,transcrib]'s ,note ,italic text display$ z3 italic ,bold text display$ z3 bold ,,"w0 ,,h&books ,,h>ness ,,mak+ ,,h>ness ,,mak+ ,,) ,,num]\s ,,engrav+s ,,& ,,diagrams ,,edit$ ,,by ,,paul ,n4 ,,hasluck ,,editor ,,( 8,,"w0 ,,& 8,,build+ ,,_w10 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,h&ybooks ,,= ,,h&icrafts10 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,decoration ,,cassell ,,& ,,company1 ,,limit$ ,,london1 ,,p>is1 ,,new ,,york ,,melb\rne4 ,,mcmiv ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,preface4 ,?is ,h&book conta9s1 9 =m conv5i5t = ev]yday use1 a compreh5sive dige/ ( ! k ( h>ness mak+1 scatt]$ ov] m ?an tw5ty ?\s& columns ( ,,"w--"o ( ! weekly j\rnals x is my =tune to edit--& supplies concise in=mation on ! details ( ! subjects ( :i* x treats4 ,9 prep>+ = publication 9 book =m ! mass ( relevant matt] conta9$ 9 ! volumes ( ,,"w1 mu* _h to be arrang$ anew4 ,h[ev]1 x may be /at$ t ! great] "p ( ! cont5ts ( ?is ,h&book consi/s sub/antially ( matt] contribut$ by a work+ h>ness mak]4 ,read]s :o may desire additional in=mation respect+ special details ( ! matt]s dealt ) 9 ?is ,h&book1 or in/ructions on k9dr$ subjects1 %\ld address a "q to ,,"w1 s t x may be answ]$ 9 ! columns ( t j\rnal4 ,p4 ,n4 ,,hasluck4 ,la ,belle ,sauvage1 ,london1 ,may1 #aijd4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4--,h>ness-mak]s' ,tools #i ,,ii4--,h>ness-mak]s' ,mat]ials #cj ,,iii4--,/rap ,mak+ & ,/it*+ #di ,,iv4--,loop+ #eg ,v4--,c>t ,h>ness #fb ,,vi4--,c>t ,coll>s #ge ,,vii4--,c>t ,saddles1 ,re9s1 etc4 #hf ,,viii4--,=e ,ge> & ,lead] ,h>ness #aja ,,ix4--,pl\gh ,h>ness #ajg ,x4--,bits1 ,spurs1 ,/irrups1 & ,h>ness ,furniture #aaa ,,xi4--,van & ,cab ,h>ness #abg ,index #aeg ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,fig4 ,,page #a4--,p>+ ,knife #aj #b4--;,h& ,knife #aj #c4--,r\nd ,knife #aa #d4--;,head ,knife #aa #e4--;,cutt+ ,gauge #aa #f4--,pl\gh or ,pl\gh ,gauge #ab #g4--,side ,elevation ( ,pl\gh ,gauge #ab #h4--;,end ,elevation ( ,pl\gh ,gauge #ac #i4--,slitt+ ,ma*9e #ac #aj4--,spoke%ave #ac #aa4--;,edge ,trimm] #ad #ab4--,wa%] ,cutt] #ad #ac4--,r\nd ,pun* #ae #ad4--,oval ,pun* #ae #ae4--;,buckle ,tongue1 or ,crew1 ,pun* #ae #af4--;,gir? ,*ape ,pun* #ae #ag4--;,brace ,end ,pun* #ae #ah4--;,=ep>t ( ,brace ,end ,pun* #af #ai4--;,h& ,pun* #af #bj4--;,h& ,pun* ,nipple #af #ba to #bd4--,scallop+ ,irons #af #be1 #bf4--,rosette ,pun*es #ag #bg4--,lead ,piece #ag #bh4--,wood5 ,mallet #ag #bi1 #cj4--,useful ,wood5 ,mallets #ag #ca4--,saddl]s' ,hamm] #ah #cb4--,prick+-iron #ah #cc1 #cd4--,:eel ,prick]s #ah #ce4--,screw-race #ai #cf4--,s+le ,crease #ai #cg4--,screw-crease #ai #ch4--;,*eck] #bj #ci4--;,bevell] #bj #dj4--;,compasses #bj #da4--,race ,compasses #bj #db1 #dc4--;,awl ,blades #ba #dd4--,sew+ ,awl #bb #de4--;,b5t ,awl #bb #df1 #dg4--;,h>ness ,ne$les #bc #dh1 #di4--,seat ,awls #bc #ej1 #ea4--;,h&-irons or ,palm-irons #bd #eb4--;,clamp or ,clams #bd #ec4--;,clamp = ,sew+ ,%aft-tugs #be #ed4--;,home-made ,clamp ,hold+ ,"w #be #ee4--;,jaws ( ,clamp #be #ef4--,nail-claw #bf #eg4--;,cutt+ ,pli]s #bf #eh4--;,iron ,coll> ,rod #bg #ei4--,/eel ,seat-iron #bg #fj4--,loop-/ick #bh #fa4--,rubb] #bh #fb4--,/ra9+ ,=k #bi #fc4--;,cutt+ up ,hide #ci #fd4--,pla9 ,wai/ ,belt #ec #fe4--;,fancy ,wai/ ,belt #ed #ff4--,wai/ ,belt ) ,pockets #ee #fg4--;,box ,creas$ ,loop #eh #fh4--;,box ,creas$ ,loop #ei #fi1 #gj4--;,box ,creas$ ,loops #fj #ga4--;,horse 9 ,c>t ,ge> #fb #gb to #ge4--,scot* ,brass ,ge> ,buckles #fc #gf1 #gg4--;,brass ,face-pieces #fd #gh4--;,brass ,face-piece #fe #gi4--;,bells & ,bru% #fe #hj1 #ha4--;,brass ,hame ,plates #fe #hb4--;,brass ,oval #ff #hb to #he4--;,brass ,octagons #ff #hf4--;,brass ,he>t #ff #hg1 #hh4--;,brass ,/>s #ff #hi1 #ij4--;,brass ,hame ,knobs #fg #ia1 #ib4--;,brass ,sw+ #fg #ic4--;,e>-piece #fg #id4--;,corn]-piece #fg #ie4--;,c>t ,coll> )\t ,side-piece #ge #if4--;,c>t ,coll> ,l9+ #gi #ig4--;,c>t ,coll> ,side-piece #hc #ih4--;,c>t ,saddle ,tree #hg #ii4--;,c>t ,saddle ,panel #hi #ajj4--;,c>t ,saddle ,h9d ,h\s+ #ic #aja4--;,c>t ,saddle ,front ,h\s+ #ie #ajb4--,set ( ,lead] ,ge> #ajc #ajc1 #ajd4--;,hip-/rap ,*a9s #aje #aje4--,pl\gh ,back-b& ,hook #aji #ajf to #ajh4--,pelham ,bits #aaa #aji4--;,hackney ,bit #aaa #aaj4--;,bridoon #aaa #aaa1 #aab4--,ladies' ,horse ,bits #aab #aac4--,pelham ,snaffle ) ,indi>ubb] ,m\? #aab #aad4--;,hackney ,bit ) ,indi>ubb] ,m\? #aab #aae4--;,gig ,snaffle #aac #aaf4--,wilson ,snaffle #aac #aag4--,liv]pool ,bit #aac #aah4--;,globe ,*eck ,curb ,bit #aac #aai4--,"o-horn ,bridoon ,bit #aac #abj4--,"o-horn$ ,bridoon ) ,indi>ubb] ,m\? #aad #aba4--;,gig ,curb ,bit #aad #abb4--;,buxton ,bit #aad #abc4--,swivell$ ,bridoon ,bit #aad #abd1 #abe4--;,break+ ,bits #aad #abf4--;,break+ ,bit #aae #abg4--,snaffle ) ,indi>ubb] ,m\? #aae #abh1 #abi4--;,ex]cis+ ,bits #aae #acj4--,%[ or ,/allion ,bit #aae #aca4--;,d\ble-m\!d ,snaffle #aaf #acb4--,ord9>y ,spur #aaf #acc4--,(fic]'s ,regulation ,spur #aaf #acd4--;,dress ,spur #aaf #ace4--,lady's ,spur #aag #acf4--,tr\s]s ,spur #aag #acg4--,solid ,/irrup #aag #ach4--,op5 ,button ,/irrup #aag #aci4--,wav+ ,b> ,/irrup #aag #adj4--,lady's ,/irrup #aag #ada4--,/irrup ,slipp] #aah #adb4--,safety ,/irrup #aah #adc4--;,flat ,side ,wire ,front ,buckle #aah #add4--;,front ,bevell$ ,buckle #aah #ade4--;,bevell$ ,flat ,top ,buckle #aah #adf4--,we/ ,end ,bevell$ ,flat ,top ,buckle #aah #adg4--,spade ,buckle #aai #adh4--,squ>e ,wire ,buckle #aai #adi4--;,*a?am ,buckle #aai #aej4--;,flat ,top ,turn$-up ,buckle #aai #aea4--;,flut$ ,buckle #aai #aeb4--,swell$ ,front ,b5t-leg ,buckle #aai #aec4--;,flat ,top ,cab ,buckle #aai #aed4--,we/ ,end ,:ole ,buckle #aai #aee4--;,*as$ ,buckle #abj #aef4--,melb\rne ,buckle #abj #aeg4--,squ>e ,buckle #abj #aeh1 #aei4--;,cov]$ ,buckles #abj #afj1 #afa4--,"p-cov]$ ,buckles #abj #afb4--,%aft ,tug ,buckle #aba #afc4--;,burgess's ,buckle #aba #afd4--;,ball ,t]ret #aba #afe4--,pla9 ,t]ret #aba #aff to #afh4--;,ball ,t]rets #abb #afi to #agb4--;,hames #abc #agc1 #agd4--;,be>+-re9 ,swivels #abc #age1 #agf4--,roll] ,buckles #abd #agg4--;,hame ,clip #abe #agh1 #agi4--;,bree*+ ,dees #abe #ahj1 #aha4--,w9k]s #abi #ahb4--,van ,saddle #aca #ahc4--,van ,saddle ,flap #aca #ahd4--,van ,saddle ,panel #aca #ahe4--;,*a9 & ,lea!r ,gig ,front #adj #ahf4--;,*a9 & ,lea!r ,gig ,front #ada #ahg4--;,*a9 & ,lea!r ,gig ,front #adc #ahh4--;,crupp] ,dock #adg #ahi4--;,bree*+1 etc4 #adg #aij4--;,back-b& #adg #aia4--,%aft ,tugs #adg #aib4--;,f\r-:eel$ ,cab ,saddle #aec #aic4--;,cab ,saddle ,tree #aec #aid4--;,hansom ,cab ,saddle #aed #aie1 #aif4--,re9 ,/ops #aed #aig4--;,hansom ,cab ,h>ness #aee ,,h>ness ,,mak+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,h>ness-,,mak]s' ,,tools4 ,h>ness mak+ & repair+ is a bran* ( lea!r "w t c (t5 be und]tak5 pr(itably by _m p]sons1 & ! in=mation giv5 9 ! foll[+ pages has be5 adapt$ specially to ! amateur's requirem5ts4 ,d\btless ! read]s ( a companion h&book on 8,boot ,mak+ & ,m5d+0 h wi%$ to pursue fur!r ! subject ( lea!r work+1 & w take up ! mak+ & repair+ ( h>ness ) pleasure4 ,aspirants to m highly skill$ "w w f9d 8,practical ,saddl]y0 ( ! greate/ possible use to !m1 :il/ read]s less ambiti\s may look to 8,lea!r ,work+0 = in/ructions on mak+ a numb] ( articles1 su* z bags1 portmanteaus1 & cases1 = :i* !re is g5]al employm5t & a consequ5tly great dem&4 ,! two books j m5tion$ are issu$ uni=m 9 /yle & price ) ! pres5t "w4 ,9 ?is h&book x is propos$ to treat ! subject ( h>ness mak+ s fully t anyone possess+ tact & s5se c make a set ( h>ness f ! in/ructions giv51 or1 at any rate1 keep h>ness 9 good repair4 ,a />t w be made by describ+ ! tools t w be necess>y4 ,9 ! li/ giv5 bel[1 e ess5tial tool is specifi$ & its uses expla9$4 ,! tools are v num]\s1 b ! amateur may disp5se ) _m ( !m2 = ?\gh all ( !m may h to be employ$ by a tradesman 9 turn+ out f9i%$ "w1 an amateur may be cont5t ) a mu* small] outfit4 ,! tools are n bulky1 h[ev]1 & all t are necess>y = mak+ a d\ble set ( h>ness c\ld be c>ri$ 9 a small h&bag1 except+1 ( c\rse1 ! mallet & coll>-iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,p>+ ,knife4 ,! tools are "h classifi$ z 7a7 cutt+ tools1 7b7 pun*es & tools ( p]cussion1 7c7 tools = sett+ out1 m>k+1 & ornam5t+1 7d7 awls & ne$les = p]=at+1 7e7 tools = gripp+ & hold+ "w1 7f7 tools us$ 9 /uff+ coll>s & saddles1 & 7g7 miscellane\s4 ,x may be rem>k$ t saddl]s' tools1 z well z h>ness-mak]s'1 are includ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,h& ,knife4 ,) reg>d to cutt+ tools1 a p>+ knife 7,fig4 #a7 & a h& knife 7,fig4 #b7 are us$ = cutt+ ?read1 p>+ d[n1 & splic+1 & are o!rwise g5]ally useful4 ,! r\nd knife 7,fig4 #c7 is us$ by saddl]s in/ead ( ! h& knife = cutt+1 splic+1 & ?9n+ lea!r2 !y c be _h 9 diff]5t sizes1 suit$ to light & heavy "w2 _! *ief use is 9 ?9n+ ! edges ( lea!r1 & = giv+ a r\nd$ appe>ance to l9$ /raps1 su* z noseb&s1 traces1 bree*+ /raps1 etc4 ,! head knife 7,fig4 #d7 is us$ = cutt+ ! holes = buckle tongues & cutt+ any circul> %apes or holes 9 lea!r4 ,fig4 #e is a cutt+ gauge made 9 iron or wood4 ,a knife passes ?r\gh ! rul$ /em1 & is held firmly by a screw4 ,x is adju/$ by %ift+ ! block1 :i* is also held by a screw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,r\nd ,knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,head ,knife4 ,a pl\gh or pl\gh gauge 7,fig4 #f7 is v useful :5 mu* /rap or belt cutt+ has to be done4 ,by means ( x1 /raps c be cut f 94 to #d 94 wide1 by slid+ ! knife backw>ds or =w>ds along ! m>k$ gauge4 ,/raps c be cut mu* m quickly by ?is ma*9e ?an by h&1 & x q disp5ses ) ! use ( ! r\nd knife & compasses4 ,a slightly diff]5t pl\gh is illu/rat$ by ,figs4 #g & #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,cutt+ ,gauge4 ,! slitt+ ma*9e 7,fig4 #i7 is useful = ?9n+ /raps :i* are to be drawn d[n to half or "o-?ird _! ?ickness4 ,a saddl]'s spoke%ave 7,fig4 #aj7 may be us$ = ! same purpose z ! slitt+ ma*9e4 ,x is suitable = ?9n+ light /raps1 & n only takes less "t to adju/1 b does ! "w m quickly ?an ! slitt]4 ,! *ief use ( ! spoke%ave1 h[ev]1 is to trim & f9i% traces1 backb&s1 etc4 ,aft] a trace or backb& or o!r l9$ /rap is /it*$1 ! unev5 edges require to be r\nd$ & smoo!d2 ?is is done by clamp+ ! /rap betwe5 ! knees1 hold+ ! clamp a little /raight] ?an :5 /it*+1 & us+ ! spoke%ave4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,pl\gh1 or ,pl\gh ,gauge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,side ,elevation ( ,pl\gh ,gauge4 ,edge trimm]s 7,fig4 #aa7 are = runn+ along ! edges ( /raps ( all k9ds to take (f ! %>p edge & sides be=e dye+4 ,x is made 9 sizes #a to #h4 ,%>p & /rong scissors are necess>y = cutt+ l9+s1 basil1 & o!r k9ds ( ?9 lea!r4 ,! wa%] cutt] 7,fig4 #ab7 is us$ = cutt+ r\nd pieces ( lea!r by rule2 ! knife c be set at all sizes up to #f 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,end ,elevation ( ,pl\gh ,gauge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,slitt+ ,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,spoke%ave ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,edge ,trimm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,wa%] ,cutt]4 ,pun*es are indisp5sable1 & half a doz5 diff]5t sizes ea* ( r\nd 7,fig4 #ac7 & oval 7,fig4 #ad7 tools %\ld be obta9$4 ,r\nd pun*es are made 9 sizes f ,no4 #a1 suitable only = v n>r[ /raps1 to ,no4 #af1 :i* make a hole 94 9 diamet]4 ,oval pun*es are numb]$1 accord+ to size1 f #ag to #cb1 & make a hole ( simil> dim5sions to ! r\nd pun*es j m5tion$4 ,pun*es ( int]m$iate sizes1 ,nos4 #c to #ac or ,nos4 #ai to #bi1 w1 h[ev]1 answ] = mo/ repair+ jobs4 ,! ovals are pref]able 9 mo/ cases1 z !y make holes 9 ! /raps l>ge en\gh = ! purpose )\t impair+ ! /r5g? s mu* z ! r\nd ones d4 ,buckle tongue pun*es1 or crew pun*es 7,fig4 #ae7 are h&y2 ^! are made 9 ?ree or f\r sizes1 & !y run f ,no4 #cc to ,no4 #dc1 & are us$ = mak+ ! holes t take ! heel ( ! buckle tongue :5 ! buckle is plac$ 9 its *ape4 ,?is hole may also be made by pun*+ two holes at a suitable di/ance f ea* o!r1 & cutt+ betwe5 !m1 ?us ,illu/ration3 symbol = cutt+ betwe5 two holes ,! /rap has to be b5t & a hole cut ?r\gh ! b5t end1 ! piece betwe5 ! holes = ! tongue ( ! buckle be+ aft]w>ds cut out4 ,! pun*es %[n by ,figs4 #af to #ah may be us$ to cut saddle gir? *apes1 brace ends1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,r\nd ,pun*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,oval ,pun*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,buckle ,tongue or ,crew1 ,pun*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,gir? ,*ape ,pun*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,brace ,end ,pun*4 ,a h& pun* 7,fig4 #ai7 is useful = pun*+ holes 9 small /raps1 or = mak+ holes 9 h>ness :il/ x is worn by a horse4 ,saddl]s are sometimes call$ ^u to d ?is1 & )\t a h& pun* ! "w is awkw>d1 necessitat+ ! use ( mallet1 pun*1 & lead4 ,fig4 #bj %[s a loose nipple :i* c be obta9$ 9 v>i\s sizes to screw 9 ! h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,=ep>t ( ,brace ,end ,pun*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,h& ,pun*4 ,scallop+ irons 7,figs4 #ba to #bd71 v&yke1 r\nd1 /raight1 & half-moon are us$ = cutt+ any fancy or ornam5tal designs 9 ,am]ican clo? or fancy lea!r4 ,rosette pun*es 7,figs4 #be & #bf7 9 sets ( ?ree or f\r1 are useful = mak+ rosettes 9 pat5t fancy col\r$ lea!r or = cutt+ out r\nd scallop$ edge pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,h& ,pun* ,nipple4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ba to #bd4--,scallop+ ,irons4 ,a lead piece 7,fig4 #bg7 = pun*+ on %\ld be f #f 94 to #h 94 squ>e1 & ab\t #a 94 ?ick4 ,lead is us$ because1 be+ s(t1 x does n damage ! po9ts ( ! pun*es2 b if lead is n h&y1 a block ( wood #e 94 or #f 94 ?ick w d1 if set up on end s t ! pun* does n cut across ! gra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,fig4 #bf4 ,figs4 #be & #bf4--,rosette ,pun*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,lead ,piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--,wood5 ,mallet4 ,a wood5 mallet 7,fig4 #bh7 = pun*+ is also requir$1 & a lignum-vit r\nd mallet to "w ! =ewales & %ape ! /uff$ bodies ( coll>s4 ,o!r useful mallets are %[n by ,figs4 #bi & #cj4 ,two hamm]s are necess>y1 "o fairly light--! prop] saddl]'s hamm] 7,fig4 #ca7--;& ! o!r a heavy "o = heavy "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bi & #cj4--,useful ,wood5 ,mallets4 ,tools = m>k+ & ornam5t+ lea!r may n[ be m5tion$4 ,fig4 #cb %[s a tool us$ 9 /amp+ ! l9es prep>atory to /it*+4 ,^! tools v>y 9 wid? f ?ree tee?1 :i* are us$ only = r\nd po9ts & scallop$ "w1 to tw5ty-f\r tee? = /raight l9es4 ,! tee? on ea* iron are cut to m>k a c]ta9 numb] ( /it*es p] in*1 f six to sixte51 & ^! tee? are n at "r angles to ! flat "p ( ! iron1 b are cut on ! slant z at ,b1 ?us mak+ an impression on ! lea!r :i* acts z a guide 9 =m+ a /it* p]fect 9 %ape z well z 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,fig4 #cb4 ,fig4 #cc4 ,fig4 #cd4 ,fig4 #ca4--,saddl]s' ,hamm]4 ,fig4 #cb4--,prick+-iron4 ,figs4 #cc & #cd4--,:eel ,prick]s4 ,:eel prick]s 7,figs4 #cc & #cd7 are us$ 9 sizes f sev5 or eight to sixte5 tee? to ! in*4 ,!y are r\nd pieces ( /eel1 hav+ s]rat$ edges & a hole 9 ! c5tre1 & are provid$ ) a h&le 9 :i* !y are adju/$ ) a p9 & nut4 ,a *ange ( /it*1 say f f9e to co>se1 necessitates a *ange ( :eel4 ,! :eel is run along ! /it*+ l9e1 & 9 ! holes made by ! pricks ! /it*es are run4 ,! screw-race 7,fig4 #ce7 is a tool = groov+ l9es 9 any "p :]e x is desir$ to s9k ! /it*es bel[ ! surface4 ,x is easily adju/able4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,fig4 #ce4--,screw-race4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,fig4 #cf4--,s+le ,crease4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,fig4 #cg4--,screw-crease4 ,s+le creases 7,fig4 #cf7 are = m>k+ 9 places :]e nei!r ! screw-crease nor ! compasses c g1 z = in/ance1 9 ! c5tre ( a l>ge piece ( lea!r or wide /rap4 ,!y are also us$ to m>k ?ick & heavy loops1 = :i* purpose !y are heat$ be=e us+4 ,two screw-creases mu/ be obta9$1 "o light & ! o!r heavy 7,fig4 #cg72 "o is us$ = light l9es & ! o!r = heavy l9es along ! edge ( ! lea!r1 & = m>k+ ! l9es = /it*+4 ,by means ( ! screw1 ! po9ts are clos$ or op5$1 ?us br++ ! l9e ne>] to ! edge ( ! "w or tak+ x f>!r away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--;,*eck]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--;,bevell]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--;,compasses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,race ,compasses4 ,*eck]s 7,fig4 #ch7 are small d\ble creases ) two p>allel edges1 "o ( :i* m>ks ! small ornam5tal *eck$ l9es on loops2 "o edge is run along ! la/ l9e done1 :i* ?us s]ves z a guide = keep+ ! l9es p>allel4 ,sizes #a1 #b1 & #c w be suffici5t4 ,a brass foot-rule1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--;,awl ,blade4 ,bevell]s 7,fig4 #ci7 resemble ! s+le creases1 b are mu* ?ick] & bevell$2 !y are us$ = ! sole purpose ( creas+ or m>k+ loops on portions t require ornam5t+4 ,9 use1 !y are heat$ & !n made to =m a deep1 wide groove on ! loop1 su* z ! /raight cross l9es on ! front1 & any fancy %apes work$ on ! outside ( ! loop4 ,compasses 7,fig4 #dj7 %\ld h a screw & regulator s t !y may be set at diff]5t wid?s4 ,!y are us$ = m>k+ ! wid?s ( /raps to be cut & = m>k+ di/ances1 etc4 ,race compasses 7,fig4 #da7 are = ! purpose ( cutt+ a slight groove or l9e along ! edges2 !y j take (f a n>r[ /rip ( ! gra9 & leave a fa9t l9e1 :i* is black$ ) ! edges4 ,x answ]s ! same purpose z ! l9e cut ) ! screw-crease1 ei!r ornam5t+ ! /raps or m>k+ ! l9e = ! /it*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--;,awl ,blade4 ,) reg>d to p]=at+ tools1 a few awl blades 7,figs4 #db & #dc7 & hafts may be obta9$4 ,/it*+ blades v>y 9 sizes f #a 94 to #c 94 long4 ,hold ! blade fa/ 9 ! vice1 & ) a few %>p bl[s ( a light hamm] drive ! haft or h&le on ! awl1 :i* is !n ready = use4 ,fig4 #dd %[s a sew+ awl4 ,/rong ?ick awls w be requir$ = co>se "w1 to /it*1 say1 a ?read ( sev51 eight1 or ev5 m cords ( hemp 9 "o ?read1 & ! ?ickness ( ! awl %\ld dim9i% until ! f9e awl = /it*+ f9e silk & cotton ?reads is obta9$4 ,b5t awls 7,fig4 #de7 9 "o or two sizes1 su* z %oemak]s use1 are employ$ = putt+ 9 wire 9 saddle flabs = fa/5+ ! panel2 !y h o!r uses also4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--,sew+ ,awl4 ,half a doz5 packets ( h>ness ne$les 7,figs4 #df & #dg71 v>y+ 9 size f ,no4 #b to ,no4 #f1 w be necess>y2 ! l[e/ numb] is ! co>se/4 ,^! ne$les are = wax ?read & all o!r /it*+ ?reads4 ,ne$les w also be requir$ z foll[s3--#b-;94 or #c-;94 ne$les = quilt+ saddle panels1 etc42 po9t$ ne$les = ?imble "w 9 /it*+ l9+s to saddle panels1 etc42 coll> ne$les ( diff]5t sizes1 half-moon %ape & /raight ) b5t po9ts2 ^! are f #c 94 to #f 94 long1 ! longe/ be+ = heavy c>t coll> "w & ! lighte/ = pat5t & light h>ness coll>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--;,b5t ,awl4 ,! seat-awl 7two %apes are %[n by ,figs4 #dh & #di7 is = eas+ & levell+ /uff+ 9 coll>s1 saddles1 & o!r /uff$ or padd$ articles4 ,x is also useful = levell+ ?read2 ?is is turn$ once ar\nd ! r\nd awl1 :i* is !n drawn %>ply backw>ds & =w>ds1 ! lumps ?us be+ tak5 out ( ! ?read4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,fig4 #dg4 ,fig4 #dh4 ,fig4 #di4 ,figs4 #df & #dg4--;,h>ness ,ne$les4 ,figs4 #dh & #di4--,seat ,awls4 ,! h&-or palm-iron 7,figs4 #ej & #ea7 is a k9d ( ?imble us$ on ! palm ( ! h& :5 driv+ coll> ne$les ?r\gh lea!r4 ,a %all[ honeycomb$ well is =m$ 9 ! h& "p1 :i* prev5ts ! ne$le f slipp+1 h[ev] great ! pressure may be2 & at ! end or po9t a hole is bor$ l5g?wise1 ab\t 94 deep1 to take ! eve end ( ! ne$le & =ce x clos] to ! lea!r :5 ! broad "p ( ! iron is n available4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,fig4 #ea4 ,figs4 #ej & #ea4--;,h&-irons or ,palm-irons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--;,clamp or ,clams4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--;,clamp = ,sew+ ,%aft-tugs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--;,home-made ,clamp ,hold+ ,"w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--;,jaws ( ,clamp4 ,hold+ & gripp+ tools include ! clamp1 kn[n also z ! pair ( clams4 ,fig4 #eb %[s ! ord9>y type1 :ile ,fig4 #ec is ! k9d us$ 9 sew+ %aft-tugs4 ,held betwe5 ! knees 9 a slightly slant+ position1 ! clamp keeps ! "w firmly 9 position :ile ! /it*+ is be+ done2 x lies aga9/ ! left knee1 & by ?r[+ ! "r leg ov] x ! "w is held fa/ betwe5 ! gripp+ po9ts4 ,note t ! saddl] has ! clamp betwe5 8 legs 9 a slant+ direction1 & n z ! %oemak]1 :o has !m /raight up1 almo/ aga9/ 8 nose1 :5 b5d+ ov] ! "w4 ,"o reason = ?is is t ! "w done by ! saddl] ) ! clamp requires m =ce to press ! awl ?r\gh ?an ! "w done by ! %oemak]2 consequ5tly ! saddl] mu/ set 8 clamp aga9/ "s firm object 78 left knee7 s t x w n yield "u ! pressure4 ,ano!r reason is t ! saddl] /it*es ) ne$les1 :ile ! %oemak] uses bri/les1 & mu/ see ! hole made by ! awl1 z ! bri/les _c =ce _! way1 z ! ne$les1 to "s slight ext5t1 are able to d4 ,! saddl] feels = ! hole ) 8 ne$le & ?us becomes accu/om$ to f9d+ ! hole )\t look+1 & to gett+ 8 ne$le to foll[ ! awl z ! latt] is drawn back2 9 fact1 ! ne$le is ins]t$ 9 ! unse5 l[] side ) m accuracy ?an on ! top side1 :i* is 9 view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,nail-claw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--;,cutt+ ,pli]s4 ,a clamp c be made easily by ! work] at home4 ,! p>ts ,a & ,b 7,fig4 #ed7 are made f two oak cask or b>rel /aves4 ,! l[] portion ,c may be a s\nd piece ( :ite deal1 #bj 94 by #c 94 by #c 941 & ! only o!r requisites w be eight /\t #b 94 screws4 ,! /aves %\ld be cut #b ft4 long by at lea/ #c 94 wide1 ! po9ts ( greate/ convexity be+ 9 ! c5tre2 ! m b5t ! /aves are ! m useful ! clamp w be4 ,clean up ! outside ) a spoke%ave1 leav+ "o end ! full ?ickness ( ! /aves1 or ab\t #a 941 & ?9n+ (f gradually to ab\t 94 t[>ds ! upp] ends1 :i* are to =m ! jaws ( ! clamp 7,fig4 #ee74 ,r\nd (f ! out] corn]s1 & clean up ! inside surface flat1 smoo?+ bo? sides ) glass-pap]4 ,! dovetail-%ap$ t5on 9 ! l[] "p ,c1 %\ld be at lea/ #f 94 9 l5g?1 & w require c>eful cutt+1 ! dep? ( ! %\ld]s & ! wid? ( ! upp] end dep5d+ ^u ! am\nt ( curve 9 ! /aves :i* are to be atta*$ to x4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! object is to emb$ ! /aves s firmly t _! upp] ends1 or ! jaws ( ! tool1 press tightly toge!r4 ,) ?is object ! t5on %\ld be cut1 s t en]getic screw+ w be requir$ to br+ ! /aves home into _! f9al position4 ,! screws %\ld be c\nt]sunk flu% ) ! surface ( ! /aves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--;,iron ,coll> ,rod4 ,a small wr5* & a m$ium-siz$ vice w (t5 be f\nd useful4 ,a nail-claw 7,fig4 #ef7 is requir$ = pull+ out ! nails us$ to keep ! "w toge!r4 ,p9c]s1 nipp]s1 & cutt+ pli]s 7,fig4 #eg7 w be f\nd useful z occasion dem&s4 ,an iron coll> rod 7,fig4 #eh7 = /uff+ ! =ewale mu/ be obta9$1 z well z a h>dwood /ick1 ab\t #b ft4 #f 94 long1 & hav+ a ,v-%ap$ po9t1 = fill+ ! body ( coll>s ) /raw2 ! /ick is flat t[>ds ! ,v-%ap$ end1 & r\nd at ! o!r end1 ! corn]s be+ r\nd$ (f smoo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--,/eel ,seat-iron4 ,a /eel seat-iron 7,fig4 #ei7 is us$ 9 putt+ flock into c>t-saddle panels1 b *iefly = /uff+ ! peak ( rid+ saddles1 z ! tool b5ds nicely ) ! %ape ( ! saddle )\t te>+ ! cov] or /ret*+ x immod]ately4 ,loop-/icks 7,fig4 #fj7 are made ( h>dwood 9 v>i\s sizes to suit ! wid? & ?ickness ( ! /raps4 ,a set made ( h>d boxwood or iron1 v>y+ 9 wid? f 94 to #b 941 & 9 ?ickness f 94 to 941 %\ld be obta9$4 ,less room is want$ 9 %ap+ a loop = a s+le /rap ?an :5 a /rap ( two or ?ree ?icknesses is requir$ to g ?r\gh a loop4 7,a loop is ! piece ( lea!r plac$ crosswise on /raps hav+ buckles1 & x keeps ! po9t ( ! /rap 9 its prop] position47 ,a loop /ick mu/ be obta9$ t is ?ick en\gh & wide en\gh = a trace #a 94 wide & proportionately ?ick2 !re mu/ also be "o suffici5tly ?9 & n>r[ = a -94 /rap2 loop /icks = int]m$iate sizes are also necess>y1 & x is z well to get two ea* ( "s ( ! sizes4 ,= in/ance1 ^? ?+s t are done 9 pairs1 su* z bridle-*eeks1 %aft-tugs1 etc41 w require ! use ( two loop /icks ( ! same size4 ,good loop /icks are ess5tial to turn+ out good "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,loop-/ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,rubb]4 ,a rubb] 7,fig4 #fa7 made ( a piece ( h>d1 close-gra9$ wood or ( ?ick glass ab\t #f 94 squ>e & ,v-%ap$ on "o edge is us$ to smoo? d[n two edges :ipp$ toge!r1 or = flatt5+ & levell+ any two ?9 sub/ances1 su* z lea!r & l95 pa/$ or /it*$ toge!r2 x is also us$ to rub /it*+ on ! und]side ( traces or any d\ble /raps1 & = rubb+ or /ret*+ damp$ lea!r4 ,! /ra9+ =k 7,fig4 #fb7 is sometimes employ$ = /ret*+ wet webb+ or lea!r1 "o end ( :i* is nail$ d[n & ! o!r end /ra9$ ) ! =k & secur$ until dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,/ra9+ ,=k4 ,a co>se file or rasp may be necess>y to file d[n wood5 & cane driv+ :ip-/ocks1 etc41 :5 putt+ on ?ongs & 9 splic+ :ip-/icks to level ! splice s t bo? ( ! p>ts may lie flat aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,a small r\nd file & a small squ>e "o1 z well z two or ?ree co>s] ones1 are sure to come 9 h&y4 ,among/ _! uses w be ! fil+ d[n ( ! brass or ironwork ( saddles1 & ! mak+ ( holes 9 saddle trees1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,h>ness-,,mak]s' ,,mat]ials4 ,x is n[ propos$ to give "s p>ticul>s ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 saddle & h>ness mak+4 ,! ?reads us$ 9 ! trade are _m1 b ! pr9cipal is wax$ ?read1 made by ! saddl] himself1 & us$ to /it* h>ness & /raps toge!r4 ,by wax$ ?read is g5]ally meant ?read dress$ ) black or cobbl]'s wax1 b ! saddl] also uses ?read dress$ ) beeswax & sometimes ) :ite wax4 ,! l95 ?read us$ is 9 v>i\s col\rs1 yell[1 r$1 black1 :ite1 etc41 & is on reels or 9 hanks4 ,silk ?reads ( ! same col\rs are us$ = be/ "w1 su* z /it*+ be/ br[n saddl]y1 rid+ bridles1 m>t+ales1 etc4 ,! :ite & black l95 ?read is us$ = :ipp+9 l9+ 9 panels ( bo? gig & rid+ saddles1 & = /it*+ sav+ pads 9 any ?9 mat]ial = light "w1 & also 9 /it*+ along ) ! r$ & yell[ ?read 9 mak+ rid+ bridles1 & all k9ds ( br[n light "w4 ,! hemp = wax ?reads1 ( v>i\s /r5g?s1 is to be _h 9 black1 yell[1 gre51 & :ite4 ,! :ite hemp is consid]$ ! be/ & t\ghe/1 ?\gh ! col\r$ p]haps is a little *eap]4 ,f9e ,no4 #ae & co>se ,no4 #c w probably meet all requirem5ts4 ,beeswax1 z already h9t$1 is us$ to make ?reads = "w t is light z reg>ds bo? col\r & sub/ance4 ,s+le l95 ?reads ( all col\rs are1 be=e us+1 rubb$ ) beeswax1 :i* does n dead5 ! col\r4 ,:ite wax is sometimes made = br[n h>ness by melt+ toge!r :ite-lead & :ite wax2 in/ead ( ! latt]1 ! wax f be/ :ite wax c&les may be us$4 ,if ! wax :5 cold is too s(t1 add m :ite wax2 if too h>d1 add a little m :ite-lead4 ,black cobbl]'s wax is made by melt+ toge!r lb4 ea* ( res9 & pit*4 ,:5 ?or\ghly mix$1 remove ! pan f ! fire1 & add "o p5nywor? ( boil$ l9se$ oil1 or less1 accord+ to ! wea!r4 ,?or\ghly mix ?is ) ! o!r +r$i5ts & !n p\r a little into cold wat] to te/ x4 ,let x rema9 = a m9ute & !n remove x f ! wat]1 tak+ c>e to well wet ! h&s 9 do+ s1 or 9 ! subsequ5t work+ x w /ick to !m4 ,if x cracks :5 work+ x 9 ! h&s1 x is too h>d2 if x pulls out prop]ly & /icks well toge!r1 x is all "r4 ,put x back into ! wat]1 & p\r 9 ! re/ ( ! /uff aft] x4 ,x is important t ! piece te/$ be n put back into ! pan conta9+ ! re/ ( ! wax1 z ! wat] absorb$ w evaporate & make ! hot wax fro?y & spongy4 ,ga!r ! wax toge!r 9 ! wat] )\t loss ( "t1 remove x ) wet h&s1 & pull x fa/ h& ov] h& z quickly z possible till x atta9s a light gold5 col\r4 ,pull (f a small piece ) ! h&s1 or cut x (f ) wet scissors1 & ?r[ x into ! wat]4 ,if x floats on ! surface x has be5 pull$ en\gh2 if x s9ks1 ! wax requires m work+4 ,if n pull$ en\gh1 ! wax is brittle1 becom+ t\gh] & bett] ! m x is pull$4 ,9 mak+ ! wax x mu/ be rememb]$ t only half z mu* oil is requir$ 9 summ] z 9 w9t]4 ,! cold] ! atmosph]e ! m oil w be requir$4 ,! quantities ( +r$i5ts m5tion$ w make ab\t ?irty h&y lumps ( wax1 & z a rule a p5nywor? ( oil is en\gh 9 ! colde/ wea!r4 ,if1 aft] work+ x1 ! wax is too h>d1 melt x aga9 & add m oil2 if too s(t1 add m pit* & res94 ,h>d wax may be us$ 9 a way t avoids re-melt+4 ,! ?read1 previ\s to be+ dress$ ) ! wax1 is rubb$ ) tall[1 ov] :i* ! wax w run smoo?4 ,cut ! wax into lumps ! size ( a l>ge pigeon's egg & keep x 9 wat]4 ,directions w n[ be giv5 = mak+ wax ?reads4 ,s t ! hemp may be kept tidy & n mix$ up ) ! tools on ! b5*1 place ! ball ( hemp 9 a wood5 or t9 box hav+ a small hole 9 ! c5tre ( its lid1 ?r\gh :i* ! hemp c pass4 ,take hold ( ! end ( ! hemp ) ! left h&1 twi/ x once ar\nd ! f+]s1 & draw x ?r\gh ! "r h&4 ,:5 a suffici5t quantity has be5 drawn out1 break ! ?read by rubb+ x on ! knee to take out ! twi/1 at ! same "t giv+ x a %>p pull2 ! /r&s ?us loos5 & break 9 a ragg$ end4 ,?r[ ! hemp ov] a nail or hook 9 ! b5*1 pull x until ! sides are ea* ab\t #b ft4 #i 94 long1 keep ! hemp tight ) ! end 9 ! left h&1 & ) ! "r h& sp9 or rub x on ! knee z be=e to untwi/ ! /r&s2 !n pull x %>ply to break x4 ,! m ragg$ ! brok5 end is ! bett] w be ! po9t on ! f9i%$ ?read4 ,!re is n[ "o /r& #b ft4 #i 94 long & po9t$2 ) ! "r h& put ! po9ts toge!r 9 ! left h&1 & draw ! hemp aga9 ov] ! hook1 sp9n+ & cutt+ x z be=e1 & repeat+ ! op]ation till ! requir$ numb] ( /r&s is obta9$4 ,! numb] v>ies ) ! requir$ /r5g?1 f ?ree to sixte54 ,9 putt+ ! ends ( ! cut hemp toge!r1 d n leave !m exactly ! same l5g?2 by leav+ "s %ort] ?an o!rs a nice po9t$ ?read is obta9$ at ! f9i%1 f9e en\gh to g into ! eye ( a ne$le4 ,:5 ! requir$ numb] ( /r&s is obta9$1 take a ball ( wax 9 ! "r h&1 & hold bo? ends ( ! ?read sep>ately 9 ! left2 draw ! wax ov] ! po9ts two or ?ree times to keep ! ends toge!r1 tak+ c>e to keep ! ends on ! left ( ! hook twi/$ r\nd ! left h&1 & hold+ !m tight ) ! ?ird & f\r? f+]s1 leav+ ! ?umb & =ef+] loose to manipulate ! o!r end 9 ! process ( twi/+2 ! wax on ! ends or po9ts is a great help at ?is /age4 ,hav+ an end betwe5 ! ?umb & f+] ( ! left h&1 set x on ! knee1 & sp9 or twi/ x z :5 cutt+ ! hemp4 ,! knee %\ld be rais$ ab\t #ab 94 f ! floor by plac+ ! foot on a support4 ,cont9ue sp9n+ ) ! palm ( ! "r h& until ! ?read is twi/$ en\gh4 ,if twi/$ too mu*1 x w "w into knots :5 us$ 9 /it*+4 ,!n put ! twi/$ side r\nd ! left h&1 kept firm by ! ?ird & f\r? f+]s z be=e2 & take ! o!r side betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! left h&1 & sp9 x to ! prop] twi/ ) ! palm ( ! "r h& z ! o!r side 0 done4 ,if ! ?read is requir$ v smoo?1 twi/ bo? ( ! sides ( ! ?read once r\nd ! seat-awl & draw ! latt] %>ply backw>ds & =w>ds along ! ?read1 all unev5ness be+ ?us smoo!d away4 ,= co>se "w & repairs ?is is n necess>y1 b = be/ & new "w ! ?read %\ld always be smoo!d4 ,to wax ! ?read1 hold ! two ends ( ! ?read firmly 9 ! left h&1 & ) ! ball ( wax held 9 ! palm ( ! "r h&1 rub all along ! ?read1 pull+ ! ?read f ar\nd ! hook into ! op5 to enable t portion to be wax$ also4 ,pull back ! ?read into its =m] position1 &1 ) a piece ( s(t lea!r or ! b>e h&1 rub ! ?read %>ply f end to end to smoo? ! wax & make x ev5 all along4 ,! ?read is !n ready = use4 ,yell[ or :ite hemp ?read is made ) ei!r beeswax or :ite wax 9 exactly ! same mann]1 b ! po9t ( ! ?read is n dress$ ) :ite wax1 be+ left unwax$ until ! re/ ( ! ?read is f9i%$4 ,! end has to be po9t$ ) black wax1 :i* w n /ick ov] beeswax or :ite wax4 ,black wax is ! only k9d t w keep ! ?read fa/ to ! ne$les4 ,nails are ext5sively us$ bo? 9 putt+ mat]ials toge!r = work+ & z ornam5ts4 ,! nails us$ 9 putt+ "w toge!r are g5]ally cut tacks1 rang+ 9 l5g? f 94 to #a 94 ,neat wire nails c n[ be _h1 h[ev]1 mu* *eap] ?an ! tacks1 & are to be pref]r$1 z !y are ( uni=m size & leave a mu* small] hole :5 )drawn4 ,clumsy nails spoil good "w1 z ! holes made by !m are l>g] ?an ! awl us$ 9 /it*+4 ,v f9e nails d n spoil ! "w1 & c be obta9$ 9 sizes suitable = heavi] & clumsi] "w2 & !y may be us$ ov] & ov] aga9 if c>e is tak5 9 pull+ !m out ) ! nail-claw4 ,cut tacks are us$ 9 putt+ gig saddles toge!r1 9 nail+ ! lea!r to ! tree1 9 adju/+ panels 9 ! gullet & beh9d1 betwe5 ! two prongs ( ! crupp] /aples1 = nail+ seats 9 rid+ saddles1 etc4 ,cut tacks c be obta9$ z small z 94 9 l5g?4 ,saddl]s' tacks ( diff]5t sizes f 94 to 94 long are us$ 9 putt+ 9 c>t-saddle & rid+-saddle panels & flaps1 & = _m o!r purposes4 ,cl\t nails are us$ n[ & !n 9 putt+ h\ses on c>t saddles1 & = nail+ on /raps & gir?s1 etc4 ,cl\t nails & saddl]s' tacks are made ( wr\ght iron4 ,r\nd-head$ & japann$ nails may be us$ = nail+ c>t-saddle h\s+s1 & h a neat] appe>ance ?an common iron cl\ts4 ,t\gh nails are us$ 9 mak+ all k9ds ( saddles2 !y sometimes h heads cov]$ ) black pat5t lea!r1 & sometimes japann$ heads only4 ,o!rs h heads ( silv]1 nickel1 or brass4 ,!y are us$ p>tly z ornam5ts & p>tly to hold ! "w toge!r1 & are 9 two sizes1 cab & gig4 ,!re are usually f\r 9 a gig or cab saddle1 "o 9 ea* corn] ( ! skirt 9 front & "o on ea* side beh9d1 hold+ d[n ! b9d+ t comes ov] ! cantle ( ! saddle4 ,! front ones are driv5 ?r\gh1 b5t1 & beat5 close to ! tree backw>ds1 :il/ ! h9d ones are cut to tap] = ab\t half _! l5g?s to a po9t2 !y are driv5 into ! tree4 ,9 a rid+ saddle !re is "o nail 9 ! front1 "o 9 ea* ( ! sides1 "o 9 ! corn] ( ! skirts driv5 ?r\gh & b5t1 & "o on ea* side j at ! ?9 end ( ! skirt1 driv5 inw>ds s z to cat* ! tree & be flatt5$ close to x4 ,!re is also "o 9 ea* flap "u ! skirt 9 a l9e ) ! /irrup fa/5]1 driv5 ?r\gh ! tree on ! outside ( ! plate runn+ along ! po9ts f ! gullet2 ^! are b5t & flatt5$ und]nea?4 ,sometimes brass nails are us$ z ornam5ts1 b brass bead+ has done away ) _! use to a great ext5t4 ,=m]ly c\ntry c>t saddles 7 ornam5t$ by nail+ ! h\s+ to ! tree ) brass nails2 ! cov]s ( van saddles1 z well z ! op5+ ov] ! bo>ds1 7 also fa/5$ d[n ) ^! nails4 ,su* pieces z loop lea!r1 ! edges ( black /raps1 etc41 (t5 h to be dy$4 ,! dye or /a9 is made by boil+ toge!r = half an h\r #a lb4 logwood *ips1 #d oz4 cru%$ nutgalls1 lb4 copp]as1 a little gum arabic1 & #e qt4 ( wat]4 ,keep a little 9 an old bottle hung 9 a h&y position ne> ! b5*4 ,! dye is appli$ by a /ick hav+ a piece ( felt atta*$ to its end4 ,! ink c be ?9n$ by ! addition ( wat]4 ,9 dye+ br[n lea!r1 x mu/ fir/ be coat$ ) soda solution to kill ! grease4 ,! solution is made by dissolv+ a piece ( wa%+ soda ! size ( a pigeon's egg 9 a qu>t ( hot wat]4 ,! black dye may !n be appli$4 ,if x does n /rike well1 rub ov] x a co>se bru% & aga9 coat ) dye4 ,rub x well & dry ) a rag1 aft]w>ds well rubb+ 9 a little tall[ ) ei!r a rag or ! b>e h&4 ,! tall[ gives a f9i% & c\nt]acts any injury ! dye might d ! h&1 !re be+ 9 ! copp]as a t5d5cy to burn4 ,flocks1 bo? :ite & col\r$1 are ext5sively us$ 9 ! trade1 & c be b\ght at f #bjs4 to #ejs4 p] hundr$weight2 ! mat]ial c also be _h 9 small quantities--ev5 z l[ z a p\nd4 ,be/ :ite flock %\ld be free f cotton1 & %\ld be te/$ by putt+ a small quantity 9 a c&le flame2 if cotton is pres5t1 x burns fi]cely & ) a big flame1 b f9e wool burns sl[ly & sm\ld]s4 ,! be/ flock is us$ = /uff+ rid+-saddle panels1 etc41 & ! be/ drumm$ flock is us$ = coll>s1 be+ put ne> ! horse's brea/ "u ! l9+ to make ! coll>s easy = ! %\ld]4 ,! drumm$ flocks are 9 l>ge %eets1 & ^! are cut to ! size & %ape requir$1 &1 be+ ( ev5 ?ickness1 w n be lumpy1 an important consid]ation 9 mak+ a coll>4 ,co>s] flock ( a :ite1 br[n1 or any d>k col\r w d = /uff+ & re/uff+ gig-saddle panels4 ,curl$ horsehair is sometimes us$ = /uff+ panels1 & is f\nd v cool = an animal ) a t5d] back or %\ld]2 goat hair is v suitable = /uff+4 ,nei!r ?is nor horsehair is s liable to be clogg$ by sweat+ z %eep's wool1 ?\gh ! latt]1 :5 dry1 conta9+ b v little oil & be+ well c>d$1 is us$ ext5sively 9 c\ntry places4 ,all ^! mat]ials be=e use %\ld be put ?r\gh ! flock ma*9e once or twice to loos5 ! fibre1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 :5 /uff+ ) a rod t ! flock or wool is n put 9 lumpy or unev54 ,aft] /uff+1 ! "w %\ld be levell$ ) ! seat-awl until x is z smoo? z a bo>d4 ,! drumm$ flock1 ( c\rse1 is already level & ev52 x is n /uff$ 91 b laid on ! inside ( ! coll> l9+ be=e /uff+ ! coll> ) /raw4 ,?ick felt is a good sub/itute = pads to ease coll>s & saddles1 & c be b\ght 9 v>i\s ?icknesses by ! p\nd4 ,l>ge cutt+s & wa/e pieces c also be b\ght v *eaply1 & two ?icknesses c be put toge!r if necess>y1 a /rap & a buckle be+ on "o side ) a /rap on ! o!r to fa/5 to a saddle or coll>4 ,felt is useful to put "u crupp]s & to l9e bree*+s :5 *af+1 or "u any /rapp+s t *afe ! horse's sk94 ,!y c be fa/5$ to ! above by /it*+ !m ) a spot /it*1 ?us - - - - -1 ab\t 94 ap>t1 & slant+ ! awl und]nea? to make ! /it* small !re z well z on ! top2 or nails may be us$ :5 ! felt is suffici5tly ?ick4 ,false coll>s1 pads to be us$ l saddle clo?s "u gig or cab saddles & "u c>t-saddle panels1 rid+-saddle clo?s1 & _m o!r articles are made ( felt4 ,! h>ness mak] & saddl] uses _m diff]5t k9ds ( lea!r1 &1 unless ! work] possesses "s k ( ! p>ticul> purpose ( ea* v>iety1 mu* wa/e is likely to result4 ,/uff too light or too heavy1 too ?ick or too ?91 spoils a job1 & ( c\rse entails loss4 ,9 ,fig4 #fc1 :i* is a diagram %[+ a cut hide1 ,a ,a %[ ! sides ( a h>ness hide ) belly on2 ,c ,c1 backs ( h>ness hide ) belly (f2 ,b ,b ,b ,b1 bellies ( hide2 ,d ,d1 middl+s2 ,e1 %\ld]2 & ,f1 uncut middl+4 ,h>ness lea!r c be b\ght 9 hides 7,a ,a7 cut only along ! back1 hav+ ! belly "p atta*$1 at ! rate ( f #as4 #b;d4 to #as4 #aa;d4 p] lb4 ,! be/ "p c be us$ = h>ness & c>t ge>2 ! belly w come 9 well = repairs1 l9+s1 & fill+s4 ,h>ness backs 7,c ,c7 are half hides f :i* ! belly 7,b ,b7 has be5 cut (f2 ^! h all pure firm lea!r suitable = mak+ all k9ds ( h>ness4 ,! price is f #as4 #i;d4 to #bs4 #e;d4 p] p\nd4 ,trace backs 7,c ,c7 resemble ! above1 b are pick$ & m c>efully dress$1 & are made ( ! f9e/ & be/ gr[n hides4 ,!y co/ f #as4 l#j;d4 to #bs4 #g;d4 p] p\nd4 ,re9 hides h ! bellies atta*$ b are dress$ & ( pick$ quality & ?ickness & uni=m /r5g?2 !y are suitable = mak+ into driv+ re9s4 ,= ! be/ "p c also be made any good light s+le /raps1 :]e /r5g? & durability are requir$4 ,! be/ "p ( ! belly c be cut up into small /raps ( any k9d & into l9+s4 ,^! hides co/ f #efs4 to #gbs4 ea*4 ,re9 backs resemble ! above1 b h ! belly cut (f2 ! price is f #djs4 to #gjs4 ea*4 ,black /rap butts 7,d ,d7 are ! be/ "p ( ! hide f :i* ! belly & %\ld] h be5 cut4 ,!y are f #d ft4 #f 94 to #d ft4 #i 94 long1 & are suitable = any k9d ( good s+le /rap4 ,! price is f #efs4 to #gbs4 a pair4 ,black spur %\ld]s 7,e7 are light %\ld]s dress$ & flatt5$2 f !m are made spur & simil> /raps1 g>t]s1 wri/ /raps1 etc4 ,! price is f #hs4 #f;d4 to #ajs4 ea*4 ,japann$ horse hides = pat5t h>ness coll>s co/ f #djs4 to #dfs4 ea*4 ,c[ hides1 japann$ = ! same purpose1 co/ f #chs4 to #dds4 ea*4 ,japann$ c[-backs = coll>s1 etc41 co/ f #cjs4 to #cis4 p] pair4 ,japann$ flap hides = mak+ gig1 cab1 or br\gham h>ness saddle flaps are pric$ at f #bs4 #c;d4 to #bs4 #f;d4 p] p\nd4 ,! middl+s co/ f #bs4 to #bs4 #f;d4 p] p\nd4 ,w9k] hides1 japann$ = mak+ bridle w9k]s1 co/ #eds4 to #efs4 ea*1 & ! middl+s 7,f7 = ! same purpose co/ f #cbs4 to #cfs4 p] pair4 ,japann$ welt+ seals = mak+ welts = gig saddles1 etc41 are pric$ at f #gs4 #f;d4 to #hs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,japann$ & enamell$ hides = mak+ milit>y belts1 etc41 co/ f #eds4 to #fjs4 ea*1 & middl+s = ! same purpose f #djs4 to #dbs4 p] pair4 ,!re is great v>iety 9 br[n or /a9$ lea!r4 ,bridle hides = all sorts ( rid+ bridles co/ f #ejs4 to #efs4 ea*4 ,backs 7,c ,c7 f ! above co/ #des4 to #ejs4 ea*1 :il/ ! butts co/ #cbs4 to #djs42 ^! are 9 v>y+ qualities & prices4 ,br[n %\ld]s 7,e7 dress$ = coat /raps1 g>t]s1 braces1 or small /raps 9 g5]al c be b\ght at f #fs4 #f;d4 to #ajs4 ea*1 & driv+-re9 br[n hides at f #efs4 to #gbs4 ea*4 ,! backs co/ f #efs4 to #ffs4 a pair1 & ! butts = h&p>ts ( re9s #chs4 to #dbs4 a pair4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--;,cutt+ up ,hide4 ,d\ble-re9 hides--t is1 br[n lea!r specially select$ & dress$ = mak+ re9s ( d\ble ?ickness /it*$ toge!r1 co/ f #dds4 to #ejs4 ea*4 ,! backs co/ f #djs4 to #dhs4 p] pair4 ,head-coll> re9 backs = mak+ head-coll>s1 /allion bridles1 etc41 c be b\ght at f #bs4 #f;d4 to #bs4 #aa;d4 p] p\nd4 ,/irrup hides = mak+ /irrup /raps co/ f #bs4 #f;d4 to #bs4 #i;d4 p] p\nd2 !re are also inf]ior qualities4 ,butts = /irrup /raps co/ f #cs4 #f;d4 to #ds4 p] p\nd4 ,br[n h>ness hides co/ f #as4 #f;d4 to #as4 #aa;d4 p] p\nd4 ,! backs co/ f #as4 #h;d4 to #bs4 #b;d4 p] p\nd4 ,skirt hides = mak+ ladies' & g5ts' saddle skirts & flaps are pric$ at f #as4 #aj;d4 to #bs4 #b;d4 p] p\nd4 ,skirt backs are f #bs4 to #bs4 #d;d4 p] p\nd1 & %\ld]s1 #as4 #e;d4 to #as4 #aj;d4 p] p\nd4 ,hog-sk9s suitable = all purposes1 b *iefly us$ = saddles1 c be b\ght at f #i to #ab p] doz52 !y c be b\ght s+ly1 & !re are also inf]ior qualities4 ,%eep-sk9s 9 imitation ( hog-sk9s c be b\ght at f #cjs4 to #fjs4 p] doz51 or copp] plates = pr9t+ basils & a pr9t+ press = ! purpose c be b\ght in/ead4 ,basils = gig-saddle panel pads & repair+ coll>s1 & c>t-saddle *eek pads1 etc41 c be b\ght at f #ajs4 to #cjs4 p] doz54 ,! common ones are good en\gh = repairs & *eap "w4 ,specially dress$ hides = mak+ braces or any light /raps c be b\ght at f #cfs4 to #djs4 ea*2 ! %\ld]s 7,e7 or bellies 7,b7 dress$ = ! same purpose c be _h ap>t f ! hide4 ,purse & pocket-book hides are also specially dress$1 & co/ f #cjs4 to #djs4 ea*4 ,calf-sk9s dress$ = ! same purpose co/ f #is4 to #ajs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,! brace & pocket-book & purse lea!r c be obta9$ /a9$ 9 v>i\s col\rs1 r$1 br[n1 yell[1 orange1 etc4 ,! br[n h>ness lea!r also c be _h natural or tall[ col\r or /a9$ fawn1 nut br[n1 yell[1 or orange4 ,br[n ge> hides = c>t "w are f #as4 #c;d4 to #bs4 p] p\nd1 ! backs f #as4 #g;d4 to #bs4 #c;d4 p] p\nd1 & bellies f #aj;d4 to #as4 #d;d4 p] p\nd4 ,mill b&s = mak+ driv+ belts co/ f #as4 #f;d4 to #bs4 #b;d4 p] p\nd4 ,eng9e butts = mak+ /rong eng9e belts1 ei!r s+le or d\ble1 co/ f #bs4 to #bs4 #f;d4 p] p\nd4 ,fancy col\r$ lea!r = bridle fronts & rosettes co/ f #djs4 to #dbs4 ea* middl+4 ,/rip$ pat5t front+s lea!r co/s f #as4 #f;d4 to #bs4 #i;d4 p] squ>e foot4 ,:ite buff hides = hunt+-crop keep]s1 razor /rops1 belts1 etc41 co/ ab\t #es4 p] p\nd4 ,:ite blea*$ buff middl+ is ab\t #es4 p] p\nd4 ,a c\ntry saddl] is (t5 call$ ^u to "w 9 coa*-build]s' lea!r2 lea!rs = ?is purpose are n includ$ 9 ! above li/1 b1 z a rule1 !y c be obta9$ at ! same place z h>ness lea!r4 ,enamell$ c[1 ox1 & bull hides = c>riage tops1 etc41 are sold :ole1 & n slit along ! middle1 at f #djs4 to #gjs4 ea*4 ,coa* hides & backs = da%es & w+s co/ f #bfs4 to #djs4 ea*4 ,seal-sk9s = ! same purpose co/ f #gs4 #f;d4 to #abs4 ea*4 ,hides = w9d[ /raps1 enamell$ & prep>$1 co/ f #efs4 to #fjs4 ea*4 ,all col\r$ c>riage cu%ion hides = mak+ c>riage cu%ions co/ f #djs4 to #fjs4 ea*4 ,dy$ & enamell$ lea!r = cu%ions is sold by ! squ>e foot4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to /ate t all ! above prices fluctuate ) ! m>ket4 ,a great quantity ( h>ness lea!r1 n[adays1 is prep>$ by ! quick tann+ process1 b x is inf]ior /uff4 ,! be/ lea!r is t :i* has be5 ?r\gh a pure oak tan4 ,x is v h>d1 h[ev]1 to tell :5 ! inf]ior process has be5 us$1 b z a rule ! col\r1 smell1 & ev5 ta/e ( ! lea!r decide ! "q2 s(t1 mell[ lea!r t has n a h>d feel+ to ! t\* is z a rule good lea!r1 especially if x has a close gra9 & a light yell[ col\r :5 cut4 ,! inf]ior quality feels & looks dry & h>d3 x has a dull grey col\r & an unev5 gra9 fac+4 ,a good te/ is to b5d x1 poor & badly dress$ lea!r crack+ 9 ! b5d1 & ! gra9 giv+ way2 ^! defects %[ t ei!r *emicals or excessive heats h be5 us$ 9 ! f9i%+ & tann+4 ,well tann$ & dress$ lea!r /&s ! b5d+ te/ well4 ,a few rules on cutt+ up hides may n[ be giv54 ,:5 cutt+ a /rap f a hide1 d n cut d[n l[] ?an ! wid? ( ! /rap requir$1 s z n to int]f]e ) ! next cut into ! hide4 ,all possible c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t wa/e1 & pieces ( p>ticul> %ape %\ld be cut f a patt]n4 ,x is %e] wa/e to cut (f a piece ( /uff l>g] ?an is requir$ & !n to trim x d[n4 ,9 cutt+ up a hide1 lay x on ! b5* ) ! back "p aga9/ ! work]2 use a /raight$ge at lea/ #h ft4 long1 & m>k ) a blunt-po9t$ awl or ! seat-awl1 us+ ! /raight$ge z a guide4 ,take c>e n to cut ! gra9 ( ! lea!r ) ! po9t ( ! awl1 z 9 ! case ( ! /raight$ge be+ %ift$ an indelible m>k may be left4 ,if ! /rap is to be cut ) ! r\nd knife1 set ! compass to ! "r wid?1 & put "o po9t 9 position to run along ! edge ( ! lea!r1 & ! o!r on ! lea!r s t x m>ks ! wid? to be cut2 pull ! compass t[>ds ! work]1 press+ x s t x leaves a pla9 l9e4 ,) ! r\nd knife beg9 cutt+ at ! "r-h& end1 keep+ ! lea!r /eady 9 its place on ! cutt+-bo>d ) ! left h&4 ,a cutt+-bo>d ought always to be employ$1 z nails on ! top ( ! b5* w\ld int]f]e ) ! "w4 ,pu% ! knife along ! m>k$ l9e /eadily1 tak+ c>e t ! knife does n slip2 if x does1 x may make a bad slit & spoil ! "w4 ,/raps are always cut along ! hide & n across x1 ! hide be+ mu* /rong] l5g?ways4 ,! fir/ cutt+ f ! hide is suitable = re9s1 & !n 9 ord] come traces1 back-b&s1 bridg+-/raps1 hip-/raps1 & hip-/rap tugs2 !n crupp] billet1 %aft tugs1 "n tugs1 bellyb&1 bridle head-/rap1 *eeks1 etc42 & f ! belly "p or ?ird quality 9 side ( hide may be cut l9+s & lay]s = folds4 ,9 mak+ c>t h>ness1 cut bridge-b&1 crupp]1 & bridge-b& c>ri] or hip-/raps & be>]s1 & !n c>t-saddle bellyb&s & bridle2 ! be/ "p ( ! belly1 ) ! top well l9$1 w d = side pieces ( coll>1 unless ?is c be cut f a specially dress$ piece4 ,specially curri$ lea!r mu/ be obta9$ = c>t-saddle h\s+s & w9k]s1 z ! h>ness lea!r is n firm en\gh & conta9s too mu* oil4 ,! special lea!r also mu/ be got = ! saddle flaps1 ! pieces ly+ aga9/ ! ribs ( ! horse "u ! ridgwor?4 ,a lea!r t is *eape/ 9 fir/ co/ is n always ! *eape/ to use4 ,t lea!r is ! be/ f :i* ! greate/ weight ( firm /raps c be made1 & :i* w cont9ue firm = ! greate/ l5g? d[n t[>ds ! belly "p4 ,! compass & r\nd knife only 7 m5tion$ 9 ! description ( cutt+ /raps1 b ! pl\gh is v useful = cutt+ /raps v>y+ f 94 to #e 94 9 wid?4 ,! pl\gh does away ) ! use ( bo? compass & r\nd knife1 & cuts mu* m ev5ly & /raight ?an x is possible to d by h&4 ,its use effects a great sav+ ( "t1 ! knife m]ely requir+ to be adju/$ on ! gauge & made fa/ by ! ?umb-screw4 ,hold ! lea!r firm & flat on ! bo>d ) ! left h&1 & press x =w>d to ! pl\gh1 keep+ ! gu>d close & tight to ! edge all along4 ,! uses ( ! head knife 9 cutt+ w be fully expla9$ lat]4 ,br[n h>ness "w1 z small /raps1 traces1 back-b&1 & bree*+s1 may be f9i%$ ) a ?9 solution ( gum & wat]1 & %\ld be well rubb$ ) a smoo? bone until poli%$4 ,ma*9es = trimm+ ! edges are made1 b _! "w is incomplete1 because all l5g?y /raps h p>ts 9 :i* ! fibres are less close ?an at o!rs4 ,a good me?od is to knock ! edges all along1 consolidate !m z mu* z possible1 & !n trim !m r\nd & level ) ! spoke%ave2 aft]w>ds run a glass scrap] ov] !m & s&pap]4 ,f9ally1 a good rubb+ ) br[n pap] & bone1 aft] gumm+1 w give a f9e poli%$ edge to all br[n "w4 ,black /raps & h>ness are prep>$ 9 ! same way = poli%+2 black dye !m1 !n rub dry ) a rag1 & poli% ) br[n pap] & bone4 ,sometimes1 aft] black+ & rubb+1 a coat ( liquid black+ is appli$1 & rubb$ until dry4 ,aga91 "s h>ness-mak]s employ black-ball & a burni%] to f9i% aft] black+1 rubb+ d[n well2 ?is is recomm5d$ = ! be/ h>ness4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t :5ev] ! ^w f9i%+ us$ "h 9 connection ) be/ h>ness ?is process is ref]r$ to = black & br[n h>ness & s+le /raps4 ,common h>ness & c>t ge>1 especially 9 c\ntry places1 are usually f9i%$ by levell+ ! edges1 scrap+ ) glass1 black+1 rubb+ ) a rag1 & f9ally1 aft] pass+ a ball ( h>d tall[ along ! edges1 rubb+ ) a bone or h>d knife h&le4 ,webs are us$ = a v>iety ( purposes by saddl]s4 ,gir? web = mak+ saddle gir?s is sold 9 #ae-yd4 pieces4 ,x c be _h 9 cotton1 union1 or wor/$4 ,race gir? is a sup]ior mat]ial = rac+ saddles2 x is ab\t #e 94 wide4 ,web = roll] gir? is f #d 94 to #f 94 wide & 9 #ab-yd4 pieces2 x is ( cotton1 union1 or wor/$4 ,9 ! same mat]ial is made trace web 9 #ah-yd4 pieces1 #a 94 to #b 94 wide4 ,game-bag web is sometimes requir$1 & is b\ght by ! y>d 9 diff]5t col\rs4 ,m5's body-belt web is to be _h 9 #ah-yd4 pieces f #d 94 to #h 94 wide1 & 9 sev5 or eight col\rs4 ,/ra9+-web = saddle seats c be b\ght by ! y>d or 9 ! piece4 ,a c\ntry saddl] f9ds diap]-web v useful2 ?is is b\ght 9 #ae-yd4 pieces4 ,o!r requisites1 su* z bits1 spurs1 /irrups1 & h>ness furniture are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,x4 ,a few reliable recipes = "s ( ! mo/ necess>y articles employ$ 9 h>ness mak+ w n[ be giv54 ,iron ,liquor = ,dye+4--7a7 ,gre5 copp]as1 #b lb42 v9eg>1 #b qt42 pulv]is$ nutgall1 lb42 & wat]1 #d qt4 ,two weeks aft] mix+ add ano!r #b qt4 ( wat]4 7b7 ,bi*romate ( pota%1 lb42 logwood extract1 #a lb42 copp]as1 #a oz42 & wat]1 #a gal4 ,saddl]s' ,black ,wax4--7a7 ,pit*1 #b lb42 res91 #b lb42 seal oil1 "o p5nywor?4 ,9 w9t] add #b lb4 ( res9 in/ead ( #b lb41 & nev] m ?an ( ! oil until ! /iffness ( ! wax has be5 te/$4 7b7 ,pit*1 #a lb42 res91 #a lb42 & l9se$ oil1 "o p5nywor?4 ,! exact am\nt ( oil to be us$ 9 bo? ( ! above recipes dep5ds on ! season & ! wea!r4 ,a little lampblack may be well mix$ 9 :5 ! wax is requir$ v black4 ,always melt ! pit* & res9 toge!r1 & !n add ! oil4 ,aft]w>ds p\r ! mixture into cold wat]1 & knead & pull x until x floats4 ,try a small piece fir/ to asc]ta9 :e!r !re is suffici5t oil1 & likewise aft] pull+ to see :e!r x floats4 ,br[n ,wax4--,beeswax1 #a lb42 pale res91 #c oz42 & :ite-lead1 #c oz4 ,! wax c be s(t5$ or h>d5$ by add+ m or less beeswax4 ,melt ! mixture1 /irr+ x1 & !n p\r x into wat] & pull until x floats4 ,fl\r ,pa/e4--,wat]1 #a qt41 & alum #c oz4 ,heat until ! alum has melt$1 & :5 cold add fl\r to ! consi/5cy ( cream2 !n let ! mixture boil1 /irr+ x at ! same "t4 ,by add+ a little p[d]$ res9 & a clove or two be=e boil+1 ! pa/e w keep = a ye> & c be s(t5$ ) wat] :5 dry4 ,br[n ,/a94--,boil equal p>ts ( p9e & ald] b>k 9 six times _! bulk ( wat] until ! col\r is extract$1 & :5 cold add a little alcohol4 ,yell[ ,/a94--,boil "s fu/ic b]ries 9 alum wat] & d>k5 ! %ade by add+ p[d]$ brazil1 :i* mu/ be boil$ ) ! b]ries4 ,br[n1 ,russet1 & ,yell[ ,/a94--,boil a giv5 am\nt ( saffron 9 wat] until ! col\r is extract$1 cut a quantity ( annatto1 putt+ x into ur9e1 & mix ! ur9e & extract1 ! proportion ( ea* det]m9+ ! %ade2 ! great] ! am\nt ( annatto ! d>k] ! col\r4 ,/a9 = ,rid+ ,saddles1 etc4--,saffron1 ?ree p5nywor?2 annatto1 "o p5nywor?2 s(t soap1 "o p5nywor?2 & boil+ wat]1 #a qt4 ,mix & let ! :ole /& until ready4 ,reviv] = ,pat5t ,lea!r4--,mix w>m l9se$ oil #a pt41 & cream #a pt4 ,apply ) a sponge & poli% ) a s(t flannel or rag4 ,h>ness ,composition4--7a7 ,glue1 #d oz42 gum arabic1 #c oz42 wat]1 pt4 ,dissolve all by heat & add #f oz4 ( treacle & #e oz4 ( v f9ely p[d]$ ivory black1 & sl[ly evaporate ) con/ant trituration until ! composition is ( ! prop] consi/5cy :5 cold4 ,:5 ne>ly cold1 bottle & cork2 if necess>y ! bottle c be w>m$ be=e use4 7b7 ,mutton suet #b oz41 & pure beeswax #f oz4 ,melt ?is mixture & !n add f9ely p[d]$ sug> c&y1 #f oz42 s(t soap1 #b oz42 lampblack1 #b oz42 & f9ely p[d]$ indigo1 oz4 ,:5 p]fectly incorporat$ add pt4 ( oil ( turp5t9e4 ,keep ! composition 9 pots or t9s1 7c7 ,beeswax1 #a lb42 s(t soap1 #f oz42 ivory black1 lb42 ,prussian blue 7gr\nd 971 #a oz42 l9se$ oil1 #b oz42 & oil ( turp5t9e1 pt4 ,mix well toge!r & pot4 ,put a ?9 lay] ( "o ( ! above on ! lea!r & poli% g5tly ) a bru% or rubb]4 ,h>ness ,jet4--,molasses1 #h p>ts2 lampblack1 #a "p2 sweet oil1 #a "p2 gum arabic1 #a "p2 is+lass1 #a "p2 & wat]1 #cb p>ts4 ,mix well toge!r & add #a pt4 ( turp5t9e4 ,apply ! mixture ) a sponge4 ,if x is h>d1 place ! bottle 9 hot wat] to s(t5 ! mixture4 ,"o ounce ( _s ( w9e c also be add$ :5 cool4 ,wat]pro( ,pa/e = ,c>riage ,h>ness4--7a7 ,dissolve ?ree /icks ( black seal+ wax 9 pt4 ( alcohol1 or dissolve lac 9 alcohol & col\r ) suffici5t lampblack4 7b7 ,melt #b oz4 ( black res9 9 a glaz$ vessel ov] ! fire1 & !n add #c oz4 ( beeswax1 & z soon z all is melt$ remove f ! fire & add oz4 ( f9e lampblack & oz4 ( ,prussian blue 9 p[d]4 ,/ir all well & add en\gh turp5t9e to =m a ?9 pa/e4 ,cool & apply ) a sponge2 poli% ) a s(t bru%4 ,oil = ,f>m & ,team ,h>ness4--,melt #c lb4 ( pure tall[ )\t lett+ x boil1 & g5tly add #a lb4 ( pure neatsfoot oil4 ,/ir cont9ually until cold1 s t x w be p]fectly mix$1 o!rwise ! tall[ w h>d5 9 lumps4 ,to col\r1 add a little bone black or lampblack4 ,brass ,poli%+ ,pa/e4--7a7 ,dissolve #c p>ts ( oxalic acid 9 #dj ( wat]1 ) #ajj ( pumice/one p[d]$1 #b ( oil ( turp5t9e1 #ab ( s(t soap1 & #ab ( any fat oil4 7b7 ,beat equal weights ( s(t soap & rott5/one into a pa/e4 ,plate ,p[d]4--,take z mu* sulphate ( iron z w fill a clay pipe1 keep x on ! fire = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 & mix ) p[d]$ *alk4 ,lea!r ,pres]v]4--,to pres]ve h>ness f ! effect ( ammonia 9 /ables add a little glyc]9e to ! oil employ$4 ,lea!r ,cem5t4--7a7 ,dissolve guttap]*a 9 bisulphate ( c>bon until ( ! consi/5cy ( treacle4 ,%ave well ! p>ts to be cem5t$ & !n spread a little cem5t ev5ly ov] !m4 ,w>m !m = ab\t half a m9ute1 apply "o aga9/ ! o!r quickly1 & press h>d4 ,keep ! bottle well cork$ & 9 a cool place4 7b7 ,melt guttap]*a1 #af p>ts2 pure rubb]1 #d p>ts2 yell[ pit*1 #b p>ts2 %ellac1 #a "p2 & l9se$ oil1 #b p>ts1 & apply z above4 7c7 ,guttap]*a1 #a lb42 indi>ubb]1 #d oz42 pit*1 #a oz42 %ellac1 #a oz42 & l9se$ oil1 #b oz4 ,melt all toge!r4 ,! composition w h>d5 :5 kept1 & mu/ be melt$ = use4 ,bronz+ = ,lea!r4--,a small am\nt ( s-call$ insoluble anil9e violet is dissolv$ 9 a little wat] & ! solution bru%$ ov] ! article2 x w dry quickly4 ,if ! result is n satisfactory1 repeat ! process4 ,to ,gild ,calf- or ,%eepsk94--,wet ! lea!r ) "s egg album51 &1 :5 dry1 rub x ) ! h&s damp$ ) a little olive oil4 ,!n apply ! gold leaf1 & pass a hot iron ov] x4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,/rap ,,mak+ ,,& ,,/it*+4 ,in/ructions h be5 giv5 on mak+ ?reads & cutt+ lea!r1 & n[ a simple ex]cise 9 /it*+ may be giv5 9 ! putt+ toge!r ( small /raps4 ,9 mak+ a box /rap1 cut ) ! r\nd knife or pl\gh f ! back ( ! hide a good piece ( lea!r1 :i* %\ld be #f ft4 long1 & #a 94 wide4 ,turn d[n ab\t #b 94 ( "o end1 cut a hole )9 ab\t 94 ( ! b5d1 & slit ! "p out ) two cuts4 ,neatly %ave d[n ! po9t ( ! "u piece ) ! r\nd knife1 & slant ! o!r end a bit at ea* side to make a neat po9t to ent] ! buckle easily4 ,run ! ,no4 #a edge tool along ! %>p edges ( ! two sides & ( ! top & bottom2 ?is takes a small /rip (f1 r\nds ! edges1 & produces a bett] f9i%4 ,if br[n lea!r is us$1 wipe ! edges ) a damp sponge2 in/ead ( pure wat]1 a v ?9 solution ( gum may be us$4 ,!n rub ! edges ) a rag or ) a piece ( br[n pap] until !y are smoo? & poli%$4 ,adju/ ! screw-crease s t x m>ks a l9e ab\t 94 inside ! edges1 w>m ! crease 9 a gas or c&le flame1 & rub x %>ply all along ! edge1 guid+ ! crease m>k on ! /rap by keep+ ! o!r side ( ! crease close up to ! /rap4 ,rub backw>ds & =w>ds until !re is a deep poli%$ m>k on ! /rap1 !n m>k across ! po9t 9 ! same way4 ,?is op]ation is kn[n z creas+4 ,two crease m>ks in/ead ( "o may be made aft] turn+ ! ?umb-screw to wid5 ! po9ts ( ! tool4 ,!n cut a piece to =m a loop ab\t 94 wide & long en\gh to g r\nd any "p ( ! /rap & make ! ends meet4 ,edge ?is 9 ! same way z ! /rap1 poli% ) dye or wat] accord+ to col\r1 & !n crease4 ,= a runn+ loop--"o t runs loosely along ! /rap--! lea!r ab\t 94 long] ?an twice ! wid? ( ! /rap s z to ov]lap2 %ave "o end on ! top or gra9 side1 & ! o!r on ! bottom or fle% side1 s t :5 jo9t$ ! pieces w make an ev5 ?ickness4 ,all[ suffici5t l5g? = ! two ?icknesses ( /rap to g ?r\gh1 & m>k :]e x is to ov]lap4 ,put "o side ( ! d\bl$ "p 9 ! clamp & /it* ! side opposite1 !n rev]se x & /it* ! o!r2 all runn+ loops are made 9 ?is way except = v common /raps1 :5 ! /rips are simply br\ght end to end & a /it* or two is made f side ( ! d\bl$ "p 9 ! clamp & /it* ! buckle1 put ! tongue po9t ( ! latt] ?r\gh ! hole made = x 9 ! /rap1 & hav+ m>k$ ! /it*es eight or t5 to ! in* ) ! :eel-prick] on ! %ort und]p>t1 put ! loop 9 betwe5 ! two lea!rs deep en\gh = ! /it*es to hold firmly4 ,beg9 /it*+ by ! buckle1 putt+ a cross /it* d[nw>ds close to x4 ,/it* ! /raight r[ along ! l9e ( m>ks close to ! buckle end1 & h a /it* ov]2 d n pull ! ?read up at ! la/ /it*1 b h bo? ! ends und]nea?4 ,put two or ?ree /it*es 9 ! c5tre at ! po9t2 "h also ! la/ /it* is d[nw>ds4 ,!n beg9 /it*+ ! o!r side4 ,) ! awl put ! fir/ hole close to ! po9t & pull ! ?read ?r\gh2 make ! next hole & put ! o!r ?read up & ! top "o d[n1 & s on until ! loop is rea*$4 ,see t ! loop is ( ! "r l5g?2 if too long1 cut a bit (f4 ,put ! po9t 9 betwe5 ! two lea!rs1 deep en\gh to cat* ! /it*es1 & put "o or two /it*es 9 ! side next to ! ?read1 slant+ ! awl a little outw>ds at ! po9t4 ,put ! upp] ne$le ?r\gh ! loop s t ! /it*+ w n be ov] x1 & h a /it* or two 9 ! side ( ! loop next to ! work]2 f9i% x up to ! buckle4 ,put a cross /it* at ! f9i%1 ! same z on ! o!r side1 & cut ! ?read4 ,put a loop /ick ( ! same wid? & ?ickness z ! /rap ?r\gh bo? loops1 hamm] !m lightly to %ape1 & run ! w>m s+le crease along ! edges4 ,) a pun* ( ! "r size cut ! requir$ numb] ( buckle holes1 beg9n+ ab\t #e 94 f ! po9t2 make ! di/ance betwe5 ! holes a little m ?an ! wid? ( ! /rap4 ,?is is always ! rule 9 pun*+ s+le /raps1 su* z g>t]s1 c>t hame /raps1 dog muzzle /raps1 luggage /raps1 etc4 ,) reg>d to ?read+ ! ne$les1 a prop]ly made ?read w h a nice po9t1 :i* mu/ be well wax$1 & pull$ betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb two or ?ree times to w>m ! wax s t x w /ick4 ,pass ! end ?r\gh ! eye ( ! ne$le = f #a 94 to #b 941 accord+ to ! f95ess ( ! po9t1 & hold+ ! ?read betwe5 ! f+] & ! ?umb ( ! left h&1 sp9 x f y ) ! f+] & ?umb ( ! "r h&4 ,aft]w>ds draw ! ?read f ! ne$le d[nw>ds at ! po9t betwe5 ! f+]s s z to /ick ! po9t toge!r well & make x smoo?4 ,take c>e n to put x too f> ?r\gh ! eye1 or x w be too ?ick to g ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! lea!r1 :ile if x is n pull$ ?r\gh f> en\gh ! ?read is liable to break4 ,be c>eful also to get ne$les ( prop] size2 light ?read = light "w & /rong ?read = ?ick & heavy "w2 & a f9e awl = f9e ?read1 & a co>se & /rong "o = co>s] ?read1 & s on4 ,9 mak+ ! fir/ hole 9 /it*+1 put ! ne$le & ?read up f und]nea?1 & draw exactly half ( ! ?read ?r\gh4 ,put bo? ne$les toge!r & adju/ ! l5g?s ( ! two portions ( ?reads1 & ) ! awl cut ! second hole1 & /it* on4 ,always put ! l[] ?read 9 ea* hole fir/ & draw x up ab\t #c 941 !n put ! o!r ne$le 9 & pull1 always keep+ ! ?read f bel[ l[e/ 9 ! hole & ! top ?read above4 ,?is is manag$ by pull+ ) ! upp] h& a bit d[nw>ds1 & ) ! h& at ! back ( ! "w a bit upw>ds1 ?us t5d+ to keep ! /it*es 9 position4 ,x may be notic$ t ! hole is n r\nd1 b squ>e & elongat$1 & t5ds to help ! manipulation ( ! ?read4 ,d n make a practice ( pu%+ ! awl ?r\gh ! "w at "r angles to ! face1 b on ! slant2 ! holes made by ! :eel-prick] are all on ! slant4 ,! above in/ructions also apply to d\ble-?read /it*+1 ! k9d mo/ly us$ 9 h>ness mak+1 ?\gh _m ?+s1 su* z ! /raps1 describ$ above1 are /it*$ ) s+le ?read4 ,9 back /it*+1 use "o ?read only2 beg9 by putt+ x up f bel[2 put x d[n backw>ds 9 ! next hole to ! "o la/ made1 & !n pull x tightly f bel[4 ,!re is n mu* diff]5ce on ! top side1 b ! /it*es on ! und]side are twice z long & cross ea* o!r 9 *a9 fa%ion4 ,sometimes x is conv5i5t to adopt ?is me?od to use up wa/e po9ts1 etc41 b su* ?+s z traces1 surc+les1 wai/-belts ( web1 saddle gir?s1 etc41 are always /it*$ ) s+le ?read4 ,:5 repair+ inf]ior h>ness1 s+le ?read c sometimes be us$ )\t /it*+ backw>ds1 by do+ :at is call$ spott+1 t is1 always go+ =w>d ?us _/ _/ _/1 & only up & d[n =w>d1 ! /it*+ appe>+ l spots1 & n z an unbrok5 *a94 ,/it*+ ) :ite lace 9 c>t "w is done 9 ?is mann]3--,put ! holes on ! upp] side v close toge!r1 b und]nea?2 ! di/ance ap>t may v>y ) ! f95ess ( ! "w4 ,?is k9d ( lace /it*+ is n mu* 9 vogue n[1 b x looks well :5 across ! end ( bree*+s = c>t purposes1 across ! op5+s 9 c>t crupp]s1 etc4 ,lace ne$les & :ite sk9 w be necess>y = ?is "w4 ,rid+ bridles & almo/ all light br[n "w are /it*$ s+le ?read & backw>ds1 ) ei!r :ite l951 cotton1 or silk beeswax$1 or sometimes ) yell[ f9e hemp ?read beeswax$4 ,dog-coll>s are made 9 a simil> way to ! /raps previ\sly m5tion$1 only ! b5d is made a little long] und]nea? to all[ suffici5t l9+ "u ! ,d to :i* ! *a9 may be fa/5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,pla9 ,wai/ ,belt4 ,n[ t an insight into /it*+ has be5 obta9$1 ! mak+ ( a wai/-belt1 ,figs4 #fd to #ff1 may be describ$4 ,cut ! web s t its ends meet toge!r r\nd ! wai/1 & also cut pieces ( v ?9 belly br[n lea!r or basil1 = b9d+ ! ends2 ! latt] %\ld be ab\t #a 94 wide1 & z long z ! webb+ is wide4 ,turn d[n ! b9d+ along ! c5tre l5g?ways1 hamm] x lightly1 & ) ! screw-crease m>k along "o side2 !n slip x 9 bo? sides ( ! ends ( ! web1 & ei!r put a tack or two 9 x1 to keep x 9 place1 or pa/e x d[n4 ,all[ ! pa/e to dry be=e proce$+ fur!r4 ,) ! :eel-prick] along ! crease m>k ! /it*es1 ab\t t5 to ! in*1 !n put ! web 9 ! clamp1 ! latt] be+ betwe5 ! knees1 & beg9 /it*+ at ! end f>!/ f ! work]4 ,use "o yell[ or :ite l95 ?read dress$ ) beeswax4 ,on com+ to ! end1 cut ! ?read2 also cut ! b9d+ squ>e ) ! edge ( ! web & /it* bo? ends across at "s di/ance f ! edge4 ,prep>e ! pieces to be put ov] ! /raps & *apes2 cut !m ab\t #c 94 wide1 & /raight on "o side1 mak+ any fancy cut on ! o!r2 two ( ^! pieces are want$1 "o at ea* end4 ,!n cut ! /raps & *apes1 & use light t9n$ bridle buckles or br[n cov]$ buckles 94 wide4 ,) ! compasses set to ! "r wid?1 m>k out ! /raps on a close piece ( br[n %\ld] or belly lea!r4 ,cut ! /raps ab\t #f 94 long & ! *apes ab\t #b 94 long4 ,!y may be cut 9 long /rips1 be+ aft]w>ds divid$ into ! requir$ l5g?s4 ,=m ! /rap1 po9t "o end a little1 & %ave ! o!r end to g "u ! pieces above m5tion$2 rub ! edges ei!r ) wat] or solution1 & crease !m ab\t #a_/af 94 f ! edge4 ,!n turn d[n ! *apes = ! buckles1 %ave d[n bo? ends ?91 & let ! l[] "o be a little %ort] ?an ! o!r4 ,pun* a small hole ab\t 94 f ! end1 cut ! hole clean out at ! b5d1 & ! piece is !n ready = ! buckle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--;,fancy ,wai/ ,belt4 ,use ?9 br[n wa/e to make ! loops2 ) ! compasses m>k a wid? ( ?is ab\t 941 cut to ! "r l5g?2 !n rub & crease ! *apes4 ,place ! buckles 9 ! lea!r1 put 9 ! loops ab\t half ! wid? ( ! *ape betwe5 ! two po9ts ( ! *ape1 & close to ! buckle1 & put two or ?ree /it*es 9 ea* end4 ,! pieces to hold up ! belt firmly at ! small ( ! back %\ld be ab\t #a 94 wide4 ,rub ! edges & crease !m z well z ! two pieces = ! front1 & m>k /it*es ) ! prick] 9 all ( !m4 ,?ree ( ^! back supports w be ne$$1 "o "r across ! c5tre ( ! belt & "o on ea* side1 #c 94 f ! c5tre at ! top & slant+ inw>ds to )9 #a 94 f ! c5tre at ! bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--,wai/ ,belt ) ,pockets4 ,to det]m9e :i* is ! l[] & :i* is ! upp] side ( ! belt1 be> 9 m9d t1 :5 be+ worn1 ! buckles w be on ! left-h& side & ! /raps on ! "r4 ,put "o ( ! #c-;94 wide pieces flat on ! belt1 )9 ab\t #c 94 ( ! end1 & ei!r pa/e or tack x 9 its place f ! l[] side4 ,put ! /raps 9 ab\t 941 all ?ree exactly alike1 "o 9 ! c5tre1 & ! o!rs "o on ea* side )9 94 ( ! edge4 ,place ! o!r piece 9 ! o!r end s ne> ! edge t1 9 putt+ ! buckle *apes up to ! loops "u ! edge ( ! piece1 ! out] edge ( ! buckle is flu% ) ! end ( ! belt4 ,fa/5 ! *apes 9 position exactly opposite ! /raps 9 ! o!r end4 ,!n back/it* ! pieces 9 ea* end all r\nd1 9 ! same way z ! b9d+ 0 treat$4 ,put a second r[ ( /it*es f>!r 9 ?an ! fir/1 ?r\gh ! /rap ends & ?r\gh ! end ( ! *apes2 leave ab\t 94 betwe5 two r[s1 & !n lay on ! back /raps4 ,hav+ prick$ !m1 /it* !m 9 ! same way z ! o!rs4 ,if pa/$ on1 !y c be kept m easily 9 _! place2 if pa/+ is n conv5i5t1 p5cil on _! positions & keep !m to ! m>k 9 /it*+4 ,x is usual to put a piece ( :alebone or good h>d cane inside ^! to keep !m up2 ?9 ! bone or cane & pu% x 9 betwe5 ! lea!r & webb+ f "o end1 & !n /it* bo? ends across4 ,put f\r or six holes 9 ! /raps & see t !y "w easily 9 ! loops1 :5 ! belt is f9i%$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,loop+4 ,"s h9ts on loop+ w be giv5 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! loops are pieces ( lea!r plac$ crosswise on all /raps1 :i* h buckles1 to keep ! po9t ( ! /rap 9 its prop] position4 ,sometimes also loops are employ$ m]ely to hold ! /raps 9 place1 z = example 9 ! case ( %aft tugs4 ,loops are common to all k9ds ( /raps 9 g5]al & to h>ness & c>t ge> 9 p>ticul>4 ,/raps made to exact l5g? ) only "o hole are cut long en\gh beyond ! hole to g ?r\gh ! loop1 & s give ! "w a neat f9i%4 ,:5 ! unus$ "p ( ! /rap v>ies consid]ably 9 l5g?1 ! "p run ?r\gh ! buckle be+ sometimes #f 94 long & sometimes #c ft4 long1 a runn] loop mu/ be made to hold ! po9t ( ! /rap4 ,a runn] is a loop :i* runs loosely along ! /rap to any requir$ "p4 ,to make x1 "o end is laid on ! o!r1 ov]lapp+ x m or less accord+ to ! size ( ! loop1 & ! mat]ial is !n /it*$2 x mu/ be made loose en\gh = two ?icknesses ( ! /rap to pass easily4 ,! wid? ( ! loops1 except 9 ! case ( pipe or box loops 7def9$ lat]7 mu/ always be 9 proportion ) t ( ! /rap2 ! broad] ! /rap1 ! broad] is ! loop4 ,ta/e & a due s5se ( proportion are necess>y "h z else:]e4 ,! loop mu/ nev] be plac$ too ne> ! buckle1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! /rap runn+ ?r\gh is /iff4 ,bo? ends ( ! loop %\ld be plac$ s t !y c be firmly /it*$2 ! fir/ end is /it*$ easily1 b ! second requires m practice4 ,! ends ( ! loop %\ld be made to meet 9 ! c5tre ( ! /rap1 c>e be+ tak5 to cat* x at ! fir/ /it*1 = !n x w n easily slip f its place4 ,two /it*es on ea* side may suffice1 b a v wide loop w ne$ f\r or five on bo? sides ( ! ends4 ,slant ! awl ) e /it*1 us+ ! end ( ! awl to drive ! loop a little out ( ! way4 ,x mu/ n be tak5 = grant$ t a firm hold ( ! loop has be5 obta9$ until x is completely /it*$2 b make sure ( ! "w at ! fir/ /it*1 z o!rwise x may be necess>y to un/it* ! "w & d x aga94 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 also to asc]ta9 t ! loop is /raight 9 its place at ! fir/ /it*1 & t "o side ( ! same end is n f>!r 9 ?an ! o!r4 ,a crook$ loop spoils ! appe>ance ( ! :ole ( ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--;,box ,creas$ ,loop4 ,box loops 7,figs4 #fg to #gj7 or1 z !y are /yl$1 pipe loops1 are long loops l ^? on bridle *eeks1 be>]s ( gig bree*+s1 hame tugs1 etc4 ,to make !m1 measure ! l5g? & wid? ( ! loop requir$2 = example1 a bridle *eek 94 wide & #h 94 long w ne$ a loop #a 94 wide & #g 94 long4 ,be=e mak+ ! loop1 crease a l9e along ! place to be /it*$1 ab\t 94 f ! edge1 & cut a groove along ! l9e to ab\t half ! dep?2 !n op5 ! groove well ) ! blunt po9t ( a compass1 pass+ x backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,! /it*+ is done along ?is groove1 :i* is f9ally clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--;,box ,creas$ ,loops4 ,! groove is necess>y on acc\nt ( ! co>se /it*es1 ab\t f\r to ! in*1 :i* are ?us kept out ( sight & prev5t$ f be+ worn away by friction4 ,ano!r me?od is to slit ! lea!r ab\t #c_/af 94 f ! side2 !n to raise x & /it* "u x4 ,:5 f9i%$1 apply a little pa/e or gum to hold x firm1 & smoo? x d[n ov] ! /it*es4 ,m>k a l9e on ! loop at ab\t half ! wid? ( ! /rap & run a writ+ p5 along x to keep ! m>k visible2 ! loop1 be+ ( br[n lea!r1 w reta9 ! m>k ( ! ink1 :]eas ! compass m>k alone w\ld be oblit]at$ by damp+4 ,?is m>k is ess5tial z a guide 9 fix+ ! loop & /it*+4 ,m>k ! inside ( ! loop fir/ "t & ! out] side ! second4 ,damp ! loop well fir/4 ,/it* ! fir/ side ) black wax ?ree-cord ?read ab\t 94 ap>t2 ?is is an easy job1 ! difficult po9t be+ ! bl9d-/it*+4 ,put ! loop betwe5 ! w9k] & ! *eek z f> z ! m>k & put a tack 9 ea* end & "o 9 ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,fig4 #gj4 ,figs4 #fi & #gj4--;,box ,creas$ ,loops4 ,! fir/ /it*es are simple en\gh1 b :5 x becomes impossible to see & rea* ! hole ! awl mu/ be put "r ?r\gh ! loop to ! o!r ?read ab\t 94 ap>t2 ?is is an easy job1 ! side1 ! ne$le & ?read be+ pass$ aft]w>ds4 ,take ! ne$les (f bo? ?reads1 & by means ( a wire hook pull ! inside ?read out ?r\gh ! loop until x is #c 94 f ! hole x ent]$4 ,n[ put ! awl ?r\gh ! ?read close to ! loop1 run ! end ( ! o!r ?read ?r\gh = ab\t #b 941 & pull x ?r\gh ! hole by ! aid ( ! fir/ ?read to ! side be+ /it*$4 ,take out ! end ( ! ?read1 put ?r\gh & pull bo? extremities until tight1 "o 9 ! groove & ! o!r inside ! loop4 ,repeat ?is op]ation ) e /it*1 b :5 ab\t half-way ?r\gh ! loop1 ! ?read inside mu/ be run ?r\gh to ! o!r end1 ! "w be+ cont9u$ f t end until f9i%$4 ,ano!r me?od ( mak+ box loops1 ?\gh x is n recomm5d$1 is z foll[s3 ,put an iron loop-/ick inside & fa/5 ! loop d[n by driv+ small tacks into ! groove1 ?is groove be+ !n clos$ by rubb+ ! edges well4 ,a ?ird me?od consi/s 9 runn+ ! ?reads ?r\gh ) a bri/le1 or twi/+ ! ?reads toge!r & ?us runn+ !m ?r\gh4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,c>t ,,h>ness4 ,! make & patt]n ( c>t ge> are v v>i$ 9 all p>ts ( ! k+dom1 & !re is (t5 a local "n = ea* p>ticul> /yle2 b ! only ge> :i* c claim special fav\r is "o t comb9es prop] /r5g? ) m9imum weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--;,horse 9 ,c>t ,ge>4 ,a typical %aft ge> is %[n by ,fig4 #ga1 9 :i* ,a is ! bit r+1 ,b ! noseb&1 ,c w9k]s1 ,d *eeks1 ,e e>-pieces1 ,f ?roat-la%1 ,g head-/rap1 ,h =ehead b&1 ,i re9s1 ,k coll> =ewale1 ,k' hame /raps1 ,l hame or jambles1 ,m coll> body & side-piece1 ,n coll> draught1 ,o =ec>t saddle h\s+1 ,p back h\s+1 ,r c>t saddle skirt1 ,s gir? & gir? /raps1 ,t crupp]1 ,u & ,v hip & lo9 /raps1 ,w & ,x =e & aft bree*+ tugs1 & ,y bree*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,fig4 #gc4 ,figs4 #gb & #gc4--,scot* ,brass ,ge> ,buckles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,fig4 #ge4 ,figs4 #gd & #ge4--,scot* ,brass ,ge> ,buckles4 ,! ornam5ts us$ are brass buckles 7,figs4 #gb to #ge7 in/ead ( t9n$ or japann$ buckles1 ) brass face-pieces 7,figs4 #gf to #gh7 on ! bridle to hang on ! horse's =ehead1 brass bells = ! bridle 7,fig4 #gi71 hame plates 7,figs4 #hj & #ha7 at ! top ( ! coll> betwe5 ! two po9ts ( ! hames or jambles1 ) a /rap across f "o hame po9t to ! o!r to hold x 9 position1 brass squ>es1 ovals 7,fig4 #hb71 octagons 7,figs4 #hc to #he71 he>ts 7,fig4 #hf7 on bridle w9k] or saddle h\s+ corn]s1 & brass bead+ in/ead ( nails ov] ! top ( ! h\s+ :]e atta*$ to ! tree4 ,:5 mak+ ge>s ?is mu/ be rememb]$4 ,o!r details ( c>t ornam5ts are %[n 9 ,figs4 #hg to #ib4 ,c>t & lead+ ge> made accord+ to ! foll[+ directions w be useful any:]e1 & :5 ?is me?od has be5 le>n$ any o!r /yle c be made4 ,! w9k]s ,c 7,fig4 #ga7 mu/ be prep>$ fir/2 block$ w9k]s ) fancy patt]n rais$ aga9/ ! eye are little us$ n[adays4 ,ma9 w9k]s are j z safe = ! eyes if well made4 ,special w9k] lea!r mu/ be obta9$ ei!r f a middl+ 9 /ock1 or1 cut to patt]n1 f any curri] or lea!r-sell]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,fig4 #gg4 ,figs4 #gf & #gg4--;,brass ,face-pieces4 ,cut ! pieces /raight #g 94 by #g 941 & m>k ?ree r[s all r\nd ! long side & across "o ( ! %ort] sides ) ! race compass or rac]1 mak+ ! groove deep2 edge !m above & bel[ ) ! edge tool & black ! edges4 ,aft] soak+ !m well 9 wat]1 b5d !m along ! c5tre ( ! long] wid? into some?+ t is ne>ly1 ?\gh n q1 a semicircle4 ,nail !m d[n 9 any conv5i5t way1 ) ! rais$ "p above1 on a flat bo>d & let !m dry 9 ?is %ape2 drive 9 ! nails ne> ! edges only at ! side t w be cov]$ & /it*$ ov] ) ! *eek4 ,!y c be put to dry ne> a /ove or fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,fig4 #gi4 ,fig4 #hj4 ,fig4 #ha4 ,fig4 #gh4--;,brass ,face-piece4 ,fig4 #gi4--;,bells & ,bru%4 ,figs4 #hj & #ha4--;,brass ,hame ,plates4 ,!n run a big hot bevell] r\nd ! edges & along ! l9es made until ! groove looks deep & poli%$4 ,hav+ two -94 roll] t9n$ buckles1 or brass ,scot* buckles1 cut two *apes to ! same wid?4 ,*apes are pieces to hold on ! buckles2 ! "n is also appli$ to ! "p go+ r\nd buckles on any l5g? ( /rap4 ,! *apes are made #c 94 long & turn$ d[n #b 94 f "o end2 make ! %ort end v ?9 & ! o!r end slightly s1 !n po9t ! piece4 ,cut a buckle hole at ! b5d1 edge1 crease1 & prick = /it*+2 !n put ! *apes 9 ! buckles & make ! tops ( ^! la/ flu% ) edge & front ( w9k]s1 work+ z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,fig4 #hc4 ,fig4 #hd4 ,fig4 #he4 ,fig4 #hb4--;,brass ,oval4 ,figs4 #hc to #he4--;,brass ,octagons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,fig4 #hg4 ,fig4 #hh4 ,fig4 #hf4--;,brass ,he>t4 ,figs4 #hg & #hh4--;,brass ,/>s4 ,tack ! *ape d[n 9 its place 9 ! front corn] :]e ! creas+ on ! edges meets1 & /it*4 ,) t9n$ buckles put on a loop2 ,scot* buckles1 z ,figs4 #gb to #ge1 d n ne$ any2 place ! o!r *ape & buckle on ! corn] ( ! o!r w9k] & /it* likewise1 tak+ c>e to put x on ! rev]se corn] to ! o!r to make ! w9k]s pair4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,fig4 #ij4 ,fig4 #ia4 ,figs4 #hi & #ij4--;,brass ,hame ,knobs4 ,fig4 #ia4--;,brass ,sw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,fig4 #ic4 ,fig4 #id4 ,fig4 #ib4--;,brass ,sw+4 ,fig4 #ic4--;,e>-piece4 ,fig4 #id4--;,corn]-piece4 ,n[ cut ! *eeks ,d1 or ! pieces t run d[n ! side ( ! head1 mak+ !m #b ft4 #b 94 by #a 942 turn !m d[n s z to make bo? ends meet und]nea? 9 ! c5tre1 & give ! b5ds 9 ea* end a slight tap ) ! hamm]4 ,x is bett] to draw 9 ! und]p>t a little s z to h ! top some:at long]1 because z !re is a b5d 9 ! w9k] outw>ds ! l[] side %\ld be a little %ort]4 ,cut a hole = ! buckle 9 "o end & ano!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! b5d1 :i* is also ! c5tre ( ! /rap1 at ! o!r end2 f ?is hole cut /raight out to ea* side & %ave ! edges ( ! cut4 ,edge ! *eek on ! outside only & race x along ! top "p ) ! race compass2 ! second race mu/ be made close to ! o!r1 c>e be+ tak5 n to run !m into "o ano!r4 ,make ano!r l9e a little m ?an 94 f ! la/1 black5 ! edges & l9es ) black dye1 & rub !m ) a rag2 !n prick ! two inn] r[s ) ! prick]1 eight p] in*1 put ! buckle 9 its place & ! bit r+ ,a 9 ! o!r end1 & /it* bo? ends ( ! *eek toge!r4 ,!re are two bit r+s on ea* side1 fa/5$ toge!r by a small l9k2 "o r+1 t plac$ 9 ! *eek1 is l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,! small] r+ mu/ be kept = ! bit aft] ! completion ( ! bridle4 ,bo? *eeks are made 9 ! same way1 b ! slit f ! c5tre hole 9 ! b5d mu/ be rev]s$1 o!rwise ! *eeks w n pair4 ,! w9k]s ,c & *eeks ,d 7,fig4 #ga7 be+ ready1 cut ! nose-b& ,b ab\t #b ft4 long & #b 94 wide2 turn 9 bo? ends equally1 leav+ ab\t #a ft4 #d 94 = ! noseb&2 %ave ! ends r ?91 & make a pun*-hole 9 ! c5tre ( ! b5d1 !n slit x out /raight f bo? holes on ! same side1 & %ave ! sides ( ! slit4 ,edge bo? sides ( ! nose-b& :]e x is n d\ble1 & make two r[s along x ) ! race compass1 deep5+ & poli%+ !m ) ! hot bevell]1 aft] :i* prick ! d\ble r[ on bo? sides f ! b5d to ! l9$ "p4 ,! nose-b& is n[ ready = adju/m5t at ! prop] "t4 ,! =ehead b& ,h 7,fig4 #ga71 or front1 mu/ be cut ab\t #b ft4 #c 94 long & #a 94 wide4 ,edge1 crease1 black1 & rub x & pass a hot bevell] ov] ! grooves4 ,cut ! e>-pieces ,e 7see also ,fig4 #ic7 #a 94 wide & #i 94 long1 & d\ble & flatt5 ! b5d1 %av+ "o end well4 ,take a piece ( any /rap #a 94 wide1 & put x 9 ! b5d1 close up2 m>k h[ f> ! inn] side runs 9 ! e>-piece1 ! #a 94 /rap be+ all[$ to run smoo? 9 ! op5+ betwe5 ! l9e & ! b5d4 ,m>k two r[s ( prick+1 eight p] in*1 on ea* side f ! cross-m>k to ! po9t or end1 hav+ previ\sly made a d\ble r[ ( creas+ all along4 ,/it* f ! cross l9e to ! po9t ) ?ree-cord ?read2 /it* ! cross l9e co>se1 ab\t two /it*es = "o ( ! o!r /it*es4 ,rub ! edges1 mak+ !m ev5 by cutt+ if necess>y1 !n black & rub4 ,place ! =ehead b& ,h 9 position1 & /it* x end to end ) ! e>-pieces1 & cut a small ,v-nick 9 ! jo9t ( ea* end on ! same side4 ,! object ( ! nick is to provide space = ! small projection 9 ! tongue ( ! buckle :5 put into position4 ,"s h>ness-mak]s cut ! end ( ! e>-pieces1 be=e jo9+ !m to ! =ehead1 9 a slightly slant+ way 9 su* a mann] t ! end ) ! op5+ w turn up a little :5 9 place1 b ?is is n ess5tial4 ,moreov]1 if ! =ehead b& is to be cov]$ ) any k9d ( fancy clo? or lea!r1 ?is cov]+ _h bett] be done be=e ! e>-pieces are /it*$1 because ! "w w be mu* easi] ?an :5 ! bridle is complet$4 ,cut ! mat]ial1 r$ ,am]ican clo?1 lea!r1 etc41 d\ble ! wid? ( ! =ehead1 & all[ 94 m to g r\nd ! edges2 f9ally1 h]r+-bone-/it* und]nea? along ! c5tre1 & /it* on ! e>-pieces4 ,corn]-pieces 7,fig4 #id7 are n[ requir$ to support ! nose-b& & to jo9 x & ! *eek well toge!r :5 complete4 ,!y are 9 "o s+le piece ne> ! bit r+ corn]1 desc5d+ f *eek to nose-b&4 ,to make ! *9 /rap1 cut x #a 94 wide1 "o piece be+ made #f 94 long1 leav+ #b 94 ( ! orig9al wid?1 & !n n>r[+ ! re/ to 94 ) a r\nd$ po9t4 ,! o!r "p is made #ab 94 long1 & #b 94 ( ! orig9al wid? is pres]v$1 ! re/ be+ n>r[$ to 942 !n turn d[n a *ape & make a hole = ! buckle 9 ! n>r[ end1 aft] :i* edge1 crease1 & black bo?1 !n adju/ buckle & loop4 ,to put ! bridle toge!r ready = /it*+1 "w z foll[s3 ,) a r+ at "o end & a buckle at ! o!r1 place ! =ehead b& betwe5 ! *eeks 9 su* a way t ! c5tre :]e ! =ehead b& & e>-pieces jo9 may be "r "u ! c5tre ( ! buckle ) ! nick aga9/ ! tongue4 ,drive a tack on ! inn] side1 & put ! nose-b& 9 ! same r+ z ! *eek at ! o!r end1 ) ! slits made 9 ! b5ds upw>ds2 fix ! corn]-pieces "o "p 9 ! *eek & ! o!r 9 ! nose-b&1 suffici5tly l[ to cat* :5 /it*+ ! nose-b&4 ,! corn]-pieces mu/1 ( c\rse1 be plac$ betwe5 ! two lea!rs1 bo? 9 ! *eeks & nose-b&3 ! inn] side ( ! corn]-piece mu/ foll[ ! r+ 9 ! *eek l a half-circle4 ,! out] "p is suppos$ to h be5 previ\sly edg$ & creas$4 ,! po9t ( ! slits 9 ! nose-b& comes und]nea? ! slits 9 ! *eeks on bo? sides 9 su* a way t ! edges 9 ! *eeks may cov] & neatly ov]lap ! edges ( ! slit 9 ! nose-b& & cat* !m dur+ "w ( /it*+ ! *eek4 ,bo? w9k]s are n[ adju/$ ) buckles 9 ! front corn]s1 turn$ upw>ds to meet ea* o!r2 place ! w9k]s close to ! e>-pieces & =ehead1 mak+ ! outside flu% ) ! out] edge ( ! *eek4 ,tack d[n ! w9k]s1 keep+ ! b5d 9 %ape z set aft] dry+2 ?us !re is an op5+ betwe5 ! two sides ( ! *eek f ! end ( ! corn]-piece to ! bottom ( ! w9k]4 ,cut a piece ( lea!r z ne> z possible ( ! same ?ickness z ! w9k]s & ( ! same wid? z ! *eeks4 ,place x betwe5 ! two sides ( ! *eek to fill ! holl[1 & s h a firm *eek all along2 tack ! piece d[n & see t x fits tight2 !re mu/ be no loos5ess :]e x jo9s ! w9k] & corn]-piece4 ,! *9 /rap is n[ adju/$1 ! wide end ( ! %ort piece be+ plac$ inside ! *eek "u ! c5tre fill+ = a di/ance ( ab\t 94 & ab\t #a 94 f ! bottom r+4 ,?is is ! "r-h& side1 tak+ a front view ( ! bridle4 ,! o!r piece1 ) buckle1 goes on ! o!r side1 & bo? are tack$ d[n4 ,:5 two small loops are to be plac$ on ea* side ne> ! buckle at ! top ( ! *eek !y %\ld be tack$ d[n s t !y may be /it*$ 9 ) ! *eek2 b = a long loop1 adju/ be=eh& on ! *eek1 by /it*+ ! ends loosely toge!r4 ,nail ! fir/ side ( ! long loop & cl9* ! nails und]nea? ov] a loop-/ick1 leav+ ?is inside :ile nail+ ! o!r side 9 ! same mann]1 p>tly runn+ ov] ! e>-piece ,e 7,fig4 #ga7 & =ehead b& ,h & p>tly ov] ! w9k]4 ,/it*+ may be begun on ! ne> side at ! r+1 & cont9u$ up to ! loop on ! outside2 !n beg9 at ! loop on ! outside ( ! o!r *eek & /it* d[n to ! r+4 ,! out] r[ on ! inn] side ( ! fir/ *eek & ( ! second *eck is n[ /it*$4 ,:5 /it*+ opposite ! w9k]s on ! inn] l9e two /it*es may be made in/ead ( "o by slipp+ a /it* betwe5 ea*2 f9e /it*+ is apt to cut ! w9k]s1 & !y (t5 fall (f be=e be+ worn out2 consequ5tly slipp+ a /it* is a good me?od4 ,a r[ mu/ n[ be /it*$ on ea* side ( ! nose-piece 9 ea* end1 !n ! inn] r[s ( ! *eek1 & f9ally ! inn] r[s ( ! nose-b&4 ,level ! edges ( ! *eeks & nose-b&1 scrape !m1 & black ! edges2 !n rub !m ) tall[ & bone4 ,hav+ creas$ & f9i%$ ! loops1 make two basil pads z long z ! di/ance f ! buckle to ! bottom ( ! w9k]s4 ,= a *eek ( #a 941 cut ! pads #a 94 wid] ?an twice ! wid?2 fold !m l5g?wise s t ! edges w meet 9 ! c5tre1 & /it* ! ends toge!r ) ! basil inside out4 ,n[1 aft] turn+ !m inside out1 /it* ! edges toge!r l ! ends ) po9t$ ne$le1 ?imble1 & :ite l95 ?read4 ,run ! /it*es f bo? ends & leave an op5+ ab\t #a 94 long 9 ! middle1 ?r\gh :i* ram 9 ! flock /uff+1 b n too h>d4 ,hav+ /it*$ ! op5+1 place ?is side aga9/ ! *eek ( ! bridle "u ! w9k]1 & z f> z ! buckle2 *oose ?ree nails hav+ l>ge heads1 run small tufts ( flock to ! heads ( ! nails1 & fa/5 ! pads d[n firmly to ! *eek by driv+ a nail 9 ea* end & "o 9 ! c5tre1 tak+ c>e t ! po9ts d n appe> on ! o!r side2 trim ! flock on ! nails ) ! scissors4 ,! w9k] /raps are made z foll[s3 ,cut a /rap #bd 94 long & #a 94 wide1 !n slit x exactly 9 ! c5tre = #ac 941 mak+ a pun* hole at ! end ( ! slit2 %ape ! po9ts ( ea* slit to g ?r\gh ! buckles on ea* w9k]1 & make a cross l9e #a 94 f ! end ( ! slit1 m>k+ x deeply4 ,at a di/ance ( #a 94 f ?is l9e make a second l9e1 & a ?ird #a 941 mak+ !m all deep2 turn d[n ! /rap s t ! c5tre ( ! b5d w be exactly at ! la/ m>k4 ,knock ! b5d flat if ! po9t runs beyond ! end ( ! slit aft] turn+ d[n2 cut "s (f & %ave x d[n2 edge x on bo? sides except :]e ! p>ts ov]lap4 ,crease all along ! edges1 & make "o or two r[s ) ! screw-race2 !n black1 rub1 & f9i% ! creases4 ,leave an op5+ f ! b5d to ! next cross l9e1 !n put a piece ( lea!r to fill ! space betwe5 ! cross l9e & ! next to x & wide en\gh to be /it*$ ?r\gh 9 work+ across2 !n leave ! space betwe5 ! next two l9es op51 & /it* d[n ! po9t ( ! b5d f ! end to ! cross l9e4 ,/it* along ! prick$ "p & along ! cross l9es1 ! /it*es on ! latt] be+ twice z co>se z ! /raight l9es4 ,!re %\ld n[ be two op5+s1 "o at ! end & ! o!r beyond ! next /it*$ "p2 t at ! end is = ! ?roat la% ,f 7,fig4 #ga71 & ! o!r = ! head /rap ,g4 ,hav+ rubb$ ! edges & f9i%$1 cut ! head /rap #a ft4 #aj 94 long & #a 94 wide2 n>r[ ! ends = ! passage ( ! buckle1 crease1 black1 & f9i%4 ,n[ cut ! ?roat la% #c ft4 #h 94 long & #a 94 wide2 turn 9 #b 94 = ! buckle at ! be/ end & n>r[ ! po9t to ent] ! buckle at ! o!r end2 crease1 black1 f9i%1 /it* on ! buckle & loop1 & !n f9i% ! loop4 ,a re9 is n[ cut #e ft4 long & #a 94 wide = ! (f side1 & ano!r #b ft4 #d 94 long = ! ne> side4 ,turn d[n ! *ape = ! buckle 9 ! weake/ end ( ! %ort re91 & #c 94 at ! be/ end ( ea* to fa/5 to ! r+ at ! bit2 !n edge crease1 f9i%1 & /it* 9 ! buckle & loop1 also mak+ a runn+ loop on ! %ort re94 ,n[ m>k f\r r[s ( /it*+ on ! d\ble "p ab\t to be /it*$ to ! r+s2 /it* ! %orte/ "p ( ! re9 ) ! buckle to ! r+ hang+ by a l9k f ! *eek r+ on ! "r h& :5 look+ at ! front ( ! bridle1 !n /it* ! long re9 to ! r+ on ! o!r side4 ,make ?ree pun* holes on ea* side ( ! head /rap1 equidi/ant f ! po9t & f ea* o!r1 & !n six holes 9 ! ?roat la%1 ?ree 9 ! slits ( ea* w9k] /rap1 & n9e 9 ! long re94 ,! bridle be+ ready = adju/+1 place ! head /rap up to its c5tre 9 ! op5+ next to ! slit 9 ! w9k] /rap2 !n fa/5 ea* end ( ! head /rap to ! *eek buckles ?r\gh ! second holes4 ,n[ place ! ?roat la% 9 ! op5+ 9 ! e>-piece on ! (f side1 runn+ x ?r\gh ! out] op5+ 9 ! w9k] /rap1 d[n ! op5+ 9 ! o!r e>-piece1 & !n ?r\gh ! buckle at ! o!r end4 ,buckle ! w9k] /rap slits to ! w9k] buckles1 pass !m ?r\gh ! loop1 & buckle ! re9 9 ! six? hole2 ?is completes ! bridle4 ,if x is to be poli%$1 coat$ ) jet1 or ornam5t$1 ?is mu/ be done be=e putt+ ! p>ts toge!r4 ,cut out all p>ts accord+ to ! dim5sions giv5 be=e beg9n+ to /it*2 ?is is m workmanlike ?an cutt+ ! p>ts z ! "w proce$s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,c>t ,,coll>s4 ,9 mak+ a c>t coll> 7see ,fig4 #ie7 ! fir/ "p to take 9 h& is ! =ewale ,a2 ! mat]ial = ?is mu/ always be cut #h 94 long] ?an d\ble ! l5g? ( ! coll> :5 f9i%$1 to all[ = %r9kage4 ,suppos+ ! coll> is to be #bj 941 ! lea!r mu/ be cut #dh 94 long4 ,! lea!r c be cut f ! bellies ( ge> hides1 :i* come 9 h&y :5 prop] hide is n available4 ,cut x #g 94 wide & make ! l5g? to meet requirem5ts1 & !n damp x ?or\ghly4 ,/ret* x on a flat bo>d by hold+ "o edge ) ! h& & pull+ ! o!r edge ) ! p9c]s4 ,fold x ov] #b 94 all along2 adju/ ! compass by rule to #b 941 & m>k f ! turn$ side1 s t !re w be 94 ( lea!r outside ! m>k on :i* to /it* ! l9+4 ,on ! opposite side !re w be ab\t #b 94 to draw 9 ! body ,b & /it* ! side-pieces4 ,tack along ! m>k "h & !re to keep x 9 its place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4--;,c>t ,coll> )\t ,side-piece4 ,make a t5-/r& ?read1 wax+ x be=e & aft] twi/+4 ,?is ?read mu/ be long en\gh to /it* all ! l5g?1 & at lea/ twice z long z ord9>y ?read4 ,use /rong ne$les1 mak+ ab\t ?ree /it*es to ! in*2 always leave ! /it*es slack1 m]ely draw+ !m home1 especially = ab\t a foot on ea* side ( ! c5tre4 ,?us ! =ewale w b5d easi] 9 work+ r\nd1 & ! /it*es w tight5 en\gh 9 /uff+4 ,if ! lea!r has an unev5 gra91 close "h & op5 !re1 a piece ( calico slack may be put inside ! =ewale ,a2 take c>e t bo? sides ( x are caught 9 /it*+4 ,?is w help to keep x /raight ev5 :5 be+ /uff$4 ,! =ewale is n[ ready = /uff+4 ,hav+ a bundle ( rye /raw at h&1 pull a few h&fuls across ! knee until ! /raw is /raight2 cut ! e>s (f1 & !n cut ! h&ful ( /raw 9 half1 & aga9 divide x ) ! coll> knife until ab\t #i 94 long4 ,place x neatly 9 a heap ne> ! work+-seat on ! "r-h& side1 ) ! coll> rod & mallet ly+ close by2 !re mu/ also be a ?ick1 solid block ( wood plac$ on ! firm gr\nd 9 front ( ! work]'s seat4 ,! coll>-mak] mu/ n[ sit d[n & m>k ! c5tre ( ! lea!r ) a nick or /it*4 ,! =ewale is n[ plac$ on ! block1 & ! left foot laid on x1 ab\t #b 94 f ! c5tre1 ! fold$ "p ( ! =ewale be+ fur!/4 ,put ! o!r end on ! "r knee1 &1 hold+ ! coll> rod 9 ! left h& po9t upw>ds ) ! head aga9/ ! knee1 take ab\t half a doz5 cut /raws1 & give !m a half twi/ ) bo? h&s4 ,place ! c5tre ( ! wisp 9 ! nick ( ! coll> rod & hold x firm ) ! "r h&1 ! =ewale be+ h&l$ ) ! left4 ,put ! /raw 9 ! =ewale & press x d[n to :]e ! foot is on ! block1 #b 94 f ! c5tre2 beat ! wisp well on ! block ) ! mallet1 lea!r z well1 & !n put ano!r wisp 9 f ! o!r end1 tak+ c>e1 :5 putt+ 9 ! wisps1 t !y d n cat* ^? already inside & drive !m back2 to avoid ?is1 beat well aft] ea* wisp has be5 put 91 & :5 ! iron rea*es !m raise ! po9t a little4 ,cont9ue to "w 9 ?is way1 putt+ 9 wisps alt]nately at ea* end until ! =ewale is z h>d z x c be made4 ,:5 ! /raw seems firm en\gh n to move1 ! wisps c be knock$ 9 in/ead ( be+ pu%$ by h&4 ,see t !y g into ! c5tre ( ! /raw4 ,pu% ! /raw & rod d[n ! c5tre z f> z possible2 turn ! =ewale & ! rod ) ! po9t upw>ds1 knock+ ! wisp 9 firmly aga9/ ! coll> block 9 front4 ,repeat ! process f ! o!r side1 & s on until all is z h>d z a piece ( wood4 ,to %ape & r\nd ! coll> x mu/ be cont9ually turn$ r\nd ! knee1 turn+ "o side to ! "r & ! o!r to ! left h&4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ aft] e "o or two wisps are put inside2 take c>e t ! =ewale does n get /raight4 ,:5 turn$ en\gh1 ?ree or f\r wisps may be put into ea* side be=e *ang+2 b bo? sides mu/ be %ap$ alike4 ,:5 approa*+ ! top1 %ape x inw>ds a little 9 ! same way z x 0 turn$2 fill ) /raw until ! top is q firm1 & !n place x flat on ! block1 beat+ x well into %ape ) ! r\nd mallet1 & hold+ x d[n ) bo? knees at "o end :ile %ap+ ! o!r4 ,n[ damp x1 & turn x backw>ds a little at ! top on bo? sides2 /it* bo? po9ts firmly toge!r ) wax$ tw9e & coll> ne$le & h& iron1 cutt+ a little (f :5 necess>y to br+ x to ! "r l5g?4 ,to make a pipe coll>1 foll[ all ! above directions & proce$ z bel[4 ,obta9 a piece ( iron #i 94 long1 94 9 diamet]1 & hav+ a %>p po9t2 9 ! middle x mu/ be %ap$ half-r\nd1 ) ! po9ts turn+ a little outw>ds & upw>ds4 ,put /raw ar\nd x1 ty+ x z tightly z possible to )9 #b 94 f ea* po9t1 & let ! /raw at ea* end be ( diff]5t l5g?s1 a few in*es long] ?an ! po9ts ( ! iron1 s t x w splice well :5 /uff+ is comm5c$4 ,add /raw1 & tie aga9 until ! /raw ar\nd ! iron is ! "r size1 !n place x 9 ! c5tre ( ! =ewale1 & /it* z tightly z possible1 pull+ ! /it*es well2 make sure t x fills ! =ewale well1 b hav+ pass$ ?is "p1 leave ! /it*es slack4 ,n[ /it* f end to end1 & /uff f ea* end z 9 ! o!r case1 rememb]+ to splice !m well :]e ! iron ends2 ! %>p po9t w n be mu* ( a h9drance4 ,f9i% z ) ! o!r coll>4 ,9 mak+ ! body ( ! coll>1 cut ! l9+ to ,fig4 #if1 & 9 any requir$ size2 #ad 94 is ab\t ! av]age at ! draught :5 ! /ra9 ( pull+ is on ! coll>4 ,cut a lea!r ?roat-piece ab\t #b 94 wide at ! base1 & wid5+ out to #c 94 9 a sweep to ! top4 ,/it* ! n>r[e/ end ( ! l9+1 :i* is ab\t #d 94 deep1 to ! sweep ( ! ?roat-piece1 turn+ 9 a little ( ! l95 or wooll5 *eck to make ! "p "u ! /it*es /rong4 ,! n>r[e/ "p ( ! c5tre ( ! ?roat-piece mu/ n[ be tack$ to ! exact c5tre ( ! coll> by ! /it*es1 putt+ ! edge ev5 ) ! rim ( lea!r runn+ inside f ! /it*es4 ,add ano!r tack )\t pull+ at ! l9+1 b leav+ x r slack f ! c5tre1 j at ! "p :]e ! =ewale beg9s to run /raight upw>ds4 ,ano!r tack is n[ plac$ )9 #e 94 f ! top on bo? sides1 & ! l9+ pull$ tightly to !re f ! bottom1 ! edges be+ turn$ 9 all r\nd4 ,basil is employ$ = "p ( ! l9+ 9 "s localities2 ab\t #f 94 is measur$ f ! top ( ! coll>4 ,a patt]n ( ! l9+ mu/ be cut out ( br[n pap]1 & !n ! basil c easily be made to fit ! %ape ( ! l95 l9+2 ! basil mu/ be :ipp$ 9 ) :ite l95 ?read & ! l95 turn$ 9 a little "u ! /it*1 be+ rubb$ flat aft]w>ds4 ,! l9+ be+ ready1 make a f\r-cord ?read ( black-wax1 cut x 9 two1 & ?read a h>ness ne$le ) half4 ,hav+ a suitable awl1 :ip ! l9+ 9 all r\nd ?r\gh ! lea!r rim above ! /it*es inside ! =ewale2 ! /it*es ( c\rse mu/ be inside1 & %\ld be well rubb$4 ,ev]y?+ is n[ ready = mak+ ! body4 ,wax "s /rong tw9e or make a long beeswax ?read1 ) f\r or five /r&s1 #c yds4 long1 & h ano!r ab\t #a yd4 long ) six or sev5 /r&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4--;,c>t ,coll> ,l9+4 ,n[ a /rong old /rap1 #a ft4 long1 ) a buckle is want$2 ?is is call$ ! ?roat /rap4 ,! h&-iron1 a m$ium-siz$ coll> ne$le1 seat-awl1 scissors1 & coll> knife be+ plac$ ne> at h&1 get a bundle ( rye or :eat /raw1 pref]ably rye1 & place x /raight toge!r by ! side ( ! /ool1 ) a %eet ( drumm$ flock or basket ( c>d$ flock all )9 rea*4 ,z dur+ "w ! legs are plac$ inside ! coll>1 mak+ x awkw>d = ! op]ator to move1 x is well to h h&y a flat-head$ mallet besides ! coll> mallet4 ,?read ! coll> ne$le ) ! %orte/ ?read & hang x close by1 & hav+ pull$ a big h&ful ( /raw f ! bundle1 sit d[n & put ! "r leg ?r\gh ! coll> l9+1 ! ?roat be+ plac$ upw>ds4 ,place ! middle ( ! h&ful ( /raw exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! ?roat-piece1 betwe5 x & ! =ewale2 !n take ! ne$le & ?read x1 ! h&-iron be+ 9 ! "r h&4 ,make a /it* f ! c5tre ( ! ?roat ov] ! /raw to ! big m>g9 ( lea!r on ! o!r side2 make ano!r /it* at ! same place to keep ! ?roat 9 ! c5tre1 & m /it*es1 ab\t #a 94 ap>t1 = ab\t #f 94 up "o side f ! middle t[>ds ! left4 ,fa/5 ! ?read & cut x1 turn ! coll> ) ! o!r side fac+ y1 & /it* x aga9 on ?is side exactly l ! fir/1 tak+ great c>e to make bo? sides simil> 9 %ape & size4 ,take ! /uff+-/ick & fix a wisp ( /raw on ! po9t1 beat+ x along to ! c5tre ( ! /raw & a little beyond ! c5tre ( ! ?roat4 ,place a simil> "o on ! opposite side1 & s cont9ue until ! bottom "p is firm & h>d4 ,n[ lay x on ! block1 ) ! l9+ on ! top1 & pull ! l9+ outw>ds z mu* z possible4 ,hold x by ! knees1 "o on ea* side1 & beat ! ?roat outw>ds z f> z possible ) ! r\nd coll> mallet4 ,put ! ?roat /rap r\nd x & ! =ewale1 pull+ x z tightly z possible to keep x 9 position :ile mak+ ! o!r "p4 ,n[ take a wisp ( /raw1 l>ge en\gh to fill ! body ( ! coll> pretty well1 cut x squ>e at "o end1 s z to get almo/ ! full bulk at ! section1 & see t x is long en\gh to g ! full l5g? ( ! coll> body4 ,wrap a piece ( hemp five or six times r\nd ! "p j cut1 mak+ x firm = ab\t #f 94 along1 & some:at po9t$4 ,run ! long ?read ?r\gh ! ne$le1 & put bo? knees ?r\gh ! coll> ) ! l9+ t[>ds y4 ,op5 ! l9+ flat z x lies on ! knee & raise ! /raw issu+ f ! ?roat s z n to be 9 ! way2 !n cut a piece ( drumm$ flock to ! same size z ! l9+1 to come )9 an in* or s ( ! edge4 ,take c>e to place x level 9 all p>ts1 rea*+ well d[n t[>ds ! ?roat & =ewale4 ,cut ano!r h&ful ( /raw & put x ov] ! flock opposite ! draught & z ne> z possible to ! =ewale4 ,op5 ! /raw runn+ f ! ?roat 9 ! c5tre1 & put ! long ti$ wisp inside1 ramm+ x z ne> z possible to ! ?roat2 pull ! l9+ ov] ! /raw f ! top to ! bottom1 & !n pass ! seat-awl ?r\gh ! l9+ & lea!r to fa/5 ! top4 ,turn ! coll> ! o!r way ab\t1 put bo? legs 9 aga91 & beg9 to draw 9 ! l9+ :]e ! bottom /it*+ left (f4 ,n[ lace x f bottom to top1 runn+ ! ne$le f l9+ to lea!r & lea!r to l9+ till f9i%$4 ,draw ! /it*es z tightly z possible1 pull+ ea* to tight5 ! o!r1 z 9 lac+ a boot4 ,s f>1 ! coll> is nei!r h>d en\gh nor %apely en\gh2 ! /raw mu/ !re=e be beat5 d[n betwe5 ! lac+4 ,to d ?is1 ! mallet mu/ be grasp$ r\nd ! h&le close to ! head1 & ! /raw /ruck z h>d z possible ) ! h&le4 ,hav+ improv$ ! %ape ( ! coll>1 beg9 to tight5 ! lac+ aga9 f end to end1 keep+ ! desir$ %ape con/antly 9 m9d4 ,if ! coll> is n firm en\gh1 beg9 "w at ! bottom1 ramm+ d[n "s wisps t[>ds ! ?roat f betwe5 ! /it*es1 & cont9ue ?is until ! draught is rea*$1 %ap+ z well z /uff+4 ,x may be h>d5$1 f ! draught up to ! top1 by driv+ "s wisps f ! extreme top1 & %ap$ by tight5+ or slack5+ ! lac+1 z ! "w dem&s4 ,great att5tion mu/ be giv5 to %ap+1 = a well-%ap$ body is v important f ! po9t ( view ( bo? utility & appe>ance2 x %\ld be graceful & r\nd$ at ! bottom & some:at flat at ! draught1 gradually gr[+ n>r[ t[>ds ! top4 ,at ! extreme tip1 h[ev]1 ! coll> %\ld be r full1 ) extra flock to ease ! neck4 ,"w 9 ! same mann] ) ! o!r side1 us+ z ne>ly z possible ! same am\nt ( flock & /raw2 take c>e to obta9 ! same %ape & size4 ,if any lumps c be felt 9 ! flock1 loos5 & level x ) ! seat-awl by /uff+ x (f or on z requir$2 beat x slightly all r\nd to give x a smoo? appe>ance4 ,cut ! /raw at ! top1 turn+ ! l9+ d[n out ( ! way2 beg9n+ close to ! =ewale1 cut x slant+ upw>ds a little t[>ds ! back4 ,make two or ?ree long /it*es 9 ea* side ?r\gh ! l9+ on bo? sides & ! /raw to pull ! l9+s toge!r4 ,!n /it* toge!r ! two sides1 draw+ ! l9+ ov] ! out] side2 run ! /it*es ?r\gh f side to side & cut ! sp>e l9+ at ! top2 ?is completes ! "w4 ,trim ! po9ts ( ! =ewale previ\sly /it*$1 & cut !m into a neat po9t1 :i* %\ld be nei!r long nor %>p4 ,hav+ cut a piece ( s(t lea!r1 =m x into a cap rea*+ l[ en\gh to cov] ! /it*es t jo9 ! po9t on ea* side2 /it* ! front ) a welt betwe5 ! edges long en\gh to rea* ! back "u ! =ewale1 s t a /it* c be put ?r\gh x !re :5 /it*+ ! cap4 ,?is la/ mu/ be long en\gh to come ov] ! po9t ( ! body beh9d2 damp ! cap & put x 9 its place4 ,take a lace & ! coll> ne$le1 draw x d[n tightly into ! holl[ betwe5 ! body & ! =ewale1 !n /it* ?r\gh x1 bury+ ! welt und]nea? to fa/5 ! cap 9 front by a /it*4 ,! o!r "p mu/ be /it*$ ) a lace all r\nd ov] ! top ( ! body2 make ! po9t ( ! =ewale v prom95t to hold ! hame /rap4 ,two #a-;94 /raps1 #ah 94 long1 mu/ n[ be cut2 race ! edges & black5 !m1 po9t !m = ! buckle1 & pun* f\r holes 9 ea*1 & ano!r hole 9 ea* corn] at ! opposite end & "o 9 ! c5tre #b 94 f ! end4 ,! f\r holes 9 ! =ep>t are to fa/5 ! buckles to ! crupp] or c>t-saddle & ! o!rs to /it* to ! coll>4 ,place "o on ea* side ( ! coll> d[n to ! =ewale #e 94 f ! top4 ,fa/5 !m ) lace by /it*+ ?r\gh ! holl[ betwe5 ! =ewale & coll> body1 putt+ two /it*es ?r\gh & ?r\gh to ! o!r side2 !n s5d ! coll> ne$le 9 ! direction ( ! o!r hole 9 ! c5tre ( ! /rap1 & make "o /it* f ea* side ( ! /rap ?r\gh ?is hole2 fa/5 ! lace well & cut x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4--;,c>t ,coll> ,side-piece4 ,pieces ( lea!r ( ! %ape %[n by ,fig4 #ig are n[ requir$ to cov] ! side ( ! body4 ,! patt]n c be cut out ( br[n pap] accord+ to ! made body & kept = o!r "w4 ,cut ! pap] close to ! rim all r\nd to cov] ! body full 9 all p>ts outside1 b a little wid] & po9t$ at ! top to keep ra9-wat] (f & give a good appe>ance4 ,cut "o side only at a "t1 &1 z ! two sides jo9 9 ! c5tre at ! top & bottom1 cut ! top slant+ d[nw>ds t[>ds ! =ewale to ! same %ape z ! body1 & l9e ! top = ab\t #a ft4 d[nw>ds on ea* side ) firm lea!r2 %ave x on ! inn] side & bottom4 ,! pieces ne$ n be s wide z ! side-piece2 half its wid? or a little m w d4 ,make ?ree r[s ( /it*+1 & jo9 !m toge!r at ! l[] "p along ! l9$ "p2 ! di/ance betwe5 ! r[s %\ld be ab\t #a 941 ) n9e /it*es p] in*4 ,rub ! side-pieces & black5 !m2 crease two r[s ) a screw-crease all r\nd ! out] side n /it*$4 ,:5 cutt+1 take c>e to h ! be/ "p "u draught4 ,jo9 ! two sides toge!r at ! top ) /it* aft] /it* f "o to ! o!r1 ?us draw+ !m close end to end4 ,crease & prick a #a-;94 piece ( lea!r1 cutt+ x to ! same l5g? z ! jo9t1 & ?9n+ x t[>ds ! coll> end2 ! o!r out] end mu/ be %ap$ to ! po9t ( ! jo9t4 ,n[ tack ! piece & /it*1 keep+ x q ov] ! c5tre ( ! jo9t1 & mak+ ! /it*es exactly at ! same di/ance on bo? sides2 x is well to put a bit ( ?9 l9+ und]nea? ! /it*es4 ,damp ! side-pieces well 9 wat]1 & h a long lace ready to run ! side-piece 92 damp & grease x1 & h x long en\gh to g all r\nd ! coll> if possible1 ) suffici5t to sp>e = fa/5+4 ,take out ! side-pieces1 beat ! wat] f ! lea!r1 & fa/5 ! pieces to ! c5tre on top ) a big /rong awl or seat-awl4 ,pull !m toge!r z tightly z possible f top to bottom2 let !m ov]lap ab\t #c 94 at ! bottom1 %ave ! lea!r d[n a little "h1 & fix ! pieces 9 place ) ! awl4 ,!n see t !y are 9 ! "r position1 n too ne> nor too f> f ! =ewale2 put an awl on ea* side ne> ! draught to keep !m 9 position !re4 ,beg9 lac+ !m 9 at ! ?roat-piece1 mak+ ! /it*es #b 94 or #b 94 ap>t1 at ab\t ! same di/ance f ! edge all r\nd2 be sure to cat* ! l9+ und]nea? ) ea* /it*4 ,!n take ano!r long lace & pull x 9 at ! ?roat2 draw x close to ! =ewale all r\nd till ! po9t ( comm5cem5t is rea*$1 runn+ a /it* ov] ! edge ( ! side-piece1 & cat*+ ! lea!r ev]y:]e by ! =ewale2 ! /it*es %\ld be ab\t #a 94 ap>t4 ,"s h>ness mak]s run a piece ( lea!r ab\t #ac 94 "u ! draught1 fa/5 x ) a few /it*es to ! coll> body 9 ! l[] "p1 & spot ) lace to ! side-piece all r\nd ! top "p2 co>se flock1 or any?+ :i* w keep ! *a9s f ! horse's %\ld] :5 pull+1 be+ employ$ = /uff+2 b ?is w n be necess>y if ! body ( ! coll> is well made4 ,o!rs make ! side-piece )\t l9+1 us+ in/ead a r\nd piece ( lea!r ) canes r\nd ! rim1 cov]+ !m ) lea!r /it*$ on bo? sides to protect ! %\ld]s & coll> f wet4 ,!y are /it*$ ) lace to ! coll>4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 has demon/rat$ t nei!r ! horse nor ! coll> is any ! worse )\t su* a device4 ,9 o!r localities ! h\s+ & side-piece are cut 9 "o piece--a poor imitation ( a ,scot* coll>--& /iff5$ all r\nd ) cane2 ?is involves a great wa/e ( lea!r1 & is unnecess>y4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,c>t ,,saddles1 ,,re9s1 ,,etc4 ,! saddle is ano!r important "p ( c>t h>ness4 ,to make a saddle = a horse ab\t #ae h&s high w ne$ a tree 7,fig4 #ih7 measur+ #ad 94 across ! bo>d "r ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,x may h an iron plate = ! back *a9 cov]+ entirely ! top ( ! tree1 or only p>tially cov]+ x1 b ) plates at ! po9t & "o 9 ! c5tre ( ! groove4 ,! plate c be remov$ f ! fir/ k9d ( tree :5 mak+ ! saddle1 b ! p>tial plates are p]man5tly rivet$ ) an iron p94 ,if ! bo>d across ! tree is v long x may be sawn (f at ea* end1 b nev] at "o end only4 ,saw (f ! same l5g? at ea* end2 a #a-;ft4 bo>d is always long en\gh4 ,! tree c be obta9$ also 9 ! patt]n requir$ = nail+ h\s+s 7lea!r cov]s7 on ! bridge ( ! tree at ! top1 or ) a projection runn+ along bo? sides l[] d[n = nail+4 ,if ! h\s+s are nail$ at ! side1 ! wid? ne$ n be s great z :5 nail$ on ! top2 ! "p ( ! tree above mu/ be cov]$ ) ?9 lea!r1 nail$ "u ! h\s+ at ! l[] edge1 damp$ & rubb$ d[n close to ! tree & nail$ at ! v top4 ,! panel 7,fig4 #ii7 c be made :5 ! tree is ready4 ,f ! middle ( ea* side cut ! panel-back ab\t 94 long] ?an ! bo>ds & #b 94 wid] ?an ! c5tral wid? ( ! bo>d4 ,leave ! space betwe5 ! middle l9es ( /it*es ab\t #b 94 wid] 9 front ?an at ! back to prev5t ! %\ld]-bone ( ! horse be+ caught :5 c>ry+ a weight4 ,cut bo? sides alike1 rev]s+ ! patt]n to pair !m4 ,!n :ip !m toge!r along ! c5tre & %ort5 ! panel-back 9 front by cutt+ f ! po9t1 slant+ inw>ds & upw>ds 9 ! =e "p4 ,:5 ! sides are jo9$1 rub ! /it*es flat & put pieces ( lea!r1 ab\t #c 94 squ>e1 at ea* end at ! positions ( ! bo>ds :5 ! panel is 9 position2 m>k ! back ( ! panel on ! spot to :i* ! bo>ds rea* & !n adju/ ! pieces ( lea!r1 /it*+ !m across1 ! m>ks be+ nail$ z ne>ly z possible 9 ! c5tre ( ! bo>d4 ,^! pieces are = nail+ ! panel 9 place :5 complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4--;,c>t ,saddle ,tree4 ,! panel mu/ n[ be laid flat on ! flannel *eck or l95 l9+1 :i* is cut ab\t 94 l>g] ?an ! back4 ,z ! panel is wid] 9 front1 ! l9+ mu/ be slit 9 ! c5tre ( ! front z f> z ! po9t :]e ! panel beg9s to wid52 !n cut a piece ( ! same mat]ial ( ! necess>y wid? 9 front & n>r[+ t[>ds ! back4 ,:ip ?is piece to ! l9+1 turn+ d[n ! edges ( bo? :ile /it*+4 ,! extra 94 beyond ! size ( ! back is n[ turn$ 91 & a co>se /it* run all r\nd4 ,! lea!r basil fac+ = ! panel is n[ cut ab\t #b 94 wide1 !n :ipp$ 9 all r\nd ! l9+1 be+ jo9$ & /it*$ 9 ! c5tre ( ea* side4 ,rub ! /it*es flat1 & cut ! l9+ d[n r\nd ! back to ab\t #b 94 wide1 f ! c5tre on ea* side4 ,!n1 :5 /uff$1 ! panel w be some:at ?ick] 9 ! front ?an at ! back1 & w n s9k d[n & press on ! %\ld]-bones "u a load4 ,n[ cut ab\t #a 94 f ! front "p ( ! fac+ opposite ! wid5+ piece /it*$ to ! l9+2 cut x ab\t #d 94 long1 gradually slant+ x out t[>ds ! ends1 & cut ab\t #b 94 at ! back 9 a simil> /yle4 ,tack ! fac+ r\nd ! back1 c5tre to c5tre1 & bo? inside out2 run x ) co>se /it*es1 ab\t ?ree to ! in*1 keep+ ! edges toge!r2 x c be ei!r spott$ or /it*$ d\ble4 ,n[ well damp ! back ( ! panel & ! basil fac+ ) sponge & wat]4 ,) scissors cut an op5+ 9 ! l9+ exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! panel & j l>ge en\gh to all[ x to be turn$ inside out2 ! cut mu/ run along ! panel1 n across4 ,?is op5+ c be utilis$ = /uff+1 b if x is necess>y to make ! cut long] ?an is requir$ = ?is1 let ! op5+ be made a little %ort] at ea* end s t ! slit w be 9 ! c5tre ( ! l5g?4 ,put a l9e on ea* side ( ! /it*es 9 ! jo9+ ( ! back1 ab\t #a 94 on ea* side at ! back1 & !n gradually wid5 f halfway to ! front until x is ab\t #b 94 on ea* side ( ! /it*es4 ,tack ! l9+ und]nea?1 mak+ x tight & flat betwe5 ! two l9es & keep ! slit 9 ! c5tre1 s z to h ! l9+ di/ribut$ equally on bo? sides ( ! c5tre ( ! jo9+ 9 ! back4 ,n[ take a wisp ( /raw1 ab\t #i 94 long1 & wrap x r\nd ) hemp1 mak+ x firm & slightly ?ick] ?an a f+]2 tie ! c5tre ( ! wisp = ab\t #e 94 & place its c5tre aga9/ t ( ! panel 9 ! gullet at ! front1 & draw ! fac+ tight = ! di/ance betwe5 ! two l9es j made4 ,/it* x f above tightly r\nd ! wisp ) a spot /it* to keep ! gullet op5 & f ! %\ld]4 ,! l9+ mu/ n[ be spot-/it*$ on ! back along ! two l9es :i* h be5 m>k$1 ! ne$le be+ pass$ up & d[n ?r\gh bo?4 ,leave an op5+ ( ! same l5g? z ! slit1 & c>ry ! ?read on ! lea!r side f end to end ( ! slit s t ! panel c be /uff$ ?r\gh4 ,to /uff ! panel1 place x on ! b5* 9 front1 ) ! l9+ upp]mo/4 ,drive a /\t cl\t nail ) a head into ea* corn]1 & "o into ea* end ( ! /it*es 9 ! side opposite ! out] corn]s1 ! o!r side ( ! panel be+ all[$ to hang ov] ! b5*1 & ! slit 9 ! l9+ runn+ along ! edge ( ! b5*4 ,hav+ a heap ( /raw cut to ! same l5g? z ! panel close by1 & grasp+ ! /uff+ /ick 9 ! "r h&1 lay a wisp across ! front & pu% x to its position ) ! /ick4 ,lay ano!r across ! back1 & "w x ?r\gh ! hole ) ! f+]s2 !n use ! /ick to drive x aga9/ ! fac+ inside4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4--;,c>t ,saddle ,panel4 ,a ?ird wisp mu/ n[ be plac$ 9 ! side f>!/ f ! op]ator1 & work$ into place ) ! "r h& & /ick1 ! left h& be+ employ$ to keep ! /raw 9 position4 ,wisp aft] wisp c n[ be add$ along ! front until ! side is fill$1 b no m /raw is put 9 ! ends aft] ! fir/ wisp4 ,beat ! panel level & flat ) ! coll> mallet1 & run a piece ( lea!r ( ! same wid? z ! op5+ & ab\t #i 94 long inside ! slit = ab\t half ! l5g? betwe5 ! /raw & ! l9+2 ?is w cle> ! op5+ = ! flock4 ,h a hamp] full ( c>d$ flock1 & put a ?ick1 ev5 lay] ov] ! /raw1 & press x d[n ) a /ick or seat iron to ! edges & corn]s1 mak+ x z smoo? z possible2 !n beat x aga9 ) ! mallet1 & use a seat awl to level ! surface1 feel+ = lumps ) ! left h&4 ,"w 9 ! same way on ! o!r side to complete ! panel4 ,a dock to fa/5 ! crupp] to ! saddle is plac$ across f bo>d to bo>d at ! back4 ,two #a 94 t9n$ r+s are ne$$1 & ! lea!r mu/ be cut #a 94 wide1 & d\bl$ to rea* on ea* side z f> z half ! wid? ( ! bo>d4 ,x is bett] to make ! dock 9 f\r ?icknesses1 runn+ d\ble ?r\gh ! r+s4 ,ins]t ^!1 "o at ea* end1 & drive a cl\t nail ?r\gh ea* extremity & cl9* x on a piece ( iron2 put "o or two nails 9 ! c5tre1 ! po9ts be+ %av$ to make a good jo9t 9 ! lea!r4 ,spot x ) :ite lace1 or /it* x co>se ) /rong ?read1 a r[ on ea* side4 ,trim ! edges1 & black & rub x ) tall[4 ,take two f9e-po9t$ /aples1 &1 ) ! dock 9 its place1 m>k ! position ) ! po9ts ( ! /aples4 ,make holes = ^! ) a gimlet half-way betwe5 ! tree & ! end ( ! bo>d4 ,run ! /aples ?r\gh ! r+ & knock !m d[n 9 ! holes until ab\t 94 %[s on ! o!r side2 turn ! po9ts & knock !m aga9/ ! iron level ) ! bo>d1 turn+ 9 ! tips a little to ent] ! bo>d4 ,! dock mu/ be slack1 ) at lea/ ! same sweep f bo>d to bo>d z !re is 9 ! tree4 ,"s h>ness mak]s nail to ! c5tre ( ! tree a #b-;94 /rap1 ab\t #aj 94 long1 = fa/5+ ! crupp]4 ,?is device c be adopt$ in/ead ( ! dock1 & a buckle put on ! crupp]2 ) a dock ! crupp] goes r\nd x4 ,! flaps to protect ! horse's side f ! back trace rea* f end to end ( ! bo>ds on ea* side ( ! saddle4 ,cut !m #i 94 deep m or less1 accord+ to ne$s1 mak+ !m 94 long] at ea* end at ! top ?an ! bo>ds4 ,swell !m out at ! sides f ! top & r\nd ! corn]s at ! bottom1 & cut a fancy po9t 9 ! c5tre ( ! l[] side4 ,n[ hold !m aga9/ ! bo>d ) ! same l5g? exactly ov] ea* end1 & m>k ! wid? ( ! tree on bo? sides on ! flaps4 ,at ! m>ks cut a slit ab\t 94 deep t[>ds ! ne> edge1 & turn ! lea!r inw>ds betwe5 ! cuts 9 ! c5tre4 ,knock x d[n betwe5 ! slits1 & cut a hole to admit ! #a-;94 gir? or /rap at ab\t ! middle ( ! flap on ea* side j opposite ! junction ( ! bo>ds & ! tree2 z !re w be two gir?s1 a /rap w run f ea* end ( ! bo>d4 ,edge ! flaps & holes all r\nd on bo? sides1 & make two or ?ree r[s r\nd !m ) ! race compass2 f9i% !m ) a hot iron aft] hav+ black$ ! edges4 ,rev]se ! cuts 9 cutt+ ! flap to cat* at ! top on ! bo>ds1 z ^! may n be ! same l5g?1 back & front1 ov] ! trees1 & !re may be a diff]5ce 9 ! positions ( ! holes = ! gir?4 ,! gir?s & /raps mu/ be made f good lea!r1 ! =e gir? be+ #d ft4 #aj 94 & ! h9d #e ft4 #b 94 long1 an all[ance ( #b 94 be+ made to turn d[n = ! *ape4 ,! =e /rap mu/ be #a ft4 #f 94 long & ! h9d #a ft4 #h 942 ! wid? ( gir? & /raps is #a 94 to #a 94 ,edge ! gir?s along bo? sides1 & turn d[n ! *apes & %ape ! po9ts ( ! /raps4 ,leave ! be/ end ( ea* gir? & /rap = nail+ to ! tree2 put two r[s along ! edge ) a race compass & bevel ) a hot iron4 ,/it* ! buckles & make ! loops1 add+ two runn+ loops2 f9i% ! loops ) a loop-/ick1 & !n crease !m4 ,black ! edges be=e us+ a hot bevell] & cut f\r or five holes 9 ! /raps4 ,n[ take ! flaps & place ! slit 9 ! c5tre opposite ! tree1 & turn d[n ! "p bel[1 ?us hav+ ab\t an in* ( lea!r on ! bo>d "u ! slit4 ,drive a saddl]'s tack 9 ea* end ( ! bo>d2 d ?is g5tly to avoid splitt+4 ,put ! %ort] /rap 9 front & ! long] beh9d into ! flap hole f above s z to br+ ! squ>e end out at ! top betwe5 ! flap & ! bo>d4 ,adju/ bo? 9 ! same mann]1 & put f\r or five nails along ! edge ( ! flap & bo>d1 tak+ c>e to drive two ( !m ?r\gh ! /raps & flap2 f9ally put ano!r nail 9 ! c5tre ( ! /rap above ! edge ( ! flap4 ,add ! gir?s on ! o!r side 9 ! same way1 & see t ! /raps are on ! ne> side & ! gir?s on ! (f1 & t ! long] ( ea* set is beh9d4 ,x is n difficult to det]m9e :i* is ! front ( ! tree because 9 ?is "p ! bo>ds rise a little & conv]ge t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( cutt+ a hole1 a lea!r loop is /it*$ on ! flap ) an op5+ wide en\gh to admit /raps & gir?s4 ,! gir?s1 flaps1 & dock are n[ put 9 position4 ,!n place ! front ( ! panel aga9/ t ( ! tree1 & press x 9 ! c5tre j aga9/ ! top ( ! tree4 ,hav+ ! pieces to be nail$ on ! c5tre ( ! bo>d /it*$ to ! panel1 fa/5 !m to ?is "p ) f\r or five small tacks1 mak+ sure t ! panel lies close4 ,deal ) ! h9d "p ( ! panel 9 ! same mann]4 ,"s h>ness mak]s always run a piece ( lace f ! c5tre ( ! panel to ! c5tre ( ! tree 9 front1 :]e x is nail$ close to ! tree4 ,! next op]ation is to cut ! h\s+s 7,figs4 #ajj & #aja7 or cov] = ! saddle top2 ! wid? mu/ be #e 94 to #g 941 & ! l5g? suffici5t to rea* f end to end ov] ! tree by ! side ( ! groove on ea* side4 ,! l5g? c be measur$ ) /r+4 ,d n cut ! ends squ>e to ! measurem5t1 b bulge & r\nd !m s t !y are #c 94 m along ! c5tre4 ,n>r[ ! front h\s+ 7,fig4 #aja7 slightly = ab\t #aj 94 9 ! c5tre s t x w rise !re1 & cut ! "p to be nail$ at ! back z be=e1 namely ab\t #f 94 wide on ea* side f ! c5tre1 n>r[+ to a %>p po9t at ! l[] end4 ,! back h\s+ 7,fig4 #ajj7 be+ /raight on ! outside1 beg9 to cut on ! side ab\t to be nail$ f ! corn]s upw>ds1 n>r[+ an in* f ! corn] until x comes to a po9t 9 ! middle4 ,?is improves ! appe>ance & lifts ! front f ! %\ld]1 ! back be+ ?us made to mat* ! entire piece4 ,make ?ree r[s ar\nd ! edges ) a race compass & run ! l9es deep ) a bevell]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--;,c>t ,saddle ,h9d ,h\s+4 ,a brass oval or octagon may be plac$ on ea* corn] ( ! h\s+s at equal di/ances f ! edge & end4 ,put ^! pieces 9 position & nail !m to ! tree ?r\gh ! c5tre2 !n tight5 !m at ea* end ) ! seat awl or o!r /rong awl1 pull+ d[n h>d f ! c5tre & driv+ 9 a nail on ea* side :ile tight5+4 ,drive nails all along ab\t #b 94 ap>t1 be+ c>eful to make ! edge ( ! h\s+ q flu% ) ! edge ( ! tree s z to obta9 ! prop] %ape4 ,! nails c !n be cov]$ ) brass bead+ 94 wide1 or a welt ( ! same wid? may be nail$ d[n ) brass or japann$ head nails4 ,sev5 or eight /it*es1 n9e p] in*1 mu/ n[ be put 9 ! l[] "p ( ! h\s+ at ! f\r ends ?r\gh ! flap1 & w ?us b9d all neatly & firmly4 ,= ! c>t-saddle crupp]1 ! body mu/ be cut #b ft4 #f 94 or #b ft4 #h 94 long & #c 94 to #d 94 wide2 cut a semicircle 9 ! c5tre f ! weak end1 a po9t ab\t 94 wide be+ left at ea* side ( ! semicircle1 & !n cut an #h-;94 piece to l9e ) ?is end4 ,next cut a piece ( lea!r 94 wide & #h 94 long1 %av+ ! ends ?94 ,/it* x ) ! edges toge!r s z to make x r\nd to )9 #a 94 f ea* end4 ,a cord or bit ( lea!r may be plac$ 9 ! c5tre to re9=ce ?is2 !n rub x r\nd & black5 x1 & flatt5 bo? ends out ) a hamm]2 ?is is = hang+ ! saddle on a peg4 ,! body t 0 cut fir/ mu/ n[ be po9t$ at ! squ>e end1 ! wid? be+ r$uc$ to ab\t #b 941 ! same cut be+ made on ea* side4 ,race x along ! sides & ends1 !n edge1 black1 & run a hot iron ov] ! creases4 ,n[ prick x1 ab\t n9e p] in*1 z f> z ! t]m9ation ( ! l9+ f ! semicircle4 ,! ends ( ! r\nd piece lately made are br\ght toge!r & put "u ! po9ts1 "o on ea* side2 place ! l9+ "u !m1 & /it* x all r\nd & across ! po9ts f side to side ) a ?ree-cord black wax ?read1 & trim1 black1 & rub ! edges4 ,cut ! lay #a 94 n>r[] ?an ! body & #c ft4 long2 turn x 9 #aj 94 at ! /rong end & beat x flat4 ,turn x d[n #b 94 at ! o!r end1 & cut x slant+ d[n to #a 94 wide = a buckle ( ! same wid?2 cut a hole = ! buckle & run a l9e across ! broad end #b 94 f ! po9t1 ano!r 9 ! same direction 94 f ! end ( ! b5d und]nea?1 & a ?ird #b 94 f ?is "p t[>ds ! buckle4 ,edge only ! top1 j rea*+ ov] ! end ( ! broad b5d2 !n make two l9es ( creas+ & run a hot iron ov] !m4 ,inn] l9es are made ab\t 94 f ! inn]mo/ l9e1 f ! fir/ cross l9e to ! second1 & f ! ?ird to ! buckle4 ,two spaces are left = op5+s = ! hip /raps1 "o 9 ! b5d & ! o!r 9 ! middle2 black & prick ! p>ts to be /it*$1 f\r l9es betwe5 ! two op5+s & f\r l9es f ! o!r side ( ! second op5+ 9 ! direction ( ! buckle4 ,fix ! buckle 9 place & lay x flat 9 ! c5tre ( ! body1 ! extremity ( ! broad end ( ! lay rea*+ ! edge ( ! semicircle2 tack x d[n & /it*1 keep+ x well 9 position :ile work+4 ,/it* co>se or spot along ! ?ree m>k$ l9es ne> ! op5+s4 ,! body is n[ f9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4--;,c>t ,saddle ,front ,h\s+4 ,a pad or panel is next ne$$4 ,cut "s ?ick felt to ! same wid? z ! body1 & long en\gh to rea* f ! po9t ( ! semicircle to #b 94 beyond ! cross l9e ne> ! buckle2 cov] x ) basil1 & co>se-/it* x ) a po9t$ ne$le along ! c5tre4 ,turn ! ends neatly ov] ! felt & fa/52 !n ) /it*es put x 9 place next ! crupp] body4 ,tack d[n ea* end1 & run f\r or five /it*es "h & !re ?r\gh ! body & panel2 make sure t ! "w is well secur$ at ea* corn]4 ,cut a hole ?r\gh ! body exactly opposite ! buckle #a 94 wide & broad en\gh to pass ! /rap2 ?is is made #i 94 long1 po9t+ "o end & %av+ ! o!r4 ,crease & black x1 & /it* ! %av$ end aga9/ ! n>r[$ end ( ! body4 ,:5 f9i%$ & pun*$1 ?is w g r\nd ! dock 9 ! saddle & fa/5 to ! buckle on ! lay1 runn+ d[n ?r\gh ! hole made 9 ! body4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( ! op5+ 9 ! b5d1 an iron dee is employ$ = ! crupp]1 & ! hip /raps are fa/5$ !reto1 a /rap ab\t #bj 94 long be+ us$ on ea* side ( ! dee4 ,?is is a matt] ( ta/e1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! measurem5t f ! second cross l9e to ! extreme end ( ! dee1 :5 ! lay is turn$ d[n1 equals :at x w\ld be to ! extreme end ( ! b5d4 ,to make ! bree*+1 cut ! body1 if possible1 #g ft4 #d 94 long & ab\t #d 94 wide4 ,turn x d[n to #d ft4 #aj 94 long1 ! /rong end less ?an ! weak2 edge & black1 & crease two r[s along ! edges4 ,%ave ! ends1 & m>k a cross l9e ab\t #a 94 f ! c5tre ( ! b5d on bo? sides & at ea* end ( ! body4 ,n[ cut "s pieces #a ft4 long = l9+ betwe5 ! two m>ks 9 ! b5d & %ave _! ends2 b5d !m fle% outw>ds1 leav+ "o end ab\t #a 94 %ort] ?an ! o!r2 o!rwise x w be bulky :5 inside ! bree*+4 ,put x inside ! b5d aft] prick+ ! second r[ along ! "p hav+ ! lea!r d\bl$1 & across ! b5d f "o cross l9e to ! o!r4 ,:5 ?is l9+ has be5 tack$ 9 ! b5d1 /it* f r[ to r[2 ?is is ! eye = ! bridgeb& p9 us$ = fa/5+ ! *a94 ,trim ! edges ( ! b5d1 black51 & rub !m ) tall[ & a bone2 !n tack d[n ! d\ble "p z f> z x goes4 ,if1 aft] be+ l9$1 ! b5d is r h>d1 beat x ) a wood5 mallet & /it* ! d\ble "p along bo? ! ends & sides2 !n trim1 black1 & rub ! edges4 ,! body is n[ ready = ! lay1 :i* mu/ be ( ! same l5g? & #a 94 n>r[]2 edge1 crease1 & black x all along1 & make ano!r l9e ) ! compass 94 f ! inn] l9e ( ! crease4 ,prick ! two inn]mo/ l9es n9e to ! in*1 & turn d[n ! lay at bo? ends to ! same ext5t z ! body4 ,%ave ! ends & tack ! lay 9 ! c5tre ( ! body1 ! light end ( ! lay be+ plac$ aga9/ ! heavy end ( ! body & inv]sely2 pull x d[n close ov] ! ends ( ! body & tack x 9 place4 ,/it* all along ! prick$ "p f end to end to ! cross l9es1 & spot or /it* cross l9es1 mak+ ! /it*+ bulge inw>ds at ! middle to ! ext5t ( ab\t #a 94 ,make a hole ) a l>ge pun* exactly 9 ! c5tre :]e ! /it*es bulge inw>ds1 & !n1 hold+ ! r\nd knife firmly 9 ! h&1 cut out /raight at ea* side to remove a piece t all[s ! *a9 to ent] & cat* ! p94 ,cut ano!r hole 9 ! c5tre #a ft4 #d 94 f ! ends by pun*+ a hole #a 94 f>!r on2 !n remove ! "p betwe5 ! holes by two cuts1 all[+ space = ! #a-;94 tug to g ?r\gh4 ,prep>e ! two bridgeb& p9s & f\r #a-;94 buckles to mat* ^? on ! saddle & crupp]4 ,! p9s h a dee at "o end1 & at ! o!r a screw-?read ) nut & wa%] to fix x 9 place4 ,two h9d tugs #a ft4 #h 94 long mu/ be cut f ! lea!r1 #f 94 be+ turn$ d[n at ea* end to meet ! po9t2 make a buckle hole 9 ! weak end ( ea*1 & black1 crease1 & rub !m4 ,prick ! tugs f :]e ! *apes leave ! bridgeb& to ! loop or to ! "p :i* w h ! loop4 ,place ! /rong end 9 ! hole 9 ! c5tre ( ! bridgeb& f und]nea?1 s t ! jo9t w be 9 ! front "u ! loop1 & put a buckle on ! o!r end4 ,make a loop ab\t #b 94 long & suffici5tly wide to g r\nd ! two ?icknesses ( ! /rap4 ,make two r[s ( creas+1 "o at ea* end1 & /it* ! sides loosely toge!r2 !n put ! loop on ! tug & /it* ! end ( ! tug4 ,pull ! loop ov] ! jo9t & keep ?is & ! /it*es out ( sight 9 ! c5tre ( ! /rap4 ,a safe mu/ n[ be cut suffici5tly long to run f ! body ( ! bridgeb& to an in* beyond ! end ( ! buckle at ! top & 94 wid] on ea* side ( ! tug4 ,n>r[ ! bottom to ! wid? ( ! tug & %ave x2 r\nd ! o!r end1 putt+ a loop on its extreme po9t 9 ! c5tre1 bo? ! ends meet+4 ,/it* x = ab\t #a 94 along bo? sides ?r\gh ! safe2 put ! #a-;94 loop-/ick 9 x1 & black1 crease1 & f9i%4 ,9 ! next place put ! #a-;94 iron loop-/ick 9 ! long loop on ! tug & beat x g5tly until x is q flat & squ>e4 ,fa/5 x securely f und]nea? ) ab\t five nails on ea* side1 cl9*+ !m aga9/ ! iron loop-/ick inside4 ,crease ?is aga9 ) a hot iron & put a fancy /amp ) ! mak]'s "n or a neat creas+ 9 ! c5tre4 ,!n put ! safes 9 _! places1 fix+ ! loops on _! ends j aga9/ ! buckle at ! top1 & /it* ! safe along ! "p prick$ f ! loop to ! body ( ! bridgeb&4 ,make two or f\r r[s & /rong cross-/it* ! tug at ! bottom4 ,n[ run a r[ ( /it*es across ! top ( ! tug ?r\gh ! safe betwe5 ! buckle & ! loop4 ,make bo? ! tugs alike1 & to prep>e ! tugs = ! p9s ! loop is made z be=e1 b x mu/ be %ort] because ! tug ) ! dee-p9 %\ld h ! same l5g? f ! body ( ! bridgeb& z ! h9d tugs4 ,jo9 ! ends & make ! safes simil>1 creas+ ! loops to a simil> patt]n2 9 fa/5+ ! safe to ! tug1 h[ev]1 /it* a r[ only across ! bottom & top ( ! tug1 z x w be too %ort = m4 ,two lo9 /raps #c ft4 #h 94 long by #a 94 wide mu/ be cut to fa/5 to ! tugs & pass ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! crupp]2 po9t at ea* end1 crease d\ble at ea* side1 edge1 black1 pass a hot iron along ! creases1 & make six or sev5 holes 9 ea* end to complete !m4 ,! p>ts next to be made are a lead+ re91 a #a-;94 /rap ) a billet & buckle at "o end & a *a9 ) a spr+ hook1 call$ a *eek1 at ! o!r4 ,black & crease ! re91 & !n /it* on ! buckles1 billet1 & *a94 ,! billet is ! piece ( lea!r /it*$ "u or beh9d ! buckle = fa/5+ ?is p>ticul> end to any object4 ,make ! billet #a ft4 long4 ,! full l5g? ( ! re9 mu/ be ab\t #h ft4 #f 942 ! *a9 by :i* x is fa/5$ to ! horse's m\? is put ?r\gh ! ne> r+ & secur$ ) a spr+ hook to ! opposite r+4 ,! billet end is fa/5$ to ! crupp] ( ! lead] or ! %aft horse4 ,?is is v useful :5 horses take fright1 z ! driv] may !n be able to cat* ! re9 & pull !m 91 ?\gh unable to rea* _! heads4 ,! #a-;94 hame /raps are simple /raps ) a buckle & loop at "o extremity1 ! o!r end be+ po9t$ ) holes4 ,_! l5g? is ab\t #a ft4 #h 942 !y are employ$ to secure ! hames at ! top4 ,"s h>ness-mak]s1 = ! purpose ( ornam5t1 make1 = c>t horses1 a brea/-plate :i* ext5ds f ! bottom ( ! hames & coll> to ! =e gir? ( ! saddle or to ! belly-b& ( a lead]4 ,x is made ( lea!r1 b\nd ) r$ or yell[ lea!r or ,am]ican clo?1 & ! sides are scallop$1 & h two or ?ree face-pieces plac$ opposite ! swell 9 ! scallop1 ^! face-pieces be+ a little n>r[] ?an ! lea!r4 ,a n>r[ /rap runs f und]nea? ?r\gh a hole1 cat*+ a loop at ! top ( ! face-piece1 & !n d[n ?r\gh ano!r hole1 & s on to ! next4 ,:5 ! /rap is run all along1 fa/5 ! end at ! bottom1 ! o!r extremity be+ secur$ by ! billet1 & buckle to ! hames at ! top4 ,run a /rap ab\t #b ft4 long f ! base ( ?is scallop$ "p1 & furni% x ) a buckle4 ,put x on ! rev]se way & br+ ! o!r end ?r\gh ! buckle1 fa/5+ x !reto2 /it* ! end to ! bottom ( ! scallop$ "p1 ! o!r end be+ furni%$ ) a loop ?r\gh :i* ! gir? may pass4 ,! "p und]nea? ! face-pieces may1 be=e be+ b\nd1 be cov]$ ) col\r$ lea!r to give x a good appe>ance4 ,n[ cut ! c>t belly-b& #c 94 wide & #c ft4 #h 94 long2 n>r[ x d[n to #b 94 along a l5g? ( #f 94 at bo? ends1 &1 )\t b5d+ ! b&1 cut a buckle hole ab\t #c 94 f ! po9t4 ,make two billets #b ft4 #b 94 long & #b 94 wide1 & edge1 crease1 & black ev]y?+4 ,two loops mu/ also be made ab\t #a 94 wide4 ,prick ! billet1 six p] in*1 = ab\t #f 94 f ! %av$ end1 & adju/ ! buckle & billet1 mak+ ! latt] lap ov] ! buckle = #c 94 l[] d[n4 ,place ! loop ab\t #a 94 f ! buckle1 tack all d[n1 & /it* ) a six-cord black wax ?read1 twice wax$2 !n make two or ?ree /it*es 9 ! c5tre ( ea* end4 ,hav+ op5$ & creas$ ! loops1 make f\r holes 9 ! billets2 f9ally1 give !m a coat ( ,h>ris's liquid or composition4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,=e ,,ge> ,,or ,,lead] ,,h>ness4 ,! bridle & coll> = a =e ge> or lead] h>ness mu/ be made 9 ! way describ$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]s1 & w require no fur!r explanation "h4 ,! back-b& ,a 7,fig4 #ajb71 long crupp] ,f1 & belly-b& ,d1 /ill ne$ description1 h[ev]4 ,cut ! crupp] f good lea!r #c ft4 #h 94 long & #e 94 wide1 & make a split #i 94 long at ! light end & ano!r1 #g 94 long1 at ! tail end1 leav+ ! po9ts ( ! slits 9 front ( ! full wid?1 m]ely cutt+ a little out ( ! corn]s4 ,n>r[ ! po9ts at ! tail end gradually to ab\t #a 941 & cut a little f ! sides ( ea* slit4 ,a piece ( lea!r mu/ be cut to l9e a foot or s ( ! tail end1 & a piece ( s(t lea!r #af 94 by #c 94 = a dock4 ,damp ! dock well & turn d[n bo? edges 9 su* a mann] z to ov]lap deeply along ! c5tre1 ! ends hav+ be5 previ\sly %av$ ?94 ,n[ br+ bo? ends toge!r1 mak+ bo? sides meet flat1 b n ) ! flat sides toge!r2 !n1 tak+ hold ( ! piece on ! flat 9 ! c5tre1 turn ! l[] edge inw>ds & upw>ds1 /ill keep+ ! po9ts toge!r ) ! o!r h&4 ,nail ea* po9t to a bo>d & keep all p>ts 9 %ape until dry1 :5 ! dock w be firm4 ,edge1 crease1 & black ! body1 mak+ two r[s all r\nd1 rubb+ ! edges well & hot-creas+ ! l9es4 ,at ! tail end prick ! second l9e z f> z ! d\ble runs2 if ! dock is dry1 put x betwe5 ! l9+ & body at ea* end ( ! slit4 ,tack x d[n ar\nd ! l9+1 & /it*4 ,a few egg-%ap$ /it*es c be put inside ! out] /it*es ?r\gh ! body & po9ts ( ! dock to keep ! la/ 9 place2 trim ! edges1 & black1 rub1 & tall[ !m1 & d ! same inside ! edges ( ! slits4 ,cut two *apes to hold ! buckles 9 front = fa/5+ ! crupp] to ! coll> /raps2 b5d ! *apes d[n ab\t #d 941 %ave "o end & po9t ! o!r4 ,cut a hole = ! buckle & prep>e ! *apes = /it*+2 !n1 hav+ two loops ready1 ab\t #a 94 wide1 tack !m 9 _! places1 keep+ ! outside ( ! buckle exactly level ) ! end ( ea* slit & ! *apes "r 9 ! c5tre4 ,/it* !m d[n1 put a cross /it* on ea* side ( ! buckle1 & %ape & crease ! loops4 ,n[ cut ! crupp] lay #a ft4 #c 94 by #c 941 & turn x d[n = ab\t #a ft4 at ! good end2 %ave ! end ( ! %ort turn ?91 & r\nd ! o!r end2 !n edge1 crease1 & black ! lay4 ,cut two hip /raps ,h 7,fig4 #ajb7 #b ft4 by #a 941 & turn !m d[n = #c 94 at ! heavy end2 !n %ave ! turn d[n1 po9t ! buckle end1 & crease & black ! /raps4 ,atta* !m to a #c-;94 japann$ or t9n$ dee1 "o /rap on ea* side2 /it* f\r r[s 9 ! d\ble ( ea*1 & rub & f9i% ! edge4 ,prep>e two m /raps 9 ! same mann]1 ea* #b ft4 #aj 94 by #a 941 & /it* !m 9 ! middle r\nd "p ( ! dee betwe5 ! two o!r /raps4 ,^! are ! c>ri] /raps ,l 7,fig4 #ajb7 = ! /ret*]2 ! hip /raps are = c>ry+ ! traces4 ,! /raight "p ( ! dee is n[ put 9 ! b5d ( ! lay & plac$ on ! c5tre ( ! crupp] body at ! same di/ance f ea* side1 ! extreme po9t ( ! dee be+ )9 #h 94 f ! po9ts ( ! tail slits4 ,tack d[n & /it* two r[s 94 ap>t all r\nd1 eight p] in*1 ) ?ree-cord ?read2 !n /it* ! lay co>se1 or spot x across j to ! dee4 ,"s mak]s put a pad "u ! crupp] z ) ! c>t-saddle crupp]1 runn+ x f ! end ( ! tail slit to #a 94 beyond ! po9t ( ! lay4 ,hip-/rap tugs ,k1 mu/ be made to buckle to ! hip /raps runn+ f ! dee1 & = hook+ 9 ! traces4 ,hav+ a pair ( #a-;94 hip-/rap *a9s 7,figs4 #ajc & #ajd71 cut ! tugs #aj 94 by #a 942 b5d !m s t ! po9ts meet 9 ! c5tre1 & cut a hole = ! buckle 9 "o end4 ,/it* ! po9ts toge!r & put 9 two n>r[ loops1 "o to be us$ to hide ! jo9t1 or h "o s+le broad loop = ! same purpose4 ,place a safe und]nea? ! same z on ! bridgeb& =e tugs1 b /it* x in/ead ( nail+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--,set ( ,lead] ,ge>4 ,9 ! next place make ! tugs = ! /ret*] c>ri] /rap ,m 7,fig4 #ajb71 & a /rap #a 94 by #a ft4 #b 941 & 9 ! la/ b5d a *ape1 & cut a hole = ! buckle4 ,/it* ! buckle on ) a loop & make a runn+ loop & a hole #a 94 f ! po9t ( ! /rap4 ,:5 plac+ ! c>ri] /raps 9 position1 fix a loop on ea* end ( ! /ret*] & nail ! ends ( ! latt]1 leav+ space = ! /rap to pass4 ,run ! /rap d[n ?r\gh ?is loop1 ! runn] loop hav+ previ\sly be5 put on ! /rap2 !n pass x ?r\gh ! runn] loop to ! buckle1 :]e x is fa/5$4 ,secure ! c>ri] /raps to ! same buckle ov] ! c>ri] /raps1 br++ _! po9ts d[n into ! loop4 ,keep ! runn] loop d[n by ! /ret*] to tight5 ! tug & to produce a neat f9i%4 ,! hip /raps mu/ n[ be buckl$ 9 ! tug buckles1 ! hook fa/5$ to *a9 traces1 & ! coll> /raps buckl$ 9 ! =e-slit buckles4 ,:e!r ! dock is put "u ! tail is optional1 because ! hip /raps1 :5 fa/5$ 9 ! dee1 suffice to keep ! crupp] 9 place4 ,! back-b& ,a1 to c>ry ! traces1 is ! next "p ( ! h>ness to be made4 ,x mu/ measure ab\t #d ft4 #d 94 f tip to tip1 includ+ ! t]m9al *a9s or ! eye1 to :i* ! traces are hook$4 ,if pipe1 ! lea!r mu/ be made #f ft4 #d 94 by #e 94 ,m>k a cross-l9e #a ft4 f ea* extremity1 & ano!r #f 94 f ea* l9e1 s t !re w be #c ft4 #d 94 betwe5 ! two middle m>ks4 ,a piece ( l9+ is requir$ = ! "p betwe5 ! two l9es at ea* end2 ?is %\ld be ( ! same wid? z ! back-b& & #a ft4 #c 94 long4 ,%ave ?9 bo? tips ( ! l9+ & also ! ends ( ! turn-9 ( ! back-b&2 crease1 black1 & rub ! back-b&1 ! crease be+ made f ! extreme l9es "r along4 ,prick ! piece f ! out] cross-l9e at ea* end z f> z ! d\ble w run1 mak+ five r[s ) two on ea* side2 !n put ! l9+ "u ! space betwe5 ! two l9es s t x is #f 94 ov] "o & #c 94 ov] ! o!r4 ,a n>r[ piece1 %av$ at ! inn] edge & ab\t #f 94 long1 is n[ plac$ on bo? ends at ea* side ( ! #f-;94 space to /r5g!n ! eye4 ,/it* ! f\r r[s 9 ! #f-;94 space1 betwe5 ! two l9es1 ) ?ree-cord ?read1 eight p] in*2 turn ! edges ( ?is "p & black & rub !m4 ,n[ turn d[n ! ends1 br++ ! cross-l9es divid+ ! eye exactly opposite ea* o!r2 flatt5 ! eye s z to br+ ! p>ts ) ! l9es close toge!r1 & tack x 9 ?is position4 ,take two #a-;94 dees & place a piece ( lea!r inside !m1 on ! flat side1 = ab\t half _! wid?4 ,put bo? on ea* side ( ! back-b&1 "o 9 ea* end betwe5 ! d\ble close to ! eye & l[ en\gh to /it* ?r\gh ! piece ( lea!r inside1 :5 /it*+ ! out] r[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,figs4 #ajc & #ajd4--;,hip-/rap ,*a9s4 ,! dees mu/ be tack$ d[n z well z ! d\ble2 fa/5 x "r along bo? sides4 ,! f\r r[s at bo? ends & sides are /it*$ to ! top ( ! d\ble f ! cross r[s4 ,if desir$1 a fancy wave or patt]n c be made in/ead ( ! two inn] l9es ( /it*+4 ,!n /it* or spot ) lace across ! back-b& along ! cross-l9es ne> ! eye2 op5 out ! la/ by plac+ a ?ick piece ( wood1 etc41 inside4 ,two /raps mu/ be cut #aj 94 by 941 a buckle & loop be+ adju/$ to "o end1 & f\r or five pun* holes made at ! o!r = ! dee fix$ at ! side ( ! back-b& to pass ?r\gh a l9k 9 ! trace1 & ?us secure ! back-b&4 ,"s h>ness-mak]s l9e back-b&s f "o end to ! o!r & /it* !m2 o!rs l9e ! inn] "p ( ! eye ) sole lea!r1 & place a safe "u ! eye4 ,?is safe is ab\t #a 94 wid] at ! bottom1 & n>r[s d[n to ! same wid? z ! back-b& at ! top2 ! l[] corn]s are r\nd$1 & !n x is /it*$ 9 f ! eye upw>ds4 ,= ! belly-b& ,d1 a pair ( #c-;94 *a9s is requir$1 & ! lea!r mu/ be cut #c ft4 #d 94 by #c 94 ,turn 9 #d 94 at ! ends1 & %ave1 edge1 black1 & crease !m2 !n put ! lea!r into ! op5+s 9 ! *a9s1 /it* f\r r[s along ! d\ble "p1 & spot or /it* across ne> ! *a94 ,! set ( %aft & *a9 ge>1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt]s ,v4 to ,,viii41 is n[ complete4 ,! *a9s are atta*$ to ! %aft h>ness or jambles to pull f ! %aft1 :ile ! lead] h>ness has only a hook = hit*+ ! *a9 traces4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,pl\gh ,,h>ness4 ,9 pl\gh ge>s ! ord9>y bridle & coll> are employ$4 ,! back-b& is made 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! me?od ) hooks is tak5 fir/4 ,! eye ( ! hook 7,fig4 #aje1 p4 #aji7 is #d 94 wide4 ,cut ! lea!r #c ft4 #i 94 long & #d 94 wide2 turn d[n #c 94 at ea* end1 & beat ! b5d slightly ) ! hamm] to keep x d[n1 & crease x ) ! screw-race1 mak+ two r[s on ea* side2 m>k ! c5tre f ea* end1 & draw a l9e /raight across at ?is po9t1 !n two l9es ea* #e 94 f ! c5tre1 s t ! di/ance betwe5 !m w be #aj 94 ,cut two pieces ( lea!r #aj 94 long & 94 wide2 dye & crease "o side ( ea* piece1 hav+ previ\sly cut a small piece out ( ea* corn] ( ! side be+ work$4 ,a l9e mu/ !n be drawn ) ! compasses along ! c5tre ( ?is n>r[ piece4 ,make a m>k across ! c5tre1 & place x und]nea? ! back-b&1 c5tre to c5tre1 z f> z ! l9e j drawn2 tack x d[n = /it*+1 & place ! o!r piece 9 ! same mann] on ! o!r side1 s t ! pieces may be a little ov] bo? l[] l9es at ea* end4 ,?is piece is call$ ! fac+2 ! place on ! back-b& :]e ! pieces are to be /it*$ is prick$ out be=e tack+ !m d[n4 ,! "w ( /it*+ is n[ comm5c$1 c>e be+ tak5 to keep ! l9e close to ! edge ( ! back-b&2 make ! ?read ( ?ree or f\r cords ( co>se hemp4 ,hav+ a #a-;94 t9n$ dee at h&1 cut a piece ( lea!r #a 94 by #d 942 %ave & po9t bo? ends1 !n crease1 black1 & prick !m l ! side1 ) eight or t5 m>ks p] in*4 ,place ! dee 9 ! c5tre ( ?is piece1 & lay x flat on ! back-b& 9 ! c5tre1 measur$ f bo? sides1 or f ! top l9e to ei!r ( ! l9es bel[1 & !n /it*1 hav+ tack$ x d[n4 ,:5 pl\gh+ is be+ done1 ! re9 is run ?r\gh ?is dee1 & !re mu/ be "o dee on ea* back-b& on ! opposite side :5 ! horses "w 9 pairs1 b = a s+le horse !re is "o on ea* side ( ! same back-b&4 ,! next "p to be made is ! panel1 us$ = prev5t+ sor5ess ( ! back ( ! animal :5 pl\gh+1 br\ght ab\t by ! con/ant pressure 9 "o place4 ,take a piece ( l951 or basil lea!r1 #ad 94 by #g 941 & lay ! back-b& on x c5tre to c5tre1 & ev5ly ov] bo? sides2 make ! spot /it* ?us _/_/ _/_/ _/_/ across ! back-b&1 & ?r\gh ! l95 along ! middle l9e4 ,!n ! p>tition betwe5 ! two sides w %[ ! object ( ^! fac+s1 :i* make ! pad slightly wid] ?an ! back-b&1 & s ease ! horse's back4 ,hav+ /it*$ across ! c5tre1 turn 9 ! l9+ all r\nd ab\t 942 if1 h[ev]1 ! mat]ial employ$ is basil1 no turn+ is requir$4 ,make a pleat at ea* corn] ( ! end ( ! fac+1 mak+ bo? exactly ! same l5g?2 put ano!r pleat opposite ! fir/1 s t ! wid? may be ! same z t ( ! back-b& & fac+ comb9$4 ,if ! panel is basil1 ! corn] is cut (f to obta9 ! true l5g?1 & !n /it*$ toge!r :]e ! cut 0 made in/ead ( mak+ a pleat4 ,n[ beg9 to /it* all r\nd1 comm5c+ ab\t #a 94 f ! c5tre on "o side s z to h an op5+ = /uff+4 ,"w r\nd along ! cross l9es at ! bottom until )9 #a 94 ( ! c5tre ( ! o!r side 9 a direct l9e f ! />t+ po9t4 ,spot-/it*+ is execut$ 9 ! usual /yle4 ,/uff+ is ! next op]ation1 ! flock be+ put ?r\gh ! op5+ left on ea* side ( ! c5tre l9e4 ,lay ! back-b& flat on ! b5* & /uff ea* side r tightly by ! aid ( ! /uff+-/ick2 ! lea!r side ( ! back-b& is und]nea?1 :il/ ! op5+s are ne> ! edge ( ! b5*4 ,smoo? well t[>ds ! sides1 & flatt5 ) a mallet1 & cont9ue ! /it*+ along ! op5+ to ! />t+-po9t2 ?is completes ! top4 ,! hooks mu/ n[ be put 91 an op]ation :i* is p]=m$ z foll[s3 ,cut two sav+ pieces f a ?ick1 firm face ( hide2 good1 close-gra9$ /uff is wa/$ on su* "w z ?is1 ! be/ mat]ial1 z a rule1 be+ t f ! face ( a ge> hide4 ,cut ! pieces #g 94 long1 & if ! back-b& is to be #d 94 wide1 make ! pieces #e 9 wide4 ,cut "o end slant+ to #d 941 ( ! same wid? z ! back-b&1 & %ave x4 ,r\nd (f ! corn]s ( ! o!r end1 leav+ x ! full wid?2 black & crease ! edges4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4--,pl\gh ,back-b& ,hook4 ,put ! hooks 9 _! places & ! sav+ pieces "u !m ab\t #a 94 l[] d[n ?an ! extremity ( ! hook2 tack !m d[n exactly 9 ! c5tre4 ,hav+ m>k$ & prick$ ! back-b& ) f\r r[s runn+ f ! hook upw>ds to ! end ( ! sav+ pieces1 /it* ) a f\r-cord ?read1 n9e or t5 /it*es p] in*1 & !n /it* a l9e across close to ! hook to b9d all toge!r4 ,n[ ! back-b& is 9 work+ ord]4 ,! pl\gh back-b&1 ) *a9s in/ead ( hooks1 is made 9 exactly ! same mann]1 b :5 !re is only "o *a9 & a b> across 9 ! b5d to hold x1 a hole mu/ be cut 9 ! c5tre ( ! b5d = ! passage ( ! *a94 ,= two *a9s & a b> make two holes2 ! sav+ pieces c be made a little n>r[] ) *a9s1 & ! body ( ! back-b& ne$ n be s long 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( ! *a9s4 ,z a guide 9 det]m9+ ! l5g? ( ! body1 :atev] may be ! l5g? ( ! *a9s or hooks1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! l5g? ( ! back-b& ov] all mu/ be ab\t #d ft4 #d 94 ,c\pl+s are also a necess>y "p ( pl\gh ge>4 ,9 "s localities only cross-/raps are employ$ f m\? to m\? :5 pl\gh+ 9 pairs4 ,cut ! /rap #a 94 wide & #bh 94 to #cj 94 long1 turn x 9 ab\t #a 94 at ea* end1 & make a hole = ! buckle1 & %ave ! po9ts4 ,take two billets ( ! same wid?1 #a ft4 long1 & trim !m to a po9t at "o end1 %av+ ! o!r2 !n edge back1 & crease !m2 place ! buckle 91 & !n ! ?9 end1 #b 94 d[n at ! back ( ! buckle4 ,put a loop betwe5 ! *ape by ! buckle & /it* "o billet & buckle at ea* end2 pun* two holes 9 ea* billet4 ,sometimes two c\pl+ /raps are employ$ = a pair3 ! /raps cross ea* o!r f ! hames ( ea* horse to ! m\? ( ! o!r4 ,!y are made to ! fir/ /yle1 b long]1 be+ #ch 94 9 l5g?1 ea* ) #ab-;94 billets2 9 "s cases !y are made a foot long] ?an ?is1 ! c\pl+ be+ cut into two1 "o end #ae 94 long ) a buckle & loop1 & ! o!r made to buckle on1 ) num]\s holes = adju/+ ! l5g?4 ,?is is a v conv5i5t me?od1 = :5 a "y horse is c\pl$ ) an old "o1 ! c\pl+ mu/ be %ort5$ on ! side ( ! =m] animal to keep x back until x has le>n$ ! ord9>y work+ pace4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,bits1 ,,spurs1 ,,/irrups1 ,,& ,,h>ness ,,furniture4 ,bits1 _! patt]ns & mat]ials1 w n[ be consid]$4 ,bits are made 9 poli%$ iron1 t9n$ iron1 9 /eel ( v>i\s qualities1 & 9 nickel4 ,nickel is z exp5sive z good /eel1 b does n t>ni% s soon1 & :5 worn /ill cont9ues to take a good poli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,figs4 #ajf & #ajg4--,pelham ,bits4 ,"s ( ! m exp5sive k9ds ( bits h ornam5t$ & silv]-plat$ *eeks2 ?is is especially ! case ) c>riage1 milit>y1 & rid+ bits4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,fig4 #aji4 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,fig4 #ajh4--,pelham ,bit4 ,fig4 #aji4--;,hackney ,bit4 ,fig4 #aaj4--;,bridoon4 ,rid+ bits are snaffles = a s+le head bridle & re91 h5ce _! "n snaffle bridles4 ,pelham bits 7,figs4 #ajf to #ajh7 are us$ = s+le head bridle & d\ble re91 ?is bridle be+ kn[n z ! ,pelham4 ,! ,hackney bit 7,fig4 #aji7 has a bridoon 7,fig4 #aaj71 t is1 ! bit has only a m\?piece & a r+ at ea* end ) a jo9t$ b>4 ,?is bit is us$ = ! ,weym\? bridle1 :i* has a d\ble head & a d\ble re94 ,curbs are us$ ) ! two bits la/ m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,fig4 #aab4 ,figs4 #aaa & #aab4--,ladies' ,horse ,bits4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,fig4 #aac4--,pelham ,snaffle ) ,indi>ubb] ,m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,fig4 #aad4--;,hackney ,bit ) ,indi>ubb] ,m\?4 ,bits = horses to be ridd5 by ladies are %[n by ,figs4 #aaa & #aab4 ,!y are on ! same pr9ciple z ^? previ\sly m5tion$1 b are light] & m fanciful1 _m ( !m be+ ornam5t$ ab\t ! *eeks4 ,! ,pelham snaffle 7,fig4 #aac7 & ! ,hackney bit 7,fig4 #aad71 ) indi>ubb] m\?s1 c be _h = t5d]-m\!d horses1 & d\ble or twi/$ or smoo?-m\!d bits c be _h = vici\s or quiet horses z requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,fig4 #aae4--;,gig ,snaffle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,fig4 #aaf4--,wilson ,snaffle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,fig4 #aah4 ,fig4 #aai4 ,fig4 #aag4--,liv]pool ,bit4 ,fig4 #aah4--;,globe ,*eek ,curb ,bit4 ,fig4 #aai4--,"o-horn ,bridoon ,bit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4--,"o-horn$ ,bridoon ) ,indi>ubb] ,m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4--;,gig ,curb ,bit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,fig4 #abc4 ,fig4 #abd4 ,fig4 #abe4 ,fig4 #abb4--;,buxton ,bit4 ,fig4 #abc4--,swivell$ ,bridoon ,bit4 ,figs4 #abd & #abe4--;,break+ ,bits4 ,driv+ bits are commonly gig snaffles 7,fig4 #aae72 ,wilson snaffles 7,fig4 #aaf7 h r+s at ea* end & two loose r+s on ! m\?piece1 "o ( :i* is buckl$ to ! bridle *eek2 ! out] r+ on ea* side is = ! driv+ re91 b sometimes ! re9 billet is put ?r\gh bo? r+s at ! same "t4 ,wilson snaffles c be obta9$ b> jo9t$1 twi/$1 or smoo?-m\?4 ,! ,liv]pool bit 7,fig4 #aag7 has a curb *eek1 & a /raight or solid b> m\? ) ! m\? b> loose on ! *eek4 ,! ,globe *eek curb bit 7,fig4 #aah7 has a r+ at ! bottom ( ! *eek to :i* ! m\?piece is atta*$ in/ead ( be+ loose z 9 ! ,liv]pool bit4 ,a 8"o-horn bridoon0 7,fig4 #aai71 ) "o r+ at ea* side & ei!r a solid or a jo9t$ m\?1 sometimes has a lea!r or indi>ubb] m\? 7see ,fig4 #abj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4--;,break+ ,bit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4--,snaffle ) ,indi>ubb] ,m\?4 ,gig curb bits 7,fig4 #aba7 h ! billet ( ! bridle fa/5$ to ! top ( ! *eek1 ) *eeks on ! l[] side to :i* ! re9s are fa/5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,fig4 #abi4 ,figs4 #abh & #abi4--;,ex]cis+ ,bits4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4--,%[ or ,/allion ,bit4 ,! c>riage bit mo/ 9 use is ! ,buxton bit 7,fig4 #abb71 :i* has a b5d 9 ! *eek bel[ ! m\?piece1 & a b> across at ! bottom f "o side ( ! *eek to ! o!r1 ! solid m\?piece hav+ a port 9 ! c5tre2 ?is is a sm>t & v p[]ful curb bit1 b x is be+ sup]s$$ by ! ,liv]pool bit4 ,a swivell$ bridoon 7,fig4 #abc71 z sometimes us$ ) ! ord9>y driv+ bit1 has ! be>+ re9 runn+ f ! hames d[n ?r\gh ! swivel & up to a /rap /it*$ betwe5 ! two slit /raps ( ! head-/rap4 ,break+ bits 7,figs4 #abd to #abf7 are special k9ds ( pat5t bits4 ,fig4 #abg is an indi>ubb] m\? snaffle2 ,figs4 #abh & #abi are ex]cis+ bits2 ,fig4 #acj is a %[ or /allion bit2 & ,fig4 #aca is a d\ble-m\!d snaffle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4--;,d\ble-m\!d ,snaffle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,fig4 #acc4 ,fig4 #acd4 ,fig4 #acb4--,ord9>y ,spur4 ,fig4 #acc4--,(fic]'s ,regulation ,spur4 ,fig4 #acd4--;,dress ,spur4 ,on ! subject ( spurs1 v little ne$ be said4 ,besides ord9>y patt]n spurs 7,fig4 #acb71 !re are (fic]s' regulation spurs 7,fig4 #acc71 dress spurs 7,fig4 #acd71 ladies' spurs 7,fig4 #ace71 tr\s]s spurs 7,fig4 #acf71 & box spurs4 ,! la/-nam$ are fa/5$ to ! heel ( ! boot by a spr+ ins]t$ 9 a /eel box inside ! heel4 ,l screw spurs1 :i* screw into a hole 9 ! heel1 !y may be tak5 (f at w4 ,spurs are made 9 poli%$ /eel & brass1 "s be+ silv]-plat$4 ,! saddl] mu/ h a supply ( spur r[els = repair+ spurs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,fig4 #acf4 ,fig4 #acg4 ,fig4 #ace4--,lady's ,spur4 ,fig4 #acf4--,tr\s]s ,spur4 ,fig4 #acg4--,solid ,/irrup4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,fig4 #aci4 ,fig4 #adj4 ,fig4 #ach4--,op5 ,bottom ,/irrup4 ,fig4 #aci4--,wav+ ,b> ,/irrup4 ,fig4 #adj4--,lady's ,/irrup4 ,/irrups may be solid 7,fig4 #acg71 ?ree b> or op5 bottom 7,fig4 #ach71 or !y may be ( ! wav+ b> patt]n 7,fig4 #aci74 ,!y v>y greatly 9 weight accord+ to ! purpose = :i* !y are requir$1 & are made ( poli%$ /eel & ( plat$ brass or silv]4 ,ladies' /irrups 7,fig4 #adj7 are ( v>i\s patt]ns1 "s hav+ pads to protect ! foot1 o!rs hav+ foot plates ( ! same %ape z ! foot2 o!rs1 aga91 h slipp]s 7,fig4 #ada74 ,safety /irrups 7,fig4 #adb7 bo? = ladies & g5tlem5 are made s t if ! rid] falls or is ?r[n (f ! horse ! /irrups spr+ op5 & release ! rid]'s feet4 ,?us ! dang] ( be+ dragg$ along ! gr\nd by ! horse is obviat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4--,/irrup ,slipp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4--,safety ,/irrup4 ,"s p>ticul>s w n[ be giv5 ( h>ness furniture4 ,fir/ ! mat]ial w be t\*$ ^u4 ,japann$ iron furniture is /rong & durable1 & has a fairly good appe>ance :5 new1 b ! japan soon we>s (f & all[s ! iron to get ru/y4 ,common iron buckles1 cov]$ ) lea!r1 are also us$1 b n s ext5sively z !y 7 =m]ly4 ,! iron soon ru/s1 & ! ru/ affects ! lea!r & causes x to crumble (f1 giv+ a v %abby appe>ance to ! re/ ( ! set ( h>ness4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,fig4 #add4 ,fig4 #ade4 ,fig4 #adf4 ,fig4 #adc4--;,flat ,side ,wire ,front ,buckle4 ,fig4 #add4--,wire ,front ,bevell$ ,buckle4 ,fig4 #ade4--;,bevell$ ,flat ,top ,buckle4 ,fig4 #adf4--,we/ ,end ,bevell$ ,flat ,top ,buckle4 ,brass furniture is l>gely us$1 & x is got up 9 _m qualities & /yles ( f9i%4 ,! be/ brass does n t>ni% ne>ly s soon z common brass1 &1 ( c\rse1 has a good appe>ance :5 clean4 ,p>tly cov]$ brass or plat$ furniture is also sometimes us$1 ! buckles be+ cov]$ ) lea!r ab\t half-way up ! sides1 leav+ ! top & a little ( ! side b>e4 ,?is looks v well1 & is m durable ?an iron-cov]$ buckles1 z ! brass- or silv]-plate does n de/roy ! lea!r s soon z iron2 p>tly cov]$ furniture is1 h[ev]1 v awkw>d to clean4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,fig4 #adh4 ,fig4 #adi4 ,fig4 #aej4 ,fig4 #adg4--,spade ,buckle4 ,fig4 #adh4--,squ>e ,wire ,buckle4 ,fig4 #adi4--;,*a?am ,buckle4 ,fig4 #aej4--;,flat ,top ,turn$-up ,buckle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,fig4 #aec4 ,fig4 #aed4 ,fig4 #aea4--;,flut$ ,buckle4 ,fig4 #aeb4--,swell$ ,front ,b5t-leg ,buckle4 ,fig4 #aec4--;,flat ,top ,cab ,buckle4 ,fig4 #aed4--,we/ ,end ,:ole ,buckle4 ,buckles are occasionally cov]$ ) celluloid2 sometimes ?is only p>tly cov]s ! brass1 alum9ium1 or gold-plat$ buckle1 & x !n looks v ri*4 ,! celluloid-cov]$ article is made 9 imitation ( ! lea!r-cov]$ buckle2 x is durable1 & does n require mu* clean+1 ! occasional application ( a wet sponge be+ suffici5t4 ,celluloid is m commonly us$ 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is a v inflammable mat]ial1 & w break if giv5 a h>d knock or if all[$ to fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4 ,fig4 #aef4 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,fig4 #aee4--;,*as$ ,buckle4 ,fig4 #aef4--,melb\rne ,buckle4 ,fig4 #aeg4--,we/ ,end ,squ>e ,buckle4 ,nickel furniture looks well1 b co/s a little m ?an brass4 ,nickol9e1 :ite metal1 or ,victoria metal furniture co/s ab\t ! same z brass2 all ?ree look well :5 clean$1 b quickly t>ni%4 ,plat$ furniture is us$ on sup]ior h>ness2 x c be b\ght 9 diff]5t qualities1 be+ plat$ ) silv]1 :ite metal1 ,g]man silv]1 or nickel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,fig4 #aei4 ,fig4 #afj4 ,fig4 #afa4 ,figs4 #aeh & #aei4--;,cov]$ ,buckles4 ,figs4 #afj & #afa4--,"p-cov]$ ,buckles4 ,( c\rse1 ! hames & ! buckle tongues are ( iron1 plat$ 9 :atev] metal ! re/ ( ! furniture is made2 !y h to be ( iron to )/& ! /ra9 to :i* !y are subject$4 ,9 ord]+1 x is necess>y to /ate :e!r plat$ hames are requir$ ( ! same mat]ial z ! furniture1 & :e!r ! latt] is brass1 silv]-plat$1 etc4 ,! patt]n ( buckle requir$ w make a little diff]5ce 9 ! price2 ! wire-%ap$ patt]n is ! "o mo/ly us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,fig4 #afc4 ,fig4 #afd4 ,fig4 #afe4 ,fig4 #afb4--,%aft ,tug ,buckle4 ,fig4 #afc4--;,burgess's ,buckle4 ,fig4 #afd4--;,ball ,t]ret4 ,fig4 #afe4--,pla9 ,t]ret4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4 ,fig4 #afg4 ,figs4 #aff & #afg4--;,ball ,t]rets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4--;,ball ,t]ret4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4 ,fig4 #agj4 ,fig4 #aga4 ,fig4 #agb4 ,figs4 #afi to #agb4--;,hames4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4 ,fig4 #agd4 ,figs4 #agc & #agd4--;,be>+-re9 ,swivels4 ,!re are s _m patt]ns 9 gig & c>riage furniture t x is impossible to m5tion !m all4 ,att5tion w be direct$1 h[ev]1 to "s ( ! mo/ useful patt]ns ( buckles4 ,! flat side wire front 7,fig4 #adc1 p4 #aah71 ! wire front bevell$ 7,fig4 #add71 ! bevell$ flat top 7,fig4 #ade71 ! ,we/ ,end flat top wire 7,fig4 #adf71 & ! spade patt]n 7,fig4 #adg1 p4 #aai7 are all v neat buckles4 ,squ>e wire buckles 7,fig4 #adh7 on light gig h>ness look v well4 ,! ,*a?am 7,fig4 #adi71 flat top turn$ up 7,fig4 #aej71 & flut$ 7,fig4 #aea71 are v /rong buckles = cab h>ness1 z are also ! swell$ front b5t leg 7,fig4 #aeb71 & side & flat top cab 7,fig4 #aec7 buckles4 ,! ,we/ ,end :ole buckle is %[n by ,fig4 #aed2 x looks v neat = any fancy h>ness4 8,*as$0 7,fig4 #aee1 p4 #abj71 8,melb\rne0 7,fig4 #aef71 or 8,we/ ,end squ>e10 or 8squ>e wire0 7,fig4 #aeg7 :ole buckles1 are all v %[y & sm>t :5 work$ up4 ,figs4 #aeh & #aei are cov]$ buckles1 & ,figs4 #afj & #afa "p-cov]$ buckles4 ,!re are _m diff]5t k9ds ( %aft tug buckles2 t %[n by ,fig4 #afb 7p4 #aba7 is a good patt]n1 z is also ,burgess's pat5t buckle 7,fig4 #afc74 ,! t]rets 7,figs4 #afd to #afh7 = ! re9s to run ?r\gh on ! saddle & hames 7,figs4 #afi to #agb71 z well z ! be>+-re9 swivels 7,figs4 #agc & #agd7 & all p>ts ( ! set ( furniture1 are ( a patt]n con=m+ ) t ( ! buckles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,figs4 #age & #agf4--,roll] ,buckles4 ,c>t-h>ness furniture may be ( galvanis$ or japann$ iron1 ) buckles ( brass or :ite metal4 ,all ! brass patt]ns illu/rat$ are kn[n z ,scot* ge> buckles4 ,c>t fancy-brass bree*+ loops may be us$ in/ead ( lea!r ones = bridgeb& c>ri]s & bridle *eeks4 ,fly-t]rets are mu* us$ z ornam5ts on ! top ( ! bridle betwe5 ! e>s ( ! horse1 be+ ei!r screw$ d[n into a socket or rivet$ 9 place4 ,brass face-pieces = ! front ( ! bridles on ! =ehead c be obta9$ 9 num]\s patt]ns4 ,hame plates1 to be put betwe5 ! two po9ts ( ! hames or jambles above ! coll>1 look v well ) a /rap across f side to side z a fa/5+4 ,c>t hames are ei!r :olly or p>tly cov]$ ) iron1 & g5]ally take _! names f ! di/rict 9 :i* ! p>ticul> patt]n is mo/ly us$4 ,?us !re are ! ,man*e/]1 ,lanca%ire1 ,iri%1 & ,york%ire hames4 ,c>t bits1 toge!r ) _! fitt+s1 are always firmly atta*$ to ! bridle1 & are made ei!r ( t9n$ or japann$ iron4 ,!y may be /raight & jo9t$1 or twi/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4 ,fig4 #agg4--;,hame ,clip4 ,figs4 #agh & #agi4--;,bree*+ ,dees4 ,*a9s1 su* z backb&1 crupp]1 or hip /rap *a9s1 & wat]+ *a9s = bridle re9s1 & pl\gh backb& hooks or *a9s1 are all want$ 9 mak+ up a set4 ,o!rs necess>y are3--,lead] backb& *a9s1 *eek *a9s = ! end ( lead+ re91 bridgeb& *a9s1 & *a9s = ! bellyb&1 in/ead ( billets1 to g r\nd ! %afts4 ,rid+ bridle buckles range 9 wid? f 94 to #a 94 ,/irrup lea!r buckles are also a special l9e1 be+ f #a 94 to #a 94 9 wid?4 ,saddle gir? buckles are #a 94 wide4 ,roll] buckles 7,figs4 #age & #agf1 p4 #abd7 v>y 9 size f 94 to #a 941 & are l>gely us$ on all k9ds ( lea!r "w4 ,head-/all or head-coll> buckles range 9 size f #a 94 to #a 942 "s h ! coll> atta*$1 to :i* is fa/5$ ! ?roat la%4 ,! foll[+ buckles mu/ also be kept ready to h&3--,d-buckles = use on small /raps2 & japann$ legg+ buckles1 9 sizes rang+ f 94 to 94 ,head-coll> /op squ>es1 = mak+ & repair+ head-coll>s1 mu/ also be /ock$1 z well z t9n$ & brass r+s ( diff]5t sizes1 = mak+ head-coll>s & = miscellane\s repairs4 ,brass1 t91 & plat$ dees w be necess>y = mak+ & repair+ dog coll>s1 & = hold+ coat /raps on rid+ saddles1 etc4 ,!y range 9 size f 94 to #a 94 ,belt1 brace1 & g>t] buckles may (t5 be want$1 & #b lb4 or #c lb4 ( buckle tongues = repair+ old buckles %\ld also be obta9$ 9 all sizes & /r5g?s4 ,/rong d\ble-prong$ buckles may be want$ f #a 94 to #b 94 ,!re may also be occasion to use h>ness buckles ( all sizes1 patt]ns1 & mat]ial1 saddle t]rets1 hame clips 7,fig4 #agg71 v>i\s k9ds ( nails1 bree*+ & be>+-re9 r+s1 bree*+ dees 7,figs4 #agh & #agi71 & rivets = clips1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,van ,,& ,,cab ,,h>ness4 ,! mak+ ( a set ( gig h>ness is describ$ 9 ! companion volume 8,saddl]y40 ,van h>ness = heavy "w requires a set ( furniture1 includ+ buckles1 hames1 & *a9s1 & a van saddle-tree4 ,! furniture %\ld be ( brass1 nickel1 or silv]4 ,burgess's pat5t tug buckles 7,fig4 #afc1 p4 #aba7 c be recomm5d$ = %aft tugs4 ,a pair ( w9k] plates ( any patt]n 7see ,figs4 #ahj & #aha7 are necess>y to make ! w9k]s4 ,beg9n+ ) ! w9k]s1 cut ! lea!r ab\t 94 wid] ?an ! plate all r\nd1 except at ! back1 :]e x mu/ be 94 wid]4 ,if pat5t lea!r is us$1 make a l9e all r\nd ! edge1 & ano!r ab\t 94 f x1 & race a l9e across1 #a 94 f ! back "p1 f "o end ( ! inn] l9e to ! end ( ! o!r2 ( c\rse1 ! o!r l9es mu/ n be br\ght ne>] ?an ?is to ! back4 ,prick along ! l9es1 ab\t elev5 p] in*1 & s+le /it* ! inn] l9e all r\nd ! f\r sides1 ?r\gh ! lea!r1 employ+ black l95 ?read d\ble1 ) two ne$les4 ,cut ! l9+ to ! same size z ! top1 b lightly /uff$ & ) little oil 92 put ! top on x & /it* all r\nd ?ree sides1 leav+ ! back op54 ,put ! lea!r 9 wat] & wet x ?or\ghly1 & !n1 hav+ op5$ out ! two lea!rs ) ! h&1 put a good coat ( pa/e on bo? ( ! inn] sides by ! aid ( a spoon or o!r conv5i5t implem5t4 ,pu% 9 ! w9k] plate front to front2 b if ! front is r\nd corn]$1 x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be put 9 fir/4 ,pu% 9 ! pieces until !y lie squ>e 9 ! lea!r & close to ! front /it*es2 !n rub ! top & ! l9+ d[n to ! %eet iron1 be+ c>eful to make ! l9+ /ick well to ! %eet4 ,place ! w9k] on a bo>d1 l9+ und]nea?1 & tack d[n ea* ( ! h9d corn]s1 & if necess>y1 ! middle2 !n put "s pap] or rags betwe5 ! w9k] & ! bo>d s z to keep ! l9+ up to ! %eet4 ,:5 q dry & p]fectly adh]+1 remove !m f ! bo>d1 trim ! edges1 f9i% & poli% well4 ,! coll> is made practically 9 ! same way z a c>t coll>4 ,! =ewale mu/ be turn$ d[n #b 941 t is #d 94 altoge!r1 & in/ead ( :ipp+ ! basil l9+ 9 z previ\sly describ$1 cut x a little small]1 & /it* x 9 at ! same "t z ! =ewale2 tack x d[n 9 su* a mann] t :5 ! l9+ is turn$ ov] to /uff ! body1 ! /it*es w n be visible4 ,take a patt]n 7see ,fig4 #if1 p4 #gi7 & let ! l9+ ov]lap 9 ! c5tre ( ! =ewale = q #b 94 ,/it*+ is done z = a c>t coll>1 bo? = ! =ewale & ! draw+ 9 ! body1 b ! la/ mu/ n be s big & clumsy4 ,9 mak+ & sett+ ! top piece1 no /it*es %\ld appe> 9 front o!r ?an ! cross r[2 ! top piece mu/ n be jo9$ d[nw>ds z 9 ! o!r4 ,turn 9 ! bottom ( ! top piece = 94 across1 & /it* a l9e ) black l95 ?read 94 f ! edge to keep ! turn 9 its place4 ,damp ! top piece1 put x across ! front1 & draw x tight1 putt+ a tack 9 bo? sides2 !n make x ov]lap at ! top c5tre ( ! back s z to obta9 a good po9t to hold ! hame /rap 9 place2 !n /it* all r\nd ! holl[4 ,cut ! side piece close along ! sides ( ! body to fit tight by ! =ewale4 ,!n take a piece ( s(t ?9 lea!r b9d+ #a 94 wide1 damp x1 & place x edge to edge ) ! outside ( ! side piece1 tack+ x d[n4 ,hav+ /it*$ ! side piece1 putt+ a small welt at ! jo9t at ! bottom1 & %av+ a little r\nd ! edges1 /it* ! b9d+ & side piece toge!r ar\nd ! edge ) black l95 ?read1 ab\t sev5 /it*es p] in*4 ,run a piece ( tw9e along ! /it*es r\nd ! rim1 & turn d[n ! b9d+ ov] ! tw9e t[>ds ! inside1 be+ c>eful to keep ! tw9e 9 place4 ,m>k a l9e & prick x1 ab\t eight p] in*1 & 94 f ! edge2 !n /it* ! b9d+ d[n bel[ ! tw9e4 ,! la/ mu/ be 9 "o piece ) #d 94 or #e 94 to sp>e at ea* end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4 ,figs4 #ahj & #aha4--,w9k]s4 ,damp ! side piece & adju/ x2 tack x ) an awl at ! bottom & draw x tight at ! top4 ,n[ wax a piece ( coll> tw9e1 ab\t #ah 94 long] ?an is necess>y to pass r\nd ! coll>1 & beg9 to /it* ! side piece 9 at ! top on ! (f side1 runn+ ! /it*es ?r\gh ! b9d+ close to ! /it*+ & ?r\gh ! l9+ at e o!r /it*4 ,! /it*es may be ab\t #b 94 long2 draw !m tight :ile work+1 & be c>eful t ! side piece is 9 its prop] position1 ) bo? sides equally level4 ,fa/5 ! ?read aft] /it*+ ! side piece all r\nd4 ,take hold ( ! hang+ ends ( ! tw9e :i* has be5 run along ! b9d+ inside1 & pull !m well to draw d[n ! edges ( ! side-piece along ! side ( ! body2 !n knot & fa/5 !m toge!r4 ,draw 9 ! side piece at ! =ewale z ) ! c>t coll>1 us+ only ?read or v f9e :ite lace4 ,a lay] ( old c>pet may be plac$ on ! /it*es next to ! body "u ! side piece to give ! sides smoo?ness & r\ndness4 ,fa/5 ! two side pieces toge!r at ! top by /it*+ ov] f "o to ! o!r ) ! coll> ne$le4 ,a small h\s+ to cov] ! top ( ! coll> mu/ be cut1 almo/ half-r\nd 9 %ape1 b ) slightly wid5+ po9ts & a ,v-%ap$ not* on ! side next ! coll> = ! po9ts to pass1 "o on ea* side ( ! top piece2 br+ x d[n close to ! =ewale4 ,x may be b\nd 9 ! same /yle z ! side piece1 /it*$ fa/ edge to edge ) ! b9d+1 ! latt] be+ !n turn$ & a l9e /it*$ r\nd a %ort di/ance f ! edges2 ab\t 94 bel[ t ano!r r[ ( /it*es is made all r\nd4 ,! po9t on ! outside ( ! body mu/ n project m ?an ab\t 94 ,pla9 or pat5t lea!r c be employ$ to make ! coll> & w9k]s2 pat5t lea!r mu/ always be m>k$ = /it*+ ) ! race compass1 & a groove cut s t ! pat5t w be rac$ (f & ! l9e q visible4 ,?is k9d ( lea!r1 :5 us$ to make ! coll> =ewale1 mu/ be l9$ ) calico to prev5t x crack+4 ,! van saddle 7,fig4 #ahb7 is ! next "p to be made4 ,! tree is a m9iature c>t-saddle tree1 ) simil> bo>ds & groove4 ,! plates to be put 9 ! po9t ( ! groove :]e ! backb& runs ?r\gh may be nickel or brass to mat* ! furniture4 ,beg9 "w by fix+ ! t]rets & be>+-re9 /& hook on ! tree4 ,take (f ! sockets :i* are atta*$ to ! screws1 & see t !y are ( ! prop] l5g? to rea* ov] ! groove ( ! tree f side to side2 file !m d[n to ! wid? ( ! tree if !y are too long4 ,place ! /&-hook socket exactly 9 ! c5tre at ! top1 & m>k its position on ea* side & end4 ,cut out a holl[ at ! m>k deep en\gh = ! socket to ent] & lie flu% ) ! surface1 & drive a small screw ?r\gh ea* socket into ! tree4 ,! t]ret sockets are fix$ 9 ! same mann]1 be+ sunk level & screw$ d[n1 ab\t #c 94 l[] ?an ! /& hook on ea* side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,fig4 #ahb4--,van ,saddle4 ,fig4 #ahc4--,van ,saddle ,flap4 ,fig4 #ahd4--,van ,saddle ,panel4 ,cut two pieces ( ?9 lea!r1 ei!r pla9 or pat5t1 to ! same %ape z ea* side ( ! tree & ab\t #a 94 l>g] ea* way4 ,damp !m & make a nick at ! top ( ! bo>ds 9 ! lea!r s t ! c5tre ( ! piece w turn d[n und]nea?4 ,tack ea* end ( ! lea!r to ! bo>d close to ! tree1 !n pull x tightly along ! entire surface ( ! side ov] ! top1 nail+ x "h & !re4 ,level x d[n on ! surface ( ! tree1 & tack ! c5tre "p betwe5 ! bo>ds und]nea? ! tree1 pull+ x tight & flat ov] all p>ts4 ,to make ! flaps1 cut out a pap] patt]n z a guide 7see ,fig4 #ahc71 mak+ x wid] at ! top ?an at ! o!r p>ts & slightly rais$ 9 front4 ,! flaps mu/ rea* d[n f ! l[] "p ( ! groove 9 ! c5tre = ab\t #ae 941 swell+ slightly at ! sides & gradually n>r[+ to ab\t #b 94 at ! bottom4 ,! patt]ns may also be cut /raight )\t ! swell+ sides1 b 9 bo? /yles !y mu/ rise 9 front m ?an at ! back2 z !y are cut 9 two pieces1 "o = ea* side1 ?is c easily be manag$1 because :5 !y are jo9$ at ! top ?is "p w /& out prom95tly 9 front4 ,"s flaps are made ) /\t firm lea!r1 o!rs are l9$4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 make two r[s along ! sides ) ! race compass & bevel deep ) a hot bevel2 b pat5t lea!r1 in/ead ( ne$+ ! race compass1 has tall[ rubb$ along ! "p to be creas$ & ! l9es are m>k$ ) ! compass2 !n run a w>m bevell] deep along ! m>ks1 be+ c>eful t x does n cut ! lea!r4 ,:5 pat5t or pla9 lea!r is l9$1 use ! race compass & prick ! grooves = /it*+4 ,:5 /it*$ 7or made )\t l9+71 cut & poli% ! edges well & jo9 !m ) a /it* at ! top2 place a piece ( lea!r ov] ! jo9t at ! front ab\t #a 94 wide1 & /it* x on bo? sides ( ! jo9t & across ! front2 !n %ave x ?9 at ! side next ! tree4 ,a dee1 ( brass or o!r metal1 is plac$ on ! outside = fa/5+ ! crupp]4 ,cov] ! jo9t at ! back ) ano!r piece ( lea!r1 turn+ x d[n on ! outside & %av+ ! o!r end ?94 ,^! pieces %\ld be long en\gh on bo? sides to pass "u ! tree :5 ! flaps are nail$4 ,on ^! ! tree is plac$ c5tre to c5tre & front to front1 & a l9e is m>k$ along ! sides ( ! tree f bo>d to bo>d on ! lea!r4 ,make a m>k at ! l[] side ( ! bo>d to indicate ! wid? ( ! tree !re1 & ! wid? ( ! wood on bo? sides ( ! groove4 ,note t ?is mu/ be m>k$ at ! bottom side ( ! bo>ds1 f\r m>ks be+ made at ea* end ( ! tree1 outside & inside ! wood on ea* side ( ! groove4 ,at ?is po9t take away ! tree1 & cut a slit f ! out] l[] m>k to ! po9t ( ! "o runn+ along ! side ( ! tree2 !re w !n be two slits ( ! wid? ( ! bo>d1 "o on ea* side ( ! tree4 ,n[ cut upw>ds f ea* ( ! two inn] m>ks at ! bottom1 = ! l5g? ( ! o!r cuts & equal 9 wid? to ! wood1 on bo? sides ( ! groove4 ,!n cut across ! top ( ea* incision f side to side2 !re w n[ be "o cross cut & f\r cuts upw>d1 & a portion along ! c5tre4 ,cut ! middle piece betwe5 ! f\r slits at ea* end ab\t #a 94 f ! bottom1 & %ave ! po9ts2 n[ cut ! two n>r[ /rips at ea* end to ! same l5g?4 ,! middle piece1 unless !re are plates1 is nail$ along ! groove ) ! n>r[ cuts und]nea?4 ,place flaps ov] ! top & make ! edges ( ! c5tre slit meet at ! c5tre ( ! tree bel[4 ,nail ! flaps d[n along ! edge ( ! tree1 putt+ f\r or five extra nails opposite ! crupp] loop 9 its *ape4 ,:5 !re is no plate1 nail ! c5tre piece 9 ! bottom along ! groove2 put ! n>r[ pieces d[n & nail !m ) ! brass bead+1 mak+ sure t ! "p ( ! flaps ov] ! bo>ds runs close to ! tree2 fa/5 x to ! bo>ds ) f\r or five tacks4 ,turn ! c5tre piece d[n l ! n>r[ ones1 & nail x to ! bo>d at ea* end4 ,cut a top cov] ( /rong lea!r ( ! same wid? z ! tree & to rea* to )9 #b 94 f ! bottom1 s t !re w be an op5+ = ! backb&2 crease x across bo? ends & bevel ! creases ) a hot iron1 or l9e bo? ends = ab\t #b 94 & %ave ! inn] side2 !n make two r[s ( /it*+ across ! po9ts4 ,place x on ! tree 9 its prop] position1 & give two or ?ree light taps ) a hamm] opposite ! ?ree op5+s = ! t]rets & /& hooks 9 ! sockets2 ?us ! size & position ( ! holes is m>k$ on ! cov]4 ,holes1 ( ! same dim5sions z ! socket holes1 mu/ n[ be cut 9 ! cov]1 & ?is nail$ d[n on bo? sides ( ! tree1 keep+ ! holes 9 ! lea!r exactly opposite ^? = ! sockets4 ,a /rong nail mu/ be driv5 into ea* corn] s t x w n be priz$ up by ! backb&4 ,take a piece ( bead+ long en\gh to run along ! top on ea* side & g d[n und]nea? ?r\gh ! op5+ opposite ! n>r[ cuts 9 ! bottom2 nail ! bead+ on ! side ( ! bo>ds or "u !m1 secur+ 9 ! same way ! n>r[ turn$-d[n /rip4 ,! bead+ %\ld lie close to ! lea!r along ! top ( ! tree2 drive ! nails = ! bead+ ) a wood5 mallet4 ,! saddle is n[ ready = ! panel 7,fig4 #ahd1 p4 #aca71 ! back ( :i* mu/ be cut to ! same size z ! flaps2 x mu/ n rea* q to ! bottom2 let x end1 say1 #b 94 f x4 ,basil c be employ$ z mat]ial1 & if ?is is light1 a piece ( l95 c be pa/$ inside1 or a n>r[ slip may be pa/$ along ! edges4 ,:5 dry1 see aga9 t x is ( ! same size & %ape4 ,! fac+ mu/ be cut ab\t #a 94 wide1 & ( ! same l5g? z ! sides ( ! panel2 x may be 9 pat5t or pla9 lea!r to mat* ! flaps4 ,:5 ! mat]ial is n long en\gh x may be cut into two p>ts & jo9$ at ! c5tre2 x is !n tack$ along ! edges & /it*$ = ab\t six in*es4 ,rub ! jo9t d[n z flat z possible4 ,take "s blue s]ge l9+ or coll> l9+ & lay x out smoo? on ! b5*1 & place ! panel back on x inside out2 ) hemp1 tack x along ! sides to ! l9+1 cutt+ ! latt] to ! same %ape z ! back1 b wid] by #a 94 or m on bo? sides at ! top4 ,! l9+ !n tap]s to exactly ! same wid? z ! base at ! extreme po9t4 ,n>r[ ! l9+ at ! gullet &1 j at ! back 9 ! c5tre opposite ! op5+ to be left1 turn x 9 ab\t 942 run a /it* to keep x d[n1 & !n :ip x 9 ) ! fac+ f end to end & across ! bottom1 employ+ black l95 ?read & a po9t$ ne$le & ?imble4 ,no fac+ is plac$ across ! bottom4 ,n[ turn ! panel inside out ?r\gh ! op5+ at ! top2 ! jo9t is n /it*$ "r across1 only two or ?ree /it*es be+ us$ at ea* end4 ,"s pip+ is n[ ne$$ to run r\nd ! fac+ to make bo? sides ( ! panel front /& out r\nd & /raight4 ,sometimes ! fac+ is made ( /raw :ipp$ r\nd ) hemp until x is h>d & r\nd2 sometimes ) damp br[n pap] roll$ ) bo? h&s on ! b5*2 or a simple cord ( light twi/ may be employ$1 &1 9 ,am]ica1 cane4 ,9 h>ness ( ?is description1 cord w suffice2 x may be cov]$ ) br[n pap] to ab\t 94 9 diamet]4 ,place x 9 ! fac+ ?r\gh ! op5+ at ! top1 mak+ x rea* to ! bottom at ea* side b n across4 ,turn ! fac+ tightly ov] x & beg9 to spot f ! back1 ! /it*es be+ small & ev5 on ! l9$ side4 ,:ile work+1 ! panel %\ld be kept flat on ! b5*1 ! l9+ be+ upp]mo/ & be+ /it*$ close to ! fac+ ) a quilt+ ne$le & ?imble4 ,!n place ! l9+ flat & ev5 at ! top1 p>t+ x alike on bo? sides & runn+ a l9e ( cross /it*es f side to side on bo? sides ( ! jo9+ at ! back1 to ab\t #a 94 ap>t at ! back & ab\t #d 94 9 ! front4 ,! panel is n[ 9 two comp>tm5ts4 ,cut two op5+s across x1 "o on ea* side1 bel[ ! l9e ( /it*es j made1 & "o to cross !m2 !n /uff ! panel ) c>d$ flock ?r\gh ^! op5+s1 ! /uff+-/ick be+ employ$ = ! purpose4 ,fill x level f top to bottom1 b n too full4 ,next m>k1 say1 six cross l9es1 ab\t #a 94 ap>t1 f ! bottom ( ! panel t[>ds ! top1 a rule be+ us$ z a guide4 ,take a long ?ree-cord black hemp ?read made ) beeswax & quilt x1 mak+ f\r /it*es or s 9 ea* l9e2 use a ?imble & quilt+ ne$le4 ,keep ! /it*es 9 a /raight l9e bo? d[nw>ds & crosswise1 & :5 ! la/ l9e is rea*$1 make two /it*es f back to front1 ?us leav+ ! la/ l9e half f9i%$4 ,n[ flatt5 x ov] ! /it*es & /uff ! top to ! requisite ?ickness1 tak+ c>e to make x firm1 ?\gh n h>d1 o!rwise x w become v ?9 :5 pressure be>s on x4 ,place ! panel to ! c5tre ( ! tree & flaps1 & put a tack on ea* side at ! top to reta9 x 9 ?is position4 ,"s h>ness mak]s run five or six /it*es ?r\gh ! flap & panel "h & !re1 o!rs spot !m all ! way along2 b ! be/ me?od is to put ! panel 9 ) copp] wire4 ,/it*+ or spott+ might d = common "w1 small /it*es be+ put 9 spott+ on ! flap side & ab\t #a 94 ap>t bel[4 ,! /it*es1 :e!r spott+ or /it*+ d\ble-h&$1 %\ld run out 9 ! holl[ betwe5 ! fac+ & /uff+ bel[4 ,keep ! fac+ ev5 along ! edge ( ! flap a little outside r ?an und]nea?4 ,to fa/5 a panel1 cut ! wire into pieces ab\t #e 94 long1 & ) a b5t awl cut holes und]nea? ! flaps close by ! out] r[ ( /it*es1 all at ! same di/ance f ! outside4 ,!n place a piece ( wire 9 ea*1 &1 if = a gig or cab saddle1 nail ! panel 9 ! c5tre on bo? sides2 b 9 ! case ( a van saddle1 nails ne$ n be employ$2 simply wire x all r\nd4 ,keep ! panel "r 9 ! c5tre & fa/5 a wire 9 ! top1 on ea* side1 by cutt+ a hole ) ! b5t awl = ea* po9t ( ! wire j bel[ ! fac+4 ,put "o wire 9 ea* hole & pu% ! panel close to ! flap2 !n twi/ ! wire on ! panel side ) a pair ( p9c]s till ! panel is pull$ tight to ! flap4 ,give ! wire a %>p twi/ ) its po9ts toge!r1 & cut !m )9 94 ( ! panel2 turn d[n ! po9ts & press !m out ( sight into ! holl[ betwe5 ! panel & ! fac+1 repeat+ ! process along bo? sides ) ! wire ab\t #b 94 ap>t4 ,a /rap & a gir? are ne$$ to fa/5 to ! bottom ( ! flaps4 ,cut ! gir? #b ft4 long & #b 94 wide1 & h a lay to put on ab\t #i 94 by #a 94 ,make a buckle hole 9 ! lay s t ! edge ( ! buckle w be level ) ! end ( ! gir?1 z ! *ape is n to be turn$ d[n1 b is /it*$ on ! flat4 ,a /rong /rap mu/ n[ be cut #ah 94 by #a 941 r\nd$ at "o end & %av$ at ! o!r1 & ano!r piece ( lea!r #b 94 by #d 941 ) "o end %av$ & ! o!r n>r[$ to #a 942 edge1 black1 & crease bo?4 ,tack ! lay on ! gir? ) ! buckle level to ! end1 & n>r[ ! gir? to ! wid? ( ! lay at ! po9t2 !n place two loops beyond ! buckle & /it* ! lay4 ,9 ! next place1 ! %av$ end ( ! /rap mu/ be /it*$ to ! #d 94 piece1 ! /rap be+ plac$ )9 #a 94 ( ! broad end4 ,f9i% ! loops1 pun* ! /raps1 & /it* !m1 ! /rap on ! ne> side & ! gir? on ! (f side at ! base ( ! flaps1 ! /it*es runn+ across & 9 a half circle f corn] to corn]4 ,! w9k]s by ?is "t w be dry & fit to "w z "p ( ! bridle4 ,/raight5 ! outside--t is1 ! "p to be /it*$--if x has got a little out ( %ape 9 wett+ & nail+4 ,rub ! o!r edges ) s&pap] & give !m a f9e poli%2 !n %ave ! side = ! *eek4 ,hav+ got f\r -94 buckles ready = ! *eeks1 cut ! latt] #b ft4 #i 94 by 94 & measure #a ft4 f ! bett] end1 m>k+ x across = a billet4 ,n[ r\nd its po9t & measure #h 94 f ! fir/ m>k2 turn x d[n !re1 & aga9 turn x d[n #h 94 f ! b5d4 ,make a buckle hole 9 ea* b5d1 & edge1 black1 & crease along ! billet "p4 ,make a groove ) a r\nd knife or groov+ tool und]nea? on ! billet side f ! cross m>k to )9 94 ( ! top b5d1 ! dep? ( ! groove be+ ab\t half ! ?ickness ( ! lea!r2 op5 x out ) ! po9t ( a blunt compass or any?+ suitable4 ,! buckles c n[ be fix$1 "o 9 ea* b5d1 & ! w9k]s c also be plac$ betwe5 ! *eek up to ! buckles at ! top b5d & level ) ! outside4 ,cut a small nick j opposite ! projection ( ! buckle tongue s t ! w9k] w asc5d on ! top end close to ! buckle4 ,see t ! po9t ( ! turn-d[n runn+ f ! base b5d is cut level ) ! bottom ( ! w9k]1 & run a /it* ?r\gh bo?1 mak+ ! po9t fit tightly 9 ! holl[ betwe5 ! l[] buckle & ! w9k]4 ,place ?ree tacks on ! out] side to keep ! edges toge!r 9 _! places4 ,make "o loop = ea* f m$ium heavy w9k] br[n loop lea!r ab\t #g 94 by #a 942 damp x well & place x 9 half ! wid? ( ! *eek on ! inn] side & /it* along ! groove4 ,adju/ ! two sides 9 ! same mann]1 rev]s+ ! w9k] to pair !m4 ,! loops hav+ be5 damp$ be=e be+ atta*$1 place a loop-/ick 94 wide 9 ea* loop2 !n knock !m squ>e & level to %ape4 ,black !m ) soda & dye1 dry p>tially ) rag1 & rub & poli% well ) a bone1 mak+ !m %9e brightly4 ,n[ trim ! und]side ( ! *eek1 r\nd ! squ>e edges1 & poli%4 ,apply a coat ( ,h>ris's h>ness liquid bo? to ! loops & to ! edges2 rub !m well ) ! palm ( ! h& & !n ) a little tall[1 aft] :i* !y mu/ be aga9 rubb$ ) a rag4 ,! loops are n[ ready = creas+ & *eck+1 b 9 ! fir/ place make sure t ! loops are 9 condition2 if too dry1 !y _c be creas$ deeply en\gh1 & if too wet ! bevels & m>ks _c be poli%$4 ,te/ ) a hot crease & !n hold !m ne> ! fire a little :ile2 f9ally rub ) ! h& until !y are dry en\gh4 ,att5tion mu/ also be giv5 to ! temp]ature ( ! tools :5 heat$ 9 ! fire1 c&le1 or gas4 ,!re=e1 keep on ! b5* a small quantity ( wat] into :i* to dip ! heat$ tools2 if ! bevell] or *eck] hisses 9 ! wat] x mu/ be kept !re until ?is ceases4 ,n[ ) ! screw crease or compass make two or ?ree l9es across ea* end ( ! loop1 & two r[s ne> ea* o!r along ! edges on ! face4 ,trace out ! design on ! surface betwe5 ! out] l9es1 namely diamonds1 s+le arr[ po9t1 or d\ble arr[ po9ts1 etc4 ,hav+ w>m$ ! bevell]1 m>k deeply ! cross & outside l9es1 poli% !m1 & !n m>k ! out] l9es ( ! design ) ! bevell] on ! surface ( ! loop4 ,! space betwe5 ! out] l9es ( ! design & ! /raight l9es at ! edge & sides mu/ n[ be m>k$ ) ! w>m *eck]1 :i* may be f9e or co>se1 accord+ to ! /yle ( "w2 ! design also w v>y ) ! f95ess or co>s5ess ( ! "w4 ,! *eck+ be+ f9i%$1 run ! bevell] along all ! out] l9es 9 ! design & ! /raight l9e1 to smoo? d[n ! *eck] m>ks runn+ to ! bevell$ l9es & to give boldness to ! "w4 ,! noseb& is made by cutt+ ! lea!r #b ft4 #h 94 long by #a 942 x mu/ !n be m>k$ #e 94 f ! po9t & aga9 at a di/ance ( 94 f ?is m>k2 !n a ?ird m>k is made #ac 94 f>!r on1 & a f\r? 94 f ! la/ m>k4 ,turn d[n #b 94 ( ! end m>k$ la/ = ! buckle2 take 94 f ea* end & ea* side z f> z ! cross m>k ne>e/ ! ends4 ,make a buckle hole & %ave1 b5d1 & r\nd ! o!r end = ! po9t4 ,cut ano!r piece = a l9+1 tak+ ! fir/ z a patt]n1 & !n ?9 ! edges ( bo?1 slant+ f ! middle ( ! /rap on bo? sides1 b d n ?9 ! -94 space 9 ei!r piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4--;,*a9 & ,lea!r ,gig ,front4 ,! fir/ piece ( lea!r t 0 cut ) a buckle hole c n[ be damp$2 !n ) a groov+ bo>d & hamm] h&le a groove is made along ! full l5g?1 n includ+ ! two -94 spaces4 ,n[ cut a hole 9 ! out] side ( ea* ( ! cross l9es1 m>k+ two spaces1 & cut two loops ab\t 94 by #b 94 ,%ave ! po9ts1 damp1 & put "o end 9 ea* hole ov] ! -94 space2 beat ! po9ts a little to flatt5 !m to ! lea!r1 & leave suffici5t space = ! billet to pass betwe5 ! loops & ! noseb&4 ,crease ! noseb& on bo? sides f end to end1 94 f ! edge1 &1 if requir$1 ano!r l9e c be made at ! same di/ance f>!r 9 f op5+ to op5+ 9 ! c5tre only4 ,prick ! l9es all along except opposite ! op5+s1 f9e or co>se1 accord+ to ! /yle ( "w1 & !n put ! l9+ und]nea? & ! buckle 9 its place4 ,tack x "h & !re ) f9e tacks & ) ?ree-cord f9e hemp /it* f end to end1 ar\nd ! po9t1 & across at ! end ( ! c5tre loops to fa/5 ! loops ne> ! op5+s4 ,/it* a second l9e if ne$$1 & !n ! buckle *ape f und]nea?1 & put 9 "o or two loops4 ,trim ! edges1 s&pap]1 black !m1 & poli%2 !n place /icks 9 ! loops & f9i%1 mak+ f\r holes 9 ! %ort end4 ,! next "p ( ! h>ness to be describ$ is ! front or =ehead b&4 ,beg9 "w by cutt+ x #ba 94 by #a 941 b5d x d[n to pass easily r\nd a #a 94 /rap1 & !n m>k x across ! l5g? ( ! requir$ op5+4 ,see t !re are #ac 94 betwe5 ! two cross m>ks 9 ! c5tre & suffici5t to /it* d[n ! ends beyond ! op5+s2 %ave ! po9ts & /it* d[n ! ends f ! cross l9es to ! po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4--;,*a9 & ,lea!r ,gig ,front4 ,x c be cov]$ ) fancy col\r$ or /rip$ clo? or lea!r & h]r+-bone /it*$ along ! c5tre und]nea?1 mak+ a cross at ea* end2 or a *a9 front 7,figs4 #ahe to #ahg7 c be employ$4 ,9 ! la/ case a piece ( pat5t lea!r mu/ be cut ( ! same l5g? z ! front f "o cross l9e to ! o!r & ( ! same wid? z ! =ehead b&2 adju/ ! *a9 & /it* along its c5tre1 tak+ ! ?read out at "o side ( ! *a91 & runn+ x ?r\gh ! l9k & d[n on ! o!r side close by ! *a91 & s on ?r\gh e l9k2 at ea* end ?r\gh ! l9k jo9t make a little *ape & /it* d\ble ?r\gh x :5 ! pat5t lea!r is be+ adju/$ to ! =ehead b&4 ,n[ m>k a l9e along ! edges ( ! pat5t lea!r outside ! *a9 & prick x f9e1 lay+ on ! pat5t lea!r f op5+ to op5+1 & /it*+ d\ble ) beeswax$ l95 ?read & a f9e awl4 ,/it* ! pat5t lea!r across also at ! ends1 cat*+ ! above-m5tion$ little *apes4 ,!n p>e1 s&pap]1 black1 & well poli% ! edges4 ,to make ! head-piece1 cut ! lea!r #a 94 wide & #a ft4 #aj 94 long2 slit x #f 94 at ea* end1 & edge1 black1 & rub x well1 & !n crease x ) a hot creas] close to ! edge & at bo? sides ( ! slits4 ,n[ cut a -94 *ape1 long en\gh to clasp ! buckle & ! head-piece & to rea* no f>!r ?an ! f> side4 ,make a buckle hole 9 x1 & edge1 black1 crease1 & f9ally prick x4 ,cut a loop 94 wide1 trim x & place ! *ape 9 ! buckle1 tack+ x exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! head-piece1 aft] hav+ cut a small nick exactly 9 ! c5tre = ! project+ tongue to ent]4 ,/it* x 9 place1 runn+ a l9e across at ! end opposite ! buckle2 !n make f\r holes 9 ea* ( ! slits4 ,! w9k] /rap is made z foll[s3 ,cut x f /iff lea!r #a 94 by #ac 94 long & remove ! c5tre piece ) a pun* at ! top ( ! slit1 ! la/ be+ #g 94 by 94 ,beg9n+ at ! slit1 gradually n>r[ ! o!r "p to 94 wide to run to ! head-piece buckle at ! top4 ,crease1 black1 & rub well ) a hot iron & make ?ree pun* holes at ! po9t$ end4 ,take ! w9k]s & op5 a small slit by cutt+ ! /it*es betwe5 ! lea!r at ! top corn] 9 ! front2 put a -94 l5g? ( ! slit 9 ea* w9k] & /it* ! po9ts !re firmly4 ,all t is n[ requir$ to complete ! bridle is ! ?roat la%2 make x #b ft4 #c 94 by 94 & turn x d[n at ea* end to #a ft4 #h 942 !n make buckle holes 9 ! b5d & %ave ! po9ts4 ,edge1 black1 crease & rub well1 prick ! b5d1 & put 9 ! buckles ) ! be>+-re9 swivels1 "o at ea* extremity4 ,hav+ made a loop or two betwe5 ! buckles & swivels1 /it* d[n ! *apes1 go+ bel[ ! swivel suffici5tly to keep x 9 place4 ,put ! bridle toge!r by pass+ ! ends ( ! front piece into ! rosette loops1 & plac+ "o slit ( ! head /rap on ea* side ( ! rosette loops at bo? ends ( ! front piece1 ! c5tre buckle at ! top po9t+ 9 ! same direction z ! front4 ,secure ! w9k] /rap at ! top buckle1 & bo? inn] slits ( ! head /rap 9 ! top buckle ( ! *eeks2 !n pass ! billet ?r\gh ! noseb& op5+4 ,make sure t ! noseb& is buckl$ on ! ne> side1 & !n put ! billets ?r\gh ! *eek ( ! bit & up aga9 ?r\gh ! loops on ! outside ( ! noseb& & *eek buckle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4--;,*a9 & ,lea!r ,gig ,front4 ,! ?roat la% mu/ n[ be buckl$ on ! (f side & ! /rap pass$ ?r\gh ! loop on ! ne> side2 ! noseb& be+ buckl$1 ! bridle is f9i%$4 ,x may be coat$ ) liquid black+ or composition be=e x is put toge!r1 & ! buckles & rosettes c be clean$ ) pa/e & wa%lea!r or a clean s(t rag4 ,to make a be>+ re9 a middle piece mu/ be cut #f ft4 by 942 f9i% x & b5d #b 941 mak+ x ready = a buckle4 ,%ave ! end ?9 & cut x to a po9t2 if two buckles are employ$ bo? ends mu/ be prep>$ alike1 b ) only "o buckle "o end mu/ be prick$ = /it*+ to ! r+ ( ! r\nd "p4 ,cut ! r\nd p>ts #a 94 wide & #b ft4 long2 turn !m d[n & n>r[ !m to 94 at "o end1 ! turn$-d[n "p be+ #b 94 long4 ,turn d[n ab\t #a 94 at ! o!r end & prep>e x = a buckle1 %av+ ! po9t ?92 !n damp r\nd ! c5tral "p1 br+ ! edges toge!r1 & cut a groove on ea* side to s9k ! /it*es4 ,) a blunt po9t1 op5 ! groove be=e /it*+ & h a piece ( cord ?ick en\gh to fill ! inside & #a 94 long] at ea* end2 unravel x at ! ends & ?9 ! /r&s by pull+ (f "s ( ! mat]ial ) an awl4 ,run "o end ( ! cord ?r\gh ! be>+-re9 r+ = an in* & :ip x r\nd ) wax$ hemp s t x w be secur$ !re4 ,op5 ! /r&s at ! o!r end & put half ( !m on ea* side ( ! buckle tongue at ! "p :i* w be 9 ! lea!r2 :ip ?is aga9 fa/ to ! buckle & see t x is ( ! "r l5g? inside ! r\nd to rea* tightly f ! buckle to ! r+ :5 9 its place4 ,x is n[ necess>y to put ! r+ 9 ! long b5d & ! buckle 9 ! %ort "o4 ,n[ cut a billet #i 94 by 941 & aft] %av+ "o end ?91 r\nd ! o!r & prep>e & crease x4 ,put x 9 ! billet & a loop1 & /it* ! o!r end f9e 9 ! r+2 /it* ! r\nd along ! groove1 be+ c>eful to h ! ?read 9 ! c5tre ( ! groove at bo? sides & to cat* ! po9ts ( ! turn-d[n at ! r+ & ! po9t ( ! billet 9 ! o!r end1 betwe5 ! edges ( ! r\nd "p1 mak+ two or ?ree /it*es 9 ea*1 ?us jo9+ !m firmly ) ! r\nd "p4 ,!n ) ! spoke%ave trim !m r\nd & neat1 rub ) co>se glasspap]1 & f9i% ) f9e2 close ! edges ( ! groove well ov] ! /it*es & try to make x look z mu* z possible l "o r\nd1 solid piece4 ,aft] well black+ & poli%+ ! be>+ re91 give x a coat ( liquid black+1 poli%+ by %>p rubb+2 f9i% neatly ar\nd ! r+ & buckle1 crease ! loops1 & make "o or two holes 9 ! billets4 ,n[ prep>e ! middle "p4 ,:5 !re are two buckles1 beg9 by pun*+ a doz5 holes )9 #i 94 ( ea* end2 ) "o buckle ( c\rse only "o end is pun*$4 ,five runn+ loops l>ge en\gh to pass ov] ! /rap d\ble mu/ n[ be made1 z expla9$4 ,:5 !y are f9i%$ & poli%$1 put ! two po9ts toge!r ?r\gh "o ( ! loops & pull t loop to )9 #b 94 f ! top2 fix a buckle on ea* side & two loops aft] ea* buckle ) ! "r side out4 ,n[ run ! po9ts ?r\gh ! r+s to ! buckle & put a *ape 9 place1 fa/5+ ! buckle 9 ab\t ! six? hole f ! end & leav+ ! *ape un/it*$4 ,!n pull "o loop ov] ! *ape close to ! buckle & ! o!r loop d[n to ! r+ on ea* side4 ,to make ! crupp]1 cut out ! body #b ft4 by #a 94 & slit x = #h 94 at ! /ronge/ end2 tap] ! o!r end to #a 94 wide & cut a #a-;94 billet #c ft4 #i 94 long4 ,%ave ! /rong end ?9 & r\nd ! o!r2 cut ! lay #af 94 by #a 94 & %ave "o end1 r\nd+ ! o!r4 ,! po9ts ( ! slits & ! end ( ! body mu/ also be %av$1 ! slit po9ts be+ tap]$4 ,black & crease !m all1 only ! top ( ! lay be+ edg$4 ,place ! r\nd end ( ! lay close to ! slit end1 9 ! c5tre ( ! body1 & #d 94 f ! r\nd end make a deep cross l9e foll[$ by ?ree o!r l9es at int]vals ( #b 941 & at ! same di/ance f ! f\r? l9e cut a hole = ! buckle2 !n put an awl at ea* corn] =m$ by ! cross l9es into bo? lay & body s z to make a m>k visible bel[2 !re w ?us be a guide = use :5 /it*+ und]nea? to indicate :]e to beg9 & end4 ,cut a groove f ! %av$ end ( ! body z f> z ! fir/ awl m>k bel[1 !n f ! second to ! ?ird1 & f9ally f ! f\r? to a di/ance ( ab\t #a 94 t[>ds ! po9t ( ! lay2 ?is groove mu/ be made on ! und]side4 ,cut ?r\gh "o half ! ?ickness ( ! lea!r at a suffici5t di/ance f ! edge to cat* ! lay on bo? sides 9 /it*+4 ,n[ adju/ ! buckle & lay once aga91 & !n trim f\r loops ab\t 94 wide & place "o be=e ! buckle1 a second on ! o!r side be=e rea*+ ! fir/ op5+1 ano!r betwe5 ! two op5+s1 &1 f9ally1 ! f\r? beyond ! la%4 ,! lay mu/ be /it*$ 9 f ! und]side ) d\ble wax$ ?read1 a cross /it* be+ made at ! corn]s ( ea* op5+ & ! ?read be+ br\ght /raight ov] ! op5+ to ! opposite corn] )\t cutt+4 ,/it* ov] ! loop at ! slit end1 b no f>!r1 ! rema9d] be+ /it*$ f9e r\nd ! end f above4 ,x is bett] to /it* ! crupp] lay f bel[ because x w !n be smoo!r & ! /it*es w n be s likely to rub ! hair (f z :5 !y are on ! surface1 !re be+ mu* friction at ?is "p4 ,hav+ plac$ ! /ick 9 ! loops1 f9i% ) ! hot iron1 mak+ a runn+ loop = ! billet4 ,! dock 7,fig4 #ahh7 t is plac$ "u ! tail is made ( s(t close-gra9$ lea!r1 #a ft4 #c 94 9 l5g?1 & tap]$ f ! c5tre on ea* side to ab\t 94 :5 d\bl$ ov] at ! po9ts4 ,groove x c>efully along ! edges at a slight di/ance !refrom1 & /it* x loosely ) ?ree-cord f9e hemp1 ab\t six p] in*1 m]ely pull+ ! /it*es home2 !n damp x well4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4 ,fig4 #ahh4--;,crupp] ,dock4 ,fig4 #ahi4--;,bree*+1 etc4 ,fig4 #aij4--;,back-b&4 ,fig4 #aia4--,%aft ,tugs4 ,hav+ a p9t ( :ole l9se$ ne> at h&1 drive a nail ?r\gh "o end to close ! op5+1 & !n1 plac+ ! l9se$ on ! apron1 scoop x 9 ) ! op5 end & ram ! dock tight f end to end ) a /ick or iron rod till x is fill$4 ,take "o end 9 ea* h& & twi/ ! piece to a r\nd %ape1 endeav\r+ to br+ ! /it*es on ! l[] side4 ,knock ! two ends ) nails 9 !m into a flat bo>d1 & keep+ ! c5tre on ! bo>d1 raise bo? sides & draw !m z close toge!r z possible ) a piece ( s(t lea!r ti$ ar\nd !m4 ,!n all[ !m to dry & trim ! /it*$ "p & s& x1 r\nd+ x ) ! o!r p>ts2 poli% well1 ?9 ! top sides ( ! po9ts1 & knock !m flat ) ! hamm]4 ,/it* "o to ea* slit ( ! crupp] body = ab\t 941 f9i% ! edges1 & put ab\t a doz5 holes 9 ! billet4 ,to make ! bree*+ 7,fig4 #ahi71 cut ! lea!r #g ft4 #f 94 by #a 941 & turn x 9 #d 94 at ! bett] end1 s t x w be #c ft4 #h 94 long :5 d\ble4 ,if ! l[] "p is too long1 cut x (f1 all[+ ab\t #b 94 = splic+1 & %ave bo? ends4 ,bo? edges mu/ n[ be %av$ on ! inside ( ! top & bottom s z to slant outw>ds2 damp ! top f "o b5d to ! o!r4 ,r\nd x on ! l>ge groove ( ! groov+ bo>d1 crease x along bo? edges1 & prick x eight p] in*4 ,if ! b5d seems too weak = ! r+s ^! c be l9$4 ,cut a /rip ( lea!r or an old re91 #a 94 wide1 & %ave x r\nd along ! edges & at ! ends2 x mu/ be long en\gh to run f r+ to r+4 ,hav+ prep>$ ! r+s & bree*+ dees 7,fig4 #agh & #agi1 p4 #abe71 cut ! be>]s f good lea!r1 #aj 94 by 942 turn !m d[n s t ! po9ts w meet1 & flatt5 ! b5ds4 ,prep>e "o end ( ea* = ! buckle1 & cut a groove along ! l[] side1 :]e !re is no jo9t1 & op5 x4 ,place ! buckles & dees 9 two be>]s & ! r+s & buckle 9 ! two rema9+1 jo9+ !m on ! side "u ! loop4 ,/it* ! ends toge!r1 mak+ !m meet exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! be>]4 ,aft] edg+ ! end b5ds1 black !m1 because ?is w\ld be tr\blesome "w lat]2 !n cut f\r loops1 #c 94 by #a 941 bl9d-/it* !m1 & f9i% !m l ! o!rs4 ,make ! patt]n mat*1 f9i% ! back ( ! be>]1 & close ! groove well4 ,a r+ mu/ n[ be put 9 ea* end ( ! bree*+1 :i* is !n tack$ 9 place = /it*+4 ,place ! l9+ lately cut 9 ! c5tre to raise & /r5g!n x1 & !n /it* along bo? ! sides ) ?ree-cord co>se hemp2 res]ve an op5+ ab\t #f 94 f ! r+ = ! be>]s1 b d n fix ^! 9 x until ! body has be5 /it*$ & trimm$4 ,"s fancy /yle ( /it*+ c be run along ea* end f ! r+ ab\t #f 94 :5 ! /raight l9es h be5 /it*$ along ! sides1 or h two extra /raight l9es in/ead ( fancy "w1 br++ ! l9es to a po9t at #f 94 f ! r+1 or aga9 make f\r r[s all along ! bree*+4 ,! body be+ well trimm$ & f9i%$1 put bo? be>]s 9 on ! same side1 "o at ea* end :]e ! op5+ 0 left4 ,be=e ?is1 h[ev]1 put a small piece ( lea!r inside to fill ! holl[ squ>e 9 ! bree*+ dees2 /it* ?is firmly 9 place4 ,= a hip-/rap to mat* ! bree*+1 cut a /rap #d ft4 long & a little m ?an d\ble ! wid? ( ! buckles on ! be>]s2 slit x = #af 94 at ea* end1 ea* slit be+ ! wid? ( ! be>] buckles1 & if x is altoge!r too wide1 ! wa/e %\ld come (f ! c5tre4 ,!n edge1 black1 & crease x neatly & put eight holes 9 ea* end4 ,! bree*+ /raps to g r\nd ! %afts mu/ be cut #c ft4 #c 94 by #a 941 & :5 ! light ends are turn$ d[n1 are #b ft4 #f 94 long4 ,r\nd ! po9t1 & %ave t ( ! turn ov]2 !n prep>e ! b5d = ! buckle1 & edge1 black1 & crease4 ,cut f\r /rong loops ab\t 94 wide1 & hav+ neatly f9i%$ !m1 prick along ab\t #c 94 f ! buckle on ! l[] side4 ,tack on ! two loops1 "o ne> ! buckle 9 ! usual position1 & ! o!r close to x b 9 ! rev]se position to turn "u ! /rap4 ,/it* !m ) /rong ?read1 &1 hav+ f9i%$ !m1 b5d ! /rap f ! loop to ! end ( ! und]piece & run a doz5 /it*es on ea* side at ! po9t4 ,b5d x s t :5 9 position 9 ! r+ ! p>ts w be ev52 if /it*$ )\t b5d+1 ! l[] "p w puck]4 ,f9i% ! loops & put six holes 9 ea* /rap4 ,! back-b& 7,fig4 #aij1 p4 #adg7 may n[ be cut out1 its complete l5g? be+ #h ft4 ,! c5tre piece pass+ ?r\gh ! saddle is #c ft4 #c 94 long1 ! /rap or buckl+ end measur+ #a ft4 #f 941 & ! rema9d] be+ = gir?4 ,if x is = a van h>ness x mu/ be 9 ?ree ?icknesses along ! c5tre1 b ! /rap end w be /rong en\gh 9 two ?icknesses2 :5 ! belly-b& "p is v light x may also be ?ick5$ a little4 ,place ! belly-b& buckle 9 ! belly-b& end1 & if necess>y l9e ! *ape2 !n r\nd ! po9t at ! /rap end4 ,crease all along & make two r[s on ea* side ( ! c5tre1 br++ !m toge!r 9 a po9t at ! extremities4 ,/rictly speak+1 "o r[ on ea* side ( ! belly b& & /rap w suffice1 b f\r r[s are bett]2 9 ! la/ case1 cross+ ! two middle c5tre l9es at ! end ( ! c5tre "p w improve ! appe>ance4 ,an op5+ mu/ be left 9 ! /it*+ ab\t #a 94 f ! buckle1 & two op5+s l[] d[n1 #b 94 ap>t1 to receive ?ree loops :5 ! back-b& has be5 complet$4 ,/it* x ab\t eight p] in*1 ) f\r-cord ?read4 ,= f9i%+1 use a spoke%ave1 & rub ! /it*es und]nea? to level !m well2 r\nd ! edges well t[>ds ! /it*es1 mak+ ! edges neat 9 appe>ance4 ,scrape x ) glasspap]1 place ! buckle on ! hook1 & black ! edges & /it*es2 rub vigor\sly ) ! rag 9 ! "r h&1 hold+ ea* side ( ! back-b& ) ! o!r4 ,! h& %\ld be mov$ briskly backw>ds & =w>ds s z to dry & poli% ! edges well4 ,n[ pass a ball ( tall[ along ! edges & aga9 rub well ) ! rag1 aft] :i* ! ?ree loops may be plac$ on ! belly b& & /it*$ f bel[1 ! rev]se side to ! o!r /it*es4 ,!n pun* eight or n9e holes 9 ! /rap & ?ree 9 ! c5tre "p at equal di/ances f ea* cross+ ( ! middle r[ ( /it*es1 or f ! po9t ( ! inn] r[s if ! c5tre only has f\r r[s ( /it*+4 ,leave ab\t #a ft4 #f 94 9 ! c5tre )\t holes4 ,! %aft tugs 7,fig4 #aia1 p4 #adg7 are made by cutt+ a #a ft4 #g 94 l5g? ( lea!r to ! same wid? z ! buckles & back-b&--t is1 #a 94 ,ov]lap ?is piece #d 941 ! ov]lap !n be+ b5t toge!r & knock$ flat 9 ! c5tre4 ,?r\gh bo? lea!rs cut a hole = a buckle 9 ! b5d1 & %ave a little on ! sides ( ! hole und]nea? :]e ! tongue ent]s1 s t ! buckle w run close to ! lea!r4 ,%ave bo? ends1 ! inn] v ?9 & ! out] or top "o mod]ately1 cutt+ a little (f ea* corn]4 ,crease two r[s on ea* side z on ! back-b&1 &1 hav+ prick$ ! r[s sev5 p] in*1 place ! brass or nickel loop loose on ! /rap & adju/ ! buckle !re94 ,draw ! two holes 9 ! c5tre1 :]e ! buckle is plac$1 exactly opposite ea* o!r1 & /it* ! top po9t ( ! ov]lap along ! two inn] l9es = ab\t #b 94 ?r\gh ! two lea!rs4 ,! %ape be+ n[ obta9$1 ! tug mu/ be fill$ & ?ick5$4 ,?is is done by cutt+ a piece ( lea!r to fit ! inside tight f "o side ( ! buckle to ! o!r1 keep+ ! buckle 9 position :ile work+4 ,cut a nick 9 ! c5tre ( ea* end ( ?is piece s t ! tongue & sides may fit close to ! buckle1 & !n cut ano!r good piece ( lea!r to g r\nd inside tight & to ov]lap at ! top = ab\t #a 94 ,n[ %ave ea* end & cut a groove on ea* side = ab\t ! l5g? ( ! loop on ! "p int5d$ = x1 & ov]lap x on ! side opposite ! loop j bel[ ! buckle1 ) ! out] po9t ( ! ov]lap on ! top po9t+ t[>ds ! buckle & n d[nw>ds4 ,if ! tug ne$s m ?ick5+1 place ano!r piece "u ! inside l9+ to rea* f ! metal loop 7plac$ bel[ ! lea!r loop7 r\nd ! bottom & ab\t halfway up ! o!r side1 leav+ x ) its ?ickness at ! end ne> ! metal loop2 %ave ! o!r end ?94 ,! metal loop mu/ fit tight betwe5 ! end ( ! piece & ! lea!r loop4 ,x mu/ n[ be tack$ toge!r f ! inside1 ! jo9t at ! ov]lap be+ made firm4 ,! l9+ %\ld be ( sole lea!r2 damp x well s t x w fit into its place & be easi] to /it*4 ,beg9 /it*+ at ! buckle ) f\r-cord ?read & "w r\nd to ! metal loop2 !n beg9 at ?is "p on ! o!r side & /it* to ! buckle4 ,cont9ue to "w 9 ?is way until f\r r[s are /it*$4 ,trim ! edges1 & black & poli% !m1 pay+ p>ticul> att5tion to ! "p ab\t ! buckle4 ,!re is an op5+ f ! metal loop to ! buckle rema9+ un/it*$2 ?is1 ) a groove cut und]nea? on ! l[] side1 is = ! loop1 :i* mu/ be ab\t #b 94 wide4 ,hav+ ins]t$ "o side = ab\t half ! wid? ( ! tug1 /it* x ) six-cord d\ble wax$ ?read f ! buckle to ! metal loop1 be+ c>eful to br+ ! awl out ) ea* /it* 9 ! c5tre ( ! groove4 ,/it* ! o!r side z f> z ! buckle & make two or ?ree cross /it*es on ea* side ( ! buckle4 ,if !re is mu* unev5ness on ! "p f ! end ( ! loop to ! buckle1 a little fill+ may be put 9 ! space4 ,! loop mu/ be long] ?an usual because ! back-b& is extra ?ick4 ,%ape ! loop ) a ?ick b5t loop-/ick big en\gh to make pl5ty ( room = a back-b&4 ,black & f9i% ! loop1 make a patt]n or *eck x if necess>y1 & !n remove all unev5ness1 close ! grooves1 & trim neatly ab\t ! loop & buckle4 ,repeat ! op]ation ) ! second tug1 & !n all w be ready4 ,! big loops = a %aft & ! hame tugs1 etc41 mu/ always be made ( firm loop lea!r1 :i* w gr[ h>d 9 f9i%+ & reta9 its firmness & %ape 9 spite ( ra9 & wea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4--;,f\r-:eel$ ,cab ,saddle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4--;,cab ,saddle ,tree4 ,= ! traces1 trace end *a9s w be ne$$2 van & cab traces are /it*$ to ! hames1 be+ %ort5$ by hav+ t5 or twelve l9ks ( a *a9 at ! o!r end4 ,! traces may be #d ft4 #i 94 long by #a 941 be+ #a ft4 #a 94 long] ) a *a94 ,!y mu/ be 9 ?ree ?icknesses1 b ) two ?icknesses to g ?r\gh ! *a9 dee & hame r+ 7,fig4 #aga1 p4 #abc74 ,9 putt+ ! upp] & l[] "p toge!r1 place ! light end ( "o aga9/ ! heavy end ( ! o!r1 ?us levell+ ! trace & mak+ x ( equal /r5g?4 ,%ave ! po9ts well :]e "o ends & ano!r beg9s--= example1 ! l9+ 9 ! hame r+ & *a9 dee4 ,hav+ turn$ ! lea!rs d[n to ! "r l5g?1 crease & prick !m1 sev5 or eight p] in*4 ,tack d[n ) only ! *a9 on & /it* ! f\r r[s1 b n s f> 9 ! hame end z to prev5t ! hame r+ be+ plac$ 9 position :5 !y are f9i%$4 ,:5 bo? are /it*$1 trim1 black1 & poli% !m2 !n rub d[n ! /it*es und]nea?1 & hav+ fix$ !m to ! hame r+1 /it* !m to x1 & f9i% t end l ! o!r p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,fig4 #aid4--;,hansom ,cab ,saddle4 ,figs4 #aie & #aif4--,re9 ,/ops4 ,make two hame /raps 94 wide1 ! top /rap #a ft4 #aj 94 long1 & ! l[] #a ft4 #d 94 ,adju/ ! buckles at ! /rong ends & make two loops1 rev]s+ !m z on ! bree*+ /raps2 h sev5 or eight holes 9 ea*4 ,! driv+ re9s are #a 94 wide1 & ! =ep>t ne> ! horse's head is #f ft4 long on ea* side4 ,turn d[n ! *apes at ! /rong ends = ! buckles1 & %ave ! po9t ?92 !n cut two billets1 #a ft4 long1 f a firm piece ( lea!r4 ,%ave "o end & r\nd ! o!r1 &1 hav+ cut two loops1 edge & f9i% !m2 !n rub all & crease !m close to ! edge ) a hot creas]4 ,adju/ ! buckles1 prick ! "p ( ! billet to be /it*$ a little inside ! out] crease1 & /it* ! billets 9 ) ! loop4 ,:5 ! loops are f9i%$1 make a hole 9 ea* billet f> en\gh f ! po9t to all[ :at is ov] to come ?r\gh ! loop1 & cov] ! /it*es on ! front4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4--;,hansom ,cab ,h>ness4 ,make ! br[n h& p>ts #e ft4 #f 94 long1 & n>r[ ! light end ( "o "p to pass ?r\gh into a -94 cov]$ buckle2 !n turn d[n ! o!r po9t & n>r[ x = ! buckle *ape4 ,f9ally1 prep>e a n>r[ br[n loop4 ,%ave & tap] ! o!r end ( ! h& p>ts to a po9t1 edge bo? sides bel[ & "u1 & damp ! edges ) gum & wat]1 or ) wat] only4 ,poli% !m well by rubb+1 mak+ !m ev5 ev]y:]e2 br[n pap] is excell5t = poli%+ ei!r black or br[n edges4 ,aft] creas+ !m v ne> ! edge ) a screw crease1 place ! buckle & loop on ! end & m>k a l9e a little inside ! out] "o1 ab\t #b 94 or #c 94 long1 on ! end to be splic$ on ! =e-"p4 ,prick x f9e & /it* ) a f9e ?read1 po9t+ ! /it*es 9 ! upp] end to ! same %ape z ! o!rs4 ,! h& p>ts c be obta9$ ready cut ) buckles1 & !n all t has to be done is to %ave ! ends & /it* !m to ! =e-p>ts4 ,f\r-:eel cab h>ness c be made 9 ! same way z van h>ness1 except ! saddle 7,fig4 #aib71 :i* is made exactly l a gig saddle1 b is heavi] & has brass or nickel screw /uds 9 ea* corn] ( ! skirts2 ,fig4 #aic %[s ! top or tree4 ,hansom cab h>ness is n mu* diff]5t1 ?\gh ! saddle 7,fig4 #aid7 is light]1 & "s h roll]s inside ! saddle s t ! back-b& may run smoo?ly backw>ds & =w>ds ?r\gh ! tree2 ^! trees are made to ord]4 ,9 ,fig4 #aig1 ,a indicates ! noseb&1 ,b w9k]1 ,c =ehead b&1 ,e ?roatla%1 ,f *eek1 ,g re91 ,h coll>1 ,i trace1 ,j saddle1 ,k %aft tug1 ,l cantle ( saddle1 ,m crupp]1 ,n tug /rap1 ,o be>]1 ,p bree*+1 & ,r %aft /rap4 ,! hansom re9s mu/ be ab\t #bj ft4 long on ea* side1 ea* br[n h& "p be+ ab\t #g ft4 long4 ,!y are g5]ally %[y & ornam5tal4 ,w9k]s & saddle1 hip /raps1 m>t+ale1 & brea/plate h ornam5ts1 ! re9s h ivory r+s & /ops 7,figs4 #aie & #aif71 & !re is a face piece ornam5t on ! bridle4 ,bo? f\r-:eel] & hansom h>ness 7,fig4 #aig7 are l>g] & heavi] ?an gig h>ness1 except at ! saddle4 ,,index4 ,awls1 #ba1 #bb ,back ,/it*+1 #eb ,backb& ,hook1 ,pl\gh1 #ajg ----1 ,van ,h>ness1 #aej ,backs1 ,hide1 #cg1 #ci1 #dj ,ball ,t]ret1 #abd ,b&1 ,=ehead1 #fh ,b&s1 ,mill1 #dj ----1 ,nose1 #fh ,basils1 #dj ,beeswax1 #cj ,bells & ,bru%1 ,bridle1 #fc ,belly ,b&1 ,c>t1 #ii ,belt1 ,wai/1 #di ,b5t ,awl1 #ba ,bevell]s1 #ba ,billet1 #ic ,bits1 #aaa-aaf ,black ,wax1 #ca1 #cc1 #de ,black-ball1 #dd ,bo>d1 ,cutt+1 #db ,body-belt ,webs1 #de ,box ,creas$ ,loop1 #eg ---- ,loop1 #eg ---- ,/rap1 #di ---- ,spurs1 #aaf ,brace ,end ,pun*1 #ae ,brass ,face-pieces1 #fc ---- ,ge> ,buckles1 ,scot*1 #fc ---- ,hame ,plates1 #fc ---- ,nails1 #ce ---- ,ornam5ts1 #fc ---- ,poli%+ ,pa/e1 #dg ---- ,squ>es1 #fc ---- ,sw+1 #fc ,break+ ,bit1 #aaf ,bree*+1 ,c>t ,h>ness1 #if ----1 ,van ,h>ness1 #adi ,bridle1 #gj ---- ,hides1 #ch ,bridoon ,bits1 #aab1 #aad1 #aae ,bronz+ = ,lea!r1 #dh ,br[n ,ge> ,hides1 #dj ---- ,h>ness ,hides1 #dj ---- ,%\ld]s1 #ci ---- ,/a91 #df ---- ,wax1 #de ,bru% & ,bells = ,bridle1 #fc ,buckle ,tongue ,pun*1 #ad ,buckles1 #fc1 #aah-abf ,buff ,hides1 ,:ite1 #da ,buff ,middl+1 ,:ite ,blea*$1 #da ,bull ,hides1 ,enamell$1 #da ,burgess's ,buckles1 #abd ,burni%]1 #dd ,butts1 ,black ,/rap1 #ch ,buxton ,bit1 #aae ,cab1 ,hansom1 ,h>ness =1 #aef ---- ,h>ness1 #aef ---- ,saddle1 #aef ---- ,tree1 #aef ,calf-sk9s1 #dj ,c>t ,belly ,b&1 #ii ---- ,coll>s1 #ge-he ---- ,h>ness1 #fb-gd ---- ,saddles1 #hf-ajj ---- ----1 ,panel (1 #hf ---- ----1 ,tree =1 #hf ,cem5t1 ,lea!r1 #dg ,*a9 ,front1 #ada ,*a9s1 #abe ----1 ,hip-/rap1 #ajc ,*apes1 #ff ,*as$ ,buckles1 #abc ,*a?am ,buckles1 #abc ,*eck]s1 #bj ,*eek ,curb ,bit1 ,globe1 #aad ,*9 ,/rap1 #ga ,clamp or ,clams1 #bd ,clip1 ,hame1 #abc ,cl\t ,nails1 #cd ,coa* ,hides1 #da ,coll>1 ,c>t1 #ge-he ----1 ,l9+1 #gh ----1 ,pipe1 #gg ---- ,rod1 ,iron1 #bg ---- ,side-piece1 #hc ----1 ,van1 #abh ,col\r$ ,flocks1 #cf ,c\pl+s = ,pl\gh ,ge>1 #aaj ,compasses1 #ba ----1 ,race1 #ba ,composition1 ,h>ness1 #df ,corn]-piece1 ,nose-b&1 #fi ,c[-backs1 ,japann$1 #ch ,c[-hides1 ,enamell$1 #da ,creas$ ,loop1 ,box1 #eg ,creases1 #ai ,crew ,pun*1 #ad ,crupp]1 ,c>t ,h>ness1 #ic ---- ,dock1 #adf ,crupp]1 ,van ,h>ness1 #ade ,curb ,bit1 #aae ---- ----1 ,globe ,*eek1 #aad ,cut ,tacks1 #cd ,cutt]1 ,wa%]1 #ac ,cutt+ ,bo>d1 #db ---- ,gauge1 #aj1 #aa ---- ,pli]s1 #bg ,cutt+ up ,hides1 #db ,dees1 ,bree*+1 #adh ,diap] ,webs1 #de ,dock1 #adf ,d\ble-re9 ,hides1 #ci ,dress ,spurs1 #aaf ,drumm$ ,flocks1 #cf ,dye1 #ce ,dye+1 ,iron ,liquor =1 #de ,e>-piece1 #fi ,edge ,trimm]s1 #ab ,enamell$ ,hides1 #da ,ex]cis+ ,bit1 #aaf ,face-pieces1 ,brass1 #fc ,f>m ,h>ness1 ,oil =1 #dg ,felt1 #cf ,files1 #bi ,flap ,hides1 ,japann$1 #ch ,flocks1 #cf ,fl\r ,pa/e1 #de ,fly-t]rets1 #abd ,foot-rule1 #ba ,=e ,ge> & ,lead] ,h>ness1 #aja-ajf ,=ehead ,b&1 #fh ---- ----1 ,van ,h>ness1 #ada ,=ewale1 #gf ,=k1 ,/ra9+1 #bi ,f\r-:eel ,cab ,h>ness1 #aef ,gauge1 ,cutt+1 #aj1 #aa ----1 ,pl\gh1 #aa ,ge> ,buckles1 ,scot*1 #fc ---- ,hides1 ,br[n1 #dj ----1 ,pl\gh1 #ajg-aaj ----1 ,%aft1 #fb ,gig ,curb ,bit1 #aae ---- ,h>ness1 #abg ---- ,snaffle1 #aac ,gild+ ,lea!r1 #dh ,gir?1 ,c>t ,saddle1 #ia ---- ,*ape ,pun*1 #ae ----1 ,van ,h>ness1 #acg ---- ,webs1 #dd ,globe ,*eek ,curb ,bit1 #aad ,hackney ,bits1 #aab1 #aac ,half-moon ,scallop+ ,irons1 #af ,hame ,clip1 #abe ---- ,knobs1 ,brass1 #fc ---- ,plates1 ,brass1 #fc ---- ,/raps1 #ii ---- ,tug ,loops1 #aec ,hames1 #abd-abe ,hamm]1 #ag ,h& ,knife1 #aj ---- ,pun*1 #ae ,h&-iron1 #bc ,hansom ,cab ,h>ness1 #aef ---- ---- ,saddle1 #aef ,h>d ,wax1 #ca ,h>ness1 ,cab1 #abg-aef ----1 ,c>t1 #fb-gd ---- ,composition1 #df ----1 ,=e ,ge> & ,lead]1 #aja-ajf ----1 ,gig1 #abg ---- ,jet1 #dg ---- ,oil1 #dg ----1 ,pl\gh1 #ajg-aaj ----1 ,van1 #abg-aef ---- ,wat]pro( ,pa/e1 #dg ,head ,knife1 #aj ---- ,/rap1 #gc ,head-coll> ,re9 ,backs1 #ci ,he>ts1 ,brass1 #fc ,hemp1 #cj1 #cc ,hides1 #cg-db ----1 ,cutt+ up1 #db ,h9d ,tugs1 #ig ,hip-/rap ,*a9s1 #ajc ,hog-sk9s1 #dj ,hook1 ,pl\gh ,back-b&1 #ajg ----1 ,wire1 #fa ,horse ,hides1 ,japann$1 #ch ,horsehair1 ,curl$1 #cf ,h\s+1 ,c>t ,saddle1 #ib ,iron ,coll> ,rod1 #bg ----1 ,h&1 #bc ---- ,liquor = ,dye+1 #de ----1 ,palm1 #bc ----1 ,prick+1 #ah ----1 ,scallop+1 #af ---- ,seat1 #bg ,jambles ,plates1 #fc ,japann$ ,hides1 #ch ---- ,nails1 #cd ---- ,welt+ ,seals1 #ch ---- ,w9k] ,hides1 #ch ,jet1 ,h>ness1 #dg ,knives1 #aj ,lace ,ne$les1 #ec ,ladies' ,horse ,bits1 #aab ---- ,spurs1 #aaf ---- ,/irrups1 #aag ,la%1 ,?roat1 #gc ,lead ,piece = ,pun*+1 #af ,lead] ,h>ness1 ,=e ,ge> &1 #aja-ajf ,lea!r1 #cg-db ----1 ,bronz+1 #dh ---- ,cem5t1 #dg ----1 ,fancy1 #da ,lea!r ,pres]v]1 #dg ----1 ,pat5t1 ,reviv] =1 #df ----1 ,te/+ ,quality (1 #da ,lignum-vit ,r\nd ,mallet1 #ag ,l95 ,?reads1 #cj ,l9+ ,c>t ,saddle ,panel1 #hg ---- ,coll>1 #gh ---- ,w9k]s1 #abg ,liv]pool ,bits1 #aad ,lo9 ,/raps1 #ih ,loop1 ,box1 #eg ----1 ,creas+1 #ei ---- ,lea!r1 ,dye+1 #ce ----1 ,pipe1 #eg ----1 ,runn+1 #di1 #eg ,loop+1 #eg-fa ,loop-/icks1 #bh ,ma*9e1 ,slitt+1 #aa ,mallets1 #ag ,mat]ials1 #cj-dh ,melb\rne ,buckles1 #abd ,middl+1 ,:ite ,blea*$ ,buff1 #da ,mill ,b&s1 #dj ,nail-claw1 #bg ,nails1 #cd1 #ce ,ne$les1 #bb ----1 ,?read+1 #ea ,nipple1 ,h& ,pun*1 #af ,nose-b&1 #fc ----1 ,van ,h>ness1 #adj ,octagons1 ,brass1 #fc ,(fic]s' ,spurs1 #aaf ,oil1 ,h>ness1 #dg ,oval ,pun*1 #ac1 #ad ,ovals1 ,brass1 #fc ,ox ,hides1 ,enamell$1 #da ,palm-iron1 #bc ,panel1 ,c>t ,saddle1 #hf ----1 ,van ,saddle1 #acd ,p>+ ,knife1 #aj ,pa/e1 #de1 #abg ----1 ,brass ,poli%+1 #dg ----1 ,h>ness1 #dg ,pat5t ,lea!r ,reviv]1 #df ,pelham ,bits1 #aab ---- ,snaffles1 #aac ,p9c]s1 #bg ,pipe ,coll>1 #gg ---- ,loop1 #eg ,plate ,p[d]1 #dg ,pli]s1 #bg ,pl\gh ,back-b& ,hook1 #ajg ---- ,ge> ,c\pl+s1 #aaj ---- ,h>ness1 #ajg-aaj ,pl\gh-gauge1 #aa ,pocket-book or ,purse ,hides1 #dj ,poli%+ ,pa/e1 ,brass1 #dg ,p[d]1 ,plate1 #dg ,pres]v]1 ,lea!r1 #dg ,prick]s1 ,:eel1 #ai ,prick+-iron1 #ah ,pun*es1 #ac-af ,pun*+1 ,lead ,piece =1 #af ,purse or ,pocket-book ,hides1 #dj ,race ,compasses1 #ba ---- ,gir? ,webs1 #dd ,rasps1 #bi ,re91 #gc ---- ,backs1 ,head-coll>1 #ci ---- ,hides & ,backs1 #ch ---- ,/ops1 #aef ,re9s1 ,van ,h>ness1 #aed ,reviv]1 ,pat5t ,lea!r1 #df ,rid+ ,bits1 #aab ---- ,saddles1 ,/a9 =1 #df ,rivets1 #abf ,roll] ,buckles1 #abf ---- ,gir? ,webs1 #dd ,rosette ,pun*es1 #af ,r\nd ,awl1 #bb ---- ,file1 #bi ---- ,knife1 #aj ---- ,pun*1 #ac1 #ad ,r\nd-head$ ,nails1 #cd ,rubb]1 #bh ,runn+ ,loop1 #ej1 #eg ,russet ,br[n ,/a91 #df ,saddle1 ,cab1 #aef ----1 ,c>t1 #hf-ajj ---- ,gir?s1 #ia ----1 ,hansom ,cab1 #aef ---- ,/a91 #df ---- ,/raps1 #ia ----1 ,van1 #acj ,safety ,slipp] ,/irrup1 #aag ,scallop+ ,irons1 #af ,scot* ,brass ,ge> ,buckles1 #fc ,screw ,crease1 #ai ---- ,race1 #ai ---- ,spurs1 #aaf ,seals1 ,japann$ ,welt+1 #ch ,seal-sk9s1 #da ,seat ,awl1 #bb ---- ,iron1 #bg ,sew+ ,awl1 #ba ,%aft ,ge>1 #fb ---- ,tug ,buckles1 #abd ---- ,tugs1 ,clamp = ,sew+1 #bd ---- ----1 ,van1 #aea ,%eep-sk9s1 #dj ,%eep's ,wool1 #cf ,%\ld]s1 ,hide1 #ch-dj ,%[ or ,/allion ,bit1 #aaf ,silk ,?reads1 #cj ,s+le ,crease1 #ai ,sk9s1 ,calf1 #dj ----1 ,hog1 #dj ----1 ,seal1 #da ----1 ,%eep1 #dj ----1 ,:ite1 #ec ,skirt ,hides & ,backs1 #dj ,slipp] ,/irrups1 #aag ,slitt+ ,ma*9e1 #aa ,snaffles1 #aac1 #aaf ,spoke%ave1 #aa ,spur ,%\ld]s1 ,black1 #ch ,spurs1 #aaf ,squ>e ,file1 #bi ,squ>es1 ,brass1 #fc ,/a91 #ce ,/a9s1 ,v>i\s1 #df ,/allion or ,%[ ,bit1 #aaf ,/>s1 ,brass1 #fc ,/eel ,seat-iron1 #bg ,/irrup ,hides1 #dj ,/irrups1 #aag ,/it*+ ,awls1 #ba ----1 ,back1 #eb ----1 ,simple ,ex]cises 91 #di-ef ---- ) ,:ite ,lace1 #eb ,/raight ,scallop+ ,irons1 #af ,/ra9+ ,=k1 #bi ---- ,webs1 #de ,/rap1 ,box1 #di ---- ,butts1 ,black1 #ch ---- = ,c>t ,saddle1 #ia ----1 ,*91 #ga ----1 ,hame1 #ii ----1 ,head1 #gc ----1 ,lo91 #ih ----1 ,w9k]1 #gb ,sw+1 ,brass1 #fc ,swivell$ ,bridoon ,bit1 #aae ,swivels1 #abd ,tacks1 ,cut1 #cd ,tall[1 #ca ,team ,h>ness1 ,oil =1 #dg ,t]rets1 #abd ,?reads1 #cj1 #cc1 #ge ,?roat ,la%1 #gc ,tools1 #aj-bi ,trace ,backs1 #cg ----1 ,van ,h>ness1 #aec ,tree1 ,cab ,saddle1 #aef ,tree1 ,c>t ,saddle1 #hf ----1 ,van ,saddle1 #acb ,trimm]s1 ,edge1 #ab ,tr\s]s ,spurs1 #aaf ,tugs1 ,h9d1 #ig ,van ,coll>1 #abc ---- ,h>ness1 #abg-aee ---- ,saddle1 #acj ,v&yke ,scallop+ ,irons1 #af ,vice1 #bg ,wai/-belt1 #di-ef ,wa%] ,cutt]1 #ac ,wat]pro( ,h>ness ,pa/e1 #dg ,wax1 ,black1 #ca1 #cc1 #de ----1 ,br[n1 #de ----1 ,h>d1 #ca ----1 ,:ite1 #cj ,wax$ ,?reads1 #cj ,webs1 #dd1 #de ,welt+ ,seals1 ,japann$1 #ch ,we/ ,end ,buckles1 #abb-abd ,weym\? ,bits1 #aab ,:eel ,prick]s1 #ai ,:ite ,blea*$ ,buff ,middl+1 #da ---- ,buff ,hides1 #da ---- ,flocks1 #cf ---- ,hemp ,?read1 #cc ---- ,lace1 ,/it*+ )1 #eb ---- ,sk91 #ec ---- ,wax1 #cj ,wilson ,snaffle1 #aac ,w9k] ,hides1 #ch ---- ----1 ,japann$1 #ch ---- ,/raps1 #gb ---- ----1 ,van ,h>ness1 #adb ,w9k]s1 #fd1 #abg ,wire ,hook1 #fa ---- ,nails1 #cd ,wr5*1 #bg ,yell[ ,hemp ,?read1 #cc ---- ,/a91 #df ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,cassell ,,& ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,,la ,,belle ,,sauvage1 ,e4,c4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes pg #bd ,add$ p]iod aft]3 "p ( ! iron is n available pg #ec ,*ang$3 ,) ! :eel prick] to3 ,) ! :eel-prick] pg #ei ,*ang$3 ,:5 f9i%$1 apply a litle to3 ,:5 f9i%$1 apply a little pg #ii ,*ang$3 ^! face-pieces be+ a litle to3 ^! face-pieces be+ a little ,_m hyph5at$ & non-hyph5at$ ^w comb9ations left z writt54