :5 w9d+ ! wire on ! armature x is %ellack$1 & = all practical purposes ! :ole becomes a solid mass4 ,! only po9t :]e ! wire c break is ! half-in* ( x t is connect$ to ! inside end ( ! conduct+ rod t passes ?r\gh ! %aft1 & ! condition ( ?is may be le>n$ by remov+ ! du/ cov] & look+4 ,if brok51 a drop ( sold]1 c>efully appli$1 w repair ! damage4 ,a "q t is frequ5tly ask$ is reg>d+ ! liability ( ! field magnets to lose _! magnetism4 ,if made ( ! prop] mat]ial1 & h&l$ & us$ "u prop] conditions1 !y %\ld hold _! magnetism indef9itely4 ,! /r5g? ( a toy magnet may be increas$ by te>+ its keep] %>ply away f ! poles1 & z %>ply replac+ x1 ! op]ation be+ repeat$4 ,:5 ! armature ( a magneto revolves1 x p]=ms ! same (fice = ! field magnets1 & x has ! effect ( keep+ !m up to /r5g? indef9itely4 ,if ! magneto is mi%&l$1 h[ev]1 x is ano!r /ory1 & an inquisitive or c>eless work] c almo/ in/antly weak5 a field by remov+ ! armature )\t tak+ ! prop] precautions4 ,! armature1 :5 9 position1 acts z a keep]1 & provides a pa? ( l[ resi/ance = ! passage ( ! l9es ( magnetic =ce4 ,if ! keep] is tak5 away1 ! l9es ( =ce are requir$ to trav]se ! high] resi/ance ( ! air1 & _m ( !m !n be+ ov]come1 _! numb] decreases & ! field becomes greatly weak5$4 ,?is takes place in/antly on ! removal ( ! armature4 ,x is r>ely necess>y = a *auffeur to remove ! armature ( a magneto1 b :5 x is requir$1 ! fir/ /ep is ! plac+ ( a heavy plate ( iron "u ! ar* ( ! magnets1 & 9 close metallic contact ) ! pole pieces1 ! du/ plate be+ remov$4 ,?is w act z a keep]1 & ! armature may !n be remov$4 ,if su* a plate ( iron is n at h&1 bo? ( ! end plates may be unscrew$ & "o ( !m remov$1 & !n1 z ! armature is drawn out sl[ly1 small /eel tools1 or %ort l5g?s ( iron rod1 well clean$1 may be f$ 9 aft] x1 s t ! cavity is well fill$4 ,if ^! precautions are tak5 ! armature may be remov$ ) safety1 b x is bett] n to attempt ?is1 & x is nev] advisable to deta* ! magnets f ! base or pole pieces4 ,s mu* damage may be done to a magneto by an unskill$ man1 t "s ( ! manufactur]s g to ! l5g? ( equipp+ _! magnetos ) seals1 ! break+ ( :i* is evid5ce t ! ma*9e has be5 tamp]$ )1 & t someone is directly to blame if x does n deliv] curr5t4 ,:5 an eng9e is equipp$ ) a d\ble sy/em ( ignition1 or :5 !re are two s\rces ( curr5t1 "o be+ a magneto1 ! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ev5 ! mom5t>y fl[ ( ! batt]y curr5t ?r\gh ! armature w9d+1 = ?is w result 9 ! demagnetization ( ! field4 ,! same tr\ble w result if ! magneto curr5t is l$ ?r\gh ! w9d+ ( a prim>y induction coil 9 ! hope ( int5sify+ ! curr5t4 ,%\ld ! batt]y curr5t fl[ ?r\gh ! armature w9d+1 ! core w\ld be magnetiz$1 = x w\ld !n be an electro-magnet1 & ! magnetic field set up by ! armature "u su* conditions w\ld ov]come ! less p[]ful field set up by ! field magnets & _! /r5g? w\ld in/antly be r$uc$4 ,x is v ess5tial to keep ! armature be>+s ?or\ghly lubricat$ 9 ord] t !re may be z little we> z possible4 ,! cle>ance betwe5 ! armature heads & ! pole pieces is s slight t a trifl+ am\nt ( we> 9 ! be>+s w\ld p]mit ! two to rub or /rike4 ,! be/ magnetos are equipp$ ) ball be>+s1 provid$ ) wick fe$s t keep !m lubricat$1 b ev5 ) ^! ! lubrication mu/ be wat*$4 ,oil cups are provid$1 :i* mu/ be kept fill$1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t an excess ( oil may make tr\ble 9 work+ its way into ! armature w9d+ & de/roy+ ! insulation4 ,9 "s cases ! oil cups are provid$ ) an ov]fl[1 :i* prev5ts excessive oil+ & ! collection ( surplus oil ar\nd ! be>+s4 ,,l[-,,t5sion ,,ignition ,,sy/em ,9 utiliz+ ! curr5t ( a magneto = ignition purposes1 ! circuit is s arrang$ t x is fir/ clos$ & !n op5$1 ! clos+ ( ! circuit p]mitt+ ! curr5t to fl[1 & ! break+ ( ! circuit result+ 9 a sp>k at ! break4 ,! clos+ & op5+ ( ! circuit is due to ! action ( ! ignit]1 :i* is a device locat$ 9 ! cyl9d] wall1 "o end project+ into ! combu/ion space & ! outside end be>+ ! p>ts by :i* x is op]at$4 ,! two *ief p>ts ( an ignit] are ! /ation>y & movable electrodes1 s arrang$ & connect$ t :5 ! movable electrode comes into contact ) ! /ation>y electrode ! circuit is clos$1 & :5 x moves out ( contact ! circuit is brok54 ,! /ation>y electrode is a /eel p9 or screw pass+ ?r\gh ! cyl9d] wall1 & c>efully insulat$ f x by a tube or bu%+ ( mica or o!r insulant t is pro( aga9/ ! heat & pressure produc$ 9 ! combu/ion space4 ,! curr5t develop$ by ! magneto is l$ to ?is /ation>y electrode4 ,! movable electrode rocks 9 a be>+ 9 ! cyl9d] wall1 ! inside end ( its %ort %aft c>ry+ a f+] t t\*es or sep>ates f ! /ation>y electrode z ! %aft is rock$4 ,! out] end ( ! %ort %aft c>ries "o or two %ort arms by :i* ! %aft is mov$4 ,! op]ation ( ! ignit] is due to ! action ( a cam on ! half-"t %aft1 :i* moves a tappet rod t 9 turn acts on ! arm controll+ ! movable electrode4 ,:5 ! cam is n act+ on ! tappet1 ! movable electrode is held out ( contact ) ! /ation>y electrode1 & !re is consequ5tly no circuit = ! curr5t4 ,z ! tappet is mov$ by ! revolution ( ! cam1 ! movable electrode is fre$ & is br\ght into contact ) ! /ation>y electrode by ! action ( a light spr+4 ,?is closes ! circuit1 & ! curr5t fl[s4 ,! fur!r revolution ( ! cam sep>ates ! movable electrode f ! /ation>y1 & ! sudd5 break+ ( ! circuit results 9 ! production ( a sp>k betwe5 ! two4 ,!re is a great v>iety 9 ! con/ruction ( ignit]s1 b ! op]ation is ! same 9 all4 ,once 9 its revolution ! cam op]ates ! movable arm ( ! ignit]1 p]mitt+ x to t\* ! /ation>y electrode1 & ?is e/abli%m5t ( ! circuit is foll[$ by its rupture z ! cont9u$ movem5t ( ! cam causes ! tappet aga9 to op]ate ! movable electrode4 ,a bett] sp>k = ignition purposes is obta9$ :5 ! movable electrode is mov$ out ( contact ) ! /ation>y electrode %>ply ?an :5 x is mov$ sl[ly1 & = ?is reason ! p>ts are s arrang$ t ! tappet /rikes ! movable electrode a bl[ in/ead ( pu%+ or press+ x4 ,?is con/ruction is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,:5 ! cam is n act+ on ! tappet1 ! head on ! tappet holds ! movable electrode away f ! /ation>y1 aga9/ ! action ( a light spr+4 ,z ! cam lifts ! tappet1 ! tappet head releases ! movable electrode1 & ! light spr+ draws x upw>d & aga9/ ! /ation>y electrode1 e/abli%+ ! circuit4 ,:5 ! tappet drops (f ! cam1 x is br\ght d[n %>ply by ! tappet spr+1 & its head /rikes ! movable electrode a %>p bl[ t results 9 ! sudd5 break+ ( ! circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,make-,,&-,,break ,,sy/em4 ,9 "s types1 ! movable electrode comes into contact ) ! end ( ! /ation>y electrode1 :i* is !n a screw1 & ! di/ance betwe5 !m may be adju/$ by screw+ x 9 or out4 ,9 o!r types1 contact is made ) ! side ( ! /ation>y electrode1 9 :i* case ! adju/m5t ( ! di/ance is provid$ = on ! movable electrode4 ,?is di/ance %\ld be ab\t "o sixte5? ( an in*1 = ?is is ample = ! production ( a satisfactory sp>k1 & a great] di/ance w result 9 ! m rapid burn+ ( ! contact po9ts4 ,9 multicyl9d] eng9es1 ! curr5t f ! live end ( ! armature w9d+ is l$ to a bus-b> ( conduct+ mat]ial t s]ves to di/ribute x to ! ignit]s4 ,! /ation>y & insulat$ electrode ( ea* ignit] is connect$ to ?is bus-b> by a %ort l5g? ( wire t ei!r leads ?r\gh a swit* ( ord9>y con/ruction1 or is provid$ ) a plug on its end t fits into a socket on ! bus-b> & s]ves ! purpose ( a swit* by :i* ! ignit]s may be ?r[n out ( circuit :5 x is desirable4 ,z ! magneto is gr\nd$ :5 x is plac$ on ! eng9e1 & z ! movable electrode ( ! ignit] is also gr\nd$ on ! eng9e1 a circuit = ! curr5t is provid$ only :5 a movable electrode is 9 contact ) a /ation>y electrode4 ,! con/ruction ( ! cam %aft is su* t only "o ignit] at a "t makes contact1 :i* occurs dur+ ! compression /roke1 s t ! ruptur+ ( ! circuit w occur at ! po9t 9 ! compression /roke :5 ! sp>k is requir$ = ignition4 ,to cut (f ! ignition circuit = ! purpose ( /opp+ ! eng9e1 x w\ld be bad practice to break ! contact betwe5 ! magneto & ! bus-b>1 = :ile ?is w\ld br+ ! desir$ result x might result 9 ! injury ( ! magneto1 z !re w\ld !n be no circuit = ! curr5t t ! magneto w\ld /ill be develop+4 ,! be/ practice is to %ort-circuit ! magneto1 & ?is is provid$ = by means ( a simple swit*1 "o po9t ( :i* is gr\nd$1 & ! o!r connect$ to any insulat$ "p ( ! ignition sy/em2 ! magneto t]m9al1 bus-b>1 or o!r4 ,:5 ?is swit* is clos$1 a circuit is provid$ = ! magneto curr5t1 :i*1 9 ! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 fl[s f ! magneto to ! bus-b>1 to ! swit* 7:5 clos$71 to gr\nd1 & back to ! magneto4 ,if ?is circuit is provid$1 ! curr5t w foll[ x1 ab&on+ ! pa?s across ! ignit]s z !y op]ate1 & ! production ( sp>ks ceas+1 ! eng9e w come to a /op4 ,,sett+ ,,up ,,! ,l4 ,t4 ,,sy/em ,to obta9 successful results1 ! sp>k mu/ be produc$ at ! correct po9t 9 ! compression /roke1 & ?is requires su* adju/m5t ( ! ignit]s t ! movable electrode breaks ! circuit at ?is po9t4 ,because ! magneto deliv]s a fluctuat+ curr5t1 x is cle> t ! mo/ satisfactory sp>k w be produc$ :5 x is s set t x w be deliv]+ its maximum curr5t at ! in/ant t ! ignit]s sep>ate4 ,z mo/ ( ! runn+ ( a c> is done on an advanc$ sp>k1 ! po9t ( maximum advance mu/ be det]m9$ 9 ord] to set or adju/ a l[-t5sion ignition sy/em4 ,?is po9t v>ies ) diff]5t eng9es2 9 a l>ge proportion ! pi/on has a 8lead0 ( "o half in*1 :ile 9 a small] numb] ! 8lead0 v>ies f ?is to ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,by ?is x is meant t :5 advanc$1 ! sp>k occurs :5 ! pi/on /ill has "o half in* to travel to rea* top dead c5t] ( ! compression /roke1 or any?+ up to ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*1 z ! case may be4 ,inquiry ( ! manufactur]s reg>d+ ?is po9t w secure ! in=mation1 b if ?is is n possible1 ! po9t may be f\nd by exp]im5t4 ,! fir/ /ep is to br+ "o ( ! pi/ons to )9 "o half in* ( top dead c5t] ( ! compression /roke4 ,?is position may be det]m9$ by dropp+ a /iff wire ?r\gh a compression relief cock or o!r op5+ 9 ! cyl9d] head1 s t x re/s on ! pi/on & is mov$ by x4 ,! crank %aft ( a f\r-cycle eng9e mu/ make two revolutions to complete ! cycle 9 "o ( ! cyl9d]s1 & dur+ ^! two revolutions ! pi/on w twice pass top dead c5t]1 z w be %[n by ! movem5ts ( ! wire4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to di/+ui% betwe5 top dead c5t] ( ! compression /roke & top dead c5t] ( ! exhau/ /roke1 & ?is may be accompli%$ by wat*+ ! /em ( ! exhau/ valve4 ,:5 ! wire %[s t ! pi/on is mov+ t[>d top dead c5t]1 & ! exhau/ valve /em %[s ! valve to be op51 ! pi/on is kn[n to be mak+ ! exhau/ /roke1 & to get x to top dead c5t] ( ! compression /roke x is necess>y to cont9ue ! revolution ( ! crank %aft :ile ! pi/on moves d[nw>d on ! inlet /roke1 & aga9 upw>d on ! compression /roke4 ,dur+ ?is second upw>d /roke ! exhau/ valve /em w n move1 %[+ ! valve to be clos$4 ,crank+ mu/ /op :5 ! lack ( movem5t ( ! wire %[s ! pi/on to be at top dead c5t]1 & !n ! crank %aft mu/ be turn$ backw>d by means ( ! fly:eel until ! pi/on has mov$ d[n "o half in*4 ,?is may be det]m9$ by mak+ a m>k on ! wire & hold+ a rule firmly 9 su* a position t z ! wire foll[s ! pi/on ! m>k w move along ! graduations4 ,:5 ! m>k has mov$ d[n "o half in* bel[ top dead c5t]1 ! movem5t ( ! crank %aft mu/ be /opp$ s t ! pi/on is held 9 t position4 ,place ! sp>k control lev] 9 ! advanc$ position1 :5 ! nose ( ! cam %\ld be j ceas+ to act on ! tappet4 ,! movable electrode mu/ !n be adju/$ s t x is 9 ! act ( sep>at+ f ! /ation>y electrode1 & ?is is p]=m$ by %ort5+ or l5g!n+ ! tappet1 or o!rwise sett+ ! p>ts s t ! tappet head is 9 contact ) ! outside arm ( ! movable electrode & beg9n+ to move x away f ! /ation>y electrode4 ,?is po9t may be accurately det]m9$ by ! use ( an electric bell circuit4 ,connect a bell ) ?ree or f\r dry cells1 gr\nd+ ! free t]m9al ( ! batt]y on ! eng9e4 ,!n break+ any connection betwe5 ! ignit] t]m9al & ! ignition sy/em1 connect ! free t]m9al ( ! bell to ! ignit]4 ,! circuit w !n consi/ ( batt]y1 bell1 ignit]1 & gr\nd return1 & ! bell w r+ :5 ! movable electrode is mak+ contact ) ! /ation>y4 ,hav+ adju/$ ! movable electrode s t x is approximately correct1 x may be te/$ by crank+ ! eng9e4 ,! bell %\ld beg9 to r+ dur+ ! compression /roke1 & %\ld /op r++ :5 ! m>ks ( ! wire %[ ! pi/on to be "o half in* f top dead c5t]4 ,! ignit] ( ea* cyl9d] mu/ be adju/$ sep>ately1 & :5 te/s h %[n !m to be correct1 ! lock nuts mu/ be set up to hold !m 9 position4 ,9 atta*+ ! magneto to ! eng9e1 means mu/ be provid$ = driv+ x at ! prop] spe$4 ,9 a f\r-cyl9d] eng9e1 two revolutions ( ! crank %aft are necess>y = ! production ( a cycle 9 ea* ( ! cyl9d]s1 two p[] /rokes occurr+ 9 ea* revolution4 ,z ! magneto deliv]s its maximum curr5t twice 9 ea* revolution ( ! armature1 x mu/ be driv5 at ! spe$ ( ! crank %aft1 & z ! drive is usually tak5 f ! cam %aft1 ! ge> on ! magneto mu/ h half z _m tee? z ! ge> on ! half-"t %aft ) :i* x me%es4 ,to set ! magneto1 ! crank %aft %\ld be revolv$ until "o ( ! pi/ons 7x makes no diff]5ce :i*7 is 9 ! fir+ position2 t is1 ! position = :i* ! ignit] is set to op54 ,! armature %\ld !n be revolv$ by h& until x is j pa/ ! v]tical position ( ,fig4 #f1 ) ab\t "o sixty-f\r? ( an in* ( space %[+ betwe5 its re> edge & ! edge ( ! pole piece f :i* x is mov+4 ,?is c mo/ easily be accompli%$ by remov+ ! du/ cov] & rea*+ "u ! ar* ( ! field ) ! f+]s4 ,hold+ ! armature 9 ?is position1 its driv+ ge> %\ld be slipp$ into me% ) ! ge> on ! half-"t %aft4 ,9 "s makes ( magnetos ! ge> is key$ to ! armature %aft1 :i* det]m9es its position 9 relation to ! armature4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ge>s mu/ be me%$ z close to ! indicat$ position z possible4 ,9 o!r designs ! magneto is driv5 by a positive clut*1 s t x is impossible to me% x 9 any b ! correct position4 ,9 ,bos* magnetos !re is no key1 b ! %aft is tap]$ to fit a tap]$ hole 9 ! ge>1 s t a v exact sett+ ( ! magneto is possible4 ,:5 ! ge> is key$ to ! armature %aft1 ! clos5ess ( ! sett+ dep5ds on ! ?ickness ( ! tee?2 ! ?9n] ! tee?1 ! clos] x is possible to adju/ ! magneto4 ,if ! armature ge> has an unev5 numb] ( tee?1 h[ev]1 x is possible to make ! sett+ by "o half ! ?ickness ( a too?4 ,if x is f\nd t ! ?ickness ( ! tee? is su* t ! armature _c be set correctly1 give ! armature & its ge> a half turn1 :51 if ! numb] ( tee? is odd1 x w be f\nd t a too? on "o side corresponds to ! space betwe5 two tee? on ! opposite side4 ,hav+ set ! magneto & drawn up ! nut secur+ ! ge> to ! armature %aft1 ! sy/em may be wir$ by runn+ a wire f ! t]m9al ( ! magneto to ! bus-b>1 & o!r wires f ! bus-b> to ea* ( ! ignit] t]m9als4 ,! %ort circuit+ swit* %\ld also be connect$ up1 ! runn+ ( its wires dep5d+ on conv5i5ce4 ,! sy/em in/all$1 x %\ld be te/$4 ,) ! sy/em adju/$ z indicat$1 ! eng9e %\ld />t1 & a v %ort run w %[ if x is correct4 ,if x does n respond to advanc+ ! sp>k1 or if its op]ation is n satisfactory1 a readju/m5t %\ld be made1 giv+ ! pi/on a lead ( "o eigh? ( an in* m1 or five eigh?s ( an in* 9 all1 ) ! sp>k advanc$4 ,if ?is %[s an improvem5t1 b ! eng9e /ill does n develop its full p[]1 ! op]ation may be repeat$1 ! pi/on be+ giv5 m lead by "o sixte5? ( an in*4 ,if ! compression is n ! same 9 all ( ! cyl9d]s1 a clos] adju/m5t ( ! ignit]s may be made t w improve ! op]ation ( ! eng9e1 ! tappet ( ! high compression cyl9d] be+ adju/$ to op]ate ! movable electrode slightly be=e ! o!rs1 s t ! l>g] volume ( mixture w h m "t 9 :i* to burn4 ,! swit*es ?r\gh :i* ! ignit]s are connect$ to ! bus-b> may n[ be br\ght into use1 & :5 ?ree ( !m are op5 ! eng9e %\ld run on ! s+le cyl9d] ( :i* ! circuit is complete4 ,te/+ ! cyl9d]s 9 ?is way1 runn+ "o at a "t1 gives an opportunity = comp>+ _! action1 & = not+ ^? 9 :i* ! p[] is weak4 ,if ! weakness is due to ignition tr\ble1 x may be correct$ by a fur!r adju/m5t ( ! tappet4 ,,tr\bles ,failure ( ignition due to magneto tr\ble has already be5 describ$4 ,any %ort circuit ( ! sy/em w prev5t ignition1 = ! curr5t w n fl[ across ! ignit]s if ano!r pa? is op5 to x4 ,%ort circuit+ may be due to ! *af+ ( ! insulation ( ! wires1 to a fray$ end ( a /r&$ cable mak+ contact ) ! metal ( ! eng9e1 to ! c>bonization or break+ ( ! insulation ar\nd a /ation>y electrode1 or to ! /ick+ ( a movable electrode 9 contact ) a /ation>y4 ,op]at+ ! ignit]s by h& w %[ ! pres5ce ( ?is la/ nam$ condition1 & inspection ( ! insulation & t]m9als ! pres5ce ( any defects4 ,loss ( p[] is frequ5tly due to ! leakage ( compression ar\nd ! plate c>ry+ ! ignit]1 ar\nd ! /ation>y electrode1 or ?r\gh ! be>+ 9 :i* ! movable electrode rocks4 ,! side ( ! be>+ t[>d ! combu/ion space is built l a valve1 & :5 worn may be gr\nd to a seat4 ,if ! eng9e runs well at l[ spe$1 b misses at high spe$1 ! fault may be locat$ 9 faulty insulation ( "o ( ! /ation>y electrodes1 :i* holds ! l[-pressure curr5t develop$ by ! magneto at l[ spe$1 b fails to reta9 ! high] pressure develop$ :5 ! spe$ is increas$4 ,! faulty ignit] may be locat$ by runn+ ! eng9e "o cyl9d] at a "t4 ,! heat develop$ by ! sp>k is v great1 & provisions mu/ be made to pres]ve ! contact po9ts f undue corrosion4 ,^! po9ts are usually made ( plat9um1 or ( an alloy ( plat9um & iridium1 & mu/ be kept clean & smoo?4 ,! spr+ t draws ! movable electrode aga9/ ! /ation>y mu/ n be too /rong or x w br+ ! contacts toge!r ) suffici5t =ce to batt] !m out ( %ape4 ,?is spr+ %\ld be ( suffici5t /r5g? to br+ !m toge!r promptly1 b )\t undue =ce4 ,! tappet spr+ %\ld be ( consid]able /r5g?1 9 ord] t ! sep>ation ( ! electrodes may be quick & positive4 ,aft] long runn+ ! contacts w become worn to su* an ext5t t ! sp>k occurs too late 9 ! /roke to p]mit ! eng9e to develop its full p[]4 ,?is may be correct$ by readju/m5t ( ! tappets1 s t ignition takes place e>li]4 ,a we>+ ( ! outside arm ( ! movable electrode1 or ( ! tappet head1 w h ! same effect4 ,ano!r cause ( failure w be ! weakness ( ! spr+ ( ! movable electrode1 :i* is s weak5$ t x w n d its "w at high spe$4 ,l4 ,t4 ,,magneto ,,) ,,second>y ,,coil ,! advantages ( a magneto z a curr5t produc] = ! l[-t5sion sy/em po9t$ ! way to its adoption = ! jump sp>k sy/em also1 b x 0 at once recogniz$ t x w\ld be impossible to lead ! curr5t direct to ! prim>y w9d+1 z ! curr5t f a batt]y is us$4 ,! reason = ?is is t :ile ! batt]y deliv]s a curr5t ( con/ant value1 ! curr5t obta9$ f a magneto is fluctuat+1 its int5sity dep5d+ on ! positions ( ! armature z x revolves1 & ! spe$ at :i* x is driv54 ,a curr5t is induc$ 9 ! second>y w9d+ ( ! coil z ! magnetic field set up by ! core *anges its /r5g?1 & z has be5 expla9$1 ! induc$ curr5t is /ronge/ :5 ! greate/ *ange 9 ! /r5g? ( ! field occurs 9 ! %orte/ possible "t4 ,! effect ( ! fl[ ( ! magneto curr5t ?r\gh ! prim>y w9d+ ( ! coil w\ld be to magnetize & demagnetize ! core sl[ly1 z ! magneto curr5t increas$ to its maximum & di$ away to ! m9imum1 & ^! gradual *anges 9 ! magnetic field ( ! core w\ld induce curr5ts 9 ! second>y t w\ld be too feeble to produce ignition ( ! *>ge4 ,:5 a batt]y is us$ ) a coil1 ! op]ation ( ! vibrator produces rapid magnetizations & demagnetizations ( ! core1 b z ! field set up by ! core dies away m rapidly ?an x is e/abli%$1 ! greate/ curr5t is induc$ by ! break+ ( ! circuit4 ,9 ! be/ kn[n me?od ( apply+ a magneto to ! op]ation ( a second>y coil1 ! magnetization ( ! core is caus$ to occur ) exce$+ rapidity1 & ! curr5t induc$ 9 ! second>y w9d+ z ?is occurs is suffici5t = ignition4 ,?is is kn[n z ! ,eisemann sy/em1 & is 9 v g5]al use4 ,a diagram illu/rat+ ! connections is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,eisemann ,,ignition ,,sy/em4 ,! magneto is ( ! usual type1 b ! w9d+ is s proportion$ t ! curr5t is ( l[] voltage ?an is deliv]$ by :at has be5 describ$ z ! l[-t5sion type ( magneto4 ,"o end ( ! w9d+ is gr\nd$ on ! metal ( ! armature1 & ! live end is c>ri$ to a contact screw4 ,! curr5t fl[s to ?is screw1 & f !re two pa?s are pres5t$ by :i* x may fl[ back & complete its circuit4 ,"o ( ^! pa?s leads ?r\gh ! prim>y w9d+ ( a second>y coil1 & ! o!r ?r\gh a lev] t = ! great] "p ( ! revolution ( ! armature t\*es ! contact screw4 ,! lev] is gr\nd$ on ! metal ( ! magneto1 & :5 x t\*es ! contact ! circuit t is !n complet$ is %ort & ( l[ resi/ance1 & ! curr5t foll[s x 9 pref]5ce to ! circuit ( high] resi/ance ?r\gh ! prim>y w9d+ ( ! coil4 ,! fl[ ( curr5t is ?us f ! armature w9d+ to ! contact screw1 :i* is insulat$ f ! metal ( ! magneto1 to ! lev]1 & by ! gr\nd back to ! w9d+4 ,atta*$ to ! end ( ! armature %aft1 & s plac$ t x op]ates ! lev]1 is a cam ) two projections1 ^! projections be+ arrang$ to move ! lev] away f ! contact screw4 ,?is arrangem5t is call$ ! int]ruptor1 & by its op]ation x closes & op5s ! l[-resi/ance circuit by :i* ! magneto curr5t may fl[4 ,:5 ! armature is horizontal1 & dur+ ! "t t x is approa*+ ! v]tical1 ! circuit is clos$ ?r\gh ! int]ruptor1 b :5 ! armature rea*es ! position 9 :i* x gives its maximum curr5t1 ! int]rupt$ is op5$ by ! cam1 & ! curr5t1 los+ its l[-resi/ance circuit1 is requir$ to fl[ ?r\gh ! prim>y w9d+ ( ! coil1 = t is ! only pa? by :i* x c return to ! armature w9d+4 ,! sudd5 fl[ ( ?is curr5t ?r\gh ! prim>y w9d+ results 9 ! production ( a p[]ful magnetic field ar\nd ! core1 & ?is rapid gr[? 9 ! /r5g? ( its field induces a curr5t 9 ! second>y w9d+ t is suffici5t = ! ignition ( ! *>ge4 ,z ! magneto curr5t is at its maximum twice dur+ ea* revolution ( ! armature1 ! cam is arrang$ to op5 ! l[-resi/ance circuit at su* p]iods t ea* maximum is requir$ to fl[ ?r\gh ! prim>y ( ! coil4 ,9 apply+ ?is sy/em to a multicyl9d] eng9e1 x is necess>y to di/ribute ! second>y curr5t to ! diff]5t cyl9d]s1 s t a sp>k w be produc$ 9 ea* z x is requir$4 ,?is is accompli%$ by means ( a second>y di/ributor1 consi/+ ( a revolv+ conductor to :i* ! second>y curr5t is l$1 & a /ation>y contact = ea* cyl9d] arrang$ 9 a circle1 to be t\*$ z x revolves4 ,^! /ation>y contacts are connect$ ) ! sp>k plugs1 accord+ to ! fir+ ord] ( ! eng9e4 ,dur+ "o revolution ( ! di/ributor1 a sp>k is produc$ 9 ea* ( ! cyl9d]s1 & z two revolutions ( ! crank %aft are necess>y 9 ord] to h p[] /rokes occur 9 all ( ! cyl9d]s1 ! di/ributor mu/ revolve at half ! spe$ ( ! crank %aft4 ,! magneto produces a curr5t t is suffici5t = ignition twice dur+ ea* revolution ( ! armature1 & !re=e1 = f\r cyl9d] eng9es1 mu/ run at ! spe$ ( ! crank %aft4 ,= ! sake ( compactness1 ! di/ributor is built into ! magneto1 its %aft be+ c>ri$ 9 be>+s t support x above ! armature & "u ! ar* ( ! field magnets4 ,x is ge>$ to ! armature s t ! two revolve 9 a fix$ relation to ea* o!r1 & 9 ord] t ! di/ributor may run at half ! spe$ ( ! armature1 its ge> has twice ! numb] ( tee? ( ! ge> on ! armature %aft t drives x4 ,! second>y induction coil us$ is simil> 9 con/ruction to ! coils us$ = ignition by batt]y1 except t x is heavi]1 & has no vibrator4 ,! p]iod dur+ :i* ! magneto is deliv]+ its maximum curr5t is s brief t !re w\ld h>dly be "t = a vibrator to get into action1 & ev5 if ?is 7 n ! case1 ! mak+ & break+ ( ! circuit by ! vibrator is n necess>y1 z ! s+le *ange 9 ! /r5g? ( ! magnetic field set up by ! core is s abrupt t ! curr5t induc$ by x is suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is second>y curr5t is su* t x is necess>y to provide a circuit = x if by any accid5t or ov]sight ! circuit ?r\gh ! di/ributor or sp>k plugs is int]rupt$1 z w\ld be ! case %\ld "o ( ! second>y wires become disconnect$4 ,?is is tak5 c>e ( by :at is kn[n z ! safety sp>k gap1 :i* is a gap provid$ betwe5 ! second>y t]m9als ( ! coil1 or betwe5 ! live end ( ! second>y w9d+ & ! gr\nd4 ,?is safety sp>k gap1 9 ! case ( ! coil furni%$ by ! ,eisemann company1 takes ! =m ( two flat pieces ( brass1 ea* 9 contact ) "o ( ! second>y t]m9als ( ! coil1 _! po9t$ ends be+ sep>at$ by a di/ance ( ab\t half an in*4 ,:5 !re is no int]ruption ( ! second>y circuit1 & ! p>ts ( ! second>y sy/em d n pres5t undue resi/ance to ! fl[ ( ! curr5t1 ! high] resi/ance ( ! air space betwe5 ! po9ts ( ! safety sp>k gap prev5ts ! curr5t f jump+ betwe5 !m1 b %\ld "o ( ! second>y cables become disconnect$1 ! pressure ( ! curr5t w rise to a po9t t w enable x to jump ! gap betwe5 ! two po9ts4 ,if x 7 n = ?is safety gap1 an int]ruption ( ! second>y circuit w\ld make ! pressure ( ! curr5t rise to su* an ext5t t !re w\ld be great dang] ( a sp>k pass+ inside ( ! coil1 ruptur+ ! insulation4 ,z ! magneto is receiv$ f ! mak]s1 ! p>ts w be 9 a fix$ relation to ea* o!r2 :5 ! armature is v]tical1 & held 9 t position by ! l9es ( =ce1 ! cam is 9 ! act ( op5+ ! prim>y int]ruptor1 & ! revolv+ "p ( ! second>y di/ributor has mov$ into contact ) "o ( ! /ation>y contacts ab\t "o ?irty-second ( an in*4 ,! int]ruptor ( ! magneto c be utiliz$ z ! tim] = an ignition sy/em by batt]y & coil1 ! second>y curr5t be+ di/ribut$ to ! cyl9d]s by ! di/ributor4 ,a bett] arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 requires ! use ( two coils1 & a tim] :i* is c>ri$ on ! re> end ( ! di/ributor %aft4 ,! coil = ! batt]y sy/em is provid$ ) a vibrator1 & connections are made 9 ! mann] usual ) a sy/em compos$ ( ^! p>ts4 ,! coil is 9 a case t also conta9s ! non-vibrator coil = ! magneto sy/em1 & ! two wir+s are sep>ate & di/9ct ) ! exception ( ! second>y connection betwe5 ! coil box & ! revolv+ p>ts ( ! di/ributor1 :i* is common to bo?4 ,:ile little *ange 9 ! position ( ! sp>k is requir$ = ?is sy/em1 provisions are made by :i* x may be advanc$ or ret>d$4 ,9 "o sy/em1 ! int]ruptor is op]at$ by a groove 9 ! face ( ! cam disk1 a p9 on ! end ( ! int]ruptor lev] foll[+ ! groove & be+ mov$ by ! irregul>ities4 ,9 ?is case1 ! advance & ret>d ( ! sp>k is obta9$ by rotat+ a plate c>ry+ ! int]ruptor 9 "o direction or ! o!r1 s t ! lev] is mov$ e>li] or lat] 9 ! revolution ( ! cam4 ,9 ano!r type ! ge> driv+ ! armature is n atta*$ direct to ! armature %aft1 b to a sleeve surr\nd+ ! %aft1 & ! pull+ out ( a second sleeve betwe5 ! two alt]s ! position ( ! armature 9 relation to ! driv+ ge>1 result+ 9 ! advanc+ or delay+ ( ! mom5t :5 ! maximum curr5t is produc$4 ,,sett+ ,,up ,,! ,,sy/em ,9 sett+ up a sy/em ( ?is description1 ! fir+ ord] ( ! eng9e mu/ be asc]ta9$1 & ?is may be done by wat*+ ! ord] 9 :i* ! exhau/ valve /ems move z ! eng9e is sl[ly crank$4 ,pi/on ,no4 #a mu/ !n be br\ght to top dead c5t] ( ! compression /roke1 & ab\t "o ?irty-second ( an in* d[n on ! p[] /roke1 be+ /opp$ 9 ?is position4 ,) ! magneto screw$ into place1 ! cov]s ( ! int]ruptor & di/ributor may be remov$1 & ! armature revolv$ by h& 9 ! direction 9 :i* x w be driv51 until ! int]ruptor op5s1 ! sp>k control be+ 9 ! mo/ ret>d$ position4 ,a m>k on ! int]ruptor w come into l9e ) a m>k on ! cas+ at ! in/ant t ! int]ruptor breaks contact4 ,! magneto ge> %\ld !n be me%$ ) ! ge> t drives x1 & ! lock nut set up4 ,! connection betwe5 ! live end ( ! armature w9d+ & ! int]ruptor is arrang$ by ! mak]1 b x is necess>y to make connections betwe5 ! magneto & ! coil4 ,a t]m9al w be f\nd 9 ! cas+ close to ! /ation>y contact screw1 & ?is is to be connect$ ) "o ( ! prim>y t]m9als ( ! coil1 ! o!r prim>y t]m9al ei!r be+ gr\nd$ on ! eng9e or ! magneto1 accord+ to ! con/ruction4 ,! mov+ "p ( ! second>y di/ributor may !n be connect$ ) ! second>y t]m9al ( ! coil4 ,if ! coil has b ?ree t]m9als1 two prim>y & "o second>y1 !re are no fur!r coil connections to be made1 b if1 z is sometimes ! case1 !re are two second>y t]m9als1 ! free "o is to be gr\nd$ on ! eng9e4 ,an inspection ( ! di/ributor w %[ t ! revolv+ "p is beg9n+ to make contact ) "o ( ! /ation>y po9ts1 & ?is po9t is to be connect$ to ! sp>k plug ( ! cyl9d] 9 :i* ! pi/on is at top dead c5t] ( ! compression /roke4 ,! next di/ributor po9t 9 ! direction ( rotation is to be connect$ ) ! sp>k plug ( ! next cyl9d] to fire1 ! rema9+ di/ributor po9ts & sp>k plugs be+ connect$ 9 ! ord] ( fir+4 ,magnetos ( ?is type are built to run 9 ei!r clockwise or c\nt] clockwise1 & ! two are n int]*angeable4 ,! direction 9 :i* ! magneto is to be driv5 is indicat$ by an arr[ /amp$ on ! ge> cas+ or end plate4 ,:5 ! sy/em is prop]ly in/all$1 ! motor %\ld />t on a qu>t]-turn ( ! crank %aft1 ! crank be+ giv5 a quick upw>d j]k4 ,if x does n1 ! sett+ is incorrect1 ! connections are improp]ly made1 or !re is too great a di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts ( ! sp>k plugs4 ,?is di/ance %\ld be "o sixty-f\r? ( an in*4 ,,c>e ,! be>+s ( ! armature & second>y %afts mu/ be kept well lubricat$1 z well z ! p>ts ( ! int]ruptor t require x4 ,e few weeks1 dep5d+ on ! use1 ! c>bon or /eel bru% be>+ aga9/ ! live end ( ! armature %aft mu/ be wip$ (f ) gasol9e1 & ! same c>e mu/ be giv5 to ! di/ributor contacts & to ! plat9um contacts ( ! int]ruptor4 ,:5 ! plat9um contacts ( ! int]ruptor become worn d[n aft] long use1 or if = any o!r reason !y require readju/m5t1 !y mu/ be set s t ! di/ance betwe5 !m at ! mom5t t ! cam holds !m ap>t is n m ?an "o "o-hundr$? ( an in*4 ,?is space may appe> to be v small = ! "w t is to be p]=m$1 b x w be suffici5t1 & a great] di/ance w result 9 sp>k+ t w burn d[n ! contacts4 ,9 ! ,eisemann magneto1 ! adju/able contact is held by two nuts1 & small op5 end wr5*es are provid$ to fit4 ,a wr5* %\ld be appli$ to ea* ( ^! nuts1 & ! l[] or lock nut loos5$4 ,?is w free ! upp] nut by :i* ! adju/m5t may be made1 & ! lock nut may !n be tight5$4 ,! contact faces ( ! plat9ums %\ld be kept flat & smoo?1 & true to ea* o!r1 s t !y come toge!r squ>ely4 ,if !y are pitt$ aft] long use !y may be fac$ (f ) a dead smoo? file1 b ?is is a job t requires great c>e1 & mu/ only be done "u ! mo/ favorable conditions4 ,:5 completely worn d[n !y %\ld be replac$ ) new ones4 ,,tr\bles ,%\ld ! eng9e %[ a t5d5cy to miss1 ! fir/ suspicion1 if ! magneto contacts are kn[n to be correct1 %\ld fall on ! sp>k plugs1 & ! easie/ me?od ( te/+ !m out is to replace !m ) new ones4 ,aft] consid]able use1 ! sp>k plug po9ts w burn (f1 & ! size ( ! gap w increase to su* an ext5t t ! sp>k w f9d less resi/ance 9 trav]s+ ! safety sp>k gap ?an ! gap 9 ! plug4 ,9 ord] t ! ignition may be cut (f = ! purpose ( /opp+ ! eng9e1 a swit* is always provid$ by :i* ! magneto may be %ort circuit$1 "o pole ( ! swit* be+ connect$ to ! magneto t]m9al1 or live wire1 & ! o!r pole gr\nd$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,:5 ?is swit* is clos$1 ! magneto curr5t fl[s ?r\gh x 9 a clos$ circuit1 & z x ab&ons its pa? ?r\gh ! int]ruptor !re w be no fur!r action 9 ! coil1 ! ignition ( c\rse ceas+4 ,?is swit* is (t5 locat$ 9 ! rim or arm ( ! /e]+ :eel1 s arrang$ t press+ on a button closes ! circuit & div]ts ! magneto curr5t f ! coil4 ,any accid5tal %ort circuit ( ! magneto curr5t w produce ! same effect1 & 9 case ( ! abrupt cessation ( ignition1 ?is is "o ( ! probable causes4 ,a %ort circuit 9 ! second>y w usually make itself kn[n by ! snapp+ ( ! sp>ks z !y pass ?r\gh brok5 insulation or f a fray$ cable end4 ,! rem>ks on g5]al magneto tr\bles & c>e already made on page #bed also apply to a magneto ( ?is type1 & ! same rules reg>d+ ! protect+ ( ! circuit ( ! l9es ( ! field mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,h4-,t4 ,,magneto ,,sy/ems ,a high-t5sion magneto diff]s f ! types describ$ 9 t ! armature has a d\ble w9d+2 "o1 ! prim>y w9d+1 consi/+ ( a few lay]s ( co>se wire1 & ! second>y w9d+1 plac$ ov] ! prim>y1 consi/+ ( _m lay]s ( v f9e wire4 ,z ! armature revolves1 a curr5t is induc$ 9 ! prim>y w9d+1 ! circuit ( :i* is kept clos$ until ! armature rea*es ! position 9 :i* ! induc$ curr5t is at its greate/ value4 ,an int]ruptor op]at$ by a cam !n op5s ! prim>y circuit1 & ! sudd5 demagnetization ( ! armature core t results induces 9 ! second>y w9d+ a curr5t ( high pressure t is q suffici5t to jump ! gap 9 ! sp>k plug & to cause ignition ( ! mixture4 ,! con/ruction ( ! armature is m delicate ?an is ! case ) a l[-t5sion magneto1 = ! second>y w9d+ mu/ h a l>ge numb] ( lay]s1 & to p]mit ?is 9 ! limit$ space1 ! wire mu/ be f9e4 ,9 addition1 x mu/ be insulat$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 = ! int5sity ( ! curr5t produc$ w enable x to seek out & to break d[n any weakness t exi/s4 ,!re mu/ also be two bru%es1 "o = ! prim>y curr5t & "o = ! second>y1 :i* complicates ! con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,wir+ ,,diagram1 ,h4-,t4 ,,magneto ,,int]*angeable ,,) ,,second>y ,,coil4 ,a magneto ( ?is type is %[n 9 diagram 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,9 ?is case1 ! inn] ends ( bo? ! prim>y & second>y w9d+s are gr\nd$1 ! live end ( ! prim>y be+ connect$ ) ! insulat$ contact ( ! int]ruptor1 & ! live end ( ! second>y lead+ to ! rotat+ "p ( a second>y di/ributor4 ,= ! great] "p ( ! revolution ( ! armature1 ! cam on ! armature %aft p]mits ! int]ruptor to ma9ta9 a clos$ circuit1 b z ! curr5t rea*es a maximum ! cam breaks ! circuit1 & ! fl[ ( ! prim>y curr5t ceases4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ! second>y circuit has be5 op51 ! mov+ "p ( ! di/ributor be+ out ( contact ) ! /ation>y po9ts4 ,"u ! law ( induction1 a curr5t w only be induc$ 9 a clos$ circuit1 & !re is !re=e no action 9 ! second>y w9d+4 ,:5 ! prim>y curr5t is at its maximum & its circuit is brok51 ano!r condition exi/s1 = !n ! second>y di/ributor is mak+ contact1 ! only gap be+ 9 ! sp>k plug1 b ! sudd5 demagnetization ( ! armature core z ! prim>y circuit is brok51 & ! additional effect z ! armature passes ! v]tical position1 induces 9 ! second>y w9d+ a curr5t ( great int5sity t passes to ! sp>k plug by way ( ! di/ributor1 return+ to ! w9d+ by ! gr\nd4 ,! p>ts ( ! int]ruptor are c>ri$ on "o ( ! end plates ( ! magneto1 & ! second>y di/ributor revolves 9 be>+s t support x "u ! ar* ( ! magnets4 ,9 ! diagram %[n provisions are made = a d\ble ignition sy/em1 ! op]ator hav+ 8 *oice ( ignition by high-t5sion magneto direct or by batt]y1 tim] & coil4 ,9 practice1 ! ?ree swit*es %[n op]ate toge!r4 ,:5 magneto ignition is desir$1 ! swit* betwe5 ! batt]y & gr\nd is op5$1 & ! swit* at ! second>y di/ributor ?r[n into contact ) ! po9t connect$ ) ! second>y t]m9al ( ! magneto4 ,! ?ird swit* is ?r[n to make contact betwe5 ! prim>y t]m9al ( ! magneto & ! int]ruptor4 ,if batt]y ignition is desir$1 ! swit* on ! magneto prim>y is ?r[n to ! po9t ?r\gh :i* x is gr\nd$1 & ! prim>y & second>y swit*es ( ! batt]y circuit clos$4 ,! upp] contact po9ts ( ! int]ruptor are !n utiliz$ to close prim>y circuit ( batt]y1 & ! second>y curr5t induc$ 9 coil is l$ to di/ributor4 ,?is complication ( swit*es is necess>y to prev5t possibility ( ! batt]y curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh ! armature w9d+1 & to provide a %ort circuit = ! prim>y ( ! magneto4 ,if ! eng9e is runn+ on magneto ignition1 x is /opp$ by ?r[+ ! prim>y swit* to ! po9t by :i* ! prim>y is gr\nd$4 ,if runn+ on batt]y1 ! circuit is brok5 9 ! usual way4 ,! curr5t f a high-t5sion magneto is ( su* int5sity t ! small po9ts ( an ord9>y sp>k plug w\ld quickly be burn$1 & x is necess>y to provide plugs ) heavy po9ts1 :i* w /& ! "w4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts %\ld be ab\t "o sixty-f\r? ( an in*4 ,! ,bos* magnetos1 :i* are p]haps 9 m g5]al use ?an any o!r1 are built on simil> l9es to ! magneto j describ$1 except t ! gr\nd$ end ( ! second>y w9d+1 in/ead ( be+ atta*$ to ! metal ( ! armature1 is connect$ to ! live end ( ! prim>y w9d+1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! live end ( ! prim>y is br\ght out ?r\gh a conduct+ rod pass+ l5g?ways ?r\gh "o end ( ! armature %aft1 f :i* ! curr5t fl[s to ! /ation>y contact ( ! int]ruptor4 ,:ile 9 o!r magnetos ! int]ruptor p>ts are /ation>y & op]at$ by a mov+ cam1 9 ?is type ! int]ruptor p>ts revolve ) ! armature1 & ! mov+ arm is op]at$ by two fib] :eels z x drags ar\nd ! inside ( a /ation>y r+4 ,by rotat+ ! r+ & ! two :eels ! int]ruptor is caus$ to op]ate soon] or lat] 9 its revolution1 ?is giv+ ! advance & ret>d ( ! sp>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,wir+ ,,diagram1 ,,two-,,sp>k ,,magneto4 ,! o!r end ( ! armature %aft c>ries ! collect+ r+ = ! second>y curr5t1 ?is consi/+ ( a h>d rubb] disk ar\nd ! surface ( :i* is a metal r+ to :i* ! live end ( ! second>y w9d+ is connect$4 ,a c>bon bru% is kept press$ aga9/ ?is metal r+ by a light spr+1 & ! curr5t is ?us l$ (f to ! revolv+ "p ( a second>y di/ributor4 ,! int]ruptor keeps ! prim>y circuit clos$ until ! curr5t induc$ 9 ! prim>y w9d+ is at its maximum1 :5 ! op5+ ( ?is circuit causes ! rapid demagnetization ( ! core1 & a p[]ful curr5t is induc$ 9 ! second>y1 :i* fl[s to ! sp>k plug ) :i* ! di/ributor is mak+ contact4 ,a safety sp>k gap is appli$ betwe5 ! brass /rip t conducts ! second>y curr5t f ! collect+ bru% to ! di/ributor1 & ! metal ( ! magneto4 ,! necessity = ?is device has already be5 expla9$1 & x is ess5tial t a magneto ( ?is type %\ld be s provid$1 because ( ! int5sity ( ! curr5t4 ,,sett+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,tim+ ,,diagram1 ,,two-,,sp>k ,,magneto4 ,9 sett+ up a sy/em ( ignition ) a magneto ( ?is type1 ! fir+ ord] ( ! eng9e mu/ be obs]v$1 & !n "o ( ! pi/ons br\ght to ! po9t 9 ! compression /roke t x w occupy :5 ! sp>k is at ! greate/ advance4 ,z has be5 expla9$ 9 ! case ( eng9es equipp$ = ! make & break sy/em1 ?is po9t w usually be f "o-half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* be=e top dead c5t]1 ! great] proportion ( designs plac+ x at "o-half an in*4 ,! driv+ ge> ( a ,bos* magneto is n key$ to ! armature %aft1 b %aft & ge> are tap]$1 s t :5 ! nut is drawn up tight !re is no possibility ( slipp+4 ,aft] ! magneto is secur$ 9 position its ge> may be me%$ ) ! ge> t is to drive x1 b )\t draw+ up ! nut4 ,! armature may !n be turn$ by h& until x is 9 ! v]tical position1 :]e x w be reta9$ by ! l9es ( =ce 7,fig4 #ab71 & ! ge> nut drawn up tight4 ,if ?is position ( ! armature _c be obta9$ by ! s5se ( t\*1 x may be expos$ to sight by ! removal ( ! bridge t c>ries ! safety sp>k gap1 & ( ! du/ cov] t protects ! space betwe5 ! upp] sides ( ! pole pieces4 ,! loos5+ ( ! ?ree-arm$ frame on ! front ( ! magneto w p]mit ! removal ( ! cov]s ( ! int]ruptor & tim]1 & x w be se5 t ! mov+ "p ( ! di/ributor is beg9n+ to make contact ) "o ( ! /ation>y pieces2 ?is %\ld be connect$ to ! sp>k plug ( ! cyl9d] t is 9 ! fir+ position4 ,! o!r contacts ( ! di/ributor %\ld !n be connect$ to ! rema9+ sp>k plugs 9 ! ord] ( fir+4 ,ignition is cut out by %ort-circuit+ ! prim>y w9d+1 & a b9d+ po/ w be f\nd on ! front ( ! magneto "u ! ?ree-prong$ frame to :i* is connect$ ! wire t leads to a swit* mak+ a gr\nd connection :5 clos$4 ,,c>e ,! armature & di/ributor %afts run on ball be>+s1 & ^! require ! application ( a few drops ( oil twice a mon?4 ,! int]ruptor is design$ to op]ate )\t oil1 & !re is !re=e little dang] ( oil work+ its way into ! w9d+4 ,! c>bon bru%es mu/ be wip$ (f ) a little gasol9e occasionally1 & ^! are arrang$ 9 su* a mann] t !y are easy ( access4 ,! plat9um contacts ( ! int]ruptor mu/ be kept free f dirt & oil1 & :51 aft] long use1 !y become worn & unev51 !y mu/ be fac$ (f by ! use ( a dead smoo? file4 ,! di/ance betwe5 !m :5 sep>at$ by ! action ( ! fib] roll]s mu/ n be m ?an "o sixty-f\r? ( an in*1 & ?is may be adju/$ by means ( ! nuts4 ,accompany+ ea* magneto is a small op5 end wr5* = ?is purpose1 to :i* is pivot$ a leaf ( /eel t is to be us$ z a gauge = ?is di/ance4 ,?is same measurem5t applies to ! sp>k plugs1 ! po9ts ( :i* mu/ provide a gap ( n m ?an "o sixty-f\r? ( an in*4 ,,tr\bles ,if !re is an abrupt failure ( ignition1 x is probable t ! prim>y is %ort-circuit$1 & ?is c only occur on ! wire t leads to ! %ort-circuit+ swit*1 = ! o!r p>ts ( ! prim>y circuit are inclos$ & protect$ aga9/ injury4 ,9 case ( ! miss+ ( "o cyl9d] only1 ! tr\ble w usually be f\nd 9 ! plug1 :i* may be %ort-circuit$ by a c>bon deposit1 or because ! int5se heat ( ! sp>k has fus$ ! metal1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( a globule ( metal betwe5 ! sp>k po9ts4 ,too great a di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts1 m ?an "o sixty-f\r? ( an in*1 w prev5t ! pass+ ( ! sp>k1 :i* w !n be se5 9 ! safety sp>k gap4 ,a miss 9 diff]5t cyl9d]s may be due to defective insulation ( ! wires1 b if ^! are 9 good condition ! fault may be look$ = 9 ! magneto4 ,! place :]e tr\ble is usually exp]i5c$ is 9 ! int]ruptor1 :i* may become dirty1 or ! contacts may be worn d[n or loos5$ f ! vibration4 ,f\l$ contacts 9 ! di/ributor may also lead to a miss-fire1 & ?is w be correct$ by wip+ ! p>ts ) gasol9e4 ,if all ( ^! p>ts h be5 exam9$ & f\nd correct1 x is inadvisable to exam9e fur!r into ! magneto1 = inexp]i5c$ h&l+ w be likely to injure ! delicate p>ts4 ,x is bett] to place x 9 ! h&s ( a man ^: %op is equipp$ = ! "w4 ,,f\r-,,sp>k ,,magneto ,all ( ! magnetos describ$ h be5 ( ! type 9 :i* ! armature revolves1 & two ignitions are secur$ p] revolution4 ,^! are kn[n z two-sp>k magnetos1 or crank-%aft spe$ magnetos1 f ! fact t = f\r cyl9d] eng9es ! magneto runs at ! spe$ ( ! crank %aft4 ,?is is 9 di/9ction to ! ,bos* f\r-sp>k1 or cam-%aft spe$1 magnetos1 9 :i* ! armature z well z ! field is /ation>y4 ,?is magneto = its simplicity1 fre$om f tr\ble1 & workman%ip1 has few equals = ! high-t5sion ignition ( an int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 ,! armature 9 ?is magneto is ( ! usual type1 & is /ation>y1 ) ! armature neck 9 a v]tical position4 ,ar\nd ! armature1 & betwe5 x & ! pole pieces1 revolves a s(t iron %ield 9 two sections1 ^! be+ ! l5g? ( ! armature & ! same wid? z ! heads4 ,z x revolves1 x =ms bridges betwe5 ! pole pieces & ! core ( ! armature1 ! l9es ( =ce fl[+ ?r\gh x z well z ?r\gh ! armature4 ,! diagrams ( ,fig4 #ac %[ ! positions ( ! %ield z x revolves ab\t ! armature4 ,9 ! fir/ position1 "o segm5t ( ! %ield =ms a bridge betwe5 ! pole piece & ! upp] armature head1 :ile ! o!r segm5t is bridg+ ! space betwe5 ! l[] head & ! o!r pole piece4 ,:5 9 ?is position1 ! l9es ( =ce fl[ ?r\gh ! neck ( ! armature & magnetize x s t x sets up its own field4 ,:5 ! %ield revolves s t x cov]s ! heads1 ! l9es ( =ce ab&on ! neck & fl[ betwe5 ! pole pieces by ! segm5ts1 ! field e/abli%$ by ! neck dy+ out4 ,9 ! ?ird position1 ! l9es ( =ce aga9 fl[ ?r\gh ! neck1 :ile 9 ! f\r? position1 ) ! %ield complet+ a half revolution1 ! l9es ( =ce aga9 pass directly across4 ,9 ?is half revolution !re are !re=e two p]iods :5 a magnetic field =ms ar\nd ! armature neck & dies out1 :i* w result 9 ! induction ( two curr5ts 9 ! w9d+ ( ! armature4 ,if ! revolution is cont9u$ x w be se5 t ! same conditions are repeat$1 ! positions ( ! two segm5ts ( ! %ield be+ rev]s$1 & t "o revolution ( ! %ield ab\t ! armature w produce f\r waves ( curr5t 9 ! w9d+4 ,! magneto may !re=e be driv5 at cam %aft spe$ = a f\r cyl9d] eng9e1 & 9 addition has ! advantage ( ! wire w9d+s be+ /ation>y4 ,! action ( ! magneto is ! same z t ( ! two-sp>k type already describ$1 b ! con/ruction is simplifi$ because ! sl[ spe$ ( ! %ield w p]mit ! second>y di/ributor to be atta*$ directly to ! armature %aft1 ! second>y %aft be+ done away )4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,diagrams ,,%[+ ,,position ,,( ,,%ield ,,revolv+ ,,ab\t ,,armature4 ,a diagram ( ! wir+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! prim>y wir+ is gr\nd$1 & ! live end br\ght out to ! /ation>y contact po9t ( ! int]ruptor4 ,! mov+ "p ( ! int]ruptor is pivot$ 9 ! c5t]1 & ! l[] end1 a poli%$ /eel knob1 be>s aga9/ ! face ( a disk t has f\r ribs runn+ f c5t] to edge4 ,:5 ! knob is on ! space betwe5 two ( ! ribs1 ! int]ruptor closes ! circuit1 b z ! disk revolves & a rib t\*es ! knob1 ! arm moves on its pivot1 & ! circuit is brok54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,wir+ ,,diagram1 ,,f\r-,,sp>k ,,magneto4 ,! gr\nd$ end ( ! second>y w9d+ is atta*$ to ! live end ( ! prim>y w9d+1 & its o!r t]m9al passes to a contact po9t c>ri$ on a h>d rubb] disk plac$ on ! revolv+ %aft imm$iately 9 front ( ! int]ruptor4 ,! diagram %[s a face view ( ?is di/ributor1 z well z a side view4 ,a r+-%ap$ plate is set on "o side ( ?is disk1 & is 9 connection ) a contact piece c>ri$ on ! edge ( ! disk4 ,a c>bon bru% to :i* ! live end ( ! second>y w9d+ is atta*$ is kept press$ aga9/ ! r+-%ap$ plate1 & ! second>y curr5t is ?us l$ to ! contact piece on ! edge ( ! disk4 ,z ! disk revolves ) ! %aft ( ! %ield ! contact piece comes into successive contact ) f\r c>bon bru%es1 :i* are connect$ to ! sp>k plugs4 ,:5 ! %ield is 9 su* a position t ! l9es ( =ce fl[ ?r\gh ! neck ( ! armature1 ! int]ruptor is clos$1 b :5 ! int5sity ( ! curr5t increases to ! maximum ! int]ruptor op5s1 break+ ! prim>y circuit1 & produc+ a rapid demagnetization ( ! armature core4 ,?is dy+ out ( ! field induces a p[]ful curr5t 9 ! second>y w9d+1 :i* is l$ by ! di/ributor to "o ( ! sp>k plugs1 :]e x jumps ! gap & returns to ! w9d+ by ! gr\nd connection4 ,,sett+ ,9 sett+ ! magneto ! fir+ ord] ( ! eng9e is not$1 z has be5 expla9$1 & ! magneto secur$ 9 position ) its ge> 9 me%1 b loose on ! %aft4 ,! cov] ov] ! space betwe5 ! pole pieces w be f\nd to be 9 ! =m ( a %all[ alum9um box1 :i* is held 9 position by a s+le screw ) a l>ge head1 & :5 ?is is remov$ ! /ation>y armature & revolv+ %ield w be expos$ to view4 ,"o ( ! pi/ons mu/ !n be br\ght into ! position x w take ) a fully advanc$ sp>k1 & ! %ield !n revolv$ until x is 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! nut secur+ ! ge> to ! %aft may !n be drawn up tight4 ,x w be notic$ t "o ( ! segm5ts ( ! %ield has a deep not* at ea* edge4 ,rememb]+ ! direction 9 :i* ! %ield w be driv51 ! not* at ! re> edge ( ! %ield w indicate ! position ( ! contact piece ( ! di/ributor :i* w !n be com+ into contact ) ! c>bon bru% ( "o ( ! /ation>y di/ributor contacts4 ,! sp>k plug ( ! cyl9d] t is 9 ! fir+ position %\ld be connect$ to ! bru% t ! not* indicates z mak+ contact1 & ! rema9+ sp>k plugs & bru%es connect$ accord+ to ! fir+ ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,tim+ ,,diagram1 ,,f\r-,,sp>k ,,magneto4 ,,c>e ,! prop] op]ation ( ! magneto requires ! free & p]fect action ( ! int]ruptor1 & ?is may be obs]v$ by means ( a brass slide t op]ates on ! arm or ! sp>k control lev]4 ,:5 ?is slide is rais$1 ! action ( ! int]ruptor may be wat*$4 ,l ! two-sp>k ,bos* magneto1 ! di/ance betwe5 ^! po9ts :5 ! disk sep>ates !m %\ld be "o sixty-f\r? ( an in*1 & contact %\ld be made & brok5 )\t undue sp>k+4 ,! cond5s] t w be f\nd 9 ! %all[ alum9um box cov]+ ! space betwe5 ! pole pieces prev5ts sp>k+ at ! int]rupt]1 & is ?r[n into circuit automatically :5 x is plac$ 9 position4 ,! f\r-sp>k magneto is provid$ ) a safety sp>k gap1 & :5 ! po9ts ( "o ( ! sp>k plugs are sep>at$ too f>1 or :5 !re is any int]ruption ( ! second>y circuit1 a sp>k w %[ !re4 ,sp>ks %\ld n be p]mitt$ to pass 9 ! safety gap = any consid]able p]iod1 z damage w be done1 & :5 !y indicate by _! pres5ce t some?+ is wrong1 ! tr\ble %\ld be locat$ & repair$ )\t delay4 ,! regulation & c>e ( ! f\r-sp>k magneto is ! same z has be5 describ$ = ! two-sp>k ma*9e4 ,,dual ,,ignition ,,sy/ems ,x has be5 ! cu/om to equip jump-sp>k eng9es ) two complete sy/ems ( ignition1 "o op]at$ by a magneto & ! o!r by coil & batt]y4 ,ea* sy/em has its own sp>k plugs1 tim+ device1 wir+1 etc41 ! two be+ connect$ only at ! swit*4 ,_m ( ^! duplicate p>ts h be5 elim9at$ by ! introduction ( dual ignition sy/ems1 & ! me*anism is correspond+ly simplifi$4 ,! ,bos* dual sy/em is a good example ( ! pr9ciples involv$1 & a diagram ( ! connections is %[n on ,fig4 #af4 ,! magneto us$ is ( ! usual two-sp>k type1 except t ! second>y curr5t1 in/ead ( be+ l$ f ! collect+ r+ direct to ! di/ribut]1 is tak5 to ! swit* t is locat$ 9 ! coil box on ! da%4 ,9 addition to ! regulation int]rupt] illu/rat$ on ,fig4 #aa1 ! magneto is provid$ ) a second int]rupt] or circuit break] t controls ! fl[ ( ! batt]y curr5t1 & takes ! place ( a tim]4 ,:ile ! magneto int]rupt] revolves ) ! armature1 & is op]at$ by /ation>y cams1 ! batt]y circuit break] is /ation>y1 & is op]at$ by a two-nose cam t revolves ) ! armature %aft4 ,! /ation>y & revolv+ cams are s set t ! int]rupt] & circuit break] break _! circuits at ! same in/ant4 ,! coil is conta9$ 9 a brass case on ! da%1 & 9 design & con/ruction is a duplicate ( ! magneto armature4 ,atta*$ to ! coil is a h&le t projects ?r\gh a slot 9 ! case1 by means ( :i* ! coil may be turn$ p>tly ar\nd 9 ! case4 ,! t]m9als ( ! coil w9d+s are atta*$ to metal knobs locat$ on ! "u side ( a fib] plate t =ms ! bottom ( ! coil1 & turn+ ! coil by ! h&le moves ^! knobs 9 & out ( contact ) correspond+ knobs on ! bottom ( ! case4 ,^! knobs =m ! swit* t cuts (f all curr5t1 or p]mits ! eng9e to be run on magneto or batt]y4 ,:5 ! swit* is 9 su* a position t ! magneto produces second>y curr5t1 ?is fl[s f t]m9al #c ( ! magneto to t]m9al #c ( ! swit*2 !nce by ! swit* connection to t]m9al #d & to ! second>y di/ribut]4 ,:5 ! batt]y is swit*$ 91 ! magneto prim>y is gr\nd$1 & second>y curr5t f ! coil fl[s ov] wire #d to ! second>y di/ribut]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,,bos* ,,jump-,,sp>k ,,dual ,,sy/em4 ,by press+ a button on top ( ! coil case1 a vibrator is cut into ! circuit to p]mit />t+ ! eng9e on ! sp>k4 ,:5 ! eng9e />ts ! button is releas$1 & ignition is produc$ by ! s+le sp>k t results f ! demagnetiz+ ( ! core t foll[s ! break+ ( ! batt]y circuit by ! circuit break]4 ,?r[+ ! swit* breaks ! batt]y circuit & cuts 9 ! magneto4 ,,inductor ,,magnetos ,9 types ( magnetos t h rec5tly be5 produc$1 ! w9d+ is /ation>y & surr\nds a mov+ core t is magnetiz$ & demagnetiz$ dur+ its revolution betwe5 ! poles ( ! field magnets4 ,! ,remy magneto is ( ?is type1 & ,fig4 #ag is a diagram ( ! revolv+ core1 or inductor1 ) ! coil surr\nd+ x4 ,z ! inductor revolves1 ! magnetism fl[s f "o pole ( ! field magnets into ! w+ ( ! inductor ne>e/ to x1 ?r\gh ! c5tral cyl9drical "p1 & by ! second w+ to ! o!r pole1 ! c5tral "p ( ! inductor !n be+ magnetiz$4 ,! magnetism ( ?is portion dies away :5 ! w+s are 9 su* a position t !y bridge across f "o pole to ! o!r1 b reappe>s :5 ! c5tral cyl9drical "p aga9 becomes ! only pa? by :i* ! magnetism may fl[4 ,! con/ant *anges 9 ! magnetic /r5g? ( ! c5tral "p affect ! coil1 & curr5ts are induc$ 9 x4 ,^! curr5ts1 :i* are ( l[ voltage1 are l$ to ! prim>y w9d+ ( a second>y induction coil simil> to t us$ 9 ! ,eisemann sy/em1 ! second>y curr5t fl[+ to ! plugs ?r\gh a di/ribut] locat$ on ! magneto4 ,9 ! ,remy sy/em1 ! int]rupt] does n %ort circuit ! magneto w9d+1 z is ! case ) ! ,eisemann1 b ! fl[ ( curr5t is f ! magneto w9d+ to ! gr\nd$ side ( ! int]rupt]1 to ! insulat$ screw1 to ! prim>y w9d+ ( ! coil1 & back to ! magneto4 ,! int]rupt] is clos$ & ! curr5t fl[s 9 ?is circuit :ile ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t is increas+1 b :5 ! curr5t is at a maximum ! int]rupt] breaks ! circuit1 ! core ( ! coil loses its magnetism1 & a second>y curr5t is induc$4 ,! curr5t rea*es a maximum twice 9 ea* revolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,remy ,,inductor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,,inductor ,,giv+ ,,six ,,waves4 ,9 o!r magnetos1 ! =m ( ! inductor is su* t six or m waves ( curr5t are produc$ dur+ ea* revolution4 ,an inductor ( ?is type is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,!re are six arms radiat+ f ! c5tral cyl9drical portion1 ?ree at ea* end1 & equally spac$4 ,! coil is usually made ( flat copp] ribbon in/ead ( wire1 & x surr\nds ! c5tral cyl9drical "p betwe5 ! two sets ( arms4 ,9 ! inductor %[n1 ! magnetism ( ! c5tral "p w *ange /r5g? six times to ea* revolution4 ,magnetos ( ?is type are us$ to replace batt]ies 9 jump sp>k sy/ems us+ vibrator coils4 ,!y are driv5 by belt1 or by friction aga9/ ! fly :eel1 & are giv5 a spe$ at lea/ ?ree times t ( ! crank %aft4 ,by ?is means ! waves ( curr5t foll[ "o ano!r at su* brief int]vals t ! fl[ is practically cont9u\s1 & x is !re=e unnecess>y to "t ! magneto to ! eng9e4 ,^! magnetos h no int]rupt]s1 & ! wir+ consi/s ( "o wire lead+ to ! swit* on ! coil box1 ! usual connections betwe5 ! coil box & tim]1 & a wire f ! second magneto t]m9al to gr\nd4 ,,magnetic ,,make-,,&-,,break ,,sy/em ,! flam+ sp>k produc$ by ! make-&-break sy/em has _m advantages = ignition ov] ! jump sp>k produc$ by ! high-t5sion sy/em1 b ^! are l>gely (fset by ! me*anical complication ( cams1 tappets1 spr+s1 etc4 ,a make-&-break sy/em 9 :i* ! ignit]s are op]at$ by magnetism has be5 p]fect$ by ! ,bos* company1 & is giv+ good results4 ,! magneto us$ is ( ! ord9>y l[-t5sion type1 equipp$ ) an int]rupt]1 :ile all ( ! ignit] p>ts are conta9$ 9 a plug t screws into ! cyl9d] wall l a jump-sp>k plug4 ,! plug is %[n 9 diagram 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! sleeve t screws into ! cyl9d] supports an iron core1 ! two be+ ?or\ghly insulat$ by blocks & wa%]s ( heat-pro( insulat+ mat]ial4 ,! upp] portion ( ! core has a flat side1 on :i* is =m$ a projection t s]ves z a pivot4 ,a hamm] b> is balanc$ on ?is pivot1 its long end pass+ ?r\gh ! plug & com+ into contact ) an anvil atta*$ to ! screw$ sleeve4 ,a long horse%oe-%ap$ spr+ holds ! two 9 light contact1 & ! hamm] b> !n =ms ! only pa? by :i* an electric curr5t may pass f ! core to ! screw$ sleeve & to ! eng9e gr\nd4 ,:5 ! hamm] b> is mov$ on its pivot ?is connection is brok54 ,surr\nd+ ! core is a coil consi/+ ( a few lay]s ( wire cov]$ ) heat-pro( insulation4 ,! upp] "p ( ! plug is incas$ 9 a light iron cas+ screw$ to ! core1 :i* completely incloses ! core1 hamm] b>1 spr+ & coil1 & 9 :i* !re is no op5+ t w\ld p]mit ! escape ( compression f ! combu/ion *amb]4 ,"o t]m9al ( ! coil is connect$ to ! b9d+ po/1 & ! o!r is gr\nd$ on ! iron cas+4 ,! curr5t g5]at$ 9 ! magneto passes to a di/ribut] & !nce to ! b9d+ po/ ( ! plug1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,x fl[s ?r\gh ! coil to ! core1 & !nce by ! hamm] b> to ! eng9e gr\nd & back to ! magneto4 ,z ! curr5t e/abli%es itself 9 ! coil1 ! core becomes magnetiz$1 & attracts to x ! flat end ( ! hamm] b>4 ,:5 ! hamm] b> moves on its pivot1 its connection ) ! anvil is brok51 & ?is break 9 ! circuit produces a flam+ sp>k t is 9 e way id5tical ) ! sp>k ( ! ord9>y me*anical make-&-break ignit]4 ,! cas+ t conta9s ! coil may be unscrew$ f ! core )\t di/urb+ ! screw$ sleeve1 & ?is makes x an easy matt] to give ! mov+ p>ts ! inspection & clean+ t !y %\ld receive e few weeks4 ,! sp>k occurs 9 ! plug at ! in/ant t ! int]rupt] op]ates1 & ! sett+ up ( ! sy/em is id5tical ) t ( ! high-t5sion magneto sy/ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,,magnetic ,,ignit]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,wir+ ,,diagram ,,( ,,magnetic ,,ignit] ,,sy/em4 ,a ,,h&y ,,te/+ ,,*>t99 ,,:at ,,to ,,d ,,:5 ,,! ,,eng9e ,,/ops ,arrang$ = ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican 7,copyright1 #aiji1 by ,munn ,co47 ,,effects ,,( ,,tr\ble ,eng9e ,te/ ,ignition & w c>buret]4 n ,sl[ crank+ or cold wea!r w int]f]e ) />t4 ! prop] =mation or ! mixture4 ,prime cyl9d]s ) gasol9e 9 cold wea!r to obta9 mixture = />t+4 ,to increase suction 9 c>buret]1 prev5t op]ation ( air-valve4 ,eng9e />ts1 b w n ,fuel does n fl[ freely to c>buret]4 cont9ue ,weak batt]y4 runn+4 ,explosions ,break 9 gr\nd wire1 batt]y cease connections1 swit* lead4 abruptly4 ,eng9e runs ,worn tim]4 well sl[ly1 ,weak batt]y4 b misses ,faulty vibrator adju/m5t4 :5 spe$$ ,faulty c>buret] adju/m5t4 up4 ,fuel does n fl[ freely to c>buret]4 ,eng9e w ,preignition4 n /op4 ,gl[+ c>bon or metal po9t 9 cyl9d]4 ,eng9e too hot 7see ,cool+ tr\ble74 ,eng9e does ,faulty sett+ ( valves4 n deliv] ,tight be>+s or brok5 balls4 full p[]4 ,indicat$ by excessive heat+4 ,back pressure4 ,f\l$ muffl]4 ,dragg+ brakes4 ,friction 9 transmission4 ,faulty c>buretion4 ,weak ignition4 ,weak compression4 ,ov]heat+4 ,slipp+ tim]4 ,loose half-"t %aft4 ,/ick+ air-valve4 ,irregul> ,int]mitt5t ob/ruction 9 spray nozzle4 miss4 ,/ick+ valve4 ,brok5 or weak valve-spr+4 ,loose connection4 ,%ort circuit4 ,eng9e noises4 ,knock+4 ,too mu* ret>d ( sp>k4 ,preignition4 ,worn be>+s4 ,loose or crack$ fly:eel4 ,hiss+4 ,brok5 pi/on r+s4 ,leak+ air inlet pipe or gasket4 8,popp+0 9 c>buret]4 ,leak+ inlet valve4 ,weak mixture4 ,excessive ret>d ( sp>k4 ,explosions weak5 & ,c>buret] or fuel tr\ble4 cease4 ,eng9e w ,weak magneto4 n run ,faulty c>buret] adju/m5t4 sl[ly4 ,/eady miss 9 "o or m cyl9d]s1 ,vibrator1 tim]1 second>y circuit4 7o!r cyl9d]s fir+ normally74 ,,ignition4 ,te/ prim>y circuit ,jump sp>k1 z describ$ = ) s+le sy/em us+ coils coil1 batt]y & tim]4 second>y ,second>y may di/ributor4 %ort circuit f ,f\l$ or worn di/ributor4 ,defective insulation4 ,,ignition4 ,to te/1 revolve crank-%aft ,jump sp>k1 twice1 li/5+ ) batt]y1 = vibrators4 tim] & coils4 ,,te/ #a4 ,alt]nate te/1 prime cyl9d]s ) a few drops ( gasol9e1 close relief cocks1 & crank4 ,explosions %[ ignition to be ,o4 ,k4 ,all vibrators s\nd normal1 prim>y circuits ,o4 ,k4 unless tim] has slipp$ on %aft4 ,vibrator %\ld beg9 to op]ate z a pi/on gets to top c5t] ( compression1 ) sp>k lev] ret>d$4 ,"o or m vibrators s\nd normal1 ,to te/ coils1 %ort %[+ t circuit ! tim] batt]y connections1 by mak+ contact lead & betwe5 prim>y gr\nd wires1 & t]m9al ( batt]y are ,o4 ,k4 coil & gr\nd4 ,vibrator normal1 coil is ,o4 ,k41 look = ,int]ruption 9 tim] circuit4 ,blade moves1 b w n vibrate4 ,punctur$ cond5s] 7#a74 ,%ort circuit at vibrator4 ,vibrator does n op]ate4 ,faulty adju/m5t4 ,too /iff4 ,w op]ate only ) /rong batt]y4 ,excessive sp>k+ at vibrator1 & batt]y exhau/s rapidly4 ,too weak4 ,feeble second>y sp>k2 misfir+ ) slightly corrod$ contacts4 ,contacts corrod$4 ,contacts /uck4 ,vibrators d n op]ate4 ,op5 swit*2 vibrator tr\ble4 ,tr\ble 9 batt]y or 9 prim>y circuit4 ,to te/1 make mom5t>y contact f swit* t]m9al to gr\nd4 ,bright sp>k1 batt]y lead & gr\nd wire ,o4 ,k4 ,weak or no sp>k4 ,break 9 batt]y connections1 lead or gr\nd wire4 ,batt]y exhau/$ or dry cells pol>iz$4 ,to te/ second>y1 disconnect sp>k plug leads1 support !m in* f eng9e gr\nd & crank4 ,good sp>k1 ,o4 ,k4 ,weak sp>k4 ,no sp>k4 ,vibrator tr\ble4 ,plug %ort circuit$1 f\l$1 oily4 ,po9ts too f> ap>t--%\ld be #a_/cb in*4 ,%ort circuit 9 second>y4 ,brok5 cond5s] connection 7#a74 ,%[n by brilliant sp>k+ at vibrator4 ,explosions4 ,ignition ,o4,k4 unless ,,ignition4 ,magneto is out ( "t & ignit]s incorrectly adju/$4 ,make & break1 ,%\ld break circuit at top c5t] ) l[ ( compression :5 sp>k is ret>d$4 t5sion magneto4 ,no explosions4 ,%ort circuit4 ,use ,te/ #a1 ,insulat$ bridge on magneto4 crank+ ,swit* or swit* lead4 briskly4 ,bus-b> or bus-b> lead4 ,ignit] insulator brok54 ,ignit] /uck clos$4 ,brok5 spr+4 ,tappet /uck 9 guide4 ,to te/ op]ate by h&4 ,op5 circuit4 ,magneto brok5 d[n4 ,to te/ magneto1 disconnect magneto lead f bus-b> & hold free end 9 b>e f+]s1 or ,,te/ #b4 ,hold free end aga9/ tee? ( metal ge> & crank briskly4 ,%ock or sp>k4 ,magneto ,o4 ,k4 ,no %ock or sp>k4 ,f\l$ collect+ bru%4 ,armature burn$ out #a4 ,fields demagnetiz$ #a4 ,to te/1 unme% ge>1 revolve armature by h&4 ,if fields are ,o4 ,k41 armature %\ld turn p]ceptibly h>d twice 9 ea* revolution4 ,,c>buret]4 ,mixture ignites4 ,prov+ t c>buret] is do+ its duty4 ,to te/1 hold ,mixture does n ignite4 ,op]ate prim] to flood light$ mat* float *amb]4 ov] op5 relief ,gasol9e drips f spray nozzle4 cocks :ile ,mixture too ri*4 eng9e is ,insuffici5t air4 crank$ briskly4 ,faulty adju/m5t ( air valve4 ,clogg$ inlet pipe4 ,du/ on inlet pipe scre54 ,leak+ float valve4 ,float too heavy4 ,soggy 7if ( cork7 7#b74 ,punctur$ 7if ( metal7 7#c74 ,faulty adju/m5t ( float4 ,mixture too poor4 ,too mu* air4 ,wat] 9 gasol9e4 ,faulty adju/m5t ( air-valve4 ,leaks 9 inlet pipe4 ,faulty adju/m5t ( float4 ,no drip f spray nozzle4 ,clogg$ spray nozzle4 ,clogg$ float valve4 ,clogg$ fuel fe$4 ,no gasol9e4 ,empty tank4 ,clos$ supply cock4 ,,ignition4 ,proce$ z 9 ,te/ #a1 crank+ briskly4 ,explosions4 ,jump sp>k ) ,ignition ,o4 ,k4 unless magneto is out ( "t4 l[ t5sion ,%\ld be reset4 magneto & coil ,sp>ks 9 safety sp>k gap4 7,eisemann1 ,remy1 ,int]ruption 9 second>y circuit4 ,splitdorf1 etc47 ,too wide a gap at plugs 7%\ld be f #a_/fd to #a_/cb in*74 ,no explosions4 ,prim>y circuit op54 ,prim>y %ort circuit4 ,magneto brok5 d[n4 ,to te/ magneto1 disconnect prim>y lead to coil & proce$ z 9 te/ #b4 ,%ock 7or sp>k71 magneto ,o4 ,k4 ,no %ock 7or sp>k74 ,int]rupt] %ort circuit$1 wet or oily4 ,field demagnetiz$ 7#a74 ,cond5s] brok5 d[n 7%[n by brilliant sp>k at int]rupt]7 7#a74 ,coil brok5 d[n4 ,to te/ prim>y w9d+ ( coil disconnect gr\nd wire & proce$ z 9 second "p ( te/ #b4 ,sp>k1 w9d+ ,o4 ,k4 ,no sp>k4 ,w9d+ brok5 7#a7 d[n or %ort or op5 circuit$4 ,to te/ second>y w9d+ ( coil1 disconnect sp>k plug leads f magneto & crank briskly1 wat*+ = sp>ks at safety sp>k gap4 ,sp>ks1 look = ,plugs %ort circuit$4 ,f\l$4 ,insulation brok5 d[n4 ,fus$ metal bead at po9ts4 ,second>y %ort circuit 7#a74 ,leads %ort circuit$4 ,gr\nd circuit op54 ,no sp>ks1 w9d+ brok5 d[n4 ,,ignition4 ,proce$ z 9 ,te/ #a1 crank+ briskly4 ,explosions4 ,high t5sion ,ignition ,o4 ,k4 unless magneto is out ( "t4 magneto 7,bos*1 ,%\ld be reset4 ,u4 ,h4 ,laco/e1 ,sp>ks 9 safety sp>k gap4 ,)]bee1 etc47 ,break 9 second>y circuit4 ,too wide a gap at plugs 7%\ld be f #a_/fd to #a_/cb in*74 ,no explosions4 ,to te/ magneto1 disconnect sp>k plug leads f di/ributor & crank briskly1 wat*+ = sp>ks at safety sp>k gap4 ,sp>ks4 ,magneto ,o4 ,k4 ,look = %ort circuits 9 ,sp>k plugs4 ,f\l$4 ,insulation brok5 d[n4 ,bead ( fus$ metal betwe5 po9ts4 ,swit* lead4 ,swit*4 ,no sp>ks4 ,corrod$ int]rupt] contacts4 ,int]rupt] /uck4 ,armature burn$ out 7#a74 ,cond5s] brok5 d[n 7#a74 ,field demagnetiz$ 7#a74 ,,fuel ,,fe$ ,to te/1 op5 dra9 cock at c>buret]4 ,,sy/em4 ,gasol9e fl[s4 ,sy/em is ,o4 ,k4 ,gasol9e does n fl[4 ,gravity fe$4 ,clogg$ v5t hole 9 fill+ cap4 ,clogg$ pip+ 7#d74 ,pressure fe$4 ,suffici5t pressure 9 tank4 ,clogg$ pip+ 7#d74 ,insuffici5t pressure 9 tank4 ,leak+ tank or pip+4 ,leak+ fill+ cap4 ,/uck relief valve4 ,to te/1 crank eng9e sl[ly1 not+ resi/ance1 :i* %\ld be ! same 9 all cyl9d]s4 ,,compression4 7,d n confuse con/ant me*anical resi/ance ) int]mitt5t resi/ance ( compression74 ,inject oil into faulty cyl9d]4 ,improv$ compression indicates ,/uck pi/on r+s4 ,d\se cyl9d] ) k]os5e & alcohol & to cut c>bon4 ,worn or scor$ pi/on r+s4 ,scor$ cyl9d] walls4 ,no improvem5t 9 compression indicates ,worn or pitt$ valves4 ,leak+ sp>k plug1 ignit] plate1 relief cock1 etc4 ,te/ by runn+ oil ar\nd ^! & crank+4 ,leak indicat$ by bubbles4 ,pi/on r+ splits 9 l9e4 ,brok5 pi/on r+s4 ,crank case w be abnormally w>m4 ,crack$ walls or head4 ,indicat$ by wat] 9 cyl9d]4 ,/ick+ valves4 ,insuffici5t space betwe5 valve /em & pu% rod4 ,radiator %\ld heat ev5ly %ortly ,,cool+4 aft] eng9e is />t$4 ,radiator does n heat4 7,wat]47 ,clogg$ circulation sy/em4 ,empty tank4 ,clogg$ pip+4 ,defective pump4 ,te/ by op5+ pet cocks4 ,radiator /eams4 ,failure ( lubrication4 ,indicat$ by groans f cyl9d]s affect$4 ,supply %\ld be j suffici5t to produce fa9t :iff ( blue smoke at exhau/4 ,defect 9 circulation4 ,too mu* runn+ on ret>d$ sp>k or on l[ spe$4 ,slipp+ fan drive4 99 ,x is tak5 = grant$ t ! eng9e is capable ( runn+ prop]ly1 t ! tanks are fill$1 & t ! swit* is correctly ?r[n4 #a ,return to mak]s = repair4 #b ,dry 9 ov51 & coat ) %ellac4 #c ,plunge 9 hot wat] to expel gasol9e & to locate leak4 ,repair ) sold]4 #d ,may be cle>$ ) bla/ f foot pump4 ,,index ,adju/+ screw = vibrator1 #ajc4 ,advance ( ignition1 #ac4 ,advanc+ ignition by mov+ tim]1 #aja4 too f>1 #ac4 ,air cool+1 #cd4 requisites =1 #ce4 ,air inlet1 auxili>y1 adju/m5t (1 #bca4 ,air intake tr\ble1 #aig4 ,amp]es1 #gg4 ,antifreez+ mixture1 #bjj4 ,antiskid devices1 use (1 #agd4 ,armature ( g5]ator1 #hh1 #bef4 ,assembl+ spr+s1 #bbi4 ,automatic c>buretor1 #eh4 ,automatic valve1 #be4 action (1 #bf4 adju/m5t (1 #bcc4 spr+ (1 #bg4 ,auxili>y air1 necessity =1 #ef4 ,auxili>y air inlet1 action (1 #eg4 adju/m5t (1 #bca4 ,axle1 dead re>1 #aeb4 live re>1 #adf4 necessity = fix$ front1 #afb4 re>1 float+1 #adh4 sprung1 effect (1 #adh4 ,back pressure1 #ah4 ,backfir+1 causes (1 #bah4 ,balance ( eng9es1 #cg4 ,b& brake1 #afg4 ,batt]y1 causes ( tr\ble 91 #ahb4 cross-connect$1 #ahb4 ne>ly exhau/$1 #ahc4 recup]ation (1 #ahc4 weak1 effect (1 #bac4 ,batt]y connections1 #hd4 ,be>+s1 tight1 effect (1 #baj4 tight1 te/+ =1 #bba4 ,bevel ge>s1 necessity =1 #adb4 ,bos* magnetos1 #cja1 #cjh1 #cag1 #cbc4 ,brake1 motor z1 #agj4 ,brake equaliz]1 #agb4 ,brakes1 #afg4 em]g5cy & runn+1 #afi4 tight1 effect (1 #baj4 te/+ =1 #bba4 ,brok5 wire1 #aha4 ,bus b>1 #bjd4 ,cam1 #bf4 action (1 #bf4 p>ts (1 #bf4 worn1 effect (1 #bce4 ,cam %aft1 #bh4 ,c>bon deposit f burn$ oil1 #ca4 ,c>buretion1 #eb4 ,c>buretor1 action (1 #ee4 adju/m5t (1 #bca4 automatic1 #eh4 clean+ (1 #aif4 dirt & wat] 91 #aie4 effect ( v>y+ spe$ on1 #ef4 float fe$1 #ec4 flood+ (1 #aie4 me*anically controll$1 #eh4 necessity =1 #ec4 necessity = auxili>y air 91 #ef4 p>ts (1 #ec4 pr9ciple (1 #ec4 surface1 #fd4 te/+ (1 #bjg4 tr\ble 91 causes (1 #aie4 types (1 #eh4 ) c5tral mix+ *amb]1 #fa4 ) side mix+ *amb]1 #fj4 ,c>buretor adju/m5ts1 #eh4 ,*a9s1 c>e (1 #bbe4 clean+ & lubricat+ (1 #bbe4 driv+1 adju/+ (1 #bbe4 ,*ange spe$ me*anism1 friction type (1 #ada4 individual clut* type (1 #ach4 necessity =1 #aai4 planet>y type (1 #acb4 slid+ ge> type (1 #abj4 ,*ang+ ge>1 pr9ciple (1 #abe4 ,*>g+ ( /orage batt]y1 #hb4 ,*eck & relief valves1 #gb4 ,*emical g5]ators1 #hj4 ,circuit break]1 magneto1 #bhf4 ,circuit1 jump sp>k sy/em1 #ajh4 prim>y1 te/+ (1 #bjf4 prim>y & second>y1 #aji4 p>ts (1 #ig4 second>y1 te/+ (1 #bab4 ,circulation1 failures (1 #aii4 ,circulation connections1 tr\bles (1 #aii4 ,circulation ( wat]1 =c$ & gravity1 #cb4 ,classes ( gasol9e eng9es1 #e4 ,clean+1 use ( k]os5e =1 #bbd4 ,clean+ c>buretor1 #aif4 *a9s1 #bbe4 combu/ion space1 #bbc4 crank case1 #bbd4 diff]5tial1 #bbd4 ge> case1 #bbd4 lubricator pipes1 #bjb4 sp>k plug1 #ahg4 tires1 #bbb4 ,cle>ance1 #ag4 ,clos+ ( exhau/ valve1 #ag4 ( inlet valve1 #h4 ,clut*1 action (1 #aac4 friction cone1 #aac4 int]nal exp&+1 #aah4 multiple disk1 #aad4 p>ts (1 #aaf4 necessity =1 #aab4 rev]s$ friction cone1 #aad4 slipp+ (1 effect (1 #baj4 )draw+ (1 :5 *ang+ ge>1 #aac4 ,coil tr\ble1 causes (1 #ahf4 ,coils1 mat*+ (1 to cyl9d]s1 #bcj4 te/+ (1 #bjf4 ,cold1 effect (1 on />t+ eng9e1 #bji4 ,combu/ion1 pressure f1 #d4 ,combu/ion & explosion1 #d4 ,combu/ion space1 #h4 c>boniz$1 effect (1 #bae4 clean+ (1 #bbc4 ,commutator1 #ig4 ,comp5sat+ ge> 7see ,diff]5tial74 ,compression1 dur+ exhau/ /roke1 #af4 effect (1 #aj4 on sp>k1 #ahh4 necessity =1 #aj4 ,compression leaks1 #aig4 te/+ =1 #baa4 ,compression limit1 #ad4 ,compression tr\ble1 causes (1 #aig4 ,compression-combu/ion /roke1 #h4 ,cond5s]1 action (1 #aji4 ,conductors & insulators1 #gf4 ,cone clut*1 friction1 #aac4 ,connect+ rod1 #bc4 ,connections1 batt]y1 #hd4 loose1 effect (1 #bab1 #bac4 mak+1 #ahj4 ( second>y di/ribut]1 #aaa4 ,con/ruction ( bevel ge> diff]5tial1 #aec4 ( prim>y induction coil1 #ic4 ( second>y induction coil1 #if4 ( sp>k plug1 #ajg4 ( spur ge> diff]5tial1 #aeg4 ( swit*1 #hi4 ,contract+ brake1 #afg4 ,control ( /e]+1 #afd4 ,cool]s1 #cb4 ,cool+1 air1 #cd4 requisites =1 #ce4 failure 91 effect (1 #bae4 wat]1 #ca4 ,cool+ cyl9d]1 necessity =1 #cj4 ,cool+ sy/em freez+1 #bjj4 ,cool+ sy/ems1 #ca4 ,cool+ tr\ble1 causes (1 #aii4 ,cool+ wat]1 fl[ (1 #ca4 ,corrosion1 effect (1 #aha4 ,crank case1 clean+ (1 #bbd4 dep? ( oil 91 #bbd4 ,crank p91 #bc4 ,crank %aft1 #bj4 f\r-cyl9d] eng9e1 #dc4 #ahj-1 effect (1 #ci4 #cfj-1 effect (1 #da4 ,crank %aft po9ts1 #bb4 ,crank %aft ?r[s1 #ch4 ,cranks1 relative positions (1 #bb4 ,curr5t1 fl[ (1 #ge4 induc$1 #id4 second>y1 #ig4 ,cycle1 #d4 ev5ts (1 #f4 /rokes (1 #f4 ,cyl9d]1 #be4 faulty1 te/+ =1 #bab4 mat*+ coils1 to1 #bcj4 necessity = cool+1 #cj4 ,cyl9d] head1 #e4 ,defects ( surface c>buretors1 #fd4 ,deposit f burn$ oil1 #ca4 ,diff]5tial1 bevel ge>1 con/ruction (1 #aec4 clean+ (1 #bbd4 location (1 #aeh4 necessity =1 #aeb4 op]ation (1 #afe4 spur ge>1 con/ruction (1 #aeg4 ,direct drive1 #abd4 ,disk1 valve1 #be4 ,disk clut*1 #aad4 ,di/ance rods1 necessity =1 #agf4 ,di/ribut]1 causes ( tr\ble 91 #aib4 second>y1 #aaj4 ,d\ble-act+ brake1 #afg4 ,d\ble-*a9 drive1 #aej4 ,d\ble-oppos$ eng9e1 #ch4 ,drag l9k1 #afb4 b5t1 effect (1 #bbh4 ,drive1 d\ble *a91 #aej4 driv+ %aft1 #add4 f9al1 #adb4 propell] or driv+ %aft1 #add4 s+le *a91 #adb4 ,drives1 advantages ( diff]5t types (1 #aeh4 ,driv+ *a9s1 adju/+ (1 #bbe4 ,driv+ ge> ratios1 #aei4 ,dry cells1 #hj4 voltage (1 #ha4 ,dynamo1 action (1 #hh4 ,eisemann sy/em1 #bhc et seq4 ,electric curr5t1 g5]ation (1 by magnetism1 #hg1 #bed4 production (1 #hj4 ,electrical measurem5ts1 #gg4 ,electrolyte1 #hb4 ,electro-magnet1 #hg1 #bec4 ,em]g5cy brake1 #afi4 ,eng9e1 c>e (1 #bbc4 di/9ction betwe5 two-cycle & f\r-cycle1 #e4 effect ( cold on />t+1 #bji4 failure (1 to deliv] full p[]1 #bji4 to />t1 #bjh4 f\r-cycle1 #e4 miss+ (1 at high spe$1 #bac4 p>ts (1 #bj4 />t+1 !n /opp+ (1 #bad4 /opp+ (1 #baf4 tim+ (1 #bcb4 two-cycle1 #dg4 two-cycle1 action (1 #di4 vibration (1 #cg4 ,eng9e z a brake1 #agj4 ,eng9e balance1 #cg4 f\r-cyl9d]1 #da1 #dc4 ,h4 ,d4 ,o41 #ch4 ?ree- & six-cyl9d]1 #dd4 two-cyl9d]1 #ch4 ,eng9e types1 advantages & disadvantages (1 #de4 ,epicyclic ge>s 7see ,planet>y74 ,equaliz]1 brake1 #agb4 ,ev5ts ( cycle1 #f4 ,exhau/ /roke1 #af4 compression dur+1 #af4 ,exhau/ valve1 clos+ (1 #ag4 op5+ (1 #ae4 ,exp&+ brake1 #afg4 ,exp&+ clut*1 #aah4 ,explosion & combu/ion1 #d4 ,explosions1 miss+1 #baa4 weak1 #baj4 ,field1 magnetic1 #hh1 #bea4 ( g5]ator1 #hh4 ,f9al drive1 #adb4 ,fir+ ord]1 #dd4 ,float1 punctur$1 #aif4 ,float & float *amb]1 c>buretor1 #ec4 ,float fe$ c>buretor1 #ec4 ,float+ re> axle1 #adh4 ,fl[ ( cool+ wat]1 #ca4 ( curr5t1 #ge4 ( electricity1 def9ition (1 #gi4 ,fly :eel1 necessity =1 #h4 vibration absorb$ by1 #cg4 weight (1 #db4 ,=ce circulation ( wat]1 #cb4 ,f\l$ sp>k plug1 causes (1 #ahg4 ,f\r-cycle eng9e1 #e4 ,f\r-cyl9d] eng9e balance1 #dc4 ,f\r-cyl9d] eng9e crank %aft1 #dc4 ,f\r-cyl9d] eng9es1 #dc4 ,freez+ ( wat]1 #bjj4 ,friction transmission1 #ada4 ,gases1 prop]ties (1 #a4 ,gasol9e1 dirt & wat] 91 #aic4 sep>at+ wat] f1 #aic4 spray+1 necessity =1 #eg4 ,gasol9e eng9e1 action (1 #d4 classes (1 #e4 functions ( 7see ,cycle74 n self-/>t+1 #ah4 p[] (1 #ah4 )\t res]ve p[]1 #ai4 ,gasol9e fe$ pipe tr\ble1 causes (1 #aie4 ,gasol9e fe$s1 gravity & pressure1 #ff4 ,gasol9e l9e1 trap on1 #gc4 ,gasol9e /ra9]1 #gc4 ,gasol9e tr\ble1 causes (1 #aic4 ,gasol9e vapor1 #eb4 ,ge> case1 clean+ (1 #bbd4 ,ge>s1 two-to-"o1 #bh4 ,g5]ator field & armature1 #hh4 ,g5]ator t]m9als or poles1 #ge4 ,g5]ators ( electric curr5t1 #ha4 ,gov]nor-controll$ c>buretor1 #fb4 ,gravity fe$ ( gasol9e1 #ff4 ,gravity sy/em ( wat] cool+1 #cd4 ,gr9d+ valves1 #bbf4 ,gr\nd+ ! return1 #gi4 ! second>y circuit1 #ajh4 ! tim]1 #aja4 ,gudgeon p9 7see ,wri/ ,p974 ,half "t %aft1 #bh4 ,heat1 #a4 excessive1 result (1 #cj4 losses1 #ae4 produc$ ?r\gh resi/ance1 #gg4 ,horizontal d\ble-oppos$ eng9e1 #ch4 ,hydromet]1 #hc4 ,ignit]1 #ia1 #bfh4 adju/m5t (1 #bgf4 magnetic1 #cbc4 ,ignit] be>+1 #aij4 ,ignit] contacts1 #aij4 ,ignit] po9ts1 sett+1 #ahi1 #bgf4 ,ignit] tappet1 #ib4 spr+ (1 /r5g? (1 #aij4 ,ignit] tr\ble1 causes (1 #ahi4 ,ignition1 affect$ by improp] mixture1 #ab4 affect$ by spe$1 #ab4 necessity =1 #h4 necessity = e>ly1 #aa4 spe$ controll$ by1 #ad4 too f> advanc$1 #ac4 too f> ret>d$1 #ac4 ,ignition advance1 #ac4 ,ignition lead 7see ,necessity = ,e>ly ,ignition74 ,ignition ret>d1 #ac4 ,ignition sy/em1 p>ts (1 #ge4 purpose (1 #gd4 ,ignition sy/ems1 #ia4 ,ignition te/+1 #bjc4 ,ignition tim+1 #aib4 ,ignition tr\ble1 causes (1 #agi4 ,ignition wir+1 #bcf4 ,imp]fect combu/ion ( mixture1 #aj4 ,improp] mixture1 ignition affect$ by1 #ab4 ,individual clut*1 #ach4 ,induc$ curr5t1 #id1 #bed4 ,induction & magnetism1 #ic1 #bed4 ,inductor magnetos1 #cai4 ,inflation ( tires1 #agc4 ,inlet pipe1 #ec4 ,inlet /roke1 #h4 ,inlet valve1 clos+ (1 #h4 ,inspection ( c>1 #bbj4 ,insulators1 #gf4 ,int]rupt] po9ts1 smoo?+1 #bie4 ,irrev]sible /e]+ me*anism1 #afe4 ,jack %aft1 #aeb4 ,jackets1 wat]1 #ca4 ,jo9ts univ]sal1 necessity =1 #add4 ,jump sp>k sy/em1 action (1 #if4 circuit (1 #ajh4 ,jump sp>k tr\ble1 location (1 #bje4 ,jump sp>k wir+1 #bch4 ,k]os5e1 use (1 = clean+1 #bbd4 ,knocks1 #bag4 ,lead & return wires1 #gh4 ,leaks ( compression1 #aig4 ,limit ( compression1 #ad4 ,l9es ( =ce1 magnetic1 #hg1 #bea4 ,live re> axle1 #adf4 ,losses ( heat1 #ae4 ,l[ t5sion sy/em1 action (1 #ia1 #bgj4 ,lubrication1 #cd1 #ce4 ( *a9s1 #bbe4 ( spr+s1 #bbi4 ,lubrication sy/ems1 #cf4 ,lubrication table1 #bdd4 ,lubrication tr\bles1 #bja4 ,lubricator failure1 effect (1 #bae4 ,lubricator pipes1 clean+ (1 #bjb4 ,magnetic field1 #hh1 #bea4 ,magnetic l9es ( =ce1 #hg4 ,magnetic make-&-break sy/em1 #cbc4 ,magnetic vibrator1 #ajc4 ,magnetism1 #hf1 #bde4 electric curr5t g5]at$ by1 #hg4 te/ =1 #bfe4 ,magnetism & induction1 #ic1 #bed4 ,magneto1 action (1 #hh1 #ie4 classification1 #bfa4 drives1 #bfc4 dual sy/ems1 #cjj1 #caf4 effect ( *ang+ spe$1 #bfb4 ,eisemann1 c>e (1 #bid4 high t5sion1 f\r sp>k1 #cjh4 int]rupt]1 #bhf4 l[ t5sion1 ignition by1 #beh4 wir+ (1 #bgb4 ) second>y coil1 #bhc4 p>ts1 #bef4 pres]v+ magnetism (1 #bff4 pr9ciples1 #bee et seq4 remov+ armature (1 #ahc1 #bff4 ,remy1 #cbj4 ret5tion ( magnetism (1 #ahd1 #bff4 safety sp>k gap1 #bhi4 />t+ eng9e )1 #bfc4 te/+1 #bfd4 ,magneto sett+1 #ahe1 #bgd1 #cjf4 ,magneto tr\bles1 causes (1 #ahc1 #bfd4 ,magnetos1 ,bos*1 #cja1 #cjh1 #cag1 #cbc4 high t5sion1 c>e (1 #cje4 pr9ciples (1 #big4 sett+1 #cjc4 high t5sion1 tr\bles (1 #cjf4 inductor type1 #cai4 magnetic make-&-break1 #cbc4 ,magnets1 p]man5t & electro-1 #hg1 #bdi1 #bec4 ,ma9t5ance & con/ruction1 #bbj4 ,make-&-break ignition1 action (1 #ia1 #bgj4 ,make-&-break tr\ble1 location (1 #bjf4 ,make-&-break wir+1 #bdj4 ,measurem5ts1 electrical1 #gg4 ,me*anical g5]ator1 action (1 #hf4 c>e (1 #hh1 #hi4 ,me*anical vibrator1 #ajc4 ,me*anically-controll$ c>buretor1 #eh4 con/ruction (1 #fb4 ,me*anically op]at$ valve1 action (1 #bf4 ,mix+ *amb]1 c>buretor1 #ec4 c5tral1 #fj4 side1 #fj4 ,mixture1 imp]fect combu/ion (1 #aj4 ,muffl]1 necessity =1 #cj4 ,muffl] explosions1 causes (1 #bai4 ,multiple connection ( batt]y1 #he4 ,multiple disk clut*1 #aad4 p>ts (1 #aaf4 ,necessity = auxili>y air 9 c>buretor1 #ef4 = bevel ge>s1 #adb4 = c>buretor1 #ec4 = *ange-spe$ me*anism1 #aai4 = clut*1 #aab4 = compression1 #aj4 = cool+ cyl9d]1 #cj4 = diff]5tial1 #aeb4 = di/ance or radius rods1 #agf4 = e>ly ignition1 #aa4 = fix$-front axle1 #afb4 = fly :eel1 #h4 = ignition1 #h4 = muffl]1 #cj4 = spray+ ! gasol9e1 #eg4 = swit*1 #hi4 = tim]1 #ih4 = torsion rod1 #adh4 = univ]sal jo9ts1 #add4 = valves1 #h4 = vibrator1 #ajb4 = )draw+ clut* :5 *ang+ ge>1 #acj4 ,negative pole1 #gf4 ,noises1 #bag4 ,nonconductors1 #gf4 ,ohms1 #gh4 ,oil1 burn$1 deposit f1 #ca4 dep? (1 9 crank case1 #bbd4 ,op5+ ( exhau/ valve1 #ae4 ,op]ation ( diff]5tial1 #aee4 ,ov]heat+1 #bae4 ,ov]heat+1 causes (1 #aii4 w>n+ (1 #baf4 ,p>allel connection ( batt]y1 #he4 ,p>ts ( eng9e1 #bj4 ( cam1 #bf4 ( c>buretor1 #ec4 ( ignition sy/em1 #ge4 ( magneto1 #bef4 ( multiple disk clut*1 #aaf4 ( prim>y circuit1 #ig4 ( second>y circuit1 #ig4 ,p]man5t magnet1 #hg4 ,pi/on1 #bc4 /uck1 #baf4 ,pi/on p9 7see ,wri/ ,p974 ,pi/on r+s1 #bd4 c>e (1 #bbc4 sett+ (1 #aih4 tr\ble (1 #aih4 ,planet>y ge> action1 #acf4 ,planet>y type ( *ange-spe$ me*anism1 #acb4 ,po9ts1 crank %aft1 #bb4 ,poles1 positive & negative1 #gf4 ,poles ( g5]ator1 #ge4 ,ports ( two-cycle eng9e1 #dg4 ,positive pole1 #gf4 ,p[] ( gasol9e eng9e1 #ah4 ( /eam eng9e1 #ah4 ,p[] /roke1 #ae4 ,preignition1 causes (1 #bae4 ,pressure circulation ( wat]1 #cb4 ,pressure fe$ ( gasol9e1 #ff4 ,pressure f combu/ion1 #d4 ,prim>y circuit1 #aji4 p>ts (1 #ig4 te/+ (1 #bjf4 ,prim>y g5]ators1 #hj4 ,prim>y induction coil1 use (1 #ic4 ,production ( electric curr5t1 #hj4 ,progressive type slid+ ge>1 #aba4 ,propell]-%aft drive1 #add4 ,prop]ties ( gases1 #a4 ,protection ( tires1 #bbb4 ,pumps1 wat]1 #cb4 ,purpose ( ignition sy/em1 #gd4 ,pu% rod1 #bh4 ,radiators1 #cb4 ,radius rods1 necessity =1 #agf4 ,ratios1 driv+ ge>1 #aei4 ,re> axle1 dead1 #aeb4 ,reason = skidd+1 #agd4 ,recup]ation ( batt]y1 #ahc4 ,relative positions ( cranks1 #bb4 ,remy magneto1 #cbj4 ,r5ew+ vibrator contacts1 #ahf4 ,replac+ valve spr+s1 #bbg4 ,requisites = air cool+1 #ce4 ,resi/ance1 #gf4 heat produc$ by1 #gg4 ,ret>d ( ignition1 #ac4 too f>1 #ac4 ,return1 gr\nd+ !1 #gi4 ,return wire1 #gh4 ,rev]se1 action (1 #abe4 ,rev]sible /e]+ me*anism1 #afd4 ,revolution & /roke1 #e4 ,r+s1 pi/on1 #bd4 ,rod1 radius1 necessity =1 #agf4 torsion1 necessity =1 #adh4 valve lift]1 #bh4 ,runn+ brake1 #afi4 ,runn+ ge>1 #afa4 ,seat1 valve1 #be4 ,second>y cells1 #hj4 ,second>y circuit1 #aji4 gr\nd+ (1 #ajh4 p>ts (1 #ig4 te/+ (1 #bab4 ,second>y curr5t1 #ig4 ,second>y di/ribut]1 #aaj1 #bhg4 causes ( tr\ble 91 #aib4 ,second>y induction coil1 use (1 #if4 ,second>y %aft1 #bh4 ,selective type1 advantages (1 #abi4 ( slid+ ge>1 #abf4 ,s]ies connection ( batt]y1 #he4 ,sett+ ignit] po9ts1 #ahi4 ,sett+ magneto1 #ahe4 ,sett+ pi/on r+s1 #aih4 ,%aft1 cam1 #bh4 jack1 #aeb4 ,%ock absorb]s1 #agf4 ,%ort circuit1 def9ition (1 #gi4 causes (1 #ahg4 ,side *a9 drive1 #aej4 ,sil5c]1 #cj4 ,s+le-act+ brake1 #afg4 ,s+le *a9 drive1 #adb4 ,six-cyl9d] eng9e balance1 #dd4 ,skidd+1 reason =1 #agd4 ,slid+ ge>1 action (1 #abj4 progressive type (1 #aba4 selective type (1 #abf4 ,sp>k1 effect ( compression on1 #ahh4 ,sp>k gap1 size (1 #ahh4 ,sp>k plug1 #ajf4 clean+ (1 #ahi4 di/ance betwe5 po9ts (1 #ahh4 f\l$1 effect (1 #bab4 tr\ble 91 causes (1 #ahg4 ,sp>k+ 9 tim]1 #ajh4 ,spe$1 control (1 by ignition1 #ad4 effect ( v>y+1 on c>buretor1 #ef4 excessive1 results (1 #ai4 ignition affect$ by1 #ab4 ,spray nozzle1 c>buretor1 #ee4 ,spray+ gasol9e1 necessity =1 #eg4 ,spr+s1 assembl+1 #bbi4 automatic valve1 #bg4 c>e (1 #bbh4 lubrication (1 #bbi4 vehicle1 action (1 #age4 ,/eam eng9e1 action (1 #b4 p[] (1 #ah4 ,/e]+1 #afa4 control (1 #afd4 pr9ciple (1 #afc4 ,/e]+ arm1 b5t1 effect (1 #bbh4 ,/e]+ knuckles1 #afb4 ,/e]+ me*anism1 c>e (1 #bbg4 irrev]sible1 #afe4 rev]sible1 #afd4 ,/em1 valve1 #be4 ,/orage batt]y1 *>g+ (1 #hb4 ,/orage cell1 action (1 #ha4 t]m9als (1 #hc4 voltage (1 #hd4 ,/ra9]1 gasol9e1 #gj4 ,/ratifi$ mixture 7see ,imp]fect ,combu/ion ( ,mixture74 ,/roke & revolution1 #e4 ,/rokes ( cycles1 #f4 ,sun & planet ge>s 7see ,planet>y74 ,surface c>buretors1 #fd4 ,swit*1 necessity =1 #hi4 ,swit* tr\ble1 causes (1 #aic4 ,sy/ems1 cool+1 #ca4 ,tank1 air-b\nd1 #aid4 ,tank tr\ble1 causes (1 #aid4 ,tappet1 ignit]1 #ib4 spr+ (1 #ib4 /r5g? (1 #aij4 ,t]m9als ( g5]ator1 #ge4 ( /orage cells1 #hc4 ,te/+ c>buretor1 #bjg4 coils1 #bjf4 electrolyte1 #hc4 = compression leaks1 #baa4 = faulty cyl9d]1 #bab4 = tight be>+s & brakes1 #bba4 ignition1 #bjc4 ,te/+1 make-&-break1 #bjd4 prim>y circuit1 #bjf4 second>y circuit1 #bab1 #bac4 ,!rmosiphon sy/em ( wat] cool+1 #cd4 ,?ree-cyl9d] eng9e balance1 #dd4 ,?rottle1 #fb4 worn connections (1 effect (1 #bcb4 ,?r[s1 crank %aft1 #ch4 ,tim]1 #ig4 control rods (1 effect ( we> on1 #aia4 gr\nd+ (1 #aja4 loose on %aft1 #aia4 mov+ (1 to advance ignition1 #aja4 necessity =1 #ih4 sett+ (1 #aib4 sp>k+ 91 #ajf4 tr\ble (1 causes (1 #aia4 ,tim]s1 types (1 #ih4 ,tim+ magneto1 #ahe4 ,tires1 #agb4 clean+ (1 #bbb4 protection (1 #bbb4 r$uc+ ! cutt+ (1 #bbc4 unev5ly worn1 cause (1 #bbh4 ,torsion rod1 necessity =1 #adh4 ,transmission1 p>ts (1 #aab4 ,trap on gasol9e l9e1 #gc4 ,trembl] 7see ,vibrator74 ,tr\ble1 air intake1 #aig4 batt]y1 causes (1 #ahb4 c>buretor1 causes (1 #aie4 circulation connections1 #aii4 coil1 causes (1 #ahf4 compression1 causes (1 #aig4 cool+1 causes (1 #aii4 eng9e fail+ to deliv] full p[]1 #bji4 eng9e fail+ to />t1 #bjh4 eng9e miss+ at high spe$1 #bac4 eng9e />t+1 !n /opp+1 #bad4 eng9e /opp+1 #baf4 freez+ ( wat]1 #bjj4 gasol9e1 causes (1 #aic4 gasol9e fe$ pipe1 causes (1 #aie4 ignit]1 causes (1 #ahi1 #bhb4 ignition1 causes (1 #agi4 location (1 #bjc4 lubrication1 #bja4 magneto1 ,bos*1 #bif4 causes (1 #ahc1 #bfd1 #cjf4 ,eisemann1 #bie4 9 g5]al1 #bfd4 l[ t5sion1 #bha4 miss+ explosions1 #baa4 noises1 #bag4 ov]heat+1 #bae4 pi/on r+1 #aih4 second>y di/ribut]1 causes (1 #aib4 sp>k plug1 causes (1 #ahg4 swit*1 causes (1 #aic4 tank1 causes (1 #aid4 tim]1 causes (1 #aia4 weak explosions1 #baj4 ,two-cycle eng9e1 #dg1 action (1 #di4 advantages & disadvantages (1 #ej4 effici5cy (1 #ea4 ,two-cyl9d] eng9e balance1 #ch4 ,two-cyl9d] v]tical eng9e1 disadvantages (1 #db4 ,two-to-"o ge>s1 #bh4 ,types ( c>buretors1 #eh4 ( tim]s1 #ih4 ,univ]sal jo9ts1 action (1 #add4 necessity =1 #add4 ,use ( antiskid devices1 #agd4 ,valve1 automatic1 #be4 action (1 #bf4 adju/m5t (1 #bce4 spr+ (1 #bg4 *eck & relief1 #fh4 gr9d+ (1 #bbf4 leak+ (1 effect (1 #bac4 lift] rod (1 #bh4 me*anically op]at$1 action (1 #bf4 p>ts (1 #be4 sett+ (1 #bcb4 spr+ (1 replac+ (1 #bbg4 ,valves1 location (1 #bi4 necessity =1 #h4 ,vapor ( gasol9e1 #eb4 ,vehicle spr+s1 action (1 #age4 ,vibration absorb$ by fly :eel1 #cg4 ,vibration ( eng9es1 #cg4 ,vibrator1 #ajc4 ,vibrator1 adju/m5t (1 #bbi4 pr9ciple (1 #aje4 contacts (1 r5ew+ (1 #ahf4 necessity =1 #ajb4 p>ts (1 #ajc4 sl[1 effect (1 #bac4 ,vibrators1 me*anical & magnetic1 #ajc4 action (1 #ajc4 ,voltage ( /orage cell1 #hd4 ,volts1 #gg4 ,w>n+ ( ov]heat+1 #baf4 ,wa%+ ! c>1 #bba4 ,wat]1 cool+1 fl[ (1 #ca4 dirt 91 #aii4 =c$ circulation (1 #cb4 gravity sy/em (1 #cd4 ,wat] cool+1 #ca4 ,wat] jackets1 #ca4 ,wat] pumps1 #cb4 ,we> ( tires1 #agc4 ,weight ( fly :eel1 #db4 ,w9d+ ( prim>y induction coil1 #ic4 ( second>y induction coil1 #if4 ,wires1 brok51 #aha4 causes ( break+1 #ahj4 ,wir+1 #bcf4 = jump sp>k1 #bch4 = make-&-break1 #bdj4 ,wri/ p91 #bc4 ,,! ,,end ,a ,,motor-,,boat ,,/ory4 ,across ,europe 9 a ,motor-,boat4 ,by ,,h5ry ,c4 ,,r[l&1 au?or ( 8,9 ! ,%ad[10 etc4 ,illu/rat$ by upw>d ( fifty sket*es4 #abmo4 ,decorat$ clo?1 gilt top1 #b4jj net4 ,?is is a delightful n>rative ( an absolutely unique trip4 ,mr4 ,r[l& & 8 two fri5ds _h a motor-boat con/ruct$ 9 ,london = a sev5-?\s&-mile inl& voyage :i* %\ld circle ,europe by way ( ! ,se9e1 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,danube1 & ! ,black ,sea4 ,! /ruggles ) ! motor1 :i* develops a degree ( p]v]sity almo/ human1 ! innum]able humor\s & excit+ incid5ts1 & ! f9al t]rific adv5ture :i* ends ! n>rative ) a %ipwreck 9 ! ,black ,sea1 make x ! mo/ novel & ent]ta9+ book ( travel ( rec5t ye>s4 ,! tal5t$ au?or is well kn[n ?r\gh half a doz5 books & _m magaz9e /ories4 ,! /yle ( ! volume is v attractive4 ,"s fifty sket*es are spr9kl$ ?r\gh ! text4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,an ,,extraord9>y ,,book4 ,! ,un(ficial ,lett]s ( an ,(ficial's ,wife4 ,by ,,edi? 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us$ 9 text4 ,_m hyph5at$ & non-hyph5at$ ^w comb9ations left z writt54