,transcrib]'s ,note    ,italic text     
display$ z3 italic            ,,!       
,,katc9a ,,alt>s ,,9    ,,hopi ,,wor%ip 
,,by      ,j4 ,,walt] ,,fewkes    ,*ief1
 ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology        ,,f
 ,,! ,,smi?sonian ,,report ,,= #aibf1   
,,pages #dfi-dhf    7,,) #c ,,plates7   
,illu/ration3 ,decoration               
7,,publication #bijd7        ,,unit$    
,,/ates    ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice   
,,wa%+ton    #aibg    ,illu/ration3     
,,plate #a    ,,walpi ,,six ,,directions
 ,,alt>          ,,! ,,katc9a ,,alt>s   
,,9 ,,hopi ,,wor%ip    ,by ,j4 ,,walt]  
,,fewkes1 ,*ief1 ,bureau ( ,am]ican     
,e?nology    ,) #c plates               
,,introduction    ,! pres5t article is !
 fif? ( a s]ies publi%$ 9 !  annual     
reports ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution on !
 composition (  ,hopi wor%ip4 ,! ,hopi1 
! "n mean+ peaceful1 belong to !        
,pueblo /ock & are agricultural         
,indians4 ,!y are desc5dants (  !       
,arizona cliff dwell]s & h pres]v$ to ! 
pres5t _m  survivals ( _! anci5t wor%ip4

 ,! object ( ! s]ies ( five  pap]s above
 ref]r$ to is to record a few ( _! rites
 9 sun1  fire1 & ance/or c]emonies t h  
surviv$ to ! pres5t "t4  ,! ,pueblos    
p]=m$ _! secret c]emonies 9 subt]ranean 
rooms  call$ kivas t 7 ent]$ f ! ro(4   
,x is cu/om>y = ! prie/ 9 ! c\rse ( !   
c]emonies to  erect an alt>1 s call$1 on
 :i* is plac$ _! tiponi1 or  sacr$ badge
 ( (fice1 surr\nd$ by v>i\s feti%es1    
idols1 &  wood5 objects be>+ symbols4   
,"h are plac$ all sacr$ objects         
possess$ by ! frat]nity ( prie/s :o     
celebrate ! rite4  ,!re are f\r ,hopi   
villages or pueblos t p]=m ! rituals    
indep5d5tly1 ! sacr$ p>aph]nalia diff]+ 
9 ea*4 ,f a  /udy ( ^! alt>s x is       
possible = u to le>n ! aim ( _!  v>i\s  
c]emonies4 ,! pres5t pap] comp>es ! f\r 
,katc9a  alt>s = ?is purpose4    ,t     
elem5t ( pueblo wor%ip kn[n z ! ,katc9a 
=ms fully  "o-half ( ! ,hopi ritual1    
beg9n+ ) ! arrival ( !  ,katc9as or     
mask$ danc]s 9 ,janu>y or ,febru>y1 &   
la/+ until  _! dep>ture 9 ,july1        

inclusive4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f o!r         
compon5ts by ! pres5ce ( mask$          
p>ticipants call$ ,katc9as1  suppos$ to 
be p]sonators ( ! anci5ts1 or 8o!rs40 ,!
 ye>ly  dep>ture ( ^! wor?ies f !       
villages is celebrat$ 9 ,july  by a     
great religi\s obs]vance call$ ! ,niman 
or ,f>ewell ,katc9a  c]emony2 _! arrival
 by sev]al rites1 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+  (   
:i* is call$ ,p[amu1 or 8,bean ,plant+40
 ,at ! times ( _!  arrival & dep>ture   
!re are erect$ 9 ! kiva ( ea* ( !  f\r  
villages :i* celebrate !m1 ! same alt>s1
 ab\t :i*  c]ta9 secret rites are p]=m$4
 ,our k ?us f> is limit$  to f\r ( !    
five ,katc9a alt>s1#a & !re /ill rema9s 
!  alt> ( ,cuopavi1 reg>d+ :i* no?+ has 
yet be5 record$4#b    ,illu/ration3     
,,explanation ,,( ,,plate #b--,katc9a   
,alt> at ,oraibi    a1 ,tunwup1 or ,sun 
,katc9a2 z1 ,asp]gill2 b1 ,tcuelawu2 c1 
,corn m\nd2 co1 ,cotok9ungwu2 g1 ,g\rd2 
h1 ,plant+ /ick2  l1 ,lightn+ symbols2  
m1 ,e>s ( maize2 mb1 ,m$ic9e b[l2  p1   
,pray] /icks2 ph1 ,god ( w>2 pm1 ,pray] 

meal2 ps1  ,pray] /icks 9 basket2 pt1   
,g\rd 7nett$7 = sacr$ wat]2 r1          
,rattles2 rc1 ,ra9 cl\ds2 sc1 ,sun      
emblems2 t1 ,tiponi4    ,illu/ration3   
,,plate #b    ,,katc9a ,,alt> ,,at      
,,oraibi    ,our k ( ,katc9a alt>s ( !  
,rio ,gr&e 9 ! o!r  pueblos is v scanty1
 ow+ l>gely to ! exclusion (  e?nologi/s
 f ! kivas4 ,katc9a dances 9 ! op5      
plazas are  repeat$ly figur$ b ! secret 
rites & accompany+ alt>s1 if  any1 are n
 kn[n4    ,9 ! foll[+ pages ! au?or     
pres5ts a morphological /udy (  ! f\r   
kn[n ,katc9a alt>s ( ,hopi4 ,!          
illu/rations ( ! mo/  complex1 t (      
,oraibi1 h be5 tak5 f ! excell5t memoir 
( ,vo? on ! ,p[amu ( t pueblo2 ! o!rs   
are f p]sonal  /udies made 9 #ahij-ahie4
    ,! /ructure ( ! ,oraibi ,katc9a alt>
 is z foll[s3 ,! r]$os  consi/s ( two   
upright wood5 slats unit$ above by a    
crosspiece  :i* 9 ! illu/ration 7pl4 #b7
 is surm\nt$ by a r[ ( f\r  segm5ts (   
circles ) ra9 cl\d pictures repres5t+ ! 
f\r  directions1 & color$ ) appropriate 

pigm5ts1 beg9n+ )  yell[ or nor? at !   
"r4 ,! decoration ( ! crosspiece is     
obscure1 b on ! uprights !re are figures
 recall+ spr\t+  vegetation1 & circles )
 diff]5tly color$ quadrants4    ,two    
idols1 probably ( wood1 /& betwe5 !     
v]tical slats ( !  alt>1 fill+ ne>ly !  
:ole space4 ,t on ! left evid5tly       
repres5ts ! ,sky ,god 7,cotok9ungwu7 = x
 has a conical apex to  ! head1 a pa9t$ 
*91 & ne> its left h& /&s a wood5 slat  
( zigzag =m1 a prescrib$ symbol (       
lightn+4#c ,?is image has  sev]al %ort  
p>allel m>ks ( diff]5t colors on ! body1
 &  we>s horsehair1 /a9$ r$1 ab\t !     
lo9s4    ,! o!r figur9e we>s a coronet )
 triangul>-%ap$ ra9 cl\d  symbols1 :i*  
rem9d "o ( ! headdress ( ! ,lakonemana1 
a tutel>y goddess ( ! woman's society1 !
 ,lalakontu1 ^:  c]emonials 9 ,septemb] 
h be5 describ$ else:]e4#d    ,! two     
v]tical wood5 slats1 "o on ea* side ( ! 
uprights1 be>  pictures ( ! same        
p]sonage1 probably ,tunwupkatc9a1 on ^: 
head  is a fan-%ap$ cre/ ( fea!rs4 ,on  

ea* side ! head has a horn1  at !       
extremity ( :i* hangs a symbolic fea!r4 
,! human figures h *>act]i/ic m>k+s on  
_! =eheads1  & _! bodies are black1     
dott$ ) :ite spots4    ,!re is no mi/ak+
 ! symbolism ( ! rema9+ idol /&+ at  !  
"r ( ! alt>1 z an image ( ,puukonhoya1 !
 8,little ,w>  ,god10 ^: *>act]i/ic     
features are ! p>allel m>ks on !  body1 
& ! weapons ( w> 9 8 h&s4    ,sev]al    
/icks1 cut 9 zigzag %apes ) curv$       
app5dages & %ort  crossb>s at "o end1 /&
 betwe5 ! uprights ( ! r]$os4 ,f  _!    
=ms1 ^! objects may readily be id5tifi$ 
z lightn+  symbols s common 9 all       
,tusayan alt>s4 ,"o ( ^!1 :i* has a     
complicat$ tip or head1 is plac$ close  
to ! out/ret*$ arm (  ,cotok9ungwu1 )   
:om x is naturally associat$4 ,! /raight
 rod  lean+ on ! same arm is possibly a 
corn/alk symbol4 ,! r\nd$  /ick1 tap]+  
at "o end1 :i* /&s "u ! ext5d$ left h&  
( ! image on ! left1 is probably a      
symbol ( maize4 ,a some:at  l>g] po9t$  
object1 pa9t$ at its base ) zones (     

yell[1  gre51 r$ & :ite1 & surm\nt$ by a
 fea!r1 is call$ 8!  m\nd0 & sugge/s !  
kaetukwi or ,corn ,m\nd ( ! ,lalakontu1 
be+ simil>ly situat$ to an image on !   
left ( ?is alt>4 ,!  surface ( ! latt]  
object1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( be+ pa9t$1 is   
encru/$#e ) clay cov]$ ) diff]5t k9ds ( 
se$s4    ,! crook at ! extreme left ( ! 
alt> has atta*$ to x an  object :i*     
resembles ! paddle c>ri$ by a p>ticipant
 9 !  ,heheakatc9a1 or public c]emonial 
( ! ,niman at ,walpi4    ,f\r pahos1 or 
pray]-/icks1 are plac$ at int]vals 9    
hillocks (  s& be=e ! images on ! alt>4 
,! ,katc9a tiponi1#f or badge  ( ! *ief1
 /&s on ! floor be=e ! alt>4    ,j 9    
advance ( ! left-h& idol--! image ) a   
coronet--!re  is a small oblong basket 9
 :i* are laid a numb] ( /icks )  fea!rs1
 se$s1 & p9*es ( meal4 ,?is is call$ !  
8,"m10  & recalls simil> objects :i* h  
be5 obs]v$ on ! ,lalakontu  alt>1 ^:    
cont5ts h be5 describ$ else:]e4#g    ,i 
ne$ n dwell on ! o!r accessories ( !    
,p[amu alt> at  ,oraibi save to note t  

!y are common to o!r alt>s1 & 9 no      
respect *>act]i/ic4 ,i ref] to ! basket 
tray ( sacr$ meal1  ! rattles1 a m$ic9e 
b[l1 asp]gill1 & six e>s ( corn us$ 9   
special rites4    ,! /range object at ! 
extreme "r1 surr\nd$ by a tablet1       
symbolic ( a ra9 cl\d1 be>s ! picture ( 
! head (  ,ho'katc9a4 ,x is support$ on 
a p$e/al1 & appe>s to be peculi>  to    
,oraibi4#h      ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,!     
,,niman ,,alt> ,,at ,,cipaulovi         
,cipaulovi1 ! smalle/ ( all ! ,hopi     
pueblos1 is situat$ on !  ,middle ,mesa1
 & its ,katc9a alt> is ! poore/ 9       
p>aph]nalia1  z %[n by a comp>ison ) !  
alt> at ,oraibi1 ! mo/  complicat$ 9    
,tusayan4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#a4--;,cipaulovi ,niman ,katc9a alt>    
,omitt+ ! m$ic9e b[l1 rattles1 sacr$    
meal1 & pahos1 !  ,cipaulovi ,niman alt>
 consi/s ( a figure ( sev5 ra9 cl\ds1 ) 
p>allel l9es repres5t+ fall+ ra91 drawn 
on ! floor )  sacr$ meal1 & a r[ ( five 
v]tical /icks1 symbols ( gr[+  corn4 ,^u
 ! meal picture :i* repres5ts ! fall+   

ra91 !re  are f\r /one implem5ts arrang$
 9 a r[4 ,! tiponi1 or palladium  ( !   
,katc9as is plac$ on a hillock ( s& at !
 "r (  ! same picture4 ,!re are no idols
 or images ( an?ropomorphic  =ms on ?is 
alt>1 & unless ! /one implem5ts may be s
  int]pret$1 no lightn+ symbols4 ,!     
,niman alt> at ,cipaulovi#i  is v       
simple1 b ! ess5tials ( a ,katc9a alt>  
are includ$4  ,! two prom95t symbols are
 ^? repres5t+ ra9 cl\ds &  gr[+ corn1   
:i* are elaborat$ 9 ! m complicat$      
,katc9a  alt>s & may be reg>d$ z embody+
 ! two ma9 aims ( ,katc9a               
celebrations4#aj    ,illu/ration3       
,,explanation ,,( ,,plate #c--,walpi    
,niman ,katc9a alt>    a1 ,tunwup1 or   
,sun ,katc9a2 b1 ,tcuelawu2 c1 ,corn    
m\nd2 l1  ,lightn+ symbols2 m1 ,e>s (   
maize2 mb1 ,m$ic9e b[l2 pb1  ,pa? (     
bless+2 pm1 ,pray] meal2 ps1 ,pray]     
/icks 9 baskets2  r1 ,rattles2 rc1 ,ra9 
cl\ds2 t1 ,tiponi4    ,illu/ration3     
,,plate #c    ,,walpi ,,niman ,,katc9a  
,,alt>      ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,! ,,niman 

,,katc9a ,,alt> ,,at ,,walpi    ,!      
,walpi ,katc9a is next 9 simplicity to t
 ( ,cipaulovi4 ,x has  in/ead ( a meal  
picture1 h[ev]1 a r]$os ^u :i* are      
depict$  ra9 & ra9 cl\d symbols1 & ! two
 supplem5t>y uprights1 )  pictures (    
,tunwup ref]r$ to 9 ! ,oraibi alt>4 ,!re
 are zigzag  slats1 symbols ( lightn+1 &
 r\nd$ /icks ) emblematic corn  designs1
 nei!r ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is z complicat$ z  
at ,oraibi4    ,! ,katc9a tiponi is     
prom95t1 b !re are no images on !  alt>1
 no basket ) se$s & fea!r$ /icks1 & no  
crook )  atta*$ h&le4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 !   
alt> ( ! ,walpi ,niman  ,katc9a is m    
complicat$ ?an at ,cipaulovi1 x is n z  
ri* 9  accessories z t at ,oraibi4#aa   
,,comp>ison ,,) ,,! ,,niman ,,katc9a    
,,alt> ,,at ,,micon9ovi    ,! ,katc9a   
alt> 9 ?is1 ! mo/ popul\s village at !  
,middle  ,mesa1 is simpl] ?an at        
,oraibi1 b m complicat$ ?an ! ,walpi    
repres5tative4 ,x has1 9 addition to !  
objects f\nd on ! ,walpi  alt>1 two     
idols or images1 "o on ea* side4 ,!     

zigzag /icks are  lack+1 b /one         
implem5ts simil> to ^? on ! f> simpl]   
,cipaulovi alt> are pres5t4 ,!re are two
 emblems ( maize1 z at  ,walpi1 & num]\s
 /icks1 repres5t+ gr[+ corn1 recall+ !  
same symbols ( ! ,cipaulovi equival5t4  
,x w be se51 !re=e1 t :ile x is ! ne>e/ 
( all to  ! ,oraibi alt>1 an additional 
idol1 ! 8,"m0 or basket (  se$s1 etc41 !
 crook 7nalu*oya71 & ! picture (        
,ho'katc9a are  unrepres5t$ at          
,micon9ovi4    ,! two images ( !        
,micon9ovi alt> are app>5tly ! ,little  
,w> ,god & ! ,g]m ,maid4 ,!re may be a  
d\bt ( ! accuracy 9  id5tification ( !  
latt]1 b %e has ! symbols ( ra9 cl\ds   
on ! head & 9 ! h&4 ,! o!r image has !  
p>allel m>ks  on ! body1 symbols (      
,puukonhoya1 b x mu/ be confess$ t !    
same m>ks are f\nd on ! ,cotok9ungwu    
idol al?\gh ! latt]  image has !        
*>act]i/ic cone on ! head :i* is n      
pres5t 9  ! ,micon9ovi image4 ,! evid5ce
 w\ld ?us favor ! conclusion  t ! "r h& 
figur9e ( ! ,micon9ovi alt> repres5ts   

,puukonhoya r ?an ,cotok9ungwu1 & z f> z
 kn[n ,oraibi  is ! sole pueblo :i* has 
an idol ( ,cotok9ungwu on ! flute       
alt>s1 ( :i* ^? ( f\r pueblos are       
kn[n4#ab    ,a comp>ative /udy ( !      
symbolism1 simple & elaborate1 ( !      
,katc9a alt>s leads me to ! conclusion t
 ! mo/ complicat$  alt>1 t at ,oraibi1  
is ! result simply ( elaboration ( !    
less develop$ alt>s1 ( ! introduction ( 
new elem5ts4 ,analysis  r$uces ?is      
composite symbolism to ra9 cl\ds1       
f]tilization1  gr[?1 & maturity ( corn1 
! elem5ts :i* dom9ate ! :ole  ,hopi     
ritual4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#b4--,micon9ovi ,niman ,katc9a alt>     
,a some:at m detail$ /atem5t ( ?is po9t 
is p]haps  desirable4 ,9 ! ,hopi ritual 
?ree me?ods ( repres5t+  sup]natural    
p]sonages are adopt$4 ,fir/1            
p]sonifications by m51  wom51 & *ildr54 
,second1 repres5tations by images or    
idols4  ,?ird1 repres5tations by        
pictures1 conv5tionaliz$ objects1 or    
symbols4 ,^! ?ree me?ods may coexi/2 !y 

are int]*angeable1  & may be            
phylog5etically connect$ 9 ! developm5t 
( rituals4  ,9 ! public c]emonials !    
fir/ me?od is almo/ inv>iably  adopt$1 b
 9 secret rites all ?ree are employ$4#ac
 ,!  repres5tations on ! ,katc9a alt>s  
at ,cipaulovi & ,walpi are  limit$ to ! 
?ird me?od2 ^? at ,micon9ovi & ,oraibi  
include  likewise ! second4    ,!re is  
no ne$ ( go+ into detail reg>d+ ! mean+s
 ( !  symbols ( ! ?ird me?od (          
repres5tation z us$ on ,katc9a  alt>s4  
,! simplicity ( ?is me?od1 "h appli$1 is
 app>5t1 &  ! symbols are ^? ( ra9      
cl\ds1 lightn+1 & corn 9 v>i\s  /ages ( 
gr[?4    ,a discussion ( ! second me?od1
 or repres5tation by images &  :at !y   
mean :5 us$ on ,katc9a alt>s1 w br+ out 
sev]al  po9ts ( int]e/4 ,^! images1     
commonly call$ idols1#ad occur  on !    
,katc9a alt>s ( ,oraibi & ,micon9ovi &  
repres5t !  same conceptions z !        
symbols4 ,! idol ) ! ra9cl\d coronet  is
 a repres5tation ( a corn-ra9           
sup]natural p]sonage :o has  _m names & 

appe>s 9 c]emonials bo? public & secret 
( _m  diff]5t prie/hoods4 ,9 ! c]emony  
call$ ! ,lalakontu %e is  ei!r p]sonat$ 
by wom5 9 ! public dance or repres5t$ by
  images on ! alt> & is call$           
,lakonemana 7,lakone ,maid74 ,9 !       
,octob] c]emony1 call$ ,mamzrauti1 %e is
 likewise repres5t$ by  ! fir/ & second 
me?ods1#ae & is call$ ,mamzraumana4#af  
,!  same is true ( ! ,owakulti1 /ill    
p]=m$ at ,oraibi1 al?\gh  ext9ct at     
,walpi1 :]e %e is kn[n z ,owakulmana4   
,dur+ ! dramatization 9 ! ,antelope kiva
 ( ! ,snake  ,c]emonials at ,walpi %e is
 p]sonat$ by a maid call$ !             
,tcuamana#ag 7,snake ,maid7 & no effigy 
( h] is employ$ 9 ?is  ar*aic c]emony4  
,! ,flute ,society repres5t h] 9 _!     
rites  9 bo? ! fir/ & second ways1 ) two
 girls 9 ! public  dance1 & images on ! 
alt>s 9 ! secret obs]vances1 :]e %e  is 
call$ ,l5yamana 7,flute ,maid74#ah ,9   
,pallkonti#ai %e is  p]sonat$ by ! fir/ 
me?od1 & is call$ ,calakomana4 ,! mo/   
elaborate images ( ?is be+1 also call$  

,calakomanas1 are secul>  9 "*1 & are   
us$ z dolls4 ,all h] diff]5t names1 &   
"s o!rs :i* might be m5tion$1 are       
aliases1 sac]dotal society  names ( !   
same my?ological conception1 :i* may m  
accurately  be call$ ,muiy9wu1 ! ,g]m   
,goddess1 :o is likewise associat$ )    
ra94    ,! symbolism ( images on ! left 
side ( ! ,katc9a alt>s (  ,micon9ovi & (
 ,oraibi is highly conv5tionaliz$1 b    
cle>ly  en\gh develop$ to %[ t ! images 
repres5t ! same ,ra9-,g]m  ,goddess :o1 
9 "s c]emonials1 is p]sonifi$ by a girl2
 9 o!rs  by a simil> image4 ,?is image  
is call$ ! ,ra9-,g]m 7,corn7#bj  ,maid  
because 9 ! mo/ elaborate repres5tations
 ( h] ?is bifid  nature is /rongly      
indicat$ by symbolism4 ,h] idol on !    
,micon9ovi  ,flute alt> has f\r symbols 
( corn on ! body1 & be>s ?ree  ra9 cl\d 
tablets on ! head4 ,9 num]\s dolls#ba %e
 has a  symbol ( an e> ( corn on !      
=ehead & an elaborate ra9cl\d  tablet ) 
a ra9b[ on ! head4    ,! o!r idol1      
likewise kn[n 9 v>i\s c]emonials by     

tutel>y  sac]dotal aliases1 is ! male   
cultus h]o1 ! fructify+  pr9ciple       
symboliz$ by lightn+ & p]sonifi$ accord+
 to !  society1 by su* sup]naturals z   
,cotok9ungwu1 ,puukonhoya1 ,tcuatiyo1   
,l5tiyo1 & ! l4    ,9 ?is totem-pole-l  
doll we h ,hehea1 ! male1 ) two         
,calakos1 females1 z _! symbolism cle>ly
 indicates4 ,! ,hopi  h a leg5d t !     
,calako maids br\ght ! fir/ corn to _!  
ance/ors1 & 9 t leg5d x is said t       
,calakotaka1 or ! male  ,calako1 a sun  
god1 initiat$ ! y\? into ! ,katc9as by  
flogg+  !m1 z ,tunwup /ill functions 9  
,p[amu4    ,! etymology ( ! ^w ,calako  
is unkn[n to me1 & x may h  be5 d]iv$ f 
! same s\rce z ! ,zui ^w4 ,a corn husk1 
&  by d]ivation a cig>ette pap]1 is     
call$ by ! ,hopi a calakabu4    ,!      
symbolism ( ! male ,calako is id5tical )
 t ( ,tunwup  & resembles t ( ! ,zui    
,%alako4 ,! ,hopi celebrate _!          
sun-pray]-/ick mak+ 9 ,july1 ! ,zui 9   
,decemb]1 or at  diff]5t sol/ices4 ,!   
,hopi say t !y d]iv$ _! celebration  f !

 ,zui 7see ,fifte5? ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4  
,am]4 ,e?nol474 ,:5  ?is int]e/+        
c]emonial is p]=m$ at ,sitcomovi !      
,calako  maids d n appe>1 & ! f\r giants
 ) avian symbolism  app>5tly p]sonate a 
sun drama1 b z a d]ivative f ,zui we    
mu/ await an int]pretation ( ! orig9al =
 conclusive evid5ce  ( its mean+4    ,! 
images ( ! alt>s z well z symbolic      
designs depict$ ^u  !m %[ u t           
fructification1 gr[? & matur+ ( corn1 & 
ra9 cl\ds are pr$om9ant 9 repres5tations
 on ,niman ,katc9a  alt>s4    ,i h n    
(f]$ a sugge/ion 9 reg>d to ! id5tity ( 
! /range be+1 ,tunwup1 nor am ,i q sure 
t he c be  int]pret$1 b ,i /rongly      
suspect t he is none o!r ?an !  ,sun1 a 
wor%ip ( :om p]vades ! :ole ,katc9a     
ritual4#bb    ,! elem5t :i* pr$om9ates 9
 ! wor%ip at ! ,p[amu c]emony  is !     
fructification ( g]ms2 & z beans figure 
s conspicu\sly  9 x z symbols1 x's      
popul>ly call$ ! 8,bean ,plant+10 :ile a
  c]emony foll[+ x is ,pallkonti1#bc 9  
:i* corn is spr\t$1  is call$ ! 8,corn  

,plant+40 ,z 9 ,hopi conceptions ! ,sun 
is  fa!r ( all life1 a c]emony call$ !  
,p[alawu1 appropriate  to ! object or   
aim ( ,p[amu1 prec$es ! plant+ ( beans 9
  ! kivas4 ,! c]emony is /rictly a "p ( 
,p[amu1 %[+ x  is a =m ( direct sun     
wor%ip4 ,9 x a special sun alt> is made 
( a s& mosaic ^u :i*1 dur+ c]emonial    
songs1 a tray (  meal compos$ ( all k9ds
 ( se$s us$ by ! ,hopi is copi\sly      
spr9kl$ on ! picture ( ! sun2 m$ic9e    
wat] is !n ?r[n  ^u ! same to typify !  
ra9s :i* "u ! sun's action causes  ^!   
se$s to g]m9ate & gr[4    ,my comp>ative
 /udy ( ! ,hopi ,katc9a alt>s has !re=e 
l$ me  to ! foll[+ conclusions3 ,_!     
symbolism1 :e!r 9 pictures1  rites1 or (
 images1 ref] to two elem5ts1 or        
sup]naturals1 :i*  control ra9 & gr[? ( 
corn4 ,! latt] are male & female1       
repres5t+ ! sky god & ! e>? goddess1 !  
fa!r & !  "m1 ! lightn+ & ! e>?1 ! two  
sexes )\t ^:  union life is             
impossible4#bd    ,! c]emonials p]=m$   
ab\t ! ,katc9a alt>s admit ( ! same     

int]pretation1 & x rema9s = me to       
indicate _! nature &  be>+ on ! above   
conclusions4      ,,alt> ,,( ,,oraibi   
,,p[alawu    ,a s& picture ( ! great    
pat]nal deity1 ,tawa1 ! ,sun1 has nev]  
be5 report$ f any ,tusayan alt> except  
,oraibi4 ,su* a picture is  made 9      
,p[alawu1 ! op5+ c]emony ( ,p[amu &     
describ$ by ,mr4  ,vo?4    ,! alt> is   
made on ! floor ( ! kiva1 & is plac$ on 
a lay]  ( valley s& on :i* are made f\r 
conc5tric zones ( diff]5t  color$ s&s   
surr\nd+ a middle circle ( :ite s& on   
:i* is  drawn a /ellate figure ( ! sun4 
,^! diff]5t conc5tric zones  are yell[1 
gre51 r$1 & :ite1 beg9n+ ) ! smalle/1 & 
end+ ) a p]iph]al 9 :ite4 ,!y are       
sep>at$ by black l9es1  & a qu>tz       
cry/al#be to :i* a /r+1 ) atta*$ fea!r1 
is  ti$1 is plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! picture
 ( ! sun4 ,a quadrant  ap>t on ! p]iph]y
 ( ! picture1 beyond ! :ite zone1 !re   
are f\r arr[-%ap$ projections1 color$   
yell[1 gre51 r$1 &  :ite1 foll[+ a      
circuit ) ! c5t] ( ! :ole s& pa9t+  on !

 left h&4 ,^!1 l ! zones1 are made (    
diff]5tly  color$ s&s & are rimm$ )     
black4 ,across ! yell[  arr[-head$      
figure ext5d sev]al p>allel r$ l9es (   
s&2 across  ! gre51 :ite2 across ! r$1  
yell[2 & across ! :ite1 gre54    ,on !  
supposition t ! inn] figure repres5ts ! 
sun1 ! f\r  p]iph]al arr[-%ap$ app5dages
 are suppos$ to repres5t heads (  !     
lightn+ snakes ( ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1    
nor?1 we/1 s\?1  & ea/1 z _! colors     
indicate4#bf    ,! accessories us$ 9 !  
celebration ( ! ,p[alawu are arrang$  on
 ! floor radially ab\t ?is s& picture1 &
 fall into two  gr\ps1 "o on l9es 9     
cont9uation ( ! rays ( ! c5tral  figure1
 ! o!rs on int]m$i>y l9es4 ,!re are1    
!re=e1 f\r  sets ( bo? gr\ps alt]nat+ ) 
ea* o!r4    ,! objects :i* =m a s+le    
gr\p ( ! =m] 9 ?is  quat]n>y arrangem5t 
are z foll[s3 ,a yell[ re$1 a paho-/&1  
& a ball made ( p[d]$ pikumi4#bg        
,int]m$iate betwe5 ^!1  also ) a        
quat]n>y arrangem5t1 !re is a ball made 
( clay  pa9t$ black 9 :i* a fea!r is    

atta*$1 a black5$ re$1 &  a /one arr[   
po9t4 ,! paho-/& ) ^! objects consi/s  (
 a cubical block 9 :i* ! foll[+ objects 
are ins]t$ 9  l9e3 ,a small crook1 a    
gre5 d\ble paho1 sev]al /icks 7call$    
civapi1 h[apki1 honyi1 masiswapi71 a    
black eagle fea!r ) f\r  nakwakwocis ti$
 to x & a r+ ) nett$ cord1 & f9ally a   
paho ( a color correspond+ to ! c>d9al  
direction 9 :i* !  paho-/& is plac$4    
,! details ( ! ,p[alawu c]emony h be5   
describ$ by ,vo?1  f ^: acc\nt ,i w     
m5tion a few g5]alities4    ,!          
celebrants ga!r$ at ! alt> at ab\t noon 
& sang _m  songs ) accompany+ ev5ts :i* 
7 p]=m$ by ,siima1 !  *ief1 n[ dead4    
#a4 ,:ite e>?1 roots1 & honey add$ to ! 
m$ic9e b[l4    #b4 ,meal made (         
wat]melon1 melon1 squa%1 bean1 & corn   
se$s1  spr9kl$ c>efully ov] ! s&        
picture4    #c4 ,*>m liquid /irr$ &     
spr9kl$ on s& alt>4    #d4 ,prie/ asc5d$
 ladd] ( ! kiva & blew a yell[ fea!r    
?r\gh a re$ f ! nor? paho-/& out ( !    
hat* t[>d !  nor?1 aft] :i* he blew a   

:i/le po9t+ x ! same way4 ,?is  0 done 9
 sequ5ce to ! we/1 s\?1 & ea/1 tak+     
objects  f ! alt> ea* "t4    #e4 ,prie/ 
asc5d$ ladd] ) a black re$ f nor? clu/]1
  & blew f x1 t[>d ! nor?1 a small      
fea!r4 ,he !n blew  a fea!r 9 sequ5ce f 
! f\r /ones1 asc5d+ ! ladd]  ea* "t4#bh 
,he lick$ honey f ! /ones & spat to !   
f\r  c>d9al po9ts4    #f4 ,c\ri]s c>ri$ 
! clay balls to di/ant %r9es1 & f\r     
prie/s bore ! f\r paho-/&s1 re$s1 &     
yell[ balls to o!r  %r9es1 also at      
c>d9al po9ts4    ,:ile ! above ev5ts 7  
transpir+ songs 7 sung by !  assembl$   
prie/s1 & at ! close ! qu>tz cry/al on !
 ,sun  picture 0 rais$ f ! /& & h&l$ by 
ea* prie/1 :o  suck$ x1 & press$ x to 8 
he>t4    #g4 ,c]emonial smoke4    #h4   
,pray]s4    #i4 ,! s& ga!r$ up & c>ri$  
outside ! kiva4    #aj4 ,fea/4    ,! aim
 ( ! c]emony appe>s cle>4 ,meal ( all   
k9ds ( se$  spr9kl$ on ! ,sun typifies  
fructification ( all ,hopi food plants4 
,wat] is p\r$ on ! meal z symbolic ( !  
ra9s :i* !  celebrants hope w increase  

_! crops4    ,! details ( ! n9e days'   
c]emonials ( ! ,p[amu at ,oraibi  ne$ n 
be describ$ "h1 b x may be well to      
indicate _!  g5]al "*4#bi    ,beans 7   
plant$ 9 boxes 9 all ! kivas on ! day   
aft]  ,p[alawu 7,febru>y #e1 #ahid7 & 7 
=c$ to g]m9ate 9 !  heat$ rooms1 :]e !y 
grew = #af days4 ,f ,febru>y #ac 7!     
fir/ day ( ! n9e days' c]emony7 until ! 
#ag?1 ,siima1 !  *ief1 visit$ all ^!    
kivas1 & :5 n s employ$ pass$ 8  "t 9 "o
 ( ! rooms fa/+1 or mak+ pray] objects4 
,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,vo? = my k ( !   
secret rites (  ! ,p[amu at ,oraibi4 ,!y
 supplem5t t :i* ,i h publi%$  else:]e  
on ! ,walpi repres5tation1 f :i*1 h[ev]1
 x  diff]s v consid]ably4 7,see ,fifte5?
 ,ann4 ,rept41 ,bur4 ,am]4  ,e?nol42    
also ,am]4 ,an?rop41 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,no4  
#a1 #ahid1 & ,int4 ,ar*iv  fr ,e?nog41  
,b& ,,viii1 #ahie47    ,! ,p[amu alt> 0 
erect$ on ,febru>y #ag1 & f t day until 
! n9? 7,febru>y #ba7 daily songs (      
int]e/+ "* 7  sung ab\t x4    ,_m dolls1
 b[s & arr[s#cj = *ildr5 are likewise   

made 9 !  kivas1 & ! *iefs prep>$ pray] 
emblems & o!r c]emonial  objects4    ,! 
culm9ation ( ,p[amu1 :5 we %\ld expect !
 acme ( !  s]ies ( rites1 occurr$ on !  
aft]noon ( ! n9? day 7,febru>y  #ba71 :5
 ! spr\t+ beans 7 pull$ up1 & di/ribut$ 
)  dolls & o!r pres5ts1 & :5 c]ta9      
p]sonages ( sup]natural  "* br\ght      
significant gifts to ! prie/s4 ,x is !  
la/  ev5t to :i* ,i wi% especially to   
call ! read]'s att5tion4    ,?is        
episode1 :i* seems to me to br+ out     
cle>ly ! aim (  ! ,p[amu c]emony1 may be
 call$ ! adv5t & dep>ture (             
,hahaiwuqti#ca foll[$ by ! ,eototo & o!r
 sup]naturals4 ,!  ma9 ev5ts ( ?is      
episode 7 z foll[s3 ,! man :o p]sonifi$ 
! 8,old ,woman0 7,hahaiwuqti7 hav+ mask$
 & o!rwise array$  himself at a %r9e#cb 
outside ! pueblo1 began to h[l          
vigor\sly4  ,siima ! *ief ( ,p[amu1 made
 (f]+s at ?is %r9e & drew on  ! gr\nd1 )
 sacr$ meal1 sev]al figures ( ra9 cl\ds 
ab\t  #bj y>ds ne>] ! village4          
,hahaiwuqti1 z if toll$ along by ?is    

my/ic sign1 mov$ to x & aga9 began to   
h[l4 ,siima made ano!r  set ( ra9 cl\d  
figures1 aga9 ab\t #bj y>ds ne>] !      
village1  & ! h[l+ ,hahaiwuqti advanc$  
to ! second meal figures4  ,halt+ ?us at
 int]vals1 & h[l+ z %e w5t1 ! 8,old     
,woman0  at la/ /ood 9 ! public plaza ( 
,oraibi1 & 9 answ] to h]  cries p came  
to h]1 spr9kl$ h] ) p9*es ( meal & took 
objects f ! basket %e bore4    ,%e !n   
s\ght ! entrance to ! kiva 9 :i* !      
prie/s 7  engag$ 9 c]emonial smok+ &    
s++4 ,%e /ood l a /atue  at ! hat*1 h[l+
 z if to ann\nce h] com+ to ! prie/s  )9
 ! room bel[4 ,!y soon respond$1 & came 
out ( ! kiva  head$ by ,siima ) a b[l ( 
m$ic9e & an asp]gill1 foll[$ by  a      
second prie/ ) a re$ cig>ette & a coal (
 fire1 & o!rs  ) bags ( sacr$ meal4     
,hahaiwuqti 0 asp]g$1 smok$ ^u &        
spr9kl$ ) meal1 & pres5t$ ) a paho      
accompani$ ) a  pray]1 aft] :i* ! prie/s
 return$ to _! room & ! 8,old  ,woman0  
w5t away to ! we/4 ,a few m9utes lat] m5
 disguis$ z  ,eototo & ,ahul approa*$ ! 

kiva hat* ne> :i* "s unkn[n  ,katc9a _h 
made 9 meal on ! gr\nd a cross & ra9    
cl\d4 ,eototo  rubb$ meal on ea* ( ! f\r
 sides ( ! kiva hat*way#cc  & p\r$ wat] 
into ! kiva entrance f ! sides1 z ,i h  
describ$ 9 my acc\nts ( ! ,walpi &      
,cipaulovi ,niman ,katc9a4  ,ahul foll[$
 8 example1 :]eupon ! prie/s aga9 em]g$ 
f  ! kiva & treat$ ^! two visitors 9 !  
same way !y _h us$  ,hahaiwuqti4 ,!y    
receiv$ corn 9 return1 aft] :i* !       
visitors  retir$1 foll[+ ! 8,old        
,woman40    ,aft] _! dep>ture1 two      
8mudheads0 7,koyimse7 & ?ree ,katc9as1  
two m5 we>+ ,humis1 ,jemes1 ,katc9a     
masks & "o ! maskette  & app>el ( !     
female ,humis1 approa*$ ! kiva          
entrance4#cd  ,!n came p]sonifications (
 ,ana1 ,hehea1 & two ,tacab ,katc9as4   
,foll[+ ^! 7 ?ree lame ,h[aik ,katc9as1 
mask$ z _!  pr$ecessors1 & cle>ly       
designat$ by appropriate symbolism4     
,at ea* new arrival ! prie/s 9 ! kiva   
respond$1 em]g$ f  _! room1 & treat$ ^! 
visitors z !y _h _! lead]1  ,hahaiwuqti4

    ,z ! mask$ p]sonages left ! village 
!y pass$ we/w>d4#ce    ,:5 ! prie/s _h  
retir$ to _! kiva = ! la/ "t !y  smok$  
on ! pres5ts left by _! /range visitors1
 & !  *ief divid$ ! gift ,eototo _h     
br\ght into #aj bundles1 & gave  "o     
package to ea* ,p[amu prie/4 ,!n foll[$ 
m9or ev5ts1 z  tak+ d[n ! alt>1 :i* d n 
n[ conc]n u4 ,! dep>ture (  ,hahaiwuqti 
& h] b& clos$ ! ma9 c]emony4#cf    ,x   
c]ta9ly seems legitimate to conclude t  
?is acme ( !  ,p[amu is a dramatic      
repres5tation embody+ ! aim ( ! :ole    
c]emony4 ,x is a visit ( ,hahaiwuqti 9  
h] disguise z kn[n to  ,katc9as1 foll[$ 
by h] *ildr5 br++ gifts & receiv+       
pray]s4 ,:at o!r pray]s are m           
appropriate to ,hahaiwuqti  ?an         
petitions = abundant crops1 or :at gifts
 m desirable  ?an ^? ,eototo#cg gave 9 a
 symbolic way1 viz3 wat] &  spr\t+      
vegetation8 ,! rejuv5esc5ce ( nature is 
always to a  primitive m9d ak9 to       
sorc]y1 & believ$ to be br\ght ab\t  by 
! sorc]]'s arts1 & h5ce ?is c]emony     

takes place 9  ! ,p[ako-muyamuh1 or     
,wiz>d ,moon1 :i* gives x its "n by     
syncopation1 ,p[amu4#ch                 
,,conclusions ,,reg>d+ ,,! ,,place ,,(  
,,katc9as ,,9 ,,tusayan ,,wor%ip    ,we 
are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ! ,katc9as z       
spirits ( ! dead1 or  div9iz$ ance/ors1 
%ades or brea?-bodies ( ^? :o once liv$1
  z mortu>y pray]s cle>ly indicate4 ,!  
!ory ( ance/or wor%ip  gives u a ready  
explanation = ! fact t ance/ral spirits 
are repres5t$ by mask$ p]sons1 & z a    
coroll>y1 a sugge/ion  reg>d+ !         
significance ( ! diff]5t symbolism ( ^? 
masks4    ,! ,hopi1 l _m p1 look back to
 my?ic times :5 !y  believe _! ance/ors 
liv$ 9 a 8p>adise10 or /ate or place    
:]e food 7corn7 0 pl5ty & ra9s abundant1
 a _w ( p]petual  summ] & fl[]s4 ,_!    
leg5ds rec\nt h[1 :5 corn fail$ or  ra9 
ceas$1 cultus h]oes h s\ght ^! imag9>y  
or ideal  ance/ral homes to le>n !      
8m$ic9e10 songs1 pray]s1 feti%es1  &    
*>ms efficaci\s to influ5ce or control  
sup]naturals1 :i*  bless$ ^! happy l&s4 

,ea* sac]dotal society tells ! /ory  (  
its own h]o br++ f t l& a bride1 :o     
transmitt$ to  h] son ! k ( ! alt>s1    
songs1 & pray]s1 :i* =c$  ! crops to gr[
 & ! ra9s to fall 9 h] native c\ntry4   
,to  become ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! rites
 he is said to m>ry !  maid2 o!rwise at 
8 dea? !y w\ld be lo/1 s9ce k  ( !      
8m$ic9e0 is believ$ to be transmitt$1 n 
?r\gh 8  clan1 b t ( 8 wife4 ,s ! ,snake
 h]o br\ght ! ,snake-,maid  7corn-ra9   
girl7 f ! und]world2 ! ,flute h]o1 h]   
si/]1  ! ,flute-,maid2 ! ,little ,w>    
,god1 ! ,lakonemana & o!r  sup]naturals4
    ,a ,katc9a h]o 9 ! old times1 8on a 
rabbit hunt came to a region  :]e !re 0 
no sn[4 ,!re he saw o!r ,katc9a p danc+ 
amid/ beautiful g>d5s4 ,he receiv$      
melons f !m & c>ry+  !m home told a     
/range /ory ( ! p :o inhabit$ a c\ntry  
:]e !re 7 fl[]+ plants 9 midw9t]4 ,! h]o
 & a  comrade 7 s5t back1 & !y /ay$ ) _!
 p1 return+  home load$ ) fruit 9       
,febru>y4 ,!y _h le>n$ ! songs (  ^? )  
:om !y _h liv$1 & taught !m 9 ! kiva (  

_!  own p40#ci    ,9 ! c]emonies )      
unmask$ p]sonifications1 or ^? celebrat$
  ye>ly betwe5 ,july & ,janu>y :i* are n
 ,katc9as1 an attempt is  made to       
reproduce rites :i* leg5ds decl>e !     
cultus or ance/ral  h]oes saw 9 ! l&s !y
 visit$1 :i* l&s are reput$ to  be      
v>i\sly situat$1 b g5]ally 9 !          
und]world1 to augm5t  ! efficacy ( !    
c]emonies4 ,9 ! c]emonies betwe5 ,janu>y
  & ,augu/1 or ^? call$ ,katc9as1 ! same
 feel+ is dom9ant4  ,ea* p]=mance is an 
endeavor to reproduce a traditional     
ance/ral  ,katc9a celebration4 ,! p]=m]s
 are mask$ because1 accord+ to  _!      
/ories1 ! p>ticipants 9 ^? anci5t rites 
are reput$  to h _h zoomorphic1 or at   
lea/ only p>tially an?ropomorphic  =ms4 
,! symbolism ( ! mask portrays ! totems 
( ^?  leg5d>y p>ticipants1 & ^? ( corn1 
ra91 wat]-lov+  animals1 lightn+ & ! l1 
!re=e pr$om9ate4    ,i h %[n 9 prec$+   
pap]s t bo? ! symbols &  figur9es on    
,katc9a alt>s ref] to ! sun1 ra9 cl\ds1 
& !  f]tilization1 gr[? & maturation (  

corn4 ,x has likewise be5  made evid5t t
 ! c]emonial acts ( ! prie/s are employ$
 to  affect ! sup]naturals :o control ^!
 elem5ts or produce ^!  necessities4    
,! prie/s /rive to reproduce traditional
 c]emonials )\t  innovations1 & are     
guid$ 9 _! pres5tation by curr5t leg5ds4
  ,mask$ p]sonations ( ance/ral spirits 
are1 !re=e1 introduc$  t ! p]=mance may 
be m reali/ic1 or clos] to ! reput$     
ance/ral c]emony4 ,?is feel+ is at base 
! reason :y !  prie/s1 unable to expla9 
:y !y p]=m c]ta9 rites 9 c]ta9  ways1   
respond1 8we make our alt>s1 s+ our     
songs1 & say our  pray]s 9 ?is way      
because our old p did s1 & surely !y    
knew h[ to make ! corn gr[ & ! ra9s     
fall40    ,x appe>s f :at is writt5     
above t ! cosmic sup]naturals  :i* appe>
 on ! ,hopi ,katc9a alt>s are ! same z  
po9t$ out  9 ! previ\s article1 ! ,sun1 
! ,sky1 ,e>?1 ,fire1 ,ance/ors1  & t    
idols are likewise prom95t4 ,! ,hopi1 l 
all !  pueblos1 are commonly call$ sun  
wor%ipp]s1 b ! relations (  ! alt>s ( ! 

,katc9a cult to ,sky ,god 7,sun7 wor%ip 
is v  in/ructive4    ,9 conclusion x    
%\ld be said t1 al?\gh ! c]emonial      
practices ( ! ,hopi ,katc9as appe> v    
complicat$1 !y are 9  reality simpl] ?an
 ! lit]ature ( !m w\ld seem to indicate4
  ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t 9 
! ,hopi religion  ! association (       
religion & e?ics is v weak1 ! duty (  ! 
prie/ be+ to p]=m 8 "p ( ! c]emony z    
ne>ly z  possible 9 ! traditional way x 
0 inh]it$ f 8 ance/ors4  ,secondly1 !   
rite & c]emony %[ t ! ma9 object desir$ 
is  a mat]ial n a spiritual "o1 prim>ily
 to f]tilize ,indian corn1  8 national  
food1 & incid5tally to protect 8 own    
life & t  ( 8 family4 ,! objects ( 8    
wor%ip =m toge!r a complex  compos$ (   
closely alli$ elem5ts 9 :i* !           
sup]natural p[]s  t control ! food are  
preemim5t4      ,,footnotes3    #a      
,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,e?nol4 & ,ar*ol41 ,vol4   
,,ii1 ,no4 #a4 ,sitcomovi &  ,hano h no 
,niman ,katc9a1 nor d !y celebrate !    
,tusayan ritual  9 its entirety4 ,! ^w  

,katc9a is us$ to designate bo? a dance 
& a p>ticipant 9 a dance4 ,betwe5 ,july 
& ,janu>y !re are no  ,katc9a rites 9   
,tusayan4    #b ,i h be5 int]e/$ to     
discov] :at proportion ( ! :ole  numb] (
 ,hopi c]emonials h be5 describ$1 & !   
results are  su* z to allay any conceit 
t we "k mu* ab\t ! subject4  ,)\t       
consid]+ ! abbreviat$ c]emonials !re are
 9 !  ritual #ab :i* are ( n9e days     
duration4 ,!re are five v>iants (  ?is  
ritual1 diff]+ 9 alt>s1 p>aph]nalia1 &  
rites1 s t  we may say !re are p]=m$ 9  
,tusayan ab\t #fj c]emonials1 ea*  n9e  
days long1 to be inve/igat$4 ,( ^! !re  
are #dj ( :i*  we "k no?+1 save _!      
exi/5ce2 #ae1 fragm5ts ( :i* h  be5     
describ$2 & #e :i* h be5 fairly well    
/udi$4 ,!re are  ab\t #cj ,hopi alt>s   
:i* h nev] be5 figur$ or describ$1 or  z
 f> z ,i "k se5 by e?nologi/s4 ,x ?us   
appe>s t !re  is pl5ty ( mat]ial 9 ?is  
prov9ce to occupy ! /ud5ts (  primitive 
ritual = "s "t to come4 ,an adequate    
compreh5sion (  ! ,hopi ,katc9a ritual  

requires a consid]ation ( five diff]5t  
modifications ( ! same alt>s4    #c ,!  
image ( ,cotok9ungwu 9 ! ,oraibi flute  
alt> 7q4 v47 has  zigzag figures d[n !  
legs1 :i* w\ld appe> to associate ?is   
deity ) lightn+4    #d ,am]4 ,an?rop41  
,vol4 #e1 ,no4 #b1 ,april1 #ahib1 ,pl4  
,i1 fig4 #a2 ,pl4  ,,iii1 figs4 #a & #b4
    #e ,! ,hopi1 anci5t & mod]n1 7      
adepts 9 ?is craft ( mosaic             
encru/ations1 us+ = t purpose           
turquoises1 %ells1 & o!r  sub/ances4    
#f ,! *ief :o flogs ! *ildr5 9 !        
initiation1 :i* occurs  9 ,p[amu1 holds 
?is object 9 8 h&4 ,?is flogg+ at ,walpi
  is p]=m$ by a man mask$ to repres5t   
,tunwup4 ,int4 ,ar*iv fr  ,e?nog41 ,b&  
viii1 #ahie4 #ae? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4     
,am]4 ,e?nol41 pp4  #bhc-bhd4    #g     
,am]4 ,an?rop41 ,vol4 #e1 ,no4 #b1      
,april1 #ahib4    #h ,a great _m        
obs]vations rema9 to be made be=e any "o
 c  claim to "k ! exact mean+ ( pueblo  
rites1 b ! mat]ial  awaits inve/igation1
 & c be obta9$ by p]si/5t "w 9 !  field4

 ,! "t1 h[ev]1 is pa/ :5 any compil] c  
write an  acc\nt ( ! aborig9al religions
 ( ,am]ica & neglect ! ,hopi  = want (  
publi%$ mat]ial4    #i ,= ,niman alt>s (
 ,cipaulovi1 ,micon9ovi1 & ,walpi1 see  
,j\rn4  ,am]4 ,e?nol4 & ,ar*ol41 ,vol4  
,,ii1 ,no4 #a4    #aj ,! "* ( ! public  
c]emonials ( ! ,katc9as1 ev5  :5        
abbreviat$1 z 9 ! s-call$ ra9 dances1   
ju/ifies !  !ory t _! ma9 objects are ! 
two above m5tion$4 ,ev5 !  cl[ns1 a     
prie/hood directly connect$ ) ,katc9as &
 abs5t 9  all o!r c]emonies1 are conc]n$
 ) ! gr[? ( se$s4    #aa ,x may be borne
 9 m9d t ! same alt> is made 9 ,p[amu  &
 ,niman1 & :e!r call$ by "o or ! o!r (  
^! names x  is ! same ?+--a ,katc9a     
alt>4    #ab ,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,folk-,lore1  
,vol4 ,,viii1 ,no4 ,,xxxi4 ,! conical   
prolongation ( ! head is also f\nd 9 _m 
figur9es & images  & :ile ! simil>ity ( 
symbolism w\ld lead to ! belief t  ! two
 sup]naturals are id5tical1 ! pres5ce ( 
two simil>  images on an alt> indicates 
t !y are di/9ct4    #ac ,9 o!r secret   

rites1 n consid]$ 9 ?is article1 ! fir/ 
me?od is employ$ z 9 ,p[amu4            
,p]sonifications 9 public dances  are   
ord9>ily mask$1 & z a rule ,katc9as d(f 
_! masks :5  !y dance 9 kivas4 ,9 c]ta9 
in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! mask is worn  9 kiva 
c]emonials4    #ad ,i reg>d !m z        
complicat$ symbols1 n intr9sically      
objects  ( wor%ip4    #ae ,9 ! public   
dance %e is repres5t$ by a girl1 b !re  
is a beautiful in/ance 9 ?is c]emony :]e
 ! ?ird me?od  is sub/itut$ = ! fir/ 9 !
 public dance4 ,= "s reason  unkn[n to  
me1 9 ! #ahia exhibit at ,walpi no girl 
p]=m$ ?is  "p1 b h] place 0 tak5 by a   
p>ticipant 9 ! dance :o  bore 9 h] h&s a
 flat bo>d ) a picture ( ! ,g]m ,maid   
7see  ,mamzrauti1 ,am]4 ,an?rop41 ,vol4 
,v1 ,no4 #c1 #ahib1 ,pl4 ,,iv1 figs4 #i1
  #aj74 ,! picture1 n ! be>]1 repres5t$ 
! ,g]m ,maid4 ,x  is a rem>kable        
confirmation ( my !ory t ,mamzraumana is
 !  same p]sonation z ,calakomana2 t ?is
 picture is id5tical 9  symbolism )     
pictures ( ! latt]1 & 0 s call$ by !    

prie/s4 ,comp>+ ! picture ,mamzraumana  
on ! ,mamzrau alt> &  ( ! same on ?is   
tablet we see diff]5ces 9 old & new     
,hopi  art4 ,! picture publicly exhibit$
 con=ms to mod]n conception (  h]       
symbolism1 z %[n 9 dolls1 etc42 t on !  
alt>1 :i* !  un9itiat$ c n see1 is !    
old] =m1 be=e innovations &             
modifications4    #af ,am]4 ,an?rop41   
,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #c1 #ahib4    #ag ,j\rn4 
,am]4 ,e?nol4 & ,ar*ol41 ,vol4 ,,iv4    
#ah ,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,e?nol4 & ,ar*ol41     
,vol4 ,,ii2 ,j\rn4 ,am]4  ,folk-,lore1  
,vol4 ,,viii1 ,no4 ,,xxxi2 ,vol4 ,,ix1  
,no4 ,,xxv4    #ai ,j\rn4 ,am]4         
,folk-,lore1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,no4 ,,xxiii4  
#bj ,z maize is ! mo/ important food ( !
 ,pueblo ,indians !re  is a t5d5cy to   
make ?is "n m specific1 8,corn ,maid40  
,?is  appe>s to be ! "n ( ! doll        
,calakomana1 8,corn ,maid40    #ba ,!   
range ( v>iation ( ! dolls ( !          
,calakomana may be  se5 by consultation 
( my memoir on ,tusayan ,dolls 7,int4   
,ar*iv fr  ,e?nog41 ,b& ,,vii1 pp4      

#de-gd1 #ahid74 ,"o ( ! /range/ ( ^!    
repres5ts two ,g]m ,maids1 "o above !   
o!r1 surm\nt$ by a male  figur9e1 ,hehea
 ,katc9a1 :i* has lightn+ emblems on !  
*eeks  & phallic symbols on ! body4     
#bb ,he is intimately connect$ ) !      
8flogg+0 c]emony1 :5  *ildr5 are        
8introduc$0 to ! ,katc9as 7see ,fifte5? 
,ann4 ,rep4  ,bur4 ,am]4 ,e?nol41 pp4   
#bhc-bhd74 ,! radiat+ cr[n ( fea!rs &  !
 two horns on ! head1 toge!r ) ! symbol 
on ! =ehead1  ally him ) ,calakotaka    
7male ,calako7 ^: k9%ip ) !  ,sun-bird  
is else:]e ref]r$ to4 ,tunwup appe>s to 
be a local "n  ( ?is wor?y 9 ,walpi     
kivas4    #bc ,9 ! s-call$ 8scre5 drama0
 ( ?is c]emony1 we h  pictures ( ! ,sun 
pa9t$ on disks4 ,on ! !ory t ,pallkonti 
is a f]tilization c]emony1 x w\ld be    
expla9$ z ref]r+ to  corn1 & ! ?ru/+ ( !
 snake effigies ?r\gh op5+s clos$  by   
,sun-disk symbols connect$ ) ?is ev5t4  
#bd ,9 ! same way t ,i h comp>$ !       
,little ,w> ,gods &  ! ,g]m ,maids (    
,katc9a alt>s we might also comp>e !    

male &  female figures ( ! flute alt>s  
:i* we "k f v>iants4 ,!  same w be      
possible ) ! cultus h]o & 8 female d\ble
 (  ,lalakontu1 ,mamzrauti1 etc4 ,!re is
 a /rik+ morphological id5tity  9 _m    
alt>s ( diff]5t societies4    #be ,a    
qu>tz cry/al is us$ to deflect ! light (
 ! sun  into ! m$ic9e b[l 9 ,niman      
,katc9a4 ,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,e?nol4 &         
,ar*ol41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #a4    #bf    
,simil> projections at int]vals a       
quadrant ap>t are common on  symbols ( !
 sun1 & ,i h f\nd !m on anci5t pott]y f 
,homolobi4 ,! arr[-head$ app5dages are  
n1 z f> z ,i "k1  f\nd 9 any o!r in/ance
 ( palography4    #bg ,pikumi is a k9d (
 ha/y pudd+1 a favorite di% 9 c]emonial 
fea/s4 ,x is bak$ 9 small pits l9$ )    
corn husks1 :i* h  previ\sly be5 heat$  
by build+ fires )9 !m4 ,! coals are     
rak$ out1 ! mu% put 91 & a /one slab    
lut$ ov] ! pit4  ,^u ?is a fire is      
ma9ta9$ ov] night1 & on ! morn+ ( !     
f9al day ( a great c]emonial !y are     
op5$4 ,! s(t "p is  eat5 imm$iately1 b !

 mu% :i* has cak$ to ! corn husks is    
regr\nd & made into o!r =ms ( food4 ,!  
above-m5tion$ balls  are made ( ! latt] 
products4    #bh ,evid5tly ?is & !      
foll[+ acts are to br+ ! summ]  birds4  
#bi ,! ,oraibi ,p[alawu1 witness$ twice1
 took place ,feb4 #d1 #ahid1  & ,jan4   
#ad1 #ahif4 ,! *ronology ( ! succe$+    
ev5ts 9 #ahid  0 z foll[s3    ,feb4     
#e-i1 bean plant+ 9 all kivas4    ,feb4 
#ac-ba1 n9e active days ( ,p[amu        
c]emony1 q4 v4 ,! ,p[amu1  accord+ to my
 enum]ations1 includes n only ! n9e     
active days  b also sev]al prec$+ 9 :i* 
! beans are plant$1 beg9n+  ) ,p[alawu1 
& mak+ a complete c]emony ( #af days4   
#cj ,^! gifts = little girls 7 made 9 ! 
,niman ,p[amu &  ,pallkonti at ,walpi4  
,!y 7 fa%ion$ 9 ! =m ( ,katc9as4  7,int4
 ,ar*iv fr ,e?nog41 ,b& ,,vii1 #ahid47  
,on ! eigh? pahos 7 made = ,hahaiwuqti &
 ,eototo1 :o visit  ! kiva on ! n9? day4
 ,! =m] p]sonage appe>s to be kn[n  by  
diff]5t names 9 ,oraibi & ,walpi1 b ,i  
believe ! same  p]sonage is int5d$ by   

bo? names4    #ca ,= a picture (        
,hahaiwuqti1 see ,am]4 ,an?rop41 ,vol4  
,,vii1 ,no4  #a1 #ahid4 ,= symbolism (  
,eototo1 see ,int4 ,ar*iv fr ,e?nog41   
,b&  ,,vii1 #ahid4    #cb ,9 ! %r9e he  
put a paho1 sev]al nakwakwocis1 & meal1 
aft] :i* he took a little honey 9 8 m\? 
& spat to ! f\r  c>d9al po9ts4 ,he gave 
a basket ) a paho1 spr\t$ beans1 &  o!r 
objects to ,hahaiwuqti aft] he left him 
at ! second meal  figures4    ,?is me?od
 ( toll+ ! gods is practic$ 9 ! m>* ( ! 
,flute prie/s f ! spr+ to ! pueblo4     
7,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,e?nol4  & ,ar*ol41 ,vol4 
,,ii2 9 ,lalakontu1 & 9 ,mamzrauti1 op4 
cit47    ,! ,katc9as are toll$ along by 
meal deposit$ on ! trail by !  prie/s4  
,a trail is clos$ by a l9e ( meal at "r 
angles to !  same4    #cc ,^? 9 "o ( !  
kivas receiv$ meal 7pray]s7 &           
nakwakwocis 7p]sonal pray]s74           
,hahaiwuqti gave !m ! basket %e  bore & 
! objects rema9+ 9 x1 ^u :i* at ! close 
( !  c]emony1 all ! prie/s smok$        
7pray$74    #cd ,f ! belts ( ,humis !   

prie/s took a sprig ( spruce4  ,?is is  
only cu/om>y aft] ! ,humis ,katc9a      
dance4 7,j\rn4 ,am]4  ,e?nol4 & ,ar*ol41
 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #a47    ,! ,humis     
7humita1 corn7 we> t]rac$ 7ra9 cl\d7    
tablets on !  mask4 7,j\rn4 ,am]4       
,e?nol4 & ,ar*ol41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #a47
    #ce ,= symbolism ( _! masks & dress 
see ,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,e?nol4  & ,ar*ol41    
,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #a2 ,int4 ,ar*iv fr    
,e?nog41 ,b& ,,vii4  ,ana we>s a long   
be>d & is !re=e call$ ! be>d$ ,katc9a4  
,hehea has zigzag m>ks on ! *eeks4 ,!   
symbolism ( ,tacab v>ies  consid]ably1 b
 is readily recogniz$4    #cf ,a ,hopi  
pray] comb9es two elem5ts (             
c]emony--pray] prop]  & sacrifice1 ! =m]
 spok5 or n1 ! latt] always express$  by
 symbols4 ,z !y are an agricultural p1  
_! aborig9al  weal? is an agricultural  
product1 z corn4 ,_! pov]ty ( corn  & ! 
requirem5t ( _! ritual necessitat$      
sacrifices ( meal1  a highly practical  
sub/itution4 ,s likewise tobacco smoke  
is a  sacrifice1 ! burn+ ( r>e h]bs1 or 

! p9e ne$les 9 ! 8,new  ,fire0 c]emony4 
,! act ( sacrific+ animals or human be+s
 is n a "p ( _!  pres5t ritual1 b a k ( 
its efficacy exi/s4 ,!y h  leg5ds (     
human sacrifice on r>e occasions 9 !    
pa/4 ,! kill+  ( an animal & sme>+ !    
body ( ! man repres5t+ ,masawuh  ) its  
blood1 at ! "t ( ,lieut5ant ,brett's    
visit to ,oraibi 9  #ahia1 is an in/ance
 ( animal sacrifice4 ,sev]al survivals (
 animal  sacrifices 9 w>rior c]emonies  
might be quot$ f leg5ds4    #cg ,eototo 
is believ$ to be a god ( metamorphism1  
or gr[?1  intimately associat$ )        
g]m9ation1 a sac]dotal equival5t (      
,masawuh1 z f> z ^! functions are       
conc]n$4    #ch ,i h else:]e call$      
,p[amu a purification c]emony or  lu/ral
 obs]vance1 :i* x is 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>s1 
b ,i am n[  conv9c$ t its ma9 object is 
to fur!r ! fructification (  vegetation4
    #ci ,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,e?nol4 & ,ar*ol41 
,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #aeb4 ,!        
,katc9a h]o 9 ?is /ory w\ld appe> n to h
 br\ght a wife  f ?is p4                

,illu/ration3 ,decoration               
,transcrib]'s ,notes      pg #dgj       
,*ang$3 pt1 ,guord 7nett$7 = sacr$ wat] 
to3 pt1 ,g\rd 7nett$7 = sacr$ wat]      
pg #dga ,*ang$3 os z f> z ,i "k se5 by  
e?nologi/s4                to3 or z f> z
 ,i "k se5 by e?nologi/s4      pg #dga  
,*ang$3 ,x ?us appe>s t !re x pl5ty     
to3 ,x ?us appe>s t !re is pl5ty      pg
 #dgb ,captializ$ vol4 to ,vol4 7#b     
times 9 ,footnotes7      pg #dge ,*ang$3
 recall ! same symbols ( ! ,cipaulovi   
equival5t                to3 recall+ !  
same symbols ( ! ,cipaulovi equival5t   
pg #dgh ,*ang$3 ,9 ,palulukonti#ai %e is
 p]sonat$ by                to3 ,9      
,pallkonti#ai %e is p]sonat$ by      pg 
#dgi ,*ang$3 its popul>ly call$ ! 8,bean
 ,plant+10                to3 x's       
popul>ly call$ ! 8,bean ,plant+10       
pg #dha ,*ang$3 also ) a qu>t]n>y       
arrangem5t                to3 also ) a  
quat]n>y arrangem5t      pg #dhd ,*ang$3
 ,f ! belts ( ,humis ! priets           
to3 ,f ! belts ( ,humis ! prie/s      pg

 #dhd ,*ang$3 a sac]dotal equival5t (   
,masauwuh                to3 a sac]dotal
 equival5t ( ,masawuh