,,bohn',s ,,sci5tific ,,libr>y4         
,,humboldt',s ,,p]sonal ,,n>rative      
,,volume #b4  ,,p]sonal ,,n>rative ,,(  
,,travels ,,to ,,! ,,equ9octial         
,,regions ,,( ,,am]ica ,,dur+ ,,! ,,ye>s
 #agii-ahjd  ,,by  ,,alex&] ,,von       
,,humboldt ,,& ,,aime ,,bonpl&4         
,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,fr5* ,,(  ,,alex&]
 ,,von ,,humboldt  ,,& ,,edit$ ,,by     
,,?omas9a ,,ross4  ,,9 ,,?ree ,,volumes 
,,volume #b4   ,,london4  ,,george      
,,bell  ,,sons4 #aijg4 ,,london3        
,,portugal ,,/41 ,,l9coln',s ,,inn4     
,,cambridge3 ,,deighton1 ,,bell ,,&     
,,co4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan     
,,co4 ,,bombay3 ,a4,h4 ,,:eel] ,,& ,,co4
   999999  ,a tablon1 equal to #ahdi    
squ>e toises1 conta9s ne>ly an acre &   
"o-fif?3 a legal acre has #acdd squ>e   
toises1 & #a4ie legal acre is equal to  
"o hect>e4  ,a torta weighs ?ree qu>t]s 
( a p\nd1 & ?ree tortas co/ g5]ally 9 ! 
prov9ce ( ,c>acas "o silv] rial1 or     
"o-eigh? ( a pia/re4  ,x is suffici5t to
 m5tion1 t ! cubic foot conta9s         

#b1ihe1ihd cubic l9es4  ,foot 7old      
measure ( ,france7 ab\t five feet ?ree  
in*es ,engli% measure4    ,,volume #b4  
,,cont5ts4   ,,*apt] #b4af4  ,,lake ,,( 
,,tac>igua4--,,hot ,,spr+s ,,(          
,,m>i>a4--,,t[n ,,( ,,nueva ,,val5cia   
,,del ,,rey4--,,desc5t ,,t[>ds ,,!      
,,coa/s ,,( ,,porto ,,cabello4   ,,*apt]
 #b4ag4  ,,m\nta9s ,,:i* ,,sep>ate ,,!  
,,valleys ,,( ,,aragua ,,f ,,! ,,llanos 
,,( ,,c>acas4--,,villa ,,de             
,,cura4--,,p>ap>a4--,,llanos ,,or       
,,/eppes4--,,calabozo4   ,,*apt] #b4ah4 
,,san ,,f]n&o ,,de ,,apure4--,,int]tw9+s
 ,,& ,,bifurcations ,,( ,,! ,,riv]s     
,,apure ,,& ,,arauca4--,,navigation ,,on
 ,,! ,,rio ,,apure4   ,,*apt] #b4ai4    
,,junction ,,( ,,! ,,apure ,,& ,,!      
,,or9oco4--,,m\nta9s ,,(                
,,enc>amada4--,,uruana4--,,b>aguan4--,,c
>i*ana4--,,m\? ,,( ,,! ,,meta4--,,isl&  
,,( ,,panumana4   ,,*apt] #b4bj4  ,,!   
,,m\? ,,( ,,! ,,rio ,,anav5i4--,,peak   
,,( ,,uniana4--,,mission ,,(            
,,atures4--,,cat>act1 ,,or ,,raudal ,,( 

,,map>a4--,,islets ,,( ,,surupamana ,,& 
,,uirapuri4   ,,*apt] #b4ba4  ,,raudal  
,,( ,,g>cita4--,,maypures4--,,cat>acts  
,,( ,,quituna4--,,m\? ,,( ,,! ,,vi*ada  
,,& ,,! ,,zama4--,,rock ,,(             
,,aricagua4--,,siquita4   ,,*apt] #b4bb4
  ,,san ,,f]n&o ,,de ,,atabapo4--,,san  
,,bal?as>4--,,! ,,riv]s ,,temi ,,&      
,,tuam9i4--,,javita4--,,portage ,,f ,,! 
,,tuam9i ,,to ,,! ,,rio ,,negro4        
,,*apt] #b4bc4  ,,! ,,rio               
,,negro4--,,b\nd>ies ,,( ,,brazil4--,,! 
,,cassiqui>e4--,,bifurcation ,,( ,,!    
,,or9oco4   ,,*apt] #b4bd4  ,,! ,,upp]  
,,or9oco1 ,,f ,,! ,,esm]alda ,,to ,,!   
,,conflu5ce ,,( ,,! ,,guavi>e4--,,second
 ,,passage ,,across ,,! ,,cat>acts ,,(  
,,atures ,,& ,,maypures4--,,! ,,l[]     
,,or9oco1 ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,m\? ,,( ,,!    
,,rio ,,apure1 ,,& ,,ango/ura ,,!       
,,capital ,,( ,,spani% ,,guiana4        
999999  ,,p]sonal ,,n>rative ,,( ,a     
,,j\rney ,,to ,,! ,,equ9octial ,,regions
 ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,cont95t4  ,,volume #b4 
,,*apt] #b4af4  ,,lake ,,( ,,tac>igua4  

,,hot ,,spr+s ,,( ,,m>i>a4 ,,t[n ,,(    
,,nueva ,,val5cia ,,del ,,rey4 ,,desc5t 
,,t[>ds ,,! ,,coa/s ,,( ,,porto         
,,cabello4  ,! valleys ( ,aragua =m a   
n>r[ bas9 betwe5 granitic & calc>e\s    
m\nta9s ( unequal height4 ,on ! nor?1 !y
 are sep>at$ by ! ,si]ra ,m>i>a f !     
sea-coa/2 & t[>ds ! s\?1 ! *a9 (        
,guacimo & ,yusma s]ves !m z a ramp>t   
aga9/ ! heat$ air ( ! /eppes4 ,gr\ps (  
hills1 high en\gh to det]m9e ! c\rse ( !
 wat]s1 close ?is bas9 on ! ea/ & we/ l 
transv]se dykes4 ,we f9d ^! hills betwe5
 ! ,tuy & ,la ,victoria1 z well z on !  
road f ,val5cia to ,nirgua1 & at !      
m\nta9s ( ,torito499 799 ,! l(ty m\nta9s
 ( ,los ,teques1 :]e ! ,tuy takes its   
s\rce1 may be look$ ^u z ! ea/]n b\nd>y 
( ! valleys ( ,aragua4 ,! level ( !     
gr\nd cont9ues1 9 fact1 to rise f ,la   
,victoria to ! ,haci5da de ,tuy2 b !    
riv] ,tuy1 turn+ s\?w>d 9 ! direction ( 
! si]ras ( ,guairaima & ,ti>a has f\nd  
an issue on ! ea/2 & x is m natural to  
consid] z ! limits ( ! bas9 ( ,aragua a 

l9e drawn ?r\gh ! s\rces ( ! /reams fl[+
 into ! lake ( ,val5cia4 ,! *>ts &      
sections ,i h trac$ ( ! road f ,c>acas  
to ,nueva ,val5cia1 & f ,porto ,cabello 
to ,villa de ,cura1 exhibit ! :ole ( ^! 
geological relations47 ,f ?is           
extraord9>y configuration ( ! l&1 !     
little riv]s ( ! valleys ( ,aragua =m a 
peculi> sy/em1 & direct _! c\rse t[>ds a
 bas9 clos$ on all sides4 ,^! riv]s d n 
be> _! wat]s to ! ocean2 !y are collect$
 9 a lake2 & subject to ! peculi>       
influ5ce ( evaporation1 !y lose         
!mselves1 if we may use ! expression1 9 
! atmosph]e4 ,on ! exi/5ce ( riv]s &    
lakes1 ! f]tility ( ! soil & ! produce (
 cultivation 9 ^! valleys dep5d4 ,!     
aspect ( ! spot1 & ! exp]i5ce ( half a  
c5tury1 h prov$ t ! level ( ! wat]s is n
 inv>iable2 ! wa/e by evaporation1 & !  
increase f ! wat]s runn+ into ! lake1 d 
n un9t]rupt$ly balance ea* o!r4 ,! lake 
be+ elevat$ "o ?\s& feet above !        
neighb\r+ /eppes ( ,calabozo1 & "o ?\s& 
?ree hundr$ & ?irty-two feet above !    

level ( ! ocean1 x has be5 suspect$ t   
!re are subt]ranean communications &    
filtrations4 ,! appe>ance ( new isl&s1 &
 ! gradual retreat ( ! wat]s1 h l$ to ! 
belief t ! lake may p]haps1 9 "t1 become
 entirely dry4 ,an assemblage ( physical
 circum/ances s rem>kable 0 well fitt$  
to fix my att5tion on ^? valleys :]e !  
wild beauty ( nature is embelli%$ by    
agricultural indu/ry1 & ! arts ( ris+   
civilization4  ,! lake ( ,val5cia1 call$
 ,tac>igua by ! ,indians1 exce$s 9      
magnitude ! lake ( ,neuf*atel 9         
,switz]l&2 b its g5]al =m has m         
resemblance to ! lake ( ,g5eva1 :i* is  
ne>ly at ! same height above ! level ( !
 sea4 ,z ! slope ( ! gr\nd 9 ! valleys (
 ,aragua t5ds t[>ds ! s\? & ! we/1 t "p 
( ! bas9 /ill cov]$ ) wat] is ! ne>e/ to
 ! s\!rn *a9 ( ! m\nta9s ( ,guigue1 (   
,yusma1 & ( ,guacimo1 :i* /ret* t[>ds ! 
high savannahs ( ,ocum>e4 ,! opposite   
banks ( ! lake ( ,val5cia display a     
s+ul> contra/2 ^? on ! s\? are des]t1 & 
almo/ un9habit$1 & a scre5 ( high       

m\nta9s gives !m a gloomy & monoton\s   
aspect4 ,! nor!rn %ore on ! contr>y1 is 
*e]ful1 pa/oral1 & deck$ ) ! ri*        
cultivation ( ! sug>-cane1 c(fee-tree1 &
 cotton4 ,pa?s bord]$ ) ce/rums1        
az$>acs1 & o!r %rubs always 9 fl[]1     
cross ! pla91 & jo9 ! scatt]$ f>ms4 ,e  
h\se is surr\nd$ by clumps ( trees4 ,!  
ceiba ) its l>ge yell[ fl[]s99 799      
,c>nes toll5das1 ,bombax hibiscifolius47
 gives a peculi> "* to ! l&scape1 m+l+  
its bran*es ) ^? ( ! purple ery?r9a4    
,?is mixture ( vivid vegetable col\rs   
contra/s f9ely ) ! uni=m t9t ( an       
uncl\d$ sky4 ,9 ! season ( dr\ght1 :]e !
 burn+ soil is cov]$ ) an undulat+      
vap\r1 artificial irrigations pres]ve   
v]dure & promote f]tility4 ,"h & !re !  
granite rock pi]ces ?r\gh ! cultivat$   
gr\nd4 ,enorm\s /ony masses rise        
abruptly 9 ! mid/ ( ! valley4 ,b>e &    
=k$1 !y n\ri% a few succul5t plants1 :i*
 prep>e m\ld = future ages4 ,(t5 on !   
summit ( ^! lonely hills may be se5 a   
fig-tree or a clusia ) fle%y leaves1 :i*

 has fix$ its roots 9 ! rock1 & t[]s ov]
 ! l&scape4 ,) _! dead & )]$ bran*es1 ^!
 trees look l signals erect$ on a /eep  
cliff4 ,! =m ( ^! m\nts unfolds ! secret
 ( _! anci5t orig92 = :5 ! :ole ( ?is   
valley 0 fill$ ) wat]1 & ! waves beat at
 ! foot ( ! peaks ( ,m>i>a 7! ,devil's  
,nook99 799 ,el ,r9con del ,diablo477 & 
! *a9 ( ! coa/1 ^! rocky hills 7 %oals  
or islets4  ,^! features ( a ri*        
l&scape1 ^! contra/s betwe5 ! two banks 
( ! lake ( ,val5cia1 (t5 rem9d$ me ( !  
,pays de ,vaud1 :]e ! soil1 ev]y:]e     
cultivat$1 & ev]y:]e f]tile1 (f]s !     
husb&man1 ! %eph]d1 & ! v9e-dress]1 !   
secure fruit ( _! lab\rs1 :ile1 on !    
opposite side1 ,*ablais pres5ts only a  
m\nta9\s & half-des]t c\ntry4 ,9 ^!     
di/ant climes surr\nd$ by exotic        
productions1 ,i lov$ to recall to m9d ! 
en*ant+ descriptions ) :i* ! aspect ( ! 
,leman lake & ! rocks ( ,la ,meill]ie   
inspir$ a great writ]4 ,n[1 :ile 9 !    
c5tre ( civiliz$ ,europe1 ,i endeav\r 9 
my turn to pa9t ! sc5es ( ! ,new ,_w1 ,i

 d n imag9e ,i pres5t ! read] ) cle>]   
images1 or m precise ideas1 by comp>+   
our l&scapes ) ^? ( ! equ9octial        
regions4 ,x _c be too (t5 repeat$ t     
nature1 9 e zone1 :e!r wild or          
cultivat$1 smil+ or maje/ic1 has an     
individual "*4 ,! impressions :i* %e    
excites are inf9itely v>i$1 l ! emotions
 produc$ by works ( g5ius1 accord+ to ! 
age 9 :i* !y 7 conceiv$1 & ! div]sity ( 
language f :i* !y 9 "p d]ive _! *>m4 ,we
 mu/ limit our comp>isons m]ely to      
dim5sions & ext]nal =m4 ,we may in/itute
 a p>allel betwe5 ! colossal summit (   
,mont ,blanc & ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s2 !  
cascades ( ! ,pyr5ees & ^? ( !          
,cordill]as3 b ^! comp>isons1 useful )  
respect to sci5ce1 fail to convey an    
idea ( ! *>act]i/ics ( nature 9 !       
temp]ate & torrid zones4 ,on ! banks ( a
 lake1 9 a va/ =e/1 at ! foot ( summits 
cov]$ ) et]nal sn[1 x is n ! m]e        
magnitude ( ! objects :i* excites our   
admiration4 ,t :i* speaks to ! s\l1 :i* 
causes su* pr(\nd & v>i$ emotions1      

escapes our measurem5ts z x does ! =ms (
 language4 ,^? :o feel p[]fully ! *>ms (
 nature _c v5ture on comp>+ "o ) ano!r1 
sc5es totally diff]5t 9 "*4  ,b x is n  
alone ! picturesque beauties ( ! lake ( 
,val5cia t h giv5 celebrity to its      
banks4 ,?is bas9 pres5ts sev]al o!r     
ph5om5a1 & sugge/s que/ions1 ! solution 
( :i* is int]e/+ alike to physical      
sci5ce & to ! well-be+ ( ! inhabitants4 
,:at are ! causes ( ! dim9ution ( !     
wat]s ( ! lake8 ,is ?is dim9ution m     
rapid n[ ?an 9 =m] ages8 ,c we presume t
 an equilibrium betwe5 ! wat]s fl[+ 9 & 
! wat]s lo/ w be %ortly re-e/abli%$1 or 
may we appreh5d t ! lake w entirely     
disappe>8  ,accord+ to a/ronomical      
obs]vations made at ,la ,victoria1      
,haci5da de ,cura1 ,nueva ,val5cia1 &   
,guigue1 ! l5g? ( ! lake 9 its pres5t   
/ate f ,cagua to ,guayos1 is t5 leagues1
 or tw5ty-eight ?\s& eight hundr$       
toises4 ,its bread? is v unequal4 ,if we
 judge f ! latitudes ( ! m\? ( ! ,rio   
,cura & ! village ( ,guigue1 x n[h]e    

surpasses #b4c leagues1 or six ?\s& five
 hundr$ toises2 mo/ commonly x is b f\r 
or five miles4 ,! dim5sions1 z d$uc$ f  
my obs]vations are mu* less ?an ^?      
hi!rto adopt$ by ! natives4 ,x might be 
?\ght t1 to =m a precise idea ( !       
progressive dim9ution ( ! wat]s1 x w\ld 
be suffici5t to comp>e ! pres5t         
dim5sions ( ! lake ) ^? attribut$ to x  
by anci5t *ronicl]s2 by ,ovi$o =        
in/ance1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,prov9ce (     
,v5ezuela1 publi%$ ab\t ! ye> #agbc4    
,?is writ] 9 8 emphatic /yle1 assigns to
 ?is inl& sea1 ?is mon/ruoso cu]po de la
 laguna de ,val5cia99 799 ,enorm\s body 
( ! lake ( ,val5cia471 f\rte5 leagues 9 
l5g? & six 9 bread?4 ,he affirms t at a 
small di/ance f ! %ore ! lead f9ds no   
bottom2 & t l>ge float+ isl&s cov] !    
surface ( ! wat]s1 :i* are con/antly    
agitat$ by ! w9ds4 ,no importance c be  
atta*$ to e/imates :i*1 )\t be+ f\nd$ on
 any measurem5t1 are express$ 9 leagues 
7leguas7 reckon$ 9 ! colonies at ?ree   
?\s&1 five ?\s&1 & six ?\s& six hundr$ &

 fifty v>as499 799 ,seam5 be+ ! fir/1 & 
= a long "t ! only1 p]sons :o introduc$ 
into ! ,spani% colonies any precise     
ideas on ! a/ronomical position &       
di/ances ( places1 ! legua nautica (    
#ffej v>as1 or ( #bhed toises 7#bj 9 a  
degree71 0 orig9ally us$ 9 ,mexico &    
?r\gh\t ,s\? ,am]ica2 b ?is legua       
nautica has be5 gradually r$uc$ to      
"o-half or "o-?ird1 on acc\nt ( !       
sl[ness ( travell+ across /eep m\nta9s1 
or dry & burn+ pla9s4 ,! common p       
measure only "t directly2 & !n1 by      
arbitr>y hypo!ses1 inf] f ! "t ! space (
 gr\nd travell$ ov]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my    
geographical rese>*es1 ,i h _h frequ5t  
opportunities ( exam9+ ! real value ( ^!
 leagues1 by comp>+ ! it9]>y di/ances   
betwe5 po9ts ly+ "u ! same m]idian ) !  
diff]5ce ( latitudes47 ,ovi$o1 :o mu/ s 
(t5 h pass$ ov] ! valleys ( ,aragua1    
ass]ts t ! t[n ( ,nueva ,val5cia del    
,rey 0 built 9 #aeee1 at ! di/ance (    
half a league f ! lake2 & t ! proportion
 betwe5 ! l5g? ( ! lake & its bread?1 is

 z sev5 to ?ree4 ,at pres5t1 ! t[n (    
,val5cia is sep>at$ f ! lake by level   
gr\nd ( m ?an two ?\s& sev5 hundr$      
toises 7:i* ,ovi$o w\ld no d\bt h       
e/imat$ z a space ( a league & a half72 
& ! l5g? ( ! bas9 ( ! lake is to its    
bread? z #aj to #b4c1 or z #g to #a4f4  
,! appe>ance ( ! soil betwe5 ,val5cia & 
,guigue1 ! little hills ris+ abruptly 9 
! pla9 ea/ ( ! ,cano de ,cambury1 "s (  
:i* 7el ,islote & la ,isla de la ,negra 
or ,c>atapona7 h ev5 pres]v$ ! "n (     
isl&s1 suffici5tly prove t ! wat]s h    
retir$ consid]ably s9ce ! "t ( ,ovi$o4  
,) respect to ! *ange 9 ! g5]al =m ( !  
lake1 x appe>s to me improbable t 9 !   
sev5te5? c5tury its bread? 0 ne>ly !    
half ( its l5g?4 ,! situation ( !       
granite m\nta9s ( ,m>i>a & ( ,guigue1 ! 
slope ( ! gr\nd :i* rises m rapidly     
t[>ds ! nor? & s\? ?an t[>ds ! ea/ &    
we/1 are alike repugnant to ?is         
supposition4  ,9 treat+ ! long-discuss$ 
"q ( ! dim9ution ( ! wat]s1 ,i conceive 
we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! diff]5t p]iods  

at :i* ! s9k+ ( _! level has tak5 place4
 ,:]ev] we exam9e ! valleys ( riv]s1 or 
! bas9s ( lakes1 we see ! anci5t %ore at
 great di/ances4 ,no d\bt seems n[ to be
 ent]ta9$1 t our riv]s & lakes h        
und]gone imm5se dim9utions2 b _m        
geological facts rem9d u also1 t ^!     
great *anges 9 ! di/ribution ( ! wat]s h
 prec$$ all hi/orical times2 & t = _m   
?\s& ye>s mo/ lakes h atta9$ a p]man5t  
equilibrium betwe5 ! produce ( ! wat]   
fl[+ 91 & t ( evaporation & filtration4 
,:5ev] we f9d ?is equilibrium brok51 x w
 be well r to exam9e :e!r ! rupture be n
 ow+ to causes m]ely local1 & ( v rec5t 
date1 ?an to admit an un9t]rupt$        
dim9ution ( ! wat]4 ,?is reason+ is     
con=mable to ! m circumspect me?od (    
mod]n sci5ce4 ,at a "t :5 ! physical    
hi/ory ( ! _w1 trac$ by ! g5ius ( "s    
eloqu5t writ]s1 borr[$ all its *>ms f ! 
fictions ( imag9ation1 ! ph5om5on ( :i* 
we are treat+ w\ld h be5 adduc$ z a new 
pro( ( ! contra/ ^! writ]s s\ght to     
e/abli% betwe5 ! two cont95ts4 ,to      

demon/rate t ,am]ica rose lat] ?an ,asia
 & ,europe f ! bosom ( ! wat]s1 ! lake (
 ,tac>igua w\ld h be5 describ$ z "o ( ^?
 int]ior bas9s :i* h n yet become dry by
 ! effects ( sl[ & gradual evaporation4 
,i h no d\bt t1 9 v remote times1 ! :ole
 valley1 f ! foot ( ! m\nta9s ( ,cocuyza
 to ^? ( ,torito & ,nirgua1 & f ,la     
,si]ra de ,m>i>a to ! *a9 ( ,guigue1 (  
,guacimo1 & ,la ,palma1 0 fill$ ) wat]4 
,ev]y:]e ! =m ( ! promontories1 & _!    
/eep declivities1 seem to indicate !    
%ore ( an alp9e lake1 simil> to ^? (    
,/yria & ,tyrol4 ,! same little         
helicites1 ! same valvatae1 :i* n[ live 
9 ! lake ( ,val5cia1 are f\nd 9 lay]s ( 
?ree or f\r feet ?ick z f> inl& z       
,turm]o & ,la ,concesion ne> ,la        
,victoria4 ,^! facts und\bt$ly prove a  
retreat ( ! wat]s2 b no?+ indicates t   
?is retreat has cont9u$ f a v remote    
p]iod to our days4 ,! valleys ( ,aragua 
are among ! portions ( ,v5ezuela mo/    
anci5tly peopl$2 & yet !re is no m5tion 
9 ,ovi$o1 or any o!r old *ronicl]1 ( a  

s5sible dim9ution ( ! lake4 ,mu/ we     
suppose1 t ?is ph5om5on escap$ _!       
obs]vation1 at a "t :5 ! ,indians f>    
exce$$ ! :ite population1 & :5 ! banks (
 ! lake 7 less inhabit$8 ,)9 half a     
c5tury1 & p>ticul>ly )9 ^! ?irty ye>s1 !
 natural desiccation ( ?is great bas9   
has excit$ g5]al att5tion4 ,we f9d va/  
tracts ( l& :i* 7 =m]ly inundat$1 n[    
dry1 & already cultivat$ ) planta9s1    
sug>-canes1 or cotton4 ,:]ev] a hut is  
erect$ on ! bank ( ! lake1 we see ! %ore
 rec$+ f ye> to ye>4 ,we discov] isl&s1 
:i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! retreat ( ! wat]s1
 are j beg9n+ to be jo9$ to ! cont95t1 z
 = in/ance ! rocky isl& ( ,culebra1 9 ! 
direction ( ,guigue2 o!r isl&s already  
=m promontories1 z ! ,morro1 betwe5     
,guigue & ,nueva ,val5cia1 & ,la        
,cabr]a1 s\?-ea/ ( ,m>i>a2 o!rs aga9 are
 n[ ris+ 9 ! isl&s !mselves l scatt]$   
hills4 ,among ^! la/1 s easily recognis$
 at a di/ance1 "s are only a qu>t] ( a  
mile1 o!rs a league f ! pres5t %ore4 ,i 
may cite z ! mo/ rem>kable ?ree granite 

isl&s1 ?irty or =ty toises high1 on !   
road f ! ,haci5da de ,cura to ,aguas    
,cali5tes2 & at ! we/]n extremity ( !   
lake1 ! ,s]rito de ,don ,p$ro1 ,islote1 
& ,c>atapona4 ,on visit+ two isl&s      
entirely surr\nd$ by wat]1 we f\nd 9 !  
mid/ ( bru%wood1 on small flats 7f\r1   
six1 & ev5 eight toises height above !  
surface ( ! lake17 f9e s& mix$ )        
helicites1 anci5tly deposit$ by ! wat]s4
 7,isla de ,cura & ,cabo ,blanco4 ,!    
promontory ( ,cabr]a has be5 connect$ ) 
! %ore ev] s9ce ! ye> #agej or #agfj by 
a little valley1 :i* be>s ! "n (        
,porta*uelo47 ,9 ea* ( ^! isl&s may be  
p]ceiv$ ! mo/ c]ta9 traces ( ! gradual  
s9k+ ( ! wat]s4 ,b /ill f>!r 7& ?is     
accid5t is reg>d$ by ! inhabitants z a  
m>vell\s ph5om5on7 9 #agif ?ree new     
isl&s appe>$ to ! ea/ ( ! isl&          
,caiguira1 9 ! same direction z ! isl&s 
,burro1 ,otama1 & ,zorro4 ,^! new isl&s1
 call$ by ! p ,los nuevos ,p5ones1 or   
,los ,ap>ecidos199 799 ,los ,nuevos     
,p5ones1 ! ,new ,rocks4 ,los ,ap>ecidos1

 ! ,unexpect$ly-appe>$47 =m a k9d (     
banks ) surfaces q flat4 ,!y rose1 9    
#ahjj1 m ?an a foot above ! mean level (
 ! wat]4  ,x has already be5 obs]v$ t ! 
lake ( ,val5cia1 l ! lakes ( ! valley ( 
,mexico1 =ms ! c5tre ( a little sy/em ( 
riv]s1 none ( :i* h any communication ) 
! ocean4 ,^! riv]s1 mo/ ( :i* des]ve    
only ! "n ( torr5ts1 or brooks199 are   
twelve or f\rte5 9 numb]4 799 ,! foll[+ 
are _! names3 ,rios de ,aragua1 ,turm]o1
 ,m>acay1 ,tapatapa1 ,agnes ,cali5tes1  
,m>i>a1 ,cura1 ,guac>a1 ,guatap>o1      
,val5cia1 ,cano ,gr&e de ,cambury1 etc47
 ,! inhabitants1 little acqua9t$ ) !    
effects ( evaporation1 h long imag9$ t !
 lake has a subt]ranean outlet1 by :i* a
 quantity ( wat] runs out equal to t :i*
 fl[s 9 by ! riv]s4 ,"s suppose t ?is   
outlet communicates ) grottos1 suppos$  
to be at great dep?2 o!rs believe t !   
wat] fl[s ?r\gh an oblique *annel into !
 bas9 ( ! ocean4 ,^! bold hypo!ses on ! 
communication betwe5 two neighb\r+ bas9s
 h pres5t$ !mselves 9 e zone to !       

imag9ation ( ! ignorant1 z well z to t (
 ! le>n$2 = ! latt]1 )\t confess+ x1    
sometimes repeat popul> op9ions 9       
sci5tific language4 ,we he> (           
subt]ranean gulfs & outlets 9 ! ,new    
,_w1 z on ! %ores ( ! ,caspian sea1 ?\gh
 ! lake ( ,tac>igua is two hundr$ &     
tw5ty-two toises high]1 & ! ,caspian sea
 fifty-f\r toises l[]1 ?an ! sea2 & ?\gh
 x is well kn[n1 t fluids f9d ! same    
level1 :5 !y communicate by a lat]al    
*annel4  ,! *anges :i* ! de/ruction (   
=e/s1 ! cle>+ ( pla9s1 & ! cultivation (
 indigo1 h produc$ )9 half a c5tury 9 ! 
quantity ( wat] fl[+ 9 on ! "o h&1 & on 
! o!r ! evaporation ( ! soil1 & !       
dryness ( ! atmosph]e1 pres5t causes    
suffici5tly p[]ful to expla9 !          
progressive dim9ution ( ! lake (        
,val5cia4 ,i _c concur 9 ! op9ion ( ,m4 
,depons99 7:o visit$ ^! c\ntries s9ce ,i
 0 !re7 t to set ! m9d at re/1 & = !    
hon\r ( sci5ce1 a subt]ranean issue mu/ 
be admitt$4 799 ,9 8 ,voyage a la ,t]re 
,f]me ,m4 ,depons says1 ,! small ext5t (

 ! surface ( ! lake r5d]s impossible !  
supposition t evaporation alone1 h[ev]  
consid]able )9 ! tropics1 c\ld remove z 
mu* wat] z ! riv]s furni%4 ,9 ! sequel1 
! au?or himself seems to ab&on :at he   
t]ms ?is occult case1 ! hypo!sis ( an   
ap]ture47 ,by fell+ ! trees :i* cov] !  
tops & ! sides ( m\nta9s1 m5 9 e climate
 prep>e at once two calamities = future 
g5]ations2 want ( fuel & sc>city ( wat]4
 ,trees1 by ! nature ( _! p]spiration1 &
 ! radiation f _! leaves 9 a sky )\t    
cl\ds1 surr\nd !mselves ) an atmosph]e  
con/antly cold & mi/y4 ,!y affect !     
copi\sness ( spr+s1 n1 z 0 long believ$1
 by a peculi> attraction = ! vap\rs     
diffus$ ?r\gh ! air1 b because1 by      
%elt]+ ! soil f ! direct action ( ! sun1
 !y dim9i% ! evaporation ( wat] produc$ 
by ra94 ,:5 =e/s are de/roy$1 z !y are  
ev]y:]e 9 ,am]ica by ! ,european        
plant]s1 ) imprud5t precipitancy1 !     
spr+s are entirely dri$ up1 or become   
less abundant4 ,! b$s ( ! riv]s1 rema9+ 
dry dur+ a "p ( ! ye>1 are conv]t$ into 

torr5ts :5ev] great ra9s fall on !      
heights4 ,z ! sw>d & moss disappe> ) !  
bru%wood f ! sides ( ! m\nta9s1 ! wat]s 
fall+ 9 ra9 are no long] imp$$ 9 _!     
c\rse2 & in/ead ( sl[ly augm5t+ ! level 
( ! riv]s by progressive filtrations1 !y
 furr[1 dur+ heavy %[]s1 ! sides ( !    
hills1 be>+ d[n ! loos5$ soil1 & =m+    
sudd5 & de/ructive inundations4 ,h5ce x 
results1 t ! cle>+ ( =e/s1 ! want (     
p]man5t spr+s1 & ! exi/5ce ( torr5ts1   
are ?ree ph5om5a closely connect$       
toge!r4 ,c\ntries situat$ 9 opposite    
hemisph]es1 z1 = example1 ,lomb>dy      
bord]$ by ! ,alps1 & ,l[] ,p]u inclos$  
betwe5 ! ,pacific & ! ,cordill]a ( !    
,&es1 af=d /rik+ pro(s ( ! ju/ness ( ?is
 ass]tion4  ,till ! middle ( ! la/      
c5tury1 ! m\nta9s r\nd ! valleys (      
,aragua 7 cov]$ ) =e/s4 ,great trees ( !
 families ( mimosa1 ceiba1 & ! fig-tree1
 %ad$ & spread coolness along ! banks ( 
! lake4 ,! pla91 !n ?9ly inhabit$1 0    
fill$ ) bru%wood1 int]sp]s$ ) trunks (  
scatt]$ trees & p>asite plants1 envelop$

 ) a ?ick sw>d1 less capable ( emitt+   
radiant caloric ?an ! soil t is         
cultivat$ & consequ5tly n %elt]$ f !    
rays ( ! sun4 ,) ! de/ruction ( ! trees1
 & ! increase ( ! cultivation ( sug>1   
indigo1 & cotton1 ! spr+s1 & all !      
natural supplies ( ! lake ( ,val5cia1 h 
dim9i%$ f ye> to ye>4 ,x is difficult to
 =m a j idea ( ! enorm\s quantity (     
evaporation :i* takes place "u ! torrid 
zone1 9 a valley surr\nd$ ) /eep        
declivities1 :]e a regul> breeze &      
desc5d+ curr5ts ( air are felt t[>ds    
ev5+1 & ! bottom ( :i* is flat1 & looks 
z if levell$ by ! wat]s4 ,x has be5     
rem>k$1 t ! heat :i* prevails ?r\gh\t ! 
ye> at ,cura1 ,guac>a1 ,nueva ,val5cia1 
& on ! bord]s ( ! lake1 is ! same z t   
felt at midsumm] 9 ,naples & ,sicily4 ,!
 mean annual temp]ature ( ! valleys (   
,aragua is ne>ly #be4e degrees2 my      
hygrometrical obs]vations ( ! mon? (    
,febru>y1 tak+ ! mean ( day & night1    
gave #ga4d degrees ( ! hair hygromet]4  
,z ! words great dr\ght & great humidity

 h no det]m9ate signification1 & air t  
w\ld be call$ v dry 9 ! l[] regions ( ! 
tropics w\ld be reg>d$ z humid 9        
,europe1 we c judge ( ^! relations      
betwe5 climates only by comp>+ spots    
situat$ 9 ! same zone4 ,n[ at ,cumana1  
:]e x sometimes does n ra9 dur+ a :ole  
ye>1 & :]e ,i _h ! means ( collect+ a   
great numb] ( hygrometric obs]vations   
made at diff]5t h\rs ( ! day & night1 ! 
mean humidity ( ! air is #hf degrees2   
correspond+ to ! mean temp]ature ( #bg4g
 degrees4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ! influ5ce (
 ! ra9y mon?s1 t is to say1 e/imat+ !   
diff]5ce obs]v$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,s\?       
,am]ica betwe5 ! mean humidity ( ! dry  
mon?s & t ( ! :ole ye>2 an annual mean  
humidity is obta9$1 = ! valleys (       
,aragua1 at f>!/ ( #gd degrees1 !       
temp]ature be+ #be4e degrees4 ,9 ?is    
air1 s hot1 & at ! same "t s little     
humid1 ! quantity ( wat] evaporat$ is   
enorm\s4 ,! !ory ( ,dalton e/imates1 "u 
! conditions j /at$1 = ! ?ickness ( !   
%eet ( wat] evaporat$ 9 an h\r's "t1    

#j4cf mill41 or #c4h l9es 9 tw5ty-f\r   
h\rs4 ,assum+ = ! temp]ate zone1 =      
in/ance at ,p>is1 ! mean temp]ature to  
be #aj4f degrees1 & ! mean humidity #hb 
degrees1 we f9d1 accord+ to ! same      
=mulae1 #j4aj mill41 an h\r1 & #a l9e = 
tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,if we pref] sub/itut+ =
 ! unc]ta9ty ( ^! !oretical d$uctions ! 
direct results ( obs]vation1 we may     
recollect t 9 ,p>is1 & at ,montmor5cy1 !
 mean annual evaporation 0 f\nd by      
,s$ileau & ,cotte1 to be f #cb 94 #a l9e
 to #ch 94 #d l9es4 ,two able eng9e]s 9 
! s\? ( ,france1 ,messrs4 ,clausade &   
,p91 f\nd1 t 9 subtract+ ! effects (    
filtrations1 ! wat]s ( ! canal (        
,langu$oc1 & ! bas9 ( ,sa9t ,f]reol lose
 e ye> f #j4geh met4 to #j4hab met41 or 
f #ccf to #cfj l9es4 ,m4 de ,prony f\nd 
ne>ly simil> results 9 ! ,pont9e m>%es4 
,! :ole ( ^! exp]im5ts1 made 9 !        
latitudes ( #da & #di degrees1 & at     
#aj4e & #af degrees ( mean temp]ature1  
indicate a mean evaporation ( "o l9e1 or
 "o & ?ree-t5?s a day4 ,9 ! torrid zone1

 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s = in/ance1 !    
effect ( evaporation is ?ree times z    
mu*1 accord+ to ,le ,gaux1 & d\ble      
accord+ to ,cassan4 ,at ,cumana1 9 a    
place :]e ! atmosph]e is f> m load$ )   
humidity ?an 9 ! valley ( ,aragua1 ,i h 
(t5 se5 evaporate dur+ twelve h\rs1 9 ! 
sun1 #h4h mill41 9 ! %ade #c4d mill42 & 
,i believe1 t ! annual produce (        
evaporation 9 ! riv]s ne> ,cumana is n  
less ?an "o hundr$ & ?irty in*es4       
,exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d are extremely      
delicate1 b :at ,i h /at$ w suffice to  
demon/rate h[ great mu/ be ! quantity ( 
vap\r t rises f ! lake ( ,val5cia1 & f !
 surr\nd+ c\ntry1 ! wat]s ( :i* fl[ into
 ! lake4 ,i %all h occasion else:]e to  
resume ?is subject2 =1 9 a "w :i*       
displays ! great laws ( nature 9 diff]5t
 zones1 we mu/ endeav\r to solve !      
problem ( ! mean t5sion ( ! vap\rs      
conta9$ 9 ! atmosph]e 9 diff]5t         
latitudes1 & at diff]5t heights above ! 
surface ( ! ocean4  ,a great numb] (    
local circum/ances cause ! produce (    

evaporation to v>y2 x *anges 9          
proportion z m or less %ade cov]s ! bas9
 ( ! wat]s1 ) _! /ate ( motion or       
repose1 ) _! dep?1 & ! nature & col\r ( 
_! bottom2 b 9 g5]al evaporation dep5ds 
only on ?ree circum/ances1 ! temp]ature1
 ! t5sion ( ! vap\rs conta9$ 9 !        
atmosph]e1 & ! resi/ance :i* ! air1 m or
 less d5se1 m or less agitat$1 opposes  
to ! diffusion ( vap\r4 ,! quantity (   
wat] t evaporates 9 a giv5 spot1 ev]y?+ 
else be+ equal1 is proportionate to !   
diff]5ce betwe5 ! quantity ( vap\r :i* !
 ambi5t air c conta9 :5 saturat$1 & !   
quantity :i* x actually conta9s4 ,h5ce x
 foll[s t ! evaporation is n s great 9 !
 torrid zone z might be expect$ f !     
enorm\s augm5tation ( temp]ature2       
because1 9 ^? ard5t climates1 ! air is  
habitually v humid4  ,s9ce ! increase ( 
agricultural indu/ry 9 ! valleys (      
,aragua1 ! little riv]s :i* run into !  
lake ( ,val5cia c no long] be reg>d$ z  
positive supplies dur+ ! six mon?s      
succe$+ ,decemb]4 ,!y rema9 dri$ up 9 ! 

l[] "p ( _! c\rse1 because ! plant]s (  
indigo1 c(fee1 & sug>-canes1 h made     
frequ5t dra9+s 7azequias71 9 ord] to    
wat] ! gr\nd by tr5*es4 ,we may obs]ve  
also1 t a pretty consid]able riv]1 !    
,rio ,pao1 :i* rises at ! entrance ( !  
,llanos1 at ! foot ( ! range ( hills    
call$ ,la ,gal]a1 h]et(ore m+l$ its     
wat]s ) ^? ( ! lake1 by unit+ ) ! ,cano 
de ,cambury1 on ! road f ! t[n ( ,nueva 
,val5cia to ,guigue4 ,! c\rse ( ?is riv]
 0 f s\? to nor?4 ,at ! end ( ! sev5te5?
 c5tury1 ! proprietor ( a neighb\r+     
plantation dug at ! back ( ! hill a new 
b$ = ! ,rio ,pao4 ,he turn$ ! riv]2 &1  
aft] hav+ employ$ "p ( ! wat] = !       
irrigation ( 8 fields1 he caus$ ! re/ to
 fl[ at a v5ture s\?w>d1 foll[+ !       
declivity ( ! ,llanos4 ,9 ?is new s\!rn 
direction ! ,rio ,pao1 m+l$ ) ?ree o!r  
riv]s1 ! ,t9aco1 ! ,guan>ito1 & !       
,*ilua1 falls into ! ,portuguesa1 :i* is
 a bran* ( ! ,apure4 ,x is a rem>kable  
ph5om5on1 t by a p>ticul> position ( !  
gr\nd1 & ! l[]+ ( ! ridge ( division to 

s\?-we/1 ! ,rio ,pao sep>ates itself f !
 little sy/em ( int]ior riv]s to :i* x  
orig9ally belong$1 & = a c5tury pa/ has 
communicat$1 ?r\gh ! *annel ( ! ,apure &
 ! ,or9oco1 ) ! ocean4 ,:at has be5 "h  
effect$ on a small scale by ! h& ( man1 
nature (t5 p]=ms1 ei!r by progressively 
elevat+ ! level ( ! soil1 or by ^? falls
 ( ! gr\nd occasion$ by viol5t          
e>?quakes4 ,x is probable1 t 9 ! lapse (
 ages1 sev]al riv]s ( ,s\dan1 & ( ,new  
,holl&1 :i* are n[ lo/ 9 ! s&s1 or 9    
inl& bas9s1 w op5 = !mselves a c\rse to 
! %ores ( ! ocean4 ,we _c at lea/ d\bt1 
t 9 bo? cont95ts !re are sy/ems (       
int]ior riv]s1 :i* may be consid]$ z n  
entirely develop$2 & :i* communicate )  
ea* o!r1 ei!r 9 ! "t ( great ris+s1 or  
by p]man5t bifurcations4  ,! ,rio ,pao  
has scoop$ itself out a b$ s deep &     
broad1 t 9 ! season ( ra9s1 :5 ! ,cano  
,gr&e de ,cambury inundates all ! l& to 
! nor?-we/ ( ,guigue1 ! wat]s ( ?is     
,cano1 & ^? ( ! lake ( ,val5cia1 fl[    
back into ! ,rio ,pao itself2 s t ?is   

riv]1 in/ead ( add+ wat] to ! lake1 t5ds
 r to c>ry x away4 ,we see some?+ simil>
 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e geograph]s h      
repres5t$ on _! maps an imag9>y *a9 (   
m\nta9s1 betwe5 ! great lakes ( ,canada 
& ! c\ntry ( ! ,miamis4 ,at ! "t (      
floods1 ! wat]s fl[+ into ! lakes       
communicate ) ^? :i* run into !         
,mississippi2 & x is practicable to     
proce$ by boats f ! s\rces ( ! riv] ,/4 
,m>y to ! ,waba%1 z well z f ! ,*icago  
to ! ,ill9ois4 ,^! analog\s facts appe> 
to me well wor?y ( ! att5tion (         
hydrograph]s4  ,! l& t surr\nds ! lake (
 ,val5cia be+ entirely flat & ev51 a    
dim9ution ( a few in*es 9 ! level ( !   
wat] exposes to view a va/ ext5t ( gr\nd
 cov]$ ) f]tile mud & organic rema9s499 
799 ,?is ,i obs]v$ daily 9 ! ,lake (    
,mexico47 ,9 proportion z ! lake        
retires1 cultivation advances t[>ds !   
new %ore4 ,^! natural desiccations1 s   
important to agriculture1 h be5         
consid]able dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 9 :i*   
,am]ica has suff]$ f great dr\ghts4     

,in/ead ( m>k+ ! s9uosities ( ! pres5t  
banks ( ! lake1 ,i h advis$ ! ri*       
l&hold]s 9 ^! c\ntries to fix columns ( 
granite 9 ! bas9 itself1 9 ord] to      
obs]ve f ye> to ye> ! mean height ( !   
wat]s4 ,! ,m>quis del ,toro has und]tak5
 to put ?is design into execution1      
employ+ ! f9e granite ( ! ,si]ra de     
,m>i>a1 & e/abli%+ limnomet]s1 on a     
bottom ( gneiss rock1 s common 9 ! lake 
( ,val5cia4  ,x is impossible to        
anticipate ! limits1 m or less n>r[1 to 
:i* ?is bas9 ( wat] w "o day be conf9$1 
:5 an equilibrium betwe5 ! /reams fl[+ 9
 & ! produce ( evaporation & filtration1
 %all be completely e/abli%$4 ,! idea v 
g5]ally spread1 t ! lake w soon entirely
 disappe>1 seems to me *im]ical4 ,if 9  
consequ5ce ( great e>?quakes1 or o!r    
causes equally my/]i\s1 t5 v humid ye>s 
%\ld succe$ to long dr\ghts2 if !       
m\nta9s %\ld aga9 become clo!d ) =e/s1 &
 great trees ov]%ad[ ! %ore & ! pla9s ( 
,aragua1 we %\ld m probably see ! volume
 ( ! wat]s augm5t1 & m5ace t beautiful  

cultivation :i* n[ tr5*es on ! bas9 ( ! 
lake4  ,:ile "s ( ! cultivators ( !     
valleys ( ,aragua fe> ! total           
disappe>ance ( ! lake1 & o!rs its return
 to ! banks x has des]t$1 we he> ! "q   
gravely discuss$ at ,c>acas1 :e!r x w\ld
 n be advisable1 9 ord] to give great]  
ext5t to agriculture1 to conduct ! wat]s
 ( ! lake into ! ,llanos1 by digg+ a    
canal t[>ds ! ,rio ,pao4 ,!             
possibility99 ( ?is ent]prise _c be     
d5i$1 p>ticul>ly by hav+ rec\rse to     
tunnels1 or subt]ranean canals4 7,!     
divid+ ridge1 namely1 t :i* divides !   
wat]s betwe5 ! valleys ( ,aragua & !    
,llanos1 l[]s s mu* t[>ds ! we/ (       
,guigue1 z we h already obs]v$1 t !re   
are rav9es :i* conduct ! wat]s ( ! ,cano
 de ,cambury1 ! ,rio ,val5cia1 & !      
,guatap>o1 9 ! "t ( floods1 to ! ,rio   
,pao2 b x w\ld be easi] to op5 a        
navigable canal f ! lake ( ,val5cia to !
 ,or9oco1 by ! ,pao1 ! ,portuguesa1 & ! 
,apure1 ?an to dig a dra9+ canal level )
 ! bottom ( ! lake4 ,?is bottom1 accord+

 to ! s\nd+1 & my b>ometric measurem5ts1
 is #dj toises less ?an #bbb1 or #ahb   
above ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,on ! road f 
,guigue to ! ,llanos1 by ! table-l& (   
,la ,villa de ,cura1 ,i f\nd1 to ! s\? (
 ! divid+ ridge1 & on its s\!rn         
declivity1 no po9t ( level correspond+  
to ! #ahb toises1 except ne> ,san ,juan4
 ,! absolute height ( ?is village is    
#aid toises4 ,b1 ,i repeat t1 f>!r t[>ds
 ! we/1 9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,cano de    
,cambury & ! s\rces ( ! ,rio ,pao1 :i*  
,i 0 n able to visit1 ! po9t ( level ( !
 bottom ( ! lake is mu* fur!r nor?47 ,! 
progressive retreat ( ! wat]s has giv5  
bir? to ! beautiful & luxuriant pla9s ( 
,m>acay1 ,cura1 ,mocundo1 ,guigue1 &    
,santa ,cruz del ,escoval1 plant$ )     
tobacco1 sug>-canes1 c(fee1 indigo1 &   
cacao2 b h[ c x be d\bt$ = a mom5t t !  
lake alone spreads f]tility ov] ?is     
c\ntry8 ,if depriv$ ( ! enorm\s mass (  
vap\r :i* ! surface ( ! wat]s s5ds =?   
daily into ! atmosph]e1 ! valleys (     
,aragua w\ld become z dry & b>r5 z !    

surr\nd+ m\nta9s4  ,! mean dep? ( ! lake
 is f twelve to fifte5 fa?oms2 ! deepe/ 
p>ts are n1 z is g5]ally admitt$1       
eighty1 b ?irty-five or =ty deep4 ,su*  
is ! result ( s\nd+s made ) ! greate/   
c>e by ,don ,antonio ,manzano4 ,:5 we   
reflect on ! va/ dep?s ( all ! lakes (  
,switz]l&1 :i*1 not)/&+ _! position 9   
high valleys1 almo/ rea* ! level ( !    
,m$it]ranean1 x appe>s surpris+ t great]
 cavities are n f\nd at ! bottom ( !    
lake ( ,val5cia1 :i* is also an ,alp9e  
lake4 ,! deepe/ places are betwe5 !     
rocky isl& ( ,burro & ! po9t ( ,cana    
,fi/ula1 & opposite ! high m\nta9s (    
,m>i>a4 ,b 9 g5]al ! s\!rn "p ( ! lake  
is deep] ?an ! nor!rn3 nor mu/ we =get  
t1 if all ! %ores be n[ l[1 ! s\!rn "p (
 ! bas9 is ! ne>e/ to a *a9 ( m\nta9s ) 
abrupt declivities2 & we "k t ev5 ! sea 
is g5]ally deepe/ :]e ! coa/ is elevat$1
 rocky1 or p]p5dicul>4  ,! temp]ature ( 
! lake at ! surface dur+ my abode 9 !   
valleys ( ,aragua1 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 
0 con/antly f #bc to #bc4g degrees1     

consequ5tly a little bel[ ! mean        
temp]ature ( ! air4 ,?is may be f !     
effect ( evaporation1 :i* c>ries (f     
caloric f ! air & ! wat]2 or because a  
great mass ( wat] does n foll[ ) an     
equal rapidity ! *anges 9 ! temp]ature (
 ! atmosph]e1 & ! lake receives /reams  
:i* rise f sev]al cold spr+s 9 !        
neighb\r+ m\nta9s4 ,i h to regret t1    
not)/&+ its small dep?1 ,i c\ld n       
det]m9e ! temp]ature ( ! wat] at ?irty  
or =ty fa?oms4 ,i 0 n provid$ ) !       
!rmometrical s\nd+ app>atus :i* ,i _h   
us$ 9 ! ,alp9e lakes ( ,salzburg1 & 9 ! 
,c>ibbean ,sea4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,saussure
 prove t1 on bo? sides ( ! ,alps1 !     
lakes :i* are f "o hundr$ & n9ety to two
 hundr$ & sev5ty-f\r toises ( absolute  
elevation99 799 ,?is is ! diff]5ce      
betwe5 ! absolute elevations ( ! lakes (
 ,g5eva & ,?un47 h1 9 ! middle ( w9t]1  
at n9e hundr$1 at six hundr$1 &         
sometimes ev5 at "o hundr$ & fifty feet 
( dep?1 a uni=m temp]ature f #d4c to #f 
degrees3 b ^! exp]im5ts h n yet be5     

repeat$ 9 lakes situat$ "u ! torrid     
zone4 ,! /rata ( cold wat] 9 ,switz]l&  
are ( an enorm\s ?ickness4 ,!y h be5    
f\nd s ne> ! surface 9 ! lakes ( ,g5eva 
& ,bi5ne1 t ! decrem5t ( heat 9 ! wat] 0
 "o c5tesimal degree = t5 or fifte5     
feet2 t is to say1 eight times m rapid  
?an 9 ! ocean1 & =ty-eight times m rapid
 ?an 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ! temp]ate zone1 
:]e ! heat ( ! atmosph]e s9ks to !      
freez+ po9t1 & f> l[]1 ! bottom ( a     
lake1 ev5 7 x n surr\nd$ by glaci]s &   
m\nta9s cov]$ ) et]nal sn[1 mu/ conta9  
p>ticles ( wat] :i*1 hav+ dur+ w9t]     
acquir$ at ! surface ! maximum ( _!     
d5sity1 betwe5 #c4d & #d4d degrees1 h   
consequ5tly fall5 to ! greate/ dep?4    
,o!r p>ticles1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is    
#j4e degrees1 f> f plac+ !mselves bel[ !
 /ratum at #d degrees1 c only f9d _!    
hydro/atic equilibrium above t /ratum4  
,!y w desc5d l[] only :5 _! temp]ature  
is augm5t$ #c or #d degrees by ! contact
 ( /rata less cold4 ,if wat] 9 cool+    
cont9u$ to cond5se uni=mly to ! freez+  

po9t1 !re w\ld be f\nd1 9 v deep lakes &
 bas9s hav+ no communication ) ea* o!r  
7:atev] ! latitude ( ! place71 a /ratum 
( wat]1 ! temp]ature ( :i* w\ld be ne>ly
 equal to ! maximum ( refrig]ation above
 ! freez+ po9t1 :i* ! l[] regions ( !   
ambi5t atmosph]e annually atta94 ,h5ce x
 is probable1 t1 9 ! pla9s ( ! torrid   
zone1 or 9 ! valleys b little elevat$1 !
 mean heat ( :i* is f #be4e to #bg      
degrees1 ! temp]ature ( ! bottom ( !    
lakes c nev] be bel[ #ba or #bb degrees4
 ,if 9 ! same zone ! ocean conta9 at    
dep?s ( sev5 or eight hundr$ fa?oms1    
wat] ! temp]ature ( :i* is at #g        
degrees1 t is to say1 twelve or ?irte5  
degrees cold] ?an ! maximum ( ! heat99 (
 ! equ9octial atmosph]e ov] ! sea1 ,i   
?9k x mu/ be consid]$ z a direct pro( ( 
a subm>9e curr5t1 c>ry+ ! wat]s ( ! pole
 t[>ds ! equator4 799 ,x is almo/       
sup]flu\s to obs]ve t ,i am consid]+ "h 
only t "p ( ! atmosph]e ly+ on ! ocean  
betwe5 #aj degrees nor? & #aj degrees   
s\? latitude4 ,t[>ds ! nor!rn limits ( !

 torrid zone1 9 latitude #bc degrees1   
:i!r ! nor? w9ds br+ ) an extreme       
rapidity ! cold air ( ,canada1 !        
!rmomet] falls at sea z l[ z #af        
degrees1 & ev5 l[]47 ,we w n "h solve ! 
delicate problem1 z to ! mann] 9 :i*1 )9
 ! tropics & 9 ! temp]ate zone1 7=      
example1 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & 9 ! lakes 
( ,switz]l&17 ^! inf]ior /rata ( wat]1  
cool$ to #d or #g degrees1 act ^u !     
temp]ature ( ! /ony /rata ( ! globe :i* 
!y cov]2 & h[ ^! same /rata1 ! primitive
 temp]ature ( :i* is1 )9 ! tropics1 #bg 
degrees1 & at ! lake ( ,g5eva #aj       
degrees1 react ^u ! half-froz5 wat]s at 
! bottom ( ! lakes1 & ( ! equ9octial    
ocean4 ,^! que/ions are ( ! highe/      
importance1 bo? ) reg>d to ! economy (  
animals t live habitually at ! bottom ( 
fre% & salt wat]s1 & to ! !ory ( !      
di/ribution ( heat 9 l&s surr\nd$ by va/
 & deep seas4  ,! lake ( ,val5cia is    
full ( isl&s1 :i* embelli% ! sc5]y by ! 
picturesque =m ( _! rocks1 & ! beauty ( 
! vegetation ) :i* !y are cov]$3 an     

advantage :i* ?is tropical lake         
possesses ov] ^? ( ! ,alps4 ,! isl&s are
 fifte5 9 numb]1 di/ribut$ 9 ?ree       
gr\ps299 )\t reckon+ ,morro & ,cabr]a1  
:i* are already jo9$ to ! %ore4 799 ,!  
position ( ^! isl&s is z foll[s3        
nor?w>d1 ne> ! %ore1 ! ,isla de ,cura2  
on ! s\?-ea/1 ,burro1 ,horno1 ,otama1   
,sorro1 ,caiguira1 ,nuevos ,p5ones1 or !
 ,ap>ecidos2 on ! nor?-we/1 ,cabo       
,blanco1 or ,isla de ,aves1 & ,*amb]g2  
on ! s\?-we/1 ,bru*a & ,culebra4 ,9 !   
c5tre ( ! lake rise1 l %oals or small   
deta*$ rocks1 ,vagre1 ,fraile1 ,p5asco1 
& ,pan de ,azuc>47 ,!y are p>tly        
cultivat$1 & extremely f]tile on acc\nt 
( ! vap\rs t rise f ! lake4 ,burro1 !   
l>ge/ ( ^! isl&s1 is two miles 9 l5g?1 &
 is inhabit$ by "s families ( me/izos1  
:o re> goats4 ,^! simple p seldom visit 
! %ore ( ,mocundo4 ,to !m ! lake appe>s 
( imm5se ext5t2 !y h planta9s1 cassava1 
milk1 & a little fi%4 ,a hut con/ruct$ (
 re$s2 hammocks wov5 f ! cotton :i* !   
neighb\r+ fields produce2 a l>ge /one on

 :i* ! fire is made2 ! ligne\s fruit ( !
 tutuma 7! calaba%7 9 :i* !y draw wat]1 
con/itute _! dome/ic e/abli%m5t4 ,an old
 me/izo :o (f]$ u "s goat's milk _h a   
beautiful daught]4 ,we le>n$ f our      
guide1 t solitude _h r5d]$ him z        
mi/ru/ful z he might p]haps h be5 made  
by ! society ( m54 ,! day be=e our      
arrival1 "s hunt]s _h visit$ ! isl&4 ,!y
 7 ov]tak5 by ! %ades ( night2 & pref]r$
 sleep+ 9 ! op5 air to return+ to       
,mocundo4 ,?is news spread al>m ?r\gh\t 
! isl&4 ,! fa!r oblig$ ! "y girl to     
climb up a v l(ty zamang or acacia1 :i* 
grew 9 ! pla9 at "s di/ance f ! hut1    
:ile he /ret*$ himself at ! foot ( !    
tree1 & did n p]mit 8 daught] to desc5d 
till ! hunt]s _h dep>t$4  ,! lake is 9  
g5]al well /ock$ ) fi%2 ?\gh x furni%es 
only ?ree k9ds1 ! fle% ( :i* is s(t &   
insipid1 ! guav9a1 ! vagre1 & ! s>d9a4  
,! two la/ desc5d into ! lake ) ! /reams
 t fl[ into x4 ,! guav9a1 ( :i* ,i made 
a draw+ on ! spot1 is #bj in*es long &  
#c4e broad4 ,x is p]haps a new species (

 ! g5us ery?r9a ( ,gronovius4 ,x has    
l>ge silv]y scales edg$ ) gre54 ,?is fi%
 is extremely voraci\s1 & de/roys o!r   
k9ds4 ,! fi%]m5 assur$ u t a small      
crocodile1 ! bava199 :i* (t5 approa*$ u 
:5 we 7 ba?+1 contributes also to !     
de/ruction ( ! fi%4 799 ,! bava1 or     
bavilla1 is v common at ,bordones1 ne>  
,cumana4 ,see volume #a4 ,! "n ( bava1  
baveuse1 has misl$ ,m4 ,depons2 he takes
 ?is reptile = a fi% ( our seas1 !      
,bl5nius pholis4 ,voyage a la ,t]re     
,f]me4 ,! ,bl5nius pholis1 smoo? bl5ny1 
is call$ by ! ,fr5* baveuse 7slav]]71 9 
,spani%1 baba47 ,we nev] c\ld succe$ 9  
procur+ ?is reptile s z to exam9e x     
closely3 x g5]ally atta9s only ?ree or  
f\r feet 9 l5g?4 ,x is said to be v     
h>mless2 its habits h[ev]1 z well z its 
=m1 mu* resemble ^? ( ! alligator       
7,crocodilus acutus74 ,x swims 9 su* a  
mann] z to %[ only ! po9t ( its sn\t1 & 
! extremity ( its tail2 & places itself 
at mid-day on ! b>e bea*4 ,x is c]ta9ly 
nei!r a monitor 7! real monitors liv+   

only 9 ! old cont95t17 nor ! sauveg>de (
 ,seba 7,lac]ta teguix917 :i* dives &   
does n swim4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t !
 lake ( ,val5cia1 & ! :ole sy/em ( small
 riv]s fl[+ into x1 h no l>ge           
alligators1 ?\gh ?is dang]\s animal     
ab\nds a few leagues (f 9 ! /reams :i*  
fl[ ei!r into ! ,apure or ! ,or9oco1 or 
imm$iately into ! ,c>ibbean ,sea betwe5 
,porto ,cabello & ,la ,guayra4  ,9 !    
isl&s t rise l ba/ions 9 ! mid/ ( !     
wat]s1 & :]ev] ! rocky bottom ( ! lake  
is visible1 ,i recognis$ a uni=m        
direction 9 ! /rata ( gneiss4 ,?is      
direction is ne>ly t ( ! *a9s ( m\nta9s 
on ! nor? & s\? ( ! lake4 ,9 ! hills (  
,cabo ,blanco !re are f\nd among !      
gneiss1 angul> masses ( opaque qu>tz1   
slightly translucid on ! edges1 & v>y+ f
 grey to deep black4 ,?is qu>tz passes  
sometimes into horn/e91 & sometimes into
 kiesels*ief] 7s*i/ose jasp]74 ,i d n   
?9k x con/itutes a ve94 ,! wat]s ( !    
lake99 decompose ! gneiss by erosion 9 a
 v extraord9>y mann]4 799 ,! wat] ( !   

lake is n salt1 z is ass]t$ at ,c>acas4 
,x may be drunk )\t be+ filt]$4 ,on     
evaporation x leaves a v small residuum 
( c>bonate ( lime1 & p]haps a little    
nitrate ( pota%4 ,x is surpris+ t an    
inl& lake %\ld n be ri*] 9 alkal9e &    
e>?y salts1 acquir$ f ! neighb\r+ soils4
 ,i h f\nd p>ts ( x por\s1 almo/        
cellul>1 & split 9 ! =m ( caulifl[]s1   
fix$ on gneiss p]fectly compact4 ,p]haps
 ! action ceases ) ! movem5t ( ! waves1 
& ! alt]nate contact ( air & wat]4  ,!  
isl& ( ,*amb]g is rem>kable = its       
height4 ,x is a rock ( gneiss1 ) two    
summits 9 ! =m ( a saddle1 & rais$ two  
hundr$ feet above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,!
 slope ( ?is rock is b>r51 & af=ds only 
n\ri%m5t = a few plants ( clusia ) l>ge 
:ite fl[]s4 ,b ! view ( ! lake & ( !    
ri*ly cultivat$ neighb\r+ valleys is    
beautiful1 & _! aspect is wond]ful aft] 
sunset1 :5 ?\s&s ( aquatic birds1 h]ons1
 flam+oes1 & wild ducks cross ! lake to 
roo/ 9 ! isl&s1 & ! broad zone ( m\nta9s
 :i* surr\nds ! horizon is cov]$ ) fire4

 ,! inhabitants1 z we h already m5tion$1
 burn ! mead[s 9 ord] to produce fre%] &
 f9] grass4 ,gram9e\s plants ab\nd1     
especially at ! summit ( ! *a92 & ^? va/
 conflagrations ext5d sometimes ! l5g? (
 a ?\s& toises1 & appe> l /reams ( lava 
ov]fl[+ ! ridge ( ! m\nta9s4 ,:5 repos+ 
on ! banks ( ! lake to enjoy ! s(t      
fre%ness ( ! air 9 "o ( ^? beautiful    
ev5+s peculi> to ! tropics1 x is        
delightful to contemplate 9 ! waves z !y
 beat ! %ore1 ! reflection ( ! r$ fires 
t illum9e ! horizon4  ,among ! plants   
:i* gr[ on ! rocky isl&s ( ! lake (     
,val5cia1 _m h be5 believ$ to be peculi>
 to ^? spots1 because till n[ !y h n be5
 discov]$ else:]e4 ,su* are !           
papaw-trees ( ! lake2 & ! tomato99 ( !  
isl& ( ,cura4 799 ,! tomatoes are       
cultivat$1 z well z ! papaw-tree ( !    
lake1 9 ! ,botanical ,g>d5 ( ,b]l91 to  
:i* ,i _h s5t "s se$s47 ,! latt] diff]s 
f our ,solanum lycop]sicum2 ! fruit is  
r\nd & small1 b has a f9e flav\r2 x is  
n[ cultivat$ at ,la ,victoria1 at ,nueva

 ,val5cia1 & ev]y:]e 9 ! valleys (      
,aragua4 ,! papaw-tree ( ! lake 7papaya 
de la laguna7 ab\nds also 9 ! isl& (    
,cura & at ,cabo ,blanco2 its trunk     
%oots high] ?an t ( ! common papaw      
7,c>ica papaya71 b its fruit is only    
half z l>ge1 p]fectly sph]ical1 )\t     
project+ ribs1 & f\r or five in*es 9    
diamet]4 ,:5 cut op5 x is f\nd q fill$ )
 se$s1 & )\t ^? holl[ places :i* occur  
con/antly 9 ! common papaw4 ,! ta/e (   
?is fruit1 ( :i* ,i h (t5 eat51 is      
extremely sweet499 799 ,! p ( ! c\ntry  
attribute to x an a/r+5t quality1 & call
 x tapaculo47 ,i "k n :e!r x be a v>iety
 ( ! ,c>ica microc>pa1 describ$ by      
,jacqu94  ,! environs ( ! lake are      
insalubri\s only 9 times ( great dr\ght1
 :5 ! wat]s 9 _! retreat leave a muddy  
s$im5t expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun4 ,!     
banks1 %ad$ by tufts ( ,coccoloba       
b>bad5sis1 & decorat$ ) f9e liliace\s   
plants199 799 ,pancratium undulatum1    
,am>yllis n]vosa47 rem9d u1 by !        
appe>ance ( ! aquatic vegetation1 ( !   

m>%y %ores ( our lakes 9 ,europe4 ,we   
f9d !re1 pondwe$ 7potamogeton71 *>a1 &  
cats'-tail ?ree feet high1 :i* x is     
difficult n to conf\nd ) ! ,typha       
angu/ifolia ( our m>%es4 ,x is only aft]
 a c>eful exam9ation1 t we recognise ea*
 ( ^! plants = di/9ct species199 799    
,potamogeton t5uifolium1 ,*>a compressa1
 ,typha t5uifolia47 peculi> to ! new    
cont95t4 ,h[ _m plants ( ! /raits (     
,magellan1 ( ,*ile1 & ! ,cordill]as (   
,quito h =m]ly be5 conf\nd$ ) !         
productions ( ! nor!rn temp]ate zone1   
ow+ to _! analogy 9 =m & appe>ance4  ,! 
inhabitants ( ! valleys ( ,aragua (t5   
inquire :y ! s\!rn %ore ( ! lake1       
p>ticul>ly ! s\?-we/ "p t[>ds los       
,aguacotis1 is g5]ally m %ad$1 &        
exhibits fre%] v]dure ?an ! nor!rn side4
 ,we saw1 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 _m trees 
/ripp$ ( _! foliage1 ne> ! ,haci5da de  
,cura1 at ,mocundo1 & at ,guac>a2 :ile  
to ! s\?-ea/ ( ,val5cia ev]y?+ presag$ !
 approa* ( ! ra9s4 ,i believe t 9 ! e>ly
 "p ( ! ye>1 :5 ! sun has s\!rn         

decl9ation1 ! hills ar\nd ,val5cia1     
,guac>a1 & ,cura are scor*$ by ! heat ( 
! sol> rays1 :ile ! s\!rn %ore receives1
 along ) ! breeze :5 x ent]s ! valley by
 ! ,abra de ,porto ,cabello1 an         
atmosph]e :i* has cross$ ! lake1 & is   
load$ ) aque\s vap\r4 ,on ?is s\!rn     
%ore1 ne> ,gu>uto1 are situat$ ! f9e/   
plantations ( tobacco 9 ! :ole prov9ce4 
,among ! riv]s fl[+ into ! lake (       
,val5cia "s owe _! orig9 to !rmal spr+s1
 & des]ve p>ticul> att5tion4 ,^! spr+s  
gu% out at ?ree po9ts ( ! granitic      
,cordill]a ( ! coa/2 ne> ,onoto1 betwe5 
,turm]o & ,m>acay2 ne> ,m>i>a1 nor?-ea/ 
( ! ,haci5da de ,cura2 & ne> ,las       
,tr9*]as1 on ! road f ,nueva ,val5cia to
 ,porto ,cabello4 ,i c\ld exam9e ) c>e  
only ! physical & geological relations (
 ! !rmal wat]s ( ,m>i>a & ,las ,tr9*]as4
 ,9 go+ up ! small riv] ,cura t[>ds its 
s\rce1 ! m\nta9s ( ,m>i>a are se5       
advanc+ into ! pla9 9 ! =m ( a va/      
amphi!atre1 compos$ ( p]p5dicul> rocks1 
cr[n$ by peaks ) rugg$ summits4 ,!      

c5tral po9t ( ! amphi!atre be>s ! /range
 "n ( ! ,devil's ,nook 7,r9con del      
,diablo74 ,! range /ret*+ to ! ea/ is   
call$ ,el ,*ap>ro2 t to ! we/1 ,las     
,viruelas4 ,^! ru9-l rocks comm& ! pla92
 !y are compos$ ( a co>se-gra9$ granite1
 ne>ly porphyritic1 ! yell[i% :ite      
feldsp> cry/als ( :i* are m ?an an in* &
 a half long4 ,mica is r>e 9 !m1 & is ( 
a f9e silv]y lu/re4 ,no?+ c be m        
picturesque & solemn ?an ! aspect ( ?is 
gr\p ( m\nta9s1 half cov]$ ) vegetation4
 ,! ,peak ( ,calav]a1 :i* unites !      
,r9con del ,diablo to ! ,*ap>ro1 is     
visible f af>4 ,9 x ! granite is sep>at$
 by p]p5dicul> fissures into prismatic  
masses4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! primitive   
rock 7 cr[n$ ) columns ( basalt4 ,9 !   
ra9y season1 a consid]able %eet ( wat]  
ru%es d[n l a cascade f ^! cliffs4 ,!   
m\nta9s connect$ on ! ea/ ) ! ,r9con del
 ,diablo1 are mu* less l(ty1 & conta91 l
 ! promontory ( ,la ,cabr]a1 & ! little 
deta*$ hills 9 ! pla91 gneiss &         
mica-slate1 includ+ g>nets4  ,9 ^! l[]  

m\nta9s1 two or ?ree miles nor?-ea/ (   
,m>i>a1 we f9d ! rav9e ( hot wat]s call$
 ,quebrada de ,aguas ,cali5tes4 ,?is    
rav9e1 runn+ nor?-we/ #ge degrees1      
conta9s sev]al small bas9s4 ,( ^! ! two 
upp]mo/1 :i* h no communication ) ea*   
o!r1 are only eight in*es 9 diamet]2 !  
?ree l[]1 f two to ?ree feet4 ,_! dep?  
v>ies f ?ree to fifte5 in*es4 ,!        
temp]ature ( ^! diff]5t funnels 7pozos7 
is f #ef to #ei degrees2 & :at is       
rem>kable1 ! l[] funnels are hott] ?an !
 upp]1 ?\gh ! diff]5ce ( ! level is only
 sev5 or eight in*es4 ,! hot wat]s1     
collect$ toge!r1 =m a little rivulet1   
call$ ! ,rio de ,aguas ,cali5tes1 :i*1  
?irty feet l[]1 has a temp]ature ( only 
#dh degrees4 ,9 seasons ( great dr\ght1 
! "t at :i* we visit$ ! rav9e1 ! :ole   
body ( ! !rmal wat]s =ms a section (    
only tw5ty-six squ>e in*es4 ,?is is     
consid]ably augm5t$ 9 ! ra9y season2 !  
rivulet is !n trans=m$ into a torr5t1 & 
its heat dim9i%es = x appe>s t ! hot    
spr+s !mselves are subject only to      

imp]ceptible v>iations4 ,all ^! spr+s   
are slightly impregnat$ ) sulphurett$   
hydrog5 gas4 ,! fetid smell1 peculi> to 
?is gas1 c be p]ceiv$ only by approa*+ v
 ne> ! spr+s4 ,9 "o ( ^! wells only1 !  
temp]ature ( :i* is #ef4b degrees1      
bubbles ( air are evolv$ at ne>ly regul>
 int]vals ( two or ?ree m9utes4 ,i      
obs]v$ t ^! bubbles con/antly rose f !  
same po9ts1 :i* are f\r 9 numb]2 & t x 0
 n possible to *ange ! places f :i* !   
gas is emitt$1 by /irr+ ! bottom ( !    
bas9 ) a /ick4 ,^! places correspond no 
d\bt to holes or fissures on ! gneiss2 &
 inde$ :5 ! bubbles rise f "o ( !       
ap]tures1 ! emission ( gas foll[s       
in/antly f ! o!r ?ree4 ,i c\ld n succe$ 
9 inflam+ ! small quantities ( gas t    
rise above ! !rmal wat]s1 or ^? ,i      
collect$ 9 a glass phial held ov] !     
spr+s1 an op]ation t excit$ 9 me a      
nausea1 caus$ less by ! smell ( ! gas1  
?an by ! excessive heat prevail+ 9 ?is  
rav9e4 ,is ?is sulphurett$ hydrog5 mix$ 
) a great proportion ( c>bonic acid or  

atmosph]ic air8 ,i am d\btful ( ! fir/ (
 ^! mixtures1 ?\gh s common 9 !rmal     
wat]s2 = example at ,aix la ,*apelle1   
,enghi51 & ,b>eges4 ,! gas collect$ 9 ! 
tube ( ,fontana's eudiomet] _h be5 %ak5 
= a long "t ) wat]4 ,! small bas9s are  
cov]$ ) a light film ( sulphur1 deposit$
 by ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 its sl[     
combu/ion 9 contact ) ! atmosph]ic      
oxyg54 ,a few plants ne> ! spr+s 7      
encru/$ ) sulphur4 ,?is deposit is      
sc>cely visible :5 ! wat] ( ,m>i>a is   
suff]$ to cool 9 an op5 vessel2 no d\bt 
because ! quantity ( dis5gag$ gas is v  
small1 & is n r5ew$4 ,! wat]1 :5 cold1  
gives no precipitate ) a solution (     
nitrate ( copp]2 x is de/itute ( flav\r1
 & v dr9kable4 ,if x conta9 any sal9e   
sub/ances1 = example1 ! sulphates ( soda
 or magnesia1 _! quantities mu/ be v    
insignificant4 ,be+ almo/ de/itute (    
*emical te/s199 799 ,a small case1      
conta9+ acetate ( lead1 nitrate ( silv]1
 alcohol1 prussiate ( pota%1 etc41 _h   
be5 left by mi/ake at ,cumana4 ,i       

evaporat$ "s ( ! wat] ( ,m>i>a1 & x     
yield$ only a v small residuum1 :i*1    
dige/$ ) nitric acid1 appe>$ to conta9  
only a little silica & extractive       
vegetable matt]47 we cont5t$ ourselves )
 fill+ at ! spr+ two bottles1 :i* 7 s5t1
 along ) ! n\ri%+ milk ( ! tree call$   
palo de vaca1 to ,,mm4 ,f\rcroy &       
,vauquel91 by ! way ( ,porto ,cabello & 
! ,havannah4 ,?is purity 9 hot wat]s    
issu+ imm$iately f granite m\nta9s is 9 
,europe1 z well z 9 ! ,new ,cont95t1 a  
mo/ curi\s ph5om5on499 799 ,w>m spr+s   
equally pure are f\nd issu+ f ! granites
 ( ,portugal1 & ^? ( ,cantal4 ,9 ,italy1
 ! ,pisci>elli ( ! lake ,agnano h a     
temp]ature equal to #ic degrees4 ,are ^!
 pure wat]s produc$ by cond5s$ vap\rs87 
,h[ c we expla9 ! orig9 ( ! sulphurett$ 
hydrog58 ,x _c proce$ f ! decomposition 
( sulphurets ( iron1 or pyritic /rata4  
,is x ow+ to sulphurets ( calcium1 (    
magnesium1 or o!r e>?y metalloids1      
conta9$ 9 ! int]ior ( our planet1 "u its
 rocky & oxidat$ cru/8  ,9 ! rav9e ( !  

hot wat]s ( ,m>i>a1 amid/ little        
funnels1 ! temp]ature ( :i* rises f #ef 
to #ei degrees1 two species ( aquatic   
plants vegetate2 ! "o is membranace\s1 &
 conta9s bubbles ( air2 ! o!r has       
p>allel fibres4 ,! fir/ mu* resembles ! 
,ulva labyr9?i=mis ( ,v&elli1 :i* !     
!rmal wat]s ( ,europe furni%4 ,at ! isl&
 ( ,am/]dam1 tufts ( lycopodium &       
m>*antia h be5 se5 9 places :]e ! heat (
 ! soil 0 f> great]3 su* is ! effect (  
an habitual /imulus on ! organs (       
plants4 ,! wat]s ( ,m>i>a conta9 no     
aquatic insects4 ,frogs are f\nd 9 !m1  
:i*1 be+ probably *as$ by s]p5ts1 h     
leap$ into ! funnels1 & !re p]i%$4  ,s\?
 ( ! rav9e1 9 ! pla9 ext5d+ t[>ds ! %ore
 ( ! lake1 ano!r sulphure\s spr+ gu%es  
out1 less hot & less impregnat$ ) gas4  
,! crevice :5ce ?is wat] issues is six  
toises high] ?an ! funnel j describ$4 ,!
 !rmomet] did n rise 9 ! crevice above  
#db degrees4 ,! wat] is collect$ 9 a    
bas9 surr\nd$ by l>ge trees2 x is ne>ly 
circul>1 f fifte5 to eighte5 feet       

diamet]1 & ?ree feet deep4 ,! slaves ?r[
 !mselves into ?is ba? at ! end ( ! day1
 :5 cov]$ ) du/1 aft] hav+ work$ 9 !    
neighb\r+ fields ( indigo & sug>-cane4  
,?\gh ! wat] ( ?is ba? 7bano7 is        
habitually f #ab to #ad degrees hott]   
?an ! air1 ! negroes call x refre%+2    
because 9 ! torrid zone ?is t]m is us$ =
 :atev] re/ores /r5g?1 calms !          
irritation ( ! n]ves1 or causes a feel+ 
( com=t4 ,we ourselves exp]i5c$ !       
salut>y effects ( ! ba?4 ,hav+ slung our
 hammocks on ! trees r\nd ! bas91 we    
pass$ a :ole day 9 ?is *>m+ spot1 :i*   
ab\nds 9 plants4 ,we f\nd ne> ! bano (  
,m>i>a ! volador1 or gyroc>pus4 ,! w+$  
fruits ( ?is l>ge tree turn l a         
fly-:eel1 :5 !y fall f ! /alk4 ,on %ak+ 
! bran*es ( ! volador1 we saw ! air     
fill$ ) its fruits1 ! simultane\s fall (
 :i* pres5ts ! mo/ s+ul> spectacle4 ,!  
two membranace\s & /riat$ w+s are turn$ 
s z to meet ! air1 9 fall+1 at an angle 
( #de degrees4 ,=tunately ! fruits we   
ga!r$ 7 at _! maturity4 ,we s5t "s to   

,europe1 & !y h g]m9at$ 9 ! g>d5s (     
,b]l91 ,p>is1 & ,malmaison4 ,! num]\s   
plants ( ! volador1 n[ se5 9 hot-h\ses1 
owe _! orig9 to ! only tree ( ! k9d f\nd
 ne> ,m>i>a4 ,! geographical di/ribution
 ( ! diff]5t species ( gyroc>pus1 :i*   
,mr4 ,br[n consid]s z "o ( ! laur9eae1  
is v s+ul>4 ,jacqu9 saw "o species ne>  
,c>?ag5a 9 ,am]ica499 799 ,! ,gyroc>pus 
,jacqu9i ( ,g>tn]1 or ,gyroc>pus        
am]icanus ( ,willd5\w47 ,?is is ! same  
:i* we met ) aga9 9 ,mexico1 ne>        
,zumpango1 on ! road f ,acapulco to !   
capital499 799 ,! natives ( ,mexico     
call$ x quitlacoctli4 ,i saw "s ( its "y
 leaves ) ?ree & five lobes2 ! full-gr[n
 leaves are 9 ! =m ( a he>t1 & always ) 
?ree lobes4 ,we nev] met ) ! volador 9  
fl[]47 ,ano!r species1 :i* gr[s on !    
m\nta9s ( ,corom&el199 799 ,?is is !    
,gyroc>pus asiaticus ( ,willd5\w47 has  
be5 describ$ by ,roxburgh2 ! ?ird &     
f\r?99 gr[ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 on !    
coa/s ( ,au/ralia4 799 ,gyroc>pus       
sph5opt]us1 & ,g4 rugosus47  ,aft] gett+

 out ( ! ba?1 :ile1 half-wrapp$ 9 a     
%eet1 we 7 dry+ ourselves 9 ! sun1      
accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry1 a little 
man ( ! mulatto race approa*$ u4 ,aft]  
b[+ gravely1 he made u a long spee* on !
 virtues ( ! wat]s ( ,m>i>a1 adv]t+ to !
 numb]s ( invalids by :om !y h be5      
visit$ = "s ye>s pa/1 & to ! fav\rable  
situation ( ! spr+s1 betwe5 ! two t[ns  
,val5cia & ,c>acas4 ,he %[$ u 8 h\se1 a 
little hut cov]$ ) palm-leaves1 situat$ 
9 an enclosure at a small di/ance1 on ! 
bank ( a rivulet1 communicat+ ) ! ba?4  
,he assur$ u t we %\ld !re f9d all !    
conv5i5ces ( life2 nails to susp5d our  
hammocks1 ox-lea!r to /ret* ov] b5*es   
made ( re$s1 e>!rn vases always fill$ ) 
cool wat]1 & :at1 aft] ! ba?1 w\ld be   
mo/ salut>y ( all1 ^? great liz>ds      
7iguanas71 ! fle% ( :i* is kn[n to be a 
refre%+ alim5t4 ,we judg$ f 8 h>angue1 t
 ?is good man took u = invalids1 :o _h  
come to /ay ne> ! spr+4 ,8 c\nsels &    
(f]s ( hospitality 7 n altoge!r         
dis9t]e/$4 ,he /yl$ himself ! inspector 

( ! wat]s1 & ! pulp]o99 799 ,proprietor 
( a pulp]ia1 or little %op :]e          
refre%m5ts are sold47 ( ! place4        
,accord+ly all 8 oblig+ att5tions to u  
ceas$ z soon z he he>d t we _h come     
m]ely to satisfy our curiosity2 or z !y 
express x 9 ! ,spani% colonies1 ^? l&s (
 idl5ess1 p>a v]1 no mas1 to see1 & no?+
 m4 ,! wat]s ( ,m>i>a are us$ ) success 
9 rheumatic swell+s1 & affections ( !   
sk94 ,z ! wat]s are b v feebly          
impregnat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 x is  
necess>y to ba! at ! spot :]e ! spr+s   
issue4 ,f>!r on1 ^! same wat]s are      
employ$ = ! irrigation ( fields (       
indigo4 ,a weal?y l&$ proprietor (      
,m>i>a1 ,don ,dom+o ,tov>1 _h =m$ !     
project ( erect+ a ba?+-h\se1 & an      
e/abli%m5t :i* w\ld furni% visitors )   
bett] res\rces ?an liz>d's fle% = food1 
& lea!r /ret*$ on a b5* = _! repose4    
,on ! #ba/ ( ,febru>y1 9 ! ev5+1 we set 
out f ! beautiful ,haci5da de ,cura =   
,guac>a & ,nueva ,val5cia4 ,we pref]r$  
travell+ by night1 on acc\nt ( !        

excessive heat ( ! day4 ,we pass$ by !  
hamlet ( ,punta ,zamuro1 at ! foot ( !  
high m\nta9s ( ,las ,viruelas4 ,! road  
is bord]$ ) l>ge zamang-trees1 or       
mimosas1 ! trunks ( :i* rise to sixty   
feet high4 ,_! bran*es1 ne>ly           
horizontal1 meet at m ?an "o hundr$ &   
fifty feet di/ance4 ,i h n[h]e se5 a    
vault ( v]dure m beautiful & luxuriant4 
,! night 0 gloomy3 ! ,r9con del ,diablo 
) its d5ticulat$ rocks appe>$ f "t to "t
 at a di/ance1 illum9$ by ! burn+ ( !   
savannahs1 or wrapp$ 9 ruddy smoke4 ,at 
! spot :]e ! bu%es 7 ?icke/1 our horses 
7 fright5$ by ! yell ( an animal t seem$
 to foll[ u closely4 ,x 0 a l>ge jagu>1 
:i* _h roam$ = ?ree ye>s among ^!       
m\nta9s4 ,he _h con/antly escap$ !      
pursuits ( ! bolde/ hunt]s1 & _h c>ri$  
(f horses & mules f ! mid/ ( enclosures2
 b1 hav+ no want ( food1 _h n yet       
attack$ m54 ,! negro :o conduct$ u utt]$
 wild cries1 expect+ by ^! means to     
fright5 ! tig]2 b 8 ef=ts 7 ineffectual4
 ,! jagu>1 l ! wolf ( ,europe1 foll[s   

travell]s ev5 :5 he w n attack !m2 !    
wolf 9 ! op5 fields & 9 un%elt]$ places1
 ! jagu> skirt+ ! road & appe>+ only at 
int]vals betwe5 ! bu%es4  ,we pass$ !   
day on ! #bcrd 9 ! h\se ( ! ,m>quis de  
,toro1 at ! village ( ,guac>a1 a v      
consid]able ,indian community4 ,an av5ue
 ( c>ol9eas leads f ,guac>a to ,mocundo4
 ,x 0 ! fir/ "t ,i _h se5 9 ! op5 air   
?is maje/ic plant1 :i* =ms "o ( !       
pr9cipal ornam5ts ( ! ext5sive          
cons]vatories ( ,s*onbrunn499 799 ,e    
tree ( ! ,c>ol9ea pr9ceps at ,s*onbrunn 
has sprung f se$s collect$ f "o s+le    
tree ( enorm\s size1 ne> ,*acao1 ea/ (  
,c>acas47 ,mocundo is a ri* plantation (
 sug>-canes1 belong+ to ! family (      
,toro4 ,we !re f9d1 :at is s r>e 9 t    
c\ntry1 a g>d51 artificial clumps (     
trees1 & on ! bord] ( ! wat]1 ^u a rock 
( gneiss1 a pavilion ) a mirador1 or    
belvid]e4 ,! view is delightful ov] !   
we/]n "p ( ! lake1 ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s1 &
 a =e/ ( palm-trees t sep>ates ,guac>a f
 ! city ( ,nueva ,val5cia4 ,! fields (  

sug>-cane1 f ! s(t v]dure ( ! "y re$s1  
resemble a va/ mead[4 ,ev]y?+ d5otes    
abundance2 b x is at ! price ( ! lib]ty 
( ! cultivators4 ,at ,mocundo1 ) two    
hundr$ & ?irty negroes1 sev5ty-sev5     
tablones1 or cane-fields1 are cultivat$1
 ea* ( :i*1 t5 ?\s& v>as squ>e199 799 ,a
 tablon1 equal to #ahdi squ>e toises1   
conta9s ne>ly an acre & "o-fif?3 a legal
 acre has #acdd squ>e toises1 & #a4ie   
legal acre is equal to "o hect>e47      
yields a net pr(it ( two hundr$ or two  
hundr$ & =ty pia/res a-ye>4 ,! creole   
cane & ! cane ( ,otaheite99 are plant$ 9
 ! mon? ( ,april1 ! fir/ at f\r1 !      
second at five feet di/ance4 799 ,9 !   
isl& ( ,palma1 :]e 9 ! latitude ( #bi   
degrees ! sug>-cane is said to be       
cultivat$ z high z #adj toises above !  
level ( ! ,atlantic1 ! ,otaheite cane   
requires m heat ?an ! ,creole cane47 ,! 
cane rip5s 9 f\rte5 mon?s4 ,x fl[]s 9 ! 
mon? ( ,octob]1 if ! plant be           
suffici5tly vigor\s2 b ! top is cut (f  
be=e ! panicle unfolds4 ,9 all !        

monocotyl$on\s plants 7= example1 !     
maguey cultivat$ at ,mexico = extract+  
pulque1 ! w9e-yield+ palm-tree1 & !     
sug>-cane71 ! fl[]+ alt]s ! quality ( ! 
juices4 ,! prep>ation ( sug>1 ! boil+1 &
 ! clay+1 are v imp]fect 9 ,t]ra ,firma1
 because x is made only = home          
consumption2 & = :olesale1 papelon is   
pref]r$ to sug>1 ei!r ref9$ or raw4 ,?is
 papelon is an impure sug>1 9 ! =m (    
little loaves1 ( a yell[-br[n col\r4 ,x 
conta9s a mixture ( molasses &          
mucilag9\s matt]4 ,! poore/ man eats    
papelon1 z 9 ,europe he eats *eese4 ,x  
is believ$ to h nutritive qualities4    
,f]m5t$ ) wat] x yields ! gu>apo1 !     
fav\rite bev]age ( ! p4 ,9 ! prov9ce (  
,c>acas subc>bonate ( pota% is us$1     
in/ead ( lime1 to purify ! juice ( !    
sug>-cane4 ,! a%es ( ! buc>e1 :i* is !  
,ery?r9a corallod5drum1 are pref]r$4  ,!
 sug>-cane 0 introduc$ v late1 probably 
t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 f ! ,we/
 ,india ,isl&s1 into ! valleys (        
,aragua4 ,x 0 kn[n 9 ,india1 9 ,*9a1 & 9

 all ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 f ! mo/      
remote antiquity2 & x 0 plant$ at       
,khorassan1 9 ,p]sia1 z e>ly z ! fif?   
c5tury ( our era1 9 ord] to obta9 f x   
solid sug>499 799 ,! ,indian "n = !     
sug>-cane is %>k>a4 ,!nce ! ^w sug>47 ,!
 ,arabs c>ri$ ?is re$1 s useful to !    
inhabitants ( hot & temp]ate c\ntries1  
to ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 #acjf1  
its cultivation 0 yet unkn[n 9 ,sicily2 
b 0 already common 9 ! isl& ( ,cyprus1  
at ,rhodes1 & 9 ! ,morea4 ,a hundr$ ye>s
 aft] x enri*$ ,calabria1 ,sicily1 & !  
coa/s ( ,spa94 ,f ,sicily ! ,infante    
,don ,h5ry transport$ ! cane to         
,madeira3 f ,madeira x pass$ to ! ,can>y
 ,isl&s1 :]e x 0 entirely unkn[n2 = !   
f]ulae ( ,juba1 quae expressae liquorem 
fundunt potui ucundum1 are euphorbias 7!
 ,tabayba dulce71 & n1 z has be5 rec5tly
 ass]t$199 sug>-canes4 799 ,on ! orig9 (
 cane-sug>1 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie    
#ahaf page #chg4 ,! ,tabayba dulce is1  
accord+ to ,von ,bu*1 ! ,euphorbia      
balsamif]a1 ! juice ( :i* is nei!r      

corrosive nor bitt] l t ( ! c>don1 or   
,euphorbia can>i5sis47 ,twelve          
sug>-manufactories 7+5ios de azuc>7 7   
soon e/abli%$ 9 ! isl& ( ,great ,can>y1 
9 t ( ,palma1 & betwe5 ,adexe1 ,icod1 & 
,gu>a*ico1 9 ! isl& ( ,t5]iffe4 ,negroes
 7 employ$ 9 ?is cultivation1 & _!      
desc5dants /ill inhabit ! grottos (     
,tiraxana1 9 ! ,great ,can>y4 ,s9ce !   
sug>-cane has be5 transplant$ to ! ,we/ 
,indies1 & ! ,new ,_w has giv5 maize to 
! ,can>ies1 ! cultivation ( ! latt] has 
tak5 ! place ( ! cane at ,t5]iffe & !   
,great ,can>y4 ,! cane is n[ f\nd only 9
 ! isl& ( ,palma1 ne> ,argual &         
,tazacorte199 :]e x yields sc>cely "o   
?\s& qu9tals ( sug> a ye>4 799 ,notice  
sur la ,culture du ,sucre dans les      
,isles ,can>i5nes by ,leopold von ,bu*47
 ,! sug>-cane ( ! ,can>ies1 :i*         
,aiguilon transport$ to ,/4 ,dom+o1 0   
!re cultivat$ ext5sively z e>ly z #aeac1
 or dur+ ! six or sev5 foll[+ ye>s1 "u !
 auspices ( ! monks ( ,/4 ,j]ome4       
,negroes 7 employ$ 9 ?is cultivation f  

its comm5cem5t2 & 9 #aeai repres5tations
 7 made to gov]nm5t1 z 9 our own "t1 t !
 ,we/ ,india ,isl&s w\ld be ru9$ & made 
des]t1 if slaves 7 n convey$ ?i!r       
annually f ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4  ,= "s ye>s 
pa/ ! culture & prep>ation ( sug> has   
be5 mu* improv$ 9 ,t]ra ,firma2 &1 z !  
process ( ref9+ is prohibit$ by ! laws  
at ,jamaica1 !y reckon on ! fraudul5t   
exportation ( ref9$ sug> to ! ,engli%   
colonies4 ,b ! consumption ( ! prov9ces 
( ,v5ezuela1 9 papelon1 & 9 raw sug>    
employ$ 9 mak+ *ocolate & sweetmeats    
7dulces7 is s enorm\s1 t ! exportation  
has be5 hi!rto entirely null4 ,! f9e/   
plantations ( sug> are 9 ! valleys (    
,aragua & ( ! ,tuy1 ne> ,pao de ,z>ate1 
betwe5 ,la ,victoria & ,san ,seba/ian1  
ne> ,guatire1 ,gu>5as1 & ,caurim>e4 ,!  
fir/ canes arriv$ 9 ! ,new ,_w f !      
,can>y ,isl&s2 & ev5 n[ ,can>ians1 or   
,isl5os1 are plac$ at ! head ( mo/ ( !  
great plantations1 & sup]9t5d ! lab\rs (
 cultivation & ref9+4  ,x is ?is        
connexion betwe5 ! ,can>ians & !        

inhabitants ( ,v5ezuela1 t has giv5 rise
 to ! introduction ( camels into ^?     
prov9ces4 ,! ,m>quis del ,toro caus$    
?ree to be br\ght f ,lanc]ote4 ,! exp5se
 ( conveyance 0 v consid]able1 ow+ to ! 
space :i* ^! animals occupy on bo>d     
m]*ant-vessels1 & ! great quantity (    
wat] !y require dur+ a long sea-voyage4 
,a camel1 b\ght = ?irty pia/res1 co/s   
betwe5 eight & n9e hundr$ be=e x rea*es 
! coa/ ( ,c>acas4 ,we saw f\r ( ^!      
animals at ,mocundo2 ?ree ( :i* _h be5  
br$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,two o!rs _h di$ ( ! bite
 ( ! coral1 a v5om\s s]p5t v common on !
 banks ( ! lake4 ,^! camels h hi!rto be5
 employ$ only 9 ! conveyance ( !        
sug>canes to ! mill4 ,! males1 /rong]   
?an ! females1 c>ry f =ty to fifty      
arrobas4 ,a weal?y l&hold] 9 ! prov9ce (
 ,v>9as1 enc\rag$ by ! example ( !      
,m>quis del ,toro1 has allott$ a sum (  
#ae1jjj pia/res = ! purpose ( br++      
f\rte5 or fifte5 camels at once f !     
,can>y ,isl&s4 ,x is presum$ ^! bea/s ( 
burd5 may be employ$ 9 ! conveyance (   

m]*&ise across ! burn+ pla9s ( ,casan>e1
 f ! ,apure & ,calabozo1 :i* 9 ! season 
( dr\ght resemble ! des]ts ( ,africa4   
,h[ advantage\s x w\ld h be5 _h !       
,conqui/adores1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5?  
c5tury1 peopl$ ,am]ica ) camels1 z !y h 
peopl$ x ) horn$ cattle1 horses1 &      
mules4 ,:]ev] !re are imm5se di/ances to
 cross 9 un9habit$ l&s2 :]ev] !         
con/ruction ( canals becomes difficult  
7z 9 ! i/hmus ( ,panama1 on ! table-l& (
 ,mexico1 & 9 ! des]ts t sep>ate ! k+dom
 ( ,quito f ,p]u1 & ,p]u f ,*ile71      
camels w\ld be ( ! highe/ importance1 to
 facilitate inl& comm]ce4 ,x seems ! m  
surpris+1 t _! introduction 0 n enc\rag$
 by ! gov]nm5t at ! beg9n+ ( ! conque/1 
z1 long aft] ! tak+ ( ,gr5ada1 camels1 =
 :i* ! ,moors _h a great pr$ilection1 7 
/ill v common 9 ! s\? ( ,spa94 ,a       
,biscayan1 ,juan de ,re9aga1 c>ri$ "s ( 
^! animals at 8 own exp5se to ,p]u4     
,fa!r ,aco/a saw !m at ! foot ( ! ,&es1 
ab\t ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 b little 
c>e be+ tak5 ( !m1 !y sc>cely ev] br$1 &

 ! race soon became ext9ct4 ,9 ^? times 
( oppression & cruelty1 :i* h be5       
describ$ z ! era ( ,spani% glory1 !     
comm5datories 7encom5d]os7 let out !    
,indians to travell]s l bea/s ( burd54  
,!y 7 assembl$ by hundr$s1 ei!r to c>ry 
m]*&ise across ! ,cordill]as1 or to     
foll[ ! armies 9 _! exp$itions (        
discov]y & pillage4 ,! ,indians endur$  
?is s]vice m pati5tly1 because1 ow+ to !
 almo/ total want ( dome/ic animals1 !y 
_h long be5 con/ra9$ to p]=m x1 ?\gh 9 a
 less inhuman mann]1 "u ! gov]nm5t ( _! 
own *iefs4 ,! introduction ( camels     
attempt$ by ,juan de ,re9aga spread an  
al>m among ! encom5d]os1 :o 71 n by law1
 b 9 fact1 lords ( ! ,indian villages4  
,! c\rt li/5$ to ! compla9ts ( !        
encom5d]os2 & 9 consequ5ce ,am]ica 0    
depriv$ ( "o ( ! means :i* w\ld h mo/   
facilitat$ inl& communication1 & !      
ex*ange ( productions4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 !re  
is no reason :y ! introduction ( camels 
%\ld n be attempt$ z a g5]al measure4   
,"s hundr$s ( ^! useful animals1 spread 

ov] ! va/ surface ( ,am]ica1 9 hot &    
b>r5 places1 w\ld 9 a few ye>s h a      
p[]ful influ5ce on ! public prosp]ity4  
,prov9ces sep>at$ by /eppes w\ld !n     
appe> to be br\ght ne>] to ea* o!r2     
sev]al k9ds ( inl& m]*&ize w\ld dim9i% 9
 price on ! coa/2 & by increas+ ! numb] 
( camels1 above all ! species call$     
h$j91 or ! %ip ( ! des]t1 a new life    
w\ld be giv5 to ! indu/ry & comm]ce ( ! 
,new ,_w4  ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #bbnd we      
cont9u$ our j\rney f ,mocundo by ,los   
,guayos to ! city ( ,nueva ,val5cia4 ,we
 pass$ a little =e/ ( palm-trees1 :i*   
resembl$1 by _! appe>ance1 & _! leaves  
spread l a fan1 ! ,*ama]ops humilis ( ! 
coa/ ( ,b>b>y4 ,! trunk1 h[ev]1 rises to
 tw5ty-f\r & sometimes ?irty feet high4 
,x is probably a new species ( ! g5us   
corypha2 & is call$ 9 ! c\ntry palma de 
sombr]o1 ! foot/alks ( ! leaves be+     
employ$ 9 weav+ hats resembl+ our /raw  
hats4 ,?is grove ( palm-trees1 ! )]$    
foliage ( :i* ru/les at ! lea/ brea? (  
air--! camels fe$+ 9 ! pla9--! undulat+ 

motion ( ! vap\rs on a soil scor*$ by ! 
ard\r ( ! sun1 give ! l&scape an        
,african aspect4 ,! aridity ( ! l&      
augm5ts z ! travell] approa*es ! t[n1   
aft] pass+ ! we/]n extremity ( ! lake4  
,x is a clayey soil1 :i* has be5 levell$
 & ab&on$ by ! wat]s4 ,! neighb\r+      
hills1 call$ ,los ,morros de ,val5cia1  
are compos$ ( :ite tufa1 a v rec5t      
lime/one =mation1 imm$iately cov]+ !    
gneiss4 ,x is aga9 f\nd at ,victoria1 & 
on sev]al o!r po9ts along ! *a9 ( !     
coa/4 ,! :it5ess ( ?is tufa1 :i*        
reflects ! rays ( ! sun1 contributes    
greatly to ! excessive heat felt 9 ?is  
place4 ,ev]y?+ seems smitt5 ) /]ility2  
sc>cely are a few plants ( cacao f\nd on
 ! banks ( ! ,rio de ,val5cia2 ! re/ ( !
 pla9 is b>e1 & de/itute ( vegetation4  
,?is appe>ance ( /]ility is "h          
attribut$1 z x is ev]y:]e 9 ! valleys ( 
,aragua1 to ! cultivation ( indigo2 :i*1
 accord+ to ! plant]s1 is1 ( all plants1
 t :i* mo/ exhau/s 7cansa7 ! gr\nd4 ,!  
real physical causes ( ?is ph5om5on w\ld

 be an int]e/+ inquiry1 s9ce1 l !       
effects ( fall[+ l&1 & ( a rotation (   
crops1 x is f> f be+ suffici5tly        
und]/ood4 ,i %all only obs]ve 9 g5]al1 t
 ! compla9ts ( ! increas+ /]ility (     
cultivat$ l& become m frequ5t betwe5 !  
tropics1 9 proportion z !y are ne> !    
p]iod ( _! fir/ break+-up4 ,9 a region  
almo/ de/itute ( h]bs1 :]e e plant has a
 ligne\s /em1 & t5ds to raise itself z a
 %rub1 ! virg9 soil rema9s %ad$ ei!r by 
great trees1 or by bu%es2 & "u ?is tuft$
 %ade x pres]ves ev]y:]e coolness &     
humidity4 ,h[ev] active ! vegetation ( !
 tropics may appe>1 ! numb] ( roots t   
p5etrate into ! e>?1 is n s great 9 an  
uncultivat$ soil2 :ile ! plants are ne>]
 to ea* o!r 9 l&s subject$ to           
cultivation1 & cov]$ ) indigo1          
sug>-canes1 or cassava4 ,! trees &      
%rubs1 load$ ) bran*es & leaves1 draw a 
great "p ( _! n\ri%m5t f ! ambi5t air2 &
 ! virg9 soil augm5ts its f]tility by ! 
decomposition ( ! vegetable sub/ances   
:i* progressively accumulate4 ,x is n s 

9 ! fields cov]$ ) indigo1 or o!r       
h]bace\s plants2 :]e ! rays ( ! sun     
p5etrate freely into ! e>?1 & by !      
accel]at$ combu/ion ( ! hydrurets (     
c>bon & o!r acidifiable pr9ciples1      
de/roy ! g]ms ( fecundity4 ,^! effects  
/rike ! imag9ation ( ! plant]s ! m      
=cibly1 z 9 l&s newly inhabit$ !y comp>e
 ! f]tility ( a soil :i* has be5 ab&on$ 
to itself dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ) ! produce
 ( pl\gh$ fields4 ,! ,spani% colonies on
 ! cont95t1 & ! great isl&s (           
,porto-,rico & ,cuba1 possess rem>kable 
advantages ) respect to ! produce (     
agriculture ov] ! less] ,we/ ,india     
isl&s4 ,! =m]1 f _! ext5t1 ! v>iety ( _!
 sc5]y1 & _! small relative population1 
/ill be> all ! *>act]s ( a new soil2    
:ile at ,b>badoes1 ,tobago1 ,/4 ,lucia1 
! ,virg9 ,isl&s1 & ! ,fr5* "p ( ,/4     
,dom+o1 x may be p]ceiv$ t long         
cultivation has begun to exhau/ ! soil4 
,if 9 ! valleys ( ,aragua1 in/ead (     
ab&on+ ! indigo gr\nds1 & leav+ !m      
fall[1 !y 7 cov]$ dur+ sev]al ye>s1 n ) 

corn1 b ) o!r alim5t>y plants & =age2 if
 among ^! plants su* z belong to diff]5t
 families 7 pref]r$1 & :i* %ade ! soil  
by _! l>ge leaves1 ! amelioration ( !   
fields w\ld be gradually accompli%$1 &  
!y w\ld be re/or$ to a "p ( _! =m]      
f]tility4  ,! city ( ,nueva ,val5cia    
occupies a consid]able ext5t ( gr\nd1 b 
its population sc>cely am\nts to six or 
sev5 ?\s& s\ls4 ,! /reets are v broad1 !
 m>ket place1 7plaza mayor17 is ( va/   
dim5sions2 &1 ! h\ses be+ l[1 !         
disproportion betwe5 ! population ( !   
t[n1 & ! space t x occupies1 is /ill    
great] ?an at ,c>acas4 ,_m ( ! :ites1   
7especially ! poore/17 =sake _! h\ses1 &
 live ! great] "p ( ! ye> 9 _! little   
plantations ( indigo & cotton1 :]e !y c 
v5ture to "w ) _! own h&s2 :i*1 accord+ 
to ! invet]ate prejudices ( t c\ntry1   
w\ld be a disgrace to !m 9 ! t[n4       
,nueva ,val5cia1 f\nd$ 9 #aeee "u !     
gov]nm5t ( ,villac9da1 by ,alonzo ,diaz 
,mor5o1 is twelve ye>s old] ?an ,c>acas4
 ,val5cia 0 at fir/ only a dep5d5cy (   

,burburata2 b ?is latt] t[n is no?+ n[ b
 a place ( emb>kation = mules4 ,x is    
regrett$1 & p]haps ju/ly1 t ,val5cia has
 n become ! capital ( ! c\ntry4 ,its    
situation 9 a pla91 on ! banks ( a lake1
 recalls to m9d ! position ( ,mexico4   
,:5 we reflect on ! easy communication  
af=d$ by ! valleys ( ,aragua ) ! ,llanos
 & ! riv]s t fl[ into ! ,or9oco2 :5 we  
recognize ! possibility ( op5+ an inl&  
navigation1 by ! ,rio ,pao & !          
,portuguesa1 z f> z ! m\?s ( ! ,or9oco1 
! ,cassiqui>e1 & ! ,amazon1 x may be    
conceiv$ t ! capital ( ! va/ prov9ces ( 
,v5ezuela w\ld h be5 bett] plac$ ne> !  
f9e h>b\r ( ,porto ,cabello1 b5ea? a    
pure & s]5e sky1 ?an ne> ! un%elt]$ road
 ( ,la ,guayra1 9 a temp]ate b con/antly
 foggy valley4 ,ne> ! k+dom ( ,new      
,gr5ada1 & situate betwe5 ! f]tile      
corn-l&s ( ,la ,victoria & ,b>quesimeto1
 ! city ( ,val5cia ought to h prosp]$2  
b1 not)/&+ ^! advantages1 x has be5     
unable to ma9ta9 ! conte/ ) ,c>acas4    
,only ^? :o h se5 ! myriads ( ants1 t   

infe/ ! c\ntries )9 ! torrid zone1 c =m 
an idea ( ! de/ruction & ! s9k+ ( !     
gr\nd occasion$ by ^! insects4 ,!y ab\nd
 to su* a degree on ! site ( ,val5cia1 t
 _! excavations resemble subt]ranean    
canals1 :i* are fill$ ) wat] 9 ! "t ( ! 
ra9s1 & become v dang]\s to ! build+s4  
,"h rec\rse has n be5 _h to !           
extraord9>y means employ$ at ! beg9n+ ( 
! sixte5? c5tury 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 
:5 troops ( ants ravag$ ! f9e pla9s (   
,la ,vega1 & ! ri* possessions ( ! ord] 
( ,/4 ,francis4 ,! monks1 aft] hav+ 9   
va9 burnt ! l>vae ( ! ants1 & _h rec\rse
 to fumigations1 advis$ ! inhabitants to
 *oose by lot a sa9t1 :o w\ld act z a   
m$iator aga9/ ! plague ( ! ants499 799  
,un abogado contra los h>migos47 ,!     
hon\r ( ! *oice fell on ,/4 ,saturn92 & 
! ants disappe>$ z soon z ! fir/ fe/ival
 ( ?is sa9t 0 celebrat$4 ,incr$ulity has
 made great progress s9ce ! "t ( !      
conque/2 & x 0 only on ! back ( !       
,cordill]as t ,i f\nd a small *apel1    
de/9$1 accord+ to its inscription1 =    

pray]s to be address$ to ,heav5 = !     
de/ruction ( ! t]mites4  ,val5cia af=ds 
"s hi/orical remembrances2 b ^!1 l      
ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! colonies1 h no      
remote date1 & recall to m9d ei!r civil 
discords or sangu9>y conflicts ) !      
savages4 ,lopez de ,aguirre1 ^: crimes &
 adv5tures =m "s ( ! mo/ dramatic       
episodes ( ! hi/ory ( ! conque/1 proce$$
 9 #aefa1 f ,p]u1 by ! riv] ,amazon to !
 isl& ( ,m>g>eta2 & !nce1 by ! port (   
,burburata1 into ! valleys ( ,aragua4   
,on 8 entrance into ,val5cia1 :i* pr\dly
 entitles itself ! ,city ( ! ,k+1 he    
proclaim$ ! indep5d5ce ( c\ntry1 & !    
deposition ( ,philip ,,ii4 ,!           
inhabitants )drew to ! isl&s ( ! lake ( 
,tac>igua1 tak+ ) !m all ! boats f !    
%ore1 to be m secure 9 _! retreat4 ,9   
consequ5ce ( ?is /ratagem1 ,aguirre c\ld
 ex]cise 8 cruelties only on 8 own p4 ,f
 ,val5cia he address$ to ! k+ ( ,spa91 a
 rem>kable lett]1 9 :i* he boa/s        
alt]nately ( 8 crimes & 8 piety2 at !   
same "t giv+ advice to ! k+ on !        

gov]nm5t ( ! colonies1 & ! sy/em (      
missions4 ,surr\nd$ by savage ,indians1 
navigat+ on a great sea ( fre% wat]1 z  
he calls ! ,amazon1 he is al>m$ at !    
h]esies ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 & ! increas+     
influ5ce ( s*ismatics 9 ,europe499  799 
,! foll[+ are "s rem>kable passages 9 ! 
lett] f ,aguirre to ! k+ ( ,spa94  ,k+  
,philip1 native ( ,spa91 son ( ,*>les ! 
,inv9cible6 ,i1 ,lopez de ,aguirre1 ?y  
vassal1 an old ,*ri/ian1 ( poor b noble 
p>5ts1 & a native ( ! t[n ( ,onate 9    
,biscay1 pass$ ov] "y to ,p]u1 to lab\r 
lance 9 h&4 ,i r5d]$ !e great s]vices 9 
! conque/ ( ,india4 ,i f\ght = ?y glory1
 )\t dem&+ pay ( ?y (fic]s1 z is prov$  
by ! books ( ?y treasury4 ,i firmly     
believe1 ,*ri/ian ,k+ & ,"l1 t1 v       
ungrateful to me & my companions1 all ^?
 :o write to !e f ?is l& ,am]ica1       
deceive !e mu*1 because ?\ see/ ?+s f   
too f> (f4 ,i recomm5d to !e to be m j  
t[>d ! good vassals :om ?\ ha/ 9 ?is    
c\ntry3 = ,i & m9e1 we>y ( ! cruelties &
 inju/ice :i* ?y vic]oys1 ?y gov]nors1 &

 ?y judges1 ex]cise 9 ?y "n1 are resolv$
 to obey !e no m4 ,we reg>d ourselves no
 long] z ,spani>ds4 ,we wage a cruel w> 
aga9/ !e1 because we w n endure !       
oppression ( ?y m9i/]s2 :o1 to give     
places to _! nephews & _! *ildr51       
dispose ( our lives1 our reputation1 &  
our =tune4 ,i am lame 9 ! left foot f   
two %ots ( an arquebuss1 :i* ,i receiv$ 
9 ! valley ( ,coquimbo1 fight+ "u !     
ord]s ( ?y m>%al1 ,alonzo de ,alv>ado1  
aga9/ ,francis ,h]n&ez ,giron1 !n a     
rebel1 z ,i am at pres5t1 & %all be     
always2 = s9ce ?y vic]oy1 ! ,m>quis de  
,canete1 a c[>dly1 ambiti\s1 & effem9ate
 man1 has hang$ our mo/ valiant w>riors1
 ,i c>e no m = ?y p>don ?an = ! books ( 
,m>t9 ,lu!r4 ,x is n well 9 !e1 ,k+ (   
,spa91 to be ungrateful t[>d ?y vassals2
 = x 0 :il/ ?y fa!r1 ! emp]or ,*>les1   
rema9$ quietly 9 ,ca/ile1 t !y procur$ =
 !e s _m k+doms & va/ c\ntries4         
,rememb]1 ,k+ ,philip1 t ?\ ha/ no "r to
 draw rev5ues f ^! prov9ces1 ! conque/ (
 :i* has be5 )\t dang] to !e1 b inasmu* 

z ?\ recomp5se/ ^? :o h r5d]$ !e su*    
great s]vices4 ,i am c]ta9 t few k+s g  
to heav54 ,!re=e we reg>d ourselves z v 
happy to be "h 9 ! ,indies1 pres]v+ 9   
all _! purity ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 & ( ! 
,roman ,*ur*2 & we int5d1 ?\gh s9n]s    
dur+ life1 to become "o day m>tyrs to ! 
glory ( ,god4 ,on go+ out ( ! riv]      
,amazon1 we l&$ 9 an isl& call$ ,la     
,m>g>eta4 ,we !re receiv$ news f ,spa9 (
 ! great faction & ma*9ation 7maqu9a7 ( 
! ,lu!rans4 ,?is news al>m$ u extremely2
 we f\nd among u "o ( t faction2 8 "n 0 
,montev]de4 ,i _h him cut to pieces1 z 0
 j3 =1 believe me1 ,s5or1 :]ev] ,i am1 p
 live accord+ to ! law4 ,b ! corruption 
( morals among ! monks is s great 9 ?is 
l& t x is necess>y to *a/ise x sev]ely4 
,!re is n an ecclesia/ic "h :o does n   
?9k himself high] ?an ! gov]nor ( a     
prov9ce4 ,i beg ( !e1 great ,k+1 n to   
believe :at ! monks tell !e d[n yond] 9 
,spa94 ,!y are always talk+ ( !         
sacrifices !y make1 z well z ( ! h>d &  
bitt] life !y are =c$ to lead 9 ,am]ica3

 :ile !y occupy ! ri*e/ l&s1 & !        
,indians hunt & fi% = !m e day4 ,if !y  
%$ te>s be=e ?y ?rone1 x is t ?\ maye/  
s5d !m hi!r to gov]n prov9ces4 ,do/ ?\  
"k :at sort ( life !y lead "h8 ,giv5 up 
to luxury1 acquir+ possessions1 sell+ ! 
sacram5ts1 be+ at once ambiti\s1 viol5t1
 & glutton\s2 su* is ! life !y lead 9   
,am]ica4 ,! fai? ( ! ,indians suff] by  
su* bad examples4 ,if ?\ do/ n *ange all
 ?is1 ,o ,k+ ( ,spa91 ?y gov]nm5t w n be
 /able4  ,:at a mis=tune t ! ,emp]or1 ?y
 fa!r1 %\ld h conqu]$ ,g]many at su* a  
price1 & sp5t1 on t conque/1 ! money we 
procur$ = him 9 ^! v ,indies6 ,9 ! ye>  
#aeei ! ,m>quis de ,canete s5t to !     
,amazon1 ,p$ro de ,ursua1 a ,nav>rese1  
or r a ,fr5*man3 we sail$ on ! l>ge/    
riv]s ( ,p]u till we came to a gulf (   
fre% wat]4 ,we _h already gone ?ree     
hundr$ leagues :5 we kill$ t bad &      
ambiti\s capta94 ,we *ose a caball]o (  
,seville1 ,f]n&o de ,guzman1 = k+3 & we 
swore fealty to him1 z is done to       
?yself4 ,i 0 nam$ qu>t]-ma/]-g5]al3 &   

because ,i did n cons5t to all he will$1
 he want$ to kill me4 ,b ,i kill$ ?is   
new k+1 ! capta9 ( 8 gu>ds1 8           
lieut5ant-g5]al1 8 *apla91 a woman1 a   
knight ( ! ord] ( ,rhodes1 two ensigns1 
& five or six dome/ics ( ! pret5d$ k+4  
,i !n resolv$ to puni% ?y m9i/]s & ?y   
auditors 7c\nsellors ( ! audi5cia74 ,i  
nam$ capta9s & s]geants3 ^! aga9 want$  
to kill me1 b ,i _h !m all hang$4 ,9 !  
mid/ ( ^! adv5tures we navigat$ = elev5 
mon?s1 till we rea*$ ! m\? ( ! riv]4 ,we
 sail$ m ?an fifte5 hundr$ leagues4 ,god
 kn[s h[ we got ?r\gh t great mass (    
wat]4 ,i advise !e1 ,o great ,k+1 nev]  
to s5d ,spani% fleets into t accurs$    
riv]4 ,god pres]ve !e 9 8 holy keep+4   
,?is lett] 0 giv5 by ,aguirre to ! vic> 
( ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta1 ,p$ro de ,contr]as1
 9 ord] to be transmitt$ to ,k+ ,philip 
,,ii4 ,fray ,p$ro ,simon1 ,prov9cial ( !
 ,franciscans 9 ,new ,gr5ada1 saw sev]al
 manuscript copies ( x bo? 9 ,am]ica & 9
 ,spa94 ,x 0 pr9t$1 = ! fir/ "t1 9      
#agbc1 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,prov9ce (       

,v5ezuela1 by ,ovi$o1 volume #a page    
#bjf4 ,compla9ts no less viol5t1 on !   
conduct ( ! monks ( ! #af? c5tury1 7    
address$ directly to ! pope by !        
,milanese travell]1 ,girolamo ,b5zoni47 
,lopez de ,aguirre1 or z he is /ill     
call$ by ! common p1 ! ,tyrant1 0 kill$ 
at ,b>quesimeto1 aft] hav+ be5 ab&on$ by
 8 own m54 ,at ! mom5t :5 he fell1 he   
plung$ a dagg] into ! bosom ( 8 only    
daught]1 t %e might n h to blu% be=e !  
,spani>ds at ! "n ( ! daught] ( a       
traitor4 ,! s\l ( ! tyrant 7su* is !    
belief ( ! natives7 w&]s 9 ! savannahs1 
l a flame t flies ! approa* ( m5499 799 
,see volume #a *apt] #a4d47  ,! second  
hi/orical ev5t connect$ ) ! "n (        
,val5cia is ! great incursion made by ! 
,c>ibs ( ! ,or9oco 9 #aegh & #aehj4 ,t  
cannibal horde w5t up ! banks ( !       
,gu>ico1 cross+ ! pla9s or llanos4 ,!y 7
 happily repuls$ by ! val\r ( ,g>cia    
,gonzales1 "o ( ! capta9s ^: names are  
/ill mo/ rev]$ 9 ^? prov9ces4 ,x is     
gratify+ to recollect1 t ! desc5dants ( 

^? v ,c>ibs n[ live 9 ! missions z      
peaceable husb&m51 & t no savage nation 
( ,guiana d>es to cross ! pla9s :i*     
sep>ate ! region ( ! =e/s f t (         
cultivat$ l&4 ,! ,cordill]a ( ! coa/ is 
int]sect$ by sev]al rav9es1 v uni=mly   
direct$ f s\?-ea/ to nor?-we/4 ,?is     
ph5om5on is g5]al f ! ,quebrada (       
,tocume1 betwe5 ,pet>es & ,c>acas1 z f> 
z ,porto ,cabello4 ,x w\ld seem z if !  
impulsion _h ev]y:]e come f ! s\?-ea/2 &
 ?is fact is ! m /rik+1 z ! /rata (     
gneiss & mica-slate 9 ! ,cordill]a ( !  
coa/ are g5]ally direct$ f ! s\?-we/ to 
! nor?-ea/4 ,mo/ ( ^! rav9es p5etrate   
into ! m\nta9s at _! s\!rn declivity1   
)\t cross+ !m entirely4 ,b !re is an    
op5+ 7abra7 on ! m]idian ( ,nueva       
,val5cia1 :i* leads t[>ds ! coa/1 & by  
:i* a cool+ sea-breeze p5etrates e ev5+ 
into ! valleys ( ,aragua4 ,?is breeze   
rises regul>ly two or ?ree h\rs aft]    
sunset4  ,by ?is abra1 ! f>m ( ,b>bula1 
& an ea/]n bran* ( ! rav9e1 a new road  
is be+ con/ruct$ f ,val5cia to ,porto   

,cabello4 ,x w be s %ort1 t x w require 
only f\r h\rs to rea* ! port2 & !       
travell] w be able to g & return 9 !    
same day f ! coa/ to ! valleys (        
,aragua4 ,9 ord] to exam9e ?is road1 we 
set out on ! #bf? ( ,febru>y 9 ! ev5+ = 
! f>m ( ,b>bula4  ,on ! morn+ ( ! #bg?  
we visit$ ! hot spr+s ( ,la ,tr9*]a1    
?ree leagues f ,val5cia4 ,! rav9e is v  
l>ge1 & ! desc5t almo/ cont9ual f !     
banks ( ! lake to ! sea-coa/4 ,la       
,tr9*]a takes its "n f "s =tifications (
 e>?1 ?r[n up 9 #afgg by ! ,fr5*        
buccane]s1 :o sack$ ! t[n ( ,val5cia4 ,!
 hot spr+s 7& ?is is a rem>kable        
geological fact17 d n issue on ! s\?    
side ( ! m\nta9s1 l ^? ( ,m>i>a1 ,onoto1
 & ! ,brigant9e2 b !y issue f ! *a9     
itself almo/ at its nor!rn declivity4   
,!y are mu* m abundant ?an any we _h    
till !n se51 =m+ a rivulet :i*1 9 times 
( ! greate/ dr\ght1 is two feet deep &  
eighte5 wide4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat]1   
measur$ ) great c>e1 0 #ij4c degrees ( !
 c5tigrade !rmomet]4 ,next to ! spr+s ( 

,urij9o1 9 ,japan1 :i* are ass]t$ to be 
pure wat] at #ajj degrees ( temp]ature1 
! wat]s ( ! ,tr9*]a ( ,porto ,cabello   
appe> to be ! hotte/ 9 ! _w4 ,we        
breakfa/$ ne> ! spr+2 eggs plung$ into !
 wat] 7 boil$ 9 less ?an f\r m9utes4 ,^!
 wat]s1 /rongly *>g$ ) sulphurett$      
hydrog51 gu% out f ! back ( a hill ris+ 
"o hundr$ & fifty feet above ! bottom ( 
! rav9e1 & t5d+ f s\?-s\?-ea/ to        
nor?-nor?-we/4 ,! rock f :i* ! spr+s    
gu%1 is a real co>se-gra9$ granite1     
resembl+ t ( ! ,r9con del ,diablo1 9 !  
m\nta9s ( ,m>i>a4 ,:]ev] ! wat]s        
evaporate 9 ! air1 !y =m s$im5ts &      
incru/ations ( c>bonate ( lime2 possibly
 !y trav]se /rata ( primitive lime/one1 
s common 9 ! mica-slate & gneiss ( !    
coa/s ( ,c>acas4 ,we 7 surpris$ at !    
luxuriant vegetation t surr\nds ! bas92 
mimosas ) sl5d] p9nate leaves1 clusias1 
& fig-trees1 h pu%$ _! roots into !     
bottom ( a pool1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is  
#he degrees2 & ! bran*es ( ^! trees     
ext5d$ ov] ! surface ( ! wat]1 at two or

 ?ree in*es di/ance4 ,! foliage ( !     
mimosas1 ?\gh con/antly envelop$ 9 ! hot
 vap\rs1 display$ ! mo/ beautiful       
v]dure4 ,an arum1 ) a woody /em1 & )    
l>ge sagittate leaves1 rose 9 ! v middle
 ( a pool ! temp]ature ( :i* 0 #gj      
degrees4 ,plants ( ! same species       
vegetate 9 o!r p>ts ( ^? m\nta9s at !   
br9k ( torr5ts1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is n 
#ah degrees4 ,:at is /ill m s+ul>1 =ty  
feet di/ant f ! po9t :5ce ! spr+s gu%   
out at a temp]ature ( #ij degrees1 o!r  
spr+s are f\nd p]fectly cold4 ,!y all   
foll[ = "s "t a p>allel direction2 & !  
natives %[$ u t1 by digg+ a hole betwe5 
! two rivulets1 !y c\ld procure a ba? ( 
any giv5 temp]ature !y pleas$4 ,x seems 
rem>kable1 t 9 ! hotte/ z well z !      
colde/ climates1 p display ! same       
pr$ilection = heat4 ,on ! introduction (
 ,*ri/ianity into ,icel&1 ! inhabitants 
w\ld be baptiz$ only 9 ! hot spr+s (    
,hecla3 & 9 ! torrid zone1 9 ! pla9s1 z 
well z on ! ,cordill]as1 ! natives flock
 f all p>ts to ! !rmal wat]s4 ,! sick1  

:o come to ,la ,tr9*]a to use           
vap\r-ba?s1 =m a sort ( frame-"w ov] !  
spr+ ) bran*es ( trees & v sl5d] re$s4  
,!y /ret* !mselves nak$ on ?is frame1   
:i* appe>$ to me to possess little      
/r5g?1 & to be dang]\s ( access4 ,! ,rio
 de ,aguas ,cali5tes runs t[>ds !       
nor?-ea/1 & becomes1 ne> ! coa/1 a      
consid]able riv]1 sw>m+ ) great         
crocodiles1 & contribut+1 by its        
inundations1 to ! insalubrity ( ! %ore4 
,we desc5d$ t[>ds ,porto ,cabello1 hav+ 
con/antly ! riv] ( hot wat] on our "r4  
,! road is extremely picturesque1 & !   
wat]s roll d[n on ! %elves ( rock4 ,we  
might h fanci$ we 7 gaz+ on ! cascades (
 ! ,reuss1 t fl[s d[n ,m\nt ,/4 ,go?>d2 
b :at a contra/ 9 ! vig\r & ri*ness ( ! 
vegetation6 ,! :ite trunks ( ! cecropia 
rise maje/ically amid bignonias &       
mela/omas4 ,!y d n disappe> till we are 
)9 a hundr$ toises above ! level ( !    
ocean4 ,a small ?orny palm-tree ext5ds  
also to ?is limit2 ! sl5d] p9nate leaves
 ( :i* look z if !y _h be5 curl$ t[>d ! 

edges4 ,?is tree is v common 9 ^!       
m\nta9s2 b n hav+ se5 ei!r its fruit or 
its fl[]s1 we are ignorant :e!r x be !  
piritu palm-tree ( ! ,c>ibbees1 or !    
,cocos aculeata ( ,jacqu94  ,! rock on  
?is road pres5ts a geological ph5om5on1 
! m rem>kable z ! exi/5ce ( real        
/ratifi$ granite has long be5 disput$4  
,betwe5 ,la ,tr9*]a & ! ,hato de        
,cambury a co>se-gra9$ granite appe>s1  
:i*1 f ! disposition ( ! spangles (     
mica1 collect$ 9 small gr\ps1 sc>cely   
admits ( conf\nd+ ) gneiss1 or ) rocks (
 a s*i/ose texture4 ,?is granite1 divid$
 into l$ges ( two or ?ree feet ?ick1 is 
direct$ #eb degrees nor?-ea/1 & slopes  
to ! nor?-we/ regul>ly at an angle ( f  
#cj or #dj degrees4 ,! feldsp>1         
cry/alliz$ 9 prisms ) f\r unequal sides1
 ab\t an in* long1 passes ?r\gh e v>iety
 ( t9t f a fle%-r$ to yell[i% :ite4 ,!  
mica1 unit$ 9 hexagonal plates1 is      
black1 & sometimes gre54 ,! qu>tz       
pr$om9ates 9 ! mass2 & is g5]ally ( a   
milky :ite4 ,i obs]v$ nei!r hornbl5de1  

black s*orl1 nor rutile titanite1 9 ?is 
granite4 ,9 "s l$ges we recognis$ r\nd  
masses1 ( a blacki% gray1 v qu>tzose1 & 
almo/ de/itute ( mica4 ,!y are f "o to  
two in*es diamet]2 & are f\nd 9 e zone1 
9 all granite m\nta9s4 ,^! are n imb$d$ 
fragm5ts1 z at ,greiff5/e9 9 ,saxony1 b 
aggregations ( p>ticles :i* seem to h   
be5 subject$ to p>tial attractions4 ,i  
c\ld n foll[ ! l9e ( junction ( ! gneiss
 & granitic =mations4 ,accord+ to angles
 tak5 9 ! valleys ( ,aragua1 ! gneiss   
appe>s to desc5d bel[ ! granite1 :i* mu/
 consequ5tly be ( a m rec5t =mation4 ,! 
appe>ance ( a /ratifi$ granite excit$ my
 att5tion ! m1 because1 hav+ _h !       
direction ( ! m9es ( ,fi*telb]g 9       
,franconia = sev]al ye>s1 ,i 0 accu/om$ 
to see granites divid$ into l$ges ( ?ree
 or f\r feet ?ick1 b little incl9$1 &   
=m+ masses l t[]s1 or old ru9s1 at !    
summit ( ! highe/ m\nta9s499 799 ,at    
,o*s5kopf1 at ,rudolph/e91 at           
,eppre*t/e91 at ,luxburg1 & at          
,s*neeb]g4 ,! dip ( ! /rata ( ^!        

granites ( ,fi*telb]g is g5]ally only f 
#f to #aj degrees1 r>ely 7at ,s*neeb]g7 
#ah degrees4 ,accord+ to ! dips ,i      
obs]v$ 9 ! neighb\r+ /rata ( gneiss &   
mica-slate1 ,i %\ld ?9k t ! granite (   
,fi*telb]g is v anci5t1 & s]ves z a     
basis = o!r =mations2 b ! /rata (       
grun/e91 & ! dissem9at$ t9-ore :i* x    
conta9s1 may lead u to d\bt its great   
antiquity1 f ! analogy ( ! granites (   
,saxony conta9+ t947  ,! heat became    
/ifl+ z we approa*$ ! coa/4 ,a r$di%    
vap\r veil$ ! horizon4 ,x 0 ne> sunset1 
& ! breeze 0 n yet /irr+4 ,we re/$ 9 !  
lonely f>ms kn[n "u ! names ( ! ,hato de
 ,cambury & ! h\se ( ! ,can>ian 7,casa  
del ,isl5o74 ,! riv] ( hot wat]1 along !
 banks ( :i* we pass$1 became deep]4 ,a 
crocodile1 m ?an n9e feet long1 lay dead
 on ! /r&4 ,we wi%$ to exam9e its tee?1 
& ! inside ( its m\?2 b hav+ be5 expos$ 
to ! sun = sev]al weeks1 x exhal$ a     
smell s fetid t we 7 oblig$ to rel9qui% 
our design & rem\nt our horses4 ,:5 we  
arriv$ at ! level ( ! sea1 ! road turn$ 

ea/w>d1 & cross$ a b>r5 %ore a league & 
a half broad1 resembl+ t ( ,cumana4 ,we 
!re f\nd "s scatt]$ cactuses1 a         
sesuvium1 a few plants ( ,coccoloba     
uvif]a1 & along ! coa/ "s avic5nias &   
mangroves4 ,we =d$ ! ,guayguaza & ! ,rio
 ,e/evan1 :i*1 by _! frequ5t ov]fl[+1 =m
 great pools ( /agnant wat]4 ,small     
rocks ( me&rites1 madrepores1 & o!r     
corals1 ei!r ramifi$ or ) a r\nd$       
surface1 rise 9 ?is va/ pla91 & seem to 
atte/ ! rec5t retreat ( ! sea4 ,b ^!    
masses1 :i* are ! habitations ( polypi1 
are only fragm5ts imb$d$ 9 a breccia ) a
 calc>e\s cem5t4 ,i say a breccia1      
because we mu/ n conf\nd ! fre% & :ite  
corallites ( ?is v rec5t littoral       
=mation1 ) ! corallites bl5d$ 9 ! mass (
 transition-rocks1 grauwacke1 & black   
lime/one4 ,we 7 a/oni%$ to f9d 9 ?is    
un9habit$ spot a l>ge ,p>k9sonia        
aculeata load$ ) fl[]s4 ,our botanical  
works indicate ?is tree z peculi> to !  
,new ,_w2 b dur+ five ye>s we saw x only
 twice 9 a wild /ate1 once 9 ! pla9s ( !

 ,rio ,guayguaza1 & once 9 ! llanos (   
,cumana1 ?irty leagues f ! coa/1 ne> la 
,villa del ,pao1 b !re 0 reason to      
believe t ?is latt] place _h once be5 a 
conuco1 or cultivat$ enclosure4 ,ev]y:]e
 else on ! cont95t ( ,am]ica we saw !   
,p>k9sonia1 l ! ,plum]ia1 only 9 ! g>d5s
 ( ! ,indians4  ,at ,porto ,cabello1 z  
at ,la ,guayra1 x is disput$ :e!r ! port
 lies ea/ or we/ ( ! t[n1 ) :i* !       
communications are ! mo/ frequ5t4 ,!    
inhabitants believe t ,porto ,cabello is
 nor?-nor?-we/ ( ,nueva ,val5cia2 & my  
obs]vations give a longitude ( ?ree or  
f\r m9utes m t[>ds ! we/4  ,we 7 receiv$
 ) ! utmo/ k9dness 9 ! h\se ( a ,fr5*   
physician1 ,m4 ,juliac1 :o _h /udi$     
m$ic9e at ,montpeli]4 ,8 small h\se     
conta9$ a collection ( ?+s ! mo/ v>i\s1 
b :i* 7 all calculat$ to int]e/         
travell]s4 ,we f\nd works ( lit]ature & 
natural hi/ory2 notes on meteorology2   
sk9s ( ! jagu> & ( l>ge aquatic s]p5ts2 
live animals1 monkeys1 armadilloes1 &   
birds4 ,our ho/ 0 pr9cipal surgeon to ! 

royal hospital ( ,porto ,cabello1 & 0   
celebrat$ 9 ! c\ntry = 8 skilful        
treatm5t ( ! yell[ fev]4 ,dur+ a p]iod (
 sev5 ye>s he _h se5 six or eight ?\s&  
p]sons ent] ! hospitals1 attack$ by ?is 
cruel malady4 ,he _h obs]v$ ! ravages t 
! epidemic caus$ 9 ,admiral             
,ariztizabal's fleet1 9 #agic4 ,t fleet 
lo/ ne>ly a ?ird ( its m52 = ! sailors 7
 almo/ all unseason$ ,europeans1 & held 
unre/ra9$ int]c\rse ) ! %ore4 ,m4       
,juliac _h h]et(ore treat$ ! sick z 0   
commonly practis$ 9 ,t]ra ,firma1 & 9 ! 
isl&1 by ble$+1 ap]i5t m$ic9es1 & acid  
dr9ks4 ,9 ?is treatm5t no attempt 0 made
 to raise ! vital p[]s by ! action (    
/imulants1 s t1 9 attempt+ to allay !   
fev]1 ! languor & debility 7 augm5t$4 ,9
 ! hospitals1 :]e ! sick 7 cr[d$1 !     
mortality 0 (t5 ?irty-?ree p] c5t among 
! :ite ,creoles2 & sixty-five 9 a hundr$
 among ! ,europeans rec5tly disemb>k$4  
,s9ce a /imulant treatm5t1 ! use (      
opium1 ( b5zo91 & ( alcoholic draughts1 
has be5 sub/itut$ = ! old debilitat+    

me?od1 ! mortality has consid]ably      
dim9i%$4 ,x 0 believ$ to be r$uc$ to    
tw5ty 9 a hundr$ among ,europeans1 & t5 
among ,creoles299 ev5 :5 black vomit+1 &
 haemorrhage f ! nose1 e>s1 & gums1     
indicat$ a high degree ( exac]bation 9 !
 malady4 799 ,i h treat$ 9 ano!r "w ( ! 
proportions ( mortality 9 ! yell[ fev]4 
7,n\velle ,espagne volume #b pages #ggg1
 #ghe1 & #hfg47 ,at ,cadiz ! av]age     
mortality 01 9 #ahjj1 tw5ty p] c5t2 at  
,seville1 9 #ahja1 x am\nt$ to sixty p] 
c5t4 ,at ,v]a ,cruz ! mortality does n  
exce$ twelve or fifte5 p] c5t1 :5 ! sick
 c be prop]ly att5d$4 ,9 ! civil        
hospitals ( ,p>is ! numb] ( dea?s1 "o   
ye> ) ano!r1 is f f\rte5 to eighte5 p]  
c5t2 b x is ass]t$ t a great numb] (    
pati5ts ent] ! hospitals almo/ dy+1 or  
at v advanc$ "t ( life47 ,i relate      
fai?fully :at 0 !n giv5 z ! g5]al result
 ( obs]vation3 b ,i ?9k1 9 ^! num]ical  
comp>isons1 x mu/ n be =gott51 t1       
not)/&+ appe>ances1 ! epidemics ( sev]al
 successive ye>s d n resemble ea* o!r2 &

 t1 9 ord] to decide on ! use ( =tify+  
or debilitat+ rem$ies1 7if inde$ ?is    
diff]5ce exi/ 9 an absolute s5se17 we   
mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! v>i\s p]iods ( !   
malady4  ,! climate ( ,porto ,cabello is
 less ard5t ?an t ( ,la ,guayra4 ,!     
breeze !re is /rong]1 m frequ5t1 & m    
regul>4 ,! h\ses d n lean aga9/ rocks t 
absorb ! rays ( ! sun dur+ ! day1 & emit
 caloric at night1 & ! air c circulate m
 freely betwe5 ! coa/ & ! m\nta9s (     
,il>ia4 ,! causes ( ! insalubrity ( !   
atmosph]e mu/ be s\ght 9 ! %ores t ext5d
 to ! ea/1 z f> z ! eye c rea*1 t[>ds ! 
,punta de ,tucasos1 ne> ! f9e port (    
,*i*iribi*e4 ,!re are situat$ !         
salt-works2 & !re1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y 
season1 t]tian fev]s prevail1 & easily  
deg5]ate into a/h5ic fev]s4 ,x is       
affirm$ t ! me/izoes :o are employ$ 9 ! 
salt-works are m tawny1 & h a yell[]    
sk91 :5 !y h suff]$ sev]al successive   
ye>s f ^? fev]s1 :i* are call$ ! malady 
( ! coa/4 ,! poor fi%]m51 :o dwell on   
?is %ore1 are ( op9ion t x is n !       

inundations ( ! sea1 & ! retreat ( !    
salt-wat]1 :i* r5d] ! l&s cov]$ )       
mangroves s unheal?ful299 799 ,9 ! ,we/ 
,india ,isl&s all ! dreadful maladies   
:i* prevail dur+ ! w9try season1 h be5 =
 a long "t attribut$ to ! s\? w9ds4 ,^! 
w9ds convey ! emanations ( ! m\?s ( !   
,or9oco & ( ! small riv]s ( ,t]ra ,firma
 t[>d ! high latitudes47 !y believe t ! 
insalubrity ( ! air is ow+ to ! fre%    
wat]1 t is1 to ! ov]fl[+s ( ! ,guayguaza
 & ,e/evan1 ! swell ( :i* is s great &  
sudd5 9 ! mon?s ( ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,!
 banks ( ! ,rio ,e/evan h be5 less      
insalubri\s s9ce little plantations (   
maize & planta9s h be5 e/abli%$2 &1 by  
rais+ & h>d5+ ! gr\nd1 ! riv] has be5   
conf9$ )9 n>r[] limits4 ,a plan is =m$ (
 giv+ ano!r issue to ! ,rio ,san        
,e/evan1 & ?us to r5d] ! environs (     
,porto ,cabello m :olesome4 ,a canal is 
to lead ! wat]s t[>d t "p ( ! coa/ :i*  
is opposite ! isl& ( ,guayguaza4  ,!    
salt-works ( ,porto ,cabello some:at    
resemble ^? ( ! p59sula ( ,araya1 ne>   

,cumana4 ,! e>?1 h[ev]1 :i* !y lixivate 
by collect+ ! ra9-wat] into small bas9s1
 conta9s less salt4 ,x is que/ion$ "h1 z
 at ,cumana1 :e!r ! gr\nd be impregnat$ 
) sal9e p>ticles because x has be5 =    
ages cov]$ at int]vals ) sea-wat]       
evaporat$ by ! heat ( ! sun1 or :e!r !  
soil be muriatif]\s1 z 9 a m9e v poor 9 
native salt4 ,i _h n leisure to exam9e  
?is pla9 ) ! same att5tion z ! p59sula (
 ,araya4 ,besides1 does n ?is problem   
r$uce itself to ! simple "q1 :e!r ! salt
 be ow+ to new or v anci5t inundations8 
,! lab\r+ at ! salt-works ( ,porto      
,cabello be+ extremely unheal?y1 !      
poore/ m5 alone engage 9 x4 ,!y collect 
! salt 9 little /ores1 & aft]w>ds sell x
 to ! %opkeep]s 9 ! t[n4  ,dur+ our     
abode at ,porto ,cabello1 ! curr5t on ! 
coa/1 g5]ally direct$ t[>ds ! we/199 ran
 f we/ to ea/4 ,?is upw>d curr5t        
7corri5te por arriba71 is v frequ5t dur+
 two or ?ree mon?s ( ! ye>1 f ,septemb] 
to ,novemb]4 ,x is believ$ to be ow+ to 
"s nor?-we/ w9ds t h bl[n betwe5        

,jamaica & ,cape ,/4 ,antony 9 ! isl& ( 
,cuba4 799 ,! wrecks ( ! ,spani% %ips1  
burnt at ! isl& ( ,tr9idad1 at ! "t (   
its occupation by ! ,engli% 9 #agig1 7  
c>ri$ by ! g5]al or rot>y curr5t to     
,punta ,brava1 ne> ,porto ,cabello4 ,?is
 g5]al curr5t t[>d ! ea/1 f ! coa/s (   
,p>ia to ! i/hmus ( ,panama & ! we/]n   
extremity ( ! isl& ( ,cuba1 0 ! subject 
( a viol5t dispute betwe5 ,don ,diego   
,columbus1 ,ovi$o1 & ! pilot ,&res1 9 ! 
sixte5? c5tury47  ,! milit>y def5ce ( ! 
coa/s ( ,t]ra ,firma re/s on six po9ts3 
! ca/le ( ,san ,antonio at ,cumana2 !   
,morro ( ,nueva ,b>celona2 !            
=tifications ( ,la ,guayra1 7m\nt+ "o   
hundr$ & ?irty-f\r guns72 ,porto        
,cabello2 =t ,san ,c>los1 7at ! m\? ( ! 
lake ( ,m>acaybo72 & ,c>?ag5a4 ,porto   
,cabello is1 next to ,c>?ag5a1 ! mo/    
important =tifi$ place4 ,! t[n ( ,porto 
,cabello is q mod]n1 & ! port is "o ( ! 
f9e/ 9 ! _w4 ,art has _h sc>cely any?+  
to add to ! advantages :i* ! nature ( ! 
spot pres5ts4 ,a neck ( l& /ret*es fir/ 

t[>ds ! nor?1 & !n t[>ds ! we/4 ,its    
we/]n extremity is opposite to a range (
 isl&s connect$ by bridges1 & s close   
toge!r t !y might be tak5 = ano!r neck (
 l&4 ,^! isl&s are all compos$ ( a      
calc>e\s breccia ( extremely rec5t      
=mation1 & analag\s to t on ! coa/ (    
,cumana1 & ne> ! ca/le ( ,araya4 ,x is a
 conglom]ate1 conta9+ fragm5ts (        
madrepores & o!r corals cem5t$ by a     
lime/one basis & gra9s ( s&4 ,we _h     
already se5 ?is conglom]ate ne> ! ,rio  
,guayguaza4 ,by a s+ul> disposition ( ! 
gr\nd ! port resembles a bas9 or a      
little inl& lake1 ! s\!rn extremity (   
:i* is fill$ ) little isl&s cov]$ )     
mangroves4 ,! op5+ ( ! port t[>ds ! we/ 
contributes mu* to ! smoo?ness ( !      
wat]499 799 ,x is disput$ at ,porto     
,cabello :e!r ! port takes its "n f !   
tranquillity ( its wat]s1 :i* w\ld n    
move a hair 7cabello71 or 7:i* is m     
probable7 d]iv$ f ,antonio ,cabello1 "o 
( ! fi%]m5 ) :om ! smuggl]s ( ,curacoa  
_h =m$ a connexion at ! p]iod :5 ! fir/ 

hamlet 0 con/ruct$ on ?is half-des]t    
coa/47 ,"o vessel only c ent] at a "t2 b
 ! l>ge/ %ips ( ! l9e c an*or v ne> l&  
to take 9 wat]4 ,!re is no o!r dang] 9  
ent]+ ! h>b\r ?an ! reefs ( ,punta      
,brava1 opposite :i* a batt]y ( eight   
guns has be5 erect$4 ,t[>ds ! we/ &     
s\?-we/ we see ! =t1 :i* is a regul>    
p5tagon ) five ba/ions1 ! batt]y ( !    
reef1 & ! =tifications t surr\nd !      
anci5t t[n1 f\nd$ on an isl& ( a        
trapezoidal =m4 ,a bridge & ! =tifi$    
gate ( ! ,/accado jo9 ! old to ! new    
t[n2 ! latt] is already l>g] ?an ! =m]1 
?\gh consid]$ only z its suburb4 ,!     
bottom ( ! bas9 or lake :i* =ms ! h>b\r 
( ,porto ,cabello1 turns beh9d ?is      
suburb to ! s\?-we/4 ,x is a m>%y gr\nd 
fill$ ) noisome & /agnant wat]4 ,! t[n1 
:i* has at pres5t ne>ly n9e ?\s&        
inhabitants1 owes its orig9 to an       
illicit comm]ce1 attract$ to ^! %ores by
 ! proximity ( ! t[n ( ,burburata1 :i* 0
 f\nd$ 9 #aedi4 ,x is only s9ce !       
adm9i/ration ( ! ,biscayans1 & ( !      

company ( ,guipuzcoa1 t ,porto ,cabello1
 :i* 0 b a hamlet1 has be5 conv]t$ into 
a well-=tifi$ t[n4 ,! vessels ( ,la     
,guayra1 :i* is less a port ?an a bad   
op5 road/ead1 come to ,porto ,cabello to
 be caulk$ & repair$4  ,! real def5ce ( 
! h>b\r consi/s 9 ! l[ batt]ies on !    
neck ( l& at ,punta ,brava1 & on ! reef2
 b f ignorance ( ?is pr9ciple1 a new =t1
 ! ,mirador ( ,solano99 has be5         
con/ruct$ at a great exp5se1 on !       
m\nta9s comm&+ ! suburb t[>ds ! s\?4 799
 ,! ,mirador is situate ea/w>d ( !      
,vigia ,alta1 & s\?-ea/ ( ! batt]y ( !  
salt-works & ! p[d]-mill47 ,m ?an t5    
?\s& mules are annually export$ f ,porto
 ,cabello4 ,x is curi\s en\gh to see ^! 
animals emb>k$2 !y are ?r[n d[n ) ropes1
 & !n hoi/$ on bo>d ! vessels by means (
 a ma*9e resembl+ a crane4 ,rang$ 9 two 
files1 ! mules ) difficulty keep _!     
foot+ dur+ ! roll+ & pit*+ ( ! %ip2 & 9 
ord] to fright5 & r5d] !m m docile1 a   
drum is beat5 dur+ a great "p ( ! day & 
night4 ,we may guess :at quiet a pass5g]

 enjoys1 :o has ! c\rage to emb>k =     
,jamaica 9 a s*oon] lad5 ) mules4  ,we  
left ,porto ,cabello on ! fir/ ( ,m>*1  
at sunrise4 ,we saw ) surprise ! great  
numb] ( boats t 7 lad5 ) fruit to be    
sold at ! m>ket4 ,x rem9d$ me ( a f9e   
morn+ at ,v5ice4 ,! t[n pres5ts 9 g5]al1
 on ! side t[>ds ! sea1 a *e]ful &      
agreeable aspect4 ,m\nta9s cov]$ )      
vegetation1 & cr[n$ ) peaks call$ ,las  
,tetas de ,il>ia1 :i*1 f _! outl9e w\ld 
be tak5 = rocks ( a trap-=mation1 =m !  
backgr\nd ( ! l&scape4 ,ne> ! coa/ all  
is b>e1 :ite1 & /rongly illum9$1 :ile ! 
scre5 ( m\nta9s is clo!d ) trees ( ?ick 
foliage t project _! va/ %ad[s ^u ! br[n
 & rocky gr\nd4 ,on go+ out ( ! t[n we  
visit$ an aqu$uct t _h be5 j f9i%$4 ,x  
is five ?\s& v>as long1 & conveys !     
wat]s ( ! ,rio ,e/evan by a tr5* to !   
t[n4 ,?is "w has co/ m ?an ?irty ?\s&   
pia/res2 b its wat]s gu% out 9 e /reet4 
,we return$ f ,porto ,cabello to !      
valleys ( ,aragua1 & /opp$ at ! ,f>m (  
,b>bula1 ne> :i*1 a new road to ,val5cia

 is 9 ! c\rse ( con/ruction4 ,we _h     
he>d1 sev]al weeks be=e1 ( a tree1 ! sap
 ( :i* is a n\ri%+ milk4 ,x is call$ !  
c[-tree2 & we 7 assur$ t ! negroes ( !  
f>m1 :o dr9k pl5tifully ( ?is vegetable 
milk1 consid] x a :olesome alim5t4 ,all 
! milky juices ( plants be+ acrid1      
bitt]1 & m or less poison\s1 ?is acc\nt 
appe>$ to u v extraord9>y2 b we f\nd by 
exp]i5ce dur+ our /ay at ,b>bula1 t !   
virtues ( ?is tree _h n be5 exagg]at$4  
,?is f9e tree rises l ! broad-leav$     
/>-apple499 799 ,*rysophyllum ca9ito47  
,its oblong & po9t$ leaves1 r\gh &      
alt]nate1 are m>k$ by lat]al ribs1      
prom95t at ! l[] surface1 & p>allel4 ,"s
 ( !m are t5 in*es long4 ,we did n see !
 fl[]3 ! fruit is some:at fle%y1 &      
conta9s "o & sometimes two nuts4 ,:5    
incisions are made 9 ! trunk ( ?is tree1
 x yields abundance ( a glut9\s milk1   
tol]ably ?ick1 devoid ( all acridity1 & 
( an agreeable & balmy smell4 ,x 0 (f]$ 
to u 9 ! %ell ( a calaba%4 ,we drank    
consid]able quantities ( x 9 ! ev5+ be=e

 we w5t to b$1 & v e>ly 9 ! morn+1 )\t  
feel+ ! lea/ injuri\s effect4 ,!        
viscosity ( ?is milk alone r5d]s x a    
little disagreeable4 ,! negroes & ! free
 p :o "w 9 ! plantations dr9k x1 dipp+  
into x _! bread ( maize or cassava4 ,!  
ov]se] ( ! f>m told u t ! negroes gr[   
s5sibly fatt] dur+ ! season :5 ! palo de
 vaca furni%es !m ) mo/ milk4 ,?is      
juice1 expos$ to ! air1 pres5ts at its  
surface 7p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( !        
absorption ( ! atmosph]ic oxyg57        
membranes ( a /rongly animaliz$         
sub/ance1 yell[i%1 /r+y1 & resembl+     
*eese4 ,^! membranes1 sep>at$ f ! re/ ( 
! m aque\s liquid1 are ela/ic1 almo/ l  
ca\t*\c2 b !y und]go1 9 "t1 ! same      
ph5om5a ( putrefaction z gelat9e4 ,! p  
call ! coagulum t sep>ates by ! contact 
( ! air1 *eese4 ,?is coagulum gr[s s\r 9
 ! space ( five or six days1 z ,i obs]v$
 9 ! small portions :i* ,i c>ri$ to     
,nueva ,val5cia4 ,! milk conta9$ 9 a    
/opp$ phial1 _h deposit$ a little       
coagulum2 &1 f> f becom+ fetid1 x exhal$

 con/antly a balsamic od\r4 ,! fre%     
juice mix$ ) cold wat] 0 sc>cely        
coagulat$ at all2 b on ! contact (      
nitric acid ! sep>ation ( ! visc\s      
membranes took place4 ,we s5t two       
bottles ( ?is milk to ,m4 ,f\rcroy at   
,p>is3 9 "o x 0 9 its natural /ate1 & 9 
! o!r1 mix$ ) a c]ta9 quantity (        
c>bonate ( soda4 ,! ,fr5* consul resid+ 
9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,?omas1 und]took to      
convey !m to him4  ,! extraord9>y tree (
 :i* we h be5 speak+ appe>s to be       
peculi> to ! ,cordill]a ( ! coa/1       
p>ticul>ly f ,b>bula to ! lake (        
,m>acaybo4 ,"s /ocks ( x exi/ ne> !     
village ( ,san ,mateo2 &1 accord+ to ,m4
 ,br$emey]1 ^: travels h s mu* enri*$ ! 
f9e cons]vatories ( ,s*onbrunn & ,vi5na1
 9 ! valley ( ,caucagua1 ?ree days      
j\rney ea/ ( ,c>acas4 ,?is naturali/    
f\nd1 l u1 t ! vegetable milk ( ! palo  
de vaco _h an agreeable ta/e & an       
aromatic smell4 ,at ,caucagua1 ! natives
 call ! tree t furni%es ?is n\ri%+      
juice1 ! milk-tree 7arbol del le*e74 ,!y

 pr(ess to recognize1 f ! ?ickness &    
col\r ( ! foliage1 ! trunks t yield !   
mo/ juice2 z ! h]dsman di/+ui%es1 f     
ext]nal signs1 a good mil*-c[4 ,no      
botani/ has hi!rto kn[n ! exi/5ce ( ?is 
plant4 ,x seems1 accord+ to ,m4 ,kun?1  
to belong to ! sapota family4 ,long aft]
 my return to ,europe1 ,i f\nd 9 !      
,description ( ! ,ea/ ,indies by ,laet1 
a ,dut* travell]1 a passage t seems to h
 "s relation to ! c[-tree4 ,!re exi/    
trees1 says ,laet199 9 ! prov9ce (      
,cumana1 ! sap ( :i* mu* resembles      
curdl$ milk1 & af=ds a salubri\s        
n\ri%m5t4 799 ,int] arbores quae sponte 
hic passim nascuntur1 memorantur a      
scriptoribus ,hispanis qua$am quae      
lacteum quemdam liquorem fundunt1 qui   
durus admodum evadit in/> gummi1 et     
suavem odorem de se fundit2 aliae quae  
liquorem quemdam edunt1 in/> lactis     
coagulati1 qui 9 cibis ab ipsis         
usurpatur s9e noxa4 7,among ! trees gr[+
 "h1 x is rem>k$ by ,spani% writ]s t !re
 are "s :i* p\r out a milky juice :i*   

soon gr[s solid1 l gum1 af=d+ a pleasant
 od\r2 & also o!rs t give out a liquid  
:i* coagulates l *eese1 & :i* !y eat at 
meals )\t any ill effects74 ,descriptio 
,indi>um ,occid5talium1 lib4 #ah47      
,amid/ ! great numb] ( curi\s ph5om5a   
:i* ,i h obs]v$ 9 ! c\rse ( my travels1 
,i confess !re are few t h made s p[]ful
 an impression on me z ! aspect ( !     
c[-tree4 ,:atev] relates to milk or to  
corn1 inspires an int]e/ :i* is n m]ely 
t ( ! physical k ( ?+s1 b is connect$ ) 
ano!r ord] ( ideas & s5tim5ts4 ,we c    
sc>cely conceive h[ ! human race c\ld   
exi/ )\t f>9ace\s sub/ances1 & )\t t    
n\ri%+ juice :i* ! brea/ ( ! "m conta9s1
 & :i* is appropriat$ to ! long         
feebl5ess ( ! infant4 ,! amylace\s matt]
 ( corn1 ! object ( religi\s v5]ation   
among s _m nations1 anci5t & mod]n1 is  
diffus$ 9 ! se$s1 & deposit$ 9 ! roots (
 vegetables2 milk1 :i* s]ves z an       
alim5t1 appe>s to u exclusively !       
produce ( animal organization4 ,su* are 
! impressions we h receiv$ 9 our e>lie/ 

infancy3 su* is also ! s\rce ( t        
a/oni%m5t creat$ by ! aspect ( ! tree j 
describ$4 ,x is n "h ! solemn %ades (   
=e/s1 ! maje/ic c\rse ( riv]s1 ! m\nta9s
 wrapp$ 9 et]nal sn[1 t excite our      
emotion4 ,a few drops ( vegetable juice 
recall to our m9ds all ! p[]fulness & ! 
fecundity ( nature4 ,on ! b>r5 flank ( a
 rock gr[s a tree ) coriace\s & dry     
leaves4 ,its l>ge woody roots c sc>cely 
p5etrate into ! /one4 ,= sev]al mon?s ( 
! ye> n a s+le %[] moi/5s its foliage4  
,its bran*es appe> dead & dri$2 b :5 !  
trunk is pi]c$ !re fl[s f x a sweet &   
n\ri%+ milk4 ,x is at ! ris+ ( ! sun t  
?is vegetable f\nta9 is mo/ abundant4 ,!
 negroes & natives are !n se5 ha/5+ f   
all qu>t]s1 furni%$ ) l>ge b[ls to      
receive ! milk1 :i* gr[s yell[1 & ?ick5s
 at its surface4 ,"s empty _! b[ls "u ! 
tree itself2 o!rs c>ry ! juice home to  
_! *ildr54  ,9 exam9+ ! physical        
prop]ties ( animal & vegetable products1
 sci5ce displays !m z closely l9k$      
toge!r2 b x /rips !m ( :at is m>vell\s1 

& p]haps1 !re=e1 ( a "p ( _! *>ms4 ,no?+
 appe>s isolat$2 ! *emical pr9ciples t 7
 believ$ to be peculi> to animals are   
f\nd 9 plants2 a common *a9 l9ks toge!r 
all organic nature4  ,long be=e *emi/s  
_h recogniz$ small portions ( wax 9 !   
poll5 ( fl[]s1 ! v>ni% ( leaves1 & !    
:iti% du/ ( our plums & grapes1 !       
inhabitants ( ! ,&es ( ,qu9diu made     
tap]s ) ! ?ick lay] ( wax t cov]s !     
trunk ( a palm-tree499 799 ,coroxylon   
&icola47 ,x is b a few ye>s s9ce we     
discov]$1 9 ,europe1 caseum1 ! basis (  
*eese1 9 ! emulsion ( almonds2 yet =    
ages pa/1 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! coa/ (        
,v5ezuela1 ! milk ( a tree1 & ! *eese   
sep>at$ f t vegetable milk1 h be5       
consid]$ z a salut>y alim5t4 ,h[ are we 
to acc\nt = ?is s+ul> c\rse 9 !         
developm5t ( k8 ,h[ h ! unle>n$         
inhabitants ( "o hemisph]e become       
cognizant ( a fact :i*1 9 ! o!r1 s long 
escap$ ! sagacity ( ! sci5tific8 ,x is  
because a small numb] ( elem5ts &       
pr9ciples diff]5tly comb9$ are spread   

?r\gh sev]al families ( plants2 x is    
because ! g5]a & species ( ^! natural   
families are n equally di/ribut$ 9 !    
torrid1 ! frigid1 & ! temp]ate zones2 x 
is t tribes1 excit$ by want1 & d]iv+    
almo/ all _! subsi/5ce f ! vegetable    
k+dom1 discov] nutritive pr9ciples1     
f>9ace\s & alim5t>y sub/ances1 :]ev]    
nature has deposit$ !m 9 ! sap1 ! b>k1 !
 roots1 or ! fruits ( vegetables4 ,t    
amylace\s fecula :i* ! se$s ( ! c]eal   
plants furni% 9 all its purity1 is f\nd 
unit$ ) an acrid & sometimes ev5        
poison\s juice1 9 ! roots ( ! arums1 !  
,tacca p9natifida1 & ! ,jatropha        
manihot4 ,! savage ( ,am]ica1 l ! savage
 ( ! ,s\? ,sea isl&s1 has le>n$ to      
dulcify ! fecula1 by press+ & sep>at+ x 
f its juice4 ,9 ! milk ( plants1 & 9 !  
milky emulsions1 matt] extremely n\ri%+1
 album51 caseum1 & sug>1 are f\nd mix$ )
 ca\t*\c & ) delet]i\s & cau/ic         
pr9ciples1 su* z morph9e & hydrocyanic  
acid499 799 ,opium conta9s morph9e1     
ca\t*\c1 etc47 ,^! mixtures v>y n only 9

 ! diff]5t families1 b also 9 ! species 
:i* belong to ! same g5us4 ,sometimes x 
is morph9e or ! n>cotic pr9ciple1 t     
*>act]ises ! vegetable milk1 z 9 "s     
papav]\s plants2 sometimes x is ca\t*\c1
 z 9 ! hevea & ! ca/illoa2 sometimes    
album5 & caseum1 z 9 ! c[-tree4  ,!     
lactesc5t plants belong *iefly to ! ?ree
 families ( ! euphorbiaceae1 ! urticeae1
 & ! apoc9eae499 799 ,aft] ^! ?ree great
 families foll[ ! papav]aceae1 !        
*icoraceae1 ! lobeliaceae1 !            
campanulaceae1 ! sapoteae1 & !          
cucurbitaceae4 ,! hydrocyanic acid is   
peculi> to ! gr\p (                     
rosaceo-amygdalaceae4 ,9 !              
monocotyl$on\s plants !re is no milky   
juice2 b ! p]isp]m ( ! palms1 :i* yields
 su* sweet & agreeable milky emulsions1 
conta9s1 no d\bt1 caseum4 ,( :at nature 
is ! milk ( mu%rooms87 ,s9ce1 on exam9+ 
! di/ribution ( vegetable =ms ov] !     
globe1 we f9d t ^? ?ree families are m  
num]\s 9 species 9 ! l[ regions ( !     
tropics1 we mu/ !nce conclude1 t a v    

elevat$ temp]ature contributes to !     
elaboration ( ! milky juices1 to !      
=mation ( ca\t*\c1 album51 & case\s     
matt]4 ,! sap ( ! palo de vaca furni%es 
unque/ionably ! mo/ /rik+ example ( a   
vegetable milk 9 :i* ! acrid & delet]i\s
 pr9ciple is n unit$ ) album51 caseum1 &
 ca\t*\c3 ! g5]a euphorbia & asclepias1 
h[ev]1 ?\gh g5]ally kn[n = _! cau/ic    
prop]ties1 already pres5t u ) a few     
species1 ! juice ( :i* is sweet &       
h>mless4 ,su* are ! ,tabayba dulce ( !  
,can>y ,isl&s1 :i* we h already         
m5tion$199 799 ,euphorbia balsamif]a4 ,!
 milky juice ( ! ,cactus mamill>is is   
equally sweet47 & ! ,asclepias lactif]a 
( ,ceylon4 ,burman relates t1 9 ! latt] 
c\ntry1 :5 c['s milk is want+1 ! milk ( 
?is asclepias is us$2 & t ! ailm5ts     
commonly prep>$ ) animal milk are boil$ 
) its leaves4 ,x may be possible1 z     
,dec&olle has well obs]v$1 t ! natives  
employ only ! juice t fl[s f ! "y plant1
 at a p]iod :5 ! acrid pr9ciple is n yet
 develop$4 ,9 fact1 ! fir/ %oots ( !    

apocyne\s plants are eat5 9 sev]al      
c\ntries4  ,i h endeav\r$ by ^!         
comp>isons to br+ into consid]ation1 "u 
a m g5]al po9t ( view1 ! milky juices t 
circulate 9 vegetables2 & ! milky       
emulsions t ! fruits ( ! amygdalace\s   
plants & palms yield4 ,i may be p]mitt$ 
to add ! result ( "s exp]im5ts :i* ,i   
attempt$ to make on ! juice ( ! ,c>ica  
papaya dur+ my /ay 9 ! valleys (        
,aragua1 ?\gh ,i 0 !n almo/ de/itute (  
*emical te/s4 ,! juice has be5 s9ce     
exam9$ by ,vauquel91 & ?is celebrat$    
*emi/ has v cle>ly recogniz$ ! album5 & 
case\s matt]2 he comp>es ! milky sap to 
a sub/ance /rongly animaliz$--to ! blood
 ( animals2 b 8 rese>*es 7 conf9$ to a  
f]m5t$ juice & a coagulum ( a fetid     
smell1 =m$ dur+ ! passage f ! ,mauritius
 to ,france4 ,he has express$ a wi% t "s
 travell] w\ld exam9e ! milk ( !        
papaw-tree j z x fl[s f ! /em or !      
fruit4  ,! y\ng] ! fruit ( ! c>ica1 ! m 
milk x yields3 x is ev5 f\nd 9 ! g]m5   
sc>cely fecundat$4 ,9 proportion z !    

fruit rip5s1 ! milk becomes less        
abundant1 & m aque\s4 ,less ( t animal  
matt] :i* is coagulable by acids & by ! 
absorption ( atmosph]ic oxyg51 is f\nd 9
 x4 ,z ! :ole fruit is visc\s199 799 ,! 
same viscosity is also rem>k$ 9 ! fre%  
milk ( ! palo de vaca4 ,x is no d\bt    
occasion$ by ! ca\t*\c1 :i* is n yet    
sep>at$1 & :i* =ms "o mass ) ! album5 & 
! caseum1 z ! butt] & ! caseum 9 animal 
milk4 ,! juice ( a euphorbiace\s plant  
7,sapium aucup>ium71 :i* also yields    
ca\t*\c1 is s glut9\s t x is us$ to cat*
 p>rots47 x might be suppos$ t1 z x gr[s
 l>g]1 ! coagulable matt] is depos$ 9 ! 
organs1 & =ms a "p ( ! pulp1 or ! fle%y 
sub/ance4 ,:5 nitric acid1 dilut$ ) f\r 
p>ts ( wat]1 is add$ drop by drop to !  
milk express$ f a v "y fruit1 a v       
extraord9>y ph5om5on appe>s4 ,at ! c5tre
 ( ea* drop a gelat9\s pellicle is =m$1 
divid$ by greyi% /reaks4 ,^! /reaks are 
simply ! juice r5d]$ m aque\s1 ow+ to ! 
contact ( ! acid hav+ depriv$ x ( !     
album54 ,at ! same "t1 ! c5tre ( !      

pellicles becomes opaque1 & ( ! col\r ( 
! yolk ( an egg2 !y enl>ge z if by !    
prolongation ( div]g5t fibres4 ,! :ole  
liquid assumes at fir/ ! appe>ance ( an 
agate ) milky cl\ds2 & x seems z if     
organic membranes 7 =m+ "u ! eye ( !    
obs]v]4 ,:5 ! coagulum ext5ds to ! :ole 
mass1 ! yell[ spots aga9 disappe>4 ,by  
agitation x becomes granul\s l s(t      
*eese499 799 ,! sub/ance :i* falls d[n 9
 grum\s & filam5t\s clots is n pure     
ca\t*\c1 b p]haps a mixture ( ?is       
sub/ance ) caseum & album54 ,acids      
precipitate ! ca\t*\c f ! milky juice ( 
! euphorbiums1 fig-trees1 & hevea2 !y   
precipitate ! caseum f ! milk ( animals4
 ,a :ite coagulum 0 =m$ 9 phials closely
 /opp$1 conta9+ ! milk ( ! hevea1 &     
pres]v$ among our collections1 dur+ our 
j\rney to ! ,or9oco4 ,x is p]haps !     
developm5t ( a vegetable acid :i* !n    
furni%es oxyg5 to ! album54 ,! =mation (
 ! coagulum ( ! hevea1 or ( real        
ca\t*\c1 is nev]!less mu* m rapid 9     
contact ) ! air4 ,! absorption (        

atmosph]ic oxyg5 is n 9 ! lea/ necess>y 
to ! production ( butt] :i* exi/s       
already =m$ 9 ! milk ( animals2 b ,i    
believe x _c be d\bt$ t1 9 ! milk (     
plants1 ?is absorption produces !       
pellicles ( ca\t*\c1 ( coagulat$ album51
 & ( caseum1 :i* are successively =m$ 9 
vessels expos$ to ! op5 air47 ,! yell[  
col\r reappe>s on add+ a few m drops (  
nitric acid4 ,! acid acts 9 ?is in/ance 
z ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e at a temp]ature 
f #bg to #ce degrees2 = ! :ite coagulum 
gr[s yell[ 9 two or ?ree m9utes1 :5     
expos$ to ! sun4 ,aft] a few h\rs !     
yell[ col\r turns to br[n1 no d\bt      
because ! c>bon is set m free           
progressively z ! hydrog51 ) :i* x 0    
comb9$1 is burnt4 ,! coagulum =m$ by !  
acid becomes visc\s1 & acquires t smell 
( wax :i* ,i h obs]v$ 9 treat+ muscul>  
fle% & mu%rooms 7morels7 ) nitric acid4 
,accord+ to ! f9e exp]im5ts ( ,mr4      
,hat*ett1 ! album5 may be suppos$ to    
pass p>tly to ! /ate ( gelat9e4 ,!      
coagulum ( ! papaw-tree1 :5 newly       

prep>$1 be+ ?r[n into wat]1 s(t5s1      
dissolves 9 "p1 & gives a yell[i% t9t to
 ! fluid4 ,! milk1 plac$ 9 contact )    
wat] only1 =ms also membranes4 ,9 an    
in/ant a tremul\s jelly is precipitat$1 
resembl+ />*4 ,?is ph5om5on is          
p>ticul>ly /rik+ if ! wat] employ$ be   
heat$ to #dj or #fj degrees4 ,! jelly   
cond5ses 9 proportion z m wat] is p\r$  
^u x4 ,x pres]ves a long "t its :it5ess1
 only gr[+ yell[ by ! contact ( a few   
drops ( nitric acid4 ,guid$ by !        
exp]im5ts ( ,f\rcroy & ,vauquel9 on !   
juice ( ! hevea1 ,i mix$ a solution (   
c>bonate ( soda ) ! milk ( ! papaw4 ,no 
clot is =m$1 ev5 :5 pure wat] is p\r$ on
 a mixture ( ! milk ) ! alkal9e         
solution4 ,! membranes appe> only :51 by
 add+ an acid1 ! soda is neutraliz$1 & !
 acid is 9 excess4 ,i made ! coagulum   
=m$ by nitric acid1 ! juice ( lemons1 or
 hot wat]1 likewise disappe> by mix+ x )
 c>bonate ( soda4 ,! sap aga9 becomes   
milky & liquid1 z 9 its primitive /ate2 
b ?is exp]im5t succe$s only :5 !        

coagulum has be5 rec5tly =m$4  ,on      
comp>+ ! milky juices ( ! papaw1 !      
c[-tree1 & ! hevea1 !re appe>s a /rik+  
analogy betwe5 ! juices :i* ab\nd 9     
case\s matt]1 & ^? 9 :i* ca\t*\c        
prevails4 ,all ! :ite & newly prep>$    
ca\t*\c1 z well z ! wat]pro( cloaks1    
manufactur$ 9 ,spani% ,am]ica by plac+ a
 lay] ( milk ( hevea betwe5 two pieces (
 clo?1 exhale an animal & nauseat+      
smell4 ,?is seems to indicate t !       
ca\t*\c1 9 coagulat+1 c>ries ) x !      
caseum1 :i* is p]haps only an alt]$     
album54  ,! produce ( ! bread-fruit tree
 c no m be consid]$ z bread ?an planta9s
 be=e ! /ate ( maturity1 or ! tub]\s &  
amylace\s roots ( ! cassava1 !          
dioscorea1 ! ,convolvulus batatas1 & !  
potato4 ,! milk ( ! c[-tree conta9s1 on 
! contr>y1 a case\s matt]1 l ! milk (   
mammif]\s animals4 ,advanc+ to m g5]al  
consid]ations1 we may reg>d1 ) ,m4      
,gay-,lussac1 ! ca\t*\c z ! oily "p--!  
butt] ( vegetable milk4 ,we f9d 9 ! milk
 ( plants caseum & ca\t*\c2 9 ! milk (  

animals1 caseum & butt]4 ,! proportions 
( ! two album9\s & oily pr9ciples diff] 
9 ! v>i\s species ( animals & (         
lactesc5t plants4 ,9 ^! la/ !y are mo/  
frequ5tly mix$ ) o!r sub/ances hurtful z
 food2 b ( :i* ! sep>ation might p]haps 
be obta9$ by *emical processes4 ,a      
vegetable milk becomes n\ri%+ :5 x is   
de/itute ( acrid & n>cotic pr9ciples2 & 
ab\nds less 9 ca\t*\c ?an 9 case\s      
matt]499  799 ,! milk ( ! lactesc5t     
ag>ics has n be5 sep>ately analys$2 x   
conta9s an acrid pr9ciple 9 ! ,ag>icus  
pip]atus1 & 9 o!r species x is sweet &  
h>mless4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,,mm4           
,braconnot1 ,b\illon-,lagrange1 &       
,vauquel9 7,annales de ,*imie1 volume   
#df1 volume #ea1 volume #gi1 volume #hj1
 volume #he1 h po9t$ out a great        
quantity ( album5 9 ! sub/ance ( !      
,ag>icus deliciosus1 an edible mu%room4 
,x is ?is album5 conta9$ 9 _! juice :i* 
r5d]s !m s h>d :5 boil$4 ,x has be5     
prov$ t morels 7,mor*ella escul5ta7 c be
 conv]t$ into sebace\s & adipoc]\s      

matt]1 capable ( be+ us$ 9 ! fabrication
 ( soap4 7,de ,c&olle1 sur les          
,proprietes m$ic9ales des ,plantes47    
,sac*>9e matt] has also be5 f\nd 9      
mu%rooms by ,gun!r4 ,x is 9 ! family ( !
 fungi1 m especially 9 ! clav>iae1      
phalli1 helvetiae1 ! m]ulii1 & ! small  
gymnopae :i* display !mselves 9 a few   
h\rs aft] a /orm ( ra91 t organic nature
 produces ) mo/ rapidity ! greate/      
v>iety ( *emical pr9ciples--sug>1       
album51 adipocire1 acetate ( pota%1 fat1
 ozmazome1 ! aromatic pr9ciples1 etc4 ,x
 w\ld be int]e/+ to exam9e1 besides !   
milk ( ! lactesc5t fungi1 ^? species    
:i*1 :5 cut 9 pieces1 *ange _! col\r on 
! contact ( atmosph]ic air4  ,?\gh we h 
ref]r$ ! palo de vaca to ! family ( !   
sapotas1 we h nev]!less f\nd 9 x a great
 resemblance to "s plants ( ! urtice\s  
k9d1 especially to ! fig-tree1 because (
 its t]m9al /ipulae 9 ! %ape ( a horn2 &
 to ! brosimum1 on acc\nt ( ! /ructure (
 its fruit4 ,m4 ,kun? w\ld ev5 h pref]r$
 ?is la/ classification2 if !           

description ( ! fruit1 made on ! spot1 &
 ! nature ( ! milk1 :i* is acrid 9 !    
urticeae1 & sweet 9 ! sapotas1 did n    
seem to confirm our conjecture4         
,br$emey] saw1 l u1 ! fruit1 & n ! fl[] 
( ! c[ tree4 ,he ass]ts t he obs]v$     
sometimes8 two se$s1 ly+ "o aga9/ ! o!r1
 z 9 ! alligator pe>-tree 7,laurus      
p]sea74 ,p]haps ?is botani/ _h !        
int5tion ( express+ ! same con=mation ( 
! nucleus t ,sw>tz indicates 9 !        
description ( ! brosimum--nucleus       
bilobus aut bip>tibilis4 ,we h m5tion$ !
 places :]e ?is rem>kable tree gr[s3 x w
 be easy = botanical travell]s to       
procure ! fl[] ( ! palo de vaca & to    
remove ! d\bts :i* /ill rema91 ( !      
family to :i* x belongs47  ,:il/ ! palo 
de vaca manife/s ! imm5se fecundity & ! 
b\nty ( nature 9 ! torrid zone1 x also  
rem9ds u ( ! num]\s causes :i* fav\r 9  
^? f9e climates ! c>eless indol5ce (    
man4 ,mungo ,p>k has made kn[n !        
butt]-tree ( ,bamb>ra1 :i* ,m4 ,de      
,c&olle suspects to be ( ! family (     

sapotas1 z well z our milk-tree4 ,!     
planta91 ! sago-tree1 & ! mauritia ( !  
,or9oco1 are z mu* bread-trees z ! rema 
( ! ,s\? ,sea4 ,! fruits ( ! cresc5tia &
 ! lecy?is s]ve z vessels = conta9+     
food1 :ile ! spa!s ( ! palms1 & ! b>k ( 
trees1 furni% caps & g>m5ts )\t a seam4 
,! knots1 or r ! int]ior cells ( !      
trunks ( bamboos1 supply ladd]s1 &      
facilitate 9 a ?\s& ways ! con/ruction (
 a hut1 & ! fabrication ( *airs1 b$s1 & 
o!r articles ( furniture t compose !    
weal? ( a savage h\sehold4 ,9 ! mid/ (  
?is lavi% vegetation1 s v>i$ 9 its      
productions1 x requires v p[]ful motives
 to excite man to lab\r1 to r\se him f 8
 le?>gy1 & to unfold 8 intellectual     
faculties4  ,cacao & cotton are         
cultivat$ at ,b>bula4 ,we !re f\nd1 :at 
is v r>e 9 t c\ntry1 two l>ge cyl9drical
 ma*9es = sep>at+ ! cotton f its se$2 "o
 put 9 motion by an hydraulic :eel1 & ! 
o!r by a :eel turn$ by mules4 ,! ov]se] 
( ! f>m1 :o _h con/ruct$ ^! ma*9es1 0 a 
native ( ,m]ida4 ,he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! road

 t leads f ,nueva ,val5cia1 by ! way (  
,guan>e & ,misagual1 to ,v>9as2 & !nce  
by ! rav9e ( ,collejones1 to ! ,p>amo de
 ,mucu*ies & ! m\nta9s ( ,m]ida cov]$ ) 
et]nal sn[s4 ,! notions he gave u ( ! "t
 requisite = go+ f ,val5cia by ,v>9as to
 ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 & !nce by ! port (   
,torunos1 & ! ,rio ,santo ,dom+o1 to    
,san ,f]n&o de ,apure1 7 ( inf9ite value
 to u4 ,x c sc>cely be imag9$ 9 ,europe1
 h[ difficult x is to obta9 accurate    
in=mation 9 a c\ntry :]e !              
communications are s r>e2 & :]e di/ances
 are dim9i%$ or exagg]at$ accord+ to !  
desire t may be felt to enc\rage !      
travell]1 or to det] him f 8 purpose4 ,i
 _h resolv$ to visit ! ea/]n extremity (
 ! ,cordill]as ( ,new ,gr5ada1 :]e !y   
lose !mselves 9 ! p>amos ( ,timotes &   
,niquitao4 ,i le>n$ at ,b>bula1 t ?is   
excursion w\ld ret>d our arrival at !   
,or9oco ?irty-five days4 ,?is delay     
appe>$ to u s mu* ! long]1 z ! ra9s 7   
expect$ to beg9 soon] ?an usual4 ,we _h 
! hope ( exam9+ aft]w>ds a great numb] (

 m\nta9s cov]$ ) p]petual sn[1 at       
,quito1 ,p]u1 & ,mexico2 & x appe>$ to  
me /ill m prud5t to rel9qui% our project
 ( visit+ ! m\nta9s ( ,m]ida1 s9ce by s 
do+ we might miss ! real object ( our   
j\rney1 t ( asc]ta9+ by a/ronomical     
obs]vations ! po9t ( communication      
betwe5 ! ,or9oco1 ! ,rio ,negro1 & !    
riv] ,amazon4 ,we return$ 9 consequ5ce f
 ,b>bula to ,guac>a1 to take leave ( !  
family ( ! ,m>quis del ,toro1 & pass    
?ree days m on ! bord]s ( ! lake4  ,x 0 
! c>nival season1 & all 0 gaiety4 ,!    
sports 9 :i* ! p indulge1 & :i* are     
call$ c>nes toll5das199 assume          
occasionally some:at ( a savage "*4 799 
,or f>ewell to fle%4 ,! ^w c>nival has !
 same mean+1 ^! sports be+ always held j
 be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ,l5t47 ,"s l$ an   
ass load$ ) wat]1 &1 :]e-ev] !y f\nd a  
w9d[ op51 inundat$ ! ap>tm5t )9 by means
 ( a pump4 ,o!rs c>ri$ bags fill$ )     
hairs ( picapica299 799 ,doli*os pruri5s
 7c[age747 & blew ! hair1 :i* causes a  
great irritation ( ! sk91 into ! faces (

 ^? :o pass$ by4  ,f ,guac>a we return$ 
to ,nueva ,val5cia4 ,we f\nd !re a few  
,fr5* emigrants1 ! only ones we saw dur+
 five ye>s pass$ 9 ! ,spani% colonies4  
,not)/&+ ! ties ( blood :i* unite !     
royal families ( ,france & ,spa91 ev5   
,fr5* prie/s 7 n p]mitt$ to take refuge 
9 t "p ( ! ,new ,_w1 :]e man ) su*      
facility f9ds food & %elt]4 ,beyond !   
,atlantic1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica    
af=d ! only asylum to mis=tune4 ,a      
gov]nm5t1 /rong because x is free1      
confid+ because x is j1 has no?+ to fe> 
9 giv+ refuge to ! proscrib$4  ,we h    
endeav\r$ above to give "s notions ( !  
/ate ( ! cultivation ( indigo1 cotton1 &
 sug>1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas4 ,be=e we  
quit ! valley ( ,aragua & its neighb\r+ 
coa/1 x rema9s = u to speak ( !         
cacao-plantations1 :i* h at all times   
be5 consid]$ z ! pr9cipal s\rce ( !     
prosp]ity ( ^? c\ntries4 ,! prov9ce (   
,c>acas199 799 ,! prov9ce1 n !          
capitania-g5]al1 consequ5tly n includ+ !
 cacao plantations ( ,cumana1 ! prov9ce 

( ,b>celona1 ( ,m>acaybo1 ( ,v>9as1 & ( 
,spani% ,guiana47 at ! end ( ! eighte5? 
c5tury1 produc$ annually a hundr$ &     
fifty ?\s& fanegas1 ( :i* a hundr$ ?\s& 
7 consum$ 9 ,spa91 & ?irty ?\s& 9 !     
prov9ce4 ,e/imat+ a fanega ( cacao at   
only tw5ty-five pia/res = ! price giv5  
at ,cadiz1 we f9d t ! total value ( !   
exportation ( cacao1 by ! six ports ( ! 
,capitania ,g5]al ( ,c>acas1 am\nts to  
f\r million eight hundr$ ?\s& pia/res4  
,s important an object ( comm]ce m]its a
 c>eful discussion2 & ,i flatt] myself1 
t1 f ! great numb] ( mat]ials ,i h      
collect$ on all ! bran*es ( colonial    
agriculture1 ,i %all be able to add     
some?+ to ! in=mation publi%$ by ,m4    
,depons1 9 8 valuable "w on ! prov9ces (
 ,v5ezuela4  ,! tree :i* produces !     
cacao is n at pres5t f\nd wild 9 ! =e/s 
( ,t]ra ,firma to ! nor? ( ! ,or9oco2 we
 began to f9d x only beyond ! cat>acts (
 ,ature & ,maypure4 ,x ab\nds p>ticul>ly
 ne> ! banks ( ! ,v5tu>i1 & on ! ,upp]  
,or9oco1 betwe5 ! ,padamo & ! ,gehette4 

,?is sc>city ( wild cacao-trees 9 ,s\?  
,am]ica1 nor? ( ! latitude ( #f degrees1
 is a v curi\s ph5om5on ( botanical     
geography1 & yet little kn[n4 ,?is      
ph5om5on appe>s ! m surpris+1 z1 accord+
 to ! annual produce ( ! h>ve/1 ! numb] 
( trees 9 full be>+ 9 !                 
cacao-plantations ( ,c>acas1 ,nueva     
,b>celona1 ,v5ezuela1 ,v>9as1 &         
,m>acaybo1 is e/imat$ at m ?an sixte5   
millions4 ,! wild cacao-tree has _m     
bran*es1 & is cov]$ ) a tuft$ & d>k     
foliage4 ,x be>s a v small fruit1 l t   
v>iety :i* ! anci5t ,mexicans call$     
tlalcacahuatl4 ,transplant$ into !      
conucos ( ! ,indians ( ,cassiqui>e & !  
,rio ,negro1 ! wild tree pres]ves =     
sev]al g5]ations t =ce ( vegetable life1
 :i* makes x be> fruit 9 ! f\r? ye>2    
:ile1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 ! h>ve/    
beg9s only ! six?1 sev5?1 or eigh? ye>4 
,x is lat] 9 ! inl& p>ts ?an on ! coa/s 
& 9 ! valley ( ,guapo4 ,we met ) no     
tribe on ! ,or9oco t prep>$ a bev]age ) 
! se$s ( ! cacao-tree4 ,! savages suck !

 pulp ( ! pod1 & ?r[ away ! se$s1 :i*   
are (t5 f\nd 9 heaps :]e !y h pass$ !   
night4 ,?\gh *orote1 :i* is a v weak    
infusion ( cacao1 is consid]$ on ! coa/ 
to be a v anci5t bev]age1 no hi/orical  
fact proves t *ocolate1 or any          
prep>ation :atev] ( cacao1 0 kn[n to !  
natives ( ,v5ezuela be=e ! arrival ( !  
,spani>ds4 ,x appe>s to me m probable t 
! cacao-plantations ( ,c>acas 7 sugge/$ 
by ^? ( ,mexico & ,guatimala2 & t !     
,spani>ds inhabit+ ,t]ra ,firma le>n$ ! 
cultivation ( ! cacao-tree1 %elt]$ 9 its
 y\? by ! foliage ( ! ery?r9a &         
planta9299 7,?is process ( ! ,mexican   
cultivators1 practis$ on ! coa/ (       
,c>acas1 is describ$ 9 ! memoirs kn[n "u
 ! title ( ,relazione di c]to ,g5tiluomo
 del ,signor ,cortez1 ,conqui/adore del 
,messico4 7,ramusio1 tome #b page       
#acd747 ! fabrication ( cakes (         
*ocolatl1 & ! use ( ! liquid ( ! same   
"n1 9 c\rse ( _! communications )       
,mexico1 ,guatimala1 & ,nic>agua4  ,d[n 
to ! sixte5? c5tury travell]s diff]$ 9  

op9ion respect+ ! *ocolatl4 ,b5zoni     
pla9ly says t x is a dr9k fitt] = hogs  
?an m5499 799 ,b5zoni1 ,i/oria del      
,mondo ,nuovo1 #aegb page #ajd47 ,!     
,jesuit ,aco/a ass]ts1 t ! ,spani>ds :o 
inhabit ,am]ica are fond ( *ocolate to  
excess2 b t x requires to be accu/om$ to
 t black bev]age n to be disgu/$ at !   
m]e sight ( its fro?1 :i* swims on x l  
yea/ on a f]m5t$ liquor4 ,he adds1 !    
cacao is a prejudice 7una sup]/icion7 ( 
! ,mexicans1 z ! coca is a prejudice ( !
 ,p]uvians4 ,^! op9ions rem9d u (       
,madame de ,sevigne's pr$iction respect+
 ! use ( c(fee4 ,f]n&o ,cortez & 8 page1
 ! g5tilhombre del gran ,conqui/ador1 ^:
 memoirs 7 publi%$ by ,ramusio1 on !    
contr>y1 highly praise *ocolate1 n only 
z an agreeable dr9k1 ?\gh prep>$ cold199
 b 9 p>ticul> z a nutriti\s sub/ance4   
799 ,fa!r ,gili has v cle>ly %[n1 f two 
passages 9 ,torquemada 7,mon>quia       
,indiana1 lib4 #ad7 t ! ,mexicans prep>$
 ! infusion cold1 & t ! ,spani>ds       
introduc$ ! cu/om ( prep>+ *ocolate by  

boil+ wat] ) ! pa/e ( cacao47 ,he :o has
 drunk "o cup1 says ! page ( ,f]n&o     
,cortez1 c travel a :ole day )\t any o!r
 food1 especially 9 v hot climates2 =   
*ocolate is by its nature cold &        
refre%+4 ,we %all n subscribe to ! latt]
 "p ( ?is ass]tion2 b we %all soon h    
occasion1 9 our voyage on ! ,or9oco1 &  
our excursions t[>ds ! summit ( !       
,cordill]as1 to celebrate ! salut>y     
prop]ties ( *ocolate4 ,x is easily      
convey$ & readily employ$3 z an alim5t x
 conta9s a l>ge quantity ( nutritive &  
/imulat+ p>ticles 9 a small compass4 ,x 
has be5 said ) tru?1 t 9 ! ,ea/1 rice1  
gum1 & ghee 7cl>ifi$ butt]71 assi/ man 9
 cross+ ! des]ts2 & s1 9 ! ,new ,_w1    
*ocolate & ! fl\r ( maize1 h r5d]$      
accessible to ! travell] ! table-l&s ( !
 ,&es1 & va/ un9habit$ =e/s4  ,! cacao  
h>ve/ is extremely v>iable4 ,! tree     
vegetates ) su* vig\r t fl[]s spr+ out  
ev5 f ! roots1 :]ev] ! e>? leaves !m    
uncov]$4 ,x suff]s f ! nor?-ea/ w9ds1   
ev5 :5 !y l[] ! temp]ature only a few   

degrees4 ,! heavy %[]s t fall irregul>ly
 aft] ! ra9y season1 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 
f ,decemb] to ,m>*1 are also v hurtful  
to ! cacao-tree4 ,! proprietor ( a      
plantation ( fifty ?\s& trees (t5 loses 
! value ( m ?an f\r or five ?\s& pia/res
 9 cacao 9 "o h\r4 ,great humidity is   
fav\rable to ! tree only :5 x augm5ts   
progressively1 & is = a long "t         
un9t]rupt$4 ,if1 9 ! season ( dr\ght1 ! 
leaves & ! "y fruit be wett$ by a viol5t
 %[]1 ! fruit falls f ! /em2 = x appe>s 
t ! vessels :i* absorb wat] break f be+ 
r5d]$ turgid4 ,besides1 ! cacao-h>ve/ is
 "o ( ! mo/ unc]ta91 on acc\nt ( ! fatal
 effects ( inclem5t seasons1 & ! great  
numb] ( worms1 insects1 birds1 &        
quadrup$s199 799 ,p>rots1 monkeys1      
ag\tis1 squirrels1 & /ags47 :i* dev\r ! 
pod ( ! cacao-tree2 & ?is bran* (       
agriculture has ! disadvantage ( oblig+ 
! new plant] to wait eight or t5 ye>s = 
! fruit ( 8 lab\rs1 & ( yield+ aft] all 
an article ( v difficult pres]vation4   
,! f9e/ plantations ( cacao are f\nd 9 !

 prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 along ! coa/1 betwe5
 ,c>avall$a & ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,tocuyo1 9 
! valleys ( ,caucagua1 ,capaya1         
,curiepe1 & ,guapo2 & 9 ^? ( ,cupira1   
betwe5 cape ,con>e & cape ,un>e1 ne>    
,aroa1 ,b>quesimeto1 ,guigue1 &         
,uritucu4 ,! cacao t gr[s on ! banks ( !
 ,uritucu1 at ! entrance ( ! llanos1 9 !
 jurisdiction ( ,san ,seba/ian de las   
,reyes1 is consid]$ to be ( ! f9e/      
quality4 ,next to ! cacao ( ,uritucu    
comes t ( ,guigue1 ( ,caucagua1 (       
,capaya1 & ( ,cupira4 ,! m]*ants (      
,cadiz assign ! fir/ rank to ! cacao (  
,c>acas1 imm$iately aft] t ( ,socomusco2
 & its price is g5]ally f ?irty to =ty  
p] c5t high] ?an t ( ,guayaquil4  ,x is 
only s9ce ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 
:5 ! ,dut*1 tranquil possessors ( ! isl&
 ( ,curacoa1 awak5$1 by _! smuggl+1 !   
agricultural indu/ry ( ! inhabitants ( !
 neighb\r+ coa/s1 t cacao has become an 
object ( exportation 9 ! prov9ce (      
,c>acas4 ,we are ignorant ( ev]y?+ t    
pass$ 9 ^? c\ntries be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( 

! ,biscay ,company ( ,guipuzcoa1 9      
#agbh4 ,no precise /ati/ical data h     
rea*$ u3 we only "k t ! exportation (   
cacao f ,c>acas sc>cely am\nt$1 at !    
beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 to ?irty    
?\s& fanegas a-ye>4 ,f #agcj to #agdh1 !
 company s5t to ,spa9 eight hundr$ &    
fifty-eight ?\s& n9e hundr$ &           
sev5ty-eight fanegas1 :i* make1 on an   
av]age1 =ty-sev5 ?\s& sev5 hundr$       
fanegas a-ye>2 ! price ( ! fanega fell1 
9 #agcb1 to =ty-five pia/res1 :5 x _h   
be=e kept at eighty pia/res4 ,9 #agfc ! 
cultivation _h s mu* augm5t$1 t !       
exportation rose to eighty ?\s& six     
hundr$ & fifty-n9e fanegas4  ,9 an      
(ficial docum5t1 tak5 f ! pap]s ( !     
m9i/] ( f9ance1 ! annual produce 7la    
cose*a7 ( ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas is e/imat$
 at a hundr$ & ?irty-five ?\s& fanegas (
 cacao2 ?irty-?ree ?\s& ( :i* are = home
 consumption1 t5 ?\s& = o!r ,spani%     
colonies1 sev5ty-sev5 ?\s& = !          
"m-c\ntry1 fifte5 ?\s& = ! illicit      
comm]ce ) ! ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 ,dut*1 &    

,dani% colonies4 ,f #aghi to #agic1 !   
importation ( cacao f ,c>acas into ,spa9
 01 on an av]age1 sev5ty-sev5 ?\s& sev5 
hundr$ & n9ete5 fanegas a-ye>1 ( :i*    
sixty-five ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & sixty-six 
7 consum$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & elev5 ?\s& n9e  
hundr$ & fifty-?ree export$ to ,france1 
,italy1 & ,g]many4  ,! late w>s h _h mu*
 m fatal effects on ! cacao trade (     
,c>acas ?an on t ( ,guayaquil4 ,on      
acc\nt ( ! increase ( price1 less cacao 
( ! fir/ quality has be5 consum$ 9      
,europe4 ,in/ead ( mix+1 z 0 done =m]ly 
= common *ocolate1 "o qu>t] ( ! cacao ( 
,c>acas1 ) ?ree-qu>t]s ( t ( ,guayaquil1
 ! latt] has be5 employ$ pure 9 ,spa94  
,we mu/ "h rem>k1 t a great deal ( cacao
 ( an inf]ior quality1 su* z t (        
,m>anon1 ! ,rio ,negro1 ,honduras1 & !  
isl& ( ,/4 ,lucia1 be>s ! "n1 9 comm]ce1
 ( ,guayaquil cacao4 ,! exportation f t 
port am\nts only to sixty ?\s& fanegas2 
consequ5tly x is two-?irds less ?an t ( 
! ports ( ! ,capitania-,g5]al ( ,c>acas4
  ,?\gh ! plantations ( cacao h augm5t$ 

9 ! prov9ces ( ,cumana1 ,b>celona1 &    
,m>acaybo1 9 proportion z !y h dim9i%$ 9
 ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 x is /ill believ$ 
t1 9 g5]al1 ?is anci5t bran* (          
agricultural indu/ry gradually decl9es4 
,9 _m p>ts c(fee & cotton-trees         
progressively take place ( ! cacao1 (   
:i* ! l+]+ h>ve/s we>y ! pati5ce ( !    
cultivator4 ,x is also ass]t$1 t ! new  
plantations ( cacao are less productive 
?an ! old2 ! trees d n acquire ! same   
vig\r1 & yield lat] & less abundant     
fruit4 ,! soil is /ill said to be       
exhau/$2 b probably x is r ! atmosph]e t
 is *ang$ by ! progress ( cle>+ &       
cultivation4 ,! air t reposes on a virg9
 soil cov]$ ) =e/s is load$ ) humidity &
 ^? gase\s mixtures t s]ve = ! nutrim5t 
( plants1 & arise f ! decomposition (   
organic sub/ances4 ,:5 a c\ntry has be5 
long subject$ to cultivation1 x is n !  
proportions betwe5 ! azote & oxyg5 t    
v>y4 ,! con/itu5t bases ( ! atmosph]e   
rema9 unalt]$2 b x no long] conta9s1 9 a
 /ate ( susp5sion1 ^? b9>y & t]n>y      

mixtures ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & nitrog51   
:i* a virg9 soil exhales1 & :i* are     
reg>d$ z a s\rce ( fecundity4 ,! air1   
pur] & less *>g$ ) miasmata & het]og5e\s
 emanations1 becomes at ! same "t dri]4 
,! ela/icity ( ! vap\rs und]goes a      
s5sible dim9ution4 ,on l& long cle>$1 & 
consequ5tly little fav\rable to !       
cultivation ( ! cacao-tree 7z1 =        
in/ance1 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s71 !     
fruit is almo/ z small z t ( ! wild     
cacao-tree4 ,x is on ! banks ( ! ,upp]  
,or9oco1 aft] hav+ cross$ ! ,llanos1 t  
we f9d ! true c\ntry ( ! cacao-tree2    
?ick =e/s1 9 :i*1 on a virg9 soil1 &    
surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e cont9ually     
humid1 ! trees furni%1 f ! f\r? ye>1    
abundant crops4 ,:]ev] ! soil is n      
exhau/$1 ! fruit has become by          
cultivation l>g] & bitt]1 b also lat]4  
,on see+ ! produce ( cacao gradually    
dim9i% 9 ,t]ra ,firma1 x may be inquir$1
 :e!r ! consumption w dim9i% 9 ! same   
proportion 9 ,spa91 ,italy1 & ! re/ (   
,europe2 or :e!r x be n probable1 t by !

 de/ruction ( ! cacao plantations1 !    
price w augm5t suffici5tly to r\se anew 
! indu/ry ( ! cultivator4 ,?is latt]    
op9ion is g5]ally admitt$ by ^? :o      
deplore1 at ,c>acas1 ! dim9ution ( s    
anci5t & pr(itable a bran* ( comm]ce4 ,9
 proportion z civilization ext5ds t[>ds 
! humid =e/s ( ! int]ior1 ! banks ( !   
,or9oco & ! ,amazon1 or t[>ds ! valleys 
t furr[ ! ea/]n declivity ( ! ,&es1 !   
new plant]s w f9d l&s & an atmosph]e    
equally fav\rable to ! culture ( !      
cacao-tree4  ,! ,spani>ds1 9 g5]al1     
dislike a mixture ( vanilla ) ! cacao1 z
 irritat+ ! n]v\s sy/em2 ! fruit1 !re=e1
 ( t or*ide\s plant is entirely neglect$
 9 ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 ?\gh abundant   
crops ( x might be ga!r$ on ! moi/ &    
fev]i% coa/ betwe5 ,porto ,cabello &    
,ocum>e2 especially at ,turiamo1 :]e !  
fruits ( ! ,epid5drum vanilla atta9 !   
l5g? ( elev5 or twelve in*es4 ,! ,engli%
 & ! ,anglo-,am]icans (t5 seek to make  
pur*ases ( vanilla at ! port ( ,la      
,guayra1 b ! m]*ants procure )          

difficulty a v small quantity4 ,9 !     
valleys t desc5d f ! *a9 ( ! coa/ t[>ds 
! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 9 ! prov9ce (         
,truxillo1 z well z 9 ! ,missions (     
,guiana1 ne> ! cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco1 a  
great quantity ( vanilla might be       
collect$2 ! produce ( :i* w\ld be /ill m
 abundant1 if1 accord+ to ! practice ( !
 ,mexicans1 ! plant 7 dis5gag$1 f "t to 
"t1 f ! creep+ plants by :i* x is entw9$
 & /ifl$4  ,! hot & f]tile valleys ( !  
,cordill]a ( ! coa/ ( ,v5ezuela occupy a
 tract ( l& :i*1 on ! we/1 t[>ds ! lake 
( ,m>acaybo1 displays a rem>kable v>iety
 ( sc5]y4 ,i %all exhibit 9 "o view1 to 
close ?is *apt]1 ! facts ,i h be5 able  
to collect respect+ ! quality ( ! soil &
 ! metallic ri*es ( ! di/ricts ( ,aroa1 
( ,b>quesimeto1 & ( ,c>ora4  ,f ! ,si]ra
 ,nevada ( ,m]ida1 & ! p>amos (         
,niquitao1 ,bocono1 & ,las ,rosas199    
7,_m travell]s1 :o 7 monks1 h ass]t$ t !
 little ,p>amo de ,las ,rosas1 ! height 
( :i* appe>s to be m ?an #a1fjj toises1 
is cov]$ ) rosem>y1 & ! r$ & :ite roses 

( ,europe gr[ wild !re4 ,^! roses are   
ga!r$ to decorate ! alt>s 9 ! neighb\r+ 
villages on ! fe/ivals ( ! *ur*4 ,by :at
 accid5t has our ,rosa c5tifolia become 
wild 9 ?is c\ntry1 :ile we n[h]e f\nd x 
9 ! ,&es ( ,quito & ,p]u8 ,c x really be
 ! rose-tree ( our g>d587 :i* conta9 !  
valuable b>k-tree1 ! ea/]n ,cordill]a ( 
,new ,granada99 799 ,! b>k export$ f !  
port ( ,m>acaybo does n come f !        
t]ritory ( ,v5ezuela1 b f ! m\nta9s (   
,pamplona 9 ,new ,gr5ada1 be+ br\ght d[n
 ! ,rio de ,san ,fau/9o1 t fl[s into !  
lake ( ,m>acaybo4 7,pombo1 ,noticias    
sobre las ,qu9as1 #ahad page #fe47 ,"s  
is collect$ ne> ,m]ida1 9 ! rav9e (     
,viscucucuy47 decreases 9 height s      
rapidly1 t1 betwe5 ! n9? & t5? degrees (
 latitude1 x =ms only a *a9 ( little    
m\nta9s1 :i*1 /ret*+ to ! nor?-ea/ by ! 
,alt> & ,torito1 sep>ates ! riv]s t jo9 
! ,apure & ! ,or9oco f ^? num]\s riv]s t
 fl[ ei!r into ! ,c>ibbean ,sea or !    
lake ( ,m>acaybo4 ,on ?is divid+ ridge  
are built ! t[ns ( ,nirgua1 ,san ,felipe

 el ,fu]te1 ,b>quesimeto1 & ,tocuyo4 ,! 
fir/ ?ree are 9 a v hot climate2 b      
,tocuyo enjoys great coolness1 & we he>d
 ) surprise1 t1 b5ea? s f9e a sky1 !    
inhabitants h a /rong prop5sity to      
suicide4 ,! gr\nd rises t[>ds ! s\?2 =  
,truxillo1 ! lake ( ,urao1 f :i*        
c>bonate ( soda is extract$1 & ,la      
,grita1 all to ! ea/ ( ! ,cordill]a1    
?\gh no f>!r di/ant1 are f\r or five    
hundr$ toises high4  ,on exam9+ ! law   
:i* ! primitive /rata ( ! ,cordill]a ( !
 coa/ foll[ 9 _! dip1 we believe we     
recognize "o ( ! causes ( ! extreme     
humidity ( ! l& b\nd$ by ?is ,cordill]a 
& ! ocean4 ,! dip ( ! /rata is mo/      
frequ5tly to ! nor?-we/2 s t ! wat]s fl[
 9 t direction on ! l$ges ( rock2 & =m1 
z we h /at$ above1 t multitude ( torr5ts
 & riv]s1 ! inundations ( :i* become s  
fatal to ! heal? ( ! inhabitants1 f cape
 ,cod]a z f> z ! lake ( ,m>acaybo4      
,among ! riv]s :i* desc5d nor?-ea/ t[>d 
! coa/ ( ,porto ,cabello1 & ,la ,punta  
de ,hicacos1 ! mo/ rem>kable are ^? (   

,tocuyo1 ,aroa1 & ,y>acuy4 ,7 x n = !   
miasmata :i* infect ! atmosph]e1 !      
valleys ( ,aroa & ( ,y>acuy w\ld p]haps 
be m popul\s ?an ^? ( ,aragua4          
,navigable riv]s w\ld ev5 give ! =m] !  
advantage ( facilitat+ ! exportation (  
_! own crops ( sug> & cacao1 & t ( !    
productions ( ! neighb\r+ l&s2 z ! :eat 
( ,quibor1 ! cattle ( ,monai1 & ! copp] 
( ,aroa4 ,! m9es f :i* ?is copp] is     
extract$1 are 9 a lat]al valley1 op5+   
into t ( ,aroa2 & :i* is less hot1 &    
less unheal?y1 ?an ! rav9es ne>] ! sea4 
,9 ! latt] ! ,indians h _! gold-wa%+s1 &
 ! soil conceals ri* copp]-ores1 :i* no 
"o has yet attempt$ to extract4 ,!      
anci5t m9es ( ,aroa1 aft] hav+ be5 long 
neglect$1 h be5 wr\ght anew by ! c>e (  
,don ,antonio ,h5riquez1 :om we met at  
,san ,f]n&o on ! bord]s ( ! ,apure4 ,!  
total produce ( metallic copp] is twelve
 or fifte5 hundr$ qu9tals a ye>4 ,?is   
copp]1 kn[n at ,cadiz by ! "n ( ,c>acas 
copp]1 is ( excell5t quality4 ,x is ev5 
pref]r$ to t ( ,sw$51 & ( ,coquimbo 9   

,*ile4 ,"p ( ! copp] ( ,aroa is employ$ 
= mak+ bells1 :i* are ca/ on ! spot4 ,"s
 ores ( silv] h be5 rec5tly discov]$    
betwe5 ,aroa & ,nirgua1 ne> ,guanita1 9 
! m\nta9 ( ,san ,pablo4 ,gra9s ( gold   
are f\nd 9 all ! m\nta9\s l&s betwe5 !  
,rio ,y>acuy1 ! t[n ( ,san ,felipe1     
,nirgua1 & ,b>quesimeto2 p>ticul>ly 9 ! 
,rio de ,santa ,cruz1 9 :i* ! ,indian   
gold-ga!r]s h sometimes f\nd lumps ( !  
value ( f\r or five pia/res4 ,d !       
neighb\r+ rocks ( mica-slate & gneiss   
conta9 ve9s8 or is ! gold dissem9at$ "h1
 z 9 ! granites ( ,guad>ama 9 ,spa91 & (
 ! ,fi*telb]g 9 ,franconia1 ?r\gh\t !   
:ole mass ( ! rock8 ,possibly ! wat]s1 9
 filt]+ ?r\gh x1 br+ toge!r ! dissem9at$
 gra9s ( gold2 9 :i* case e attempt to  
"w ! rock w\ld be useless4 ,9 ! ,savana 
de la ,miel1 ne> ! t[n ( ,b>quesimeto1 a
 %aft has be5 sunk 9 a black %9+ slate  
resembl+ ampelite4 ,! m9]als extract$ f 
?is %aft1 :i* 7 s5t to me at ,c>acas1 7 
qu>tz1 non-aurif]\s pyrites1 & c>bonat$ 
lead1 cry/alliz$ 9 ne$les ( a silky     

lu/re4  ,9 ! e>ly times ( ! conque/ !   
work+ ( ! m9es ( ,nirgua & ( ,buria99 0 
begun1 not)/&+ ! incursions ( ! w>like  
nation ( ! ,girah>as4 799 ,! valley (   
,buria1 & ! little riv] ( ! same "n1    
communicate ) ! valley ( ! ,rio ,cox$e1 
or ! ,rio de ,b>quesimeto47 ,9 ?is v    
di/rict ! accumulation ( negro slaves 9 
#aeec gave rise to an ev5t be>+ "s      
analogy to ! insurrection 9 ,/4 ,dom+o4 
,a negro slave excit$ an insurrection   
among ! m9]s ( ! ,real de ,san ,felipe  
de ,buria4 ,he retir$ into ! woods1 &   
f\nd$1 ) two hundr$ ( 8 companions1 a   
t[n1 :]e he 0 proclaim$ k+4 ,miguel1 ?is
 new k+1 0 a fri5d to pomp & p>ade4 ,he 
caus$ 8 wife ,guiom>1 to assume ! title 
( que52 &1 accord+ to ,ovi$o1 he appo9t$
 m9i/]s & c\nsellors ( /ate1 (fic]s ( ! 
royal h\sehold1 & ev5 a negro bi%op4 ,he
 soon aft] v5tur$ to attack ! neighb\r+ 
t[n ( ,nueva ,segovia de ,b>quesimeto2  
b1 be+ repuls$ by ,diego de ,losada1 he 
p]i%$ 9 ! conflict4 ,?is ,african mon>*y
 0 succe$$ at ,nirgua by a republic (   

,zamboes1 ! desc5dants ( negroes &      
,indians4 ,! :ole municipality 7cabildo7
 is compos$ ( m5 ( col\r to :om ! k+ (  
,spa9 has giv5 ! title ( 8 fai?ful &    
loyal subjects1 ! ,zamboes ( ,nirgua4   
,few families ( ,:ites w inhabit a      
c\ntry :]e ! sy/em ( gov]nm5t is s      
adv]se to _! pret5sions2 & ! little t[n 
is call$ 9 d]ision ,la republica de     
,zambos y ,mulatos4  ,if ! hot valleys (
 ,aroa1 ( ,y>acuy1 & ( ! ,rio ,tocuyo1  
celebrat$ = _! excell5t timb]1 be r5d]$ 
fev]i% by luxuriance ( vegetation1 &    
extreme atmosph]ic humidity1 x is       
diff]5t 9 ! savannahs ( ,monai & ,c>ora4
 ,^! ,llanos are sep>at$ by ! m\nta9\s  
tract ( ,tocuyo & ,nirgua f ! great     
pla9s ( ,la ,portuguesa & ,calabozo4 ,x 
is v extraord9>y to see b>r5 savannahs  
load$ ) miasmata4 ,no m>%y gr\nd is f\nd
 !re1 b sev]al ph5om5a indicate a       
dis5gagem5t ( hydrog5499 799 ,:at is t  
lum9\s ph5om5on kn[n "u ! "n ( ! ,lant]n
 7f>ol7 ( ,m>acaybo1 :i* is p]ceiv$ e   
night t[>d ! seaside z well z 9 ! inl&  

p>ts1 at ,m]ida = example1 :]e ,m4      
,palacios obs]v$ x dur+ two ye>s8 ,!    
di/ance1 great] ?an #dj leagues1 at :i* 
! light is obs]v$1 has l$ to !          
supposition t x might be ow+ to !       
effects ( a ?und]/orm1 or ( electrical  
explosions :i* might daily take place 9 
a pass 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,x is ass]t$ t1 on  
approa*+ ! f>ol1 ! roll+ ( ?und] is     
he>d4 ,o!rs vaguely allege t x is an    
air-volcano1 & t asphaltic soils1 l ^? (
 ,m5a1 cause ^! inflammable exhalations 
:i* are s con/ant 9 _! appe>ance4 ,!    
ph5om5on is obs]v$ on a m\nta9\s &      
un9habit$ spot1 on ! bord]s ( ! ,rio    
,catatumbo1 ne> ! junction ) ! ,rio     
,sulia4 ,! situation ( ! f>ol is su* t1 
be+ ne>ly 9 ! m]idian ( ! op5+ 7boca7 ( 
! lake ( ,m>acaybo1 navigators are guid$
 by x z by a ligh?\se47 ,:5 travell]s1  
:o are n acqua9t$ ) natural inflammable 
gases1 are %[n ! ,cueva del ,s]rito de  
,monai1 ! p ( ! c\ntry love to fright5  
!m by sett+ fire to ! gase\s comb9ation 
:i* is con/antly accumulat$ 9 ! upp] "p 

( ! cav]n4 ,may we attribute !          
insalubrity ( ! atmosph]e to ! same     
causes z ^? :i* op]ate 9 ! pla9s betwe5 
,tivoli & ,rome1 namely1 dis5gagem5ts ( 
sulphurett$ hydrog5899 799 ,don ,c>los  
del ,pozo has discov]$ 9 ?is di/rict1 at
 ! bottom ( ! ,quebrada de ,moroturo1 a 
/ratum ( clayey e>?1 black1 /rongly     
soil+ ! f+]s1 emitt+ a p[]ful smell (   
sulphur1 & inflam+ spontane\sly :5      
slightly moi/5$ & expos$ = a long "t to 
! rays ( ! tropical sun4 ,! detonation (
 ?is muddy sub/ance is v viol5t47       
,possibly1 also1 ! m\nta9\s l&s1 ne> !  
llanos ( ,monai1 may h a baneful        
influ5ce on ! surr\nd+ pla9s4 ,!        
s\?-ea/]ly w9ds may convey to !m !      
putrid exhalations t rise f ! rav9e (   
,villegas1 & f ,la ,si5ega de ,cabra1   
betwe5 ,c>ora & ,c>a*e4 ,i am desir\s ( 
collect+ e circum/ance hav+ a relation  
to ! salubrity ( ! air2 =1 9 a matt] s  
obscure1 x is only by ! comp>ison ( a   
great numb] ( ph5om5a1 t we c hope to   
discov] ! tru?4  ,! b>r5 yet fev]i%     

savannahs1 ext5d+ f ,b>quesimeto to !   
ea/]n %ore ( ! lake ( ,m>acaybo1 are    
p>tly cov]$ ) cactus2 b ! good          
silve/]-co*9eal1 kn[n by ! vague "n (   
grana de ,c>ora1 comes f a m temp]ate   
region1 betwe5 ,c>ora & ,truxillo1 &    
p>ticul>ly f ! valley ( ! ,rio          
,mucuju199 to ! ea/ ( ,m]ida4 799 ,?is  
little riv] desc5ds f ! ,p>amo de los   
,conejos1 & fl[s into ! ,rio            
,alb>regas47 ,! inhabitants altoge!r    
neglect ?is production1 s mu* s\ght = 9 
comm]ce4   ,,*apt] #b4ag4  ,,m\nta9s    
,,:i* ,,sep>ate ,,! ,,valleys ,,(       
,,aragua ,,f ,,! ,,llanos ,,( ,,c>acas4 
,,villa ,,de ,,cura4 ,,p>ap>a4 ,,llanos 
,,or ,,/eppes4 ,,calabozo4  ,! *a9 (    
m\nta9s1 bord]+ ! lake ( ,tac>igua t[>ds
 ! s\?1 =ms 9 "s sort ! nor!rn %ore ( ! 
great bas9 ( ! ,llanos or savannahs (   
,c>acas4 ,to desc5d f ! valleys (       
,aragua into ^! savannahs1 x is necess>y
 to cross ! m\nta9s ( ,guigue & (       
,tucutunemo4 ,f a peopl$ c\ntry         
embelli%$ by cultivation1 we plunge into

 a va/ solitude4 ,accu/om$ to ! aspect (
 rocks1 & to ! %ade ( valleys1 !        
travell] beholds ) a/oni%m5t ^!         
savannahs )\t trees1 ^! imm5se pla9s1   
:i* seem to asc5d to ! horizon4  ,be=e  
,i trace ! sc5]y ( ! ,llanos1 or ( !    
region ( pa/urage1 ,i w briefly describe
 ! road we took f ,nueva ,val5cia1 by   
,villa de ,cura & ,san ,juan1 to !      
little village ( ,ortiz1 at ! entrance (
 ! /eppes4 ,we left ! valleys ( ,aragua 
on ! #f? ( ,m>* be=e sunrise4 ,we pass$ 
ov] a pla9 ri*ly cultivat$1 keep+ along 
! s\?-we/ side ( ! lake ( ,val5cia1 &   
cross+ ! gr\nd left uncov]$ by ! wat]s (
 ! lake4 ,we 7 nev] we>y ( admir+ !     
f]tility ( ! soil1 cov]$ ) calaba%es1   
wat]-melons1 & planta9s4 ,! ris+ ( ! sun
 0 ann\nc$ by ! di/ant noise ( ! h[l+   
monkeys4 ,approa*+ a gr\p ( trees1 :i*  
rise 9 ! mid/ ( ! pla91 betwe5 ^? p>ts  
:i* 7 anci5tly ! islets ( ,don ,p$ro &  
,la ,negra1 we saw num]\s b&s (         
araguatos mov+ z 9 procession & v sl[ly1
 f "o tree to ano!r4 ,a male 0 foll[$ by

 a great numb] ( females2 sev]al ( !    
latt] c>ry+ _! "y on _! %\ld]s4 ,! h[l+ 
monkeys1 :i* live 9 society 9 diff]5t   
p>ts ( ,am]ica1 ev]y:]e resemble ea* o!r
 9 _! mann]s1 ?\gh ! species are n      
always ! same4 ,! uni=mity ) :i* !      
araguatos99 799 ,simia urs9a47 p]=m _!  
movem5ts is extremely /rik+4 ,:5ev] !   
bran*es ( neighb\r+ trees d n t\* ea*   
o!r1 ! male :o leads ! p>ty susp5ds     
himself by ! call\s & preh5sile "p ( 8  
tail2 &1 lett+ fall ! re/ ( 8 body1 sw+s
 himself till 9 "o ( 8 oscillations he  
rea*es ! neighb\r+ bran*4 ,! :ole file  
p]=ms ! same movem5ts on ! same spot4 ,x
 is almo/ sup]flu\s to add h[ dubi\s is 
! ass]tion ( ,ulloa1 & s _m o!rwise     
well-in=m$ travell]s1 accord+ to :om1 ! 
m>imondos199 799 ,simia belzebu?47 !    
araguatos1 & o!r monkeys ) a preh5sile  
tail1 =m a sort ( *a91 9 ord] to rea* ! 
opposite side ( a riv]499 799 ,ulloa has
 n hesitat$ to repres5t 9 an engrav+ ?is
 extraord9>y feat ( ! monkeys ) a       
preh5sile tail4--,see ,viage a la       

,am]ica ,m]idional1 ,madrid #agdh47 ,we 
_h opportunities1 dur+ five ye>s1 (     
obs]v+ ?\s&s ( ^! animals2 & = ?is v    
reason we place no confid5ce 9 /atem5ts 
possibly inv5t$ by ! ,europeans         
!mselves1 ?\gh repeat$ by ! ,indians ( !
 ,missions1 z if !y _h be5 transmitt$ to
 !m by _! fa!rs4 ,man1 ! mo/ remote f   
civilization1 enjoys ! a/oni%m5t he     
excites 9 rec\nt+ ! m>vels ( 8 c\ntry4  
,he says he has se5 :at he imag9es may h
 be5 se5 by o!rs4 ,e savage is a hunt]1 
& ! /ories ( hunt]s borr[ f ! imag9ation
 9 proportion z ! animals1 ( :i* !y boa/
 ! artifices1 are end[$ ) a high degree 
( intellig5ce4 ,h5ce arise ! fictions ( 
:i* foxes1 monkeys1 cr[s1 & ! condor ( !
 ,&es1 h be5 ! subjects 9 bo?           
hemisph]es4  ,! araguatos are accus$ (  
sometimes ab&on+ _! "y1 t !y may be     
light] = flight :5 pursu$ by ! ,indian  
hunt]s4 ,x is said t mo!rs h be5 se5    
remov+ _! "y f _! %\ld]s1 & ?r[+ !m d[n 
to ! foot ( ! tree4 ,i am incl9$ to     
believe t a movem5t m]ely accid5tal has 

be5 mi/ak5 = "o prem$itat$4 ,! ,indians 
h a dislike & a pr$ilection = c]ta9     
races ( monkeys2 !y love ! viuditas1 !  
titis1 & g5]ally all ! little sago9s2   
:ile ! araguatos1 on acc\nt ( _! m\rnful
 aspect1 & _! uni=m h[l+1 are at once   
dete/$ & abus$4 ,9 reflect+ on ! causes 
t may facilitate ! propagation ( s\nd 9 
! air dur+ ! night1 ,i ?\ght x important
 to det]m9e ) precision ! di/ance at    
:i*1 especially 9 damp & /ormy wea!r1 ! 
h[l+ ( a b& ( araguatos is he>d4 ,i     
believe ,i obta9$ pro( ( its be+        
di/+ui%$ at eight hundr$ toises di/ance4
 ,! monkeys :i* are furni%$ ) f\r h&s _c
 make excursions 9 ! ,llanos2 & x is    
easy1 amid/ va/ pla9s cov]$ ) grass1 to 
recognize a solit>y gr\p ( trees1 :5ce !
 noise proce$s1 & :i* is inhabit$ by    
h[l+ monkeys4 ,n[1 by approa*+ or )draw+
 f ?is gr\p ( trees1 ! maximum ( !      
di/ance may be measur$1 at :i* ! h[l+ is
 he>d4 ,^! di/ances appe>$ to me        
sometimes "o-?ird great] dur+ ! night1  
especially :5 ! wea!r 0 cl\dy1 v hot1 & 

humid4  ,! ,indians pret5d t :5 !       
araguatos fill ! =e/s ) _! h[l+1 !re is 
always "o t *aunts z lead] ( ! *orus4 ,!
 obs]vation is pretty accurate4 ,dur+ a 
long int]val "o solit>y & /rong voice is
 g5]ally di/+ui%$1 till its place is    
tak5 by ano!r voice ( a diff]5t pit*4   
,we may obs]ve f "t to "t ! same in/9ct 
( imitation among frogs1 & almo/ all    
animals :i* live toge!r & ex]t _! voices
 9 union4 ,! ,mission>ies fur!r ass]t1  
t1 :5 a female among ! araguatos is on !
 po9t ( br++ =?1 ! *oir susp5ds its     
h[l+s till ! mom5t ( ! bir? ( ! "y4 ,i  
c\ld n myself judge ( ! accuracy ( ?is  
ass]tion2 b ,i d n believe x to be      
entirely unf\nd$4 ,i h obs]v$ t1 :5 an  
extraord9>y incid5t1 ! moans = in/ance (
 a w\nd$ araguato1 fix$ ! att5tion ( !  
b&1 ! h[l+s 7 = "s m9utes susp5d$4 ,our 
guides assur$ u gravely1 t1 to cure an  
a/hma1 x is suffici5t to dr9k out ( !   
bony drum ( ! hyoidal bone ( ! araguato4
 ,?is animal hav+ s extraord9>y a volume
 ( voice1 x is suppos$ t its l>ynx mu/  

necess>ily imp>t to ! wat] p\r$ into x !
 virtue ( cur+ affections ( ! lungs4    
,su* is ! sci5ce ( ! vulg>1 :i*         
sometimes resembles t ( ! anci5ts4  ,we 
pass$ ! night at ! village ( ,guigue1 ! 
latitude ( :i* ,i f\nd by obs]vations ( 
,canopus to be #aj degrees #d m9utes #aa
 seconds4 ,! village1 surr\nd$ ) ! ri*e/
 cultivation1 is only a ?\s& toises     
di/ant f ! lake ( ,tac>igua4 ,we lodg$ )
 an old s]geant1 a native ( ,murcia1 a  
man ( a v orig9al "*4 ,to prove to u t  
he _h /udi$ among ! ,jesuits1 he recit$ 
! hi/ory ( ! creation ( ! _w 9 ,lat94   
,he knew ! names ( ,augu/us1 ,tib]ius1 &
 ,diocletian2 & :ile enjoy+ ! agreeable 
coolness ( ! nights 9 an enclosure      
plant$ ) bananas1 he employ$ himself 9  
read+ all t relat$ to ! c\rts ( ! ,roman
 emp]ors4 ,he inquir$ ( u ) e>ne/ness = 
a rem$y = ! g\t1 f :i* he suff]$        
sev]ely4 ,i "k1 said he1 a ,zambo (     
,val5cia1 a fam\s curioso1 :o c\ld cure 
me2 b ! ,zambo w\ld expect to be treat$ 
) att5tions :i* ,i _c pay to a man ( 8  

col\r1 & ,i pref] rema9+ z ,i am4  ,on  
leav+ ,guigue we began to asc5d ! *a9 ( 
m\nta9s1 ext5d+ on ! s\? ( ! lake t[>ds 
,guacimo & ,la ,palma4 ,f ! top ( a     
table-l&1 at ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty toises 
( elevation1 we saw = ! la/ "t ! valleys
 ( ,aragua4 ,! gneiss appe>$ uncov]$1   
pres5t+ ! same direction ( /rata1 & !   
same dip t[>ds ! nor?-we/4 ,ve9s (      
qu>tz1 t trav]se ! gneiss1 are aurif]\s2
 & h5ce ! neighb\r+ rav9e be>s ! "n (   
,quebrada del ,oro4 ,we he>d ) surprise 
at e /ep ! "n ( rav9e ( gold1 9 a c\ntry
 :]e only "o s+le m9e ( copp] is wr\ght4
 ,we travell$ five leagues to ! village 
( ,m>ia ,magdal5a1 & two leagues m to ! 
,villa de ,cura4 ,x 0 ,sunday1 & at !   
village ( ,m>ia ,magdal5a ! inhabitants 
7 assembl$ be=e ! *ur*4 ,!y want$ to =ce
 our mulete]s to /op & he> mass4 ,we    
resolv$ to rema92 b1 aft] a long        
alt]cation1 ! mulete]s pursu$ _! way4 ,i
 may obs]ve1 t ?is is ! only dispute 9  
:i* we became engag$ f su* a cause4 ,v  
errone\s ideas are =m$ 9 ,europe ( !    

intol]ance1 & ev5 ( ! religi\s f]v\r ( !
 ,spani% coloni/s4  ,san ,luis de ,cura1
 or1 z x is commonly call$1 ! ,villa de 
,cura1 lies 9 a v b>r5 valley1 runn+    
nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/1 & elevat$1 accord+  
to my b>ometrical obs]vations1 two      
hundr$ & sixty-six toises above ! level 
( ! ocean4 ,! c\ntry1 ) ! exception ( "s
 fruit-trees1 is almo/ de/itute (       
vegetation4 ,! dryness ( ! plateau is ! 
great]1 because 7& ?is circum/ance is r 
extraord9>y 9 a c\ntry ( primitive      
rocks7 sev]al riv]s lose !mselves 9     
crevices 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! ,rio de ,las     
,m9as1 nor? ( ! ,villa de ,cura1 is lo/ 
9 a rock1 aga9 appe>s1 & !n is +ulph$   
anew )\t rea*+ ! lake ( ,val5cia1 t[>ds 
:i* x fl[s4 ,cura resembles a village m 
?an a t[n4 ,we lodg$ ) a family :o _h   
excit$ ! res5tm5t ( gov]nm5t dur+ !     
revolution at ,c>acas 9 #agig4 ,"o ( !  
sons1 aft] hav+ langui%$ 9 a dungeon1 _h
 be5 s5t to ! ,havannah1 to be imprison$
 9 a /rong =tress4 ,) :at joy 8 "m he>d 
t aft] our return f ! ,or9oco1 we %\ld  

visit ! ,havannah6 ,%e entru/$ me ) five
 pia/res1 ! :ole fruit ( h] sav+s4 ,i   
e>ne/ly wi%$ to return !m to h]2 b ,i   
fe>$ to w\nd h] delicacy1 & give pa9 to 
a "m1 :o felt a pleasure 9 ! privations 
%e impos$ on h]self4  ,all ! society ( !
 t[n 0 assembl$ 9 ! ev5+1 to admire 9 a 
magic lant]n views ( ! great capitals ( 
,europe4 ,we 7 %[n ! palace ( !         
,tuil]ies1 & ! /atue ( ! ,elector at    
,b]l94  ,an apo!c>y :o _h be5 ru9$ by an
 unhappy prop5sity = work+ m9es1        
accompani$ u 9 our excursion to ! ,s]ro 
de ,*acao1 v ri* 9 aurif]\s pyrites4 ,we
 cont9u$ to desc5d ! s\!rn declivity ( !
 ,cordill]a ( ! coa/1 9 :i* ! pla9s (   
,aragua =m a longitud9al valley4 ,we    
pass$ a "p ( ! night ( ! #aa? ( ,m>* at 
! village ( ,san ,juan1 rem>kable = its 
!rmal wat]s1 & ! s+ul> =m ( two         
neighb\r+ m\nta9s1 call$ ! ,morros (    
,san ,juan4 ,!y =m sl5d] peaks1 :i* rise
 f a wall ( rocks ) a v ext5sive base4  
,! wall is p]p5dicul>1 & resembles !    
,devil's ,wall1 :i* surr\nds a "p ( !   

gr\p ( m\nta9s 9 ! ,h>tz499 799 ,die    
,teufels ,mau] ne> ,w]nig]ode 9         
,g]many47 ,^! peaks1 :5 se5 f af> 9 !   
,llanos1 /rike ! imag9ation ( !         
inhabitants ( ! pla91 :o are n accu/om$ 
to ! lea/ unequal gr\nd1 & ! height ( ! 
peaks is s+ul>ly exagg]at$ by !m4 ,!y 7 
describ$ to u z be+ 9 ! middle ( !      
/eppes 7:i* !y 9 reality b\nd on ! nor?7
 f> beyond a range ( hills call$ ,la    
,gal]a4 ,judg+ f angles tak5 at !       
di/ance ( two miles1 ^! hills are       
sc>cely m ?an a hundr$ & fifty-six      
toises high] ?an ! village ( ,san ,juan1
 & ?ree hundr$ & fifty toises above !   
level ( ! ,llanos4 ,! !rmal wat]s glide 
out at ! foot ( ^! hills1 :i* are =m$ ( 
transition-lime/one4 ,! wat]s are       
impregnat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 l ^? (
 ,m>i>a1 & =m a little pool or lagoon1 9
 :i* ! !rmomet] rose only to #ca4c      
degrees4 ,i f\nd1 on ! night ( ! #i? (  
,m>*1 by v satisfactory obs]vations ( ! 
/>s1 ! latitude ( ,villa de ,cura to be 
#aj degrees #b m9utes #dg seconds4  ,!  

,villa de ,cura is celebrat$ 9 ! c\ntry 
= ! miracles ( an image ( ! ,virg91 kn[n
 by ! "n ( ,nue/ra ,s5ora de los        
,val5cianos4 ,?is image 0 f\nd 9 a rav9e
 by an ,indian1 ab\t ! middle ( !       
eighte5? c5tury1 :5 x became ! object ( 
a conte/ betwe5 ! t[ns ( ,cura & ,san   
,seba/ian de los ,reyes4 ,! vic>s ( !   
latt] t[n ass]t+ t ! ,virg9 _h made h]  
fir/ appe>ance on ! t]ritory ( _! p>i%1 
! ,bi%op ( ,c>acas1 9 ord] to put an end
 to ! sc&al ( ?is long dispute1 caus$ ! 
image to be plac$ 9 ! ar*ives ( 8       
bi%opric1 & kept x ?irty ye>s "u seal4  
,x 0 n re/or$ to ! inhabitants ( ,cura  
till #ahjb4  ,aft] hav+ ba!d 9 ! cool & 
limpid wat] ( ! little riv] ( ,san      
,juan1 ! bottom ( :i* is ( basaltic     
grun/e91 we cont9u$ our j\rney at two 9 
! morn+1 by ,ortiz & ,p>ap>a1 to ! ,mesa
 de ,paja4 ,! road to ! ,llanos be+ at t
 "t infe/$ ) robb]s1 sev]al travell]s   
jo9$ u s z to =m a sort ( c>avan4 ,we   
proce$$ d[n hill dur+ six or sev5 h\rs2 
& we skirt$ ! ,c]ro de ,flores1 ne> :i* 

! road turns (f1 lead+ to ! great       
village ( ,san ,jose de ,tisnao4 ,we    
pass$ ! f>ms ( ,luque & ,juncalito1 to  
ent] ! valleys :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! bad   
road1 & ! blue col\r ( ! slates1 be> !  
names ( ,malpaso & ,pi$ras ,azules4     
,?is gr\nd is ! anci5t %ore ( ! great   
bas9 ( ! /eppes1 & x furni%es an int]e/+
 subject ( rese>* to ! geologi/4 ,we !re
 f9d trap-=mations1 probably m rec5t ?an
 ! ve9s ( diabasis ne> ! t[n ( ,c>acas1 
:i* seem to belong to ! rocks ( igne\s  
=mation4 ,!y are n long & n>r[ /reams z 
9 ,auv]gne1 b l>ge %eets1 /reams t appe>
 l real /rata4 ,! li?oid masses "h cov]1
 if we may use ! expression1 ! %ore ( ! 
anci5t int]ior sea2 ev]y?+ subject to   
de/ruction1 su* z ! liquid dejections1 &
 ! scoriae fill$ ) bubbles1 has be5     
c>ri$ away4 ,^! ph5om5a are p>ticul>ly  
wor?y ( att5tion on acc\nt ( ! close    
aff9ities obs]v$ betwe5 ! phonolites & !
 amygdaloids1 :i*1 conta9+ pyrox5es &   
hornbl5de-grun/e9s1 =m /rata 9 a        
transition-slate4 ,! bett] to convey an 

idea ( ! :ole situation & sup]position (
 ^! rocks1 we w "n ! =mations z !y occur
 9 a pr(ile drawn f nor? to s\?4  ,we   
f9d at fir/1 9 ! ,si]ra de ,m>i>a1 :i*  
belongs to ! nor!rn bran* ( ! ,cordill]a
 ( ! coa/1 a co>se-gra9$ granite2 !n1 9 
! valleys ( ,aragua1 on ! bord]s ( !    
lake1 & 9 ! isl&s1 x conta9s1 z 9 !     
s\!rn bran* ( ! *a9 ( ! coa/1 gneiss &  
mica-slate4 ,^! la/-nam$ rocks are      
aurif]\s 9 ! ,quebrada del ,oro1 ne>    
,guigue2 & betwe5 ,villa de ,cura & !   
,morros de ,san ,juan1 9 ! m\nta9 (     
,*acao4 ,! gold is conta9$ 9 pyrites1   
:i* are f\nd sometimes dissem9at$ almo/ 
imp]ceptibly 9 ! :ole mass ( ! gneiss199
 & sometimes unit$ 9 small ve9s ( qu>tz4
 799 ,! f\r metals1 :i* are f\nd        
dissem9at$ 9 ! granite rocks1 z if !y 7 
( contemporane\s =mation1 are gold1 t91 
titanium1 & cobalt47 ,mo/ ( ! torr5ts t 
trav]se ! m\nta9s be> along ) !m gra9s (
 gold4 ,! poor inhabitants ( ,villa de  
,cura & ,san ,juan h sometimes ga9$     
?irty pia/res a-day by wa%+ ! s&2 b mo/ 

commonly1 9 spite ( _! indu/ry1 !y d n 9
 a week f9d p>ticles ( gold ( ! value ( 
two pia/res4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 z 9 e place :]e
 native gold & aurif]\s pyrites are     
dissem9at$ 9 ! rock1 or by ! de/ruction 
( ! rocks1 are deposit$ 9 alluvial l&s1 
! p conceive ! mo/ exagg]at$ ideas ( !  
metallic ri*es ( ! soil4 ,b ! success ( 
! work+s1 :i* dep5ds less on ! abundance
 ( ! ore 9 a va/ space ( l& ?an on its  
accumulation 9 "o po9t1 has n ju/ifi$ ^!
 fav\rable prepossessions4 ,! m\nta9 (  
,*acao1 bord]$ by ! rav9e ( ,tucutunemo1
 rises sev5 hundr$ feet above ! village 
( ,san ,juan4 ,x is =m$ ( gneiss1 :i*1  
especially 9 ! sup]ior /rata1 passes    
into mica-slate4 ,we saw ! rema9s ( an  
anci5t m9e1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,real de     
,santa ,b>b>a4 ,! works 7 direct$ to a  
/ratum ( cellul> qu>tz199 full (        
polyh$ric cavities1 mix$ ) iron-ore1    
conta9+ aurif]\s pyrites & small gra9s (
 gold1 sometimes1 x is said1 visible to 
! nak$ eye4 799 ,?is /ratum ( qu>tz1 & !
 gneiss 9 :i* x is conta9$1 lie hor #h (

 ! ,freyb]g compass1 & dip #gj degrees  
to ! s\?-we/4 ,at a hundr$ toises       
di/ance f ! aurif]\s qu>tz1 ! gneiss    
resumes its ord9>y situation1 hor #c to 
#d1 ) #fj degrees dip to ! nor?-we/4 ,a 
few /rata ( gneiss ab\nd 9 silv]y mica1 
& conta91 in/ead ( g>nets1 an imm5se    
quantity ( small octoh$rons ( pyrites4  
,?is silv]y gneiss resembles t ( ! fam\s
 m9e ( ,himmelsfur/1 9 ,saxony47 ,x     
appe>s t ! gneiss ( ! ,c]ro de ,*acao   
also furni%es ano!r metallic deposit1 a 
mixture ( copp] & silv]-ores4 ,?is      
deposit has be5 ! object ( works        
attempt$ ) great ignorance by "s        
,mexican m9]s "u ! sup]9t5dance ( ,m4   
,avalo4 ,! gall]y99 direct$ to !        
nor?-ea/1 is only tw5ty-five toises     
long4 799 ,la ,cueva de los ,mexicanos47
 ,we !re f\nd "s f9e specim5s ( blue    
c>bonat$ copp] m+l$ ) sulphate ( b>ytes 
& qu>tz2 b we c\ld n ourselves judge    
:e!r ! ore conta9$ any arg5tif]\s       
fahl]z1 & :e!r x occurr$ 9 a /ratum1 or1
 z ! apo!c>y :o 0 our guide ass]t$1 9   

real ve9s4 ,?is mu* is c]ta91 t !       
attempt at work+ ! m9e co/ m ?an twelve 
?\s& pia/res 9 two ye>s4 ,x w\ld no d\bt
 h be5 m prud5t to h resum$ ! works on !
 aurif]\s /ratum ( ! ,real de ,santa    
,b>b>a4  ,! zone ( gneiss j m5tion$ is1 
9 ! coa/-*a9 f ! sea to ! ,villa de     
,cura1 t5 leagues broad4 ,9 ?is great   
ext5t ( l&1 gneiss & mica-slate are f\nd
 exclusively1 & !y con/itute "o         
=mation499 799 ,?is =mation1 :i* we %all
 call gneiss-mica-slate1 is peculi> to !
 *a9 ( ! coa/ ( ,c>acas4 ,five =mations 
mu/ be di/+ui%$1 z ,,mm4 von ,bu* &     
,raum] h s ably demon/rat$ 9 _! excell5t
 pap]s on ,l&eck & ! ,ries5gebirge1     
namely1 granite1 granite-gneiss1 gneiss1
 gneiss-mica-slate1 & mica-slate4       
,geologi/s ^: rese>*es h be5 conf9$ to a
 small tract ( l&1 hav+ conf\nd$ ^!     
=mations :i* nature has sep>at$ 9 sev]al
 c\ntries 9 ! mo/ di/9ct mann]1 h       
admitt$ t ! gneiss & mica-slate alt]nate
 ev]y:]e 9 sup]impos$ b$s1 or furni%    
ins5sible transitions f "o rock to !    

o!r4 ,^! transitions & alt]nat+         
sup]positions take place no d\bt 9      
=mations ( granite-gneiss &             
gneiss-mica-slate2 b because ^! ph5om5a 
are obs]v$ 9 "o region1 x does n foll[ t
 9 o!r regions we may n f9d v di/9ct    
circumscrib$ =mations ( granite1 gneiss1
 & mica-slate4 ,! same consid]ations may
 be appli$ to ! =mations ( s]p5t9e1 :i* 
are sometimes isolat$1 & sometimes      
belong to ! eurite1 mica-slate1 &       
grun/e947 ,beyond ! t[n ( ,villa de     
,cura & ! ,c]ro de ,*acao ! aspect ( !  
c\ntry pres5ts great] geogno/ic v>iety4 
,!re are /ill eight leagues ( declivity 
f ! table-l& ( ,cura to ! entry ( !     
,llanos2 & on ! s\!rn slope ( ! m\nta9s 
( ! coa/1 f\r diff]5t =mations ( rock   
cov] ! gneiss4 ,we %all fir/ give !     
description ( ! diff]5t /rata1 )\t gr\p+
 !m sy/ematically4  ,on ! s\? ( ! ,c]ro 
de ,*acao1 betwe5 ! rav9e ( ,tucutunemo 
& ,pi$ras ,negras1 ! gneiss is conceal$ 
b5ea? a =mation ( s]p5t9e1 ( :i* !      
composition v>ies 9 ! diff]5t sup]impos$

 /rata4 ,sometimes x is v pure1 v       
homog5e\s1 ( a dusky olive-gre51 & ( a  
con*oidal fracture3 sometimes x is ve9$1
 mix$ ) blui% /eatite1 ( an unequal     
fracture1 & conta9+ spangles ( mica4 ,9 
bo? ^! /ates ,i c\ld n discov] 9 x ei!r 
g>nets1 hornbl5de1 or diallage4 ,advanc+
 f>!r to ! s\? 7& we always pass$ ov]   
?is gr\nd 9 t direction7 ! gre5 ( !     
s]p5t9e gr[s deep]1 & feldsp> &         
hornbl5de are recognis$ 9 x3 x is       
difficult to det]m9e :e!r x passes into 
diabasis or alt]nates ) x4 ,!re is1     
h[ev]1 no d\bt ( its conta9+ ve9s (     
copp]-ore499 799 ,"o ( ^! ve9s1 on :i*  
two %afts h be5 sunk1 0 direct$ hor4    
#b4a1 & dipp$ #hj degrees ea/4 ,! /rata 
( ! s]p5t9e1 :]e x is /ratifi$ ) "s     
regul>ity1 run hor4 #h1 & dip almo/     
p]p5dicul>ly4 ,i f\nd mala*ite          
dissem9at$ 9 ?is s]p5t9e1 :]e x passes  
into grun/e947 ,at ! foot ( ?is m\nta9  
two f9e spr+s gu% out f ! s]p5t9e4 ,ne> 
! village ( ,san ,juan1 ! granul>       
diabasis appe>s alone uncov]$1 & takes a

 gre5i% black hue4 ,! feldsp> intimately
 mix$ ) ! mass1 may be sep>at$ into     
di/9ct cry/als4 ,! mica is v r>e1 & !re 
is no qu>tz4 ,! mass assumes at !       
surface a yell[i% cru/ l dol]ite &      
basalt4  ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is tract (        
trap-=mation1 ! ,morros ( ,san ,juan    
rise l two ca/les 9 ru9s4 ,!y appe> l9k$
 to ! mornes ( ,/4 ,seba/ian1 & to ,la  
,gal]a :i* b\nds ! ,llanos l a rocky    
wall4 ,! ,morros ( ,san ,juan are =m$ ( 
lime/one ( a cry/all9e texture2         
sometimes v compact1 sometimes spongy1 (
 a gre5i%-grey1 %9+1 compos$ ( small    
gra9s1 & mix$ ) scatt]$ spangles ( mica4
 ,?is lime/one yields a /rong           
eff]vesc5ce ) acids4 ,i c\ld n f9d 9 x  
any ve/ige ( organiz$ bodies4 ,x conta9s
 9 subord9ate /rata1 masses ( h>d5$ clay
 ( a blacki% blue1 & c>burett$4 ,^!     
masses are fissile1 v heavy1 & load$ )  
iron2 _! /reak is :iti%1 & !y produce no
 eff]vesc5ce ) acids4 ,!y assume at _!  
surface1 by _! decomposition 9 ! air1 a 
yell[ col\r4 ,we seem to recognize 9 ^! 

argillace\s /rata a t5d5cy ei!r to !    
transition-slates1 or to ! kiesels*ief] 
7s*i/ose jasp]71 :i* ev]y:]e *>act]ise !
 black transition-lime/ones4 ,:5 9      
fragm5ts1 !y might be tak5 at fir/ sight
 = basalt or hornbl5de499 799 ,i _h an  
opportunity ( exam9+ aga91 ) ! greate/  
c>e1 ! rocks ( ,san ,juan1 ( ,*acao1 (  
,p>ap>a1 & ( ,calabozo1 dur+ my /ay at  
,mexico1 :]e1 conjo9tly ) ,m4 del ,rio1 
"o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ pupils ( ! s*ool (  
,freyb]g1 ,i =m$ a geogno/ical          
collection = ! ,colegio de ,m9]ia ( ,new
 ,spa947 ,ano!r :ite lime/one1 compact1 
& conta9+ "s fragm5ts ( %ells1 backs !  
,morros de ,san ,juan4 ,i c\ld n see !  
l9e ( junction ( ^! two lime/ones1 or t 
( ! calc>e\s =mation & ! diabasis4  ,!  
transv]se valley :i* desc5ds f ,pi$ras  
,negras & ! village ( ,san ,juan1 t[>ds 
,p>ap>a & ! ,llanos1 is fill$ )         
trap-rocks1 display+ close aff9ity ) !  
=mation ( gre5 slates1 :i* !y cov]4     
,sometimes we seem to see s]p5t9e1      
sometimes grun/e91 & sometimes dol]ite &

 basalt4 ,! arrangem5t ( ^!             
problematical masses is n less          
extraord9>y4 ,betwe5 ,san ,juan1        
,malpaso1 & ,pi$ras ,azules1 !y =m /rata
 p>allel to ea* o!r2 & dipp+ regul>ly   
nor?w>d at an angle ( #dj or #ej        
degrees1 !y cov] ev5 ! gre5 slates 9    
concordant /ratification4 ,l[] d[n1     
t[>ds ,p>ap>a & ,ortiz1 :]e !           
amygdaloids & phonolites are connect$ ) 
! grun/e91 ev]y?+ assumes a basaltic    
aspect4 ,balls ( grun/e9 heap$ "o ^u    
ano!r1 =m ^? r\nd$ cones1 :i* are f\nd s
 frequ5tly 9 ! ,mittelgebirge 9         
,bohemia1 ne> ,bil91 ! c\ntry (         
phonolites4 ,! foll[+ is ! result ( my  
p>tial obs]vations4  ,! grun/e91 :i* at 
fir/ alt]nat$ ) /rata ( s]p5t9e1 or 0   
connect$ ) t rock by ins5sible          
transitions1 is se5 alone1 sometimes 9  
/rata consid]ably incl9$1 & sometimes 9 
balls ) conc5tric /rata1 imb$d$ 9 /rata 
( ! same sub/ance4 ,x lies1 ne>         
,malpaso1 on gre5 slates1 /eatitic1 m+l$
 ) hornbl5de1 de/itute ( mica & gra9s ( 

qu>tz1 dipp+1 l ! grun/e9s1 #de degrees 
t[>d ! nor?1 & direct$1 l !m1 #ge       
degrees nor?-we/4  ,a great /]ility     
prevails :]e ^! gre5 slates pr$om9ate1  
no d\bt on acc\nt ( ! magnesia !y       
conta91 :i* 7z is prov$ by !            
magnesian-lime/one ( ,engl&997 is v     
hurtful to vegetation4 799 ,magnesian   
lime/one is ( a /raw-yell[ col\r1 &     
conta9s madrepores3 x lies b5ea? r$ m>l1
 or muriatif]\s r$ s&/one47 ,! dip ( !  
gre5 slates cont9ues ! same2 b by       
degrees ! direction ( _! /rata becomes  
p>allel to ! g5]al direction ( !        
primitive rocks ( ! *a9 ( ! coa/4 ,at   
,pi$ras ,azules ^! slates1 m+l$ )       
hornbl5de1 cov] 9 concordant            
/ratification a blacki%-blue slate1 v   
fissile1 & trav]s$ by small ve9s (      
qu>tz4 ,! gre5 slates include "s /rata (
 grun/e91 & ev5 conta9 balls ( t        
sub/ance4 ,i n[h]e saw ! gre5 slates    
alt]nate ) ! black slates ( ! rav9e (   
,pi$ras ,azules3 at ! l9e ( junction ^! 
two slates appe> r to pass "o into !    

o!r1 ! gre5 slates becom+ ( a pe>l-grey 
9 proportion z !y lose _! hornbl5de4    
,f>!r s\?1 t[>ds ,p>ap>a & ,ortiz1 !    
slates disappe>4 ,!y are conceal$ "u a  
trap-=mation m v>i$ 9 its aspect4 ,!    
soil becomes m f]tile2 ! rocky masses   
alt]nate ) /rata ( clay1 :i* appe> to be
 produc$ by ! decomposition ( !         
grun/e9s1 ! amygdaloids1 & ! phonolites4
  ,! grun/e91 :i* f>!r nor? 0 less      
granul\s1 & pass$ into s]p5t9e1 "h      
assumes a v diff]5t "*4 ,x conta9s balls
 ( m&el/e91 or amygdaloid1 eight or t5  
in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^! balls1 sometimes a 
little flatt5$1 are divid$ into         
conc5tric lay]s3 ?is is ! effect (      
decomposition4 ,_! nucleus is almo/ z   
h>d z basalt1 & !y are int]m+l$ ) little
 cavities1 ow+ to bubbles ( gas1 fill$ )
 gre5 e>?1 & cry/als ( pyrox5e &        
mesotype4 ,_! basis is greyi% blue1 r   
s(t1 & %[+ small :ite spots :i*1 by !   
regul> =m !y pres5t1 ,i %\ld conceive to
 be decompos$ feldsp>4 ,m4 von ,bu*     
exam9$ ) a p[]ful l5s ! species we      

br\ght4 ,he discov]$ t ea* cry/al (     
pyrox5e1 envelop$ 9 ! e>?y mass1 is     
sep>at$ f x by fissures p>allel to !    
sides ( ! cry/al4 ,^! fissures seem to  
be ! effect ( a contraction :i* ! mass  
or basis ( ! m&el/e9 has und]gone4 ,i   
sometimes saw ^! balls ( m&el/e9 arrang$
 9 /rata1 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by b$s (  
grun/e9 ( t5 or f\rte5 in*es ?ick2      
sometimes 7& ?is situation is mo/       
common7 ! balls ( m&el/e91 two or ?ree  
feet 9 diamet]1 are f\nd 9 heaps1 & =m  
little m\nts ) r\nd$ summits1 l         
sph]oidal basalt4 ,! clay :i* sep>ates  
^! amygdaloid concretions arises f !    
decomposition ( _! cru/4 ,!y acquire by 
! contact ( ! air a v ?9 coat+ ( yell[  
o*re4  ,s\?-we/ ( ! village ( ,p>ap>a   
rises ! little ,c]ro de ,flores1 :i* is 
disc]n$ f af> 9 ! /eppes4 ,almo/ at its 
foot1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! m&el/e9 tract we h 
j be5 describ+1 a porphyritic phonolite1
 a mass ( compact feldsp> ( a gre5i%    
grey1 or m\nta9-gre51 conta9+ long      
cry/als ( vitre\s feldsp>1 appe>s       

expos$4 ,x is ! real porphyrs*ief] (    
,w]n]2 & x w\ld be difficult to di/+ui%1
 9 a collection ( /ones1 ! phonolite (  
,p>ap>a f t ( ,bil91 9 ,bohemia4 ,x does
 n1 h[ev]1 "h =m rocks 9 grotesque      
%apes1 b little hills cov]$ ) tabul>    
blocks1 l>ge plates extremely sonor\s1  
translucid on ! edges1 & w\nd+ ! h&s :5 
brok54  ,su* are ! successions ( rocks1 
:i* ,i describ$ on ! spot z ,i          
progressively f\nd !m1 f ! lake (       
,tac>igua to ! entrance ( ! /eppes4 ,few
 places 9 ,europe display a geological  
arrangem5t s well wor?y ( be+ /udi$4 ,we
 saw !re 9 succession six =mations3     
namely1 mica-slate-gneiss1 gre5         
transition-slate1 black                 
transition-lime/one1 s]p5t9e & grun/e91 
amygdaloid 7) pyrox5e71 & phonolite4  ,i
 mu/ obs]ve1 9 ! fir/ place1 t !        
sub/ance j describ$ "u ! "n ( grun/e91 9
 e respect resembles t :i* =ms lay]s 9 !
 mica-slate ( ,cabo ,blanco1 & ve9s ne> 
,c>acas4 ,x diff]s only by conta9+ nei!r
 qu>tz1 g>nets1 nor pyrites4 ,! close   

relations we obs]v$ ne> ! ,c]ro de      
,*acao1 betwe5 ! grun/e9 & ! s]p5t9e1 _c
 surprise ^! geologi/s :o h /udi$ !     
m\nta9s ( ,franconia & ,silesia4 ,ne>   
,zobt5b]g99 799 ,betwe5 ,tampadel &     
,sil/]wiz47 a s]p5t9e rock alt]nates    
also ) gabbro4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,glatz !  
fissures ( ! gabbro are fill$ ) a       
/eatite ( a gre5i% :ite col\r1 & ! rock 
:i* 0 long ?\ght to belong to !         
grun/e9s99 is a close mixture ( feldsp> 
& diallage4 799 ,9 ! m\nta9s ( ,b>eu?1 9
 ,franconia1 s abundant 9 grun/e9 &     
s]p5t9e1 ^! =mations are n connect$     
toge!r4 ,! s]p5t9e !re belongs r to !   
s*i/ose hornbl5de 7hornbl5ds*ief]71 z 9 
! isl& ( ,cuba4 ,ne> ,guanaxuato1 9     
,mexico1 ,i saw x alt]nat+ ) sy5ite4 ,^!
 ph5om5a ( s]p5t9e rocks =m+ lay]s 9    
eurite 7weis/e971 9 s*i/ose hornbl5de1 9
 gabbro1 & 9 sy5ite1 are s mu* ! m      
rem>kable1 z ! great mass ( g>netif]\s  
s]p5t9es1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s (    
gneiss & mica-slate1 =m little di/9ct   
m\nts1 masses n cov]$ by o!r =mations4  

,x is n ! same 9 ! mixtures ( s]p5t9e & 
granulat$ lime/one47  ,! grun/e9s (     
,tucutunemo1 :i* we consid] z con/itut+ 
! same =mation z ! s]p5t9e rock1 conta9 
ve9s ( mala*ite & copp]-pyrites4 ,^!    
same metallif]\s comb9ations are f\nd   
also 9 ,franconia1 9 ! grun/e9s ( !     
m\nta9s ( ,/eb5 & ,li*t5b]g4 ,) respect 
to ! gre5 slates ( ,malpaso1 :i* h all !
 *>act]s ( transition-slates1 !y are    
id5tical ) ^? :i* ,m4 von ,bu* has s    
well describ$1 ne> ,s*onau1 9 ,silesia4 
,!y conta9 b$s ( grun/e91 l ! slates ( !
 m\nta9s ( ,/eb5 j m5tion$499 799 ,on   
advanc+ into ! adit = dra9+ !           
,fri$ri*-,wilhelm/oll5 m9e1 :i* ,i caus$
 to be begun 9 #agid1 ne> ,/eb51 & :i*  
is yet only #cdj toises long1 !re h     
successively be5 f\nd1 9 !              
transition-slate subord9ate /rata ( pure
 & porphyritic grun/e91 /rata1 ( ,lydian
 /one & ampelite 7alauns*ief]71 & /rata 
( f9e-gra9$ grun/e94 ,all ^! /rata      
*>act]ise ! transition-slates47 ,! black
 lime/one ( ! ,morros de ,san ,juan is  

also a transition-lime/one4 ,x =ms      
p]haps a subord9ate /ratum 9 ! slates ( 
,malpaso4 ,?is situation w\ld be        
analog\s to :at is obs]v$ 9 sev]al p>ts 
( ,switz]l&499 799 ,= ,in/ance1 at !    
,gly%orn1 at ! ,col de ,balme1 etc47 ,! 
slaty zone1 ! c5tre ( :i* is ! rav9e (  
,pi$ras ,azules1 appe>s divid$ into two 
=mations4 ,on "s po9ts we ?9k we obs]ve 
"o pass+ into ! o!r4  ,! grun/e9s1 :i*  
beg9 aga9 to ! s\? ( ^! slates1 appe> to
 me to diff] little f ^? f\nd nor? ( !  
rav9e ( ,pi$ras ,azules4 ,i did n see   
!re any pyrox5e2 b on ! v spot ,i       
recogniz$ a numb] ( cry/als 9 !         
amygdaloid1 :i* appe>s s /rongly l9k$ to
 ! grun/e9 t !y alt]nate sev]al times4  
,! geologi/ may consid] 8 task z        
fulfill$ :5 he has trac$ ) accuracy !   
positions ( ! div]se /rata2 & has po9t$ 
out ! analogies traceable betwe5 ^!     
positions & :at has be5 obs]v$ 9 o!r    
c\ntries4 ,b h[ c he avoid be+ tempt$ to
 g back to ! orig9 ( s _m diff]5t       
sub/ances1 & to inquire h[ f> ! dom9ion 

( fire has ext5d$ 9 ! m\nta9s t b\nd !  
great bas9 ( ! /eppes8 ,9 rese>*es on ! 
position ( rocks we h g5]ally to compla9
 ( n suffici5tly p]ceiv+ ! connection   
betwe5 ! masses1 :i* we believe to be   
sup]impos$ on "o ano!r4 ,"h ! difficulty
 seems to arise f ! too intimate & too  
num]\s relations obs]v$ 9 rocks t are   
?\ght n to belong to ! same family4  ,! 
phonolite 7or leuco/9e compacte (       
,cordi]7 is pretty g5]ally reg>d$ by all
 :o h at once exam9$ burn+ & ext+ui%$   
volcanoes1 z a fl[ ( li?oid lava4 ,i    
f\nd no real basalt or dol]ite2 b !     
pres5ce ( pyrox5e 9 ! amygdaloid (      
,p>ap>a leaves little d\bt ( ! igne\s   
orig9 ( ^? sph]oidal masses1 fissur$1 & 
full ( cavities4 ,balls ( ?is amygdaloid
 are enclos$ 9 ! grun/e92 & ?is grun/e9 
alt]nates on "o side ) a gre5 slate1 on 
! o!r ) ! s]p5t9e ( ,tucutunemo4 ,"h1   
!n1 is a connexion suffici5tly close    
e/abli%$ betwe5 ! phonolites & ! gre5   
slates1 betwe5 ! pyrox5ic amygdaloids & 
! s]p5t9es conta9+ copp]-ores1 betwe5   

volcanic sub/ances & o!rs t are includ$ 
"u ! vague "n ( transition-traps4 ,all  
^! masses are de/itute ( qu>tz l ! real 
trap-porphyries1 or volcanic tra*ytes4  
,?is ph5om5on is ! m rem>kable1 z !     
grun/e9s :i* are call$ primitive almo/  
always conta9 qu>tz 9 ,europe4 ,! mo/   
g5]al dip ( ! slates ( ,pi$ras ,azules1 
( ! grun/e9s ( ,p>ap>a1 & ( ! pyrox5ic  
amygdaloids emb$d$ 9 /rata ( grun/e91   
does n foll[ ! slope ( ! gr\nd f nor? to
 s\?1 b is pretty regul> t[>ds ! nor?4  
,! /rata incl9e t[>ds ! *a9 ( ! coa/1 z 
sub/ances :i* _h n be5 9 fusion might be
 suppos$ to d4 ,c we admit t s _m       
alt]nat+ rocks1 imb$d$ "o 9 ! o!r1 h a  
common orig98 ,! nature ( ! phonolites1 
:i* are li?oid lavas ) a feldsp> basis1 
& ! nature ( ! gre5 slates int]mix$ )   
hornbl5de1 oppose ?is op9ion4 ,9 ?is    
/ate ( ?+s we may *oose betwe5 two      
solutions ( ! problem 9 "q4 ,9 "o ( ^!  
solutions ! phonolite ( ! ,c]ro de      
,flores is to be reg>d$ z ! sole        
volcanic production ( ! tract2 & we are 

=c$ to unite ! pyrox5ic amygdaloids ) ! 
re/ ( ! grun/e9s1 9 "o s+le =mation1 t  
:i* is s common 9 ! transition-m\nta9s (
 ,europe1 consid]$ hi!rto z n volcanic4 
,9 ! o!r solution ( ! problem1 ! masses 
( phonolite1 amygdaloid1 & grun/e91 :i* 
are f\nd 9 ! s\? ( ! rav9e ( ,pi$ras    
,azules1 are sep>at$ f ! grun/e9s &     
s]p5t9e rocks t cov] ! declivity ( !    
m\nta9s nor? ( ! rav9e4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate
 ( k ,i f9d difficulties almo/ equally  
great 9 adopt+ ei!r ( ^! suppositions2 b
 ,i h no d\bt t1 :5 ! real grun/e9s 7n !
 hornbl5de-grun/e9s7 conta9$ 9 ! gneiss 
& mica-slates1 %all h be5 m att5tively  
exam9$ 9 o!r places2 :5 ! basalts 7)    
pyrox5e7 =m+ /rata 9 primitive rocks99  
799 ,= in/ance1 at ,krobsdorf1 9        
,silesia1 a /ratum ( basalt has be5     
recogniz$ 9 ! mica-slate by two         
celebrat$ geologi/s1 ,,mm4 von ,bu* &   
,raum]4 7,vom ,granite des              
,ries5gebirges1 #ahac47 & ! diabases &  
amygdaloids 9 ! transition m\nta9s1 %all
 h be5 c>efully /udi$2 :5 ! texture ( ! 

masses %all h be5 subject$ to a k9d (   
me*anical analysis1 & ! hornbl5des bett]
 di/+ui%$ f ! pyrox5es199 799 ,!        
grun/e9s or diabases ( ! ,fi*telgebirge1
 9 ,franconia1 :i* belong to !          
transition-slate1 sometimes conta9      
pyrox5es47 & ! grun/e9s f ! dol]ites2 a 
great numb] ( ph5om5a :i* n[ appe>      
isolat$ & obscure1 w be rang$ "u g5]al  
laws4 ,! phonolite & o!r rocks ( igne\s 
orig9 at ,p>ap>a are s mu* ! m int]e/+1 
z !y indicate anci5t eruptions 9 a      
granite zone2 z !y belong to ! %ore ( ! 
bas9 ( ! /eppes1 z ! basalts ( ,h>ut%   
belong to ! %ore ( ! des]t ( ,sah>a2 &  
la/ly1 z !y are ! only rocks ( ! k9d we 
obs]v$ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,capitania-,g5]al
 ( ,c>acas1 :i* are also de/itute (     
tra*ytes or trap-porphyry1 basalts1 &   
volcanic productions499 799 ,f ! ,rio   
,negro to ! coa/s ( ,cumana & ,c>acas1  
to ! ea/ ( ! m\nta9s ( ,m]ida1 :i* we   
did n visit47  ,! s\!rn declivity ( !   
we/]n *a9 is tol]ably /eep2 ! /eppes1   
accord+ to my b>ometrical measurem5ts1  

be+ a ?\s& feet l[] ?an ! bottom ( !    
bas9 ( ,aragua4 ,f ! ext5sive table-l& (
 ! ,villa de ,cura we desc5d$ t[>ds !   
banks ( ! ,rio ,tucutunemo1 :i* has     
holl[$ = itself1 9 a s]p5t9e rock1 a    
longitud9al valley runn+ f ea/ to we/1  
at ne>ly ! same level z ,la ,victoria4  
,a transv]se valley1 ly+ g5]ally nor? & 
s\?1 l$ u into ! ,llanos1 by ! villages 
( ,p>ap>a & ,ortiz4 ,x gr[s v n>r[ 9    
sev]al p>ts4 ,bas9s1 ! bottoms ( :i* are
 p]fectly horizontal1 communicate toge!r
 by n>r[ passes ) /eep declivities4 ,!y 
71 no d\bt1 =m]ly small lakes1 :i*1 ow+ 
to ! accumulation ( ! wat]s1 or "s m    
viol5t cata/rophe1 h brok5 d[n ! dykes  
by :i* !y 7 sep>at$4 ,?is ph5om5on is   
f\nd 9 bo? cont95ts1 :]ev] we exam9e !  
longitud9al valleys =m+ ! passages ( !  
,&es1 ! ,alps199 799 ,= example1 ! road 
f ! valley ( ,urs]n to ! ,hospice ( ,/4 
,go?>d1 & !nce to ,airolo47 or !        
,pyr5ees4 ,x is probable1 t ! irruption 
( ! wat]s t[>ds ! ,llanos h giv51 by    
extraord9>y r5ts1 ! =m ( ru9s to !      

,morros ( ,san ,juan & ( ,san ,seba/ian4
 ,! volcanic tract ( ,p>ap>a & ,ortis is
 n[ only #cj or #dj toises above !      
,llanos4 ,! eruptions consequ5tly took  
place at ! l[e/ po9t ( ! granitic *a94  
,9 ! ,mesa de ,paja1 9 ! n9? degree (   
latitude1 we ent]$ ! bas9 ( ! ,llanos4  
,! sun 0 almo/ at its z5i?2 ! e>?1 :]ev]
 x appe>$ /]ile & de/itute ( vegetation1
 0 at ! temp]ature ( #dh or #ej         
degrees499 799 ,a !rmomet]1 plac$ 9 !   
s&1 rose to #ch4d & #dj degrees         
,reaumur47 ,n a brea? ( air 0 felt at ! 
height at :i* we 7 on our mules2 yet1 9 
! mid/ ( ?is app>5t calm1 :irls ( du/   
incessantly arose1 driv5 on by ^? small 
curr5ts ( air :i* glide only ov] !      
surface ( ! gr\nd1 & are occasion$ by ! 
diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! nak$ s& &
 ! spots cov]$ ) grass4 ,^! s&-w9ds     
augm5t ! suffocat+ heat ( ! air4 ,e gra9
 ( qu>tz1 hott] ?an ! surr\nd+ air1     
radiates heat 9 e direction2 & x is     
difficult to obs]ve ! temp]ature ( !    
atmosph]e1 ow+ to ^! p>ticles ( s& /rik+

 aga9/ ! bulb ( ! !rmomet]4 ,all ar\nd u
 ! pla9s seem$ to asc5d to ! sky1 & !   
va/ & pr(\nd solitude appe>$ l an ocean 
cov]$ ) sea-we$4 ,accord+ to ! unequal  
mass ( vap\rs diffus$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1
 & ! v>iable decrem5t 9 ! temp]ature ( !
 diff]5t /rata ( air1 ! horizon 9 "s    
p>ts 0 cle> & di/9ct2 9 o!r p>ts x      
appe>$ undulat+1 s9u\s1 & z if /rip$4 ,!
 e>? !re 0 conf\nd$ ) ! sky4 ,?r\gh !   
dry mi/ & /rata ( vap\r ! trunks (      
palm-trees 7 se5 f af>1 /ripp$ ( _!     
foliage & _! v]dant summits1 & look+ l !
 ma/s ( a %ip descri$ ^u ! horizon4     
,!re is some?+ awful1 z well z sad &    
gloomy1 9 ! uni=m aspect ( ^! /eppes4   
,ev]y?+ seems motionless2 sc>cely does a
 small cl\d1 pass+ across ! z5i?1 &     
d5ot+ ! approa* ( ! ra9y season1 ca/ its
 %ad[ on ! e>?4 ,i "k n :e!r ! fir/     
aspect ( ! ,llanos excite less a/oni%m5t
 ?an t ( ! *a9 ( ! ,&es4 ,m\nta9\s      
c\ntries1 :atev] may be ! absolute      
elevation ( ! highe/ summits1 h an      
analog\s physiognomy2 b we accu/om      

ourselves ) difficulty to ! view ( !    
,llanos ( ,v5ezuela & ,casan>e1 to t ( !
 ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres & ( ,*aco1 :i* 
recal to m9d incessantly1 & dur+ j\rneys
 ( tw5ty or ?irty days1 ! smoo? surface 
( ! ocean4 ,i _h se5 ! pla9s or llanos (
 ,la ,man*a 9 ,spa91 & ! hea?s 7ericeta7
 t ext5d f ! extremity ( ,jutl&1 ?r\gh  
,luneburg & ,we/phalia1 to ,belgium4 ,^!
 la/ are really /eppes1 &1 dur+ sev]al  
ages1 only small portions ( !m h yield$ 
to cultivation2 b ! pla9s ( ! we/ & nor?
 ( ,europe pres5t only a feeble image ( 
! imm5se llanos ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is 9 
! s\?-ea/ ( our cont95t1 9 ,hung>y1     
betwe5 ! ,danube & ! ,!iss2 9 ,russia1  
betwe5 ! ,bory/h5es1 ! ,don1 & ! ,volga1
 t we f9d ^? va/ pa/ures1 :i* seem to h 
be5 levell$ by a long abode ( ! wat]s1 &
 :i* meet ! horizon on e side4 ,! pla9s 
( ,hung>y1 :]e ,i trav]s$ !m on !       
fronti]s ( ,g]many1 betwe5 ,presburg &  
,o$5burg1 /rike ! imag9ation ( !        
travell] by ! con/ant mirage2 b _!      
greate/ ext5t is m to ! ea/1 betwe5     

,czegl$1 ,debrecz91 & ,tittel4 ,!re !y  
pres5t ! appe>ance ( a va/ ocean (      
v]dure1 hav+ only two outlets1 "o ne>   
,gran & ,waitz51 ! o!r betwe5 ,belgrade 
& ,widd94  ,! diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! _w h   
be5 suppos$ to be *>act]iz$ by ! rem>k1 
t ,europe has its hea?s1 ,asia its      
/eppes1 ,africa its des]ts1 & ,am]ica   
its savannahs2 b by ?is di/9ction1      
contra/s are e/abli%$ t are n f\nd$ ei!r
 on ! nature ( ?+s1 or ! g5ius (        
languages4 ,! exi/5ce ( a hea? always   
supposes an association ( plants ( !    
family ( ericae2 ! /eppes ( ,asia are n 
ev]y:]e cov]$ ) sal9e plants2 !         
savannahs ( ,v5ezuela furni% n only !   
gram9a1 b ) !m small h]bace\s mimosas1  
legum9a1 & o!r dicotyl$on\s plants4 ,!  
pla9s ( ,song>ia1 ^? :i* ext5d betwe5 ! 
,don & ! ,volga1 & ! puszta ( ,hung>y1  
are real savannahs1 pa/urages ab\nd+ 9  
grasses299 799 ,^! va/ /eppes ( ,hung>y 
are elevat$ only ?irty or =ty toises    
above ! level ( ! sea1 :i* is m ?an     
eighty leagues di/ant f !m4 ,see        

,wahl5b]g's ,flora ,c>pa?ianica4 ,b>on  
,podmanitzky1 an ,hung>ian nobleman1    
highly di/+ui%$ = 8 k ( ! physical      
sci5ces1 caus$ ! level ( ^! pla9s to be 
tak51 to facilitate ! =mation ( a canal 
!n project$ betwe5 ! ,danube & ! ,!iss4 
,he f\nd ! l9e ( division1 or !         
convexity ( ! gr\nd1 :i* slopes on ea*  
side t[>ds ! b$s ( ! two riv]s1 to be   
only ?irte5 toises above ! height ( !   
,danube4 ,! widely ext5d$ pa/ures1 :i*  
rea* 9 e direction to ! horizon1 are    
call$ 9 ! c\ntry1 ,puszta1 &1 ov] a     
di/ance ( _m leagues1 are )\t any human 
habitation4 ,pla9s ( ?is k9d1 int]m+l$ )
 m>%es & s&y tracts1 are f\nd on ! we/]n
 side ( ! ,!iss1 betwe5 ,czegl$1 ,csaba1
 ,komloss1 & ,sz>wass2 & on ! ea/]n     
side1 betwe5 ,debrecz91 ,k>czag1 &      
,szoboszlo4 ,! area ( ^! pla9s ( !      
int]ior bas9 ( ,hung>y has be5 e/imat$1 
by a pretty accurate calculation1 to be 
betwe5 two ?\s& five hundr$ & ?ree ?\s& 
squ>e leagues 7tw5ty to a degree74      
,betwe5 ,czegl$1 ,szolnok1 & ,ketskemet1

 ! pla9 resembles a sea ( s&47 :ile !   
savannahs to ! ea/ & we/ ( ! ,rocky     
,m\nta9s & ( ,new ,mexico produce       
*5opodiums conta9+ c>bonate & muriate ( 
soda4 ,asia has real des]ts de/itute (  
vegetation1 9 ,arabia1 9 ,gobi1 & 9     
,p]sia4 ,s9ce we h become bett] acqua9t$
 ) ! des]ts 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa1 s    
long & s vaguely conf\nd$ toge!r "u ! "n
 ( des]t ( ,sah>a 7,zahra72 x has be5   
obs]v$1 t 9 ?is cont95t1 t[>ds ! ea/1   
savannahs & pa/ures are f\nd1 z 9       
,arabia1 situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( nak$ & b>r5 
tracts4 ,x is ^! des]ts1 cov]$ ) gravel 
& de/itute ( plants1 :i* are almo/      
entirely want+ 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,i saw !m  
only 9 t "p ( ,p]u1 betwe5 ,amotape &   
,coquimbo1 on ! %ores ( ! ,pacific4 ,^! 
are call$ by ! ,spani>ds1 n llanos1 b ! 
desi]tos ( ,se*ura & ,atacamez4 ,?is    
solit>y tract is n broad1 b x is f\r    
hundr$ & =ty leagues long4 ,! rock      
pi]ces ev]y:]e ?r\gh ! quicks&s4 ,no    
drop ( ra9 ev] falls on x2 &1 l ! des]t 
( ,sah>a1 nor? ( ,timbuctoo1 ! ,p]uvian 

des]t af=ds1 ne> ,huaura1 a ri* m9e (   
native salt4 ,ev]y:]e else1 9 ! ,new    
,_w1 !re are pla9s des]t because n      
inhabit$1 b no real des]ts499 799 ,we   
are almo/ tempt$1 h[ev]1 to give ! "n ( 
des]t to t va/ & s&y table-l& ( ,brazil1
 ! ,campos dos ,p>ecis1 :i* gives bir?  
to ! riv]s ,tapajos1 ,p>aguay1 &        
,madeira1 & :i* rea*es ! summit ( !     
highe/ m\nta9s4 ,almo/ de/itute (       
vegetation1 x rem9ds u ( ,gobi1 9       
,mongolia47  ,! same ph5om5a are repeat$
 9 ! mo/ di/ant regions2 &1 in/ead (    
designat+ ^? va/ treeless pla9s 9       
accordance ) ! nature ( ! plants !y     
produce1 x seems natural to class !m    
into des]ts1 /eppes1 or savannahs2 into 
b>e l&s )\t any appe>ance ( vegetation1 
& l&s cov]$ ) gram9a or small plants ( !
 dicotyl$on\s tribe4 ,! savannahs (     
,am]ica1 especially ^? ( ! temp]ate     
zone1 h 9 _m works be5 designat$ by !   
,fr5* t]m prairies2 b ?is appe>s to me  
little applicable to pa/ures :i* are (t5
 v dry1 ?\gh cov]$ ) grass ( f\r or five

 feet 9 height4 ,! ,llanos & ! ,pampas (
 ,s\? ,am]ica are really /eppes4 ,!y are
 cov]$ ) beautiful v]dure 9 ! ra9y      
season1 b 9 ! "t ( great dr\ght !y      
assume ! aspect ( a des]t4 ,! grass is  
!n r$uc$ to p[d]2 ! e>? cracks2 !       
alligators & ! great s]p5ts rema9 buri$ 
9 ! dri$ mud1 till awak5$ f _! long     
le?>gy by ! fir/ %[]s ( spr+4 ,^!       
ph5om5a are obs]v$ on b>r5 tracts (     
fifty or sixty leagues 9 l5g?1 :]ev] !  
savannahs are n trav]s$ by riv]s2 = on !
 bord]s ( rivulets1 & ar\nd little pools
 ( /agnant wat]1 ! travell] f9ds at     
c]ta9 di/ances1 ev5 dur+ ! p]iod ( !    
great dr\ghts1 ?ickets ( mauritia1 a    
palm1 ! leaves ( :i* spread out l a fan1
 & pres]ve a brilliant v]dure4  ,!      
/eppes ( ,asia are all beyond ! tropics1
 & =m v elevat$ table-l&s4 ,am]ica also 
has savannahs ( consid]able ext5t on !  
backs ( ! m\nta9s ( ,mexico1 ,p]u1 &    
,quito2 b its mo/ ext5sive /eppes1 !    
,llanos ( ,cumana1 ,c>acas1 & ,meta1 are
 little rais$ above ! level ( ! ocean1 &

 all belong to ! equ9octial zone4 ,^!   
circum/ances give !m a peculi> "*4 ,!y h
 n1 l ! /eppes ( s\!rn ,asia1 & ! des]ts
 ( ,p]sia1 ^? lakes )\t issue1 ^? small 
sy/ems ( riv]s :i* lose !mselves ei!r 9 
! s&s1 or by subt]ranean filtrations4 ,!
 ,llanos ( ,am]ica incl9e to ! ea/ &    
s\?2 & _! runn+ wat]s are bran*es ( !   
,or9oco4  ,! c\rse ( ^! riv]s once l$ me
 to believe1 t ! pla9s =m$ table-l&s1   
rais$ at lea/ f "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ &
 fifty toises above ! level ( ! ocean4  
,i suppos$ t ! des]ts ( int]ior ,africa 
7 also at a consid]able height2 & t !y  
rose "o above ano!r z 9 ti]s1 f ! coa/  
to ! int]ior ( ! cont95t4 ,no b>omet]   
has yet be5 c>ri$ into ! ,sah>a4 ,)     
respect to ! ,llanos ( ,am]ica1 ,i f\nd 
by b>ometric heights obs]v$ at          
,calabozo1 at ! ,villa del ,pao1 & at ! 
m\? ( ! ,meta1 t _! height is only =ty  
or fifty toises above ! level ( ! sea4  
,! fall ( ! riv]s is extremely g5tle1   
(t5 ne>ly imp]ceptible2 & !re=e ! lea/  
w9d1 or ! swell+ ( ! ,or9oco1 causes a  

reflux 9 ^? riv]s t fl[ into x4 ,!      
,indians believe !mselves to be desc5d+ 
dur+ a :ole day1 :5 navigat+ f ! m\?s ( 
^! riv]s to _! s\rces4 ,! desc5d+ wat]s 
are sep>at$ f ^? t fl[ back by a great  
body ( /agnant wat]1 9 :i*1 !           
equilibrium be+ di/urb$1 :irlpools are  
=m$ v dang]\s = boats4  ,! *ief         
*>act]i/ic ( ! savannahs or /eppes (    
,s\? ,am]ica is ! absolute want ( hills 
& inequalities--! p]fect level ( e "p ( 
! soil4 ,accord+ly ! ,spani% conqu]ors1 
:o fir/ p5etrat$ f ,coro to ! banks ( ! 
,apure1 did n call !m des]ts or         
savannahs1 or mead[s1 b pla9s 7llanos74 
,(t5 )9 a di/ance ( ?irty squ>e leagues 
!re is n an em95ce ( a foot high4 ,?is  
resemblance to ! surface ( ! sea /rikes 
! imag9ation mo/ p[]fully :]e ! pla9s   
are altoge!r de/itute ( palm-trees2 &   
:]e ! m\nta9s ( ! %ore & ( ! ,or9oco are
 s di/ant t !y _c be se51 z 9 ! ,mesa de
 ,pavones4 ,a p]son w\ld be tempt$ !re  
to take ! altitude ( ! sun ) a quadrant1
 if ! horizon ( ! l& 7 n con/antly mi/y 

on acc\nt ( ! v>iable effects (         
refraction4 ,?is equality ( surface is  
/ill m p]fect 9 ! m]idian ( ,calabozo1  
?an t[>ds ! ea/1 betwe5 ,c>i1 ,la ,villa
 del ,pao1 & ,nueva ,b>celona2 b x      
ext5ds )\t int]ruption f ! m\?s ( !     
,or9oco to ,la ,villa de ,araure & to   
,osp9os1 on a p>allel ( a hundr$ &      
eighty leagues 9 l5g?2 & f ,san ,c>los  
to ! savannahs ( ,caqueat1 on a m]idian 
( two hundr$ leagues4 ,x p>ticul>ly     
*>act]ises ! ,new ,cont95t1 z x does !  
l[ /eppes ( ,asia1 betwe5 ! ,bory/h5es &
 ! ,volga1 betwe5 ! ,irti% & ! ,obi4 ,! 
des]ts ( c5tral ,africa1 ( ,arabia1     
,syria1 & ,p]sia1 ,gobi1 & ,casna1      
pres5t1 on ! contr>y1 _m inequalities1  
ranges ( hills1 rav9es )\t wat]1 & rocks
 :i* pi]ce ! s&s4  ,! ,llanos1 h[ev]1   
not)/&+ ! app>5t uni=mity ( _! surface1 
pres5t two k9ds ( inequalities1 :i* _c  
escape ! obs]vation ( ! travell]4 ,!    
fir/ is kn[n by ! "n ( banks 7bancos72  
!y are 9 reality %oals 9 ! bas9 ( !     
/eppes1 fractur$ /rata ( s&/one1 or     

compact lime/one1 /&+ f\r or five feet  
high] ?an ! re/ ( ! pla94 ,^! banks are 
sometimes ?ree or f\r leagues 9 l5g?2 !y
 are entirely smoo?1 ) a horizontal     
surface2 _! exi/5ce is p]ceiv$ only by  
exam9+ _! m>g9s4 ,! second species (    
inequality c be recognis$ only by       
geodesical or b>ometric levell+s1 or by 
! c\rse ( riv]s4 ,x is call$ a mesa or  
table1 & is compos$ ( small flats1 or r 
convex em95ces1 t rise ins5sibly to !   
height ( a few toises4 ,su* are1 t[>ds !
 ea/1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,cumana1 on ! nor? (
 ! ,villa de la ,m]c$ & ,c&el>ia1 !     
,mesas ( ,amana1 ( ,guanipa1 & (        
,jonoro1 ! direction ( :i* is s\?-we/ & 
nor?-ea/2 & :i*1 9 spite ( _!           
inconsid]able elevation1 divide ! wat]s 
betwe5 ! ,or9oco & ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,t]ra
 ,firma4 ,! convexity ( ! savannah alone
 occasions ?is p>tition3 we !re f9d !   
divid+ ( ! wat]s 7divortia aqu>um99 799 
,c4 ,manlium prope jugis ,tauri ad      
divortia aqu>um ca/ra posuisse4 ,livy   
lib4 #ch c4 #ge4771 z 9 ,pol&1 :]e1 f> f

 ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s1 ! pla9 itself     
divides ! wat]s betwe5 ! ,baltic & !    
,black ,sea4 ,geograph]s1 :o suppose !  
exi/5ce ( a *a9 ( m\nta9s :]ev] !re is a
 l9e ( division1 h n fail$ to m>k "o 9 !
 maps1 at ! s\rces ( ! ,rio ,nev]i1 !   
,un>e1 ! ,gu>api*e1 & ! ,pao4 ,?us !    
prie/s ( ,mongol race1 accord+ to anci5t
 & sup]/iti\s cu/om1 erect oboes1 or    
little m\nds ( /one1 on e po9t :]e !    
riv]s fl[ 9 an opposite direction4  ,!  
uni=m l&scape ( ! ,llanos2 ! extremely  
small numb] ( _! inhabitants2 ! fatigue 
( travell+ b5ea? a burn+ sky1 & an      
atmosph]e d>k5$ by du/2 ! view ( t      
horizon1 :i* seems = ev] to fly be=e u2 
^? lonely trunks ( palm-trees1 :i* h all
 ! same aspect1 & :i* we despair (      
rea*+1 because !y are conf\nd$ ) o!r    
trunks t rise by degrees on ! visual    
horizon2 all ^! causes comb9e to make ! 
/eppes appe> f> m ext5sive ?an !y are 9 
reality4 ,! plant]s :o inhabit ! s\!rn  
declivity ( ! *a9 ( ! coa/ see ! /eppes 
ext5d t[>ds ! s\?1 z f> z ! eye c rea*1 

l an ocean ( v]dure4 ,!y "k t f ! ,delta
 ( ! ,or9oco to ! prov9ce ( ,v>9as1 &   
!nce1 by trav]s+ ! banks ( ! ,meta1 !   
,guavi>e1 & ! ,caguan1 !y c advance ?ree
 hundr$ & eighty leagues99 799 ,?is is !
 di/ance f ,timbuctoo to ! nor!rn coa/ (
 ,africa47 into ! pla9s1 fir/ f ea/ to  
we/1 & !n f nor?-ea/ to s\?-ea/ beyond !
 ,equator1 to ! foot ( ! ,&es ( ,pa/o4  
,!y "k by ! acc\nts ( travell]s !       
,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 :i* are also   
,llanos cov]$ ) f9e grass1 de/itute (   
trees1 & fill$ ) ox5 & horses become    
wild4 ,!y suppose t1 accord+ to ! great]
 "p ( our maps ( ,am]ica1 ?is cont95t   
has only "o *a9 ( m\nta9s1 t ( ! ,&es1  
:i* /ret*es f s\? to nor?2 & !y =m a    
vague idea ( ! contiguity ( all ! pla9s 
f ! ,or9oco & ! ,apure to ! ,rio de la  
,plata & ! ,/raits ( ,magellan4  ,)\t   
/opp+ "h to give a m9]alogical          
description ( ! transv]se *a9s :i*      
divide ,am]ica f ea/ to we/1 x w be     
suffici5t to notice ! g5]al /ructure ( a
 cont95t1 ! extremities ( :i*1 ?\gh     

situat$ 9 climates little analog\s1     
nev]!less pres5t sev]al features (      
resemblance4 ,9 ord] to h an exact idea 
( ! pla9s1 _! configuration1 & _!       
limits1 we mu/ "k ! *a9s ( m\nta9s t =m 
_! b\nd>ies4 ,we h already describ$ !   
,cordill]a ( ! coa/1 ( :i* ! highe/     
summit is ! ,silla de ,c>accas1 & :i* is
 l9k$ by ! ,p>amo de las ,rosas to !    
,nevada de ,m]ida1 & ! ,&es ( ,new      
,gr5ada4 ,we h se5 t1 9 ! t5? degree (  
nor? latitude1 x /ret*es f ,quibor &    
,b>quesimeto z f> z ! po9t ( ,p>ia4 ,a  
second *a9 ( m\nta9s1 or r a less       
elevat$ b mu* l>g] gr\p1 ext5ds betwe5 !
 p>allels ( #c & #g degrees f ! m\?s ( !
 ,guavi>e & ! ,meta to ! s\rces ( !     
,or9oco1 ! ,m>ony1 & ! ,essequibo1 t[>ds
 ,fr5* & ,dut* ,guiana4 ,i call ?is *a9 
! ,cordill]a ( ,p>ime1 or ( ! great     
cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco4 ,x may be foll[$ =
 a l5g? ( two hundr$ & fifty leagues2 b 
x is less a *a91 ?an a collection (     
granitic m\nta9s1 sep>at$ by small      
pla9s1 )\t be+ ev]y:]e dispos$ 9 l9es4  

,! gr\p ( ! m\nta9s ( ,p>ime n>r[s      
consid]ably betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco 
& ! m\nta9s ( ,dem]>a1 9 ! ,si]ras (    
,quimiropaca & ,pac>aimo1 :i* divide !  
wat]s betwe5 ! ,c>ony & ! ,rio ,p>ime1  
or ,rio de ,aguas ,blancas4 ,?is is !   
sc5e ( ! exp$itions :i* 7 und]tak5 9    
se>* ( ,el ,dorado1 & ! great city (    
,manoa1 ! ,timbuctoo ( ! ,new ,cont95t4 
,! ,cordill]a ( ,p>ime does n jo9 ! ,&es
 ( ,new ,gr5ada1 b is sep>at$ f !m by a 
space eighty leagues broad4 ,if we      
suppose x to h be5 de/roy$ 9 ?is space  
by "s great revolution ( ! globe 7:i* is
 sc>cely probable7 we mu/ admit t x     
anci5tly bran*$ (f f ! ,&es betwe5      
,santa ,fe de ,bogota & ,pamplona4 ,?is 
rem>k s]ves to fix m easily 9 ! memory (
 ! read] ! geographical position ( a    
,cordill]a till n[ v imp]fectly kn[n4 ,a
 ?ird *a9 ( m\nta9s unites 9 #af & #ah  
degrees s\? latitude 7by ,santa ,cruz de
 la ,si]ra1 ! ,s]ranias ( ,aguapehy1 & !
 fam\s ,campos dos ,p>ecis7 ! ,&es (    
,p]u1 to ! m\nta9s ( ,brazil4 ,x is !   

,cordill]a ( ,*iquitos :i* wid5s 9 !    
,capitania de ,m9as ,g]aes1 & divides ! 
riv]s fl[+ into ! ,amazon f ^? ( ! ,rio 
de la ,plata199 799 ,!re is only a      
portage or c>ry+-place ( #ecbb bracas   
betwe5 ! ,guapore 7a bran* ( ! ,m>more &
 ( ! ,madeira71 & ! ,rio ,aguapehy 7a   
bran* ( ! ,jaura & ( ! ,p>aguay747 n    
only 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 9 ! m]idian
 ( ,villa ,boa1 b also at a few leagues 
f ! coa/1 betwe5 ,rio ,janeiro &        
,bahia499 799 ,! ,cordill]a ( ,*iquitos 
& ( ,brazil /ret*es t[>d ! s\?-ea/1 9 ! 
gov]nm5t ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 beyond !       
latitude ( #cj degrees s\?47  ,^! ?ree  
transv]se *a9s1 or r ^! ?ree gr\ps (    
m\nta9s /ret*+ f we/ to ea/1 )9 ! limits
 ( ! torrid zone1 are sep>at$ by tracts 
entirely level1 ! pla9s ( ,c>acas1 or ( 
! ,l[] ,or9oco2 ! pla9s ( ! ,amazon & ! 
,rio ,negro2 & ! pla9s ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 
or ( ,la ,plata4 ,i use ! t]m pla9s1    
because ! ,l[] ,or9oco & ! ,amazon1 f> f
 fl[+ 9 a valley1 =m b a little furr[ 9 
! mid/ ( a va/ level4 ,! two bas9s1     

plac$ at ! extremities ( ,s\? ,am]ica1  
are savannahs or /eppes1 pa/urage )\t   
trees2 ! int]m$iate bas91 :i* receives !
 equatorial ra9s dur+ ! :ole ye>1 is    
almo/ entirely "o va/ =e/1 ?r\gh :i* no 
o!r roads are kn[n save ! riv]s4 ,!     
/rong vegetation :i* conceals ! soil1   
r5d]s also ! uni=mity ( its level less  
p]ceptible2 & ! pla9s ( ,c>acas & ,la   
,plata be> no o!r "n4 ,! ?ree bas9s we h
 j describ$ are call$1 9 ! language ( ! 
coloni/s1 ! ,llanos ( ,v>9as & (        
,c>acas1 ! bosques or selvas 7=e/s7 ( ! 
,amazon1 & ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,!
 trees n only = ! mo/ "p cov] ! pla9s ( 
! ,amazon1 f ! ,cordill]a de ,*iquitos1 
z f> z t ( ,p>ime2 !y also cr[n ^! two  
*a9s ( m\nta9s1 :i* r>ely atta9 ! height
 ( ! ,pyr5ees499 799 ,we mu/ except !   
mo/ we/]n "p ( ! ,cordill]a ( ,*iquitos1
 betwe5 ,co*abamba & ,santa ,cruz de la 
,si]ra :]e ! summits are cov]$ ) sn[2 b 
?is colossal gr\p almo/ belongs to !    
,&es de la ,paz1 ( :i* x =ms a          
promontory or spur1 direct$ t[>d ! ea/47

 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! va/ pla9s ( !        
,amazon1 ! ,madeira1 & ! ,rio ,negro1   
are n s di/9ctly b\nd$ z ! ,llanos (    
,c>acas1 & ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,z
 ! region ( =e/s comprises at once !    
pla9s & ! m\nta9s1 x ext5ds f #ah       
degrees s\? to #g & #h degrees nor?199  
799 ,to ! we/1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,llanos 
( ,manso1 & ! ,pampas de ,huanacos1 !   
=e/s d n ext5d g5]ally beyond ! p>allels
 ( #ah or #ai degrees s\? latitude2 b to
 ! ea/1 9 ,brazil 79 ! capitanias ( ,san
 ,pablo & ,rio ,gr&e7 z well z 9        
,p>aguay1 on ! bord]s ( ! ,p>ana1 !y    
advance z f> z #be degrees s\?47 &      
occupies an ext5t ( ne> a hundr$ & tw5ty
 ?\s& squ>e leagues4 ,?is =e/ ( ,s\?    
,am]ica1 = 9 fact !re is only "o1 is six
 times l>g] ?an ,france4 ,x is kn[n to  
,europeans only on ! %ores ( a few      
riv]s1 by :i* x is trav]s$2 & has its   
op5+s1 ! ext5t ( :i* is 9 proportion to 
t ( ! =e/s4 ,we %all soon skirt ! m>%y  
savannahs1 betwe5 ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 !    
,conori*ite1 & ! ,cassiqui>e1 9 !       

latitude ( #c & #d degrees4 ,!re are o!r
 op5+s1 or z !y are call$1 cle>         
savannahs199 799 ,savannas limpias1 t is
 to say1 cle> ( trees47 9 ! same        
p>allel1 betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,mao & !   
,rio de ,aguas ,blancas1 s\? ( ! ,si]ra 
de ,pac>aima4 ,^! la/ savannahs1 :i* are
 inhabit$ by ,c>ibs1 & nomad ,macusis1  
lie ne> ! fronti]s ( ,dut* & ,fr5*      
,guiana4  ,hav+ notic$ ! geological     
con/itution ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 we %all n[  
m>k its pr9cipal features4 ,! we/]n     
coa/s are bord]$ by an enorm\s wall (   
m\nta9s1 ri* 9 preci\s metals :]ev]     
volcanic fire has n pi]c$ ?r\gh ! et]nal
 sn[4 ,?is is ! ,cordill]a ( ! ,&es4    
,summits ( trap-porphyry rise beyond    
?ree ?\s& ?ree hundr$ toises1 & ! mean  
height ( ! *a999 is "o ?\s& eight hundr$
 & fifty toises4 799 ,9 ,new ,gr5ada1   
,quito1 & ,p]u1 accord+ to measurem5ts  
tak5 by ,b\gu]1 ,la ,condam9e1 &        
myself47 ,x /ret*es 9 ! direction ( a   
m]idian1 & s5ds into ea* hemisph]e a    
lat]al bran*1 9 ! latitudes ( #aj       

degrees nor?1 & #af & #ah degrees s\?4  
,! fir/ ( ^! two bran*es1 t ( ! coa/ (  
,c>acas1 is ( consid]able l5g?1 & =ms 9 
fact a *a94 ,! second bran*1 !          
,cordill]a ( ,*iquitos & ( ! s\rces ( ! 
,guapore1 is v ri* 9 gold1 & wid5s t[>d 
! ea/1 9 ,brazil1 into va/ tablel&s1    
hav+ a mild & temp]ate climate4 ,betwe5 
^! two transv]se *a9s1 contigu\s to !   
,&es1 an isolat$ gr\p ( granitic m\nta9s
 is situat$1 f #c to #g degrees nor?    
latitude2 :i* also runs p>allel to !    
,equator1 b1 n pass+ ! m]idian ( #ga    
degrees1 t]m9ates abruptly t[>ds ! we/1 
& is n unit$ to ! ,&es ( ,new ,gr5ada4  
,^! ?ree transv]se *a9s h no active     
volcanoes2 we "k n :e!r ! mo/ s\!rn1 l !
 two o!rs1 be de/itute ( tra*ytes or    
trap-porphyry4 ,none ( _! summits ent] !
 limit ( p]petual sn[2 & ! mean height (
 ! ,cordill]a ( ,la ,p>ime1 & ( !       
littoral *a9 ( ,c>acas1 does n rea* six 
hundr$ toises1 ?\gh "s ( its summits    
rise f\rte5 hundr$ toises above ! level 
( ! sea499 799 ,we d n reckon "h1 z     

belong+ to ! *a9 ( ! coa/1 ! ,nevados & 
,p>amos ( ,m]ida & ( ,truxillo1 :i* are 
a prolongation ( ! ,&es ( ,new ,gr5ada47
 ,! ?ree transv]se *a9s are sep>at$ by  
pla9s entirely clos$ t[>ds ! we/1 & op5 
t[>ds ! ea/ & s\?-ea/4 ,:5 we reflect on
 _! small elevation above ! surface ( ! 
ocean1 we are tempt$ to consid] !m z    
gulfs /ret*+ 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t ( 
rotation4 ,if1 f ! effect ( "s peculi>  
attraction1 ! wat]s ( ! ,atlantic 7 to  
rise fifty toises at ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco1 
& two hundr$ toises at ! m\? ( !        
,amazon1 ! flood w\ld subm]ge m ?an !   
half ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ea/]n declivity1
 or ! foot ( ! ,&es1 n[ six hundr$      
leagues di/ant f ! coa/ ( ,brazil1 w\ld 
become a %ore beat5 by ! waves4 ,?is    
consid]ation is ! result ( a b>ometric  
measurem5t1 tak5 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ja5 de  
,bracamoros1 :]e ! riv] ,amazon issues f
 ! ,cordill]as4 ,i f\nd ! mean height ( 
?is imm5se riv] only "o hundr$ &        
n9ety-f\r toises above ! pres5t level ( 
! ,atlantic4 ,! int]m$iate pla9s1 h[ev]1

 cov]$ ) =e/s1 are /ill five times high]
 ?an ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 & !     
grass-cov]$ ,llanos ( ,c>acas & ! ,meta4
  ,^? ,llanos :i* =m ! bas9 ( ! ,or9oco1
 & :i* we cross$ twice 9 "o ye>1 9 !    
mon?s ( ,m>* & ,july1 communicate ) !   
bas9 ( ! ,amazon & ! ,rio ,negro1 b\nd$ 
on "o side by ! ,cordill]a ( ,*iquitos1 
& on ! o!r by ! m\nta9s ( ,p>ime4 ,!    
op5+ :i* is left betwe5 ! latt] & ! ,&es
 ( ,new ,gr5ada1 occasions ?is          
communication4 ,! aspect ( ! c\ntry "h  
rem9ds u1 b on a mu* l>g] scale1 ( !    
pla9s ( ,lomb>dy1 :i* also are only     
fifty or sixty toises above ! level ( ! 
ocean2 & are direct$ fir/ f ,la ,br5ta  
to ,tur91 ea/ & we/2 & !n f ,tur9 to    
,coni1 nor? & s\?4 ,if we 7 au?oriz$1 f 
o!r geological facts1 to reg>d ! ?ree   
great pla9s ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 ! ,amazon1
 & ! ,rio de la ,plata z bas9s ( anci5t 
lakes199 799 ,9 ,sib]ia1 ! great /eppes 
betwe5 ! ,irti% & ! ,obi1 especially t (
 ,b>aba1 full ( salt lakes 7,t*abakly1  
,t*any1 ,k>as\k1 & ,topolony71 appe> to 

h be51 accord+ to ! ,*9ese traditions1  
ev5 )9 hi/orical times1 an inl& sea47 we
 %\ld imag9e we p]ceiv$ 9 ! pla9s ( !   
,rio ,vi*ada & ! ,meta1 a *annel by :i* 
! wat]s ( ! upp] lake 7^? ( ! pla9s ( ! 
,amazon7 =c$ _! way t[>ds ! l[] bas91 7t
 ( ! ,llanos ( ,c>acas17 sep>at+ !      
,cordill]a ( ,la ,p>ime f t ( ! ,&es4   
,?is *annel is a k9d ( l&-/rait4 ,!     
gr\nd1 :i* is p]fectly level betwe5 !   
,guavi>e1 ! ,meta1 & ! ,apure1 displays 
no ve/ige ( a viol5t irruption ( !      
wat]s2 b on ! edge ( ! ,cordill]a (     
,p>ime1 betwe5 ! latitudes ( #d & #g    
degrees1 ! ,or9oco1 fl[+ 9 a we/]ly     
direction f its s\rce to ! m\? ( !      
,guavi>e1 has =c$ its way ?r\gh ! rocks1
 direct+ its c\rse f s\? to nor?4 ,all !
 great cat>acts1 z we %all soon see1 are
 )9 ! latitudes j nam$4 ,:5 ! riv] has  
rea*$ ! m\? ( ! ,apure 9 t v l[ gr\nd   
:]e ! slope t[>ds ! nor? is met by !    
c\nt]-slope t[>ds ! s\?-ea/1 t is to    
say1 by ! incl9ation ( ! pla9s :i* rise 
imp]ceptibly t[>ds ! m\nta9s ( ,c>acas1 

! riv] turns anew & fl[s ea/w>d4 ,x     
appe>$ to me1 t x 0 prop] to fix !      
att5tion ( ! read] on ^! s+ul>          
inflexions ( ! ,or9oco because1 belong+ 
at once to two bas9s1 its c\rse m>ks1 9 
"s sort1 ev5 on ! mo/ imp]fect maps1 !  
direction ( t "p ( ! pla9s int]v5+      
betwe5 ,new ,gr5ada & ! we/]n bord] ( ! 
m\nta9s ( ,la ,p>ime4  ,! ,llanos or    
/eppes ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco & ( ! ,meta1 l !
 des]ts ( ,africa1 be> diff]5t names 9  
diff]5t p>ts4 ,f ! m\?s ( ! ,dragon !   
,llanos ( ,cumana1 ( ,b>celona1 & (     
,c>acas or ,v5ezuela199 foll[1 runn+ f  
ea/ to we/4 799 ,! foll[+ are           
subdivisions ( ^! ?ree great ,llanos1 z 
,i m>k$ !m d[n on ! spot4 ,! ,llanos (  
,cumana & ,new ,&alusia include ^? (    
,matur9 & ,t]ec51 ( ,amana1 ,guanipa1   
,jonoro1 & ,c>i4 ,! ,llanos ( ,nueva    
,b>celona comprise ^? ( ,aragua1        
,p>iaguan1 & ,villa del ,pao4 ,we       
di/+ui% 9 ! ,llanos ( ,c>acas ^? (      
,*agu>amas1 ,uritucu1 ,calabozo or      
,gu>ico1 ,la ,portuguesa1 ,san ,c>los1 &

 ,araure47 ,:]e ! /eppes turn t[>ds !   
s\? & s\?-s\?-we/1 f ! latitude ( #h    
degrees1 betwe5 ! m]idians ( #gj & #gc  
degrees1 we f9d f nor? to s\?1 ! ,llanos
 ( ,v>9as1 ,casan>e1 ! ,meta1 ,guavi>e1 
,caguau1 & ,caqueta499 799 ,!           
inhabitants ( ^! pla9s di/+ui% z        
subdivisions1 f ! ,rio ,portuguesa to   
,caqueta1 ! ,llanos ( ,guan>e1 ,bocono1 
,nutrius or ! ,apure1 ,palm]ito ne>     
,qu9t]o1 ,gu>dalito & ,arauca1 ! ,meta1 
,apiay ne> ! port ( ,pa*aqui>o1 ,vi*ada1
 ,guavi>e1 ,arri>i1 ,inirida1 ! ,rio    
,ha*a1 & ,caguan4 ,! limits betwe5 !    
savannahs & ! =e/s1 9 ! pla9s t ext5d f 
! s\rces ( ! ,rio ,negro to ,putumayo1  
are n suffici5tly kn[n47 ,! pla9s (     
,v>9as conta9 "s few monum5ts ( !       
indu/ry ( a nation t has disappe>$4     
,betwe5 ,mijagual & ! ,cano de la ,ha*a1
 we f9d "s real tumuli1 call$ 9 ! c\ntry
 ! ,s]illos de los ,indios4 ,!y are     
hillocks 9 ! %ape ( cones1 artificially 
=m$ ( e>?1 & probably conta9 bones1 l ! 
tumuli 9 ! /eppes ( ,asia4 ,a f9e road  

is also discov]$ ne> ,hato de la        
,calzada1 betwe5 ,v>9as & ,canagua1 five
 leagues long1 made be=e ! conque/1 9 ! 
mo/ remote times1 by ! natives4 ,x is a 
causeway ( e>? fifte5 feet high1 cross+ 
a pla9 (t5 ov]fl[$4 ,did nations f>!r   
advanc$ 9 civilization desc5d f !       
m\nta9s ( ,truxillo & ,m]ido to ! pla9s 
( ! ,rio ,apure8 ,! ,indians :om we n[  
f9d betwe5 ?is riv] & ! ,meta1 are 9 too
 rude a /ate to ?9k ( mak+ roads or     
rais+ tumuli4  ,i calculat$ ! area ( ^! 
,llanos f ! ,caqueta to ! ,apure1 & f ! 
,apure to ! ,delta ( ! ,or9oco1 & f\nd x
 to be sev5te5 ?\s& squ>e leagues tw5ty 
to a degree4 ,! "p runn+ f nor? to s\?  
is almo/ d\ble t :i* /ret*es f ea/ to   
we/1 betwe5 ! ,l[] ,or9oco & ! littoral 
*a9 ( ,c>acas4 ,! ,pampas on ! nor? &   
nor?-we/ ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 betwe5 ?is    
city & ,cordova1 ,jujuy1 & ! ,tucuman1  
are ( ne>ly ! same ext5t z ! ,llanos2 b 
! ,pampas /ret* /ill f>!r on to ! l5g? (
 #ah degrees s\?w>d2 & ! l& !y occupy is
 s va/1 t !y produce palm-trees at "o ( 

_! extremities1 :ile ! o!r1 equally l[ &
 level1 is cov]$ ) et]nal fro/4  ,!     
,llanos ( ,am]ica1 :]e !y ext5d 9 !     
direction ( a p>allel ( ! equator1 are  
?ree-f\r?s n>r[] !n ! great des]t (     
,africa4 ,?is circum/ance is v important
 9 a region :]e ! w9ds con/antly bl[ f  
ea/ to we/4 ,! f>!r ! pla9s /ret* 9 ?is 
direction1 ! m ard5t is _! climate4 ,!  
great ocean ( s& 9 ,africa communicates 
by ,yem599 ) ,g$rosia & ,beloo*i/an1 z  
f> z ! "r bank ( ! ,indus4 799 ,we _c be
 surpris$ t ! ,arabic %\ld be ri*] ?an  
any o!r language ( ! ,ea/ 9 words       
express+ ! ideas ( des]t1 un9habit$     
pla9s1 & pla9s cov]$ ) gram9a4 ,i c\ld  
give a li/ ( ?irty-five ( ^! words1 :i* 
! ,arabian au?ors employ )\t always     
di/+ui%+ !m by ! %ades ( mean+ :i* ea*  
sep>ate ^w expresses4 ,makadh & kaah    
indicate1 9 pref]5ce1 pla9s2 bakaak1 a  
table-l&2 kafr1 mikf>1 smlis1 mahk1 &   
habauc]1 a nak$ des]t1 cov]$ ) s& &     
gravel2 tanufah1 a /eppe4 ,zahra means  
at once a nak$ des]t & a savannah4 ,! ^w

 /eppe1 or /ep1 is ,russian1 & n        
,t>t>ian4 ,9 ! ,turco-,t>t> dialect a   
hea? is call$ tala or ts*ol4 ,! ^w gobi1
 :i* ,europeans h corrupt$ into cobi1   
signifies 9 ! ,mongol tongue a nak$     
des]t4 ,x is equival5t to ! s*a-mo or   
khan-hai ( ! ,*9ese4 ,a /eppe1 or pla9  
cov]$ ) h]bs1 is 9 ,mongol1 kudah2 9    
,*9ese1 k\ana47 ,x is f ! effect ( w9ds 
t h pass$ ov] ! des]ts situat$ to ! ea/1
 t ! little bas9 ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 surr\nd$ 
by pla9s :i* s5d =? f all sides radiant 
caloric1 is "o ( ! hotte/ regions ( !   
globe4 ,! un=tunate capta9 ,tuckey      
relates199 799 ,exp$ition to explore !  
riv] ,zahir1 #ahah47 t ! c5tigrade      
!rmomet] keeps !re g5]ally 9 ! night at 
#cd degrees1 & by day f #dj to #dd      
degrees4 ,we %all soon see t1 ev5 9 !   
we/]nmo/ "p ( ! /eppes ( ,c>acas1 we    
seldom f\nd ! temp]ature ( ! air1 9 !   
%ade1 above #cg degrees4  ,^! physical  
consid]ations on ! /eppes ( ! ,new ,_w  
are l9k$ ) o!rs m int]e/+1 inasmu* z !y 
are connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( our species4  

,! great sea ( s& 9 ,africa1 ! des]ts   
)\t wat]1 are frequ5t$ only by c>avans1 
t take fifty days to trav]se !m499 799  
,?is is ! maximum ( ! "t1 accord+ to    
,major ,r5nell1 ,travels ( ,mungo ,p>k  
volume #b47 ,sep>at+ ! ,negro race f !  
,moors1 & ! ,b]b] & ,kabyle tribes1 !   
,sah>a is inhabit$ only 9 ! oases4 ,x   
af=ds pa/urage only 9 ! ea/]n "p1 :]e1 f
 ! effect ( ! trade-w9ds1 ! lay] ( s&   
be+ less ?ick1 ! spr+s appe> at !       
surface ( ! e>?4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! /eppes1  
less va/1 less scor*+1 f]tiliz$ by f9e  
riv]s1 pres5t few] ob/acles to !        
int]c\rse ( nations4 ,! ,llanos sep>ate 
! *a9 ( ! coa/ ( ,c>acas & ! ,&es ( ,new
 ,gr5ada f ! region ( =e/s2 f t woody   
region ( ! ,or9oco :i*1 f ! fir/        
discov]y ( ,am]ica1 has be5 inhabit$ by 
nations m rude1 & f>!r remov$ f         
civilization1 ?an ! inhabitants ( !     
coa/1 & /ill m ?an ! m\nta9e]s ( !      
,cordill]as4 ,! /eppes1 h[ev]1 7 no m   
h]et(ore ! ramp>t ( civilization ?an !y 
are n[ ! ramp>t ( ! lib]ty ( ! hordes t 

live 9 ! =e/s4 ,!y h n h9d]$ ! nations (
 ! ,l[] ,or9oco f go+ up ! little riv]s 
& mak+ incursions to ! nor? & ! we/4    
,if1 accord+ to ! v>i\s di/ribution (   
animals on ! globe1 ! pa/oral life c\ld 
h exi/$ 9 ! ,new ,_w--if1 be=e ! arrival
 ( ! ,spani>ds1 ! ,llanos & ! ,pampas _h
 be5 fill$ ) ^? num]\s h]ds ( c[s &     
horses t graze !re1 ,columbus w\ld h    
f\nd ! human race 9 a /ate q diff]5t4   
,pa/oral nations liv+ on milk & *eese1  
real nomad races1 w\ld h spread !mselves
 ov] ^? va/ pla9s :i* communicate ) ea* 
o!r4 ,!y w\ld h be5 se5 at ! p]iod (    
great dr\ghts1 & ev5 at t ( inundations1
 fight+ = ! possession ( pa/ures2       
subjugat+ "o ano!r mutually2 &1 unit$ by
 ! common tie ( mann]s1 language1 &     
wor%ip1 !y w\ld h ris5 to t /ate (      
demi-civilization :i* we obs]ve )       
surprise 9 ! nations ( ! ,mongol & ,t>t>
 race4 ,am]ica w\ld !n1 l ! c5tre (     
,asia1 h _h its conqu]ors1 :o1 asc5d+ f 
! pla9s to ! tablel&s ( ! ,cordill]as1 &
 ab&on+ a w&]+ life1 w\ld h subdu$ !    

civiliz$ nations ( ,p]u & ,new ,gr5ada1 
ov]turn$ ! ?rone ( ! ,incas & ( !       
,zaque199 & sub/itut$ = ! despotism :i* 
is ! fruit ( !ocracy1 t despotism :i*   
arises f ! patri>*al gov]nm5t ( a       
pa/oral p4 799 ,! ,zaque 0 ! secul> *ief
 ( ,cund9am>ca4 ,8 p[] 0 %>$ ) ! high   
prie/ 7lama7 ( ,iraca47 ,9 ! ,new ,_w ! 
human race has n exp]i5c$ ^! great moral
 & political *anges1 because ! /eppes1  
?\gh m f]tile ?an ^? ( ,asia1 h rema9$  
)\t h]ds2 because none ( ! animals t    
furni% milk 9 abundance are natives ( ! 
pla9s ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 & because1 9 !    
progressive unfold+ ( ,am]ican          
civilization1 ! int]m$iate l9k is want+ 
t connects ! hunt+ ) ! agricultural     
nations4  ,we h ?\ght prop] to br+      
toge!r ^! g5]al notions on ! pla9s ( !  
,new ,cont95t1 & ! contra/ !y exhibit to
 ! des]ts ( ,africa & ! f]tile /eppes ( 
,asia1 9 ord] to give "s int]e/ to !    
n>rative ( a j\rney across l&s ( s      
monoton\s an aspect4 ,hav+ n[ accompli%$
 ?is task1 ,i %all trace ! r\te by :i*  

we proce$$ f ! volcanic m\nta9s (       
,p>ap>a & ! nor!rn side ( ! ,llanos1 to 
! banks ( ! ,apure1 9 ! prov9ce (       
,v>9as4  ,aft] hav+ pass$ two nights on 
horseback1 & s\ght 9 va91 by day1 = "s  
%elt] f ! heat ( ! sun b5ea? ! tufts ( !
 mori*e palm-trees1 we arriv$ be=e night
 at ! little ,hato del ,cayman199 799 ,!
 ,f>m ( ! ,alligator47 call$ also ,la   
,guadal\pe4 ,x 0 a solit>y h\se 9 !     
/eppes1 surr\nd$ by a few small huts1   
cov]$ ) re$s & sk9s4 ,! cattle1 ox51    
horses1 & mules are n p5n$1 b w&] freely
 ov] an ext5t ( sev]al squ>e leagues4   
,!re is n[h]e any enclosure2 m51 nak$ to
 ! wai/ & arm$ ) a lance1 ride ov] !    
savannahs to inspect ! animals2 br++    
back ^? t w&] too f> f ! pa/ures ( !    
f>m1 & br&+ all t d n already be> ! m>k 
( _! proprietor4 ,^! mulattos1 :o are   
kn[n by ! "n ( peones llan]os1 are p>tly
 fre$-m5 & p>tly slaves4 ,!y are        
con/antly expos$ to ! burn+ heat ( !    
tropical sun4 ,_! food is meat1 dri$ 9 !
 air1 & a little salt$2 & ( ?is ev5 _!  

horses sometimes p>take4 ,be+ always 9 !
 saddle1 !y fancy !y _c make ! slighte/ 
excursion on foot4 ,we f\nd an old negro
 slave1 :o manag$ ! f>m 9 ! abs5ce ( 8  
ma/]4 ,he told u ( h]ds compos$ ( sev]al
 ?\s& c[s1 t 7 graz+ 9 ! /eppes2 yet we 
ask$ 9 va9 = a b[l ( milk4 ,we 7 (f]$1 9
 a calaba%1 "s yell[1 muddy1 & fetid    
wat]1 drawn f a neighb\r+ pool4 ,!      
indol5ce ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,llanos is 
su* t !y d n dig wells1 ?\gh !y "k t    
almo/ ev]y:]e1 at t5 feet deep1 f9e     
spr+s are f\nd 9 a /ratum ( conglom]ate1
 or r$ s&/one4 ,aft] suff]+ dur+ "o half
 ( ! ye> f ! effect ( inundations1 !y   
quietly resign !mselves1 dur+ ! o!r     
half2 to ! mo/ di/ress+ deprivation (   
wat]4 ,! old negro advis$ u to cov] !   
cup ) a l95 clo?1 & dr9k z ?r\gh a      
filt]1 t we might n be incommod$ by !   
smell1 & might swall[ less ( ! yell[i%  
mud susp5d$ 9 ! wat]4 ,we did n !n ?9k t
 we %\ld aft]w>ds be =c$1 dur+ :ole     
mon?s1 to h rec\rse to ?is exp$i5t4 ,!  
wat]s ( ! ,or9oco are always load$ )    

e>?y p>ticles2 !y are ev5 putrid1 :]e   
dead bodies ( alligators are f\nd 9 !   
creeks1 ly+ on banks ( s&1 or half-buri$
 9 ! mud4  ,no soon] 7 our in/rum5ts    
unload$ & safely plac$1 ?an our mules 7 
set at lib]ty to g1 z !y say "h1 p>a    
busc> agua1 t is1 to se>* = wat]4 ,!re  
are little pools r\nd ! f>m1 :i* !      
animals f9d1 guid$ by _! in/9ct1 by !   
view ( "s scatt]$ tufts ( mauritia1 & by
 ! s5sation ( humid coolness1 caus$ by  
little curr5ts ( air amid an atmosph]e  
:i* to u appe>s calm & tranquil4 ,:5 !  
pools ( wat] are f> di/ant1 & ! p ( !   
f>m are too lazy to lead ! cattle to ^! 
natural wat]+-places1 !y conf9e !m dur+ 
five or six h\rs 9 a v hot /able be=e !y
 let !m loose4 ,excess ( ?ir/ !n augm5ts
 _! sagacity1 %>p5+ z x 7 _! s5ses & _! 
in/9ct4 ,no soon] is ! /able op5$1 ?an !
 horses & mules1 especially ! latt] 7= !
 p5etration ( ^! animals exce$s !       
intellig5ce ( ! horses71 ru% into !     
savannahs4 ,) uprais$ tails & heads ?r[n
 back !y run aga9/ ! w9d1 /opp+ f "t to 

"t z if explor+ space2 !y foll[ less !  
impressions ( sight ?an ( smell2 & at   
l5g? ann\nce1 by prolong$ neigh+s1 t !re
 is wat] 9 ! direction ( _! c\rse4 ,all 
^! movem5ts are execut$ m promptly1 & ) 
readi] success1 by horses born 9 !      
,llanos1 & :i* h long enjoy$ _! lib]ty1 
?an by ^? t come f ! coa/1 & desc5d f   
dome/ic horses4 ,9 animals1 = ! mo/ "p1 
z 9 man1 ! quickness ( ! s5ses is       
dim9i%$ by long subjection1 & by !      
habits t arise f a fix$ abode & !       
progress ( cultivation4  ,we foll[$ our 
mules 9 se>* ( "o ( ^? pools1 :5ce !    
muddy wat] _h be5 drawn1 t s ill qu5*$  
our ?ir/4 ,we 7 cov]$ ) du/1 & tann$ by 
! s&y w9d1 :i* burns ! sk9 ev5 m ?an !  
rays ( ! sun4 ,we long$ impati5tly to   
take a ba?1 b we f\nd only a great pool 
( fecul5t wat]1 surr\nd$ ) palm-trees4  
,! wat] 0 turbid1 ?\gh1 to our great    
a/oni%m5t1 a little cool] ?an ! air4    
,accu/om$ dur+ our long j\rney to ba!   
:5ev] we _h an opportunity1 (t5 sev]al  
times 9 "o day1 we ha/5$ to plunge into 

! pool4 ,we _h sc>cely begun to enjoy ! 
coolness ( ! ba?1 :5 a noise :i* we he>d
 on ! opposite bank1 made u leave ! wat]
 precipitately4 ,x 0 an alligator plung+
 into ! mud4  ,we 7 only at ! di/ance ( 
a qu>t] ( a league f ! f>m1 yet we      
cont9u$ walk+ m ?an an h\r )\t rea*+ x4 
,we p]ceiv$ too late t we _h tak5 a     
wrong direction4 ,hav+ left x at !      
decl9e ( day1 be=e ! />s 7 visible1 we  
_h gone =w>d into ! pla9 at haz>d4 ,we  
71 z usual1 provid$ ) a compass1 & x    
might h be5 easy = u to /e] our c\rse f 
! position ( ,canopus & ! ,s\!rn ,cross2
 b un=tunately we 7 unc]ta9 :e!r1 on    
leav+ ! f>m1 we _h gone t[>ds ! ea/ or !
 s\?4 ,we attempt$ to return to ! spot  
:]e we _h ba!d1 & we aga9 walk$ ?ree    
qu>t]s ( an h\r )\t f9d+ ! pool4 ,we    
sometimes ?\ght we saw fire on !        
horizon2 b x 0 ! light ( ! ris+ />s     
enl>g$ by ! vap\rs4 ,aft] hav+ w&]$ a   
long "t 9 ! savannah1 we resolv$ to seat
 ourselves b5ea? ! trunk ( a palm-tree1 
9 a spot p]fectly dry1 surr\nd$ by %ort 

grass2 = ! fe> ( wat]-snakes is always  
great] ?an t ( jagu>s among ,europeans  
rec5tly disemb>k$4 ,we c\ld n flatt]    
ourselves t our guides1 ( :om we knew ! 
insup]able indol5ce1 w\ld come 9 se>* ( 
u 9 ! savannah be=e !y _h prep>$ _! food
 & f9i%$ _! repa/4 ,:il/ some:at p]plex$
 by ! unc]ta9ty ( our situation1 we 7   
agreeably affect$ by he>+ f af> ! s\nd (
 a horse advanc+ t[>ds u4 ,! rid] 0 an  
,indian1 arm$ ) a lance1 :o _h j made ! 
rodeo1 or r\nd1 9 ord] to collect !     
cattle )9 a det]m9ate space ( gr\nd4 ,! 
sight ( two :ite m51 :o said !y _h lo/  
_! way1 l$ him at fir/ to suspect "s    
trick4 ,we f\nd x difficult to inspire  
him ) confid5ce2 he at la/ cons5t$ to   
guide u to ! f>m ( ! ,cayman1 b )\t     
slack5+ ! g5tle trot ( 8 horse4 ,our    
guides assur$ u t !y _h already begun to
 be uneasy ab\t u2 &1 to ju/ify ?is     
inquietude1 !y gave a long enum]ation ( 
p]sons :o1 hav+ lo/ !mselves 9 !        
,llanos1 _h be5 f\nd ne>ly exhau/$4 ,x  
may be suppos$ t ! dang] is imm95t only 

to ^? :o lose !mselves f> f any         
habitation1 or :o1 hav+ be5 /ripp$ by   
robb]s1 z has happ5$ ( late ye>s1 h be5 
fa/5$ by ! body & h&s to ! trunk ( a    
palm-tree4  ,9 ord] to escape z mu* z   
possible f ! heat ( ! day1 we set (f at 
two 9 ! morn+1 ) ! hope ( rea*+         
,calabozo be=e noon1 a small b busy     
trad+-t[n1 situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,llanos4
 ,! aspect ( ! c\ntry 0 /ill ! same4    
,!re 0 no moonlight2 b ! great masses ( 
nebulae t spot ! s\!rn sky enlight51 z  
!y set1 a "p ( ! t]re/rial horizon4 ,!  
solemn spectacle ( ! />ry vault1 se5 9  
its imm5se expanse--! cool breeze :i*   
bl[s ov] ! pla9 dur+ ! night--! wav+    
motion ( ! grass1 :]ev] x has atta9$ any
 height2 ev]y?+ recall$ to our m9ds !   
surface ( ! ocean4 ,! illusion 0 augm5t$
 :5 ! disk ( ! sun appe>+ on ! horizon1 
repeat$ its image by ! effects (        
refraction1 &1 soon los+ its flatt5$ =m1
 asc5d$ rapidly & /raight t[>ds ! z5i?4 
,sunrise 9 ! pla9s is ! coole/ mom5t ( !
 day2 b ?is *ange ( temp]ature does n   

make a v lively impression on ! organs4 
,we did n f9d ! !rmomet] 9 g5]al s9k    
bel[ #bg4e2 :ile ne> ,acapulco1 at      
,mexico1 & 9 places equally l[1 !       
temp]ature at noon is (t5 #cb1 & at     
sunrise only #ag or #ah degrees4 ,!     
level surface ( ! gr\nd 9 ! ,llanos1    
:i*1 dur+ ! day1 is nev] 9 ! %ade1      
absorbs s mu* heat t1 not)/&+ !         
nocturnal radiation t[>d a sky )\t      
cl\ds1 ! e>? & air h n "t to cool v     
s5sibly f midnight to sunrise4  ,9      
proportion z ! sun rose t[>ds ! z5i?1 & 
! e>? & ! /rata ( sup]9cumb5t air took  
diff]5t temp]atures1 ! ph5om5on ( !     
mirage display$ itself 9 its num]\s     
modifications4 ,?is ph5om5on is s common
 9 e zone1 t ,i m5tion x only because we
 /opp$ to measure ) "s precision !      
bread? ( ! a]ial di/ance betwe5 !       
horizon & ! susp5d$ object4 ,!re 0 a    
con/ant susp5sion1 )\t inv]sion4 ,!     
little curr5ts ( air t swept ! surface (
 ! soil _h s v>iable a temp]ature t1 9 a
 drove ( wild ox51 "o "p appe>$ ) ! legs

 rais$ above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 :ile !
 o!r re/$ on x4 ,! a]ial di/ance 01     
accord+ to ! di/ance ( ! animal1 f #c to
 #d m9utes4 ,:]e tufts ( ! mori*e palm 7
 f\nd gr[+ 9 long ranges1 ! extremities 
( ^! gre5 r[s 7 susp5d$ l ! capes :i* 71
 = s long a "t1 ! subject ( my          
obs]vations at ,cumana4 ,a well-in=m$   
p]son assur$ u1 t he _h se51 betwe5     
,calabozo & ,uritucu1 ! image ( an      
animal inv]t$1 )\t !re be+ any direct   
image4 ,niebuhr made a simil> obs]vation
 9 ,arabia4 ,we sev]al times ?\ght we   
saw on ! horizon ! figures ( tumuli &   
t[]s1 :i* disappe>$ at int]vals1 )\t our
 be+ able to disc]n ! real %ape ( !     
objects4 ,!y 7 p]haps hillocks1 or small
 em95ces1 situat$ beyond ! ord9>y visual
 horizon4 ,i ne$ n m5tion ^? tracts     
de/itute ( vegetation1 :i* appe> l l>ge 
lakes ) an undulat+ surface4 ,?is       
ph5om5on1 obs]v$ 9 v remote times1 has  
occasion$ ! mirage to receive 9         
,sanscrit ! expressive "n ( desire ( !  
antelope4 ,we admire ! frequ5t allusions

 9 ! ,indian1 ,p]sian1 & ,arabic poets1 
to ! magical effects ( t]re/rial        
refraction4 ,x 0 sc>cely kn[n to !      
,greeks & ,romans4 ,pr\d ( ! ri*es ( _! 
soil1 & ! mild temp]ature ( ! air1 !y   
w\ld h felt no envy ( ?is poetry ( !    
des]t4 ,x _h its bir? 9 ,asia2 & !      
ori5tal poets f\nd its s\rce 9 ! nature 
( ! c\ntry !y inhabit$4 ,!y 7 inspir$ ) 
! aspect ( ^? va/ solitudes1 int]pos$ l 
arms ( ! sea or gulfs1 betwe5 l&s :i*   
nature _h adorn$ ) h] mo/ luxuriant     
f]tility4  ,! pla9 assumes at sunrise a 
m animat$ aspect4 ,! cattle1 :i* _h     
repos$ dur+ ! night along ! pools1 or   
b5ea? clumps ( mauritias & rhopalas1 7  
n[ collect$ 9 h]ds2 & ^! solitudes      
became peopl$ ) horses1 mules1 & ox51 t 
live "h free1 r ?an wild1 )\t settl$    
habitations1 & disda9+ ! c>e &          
protection ( man4 ,9 ^! hot climates1 ! 
ox51 ?\gh ( ,spani% bre$1 l ^? ( ! cold 
table-l&s ( ,quito1 are ( a g5tle       
disposition4 ,a travell] runs no risk ( 
be+ attack$ or pursu$1 z we (t5 7 9 our 

excursions on ! back ( ! ,cordill]as1   
:]e ! climate is rude1 ! aspect ( !     
c\ntry m wild1 & food less abundant4 ,z 
we approa*$ ,calabozo1 we saw h]ds (    
roebucks br[s+ peacefully 9 ! mid/ (    
horses & ox54 ,!y are call$ matacani2 _!
 fle% is good2 !y are a little l>g] ?an 
our roes1 & resemble de] ) a v sleek    
sk91 ( a fawn-col\r1 spott$ ) :ite4 ,_! 
horns appe> to me to h s+le po9ts4 ,!y  
_h little fe> ( ! pres5ce ( man3 & 9    
h]ds ( ?irty or =ty we obs]v$ sev]al t 7
 entirely :ite4 ,?is v>iety1 common     
en\gh among ! l>ge /ags ( ! cold        
climates ( ! ,&es1 surpris$ u 9 ^! l[ & 
burn+ pla9s4 ,i h s9ce le>n$1 t ev5 !   
jagu>1 9 ! hot regions ( ,p>aguay1      
sometimes af=ds alb9o v>ieties1 ! sk9 ( 
:i* is ( su* uni=m :it5ess t ! spots or 
r+s c be di/+ui%$ only 9 ! sun%9e4 ,!   
numb] ( matacani1 or little de]199 799  
,!y are call$ 9 ! c\ntry ,v5ados de     
ti]ras cali5tes 7de] ( ! w>m l&s477 is s
 consid]able 9 ! ,llanos1 t a trade     
might be c>ri$ on ) _! sk9s499 799 ,?is 

trade is c>ri$ on1 b on a v limit$      
scale1 at ,c>ora & at ,b>quesimeto47 ,a 
skilful hunt] c\ld easily kill m ?an    
tw5ty 9 a day2 b su* is ! indol5ce ( !  
inhabitants1 t (t5 !y w n give !mselves 
! tr\ble ( tak+ ! sk94 ,! same          
indiff]5ce is ev9c$ 9 ! *ase ( ! jagu>1 
a sk9 ( :i* fet*es only "o pia/re 9 !   
/eppes ( ,v>9as1 :ile at ,cadiz x co/s  
f\r or five4  ,! /eppes t we trav]s$ are
 pr9cipally cov]$ ) grasses ( ! g5]a    
,kill+ia1 ,c5*rus1 & ,paspalum499 799   
,kill+ia monocephala1 ,k4 odorata1      
,c5*rus pilosus1 ,vilfa t5acissima1     
,&ropogon plumosum1 ,panicum micran?um1 
,poa rep5s1 ,paspalum lepto/a*yum1 ,p4  
conjugatum1 ,ari/ida recurvata4 7,nova  
,g5]a et ,species ,plant>um1 volume #a  
pages #hd to #bdc47 ,at ?is season1 ne> 
,calabozo & ,san ,j]ome del ,pirital1 ^!
 grasses sc>cely atta9 ! height ( n9e or
 t5 in*es4 ,ne> ! banks ( ! ,apure & !  
,portuguesa !y rise to f\r feet 9       
height1 s t ! jagu> c conceal himself   
among !m1 to spr+ ^u ! mules & horses t 

cross ! pla94 ,m+l$ ) ^! gram9a "s      
plants ( ! dicotyl$on\s class are f\nd2 
z turn]as1 malvaceae1 &1 :at is v       
rem>kable1 little mimosas ) irritable   
leaves199 call$ by ! ,spani>ds          
dormid]as4 799 ,! s5sitive-plant ,mimosa
 dormi5s47 ,! same bre$ ( c[s1 :i* fatt5
 9 ,europe on sa9fo9 & clov]1 f9d       
excell5t n\ri%m5t 9 ! h]bace\s s5sitive 
plants4 ,! pa/ures :]e ^! %rubs         
p>ticul>ly ab\nd are sold at a high]    
price ?an o!rs4 ,to ! ea/1 9 ! llanos ( 
,c>i & ,b>celona1 ! cypura & !          
craniol>ia199 799 ,cypura gram9ea1      
,craniol>ia annua1 ! scorzon]a ( !      
natives47 ! beautiful :ite fl[] ( :i* is
 f six to eight in*es long1 rise        
solit>ily amid ! gram9a4 ,! pa/ures are 
ri*e/ n only ar\nd ! riv]s subject to   
inundations1 b also :]ev] ! trunks (    
palm-trees are ne> ea* o!r4 ,! lea/     
f]tile spots are ^? de/itute ( trees2 & 
attempts to cultivate !m w\ld be ne>ly  
fruitless4 ,we _c attribute ?is diff]5ce
 to ! %elt] af=d$ by ! palm-trees1 9    

prev5t+ ! sol> rays f dry+ & burn+ up ! 
soil4 ,i h se51 x is true1 trees ( ?is  
family1 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,or9oco1 spread+ a 
tuft$ foliage2 b we _c say mu* = ! %ade 
( ! palm-tree ( ! llanos1 ! palma de    
cobija199 799 ,! ro(+ palm-tree ,corypha
 tectorum47 :i* has b a few fold$ &     
palmate leaves1 l ^? ( ! *ama]ops1 & (  
:i* ! l[]-mo/ are con/antly )]$4 ,we 7  
surpris$ to see t almo/ all ^! trunks ( 
! corypha 7 ne>ly ( ! same size1 namely1
 f tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r feet high1 & f    
eight to t5 in*es diamet] at ! foot4    
,nature has produc$ few species (       
palm-trees 9 su* prodigi\s numb]s4      
,amid/ ?\s&s ( trunks load$ ) olive-%ap$
 fruits we f\nd ab\t "o hundr$ )\t      
fruit4 ,may we suppose t !re are "s     
trees ) fl[]s purely monoeci\s1 m+l$ )  
o!rs furni%$ ) h]maphrodite fl[]s8  ,!  
,llan]os1 or inhabitants ( ! pla9s1     
believe t all ^! trees1 ?\gh s l[1 are  
_m c5turies old4 ,_! gr[? is almo/      
imp]ceptible1 be+ sc>cely to be notic$ 9
 ! lapse ( tw5ty or ?irty ye>s4 ,! wood 

( ! palma de cobija is excell5t =       
build+4 ,x is s h>d1 t x is difficult to
 drive a nail into x4 ,! leaves1 fold$ l
 a fan1 are employ$ to cov] ! ro(s ( !  
huts scatt]$ ?r\gh ! ,llanos2 & ^! ro(s 
la/ m ?an tw5ty ye>s4 ,! leaves are fix$
 by b5d+ ! extremity ( ! foot/alks1 :i* 
h be5 beat5 be=eh& betwe5 two /ones1 s t
 !y may b5d )\t break+4  ,beside !      
solit>y trunks ( ?is palm-tree1 we f9d  
disp]s$ "h & !re 9 ! /eppes a few       
clumps1 real groves 7palm>es71 9 :i* !  
corypha is int]m+l$ ) a tree ( !        
proteace\s family1 call$ *ap>ro by !    
natives4 ,x is a new species (          
rhopala199 799 ,resembl+ ! ,embo?rium1 (
 :i* we f\nd no species 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 
,! embo?riums are repres5t$ 9 ,am]ican  
vegetation by ! g5]a ,lomatia &         
,oreocallis47 ) h>d & resonant leaves4  
,! little groves ( rhopala are call$    
*ap>ales2 & x may be suppos$ t1 9 a va/ 
pla91 :]e only two or ?ree species (    
trees are to be f\nd1 ! *ap>ro1 :i*     
af=ds %ade1 is consid]$ a highly        

valuable plant4 ,! corypha spreads ?r\gh
 ! ,llanos ( ,c>acas f ,mesa de ,peja z 
f> z ,guayaval2 f>!r nor? & nor?-we/1   
ne> ,guan>e & ,san ,c>los1 its place is 
tak5 by ano!r species ( ! same g5us1 )  
leaves alike palmate b l>g]4 ,x is call$
 ! royal palm ( ! pla9s 7palma real de  
los ,llanos7499 799 ,?is palm-tree ( !  
pla9s mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! palma real (
 ,c>acas & ( ,curiepe1 ) p9nate leaves47
 ,o!r palm-trees rise s\? ( ,guayaval1  
especially ! piritu ) p9nate leaves199  
799 ,p]haps an ,aiphanes47 & ! mori*e   
7,mauritia flexuosa71 celebrat$ by ,fa!r
 ,gumilla "u ! "n ( arbol de la vida1 or
 tree ( life4 ,x is ! sago-tree (       
,am]ica1 furni%+ fl\r1 w9e1 ?read =     
weav+ hammocks1 baskets1 nets1 & clo?+4 
,its fruit1 ( ! =m ( ! cones ( ! p9e1 & 
cov]$ ) scales1 p]fectly resembles t ( !
 ,calamus rotang4 ,x has some:at ! ta/e 
( ! apple4 ,:5 arriv$ at its maturity x 
is yell[ )9 & r$ )\t4 ,! araguato       
monkeys eat x ) avidity2 & ! nation ( ! 
,gu>a\nos1 ^: :ole exi/5ce1 x may be    

said1 is closely l9k$ ) t ( ! mori*e    
palm-tree1 produce f x a f]m5t$ liquor1 
slightly acid1 & extremely refre%+4 ,?is
 palm-tree1 ) its l>ge %9+ leaves1 fold$
 l a fan1 pres]ves a beautiful v]dure at
 ! p]iod ( ! greate/ dr\ght4 ,! m]e     
sight ( x produces an agreeable s5sation
 ( coolness1 & :5 load$ ) scaly fruit1 x
 contra/s s+ul>ly ) ! m\rnful aspect ( !
 palma de cobija1 ! foliage ( :i* is    
always grey & cov]$ ) du/4 ,! ,llan]os  
believe t ! =m] attracts ! vap\rs 9 !   
air299 799 ,if ! head ( ! mori*e 7 bett]
 furni%$ ) leaves ?an x g5]ally is1 we  
might p]haps admit t ! soil r\nd ! tree 
pres]ves its humidity ?r\gh ! influ5ce (
 ! %ade47 & t = ?is reason1 wat] is     
con/antly f\nd at its foot1 :5 dug = to 
a c]ta9 dep?4 ,! effect is conf\nd$ ) ! 
cause4 ,! mori*e gr[s be/ 9 moi/ places2
 & x may r be said t ! wat] attracts !  
tree4 ,! natives ( ! ,or9oco1 by        
analog\s reason+1 admit1 t ! great      
s]p5ts contribute to pres]ve humidity 9 
a prov9ce4 ,y w\ld look 9 va9 =         

wat]-s]p5ts1 said an old ,indian (      
,javita to u gravely1 :]e !re are no    
m>%es2 because ! wat] ceases to collect 
:5 y imprud5tly kill ! s]p5ts t attract 
x4  ,we suff]$ greatly f ! heat 9 cross+
 ! ,mesa de ,calabozo4 ,! temp]ature ( !
 air augm5t$ s5sibly e "t t ! w9d began 
to bl[4 ,! air 0 load$ ) du/2 & dur+ ^! 
gu/s ! !rmomet] rose to #dj or #da      
degrees4 ,we w5t sl[ly =w>d1 = x w\ld h 
be5 dang]\s to leave ! mules t c>ri$ our
 in/rum5ts4 ,our guides advis$ u to fill
 our hats ) ! leaves ( ! rhopala1 to    
dim9i% ! action ( ! sol> rays on ! hair 
& ! cr[n ( ! head4 ,we f\nd relief f ?is
 exp$i5t1 :i* 0 p>ticul>ly agreeable1 :5
 we c\ld procure ! ?ick leaves ( ! po?os
 or "s o!r simil> plant4  ,x is         
impossible to cross ^! burn+ pla9s1 )\t 
inquir+ :e!r !y h always be5 9 ! same   
/ate2 or :e!r !y h be5 /ripp$ ( _!      
vegetation by "s revolution ( nature4 ,!
 /ratum ( m\ld n[ f\nd on !m is 9 fact v
 ?94 ,! natives believe t ! palm>es & ! 
*ap>ales 7! little groves ( palm-trees &

 rhopala7 7 m frequ5t & m ext5sive be=e 
! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,s9ce ! ,llanos
 h be5 inhabit$ & peopl$ ) cattle become
 wild1 ! savannah is (t5 set on fire1 9 
ord] to ameliorate ! pa/urage4 ,gr\ps ( 
scatt]$ trees are accid5tally de/roy$ ) 
! grasses4 ,! pla9s 7 no d\bt less b>e 9
 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ?an !y n[ are2 yet ! 
fir/ ,conqui/adores1 :o came f ,coro1   
describ$ !m !n z savannahs1 :]e no?+    
c\ld be p]ceiv$ b ! sky & ! turf1       
g5]ally de/itute ( trees1 & difficult to
 trav]se on acc\nt ( ! rev]b]ation (    
heat f ! soil4 ,:y does n ! great =e/ ( 
! ,or9oco ext5d to ! nor?1 on ! left    
bank ( t riv]8 ,:y does x n fill t va/  
space t rea*es z f> z ! ,cordill]a ( !  
coa/1 & :i* is f]tiliz$ by num]\s riv]s8
 ,^! que/ions are connect$ ) all t      
relates to ! hi/ory ( our planet4 ,if1  
indulg+ 9 geological rev]ies1 we suppose
 t ! /eppes ( ,am]ica1 & ! des]t (      
,sah>a1 h be5 /ripp$ ( _! vegetation by 
an irruption ( ! ocean1 or t !y =m$     
orig9ally ! bottom ( an inl& sea1 we may

 conceive t ?\s&s ( ye>s h n suffic$ = !
 trees & %rubs to advance f ! bord]s ( !
 =e/s1 f ! skirts ( ! pla9s ei!r nak$ or
 cov]$ ) turf1 t[>d ! c5tre1 & d>k5 s   
va/ a space ) _! %ade4 ,x is m difficult
 to expla9 ! orig9 ( b>e savannahs1     
encircl$ by =e/s1 ?an to recognize !    
causes t ma9ta9 =e/s & savannahs )9 _!  
anci5t limits1 l cont95ts & seas4  ,we  
f\nd ! mo/ cordial hospitality at       
,calabozo1 9 ! h\se ( ! sup]9t5d5t ( !  
royal plantations1 ,don ,miguel ,c\s94  
,! t[n1 situat$ betwe5 ! banks ( !      
,gu>ico & ! ,uritucu1 conta9$ at ?is    
p]iod only five ?\s& inhabitants2 b     
ev]y?+ d5ot$ increas+ prosp]ity4 ,!     
weal? ( mo/ ( ! inhabitants consi/s 9   
h]ds1 "u ! managem5t ( f>m]s1 :o are    
call$ hat]os1 f ! ^w hato1 :i* signifies
 9 ,spani% a h\se or f>m plac$ 9 ! mid/ 
( pa/ures4 ,! scatt]$ population ( !    
,llanos be+ accumulat$ on c]ta9 po9ts1  
pr9cipally ar\nd t[ns1 ,calabozo reckons
 already five villages or missions 9 its
 environs4 ,x is comput$1 t #ih1jjj head

 ( cattle w&] 9 ! pa/ures ne>e/ to !    
t[n4 ,x is v difficult to =m an exact   
idea ( ! h]ds conta9$ 9 ! ,llanos (     
,c>acas1 ,b>celona1 ,cumana1 & ,spani%  
,guiana4 ,m4 ,depons1 :o liv$ 9 ! t[n ( 
,c>acas long] ?an ,i1 & ^: /ati/ical    
/atem5ts are g5]ally accurate1 reckons 9
 ^? va/ pla9s1 f ! m\?s ( ! ,or9oco to !
 lake ( ,m>acaybo1 #a1bjj1jjj ox51      
#ahj1jjj horses1 & #ij1jjj mules4 ,he   
e/imates ! produce ( ^! h]ds at         
#e1jjj1jjj francs2 add+ to ! value ( !  
exportation ! price ( ! hides consum$ 9 
! c\ntry4 ,!re exi/1 x is believ$1 9 !  
,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 #ab1jjj1jjj    
c[s1 & #c1jjj1jjj horses1 )\t compris+ 9
 ?is enum]ation ! cattle t h no         
ackn[l$g$ proprietor4  ,i %all n haz>d  
any g5]al e/imates1 :i* f _! nature are 
too unc]ta92 b %all only obs]ve t1 9 !  
,llanos ( ,c>acas1 ! proprietors ( !    
great hatos are entirely ignorant ( !   
numb] ( ! cattle !y possess4 ,!y only "k
 t ( ! "y cattle1 :i* are br&$ e ye> ) a
 lett] or m>k peculi> to ea* h]d4 ,!    

ri*e/ proprietors m>k z _m z #ad1jjj    
head e ye>2 & sell to ! numb] ( five or 
six ?\s&4 ,accord+ to (ficial docum5ts1 
! exportation ( hides f ! :ole          
capitania-g5]al ( ,c>acas am\nt$        
annually to #agd1jjj sk9s ( ox51 &      
#aa1ejj ( goats4 ,:5 we reflect1 t ^!   
docum5ts are tak5 f ! books ( !         
cu/om-h\ses1 :]e no m5tion is made ( !  
fraudul5t deal+s 9 hides1 we are tempt$ 
to believe t ! e/imate ( #a1bjj1jjj ox5 
w&]+ 9 ! ,llanos1 f ! ,rio ,c>ony & !   
,gu>api*e to ! lake ( ,m>acaybo1 is mu* 
und]rat$4 ,! port ( ,la ,guayra alone   
export$ annually f #aghi to #agib1      
#gj1jjj or #hj1jjj hides1 ent]$ 9 !     
cu/om-h\se books1 sc>cely "o-fif? ( :i* 
0 s5t to ,spa94 ,! exportation f ,bu5os 
,ayres1 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 01
 accord+ to ,don ,felix de ,az>a1       
#hjj1jjj sk9s4 ,! hides ( ,c>acas are   
pref]r$ 9 ! ,p59sula to ^? ( ,bu5os     
,ayres2 because ! latt]1 on acc\nt ( a  
long] passage1 und]go a loss ( twelve p]
 c5t 9 ! tann+4 ,! s\!rn "p ( !         

savannahs1 commonly call$ ! ,upp] ,pla9s
 7,llanos de arriba71 is v productive 9 
mules & ox52 b ! pa/urage be+ 9 g5]al   
less good1 ^! animals are oblig$ to be  
s5t to o!r pla9s to be fatt5$ be=e !y   
are sold4 ,! ,llano de ,monai1 & all !  
,l[] ,pla9s 7,llanos de abaxo71 ab\nd   
less 9 h]ds1 b ! pa/ures are s f]tile1 t
 !y furni% meat ( an excell5t quality = 
! supply ( ! coa/4 ,! mules1 :i* are n  
fit = lab\r be=e ! fif? ye>1 are pur*as$
 on ! spot at ! price ( f\rte5 or       
eighte5 pia/res4 ,! horses ( ! ,llanos1 
desc5d+ f ! f9e ,spani% bre$1 are n v   
l>ge2 !y are g5]ally ( a uni=m col\r1   
br[n bay1 l mo/ ( ! wild animals4       
,suff]+ alt]nately f dr\ght & floods1   
torm5t$ by ! /+s ( insects & ! bites ( !
 l>ge bats1 !y lead a sorry life4 ,aft] 
hav+ enjoy$ = "s mon?s ! c>e ( man1 _!  
good qualities are develop$4 ,"h !re are
 no %eep3 we saw flocks only on !       
table-l& ( ,quito4  ,! hatos ( ox5 h    
suff]$ consid]ably ( late f troops (    
m>aud]s1 :o roam ov] ! /eppes kill+ !   

animals m]ely to take _! hides4 ,?is    
robb]y has increas$ s9ce ! trade ( !    
,l[] ,or9oco has become m fl\ri%+4 ,=   
half a c5tury1 ! banks ( t great riv]1 f
 ! m\? ( ! ,apure z f> z ,ango/ura1 7   
kn[n only to ! mission>y-monks4 ,!      
exportation ( cattle took place f !     
ports ( ! nor!rn coa/ only1 namely f    
,cumana1 ,b>celona1 ,burburata1 & ,porto
 ,cabello4 ,?is dep5d5ce on ! coa/ is n[
 mu* dim9i%$4 ,! s\!rn "p ( ! pla9s has 
e/abli%$ an int]nal communication ) !   
,l[] ,or9oco2 & ?is trade is ! m brisk1 
z ^? :o devote !mselves to x easily     
escape ! trammels ( ! prohibitory laws4 
,! greate/ h]ds ( cattle 9 ! ,llanos (  
,c>acas are ^? ( ! hatos ( ,m]ecure1 ,la
 ,cruz1 ,bel51 ,alta ,gracia1 & ,pavon4 
,! ,spani% cattle came f ,coro & ,tocuyo
 into ! pla9s4 ,hi/ory has pres]v$ ! "n 
( ! coloni/ :o fir/ conceiv$ ! idea (   
peopl+ ^! pa/urages1 inhabit$ only by   
de]1 & a l>ge species ( cavy499 799 ,!  
?ick-nos$ tapir1 or riv] cavy 7,cavia   
capyb>a71 call$ *iguire 9 ^? c\ntries47 

,*ri/oval ,rodriguez s5t ! fir/ horn$   
cattle into ! ,llanos1 ab\t ! ye> #aedh4
 ,he 0 an inhabitant ( ! t[n ( ,tocuyo1 
& _h long resid$ 9 ,new ,gr5ada4  ,:5 we
 he> ( ! innum]able quantity ( ox51     
horses1 & mules1 t are spread ov] !     
pla9s ( ,am]ica1 we seem g5]ally to =get
 t 9 civiliz$ ,europe1 on l&s ( mu* less
 ext5t1 !re exi/1 9 agricultural        
c\ntries1 quantities no less prodigi\s4 
,france1 accord+ to ,m4 ,peu*et1 fe$s   
#f1jjj1jjj l>ge horn$ cattle1 ( :i*     
#c1ejj1jjj are ox5 employ$ 9 draw+ !    
pl\gh4 ,9 ! ,au/rian mon>*y1 ! numb] (  
ox51 c[s1 & calves1 has be5 e/imat$ at  
#ac1djj1jjj head4 ,p>is alone consumes  
annually #aee1jjj horn$ cattle4 ,g]many 
receives #aej1jjj ox5 ye>ly f ,hung>y4  
,dome/ic animals1 collect$ 9 small h]ds1
 are consid]$ by agricultural nations z 
a second>y object 9 ! ri*es ( ! /ate4   
,accord+ly !y /rike ! imag9ation mu*    
less ?an ^? w&]+ droves ( ox5 & horses  
:i* alone fill ! uncultivat$ tracts ( ! 
,new ,_w4 ,civilization & social ord]   

fav\r alike ! progress ( population1 & !
 multiplication ( animals useful to man4
  ,we f\nd at ,calabozo1 9 ! mid/ ( !   
,llanos1 an electrical ma*9e ) l>ge     
plates1 electrophori1 batt]ies1         
electromet]s2 an app>atus ne>ly z       
complete z our fir/ sci5tific m5 9      
,europe possess4 ,all ^! articles _h n  
be5 pur*as$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 !y 7 ! "w
 ( a man :o _h nev] se5 any in/rum5t1 :o
 _h no p]son to consult1 & :o 0 acqua9t$
 ) ! ph5om5a ( electricity only by read+
 ! treatise ( ,de ,lafond1 & ,frankl9's 
,memoirs4 ,s5or ,c>los del ,pozo1 ! "n (
 ?is enlight5$ & +5i\s man1 _h begun to 
make cyl9drical electrical ma*9es1 by   
employ+ l>ge glass j>s1 aft] hav+ cut (f
 ! necks4 ,x 0 only )9 a few ye>s he _h 
be5 able to procure1 by way (           
,philadelphia1 two plates1 to con/ruct a
 plate ma*9e1 & to obta9 m consid]able  
effects4 ,x is easy to judge :at        
difficulties ,s5or ,pozo _h to enc\nt]1 
s9ce ! fir/ works ^u electricity _h     
fall5 into 8 h&s1 & t he _h ! c\rage to 

resolve to procure himself1 by 8 own    
indu/ry1 all t he _h se5 describ$ 9 8   
books4 ,till n[ he _h enjoy$ only !     
a/oni%m5t & admiration produc$ by 8     
exp]im5ts on p]sons de/itute ( all      
in=mation1 & :o _h nev] quitt$ !        
solitude ( ! ,llanos2 our abode at      
,calabozo gave him a satisfaction       
altoge!r new4 ,x may be suppos$ t he set
 "s value on ! op9ions ( two travell]s  
:o c\ld comp>e 8 app>atus ) ^? con/ruct$
 9 ,europe4 ,i _h br\ght ) me           
electromet]s m\nt$ ) /raw1 pi?-balls1 & 
gold-leaf2 also a small ,leyd5 j> :i*   
c\ld be *>g$ by friction accord+ to !   
me?od ( ,+5h\sz1 & :i* s]v$ = my        
physiological exp]im5ts4 ,s5or del ,pozo
 c\ld n conta9 8 joy on see+ = ! fir/ "t
 in/rum5ts :i* he _h n made1 yet :i*    
appe>$ to be copi$ f 8 own4 ,we also %[$
 him ! effect ( ! contact ( het]og5e\s  
metals on ! n]ves ( frogs4 ,! "n (      
,galvani & ,volta _h n previ\sly be5    
he>d 9 ^? va/ solitudes4  ,next to 8    
electrical app>atus1 ! "w ( ! indu/ry & 

intellig5ce ( an inhabitant ( ! ,llanos1
 no?+ at ,calabozo excit$ 9 u s great an
 int]e/ z ! gymnoti1 :i* are animat$    
electrical app>atuses4 ,i 0 impati5t1 f 
! "t ( my arrival at ,cumana1 to procure
 electrical eels4 ,we _h be5 promis$ !m 
(t51 b our hopes _h always be5          
disappo9t$4 ,money loses its value z y  
)draw f ! coa/2 & h[ is ! imp]turbable  
apa?y ( ! ignorant p to be vanqui%$1 :5 
!y are n excit$ by ! desire ( ga98  ,!  
,spani>ds conf\nd all electric fi%es "u 
! "n ( tembladores499 799 ,lit]ally     
trembl]s1 or produc]s ( trembl+47 ,!re  
are "s ( ^! 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 on !    
coa/ ( ,cumana4 ,! ,guayqu]ie ,indians1 
:o are ! mo/ skilful & active fi%]m5 9  
^? p>ts1 br\ght u a fi%1 :i*1 !y said1  
b5umb$ _! h&s4 ,?is fi% asc5ds ! little 
riv] ,manzan>es4 ,x is a new species (  
ray1 ! lat]al spots ( :i* are sc>cely   
visible1 & :i* mu* resembles ! torp$o4  
,! torp$os1 :i* are furni%$ ) an        
electric organ ext]nally visible1 on    
acc\nt ( ! transp>5cy ( ! sk91 =m a g5us

 or subg5us diff]5t f ! rays prop]ly s  
call$499 799 ,cuvi]1 ,regne ,animal     
volume #b4 ,! ,m$it]ranean conta9s1     
accord+ to ,m4 ,risso1 f\r species (    
electrical torp$os1 all =m]ly conf\nd$  
"u ! "n ( ,raia torp$o2 ^! are ,torp$o  
n>ke1 ,t4 unimaculata1 ,t4 galvanii1 &  
,t4 m>morata4 ,! torp$o ( ! ,cape (     
,good ,hope1 ! subject ( ! rec5t        
exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,todd1 is1 no d\bt1 a  
nondescript species47 ,! torp$o (       
,cumana 0 v lively1 v en]getic 9 its    
muscul> movem5ts1 & yet ! electric %ocks
 x gave u 7 extremely feeble4 ,!y became
 /rong] on galvaniz+ ! animal by !      
contact ( z9c & gold4 ,o!r tembladores1 
real gymnoti or electric eels1 inhabit !
 ,rio ,colorado1 ! ,gu>api*e1 & sev]al  
little /reams :i* trav]se ! ,missions ( 
! ,*ayma ,indians4 ,!y ab\nd also 9 !   
l>ge riv]s ( ,am]ica1 ! ,or9oco1 !      
,amazon1 & ! ,meta2 b ! =ce ( ! curr5ts 
& ! dep? ( ! wat]1 prev5t !m f be+      
caught by ! ,indians4 ,!y see ^! fi%    
less frequ5tly ?an !y feel %ocks f !m :5

 swimm+ or ba?+ 9 ! riv]4 ,9 ! ,llanos1 
p>ticul>ly 9 ! environs ( ,calabozo1    
betwe5 ! f>ms ( ,mori*al & ! ,upp] &    
,l[] ,missions1 ! bas9s ( /agnant wat] &
 ! conflu5ts ( ! ,or9oco 7! ,rio ,gu>ico
 & ! canos ,ra/ro1 ,b]ito1 & ,paloma7   
are fill$ ) electric eels4 ,we at fir/  
wi%$ to make our exp]im5ts 9 ! h\se we  
inhabit$ at ,calabozo2 b ! dread ( !    
%ocks caus$ by ! gymnoti is s great1 & s
 exagg]at$ among ! common p1 t dur+ ?ree
 days we c\ld n obta9 "o1 ?\gh !y are   
easily caught1 & we _h promis$ !        
,indians two pia/res = e /rong & vigor\s
 fi%4 ,?is fe> ( ! ,indians is ! m      
extraord9>y1 z !y d n attempt to adopt  
precautions 9 :i* !y pr(ess to h great  
confid5ce4 ,:5 int]rogat$ on ! effect ( 
! tembladores1 !y nev] fail to tell !   
,:ites1 t !y may be t\*$ ) impunity :ile
 y are *ew+ tobacco4 ,?is suppos$       
influ5ce ( tobacco on animal electricity
 is z g5]al on ! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica1
 z ! belief among m>9]s ( ! effect (    
g>lic & tall[ on ! magnetic ne$le4      

,impati5t ( wait+1 & hav+ obta9$ v      
unc]ta9 results f an electric eel :i* _h
 be5 br\ght to u alive1 b mu* enfeebl$1 
we repair$ to ! ,cano de ,b]a1 to make  
our exp]im5ts 9 ! op5 air1 & at ! edge (
 ! wat]4 ,we set (f on ! #ai? ( ,m>*1 at
 a v e>ly h\r1 = ! village ( ,ra/ro2    
!nce we 7 conduct$ by ! ,indians to a   
/ream1 :i*1 9 ! "t ( dr\ght1 =ms a bas9 
( muddy wat]1 surr\nd$ by f9e trees199  
799 ,amyris lat]iflora1 ,a4 coriacea1   
,laurus pi*ur94 ,myroxylon secundum1    
,malpighia reticulata47 ! clusia1 !     
amyris1 & ! mimosa ) fragrant fl[]s4 ,to
 cat* ! gymnoti ) nets is v difficult1  
on acc\nt ( ! extreme agility ( ! fi%1  
:i* bury !mselves 9 ! mud4 ,we w\ld n   
employ ! b>basco1 t is to say1 ! roots (
 ! ,piscidea eri?yrna1 ! ,jacqu9ia      
armill>is1 & "s species ( phyllan?us1   
:i* ?r[n into ! pool1 intoxicate or     
b5umb ! eels4 ,^! me?ods h ! effect (   
enfeebl+ ! gymnoti4 ,! ,indians !re=e   
told u t !y w\ld fi% ) horses1          
7emb>basc> con caballos499 799 ,mean+ to

 excite ! fi% by horses477 ,we f\nd x   
difficult to =m an idea ( ?is           
extraord9>y mann] ( fi%+2 b we soon saw 
our guides return f ! savannah1 :i* !y  
_h be5 sc\r+ = wild horses & mules4 ,!y 
br\ght ab\t ?irty ) !m1 :i* !y =c$ to   
ent] ! pool4  ,! extraord9>y noise caus$
 by ! horses' ho(s1 makes ! fi% issue f 
! mud1 & excites !m to ! attack4 ,^!    
yell[i% & livid eels1 resembl+ l>ge     
aquatic s]p5ts1 swim on ! surface ( !   
wat]1 & cr[d "u ! bellies ( ! horses &  
mules4 ,a conte/ betwe5 animals ( s     
diff]5t an organization pres5ts a v     
/rik+ spectacle4 ,! ,indians1 provid$ ) 
h>poons & long sl5d] re$s1 surr\nd !    
pool closely2 & "s climb up ! trees1 !  
bran*es ( :i* ext5d horizontally ov] !  
surface ( ! wat]4 ,by _! wild cries1 & !
 l5g? ( _! re$s1 !y prev5t ! horses f   
runn+ away & rea*+ ! bank ( ! pool4 ,!  
eels1 /unn$ by ! noise1 def5d !mselves  
by ! repeat$ dis*>ge ( _! electric      
batt]ies4 ,= a long int]val !y seem     
likely to prove victori\s4 ,sev]al      

horses s9k b5ea? ! viol5ce ( ! invisible
 /rokes :i* !y receive f all sides1 9   
organs ! mo/ ess5tial to life2 & /unn$  
by ! =ce & frequ5cy ( ! %ocks1 !y       
disappe> "u ! wat]4 ,o!rs1 pant+1 ) mane
 erect1 & hagg>d eyes express+ angui% & 
dismay1 raise !mselves1 & endeav\r to   
flee f ! /orm by :i* !y are ov]tak54 ,!y
 are driv5 back by ! ,indians into !    
middle ( ! wat]2 b a small numb] succe$ 
9 elud+ ! active vigilance ( ! fi%]m54  
,^! rega9 ! %ore1 /umbl+ at e /ep1 &    
/ret* !mselves on ! s&1 exhau/$ )       
fatigue1 & ) limbs b5umb$ by ! electric 
%ocks ( ! gymnoti4  ,9 less ?an five    
m9utes two ( our horses 7 dr[n$4 ,! eel 
be+ five feet long1 & press+ itself     
aga9/ ! belly ( ! horses1 makes a       
dis*>ge along ! :ole ext5t ( its        
electric organ4 ,x attacks at once !    
he>t1 ! inte/9es1 & ! caeliac fold ( !  
abdom9al n]ves4 ,x is natural t ! effect
 felt by ! horses %\ld be m p[]ful ?an t
 produc$ ^u man by ! t\* ( ! same fi% at
 only "o ( 8 extremities4 ,! horses are 

probably n kill$1 b only /unn$4 ,!y are 
dr[n$ f ! impossibility ( ris+ amid !   
prolong$ /ruggle betwe5 ! o!r horses & !
 eels4  ,we _h little d\bt t ! fi%+ w\ld
 t]m9ate by kill+ successively all !    
animals engag$2 b by degrees !          
impetuosity ( ?is unequal combat        
dim9i%$1 & ! we>i$ gymnoti disp]s$4 ,!y 
require a long re/1 & abundant n\ri%m5t1
 to repair ! galvanic =ce :i* !y h      
lo/499 799 ,! ,indians assur$ u t :5 !  
horses are made to run two days         
successively into ! same pool1 none are 
kill$ ! second day4 ,see1 on ! fi%+ =   
gymnoti ,views ( ,nature ,bohn's edition
 page #ah47 ,! mules & horses appe> less
 fright5$2 _! manes are no long] bri/l$1
 & _! eyes express less dread4 ,!       
gymnoti approa* timidly ! edge ( ! m>%1 
:]e !y are tak5 by means ( small h>poons
 fa/5$ to long cords4 ,:5 ! cords are v 
dry ! ,indians feel no %ock 9 rais+ !   
fi% into ! air4 ,9 a few m9utes we _h   
five l>ge eels1 mo/ ( :i* 7 b slightly  
w\nd$4 ,"s o!rs 7 tak51 by ! same means1

 t[>ds ev5+4  ,! temp]ature ( ! wat]s 9 
:i* ! gymnoti habitually live1 is f #bf 
to #bg degrees4 ,_! electric =ce        
dim9i%es x is said1 9 cold] wat]s2 & x  
is rem>kable t1 9 g5]al1 animals end[$ )
 electromotive organs1 ! effects ( :i*  
are s5sible to man1 are n f\nd 9 ! air1 
b 9 a fluid t is a conductor (          
electricity4 ,! gymnotus is ! l>ge/ (   
electrical fi%es4 ,i measur$ "s t 7 f   
five feet to five feet ?ree in*es long2 
& ! ,indians ass]t t !y h se5 !m /ill   
l>g]4 ,we f\nd t a fi% ( ?ree feet t5   
in*es long weigh$ twelve p\nds4 ,!      
transv]se diamet] ( ! body1 )\t reckon+ 
! anal f91 :i* is elongat$ 9 ! =m ( a   
keel1 0 ?ree in*es & a half4 ,! gymnoti 
( ! ,cano de ,b]a are ( a f9e           
olive-gre54 ,! "u "p ( ! head is yell[  
m+l$ ) r$4 ,two r[s ( small yell[ spots 
are plac$ symmetrically along ! back1 f 
! head to ! end ( ! tail4 ,e spot       
conta9s an excretory ap]ture4 ,9        
consequ5ce1 ! sk9 ( ! animal is         
con/antly cov]$ ) a muc\s matt]1 :i*1 z 

,volta has prov$1 conducts electricity  
tw5ty or ?irty times bett] ?an pure     
wat]4 ,x is 9 g5]al some:at rem>kable1 t
 no electric fi% yet discov]$ 9 !       
diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 is cov]$ )         
scales499 799 ,we yet "k ) c]ta9ty only 
sev5 electric fi%es2 ,torp$o n>ke1      
,risso1 ,t4 unimaculata1 ,t4 m>morata1  
,t4 galvanii1 ,silurus electricus1      
,tetraodon electricus1 ,gymnotus        
electricus4 ,x appe>s unc]ta9 :e!r !    
,tri*iurus indicus has electrical       
prop]ties or n4 ,see ,cuvi]'s ,regne    
,animal volume #b4 ,b ! g5us ,torp$o1 v 
diff]5t f t ( ! rays prop]ly s call$1   
has num]\s species 9 ! equatorial seas2 
& x is probable t !re exi/ sev]al       
gymnoti specifically diff]5t4 ,!        
,indians m5tion$ to u a black & v p[]ful
 species1 inhabit+ ! m>%es ( ! ,apure1  
:i* nev] atta9s a l5g? ( m ?an two feet1
 b :i* we 7 n able to procure4 ,! raton 
( ! ,rio de la ,magdal5a1 :i* ,i h      
describ$ "u ! "n ( ,gymnotus            
aequilabiatus 7,obs]vations de ,zoologie

 volume #a7 =ms a p>ticul> sub-g5us4    
,?is is a ,c>apa1 n scaly1 & )\t an     
electric organ4 ,?is organ is also      
entirely want+ 9 ! ,brazilian ,c>apo1 & 
9 all ! rays :i* 7 c>efully exam9$ by   
,cuvi]47  ,! gymnoti1 l our eels1 are   
fond ( swall[+ & brea?+ air on ! surface
 ( ! wat]2 b we mu/ n !nce conclude t ! 
fi% w\ld p]i% if x c\ld n come up to    
brea! ! air4 ,! ,european eel w creep   
dur+ ! night ^u ! grass2 b ,i h se5 a v 
vigor\s gymnotus t _h sprung out ( !    
wat]1 die on ! gr\nd4 ,m4 ,prov5cal &   
myself h prov$ by our rese>*es on !     
respiration ( fi%es1 t _! humid bron*iae
 p]=m ! d\ble function ( decompos+ !    
atmosph]ic air1 & ( appropriat+ ! oxyg5 
conta9$ 9 wat]4 ,!y d n susp5d _!       
respiration 9 ! air2 b !y absorb ! oxyg5
 l a reptile furni%$ ) lungs4 ,x is kn[n
 t c>p may be fatt5$ by be+ f$1 out ( ! 
wat]1 if _! gills are wet f "t to "t )  
humid moss1 to prev5t !m f becom+ dry4  
,fi% sep>ate _! gill-cov]s wid] 9 oxyg5 
gas ?an 9 wat]4 ,_! temp]ature h[ev]1   

does n rise2 & !y live ! same l5g? ( "t 
9 pure vital air1 & 9 a mixture ( n9ety 
p>ts nitrog5 & t5 oxyg54 ,we f\nd t t5* 
plac$ "u inv]t$ j>s fill$ ) air1 absorb 
half a cubic c5timetre ( oxyg5 9 an h\r4
 ,?is action takes place 9 ! gills only2
 = fi%es on :i* a coll> ( cork has be5  
fa/5$1 & leav+ _! head out ( ! j> fill$ 
) air1 d n act ^u ! oxyg5 by ! re/ ( _! 
body4  ,! swimm+-bladd] ( ! gymnotus is 
two feet five in*es long 9 a fi% ( ?ree 
feet t5 in*es499 799 ,cuvi] has %[n t 9 
! ,gymnotus electricus !re exi/s1       
besides ! l>ge swimm+-bladd]1 ano!r     
situat$ be=e x1 & mu* small]4 ,x looks l
 ! bifurcat$ swimm+-bladd] 9 ! ,gymnotus
 aequilabiatus47 ,x is sep>at$ by a mass
 ( fat f ! ext]nal sk92 & re/s ^u !     
electric organs1 :i* occupy m ?an       
two-?irds ( ! animal's body4 ,! same    
vessels :i* p5etrate betwe5 ! plates or 
leaves ( ^! organs1 & :i* cov] !m )     
blood :5 !y are cut transv]sely1 also   
s5d out num]\s bran*es to ! ext]ior     
surface ( ! air-bladd]4 ,i f\nd 9 a     

hundr$ p>ts ( ! air ( ! swimm+-bladd]   
f\r ( oxyg5 & n9ety-six ( nitrog54 ,!   
m$ull>y sub/ance ( ! bra9 displays b a  
feeble analogy ) ! album9\s & gelat9\s  
matt] ( ! electric organs4 ,b ^! two    
sub/ances h 9 common ! great quantity ( 
art]ial blood :i* !y receive1 & :i* is  
deoxidat$ 9 !m4 ,we may aga9 rem>k1 on  
?is occasion1 t an extreme activity 9 ! 
functions ( ! bra9 causes ! blood to fl[
 m abundantly t[>ds ! head1 z ! en]gy ( 
! movem5t ( ! muscles accel]ates !      
deoxidation ( ! art]ial blood4 ,:at a   
contra/ betwe5 ! multitude & ! diamet] (
 ! blood-vessels ( ! gymnotus1 & ! small
 space occupi$ by its muscul> sy/em6    
,?is contra/ rem9ds ! obs]v]1 t ?ree    
functions ( animal life1 :i* appe> 9 o!r
 respects suffici5tly di/9ct--!         
functions ( ! bra91 ^? ( ! electrical   
organ1 & ^? ( ! muscles1 all require !  
afflux & conc\rse ( art]ial or oxyg5at$ 
blood4  ,x w\ld be tem]ity to expose    
ourselves to ! fir/ %ocks ( a v l>ge &  
/rongly irritat$ gymnotus4 ,if by *ance 

a /roke be receiv$ be=e ! fi% is w\nd$  
or we>i$ by long pursuit1 ! pa9 &       
numbness are s viol5t t x is impossible 
to describe ! nature ( ! feel+ !y       
excite4 ,i d n rememb] hav+ ev] receiv$ 
f ! dis*>ge ( a l>ge ,leyd5 j>1 a m     
dreadful %ock ?an t :i* ,i exp]i5c$ by  
imprud5tly plac+ bo? my feet on a       
gymnotus j tak5 out ( ! wat]4 ,i 0      
affect$ dur+ ! re/ ( ! day ) a viol5t   
pa9 9 ! knees1 & 9 almo/ e jo9t4 ,to be 
aw>e ( ! diff]5ce t exi/s betwe5 !      
s5sation produc$ by ! ,voltaic batt]y & 
an electric fi%1 ! latt] %\ld be t\*$ :5
 !y are 9 a /ate ( extreme weakness4 ,! 
gymnoti & ! torp$os !n cause a twit*+ ( 
! muscles1 :i* is propagat$ f ! "p t    
re/s on ! electric organs1 z f> z !     
elb[4 ,we seem to feel1 at e /roke1 an  
int]nal vibration1 :i* la/s two or ?ree 
seconds1 & is foll[$ by a pa9ful        
numbness4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,tamanac        
,indians call ! gymnotus1 9 _!          
expressive language1 arimna1 :i* means  
some?+ t deprives ( motion4  ,! s5sation

 caus$ by ! feeble %ocks ( an electric  
eel appe>$ to me analog\s to t pa9ful   
twit*+ ) :i* ,i h be5 seiz$ at ea*      
contact ( two het]og5e\s metals appli$  
to w\nds :i* ,i _h made on my back by   
means ( can?>ides4 ,?is diff]5ce (      
s5sation betwe5 ! effects ( electric    
fi%es & ^? ( a ,voltaic batt]y or a     
,leyd5 j> feebly *>g$ has /ruck e       
obs]v]2 !re is1 h[ev]1 no?+ 9 ?is       
contr>y to ! supposition ( ! id5tity (  
electricity & ! galvanic action ( fi%es4
 ,! electricity may be ! same2 b its    
effects w be v>i\sly modifi$ by !       
disposition ( ! electrical app>atus1 by 
! int5sity ( ! fluid1 by ! rapidity ( ! 
curr5t1 & by ! p>ticul> mode ( action4  
,9 ,dut* ,guiana1 at ,dem]>a = in/ance1 
electric eels 7 =m]ly employ$ to cure   
p>alytic affections4 ,at a "t :5 !      
physicians ( ,europe _h great confid5ce 
9 ! effects ( electricity1 a surgeon (  
,essequibo1 nam$ ,van d] ,lott1 publi%$ 
9 ,holl& a treatise on ! m$ical         
prop]ties ( ! gymnotus4 ,^! electric    

rem$ies are practis$ among ! savages (  
,am]ica1 z !y 7 among ! ,greeks4 ,we are
 told by ,scribonius ,l>gus1 ,gal51 &   
,dioscorides1 t torp$os cure ! heada*e &
 ! g\t4 ,i did n he> ( ?is mode (       
treatm5t 9 ! ,spani% colonies :i* ,i    
visit$2 & ,i c ass]t t1 aft] hav+ made  
exp]im5ts dur+ f\r h\rs successively )  
gymnoti1 ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself felt1 till
 ! next day1 a debility 9 ! muscles1 a  
pa9 9 ! jo9ts1 & a g5]al uneas9ess1 !   
effect ( a /rong irritation ( ! n]v\s   
sy/em4  ,! gymnotus is nei!r a *>g$     
conductor1 nor a batt]y1 nor an         
electromotive app>atus1 ! %ock ( :i* is 
receiv$ e "t !y are t\*$ ) "o h&1 or :5 
bo? h&s are appli$ to =m a conduct+     
circle betwe5 ! opposite poles4 ,!      
electric action ( ! fi% dep5ds entirely 
on its w2 because x does n keep its     
electric organs always *>g$1 or :e!r by 
! secretion ( "s fluid1 or by any o!r   
means alike my/]i\s to u1 x be capable (
 direct+ ! action ( its organs to an    
ext]nal object4 ,we (t5 tri$1 bo?       

insulat$ & o!rwise1 to t\* ! fi%1 )\t   
feel+ ! lea/ %ock4 ,:5 ,m4 ,bonpl& held 
x by ! head1 or by ! middle ( ! body1   
:ile ,i held x by ! tail1 &1 /&+ on !   
moi/ gr\nd1 did n take ea* o!r's h&1 "o 
( u receiv$ %ocks1 :i* ! o!r did n feel4
 ,x dep5ds ^u ! gymnotus to direct its  
action t[>ds ! po9t :]e x f9ds itself   
mo/ /rongly irritat$4 ,! dis*>ge is !n  
made at "o po9t only1 & n at ! neighb\r+
 po9ts4 ,if two p]sons t\* ! belly ( !  
fi% ) _! f+]s1 at an in* di/ance1 &     
press x simultane\sly1 sometimes "o1    
sometimes ! o!r1 w receive ! %ock4 ,9 ! 
same mann]1 :5 "o insulat$ p]son holds !
 tail ( a vigor\s gymnotus1 & ano!r     
p9*es ! gills or pectoral f91 x is (t5 !
 fir/ only by :om ! %ock is receiv$4 ,x 
did n appe> to u t ^! diff]5ces c\ld be 
attribut$ to ! dryness or moi/ure ( our 
h&s1 or to _! unequal conduct+ p[]4 ,!  
gymnotus seem$ to direct its /rokes     
sometimes f ! :ole surface ( its body1  
sometimes f "o po9t only4 ,?is effect   
indicates less a p>tial dis*>ge ( !     

organ compos$ ( an innum]able quantity (
 lay]s1 ?an ! faculty :i* ! animal      
possesses1 7p]haps by ! in/antane\s     
secretion ( a fluid spread ?r\gh !      
cellul> membrane17 ( e/abli%+ !         
communication betwe5 its organs & ! sk9 
only1 9 a v limit$ space4  ,no?+ proves 
m /rongly ! faculty1 :i* ! gymnotus     
possesses1 ( d>t+ & direct+ its /roke at
 w1 ?an ! obs]vations made at           
,philadelphia & ,/ockholm199 on gymnoti 
r5d]$ extremely tame4 799 ,by ,,mm4     
,williamson & ,fahlb]g4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt
 is giv5 by ! latt] g5tleman4 ,!        
gymnotus s5t f ,sur9am to ,m4 ,nord]l+1 
at ,/ockholm1 liv$ m ?an f\r mon?s 9 a  
/ate ( p]fect heal?4 ,x 0 tw5ty-sev5    
in*es long2 & ! %ocks x gave 7 s viol5t1
 especially 9 ! op5 air1 t ,i f\nd      
sc>cely any means ( protect+ myself by  
non-conductors1 9 transport+ ! fi% f "o 
place to ano!r4 ,its /oma* be+ v small1 
x ate little at a "t1 b f$ (t54 ,x      
approa*$ liv+ fi%1 fir/ s5d+ !m f af> a 
%ock1 ! en]gy ( :i* 0 proportionate to !

 size ( ! prey4 ,! gymnotus seldom fail$
 9 its aim2 "o s+le /roke 0 almo/ always
 suffici5t to ov]come ! resi/ance :i* ! 
/rata ( wat]1 m or less ?ick accord+ to 
! di/ance1 oppos$ to ! electrical       
curr5t4 ,:5 v mu* press$ by hung]1 x    
sometimes direct$ ! %ocks aga9/ ! p]son 
:o daily br\ght its food ( boil$ meat4  
,p]sons afflict$ ) rheumatism came to   
t\* x 9 hopes ( be+ cur$4 ,!y took x at 
once by ! neck & tail ! %ocks 7 9 ?is   
case /rong] ?an :5 t\*$ ) "o h& only4 ,x
 almo/ entirely lo/ its electrical p[] a
 %ort "t be=e its dea?47 ,:5 !y _h be5  
made to fa/ a long "t1 !y kill$ small   
fi%es put into ! tub4 ,!y act$ f a      
di/ance2 t is to say1 _! electrical %ock
 pass$ ?r\gh a v ?ick /ratum ( wat]4 ,we
 ne$ n be surpris$ t :at 0 obs]v$ 9     
,sw$51 on a s+le gymnotus only1 we c\ld 
n p]ceive 9 a great numb] ( individuals 
9 _! native c\ntry4 ,! electric action (
 animals be+ a vital action1 & subject  
to _! w1 x does n dep5d solely on _!    
/ate ( heal? & vig\r4 ,a gymnotus t has 

be5 kept a long "t 9 captivity1 accu/oms
 itself to ! imprisonm5t to :i* x is    
r$uc$2 x resumes by degrees ! same      
habits 9 ! tub1 :i* x _h 9 ! riv]s &    
m>%es4 ,an electrical eel 0 br\ght to me
 at ,calabozo3 x _h be5 tak5 9 a net1 & 
consequ5tly hav+ no w\nd4 ,x ate meat1 &
 t]ribly fright5$ ! little tortoises &  
frogs :i*1 n aw>e ( _! dang]1 plac$     
!mselves on its back4 ,! frogs did n    
receive ! /roke till ! mom5t :5 !y t\*$ 
! body ( ! gymnotus4 ,:5 !y recov]$1 !y 
leap$ out ( ! tub2 & :5 replac$ ne> !   
fi%1 !y 7 fright5$ at ! m]e sight ( x4  
,we !n obs]v$ no?+ t indicat$ an action 
at a di/ance2 b our gymnotus1 rec5tly   
tak51 0 n yet suffici5tly tame to attack
 & dev\r frogs4 ,on approa*+ ! f+]1 or !
 metallic po9ts1 v close to ! electric  
organs1 no %ock 0 felt4 ,p]haps ! animal
 did n p]ceive ! proximity ( a =eign    
body2 or1 if x did1 we mu/ suppose t 9 !
 comm5cem5t ( its captivity1 timidity   
prev5t$ x f d>t+ =? its en]getic /rokes 
except :5 /rongly irritat$ by an        

imm$iate contact4 ,! gymnotus be+ imm]s$
 9 wat]1 ,i plac$ my h&1 bo? arm$ &     
un>m$ ) metal1 )9 a v small di/ance f ! 
electric organs2 yet ! /rata ( wat]     
transmitt$ no %ock1 :ile ,m4 ,bonpl&    
irritat$ ! animal /rongly by an imm$iate
 contact1 & receiv$ "s v viol5t %ocks4  
,_h we plac$ a v delicate electroscope 9
 ! contigu\s /rata ( wat]1 x might      
possibly h be5 influ5c$ at ! mom5t :5 ! 
gymnotus seem$ to direct its /roke      
else:]e4 ,prep>$ frogs1 plac$ imm$iately
 on ! body ( a torp$o1 exp]i5ce1 accord+
 to ,galvani1 a /rong contraction at e  
dis*>ge ( ! fi%4  ,! electrical organ ( 
! gymnoti acts only "u ! imm$iate       
influ5ce ( ! bra9 & ! he>t4 ,on cutt+ a 
v vigor\s fi% ?r\gh ! middle ( ! body1 !
 =e "p alone gave %ocks4 ,^! are equally
 /rong 9 :atev] "p ( ! body ! fi% is    
t\*$2 x is mo/ dispos$1 h[ev]1 to emit  
!m :5 ! pectoral f91 ! electrical organ1
 ! lips1 ! eyes1 or ! gills1 are p9*$4  
,sometimes ! animal /ruggles viol5tly ) 
a p]son hold+ x by ! tail1 )\t          

communicat+ ! lea/ %ock4 ,nor did ,i    
feel any :5 ,i made a slight incision   
ne> ! pectoral f9 ( ! fi%1 & galvaniz$ !
 w\nd by ! contact ( two pieces ( z9c & 
silv]4 ,! gymnotus b5t itself           
convulsively1 & rais$ its head out ( !  
wat]1 z if t]rifi$ by a s5sation        
altoge!r new2 b ,i felt no vibration 9 !
 h&s :i* held ! two metals4 ,! mo/      
viol5t muscul> movem5ts are n always    
accompani$ by electric dis*>ges4  ,!    
action ( ! fi% on ! human organs is     
transmitt$ & int]cept$ by ! same bodies 
t transmit & int]cept ! electrical      
curr5t ( a conductor *>g$ by a ,leyd5   
j>1 or ,voltaic batt]y4 ,"s anomalies1  
:i* we ?\ght we obs]v$1 are easily      
expla9$1 :5 we recollect t ev5 metals 7z
 is prov$ f _! ignition :5 expos$ to !  
action ( ! batt]y7 pres5t a slight      
ob/acle to ! passage ( electricity2 & t 
a bad conductor annihilates ! effect1 on
 our organs1 ( a feeble electric *>ge1  
:il/ x transmits to u ! effect ( a v    
/rong "o4 ,! repulsive =ce :i* z9c &    

silv] ex]cise toge!r be+ f> sup]ior to t
 ( gold & silv]1 ,i h f\nd t :5 a frog1 
prep>$ & arm$ ) silv]1 is galvaniz$ "u  
wat]1 ! conduct+ arc ( z9c produces     
contraction z soon z "o ( its           
extremities approa*es ! muscles )9 ?ree 
l9es di/ance2 :ile an arc ( gold does n 
excite ! organs1 :5 ! /ratum ( wat]     
betwe5 ! gold & ! muscles is m ?an half 
a l9e ?ick4 ,9 ! same mann]1 by employ+ 
a conduct+ arc compos$ ( two pieces (   
z9c & silv] sold]$ toge!r endways2 &    
re/+1 z be=e1 "o ( ! extremities ( !    
metallic circuit on ! femoral n]ve1 x is
 necess>y1 9 ord] to produce            
contractions1 to br+ ! o!r extremity ( !
 conductor ne>] & ne>] to ! muscles1 9  
proportion z ! irritability ( ! organs  
dim9i%es4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! exp]im5t !    
slighte/ /ratum ( wat] prev5ts ! passage
 ( ! electrical curr5t1 & x is only by !
 imm$iate contact ( ! arc ) ! muscles1 t
 ! contractions take place4 ,^! effects 
are1 h[ev]1 dep5d5t on ?ree v>iable     
circum/ances2 ! en]gy ( ! electromotive 

app>atus1 ! conductibility ( ! m$ium1 & 
! irritability ( ! organs :i* receive ! 
impressions3 x is because exp]im5ts h n 
be5 suffici5tly multipli$ ) a view to ^!
 ?ree v>iable elem5ts1 t1 9 ! action (  
electric eels & torp$os1 accid5tal      
circum/ances h be5 tak5 = absolute      
conditions1 )\t :i* ! electric %ocks are
 n felt4  ,9 w\nd$ gymnoti1 :i* give    
feeble b v equal %ocks1 ^! %ocks appe>$ 
to u con/antly /rong] on t\*+ ! body ( !
 fi% ) a h& arm$ ) metal1 ?an ) ! nak$  
h&4 ,!y are /rong] also1 :51 in/ead (   
t\*+ ! fi% ) "o h&1 nak$1 or arm$ )     
metal1 we press x at once ) bo? h&s1    
ei!r nak$ or arm$4 ,^! diff]5ces become 
s5sible only :5 "o has gymnoti en\gh at 
disposal to be able to *oose ! weake/2 &
 :5 ! extreme equality ( ! electric     
dis*>ges admits ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 !     
s5sations felt alt]nately by ! h& nak$  
or arm$ ) a metal1 by "o or bo? h&s     
nak$1 & by "o or bo? h&s arm$ ) metal4  
,x is also 9 ! case only ( small %ocks1 
feeble & uni=m1 t !y are m s5sible on   

t\*+ ! gymnotus ) "o h& 7)\t =m+ a *a97 
) z9c1 ?an ) copp] or iron4  ,res9\s    
sub/ances1 glass1 v dry wood1 horn1 &   
ev5 bones1 :i* are g5]ally believ$ to be
 good conductors1 prev5t ! action ( !   
gymnoti f be+ transmitt$ to man4 ,i 0   
surpris$ at n feel+ ! lea/ %ock on      
press+ wet /icks ( seal+-wax aga9/ !    
organs ( ! fi%1 :ile ! same animal gave 
me ! mo/ viol5t /rokes1 :5 excit$ by    
means ( a metallic rod4 ,m4 ,bonpl&     
receiv$ %ocks1 :5 c>ry+ a gymnotus on   
two cords ( ! fibres ( ! palm-tree1 :i* 
appe>$ to u extremely dry4 ,a /rong     
dis*>ge makes its way ?r\gh v imp]fect  
conductors4 ,p]haps also ! ob/acle :i* !
 conductor pres5ts r5d]s ! dis*>ge m    
pa9ful4 ,i t\*$ ! gymnotus ) a wet pot (
 br[n clay1 )\t effect2 yet ,i receiv$  
viol5t %ocks :5 ,i c>ri$ ! gymnotus 9 ! 
same pot1 because ! contact 0 great]4   
,:5 two p]sons1 insulat$ or o!rwise1    
hold ea* o!r's h&s1 & only "o ( ^!      
p]sons t\*es ! fi% ) ! h&1 ei!r nak$ or 
arm$ ) metal1 ! %ock is mo/ commonly    

felt by bo? at once4 ,h[ev]1 x sometimes
 happ5s t1 9 ! mo/ sev]e %ocks1 ! p]son 
:o comes into imm$iate contact ) ! fi%  
alone feels !m4 ,:5 ! gymnotus is       
exhau/$1 or 9 a v r$uc$ /ate (          
excitability1 & w no long] emit /rokes  
on be+ irritat$ ) "o h&1 ! %ocks are    
felt 9 a v vivid mann]1 on =m+ ! *a91 & 
employ+ bo? h&s4 ,ev5 !n1 h[ev]1 !      
electric %ock takes place only at ! w ( 
! animal4 ,two p]sons1 "o ( :om holds ! 
tail1 & ! o!r ! head1 _c1 by jo9+ h&s & 
=m+ a *a91 =ce ! gymnotus to d>t 8      
/roke4  ,?\gh employ+ ! mo/ delicate    
electromet]s 9 v>i\s ways1 insulat+ !m  
on a plate ( glass1 & receiv+ v /rong   
%ocks :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! electromet]1 ,i 
c\ld nev] discov] any ph5om5on (        
attraction or repulsion4 ,! same        
obs]vation 0 made by ,m4 ,fahlb]g at    
,/ockholm4 ,t philosoph]1 h[ev]1 has se5
 an electric sp>k1 z ,wal% & ,+5h\sz _h 
be=e him1 9 ,london1 by plac+ ! gymnotus
 9 ! air1 & int]rupt+ ! conduct+ *a9 by 
two gold leaves pa/$ ^u glass1 & a l9e  

di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,no p]son1 on !       
contr>y1 has ev] p]ceiv$ a sp>k issue f 
! body ( ! fi% itself4 ,we irritat$ x = 
a long "t dur+ ! night1 at ,calabozo1 9 
p]fect d>kness1 )\t obs]v+ any lum9\s   
appe>ance4 ,hav+ plac$ f\r gymnoti1 (   
unequal /r5g?1 9 su* a mann] z to       
receive ! %ocks ( ! mo/ vigor\s fi% by  
contact1 t is to say1 by t\*+ only "o ( 
! o!r fi%es1 ,i did n obs]ve t ^! la/ 7 
agitat$ at ! mom5t :5 ! curr5t pass$ _! 
bodies4 ,p]haps ! curr5t did n p5etrate 
bel[ ! humid surface ( ! sk94 ,we w n1  
h[ev]1 conclude f ?is1 t ! gymnoti are  
ins5sible to electricity2 & t !y _c     
fight ) ea* o!r at ! bottom ( ! pools4  
,_! n]v\s sy/em mu/ be subject to ! same
 ag5ts z ! n]ves ( o!r animals4 ,i h    
inde$ se51 t1 on lay+ op5 _! n]ves1 !y  
und]go muscul> contractions at ! m]e    
contact ( two opposite metals2 & ,m4    
,fahlb]g1 ( ,/ockholm1 f\nd t 8 gymnotus
 0 convulsively agitat$ :5 plac$ 9 a    
copp] vessel1 & feeble dis*>ges f a     
,leyd5 j> pass$ ?r\gh its sk94  ,aft] ! 

exp]im5ts ,i _h made on gymnoti1 x      
became highly int]e/+ to me1 on my      
return to ,europe1 to asc]ta9 )         
precision ! v>i\s circum/ances 9 :i*    
ano!r electric fi%1 ! torp$o ( our seas1
 gives or does n give %ocks4 ,?\gh ?is  
fi% _h be5 exam9$ by num]\s m5 ( sci5ce1
 ,i f\nd all t _h be5 publi%$ on its    
electrical effects extremely vague4 ,x  
has be5 v arbitr>ily suppos$1 t ?is fi% 
acts l a ,leyd5 j>1 :i* may be dis*>g$  
at w1 by t\*+ x ) bo? h&s2 & ?is        
supposition appe>s to h l$ into error   
obs]v]s :o h devot$ !mselves to rese>*es
 ( ?is k9d4 ,m4 ,gay-,lussac & myself1  
dur+ our j\rney to ,italy1 made a great 
numb] ( exp]im5ts on torp$os tak5 9 !   
gulf ( ,naples4 ,^! exp]im5ts furni% _m 
results some:at diff]5t f ^? ,i collect$
 on ! gymnoti4 ,x is probable t ! cause 
( ^! anomalies is ow+ r to ! inequality 
( electric p[] 9 ! two fi%es1 ?an to !  
diff]5t disposition ( _! organs4  ,?\gh 
! p[] ( ! torp$o _c be comp>$ ) t ( !   
gymnotus1 x is suffici5t to cause v     

pa9ful s5sations4 ,a p]son accu/om$ to  
electric %ocks c ) difficulty hold 9 8  
h&s a torp$o ( twelve or f\rte5 in*es1 &
 9 possession ( all its vig\r4 ,:5 !    
torp$o gives only v feeble /rokes "u    
wat]1 !y become m s5sible if ! animal be
 rais$ above ! surface4 ,i h (t5 obs]v$ 
! same ph5om5on 9 exp]im5t+ on frogs4   
,! torp$o moves ! pectoral f9s          
convulsively e "t x emits a /roke2 & ?is
 /roke is m or less pa9ful1 accord+ z ! 
imm$iate contact takes place by a great]
 or less surface4 ,we obs]v$ t !        
gymnotus gives ! /ronge/ %ocks )\t mak+ 
any movem5t ) ! eyes1 head1 or f9s499   
799 ,! anal f9 ( ! gymnoti only has a   
s5sible motion :5 ^! fi%es are excit$ "u
 ! belly1 :]e ! electric organ is       
plac$47 ,is ?is diff]5ce caus$ by !     
position ( ! electric organ1 :i* is n   
d\ble 9 ! gymnoti8 or does ! movem5t ( !
 pectoral f9s ( ! torp$o directly prove 
t ! fi% re/ores ! electrical equilibrium
 by its own sk91 dis*>ges itself by its 
own body1 & t we g5]ally feel only !    

effect ( a lat]al %ock8  ,we _c dis*>ge 
at w ei!r a torp$o or a gymnotus1 z we  
dis*>ge at w a ,leyd5 j> or a ,voltaic  
batt]y4 ,a %ock is n always felt1 ev5 on
 t\*+ ! electric fi% ) bo? h&s4 ,we mu/ 
irritate x to make x give ! %ock4 ,?is  
action 9 ! torp$os1 z well z 9 !        
gymnoti1 is a vital action2 x dep5ds on 
! w only ( ! animal1 :i* p]haps does n  
always keep its electric organs *>g$1 or
 does n always employ ! action ( its    
n]ves to e/abli% ! *a9 betwe5 ! positive
 & negative poles4 ,x is c]ta9 t !      
torp$o gives a long s]ies ( %ocks )     
a/oni%+ cel]ity2 :e!r x is t ! plates or
 lam9ae ( its organs are n :olly        
exhau/$1 or t ! fi% re*>ges !m          
in/antane\sly4  ,! electric /roke is    
felt1 :5 ! animal is dispos$ to give x1 
:e!r we t\* ) a s+le f+] only "o ( !    
surfaces ( ! organs1 or apply bo? h&s to
 ! two surfaces1 ! sup]ior & inf]ior1 at
 once4 ,9 ei!r case x is altoge!r       
indiff]5t :e!r ! p]son :o t\*es ! fi% ) 
"o f+] or bo? h&s be insulat$ or n4 ,all

 t has be5 said on ! necessity ( a      
communication ) ! damp gr\nd to e/abli% 
a circuit1 is f\nd$ on inaccurate       
obs]vations4  ,m4 ,gay-,lussac made !   
important obs]vation t :5 an insulat$   
p]son t\*es ! torp$o ) "o f+]1 x is     
indisp5sible t ! contact be direct4 ,!  
fi% may ) impunity be t\*$ ) a key1 or  
any o!r metallic in/rum5t2 no %ock is   
felt :5 a conduct+ or non-conduct+ body 
is int]pos$ betwe5 ! f+] & ! electrical 
organ ( ! torp$o4 ,?is circum/ance      
proves a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! torp$o 
& ! gymnotus1 ! latt] giv+ 8 /rokes     
?r\gh an iron rod sev]al feet long4  ,:5
 ! torp$o is plac$ on a metallic plate (
 v little ?ickness1 s t ! plate t\*es ! 
inf]ior surface ( ! organs1 ! h& t      
supports ! plate nev] feels any %ock1   
?\gh ano!r insulat$ p]son may excite !  
animal1 & ! convulsive movem5t ( !      
pectoral f9s may d5ote ! /ronge/ & mo/  
reit]at$ dis*>ges4  ,if1 on ! contr>y1 a
 p]son support ! torp$o plac$ ^u a      
metallic plate1 ) ! left h&1 z 9 ! =ego+

 exp]im5t1 & ! same p]son t\* ! sup]ior 
surface ( ! electrical organ ) ! "r h&1 
a /rong %ock is !n felt 9 bo? arms4 ,!  
s5sation is ! same :5 ! fi% is plac$    
betwe5 two metallic plates1 ! edges (   
:i* d n t\*1 & ! p]son applies bo? h&s  
at once to ^! plates4 ,! int]position ( 
"o metallic plate prev5ts !             
communication if t plate be t\*$ ) "o h&
 only1 :ile ! int]position ( two        
metallic plates does n prev5t ! %ock :5 
bo? h&s are appli$4 ,9 ! latt] case x _c
 be d\bt$ t ! circulation ( ! fluid is  
e/abli%$ by ! two arms4  ,if1 9 ?is     
situation ( ! fi% betwe5 two plates1 !re
 exi/ any imm$iate communication betwe5 
! edges ( ^! two plates1 no %ock takes  
place4 ,! *a9 betwe5 ! two surfaces ( ! 
electric organ is !n =m$ by ! plates1 & 
! new communication1 e/abli%$ by !      
contact ( ! two h&s ) ! two plates1     
rema9s )\t effect4 ,we c>ri$ ! torp$o ) 
impunity betwe5 two plates ( metal1 &   
felt ! /rokes x gave only at ! in/ant :5
 !y ceas$ to t\* ea* o!r at ! edges4    

,no?+ 9 ! torp$o or 9 ! gymnotus        
indicates t ! animal modifies !         
electrical /ate ( ! bodies by :i* x is  
surr\nd$4 ,! mo/ delicate electromet] is
 no way affect$ 9 :atev] mann] x is     
employ$1 :e!r br++ x ne> ! organs or    
insulat+ ! fi%1 cov]+ x ) a metallic    
plate1 & caus+ ! plate to communicate by
 a conduct+ wire ) ! cond5s] ( ,volta4  
,we 7 at great pa9s to v>y ! exp]im5ts  
by :i* we s\ght to r5d] ! electrical    
t5sion ( ! torp$o s5sible2 b !y 7       
con/antly )\t effect1 & p]fectly        
confirm$ :at ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself _h    
obs]v$ respect+ ! gymnoti1 dur+ our     
abode 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4  ,electrical      
fi%es1 :5 v vigor\s1 act ) equal en]gy  
"u wat] & 9 ! air4 ,?is obs]vation l$ u 
to exam9e ! conduct+ prop]ty ( wat]2 &  
we f\nd t1 :5 sev]al p]sons =m ! *a9    
betwe5 ! sup]ior & inf]ior surface ( !  
organs ( ! torp$o1 ! %ock is felt only  
:5 ^! p]sons jo9 h&s4 ,! action is n    
int]cept$ if two p]sons1 :o support !   
torp$o ) _! "r h&s1 in/ead ( tak+ "o    

ano!r by ! left h&1 plunge ea* a        
metallic po9t into a drop ( wat] plac$  
on an insulat+ sub/ance4 ,on sub/itut+  
flame = ! drop ( wat]1 ! communication  
is int]rupt$1 & is only re-e/abli%$1 z 9
 ! gymnotus1 :5 ! two po9ts imm$iately  
t\* ea* o!r 9 ! int]ior ( ! flame4  ,we 
are1 d\btless1 v f> f hav+ discov]$ all 
! secrets ( ! electrical action ( fi%es 
:i* is modifi$ by ! influ5ce ( ! bra9 & 
! n]ves2 b ! exp]im5ts we h j describ$  
are suffici5t to prove t ^! fi%es act by
 a conceal$ electricity1 & by           
electromotive organs ( a peculi>        
con/ruction1 :i* are re*>g$ ) extreme   
rapidity4 ,volta admits t ! dis*>ges ( !
 opposite electricities 9 ! torp$os & ! 
gymnoti are made by _! own sk91 & t :5  
we t\* !m ) "o h& only1 or by means ( a 
metallic po9t1 we feel ! effect ( a     
lat]al %ock1 ! electrical curr5t n be+  
direct$ solely ! %orte/ way4 ,:5 a      
,leyd5 j> is plac$ on a wet wooll5 clo? 
7:i* is a bad conductor71 & ! j> is     
dis*>g$ 9 su* a mann] t ! clo? makes "p 

( ! *a91 prep>$ frogs1 plac$ at diff]5t 
di/ances1 indicate by _! contractions t 
! curr5t spreads itself ov] ! :ole clo? 
9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways4 ,accord+ to ?is  
analogy1 ! mo/ viol5t %ock giv5 by !    
gymnotus at a di/ance w\ld be b a feeble
 "p ( ! /roke :i* re-e/abli%es !        
equilibrium 9 ! int]ior ( ! fi%499 799  
,! het]og5e\s poles ( ! d\ble electrical
 organs mu/ exi/ 9 ea* organ4 ,mr4 ,todd
 has rec5tly prov$1 by exp]im5ts made on
 torp$os at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 t !  
animal cont9ues to give viol5t %ocks :5 
"o ( ^! organs is extirpat$4 ,on !      
contr>y1 all electrical action is /opp$ 
7& ?is po9t1 z elucidat$ by ,galvani1 is
 ( ! greate/ importance7 if injury be   
inflict$ on ! bra91 or if ! n]ves :i*   
supply ! plates ( ! electrical organs be
 divid$4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! n]ves be+   
cut1 & ! bra9 left unt\*$1 ! torp$o     
cont9ues to live1 & p]=m e muscul>      
movem5t4 ,a fi%1 exhau/$ by too num]\s  
electrical dis*>ges1 suff]$ mu* m ?an   
ano!r fi% depriv$1 by divid+ ! n]ves1 ( 

any communication betwe5 ! bra9 & !     
electromotive app>atus4 ,philosophical  
,transactions #ahaf47 ,z ! gymnotus     
directs its /roke :]ev] x pleases1 x mu/
 also be admitt$ t ! dis*>ge is n made  
by ! :ole sk9 at once1 b t ! animal1    
excit$ p]haps by ! motion ( a fluid p\r$
 into "o "p ( ! cellul> membrane1       
e/abli%es at w ! communication betwe5   
its organs & "s p>ticul> "p ( ! sk94 ,x 
may be conceiv$ t a lat]al /roke1 out ( 
! direct curr5t1 mu/ become imp]ceptible
 "u ! two conditions ( a v weak dis*>ge1
 or a v great ob/acle pres5t$ by !      
nature & l5g? ( ! conductor4 ,not)/&+ ^!
 consid]ations1 x appe>s to me v        
surpris+ t %ocks ( ! torp$o1 /rong 9    
appe>ance1 are n propagat$ to ! h& :5 a 
v ?9 plate ( metal is int]pos$ betwe5 x 
& ! fi%4  ,s*ill+ decl>$ t ! gymnotus   
approa*$ ! magnet involunt>ily4 ,we tri$
 9 a ?\s& ways ?is suppos$ influ5ce ( ! 
magnet on ! electrical organs1 )\t hav+ 
ev] obs]v$ any s5sible effect4 ,! fi% no
 m approa*$ ! magnet1 ?an a b> ( iron n 

magnetic4 ,iron-fil+s1 ?r[n on its back1
 rema9$ motionless4  ,! gymnoti1 :i* are
 objects ( curiosity & ( ! deepe/ int]e/
 to ! philosoph]s ( ,europe1 are at once
 dread$ & dete/$ by ! natives4 ,!y      
furni%1 inde$1 9 _! muscul> fle%1 pretty
 good alim5t2 b ! electric organ fills !
 great] "p ( _! body1 & ?is organ is    
slimy1 & disagreeable to ! ta/e2 x is   
accord+ly sep>at$ ) c>e f ! re/ ( ! eel4
 ,! pres5ce ( gymnoti is also consid]$ z
 ! pr9cipal cause ( ! want ( fi% 9 !    
ponds & pools ( ! ,llanos4 ,!y1 h[ev]1  
kill _m m ?an !y dev\r3 & ! ,indians    
told u1 t :5 "y alligators & gymnoti are
 caught at ! same "t 9 v /rong nets1 !  
latt] nev] %[ ! slighte/ trace ( a w\nd1
 because !y disable ! "y alligators be=e
 !y are attack$ by !m4 ,all !           
inhabitants ( ! wat]s dread ! society ( 
! gymnoti4 ,liz>ds1 tortoises1 & frogs1 
seek pools :]e !y are secure f !        
electric action4 ,x became necess>y to  
*ange ! direction ( a road ne> ,uritucu1
 because ! electric eels 7 s num]\s 9 "o

 riv]1 t !y e ye> kill$ a great numb] ( 
mules1 z !y =d$ ! wat] ) _! burd5s4     
,?\gh 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k we may    
flatt] ourselves ) hav+ ?r[n "s light on
 ! extraord9>y effects ( electric fi%es1
 yet a va/ numb] ( physical &           
physiological rese>*es /ill rema9 to be 
made4 ,! brilliant results :i* *emi/ry  
has obta9$ by means ( ! ,voltaic batt]y1
 h occupi$ all obs]v]s1 & turn$ att5tion
 = "s "t f ! exam9ations ( ! ph5om5a (  
vitality4 ,let u hope t ^! ph5om5a1 !   
mo/ awful & ! mo/ my/]i\s ( all1 w 9 _! 
turn occupy ! e>ne/ att5tion ( natural  
philosoph]s4 ,?is hope w be easily      
realiz$ if !y succe$ 9 procur+ anew liv+
 gymnoti 9 "s "o ( ! great capitals (   
,europe4 ,! discov]ies t w be made on ! 
electromotive app>atus ( ^! fi%1 mu* m  
en]getic1 & m easy ( pres]vation1 ?an ! 
torp$os199 w ext5d to all ! ph5om5a (   
muscul> motion subject to volition4 799 
,9 ord] to inve/igate ! ph5om5a ( ! liv+
 electromotive app>atus 9 its greate/   
simplicity1 & n to mi/ake = g5]al       

conditions circum/ances :i* dep5d on !  
degree ( en]gy ( ! electric organs1 x is
 necess>y to p]=m ! exp]im5ts on ^?     
electrical fi%es mo/ easily tam$4 ,if ! 
gymnoti 7 n kn[n1 we might suppose1 f ! 
obs]vations made on torp$os1 t fi%es _c 
give _! %ocks f a di/ance ?r\gh v ?ick  
/rata ( wat]1 or ?r\gh a b> ( iron1 )\t 
=m+ a circuit4 ,mr4 ,williamson has felt
 /rong %ocks :5 he held only "o h& 9 !  
wat]1 & ?is h&1 )\t t\*+ ! gymnotus1 0  
plac$ betwe5 x & ! small fi% t[>ds :i* !
 /roke 0 direct$ f t5 or fifte5 in*es   
di/ance4 ,philosophical ,transactions   
volume #fe pages #ii & #ajh4 ,:5 !      
gymnotus 0 enfeebl$ by bad heal?1 !     
lat]al %ock 0 imp]ceptible2 & 9 ord] to 
feel ! %ock1 x 0 necess>y to =m a *a91 &
 t\* ! fi% ) bo? h&s at once4 ,cav5di%1 
9 8 +5i\s exp]im5ts on an artificial    
torp$o1 _h well rem>k$ ^! diff]5ces1    
dep5d+ on ! great] or less en]gy ( !    
*>ge4 ,philosophical ,transactions #aggf
 page #bab47 ,x w p]haps be f\nd t1 9   
mo/ animals1 e contraction ( ! muscul>  

fibre is prec$$ by a dis*>ge f ! n]ve   
into ! muscle2 & t ! m]e simple contact 
( het]og5e\s sub/ances is a s\rce (     
movem5t & ( life 9 all organiz$ be+s4   
,did an +5i\s & lively p1 ! ,arabians1  
guess f remote antiquity1 t ! same =ce  
:i* inflames ! vault ( ,heav5 9 /orms1  
is ! liv+ & invisible weapon (          
inhabitants ( ! wat]s8 ,x is said1 t !  
electric fi% ( ! ,nile be>s a "n 9      
,egypt1 t signifies ?und]499 799 ,x     
appe>s1 h[ev]1 t a di/9ction is to be   
made betwe5 rahd1 ?und]1 & rahadh1 !    
electrical fi%2 & t ?is latt] ^w means  
simply t :i* causes trembl+47  ,we left 
! t[n ( ,calabozo on ! #bd? ( ,m>*1     
highly satisfi$ ) our /ay1 & ! exp]im5ts
 we _h made on an object s wor?y ( !    
att5tion ( physiologi/s4 ,i _h besides  
obta9$ "s good obs]vations ( ! />s2 &   
discov]$ ) surprise1 t ! errors ( maps  
am\nt$ "h also to a qu>t] ( a degree (  
latitude4 ,no p]son _h tak5 an          
obs]vation be=e me on ?is spot2 &       
geograph]s1 magnify+ z usual ! di/ance f

 ! coa/ to ! isl&s1 h c>ri$ back beyond 
measure all ! localities t[>ds ! s\?4   
,z we advanc$ into ! s\!rn "p ( !       
,llanos1 we f\nd ! gr\nd m du/y1 m      
de/itute ( h]bage1 & m crack$ by !      
effect ( long dr\ght4 ,! palm-trees     
disappe>$ by degrees4 ,! !rmomet] kept1 
f elev5 9 ! morn+ till sunset1 at #cd or
 #ce degrees4 ,! calm] ! air appe>$ at  
eight or t5 feet high1 ! m we 7 envelop$
 9 ^? :irlw9ds ( du/1 caus$ by ! little 
curr5ts ( air t sweep ! gr\nd4 ,ab\t f\r
 o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 we f\nd a "y     
,indian girl /ret*$ ^u ! savannah4 ,%e 0
 almo/ 9 a /ate ( nudity1 & appe>$ to be
 ab\t twelve or ?irte5 ye>s ( age4      
,exhau/$ ) fatigue & ?ir/1 h] eyes1     
no/rils1 & m\? fill$ ) du/1 %e brea!d ) 
a rattl+ 9 h] ?roat1 & 0 unable to answ]
 our que/ions4 ,a pit*]1 ov]turn$1 &    
half fill$ ) s&1 0 ly+ at h] side4      
,happily "o ( our mules 0 lad5 ) wat]2 &
 we r\s$ ! girl f h] le?>gic /ate by    
ba?+ h] face1 & =c+ h] to dr9k a few    
drops ( w9e4 ,%e 0 at fir/ al>m$ on see+

 h]self surr\nd$ by s _m p]sons2 b by   
degrees %e took c\rage1 & conv]s$ ) our 
guides4 ,%e judg$1 f ! position ( ! sun1
 t %e mu/ h rema9$ dur+ sev]al h\rs 9 t 
/ate ( le?>gy4 ,we c\ld n prevail on h] 
to m\nt "o ( our bea/s ( burd51 & %e    
w\ld n return to ,uritucu4 ,%e _h be5 9 
s]vice at a neighb\r+ f>m2 & %e _h be5  
dis*>g$1 because at ! end ( a long      
sickness %e 0 less able to "w ?an be=e4 
,our m5aces & pray]s 7 alike fruitless2 
ins5sible to suff]+1 l ! re/ ( h] race1 
%e p]si/$ 9 h] resolution ( go+ to "o ( 
! ,indian ,missions ne> ! city (        
,calabozo4 ,we remov$ ! s& f h] pit*]1 &
 fill$ x ) wat]4 ,%e resum$ h] way along
 ! /eppe1 be=e we _h rem\nt$ our horses1
 & 0 soon sep>at$ f u by a cl\d ( du/4  
,dur+ ! night we =d$ ! ,rio ,uritucu1   
:i* ab\nds ) a bre$ ( crocodiles        
rem>kable = _! f]ocity4 ,we 7 advis$ to 
prev5t our dogs f go+ to dr9k 9 ! riv]s1
 = x (t5 happ5s t ! crocodiles (        
,uritucu come out ( ! wat]1 & pursue    
dogs ^u ! %ore4 ,?is intrepidity is s   

mu* ! m /rik+1 z at eight leagues       
di/ance1 ! crocodiles ( ! ,rio ,tisnao  
are extremely timid1 & little dang]\s4  
,! mann]s ( animals v>y 9 ! same species
 accord+ to local circum/ances difficult
 to be det]m9$4 ,we 7 %[n a hut1 or r a 
k9d ( %$1 9 :i* our ho/ ( ,calabozo1    
,don ,miguel ,c\s91 _h witness$ a v     
extraord9>y sc5e4 ,sleep+ ) "o ( 8      
fri5ds on a b5* or c\* cov]$ ) lea!r1   
,don ,miguel 0 awak5$ e>ly 9 ! morn+ by 
a viol5t %ak+ & a horrible noise4 ,clods
 ( e>? 7 ?r[n into ! middle ( ! hut4    
,pres5tly a "y crocodile two or ?ree    
feet long issu$ f "u ! b$1 d>t$ at a dog
 :i* lay on ! ?re%old ( ! door1 &1 miss+
 him 9 ! impetuosity ( 8 spr+1 ran t[>ds
 ! bea* to ga9 ! riv]4 ,on exam9+ ! spot
 :]e ! b>bacoa1 or c\*1 0 plac$1 ! cause
 ( ?is /range adv5ture 0 easily         
discov]$4 ,! gr\nd 0 di/urb$ to a       
consid]able dep?4 ,x 0 dri$ mud1 :i* _h 
cov]$ ! crocodile 9 t /ate ( le?>gy1 or 
summ]-sleep1 9 :i* _m ( ! species lie   
dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! ra9s 9 ! ,llanos4 ,!  

noise ( m5 & horses1 p]haps ! smell ( ! 
dog1 _h ar\s$ ! crocodile4 ,! hut be+   
built at ! edge ( ! pool1 & inundat$    
dur+ "p ( ! ye>1 ! crocodile _h no d\bt 
ent]$1 at ! "t ( ! inundation ( !       
savannahs1 by ! same op5+ at :i* x 0 se5
 to g out4 ,! ,indians (t5 f9d enorm\s  
boas1 :i* !y call uji1 or wat]-s]p5ts199
 9 ! same le?>gic /ate4 799 ,culebra de 
agua1 nam$ by ! common p traga-v5ado1 ! 
swall[] ( /ags4 ,! ^w uji belongs to !  
,tamanac language47 ,to reanimate !m1 !y
 mu/ be irritat$1 or wett$ ) wat]4 ,boas
 are kill$1 & imm]s$ 9 ! /reams1 to     
obta91 by means ( putrefaction1 ! t5d9\s
 p>ts ( ! dorsal muscles1 ( :i* excell5t
 guit>-/r+s are made at ,calabozo1      
pref]able to ^? furni%$ by ! inte/9es ( 
! al\ate monkeys4  ,! dr\ght & heat ( ! 
,llanos act l cold ^u animals & plants4 
,beyond ! tropics ! trees lose _! leaves
 9 a v dry air4 ,reptiles1 p>ticul>ly   
crocodiles & boas1 hav+ v indol5t       
habits1 leave ) reluctance ! bas9s 9 :i*
 !y h f\nd wat] at ! p]iod ( great      

inundations4 ,9 proportion z ! pools    
become dry1 ^! animals p5etrate into !  
mud1 to seek t degree ( humidity :i*    
gives flexibility to _! sk9 &           
integum5ts4 ,9 ?is /ate ( repose !y are 
seiz$ ) /upefaction2 b possibly !y      
pres]ve a communication ) ! ext]nal air2
 &1 h[ev] little t communication may be1
 x possibly suffices to keep up !       
respiration ( an animal ( ! saurian     
family1 provid$ ) enorm\s pulmon>y sacs1
 ex]t+ no muscul> motion1 & 9 :i* almo/ 
all ! vital functions are susp5d$4 ,x is
 probable t ! mean temp]ature ( ! dri$  
mud1 expos$ to ! sol> rays1 is m ?an #dj
 degrees4 ,:5 ! nor? ( ,egypt1 :]e !    
coole/ mon? does n fall bel[ #ac4d      
degrees1 0 inhabit$ by crocodiles1 !y 7 
(t5 f\nd torpid ) cold4 ,!y 7 subject to
 a w9t]-sleep1 l ! ,european frog1      
liz>d1 s&-m>t91 & m>mot4 ,if ! hib]nal  
le?>gy be obs]v$1 bo? 9 cold-blood$ & 9 
hot-blood$ animals1 we %all be less     
surpris$ to le>n1 t ^! two classes      
furni% alike examples ( a summ]-sleep4  

,9 ! same mann] z ! crocodiles ( ,s\?   
,am]ica1 ! tanrecs1 or ,madagasc>       
h$gehogs1 9 ! mid/ ( ! torrid zone1 pass
 ?ree mon?s ( ! ye> 9 le?>gy4  ,on !    
#be? ( ,m>* we trav]s$ ! smoo!/ "p ( !  
/eppes ( ,c>acas1 ! ,mesa de ,pavones4  
,x is entirely de/itute ( ! corypha &   
mori*e palm-trees4 ,z f> z ! eye c rea*1
 n a s+le object fifte5 in*es high c be 
discov]$4 ,! air 0 cle>1 & ! sky ( a v  
deep blue2 b ! horizon reflect$ a livid 
& yell[i% light1 caus$ no d\bt by !     
quantity ( s& susp5d$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,we
 met "s l>ge h]ds ( cattle1 & ) !m      
flocks ( birds ( a black col\r ) an     
olive %ade4 ,!y are ( ! g5us            
,crotophaga199 & foll[ ! cattle4 799 ,! 
,spani% coloni/s call ! ,crotophaga ani1
 zamurito 7little c>rion                
vulture--,vultur aura m9uta71 or        
g>apat]o1 ! eat] ( g>ap>as1 insects ( ! 
,ac>us family47 ,we _h (t5 se5 !m p]*$  
on ! backs ( c[s1 seek+ = gadflies & o!r
 insects4 ,l _m birds ( ^! des]t places1
 !y fe> s little ! approa* ( man1 t     

*ildr5 (t5 cat* !m 9 _! h&s4 ,9 !       
valleys ( ,aragua1 :]e !y are v common1 
we h se5 !m p]* ^u ! hammocks on :i* we 
7 repos+1 9 op5 day4  ,we discov]1      
betwe5 ,calabozo1 ,uritucu1 & ! ,mesa de
 ,pavones1 :]ev] !re are excavations (  
"s feet deep1 ! geological con/itution (
 ! ,llanos4 ,a =mation ( r$ s&/one      
7anci5t conglom]ate7 cov]s an ext5t (   
sev]al ?\s& squ>e leagues4 ,we %all f9d 
x aga9 9 ! va/ pla9s ( ! ,amazon1 on !  
ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! prov9ce ( ,ja5 de      
,bracamoros4 ,?is prodigi\s ext5sion (  
r$ s&/one 9 ! l[ gr\nds /ret*+ along !  
ea/ ( ! ,&es1 is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+       
ph5om5a ,i obs]v$ dur+ my exam9ation (  
rocks 9 ! equ9octial regions4  ,! r$    
s&/one ( ! ,llanos ( ,c>acas lies 9 a   
concave position1 betwe5 ! primitive    
m\nta9s ( ! %ore & ( ,p>ime4 ,on ! nor? 
x is back$ by ! transition-slates199 799
 ,at ,malpaso & ,pi$ras ,azules47 & on !
 s\? x re/s imm$iately on ! granites ( !
 ,or9oco4 ,we obs]v$ 9 x r\nd$ fragm5ts 
( qu>tz 7kiesels*ief]71 & ,lydian /one1 

cem5t$ by an olive-br[n f]rug9\s clay4  
,! cem5t is sometimes ( s bright a r$ t 
! p ( ! c\ntry take x = c9nab>4 ,we met 
a ,capu*9 monk at ,calabozo1 :o 0 9 va9 
attempt+ to extract m]cury f ?is r$     
s&/one4 ,9 ! ,mesa de ,paja ?is rock    
conta9s /rata ( ano!r qu>tzose s&/one1 v
 f9e-gra9$2 m to ! s\? x conta9s masses 
( br[n iron1 & fragm5ts ( petrifi$ trees
 ( ! monocotyl$on\s family1 b we did n  
see 9 x any %ells4 ,! r$ s&/one1 call$  
by ! ,llan]os1 ! /one ( ! reefs 7pi$ra  
de arrecifes71 is ev]y:]e cov]$ ) a     
/ratum ( clay4 ,?is clay1 dri$ & h>d5$ 9
 ! sun1 splits into sep>ate prismatic   
pieces ) five or six sides4 ,does x     
belong to ! trap-=mation ( ,p>ap>a8 ,x  
becomes ?ick]1 & mix$ ) s&1 z we approa*
 ! ,rio ,apure2 = ne> ,calabozo x is "o 
toise ?ick1 ne> ! mission ( ,guayaval   
five toises1 :i* may lead to ! belief t 
! /rata ( r$ s&/one dips t[>ds ! s\?4   
,we ga!r$ 9 ! ,mesa de ,pavones little  
nodules ( blue iron-ore dissem9at$ 9 !  
clay4  ,a d5se :iti%-gray lime/one1 ) a 

smoo? fracture1 some:at analog\s to t ( 
,c>ipe1 & consequ5tly to t ( ,jura1 lies
 on ! r$ s&/one betwe5 ,tisnao &        
,calabozo499 799 ,does ?is =mation (    
second>y lime/one ( ! ,llanos conta9    
gal5a8 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 /rata ( black  
m>l1 at ,b>bacoa1 betwe5 ,truxillo &    
,b>quesimeto1 nor?-we/ ( ! ,llanos47 ,9 
sev]al o!r places1 = in/ance 9 ! ,mesa  
de ,san ,diego1 & betwe5 ,ortiz & !     
,mesa de ,paja199 799 ,also ne> ,ca*ipe 
& ,san ,joacquim1 9 ! ,llanos (         
,b>celona47 we f9d above ! lime/one     
lamell> gypsum alt]nat+ ) /rata ( m>l4  
,consid]able quantities ( ?is gypsum are
 s5t to ! city ( ,c>acas199 :i* is      
situat$ amid/ primitive m\nta9s4 799    
,?is trade is c>ri$ on at ,p>ap>a4 ,a   
load ( eight arrobas sells at ,c>acas = 
tw5ty-f\r pia/res47  ,?is gypsum g5]ally
 =ms only small b$s1 & is mix$ ) a great
 deal ( fibr\s gypsum4 ,is x ( ! same   
=mation z t ( ,guire1 on ! coa/ ( ,p>ia1
 :i* conta9s sulphur8 or d ! masses (   
?is latt] sub/ance1 f\nd 9 ! valley (   

,bu5 ,pa/or & on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1   
belong1 ) ! argillace\s gypsum ( !      
,llanos1 to a second>y =mation mu* m    
rec5t4  ,^! que/ions are v int]e/+ 9 !  
/udy ( ! relative antiquity ( rocks1 :i*
 is ! pr9cipal basis ( geology4 ,i "k n 
( any salt-deposits 9 ! ,llanos4 ,horn$ 
cattle prosp] "h )\t ^? fam\s b>]os1 or 
muriatif]\s l&s1 :i* ab\nd 9 ! ,pampas (
 ,bu5os ,ayres499 799 ,kn[n 9 ,nor?     
,am]ica "u ! "n ( salt-licks47  ,aft]   
hav+ w&]$ = a long "t1 & )\t any traces 
( a road1 9 ! des]t savannahs ( ! ,mesa 
de ,pavones1 we 7 agreeably surpris$ :5 
we came to a solit>y f>m1 ! ,hato de    
,alta ,gracia1 surr\nd$ ) g>d5s & bas9s 
( limpid wat]4 ,h$ges ( bead-trees      
encircl$ gr\ps ( icacoes lad5 ) fruit4  
,f>!r on we pass$ ! night ne> ! small   
village ( ,san ,g]onymo del ,guayaval1  
f\nd$ by ,capu*9 mission>ies4 ,x is     
situat$ ne> ! banks ( ! ,rio ,gu>ico1   
:i* falls into ! ,apure4 ,i visit$ !    
mission>y1 :o _h no o!r habitation ?an 8
 *ur*1 n hav+ yet built a h\se4 ,he 0 a 

"y man1 & he receiv$ u 9 ! mo/ oblig+   
mann]1 giv+ u all ! in=mation we desir$4
 ,8 village1 or to use ! ^w e/abli%$    
among ! monks1 8 ,mission1 0 n easy to  
gov]n4 ,! f\nd]1 :o _h n hesitat$ to    
e/abli% = 8 own pr(it a pulp]ia1 9 o!r  
words1 to sell bananas & gu>apo 9 ! *ur*
 itself1 _h %[n himself to be n v nice 9
 ! *oice ( ! new coloni/s4 ,_m m>aud]s (
 ! ,llanos _h settl$ at ,guayaval1      
because ! inhabitants ( a ,mission are  
exempt f ! au?ority ( secul> law4 ,"h1 z
 9 ,au/ralia1 x _c be expect$ t good    
coloni/s w be =m$ be=e ! second or ?ird 
g5]ation4  ,we pass$ ! ,gu>ico1 &       
encamp$ 9 ! savannahs s\? ( ,guayaval4  
,enorm\s bats1 no d\bt ( ! tribe (      
,phyllo/omas1 hov]$ z usual ov] our     
hammocks dur+ a great "p ( ! night4 ,e  
mom5t !y seem$ to be ab\t to fa/5 on our
 faces4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ we pursu$ our   
way ov] l[ gr\nds1 (t5 inundat$4 ,9 !   
season ( ra9s1 a boat may be navigat$1 z
 on a lake1 betwe5 ! ,gu>ico & ! ,apure4
 ,we arriv$ on ! #bg? ( ,m>* at ! ,villa

 de ,san ,f]n&o1 ! capital ( ! ,mission 
( ! ,capu*9s 9 ! prov9ce ( ,v>9as4 ,?is 
0 ! t]m9ation ( our j\rney ov] !        
,llanos2 = we pass$ ! ?ree mon?s (      
,april1 ,may1 & ,june on ! riv]s4       
,,*apt] #b4ah4  ,,san ,,f]n&o ,,de      
,,apure4 ,,int]tw9+s ,,& ,,bifurcations 
,,( ,,! ,,riv]s ,,apure ,,& ,,arauca4   
,,navigation ,,on ,,! ,,rio ,,apure4    
,till ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury 
! names ( ! great riv]s ,apure1 ,arauca1
 & ,meta 7 sc>cely kn[n 9 ,europe3      
c]ta9ly less ?an !y _h be5 9 ! two      
prec$+ c5turies1 :5 ! valiant ,felipe de
 ,urre & ! conqu]ors ( ,tocuyo trav]s$ !
 ,llanos1 to seek1 beyond ! ,apure1 !   
great leg5d>y city ( ,el ,dorado1 & !   
ri* c\ntry ( ! ,omeguas1 ! ,timbuctoo ( 
! ,new ,cont95t4 ,su* d>+ exp$itions    
c\ld n be c>ri$ out )\t all ! app>atus (
 w>2 & ! weapons1 :i* _h be5 de/9$ = !  
def5ce ( ! new coloni/s1 7 employ$ )\t  
int]mission aga9/ ! unhappy natives4 ,:5
 m peaceful times succe$$ to ^? (       
viol5ce & public calamity1 two p[]ful   

,indian tribes1 ! ,cabres & ! ,c>ibs ( !
 ,or9oco1 made !mselves ma/]s ( ! c\ntry
 :i* ! ,conqui/adores _h ceas$ to       
ravage4 ,none b poor monks 7 !n p]mitt$ 
to advance to ! s\? ( ! /eppes4 ,beyond 
! ,uritucu an unkn[n _w op5$ to !       
,spani% coloni/s2 & ! desc5dants ( ^?   
intrepid w>riors :o _h ext5d$ _!        
conque/s f ,p]u to ! coa/s ( ,new       
,gr5ada & ! m\? ( ! ,amazon1 knew n !   
roads t lead f ,coro to ! ,rio ,meta4 ,!
 %ore ( ,v5ezuela rema9$ a sep>ate      
c\ntry2 & ! sl[ conque/s ( ! ,jesuit    
mission>ies 7 successful only by skirt+ 
! banks ( ! ,or9oco4 ,^! fa!rs _h       
already p5etrat$ beyond ! great cat>acts
 ( ,atures & ,maypures1 :5 ! ,&alusian  
,capu*9s _h sc>cely rea*$ ! pla9s (     
,calabozo1 f ! coa/ & ! valleys (       
,aragua4 ,x w\ld be difficult to expla9 
^! contra/s by ! sy/em accord+ to :i* ! 
diff]5t mona/ic ord]s are gov]n$2 = !   
aspect ( ! c\ntry contributes p[]fully  
to ! m or less rapid progress ( !       
,missions4 ,!y ext5d b sl[ly into !     

int]ior ( ! l&1 ov] m\nta9s1 or 9       
/eppes1 :]ev] !y d n foll[ ! c\rse ( a  
p>ticul> riv]4 ,x w sc>cely be believ$1 
t ! ,villa de ,f]n&o de ,apure1 only    
fifty leagues di/ant 9 a direct l9e f t 
"p ( ! coa/ ( ,c>acas :i* has be5 longe/
 inhabit$1 0 f\nd$ at no e>li] a date   
?an #aghi4 ,we 7 %[n a p>*m5t1 full (   
f9e pa9t+s1 conta9+ ! privileges ( ?is  
little t[n4 ,! p>*m5t 0 s5t f ,madrid at
 ! solicitation ( ! monks1 :il/ yet only
 a few huts ( re$s 7 to be se5 ar\nd a  
great cross rais$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! hamlet4 
,! mission>ies & ! secul> gov]nm5ts be+ 
alike int]e/$ 9 exagg]at+ 9 ,europe :at 
!y h done to augm5t ! culture &         
population ( ! prov9ces beyond ! sea1 x 
(t5 happ5s t names ( t[ns & villages are
 plac$ on ! li/ ( new conque/s1 long    
be=e _! f\ndation4  ,! situation ( ,san 
,f]n&o1 on a l>ge navigable riv]1 ne> ! 
m\? ( ano!r riv] :i* trav]ses ! :ole    
prov9ce ( ,v>9as1 is extremely          
advantage\s = trade4 ,e production ( t  
prov9ce1 hides1 cacao1 cotton1 & !      

indigo ( ,mijagual1 :i* is ( ! fir/     
quality1 passes ?r\gh ?is t[n t[>ds !   
m\?s ( ! ,or9oco4 ,dur+ ! season ( ra9s 
l>ge vessels g f ,ango/ura z f> z ,san  
,f]n&o de ,apure1 & by ! ,rio ,santo    
,dom+o z f> z ,torunos1 ! port ( ! t[n (
 ,v>9as4 ,at t p]iod ! inundations ( !  
riv]s1 :i* =m a labyr9? ( bran*es betwe5
 ! ,apure1 ! ,arauca1 ! ,capanap>o1 & ! 
,s9>uco1 cov] a c\ntry ( ne>ly f\r      
hundr$ squ>e leagues4 ,at ?is po9t1 !   
,or9oco1 turn$ aside f its c\rse1 n by  
neighb\r+ m\nta9s1 b by ! ris+ (        
c\nt]slopes1 runs ea/w>d in/ead ( foll[+
 its previ\s direction 9 ! l9e ( !      
m]idian4 ,consid]+ ! surface ( ! globe z
 a polyh$ron1 =m$ ( planes v>i\sly      
incl9$1 we may conceive by ! m]e        
inspection ( ! maps1 t ! int]section (  
^! slopes1 ris+ t[>ds ! nor?1 ! we/1 &  
s\?199 betwe5 ,san ,f]n&o de ,apure1    
,cayc>a1 & ! m\? ( ! ,meta1 mu/ cause a 
consid]able depression4 799 ,! ris+s    
t[>ds ! nor? & we/ are connect$ ) two   
l9es ( ridges1 ! m\nta9s ( ,villa de    

,cura & ( ,m]ida4 ,! ?ird slope1 runn+ f
 nor? to s\?1 is t ( ! l&-/rait betwe5 !
 ,&es & ! *a9 ( ,p>ime4 ,x det]m9es !   
g5]al incl9ation ( ! ,or9oco1 f ! m\? ( 
! ,guavi>e to t ( ! ,apure47 ,!         
savannahs 9 ?is bas9 are cov]$ ) twelve 
or f\rte5 feet ( wat]1 & pres5t1 at !   
p]iod ( ra9s1 ! aspect ( a great lake4  
,! f>ms & villages :i* seem z if situat$
 on %oals1 sc>cely rise two or ?ree feet
 above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,ev]y?+ "h   
calls to m9d ! inundations ( ,l[]       
,egypt1 & ! lake ( ,x>ayes1 h]et(ore s  
celebrat$ among geograph]s1 ?\gh x exi/s
 only dur+ "s mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,! swell+s 
( ! riv]s ,apure1 ,meta1 & ,or9oco1 are 
also p]iodical4 ,9 ! ra9y season1 !     
horses t w&] 9 ! savannah1 & h n "t to  
rea* ! ris+ gr\nds ( ! ,llanos1 p]i% by 
hundr$s4 ,! m>es are se51 foll[$ by _!  
colts199 swimm+ dur+ a "p ( ! day to fe$
 ^u ! grass1 ! tops ( :i* alone wave    
above ! wat]s4 7,! colts are dr[n$      
ev]y:]e 9 l>ge numb]s1 because !y are   
soon] tir$ ( swimm+1 & /rive to foll[ ! 

m>es 9 places :]e ! latt] alone c t\* ! 
gr\nd47 ,9 ?is /ate !y are pursu$ by !  
crocodiles1 & x is by no means uncommon 
to f9d ! pr9ts ( ! tee? ( ^! c>nivor\s  
reptiles on _! ?ighs4 ,! c>cases (      
horses1 mules1 & c[s1 attract an        
innum]able quantity ( vultures4 ,!      
zamuros are ! ibisis ( ?is c\ntry1 & !y 
r5d] ! same s]vice to ! inhabitants ( ! 
,llanos z ! ,vultur p]cnopt]us to !     
inhabitants ( ,egypt4  ,we _c reflect on
 ! effects ( ^! inundations )\t admir+ !
 prodigi\s pliability ( ! organization (
 ! animals :i* man has subject$ to 8    
sway4 ,9 ,gre5l& ! dog eats ! refuse ( !
 fi%]ies2 & :5 fi% are want+1 fe$s on   
seawe$4 ,! ass & ! horse1 orig9ally     
natives ( ! cold & b>r5 pla9s ( ,upp]   
,asia1 foll[ man to ! ,new ,_w1 return  
to ! wild /ate1 & lead a re/less & we>y 
life 9 ! burn+ climates ( ! tropics4    
,press$ alt]nately by excess ( dr\ght & 
( humidity1 !y sometimes seek a pool 9 !
 mid/ ( a b>e & du/y pla91 to qu5* _!   
?ir/2 & at o!r times flee f wat]1 & !   

ov]fl[+ riv]s1 z m5ac$ by an enemy t    
?reat5s !m on all sides4 ,torm5t$ dur+ !
 day by gadflies & mosquitos1 ! horses1 
mules1 & c[s f9d !mselves attack$ at    
night by enorm\s bats1 :i* fa/5 on _!   
backs1 & cause w\nds t become dang]\s1  
because !y are fill$ ) ac>idae & o!r    
hurtful insects4 ,9 ! "t ( great dr\ght 
! mules gnaw ev5 ! ?orny cactus99 9 ord]
 to imbibe its cool+ juice1 & draw x =? 
z f a vegetable f\nta94 799 ,! asses are
 p>ticul>ly adroit 9 extract+ ! moi/ure 
conta9$ 9 ! ,cactus melocatus4 ,!y pu%  
aside ! ?orns ) _! ho(s2 b sometimes    
lame !mselves 9 p]=m+ ?is feat47 ,dur+ !
 great inundations ^! same animals lead 
an amphibi\s life1 surr\nd$ by          
crocodiles1 wat]-s]p5ts1 & manatees4    
,yet1 su* are ! immutable laws ( nature1
 t _! races are pres]v$ 9 ! /ruggle ) ! 
elem5ts1 & amid s _m suff]+s & dang]s4  
,:5 ! wat]s retire1 & ! riv]s return    
aga9 into _! b$s1 ! savannah is         
ov]spread ) a beautiful sc5t$ grass2 & !
 animals ( ,europe & ,upp] ,asia seem to

 enjoy1 z 9 _! native climes1 ! r5ew$   
vegetation ( spr+4  ,dur+ ! "t ( great  
floods1 ! inhabitants ( ^! c\ntries1 to 
avoid ! =ce ( ! curr5ts1 & ! dang] aris+
 f ! trunks ( trees :i* ^! curr5ts br+  
d[n1 in/ead ( asc5d+ ! b$s ( riv]s 9 _! 
boats1 cross ! savannahs4 ,to g f ,san  
,f]n&o to ! villages ( ,san ,juan de    
,pay>a1 ,san ,raphael de ,atamaica1 or  
,san ,francisco de ,capanap>o1 !y direct
 _! c\rse due s\?1 z if !y 7 cross+ a   
s+le riv] ( tw5ty leagues broad4 ,!     
junctions ( ! ,gu>ico1 ! ,apure1 !      
,cabull>e1 & ! ,arauca ) ! ,or9oco1 =m1 
at a hundr$ & sixty leagues f ! coa/ (  
,guiana1 a k9d ( int]ior ,delta1 ( :i*  
hydrography furni%es few examples 9 !   
,old ,_w4 ,accord+ to ! height ( !      
m]cury 9 ! b>omet]1 ! wat]s ( ! ,apure h
 only a fall ( ?irty-f\r toises f ,san  
,f]n&o to ! sea4 ,! fall f ! m\?s ( !   
,osage & ! ,miss\ri to ! b> ( !         
,mississippi is n m consid]able4 ,!     
savannahs ( ,l[] ,l\isiana ev]y:]e rem9d
 u ( ! savannahs ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco4      

,dur+ our /ay ( ?ree days 9 ! little t[n
 ( ,san ,f]n&o1 we lodg$ ) ! ,capu*9    
mission>y1 :o liv$ mu* at 8 ease4 ,we 7 
recomm5d$ to him by ! bi%op ( ,c>acas1 &
 he %[$ u ! mo/ oblig+ att5tion4 ,he    
consult$ me on ! works t _h be5 und]tak5
 to prev5t ! flood f und]m9+ ! %ore on  
:i* ! t[n 0 built4 ,! fl[+ ( !          
,portuguesa into ! ,apure gives ! latt] 
an impulse t[>ds s\?-ea/2 &1 in/ead (   
procur+ a fre] c\rse = ! riv]1 attempts 
7 made to conf9e x by dykes & pi]s4 ,x 0
 easy to pr$ict t ^! w\ld be rapidly    
de/roy$ by ! swell ( ! wat]s1 ! %ore    
hav+ be5 weak5$ by tak+ away ! e>? f    
beh9d ! dyke to employ x 9 ^! hydraulic 
con/ructions4  ,san ,f]n&o is celebrat$ 
= ! excessive heat :i* prevails !re !   
great] "p ( ! ye>2 & be=e ,i beg9 !     
recital ( our long navigation on !      
riv]s1 ,i %all relate "s facts calculat$
 to ?r[ light on ! meteorology ( !      
tropics4 ,we w5t1 provid$ ) !rmomet]s1  
to ! flat %ores cov]$ ) :ite s& :i*     
bord] ! riv] ,apure4 ,at two 9 !        

aft]noon ,i f\nd ! s&1 :]ev] x 0 expos$ 
to ! sun1 at #eb4e degrees4 ,! in/rum5t1
 rais$ eighte5 in*es above ! s&1 m>k$   
#db4h degrees1 & at six feet high #ch4g 
degrees4 ,! temp]ature ( ! air "u ! %ade
 ( a ceiba 0 #cf4b degrees4 ,^!         
obs]vations 7 made dur+ a dead calm4 ,z 
soon z ! w9d began to bl[1 ! temp]ature 
( ! air rose #c degrees high]1 yet we 7 
n envelop$ by a w9d ( s&1 b ! /rata (   
air _h be5 9 contact ) a soil m /rongly 
heat$1 or ?r\gh :i* :irlw9ds ( s& _h    
pass$4 ,?is we/]n "p ( ! ,llanos is !   
hotte/1 because x receives air t has    
already cross$ ! re/ ( ! b>r5 /eppe4 ,! 
same diff]5ce has be5 obs]v$ betwe5 !   
ea/]n & we/]n p>ts ( ! des]ts ( ,africa1
 :]e ! trade-w9ds bl[4  ,! heat augm5ts 
s5sibly 9 ! ,llanos dur+ ! ra9y season1 
p>ticul>ly 9 ! mon? ( ,july1 :5 ! sky is
 cl\dy1 & reflects ! radiant heat t[>d !
 e>?4 ,dur+ ?is season ! breeze entirely
 ceases2 &1 accord+ to good !rmometrical
 obs]vations made by ,m4 ,pozo1 !       
!rmomet] rises 9 ! %ade to #ci & #ci4e  

degrees1 ?\gh kept at ! di/ance ( m ?an 
fifte5 feet f ! gr\nd4 ,z we approa*$ ! 
banks ( ! ,portuguesa1 ! ,apure1 & !    
,apurito1 ! air became cool] f !        
evaporation ( s consid]able a mass (    
wat]4 ,?is effect is m especially       
p]ceptible at sunset4 ,dur+ ! day !     
%ores ( ! riv]s1 cov]$ ) :ite s&1       
reflect ! heat 9 an insupportable       
degree1 ev5 m ?an ! yell[i% br[n clayey 
gr\nds ( ,calabozo & ,tisnao4  ,on !    
#bh? ( ,m>* ,i 0 on ! %ore at sunrise to
 measure ! bread? ( ! ,apure1 :i* is two
 hundr$ & six toises4 ,! ?und] roll$ 9  
all directions ar\nd4 ,x 0 ! fir/ /orm &
 ! fir/ ra9 ( ! season4 ,! riv] 0 swell$
 by ! ea/]ly w9d2 b x soon became calm1 
& !n "s great cetacea1 mu* resembl+ !   
porpoises ( our seas1 began to play 9   
long files on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! sl[
 & indol5t crocodiles seem to dread !   
neighb\rhood ( ^! animals1 s noisy &    
impetu\s 9 _! evolutions1 = we saw !m   
dive :5ev] !y approa*$4 ,x is a v       
extraord9>y ph5om5on to f9d cetacea at  

su* a di/ance f ! coa/4 ,! ,spani>ds ( !
 ,missions designate !m1 z !y d !       
porpoises ( ! ocean1 by ! "n ( ton9as4  
,! ,tamanacs call !m or9ucna4 ,!y are   
?ree or f\r feet long2 & b5d+ _! back1 &
 press+ ) _! tail on ! inf]ior /rata ( !
 wat]1 !y expose to view a "p ( ! back &
 ( ! dorsal f94 ,i did n succe$ 9 obta9+
 any1 ?\gh ,i (t5 engag$ ,indians to    
%oot at !m ) _! arr[s4 ,fa!r ,gili      
ass]ts t ! ,gumanos eat _! fle%4 ,are ^!
 cetacea peculi> to ! great riv]s ( ,s\?
 ,am]ica1 l ! manatee1 :i*1 accord+ to  
,cuvi]1 is also a fre% wat] cetace\s    
animal8 or mu/ we admit t !y g up f !   
sea aga9/ ! curr5t1 z ! beluga sometimes
 does 9 ! riv]s ( ,asia8 ,:at w\ld lead 
me to d\bt ?is la/ supposition is1 t we 
saw ton9as above ! great cat>acts ( !   
,or9oco1 9 ! ,rio ,atabapo4 ,did !y     
p5etrate into ! c5tre ( equ9octial      
,am]ica f ! m\? ( ! ,amazon1 by !       
communication ( t riv] ) ! ,rio ,negro1 
! ,cassiqui>e1 & ! ,or9oco8 ,!y are f\nd
 "h at all seasons1 & no?+ seems to     

d5ote t !y make p]iodical migrations l  
salmon4  ,:ile ! ?und] roll$ ar\nd u1 ! 
sky display$ only scatt]$ cl\ds1 t      
advanc$ sl[ly t[>d ! z5i?1 & 9 an       
opposite direction4 ,! hygromet] (      
,deluc 0 at #ec degrees1 ! c5tigrade    
!rmomet] #bc4g degrees1 & ,saussure's   
hygromet] #hg4e degrees4 ,! electromet] 
gave no sign ( electricity4 ,z ! /orm   
ga!r$1 ! blue ( ! sky *ang$ at fir/ to  
deep azure & !n to grey4 ,! vesicul>    
vap\r became visible1 & ! !rmomet] rose 
?ree degrees1 z is almo/ always ! case1 
)9 ! tropics1 f a cl\dy sky :i* reflects
 ! radiant heat ( ! soil4 ,a heavy ra9  
fell4 ,be+ suffici5tly habituat$ to !   
climate n to fe> ! effect ( tropical    
ra9s1 we rema9$ on ! %ore to obs]ve !   
electromet]4 ,i held x m ?an tw5ty      
m9utes 9 my h&1 six feet above ! gr\nd1 
& obs]v$ t 9 g5]al ! pi?-balls sep>at$  
only a few seconds be=e ! lightn+ 0 se54
 ,! sep>ation 0 f\r l9es4 ,! electric   
*>ge rema9$ ! same dur+ sev]al m9utes2 &
 hav+ "t to det]m9e ! nature ( !        

electricity1 by approa*+ a /ick (       
seal+-wax1 ,i saw "h :at ,i _h (t5      
obs]v$ on ! ridge ( ! ,&es dur+ a /orm1 
t ! electricity ( ! atmosph]e 0 fir/    
positive1 !n nil1 & !n negative4 ,^!    
oscillations f positive to negative 7   
(t5 repeat$4 ,yet ! electromet]         
con/antly d5ot$1 a little be=e !        
lightn+1 only ,e41 or positive ,e41 &   
nev] negative ,e4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! /orm 
! we/ w9d blew v /rongly4 ,! cl\ds      
disp]s$1 & ! !rmomet] sunk to #bb       
degrees on acc\nt ( ! evaporation f !   
soil1 & ! fre] radiation t[>ds ! sky4   
,i h ent]$ into ^! details on ! electric
 *>ge ( ! atmosph]e because travell]s 9 
g5]al conf9e !mselves to ! description (
 ! impressions produc$ on a ,european   
newly arriv$ by ! solemn spectacle ( a  
tropical /orm4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e ! ye> is 
divid$ into great seasons ( dr\ght &    
wet1 or1 z ! ,indians say 9 _!          
expressive language1 ( sun99 799 ,9 !   
,maypure dialect camoti1 prop]ly ! heat 
( ! sun4 ,! ,tamanacs call ! season (   

dr\ght uamu1 ! "t ( gras%opp]s47 & ra999
 799 ,9 ! ,tamanac language canepo4 ,!  
ye> is designat$1 among sev]al nations1 
by ! "n ( "o ( ! two seasons4 ,!        
,maypures say1 s _m suns1 7or r s _m    
heats27 ! ,tamanacs1 s _m ra9s471 x is  
highly int]e/+ to foll[ ! progress (    
meteorological ph5om5a 9 ! transition f 
"o season to ano!r4 ,we _h already      
obs]v$1 9 ! valleys ( ,aragua f ! #ah? &
 #ai? ( ,febru>y1 cl\ds =m+ at !        
comm5cem5t ( ! night4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( !   
mon? ( ,m>* ! accumulation ( ! vesicul> 
vap\rs1 visible to ! eye1 & ) !m signs (
 atmosph]ic electricity1 augm5t$ daily4 
,we saw fla%es ( heat-lightn+ to ! s\?2 
& ! electromet] ( ,volta con/antly      
display$1 at sunset1 positive           
electricity4 ,! pi? balls1 unexcit$ dur+
 ! day1 sep>at$ to ! wid? ( ?ree or f\r 
l9es at ! comm5cem5t ( ! night1 :i* is  
triple :at ,i g5]ally obs]v$ 9 ,europe1 
) ! same in/rum5t1 9 calm wea!r4 ,^u !  
:ole1 f ! #bf? ( ,may1 ! electrical     
equilibrium ( ! atmosph]e seem$ di/urb$4

 ,dur+ :ole h\rs ! electricity 0 nil1 !n
 x became v /rong1 & soon aft] 0 aga9   
imp]ceptible4 ,! hygromet] ( ,deluc     
cont9u$ to indicate great dryness 7f #cc
 to #ce degrees71 & yet ! atmosph]e     
appe>$ no long] ! same4 ,amid/ ^!       
p]petual v>iations ( ! electric /ate ( !
 air1 ! trees1 dive/$ ( _! foliage1     
already began to unfold new leaves1 &   
seem$ to feel ! approa* ( spr+4  ,!     
v>iations :i* we h j describ$ are n     
peculi> to "o ye>4 ,ev]y?+ 9 !          
equ9octial zone has a wond]ful uni=mity 
( succession1 because ! active p[]s (   
nature limit & balance ea* o!r1 accord+ 
to laws t are easily recogniz$4 ,i %all 
"h note ! progress ( atmosph]ical       
ph5om5a 9 ! isl&s to ! ea/ ( !          
,cordill]as ( ,m]ida & ( ,new ,gr5ada1 9
 ! ,llanos ( ,v5ezuela & ! ,rio ,meta1 f
 f\r to t5 degrees ( nor? latitude1     
:]ev] ! ra9s are con/ant f ,may to      
,octob]1 & compreh5d+ consequ5tly !     
p]iods ( ! greate/ heats1 :i* occur 9   
,july & ,augu/499 799 ,! maximum ( !    

heat is n felt on ! coa/1 at ,cumana1 at
 ,la ,guayra1 & 9 ! neighb\r+ isl& (    
,m>g>eta1 be=e ! mon? ( ,septemb]2 & !  
ra9s1 if ! "n c be giv5 to a few drops t
 fall at int]vals1 are obs]v$ only 9 !  
mon?s ( ,octob] & ,novemb]47  ,no?+ c   
equal ! cle>ness ( ! atmosph]e f ! mon? 
( ,decemb] to t ( ,febru>y4 ,! sky is !n
 con/antly )\t cl\ds2 & if "o %\ld      
appe>1 x is a ph5om5on t engages ! :ole 
att5tion ( ! inhabitants4 ,a breeze f ! 
ea/1 & f ea/-nor?-ea/1 bl[s ) viol5ce4  
,z x br+s ) x air always ( ! same       
temp]ature1 ! vap\rs _c become visible  
by cool+4  ,ab\t ! end ( ,febru>y & !   
beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 ! blue ( ! sky is less   
int5se1 ! hygromet] indicates by degrees
 great] humidity1 ! />s are sometimes   
veil$ by a slight /ratum ( vap\r1 & _!  
light is no long] /eady & planet>y2 !y  
are se5 tw9kl+ f "t to "t :5 at #bj     
degrees above ! horizon4 ,! breeze at   
?is p]iod becomes less /rong1 less      
regul>1 & is (t5 int]rupt$ by dead      
calms4 ,! cl\ds accumulate t[>ds        

s\?-s\?-ea/1 appe>+ l di/ant m\nta9s1 ) 
outl9es /rongly m>k$4 ,f "t to "t !y    
deta* !mselves f ! horizon1 & trav]se ! 
vault ( ! sky ) a rapidity :i* little   
corresponds ) ! feeble w9d prevail+ 9 ! 
l[] /rata ( ! air4 ,at ! end ( ,m>*1 !  
s\!rn region ( ! atmosph]e is illum9$ by
 small electric explosions4 ,!y are l   
phosphoresc5t gleams1 circumscrib$ by   
vap\r4 ,! breeze !n %ifts f "t to "t1 & 
= sev]al h\rs toge!r1 to ! we/ &        
s\?-we/4 ,?is is a c]ta9 sign ( !       
approa* ( ! ra9y season1 :i* beg9s at ! 
,or9oco ab\t ! end ( ,april4 ,! blue sky
 disappe>s1 & a grey t9t spreads uni=mly
 ov] x4 ,at ! same "t ! heat ( !        
atmosph]e progressively increases2 &    
soon ! heav5s are no long] obscur$ by   
cl\ds1 b by cond5s$ vap\rs4 ,! pla9tive 
cry ( ! h[l+ apes beg9s to be he>d be=e 
sunrise4 ,! atmosph]ic electricity1 :i*1
 dur+ ! season ( dr\ght1 f ,decemb] to  
,m>*1 _h be5 con/antly1 9 ! day-"t1 f   
#a4g to #b l9es1 becomes extremely      
v>iable f ! mon? ( ,m>*4 ,x appe>s nil  

dur+ :ole days2 & !n = "s h\rs !        
pi?-balls div]ge ?ree or f\r l9es4 ,!   
atmosph]e1 :i* is g5]ally1 9 ! torrid z 
well z 9 ! temp]ate zone1 9 a /ate (    
positive electricity1 passes alt]nately1
 = eight or t5 m9utes1 to ! negative    
/ate4 ,! season ( ra9s is t ( /orms2 &  
yet a great numb] ( exp]im5ts made dur+ 
?ree ye>s1 prove to me t x is precisely 
9 ?is season ( /orms we f9d ! smalle/   
degree ( electric t5sion 9 ! l[] regions
 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,are /orms ! effect (   
?is unequal *>ge ( ! diff]5t sup]9cumb5t
 /rata ( air8 ,:at prev5ts ! electricity
 f desc5d+ t[>ds ! e>?1 9 air :i*       
becomes m humid aft] ! mon? ( ,m>*8 ,!  
electricity at ?is p]iod1 in/ead ( be+  
diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole atmosph]e1 appe>s
 accumulat$ on ! ext]ior envelope1 at ! 
surface ( ! cl\ds4 ,accord+ to ,m4      
,gay-,lussac x is ! =mation ( ! cl\d    
itself t c>ries ! fluid t[>d its        
surface4 ,! /orm rises 9 ! pla9s two    
h\rs aft] ! sun has pass$ ! m]idian2    
consequ5tly a %ort "t aft] ! mom5t ( !  

maximum ( diurnal heat )9 ! tropics4 ,x 
is extremely r>e 9 ! isl&s to he> ?und] 
dur+ ! night1 or 9 ! morn+4 ,/orms at   
night are peculi> to c]ta9 valleys (    
riv]s1 hav+ a peculi> climate4  ,:at !n 
are ! causes ( ?is rupture ( !          
equilibrium 9 ! electric t5sion ( ! air8
 ( ?is cont9ual cond5sation ( ! vap\rs  
into wat]8 ( ?is int]ruption ( !        
breezes8 ( ?is comm5cem5t & duration ( !
 ra9y seasons8 ,i d\bt :e!r electricity 
has any influ5ce on ! =mation ( vap\rs4 
,x is r ! =mation ( ^! vap\rs t augm5ts 
& modifies ! electrical t5sion4 ,nor? & 
s\? ( ! equator1 /orms or great         
explosions take place at ! same "t 9 !  
temp]ate & 9 ! equ9octial zone4 ,is !re 
an action propagat$ ?r\gh ! great a]ial 
ocean f ! temp]ate zone t[>ds ! tropics8
 ,h[ c x be conceiv$1 t 9 t zone :]e !  
sun rises con/antly to s great a height 
above ! horizon1 its passage ?r\gh !    
z5i? c h s p[]ful an influ5ce on !      
meteorological v>iations8 ,i am ( op9ion
 t no local cause det]m9es ! comm5cem5t 

( ! ra9s )9 ! tropics2 & t a m intimate 
k ( ! high] curr5ts ( air w elucidate ^!
 problems1 s complicat$ 9 appe>ance4 ,we
 c obs]ve only :at passes 9 ! l[] /rata 
( ! atmosph]e4 ,! ,&es are sc>cely      
inhabit$ beyond ! height ( two ?\s&     
toises2 & at t height ! proximity ( !   
soil1 & ! masses ( m\nta9s1 :i* =m !    
%oals ( ! a]ial ocean1 h a s5sible      
influ5ce on ! ambi5t air4 ,:at we obs]ve
 on ! table-l& ( ,antisana is n :at we  
%\ld f9d at ! same height 9 a balloon1  
hov]+ ov] ! ,llanos or ! surface ( !    
ocean4  ,we h j se5 t ! season ( ra9s & 
/orms 9 ! nor!rn equ9octial zone        
co9cides ) ! passage ( ! sun ?r\gh !    
z5i? ( ! place199 799 ,^! passages take 
place1 9 ! fif? & t5? degrees ( nor?    
latitude betwe5 ! #crd & ! #af? (       
,april1 & betwe5 ! #bg? ( ,augu/ & ! #h?
 ( ,septemb]47 ) ! cessation ( !        
nor?-ea/ breezes1 & ) ! frequ5cy ( calms
 & b5davales1 :i* are /ormy w9ds f      
s\?-ea/ & s\?-we/1 accompani$ by a cl\dy
 sky4 ,i believe t1 9 reflect+ on !     

g5]al laws ( ! equilibrium ( ! gase\s   
masses con/itut+ our atmosph]e1 we may  
f9d1 9 ! int]ruption ( ! curr5t t bl[s f
 an homonym\s pole1 9 ! want ( ! r5ewal 
( air 9 ! torrid zone1 & 9 ! cont9u$    
action ( an asc5d+ humid curr5t1 a v    
simple cause ( ! co9cid5ce ( ^! ph5om5a4
 ,:ile ! nor?-ea/]ly breeze bl[s ) all  
its viol5ce nor? ( ! equator1 x prev5ts 
! atmosph]e :i* cov]s ! equ9octial l&s &
 seas f saturat+ itself ) moi/ure4 ,!   
hot & moi/ air ( ! torrid zone rises    
al(t1 & fl[s (f aga9 t[>ds ! poles2 :ile
 inf]ior pol> curr5ts1 br++ dri] & cold]
 /rata1 are e in/ant tak+ ! place ( !   
columns ( asc5d+ air4 ,by ?is con/ant   
action ( two opposite curr5ts1 !        
humidity1 f> f be+ accumulat$ 9 !       
equatorial region1 is c>ri$ t[>ds ! cold
 & temp]ate regions4 ,dur+ ?is season ( 
breezes1 :i* is t :5 ! sun is 9 ! s\!rn 
signs1 ! sky 9 ! nor!rn equ9octial zone 
is con/antly s]5e4 ,! vesicul> vap\rs   
are n cond5s$1 because ! air1 unceas+ly 
r5ew$1 is f> f ! po9t ( saturation4 ,9  

proportion z ! sun1 ent]+ ! nor!rn      
signs1 rises t[>ds ! z5i?1 ! breeze f ! 
nor?-ea/ mod]ates1 & by degrees entirely
 ceases4 ,! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5
 ! tropics & ! temp]ate nor!rn zone is  
!n ! lea/ possible4 ,x is ! summ] ( !   
boreal pole2 &1 if ! mean temp]ature ( !
 w9t]1 betwe5 #db & #eb degrees ( nor?  
latitude1 be f #bj to #bf degrees ( !   
c5tigrade !rmomet] less ?an ! equatorial
 heat1 ! diff]5ce 9 summ] is sc>cely f  
#d to #f degrees4 ,! sun be+ 9 ! z5i?1 &
 ! breeze hav+ ceas$1 ! causes :i*      
produce humidity1 & accumulate x 9 !    
nor!rn equ9octial zone1 become at once m
 active4 ,! column ( air repos+ on ?is  
zone1 is saturat$ ) vap\rs1 because x is
 no long] r5ew$ by ! pol> curr5t4 ,cl\ds
 =m 9 ?is air saturat$ & cool$ by !     
comb9$ effects ( radiation & !          
dilatation ( ! asc5d+ air4 ,?is air     
augm5ts its capacity = heat 9 proportion
 z x r>efies4 ,) ! =mation & collection 
( ! vesicul> vap\rs1 electricity        
accumulates 9 ! high] regions ( !       

atmosph]e4 ,! precipitation ( ! vap\rs  
is cont9ual dur+ ! day2 b x g5]ally     
ceases at night1 & frequ5tly ev5 be=e   
sunset4 ,! %[]s are regul>ly m viol5t1 &
 accompani$ ) electric explosions1 a    
%ort "t aft] ! maximum ( ! diurnal heat4
 ,?is /ate ( ?+s rema9s un*ang$1 till ! 
sun ent]s into ! s\!rn signs4 ,?is is ! 
comm5cem5t ( cold 9 ! nor!rn temp]ate   
zone4 ,! curr5t f ! nor?-pole is !n     
re-e/abli%$1 because ! diff]5ce betwe5 !
 heat ( ! equ9octial & temp]ate regions 
augm5ts daily4 ,! nor?-ea/ breeze bl[s )
 viol5ce1 ! air ( ! tropics is r5ew$1 & 
c no long] atta9 ! degree ( saturation4 
,! ra9s consequ5tly cease1 ! vesicul>   
vap\r is dissolv$1 & ! sky resumes its  
cle>ness & its azure t9t4 ,electrical   
explosions are no long] he>d1 d\btless  
because electricity no long] comes 9    
contact ) ! gr\ps ( vesicul> vap\rs 9 ! 
high regions ( ! air1 ,i _h almo/ said !
 coat+ ( cl\ds1 on :i* ! fluid c        
accumulate4  ,we h "h consid]$ !        
cessation ( ! breezes z ! pr9cipal cause

 ( ! equatorial ra9s4 ,^! ra9s 9 ea*    
hemisph]e la/ only z long z ! sun has   
its decl9ation 9 t hemisph]e4 ,x is     
necess>y to obs]ve1 t ! abs5ce ( !      
breeze is n always succe$$ by a dead    
calm2 b t ! calm is (t5 int]rupt$1      
p>ticul>ly along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica1
 by b5davales1 or s\?-we/ & s\?-ea/     
w9ds4 ,?is ph5om5on seems to demon/rate 
t ! columns ( humid air :i* rise 9 !    
nor!rn equatorial zone1 sometimes fl[ (f
 t[>d ! s\? pole4 ,9 fact1 ! c\ntries   
situat$ 9 ! torrid zone1 bo? nor? & s\? 
( ! equator1 furni%1 dur+ _! summ]1 :ile
 ! sun is pass+ ?r\gh _! z5i?1 ! maximum
 ( diff]5ce ( temp]ature ) ! air ( !    
opposite pole4 ,! s\!rn temp]ate zone   
has its w9t]1 :ile x ra9s on ! nor? ( ! 
equator2 & :ile a mean heat prevails f  
#e to #f degrees great] ?an 9 ! "t (    
dr\ght1 :5 ! sun is l[]499 799 ,f !     
equator to #aj degrees ( nor? latitude !
 mean temp]atures ( ! summ] & w9t] mon?s
 sc>cely diff] #b or #c degrees2 b at ! 
limits ( ! torrid zone1 t[>d ! tropic ( 

,canc]1 ! diff]5ce am\nts to #h or #i   
degrees47 ,! cont9uation ( ! ra9s1 :ile 
! b5davales bl[1 proves t ! curr5ts f ! 
remot] pole d n act 9 ! nor!rn          
equ9octial zone l ! curr5ts ( ! ne>]    
pole1 on acc\nt ( ! great] humidity ( ! 
s\!rn pol> curr5t4 ,! air1 waft$ by ?is 
curr5t1 comes f a hemisph]e consi/+     
almo/ entirely ( wat]4 ,x trav]ses all !
 s\!rn equatorial zone to rea* ! p>allel
 ( #h degrees nor? latitude2 & is       
consequ5tly less dry1 less cold1 less   
adapt$ to act z a c\nt]-curr5t to r5ew !
 equ9octial air & prev5t its saturation1
 ?an ! nor!rn pol> curr5t1 or ! breeze f
 ! nor?-ea/499 799 ,9 ! two temp]ate    
zones ! air loses its transp>5cy e "t t 
! w9d bl[s f ! opposite pole1 t is to   
say1 f ! pole t has n ! same d5om9ation 
z ! hemisph]e 9 :i* ! w9d bl[s47 ,we may
 suppose t ! b5davales are impetu\s w9ds
 :i*1 on "s coa/s1 = in/ance on t (     
,guatimala1 7because !y are n ! effect (
 a regul> & progressive desc5t ( ! air (
 ! tropics t[>ds ! s\? pole1 b !y       

alt]nate ) calms71 are accompani$ by    
electrical explosions1 & are 9 fact     
squalls1 t indicate a reflux1 an abrupt 
& in/antane\s rupture1 ( equilibrium 9 !
 a]ial ocean4  ,we h "h discuss$ "o ( ! 
mo/ important ph5om5a ( ! meteorology ( 
! tropics1 consid]$ 9 its mo/ g5]al     
view4 ,9 ! same mann] z ! limits ( !    
trade-w9ds d n =m circles p>allel ) !   
equator1 ! action ( ! pol> curr5ts is   
v>i\sly felt 9 diff]5t m]idians4 ,! *a9s
 ( m\nta9s & ! coa/s 9 ! same hemisph]e 
h (t5 opposite seasons4 ,!re are sev]al 
examples ( ^! anomalies2 b1 9 ord] to   
discov] ! laws ( nature1 we mu/ "k1 be=e
 we exam9e into ! causes ( local        
p]turbations1 ! av]age /ate ( !         
atmosph]e1 & ! con/ant type ( its       
v>iations4  ,! aspect ( ! sky1 !        
progress ( ! electricity1 & ! %[] ( !   
#bh? ( ,m>*1 ann\nc$ ! comm5cem5t ( !   
ra9y season2 we 7 /ill advis$1 h[ev]1 to
 g f ,san ,f]n&o de ,apure by ,san      
,francisco de ,capanap>o1 ! ,rio        
,s9>uco1 & ! ,hato de ,san ,antonio1 to 

! village ( ! ,ottomacs1 rec5tly f\nd$  
ne> ! banks ( ! ,meta1 & to emb>k on !  
,or9oco a little above ,c>i*ana4 ,?is   
way by l& lies across an unheal?y &     
fev]i% c\ntry4 ,an old f>m] nam$        
,francisco ,san*ez oblig+ly (f]$ to     
conduct u4 ,8 dress d5ot$ ! great       
simplicity ( mann]s prevail+ 9 ^? di/ant
 c\ntries4 ,he _h acquir$ a =tune ( m   
?an #ajj1jjj pia/res1 & yet he m\nt$ on 
horseback ) 8 feet b>e1 & we>+ l>ge     
silv] spurs4 ,we knew by ! exp]i5ce (   
sev]al weeks ! dull uni=mity ( !        
vegetation ( ! ,llanos1 & pref]r$ !     
long] road1 :i* leads by ! ,rio ,apure  
to ! ,or9oco4 ,we *ose "o ( ^? v l>ge   
canoes call$ lan*as by ! ,spani>ds4 ,a  
pilot & f\r ,indians 7 suffici5t to     
manage x4 ,!y con/ruct$1 ne> ! /]n1 9 ! 
space ( a few h\rs1 a cab9 cov]$ )      
palm-leaves1 suffici5tly spaci\s to     
conta9 a table & b5*es4 ,^! 7 made (    
ox-hides1 /ra9$ tight1 & nail$ to frames
 ( brazil-wood4 ,i m5tion ^! m9ute      
circum/ances1 to prove t our            

accommodations on ! ,rio ,apure 7 f>    
diff]5t f ^? to :i* we 7 aft]w>ds r$uc$ 
9 ! n>r[ boats ( ! ,or9oco4 ,we load$ ! 
canoe ) provision = a mon?4 ,f[ls1 eggs1
 planta9s1 cassava1 & cacao1 are f\nd 9 
abundance at ,san ,f]n&o4 ,! good       
,capu*91 ,fray ,jose ,m>ia de ,malaga1  
gave u %]ry w9e1 oranges1 & tam>9ds1 to 
make cool+ bev]ages4 ,we c\ld easily    
=esee t a ro( con/ruct$ ( palm-tree     
leaves w\ld become excessively hot on a 
l>ge riv]1 :]e we 7 almo/ always expos$ 
to ! p]p5dicul> rays ( ! sun4 ,!        
,indians reli$ less on ! provision we _h
 pur*as$1 ?an on _! hooks & nets4 ,we   
took also "s fire-arms1 :i* we f\nd 9   
g5]al use z f> z ! cat>acts2 b f>!r s\? 
! great humidity ( ! air prev5ts !      
mission>ies f us+ !m4 ,! ,rio ,apure    
ab\nds 9 fi%1 manatees1 & turtles1 !    
eggs ( :i* af=d an alim5t m nutriti\s   
?an agreeable to ! ta/e4 ,its banks are 
inhabit$ by an innum]able quantity (    
birds1 among :i* ! pauxi & ! gua*>aca1  
:i* may be call$ ! turkeys & pheasants (

 ^? c\ntries1 are f\nd to be ! mo/      
useful4 ,_! fle% appe>$ to be h>d] &    
less :ite ?an t ( ! gall9ace\s tribe 9  
,europe1 because !y use mu* m muscul>   
ex]cise4 ,we did n =get to add to our   
provision1 fi%+-tackle1 fire-arms1 & a  
few casks ( br&y1 to s]ve z a m$ium (   
b>t] ) ! ,indians ( ! ,or9oco4  ,we     
dep>t$ f ,san ,f]n&o on ! #cj? ( ,m>*1  
at f\r 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! wea!r 0         
extremely hot2 ! !rmomet] ris+ 9 ! %ade 
to #cd degrees1 ?\gh ! breeze blew v    
/rongly f ! s\?-ea/4 ,ow+ to ?is contr>y
 w9d we c\ld n set our sails4 ,we 7     
accompani$1 9 ! :ole ( ?is voyage on !  
,apure1 ! ,or9oco1 & ! ,rio ,negro1 by !
 bro!r-9-law ( ! gov]nor ( ! prov9ce (  
,v>9as1 ,don ,nicolas ,soto1 :o _h      
rec5tly arriv$ f ,cadiz4 ,desir\s (     
visit+ c\ntries s calculat$ to excite ! 
curiosity ( a ,european1 he did n       
hesitate to conf9e himself ) u dur+     
sev5ty-f\r days 9 a n>r[ boat infe/$ )  
mosquitos4 ,8 amiable disposition & gay 
temp] (t5 help$ to make u =get ! suff]+s

 ( a voyage :i* 0 n :olly exempt f      
dang]4 ,we pass$ ! m\? ( ! ,apurito1 &  
coa/$ ! isl& ( ! same "n1 =m$ by !      
,apure & ! ,gu>ico4 ,?is isl& is 9 fact 
only a v l[ spot ( gr\nd1 bord]$ by two 
great riv]s1 bo? ( :i*1 at a little     
di/ance f ea* o!r1 fall into ! ,or9oco1 
aft] hav+ =m$ a junction bel[ ,san      
,f]n&o by ! fir/ bifurcation ( ! ,apure4
 ,! ,isla del ,apurito is tw5ty-two     
leagues 9 l5g?1 & two or ?ree leagues 9 
bread?4 ,x is divid$ by ! ,cano de la   
,tigr]a & ! ,cano del ,manati into ?ree 
p>ts1 ! two extremes ( :i* be> ! names (
 ,isla de ,blanco & ,isla de los        
,g>zitas4 ,! "r bank ( ! ,apure1 bel[ ! 
,apurito1 is some:at bett] cultivat$ ?an
 ! left bank1 :]e ! ,y>uros1 or ,japu9  
,indians1 h con/ruct$ a few huts ) re$s 
& /alks ( palm-leaves4 ,^! p1 :o live by
 hunt+ & fi%+1 are v skilful 9 kill+    
jagu>s4 ,x is !y :o pr9cipally c>ry !   
sk9s1 kn[n 9 ,europe by ! "n (          
tig]-sk9s1 to ! ,spani% villages4 ,"s ( 
^! ,indians h be5 baptiz$1 b !y nev]    

visit ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,!y are        
consid]$ z savages because !y *oose to  
rema9 indep5d5t4 ,o!r tribes ( ,y>uros  
live "u ! rule ( ! mission>ies1 9 !     
village ( ,a*aguas1 situat$ s\? ( ! ,rio
 ,pay>a4 ,! individuals ( ?is nation1   
:om ,i _h an opportunity ( see+ at !    
,or9oco1 h a /]n expression ( c\nt5ance2
 & "s features 9 _! physiognomy1        
errone\sly call$ ,t>t>ian1 belong to    
bran*es ( ! ,mongol race1 ! eye v long1 
! *eekbones high1 b ! nose prom95t      
?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?4 ,!y are tall]1   
br[n]1 & less ?ick-set ?an ! ,*ayma     
,indians4 ,! mission>ies praise !       
intellectual "* ( ! ,y>uros1 :o 7 =m]ly 
a p[]ful & num]\s nation on ! banks ( ! 
,or9oco1 especially 9 ! environs (      
,cuyc>a1 bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,gu>ico4 ,we    
pass$ ! night at ,diamante1 a small     
sug>-plantation =m$ opposite ! isl& ( ! 
same "n4  ,dur+ ! :ole ( my voyage f    
,san ,f]n&o to ,san ,c>los del ,rio     
,negro1 & !nce to ! t[n ( ,ango/ura1 ,i 
not$ d[n day by day1 ei!r 9 ! boat or   

:]e we disemb>k$ at night1 all t appe>$ 
to me wor?y ( obs]vation4 ,viol5t ra9s1 
& ! prodigi\s quantity ( mosquitos ) :i*
 ! air is fill$ on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco &
 ! ,cassiqui>e1 necess>ily occasion$ "s 
int]ruptions2 b ,i suppli$ ! omission by
 notes tak5 a few days aft]4 ,i "h      
subjo9 "s extracts f my j\rnal4 ,:atev] 
is writt5 :ile ! objects we describe are
 be=e our eyes be>s a "* ( tru? &       
individuality :i* gives attraction to   
?+s ! lea/ important4  ,on ! #ca/ ,m>* a
 contr>y w9d oblig$ u to rema9 on %ore  
till noon4 ,we saw a "p ( "s cane-fields
 laid wa/e by ! effect ( a conflagration
 :i* _h spread f a neighb\r+ =e/4 ,!    
w&]+ ,indians ev]y:]e set fire to ! =e/ 
:]e !y h encamp$ at night2 & dur+ !     
season ( dr\ght1 va/ prov9ces w\ld be ! 
prey ( ^! conflagrations if ! extreme   
h>dness ( ! wood did n prev5t ! trees f 
be+ entirely consum$4 ,we f\nd trunks ( 
desman?us & mahogany :i* 7 sc>cely *>r$ 
two in*es deep4  ,hav+ pass$ ! ,diamante
 we ent]$ a l& inhabit$ only by tig]s1  

crocodiles1 & *iguires2 ! latt] are a   
l>ge species ( ! g5us ,cavia ( ,l9naeus4
 ,we saw flocks ( birds1 cr[d$ s closely
 toge!r z to appe> aga9/ ! sky l a d>k  
cl\d :i* e in/ant *ang$ its =m4 ,! riv] 
wid5s by degrees4 ,"o ( its banks is    
g5]ally b>r5 & s&y f ! effect (         
inundations2 ! o!r is high]1 & cov]$ )  
l(ty trees4 ,9 "s p>ts ! riv] is bord]$ 
by =e/s on ea* side1 & =ms a /raight    
canal a hundr$ & fifty toises broad4 ,! 
mann] 9 :i* ! trees are dispos$ is v    
rem>kable4 ,we fir/ f9d bu%es ( sauso199
 799 ,h]mesia ca/aneifolia4 ,?is is a   
new g5us1 approa*+ ! al*ornea ( ,sw>tz47
 =m+ a k9d ( h$ge f\r feet high1 &      
appe>+ z if !y _h be5 clipp$ by ! h& (  
man4 ,a copse ( c$>1 brazilletto1 &     
lignum-vitae1 rises beh9d ?is h$ge4     
,palm-trees are r>e2 we saw only a few  
scatt]$ trunks ( ! ?orny piritu &       
corozo4 ,! l>ge quadrup$s ( ^? regions1 
! jagu>s1 tapirs1 & pecc>ies1 h made    
op5+s 9 ! h$ge ( sauso :i* we h j       
describ$4 ,?r\gh ^! ! wild animals pass 

:5 !y come to dr9k at ! riv]4 ,z !y fe> 
b little ! approa* ( a boat1 we _h !    
pleasure ( view+ !m z !y pac$ sl[ly     
along ! %ore till !y disappe>$ 9 ! =e/1 
:i* !y ent]$ by "o ( ! n>r[ passes left 
at int]vals betwe5 ! bu%es4 ,^! sc5es1  
:i* 7 (t5 repeat$1 _h ev] = me a peculi>
 attraction4 ,! pleasure !y excite is n 
ow+ solely to ! int]e/ :i* ! naturali/  
takes 9 ! objects ( 8 /udy1 x is        
connect$ ) a feel+ common to all m5 :o h
 be5 br\ght up 9 ! habits (             
civilization4 ,y f9d y\rself 9 a new _w1
 9 ! mid/ ( untam$ & savage nature4 ,n[ 
! jagu>--! beautiful pan!r (            
,am]ica--appe>s ^u ! %ore2 & n[ !       
hocco199 799 ,ceyx alector1 !           
peacock-pheasant2 ,c4 pauxi1 !          
ca%ew-bird47 ) its black plumage & tuft$
 head1 moves sl[ly along ! sausos4      
,animals ( ! mo/ diff]5t classes succe$ 
ea* o!r4 ,esse como en el ,p>adiso1 ,x  
is j z x 0 9 ,p>adise1 said our pilot1  
an old ,indian ( ! ,missions4 ,ev]y?+1  
inde$1 9 ^! regions recalls to m9d !    

/ate ( ! primitive _w ) its innoc5ce &  
felicity4 ,b 9 c>efully obs]v+ ! mann]s 
( animals among !mselves1 we see t !y   
mutually avoid & fe> ea* o!r4 ,! gold5  
age has ceas$2 & 9 ?is ,p>adise ( !     
,am]ican =e/s1 z well z ev]y:]e else1   
sad & long exp]i5ce has taught all be+s 
t b5ignity is seldom f\nd 9 alliance )  
/r5g?4  ,:5 ! %ore is ( consid]able     
bread?1 ! h$ge ( sauso rema9s at a      
di/ance f ! riv]4 ,9 ! int]m$iate space 
we see crocodiles1 sometimes to ! numb] 
( eight or t51 /ret*$ on ! s&4          
,motionless1 ) _! jaws wide op51 !y     
repose by ea* o!r1 )\t display+ any ( ^?
 m>ks ( affection obs]v$ 9 o!r animals  
liv+ 9 society4 ,! troop sep>ates z soon
 z !y quit ! %ore4 ,x is1 h[ev]1        
probably compos$ ( "o male only1 & _m   
females2 = z ,m4 ,desc\rtils1 :o has s  
mu* /udi$ ! crocodiles ( ,/4 ,dom+o1    
obs]v$ to me1 ! males are r>e1 because  
!y kill "o ano!r 9 fight+ dur+ ! season 
( _! loves4 ,^! mon/r\s creatures are s 
num]\s1 t ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( ! riv] 

we _h almo/ at e in/ant five or six 9   
view4 ,yet at ?is p]iod ! swell+ ( !    
,rio ,apure 0 sc>cely p]ceiv$2 &        
consequ5tly hundr$s ( crocodiles 7 /ill 
buri$ 9 ! mud ( ! savannahs4 ,ab\t f\r 9
 ! aft]noon we /opp$ to measure a dead  
crocodile :i* _h be5 ca/ a%ore4 ,x 0    
only sixte5 feet eight in*es long2 "s   
days aft] ,m4 ,bonpl& f\nd ano!r1 a     
male1 tw5ty-two feet ?ree in*es long4 ,9
 e zone1 9 ,am]ica z 9 ,egypt1 ?is      
animal atta9s ! same size4 ,! species s 
abundant 9 ! ,apure1 ! ,or9oco199 799 ,x
 is ! arua ( ! ,tamanac ,indians1 !     
amana ( ! ,maypure ,indians1 !          
,crocodilus acutus ( ,cuvi]47 & ! ,rio  
de la ,magdal5a1 is n a cayman1 b a real
 crocodile1 analog\s to t ( ! ,nile1    
hav+ feet d5tat$ at ! ext]nal edges4 ,:5
 x is recollect$ t ! male ent]s ! age ( 
pub]ty only at t5 ye>s1 & t its l5g? is 
!n eight feet1 we may presume t !       
crocodile measur$ by ,m4 ,bonpl& 0 at   
lea/ tw5ty-eight ye>s old4 ,! ,indians  
told u1 t at ,san ,f]n&o sc>cely a ye>  

passes1 )\t two or ?ree gr[n-up p]sons1 
p>ticul>ly wom5 :o fet* wat] f ! riv]1  
be+ dr[n$ by ^! c>nivor\s reptiles4 ,!y 
relat$ to u ! hi/ory ( a "y girl (      
,uritucu1 :o by s+ul> intrepidity &     
pres5ce ( m9d1 sav$ h]self f ! jaws ( a 
crocodile4 ,:5 %e felt h]self seiz$1 %e 
s\ght ! eyes ( ! animal1 & plung$ h]    
f+]s into !m ) su* viol5ce1 t ! pa9 =c$ 
! crocodile to let h] g1 aft] hav+ bitt5
 (f ! l[] "p ( h] left arm4 ,! girl1    
not)/&+ ! enorm\s quantity ( blood %e   
lo/1 rea*$ ! %ore1 swimm+ ) ! h& t /ill 
rema9$ to h]4 ,9 ^? des]t c\ntries1 :]e 
man is ev] wre/l+ ) nature1 disc\rse    
daily turns on ! be/ means t may be     
employ$ to escape f a tig]1 a boa1 or a 
crocodile2 e "o prep>es himself 9 "s    
sort = ! dang]s t may await him4 ,i     
knew1 said ! "y girl ( ,uritucu coolly1 
t ! cayman lets g 8 hold1 if y pu% y\r  
f+]s into 8 eyes4 ,long aft] my return  
to ,europe1 ,i le>n$ t 9 ! int]ior (    
,africa ! negroes "k & practise ! same  
means ( def5ce4 ,:o does n recollect1 ) 

lively int]e/1 ,isaac1 ! guide ( !      
un=tunate ,mungo ,p>k1 :o 0 seiz$ twice 
by a crocodile1 & twice escap$ f ! jaws 
( ! mon/]1 hav+ succe$$ 9 ?ru/+ 8 f+]s  
into ! creature's eyes :ile "u wat]4 ,! 
,african ,isaac1 & ! "y ,am]ican girl1  
ow$ _! safety to ! same pres5ce ( m9d1 &
 ! same comb9ation ( ideas4  ,! movem5ts
 ( ! crocodile ( ! ,apure are sudd5 &   
rapid :5 x attacks any object2 b x moves
 ) ! sl[ness ( a salam&]1 :5 n excit$ by
 rage or hung]4 ,! animal 9 runn+ makes 
a ru/l+ noise1 :i* seems to proce$ f !  
rubb+ ( ! scales ( its sk9 "o aga9/     
ano!r4 ,9 ?is movem5t x b5ds its back1 &
 appe>s high] on its legs ?an :5 at re/4
 ,we (t5 he>d ?is rattl+ ( ! scales v   
ne> u on ! %ore2 b x is n true1 z !     
,indians pret5d1 t1 l ! armadillo1 ! old
 crocodiles c erect _! scales1 & e "p ( 
_! arm\r4 ,! motion ( ^! animals is no  
d\bt g5]ally 9 a /raight l9e1 or r l t (
 an arr[1 suppos+ x to *ange its        
direction at c]ta9 di/ances4 ,h[ev]1    
not)/&+ ! little app>atus ( false ribs1 

:i* connects ! v]tebrae ( ! neck1 &     
seems to imp$e ! lat]al movem5t1        
crocodiles c turn easily :5 !y please4  
,i (t5 saw "y ones bit+ _! tails2 & o!r 
obs]v]s h se5 ! same action 9 crocodiles
 at _! full gr[?4 ,if _! movem5ts almo/ 
always appe> to be /raight =w>d1 x is   
because1 l our small liz>ds1 !y move by 
/>ts4 ,crocodiles are excell5t swimm]s2 
!y g ) facility aga9/ ! mo/ rapid       
curr5t4 ,x appe>$ to me1 h[ev]1 t 9     
desc5d+ ! riv]1 !y _h "s difficulty 9   
turn+ quickly ab\t4 ,a l>ge dog1 :i* _h 
accompani$ u 9 our j\rney f ,c>acas to !
 ,rio ,negro1 0 "o day pursu$ 9 swimm+  
by an enorm\s crocodile4 ,! latt] _h    
ne>ly rea*$ its prey1 :5 ! dog escap$ by
 turn+ r\nd sudd5ly & swimm+ aga9/ !    
curr5t4 ,! crocodile p]=m$ ! same       
movem5t1 b mu* m sl[ly ?an ! dog1 :i*   
succe$$ 9 ga9+ ! %ore4  ,! crocodiles ( 
! ,apure f9d abundant food 9 ! *iguires 
7?ick-nos$ tapirs7199 :i* live fifty or 
sixty toge!r 9 troops on ! banks ( !    
riv]4 799 ,cavia capyb>a1 ,l9n4 ,! ^w   

*iguire belongs to ! language ( !       
,pal5kas & ! ,cumanagotos4 ,! ,spani>ds 
call ?is animal gu>dat9aja2 ! ,c>ibs1   
capigua2 ! ,tamanacs1 cappiva2 & !      
,maypures1 *iato4 ,accord+ to ,az>a1 x  
is kn[n at ,bu5os ,ayres by ! ,indian   
names ( capiygua & capigu>a4 ,^! v>i\s  
d5om9ations %[ a /rik+ analogy betwe5 ! 
languages ( ! ,or9oco & ^? ( ! ,rio de  
la ,plata47 ,^! animals1 z l>ge z our   
pigs1 h no weapons ( def5ce2 !y swim    
some:at bett] ?an !y run3 yet !y become 
! prey ( ! crocodiles 9 ! wat]1 & ( !   
tig]s on l&4 ,x is difficult to         
conceive1 h[1 be+ ?us p]secut$ by two   
p[]ful enemies1 !y become s num]\s2 b !y
 bre$ ) ! same rapidity z ! little      
cavies or gu9ea-pigs1 :i* come to u f   
,brazil4  ,we /opp$ bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,cano
 de la ,tigr]a1 9 a s9uosity call$ la   
,vuelta del ,joval1 to measure !        
velocity ( ! wat] at its surface4 ,x 0 n
 m ?an #c4b feet99 9 a second1 :i* gives
 #b4ef feet = ! mean velocity4 799 ,9   
ord] to measure ! velocity ( ! surface (

 a riv]1 ,i g5]ally measur$ on ! bea* a 
base ( #bej feet1 & obs]v$ ) ! *ronomet]
 ! "t t a float+ body1 ab&on$ to !      
curr5t1 requir$ to rea* ?is di/ance47 ,!
 height ( ! b>omet] indicat$ b>ely a    
slope ( sev5te5 in*es 9 a mile ( n9e    
hundr$ & fifty toises4 ,! velocity is ! 
simultane\s effect ( ! slope ( ! gr\nd1 
& ! accumulation ( ! wat]s by ! swell+ (
 ! upp] p>ts ( ! riv]4 ,we 7 aga9       
surr\nd$ by *iguires1 :i* swim l dogs1  
rais+ _! heads & necks above ! wat]4 ,we
 saw ) surprise a l>ge crocodile on !   
opposite %ore1 motionless1 & sleep+ 9 ! 
mid/ ( ^! nibbl+ animals4 ,x awoke at ! 
approa* ( our canoe1 & w5t into ! wat]  
sl[ly1 )\t fright5+ ! *iguires4 ,our    
,indians acc\nt$ = ?is indiff]5ce by !  
/upidity ( ! animals1 b x is m probable 
t ! *iguires "k by long exp]i5ce1 t !   
crocodile ( ! ,apure & ! ,or9oco does n 
attack ^u l&1 unless he f9ds ! object he
 w\ld seize imm$iately 9 8 way1 at !    
in/ant :5 he ?r[s himself into ! wat]4  
,ne> ! ,joval nature assumes an awful & 

extremely wild aspect4 ,we !re saw !    
l>ge/ jagu> we _h ev] met )4 ,! natives 
!mselves 7 a/oni%$ at its prodigi\s     
l5g?1 :i* surpass$ t ( any ,b5gal tig]  
,i _h ev] se5 9 ! museums ( ,europe4 ,! 
animal lay /ret*$ b5ea? ! %ade ( a l>ge 
zamang499 799 ,a species ( mimosa47 ,x  
_h j kill$ a *iguire1 b _h n yet t\*$   
its prey1 on :i* x kept "o ( its paws4  
,! zamuro vultures 7 assembl$ 9 great   
numb]s to dev\r ! rema9s ( ! jagu>'s    
repa/4 ,!y pres5t$ ! mo/ curi\s         
spectacle1 by a s+ul> mixture ( boldness
 & timidity4 ,!y advanc$ )9 ! di/ance ( 
two feet f ! animal1 b at ! lea/ movem5t
 he made !y drew back4 ,9 ord] to obs]ve
 m ne>ly ! mann]s ( ^! creatures1 we w5t
 into ! little skiff t accompani$ our   
canoe4 ,tig]s v r>ely attack boats by   
swimm+ to !m2 & nev] b :5 _! f]ocity is 
height5$ by a long privation ( food4 ,! 
noise ( our o>s l$ ! animal to rise     
sl[ly1 & hide itself beh9d ! sauso bu%es
 t bord]$ ! %ore4 ,! vultures tri$ to   
pr(it by ?is mom5t ( abs5ce to dev\r !  

*iguire2 b ! tig]1 not)/&+ ! proximity (
 our boat1 leap$ into ! mid/ ( !m1 & 9 a
 fit ( rage1 express$ by 8 gait & !     
movem5t ( 8 tail1 c>ri$ (f 8 prey to !  
=e/4 ,! ,indians regrett$ t !y 7 n      
provid$ ) _! lances1 9 ord] to g on %ore
 & attack ! tig]4 ,!y are accu/om$ to   
?is weapon1 & 7 "r 9 n tru/+ to our     
fire-arms4 ,9 s excessively damp an     
atmosph]e muskets (t5 miss fire4        
,cont9u+ to desc5d ! riv]1 we met ) !   
great h]d ( *iguires :i* ! tig] _h put  
to flight1 & f :i* he _h select$ 8 prey4
 ,^! animals saw u l& v unconc]n$ly2 "s 
( !m 7 seat$1 & gaz$ ^u u1 mov+ ! upp]  
lip l rabbits4 ,!y seem$ n to be afraid 
( man1 b ! sight ( our dog put !m to    
flight4 ,_! h9d legs be+ long] ?an _! =e
 legs1 _! pace is a slight gallop1 b ) s
 little swiftness t we succe$$ 9 cat*+  
two ( !m4 ,! *iguire1 :i* swims ) !     
greate/ agility1 utt]s a %ort moan 9    
runn+1 z if its respiration 7 imp$$4 ,x 
is ! l>ge/ ( ! family ( rod5tia or gnaw+
 animals4 ,x def5ds itself only at ! la/

 extremity1 :5 x is surr\nd$ & w\nd$4   
,hav+ great /r5g? 9 its gr9d+ tee?199   
p>ticul>ly ! h9d] ones1 :i* are pretty  
long1 x c te> ! paw ( a tig]1 or ! leg (
 a horse1 ) its bite4 799 ,we c\nt$     
eighte5 on ea* side4 ,on ! h9d feet1 at 
! upp] end ( ! metat>sus1 !re is a      
callosity ?ree in*es long & ?ree qu>t]s 
( an in* broad1 de/itute ( hair4 ,!     
animal1 :5 seat$1 re/s ^u ?is "p4 ,no   
tail is visible ext]nally2 b on putt+   
aside ! hair we discov] a tub]cle1 a    
mass ( nak$ & wr9kl$ fle%1 ( a conical  
figure1 & half an in* long47 ,its fle%  
has a musky smell some:at disagreeable2 
yet hams are made ( x 9 ?is c\ntry1 a   
circum/ance :i* almo/ ju/ifies ! "n (   
wat]-hog1 giv5 to ! *iguire by "s ( !   
old] naturali/s4 ,! mission>y monks d n 
hesitate to eat ^! hams dur+ ,l5t4      
,accord+ to _! zoological classification
 !y place ! armadillo1 ! ?ick-nos$      
tapir1 & ! manatee1 ne> ! tortoises2 !  
fir/1 because x is cov]$ ) a h>d arm\r l
 a sort ( %ell2 & ! o!rs because !y are 

amphibi\s4 ,! *iguires are f\nd 9 su*   
numb]s on ! banks ( ! riv]s ,santo      
,dom+o1 ,apure1 & ,arauca1 9 ! m>%es & 9
 ! inundat$ savannahs99 ( ! ,llanos1 t !
 pa/urages suff] f !m4 799 ,ne>         
,uritucu1 9 ! ,cano del ,ravanal1 we saw
 a flock ( eighty or "o hundr$ ( ^!     
animals47 ,!y br[ze ! grass :i* fatt5s !
 horses be/1 & :i* be>s ! "n ( *iguir]o1
 or *iguire-grass4 ,!y fe$ also ^u fi%2 
& we saw ) surprise1 t1 :5 sc>$ by !    
approa* ( a boat1 ! animal 9 div+ rema9s
 eight or t5 m9utes "u wat]4  ,we pass$ 
! night z usual1 9 ! op5 air1 ?\gh 9 a  
plantation1 ! proprietor ( :i* employ$  
himself 9 hunt+ tig]s4 ,he wore sc>cely 
any clo?+1 & 0 ( a d>k br[n complexion l
 a ,zambo4 ,?is did n prev5t 8 class+   
himself among/ ! ,:ites4 ,he call$ 8    
wife & 8 daught]1 :o 7 z nak$ z himself1
 ,dona ,isabella & ,dona ,manuela4 ,)\t 
hav+ ev] quitt$ ! banks ( ! ,apure1 he  
took a lively int]e/ 9 ! news (         
,madrid--enquir+ eag]ly respect+ ^?     
nev]-end+ w>s1 & ev]y?+ d[n yond] 7todas

 las cosas de alla74 ,he knew1 he said1 
t ! k+ 0 soon to come & visit ! gr&ees (
 ! c\ntry ( ,c>acas1 b he add$ ) "s     
pleasantry1 z ! p ( ! c\rt c eat only   
:eat5 bread1 !y w nev] pass beyond ! t[n
 ( ,victoria1 & we %all n see !m "h4 ,i 
_h br\ght ) me a *iguire1 :i* ,i _h     
int5d$ to h roa/$2 b our ho/ assur$ u1 t
 su* ,indian game 0 n food fit = nos    
otros caball]os blancos1 7:ite g5tlem5 l
 ourselves & him74 ,accord+ly he (f]$ u 
"s v5ison1 :i* he _h kill$ ! day be=e ) 
an arr[1 = he _h nei!r p[d] nor         
fire-arms4  ,we suppos$ t a small wood (
 planta9-trees conceal$ f u ! hut ( !   
f>m2 b ?is man1 s pr\d ( 8 nobility & ! 
col\r ( 8 sk91 _h n tak5 ! tr\ble (     
con/ruct+ ev5 an aj\pa1 or hut (        
palm-leaves4 ,he invit$ u to h our      
hammocks hung ne> 8 own1 betwe5 two     
trees2 & he assur$ u1 ) an air (        
complac5cy1 t1 if we came up ! riv] 9 ! 
ra9y season1 we %\ld f9d him b5ea? a ro(
 7baxo te*o74 ,we soon _h reason to     
compla9 ( a sy/em ( philosophy :i* is   

indulg5t to indol5ce1 & r5d]s a man     
indiff]5t to ! conv5i5ces ( life4 ,a    
furi\s w9d arose aft] midnight1 lightn+s
 fla%$ ov] ! horizon1 ?und] roll$1 & we 
7 wet to ! sk94 ,dur+ ?is /orm a        
:imsical incid5t s]v$ to amuse u = a    
mom5t4 ,dona ,isabella's cat _h p]*$ ^u 
! tam>9d-tree1 at ! foot ( :i* we lay4  
,x fell into ! hammock ( "o ( our       
companions1 :o1 be+ hurt by ! claws ( ! 
cat1 & sudd5ly ar\s$ f a pr(\nd sleep1  
imag9$ he 0 attack$ by "s wild bea/ ( ! 
=e/4 ,we ran to him on he>+ 8 cries1 &  
_h "s tr\ble to conv9ce him ( 8 error4  
,:ile x ra9$ 9 torr5ts on our hammocks &
 on our in/rum5ts :i* we _h br\ght      
a%ore1 ,don ,ignacio congratulat$ u on  
our good =tune 9 n sleep+ on ! /r&1 b   
f9d+ ourselves 9 8 doma91 among :ites & 
p]sons ( respectability 7entre g5te     
blanca y de trato74 ,wet z we 71 we c\ld
 n easily p]suade ourselves ( !         
advantages ( our situation1 & we li/5$ )
 "s impati5ce to ! long n>rative our ho/
 gave u ( 8 pret5d$ exp$ition to ! ,rio 

,meta1 ( ! val\r he _h display$ 9 a     
sangu9>y combat ) ! ,guahibo ,indians1 &
 ! s]vices t he _h r5d]$ to ,god & 8 k+1
 9 c>ry+ away ,indian *ildr5 7los       
,indiecitos7 f _! p>5ts1 to di/ribute !m
 9 ! ,missions4 ,we 7 /ruck ) ! s+ul>ity
 ( f9d+ 9 t va/ solitude a man believ+  
himself to be ( ,european race & kn[+ no
 o!r %elt] ?an ! %ade ( a tree1 & yet   
hav+ all ! va9 pret5sions1 h]$it>y      
prejudices1 & errors ( long-/&+         
civilization6  ,on ! #a/ ( ,april1 at   
sunrise1 we quitt$ ,s5or ,don ,ignacio &
 ,s5ora ,dona ,isabella 8 wife4 ,! wea!r
 0 cool]1 = ! !rmomet] 7:i* g5]ally kept
 up 9 ! daytime to #cj or #ce degrees7  
_h sunk to #bd degrees4 ,! temp]ature ( 
! riv] 0 little *ang$3 x cont9u$        
con/antly at #bf or #bg degrees4 ,!     
curr5t c>ri$ ) x an enorm\s numb] (     
trunks ( trees4 ,x might be imag9$ t on 
gr\nd entirely smoo?1 & :]e ! eye _c    
di/+ui% ! lea/ hill1 ! riv] w\ld h =m$  
by ! =ce ( its curr5t a *annel 9 a      
/raight l9e2 b a glance at ! map1 :i* ,i

 trac$ by ! compass1 w prove ! contr>y4 
,! two banks1 worn by ! wat]s1 d n      
furni% an equal resi/ance2 & almo/      
imp]ceptible inequalities ( ! level     
suffice to produce great s9uosities4    
,yet bel[ ! ,joval1 :]e ! b$ ( ! riv]   
enl>ges a little1 x =ms a *annel t      
appe>s p]fectly /raight1 & is %ad$ on   
ea* side by v tall trees4 ,?is "p ( !   
riv] is call$ ,cano ,rico4 ,i f\nd x to 
be "o hundr$ & ?irty-six toises broad4  
,we pass$ a l[ isl&1 inhabit$ by ?\s&s (
 flam+os1 rose-col\r$ spoonbills1 h]ons1
 & moorh5s1 :i* display$ plumage ( ! mo/
 v>i\s col\rs4 ,^! birds 7 s close      
toge!r t !y seem$ to be unable to /ir4  
,! isl& !y frequ5t is call$ ,isla de    
,aves1 or ,bird ,isl&4 ,l[] d[n we pass$
 ! po9t :]e ! ,rio ,ari*una1 an arm ( ! 
,apure1 bran*es (f to ! ,cabul>e1 c>ry+ 
away a consid]able body ( its wat]s4 ,we
 /opp$1 on ! "r bank1 at a little       
,indian mission1 inhabit$ by ! tribe ( !
 ,guamos1 call$ ! village ( ,santa      
,b>b>a de ,ari*una4  ,! ,guamos99 are a 

race ( ,indians v difficult to fix on a 
settl$ spot4 799 ,fa!r ,gili obs]ves t  
_! ,indian "n is ,uamu & ,pau1 & t !y   
orig9ally dwelt on ! ,upp] ,apure47 ,!y 
h great simil>ity ( mann]s ) ! ,a*aguas1
 ! ,guajibos199 799 ,_! ,indian "n is   
,guahiva47 & ! ,ottomacs1 p>tak+ _!     
disreg>d ( cleanl9ess1 _! _s ( v5geance1
 & _! ta/e = w&]+2 b _! language diff]s 
ess5tially4 ,! great] "p ( ^! f\r tribes
 live by fi%+ & hunt+1 9 pla9s (t5      
inundat$1 situat$ betwe5 ! ,apure1 !    
,meta1 & ! ,guavi>e4 ,! nature ( ^!     
regions seems to invite ! natives to a  
w&]+ life4 ,on ent]+ ! m\nta9s ( !      
,cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco1 we %all soon f9d1
 among ! ,piraoas1 ! ,macos1 & !        
,maquirit>as1 mild] mann]s1 a love (    
agriculture1 & great cleanl9ess 9 !     
int]ior ( _! huts4 ,on m\nta9 ridges1 9 
! mid/ ( imp5etrable =e/s1 man is       
compell$ to fix himself2 & cultivate a  
small spot ( l&4 ,?is cultivation       
requires little c>e2 :ile1 9 a c\ntry   
:]e !re are no o!r roads ?an riv]s1 !   

life ( ! hunt] is labori\s & difficult4 
,! ,guamos ( ! mission ( ,santa ,b>b>a  
c\ld n furni% u ) ! provision we want$4 
,!y cultivate only a little cassava4 ,!y
 appe>$ hospitable2 & :5 we ent]$ _!    
huts1 !y (f]$ u dri$ fi%1 & wat] cool$ 9
 por\s vessels4  ,beyond ! ,vuelta del  
,co*9o ,roto1 9 a spot :]e ! riv] has   
scoop$ itself a new b$1 we pass$ ! night
 on a b>e & v ext5sive /r&4 ,! =e/ be+  
imp5etrable1 we _h ! greate/ difficulty 
to f9d dry wood to light fires1 ne> :i* 
! ,indians believe !mselves 9 safety f !
 nocturnal attacks ( ! tig]4 ,our own   
exp]i5ce seems to be> te/imony 9 fav\r (
 ?is op9ion2 b ,az>a ass]ts t1 9 8 "t1 a
 tig] 9 ,p>aguay c>ri$ (f a man :o 0    
seat$ ne> a fire light$ 9 ! savannah4   
,! night 0 calm & s]5e1 & !re 0 a       
beautiful moonlight4 ,! crocodiles1     
/ret*$ along ! %ore1 plac$ !mselves 9   
su* a mann] z to be able to see ! fire4 
,we ?\ght we obs]v$ t its blaze attract$
 !m1 z x attracts fi%es1 crayfi%1 & o!r 
inhabitants ( ! wat]4 ,! ,indians %[$ u 

! tracks ( ?ree tig]s 9 ! s&1 two ( :i* 
7 v "y4 ,a female _h no d\bt conduct$ h]
 little ones to dr9k at ! riv]4 ,f9d+ no
 tree on ! /r&1 we /uck our o>s 9 !     
gr\nd1 & to ^! we fa/5$ our hammocks4   
,ev]y?+ pass$ tranquilly till elev5 at  
night2 & !n a noise s t]rific arose 9 ! 
neighb\r+ =e/1 t x 0 almo/ impossible to
 close our eyes4 ,amid ! cries ( s _m   
wild bea/s h[l+ at once1 ! ,indians     
discrim9at$ su* only z 7 at int]vals    
he>d sep>ately4 ,^! 7 ! little s(t cries
 ( ! sapaj\s1 ! moans ( ! al\ate apes1 !
 h[l+s ( ! jagu> & c\gu>1 ! pecc>y1 & ! 
slo?1 & ! cries ( ! curassao1 ! p>raka1 
& o!r gall9ace\s birds4 ,:5 ! jagu>s    
approa*$ ! skirt ( ! =e/1 our dog1 :i*  
till !n _h nev] ceas$ b>k+1 began to h[l
 & seek = %elt] b5ea? our hammocks4     
,sometimes1 aft] a long sil5ce1 ! cry ( 
! tig] came f ! tops ( ! trees2 & !n x 0
 foll[$ by ! %>p & long :i/l+ ( !       
monkeys1 :i* appe>$ to flee f ! dang] t 
?reat5$ !m4 ,we he>d ! same noises      
repeat$1 dur+ ! c\rse ( :ole mon?s1     

:5ev] ! =e/ approa*$ ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,!  
security ev9c$ by ! ,indians inspires   
confid5ce 9 ! m9ds ( travell]s1 :o      
readily p]suade !mselves t ! tig]s are  
afraid ( fire1 & t !y d n attack a man  
ly+ 9 8 hammock4 ,^! attacks are 9 fact 
extremely r>e2 &1 dur+ a long abode 9   
,s\? ,am]ica1 ,i rememb] only "o        
example1 ( a llan]o1 :o 0 f\nd mutilat$ 
9 8 hammock opposite ! isl& ( ,a*aguas4 
,:5 ! natives are int]rogat$ on ! causes
 ( ! trem5d\s noise made by ! bea/s ( ! 
=e/ at c]ta9 h\rs ( ! night1 ! answ] is1
 ,!y are keep+ ! fea/ ( ! full moon4  ,i
 believe ?is agitation is mo/ frequ5tly 
! effect ( "s conflict t has aris5 9 !  
dep?s ( ! =e/4 ,! jagu>s1 = in/ance1    
pursue ! pecc>ies & ! tapirs1 :i*1 hav+ 
no def5ce b 9 _! numb]s1 flee 9 close   
troops1 & break d[n ! bu%es !y f9d 9 _! 
way4 ,t]rifi$ at ?is /ruggle1 ! timid & 
mi/ru/ful monkeys answ]1 f ! tops ( !   
trees1 ! cries ( ! l>ge animals4 ,!y    
awak5 ! birds t live 9 society1 & by    
degrees ! :ole assembly is 9 commotion4 

,x is n always 9 a f9e moonlight1 b m   
p>ticul>ly at ! "t ( a /orm & viol5t    
%[]s1 t ?is tumult takes place among !  
wild bea/s4 ,may ,heav5 grant !m a quiet
 night & repose1 & u also6 said ! monk  
:o accompani$ u to ! ,rio ,negro1 :51   
s9k+ ) fatigue1 he assi/$ 9 arrang+ our 
accommodations = ! night4 ,x 0 inde$    
/range1 to f9d no sil5ce 9 ! solitude ( 
woods4 ,9 ! inns ( ,spa9 we dread ! s\nd
 ( guit>s f ! next ap>tm5t2 on !        
,or9oco1 :]e ! travell]'s re/+-place is 
! op5 bea*1 or b5ea? ! %elt] ( a solit>y
 tree1 8 slumb]s are di/urb$ by a s]5ade
 f ! =e/4  ,we set sail be=e sunrise1 on
 ! #bnd ( ,april4 ,! morn+ 0 beautiful &
 cool1 accord+ to ! feel+s ( ^? :o are  
accu/om$ to ! heat ( ^! climates4 ,!    
!rmomet] rose only to #bh degrees 9 !   
air1 b ! dry & :ite s& ( ! bea*1 not)/&+
 its radiation t[>ds a cl\dless sky1    
reta9$ a temp]ature ( #cf degrees4 ,!   
porpoises 7ton9as7 pl\gh$ ! riv] 9 long 
files4 ,! %ore 0 cov]$ ) fi%+-birds4 ,"s
 ( ^! p]*$ on ! float+ wood z x pass$   

d[n ! riv]1 & surpris$ ! fi% t pref]r$ !
 middle ( ! /ream4 ,our canoe 0 agr\nd  
sev]al times dur+ ! morn+4 ,^! %ocks are
 suffici5tly viol5t to split a light    
b>k4 ,we /ruck on ! po9ts ( sev]al l>ge 
trees1 :i* rema9 = ye>s 9 an oblique    
position1 sunk 9 ! mud4 ,^! trees desc5d
 f ,s>>e1 at ! p]iod ( great            
inundations1 & !y s fill ! b$ ( ! riv]1 
t canoes 9 go+ up f9d x difficult       
sometimes to make _! way ov] ! %oals1 or
 :]ev] !re are eddies4 ,we rea*$ a spot 
ne> ! isl& ( ,c>izales1 :]e we saw      
trunks ( ! locu/-tree1 ( an enorm\s     
size1 above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,!y 7   
cov]$ ) a species ( plotus1 ne>ly       
resembl+ ! anh+a1 or :ite belli$ d>t]4  
,^! birds p]* 9 files1 l pheasants &    
p>rakas1 & !y rema9 = h\rs entirely     
motionless1 ) _! beaks rais$ t[>d ! sky4
  ,bel[ ! isl& ( ,c>izales we obs]v$ a  
dim9ution ( ! wat]s ( ! riv]1 at :i* we 
7 ! m surpris$1 z1 aft] ! bifurcation at
 la ,boca de ,ari*una1 !re is no bran*1 
no natural dra91 :i* takes away wat] f !

 ,apure4 ,! loss is solely ! effect (   
evaporation1 & ( filtration on a s&y &  
wet %ore4 ,"s idea ( ! magnitude ( ^!   
effects may be =m$1 f ! fact t we f\nd !
 heat ( ! dry s&s1 at diff]5t h\rs ( !  
day1 f #cf to #eb degrees1 & t ( s&s    
cov]$ ) ?ree or f\r in*es ( wat] #cb    
degrees4 ,! b$s ( riv]s are heat$ z f> z
 ! dep? to :i* ! sol> rays c p5etrate   
)\t und]go+ too great an ext9ction 9 _! 
passage ?r\gh ! sup]9cumb5t /rata (     
wat]4 ,besides1 filtration ext5ds 9 a   
lat]al direction f> beyond ! b$ ( !     
riv]4 ,! %ore1 :i* appe>s dry to u1     
imbibes wat] z f> up z to ! level ( !   
surface ( ! riv]4 ,we saw wat] gu% out  
at ! di/ance ( fifty toises f ! %ore1 e 
"t t ! ,indians /ruck _! o>s into !     
gr\nd4 ,n[ ^! s&s1 wet bel[1 b dry      
above1 & expos$ to ! sol> rays1 act l   
sponges1 & lose ! infiltrat$ wat] e     
in/ant by evaporation4 ,! vap\r t is    
emitt$1 trav]ses ! upp] /ratum ( s&     
/rongly heat$1 & becomes s5sible to !   
eye :5 ! air cools t[>ds ev5+4 ,z ! bea*

 dries1 x draws f ! riv] new portions ( 
wat]2 & x may be easily conceiv$ t ?is  
cont9ual alt]nation ( vaporization &    
lat]al absorption mu/ cause an imm5se   
loss1 difficult to submit to exact      
calculation4 ,! increase ( ^! losses    
w\ld be 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( ! c\rse
 ( ! riv]s1 if f _! s\rce to _! m\? !y 7
 equally surr\nd$ by a flat %ore2 b ^!  
%ores be+ =m$ by deposits f ! wat]1 & ! 
wat] hav+ less velocity 9 proportion z x
 is m remote f its s\rce1 ?r[+ d[n m    
s$im5t 9 ! l[] ?an 9 ! upp] "p ( its    
c\rse1 _m riv]s 9 hot climates und]go a 
dim9ution 9 ! quantity ( _! wat]1 z !y  
approa* _! outlets4 ,mr4 ,b>r[ obs]v$ ^!
 curi\s effects ( s&s 9 ! s\!rn "p (    
,africa1 on ! banks ( ! ,orange ,riv]4  
,!y h also become ! subject ( a v       
important discussion1 9 ! v>i\s hypo!ses
 t h be5 =m$ respect+ ! c\rse ( !       
,nig]499 799 ,geograph]s suppos$1 = a   
long p]iod1 t ! ,nig] 0 entirely absorb$
 by ! s&s1 & evaporat$ by ! heat ( !    
tropical sun1 z no emb\*ure c\ld be f\nd

 on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa to meet !    
requirem5ts ( s enorm\s a riv]4 ,x 0    
discov]$1 h[ev]1 by ! ,l&]s1 9 #ahcj1 t 
x does really fl[ into ! ,atlantic2 yet 
! cause m5tion$ above is s p[]ful1 t (  
all ! num]\s bran*es into :i* x sep>ates
 at its m\?1 only "o 7! ,nun ,riv]7 is  
navigable ev5 = light %ips1 & = half !  
ye> ev5 ^? are unable to ent]47  ,ne> ! 
,vuelta de ,basilio1 :]e we l&$ to      
collect plants1 we saw on ! top ( a tree
 two beautiful little monkeys1 black z  
jet1 ( ! size ( ! sai1 ) preh5sile      
tails4 ,_! physiognomy & _! movem5ts    
suffici5tly %[$ t !y 7 nei!r ! quato    
7,simia beelzebub7 nor ! *amek1 nor any 
( ! ,ateles4 ,our ,indians !mselves _h  
nev] se5 any t resembl$ !m4 ,monkeys1   
especially ^? liv+ 9 troops1 make long  
emigrations at c]ta9 p]iods1 &          
consequ5tly x happ5s t at ! beg9n+ ( !  
ra9y seasons ! natives discov] r\nd _!  
huts diff]5t k9ds :i* !y h n be=e       
obs]v$4 ,on ?is same bank our guides %[$
 u a ne/ ( "y iguanas only f\r in*es    

long4 ,x 0 difficult to di/+ui% !m f    
common liz>ds4 ,!re 0 no di/+ui%+ m>k   
yet =m$ b ! dewlap bel[ ! ?roat4 ,!     
dorsal sp9es1 ! l>ge erect scales1 all  
^? app5dages t r5d] ! iguana s rem>kable
 :5 x atta9s its full gr[?1 7 sc>cely   
traceable4  ,! fle% ( ?is animal ( !    
saurian family appe>$ to u to h an      
agreeable ta/e 9 e c\ntry :]e ! climate 
is v dry2 we ev5 f\nd x s at p]iods :5  
we 7 n 9 want ( o!r food4 ,x is         
extremely :ite1 & next to ! fle% ( !    
armadillo1 "o ( ! be/ k9ds ( food to be 
f\nd 9 ! huts ( ! natives4  ,x ra9$ t[>d
 ev5+1 & be=e ! ra9 fell1 swall[s1      
exactly resembl+ our own1 skimm$ ov] !  
surface ( ! wat]4 ,we saw also a flock (
 p>oquets pursu$ by little go%awks )\t  
cre/s4 ,! pi]c+ cries ( ^! p>oquets     
contra/$ s+ul>ly ) ! :i/l+ ( ! birds (  
prey4 ,we pass$ ! night 9 ! op5 air1 ^u 
! bea*1 ne> ! isl& ( ,c>izales4 ,!re 7  
sev]al ,indian huts 9 ! neighb\rhood1   
surr\nd$ ) plantations4 ,our pilot      
assur$ u be=eh& t we %\ld n he> ! cries 

( ! jagu>1 :i*1 :5 n extremely press$ by
 hung]1 )draws f places :]e he does n   
reign unmole/$4 ,m5 put him out ( hum\r 
7los hombres lo enfadan71 say ! p 9 !   
,missions4 ,a pleasant & simple         
expression1 t m>ks a well-obs]v$ fact4  
,s9ce our dep>ture f ,san ,f]n&o we _h n
 met a s+le boat on ?is f9e riv]4       
,ev]y?+ d5ot$ ! mo/ pr(\nd solitude4 ,on
 ! morn+ ( ! #crd ( ,april our ,indians 
caught ) a hook ! fi% kn[n 9 ! c\ntry by
 ! "n ( c>ibe199 799 ,c>ibe 9 ! ,spani% 
language signifies cannibal47 or        
c>ibito1 because no o!r fi% has su* a   
?ir/ = blood4 ,x attacks ba!rs &        
swimm]s1 f :om x (t5 bites away         
consid]able pieces ( fle%4 ,! ,indians  
dread extremely ^! c>ibes2 & sev]al ( !m
 %[$ u ! sc>s ( deep w\nds 9 ! calf ( ! 
leg & 9 ! ?igh1 made by ^! little       
animals4 ,!y swim at ! bottom ( riv]s2 b
 if a few drops ( blood be %$ on ! wat]1
 !y rise by ?\s&s to ! surface1 s t if a
 p]son be only slightly bitt51 x is     
difficult = him to get out ( ! wat] )\t 

receiv+ a sev]] w\nd4 ,:5 we reflect on 
! numb]s ( ^! fi%1 ! l>ge/ & mo/        
voraci\s ( :i* are only f\r or five     
in*es long1 on ! triangul> =m ( _! %>p &
 cutt+ tee?1 & on ! amplitude ( _!      
retractile m\?s1 we ne$ n be surpris$ at
 ! fe> :i* ! c>ibe excites 9 !          
inhabitants ( ! banks ( ! ,apure & !    
,or9oco4 ,9 places :]e ! riv] 0 v       
limpid1 :]e n a fi% appe>$1 we ?rew into
 ! wat] little morsels ( raw fle%1 & 9 a
 few m9utes a p]fect cl\d ( c>ibes _h   
come to dispute _! prey4 ,! belly ( ?is 
fi% has a cutt+ edge1 ind5t$ l a saw1 a 
*>act]i/ic :i* may be also trac$ 9 !    
s]ra-salmes1 ! myletes1 & ! pri/iga/res4
 ,! pres5ce ( a second adip\s dorsal f91
 & ! =m ( ! tee?1 cov]$ by lips di/ant f
 ea* o!r1 & l>ge/ 9 ! l[] jaw1 place !  
c>ibe among ! s]ra-salmes4 ,its m\? is  
mu* wid] ?an t ( ! myletes ( ,cuvi]4    
,its body1 t[>d ! back1 is a%-col\r$ ) a
 t9t ( gre51 b ! belly1 ! gill-cov]s1 & 
! pectoral1 anal1 & v5tral f9s1 are ( a 
f9e orange hue4 ,?ree species are kn[n 9

 ! ,or9oco1 & are di/+ui%$ by _! size4  
,! int]m$iate appe>s to be id5tical ) ! 
m$ium species ( ! piraya1 or piranha1 ( 
,m>cgrav499 799 ,salmo rhombeus1 ,l9n47 
,! c>ibito has a v agreeable flav\r4 ,z 
no "o d>es to ba! :]e x is f\nd1 x may  
be consid]$ z "o ( ! greate/ sc\rges (  
^? climates1 9 :i* ! /+ ( ! mosquitos & 
! g5]al irritation ( ! sk9 r5d] ! use ( 
ba?s s necess>y4  ,we /opp$ at noon 9 a 
des]t spot call$ ,algodonal4 ,i left my 
companions :ile !y drew ! boat a%ore & 7
 occupi$ 9 prep>+ our d9n]4 ,i w5t along
 ! bea* to get a ne> view ( a gr\p (    
crocodiles sleep+ 9 ! sun1 & ly+ 9 su* a
 mann] z to h _! tails1 :i* 7 furni%$ ) 
broad plates1 re/+ on "o ano!r4 ,"s     
little h]ons199 :ite z sn[1 walk$ along 
_! backs1 & ev5 ^u _! heads1 z if pass+ 
ov] trunks ( trees4 799 ,g>zon *ico4 ,x 
is believ$1 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 t h]ons h an
 affection = crocodiles1 because !y take
 advantage 9 fi%+ ( ! t]ror t mon/r\s   
animal causes among ! fi%es1 :i* he     
drives f ! bottom to ! surface ( ! wat]2

 b on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 ! h]on keeps   
prud5tly at "s di/ance f ! crocodile47  
,! crocodiles 7 ( a gre5i% grey1 half   
cov]$ ) dri$ mud2 f _! col\r &          
immobility !y might h be5 tak5 = /atues 
( bronze4 ,?is excursion _h ne>ly prov$ 
fatal to me4 ,i _h kept my eyes         
con/antly turn$ t[>ds ! riv]2 b1 :il/   
pick+ up "s spangles ( mica agglom]at$  
toge!r 9 ! s&1 ,i discov]$ ! rec5t      
foot/eps ( a tig]1 easily di/+ui%able f 
_! =m & size4 ,! animal _h gone t[>ds ! 
=e/1 & turn+ my eyes on t side1 ,i f\nd 
myself )9 eighty paces ( a jagu> t 0 ly+
 "u ! ?ick foliage ( a ceiba4 ,no tig]  
_h ev] appe>$ to me s l>ge4  ,!re are   
accid5ts 9 life aga9/ :i* we may seek 9 
va9 to =tify our reason4 ,i 0 extremely 
al>m$1 yet suffici5tly ma/] ( myself & (
 my motions to enable me to foll[ !     
advice :i* ! ,indians _h s (t5 giv5 u z 
to h[ we ought to act 9 su* cases4 ,i   
cont9u$ to walk on )\t runn+1 avoid$    
mov+ my arms1 & ,i ?\ght ,i obs]v$ t !  
jagu>'s att5tion 0 fix$ on a h]d (      

capyb>as :i* 0 cross+ ! riv]4 ,i !n     
began to return1 mak+ a l>ge circuit    
t[>d ! edge ( ! wat]4 ,z ! di/ance      
increas$1 ,i ?\ght ,i might accel]ate my
 pace4 ,h[ (t5 0 ,i tempt$ to look back 
9 ord] to assure myself t ,i 0 n pursu$6
 ,happily ,i yield$ v t>dily to ?is     
desire4 ,! jagu> _h rema9$ motionless4  
,^! enorm\s cats ) spott$ robes are s   
well f$ 9 c\ntries ab\nd+ 9 capyb>as1   
pec>ies1 & de]1 t !y r>ely attack m54 ,i
 arriv$ at ! boat out ( brea?1 & relat$ 
my adv5ture to ! ,indians4 ,!y appe>$ v 
little int]e/$ by my /ory2 yet1 aft]    
hav+ load$ our guns1 !y accompani$ u to 
! ceiba b5ea? :i* ! jagu> _h la94 ,he 0 
!re no long]1 & x w\ld h be5 imprud5t to
 h pursu$ him into ! =e/1 :]e we mu/ h  
disp]s$1 or advanc$ 9 s+le file1 amid/ !
 int]tw9+ lianas4  ,9 ! ev5+ we pass$ ! 
m\? ( ! ,cano del ,manati1 ?us nam$ on  
acc\nt ( ! imm5se quantity ( manatees   
caught !re e ye>4 ,?is h]bivor\s animal 
( ! cetace\s family1 is call$ by !      
,indians apcia & avia199 & x atta9s "h  

g5]ally t5 or twelve feet 9 l5g?4 799 ,!
 fir/ ( ^! words belongs to ! ,tamanac  
language1 & ! second to ! ,ottomac4     
,fa!r ,gili proves1 9 opposition to     
,ovi$o1 t manati 7fi% ) h&s7 is n       
,spani%1 b belongs to ! languages (     
,hayti 7,/4 ,dom+o7 & ! ,maypures4 ,i   
believe also t1 accord+ to ! g5ius ( !  
,spani% tongue1 ! animal w\ld h be5     
call$ manudo or manon1 b n manati47 ,x  
usually weighs f five hundr$ to eight   
hundr$ p\nds1 b x is ass]t$ t "o has be5
 tak5 ( eight ?\s& p\nds weight4 ,!     
manatee ab\nds 9 ! ,or9oco bel[ !       
cat>acts1 9 ! ,rio ,meta1 & 9 ! ,apure1 
betwe5 ! two isl&s ( ,c>izales &        
,cons]va4 ,we f\nd no ve/iges ( nails on
 ! ext]nal surface or ! edges ( ! f9s1  
:i* are q smoo?2 b little rudim5ts (    
nails appe> at ! ?ird phalanx1 :5 ! sk9 
( ! f9s is tak5 (f4 ,we dissect$ "o ( ^!
 animals1 :i* 0 n9e feet long1 at       
,c>i*ana1 a ,mission ( ! ,or9oco4 ,!    
upp] lip 0 f\r in*es long] ?an ! l[] "o4
 ,x 0 cov]$ ) a v f9e sk91 & s]v$ z a   

proboscis4 ,! inside ( ! m\?1 :i* has a 
s5sible w>m? 9 an animal newly kill$1   
pres5t$ a v s+ul> con=mation4 ,! tongue 
0 almo/ motionless2 b 9 front ( ! tongue
 !re 0 a fle%y excresc5ce 9 ea* jaw1 & a
 cavity l9$ ) a v h>d sk91 into :i* !   
excresc5ce fitt$4 ,! manatee eats su*   
quantities ( grass1 t we h f\nd its     
/oma*1 :i* is divid$ into sev]al        
cavities1 & its inte/9es1 7"o hundr$ &  
eight feet long17 fill$ ) x4 ,on op5+ ! 
animal at ! back1 we 7 /ruck ) !        
magnitude1 =m1 & situation ( its lungs4 
,!y h v l>ge cells1 & resemble imm5se   
swimm+-bladd]s4 ,!y are ?ree feet long4 
,fill$ ) air1 !y h a bulk ( m ?an a ?\s&
 cubic in*es4 ,i 0 surpris$ to see t1   
possess+ su* consid]able receptacles =  
air1 ! manatee comes s (t5 to ! surface 
( ! wat] to brea!4 ,its fle% is v       
sav\ry1 ?\gh1 f :at prejudice ,i "k n1 x
 is consid]$ un:olesome & apt to produce
 fev]4 ,x appe>$ to me to resemble pork 
r ?an beef4 ,x is mo/ e/eem$ by !       
,guamos & ! ,ottomacs2 & ^! two nations 

are p>ticul>ly exp]t 9 cat*+ ! manatee4 
,its fle%1 :5 salt$ & dri$ 9 ! sun1 c be
 pres]v$ a :ole ye>2 &1 z ! cl]gy reg>d 
?is mammif]\s animal z a fi%1 x is mu*  
s\ght dur+ ,l5t4 ,! vital pr9cipal is   
s+ul>ly /rong 9 ! manatee2 x is ti$ aft]
 be+ h>poon$1 b is n kill$ till x has   
be5 tak5 into ! canoe4 ,?is is effect$1 
:5 ! animal is v l>ge1 9 ! middle ( !   
riv]1 by fill+ ! canoe two-?irds ) wat]1
 slid+ x "u ! animal1 & !n bal+ out !   
wat] by means ( a calaba%4 ,?is fi%]y is
 mo/ easy aft] great inundations1 :5 !  
manatee has pass$ f ! great riv]s into !
 lakes & surr\nd+ m>%es1 & ! wat]s      
dim9i% rapidly4 ,at ! p]iod :5 !        
,jesuits gov]n$ ! ,missions ( ! ,l[]    
,or9oco1 !y assembl$ e ye> at ,cabruta1 
bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,apure1 to h a gr& fi%+ =
 manatees1 ) ! ,indians ( _! ,missions1 
at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 n[ call$ ,el       
,capu*9o4 ,! fat ( ! animal1 kn[n by !  
"n ( manatee-butt] 7manteca de manati17 
is us$ = lamps 9 ! *ur*es2 & is also    
employ$ 9 prep>+ food4 ,x has n ! fetid 

smell ( :ale-oil1 or t ( ! o!r cetace\s 
animals :i* sp\t wat]4 ,! hide ( !      
manati1 :i* is m ?an an in* & a half    
?ick1 is cut into slips1 & s]ves1 l     
?ongs ( ox-lea!r1 to supply ! place (   
cordage 9 ! ,llanos4 ,:5 imm]s$ 9 wat]1 
x has ! defect ( und]go+ a slight degree
 ( putrefaction4 ,:ips are made ( x 9 ! 
,spani% colonies4 ,h5ce ! words latigo &
 manati are synonym\s4 ,^! :ips (       
manatee-lea!r are a cruel in/rum5t (    
puni%m5t = ! unhappy slaves1 & ev5 = !  
,indians ( ! ,missions1 ?\gh1 accord+ to
 ! laws1 ! latt] ought to be treat$ l   
freem54  ,we pass$ ! night opposite !   
isl& ( ,cons]va4 ,9 skirt+ ! =e/ we 7   
surpris$ by ! sight ( an enorm\s trunk (
 a tree sev5ty feet high1 & ?ickly set )
 bran*+ ?orns4 ,x is call$ by ! natives 
b>ba de tigre4 ,x 0 p]haps a tree ( !   
b]b]ide\s family499 799 ,we f\nd1 on !  
banks ( ! ,apure1 ,ammania apur5sis1    
,cordia cordifolia1 ,c4 gr&iflora1      
,mollugo sp]guloides1 ,myosotis         
li?osp]moides1 ,sp]macocce diffusa1     

,coronilla occid5talis1 ,bignonia       
apur5sis1 ,pisonia pubesc5s1 ,ruellia   
viscosa1 "s new species ( ,jussieua1 & a
 new g5us ( ! composite family1         
approximat+ to ,rol&ra1 ! ,tri*ospira   
m5?oides ( ,m4 ,kun?47 ,! ,indians _h   
k9dl$ fires at ! edge ( ! wat]4 ,we aga9
 p]ceiv$ t _! light attract$ !          
crocodiles1 & ev5 ! porpoises 7ton9as71 
! noise ( :i* int]rupt$ our sleep1 till 
! fire 0 ext+ui%$4 ,a female jagu>      
approa*$ our /ation :il/ tak+ h] "y "o  
to dr9k at ! riv]4 ,! ,indians succe$$ 9
 *as+ h] away1 b we he>d = a long "t !  
cries ( ! little jagu>1 :i* mew$ l a "y 
cat4 ,soon aft]1 our great dog 0 bitt51 
or1 z ! ,indians say1 /ung1 at ! po9t ( 
! nose1 by "s enorm\s bats t hov]$ ar\nd
 our hammocks4 ,^! bats _h long tails1 l
 ! ,molosses3 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 
,phyllo/omes1 ! tongue ( :i*1 furni%$ ) 
papillae1 is an organ ( suction1 & is   
capable ( be+ consid]ably elongat$4 ,!  
dog's w\nd 0 v small & r\nd2 & ?\gh he  
utt]$ a pla9tive cry :5 he felt himself 

bitt51 x 0 n f pa91 b because he 0      
fright5$ at ! sight ( ! bats1 :i* came  
out f b5ea? our hammocks4 ,^! accid5ts  
are mu* m r>e ?an is believ$ ev5 9 !    
c\ntry itself4 ,9 ! c\rse ( sev]al ye>s1
 not)/&+ we slept s (t5 9 ! op5 air1 9  
climates :]e vampire-bats199 799        
,v]sp]tilio spectrum47 & o!r analog\s   
species are s common1 we 7 nev] w\nd$4  
,besides1 ! puncture is no-way dang]\s1 
& 9 g5]al causes s little pa91 t x (t5  
does n awak5 ! p]son till aft] ! bat has
 )drawn4  ,! #d? ( ,april 0 ! la/ day we
 pass$ on ! ,rio ,apure4 ,! vegetation (
 its banks became m & m uni=m4 ,dur+    
sev]al days1 & p>ticul>ly s9ce we _h    
left ! ,mission ( ,ari*una1 we _h suff]$
 cruelly f ! /+s ( insects1 :i* cov]$   
our faces & h&s4 ,!y 7 n mosquitos1 :i* 
h ! appe>ance ( little flies1 or ( !    
g5us ,simulium1 b zancudos1 :i* are     
really gnats1 ?\gh v diff]5t f our      
,european species499 799 ,m4 ,latreille 
has discov]$ t ! mosquitos ( ,s\?       
,c>ol9a are ( ! g5us ,simulium          

7,atractoc]a meig547 ,^! insects appe>  
only aft] sunset4 ,_! proboscis is s    
long t1 :5 !y fix on ! l[] surface ( a  
hammock1 !y pi]ce ?r\gh x & ! ?icke/    
g>m5ts ) _! /+4  ,we _h int5d$ to pass !
 night at ! ,vuelta del ,palmito1 b !   
numb] ( jagu>s at t "p ( ! ,apure is s  
great1 t our ,indians f\nd two hidd5    
beh9d ! trunk ( a locu/-tree1 at ! mom5t
 :5 !y 7 go+ to sl+ our hammocks4 ,we 7 
advis$ to re-emb>k1 & take our /ation 9 
! isl& ( ,apurito1 ne> its junction ) ! 
,or9oco4 ,t portion ( ! isl& belongs to 
! prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 :ile ! "r banks ( !
 ,apure & ! ,or9oco =m a "p1 ! "o ( !   
prov9ce ( ,v>9as1 ! o!r ( ,spani%       
,guiana4 ,we f\nd no trees to :i* we    
c\ld susp5d our hammocks1 & 7 oblig$ to 
sleep on ox-hides spread on ! gr\nd4 ,! 
boats 7 too n>r[ & too full ( zancudos  
to p]mit u to pass ! night 9 !m4  ,9 !  
place :]e we _h l&$ our in/rum5ts1 !    
banks be+ /eep1 we saw new pro(s ( !    
indol5ce ( ! gall9ace\s birds ( !       
tropics4 ,! curassaos & ca%ew-birds99 h 

! habit ( go+ d[n sev]al times a day to 
! riv] to allay _! ?ir/4 799 ,! latt]   
7,crax pauxi7 is less common ?an ! =m]47
 ,!y dr9k a great deal1 & at %ort       
int]vals4 ,a va/ numb] ( ^! birds _h    
jo9$1 ne> our /ation1 a flock ( p>raka  
pheasants4 ,!y _h great difficulty 9    
climb+ up ! /eep banks2 !y attempt$ x   
sev]al times )\t us+ _! w+s4 ,we drove  
!m be=e u1 z if we _h be5 driv+ %eep4 ,!
 zamuro vultures raise !mselves f !     
gr\nd ) great reluctance4  ,we 7 s+ul>ly
 /ruck at ! small quantity ( wat] :i* ! 
,rio ,apure furni%es at ?is season to ! 
,or9oco4 ,! ,apure1 :i*1 accord+ to my  
measurem5ts1 0 /ill "o hundr$ &         
?irty-six toises broad at ! ,cano ,rico1
 0 only sixty or eighty at its m\?499   
799 ,n q s broad z ! ,se9e at ! ,pont   
,royal1 opposite ! palace ( ! ,tuil]ies1
 & a little m ?an half ! wid? ( ! ,?ames
 at ,we/m9/] ,bridge47 ,its dep? "h 0   
only ?ree or f\r toises4 ,x loses1 no   
d\bt1 a "p ( its wat]s by ! ,rio        
,ari*una & ! ,cano del ,manati1 two     

bran*es ( ! ,apure t fl[ into ! ,pay>a &
 ! ,gu>ico2 b its greate/ loss appe>s to
 be caus$ by filtrations on ! bea*1 (   
:i* we h be=e spok54 ,! velocity ( !    
,apure ne> its m\? 0 only #c4b feet p]  
second2 s t ,i c\ld easily h calculat$ !
 :ole quantity ( ! wat] if ,i _h tak51  
by a s]ies ( proximate s\nd+s1 ! :ole   
dim5sions ( ! transv]se section4  ,we   
t\*$ sev]al times on %oals be=e we ent]$
 ! ,or9oco4 ,! gr\nd ga9$ f ! wat] is   
imm5se t[>ds ! conflu5ce ( ! two riv]s4 
,we 7 oblig$ to be t[$ along by ! bank4 
,:at a contra/ betwe5 ?is /ate ( ! riv] 
imm$iately be=e ! entrance ( ! ra9y     
season1 :5 all ! effects ( dryness ( !  
air & ( evaporation h atta9$ _! maximum1
 & t autumnal /ate :5 ! ,apure1 l an arm
 ( ! sea1 cov]s ! savannahs z f> z ! eye
 c rea*6 ,we disc]n$ t[>ds ! s\? !      
lonely hills ( ,coruato2 :ile to ! ea/ !
 granite rocks ( ,curiquima1 ! ,sug>    
,loaf ( ,cayc>a1 & ! m\nta9s ( !        
,tyrant99 7,c]ros del ,tirano7 began to 
rise on ! horizon4 799 ,?is "n alludes1 

no d\bt1 to ! exp$ition ( ,antonio      
,s$5o4 ,! port ( ,cayc>a1 opposite      
,cabruta1 /ill be>s ! "n ( t            
,conqui/ador47 ,x 0 n )\t emotion t we  
beheld = ! fir/ "t1 aft] long           
expectation1 ! wat]s ( ! ,or9oco1 at a  
po9t s di/ant f ! coa/4   ,,*apt] #b4ai4
  ,,junction ,,( ,,! ,,apure ,,& ,,!    
,,or9oco4 ,,m\nta9s ,,( ,,enc>amada4    
,,uruana4 ,,b>aguan4 ,,c>i*ana4 ,,m\?   
,,( ,,! ,,meta4 ,,isl& ,,( ,,panumana4  
,on leav+ ! ,rio ,apure we f\nd         
ourselves 9 a c\ntry pres5t+ a totally  
diff]5t aspect4 ,an imm5se pla9 ( wat]  
/ret*$ be=e u l a lake1 z f> z we c\ld  
see4 ,:ite-topp$ waves rose to ! height 
( sev]al feet1 f ! conflict ( ! breeze &
 ! curr5t4 ,! air res\nd$ no long] ) !  
pi]c+ cries ( h]ons1 flam+os1 &         
spoonbills1 cross+ 9 long files f "o    
%ore to ! o!r4 ,our eyes s\ght 9 va9 ^? 
wat]f[ls1 ! habits ( :i* v>y 9 ea*      
tribe4 ,all nature appe>$ less animat$4 
,sc>cely c\ld we discov] 9 ! holl[s ( ! 
waves a few l>ge crocodiles1 cutt+      

obliquely1 by ! help ( _! long tails1 ! 
surface ( ! agitat$ wat]s4 ,! horizon 0 
b\nd$ by a zone ( =e/s1 :i* n[h]e rea*$ 
s f> z ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,a va/ bea*1      
con/antly p>*$ by ! heat ( ! sun1 des]t 
& b>e z ! %ores ( ! sea1 resembl$ at a  
di/ance1 f ! effect ( ! mirage1 pools ( 
/agnant wat]4 ,^! s&y %ores1 f> f fix+ !
 limits ( ! riv]1 r5d] !m unc]ta91 by   
enl>g+ or contract+ !m alt]nately1      
accord+ to ! v>iable action ( ! sol>    
rays4  ,9 ^! scatt]$ features ( !       
l&scape1 9 ?is "* ( solitude & (        
greatness1 we recognize ! c\rse ( !     
,or9oco1 "o ( ! mo/ maje/ic riv]s ( !   
,new ,_w4 ,! wat]1 l ! l&1 displays     
ev]y:]e a *>act]i/ic & peculi> aspect4  
,! b$ ( ! ,or9oco resembles n ! b$ ( !  
,meta1 ! ,guavi>e1 ! ,rio ,negro1 or !  
,amazon4 ,^! diff]5ces d n dep5d        
altoge!r on ! bread? or ! velocity ( !  
curr5t2 !y are connect$ ) a multitude ( 
impressions :i* x is easi] to p]ceive ^u
 ! spot ?an to def9e ) precision4 ,?us1 
! m]e =m ( ! waves1 ! t9t ( ! wat]s1 !  

aspect ( ! sky & ! cl\ds1 w\ld lead an  
exp]i5c$ navigator to guess :e!r he 7 9 
! ,atlantic1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 or 9 !   
equ9octial "p ( ! ,pacific4  ,! w9d blew
 fre% f ea/-nor?-ea/4 ,its direction 0  
fav\rable = sail+ up ! ,or9oco1 t[>ds ! 
,mission ( ,enc>amada2 b our canoes 7 s 
ill calculat$ to resi/ ! %ocks ( !      
waves1 t1 f ! viol5ce ( ! motion1 ^? :o 
suff]$ habitually at sea 7 equally      
incommod$ on ! riv]4 ,! %ort1 brok5     
waves are caus$ by ! conflict ( ! wat]s 
at ! junction ( ! two riv]s4 ,?is       
conflict is v viol5t1 b f> f be+ s      
dang]\s z ,fa!r ,gumilla describes4 ,we 
pass$ ! ,punta ,curiquima1 :i* is an    
isolat$ mass ( qu>tzose granite1 a small
 promontory compos$ ( r\nd$ blocks4     
,!re1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,or9oco1 ,fa!r   
,rotella f\nd$1 9 ! "t ( ! ,jesuits1 a  
,mission ( ! ,pal5ka & ,viriviri or     
,guire ,indians4 ,b dur+ inundations1 ! 
rock ,curiquima & ! village at its foot 
7 entirely surr\nd$ by wat]2 & ?is s]i\s
 inconv5i5ce1 toge!r ) ! suff]+s ( !    

mission>ies & ,indians f ! innum]able   
quantity ( mosquitos & niguas199 l$ !m  
to =sake ?is humid spot4 799 ,! *ego    
7,pulex p5etrans7 :i* p5etrates "u !    
nails ( ! toe 9 m5 & monkeys1 & !re     
deposits its eggs47 ,x is n[ entirely   
des]t$1 :ile opposite to x1 on ! "r bank
 ( ! riv]1 ! little m\nta9s ( ,coruato  
are ! retreat ( w&]+ ,indians1 expell$  
ei!r f ! ,missions1 or f tribes t are n 
subject to ! gov]nm5t ( ! monks4  ,/ruck
 ) ! extreme bread? ( ! ,or9oco1 betwe5 
! m\? ( ! ,apure & ! rock ,curiquima1 ,i
 asc]ta9$ x by means ( a base measur$   
twice on ! we/]n bea*4 ,! b$ ( !        
,or9oco1 at l[ wat]1 0 #aijf toises     
broad2 b ?is bread? increases to #eeag  
toises1 :51 9 ! ra9y season1 ! rock     
,curiquima1 & ! f>m ( ,capu*9o ne> !    
hill ( ,pocopocori1 become isl&s4 ,!    
swell+ ( ! ,or9oco is augm5t$ by !      
impulse ( ! wat]s ( ! ,apure1 :i*1 f> f 
=m+1 l o!r riv]s1 an acute angle ) !    
upp] "p ( t into :i* x fl[s1 meets x at 
"r angles4  ,we fir/ proce$$ s\?-we/1 z 

f> z ! %ore inhabit$ by ! ,gu>icoto     
,indians on ! left bank ( ! ,or9oco1 &  
!n we advanc$ /raight t[>d ! s\?4 ,!    
riv] is s broad t ! m\nta9s ( ,enc>amada
 appe> to rise f ! wat]1 z if se5 above 
! horizon ( ! sea4 ,!y =m a cont9u$ *a9 
f ea/ to we/4 ,^! m\nta9s are compos$ ( 
enorm\s blocks ( granite1 cleft & pil$  
"o ^u ano!r4 ,_! division into blocks is
 ! effect ( decomposition4 ,:at         
contributes above all to embelli% ! sc5e
 at ,enc>amada is ! luxuriance (        
vegetation t cov]s ! sides ( ! rocks1   
leav+ b>e only _! r\nd$ summits4 ,!y    
look l anci5t ru9s ris+ 9 ! mid/ ( a    
=e/4 ,! m\nta9 imm$iately at ! back ( ! 
,mission1 ! ,tepupano99 ( ! ,tamanac    
,indians is t]m9at$ by ?ree enorm\s     
granitic cyl9d]s1 two ( :i* are incl9$1 
:ile ! ?ird1 ?\gh worn at its base1 & m 
?an eighty feet high1 has pres]v$ a     
v]tical position4 799 ,tepu-pano1 place 
( /ones1 9 :i* we recognize tepu /one1  
rock1 z 9 tepu-iri1 m\nta94 ,we "h      
p]ceive t ,lesgian ,oig\r-,t>t> root    

tep1 /one 7f\nd 9 ,am]ica among !       
,am]icans1 9 teptl2 among ! ,c>ibs1 9   
teb\2 among ! ,tamanacs1 9 tepuiri72 a  
/rik+ analogy betwe5 ! languages (      
,caucasus & ,upp] ,asia & ^? ( ! banks (
 ! ,or9oco47 ,?is rock1 :i* calls to m9d
 ! =m ( ! ,s*n>*] 9 ! ,h>tz m\nta9s1 or 
t ( ! ,organs ( ,actopan 9 ,mexico199   
compos$ =m]ly a "p ( ! r\nd$ summit ( ! 
m\nta94 799 ,9 ,capta9 ,tuckey's ,voyage
 on ! riv] ,congo1 we f9d repres5t$ a   
granitic rock1 ,taddi ,enzazi1 :i* be>s 
a /rik+ resemblance to ! m\nta9 (       
,enc>amada47 ,9 e climate1 un/ratifi$   
granite sep>ates by decomposition into  
blocks ( prismatic1 cyl9dric1 or column>
 figures4  ,opposite ! %ore ( !         
,gu>icotos1 we drew ne> ano!r heap (    
rocks1 :i* is v l[1 & ?ree or f\r toises
 long4 ,x rises 9 ! mid/ ( ! pla91 & has
 less resemblance to a tumulus ?an to ^?
 masses ( granitic /one1 :i* 9 ,nor?    
,holl& & ,g]many be> ! "n ( hun5bette1  
b$s 7or tombs7 ( h]oes4 ,! %ore1 at ?is 
"p ( ! ,or9oco1 is no long] ( pure &    

qu>tzose s&2 b is compos$ ( clay &      
spangles ( mica1 deposit$ 9 v ?9 /rata1 
& g5]ally at an incl9ation ( =ty or     
fifty degrees4 ,x looks l decompos$     
mica-slate4 ,?is *ange 9 ! geological   
configuration ( ! %ore ext5ds f> beyond 
! m\? ( ! ,apure4 ,we _h begun to obs]ve
 x 9 ?is latt] riv] z f> (f z ,algodonal
 & ! ,cano del ,manati4 ,! spangles (   
mica come1 no d\bt1 f ! granite m\nta9s 
( ,curiquima & ,enc>amada2 s9ce fur!r   
nor?-ea/ we f9d only qu>tzose s&1       
s&/one1 compact lime/one1 & gypsum4     
,alluvial e>? c>ri$ successively f s\?  
to nor? ne$ n surprise u 9 ! ,or9oco2 b 
to :at %all we attribute ! same ph5om5on
 9 ! b$ ( ! ,apure1 sev5 leagues we/ (  
its m\?8 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 not)/&+
 ! swell+s ( ! ,or9oco1 ! wat]s ( !     
,apure nev] retrograde s f>2 &1 to      
expla9 ?is ph5om5on1 we are =c$ to admit
 t ! micace\s /rata 7 deposit$ at a "t  
:5 ! :ole ( ! v l[ c\ntry ly+ betwe5    
,cayc>a1 ,algodonal1 & ! m\nta9s (      
,enc>amada1 =m$ ! bas9 ( an inl& lake4  

,we /opp$ "s "t at ! port ( ,enc>amada1 
:i* is a sort ( emb>cad]o1 a place :]e  
boats assemble4 ,a rock ( =ty or fifty  
feet high =ms ! %ore4 ,x is compos$ (   
blocks ( granite1 heap$ "o ^u ano!r1 z  
at ! ,s*neeb]g 9 ,franconia1 & 9 almo/  
all ! granitic m\nta9s ( ,europe4 ,"s ( 
^! deta*$ masses h a sph]oidal =m2 !y   
are n balls ) conc5tric lay]s1 b m]ely  
r\nd$ blocks1 nuclei sep>at$ f _!       
envelopes by ! effect ( decomposition4  
,?is granite is ( a greyi% lead-col\r1  
(t5 black1 z if cov]$ ) oxide (         
manganese2 b ?is col\r does n p5etrate  
"o fif? ( a l9e into ! rock1 :i* is ( a 
r$di% :ite col\r )91 co>se-gra9$1 &     
de/itute ( hornbl5de4  ,! ,indian names 
( ! ,mission ( ,san ,luis del           
,enc>amada1 are ,guaja & ,c>amana499 799
 ,all ! ,missions ( ,s\? ,am]ica h names
 compos$ ( two words1 ! fir/ ( :i* is   
necess>ily ! "n ( a sa9t1 ! patron ( !  
*ur*1 & ! second an ,indian "n1 t ( !   
nation1 or ! spot :]e ! e/abli%m5t is   
plac$4 ,?us we say1 ,san ,jose de       

,maypures1 ,santa ,cruz de ,ca*ipo1 ,san
 ,juan ,nepomuc5o de los ,atures1 etc4  
,^! comp\nd names appe> only 9 (ficial  
docum5ts2 ! ,inhabitants adopt b "o ( ! 
two names1 & g5]ally1 provid$ x be      
sonor\s1 ! ,indian4 ,z ! names ( sa9ts  
are sev]al times repeat$ 9 neighb\r+    
places1 great confusion 9 geography     
arises f ^! repetitions4 ,! names ( ,san
 ,juan1 ,san ,diego1 & ,san ,p$ro1 are  
scatt]$ 9 our maps z if by *ance4 ,x is 
pret5d$ t ! ,mission ( ,guaja af=ds a v 
r>e example ( ! composition ( two       
,spani% words4 ,! ^w ,enc>amada means   
?+s rais$ "o ^u ano!r1 f enc>am>1 to    
raise up4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! figure (      
,tepupano & ! neighb\r+ rocks3 p]haps x 
is only an ,indian ^w c>amana1 9 :i*1 z 
9 manati1 a ,spani% signification 0     
believ$ to be discov]$47 ,?is small     
village 0 f\nd$ 9 #agdi by ,fa!r ,gili1 
! ,jesuit1 au?or ( ! ,/oria dell'       
,or9oco1 publi%$ at ,rome4 ,?is         
mission>y1 le>n$ 9 ! ,indian tongues1   
liv$ 9 ^! solitudes dur+ eighte5 ye>s1  

till ! expulsion ( ! ,jesuits4 ,to =m a 
precise idea ( ! savage /ate ( ^!       
c\ntries x mu/ be recollect$ t ,fa!r    
,gili speaks ( ,c>i*ana199 :i* is =ty   
leagues f ,enc>amada1 z ( a spot f>     
di/ant2 & t he nev] advanc$ s f> z !    
fir/ cat>act 9 ! riv] ( :i* he v5tur$ to
 und]take ! description4 799 ,saggio di 
,/oria ,am]icana volume #a page #abb47  
,9 ! port ( ,enc>amada we met ) "s      
,c>ibs ( ,panapana4 ,a cacique 0 go+ up 
! ,or9oco 9 8 canoe1 to jo9 9 ! fam\s   
fi%+ ( turtles' eggs4 ,8 canoe 0 r\nd$  
t[>d ! bottom l a bongo1 & foll[$ by a  
small] boat call$ a curi>a4 ,he 0 seat$ 
b5ea? a sort ( t5t1 con/ruct$1 l ! sail1
 ( palm-leaves4 ,8 cold & sil5t gravity1
 ! respect ) :i* he 0 treat$ by 8       
att5dants1 ev]y?+ d5ot$ him to be a     
p]son ( importance4 ,he 0 equipp$1      
h[ev]1 9 ! same mann] z 8 ,indians4 ,!y 
7 all equally nak$1 arm$ ) b[s & arr[s1 
& pa9t$ ) onoto1 :i* is ! col\r+ fecula 
( ! ,bixa orellana4 ,! *ief1 ! dome/ics1
 ! furniture1 ! boat1 & ! sail1 7 all   

pa9t$ r$4 ,^! ,c>ibs are m5 ( an almo/  
a?letic /ature2 !y appe>$ to u mu* tall]
 ?an any ,indians we _h hi!rto se54 ,_! 
smoo? & ?ick hair1 cut %ort on ! =ehead 
l t ( *ori/]s1 _! eyebr[s pa9t$ black1  
_! look at once gloomy & animat$1 gave a
 s+ul> expression to _! c\nt5ances4     
,hav+ till !n se5 only ! skulls ( "s    
,c>ibs ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s pres]v$ 9 
! collections ( ,europe1 we 7 surpris$  
to f9d t ^! ,indians1 :o 7 ( pure race1 
_h =eheads mu* m r\nd$ ?an !y are       
describ$4 ,! wom51 :o 7 v tall1 &       
disgu/+ f _! want ( cleanl9ess1 c>ri$ _!
 infants on _! backs4 ,! ?ighs & legs ( 
! infants 7 b\nd at c]ta9 di/ances by   
broad /rips ( cotton clo?1 & ! fle%1    
/rongly compress$ b5ea? ! ligatures1 0  
swell$ 9 ! int]/ices4 ,x is g5]ally to  
be obs]v$1 t ! ,c>ibs are z att5tive to 
_! ext]ior & _! ornam5ts1 z x is        
possible = m5 to be1 :o are nak$ & pa9t$
 r$4 ,!y atta* great importance to c]ta9
 configurations ( ! body2 & a "m w\ld be
 accus$ ( culpable indiff]5ce t[>d h]   

*ildr51 if %e did n employ artificial   
means to %ape ! calf ( ! leg aft] !     
fa%ion ( ! c\ntry4 ,z none ( our        
,indians ( ,apure und]/ood ! ,c>ibbee   
language1 we c\ld obta9 no in=mation f !
 cacique ( ,panama respect+ ! encampm5ts
 t are made at ?is season 9 sev]al isl&s
 ( ! ,or9oco = collect+ turtles' eggs4  
,ne> ,enc>amada a v long isl& divides ! 
riv] into two bran*es4 ,we pass$ ! night
 9 a rocky creek1 opposite ! m\? ( !    
,rio ,cabull>e1 :i* is =m$ by ! ,pay>a &
 ! ,atamaica1 & is sometimes consid]$ z 
"o ( ! bran*es ( ! ,apure1 because x    
communicates ) t riv] by ! ,rio         
,ari*una4 ,! ev5+ 0 beautiful4 ,! moon  
illum9$ ! tops ( ! granite rocks4 ,!    
heat 0 s uni=mly di/ribut$1 t1 not)/&+ !
 humidity ( ! air1 no tw9kl+ ( ! />s 0  
obs]vable1 ev5 at f\r or five degrees   
above ! horizon4 ,! light ( ! planets 0 
s+ul>ly dimm$2 & if1 on acc\nt ( !      
smallness ( ! app>5t diamet] ( ,jupit]1 
,i _h n suspect$ "s error 9 !           
obs]vation1 ,i %\ld say1 t "h1 = ! fir/ 

"t1 we ?\ght we di/+ui%$ ! disk (       
,jupit] ) ! nak$ eye4 ,t[>ds midnight1 !
 nor?-ea/ w9d became extremely viol5t4  
,x br\ght no cl\ds1 b ! vault ( ! sky 0 
cov]$ m & m ) vap\rs4 ,/rong gu/s 7     
felt1 & made u fe> = ! safety ( our     
canoe4 ,dur+ ?is :ole day we _h se5 v   
few crocodiles1 b all ( an extraord9>y  
size1 f tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r feet4 ,!     
,indians assur$ u t ! "y crocodiles     
pref] ! m>%es1 & ! riv]s t are less     
broad1 & less deep4 ,!y cr[d toge!r     
p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,canos1 & we may say (   
!m1 :at ,abdallatif says ( ! crocodiles 
( ! ,nile199 t !y sw>m l worms 9 ! %all[
 wat]s ( ! riv]1 & 9 ! %elt] ( un9habit$
 isl&s4 799 ,description de l',egypte   
translat$ by ,de ,sacy47  ,on ! #f? (   
,april1 :il/ cont9u+ to asc5d ! ,or9oco1
 fir/ s\?w>d & !n to s\?-we/1 we p]ceiv$
 ! s\!rn side ( ! ,s]rania1 or *a9 ( !  
m\nta9s ( ,enc>amada4 ,! "p ne>e/ ! riv]
 is only "o hundr$ & =ty or "o hundr$ & 
sixty toises high2 b f its abrupt       
declivities1 its situation 9 ! mid/ ( a 

savannah1 & its rocky summits1 cut into 
%apeless prisms1 ! ,s]rania appe>s      
s+ul>ly elevat$4 ,its greate/ bread? is 
only ?ree leagues4 ,accord+ to in=mation
 giv5 me by ! ,indians ( ! ,p>eka       
nation1 x is consid]ably wid] t[>d !    
ea/4 ,! summits ( ,enc>amada =m !       
nor!rnmo/ l9k ( a gr\p ( m\nta9s :i*    
bord] ! "r bank ( ! ,or9oco1 betwe5 !   
latitudes ( #e degrees & #g degrees #cj 
m9utes f ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,zama to t ( !  
,cabull>e4 ,! diff]5t l9ks into :i* ?is 
gr\p is divid$ are sep>at$ by little    
grassy pla9s4 ,!y d n pres]ve a         
direction p]fectly p>allel to ea* o!r2 =
 ! mo/ nor!rn /ret* f we/ to ea/1 & !   
mo/ s\!rn f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/4 ,?is   
*ange ( direction suffici5tly expla9s ! 
increase ( bread? obs]v$ 9 ! ,cordill]a 
( ,p>ime t[>ds ! ea/1 betwe5 ! s\rces ( 
! ,or9oco & ( ! ,rio ,p>uspa4 ,on       
p5etrat+ beyond ! great cat>acts (      
,atures & ( ,maypures1 we %all see sev5 
pr9cipal l9ks1 ^? ( ,enc>amada or       
,sacu9a1 ( ,*aviripa1 ( ,b>aguan1 (     

,c>i*ana1 ( ,uniama1 ( ,calitam9i1 & (  
,sipapo1 successively appe>4 ,?is sket* 
may s]ve to give a g5]al idea ( !       
geological configuration ( ! gr\nd4 ,we 
recognize ev]y:]e on ! globe a t5d5cy   
t[>d regul> =ms1 9 ^? m\nta9s t appe> ! 
mo/ irregul>ly gr\p$4 ,e l9k appe>s1 9 a
 transv]se section1 l a di/9ct summit1  
to ^? :o navigate ! ,or9oco2 b ?is      
division is m]ely 9 appe>ance4 ,!       
regul>ity 9 ! direction & sep>ation ( ! 
l9ks seems to dim9i% 9 proportion z we  
advance t[>ds ! ea/4 ,! m\nta9s (       
,enc>amada jo9 ^? ( ,mato1 :i* give bir?
 to ! ,rio ,asiv]u or ,cu*iv]o2 ^? (    
,*aviripe are prolong$ by ! granite *a9 
( ! ,corosal1 ( ,amoco1 & ( ,murcielago1
 t[>ds ! s\rces ( ! ,erevato & !        
,v5tu>i4  ,x 0 across ^! m\nta9s1 :i*   
are inhabit$ by ,indians ( g5tle "*1    
employ$ 9 agriculture199 799 ,!         
,mapoyes1 ,p>ecas1 ,jav>anas1 &         
,curacicanas1 :o possess f9e plantations
 7conucos7 9 ! savannahs by :i* ^! =e/s 
are b\nd$47 t1 at ! "t ( ! exp$ition =  

settl+ b\nd>ies1 ,g5]al ,iturriaga took 
"s horn$ cattle = ! supply ( ! new t[n (
 ,san ,f]n&o de ,atabapo4 ,! inhabitants
 ( ,enc>amada !n %[$ ! ,spani% soldi]s !
 way by ! ,rio ,manapi>i199 :i* falls   
into ! ,v5tu>i4 799 ,betwe5 ,enc>amada &
 ! ,rio ,manapi>e1 ,don ,miguel ,san*ez1
 *ief ( ?is little exp$ition1 cross$ !  
,rio ,gua9aima1 :i* fl[s into !         
,cu*iv]o4 ,san*ez di$1 f ! fatigue ( ?is
 j\rney1 on ! bord]s ( ! ,v5tu>i47 ,by  
desc5d+ ^! two riv]s1 ! ,or9oco & !     
,atabapo may be rea*$ )\t pass+ ! great 
cat>acts1 :i* pres5t almo/ insurm\ntable
 ob/acles to ! conveyance ( cattle4 ,!  
_s ( ent]prise :i* _h s em95tly di/+ui%$
 ! ,ca/ilians at ! p]iod ( ! discov]y ( 
,am]ica1 0 aga9 r\s$ = a "t 9 ! middle (
 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ,f]d9& ,,vi 0    
desir\s ( kn[+ ! true limits ( 8 va/    
possessions2 & 9 ! =e/s ( ,guiana1 t l& 
( fiction & fabul\s tradition1 ! wily   
,indians reviv$ ! *im]ical idea ( !     
weal? ( ,el ,dorado1 :i* _h s mu*       
occupi$ ! imag9ation ( ! fir/ conqu]ors4

  ,amid/ ! m\nta9s ( ,enc>amada1 :i*1 l 
mo/ co>se-gra9$ granite rocks1 are      
de/itute ( metallic ve9s1 we _c help    
inquir+ :5ce came ^? gra9s ( gold :i*   
,juan ,m>t9ez99 799 ,! companion (      
,diego ,ordaz47 & ,raleigh pr(ess to h  
se5 9 su* abundance 9 ! h&s ( ! ,indians
 ( ! ,or9oco4 ,f :at ,i obs]v$ 9 t "p ( 
,am]ica1 ,i am l$ to ?9k t gold1 l t9199
 is sometimes dissem9at$ 9 an almo/     
imp]ceptible mann] 9 ! v mass ( granite 
rocks1 )\t our be+ able to p]ceive t !re
 is a ramification & an int]tw9+ ( small
 ve9s4 799 ,?us t9 is f\nd 9 granite (  
rec5t =mation1 at ,gey]2 9 hyalomicte or
 grais51 at ,z9nwald2 & 9 sy5itic       
porphyry1 at ,alt5b]g1 9 ,saxony1 z well
 z ne> ,naila1 9 ! ,fi*telgebirge4 ,i h 
also se51 9 ! ,upp] ,palat9ate1 micace\s
 iron1 & black e>?y cobalt1 f> f any k9d
 ( ve91 dissem9at$ 9 a granite de/itute 
( mica1 z magnetic iron-s& is 9 volcanic
 rocks47 ,n long ago ! ,indians (       
,enc>amada f\nd 9 ! ,quebrada del       
,tigre99 799 ,! ,tig]-rav9e47 a piece ( 

native gold two l9es 9 diamet]4 ,x 0    
r\nd$1 & appe>$ to h be5 wa%$ along by !
 wat]s4 ,?is discov]y excit$ ! att5tion 
( ! mission>ies mu* m ?an ( ! natives2 x
 0 foll[$ by no o!r ( ! same k9d4  ,i _c
 quit ?is fir/ l9k ( ! m\nta9s (        
,enc>amada )\t recall+ to m9d a fact t 0
 n unkn[n to ,fa!r ,gili1 & :i* 0 (t5   
m5tion$ to me dur+ our abode 9 !        
,missions ( ! ,or9oco4 ,! natives ( ^?  
c\ntries h reta9$ ! belief t1 at ! "t ( 
! great wat]s1 :5 _! fa!rs 7 =c$ to h   
rec\rse to boats1 to escape ! g5]al     
inundation1 ! waves ( ! sea beat aga9/ !
 rocks ( ,enc>amada4 ,?is belief is n   
conf9$ to "o nation s+ly1 ! ,tamanacs2 x
 makes "p ( a sy/em ( hi/orical         
tradition1 ( :i* we f9d scatt]$ notions 
among ! ,maypures ( ! great cat>acts2   
among ! ,indians ( ! ,rio ,erevato1 :i* 
runs into ! ,caura2 & among almo/ all ! 
tribes ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,:5 !         
,tamanacs are ask$ h[ ! human race      
surviv$ ?is great deluge1 ! age ( wat]1 
( ! ,mexicans1 !y say1 a man & a woman  

sav$ !mselves on a high m\nta91 call$   
,tamanacu1 situat$ on ! banks ( !       
,asiv]u2 & ca/+ beh9d !m1 ov] _! heads1 
! fruits ( ! mauritia palm-tree1 !y saw 
! se$s conta9$ 9 ^? fruits produce m5 & 
wom51 :o repeopl$ ! e>?4 ,?us we f9d 9  
all its simplicity1 among nations n[ 9 a
 savage /ate1 a tradition :i* ! ,greeks 
embelli%$ ) all ! *>ms ( imag9ation6 ,a 
few leagues f ,enc>amada1 a rock1 call$ 
,tepu-m]eme1 or ! pa9t$ rock1 rises 9 ! 
mid/ ( ! savannah4 ,^u x are trac$      
repres5tations ( animals1 & symbolic    
figures resembl+ ^? we saw 9 go+ d[n !  
,or9oco1 at a small di/ance bel[        
,enc>amada1 ne> ! t[n ,cayc>a4 ,simil>  
rocks 9 ,africa are call$ by travell]s  
feti% /ones4 ,i %all n make use ( ?is   
t]m1 because feti%ism does n prevail    
among ! natives ( ! ,or9oco2 & ! figures
 ( />s1 ( ! sun1 ( tig]s1 & (           
crocodiles1 :i* we f\nd trac$ ^u ! rocks
 9 spots n[ un9habit$1 appe>$ to me 9 no
 way to d5ote ! objects ( wor%ip ( ^?   
nations4 ,betwe5 ! banks ( ! ,cassiqui>e

 & ! ,or9oco1 betwe5 ,enc>amada1 !      
,capu*9o1 & ,cayc>a1 ^! hi]oglyphic     
figures are (t5 se5 at great heights1 on
 rocky cliffs :i* c\ld be accessible    
only by con/ruct+ v l(ty scaffolds4 ,:5 
! natives are ask$ h[ ^? figures c\ld h 
be5 sculptur$1 !y answ] ) a smile1 z if 
relat+ a fact ( :i* only a :ite man c\ld
 be ignorant1 t at ! p]iod ( ! great    
wat]s1 _! fa!rs w5t to t height 9 boats4
  ,^! anci5t traditions ( ! human race1 
:i* we f9d disp]s$ ov] ! :ole surface ( 
! globe1 l ! relics ( a va/ %ipwreck1   
are highly int]e/+ 9 ! philosophical    
/udy ( our own species4 ,l c]ta9        
families ( ! vegetable k+dom1 :i*1      
not)/&+ ! div]sity ( climates & !       
influ5ce ( heights1 reta9 ! impression (
 a common type1 ! traditions ( nations  
respect+ ! orig9 ( ! _w1 display ev]y:]e
 ! same physiognomy1 & pres]ve features 
( resemblance t fill u ) a/oni%m5t4 ,h[ 
_m diff]5t tongues1 belong+ to bran*es t
 appe> totally di/9ct1 transmit to u !  
same facts6 ,! traditions conc]n+ races 

t h be5 de/roy$1 & ! r5ewal ( nature1   
sc>cely v>y 9 reality1 ?\gh e nation    
gives !m a local col\r+4 ,9 ! great     
cont95ts1 z 9 ! smalle/ isl&s ( !       
,pacific ,ocean1 x is always on ! l(tie/
 & ne>e/ m\nta9 t ! rema9s ( ! human    
race h be5 sav$2 & ?is ev5t appe>s ! m  
rec5t1 9 proportion z ! nations are     
uncultivat$1 & z ! k !y h ( _! own      
exi/5ce has no v remote date4 ,aft] hav+
 /udi$ ) att5tion ! ,mexican monum5ts   
ant]ior to ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w2 aft]
 hav+ p5etrat$ into ! =e/s ( ! ,or9oco1 
& obs]v$ ! dim9utive size ( ! ,european 
e/abli%m5ts1 _! solitude1 & ! /ate ( !  
tribes t h rema9$ indep5d5t2 we _c all[ 
ourselves to attribute ! analogies j    
cit$ to ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by !         
mission>ies1 & by ,*ri/ianity1 on !     
national traditions4 ,nor is x m        
probable1 t ! discov]y ( sea-%ells on ! 
summit ( m\nta9s gave bir?1 among !     
nations ( ! ,or9oco1 to ! tradition ( "s
 great inundation :i* ext+ui%$ = a "t ! 
g]ms ( organic life on our globe4 ,!    

c\ntry t ext5ds f ! "r bank ( ! ,or9oco 
to ! ,cassiqui>e & ! ,rio ,negro1 is a  
c\ntry ( primitive rocks4 ,i saw !re "o 
small =mation ( s&/one or conglom]ate2 b
 no second>y lime/one1 & no trace (     
petrifactions4  ,a fre% nor?-ea/ breeze 
c>ri$ u full-sail t[>ds ! ,boca de la   
,tortuga4 ,we l&$1 at elev5 9 ! morn+1  
on an isl& :i* ! ,indians ( ! ,missions 
( ,uruana consid]$ z _! prop]ty1 & :i*  
lies 9 ! middle ( ! riv]4 ,?is isl& is  
celebrat$ = ! turtle fi%]y1 or1 z !y say
 "h1 ! cose*a1 ! h>ve/ ( eggs1 t takes  
place annually4 ,we "h f\nd an          
assemblage ( ,indians1 encamp$ "u huts  
made ( palm-leaves4 ,?is encampm5t      
conta9$ m ?an ?ree hundr$ p]sons4       
,accu/om$1 s9ce we _h left ,san ,f]n&o  
de ,apure1 to see only des]t %ores1 we 7
 s+ul>ly /ruck by ! bu/le t prevail$ "h4
 ,we f\nd1 besides ! ,guamos & !        
,ottomacs ( ,uruana1 :o are bo? consid]$
 z savage races1 ,c>ibs & o!r ,indians (
 ! ,l[] ,or9oco4 ,e tribe 0 sep>ately   
encamp$1 & 0 di/+ui%$ by ! pigm5ts ) :i*

 _! sk9s 7 pa9t$4 ,"s :ite m5 7 se5     
amid/ ?is tumultu\s assemblage1 *iefly  
pulp]os1 or little trad]s ( ,ango/ura1  
:o _h come up ! riv] to pur*ase turtle  
oil f ! natives4 ,! mission>y ( ,uruana1
 a native ( ,alcala1 came to meet u1 &  
he 0 extremely a/oni%$ at see+ u4 ,aft] 
hav+ admir$ our in/rum5ts1 he gave u an 
exagg]at$ picture ( ! suff]+s to :i* we 
%\ld be necess>ily expos$ 9 asc5d+ !    
,or9oco beyond ! cat>acts4 ,! object (  
our j\rney appe>$ to him v my/]i\s4 ,h[ 
is x possible to believe1 said he1 t y h
 left y\r c\ntry1 to come & be dev\r$ by
 mosquitos on ?is riv]1 & to measure l&s
 t are n y\r own8 ,we 7 happily furni%$ 
) recomm5dations f ! ,sup]ior ( !       
,franciscan ,missions1 & ! bro!r-9-law (
 ! gov]nor ( ,v>9as1 :o accompani$ u1   
soon dissipat$ ! d\bts to :i* our dress1
 our acc5t1 & our arrival 9 ?is s&y     
isl&1 _h giv5 rise among ! ,:ites4 ,!   
mission>y invit$ u to p>take a frugal   
repa/ ( fi% & planta9s4 ,he told u t he 
_h come to encamp ) ! ,indians dur+ ! "t

 ( ! h>ve/ ( eggs1 to celebrate mass e  
morn+ 9 ! op5 air1 to procure ! oil     
necess>y = ! *ur*-lamps1 & especially to
 gov]n ?is mix$ republic 7republica de  
,indios y ,ca/ellanos7 9 :i* e "o wi%$  
to pr(it s+ly by :at ,god _h grant$ to  
all4  ,we made ! t\r ( ! isl&1          
accompani$ by ! mission>y & by a pulp]o1
 :o boa/$ ( hav+1 = t5 successive ye>s1 
visit$ ! camp ( ! ,indians1 & att5d$ !  
turtle-fi%]y4 ,we 7 on a pla9 ( s&      
p]fectly smoo?2 & 7 told t1 z f> z we   
c\ld see along ! bea*1 turtles' eggs 7  
conceal$ "u a lay] ( e>?4 ,! mission>y  
c>ri$ a long pole 9 8 h&4 ,he %[$ u1 t  
by means ( ?is pole1 ! ext5t ( ! /ratum 
( eggs c\ld be det]m9$ z accurately z ! 
m9] det]m9es ! limits ( a b$ ( m>l1 (   
bog iron-ore1 or ( coal4 ,on ?ru/+ ! rod
 p]p5dicul>ly into ! gr\nd1 ! sudd5 want
 ( resi/ance %[s t ! cavity or lay] (   
loose e>? conta9+ ! eggs1 has be5 rea*$4
 ,we saw t ! /ratum is g5]ally spread ) 
s mu* uni=mity1 t ! pole f9ds x ev]y:]e 
9 a radius ( t5 toises ar\nd any giv5   

spot4 ,"h !y talk cont9ually ( squ>e    
p]*es ( eggs2 x is l a m9+-c\ntry1      
divid$ into lots1 & work$ ) ! greate/   
regul>ity4 ,! /ratum ( eggs1 h[ev]1 is  
f> f cov]+ ! :ole isl&3 !y are n f\nd   
:]ev] ! gr\nd rises abruptly1 because ! 
turtle _c m\nt heights4 ,i relat$ to my 
guides ! emphatic description ( ,fa!r   
,gumilla1 :o ass]ts1 t ! %ores ( !      
,or9oco conta9 few] gra9s ( s& ?an !    
riv] conta9s turtles2 & t ^! animals    
w\ld prev5t vessels f advanc+1 if m5 &  
tig]s did n annually de/roy s great a   
numb]499 799 ,x w\ld be z difficult to  
c\nt ! gra9s ( s& on ! %ores ( !        
,or9oco1 z to c\nt ! imm5se numb] (     
tortoises :i* inhabit its m>g9s & wat]s4
 ,7 x n = ! va/ consumption ( tortoises 
& _! eggs1 ! riv] ,or9oco1 despite its  
great magnitude1 w\ld be unnavigable1 = 
vessels w\ld be imp$$ by ! enorm\s      
multitude ( ! tortoises4 ,gumilla1      
,or9oco ,illu/rata volume #a pages #cca 
to #ccf47 ,son cu5tos de frailes1 !y are
 monki% leg5ds1 said ! pulp]o (         

,ango/ura1 9 a l[ voice2 = ! only       
travell]s 9 ?is c\ntry be+ !            
mission>ies1 !y "h call monks' /ories1  
:at we call travell]s' tales1 9 ,europe4
  ,! ,indians assur$ u t1 9 go+ up !    
,or9oco f its m\? to its junction ) !   
,apure1 n "o isl& or "o bea* is to be   
f\nd1 :]e eggs c be collect$ 9          
abundance4 ,! great turtle 7arrau99 799 
,?is ^w belongs to ! ,maypure language1 
& mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) arua1 :i* means a 
crocodile1 among ! ,tamanacs1 neighb\rs 
( ! ,maypures4 ,! ,ottomacs call !      
turtle ( ,uruana1 a*ea2 ! ,tamanacs1    
peje477 dreads places inhabit$ by m51 or
 mu* frequ5t$ by boats4 ,x is a timid & 
mi/ru/ful animal1 rais+ only its head   
above ! wat]1 & hid+ itself at ! lea/   
noise4 ,! %ores :]e almo/ all ! turtles 
( ! ,or9oco appe> to assemble annually1 
are situat$ betwe5 ! junction ( !       
,or9oco ) ! ,apure1 & ! great cat>acts2 
t is to say1 betwe5 ,cabruta & !        
,mission ( ,atures4 ,!re are f\nd ! ?ree
 fam\s fi%]ies2 ^? ( ,enc>amada1 or     

,boca del ,cabull>e2 ( ,cucurup>u1 or   
,boca de la ,tortuga2 & ( ,p>>uma1 a    
little bel[ ,c>i*ana4 ,x seems t ! arrau
 does n pass beyond ! cat>acts2 & we 7  
assur$1 t only ! turtles call$ t]ekay1  
79 ,spani% t]ecayas17 are f\nd above    
,atures & ,maypures4  ,! arrau1 call$ by
 ! ,spani>ds ( ! ,missions simply       
tortuga1 is an animal ^: exi/5ce is (   
great importance to ! nations on ! ,l[] 
,or9oco4 ,x is a l>ge fre%wat] tortoise1
 ) palmate & membrane\s feet2 ! head v  
flat1 ) two fle%y & acutely-po9t$       
app5dages "u ! *92 five claws to ! =e   
feet1 & f\r to ! h9d feet1 :i* are      
furr[$ und]nea?4 ,! upp] %ell has five  
c5tral1 eight lat]al1 & tw5ty-f\r m>g9al
 plates4 ,! col\r is d>ki% grey above1 &
 orange b5ea?4 ,! feet are yell[1 & v   
long4 ,!re is a deep furr[ betwe5 !     
eyes4 ,! claws are v /rong & crook$4 ,! 
anus is plac$ at ! di/ance ( "o-fif? f !
 extremity ( ! tail4 ,! full-gr[n animal
 weighs f =ty to fifty p\nds4 ,its eggs 
are mu* l>g] ?an ^? ( pigeons1 & less   

elongat$ ?an ! eggs ( ! t]ekay4 ,!y are 
cov]$ ) a calc>e\s cru/1 &1 x is said1  
!y h suffici5t firmness = ! *ildr5 ( !  
,ottomac ,indians1 :o are great play]s  
at ball1 to ?r[ !m into ! air f "o to   
ano!r4 ,if ! arrau inhabit$ ! b$ ( !    
riv] above ! cat>acts1 ! ,indians ( !   
,upp] ,or9oco w\ld n travel s f> to     
procure ! fle% & ! eggs ( ?is tortoise4 
,yet1 =m]ly1 :ole tribes f ! ,atabapo & 
! ,cassiqui>e h be5 kn[n to pass !      
cat>acts1 9 ord] to take "p 9 ! fi%]y at
 ,uruana4  ,! t]ekay is less ?an !      
arrau4 ,x is 9 g5]al only f\rte5 in*es 9
 diamet]4 ,! numb] ( plates 9 ! upp]    
%ell is ! same1 b !y are some:at        
diff]5tly arrang$4 ,i c\nt$ ?ree 9 !    
c5tre ( ! disk1 & five hexagonal on ea* 
side4 ,! m>g9s conta9 tw5ty-f\r1 all    
quadrangul>1 & mu* curv$4 ,! upp] %ell  
is ( a black col\r incl9+ to gre52 !    
feet & claws are l ^? ( ! arrau4 ,! :ole
 animal is ( an olive-gre51 b x has two 
spots ( r$ mix$ ) yell[ on ! top ( !    
head4 ,! ?roat is also yell[1 & furni%$ 

) a prickly app5dage4 ,! t]ekays d n    
assemble 9 num]\s societies l ! arraus1 
to lay _! eggs 9 common1 & deposit !m ^u
 ! same %ore4 ,! eggs ( ! t]ekay h an   
agreeable ta/e1 & are mu* s\ght aft] by 
! inhabitants ( ,spani% ,guiana4 ,!y are
 f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 z well z bel[ !
 cat>acts1 & ev5 9 ! ,apure1 ! ,uritucu1
 ! ,gu>ico1 & ! small riv]s t trav]se ! 
,llanos ( ,c>acas4 ,! =m ( ! feet &     
head1 ! app5dages ( ! *9 & ?roat1 & !   
position ( ! anus1 seem to indicate t ! 
arrau1 & probably ! t]ekay also1 belong 
to a new subdivision ( ! tortoises1 t   
may be sep>at$ f ! emydes4 ,! p]iod at  
:i* ! l>ge arrau tortoise lays its eggs 
co9cides ) ! p]iod ( ! l[e/ wat]s4 ,!   
,or9oco beg9n+ to increase f ! v]nal    
equ9ox1 ! l[e/ flats are f\nd uncov]$ f 
! end ( ,janu>y till ! #bj? or #be? (   
,m>*4 ,! arrau tortoises collect 9      
troops 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 !n issue f ! 
wat]1 & w>m !mselves 9 ! sun1 repos+ on 
! s&s4 ,! ,indians believe t great heat 
is indisp5sable to ! heal? ( ! animal1 &

 t its exposure to ! sun fav\rs ! lay+ (
 ! eggs4 ,! arraus are f\nd on ! bea* a 
great "p ( ! day dur+ ! :ole mon? (     
,febru>y4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,m>* ! /raggl+ 
troops assemble1 & swim t[>ds ! small   
numb] ( isl&s on :i* !y habitually      
deposit _! eggs4 ,x is probable t ! same
 tortoise returns e ye> to ! same       
locality4 ,at ?is p]iod1 a few days be=e
 !y lay _! eggs1 ?\s&s ( ^! animals may 
be se5 rang$ 9 long files1 on ! bord]s (
 ! isl&s ( ,cucurup>u1 ,uruana1 &       
,p>>uma1 /ret*+ out _! necks & hold+ _! 
heads above wat]1 to see :e!r !y h any?+
 to dread4 ,! ,indians1 :o are anxi\s t 
! b&s :5 assembl$ %\ld n sep>ate1 t !   
tortoises %\ld n disp]se1 & t ! lay+ ( !
 eggs %\ld be p]=m$ tranquilly1 place   
s5t9els at c]ta9 di/ances along ! %ore4 
,! p :o pass 9 boats are told to keep 9 
! middle ( ! riv]1 & n fright5 !        
tortoises by cries4 ,! lay+ ( ! eggs    
takes place always dur+ ! night1 & x    
beg9s soon aft] sunset4 ,) its h9d feet1
 :i* are v long1 & furni%$ ) crook$     

claws1 ! animal digs a hole ( ?ree feet 
9 diamet] & two 9 dep?4 ,^! tortoises   
feel s press+ a desire to lay _! eggs1 t
 "s ( !m desc5d into holes t h be5 dug  
by o!rs1 b :i* are n yet cov]$ ) e>?4   
,!re !y deposit a new lay] ( eggs on t  
:i* has be5 rec5tly laid4 ,9 ?is        
tumultu\s movem5t an imm5se numb] ( eggs
 are brok54 ,! mission>y %[$ u1 by      
remov+ ! s& 9 sev]al places1 t ?is loss 
probably am\nts to a fif? ( ! :ole      
quantity4 ,! yolk ( ! brok5 eggs        
contributes1 9 dry+1 to cem5t ! s&2 & we
 f\nd v l>ge concretions ( gra9s ( qu>tz
 & brok5 %ells4 ,! numb] ( animals work+
 on ! bea* dur+ ! night is s            
consid]able1 t day surprises _m ( !m    
be=e ! lay+ ( _! eggs is t]m9at$4 ,!y   
are !n urg$ on by ! d\ble necessity (   
deposit+ _! eggs1 & clos+ ! holes !y h  
dug1 t !y may n be p]ceiv$ by ! jagu>s4 
,! tortoises t ?us rema9 too late are   
ins5sible to _! own dang]4 ,!y "w 9 !   
pres5ce ( ! ,indians1 :o visit ! bea* at
 a v e>ly h\r1 & :o call !m mad         

tortoises4 ,not)/&+ ! rapidity ( _!     
movem5ts1 !y are !n easily caught ) !   
h&4  ,! ?ree encampm5ts =m$ by !        
,indians1 9 ! places indicat$ above1    
beg9 ab\t ! end ( ,m>* or comm5cem5t (  
,april4 ,! ga!r+ ( ! eggs is conduct$ 9 
a uni=m mann]1 & ) t regul>ity :i*      
*>act]ises all mona/ic in/itutions4     
,be=e ! arrival ( ! mission>ies on !    
banks ( ! riv]1 ! ,indians pr(it$ mu*   
less f a production :i* nature has      
suppli$ 9 su* abundance4 ,e tribe se>*$ 
! bea* 9 its own way2 & an imm5se numb] 
( eggs 7 uselessly brok51 because !y 7 n
 dug up ) precaution1 & m eggs 7 uncov]$
 ?an c\ld be c>ri$ away4 ,x 0 l a m9e   
work$ by unskilful h&s4 ,! ,jesuits h ! 
m]it ( hav+ r$uc$ ?is op]ation to       
regul>ity2 & ?\gh ! ,franciscan monks1  
:o succe$$ ! ,jesuits 9 ! ,missions ( ! 
,or9oco1 boa/ ( hav+ foll[$ ! example ( 
_! pr$ecessors1 !y unhappily d n effect 
all t prud5ce requires4 ,! ,jesuits did 
n suff] ! :ole bea* to be se>*$2 !y left
 a "p unt\*$1 f ! fe> ( see+ ! bre$ (   

tortoises1 if n de/roy$1 at lea/        
consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,! :ole bea* is n[ 
dug up )\t res]ve2 & accord+ly x seems  
to be p]ceiv$ t ! ga!r+ is less         
productive f ye> to ye>4  ,:5 ! camp is 
=m$1 ! mission>y ( ,uruana names 8      
lieut5ant1 or commiss>y1 :o divides !   
gr\nd :]e ! eggs are f\nd into diff]5t  
portions1 accord+ to ! numb] ( ! ,indian
 tribes :o take "p 9 ! ga!r+4 ,!y are   
all ,indians ( ,missions1 z nak$ & rude 
z ! ,indians ( ! woods2 ?\gh !y are     
call$ r$ucidos & ne(itos1 because !y g  
to *ur* at ! s\nd ( ! bell1 & h le>n$ to
 kneel d[n dur+ ! consecration ( ! ho/4 
,! lieut5ant 7commissionado del ,padre7 
beg9s 8 op]ations by s\nd+4 ,he exam9es 
by means ( a long wood5 pole or a cane (
 bamboo1 h[ f> ! /ratum ( eggs ext5ds4  
,?is /ratum1 accord+ to our measurem5ts1
 ext5d$ to ! di/ance ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty
 feet f ! %ore4 ,its av]age dep? is ?ree
 feet4 ,! commissionado places m>ks to  
indicate ! po9t :]e ea* tribe %\ld /op 9
 its lab\rs4 ,we 7 surpris$ to he> ?is  

h>ve/ ( eggs e/imat$ l ! produce ( a    
well-cultivat$ field4 ,an area          
accurately measur$ ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty  
feet long1 & ?irty feet wide1 has be5   
kn[n to yield "o hundr$ j>s ( oil1 valu$
 at ab\t =ty p\nds /]l+4 ,! ,indians    
remove ! e>? ) _! h&s2 !y place ! eggs  
!y h collect$ 9 small baskets1 c>ry !m  
to _! encampm5t1 & ?r[ !m into long     
tr\ghs ( wood fill$ ) wat]4 ,9 ^! tr\ghs
 ! eggs1 brok5 & /irr$ ) %ovels1 rema9  
expos$ to ! sun till ! oily "p1 :i*     
swims on ! surface1 has "t to           
inspissate4 ,z fa/ z ?is collects on !  
surface ( ! wat]1 x is tak5 (f & boil$  
ov] a quick fire4 ,?is animal oil1 call$
 tortoise butt] 7manteca de tortugas99  
799 ,! ,tamanac ,indians give x ! "n (  
c>apa2 ! ,maypures call x timi477 keeps 
! bett]1 x is said1 9 proportion z x has
 und]gone a /rong ebullition4 ,:5 well  
prep>$1 x is limpid1 inodor\s1 & sc>cely
 yell[4 ,! mission>ies comp>e x to ! be/
 olive oil1 & x is us$ n m]ely = burn+ 9
 lamps1 b = cook+4 ,x is n easy1 h[ev]1 

to procure oil ( turtles' eggs q pure4  
,x has g5]ally a putrid smell1 ow+ to ! 
mixture ( eggs 9 :i* ! "y are already   
=m$4  ,i acquir$ "s g5]al /ati/ical     
notions on ! spot1 by consult+ !        
mission>y ( ,uruana1 8 lieut5ant1 & !   
trad]s ( ,ango/ura4 ,! %ore ( ,uruana   
furni%es "o ?\s& botijas1 or j>s ( oil1 
annually4 ,! price ( ea* j> at ,ango/ura
 v>ies f two pia/res to two & a half4   
,we may admit t ! total produce ( ! ?ree
 %ores1 :]e ! cose*a1 or ga!r+ ( eggs1  
is annually made1 is five ?\s& botijas4 
,n[ z two hundr$ eggs yield oil en\gh to
 fill a bottle 7limeta71 x requires five
 ?\s& eggs = a j> or botija ( oil4      
,e/imat+ at "o hundr$1 or "o hundr$ &   
sixte51 ! numb] ( eggs t "o tortoise    
produces1 & reckon+ t "o ?ird ( ^! is   
brok5 at ! "t ( lay+1 p>ticul>ly by !   
mad tortoises1 we may presume t1 to     
obta9 annually five ?\s& j>s ( oil1 ?ree
 hundr$ & ?irty ?\s& arrau tortoises1 ! 
weight ( :i* am\nts to "o hundr$ &      
sixty-five ?\s& qu9tals1 mu/ lay        

?irty-?ree millions ( eggs on ! ?ree    
%ores :]e ?is h>ve/ is ga!r$4 ,! results
 ( ^! calculations are mu* bel[ ! tru?4 
,_m tortoises lay only sixty or sev5ty  
eggs2 & a great numb] ( ^! animals are  
dev\r$ by jagu>s at ! mom5t !y em]ge f !
 wat]4 ,! ,indians br+ away a great     
numb] ( eggs to eat !m dri$ 9 ! sun2 &  
!y break a consid]able numb] ?r\gh      
c>elessness dur+ ! ga!r+4 ,! numb] (    
eggs t are hat*$ be=e ! p c dig !m up is
 s prodigi\s1 t ne> ! encampm5t (       
,uruana ,i saw ! :ole %ore ( ! ,or9oco  
sw>m+ ) little tortoises an in* 9       
diamet]1 escap+ ) difficulty f ! pursuit
 ( ! ,indian *ildr54 ,if to ^!          
consid]ations be add$1 t all ! arraus d 
n assemble on ! ?ree %ores ( !          
encampm5ts2 & t !re are _m :i* lay _!   
eggs 9 solitude1 & "s weeks lat]199     
betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco & ! conflu5ce (
 ! ,apure2 we mu/ admit t ! numb] (     
turtles :i* annually deposit _! eggs on 
! banks ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 is ne> a      
million4 799 ,! arraus1 :i* lay _! eggs 

be=e ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 7= 9 ! same       
species ! m or less frequ5t bask+ 9 !   
sun1 ! food1 & ! peculi> organization ( 
ea* individual1 occasion diff]5ces17    
come out ( ! wat] ) ! t]ekays1 :i* lay 9
 ,janu>y & ,febru>y4 ,fa!r ,gumilla     
believes !m to be arraus t 7 n able to  
lay _! eggs ! prec$+ ye>4 ,x is         
difficult to f9d ! eggs ( ! t]ekays1    
because ^! animals1 f> f collect+ 9     
?\s&s on ! same bea*1 deposit _! eggs z 
!y are scatt]$ ab\t47 ,?is numb] is v   
great = s l>ge an animal4 ,9 g5]al l>ge 
animals multiply less consid]ably ?an ! 
small] ones4  ,! lab\r ( collect+ !     
eggs1 & prep>+ ! oil1 occupies ?ree     
weeks4 ,x is at ?is p]iod only t !      
mission>ies h any communication ) ! coa/
 & ! civiliz$ neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,!    
,franciscan monks :o live s\? ( !       
cat>acts1 come to ! h>ve/ ( eggs less to
 procure oil1 ?an to see1 z !y say1 :ite
 faces2 & to le>n :e!r ! k+ inhabits !  
,escurial or ,san ,ildefonso1 :e!r      
conv5ts are /ill suppress$ 9 ,france1 & 

above all1 :e!r ! ,turks cont9ue to keep
 quiet4 ,on ^! subjects1 7! only ones   
int]e/+ to a monk ( ! ,or9oco71 ! small 
trad]s ( ,ango/ura1 :o visit !          
encampm5ts1 c give1 un=tunately1 no v   
exact in=mation4 ,b 9 ^! di/ant c\ntries
 no d\bt is ev] ent]ta9$ ( ! news br\ght
 by a :ite man f ! capital4 ,! pr(it ( !
 trad]s 9 oil am\nts to sev5ty or eighty
 p] c5t2 = ! ,indians sell x !m at !    
price ( a pia/re a j> or botija1 & !    
exp5se ( c>riage is n m ?an two-fif?s ( 
a pia/re p] j>4 ,! ,indians br+ away    
also a consid]able quantity ( eggs dri$ 
9 ! sun1 or slightly boil$4 ,our r[]s _h
 baskets or little bags ( cotton-clo?   
fill$ ) ^! eggs4 ,_! ta/e is n          
disagreeable1 :5 well pres]v$4 ,we 7 %[n
 l>ge %ells ( turtles1 :i* _h be5       
de/roy$ by ! jagu>s4 ,^! animals foll[ !
 arraus t[>ds ^? places on ! bea* :]e ! 
eggs are laid4 ,!y surprise ! arraus on 
! s&2 &1 9 ord] to dev\r !m at _! ease1 
turn !m 9 su* a mann] t ! "u %ell is    
upp]mo/4 ,9 ?is situation ! turtles _c  

rise2 & z ! jagu> turns _m m ?an he c   
eat 9 "o night1 ! ,indians (t5 avail    
!mselves ( 8 cunn+ & avidity4  ,:5 we   
reflect on ! difficulty exp]i5c$ by !   
naturali/ 9 gett+ out ! body ( ! turtle 
)\t sep>at+ ! upp] & "u %ells1 we _c    
suffici5tly wond] at ! suppl5ess ( !    
tig]'s paw1 :i* is able to remove !     
d\ble arm\r ( ! arrau1 z if ! adh]+ p>ts
 ( ! muscles _h be5 cut by a surgical   
in/rum5t4 ,! jagu> pursues ! turtle into
 ! wat] :5 x is n v deep4 ,x ev5 digs up
 ! eggs2 & toge!r ) ! crocodile1 ! h]on1
 & ! gal9azo vulture1 is ! mo/ cruel    
enemy ( ! little turtles rec5tly hat*$4 
,! isl& ( ,p>>uma _h be5 s mu* infe/$ ) 
crocodiles ! prec$+ ye>1 dur+ !         
egg-h>ve/1 t ! ,indians 9 "o night      
caught eighte51 ( twelve or fifte5 feet 
long1 by means ( curv$ pieces ( iron1   
bait$ ) ! fle% ( ! manatee4 ,besides !  
bea/s ( ! =e/s we h j nam$1 ! wild      
,indians also v mu* dim9i% ! quantity ( 
! oil4 ,w>n$ by ! fir/ slight ra9s1 :i* 
!y call turtle-ra9s 7peje canepori99 799

 ,9 ! ,tamanac language1 f peje1 a      
tortoise1 & canepo1 ra94771 !y ha/5 to !
 banks ( ! ,or9oco1 & kill ! turtles )  
poison$ arr[s1 :il/1 ) uprais$ heads &  
paws ext5d$1 ! animals are w>m+ !mselves
 9 ! sun4  ,?\gh ! little turtles       
7tortuguillos7 may h bur/ ! %ells ( _!  
eggs dur+ ! day1 !y are nev] se5 to come
 out ( ! gr\nd b at night4 ,! ,indians  
ass]t t ! "y animal fe>s ! heat ( ! sun4
 ,!y tri$ also to %[ u1 t :5 !          
tortuguillo is c>ri$ 9 a bag to a       
di/ance f ! %ore1 & plac$ 9 su* a mann] 
t its tail is turn$ to ! riv]1 x takes  
)\t hesitation ! %orte/ way to ! wat]4  
,i confess1 t ?is exp]im5t1 ( :i* ,fa!r 
,gumilla speaks1 does n always succe$   
equally well3 yet 9 g5]al x does appe> t
 at great di/ances f ! %ore1 & ev5 9 an 
isl&1 ^! little animals feel ) extreme  
delicacy 9 :at direction ! mo/ humid air
 prevails4  ,reflect+ on ! almo/        
un9t]rupt$ lay] ( eggs t ext5ds along ! 
bea*1 & on ! ?\s&s ( little turtles t   
seek ! wat] z soon z !y are hat*$1 x is 

difficult to admit t ! _m turtles :i* h 
made _! ne/s 9 ! same spot1 c di/+ui% _!
 own "y1 & lead !m1 l ! crocodiles1 to !
 lakes 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,or9oco4 ,x is   
c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! animal passes ! fir/  
ye>s ( its life 9 pools :]e ! wat] is   
%all[1 & does n return to ! b$ ( ! great
 riv] till x is full-gr[n4 ,h[ !n d !   
tortuguillos f9d ^! pools8 ,are !y l$   
?i!r by female turtles1 :i* adopt ! "y z
 by *ance8 ,! crocodiles1 less num]\s1  
deposit _! eggs 9 sep>ate holes2 &1 9   
?is family ( saurians1 ! female returns 
ab\t ! "t :5 ! incubation is t]m9at$1   
calls h] "y1 :i* answ] to h] voice1 &   
(t5 assi/s !m to get out ( ! gr\nd4 ,!  
arrau tortoise1 no d\bt1 l ! crocodile1 
kn[s ! spot :]e %e has made h] ne/2 b1 n
 d>+ to return to ! bea* on :i* !       
,indians h =m$ _! encampm5t1 h[ c %e    
di/+ui% h] own "y f ^? :i* d n belong to
 h]8 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ottomac ,indians  
decl>e t1 at ! p]iod ( inundation1 !y h 
met ) female turtles foll[$ by a great  
numb] ( "y ones4 ,^! 7 p]haps arraus ^: 

eggs _h be5 deposit$ on a des]t bea* to 
:i* !y c\ld return4 ,males are extremely
 r>e among ^! animals4 ,sc>cely is "o   
male f\nd among sev]al hundr$ females4  
,! cause ( ?is disp>ity _c be ! same z )
 ! crocodiles1 :i* fight 9 ! c\pl+      
season4  ,our pilot _h an*or$ at !      
,playa de huevos1 to pur*ase "s         
provisions1 our /ore hav+ begun to run  
%ort4 ,we f\nd !re fre% meat1 ,ango/ura 
rice1 & ev5 biscuit made ( :eat-fl\r4   
,our ,indians fill$ ! boat ) little live
 turtles1 & eggs dri$ 9 ! sun1 = _! own 
use4 ,hav+ tak5 leave ( ! mission>y (   
,uruana1 :o _h treat$ u ) great k9dness1
 we set sail ab\t f\r 9 ! aft]noon4 ,!  
w9d 0 fre%1 & blew 9 squalls4 ,s9ce we  
_h ent]$ ! m\nta9\s "p ( ! c\ntry1 we _h
 discov]$ t our canoe c>ri$ sail v      
badly2 b ! ma/] 0 desir\s ( %[+ !       
,indians :o 7 assembl$ on ! bea*1 t1 by 
go+ close to ! w9d1 he c\ld rea*1 at "o 
s+le tack1 ! middle ( ! riv]4 ,at ! v   
mom5t :5 he 0 boa/+ ( 8 dext]ity1 & !   
boldness ( 8 manoeuvre1 ! =ce ( ! w9d ^u

 ! sail became s great t we 7 on ! po9t 
( go+ d[n4 ,"o side ( ! boat 0 "u wat]1 
:i* ru%$ 9 ) su* viol5ce t x 0 soon up  
to our knees4 ,x wa%$ ov] a little table
 at :i* ,i 0 writ+ at ! /]n ( ! boat4 ,i
 _h "s difficulty to save my j\rnal1 & 9
 an in/ant we saw our books1 pap]s1 &   
dri$ plants1 all afloat4 ,m4 ,bonpl& 0  
ly+ asleep 9 ! middle ( ! canoe4 ,awak5$
 by ! entrance ( ! wat] & ! cries ( !   
,indians1 he und]/ood ! dang] ( our     
situation1 :il/ he ma9ta9$ t coolness   
:i* he always display$ 9 ! mo/ difficult
 circum/ances4 ,! lee-side right+ itself
 f "t to "t dur+ ! squall1 he did n     
consid] ! boat z lo/4 ,he ?\ght t1 7 we 
ev5 =c$ to ab&on x1 we might save       
ourselves by swimm+1 s9ce !re 0 no      
crocodile 9 sight4 ,amid/ ?is unc]ta9ty 
! cordage ( ! sail sudd5ly gave way4 ,! 
same gu/ ( w9d1 t _h ?r[n u on our beam1
 s]v$ also to "r u4 ,we lab\r$ to bale !
 wat] out ( ! boat ) calaba%es1 ! sail 0
 aga9 set1 & 9 less ?an half an h\r we 7
 9 a /ate to proce$4 ,! w9d n[ abat$ a  

little4 ,squalls alt]nat+ ) dead calms  
are common 9 t "p ( ! ,or9oco :i* is    
bord]$ by m\nta9s4 ,!y are v dang]\s =  
boats deeply lad51 & )\t decks4 ,we _h  
escap$ z if by miracle4 ,to ! reproa*es 
t 7 heap$ on our pilot = hav+ kept too  
ne> ! w9d1 he repli$ ) ! phlegmatic     
coolness peculi> to ! ,indians1 obs]v+ t
 ! :ites w\ld f9d sun en\gh on ^? banks 
to dry _! pap]s4 ,we lo/ only "o book--!
 fir/ volume ( ! ,g5]a ,plant>um (      
,s*reb]--:i* _h fall5 ov]bo>d4 ,at      
nightfall we l&$ on a b>r5 isl& 9 !     
middle ( ! riv]1 ne> ! ,mission (       
,uruana4 ,we supp$ 9 a cle> moonlight1  
seat+ ourselves on "s l>ge turtle-%ells 
t 7 f\nd scatt]$ ab\t ! bea*4 ,:at      
satisfaction we felt on f9d+ ourselves  
?us com=tably l&$6 ,we figur$ to        
ourselves ! situation ( a man :o _h be5 
sav$ alone f %ipwreck1 w&]+ on ^! des]t 
%ores1 meet+ at e /ep ) o!r riv]s :i*   
fall into ! ,or9oco1 & :i* x is dang]\s 
to pass by swimm+1 on acc\nt ( !        
multitude ( crocodiles & c>ibe fi%es4   

,we pictur$ to ourselves su* a man1     
alive to ! mo/ t5d] affections ( ! s\l1 
ignorant ( ! fate ( 8 companions1 & ?9k+
 m ( !m ?an ( himself4 ,if we love to   
indulge su* melan*oly m$itations1 x is  
because1 :5 j escap$ f dang]1 we seem to
 feel z x 7 ! necessity ( /rong         
emotions4 ,our m9ds 7 full ( :at we _h j
 witness$4 ,!re are p]iods 9 life :51   
)\t be+ disc\rag$1 ! future appe>s m    
unc]ta94 ,x 0 only ?ree days s9ce we _h 
ent]$ ! ,or9oco1 & !re yet rema9$ ?ree  
mon?s = u to navigate riv]s encumb]$ )  
rocks1 & 9 boats small] ?an t 9 :i* we  
_h s ne>ly p]i%$4  ,! night 0 int5sely  
hot4 ,we lay ^u sk9s spread on ! gr\nd1 
!re be+ no trees to :i* we c\ld fa/5 our
 hammocks4 ,! torm5ts ( ! mosquitos     
increas$ e day2 & we 7 surpris$ to f9d t
 on ?is spot our fires did n prev5t !   
approa* ( ! jagu>s4 ,!y swam across !   
arm ( ! riv] t sep>at$ u f ! ma9l&4     
,t[>ds morn+ we he>d _! cries v ne>4 ,!y
 _h come to ! isl& :]e we pass$ ! night4
 ,! ,indians told u t1 dur+ ! collect+ (

 ! turtles' eggs1 tig]s are always m    
frequ5t 9 ^? regions1 & display at t    
p]iod ! greate/ intrepidity4  ,on !     
foll[+ day1 ! #g?1 we pass$1 on our "r1 
! m\? ( ! great ,rio ,arauca1 celebrat$ 
= ! imm5se numb] ( birds t frequ5t x2 &1
 on our left1 ! ,mission ( ,uruana1     
commonly call$ ,la ,concepcion de       
,urbana4 ,?is small village1 :i* conta9s
 five hundr$ s\ls1 0 f\nd$ by !         
,jesuits1 ab\t ! ye> #agdh1 by ! union (
 ! ,ottomac & ,cav]e ,indians4 ,x lies  
at ! foot ( a m\nta9 compos$ ( deta*$   
blocks ( granite1 :i*1 ,i believe1 be>s 
! "n ( ,s>aguaca4 ,masses ( rock1       
sep>at$ "o f ! o!r by ! effect (        
decomposition1 =m cav]ns1 9 :i* we f9d  
indubitable pro(s ( ! anci5t            
civilization ( ! natives4 ,hi]oglyphic  
figures1 & ev5 *>act]s 9 regul> l9es1   
are se5 sculptur$ on _! sides2 ?\gh ,i  
d\bt :e!r !y be> any analogy to         
alphabetic writ+4 ,we visit$ ! ,mission 
( ,uruana on our return f ! ,rio ,negro1
 & saw ) our own eyes ^? heaps ( e>? :i*

 ! ,ottomacs eat1 & :i* h become !      
subject ( su* lively discussion 9       
,europe499 799 ,?is e>? is a greasy k9d 
( clay1 :i*1 9 seasons ( sc>city1 !     
natives use to assuage ! crav+s ( hung]2
 x hav+ be5 prov$ by _! exp]i5ce z well 
z by physiological rese>*es1 t want (   
food c be m easily borne by fill+ !     
cavity ( ! /oma* ) "s sub/ance1 ev5     
al?\gh x may be 9 itself v ne>ly or     
totally innutriti\s4 ,! ,indian hunt]s (
 ,nor? ,am]ica1 = ! same purpose1 tie   
bo>ds tightly across ! abdom52 & mo/    
savage races are f\nd to h rec\rse to   
exp$i5ts t answ] ! same end47  ,on      
measur+ ! bread? ( ! ,or9oco betwe5 !   
isl&s call$ ,isla de ,uruana & ,isla de 
la ,manteca1 we f\nd x1 dur+ ! high     
wat]s1 #bfgd toises1 :i* make ne>ly f\r 
nautical miles4 ,?is is eight times !   
bread? ( ! ,nile at ,manfal\t & ,sy\t1  
yet we 7 at ! di/ance ( a hundr$ &      
n9ety-f\r leagues f ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco4  
,! temp]ature ( ! wat] at its surface 0 
#bg4h degrees ( ! c5tigrade !rmomet]1   

ne> ,uruana4 ,t ( ! riv] ,zaire1 or     
,congo1 9 ,africa1 at an equal di/ance f
 ! equator1 0 f\nd by ,capta9 ,tuckey1 9
 ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/1 to be only f 
#bc4i to #be4f degrees4  ,! we/]n bank (
 ! ,or9oco rema9s l[ f>!r ?an ! m\? ( ! 
,meta2 :ile f ! ,mission ( ,uruana !    
m\nta9s approa* ! ea/]n bank m & m4 ,z !
 /r5g? ( ! curr5t increases 9 proportion
 z ! riv] gr[s n>r[]1 ! progress ( our  
boat became mu* sl[]4 ,we cont9u$ to    
asc5d ! ,or9oco "u sail1 b ! high &     
woody gr\nds depriv$ u ( ! w9d4 ,at o!r 
times ! n>r[ passes betwe5 ! m\nta9s by 
:i* we sail$1 s5t u viol5t gu/s1 b (    
%ort duration4 ,! numb] ( crocodiles    
increas$ bel[ ! junction ( ! ,rio       
,arauca1 p>ticul>ly opposite ! great    
lake ( ,capanap>o1 :i* communicates ) ! 
,or9oco1 z ! ,laguna de ,cabull>ito     
communicates at ! same "t ) ! ,or9oco & 
! ,rio ,arauca4 ,! ,indians told u t !  
crocodiles came f ! inl&s1 :]e !y _h be5
 buri$ 9 ! dri$ mud ( ! savannahs4 ,z   
soon z ! fir/ %[]s ar\se !m f _! le?>gy1

 !y cr[d toge!r 9 troops1 & ha/5 t[>d ! 
riv]1 !re to disp]se aga94 ,"h1 9 !     
equ9octial zone1 x is ! increase (      
humidity t recalls !m to life2 :ile 9   
,georgia & ,florida1 9 ! temp]ate zone1 
x is ! augm5tation ( heat t r\ses ^!    
animals f a /ate ( n]v\s & muscul>      
debility1 dur+ :i* ! active p[]s (      
respiration are susp5d$ or s+ul>ly      
dim9i%$4 ,! season ( great dr\ght1      
improp]ly call$ ! summ] ( ! torrid zone1
 corresponds ) ! w9t] ( ! temp]ate zone2
 & x is a curi\s physiological ph5om5on 
to obs]ve ! alligators ( ,nor? ,am]ica  
plung$ into a w9t]-sleep by excess (    
cold1 at ! same p]iod :5 ! crocodiles ( 
! ,llanos beg9 _! sie/a or summ]-sleep4 
,if x 7 probable t ^! animals ( ! same  
family _h h]et(ore inhabit$ ! same      
nor!rn c\ntry1 we might suppose t1 9    
advanc+ t[>ds ! equator1 !y feel ! want 
( repose aft] hav+ ex]cis$ _! muscles = 
sev5 or eight mon?s1 & t !y reta9 "u a  
new sky ! habits :i* appe> to be        
ess5tially l9k$ ) _! organization4      

,hav+ pass$ ! m\?s ( ! *annels          
communicat+ ) ! lake ( ,capanap>o1 we   
ent]$ a "p ( ! ,or9oco1 :]e ! b$ ( !    
riv] is n>r[$ by ! m\nta9s ( ,b>aguan4  
,x is a k9d ( /rait1 rea*+ ne>ly to !   
conflu5ce ( ! ,rio ,suapure4 ,f ^!      
granite m\nta9s ! natives h]et(ore gave 
! "n ( ,b>aguan to t "p ( ! ,or9oco     
compris$ betwe5 ! m\?s ( ! ,arauca & !  
,atabapo4 ,among savage nations great   
riv]s be> diff]5t d5om9ations 9 !       
diff]5t portions ( _! c\rse4 ,! ,passage
 ( ,b>aguan pres5ts a picturesque sc5e4 
,! granite rocks are p]p5dicul>4 ,!y =m 
a range ( m\nta9s ly+ nor?-we/ &        
s\?-ea/2 & ! riv] cutt+ ?is dyke ne>ly  
at a "r angle1 ! summits ( ! m\nta9s    
appe> l sep>ate peaks4 ,_! elevation 9  
g5]al does n surpass "o hundr$ & tw5ty  
toises2 b _! situation 9 ! mid/ ( a     
small pla91 _! /eep declivities1 & _!   
flanks de/itute ( vegetation1 give !m a 
maje/ic "*4 ,!y are compos$ ( enorm\s   
masses ( granite ( a p>allelopip$al     
figure1 b r\nd$ at ! edges1 & heap$ "o  

^u ano!r4 ,! blocks are (t5 eighty feet 
long1 & tw5ty or ?irty broad4 ,!y w\ld  
seem to h be5 pil$ up by "s ext]nal =ce1
 if ! proximity ( a rock id5tical 9 its 
composition1 n sep>at$ into blocks b    
fill$ ) ve9s1 did n prove t !           
p>allelopip$al =m is ow+ solely to !    
action ( ! atmosph]e4 ,^! ve9s1 two or  
?ree in*es ?ick1 are di/+ui%$ by a      
f9e-gra9$ qu>tz-granite cross+ a        
co>se-gra9$ granite almo/ porphyritic1 &
 ab\nd+ 9 f9e cry/als ( r$ feldsp>4 ,i  
s\ght 9 va91 9 ! ,cordill]a ( ,b>aguan1 
= hornbl5de1 & ^? /eatitic masses t     
*>act]ise sev]al granites ( ! ,high]    
,alps 9 ,switz]l&4  ,we l&$ 9 ! middle (
 ! /rait ( ,b>aguan to measure its      
bread?4 ,! rocks project s mu* t[>ds !  
riv] t ,i measur$ ) difficulty a base ( 
eighty toises4 ,i f\nd ! riv] eight     
hundr$ & eighty-n9e toises broad4 ,9    
ord] to conceive h[ ?is passage be>s !  
"n ( a /rait1 we mu/ recollect t !      
bread? ( ! riv] f ,uruana to ! junction 
( ! ,meta is 9 g5]al f #aejj to #bejj   

toises4 ,9 ?is place1 :i* is extremely  
hot & b>r51 ,i measur$ two granite      
summits1 mu* r\nd$3 "o 0 only a hundr$ &
 t51 & ! o!r eighty-five1 toises4 ,!re  
are high] summits 9 ! int]ior ( ! gr\p1 
b 9 g5]al ^! m\nta9s1 ( s wild an       
aspect1 h n ! elevation t is assign$ to 
!m by ! mission>ies4  ,we look$ 9 va9 = 
plants 9 ! clefts ( ! rocks1 :i* are z  
/eep z walls1 & furni% "s traces (      
/ratification4 ,we f\nd only an old     
trunk ( aubletia99 799 ,aubletia        
tiburba471 ) l>ge apple-%ap$ fruit1 & a 
new species ( ! family ( ! apocyneae499 
799 ,allam&a salicifolia47 ,all ! /ones 
7 cov]$ ) an innum]able quantity (      
iguanas & geckos ) spread+ & membran\s  
f+]s4 ,^! liz>ds1 motionless1 ) heads   
rais$1 & m\?s op51 seem$ to suck 9 !    
heat$ air4 ,! !rmomet] plac$ aga9/ !    
rock rose to #ej4b degrees4 ,! soil     
appe>$ to undulate1 f ! effect ( mirage1
 )\t a brea? ( w9d be+ felt4 ,! sun 0   
ne> ! z5i?1 & its dazzl+ light1 reflect$
 f ! surface ( ! riv]1 contra/$ ) !     

r$di% vap\rs t envelop$ e surr\nd+      
object4 ,h[ vivid is ! impression       
produc$ by ! calm ( nature1 at noon1 9  
^! burn+ climates6 ,! bea/s ( ! =e/s    
retire to ! ?ickets2 ! birds hide       
!mselves b5ea? ! foliage ( ! trees1 or 9
 ! crevices ( ! rocks4 ,yet1 amid/ ?is  
app>5t sil5ce1 :5 we l5d an att5tive e> 
to ! mo/ feeble s\nds transmitt$ ?r\gh !
 air1 we he> a dull vibration1 a        
cont9ual murmur1 a hum ( insects1 fill+1
 if we may use ! expression1 all ! l[]  
/rata ( ! air4 ,no?+ is bett] fitt$ to  
make man feel ! ext5t & p[] ( organic   
life4 ,myriads ( insects creep ^u !     
soil1 & flutt] r\nd ! plants p>*$ by !  
heat ( ! sun4 ,a confus$ noise issues f 
e bu%1 f ! decay$ trunks ( trees1 f !   
clefts ( ! rocks1 & f ! gr\nd und]m9$ by
 liz>ds1 millep$es1 & cecilias4 ,^! are 
s _m voices proclaim+ to u t all nature 
brea!s2 & t1 "u a ?\s& diff]5t =ms1 life
 is diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! crack$ & du/y     
soil1 z well z 9 ! bosom ( ! wat]s1 & 9 
! air t circulates ar\nd u4  ,!         

s5sations :i* ,i "h recall to m9d are n 
unkn[n to ^? :o1 )\t hav+ advanc$ to !  
equator1 h visit$ ,italy1 ,spa91 or     
,egypt4 ,t contra/ ( motion & sil5ce1 t 
aspect ( nature at once calm & animat$1 
/rikes ! imag9ation ( ! travell] :5 he  
ent]s ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 )9 ! zone
 ( olives1 dw>f palms1 & date-trees4    
,we pass$ ! night on ! ea/]n bank ( !   
,or9oco1 at ! foot ( a granitic hill4   
,ne> ?is des]t spot 0 =m]ly seat$ !     
,mission ( ,san ,regis4 ,we c\ld h wi%$ 
to f9d a spr+ 9 ! ,b>aguan1 = ! wat] ( !
 riv] _h a smell ( musk1 & a sweeti%    
ta/e extremely disagreeable4 ,9 !       
,or9oco1 z well z 9 ! ,apure1 we are    
/ruck ) ! diff]5ce obs]vable 9 ! v>i\s  
p>ts ( ! riv] ne> ! mo/ b>r5 %ore4 ,!   
wat] is sometimes v dr9kable1 &         
sometimes seems to be load$ ) a slimy   
matt]4 ,x is ! b>k 7mean+ ! coriace\s   
cov]+7 ( ! putrefi$ cayman t is ! cause1
 say ! natives4 ,! m ag$ ! cayman1 ! m  
bitt] is 8 b>k4 ,i h no d\bt t !        
c>casses ( ^! l>ge reptiles1 ^? ( !     

manatees1 :i* weigh five hundr$ p\nds1 &
 ! pres5ce ( ! porpoises 7ton9as7 ) _!  
mucilag9\s sk91 may contam9ate ! wat]1  
especially 9 ! creeks1 :]e ! riv] has   
little velocity4 ,yet ! spots :]e we    
f\nd ! mo/ fetid wat]1 7 n always ^? :]e
 dead animals 7 accumulat$ on ! bea*4   
,:51 9 su* burn+ climates1 :]e we are   
con/antly torm5t$ by ?ir/1 we are r$uc$ 
to dr9k ! wat] ( a riv] at ! temp]ature 
( #bg or #bh degrees1 we _c help wi%+ at
 lea/ t wat] s hot1 & s load$ ) s&1 %\ld
 be free f smell4  ,on ! #h? ( ,april we
 pass$ ! m\?s ( ! ,suapure or ,sivapuri1
 & ! ,c>ipo1 on ! ea/1 & ! outlet ( !   
,s9>uco on ! we/4 ,?is la/ riv] is1 next
 to ! ,rio ,arauca1 ! mo/ consid]able   
betwe5 ! ,apure & ! ,meta4 ,! ,suapure1 
full ( little cascades1 is celebrat$    
among ! ,indians = ! quantity ( wild    
honey obta9$ f ! =e/s 9 its             
neighb\rhood4 ,! melipones !re susp5d _!
 enorm\s hives to ! bran*es ( trees4    
,fa!r ,gili1 9 #agff1 made an excursion 
on ! ,suapure1 & on ! ,turiva1 :i* falls

 into x4 ,he !re f\nd tribes ( ! nation 
( ,arev]ians4 ,we pass$ ! night a little
 bel[ ! isl& ,macap9a4  ,e>ly on !      
foll[+ morn+ we arriv$ at ! bea* (      
,p>>uma1 :]e we f\nd an encampm5t (     
,indians simil> to t we _h se5 at !     
,boca de la ,tortuga4 ,!y _h assembl$ to
 se>* ! s&s1 = collect+ ! turtles' eggs1
 & extract+ ! oil2 b !y _h un=tunately  
made a mi/ake ( sev]al days4 ,! "y      
turtles _h come out ( _! %ells be=e !   
,indians _h =m$ _! camp2 & consequ5tly !
 crocodiles & ! g>zes1 a species ( l>ge 
:ite h]ons1 avail$ !mselves ( ! delay4  
,^! animals1 alike fond ( ! fle% ( ! "y 
turtles1 dev\r an innum]able quantity4  
,!y fi% dur+ ! night1 = ! tortuguillos d
 n come out ( ! e>? to ga9 ! neighb\r+  
riv] till aft] ! ev5+ twilight4 ,!      
zamuro vultures are too indol5t to hunt 
aft] sunset4 ,!y /alk along ! %ores 9 ! 
daytime1 & alight 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,indian  
encampm5t to /eal provisions2 b !y (t5  
f9d no o!r means ( satisfy+ _! voracity 
?an by attack+ "y crocodiles ( sev5 or  

eight in*es long1 ei!r on l& or 9 wat] (
 little dep?4 ,x is curi\s to see !     
address ) :i* ^! little animals def5d   
!mselves = a "t aga9/ ! vultures4 ,z    
soon z !y p]ceive ! enemy1 !y raise     
!mselves on _! =e paws1 b5d _! backs1 & 
lift up _! heads1 op5+ _! wide jaws4 ,!y
 turn cont9ually1 ?\gh sl[ly1 t[>d _!   
assailant to %[ him _! tee?1 :i*1 ev5 :5
 ! animal has b rec5tly issu$ f ! egg1  
are v long & %>p4 ,(t5 :ile ! att5tion (
 a "y crocodile is :olly engag$ by "o ( 
! zamuros1 ano!r seizes ! fav\rable     
opportunity = an un=ese5 attack4 ,he    
p\nces on ! crocodile1 grasps him by !  
neck1 & be>s him (f to ! high] regions (
 ! air4 ,we _h an opportunity ( obs]v+  
?is manoeuvre dur+ sev]al morn+s1 at    
,mompex1 on ! banks ( ! ,magdal5a1 :]e  
we _h collect$ m ?an =ty v "y           
crocodiles1 9 a spaci\s c\rt surr\nd$ by
 a wall4  ,we f\nd among ! ,indians     
assembl$ at ,p>>uma "s :ite m51 :o _h   
come f ,ango/ura to pur*ase !           
tortoise-butt]4 ,aft] hav+ we>i$ u = a  

long "t ) _! compla9ts ( ! bad h>ve/1 & 
! mis*ief done by ! tig]s among !       
turtles1 at ! "t ( lay+ _! eggs1 !y     
conduct$ u b5ea? an aj\pa1 t rose 9 !   
c5tre ( ! ,indian camp4 ,we "h f\nd !   
mission>y-monks ( ,c>i*ana & ! ,cat>acts
 seat$ on ! gr\nd1 play+ at c>ds1 &     
smok+ tobacco 9 long pipes4 ,_! ample   
blue g>m5ts1 _! %av5 heads1 & _! long   
be>ds1 might h l$ u to mi/ake !m =      
natives ( ! ,ea/4 ,^! poor prie/s       
receiv$ u 9 ! k9de/ mann]1 giv+ u e     
in=mation necess>y = ! cont9uation ( our
 voyage4 ,!y _h suff]$ f t]tian fev] =  
"s mon?s2 & _! pale & emaciat$ aspect   
easily conv9c$ u t ! c\ntries we 7 ab\t 
to visit 7 n )\t dang] to ! heal? (     
travell]s4  ,! ,indian pilot1 :o _h     
br\ght u f ,san ,f]n&o de ,apure z f> z 
! %ore ( ,p>>uma1 0 unacqua9t$ ) !      
passage ( ! rapids99 799 ,little        
cascades1 *orros raudalitos47 ( !       
,or9oco1 & w\ld n und]take to conduct   
our b>k any f>!r4 ,we 7 oblig$ to con=m 
to 8 w4 ,happily = u1 ! mission>y (     

,c>i*ana cons5t$ to sell u a f9e canoe  
at a v mod]ate price3 & ,fa!r ,b]n>do   
,zea1 mission>y ( ! ,atures & ,maypures 
ne> ! great cat>acts1 (f]$1 ?\gh /ill   
unwell1 to accompany u z f> z ! fronti]s
 ( ,brazil4 ,! numb] ( natives :o c     
assi/ 9 guid+ boats ?r\gh ! ,raudales is
 s inconsid]able t1 b = ! pres5ce ( !   
monk1 we %\ld h risk$ sp5d+ :ole weeks 9
 ^! humid & unheal?y regions4 ,on !     
banks ( ! ,or9oco1 ! =e/s ( ! ,rio      
,negro are consid]$ z delici\s spots4 ,!
 air is inde$ cool] & m heal?ful4 ,!    
riv] is free f crocodiles2 "o may ba!   
)\t appreh5sion1 & by night z well z by 
day !re is less torm5t f ! /+ ( insects 
?an on ! ,or9oco4 ,fa!r ,zea hop$ to    
ree/abli% 8 heal? by visit+ ! ,missions 
( ,rio ,negro4 ,he talk$ ( ^? places ) t
 en?usiasm :i* is felt 9 all ! colonies 
( ,s\? ,am]ica = ev]y?+ f> (f4  ,!      
assemblage ( ,indians at ,p>>uma aga9   
excit$ 9 u t int]e/1 :i* ev]y:]e atta*es
 man 9 a cultivat$ /ate to ! /udy ( man 
9 a savage condition1 & ! successive    

developm5t ( 8 intellectual faculties4  
,h[ difficult to recognize 9 ?is infancy
 ( society1 9 ?is assemblage ( dull1    
sil5t1 inanimate ,indians1 ! primitive  
"* ( our species6 ,human nature does n  
"h manife/ ^? features ( artless        
simplicity1 ( :i* poets 9 e language h  
drawn su* en*ant+ pictures4 ,! savage ( 
! ,or9oco appe>$ to u to be z hide\s z !
 savage ( ! ,mississippi1 describ$ by t 
philosophical travell] ,volney1 :o s    
well knew h[ to pa9t man 9 diff]5t      
climates4 ,we are eag] to p]suade       
ourselves t ^! natives1 cr\*+ be=e !    
fire1 or seat$ on l>ge turtle-%ells1 _! 
bodies cov]$ ) e>? & grease1 _! eyes    
/upidly fix$ = :ole h\rs on ! bev]age !y
 are prep>+1 f> f be+ ! primitive type (
 our species1 are a deg5]ate race1 !    
feeble rema9s ( nations :o1 aft] hav+   
be5 long disp]s$ 9 ! =e/s1 are replung$ 
into b>b>ism4  ,r$ pa9t be+ 9 "s sort ! 
only clo?+ ( ! ,indians1 two k9ds may be
 di/+ui%$ among !m1 accord+ z !y are m  
or less afflu5t4 ,! common decoration ( 

! ,c>ibs1 ! ,ottomacs1 & ! ,j>uros1 is  
onoto199 799 ,prop]ly anoto4 ,?is ^w    
belongs to ! ,tamanac ,indians4 ,!      
,maypures call x majepa4 ,! ,spani%     
mission>ies say onot>se1 to rub ! sk9 ) 
anato47 call$ by ! ,spani>ds a*ote1 & by
 ! plant]s ( ,cay5ne1 roc\4 ,x is !     
col\r+ matt] extract$ f ! pulp ( ! ,bixa
 orellana499 799 ,! ^w bixa1 adopt$ by  
botani/s1 is d]iv$ f ! anci5t language (
 ,haiti 7! isl& ( ,/4 ,dom+o74 ,roc\1 ! 
t]m commonly us$ by ! ,fr5*1 is d]iv$ f 
! ,brazilian ^w1 urucu47 ,! ,indian wom5
 prep>e ! anato by ?r[+ ! se$s ( ! plant
 into a tub fill$ ) wat]4 ,!y beat ?is  
wat] = an h\r1 & !n leave x to deposit !
 col\r+ fecula1 :i* is ( an int5se      
brick-r$4 ,aft] hav+ sep>at$ ! wat]1 !y 
take out ! fecula1 dry x betwe5 _! h&s1 
knead x ) oil ( turtles' eggs1 & =m x   
into r\nd cakes ( ?ree or f\r ounces    
weight4 ,:5 turtle oil is want+1 "s     
tribes mix ) ! anato ! fat ( !          
crocodile4  ,ano!r pigm5t1 mu* m        
valuable1 is extract$ f a plant ( !     

family ( ! bignoniae1 :i* ,m4 ,bonpl&   
has made kn[n by ! "n ( ,bignonia *ica4 
,x climbs up & cl+s to ! talle/ trees by
 ! aid ( t5drils4 ,its bilabiate fl[]s  
are an in* long1 ( a f9e violet col\r1 &
 dispos$ by twos or ?rees4 ,! bip9nate  
leaves become r$di% 9 dry+4 ,! fruit is 
a pod1 fill$ ) w+$ se$s1 & is two feet  
long4 ,?is plant gr[s spontane\sly1 & 9 
great abundance1 ne> ,maypures2 & 9 go+ 
up ! ,or9oco1 beyond ! m\? ( ! ,guavi>e1
 f ,santa ,b>b>a to ! l(ty m\nta9 (     
,duida1 p>ticul>ly ne> ,esm]alda4 ,we   
also f\nd x on ! banks ( ! ,cassiqui>e4 
,! r$ pigm5t ( *ica is n obta9$ f !     
fruit1 l ! onoto1 b f ! leaves mac]at$ 9
 wat]4 ,! col\r+ matt] sep>ates 9 ! =m (
 a light p[d]4 ,x is collect$1 )\t be+  
mix$ ) turtle-oil1 into little lumps    
eight or n9e in*es long1 & f two to ?ree
 high1 r\nd$ at ! edges4 ,^! lumps1 :5  
heat$1 emit an agreeable smell ( b5zo94 
,:5 ! *ica is subject$ to di/illation1 x
 yields no s5sible traces ( ammonia4 ,x 
is n1 l indigo1 a sub/ance comb9$ )     

azote4 ,x dissolves slightly 9 sulphuric
 & muriatic acids1 & ev5 9 alkalis4     
,gr\nd ) oil1 ! *ica furni%es a r$ col\r
 t has a t9t ( lake4 ,appli$ to wool1 x 
might be conf\nd$ ) madd]-r$4 ,!re is no
 d\bt b t ! *ica1 unkn[n 9 ,europe be=e 
our travels1 may be employ$ usefully 9 !
 arts4 ,! nations on ! ,or9oco1 by :om  
?is pigm5t is be/ prep>$1 are !         
,salivas1 ! ,guipunaves199 799 ,or      
,guaypunaves2 !y call !mselves          
,uipunavi47 ! ,cav]es1 & ! ,piraoas4 ,! 
processes ( infusion & mac]ation are 9  
g5]al v common among all ! nations on ! 
,or9oco4 ,?us ! ,maypures c>ry on a     
trade ( b>t] ) ! little loaves ( puruma1
 :i* is a vegetable fecula1 dri$ 9 !    
mann] ( indigo1 & yield+ a v p]man5t    
yell[ col\r4 ,! *emi/ry ( ! savage is   
r$uc$ to ! prep>ation ( pigm5ts1 t (    
poisons1 & ! dulcification ( ! amylace\s
 roots1 :i* ! aroides & ! euphorbiace\s 
plants af=d4  ,mo/ ( ! mission>ies ( !  
,upp] & ,l[] ,or9oco p]mit ! ,indians ( 
_! ,missions to pa9t _! sk9s4 ,x is     

pa9ful to add1 t "s ( !m speculate on   
?is b>b>\s practice ( ! natives4 ,9 _!  
huts1 pomp\sly call$ conv5tos199 799 ,9 
! ,missions1 ! prie/'s h\se be>s ! "n ( 
! conv5t47 ,i h (t5 se5 /ores ( *ica1   
:i* !y sold z high z f\r francs ! cake4 
,to =m a j idea ( ! extravagance ( !    
decoration ( ^! nak$ ,indians1 ,i mu/   
obs]ve1 t a man ( l>ge /ature ga9s )    
difficulty en\gh by ! lab\r ( a =tnight1
 to procure 9 ex*ange ! *ica necess>y to
 pa9t himself r$4 ,?us z we say1 9      
temp]ate climates1 ( a poor man1 he has 
n en\gh to clo! himself1 y he> !        
,indians ( ! ,or9oco say1 t man is s    
poor1 t he has n en\gh to pa9t half 8   
body4 ,! little trade 9 *ica is c>ri$ on
 *iefly ) ! tribes ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 ^: 
c\ntry does n produce ! plant :i*       
furni%es ?is mu*-valu$ sub/ance4 ,!     
,c>ibs & ! ,ottomacs pa9t only ! head & 
! hair ) *ica1 b ! ,salives possess ?is 
pigm5t 9 suffici5t abundance to cov] _! 
:ole bodies4 ,:5 ! mission>ies s5d on _!
 own acc\nt small c>goes ( cacao1       

tobacco1 & *iqui*iqui99 799 ,ropes made 
) ! petioles ( a palm-tree ) p9nate     
leaves47 f ! ,rio ,negro to ,ango/ura1  
!y always add "s cakes ( *ica1 z be+    
articles ( m]*&ise 9 great reque/4  ,!  
cu/om ( pa9t+ is n equally anci5t among 
all ! tribes ( ! ,or9oco4 ,x has        
increas$ s9ce ! "t :5 ! p[]ful nation ( 
! ,c>ibs made frequ5t incursions into ^?
 c\ntries4 ,! victors & ! vanqui%$ 7    
alike nak$2 & to please ! conqu]or x 0  
necess>y to pa9t l him1 & to assume 8   
col\r4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,c>ibs has n[    
ceas$1 & !y rema9 circumscrib$ betwe5 ! 
riv]s ,c>ony1 ,cuyuni1 & ,p>aguamuzi2 b 
! ,c>ibbean fa%ion ( pa9t+ ! :ole body  
is /ill pres]v$4 ,! cu/om has surviv$ ! 
conque/4  ,does ! use ( ! anato & *ica  
d]ive its orig9 f ! desire ( pleas+1 & !
 ta/e = ornam5t1 s common among ! mo/   
savage nations8 or mu/ we suppose x to  
be f\nd$ on ! obs]vation1 t ^! col\r+ & 
oily matt]s ) :i* ! sk9 is pla/]$1      
pres]ve x f ! /+ ( ! mosquitos8 ,i h (t5
 he>d ?is "q discuss$ 9 ,europe2 b 9 !  

,missions ( ! ,or9oco1 & :]ev]1 )9 !    
tropics1 ! air is fill$ ) v5om\s        
insects1 ! inquiry w\ld appe> absurd4 ,!
 ,c>ib & ! ,salive1 :o are pa9t$ r$1 are
 n less cruelly torm5t$ by ! mosquitos &
 ! zancudos1 ?an ! ,indians ^: bodies   
are pla/]$ ) no col\r4 ,! /+ ( ! insect 
causes no swell+ 9 ei!r2 & sc>cely ev]  
produces ^? little pu/ules :i* occasion 
su* sm>t+ & it*+ to ,europeans rec5tly  
arriv$4 ,b ! native & ! ,:ite suff]     
equally f ! /+1 till ! insect has )drawn
 its suck] f ! sk94 ,aft] a ?\s& useless
 essays1 ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself tri$ !    
exp$i5t ( rubb+ our h&s & arms ) ! fat (
 ! crocodile1 & ! oil ( turtle-eggs1 b  
we nev] felt ! lea/ relief1 & 7 /ung z  
be=e4 ,i "k t ! ,lapl&]s boa/ ( oil &   
fat z ! mo/ useful pres]vatives2 b !    
insects ( ,sc&9avia are n ( ! same      
species z ^? ( ! ,or9oco4 ,! smoke (    
tobacco drives away our gnats1 :ile x is
 employ$ 9 va9 aga9/ ! zancudos4 ,if !  
application ( fat & a/r+5t99 sub/ances  
pres]v$ ! inhabitants ( ^! c\ntries f ! 

torm5t ( insects1 z ,fa!r ,gumilla      
alleges1 :y has n ! cu/om ( pa9t+ ! sk9 
become g5]al on ^! %ores8 799 ,! pulp ( 
! anato1 & ev5 ! *ica1 are a/r+5t &     
slightly purgative47 ,:y d s _m nak$    
natives pa9t only ! face1 ?\gh liv+ 9 ! 
neighb\rhood ( ^? :o pa9t ! :ole body899
 799 ,! ,c>ibs1 ! ,salives1 ! ,tamanacs1
 & ! ,maypures47  ,we are /ruck ) !     
obs]vation1 t ! ,indians ( ! ,or9oco1 l 
! natives ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 pref] !      
sub/ances t yield a r$ col\r to e o!r4  
,is ?is pr$ilection f\nd$ on ! facility 
) :i* ! savage procures o*re\s e>?s1 or 
! col\r+ fecula ( anato & ( *ica8 ,i    
d\bt ?is mu*4 ,indigo gr[s wild 9 a     
great "p ( equ9octial ,am]ica4 ,?is     
plant1 l s _m o!r legum9\s plants1 w\ld 
h furni%$ ! natives abundantly ) pigm5ts
 to col\r !mselves blue l ! anci5t      
,britons499 799 ,! half-clad nations ( !
 temp]ate zone (t5 pa9t _! sk9 ( ! same 
col\r z t ) :i* _! clo!s are dy$47 ,yet 
we see no ,am]ican tribe pa9t$ ) indigo4
 ,x appe>s to me probable1 z ,i h       

already h9t$ above1 t ! pref]5ce giv5 by
 ! ,am]icans to ! r$ col\r is g5]ally   
f\nd$ on ! t5d5cy :i* nations feel to   
attribute ! idea ( beauty to :atev]     
*>act]ises _! national physiognomy4 ,m5 
^: sk9 is naturally ( a br[ni% r$1 love 
a r$ col\r4 ,if !y be born ) a =ehead   
little rais$1 & ! head flat1 !y endeav\r
 to depress ! =eheads ( _! *ildr54 ,if  
!y be di/+ui%$ f o!r nations by a ?9    
be>d1 !y try to eradicate ! few hairs t 
nature has giv5 !m4 ,!y ?9k !mselves    
embelli%$ 9 proportion z !y height5 !   
*>act]i/ic m>ks ( _! race1 or ( _!      
national con=mation4  ,we 7 surpris$ to 
see1 t1 9 ! camp ( ,p>>uma1 ! wom5 f>   
advanc$ 9 ye>s 7 m occupi$ ) _! ornam5ts
 ?an ! y\nge/ wom54 ,we saw an ,indian  
female ( ! nation ( ! ,ottomacs employ+ 
two ( h] daught]s 9 ! op]ation ( rubb+  
h] hair ) ! oil ( turtles' eggs1 & pa9t+
 h] back ) anato & c>uto4 ,! ornam5t    
consi/$ ( a sort ( lattice-"w =m$ (     
black l9es cross+ ea* o!r on a r$ gr\nd4
 ,ea* little squ>e _h a black dot 9 !   

c5tre4 ,x 0 a "w ( incr$ible pati5ce4   
,we return$ f a v long h]borization1 & !
 pa9t+ 0 n half f9i%$4 ,?is rese>* (    
ornam5t seems ! m s+ul> :5 we reflect t 
! figures & m>ks are n produc$ by !     
process ( tattoo+1 b t pa9t+s execut$ ) 
s mu* c>e are effac$199 if ! ,indian    
exposes himself imprud5tly to a heavy   
%[]4 799 ,! black & cau/ic pigm5t ( !   
c>uto 7,g5ipa am]icana7 h[ev]1 resi/s a 
long "t ! action ( wat]1 z we f\nd )    
regret1 hav+ "o day1 9 sport ) !        
,indians1 caus$ our faces to be m>k$ )  
spots & /rokes ( c>uto4 ,:5 we return$  
to ,ango/ura1 9 ! mid/ ( ,europeans1 ^! 
m>ks 7 /ill visible47 ,!re are "s       
nations :o pa9t only to celebrate       
fe/ivals2 o!rs are cov]$ ) col\r dur+ ! 
:ole ye>3 & ! latt] consid] ! use (     
anato z s indisp5sable1 t bo? m5 & wom5 
w\ld p]haps be less a%am$ to pres5t     
!mselves )\t a guayaco99 ?an de/itute ( 
pa9t4 799 ,a ^w ( ! ,c>ibbean language4 
,! p]izoma ( ! ,indians ( ! ,or9oco is r
 a b& ?an an apron47 ,^! guayucos ( !   

,or9oco are p>tly b>k ( trees1 & p>tly  
cotton-clo?4 ,^? ( ! m5 are broad] ?an  
^? worn by ! wom51 :o1 ! mission>ies    
say1 h 9 g5]al a less lively feel+ (    
mode/y4 ,a simil> obs]vation 0 made by  
,*ri/oph] ,columbus4 ,may we n attribute
 ?is 9 diff]5ce1 ?is want ( delicacy 9  
wom5 belong+ to nations ( :i* ! mann]s  
are n mu* deprav$1 to t rude /ate (     
slav]y to :i* ! sex is r$uc$ 9 ,s\?     
,am]ica by male inju/ice & tyranny8  ,:5
 we speak 9 ,europe ( a native (        
,guiana1 we figure to ourselves a man ^:
 head & wai/ are decorat$ ) ! f9e fea!rs
 ( ! macaw1 ! t\can1 & ! humm+-bird4    
,our pa9t]s & sculptors h long s9ce     
reg>d$ ^! ornam5ts z ! *>act]i/ic m>ks (
 an ,am]ican4 ,we 7 surpris$ at n f9d+ 9
 ! ,*ayma ,missions1 9 ! encampm5ts (   
,uruana & ( ,p>>uma 7,i might almo/ say 
on all ! %ores ( ! ,or9oco & !          
,cassiqui>e7 ^? f9e plumes1 ^? fea!r$   
aprons1 :i* are s (t5 br\ght by         
travell]s f ,cay5ne & ,dem]>a4 ,^!      
tribes = ! mo/ "p1 ev5 ^? ^:            

intellectual faculties are mo/ exp&$1 :o
 cultivate alim5t>y plants1 & "k h[ to  
weave cotton1 are altoge!r z nak$199 z  
poor1 & z de/itute ( ornam5ts z !       
natives ( ,new ,holl&4 799 ,= in/ance1 !
 ,macos & ! ,piraoas4 ,! ,c>ibs mu/ be  
except$1 ^: p]izoma is a cotton clo?1 s 
broad t x might cov] ! %\ld]s47 ,!      
excessive heat ( ! air1 ! pr(use        
p]spiration 9 :i* ! body is ba!d at e   
h\r ( ! day & a great "p ( ! night1 r5d]
 ! use ( clo!s insupportable4 ,_!       
objects ( ornam5t1 & p>ticul>ly _!      
plumes ( fea!rs1 are res]v$ = dances &  
solemn fe/ivals4 ,! plumes worn by !    
,guipunaves99 are ! mo/ celebrat$2 be+  
compos$ ( ! f9e fea!rs ( manak9s &      
p>rots4 799 ,^! came orig9ally f ! banks
 ( ! ,inirida1 "o ( ! riv]s t fall into 
! ,guavi>e47  ,! ,indians are n always  
satisfi$ ) "o col\r uni=mly spread2 !y  
sometimes imitate1 9 ! mo/ :imsical     
mann]1 9 pa9t+ _! sk91 ! =m ( ,european 
g>m5ts4 ,we saw "s at ,p>>uma1 :o 7     
pa9t$ ) blue jackets & black buttons4 ,!

 mission>ies relat$ to u t ! ,guaynaves 
( ! ,rio ,caura are accu/om$ to /a9     
!mselves r$ ) anato1 & to make broad    
transv]se /ripes on ! body1 on :i* !y   
/ick spangles ( silv]y mica4 ,se5 at a  
di/ance1 ^! nak$ m5 appe> to be dress$ 9
 lac$ clo!s4 ,if pa9t$ nations _h be5   
exam9$ ) ! same att5tion z ^? :o are    
clo!d1 x w\ld h be5 p]ceiv$ t ! mo/     
f]tile imag9ation1 & ! mo/ mutable      
caprice1 h creat$ ! fa%ions ( pa9t+1 z  
well z ^? ( g>m5ts4  ,pa9t+ & tattoo+   
are n re/ra9$1 9 ei!r ! ,new or ! ,old  
,_w1 to "o race or "o zone only4 ,^!    
ornam5ts are mo/ common among ! ,malays 
& ,am]ican races2 b 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans  
!y 7 also employ$ by ! :ite race 9 !    
nor? ( ,europe4 ,z ! mo/ picturesque    
g>m5ts & modes ( dress are f\nd 9 !     
,grecian ,ar*ipelago & we/]n ,asia1 s ! 
type ( beauty 9 pa9t+ & tattoo+ is      
display$ by ! isl&]s ( ! ,pacific4 ,"s  
clo!d nations /ill pa9t _! h&s1 _!      
nails1 & _! faces4 ,x w\ld seem t pa9t+ 
is !n conf9$ to ^? p>ts ( ! body t rema9

 uncov]$2 & :ile r\ge1 :i* recalls to   
m9d ! savage /ate ( man1 is disappe>+ by
 degrees 9 ,europe1 9 "s t[ns ( !       
prov9ce ( ,p]u ! ladies ?9k !y embelli% 
_! delicate sk9s by cov]+ !m ) col\r+   
vegetable matt]1 />*1 :ite-(-egg1 &     
fl\r4 ,aft] hav+ liv$ a long "t among m5
 pa9t$ ) anato & *ica1 we are s+ul>ly   
/ruck ) ^! rema9s ( anci5t b>b>ism      
reta9$ amid/ all ! usages (             
civilization4  ,! encampm5t at ,p>>uma  
af=d$ u an opportunity ( exam9+ sev]al  
animals 9 _! natural /ate1 :i*1 till !n1
 we _h se5 only 9 ! collections (       
,europe4 ,^! little animals =m a bran* (
 comm]ce = ! mission>ies4 ,!y ex*ange   
tobacco1 ! res9 call$ mani1 ! pigm5t (  
*ica1 gallitos 7rock-manak9s71 orange   
monkeys1 capu*9 monkeys1 & o!r species (
 monkeys 9 great reque/ on ! coa/1 =    
clo?1 nails1 hat*ets1 fi%hooks1 & p9s4  
,! productions ( ! ,or9oco are b\ght at 
a l[ price f ! ,indians1 :o live 9      
dep5d5ce on ! monks2 & ^! same ,indians 
pur*ase fi%+ & g>d5+ implem5ts f ! monks

 at a v high price1 ) ! money !y h ga9$ 
at ! egg-h>ve/4 ,we ourselves b\ght     
sev]al animals1 :i* we kept ) u ?r\gh\t 
! re/ ( our passage on ! riv]1 & /udi$  
_! mann]s4  ,! gallitos1 or             
rock-manak9s1 are sold at ,p>>uma 9     
pretty little cages made ( ! foot/alks (
 palm-leaves4 ,^! birds are inf9itely m 
r>e on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 & 9 ! nor? &
 we/ ( equ9octial ,am]ica1 ?an 9 ,fr5*  
,guiana4 ,!y h hi!rto be5 f\nd only ne> 
! ,mission ( ,enc>amada1 & 9 ! ,raudales
 or cat>acts ( ,maypures4 ,i say        
expressly ,,9 ! cat>acts1 because !     
gallitos *oose = _! habitual dwell+ !   
holl[s ( ! little granitic rocks t cross
 ! ,or9oco & =m su* num]\s cascades4 ,we
 sometimes saw !m appe> 9 ! morn+ 9 !   
mid/ ( ! foam ( ! riv]1 call+ _!        
females1 & fight+ 9 ! mann] ( our cocks1
 fold+ ! d\ble moveable cre/ t decorates
 ! cr[n ( ! head4 ,z ! ,indians v r>ely 
take ! full-gr[n gallitos1 & ^? males   
only are valu$ 9 ,europe1 :i* f ! ?ird  
ye> h beautiful saffron-col\r$ plumage1 

pur*as]s %\ld be on _! gu>d n to conf\nd
 "y females ) "y males4 ,bo? ! male &   
female gallitos are ( an olive-br[n2 b !
 pollo1 or "y male1 is di/+ui%able at ! 
e>lie/ age1 by its size & its yell[     
feet4 ,aft] ! ?ird ye> ! plumage ( !    
males assumes a beautiful saffron t9t2 b
 ! female rema9s always ( a dull dusky  
br[n col\r1 ) yell[ only on ! w+-cov]ts 
& tips ( ! w+s499 799 ,especially ! "p  
:i* orni?ologi/s call ! c>pus47 ,to     
pres]ve 9 our collections ! f9e t9t ( ! 
plumage ( a male & full-gr[n            
rock-manak91 x mu/ n be expos$ to !     
light4 ,?is t9t gr[s pale m easy ?an 9 !
 o!r g5]a ( ! pass]9e ord]4 ,! "y males1
 z 9 mo/ o!r birds1 h ! plumage or liv]y
 ( _! "m4 ,i am surpris$ to see t s     
skilful a naturali/ z ,le ,vaillant c   
d\bt :e!r ! females always rema9 ( a    
dusky olive t9t499 799 ,oiseaux de      
,p>adis volume #b page #fa47 ,! ,indians
 ( ! ,raudales all assur$ me t !y _h    
nev] se5 a saffron-col\r$ female4       
,among ! monkeys1 br\ght by ! ,indians  

to ! fair ( ,p>>uma1 we di/+ui%$ sev]al 
v>ieties ( ! sai199 799 ,simia capuc9a !
 capu*9 monkey47 belong+ to ! little    
gr\ps ( creep+ monkeys call$ mat*i 9 !  
,spani% colonies2 m>imondes99 799 ,simia
 belzebu?471 or ateles ) a r$ belly2    
titis1 & viuditas4 ,! la/ two species   
p>ticul>ly attract$ our att5tion1 & we  
pur*as$ !m to s5d to ,europe4  ,! titi (
 ! ,or9oco 7,simia sciurea71 well-kn[n 9
 our collections1 is call$ bitit5i by ! 
,maypure ,indians4 ,x is v common on !  
s\? ( ! cat>acts4 ,its face is :ite2 & a
 little spot ( blui%-black cov]s ! m\? &
 ! po9t ( ! nose4 ,! titis ( ! mo/      
elegant =m1 & ! mo/ beautiful col\r 7)  
hair ( a gold5 yell[71 come f ! banks ( 
! ,cassiqui>e4 ,^? t are tak5 on ! %ores
 ( ! ,guavi>e are l>ge & difficult to   
tame4 ,no o!r monkey has s mu* !        
physiognomy ( a *ild z ! titi2 !re is ! 
same expression ( innoc5ce1 ! same      
playful smile1 ! same rapidity 9 !      
transition f joy to sorr[4 ,its l>ge    
eyes are in/antly fill$ ) te>s1 :5 x is 

seiz$ ) fe>4 ,x is extremely fond (     
insects1 p>ticul>ly ( spid]s4 ,!        
sagacity ( ?is little animal is s great1
 t "o ( ^? we br\ght 9 our boat to      
,ango/ura di/+ui%$ p]fectly ! diff]5t   
plates annex$ to ,cuvi]'s ,tableau      
elem5taire d',hi/oire naturelle4 ,!     
engrav+s ( ?is "w are n col\r$2 yet !   
titi advanc$ rapidly its little h& 9 !  
hope ( cat*+ a gras%opp] or a wasp1 e "t
 t we %[$ x ! elev5? plate1 on :i* ^!   
insects are repres5t$4 ,x rema9$        
p]fectly indiff]5t :5 x 0 %[n engrav+s (
 skeletons or heads ( mammif]\s         
animals499 799 ,i may obs]ve1 t ,i h    
nev] he>d ( an in/ance 9 :i* a picture1 
repres5t+1 9 ! greate/ p]fection1 h>es  
or de] ( _! natural size1 has made !    
lea/ impression ev5 on sport+ dogs1 !   
intellig5ce ( :i* appe>s ! mo/ improv$4 
,is !re any au!nticat$ in/ance ( a dog  
hav+ recogniz$ a full l5g? picture ( 8  
ma/]8 ,9 all ^! cases1 ! sight is n     
assi/$ by ! smell47 ,:5 sev]al ( ^!     
little monkeys1 %ut up 9 ! same cage1   

are expos$ to ! ra91 & ! habitual       
temp]ature ( ! air s9ks sudd5ly two or  
?ree degrees1 !y twi/ _! tail 7:i*1     
h[ev]1 is n preh5sile7 r\nd _! neck1 &  
int]tw9e _! arms & legs to w>m "o ano!r4
 ,! ,indian hunt]s told u1 t 9 ! =e/s !y
 (t5 met gr\ps ( t5 or twelve ( ^!      
animals1 :il/ o!rs s5t =? lam5table     
cries1 because !y wi%$ to ent] amid !   
gr\p to f9d w>m? & %elt]4 ,by %oot+     
arr[s dipp$ 9 weak poison at "o ( ^!    
gr\ps1 a great numb] ( "y monkeys are   
tak5 alive at once4 ,! titi 9 fall+     
rema9s cl++ to its "m1 & if x be n w\nd$
 by ! fall1 x does n quit ! %\ld] or !  
neck ( ! dead animal4 ,mo/ ( ^? t are   
f\nd alive 9 ! huts ( ! ,indians h be5  
?us tak5 f ! dead bodies ( _! mo!rs4 ,^?
 t are full gr[n1 :5 cur$ ( a slight    
w\nd1 commonly die be=e !y c accu/om    
!mselves to a dome/ic /ate4 ,! titis are
 9 g5]al delicate & timid little        
animals4 ,x is v difficult to convey !m 
f ! ,missions ( ! ,or9oco to ! coa/ (   
,c>acas1 or ( ,cumana4 ,!y become       

melan*oly & deject$ 9 proportion z !y   
quit ! region ( ! =e/s1 & ent] !        
,llanos4 ,?is *ange _c be attribut$ to !
 slight elevation ( ! temp]ature2 x     
seems r to dep5d on a great] int5sity ( 
light1 a less degree ( humidity1 & "s   
*emical prop]ty ( ! air ( ! coa/4  ,!   
saimiri1 or titi ( ! ,or9oco1 ! atele1 !
 saj\1 & o!r quadruman\s animals long   
kn[n 9 ,europe1 =m a /rik+ contra/1 bo? 
9 _! gait & habits1 ) ! macavahu1 call$ 
by ! mission>ies viudita1 or wid[ 9     
m\rn+4 ,! hair ( ?is little animal is   
s(t1 glossy1 & ( a f9e black4 ,its face 
is cov]$ ) a mask ( a squ>e =m & a :iti%
 col\r t+$ ) blue4 ,?is mask conta9s !  
eyes1 nose1 & m\?4 ,! e>s h a rim3 !y   
are small1 v pretty1 & almo/ b>e4 ,!    
neck ( ! wid[ pres5ts 9 front a :ite b&1
 an in* broad1 & =m+ a semicircle4 ,!   
feet1 or r ! h9d] h&s1 are black l ! re/
 ( ! body2 b ! =e paws are :ite )\t1 & (
 a glossy black )94 ,9 ^! m>ks1 or :ite 
spots1 ! mission>ies ?9k !y recognize ! 
veil1 ! neck]*ief1 & ! gloves ( a wid[ 9

 m\rn+4 ,! "* ( ?is little monkey1 :i*  
sits up on its h9d] extremities only :5 
eat+1 is b little indicat$ 9 its        
appe>ance4 ,x has a wild & timid air2 x 
(t5 refuses ! food (f]$ to x1 ev5 :5    
torm5t$ by a rav5\s appetite4 ,x has    
little incl9ation = ! society ( o!r     
monkeys4 ,! sight ( ! smalle/ saimiri   
puts x to flight4 ,its eye d5otes great 
vivacity4 ,we h se5 x rema9 :ole h\rs   
motionless )\t sleep+1 & att5tive to    
ev]y?+ t 0 pass+ ar\nd4 ,b ?is wildness 
& timidity are m]ely app>5t4 ,! viudita1
 :5 alone1 & left to itself1 becomes    
furi\s at ! sight ( a bird4 ,x !n climbs
 & runs ) a/oni%+ rapidity2 d>ts ^u its 
prey l a cat2 & kills :atev] x c seize4 
,?is r>e & delicate monkey is f\nd on ! 
"r bank ( ! ,or9oco1 9 ! granite m\nta9s
 :i* rise beh9d ! ,mission ( ,santa     
,b>b>a4 ,x inhabits also ! banks ( !    
,guavi>e1 ne> ,san ,f]n&o de ,atabapo4  
,! viudita accompani$ u on our :ole     
voyage on ! ,cassiqui>e & ! ,rio ,negro1
 pass+ ! cat>acts twice4 ,9 /udy+ !     

mann]s ( animals1 x is a great advantage
 to obs]ve !m dur+ sev]al mon?s 9 ! op5 
air1 & n 9 h\ses1 :]e !y lose all _!    
natural vivacity4  ,! new canoe int5d$ =
 u 01 l all ,indian boats1 a trunk ( a  
tree holl[$ out p>tly by ! hat*et &     
p>tly by fire4 ,x 0 =ty feet long1 &    
?ree broad4 ,?ree p]sons c\ld n sit 9 x 
side by side4 ,^! canoes are s crank1 & 
!y require1 f _! in/ability1 a c>go s   
equally di/ribut$1 t :5 y want to rise =
 an in/ant1 y mu/ w>n ! r[]s to lean to 
! opposite side4 ,)\t ?is precaution !  
wat] w\ld necess>ily ent] ! side press$ 
d[n4 ,x is difficult to =m an idea ( !  
inconv5i5ces t are suff]$ 9 su* wret*$  
vessels4  ,! mission>y f ! cat>acts made
 ! prep>ations = our voyage ) great]    
en]gy ?an we wi%$4 ,le/ !re might n be a
 suffici5t numb] ( ! ,maco & ,guahibe   
,indians1 :o are acqua9t$ ) ! labyr9? ( 
small *annels & cascades ( :i* !        
,raudales or cat>acts are compos$1 two  
,indians 71 dur+ ! night1 plac$ 9 !     
cepo--a sort ( /ocks 9 :i* !y 7 made to 

lie ) _! legs betwe5 two pieces ( wood1 
not*$ & fa/5$ toge!r by a *a9 ) a       
padlock4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ we 7 awak5$ by 
! cries ( a "y man1 m]cilessly beat5 ) a
 :ip ( manatee sk94 ,8 "n 0 ,z]epe1 a v 
intellig5t "y ,indian1 :o prov$ highly  
useful to u 9 ! sequel1 b :o n[ refus$  
to accompany u4 ,he 0 born 9 ! ,mission 
( ,atures2 b 8 fa!r 0 a ,maco1 & 8 "m a 
native ( ! nation ( ! ,maypures4 ,he _h 
return$ to ! woods 7al monte71 & hav+   
liv$ "s ye>s ) ! unsubdu$ ,indians1 he  
_h ?us acquir$ ! k ( sev]al languages1 &
 ! mission>y employ$ him z an int]pret]4
 ,we obta9$ ) difficulty ! p>don ( ?is  
"y man4 ,)\t ^! acts ( sev]ity1 we 7    
told1 y w\ld want = ev]y?+4 ,! ,indians 
( ! ,raudales & ! ,upp] ,or9oco are a   
/rong] & m labori\s race ?an !          
inhabitants ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco4 ,!y "k t  
!y are mu* s\ght aft] at ,ango/ura4 ,if 
left to _! own w1 !y w\ld all g d[n !   
riv] to sell _! productions1 & live 9   
full lib]ty among ! :ites4 ,! ,missions 
w\ld be totally des]t$4  ,^! reasons1 ,i

 confess1 appe>$ to me m speci\s ?an    
s\nd4 ,man1 9 ord] to enjoy ! advantages
 ( a social /ate1 mu/ no d\bt sacrifice 
a "p ( 8 natural rights1 & 8 orig9al    
indep5d5ce2 b1 if ! sacrifice impos$ on 
him be n comp5sat$ by ! b5efits (       
civilization1 ! savage1 wise 9 8        
simplicity1 reta9s ! wi% ( return+ to ! 
=e/s t gave him bir?4 ,x is because !   
,indian ( ! woods is treat$ l a p]son 9 
a /ate ( villanage 9 ! great] "p ( !    
,missions1 because he enjoys n ! fruit (
 8 lab\rs1 t ! ,*ri/ian e/abli%m5ts on !
 ,or9oco rema9 des]ts4 ,a gov]nm5t f\nd$
 on ! ru9s ( ! lib]ty ( ! natives       
ext+ui%es ! intellectual faculties1 or  
/ops _! progress4  ,to say t ! savage1 l
 ! *ild1 c be gov]n$ only by =ce1 is    
m]ely to e/abli% false analogies4 ,!    
,indians ( ! ,or9oco h some?+ infant9e 9
 ! expression ( _! joy1 & ! quick       
succession ( _! emotions1 b !y are n    
great *ildr52 !y are z little s z ! poor
 lab\r]s 9 ! ea/ ( ,europe1 :om !       
b>b>ism ( our feudal in/itutions has    

held 9 ! rude/ /ate4 ,to consid] !      
employm5t ( =ce z ! fir/ & sole means ( 
! civilization ( ! savage1 is a pr9ciple
 z f> f be+ true 9 ! education ( nations
 z 9 ! education ( y\?4 ,:atev] may be !
 /ate ( weakness or degradation 9 our   
species1 no faculty is entirely         
annihilat$4 ,! human und]/&+ exhibits   
only diff]5t degrees ( /r5g? &          
developm5t4 ,! savage1 l ! *ild1 comp>es
 ! pres5t ) ! pa/2 he directs 8 actions1
 n accord+ to bl9d in/9ct1 b motives (  
int]e/4 ,reason c ev]y:]e enlight5      
reason2 & its progress w be ret>d$ 9    
proportion z ! m5 :o are call$ ^u to br+
 up y\?1 or gov]n nations1 sub/itute    
con/ra9t & =ce = t moral influ5ce :i* c 
alone unfold ! ris+ faculties1 calm !   
irritat$ passions1 & give /ability to   
social ord]4  ,we c\ld n set sail be=e  
t5 on ! morn+ ( ! #aj?4 ,to ga9 some?+ 9
 bread? 9 our new canoe1 a sort (       
lattice-"w _h be5 con/ruct$ on ! /]n )  
bran*es ( trees1 t ext5d$ on ea* side   
beyond ! gunwale4 ,un=tunately1 ! toldo 

or ro( ( leaves1 t cov]$ ?is lattice-"w1
 0 s l[ t we 7 oblig$ to lie d[n1 )\t   
see+ any?+1 or1 if seat$1 to sit ne>ly  
d\ble4 ,! necessity ( c>ry+ ! canoe     
across ! rapids1 & ev5 f "o riv] to     
ano!r2 & ! fe> ( giv+ too mu* hold to ! 
w9d1 by mak+ ! toldo high]1 r5d] ?is    
con/ruction necess>y = vessels t g up   
t[>ds ! ,rio ,negro4 ,! toldo 0 int5d$  
to cov] f\r p]sons1 ly+ on ! deck or    
lattice-"w ( bru%-wood2 b our legs rea*$
 f> beyond x1 & :5 x ra9$ half our      
bodies 7 wet4 ,our c\*es consi/$ (      
ox-hides or tig]-sk9s1 spread ^u bran*es
 ( trees1 :i* 7 pa9fully felt ?r\gh s ?9
 a cov]+4 ,! =e "p ( ! boat 0 fill$ )   
,indian r[]s1 furni%$ ) paddles1 ?ree   
feet long1 9 ! =m ( spoons4 ,!y 7 all   
nak$1 seat$ two by two1 & !y kept "t 9  
r[+ ) a surpris+ uni=mity1 s++ songs ( a
 sad & monoton\s "*4 ,! small cages     
conta9+ our birds & our monkeys1 ! numb]
 ( :i* augm5t$ z we advanc$1 7 hung "s  
to ! toldo & o!rs to ! b[ ( ! boat4 ,?is
 0 our travell+ m5ag]ie4 ,not)/&+ !     

frequ5t losses occasion$ by accid5ts1 & 
above all by ! fatal effects ( exposure 
to ! sun1 we _h f\rte5 ( ^! little      
animals alive at our return f !         
,cassiqui>e4 ,naturali/s1 :o wi% to     
collect & br+ liv+ animals to ,europe1  
might cause boats to be con/ruct$       
expressly = ?is purpose at ,ango/ura1 or
 at ,gr& ,p>a1 ! two capitals situat$ on
 ! banks ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,amazon1 !     
=e-deck ( :i* boats might be fitt$ up ) 
two r[s ( cages %elt]$ f ! rays ( ! sun4
 ,e night1 :5 we e/abli%$ our wat*1 our 
collection ( animals & our in/rum5ts    
occupi$ ! c5tre2 ar\nd ^! 7 plac$ fir/  
our hammocks1 !n ! hammocks ( !         
,indians2 & on ! outside 7 ! fires :i*  
are ?\ght indisp5sable aga9/ ! attacks (
 ! jagu>4 ,ab\t sunrise ! monkeys 9 our 
cages answ]$ ! cries ( ! monkeys ( !    
=e/4 ,^! communications betwe5 animals (
 ! same species sympa?iz+ ) "o ano!r1   
?\gh unse51 "o p>ty enjoy+ t lib]ty :i* 
! o!r regrets1 h some?+ melan*oly &     
affect+4  ,9 a canoe n ?ree feet wide1 &

 s incumb]$1 !re rema9$ no o!r place = !
 dri$ plants1 trunks1 a sextant1 a      
dipp+-ne$le1 & ! meteorological         
in/rum5ts1 ?an ! space bel[ ! lattice-"w
 ( bran*es1 on :i* we 7 compell$ to     
rema9 /ret*$ ! great] "p ( ! day4 ,if we
 wi%$ to take ! lea/ object out ( a     
trunk1 or to use an in/rum5t1 x 0       
necess>y to r[ a%ore & l&4 ,to ^!       
inconv5i5ces 7 jo9$ ! torm5t ( !        
mosquitos :i* sw>m$ "u ! toldo1 & ! heat
 radiat$ f ! leaves ( ! palm-trees1 !   
upp] surface ( :i* 0 cont9ually expos$  
to ! sol> rays4 ,we attempt$ e in/ant1 b
 always )\t success1 to am5d our        
situation4 ,:ile "o ( u hid himself "u a
 %eet to w>d (f ! insects1 ! o!r insi/$ 
on hav+ gre5 wood light$ b5ea? ! toldo1 
9 ! hope ( driv+ away ! mosquitos by !  
smoke4 ,! pa9ful s5sations ( ! eyes1 & !
 increase ( heat1 already /ifl+1 r5d]$  
bo? ^! contrivances alike impracticable4
 ,) "s gaiety ( temp]1 ) feel+s ( mutual
 good-w1 & ) a vivid ta/e = ! maje/ic   
gr&eur ( ^! va/ valleys ( riv]s1        

travell]s easily support evils t become 
habitual4  ,our ,indians %[$ u1 on ! "r 
bank ( ! riv]1 ! place :i* 0 =m]ly !    
site ( ! ,mission ( ,p>>uma1 f\nd$ by ! 
,jesuits ab\t ! ye> #agcc4 ,! mortality 
occasion$ by ! smallpox among ! ,salive 
,indians 0 ! pr9cipal cause ( !         
dissolution ( ! mission4 ,! few         
inhabitants :o surviv$ ?is cruel        
epidemic1 remov$ to ! village (         
,c>i*ana4 ,x 0 at ,p>>uma1 t1 accord+ to
 ! te/imony ( ,fa!r ,roman1 hail 0 se5  
to fall dur+ a great /orm1 ab\t ! middle
 ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,?is is almo/ ! only   
in/ance ( x ,i "k 9 a pla9 t is ne>ly on
 a level ) ! sea2 = hail falls g5]ally1 
betwe5 ! tropics1 only at ?ree hundr$   
toises ( elevation4 ,if x =m at an equal
 height ov] pla9s & table-l&s1 we mu/   
suppose t x melts z x falls1 9 pass+    
?r\gh ! l[e/ /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 ! mean
 temp]ature ( :i* is f #bg4e to #bd     
degrees ( ! c5tigrade !rmomet]4 ,i      
ackn[l$ge x is v difficult to expla91 9 
! pres5t /ate ( meteorology1 :y x hails 

at ,philadelphia1 at ,rome1 & at        
,montpeli]1 dur+ ! hotte/ mon?s1 ! mean 
temp]ature ( :i* atta9s #be or #bf      
degrees2 :ile ! same ph5om5on is n      
obs]v$ at ,cumana1 at ,la ,guayra1 & 9  
g5]al1 9 ! equatorial pla9s4 ,9 ! ,unit$
 ,/ates1 & 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 ! heat ( !
 pla9s 7f #dj to #dc degrees latitude7  
is ne>ly ! same z )9 ! tropics2 &       
accord+ to my rese>*es ! decrem5t (     
caloric equally v>ies b little4 ,if !n !
 abs5ce ( hail )9 ! torrid zone1 at !   
level ( ! sea1 be produc$ by ! melt+ ( !
 hail/ones 9 cross+ ! l[] /rata ( ! air1
 we mu/ suppose t ^! hail-/ones1 at !   
mom5t ( _! =mation1 are l>g] 9 !        
temp]ate ?an 9 ! torrid zone4 ,we yet "k
 s little ( ! conditions "u :i* wat]    
congeals 9 a /ormy cl\d 9 our climates1 
t we _c judge :e!r ! same conditions be 
fulfill$ on ! equator above ! pla9s4 ,! 
cl\ds 9 :i* we he> ! rattl+ ( !         
hail/ones aga9/ "o ano!r be=e !y fall1 &
 :i* move horizontally1 h always appe>$ 
to me ( little elevation2 & at ^! small 

heights we may conceive t extraord9>y   
refrig]ations are caus$ by ! dilatation 
( ! asc5d+ air1 ( :i* ! capacity =      
caloric augm5ts2 by curr5ts ( cold air  
com+ f a high] latitude1 & above all1   
accord+ to ,m4 ,gay ,lussac1 by !       
radiation f ! upp] surface ( ! cl\ds4 ,i
 %all h occasion to return to ?is       
subject :5 speak+ ( ! diff]5t =ms "u :i*
 hail & ho>-fro/ appe> on ! ,&es1 at two
 ?\s& & two ?\s& six hundr$ toises (    
height2 & :5 exam9+ ! "q :e!r we may    
consid] ! /ratum ( cl\ds t envelops !   
m\nta9s z a horizontal cont9uation ( !  
/ratum :i* we see imm$iately above u 9 !
 pla9s4  ,! ,or9oco1 full ( isl&s1 beg9s
 to divide itself into sev]al bran*es1 (
 :i* ! mo/ we/]n rema9 dry dur+ ! mon?s 
( ,janu>y & ,febru>y4 ,! total bread? ( 
! riv] exce$s two ?\s& five hundr$ or   
?ree ?\s& toises4 ,we p]ceiv$ to ! ,ea/1
 opposite ! isl& ( ,javanavo1 ! m\? ( ! 
,cano ,aujacoa4 ,betwe5 ?is ,cano & !   
,rio ,p>uasi or ,p>uati1 ! c\ntry       
becomes m & m woody4 ,a solit>y rock1 ( 

extremely picturesque aspect1 rises 9 ! 
mid/ ( a =e/ ( palm-trees1 n f> f !     
,or9oco4 ,x is a pill> ( granite1 a     
prismatic mass1 ! b>e & /eep sides ( :i*
 atta9 ne>ly two hundr$ feet 9 height4  
,its po9t1 :i* ov]tops ! highe/ trees ( 
! =e/1 is t]m9at$ by a %elf ( rock ) a  
horizontal & smoo? surface4 ,o!r trees  
cr[n ?is summit1 :i* ! mission>ies call 
! peak1 or ,mogote de ,cocuyza4 ,?is    
monum5t ( nature1 9 its simple gr&eur   
recalls to m9d ! ,cyclopean rema9s (    
antiquity4 ,its /rongly-m>k$ outl9es1 & 
! gr\p ( trees & %rubs by :i* x is      
cr[n$1 /& out f ! azure ( ! sky4 ,x     
seems a =e/ ris+ above a =e/4  ,fur!r   
on1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,p>uasi1 ! ,or9oco    
n>r[s4 ,on ! ea/ is p]ceiv$ a m\nta9 ) a
 b>e top1 project+ l a promontory4 ,x is
 ne>ly ?ree hundr$ feet high1 & s]v$ z a
 =tress = ! ,jesuits4 ,!y _h con/ruct$  
!re a small =t1 ) ?ree batt]ies (       
cannon1 & x 0 con/antly occupi$ by a    
milit>y deta*m5t4 ,we saw ! cannon      
dism\nt$1 & half-buri$ 9 ! s&1 at       

,c>i*ana & at ,atures4 ,?is =t ( !      
,jesuits has be5 de/roy$ s9ce !         
dissolution ( _! society2 b ! place is  
/ill call$ ,el ,ca/illo4 ,i f9d x set   
d[n1 9 a manuscript map1 lately complet$
 at ,c>acas by a memb] ( ! secul> cl]gy1
 "u ! d5om9ation ( ,tr9*]a del          
despotismo monacal499 799 ,intr5*mn5t ( 
mona*al despotism47  ,! g>rison :i* !   
,jesuits ma9ta9$ on ?is rock1 0 n int5d$
 m]ely to protect ! ,missions aga9/ !   
incursions ( ! ,c>ibs3 x 0 employ$ also 
9 an (f5sive w>1 or1 z !y say "h1 9 !   
conque/ ( s\ls 7conqui/a de almas74 ,!  
soldi]s1 excit$ by ! allurem5t ( ga91   
made milit>y incursions 7entradas7 into 
! l&s ( ! indep5d5t ,indians4 ,!y kill$ 
all ^? :o d>$ to make any resi/ance1    
burnt _! huts1 de/roy$ _! plantations1 &
 c>ri$ away ! wom51 *ildr51 & old m51 z 
prison]s4 ,^! prison]s 7 divid$ among ! 
,missions ( ! ,meta1 ! ,rio ,negro1 & ! 
,upp] ,or9oco4 ,! mo/ di/ant places 7   
*os51 t !y might n be tempt$ to return  
to _! native c\ntry4 ,?is viol5t mann] (

 conqu]+ s\ls1 ?\gh prohibit$ by !      
,spani% laws1 0 tol]at$ by ! civil      
gov]nors1 & vaunt$ by ! sup]iors ( !    
society1 z b5eficial to religion1 & !   
aggr&izem5t ( ! ,missions4 ,! voice ( ! 
,gospel is he>d only1 said a ,jesuit ( !
 ,or9oco1 v c&idly1 9 ! ,c>tas          
,edifiantes1 :]e ! ,indians h he>d also 
! s\nd ( fire-arms 7el eco de la        
polvora74 ,mildness is a v sl[ measure4 
,by *a/is+ ! natives1 we facilitate _!  
conv]sion4 ,^! pr9ciples1 :i* degrade   
humanity1 7 c]ta9ly n common to all !   
memb]s ( a society :i*1 9 ! ,new ,_w1 & 
:]ev] education has rema9$ exclusively 9
 ! h&s ( monks1 has r5d]$ s]vice to     
lett]s & civilization4 ,b ! entradas1 ! 
spiritual conque/s ) ! assi/ance (      
bayonets1 0 an inh]5t vice 9 a sy/em1 t 
t5d$ to ! rapid aggr&izem5t ( !         
,missions4 ,x is pleas+ to f9d t ! same 
sy/em is n foll[$ by ! ,franciscan1     
,dom9ican1 & ,augu/9ian monks :o n[     
gov]n a va/ portion ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 &   
:o1 by ! mildness or h>%ness ( _!       

mann]s1 ex]t a p[]ful influ5ce ov] !    
fate ( s _m ?\s&s ( natives4 ,milit>y   
incursions are almo/ entirely aboli%$2 &
 :5 !y d take place1 !y are disav[$ by !
 sup]iors ( ! ord]s4 ,we w n decide at  
pres5t1 :e!r ?is amelioration ( !       
mona*al sy/em be ow+ to want ( activity 
& cold indol5ce2 or :e!r x mu/ be       
attribut$1 z we w\ld wi% to believe1 to 
! progress ( k1 & to feel+s m elevat$1 &
 m con=mable to ! true _s ( ,*ri/ianity4
  ,beyond ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,p>uasi1 !     
,or9oco aga9 n>r[s4 ,full ( little isl&s
 & masses ( granite rock1 x pres5ts     
rapids1 or small cascades 7remol9os71   
:i* at fir/ sight may al>m ! travell] by
 ! cont9ual eddies ( ! wat]1 b :i* at no
 season ( ! ye> are dang]\s = boats4 ,a 
range ( %oals1 t crosses almo/ ! :ole   
riv]1 be>s ! "n ( ! ,raudal de ,m>im>a4 
,we pass$ x )\t difficulty by a n>r[    
*annel1 9 :i* ! wat] seems to boil up z 
x issues out impetu\sly99 799 ,^! places
 are call$ *orr]os 9 ! ,spani%          
colonies47 bel[ ! ,pi$ra de ,m>im>a1 a  

compact mass ( granite eighty feet high1
 & ?ree hundr$ feet 9 circumf]5ce1 )\t  
fissures1 or any trace ( /ratification4 
,! riv] p5etrates f> into ! l&1 & =ms   
spaci\s bays 9 ! rocks4 ,"o ( ^! bays1  
inclos$ betwe5 two promontories de/itute
 ( vegetation1 is call$ ! ,port (       
,c>i*ana499 799 ,pi$ra y pu]to de       
,c>i*ana47 ,! spot has a v wild aspect4 
,9 ! ev5+ ! rocky coa/s project _! va/  
%ad[s ov] ! surface ( ! riv]4 ,! wat]s  
appe> black f reflect+ ! image ( ^!     
granitic masses1 :i*1 9 ! col\r ( _!    
ext]nal surface1 sometimes resemble     
coal1 & sometimes lead-ore4 ,we pass$ ! 
night 9 ! small village ( ,c>i*ana1 :]e 
we 7 receiv$ at ! prie/'s h\se1 or      
conv5to4 ,x 0 ne>ly a =tnight s9ce we _h
 slept "u a ro(4  ,to avoid ! effects ( 
! inundations1 (t5 s fatal to heal?1 !  
,mission ( ,c>i*ana has be5 e/abli%$ at 
?ree qu>t]s ( a league f ! riv]4 ,!     
,indians 9 ?is ,mission are ( ! nation (
 ! ,salives1 & !y h a disagreeable &    
nasal pronunciation4 ,_! language1 ( :i*

 ! ,jesuit ,anisson has compos$ a gramm>
 /ill 9 manuscript1 is1 ) ! ,c>ibbean1 !
 ,tamanac1 ! ,maypure1 ! ,ottomac1 !    
,guahive1 & ! ,j>uro1 "o ( ! "m-tongues 
mo/ g5]al on ! ,or9oco4 ,fa!r ,gili ?9ks
 t ! ,ature1 ! ,piraoa1 & ! ,quaqua or  
,mapoye1 are only dialects ( ! ,salive4 
,my j\rney 0 mu* too rapid to enable me 
to judge ( ! accuracy ( ?is op9ion2 b we
 %all soon see t1 9 ! village ( ,ature1 
celebrat$ on acc\nt ( its situation ne> 
! great cat>acts1 nei!r ! ,salive nor ! 
,ature is n[ spok51 b ! language ( !    
,maypures4 ,9 ! ,salive ( ,c>i*ana1 man 
is call$ cocco2 woman1 gnacu2 wat]1     
cagua2 fire1 eyussa2 ! e>?1 seke2 ! sky1
 mumeseke 7e>? on high72 ! jagu>1 impii2
 ! crocodile1 cuipoo2 maize1 giomu2 !   
planta91 p>atuna2 cassava1 peibe4 ,i may
 "h m5tion "o ( ^? descriptive comp\nds 
t seem to *>act]ise ! infancy (         
language1 ?\gh !y are reta9$ 9 "s v     
p]fect idioms499 7,see volume #a *apt]  
#a4i47 ,?us1 z 9 ! ,biscayan1 ?und] is  
call$ ! noise ( ! cl\d 7odotsa72 ! sun  

be>s ! "n1 9 ! ,salive dialect1 (       
mume-seke-cocco1 ! man 7cocco7 ( ! e>?  
7seke7 above 7mume74  ,! mo/ anci5t     
abode ( ! ,salive nation appe>s to h be5
 on ! we/]n banks ( ! ,or9oco1 betwe5 ! 
,rio ,vi*ada99 & ! ,guavi>e1 & also     
betwe5 ! ,meta & ! ,rio ,paute4 799 ,!  
,salive mission1 on ! ,rio ,vi*ada1 0   
de/roy$ by ! ,c>ibs47 ,salives are n[   
f\nd n only at ,c>i*ana1 b 9 ! ,missions
 ( ! prov9ce ( ,casanre1 at ,cabapuna1  
,guanapalo1 ,cabiuna1 & ,macuco4 ,!y are
 a social1 mild1 almo/ timid p2 & m     
easy1 ,i w n say to civilize1 b to      
subdue1 ?an ! o!r tribes on ! ,or9oco4  
,to escape f ! dom9ion ( ! ,c>ibs1 !    
,salives will+ly jo9$ ! fir/ ,missions (
 ! ,jesuits4 ,accord+ly ^! fa!rs ev]y:]e
 9 _! writ+s praise ! docility &        
intellig5ce ( t p4 ,! ,salives h a great
 ta/e = music3 9 ! mo/ remote times !y  
_h trumpets ( bak$ e>?1 f\r or five feet
 long1 ) sev]al l>ge globul> cavities   
communicat+ ) "o ano!r by n>r[ pipes4   
,^! trumpets s5d =? mo/ dismal s\nds4 ,!

 ,jesuits h cultivat$ ) success !       
natural ta/e ( ! ,salives = in/rum5tal  
music2 & ev5 s9ce ! de/ruction ( !      
society1 ! mission>ies ( ,rio ,meta h   
cont9u$ at ,san ,miguel de ,macuco a f9e
 *ur* *oir1 & musical in/ruction = !    
,indian y\?4 ,v lately a travell] 0     
surpris$ to see ! natives play+ on !    
viol91 ! violoncello1 ! triangle1 !     
guit>1 & ! flute4  ,we f\nd among ^!    
,salive ,indians1 at ,c>i*ana1 a :ite   
woman1 ! si/] ( a ,jesuit ( ,new        
,gr5ada4 ,x is difficult to def9e !     
satisfaction t is felt :51 9 ! mid/ (   
nations ( ^: language we are ignorant1  
we meet ) a be+ ) :om we c conv]se )\t  
an int]pret]4 ,e mission has at lea/ two
 int]pret]s 7l5gu>azes74 ,!y are        
,indians1 a little less /upid ?an ! re/1
 ?r\gh ^: m$ium ! mission>ies ( !       
,or9oco1 :o n[ v r>ely give !mselves !  
tr\ble ( /udy+ ! idioms ( ! c\ntry1     
communicate ) ! neophytes4 ,^!          
int]pret]s att5d$ u 9 all our           
h]borizations2 b !y r und]/& ?an speak  

,ca/ilian4 ,) _! indol5t indiff]5ce1 !y 
answ] u by *ance1 b always ) an (fici\s 
smile1 ,yes1 ,fa!r2 no1 ,fa!r1 to e "q  
address$ to !m4  ,! vexation t arises f 
su* a /yle ( conv]sation cont9u$ = mon?s
 may easily be conceiv$1 :5 y wi% to be 
enlight5$ ^u objects 9 :i* y take ! mo/ 
lively int]e/4 ,we 7 (t5 =c$ to employ  
sev]al int]pret]s at a "t1 & sev]al     
successive translators1 9 ord] to       
communicate ) ! natives499 799 ,to =m a 
j idea ( ! p]plexity ( ^! communications
 by int]pret]s1 we may recollect t1 9 ! 
exp$ition ( ,lewis & ,cl>ke to ! riv]   
,columbia1 9 ord] to conv]se ) !        
,*opunni% ,indians1 ,capta9 ,lewis      
address$ "o ( 8 m5 9 ,engli%2 t man     
translat$ ! "q into ,fr5* to ,*aboneau2 
,*aboneau translat$ x to 8 ,indian wife 
9 ,m9net>ee2 ! woman translat$ x into   
,%o%onee to a prison]2 & ! prison]      
translat$ x into ,*opunni%4 ,x may be   
fe>$ t ! s5se ( ! "q 0 a little alt]$ by
 ^! successive translations47  ,aft]    
leav+ my ,mission1 said ! good monk (   

,uruana1 y w travel l mutes4 ,?is       
pr$iction 0 ne>ly accompli%$2 &1 n to   
lose ! advantage we might d]ive f       
int]c\rse ev5 ) ! rude/ ,indians1 we    
sometimes pref]r$ ! language ( signs4   
,:5 a native p]ceives t y w n employ an 
int]pret]2 :5 y int]rogate him directly1
 %[+ him ! objects2 he r\ses himself f 8
 habitual apa?y1 & manife/s an          
extraord9>y capacity to make himself    
compreh5d$4 ,he v>ies 8 signs1 pron\nces
 8 words sl[ly1 & repeats !m )\t be+    
desir$4 ,! consequ5ce conf]r$ ^u him1 9 
suff]+ y\rself to be in/ruct$ by him1   
flatt]s 8 self-love4 ,?is facility 9    
mak+ himself compreh5d$ is p>ticul>ly   
rem>kable 9 ! indep5d5t ,indian4 ,x _c  
be d\bt$ t direct int]c\rse ) ! natives 
is m in/ructive & m c]ta9 ?an !         
communication by int]pret]s1 provid$ !  
que/ions be simplifi$1 & repeat$ to     
sev]al individuals "u diff]5t =ms4 ,!   
v>iety ( idioms spok5 on ! banks ( !    
,meta1 ! ,or9oco1 ! ,cassiqui>e1 & !    
,rio ,negro1 is s prodigi\s1 t a        

travell]1 h[ev] great may be 8 tal5t =  
languages1 c nev] hope to le>n en\gh to 
make himself und]/ood along ! navigable 
riv]s1 f ,ango/ura to ! small =t ( ,san 
,c>los del ,rio ,negro4 ,9 ,p]u & ,quito
 x is suffici5t to "k ! ,qui*ua1 or !   
,inca language2 9 ,*ile1 ! ,araucan2 & 9
 ,p>aguay1 ! ,gu>any2 9 ord] to be      
und]/ood by mo/ ( ! population4 ,b x is 
diff]5t 9 ! ,missions ( ,spani% ,guiana1
 :]e nations ( v>i\s races are m+l$ 9 ! 
village4 ,x is n ev5 suffici5t to h     
le>n$ ! ,c>ibee or ,c>9a1 ! ,guamo1 !   
,guahive1 ! ,j>uro1 ! ,ottomac1 !       
,maypure1 ! ,salive1 ! ,m>ivitan1 !     
,maquirit>e1 & ! ,guaica1 t5 dialects1 (
 :i* !re exi/ only imp]fect gramm>s1 &  
:i* h less aff9ity ) ea* o!r ?an !      
,greek1 ,g]man1 & ,p]sian languages4  ,!
 environs ( ! ,mission ( ,c>i*ana appe>$
 to u to be delightful4 ,! little       
village is situat$ 9 "o ( ^? pla9s cov]$
 ) grass t sep>ate all ! l9ks ( !       
granitic m\nta9s1 f ,enc>amada to beyond
 ! ,cat>acts ( ,maypures4 ,! l9e ( !    

=e/s is se5 only 9 ! di/ance4 ,! horizon
 is ev]y:]e b\nd$ by m\nta9s1 p>tly     
wood$ & ( a d>k t9t1 p>tly b>e1 ) rocky 
summits gild$ by ! beams ( ! sett+ sun4 
,:at gives a peculi> "* to ! sc5]y ( ?is
 c\ntry are banks ( rock 7laxas7 ne>ly  
de/itute ( vegetation1 & (t5 m ?an eight
 hundr$ feet 9 circumf]5ce1 yet sc>cely 
ris+ a few in*es above ! surr\nd+       
savannahs4 ,!y n[ make a "p ( ! pla94   
,we ask ourselves ) surprise1 :e!r "s   
extraord9>y revolutions may h c>ri$ away
 ! e>? & plants2 or :e!r ! granite      
nucleus ( our planet %[s itself b>e1    
because ! g]ms ( life are n yet develop$
 on all its po9ts4 ,! same ph5om5on     
seems to be f\nd also 9 ! des]t ( ,%amo1
 :i* sep>ates ,mongolia f ,*9a4 ,^?     
banks ( solit>y rock 9 ! des]t are call$
 tsy4 ,i ?9k !y w\ld be real table-l&s1 
if ! surr\nd+ pla9s 7 /ripp$ ( ! s& &   
m\ld t cov] !m1 & :i* ! wat]s h         
accumulat$ 9 ! l[e/ places4 ,on ^! /ony 
flats ( ,c>i*ana we obs]v$ ) int]e/ !   
ris+ vegetation 9 ! diff]5t degrees (   

its developm5t4 ,we !re f\nd li*5s      
cleav+ ! rock1 & collect$ 9 cru/s m or  
less ?ick2 little portions ( s& n\ri%+  
succul5t plants2 & la/ly lay]s ( black  
m\ld deposit$ 9 ! holl[s1 =m$ f ! decay 
( roots & leaves1 & %ad$ by tufts (     
ev]gre5 %rubs4  ,at ! di/ance ( two or  
?ree leagues f ! ,mission1 we f9d1 9 ^! 
pla9s int]sect$ by granitic hills1 a    
vegetation no less ri* ?an v>i$4 ,on    
comp>+ ! site ( ,c>i*ana ) t ( all !    
villages above ! ,great ,cat>acts1 we   
are surpris$ at ! facility ) :i* we     
trav]se ! c\ntry1 )\t foll[+ ! banks ( !
 riv]s1 or be+ /opp$ by ! ?ickness ( !  
=e/s4 ,m4 ,bonpl& made sev]al excursions
 on horseback1 :i* furni%$ him ) a ri*  
h>ve/ ( plants4 ,i %all m5tion only !   
p>aguatan1 a magnific5t species ( !     
macrocnemum1 ! b>k ( :i* yields a r$    
dye299 799 ,macrocnemum t9ctorium47 !   
gu>icamo1 ) a poison\s root299 799      
,ityania coccidea47 ! ,jac>&a           
obtusifolia2 & ! s]rape1 or jape99 799  
,dipt]ix odorata1 ,willd4 or ,b>yosma   

tongo ( ,ga]tn]4 ,! jape furni%es       
,c>i*ana ) excell5t timb]47 ( ! ,salive 
,indians1 :i* is ! ,c\m>\na ( ,aublet1 s
 celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,t]ra ,firma = its   
aromatic fruit4 ,?is fruit1 :i* at      
,c>acas is plac$ among l951 z 9 ,europe 
x is 9 snuff1 "u ! "n ( tonca1 or       
,tonqu9 bean1 is reg>d$ z poison\s4 ,x  
is a false notion1 v g5]al 9 ! prov9ce (
 ,cumana1 t ! excell5t liqueur fabricat$
 at ,m>t9ique owes its peculi> flav\r to
 ! jape4 ,9 ! ,missions x is call$      
sim>uba2 a "n t may occasion s]i\s      
mi/akes1 ! true sim>uba be+ a febrifuge 
species ( ! ,quassia g5us1 f\nd 9       
,spani% ,guiana only 9 ! valley ( ,rio  
,caura1 :]e ! ,paudacot ,indians give x 
! "n ( a*ec*>i4  ,i f\nd ! dip ( !      
magnetic ne$le1 9 ! great squ>e at      
,c>i*ana1 #cc4g degrees 7new division74 
,! int5sity ( ! magnetic action 0       
express$ by two hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5     
oscillations 9 t5 m9utes ( "t2 an       
increase ( =ce t w\ld seem to indicate  
"s local attraction4 ,yet ! blocks ( !  

granite1 black5$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,or9oco1
 h no p]ceptible action ^u ! ne$le4  ,! 
riv] _h ris5 sev]al in*es dur+ ! day on 
! #aj? ( ,april2 ?is ph5om5on surpris$ !
 natives s mu* ! m1 z ! fir/ swell+s are
 almo/ imp]ceptible1 & are usually      
foll[$ 9 ! mon? ( ,april by a fall = "s 
days4 ,! ,or9oco 0 already ?ree feet    
high] ?an ! level ( ! l[e/ wat]s4 ,!    
natives %[$ u on a granite wall ! traces
 ( ! great rise ( ! wat]s ( late ye>s4  
,we f\nd !m to be =ty-two feet high1 :i*
 is d\ble ! mean rise ( ! ,nile4 ,b ?is 
measure 0 tak5 9 a place :]e ! b$ ( !   
,or9oco is s+ul>ly hemm$ 9 by rocks1 &  
,i c\ld only notice ! m>ks %[n me by !  
natives4 ,x may easily be conceiv$ t !  
effect & ! height ( ! increase diff]s   
accord+ to ! pr(ile ( ! riv]1 ! nature (
 ! banks m or less elevat$1 ! numb] (   
riv]s fl[+ 9 t collect ! pluvial wat]s1 
& ! l5g? ( gr\nd pass$ ov]4 ,x is an    
unque/ionable fact t at ,c>i*ana1 at    
,san ,borja1 at ,atures1 & at ,maypures1
 :]ev] ! riv] has =c$ its way ?r\gh !   

m\nta9s1 y see at a hundr$1 sometimes at
 a hundr$ & ?irty feet1 above ! highe/  
pres5t swell ( ! riv]1 black b&s &      
erosions1 t indicate ! anci5t levels ( !
 wat]s4 ,is !n ?is riv]1 :i* appe>s to u
 s gr& & s maje/ic1 only ! feeble rema9s
 ( ^? imm5se curr5ts ( fre% wat] :i*    
h]et(ore trav]s$ ! c\ntry at ! ea/ ( !  
,&es1 l arms ( inl& seas8 ,:at mu/ h be5
 ! /ate ( ^? l[ c\ntries ( ,guiana t n[ 
und]go ! effects ( annual inundations8  
,:at imm5se numb]s ( crocodiles1        
manatees1 & boas mu/ h inhabit$ ^! va/  
spaces ( l&1 conv]t$ alt]nately into    
m>%es ( /agnant wat]1 & into b>r5 &     
fissur$ pla9s6 ,! m peaceful _w :i* we  
inhabit has !n succe$$ to a _w ( tumult4
 ,! bones ( ma/odons & ,am]ican         
elephants are f\nd disp]s$ on !         
table-l&s ( ! ,&es4 ,! mega!rium        
inhabit$ ! pla9s ( ,uruguay4 ,on digg+  
deep into ! gr\nd1 9 high valleys1 :]e  
nei!r palm-trees nor arboresc5t f]ns c  
gr[1 /rata ( coal are discov]$1 t /ill  
%[ ve/iges ( gigantic monocotyl$on\s    

plants4  ,!re 0 a remote p]iod !n1 9 :i*
 ! classes ( plants 7 o!rwise di/ribut$1
 :5 ! animals 7 l>g]1 & ! riv]s broad] &
 ( great] dep?4 ,!re end ^? records (   
nature1 t x is 9 our p[] to consult4 ,we
 are ignorant :e!r ! human race1 :i* at 
! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica sc>cely =m$ 
a few feeble tribes on ! ea/ ( !        
,cordill]as1 _h already desc5d$ into !  
pla9s2 or :e!r ! anci5t tradition ( !   
great wat]s1 :i* is f\nd among ! nations
 ( ! ,or9oco1 ! ,erevato1 & ! ,caura1   
belong to o!r climates1 :5ce x has be5  
propagat$ to ?is "p ( ! ,new ,cont95t4  
,on ! #aa? ( ,april1 we left ,c>i*ana at
 two 9 ! aft]noon1 & f\nd ! c\rse ( !   
riv] m & m encumb]$ by blocks ( granite 
rocks4 ,we pass$ on ! we/ ! ,cano       
,orupe1 & !n ! great rock kn[n by ! "n (
 ,pi$ra del ,tigre4 ,! riv] is !re s    
deep1 t no bottom c be f\nd ) a l9e (   
tw5ty-two fa?oms4 ,t[>ds ev5+ ! wea!r   
became cl\dy & gloomy4 ,! proximity ( ! 
/orm 0 m>k$ by squalls alt]nat+ ) dead  
calms4 ,! ra9 0 viol5t1 & ! ro( (       

foliage1 "u :i* we lay1 af=d$ b little  
%elt]4 ,happily ^! %[]s drove away !    
mosquitos1 at lea/ = "s "t4 ,we f\nd    
ourselves be=e ! cat>act ( ,c>iv51 & !  
impulse ( ! wat]s 0 s /rong1 t we _h    
great difficulty 9 ga9+ ! l&4 ,we 7     
cont9ually driv5 back to ! middle ( !   
curr5t4 ,at l5g? two ,salive ,indians1  
excell5t swimm]s1 leap$ into ! wat]1 &  
hav+ drawn ! boat to %ore by means ( a  
rope1 made x fa/ to ! ,pi$ra de ,c>i*ana
 ,vieja1 a %elf ( b>e rock1 on :i* we   
pass$ ! night4 ,! ?und] cont9u$ to roll 
dur+ a "p ( ! night2 ! swell ( ! riv]   
became consid]able2 & we 7 sev]al times 
afraid t our frail b>k w\ld be driv5 f !
 %ore by ! impetuosity ( ! waves4  ,!   
granitic rock on :i* we lay is "o ( ^?1 
:]e travell]s on ! ,or9oco h he>d f "t  
to "t1 t[>ds sunrise1 subt]rane\s s\nds1
 resembl+ ^? ( ! organ4 ,! mission>ies  
call ^! /ones laxas de musica4 ,x is    
wit*craft 7cosa de bruxas71 said our "y 
,indian pilot1 :o c\ld speak ,spani%4   
,we nev] ourselves he>d ^! my/]i\s      

s\nds1 ei!r at ,c>i*ana ,vieja1 or 9 !  
,upp] ,or9oco2 b f in=mation giv5 u by  
witnesses wor?y ( belief1 ! exi/5ce ( a 
ph5om5on t seems to dep5d on a c]ta9    
/ate ( ! atmosph]e1 _c be d5i$4 ,!      
%elves ( rock are full ( v n>r[ & deep  
crevices4 ,!y are heat$ dur+ ! day to   
#dh or #ej degrees4 ,i sev]al times f\nd
 _! temp]ature at ! surface1 dur+ !     
night1 at #ci degrees1 ! surr\nd+       
atmosph]e be+ at #bh degrees4 ,x may    
easily be conceiv$1 t ! diff]5ce (      
temp]ature betwe5 ! subt]ranean & !     
ext]nal air atta9s its maximum ab\t     
sunrise1 or at t mom5t :i* is at ! same 
"t f>!/ f ! p]iod ( ! maximum ( ! heat (
 ! prec$+ day4 ,may n ^! organ-l s\nds1 
:i* are he>d :5 a p]son lays 8 e> 9     
contact ) ! /one1 be ! effect ( a curr5t
 ( air t issues out ?r\gh ! crevices8   
,does n ! impulse ( ! air aga9/ ! ela/ic
 spangles ( mica t int]cept ! crevices1 
contribute to modify ! s\nds8 ,may we n 
admit t ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,egypt1 9
 pass+ incessantly up & d[n ! ,nile1 _h 

made ! same obs]vation on "s rock ( !   
,!baid2 & t ! music ( ! rocks !re l$ to 
! juggl]y ( ! prie/s 9 ! /atue (        
,memnon8 ,p]haps1 :51 ! rosy-f+]$       
,aurora r5d]$ h] son1 ! glori\s ,memnon1
 vocal199 799 ,^! are ! words ( an      
inscription1 :i* atte/s t s\nds 7 he>d  
on ! #ac? ( ! mon? ,pa*on1 9 ! t5? ye> (
 ! reign ( ,anton9us4 ,see ,monum5ts de 
l',egypte ,anci5ne47 ! voice 0 t ( a man
 hidd5 b5ea? ! p$e/al ( ! /atue2 b !    
obs]vation ( ! natives ( ! ,or9oco1 :i* 
we relate1 seems to expla9 9 a natural  
mann] :at gave rise to ! ,egyptian      
belief ( a /one t p\r$ =? s\nds at      
sunrise4  ,almo/ at ! same p]iod at :i* 
,i communicat$ ^! conjectures to "s ( ! 
le>n$ ( ,europe1 ?ree ,fr5* travell]s1  
,,mm4 ,jom>d1 ,jollois1 & ,devilli]s1 7 
l$ to analog\s ideas4 ,!y he>d1 at      
sunrise1 9 a monum5t ( granite1 at !    
c5tre ( ! spot on :i* /&s ! palace (    
,k>nak1 a noise resembl+ t ( a /r+      
break+4 ,n[ ?is comp>ison is precisely t
 :i* ! anci5ts employ$ 9 speak+ ( !     

voice ( ,memnon4 ,! ,fr5* travell]s     
?\ght1 l me1 t ! passage ( r>efi$ air   
?r\gh ! fissures ( a sonor\s /one might 
h sugge/$ to ! ,egyptian prie/s !       
inv5tion ( ! juggl]ies ( ! ,memnomium4  
,we left ! rock at f\r 9 ! morn+4 ,!    
mission>y _h told u t we %\ld h great   
difficulty 9 pass+ ! rapids & ! m\? ( ! 
,meta4 ,! ,indians r[$ twelve h\rs & a  
half )\t int]mission1 & dur+ all t "t1  
!y took no o!r n\ri%m5t ?an cassava &   
planta9s4 ,:5 we consid] ! difficulty ( 
ov]com+ ! =ce ( ! curr5t1 & ( pass+ !   
cat>acts2 :5 we reflect on ! con/ant    
employm5t ( ! muscul> p[]s dur+ a       
navigation ( two mon?s2 we are equally  
surpris$ at ! con/itutional vig\r & !   
ab/95ce ( ! ,indians ( ! ,or9oco & !    
,amazon4 ,amylace\s & sac*>9e sub/ances1
 sometimes fi% & ! fat ( turtles' eggs1 
supply ! place ( food drawn f ! fir/ two
 classes ( ! animal k+dom1 ^? (         
quadrup$s & birds4  ,we f\nd ! b$ ( !   
riv]1 to ! l5g? ( six hundr$ toises1    
full ( granite rocks4 ,"h is :at is     

call$ ! ,raudal de ,c>iv54 ,we pass$    
?r\gh *annels t 7 n five feet broad4    
,our canoe 0 sometimes jamm$ betwe5 two 
blocks ( granite4 ,we s\ght to avoid ^! 
passages1 into :i* ! wat]s ru%$ ) a     
fe>ful noise2 b !re is really little    
dang]1 9 a canoe /e]$ by a good ,indian 
pilot4 ,:5 ! curr5t is too viol5t to be 
resi/$ ! r[]s leap into ! wat]1 & fa/5 a
 rope to ! po9t ( a rock1 to w>p ! boat 
along4 ,?is manoeuvre is v t$i\s2 & we  
sometimes avail$ ourselves ( x1 to climb
 ! rocks among :i* we 7 entangl$4 ,!y   
are ( all dim5sions1 r\nd$1 v black1    
glossy l lead1 & de/itute ( vegetation4 
,x is an extraord9>y ph5om5on to see !  
wat]s ( "o ( ! l>ge/ riv]s on ! globe 9 
"s sort disappe>4 ,we p]ceiv$1 ev5 f> f 
! %ore1 ^? imm5se blocks ( granite1 ris+
 f ! gr\nd1 & lean+ "o aga9/ ano!r4 ,!  
int]v5+ *annels 9 ! rapids are m ?an    
tw5ty-five fa?oms deep2 & are ! m       
difficult to be obs]v$1 z ! rocks are   
(t5 n>r[ t[>d _! bases1 & =m vaults     
susp5d$ ov] ! surface ( ! riv]4 ,we     

p]ceiv$ no crocodiles 9 ! raudal2 ^!    
animals seem to %un ! noise ( cat>acts4 
,f ,cabruta to ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,s9>uco1 a
 di/ance ( ne>ly two degrees ( latitude1
 ! left bank ( ! ,or9oco is entirely    
un9habit$2 b to ! we/ ( ! ,raudal de    
,c>iv5 an ent]pris+ man1 ,don ,felix    
,rel9*on1 _h assembl$ "s ,j>uro &       
,ottomac ,indians 9 a small village4 ,x 
is an attempt at civilization1 on :i* ! 
monks h _h no direct influ5ce4 ,x is    
sup]flu\s to add1 t ,don ,felix lives at
 op5 w> ) ! mission>ies on ! "r bank ( !
 ,or9oco4  ,proce$+ up ! riv] we arriv$1
 at n9e 9 ! morn+1 be=e ! m\? ( ! ,meta1
 opposite ! spot :]e ! ,mission ( ,santa
 ,t]esa1 f\nd$ by ! ,jesuits1 0 h]et(ore
 situat$4  ,next to ! ,guavi>e1 ! ,meta 
is ! mo/ consid]able riv] t fl[s into ! 
,or9oco4 ,x may be comp>$ to ! ,danube1 
n = ! l5g? ( its c\rse1 b = ! volume (  
its wat]s4 ,its mean dep? is ?irty-six  
feet1 & x sometimes rea*es eighty-f\r4  
,! union ( ^! two riv]s pres5ts a v     
impressive spectacle4 ,lonely rocks rise

 on ! ea/]n bank4 ,blocks ( granite1    
pil$ ^u "o ano!r1 appe> f af> l ca/les 9
 ru9s4 ,va/ s&y %ores keep ! skirt+ ( ! 
=e/ at a di/ance f ! riv]2 b we discov] 
amid !m1 9 ! horizon1 solit>y           
palm-trees1 back$ by ! sky1 & cr[n+ !   
tops ( ! m\nta9s4 ,we pass$ two h\rs on 
a l>ge rock1 /&+ 9 ! middle ( ! ,or9oco1
 & call$ ! ,pi$ra de la ,paci5cia1 or ! 
,/one ( ,pati5ce1 because ! canoes1 9   
go+ up1 are sometimes deta9$ !re two    
days1 to extricate !mselves f ! :irlpool
 caus$ by ?is rock4  ,! ,rio ,meta1 :i* 
trav]ses ! va/ pla9s ( ,casan>e1 & :i*  
is navigable z f> z ! foot ( ! ,&es (   
,new ,gr5ada1 w "o day be ( great       
political importance to ! inhabitants ( 
,guiana & ,v5ezuela4 ,f ! ,golfo ,tri/e 
& ! ,boca del ,drago a small fleet may g
 up ! ,or9oco & ! ,meta to )9 fifte5 or 
tw5ty leagues ( ,santa ,fe de ,bogota4  
,! fl\r ( ,new ,gr5ada may be convey$ ! 
same way4 ,! ,meta is l a canal (       
communication betwe5 c\ntries plac$ 9 ! 
same latitude1 b diff]+ 9 _! productions

 z mu* z ,france & ,s5egal4 ,! ,meta has
 its s\rce 9 ! union ( two riv]s :i*    
desc5d f ! p>amos ( ,*+asa & ,suma ,paz4
 ,! fir/ is ! ,rio ,negro1 :i*1 l[] d[n1
 receives ! ,pa*aqui>o2 ! second is !   
,rio de ,aguas ,blancas1 or ,umadea4 ,! 
junction takes place ne> ! port (       
,m>ayal4 ,x is only eight or t5 leagues 
f ! ,passo de la ,cabulla1 :]e y quit ! 
,rio ,negro1 to ! capital ( ,santa ,fe4 
,f ! villages ( ,xiram5a & ,cabull>o to 
^? ( ,guanapalo & ,santa ,rosalia de    
,cabapuna1 a di/ance ( sixty leagues1 ! 
banks ( ! ,meta are m inhabit$ ?an ^? ( 
! ,or9oco4 ,we f9d 9 ?is space f\rte5   
,*ri/ian settlem5ts1 9 "p v popul\s2 b f
 ! m\?s ( ! riv]s ,pauto & ,casan>e1 = a
 space ( m ?an fifty leagues1 ! ,meta is
 infe/$ by ! ,guahibos1 a race (        
savages499 799 ,i f9d ! ^w writt5       
,guajibos1 ,guahivos1 & ,guagivos4 ,!y  
call !mselves ,gua-iva47  ,! navigation 
( ?is riv] 0 mu* m active 9 ! "t ( !    
,jesuits1 & p>ticul>ly dur+ ! exp$ition 
( ,iturriaga1 9 #agef1 ?an x is at      

pres5t4 ,mission>ies ( ! same ord] !n   
gov]n$ ! banks ( ! ,meta & ( ! ,or9oco4 
,! villages ( ,macuco1 ,zurim5a1 &      
,casim5a1 7 f\nd$ by ! ,jesuits1 z well 
z ^? ( ,uruana1 ,enc>amada1 & ,c>i*ana4 
,^! ,fa!rs _h conceiv$ ! project ( =m+ a
 s]ies ( ,missions f ! junction ( !     
,casan>e ) ! ,meta to t ( ! ,meta ) !   
,or9oco4 ,a n>r[ zone ( cultivat$ l&    
w\ld h cross$ ! va/ /eppes t sep>ate !  
=e/s ( ,guiana f ! ,&es ( ,new ,gr5ada4 
,at ! p]iod ( ! h>ve/ ( turtles' eggs1 n
 only ! fl\r ( ,santa ,fe desc5d$ !     
riv]1 b ! salt ( ,*ita199 799 ,ea/ (    
,labranza ,gr&e1 & ! nor?-we/ ( ,pore1  
n[ ! capital ( ! prov9ce ( ,casan>e47 ! 
cotton clo? ( ,san ,gil1 & ! pr9t$      
c\nt]panes ( ,socorro4 ,to give "s      
security to ! little trad]s :o devot$   
!mselves to ?is inl& comm]ce1 attacks 7 
made f "t to "t f ! ca/illo or =t (     
,c>i*ana1 on ! ,guahibos4  ,to keep ^!  
,guahibos 9 awe1 ! ,capu*9 mission>ies1 
:o succe$$ ! ,jesuits 9 ! gov]nm5t ( !  
,missions ( ! ,or9oco1 =m$ ! project (  

f\nd+ a city at ! m\? ( ! ,meta1 "u ! "n
 ( ! ,villa de ,san ,c>los4 ,indol5ce1 &
 ! dread ( t]tian fev]s1 h prev5t$ !    
execution ( ?is project2 & all t has ev]
 exi/$ ( ! city ( ,san ,c>los1 is a coat
 ( arms pa9t$ on f9e p>*m5t1 ) an       
enorm\s cross erect$ on ! bank ( !      
,meta4 ,! ,guahibos1 :o1 x is said1 are 
"s ?\s&s 9 numb]1 h become s insol5t1 t1
 at ! "t ( our passage by ,c>i*ana1 !y  
s5t ^w to ! mission>y t !y w\ld come on 
rafts1 & burn 8 village4 ,^! rafts      
7valzas71 :i* we _h an opportunity (    
see+1 are sc>cely ?ree feet broad1 &    
twelve feet long4 ,!y c>ry only two or  
?ree ,indians2 b fifte5 or sixte5 ( ^!  
rafts are fa/5$ to ea* o!r ) ! /ems ( ! 
paull9ia1 ! doli*os1 & o!r creep+       
plants4 ,x is difficult to conceive h[  
^! small craft rema9 ti$ toge!r 9 pass+ 
! rapids4 ,_m fugitives f ! villages ( !
 ,casan>e & ! ,apure h jo9$ ! ,guahibos1
 & taught !m ! practice ( eat+ beef1 &  
prep>+ hides4 ,! f>ms ( ,san ,vic5te1   
,rubio1 & ,san ,antonio1 h lo/ great    

numb]s ( _! horn$ cattle by ! incursions
 ( ! ,indians1 :o also prev5t travell]s1
 z f> z ! junction ( ! ,casan>e1 f      
sleep+ on ! %ore 9 go+ up ! ,meta4 ,x   
(t5 happ5s1 :ile ! wat]s are l[1 t !    
trad]s ( ,new ,gr5ada1 "s ( :om /ill    
visit ! encampm5t ( ,p>>uma1 are kill$  
by ! poison$ arr[s ( ! ,guahibos4  ,f ! 
m\? ( ! ,meta1 ! ,or9oco appe>$ to u to 
be fre] ( %oals & rocks4 ,we navigat$ 9 
a *annel five hundr$ toises broad4 ,!   
,indians rema9$ r[+ 9 ! boat1 )\t t[+ or
 pu%+ x =w>d ) _! arms1 & we>y+ u ) _!  
wild cries4 ,we pass$ ! ,canos ( ,uita &
 ,endava on ! we/4 ,x 0 night :5 we     
rea*$ ! ,raudal de ,tabaje4 ,! ,indians 
w\ld n haz>d pass+ ! cat>act2 & we slept
 on a v incommodi\s spot1 on ! %elf ( a 
rock1 ) a slope ( m ?an eighte5 degrees1
 & ( :i* ! crevices %elt]$ a sw>m (     
bats4 ,we he>d ! cries ( ! jagu> v ne> u
 dur+ ! :ole night4 ,!y 7 answ]$ by our 
great dog 9 l5g!n$ h[l+s4 ,i wait$ !    
appe>ance ( ! />s 9 va93 ! sky 0        
exce$+ly black2 & ! ho>se s\nds ( !     

cascades ( ! ,or9oco m+l$ ) ! roll+ ( ! 
di/ant ?und]4  ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ! #ac? 
,april we pass$ ! rapids ( ,tabaje1 &   
aga9 disemb>k$4 ,fa!r ,zea1 :o          
accompani$ u1 desir$ to p]=m mass 9 !   
new ,mission ( ,san ,borja1 e/abli%$ two
 ye>s be=e4 ,we !re f\nd six h\ses      
inhabit$ by uncate*is$ ,guahibos4 ,!y   
diff] 9 no?+ f ! wild ,indians4 ,_!     
eyes1 :i* are l>ge & black1 h m vivacity
 ?an ^? ( ! ,indians :o inhabit ! anci5t
 missions4 ,we 9 va9 (f]$ !m br&y2 !y   
w\ld n ev5 ta/e x4 ,! faces ( all ! "y  
girls 7 m>k$ ) r\nd black spots2 l !    
pat*es by :i* ! ladies ( ,europe =m]ly  
imag9$ !y set (f ! :it5ess ( _! sk9s4 ,!
 bodies ( ! ,guahibos 7 n pa9t$4 ,sev]al
 ( !m _h be>ds1 ( :i* !y seem$ pr\d2 &1 
tak+ u by ! *91 %[$ u by signs1 t !y 7  
made l u4 ,_! %ape 0 9 g5]al sl5d]4 ,i 0
 aga9 /ruck1 z ,i _h be5 among !        
,salives & ! ,macos1 ) ! little uni=mity
 ( features to be f\nd among ! ,indians 
( ! ,or9oco4 ,_! look is sad & gloomy2 b
 nei!r /]n nor f]oci\s4 ,)\t hav+ any   

notion ( ! practices ( ! ,*ri/ian       
religion1 !y behav$ ) ! utmo/ dec5cy at 
*ur*4 ,! ,indians love to exhibit       
!mselves2 & w submit tempor>ily to any  
re/ra9t or subjection1 provid$ !y are   
sure ( draw+ att5tion4 ,at ! mom5t ( !  
consecration1 !y made signs to "o ano!r1
 to indicate be=eh& t ! prie/ 0 go+ to  
raise ! *alice to 8 lips4 ,) ! exception
 ( ?is ge/ure1 !y rema9$ motionless & 9 
imp]turbable apa?y4  ,! int]e/ ) :i* we 
exam9$ ^! poor savages became p]haps !  
cause ( ! de/ruction ( ! mission4 ,"s   
among !m1 :o pref]r$ a w&]+ life to !   
lab\rs ( agriculture1 p]suad$ ! re/ to  
return to ! pla9s ( ! ,meta4 ,!y told   
!m1 t ! :ite m5 w\ld come back to ,san  
,borja1 to take !m away 9 ! boats1 &    
sell !m z poitos1 or slaves1 at         
,ango/ura4 ,! ,guahibos await$ ! news ( 
our return f ! ,rio ,negro by !         
,cassiqui>e2 & :5 !y he>d t we 7 arriv$ 
at ! fir/ great cat>act1 t ( ,atures1 !y
 all des]t$1 & fl$ to ! savannahs t     
bord] ! ,or9oco on ! we/4 ,! ,jesuit    

,fa!rs _h already =m$ a mission on ?is  
spot1 & be>+ ! same "n4 ,no tribe is m  
difficult to fix to ! soil ?an !        
,guahibos4 ,!y w\ld r fe$ on /ale fi%1  
scolop5dras1 & worms1 ?an cultivate a   
little spot ( gr\nd4 ,! o!r ,indians    
say1 t a ,guahibo eats ev]y?+ t exi/s1  
bo? on & "u ! gr\nd4  ,9 asc5d+ !       
,or9oco m to ! s\?1 ! heat1 f> f        
increas+1 became m be>able4 ,! air 9 !  
day 0 at #bf or #bg4e degrees2 & at     
night1 at #bc4g4 ,! wat] ( ! ,or9oco    
reta9$ its habitual temp]ature ( #bg4g  
degrees4 ,! torm5t ( ! mosquitos augm5t$
 sev]ely1 not)/&+ ! decrease ( heat4 ,we
 nev] suff]$ s mu* f !m z at ,san       
,borja4 ,we c\ld nei!r speak nor uncov] 
our faces )\t hav+ our m\?s & noses     
fill$ ) insects4 ,we 7 surpris$ n to f9d
 ! !rmomet] at #ce or #cf degrees2 !    
extreme irritation ( ! sk9 made u       
believe t ! air 0 scor*+4 ,we pass$ !   
night on ! bea* ( ,gu>ipo4 ,! fe> ( !   
little c>ibe fi% prev5t$ u f ba?+4 ,!   
crocodiles we _h met ) ?is day 7 all (  

an extraord9>y size1 f tw5ty-two to     
tw5ty-f\r feet4  ,our suff]+s f !       
zancudos made u dep>t at five o'clock on
 ! morn+ ( ! #ad?4 ,!re are few] insects
 9 ! /rata ( air ly+ imm$iately on !    
riv]1 ?an ne> ! edge ( ! =e/s4 ,we /opp$
 to breakfa/ at ! isl& ( ,gua*aco1 or   
,va*aco1 :]e ! granite is imm$iately    
cov]$ by a =mation ( s&/one1 or         
conglom]ate4 ,?is s&/one conta9s        
fragm5ts ( qu>tz1 & ev5 ( feldsp>1      
cem5t$ by indurat$ clay4 ,x exhibits    
little ve9s ( br[n iron-ore1 :i* sep>ate
 9 lam9ae1 or plates1 ( "o l9e 9        
?ickness4 ,we _h already f\nd ^! plates 
on ! %ores betwe5 ,enc>amada & ,b>aguan1
 :]e ! mission>ies _h sometimes tak5 !m 
= an ore ( gold1 & sometimes = t94 ,x is
 probable1 t ?is second>y =mation       
occupi$ =m]ly a l>g] space4 ,hav+ pass$ 
! m\? ( ! ,rio ,p>u5i1 beyond :i* !     
,maco ,indians dwell1 we sp5t ! night on
 ! isl& ( ,panumana4 ,i c\ld )          
difficulty take ! altitudes ( ,canopus1 
9 ord] to fix ! longitude ( ! po9t1 ne> 

:i* ! riv] sudd5ly turns t[>ds ! we/4 ,!
 isl& ( ,panumana is ri* 9 plants4 ,we  
!re aga9 f\nd ^? %elves ( b>e rock1 ^?  
tufts ( mela/omas1 ^? ?ickets ( small   
%rubs1 ! bl5d$ sc5]y ( :i* _h *>m$ u 9 !
 pla9s ( ,c>i*ana4 ,! m\nta9s ( ! ,great
 ,cat>acts b\nd$ ! horizon t[>ds !      
s\?-ea/4 ,9 proportion z we advanc$1 !  
%ores ( ! ,or9oco exhibit$ a m impos+ & 
picturesque aspect4   ,,*apt] #b4bj4    
,,! ,,m\? ,,( ,,! ,,rio ,,anav5i4 ,,peak
 ,,( ,,uniana4 ,,mission ,,( ,,atures4  
,,cat>act1 ,,or ,,raudal ,,( ,,map>a4   
,,islets ,,( ,,surupamana ,,&           
,,uirapuri4  ,! riv] ( ! ,or9oco1 9     
runn+ f s\? to nor?1 is cross$ by a *a9 
( granitic m\nta9s4 ,twice conf9$ 9 its 
c\rse1 x turbul5tly breaks on ! rocks1 t
 =m /eps & transv]se dykes4 ,no?+ c be  
gr&] ?an ! aspect ( ?is spot4 ,nei!r !  
fall ( ! ,tequ5dama1 ne> ,santa ,fe de  
,bogota1 nor ! magnific5t sc5es ( !     
,cordill]as1 c\ld weak5 ! impression    
produc$ ^u my m9d by ! fir/ view ( !    
rapids ( ,atures & ( ,maypures4 ,:5 !   

spectator is s /ation$ t ! eye c at once
 take 9 ! long succession ( cat>acts1 ! 
imm5se %eet ( foam & vap\rs illum9$ by !
 rays ( ! sett+ sun1 ! :ole riv] seems z
 x 7 susp5d$ ov] its b$4  ,sc5es s      
a/oni%+ mu/ = ages h fix$ ! att5tion ( !
 inhabitants ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,:5 ,diego de
 ,todaz1 ,alfonzo de ,h]r]a1 & !        
intrepid ,raleigh1 an*or$ at ! m\? ( !  
,or9oco1 !y 7 in=m$ by ! ,indians ( !   
,great ,cat>acts1 :i* !y !mselves _h    
nev] visit$1 & :i* !y ev5 conf\nd$ )    
cascades f>!r to ! ea/4 ,:atev] ob/acles
 ! =ce ( vegetation "u ! torrid zone may
 ?r[ 9 ! way ( int]c\rse among nations1 
all t relates to ! c\rse ( great riv]s  
acquires a celebrity :i* ext5ds to va/  
di/ances4 ,! ,or9oco1 ! ,amazon1 & !    
,uruguay1 trav]se1 l inl& arms ( seas1 9
 diff]5t directions1 a l& cov]$ ) =e/s1 
& inhabit$ by tribes1 "p ( :om are      
cannibals4 ,x is n yet two hundr$ ye>s  
s9ce civilization & ! light ( a m humane
 religion h pursu$ _! way along ! banks 
( ^! anci5t canals trac$ by ! h& (      

nature2 long1 h[ev]1 be=e ! introduction
 ( agriculture1 be=e communications = ! 
purposes ( b>t] 7 e/abli%$ among ^!     
scatt]$ & (t5 ho/ile tribes1 ! k (      
extraord9>y ph5om5a1 ( falls ( wat]1 (  
volcanic fires1 & ( sn[s resi/+ all !   
ard5t heat ( summ]1 0 propagat$ by a    
?\s& =tuit\s circum/ances4 ,?ree hundr$ 
leagues f ! coa/1 9 ! c5tre ( ,s\?      
,am]ica1 among nations ^: excursions d n
 ext5d to ?ree days' j\rney1 we f9d an  
idea ( ! ocean1 & words t d5ote a mass (
 salt wat] ext5d+ z f> z ! eye c disc]n4
 ,v>i\s ev5ts1 :i* repeat$ly occur 9    
savage life1 contribute to enl>ge ^!    
conceptions4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! petty w>s
 betwe5 neighb\r+ tribes1 a prison] is  
br\ght into a /range c\ntry1 & treat$ z 
a poito or m]o1 t is to say1 z a slave4 
,aft] be+ (t5 sold1 he is dragg$ to new 
w>s1 escapes1 & returns home2 he relates
 :at he has se51 & :at he has he>d f ^? 
^: tongue he has be5 compell$ to le>n4  
,z on discov]+ a coa/1 we he> ( great   
inl& animals1 s1 on ent]+ ! valley ( a  

va/ riv]1 we are surpris$ to f9d t      
savages1 :o are /rang]s to navigation1 h
 acquir$ a k ( di/ant ?+s4 ,9 ! infant  
/ate ( society1 ! ex*ange ( ideas       
prec$es1 to a c]ta9 po9t1 ! ex*ange (   
productions4  ,! two great cat>acts ( ! 
,or9oco1 ! celebrity ( :i* is s         
f>-spread & s anci5t1 are =m$ by !      
passage ( ! riv] across ! m\nta9s (     
,p>ima4 ,!y are call$ by ! natives      
,map>a & ,quittuna2 b ! mission>ies h   
sub/itut$ = ^! names ^? ( ,atures &     
,maypures1 aft] ! names ( ! tribes :i* 7
 fir/ assembl$ toge!r 9 ! ne>e/         
villages4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,c>acas1 ! two   
,great ,cat>acts are d5ot$ by ! simple  
appellation ( ! two ,raudales1 or       
rapids2 a d5om9ation :i* implies t ! o!r
 falls ( wat]1 ev5 ! rapids ( ,camiseta 
& ( ,c>i*ana1 are n consid]$ z wor?y (  
att5tion :5 comp>$ ) ! cat>acts (       
,atures & ,maypures4  ,^! la/1 situat$  
betwe5 five & six degrees ( nor?        
latitude1 & a hundr$ leagues we/ ( !    
,cordill]as ( ,new ,gr5ada1 9 ! m]idian 

( ,porto ,cabello1 are only twelve      
leagues di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,x is surpris+
 t _! exi/5ce 0 n kn[n to ,d',anville1  
:o1 9 8 f9e map ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 m>ks !  
inconsid]able cascades ( ,m>im>a & ,san 
,borja1 by ! names ( ! rapids ( ,c>i*ana
 & ,tabaje4 ,! ,great ,cat>acts divide !
 ,*ri/ian e/abli%m5ts ( ,spani% ,guiana 
into two unequal p>ts4 ,^? situat$      
betwe5 ! ,raudal ( ,atures & ! m\? ( !  
riv] are call$ ! ,missions ( ! ,l[]     
,or9oco2 ! ,missions ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco  
compreh5d ! villages betwe5 ! ,raudal ( 
,maypures & ! m\nta9s ( ,duida4 ,! c\rse
 ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 if we e/imate !      
s9uosities at "o-?ird ( ! di/ance 9 a   
direct l9e1 is two hundr$ & sixty       
nautical leagues3 ! c\rse ( ! ,upp]     
,or9oco1 suppos+ its s\rces to be ?ree  
degrees ea/ ( ,duida1 includes "o hundr$
 & sixty-sev5 leagues4  ,beyond ! ,great
 ,cat>acts an unkn[n l& beg9s4 ,! c\ntry
 is p>tly m\nta9\s & p>tly flat1 receiv+
 at once ! conflu5ts ( ! ,amazon & !    
,or9oco4 ,f ! facility ( its            

communications ) ! ,rio ,negro & ,gr&   
,p>a1 x appe>s to belong /ill m to      
,brazil ?an to ! ,spani% colonies4 ,none
 ( ! mission>ies :o h describ$ ! ,or9oco
 be=e me1 nei!r ,fa!r ,gumilla1 ,gili1  
nor ,caul91 _h pass$ ! ,raudal (        
,maypures4 ,we f\nd b ?ree ,*ri/ian     
e/abli%m5ts above ! ,great ,cat>acts1   
along ! %ores ( ! ,or9oco1 9 an ext5t ( 
m ?an a hundr$ leagues2 & ^! ?ree       
e/abli%m5ts conta9$ sc>cely six or eight
 :ite p]sons1 t is to say1 p]sons (     
,european race4 ,we _c be surpris$ t su*
 a des]t region %\ld h be5 at all times 
! l& ( fable & fairy visions4 ,!re1     
accord+ to ! /atem5ts ( c]ta9           
mission>ies1 are f\nd races ( m51 "s (  
:om h an eye 9 ! c5tre ( ! =ehead1 :il/ 
o!rs h dogs' heads1 & m\?s bel[ _!      
/oma*s4 ,!re !y pret5d to h f\nd all t !
 anci5ts relate ( ! ,g>amantes1 ( !     
,arimaspes1 & ( ! ,hyp]boreans4 ,x w\ld 
be an error to suppose t ^! simple & (t5
 ru/ic mission>ies _h !mselves inv5t$   
all ^! exagg]at$ fictions2 !y d]iv$ !m 9

 great "p f ! recitals ( ! ,indians4 ,a 
fondness = n>ration prevails 9 !        
,missions1 z x does at sea1 9 ! ,ea/1 & 
9 e place :]e ! m9d seeks amusem5t4 ,a  
mission>y1 f 8 vocation1 is n incl9$ to 
scepticism2 he impr9ts on 8 memory :at !
 natives h s (t5 repeat$ to him2 &1 :5  
return$ to ,europe1 & re/or$ to !       
civiliz$ _w1 he f9ds a pleasure 9 creat+
 a/oni%m5t by a recital ( facts :i* he  
?9ks he has collect$1 & by an animat$   
description ( remote ?+s4 ,^! /ories1   
:i* ! ,spani% coloni/s call tales (     
travell]s & ( monks 7cu5tos de viag]os y
 frailes71 increase 9 improbability 9   
proportion z y increase y\r di/ance f ! 
=e/s ( ! ,or9oco1 & approa* ! coa/s     
inhabit$ by ! :ites4 ,:51 at ,cumana1   
,nueva ,b>celona1 & o!r seaports :i* h  
frequ5t communication ) ! ,missions1 y  
betray any sign ( incr$ulity1 y are     
r$uc$ to sil5ce by ^! few words3 ,!     
fa!rs h se5 x1 b f> above ! ,great      
,cat>acts 7mas arriba de los ,raudales74
  ,on ! #ae? ( ,april1 we left ! isl& ( 

,panumana at f\r 9 ! morn+1 two h\rs    
be=e sunrise4 ,! sky 0 9 great "p       
obscur$1 & lightn+s fla%$ ov] d5se cl\ds
 at m ?an =ty degrees ( elevation4 ,we 7
 surpris$ at n he>+ ?und]2 b possibly   
?is 0 ow+ to ! prodigi\s height ( !     
/orm8 ,x appe>s to u1 t 9 ,europe !     
electric fla%es )\t ?und]1 vaguely call$
 heat-lightn+1 are se5 g5]ally ne>] !   
horizon4 ,"u a cl\dy sky1 t s5t back !  
radiant caloric ( ! soil1 ! heat 0      
/ifl+2 n a brea? ( w9d agitat$ ! foliage
 ( ! trees4 ,! jagu>s1 z usual1 _h      
cross$ ! arm ( ! ,or9oco by :i* we 7    
sep>at$ f ! %ore1 & we he>d _! cries    
extremely ne>4 ,dur+ ! night ! ,indians 
_h advis$ u to quit our /ation 9 ! op5  
air1 & retire to a des]t$ hut belong+ to
 ! conucos ( ! inhabitants ( ,atures4   
,!y _h tak5 c>e to b>ricade ! op5+ )    
planks1 a precaution :i* seem$ to u     
sup]flu\s2 b ne> ! ,cat>acts tig]s are v
 num]\s1 & two ye>s be=e1 9 ^! v conucos
 ( ,panumana1 an ,indian return+ to 8   
hut1 t[>ds ! close ( ! ra9y season1 f\nd

 a tigress settl$ 9 x ) h] two "y4 ,^!  
animals _h inhabit$ ! dwell+ = sev]al   
mon?s2 !y 7 dislodg$ f x ) difficulty1 &
 x 0 only aft] an ob/9ate combat t ! =m]
 ma/] rega9$ possession ( 8 dwell+4 ,!  
jagu>s are fond ( retir+ to des]t$ ru9s1
 & ,i believe x is m prud5t 9 g5]al = a 
solit>y travell] to encamp 9 ! op5 air1 
betwe5 two fires1 ?an to seek %elt] 9   
un9habit$ huts4  ,on quitt+ ! isl& (    
,panumana1 we p]ceiv$ on ! we/]n bank ( 
! riv] ! fires ( an encampm5t ( ,guahibo
 savages4 ,! mission>y :o accompani$ u  
caus$ a few musket-%ots to be fir$ 9 !  
air1 :i* he said w\ld intimidate !m1 &  
%ew t we 7 9 a /ate to def5d ourselves4 
,! savages mo/ likely _h no canoes1 & 7 
n desir\s ( tr\bl+ u 9 ! middle ( !     
riv]4 ,we pass$ at sunrise ! m\? ( !    
,rio ,anav5i1 :i* desc5ds f ! ea/]n     
m\nta9s4 ,on its banks1 n[ des]t$1 ,fa!r
 ,olmos _h e/abli%$1 9 ! "t ( !         
,jesuits1 a small village ( ,japu9s or  
,j>uros4 ,! heat 0 s excessive t we re/$
 a long "t 9 a woody spot1 to fi% ) a   

hook & l9e1 & x 0 n )\t "s tr\ble t we  
c>ri$ away all ! fi% we _h caught4 ,we  
did n arrive till v late at ! foot ( !  
,great ,cat>act1 9 a bay call$ ! l[]    
h>b\r 7pu]to de abaxo72 & we foll[$1 n  
)\t difficulty1 9 a d>k night1 ! n>r[   
pa? t leads to ! ,mission ( ,atures1 a  
league di/ant f ! riv]4 ,we cross$ a    
pla9 cov]$ ) l>ge blocks ( granite4  ,! 
little village ( ,san ,juan ,nepomuc5o  
de los ,atures 0 f\nd$ by ! ,jesuit     
,francisco ,gonzales1 9 #agdh4 ,9 go+ up
 ! riv] ?is is ! la/ ( ! ,*ri/ian       
missions t owe _! orig9 to ! ord] ( ,/4 
,ignatius4 ,! m s\!rn e/abli%m5ts1 ^? ( 
,atabapo1 ( ,cassiqui>e1 & ( ,rio       
,negro1 7 =m$ by ! fa!rs ( ! ,obs]vance 
( ,/4 ,francis4 ,! ,or9oco appe>s to h  
fl[$ h]et(ore :]e ! village ( ,atures n[
 /&s1 & ! flat savannah t surr\nds !    
village no d\bt =m$ "p ( ! riv]4 ,i saw 
to ! ea/ ( ! mission a succession (     
rocks1 :i* seem$ to h be5 ! anci5t %ore 
( ! ,or9oco4 ,9 ! lapse ( ages ! riv]   
has be5 impell$ we/w>d1 9 consequ5ce ( !

 accumulations ( e>?1 :i* occur m       
frequ5tly on ! side ( ! ea/]n m\nta9s1 t
 are furr[$ by torr5ts4 ,! cat>act be>s 
! "n ( ,map>a199 z we h m5tion$ above   
799 ,i am ignorant ( ! etymology ( ?is  
^w1 :i* ,i believe means only a fall (  
wat]4 ,gili translates into ,maypure a  
small cascade 7raudalito7 by uccamatisi 
map>a canacapatirri4 ,%\ld we n spell   
?is ^w matp>a8 mat be+ a radical ( !    
,maypure tongue1 & mean+ bad 7,h]vas1   
,saggio ,n4 #bi74 ,! radical p> 7p>a7 is
 f\nd among ,am]ican tribes m ?an five  
hundr$ leagues di/ant f ea* o!r1 !      
,c>ibs1 ,maypures1 ,brazilians1 &       
,p]uvians1 9 ! words sea1 ra91 wat]1    
lake4 ,we mu/ n conf\nd map>a ) mapaja2 
?is la/ ^w signifies1 9 ,maypure &      
,tamanac1 ! papaw or melon-tree1 no d\bt
 on acc\nt ( ! sweetness ( its fruit1 = 
mapa means 9 ! ,maypure1 z well z 9 !   
,p]uvian & ,omagua tongues1 ! honey (   
bees4 ,! ,tamanacs call a cascade1 or   
raudal1 9 g5]al uatapurutpe2 !          
,maypures1 uca472 :ile ! "n ( ! village 

is d]iv$ f t ( ! nation ( ,atures1 n[   
believ$ to be ext9ct4 ,i f9d on ! maps (
 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,isl& & ,cat>act (  
,a?ule2 :i* is ! ^w ,atures writt5      
accord+ to ! pronunciation ( !          
,tamanacs1 :o conf\nd1 l s _m o!r p1 !  
consonants l & r4 ,?is m\nta9\s region 0
 s little kn[n 9 ,europe1 ev5 9 ! middle
 ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 t ,d',anville1 9 !
 fir/ edition ( 8 ,s\? ,am]ica1 makes a 
bran* issue f ! ,or9oco1 ne> ,salto de  
los ,atures1 & fall into ! ,amazon1 to  
:i* bran* he gives ! "n ( ,rio ,negro4  
,e>ly maps1 z well z ,fa!r ,gumilla's   
"w1 place ! ,mission 9 latitude #a      
degree #cj m9utes4 ,abbe ,gili gives x  
#c degrees #ej m9utes4 ,i f\nd1 by      
m]idian altitudes ( ,canopus & a ( !    
,s\!rn ,cross1 #e degrees #ch m9utes #d 
seconds = ! latitude2 & by ! *ronomet]  
#d h\rs #da m9utes #ag seconds (        
longitude we/ ( ! m]idian ( ,p>is4  ,we 
f\nd ?is small ,mission 9 ! mo/         
deplorable /ate4 ,x conta9$1 ev5 at ! "t
 ( ! exp$ition ( ,solano1 commonly call$

 ! exp$ition ( ! b\nd>ies1 ?ree hundr$ &
 tw5ty ,indians4 ,?is numb] _h dim9i%$1 
at ! "t ( our passage by ! ,cat>acts1 to
 =ty-sev52 & ! mission>y assur$ u t ?is 
dim9ution became f ye> to ye> m s5sible4
 ,he %[$ u1 t 9 ! space ( ?irty-two     
mon?s only "o m>riage _h be5 ent]$ 9 !  
regi/]s ( ! p>i% *ur*4 ,two o!rs _h be5 
contract$ by uncate*is$ natives1 &      
celebrat$ be=e ! ,indian ,gob]nador4 ,at
 ! fir/ f\ndation ( ! ,mission1 !       
,atures1 ,maypures1 ,meyepures1 ,abanis1
 & ,quirupas1 _h be5 assembl$ toge!r4   
,in/ead ( ^! tribes we f\nd only        
,guahibos1 & a few families ( ! nation (
 ,macos4 ,! ,atures h almo/ entirely    
disappe>$2 !y are no long] kn[n1 except 
by ! tombs 9 ! cav]n ( ,at>uipe1 :i*    
recall to m9d ! sepul*res ( ! ,guan*es  
at ,t5]iffe4 ,we le>n$ on ! spot1 t !   
,atures1 z well z ! ,quaquas1 & ! ,macos
 or ,pi>oas1 belong to ! great /ock ( ! 
,salive nations2 :ile ! ,maypures1 !    
,abanis1 ! ,p>5is1 & ! ,guaypunaves1 are
 ( ! same race z ! ,cabres or ,cav]es1  

celebrat$ = _! long w>s ) ! ,c>ibs4 ,9  
?is labyr9? ( petty nations1 divid$ f "o
 ano!r z ! nations ( ,latium1 ,asia     
,m9or1 & ,sogdiana1 =m]ly 71 we c trace 
no g5]al relations b by foll[+ ! analogy
 ( tongues4 ,^! are ! only monum5ts t h 
rea*$ u f ! e>ly ages ( ! _w2 ! only    
monum5ts1 :i*1 n be+ fix$ to ! soil1 are
 at once moveable & la/+1 & h z x 7     
trav]s$ "t & space4 ,!y owe _! duration1
 & ! ext5t !y occupy1 mu* less to       
conqu]+ & poli%$ nations1 ?an to ^? w&]+
 & half-savage tribes1 :o1 flee+ be=e a 
p[]ful enemy1 c>ri$ along ) !m 9 _!     
extreme wret*$ness only _! wives1 _!    
*ildr51 & ! languages ( _! fa!rs4       
,betwe5 ! latitudes ( #d & #h degrees1 !
 ,or9oco n only sep>ates ! great =e/ ( !
 ,p>ime f ! b>e savannahs ( ! ,apure1   
,meta1 & ,guavi>e1 b also =ms ! b\nd>y  
betwe5 tribes ( v diff]5t mann]s4 ,to ! 
we/w>d1 ov] treeless pla9s1 w&] !       
,guahibos1 ! ,*iricoas1 & ! ,guamos2    
nations1 pr\d ( _! savage indep5d5ce1   
:om x is difficult to fix to ! soil1 or 

habituate to regul> lab\r4 ,! ,spani%   
mission>ies *>act]ise !m well by ! "n ( 
,indios &antes 7errant or vagabond      
,indians71 because !y are p]petually    
mov+ f place to place4 ,to ! ea/ ( !    
,or9oco1 betwe5 ! neighb\r+ s\rces ( !  
,caura1 ,cataniapo1 & ,v5tu>i1 live !   
,macos1 ! ,salives1 ! ,curacicanas1     
,p>ecas1 & ,maquirit>es1 mild1 tranquil 
tribes1 addict$ to agriculture1 & easily
 subject$ to ! discipl9e ( ! ,missions4 
,! ,indian ( ! pla9s diff]s f ! ,indian 
( ! =e/s 9 language z well z mann]s &   
m5tal disposition2 bo? h an idiom ab\nd+
 9 spirit$ & bold t]ms2 b ! language ( !
 =m] is h>%]1 m concise1 & m impassion$2
 t ( ! latt]1 s(t]1 m diffuse1 & full] (
 ambigu\s expressions4  ,! ,mission (   
,atures1 l mo/ ( ! ,missions ( !        
,or9oco1 situat$ betwe5 ! m\?s ( !      
,apure & ! ,atabapo1 is compos$ ( bo? ! 
classes ( tribes we h j describ$4 ,we   
!re f9d ! ,indians ( ! =e/s1 & !        
,indians h]et(ore nomadic99 7,indios    
mont]os & ,indios llan]os1 or &antes74  

799 ,i employ ! ^w nomadic z synonym\s )
 w&]+1 & n 9 its primitive              
signification4 ,! w&]+ nations ( ,am]ica
 7^? ( ! indig5\s tribes1 x is to be    
und]/ood7 are nev] %eph]ds2 !y live by  
fi%+ & hunt+1 on ! fruit ( a few trees1 
! f>9ace\s pi? ( palm-trees1 etc47 ,we  
visit$ ) ! mission>y ! huts ( ,macos1   
:om ! ,spani>ds call ,piraoas1 & ^? ( ! 
,guahibos4 ,! fir/ indicat$ m love (    
ord]1 cleanl9ess1 & ease4 ,! indep5d5t  
,macos 7,i d n designate !m by ! "n (   
savages7 h _! ro*elas1 or fix$ dwell+s1 
two or ?ree days' j\rney ea/ ( ,atures1 
t[>d ! s\rces ( ! little riv]           
,cataniapo4 ,!y are v num]\s4 ,l mo/ ( !
 natives ( ! woods1 !y cultivate1 n     
maize1 b cassava2 & !y live 9 great     
h>mony ) ! ,*ri/ian ,indians ( !        
mission4 ,! h>mony 0 e/abli%$ & wisely  
cultivat$ by ! ,franciscan monk1 ,b]n>do
 ,zea4 ,?is alcalde ( ! r$uc$ ,macos    
quitt$ ! village ( ,atures = a few mon?s
 e ye>1 to live 9 ! plantations :i* he  
possess$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! =e/s ne> ! hamlet 

( ! indep5d5t ,macos4 ,9 consequ5ce (   
?is peaceful int]c\rse1 _m ( ! ,indios  
mont]os came & e/abli%$ !mselves "s "t  
ago 9 ! mission4 ,!y ask$ eag]ly =      
knives1 fi%+ hooks1 & ^? col\r$ glass   
beads1 :i*1 not)/&+ ! positive          
prohibition ( ! prie/s1 7 employ$ n z   
necklaces1 b z ornam5ts ( ! guayuco     
7p]izoma74 ,hav+ obta9$ :at !y s\ght1 !y
 return$ to ! woods1 we>y ( !           
regulations ( ! mission4 ,epidemic      
fev]s1 :i* prevail$ ) viol5ce at !      
entrance ( ! ra9y season1 contribut$    
greatly to ?is unexpect$ flight4 ,9     
#agii ! mortality 0 v consid]able at    
,c>i*ana1 on ! banks ( ! ,meta1 & at !  
,raudal ( ,atures4 ,! ,indian ( ! =e/   
conceives a horror ( ! life ( ! civiliz$
 man1 :51 ,i w n say any mis=tune       
befalls 8 family settl$ 9 ! mission1 b  
m]ely any disagreeable or un=ese5       
accid5t4 ,natives1 :o 7 neophytes1 h be5
 kn[n to des]t = ev] ! ,*ri/ian         
e/abli%m5ts1 on acc\nt ( a great dr\ght2
 z if ?is calamity w\ld n h rea*$ !m    

equally 9 _! plantations1 _h !y rema9$ 9
 _! primitive indep5d5ce4  ,! fev]s :i* 
prevail dur+ a great "p ( ! ye> 9 !     
villages ( ,atures & ,maypures1 ar\nd ! 
two ,great ,cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco1 r5d]  
^! spots highly dang]\s to ,european    
travell]s4 ,!y are caus$ by viol5t      
heats1 9 comb9ation ) ! excessive       
humidity ( ! air1 bad nutrim5t1 &1 if we
 may believe ! natives1 ! pe/il5t       
exhalations ris+ f ! b>e rocks ( !      
,raudales4 ,^! fev]s ( ! ,or9oco appe>$ 
to u to resemble ^? :i* prevail e ye>   
betwe5 ,new ,b>celona1 ,la ,guayra1 &   
,porto ,cabello1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! sea2 & 
:i* (t5 deg5]ate into adynamic fev]s4 ,i
 h _h my little fev] 7mi cal5turita7    
only eight mon?s1 said ! good mission>y 
( ! ,atures1 :o accompani$ u to ! ,rio  
,negro2 speak+ ( x z ( an habitual evil1
 easy to be borne4 ,! fits 7 viol5t1 b (
 %ort duration4 ,he 0 sometimes seiz$ ) 
!m :5 ly+ along 9 ! boat "u a %elt] (   
bran*es ( trees1 sometimes :5 expos$ to 
! burn+ rays ( ! sun on an op5 bea*4 ,^!

 t]tian agues are att5d$ ) great        
debility ( ! muscul> sy/em2 yet we f9d  
poor ecclesia/ics on ! ,or9oco1 :o      
endure = sev]al ye>s ^! cal5turitas1 or 
t]cianas3 _! effects are n s fatal z ^? 
:i* are exp]i5c$ f fev]s ( mu* %ort]    
duration 9 temp]ate climates4  ,i h j   
allud$ to ! noxi\s influ5ce on !        
salubrity ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* is         
attribut$ by ! natives1 & ev5 !         
mission>ies1 to ! b>e rocks4 ,?is op9ion
 is ! m wor?y ( att5tion1 z x is        
connect$ ) a physical ph5om5on lately   
obs]v$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! globe1 & n yet
 suffici5tly expla9$4 ,among ! cat>acts1
 & :]ev] ! ,or9oco1 betwe5 ! ,missions (
 ,c>i*ana & ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 p]iodically
 wa%es ! granitic rocks1 !y become      
smoo?1 black1 & z if coat$ ) plumbago4  
,! col\r+ matt] does n p5etrate ! /one1 
:i* is co>se-gra9$ granite1 conta9+ a   
few solit>y cry/als ( hornbl5de4 ,tak+ a
 g5]al view ( ! primitive =mation (     
,atures1 we p]ceive1 t1 l ! granite (   
,sy5e 9 ,egypt1 x is a granite )        

hornbl5de1 & n a real sy5ite =mation4   
,_m ( ! lay]s are entirely de/itute (   
hornbl5de4 ,! black cru/ is #j4c ( a l9e
 9 ?ickness2 x is f\nd *iefly on !      
qu>tzose p>ts4 ,! cry/als ( feldsp>     
sometimes pres]ve ext]nally _!          
r$di%-:ite col\r1 & rise above ! black  
cru/4 ,on break+ ! /one ) a hamm]1 !    
inside is f\nd to be :ite1 & )\t any    
trace ( decomposition4 ,^! enorm\s /ony 
masses appe> sometimes 9 rhombs1        
sometimes "u ^? hemisph]ic =ms1 peculi> 
to granitic rocks :5 !y sep>ate 9       
blocks4 ,!y give ! l&scape a s+ul>ly    
gloomy aspect2 _! col\r be+ 9 /rong     
contra/ ) t ( ! foam ( ! riv] :i* cov]s 
!m1 & ( ! vegetation by :i* !y are      
surr\nd$4 ,! ,indians say1 t ! rocks are
 burnt 7or c>boniz$7 by ! rays ( ! sun4 
,we saw !m n only 9 ! b$ ( ! ,or9oco1 b 
9 "s spots z f> z five hundr$ toises f  
its pres5t %ore1 on heights :i* ! wat]s 
n[ nev] rea* ev5 9 _! greate/ swell+s4  
,:at is ?is br[ni% black cru/1 :i* gives
 ^! rocks1 :5 !y h a globul> =m1 !      

appe>ance ( meteoric /ones8 ,:at idea c 
we =m ( ! action ( ! wat]1 :i* produces 
a deposit1 or a *ange ( col\r1 s        
extraord9>y8 ,we mu/ obs]ve1 9 ! fir/   
place1 t ?is ph5om5on does n belong to !
 cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco alone1 b is f\nd 9
 bo? hemisph]es4 ,at my return f ,mexico
 9 #ahjg1 :5 ,i %[$ ! granites ( ,atures
 & ,maypures to ,m4 ,rozi]e1 :o _h      
travell$ ov] ! valley ( ,egypt1 ! coa/s 
( ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ,m\nt ,s9ai1 ?is le>n$  
geologi/ po9t$ out to me t ! primitive  
rocks ( ! little cat>acts ( ,sy5e       
display1 l ! rocks ( ! ,or9oco1 a glossy
 surface1 ( a blacki%-grey1 or almo/    
lead5 col\r1 & ( :i* "s ( ! fragm5ts    
seem coat$ ) t>4 ,rec5tly1 9 ! un=tunate
 exp$ition ( ,capta9 ,tuckey1 ! ,engli% 
naturali/s 7 /ruck ) ! same appe>ance 9 
! yellalas 7rapids & %oals7 t ob/ruct ! 
riv] ,congo or ,zaire4 ,dr4 ,ko5ig has  
plac$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 beside !     
sy5ites ( ! ,congo1 ! granites (        
,atures1 tak5 f a s]ies ( rocks :i* 7   
pres5t$ by ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself to !    

illu/ri\s presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society (
 ,london4 ,^! fragm5ts1 says ,mr4       
,ko5ig1 alike resemble meteoric /ones2 9
 bo? rocks1 ^? ( ! ,or9oco & ( ,africa1 
! black cru/ is compos$1 accord+ to !   
analysis ( ,mr4 ,*ildr51 ( ! oxide (    
iron & manganese4 ,"s exp]im5ts made at 
,mexico1 conjo9tly ) ,s5or del ,rio1 l$ 
me to ?9k t ! rocks ( ,atures1 :i*      
black5 ! pap] 9 :i* !y are wrapp$199    
conta91 besides oxide ( manganese1      
c>bon1 & sup]c>burett$ iron4 799 ,i     
rem>k$ ! same ph5om5on f spongy gra9s ( 
plat9a "o or two l9es 9 l5g?1 collect$  
at ! /ream-works ( ,taddo1 9 ! prov9ce (
 ,*oco4 ,hav+ be5 wrapp$ up 9 :ite pap] 
dur+ a j\rney ( sev]al mon?s1 !y left a 
black /a91 l t ( plumbago or            
sup]c>burett$ iron47 ,at ! ,or9oco1     
granitic masses ( =ty or fifty feet ?ick
 are uni=mly coat$ ) ^! oxides2 &1 h[ev]
 ?9 ^! cru/s may appe>1 !y mu/ nev]!less
 conta9 pretty consid]able quantities ( 
iron & manganese1 s9ce !y occupy a space
 ( above a league squ>e4  ,x mu/ be     

obs]v$ t all ^! ph5om5a ( coloration h  
hi!rto appe>$ 9 ! torrid zone only1 9   
riv]s t h p]iodical ov]fl[+s1 ( :i* !   
habitual temp]ature is f tw5ty-f\r to   
tw5ty-eight c5tesimal degrees1 & :i*    
fl[1 n ov] grit/one or calc>e\s rocks1 b
 ov] granite1 gneiss1 & hornbl5de rocks4
 ,qu>tz & feldsp> sc>cely conta9 five or
 six ?\s&?s ( oxide ( iron & (          
manganese2 b 9 mica & hornbl5de ^!      
oxides1 & p>ticul>ly t ( iron1 am\nt1   
accord+ to ,klapro? & ,h]rmann1 to      
fifte5 or tw5ty p>ts 9 a hundr$4 ,!     
hornbl5de conta9s also "s c>bon1 l !    
,lydian /one & kiesels*ief]4 ,n[1 if ^! 
black cru/s 7 =m$ by a sl[ decomposition
 ( ! granitic rock1 "u ! d\ble influ5ce 
( humidity & ! tropical sun1 h[ is x to 
be conceiv$ t ^! oxides are spread s    
uni=mly ov] ! :ole surface ( ! /ony     
masses1 & are n m abundant r\nd a cry/al
 ( mica or hornbl5de ?an on ! feldsp> & 
milky qu>tz8 ,! f]rug9\s s&/ones1       
granites1 & m>bles1 t become c9]e\s &   
sometimes br[n 9 damp air1 h an aspect  

altoge!r diff]5t4 ,9 reflect+ ^u ! lu/re
 & equal ?ickness ( ! cru/s1 we are r   
incl9$ to ?9k t ?is matt] is deposit$ by
 ! ,or9oco1 & t ! wat] has p5etrat$ ev5 
into ! clefts ( ! rocks4 ,adopt+ ?is    
hypo!sis1 x may be ask$ :e!r ! riv]     
holds ! oxides susp5d$ l s& & o!r e>?y  
sub/ances1 or :e!r !y are f\nd 9 a /ate 
( *emical solution4 ,! fir/ supposition 
is less admissible1 on acc\nt ( !       
homog5eity ( ! cru/s1 :i* conta9 nei!r  
gra9s ( s&1 nor spangles ( mica1 mix$ ) 
! oxides4 ,we mu/ !n recur to ! idea ( a
 *emical solution2 & ?is idea is no way 
at v>iance ) ! ph5om5a daily obs]vable 9
 our laboratories4 ,! wat]s ( great     
riv]s conta9 c>bonic acid2 &1 7 !y ev5  
entirely pure1 !y w\ld /ill be capable1 
9 v great volumes1 ( dissolv+ "s        
portions ( oxide1 or ^? metallic        
hydrates :i* are reg>d$ z ! lea/        
soluble4 ,! mud ( ! ,nile1 :i* is !     
s$im5t ( ! matt]s :i* ! riv] holds      
susp5d$1 is de/itute ( manganese2 b x   
conta9s1 accord+ to ! analysis ( ,m4    

,regnault1 six p>ts 9 a hundr$ ( oxide (
 iron2 & its col\r1 at fir/ black1      
*anges to yell[i% br[n by desiccation & 
! contact ( air4 ,! mud consequ5tly is n
 ! cause ( ! black cru/s on ! rocks (   
,sy5e4 ,b]zelius1 :o1 at my reque/1     
exam9$ ^! cru/s1 recogniz$ 9 !m1 z 9 ^? 
( ! granites ( ! ,or9oco & ,riv] ,congo1
 ! union ( iron & manganese4 ,t         
celebrat$ *emi/ 0 ( op9ion t ! riv]s d n
 take up ^! oxides f ! soil ov] :i* !y  
fl[1 b t !y d]ive !m f _! subt]ranean   
s\rces1 & deposit !m on ! rocks 9 !     
mann] ( cem5tation1 by ! action (       
p>ticul> aff9ities1 p]haps by t ( !     
pota% ( ! feldsp>4 ,a long resid5ce at !
 cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco1 ! ,nile1 & ! ,rio
 ,congo1 & an exam9ation ( !            
circum/ances att5dant on ?is ph5om5on ( 
coloration1 c\ld alone lead to !        
complete solution ( ! problem we h      
discuss$4 ,is ?is ph5om5on indep5d5t ( !
 nature ( ! rocks8 ,i %all cont5t myself
 ) obs]v+1 9 g5]al1 t nei!r ! granitic  
masses remote f ! anci5t b$ ( ! ,or9oco1

 b expos$ dur+ ! ra9y season to !       
alt]nations ( heat & moi/ure1 nor !     
granitic rocks ba!d by ! br[ni% wat]s ( 
! ,rio ,negro1 assume ! appe>ance (     
meteoric /ones4 ,! ,indians say1 t !    
rocks are black only :]e ! wat]s are    
:ite4 ,!y ought1 p]haps1 to add1 :]e !  
wat]s acquire great swiftness1 & /rike )
 =ce aga9/ ! rocks ( ! banks4           
,cem5tation seems to expla9 :y ! cru/s  
augm5t s little 9 ?ickness4  ,i "k n    
:e!r x be an error1 b 9 ! ,missions ( ! 
,or9oco1 ! neighb\rhood ( b>e rocks1 &  
especially ( ! masses t h cru/s ( c>bon1
 oxide ( iron1 & manganese1 are consid]$
 injuri\s to heal?4 ,9 ! torrid zone1   
/ill m ?an 9 o!rs1 ! p multiply pa?og5ic
 causes at w4 ,!y are afraid to sleep 9 
! op5 air1 if =c$ to expose ! face to ! 
rays ( ! full moon4 ,!y also ?9k x      
dang]\s to sleep on granite ne> ! riv]2 
& _m examples are cit$ ( p]sons1 :o1    
aft] hav+ pass$ ! night on ^! black &   
nak$ rocks1 h awak5$ 9 ! morn+ ) a /rong
 p>oxysm ( fev]4 ,)\t entirely l5d+ fai?

 to ! ass]tions ( ! mission>ies &       
natives1 we g5]ally avoid$ ! laxas      
negras1 & /ret*$ ourselves on ! bea*    
cov]$ ) :ite s&1 :5 we f\nd no tree f   
:i* to susp5d our hammocks4 ,at         
,c>i*ana1 ! village is int5d$ to be     
de/roy$1 & its place *ang$1 m]ely to    
remove x f ! black rocks1 or f a site   
:]e1 = a space ( m ?an t5 ?\s& squ>e    
toises1 banks ( b>e granite =m !        
surface4 ,f simil> motives1 :i* mu/     
appe> v *im]ical to ! naturali/s (      
,europe1 ! ,jesuits ,olmo1 ,=n]i1 &     
,mellis1 remov$ a village ( ,j>uros to  
?ree diff]5t spots1 betwe5 ! ,raudal (  
,tabaje & ! ,rio ,anav5i4 ,i m]ely /ate 
^! facts z !y 7 relat$ to me1 because we
 are almo/ :olly ignorant ( ! nature ( !
 gase\s mixtures :i* cause ! insalubrity
 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,c x be admitt$ t1 "u ! 
influ5ce ( excessive heat & ( con/ant   
humidity1 ! black cru/s ( ! granitic    
rocks are capable ( act+ ^u ! ambi5t    
air1 & produc+ miasmata ) a triple basis
 ( c>bon1 azote1 & hydrog58 ,?is ,i     

d\bt4 ,! granites ( ! ,or9oco1 x is     
true1 (t5 conta9 hornbl5de2 & ^? :o are 
accu/om$ to practical lab\r 9 m9es are n
 ignorant t ! mo/ noxi\s exhalations    
rise f gall]ies wr\ght 9 sy5itic &      
hornbl5de rocks3 b 9 an atmosph]e r5ew$ 
e in/ant by ! action ( little curr5ts ( 
air1 ! effect _c be ! same z 9 a m9e4   
,x is probably dang]\s to sleep on !    
laxas negras1 only because ^! rocks     
reta9 a v elevat$ temp]ature dur+ !     
night4 ,i h f\nd _! temp]ature 9 ! day  
at #dh degrees1 ! air 9 ! %ade be+ at   
#bi4g degrees2 dur+ ! night ! !rmomet]  
on ! rock indicat$ #cf degrees1 ! air   
be+ at #bf degrees4 ,:5 ! accumulation (
 heat 9 ! /ony masses has rea*$ a       
/ation>y degree1 ^! masses become at !  
same h\rs ne>ly ( ! same temp]ature4    
,:at !y h acquir$ m 9 ! day !y lose at  
night by radiation1 ! =ce ( :i* dep5ds  
on ! /ate ( ! surface ( ! radiat+ body1 
! int]ior arrangem5t ( its p>ticles1 &1 
above all1 on ! cle>ness ( ! sky1 t is1 
on ! transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e & ! abs5ce

 ( cl\ds4 ,:5 ! decl9ation ( ! sun v>ies
 v little1 ?is lum9>y adds daily ne>ly !
 same quantities ( heat1 & ! rocks are n
 hott] at ! end ?an 9 ! middle ( summ]4 
,!re is a c]ta9 maximum :i* !y _c pass1 
because !y d n *ange ! /ate ( _!        
surface1 _! d5sity1 or _! capacity =    
caloric4 ,on ! %ores ( ! ,or9oco1 on    
gett+ out ( "o's hammock dur+ ! night1 &
 t\*+ ) ! b>e feet ! rocky surface ( !  
gr\nd1 ! s5sation ( heat exp]i5c$ is v  
rem>kable4 ,i obs]v$ pretty con/antly1 9
 putt+ ! bulb ( ! !rmomet] 9 contact ) !
 l$ges ( b>e rocks1 t ! laxas negras are
 hott] dur+ ! day ?an ! r$di%-:ite      
granites at a di/ance f ! riv]2 b !     
latt] cool dur+ ! night less rapidly ?an
 ! =m]4 ,x may be easily conceiv$ t !   
emission & loss ( caloric is m rapid 9  
masses ) black cru/s ?an 9 ^? :i* ab\nd 
9 lam9ae ( silv]y mica4 ,:5 walk+ betwe5
 ! h\rs ( "o & ?ree 9 ! aft]noon1 at    
,c>i*ana1 ,atures1 or ,maypures1 among  
^? blocks ( /one de/itute ( vegetable   
m\ld1 & pil$ up to great heights1 "o    

feels a s5sation ( suffocation1 z if /&+
 be=e ! op5+ ( a furnace4 ,! w9ds1 if   
ev] felt 9 ^? woody regions1 f> f br++  
coolness1 appe> m heat$ :5 !y h pass$   
ov] b$s ( /one1 & heaps ( r\nd$ blocks (
 granite4 ,?is augm5tation ( heat adds  
to ! insalubrity ( ! climate4  ,among ! 
causes ( ! depopulation ( ! ,raudales1  
,i h n reckon$ ! small-pox1 t malady :i*
 9 o!r p>ts ( ,am]ica makes su* cruel   
ravages t ! natives1 seiz$ ) dismay1    
burn _! huts1 kill _! *ildr51 & r5\nce e
 k9d ( society4 ,?is sc\rge is almo/    
unkn[n on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 & %\ld x 
p5etrate ?i!r1 x is to be hop$ t its    
effects may be imm$iately c\nt]act$ by  
vacc9ation1 ! bless+s ( :i* are daily   
felt along ! coa/s ( ,t]ra ,firma4 ,!   
causes :i* depopulate ! ,*ri/ian        
settlem5ts are1 ! repugnance ( !        
,indians = ! regulations ( ! missions1  
insalubrity ( climate1 bad n\ri%m5t1    
want ( c>e 9 ! diseases ( *ildr51 & !   
guilty practice ( prev5t+ pregnancy by !
 use ( delet]i\s h]bs4 ,among ! b>b>\s p

 ( ,guiana1 z well z ^? ( !             
half-civiliz$ isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,sea1 "y   
wives are fe>ful ( becom+ mo!rs4 ,if !y 
h *ildr51 _! (fspr+ are expos$ n only to
 ! dang]s ( savage life1 b also to o!r  
dang]s aris+ f ! /range/ popul>         
prejudices4 ,:5 tw9s are born1 false    
notions ( propriety & family hon\r      
require t "o ( !m %\ld be de/roy$4 ,to  
br+ tw9s into ! _w1 say ! ,indians1 is  
to be expos$ to public scorn2 x is to   
resemble rats1 opossums1 & ! vile/      
animals1 :i* br+ =? a great numb] ( "y  
at a "t4 ,nay1 m1 !y affirm t two *ildr5
 born at ! same "t _c belong to ! same  
fa!r4 ,?is is an axiom ( physiology     
among ! ,salives2 & 9 e zone1 & 9       
diff]5t /ates ( society1 :5 ! vulg>     
seize ^u an axiom1 !y adh]e to x ) m    
/$fa/ness ?an ! bett]-in=m$ m5 by :om x 
0 fir/ haz>d$4 ,to avoid ! di/urbance ( 
conjugal tranquillity1 ! old female     
relations ( ! "m take c>e1 t :5 tw9s are
 born "o ( !m %all disappe>4 ,if a      
new-born infant1 ?\gh n a tw91 h any    

physical de=mity1 ! fa!r in/antly puts x
 to dea?4 ,!y w h none b robu/ &        
well-made *ildr51 = de=mities indicate  
"s influ5ce ( ! evil _s ,ioloquiamo1 or 
! bird ,tikitiki1 ! enemy ( ! human     
race4 ,sometimes *ildr5 ( a feeble      
con/itution und]go ! same fate4 ,:5 !   
fa!r is ask$ :at is become ( "o ( 8     
sons1 he w pret5d t he has lo/ him by a 
natural dea?4 ,he w disav[ an action t  
appe>s to him blameable1 b n crim9al4 ,!
 poor boy1 he w tell y1 c\ld n foll[ u2 
we mu/ h wait$ = him e mom5t2 he has n  
be5 se5 aga92 he did n come to sleep :]e
 we pass$ ! night4 ,su* is ! c&\r &     
simplicity ( mann]s--su* ! boa/$        
happ9ess--( man 9 ! /ate ( nature6 ,he  
kills 8 son to escape ! ridicule ( hav+ 
tw9s1 or to avoid j\rney+ m sl[ly2 9    
fact1 to avoid a little inconv5i5ce4    
,^! acts ( cruelty1 ,i confess1 are less
 frequ5t ?an !y are believ$ to be2 yet  
!y occur ev5 9 ! ,missions1 dur+ ! "t :5
 ! ,indians leave ! village1 to retire  
to ! conucos ( ! neighb\r+ =e/s4 ,x w\ld

 be errone\s to attribute ^! actions to 
! /ate ( polygamy 9 :i* ! uncate*iz$    
,indians live4 ,polygamy no d\bt        
dim9i%es ! dome/ic happ9ess & int]nal   
union ( families2 b ?is practice1       
sanction$ by ,ismaelism1 does n prev5t !
 p ( ! ea/ f lov+ _! *ildr5 ) t5d]ness4 
,among ! ,indians ( ! ,or9oco1 ! fa!r   
returns home only to eat1 or to sleep 9 
8 hammock2 he lavi%es no c>esses on 8   
infants1 or on 8 wives1 ^: (fice x is to
 s]ve him4 ,p>5tal affection beg9s to   
display itself only :5 ! son has become 
/rong en\gh to take a "p 9 hunt+1 fi%+1 
& ! agricultural lab\rs ( ! plantations4
  ,:ile our boat 0 unload+1 we exam9$   
closely1 :]ev] ! %ore c\ld be approa*$1 
! t]rific spectacle ( a great riv] n>r[$
 & r$uc$ z x 7 to foam4 ,i %all endeav\r
 to pa9t1 n ! s5sations we felt1 b !    
aspect ( a spot s celebrat$ among !     
sc5es ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,! m impos+ &       
maje/ic ! objects we describe1 ! m      
ess5tial x becomes to seize !m 9 _!     
smalle/ details1 to fix ! outl9e ( !    

picture we w\ld pres5t to ! imag9ation (
 ! read]1 & to describe ) simplicity :at
 *>act]ises ! great & imp]i%able        
monum5ts ( nature4  ,! navigation ( !   
,or9oco f its m\? z f> z ! conflu5ce ( !
 ,anav5i1 an ext5t ( #bfj leagues1 is n 
imp$$4 ,!re are %oals & eddies ne>      
,muitaco1 9 a cove t be>s ! "n ( ! ,m\? 
( ,hell 7,boca del ,infi]no72 & !re are 
rapids 7raudalitos7 ne> ,c>i*ana & ,san 
,borja2 b 9 all ^! places ! riv] is nev]
 entirely b>r$1 z a *annel is left by   
:i* boats c pass up & d[n4  ,9 all ?is  
navigation ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco travell]s   
exp]i5ce no o!r dang] ?an t ( ! natural 
rafts =m$ by trees1 :i* are uproot$ by !
 riv]1 & swept along 9 its great floods4
 ,woe to ! canoes t dur+ ! night /rike  
aga9/ ^! rafts ( wood int]wov5 ) lianas6
 ,cov]$ ) aquatic plants1 !y resemble   
"h1 z 9 ! ,mississippi1 float+ mead[s1 !
 *9ampas or float+ g>d5s ( ! ,mexican   
lakes4 ,! ,indians1 :5 !y wi% to        
surprise a tribe ( _! enemies1 br+      
toge!r sev]al canoes1 fa/5 !m to ea* o!r

 ) cords1 & cov] !m ) grass & bran*es1  
to imitate ?is assemblage ( trunks (    
trees1 :i* ! ,or9oco sweeps along 9 its 
middle curr5t4 ,! ,c>ibs are accus$ (   
hav+ h]et(ore excell$ 9 ! use ( ?is     
artifice2 at pres5t ! ,spani% smuggl]s 9
 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ango/ura h rec\rse to
 ! same exp$i5t to escape ! vigilance ( 
! cu/om-h\se (fic]s4  ,aft] proce$+ up !
 ,or9oco beyond ! ,rio ,anav5i1 we f9d1 
betwe5 ! m\nta9s ( ,uniana & ,sipapu1 ! 
,great ,cat>acts ( ,map>a & ,quittuna1  
or1 z !y are m commonly call$ by !      
mission>ies1 ! ,raudales ( ,atures &    
,maypures4 ,^! b>s1 :i* ext5d f "o bank 
to ! o!r1 pres5t 9 g5]al a simil>       
aspect3 !y are compos$ ( innum]able     
isl&s1 dikes ( rock1 & blocks ( granite 
pil$ on "o ano!r & cov]$ ) palm-trees4  
,b1 not)/&+ a uni=mity ( aspect1 ea* (  
^! cat>acts pres]ves an individual "*4  
,! fir/1 ! ,atures1 is mo/ easily       
passable :5 ! wat]s are l[4 ,! ,indians 
pref] cross+ ! second1 ! ,maypures1 at !
 "t ( great floods4 ,beyond ! ,maypures 

& ! m\? ( ! ,cano ,cameji1 ! ,or9oco is 
aga9 unob/ruct$ = ! l5g? ( m ?an "o     
hundr$ & sixty-sev5 leagues1 or ne>ly to
 its s\rce2 t is to say1 z f> z !       
,raudalito ( ,guah>ibos1 ea/ ( ! ,cano  
,*iguire & ! l(ty m\nta9s ( ,yum>iqu94  
,hav+ visit$ ! bas9s ( ! two riv]s      
,or9oco & ,amazon1 ,i 0 s+ul>ly /ruck by
 ! diff]5ces !y display 9 _! c\rse (    
unequal ext5t4 ,! falls ( ! ,amazon1 :i*
 is ne>ly n9e hundr$ & eighty nautical  
leagues 7tw5ty to a degree7 9 l5g?1 are 
pretty ne> its s\rce 9 ! fir/ six? ( its
 total l5g?1 & five-six?s ( its c\rse   
are entirely free4 ,we f9d ! great falls
 ( ! ,or9oco on a po9t f> m unfav\rable 
to navigation2 if n at ! half1 at lea/  
mu* beyond ! fir/ ?ird ( its l5g?4 ,9   
bo? riv]s x is nei!r ! m\nta9s1 nor !   
diff]5t /ages ( flat l&s ly+ ov] "o     
ano!r1 :5ce !y take _! orig91 t cause ! 
cat>acts2 !y are produc$ by o!r m\nta9s1
 o!r l$ges :i*1 aft] a long & tranquil  
c\rse1 ! riv]s h to pass ov]1           
precipitat+ !mselves f /ep to /ep4  ,!  

,amazon does n pi]ce its way ?r\gh !    
pr9cipal *a9 ( ! ,&es1 z 0 affirm$ at a 
p]iod :5 x 0 gratuit\sly suppos$ t1     
:]ev] m\nta9s are divid$ into p>allel   
*a9s1 ! int]m$ial or c5tral ridge mu/ be
 m elevat$ ?an ! o!rs4 ,?is great riv]  
rises 7& ?is is a po9t ( "s importance  
to geology7 ea/w>d ( ! we/]n *a91 :i*   
alone 9 ?is latitude m]its ! d5om9ation 
( ! high *a9 ( ! ,&es4 ,x is =m$ by !   
junction ( ! riv] ,aguamiros ) ! ,rio   
,*av9illo1 :i* issues f ! lake          
,llaurico*a 9 a longitud9al valley b\nd$
 by ! we/]n & ! int]m$ial *a9 ( ! ,&es4 
,to =m an accurate idea ( ^!            
hydrographical relations1 x mu/ be borne
 9 m9d t a division into ?ree *a9s takes
 place 9 ! colossal gr\p or knot ( !    
m\nta9s ( ,pasco & ,huanuco4 ,! we/]n   
*a91 :i* is ! l(tie/1 & takes ! "n ( !  
,cordill]a ,real de ,nieve1 directs its 
c\rse 7betwe5 ,hu>y & ,caxatamba1       
,guama*uco & ,luema1 ,micuipampa &      
,guangam>ca7 by ! ,nevados ( ,viuda1    
,pelagatos1 ,moyopata1 & ,huaylillas1 & 

by ! ,p>amos ( ,guamani & ,gu>+a1 t[>ds 
! t[n ( ,loxa4 ,! int]m$ial *a9 sep>ates
 ! wat]s ( ! ,upp] ,m>anon f ^? ( !     
,guallaga1 & ov] a long space rea*es    
only ! small elevation ( a ?\s& toises2 
x ent]s ! region ( p]petual sn[ to ! s\?
 ( ,huanuco 9 ! ,cordill]a (            
,sasaguanca4 ,x /ret*es at fir/ nor?w>d 
by ,huacra*uco1 ,*a*apoyas1 ,moyobamba1 
& ! ,p>amo ( ,piscoguannuna2 !n x       
progressively l[]s t[>d ,peca1 ,copall91
 & ! ,mission ( ,santiago1 at ! ea/]n   
extremity ( ! prov9ce ( ,ja5 de         
,bracamoros4 ,! ?ird1 or ea/]nmo/ *a91  
skirts ! "r bank ( ! ,rio ,guallaga1 &  
loses itself 9 ! sev5? degree (         
latitude4 ,s long z ! ,amazon fl[s f s\?
 to nor? 9 ! longitud9al valley1 betwe5 
two *a9s ( unequal height 7t is1 f !    
f>ms ( ,quivilla & ,guancaybamba1 :]e ! 
riv] is cross$ on wood5 bridges1 z f> z 
! conflu5ce ( ! ,rio ,*9*ipe71 !re are  
nei!r b>s1 nor any ob/acle :atev] to !  
navigation ( boats4 ,! falls ( wat] beg9
 only :]e ! ,amazon turns t[>d ! ea/1   

cross+ ! int]m$ial *a9 ( ! ,&es1 :i*    
wid5s consid]ably t[>d ! nor?4 ,x meets 
) ! fir/ rocks ( r$ s&/one1 or anci5t   
conglom]ate1 betwe5 ,tambillo & ! ,pongo
 ( ,r5tema 7ne> :i* ,i measur$ ! bread?1
 dep?1 & swiftness ( ! wat]s71 & x      
leaves ! rocks ( r$ s&/one ea/ ( ! fam\s
 /rait ( ,mans]i*e1 ne> ! ,pongo (      
,tayu*uc1 :]e ! hills rise no high] ?an 
=ty or fifty toises above ! level ( its 
wat]s4 ,! riv] does n rea* ! mo/ ea/]ly 
*a91 :i* b\nds ! ,pampas del ,sacram5to4
 ,f ! hills ( ,tayu*uc z f> z ,gr& ,p>a1
 dur+ a c\rse ( m ?an sev5 hundr$ &     
fifty leagues1 ! navigation is free f   
ob/acles4 ,x results f ?is rapid sket*1 
t1 if ! ,m>anon _h n to pass ov] ! hilly
 c\ntry betwe5 ,santiago & ,tomep5da    
7:i* belongs to ! c5tral *a9 ( ! ,&es7 x
 w\ld be navigable f its m\? z f> z     
,pumpo1 ne> ,piscobamba 9 ! prov9ce (   
,con*ucos1 =ty-?ree leagues nor? ( its  
s\rce4  ,we h j se5 t1 9 ! ,or9oco1 z 9 
! ,amazon1 ! great cat>acts are n f\nd  
ne> ! s\rces ( ! riv]s4 ,aft] a tranquil

 c\rse ( m ?an "o hundr$ & sixty leagues
 f ! little ,raudal ( ,guah>ibos1 ea/ ( 
,esm]alda1 z f> z ! m\nta9s ( ,sipapu1 !
 riv]1 augm5t$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,jao1 !   
,v5tu>i1 ! ,atabapo1 & ! ,guavi>e1      
sudd5ly *anges its primitive direction f
 ea/ to we/1 & runs f s\? to nor?3 !n1 9
 cross+ ! l&-/rait99 9 ! pla9s ( ,meta1 
799 ,?is /rait1 :i* ,i h sev]al times   
m5tion$1 is =m$ by ! ,cordill]as ( !    
,&es ( ,new ,granada1 & ! ,cordill]a (  
,p>ima47 meets ! advanc$ buttresses ( ! 
,cordill]a ( ,p>ima4 ,?is ob/acle causes
 cat>acts f> m consid]able1 & pres5ts   
great] imp$im5ts to navigation1 ?an all 
! ,pongos ( ! ,upp] ,m>anon1 because !y 
are proportionally ne>] to ! m\? ( !    
riv]4 ,^! geographical details s]ve to  
prove1 9 ! in/ances ( ! two greate/     
riv]s ( ! ,new ,_w1 fir/1 t x _c be     
asc]ta9$ 9 an absolute mann] t1 beyond a
 c]ta9 numb] ( toises1 or a c]ta9 height
 above ! level ( ! sea1 riv]s are n     
navigable2 secondly1 t ! rapids are n   
always occasion$1 z sev]al treatises (  

g5]al topography affirm1 by ! height ( !
 fir/ ob/acles1 by ! fir/ l9es ( ridges 
:i* ! wat]s h to surm\nt ne> _! s\rces4 
,! mo/ nor!rn ( ! great cat>acts ( !    
,or9oco is ! only "o b\nd$ on ea* side  
by l(ty m\nta9s4 ,! left bank ( ! riv]  
is g5]ally l[]1 b x makes "p ( a plane  
:i* rises aga9 we/ ( ,atures1 t[>ds !   
,peak ( ,uniana1 a pyramid ne>ly ?ree   
?\s& feet high1 & plac$ on a wall ( rock
 ) /eep slopes4 ,! situation ( ?is      
solit>y peak 9 ! pla9 contributes to    
r5d] its aspect m impos+ & maje/ic4 ,ne>
 ! ,mission1 9 ! c\ntry :i* surr\nds !  
cat>act1 ! aspect ( ! l&scape v>ies at e
 /ep4 ,)9 a small space we f9d all t is 
mo/ rude & gloomy 9 nature1 unit$ ) an  
op5 c\ntry & lovely pa/oral sc5]y4 ,9 ! 
physical1 z 9 ! moral _w1 ! contra/ (   
effects1 ! comp>ison ( :at is p[]ful &  
m5ac+ ) :at is s(t & peaceful1 is a     
nev]-fail+ s\rce ( our pleasures & our  
emotions4  ,i %all "h repeat "s scatt]$ 
features ( a picture :i* ,i trac$ 9     
ano!r "w %ortly aft] my return to       

,europe499 799 ,views ( ,nature page    
#aec ,bohn's edition47 ,! savannahs (   
,atures1 cov]$ ) sl5d] plants & grasses1
 are really mead[s resembl+ ^? (        
,europe4 ,!y are nev] inundat$ by !     
riv]s1 & seem z if wait+ to be pl\gh$ by
 ! h& ( man4 ,not)/&+ _! ext5t1 ^!      
savannahs d n exhibit ! monotony ( our  
pla9s2 !y surr\nd gr\ps ( rocks & blocks
 ( granite pil$ on "o ano!r4 ,on ! v    
bord]s ( ^! pla9s & ?is op5 c\ntry1 gl5s
 are se5 sc>cely light$ by ! rays ( !   
sett+ sun1 & holl[s :]e ! humid soil1   
load$ ) arums1 heliconias1 & lianas1    
manife/s at e /ep ! wild fecundity (    
nature4 ,ev]y:]e1 j ris+ above ! e>?1   
appe> ^? %elves ( granite completely    
b>e1 :i* we saw at ,c>i*ana1 & :i* ,i h 
already describ$4 ,:]e spr+s gu% f !    
bosom ( ^! rocks1 v]ruc>ias1 psoras1 &  
li*5s are fix$ on ! decompos$ granite1 &
 h !re accumulat$ m\ld4 ,little         
euphorbias1 pep]omias1 & o!r succul5t   
plants1 h tak5 ! place ( ! cryptogam\s  
tribes2 & ev]gre5 %rubs1 rhexias1 &     

purple-fl[]$ mela/omas1 =m v]dant isles 
amid des]t & rocky pla9s4 ,! di/ribution
 ( ^! spots1 ! clu/]s ( small trees )   
coriace\s & %9+ leaves scatt]$ 9 !      
savannahs1 ! limpid rills t dig *annels 
across ! rocks1 & w9d alt]nately ?r\gh  
f]tile places & ov] b>e %elves (        
granite1 all call to m9d ! mo/ lovely & 
picturesque plantations &               
pleasure-gr\nds ( ,europe4 ,we seem to  
recognise ! indu/ry ( man1 & ! traces ( 
cultivation1 amid ?is wild sc5]y4  ,!   
l(ty m\nta9s t b\nd ! horizon on e side1
 contribute also1 by _! =ms & ! nature (
 _! vegetation1 to give an extraord9>y  
"* to ! l&scape4 ,! av]age height ( ^!  
m\nta9s is n m ?an sev5 or eight hundr$ 
feet above ! surr\nd+ pla9s4 ,_! summits
 are r\nd$1 z = ! mo/ "p 9 granitic     
m\nta9s1 & cov]$ ) ?ick =e/s ( !        
laurel-tribe4 ,clu/]s ( palm-trees199   
799 ,el cucurito47 ! leaves ( :i*1 curl$
 l fea!rs1 rise maje/ically at an angle 
( sev5ty degrees1 are disp]s$ amid trees
 ) horizontal bran*es2 & _! b>e trunks1 

l columns ( a hundr$ or a hundr$ & tw5ty
 feet high1 %oot up into ! air1 & :5 se5
 9 di/9ct relief aga9/ ! azure vault ( !
 sky1 !y resemble a =e/ plant$ ^u ano!r 
=e/4 ,:51 z ! moon 0 go+ d[n beh9d !    
m\nta9s ( ,uniana1 h] r$di% disc 0 hidd5
 beh9d ! p9nat$ foliage ( ! palm-trees1 
& aga9 appe>$ 9 ! a]ial zone t sep>ates 
! two =e/s1 ,i ?\ght myself transport$ =
 a few mom5ts to ! h]mitage :i* ,b]n>d9 
de ,sa9t-,pi]re has describ$ z "o ( !   
mo/ delici\s sc5es ( ! ,isle ( ,b\rbon1 
& ,i felt h[ mu* ! aspect ( ! plants &  
_! gr\p+s resembl$ ea* o!r 9 ! two      
worlds4 ,9 describ+ a small spot ( l& 9 
an isl& ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 ! inimitable
 au?or ( ,paul & ,virg9ia has sket*$ !  
va/ picture ( ! l&scape ( ! tropics4 ,he
 knew h[ to pa9t nature1 n because he _h
 /udi$ x sci5tifically1 b because he    
felt x 9 all its h>moni\s analogies (   
=ms1 col\rs1 & int]ior p[]s4  ,ea/ ( !  
,atures1 ne> ^! r\nd$ m\nta9s cr[n$1 z x
 71 by two sup]impos$ =e/s ( laurels &  
palms1 o!r m\nta9s ( a v diff]5t aspect 

arise4 ,_! ridge is bri/l$ ) po9t$      
rocks1 t[]+ l pill>s above ! summits ( !
 trees & %rubs4 ,^! effects are common  
to all granitic table-l&s1 at ! ,h>z1 9 
! metallif]\s m\nta9s ( ,bohemia1 9     
,galicia1 on ! limit ( ! two ,ca/iles1  
or :]ev] a granite ( new =mation appe>s 
above ! gr\nd4 ,! rocks1 :i* are at     
di/ances f ea* o!r1 are compos$ ( blocks
 pil$ toge!r1 or divid$ into regul> &   
horizontal b$s4 ,on ! summits ( ^?      
situat$ ne> ! ,or9oco1 flam+os1         
soldados199 799 ,! soldado 7soldi]7 is a
 l>ge species ( h]on47 & o!r fi%+-birds 
p]*1 & look l m5 po/$ z s5t9els4 ,?is   
resemblance is s /rik+1 t ! inhabitants 
( ,ango/ura1 soon aft] ! f\ndation ( _! 
city1 7 "o day al>m$ by ! sudd5         
appe>ance ( soldados & g>zas1 on a      
m\nta9 t[>ds ! s\?4 ,!y believ$ !y 7    
m5ac$ ) an attack ( ,indios mont]os     
7wild ,indians call$ m\nta9e]s72 & ! p 7
 n p]fectly tranquiliz$1 till !y saw !  
birds so>+ 9 ! air1 & cont9u+ _!        
migration t[>ds ! m\?s ( ! ,or9oco4  ,! 

f9e vegetation ( ! m\nta9s spreads ov] !
 pla9s1 :]ev] ! rock is cov]$ ) m\ld1   
,we g5]ally f9d t ?is black m\ld1 mix$ )
 fibr\s vegetable matt]1 is sep>at$ f ! 
granitic rock by a lay] ( :ite s&4 ,!   
mission>y assur$ u t v]dure ( p]petual  
fre%ness prevails 9 ! vic9ity ( !       
cat>acts1 produc$ by ! quantity ( vap\r 
:i* ! riv]1 brok5 into torr5ts &        
cascades = ! l5g? ( ?ree or f\r ?\s&    
toises1 diffuses 9 ! air4  ,we _h n he>d
 ?und] m ?an once or twice at ,atures1 &
 ! vegetation ev]y:]e display$ t vigor\s
 aspect1 t brilliancy ( col\r1 se5 on ! 
coa/ only at ! end ( ! ra9y season4 ,!  
old trees 7 decorat$ ) beautiful        
or*ideas199 799 ,cymbidium violaceum1   
,hab5>ia angu/ifolia1 etc47 yell[       
banni/]ias1 blue-fl[]$ bignonias1       
pep]omias1 arums1 & po?oses4 ,a s+le    
trunk displays a great] v>iety (        
vegetable =ms ?an are conta9$ )9 an     
ext5sive space ( gr\nd 9 our c\ntries4  
,close to ! p>asite plants peculi> to v 
hot climates we obs]v$1 n )\t surprise1 

9 ! c5tre ( ! torrid zone1 & ne> ! level
 ( ! sea1 mosses resembl+ 9 e respect ^?
 ( ,europe4 ,we ga!r$1 ne> ! ,great     
,cat>act ( ,atures1 t f9e specim5 (     
,grimmia99 ) font9alis leaves1 :i* has s
 mu* fix$ ! att5tion ( botani/s4 799    
,grimmia font9aloides4 ,see ,hook]'s    
,musci ,exotici1 #ahah tab4 #b4 ,! le>n$
 au?or ( ! ,monography ( ! ,jung]manniae
 7,mr4 ,jackson ,hook]71 ) noble        
dis9t]e/$ness1 publi%$ at 8 own exp5se1 
9 ,london1 ! :ole collection (          
cryptogam\s plants1 br\ght by ,bonpl& & 
,humboldt f ! equ9octial regions (      
,am]ica47 ,x is susp5d$ to ! bran*es ( !
 l(tie/ trees4 ,( ! pha5]ogam\s plants1 
^? :i* prevail 9 ! woody spots are !    
mimosa1 ficus1 & laur9ea4 ,?is fact is !
 m *>act]i/ic z1 accord+ to !           
obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,br[n1 ! laur9eae    
appe> to be almo/ entirely want+ on !   
opposite cont95t1 9 ! equ9octial "p (   
,africa4 ,plants t love humidity adorn !
 sc5]y surr\nd+ ! cat>acts4 ,we !re f9d 
9 ! pla9s gr\ps ( heliconias & o!r      

scitam9eae ) l>ge & glossy leaves1      
bamboos1 & ! ?ree palm-trees1 ! muri*i1 
jagua1 & vadgiai1 ea* ( :i* =ms a       
sep>ate gr\p4 ,! muri*i1 or mauritia )  
scaly fruits1 is ! celebrat$ sago-tree (
 ! ,gu>aon ,indians4 ,x has palmate     
leaves1 & has no relation to !          
palm-trees ) p9nate & curl$ leaves2 to !
 jagua1 :i* appe>s to be a species ( !  
cocoa-tree2 or to ! vadgiai or cucurito1
 :i* may be assimilat$ to ! f9e species 
,oreodoxa4 ,! cucurito1 :i* is ! palm   
mo/ preval5t ar\nd ! cat>acts ( !       
,atures & ,maypures1 is rem>kable = its 
/atel9ess4 ,its leaves1 or r its palms1 
cr[n a trunk ( eighty or "o hundr$ feet 
high2 _! direction is almo/ p]p5dicul>  
:5 "y1 z well z at _! full gr[?1 ! po9ts
 only be+ incurvat$4 ,!y look l plumes (
 ! mo/ s(t & v]dant gre54 ,! cucurito1 !
 pirijao1 ! fruit ( :i* resembles !     
apricot1 ! ,oreodoxa regia or palma real
 ( ! isl& ( ,cuba1 & ! c]oxylon ( ! high
 ,&es1 are ! mo/ maje/ic ( all !        
palm-trees we saw 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,z we   

advance t[>d ! temp]ate zone1 ! plants (
 ?is family decrease 9 size & beauty4   
,:at a diff]5ce betwe5 ! species we h j 
m5tion$1 & ! date-tree ( ! ,ea/1 :i*    
un=tunately has become to ! l&scape     
pa9t]s ( ,europe ! type ( a gr\p (      
palm-trees6  ,x is n supris+ t p]sons :o
 h travell$ only 9 ! nor? ( ,africa1 9  
,sicily1 or 9 ,spa91 _c conceive t1 (   
all l>ge trees1 ! palm is ! mo/ gr& &   
beautiful 9 =m4 ,incomplete analogies   
prev5t ,europeans f hav+ a j idea ( !   
aspect ( ! torrid zone4 ,all ! _w kn[s1 
= in/ance1 t ?is zone is embelli%$ by ! 
contra/s exhibit$ 9 ! foliage ( ! trees1
 & p>ticul>ly by ! great numb] ( ^? )   
p9nate leaves4 ,! a%1 ! s]vice-tree1 !  
+a1 ! acacia ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !       
gl$itsia1 ! tam>9d1 ! mimosa1 !         
desman?us1 h all p9nate leaves1 )       
foliolae m or less long1 sl5d]1 t\gh1 & 
%9+4 ,b c a gr\p ( a%-trees1 (          
s]vice-trees1 or ( suma*1 recall !      
picturesque effect ( tam>9ds or mimosas1
 :5 ! azure ( ! sky appe>s ?r\gh _!     

small1 sl5d]1 & delicately p9nat$       
leaves8 ,^! consid]ations are m         
important ?an !y may at fir/ seem4 ,!   
=ms ( plants det]m9e ! physiognomy (    
nature2 & ?is physiognomy influ5ces !   
moral dispositions ( nations4 ,e type   
compreh5ds species1 :i*1 :ile exhibit+ !
 same g5]al appe>ance1 diff] 9 ! v>i$   
developm5t ( ! simil> organs4 ,!        
palm-trees1 ! scitam9eae1 ! malvaceae1 !
 trees ) p9nate leaves1 d n all display 
! same picturesque beauties2 & g5]ally !
 mo/ beautiful species ( ea* type1 9    
plants z 9 animals1 belong to !         
equ9octial zone4  ,! proteaceae199 799  
,rhopalas1 :i* *>act]ise ! vegetation ( 
! ,llanos47 crotons1 agaves1 & ! great  
tribe ( ! cactuses1 :i* inhabit         
exclusively ! ,new ,_w1 disappe>        
gradually1 z we asc5d ! ,or9oco above ! 
,apure & ! ,meta4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! %ade &
 humidity1 r ?an ! di/ance f ! coa/1 :i*
 oppose ! migration ( ! cactuses s\?w>d4
 ,we f\nd =e/s ( !m m+l$ ) crotons1     
cov]+ a great space ( arid l& to ! ea/ (

 ! ,&es1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,bracamoros1     
t[>ds ! ,upp] ,m>anon4 ,! arboresc5t    
f]ns seem to fail entirely ne> !        
cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco2 we f\nd no species
 z f> z ,san ,f]n&o de ,atabapo1 t is1  
to ! conflu5ce ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,guavi>e4
  ,hav+ n[ exam9$ ! vic9ity ( ! ,atures1
 x rema9s = me to speak ( ! rapids      
!mselves1 :i* occur 9 a "p ( ! valley   
:]e ! b$ ( ! riv]1 deeply +ulf$1 has    
almo/ inaccessible banks4 ,x 0 only 9 a 
v few spots t we c\ld ent] ! ,or9oco to 
ba!1 betwe5 ! two cat>acts1 9 coves :]e 
! wat]s h eddies ( little velocity4     
,p]sons :o h dwelt 9 ! ,alps1 !         
,pyr5ees1 or ev5 ! ,cordill]as1 s       
celebrat$ = ! fractures & ! ve/iges (   
de/ruction :i* !y display at e /ep1 c   
sc>cely picture to !mselves1 f a m]e    
n>ration1 ! /ate ( ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,x is 
trav]s$1 9 an ext5t ( m ?an five miles1 
by innum]able dikes ( rock1 =m+ s _m    
natural dams1 s _m b>ri]s resembl+ ^? ( 
! ,dniep]1 :i* ! anci5ts designat$ by ! 
"n ( phragmoi4 ,! space betwe5 ! rocky  

dikes ( ! ,or9oco is fill$ ) isl&s (    
diff]5t dim5sions2 "s hilly1 divid$ into
 sev]al peaks1 & two or ?ree hundr$     
toises 9 l5g?1 o!rs small1 l[1 & l m]e  
%oals4 ,^! isl&s divide ! riv] into a   
numb] ( torr5ts1 :i* boil up z !y break 
aga9/ ! rocks4 ,! jaguas & cucuritos )  
plumy leaves1 ) :i* all ! isl&s are     
cov]$1 seem l groves ( palm-trees ris+ f
 ! foamy surface ( ! wat]s4 ,! ,indians1
 ^: task x is to pass ! boats empty ov] 
! raudales1 di/+ui% e %elf1 & e rock1 by
 a p>ticul> "n4 ,on ent]+ f ! s\? y f9d 
fir/ ! ,leap ( ! ,t\can 7,salto del     
,piapoco72 & betwe5 ! isl&s ( ,avaguri &
 ,jav>iv5i is ! ,raudal ( ,jav>iv5i1    
:]e1 on our return f ,rio ,negro1 we    
pass$ "s h\rs amid ! rapids1 wait+ = our
 boat4 ,a great "p ( ! riv] appe>$ dry4 
,blocks ( granite are heap$ toge!r1 z 9 
! mora9es :i* ! glaci]s ( ,switz]l&     
drive be=e !m4 ,! riv] is +ulf$ 9       
cav]ns2 & 9 "o ( ^! cav]ns we he>d !    
wat] roll at once ov] our heads & b5ea? 
our feet4 ,! ,or9oco seems divid$ into a

 multitude ( arms or torr5ts1 ea* ( :i* 
seeks to =ce a passage ?r\gh ! rocks4   
,we 7 /ruck ) ! little wat] to be se5 9 
! b$ ( ! riv]1 ! frequ5cy ( subt]rane\s 
falls1 & ! tumult ( ! wat]s break+ on ! 
rocks 9 foam4  ,cuncta fremunt undis2 ac
 multo murmure montis ,spumeus invictis 
canescit fluctibus amnis499 799 ,lucan1 
,ph>salia lib #aj v #acb47  ,hav+ pass$ 
! ,raudal ( ,jav>iv5i 7,i "n "h only !  
pr9cipal falls7 we come to ! ,raudal (  
,canuc>i1 =m$ by a l$ge ( rocks unit+ ! 
isl&s ( ,surupamana & ,uirapuri4 ,:5 !  
dikes1 or natural dams1 are only two or 
?ree feet high1 ! ,indians v5ture to    
desc5d !m 9 boats4 ,9 go+ up ! riv]1 !y 
swim on be=e1 & if1 aft] _m va9 ef=ts1  
!y succe$ 9 fix+ a rope to "o ( ! po9ts 
( rock t cr[n ! dike1 !y !n1 by means ( 
t rope1 draw ! b>k to ! top ( ! raudal4 
,! b>k1 dur+ ?is ardu\s task1 (t5 fills 
) wat]2 at o!r times x is /ove aga9/ !  
rocks1 & ! ,indians1 _! bodies bruis$ & 
ble$+1 extricate !mselves ) difficulty f
 ! :irlpools1 & rea*1 by swimm+1 ! ne>e/

 isl&4 ,:5 ! /eps or rocky b>ri]s are v 
high1 & entirely b> ! riv]1 light boats 
are c>ri$ on %ore1 & ) ! help ( bran*es 
( trees plac$ "u !m to s]ve z roll]s1 !y
 are drawn z f> z ! place :]e ! riv]    
aga9 becomes navigable4 ,?is op]ation is
 seldom necess>y :5 ! wat] is high4 ,we 
_c speak ( ! cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco )\t   
recall+ to m9d ! mann] h]et(ore employ$ 
= desc5d+ ! cat>acts ( ! ,nile1 ( :i*   
,s5eca has left u a description probably
 m poetical ?an accurate4 ,i %all cite !
 passage1 :i* traces ) fidelity :at may 
be se5 e day at ,atures1 ,maypures1 & 9 
"s pongos ( ! ,amazon4 ,two m5 emb>k 9 a
 small boat2 "o /e]s1 & ! o!r empties x 
z x fills ) wat]4 ,long buffet$ by !    
rapids1 ! :irlpools1 & ! contr>y        
curr5ts1 !y pass ?r\gh ! n>r[e/ *annels1
 avoid ! %oals1 & ru% d[n ! :ole riv]1  
guid+ ! c\rse ( ! boat 9 its accel]at$  
fall4 7,nat4 ,quae/4 lib #d cap #b edit4
 ,elzev4 tome #b page #fji47  ,9        
hydrographic descriptions ( c\ntries1 ! 
vague names ( cat>acts1 cascades1 falls1

 & rapids199 799 ,! correspond+ t]ms 9  
use among ! p ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 are       
saltos1 *orros1 pongos1 ca*oeiras1 &    
raudales47 d5ot+ ^? tumultu\s movem5ts (
 wat] :i* arise f v diff]5t             
circum/ances1 are g5]ally conf\nd$ ) "o 
ano!r4 ,sometimes a :ole riv]           
precipitat+ itself f a great height1 &  
by "o s+le fall1 r5d]s navigation       
impossible4 ,su* is ! maje/ic fall ( !  
,rio ,tequ5dama1 :i* ,i h repres5t$ 9 my
 ,views ( ! ,cordill]as2 su* are ! falls
 ( ,niag>a & ( ! ,rh9e1 mu* less        
rem>kable = _! elevation1 ?an = ! mass (
 wat] !y conta94 ,sometimes /ony dikes (
 small height succe$ ea* o!r at great   
di/ances1 & =m di/9ct falls2 su* are !  
ca*oeiras ( ! ,rio ,negro & ! ,rio      
,madeira1 ! saltos ( ! ,rio ,cauca1 & ! 
great] "p ( ! pongos t are f\nd 9 !     
,upp] ,m>anon1 f ! conflu5ce ( ! ,*9*ipe
 to ! village ( ,san ,borja4 ,! highe/ &
 mo/ =midable ( ^! pongos1 :i* are      
desc5d$ on rafts1 t ( ,mayasi1 is h[ev] 
only ?ree feet 9 height4 ,sometimes     

small rocky dikes are s ne> ea* o!r t !y
 =m = sev]al miles an un9t]rupt$        
succession ( cascades & :irlpools       
7*orros & remol9os72 ^! are prop]ly :at 
are call$ rapids 7raudales74 ,su* are ! 
yellalas1 or rapids ( ! ,riv] ,zaire199 
or ,congo1 :i* ,capta9 ,tuckey has      
rec5tly made kn[n to u 799 ,voyage to   
explore ! ,riv] ,zaire1 #ahah1 pages    
#aeb1 #cbg1 #cdj4 ,:at ! inhabitants (  
,upp] ,egypt & ,nubia call *ellal 9 !   
,nile1 is call$ yellala 9 ! ,riv]       
,congo4 ,?is analogy betwe5 words       
signify+ rapids is rem>kable1 on acc\nt 
( ! enorm\s di/ance ( ! yellalas ( !    
,congo f ! *ellal & dj5adel ( ! ,nile4  
,did ! ^w *ellal p5etrate ) ! ,moors    
into ! we/ ( ,africa8 ,if1 ) ,burckh>dt1
 we consid] ! orig9 ( ?is ^w z ,arabic  
7,travels 9 ,nubia1 #ahai71 x mu/ be    
d]iv$ f ! root *alla1 to disp]se1 :i*   
=ms *elil1 wat] fall+ ?r\gh a n>r[      
*annel472 ! rapids ( ! ,orange ,riv] 9  
,africa1 above ,pella2 & ! falls ( !    
,miss\ri1 :i* are f\r leagues 9 l5g?1   

:]e ! riv] issues f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4  
,su* also are ! cat>acts ( ,atures &    
,maypures2 ! only cat>acts :i*1 situat$ 
9 ! equ9octial region ( ! ,new ,_w1 are 
adorn$ ) ! noble gr[? ( palm-trees4 ,at 
all seasons !y exhibit ! aspect (       
cascades1 & pres5t ! greate/ ob/acles to
 ! navigation ( ! ,or9oco1 :ile ! rapids
 ( ! ,ohio & ( ,upp] ,egypt are sc>cely 
visible at ! p]iod ( floods4 ,a solit>y 
cat>act1 l ,niag>a1 or ! cascade (      
,t]ni1 af=ds a gr& b s+le picture1 v>y+ 
only z ! obs]v] *anges 8 place4 ,rapids1
 on ! contr>y1 especially :5 adorn$ )   
l>ge trees1 embelli% a l&scape dur+ a   
l5g? ( sev]al leagues4 ,sometimes !     
tumultu\s movem5t ( ! wat]s is caus$    
only by extraord9>y contractions ( ! b$s
 ( ! riv]s4 ,su* is ! ango/ura ( ,c>>e1 
9 ! riv] ,magdal5a1 a /rait t imp$es    
communication betwe5 ,santa ,fe de      
,bogota & ! coa/ ( ,c>?ag5a2 & su* is ! 
pongo ( ,mans]i*e1 9 ! ,upp] ,m>anon4   
,! ,or9oco1 ! ,rio ,negro1 & almo/ all !
 conflu5ts ( ! ,amazon & ! ,m>anon1 h   

falls or rapids1 ei!r because !y cross !
 m\nta9s :]e !y take rise1 or because !y
 meet o!r m\nta9s 9 _! c\rse4 ,if !     
,amazon1 f ! pongo ( ,mans]i*e 7or1 to  
speak ) m precision1 f ! pongo (        
,tayu*uc7 z f> z its m\?1 a space ( m   
?an sev5 hundr$ & fifty leagues1 exhibit
 no tumultu\s movem5t ( ! wat]s1 ! riv] 
owes ?is advantage to ! uni=m direction 
( its c\rse4 ,x fl[s f we/ to ea/ 9 a   
va/ pla91 =m+ a longitud9al valley      
betwe5 ! m\nta9s ( ,p>ima & ! great mass
 ( ! m\nta9s ( ,brazil4  ,i 0 surpris$  
to f9d by actual measurem5t t ! rapids (
 ! ,or9oco1 ! ro> ( :i* is he>d at !    
di/ance ( m ?an a league1 & :i* are s   
em95tly picturesque f ! v>i$ appe>ance (
 ! wat]s1 ! palm-trees & ! rocks1 h n   
probably1 on _! :ole l5g?1 a height ( m 
?an tw5ty-eight feet p]p5dicul>4 ,9     
reflect+ on ?is1 we f9d t x is a great  
deal = rapids1 :ile x w\ld be v little =
 a s+le cat>act4 ,! ,yellalas ( ! ,rio  
,congo1 9 ! contract$ "p ( ! riv] f     
,banza ,noki z f> z ,banza ,+a1 furni%1 

betwe5 ! upp] & l[] levels1 a mu* m     
consid]able diff]5ce2 b ,mr4 ,b>r[      
obs]ves1 t among ! great numb] ( ^!     
rapids !re is "o fall1 :i* alone is     
?irty feet high4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fam\s  
pongos ( ! riv] ,amazon1 s dang]\s to g 
up1 ! falls ( ,r5tema1 ( ,escurrebragas1
 & ( ,mayasi1 are b a few feet 9        
p]p5dicul> height4 ,^? :o are engag$ 9  
hydraulic works "k ! effect t a b> (    
eighte5 or tw5ty in*es' height produces 
9 a great riv]4 ,! :irl+ & tumultu\s    
movem5t ( ! wat] does n dep5d solely on 
! greatness ( p>tial falls2 :at det]m9es
 ! =ce & impetuosity is ! ne>ness ( ^!  
falls1 ! /eepness ( ! rocky l$ges1 !    
return+ %eets ( wat] :i* /rike aga9/ &  
surm\nt ea* o!r1 ! =m ( ! isl&s & %oals1
 ! direction ( ! c\nt]-curr5ts1 & !     
contraction & s9uosity ( ! *annels ?r\gh
 :i* ! wat]s =ce a passage betwe5 two   
adjac5t levels4 ,9 two riv]s equally    
l>ge1 t ( :i* ! falls h lea/ height may 
sometimes pres5t ! greate/ dang]s & !   
mo/ impetu\s movem5ts4  ,x is probable t

 ! riv] ,or9oco loses "p ( its wat]s 9 !
 cat>acts1 n only by increas$           
evaporation1 caus$ by ! disp]sion (     
m9ute drops 9 ! atmosph]e1 b /ill m by  
filtrations into ! subt]rane\s cavities4
 ,^! losses1 h[ev]1 are n v p]ceptible  
:5 we comp>e ! mass ( wat]s ent]+ into !
 raudal ) t :i* issues out ne> ! m\? ( !
 ,rio ,anav5i4 ,x 0 by a simil>         
comp>ison t ! exi/5ce ( subt]rane\s     
cavities 9 ! yellalas or rapids ( ! riv]
 ,congo 0 discov]$4 ,! pongo (          
,mans]i*e1 :i* ought r to be call$ a    
/rait ?an a fall1 +ulfs1 9 a mann] n yet
 suffici5tly explor$1 a "p ( ! wat]s &  
all ! float+ wood ( ! ,upp] ,m>anon4  ,!
 spectator1 seat$ on ! bank ( ! ,or9oco1
 ) 8 eyes fix$ on ^? rocky dikes1 is    
naturally l$ to inquire :e!r1 9 ! lapse 
( ages1 ! falls *ange _! =m or height4  
,i am n mu* incl9$ to believe 9 su*     
effects ( ! %ock ( wat] aga9/ blocks (  
granite1 & 9 ! erosion ( silice\s matt]4
 ,! holes n>r[$ t[>d ! bottom1 ! funnels
 t are discov]$ 9 ! raudales1 z well z  

ne> s _m o!r cascades 9 ,europe1 are ow+
 only to ! friction ( ! s&1 & ! movem5t 
( qu>tz pebbles4 ,we saw _m su*1 :irl$  
p]petually by ! curr5t at ! bottom ( !  
funnels1 & contribut+ to enl>ge !m 9 e  
direction4 ,! pongos ( ! riv] ,amazon   
are easily de/roy$1 because ! rocky     
dikes are n granite1 b a conglom]ate1 or
 r$ s&/one ) l>ge fragm5ts4 ,a "p ( !   
pongo ( ,r5tama 0 brok5 d[n eighty ye>s 
ago1 & ! c\rse ( ! wat]s be+ int]rupt$  
by a new b>1 ! b$ ( ! riv] rema9$ dry = 
"s h\rs1 to ! great a/oni%m5t ( !       
inhabitants ( ! village ( ,payaya1 sev5 
leagues bel[ ! pongo4 ,! ,indians (     
,atures ass]t 7& 9 ?is _! te/imony is   
contr>y to ! op9ion ( ,caul97 t ! rocks 
( ! raudal pres]ve ! same aspect2 b t ! 
p>tial torr5ts into :i* ! great riv]    
divides itself z x passes ?r\gh ! heap$ 
blocks ( granite1 *ange _! direction1 & 
c>ry sometimes m1 sometimes less wat]   
t[>ds "o or ! o!r bank2 b ! causes ( ^! 
*anges may be v remote f ! cat>acts1 = 9
 ! riv]s t spread life ov] ! surface ( !

 globe1 z 9 ! art]ies by :i* x is       
diffus$ ?r\gh organiz$ bodies1 all !    
movem5ts are propagat$ to great         
di/ances4 ,oscillations1 t at fir/ seem 
p>tial1 react on ! :ole liquid mass     
conta9$ 9 ! trunk z well z 9 its num]\s 
ramifications4  ,"s ( ! ,mission>ies 9  
_! writ+s h alleg$ t ! inhabitants (    
,atures & ,maypures h be5 /ruck )       
deafness by ! noise ( ! ,great          
,cat>acts1 b ?is is untrue4 ,:5 ! noise 
is he>d 9 ! pla9 t surr\nds ! mission1  
at ! di/ance ( m ?an a league1 y seem to
 be ne> a coa/ skirt$ by reefs &        
break]s4 ,! noise is ?ree times z l\d by
 night z by day1 & gives an             
inexpressible *>m to ^! solit>y sc5es4  
,:at c be ! cause ( ?is increas$        
int5sity ( s\nd1 9 a des]t :]e no?+     
seems to int]rupt ! sil5ce ( nature8 ,! 
velocity ( ! propagation ( s\nd1 f> f   
augm5t+1 decreases ) ! l[]+ ( !         
temp]ature4 ,! int5sity dim9i%es 9 air  
agitat$ by a w9d :i* is contr>y to !    
direction ( ! s\nd2 x dim9i%es also by  

dilatation ( ! air1 & is weak] 9 ! high]
 ?an 9 ! l[] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 :]e 
! numb] ( p>ticles ( air 9 motion is    
great] 9 ! same radius4 ,! int5sity is !
 same 9 dry air1 & 9 air m+l$ ) vap\rs2 
b x is feebl] 9 c>bonic acid gas ?an 9  
mixtures ( azote & oxyg54 ,f ^! facts1  
:i* are all we "k ) any c]ta9ty1 x is   
difficult to expla9 a ph5om5on obs]v$   
ne> e cascade 9 ,europe1 & :i*1 long    
be=e our arrival 9 ! village ( ,atures1 
_h /ruck ! mission>y & ! ,indians4  ,x  
may be ?\ght t1 ev5 9 places n inhabit$ 
by man1 ! hum ( insects1 ! song ( birds1
 ! ru/l+ ( leaves agitat$ by ! feeble/  
w9ds1 occasion dur+ ! day a confus$     
noise1 :i* we p]ceive ! less because x  
is uni=m1 & con/antly /rikes ! e>4 ,n[  
?is noise1 h[ev] slightly p]ceptible x  
may be1 may dim9i% ! int5sity ( a l\d]  
noise2 & ?is dim9ution may cease if dur+
 ! calm ( ! night ! song ( birds1 ! hum 
( insects1 & ! action ( ! w9d ^u !      
leaves be int]rupt$4 ,b ?is reason+1 ev5
 admitt+ its ju/ness1 c sc>cely be      

appli$ to ! =e/s ( ! ,or9oco1 :]e ! air 
is con/antly fill$ by an innum]able     
quantity ( mosquitos1 :]e ! hum (       
insects is mu* l\d] by night ?an by day1
 & :]e ! breeze1 if ev] x be felt1 bl[s 
only aft] sunset4  ,i r ?9k t ! pres5ce 
( ! sun acts ^u ! propagation & int5sity
 ( s\nd by ! ob/acles met 9 curr5ts (   
air ( diff]5t d5sity1 & by ! p>tial     
undulations ( ! atmosph]e aris+ f !     
unequal heat+ ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! soil4  
,9 calm air1 :e!r dry or m+l$ ) vesicul>
 vap\rs equally di/ribut$1 s\nd-waves   
are propagat$ )\t difficulty4 ,b :5 !   
air is cross$ 9 e direction by small    
curr5ts ( hott] air1 ! sonor\s          
undulation is divid$ into two           
undulations :]e ! d5sity ( ! m$ium      
*anges abruptly2 p>tial e*oes are =m$ t 
weak5 ! s\nd1 because "o ( ! /reams     
comes back ^u itself2 & ^? divisions (  
undulations take place ( :i* ,m4        
,poisson has develop$ ! !ory ) great    
sagacity499 799 ,annales de ,*imie tome 
#g page #bic47 ,x is n !re=e ! movem5t (

 ! p>ticles ( air f bel[ to above 9 !   
asc5d+ curr5t1 or ! small oblique       
curr5ts t we consid] z oppos+ by a %ock 
! propagation ( ! sonor\s undulations4  
,a %ock giv5 to ! surface ( a liquid w  
=m circles ar\nd ! c5tre ( p]cussion1   
ev5 :5 ! liquid is agitat$4 ,sev]al k9ds
 ( undulations may cross ea* o!r 9 wat]1
 z 9 air1 )\t be+ di/urb$ 9 _!          
propagation3 little movem5ts may1 z x 71
 ride ov] ea* o!r1 & ! real cause ( !   
less int5sity ( s\nd dur+ ! day appe>s  
to be ! int]pretation ( homog5eity 9 !  
ela/ic m$ium4 ,dur+ ! day !re is a sudd5
 int]ruption ( d5sity :]ev] small       
/reamlets ( air ( a high temp]ature rise
 ov] p>ts ( ! soil unequally heat$4 ,!  
sonor\s undulations are divid$1 z ! rays
 ( light are refract$ & =m ! mirage     
:]ev] /rata ( air ( unequal d5sity are  
contigu\s4 ,! propagation ( s\nd is     
alt]$ :5 a /ratum ( hydrog5 gas is made 
to rise 9 a tube clos$ at "o end above a
 /ratum ( atmosph]ic air2 & ,m4 ,biot   
has well expla9$1 by ! int]position (   

bubbles ( c>bonic acid gas1 :y a glass  
fill$ ) *ampagne is n sonor\s s long z t
 gas is evolv$1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! /rata ( 
! liquid4  ,9 support ( ^! ideas1 ,i    
might almo/ re/ on ! au?ority ( an      
anci5t philosoph]1 :om ! mod]ns d n     
e/eem 9 proportion to 8 m]its1 ?\gh !   
mo/ di/+ui%$ zoologi/s h long r5d]$     
ample ju/ice to ! sagacity ( 8          
obs]vations4 ,:y1 says ,ari/otle 9 8    
curi\s book ( ,problems1 :y is s\nd     
bett] he>d dur+ ! night8 ,because !re is
 m calmness on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce (      
caloric 7( ! hotte/7499 799 ,i h plac$ 9
 a p>5!sis1 a lit]al v]sion ( ! t]m     
employ$ by ,ari/otle1 to express 9      
reality :at we n[ t]m ! matt] ( heat4   
,!odore ( ,gaza1 9 8 ,lat9 translation1 
expresses 9 ! %ape ( a d\bt :at         
,ari/otle positively ass]ts4 ,i may "h  
rem>k1 t1 not)/&+ ! imp]fect /ate (     
sci5ce among ! anci5ts1 ! works ( !     
,/agirite conta9 m +5i\s obs]vations ?an
 ^? ( _m lat] philosoph]s4 ,x is 9 va9  
we look 9 ,ari/ox5es 7,de ,musica71 9   

,!ophylactus ,simocatta 7,de            
,quae/ionibus physicis71 or 9 ! #e?     
,book ( ! ,que/4 ,nat4 ( ,s5eca1 = an   
explanation ( ! nocturnal augm5tation ( 
s\nd47 ,?is abs5ce r5d]s e ?+ calm]1 = !
 sun is ! pr9ciple ( all movem5t4       
,ari/otle _h no d\bt a vague pres5tim5t 
( ! cause ( ! ph5om5on2 b he attributes 
to ! motion ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! %ock ( ! 
p>ticles ( air1 t :i* seems to be r ow+ 
to abrupt *anges ( d5sity 9 ! contigu\s 
/rata ( air4  ,on ! #af? ( ,april1 t[>ds
 ev5+1 we receiv$ tid+s t 9 less ?an six
 h\rs our boat _h pass$ ! rapids1 & _h  
arriv$ 9 good condition 9 a cove call$  
el ,pu]to de arriba1 or ! ,port ( !     
,exp$ition4 ,we 7 %[n 9 ! little *ur* ( 
,atures "s rema9s ( ! anci5t weal? ( !  
,jesuits4 ,a silv] lamp ( consid]able   
weight lay on ! gr\nd half-buri$ 9 ! s&4
 ,su* an object1 x is true1 w\ld n[h]e  
tempt ! cupidity ( a savage2 yet ,i may 
"h rem>k1 to ! honor ( ! natives ( !    
,or9oco1 t !y are n addict$ to /eal+1 l 
! less savage tribes ( ! isl&s 9 !      

,pacific4 ,! =m] h a great respect =    
prop]ty2 !y d n ev5 attempt to /eal     
provision1 hooks1 or hat*ets4 ,at       
,maypures & ,atures1 locks on doors are 
unkn[n3 !y w be introduc$ only :5 :ites 
& m5 ( mix$ race e/abli% !mselves 9 !   
missions4  ,! ,indians ( ,atures are    
mild & mod]ate1 & accu/om$1 f ! effects 
( _! idl5ess1 to ! greate/ privations4  
,=m]ly1 be+ excit$ to lab\r by !        
,jesuits1 !y did n want = food4 ,! fa!rs
 cultivat$ maize1 ,fr5* beans           
7frijoles71 & o!r ,european vegetables2 
!y ev5 plant$ sweet oranges & tam>9ds   
r\nd ! villages2 & !y possess$ tw5ty or 
?irty ?\s& head ( c[s & horses1 9 !     
savannahs ( ,atures & ,c>i*ana4 ,!y _h  
at _! s]vice a great numb] ( slaves &   
s]vants 7peones71 to t5d _! h]ds4 ,no?+ 
is n[ cultivat$ b a little cassava1 & a 
few planta9s4 ,su* h[ev] is ! f]tility (
 ! soil1 t at ,atures ,i c\nt$ on a s+le
 bran* ( a musa "o hundr$ & eight       
fruits1 f\r or five ( :i* w\ld almo/ h  
suffic$ = a man's daily food4 ,! culture

 ( maize is entirely neglect$1 & !      
horses & c[s h entirely disappe>$4 ,ne> 
! raudal1 a "p ( ! village /ill be>s !  
"n ( ,passo del ganado 7=d ( ! cattle71 
:ile ! desc5dants ( ^? v ,indians :om ! 
,jesuits _h assembl$ 9 a mission1 speak 
( horn$ cattle z ( animals ( a race n[  
lo/4 ,9 go+ up ! ,or9oco1 t[>d ,san     
,c>los del ,rio ,negro1 we saw ! la/ c[ 
at ,c>i*ana4 ,! ,fa!rs ( ! ,obs]vance1  
:o n[ gov]n ^! va/ c\ntries1 did n      
imm$iately succe$ ! ,jesuits4 ,dur+ an  
int]regnum ( eighte5 ye>s1 ! missions 7 
visit$ only f "t to "t1 & by ,capu*9    
monks4 ,! ag5ts ( ! secul> gov]nm5t1 "u 
! title ( ,royal ,commission]s1 manag$ !
 hatos or f>ms ( ! ,jesuits ) culpable  
neglig5ce4 ,!y kill$ ! cattle = ! sake (
 sell+ ! hides4 ,_m heif]s 7 dev\r$ by !
 jagu>s1 & a great numb] p]i%$ 9        
consequ5ce ( w\nds made by ! bats ( !   
raudales1 :i*1 ?\gh small]1 are f> bold]
 ?an ! bats ( ! ,llanos4 ,at ! "t ( !   
exp$ition ( ! b\nd>ies1 horses f        
,enc>amada1 ,c>i*ana1 & ,atures1 7      

convey$ z f> z ,san ,jose de            
,m>avitanos1 :]e1 on ! banks ( ! ,rio   
,negro1 ! ,portuguese c\ld only procure 
!m1 aft] a long passage1 & ( a v inf]ior
 quality1 by ! riv]s ,amazon & ,gr&     
,p>a4 ,s9ce ! ye> #agie1 ! cattle ( !   
,jesuits h entirely disappe>$4 ,!re n[  
rema9 z monum5ts ( ! anci5t cultivation 
( ^! c\ntries1 & ! active indu/ry ( !   
fir/ mission>ies1 only a few trunks ( ! 
orange & tam>9d1 9 ! savannahs1 surr\nd$
 by wild trees4  ,! tig]s1 or jagu>s1   
:i* are less dang]\s = ! cattle ?an !   
bats1 come into ! village at ,atures1 & 
dev\r ! sw9e ( ! poor ,indians4 ,!      
mission>y relat$ to u a /rik+ in/ance ( 
! famili>ity ( ^! animals1 usually s    
f]oci\s4 ,"s mon?s be=e our arrival1 a  
jagu>1 :i* 0 ?\ght to be "y1 ?\gh ( a   
l>ge size1 _h w\nd$ a *ild 9 play+ )    
him4 ,! facts ( ?is case1 :i* 7 v]ifi$  
to u on ! spot1 are n )\t int]e/ 9 !    
hi/ory ( ! mann]s ( animals4 ,two       
,indian *ildr51 a boy & a girl1 ab\t    
eight & n9e ye>s ( age1 7 seat$ on !    

grass ne> ! village ( ,atures1 9 !      
middle ( a savannah1 :i* we sev]al times
 trav]s$4 ,at two o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 
a jagu> issu$ f ! =e/1 & approa*$ !     
*ildr51 b\nd+ ar\nd !m2 sometimes he hid
 himself 9 ! high grass1 sometimes he   
sprang =w>d1 8 back b5t1 8 head hung    
d[n1 9 ! mann] ( our cats4 ,! little    
boy1 ignorant ( 8 dang]1 seem$ to be    
s5sible ( x only :5 ! jagu> ) "o ( 8    
paws gave him "s bl[s on ! head4 ,^!    
bl[s1 at fir/ slight1 became rud] &     
rud]2 ! claws ( ! jagu> w\nd$ ! *ild1 & 
! blood fl[$ freely4 ,! little girl !n  
took a bran* ( a tree1 /ruck ! animal1 &
 x fl$ f h]4 ,! ,indians ran up at !    
cries ( ! *ildr51 & saw ! jagu>1 :i* !n 
b\nd$ (f )\t mak+ ! lea/ %[ ( resi/ance4
  ,! little boy 0 br\ght to u1 :o appe>$
 lively & intellig5t4 ,! claw ( ! jagu> 
_h torn away ! sk9 f ! l[] "p ( !       
=ehead1 & !re 0 a second sc> at ! top ( 
! head4 ,?is 0 a s+ul> fit ( playfulness
 9 an animal :i*1 ?\gh n difficult to be
 tam$ 9 our m5ag]ies1 nev]!less %[s     

itself always wild & f]oci\s 9 its      
natural /ate4 ,if we admit t1 be+ sure (
 its prey1 x play$ ) ! little ,indian z 
our cats play ) birds ^: w+s h be5      
clipp$1 h[ %all we expla9 ! pati5ce ( a 
jagu> ( l>ge size1 :i* f9ds itself      
attack$ by a girl8 ,if ! jagu> 7 n      
press$ by hung]1 :y did x approa* !     
*ildr5 at all8 ,!re is some?+ my/]i\s 9 
! affections & hatr$s ( animals4 ,we h  
kn[n lions kill ?ree or f\r dogs t 7 put
 into _! d51 & in/antly c>ess a fif?1   
:i*1 less timid1 took ! k+ ( animals by 
! mane4 ,^! are in/9cts ( :i* we "k n ! 
secret4  ,we h m5tion$ t dome/ic pigs   
are attack$ by ! jagu>s4 ,!re are 9 ^!  
c\ntries1 besides ! common sw9e (       
,european race1 sev]al species (        
pecc>ies1 or pigs ) lumb> gl&s1 two (   
:i* only are kn[n to ! naturali/s (     
,europe4 ,! ,indians call ! little      
pecc>y 7,dicotiles torquatus1 ,cuv471 9 
! ,maypure tongue1 *a*>o2 :ile !y give !
 "n ( apida to a species ( pig :i* !y   
say has no p\*1 is l>g]1 & ( a d>k br[n 

col\r1 ) ! belly & l[] jaw :ite4 ,!     
*a*>o1 re>$ 9 ! h\ses1 becomes tame l   
our %eep & goats4 ,x rem9ds u1 by !     
g5tl5ess ( its mann]s1 ( ! curi\s       
analogies :i* anatomi/s h obs]v$ betwe5 
! pecc>ies & ! rum9at+ animals4 ,!      
apida1 :i* is dome/icat$ l our sw9e 9   
,europe1 w&]s 9 l>ge h]ds compos$ (     
sev]al hundr$s4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! h]ds is 
ann\nc$ f af>1 n only by _! ho>se       
grunt+s1 b above all by ! impetuosity ) 
:i* !y break d[n ! %rubs 9 _! way4 ,m4  
,bonpl&1 9 an h]boriz+ excursion1 w>n$  
by 8 ,indian guide to hide himself beh9d
 ! trunk ( a tree1 saw a numb] ( ^!     
pecc>ies 7co*9os or pu]cos del monte7   
pass close by him4 ,! h]d m>*$ 9 a close
 body1 ! males proce$+ fir/2 & ea* s[ 0 
accompani$ by h] "y4 ,! fle% ( ! *a*>o  
is flabby1 & n v agreeable2 x af=ds1    
h[ev]1 a pl5tiful n\ri%m5t to ! natives1
 :o kill ^! animals ) small lances ti$  
to cords4 ,we 7 assur$ at ,atures1 t !  
tig] dreads be+ surr\nd$ 9 ! =e/s by ^! 
h]ds ( wild pigs2 & t1 to avoid be+     

/ifl$1 he tries to save himself by      
climb+ up a tree4 ,is ?is a hunt]'s     
tale1 or a fact t has really be5 obs]v$8
 ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ,am]ica ! hunt]s      
believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a javali1 or      
native bo> ) tusks curv$ outw>dly4 ,i   
nev] saw "o1 b ?is animal is m5tion$ 9 !
 works ( ! ,spani% mission>ies1 a s\rce 
too mu* neglect$ by zoologi/s2 = amid/  
mu* incorrectness & extravagance1 !y    
conta9 _m curi\s local obs]vations4     
,among ! monkeys :i* we saw at ! mission
 ( ! ,atures1 we f\nd "o new species1 ( 
! tribe ( sais & saj\s1 :i* ! ,creoles  
vulg>ly call ma*is4 ,x is ! ,guvapavi ) 
grey hair & a blui% face4 ,x has !      
orbits ( ! eyes & ! =ehead z :ite z sn[1
 a peculi>ity :i* at fir/ sight         
di/+ui%es x f ! ,simia capuc9a1 ! ,simia
 apella1 ! ,simia trepida1 & ! o!r weep+
 monkeys hi!rto s confus$ly describ$4   
,?is little animal is z g5tle z x is    
ugly4 ,a monkey ( ?is species1 :i* 0    
kept 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! mission>y1 w\ld    
frequ5tly m\nt on ! back ( a pig1 & 9   

?is mann] trav]se ! savannahs4 ,we h    
also se5 x ^u ! back ( a l>ge cat1 :i*  
_h be5 br\ght up ) x 9 ,fa!r ,zea's     
h\se4  ,x 0 among ! cat>acts t we began 
to he> ( ! hairy man ( ! woods1 call$   
salvaje1 t c>ries (f wom51 con/ructs    
huts1 & sometimes eats human fle%4 ,!   
,tamanacs call x a*i1 & ! ,maypures     
vasitri1 or great devil4 ,! natives & ! 
mission>ies h no d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is 
man-%ap$ monkey1 ( :i* !y ent]ta9 a     
s+ul> dread4 ,fa!r ,gili gravely relates
 ! hi/ory ( a lady 9 ! t[n ( ,san       
,c>los1 9 ! ,llanos ( ,v5ezuela1 :o mu* 
prais$ ! g5tle "* & att5tions ( ! man ( 
! woods4 ,%e is /at$ to h liv$ sev]al   
ye>s ) "o 9 great dome/ic h>mony1 & only
 reque/$ "s hunt]s to take h] back1     
because %e & h] *ildr5 7a little hairy  
also7 7 we>y ( liv+ f> f ! *ur* & !     
sacram5ts4 ,! same au?or1 not)/&+ 8     
cr$ulity1 ackn[l$ges t he nev] knew an  
,indian :o ass]t$ positively t he _h se5
 ! salvaje ) 8 own eyes4 ,?is wild      
leg5d1 :i* ! mission>ies1 ! ,european   

plant]s1 & ! negroes ( ,africa1 h no    
d\bt embelli%$ ) _m features tak5 f !   
description ( ! mann]s ( !              
orang-otang199 ! gibbon1 ! jocko or     
*impanzee1 & ! pongo1 foll[$ u1 dur+    
five ye>s1 f ! nor!rn to ! s\!rn        
hemisph]e4 799 ,simia satyrus4 ,we mu/ n
 believe1 not)/&+ ! ass]tions ( almo/   
all zoological writ]s1 t ! ^w           
orang-otang is appli$ exclusively 9 !   
,malay language to ! ,simia satyrus (   
,borneo4 ,?is expression1 on ! contr>y1 
means any v l>ge monkey1 t resembles man
 9 figure4 ,m>sd5's ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra  
#crd edition page #aag4 ,mod]n zoologi/s
 h arbitr>ily appropriat$ prov9cial     
names to c]ta9 species2 & by cont9u+ to 
pref] ^! names1 /rangely disfigur$ 9 _! 
or?ography1 to ! ,lat9 sy/ematic names1 
! confusion ( ! nom5clature has be5     
increas$47 ,we 7 ev]y:]e blam$1 9 ! mo/ 
cultivat$ class ( society1 = be+ ! only 
p]sons to d\bt ! exi/5ce ( ! great      
an?ropomorph\s monkey ( ,am]ica4 ,!re   
are c]ta9 regions :]e ?is belief is     

p>ticul>ly preval5t among ! p2 su* are !
 banks ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 ! valley (    
,up> ne> ! lake ( ,m>acaybo1 ! m\nta9s (
 ,santa ,m>?a & ( ,m]ida1 ! prov9ces (  
,quixos1 & ! banks ( ! ,amazon ne>      
,tomep5da4 ,9 all ^! places1 s di/ant "o
 f ! o!r1 x is ass]t$ t ! salvaje is    
easily recogniz$ by ! traces ( its feet1
 ! toes ( :i* are turn$ backw>d4 ,b if  
!re exi/ a monkey ( a l>ge size 9 ! ,new
 ,cont95t1 h[ has x happ5$ t = ?ree     
c5turies no man wor?y ( belief has be5  
able to procure ! sk9 ( "o8 ,sev]al     
hypo!ses pres5t !mselves to ! m9d1 9    
ord] to expla9 ! s\rce ( s anci5t an    
error or belief4 ,has ! fam\s capu*9    
monkey ( ,esm]alda 7,simia *iropotes71 )
 its long can9e tee?1 & physiognomy mu* 
m l man's99 799 ,! :ole ( ! features--! 
expression ( ! physiognomy2 b n !       
=ehead47 ?an t ( ! orang-otang1 giv5    
rise to ! fable ( ! salvaje8 ,x is n s  
l>ge inde$ z ! coaita 7,simia paniscus72
 b :5 se5 at ! top ( a tree1 & ! head   
only visible1 x might easily be tak5 = a

 human be+4 ,x may be also 7& ?is op9ion
 appe>s to me ! mo/ probable7 t ! man ( 
! woods 0 "o ( ^? l>ge be>s1 ! foot/eps 
( :i* resemble ^? ( a man1 & :i* are    
believ$ 9 e c\ntry to attack wom54 ,!   
animal kill$ 9 my "t at ! foot ( !      
m\nta9s ( ,m]ida1 & s5t1 by ! "n (      
salvaje1 to ,colonel ,ung>o1 ! gov]nor (
 ! prov9ce ( ,v>9as1 0 9 fact a be> )   
black & smoo? fur4 ,our fell[-travell]1 
,don ,nicolas ,soto1 _h exam9$ x        
closely4 ,did ! /range idea ( a         
plantigrade animal1 ! toes ( :i* are    
plac$ z if x walk$ backw>d1 take its    
orig9 f ! habit ( ! real savages ( !    
woods1 ! ,indians ( ! weake/ & mo/ timid
 tribes1 ( deceiv+ _! enemies1 :5 !y    
ent] a =e/1 or cross a s&y %ore1 by     
cov]+ ! traces ( _! feet ) s&1 or walk+ 
backw>d8  ,?\gh ,i h express$ my d\bts (
 ! exi/5ce ( an unkn[n species ( l>ge   
monkey 9 a cont95t :i* appe>s entirely  
de/itute ( quadruman\s animals ( !      
family ( ! orangs1 cynocephali1 m&rils1 
& pongos2 yet x %\ld be rememb]$ t almo/

 all matt]s ( popul> belief1 ev5 ^? mo/ 
absurd 9 appe>ance1 re/ on real facts1 b
 facts ill obs]v$4 ,9 treat+ !m )       
disda91 ! traces ( a discov]y may (t5 be
 lo/1 9 natural philosophy z well z 9   
zoology4 ,we w n !n admit1 ) a ,spani%  
au?or1 t ! fable ( ! man ( ! woods 0    
inv5t$ by ! artifice ( ,indian wom51 :o 
pret5d$ to h be5 c>ri$ (f1 :5 !y _h be5 
long abs5t unkn[n to _! husb&s4         
,travell]s :o may h]eaft] visit !       
missions ( ! ,or9oco w d well to foll[  
up our rese>*es on ! salvaje or great   
devil ( ! woods2 & exam9e :e!r x be "s  
unkn[n species ( be>1 or "s v r>e monkey
 analog\s to ! ,simia *iropotes1 or     
,simia satanas1 :i* may h giv5 rise to  
su* s+ul> tales4  ,aft] hav+ sp5t two   
days ne> ! cat>act ( ,atures1 we 7 n    
sorry :5 our boat 0 relad51 & we 7      
enabl$ to leave a spot :]e ! temp]ature 
( ! air is g5]ally by day tw5ty-n9e     
degrees1 & by night tw5ty-six degrees1 (
 ! c5tigrade !rmomet]4 ,?is temp]ature  
seem$ to u to be /ill mu* m elevat$1 f !

 feel+ ( heat :i* we exp]i5c$4 ,! want (
 concordance betwe5 ! in/rum5ts & !     
s5sations mu/ be attribut$ to ! cont9ual
 irritation ( ! sk9 excit$ by !         
mosquitos4 ,an atmosph]e fill$ ) v5om\s 
insects always appe>s to be m heat$ ?an 
x is 9 reality4 ,we 7 horribly torm5t$ 9
 ! day by mosquitos & ! jej51 a small   
v5om\s fly 7simulium71 & at night by !  
zancudos1 a l>ge species ( gnat1 dread$ 
ev5 by ! natives4 ,our h&s began to     
swell consid]ably1 & ?is swell+ increas$
 daily till our arrival on ! banks ( !  
,temi4 ,! means t are employ$ to escape 
f ^! little plagues are v extraord9>y4  
,! good mission>y ,b]n>do ,zea1 :o pass$
 8 life torm5t$ by mosquitos1 _h        
con/ruct$ ne> ! *ur*1 on a scaffold+ (  
trunks ( palm-trees1 a small ap>tm5t1 9 
:i* we brea!d m freely4 ,to ?is we w5t  
up 9 ! ev5+1 by means ( a ladd]1 to dry 
our plants & write our j\rnal4 ,!       
mission>y _h ju/ly obs]v$1 t ! insects  
ab\nd$ m p>ticul>ly 9 ! l[e/ /rata ( !  
atmosph]e1 t :i* rea*es f ! gr\nd to !  

height ( twelve or fifte5 feet4 ,at     
,maypures ! ,indians quit ! village at  
night1 to g & sleep on ! little islets 9
 ! mid/ ( ! cat>acts4 ,!re !y enjoy "s  
re/2 ! mosquitoes appe>+ to %un air     
load$ ) vap\rs4 ,we f\nd ev]y:]e few] 9 
! middle ( ! riv] ?an ne> its banks2 &  
?us less is suff]$ 9 desc5d+ ! ,or9oco  
?an 9 go+ up 9 a boat4  ,p]sons :o h n  
navigat$ ! great riv]s ( equ9octial     
,am]ica1 = in/ance1 ! ,or9oco & !       
,magdal5a1 c sc>cely conceive h[1 at e  
in/ant1 )\t int]mission1 y may be       
torm5t$ by insects fly+ 9 ! air2 & h[ ! 
multitude ( ^! little animals may r5d]  
va/ regions almo/ un9habitable4 ,:atev] 
=titude be ex]cis$ to endure pa9 )\t    
compla9t1 :atev] int]e/ may be felt 9 ! 
objects ( sci5tific rese>*1 x is        
impossible n to be con/antly di/urb$ by 
! mosquitos1 zancudos1 jej5s1 &         
tempran]os1 t cov] ! face & h&s1 pi]ce !
 clo!s ) _! long ne$le-=m$ suck]s1 &    
gett+ into ! m\? & no/rils1 occasion    
c\gh+ & sneez+ :5ev] any attempt is made

 to speak 9 ! op5 air4 ,9 ! missions ( !
 ,or9oco1 9 ! villages on ! banks ( !   
riv]1 surr\nd$ by imm5se =e/s1 ! plaga  
de las moscas1 or ! plague ( !          
mosquitos1 af=ds an inexhau/ible subject
 ( conv]sation4 ,:5 two p]sons meet 9 ! 
morn+1 ! fir/ que/ions !y address to ea*
 o!r are3 ,h[ did y f9d ! zancudos dur+ 
! night8 ,h[ are we to-day = !          
mosquitos899 799 ,que le han p>ecido los
 zancudos de no*e8 ,como /amos hoy de   
mosquitos87 ,^! que/ions rem9d u ( a    
,*9ese =m ( polit5ess1 :i* indicates !  
anci5t /ate ( ! c\ntry :]e x took bir?4 
,salutations 7 made h]et(ore 9 !        
,cele/ial empire 9 ! foll[+ words1      
v\-to-h\1 ,h y be5 incommod$ 9 ! night  
by ! s]p5ts8  ,! geographical           
di/ribution ( ! insects ( ! family (    
tipulae pres5ts v rem>kable ph5om5a4 ,x 
does n appe> to dep5d solely on heat (  
climate1 excess ( humidity1 or !        
?ickness ( =e/s1 b on local circum/ances
 t are difficult to *>act]ise4 ,x may be
 obs]v$ t ! plague ( mosquitos &        

zancudos is n s g5]al 9 ! torrid zone z 
is commonly believ$4 ,on ! table-l&s    
elevat$ m ?an f\r hundr$ toises above ! 
level ( ! ocean1 9 ! v dry pla9s remote 
f ! b$s ( great riv]s 7= in/ance1 at    
,cumana & ,calabozo71 !re are n s5sibly 
m gnats ?an 9 ! mo/ popul\s p>ts (      
,europe4 ,!y are p]ceiv$ to augm5t      
enorm\sly at ,nueva ,b>celona1 & m to ! 
we/1 on ! coa/ t ext5ds t[>ds ,cape     
,cod]a4 ,betwe5 ! little h>b\r (        
,higu]ote & ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,un>e1 !     
wret*$ inhabitants are accu/om$ to /ret*
 !mselves on ! gr\nd1 & pass ! night    
buri$ 9 ! s& ?ree or f\r in*es deep1    
leav+ out ! head only1 :i* !y cov] ) a  
h&k]*ief4 ,y suff] f ! /+ ( insects1 b 9
 a mann] easy to be>1 9 desc5d+ !       
,or9oco f ,cabruta t[>ds ,ango/ura1 & 9 
go+ up f ,cabruta t[>ds ,uruana1 betwe5 
! latitudes ( #g & #h degrees4 ,b beyond
 ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,arauca1 aft] hav+ pass$
 ! /rait ( ,b>aguan1 ! sc5e sudd5ly     
*anges4 ,f ?is spot ! travell] may bid  
f>ewell to repose4 ,if he h any poetical

 remembrance ( ,dante1 he may easily    
imag9e he has ent]$ ! citta dol5te1 & he
 w seem to read on ! granite rocks (    
,b>aguan ^! l9es ( ! ,inf]no3  ,noi sem 
v5uti al luogo1 ov' i' t'ho detto ,*e tu
 v$rai le g5ti dolorose4  ,! l[] /rata (
 air1 f ! surface ( ! gr\nd to ! height 
( fifte5 or tw5ty feet1 are absolutely  
fill$ ) v5om\s insects4 ,if 9 an obscure
 spot1 = in/ance 9 ! grottos ( !        
cat>acts =m$ by sup]9cumb5t blocks (    
granite1 y direct y\r eyes t[>d ! op5+  
enlight5$ by ! sun1 y see cl\ds (       
mosquitos m or less ?ick4 ,at ! mission 
( ,san ,borja1 ! suff]+ f mosquitos is  
great] ?an at ,c>i*ana2 b 9 ! ,raudales1
 at ,atures1 & above all at ,maypures1  
?is suff]+ may be said to atta9 its     
maximum4 ,i d\bt :e!r !re be a c\ntry ^u
 e>? :]e man is expos$ to m cruel       
torm5ts 9 ! ra9y season4 ,hav+ pass$ !  
fif? degree ( latitude1 y are some:at   
less /ung2 b on ! ,upp] ,or9oco ! /+s   
are m pa9ful1 because ! heat & !        
absolute want ( w9d r5d] ! air m burn+ &

 m irritat+ 9 its contact ) ! sk94  ,h[ 
com=table mu/ p be 9 ! moon6 said a     
,salive ,indian to ,fa!r ,gumilla2 %e   
looks s beautiful & s cle>1 t %e mu/ be 
free f mosquitos4 ,^! words1 :i* d5ote !
 infancy ( a p1 are v rem>kable4 ,!     
satellite ( ! e>? appe>s to all savage  
nations ! abode ( ! bless$1 ! c\ntry (  
abundance4 ,! ,esquimaux1 :o c\nts among
 8 ri*es a plank or trunk ( a tree1 ?r[n
 by ! curr5ts on a coa/ de/itute (      
vegetation1 sees 9 ! moon pla9s cov]$ ) 
=e/s2 ! ,indian ( ! =e/s ( ,or9oco !re  
beholds op5 savannahs1 :]e ! inhabitants
 are nev] /ung by mosquitos4  ,aft]     
proce$+ fur!r to ! s\?1 :]e ! sy/em (   
yell[i%-br[n wat]s comm5ces199 799      
,g5]ally call$ black wat]s1 aguas       
negras47 on ! banks ( ! ,atabapo1 !     
,tuni1 ! ,tuam9i1 & ! ,rio ,negro1 we   
enjoy$ an unexpect$ repose4 ,^! riv]s1 l
 ! ,or9oco1 cross ?ick =e/s1 b ! tipul>y
 insects1 z well z ! crocodiles1 %un !  
proximity ( ! black wat]s4 ,possibly ^! 
wat]s1 :i* are a little cold]1 &        

*emically diff]5t f ! :ite wat]s1 are   
adv]se to ! l>vae ( tipul>y insects &   
gnats1 :i* may be consid]$ z real       
aquatic animals4 ,"s small riv]s1 !     
col\r ( :i* is deep blue1 or            
yell[i%-br[n 7z ! ,top>o1 ! ,matav5i1 & 
! ,zama71 are exceptions to ! almo/     
g5]al rule ( ! abs5ce ( mosquitos ov] ! 
black wat]s4 ,^! ?ree riv]s sw>m ) !m2 &
 ! ,indians !mselves fix$ our att5tion  
on ! problematic causes ( ?is ph5om5on4 
,9 go+ d[n ! ,rio ,negro1 we brea!d     
freely at ,m>oa1 ,d>ipe1 & ,san ,c>los1 
villages situat$ on ! b\nd>ies (        
,brazil4 ,b ?is improvem5t ( our        
situation 0 ( %ort cont9uance2 our      
suff]+s recomm5c$ z soon z we ent]$ !   
,cassiqui>e4 ,at ,esm]alda1 at ! ea/]n  
extremity ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 :]e ends ! 
kn[n _w ( ! ,spani>ds1 ! cl\ds (        
mosquitos are almo/ z ?ick z at ! ,great
 ,cat>acts4 ,at ,m&avaca we f\nd an old 
mission>y1 :o told u ) an air ( sadness1
 t he _h _h 8 tw5ty ye>s ( mosquitos 9  
,am]ica994 799 ,yo t5go mis ve9te anos  

de mosquitos47 ,he desir$ u to look at 8
 legs1 t we might be able to tell "o    
day1 beyond sea 7por alla71 :at ! poor  
monks suff] 9 ! =e/s ( ,cassiqui>e4 ,e  
/+ leav+ a small d>ki% br[n po9t1 8 legs
 7 s speckl$ t x 0 difficult to         
recognize ! :it5ess ( 8 sk9 ?r\gh !     
spots ( coagulat$ blood4 ,if ! insects (
 ! g5us ,simulium ab\nd 9 ! ,cassiqui>e1
 :i* has :ite wat]s1 ! culices or       
zancudos are s mu* ! m r>e2 y sc>cely   
f9d any !re2 :ile on ! riv]s ( black    
wat]s1 9 ! ,atabapo & ! ,rio1 !re are   
g5]ally "s zancudos & no mosquitos4  ,i 
h j %[n1 f my own obs]vations1 h[ mu* ! 
geographical di/ribution ( v5om\s       
insects v>ies 9 ?is labyr9? ( riv]s )   
:ite & black wat]s4 ,x 7 to be wi%$ t a 
le>n$ entomologi/ c\ld /udy on ! spot ! 
specific diff]5ces ( ^! noxi\s          
insects199 :i* 9 ! torrid zone1 9 spite 
( _! m9ute size1 act an important po9t 9
 ! economy ( nature4 799 ,! mosquito    
bovo or t5biguai2 ! mel]o1 :i* always   
settles ^u ! eyes2 ! tempran]o1 or      

put*iki2 ! jej52 ! gnat rivau1 ! great  
zancudo1 or mat*aki2 ! cafafi1 etc47    
,:at appe>$ to u v rem>kable1 & is a    
fact kn[n to all ! mission>ies1 is1 t ! 
diff]5t species d n associate toge!r1 & 
t at diff]5t h\rs ( ! day y are /ung by 
di/9ct species4 ,e "t t ! sc5e *anges1  
&1 to use ! simple expression ( !       
mission>ies1 o!r insects m\nt gu>d1 y h 
a few m9utes1 (t5 a qu>t] ( an h\r1 (   
repose4 ,! insects t disappe> h n _!    
places in/antly suppli$ by _!           
successors4 ,f half-pa/-six 9 ! morn+   
till five 9 ! aft]noon1 ! air is fill$ )
 mosquitos2 :i* h n1 z "s travell]s h   
/at$1 ! =m ( our gnats199 799 ,culex    
pipi5s4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 mosquito   
7little fly1 simulium7 & zancudo 7gnat1 
culex7 exi/s 9 all ! ,spani% colonies4  
,! ^w zancudo signifies long legs1 qui  
ti5e las zancas l>gas4 ,! mosquitos ( ! 
,or9oco are ! m\/iques2 ! zancudos are !
 m>+\9s ( ,fr5* travell]s47 b t ( a     
small fly4 ,!y are simuliums ( ! family 
,nemoc]a ( ! sy/em ( ,latreille4 ,_! /+ 

is z pa9ful z t ( ! g5us ,/omox4 ,x     
leaves a little r$di% br[n spot1 :i* is 
extravas$ & coagulat$ blood1 :]e _!     
proboscis has pi]c$ ! sk94 ,an h\r be=e 
sunset a species ( small gnats1 call$   
tempran]os199 because !y appe> also at  
sunrise1 take ! place ( ! mosquitos4 799
 ,:i* appe> at an e>ly h\r 7temprano74  
,"s p]sons say1 t ! zancudo is ! same z 
! tempran]o1 :i* returns at night1 aft] 
hid+ itself = "s "t4 ,i h d\bts ( ?is   
id5tity ( ! species2 ! pa9 caus$ by ! /+
 ( ! two insects appe>$ to me diff]5t47 
,_! pres5ce sc>cely la/s an h\r & a     
half2 !y disappe> betwe5 six & sev5 9 ! 
ev5+1 or1 z !y say "h1 aft] ! ,angelus  
7a la oracion74 ,aft] a few m9utes'     
repose1 y feel y\rself /ung by zancudos1
 ano!r species ( gnat ) v long legs4 ,! 
zancudo1 ! proboscis ( :i* conta9s a    
%>p-po9t$ suck]1 causes ! mo/ acute pa91
 & a swell+ t rema9s sev]al weeks4 ,its 
hum resembles t ( ! ,european gnat1 b is
 l\d] & m prolong$4 ,! ,indians pret5d  
to di/+ui% ! zancudos & ! tempran]os by 

_! song2 ! latt] are real twilight      
insects1 :ile ! zancudos are mo/        
frequ5tly nocturnal insects1 & disappe> 
t[>d sunrise4  ,9 our way f ,c>?ag5a to 
,santa ,fe de ,bogota1 we obs]v$ t      
betwe5 ,mompox & ,honda1 9 ! valley ( ! 
,rio ,magdal5a1 ! zancudos d>k5$ ! air f
 eight 9 ! ev5+ till midnight2 t t[>ds  
midnight !y dim9i%$ 9 numb]1 & 7 hidd5 =
 ?ree or f\r h\rs2 & la/ly t !y return$ 
9 cr[ds1 ab\t f\r 9 ! morn+4 ,:at is !  
cause ( ^! alt]nations ( motion & re/8  
,are ^! animals fatigu$ by long flight8 
,x is r>e on ! ,or9oco to see real gnats
 by day2 :ile at ! ,rio ,magdal5a we 7  
/ung night & day1 except f noon till    
ab\t two o'clock4 ,! zancudos ( ! two   
riv]s are no d\bt ( diff]5t species4    
,we h se5 t ! insects ( ! tropics       
ev]y:]e foll[ a c]ta9 /&>d 9 ! p]iods at
 :i* !y alt]nately arrive & disappe>4   
,at fix$ & inv>iable h\rs1 9 ! same     
season1 & ! same latitude1 ! air is     
peopl$ ) new inhabitants1 & 9 a zone :]e
 ! b>omet] becomes a clock199 799 ,by ! 

extreme regul>ity ( ! hor>y v>iations ( 
! atmosph]ic pressure47 :]e ev]y?+      
proce$s ) su* admirable regul>ity1 we   
might guess bl9dfold ! h\r ( ! day or   
night1 by ! hum ( ! insects1 & by _!    
/+s1 ! pa9 ( :i* diff]s accord+ to !    
nature ( ! poison t ea* species deposits
 9 ! w\nd4  ,at a p]iod :5 ! geography (
 animals & ( plants _h n yet be5 /udi$1 
! analog\s species ( diff]5t climates 7 
(t5 conf\nd$4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! p9es &   
ranunculuses1 ! /ags1 ! rats1 & !       
tipul>y insects ( ! nor? ( ,europe1 7 to
 be f\nd 9 ,japan1 on ! ridge ( ! ,&es1 
& at ! ,/raits ( ,magellan4 ,ju/ly      
celebrat$ naturali/s h ?\ght t ! zancudo
 ( ! torrid zone 0 ! gnat ( our m>%es1  
become m vigor\s1 m voraci\s1 & m       
noxi\s1 "u ! influ5ce ( a burn+ climate4
 ,?is is a v errone\s op9ion4 ,i        
c>efully exam9$ & describ$ ^u ! spot ^? 
zancudos1 ! /+s ( :i* are mo/ torm5t+4  
,9 ! riv]s ,magdal5a & ,guayaquil alone 
!re are five di/9ct species4  ,! culices
 ( ,s\? ,am]ica h g5]ally ! w+s1        

corslet1 & legs ( an azure col\r1 r+$ & 
v>iegat$ ) a mixture ( spots ( metallic 
lu/re4 ,"h z 9 ,europe1 ! males1 :i* are
 di/+ui%$ by _! fea!r$ ant5nae1 are     
extremely r>e2 y are seldom /ung except 
by females4 ,! prepond]ance ( ?is sex   
expla9s ! imm5se increase ( ! species1  
ea* female lay+ sev]al hundr$ eggs4 ,9  
go+ up "o ( ! great riv]s ( ,am]ica1 x  
is obs]v$1 t ! appe>ance ( a new species
 ( culex d5otes ! proximity ( a new     
/ream fl[+ 94 ,i %all m5tion an in/ance 
( ?is curi\s ph5om5on4 ,! ,culex        
l9eatus1 :i* belongs to ! ,cano         
,tamalamec1 is only p]ceiv$ 9 ! valley (
 ! ,rio ,gr&e de la ,magdal5a1 at a     
league nor? ( ! junction ( ! two riv]s2 
x goes up1 b sc>cely ev] desc5ds ! ,rio 
,gr&e4 ,x is ?us1 t1 on a pr9cipal ve91 
! appe>ance ( a new sub/ance 9 ! gangue 
indicates to ! m9] ! neighb\rhood ( a   
second>y ve9 t jo9s ! fir/4  ,on        
recapitulat+ ! obs]vations "h record$1  
we see1 t )9 ! tropics1 ! mosquitos &   
zancudos d n rise on ! slope ( !        

,cordill]as99 t[>d ! temp]ate region1   
:]e ! mean heat is bel[ #ai or #bj      
degrees 799 ,! culex pipi5s ( ,europe   
does n1 l ! culex ( ! torrid zone1 %un  
m\nta9\s places4 ,giesecke suff]$ f ^!  
insects 9 ,gre5l&1 at ,disco1 9 latitude
 #gj degrees4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ,lapl& 9   
summ]1 at ?ree or f\r hundr$ toises     
high1 & at a temp]ature ( #aa or #ab    
degrees472 & t1 ) few exceptions1 !y %un
 ! black wat]s1 & dry & unwood$ spots499
 799 ,trifl+ modifications 9 ! wat]s1 or
 9 ! air1 (t5 appe> to prev5t !         
developm5t ( ! mosquitos4 ,mr4 ,b[di*   
rem>ks t !re are none at ,coomassie1 9 !
 k+dom ( ! ,a%antees1 ?\gh ! t[n is     
surr\nd$ by m>%es1 & ?\gh ! !rmomet]    
keeps up betwe5 sev5te5 & tw5ty-eight   
c5tesimal degrees1 day & night47 ,!     
atmosph]e sw>ms ) !m mu* m 9 ! ,upp] ?an
 9 ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 because 9 ! =m] !    
riv] is surr\nd$ ) ?ick =e/s on its     
banks1 & ! skirts ( ! =e/s are n sep>at$
 f ! riv] by a b>r5 & ext5sive bea*4 ,! 
mosquitos dim9i% on ! ,new ,cont95t ) ! 

dim9ution ( ! wat]1 & ! de/ruction ( !  
woods2 b ! effects ( ^! *anges are z sl[
 z ! progress ( cultivation4 ,! t[ns (  
,ango/ura1 ,nueva ,b>celona1 & ,mompox1 
:]e f ! want ( police1 ! /reets1 ! great
 squ>es1 & ! int]ior ( c\rt-y>ds are    
ov]gr[n ) bru%wood1 are sadly celebrat$ 
= ! abundance ( zancudos4  ,p born 9 !  
c\ntry1 :e!r :ites1 mulattoes1 negroes1 
or ,indians1 all suff] f ! /+ ( ^!      
insects4 ,b z cold does n r5d] ! nor? ( 
,europe un9habitable1 s ! mosquitos d n 
prev5t m5 f dwell+ 9 ! c\ntries :]e !y  
ab\nd1 provid$ t1 by _! situation &     
gov]nm5t1 !y af=d res\rces = agriculture
 & indu/ry4 ,! inhabitants pass _! lives
 9 compla9+ ( ! insuff]able torm5t ( !  
mosquitos1 yet1 not)/&+ ^! cont9ual     
compla9ts1 !y seek1 & ev5 ) a sort (    
pr$ilection1 ! comm]cial t[ns ( ,mompox1
 ,santa ,m>ta1 & ,rio de la ,ha*a4 ,su* 
is ! =ce ( habit 9 evils :i* we suff] e 
h\r ( ! day1 t ! ?ree missions ( ,san   
,borja1 ,atures1 & ,esm]alda1 :]e1 to   
make use ( an hyp]bolical expression ( !

 monks1 !re are m mosquitos ?an air199  
799 ,mas moscas que aire47 w\ld no d\bt 
become fl\ri%+ t[ns1 if ! ,or9oco af=d$ 
plant]s ! same advantages = ! ex*ange ( 
produce1 z ! ,ohio & ! ,l[]             
,mississippi4  ,x is a curi\s fact1 t ! 
:ites born 9 ! torrid zone may walk     
b>efoot ) impunity1 9 ! same ap>tm5t :]e
 a ,european rec5tly l&$ is expos$ to ! 
attack ( ! nigua or *egoe 7,pulex       
p5etrans74 ,?is animal1 almo/ invisible 
to ! eye1 gets "u ! toe-nails1 & !re    
acquires ! size ( a small pea1 by !     
quick increase ( its eggs1 :i* are plac$
 9 a bag "u ! belly ( ! insect4 ,! nigua
 !re=e di/+ui%es :at ! mo/ delicate     
*emical analysis c\ld n di/+ui%1 !      
cellul> membrane & blood ( a ,european f
 ^? ( a creole :ite4 ,! mosquitos1 on ! 
contr>y1 attack equally ! natives & !   
,europeans2 b ! effects ( ! /+ are      
diff]5t 9 ! two races ( m54 ,! same     
v5om\s liquid1 deposit$ 9 ! sk9 ( a     
copp]-col\r$ man ( ,indian race1 & 9 t (
 a :ite man newly l&$1 causes no swell+ 

9 ! =m]1 :ile 9 ! latt] x produces h>d  
bli/]s1 greatly inflam$1 & pa9ful =     
sev]al days2 s diff]5t is ! action on ! 
epid]mis1 accord+ to ! degree (         
irritability ( ! organs 9 diff]5t races 
& diff]5t individuals6  ,i %all "h      
recite sev]al facts1 :i* prove t !      
,indians1 & 9 g5]al all ! p ( col\r1 at 
! mom5t ( be+ /ung1 suff] l ! :ites1    
al?\gh p]haps ) less int5sity ( pa94 ,9 
! day-"t1 & ev5 :5 lab\r+ at ! o>1 !    
natives1 9 ord] to *ase ! insects1 are  
cont9ually giv+ "o ano!r sm>t slaps ) ! 
palm ( ! h&4 ,!y ev5 /rike !mselves & _!
 comrades me*anically dur+ _! sleep4 ,! 
viol5ce ( _! bl[s rem9ds "o ( ! ,p]sian 
tale ( ! be> t tri$ to kill ) 8 paw !   
insects on ! =ehead ( 8 sleep+ ma/]4    
,ne> ,maypures we saw "s "y ,indians    
seat$ 9 a circle & rubb+ cruelly ea*    
o!rs' backs ) ! b>k ( trees dri$ at !   
fire4 ,indian wom5 7 occupi$1 ) a degree
 ( pati5ce ( :i* ! copp]-col\r$ race    
alone are capable1 9 extract+1 by means 
( a %>p bone1 ! little mass ( coagulat$ 

blood t =ms ! c5tre ( e /+1 & gives !   
sk9 a speckl$ appe>ance4 ,"o ( ! mo/    
b>b>\s nations ( ! ,or9oco1 t ( !       
,ottomacs1 is acqua9t$ ) ! use (        
mosquito-curta9s 7mosquit]os7 wov5 f !  
fibres ( ! mori*e palm-tree4 ,at        
,higu]ote1 on ! coa/ ( ,c>acas1 !       
copp]-col\r$ p sleep buri$ 9 ! s&4 ,9 ! 
villages ( ! ,rio ,magdal5a ! ,indians  
(t5 invit$ u to /ret* ourselves z !y did
 on ox-sk9s1 ne> ! *ur*1 9 ! middle ( ! 
plaza gr&e1 :]e !y _h assembl$ all ! c[s
 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! proximity ( cattle
 gives "s repose to man4 ,! ,indians ( !
 ,upp] ,or9oco & ! ,cassiqui>e1 see+ t  
,m4 ,bonpl& c\ld n prep>e 8 h]bal1 ow+  
to ! cont9ual torm5t ( ! mosquitos1     
invit$ him to ent] _! ov5s 7hornitos74  
,?us !y call little *amb]s1 )\t doors or
 w9d[s1 into :i* !y creep horizontally  
?r\gh a v l[ op5+4 ,:5 !y h driv5 away !
 insects by means ( a fire ( wet        
bru%wood1 :i* emits a great deal (      
smoke1 !y close ! op5+ ( ! ov54 ,!      
abs5ce ( ! mosquitos is pur*as$ de>ly   

en\gh by ! excessive heat ( ! /agnat$   
air1 & ! smoke ( a tor* ( copal1 :i*    
lights ! ov5 dur+ y\r /ay 9 x4 ,m4      
,bonpl&1 ) c\rage & pati5ce well wor?y (
 praise1 dri$ hundr$s ( plants1 %ut up 9
 ^! hornitos ( ! ,indians4  ,^!         
precautions ( ! ,indians suffici5tly    
prove t1 not)/&+ ! diff]5t organization 
( ! epid]mis1 ! copp]-col\r$ man1 l !   
:ite man1 suff]s f ! /+s ( insects2 b ! 
=m] seems to feel less pa91 & ! /+ is n 
foll[$ by ^? swell+s :i*1 dur+ sev]al   
weeks1 height5 ! irritability ( ! sk91 &
 ?r[ p]sons ( a delicate con/itution    
into t fev]i% /ate :i* always           
accompanies eruptive maladies4 ,:ites   
born 9 equ9octial ,am]ica1 & ,europeans 
:o h long soj\rn$ 9 ! ,missions1 on !   
bord]s ( =e/s & great riv]s1 suff] mu* m
 ?an ! ,indians1 b inf9itely less ?an   
,europeans newly arriv$4 ,x is n1 !re=e1
 z "s travell]s ass]t1 ! ?ickness ( !   
sk9 t r5d]s ! /+ m or less pa9ful at !  
mom5t :5 x is receiv$2 nor is x ow+ to !
 p>ticul> organization ( ! integum5ts1 t

 9 ! ,indians ! /+ is foll[$ by less (  
swell+ & inflammatory symptoms2 x is on 
! n]v\s irritability ( ! epid]mis t !   
acut5ess & duration ( ! pa9 dep5d4 ,?is 
irritability is augm5t$ by v w>m clo?+1 
by ! use ( alcoholic liquors1 by ! habit
 ( scrat*+ ! w\nds1 & la/ly1 7& ?is     
physiological obs]vation is ! result (  
my own exp]i5ce17 t ( ba?s repeat$ at   
too %ort int]vals4 ,9 places :]e !      
abs5ce ( crocodiles p]mits p to ent] a  
riv]1 ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself obs]v$ t !   
immod]ate use ( ba?s1 :ile x mod]at$ !  
pa9 ( old /+s ( zancudos1 r5d]$ u m     
s5sible to new /+s4 ,by ba?+ m ?an twice
 a day1 ! sk9 is br\ght into a /ate (   
n]v\s irritability1 ( :i* no idea c be  
=m$ 9 ,europe4 ,x w\ld seem z if all    
feel+ 7 c>ri$ t[>d ! integum5ts4  ,z !  
mosquitos & gnats pass two-?irds ( _!   
lives 9 ! wat]1 x is n surpris+ t ^!    
noxi\s insects become less num]\s 9     
proportion z y rec$e f ! banks ( ! great
 riv]s :i* int]sect ! =e/s4 ,!y seem to 
pref] ! spots :]e _! metamorphosis took 

place1 & :]e !y g to deposit _! eggs4 ,9
 fact ! wild ,indians 7,indios mont]os7 
exp]i5ce ! great] difficulty 9 accu/om+ 
!mselves to ! life ( ! missions1 z !y   
suff] 9 ! ,*ri/ian e/abli%m5ts a torm5t 
:i* !y sc>cely "k 9 _! own inl& dwell+s4
 ,! natives at ,maypures1 ,atures1 &    
,esm]alda1 h be5 se5 flee+ to ! woods1  
or1 z !y say1 al monte1 solely f ! dread
 ( mosquitos4 ,un=tunately1 all !       
,missions ( ! ,or9oco h be5 e/abli%$ too
 ne> ! banks ( ! riv]4 ,at ,esm]alda !  
inhabitants assur$ u t if ! village 7   
situat$ 9 "o ( ! five pla9s surr\nd+ !  
high m\nta9s ( ,duida & ,m>aguaca1 !y   
%\ld brea! freely1 & enjoy "s repose4 ,!
 great cl\d ( mosquitos 7la nube de     
moscas7 to use ! expression ( ! monks1  
is susp5d$ only ov] ! ,or9oco & its     
tribut>y /reams1 & is dissipat$ 9       
proportion z y remove f ! riv]s4 ,we    
%\ld =m a v inaccurate idea ( ,guiana & 
,brazil1 7 we to judge ( t great =e/ f\r
 hundr$ leagues wide1 ly+ betwe5 !      
s\rces ( ! ,madeira & ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 f 

! valleys ( ! riv]s by :i* x is cross$4 
,i le>n$ t ! little insects ( ! family (
 ! nemoc]ae migrate f "t to "t l !      
al\ate monkeys1 :i* live 9 society4 ,9  
c]ta9 spots1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ra9y   
season1 diff]5t species appe>1 ! /+ (   
:i* has n yet be5 felt4 ,we 7 in=m$ at !
 ,rio ,magdal5a1 t at ,simiti no o!r    
culex ?an ! jej5 0 =m]ly kn[n2 & x 0 !n 
possible to enjoy a tranquil night's    
re/1 = ! jej5 is n a nocturnal insect4  
,s9ce ! ye> #ahja1 ! great blue-w+$ gnat
 7,culex cyanopt]us7 has appe>$ 9 su*   
numb]s1 t ! poor inhabitants ( ,simiti  
"k n h[ to procure an undi/urb$ sleep4  
,9 ! m>%y *annels 7e/]os7 ( ! isle (    
,b>u1 ne> ,c>?ag5a1 is f\nd a little    
:ite fly call$ cafafi4 ,x is sc>cely    
visible to ! nak$ eye1 & causes v pa9ful
 swell+s4 ,! toldos or cottons us$ =    
mosquito-curta9s1 are wett$ to prev5t ! 
cafafi p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! int]/ices left  
by ! cross+ ?reads4 ,?is insect1 happily
 r>e else:]e1 goes up 9 ,janu>y1 by !   
*annel 7dique7 ( ,mahates1 z f> z       

,morales4 ,:5 we w5t to ?is village 9 ! 
mon? ( ,may1 we f\nd !re cimuliae &     
zancudos1 b no jej5s4  ,! insects mo/   
tr\blesome at ,or9oco1 or z ! ,creoles  
say1 ! mo/ f]oci\s 7los mas f]oces71 are
 ^? ( ! great cat>acts ( ,esm]alda &    
,m&avaca4 ,on ! ,rio ,magdal5a ! ,culex 
cyanopt]us is dread$1 p>ticul>ly at     
,mompox1 ,*iloa1 & ,tamalameca4 ,at ^!  
places ?is insect is l>g] & /rong]1 &   
its legs black]4 ,x is difficult to     
avoid smil+ on he>+ ! mission>ies       
dispute ab\t ! size & voracity ( !      
mosquitos at diff]5t p>ts ( ! same riv]4
 ,9 a region ! inhabitants ( :i* are    
ignorant ( all t is pass+ 9 ! re/ ( !   
_w1 ?is is ! fav\rite subject (         
conv]sation4 ,h[ ,i pity y\r situation6 
said ! mission>y ( ! ,raudales to !     
mission>y ( ,cassiqui>e1 at our         
dep>ture2 y are alone1 l me1 9 ?is      
c\ntry ( tig]s & monkeys2 ) y fi% is    
/ill m r>e1 & ! heat m viol5t2 b z = my 
mosquitos 7mias moscas7 ,i c boa/ t ) "o
 ( m9e ,i w\ld beat ?ree ( y\rs4  ,?is  

voracity ( insects 9 c]ta9 spots1 ! fury
 ) :i* !y attack man199 799 ,?is        
voracity1 ?is appetite = blood1 seems   
surpris+ 9 little insects1 t live on    
vegetable juices1 & 9 a c\ntry almo/    
entirely un9habit$4 ,:at w\ld ^! animals
 eat1 if we did n pass ?is way8 say !   
,creoles1 9 go+ ?r\gh c\ntries :]e !re  
are only crocodiles cov]$ ) a scaly sk91
 & hairy monkeys47 ! activity ( ! v5om  
v>y+ 9 ! same species1 are v rem>kable  
facts2 :i* f9d _! analogy1 h[ev]1 9 !   
classes ( l>ge animals4 ,! crocodile (  
,ango/ura pursues m51 :ile at ,nueva    
,b>celona y may ba! tranquilly 9 ! ,rio 
,nev]i amid/ ^! c>nivor\s reptiles4 ,!  
jagu>s ( ,matur91 ,cumanacoa1 & ! i/hmus
 ( ,panama1 are timid 9 comp>ison ( ^? (
 ! ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,! ,indians well "k t 
! monkeys ( "s valleys are easily tam$1 
:ile o!rs ( ! same species1 caught      
else:]e1 w r die ( hung] ?an submit to  
slav]y499 799 ,i might h add$ ! example 
( ! scorpion ( ,cumana1 :i* x is v      
difficult to di/+ui% f t ( ! isl& (     

,tr9idad1 ,jamaica1 ,c>?ag5a1 &         
,guayaquil2 yet ! =m] is n m to be fe>$ 
?an ! ,scorpio europaeus 7( ! s\? (     
,france71 :ile ! latt] produces         
consequ5ces f> m al>m+ ?an ! ,scorpio   
occitanus 7( ,spa9 & ,b>b>y74 ,at       
,c>?ag5a & ,guayaquil1 ! /+ ( ! scorpion
 7alacran7 in/antly causes ! loss (     
spee*4 ,sometimes a s+ul> torpor ( !    
tongue is obs]v$ = fifte5 or sixte5     
h\rs4 ,! pati5t1 :5 /ung 9 ! legs1      
/amm]s z if he _h be5 /ruck ) apoplexy47
  ,! common p 9 ,am]ica h fram$ sy/ems  
respect+ ! salubrity ( climates &       
pa?ological ph5om5a1 z well z ! le>n$ ( 
,europe2 & _! sy/ems1 l ours1 are       
diametrically oppos$ to ea* o!r1 accord+
 to ! prov9ces into :i* ! ,new ,cont95t 
is divid$4 ,at ! ,rio ,magdal5a !       
frequ5cy ( mosquitos is reg>d$ z        
tr\blesome1 b salut>y4 ,^! animals1 say 
! inhabitants1 give u slight ble$+s1 &  
pres]ve u1 9 a c\ntry excessively hot1 f
 ! sc>let fev]1 & o!r inflammatory      
diseases4 ,b at ! ,or9oco1 ! banks ( :i*

 are v insalubri\s1 ! sick blame !      
mosquitos = all _! suff]+s4 ,x is       
unnecess>y to refute ! fallacy ( !      
popul> belief t ! action ( ! mosquitos  
is salut>y by its local ble$+s4 ,9      
,europe ! inhabitants ( m>%y c\ntries   
are n ignorant t ! insects irritate !   
epid]mis1 & /imulate its functions by ! 
v5om :i* !y deposit 9 ! w\nds !y make4  
,f> f dim9i%+ ! inflammatory /ate ( !   
sk91 ! /+s increase x4  ,! frequ5cy (   
gnats & mosquitos *>act]ises unheal?y   
climates only s f> z ! developm5t &     
multiplication ( ^! insects dep5d on !  
same causes t give rise to miasmata4 ,^!
 noxi\s animals love a f]tile soil cov]$
 ) plants1 /agnant wat]s1 & a humid air 
nev] agitat$ by ! w9d2 !y pref] to an   
op5 c\ntry ^? %ades1 t s(t5$ day1 t     
temp]$ degree ( light1 heat1 & moi/ure  
:i*1 :ile x fav\rs ! action ( *emical   
aff9ities1 accel]ates ! putrefaction (  
organis$ sub/ances4 ,may n ! mosquitos  
!mselves increase ! insalubrity ( !     
atmosph]e8 ,:5 we reflect t to ! height 

( ?ree or f\r toises a cubic foot ( air 
is (t5 peopl$ by a million ( w+$        
insects199 799 ,x is suffici5t to       
m5tion1 t ! cubic foot conta9s          
#b1ihe1ihd cubic l9es47 :i* conta9 a    
cau/ic & v5om\s liquid2 :5 we recollect 
t sev]al species ( culex are #a4h l9es  
long f ! head to ! extremity ( ! corslet
 7)\t reckon+ ! legs72 la/ly1 :5 we     
consid] t 9 ?is sw>m ( mosquitos &      
gnats1 diffus$ 9 ! atmosph]e l smoke1   
!re is a great numb] ( dead insects     
rais$ by ! =ce ( ! asc5d+ air1 or by t (
 ! lat]al curr5ts :i* are caus$ by !    
unequal heat+ ( ! soil1 we are l$ to    
inquire :e!r ! pres5ce ( s _m animal    
sub/ances 9 ! air mu/ n occasion        
p>ticul> miasmata4 ,i ?9k t ^! sub/ances
 act on ! atmosph]e diff]5tly f s& &    
du/2 b x w be prud5t to affirm no?+     
positively on ?is subject4 ,*emi/ry has 
n yet unveil$ ! num]\s my/]ies ( !      
insalubrity ( ! air2 x has only taught u
 t we are ignorant ( _m ?+s ) :i* a few 
ye>s ago we believ$ we 7 acqua9t$4      

,daily exp]i5ce appe>s 9 a c]ta9 degree 
to prove ! fact t at ! ,or9oco1         
,cassiqui>e1 ,rio ,caura1 & :]ev] ! air 
is v unheal?y1 ! /+ ( ! mosquito augm5ts
 ! disposition ( ! organs to receive !  
impression ( miasmata4 ,:5 y are expos$ 
day & night1 dur+ :ole mon?s1 to !      
torm5t ( insects1 ! cont9ual irritation 
( ! sk9 causes febrile commotions2 &1 f 
! sympa?y exi/+ betwe5 ! d]moid & !     
ga/ric sy/ems1 injures ! functions ( !  
/oma*4 ,dige/ion fir/ becomes difficult1
 ! cutane\s inflammation excites pr(use 
p]spirations1 an unqu5*able ?ir/        
succe$s1 &1 9 p]sons ( a feeble         
con/itution1 increas+ impati5ce is      
succe$$ by depression ( m9d1 dur+ :i*   
all ! pa?og5ic causes act ) increas$    
viol5ce4 ,x is nei!r ! dang]s ( navigat+
 9 small boats1 ! savage ,indians1 nor !
 s]p5ts1 crocodiles1 or jagu>s1 t make  
,spani>ds dread a voyage on ! ,or9oco2 x
 is1 z !y say ) simplicity1 el sud> y   
las moscas1 7! p]spiration & ! flies74  
,we h reason to believe t mank9d1 z !y  

*ange ! surface ( ! soil1 w succe$ 9    
alt]+ by degrees ! con/itution ( !      
atmosph]e4 ,! insects w dim9i% :5 ! old 
trees ( ! =e/ h disappe>$2 :51 9 ^?     
c\ntries n[ des]t1 ! riv]s are se5      
bord]$ ) cottages1 & ! pla9s cov]$ )    
pa/ures & h>ve/s4  ,:oev] has liv$ long 
9 c\ntries infe/$ by mosquitos w be     
conv9c$1 z we 71 t !re exi/s no rem$y = 
! torm5t ( ^! insects4 ,! ,indians1     
cov]$ ) anoto1 bol> e>?1 or turtle oil1 
are n protect$ f _! attacks4 ,x is      
d\btful :e!r ! pa9t+ ev5 relieves3 x    
c]ta9ly does n prev5t ! evil4           
,europeans1 rec5tly arriv$ at ! ,or9oco1
 ! ,rio ,magdal5a1 ! riv] ,guayaquil1 or
 ,rio ,*agres 7,i m5tion ! f\r riv]s :]e
 ! insects are mo/ to be dread$7 at fir/
 obta9 "s relief by cov]+ _! faces &    
h&s1 b !y soon feel x difficult to      
endure ! heat1 are we>y ( be+ condemn$  
to complete inactivity1 & f9i% ) leav+ !
 face & h&s uncov]$4 ,p]sons :o w\ld    
r5\nce all k9d ( occupation dur+ !      
navigation ( ^! riv]s1 might br+ "s     

p>ticul> g>m5t f ,europe 9 ! =m ( a bag1
 "u :i* !y c\ld rema9 cov]$1 op5+ x only
 e half-h\r4 ,?is bag %\ld be di/5d$ by 
:alebone hoops1 = a close mask & gloves 
w\ld be p]fectly insupportable4 ,sleep+ 
on ! gr\nd1 on sk9s1 or 9 hammocks1 we  
c\ld n make use ( mosquito-curta9s      
7toldos7 :ile on ! ,or9oco4 ,! toldo is 
useful only :]e x =ms a t5t s well clos$
 ar\nd ! b$ t !re is n ! smalle/ op5+ by
 :i* a gnat c pass4 ,?is is difficult to
 accompli%2 & (t5 :5 y succe$ 7=        
in/ance1 9 go+ up ! ,rio ,magdal5a1 :]e 
y travel ) "s degree ( conv5i5ce71 y are
 =c$1 9 ord] to avoid be+ suffocat$ by !
 heat1 to come out f b5ea? y\r toldo1 & 
walk ab\t 9 ! op5 air4 ,a feeble w9d1   
smoke1 & p[]ful smells1 sc>cely af=d any
 relief 9 places :]e ! insects are v    
num]\s & v voraci\s4 ,x is errone\sly   
affirm$ t ^! little animals fly f !     
peculi> smell emitt$ by ! crocodile4 ,we
 7 fe> fully /ung at ,bataillez1 9 !    
road f ,c>?ag5a to ,honda1 :ile we 7    
dissect+ a crocodile elev5 feet long1 ! 

smell ( :i* infe/$ all ! surr\nd+       
atmosph]e4 ,! ,indians mu* comm5d !     
fumes ( burnt c[-dung4 ,:5 ! w9d is v   
/rong1 & accompani$ by ra91 ! mosquitos 
disappe> = "s "t3 !y /+ mo/ cruelly at !
 approa* ( a /orm1 p>ticul>ly :5 !      
electric explosions are n foll[$ by     
heavy %[]s4  ,any?+ wav$ ab\t ! head & !
 h&s contributes to *ase away ! insects4
 ,! m y /ir y\rself1 ! less y w be /ung1
 say ! mission>ies4 ,! zancudo makes a  
buzz+ be=e x settles2 b1 :5 x has assum$
 confid5ce1 :5 x has once begun to fix  
its suck]1 & di/5d itself1 y may t\* its
 w+s )\t its be+ fright5$4 ,x rema9s !  
:ole "t ) its two h9d legs rais$2 &1 if 
left to suck to satiety1 no swell+ takes
 place1 & no pa9 is left beh9d4 ,we (t5 
repeat$ ?is exp]im5t on ourselves 9 !   
valley ( ! ,rio ,magdal5a4 ,x may be    
ask$ :e!r ! insect deposits ! /imulat+  
liquid only at ! mom5t ( its flight1 :5 
x is driv5 away1 or :e!r x draws !      
liquid up aga9 :5 left to suck          
undi/urb$4 ,i incl9e to ?is latt]       

op9ion2 = on quietly pres5t+ ! back ( my
 h& to ! ,culex cyanopt]us1 ,i obs]v$ t 
! pa91 ?\gh viol5t 9 ! beg9n+1 dim9i%es 
9 proportion z ! insect cont9ues to     
suck1 & ceases altoge!r :5 x volunt>ily 
flies away4 ,i also w\nd$ my sk9 ) a p91
 & rubb$ ! pricks ) bruis$ mosquitos1 & 
no swell+ ensu$4 ,! irritat+ liquid1 9  
:i* *emi/s h n yet recogniz$ any acid   
prop]ties1 is conta9$1 z 9 ! ant & o!r  
hym5opt]\s insects1 9 p>ticul> gl&s2 &  
is probably too mu* dilut$1 &           
consequ5tly too mu* weak5$1 if ! sk9 be 
rubb$ ) ! :ole ( ! bruis$ insect4  ,i h 
?r[n toge!r at ! close ( ?is *apt] all  
we le>n$ dur+ ! c\rse ( our travels on  
ph5om5a :i* naturali/s h hi!rto s+ul>ly 
neglect$1 ?\gh !y ex]cise a great       
influ5ce on ! welf>e ( ! inhabitants1 ! 
salubrity ( ! climate1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( 
new colonies on ! riv]s ( equ9octial    
,am]ica4 ,i might ju/ly h incurr$ ! *>ge
 ( hav+ treat$ ?is subject too mu* 9    
detail1 7 x n connect$ ) g5]al          
physiological views4 ,our imag9ation is 

/ruck only by :at is great2 b ! lov] (  
natural philosophy %\ld reflect equally 
on little ?+s4 ,we h j se5 t w+$        
insects1 collect$ 9 society1 & conceal+ 
9 _! suck] a liquid t irritates ! sk91  
are capable ( r5d]+ va/ c\ntries almo/  
un9habitable4 ,o!r insects equally      
small1 ! t]mites 7comej57199 799        
,lit]ally1 ! eat]s or ! dev\r]s47 create
 ob/acles to ! progress ( civilization1 
9 sev]al hot & temp]ate p>ts ( !        
equ9octial zone1 t are difficult to be  
surm\nt$4 ,!y dev\r pap]1 pa/ebo>d1 &   
p>*m5t ) frightful rapidity1 utt]ly     
de/roy+ records & libr>ies4 ,:ole       
prov9ces ( ,spani% ,am]ica d n possess  
"o writt5 docum5t t dates a hundr$ ye>s 
back4 ,:at improvem5t c ! civilization (
 nations acquire if no?+ l9k ! pres5t ) 
! pa/2 if ! depositories ( human k mu/  
be repeat$ly r5ew$2 if ! records ( g5ius
 & reason _c be transmitt$ to po/]ity8  
,9 proportion z y asc5d ! table-l& ( !  
,&es ^! evils disappe>4 ,man brea!s a   
fre% & pure air4 ,insects no m di/urb ! 

lab\rs ( ! day or ! slumb]s ( ! night4  
,docum5ts c be collect$ 9 ar*ives )\t   
our hav+ to compla9 ( ! voracity ( !    
t]mites4 ,mosquitos are no long] fe>$ at
 a height ( two hundr$ toises2 & !      
t]mites1 /ill v frequ5t at ?ree hundr$  
toises ( elevation199 799 ,!re are "s at
 ,popayan 7height #iaj toises2 mean     
temp]ature #ah4g degrees71 b !y are     
species t gnaw wood only47 become v r>e 
at ,mexico1 ,santa ,fe de ,bogota1 &    
,quito4 ,9 ^! great capitals1 situat$ on
 ! back ( ! ,cordill]as1 we f9d libr>ies
 & ar*ives1 augm5t$ f day to day by !   
enlight5$ zeal ( ! inhabitants4 ,^!     
circum/ances1 comb9$ ) o!rs1 insure a   
moral prepond]ance to ! ,alp9e region   
ov] ! l[] regions ( ! torrid zone4 ,if  
we admit1 agreeably to ! anci5t         
traditions collect$ 9 bo? ! old & new   
worlds1 t at ! "t ( ! cata/rophe :i*    
prec$$ ! r5ewal ( our species1 man      
desc5d$ f ! m\nta9s into ! pla9s1 we may
 admit1 ) /ill great] confid5ce1 t ^!   
m\nta9s1 ! cradle ( s _m v>i\s nations1 

w = ev] rema9 ! c5tre ( human           
civilization 9 ! torrid zone4 ,f ^!     
f]tile & temp]ate table-l&s1 f ^! islets
 scatt]$ 9 ! a]ial ocean1 k & ! bless+s 
( social in/itutions w be spread ov] ^? 
va/ =e/s ext5d+ along ! foot ( ! ,&es1  
n[ inhabit$ only by savage tribes :om ! 
v weal? ( nature has reta9$ 9 indol5ce &
 b>b>ism4   ,,*apt] #b4ba4  ,,raudal ,,(
 ,,g>cita4 ,,maypures4 ,,cat>acts ,,(   
,,quituna4 ,,m\? ,,( ,,! ,,vi*ada ,,&   
,,! ,,zama4 ,,rock ,,( ,,aricagua4      
,,siquita4  ,we direct$ our c\rse to !  
,pu]to de arriba1 above ! cat>act (     
,atures1 opposite ! m\? ( ! ,rio        
,cataniapo1 :]e our boat 0 to be ready =
 u4 ,9 ! n>r[ pa? t leads to ! emb>cad]o
 we beheld = ! la/ "t ! peak ( ,uniana4 
,x appe>$ l a cl\d ris+ above ! horizon 
( ! pla9s4 ,! ,guahibos w&] at ! foot ( 
! m\nta9s1 & ext5d _! c\rse z f> z !    
banks ( ! ,vi*ada4 ,we 7 %[n at a       
di/ance1 on ! "r ( ! riv]1 ! rocks t    
surr\nd ! cav]n ( ,at>uipe2 b we _h n "t
 to visit t cemet]y ( ! de/roy$ tribe ( 

! ,atures4 ,fa!r ,zea _h repeat$ly      
describ$ to u ?is extraord9>y cav]n1 !  
skeletons pa9t$ ) anoto1 ! l>ge vases ( 
bak$ e>?1 9 :i* ! bones ( sep>ate       
families appe> to be collect$2 & _m o!r 
curi\s objects1 :i* we propos$ to exam9e
 on our return f ! ,rio ,negro4 ,y w    
sc>cely believe1 said ! mission>ies1 t  
^! skeletons1 ^! pa9t$ vases1 ?+s :i* we
 believ$ 7 unkn[n to ! re/ ( ! _w1 h    
br\ght tr\ble ^u me & my neighb\r1 !    
mission>y ( ,c>i*ana4 ,y h se5 ! mis]y 9
 :i* ,i live 9 ! raudales4 ,?\gh dev\r$ 
by mosquitos1 & (t5 9 want ( planta9s & 
cassava1 yet ,i h f\nd envi\s p ev5 9   
?is c\ntry6 ,a :ite man1 :o inhabits !  
pa/ures betwe5 ! ,meta & ! ,apure1      
d5\nc$ me rec5tly 9 ! ,aud5cia (        
,c>acas1 z conceal+ a treasure ,i _h    
discov]$1 jo9tly ) ! mission>y (        
,c>i*ana1 amid ! tombs ( ! ,indians4 ,x 
is ass]t$ t ! ,jesuits ( ,santa ,fe de  
,bogota 7 appris$ be=eh& ( ! de/ruction 
( _! company2 & t1 9 ord] to save !     
ri*es !y possess$ 9 money & preci\s     

vases1 !y s5t !m1 ei!r by ! ,rio ,meta  
or ! ,vi*ada1 to ! ,or9oco1 ) ord]s to h
 !m hidd5 9 ! islets amid ! raudales4   
,^! treasures ,i am suppos$ to h        
appropriat$ unkn[n to my sup]iors4 ,!   
,aud5cia ( ,c>acas br\ght a compla9t    
be=e ! gov]nor ( ,guiana1 & we 7 ord]$  
to appe> 9 p]son4 ,we uselessly p]=m$ a 
j\rney ( "o hundr$ & fifty leagues2 &1  
al?\gh we decl>$ t we _h f\nd 9 ! cav]n 
only human bones1 & dri$ bats &         
polecats1 commission]s 7 gravely nom9at$
 to come hi!r & se>* on ! spot = !      
suppos$ treasures ( ! ,jesuits4 ,we %all
 wait long = ^! commission]s4 ,:5 !y h  
gone up ! ,or9oco z f> z ,san ,borja1 ! 
fe> ( ! mosquitos w prev5t !m f go+     
f>!r4 ,! cl\d ( flies :i* envelopes u 9 
! raudales is a good def5ce4  ,! acc\nt 
giv5 by ! mission>y 0 entirely con=mable
 to :at we aft]w>ds le>n$ at ,ango/ura f
 ! gov]nor himself4 ,=tuit\s            
circum/ances _h giv5 rise to ! /range/  
suspicions4 ,9 ! cav]ns :]e ! mummies & 
skeletons ( ! nation ( ! ,atures are    

f\nd1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! cat>acts1 & 9 !  
mo/ inaccessible islets1 ! ,indians long
 ago discov]$ boxes b\nd ) iron1 conta9+
 v>i\s ,european tools1 remnants (      
clo!s1 ros>ies1 & glass tr9kets4 ,^!    
objects are ?\ght to h belong$ to       
,portuguese trad]s ( ! ,rio ,negro &    
,gr& ,p>a1 :o1 be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( !    
,jesuits on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 w5t up 
to ,atures by ! portages & int]ior      
communications ( riv]s1 to trade ) !    
natives4 ,x is suppos$ t ^! m5 sunk     
b5ea? ! epidemic maladies s common 9 !  
raudales1 & t _! *e/s became ! prop]ty (
 ! ,indians1 ! weal?ie/ ( :om 7 usually 
buri$ ) all !y possess$ mo/ valuable    
dur+ _! lives4 ,f ^! v unc]ta9          
traditions ! tale ( hidd5 treasures has 
be5 fabricat$4 ,z 9 ! ,&es ( ,quito e   
ru9$ build+1 n except+ ! f\ndations ( ! 
pyramids erect$ by ! ,fr5* savans = !   
measurem5t ( ! m]idian1 is reg>d$ z ,+a 
pilca199 t is1 ! "w ( ! ,inca 799 ,pilca
 7prop]ly 9 ,qui*ua pirca71 wall ( !    
,inca472 s on ! ,or9oco e hidd5 treasure

 c belong only to ! ,jesuits1 an ord]   
:i*1 no d\bt1 gov]n$ ! missions bett]   
?an ! ,capu*9s & ! monks ( ! ,obs]vance1
 b ^: ri*es & success 9 ! civilization (
 ! ,indians h be5 mu* exagg]at$4 ,:5 !  
,jesuits ( ,santa ,fe 7 arre/$1 ^? heaps
 ( pia/res1 ^? em]alds ( ,muzo1 ^? b>s (
 gold ( ,*oco1 :i* ! enemies ( ! company
 suppos$ !y possess$1 7 n f\nd 9 _!     
dwell+s4 ,i c cite a respectable        
te/imony1 :i* proves inconte/ibly1 t !  
vic]oy ( ,new ,granada _h n w>n$ !      
,jesuits ( ,santa ,fe ( ! dang] ) :i* !y
 7 m5ac$4 ,don ,vic5te ,orosco1 an      
eng9e] (fic] 9 ! ,spani% army1 relat$ to
 me t1 be+ arriv$ at ,ango/ura1 ) ,don  
,manuel ,c5turion1 to arre/ !           
mission>ies ( ,c>i*ana1 he met an       
,indian boat t 0 go+ d[n ! ,rio ,meta4  
,! boat be+ mann$ ) ,indians :o c\ld    
speak none ( ! tongues ( ! c\ntry1 gave 
rise to suspicions4 ,aft] useless       
rese>*es1 a bottle 0 at l5g? discov]$1  
conta9+ a lett]1 9 :i* ! ,sup]ior ( !   
company resid+ at ,santa ,fe in=m$ !    

mission>ies ( ! ,or9oco ( ! p]secutions 
to :i* ! ,jesuits 7 expos$ 9 ,new       
,gr5ada4 ,?is lett] recomm5d$ no measure
 ( precaution2 x 0 %ort1 )\t ambiguity1 
& respectful t[>ds ! gov]nm5t1 ^: ord]s 
7 execut$ ) useless & unreasonable      
sev]ity4  ,eight ,indians ( ,atures _h  
conduct$ our boat ?r\gh ! raudales1 &   
seem$ well satisfi$ ) ! slight recomp5ce
 we gave !m4 ,!y ga9 little by ?is      
employm5t2 & 9 ord] to give a j idea ( !
 pov]ty & want ( comm]ce 9 ! missions ( 
! ,or9oco1 ,i %all obs]ve t dur+ ?ree   
ye>s1 ) ! exception ( ! boats s5t       
annually to ,ango/ura by ! comm&] ( ,san
 ,c>los de ,rio ,negro1 to fet* ! pay ( 
! soldi]s1 ! mission>y _h se5 b five    
canoes ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco pass ! cat>act1
 :i* 7 b\nd = ! h>ve/ ( turtles' eggs1 &
 eight boats lad5 ) m]*&ize4  ,ab\t     
elev5 on ! morn+ ( ! #ag? ( ,april we   
rea*$ our boat4 ,fa!r ,zea caus$ to be  
emb>k$1 ) our in/rum5ts1 ! small /ore ( 
provisions he _h be5 able to procure = !
 voyage1 on :i* he 0 to accompany u2 ^! 

provisions consi/$ ( a few bun*es (     
planta9s1 "s cassava1 & f[ls4 ,leav+ !  
emb>cad]o1 we imm$iately pass$ ! m\? ( !
 ,cataniapo1 a small riv]1 ! banks ( :i*
 are inhabit$ by ! ,macos1 or ,pi>oas1  
:o belong to ! great family ( ! ,salive 
nations4  ,besides ! ,pi>oas (          
,cataniapo1 :o pi]ce _! e>s1 & we> z    
e>-ornam5ts ! tee? ( caymans & pecc>ies1
 ?ree o!r tribes ( ,macos are kn[n3 "o1 
on ! ,v5tu>i1 above ! ,rio ,m>iata2 !   
second1 on ! ,padamo1 nor? ( ! m\nta9s (
 ,m>aguaca2 & ! ?ird1 ne> ! ,guah>ibos1 
t[>ds ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco1 above ! ,rio
 ,gehette4 ,?is la/ tribe be>s ! "n (   
,macos-,macos4 ,i collect$ ! foll[+     
words f a "y ,maco ( ! banks ( !        
,cataniapo1 :om we met ne> ! emb>cad]o1 
& :o wore 9 8 e>s1 in/ead ( a tusk ( !  
pecc>y1 a l>ge wood5 cyl9d]499 799 ,?is 
cu/om is obs]v$ among ! ,cabres1 !      
,maypures1 & ! ,pevas ( ! ,amazon4 ,^!  
la/1 describ$ by ,la ,condam9e1 /ret* _!
 e>s by weights ( a consid]able size47  
,planta91 ,p>uru 79 ,tamanac also1      

p>uru74 ,cassava1 ,el5te 79 ,maco1      
cahig74 ,maize1 ,ni>ne4 ,! sun1 ,jama 79
 ,salive1 mume-seke-cocco74 ,! moon1    
,jama 79 ,salive1 vexio74 ,wat]1 ,ahia  
79 ,salive1 cagua74 ,"o1 ,nianti4 ,two1 
,tajus4 ,?ree1 ,p]cotahuja4 ,f\r1       
,imontegroa4  ,! "y man c\ld n reckon z 
f> z five1 :i* c]ta9ly is no pro( t ! ^w
 five does n exi/ 9 ! ,maco tongue4 ,i  
"k n :e!r ?is tongue be a dialect ( !   
,salive1 z is pretty g5]ally ass]t$2 =  
idioms d]iv$ f "o ano!r1 sometimes      
furni% words utt]ly diff]5t = ! mo/     
common & mo/ important ?+s499 799 ,!    
great family ( ! ,e/honian 7or ,ts*\di7 
languages1 & ( ! ,samoi$e languages1    
af=ds num]\s examples ( ^! diff]5ces47  
,b 9 discussions on "m-tongues &        
d]ivative languages1 x is n ! s\nds1 !  
roots only1 t are decisive2 b r !       
int]ior /ructure & grammatical =ms4 ,9 !
 ,am]ican idioms1 :i* are not)/&+ ri*1 !
 moon is commonly en\gh call$ ! sun (   
night or ev5 ! sun ( sleep2 b ! moon &  
sun v r>ely be> ! same "n1 z among !    

,macos4 ,i "k only a few examples 9 !   
mo/ nor!rly "p ( ,am]ica1 among !       
,woccons1 ! ,ojibbeways1 ! ,muskogulges1
 & ! ,mohawks499 799 ,nipia-kisa?wa 9 ! 
,%awanese 7! idiom ( ,canada71 f nippi1 
to sleep1 & kisa?wa1 ! sun47 ,our       
mission>y ass]t$ t jama1 9 ,maco1       
indicat$ at ! same "t ! ,supreme ,be+1 &
 ! great orbs ( night & day2 :ile _m o!r
 ,am]ican tongues1 = in/ance ! ,tamanac1
 & ! ,c>ibbee1 h di/9ct words to d5ote  
,god1 ! ,moon1 & ! ,sun4 ,we %all soon  
see h[ anxi\s ! mission>ies ( ! ,or9oco 
are n to employ1 9 _! translations ( !  
pray]s ( ! *ur*1 ! native words :i*     
d5ote ! ,div9ity1 ! ,creator 7,aman5e71 
! ,great ,_s :o animates all nature4 ,!y
 *oose r to ,indianize ! ,spani% ^w     
,dios1 conv]t+ x1 accord+ to ! diff]5ces
 ( pronunciation1 & ! g5ius ( ! diff]5t 
dialects1 into ,dioso1 ,tiosu1 or       
,piosu4  ,:5 we aga9 emb>k$ on !        
,or9oco1 we f\nd ! riv] free f %oals4   
,aft] a few h\rs we pass$ ! ,raudal (   
,g>cita1 ! rapids ( :i* are easy (      

asc5t1 :5 ! wat]s are high4 ,to ! ea/w>d
 is se5 a small *a9 ( m\nta9s call$ !   
*a9 ( ,cumadam9>i1 consi/+ ( gneiss1 & n
 ( /ratifi$ granite4 ,we 7 /ruck ) a    
succession ( great holes at m ?an "o    
hundr$ & eighty feet above ! pres5t     
level ( ! ,or9oco1 yet :i*1 not)/&+1    
appe> to be ! effects ( ! erosion ( !   
wat]s4 ,we %all see h]eaft]1 t ?is      
ph5om5on occurs aga9 ne>ly at ! same    
height1 bo? 9 ! rocks t bord] ! cat>acts
 ( ,maypures1 & fifty leagues to ! ea/1 
ne> ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,jao4 ,we slept 9 !  
op5 air1 on ! left bank ( ! riv]1 bel[ !
 isl& ( ,tomo4 ,! night 0 beautiful &   
s]5e1 b ! torm5t ( ! mosquitos 0 s great
 ne> ! gr\nd1 t ,i c\ld n succe$ 9      
levell+ ! artificial horizon2           
consequ5tly ,i lo/ ! opportunity ( mak+ 
an obs]vation4  ,on ! #ah? we set out at
 ?ree 9 ! morn+1 to be m sure ( arriv+  
be=e ! close ( ! day at ! cat>act kn[n  
by ! "n ( ! ,raudal de los ,guahibos4   
,we /opp$ at ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,tomo4 ,!   
,indians w5t on %ore1 to prep>e _! food1

 & take "s repose4 ,:5 we rea*$ ! foot (
 ! raudal1 x 0 ne> five 9 ! aft]noon4 ,x
 0 extremely difficult to g up ! curr5t 
aga9/ a mass ( wat]1 precipitat$ f a    
bank ( gneiss sev]al feet high4 ,an     
,indian ?rew himself into ! wat]1 to    
rea*1 by swimm+1 ! rock t divides !     
cat>act into two p>ts4 ,a rope 0 fa/5$  
to ! po9t ( ?is rock1 & :5 ! canoe 0    
haul$ ne> en\gh1 our in/rum5ts1 our dry 
plants1 & ! provision we _h collect$ at 
,atures1 7 l&$ 9 ! raudal itself4 ,we   
rem>k$ ) surprise1 t ! natural damn ov] 
:i* ! riv] is precipitat$1 pres5ts a dry
 space ( consid]able ext5t2 :]e we /opp$
 to see ! boat g up4  ,! rock ( gneiss  
exhibits circul> holes1 ! l>ge/ ( :i*   
are f\r feet deep1 & eighte5 in*es wide4
 ,^! funnels conta9 qu>tz pebbles1 &    
appe> to h be5 =m$ by ! friction (      
masses roll$ along by ! impulse ( !     
wat]s4 ,our situation1 9 ! mid/ ( !     
cat>act1 0 s+ul> en\gh1 b unatt5d$ by ! 
smalle/ dang]4 ,! mission>y1 :o         
accompani$ u1 _h 8 fev]-fit on him4 ,9  

ord] to qu5* ! ?ir/ by :i* he 0 torm5t$1
 ! idea sugge/$ itself to u ( prep>+ a  
refre%+ bev]age = him 9 "o ( !          
excavations ( ! rock4 ,we _h tak5 on    
bo>d at ,atures an ,indian basket call$ 
a mapire1 fill$ ) sug>1 limes1 & ^?     
gr5adillas1 or fruits ( ! passion-fl[]1 
to :i* ! ,spani>ds give ! "n ( p>*as4 ,z
 we 7 absolutely de/itute ( l>ge vessels
 = hold+ & mix+ liquids1 we p\r$ ! wat] 
( ! riv]1 by means ( a calaba%1 into "o 
( ! holes ( ! rock3 to ?is we add$ sug> 
& lime-juice4 ,9 a few m9utes we _h an  
excell5t bev]age1 :i* is almo/ a        
ref9em5t ( luxury1 9 t wild spot2 b our 
wants r5d]$ u e day m & m +5i\s4  ,aft] 
an h\r ( expectation1 we saw ! boat     
arrive above ! raudal1 & we 7 soon ready
 to dep>t4 ,aft] quitt+ ! rock1 our     
passage 0 n exempt f dang]4 ,! riv] is  
eight hundr$ toises broad1 & mu/ be     
cross$ obliquely1 above ! cat>act1 at ! 
po9t :]e ! wat]s1 impell$ by ! slope (  
_! b$1 ru% ) extreme viol5ce t[>d ! l$ge
 f :i* !y are precipitat$4 ,we 7 ov]tak5

 by a /orm1 accompani$ happily by no    
w9d1 b ! ra9 fell 9 torr5ts4 ,aft] r[+ =
 tw5ty m9utes1 ! pilot decl>$ t1 f> f   
ga9+ ^u ! curr5t1 we 7 aga9 approa*+ !  
raudal4 ,^! mom5ts ( unc]ta9ty appe>$ to
 u v long3 ! ,indians spoke only 9      
:isp]s1 z !y d always :5 !y ?9k _!      
situation p]il\s4 ,!y r$\bl$ _! ef=ts1 &
 we arriv$ at nightfall1 )\t any        
accid5t1 9 ! port ( ,maypures4  ,/orms  
)9 ! tropics are z %ort z !y are viol5t4
 ,! lightn+ _h fall5 twice ne> our boat1
 & _h no d\bt /ruck ! surface ( ! wat]4 
,i m5tion ?is ph5om5on1 because x is    
pretty g5]ally believ$ 9 ^? c\ntries t !
 cl\ds1 ! surface ( :i* is *>g$ )       
electricity1 are at s great a height t !
 lightn+ rea*es ! gr\nd m r>ely ?an 9   
,europe4 ,! night 0 extremely d>k1 & we 
c\ld n 9 less ?an two h\rs rea* !       
village ( ,maypures4 ,we 7 wet to ! sk94
 ,9 proportion z ! ra9 ceas$1 ! zancudos
 reappe>$1 ) t voracity :i* tipul>y     
insects always display imm$iately aft] a
 /orm4 ,my fell[-travell]s 7 unc]ta9    

:e!r x w\ld be be/ to /op 9 ! port or   
proce$ on our way on foot1 9 spite ( !  
d>kness ( ! night4 ,fa!r ,zea 0 det]m9$ 
to rea* 8 home4 ,he _h giv5 directions =
 ! con/ruction ( a l>ge h\se ( two      
/ories1 :i* 0 to be begun by ! ,indians 
( ! mission4 ,y w !re f9d1 said he      
gravely1 ! same conv5i5ces z 9 ! op5    
air2 ,i h nei!r a b5* nor a table1 b y w
 n suff] s mu* f ! flies1 :i* are less  
tr\blesome 9 ! mission ?an on ! banks ( 
! riv]4 ,we foll[$ ! c\nsel if !        
mission>y1 :o caus$ tor*es ( copal to be
 light$4 ,^! tor*es are tubes made (    
b>k1 ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & fill$ )    
copal res94 ,we walk$ at fir/ ov] b$s ( 
rock1 :i* 7 b>e & slipp]y1 & !n we ent]$
 a ?ick grove ( palm trees4 ,we 7 twice 
oblig$ to pass a /ream on trunks ( trees
 hewn d[n4 ,! tor*es _h already ceas$ to
 give light4 ,be+ =m$ on a /range       
pr9ciple1 ! woody sub/ance :i* resembles
 ! wick surr\nd+ ! res91 !y emit m smoke
 ?an light1 & are easily ext+ui%$4 ,!   
,indian pilot1 :o express$ himself ) "s 

facility 9 ,spani%1 told u ( snakes1    
wat]-s]p5ts1 & tig]s1 by :i* we might be
 attack$4 ,su* conv]sations may be      
expect$ z matt]s ( c\rse1 by p]sons :o  
travel at night ) ! natives4 ,by        
intimidat+ ! ,european travell]1 !      
,indians imag9e !y r5d] !mselves m      
necess>y1 & ga9 ! confid5ce ( ! /rang]4 
,! rude/ inhabitant ( ! missions fully  
und]/&s ! deceptions :i* ev]y:]e arise f
 ! relations betwe5 m5 ( unequal =tune &
 civilization4 ,"u ! absolute &         
sometimes vexati\s gov]nm5t ( ! monks1 !
 ,indian seeks to ameliorate 8 condition
 by ^? little artifices :i* are !       
weapons ( physical & intellectual       
weakness4  ,hav+ arriv$ dur+ ! night at 
,san ,jose de ,maypures we 7 =cibly     
/ruck by ! solitude ( ! place2 !        
,indians 7 plung$ 9 pr(\nd sleep1 & no?+
 0 he>d b ! cries ( nocturnal birds1 & !
 di/ant s\nd ( ! cat>act4 ,9 ! calm ( ! 
night1 amid ! deep repose ( nature1 !   
monoton\s s\nd ( a fall ( wat] has 9 x  
some?+ sad & solemn4 ,we rema9$ ?ree    

days at ,maypures1 a small village f\nd$
 by ,don ,jose ,solano at ! "t ( !      
exp$ition ( ! b\nd>ies1 ! situation (   
:i* is m picturesque1 x might be said   
/ill m admirable1 ?an t ( ,atures4  ,!  
raudal ( ,maypures1 call$ by ! ,indians 
,quituna1 is =m$1 z all cat>acts are1 by
 ! resi/ance :i* ! riv] enc\nt]s 9 its  
way across a ridge ( rocks1 or a *a9 (  
m\nta9s4 ,! l(ty m\nta9s ( ,cunavami &  
,calitam9i1 betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! riv]s   
,cataniapo & ,v5tu>i1 /ret* t[>d ! we/ 9
 a *a9 ( granitic hills4 ,f ?is *a9 fl[ 
?ree small riv]s1 :i* embrace 9 "s sort 
! cat>act ( ,maypures4 ,!re are1 on !   
ea/]n bank1 ! ,san>iapo1 & on ! we/]n1 !
 ,cameji & ! ,top>o4 ,opposite ! village
 ( ,maypures1 ! m\nta9s fall back 9 an  
ar*1 &1 l a rocky coa/1 =m a gulf op5 to
 ! s\?-ea/4 ,! irruption ( ! riv] is    
effect$ betwe5 ! m\?s ( ! ,top>o & !    
,san>iapo1 at ! we/]n extremity ( ?is   
maje/ic amphi!atre4  ,! wat]s ( !       
,or9oco n[ roll at ! foot ( ! ea/]n *a9 
( ! m\nta9s1 & h rec$$ f ! we/1 :]e1 9 a

 deep valley1 ! anci5t %ore is easily   
recogniz$4 ,a savannah1 sc>cely rais$   
?irty feet above ! mean level ( ! riv]1 
ext5ds f ?is valley z f> z ! cat>acts4  
,!re ! small *ur* ( ,maypures has be5   
con/ruct$4 ,x is built ( trunks (       
palm-trees1 & is surr\nd$ by sev5 or    
eight huts4 ,! dry valley1 :i* runs 9 a 
/raight l9e f s\? to nor?1 f ! ,cameji  
to ! ,top>o1 is fill$ ) granitic &      
solit>y m\nds1 all resembl+ ^? f\nd 9 ! 
%ape ( isl&s & %oals 9 ! pres5t b$ ( !  
riv]4 ,i 0 /ruck ) ?is analogy ( =m1 on 
comp>+ ! rocks ( ,k]i & ,oco1 situat$ 9 
! des]t$ b$ ( ! riv]1 we/ ( ,maypures1 )
 ! islets ( ,ouivit>i & ,cam9itam9i1 :i*
 rise l old ca/les amid ! cat>acts to ! 
ea/ ( ! mission4 ,! geological aspect ( 
^! sc5es1 ! insul> =m ( ! elevations    
f>!/ f ! pres5t %ore ( ! ,or9oco1 !     
cavities :i* ! waves appe> to h holl[$ 9
 ! rock ,oco1 & :i* are precisely on !  
same level 7tw5ty-five or ?irty toises  
high7 z ! excavations p]ceiv$ opposite  
to !m 9 ! isle ( ,ouivit>i2 all ^!      

appe>ances prove t ! :ole ( ?is bay1 n[ 
dry1 0 =m]ly cov]$ by wat]4 ,^? wat]s   
probably =m$ a lake1 ! nor!rn dike      
prev5t+ _! runn+ out3 b1 :5 ?is dike 0  
brok5 d[n1 ! savannah t surr\nds !      
mission appe>$ at fir/ l a v l[ isl&1   
b\nd$ by two arms ( ! same riv]4 ,x may 
be suppos$ t ! ,or9oco cont9u$ = "s "t  
to fill ! rav9e1 :i* we %all call !     
valley ( ,k]i1 because x conta9s ! rock 
( t "n2 & t ! wat]s retir$ :olly t[>d ! 
ea/]n *a91 leav+ dry ! we/]n arm ( !    
riv]1 only z !y gradually dim9i%$4      
,col\r$ /ripes1 :i* no d\bt owe _! black
 t9t to ! oxides ( iron & manganese1    
seem to ju/ify ?is conjecture4 ,!y are  
f\nd on all ! /ones1 f> f ! mission1 &  
indicate ! =m] abode ( ! wat]s4 ,9 go+  
up ! riv]1 all m]*&ise is dis*>g$ at !  
conflu5ce ( ! ,rio ,top>o & ! ,or9oco4  
,! boats are entru/$ to ! natives1 :o h 
s p]fect a k ( ! raudal1 t !y h a       
p>ticul> "n = e /ep4 ,!y conduct ! boats
 z f> z ! m\? ( ! ,cameji1 :]e ! dang]  
is consid]$ z pa/4  ,i w "h describe !  

cat>act ( ,quituna or ,maypures z x     
appe>$ at ! two p]iods :5 ,i exam9$ x1 9
 go+ d[n & up ! riv]4 ,x is =m$1 l t (  
,map>a or ,atures1 by an ar*ipelago (   
isl&s1 :i*1 to ! l5g? ( ?ree ?\s&       
toises1 fill ! b$ ( ! riv]1 & by rocky  
dikes1 :i* jo9 ! isl&s toge!r4 ,! mo/   
rem>kable ( ^! dikes1 or natural dams1  
are ,purim>imi1 ,manimi1 & ! ,leap ( !  
,s>d9e 7,salto de la ,s>d9a74 ,i "n !m 9
 ! ord] 9 :i* ,i saw !m 9 succession f  
s\? to nor?4 ,! la/ ( ^! ?ree /ages is  
ne> n9e feet high1 & =ms by its bread? a
 magnific5t cascade4 ,i mu/ "h repeat1  
h[ev]1 t ! turbul5t %ock ( ! precipitat$
 & brok5 wat]s dep5ds n s mu* on !      
absolute height ( ea* /ep or dike1 z ^u 
! multitude ( c\nt]-curr5ts1 ! gr\p+ ( !
 isl&s & %oals1 t lie at ! foot ( !     
raudalitos or p>tial cascades1 & !      
contraction ( ! *annels1 :i* (t5 d n    
leave a free navigable passage ( tw5ty  
or ?irty feet4 ,! ea/]n "p ( ! cat>act (
 ,maypures is mu* m dang]\s ?an ! we/]n2
 & !re=e ! ,indian pilots pref] ! left  

bank ( ! riv] to conduct ! boats d[n or 
up4 ,un=tunately1 9 ! season ( l[ wat]s1
 ?is bank rema9s p>tly dry1 & rec\rse   
mu/ be _h to ! process ( portage2 t is1 
! boats are oblig$ to be dragg$ on      
cyl9d]s1 or r\nd logs4  ,to comm& a     
compreh5sive view ( ^! /up5d\s sc5es1 ! 
spectator mu/ be /ation$ on ! little    
m\nta9 ( ,manimi1 a granitic ridge1 :i* 
rises f ! savannah1 nor? ( ! *ur* ( !   
mission1 & is itself only a cont9uation 
( ! ridges ( :i* ! raudalito ( ,manimi  
is compos$4 ,we (t5 visit$ ?is m\nta91 =
 we 7 nev] we>y ( gaz+ on ?is a/oni%+   
spectacle4 ,f ! summit ( ! rock is      
descri$ a %eet ( foam1 ext5d+ ! l5g? ( a
 :ole mile4 ,enorm\s masses ( /one1     
black z iron1 issue f its bosom4 ,"s are
 paps gr\p$ 9 pairs1 l basaltic hills2  
o!rs resemble t[]s1 =tifi$ ca/les1 &    
ru9$ build+s4 ,_! gloomy t9t contra/s ) 
! silv]y spl5d\r ( ! foam4 ,e rock1 e   
islet is cov]$ ) vigor\s trees1 collect$
 9 clu/]s4 ,at ! foot ( ^? paps1 f> z ! 
eye c rea*1 a ?ick vap\r is susp5d$ ov] 

! riv]1 & ?r\gh ?is :iti% fog ! tops ( !
 l(ty palm-trees %oot up4 ,:at "n %all  
we give to ^! maje/ic plants8 ,i suppose
 !m to be ! vadgiai1 a new species ( !  
g5us ,oreodoxa1 ! trunk ( :i* is m ?an  
eighty feet high4 ,! fea!ry leaves ( ?is
 palm-tree h a brilliant lu/re1 & rise  
almo/ /raight t[>d ! sky4 ,at e h\r ( ! 
day ! %eet ( foam displays diff]5t      
aspects4 ,sometimes ! hilly isl&s & !   
palm-trees project _! broad %ad[s2      
sometimes ! rays ( ! sett+ sun are      
refract$ 9 ! cl\d t hangs ov] ! cat>act1
 & col\r$ arcs are =m$ :i* vani% & appe>
 alt]nately4  ,su* is ! "* ( ! l&scape  
discov]$ f ! top ( ! m\nta9 ( ,manimi1  
:i* no travell] has yet describ$4 ,i d n
 hesitate to repeat1 t nei!r "t1 nor !  
view ( ! ,cordill]as1 nor any abode 9 ! 
temp]ate valleys ( ,mexico1 has effac$ f
 my m9d ! p[]ful impression ( ! aspect (
 ! cat>acts4 ,:5 ,i read a description (
 ^? places 9 ,india t are embelli%$ by  
runn+ wat]s & a vigor\s vegetation1 my  
imag9ation retraces a sea ( foam &      

palm-trees1 ! tops ( :i* rise above a   
/ratum ( vap\r4 ,! maje/ic sc5es (      
nature1 l ! sublime works ( poetry & !  
arts1 leave remembrances t are          
incessantly awak5+1 & :i*1 ?r\gh ! :ole 
( life1 m+le ) all our feel+s ( :at is  
gr& & beautiful4  ,! calm ( ! atmosph]e1
 & ! tumultu\s movem5t ( ! wat]s1       
produce a contra/ peculi> to ?is zone4  
,"h no brea? ( w9d ev] agitates !       
foliage1 no cl\d veils ! spl5d\r ( !    
azure vault ( heav52 a great mass (     
light is diffus$ 9 ! air1 on ! e>? /rewn
 ) plants ) glossy leaves1 & on ! b$ ( !
 riv]1 :i* ext5ds z f> z ! eye c rea*4  
,?is appe>ance surprises ! travell] born
 9 ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,! idea ( wild     
sc5]y1 ( a torr5t ru%+ f rock to rock1  
is l9k$ 9 8 imag9ation ) t ( a climate  
:]e ! noise ( ! tempe/ is m+l$ ) ! s\nd 
( ! cat>act2 & :]e1 9 a gloomy & mi/y   
day1 sweep+ cl\ds seem to desc5d into ! 
valley1 & to re/ ^u ! tops ( ! p9es4 ,! 
l&scape ( ! tropics 9 ! l[ regions ( !  
cont95ts has a peculi> physiognomy1     

some?+ ( greatness & repose1 :i* x      
pres]ves ev5 :]e "o ( ! elem5ts is      
/ruggl+ ) inv9cible ob/acles4 ,ne> !    
equator1 hurricanes & tempe/s belong to 
isl&s only1 to des]ts de/itute ( plants1
 & to ^? spots :]e p>ts ( ! atmosph]e   
repose ^u surfaces f :i* ! radiation (  
heat is v unequal4  ,! m\nta9 ( ,manimi 
=ms ! ea/]n limit ( a pla9 :i* furni%es 
= ! hi/ory ( vegetation1 t is1 = its    
progressive developm5t 9 b>e & des]t    
places1 ! same ph5om5a :i* we h describ$
 above 9 speak+ ( ! raudal ( ,atures4   
,dur+ ! ra9y season1 ! wat]s heap       
vegetable e>? ^u ! granitic rock1 ! b>e 
%elves ( :i* ext5d horizontally4 ,^!    
isl&s ( m\ld1 decorat$ ) beautiful &    
odorif]\s plants1 resemble ! blocks (   
granite cov]$ ) fl[]s1 :i* ! inhabitants
 ( ! ,alps call g>d5s or c\rtils1 & :i* 
pi]ce ! glaci]s ( ,switz]l&4  ,9 a place
 :]e we _h ba!d ! day be=e1 at ! foot ( 
! rock ( ,manimi1 ! ,indians kill$ a    
s]p5t sev5 feet & a half long4 ,! ,macos
 call$ x a camudu4 ,its back display$1  

^u a yell[ gr\nd1 transv]se b&s1 p>tly  
black1 & p>tly incl9+ to a br[n gre53 "u
 ! belly ! b&s 7 blue1 & unit$ 9 rhombic
 spots4 ,?is animal1 :i* is n v5om\s1 is
 said by ! natives to atta9 m ?an fifte5
 feet 9 l5g?4 ,i ?\ght at fir/1 t !     
camudu 0 a boa2 b ,i saw ) surprise1 t !
 scales b5ea? ! tail 7 divid$ into two  
r[s4 ,x 0 !re=e a vip] 7colub]72 p]haps 
a py?on ( ! ,new ,cont95t3 ,i say       
p]haps1 = great naturali/s appe> to     
admit t all ! py?ons belong to ! ,old1 &
 all ! boas to ! ,new ,_w4 ,z ! boa (   
,pl9y 0 a s]p5t ( ,africa & ( ! s\? (   
,europe1 x w\ld h be5 well if ! boas (  
,am]ica _h be5 nam$ py?ons1 & ! py?ons (
 ,india be5 call$ boas4 ,! fir/ notions 
( an enorm\s reptile capable ( seiz+    
man1 & ev5 ! great quadrup$s1 came to u 
f ,india & ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,h[ev]      
indiff]5t names may be1 we c sc>cely    
admit ! idea1 t ! hemisph]e 9 :i*       
,virgil describ$ ! agonies ( ,laocoon 7a
 fable :i* ! ,greeks ( ,asia borr[$ f   
mu* m s\!rn nations7 does n possess !   

boa-con/rictor4 ,i w n augm5t !         
confusion ( zoological nom5clature by   
propos+ new *anges1 & %all conf9e myself
 to obs]v+ t at lea/ ! mission>ies & !  
lat9iz$ ,indians ( ! missions1 if n !   
plant]s ( ,guiana1 cle>ly di/+ui% !     
traga-v5ados 7real boas1 ) simple anal  
plates7 f ! culebras de agua1 or        
wat]-snakes1 l ! camudu 7py?ons ) d\ble 
anal scales74 ,! traga-v5ados h no      
transv]se b&s on ! back1 b a *a9 (      
rhombic or hexagonal spots4 ,"s species 
pref] ! drie/ places2 o!rs love ! wat]1 
z ! py?ons1 or culebras de agua4        
,advanc+ t[>ds ! we/1 we f9d ! hills or 
islets 9 ! des]t$ bran* ( ! ,or9oco     
cr[n$ ) ! same palm-trees t rise on !   
rocks ( ! cat>acts4 ,"o ( ^! hills1     
call$ ,k]i1 is celebrat$ 9 ! c\ntry on  
acc\nt ( a :ite spot :i* %9es f af>1 & 9
 :i* ! natives pr(ess to see ! image ( !
 full moon4 ,i c\ld n climb ?is /eep    
rock1 b ,i believe ! :ite spot to be a  
l>ge nodule ( qu>tz1 =m$ by ! union (   
sev]al ( ^? ve9s s common 9 granites    

pass+ into gneiss4 ,opposite ,k]i1 or ! 
,rock ( ! ,moon1 on ! tw9 m\nta9        
,ouivit>i1 :i* is an islet 9 ! mid/ ( ! 
cat>acts1 ! ,indians po9t out ) my/]i\s 
awe a simil> :ite spot4 ,x has ! =m ( a 
disc2 & !y say ?is is ! image ( ! sun   
7,camosi74 ,p]haps ! geographical       
situation ( ^! two objects has          
contribut$ to _! hav+ receiv$ ^! names4 
,k]i is on ! side ( ! sett+1 ,camosi on 
t ( ! ris+ sun4 ,languages be+ ! mo/    
anci5t hi/orical monum5ts ( nations1 "s 
le>n$ m5 h be5 s+ul>ly /ruck by !       
analogy betwe5 ! ,am]ican ^w camosi &   
camos*1 :i* seems to h signifi$         
orig9ally1 ! sun1 9 "o ( ! ,semitic     
dialects4 ,?is analogy has giv5 rise to 
hypo!ses :i* appe> to me at lea/ v      
problematical4 ,! god ( ! ,moabites1    
,*emo%1 or ,camos*1 :o has s we>i$ !    
pati5ce ( ! le>n$2 ,apollo ,*om5s1 cit$ 
by ,/rabo & by ,ammianus ,m>cell9us2    
,belphegor2 ,amun or ,hamon2 & ,adonis3 
all1 )\t d\bt1 repres5t ! sun 9 ! w9t]  
sol/ice2 b :at c we conclude f a solit>y

 & =tuit\s resemblance ( s\nds 9        
languages t h no?+ besides 9 common8  ,!
 ,maypure tongue is /ill spok5 at       
,atures1 al?\gh ! mission is inhabit$   
only by ,guahibos & ,macos4 ,at         
,maypures ! ,gu>ek5 & ,p>5i tongues only
 are n[ spok54 ,f ! ,rio ,anav5i1 :i*   
falls into ! ,or9oco nor? ( ,atures1 z  
f> z beyond ,jao1 & to ! m\? ( !        
,guavi>e 7betwe5 ! f\r? & six? degrees (
 latitude71 we ev]y:]e f9d riv]s1 !     
t]m9ation ( :i*1 v5i199 799 ,anav5i1    
,matav5i1 ,m>av5i1 etc47 recalls to m9d 
! ext5t to :i* ! ,maypure tongue        
h]et(ore prevail$4 ,v5i1 or w5i1        
signifies wat]1 or a riv]4 ,! words     
camosi & k]i1 :i* we h j cit$1 are ( !  
idiom ( ! ,p>5i ,indians199 799 ,or     
,p>5as1 :o mu/ n be conf\nd$ ei!r ) !   
,p>av5es ( ! ,rio ,caura 7,caul9 page   
#fi71 or ) ! ,p>ecas1 ^: language       
belongs to ! great family ( ! ,tamanac  
tongues4 ,a "y ,indian ( ,maypures1 :o  
call$ himself a ,p>ag9i1 answ]$ my      
que/ions almo/ 9 ! same words t ,m4     

,bonpl& he>d f a ,p>5i4 ,i h indicat$ ! 
diff]5ces 9 ! table1 see bel[47 :o1 ,i  
?9k ,i h he>d f ! natives1 liv$         
orig9ally on ! banks ( ! ,matav5i499 799
 ,s\? ( ! ,rio ,zama4 ,we slept 9 ! op5 
air ne> ! m\? ( ! ,matav5i on ! #bh? day
 ( ,may1 9 our return f ! ,rio ,negro47 
,! ,abbe ,gili consid]s ! ,p>5i z a     
simple dialect ( ! ,maypure4 ,?is "q _c 
be solv$ by a comp>ison ( ! roots m]ely4
 ,be+ totally ignorant ( ! grammatical  
/ructure ( ! ,p>5i1 ,i c raise b feeble 
d\bts aga9/ ! op9ion ( ! ,italian       
mission>y4 ,! ,p>5i is p]haps a mixture 
( two tongues t belong to diff]5t       
families2 l ! ,maquirit>i1 :i* is       
compos$ ( ! ,maypure & ! ,c>ibbee2 or1  
to cite an example bett] kn[n1 ! mod]n  
,p]sian1 :i* is alli$ at ! same "t to ! 
,sanscrit & to ! ,semitic tongues4 ,!   
foll[+ are ,p>5i words1 :i* ,i c>efully 
comp>$ ) ,maypure words499  ,,table ,,( 
,,p>5i ,,& ,,maypure ,,words ,,comp>$4  
,,column #a 3 ,,^w4  ,,column #b 3      
,,p>5i ,,^w4  ,,column #c 3 ,,maypure   

,,^w4 799 ,! words ( ! ,maypure language
 h be5 tak5 f ! works ( ,gili & ,h]vas4 
,i collect$ ! words plac$ betwe5 p>5!ses
 f a "y ,maco ,indian1 :o und]/ood !    
,maypure language47  ,! sun 3 ,camosi 3 
,kie 7,kiepurig74 ,! moon 3 ,k]i 3      
,kejapi 7,cagijapi74 ,a /> 3 ,ouipo 3   
,urrupu4 ,! devil 3 ,ame?ami 3 ,vasuri4 
,wat] 3 ,oneui 7ut7 3 ,ou5i4 ,fire 3    
,casi 3 ,catti4 ,lightn+ 3 ,eno 3       
,eno-ima499 799 ,i am ignorant ( :at ima
 signifies 9 ?is comp\nd ^w4 ,eno means 
9 ,maypure ! sky & ?und]4 ,ina signifies
 "m47 ,! head 3 ,ossipo 3 ,nu*ibucu499  
799 ,! syllables no & nu1 jo9$ to !     
words t designate p>ts ( ! body1 might h
 be5 suppress$2 !y answ] to ! possessive
 pron\n my47 ,! hair 3 ,nomao4 ,! eyes 3
 ,nopurizi 3 ,nupuriki4 ,! nose 3       
,nosivi 3 ,nukirri4 ,! m\? 3 ,nonoma 3  
,nunumacu4 ,! tee? 3 ,nasi 3 ,nati4 ,!  
tongue 3 ,notate 3 ,nu>e4 ,! e> 3       
,notas9e 3 ,nuak9i4 ,! *eek 3 ,nocaco4  
,! neck 3 ,nono 3 ,no9u4 ,! arm 3       
,nocano 3 ,nuana4 ,! h& 3 ,nucavi 3     

,nucapi4 ,! brea/ 3 ,notoroni4 ,! back 3
 ,notoli4 ,! ?igh 3 ,nocazo4 ,! nipples 
3 ,noc9i4 ,! foot 3 ,nocizi 3 ,nukii4 ,!
 toes 3 ,nociziriani4 ,! calf ( ! leg 3 
,nocavua4 ,a crocodile 3 ,cazuiti 3     
,amana4 ,a fi% 3 ,cimasi 3 ,timaki4     
,maize 3 ,cana 3 ,jomuki4 ,planta9 3    
,p>atana 7,teot799 3 ,arata4 799 ,we may
 be surpris$ to f9d ! ^w teot d5ote !   
em95tly nutritive sub/ance t supplies ! 
place ( corn 7! gift ( a b5efic5t       
div9ity71 & on :i* ! subsi/5ce ( man )9 
! tropics dep5ds4 ,i may "h m5tion1 t ! 
^w ,teo1 or ,teot1 :i* 9 ,aztec         
signifies ,god 7,teotl1 prop]ly ,teo1 = 
tl is only a t]m9ation71 is f\nd 9 !    
language ( ! ,betoi ( ! ,rio ,meta4 ,!  
"n ( ! moon1 9 ?is language s rem>kable 
= ! complication ( its grammatical      
/ructure1 is ,teo-ro4 ,! "n ( ! sun is  
,teo-umasoi4 ,! p>ticle ro designates a 
woman1 umasoi a man4 ,among ! ,betoi1 ! 
,maypures1 & s _m o!r nations ( bo?     
cont95ts1 ! moon is believ$ to be ! wife
 ( ! sun4 ,b :at is ?is root ,teo8 ,x   

appe>s to me v d\btful1 t ,teo-ro %\ld  
signify ,god-woman1 = ,memelu is ! "n ( 
! ,all-p[]ful ,be+ 9 ! ,betoi langnage47
 ,cacao 3 ,cacavua99 799 ,has ?is ^w be5
 introduc$ f a communication )          
,europeans8 ,x is almo/ id5tical ) !    
,mexican 7,aztec7 ^w cacava474 ,tobacco 
3 ,jema 3 ,jema4 ,pim5to 3 7,pumake74   
,mimosa +a 3 7,c>aba74 ,cecropia peltata
 3 7,jocovi74 ,ag>ic 3 7,cajuli74 ,ag>ic
 3 ,puziana 7,pagiana7 3 ,papeta        
7,popetas74 ,ag>ic 3 ,s9apa 7,a*9afe7 3 
,avanume 7,avanome74 ,ag>ic 3 ,meteuba  
7,meuteufafa7 3 ,apekiva 7,pejiiveji74  
,ag>ic 3 ,puriana vacavi 3 7,jaliva74   
,ag>ic 3 ,puriana vacavi us*anite4      
,ag>ic 3 ,puriassima vacavi 3 7,javiji74
  ,?is comp>ison seems to prove t !     
analogies obs]v$ 9 ! roots ( ! ,p>5i & !
 ,maypure tongues are n to be neglect$2 
!y are1 h[ev]1 sc>cely m frequ5t ?an ^? 
t h be5 obs]v$ betwe5 ! ,maypure ( !    
,upp] ,or9oco & ! language ( ! ,moxos1  
:i* is spok5 on ! banks ( ! ,m>mora1 f  
#ae to #bj degrees ( s\? latitude4 ,!   

,p>5is h 9 _! pronunciation ! ,engli% ?1
 or tsa ( ! ,arabians1 z ,i cle>ly he>d 
9 ! ^w ,ame?ami 7devil1 evil _s74 ,i ne$
 n aga9 notice ! orig9 ( ! ^w camosi4   
,solit>y resemblances ( s\nds are z     
little pro( ( communication betwe5      
nations z ! dissimilitude ( a few roots 
furni%es evid5ce aga9/ ! affiliation ( !
 ,g]man f ! ,p]sian & ! ,greek4 ,x is   
rem>kable1 h[ev]1 t ! names ( ! sun &   
moon are sometimes f\nd to be id5tical 9
 languages1 ! grammatical con/ruction ( 
:i* is entirely diff]5t2 ,i may cite z  
examples ! ,gu>any & ! ,omagua199       
languages ( nations =m]ly v p[]ful4 799 
,sun & ,moon1 9 ,gu>any1 ,qu>asi &      
,jasi2 9 ,omagua1 ,hu>assi & ,jase4 ,i  
%all give1 f>!r on1 ^! same words 9 !   
pr9cipal languages ( ! old & new worlds4
 ,see note bel[47 ,x may be conceiv$ t1 
) ! wor%ip ( ! />s & ( ! p[]s ( nature1 
words :i* h a relation to ^! objects    
might pass f "o idiom to ano!r4 ,i %[$ !
 con/ellation ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross to a    
,p>5i ,indian1 :o cov]$ ! lant]n :ile ,i

 0 tak+ ! circum-m]idian heights ( !    
/>s2 & he call$ x ,bahumehi1 a "n :i* ! 
c>ibe fi%1 or s]ra salme1 also be>s 9   
,p>5i4 ,he 0 ignorant ( ! "n ( ! belt ( 
,orion2 b a ,poignave ,indian199 :o knew
 ! con/ellations bett]1 assur$ me t 9 8 
tongue ! belt ( ,orion bore ! "n (      
,fuebot2 he call$ ! moon ,z5qu]ot4 799  
,at ! ,or9oco ! ,puignaves1 or          
,poignaves1 are di/+ui%$ f ! ,guipunaves
 7,uipunavi74 ,! latt]1 on acc\nt ( _!  
language1 are consid]$ z belong+ to !   
,maypure & ,cabre nations2 yet wat] is  
call$ 9 ,poignave1 z well z 9 ,maypure1 
ou5i47 ,^! two words h a v peculi> "* = 
words ( ,am]ican orig94 ,z ! names ( !  
con/ellations may h be5 transmitt$ to   
imm5se di/ances f "o nation to ano!r1 ^!
 ,poignave words h fix$ ! att5tion ( !  
le>n$1 :o h imag9$ !y recognize !       
,pho5ician & ,moabite tongues 9 ! ^w    
camosi ( ! ,p>5i4 ,fuebot & z5qu]ot seem
 to rem9d u ( ! ,pho5ician words mot    
7clay71 ardod 7oak-tree71 ephod1 etc4 ,b
 :at c we conclude f simple t]m9ations  

:i* are mo/ frequ5tly =eign to ! roots8 
,9 ,hebrew ! fem99e plurals t]m9ate also
 9 o?4 ,i not$ entire phrases 9         
,poignave2 b ! "y man :om ,i int]rogat$ 
spoke s quick t ,i c\ld n seize !       
division ( ! words1 & %\ld h mix$ !m    
confus$ly toge!r _h ,i attempt$ to write
 !m d[n499 799 ,= a curi\s example (    
?is1 see ! spee* ( ,artabanes 9         
,ari/ophanes 7,a*>n4 act #a sc5e #c7 :]e
 a ,greek has attempt$ to give a ,p]sian
 oration4 ,see also ,gibbon's ,roman    
,empire *apt] #ec note #ed1 = a curi\s  
example ( ! way 9 :i* =eign languages h 
be5 disfigur$ :5 x has be5 attempt$ to  
repres5t !m 9 a totally diff]5t tongue47
  ,! ,mission ne> ! raudal ( ,maypures 0
 v consid]able 9 ! "t ( ! ,jesuits1 :5 x
 reckon$ six hundr$ inhabitants1 among  
:om 7 sev]al families ( :ites4 ,"u !    
gov]nm5t ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,obs]vance !    
population 0 r$uc$ to less ?an sixty4 ,x
 mu/ be obs]v$ t 9 ?is "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica
 cultivation has be5 dim9i%+ = half a   
c5tury1 :ile beyond ! =e/s1 9 ! prov9ces

 ne> ! sea1 we f9d villages t conta9 f  
two or ?ree ?\s& ,indians4 ,!           
inhabitants ( ,maypures are a mild1     
temp]ate p1 & di/+ui%$ by great         
cleanl9ess4 ,! savages ( ! ,or9oco = !  
mo/ "p h n t inord9ate fondness = /rong 
liquors :i* prevails 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x
 is true t ! ,ottomacs1 ! ,j>uros1 !    
,a*aguas1 & ! ,c>ibs1 are (t5 intoxicat$
 by ! immod]ate use ( *iza & _m o!r     
f]m5t$ liquors1 :i* !y "k h[ to prep>e )
 cassava1 maize1 & ! sac*>9e fruit ( !  
palm-tree2 b travell]s h z usual        
g5]aliz$ :at belongs only to ! mann]s ( 
"s tribes4 ,we 7 frequ5tly unable to    
prevail ^u ! ,guahibos1 or !            
,maco-,piroas1 to ta/e br&y :ile !y 7   
lab\r+ = u1 & seem$ exhau/$ by fatigue4 
,x w require a long] resid5ce (         
,europeans 9 ^! c\ntries to spread !re !
 vices t are already common among !     
,indians on ! coa/4 ,9 ! huts ( !       
natives ( ,maypures we f\nd an appe>ance
 ( ord] & neatness1 r>ely met ) 9 !     
h\ses ( ! mission>ies4  ,^! natives     

cultivate planta9s & cassava1 b no      
maize4 ,cassava1 made into ?9 cakes1 is 
! bread ( ! c\ntry4 ,l ! great] "p ( !  
,indians ( ! ,or9oco1 ! inhabitants (   
,maypures h bev]ages :i* may be consid]$
 n\ri%+2 "o ( ^!1 mu* celebrat$ 9 t     
c\ntry1 is furni%$ by a palm-tree :i*   
gr[s wild 9 ! vic9ity ( ! mission on !  
banks ( ! ,auvana4 ,?is tree is ! seje3 
,i e/imat$ ! numb] ( fl[]s on "o clu/]  
at =ty-f\r ?\s&2 & t ( ! fruit1 ( :i* ! 
great] "p fall )\t rip5+1 at eight ?\s&4
 ,! fruit is a small fle%y drupe4 ,x is 
imm]s$ = a few m9utes 9 boil+ wat]1 to  
sep>ate ! k]nel f ! p>5*ymat\s "p ( !   
s>coc>p1 :i* has a sweet ta/e1 & is     
p\nd$ & bruis$ 9 a l>ge vessel fill$ )  
wat]4 ,! infusion yields a yell[i%      
liquor1 :i* ta/es l milk ( almonds4     
,sometimes papelon 7unref9$ sug>7 is    
add$4 ,! mission>y told u t ! natives   
become visibly fatt] dur+ ! two or ?ree 
mon?s 9 :i* !y dr9k ?is seje1 into :i*  
!y dip _! cakes ( cassava4 ,! pia*es1 or
 ,indian juggl]s1 g into ! =e/s1 & s\nd 

! botuto 7! sacr$ trumpet7 "u ! seje    
palm-trees1 to =ce ! tree1 !y say1 to   
yield an ample produce ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! 
p pay = ?is op]ation1 z ! ,mongols1 !   
,arabs1 & nations /ill ne>] to u1 pay ! 
*amans1 ! m>ab\ts1 & o!r classes (      
prie/s1 to drive away ! :ite ants & !   
locu/s by my/ic words or pray]s1 or to  
procure a cessation ( cont9u$ ra91 &    
inv]t ! ord] ( ! seasons4  ,i h a       
manufacture ( pott]y 9 my village1 said 
,fa!r ,zea1 :5 accompany+ u on a visit  
to an ,indian family1 :o 7 occupi$ 9    
bak+1 by a fire ( bru%wood1 9 ! op5 air1
 l>ge e>!n vessels1 two feet & a half   
high4 ,?is bran* ( manufacture is       
peculi> to ! v>i\s tribes ( ! great     
family ( ,maypures1 & !y appe> to h     
foll[$ x f "t immemorial4 ,9 e "p ( !   
=e/s1 f> f any human habitation1 on     
digg+ ! e>?1 fragm5ts ( pott]y & delf   
are f\nd4 ,! ta/e = ?is k9d (           
manufacture seems to h be5 common       
h]et(ore to ! natives ( bo? ,nor? & ,s\?
 ,am]ica4 ,to ! nor? ( ,mexico1 on !    

banks ( ! ,rio ,gila1 among ! ru9s ( an 
,aztec city2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ne> !   
tumuli ( ! ,miamis2 9 ,florida1 & 9 e   
place :]e any traces ( anci5t           
civilization are f\nd1 ! soil cov]s     
fragm5ts ( pa9t$ pott]y2 & ! extreme    
resemblance ( ! ornam5ts !y display is  
/rik+4 ,savage nations1 & ^? civiliz$   
p99 799 ,! ,h9doos1 ! ,tibetians1 !     
,*9ese1 ! anci5t ,egyptians1 ! ,aztecs1 
! ,p]uvians2 ) :om ! t5d5cy t[>d        
civilization 9 a body has prev5t$ ! free
 developm5t ( ! faculties (             
individuals47 :o are condemn$ by _!     
political & religi\s in/itutions always 
to imitate !mselves1 /rive1 z if by     
in/9ct1 to p]petuate ! same =ms1 to     
pres]ve a peculi> type or /yle1 & to    
foll[ ! me?ods & processes :i* 7 employ$
 by _! ance/ors4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1      
fragm5ts ( delf w>e h be5 discov]$ 9    
places :]e !re exi/ l9es ( =tification1 
& ! walls ( t[ns con/ruct$ by "s unkn[n 
nation1 n[ entirely ext9ct4 ,! pa9t+s on
 ^! fragm5ts h a great similitude to ^? 

:i* are execut$ 9 our days on e>!nw>e by
 ! natives ( ,l\isiana & ,florida4 ,?us 
too1 ! ,indians ( ,maypures (t5 pa9t$   
be=e our eyes ! same ornam5ts z ^? we _h
 obs]v$ 9 ! cav]n ( ,at>uipe1 on ! vases
 conta9+ human bones4 ,!y 7 grecques1   
me&]s1 & figures ( crocodiles1 (        
monkeys1 & ( a l>ge quadrup$ :i* ,i c\ld
 n recognize1 ?\gh x _h always ! same   
squat =m4 ,i might haz>d ! hypo!sis t x 
belongs to ano!r c\ntry1 & t ! type _h  
be5 br\ght ?i!r 9 ! great migration ( ! 
,am]ican nations f ! nor?-we/ to ! s\? &
 s\?-ea/2 b ,i am r incl9$ to believe t 
! figure is int5d$ to repres5t a tapir1 
& t ! de=m$ image ( a native animal has 
become by degrees "o ( ! types t has be5
 pres]v$4  ,! ,maypures execute ) !     
greate/ skill grecques1 or ornam5ts =m$ 
by /raight l9es v>i\sly comb9$1 simil>  
to ^? t we f9d on ! vases ( ,magna      
,grecia1 on ! ,mexican edifices at      
,mitla1 & 9 ! works ( s _m nations :o1  
)\t communication ) ea* o!r1 f9d alike a
 s5sible pleasure 9 ! symmetric         

repetition ( ! same =ms4 ,arabesques1   
me&]s1 & grecques1 please our eyes1     
because ! elem5ts ( :i* _! s]ies is     
compos$1 foll[ 9 rhy?mic ord]4 ,! eye   
f9ds 9 ?is ord]1 9 ! p]iodical return ( 
! same =ms1 :at ! e> di/+ui%es 9 !      
cad5c$ succession ( s\nds & concords4 ,c
 we !n admit a d\bt t ! feel+ ( rhy?m   
manife/s itself 9 man at ! fir/ dawn (  
civilization1 & 9 ! rude/ essays (      
poetry & song8  ,among ! natives (      
,maypures1 ! mak+ ( pott]y is an        
occupation pr9cipally conf9$ to ! wom54 
,!y purify ! clay by repeat$ wa%+s1 =m x
 into cyl9d]s1 & m\ld ! l>ge/ vases ) _!
 h&s4 ,! ,am]ican ,indian is unacqua9t$ 
) ! pott]'s :eel1 :i* 0 famili> to !    
nations ( ! ea/ 9 ! remote/ antiquity4  
,we may be surpris$ t ! mission>ies h n 
introduc$ ?is simple & useful ma*9e     
among ! natives ( ! ,or9oco1 yet we mu/ 
recollect t ?ree c5turies h n suffic$ to
 make x kn[n among ! ,indians ( !       
p59sula ( ,araya1 opposite ! port (     
,cumana4 ,! col\rs us$ by ! ,maypures   

are ! oxides ( iron & manganese1 &      
p>ticul>ly ! yell[ & r$ o*res t are f\nd
 9 ! holl[s ( s&/one4 ,sometimes !      
fecula ( ! ,bignonia *ica is employ$1   
aft] ! pott]y has be5 expos$ to a feeble
 fire4 ,?is pa9t+ is cov]$ ) a v>ni% (  
alg>obo1 :i* is ! transp>5t res9 ( !    
,hym5aea c\rb>il4 ,! l>ge vessels 9 :i* 
! *iza is pres]v$ are call$ ciamacu1 !  
smalle/ be> ! "n ( mucra1 f :i* ^w !    
,spani>ds ( ! coa/ h fram$ murcura4 ,n  
only ! ,maypures1 b also ! ,guaypunaves1
 ! ,c>ibs1 ! ,ottomacs1 & ev5 ! ,guamos1
 are di/+ui%$ at ! ,or9oco z mak]s (    
pa9t$ pott]y1 & ?is manufacture ext5d$  
=m]ly t[>ds ! banks ( ! ,amazon4        
,orellana 0 /ruck ) ! pa9t$ ornam5ts on 
! w>e ( ! ,omaguas1 :o 9 8 "t 7 a       
popul\s comm]cial nation4  ,! foll[+    
facts ?r[ "s light on ! hi/ory (        
,am]ican civilization4 ,9 ! ,unit$      
,/ates1 we/ ( ! ,allegh5y m\nta9s1      
p>ticul>ly betwe5 ! ,ohio & ! great     
lakes ( ,canada1 on digg+ ! e>?1        
fragm5ts ( pa9t$ pott]y1 m+l$ ) brass   

tools1 are con/antly f\nd4 ,?is mixture 
may well surprise u 9 a c\ntry :]e1 on !
 fir/ arrival ( ,europeans1 ! natives 7 
ignorant ( ! use ( metals4 ,9 ! =e/s (  
,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* ext5d f ! equator z f>
 z ! eigh? degree ( nor? latitude1 f !  
foot ( ! ,&es to ! ,atlantic1 ?is pa9t$ 
pott]y is discov]$ 9 ! mo/ des]t places1
 b x is f\nd accompani$ by hat*ets (    
jade & o!r h>d /ones1 skilfully p]=at$4 
,no metallic tools or ornam5ts h ev] be5
 discov]$2 ?\gh 9 ! m\nta9s on ! %ore1 &
 at ! back ( ! ,cordill]as1 ! art (     
melt+ gold & copp]1 & ( mix+ ! latt]    
metal ) t9 to make cutt+ in/rum5ts1 0   
kn[n4 ,h[ c we acc\nt = ^! contra/s     
betwe5 ! temp]ate & ! torrid zone8 ,!   
,incas ( ,p]u _h pu%$ _! conque/s & _!  
religi\s w>s z f> z ! banks ( ! ,napo & 
! ,amazon1 :]e _! language ext5d$ ov] a 
small space ( l&2 b ! civilization ( !  
,p]uvians1 ( ! inhabitants ( ,quito1 & (
 ! ,muyscas ( ,new ,gr5ada1 nev] appe>s 
to h _h any s5sible influ5ce on ! moral 
/ate ( ! nations ( ,guiana4 ,x mu/ be   

obs]v$ fur!r1 t 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 betwe5 
! ,ohio1 ,miami1 & ! ,lakes1 an unkn[n  
p1 :om sy/ematic au?ors w\ld make !     
desc5dants ( ! ,toltecs & ,aztecs1      
con/ruct$ walls ( e>? & sometimes ( /one
 )\t mort>199 f t5 to fifte5 feet high1 
& sev5 or eight ?\s& feet long4 799 ,(  
silice\s lime/one1 at ,pique1 on !      
,great ,miami2 ( s&/one at ,creek ,po9t1
 t5 leagues f ,*illako!1 :]e ! wall is  
fifte5 hundr$ toises long47 ,^! s+ul>   
circumvallations sometimes enclos$ a    
hundr$ & fifty acres ( gr\nd4 ,9 ! pla9s
 ( ! ,or9oco1 z 9 ^? ( ,m>ietta1 !      
,miami1 & ! ,ohio1 ! c5tre ( an anci5t  
civilization is f\nd 9 ! we/ on ! back (
 ! m\nta9s2 b ! ,or9oco1 & ! c\ntries   
ly+ betwe5 t great riv] & ! ,amazon1    
appe> nev] to h be5 inhabit$ by nations 
^: con/ructions h resi/$ ! ravages ( "t4
 ,?\gh symbolical figures are f\nd      
engrav$ on ! h>de/ rocks1 yet fur!r s\? 
?an eight degrees ( latitude1 no        
tumulus1 no circumvallation1 no dike (  
e>? simil> to ^? t exi/ f>!r nor? 9 !   

pla9s ( ,v>9as & ,canagua1 has be5 f\nd4
 ,su* is ! contra/ t may be obs]v$      
betwe5 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,nor? & ,s\?      
,am]ica1 ^? p>ts :i* ext5d f ! table-l& 
( ,cund9am>ca99 799 ,?is is ! anci5t "n 
( ! empire ( ! ,zaques1 f\nd$ by ,bo*ica
 or ,idacanzas1 ! high prie/ ( ,iraca1 9
 ,new ,gr5ada47 & ! m\nta9s ( ,cay5ne   
t[>ds ! ,atlantic1 & ^? :i* /ret* f !   
,&es ( ,new ,spa9 t[>ds ! ,allegh5ies4  
,nations advanc$ 9 civilization1 ( :i*  
we discov] traces on ! banks ( lake     
,teguyo & 9 ! ,casas gr&es ( ! ,rio     
,gila1 might h s5t "s tribes ea/w>d into
 ! op5 c\ntries ( ! ,miss\ri & ! ,ohio1 
:]e ! climate diff]s little f t ( ,new  
,mexico2 b 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e ! great  
flux ( nations has cont9u$ f nor? to    
s\?1 ^? :o _h long enjoy$ ! mild        
temp]ature ( ! back ( ! equ9octial      
,cordill]as no d\bt dread$ a desc5t into
 burn+ pla9s bri/l$ ) =e/s1 & inundat$  
by ! p]iodical swell+s ( riv]s4 ,x is   
easy to conceive h[ mu* ! =ce (         
vegetation1 & ! nature ( ! soil &       

climate1 )9 ! torrid zone1 emb>rass$ !  
natives 9 reg>d to migration 9 num]\s   
bodies1 prev5t$ settlem5ts requir+ an   
ext5sive space1 & p]petuat$ ! mis]y &   
b>b>ism ( solit>y hordes4  ,! feeble    
civilization introduc$ 9 our days by !  
,spani% monks pursues a retrograde      
c\rse4 ,fa!r ,gili relates t1 at ! "t ( 
! exp$ition to ! b\nd>ies1 agriculture  
began to make "s progress on ! banks ( !
 ,or9oco2 & t cattle1 especially goats1 
_h multipli$ consid]ably at ,maypures4  
,we f\nd no goats1 ei!r 9 ! mission or 9
 any o!r village ( ! ,or9oco2 !y _h all 
be5 dev\r$ by ! tig]s4 ,! black & :ite  
bre$s ( pigs only1 ! latt] ( :i* are    
call$ ,fr5* pigs 7pu]cos franceses71    
because !y are believ$ to h come f !    
,c>ibbee ,isl&s1 h resi/$ ! pursuit (   
wild bea/s4 ,we saw ) mu* pleasure      
guacamayas1 or tame macaws1 r\nd ! huts 
( ! ,indians1 & fly+ to ! fields l our  
pigeons4 ,?is bird is ! l>ge/ & mo/     
maje/ic species ( p>rot ) nak$ *eeks t  
we f\nd 9 our travels4 ,x is call$ 9    

,m>ativitan1 cahuei4 ,includ+ ! tail1 x 
is two feet ?ree in*es long4 ,we _h     
obs]v$ x also on ! banks ( ! ,atabapo1 !
 ,temi1 & ! ,rio ,negro4 ,! fle% ( !    
cahuei1 :i* is frequ5tly eat51 is black 
& some:at t\gh4 ,^! macaws1 ^: plumage  
gl[s ) vivid t9ts ( purple1 blue1 &     
yell[1 are a great ornam5t to ! ,indian 
f>m-y>ds2 !y d n yield 9 beauty to !    
peacock1 ! gold5 pheasant1 ! pauxi1 or !
 alector4 ,! practice ( re>+ p>rots1    
birds ( a family s diff]5t f !          
gall9ace\s tribes1 0 rem>k$ by          
,columbus4 ,:5 he discov]$ ,am]ica he   
saw macaws1 or l>ge p>rots1 :i* s]v$ z  
food to ! natives ( ! ,c>ibbee ,isl&s1  
in/ead ( f[ls4  ,a maje/ic tree1 m ?an  
sixty feet high1 :i* ! plant]s call     
fruta de burro1 gr[s 9 ! vic9ity ( !    
little village ( ,maypures4 ,x is a new 
species ( ! unona1 & has ! /atel9ess ( !
 ,uv>ia zeylanica ( ,aublet4 ,its       
bran*es are /raight1 & rise 9 a pyramid1
 ne>ly l ! popl> ( ! ,mississippi1      
errone\sly call$ ! ,lomb>dy popl>4 ,!   

tree is celebrat$ = its aromatic fruit1 
! infusion ( :i* is a p[]ful febrifuge4 
,! poor mission>ies ( ! ,or9oco1 :o are 
afflict$ ) t]tian fev]s dur+ a great "p 
( ! ye>1 seldom travel )\t a little bag 
fill$ ) frutas de burro4 ,i h already   
obs]v$ t betwe5 ! tropics1 ! use (      
aromatics1 = in/ance v /rong c(fee1 !   
,croton casc>illa1 or ! p]ic>p ( !      
,unona xylopioides1 is g5]ally pref]r$  
to t ( ! a/r+5t b>k ( c9*ona1 or (      
,bonpl&ia trifolatia1 :i* is ! ,ango/ura
 b>k4 ,! p ( ,am]ica h ! mo/ invet]ate  
prejudice aga9/ ! employm5t ( diff]5t   
k9ds ( c9*ona2 & 9 ! v c\ntries :]e ?is 
valuable rem$y gr[s1 !y try 7to use _!  
own phrase7 to cut (f ! fev]1 by        
infusions ( ,scop>ia dulcis1 & hot      
lemonade prep>$ ) sug> & ! small wild   
lime1 ! r9d ( :i* is equally oily &     
aromatic4  ,! wea!r 0 unfav\rable =     
a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,i obta9$1     
h[ev]1 on ! #bj? ( ,april1 a good s]ies 
( correspond+ altitudes ( ! sun1 accord+
 to :i* ! *ronomet] gave #gj degrees #cg

 m9utes #cc seconds = ! longitude ( !   
mission ( ,maypures2 ! latitude 0 f\nd1 
by a /> obs]v$ t[>ds ! nor?1 to be #e   
degrees #ac m9utes #eg seconds2 & by a  
/> obs]v$ t[>ds ! s\?1 #e degrees #ac   
m9utes #g seconds4 ,! error ( ! mo/     
rec5t maps is half a degree ( longitude 
& half a degree ( latitude4 ,x w\ld be  
difficult to relate ! tr\ble & torm5ts  
:i* ^! nocturnal obs]vations co/ u4     
,n[h]e is a d5s] cl\d ( mosquitos to be 
f\nd4 ,x =m$1 z x 71 a p>ticul> /ratum  
"s feet above ! gr\nd1 & x ?ick5$ z we  
br\ght lights to illum9e our artificial 
horizon4 ,! inhabitants ( ,maypures1 = !
 mo/ "p1 quit ! village to sleep 9 !    
islets amid ! cat>acts1 :]e ! numb] (   
insects is less2 o!rs make a fire (     
bru%wood 9 _! huts1 & susp5d _! hammocks
 9 ! mid/ ( ! smoke4  ,we sp5t two days 
& a half 9 ! little village ( ,maypures1
 on ! banks ( ! great ,upp] ,cat>act1 & 
on ! #ba/ ,april we emb>k$ 9 ! canoe we 
_h obta9$ f ! mission>y ( ,c>i*ana4 ,x 0
 mu* damag$ by ! %oals x _h /ruck aga9/1

 & ! c>elessness ( ! ,indians2 b /ill   
great] dang]s await$ x4 ,x 0 to be      
dragg$ ov] l&1 across an i/hmus (       
?irty-six ?\s& feet2 f ! ,rio ,tuam9i to
 ! ,rio ,negro1 to g up by ! ,cassiqui>e
 to ! ,or9oco1 & to repass ! two        
raudales4  ,:5 ! travell] has pass$ !   
,great ,cat>acts1 he feels z if he 7 9 a
 new _w1 & _h ov]/epp$ ! b>ri]s :i*     
nature seems to h rais$ betwe5 !        
civiliz$ c\ntries ( ! coa/ & ! savage & 
unkn[n int]ior4 ,t[>ds ! ea/1 9 ! blui% 
di/ance1 we saw = ! la/ "t ! high *a9 ( 
! ,cunavami m\nta9s4 ,its long1         
horizontal ridge rem9d$ u ( ! ,mesa ( ! 
,brigant9e1 ne> ,cumana2 b x t]m9ates by
 a truncat$ summit4 ,! ,peak (          
,calitam9i 7! "n giv5 to ?is summit7    
gl[s at sunset z ) a r$di% fire4 ,?is   
appe>ance is e day ! same4 ,no "o ev]   
approa*$ ?is m\nta91 ! height ( :i* does
 n exce$ six hundr$ toises4 ,i believe  
?is spl5d\r1 commonly r$di% b sometimes 
silv]y1 to be a reflection produc$ by   
l>ge plates ( talc1 or by gneiss pass+  

into mica-slate4 ,! :ole ( ?is c\ntry   
conta9s granitic rocks1 on :i* "h & !re1
 9 little pla9s1 an argillace\s         
grit-/one imm$iately reposes1 conta9+   
fragm5ts ( qu>tz & ( br[n iron-ore4  ,9 
go+ to ! emb>cad]o1 we caught on ! trunk
 ( a hevea99 799 ,"o ( ^? trees ^: milk 
yields ca\t*\c47 a new species (        
tree-frog1 rem>kable = its beautiful    
col\rs2 x _h a yell[ belly1 ! back &    
head ( a f9e velvety purple1 & a v n>r[ 
/ripe ( :ite f ! po9t ( ! nose to ! h9d]
 extremities4 ,?is frog 0 two in*es     
long1 & alli$ to ! ,rana t9ctoria1 !    
blood ( :i*1 x is ass]t$1 introduc$ into
 ! sk9 ( a p>rot1 9 places :]e ! fea!rs 
h be5 pluck$ out1 occasions ! gr[? (    
frizzl$ fea!rs ( a yell[ or r$ col\r4 ,!
 ,indians %[$ u on ! way1 :at is no d\bt
 v curi\s 9 t c\ntry1 traces ( c>t:eels 
9 ! rock4 ,!y spoke1 z ( an unkn[n      
animal1 ( ^? bea/s ) l>ge horns1 :i*1 at
 ! "t ( ! exp$ition to ! b\nd>ies1 drew 
! boats ?r\gh ! valley ( ,k]i1 f ! ,rio 
,top>o to ! ,rio ,cameji1 to avoid !    

cat>acts1 & save ! tr\ble ( unload+ !   
m]*&ize4 ,i believe ^! poor inhabitants 
( ,maypures w\ld n[ be z mu* a/oni%$ at 
! sight ( an ox ( ! ,spani% bre$1 z !   
,romans 7 at ! sight ( ! ,lucanian ox51 
z !y call$ ! elephants ( ! army (       
,pyrrhus4  ,we emb>k$ at ,pu]to de      
,arriba1 & pass$ ! ,raudal de ,cameji ) 
"s difficulty4 ,?is passage is reput$ to
 be dang]\s :5 ! wat] is v high2 b we   
f\nd ! surface ( ! riv] beyond ! raudal 
z smoo? z glass4 ,we pass$ ! night 9 a  
rocky isl& call$ ,pi$ra ,raton1 :i* is  
?ree-qu>t]s ( a league long1 & displays 
t s+ul> aspect ( ris+ vegetation1 ^?    
clu/]s ( %rubs1 scatt]$ ov] a b>e &     
rocky soil1 ( :i* we h (t5 spok54  ,on !
 #bbnd ( ,april we dep>t$ an h\r & a    
half be=e sunrise4 ,! morn+ 0 humid b   
delici\s2 n a brea? ( w9d 0 felt2 = s\? 
( ,atures & ,maypures a p]petual calm   
prevails4 ,on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,negro & 
! ,cassiqui>e1 at ! foot ( ,c]ro ,duida1
 & at ! mission ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 we nev]
 he>d t ru/l+ ( ! leaves :i* has su* a  

peculi> *>m 9 v hot climates4 ,! w9d+s (
 riv]s1 ! %elt] ( m\nta9s1 ! ?ickness ( 
! =e/s1 & ! almo/ cont9ual ra9s1 at "o  
or two degrees ( latitude nor? ( !      
equator1 contribute no d\bt to ?is      
ph5om5on1 :i* is peculi> to ! missions (
 ! ,or9oco4  ,9 t "p ( ! valley ( !     
,amazon :i* is s\? ( ! equator1 b at !  
same di/ance f x1 z ! places j m5tion$1 
a /rong w9d always rises two h\rs aft]  
mid-day4 ,?is w9d bl[s con/antly aga9/ !
 /ream1 & is felt only 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]4 
,bel[ ,san ,borja x is an ea/]ly w9d2 at
 ,tomep5da ,i f\nd x betwe5 nor? &      
nor?-nor?-ea/2 x is /ill ! same breeze1 
! w9d ( ! rotation ( ! globe1 b modifi$ 
by slight local circum/ances4 ,by fav\r 
( ?is g5]al breeze y may g up ! ,amazon 
"u sail1 f ,gr& ,p>a z f> z ,tefe1 a    
di/ance ( sev5 hundr$ & fifty leagues4  
,9 ! prov9ce ( ,ja5 de ,bracamoros1 at !
 foot ( ! we/]n declivity ( !           
,cordill]as1 ?is ,atlantic breeze rises 
sometimes to a tempe/4  ,x is highly    
probable t ! great salubrity ( ! ,amazon

 is ow+ to ?is con/ant breeze4 ,9 !     
/agnant air ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco ! *emical 
aff9ities act m p[]fully1 & m delet]i\s 
miasmata are =m$4 ,! insalubrity ( !    
climate w\ld be ! same on ! woody banks 
( ! ,amazon1 if t riv]1 runn+ l ! ,nig] 
f we/ to ea/1 did n foll[ 9 its imm5se  
l5g? ! same direction1 :i* is t ( !     
trade-w9ds4 ,! valley ( ! ,amazon is    
clos$ only at its we/]n extremity1 :]e x
 approa*es ! ,cordill]as ( ! ,&es4      
,t[>ds ! ea/1 :]e ! sea-breeze /rikes ! 
,new ,cont95t1 ! %ore is rais$ b a few  
feet above ! level ( ! ,atlantic4 ,!    
,upp] ,or9oco fir/ runs f ea/ to we/1 & 
!n f nor? to s\?4 ,:]e its c\rse is     
ne>ly p>allel to t ( ! ,amazon1 a v     
hilly c\ntry 7! gr\p ( ! m\nta9s (      
,p>ima & ( ,dut* & ,fr5* ,guiana7       
sep>ates x f ! ,atlantic1 & prev5ts !   
w9d ( rotation f rea*+ ,esm]alda4 ,?is  
w9d beg9s to be p[]fully felt only f !  
conflu5ce ( ! ,apure1 :]e ! ,l[] ,or9oco
 runs f we/ to ea/ 9 a va/ pla9 op5     
t[>ds ! ,atlantic1 & !re=e ! climate (  

?is "p ( ! riv] is less noxi\s ?an t ( !
 ,upp] ,or9oco4  ,9 ord] to add a ?ird  
po9t ( comp>ison1 ,i may m5tion ! valley
 ( ! ,rio ,magdal5a1 :i*1 l ! ,amazon1  
has "o direction only1 b un=tunately1   
in/ead ( be+ t ( ! breeze1 x is f s\? to
 nor?4 ,situat$ 9 ! region ( !          
trade-w9ds1 ! ,rio ,magdal5a has !      
/agnant air ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,f !     
canal ( ,mahates z f> z ,honda1         
p>ticul>ly s\? ( ! t[n ( ,mompox1 we    
nev] felt ! w9d bl[ b at ! approa* ( !  
ev5+ /orms4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 y proce$ 
up ! riv] beyond ,honda1 y f9d !        
atmosph]e (t5 agitat$4 ,! /rong w9ds t  
are +ulf$ 9 ! valley ( ,neiva are not$ =
 _! excessive heat4 ,we may be at fir/  
surpris$ to p]ceive t ! calm ceases z we
 approa* ! l(ty m\nta9s 9 ! upp] c\rse (
 ! riv]1 b ?is a/oni%m5t ends :5 we     
recollect t ! dry & burn+ w9ds ( !      
,llanos de ,neiva are ! effect ( desc5d+
 curr5ts4 ,! columns ( cold air ru% f ! 
top ( ! ,nevados ( ,qu9diu & ( ,guanacas
 into ! valley1 driv+ be=e !m ! l[]     

/rata ( ! atmosph]e4 ,ev]y:]e ! unequal 
heat+ ( ! soil1 & ! proximity ( m\nta9s 
cov]$ ) p]petual sn[1 cause p>tial      
curr5ts )9 ! tropics1 z well z 9 !      
temp]ate zone4 ,! viol5t w9ds ( ,neiva  
are n ! effect ( a rep]cussion ( !      
trade-w9ds2 !y rise :]e ^? w9ds _c      
p5etrate2 & if ! m\nta9s ( ! ,upp]      
,or9oco1 ! tops ( :i* are g5]ally cr[n$ 
) trees1 7 m elevat$1 !y w\ld produce ! 
same impetu\s movem5ts 9 ! atmosph]e z  
we obs]ve 9 ! ,cordill]as ( ,p]u1 (     
,abyss9ia1 & ( ,?ibet4 ,! intimate      
connection t exi/s betwe5 ! direction ( 
riv]s1 ! height & disposition ( !       
adjac5t m\nta9s1 ! movem5ts ( !         
atmosph]e1 & ! salubrity ( ! climate1   
are subjects well wor?y ( att5tion4 ,!  
/udy ( ! surface & ! inequalities ( !   
soil w\ld inde$ be irksome & useless 7 x
 n connect$ ) m g5]al consid]ations4    
,at ! di/ance ( six miles f ! isl& (    
,pi$ra ,raton we pass$1 fir/1 on ! ea/1 
! m\? ( ! ,rio ,sipapo1 call$ ,tipapu by
 ! ,indians2 & !n1 on ! we/1 ! m\? ( !  

,rio ,vi*ada4 ,ne> ! latt] are "s rocks 
cov]$ by ! wat]1 t =m a small cascade or
 raudalito4 ,! ,rio ,sipapo1 :i* ,fa!r  
,gili w5t up 9 #ageg1 & :i* he says is  
twice z broad z ! ,tib]1 comes f a      
consid]able *a9 ( m\nta9s1 :i* 9 its    
s\!rn "p be>s ! "n ( ! riv]1 & jo9s !   
gr\p ( ,calitam9i & ( ,cunavami4 ,next  
to ! ,peak ( ,duida1 :i* rises above !  
mission ( ,esm]alda1 ! ,c]ros ( ,sipapo 
appe>$ to me ! mo/ l(ty ( ! :ole        
,cordill]a ( ,p>ima4 ,!y =m an imm5se   
wall ( rocks1 %oot+ up abruptly f !     
pla91 its craggy ridge ( runn+ f        
s\?-s\?-ea/ to nor?-nor?-we/4 ,i believe
 ^! crags1 ^! ind5tations1 :i* equally  
occur 9 ! s&/one ( ,monts]rat 9         
,catalonia199 799 ,f !m ! "n (          
,monts]rat is d]iv$1 ,monte ,s]rato     
signify+ a m\nta9 ridg$ or jagg$ l a    
saw47 are ow+ to blocks ( granite heap$ 
toge!r4 ,! ,c]ros de ,sipapo we> a      
diff]5t aspect e h\r ( ! day4 ,at       
sunrise ! ?ick vegetation ) :i* ^!      
m\nta9s are clo!d is t+$ ) t d>k gre5   

incl9+ to br[n1 :i* is peculi> to a     
region :]e trees ) coriace\s leaves     
prevail4 ,broad & /rong %ad[s are       
project$ on ! neighb\r+ pla91 & =m a    
contra/ ) ! vivid light diffus$ ov] !   
gr\nd1 9 ! air1 & on ! surface ( !      
wat]s4 ,b t[>ds noon1 :5 ! sun rea*es   
its z5i?1 ^! /rong %ad[s gradually      
disappe>1 & ! :ole gr\p is veil$ by an  
a]ial vap\r ( a mu* deep] azure ?an t ( 
! l[] regions ( ! cele/ial vault4 ,^!   
vap\rs1 circulat+ ar\nd ! rocky ridge1  
s(t5 its outl9e1 temp] ! effects ( !    
light1 & give ! l&scape t aspect (      
calmness & repose :i* 9 nature1 z 9 !   
works ( ,claude ,lorra9e & ,p\ss91      
arises f ! h>mony ( =ms & col\rs4       
,cruz]o1 ! p[]ful *ief ( ! ,guaypunaves1
 long resid$ beh9d ! m\nta9s ( ,sipapo1 
aft] hav+ quitt$ ) 8 w>like horde !     
pla9s betwe5 ! ,rio ,inirida & !        
,*amo*iqu9i4 ,! ,indians told u t ! =e/s
 :i* cov] ! ,sipapo ab\nd 9 ! climb+    
plant call$ vehuco de maimure4 ,?is     
species ( liana is celebrat$ among !    

,indians1 & s]ves = mak+ baskets & weav+
 mats4 ,! =e/s ( ,sipapo are altoge!r   
unkn[n1 & !re ! mission>ies place !     
nation ( ! ,rayas199 ^: m\?s are believ$
 to be 9 _! navels4  799 ,rays1 on      
acc\nt ( ! pret5d$ analogy ) ! fi% ( ?is
 "n1 ! m\? ( :i* seems z if =c$ d[nw>ds 
bel[ ! body4 ,?is s+ul> leg5d has be5   
spread f> & wide ov] ! e>?4 ,%akespe>e  
has describ$ ,o!llo z rec\nt+ m>vell\s  
tales3  ( cannibals t d ea* o!r eat3 ,( 
,an?ropophagi1 & m5 ^: heads ,d gr[     
b5ea? _! %\ld]s47  ,an old ,indian1 :om 
we met at ,c>i*ana1 & :o boa/$ ( hav+   
(t5 eat5 human fle%1 _h se5 ^! acephali 
) 8 own eyes4 ,^! absurd fables are     
spread z f> z ! ,llanos1 :]e y are n    
always p]mitt$ to d\bt ! exi/5ce ( !    
,raya ,indians4 ,9 e zone intol]ance    
accompanies cr$ulity2 & x might be said 
t ! fictions ( anci5t geograph]s _h     
pass$ f "o hemisph]e to ! o!r1 did we n 
"k t ! mo/ fanta/ic productions ( !     
imag9ation1 l ! works ( nature1 furni%  
ev]y:]e a c]ta9 analogy ( aspect & ( =m4

  ,we l&$ at ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,vi*ada or  
,visata to exam9e ! plants ( t "p ( !   
c\ntry4 ,! sc5]y is v s+ul>4 ,! =e/ is  
?91 & an innum]able quantity ( small    
rocks rise f ! pla94 ,^! =m massy       
prisms1 ru9$ pill>s1 & solit>y t[]s     
fifte5 or tw5ty feet high4 ,"s are %ad$ 
by ! trees ( ! =e/1 o!rs h _! summits   
cr[n$ ) palms4 ,^! rocks are ( granite  
pass+ into gneiss4 ,at ! conflu5ce ( !  
,vi*ada ! rocks ( granite1 & :at is /ill
 m rem>kable1 ! soil itself1 are cov]$ )
 moss & li*5s4 ,^! latt] resemble !     
,cladonia pyxidata & ! ,li*5 rangif]9us1
 s common 9 ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,we c\ld  
sc>cely p]suade ourselves t we 7 elevat$
 less ?an "o hundr$ toises above ! level
 ( ! sea1 9 ! fif? degree ( latitude1 9 
! c5tre ( ! torrid zone1 :i* has s long 
be5 ?\ght to be de/itute ( cryptogam\s  
plants4 ,! mean temp]ature ( ?is %ady & 
humid spot probably exce$s tw5ty-six    
degrees ( ! c5tigrade !rmomet]4         
,reflect+ on ! small quantity ( ra9 :i* 
_h hi!rto fall51 we 7 surpris$ at !     

beautiful v]dure ( ! =e/s4 ,?is         
peculi>ity *>act]ises ! valley ( ! ,upp]
 ,or9oco2 on ! coa/ ( ,c>acas1 & 9 !    
,llanos1 ! trees 9 w9t] 79 ! season     
call$ summ] 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 nor? ( !    
equator7 are /ripp$ ( _! leaves1 & !    
gr\nd is cov]$ only ) yell[ & )]$ grass4
 ,betwe5 ! solit>y rocks j describ$     
arise "s high plants ( column> cactus   
7,cactus septemangul>is71 a v r>e       
appe>ance s\? ( ! cat>acts ( ,atures &  
,maypures4  ,amid ?is picturesque sc5e  
,m4 ,bonpl& 0 =tunate en\gh to f9d      
sev]al specim5s ( ,laurus c9namomoides1 
a v aromatic species ( c9namon1 kn[n at 
! ,or9oco by ! names ( v>imacu & (      
canelilla499 799 ,! dim9utive ( !       
,spani% ^w canela1 :i* signifies        
c9namon47 ,?is valuable production is   
f\nd also 9 ! valley ( ! ,rio ,caura1 z 
well z ne> ,esm]alda1 & ea/w>d ( !      
,great ,cat>acts4 ,! ,jesuit ,francisco 
de ,olmo appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ :o      
discov]$ ! canelilla1 :i* he did 9 !    
c\ntry ( ! ,pi>oas1 ne> ! s\rces ( !    

,cataniapo4 ,! mission>y ,gili1 :o did n
 advance s f> z ! regions ,i am n[      
describ+1 seems to conf\nd ! v>imacu1 or
 gu>imacu1 ) ! myri/ica1 or nutmeg-tree 
( ,am]ica4 ,^! b>ks & aromatic fruits1 !
 c9namon1 ! nutmeg1 ! ,myrtus pim5ta1 & 
! ,laurus pu*]i1 w\ld h become important
 objects ( trade1 if ,europe1 at ! p]iod
 ( ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w1 _h n already
 be5 accu/om$ to ! spices & aromatics ( 
,india4 ,! c9namon ( ! ,or9oco1 & t ( ! 
,&aquies missions1 are1 h[ev]1 less     
aromatic ?an ! c9namon ( ,ceylon1 & w\ld
 /ill be s ev5 if dri$ & prep>$ by      
simil> processes4  ,e hemisph]e produces
 plants ( a diff]5t species2 & x is n by
 ! div]sity ( climates t we c attempt to
 expla9 :y equ9octial ,africa has no    
laurels1 & ! ,new ,_w no hea?s2 :y      
calceol>iae are f\nd wild only 9 ! s\!rn
 hemisph]e2 :y ! birds ( ! ,ea/ ,indies 
gl[ ) col\rs less spl5did ?an ^? ( ! hot
 p>ts ( ,am]ica2 f9ally1 :y ! tig] is   
peculi> to ,asia1 & ! orni?oryn*us to   
,au/ralia4 ,9 ! vegetable z well z 9 !  

animal k+dom1 ! causes ( ! di/ribution (
 ! species are among ! my/]ies :i*      
natural philosophy _c solve4 ,! attempts
 made to expla9 ! di/ribution ( v>i\s   
species on ! globe by ! sole influ5ce ( 
climate1 take _! date f a p]iod :5      
physical geography 0 /ill 9 its infancy2
 :51 recurr+ incessantly to pret5d$     
contra/s betwe5 ! two worlds1 x 0 imag9$
 t ! :ole ( ,africa & ( ,am]ica resembl$
 ! des]ts ( ,egypt & ! m>%es ( ,cay5ne4 
,at pres5t1 :5 m5 judge ( ! /ate ( ?+s n
 f "o type arbitr>ily *os51 b f positive
 k1 x is asc]ta9$ t ! two cont95ts1 9 _!
 imm5se ext5t1 conta9 c\ntries t are    
altoge!r analog\s4 ,!re are regions (   
,am]ica z b>r5 & burn+ z ! int]ior (    
,africa4 ,^? isl&s :i* produce ! spices 
( ,india are sc>cely rem>kable = _!     
dryness2 & x is n on acc\nt ( ! humidity
 ( ! climate1 z has be5 affirm$ 9 rec5t 
works1 t ! ,new ,cont95t is depriv$ ( ^?
 f9e species ( laur9iae & myri/icae1 :i*
 are f\nd unit$ 9 "o little corn] ( !   
e>? 9 ! ar*ipelago ( ,india4 ,= "s ye>s 

pa/ c9namon has be5 cultivat$ ) success 
9 sev]al p>ts ( ! ,new ,cont95t2 & a    
zone t produces ! c\m>\na1 ! vanilla1 ! 
pu*]i1 ! p9e-apple1 ! pim5to1 ! balsam (
 tolu1 ! ,myroxylon p]uvianum1 ! croton1
 ! citroma1 ! pejoa1 ! inci5so ( !      
,silla ( ,c>acas1 ! qu]eme1 !           
pancratium1 & s _m maje/ic liliace\s    
plants1 _c be consid]$ z de/itute (     
aromatics4 ,besides1 a dry air fav\rs ! 
developm5t ( ! aromatic or excit+       
prop]ties1 only 9 c]ta9 species (       
plants4 ,! mo/ invet]ate poisons are    
produc$ 9 ! mo/ humid zone ( ,am]ica2 & 
x is precisely "u ! influ5ce ( ! long   
ra9s ( ! tropics t ! ,am]ican pim5to    
7,capsicum baccatum71 ! fruit ( :i* is  
(t5 z cau/ic & fi]y z ,indian pepp]1    
vegetates be/4 ,f all ^! consid]ations x
 foll[s1 fir/1 t ! ,new ,cont95t        
possesses spices1 aromatics1 & v active 
vegetable poisons1 peculi> to itself1 & 
diff]+ specifically f ^? ( ! ,old ,_w2  
secondly1 t ! primitive di/ribution (   
species 9 ! torrid zone _c be expla9$ by

 ! influ5ce ( climate solely1 or by !   
di/ribution ( temp]ature1 :i* we obs]ve 
9 ! pres5t /ate ( our planet2 b t ?is   
diff]5ce ( climates leads u to p]ceive  
:y a giv5 type ( organization develops  
itself m vigor\sly 9 su* or su* local   
circum/ances4 ,we c conceive t a small  
numb] ( ! families ( plants1 = in/ance !
 musaceae & ! palms1 _c belong to v cold
 regions1 on acc\nt ( _! int]nal        
/ructure1 & ! importance ( c]ta9 organs2
 b we _c expla9 :y no "o ( ! family ( ! 
,mela/omaceae vegetates nor? ( ! p>allel
 ( ! ?irtie? degree ( latitude1 or :y no
 rose-tree belongs to ! s\!rn hemisph]e4
 ,analogy ( climates is (t5 f\nd 9 ! two
 cont95ts1 )\t id5tity ( productions4   
,! ,rio ,vi*ada1 :i* has a small raudal 
at its conflu5ce ) ! ,or9oco1 appe>$ to 
me1 next to ! ,meta & ! ,guavi>e1 to be 
! mo/ consid]able riv] com+ f ! we/4    
,dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s no ,european has   
navigat$ ! ,vi*ada4 ,i c\ld le>n no?+ ( 
its s\rces2 !y rise1 ,i believe1 ) ^? ( 
! ,tomo1 9 ! pla9s t ext5d to ! s\? (   

,casim5a4 ,fugitive ,indians ( ,santa   
,rosalia de ,cabapuna1 a village situate
 on ! banks ( ! ,meta1 h arriv$ ev5     
rec5tly1 by ! ,rio ,vi*ada1 at ! cat>act
 ( ,maypures2 :i* suffici5tly proves t !
 s\rces ( ?is riv] are n v di/ant f !   
,meta4 ,fa!r ,gumilla has pres]v$ !     
names ( sev]al ,g]man & ,spani%         
,jesuits1 :o 9 #agcd fell victims to _! 
zeal = religion1 by ! h&s ( ! ,c>ibs on 
! n[ des]t banks ( ! ,vi*ada4  ,hav+    
pass$ ! ,cano ,pirajavi on ! ea/1 & !n a
 small riv] on ! we/1 :i* issues1 z !   
,indians say1 f a lake call$ ,nao1 we   
re/$ = ! night on ! %ore ( ! ,or9oco1 at
 ! m\? ( ! ,zama1 a v consid]able riv]1 
b z little kn[n z ! ,vi*ada4 ,not)/&+ ! 
black wat]s ( ! ,zama1 we suff]$ greatly
 f insects4 ,! night 0 beautiful1 )\t a 
brea? ( w9d 9 ! l[] regions ( !         
atmosph]e1 b t[>ds two 9 ! morn+ we saw 
?ick cl\ds cross+ ! z5i? rapidly f ea/  
to we/4 ,:51 decl9+ t[>d ! horizon1 !y  
trav]s$ ! great nebulae ( ,sagitt>ius & 
! ,%ip1 !y appe>$ ( a d>k blue4 ,! light

 ( ! nebulae is nev] m spl5did ?an :5 !y
 are 9 "p cov]$ by sweep+ cl\ds4 ,we    
obs]ve ! same ph5om5on 9 ,europe 9 !    
,milky ,way1 9 ! aurora borealis :5 x   
beams ) a silv]y light2 & at ! ris+ &   
sett+ ( ! sun 9 t "p ( ! sky t is       
:it5$99 f causes :i* philosoph]s h n yet
 suffici5tly expla9$4 799 ,! dawn3 9    
,fr5* aube 7alba1 alb5te coelo477  ,!   
va/ tract ( c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ! ,meta1 !
 ,vi*ada1 & ! ,guavi>e1 is altoge!r     
unkn[n a league f ! banks2 b x is       
believ$ to be inhabit$ by wild ,indians 
( ! tribe ( ,*iricoas1 :o =tunately     
build no boats4 ,=m]ly1 :5 ! ,c>ibs1 &  
_! enemies ! ,cabres1 trav]s$ ^! regions
 ) _! little fleets ( rafts & canoes1 x 
w\ld h be5 imprud5t to h pass$ ! night  
ne> ! m\? ( a riv] runn+ f ! we/4 ,!    
little settlem5ts ( ! ,europeans hav+ n[
 caus$ ! indep5d5t ,indians to retire f 
! banks ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 ! solitude ( 
^! regions is su*1 t f ,c>i*ana to      
,javita1 & f ,esm]alda to ,san ,f]n&o de
 ,atabapo1 dur+ a c\rse ( "o hundr$ &   

eighty leagues1 we did n meet a s+le    
boat4  ,at ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,zama we      
approa* a class ( riv]s1 t m]its great  
att5tion4 ,! ,zama1 ! ,matav5i1 !       
,atabapo1 ! ,tuam9i1 ! ,temi1 & !       
,gua9ia1 are aguas negras1 t is1 _!     
wat]s1 se5 9 a l>ge body1 appe> br[n l  
c(fee1 or ( a gre5i% black4 ,^! wat]s1  
not)/&+1 are mo/ beautiful1 cle>1 &     
agreeable to ! ta/e4 ,i h obs]v$ above1 
t ! crocodiles1 &1 if n ! zancudos1 at  
lea/ ! mosquitos1 g5]ally %un ! black   
wat]s4 ,! p ass]t too1 t ^! wat]s d n   
col\r ! rocks2 & t ! :ite riv]s h black 
bord]s1 :ile ! black riv]s h :ite4 ,9   
fact1 ! %ores ( ! ,gua9ia1 kn[n to      
,europeans by ! "n ( ! ,rio ,negro1     
frequ5tly exhibit masses ( qu>tz issu+ f
 granite1 & ( a dazzl+ :it5ess4 ,! wat]s
 ( ! ,matav5i1 :5 exam9$ 9 a glass1 are 
pretty :ite2 ^? ( ! ,atabapo reta9 a    
slight t+e ( yell[i%-br[n4 ,:5 ! lea/   
brea? ( w9d agitates ! surface ( ^!     
black riv]s !y appe> ( a f9e grass-gre51
 l ! lakes ( ,switz]l&4 ,9 ! %ade1 !    

,zama1 ! ,atabapo1 & ! ,gua9ia1 are z   
d>k z c(fee-gr\nds4 ,^! ph5om5a are s   
/rik+1 t ! ,indians ev]y:]e di/+ui% !   
wat]s by ! t]ms black & :ite4 ,! =m] h  
(t5 s]v$ me = an artificial horizon2 !y 
reflect ! image ( ! />s ) admirable     
cle>ness4  ,! col\r ( ! wat]s ( spr+s1  
riv]s1 & lakes1 ranks among ^? physical 
problems :i* x is difficult1 if n       
impossible1 to solve by direct          
exp]im5ts4 ,! t9ts ( reflect$ light are 
g5]ally v diff]5t f ! t9ts ( transmitt$ 
light2 p>ticul>ly :5 ! transmission     
takes place ?r\gh a great portion (     
fluid4 ,if !re 7 no absorption ( rays1 !
 transmitt$ light w\ld be ( a col\r     
correspond+ ) t ( ! reflect$ light2 & 9 
g5]al we judge imp]fectly ( transmitt$  
light1 by fill+ ) wat] a %all[ glass ) a
 n>r[ ap]ture4 ,9 a riv]1 ! col\r ( !   
reflect$ light comes to u always f !    
int]ior /rata ( ! fluid1 & n f ! upp]   
/ratum4  ,"s celebrat$ naturali/s1 :o h 
exam9$ ! pure/ wat]s ( ! glaci]s1 & ^?  
:i* fl[ f m\nta9s cov]$ ) p]petual sn[1 

:]e ! e>? is de/itute ( ! relics (      
vegetation1 h ?\ght t ! prop] col\r (   
wat] might be blue1 or gre54 ,no?+1 9   
fact1 proves1 t wat] is by nature :ite2 
& we mu/ always admit ! pres5ce ( a     
col\r+ pr9ciple1 :5 wat] view$ by       
reflection is col\r$4 ,9 ! riv]s t      
conta9 a col\r+ pr9ciple1 t pr9ciple is 
g5]ally s little 9 quantity1 t x eludes 
all *emical rese>*4 ,! t9ts ( ! ocean   
seem (t5 to dep5d nei!r on ! nature ( ! 
bottom1 nor on ! reflection ( ! sky on !
 cl\ds4 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy 0 ( op9ion 
t ! t9ts ( diff]5t seas may v likely be 
ow+ to diff]5t proportions ( iod9e4  ,on
 consult+ ! geograph]s ( antiquity1 we  
f9d t ! ,greeks _h notic$ ! blue wat]s (
 ,!rmopylae1 ! r$ wat]s ( ,joppa1 & !   
black wat]s ( ! hot-ba?s ( ,a/yra1      
opposite ,lesbos4 ,"s riv]s1 ! ,rhone = 
in/ance1 ne> ,g5eva1 h a decid$ly blue  
col\r4 ,x is said1 t ! sn[-wat]s ( !    
,alps are sometimes ( a d>k em]ald gre54
 ,sev]al lakes ( ,savoy & ( ,p]u h a    
br[n col\r approa*+ black4 ,mo/ ( ^!    

ph5om5a ( coloration are obs]v$ 9 wat]s 
t are believ$ to be ! pure/2 & x is r f 
reason+s f\nd$ on analogy1 ?an f any    
direct analysis1 t we may ?r[ any light 
on s unc]ta9 a matt]4 ,9 ! va/ sy/em (  
riv]s ne> ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,zama1 a fact  
:i* appe>s to me rem>kable is1 t ! black
 wat]s are pr9cipally re/rict$ to !     
equatorial regions4 ,!y beg9 ab\t five  
degrees ( nor? latitude2 & ab\nd !nce to
 beyond ! equator z f> z ab\t two       
degrees ( s\? latitude4 ,! m\? ( ! ,rio 
,negro is inde$ 9 ! latitude ( #c       
degrees #i m9utes2 b 9 ?is int]val !    
black & :ite wat]s are s s+ul>ly m+l$ 9 
! =e/s & ! savannahs1 t we "k n to :at  
cause ! coloration mu/ be attribut$4 ,! 
wat]s ( ! ,cassiqui>e1 :i* fall into !  
,rio ,negro1 are z :ite z ^? ( !        
,or9oco1 f :i* x issues4 ,( two tribut>y
 /reams ( ! ,cassiqui>e v ne> ea* o!r1 !
 ,siapa & ! ,pacimony1 "o is :ite1 ! o!r
 black4  ,:5 ! ,indians are int]rogat$  
respect+ ! causes ( ^! /range           
colorations1 !y answ]1 z que/ions 9     

natural philosophy or physiology are    
sometimes answ]$ 9 ,europe1 by repeat+ !
 fact 9 o!r t]ms4 ,if y address y\rself 
to ! mission>ies1 !y reply1 z if !y _h !
 mo/ conv9c+ pro(s ( ! fact1 t ! wat]s  
are col\r$ by wa%+ ! roots ( !          
s>sap>illa4 ,! ,smilaceae no d\bt ab\nd 
on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,negro1 ! ,pacimony1
 & ! ,cababury2 _! roots1 mac]at$ 9 !   
wat]1 yield an extractive matt]1 t is   
br[n1 bitt]1 & mucilag9\s2 b h[ _m tufts
 ( smilax h we se5 9 places1 :]e ! wat]s
 7 entirely :ite4 ,9 ! m>%y =e/ :i* we  
trav]s$1 to convey our canoe f ! ,rio   
,tuam9i to ! ,cano ,pimi*9 & ! ,rio     
,negro1 :y1 9 ! same soil1 did we =d    
alt]nately rivulets ( black & :ite wat]8
 ,:y did we f9d no riv] :ite ne> its    
spr+s1 & black 9 ! l[] "p ( its c\rse8  
,i "k n :e!r ! ,rio ,negro pres]ves its 
yell[i% br[n col\r z f> z its m\?1      
not)/&+ ! great quantity ( :ite wat] x  
receives f ! ,cassiqui>e & ! ,rio       
,blanco4  ,al?\gh1 on acc\nt ( !        
abundance ( ra91 vegetation is m vigor\s

 close to ! equator ?an eight or t5     
degrees nor? or s\?1 x _c be affirm$1 t 
! riv]s ) black wat]s rise pr9cipally 9 
! mo/ %ady & ?icke/ =e/s4 ,on ! contr>y1
 a great numb] ( ! aguas negras come f !
 op5 savannahs t ext5d f ! ,meta beyond 
! ,guavi>e t[>ds ! ,caqueta4 ,9 a j\rney
 :i* ,i made ) ,s5or ,montuf> f ! port (
 ,guayaquil to ! ,bodegas de ,babaojo1  
at ! p]iod ( ! great inundations1 ,i 0  
/ruck by ! analogy ( col\r display$ by !
 va/ savannahs ( ! ,inv]nad]o del ,g>zal
 & ( ! ,lag>t]o1 z well z by ! ,rio     
,negro & ! ,atabapo4 ,^! savannahs1     
p>tly inundat$ dur+ ?ree mon?s1 are     
compos$ ( paspalum1 erio*loa1 & sev]al  
species ( cyp]aceae4 ,we sail$ on wat]s 
t 7 f f\r to five feet deep2 _!         
temp]ature 0 by day f #cc to #cd degrees
 ( ! c5tigrade !rmomet]2 !y exhal$ a    
/rong smell ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 to   
:i* no d\bt "s rott5 plants ( arum &    
heliconia1 t swam on ! surface ( !      
pools1 contribut$4 ,! wat]s ( ! ,lag>t]o
 7 ( a gold5 yell[ by transmitt$1 &     

c(fee-br[n by reflect$ light4 ,!y are no
 d\bt col\r$ by a c>buret ( hydrog54 ,an
 analog\s ph5om5on is obs]v$ 9 !        
dunghill-wat]s prep>$ by our g>d5]s1 & 9
 ! wat]s t issue f bogs4 ,may we n also 
admit1 t x is a mixture ( c>bon &       
hydrog51 an extractive vegetable matt]1 
t col\rs ! black riv]s1 ! ,atabapo1 !   
,zama1 ! ,matav5i1 & ! ,gua9ia8 ,!      
frequ5cy ( ! equatorial ra9s contributes
 no d\bt to ?is coloration by filtration
 ?r\gh a ?ick mass ( grasses4 ,i sugge/ 
^! ideas only 9 ! =m ( a d\bt4 ,! col\r+
 pr9ciple seems to be 9 little          
abundance2 = ,i obs]v$ t ! wat]s ( !    
,gua9ia or ,rio ,negro1 :5 subject$ to  
ebullition1 d n become br[n l o!r fluids
 *>g$ ) c>burets ( hydrog54  ,x is also 
v rem>kable1 t ?is ph5om5on ( black     
wat]s1 :i* might be suppos$ to belong   
only to ! l[ regions ( ! torrid zone1 is
 f\nd also1 ?\gh r>ely1 on ! table-l&s (
 ! ,&es4 ,! t[n ( ,cu5ca 9 ! k+dom (    
,quito1 is surr\nd$ by ?ree small riv]s1
 ! ,ma*ang>a1 ! ,rio del ,matad]o1 & !  

,yanuncai2 ( :i* ! two =m] are :ite1 & !
 wat]s ( ! la/ are black 7aguas negras74
 ,^! wat]s1 l ^? ( ! ,atabapo1 are ( a  
c(fee-col\r by reflection1 & pale yell[ 
by transmission4 ,!y are v cle>1 & !    
inhabitants ( ,cu5ca1 :o dr9k !m 9      
pref]5ce to any o!r1 attribute _! col\r 
to ! s>sap>illa1 :i* x is said gr[s     
abundantly on ! banks ( ! ,rio          
,yanuncai4  ,we left ! m\? ( ! ,zama at 
five 9 ! morn+ ( ! #bcrd ( ,april4 ,!   
riv] cont9u$ to be skirt$ on bo? sides  
by a ?ick =e/4 ,! m\nta9s on ! ea/ seem$
 gradually to retire f>!r back4 ,we     
pass$ fir/ ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,matav5i1 &   
aft]w>d an islet ( a v s+ul> =m2 a squ>e
 granitic rock t rises 9 ! middle ( !   
wat]4 ,x is call$ by ! mission>ies ,el  
,ca/illito1 or ! ,little ,ca/le4 ,black 
b&s seem to indicate1 t ! highe/ swell+s
 ( ! ,or9oco d n rise at ?is place above
 eight feet2 & t ! great swell+s obs]v$ 
l[] d[n are ow+ to ! tribut>y /reams :i*
 fl[ into x nor? ( ! raudales ( ,atures 
& ,maypures4 ,we pass$ ! night on ! "r  

bank opposite ! m\? ( ! ,rio            
,siucurivapu1 ne> a rock call$          
,aricagua4 ,dur+ ! night an innum]able  
quantity ( bats issu$ f ! clefts ( !    
rock1 & hov]$ ar\nd our hammocks4  ,on !
 #bd? a viol5t ra9 oblig$ u e>ly to     
return to our boat4 ,we dep>t$ at two   
o'clock1 aft] hav+ lo/ "s books1 :i* we 
c\ld n f9d 9 ! d>kness ( ! night1 on !  
rock ( ,aricagua4 ,! riv] runs /raight f
 s\? to nor?2 its banks are l[1 & %ad$  
on bo? sides by ?ick =e/s4 ,we pass$ !  
m\?s ( ! ,ucata1 ! ,arapa1 & !          
,c>anav5i4 ,ab\t f\r 9 ! aft]noon we l&$
 at ! ,conucos de ,siquita1 ! ,indian   
plantations ( ! mission ( ,san ,f]n&o4  
,! good p wi%$ to deta9 u among !m1 b we
 cont9u$ to g up aga9/ ! curr5t1 :i* ran
 at ! rate ( five feet a second1 accord+
 to a measurem5t ,i made by obs]v+ ! "t 
t a float+ body took to g d[n a giv5    
di/ance4 ,we ent]$ ! m\? ( ! ,guavi>e on
 a d>k night1 pass$ ! po9t :]e ! ,rio   
,atabapo jo9s ! ,guavi>e1 & arriv$ at ! 
mission aft] midnight4 ,we 7 lodg$ z    

usual at ! ,conv5t1 t is1 9 ! h\se ( !  
mission>y1 :o1 ?\gh mu* surpris$ at our 
unexpect$ visit1 nev]!less receiv$ u ) !
 k9de/ hospitality4  ,,note4  ,if1 9 !  
philosophical /udy ( ! /ructure (       
languages1 ! analogy ( a few roots      
acquires value only :5 !y c be          
geographically connect$ toge!r1 nei!r is
 ! want ( resemblance 9 roots any v     
/rong pro( aga9/ ! common orig9 (       
nations4 ,9 ! diff]5t dialects ( !      
,totonac language 7t ( "o ( ! mo/ anci5t
 tribes ( ,mexico7 ! sun & ! moon h     
names :i* cu/om has r5d]$ entirely      
diff]5t4 ,?is diff]5ce is f\nd among !  
,c>ibs betwe5 ! language ( m5 & wom52 a 
ph5om5on t probably arises f !          
circum/ance t1 among prison]s1 m5 7 (t5]
 put to dea? ?an wom54 ,females         
introduc$ by degrees words ( a =eign    
language into ! ,c>ibbee2 &1 z ! girls  
foll[$ ! occupations ( ! wom5 mu* m ?an 
! boys1 a language 0 =m$ peculi> to !   
wom54 ,i %all record 9 ?is note ! names 
( ! sun & moon 9 a great numb] (        

,am]ican & ,asiatic idioms1 aga9 rem9d+ 
! read] ( ! unc]ta9ty ( all judgm5ts    
f\nd$ m]ely on ! comp>ison ( solit>y    
words4  ,,table ,,( ,,names ,,( ,,!     
,,sun ,,& ,,! ,,moon4  ,,column #a 3    
,,language4  ,,column #b 3 ,,"n ,,( ,,! 
,,sun4  ,,column #c 3 ,,"n ,,( ,,!      
,,moon4  ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,_w3  ,ea/]n    
,esquimaux 7,gre5l&7 3 ,ajut1 kaumat1   
sakana* 3 ,ann+at1 kaumei1 tatcok4      
,we/]n ,esquimaux 7,kadjak7 3 ,ts*+ugak1
 mads*ak 3 ,igaluk1 tangeik4  ,ojibbeway
 3 ,kissis 3 ,debicot4  ,delaw>e 3      
,natatane 3 ,key%oc(4  ,nootka 3        
,opulsz?l 3 ,omulsz?l4  ,otomi 3 ,h9di 3
 ,zana4  ,aztec or ,mexican 3 ,tonatiuh 
3 ,meztli4  ,cora 3 ,taica 3 ,maitsaca4 
,hua/eca 3 ,aqui*a 3 ,aytz4  ,muysca 3  
,zuhe 7sua7 3 ,*ia4  ,y>uro 3 ditto 3   
,goppe4  ,c>ibbee & ,tamanac 3 ,vei\    
7huei\7 3 ,n\no 7nonum74  ,maypure 3    
,kie 3 ,kejapi4  ,lule 3 ,inni 3 ,allit4
  ,vilela 3 ,olo 3 ,copi4  ,moxo 3 ,sa*i
 3 ,cohe4  ,*iquito 3 ,suus 3 ,copi4    
,gu>ani 3 ,qu>asi 3 ,jasi4  ,tupi       

7,brasil7 3 ,co>acy 3 ,iacy4  ,p]uvian  
7,qui*ua7 3 ,inti 3 ,quilla4  ,araucan  
7,*ili7 3 ,antu 3 ,cuy54  ,,9 ,,! ,,old 
,,_w3  ,mongol 3 ,n>a 7n>an7 3 ,s>a     
7s>an74  ,mant*\ 3 ,*\n 3 ,bia4         
,ts*aghatai 3 ,k\n 3 ,ay4  ,ossete 7(   
,caucasus7 3 ,kh\rr 3 ,mai4  ,tibetan 3 
,niyma 3 ,rdjawa4  ,*9ese 3 ,jy 3 ,yue4 
,japanese 3 ,fi 3 ,ts\ki4  ,sanscrit 3  
,surya1 aryama1 mitra1 aditya1 arka1    
hamsa 3 ,ts*&ra1 ts*&rama1 soma1 masi4  
,p]sian 3 ,*or1 *ors*id1 afitab 3 ,mah4 
,z5d 3 ,h\]e4  ,pehlvi 3 ,s*ems*ia1     
zabzoba1 kokma 3 ,kokma4  ,pho5ician 3  
,s*emesih4  ,hebrew 3 ,s*emes* 3 ,y>ea4 
,aramean or ,*aldean 3 ,s*ims*a 3 ,y>ha4
  ,syrian 3 ,s*ems*o 3 ,y>ho4  ,arabic 3
 ,s*ams 3 ,kam>4  ,e?iopian 3 ,tzabay 3 
,w>ha4  ,! ,am]ican words are writt5    
accord+ to ! ,spani% or?ography4 ,i w\ld
 n *ange ! or?ography ( ! ,nootka ^w    
onulsz?1 tak5 f ,cook's ,voyages1 to %[ 
h[ mu* ,volney's idea ( introduc+ an    
uni=m notation ( s\nds is wor?y (       
att5tion1 if n appli$ to ! languages ( !

 ,ea/ writt5 )\t v[els4 ,9 onulsz? !re  
are f\r signs = "o s+le consonant4 ,we h
 already se5 t ,am]ican nations1 speak+ 
languages ( a v diff]5t /ructure1 call !
 sun by ! same "n2 t ! moon is sometimes
 call$ sleep+ sun1 sun ( night1 light ( 
night2 & t sometimes ! two orbs h ! same
 d5om9ation4 ,^! examples are tak5 f !  
,gu>any1 ! ,omagua1 ,%awanese1 ,miami1  
,maco1 & ,ojibbeway idioms4 ,?us 9 !    
,old ,_w1 ! sun & moon are d5ot$ 9      
,arabic by niryn1 ! lum9>ies2 ?us1 9    
,p]sian1 ! mo/ common words1 afitab &   
*ors*id1 are comp\nds4 ,by ! migration (
 tribes f ,asia to ,am]ica1 & f ,am]ica 
to ,asia1 a c]ta9 numb] ( roots h pass$ 
f "o language into o!rs2 & ^! roots h   
be5 transport$1 l ! fragm5ts ( a        
%ipwreck1 f> f ! coa/1 into ! isl&s4    
7,sun1 9 ,new ,engl&1 kone2 9           
,ts*agatai1 k\n2 9 ,yak\t1 k\9i4 ,/>1 9 
,hua/ec1 ot2 9 ,mongol1 oddon2 9 ,aztec1
 citlal1 citl2 9 ,p]sian1 sit>eh4 ,h\se1
 9 ,aztec1 calli2 9 ,wog\l1 kualla or   
kolla4 ,wat]1 9 ,aztec1 atel 7itels1 a  

riv]1 9 ,vilela72 9 ,mongol1 ,ts*]emiss1
 & ,ts*\vass1 atl1 atel*1 etel1 or idel4
 ,/one1 9 ,c>ibbee1 teb\2 9 ! ,lesgian (
 ,caucasus1 teb2 9 ,aztec1 tepetl2 9    
,turki%1 tepe4 ,food1 9 ,qui*ua1        
micunnan2 9 ,malay1 macannon4 ,boat1 9  
,haitian1 canoa2 9 ,ayno1 cahani2 9     
,gre5l&i%1 kayak2 9 ,turki%1 kayik2 9   
,samoyi$e1 kay\k2 9 ! ,g]manic tongues1 
kahn47 ,b we mu/ di/+ui% f ^! =eign     
elem5ts :at belongs fundam5tally to !   
,am]ican idioms !mselves4 ,su* is !     
effect ( "t1 & communication among      
nations1 t ! mixture ) an het]og5\s     
language has n only an influ5ce ^u      
roots1 b mo/ frequ5tly ends by modify+ &
 d5aturaliz+ grammatical =ms4 ,:5 a     
language resi/s a regul> analysis1      
obs]ves ,william von ,humboldt1 9 8     
consid]ations on ! ,mexican1 ,cora1     
,totonac1 & ,t>ahum> tongues1 we may    
suspect "s mixture1 "s =eign influ5ce2 =
 ! faculties ( man1 :i* are1 z we may   
say1 reflect$ 9 ! /ructure ( languages1 
& 9 _! grammatical =ms1 act con/antly 9 

a regul> & uni=m mann]4   ,,*apt] #b4bb4
  ,,san ,,f]n&o ,,de ,,atabapo4 ,,san   
,,bal?as>4 ,,! ,,riv]s ,,temi ,,&       
,,tuam9i4 ,,javita4 ,,portage ,,f ,,!   
,,tuam9i ,,to ,,! ,,rio ,,negro4  ,dur+ 
! night1 we _h left1 almo/ unp]ceiv$1 ! 
wat]s ( ! ,or9oco2 & at sunrise f\nd    
ourselves z if transport$ to a new      
c\ntry1 on ! banks ( a riv] ! "n ( :i*  
we _h sc>cely ev] he>d pron\nc$1 & :i* 0
 to conduct u1 by ! portage ( ,pimi*91  
to ! ,rio ,negro1 on ! fronti]s (       
,brazil4 ,y w g up1 said ! presid5t ( ! 
missions1 :o resides at ,san ,f]n&o1    
fir/ ! ,atabapo1 !n ! ,temi1 & f9ally1 !
 ,tuam9i4 ,:5 ! =ce ( ! curr5t ( black  
wat]s h9d]s y f advanc+1 y w be conduct$
 out ( ! b$ ( ! riv] ?r\gh =e/s1 :i* y w
 f9d inundat$4 ,two monks only are      
settl$ 9 ^? des]t places1 betwe5 !      
,or9oco & ! ,rio ,negro2 b at ,javita y 
w be furni%$ ) ! means ( hav+ y\r canoe 
drawn ov] l& 9 ! c\rse ( f\r days to    
,cano ,pimi*94 ,if x be n brok5 to      
pieces y w desc5d ! ,rio ,negro )\t any 

ob/acle 7f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/7 z f> z !
 little =t ( ,san ,c>los2 y w g up !    
,cassiqui>e 7f s\? to nor?71 & !n return
 to ,san ,f]n&o 9 a mon?1 desc5d+ !     
,upp] ,or9oco f ea/ to we/4 ,su* 0 !    
plan trac$ = our passage1 & we c>ri$ x  
into effect )\t dang]1 ?\gh n )\t "s    
suff]+1 9 ! space ( ?irty-?ree days4 ,! 
,or9oco runs f its s\rce1 or at lea/ f  
,esm]alda1 z f> z ,san ,f]n&o de        
,atabapo1 f ea/ to we/2 f ,san ,f]n&o1  
7:]e ! junction ( ! ,guavi>e & !        
,atabapo takes place17 z f> z ! m\? ( ! 
,rio ,apure1 x fl[s f s\? to nor?1 =m+ !
 ,great ,cat>acts2 & f ! m\? ( ! ,apure 
z f> z ,ango/ura & ! coa/ ( ! ,atlantic 
its direction is f we/ to ea/4 ,9 ! fir/
 "p ( its c\rse1 :]e ! riv] fl[s f ea/  
to we/1 x =ms t celebrat$ bifurcation s 
(t5 disput$ by geograph]s1 ( :i* ,i 0 ! 
fir/ enabl$ to det]m9e ! situation by   
a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,"o arm ( !    
,or9oco1 7! ,cassiqui>e17 runn+ f nor?  
to s\?1 falls into ! ,gua9ia1 or ,rio   
,negro1 :i*1 9 its turn1 jo9s ! ,m>anon1

 or riv] ,amazon4 ,! mo/ natural way1   
!re=e1 to g f ,ango/ura to ,gr& ,p>a1   
w\ld be to asc5d ! ,or9oco z f> z       
,esm]alda1 & !n to g d[n ! ,cassiqui>e1 
! ,rio ,negro1 & ! ,amazon2 b1 z ! ,rio 
,negro 9 ! upp] "p ( its c\rse approa*es
 v ne> ! s\rces ( "s riv]s t fall into !
 ,or9oco ne> ,san ,f]n&o de ,atabapo    
7:]e ! ,or9oco abruptly *anges its      
direction f ea/ to we/ to take t f s\?  
to nor?71 ! passage up t "p ( ! riv]    
betwe5 ,san ,f]n&o & ,esm]alda1 9 ord]  
to rea* ! ,rio ,negro1 may be avoid$4   
,leav+ ! ,or9oco ne> ! mission ( ,san   
,f]n&o1 ! travell] proce$s up ! little  
black riv]s 7! ,atabapo1 ! ,temi1 & !   
,tuam9i71 & ! boats are c>ri$ across an 
i/hmus six ?\s& toises broad1 to ! banks
 ( a /ream 7! ,cano ,pimi*97 :i* fl[s   
into ! ,rio ,negro4 ,?is 0 ! c\rse :i*  
we took4  ,! road f ,san ,c>los to ,san 
,f]n&o de ,atabapo is f> m disagreeable1
 & is half z long aga9 by ! ,cassiqui>e 
z by ,javita & ! ,cano ,pimi*94 ,9 ?is  
region ,i det]m9$1 by means ( a         

*ronomet] by ,b]?\d1 & by ! m]idional   
heights ( />s1 ! situation ( ,san       
,bal?as> de ,atabapo1 ,javita1 ,san     
,c>los del ,rio ,negro1 ! rock          
,culimacavi1 & ,esm]alda4 ,:5 no roads  
exi/ save tortu\s & int]tw9+ riv]s1 :5  
little villages are hidd5 amid ?ick     
=e/s1 & :51 9 a c\ntry entirely flat1 no
 m\nta91 no elevat$ object is visible f 
two po9ts at once1 x is only 9 ! sky t  
we c read :]e we are ^u ! e>?4  ,san    
,f]n&o de ,atabapo /&s ne> ! conflu5ce (
 ?ree great riv]s2 ! ,or9oco1 !         
,guavi>e1 & ! ,atabapo4 ,its situation  
is simil> to t ( ,sa9t ,l\is or ( ,new  
,madrid1 at ! junction ( ! ,mississippi 
) ! ,miss\ri & ! ,ohio4 ,9 proportion z 
! activity ( comm]ce increases 9 ^!     
c\ntries trav]s$ by imm5se riv]s1 ! t[ns
 situat$ at _! conflu5ce w necess>ily   
become bu/l+ ports1 depots ( m]*&ise1 & 
c5tre po9ts ( civilization4 ,fa!r       
,gumilla confesses1 t 9 8 "t no p]son _h
 any k ( ! c\rse ( ! ,or9oco above ! m\?
 ( ! ,guavi>e4  ,d',anville1 9 ! fir/   

edition ( 8 great map ( ,s\? ,am]ica1   
laid d[n ! ,rio ,negro z an arm ( !     
,or9oco1 t bran*$ (f f ! pr9cipal body (
 ! riv] betwe5 ! m\?s ( ! ,meta & !     
,vi*ada1 ne> ! cat>act ( ,atures4 ,t    
great geograph] 0 entirely ignorant ( ! 
exi/5ce ( ! ,cassiqui>e & ! ,atabapo2 & 
he makes ! ,or9oco or ,rio ,p>agua1 !   
,japura1 & ! ,putumayo1 take _! rise f  
?ree bran*+s ( ! ,caqueta4 ,! exp$ition 
( ! b\nd>ies1 comm&$ by ,iturriaga &    
,solano1 correct$ ^! errors4 ,solano1 :o
 0 ! geographical eng9e] ( ?is          
exp$ition1 advanc$ 9 #agef z f> z ! m\? 
( ! ,guavi>e1 aft] hav+ pass$ ! ,great  
,cat>acts4 ,he f\nd t1 to cont9ue to g  
up ! ,or9oco1 he mu/ direct 8 c\rse     
t[>ds ! ea/2 & t ! riv] receiv$1 at !   
po9t ( its great inflection1 9 latitude 
#d degrees #d m9utes1 ! wat]s ( !       
,guavi>e1 :i* two miles high] _h receiv$
 ^? ( ! ,atabapo4 ,int]e/$ 9 approa*+ ! 
,portuguese possessions z ne> z         
possible1 ,solano resolv$ to proce$     
onw>d to ! s\?4 ,at ! conflu5ce ( !     

,atabapo & ! ,guavi>e he f\nd an ,indian
 settlem5t ( ! w>like nation ( !        
,guaypunaves4 ,he ga9$ _! fav\r by      
pres5ts1 & ) _! aid f\nd$ ! mission (   
,san ,f]n&o1 to :i* he gave !           
appellation ( villa1 or t[n4  ,to make  
kn[n ! political importance ( ?is       
,mission1 we mu/ recollect :at 0 at t   
p]iod ! balance ( p[] betwe5 ! petty    
,indian tribes ( ,guiana4 ,! banks ( !  
,l[] ,or9oco _h be5 long ensangu9$ by ! 
ob/9ate /ruggle betwe5 two p[]ful       
nations1 ! ,cabres & ! ,c>ibs4 ,! latt]1
 ^: pr9cipal abode s9ce ! close ( !     
sev5te5? c5tury has be5 betwe5 ! s\rces 
( ! ,c>ony1 ! ,essequibo1 ! ,or9oco1 & !
 ,rio ,p>ima1 once n only held sway z f>
 z ! ,great ,cat>acts1 b made incursions
 also into ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 employ+     
portages betwe5 ! ,p>uspa99 799 ,! ,rio 
,p>uspa falls into ! ,rio ,p>agua1 & !  
latt] into ! ,rio ,c>ony1 :i* is "o ( ! 
tribut>y /reams ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco4 ,!re  
is also an anci5t portage ( ! ,c>ibs    
betwe5 ! ,p>uspa & ! ,rio ,*av>o1 :i*   

fl[s into ! ,rio ,caura above ! m\? ( ! 
,erevato4 ,9 go+ up ! ,erevato y rea* ! 
savannahs t are trav]s$ by ! ,rio       
,manipi>e above ! tribut>y /reams ( !   
,v5tu>i4 ,! ,c>ibs 9 _! di/ant          
excursions sometimes pass$ f ! ,rio     
,caura to ! ,v5tu>i1 !nce to ! ,padamo1 
& !n by ! ,upp] ,or9oco to ! ,atacavi1  
:i*1 we/w>d ( ,manuteso1 takes ! "n ( ! 
,atabapo47 & ! ,caura1 ! ,erevato & !   
,v5tu>i1 ! ,conori*ite & ! ,atacavi4    
,none knew bett] ?an ! ,c>ibs !         
int]tw9+s ( ! riv]s1 ! proximity ( !    
tribut>y /reams1 & ! roads by :i*       
di/ances might be dim9i%$4 ,! ,c>ibs _h 
vanqui%$ & almo/ ext]m9at$ ! ,cabres4   
,hav+ made !mselves ma/]s ( ! ,l[]      
,or9oco1 !y met ) resi/ance f !         
,guaypunaves1 :o _h f\nd$ _! dom9ion on 
! ,upp] ,or9oco2 & :o1 toge!r ) !       
,cabres1 ! ,manitivitanos1 & ! ,p>5is1  
are ! greate/ cannibals ( ^! c\ntries4  
,!y orig9ally inhabit$ ! banks ( ! great
 riv] ,inirida1 at its conflu5ce ) !    
,*amo*iqu9i1 & ! hilly c\ntry (         

,mabicore4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agdd1 _! *ief1  
or z ! natives call him1 _! k+ 7apoto71 
0 nam$ ,macapu4 ,he 0 a man no less     
di/+ui%$ by 8 intellig5ce ?an 8 val\r2  
_h l$ a "p ( ! nation to ! banks ( !    
,atabapo2 & :5 ! ,jesuit ,roman made 8  
memorable exp$ition f ! ,or9oco to !    
,rio ,negro1 ,macapu suff]$ t mission>y 
to take ) him "s families ( !           
,guaypunaves to settle !m at ,uruana1 & 
ne> ! cat>act ( ,maypures4 ,?is p are   
connect$ by _! language ) ! great bran* 
( ! ,maypure nations4 ,!y are m         
indu/ri\s1 we might also say m civiliz$1
 ?an ! o!r nations ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,!
 mission>ies relate1 t ! ,guaypunaves1  
at ! "t ( _! sway 9 ^? c\ntries1 7      
g5]ally clo!d1 & _h consid]able         
villages4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,macapu1 !     
comm& devolv$ on ano!r w>rior1 ,cus]u1  
call$ by ! ,spani>ds ,el capitan ,cus]o4
 ,he e/abli%$ l9es ( def5ce on ! banks (
 ! ,inirida1 ) a k9d ( little =t1       
con/ruct$ ( e>? & timb]4 ,! piles 7 m   
?an sixte5 feet high1 & surr\nd$ bo? !  

h\se ( ! apoto & a magaz9e ( b[s &      
arr[s4 ,^! /ructures1 rem>kable 9 a     
c\ntry 9 o!r respects s wild1 h be5     
describ$ by ,fa!r ,=n]i4  ,! ,m>epizanas
 & ! ,manitivitanos 7 ! prepond]ant     
nations on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,negro4 ,!  
=m] _h = its *iefs1 ab\t ! ye> #agej1   
two w>riors call$ ,imu & ,cajamu4 ,! k+ 
( ! ,manitivitanos 0 ,cocuy1 fam\s = 8  
cruelty4 ,! *iefs ( ! ,guaypunaves & !  
,manitivitanos f\ght ) small bodies (   
two or ?ree hundr$ m52 b 9 _! protract$ 
/ruggles !y de/roy$ ! missions1 9 "s (  
:i* ! poor monks _h only fifte5 or tw5ty
 ,spani% soldi]s at _! disposal4 ,:5 !  
exp$ition ( ,iturriaga & ,solano arriv$ 
at ! ,or9oco1 ! missions _h no long] to 
fe> ! incursions ( ! ,c>ibs4 ,cus]u1 !  
*ief ( ! ,guaypunaves1 _h fix$ 8 dwell+ 
beh9d ! granitic m\nta9s ( ,sipapo4 ,he 
0 ! fri5d ( ! ,jesuits2 b o!r nations ( 
! ,upp] ,or9oco & ! ,rio ,negro1 l$ by  
,imu1 ,cajamu1 & ,cocuy1 p5etrat$ f "t  
to "t to ! nor? ( ! ,great ,cat>acts4   
,!y _h o!r motives = fight+ ?an t (     

hatr$2 !y hunt$ m51 z 0 =m]ly ! cu/om ( 
! ,c>ibs1 & is /ill ! practice 9        
,africa4 ,sometimes !y furni%$ slaves   
7poitos7 to ! ,dut* 79 _! language1     
,p>anaquiri--inhabitants ( ! sea72      
sometimes !y sold !m to ! ,portuguese   
7,i>anavi--sons ( musicians7499 799 ,!  
savage tribes designate e comm]cial     
nation ( ,europe by surnames1 ! orig9 ( 
:i* appe>s altoge!r accid5tal4 ,!       
,spani>ds 7 call$ clo!d m51 ,pongheme or
 ,uavemi1 by way ( di/9ction47 ,9       
,am]ica1 z 9 ,africa1 ! cupidity ( !    
,europeans has produc$ ! same evils1 by 
excit+ ! natives to make w>1 9 ord] to  
procure slaves4 ,ev]y:]e ! contact (    
nations1 widely diff]5t f ea* o!r 9 !   
scale ( civilization1 leads to ! abuse (
 physical /r5g?1 & ( intellectual       
prepond]ance4 ,! ,pho5icians &          
,c>?ag9ians =m]ly s\ght slaves 9        
,europe4 ,europe n[ presses 9 h] turn   
bo? on ! c\ntries :5ce %e ga!r$ ! fir/  
g]ms ( sci5ce1 & on ^? :]e %e n[ almo/  
involunt>ily spreads !m by c>ry+ ?i!r ! 

produce ( h] indu/ry4  ,i h fai?fully   
record$ :at ,i c\ld collect on ! /ate ( 
^! c\ntries1 :]e ! vanqui%$ nations h   
become gradually ext9ct1 leav+ no o!r   
signs ( _! exi/5ce ?an a few words ( _! 
language1 mix$ ) t ( ! conqu]ors4 ,9 !  
nor?1 beyond ! cat>acts1 ! prepond]ant  
nations 7 at fir/ ! ,c>ibs & ! ,cabres2 
t[>ds ! s\?1 on ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 !      
,guaypunaves2 & on ! ,rio ,negro1 !     
,m>epizanos & ! ,manitivitanos4 ,! long 
resi/ance :i* ! ,cabres1 unit$ "u a     
valiant *ief1 _h made to ! ,c>ibs1      
became fatal to ! latt] subsequ5tly to !
 ye> #agbj4 ,!y at fir/ vanqui%$ _!     
enemies ne> ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,caura2 & a  
great numb] ( ,c>ibs p]i%$ 9 a          
precipitate flight1 betwe5 ! rapids (   
,torno & ! ,isla del ,infi]no4 ,!       
prison]s 7 dev\r$2 &1 by "o ( ^?        
ref9em5ts ( cunn+ & cruelty :i* are     
common to ! savage nations ( bo? ,nor? &
 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ,cabres sp>$ ! life (  
"o ,c>ib1 :om !y =c$ to climb up a tree 
to witness ?is b>b>\s spectacle1 & c>ry 

back ! tid+s to ! vanqui%$4 ,! triumph (
 ,tep1 ! *ief ( ! ,cabres1 0 b ( %ort   
duration4 ,! ,c>ibs return$ 9 su* great 
numb]s t only a feeble remnant ( !      
,cabres 0 left on ! banks ( ! ,cu*iv]o4 
,cocuy & ,cus]u 7 c>ry+ on a w> (       
ext]m9ation on ! ,upp] ,or9oco :5       
,solano arriv$ at ! m\? ( ! ,guavi>e4 ,!
 =m] _h embrac$ ! cause ( ! ,portuguese2
 ! latt] 0 a fri5d ( ! ,jesuits1 & gave 
!m w>n+ :5ev] ! ,manitivitanos 7 m>*+   
aga9/ ! *ri/ian e/abli%m5ts ( ,atures & 
,c>i*ana4 ,cus]u became a *ri/ian only a
 few days be=e 8 dea?2 b 9 battle he _h 
= "s "t worn on 8 left hip a crucifix1  
giv5 him by ! mission>ies1 & :i* he     
believ$ r5d]$ him invuln]able4 ,we 7    
told an anecdote t pa9ts ! viol5ce ( 8  
"*4 ,he _h m>ri$ ! daught] ( an ,indian 
*ief ( ! ,rio ,temi4 ,9 a p>oxysm ( rage
 aga9/ 8 fa!r-9-law1 he decl>$ to 8 wife
 t he 0 go+ to fight aga9/ him4 ,%e     
rem9d$ him ( ! c\rage & s+ul> /r5g? ( h]
 fa!r2 :5 ,cus]u1 )\t utt]+ a s+le ^w1  
took a poison$ arr[1 & plung$ x into h] 

bosom4 ,! arrival ( a small body (      
,spani>ds 9 #agef1 "u ! ord] ( ,solano1 
awak5$ suspicion 9 ?is *ief ( !         
,guaypunaves4 ,he 0 on ! po9t ( attempt+
 a conte/ ) !m1 :5 ! ,jesuits made him  
s5sible t x w\ld be 8 int]e/ to rema9 at
 peace ) ! ,*ri/ians4 ,:il/ d9+ at !    
table ( ! ,spani% g5]al1 ,cus]u 0 allur$
 by promises1 & ! pr$iction ( ! approa*+
 fall ( 8 enemies4 ,f be+ a k+ he became
 ! mayor ( a village2 & cons5t$ to      
settle ) 8 p at ! new mission ( ,san    
,f]n&o de ,atabapo4 ,su* is mo/         
frequ5tly ! end ( ^? *iefs :om travell]s
 & mission>ies /yle ,indian pr9ces4 ,9  
my mission1 says ! hone/ fa!r ,gili ,i  
_h five reyecillos1 or petty k+s1 ^? ( !
 ,tamanacs1 ! ,av>igotes1 ! ,p>ecas1 !  
,quaquas1 & ! ,maypures4 ,at *ur* ,i    
plac$ !m 9 file on ! same b5*2 b ,i took
 c>e to give ! fir/ place to ,monaiti1  
k+ ( ! ,tamanacs1 because he _h help$ me
 to f\nd ! village2 & he seem$ q pr\d ( 
?is prec$5cy4  ,:5 ,cus]u1 ! *ief ( !   
,guaypunaves1 saw ! ,spani% troops pass 

! cat>acts1 he advis$ ,don ,jose ,solano
 to wait a :ole ye> be=e he =m$ a       
settlem5t on ! ,atabapo2 pr$ict+ !      
mis=tunes :i* 7 n sl[ to arrive4 ,let me
 lab\r ) my p 9 cle>+ ! gr\nd1 said     
,cus]u to ! ,jesuits2 ,i w plant        
cassava1 & y w f9d h]eaft] :]e) to fe$  
all ^! m54 ,solano1 impati5t to advance1
 refus$ to li/5 to ! c\nsel ( ! ,indian 
*ief1 & ! new inhabitants ( ,san ,f]n&o 
_h to suff] all ! evils ( sc>city4      
,canoes 7 s5t at a great exp5se to ,new 
,gr5ada1 by ! ,meta & ! ,vi*ada1 9 se>* 
( fl\r4 ,! provision arriv$ too late1 & 
_m ,spani>ds & ,indians p]i%$ ( ^?      
diseases :i* are produc$ 9 e climate by 
want & moral dejection4  ,"s traces (   
cultivation are /ill f\nd at ,san       
,f]n&o4 ,e ,indian has a small          
plantation ( cacao-trees1 :i* produce   
abundantly 9 ! fif? ye>2 b !y cease to  
be> fruit soon] ?an 9 ! valleys (       
,aragua4 ,!re are "s savannahs & good   
pa/urage r\nd ,san ,f]n&o1 b h>dly sev5 
or eight c[s are to be f\nd1 ! rema9s ( 

a consid]able h]d :i* 0 br\ght into ^!  
c\ntries at ! exp$ition = settl+ !      
b\nd>ies4 ,! ,indians are a little m    
civiliz$ "h ?an 9 ! re/ ( ! missions1 & 
we f\nd to our surprise a blacksmi? ( ! 
native race4  ,9 ! mission ( ,san       
,f]n&o1 a tree :i* gives a peculi>      
physiognomy to ! l&scape1 is ! piritu or
 pirijao palm4 ,its trunk1 arm$ ) ?orns1
 is m ?an sixty feet high2 its leaves   
are p9nat$1 v ?91 undulat$1 & frizzl$   
t[>ds ! po9ts4 ,! fruits ( ?is tree are 
v extraord9>y2 e clu/] conta9s f fifty  
to eighty2 !y are yell[ l apples1 gr[   
purple 9 proportion z !y rip51 two or   
?ree in*es ?ick1 & g5]ally1 f abortion1 
)\t a k]nel4 ,among ! eighty or n9ety   
species ( palm-trees peculi> to ! ,new  
,cont95t1 :i* ,i h enum]at$ 9 ! ,nova   
,g5]a ,plant>um ,aequ9octialum1 !re are 
none 9 :i* ! s>coc>p is develop$ 9 a    
mann] s extraord9>y4 ,! fruit ( !       
pirijao furni%es a f>9ace\s sub/ance1 z 
yell[ z ! yolk ( an egg1 slightly       
sac*>9e1 & extremely nutriti\s4 ,x is   

eat5 l planta9s or potatoes1 boil$ or   
roa/$ 9 ! a%es1 & af=ds a :olesome &    
agreeable alim5t4 ,! ,indians & !       
mission>ies are unwe>i$ 9 _! praises (  
?is noble palm-tree1 :i* might be call$ 
! pea*-palm4 ,we f\nd x cultivat$ 9     
abundance at ,san ,f]n&o1 ,san ,bal?as>1
 ,santa ,b>b>a1 & :]ev] we advanc$ t[>ds
 ! s\? or ! ea/ along ! banks ( !       
,atabapo & ! ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,9 ^? wild  
regions we are involunt>ily rem9d$ ( !  
ass]tion ( ,l9naeus1 t ! c\ntry (       
palm-trees 0 ! fir/ abode ( our species1
 & t man is ess5tially palmivor\s499 799
 ,homo ,,habitat intra tropicos1        
vescitur palmis1 lotophagus2            
,,hospitatur extra tropicos sub         
nov]cante ,c]]e1 c>nivorus4 ,man        
,,dwells ,,naturally )9 ! tropics1 &    
lives on ! fruits ( ! palm-tree2 he     
,,exi/s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & !re makes  
%ift to fe$ on corn & fle%4 ,sy/4 ,nat4 
volume #a page #bd47 ,on exam9+ !       
provision accumulat$ 9 ! huts ( !       
,indians1 we p]ceive t _! subsi/5ce dur+

 sev]al mon?s ( ! ye> dep5ds z mu* on ! 
f>9ace\s fruit ( ! pirijao1 z on !      
cassava & planta94 ,! tree be>s fruit b 
once a ye>1 b to ! am\nt ( ?ree clu/]s1 
consequ5tly f "o hundr$ & fifty to two  
hundr$ fruits4  ,san ,f]n&o de ,atabapo1
 ,san ,c>los1 & ,san ,francisco ,solano1
 are ! mo/ consid]able settlem5ts among 
! missions ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,at ,san  
,f]n&o1 z well z 9 ! neighb\r+ villages 
( ,san ,bal?as> & ,javita1 ! abodes ( ! 
prie/s are neatly-built h\ses1 cov]$ by 
lianas1 & surr\nd$ by g>d5s4 ,! tall    
trunks ( ! pirijao palms 7 ! mo/        
beautiful ornam5ts ( ^! plantations4 ,9 
our walks1 ! presid5t ( ! mission gave u
 an animat$ acc\nt ( 8 incursions on !  
,rio ,guavi>e4 ,he relat$ to u h[ mu* ^!
 j\rneys1 und]tak5 = ! conque/ ( s\ls2  
are desir$ by ! ,indians ( ! missions4  
,all1 ev5 wom5 & old m51 take "p 9 !m4  
,"u ! pretext ( recov]+ neophytes :o h  
des]t$ ! village1 *ildr5 above eight or 
t5 ye>s ( age are c>ri$ (f1 & di/ribut$ 
among ! ,indians ( ! missions z s]fs1 or

 poitos4 ,accord+ to ! a/ronomical      
obs]vations ,i took on ! banks ( !      
,atabapo1 & on ! we/]n declivity ( !    
,cordill]a ( ! ,&es1 ne> ! ,p>amo de la 
suma ,paz1 ! di/ance is "o hundr$ & sev5
 leagues only f ,san ,f]n&o to ! fir/   
villages ( ! prov9ces ( ,caguan & ,san  
,juan de los ,llanos4 ,i 0 assur$ also  
by "s ,indians1 :o dwelt =m]ly to ! we/ 
( ! isl& ( ,amanav5i1 beyond ! conflu5ce
 ( ! ,rio ,supavi1 t go+ 9 a boat on !  
,guavi>e 79 ! mann] ( ! savages7 beyond 
! /rait 7ango/ura7 & ! pr9cipal cat>act1
 !y met1 at ?ree days' di/ance1 be>d$ & 
clo!d m51 :o came 9 se>* ( ! eggs ( !   
t]ekay turtle4 ,?is meet+ al>m$ !       
,indians s mu*1 t !y fl$ precipitately1 
r$esc5d+ ! ,guavi>e4 ,x is probable1 t  
^! be>d$ :ite m5 came f ! villages (    
,aroma & ,san ,m>t91 ! ,rio ,guavi>e be+
 =m$ by ! union ( ! riv]s ,ari>i &      
,guayav]o4 ,we mu/ n be surpris$ t !    
mission>ies ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,atabapo    
little suspect h[ ne> !y live to !      
mission>ies ( ,mocoa1 ,rio ,fragua1 &   

,caguan4 ,9 ^! des]t c\ntries1 ! real   
di/ances c be kn[n only by obs]vations (
 ! longitude4 ,x 0 9 consequ5ce (       
a/ronomical data1 & ! in=mation ,i ga!r$
 9 ! conv5ts ( ,popayan & ( ,pa/o1 to ! 
we/ ( ! ,cordill]a ( ! ,&es1 t ,i =m$ an
 accurate idea ( ! respective situations
 ( ! *ri/ian settlem5ts on ! ,atabapo1 !
 ,guayav]o1 & ! ,caqueta499 799 ,!      
,caqueta be>s1 l[] d[n1 ! "n ( !        
,yupura47  ,ev]y?+ *anges on ent]+ !    
,rio ,atabapo2 ! con/itution ( !        
atmosph]e1 ! col\r ( ! wat]s1 & ! =m ( !
 trees t cov] ! %ore4 ,y no long] suff] 
dur+ ! day ! torm5t ( mosquitos2 & !    
long-legg$ gnats 7zancudos7 become r>e  
dur+ ! night4 ,beyond ! mission ( ,san  
,f]n&o ^! nocturnal insects disappe>    
altoge!r4 ,! wat] ( ! ,or9oco is turbid1
 & load$ ) e>?y matt]2 & 9 ! coves1 f ! 
accumulation ( dead crocodiles & o!r    
putresc5t sub/ances1 x diffuses a musky 
& fa9t smell4 ,we 7 sometimes oblig$ to 
/ra9 ?is wat] ?r\gh a l95 clo? be=e we  
drank x4 ,! wat] ( ! ,atabapo1 on !     

contr>y1 is pure1 agreeable to ! ta/e1  
)\t any trace ( smell1 br[ni% by        
reflect$1 & ( a pale yell[ by transmitt$
 light4 ,! p call x light1 9 opposition 
to ! heavy & turbid wat]s ( ! ,or9oco4  
,its temp]ature is g5]ally two degrees1 
& :5 y approa* ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,temi1    
?ree degrees1 cool] ?an ! temp]ature ( !
 ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,aft] hav+ be5 compell$ 
dur+ a :ole ye> to dr9k wat] at #bg or  
#bh degrees1 a l[]+ ( a few degrees 9 ! 
temp]ature produces a v agreeable       
s5sation4 ,i ?9k ?is l[]+ ( ! temp]ature
 may be attribut$ to ! riv] be+ less    
broad1 & )\t ! s&y bea*1 ! heat ( :i*1  
at ! ,or9oco1 is by day m ?an #ej       
degrees1 & also to ! ?ick %ade ( ! =e/s 
:i* are trav]s$ by ! ,atabapo1 ! ,temi1 
! ,tuam9i1 & ! ,gua9ia1 or ,rio ,negro4 
,! extreme purity ( ! black wat]s is    
prov$ by _! limpidity1 _! transp>5cy1 & 
! cle>ness ) :i* !y reflect ! images &  
col\rs ( surr\nd+ objects4 ,! smalle/   
fi% are visible 9 !m at a dep? ( tw5ty  
or ?irty feet2 & mo/ commonly ! bottom (

 ! riv] may be di/+ui%$1 :i* is n a     
yell[i% or br[ni% mud1 l ! col\r ( !    
wat]1 b a qu>tzose & granitic s& (      
dazzl+ :it5ess4 ,no?+ c be comp>$ to !  
beauty ( ! banks ( ! ,atabapo4 ,load$ ) 
plants1 among :i* rise ! palms ) fea!ry 
leaves2 ! banks are reflect$ 9 ! wat]s1 
& ?is reflex v]dure seems to h ! same   
vivid hue z t :i* clo!s ! real          
vegetation4 ,! surface ( ! fluid is     
homog5e\s1 smoo?1 & de/itute ( t mixture
 ( susp5d$ s& & decompos$ organic matt]1
 :i* r\gh5s & /reaks ! surface ( less   
limpid riv]s4  ,on quitt+ ! ,or9oco1    
sev]al small rapids mu/ be pass$1 b )\t 
any appe>ance ( dang]4 ,amid ^!         
raudalitos1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( !     
mission>ies1 ! ,rio ,atabapo falls into 
! ,or9oco4 ,i am h[ev] dispos$ to ?9k t 
! ,atabapo falls into ! ,guavi>e4 ,!    
,rio ,guavi>e1 :i* is mu* wid] ?an !    
,atabapo1 has :ite wat]s1 & 9 ! aspect (
 its banks1 its fi%+-birds1 its fi%1 & !
 great crocodiles :i* live 9 x1         
resembles ! ,or9oco mu* m ?an t "p ( !  

,atabapo :i* comes f ! ,esm]alda4 ,:5 a 
riv] spr+s f ! junction ( two o!r riv]s1
 ne>ly alike 9 size1 x is difficult to  
judge :i* ( ! two conflu5t /reams mu/ be
 reg>d$ z its s\rce4 ,! ,indians ( ,san 
,f]n&o affirm t ! ,or9oco rises f two   
riv]s1 ! ,guavi>e & ! ,rio ,p>agua4 ,!y 
give ?is latt] "n to ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 f 
,san ,f]n&o & ,santa ,b>b>a to beyond ! 
,esm]alda1 & !y say t ! ,cassiqui>e is n
 an arm ( ! ,or9oco1 b ( ! ,rio ,p>agua4
 ,x matt]s b little :e!r or n ! "n (    
,or9oco be giv5 to ! ,rio ,p>agua1      
provid$ we trace ! c\rse ( ^! riv]s z x 
is 9 nature1 & d n sep>ate by a *a9 (   
m\nta9s1 7z 0 done previ\sly to my      
travels17 riv]s t communicate toge!r1 & 
=m "o sy/em4 ,:5 we w\ld give ! "n ( a  
l>ge riv] to "o ( ! two bran*es by :i* x
 is =m$1 x %\ld be appli$ to t bran* :i*
 furni%es mo/ wat]4 ,n[1 at ! two       
seasons ( ! ye> :5 ,i saw ! ,guavi>e & !
 ,upp] ,or9oco or ,rio ,p>agua 7betwe5 !
 ,esm]alda & ,san ,f]n&o71 x appe>$ to  
me t ! latt] 0 n s l>ge z ! ,guavi>e4   

,simil> d\bts h be5 ent]ta9$ by         
geograph]s respect+ ! junction ( ! ,upp]
 ,mississippi ) ! ,miss\ri & ! ,ohio1 ! 
junction ( ! ,m>anon ) ! ,guallaga & !  
,ucayale1 & ! junction ( ! ,indus ) !   
,*unab 7,hydaspes ( ,ca%m]e7 & ! ,gurra1
 or ,sutlej499 799 ,! ,hydaspes is      
prop]ly a tribut>y /ream ( ! ,*unab or  
,aces9es4 ,! ,sutlej or ,hysudrus =ms1  
toge!r ) ! ,beyah or 999999 ,gurra4 ,^! 
are ! beautiful regions ( ! 999999      
celebrat$ f ! "t ( ,alex&] to ! 9999997 
,to avoid embroil+ f>!r a nom5clature ( 
riv]s s arbitr>ily fix$1 ,i w n propose 
new d5om9ations4 ,i %all cont9ue1 )     
,fa!r ,caul9 & ! ,spani% geograph]s1 to 
call ! riv] ,esm]alda ! ,or9oco1 or     
,upp] ,or9oco2 b ,i mu/ obs]ve t if !   
,or9oco1 f ,san ,f]n&o de ,atabapo z f> 
z ! delta :i* x =ms opposite ! isl& (   
,tr9idad1 7 reg>d$ z ! cont9uance ( !   
,rio ,guavi>e1 & if t "p ( ! ,upp]      
,or9oco betwe5 ! ,esm]alda & ! mission (
 ,san ,f]n&o 7 consid]$ a tribut>y      
/ream1 ! ,or9oco w\ld pres]ve1 f !      

savannahs ( ,san ,juan de los ,llanos & 
! ea/]n declivity ( ! ,&es to its m\?1 a
 m uni=m & natural direction1 t f       
s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/4  ,! ,rio ,p>agua1  
or t "p ( ! ,or9oco ea/ ( ! m\? ( !     
,guavi>e1 has cle>]1 m transp>5t1 & pur]
 wat] ?an ! "p ( ! ,or9oco bel[ ,san    
,f]n&o4 ,! wat]s ( ! ,guavi>e1 on !     
contr>y1 are :ite & turbid2 !y h ! same 
ta/e1 accord+ to ! ,indians 7^: organs (
 s5se are extremely delicate & well     
practis$71 z ! wat]s ( ! ,or9oco ne> !  
,great ,cat>acts4 ,br+ me ! wat]s ( ?ree
 or f\r great riv]s ( ^! c\ntries1 an   
old ,indian ( ! mission ( ,javita said  
to u2 on ta/+ ea* ( !m ,i w tell y1 )\t 
fe> ( mi/ake1 :5ce x 0 tak52 :e!r x     
comes f a :ite or black riv]2 ! ,or9oco 
or ! ,atabapo1 ! ,p>agua or ! ,guavi>e4 
,! great crocodiles & porpoises 7ton9as7
 :i* are alike common 9 ! ,rio ,guavi>e 
& ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 are entirely want+1 z 
we 7 told1 9 ! ,rio ,p>agua 7or ,upp]   
,or9oco1 betwe5 ,san ,f]n&o & !         
,esm]alda74 ,^! are v rem>kable         

diff]5ces 9 ! nature ( ! wat]s1 & !     
di/ribution ( animals4 ,! ,indians d n  
fail to m5tion !m1 :5 !y w\ld prove to  
travell]s t ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 to ! ea/ ( 
,san ,f]n&o1 is a di/9ct riv] :i* falls 
into ! ,or9oco1 & t ! real orig9 ( !    
latt] mu/ be s\ght 9 ! s\rces ( !       
,guavi>e4  ,! a/ronomical obs]vations   
made 9 ! night ( ! #be? ( ,april did n  
give me ! latitude ) satisfactory       
precision4 ,! latitude ( ! mission (    
,san ,f]n&o appe>$ to me to be #d       
degrees #b m9utes #dh seconds4 ,9 ,fa!r 
,caul9's map1 f\nd$ on ! obs]vations (  
,solano made 9 #agef1 x is #d degrees #a
 m9ute4 ,?is agreem5t proves ! ju/ness (
 a result :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i c\ld only d$uce
 f altitudes consid]ably di/ant f !     
m]idian4 ,a good obs]vation ( ! />s at  
,guapasoso gave me #d degrees #b m9utes 
= ,san ,f]n&o de ,atabapo4 ,i 0 able to 
fix ! longitude ) mu* m precision 9 my  
way to ! ,rio ,negro1 & 9 return+ f t   
riv]4 ,x is #gj degrees #cj m9utes #df  
seconds 7or #d degrees #j m9utes we/ ( !

 m]idian ( ,cumana74  ,on ! #bf? (      
,april we advanc$ only two or ?ree      
leagues1 & pass$ ! night on a rock ne> !
 ,indian plantations or conucos (       
,guapasoso4 ,! riv] los+ itself by its  
inundations 9 ! =e/s1 & its real banks  
be+ unse51 ! travell] c v5ture to l&    
only :]e a rock or a small table-l&     
rises above ! wat]4 ,! granite ( ^?     
c\ntries1 ow+ to ! position ( ! ?9      
lam9ae ( black mica1 sometimes resembles
 graphic granite2 b mo/ frequ5tly 7& ?is
 det]m9es ! age ( its =mation7 x passes 
into a real gneiss4 ,its b$s1 v regul>ly
 /ratifi$1 run f s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/1 z 
9 ! ,cordill]a on ! %ore ( ,c>acas4 ,!  
dip ( ! granite-gneiss is #gj degrees   
nor?-we/4 ,x is trav]s$ by an inf9ite   
numb] ( ve9s ( qu>tz1 :i* are s+ul>ly   
transp>5t1 & ?ree or f\r1 & sometimes   
fifte5 in*es ?ick4 ,i f\nd no cavity    
7druse71 no cry/alliz$ sub/ance1 n ev5  
rock-cry/al2 & no trace ( pyrites1 or   
any o!r metallic sub/ance4 ,i ent] into 
^! p>ticul>s on acc\nt ( ! *im]ical     

ideas t h be5 spread ev] s9ce ! sixte5? 
c5tury1 aft] ! voyages ( ,b]reo &       
,raleigh199 on ! imm5se ri*es ( ! great 
& f9e empire ( ,guiana4 799 ,raleigh's  
"w be>s ! high s\nd+ title ( ,!         
,discov]y ( ! l>ge1 ri*1 & beautiful    
,empire ( ,guiana1 ,london #aeif4 ,see  
also ,raleghi admir&a ,descriptio ,regni
 ,guianae1 auri abundantissimi1 ,hondius
 ,norib]gae #aeii47  ,! riv] ,atabapo   
pres5ts ?r\gh\t a peculi> aspect2 y see 
no?+ ( its real banks =m$ by flat l&s   
eight or t5 feet high2 !y are conceal$  
by a r[ ( palms1 & small trees ) sl5d]  
trunks1 ! roots ( :i* are ba!d by !     
wat]s4 ,!re are _m crocodiles f ! po9t  
:]e y quit ! ,or9oco to ! mission ( ,san
 ,f]n&o1 & _! pres5ce indicates t ?is "p
 ( ! riv] belongs to ! ,rio ,guavi>e & n
 to ! ,atabapo4 ,9 ! real b$ ( ! latt]  
riv]1 above ! mission ( ,san ,f]n&o1 !re
 are no crocodiles3 we f9d !re "s bavas1
 a great _m fre%-wat] dolph9s1 b no     
manatees4 ,we also seek 9 va9 on ^!     
banks = ! ?ick-nos$ tapir1 ! araguato1  

or great h[l+ monkey1 ! zamuro1 or      
,vultur aura1 & ! cre/$ pheasant1 kn[n  
by ! "n ( gua*>aca4 ,enorm\s            
wat]-snakes1 9 %ape resembl+ ! boa1 are 
un=tunately v common1 & are dang]\s to  
,indians :o ba!4 ,we saw !m almo/ f !   
fir/ day we emb>k$1 swimm+ by ! side (  
our canoe2 !y 7 at mo/ twelve or f\rte5 
feet long4 ,! jagu>s ( ! banks ( !      
,atabapo & ! ,temi are l>ge & well f$2  
!y are said1 h[ev]1 to be less d>+ ?an !
 jagu>s ( ! ,or9oco4  ,! night ( ! #bg? 
0 beautiful2 d>k cl\ds pass$ f "t to "t 
ov] ! z5i? ) extreme rapidity4 ,n a     
brea? ( w9d 0 felt 9 ! l[] /rata ( !    
atmosph]e2 ! breeze 0 at ! height ( a   
?\s& toises4 ,i dwell ^u ?is peculi>ity2
 = ! movem5t we saw 0 n produc$ by !    
c\nt]-curr5ts 7f we/ to ea/7 :i* are    
sometimes ?\ght to be obs]v$ 9 ! torrid 
zone on ! l(tie/ m\nta9s ( !            
,cordill]as2 x 0 ! effect ( a real      
breeze1 an ea/ w9d4 ,we left ! conucos (
 ,guapasoso at two o'clock2 & cont9u$ to
 asc5d ! riv] t[>d ! s\?1 f9d+ x 7or r t

 "p ( its b$ :i* is free f trees7 gr[+ m
 & m n>r[4 ,x began to ra9 t[>d sunrise4
 ,9 ^! =e/s1 :i* are less inhabit$ by   
animals ?an ^? ( ! ,or9oco1 we no long] 
he>d ! h[l+s ( ! monkeys4 ,! dolph9s1 or
 ton9as1 sport$ by ! side ( our boat4   
,accord+ to ! relation ( ,mr4           
,colebrooke1 ! ,delph9us gangeticus1 :i*
 is ! fre%-wat] porpoise ( ! ,old ,_w1 9
 l mann] accompanies ! boats t g up     
t[>ds ,b5>es2 b f ,b5>es to ! po9t :]e !
 ,ganges receives ! salt wat]s is only  
two hundr$ leagues1 :ile f ! ,atabapo to
 ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco is m ?an ?ree hundr$ 
& tw5ty4  ,ab\t noon we pass$ ! m\? ( ! 
little riv] ,ipuri*apano on ! ea/1 &    
aft]w>ds ! granitic rock1 kn[n by ! "n (
 ,pi$ra del ,tigre4 ,betwe5 ! f\r? &    
fif? degrees ( latitude1 a little to !  
s\? ( ! m\nta9s ( ,sipapo1 we rea* !    
s\!rn extremity ( t *a9 ( cat>acts1 :i* 
,i propos$1 9 a memoir publi%$ 9 #ahjj1 
to call ! ,*a9 ( ,p>ima4 ,at #d degrees 
#bj m9utes x /ret*es f ! "r bank ( !    
,or9oco t[>d ! ea/ & ea/-s\?-ea/4 ,!    

:ole ( ! l& ext5d+ f ! m\nta9s ( !      
,p>ima t[>ds ! riv] ,amazon1 :i* is     
trav]s$ by ! ,atabapo1 ! ,cassiqui>e1 & 
! ,rio ,negro1 is an imm5se pla91 cov]$ 
p>tly ) =e/s1 & p>tly ) grass4 ,small   
rocks rise "h & !re l ca/les4 ,we       
regrett$ t we _h n /opp$ to re/ ne> !   
,pi$ra del ,tigre2 = on go+ up !        
,atabapo we _h great difficulty to f9d a
 spot ( dry gr\nd1 op5 & spaci\s en\gh  
to light a fire1 & place our in/rum5t & 
our hammocks4  ,on ! #bh? ( ,april1 x   
ra9$ h>d aft] sunset1 & we 7 afraid t   
our collections w\ld be damag$4 ,! poor 
mission>y _h 8 fit ( t]tian fev]1 &     
bes\ght u to re-emb>k imm$iately aft]   
midnight4 ,we pass$ at day-break !      
,pi$ra & ! ,raudalitos99 799 ,! rock &  
little cascades47 ( ,gu>9uma4 ,! rock is
 on ! ea/ bank2 x is a %elf ( granite1  
cov]$ ) psora1 cladonia1 & o!r li*5s4 ,i
 c\ld h fanci$ myself transport$ to !   
nor? ( ,europe1 to ! ridge ( ! m\nta9s (
 gneiss & granite betwe5 ,freib]g &     
,m>i5b]g 9 ,saxony4 ,! cladonias appe>$ 

to me to be id5tical ) ! ,li*5          
rangif]9us1 ! ,l4 pixidatus1 & ! ,l4    
polymorphus ( ,l9naeus4 ,aft] hav+ pass$
 ! rapids ( ,gu>9uma1 ! ,indians %[$ u 9
 ! middle ( ! =e/1 on our "r1 ! ru9s ( !
 mission ( ,m5dax>i1 :i* has be5 long   
ab&on$4 ,on ! ea/ bank ( ! riv]1 ne> !  
little rock ( ,kem>umo1 9 ! mid/ (      
,indian plantations1 a gigantic bombax99
 799 ,bombax ceiba47 attract$ our       
curiosity4 ,we l&$ to measure x2 !      
height 0 ne>ly "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet1 &
 ! diamet] betwe5 f\rte5 & fifte54 ,?is 
enorm\s specim5 ( vegetation surpris$ u 
! m1 z we _h till !n se5 on ! banks ( ! 
,atabapo only small trees ) sl5d]       
trunks1 :i* f af> resembl$ "y           
*]ry-trees4 ,! ,indians assur$ t ^!     
small trees d n =m a v ext5sive gr\p4   
,!y are *eck$ 9 _! gr[? by ! inundations
 ( ! riv]2 :ile ! dry gr\nds ne> !      
,atabapo1 ! ,temi1 & ! ,tuam9i1 furni%  
excell5t timb] = build+4 ,^! =e/s d n   
/ret* indef9itely to ! ea/ & we/1 t[>d !
 ,cassiqui>e & ! ,guavi>e2 !y are b\nd$ 

by ! op5 savannahs ( ,manuteso1 & ! ,rio
 ,inirida4 ,we f\nd x difficult 9 ! ev5+
 to /em ! curr5t1 & we pass$ ! night 9 a
 wood a little above ,m5dax>i2 :i* is   
ano!r granitic rock trav]s$ by a /ratum 
( qu>tz4 ,we f\nd 9 x a gr\p ( f9e      
cry/als ( black s*orl4  ,on ! #bi?1 !   
air 0 cool]4 ,we _h no zancudos1 b ! sky
 0 con/antly cl\d$1 & )\t />s4 ,i began 
to regret ! ,l[] ,or9oco4 ,we /ill      
advanc$ b sl[ly f ! =ce ( ! curr5t1 & we
 /opp$ a great "p ( ! day to seek =     
plants4 ,x 0 night :5 we arriv$ at !    
mission ( ,san ,bal?as>1 or1 z ! monks  
/yle x1 ! mission ( la div9a ,pa/ora de 
,bal?as> de ,atabapo4 ,we 7 lodg$ ) a   
,catalonian mission>y1 a lively &       
agreeable man1 :o display$ 9 ^! wild    
c\ntries ! activity t *>act]ises 8      
nation4 ,he _h plant$ a g>d51 :]e !     
fig-tree ( ,europe 0 f\nd 9 company ) ! 
p]sea1 & ! lemon-tree ) ! mammee4 ,!    
village 0 built ) t regul>ity :i*1 9 !  
nor? ( ,g]many1 & 9 prote/ant ,am]ica1  
we f9d 9 ! hamlets ( ! ,moravian bre?r52

 & ! ,indian plantations seem$ bett]    
cultivat$ ?an else:]e4 ,"h we saw = !   
fir/ "t t :ite & fung\s sub/ance :i* ,i 
h made kn[n by ! "n ( dapi*o & zapis499 
799 ,^! two words belong to ! ,poimisano
 & ,p>ag9i tongues47 ,we imm$iately     
p]ceiv$ t x 0 analog\s to india-rubb]2  
b1 z ! ,indians made u und]/& by signs1 
t x 0 f\nd und]gr\nd1 we 7 incl9$ to    
?9k1 till we arriv$ at ! mission (      
,javita1 t ! dapi*o 0 a fossil ca\t*\c1 
?\gh diff]5t f ! ela/ic bitum5 (        
,d]by%ire4 ,a ,pomisano ,indian1 seat$  
by ! fire 9 ! hut ( ! mission>y1 0      
employ$ 9 r$uc+ ! dapi*o into black     
ca\t*\c4 ,he _h spitt$ sev]al bits on a 
sl5d] /ick1 & 0 roa/+ !m l meat4 ,!     
dapi*o black5s 9 proportion z x gr[s    
s(t1 & becomes ela/ic4 ,! res9\s &      
aromatic smell :i* fill$ ! hut1 seem$ to
 indicate t ?is coloration is ! effect (
 ! decomposition ( a c>buret ( hydrog51 
& t ! c>bon appe>s 9 proportion z !     
hydrog5 burns at a l[ heat4 ,! ,indian  
beat ! s(t5$ & black5$ mass ) a piece ( 

brazil-wood1 =m$ at "o end l a club2 he 
!n knead$ ! dapi*o into balls ( ?ree or 
f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & let x cool4 ,^!  
balls exactly resemble ! ca\t*\c ( !    
%ops1 b _! surface rema9s 9 g5]al       
slightly visc\s4 ,!y are us$ at ,san    
,bal?as> 9 ! ,indian game ( t5nis1 :i*  
is celebrat$ among ! inhabitants (      
,uruana & ,enc>amada2 !y are also cut   
into cyl9d]s1 to be us$ z corks1 & are  
f> pref]able to ^? made ( ! b>k ( !     
cork-tree4  ,?is use ( ca\t*\c appe>$ to
 u ! m wor?y notice1 z we _h be5 (t5    
emb>rass$ by ! want ( ,european corks4  
,! great utility ( cork is fully        
und]/ood 9 c\ntries :]e trade has n     
suppli$ ?is b>k 9 pl5ty4 ,equ9octial    
,am]ica n[h]e produces1 n ev5 on ! back 
( ! ,&es1 an oak resembl+ ! ,qu]cus     
sub]2 & nei!r ! light wood ( ! bombax1 !
 o*roma1 & o!r malvace\s plants1 nor !  
rha*is ( maize1 ( :i* ! natives make    
use1 c well supply ! place ( our corks4 
,! mission>y %[$ u1 be=e ! ,casa de los 
,solt]os 7! h\se :]e ! "y unm>ri$ m5    

reside71 a drum1 :i* 0 a holl[ cyl9d] ( 
wood1 two feet long & eighte5 in*es     
?ick4 ,?is drum 0 beat5 ) great masses (
 dapi*o1 :i* s]v$ z drum/icks2 x _h     
op5+s :i* c\ld be /opp$ by ! h& at w1 to
 v>y ! s\nds1 & 0 fix$ on two light     
supports4 ,savage notions love noisy    
music2 ! drum & ! botuto1 or trumpet (  
bak$ e>?1 9 :i* a tube ( ?ree or f\r    
feet long communicates ) sev]al b>rels1 
are indisp5sable in/rum5ts among !      
,indians = _! gr& pieces ( music4  ,!   
night ( ! #cj? ( ,april 0 suffici5tly   
f9e = obs]v+ ! m]idian heights ( x ( !  
,s\!rn ,cross1 & ! two l>ge />s 9 ! feet
 ( ! ,c5taur4 ,i f\nd ! latitude ( ,san 
,bal?as> #c degrees #ad m9utes #bc      
seconds4 ,hor>y angles ( ! sun gave #gj 
degrees #ad m9utes #ba seconds = !      
longitude by ! *ronomet]4 ,! dip ( !    
magnetic ne$le 0 #bg4h degrees 7c5t     
div74 ,we left ! mission at a late h\r 9
 ! morn+1 & cont9u$ to g up ! ,atabapo =
 five miles2 !n1 in/ead ( foll[+ t riv] 
to its s\rce 9 ! ea/1 :]e x be>s ! "n ( 

,atacavi1 we ent]$ ! ,rio ,temi4 ,be=e  
we rea*$ its conflu5ce1 a granitic      
em95ce on ! we/]n bank1 ne> ! m\? ( !   
,guasacavi1 fix$ our att5tion3 x is     
call$ ,pi$ra de la ,guahiba 7,rock ( !  
,guahiba woman71 or ! ,pi$ra de la      
,madre 7,"m's ,rock47 ,we inquir$ !     
cause ( s s+ul> a d5om9ation4 ,fa!r ,zea
 c\ld n satisfy our curiosity2 b "s     
weeks aft]1 ano!r mission>y1 "o ( !     
pr$ecessors ( t ecclesia/ic1 :om we f\nd
 settl$ at ,san ,f]n&o z presid5t ( !   
missions1 relat$ to u an ev5t :i* excit$
 9 our m9ds ! mo/ pa9ful feel+s4 ,if1 9 
^! solit>y sc5es1 man sc>cely leaves    
beh9d him any trace ( 8 exi/5ce1 x is   
d\bly humiliat+ = a ,european to see    
p]petuat$ by s imp]i%able a monum5t (   
nature z a rock1 ! remembrance ( ! moral
 degradation ( our species1 & ! contra/ 
betwe5 ! virtue ( a savage1 & ! b>b>ism 
( civiliz$ man6  ,9 #agig ! mission>y ( 
,san ,f]n&o _h l$ 8 ,indians to ! banks 
( ! ,rio ,guavi>e1 on "o ( ^? ho/ile    
incursions :i* are prohibit$ alike by   

religion & ! ,spani% laws4 ,!y f\nd 9 an
 ,indian hut a ,guahiba woman ) h] ?ree 
*ildr5 7two ( :om 7 /ill infants71      
occupi$ 9 prep>+ ! fl\r ( cassava4      
,resi/ance 0 impossible2 ! fa!r 0 gone  
to fi%1 & ! "m tri$ 9 va9 to flee ) h]  
*ildr54 ,sc>cely _h %e rea*$ ! savannah 
:5 %e 0 seiz$ by ! ,indians ( ! mission1
 :o hunt human be+s1 l ! ,:ites & !     
,negroes 9 ,africa4 ,! "m & h] *ildr5 7 
b\nd1 & dragg$ to ! bank ( ! riv]4 ,!   
monk1 seat$ 9 8 boat1 wait$ ! issue ( an
 exp$ition ( :i* he %>$ n ! dang]4 ,_h !
 "m made too viol5t a resi/ance !       
,indians w\ld h kill$ h]1 = ev]y?+ is   
p]mitt$ = ! sake ( ! conque/ ( s\ls 7la 
conqui/a espirituel71 & x is p>ticul>ly 
desirable to capture *ildr51 :o may be  
treat$ 9 ! ,mission z poitos1 or slaves 
( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! prison]s 7 c>ri$ to   
,san ,f]n&o1 9 ! hope t ! "m w\ld be    
unable to f9d h] way back to h] home by 
l&4 ,sep>at$ f h] o!r *ildr5 :o _h      
accompani$ _! fa!r on ! day 9 :i* %e _h 
be5 c>ri$ (f1 ! unhappy woman %[$ signs 

( ! deepe/ despair4 ,%e attempt$ to take
 back to h] home ! *ildr5 :o _h be5     
seiz$ by ! mission>y2 & %e fl$ ) !m     
repeat$ly f ! village ( ,san ,f]n&o4 ,b 
! ,indians nev] fail$ to recapture h]2 &
 ! mission>y1 aft] hav+ caus$ h] to be  
m]cilessly beat51 took ! cruel          
resolution ( sep>at+ ! "m f ! two *ildr5
 :o _h be5 c>ri$ (f ) h]4 ,%e 0 convey$ 
alone to ! missions ( ! ,rio ,negro1 go+
 up ! ,atabapo4 ,slightly b\nd1 %e 0    
seat$ at ! b[ ( ! boat1 ignorant ( !    
fate t await$ h]2 b %e judg$ by !       
direction ( ! sun1 t %e 0 remov+ f>!r & 
f>!r f h] hut & h] native c\ntry4 ,%e   
succe$$ 9 break+ h] bonds1 ?rew h]self  
into ! wat]1 & swam to ! left bank ( !  
,atabapo4 ,! curr5t c>ri$ h] to a %elf (
 rock1 :i* be>s h] "n to ?is day4 ,%e   
l&$ & took %elt] 9 ! woods1 b ! presid5t
 ( ! missions ord]$ ! ,indians to r[ to 
! %ore1 & foll[ ! traces ( ! ,guahiba4  
,9 ! ev5+ %e 0 br\ght back4 ,/ret*$ ^u !
 rock 7la ,pi$ra de la ,madre7 a cruel  
puni%m5t 0 inflict$ on h] ) ^? /raps (  

manatee lea!r1 :i* s]ve = :ips 9 t      
c\ntry1 & ) :i* ! alcaldes are always   
furni%$4 ,?is unhappy woman1 h] h&s ti$ 
beh9d h] back ) /rong /alks ( mavacure1 
0 !n dragg$ to ! mission ( ,javita4  ,%e
 0 !re ?r[n into "o ( ! c>avans]ais1    
call$ las ,casas del ,rey4 ,x 0 ! ra9y  
season1 & ! night 0 pr(\ndly d>k4 ,=e/s 
till !n believ$ to be imp5etrable       
sep>at$ ! mission ( ,javita f t ( ,san  
,f]n&o1 :i* 0 tw5ty-five leagues di/ant 
9 a /raight l9e4 ,no o!r r\te is kn[n   
?an t by ! riv]s2 no man ev] attempt$ to
 g by l& f "o village to ano!r4 ,b su*  
difficulties c\ld n det] a "m1 sep>at$ f
 h] *ildr54 ,! ,guahiba 0 c>elessly     
gu>d$ 9 ! c>avans]ai4 ,h] arms be+      
w\nd$1 ! ,indians ( ,javita _h loos5$ h]
 bonds1 unkn[n to ! mission>y & !       
alcaldes4 ,hav+ succe$$ by ! help ( h]  
tee? 9 break+ !m entirely1 %e disappe>$ 
dur+ ! night2 & at ! f\r? sunrise 0 se5 
at ! mission ( ,san ,f]n&o1 hov]+ ar\nd 
! hut :]e h] *ildr5 7 conf9$4 ,:at t    
woman p]=m$1 add$ ! mission>y1 :o gave u

 ?is sad n>rative1 ! mo/ robu/ ,indian  
w\ld n h v5tur$ to und]take6 ,%e trav]s$
 ! woods at a season :5 ! sky is        
con/antly cov]$ ) cl\ds1 & ! sun dur+   
:ole days appe>s b = a few m9utes4 ,did 
! c\rse ( ! wat]s direct h] way8 ,!     
inundations ( ! riv]s =c$ h] to g f> f !
 banks ( ! ma9 /ream1 ?r\gh ! mid/ (    
woods :]e ! movem5t ( ! wat] is almo/   
imp]ceptible4 ,h[ (t5 mu/ %e h be5 /opp$
 by ! ?orny lianas1 t =m a network ar\nd
 ! trunks !y entw9e6 ,h[ (t5 mu/ %e h   
swum across ! rivulets t run into !     
,atabapo6 ,?is un=tunate woman 0 ask$ h[
 %e _h su/a9$ h]self dur+ f\r days4 ,%e 
said t1 exhau/$ ) fatigue1 %e c\ld f9d  
no o!r n\ri%m5t ?an ^? great black ants 
call$ va*acos1 :i* climb ! trees 9 long 
b&s1 to susp5d on !m _! res9\s ne/s4 ,we
 press$ ! mission>y to tell u :e!r !    
,guahiba _h peacefully enjoy$ ! happ9ess
 ( rema9+ ) h] *ildr52 & if any         
rep5tance _h foll[$ ?is excess (        
cruelty4 ,he w\ld n satisfy our         
curiosity2 b at our return f ! ,rio     

,negro we le>n$ t ! ,indian "m 0 aga9   
sep>at$ f h] *ildr51 & s5t to "o ( !    
missions ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,!re %e di$1
 refus+ all k9d ( n\ri%m5t1 z savages   
frequ5tly d 9 great calamities4  ,su* is
 ! remembrance annex$ to ?is fatal rock1
 ! ,pi$ra de la ,madre4 ,9 ?is relation 
( my travels ,i feel no desire to dwell 
on pictures ( individual suff]+--evils  
:i* are frequ5t :]ev] !re are ma/]s &   
slaves1 civiliz$ ,europeans liv+ ) p 9 a
 /ate ( b>b>ism1 & prie/s ex]cis+ !     
pl5itude ( arbitr>y p[] ov] m5 ignorant 
& )\t def5ce4 ,9 describ+ ! c\ntries    
?r\gh :i* ,i pass$1 ,i g5]ally conf9e   
myself to po9t+ out :at is imp]fect1 or 
fatal to humanity1 9 _! civil or        
religi\s in/itutions4 ,if ,i h dwelt    
long] on ! ,rock ( ! ,guahiba1 x 0 to   
record an affect+ in/ance ( mat]nal     
t5d]ness 9 a race ( p s long calumniat$2
 & because ,i ?\ght "s b5efit might     
accrue f publi%+ a fact1 :i* ,i _h f !  
monks ( ,san ,francisco1 & :i* proves h[
 mu* ! sy/em ( ! missions calls = ! c>e 

( ! legislator4  ,above ! m\? ( !       
,guasucavi we ent]$ ! ,rio ,temi1 !     
c\rse ( :i* is f s\? to nor?4 ,_h we    
cont9u$ to asc5d ! ,atabapo1 we %\ld h  
turn$ to ea/-s\?-ea/1 go+ f>!r f ! banks
 ( ! ,gua9ia or ,rio ,negro4 ,! ,temi is
 only eighty or n9ety toises broad1 b 9 
any o!r c\ntry ?an ,guiana x w\ld be a  
consid]able riv]4 ,! c\ntry exhibits !  
uni=m aspect ( =e/s cov]+ gr\nd p]fectly
 flat4 ,! f9e pirijao palm1 ) its fruit 
l pea*es1 & a new species ( ba*e1 or    
mauritia1 its trunk bri/l$ ) ?orns1 rise
 amid small] trees1 ! vegetation ( :i*  
appe>s to be ret>d$ by ! cont9uance ( ! 
inundations4 ,! ,mauritia aculeata is   
call$ by ! ,indians juria or cauvaja2   
its leaves are 9 ! =m ( a fan1 & !y b5d 
t[>ds ! gr\nd4 ,at ! c5tre ( e leaf1 no 
d\bt f ! effect ( "s disease ( !        
p>5*yma1 conc5tric circles ( alt]nate   
blue & yell[ appe>1 ! yell[ prevail+    
t[>ds ! middle4 ,we 7 s+ul>ly /ruck by  
?is appe>ance2 ! leaves1 col\r$ l !     
peacock's tail1 are support$ by %ort & v

 ?ick trunks4 ,! ?orns are n sl5d] &    
long l ^? ( ! corozo & o!r ?orny        
palm-trees2 b on ! contr>y1 v woody1    
%ort1 & broad at ! base1 l ! ?orns ( !  
,hura crepitans4 ,on ! banks ( !        
,atabapo & ! ,temi1 ?is palm-tree is    
di/ribut$ 9 gr\ps ( twelve or fifte5    
/ems1 close toge!r1 & look+ z if !y rose
 f ! same root4 ,^! trees resemble 9 _! 
appe>ance1 =m1 & sc>city ( leaves1 !    
fan-palms & palmettos ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,we 
rem>k$ t "s plants ( ! juria 7 entirely 
de/itute ( fruit1 & o!rs exhibit$ a     
consid]able quantity2 ?is circum/ance   
seems to indicate a palm-tree ( sep>ate 
sexes4  ,:]ev] ! ,rio ,temi =ms coves1 !
 =e/ is inundat$ to ! ext5t ( m ?an half
 a squ>e league4 ,to avoid ! s9uosities 
( ! riv] & %ort5 ! passage1 ! navigation
 is "h p]=m$ 9 a v extraord9>y mann]4 ,!
 ,indians made u leave ! b$ ( ! riv]2 & 
we proce$$ s\?w>d across ! =e/1 ?r\gh   
pa?s 7s5das71 t is1 ?r\gh op5 *annels ( 
f\r or five feet broad4 ,! dep? ( ! wat]
 seldom exce$s half a fa?om4 ,^! s5das  

are =m$ 9 ! inundat$ =e/ l pa?s on dry  
gr\nd4 ,! ,indians1 9 go+ f "o mission  
to ano!r1 pass ) _! boats z mu* z       
possible by ! same way2 b !             
communications n be+ frequ5t1 ! =ce (   
vegetation sometimes produces unexpect$ 
ob/acles4 ,an ,indian1 furni%$ ) a      
ma*ete 7a great knife1 ! blade ( :i* is 
f\rte5 in*es long71 /ood at ! head ( our
 boat1 employ$ cont9ually 9 *opp+ (f !  
bran*es t cross$ ea* o!r f ! two sides (
 ! *annel4 ,9 ! ?icke/ "p ( ! =e/ we 7  
a/oni%$ by an extraord9>y noise4 ,on    
beat+ ! bu%es1 a %oal ( ton9as          
7fre%-wat] dolph9s7 f\r feet long1      
surr\nd$ our boat4 ,^! animals _h       
conceal$ !mselves b5ea? ! bran*es ( a   
fromag]1 or ,bombax ceiba4 ,!y fl$      
across ! =e/1 ?r[+ out ^? sp\ts (       
compress$ air & wat] :i* h giv5 !m 9 e  
language ! "n ( bl[]s4 ,h[ s+ul> 0 ?is  
spectacle 9 an inl& spot1 ?ree or f\r   
hundr$ leagues f ! m\?s ( ! ,or9oco & ! 
,amazon6 ,i am aw>e t ! pleuronectes    
7dabs7 ( ! ,atlantic g up ! ,loire z f> 

z ,orleans2 b ,i am1 nev]!less1 ( op9ion
 t ! dolph9s ( ! ,temi1 l ^? ( !        
,ganges1 & l ! skate 7raia7 ( ! ,or9oco1
 are ( a species ess5tially diff]5t f ! 
dolph9s & skates ( ! ocean4 ,9 ! imm5se 
riv]s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! great lakes ( 
,nor? ,am]ica1 nature seems to repeat   
sev]al pelagic =ms4 ,! ,nile has no     
porpoises399 ^? ( ! sea g up ! ,delta no
 f>!r ?an ,biana & ,metonbis t[>ds      
,selam\n4 799 ,^? dolph9s t ent] ! m\? (
 ! ,nile1 did n escape ! obs]vation ( ! 
anci5ts4 ,9 a bu/ 9 sy5ite1 pres]v$ 9 ! 
museum at ,p>is1 ! sculptor has         
repres5t$ !m half conceal$ 9 !          
undulatory be>d ( ! god ( ! riv]47  ,at 
five 9 ! ev5+ we rega9$ ) "s difficulty 
! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,our canoe rema9$ fa/ =  
"s m9utes betwe5 two trunks ( trees2 & x
 0 no soon] dis5gag$ ?an we rea*$ a spot
 :]e sev]al pa?s1 or small *annels1     
cross$ ea* o!r1 s t ! pilot 0 puzzl$ to 
di/+ui% ! mo/ op5 pa?4 ,we navigat$     
?r\gh a =e/ s ?ick t we c\ld guide      
ourselves nei!r by ! sun nor by ! />s4  

,we 7 aga9 /ruck dur+ ?is day by ! want 
( arboresc5t f]ns 9 t c\ntry2 !y dim9i% 
visibly f ! six? degree ( nor? latitude1
 :ile ! palm-trees augm5t prodigi\sly   
t[>ds ! equator4 ,f]n-trees belong to a 
climate less hot1 & a soil b little     
m\nta9\s4 ,x is only :]e !re are m\nta9s
 t ^! maje/ic plants desc5d t[>ds !     
pla9s2 !y seem to avoid p]fectly flat   
gr\nds1 z ^? ?r\gh :i* run !            
,cassiqui>e1 ! ,temi1 ,inirida1 & ! ,rio
 ,negro4 ,we pass$ 9 ! night ne> a rock1
 call$ ! ,pi$ra de ,a/or by !           
mission>ies4 ,! gr\nd f ! m\? ( !       
,guavi>e con/antly displays ! same      
geological =mation4 ,x is a va/ granitic
 pla91 9 :i* f league to league ! rock  
pi]ces ! soil1 & =ms1 n hillocks1 b     
small masses1 t resemble pill>s or ru9$ 
build+s4  ,on ! #a/ ( ,may ! ,indians   
*ose to dep>t long be=e sunrise4 ,we 7  
/irr+ be=e !m1 h[ev]1 because ,i wait$  
7?\gh va9ly7 = a /> ready to pass !     
m]idian4 ,9 ^? humid regions cov]$ )    
=e/s1 ! nights became m obscure 9       

proportion z we drew ne>] to ! ,rio     
,negro & ! int]ior ( ,brazil4 ,we rema9$
 9 ! b$ ( ! riv] till daybreak1 be+     
afraid ( los+ ourselves among ! trees4  
,at sunrise we aga9 ent]$ ! inundat$    
=e/1 to avoid ! =ce ( ! curr5t4 ,on     
rea*+ ! junction ( ! ,temi ) ano!r      
little riv]1 ! ,tuam9i1 ! wat]s ( :i*   
are equally black1 we proce$$ along !   
latt] to ! s\?-we/4 ,?is direction l$ u 
ne> ! mission ( ,javita1 :i* is f\nd$ on
 ! banks ( ! ,tuam9i2 & at ?is *ri/ian  
settlem5t we 7 to f9d ! aid necess>y =  
transport+ our canoe by l& to ! ,rio    
,negro4 ,we did n arrive at ,san        
,antonio de ,javita till ne> elev5 9 !  
morn+4 ,an accid5t1 unimportant 9       
itself1 b :i* %[s ! excessive timidity (
 ! little sago9s deta9$ u "s "t at ! m\?
 ( ! ,tuam9i4 ,! noise ( ! bl[]s _h     
fright5$ our monkeys1 & "o ( !m fell    
into ! wat]4 ,animals ( ?is species1    
p]haps on acc\nt ( _! extreme meagr5ess1
 swim badly2 & consequ5tly x 0 sav$ ) "s
 difficulty4  ,at ,javita we _h !       

pleasure ( f9d+ a v intellig5t & oblig+ 
monk1 at ^: mission we 7 =c$ to rema9   
f\r or five days1 ! "t requir$ =        
transport+ our boat across ! portage (  
,pimi*94 ,?is delay enabl$ u to visit ! 
surr\nd+ c\ntry1 z also to relieve      
ourselves f an annoyance :i* we _h      
suff]$ = two days4 ,we felt an          
extraord9>y irritation on ! jo9ts ( our 
f+]s1 & on ! backs ( our h&s4 ,!        
mission>y told u x 0 caus$ by !         
aradores199 799 ,lit]ally ! pl\gh]s47   
:i* get "u ! sk94 ,we c\ld di/+ui% ) a  
l5s no?+ b /reaks1 or p>allel & :iti%   
furr[s4 ,x is ! =m ( ^! furr[s1 t has   
obta9$ = ! insect ! "n ( pl\ghman4 ,a   
mulatto woman 0 s5t =1 :o pr(ess$ to be 
?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) all ! little insects
 t burr[ 9 ! human sk92 ! *ego1 ! nu*e1 
! coya1 & ! arador2 %e 0 ! cur&]a1 or   
surgeon ( ! place4 ,%e promis$ to       
extirpate1 "o by "o1 ! insects :i* caus$
 ?is sm>t+ irritation4 ,hav+ heat$ at a 
lamp ! po9t a little bit ( h>d wood1 %e 
dug ) x into ! furr[s t m>k$ ! sk94     

,aft] long exam9ation1 %e ann\nc$ ) !   
p$antic gravity peculi> to ! mulatto    
race1 t an arador 0 f\nd4 ,i saw a      
little r\nd bag1 :i* ,i suspect$ to be !
 egg ( an ac>us4 ,i 0 to f9d relief :5 !
 mulatto woman _h succe$$ 9 tak+ out    
?ree or f\r ( ^! aradores4 ,hav+ ! sk9 (
 bo? h&s fill$ ) ac>i1 ,i _h n ! pati5ce
 to wait ! end ( an op]ation1 :i* _h    
already la/$ till late at night4 ,! next
 day an ,indian ( ,javita cur$ u        
radically1 & ) surpris+ promptitude4 ,he
 br\ght u ! bran* ( a %rub1 call$ uzao1 
) small leaves l ^? ( cassia1 v         
coriace\s & glossy4 ,he made a cold     
infusion ( ! b>k ( ?is %rub1 :i* _h a   
blui% col\r1 & ! ta/e ( liquorice4 ,:5  
beat51 x yields a great deal ( fro?4 ,! 
irritation ( ! aradores ceas$ by us+    
simple lotions ( ?is uzao-wat]4 ,we c\ld
 n f9d ?is %rub 9 fl[]1 or be>+ fruit2 x
 appe>s to belong to ! family ( !       
legum9\s plants1 ! *emical prop]ties (  
:i* are s+ul>ly v>i$4 ,we dread$ s mu* !
 suff]+s to :i* we _h be5 expos$1 t we  

con/antly kept "s bran*es ( ! uzao 9 our
 boat1 till we rea*$ ,san ,c>los4 ,?is  
%rub gr[s 9 abundance on ! banks ( !    
,pimi*94 ,:y has no rem$y be5 discov]$ =
 ! irritation produc$ by ! /+ ( !       
zancudos1 z well z = t occasion$ by !   
aradores or microscopic ac>i8  ,9 #agee1
 be=e ! exp$ition = fix+ ! b\nd>ies1    
bett] kn[n by ! "n ( ! exp$ition (      
,solano1 ! :ole c\ntry betwe5 ! missions
 ( ,javita & ,san ,bal?as> 0 reg>d$ z   
dep5d5t on ,brazil4 ,! ,portuguese _h   
advanc$ f ! ,rio ,negro1 by ! portage ( 
! ,cano ,pimi*91 z f> z ! banks ( !     
,temi4 ,an ,indian *ief ( ! "n (        
,javita1 celebrat$ = 8 c\rage & 8 _s (  
ent]prise1 0 ! ally ( ! ,portuguese4 ,he
 pu%$ 8 ho/ile incursions f ! ,rio      
,jupura1 or ,caqueta1 "o ( ! great      
tribut>y /reams ( ! ,amazon1 by ! riv]s 
,uaupe & ,xie1 z f> z ! black wat]s ( ! 
,temi & ! ,tuam9i1 a di/ance ( m ?an a  
hundr$ leagues4 ,he 0 furni%$ ) lett]s  
pat5t1 :i* au?oris$ him to br+ !        
,indians f ! =e/1 = ! conque/ ( s\ls4   

,he avail$ himself amply ( ?is          
p]mission2 b 8 incursions _h an object  
:i* 0 n altoge!r spiritual1 t ( mak+    
slaves to sell to ! ,portuguese4 ,:5    
,solano1 ! second *ief ( ! exp$ition ( !
 b\nd>ies1 arriv$ at ,san ,f]n&o de     
,atabapo1 he _h ,javita seiz$1 9 "o ( 8 
incursions to ! banks ( ! ,temi4 ,he    
treat$ him ) g5tl5ess1 & succe$$ 9 ga9+ 
him ov] to ! int]e/s ( ! ,spani%        
gov]nm5t by promises t 7 n fulfill$4 ,! 
,portuguese1 :o _h already =m$ "s /able 
settlem5ts 9 ^! c\ntries1 7 driv5 back z
 f> z ! l[] "p ( ! ,rio ,negro2 & !     
mission ( ,san ,antonio1 ( :i* ! m usual
 "n is ,javita1 s call$ aft] its ,indian
 f\nd]1 0 remov$ f>!r nor? ( ! s\rces ( 
! ,tuam9i1 to ! spot :]e x is n[        
e/abli%$4 ,?is capta91 ,javita1 0 /ill  
liv+1 at an advanc$ age1 :5 we proce$$  
to ! ,rio ,negro4 ,he 0 an ,indian (    
great vig\r ( m9d & body4 ,he spoke     
,spani% ) facility1 & pres]v$ a c]ta9   
influ5ce ov] ! neighb\r+ nations4 ,z he 
att5d$ u 9 all our h]borizations1 we    

obta9$ f 8 own m\? in=mation s mu* ! m  
useful1 z ! mission>ies h great         
confid5ce 9 8 v]acity4 ,he assur$ u t 9 
8 y\? he _h se5 almo/ all ! ,indian     
tribes t inhabit ! va/ regions betwe5 ! 
,upp] ,or9oco1 ! ,rio ,negro1 !         
,inirida1 & ! ,jupura1 eat human fle%4  
,! ,d>icavanas1 ! ,pu*ir9avis1 & !      
,manitivitanos1 appe>$ to him to be !   
greate/ cannibals among !m4 ,he believes
 t ?is abom9able practice is ) !m !     
effect ( a sy/em ( v5geance2 !y eat only
 enemies :o are made prison]s 9 battle4 
,! in/ances :]e1 by a ref9em5t (        
cruelty1 ! ,indian eats 8 ne>e/         
relations1 8 wife1 or an unfai?ful      
mi/ress1 are extremely r>e4 ,! /range   
cu/om ( ! ,scy?ians & ,massagetes1 !    
,capanaguas ( ! ,rio ,ucayale1 & !      
anci5t inhabitants ( ! ,we/ ,indian     
,isl&s1 ( hon\r+ ! dead by eat+ a "p (  
_! rema9s1 is unkn[n on ! banks ( !     
,or9oco4 ,9 bo? cont95ts ?is trait (    
mann]s belongs only to nations t hold 9 
horror ! fle% ( a prison]4 ,! ,indian ( 

,hayti 7,sa9t ,dom+o7 w\ld ?9k himself  
want+ 9 reg>d to ! memory ( a relation1 
if he did n ?r[ into 8 dr9k a small     
portion ( ! body ( ! deceas$1 aft] hav+ 
dri$ x l "o ( ! mummies ( ! ,guan*es1 & 
r$uc$ x to p[d]4 ,?is gives u j occasion
 to repeat ) an ea/]n poet1 ( all       
animals man is ! mo/ fanta/ic 9 8       
mann]s1 & ! mo/ disord]ly 9 8           
prop5sities4  ,! climate ( ! mission (  
,san ,antonio de ,javita is extremely   
ra9y4 ,:5 y h pass$ ! latitude ( ?ree   
degrees nor?1 & approa* ! equator1 y h  
seldom an opportunity ( obs]v+ ! sun or 
! />s4 ,x ra9s almo/ ! :ole ye>1 & ! sky
 is con/antly cl\dy4 ,z ! breeze is n   
felt 9 ^! imm5se =e/s ( ,guiana1 & !    
reflu5t pol> curr5ts d n p5etrate !m1 ! 
column ( air :i* reposes on ?is wood$   
zone is n r5ew$ by dry] /rata4 ,x is    
saturat$ ) vap\rs :i* are cond5s$ into  
equatorial ra9s4 ,! mission>y assur$ u t
 x (t5 ra9s "h f\r or five mon?s )\t    
cessation4  ,! temp]ature ( ,javita is  
cool] ?an t ( ,maypures1 b consid]ably  

hott] ?an t ( ! ,gua9ia or ,rio ,negro4 
,! c5tigrade !rmomet] kept up 9 ! day to
 tw5ty-six or tw5ty-sev5 degrees2 & 9 ! 
night to tw5ty-"o degrees4  ,f ! #cj? ( 
,april to ! #aa? ( ,may1 ,i _h n be5    
able to see any /> 9 ! m]idian s z to   
det]m9e ! latitude ( places4 ,i wat*$   
:ole nights 9 ord] to make use ( ! me?od
 ( d\ble altitudes2 b all my ef=ts 7    
useless4 ,! fogs ( ! nor? ( ,europe are 
n m con/ant ?an ^? ( ! equatorial       
regions ( ,guiana4 ,on ! #d? ( ,may1 ,i 
saw ! sun = "s m9utes2 & f\nd by !      
*ronomet] & ! hor>y angles ! longitude (
 ,javita to be #gj degrees #bb m9utes1  
or #a degree #ae m9utes f>!r we/ ?an !  
longitude ( ! junction ( ! ,apure ) !   
,or9oco4 ,?is result is int]e/+ = lay+  
d[n on our maps ! unkn[n c\ntry ly+     
betwe5 ! ,xie & ! s\rces ( ! ,issana1   
situat$ on ! same m]idian ) ! mission ( 
,javita4  ,! ,indians ( ,javita1 ^:     
numb] am\nts to "o hundr$ & sixty1 n[   
belong = ! mo/ "p to ! nations ( !      
,poimisanos1 ! ,e*9avis1 & ! ,p>aganis4 

,!y are employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( boats1
 =m$ ( ! trunks ( sassafras1 a l>ge     
species ( laurel1 holl[$ by means ( fire
 & ! hat*et4 ,^! trees are m ?an "o     
hundr$ feet high2 ! wood is yell[1      
res9\s1 almo/ incorruptible 9 wat]1 &   
has a v agreeable smell4 ,we saw !m at  
,san ,f]n&o1 at ,javita1 & m p>ticul>ly 
at ,esm]alda1 :]e mo/ ( ! canoes ( !    
,or9oco are con/ruct$1 because ! adjac5t
 =e/s furni% ! l>ge/ trunks ( sassafras4
  ,! =e/ betwe5 ,javita & ! ,cano       
,pimi*91 conta9s an imm5se quantity (   
gigantic trees1 ocoteas1 & laurels1 !   
,amasonia arborea199 799 ,?is is a new  
species ( ! g5us taligalea ( ,aublet4   
,on ! same spot gr[ ! ,bignonia         
magnoliaefolia1 ,b4 jasm9ifolia1        
,solanum topiro1 ,ju/icia pectoralis1   
,f>amea cymosa1 ,pip] javit5se1 ,scl]ia 
hirtella1 ,e*ites javit5sis1 ,l9dsea    
javit5sis1 & t curi\s plant ( ! family (
 ! v]b5aceae1 :i* ,i h d$icat$ to !     
illu/ri\s ,leopold von ,bu*1 9 ^: e>ly  
lab\rs ,i p>ticipat$47 ! ,ret9iphyllum  

secundiflorum1 ! curvana1 ! jacio1 !    
iacifate1 ( :i* ! wood is r$ l !        
brazilletto1 ! guamufate1 ) its f9e     
leaves ( calophyllum f sev5 to eight    
in*es long1 ! ,amyris c>ana1 & ! mani4  
,all ^! trees 7) ! exception ( our new  
g5us ,ret9iphyllum7 7 m ?an "o hundr$ or
 "o hundr$ & t5 feet high4 ,z _! trunks 
?r[ out bran*es only t[>d ! summit1 we  
_h "s tr\ble 9 procur+ bo? leaves &     
fl[]s4 ,! latt] 7 frequ5tly /rew$ ^u !  
gr\nd at ! foot ( ! trees2 b1 ! plants (
 diff]5t families be+ gr\p$ toge!r 9 ^! 
=e/s1 & e tree be+ cov]$ ) lianas1 we   
c\ld n1 ) any degree ( confid5ce1 rely  
on ! au?ority ( ! natives1 :5 !y assur$ 
u t a fl[] belong$ to su* or su* a tree4
 ,amid ^! ri*es ( nature heborizations  
caus$ u m *agr9 ?an satisfaction4 ,:at  
we c\ld ga!r appe>$ to u ( little       
int]e/1 comp>$ to :at we c\ld n rea*4 ,x
 ra9$ unceas+ly dur+ sev]al mon?s1 & ,m4
 ,bonpl& lo/ ! great] "p ( ! specim5s   
:i* he _h be5 compell$ to dry by        
artificial heat4 ,our ,indians di/+ui%$ 

! leaves bett] ?an ! corollae or !      
fruit4 ,occupi$ 9 seek+ timb] = canoes1 
!y are inatt5tive to fl[]s4 ,all ^?     
great trees be> nei!r fl[]s nor fruits1 
!y repeat$ unceas+ly4 ,l ! botani/s (   
antiquity1 !y d5i$ :at !y _h n tak5 !   
tr\ble to obs]ve4 ,!y 7 tir$ ) our      
que/ions1 & exhau/$ our pati5ce 9       
return4  ,we h already m5tion$ t ! same 
*emical prop]ties be+ sometimes f\nd 9 !
 same organs ( diff]5t families (       
plants1 ^! families supply ea* o!r's    
places 9 v>i\s climates4 ,sev]al species
 ( palms99 furni% ! inhabitants (       
equ9octial ,am]ica & ,africa ) ! oil :i*
 we d]ive f ! olive4 799 ,9 ,africa1 !  
elais or maba2 9 ,am]ica ! cocoa-tree4  
,9 ! cocoa-tree x is ! p]isp]m2 & 9 !   
elais 7z 9 ! olive1 & ! ole9eae 9 g5]al7
 x is ! s>coc>p1 or ! pulp ( ! p]ic>p1 t
 yields oil4 ,?is diff]5ce1 obs]v$ 9 !  
same family1 appe>s to me v rem>kable1  
?\gh x is 9 no way contradictory to !   
results obta9$ by ,de ,c&olle 9 8 +5i\s 
rese>*es on ! *emical prop]ties (       

plants4 ,if our ,alfonsia oleif]a belong
 to ! g5us ,elais 7z ,br[n1 ) great     
reason believes71 x foll[s1 t 9 ! same  
g5us ! oil is f\nd 9 ! s>coc>p & 9 !    
p]isp]m47 ,:at ! conif]ae are to !      
temp]ate zone1 ! t]eb9?aceae & !        
guttif]ae are to ! torrid4 ,9 ! =e/s (  
^? burn+ climates1 7:]e !re is nei!r    
p9e1 ?uya1 taxodium1 nor ev5 a          
podoc>pus17 res9s1 balsams1 & aromatic  
gums1 are furni%$ by ! m>onobea1 !      
icica1 & ! amyris4 ,! collect+ ( ^!     
gummy & res9\s sub/ances is a trade 9 ! 
village ( ,javita4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ res9
 be>s ! "n ( mani2 & ( ?is we saw masses
 ( sev]al hundr$-weight1 resembl+       
colophony & ma/ic4 ,! tree call$ mani by
 ! ,p>ag9is1 :i* ,m4 ,bonpl& believes to
 be ! ,moronobaea cocc9ea1 furni%es b a 
small quantity ( ! sub/ance employ$ 9 ! 
trade ) ,ango/ura4 ,! greate/ "p comes f
 ! m>>o or c>agna1 :i* is an amyris4 ,x 
is rem>kable en\gh1 t ! "n mani1 :i*    
,aublet he>d among ! ,galibis99 (       
,cay5ne1 0 aga9 he>d by u at ,javita1   

?ree hundr$ leagues di/ant f ,fr5*      
,guiana4 799 ,! ,galibis or ,c>ibis 7! r
 has be5 *ang$ into l1 z (t5 happ5s7 are
 ( ! great /ock ( ! ,c>ib nations4 ,!   
products useful 9 comm]ce & 9 dome/ic   
life h receiv$ ! same d5om9ation 9 e "p 
( ,am]ica :i* ?is w>like & comm]cial p h
 ov]run47 ,! moronobaea or symphonia (  
,javita yields a yell[ res92 ! c>agna1 a
 res9 /rongly odorif]\s1 & :ite z sn[2 !
 latt] becomes yell[ :]e x is adh]5t to 
! int]nal "p ( old b>k4  ,we w5t e day  
to see h[ our canoe advanc$ on !        
portages4 ,tw5ty-?ree ,indians 7 employ$
 9 dragg+ x by l&1 plac+ bran*es ( trees
 to s]ve z roll]s4 ,9 ?is mann] a small 
boat proce$s 9 a day or a day & a half1 
f ! wat]s ( ! ,tuam9i to ^? ( ! ,cano   
,pimi*91 :i* fl[ into ! ,rio ,negro4    
,our canoe be+ v l>ge1 & hav+ to pass ! 
cat>acts a second "t1 x 0 necess>y to   
avoid ) p>ticul> c>e any friction on !  
bottom2 consequ5tly ! passage occupi$ m 
?an f\r days4 ,x is only s9ce #agie t a 
road has be5 trac$ ?r\gh ! =e/4 ,by     

sub/itut+ a canal = ?is portage1 z ,i   
propos$ to ! m9i/ry ( k+ ,*>les ,,iv1 ! 
communication betwe5 ! ,rio ,negro &    
,ango/ura1 betwe5 ! ,spani% ,or9oco & ! 
,portuguese possessions on ! ,amazon1   
w\ld be s+ul>ly facilitat$4  ,9 ?is =e/ 
we at l5g? obta9$ precise in=mation     
respect+ ! pret5d$ fossil ca\t*\c1 call$
 dapi*o by ! ,indians4 ,! old *ief      
,javita l$ u to ! br9k ( a rivulet :i*  
runs into ! ,tuam9i2 & %[$ u t1 aft]    
digg+ two or ?ree feet deep1 9 a m>%y   
soil1 ?is sub/ance 0 f\nd betwe5 ! roots
 ( two trees kn[n by ! "n ( ! jacio & ! 
curvana4 ,! fir/ is ! hevea ( ,aublet1  
or siphonia ( ! mod]n botani/s1 kn[n to 
furni% ! ca\t*\c ( comm]ce 9 ,cay5ne &  
,gr& ,p>a2 ! second has p9nate leaves1 &
 its juice is milky1 b v ?91 & almo/    
de/itute ( viscosity4 ,! dapi*o appe>s  
to be ! result ( an extravasation ( !   
sap f ! roots4 ,?is extravasation takes 
place m especially :5 ! trees h atta9$ a
 great age1 & ! int]ior ( ! trunk beg9s 
to decay4 ,! b>k & alburnum crack2 & ?us

 is effect$ naturally1 :at ! art ( man  
p]=ms = ! purpose ( collect+ ! milky    
juices ( ! hevea1 ! ca/illoa1 & !       
ca\t*\c fig-tree4 ,aublet relates1 t !  
,galibis & ! ,g>ipons ( ,cay5ne beg9 by 
mak+ a deep incision at ! foot ( !      
trunk1 s z to p5etrate into ! wood2 soon
 aft] !y jo9 ) ?is horizontal not* o!rs 
bo? p]p5dicul> & oblique1 rea*+ f ! top 
( ! trunk ne>ly to ! roots4 ,all ^!     
incisions conduct ! milky juice t[>ds "o
 po9t1 :]e ! vase ( clay is plac$1 9 :i*
 ! ca\t*\c is to be deposit$4 ,we saw ! 
,indians ( ,c>i*ana op]ate ne>ly 9 !    
same mann]4  ,if1 z ,i suppose1 !       
accumulation & ov]fl[+ ( ! milk 9 !     
jacio & ! curvana be a pa?ological      
ph5om5on1 x mu/ sometimes take place at 
! extremity ( ! longe/ roots1 = we f\nd 
masses ( dapi*o two feet 9 diamet] & f\r
 in*es ?ick1 eight feet di/ant f !      
trunks4 ,sometimes ! ,indians dig 9 va9 
at ! foot ( dead trees2 at o!r times !  
dapi*o is f\nd b5ea? ! hevea or jacio   
/ill gre54 ,! sub/ance is :ite1 corky1  

fragile1 & resembles by its lam9at$     
/ructure & undulat+ edge1 ! ,boletus    
ign>ius4 ,! dapi*o p]haps takes a long  
"t to =m2 x is probably a juice ?ick5$  
by a p>ticul> disposition ( ! vegetable 
organs1 diffus$ & coagulat$ 9 a humid   
soil seclud$ f ! contact ( light2 x is  
ca\t*\c 9 a p>ticul> /ate1 ,i may almo/ 
say an etiolat$ ca\t*\c4 ,! humidity ( !
 soil seems to acc\nt = ! undulat+ =m ( 
! edges ( ! dapi*o1 & its division into 
lay]s4  ,i (t5 obs]v$ 9 ,p]u1 t on p\r+ 
sl[ly ! milky juice ( ! hevea1 or ! sap 
( ! c>ica1 into a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 
! coagulum =ms undulat+ outl9es4 ,!     
dapi*o is c]ta9ly n peculi> to ! =e/ t  
ext5ds f ,javita to ,pimi*91 al?\gh t is
 ! only spot :]e x has hi!rto be5 f\nd4 
,i h no d\bt1 t on digg+ 9 ,fr5* ,guiana
 b5ea? ! roots & ! old trunks ( ! hevea1
 ^? enorm\s masses ( corky ca\t*\c199   
:i* ,i h j describ$1 w\ld f "t to "t be 
f\nd4 799 ,?us1 at five or six in*es    
dep?1 betwe5 ! roots ( ! ,hym5ea        
c\rb>il1 masses ( ! res9 anime          

7errone\sly call$ copal7 are discov]$1 &
 are sometimes mi/ak5 = amb] 9 inl&     
places4 ,?is ph5om5on seems to ?r[ "s   
light on ! orig9 ( ^? l>ge masses ( amb]
 :i* are pick$ up f "t to "t on ! coa/ (
 ,prussia47 ,z x is obs]v$ 9 ,europe1 t 
at ! fall ( ! leaf ! sap is convey$     
t[>ds ! root1 x w\ld be curi\s to exam9e
 :e!r1 )9 ! tropics1 ! milky juices ( ! 
urticeae1 ! euphorbiaceae1 & !          
apocyneae1 desc5d also at c]ta9 seasons4
 ,not)/&+ a great equality ( temp]ature1
 ! trees ( ! torrid zone foll[ a cycle (
 vegetation2 !y und]go *anges           
p]iodically return+4 ,! exi/5ce ( !     
dapi*o is m int]e/+ to physiology ?an to
 vegetable *emi/ry4 ,a yell[i%-:ite     
ca\t*\c is n[ to be f\nd 9 ! %ops1 :i*  
may be easily di/+ui%$ f ! dapi*o1      
because x is nei!r dry l cork1 nor      
friable1 b extremely ela/ic1 glossy1 &  
soapy4 ,i lately saw consid]able        
quantities ( x 9 ,london4 ,?is ca\t*\c1 
:ite1 & greasy to ! t\*1 is prep>$ 9 !  
,ea/ ,indies4 ,x exhales t animal &     

fetid smell :i* ,i h attribut$ 9 ano!r  
place to a mixture ( caseum & album5499 
799 ,! pellicles deposit$ by ! milk (   
hevea1 9 contact ) ! atmosph]ic oxyg51  
become br[n on exposure to ! sun4 ,if ! 
dapi*o gr[ black z x is s(t5$ be=e !    
fire1 x is ow+ to a slight combu/ion1 to
 a *ange 9 ! proportion ( its elem5ts4  
,i am surpris$ t "s *emi/s consid] !    
black ca\t*\c ( comm]ce1 z be+ mix$ )   
soot1 black5$ by ! smoke to :i* x has   
be5 expos$47 ,:5 we reflect on ! imm5se 
v>iety ( plants 9 ! equ9octial regions t
 are capable ( furni%+ ca\t*\c1 x is to 
be regrett$ t ?is sub/ance1 s em95tly   
useful1 is n f\nd among u at a l[]      
price4 ,)\t cultivat+ trees ) a milky   
sap1 a suffici5t quantity ( ca\t*\c     
might be collect$ 9 ! missions ( !      
,or9oco alone = ! consumption ( civiliz$
 ,europe499 799 ,we saw 9 ,guiana1      
besides ! jacio & ! curvana1 two o!r    
trees t yield ca\t*\c 9 abundance2 on ! 
banks ( ! ,atabapo ! guamaqui ) jatropha
 leaves1 & at ,maypures ! cime47 ,9 !   

k+dom ( ,new ,gr5ada "s successful      
attempts h be5 made to make boots & %oes
 ( ?is sub/ance )\t a seam4 ,among !    
,am]ican nations1 ! ,omaguas ( ! ,amazon
 be/ und]/& h[ to manufacture ca\t*\c4  
,f\r days _h pass$1 & our canoe _h n yet
 arriv$ at ! l&+-place ( ! ,rio ,pimi*94
 ,y want = no?+ 9 my mission1 said ,fa!r
 ,c]eso2 y h planta9s & fi%2 at night y 
are n /ung by mosquitos2 & ! long] y    
/ay1 ! bett] *ance y w h ( see+ ! />s ( 
my c\ntry4 ,if y\r boat be de/roy$ 9 !  
portage1 we w give y ano!r2 & ,i %all h 
_h ! satisfaction ( pass+ "s weeks con  
g5te blanca y de razon4 7,) :ite &      
rational p4 ,european self-love usually 
opposes ! g5te de razon to ! g5te p>da1 
or col\r$ p47 ,not)/&+ our impati5ce1 we
 li/5$ ) int]e/ to ! in=mation giv5 u by
 ! wor?y mission>y4 ,x confirm$ all we  
_h already he>d ( ! moral /ate ( !      
natives ( ^? c\ntries4 ,!y live1        
di/ribut$ 9 hordes ( =ty or fifty1 "u a 
family gov]nm5t2 & !y recognise a common
 *ief 7apoto1 sibi]5e7 only at times :5 

!y make w> aga9/ _! neighb\rs4 ,! mi/ru/
 ( ^! hordes t[>ds "o ano!r is increas$ 
by ! circum/ance t ^? :o live 9 ! ne>e/ 
neighb\rhood speak languages altoge!r   
diff]5t4 ,9 ! op5 pla9s1 9 ! c\ntries ) 
savannahs1 ! tribes are fond ( *oos+ _! 
habitations f an aff9ity ( orig91 & a   
resemblance ( mann]s & idioms4 ,on !    
table-l& ( ,t>t>y1 z 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1   
great families ( nations h be5 se51 =m$ 
into sev]al columns1 ext5d+ _!          
migrations across c\ntries ?9ly-wood$1 &
 easily trav]s$4 ,su* 7 ! j\rneys ( !   
,toltec & ,aztec race 9 ! high pla9s (  
,mexico1 f ! six? to ! elev5? c5tury (  
our era2 su* probably 0 also ! movem5t (
 nations by :i* ! petty tribes ( ,canada
 7 gr\p$ toge!r4 ,z ! imm5se c\ntry     
betwe5 ! equator & ! eigh? degree ( nor?
 latitude =ms "o cont9u\s =e/1 ! hordes 
7 !re disp]s$ by foll[+ ! bran*+s ( !   
riv]s1 & ! nature ( ! l& compell$ !m to 
become m or less agriculturi/s4 ,su* is 
! labyr9? ( ^! riv]s1 t families settl$ 
!mselves )\t kn[+ :at race ( m5 liv$    

ne>e/ ! spot4 ,9 ,spani% ,guiana a      
m\nta91 or a =e/ half a league broad1   
sometimes sep>ates hordes :o c\ld n meet
 9 less ?an two days by navigat+ riv]s4 
,9 op5 c\ntries1 or 9 a /ate ( advanc$  
civilization1 communication by riv]s    
contributes p[]fully to g5]alize        
languages1 mann]s1 & political          
in/itutions2 b 9 ! imp5etrable =e/s ( ! 
torrid zone1 z 9 ! fir/ rude condition (
 our species1 riv]s increase !          
dismemb]m5t ( great nations1 fav\r !    
transition ( dialects into languages t  
appe> to u radically di/9ct1 & keep up  
national hatr$ & mi/ru/4 ,betwe5 ! banks
 ( ! ,caura & ! ,padamo ev]y?+ be>s !   
/amp ( disunion & weakness4 ,m5 avoid1  
because !y d n und]/&1 ea* o!r2 !y      
mutually hate1 because !y mutually fe>4 
,:5 we exam9e att5tively ?is wild "p (  
,am]ica1 we fancy ourselves transport$  
to ^? primitive times :5 ! e>? 0 peopl$ 
by degrees1 & we seem to be pres5t at ! 
bir? ( human societies4 ,9 ! old _w we  
see t pa/oral life has prep>$ ! hunt+   

nations = agriculture4 ,9 ! ,new ,_w we 
seek 9 va9 ^! progressive developm5ts ( 
civilization1 ^! int]vals ( repose1 ^!  
/ages 9 ! life ( nations4 ,! luxury (   
vegetation emb>rasses ! ,indians 9 !    
*ase2 & 9 _! riv]s1 resembl+ arms ( !   
sea1 ! dep? ( ! wat]s prev5ts fi%+ dur+ 
:ole mon?s4 ,^? species ( rum9at+       
animals1 t con/itute ! weal? ( ! nations
 ( ! ,old ,_w1 are want+ 9 ! ,new4 ,!   
bison & ! musk-ox h nev] be5 r$uc$ to a 
dome/ic /ate2 ! bre$+ ( llamas &        
guanacos has n creat$ ! habits ( pa/oral
 life4 ,9 ! temp]ate zone1 on ! banks ( 
! ,miss\ri1 z well z on ! tablel& ( ,new
 ,mexico1 ! ,am]ican is a hunt]2 b 9 !  
torrid zone1 9 ! =e/s ( ,guiana1 he     
cultivates cassava1 planta9s1 &         
sometimes maize4 ,su* is ! admirable    
f]tility ( nature1 t ! field ( ! native 
is a little spot ( l&1 to cle> :i*      
requires only sett+ fire to ! brambles2 
& putt+ a few se$s or slips into ! gr\nd
 is all ! husb&ry x dem&s4 ,if we g back
 9 ?\ght to ! mo/ remote ages1 9 ^! ?ick

 =e/s we mu/ always figure to ourselves 
nations d]iv+ ! great] "p ( _! n\ri%m5t 
f ! e>?2 b1 z ?is e>? produces abundance
 9 a small space1 & almo/ )\t toil1 we  
may also imag9e ^! nations (t5 *ang+ _! 
dwell+s along ! banks ( ! same riv]4    
,ev5 n[ ! native ( ! ,or9oco travels ) 8
 se$s2 & transports 8 f>m 7conuco7 z !  
,arab transports 8 t5t1 & *anges 8      
pa/urage4 ,! numb] ( cultivat$ plants   
f\nd wild amid ! woods1 proves ! nomad  
habits ( an agricultural p4 ,c we be    
surpris$1 t by ^! habits !y lose almo/  
all ! advantages t result 9 ! temp]ate  
zone f /ation>y culture1 f ! gr[? (     
corn1 :i* requires ext5sive l&s & ! mo/ 
assidu\s lab\r8  ,! nations ( ! ,upp]   
,or9oco1 ! ,atabapo1 & ! ,inirida1 l !  
anci5t ,g]mans & ! ,p]sians1 h no o!r   
wor%ip ?an t ( ! p[]s ( nature4 ,!y call
 ! good pr9ciple ,ca*imana2 x is !      
,manit\1 ! ,great ,_s1 t regulates !    
seasons1 & fav\rs ! h>ve/s4 ,along )    
,ca*imana !re is an evil pr9ciple1      
,iolokiamo1 less p[]ful1 b m artful1 & 9

 p>ticul> m active4 ,! ,indians ( ! =e/1
 :5 !y occasionally visit ! missions1   
conceive ) difficulty ! idea ( a temple 
or an image4 ,^! good p1 said !         
mission>y1 l only processions 9 ! op5   
air4 ,:5 ,i la/ celebrat$ ! fe/ival (   
,san ,antonio1 ! patron ( my village1 ! 
,indians ( ,inirida 7 pres5t at mass4   
',y\r ,god1' said !y to me1 'keeps      
himself %ut up 9 a h\se1 z if he 7 old &
 infirm2 ours is 9 ! =e/1 9 ! fields1 & 
on ! m\nta9s ( ,sipapu1 :5ce ! ra9s     
come4' ,among ! m num]\s1 & on ?is      
acc\nt less b>b>\s tribes1 religi\s     
societies ( a s+ul> k9d are =m$4 ,"s old
 ,indians pret5d to be bett] in/ruct$   
?an o!rs on po9ts reg>d+ div9ity2 & to  
!m is confid$ ! fam\s botuto1 ( :i* ,i h
 spok51 & :i* is s\nd$ "u ! palm-trees t
 !y may be> abundance ( fruit4 ,on !    
banks ( ! ,or9oco !re exi/s no idol1 z  
among all ! nations :o h rema9$ fai?ful 
to ! fir/ wor%ip ( nature1 b ! botuto1 !
 sacr$ trumpet1 is an object ( v5]ation4
 ,to be initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( !     

botuto1 x is requisite to be ( pure     
morals1 & to h liv$ s+le4 ,! initiat$   
are subject$ to flagellations1 fa/+s1 & 
o!r pa9ful ex]cises4 ,!re are b a small 
numb] ( ^! sacr$ trumpets4 ,! mo/       
anci5tly celebrat$ is t ^u a hill ne> ! 
conflu5ce ( ! ,tomo & ! ,gua9ia4 ,x is  
pret5d$1 t x is he>d at once on ! banks 
( ! ,tuam9i1 & at ! mission ( ,san      
,miguel de ,davipe1 a di/ance ( t5      
leagues4 ,fa!r ,c]eso assur$ u1 t !     
,indians speak ( ! botuto ( ,tomo z an  
object ( wor%ip common to _m surr\nd+   
tribes4 ,fruit & intoxicat+ liquors are 
plac$ beside ! sacr$ trumpet4 ,sometimes
 ! ,great ,_s himself makes ! botuto    
res\nd2 sometimes he is cont5t to       
manife/ 8 w ?r\gh him to :om ! keep+ ( !
 in/rum5t is entru/$4 ,^! juggl]ies be+ 
v anci5t 7f ! fa!rs ( our fa!rs1 say !  
,indians71 we mu/ n be surpris$ t "s    
unbeliev]s are already to be f\nd2 b !y 
express _! disbelief ( ! my/]ies ( !    
botuto only 9 :isp]s4 ,wom5 are n       
p]mitt$ to see ?is m>vell\s in/rum5t2 & 

are exclud$ f all ! c]emonies ( ?is     
wor%ip4 ,if a woman h ! mis=tune to see 
! trumpet1 %e is put to dea? )\t m]cy4  
,! mission>y relat$ to u1 t 9 #agih he 0
 happy en\gh to save a "y girl1 :om a   
jeal\s & v9dictive lov] accus$ ( hav+   
foll[$1 f a motive ( curiosity1 !       
,indians :o s\nd$ ! botuto 9 !          
plantations4 ,!y w\ld n h murd]$ h]     
publicly1 said fa!r ,ces]o1 b h[ 0 %e to
 be protect$ f ! fanaticism ( ! natives1
 9 a c\ntry :]e x is s easy to give     
poison8 ,! "y girl told me ( h] fe>s1 & 
,i s5t h] to "o ( ! missions ( ! ,l[]   
,or9oco4 ,if ! p ( ,guiana _h rema9$    
ma/]s ( t va/ c\ntry2 if1 )\t hav+ be5  
imp$$ by ,*ri/ian settlem5ts1 !y c\ld   
foll[ freely ! developm5t ( _! b>b>\s   
in/itutions2 ! wor%ip ( ! botuto w\ld no
 d\bt become ( "s political importance4 
,t my/]i\s society ( ! initiat$1 ^?     
gu>dians ( ! sacr$ trumpet1 w\ld be     
trans=m$ into a rul+ ca/e ( prie/s1 & ! 
oracle ( ,tomo w\ld gradually =m a l9k  
betwe5 ! bord]+ nations4  ,9 ! ev5+ ( ! 

#d? ( ,may we 7 in=m$1 t an ,indian1 :o 
_h assi/$ 9 dragg+ our b>k ov] ! portage
 ( ,pimi*91 _h be5 /ung by a vip]4 ,he 0
 a tall /rong man1 & 0 br\ght to !      
mission 9 a v al>m+ /ate4 ,he _h dropp$ 
d[n s5seless2 & nausea1 v]tigo1 &       
conge/ions 9 ! head1 _h succe$$ ! fa9t+4
 ,! liana call$ vejeco de guaco199 :i*  
,m4 ,mutis has r5d]$ s celebrat$1 & :i* 
is ! mo/ c]ta9 rem$y = ! bite ( v5om\s  
s]p5ts1 is yet unkn[n 9 ^! c\ntries4 799
 ,?is is a mikania1 :i* 0 conf\nd$ = "s 
"t 9 ,europe ) ! ayapana4 ,de ,c&olle   
?9ks t ! guaco may be ! ,eupatorium     
satureiaefolium ( ,lam>ck2 b ?is        
,eupatorium diff]s by its l9e>y leaves1 
:ile ! ,mikania guaco has triangul>1    
oval1 & v l>ge leaves47 ,a numb] (      
,indians ha/5$ to ! hut ( ! sick man1 & 
he 0 cur$ by an infusion ( raiz de mato4
 ,we _c indicate ) c]ta9ty :at plant    
furni%es ?is antidote2 b ,i am incl9$ to
 ?9k1 t ! raiz de mato is an apocynea1  
p]haps ! ,c]b]a !vetia1 call$ by !      
inhabitants ( ,cumana l+ua de mato or   

contra-culebra1 & :i* !y also use aga9/ 
! bite ( s]p5ts4 ,a g5us ne>ly alli$ to 
! c]b]a99 799 ,ophioxylon s]p5t9um47 is 
employ$ 9 ,india = ! same purpose4 ,x is
 common en\gh to f9d 9 ! same family (  
plants vegetable poisons1 & antidotes   
aga9/ ! v5om ( reptiles4 ,_m tonics &   
n>cotics are antidotes m or less active2
 & we f9d ^! 9 families v diff]5t99 f   
ea* o!r1 9 ! ari/olo*iae1 ! apocyneae1 !
 g5tianae1 ! polygalae1 ! solaneae1 !   
compositae1 ! malvaceae1 ! drymyrhizeae1
 &1 :i* is /ill m surpris+1 ev5 9 !     
palm-trees4 799 ,i %all m5tion z        
examples ( ^! n9e families2 ,ari/olo*ia 
anguicida1 ,c]b]a !vetia1 ,ophoiorhiza  
mungos1 ,polygala s5ega1 ,nicotiana     
tabacum1 7,"o ( ! rem$ies mo/ us$ 9     
,spani% ,am]ica74 ,mikanua guaco1       
,hibiscus abelmos*us 7! se$s ( :i* are v
 active71 ,lanpujum rumphii1 & ,kun?ia  
montana 7,cana de la ,vibora747  ,9 !   
hut ( ! ,indian :o _h be5 s dang]\sly   
bitt5 by ! vip]1 we f\nd balls two or   
?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 ( an e>?y & impure

 salt call$ *ivi1 :i* is prep>$ ) great 
c>e by ! natives4 ,at ,maypures a       
conf]va is burnt1 :i* is left by !      
,or9oco on ! neighb\r+ rocks1 :51 aft]  
high swell+s1 x aga9 ent]s its b$4 ,at  
,javita a salt is fabricat$ by !        
inc9]ation ( ! spadix & fruit ( !       
palm-tree seje or *imu4 ,?is f9e        
palm-tree1 :i* ab\nds on ! banks ( !    
,auvana1 ne> ! cat>act ( ,gu>9umo1 &    
betwe5 ,javita & ! ,cano ,pimi*91 appe>s
 to be a new species ( cocoa-tree4 ,x   
may be recollect$1 t ! fluid conta9$ 9 !
 fruit ( ! common cocoa-tree is (t5     
sal9e1 ev5 :5 ! tree gr[s f> f ! sea    
%ore4 ,at ,madagasc> salt is extract$ f 
! sap ( a palm-tree call$ ciro4 ,besides
 ! spadix & ! fruit ( ! seje palm1 !    
,indians ( ,javita lixiviate also ! a%es
 ( ! fam\s liana call$ cupana1 :i* is a 
new species ( ! g5us paull9ia1          
consequ5tly a v diff]5t plant f !       
cupania ( ,l9naeus4 ,i may "h m5tion1 t 
a mission>y seldom travels )\t be+      
provid$ ) "s prep>$ se$s ( ! cupana4    

,?is prep>ation requires great c>e4 ,!  
,indians scrape ! se$s1 mix !m ) fl\r ( 
cassava1 envelope ! mass 9 planta9      
leaves1 & set x to f]m5t 9 wat]1 till x 
acquires a saffron-yell[ col\r4 ,?is    
yell[ pa/e dri$ 9 ! sun1 & dilut$ 9     
wat]1 is tak5 9 ! morn+ z a k9d ( tea4  
,! bev]age is bitt] & /oma*ic1 b x      
appe>$ to me to h a v disagreeable ta/e4
  ,on ! banks ( ! ,nig]1 & 9 a great "p 
( ! int]ior ( ,africa1 :]e salt is      
extremely r>e1 x is said ( a ri* man1 he
 is s =tunate z to eat salt at 8 meals4 
,?is good =tune is n too common 9 !     
int]ior ( ,guiana4 ,! :ites only1       
p>ticul>ly ! soldi]s ( ! little =t (    
,san ,c>los1 "k h[ to procure pure salt1
 ei!r f ! coa/ ( ,c>acas1 or f ,*ita99  
by ! ,rio ,meta4 799 ,nor? ( ,morocote1 
at ! ea/]n declivity ( ! ,cordill]a (   
,new ,gr5ada4 ,! salt ( ! coa/s1 :i* !  
,indians call yuquira1 co/s two pia/res 
! almuda at ,san ,c>los47 ,"h1 z ?r\gh\t
 ,am]ica1 ! ,indians eat little meat1 & 
consume sc>cely any salt4 ,! *ivi (     

,javita is a mixture ( muriate ( pota% &
 ( soda1 ( cau/ic lime1 & ( sev]al o!r  
e>?y salts4 ,! ,indians dissolve a few  
p>ticles 9 wat]1 fill ) ?is solution a  
leaf ( heliconia fold$ 9 a conical =m1 &
 let drop a little1 z f ! extremity ( a 
filt]1 on _! food4  ,on ! #e? ( ,may we 
set (f1 to foll[ on foot our canoe1 :i* 
_h at l5g? arriv$1 by ! portage1 at !   
,cano ,pimi*94 ,we _h to =d a great     
numb] ( /reams2 & ^! passages require "s
 caution on acc\nt ( ! vip]s ) :i* !    
m>%es ab\nd4 ,! ,indians po9t$ out to u 
on ! moi/ clay ! traces ( ! little black
 be>s s common on ! banks ( ! ,temi4 ,!y
 diff] at lea/ 9 size f ! ,ursus        
am]icanus4 ,! mission>ies call !m osso  
c>nic]o1 to di/+ui% !m f ! osso palm]o  
or tamanoir 7,myrmecophaga jubata71 & f 
! osso hormig]o1 or anteat] 7tam&ua74 ,!
 fle% ( ^! animals is good to eat2 !    
fir/ two def5d !mselves by ris+ on _!   
h9d feet4 ,! tamanoir ( ,buffon is call$
 u>aca by ! ,indians2 x is irascible &  
c\rage\s1 :i* is extraord9>y 9 an animal

 )\t tee?4 ,we f\nd1 z we advanc$1 "s   
vi/as 9 ! =e/1 :i* appe>$ to u ! ri*]1 z
 x became m accessible4 ,we "h ga!r$ "s 
new species ( c(fee 7! ,am]ican tribe1 )
 fl[]s 9 panicles1 =ms probably a       
p>ticul> g5us72 ! ,galega piscatorum1 ( 
:i* ! ,indians make use1 z !y d (       
jacqu9ia1 & ( a composite plant ( ! ,rio
 ,temi1 z a k9d ( b>basco1 to intoxicate
 fi%2 & f9ally1 ! liana1 kn[n 9 ^?      
c\ntries by ! "n ( vejuco de mavacure1  
:i* yields ! fam\s cur>e poison4 ,x is  
nei!r a phyllan?us1 nor a cori>ia1 z ,m4
 ,willd5\w conjectur$1 b1 z ,m4 ,kun?'s 
rese>*es %[1 v probably a /ry*nos4 ,we  
%all h occasion1 f>!r on1 to speak ( ?is
 v5om\s sub/ance1 :i* is an important   
object ( trade among ! savages4  ,!     
trees ( ! =e/ ( ,pimi*9 h ! gigantic    
height ( f eighty to a hundr$ & tw5ty   
feet4 ,9 ^! burn+ climates ! laur9eae & 
amyris99 799 ,! great :ite & r$ c$>s (  
^! c\ntries are n ! ,c$rela odorata1 b !
 ,amyris altissima1 :i* is an icica (   
,aublet47 furni% t f9e timb] = build+1  

:i*1 on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 on   
m\nta9s :]e ! !rmomet] falls 9 w9t] to  
#bj degrees c5tigrade bel[ z]o1 we f9d 9
 ! family ( ! conif]ae4 ,su*1 9 e zone1 
& 9 all ! families ( ,am]ican plants1 is
 ! prodigi\s =ce ( vegetation1 t1 9 !   
latitude ( fifty-sev5 degrees nor?1 on !
 same iso!rmal l9e ) ,/4 ,pet]sburgh & !
 ,orkneys1 ! ,p9us canad5sis displays   
trunks "o hundr$ & fifty feet high1 &   
six feet 9 diamet]499 799 ,langsdorf    
in=ms u t ! inhabitants ( ,norfolk ,s\nd
 make boats ( a s+le trunk1 fifty feet  
long1 f\r feet & a half broad1 & ?ree   
high at ! sides4 ,!y conta9 ?irty       
p]sons4 ,^! boats rem9d u ( ! canoes ( !
 ,rio ,*agres 9 ! i/hmus ( ,panama1 9 ! 
torrid zone4 ,! ,populus balsamif]a also
 atta9s an imm5se height1 on ! m\nta9s t
 bord] ,norfolk ,s\nd47 ,t[>ds night we 
arriv$ at a small f>m1 9 ! pu]to or l&+ 
place ( ,pimi*94 ,we 7 %[n a cross ne> !
 road1 :i* m>k$ ! spot :]e a poor capu*9
 mission>y _h be5 kill$ by wasps4 ,i    
/ate ?is on ! au?ority ( ! monks (      

,javita & ! ,indians4 ,!y talk mu* 9 ^! 
c\ntries ( wasps & v5om\s ants1 b we saw
 nei!r "o nor ! o!r ( ^! insects4 ,x is 
well kn[n t 9 ! torrid zone slight /+s  
(t5 cause fits ( fev] almo/ z viol5t z  
^? t ) u accompany sev]e organic        
injuries4 ,! dea? ( ?is poor monk 0     
probably ! effect ( fatigue & damp1 r   
?an ( ! v5om conta9$ 9 ! /+s ( wasps1   
:i* ! ,indians dread extremely4 ,we mu/ 
n conf\nd ! wasps ( ,javita ) !         
melipones bees1 call$ by ! ,spani>ds    
angelitos 7little angels7 :i* cov]$ our 
faces & h&s on ! summit ( ! ,silla de   
,c>acas4  ,! l&+ place ( ,pimi*9 is     
surr\nd$ by a small plantation (        
cacao-trees2 !y are v vigor\s1 & "h1 z  
on ! banks ( ! ,atabapo & ! ,gua9ia1 !y 
are load$ ) fl[]s & fruits at all       
seasons4 ,!y beg9 to be> f ! f\r? ye>2  
on ! coa/ ( ,c>acas !y d n be> till !   
six? or eigh? ye>4 ,! soil ( ^! c\ntries
 is s&y1 :]ev] x is n m>%y2 b ! light   
l&s ( ! ,tuam9i & ,pimi*9 are extremely 
productive499 799 ,at ,javita1 an ext5t 

( fifty feet squ>e1 plant$ ) ,jatropha  
manihot 7yucca7 yields 9 two ye>s1 9 !  
wor/ soil1 a h>ve/ ( six tortas (       
cassava3 ! same ext5t on a middl+ soil  
yields 9 f\rte5 mon?s a produce ( n9e   
tortas4 ,9 an excell5t soil1 ar\nd      
clumps ( mauritia1 !re is e ye> f fifty 
feet squ>e a produce ( ?irte5 or f\rte5 
tortas4 ,a torta weighs ?ree qu>t]s ( a 
p\nd1 & ?ree tortas co/ g5]ally 9 !     
prov9ce ( ,c>acas "o silv] rial1 or     
"o-eigh? ( a pia/re4 ,^! /atem5ts appe> 
to me to be ( "s importance1 :5 we wi%  
to comp>e ! nutritive matt] :i* man c   
obta9 f ! same ext5t ( soil1 by cov]+ x1
 9 diff]5t climates1 ) bread-trees1     
planta9s1 jatropha1 maize1 potatoes1    
rice1 & corn4 ,! t>d9ess ( ! h>ve/ (    
jatropha has1 ,i believe1 a b5eficial   
influ5ce on ! mann]s ( ! natives1 by    
fix+ !m to ! soil1 & compell+ !m to     
soj\rn long on ! same spot47 ,ar\nd !   
conucos ( ,pimi*9 gr[s1 9 its wild /ate1
 ! igua1 a tree resembl+ ! ,c>yoc>      
nucif]um :i* is cultivat$ 9 ,dut* &     

,fr5* ,guiana1 & :i*1 ) ! alm5dron (    
,m>iquita 7,c>yoc> amygdalif]um71 !     
juvia ( ! ,esm]alda 7,b]?olletia        
excelsa71 & ! ,ge(froea ( ! ,amazon1    
yields ! f9e/ almonds ( all ,s\?        
,am]ica4 ,no comm]cial advantage is "h  
made ( ! igua2 b ,i saw vessels arrive  
on ! coa/ ( ,t]ra ,firma1 t came f      
,dem]>a lad5 ) ! fruit ( ! ,c>yoc>      
tom5tosum1 :i* is ! ,pekea tub]culosa ( 
,aublet4 ,^! trees rea* a hundr$ feet 9 
height1 & pres5t1 by ! beauty ( _!      
corolla1 & ! multitude ( _! /am5s1 a    
magnific5t appe>ance4 ,i %\ld we>y !    
read] by cont9u+ ! enum]ation ( !       
vegetable wond]s :i* ^! va/ =e/s conta94
 ,_! v>iety dep5ds on ! coexi/5ce ( su* 
a great numb] ( families 9 a small space
 ( gr\nd1 on ! /imulat+ p[] ( light &   
heat1 & on ! p]fect elaboration ( !     
juices t circulate 9 ^! gigantic plants4
  ,we pass$ ! night 9 a hut lately      
ab&on$ by an ,indian family1 :o _h left 
beh9d !m _! fi%+-tackle1 pott]y1 nets   
made ( ! petioles ( palm-trees2 9 %ort1 

all t composes ! h\sehold furniture ( t 
c>eless race ( m51 little atta*$ to     
prop]ty4 ,a great /ore ( mani 7a mixture
 ( ! res9 ( ! moronoboea & ! ,amyris    
c>ana7 0 accumulat$ r\nd ! h\se4 ,?is is
 us$ by ! ,indians "h1 z at ,cay5ne1 to 
pit* _! canoes1 & fix ! bony sp9es ( !  
ray at ! po9ts ( _! arr[s4 ,we f\nd 9 ! 
same place j>s fill$ ) a vegetable milk1
 :i* s]ves z a v>ni%1 & is celebrat$ 9 !
 missions by ! "n ( le*e p>a p9t> 7milk 
= pa9t+74 ,!y coat ) ?is visc\s juice ^?
 articles ( furniture to :i* !y wi% to  
give a f9e :ite col\r4 ,x ?ick5s by !   
contact ( ! air1 )\t gr[+ yell[1 & x    
appe>s s+ul>ly glossy4 ,we h already    
m5tion$ t ! ca\t*\c is ! oily "p1 !     
butt] ( all vegetable milk4 ,x is1 no   
d\bt1 a p>ticul> modification ( ca\t*\c 
t =ms ?is coagulum1 ?is :ite & glossy   
sk91 t seems z if cov]$ ) copal v>ni%4  
,if diff]5t col\rs c\ld be giv5 to ?is  
milky v>ni%1 a v exp$iti\s me?od w\ld be
 f\nd ( pa9t+ & v>ni%+ our c>riages by  
"o process4 ,! m we /udy vegetable      

*emi/ry 9 ! torrid zone1 ! m we %all    
discov]1 9 remote spots1 & half-prep>$ 9
 ! organs ( plants1 products :i* we     
believe belong only to ! animal k+dom1  
or :i* we obta9 by processes :i* are (t5
 t$i\s & difficult4 ,already we h f\nd !
 wax t coats ! palm-tree ( ! ,&es (     
,qu9diu1 ! silk ( ! palm-tree ( ,mocoa1 
! n\ri%+ milk ( ! palo de vaca1 !       
butt]-tree ( ,africa1 & ! case\s        
sub/ances obta9$ f ! almo/ animaliz$ sap
 ( ! ,c>ica papaya4 ,^! discov]ies w be 
multipli$1 :51 z ! political /ate ( ! _w
 seems n[ to indicate1 ,european        
civilization %all fl[ 9 a great measure 
t[>d ! equ9octial regions ( ! ,new      
,cont95t4  ,! m>%y tract betwe5 ,javita 
& ! emb>cad]o ( ,pimi*9 is infe/$ )     
great numb]s ( vip]s4 ,be=e we took     
possession ( ! des]t$ hut1 ! ,indians   
kill$ two great mapan>e s]p5ts499 799   
,?is "n is giv5 9 ! ,spani% colonies to 
v diff]5t species4 ,! ,colub] mapan>e ( 
! prov9ce ( ,c>acas has "o hundr$ &     
=ty-two v5tral plates1 & ?irty-eight    

d\ble caudal scales4 ,! ,colub] mapan>e 
( ! ,rio ,magdal5a has two hundr$ &     
eight v5tral plates1 & sixty-f\r d\ble  
caudal scales47 ,^! gr[ to f\r or five  
feet long4 ,!y appe>$ to me to be ! same
 species z ^? ,i saw 9 ! ,rio ,magdal5a4
 ,?is s]p5t is a beautiful animal1 b    
extremely v5om\s1 :ite on ! belly1 &    
spott$ ) br[n & r$ on ! back4 ,z !      
inside ( ! hut 0 fill$ ) grass1 & we 7  
ly+ on ! gr\nd1 !re be+ no means (      
susp5d+ our hammocks1 we 7 n )\t        
inquietude dur+ ! night4 ,9 ! morn+ a   
l>ge vip] 0 f\nd on lift+ ! jagu>-sk9 ^u
 :i* "o ( our dome/ics _h slept4 ,!     
,indians say t ^! reptiles1 sl[ 9 _!    
movem5ts :5 !y are n pursu$1 creep ne> a
 man because !y are fond ( heat4 ,9     
fact1 on ! banks ( ! ,magdal5a a s]p5t  
ent]$ ! b$ ( "o ( our fell[-travell]s1 &
 rema9$ !re a "p ( ! night1 )\t injur+  
him4 ,)\t wi%+ to take up ! def5ce (    
vip]s & rattlesnakes1 ,i believe x may  
be affirm$ t1 if ^! v5om\s animals _h   
su* a disposition = (f5ce z is suppos$1 

! human species w\ld c]ta9ly n h )/ood  
_! numb]s 9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica2 =        
in/ance1 on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco & !     
humid m\nta9s ( ,*oco4  ,we emb>k$ on ! 
#h? ( ,may at sunrise1 aft] hav+        
c>efully exam9$ ! bottom ( our canoe4 ,x
 _h become ?9n]1 b _h receiv$ no crack 9
 ! portage4 ,we reckon$ t x w\ld /ill   
be> ! voyage ( ?ree hundr$ leagues1 :i* 
we _h yet to p]=m1 9 go+ d[n ! ,rio     
,negro1 asc5d+ ! ,cassiqui>e1 & r$esc5d+
 ! ,or9oco z f> z ,ango/ura4 ,! ,pimi*91
 :i* is call$ a rivulet 7cano7 is       
tol]ably broad2 b small trees t love !  
wat] n>r[ ! b$ s mu* t !re rema9s op5 a 
*annel ( only fifte5 or tw5ty toises4   
,next to ! ,rio ,*agres ?is riv] is "o (
 ! mo/ celebrat$ 9 ,am]ica = ! numb] (  
its w9d+s3 x is said to h eighty-five1  
:i* greatly l5g!n x4 ,!y (t5 =m "r      
angles1 & occur e two or ?ree leagues4  
,to det]m9e ! diff]5ce ( longitude      
betwe5 ! l&+-place & ! po9t :]e we 7 to 
ent] ! ,rio ,negro1 ,i took by ! compass
 ! c\rse ( ! ,cano ,pimi*91 & not$ ! "t 

dur+ :i* we foll[$ ! same direction4 ,! 
velocity ( ! curr5t 0 only #b4d feet 9 a
 second2 b our canoe made by r[+ #d4f   
feet4 ,! emb>cad]o ( ! ,pimi*9 appe>$ to
 me to be elev5 ?\s& toises we/ ( its   
m\?1 & #j degrees #b m9utes we/ ( !     
mission ( ,javita4 ,?is ,cano is        
navigable dur+ ! :ole ye>1 & has b "o   
raudal1 :i* is some:at difficult to g   
up2 its banks are l[1 b rocky4 ,aft]    
hav+ foll[$ ! w9d+s ( ! ,pimi*9 = f\r   
h\rs & a half we at l5g? ent]$ ! ,rio   
,negro4  ,! morn+ 0 cool & beautiful4   
,we _h n[ be5 conf9$ ?irty-six days 9 a 
n>r[ boat1 s un/eady t x w\ld h be5     
ov]set by any p]son ris+ imprud5tly f 8 
seat1 )\t w>n+ ! r[]s4 ,we _h suff]$    
sev]ely f ! /+ ( insects1 b we _h )/ood 
! insalubrity ( ! climate2 we _h pass$  
)\t accid5t ! great numb] ( wat]falls & 
b>s1 :i* imp$e ! navigation ( ! riv]s1 &
 (t5 r5d] x m dang]\s ?an long voyages  
by sea4 ,aft] all we _h endur$1 x may be
 conceiv$ t we felt no little           
satisfaction 9 hav+ rea*$ ! tribut>y    

/reams ( ! ,amazon1 hav+ pass$ ! i/hmus 
t sep>ates two great sy/ems ( riv]s1 & 9
 be+ sure ( hav+ fulfill$ ! mo/         
important object ( our j\rney1 namely1  
to det]m9e a/ronomically ! c\rse ( t arm
 ( ! ,or9oco :i* falls into ! ,rio      
,negro1 & ( :i* ! exi/5ce has be5       
alt]nately prov$ & d5i$ dur+ half a     
c5tury4 ,9 proportion z we draw ne> to  
an object we h long _h 9 view1 its      
int]e/ seems to augm5t4 ,! un9habit$    
banks ( ! ,cassiqui>e1 cov]$ ) =e/s1 )\t
 memorials ( times pa/1 !n occupi$ my   
imag9ation1 z d n[ ! banks ( !          
,euphrates1 or ! ,oxus1 celebrat$ 9 !   
annals ( civiliz$ nations4 ,9 t int]ior 
"p ( ! ,new ,cont95t "o may almo/       
accu/om oneself to reg>d m5 z n be+     
ess5tial to ! ord] ( nature4 ,! e>? is  
load$ ) plants1 & no?+ imp$es _! free   
developm5t4 ,an imm5se lay] ( m\ld      
manife/s ! un9t]rupt$ action ( organic  
p[]s4 ,crocodiles & boas are ma/]s ( !  
riv]2 ! jagu>1 ! pecc>y1 ! dante1 & !   
monkeys trav]se ! =e/ )\t fe> & )\t     

dang]2 !re !y dwell z 9 an anci5t       
inh]itance4 ,?is aspect ( animat$       
nature1 9 :i* man is no?+1 has some?+ 9 
x /range & sad4 ,to ?is we reconcile    
ourselves ) difficulty on ! ocean1 &    
amid ! s&s ( ,africa2 ?\gh 9 sc5es :]e  
no?+ recalls to m9d our fields1 our     
woods1 & our /reams1 we are less a/oni%$
 at ! va/ solitude ?r\gh :i* we pass4   
,"h1 9 a f]tile c\ntry1 adorn$ ) et]nal 
v]dure1 we seek 9 va9 ! traces ( ! p[] (
 man2 we seem to be transport$ into a _w
 diff]5t f t :i* gave u bir?4 ,^!       
impressions are ! m p[]ful 9 proportion 
z !y are ( long duration4 ,a soldi]1 :o 
_h sp5t 8 :ole life 9 ! missions ( !    
,upp] ,or9oco1 slept ) u on ! bank ( !  
riv]4 ,he 0 an intellig5t man1 :o1 dur+ 
a calm & s]5e night1 press$ me )        
que/ions on ! magnitude ( ! />s1 on !   
inhabitants ( ! moon1 on a ?\s& subjects
 ( :i* ,i 0 z ignorant z himself4 ,be+  
unable by my answ]s to satisfy 8        
curiosity1 he said to me 9 a firm tone (
 ! mo/ positive conviction3 ) respect to

 m51 ,i believe !re are no m up !re ?an 
y w\ld h f\nd if y _h gone by l& f      
,javita to ,cassiqui>e4 ,i ?9k ,i see 9 
! />s1 z "h1 a pla9 cov]$ ) grass1 & a  
=e/ 7mu*o monte7 trav]s$ by a riv]4 ,9  
cit+ ^! words ,i pa9t ! impression      
produc$ by ! monoton\s aspect ( ^?      
solit>y regions4 ,may ?is monotony n be 
f\nd to ext5d to ! j\rnal ( our         
navigation1 & we>y ! read] accu/om$ to !
 description ( ! sc5es & hi/orical      
memorials ( ! old cont95t6   ,,*apt]    
#b4bc4  ,,! ,,rio ,,negro4 ,,b\nd>ies   
,,( ,,brazil4 ,,! ,,cassiqui>e4         
,,bifurcation ,,( ,,! ,,or9oco4  ,! ,rio
 ,negro1 comp>$ to ! ,amazon1 ! ,rio de 
la ,plata1 or ! ,or9oco1 is b a riv] ( !
 second ord]4 ,its possession has be5 = 
ages ( great political importance to !  
,spani% ,gov]nm5t1 because x is capable 
( furni%+ a rival p[]1 ,portugal1 ) an  
easy passage into ! missions ( ,guiana1 
& !reby di/urb+ ! ,capitania g5]al (    
,c>acas 9 its s\!rn limits4 ,?ree hundr$
 ye>s h be5 sp5t 9 va9 t]ritorial       

disputes4 ,accord+ to ! diff]5ce (      
times1 & ! degree ( civilization among !
 natives1 res\rce has be5 _h sometimes  
to ! au?ority ( ! ,pope1 & sometimes !  
support ( a/ronomy2 & ! disputants be+  
g5]ally m int]e/$ 9 prolong+ ?an 9      
t]m9at+ ! /ruggle1 ! nautical sci5ces & 
! geography ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 h alone  
ga9$ by ?is int]m9able litigation4 ,:5 !
 affairs ( ,p>aguay1 & ! possession ( ! 
colony ( ,del ,sacram5to1 became ( great
 importance to ! c\rts ( ,madrid &      
,lisbon1 commission]s ( ! b\nd>ies 7 s5t
 to ! ,or9oco1 ! ,amazon1 & ! ,rio      
,plata4  ,! little t 0 kn[n1 up to ! end
 ( ! la/ c5tury1 ( ! a/ronomical        
geography ( ! int]ior ( ! ,new ,cont95t1
 0 ow+ to ^! e/imable & labori\s m51 !  
,fr5* & ,spani% academicians1 :o measur$
 a m]idian l9e at ,quito1 & to (fic]s :o
 w5t f ,valp>aiso to ,bu5os ,ayres to   
jo9 ! exp$ition ( ,malasp9a4 ,^? p]sons 
:o "k ! inaccuracy ( ! maps ( ,s\?      
,am]ica1 & h se5 ^? uncultivat$ l&s     
betwe5 ! ,jupura & ! ,rio ,negro1 !     

,madeira & ! ,ucayale1 ! ,rio ,branco & 
! coa/s ( ,cay5ne1 :i* up to our own    
days h be5 gravely disput$ 9 ,europe1 c 
be n a little surpris$ at ! p]sev]ance )
 :i* ! possession ( a few squ>e leagues 
is litigat$4 ,^! disput$ gr\nds are     
g5]ally sep>at$ f ! cultivat$ "p ( !    
colonies by des]ts1 ! ext5t ( :i* is    
unkn[n4 ,9 ! celebrat$ conf]5ces (      
,pu5te de ,caya ! "q 0 agitat$1 :e!r1 9 
fix+ ! l9e ( dem>cation ?ree hundr$ &   
sev5ty ,spani% leagues to ! we/ ( !     
,cape ,v]de ,isl&s1 ! pope meant t !    
fir/ m]idian %\ld be reckon$ f ! c5tre (
 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,ni*olas1 or 7z ! c\rt (  
,portugal ass]t$7 f ! we/]n extremity ( 
! little isl& ( ,/4 ,antonio4 ,9 ! ye>  
#aged1 ! "t ( ! exp$ition ( ,iturriaga &
 ,solano1 negociations 7 ent]$ into     
respect+ ! possession ( ! !n des]t banks
 ( ! ,tuam9i1 & ( a m>%y tract :i* we   
cross$ 9 "o ev5+ go+ f ,javita to ,cano 
,pimi*94 ,! ,spani% commission]s v      
rec5tly w\ld h plac$ ! divisional l9e at
 ! po9t :]e ! ,apoporis falls into !    

,jupura1 :ile ! ,portuguese a/ronom]s   
c>ri$ x back z f> z ,salto ,gr&e4  ,!   
,rio ,negro & ! ,jupuro are two tribut>y
 /reams ( ! ,amazon1 & may be comp>$ 9  
l5g? to ! ,danube4 ,! upp] p>ts belong  
to ! ,spani>ds1 :ile ! l[] are occupi$  
by ! ,portuguese4 ,! ,*ri/ian settlem5ts
 are v num]\s f ,mocoa to ! m\? ( !     
,caguan2 :ile on ! ,l[] ,jupura !       
,portuguese h f\nd$ only a few villages4
 ,on ! ,rio ,negro1 on ! contr>y1 !     
,spani>ds h n be5 able to rival _!      
neighb\rs4 ,/eppes & =e/s ne>ly des]t   
sep>ate1 at a di/ance ( "o hundr$ &     
sixty leagues1 ! cultivat$ "p ( ! coa/ f
 ! f\r missions ( ,m>sa1 ,tomo1 ,davipe1
 & ,san ,c>los1 :i* are all t ! ,spani% 
,franciscans c\ld e/abli% along ! ,rio  
,negro4 ,among ! ,portuguese ( ,brazil !
 milit>y sy/em1 t ( presides & capitanes
 pobladores1 has prevail$ ov] ! gov]nm5t
 ( ! mission>ies4 ,gr& ,p>a is no d\bt  
f> di/ant f ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,negro3 b !  
facility ( navigation on ! ,amazon1 :i* 
runs l an imm5se canal 9 "o direction f 

we/ to ea/1 has enabl$ ! ,portuguese    
population to ext5d itself rapidly along
 ! riv]4 ,! banks ( ! ,l[] ,m>anon1 f   
,vi/oza z f> z ,s]pa1 z well z ^? ( !   
,rio ,negro f ,=t da ,b>a to ,san ,jose 
da ,m>avitanos1 are embelli%$ by ri*    
cultivation1 & by a great numb] ( l>ge  
villages & t[ns4  ,^! local             
consid]ations are comb9$ ) o!rs1 sugge/$
 by ! moral position ( nations4 ,!      
nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica furni%es to ?is 
day no o!r /able settlem5ts b ,russian &
 ,spani% colonies4 ,be=e ! inhabitants (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 _! progressive      
movem5t f ea/ to we/1 c\ld rea* ! %ore  
betwe5 ! latitude #da & #ej degrees1 :i*
 long sep>at$ ! ,spani% monks & !       
,sib]ian hunt]s199 ! latt] _h e/abli%$  
!mselves s\? ( ! ,columbia ,riv]4 799 ,!
 hunt]s connect$ ) milit>y po/s1 &      
dep5d5t on ! ,russian ,company1 ( :i* ! 
pr9cipal %>ehold]s live at ,irkutsk4 ,9 
#ahjd ! little =tress 7krepo/7 at ! bay 
( ,jakutal 0 /ill six hundr$ leagues    
di/ant f ! mo/ nor!rn ,mexican          

possessions47 ,?us 9 ,new ,cali=nia !   
,franciscan mission>ies1 m5 e/imable =  
_! morals1 & _! agricultural activity1  
le>nt ) a/oni%m5t1 t ,greek prie/s _h   
arriv$ 9 _! neighb\rhood2 & t two       
nations1 :o inhabit ! ea/]n & we/]n     
extremities ( ,europe1 7 become         
neighb\rs on a coa/ ( ,am]ica opposite  
to ,*9a4 ,9 ,guiana circum/ances 7 v    
diff]5t3 ! ,spani>ds f\nd on _! fronti]s
 ^? v ,portuguese1 :o1 by _! language1 &
 _! municipal in/itutions1 =m ) !m "o ( 
! mo/ noble rema9s ( ,roman ,europe2 b  
:om mi/ru/1 f\nd$ on unequal /r5g?1 &   
too great proximity1 has conv]t$ into an
 (t5 ho/ile1 & always rival p[]4  ,if   
two nations adjac5t to ea* o!r 9        
,europe1 ! ,spani>ds & ! ,portuguese1 h 
alike become neighb\rs 9 ! ,new         
,cont95t1 !y are indebt$ = t circum/ance
 to ! _s ( ent]prise & active c\rage :i*
 bo? display$ at ! p]iod ( _! milit>y   
glory & political greatness4 ,!         
,ca/ilian language is n[ spok5 9 ,nor? &
 ,s\? ,am]ica ?r\gh\t an ext5t ( m ?an  

"o ?\s& n9e hundr$ leagues 9 l5g?2 if1  
h[ev]1 we consid] ,s\? ,am]ica ap>t1 we 
!re f9d ! ,portuguese language spread   
ov] a l>g] space ( gr\nd1 & spok5 by a  
small] numb] ( individuals ?an !        
,ca/ilian4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! bond t s 
closely connects ! f9e languages (      
,camo5s & ,lope de ,vega1 _h s]v$ only  
to sep>ate two nations1 :o h become     
neighb\rs aga9/ _! w4 ,national hatr$ is
 n modifi$ solely by a div]sity ( orig91
 ( mann]s1 & ( progress 9 civilization2 
:5ev] x is p[]ful1 x mu/ be consid]$ z !
 effect ( geographical situation1 & !   
conflict+ int]e/s !nce result+4 ,nations
 dete/ ea* o!r ! less1 9 proportion z !y
 are di/ant2 & :51 _! languages be+     
radically diff]5t1 !y d n ev5 attempt to
 comb9e toge!r4 ,travell]s :o h pass$   
?r\gh ,new ,cali=nia1 ! int]ior prov9ces
 ( ,mexico1 & ! nor!rn fronti]s (       
,brazil1 h be5 /ruck by ^! %ades 9 !    
moral dispositions ( bord]+ nations4    
,:5 ,i 0 9 ! ,spani% ,rio ,negro1 !     
div]g5t politics ( ! c\rts ( ,lisbon &  

,madrid _h augm5t$ t sy/em ( mi/ru/ :i*1
 ev5 9 calm] times1 ! comm&]s ( petty   
neighb\r+ =ts love to enc\rage4 ,boats  
w5t up f ,b>celos z f> z ! ,spani%      
missions1 b ! communications 7 ( r>e    
occurr5ce4 ,a comm&ant ) sixte5 or      
eighte5 soldi]s we>i$ ! g>rison by      
measures ( safety1 :i* 7 dictat$ by !   
important /ate ( affairs2 if he 7       
attack$1 he hop$ to surr\nd ! enemy4 ,:5
 we spoke ( ! indiff]5ce ) :i* !        
,portuguese gov]nm5t d\btless reg>d$ !  
f\r little villages f\nd$ by ! monks (  
,sa9t ,francisco1 on ! ,upp] ,gua9ia1 ! 
inhabitants 7 hurt by ! motives :i* we  
alleg$ ) ! view to give !m confid5ce4 ,a
 p :o h pres]v$ 9 vig\r1 ?r\gh !        
revolutions ( ages1 a national hatr$1 l 
occasions ( giv+ x v5t4 ,! m9d delights 
9 ev]y?+ impassion$1 9 ! consci\sness ( 
an en]getic feel+1 9 ! affections1 & 9  
rival hatr$s t are f\nd$ on antiquat$   
prejudices4 ,:atev] con/itutes !        
individuality ( nations fl[s f !        
"m-c\ntry to ! mo/ remote colonies2 &   

national antipa?ies are n effac$ :]e !  
influ5ce ( ! same languages ceases4 ,we 
"k1 f ! int]e/+ n>rative ( ,krus5/]n's  
voyage1 t ! hatr$ ( two fugitive        
sailors1 "o a ,fr5*man & ! o!r an       
,engli%man1 0 ! cause ( a long w> betwe5
 ! inhabitants ( ! ,m>quesas ,isl&s4 ,on
 ! banks ( ! ,amazon & ! ,rio ,negro1 ! 
,indians ( ! neighb\r+ ,portuguese &    
,spani% villages dete/ ea* o!r4 ,^! poor
 p speak only ! native tongues2 !y are  
ignorant ( :at passes on ! o!r bank ( ! 
ocean1 beyond ! great salt-pool2 b !    
g[ns ( _! mission>ies are ( a diff]5t   
col\r1 & ?is displeases !m extremely4   
,i h /opp$ to pa9t ! effects ( national 
animosities1 :i* wise /atesm5 h         
endeav\r$ to calm1 b h be5 unable       
entirely to set at re/4 ,?is rivalry has
 contribut$ to ! imp]fection ( !        
geographical k hi!rto obta9$ respect+ ! 
tribut>y riv]s ( ! ,amazon4 ,:5 !       
communications ( ! natives are imp$$1 & 
"o nation is e/abli%$ ne> ! m\?1 & ano!r
 9 ! upp] "p ( ! same riv]1 x is        

difficult = p]sons :o attempt to        
con/ruct maps to acquire precise        
in=mation4 ,! p]iodical inundations1 &  
/ill m ! portages1 by :i* boats are     
pass$ f "o /ream to ano!r1 ! s\rces (   
:i* are 9 ! same neighb\rhood1 h l$ to  
errone\s ideas ( ! bifurcations &       
bran*+s ( riv]s4 ,! ,indians ( !        
,portuguese missions1 = in/ance1 ent] 7z
 ,i 0 in=m$ ^u ! spot7 ! ,spani% ,rio   
,negro on "o side by ! ,rio ,gua9ia & ! 
,rio ,tomo2 & ! ,upp] ,or9oco on ! o!r1 
by ! portages betwe5 ! ,cababuri1 !     
,pacimoni1 ! ,idapa1 & ! ,macava1 to    
ga!r ! aromatic se$s ( ! pu*]o laurel   
beyond ! ,esm]alda4 ,! ,indians1 ,i     
repeat1 are excell5t geograph]s2 !y     
outflank ! enemy1 not)/&+ ! limits trac$
 ^u ! maps1 9 spite ( ! =ts & !         
e/acam5tos2 & :5 ! mission>ies see !m   
arrive f su* di/ances1 & 9 diff]5t      
seasons1 !y beg9 to frame hypo!ses (    
suppos$ communications ( riv]s4 ,ea*    
p>ty has an int]e/ 9 conceal+ :at x kn[s
 ) c]ta9ty2 & t love ( ! my/]i\s1 s     

g5]al among ! ignorant1 contributes to  
p]petuate ! d\bt4 ,x may also be obs]v$ 
t ! v>i\s ,indian nations1 :o frequ5t   
?is labyr9? ( riv]s1 give !m names      
entirely diff]5t2 & t ^! names are      
disguis$ & l5g!n$ by t]m9ations t       
signify wat]1 great wat]1 & curr5t4 ,h[ 
(t5 h ,i be5 p]plex$ by ! necessity (   
settl+ ! synonyms ( riv]s1 :5 ,i h s5t =
 ! mo/ intellig5t natives1 to int]rogate
 !m1 ?r\gh an int]pret]1 respect+ !     
numb] ( tribut>y /reams1 ! s\rces ( !   
riv]s1 & ! portages4 ,?ree or f\r       
languages be+ spok5 9 ! same mission1 x 
is difficult to make ! witnesses agree4 
,our maps are load$ ) names arbitr>ily  
%ort5$ or p]v]t$4 ,to exam9e h[ f> !y   
may be accurate1 we mu/ be guid$ by !   
geographical situation ( ! conflu5t     
riv]s1 ,i might almo/ say by a c]ta9    
etymological tact4 ,! ,rio ,uaupe1 or   
,uapes ( ! ,portuguese maps1 is !       
,guapue ( ! ,spani% maps1 & ! ,ucay>i ( 
! natives4 ,! ,anava ( ! old geograph]s 
is ! ,anauahu ( ,arr[smi?1 & ! ,uanauhau

 or ,guanauhu ( ! ,indians4 ,! desire ( 
leav+ no void 9 ! maps1 9 ord] to give  
!m an appe>ance ( accuracy1 has caus$   
riv]s to be creat$1 to :i* names h be5  
appli$ t h n be5 recogniz$ z synonym\s4 
,x is only lately t travell]s 9 ,am]ica1
 9 ,p]sia1 & 9 ! ,indies1 h felt !      
importance ( be+ correct 9 ! d5om9ation 
( places4 ,:5 we read ! travels ( ,sir  
,walt] ,raleigh1 x is difficult inde$ to
 recognise 9 ! lake ( ,mrecabo1 ! laguna
 ( ,m>acaybo1 & 9 ! ,m>quis ,p>aco ! "n 
( ,piz>ro1 ! de/roy] ( ! empire ( !     
,incas4  ,! great tribut>y /reams ( !   
,amazon are designat$ by ! mission>ies  
by diff]5t names 9 _! upp] & l[] c\rse4 
,! ,iza is call$1 high] up1 ,putumayo1 !
 ,jupura t[>ds its s\rce be>s ! "n (    
,caqueta4 ,! rese>*es made 9 ! missions 
( ! ,&aquies on ! real orig9 ( ! ,rio   
,negro h be5 ! m fruitless because !    
,indian "n ( ! riv] 0 unkn[n4 ,i he>d x 
call$ ,gua9ia at ,javita1 ,m>oa1 & ,san 
,c>los4 ,s\!y1 9 8 hi/ory ( ,brazil1    
says expressly t ! ,rio ,negro1 9 ! l[] 

"p ( its c\rse1 is call$ ,guiani1 or    
,curana1 by ! natives2 9 ! upp] "p1     
,u5eya4 ,x is ! ^w ,gu5eya1 in/ead (    
,gua9ia2 = ! ,indians ( ^? c\ntries say 
indiff]5tly ,gu>anacua or ,ou>anacua1   
,gu>apo or ,u>apo4  ,! s\rces ( ! ,rio  
,negro h long be5 an object ( cont5tion 
among geograph]s4 ,! int]e/ we feel 9   
?is "q is n m]ely t :i* atta*es to !    
orig9 ( all great riv]s1 b is connect$ )
 a cr[d ( o!r que/ions1 t compreh5d !   
suppos$ bifurcations ( ! ,caqueta1 !    
communications betwe5 ! ,rio ,negro & ! 
,or9oco1 & ! local fable ( ,el ,dorado1 
=m]ly call$ ,enim1 or ! empire ( ! ,gr& 
,paytiti4 ,:5 we /udy ) c>e ! anci5t    
maps ( ^! c\ntries1 & ! hi/ory ( _!     
geographical errors1 we see h[ by       
degrees ! fable ( ,el ,dorado has be5   
transport$ t[>ds ! we/ ) ! s\rces ( !   
,or9oco4 ,x 0 at fir/ fix$ on ! ea/]n   
declivity ( ! ,&es1 to ! s\?-we/ ( !    
,rio ,negro4 ,! valiant ,philip de ,urre
 s\ght = ! great city ( ,manoa by       
trav]s+ ! ,guavi>e4 ,ev5 n[ ! ,indians (

 ,san ,jose de ,m>avitanos relate t1 on 
sail+ to ! nor?-ea/ = fifte5 days1 on ! 
,guape or ,uaupe1 y rea* a fam\s laguna 
de oro1 surr\nd$ by m\nta9s1 & s l>ge t 
! opposite %ore _c be disc]n$4 ,a       
f]oci\s nation1 ! ,guanes1 d n p]mit !  
collect+ ( ! gold ( a s&y pla9 t        
surr\nds ! lake4 ,fa!r ,acunha places ! 
lake ,manoa1 or ,y5efiti1 betwe5 !      
,jupura & ! ,rio ,negro4 ,"s ,manoa     
,indians br\ght ,fa!r ,fritz1 9 #afhg1  
sev]al slips ( beat5 gold4 ,?is nation1 
! "n ( :i* is /ill kn[n on ! banks ( !  
,ur>ira1 betwe5 ,lamalongo & ,moreira1  
dwelt on ! ,yurube%4 ,la ,condam9e is "r
 9 say+ t ?is ,mesopotamia1 betwe5 !    
,caqueta1 ! ,rio ,negro1 ! ,yurube%1 & !
 ,iqui>e1 0 ! fir/ sc5e ( ,el ,dorado4  
,b :]e %all we f9d ! names ( ,yurube% & 
,iqui>e1 giv5 by ! ,fa!rs ,acunha &     
,fritz8 ,i ?9k ,i recognise !m 9 ! riv]s
 ,urubaxi & ,igu>i199 on "s manuscript  
,portuguese maps :i* ,i possess4 799 ,x 
may be writt5 ,urubaji4 ,! j & ! x 7 !  
same z ! ,g]man * to ,fa!r ,fritz4 ,!   

,urubaxi1 or ,hyurubaxi 7,yurube%71     
falls into ! ,rio ,negro ne> ,santa     
,isabella2 ! ,igu>i 7,iqui>e87 runs into
 ! ,issana1 :i* is also a tribut>y ( !  
,rio ,negro47 ,i h long & assidu\sly    
/udi$ ! geography ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 nor? (
 ! ,amazon1 f anci5t maps & unpubli%$   
mat]ials4 ,desir\s t my "w %\ld pres]ve 
! "* ( a sci5tific p]=mance1 ,i ought n 
to hesitate ab\t treat+ ( subjects on   
:i* ,i flatt] myself t ,i c ?r[ "s      
light2 namely1 on ! que/ions respect+ ! 
s\rces ( ! ,rio ,negro & ! ,or9oco1 !   
communication betwe5 ^! riv]s & !       
,amazon1 & ! problem ( ! aurif]\s soil1 
:i* has co/ ! inhabitants ( ! ,new ,_w s
 mu* suff]+ & s mu* blood4  ,9 !        
di/ribution ( ! wat]s circulat+ on !    
surface ( ! globe1 z well z 9 ! /ructure
 ( organic bodies1 nature has pursu$ a  
mu* less complicat$ plan ?an has be5    
believ$ by ^? :o h suff]$ !mselves to be
 guid$ by vague conceptions & a ta/e = !
 m>vell\s4 ,we f9d1 too1 t all          
anomalies1 all ! exceptions to ! laws ( 

hydrography1 :i* ! int]ior ( ,am]ica    
displays1 are m]ely app>5t2 t ! c\rse ( 
runn+ wat]s furni%es ph5om5a equally    
extraord9>y 9 ! old _w1 b t ^! ph5om5a1 
f _! littl5ess1 h less /ruck !          
imag9ation ( travell]s4 ,:5 imm5se riv]s
 may be consid]$ z compos$ ( sev]al     
p>allel furr[s ( unequal dep?2 :5 ^!    
riv]s are n enclos$ 9 valleys2 & :5 !   
int]ior ( ! great cont95t is z flat z ! 
%ores ( ! sea ) u2 ! ramifications1 !   
bifurcations1 & ! int]lac+s 9 ! =m (    
net-"w1 mu/ be inf9itely multipli$4 ,f  
:at we "k ( ! equilibrium ( ! seas1 ,i  
_c ?9k t ! ,new ,_w issu$ f ! wat]s lat]
 ?an ! ,old1 & t organic life is !re    
y\ng]1 or m rec5t2 b )\t admitt+        
oppositions betwe5 ! two hemisph]es ( ! 
same planet1 we may conceive t 9 !      
hemisph]e mo/ abundant 9 wat]s ! diff]5t
 sy/ems ( riv]s requir$ m "t to sep>ate 
!mselves f "o ano!r1 & e/abli% _!       
complete indep5d5ce4 ,! deposits ( mud1 
:i* are =m$ :]ev] ! runn+ wat]s lose    
some:at ( _! swiftness1 contribute1 no  

d\bt1 to raise ! b$s ( ! great conflu5t 
/reams1 & augm5t _! inundations2 b at   
l5g? ^! deposits entirely ob/ruct !     
bran*es ( ! riv]s & ! n>r[ *annels t    
connect ! neighb\r+ /reams4 ,! sub/ances
 wa%$ d[n by ra9-wat]s =m by _!         
accumulation new b>s1 i/hmuses (        
deposit$ e>?1 & po9ts ( division t did n
 be=e exi/4 ,x h5ce results t ^! natural
 *annels ( communication are by degrees 
divid$ into two tribut>y /reams1 & f !  
effect ( a transv]se ris+1 acquire two  
opposite slopes2 a "p ( _! wat]s is     
turn$ back t[>ds ! pr9cipal recipi5t1 & 
a buttress rises betwe5 ! two p>allel   
bas9s1 :i* occasions all traces ( _!    
anci5t communication to disappe>4 ,f ?is
 p]iod ! bifurcations no long] connect  
diff]5t sy/ems ( riv]s2 &1 :]e !y       
cont9ue to take place at ! "t ( great   
inundations1 we see t ! wat]s div]ge f !
 pr9cipal recipi5t only to ent] x aga9  
aft] a long] or %ort] circuit4 ,!       
limits1 :i* at fir/ appe>$ vague &      
unc]ta91 beg9 to be fix$2 & 9 ! lapse ( 

ages1 f ! action ( :atev] is moveable on
 ! surface ( ! globe1 f t ( ! wat]s1 !  
deposits1 & ! s&s1 ! bas9s ( riv]s      
sep>ate1 z great lakes are subdivid$1 & 
z inl& seas lose _! anci5t              
communications499 799 ,! geological     
con/itution ( ! soil seems to indicate  
t1 not)/&+ ! actual diff]5ce ( level 9  
_! wat]s1 ! ,black ,sea1 ! ,caspian1 &  
lake ,aral1 communicat$ ) ea* o!r 9 an  
era ant]ior to hi/oric times4 ,! ov]fl[+
 ( ! ,aral into ! ,caspian ,sea seems   
ev5 to be p>tly ( a m rec5t date1 &     
indep5d5t ( ! bifurcation ( ! ,gihon    
7,oxus71 on :i* "o ( ! mo/ le>n$        
geograph]s ( our day1 ,m4 ,ritt]1 has   
?r[n new light47  ,! c]ta9ty acquir$ by 
geograph]s s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury1 ( !   
exi/5ce ( sev]al bifurcations1 & !      
mutual dep5d5ce ( v>i\s sy/ems ( riv]s 9
 ,s\? ,am]ica1 h l$ !m to admit an      
intimate connection betwe5 ! five great 
tribut>y /reams ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,amazon2
 ! ,guavi>e1 ! ,inirida1 ! ,rio ,negro1 
! ,caqueta or ,hyapura1 & ! ,putumayo or

 ,iza4  ,! ,meta1 ! ,guavi>e1 !         
,caqueta1 & ! ,putumayo1 are ! only     
great riv]s t rise imm$iately f ! ea/]n 
declivity ( ! ,&es ( ,santa ,fe1        
,popayan1 & ,pa/o4 ,! ,vi*ada1 ! ,zama1 
! ,inirida1 ! ,rio ,negro1 ! ,uaupe1 & !
 ,apoporis1 :i* are m>k$ 9 our maps z   
ext5d+ we/w>d z f> z ! m\nta9s1 take    
rise at a great di/ance f !m1 ei!r 9 !  
savannahs betwe5 ! ,meta & ! ,guavi>e1  
or 9 ! m\nta9\s c\ntry :i*1 accord+ to !
 in=mation giv5 me by ! natives1 beg9s  
at f\r or five days' j\rney we/w>d ( !  
missions ( ,javita & ,m>oa1 & ext5ds    
?r\gh ! ,si]ra ,tuhuny1 beyond ! ,xie1  
t[>ds ! banks ( ! ,issana4  ,x is       
rem>kable t ?is ridge ( ! ,cordill]as1  
:i* conta9s ! s\rces ( s _m maje/ic     
riv]s 7! ,meta1 ! ,guavi>e1 ! ,caqueta1 
& ! ,putumayo71 is z little cov]$ ) sn[ 
z ! m\nta9s ( ,abyss9ia f :i* fl[ !     
wat]s ( ! ,blue ,nile2 b1 on ! contr>y1 
on go+ up ! tribut>y /reams :i* furr[ ! 
pla9s1 a volcano z f\nd /ill 9 activity1
 be=e y rea* ! ,cordill]a ( ! ,&es4 ,?is

 ph5om5on 0 discov]$ by ! ,franciscan   
monks1 :o g d[n f ,ceja by ! ,rio       
,fragua to ,caqueta4 ,a solit>y hill1   
emitt+ smoke night & day1 is f\nd on !  
nor?-ea/ ( ! mission ( ,santa ,rosa1 &  
we/ ( ! ,pu]to del ,pescado4 ,?is is !  
effect ( a lat]al action ( ! volcanoes (
 ,popayan & ,pa/o2 z ,guacamayo &       
,sangay1 situat$ also at ! foot ( !     
ea/]n declivity ( ! ,&es1 are ! effect (
 a lat]al action produc$ by ! sy/em ( ! 
volcanoes ( ,quito4 ,aft] hav+ closely  
inspect$ ! banks ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,rio   
,negro1 :]e ! granite ev]y:]e pi]ces !  
soil2 :5 we reflect on ! total abs5ce ( 
volcanoes 9 ,brazil1 ,guiana1 on ! coa/ 
( ,v5ezuela1 & p]haps 9 all t "p ( !    
cont95t ly+ ea/w>d ( ! ,&es2 we         
contemplate ) int]e/ ! ?ree burn+       
volcanoes situat$ ne> ! s\rces ( !      
,caqueta1 ! ,napo1 & ! ,rio de ,macas or
 ,morona4  ,! little gr\p ( m\nta9s )   
:i* we became acqua9t$ at ! s\rces ( !  
,gua9ia1 is rem>kable f its be+ isolat$ 
9 ! pla9 t ext5ds to ! s\?-we/ ( !      

,or9oco4 ,its situation ) reg>d to      
longitude might lead to ! belief t x    
/ret*es into a ridge1 :i* =ms fir/ !    
/rait 7ango/ura7 ( ! ,guavi>e1 & !n !   
great cat>acts 7saltos1 ca*oeiras7 ( !  
,uaupe & ! ,jupura4 ,does ?is gr\nd1    
compos$ probably ( primitive rocks1 l t 
:i* ,i exam9$ m to ! ea/1 conta9        
dissem9at$ gold8 ,are !re any gold-wa%+s
 m to ! s\?1 t[>d ! ,uaupe1 on ! ,iqui>e
 7,igui>i1 ,igu>i71 & on ! ,yurube%     
7,yuruba*1 ,urubaxi78 ,x 0 !re t ,philip
 von ,hut5 fir/ s\ght ,el ,dorado1 & ) a
 h&ful ( m5 f\ght ! battle ( ,omaguas1 s
 celebrat$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9       
sep>at+ :at is fabul\s f ! n>ratives ( !
 ,conqui/adores1 we _c fail to recognize
 9 ! names pres]v$ on ! same spots a    
c]ta9 basis ( hi/oric tru?4 ,we foll[ ! 
exp$ition ( ,hut5 beyond ! ,guavi>e & ! 
,caqeta2 we f9d 9 ! ,guaypes1 gov]n$ by 
! cacique ( ,macatoa1 ! inhabitants ( ! 
riv] ( ,uaupe1 :i* also be>s ! "n (     
,guape1 or ,guapue2 we call to m9d1 t   
,fa!r ,acunha calls ! ,iqui>i           

7,quiqui>e7 a gold riv]2 & t fifty ye>s 
lat] ,fa!r ,fritz1 a mission>y ( great  
v]acity1 receiv$1 9 ! mission (         
,yurimaguas1 ! ,manaos 7,manoas71 adorn$
 ) plates ( beat5 gold1 com+ f ! c\ntry 
betwe5 ! ,uaupe & ! ,caqueta1 or        
,jupura4 ,! riv]s t rise on ! ea/]n     
declivity ( ! ,&es 7= in/ance ! ,napo7  
c>ry along ) !m a great deal ( gold1 ev5
 :5 _! s\rces are f\nd 9 tra*ytic soils4
 ,:y may !re n be an alluvial aurif]\s  
soil to ! ea/ ( ! ,cordill]as1 z !re is 
to ! we/1 9 ! ,sonoro1 at ,*oco1 & at   
,b>bacoas8 ,i am f> f wi%+ to exagg]ate 
! ri*es ( ?is soil2 b ,i d n ?9k myself 
au?oriz$ to d5y ! exi/5ce ( preci\s     
metals 9 ! primitive m\nta9s ( ,guiana1 
m]ely because 9 our j\rney ?r\gh t      
c\ntry we saw no metallic ve9s4 ,x is   
some:at rem>kable t ! natives ( !       
,or9oco h a "n 9 _! languages = gold    
7c>ucuru 9 ,c>ibbee1 c>icuri 9 ,tamanac1
 cavitta 9 ,maypure71 :ile ! ^w !y use  
to d5ote silv]1 prata1 is manife/ly     
borr[$ f ! ,spani%499 799 ,! ,p>ecas    

say1 in/ead ( prata1 rata4 ,x is !      
,ca/ilian ^w plata ill-pron\nc$4 ,ne> ! 
,yurube% !re is ano!r inconsid]able     
tribut>y /ream ( ! ,rio ,negro1 !       
,curicur-i>i4 ,x is easy to recognize 9 
?is "n ! ,c>ibbee ^w c>ucur1 gold4 ,!   
,c>ibs ext5d$ _! incursions f ! m\? ( ! 
,or9oco s\?-we/ t[>d ! ,rio ,negro2 & x 
0 ?is re/less p :o c>ri$ ! fable ( ,el  
,dorado1 by ! same way1 b 9 an opposite 
direction 7f s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/71 f !  
,mesopotamia betwe5 ! ,rio ,negro & !   
,jupura to ! s\rces ( ! ,rio ,branco47  
,! notions collect$ by ,acunha1 ,fa!r   
,fritz1 & ,la ,condam9e1 on ! gold-wa%+s
 s\? & nor? ( ! riv] ,uaupe1 agree ) :at
 ,i le>nt ( ! aurif]\s soil ( ^?        
c\ntries4 ,h[ev] great we may suppose ! 
communications t took place betwe5 !    
nations ( ! ,or9oco be=e ! arrival (    
,europeans1 !y c]ta9ly did n draw _!    
gold f ! ea/]n declivity ( !            
,cordill]as4 ,?is declivity is poor 9   
m9es1 p>ticul>ly 9 m9es anci5tly work$2 
x is almo/ entirely compos$ ( volcanic  

rocks 9 ! prov9ces ( ,popayan1 ,pa/o1 & 
,quito4 ,! gold ( ,guiana probably came 
f ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,&es4 ,9 our days a  
lump ( gold has be5 f\nd 9 a rav9e ne> !
 mission ( ,enc>amada1 & we mu/ n be    
surpris$ if1 s9ce ,europeans settl$ 9 ^!
 wild spots1 we he> less ( ! plates (   
gold1 gold-du/1 & amulets ( jade-/one1  
:i* c\ld h]et(ore be obta9$ f ! ,c>ibs &
 o!r w&]+ nations by b>t]4 ,! preci\s   
metals1 nev] v abundant on ! banks ( !  
,or9oco1 ! ,rio ,negro1 & ! ,amazon1    
disappe>$ almo/ entirely :5 ! sy/em ( ! 
missions caus$ ! di/ant communications  
betwe5 ! natives to cease4  ,! banks ( !
 ,upp] ,gua9ia 9 g5]al ab\nd mu* less 9 
fi%+-birds ?an ^? ( ,cassiqui>e1 !      
,meta1 & ! ,arauca1 :]e orni?ologi/s    
w\ld f9d suffici5t to enri* imm5sely !  
collections ( ,europe4 ,?is sc>city (   
animals arises1 no d\bt1 f ! want (     
%oals & flat %ores1 z well z f ! quality
 ( ! black wat]s1 :i* 7on acc\nt ( _! v 
purity7 furni% less alim5t to aquatic   
insects & fi%4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,indians ( ^!  

c\ntries1 dur+ two p]iods ( ! ye>1 fe$  
on birds ( passage1 :i* repose 9 _! long
 migrations on ! wat]s ( ! ,rio ,negro4 
,:5 ! ,or9oco beg9s to swell99 aft] !   
v]nal equ9ox1 an innum]able quantity (  
ducks 7patos c>et]os7 remove f ! eigh?  
to ! ?ird degree ( nor? latitude1 to !  
fir/ & f\r? degree ( s\? latitude1 t[>ds
 ! s\?-s\?-ea/4 799 ,! swell+s ( ! ,nile
 take place mu* lat] ?an ^? ( ! ,or9oco2
 aft] ! summ] sol/ice1 bel[ ,sy5e2 & at 
,cairo 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,july4 ,! ,nile     
beg9s to s9k ne> t city g5]ally ab\t !  
#ae? ( ,octob]1 & cont9ues s9k+ till !  
#bj? ( ,may47 ,^! animals !n ab&on !    
valley ( ! ,or9oco1 no d\bt because !   
increas+ dep? ( wat]s1 & ! inundations (
 ! %ores1 prev5t !m f cat*+ fi%1        
insects1 & aquatic worms4 ,!y are kill$ 
by ?\s&s 9 _! passage across ! ,rio     
,negro4 ,:5 !y g t[>ds ! equator !y are 
v fat & sav\ry2 b 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 
:5 ! ,or9oco decreases & returns into   
its b$1 ! ducks1 w>n$ ei!r by ! voices (
 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ birds ( passage1 or by t

 int]nal feel+ :i*1 n kn[+ h[ to def9e1 
we call in/9ct1 return f ! ,amazon & !  
,rio ,branco t[>ds ! nor?4 ,at ?is p]iod
 !y are too lean to tempt ! appetite ( !
 ,indians ( ! ,rio ,negro1 & escape     
pursuit m easily f be+ accompani$ by a  
species ( h]ons 7gavanes7 :i* are       
excell5t eat+4 ,?us ! ,indians eat ducks
 9 ,m>*1 & h]ons 9 ,septemb]4 ,we c\ld n
 le>n :at becomes ( ! gavanes dur+ !    
swell+s ( ! ,or9oco1 & :y !y d n        
accompany ! patos c>et]os 9 _! migration
 f ! ,or9oco to ! ,rio ,branco4 ,^!     
regul> migrations ( birds f "o "p ( !   
tropics t[>ds ano!r1 9 a zone :i* is    
dur+ ! :ole ye> ( ! same temp]ature1 are
 v extraord9>y ph5om5a4 ,! s\!rn coa/s (
 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s receive also e    
ye>1 at ! p]iod ( ! inundations ( !     
great riv]s ( ,t]ra ,firma1 num]\s      
flights ( ! fi%+-birds ( ! ,or9oco1 & ( 
its tribut>y /reams4 ,we mu/ presume t !
 v>iations ( dr\ght & humidity 9 !      
equ9octial zone h ! same influ5ce z !   
great *anges ( temp]ature 9 our         

climates1 on ! habits ( animals4 ,! heat
 ( summ]1 & ! pursuit ( insects1 call ! 
humm+-birds into ! nor!rn p>ts ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 & into ,canada z f> z !  
p>allels ( ,p>is & ,b]l93 9 ! same mann]
 a great] facility = fi%+ draws !       
web-foot$ & long-legg$ birds f ! nor? to
 ! s\?1 f ! ,or9oco t[>ds ! ,amazon4    
,no?+ is m m>vell\s1 & no?+ is yet kn[n 
less cle>ly 9 a geographical po9t (     
view1 ?an ! direction1 ext5t1 & t]m ( ! 
migrations ( birds4  ,aft] hav+ ent]$ ! 
,rio ,negro by ! ,pimi*91 & pass$ !     
small cat>act at ! conflu5ce ( ! two    
riv]s1 we discov]$1 at ! di/ance ( a    
qu>t] ( a league1 ! mission ( ,m>oa4    
,?is village1 conta9+ "o hundr$ & fifty 
,indians1 pres5t$ an appe>ance ( ease & 
prosp]ity4 ,we pur*as$ "s f9e specim5s (
 ! t\can alive2 a c\rage\s bird1 !      
intellig5ce ( :i* is develop$ l t ( our 
dome/ic rav5s4 ,we pass$ on ! "r1 above 
,m>oa1 fir/ ! m\? ( ! ,aquio99 7,aqui1  
,aaqui1 ,ake1 ( ! mo/ rec5t maps471 !n t
 ( ! ,tomo499 799 ,tomui1 ,temujo1      

,tomon47 ,on ! banks ( ! latt] riv]     
dwell ! ,*]uvi*ah5as1 "s families ( :om 
,i h se5 at ,san ,francisco ,solano4 ,! 
,tomo lies ne> ! ,rio ,guaicia 7,xie71 &
 ! mission ( ,tomo receives by t way    
fugitive ,indians f ! ,l[] ,gua9ia4 ,we 
did n ent] ! mission1 b ,fa!r ,zea      
relat$ to u ) a smile1 t ! ,indians (   
,tomo & ,m>oa _h be5 "o day 9 full      
insurrection1 because an attempt 0 made 
to =ce !m to dance ! fam\s dance ( !    
devils4 ,! mission>y _h tak5 a fancy to 
h ! c]emonies by :i* ! pia*es 7:o are at
 once prie/s1 physicians1 & conjurors7  
evoke ! evil _s ,iolokiamo1 repres5t$ 9 
a burlesque mann]4 ,he ?\ght t ! dance (
 ! devils w\ld be an excell5t means (   
prov+ to ! neophytes t ,iolokiamo _h no 
long] any p[] ov] !m4 ,"s "y ,indians1  
confid+ 9 ! promises ( ! mission>y1     
cons5t$ to act ! devils1 & 7 already    
decorat$ ) black & yell[ plumes1 &      
jagu>-sk9s ) long sweep+ tails4 ,! place
 :]e ! *ur* /&s 0 surr\nd$ by ! soldi]s 
:o are di/ribut$ 9 ! missions1 9 ord] to

 add m effect to ! c\nsels ( ! monks2 & 
^? ,indians :o 7 n entirely satisfi$ )  
respect to ! consequ5ces ( ! dance1 & ! 
impot5cy ( ! evil _s1 7 br\ght to !     
fe/ivity4 ,! olde/ & mo/ timid ( !      
,indians1 h[ev]1 imbu$ all ! re/ ) a    
sup]/iti\s dread2 all resolv$ to flee al
 monte1 & ! mission>y adj\rn$ 8 project 
( turn+ into d]ision ! demon ( !        
natives4 ,:at extravagant ideas may     
sometimes ent] ! imag9ation ( an idle   
monk1 :o passes 8 life 9 ! =e/s1 f> f   
ev]y?+ t c recall human civilization to 
8 m9d4 ,! viol5ce ) :i* ! attempt 0 made
 to execute 9 public at ,tomo ! my/]i\s 
dance ( ! devils is ! m /range1 z all ! 
books writt5 by ! mission>ies relate !  
ef=ts !y h us$ to prev5t ! fun]eal      
dances1 ! dances ( ! sacr$ trumpet1 & t 
anci5t dance ( s]p5ts1 ! ,queti1 9 :i*  
^! wily animals are repres5t$ z issu+ f 
! =e/s1 & com+ to dr9k ) ! m5 9 ord] to 
deceive !m1 & c>ry (f ! wom54  ,aft] two
 h\rs' navigation f ! m\? ( ! ,tomo we  
arriv$ at ! little mission ( ,san       

,miguel de ,davipe1 f\nd$ 9 #agge1 n by 
monks1 b by a lieut5ant ( militia1 ,don 
,francisco ,bobadilla4 ,! mission>y ( ! 
place1 ,fa!r ,morillo1 ) :om we sp5t "s 
h\rs1 receiv$ u ) great hospitality4 ,he
 ev5 (f]$ u ,madeira w9e1 b1 z an object
 ( luxury1 we %\ld h pref]r$ :eat5      
bread4 ,! want ( bread becomes m s5sibly
 felt 9 l5g? ( "t ?an t ( a /rong       
liquor4 ,! ,portuguese ( ! ,amazon c>ry 
small quantities ( ,madeira w9e1 f "t to
 "t1 to ! ,rio ,negro2 & ! ^w mad]a1    
signify+ wood 9 ! ,ca/ilian language1 ! 
monks1 :o are n mu* v]s$ 9 ! /udy (     
geography1 _h a scruple ( celebrat+ mass
 ) ,madeira w9e1 :i* !y took = a f]m5t$ 
liquor extract$ f ! trunk ( "s tree1 l  
palm-w9e2 & reque/$ ! gu>dian ( !       
missions to decide1 :e!r ! v9o de mad]a 
7 w9e f grapes1 or ! juice ( a tree4 ,at
 ! beg9n+ ( ! conque/1 ! "q 0 agitat$1  
:e!r x 7 all[able = ! prie/s1 9         
celebrat+ mass1 to use any f]m5t$ liquor
 analog\s to grape-w9e4 ,! "q1 z might h
 be5 =ese51 0 decid$ 9 ! negative4  ,at 

,davipe we b\ght "s provisions1 among   
:i* 7 f[ls & a pig4 ,?is pur*ase greatly
 int]e/$ our ,indians1 :o _h be5 a long 
:ile depriv$ ( meat4 ,!y press$ u to    
dep>t1 9 ord] to rea* ! isl& ( ,dapa1   
:]e ! pig 0 to be kill$ & roa/$ dur+ !  
night4 ,we _h sc>cely "t to exam9e 9 !  
conv5t 7conv5to7 ! great /ores ( mani   
res91 & cordage ( ! *iqui*iqui palm1 :i*
 des]ves to be m kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,?is   
cordage is extremely light2 x floats ^u 
! wat]1 & is m durable 9 ! navigation ( 
riv]s ?an ropes ( hemp4 ,x mu/ be       
pres]v$ at sea by be+ (t5 wett$1 &      
little expos$ to ! heat ( ! tropical    
sun4 ,don ,antonio ,santos1 celebrat$ 9 
! c\ntry = 8 j\rney 9 se>* ( lake       
,p>ima1 taught ! ,indians ( ! ,spani%   
,rio ,negro to make use ( ! petioles ( !
 *iqui*iqui1 a palm-tree ) p9nate       
leaves1 ( :i* we saw nei!r ! fl[]s nor !
 fruit4 ,?is (fic] is ! only :ite man :o
 ev] came f ,ango/ura to ,gr& ,p>a1     
pass+ by l& f ! s\rces ( ! ,rio ,c>ony  
to ^? ( ! ,rio ,branco4 ,he _h /udi$ !  

mode ( fabricat+ ropes f ! *iqui*iqui 9 
! ,portuguese colonies2 &1 on 8 return f
 ! ,amazon1 he introduc$ ?is bran* (    
indu/ry into ! missions ( ,guiana4 ,x 7 
to be wi%$ t ext5sive rope-walks c\ld be
 e/abli%$ on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,negro & !
 ,cassiqui>e1 9 ord] to make ^! cables  
an article ( trade ) ,europe4 ,a small  
quantity is already export$ f ,ango/ura 
to ! ,we/ ,indies2 & x co/s f fifty to  
sixty p] c5t less ?an cordage ( hemp4   
,"y palm-trees only be+ employ$1 !y mu/ 
be plant$ & c>efully cultivat$4  ,a     
little above ! mission ( ,davipe1 ! ,rio
 ,negro receives a bran* ( !            
,cassiqui>e1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is a v     
rem>kable ph5om5on 9 ! hi/ory ( !       
bran*+s ( riv]s4 ,?is bran* issues f !  
,cassiqui>e1 nor? ( ,vasiva1 be>+ ! "n (
 ! ,it9iv9i2 &1 aft] fl[+ = ! l5g? (    
tw5ty-five leagues ?r\gh a flat & almo/ 
un9habit$ c\ntry1 x falls into ! ,rio   
,negro "u ! "n ( ! ,rio ,conori*ite4 ,x 
appe>$ to me to be m ?an "o hundr$ &    
tw5ty toises broad ne> its m\?4 ,al?\gh 

! curr5t ( ! ,conori*ite is v rapid1 ?is
 natural canal abridges by ?ree days !  
passage f ,davipe to ,esm]alda4 ,we _c  
be surpris$ at a d\ble communication    
betwe5 ! ,cassiqui>e & ! ,rio ,negro :5 
we recollect t s _m ( ! riv]s ( ,am]ica 
=m1 z x 71 deltas at _! conflu5ce ) o!r 
riv]s4 ,?us ! ,rio ,branco & ! ,rio     
,jupura ent] by a great numb] ( bran*es 
into ! ,rio ,negro & ! ,amazon4 ,at !   
conflu5ce ( ! ,jupura !re is a mu* m    
extraord9>y ph5om5on4 ,be=e ?is riv]    
jo9s ! ,amazon1 ! latt]1 :i* is !       
pr9cipal recipi5t1 s5ds (f ?ree bran*es 
call$ ,u>anapu1 ,manhama1 & ,avatep>ana1
 to ! ,jupura1 :i* is b a tribut>y      
/ream4 ,! ,portuguese a/ronom]1         
,ribeiro1 has prov$ ?is important fact4 
,! ,amazon gives wat]s to ! ,jupura     
itself1 be=e x receives t tribut>y      
/ream4  ,! ,rio ,conori*ite1 or         
,it9iv9i1 =m]ly facilitat$ ! trade 9    
slaves c>ri$ on by ! ,portuguese 9 !    
,spani% t]ritory4 ,! slave-trad]s w5t up
 by ! ,cassiqui>e & ! ,cano ,mee to     

,conori*ite2 & !nce dragg$ _! canoes by 
a portage to ! ro*elas ( ,manuteso1 9   
ord] to ent] ! ,atabapo4 ,?is abom9able 
trade la/$ till ab\t ! ye> #agef2 :5 !  
exp$ition ( ,solano1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! 
missions on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,negro1 put
 an end to x4 ,old laws ( ,*>les ,v &   
,philip ,,iii99 799 #bf ,janu>y #aebc & 
#aj ,octob] #afah47 _h =bidd5 "u ! mo/  
sev]e p5alties 7su* z ! be+ r5d]$       
incapable ( civil employm5t1 & a f9e (  
two ?\s& pia/res71 ! conv]sion ( !      
natives to ! fai? by viol5t means1 &    
s5d+ arm$ m5 aga9/ !m2 b not)/&+ ^! wise
 & humane laws1 ! ,rio ,negro1 9 !      
middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 0 no fur!r       
int]e/+ 9 ,european politics1 ?an z x   
facilitat$ ! entradas1 or ho/ile        
incursions1 & fav\r$ ! pur*ase ( slaves4
 ,! ,c>ibs1 a trad+ & w>like p1 receiv$ 
f ! ,portuguese & ! ,dut*1 knives1      
fi%-hooks1 small mirrors1 & all sorts ( 
glass beads4 ,!y excit$ ! ,indian *iefs 
to make w> aga9/ ea* o!r1 b\ght _!      
prison]s1 & c>ri$ (f1 !mselves1 by      

/ratagem or =ce1 all :om !y f\nd 9 _!   
way4 ,^! incursions ( ! ,c>ibs          
compreh5d$ an imm5se ext5t ( l&2 !y w5t 
f ! banks ( ! ,essequibo & ! ,c>ony1 by 
! ,rupunuri & ! ,p>aguamuzi on "o side1 
directly s\? t[>ds ! ,rio ,branco2 & on 
! o!r1 to ! s\?-we/1 foll[+ ! portages  
betwe5 ! ,rio ,p>agua1 ! ,caura1 & !    
,v5tu>io4 ,! ,c>ibs1 :5 !y arriv$ amid !
 num]\s tribes ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 divid$
 !mselves into sev]al b&s1 9 ord] to    
rea*1 by ! ,cassiqui>e1 ! ,cababury1 !  
,it9iv9i1 & ! ,atabapo1 on a great _m   
po9ts at once1 ! banks ( ! ,guia9ia or  
,rio ,negro1 & c>ry on ! slave-trade ) !
 ,portuguese4 ,?us ! unhappy natives1   
be=e !y came into imm$iate contact ) !  
,europeans1 suff]$ f _! proximity4 ,!   
same causes produce ev]y:]e ! same      
effects4 ,! b>b>\s trade :i* civiliz$   
nations h c>ri$ on1 & /ill p>tially     
cont9ue1 on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 ext5ds its
 fatal influ5ce ev5 to regions :]e !    
exi/5ce ( :ite m5 is unkn[n4  ,hav+     
quitt$ ! m\? ( ! ,conori*ite & ! mission

 ( ,davipe1 we rea*$ at sunset ! isl& ( 
,dapa1 ly+ 9 ! middle ( ! riv]1 & v     
picturesquely situat$4 ,we 7 a/oni%$ to 
f9d on ?is spot "s cultivat$ gr\nd1 & on
 ! top ( a small hill an ,indian hut4   
,f\r natives 7 seat$ r\nd a fire (      
bru%wood1 & !y 7 eat+ a sort ( :ite pa/e
 ) black spots1 :i* mu* excit$ our      
curiosity4 ,^! black spots prov$ to be  
va*acos1 l>ge ants1 ! h9d] p>ts ( :i*   
resemble a lump ( grease4 ,!y _h be5    
dri$1 & black5$ by smoke4 ,we saw sev]al
 bags ( !m susp5d$ above ! fire4 ,^!    
good p paid b little att5tion to u2 yet 
!re 7 m ?an f\rte5 p]sons 9 ?is conf9$  
hut1 ly+ nak$ 9 hammocks hung "o above  
ano!r4 ,:5 ,fa!r ,zea arriv$1 he 0      
receiv$ ) great demon/rations ( joy4 ,! 
milit>y are 9 great] numb]s on ! banks (
 ! ,rio ,negro ?an on ^? ( ! ,or9oco1   
ow+ to ! necessity ( gu>d+ ! fronti]s2 &
 :]ev] soldi]s & monks dispute = p[] ov]
 ! ,indians1 ! latt] are mo/ atta*$ to !
 monks4 ,two "y wom5 came d[n f _!      
hammocks1 to prep>e = u cakes ( cassava4

 ,9 answ] to "s enquiries :i* we put to 
!m ?r\gh an int]pret]1 !y answ]$ t      
cassava grew poorly on ! isl&1 b t x 0 a
 good l& = ants1 & food 0 n want+4 ,9   
fact1 ^! va*acos furni% subsi/5ce to !  
,indians ( ! ,rio ,negro & ! ,gua9ia4   
,!y d n eat ! ants z a luxury1 b        
because1 accord+ to ! expression ( !    
mission>ies1 ! fat ( ants 7! :ite "p ( !
 abdom57 is a v sub/antial food4 ,:5 !  
cakes ( cassava 7 prep>$1 ,fa!r ,zea1 ^:
 fev] seem$ r to %>p5 ?an to enfeeble 8 
appetite1 ord]$ a little bag to be      
br\ght to him fill$ ) smok$ va*acos4 ,he
 mix$ ^! bruis$ insects ) fl\r (        
cassava1 :i* he press$ u to ta/e4 ,x    
some:at resembl$ rancid butt] mix$ )    
crumb ( bread4 ,! cassava _h n an acid  
ta/e1 b "s rema9s ( ,european prejudices
 prev5t$ our jo9+ 9 ! praises be/[$ by !
 good mission>y on :at he call$ an      
excell5t ant pa/e4  ,! viol5ce ( ! ra9  
oblig$ u to sleep 9 ?is cr[d$ hut4 ,!   
,indians slept only f eight till two 9 !
 morn+2 ! re/ ( ! "t !y employ$ 9       

conv]s+ 9 _! hammocks1 & prep>+ _! bitt]
 bev]age ( cupana4 ,!y ?rew fre% fuel on
 ! fire1 & compla9$ ( cold1 al?\gh !    
temp]ature ( ! air 0 at #ba degrees4    
,?is cu/om ( be+ awake1 & ev5 on foot1  
f\r or five h\rs be=e sunrise1 is g5]al 
among ! ,indians ( ,guiana4 ,:51 9 !    
entradas1 an attempt is made to surprise
 ! natives1 ! h\rs *os5 are ^? ( ! fir/ 
sleep1 f n9e till midnight4  ,we left ! 
isl& ( ,dapa long be=e daybreak2 &      
not)/&+ ! rapidity ( ! curr5t1 & !      
activity ( our r[]s1 our passage to ! =t
 ( ,san ,c>los del ,rio ,negro occupi$  
twelve h\rs4 ,we pass$1 on ! left1 ! m\?
 ( ! ,cassiqui>e1 &1 on ! "r1 ! small   
isl& ( ,cum>ai4 ,! =t is believ$ 9 !    
c\ntry to be on ! equatorial l9e2 b1    
accord+ to ! obs]vations :i* ,i made at 
! rocks ( ,culimac>i1 x is 9 #a degree  
#ed m9utes #aa seconds4  ,we lodg$ at   
,san ,c>los ) ! comm&] ( ! =t1 a        
lieut5ant ( militia4 ,f a gall]y 9 !    
upp] "p ( ! h\se we enjoy$ a delightful 
view ( ?ree isl&s ( great l5g?1 & cov]$ 

) ?ick vegetation4 ,! riv] runs 9 a     
/raight l9e f nor? to s\?1 z if its b$  
_h be5 dug by ! h& ( man4 ,! sky be+    
con/antly cl\dy gives ^! c\ntries a     
solemn & gloomy "*4 ,we f\nd 9 ! village
 a few juvia-trees :i* furni% !         
triangul> nuts call$ 9 ,europe ! almonds
 ( ! ,amazon1 or ,brazil-nuts4 ,we h    
made x kn[n by ! "n ( ,b]?olletia       
excelsa4 ,! trees atta9 aft] eight ye>s'
 gr[? ! height ( ?irty feet4  ,! milit>y
 e/abli%m5t ( ?is fronti] consi/$ (     
sev5te5 soldi]s1 t5 ( :om 7 deta*$ = !  
security ( ! neighb\r+ missions4 ,ow+ to
 ! extreme humidity ( ! air !re are n   
f\r muskets 9 a condition to be fir$4 ,!
 ,portuguese h f tw5ty-five to ?irty m51
 bett] clo!d & arm$1 at ! little =t (   
,san ,jose de ,m>avitanos4 ,we f\nd 9 ! 
mission ( ,san ,c>los b "o g>ita199 a   
squ>e h\se1 con/ruct$ ) unbak$ bricks1 &
 conta9+ six field-pieces4 799 ,?is ^w  
lit]ally signifies a s5try-box2 b x is  
"h employ$ 9 ! s5se ( /ore-h\se or      
ars5al47 ,! little =t1 or1 z !y ?9k     

prop] to call x "h1 ! ,ca/illo de ,san  
,felipe1 is situat$ opposite ,san       
,c>los1 on ! we/]n bank ( ! ,rio ,negro4
  ,! banks ( ! ,upp] ,gua9ia w be m     
productive :51 by ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s1
 ! excessive humidity ( ! air & ! soil  
%all be dim9i%$4 ,9 _! pres5t /ate (    
culture maize sc>cely gr[s1 & ! tobacco1
 :i* is ( ! f9e/ quality1 & mu*         
celebrat$ on ! coa/ ( ,c>acas1 is well  
cultivat$ only on spots amid old ru9s1  
rema9s ( ! huts ( ! pueblo viejo 7old   
t[n74 ,indigo gr[s wild ne> ! villages (
 ,m>oa1 ,davipe1 & ,tomo4 ,"u a diff]5t 
sy/em f t :i* we f\nd exi/+ 9 ^!        
c\ntries1 ! ,rio ,negro w produce       
indigo1 c(fee1 cacao1 maize1 & rice1 9  
abundance4  ,! passage f ! m\? ( ! ,rio 
,negro to ,gr& ,p>a occupy+ only tw5ty  
or tw5ty-five days1 x w\ld n h tak5 u   
mu* m "t to h gone d[n ! ,amazon z f> z 
! coa/ ( ,brazil1 ?an to return by !    
,cassiqui>e & ! ,or9oco to ! nor!rn coa/
 ( ,c>acas4 ,we 7 in=m$ at ,san ,c>los  
t1 on acc\nt ( political circum/ances1 x

 0 difficult at t mom5t to pass f !     
,spani% to ! ,portuguese settlem5ts2 b  
we did n "k till aft] our return to     
,europe ! ext5t ( ! dang] to :i* we %\ld
 h be5 expos$ 9 proce$+ z f> z          
,b>cellos4 ,x 0 kn[n at ,brazil1        
possibly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! newspap]s1 t 
,i 0 go+ to visit ! missions ( ! ,rio   
,negro1 & exam9e ! natural canal :i*    
unites two great sy/ems ( riv]s4 ,9 ^?  
des]t =e/s in/rum5ts _h be5 se5 only 9 !
 h&s ( ! commission]s ( ! b\nd>ies2 & at
 t "t ! subalt]n ag5ts ( ! ,portuguese  
gov]nm5t c\ld n conceive h[ a man ( s5se
 c\ld expose himself to ! fatigues ( a  
long j\rney1 to measure l&s t did n     
belong to him4 ,ord]s _h be5 issu$ to   
seize my p]son1 my in/rum5ts1 &1 above  
all1 ^? regi/]s ( a/ronomical           
obs]vations1 s dang]\s to ! safety (    
/ates4 ,we 7 to be conduct$ by way ( !  
,amazon to ,gr& ,p>a1 & !nce s5t back to
 ,lisbon4 ,b =tunately = me1 ! gov]nm5t 
at ,lisbon1 on be+ in=m$ ( ! zeal ( its 
subalt]n ag5ts1 in/antly gave ord]s t ,i

 %\ld n be di/urb$ 9 my op]ations2 b t  
on ! contr>y !y %\ld be enc\rag$1 if ,i 
trav]s$ any "p ( ! ,portuguese          
possessions4  ,9 go+ d[n ! ,gua9ia1 or  
,rio ,negro1 y pass on ! "r ! ,cano     
,maliapo1 & on ! left ! ,canos ,d>iba & 
,eny4 ,at five leagues di/ance1 ne>ly 9 
#a degree #ch m9utes ( nor? latitude1 is
 ! isl& ( ,san ,josef4 ,a little bel[ t 
isl&1 9 a spot :]e !re are a great numb]
 ( orange-trees n[ gr[+ wild1 ! travell]
 is %[n a small rock1 two hundr$ feet   
high1 ) a cav]n call$ by ! mission>ies !
 ,glorieta de ,cocuy4 ,?is summ]-h\se 7=
 su* is ! signification ( ! ^w glorieta 
9 ,spani%7 recalls remembrances t are n 
! mo/ agreeable4 ,x 0 "h t ,cocuy1 !    
*ief ( ! ,manitivitanos199 _h 8 h>em (  
wom51 & :]e he dev\r$ ! f9e/ & fatte/4  
799 ,at ,san ,c>los !re is /ill pres]v$ 
an in/rum5t ( music1 a k9d ( l>ge drum1 
ornam5t$ ) v rude ,indian pa9t+s1 :i*   
relate to ! exploits ( ,cocuy47 ,!      
tradition ( ! h>em & ! orgies ( ,cocuy  
is m curr5t 9 ! ,l[] ,or9oco ?an on !   

banks ( ! ,gua9ia4 ,at ,san ,c>los ! v  
idea t ! *ief ( ! ,manitivitanos c\ld be
 guilty ( cannibalism is indignantly    
reject$4  ,! ,portuguese gov]nm5t has   
e/abli%$ _m settlem5ts ev5 9 ?is remote 
"p ( ,brazil4 ,bel[ ! ,glorieta1 9 !    
,portuguese t]ritory1 !re are elev5     
villages 9 an ext5t ( tw5ty-five        
leagues4 ,i "k ( n9ete5 m z f> z ! m\? (
 ! ,rio ,negro1 beside ! six t[ns (     
,?om>e1 ,moreira 7ne> ! ,rio ,dem55e1 or
 ,u>aca1 :]e dwelt anci5tly ! ,guiana   
,indians71 ,b>cellos1 ,san ,miguel del  
,rio ,branco1 ne> ! riv] ( ! same "n 7s 
well kn[n 9 ! fictions ( ,el ,dorado71  
,m\ra1 & ,villa de ,rio ,negro4 ,! banks
 ( ?is tribut>y /ream ( ! ,amazon alone 
are consequ5tly t5 times m ?ickly peopl$
 ?an all ! %ores ( ! ,upp] & ,l[]       
,or9oco1 ! ,cassiqui>e1 ! ,atabapo1 & ! 
,spani% ,rio ,negro4  ,among ! tribut>y 
/reams :i* ! ,rio ,negro receives f !   
nor?1 ?ree are p>ticul>ly des]v+ (      
att5tion1 because on acc\nt ( _!        
bran*+s1 _! portages1 & ! situation ( _!

 s\rces1 !y are connect$ ) !            
(t5-discuss$ problem ( ! orig9 ( !      
,or9oco4 ,! mo/ s\!rn ( ^! tribut>y     
/reams are ! ,rio ,branco199 :i* 0 long 
believ$ to issue conjo9tly ) ! ,or9oco f
 lake ,p>ime 799 ,! ,portuguese "n1 ,rio
 ,branco1 signifies ,:ite ,wat]4 ,rio   
,p>ime is a ,c>ibbean "n1 signify+      
,great ,wat]4 ,^! names hav+ also be5   
appli$ to diff]5t tribut>y /reams1 h    
caus$ _m errors 9 geography4 ,! great   
,rio ,branco1 or ,p>ime1 (t5 m5tion$ 9  
?is "w1 is =m$ by ! ,ur>iqu]a & !       
,tacutu1 & fl[s1 betwe5 ,c>voeyro &     
,villa de ,m\ra1 into ! ,rio ,negro4 ,x 
is ! ,quecu5e ( ! natives2 & =ms at its 
conflu5ce ) ! ,rio ,negro a v n>r[      
delta1 betwe5 ! pr9cipal trunk & !      
,amayauhau1 :i* is a little bran* m to !
 we/471 & ! ,rio ,padaviri1 :i*         
communicates by a portage ) ! ,mavaca1 &
 consequ5tly ) ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 to ! ea/
 ( ! mission ( ,esm]alda4 ,we %all h    
occasion to speak ( ! ,rio ,branco & !  
,padaviri1 :5 we arrive 9 t mission2 x  

suffices "h to pause at ! ?ird tribut>y 
/ream ( ! ,rio ,negro1 ! ,cababury1 !   
int]bran*+s ( :i* ) ! ,cassiqui>e are   
alike important 9 _! connexion )        
hydrography1 & ) ! trade 9 s>sap>illa4  
,! l(ty m\nta9s ( ! ,p>ime1 :i* bord] ! 
nor!rn bank ( ! ,or9oco 9 ! upp] "p (   
its c\rse above ,esm]alda1 s5d (f a *a9 
t[>ds ! s\?1 ( :i* ! ,c]ro de ,unturan  
=ms "o ( ! pr9cipal summits4 ,?is       
m\nta9\s c\ntry1 ( small ext5t b ri* 9  
vegetable productions1 above all1 9 !   
mavacure liana1 employ$ 9 prep>+ !      
w\rali poison1 9 almond-trees 7! juvia1 
or ,b]?olletia excelsa71 9 aromatic     
pu*]ies1 & 9 wild cacao-trees1 =ms a    
po9t ( division betwe5 ! wat]s t fl[ to 
! ,or9oco1 ! ,cassiqui>e1 & ! ,rio      
,negro4 ,! tribut>y /reams on ! nor?1 or
 ^? ( ! ,or9oco1 are ! ,mavaca & !      
,d>acapo2 ^? on ! we/1 or ( !           
,cassiqui>e1 are ! ,idapa & ! ,pacimoni2
 & ^? on ! s\?1 or ( ! ,rio ,negro1 are 
! ,padaviri & ! ,cababuri4 ,! latt] is  
divid$ ne> its s\rce into two bran*es1 !

 we/]nmo/ ( :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( ,b>ia4
 ,! ,indians ( ! mission ( ,san         
,francisco ,solano gave u ! mo/ m9ute   
description ( its c\rse4 ,x af=ds ! v   
r>e example ( a bran* by :i* an inf]ior 
tribut>y /ream1 in/ead ( receiv+ ! wat]s
 ( ! sup]ior /ream1 s5ds to x a "p ( its
 own wat]s 9 a direction opposite to t (
 ! pr9cipal recipi5t4  ,! ,cababuri runs
 into ! ,rio ,negro ne> ! mission (     
,nossa ,s5hora das ,caldas2 b ! riv]s   
,ya & ,dimity1 :i* are high] tribut>y   
/reams1 communicate also ) ! ,cababuri2 
s t1 f ! little =t ( ,san ,gabriel de   
,ca*oeiras z f> z ,san ,antonio de      
,ca/anheira ! ,indians ( ! ,portuguese  
possessions c ent] ! t]ritory ( !       
,spani% missions by ! ,b>ia & !         
,pacimoni4  ,! *ief object ( ^!         
incursions is ! collection ( s>sap>illa 
& ! aromatic se$s ( ! pu*]y-laurel      
7,laurus pi*urim74 ,! s>sap>illa ( ^!   
c\ntries is celebrat$ at ,gr& ,p>a1     
,ango/ura1 ,cumana1 ,nueva ,b>celona1 & 
9 o!r p>ts ( ,t]ra ,firma1 by ! "n (    

z>za del ,rio ,negro4 ,x is mu* pref]r$ 
to ! z>za ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 or ( !
 m\nta9s ( ,m]ida2 x is dri$ ) great    
c>e1 & expos$ purposely to smoke1 9 ord]
 t x may become black]4 ,?is liana gr[s 
9 pr(usion on ! humid declivities ( !   
m\nta9s ( ,unturan & ,a*ivaqu]y4        
,dec&olle is "r 9 suspect+ t diff]5t    
species ( smilax are ga!r$ "u ! "n (    
s>sap>illa4 ,we f\nd twelve new species1
 among :i* ! ,smilax siphylitica ( !    
,cassiquaire1 & ! ,smilax (fic9alis ( ! 
riv] ,magdal5a1 are mo/ e/eem$ on acc\nt
 ( _! diuretic prop]ties4 ,! quantity ( 
s>sap>illa employ$ 9 ! ,spani% colonies 
z a dome/ic m$ic9e is v consid]able4 ,we
 see by ! works ( ,clusius1 t at !      
beg9n+ ( ! ,conqui/a1 ,europe obta9$ ?is
 salut>y m$icam5t f ! ,mexican coa/ (   
,honduras & ! port ( ,guayaquil4 ,!     
trade 9 z>za is n[ m active 9 ^? ports  
:i* h int]ior communications ) !        
,or9oco1 ! ,rio ,negro1 & ! ,amazon4  ,!
 trials made 9 sev]al botanical g>d5s ( 
,europe prove t ! ,smilax glauca (      

,virg9ia1 :i* x is pret5d$ is ! ,s4     
s>sap>illa ( ,l9naeus1 may be cultivat$ 
9 ! op5 air1 :]ev] ! mean w9t]          
temp]ature rises above six or sev5      
degrees ( ! c5tigrade !rmomet]993 b ^?  
species t possess ! mo/ active virtues  
belong exclusively to ! torrid zone1 &  
require a mu* high] degree ( heat4 799  
,! w9t] temp]ature at ,london & ,p>is is
 #d4b & #c4g2 at ,montpeli]1 #f4g2 at   
,rome1 #g4g degrees4 ,9 t "p ( ,mexico1 
& ! ,t]ra ,firma1 :]e we saw ! mo/      
active species ( ! s>sap>illa gr[+ 7t   
:i* supplies ! trade ( ! ,spani% &      
,portuguese colonies71 ! temp]ature is f
 tw5ty to tw5ty-six degrees4 ,! roots ( 
ano!r family ( monocotyl$ons 7( "s      
cyp]aceae7 possess also diaphoretic &   
resolv5t prop]ties4 ,! ,c>ex ar5>ia1 !  
,c4 hirta1 etc4 furni% ! ,g]man         
s>sap>illa ( druggi/s4 ,accord+ to      
,clusius1 ,europe receiv$ ! fir/        
s>sap>illa f ,yucatan1 & ! isl& ( ,puna1
 opposite ,guayaquil47 ,9 read+ ! works 
( ,clusius1 x c sc>cely be conceiv$ :y  

our writ]s on ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica p]si/ 9  
consid]+ a plant ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z !  
mo/ anci5t type ( ! (fic9al species ( ! 
g5us smilax4  ,we f\nd 9 ! possession ( 
! ,indians ( ! ,rio ,negro "s ( ^? gre5 
/ones1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,amazon /ones1    
because ! natives pret5d1 accord+ to an 
anci5t tradition1 t !y come f ! c\ntry (
 ! wom5 )\t husb&s 7,c\gnanta9sec\ima71 
or wom5 liv+ alone 7,aikeamb5ano9974 799
 ,?is ^w is ( ! ,tamanac language2 ^!   
wom5 are ! sole ,donne ( ! ,italian     
mission>ies47 ,we 7 told at ,san ,c>los1
 & 9 ! neighb\r+ villages1 t ! s\rces ( 
! ,or9oco1 :i* we f\nd ea/ ( !          
,esm]alda1 & 9 ! missions ( ! ,c>ony &  
at ,ango/ura1 t ! s\rces ( ! ,rio       
,branco are ! native spots ( ! gre5     
/ones4 ,^! /atem5ts confirm ! report (  
an old soldi] ( ! g>rison ( ,cay5ne     
7m5tion$ by ,la ,condam9e71 :o affirm$ t
 ^? m9]al sub/ances 7 obta9$ f ! c\ntry 
( wom51 we/ ( ! rapids ( ! ,oyapoc4 ,!  
,indians :o inhabit ! =t ( ,topayos on !
 ,amazon five degrees ea/ ( ! m\? ( !   

,rio ,negro1 possess$ =m]ly a great     
numb] ( ^! /ones4 ,_h !y receiv$ !m f ! 
nor?1 t is1 f ! c\ntry po9t$ out by !   
,indians ( ! ,rio ,negro1 :i* ext5ds f !
 m\nta9s ( ,cay5ne t[>ds ! s\rces ( !   
,essequibo1 ! ,c>ony1 ! ,or9oco1 !      
,p>ime1 & ! ,rio ,trombetas8 or did !y  
come f ! s\? by ! ,rio ,topayos1 :i*    
desc5ds f ! va/ table-l& ( ! ,campos    
,p>ecis8 ,sup]/ition atta*es great      
importance to ^! m9]al sub/ances3 !y are
 worn susp5d$ f ! neck z amulets1       
because1 accord+ to popul> belief1 !y   
pres]ve ! we>] f n]v\s compla9ts1 fev]s1
 & ! /+s ( v5om\s s]p5ts4 ,!y h         
consequ5tly be5 = ages an article (     
trade among ! natives1 bo? nor? & s\? ( 
! ,or9oco4 ,! ,c>ibs1 :o may be consid]$
 z ! ,bu*>ians ( ! ,new ,_w1 made !m    
kn[n along ! coa/s ( ,guiana2 & ! same  
/ones1 l money 9 circulation1 pass$     
successively f nation to nation 9       
opposite directions3 _! quantity is     
p]haps n augm5t$1 & ! spot :i* produces 
!m is probably unkn[n r ?an conceal$4 ,9

 ! mid/ ( enlight5$ ,europe1 on occasion
 ( a w>m conte/ respect+ native b>k1 a  
few ye>s ago1 ! gre5 /ones ( ! ,or9oco 7
 gravely propos$ z a p[]ful febrifuge4  
,aft] ?is appeal to ! cr$ulity (        
,europeans1 we _c be surpris$ to le>n t 
! ,spani% plant]s %>e ! pr$ilection ( ! 
,indians = ^! amulets1 & t !y are sold  
at a v consid]able price4 ,! =m giv5 to 
!m mo/ frequ5tly is t ( ! ,babylonian   
cyl9d]s199 longitud9ally p]=at$1 & load$
 ) inscriptions & figures4 7,! price ( a
 cyl9d] two in*es long is f twelve to   
fifte5 pia/res47 ,b ?is is n ! "w ( !   
,indians ( our days1 ! natives ( !      
,or9oco & ! ,amazon1 :om we f9d 9 ! la/ 
degree ( b>b>ism4 ,! ,amazon /ones1 l ! 
p]=at$ & sculptur$ em]alds1 f\nd 9 !    
,cordill]as ( ,new ,gr5ada & ,quito1 are
 ve/iges ( ant]ior civilization4 ,!     
pres5t inhabitants ( ^? c\ntries1       
p>ticul>ly 9 ! hot region1 s little     
compreh5d ! possibility ( cutt+ h>d     
/ones 7! em]ald1 jade1 compact feldsp> &
 rock-cry/al71 t !y imag9e ! gre5 /one  

is s(t :5 tak5 out ( ! e>?1 & t x h>d5s 
aft] hav+ be5 m\ld$ by ! h&4  ,! natural
 soil ( ! ,amazon-/one is n 9 ! valley (
 ! riv] ,amazon4 ,x does n d]ive its "n 
f ! riv]1 b l ! riv] itself1 ! /one has 
be5 nam$ aft] a nation ( w>like wom51   
:om ,fa!r ,acunha1 & ,ovi$o1 9 8 lett]  
to c>d9al ,bembo1 comp>e to ! ,amazons (
 ! anci5t _w4 ,:at we see 9 our cab9ets 
"u ! false d5om9ation ( ,amazon-/one1 is
 nei!r jade1 nor compact feldsp>1 b a   
common feldsp> ( an apple-gre5 col\r1 t 
comes f ! ,ural m\nta9s & on lake ,onega
 9 ,russia1 b :i* ,i nev] saw 9 !       
granitic m\nta9s ( ,guiana4 ,sometimes  
also ?is v r>e & h>d ,amazon-/one is    
conf\nd$ ) ! hat*et-nephrite 7beil/e9799
 ( ,w]n]1 :i* has mu* less t5acity4 799 
,punamu/e9 7jade ax9i574 ,! /one hat*ets
 f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 = in/ance 9 ,mexico1   
are n ( beil/e91 b ( compact feldsp>47  
,! sub/ance :i* ,i obta9$ f ! h&s ( !   
,indians1 belongs to ! saussurite199 799
 ,jade ( ,saussure1 accord+ to ! sy/em (
 ,brongni>t2 t5aci\s jade1 & compact    

t5aci\s feldsp> ( ,hauy2 "s v>ieties ( !
 v>ioli! ( ,w]n]47 to ! real jade1 :i*  
resembles compact feldsp>1 & :i* =ms "o 
( ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! v]de de ,corsica1
 or gabbro499 799 ,euphotide ( ,hauy1 or
 s*ill]fels1 ( ,raum]47 ,x takes a f9e  
poli%1 & passes f apple-gre5 to         
em]ald-gre52 x is transluc5t at ! edges1
 extremely t5aci\s1 & 9 a high degree   
sonor\s4 ,^! ,amazon /ones 7 =m]ly cut  
by ! natives into v ?9 plates1 p]=at$ at
 ! c5tre1 & susp5d$ by a ?read1 & ^!    
plates yield an almo/ metallic s\nd if  
/ruck by ano!r h>d body499 799 ,m4      
,brongni>t1 to :om ,i %[$ ^! plates on  
my return to ,europe1 v ju/ly comp>$ ^! 
jades ( ,p>ime to ! sonor\s /ones       
employ$ by ! ,*9ese 9 _! musical        
in/rum5ts call$ k+47 ,?is fact confirms 
! connection :i* we f9d1 not)/&+ !      
diff]5ce ( fracture & ( specific gravity
 betwe5 ! saussurite & ! silice\s basis 
( ! porphyrs*ief]1 :i* is ! phonolite   
7kl+/e974 ,i h already obs]v$1 t1 z x is
 v r>e to f9d 9 ,am]ica nephrite1 jade1 

or compact feldsp>1 9 its native place1 
we may well be a/oni%$ at ! quantity (  
hat*ets :i* are ev]y:]e discov]$ 9 digg+
 ! e>?1 f ! banks ( ! ,ohio z f> z      
,*ile4 ,we saw 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,upp]      
,or9oco1 or ( ,p>ime1 only granul>      
granites conta9+ a little hornbl5de1    
granites pass+ into gneiss1 & s*i/oid   
hornbl5des4 ,has nature repeat$ on ! ea/
 ( ,esm]alda1 betwe5 ! s\rces ( !       
,c>ony1 ! ,essequibo1 ! ,or9oco1 & !    
,rio ,branco1 ! transition-=mation (    
,tucutunemo repos+ on mica-s*i/8 ,does !
 ,amazon-/one come f ! rocks (          
euphotide1 :i* =m ! la/ memb] ( ! s]ies 
( primitive rocks8  ,we f9d among !     
inhabitants ( bo? hemisph]es1 at ! fir/ 
dawn ( civilization1 a peculi>          
pr$ilection = c]ta9 /ones2 n only ^?    
:i*1 f _! h>dness1 may be useful to man 
z cutt+ in/rum5ts1 b also = m9]al       
sub/ances1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! col\r &  
_! natural =m1 are believ$ to be> "s    
relation to ! organic functions1 & ev5  
to ! prop5sities ( ! s\l4 ,?is anci5t   

wor%ip ( /ones1 ^! b5ign virtues        
attribut$ to jade & haematite1 belong to
 ! savages ( ,am]ica z well z to !      
inhabitants ( ! =e/s ( ,?race4 ,! human 
race1 :5 9 an uncultivat$ /ate1 believes
 itself to h sprung f ! gr\nd2 & feels z
 if x 7 en*a9$ to ! e>?1 & ! sub/ances  
conta9$ 9 h] bosom4 ,! p[]s ( nature1 & 
/ill m ^? :i* de/roy ?an ^? :i* pres]ve1
 are ! fir/ objects ( its wor%ip4 ,x is 
n solely 9 ! tempe/1 9 ! s\nd t prec$es 
! e>?quake1 9 ! fire t fe$s ! volcano1 t
 ^! p[]s are manife/$2 ! inanimate rock2
 /ones1 by _! lu/re & h>dness2 m\nta9s1 
by _! mass & _! solitude2 act ^u !      
untaught m9d ) a =ce :i*1 9 a /ate (    
advanc$ civilization1 c no long] be     
conceiv$4 ,?is wor%ip ( /ones1 :5 once  
e/abli%$1 is pres]v$ amid/ m mod]n =ms (
 wor%ip2 & :at 0 at fir/ ! object (     
religi\s homage1 becomes a s\rce (      
sup]/iti\s confid5ce4 ,div9e /ones are  
trans=m$ into amulets1 :i* are believ$  
to pres]ve ! we>] f e ill1 m5tal &      
corporeal4 ,al?\gh a di/ance ( five     

hundr$ leagues sep>ates ! banks ( !     
,amazon & ! ,or9oco f ! ,mexican        
table-l&2 al?\gh hi/ory records no fact 
t connects ! savage nations ( ,guiana ) 
! civiliz$ nations ( ,anahuac1 ! monk   
,b]n>d de ,sahagun1 at ! beg9n+ ( !     
conque/1 f\nd pres]v$ z relics at       
,*olula1 c]ta9 gre5 /ones :i* _h belong$
 to ,quetzalcohuatl4 ,?is my/]i\s       
p]sonage is ! ,mexican ,buddha2 he      
appe>$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,toltecs1 f\nd$ ! fir/
 religi\s associations1 & e/abli%$ a    
gov]nm5t simil> to t ( ,m]oe & ( ,japan4
  ,! hi/ory ( ! jade1 or ! gre5 /ones ( 
,guiana1 is intimately connect$ ) t ( ! 
w>like wom5 :om ! travell]s ( ! sixte5? 
c5tury nam$ ! ,amazons ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,la
 ,condam9e has produc$ _m te/imonies 9  
fav\r ( ?is tradition4 ,s9ce my return f
 ! ,or9oco & ! riv] ,amazon1 ,i h (t5   
be5 ask$1 at ,p>is1 :e!r ,i embrac$ !   
op9ion ( t le>n$ man1 or believ$1 l     
sev]al ( 8 contempor>ies1 t he und]took 
! def5ce ( ! ,c\gnanta9sec\ima 7!       
indep5d5t wom5 :o receiv$ m5 into _!    

society only 9 ! mon? ( ,april71 m]ely  
to fix1 9 a public sitt+ ( ! ,academy1 !
 att5tion ( an audi5ce some:at eag] =   
novelties4 ,i may take ?is opportunity (
 express+ my op9ion on a tradition :i*  
has s romantic an appe>ance2 & ,i am    
f>!r l$ to d ?is z ,la ,condam9e ass]ts 
t ! ,amazons ( ! ,rio ,cayame99 cross$ !
 ,m>anon to e/abli% !mselves on ! ,rio  
,negro4 799 ,orellana1 arriv+ at !      
,m>anon by ! ,rio ,coca & ! ,napo1 f\ght
 ) ! ,amazons1 z x appe>s1 betwe5 ! m\? 
( ! ,rio ,negro & t ( ! ,x+u4 ,la       
,condam9e ass]ts t 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury  
!y pass$ ! ,m>anon betwe5 ,tefe & ! m\? 
( ! ,rio ,puruz1 ne> ! ,cano ,cu*iv>a1  
:i* is a we/]n bran* ( ! ,puruz4 ,^!    
wom5 !re=e came f ! banks ( ! ,rio      
,cayame1 or ,cayambe1 consequ5tly f !   
unkn[n c\ntry :i* ext5ds s\? ( !        
,m>anon1 betwe5 ! ,ucayale & ! ,madeira4
 ,raleigh also places !m on ! s\? ( !   
,m>anon1 b 9 ! prov9ce ( ,topayos1 & on 
! riv] ( ! same "n4 ,he says !y 7 ri* 9 
gold5 vessels1 :i* !y _h acquir$ 9      

ex*ange = ! fam\s gre5 /ones1 or pi$ras 
hijadas4 7,raleigh means1 no d\bt1      
pi$ros del higado1 /ones t cure diseases
 ( ! liv]47 ,x is rem>kable en\gh t1 "o 
hundr$ & =ty-eight ye>s aft]1 ,la       
,condam9e /ill f\nd ^? gre5 /ones 7div9e
 /ones71 :i* diff] nei!r 9 col\r nor 9  
h>dness f ori5tal jade1 9 great] numb]s 
among ! ,indians :o live ne> ! m\? ( !  
,rio ,topayos1 ?an else:]e4 ,! ,indians 
said t !y inh]it$ ^! /ones1 :i* cure !  
nephritic colic & epilepsy1 f _! fa!rs1 
:o receiv$ !m f ! wom5 )\t husb&s47 ,a  
ta/e = ! m>vell\s1 & a wi% to inve/ !   
descriptions ( ! ,new ,cont95t ) "s ( ! 
col\r+ ( classic antiquity1 no d\bt     
contribut$ to give great importance to !
 fir/ n>ratives ( ,orellana4 ,9 p]us+ ! 
works ( ,vespucci1 ,f]n&o ,columbus1    
,g]ald9i1 ,ovi$o1 & ,pietro ,m>tyr1 we  
recognize ?is t5d5cy ( ! writ]s ( !     
sixte5? c5tury to f9d among ! newly     
discov]$ nations all t ! ,greeks h      
relat$ to u ( ! fir/ age ( ! _w1 & ( !  
mann]s ( ! b>b>\s ,scy?ians & ,africans4

 ,b if ,ovi$o1 9 address+ 8 lett]s to   
c>d9al ,bembo1 ?\ght fit to flatt] !    
ta/e ( a man s famili> ) ! /udy (       
antiquity1 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh _h a    
less poetic aim4 ,he s\ght to fix !     
att5tion ( ,que5 ,elizabe? on ! great   
empire ( ,guiana1 ! conque/ ( :i* he    
propos$4 ,he gave a description ( ! ris+
 ( t gild$ k+ 7el dorado7199 ^:         
*amb]la9s1 furni%$ ) long tubes1 blew   
p[d]$ gold e morn+ ov] 8 body1 aft] hav+
 rubb$ x ov] ) aromatic oils3 b no?+    
c\ld be bett] adapt$ to /rike !         
imag9ation ( que5 ,elizabe?1 ?an !      
w>like republic ( wom5 )\t husb&s1 :o   
resi/$ ! ,ca/ilian h]oes4 799 ,! t]m el 
dorado1 :i* signifies ! gild$1 0 n      
orig9ally ! "n ( ! c\ntry4 ,! t]ritory  
subsequ5tly di/+ui%$ by t appellation 0 
at fir/ kn[n z ! c\ntry ( el ,rey       
,dorado1 ! ,gild$ ,k+47 ,su* 7 ! motives
 :i* prompt$ exagg]ation on ! "p ( ^?   
writ]s :o h giv5 mo/ reputation to !    
,amazons ( ,am]ica2 b ^! motives d n1 ,i
 ?9k1 suffice = entirely reject+ a      

tradition1 :i* is spread among v>i\s    
nations hav+ no communications "o )     
ano!r4  ,?irty ye>s aft] ,la ,condam9e  
visit$ ,quito1 a ,portuguese a/ronom]1  
,ribeiro1 :o has trav]s$ ! ,amazon1 & ! 
tribut>y /reams :i* run into t riv] on !
 nor!rn side1 has confirm$ on ! spot all
 t ! le>n$ ,fr5*man _h advanc$4 ,he f\nd
 ! same traditions among ! ,indians2 &  
he collect$ !m ) ! great] imp>tiality z 
he did n himself believe t ! ,amazons   
=m$ a sep>ate horde4 ,n kn[+ any ( !    
tongues spok5 on ! ,or9oco & ! ,rio     
,negro1 ,i c\ld le>n no?+ c]ta9 respect+
 ! popul> traditions ( ! wom5 )\t       
husb&s1 or ! orig9 ( ! gre5 /ones1 :i*  
are believ$ to be intimately connect$ ) 
!m4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 quote a mod]n       
te/imony ( "s weight1 t ( ,fa!r ,gili4  
,^u inquir+1 says ?is well-in=m$        
mission>y1 ( a ,quaqua ,indian1 :at     
nations inhabit$ ! ,rio ,cu*iv]o1 he    
nam$ to me ! ,a*irigotos1 ! ,pajuros1 & 
! ,aikeamb5anos499 799 ,9 ,italian1     
,ac*irecolti1 ,pajuri1 & ,ai*eam-b5ano47

 ,be+ well acqua9t$1 pursues he1 ) !    
,tamanac tongue1 ,i in/antly compreh5d$ 
! s5se ( ?is la/ ^w1 :i* is a comp\nd1 &
 signifies wom5 liv+ alone4 ,! ,indian  
confirm$ my obs]vation1 & relat$ t !    
,aikeamb5anos 7 a community ( wom51 :o  
manufactur$ bl[-tubes99 799 ,long tubes 
made f a holl[ cane1 :i* ! natives use  
to propel _! poison$ arr[s471 & o!r     
weapons ( w>4 ,!y admit1 once a ye>1 !  
m5 ( ! neighb\r+ nation ( ,voke>os into 
_! society1 & s5d !m back ) pres5ts4    
,all ! male *ildr5 born 9 ?is horde (   
wom5 are kill$ 9 _! infancy4 ,?is hi/ory
 seems fram$ on ! traditions :i*        
circulate among ! ,indians ( ! ,m>anon1 
& among ! ,c>ibs2 yet ! ,quaqua ,indian1
 ( :om ,fa!r ,gili speaks1 0 ignorant ( 
! ,ca/ilian language2 he _h nev] _h any 
communication ) :ite m52 & c]ta9ly knew 
n1 t s\? ( ! ,or9oco !re exi/$ ano!r    
riv]1 call$ ! riv] ( ! ,aikeamb5anos1 or
 ,amazons4  ,:at mu/ we conclude f ?is  
n>ration ( ! old mission>y ( ,enc>amada8
 ,n t !re are ,amazons on ! banks ( !   

,cu*iv]o1 b t wom5 9 diff]5t p>ts (     
,am]ica1 we>i$ ( ! /ate ( slav]y 9 :i*  
!y 7 held by ! m51 unit$ !mselves       
toge!r2 t ! desire ( pres]v+ _!         
indep5d5ce r5d]$ !m w>riors2 & t !y     
receiv$ visits f a neighb\r+ & fri5dly  
horde4 ,?is society ( wom5 may h acquir$
 "s p[] 9 "o "p ( ,guiana4 ,! ,c>ibs ( !
 cont95t held int]c\rse ) ^? ( ! isl&s2 
& no d\bt 9 ?is way ! traditions ( !    
,m>anon & ! ,or9oco 7 propagat$ t[>d !  
nor?4 ,be=e ! voyage ( ,orellana1       
,*ri/oph] ,columbus imag9$ he _h f\nd ! 
,amazons 9 ! ,c>ibbee ,isl&s4 ,?is great
 man 0 told1 t ! small isl& ( ,madan9o  
7,monts]rat7 0 inhabit$ by w>like wom51 
:o liv$ ! great] "p ( ! ye> sep>ate f   
m54 ,at o!r times also1 ! conqui/adores 
imag9$ t ! wom51 :o def5d$ _! huts 9 !  
abs5ce ( _! husb&s1 7 republics (       
,amazons2 &1 by an error less excusable1
 =m$ a l supposition respect+ ! religi\s
 congregations1 ! conv5ts ( ,mexican    
virg9s1 :o1 f> f admitt+ m5 at any      
season ( ! ye> into _! society1 liv$    

accord+ to ! au/]e rule (               
,quetzalcohuatl4 ,su* 0 ! disposition ( 
m5's m9ds1 t 9 ! long succession (      
travell]s1 :o cr[d$ on ea* o!r 9 _!     
discov]ies & 9 n>rations ( ! m>vels ( ! 
,new ,_w1 e "o readily decl>$ he _h se5 
:at 8 pr$ecessors _h ann\nc$4  ,we pass$
 ?ree nights at ,san ,c>los del ,rio    
,negro4 ,i c\nt ! nights1 because ,i    
wat*$ dur+ ! great] "p ( !m1 9 ! hope ( 
seiz+ ! mom5t ( ! passage ( "s /> ov] ! 
m]idian4 ,t ,i might h no?+ to reproa*  
myself )1 ,i kept ! in/rum5ts always    
ready = an obs]vation4 ,i c\ld n ev5    
obta9 d\ble altitudes1 to calculate !   
latitude by ! me?od ( ,d\wes4 ,:at a    
contra/ betwe5 two p>ts ( ! same zone2  
betwe5 ! sky ( ,cumana1 :]e ! air is    
con/antly pure z 9 ,p]sia & ,arabia1 & !
 sky ( ! ,rio ,negro1 veil$ l t ( !     
,f]oe isl&s1 )\t sun1 or moon or />s6   
,on ! #aj? ( ,may1 our canoe be+ ready  
be=e sunrise1 we emb>k$ to g up ! ,rio  
,negro z f> z ! m\? ( ! ,cassiqui>e1 &  
to devote ourselves to rese>*es on !    

real c\rse ( t riv]1 :i* unites !       
,or9oco to ! ,amazon4 ,! morn+ 0 f9e2 b1
 9 proportion z ! heat augm5t$1 ! sky   
became obscur$4 ,! air is s saturat$ by 
wat] 9 ^! =e/s1 t ! vesicul> vap\rs     
become visible on ! lea/ increase (     
evaporation at ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,!    
breeze be+ nev] felt1 ! humid /rata are 
n displac$ & r5ew$ by dry] air4 ,we 7 e 
day m griev$ at ! aspect ( ! cl\dy sky4 
,m4 ,bonpl& 0 los+ by ?is excessive     
humidity ! plants he _h collect$2 & ,i1 
= my "p1 0 afraid le/ ,i %\ld aga9 f9d !
 fogs ( ! ,rio ,negro 9 ! valley ( !    
,cassiqui>e4 ,no "o 9 ^! missions = half
 a c5tury pa/ _h d\bt$ ! exi/5ce (      
communication betwe5 two great sy/ems ( 
riv]s2 ! important po9t ( our voyage 0  
conf9$ !re=e to fix+ by a/ronomical     
obs]vations ! c\rse ( ! ,cassiqui>e1 &  
p>ticul>ly ! po9t ( its entrance into ! 
,rio ,negro1 & t ( ! bifurcation ( !    
,or9oco4 ,)\t a sight ( ! sun & ! />s   
?is object w\ld be fru/rat$1 & we %\ld h
 expos$ ourselves 9 va9 to long & pa9ful

 privations4 ,our fell[ travell]s w\ld h
 return$ by ! %orte/ way1 t ( ! ,pimi*9 
& ! small riv]s2 b ,m4 ,bonpl& pref]r$1 
l me1 p]si/+ 9 ! plan ( ! voyage1 :i* we
 _h trac$ = ourselves 9 pass+ ! ,great  
,cat>acts4 ,we _h already travell$ "o   
hundr$ & eighty leagues 9 a boat f ,san 
,f]n&o de ,apure to ,san ,c>los1 on !   
,rio ,apure1 ! ,or9oco1 ! ,atabapo1 !   
,temi1 ! ,tuam9i1 & ! ,rio ,negro4 ,9   
aga9 ent]+ ! ,or9oco by ! ,cassiqui>e we
 _h to navigate ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty     
leagues1 f ,san ,c>los to ,ango/ura4 ,by
 ?is way we _h to /ruggle aga9/ !       
curr5ts dur+ t5 days2 ! re/ 0 to be     
p]=m$ by go+ d[n ! /ream ( ! ,or9oco4 ,x
 w\ld h be5 blamable to h suff]$        
ourselves to be disc\rag$ by ! fe> ( a  
cl\dy sky1 & by ! mosquitos ( !         
,cassiqui>e4 ,our ,indian pilot1 :o _h  
be5 rec5tly at ,m&avaca1 promis$ u !    
sun1 & ^? great />s t eat ! cl\ds1 z    
soon z we %\ld h left ! black wat]s ( ! 
,guavi>e4 ,we !re=e c>ri$ out our fir/  
project ( return+ to ,san ,f]n&o de     

,atabapo by ! ,cassiqui>e2 &1 =tunately 
= our rese>*es1 ! pr$iction ( ! ,indian 
0 v]ifi$4 ,! :ite wat]s br\ght u by     
degrees a m s]5e sky1 />s1 mosquitos1 & 
crocodiles4  ,we pass$ betwe5 ! isl&s ( 
,z>uma & ,m9i1 or ,mibita1 cov]$ ) ?ick 
vegetation2 &1 aft] hav+ asc5d$ ! rapids
 ( ! ,pi$ra de ,u9umane1 we ent]$ ! ,rio
 ,cassiqui>e at ! di/ance ( eight miles 
f ! small =t ( ,san ,c>los4 ,! ,pi$ra1  
or granitic rock :i* =ms ! little       
cat>act1 attract$ our att5tion on acc\nt
 ( ! num]\s ve9s ( qu>tz by :i* x is    
trav]s$4 ,^! ve9s are sev]al in*es      
broad1 & _! masses prov$ t _! date &    
=mation are v diff]5t4 ,i saw di/9ctly  
t1 :]ev] !y cross$ ea* o!r1 ! ve9s      
conta9+ mica & black s*orl trav]s$ &    
drove out ( _! direction ^? :i* conta9$ 
only :ite qu>tz & feldsp>4 ,accord+ to !
 !ory ( ,w]n]1 ! black ve9s 7           
consequ5tly ( a m rec5t =mation ?an !   
:ite4 ,be+ a disciple ( ! s*ool (       
,freyb]g1 ,i c\ld n b pause )           
satisfaction at ! rock ( ,u9umane1 to   

obs]ve ! same ph5om5a ne> ! equator1 :i*
 ,i _h s (t5 se5 9 ! m\nta9s ( my own   
c\ntry4 ,i confess t ! !ory :i* consid]s
 ve9s z clefts fill$ f above ) v>i\s    
sub/ances1 pleases me some:at less n[   
?an x did at t p]iod2 b ^! modes (      
int]section & driv+ aside1 obs]v$ 9 !   
/ony & metallic ve9s1 d n ! less m]it ! 
att5tion ( travell]s z be+ "o ( ! mo/   
g5]al & con/ant ( geological ph5om5a4   
,on ! ea/ ( ,javita1 all along !        
,cassiqui>e1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! m\nta9s ( 
,duida1 ! numb] ( ve9s 9 ! granite      
increases4 ,^! ve9s are full ( holes &  
druses2 & _! frequ5cy seems to indicate 
t ! granite ( ^! c\ntries is n ( v      
anci5t =mation4  ,we f\nd "s li*5s on ! 
rock ,u9umane1 opposite ! isl& (        
,*aman>e1 at ! edge ( ! rapids2 & z !   
,cassiqui>e ne> its m\? turns abruptly f
 ea/ to s\?-we/1 we saw = ! fir/ "t ?is 
maje/ic bran* ( ! ,or9oco 9 all its     
bread?4 ,x mu* resembles ! ,rio ,negro 9
 ! g5]al aspect ( ! l&scape4 ,! trees ( 
! =e/1 z 9 ! bas9 ( ! latt] riv]1       

advance z f> z ! bea*1 & !re =m a ?ick  
coppice2 b ! ,cassiqui>e has :ite wat]s1
 & m frequ5tly *anges its direction4    
,its bread?1 ne> ! rapids ( ,u9umane1   
almo/ surpasses t ( ! ,rio ,negro4 ,i   
f\nd x ev]y:]e f two hundr$ & fifty to  
two hundr$ & eighty toises1 z f> z above
 ,vasiva4 ,be=e we pass$ ! isl& (       
,g>igave1 we p]ceiv$ to ! nor?-ea/1     
almo/ at ! horizon1 a little hill ) a   
hemisph]ic summit2 ! =m :i* 9 e zone    
*>act]ises m\nta9s ( granite4           
,cont9ually surr\nd$ by va/ pla9s1 !    
solit>y rocks & hills excite ! att5tion 
( ! travell]4 ,contigu\s m\nta9s are    
only f\nd m to ! ea/1 t[>ds ! s\rces ( !
 ,pacimoni1 ,siapa1 & ,mavaca4 ,hav+    
arriv$ on ! s\? ( ! ,raudal ( ,c>av9e1  
we p]ceiv$ t ! ,cassiqui>e1 by ! w9d+s (
 its c\rse1 aga9 approa*$ ,san ,c>los4  
,! di/ance f ?is =t to ! mission ( ,san 
,francisco ,solano1 :]e we slept1 is    
only two leagues & a half by l&1 b x is 
reckon$ sev5 or eight by ! riv]4 ,i     
pass$ a "p ( ! night 9 ! op5 air1 wait+ 

va9ly = />s4 ,! air 0 mi/y1 not)/&+ !   
aguas blancas1 :i* 7 to lead u b5ea? an 
ev]-/>ry sky4  ,! mission ( ,san        
,francisco ,solano1 situat$ on ! left   
bank ( ! ,cassiqui>e1 0 f\nd$1 z 7 mo/ (
 ! ,*ri/ian settlem5ts s\? ( ! ,great   
,cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco1 n by monks1 b by 
milit>y au?ority4 ,at ! "t ( ! exp$ition
 ( ! b\nd>ies1 villages 7 built 9       
proportion z a subt5i5te1 or a corporal1
 advanc$ ) 8 troops4 ,"p ( ! natives1 9 
ord] to pres]ve _! indep5d5ce1 retir$   
)\t a /ruggle2 o!rs1 ( :om ! mo/ p[]ful 
*iefs _h be5 ga9$1 jo9$ ! missions4 ,:]e
 !re 0 no *ur*1 !y cont5t$ !mselves )   
erect+ a great cross ( r$ wood1 close to
 :i* !y con/ruct$ a casa fu]te1 or      
block-h\se1 ! walls ( :i* 7 =m$ ( l>ge  
beams re/+ horizontally ^u ea* o!r4 ,?is
 h\se _h two /ories2 9 ! upp] /ory two  
cannon ( small calibre 7 plac$2 & two   
soldi]s liv$ on ! gr\nd-floor1 & 7 s]v$ 
by an ,indian family4 ,^? ( ! natives ) 
:om !y 7 at peace cultivat$ spots ( l&  
r\nd ! casa fu]te4 ,! soldi]s call$ !m  

toge!r by ! s\nd ( ! horn1 or a botuto (
 bak$ e>?1 :5ev] any ho/ile attack 0    
dread$4 ,su* 7 ! pret5d$ n9ete5 ,*ri/ian
 settlem5ts f\nd$ by ,don ,antonio      
,santos 9 ! way f ,esm]alda to !        
,erevato4 ,milit>y po/s1 :i* _h no      
influ5ce on ! civilization ( ! natives1 
figur$ on ! maps1 & 9 ! works ( !       
mission>ies1 z villages 7pueblos7 &     
r$ucciones apo/olicas499 799 ,signify+  
apo/olic conque/s or conv]sions47 ,!    
prepond]ance ( ! milit>y 0 ma9ta9$ on ! 
banks ( ! ,or9oco till #aghe1 :5 ! sy/em
 ( ! monks ( ,san ,francisco began4 ,!  
small numb] ( missions f\nd$1 or r      
re-e/abli%$1 s9ce t p]iod1 owe _!       
exi/5ce to ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,obs]vance2 = ! 
soldi]s n[ di/ribut$ among ! missions   
are dep5d5t on ! mission>ies1 or at lea/
 are reput$ to be s1 accord+ to !       
pret5sions ( ! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y4  ,!
 ,indians :om we f\nd at ,san ,francisco
 ,solano 7 ( two nations2 ,pacimonales &
 ,*]uvi*ah5as4 ,! latt] be+ desc5d$ f a 
consid]able tribe settl$ on ! ,rio      

,tomo1 ne> ! ,manivas ( ! ,upp] ,gua9ia1
 ,i tri$ to ga!r f !m "s ideas respect+ 
! upp] c\rse & ! s\rces ( ! ,rio ,negro2
 b ! int]pret] :om ,i employ$ c\ld n    
make !m compreh5d my que/ions4 ,_!      
cont9ually-repeat$ answ] 01 t ! s\rces (
 ! ,rio ,negro & ! ,inirida 7 z ne> to  
ea* o!r z two f+]s ( ! h&4 ,9 "o ( !    
huts ( ! ,pacimonales we pur*as$ two f9e
 l>ge birds1 a t\can 7piapoco7 & an ana1
 a species ( macaw1 sev5te5 in*es long1 
hav+ ! :ole body ( a purple col\r4 ,we  
_h already 9 our canoe sev5 p>rots1 two 
manak9s 7pipa71 a motmot1 two guans1 or 
pavas de monte1 two manaviris           
7c]coleptes or ,viv]ra caudivolvula71 & 
eight monkeys1 namely1 two ateles199 799
 ,m>imonda ( ! ,great ,cat>acts1 ,simia 
belzebu?1 ,brisson47 two titis199 799   
,simia sciurea1 ! saimiri ( ,buffon47 "o
 viudita199 799 ,simia lug5s47 two      
d\r\c\lis or nocturnal monkeys199 799   
,cusi5si1 or ,simia trivirgata47 & a    
%ort-tail$ cacajao4 799 ,simia          
melanocephala1 mono feo4 ,^! la/ ?ree   

species are new47 ,fa!r ,zea :isp]$ "s  
compla9ts at ! daily augm5tation ( ?is  
ambulatory collection4 ,! t\can         
resembles ! rav5 9 mann]s & intellig5ce4
 ,x is a c\rage\s animal1 b easily tam$4
 ,its long & /\t beak s]ves to def5d x  
at a di/ance4 ,x makes itself ma/] ( !  
h\se1 /eals :atev] x c come at1 & loves 
to ba! (t5 & fi% on ! banks ( ! riv]4 ,!
 t\can we _h b\ght 0 v "y2 yet x took   
delight1 dur+ ! :ole voyage1 9 teas+ !  
cusicusis1 or nocturnal monkeys1 :i* are
 melan*oly & irritable4 ,i did n obs]ve 
:at has be5 relat$ 9 "s works ( natural 
hi/ory1 t ! t\can is =c$1 f ! /ructure (
 its beak1 to swall[ its food by ?r[+ x 
up into ! air4 ,x raises x inde$ ) "s   
difficulty f ! gr\nd1 b1 hav+ once seiz$
 x ) ! po9t ( its enorm\s beak1 x has   
only to lift x up by ?r[+ back its head1
 & hold+ x p]p5dicul>ly :il/ 9 ! act (  
swall[+4 ,?is bird makes extraord9>y    
ge/ures :5 prep>+ to dr9k4 ,! monks say 
t x makes ! sign ( ! cross ^u ! wat]2 & 
?is popul> belief has obta9$ = ! t\can1 

f ! creoles1 ! s+ul> "n ( dio/$e499 799 
,dios te de1 ,god gives x !e47  ,mo/ (  
our animals 7 conf9$ 9 small wick]      
cages2 o!rs ran at full lib]ty 9 all    
p>ts ( ! boat4 ,at ! approa* ( ra9 !    
macaws s5t =? noisy cries1 ! t\can want$
 to rea* ! %ore to fi%1 & ! little      
monkeys 7! titis7 w5t 9 se>* ( ,fa!r    
,zea1 to take %elt] 9 ! l>ge sleeves ( 8
 ,franciscan habit4 ,^! incid5ts        
sometimes amus$ u s mu* t we =got !     
torm5t ( ! mosquitos4 ,at night we plac$
 a lea!r case 7petaca71 conta9+ our     
provisions1 9 ! c5tre2 !n our in/rum5ts1
 & ! cages ( our animals2 our hammocks 7
 susp5d$ ar\nd ! cages1 & beyond 7 ^? ( 
! ,indians4 ,! ext]ior circle 0 =m$ by !
 fires :i* are light$ to keep (f !      
jagu>s4 ,su* 0 ! ord] ( our encampm5t on
 ! banks ( ! ,cassiqui>e4 ,! ,indians   
(t5 spoke to u ( a little nocturnal     
animal1 ) a long nose1 :i* surprises !  
"y p>rots 9 _! ne/s1 & 9 eat+ makes use 
( its h&s l ! monkeys & ! maniv]is1 or  
k9kaj\s4 ,!y call x ! gua*i2 x is1 no   

d\bt1 a coati1 p]haps ! ,viv]ra nasua1  
:i* ,i saw wild 9 ,mexico4 ,!           
mission>ies gravely prohibit ! natives f
 eat+ ! fle% ( ! gua*i1 to :i*1 accord+ 
to f>-spread sup]/iti\s ideas1 !y       
attribute ! same /imulat+ qualities :i* 
! p ( ! ,ea/ believe to exi/ 9 ! sk9k1 &
 ! ,am]icans 9 ! fle% ( ! alligator4    
,on ! #aa? ( ,may1 we left ! mission (  
,san ,francisco ,solano at a late h\r1  
to make b a %ort day's j\rney4 ,! uni=m 
/ratum ( vap\rs began to be divid$ into 
cl\ds ) di/9ct outl9es3 & !re 0 a light 
ea/ w9d 9 ! upp] regions ( ! air4 ,we   
recogniz$ 9 ^! signs an approa*+ *ange (
 ! wea!r2 & 7 unwill+ to g f> f ! m\? ( 
! ,cassiqui>e1 9 ! hope ( obs]v+ dur+ ! 
foll[+ night ! passage ( "s /> ov] !    
m]idian4 ,we descri$ ! ,cano ,daquiapo  
to ! s\?1 ! ,gua*ap>u to ! nor?1 & a few
 miles fur!r1 ! rapids ( ,cananivac>i4  
,! velocity ( ! curr5t be+ #f4c feet 9 a
 second1 we _h to /ruggle aga9/ !       
turbul5t waves ( ! ,raudal4 ,we w5t on  
%ore1 & ,m4 ,bonpl& discov]$ )9 a few   

/eps ( ! bea* a maje/ic alm5dron1 or    
,b]?olletia excelsa4 ,! ,indians assur$ 
u1 t ! exi/5ce ( ?is valuable plant ( ! 
banks ( ! ,cassiqui>e 0 unkn[n at ,san  
,francisco ,solano1 ,vasiva1 &          
,esm]alda4 ,!y did n ?9k t ! tree we    
saw1 :i* 0 m ?an sixty feet high1 _h be5
 s[n by "s pass+ travell]4 ,exp]im5ts   
made at ,san ,c>los h %[n h[ r>e x is to
 succe$ 9 caus+ ! b]?olletia to g]m9ate1
 on acc\nt ( its ligne\s p]ic>p1 & ! oil
 conta9$ 9 its nut :i* s readily becomes
 rancid4 ,p]haps ?is tree d5ot$ !       
exi/5ce ( a =e/ ( b]?olletia 9 ! inl&   
c\ntry on ! ea/ & nor?-ea/4 ,we "k1 at  
lea/1 ) c]ta9ty1 t ?is f9e tree gr[s    
wild 9 ! ?ird degree ( latitude1 9 !    
,c]ro de ,guanaya4 ,! plants t live 9   
society h seldom m>k$ limits1 & x       
happ5s1 t be=e we rea* a palm> or a     
p9>199 799 ,two ,spani% words1 :i*1     
accord+ to a ,lat9 =m1 d5ote a =e/ (    
palm-trees1 palmetum1 & ( p9es1 p9etum47
 we f9d solit>y palm-trees & p9es4 ,!y  
are some:at l coloni/s t h advanc$ 9 !  

mid/ ( a c\ntry peopl$ ) diff]5t        
vegetable productions4  ,f\r miles      
di/ant f ! rapids ( ,cunanivac>i1 rocks 
( ! /range/ =m rise 9 ! pla9s4 ,fir/    
appe>s a n>r[ wall eighty feet high1 &  
p]p5dicul>2 & at ! s\!rn extremity ( ?is
 wall are two turrets1 ! c\rses ( :i*   
are ( granite1 & ne>ly horizontal4 ,!   
gr\p+ ( ! rocks ( ,guan>i is s          
symmetrical t !y might be tak5 = ! ru9s 
( an anci5t edifice4 ,are !y ! rema9s ( 
islets 9 ! mid/ ( an inl& sea1 t cov]$ !
 flat gr\nd betwe5 ! ,si]ra ,p>ime & !  
,p>ecis m\nta9s899 799 ,! ,si]ra de la  
,p>ime1 or ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 & ! ,si]ra
 7or ,campos7 dos ,p>ecis1 are "p ( !   
m\nta9s ( ,matto ,grosso1 & =m ! nor!rn 
back ( ! ,si]ra de ,*iquitos4 ,i "h "n !
 two *a9s ( m\nta9s runn+ f ea/ to we/1 
& bord]+ ! pla9s or bas9s ( !           
,cassiqui>e1 ! ,rio ,negro1 & ! ,amazon1
 betwe5 #e degrees #cj m9utes nor?1 &   
#ad degrees s\? latitude47 or h ^! walls
 ( rock1 ^! turrets ( granite1 be5      
upheav$ by ! ela/ic =ces t /ill act 9 ! 

int]ior ( our planet8 ,we may be p]mitt$
 to m$itate a little on ! orig9 (       
m\nta9s1 aft] hav+ se5 ! position ( !   
,mexican volcanoes1 & ( tra*yte summits 
on an elongat$ crevice2 hav+ f\nd 9 !   
,&es ( ,s\? ,am]ica primitive & volcanic
 rocks 9 a /raight l9e 9 ! same *a92 &  
:5 we recollect ! isl&1 ?ree miles 9    
circumf]5ce1 & ( a great height1 :i* 9  
mod]n times issu$ f ! dep?s ( ! ocean   
ne> ,oonalaska4  ,! banks ( !           
,cassiqui>e are adorn$ ) ! *iriva       
palm-tree ) p9nate leaves1 silv]y on !  
"u "p4 ,! re/ ( ! =e/ furni%es only     
trees ) l>ge1 coriace\s1 glossy leaves1 
t h pla9 edges4 ,?is peculi>            
physiognomy99 ( ! vegetation ( !        
,gua9ia1 ! ,tuam9i1 & ! ,cassiqui>e1 is 
ow+ to ! prepond]ance ( ! families ( !  
guttif]ae1 ! sapotae1 & ! laur9eae1 9 ! 
equatorial regions4 799 ,?is physiognomy
 /ruck u =cibly1 9 ! va/ =e/s ( ,spani% 
,guiana1 only betwe5 ! second & ?ird    
degrees ( nor? latitude47 ,! s]5ity ( ! 
sky promis+ u a f9e night1 we resolv$1  

at five 9 ! ev5+1 to re/ ne> ! ,pi$ra de
 ,culimac>i1 a solit>y granite rock1 l  
all ^? :i* ,i h describ$ betwe5 !       
,atabapo & ! ,cassiqui>e4 ,we f\nd by ! 
be>+s ( ! s9uosities ( ! riv]1 t ?is    
rock is ne>ly 9 ! latitude ( ! mission (
 ,san ,francisco ,solano4 ,9 ^? des]t   
c\ntries1 :]e man has hi!rto left only  
fugitive traces ( 8 exi/5ce1 ,i         
con/antly endeav\r$ to make my          
obs]vations ne> ! m\? ( a riv]1 or at ! 
foot ( a rock di/+ui%able by its =m4    
,su* po9ts only z are immutable by _!   
nature c s]ve = ! basis ( geographical  
maps4 ,i obta9$1 9 ! night ( ! #aj? (   
,may1 a good obs]vation ( latitude by   
alpha ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross2 ! longitude 0  
det]m9$1 b ) less precision1 by !       
*ronomet]1 tak+ ! altitudes ( ! two     
beautiful />s :i* %9e 9 ! feet ( !      
,c5taur4 ,?is obs]vation made kn[n to u 
at ! same "t1 ) suffici5t precision = ! 
purposes ( geography1 ! positions ( !   
m\? ( ! ,pacimoni1 ( ! =tress ( ,san    
,c>los1 & ( ! junction ( ! ,cassiqui>e )

 ! ,rio ,negro4 ,! rock ( ,culimac>i is 
precisely 9 latitude #b degrees #j      
m9utes #db seconds1 & probably 9        
longitude #fi degrees #cc m9utes #ej    
seconds4  ,satisfi$ ) our obs]vations1  
we left ! rock ( ,culimac>i at half pa/ 
"o on ! morn+ ( ! #ab?4 ,! torm5t (     
mosquitos1 to :i* we 7 expos$1 augm5t$ 9
 proportion z we )drew f ! ,rio ,negro4 
,!re are no zancudos 9 ! valley (       
,cassiqui>e1 b ! simulia1 & all ! o!r   
insects ( ! tipul>y family1 are ! m     
num]\s & v5om\s4 ,hav+ /ill eight nights
 to pass 9 ! op5 air 9 ?is damp &       
unheal?y climate1 be=e we c\ld rea* !   
mission ( ,esm]alda1 our pilot s\ght to 
arrange our passage 9 su* a mann] z     
might enable u to enjoy ! hospitality ( 
! mission>y ( ,m&avaca1 & "s %elt] 9 !  
village ( ,vasiva4 ,we w5t up )         
difficulty aga9/ ! curr5t1 :i* 0 n9e    
feet1 & 9 "s places 7:]e ,i measur$ x ) 
precision7 elev5 feet eight in*es 9 a   
second1 t is1 almo/ eight miles an h\r4 
,our re/+-place 0 probably n f>!r ?an   

?ree leagues 9 a "r l9e f ! mission (   
,m&avaca2 yet1 ?\gh we _h no reason to  
compla9 ( inactivity on ! "p ( our r[]s1
 we 7 f\rte5 h\rs 9 mak+ ?is %ort       
passage4  ,t[>ds sunrise we pass$ ! m\? 
( ! ,rio ,pacimoni1 a riv] :i* ,i       
m5tion$ :5 speak+ ( ! trade 9           
s>sap>illa1 & :i* 7by means ( ! ,b>ia7  
int]tw9es 9 s rem>kable a way ) !       
,cababuri4 ,! ,pacimoni rises 9 a hilly 
gr\nd1 f ! conflu5ce ( ?ree small       
riv]s199 n m>k$ on ! maps ( !           
mission>ies4 799 ,! ,rios ,guajavaca1   
,moreje1 & ,ca*evayn]y47 ,its wat]s are 
black1 b less s ?an ^? ( ! lake (       
,vasiva1 :i* also communicates ) !      
,cassiqui>e4 ,betwe5 ^? two tribut>y    
/reams com+ f ! ea/1 lies ! m\? ( ! ,rio
 ,idapa1 ! wat]s ( :i* are :ite4 ,i %all
 n recur aga9 to ! difficulty ( expla9+ 
?is coexi/5ce ( riv]s diff]5tly col\r$1 
)9 a small ext5t ( t]ritory1 b %all     
m]ely obs]ve1 t at ! m\? ( ! ,pacimoni1 
& on ! bord]s ( ! lake ,vasiva1 we 7    
aga9 /ruck ) ! purity & extreme         

transp>5cy ( ! br[n wat]s4 ,anci5t      
,arabian travell]s h obs]v$1 t ! ,alp9e 
bran* ( ! ,nile1 :i* jo9s ! ,bahr el    
,abiad ne> ,halfaja1 has gre5 wat]s1 :i*
 are s transp>5t1 t ! fi% may be se5 at 
! bottom ( ! riv]4  ,we pass$ "s        
turbul5t rapids be=e we rea*$ ! mission 
( ,m&avaca4 ,! village1 :i* be>s also ! 
"n ( ,quirabu5a1 conta9s only sixty     
natives4 ,! /ate ( ! ,*ri/ian settlem5ts
 is 9 g5]al s mis]able t1 9 ! :ole c\rse
 ( ! ,cassiqui>e1 on a l5g? ( fifty     
leagues1 n two hundr$ inhabitants are   
f\nd4 ,! banks ( ?is riv] 7 inde$ m     
peopl$ be=e ! arrival ( ! mission>ies2 !
 ,indians h )drawn into ! woods1 t[>d ! 
ea/2 = ! we/]n pla9s are almo/ des]t$4  
,! natives subsi/ dur+ a "p ( ! ye> on  
^? l>ge ants ( :i* ,i h spok5 above4 ,^!
 insects are mu* e/eem$ "h1 z spid]s are
 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :]e ! savages (   
,au/ralia deem !m delici\s4 ,we f\nd at 
,m&avaca ! good old mission>y1 :o _h    
already sp5t tw5ty ye>s ( mosquitos 9 ! 
bosques del ,cassiqui>e1 & ^: legs 7 s  

spott$ by ! /+s ( insects1 t ! col\r ( !
 sk9 c\ld sc>cely be p]ceiv$4 ,he talk$ 
to u ( 8 solitude1 & ( ! sad necessity  
:i* (t5 compell$ him to leave ! mo/     
atroci\s crimes unpuni%$ 9 ! two        
missions ( ,m&avaca & ,vasiva4 ,9 !     
latt] place1 an ,indian alcalde _h1 a   
few ye>s be=e1 eat5 "o ( 8 wives1 aft]  
hav+ tak5 h] to 8 conuco199 799 ,a hut  
surr\nd$ ) cultivat$ gr\nd2 a sort (    
c\ntry-h\se1 :i* ! natives pref] to     
resid+ 9 ! missions47 & fatt5$ h] by    
good fe$+4 ,! cannibalism ( ! nations ( 
,guiana is nev] caus$ by ! want (       
subsi/5ce1 or by ! sup]/itions ( _!     
religion1 z 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,sea2 b  
is g5]ally ! effect ( ! v5geance ( a    
conqu]or1 & 7z ! mission>ies say7 ( a   
vitiat$ appetite4 ,victory ov] a ho/ile 
tribe is celebrat$ by a repa/1 9 :i* "s 
p>ts ( ! body ( a prison] are dev\r$4   
,sometimes a def5celess family is       
surpris$ 9 ! night2 or an enemy1 :o is  
met ) by *ance 9 ! woods1 is kill$ by a 
poison$ arr[4 ,! body is cut to pieces1 

& c>ri$ z a trophy to ! hut4 ,x is      
civilization only1 t has made man feel !
 unity ( ! human race2 :i* has reveal$  
to him1 z we may say1 ! ties (          
consangu9ity1 by :i* he is l9k$ to be+s 
to ^: language & mann]s he is a /rang]4 
,savages "k only _! own family2 & a     
tribe appe>s to !m b a m num]\s         
assemblage ( relations4 ,:5 ^? :o       
inhabit ! missions see ,indians ( ! =e/1
 :o are unkn[n to !m1 arrive1 !y make   
use ( an expression1 :i* has /ruck u by 
its simple c&\r3 !y are1 no d\bt1 my    
relations2 ,i und]/& !m :5 !y speak to  
me4 ,b ^! v savages dete/ all :o are n (
 _! family1 or _! tribe2 & hunt !       
,indians ( a neighb\r+ tribe1 :o live at
 w> ) _! own1 z we hunt game4 ,!y "k !  
duties ( family ties & ( relation%ip1 b 
n ^? ( humanity1 :i* require ! feel+ ( a
 common tie ) be+s fram$ l ourselves4   
,no emotion ( pity prompts !m to sp>e ! 
wives or *ildr5 ( a ho/ile race2 & !    
latt] are dev\r$ 9 pref]5ce1 at ! repa/ 
giv5 at ! conclusion ( a battle or      

w>like incursion4  ,! hatr$ :i* savages 
= ! mo/ "p feel = m5 :o speak ano!r     
idiom1 & appe> to !m to be ( an inf]ior 
race1 is sometimes rek9dl$ 9 ! missions1
 aft] hav+ long slumb]$4 ,a %ort "t be=e
 our arrival at ,esm]alda1 an ,indian1  
born 9 ! =e/99 beh9d ! ,duida1 travell$ 
alone ) ano!r ,indian1 :o1 aft] hav+ be5
 made prison] by ! ,spani>ds on ! banks 
( ! ,v5tu>io1 liv$ peaceably 9 !        
village1 or1 z x is express$ "h1 )9 !   
s\nd ( ! bell 7debaxo de la campana47   
799 ,en el monte4 ,! ,indians born 9 !  
missions are di/+ui%$ f ^? born 9 !     
woods4 ,! ^w monte signifies m          
frequ5tly1 9 ! colonies1 a =e/ 7bosque7 
?an a m\nta91 & ?is circum/ance has l$  
to great errors 9 our maps1 on :i* *a9s 
( m\nta9s 7si]ras7 are figur$1 :]e !re  
are only ?ick =e/s1 7monte espeso477 ,! 
latt] c\ld only walk sl[ly1 because he 0
 suff]+ f "o ( ^? fev]s to :i* ! natives
 are subject1 :5 !y arrive 9 ! missions1
 & abruptly *ange _! diet4 ,we>i$ by 8  
delay1 8 fell[-travell] kill$ him1 & hid

 ! body beh9d a copse ( ?ick trees1 ne> 
,esm]alda4 ,?is crime1 l _m o!rs among !
 ,indians1 w\ld h rema9$ unkn[n1 if !   
murd]] _h n made prep>ations = a fea/ on
 ! foll[+ day4 ,he tri$ to induce 8     
*ildr51 born 9 ! mission & become       
,*ri/ians1 to g ) him = "s p>ts ( ! dead
 body4 ,!y _h mu* difficulty 9 p]suad+  
him to desi/ f 8 purpose2 & ! soldi] :o 
0 po/$ at ,esm]alda1 le>n$ f ! dome/ic  
squabble caus$ by ?is ev5t1 :at !       
,indians w\ld h conceal$ f 8 k4  ,x is  
kn[n t cannibalism & ! practice ( human 
sacrifices1 ) :i* x is (t5 connect$1 are
 f\nd to exi/ 9 all p>ts ( ! globe1 &   
among p ( v diff]5t races299 b :at      
/rikes u m 9 ! /udy ( hi/ory is to see  
human sacrifices reta9$ 9 a /ate (      
civilization some:at advanc$2 & t !     
nations :o hold x a po9t ( hon\r to     
dev\r _! prison]s are n always ! rude/ &
 mo/ f]oci\s4 799 ,"s casual in/ances ( 
*ildr5 c>ri$ (f by ! negroes 9 ! isl& ( 
,cuba h l$ to ! belief1 9 ! ,spani%     
colonies1 t !re are tribes ( cannibals 9

 ,africa4 ,?is op9ion1 ?\gh support$ by 
"s travell]s1 is n borne out by !       
rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,b>r[ on ! int]ior ( t  
c\ntry4 ,sup]/iti\s practices may h giv5
 rise to imputations p]haps z unju/ z ^?
 ( :i* ,jewi% families 7 ! victims 9 !  
ages ( intol]ance & p]secution47 ,!     
pa9ful facts h n escap$ ! obs]vation (  
^? mission>ies :o are suffici5tly       
enlight5$ to reflect on ! mann]s ( !    
surr\nd+ tribes4 ,! ,cabres1 !          
,guipunaves1 & ! ,c>ibs1 h always be5 m 
p[]ful & m civiliz$ ?an ! o!r hordes ( !
 ,or9oco2 & yet ! two =m] are z mu*     
addict$ to an?ropophagy z ! latt] are   
repugnant to x4 ,we mu/ c>efully di/+ui%
 ! diff]5t bran*es into :i* ! great     
family ( ! ,c>ibbee nations is divid$4  
,^! bran*es are z num]\s z ^? ( !       
,mongols1 & ! we/]n ,t>t>s1 or          
,turcomans4 ,! ,c>ibs ( ! cont95t1 ^? :o
 inhabit ! pla9s betwe5 ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 
! ,rio ,branco1 ! ,essequibo1 & ! s\rces
 ( ! ,oyapoc1 hold 9 horror ! practice (
 dev\r+ _! enemies4 ,?is b>b>\s cu/om199

 at ! fir/ discov]y ( ,am]ica1 exi/$    
only among ! ,c>ibs ( ! ,we/ ,indies4   
799 ,see ,g]ald9i ,it9]>ium page #ahf & 
! eloqu5t tract ( c>d9al ,bembo on !    
discov]ies ( ,columbus4 ,insul>um p>tem 
hom9es incolebant f]i trucesque1 qui    
pu]orum et virorum c>nibus1 quos aliis 9
 insulus bello aut latroc9iis cepiss5t1 
vescebantur2 a fem9is ab/9ebant2        
,canibales appellati4 ,"s ( ! isl&s are 
inhabit$ by a cruel & savage race1 call$
 cannibals1 :o eat ! fle% ( m5 & boys1 &
 captives & slaves ( ! male sex1 ab/a9+ 
f t ( females4 ,hi/4 ,v5et4 #aeea4 ,!   
cu/om ( sp>+ ! lives ( female prison]s  
confirms :at ,i h previ\sly said ( !    
language ( ! wom54 ,does ! ^w cannibal1 
appli$ to ! ,c>ibs ( ! ,we/ ,india      
,isl&s1 belong to ! language ( ?is      
ar*ipelago 7t ( ,haiti78 or mu/ we seek 
= x 9 an idiom ( ,florida1 :i* "s       
traditions indicate z ! fir/ c\ntry ( ! 
,c>ibs87 ,x is !y :o h r5d]$ ! names (  
cannibals1 ,c>ibbees1 & an?ropophagi1   
synonym\s2 x 0 _! cruelties t prompt$ ! 

law promulgat$ 9 #aejd1 by :i* !        
,spani>ds 7 p]mitt$ to make a slave ( e 
individual ( an ,am]ican nation :i* c\ld
 be prov$ to be ( ,c>ibbee orig94 ,i    
believe1 h[ev]1 t ! an?ropophagy ( !    
inhabitants ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s 0 mu*
 exagg]at$ by e>ly travell]s1 ^: /ories 
,h]r]a1 a grave & judici\s hi/orian1 has
 n disda9$ to repeat 9 8 ,decades       
hi/oricas4 ,he has ev5 cr$it$ t         
extraord9>y ev5t :i* l$ ! ,c>ibs to     
r5\nce ?is b>b>\s cu/om4 ,! natives ( a 
little isl& dev\r$ a ,dom9ican monk :om 
!y _h c>ri$ (f f ! coa/ ( ,porto ,rico2 
!y all fell sick1 & w\ld nev] aga9 eat  
monk or layman4  ,if ! ,c>ibs ( !       
,or9oco1 s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5?  
c5tury1 h diff]$ 9 _! mann]s f ^? ( !   
,we/ ,india ,isl&s2 if !y are unju/ly   
accus$ ( an?ropophagy2 x is difficult to
 attribute ?is diff]5ce to any          
sup]iority ( _! social /ate4 ,! /range/ 
contra/s are f\nd bl5d$ 9 ?is mixture ( 
nations1 "s ( :om live only ^u fi%1     
monkeys1 & ants2 :ile o!rs are m or less

 cultivators ( ! gr\nd1 m or less       
occupi$ 9 mak+ & pa9t+ pott]y1 or weav+ 
hammocks or cotton clo?4 ,sev]al ( !    
latt] tribes h pres]v$ inhuman cu/oms   
altoge!r unkn[n to ! =m]4 ,y _c imag9e1 
said ! old mission>y ( ,m&avaca1 !      
p]v]sity ( ?is ,indian race 7familia de 
,indios74 ,y receive m5 ( a new tribe   
into ! village2 !y appe> to be mild1    
good1 & labori\s2 b suff] !m to take "p 
9 an incursion 7entrada7 to br+ 9 !     
natives1 & y c sc>cely prev5t !m f      
murd]+ all !y meet1 & hid+ "s portions (
 ! dead bodies4 ,9 reflect+ on ! mann]s 
( ^! ,indians1 we are almo/ horrifi$ at 
t comb9ation ( s5tim5ts :i* seem to     
exclude ea* o!r2 t faculty ( nations to 
become b p>tially humaniz$2 t           
prepond]ance ( cu/oms1 prejudices1 &    
traditions1 ov] ! natural affections ( !
 he>t4 ,we _h a fugitive ,indian f !    
,guaisia 9 our canoe1 :o _h become      
suffici5tly civiliz$ 9 a few weeks to be
 useful to u 9 plac+ ! in/rum5ts        
necess>y = our obs]vations at night4 ,he

 0 no less mild ?an intellig5t1 & we _h 
"s desire ( tak+ him into our s]vice4   
,:at 0 our horror :51 talk+ to him by   
means ( an int]pret]1 we le>n$1 t ! fle%
 ( ! m>imonde monkeys1 ?\gh black]1     
appe>$ to him to h ! ta/e ( human fle%4 
,he told u t 8 relations 7t is1 ! p ( 8 
tribe7 pref]r$ ! inside ( ! h&s 9 man1 z
 9 be>s4 ,?is ass]tion 0 accompani$ )   
ge/ures ( savage gratification4 ,we     
inquir$ ( ?is "y man1 s calm & s        
affectionate 9 ! little s]vices :i* he  
r5d]$ u1 :e!r he /ill felt sometimes a  
desire to eat ( a ,*]uvi*ah5a4 ,he      
answ]$1 )\t discomposure1 t1 liv+ 9 !   
mission1 he w\ld only eat :at he saw 0  
eat5 by ! ,padres4 ,reproa*es address$  
to ! natives on ! abom9able practice :i*
 we "h discuss1 produce no effect2 x is 
z if a ,brahm91 travell+ 9 ,europe1 7 to
 reproa* u ) ! habit ( fe$+ on ! fle% ( 
animals4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! ,indian ( !      
,guaisia1 ! ,*]uvi*ah5a 0 a be+ entirely
 diff]5t f himself2 & "o :om he ?\ght x 
0 no m unju/ to kill ?an ! jagu>s ( !   

=e/4 ,x 0 m]ely f a s5se ( propriety t1 
:il/ he rema9$ 9 ! mission1 he w\ld only
 eat ! same food z ! ,fa!rs4 ,! natives1
 if !y return to _! tribe 7al monte71 or
 f9d !mselves press$ by hung]1 soon     
resume _! old habits ( an?ropophagy4 ,& 
:y %\ld we be s mu* a/oni%$ at ?is      
incon/ancy 9 ! tribes ( ! ,or9oco1 :5 we
 are rem9d$1 by t]rible & well-asc]ta9$ 
examples1 ( :at has pass$ among civiliz$
 nations 9 times ( great sc>city8 ,9    
,egypt1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! habit (   
eat+ human fle% p]vad$ all classes (    
society2 extraord9>y sn>es 7 spread =   
physicians 9 p>ticul>4 ,!y 7 call$ to   
att5d p]sons :o pret5d$ to be sick1 b :o
 7 only hungry2 & x 0 n 9 ord] to be    
consult$1 b dev\r$4 ,an hi/orian ( great
 v]acity1 ,abd-allatif1 has relat$ h[ a 
practice1 :i* at fir/ inspir$ dread &   
horror1 soon occasion$ n ev5 ! slighte/ 
surprise499 799 ,:5 ! poor began to eat 
human fle%1 ! horror & a/oni%m5t caus$  
by repa/s s dreadful 7 su* t ^! crimes  
furni%$ ! nev]-ceas+ subject ( e        

conv]sation4 ,b at l5g? ! p became s    
accu/om$ to x1 & conceiv$ su* a ta/e =  
?is dete/able food1 t p ( weal? &       
respectability 7 f\nd to use x z _!     
ord9>y food1 to eat x by way ( a treat1 
& ev5 to lay 9 a /ock ( x4 ,?is fle% 0  
prep>$ 9 diff]5t ways1 & ! practice be+ 
once introduc$1 spread into ! prov9ces1 
s t in/ances ( x 7 f\nd 9 e "p ( ,egypt4
 ,x !n no long] caus$ any surprise2 !   
horror x _h at fir/ inspir$ vani%$2 & x 
0 m5tion$ z an indiff]5t & ord9>y ?+4   
,?is mania ( dev\r+ "o ano!r became s   
common among ! poor1 t ! great] "p p]i%$
 9 ?is mann]4 ,^! wret*es employ$ all   
sorts ( artifices1 to seize m5 by       
surprise1 or decoy !m into _! h\ses "u  
false pret5ces4 ,?is happ5$ to ?ree     
physicians among ^? :o visit$ me2 & a   
booksell] :o sold me books1 an old & v  
corpul5t man1 fell into _! sn>es1 &     
escap$ ) great difficulty4 ,all ! facts 
:i* we relate z eye-witnesses fell "u   
our obs]vation accid5tally1 = we g5]ally
 avoid$ witness+ spectacles :i* inspir$ 

u ) s mu* horror4 ,acc\nt ( ,egypt by   
,abd-allatif1 physician ( ,bagdad1      
translat$ into ,fr5* by ,de ,sacy pages 
#cfj to #cgd47  ,al?\gh ! ,indians ( !  
,cassiqui>e readily return to _! b>b>\s 
habits1 !y ev9ce1 :il/ 9 ! missions1    
intellig5ce1 "s love ( lab\r1 &1 9      
p>ticul>1 a great facility 9 le>n+ !    
,spani% language4 ,! villages be+1 = !  
mo/ "p1 inhabit$ by ?ree or f\r tribes1 
:o d n und]/& ea* o!r1 a =eign idiom1   
:i* is at ! same "t t ( ! civil p[]1 !  
language ( ! mission>y1 af=ds !         
advantage ( m g5]al means (             
communication4 ,i he>d a ,po9ave ,indian
 conv]s+ 9 ,spani% ) a ,guahibo1 ?\gh   
bo? _h come f _! =e/s )9 ?ree mon?s4 ,!y
 utt]$ a phrase e qu>t] ( an h\r1 prep>$
 ) difficulty1 & 9 :i* ! g]und ( ! v]b1 
no d\bt accord+ to ! grammatical turn ( 
_! own languages1 0 con/antly employ$4  
,:5 ,i see+ ,padre1 ,padre to me say+299
 799 ,qu&o io mir&o ,padre1 ,padre me   
dici5do47 in/ead (1 :5 ,i saw !         
mission>y1 he said to me4 ,i h m5tion$ 9

 ano!r place1 h[ wise x appe>$ to me 9 !
 ,jesuits to g5]alize "o ( ! languages (
 civiliz$ ,am]ica1 = in/ance t ( !      
,p]uvians199 799 ,! ,qui*ua or ,inca    
language1 ,l5gua del ,+a47 & in/ruct !  
,indians 9 an idiom :i* is =eign to !m 9
 its roots1 b n 9 its /ructure &        
grammatical =ms4 ,?is 0 foll[+ ! sy/em  
:i* ! ,incas1 or k+-prie/s ( ,p]u _h    
employ$ = ages1 9 ord] to humanize !    
b>b>\s nations ( ! ,upp] ,m>anon1 &     
ma9ta9 !m "u _! dom9ation2 a sy/em      
some:at m reasonable ?an t ( mak+ !     
natives ( ,am]ica speak ,lat91 z 0      
gravely propos$ 9 a prov9cial concilio  
at ,mexico4  ,we 7 told t ! ,indians ( !
 ,cassiqui>e & ! ,rio ,negro are pref]r$
 on ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 & especially at     
,ango/ura1 to ! inhabitants ( ! o!r     
missions1 on acc\nt ( _! intellig5ce &  
activity4 ,^? ( ,m&avaca are celebrat$  
among ! tribes ( _! own race = !        
prep>ation ( ! cur>e poison1 :i* does n 
yield 9 /r5g? to ! cur>e ( ,esm]alda4   
,unhappily ! natives devote !mselves to 

?is employm5t m ?an to agriculture4 ,yet
 ! soil on ! banks ( ! ,cassiqui>e is   
excell5t4 ,we f9d !re a granitic s&1 ( a
 blacki%-br[n col\r1 :i* is cov]$ 9 !   
=e/s ) ?ick lay]s ( ri* e>?1 & on !     
banks ( ! riv] ) clay almo/ imp]meable  
to wat]4 ,! soil ( ! ,cassiqui>e appe>s 
m f]tile ?an t ( ! valley ( ! ,rio      
,negro1 :]e maize does n prosp]4 ,rice1 
beans1 cotton1 sug>1 & indigo yield ri* 
h>ve/s1 :]ev] _! cultivation has be5    
tri$499 799 ,m4 ,bonpl& f\nd at         
,m&avaca1 9 ! huts ( ! natives1 a plant 
) tub]\s roots1 exactly l cassava       
7yucca74 ,x is call$ cumapana1 & is     
cook$ by be+ bak$ on ! a%es4 ,x gr[s    
spontane\sly on ! banks ( !             
,cassiqui>e47 ,we saw wild indigo ar\nd 
! missions ( ,san ,miguel de ,davipe1   
,san ,c>los1 & ,m&avaca4 ,no d\bt c exi/
 t sev]al nations ( ,am]ica1 p>ticul>ly 
! ,mexicans1 long be=e ! conque/1       
employ$ real indigo 9 _! hi]oglyphic    
pa9t+s2 & t small cakes ( ?is sub/ance 7
 sold at ! great m>ket ( ,t5o*titlan4 ,b

 a col\r+ matt]1 *emically id5tical1 may
 be extract$ f plants belong+ to        
neighb\r+ g5]a2 & ,i %\ld n at pres5t   
v5ture to affirm t ! native indig(]ae ( 
,am]ica d n furni% "s g5]ic diff]5ce f !
 ,indig(]a anil1 & ! ,indig(]a arg5tea (
 ! ,old ,_w4 ,9 ! c(fee-trees ( bo?     
hemisph]es ?is diff]5ce has be5 obs]v$4 
,"h1 z at ! ,rio ,negro1 ! humidity ( ! 
air1 & ! consequ5t abundance ( insects1 
are ob/acles almo/ inv9cible to new     
cultivation4 ,ev]y:]e y meet ) ^? l>ge  
ants t m>* 9 close b&s1 & direct _!     
attacks ! m readily on cultivat$ plants1
 because !y are h]bace\s & succul5t1    
:il/ ! =e/s ( ^! c\ntries af=d only     
plants ) woody /alks4 ,if a mission>y   
wi%es to cultivate salad1 or any cul9>y 
plant ( ,europe1 he is compell$ z x 7 to
 susp5d 8 g>d5 9 ! air4 ,he fills an old
 boat ) good m\ld1 &1 hav+ s[n ! se$1   
susp5ds x f\r feet above ! gr\nd ) cords
 ( ! *iqui*iqui palm-tree2 b mo/        
frequ5tly places x on a slight          
scaffold+4 ,?is protects ! "y plants f  

we$s1 worms1 & ^? ants :i* pursue _!    
migration 9 a "r l9e1 &1 n kn[+ :at     
vegetates above !m1 seldom turn f _!    
c\rse to climb up /akes t are /ripp$ (  
_! b>k4 ,i m5tion ?is circum/ance to    
prove h[ difficult1 )9 ! tropics1 on !  
banks ( great riv]s1 are ! fir/ attempts
 ( man to appropriate to himself a      
little spot ( e>? 9 t va/ doma9 (       
nature1 invad$ by animals1 & cov]$ by   
spontane\s plants4  ,dur+ ! night ( !   
#ac? ( ,may1 ,i obta9$ "s obs]vations ( 
! />s1 un=tunately ! la/ at !           
,cassiqui>e4 ,! latitude ( ,m&avaca is  
#b degrees #d m9utes #g seconds2 its    
longitude1 accord+ to ! *ronomet]1 #fi  
degrees #bg m9utes4 ,i f\nd ! magnetic  
dip #be4be degrees 7c5t div71 %[+ t x _h
 increas$ consid]ably f ! =t ( ,san     
,c>los4 ,yet ! surr\nd+ rocks are ( !   
same granite1 mix$ ) a little hornbl5de1
 :i* we _h f\nd at ,javita1 & :i*       
assumes a sy5itic aspect4 ,we left      
,m&avaca at half-pa/ two 9 ! morn+4     
,aft] six h\rs' voyage1 we pass$ on !   

ea/ ! m\? ( ! ,idapa1 or ,siapa1 :i*    
rises on ! m\nta9 ( ,uuturan1 & furni%es
 ne> its s\rces a portage to ! ,rio     
,mavaca1 "o ( ! tribut>y /reams ( !     
,or9oco4 ,?is riv] has :ite wat]s1 & is 
n m ?an half z broad z ! ,pacimoni1 !   
wat]s ( :i* are black4 ,its upp] c\rse  
has be5 /rangely misrepres5t$ on maps4  
,i %all h occasion h]eaft] to m5tion !  
hypo!ses t h giv5 rise to ^! errors1 9  
speak+ ( ! s\rce ( ! ,or9oco4  ,we /opp$
 ne> ! raudal ( ,cunuri4 ,! noise ( !   
little cat>act augm5t$ s5sibly dur+ !   
night1 & our ,indians ass]t$ t x 0 a    
c]ta9 presage ( ra94 ,i recollect$ t !  
m\nta9e]s ( ! ,alps h great confid5ce 9 
! same progno/ic499 799 ,x is go+ to    
ra91 because we he> ! murmur ( ! torr5ts
 ne>]1 say ! m\nta9e]s ( ! ,alps1 l ^? (
 ! ,&es4 ,! cause ( ! ph5om5on is a     
modification ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* has an  
influ5ce at once on ! sonor\s & on !    
lum9\s undulations4 ,! progno/ic drawn f
 ! increase & ! int5sity ( s\nd is      
intimately connect$ ) ! progno/ic drawn 

f a less ext9ction ( light4 ,! m\nta9e]s
 pr$ict a *ange ( wea!r1 :51 ! air be+  
calm1 ! ,alps cov]$ ) p]petual sn[ seem 
on a sudd5 to be ne>] ! obs]v]1 & _!    
outl9es are m>k$ ) great di/9ctness on !
 azure sky4 ,:at is x t causes ! want ( 
homog5eity 9 ! v]tical /rata ( !        
atmosph]e to disappe> in/antane\sly87 ,x
 fell be=e sunrise1 & ! araguato monkeys
 _h w>n$ u1 by _! l5g!n$ h[l+s1 ( !     
approa*+ ra91 long be=e ! noise ( !     
cat>act increas$4  ,on ! #ad?1 !        
mosquitos1 & especially ! ants1 drove u 
f ! %ore be=e two 9 ! morn+4 ,we _h     
hi!rto be5 ( op9ion t ! ants did n crawl
 along ! cords by :i* ! hammocks are    
usually susp5d$3 :e!r we 7 correct 9 ?is
 supposition1 or :e!r ! ants fell on u f
 ! tops ( ! trees1 ,i _c say2 b c]ta9 x 
is t we _h great difficulty to keep     
ourselves free f ^! tr\blesome insects4 
,! riv] became n>r[] z we advanc$1 & !  
banks 7 s m>%y1 t x 0 n )\t mu* lab\r   
,m4 ,bonpl& c\ld get to a ,c>ol9ea      
pr9ceps load$ ) l>ge purple fl[]s4 ,?is 

tree is ! mo/ beautiful ornam5t ( ^!    
=e/s1 & ( ^? ( ! ,rio ,negro4 ,we exam9$
 repeat$ly1 dur+ ?is day1 ! temp]ature (
 ! ,cassiqui>e4 ,! wat] at ! surface ( !
 riv] 0 only #bd degrees 7:5 ! air 0 at 
#be4f degrees47 ,?is is ne>ly !         
temp]ature ( ! ,rio ,negro1 b f\r or    
five degrees bel[ t ( ! ,or9oco4 ,aft]  
hav+ pass$ on ! we/ ! m\? ( ! ,cano     
,cat]ico1 :i* has black wat]s (         
extraord9>y transp>5cy1 we left ! b$ ( !
 riv]1 to l& at an isl& on :i* ! mission
 ( ,vasiva is e/abli%$4 ,! lake :i*     
surr\nds ?is mission is a league broad1 
& communicates by ?ree outlets ) !      
,cassiqui>e4 ,! surr\nd+ c\ntry ab\nds 9
 m>%es :i* g5]ate fev]4 ,! lake1 ! wat]s
 ( :i* appe> yell[ by transmitt$ light1 
is dry 9 ! season ( great heat1 & !     
,indians !mselves are unable to resi/ ! 
miasmata ris+ f ! mud4 ,! complete      
abs5ce ( w9d contributes to r5d] !      
climate ( ?is c\ntry m p]nici\s4  ,f !  
#ad? to ! #ba/ ( ,may we slept con/antly
 9 ! op5 air2 b ,i _c indicate ! spots  

:]e we halt$4 ,^! regions are s wild1 & 
s little frequ5t$1 t ) ! exception ( a  
few riv]s1 ! ,indians 7 ignorant ( !    
names ( all ! objects :i* ,i set by !   
compass4 ,no obs]vation ( a /> help$ me 
to fix ! latitude )9 ! space ( a degree4
 ,aft] hav+ pass$ ! po9t :]e ! ,it9iv9i 
sep>ates f ! ,cassiqui>e1 to take its   
c\rse to ! we/ t[>ds ! granitic hills ( 
,d>ipabo1 we f\nd ! m>%y banks ( ! riv] 
cov]$ ) bamboos4 ,^! arboresc5t gram9a  
rise to ! height ( tw5ty feet2 _! /em is
 con/antly ar*$ t[>ds ! summit4 ,x is a 
new species ( ,bambusa ) v broad leaves4
 ,m4 ,bonpl& =tunately f\nd "o 9 fl[]2 a
 circum/ance ,i m5tion1 because ! g5]a  
,na/us & ,bambusa _h be=e be5 v         
imp]fectly di/+ui%$1 & no?+ is m r>e 9 !
 ,new ,_w1 ?an to see ^! gigantic gram9a
 9 fl[]4 ,n4 ,mutis h]boris$ dur+ tw5ty 
ye>s 9 a c\ntry :]e ! ,bambusa guadua   
=ms m>%y =e/s sev]al leagues broad1 )\t 
hav+ ev] be5 able to procure ! fl[]s4   
,we s5t t le>n$ naturali/ ! fir/ e>s (  
,bambusa f ! temp]ate valleys (         

,popayan4 ,x is /range t ! p>ts (       
fructification %\ld develop !mselves s  
r>ely 9 a plant :i* is indig5\s1 & :i*  
vegetates ) su* extraord9>y rig\r1 f !  
level ( ! sea to ! height ( n9e hundr$  
toises1 t is1 to a subalp9e region !    
climate ( :i*1 betwe5 ! tropics1        
resembles t ( ! s\? ( ,spa94 ,! ,bambusa
 latifolia seems to be peculi> to !     
bas9s ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 ! ,cassiqui>e1 
& ! ,amazon2 x is a social plant1 l all 
! gram9a ( ! family ( ! na/oides2 b 9 t 
"p ( ,spani% ,guiana :i* we trav]s$ x   
does n gr[ 9 ^? l>ge masses :i* !       
,spani% ,am]icans call guadales1 or =e/s
 ( bamboos4  ,our fir/ re/+-place above 
,vasiva 0 easily arrang$4 ,we f\nd a    
little nook ( dry gr\nd1 free f %rubs1  
to ! s\? ( ! ,cano ,curamuni1 9 a spot  
:]e we saw "s capu*9 monkeys499 799     
,simia *iropotes47 ,!y 7 recognizable by
 _! black be>ds & _! gloomy & sull5 air1
 & 7 walk+ sl[ly on ! horizontal bran*es
 ( a g5ipa4 ,dur+ ! five foll[+ nights  
our passage 0 ! m tr\blesome 9          

proportion z we approa*$ ! bifurcation (
 ! ,or9oco4 ,! luxuriance ( ! vegetation
 increases 9 a mann] ( :i* x is         
difficult ev5 = ^? acqua9t$ ) ! aspect (
 ! =e/s betwe5 ! tropics1 to =m an idea4
 ,!re is no long] a bank3 a palisade (  
tuft$ trees =ms ! m>g9 ( ! riv]4 ,y see 
a canal two hundr$ toises broad1 bord]$ 
by two enorm\s walls1 clo!d ) lianas &  
foliage4 ,we (t5 tri$ to l&1 b )\t      
success4 ,t[>ds sunset we sail$ along = 
an h\r seek+ to discov]1 n an op5+ 7s9ce
 none exi/s71 b a spot less wood$1 :]e  
our ,indians by means ( ! hat*et &      
manual lab\r1 c\ld cle> space en\gh = a 
re/+-place = twelve or ?irte5 p]sons4 ,x
 0 impossible to pass ! night 9 ! canoe2
 ! mosquitos1 :i* torm5t$ u dur+ ! day1 
accumulat$ t[>d ev5+ b5ea? ! toldo cov]$
 ) palm-leaves1 :i* s]v$ to %elt] u f ! 
ra94 ,our h&s & faces _h nev] be=e be5 s
 mu* swell$4 ,fa!r ,zea1 :o _h till !n  
boa/$ ( hav+ 9 8 missions ( ! cat>acts !
 l>ge/ & fi]ce/ 7las mas f]oces7        
mosquitos1 at l5g? gradually ackn[l$g$ t

 ! /+ ( ! insects ( ! ,cassiqui>e 0 !   
mo/ pa9ful he _h ev] felt4 ,we exp]i5c$ 
great difficulty1 amid a ?ick =e/1 9    
f9d+ wood to make a fire1 ! bran*es ( ! 
trees 9 ^? equatorial regions :]e x     
always ra9s1 be+ s full ( sap1 t !y w   
sc>cely burn4 ,!re be+ no b>e %ore1 x is
 h>dly possible to procure old wood1 :i*
 ! ,indians call wood bak$ 9 ! sun4     
,h[ev]1 fire 0 necess>y to u only z a   
def5ce aga9/ ! bea/s ( ! =e/2 = we _h   
su* a sc>city ( provision t we _h little
 ne$ ( fuel = ! purpose ( prep>+ our    
food4  ,on ! #ah? ( ,may1 t[>ds ev5+1 we
 discov]$ a spot :]e wild cacao-trees 7 
gr[+ on ! bank ( ! riv]4 ,! nut ( ^!    
cacaos is small & bitt]2 ! ,indians ( ! 
=e/ suck ! pulp1 & ?r[ away ! nut1 :i*  
is pick$ up by ! ,indians ( ! missions1 
& sold to p]sons :o are n v nice 9 !    
prep>ation ( _! *ocolate4 ,?is is !     
,pu]to del ,cacao 7,cacao ,port71 said !
 pilot2 x is "h our ,padres sleep1 :5 !y
 g to ,esm]alda to buy s>bacans99 799 ,!
 bamboo tubes furni%$ by ! ,arund9>ia1  

us$ = project+ ! poison$ arr[s ( !      
natives4 ,see ,views ( ,nature page     
#ahj47 & juvias 7 ,brazil nuts74 ,n five
 boats1 h[ev]1 pass annually by !       
,cassiqui>e2 & s9ce we left ,maypures 7a
 :ole mon? previ\sly71 we _h n met "o   
liv+ s\l on ! riv]s we navigat$1 except 
9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! missions4 
,to ! s\? ( lake ,duractumuni we slept 9
 a =e/ ( palm-trees4 ,x ra9$ viol5tly1 b
 ! po?oses1 arums1 & lianas1 furni%$ s  
?ick a natural trellis1 t we 7 %elt]$ z 
"u a vault ( foliage4 ,! ,indians ^:    
hammocks 7 plac$ on ! edge ( ! riv]1    
int]wove ! heliconias & o!r musaceae1 s 
z to =m a k9d ( ro( ov] !m4 ,our fires  
light$ up1 to ! height ( fifty or sixty 
feet1 ! palm-trees1 ! lianas load$ )    
fl[]s1 & ! columns ( :ite smoke1 :i*    
asc5d$ 9 a /raight l9e t[>d ! sky4 ,!   
:ole exhibit$ a magnific5t spectacle2 b 
to h enjoy$ x fully1 we %\ld h brea!d an
 air cle> ( insects4  ,! mo/ depress+ ( 
all physical suff]+s are ^? :i* are     
uni=m 9 _! duration1 & c be combat$ only

 by long pati5ce4 ,x is probable1 t 9 ! 
exhalations ( ! =e/s ( ! ,cassiqui>e ,m4
 ,bonpl& imbib$ ! se$s ( a sev]e malady1
 "u :i* he ne>ly sunk on our arrival at 
,ango/ura4 ,happily = him & = me1 no?+  
l$ u to presage ! dang] ) :i* he 0      
m5ac$4 ,! view ( ! riv]1 & ! hum ( !    
insects1 7 a little monoton\s2 b "s     
rema9s ( our natural *e]fulness enabl$ u
 to f9d s\rces ( relief dur+ our        
we>isome passage4 ,we discov]$1 t by    
eat+ small portions ( dry cacao gr\nd   
)\t sug>1 & dr9k+ a l>ge quantity ( !   
riv] wat]1 we succe$$ 9 appeas+ our     
appetite = sev]al h\rs4 ,! ants & !     
mosquitos tr\bl$ u m ?an ! humidity & ! 
want ( food4 ,not)/&+ ! privations to   
:i* we 7 expos$ dur+ our excursions 9 ! 
,cordill]as1 ! navigation f ,m&avaca to 
,esm]alda has always appe>$ to u ! mo/  
pa9ful "p ( our travels 9 ,am]ica4 ,i   
advise ^? :o are n v desir\s ( see+ !   
great bifurcation ( ! ,or9oco1 to take !
 way ( ! ,atabapo 9 pref]5ce to t ( !   
,cassiqui>e4  ,above ! ,cano            

,duractumuni1 ! ,cassiqui>e pursues a   
uni=m direction f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/4  
,we 7 surpris$ to see h[ mu* ! high /eep
 banks ( ! ,cassiqui>e _h be5 und]m9$ on
 ea* side by ! sudd5 ris+s ( ! wat]4    
,uproot$ trees =m$ z x 7 natural rafts2 
& be+ half-buri$ 9 ! mud1 !y 7 extremely
 dang]\s = canoes4 ,we pass$ ! night ( !
 #bj? ( ,may1 ! la/ ( our passage on !  
,cassiqui>e1 ne> ! po9t ( ! bifurcation 
( ! ,or9oco4 ,we _h "s hope ( be+ able  
to make an a/ronomical obs]vation1 z    
fall+-/>s ( rem>kable magnitude 7       
visible ?r\gh ! vap\rs t veil$ ! sky2   
:5ce we conclud$ t ! /ratum ( vap\rs mu/
 be v ?91 s9ce meteors ( ?is k9d h      
sc>cely ev] be5 se5 bel[ a cl\d4 ,^? we 
n[ beheld %ot t[>ds ! nor?1 & succe$$   
ea* o!r at almo/ equal int]vals4 ,!     
,indians1 :o seldom ennoble by _!       
expressions ! w&]+s ( ! imag9ation1 "n !
 fall+-/>s ! ur9e2 & ! dew ! spittle ( !
 />s4 ,! cl\ds ?ick5$ anew1 & we disc]n$
 nei!r ! meteors1 nor ! real />s1 = :i* 
we _h impati5tly wait$ dur+ sev]al days4

  ,we _h be5 told1 t we %\ld f9d !      
insects at ,esm]alda /ill m cruel &     
voraci\s ?an 9 ! bran* ( ! ,or9oco :i*  
we 7 go+ up2 nev]!less we indulg$ ! hope
 ( at l5g? sleep+ 9 a spot t 0 inhabit$1
 & ( tak+ "s ex]cise 9 h]baliz+4 ,?is   
anticipation 01 h[ev]1 di/urb$ at our   
la/ re/+-place on ! ,cassiqui>e4 ,:il/  
we 7 sleep+ on ! edge ( ! =e/1 we 7 w>n$
 by ! ,indians1 9 ! middle ( ! night1 t 
!y he>d v ne> u ! cries ( a jagu>4 ,^!  
cries1 !y alleg$1 came f ! top ( "s     
neighb\r+ trees4 ,su* is ! ?ickness ( ! 
=e/s 9 ^! regions1 t sc>cely any animals
 are to be f\nd !re b su* z climb trees2
 z1 = in/ance1 ! monkeys1 animals ( !   
weasel tribe1 jagu>s1 & o!r species ( ! 
g5us ,felis4  ,z our fires burnt        
brightly1 we paid little att5tion to !  
cries ( ! jagu>s4 ,!y _h be5 attract$ by
 ! smell & noise ( our dog4 ,?is animal 
7:i* 0 ( ! ma/iff bre$7 began at fir/ to
 b>k2 & :5 ! tig] drew ne>]1 to h[l1    
hid+ himself bel[ our hammocks4 h[ great
 0 our grief1 :5 9 ! morn+1 at ! mom5t (

 re-emb>k+1 ! ,indians in=m$ u t ! dog  
_h disappe>$6 ,!re c\ld be no d\bt t x  
_h be5 c>ri$ (f by ! jagu>s499 799 ,see 
,views ( ,nature page #aie47 ,p]haps1 :5
 _! cries _h ceas$1 x _h w&]$ f ! fires 
on ! side ( ! bea*2 & possibly we _h n  
he>d its moans1 z we 7 9 a pr(\nd sleep4
 ,we h (t5 he>d ! inhabitants ( ! banks 
( ! ,or9oco & ! ,rio ,magdal5a affirm1 t
 ! olde/ jagu>s w c>ry (f animals f !   
mid/ ( a halt+-place1 cunn+ly grasp+ !m 
by ! neck s z to prev5t _! cries4 ,we   
wait$ "p ( ! morn+1 9 ! hope t our dog  
_h only /ray$4 ,?ree days aft] we came  
back to ! same place2 we he>d aga9 !    
cries ( ! jagu>s1 = ^! animals h a      
pr$ilection = p>ticul> spots2 b all our 
se>* 0 va94 ,! dog1 :i* _h accompani$ u 
f ,c>acas1 & _h s (t5 9 swimm+ escap$ ! 
pursuit ( ! crocodiles199 _h be5 dev\r$ 
9 ! =e/4 799 ,ibid page #aih47  ,on !   
#ba/ ,may1 we aga9 ent]$ ! b$ ( !       
,or9oco1 ?ree leagues bel[ ! mission (  
,esm]alda4 ,x 0 n[ a mon? s9ce we _h    
left t riv] ne> ! m\? ( ! ,guavi>e4 ,we 

_h /ill to proce$ sev5 hundr$ & fifty   
miles99 799 ,( n9e hundr$ & fifty toises
 ea*1 or two hundr$ & fifty nautical    
leagues47 be=e rea*+ ,ango/ura1 b we    
%\ld g ) ! /ream2 & ?is consid]ation    
less5$ our disc\ragem5t4 ,9 desc5d+     
great riv]s1 ! r[]s take ! middle ( !   
curr5t1 :]e !re are few mosquitos2 b 9  
asc5d+1 !y are oblig$1 9 ord] to avail  
!mselves ( ! dead wat]s & c\nt]-curr5ts1
 to sail ne> ! %ore1 :]e ! proximity ( !
 =e/s1 & ! rema9s ( organic sub/ances   
accumulat$ on ! bea*1 h>b\r ! tipul>y   
insects4 ,! po9t ( ! celebrat$          
bifurcation ( ! ,or9oco has a v impos+  
aspect4 ,l(ty granitic m\nta9s rise on !
 nor!rn bank2 & amid/ !m are discov]$ at
 a di/ance ! ,m>aguaca & ! ,duida4 ,!re 
are no m\nta9s on ! left bank ( !       
,or9oco1 we/ or ea/ ( ! bifurcation1    
till opposite ! m\? ( ! ,tamatama4 ,on t
 spot /&s ! rock ,gu>aco1 :i* is said to
 ?r[ out flames f "t to "t 9 ! ra9y     
season4 ,:5 ! ,or9oco is no long] b\nd$ 
by m\nta9s t[>ds ! s\?1 & :5 x rea*es ! 

op5+ ( a valley1 or r a depression ( !  
gr\nd1 :i* t]m9ates at ! ,rio ,negro1 x 
divides itself into two bran*es4 ,!     
pr9cipal bran* 7! ,rio ,p>agua ( !      
,indians7 cont9ues its c\rse            
we/-nor?-we/1 turn+ r\nd ! gr\p ( !     
m\nta9s ( ,p>ime2 ! o!r bran* =m+ !     
communication ) ! ,amazon runs into     
pla9s1 ! g5]al slope ( :i* is s\?w>d1 b 
( :i* ! p>tial planes incl9e1 9 !       
,cassiqui>e1 to s\?-we/1 & 9 ! bas9 ( ! 
,rio ,negro1 s\?-ea/4 ,a ph5om5on s     
/range 9 appe>ance1 :i* ,i v]ifi$ on !  
spot1 m]its p>ticul> att5tion2 ! m      
especially z x may ?r[ "s light on      
analog\s facts1 :i* are suppos$ to h be5
 obs]v$ 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa4  ,!      
exi/5ce ( a communication ( ! ,or9oco ) 
! ,amazon by ! ,rio ,negro1 & a         
bifurcation ( ! ,caqueta1 0 believ$ by  
,sanson1 & reject$ by ,fa!r ,fritz & by 
,blaeuw3 x 0 m>k$ 9 ! fir/ maps ( ,de   
l',isle1 b ab&on$ by t celebrat$        
geograph] t[>ds ! end ( 8 days4 ,^? :o  
_h mi/ak5 ! mode ( ?is communication    

ha/5$ to d5y ! communication itself4 ,x 
is 9 fact well wor?y ( rem>k t1 at ! "t 
:5 ! ,portuguese w5t up mo/ frequ5tly by
 ! ,amazon1 ! ,rio ,negro1 & !          
,cassiqui>e1 & :5 ,fa!r ,gumilla's      
lett]s 7 c>ri$ 7by ! natural int]bran*+ 
( ! riv]s7 f ! l[] ,or9oco to ,gr& ,p>a1
 t v mission>y made e ef=t to spread !  
op9ion ?r\gh ,europe t ! bas9s ( !      
,or9oco & ! ,amazon are p]fectly        
sep>ate4 ,he ass]ts t1 hav+ sev]al times
 gone up ! =m] ( ^! riv]s z f> z !      
,raudal ( ,tabaje1 situate 9 ! latitude 
( #a degree #d m9utes1 he nev] saw a    
riv] fl[ 9 or out t c\ld be tak5 = !    
,rio ,negro4 ,he adds fur!r1 t a great  
,cordill]a1 :i* /ret*es f ea/ to we/1   
prev5ts ! m+l+ ( ! wat]s1 & r5d]s all   
discussion on ! suppos$ communication ( 
! two riv]s useless4 ,! errors ( ,fa!r  
,gumilla arose f 8 firm p]suasion t he  
_h rea*$ ! p>allel ( #a degree #d m9utes
 on ! ,or9oco4 ,he 0 9 error by m ?an #e
 degrees #aj m9utes ( latitude2 = ,i    
f\nd1 by obs]vation1 at ! mission (     

,atures1 ?irte5 leagues s\? ( ! rapids (
 ,tabaje1 ! latitude to be #e degrees   
#cg m9utes #cd seconds4 ,gumilla hav+   
gone b little above ! conflu5ce ( !     
,meta1 x is n surpris+ t he _h no k ( ! 
bifurcation ( ! ,or9oco1 :i* is f\nd by 
! s9uosities ( ! riv] to be "o hundr$ & 
tw5ty leagues di/ant f ! ,raudal (      
,tabaje4  ,la ,condam9e1 dur+ 8         
memorable navigation on ! riv] ,amazon 9
 #agdc1 c>efully collect$ a great numb] 
( pro(s ( ?is communication ( ! riv]s1  
d5i$ by ! ,spani% ,jesuit4 ,! mo/       
decisive pro( !n appe>$ to him to be !  
unsuspect$ te/imony ( a ,cauriacani     
,indian woman ) :om he _h conv]s$1 & :o 
_h come 9 a boat f ! banks ( ! ,or9oco  
7f ! mission ( ,p>>uma7 to ,gr& ,p>a4   
,be=e ! return ( ,la ,condam9e to 8 own 
c\ntry1 ! voyage ( ,fa!r ,manuel ,roman1
 & ! =tuit\s meet+ ( ! mission>ies ( !  
,or9oco & ! ,amazon1 left no d\bt ( ?is 
fact1 ! k ( :i* 0 fir/ obta9$ by        
,acunha4  ,! incursions und]tak5 f !    
middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 to procure  

slaves1 _h gradually l$ ! ,portuguese f 
! ,rio ,negro1 by ! ,cassiqui>e1 to ! b$
 ( a great riv]1 :i* !y did n "k to be !
 ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,a fly+ camp1 compos$ ( 
! troop ( ransom]s199 fav\r$ ?is inhuman
 comm]ce4 799 ,tropa de rescate2 f      
rescat>1 to r$eem47 ,aft] hav+ excit$ ! 
natives to make w>1 !y ransom$ !        
prison]s2 &1 to give an appe>ance (     
equity to ! traffic1 monks accompani$ ! 
troop ( ransom]s to exam9e :e!r ^? :o   
sold ! slaves _h a "r to d s1 by hav+   
made !m prison]s 9 op5 w>4 ,f ! ye>     
#agcg ^! visits ( ! ,portuguese to !    
,upp] ,or9oco became v frequ5t4 ,!      
desire ( ex*ang+ slaves 7poitos7 =      
hat*ets1 fi%-hooks1 & glass tr9kets1    
induc$ ! ,indian tribes to make w> ^u "o
 ano!r4 ,! ,guipunaves1 l$ on by _!     
valiant & cruel *ief ,macapu1 desc5d$ f 
! banks ( ! ,inirida t[>ds ! conflu5ce (
 ! ,atabapo & ! ,or9oco4 ,!y sold1 says 
! mission>y ,gili1 ! slaves :om !y did n
 eat499 799 ,i ,guipunavi avv5tizj      
abitatori dell' ,alto ,or9oco1 recavan  

de' danni incr$ibili alle vic9e mansuete
 nazioni2 altre mangiondone1 altre      
conduc5done s*iave ne' ,portoghesi      
dom9j4 ,! ,guipunaves1 at _! fir/       
arrival on ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 inflict$    
incr$ible injuries on ! o!r peaceable   
tribes :o dwelt ne> !m1 dev\r+ "s1 &    
sell+ o!rs z slaves to ! ,portuguese4   
,gili tome #a page #ca47 ,! ,jesuits ( !
 ,l[] ,or9oco became uneasy at ?is /ate 
( ?+s1 & ! sup]ior ( ! ,spani% missions1
 ,fa!r ,roman1 ! intimate fri5d (       
,gumilla1 took ! c\rage\s resolution (  
cross+ ! ,great ,cat>acts1 & visit+ !   
,guipunaves1 )\t be+ escort$ by ,spani% 
soldi]s4 ,he left ,c>i*ana ! #d? (      
,febru>y1 #agdd2 & hav+ arriv$ at !     
conflu5ce ( ! ,guavi>e1 ! ,atabapo1 & ! 
,or9oco1 :]e ! la/ m5tion$ riv] sudd5ly 
*anges its previ\s c\rse f ea/ to we/1  
to a direction f s\? to nor?1 he saw f  
af> a canoe z l>ge z 8 own1 & fill$ ) m5
 9 ,european dresses4 ,he caus$ a       
crucifix to be plac$ at ! b[ ( 8 boat 9 
sign ( peace1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( !    

mission>ies :5 !y navigate 9 a c\ntry   
unkn[n to !m4 ,! :ites1 :o 7 ,portuguese
 slave-trad]s ( ! ,rio ,negro1 recogniz$
 ) m>ks ( joy ! habit ( ! ord] ( ,/4    
,ignatius4 ,!y he>d ) a/oni%m5t t ! riv]
 on :i* ?is meet+ took place 0 !        
,or9oco2 & !y br\ght ,fa!r ,roman by !  
,cassiqui>e to ! ,brazilian settlem5ts  
on ! ,rio ,negro4 ,! sup]ior ( ! ,spani%
 missions 0 =c$ to rema9 ne> ! fly+ camp
 ( ! troop ( ransom]s till ! arrival ( !
 ,portuguese ,jesuit ,avogadri1 :o _h   
gone ^u bus9ess to ,gr& ,p>a4 ,fa!r     
,manuel ,roman return$ ) 8 ,salive      
,indians by ! same way1 t ( !           
,cassiqui>e & ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 to       
,p>>uma199 a little to ! nor? (         
,c>i*ana1 aft] an abs5ce ( sev5 mon?s4  
799 ,on ! #ae? ( ,octob]1 #aggd4 ,la    
,condam9e quitt$ ! t[n ( ,gr& ,p>a      
,decemb] ! #bi?1 #agdc2 x foll[s1 f a   
comp>ison ( ! dates1 t ! ,indian woman (
 ,p>>uma1 c>ri$ (f by ! ,portuguese1 &  
to :om ! ,fr5* travell] _h spok51 _h n  
come ) ,fa!r ,roman1 z 0 errone\sly     

affirm$4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is woman on !  
banks ( ! ,amazon is int]e/+ ) respect  
to ! rese>*es lately made on ! mixture (
 races & languages3 x proves ! enorm\s  
di/ances ?r\gh :i* ! individuals ( "o   
tribe are compell$ to c>ry on int]c\rse 
) ^? ( ano!r47 ,he 0 ! fir/ :ite man :o 
w5t f ! ,rio ,negro1 consequ5tly f !    
bas9 ( ! ,amazon1 )\t pass+ 8 boats ov] 
any portage1 to ! bas9 ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco4
  ,! tid+s ( ?is extraord9>y passage    
spread ) su* rapidity t ,la ,condam9e 0 
able to ann\nce x99 at a public sitt+ ( 
! ,academy1 sev5 mon?s aft] ! return (  
,fa!r ,roman to ,p>>uma4 799 ,!         
intellig5ce 0 communicat$ to him by     
,fa!r ,john ,f]reyro1 rector ( ! college
 ( ,jesuits at ,p>a4 ,voyage a          
l',amazone page #abj4 ,mem4 de l',acad4 
#agde page #dej4 ,caul9 page #gi4 ,see  
also1 9 ! "w ( ,gili1 ! fif? *apt] ( !  
fir/ book1 publi%$ 9 #aghj1 ) ! title3  
,della scop]ta delle communicazione     
dell' ,or9oco col ,m>agnone47 ,!        
communication betwe5 ! ,or9oco & !      

,amazon1 said he1 rec5tly av]r$1 may    
pass s mu* ! m = a discov]y 9 geography1
 z1 al?\gh ! junction ( ^! two riv]s is 
m>k$ on ! old maps 7accord+ to !        
in=mation giv5 by ,acunha71 x _h be5    
suppress$ by all ! mod]n geograph]s 9 _!
 new maps1 z if 9 conc]t4 ,?is is n !   
fir/ "t t :at is positive fact has be5  
?\ght fabul\s1 t ! _s ( criticism has   
be5 pu%$ too f>1 & t ?is communication  
has be5 treat$ z *im]ical by ^? :o ought
 to h be5 bett] in=m$4 ,s9ce ! voyage ( 
,fa!r ,roman 9 #aggd1 no p]son 9 ,spani%
 ,guiana1 or on ! coa/s ( ,cumana &     
,c>acas1 has admitt$ a d\bt ( ! exi/5ce 
( ! ,cassiqui>e & ! bifurcation ( !     
,or9oco4 ,fa!r ,gumilla himself2 :om    
,b\gu] met at ,c>?ag5a1 confess$ t he _h
 be5 deceiv$2 & he read to ,fa!r ,gili1 
a %ort "t be=e 8 dea?1 a supplem5t to 8 
hi/ory ( ! ,or9oco1 int5d$ = a new      
edition1 9 :i* he rec\nts pleasantly !  
mann] 9 :i* he _h be5 undeceiv$4 ,!     
exp$ition ( ! b\nd>ies1 "u ,iturriaga & 
,solano1 complet$ 9 detail ! k ( !      

geography ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 & !        
int]tw9+s ( ?is riv] ) ! ,rio ,negro4   
,solano e/abli%$ himself 9 #agef at !   
conflu5ce ( ! ,atabapo2 & f t "t !      
,spani% & ,portuguese commission]s (t5  
pass$ 9 _! canoes1 by ! ,cassiqui>e1 f !
 ,l[] ,or9oco to ! ,rio ,negro1 to visit
 ea* o!r at _! head-qu>t]s ( ,cabruta99 
& ,m>iva4 799 ,g5]al ,iturriaga1 conf9$ 
by illness1 fir/ at ,muitaco1 or ,real  
,corona1 & aft]w>d at ,cabruta1 receiv$ 
a visit 9 #agfj f ! ,portuguese colonel 
,don ,gabriel de ,s\za y ,figueira1 :o  
came f ,gr& ,p>a1 hav+ made a voyage (  
ne>ly n9e hundr$ leagues 9 8 boat4 ,!   
,sw$i% botani/1 ,loefl+1 :o 0 *os5 to   
accompany ! exp$ition ( ! b\nd>ies at ! 
exp5se ( ! ,spani% gov]nm5t1 s greatly  
multipli$ 9 8 ard5t imag9ation ! bran*+s
 ( ! great riv]s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 t he   
appe>$ well p]suad$ ( be+ able to       
navigate1 by ! ,rio ,negro & ! ,amazon1 
to ! ,rio de la ,plata4 7,it] page      
#aca477 ,s9ce ! ye> #agfg1 two or ?ree  
canoes come annually f ! =t ( ,san      

,c>los1 by ! bifurcation ( ! ,or9oco to 
,ango/ura1 to fet* salt & ! pay ( !     
troops4 ,^! passages1 f "o bas9 ( a riv]
 to ano!r1 by ! natural canal ( !       
,cassiqui>e1 excite no m att5tion 9 !   
coloni/s at pres5t ?an ! arrival ( boats
 t desc5d ! ,loire by ! canal (         
,orleans1 awak5s on ! banks ( ! ,se9e4  
,al?\gh1 s9ce ! j\rney ( ,fa!r ,roman1 9
 #agdd1 precise notions h be5 acquir$ 9 
! ,spani% possessions 9 ,am]ica1 bo? ( !
 direction ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco f ea/ to   
we/1 & ( ! mann] ( its communication ) !
 ,rio ,negro1 ?is k did n rea* ,europe  
till a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,9 #agej1 ,la    
,condam9e & ,d',anville99 7 /ill (      
op9ion t ! ,or9oco 0 a bran* ( !        
,caqueta com+ f ! s\?-ea/1 & t ! ,rio   
,negro issu$ imm$iately f x4 799 ,see ! 
classical memoir ( ?is great geograph] 9
 ! ,j\rnal des ,savans1 ,m>* #agej page 
#ahd4 ,"o fact1 says ,d',anville1 :i* _c
 be consid]$ z equivocal1 aft] ! pro(s )
 :i* we h be5 rec5tly furni%$1 is !     
communication ( ! ,rio ,negro ) !       

,or9oco2 b we mu/ n hesitate to admit1 t
 we are n yet suffici5tly in=m$ ( !     
mann] 9 :i* ?is communication takes     
place4 ,i 0 surpris$ to see 9 a v r>e   
map1 :i* ,i f\nd at ,rome 7,prov9cia    
,quit5sis ,soc4 ,jesu 9 ,am]ica1 auctore
 ,c>olo ,br5tano et ,nicolao de la      
,torre2 ,romae #agde7 t sev5 ye>s aft] !
 discov]y ( ,fa!r ,roman1 ! ,jesuits (  
,quito 7 ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( !       
,cassiqui>e4 ,! ,rio ,negro is figur$ 9 
?is map z a bran* ( ! ,or9oco47 ,x 0    
only 9 ! second edition ( 8 ,s\?        
,am]ica1 t ,d',anville 7)\t r5\nc+ t    
int]communication ( ! ,caqueta1 by means
 ( ! ,iniri*a 7,inirida71 ) ! ,or9oco & 
! ,rio ,negro7 describes ! ,or9oco z    
tak+ its rise at ! ea/1 ne> ! s\rces ( !
 ,rio ,branco1 & m>ks ! ,rio ,cassiqui>e
 z be>+ ! wat]s ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco to !  
,rio ,negro4 ,x is probable t ?is       
indefatigable & le>n$ writ] _h obta9$   
in=mation on ! mann] ( ! bifurcation f 8
 frequ5t communications ) !             
mission>ies199 :o 7 !n ! only geograph]s

 ( ! mo/ inl& p>ts ( ! cont95ts4 799    
,accord+ to ! ,annals ( ,b]r$o1 x w\ld  
appe>1 t z e>ly z ! ye> #agci1 ! milit>y
 incursions f ! ,rio ,negro to !        
,cassiqui>e _h confirm$ ! ,portuguese   
,jesuits 9 ! op9ion t !re 0 a           
communication betwe5 ! ,amazon & !      
,or9oco4 ,s\!y's ,brazils volume #a page
 #feh47  ,_h ! nations ( ! l[] region ( 
equ9octial ,am]ica p>ticipat$ 9 !       
civilization spread ov] ! cold & alp9e  
region1 t imm5se ,mesopotamia betwe5 !  
,or9oco & ! ,amazon w\ld h fav\r$ !     
developm5t ( _! indu/ry1 animat$ _!     
comm]ce1 & accel]at$ ! progress ( social
 ord]4 ,we see ev]y:]e 9 ! old _w !     
influ5ce ( locality on ! dawn+          
civilization ( nations4 ,! isl& ( ,m]oe 
betwe5 ! ,a/aboras & ! ,nile1 ! ,punjab 
( ! ,indus1 ! ,d\ab ( ! ,ganges1 & !    
,mesopotamia ( ! ,euphrates1 furni%     
examples t are ju/ly celebrat$ 9 !      
annals ( ! human race4 ,b ! feeble      
tribes t w&] 9 ! savannahs & ! woods (  
ea/]n ,am]ica1 h pr(it$ little by !     

advantages ( _! soil1 & ! int]bran*+s ( 
_! riv]s4 ,! di/ant incursions ( !      
,c>ibs1 :o w5t up ! ,or9oco1 !          
,cassiqui>e1 & ! ,rio ,negro1 to c>ry (f
 slaves & ex]cise pillage1 compell$ "s  
rude tribes to r\se !mselves f _!       
indol5ce1 & =m associations = _! common 
def5ce2 ! little good1 h[ev]1 :i* ^! w>s
 ) ! ,c>ibs 7! ,b$\9s ( ! riv]s (       
,guiana7 produc$1 0 b slight comp5sation
 = ! evils t foll[$ 9 _! tra91 by r5d]+ 
! tribes m f]oci\s1 & dim9i%+ _!        
population4 ,we _c d\bt1 t ! physical   
aspect ( ,greece1 int]sect$ by small    
*a9s ( m\nta9s1 & m$it]ranean gulfs1    
contribut$1 at ! dawn ( civilization1 to
 ! intellectual developm5t ( ! ,greeks4 
,b ! op]ation ( ?is influ5ce ( climate1 
& ( ! configuration ( ! soil1 is felt 9 
all its =ce only among a race ( m5 :o1  
end[$ ) a happy organization ( ! m5tal  
faculties1 are susceptible ( ext]ior    
impulse4 ,9 /udy+ ! hi/ory ( our        
species1 we see1 at c]ta9 di/ances1 ^!  
foci ( anci5t civilization disp]s$ ov] !

 globe l lum9\s po9ts2 & we are /ruck by
 ! inequality ( improvem5t 9 nations    
inhabit+ analog\s climates1 & ^: native 
soil appe>s equally fav\r$ by ! mo/     
preci\s gifts ( nature4  ,s9ce my       
dep>ture f ! banks ( ! ,or9oco & !      
,amazon1 a new era has unfold$ itself 9 
! social /ate ( ! nations ( ! ,we/4 ,!  
fury ( civil discussions has be5 succe$$
 by ! bless+s ( peace1 & a fre]         
developm5t ( ! arts ( indu/ry4 ,!       
bifurcations ( ! ,or9oco1 ! i/hmus (    
,tuam9i1 s easy to be made passable by  
an artificial canal1 w ere long fix !   
att5tion ( comm]cial ,europe4 ,!        
,cassiqui>e1 z broad z ! ,rh9e1 & !     
c\rse ( :i* is "o hundr$ & eighty miles 
9 l5g?1 w no long] =m uselessly a       
navigable canal betwe5 two bas9s ( riv]s
 :i* h a surface ( "o hundr$ & n9ety    
?\s& squ>e leagues4 ,! gra9 ( ,new      
,gr5ada w be c>ri$ to ! banks ( ! ,rio  
,negro2 boats w desc5d f ! s\rces ( !   
,napo & ! ,ucuyabe1 f ! ,&es ( ,quito & 
( ,upp] ,p]u1 to ! m\?s ( ! ,or9oco1 a  

di/ance :i* equals t f ,timbuctoo to    
,m>seilles4 ,a c\ntry n9e or t5 times   
l>g] ?an ,spa91 & enri*$ ) ! mo/ v>i$   
productions1 is navigable 9 e direction 
by ! m$ium ( ! natural canal ( !        
,cassiqui>e1 & ! bifurcation ( ! riv]s4 
,?is ph5om5on1 :i* w "o day be s        
important = ! political connections (   
nations1 unque/ionably des]ves to be    
c>efully exam9$4   ,,*apt] #b4bd4  ,,!  
,,upp] ,,or9oco1 ,,f ,,! ,,esm]alda ,,to
 ,,! ,,conflu5ce ,,( ,,! ,,guavi>e4     
,,second ,,passage ,,across ,,!         
,,cat>acts ,,( ,,atures ,,& ,,maypures4 
,,! ,,l[] ,,or9oco1 ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,m\?  
,,( ,,! ,,rio ,,apure1 ,,& ,,ango/ura   
,,! ,,capital ,,( ,,spani% ,,guiana4    
,opposite to ! po9t :]e ! ,or9oco =ms   
its bifurcation1 ! granitic gr\p (      
,duida rises 9 an amphi!atre on ! "r    
bank ( ! riv]4 ,?is m\nta91 :i* !       
mission>ies call a volcano1 is ne>ly    
eight ?\s& feet high4 ,x is p]p5dicul>  
on ! s\? & we/1 & has an aspect ( solemn
 gr&eur4 ,its summit is b>e & /ony1 b1  

:]ev] its less /eep declivities are     
cov]$ ) m\ld va/ =e/s appe> susp5d$ on  
its flanks4 ,at ! foot ( ,duida is !    
mission ( ,esm]alda1 a little hamlet )  
eighty inhabitants1 surr\nd$ by a lovely
 pla91 int]sect$ by rills ( black b     
limpid wat]4 ,?is pla9 is adorn$ )      
clumps ( ! mauritia palm1 ! sago-tree ( 
,am]ica4 ,ne>] ! m\nta91 ! di/ance ( :i*
 f ! cross ( ! mission ,i f\nd to be    
sev5 ?\s& ?ree hundr$ toises1 ! m>%y    
pla9 *anges to a savannah1 & sp5ds      
itself along ! l[] region ( !           
,cordill]a4 ,l>ge p9e-apples are !re    
f\nd ( a delici\s flav\r2 t species (   
bromelia always gr[s solit>y among !    
gram9a1 l our ,col*icum autumnale1 :ile 
! ,b4 k>atas1 ano!r species ( ! same    
g5us1 is a social plant1 l our          
:ortleb]ries & hea?s4 ,! p9e-apples (   
,esm]alda are cultivat$ ?r\gh\t ,guiana4
 ,!re are c]ta9 spots 9 ,am]ica1 z 9    
,europe1 :]e diff]5t fruits atta9 _!    
highe/ p]fection4 ,! sapota-plum 7a*ra7 
%\ld be eat5 at ! ,isl& ( ,m>g>eta or at

 ,cumana3 ! *irimoya 7v diff]5t f !     
cu/>d-apple & sweet-sop ( ! ,we/ ,india 
,isl&s7 at ,loxa 9 ,p]u2 ! gr5adilla1 or
 p>*a1 at ,c>acas2 & ! p9e-apple at     
,esm]alda1 or 9 ! isl& ( ,cuba4 ,!      
p9e-apple =ms ! ornam5t ( ! fields ne> !
 ,havannah1 :]e x is plant$ 9 p>allel   
r[s2 on ! sides ( ! ,duida x embelli%es 
! turf ( ! savannahs1 lift+ its yell[   
fruit1 cr[n$ ) a tuft ( silv]y leaves1  
above ! set>ia1 ! paspalum1 & a few     
cyp]aceae4 ,?is plant1 :i* ! ,indians ( 
! ,or9oco call ana-curua1 has be5       
propagat$ s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury 9 !     
int]ior ( ,*9a199 & "s ,engli% travell]s
 f\nd x rec5tly1 toge!r ) o!r plants    
indubitably ,am]ican 7maize1 cassava1   
tobacco1 & pim5to71 on ! banks ( ! ,riv]
 ,congo1 9 ,africa4 799 ,no d\bt rema9s 
( ! ,am]ican orig9 ( ! ,bromelia ananas4
 ,see ,cayley's ,life ( ,raleigh volume 
#a page #fa4 ,gili volume #a pages #baj 
& #ccf4 ,rob]t ,br[n1 ,geogr4 ,obs]v4 on
 ! ,plants ( ! ,riv] ,congo #ahah page  
#ej47  ,!re is no mission>y at          

,esm]alda2 ! monk appo9t$ to celebrate  
mass 9 t hamlet is settl$ at ,santa     
,b>b>a1 m ?an fifty leagues di/ant2 & he
 visits ?is spot b five or six times 9 a
 ye>4 ,we 7 cordially receiv$ by an old 
(fic]1 :o took u = ,catalonian          
%opkeep]s1 & :o suppos$ t trade _h l$ to
 ! missions4 ,on see+ packages ( pap]   
int5d$ = dry+ our plants1 he smil$ at   
our simple ignorance4 ,y come1 said he1 
to a c\ntry :]e ?is k9d ( m]*&ise has no
 sale2 we write little "h2 & ! dri$     
leaves ( maize1 ! platano               
7planta9-tree71 & ! vijaho 7heliconia71 
s]ve u1 l pap] 9 ,europe1 to wrap up    
ne$les1 fi%-hooks1 & o!r little articles
 ( :i* we are c>eful4 ,?is old (fic]    
unit$ 9 8 p]son ! civil & ecclesia/ical 
au?ority4 ,he taught ! *ildr51 ,i w n   
say ! ,cate*ism1 b ! ,ros>y2 he rang !  
bells to amuse himself2 & impell$ by    
ard5t zeal = ! s]vice ( ! *ur*1 he      
sometimes us$ 8 *ori/]'s w& 9 a mann] n 
v agreeable to ! natives4  ,not)/&+ !   
small ext5t ( ! mission1 ?ree ,indian   

languages are spok5 at ,esm]alda2 !     
,idapiman>e1 ! ,cat>ap5no1 & !          
,maquiritan4 ,! la/ ( ^! prevails on !  
,upp] ,or9oco1 f ! conflu5ce ( ! ,v5tu>i
 z f> z t ( ! ,padamo 799 ,!            
,arivirianos ( ! banks ( ! ,v5tu>i speak
 a dialect ( ! language ( !             
,maquirit>es4 ,! latt] live1 jo9tly ) a 
tribe ( ! ,macos1 9 ! savannahs t are by
 ! ,padamo4 ,!y are s num]\s1 t !y h ev5
 giv5 _! "n to ?is tribut>y /ream ( !   
,or9oco472 ! ,c>ibbee prevails on ! ,l[]
 ,or9oco2 ! ,ottomac1 ne> ! conflu5ce ( 
! ,apure1 at ! ,great ,cat>acts2 & !    
,m>avitan1 on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,negro4  
,^! are ! five or six languages mo/     
g5]ally spok54 ,we 7 surpris$ to f9d at 
,esm]alda _m zambos1 mulattos1 &        
copp]-col\r$ p1 :o call$ !mselves       
,spani>ds 7,espanoles7 & :o fancy !y are
 :ite1 because !y are n s r$ z !        
,indians4 ,^! p live 9 ! mo/ absolute   
mis]y2 !y h = ! mo/ "p be5 s5t hi!r 9   
bani%m5t 7de/]rados74 ,solano1 9 8 ha/e 
to f\nd colonies 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1

 9 ord] to gu>d its entrance aga9/ !    
,portuguese1 assembl$ 9 ! ,llanos1 & z  
f> z ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta1 vagabonds &     
malefactors1 :om ju/ice _h va9ly pursu$1
 & made !m g up ! ,or9oco to jo9 !      
unhappy ,indians :o _h be5 c>ri$ (f f ! 
woods4 ,a m9]alogical error gave        
celebrity to ,esm]alda4 ,! granites (   
,duida & ,m>aguaca conta9 9 op5 ve9s f9e
 rock-cry/als1 "s ( !m ( great          
transp>5cy1 o!rs col\r$ by *lorite or   
bl5d$ ) actonite2 ^! 7 mi/ak5 = diamonds
 & em]alds4  ,s ne> ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco
 we he>d ( no?+ 9 ^! m\nta9s b !        
proximity ( ,el ,dorado1 ! lake ,p>ima1 
& ! ru9s ( ! great city ( ,manoa4 ,a    
man1 /ill kn[n 9 ! c\ntry = 8 cr$ulity &
 8 love ( exagg]ation1 ,don ,apoll9>io  
,diez de la ,fu5te1 assum$ ! pomp\s     
title ( capitan poblador1 & cabo milit> 
7milit>y comm&]7 ( ! =t ( ,cassiqui>e4  
,?is =t consi/$ ( a few trunks ( trees1 
jo9$ toge!r by planks2 & to complete !  
deception1 a dem& 0 made at ,madrid = ! 
privileges ( a villa = ! mission (      

,esm]alda1 :i* b a hamlet ) twelve or   
fifte5 huts4 ,a colony compos$ ( elem5ts
 altoge!r het]og5e\s p]i%$ by degrees4  
,! vagabonds ( ! ,llanos _h z little    
ta/e = lab\r z ! natives1 :o 7 compell$ 
to live )9 ! s\nd ( ! bell4 ,! =m] f\nd 
a motive 9 _! pride to ju/ify _!        
indol5ce4 ,9 ! missions1 e mulatto :o is
 n decid$ly black z an ,african1 or     
copp]-col\r$ z an ,indian1 calls himself
 a ,spani>d2 he belongs to ! g5te de    
razon--! race endu$ ) reason2 & t reason
 7sometimes1 x mu/ be admitt$1 arrogant 
& indol5t7 p]suad$ ! :ites1 & ^? :o     
fancy !y are s1 t to till ! gr\nd is a  
task fit only = slaves 7poitos7 & !     
native neophytes4 ,! colony ( ,esm]alda 
_h be5 f\nd$ on ! pr9ciples ( t (       
,au/ralia2 b x 0 f> f be+ gov]n$ ) !    
same wisdom4 ,! ,am]ican coloni/s1 be+  
sep>at$ f _! native soil1 n by seas1 b  
by =e/s & savannahs1 disp]s$2 "s tak+ ! 
road nor?w>d1 t[>ds ! ,caura & ! ,c>ony2
 o!rs proce$+ s\?w>d to ! ,portuguese   
possessions4 ,?us ! celebrity ( ?is     

villa1 & ( ! em]ald-m9es ( ,duida1      
vani%$ 9 a few ye>s2 & ,esm]alda1 on    
acc\nt ( ! imm5se numb] ( insects t     
obscure ! air at all seasons ( ! ye>1 0 
reg>d$ by ! monks z a place ( bani%m5t4 
,! sup]ior ( ! missions1 :5 he w\ld make
 ! lay-bro!rs m9dful ( _! duty1 ?reat5s 
sometimes to s5d !m to ,esm]alda2 t is1 
say ! monks1 to be condemn$ to !        
mosquitos2 to be dev\r$ by ^? buzz+     
flies 7zancudos gritones7 :i* ,god      
appe>s to h creat$ = ! torm5t &         
*a/isem5t ( man499 799 ,e/os mosquitos  
que llaman zancudos gritones los p>ece  
cria la naturaleza p>a ca/igo y torm5to 
de los hombres4 ,^? mosquitos :i* are   
call$ buzz+ zancudos1 ,nature seems to h
 creat$ = ! especial puni%m5t & torture 
( man4 ,fray ,p$ro ,simon47 ,^! /range  
puni%m5ts h n always be5 conf9$ to !    
lay-bro!rs4 ,!re happ5$ 9 #aghh "o ( ^? 
mona/ic revolutions1 ( :i* x is         
difficult to =m a conception 9 ,europe1 
accord+ to ! ideas t prevail ( !        
peaceful /ate ( ! ,*ri/ian settlem5ts 9 

! ,new ,_w4 ,= a long p]iod !           
,franciscan monks settl$ 9 ,guiana _h   
be5 desir\s ( =m+ a sep>ate republic1 & 
r5d]+ !mselves indep5d5t ( ! college (  
,piritu at ,nueva ,b>celona4 ,discont5t$
 ) ! election ( ,fray ,guti]ez de       
,aguil]a1 *os5 by a g5]al *apt]1 &      
confirm$ by ! k+ 9 ! important (fice (  
presid5t ( ! missions1 five or six monks
 ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 ! ,cassiqui>e1 & !  
,rio ,negro1 assembl$ toge!r at ,san    
,f]n&o de ,atabapo2 *ose ha/ily a new   
sup]ior f _! own body2 & caus$ ! old "o1
 :o1 un=tunately = himself1 _h come to  
visit ^? p>ts1 to be arre/$4 ,!y put him
 9 irons1 ?rew him into a boat1 &       
conduct$ him to ,esm]alda1 z to a place 
( proscription4 ,?is great di/ance ( !  
coa/ f ! sc5e ( ?is revolution l$ !     
monks to hope t _! crime w\ld rema9 long
 unkn[n beyond ! ,great ,cat>acts4 ,!y  
wi%$ to ga9 "t to intrigue1 to          
negotiate1 to frame acts ( accusation1 &
 employ ! little artifices by :i*1 9 e  
c\ntry1 ! invalidity ( a fir/ election  

may be prov$4 ,fray ,guti]ez d ,aguil]a 
langui%$ 9 8 prison at ,esm]alda1 & fell
 dang]\sly ill f ! d\ble influ5ce ( !   
excessive heat1 & ! cont9ual irritation 
( ! mosquitos4 ,happily = ! fall5 p[] ! 
monks did n rema9 unit$4 ,a mission>y ( 
! ,cassiqui>e conceiv$ s]i\s al>ms      
respect+ ! issue ( ?is affair2 he dread$
 be+ s5t a prison] to ,cadiz1 or1 z !y  
say 9 ! colonies1 hav+ 8 "n on ! li/    
7baxo p>tido de regi/ro74 ,fe> ov]came 8
 resolution1 & he sudd5ly disappe>$4    
,indians 7 plac$ on ! wat* at ! m\? ( ! 
,atabapo1 at ! ,great ,cat>acts1 & :]ev]
 ! fugitive 0 likely to pass on 8 way to
 ! ,l[] ,or9oco4 ,not)/&+ ^!            
precautions1 he arriv$ at ,ango/ura1 &  
!n rea*$ ! college ( ! missions (       
,piritu1 d5\nc$ 8 colleagues1 & 0       
appo9t$1 9 recomp5se ( ?is in=mation1 to
 arre/ ^? ) :om he _h conspir$ aga9/ !  
presid5t ( ! missions499 799 ,two ( !   
mission>ies1 consid]$ z ! lead]s ( !    
insurrection1 7 emb>k$ at ,ango/ura1 9  
ord] to be tri$ 9 ,spa94 ,! vessel 9 :i*

 !y 7 convey$ became leaky1 & put into  
,spani% ,h>b\r 9 ! isl& ( ,tr9idad4 ,!  
gov]nor ,*acon int]eat$ himself 9 ! fate
 ( ! monks2 !y 7 p>don$ a viol5t proce$+
 some:at inconsi/5t ) mona/ic discipl9e1
 & 7 aga9 employ$ 9 ! missions4 ,i 0    
acqua9t$ ) !m bo? dur+ my abode 9 ,s\?  
,am]ica47 ,at ,esm]alda1 :]e ! political
 ev5ts t h agitat$ ,europe = ?irty ye>s 
pa/ h n yet be5 he>d (1 lively int]e/ is
 /ill felt 9 an ev5t :i* is call$ !     
s$ition ( ! monks1 7el alboroto de los  
frailes47 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 z 9 ! ,ea/1 no 
conception is =m$ ( any o!r revolutions 
?an ^? t are made by rul]s !mselves2 &  
we h j se5 t ! effects are n v al>m+4   
,if ! villa ( ,esm]alda1 ) a population 
( twelve or fifte5 families1 be at      
pres5t consid]$ z a frightful place (   
abode1 ?is mu/ be attribut$ to ! want ( 
cultivation1 ! di/ance f e o!r inhabit$ 
c\ntry1 & ! excessive quantity (        
mosquitos4 ,! site ( ! mission is highly
 picturesque2 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry is      
lovely1 & ( great f]tility4 ,i nev] saw 

planta9s ( s l>ge a size z ^!3 & indigo1
 sug>1 & cacao might be produc$ 9       
abundance1 if any tr\ble 7 tak5 = _!    
cultivation4 ,! ,c]ro ,duida is surr\nd$
 ) f9e pa/urage2 & if ! ,obs]vant9s ( ! 
college ( ,piritu p>took a little ( !   
indu/ry ( ! ,catalonian ,capu*9s settl$ 
on ! banks ( ! ,c>ony1 num]\s h]ds w\ld 
be se5 w&]+ betwe5 ! ,cunucunumo & !    
,padamo4 ,at pres5t1 n a c[ or a horse  
is to be f\nd2 & ! inhabitants1 victims 
( _! own indol5ce1 are (t5 r$uc$ to eat 
! fle% ( al\ate monkeys1 & fl\r made f !
 bones ( fi%1 ( :i* ,i %all h occasion  
to speak h]eaft]4 ,a little cassava & a 
few planta9s only are cultivat$2 & :5 ! 
fi%]y is n abundant1 ! natives ( a      
c\ntry s fav\r$ by nature are expos$ to 
! mo/ cruel privations4  ,! pilots ( !  
small numb] ( boats t g f ! ,rio ,negro 
to ,ango/ura by ! ,cassiqui>e are afraid
 to asc5d z f> z ,esm]alda1 & !re=e t   
mission w\ld h be5 mu* bett] plac$ at ! 
po9t ( ! bifurcation ( ! ,or9oco4 ,x is 
probable t ?is va/ c\ntry w n always be 

doom$ to ! des]tion 9 :i* x has hi!rto  
be5 left1 ow+ to ! errors ( monki%      
adm9i/ration & ! _s ( monopoly t        
*>act]ises corporations4 ,we may ev5    
pr$ict on :at po9ts ( ! ,or9oco indu/ry 
& comm]ce w become mo/ active4 ,9 e     
zone1 population is conc5tr$ at ! m\? ( 
tribut>y /reams4 ,! ,rio ,apure1 by :i* 
! productions ( ! prov9ces ( ,v>9as &   
,m]ida are export$1 w give great        
importance to ! little t[n ( ,cabruta1  
:i* w !n be 9 rival%ip ) ,san ,f]n&o de 
,apure1 :]e all comm]ce has hi!rto      
c5tr$4 ,high] up1 a new settlem5t w be  
=m$ at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,meta1 :i*       
communicates ) ,new ,gr5ada by ! ,llanos
 ( ,casan>e4 ,! two missions ( !        
,cat>acts w increase1 f ! activity to   
:i* ! transport ( boats at ^? po9ts w   
give rise2 = an unheal?y & damp climate1
 & ! sw>m+ ( mosquitos1 w z little imp$e
 ! progress ( cultivation at ! ,or9oco z
 at ! ,rio ,magdal5a1 :5ev] a p[]ful    
m]cantile int]e/ %all call new settl]s  
?i!r4 ,habitual evils are ^? :i* are    

lea/ felt2 & m5 born 9 ,am]ica d n suff]
 ! same int5sity ( pa9 z ,europeans     
rec5tly arriv$4 ,p]haps1 also1 !        
de/ruction ( =e/s r\nd ! inhabit$       
places1 al?\gh sl[1 w some:at t5d to    
dim9i% ! torm5t ( ! tipul>y insects4    
,san ,f]n&o de ,atabapo1 ,javita1 ,san  
,c>los1 & ,esm]alda1 appe> 7f _!        
situation at ! m\? ( ! ,guavi>e1 !      
portage betwe5 ,tuam9i & ! ,rio ,negro1 
! conflu5ce ( ! ,cassiqui>e1 & ! po9t ( 
bifurcation ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco7 to       
promise a consid]able increase (        
population & prosp]ity4 ,! same         
improvem5t w take place 9 ! f]tile b    
uncultivat$ c\ntries ?r\gh :i* fl[ !    
,guallaga1 ! ,amazon1 & ! ,or9oco2 z    
well z at ! i/hmus ( ,panama1 ! lake (  
,nic>agua1 & ! ,rio ,huasacualco1 :i*   
furni% a communication betwe5 ! two     
oceans4 ,! imp]fection ( political      
in/itutions may = ages h conv]t$ into   
des]ts places :]e ! comm]ce ( ! _w %\ld 
be f\nd conc5tr$2 b ! "t approa*es :5 ^!
 ob/acles %all exi/ no long]4 ,a vici\s 

adm9i/ration _c always /ruggle aga9/ !  
unit$ int]e/ ( m52 & civilization w be  
c>ri$ ins5sibly into ^? c\ntries1 !     
great de/9ies ( :i* nature itself       
proclaims1 by ! physical configuration (
 ! soil1 ! imm5se w9d+s ( ! riv]s1 & !  
proximity ( two seas1 t ba! ! %ores (   
,europe & ( ,india4  ,esm]alda is ! mo/ 
celebrat$ spot on ! ,or9oco = !         
prep>ation ( t active poison1 :i* is    
employ$ 9 w>1 9 ! *ase1 &1 s+ul>ly      
en\gh1 z a rem$y = ga/ric d]angem5ts4 ,!
 poison ( ! ticunas ( ! ,amazon1 !      
upas-tieute ( ,java1 & ! cur>e (        
,guiana1 are ! mo/ delet]i\s sub/ances t
 are kn[n4 ,raleigh1 ab\t ! end ( !     
sixte5? c5tury1 _h he>d ( ur>i99 z be+ a
 vegetable sub/ance ) :i* arr[s 7       
env5om$ 799 ,9 ,tamanac m>ana1 9        
,maypure macuri472 yet no fix$ notions (
 ?is poison _h rea*$ ,europe4 ,!        
mission>ies ,gumilla & ,gili _h n be5   
able to p5etrate into ! c\ntry :]e !    
cur>e is manufactur$4 ,gumilla ass]ts t 
?is prep>ation 0 envelop$ 9 great my/]y2

 t its pr9cipal +r$i5t 0 furni%$ by a   
subt]ranean plant ) a tub]\s root1 :i*  
nev] puts =? leaves1 & :i* is call$     
specially ! root 7raiz de si misma72 t !
 v5om\s exhalations :i* arise f !       
manufacture are fatal to ! lives ( ! old
 wom5 :o 7be+ o!rwise useless7 are *os5 
to wat* ov] ?is op]ation2 f9ally1 t ^!  
vegetable juices are nev] ?\ght to be   
suffici5tly conc5trat$ till a few drops 
produce at a di/ance a repulsive action 
on ! blood4 ,an ,indian w\nds himself   
slightly2 & a d>t dipp$ 9 ! liquid cur>e
 is held ne> ! w\nd4 ,if x make ! blood 
return to ! vessels )\t hav+ be5 br\ght 
into contact ) !m1 ! poison is judg$ to 
be suffici5tly conc5trat$4  ,:5 we      
arriv$ at ,esm]alda1 ! great] "p ( !    
,indians 7 return+ f an excursion :i* !y
 _h made to ! ea/1 beyond ! ,rio        
,padamo1 to ga!r juvias1 or ! fruit ( ! 
b]?olletia1 & ! liana :i* yields !      
cur>e4 ,_! return 0 celebrat$ by a      
fe/ival1 :i* is call$ 9 ! mission la    
fie/a de las juvias1 & :i* resembles our

 h>ve/-homes & v9tage-fea/s4 ,! wom5 _h 
prep>$ a quantity ( f]m5t$ liquor2 &    
dur+ two days ! ,indians 7 9 a /ate (   
intoxication4 ,among nations :o atta*   
great importance to ! fruit ( ! palm1 & 
( "s o!r trees useful = ! n\ri%m5t (    
man1 ! p]iod :5 ^! fruits are ga!r$ is  
m>k$ by public rejoic+s1 & "t is divid$ 
accord+ to ^! fe/ivals1 :i* succe$ "o   
ano!r 9 a c\rse inv>iably regul>4 ,we 7 
=tunate en\gh to f9d an old ,indian m   
temp]ate ?an ! re/1 :o 0 employ$ 9      
prep>+ ! cur>e poison f fre%ly-ga!r$    
plants4 ,he 0 ! *emi/ ( ! place4 ,we    
f\nd at 8 dwell+ l>ge e>!n pots = boil+ 
! vegetable juice1 %all[] vessels to    
fav\r ! evaporation by a l>g] surface1 &
 leaves ( ! planta9-tree roll$ up 9 !   
%ape ( our filt]s1 & us$ to filtrate !  
liquids1 m or less load$ ) fibr\s matt]4
 ,! greate/ ord] & neatness prevail$ 9  
?is hut1 :i* 0 trans=m$ into a *emical  
laboratory4 ,! old ,indian 0 kn[n       
?r\gh\t ! mission by ! "n ( !           
poison-ma/] 7amo del cur>e74 ,he _h t   

self-suffici5t air & tone ( p$antry (   
:i* ! ph>macopoli/s ( ,europe 7 =m]ly   
accus$4 ,i "k1 said he1 t ! :ites h !   
secret ( mak+ soap1 & manufactur+ t     
black p[d] :i* has ! defect ( mak+ a    
noise :5 us$ 9 kill+ animals4 ,! cur>e1 
:i* we prep>e f fa!r to son1 is sup]ior 
to any?+ y c make d[n yond] 7beyond     
sea74 ,x is ! juice ( an h]b :i* kills  
sil5tly1 )\t any "o kn[+ :5ce ! /roke   
comes4  ,?is *emical op]ation1 to :i* ! 
old man atta*$ s mu* importance1 appe>$ 
to u extremely simple4 ,! liana 7bejuco7
 us$ at ,esm]alda = ! prep>ation ( !    
poison1 be>s ! same "n z 9 ! =e/s (     
,javita4 ,x is ! bejuco de ,mavacure1   
:i* is ga!r$ 9 abundance ea/ ( !        
mission1 on ! left bank ( ! ,or9oco1    
beyond ! ,rio ,amaguaca1 9 ! m\nta9\s & 
rocky tracts ( ,guanaya & ,yum>iqu94    
,al?\gh ! bundles ( bejuco :i* we f\nd 9
 ! hut ( ! ,indian 7 entirely b>e (     
leaves1 we _h no d\bt ( _! be+ produc$  
by ! same plant ( ! /ry*nos family      
7ne>ly alli$ to ! r\hamon ( ,aublet7 :i*

 we _h exam9$ 9 ! =e/ ( ,pimi*9499 799  
,i may "h ins]t ! description ( ! cur>e 
or bejuco de ,mavacure1 tak5 f a        
manuscript1 yet unpubli%$1 ( my le>n$   
fell[-lab\r] ,m4 ,kun?1 correspond+     
memb] ( ! ,in/itute4 ,ramuli lignosi1   
oppositi1 ramulo alt]o abortivo1        
t]etiusculi1 fuscesc5ti-tom5tosi1 int]  
petiolos l9eola pilosa notati1 gemmula  
aut processu fili=mi 7p$unculo87        
t]m9ati4 ,,folia opposita1 b]evit]      
petiolata1 ovato-oblonga1 acum9ata1     
int]g]rima1 reticulato-tripl9]via1 n]vo 
m$io subtus prom95te1 membranacea1      
ciliata1 utr9que glabra1 n]vo m$io      
fuscesc5te-tom5toso1 lacte viridia1     
subtus pallidiora1 #a #a_/b to #b #a_/b 
pollices longa1 #h to #i l9eas lata4    
,,petioli l9eam longi1 tom5tosi1        
in>ticulati47 ,! mavacure is employ$    
fre% or dri$ indiff]5tly dur+ sev]al    
weeks4 ,! juice ( ! liana1 :5 x has be5 
rec5tly ga!r$1 is n reg>d$ z poison\s2  
possibly x is s only :5 /rongly         
conc5trat$4 ,x is ! b>k & a "p ( !      

alburnum :i* conta9 ?is t]rible poison4 
,bran*es ( ! mavacure f\r or five l9es 9
 diamet] are scrap$ ) a knife1 & ! b>k t
 comes (f is bruis$1 & r$uc$ into v ?9  
filam5ts on ! /one employ$ = gr9d+      
cassava4 ,! v5om\s juice be+ yell[1 !   
:ole fibr\s mass takes t col\r4 ,x is   
?r[n into a funnel n9e in*es high1 ) an 
op5+ f\r in*es wide4 ,?is funnel 0 ( all
 ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,indian laboratory t ( 
:i* ! poison-ma/] seem$ to be mo/ pr\d4 
,he ask$ u repeat$ly if1 por alla 7out  
yond]1 mean+ 9 ,europe7 we _h ev] se5   
any?+ to be comp>$ to ?is funnel        
7embudo74 ,x 0 a leaf ( ! planta9-tree  
roll$ up 9 ! =m ( a cone1 & plac$ )9    
ano!r /rong] cone made ( ! leaves ( !   
palm-tree4 ,! :ole ( ?is app>atus 0     
support$ by slight frame-"w made ( !    
petioles & ribs ( palm-leaves4 ,a cold  
infusion is fir/ prep>$ by p\r+ wat] on 
! fibr\s matt] :i* is ! gr\nd b>k ( !   
mavacure4 ,a yell[i% wat] filt]s dur+   
sev]al h\rs1 drop by drop1 ?r\gh ! leafy
 funnel4 ,?is filt]$ wat] is ! poison\s 

liquor1 b x acquires /r5g? only :5      
conc5trat$ by evaporation1 l molasses1 9
 a l>ge e>!n pot4 ,! ,indian f "t to "t 
invit$ u to ta/e ! liquid2 its ta/e1 m  
or less bitt]1 decides :5 ! conc5tration
 by fire has be5 c>ri$ suffici5tly f>4  
,!re is no dang] 9 ta/+ x1 ! cur>e be+  
delet]i\s only :5 x comes into imm$iate 
contact ) ! blood4 ,! vap\rs1 !re=e1 :i*
 are dis5gag$ f ! pans are n hurtful1   
not)/&+ all t has be5 ass]t$ on ?is po9t
 by ! mission>ies ( ! ,or9oco4 ,fontana1
 9 8 exp]im5ts on ! poison ( ! ticuna ( 
! ,amazon1 long s9ce prov$ t ! vap\rs   
aris+ f ?is poison1 :5 ?r[n on burn+    
*>coal1 may be inhal$ )\t dang] & t !   
/atem5t ( ,la ,condam9e1 t ,indian wom51
 :5 condemn$ to dea?1 h be5 kill$ by !  
vap\rs ( ! poison ( ! ticuna1 is        
incorrect4  ,! mo/ conc5trat$ juice ( ! 
mavacure is n ?ick en\gh to /ick to !   
d>ts2 & !re=e1 to give a body to !      
poison1 ano!r vegetable juice1 extremely
 glut9\s1 drawn f a tree ) l>ge leaves1 
call$ kiracagu]o1 is p\r$ into !        

conc5trat$ infusion4 ,z ?is tree gr[s at
 a great di/ance f ,esm]alda1 & 0 at t  
p]iod z de/itute ( fl[]s & fruits z !   
bejuco de mavacure1 we c\ld n det]m9e x 
botanically4 ,i h sev]al times m5tion$ t
 k9d ( fatality :i* )holds ! mo/ int]e/+
 plants f ! exam9ation ( travell]s1 :ile
 ?\s&s ( o!rs1 ( ! *emical prop]ties (  
:i* we are ignorant1 are f\nd load$ )   
fl[]s & fruits4 ,9 travell+ rapidly1 ev5
 )9 ! tropics1 :]e ! fl[]+ ( ! ligne\s  
plants is ( su* long duration1 sc>cely  
"o-eigh? ( ! trees c be se5 furni%+ !   
ess5tial p>ts ( fructification4 ,!      
*ances ( be+ able to det]m9e1 ,i d n say
 ! family1 b ! g5us & species1 is       
consequ5tly z "o to eight2 & x may be   
conceiv$ t ?is unfav\rable *ance is felt
 mo/ p[]fully :5 x deprives u ( !       
intimate k ( objects :i* af=d a high]   
int]e/ ?an t ( descriptive botany4  ,at 
! in/ant :5 ! glut9\s juice ( !         
kiracagu]o-tree is p\r$ into ! v5om\s   
liquor well conc5trat$1 & kept 9 a /ate 
( ebullition1 x black5s1 & coagulates   

into a mass ( ! consi/5ce ( t>1 or ( a  
?ick syrup4 ,?is mass is ! cur>e (      
comm]ce4 ,:5 we he> ! ,indians say t !  
kiracagu]o is z necess>y z ! bejuco d   
mavacure 9 ! manufacture ( ! poison1 we 
may be l$ into error by ! supposition t 
! =m] also conta9s "s delet]i\s         
pr9ciple1 :ile x only s]ves 7z !        
alg>robo1 or any o!r gummy sub/ance w\ld
 d7 to give m body to ! conc5trat$ juice
 ( ! cur>e4 ,! *ange ( col\r :i* !      
mixture und]goes is ow+ to !            
decomposition ( a hydruret ( c>bon2 !   
hydrog5 is burn$1 & ! c>bon is set free4
 ,! cur>e is sold 9 little calaba%es2 b 
its prep>ation be+ 9 ! h&s ( a few      
families1 & ! quantity ( poison atta*$  
to ea* d>t be+ extremely small1 ! be/   
cur>e1 t ( ,esm]alda & ,m&avaca1 is sold
 at a v high price4 ,?is sub/ance1 :5   
dri$1 resembles opium2 b x /rongly      
absorbs moi/ure :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,its
 ta/e is an agreeable bitt]1 & ,m4      
,bonpl& & myself h (t5 swall[$ small    
portions ( x4 ,!re is no dang] 9 s do+1 

if x be c]ta9 t nei!r lips nor gums     
ble$4 ,9 exp]im5ts made by ,mangili on !
 v5om ( ! vip]1 "o ( 8 assi/ants swall[$
 all ! poison t c\ld be extract$ f f\r  
l>ge vip]s ( ,italy1 )\t be+ affect$ by 
x4 ,! ,indians consid] ! cur>e1 tak5    
int]nally1 z an excell5t /oma*ic4 ,!    
same poison prep>$ by ! ,piraoas &      
,salives1 ?\gh x has "s celebrity1 is n 
s mu* e/eem$ z t ( ,esm]alda4 ,! process
 ( ?is prep>ation appe>s to be ev]y:]e  
ne>ly ! same2 b !re is no pro( t !      
diff]5t poisons sold by ! same "n at !  
,or9oco & ! ,amazon are id5tical1 &     
d]iv$ f ! same plants4 ,orfila1 !re=e1 9
 8 excell5t "w ,on ,poisons1 has v      
judici\sly sep>at$ ! w\rali ( ,dut*     
,guiana1 ! cur>e ( ! ,or9oco1 ! ticuna (
 ! ,amazon1 & all ^? sub/ances :i* h be5
 too vaguely unit$ "u ! "n ( ,am]ican   
poisons4 ,possibly at "s future day1 "o 
& ! same alkal9e pr9ciple1 simil> to    
morph9e & /ry*nia1 w be f\nd 9 poison\s 
plants belong+ to diff]5t g5]a4  ,at !  
,or9oco ! cur>e de raiz 7( ! root7 is   

di/+ui%$ f ! cur>e de bejuco 7( lianas1 
or ( ! b>k ( bran*es74 ,we saw only !   
latt] prep>$2 ! =m] is weak]1 & mu* less
 e/eem$4 ,at ! riv] ,amazon we le>n$ to 
di/+ui% ! poisons ( ! ,ticuna1 ,yagua1  
,peva1 & ,xib>o ,indians1 :i* be+ all   
obta9$ f ! same plant1 p]haps diff] only
 by a m or less c>eful prep>ation4 ,!   
,ticuna poison1 to :i* ,la ,condam9e has
 giv5 s mu* celebrity 9 ,europe1 & :i*  
some:at improp]ly beg9s to be> ! "n (   
ticuna1 is extract$ f a liana :i* gr[s 9
 ! isl& ( ,mormorote1 on ! ,upp]        
,m>anon4 ,?is poison is employ$ p>tly by
 ! ,ticunas1 :o rema9 indep5d5t on !    
,spani% t]ritory ne> ! s\rces ( !       
,yac>ique2 & p>tly by ,indians ( ! same 
tribe1 inhabit+ ! ,portuguese mission ( 
,loreto4 ,! poisons we h j nam$ diff]   
totally f t ( ,la ,peca1 & f ! poison ( 
,lamas & ( ,moyobamba4 ,i ent] into ^!  
details because ! ve/iges ( plants :i*  
we 7 able to exam9e1 prov$ to u 7contr>y
 to ! common op9ion7 t ! ?ree poisons ( 
! ,ticunas1 ( ,la ,peca1 & ( ,moyobamba 

are n obta9$ f ! same species1 probably 
n ev5 f cong5]ic plants4 ,9 proportion z
 ! prep>ation ( ! cur>e is simple1 t ( !
 poison ( ,moyobamba is a long &        
complicat$ process4 ,) ! juice ( !      
bejuco de ambihuasca1 :i* is ! pr9cipal 
+r$i5t1 are mix$ pim5to1 tobacco1       
b>basco 7,jacqu9ia armill>is71 sanango  
7,tab]nae montana71 & ! milk ( "s o!r   
apocyneae4 ,! fre% juice ( ! ambihuasca 
has a delet]i\s action :5 9 contact ) ! 
blood2 ! juice ( ! mavacure is a mortal 
poison only :5 x is conc5trat$ by fire2 
& ebullition deprives ! juice ( ! root (
 ,jatropha manihot 7! manioc7 ( all its 
baneful qualities4 ,9 rubb+ a long "t   
betwe5 my f+]s ! liana :i* yields !     
pot5t poison ( ,la ,peca1 :5 ! wea!r 0  
excessively hot1 my h&s 7 b5umb$2 & a   
p]son :o 0 employ$ ) me felt ! same     
effects f ?is rapid absorption by !     
un9jur$ integum5ts4  ,i %all n "h ent]  
into any detail on ! physiological      
prop]ties ( ^? poisons ( ! ,new ,_w :i* 
kill ) ! same promptitude z ! /ry*neae (

 ,asia199 799 ,! nux vomica1 ! upas     
tieute1 & ! bean ( ,/4 ,ignatius1       
,/ry*nos ,ignatia47 b )\t produc+ vomit+
 :5 !y are receiv$ into ! /oma*1 & )\t  
d5ot+ ! approa* ( dea? by ! viol5t      
excitem5t ( ! sp9al m>r[4 ,sc>cely a f[l
 is eat5 on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco :i* has 
n be5 kill$ ) a poison$ arr[2 & !       
mission>ies allege t ! fle% ( animals is
 nev] s good z :5 ?is me?od is employ$4 
,fa!r ,zea1 :o accompani$ u1 ?\gh ill ( 
a t]tian fev]1 e morn+ _h ! live f[ls   
allott$ = our food br\ght to 8 hammock  
toge!r ) an arr[1 & he kill$ !m himself2
 = he w\ld n confide ?is op]ation1 to   
:i* he atta*$ great importance1 to any  
o!r p]son4 ,l>ge birds1 a guan 7pava de 
monte7 = in/ance1 or a curassao         
7alector71 :5 w\nd$ 9 ! ?igh1 die 9 two 
or ?ree m9utes2 b x is (t5 t5 or twelve 
m9utes be=e life is ext9ct 9 a pig or a 
pecc>y4 ,m4 ,bonpl& f\nd t ! same       
poison1 b\ght 9 diff]5t villages1 v>i$  
mu*4 ,we _h procur$ at ! riv] ,amazon "s
 real ,ticuna poison :i* 0 less pot5t   

?an any ( ! v>ieties ( ! cur>e ( !      
,or9oco4 ,travell]s1 on arriv+ 9 !      
missions1 frequ5tly te/ify _!           
appreh5sion on le>n+ t ! f[ls1 monkeys1 
guanas1 & ev5 ! fi% :i* !y eat1 h be5   
kill$ ) poison$ arr[s4 ,b ^! fe>s are   
gr\ndless4 ,maj5die has prov$ by 8 +5i\s
 exp]im5ts on transfusion1 t ! blood (  
animals on :i* ! bitt] /ry*nos ( ,india 
has produc$ a delet]i\s effect1 has no  
fatal action on o!r animals4 ,a dog     
receiv$ a consid]able quantity ( poison$
 blood into 8 ve9s )\t any trace (      
irritation be+ p]ceiv$ 9 ! sp9al m>r[4  
,i plac$ ! mo/ active cur>e 9 contact ) 
! crural n]ves ( a frog1 )\t p]ceiv+ any
 s5sible *ange 9 measur+ ! degree (     
irritability ( ! organs1 by means ( an  
arc =m$ ( het]og5e\s metals4 ,galvanic  
exp]im5ts succe$$ ^u birds1 "s m9utes   
aft] ,i _h kill$ !m ) a poison$ arr[4   
,^! obs]vations are n un9t]e/+1 :5 we   
recollect t a solution ( ! upas-poison  
p\r$ ^u ! sciatic n]ve1 or ins9uat$ into
 ! texture ( ! n]ve1 produces also a    

s5sible effect on ! irritability ( !    
organs by imm$iate contact ) ! m$ull>y  
sub/ance4 ,! dang] ( ! cur>e1 z ( mo/ ( 
! o!r /ry*neae 7= we cont9ue to believe 
t ! mavacure belongs to a neighb\r+     
family71 results only f ! action ( !    
poison on ! vascul> sy/em4 ,at          
,maypures1 a zambo desc5d$ f an ,indian 
& a negro1 prep>$ = ,m4 ,bonpl& "s ( ^? 
poison$ arr[s1 t are %ot f bl[+-tubes to
 kill small monkeys or birds4 ,he 0 a   
man ( rem>kable muscul> /r5g?4 ,hav+ _h 
! imprud5ce to rub ! cur>e betwe5 8 f+]s
 aft] be+ slightly w\nd$1 he fell on !  
gr\nd seiz$ ) a v]tigo1 t la/$ ne>ly    
half an h\r4 ,happily ! poison 0 ( t    
dilut$ k9d :i* is us$ = v small animals1
 t is1 = ^? :i* x is believ$ c be       
recall$ to life by putt+ muriate ( soda 
into ! w\nd4 ,dur+ our passage 9 return+
 f ,esm]alda to ,atures1 ,i myself      
n>r[ly escap$ an imm95t dang]4 ,! cur>e1
 hav+ imbib$ ! humidity ( ! air1 _h     
become fluid1 & 0 spilt f an imp]fectly 
clos$ j> ^u our l954 ,! p]son :o wa%$ ! 

l95 _h neglect$ to exam9e ! inside ( a  
/ock+1 :i* 0 fill$ ) cur>e2 & x 0 only  
on t\*+ ?is glut9\s matt] ) my h&1 t ,i 
0 w>n$ n to draw on ! poison$ /ock+4 ,! 
dang] 0 s mu* ! great]1 z my feet at t  
"t 7 ble$+ f ! w\nds made by *egoes     
7,pulex p5etrans71 :i* _h n be5 well    
extirpat$4 ,?is circum/ance may w>n     
travell]s ( ! caution requisite 9 !     
conveyance ( poisons4  ,an int]e/+      
*emical & physiological inve/igation    
rema9s to be accompli%$ 9 ,europe on !  
poisons ( ! ,new ,_w1 :51 by m frequ5t  
communications1 ! cur>e de bejuco1 !    
cur>e de raiz1 & ! v>i\s poisons ( !    
,amazon1 ,guallaga1 & ,brazil1 c be     
procur$1 )\t be+ conf\nd$ toge!r1 f !   
places :]e !y are prep>$4 ,s9ce !       
discov]y ( prussic acid199 799 ,fir/    
obta9$ by ,s*eele 9 ! ye> #aghb4        
,gay-,lussac 7to :om we are indebt$ = ! 
complete analysis ( ?is acid7 obs]ves t 
x c nev] become v dang]\s to society1   
because its peculi> smell 7t ( bitt]    
almonds7 betrays its pres5ce1 & !       

facility ) :i* x is decompos$ makes x   
difficult to pres]ve47 & _m o!r new     
sub/ances em95tly delet]i\s1 !          
introduction ( poisons prep>$ by savage 
nations is less fe>$ 9 ,europe2 we _c   
h[ev] appeal too /rongly to ! vigilance 
( ^? :o keep su* noxi\s sub/ances 9 !   
mid/ ( popul\s cities1 ! c5tres (       
civilization1 mis]y1 & depravity4 ,our  
botanical k ( ! plants employ$ 9 mak+   
poison c be b v sl[ly acquir$4 ,mo/ ( ! 
,indians :o make poison$ arr[s1 are     
totally ignorant ( ! nature ( ! v5om\s  
sub/ances !y use1 & :i* !y obta9 f o!r  
p4 ,a my/]i\s veil ev]y:]e cov]s !      
hi/ory ( poisons & ( _! antidotes4 ,_!  
prep>ation among savages is ! monopoly (
 ! pia*es1 :o are at once prie/s1       
juggl]s1 & physicians2 x is only f !    
natives :o are transplant$ to !         
missions1 t any c]ta9 notions c be      
acquir$ on matt]s s problematical4 ,ages
 elaps$ be=e ,europeans became acqua9t$ 
?r\gh ! inve/igation ( ,m4 ,mutis1 ) !  
bejuco del guaco 7,mikania guaco71 :i*  

is ! mo/ p[]ful ( all antidotes aga9/ ! 
bite ( s]p5ts1 & ( :i* we 7 =tunate     
en\gh to give ! fir/ botanical          
description4  ,! op9ion is v g5]al 9 !  
missions t no cure is possible1 if !    
cur>e be fre%1 well conc5trat$1 & h /ay$
 long 9 ! w\nd1 to h ent]$ freely into !
 circulation4 ,among ! specifics employ$
 on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 & 9 ! ,indian  
,ar*ipelago1 ! mo/ celebrat$ is muriate 
( soda499 799 ,ovi$o1 ,somm>io delle    
,indie ,ori5tali1 recomm5ds sea-wat] z  
an antidote aga9/ vegetable poisons4 ,! 
p 9 ! missions nev] fail to assure      
,european travell]s1 t !y h no m to fe> 
f arr[s dipp$ 9 cur>e1 if !y h a little 
salt 9 _! m\?s1 ?an f ! electric %ocks (
 ! gymnoti1 :5 *ew+ tobacco4 ,raleigh   
recomm5ds z an antidote to ! our>i      
7cur>e7 ! juice ( g>lick4 ,b lat]       
exp]im5ts h completely prov$ t if !     
poison has once fairly ent]$ into       
comb9ation ) ! blood !re is no rem$y1   
ei!r = man or any ( ! inf]ior animals4  
,! w\rali & o!r poisons m5tion$ by      

,humboldt h1 s9ce ! publication ( ?is   
"w1 be5 c>efully analys$ by ! fir/      
*emi/s ( ,europe1 & exp]im5ts made on _!
 symptoms & suppos$ rem$ies4 ,artificial
 inflation ( ! lungs 0 f\nd ! mo/       
successful1 b 9 v few in/ances 0 any    
cure effect$47 ,! w\nd is rubb$ ) ?is   
salt1 :i* is also tak5 int]nally4 ,i _h 
myself no direct & suffici5tly conv9c+  
pro( ( ! action ( ?is specific2 & !     
exp]im5ts ( ,delille & ,maj5die r t5d to
 disprove its efficacy4 ,on ! banks ( ! 
,amazon1 ! pref]5ce among ! antidotes is
 giv5 to sug>2 & muriate ( soda be+ a   
sub/ance almo/ unkn[n to ! ,indians ( ! 
=e/s1 x is probable t ! honey ( bees1 & 
t f>9ace\s sug> :i* oozes f planta9s    
dri$ 9 ! sun1 7 anci5tly employ$ ?r\gh\t
 ,guiana4 ,9 va9 h ammonia & eau-de-luce
 be5 tri$ aga9/ ! cur>e2 x is n[ kn[n t 
^! specifics are unc]ta91 ev5 :5 appli$ 
to w\nds caus$ by ! bite ( s]p5ts4 ,sir 
,ev]>d ,home has %[n t a cure is (t5    
attribut$ to a rem$y1 :5 x is ow+ only  
to ! slightness ( ! w\nd1 & to a v      

circumscrib$ action ( ! poison4 ,animals
 may ) impunity be w\nd$ ) poison$      
arr[s1 if ! w\nd be well laid op51 & !  
po9t imbu$ ) poison be )drawn imm$iately
 aft] ! w\nd is made4 ,if salt or sug>  
be employ$ 9 ^! cases1 p are tempt$ to  
reg>d !m z excell5t specifics4 ,indians1
 :o _h be5 w\nd$ 9 battle by weapons    
dipp$ 9 ! cur>e1 describ$ to u !        
symptoms !y exp]i5c$1 :i* 7 entirely    
simil> to ^? obs]v$ 9 ! bite ( s]p5ts4  
,! w\nd$ p]son feels conge/ion 9 ! head1
 v]tigo1 & nausea4 ,he is torm5t$ by a  
rag+ ?ir/1 & numbness p]vades all ! p>ts
 t are ne> ! w\nd4  ,! old ,indian1 :o 0
 call$ ! poison-ma/]1 seem$ flatt]$ by !
 int]e/ we took 9 8 *emical processes4  
,he f\nd u suffici5tly intellig5t to    
lead him to ! belief t we knew h[ to    
make soap1 an art :i*1 next to !        
prep>ation ( cur>e1 appe>$ to him "o ( !
 f9e/ ( human inv5tions4 ,:5 ! liquid   
poison _h be5 p\r$ into ! vessels prep>$
 = _! reception1 we accompani$ ! ,indian
 to ! fe/ival ( ! juvias4 ,! h>ve/ (    

juvias1 or fruits ( ! ,b]?olletia       
excelsa199 799 ,! ,brazil-nut47 0       
celebrat$ by danc+1 & by excesses ( wild
 intoxication4 ,! hut :]e ! natives 7   
assembl$1 display$ dur+ sev]al days a v 
s+ul> aspect4 ,!re 0 nei!r table nor    
b5*2 b l>ge roa/$ monkeys1 black5$ by   
smoke1 7 rang$ 9 regul> ord] aga9/ !    
wall4 ,^! 7 ! m>imondes 7,ateles        
belzebu?71 & ^? be>d$ monkeys call$     
capu*9s1 :i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) !      
weep]1 or sai 7,simia capuc9a (         
,buffon74 ,! mann] ( roa/+ ^!           
an?ropomorph\s animals contributes to   
r5d] _! appe>ance extremely disagreeable
 9 ! eyes ( civiliz$ man4 ,a little     
grat+ or lattice ( v h>d wood is =m$1 & 
rais$ "o foot f ! gr\nd4 ,! monkey is   
sk9n$1 & b5t into a sitt+ po/ure2 ! head
 g5]ally re/+ on ! arms1 :i* are meagre 
& long2 b sometimes ^! are cross$ beh9d 
! back4 ,:5 x is ti$ on ! grat+1 a v    
cle> fire is k9dl$ bel[4 ,! monkey1     
envelop$ 9 smoke & flame1 is broil$ &   
black5$ at ! same "t4 ,on see+ ! natives

 dev\r ! arm or leg ( a roa/$ monkey1 x 
is difficult n to believe t ?is habit ( 
eat+ animals s closely resembl+ man 9 _!
 physical organization1 has1 to a c]ta9 
degree1 contribut$ to dim9i% ! horror ( 
cannibalism among ^! p4 ,roa/$ monkeys1 
p>ticul>ly ^? :i* h v r\nd heads1       
display a hide\s resemblance to a *ild2 
& consequ5tly ,europeans :o are oblig$  
to fe$ on !m pref] sep>at+ ! head & !   
h&s1 & s]ve up only ! re/ ( ! animal at 
_! tables4 ,! fle% ( monkeys is s lean &
 dry1 t ,m4 ,bonpl& has pres]v$ 9 8     
collections at ,p>is an arm & h&1 :i* _h
 be5 broil$ ov] ! fire at ,esm]alda2 &  
no smell has aris5 f !m aft] ! lapse ( a
 great numb] ( ye>s4  ,we saw ! ,indians
 dance4 ,! monotony ( _! danc+ is       
increas$ by ! wom5 n d>+ to take "p 9 x4
 ,! m51 "y & old1 =m a circle1 hold+ ea*
 o!rs' h&s2 & turn sometimes to ! "r1   
sometimes to ! left1 = :ole h\rs1 )     
sil5t gravity4 ,mo/ frequ5tly ! danc]s  
!mselves are ! musicians4 ,feeble s\nds1
 drawn f a s]ies ( re$s ( diff]5t l5g?s1

 =m a sl[ & pla9tive accompanim5t4 ,!   
fir/ danc]1 to m>k ! "t1 b5ds bo? knees 
9 a k9d ( cad5ce4 ,sometimes !y all make
 a pause 9 _! places1 & execute little  
oscillatory movem5ts1 b5d+ ! body f "o  
side to ! o!r4 ,! re$s rang$ 9 a l9e1 & 
fa/5$ toge!r1 resemble ! ,pan's pipes1 z
 we f9d !m repres5t$ 9 ! bac*analian    
processions on ,grecian vases4 ,to unite
 re$s ( diff]5t l5g?s1 & make !m s\nd 9 
succession by pass+ !m be=e ! lips1 is a
 simple idea1 & has naturally pres5t$   
itself to e nation4 ,we 7 surpris$ to   
see ) :at promptitude ! "y ,indians     
con/ruct$ & tun$ ^! pipes1 :5 !y f\nd   
re$s on ! bank ( ! riv]4 ,unciviliz$ m51
 9 e zone1 make great use ( ^! gram9a ) 
high /alks4 ,! ,greeks1 ) tru?1 said t  
re$s _h contribut$ to subjugate nations 
by furni%+ arr[s1 to s(t5 m5's mann]s by
 ! *>m ( music1 & to unfold _! und]/&+  
by af=d+ ! fir/ in/rum5ts = trac+       
lett]s4 ,^! diff]5t uses ( re$s m>k 9 "s
 sort ?ree diff]5t p]iods 9 ! life (    
nations4 ,we mu/ admit t ! tribes ( !   

,or9oco are 9 ! fir/ /age ( dawn+       
civilization4 ,! re$ s]ves !m only z an 
in/rum5t ( w> & ( hunt+2 & ! ,pan's     
pipes1 ( :i* we h spok51 h n yet1 on ^? 
di/ant %ores1 yield$ s\nds capable (    
awak5+ mild & humane feel+s4  ,we f\nd 9
 ! hut allott$ = ! fe/ival1 sev]al      
vegetable productions :i* ! ,indians _h 
br\ght f ! m\nta9s ( ,guanaya1 & :i*    
engag$ our att5tion4 ,i %all only "h    
m5tion ! fruit ( ! juvia1 re$s ( a      
prodigi\s l5g?1 & %irts made ( ! b>k (  
m>ima4 ,! alm5dron1 or juvia1 "o ( ! mo/
 maje/ic trees ( ! =e/s ( ! ,new ,_w1 0 
almo/ unkn[n be=e our visit to ! ,rio   
,negro4 ,x beg9s to be f\nd aft] a      
j\rney ( f\r days ea/ ( ,esm]alda1      
betwe5 ! ,padamo & ,ocamo1 at ! foot ( !
 ,c]ro ,mapaya1 on ! "r bank ( !        
,or9oco4 ,x is /ill m abundant on ! left
 bank1 at ! ,c]ro ,guanaja1 betwe5 !    
,rio ,amaguaca & ! ,gehette4 ,!         
inhabitants ( ,esm]alda assur$ u1 t 9   
advanc+ above ! ,gehette & ! ,*iguire1 !
 juvia & cacao-trees become s common t !

 wild ,indians 7! ,guaicas & ,guah>ibos7
 d n di/urb ! ,indians ( ! missions :5  
ga!r+ 9 _! h>ve/s4 ,!y d n envy !m !    
productions ) :i* nature has enri*$ _!  
own soil4 ,sc>cely any attempt has be5  
made to propagate ! alm5drones 9 !      
settlem5ts ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,to ?is ! 
indol5ce ( ! inhabitants is a great]    
ob/acle ?an ! rapidity ) :i* ! oil      
becomes rancid 9 ! amygdali=m se$s4 ,we 
f\nd only ?ree trees ( ! k9d at !       
mission ( ,san ,c>los1 & two at         
,esm]alda4 ,^! maje/ic trees 7 eight or 
t5 ye>s old1 & _h n yet borne fl[]s4  ,z
 e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! se$s )      
ligne\s & triangul> tegum5ts 7b n !     
great drupe l a cocoa-nut1 :i* conta9s !
 almonds17 7 kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,i         
recognise !m 9 an imp]fect engrav+ (    
,clusius499 799 ,clusius di/+ui%es v    
prop]ly ! alm5dras del ,p]u1 our        
,b]?olletia excelsa1 or juvia1 7fructus 
amygdalae-nucleo1 triangul>is1 dorso    
lato1 9 b9a lat]a angulosa des95te1     
rugosus1 paululum cunei=mis7 f ! pekea1 

or ,amygdala guayanica4 ,raleigh1 :o    
knew none ( ! productions ( ! ,upp]     
,or9oco1 does n speak ( ! juvia2 b x    
appe>s t he fir/ br\ght to ,europe !    
fruit ( ! mauritia palm1 ( :i* we h s   
(t5 spok54 7,fructus elegantissimus1    
squamosus1 similis palmae-p9i47 ,?is    
botani/ designates !m "u ! "n ( alm5dras
 del ,p]u4 ,!y _h no d\bt be5 c>ri$1 z a
 v r>e fruit1 to ! ,upp] ,m>anon1 &     
!nce1 by ! ,cordill]as1 to ,quito &     
,p]u4 ,! ,novus ,orbis ( ,laet1 9 :i* ,i
 f\nd ! fir/ acc\nt ( ! c[-tree1        
furni%es also a description & a figure  
s+ul>ly exact ( ! fruit ( ! b]?olletia4 
,laet calls ! tree totocke1 & m5tions ! 
drupe ( ! size ( ! human head1 :i*      
conta9s ! almonds4 ,! weight ( ^!       
fruits1 he says1 is s enorm\s1 t !      
savages d>e n ent] ! =e/s )\t cov]+ _!  
heads & %\ld]s ) a buckl] ( v h>d wood4 
,^! buckl]s are unkn[n to ! natives (   
,esm]alda1 b !y told u ( ! dang] incurr$
 :5 ! fruit rip5s & falls f a height (  
fifty or sixty feet4 ,! triangul> se$s (

 ! juvia are sold 9 ,portugal "u ! vague
 appellation ( *esnuts 7ca/anas7 ( !    
,amazon1 & 9 ,engl& "u ! "n (           
,brazil-nuts2 & x 0 long believ$ t1 l ! 
fruit ( ! pekea1 !y grew on sep>ate     
/alks4 ,!y h furni%$ an article ( trade 
= a c5tury pa/ to ! inhabitants ( ,gr&  
,p>a1 by :om !y are s5t ei!r directly to
 ,europe1 or to ,cay5ne1 :]e !y are     
call$ t\ka4 ,! celebrat$ botani/1       
,correa de ,s]ra1 told u t ?is tree     
ab\nds 9 ! =e/s 9 ! neighb\rhood (      
,macapa1 at ! m\? ( ! ,amazon2 t x !re  
be>s ! "n ( capucaya1 & t ! inhabitants 
ga!r ! almonds1 l ^? ( ! lecy?is1 to    
express ! oil4 ,a c>go ( almonds ( !    
juvia1 b\ght into ,havre1 captur$ by a  
private]1 9 #ahjg1 0 employ$ = ! same   
purpose4  ,! tree t yields !            
,brazil-nuts is g5]ally n m ?an two or  
?ree feet 9 diamet]1 b atta9s "o hundr$ 
or "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet 9 height4 ,x  
does n resemble ! mammee-tree1 !        
/>-apple1 & sev]al o!r trees ( !        
tropics1 ! bran*es ( :i* 7z 9 !         

laurel-trees ( ! temp]ate zone7 rise    
almo/ /raight t[>ds ! sky4 ,! bran*es ( 
! b]?olletia are op51 v long1 almo/     
entirely b>e t[>ds ! base1 & load$ at _!
 summits ) tufts ( v close foliage4 ,?is
 disposition ( ! semicoriace\s leaves1  
:i* are a little silv]y on _! "u "p1 & m
 ?an two feet long1 makes ! bran*es b5d 
d[n t[>d ! gr\nd1 l ! fronds ( !        
palm-tree4 ,we did n see ?is maje/ic    
tree 9 blossom3 x is n load$ ) fl[]s99  
till 9 its fifte5? ye>1 & !y appe> ab\t 
! end ( ,m>* & ! beg9n+ ( ,april4 799   
,accord+ to acc\nts some:at vague1 !y   
are yell[1 v l>ge1 & h "s similitude to 
^? ( ! ,bombax ceiba4 ,m4 ,bonpl& says1 
h[ev]1 9 8 botanical j\rnal writt5 on ! 
banks ( ! ,rio ,negro1 flos violaceus4  
,x 0 ?us ! ,indians ( ! riv] _h describ$
 to him ! col\r ( ! corolla47 ,! fruits 
rip5 t[>ds ! end ( ,may1 & "s trees     
reta9 !m till ! end ( ,augu/4 ,^!       
fruits1 :i* are z l>ge z ! head ( a     
*ild1 (t5 twelve or ?irte5 in*es 9      
diamet]1 make a v l\d noise 9 fall+ f ! 

tops ( ! trees4 ,no?+ is m fitt$ to fill
 ! m9d ) admiration ( ! =ce ( organic   
action 9 ! equ9octial zone ?an ! aspect 
( ^? great igne\s p]ic>ps1 = in/ance1 ! 
cocoa-tree 7lodoicea7 ( ! ,maldives     
among ! monocotyl$ons1 & ! b]?olletia & 
! lecy?is among ! dicotyl$ons4 ,9 our   
climates only ! cucurbitaceae produce 9 
! space ( a few mon?s fruits ( an       
extraord9>y size2 b ^! fruits are pulpy 
& succul5t4 ,)9 ! tropics1 ! b]?olletia 
=ms 9 less ?an fifty or sixty days a    
p]ic>p1 ! ligne\s "p ( :i* is half an   
in* ?ick1 & :i* x is difficult to saw ) 
! %>pe/ in/rum5ts4 ,a great naturali/   
has obs]v$1 t ! wood ( fruits atta9s 9  
g5]al a h>dness :i* is sc>cely to be    
f\nd 9 ! wood ( ! trunks ( trees4 ,!    
p]ic>p ( ! b]?olletia has traces ( f\r  
cells1 & ,i h sometimes f\nd ev5 five4  
,! se$s h two v di/9ct cov]+s1 & ?is    
circum/ance r5d]s ! /ructure ( ! fruit m
 complicat$ ?an 9 ! lecy?is1 ! pekea or 
c>yoc>1 & ! sa\v>i4 ,! fir/ tegum5t is  
osse\s or ligne\s1 triangul>1 tub]culat$

 on its ext]ior surface1 & ( ! col\r (  
c9namon4 ,f\r or five1 & sometimes eight
 ( ^! triangul> nuts1 are atta*$ to a   
c5tral p>tition4 ,z !y are loos5$ 9 "t1 
!y move freely 9 ! l>ge sph]ical p]ic>p4
 ,! capu*9 monkeys 7,simia *iropotes7   
are s+ul>ly fond ( ! ,brazil nuts2 & !  
noise made by ! se$s1 :5 ! fruit is %ak5
 z x falls f ! tree1 excites ! appetites
 ( ^! animals 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,i h   
mo/ frequ5tly f\nd only f fifte5 to     
tw5ty-two nuts 9 ea* fruit4 ,! second   
tegum5t ( ! almonds is membranace\s1 & (
 a br[n-yell[4 ,_! ta/e is extremely    
agreeable :5 !y are fre%2 b ! oil1 ) :i*
 !y ab\nd1 & :i* is s useful 9 ! arts1  
becomes easily rancid4 ,al?\gh at !     
,upp] ,or9oco we (t5 ate consid]able    
quantities ( ^! almonds = want ( o!r    
food1 we nev] felt any bad effects f s  
do+4 ,! sph]ical p]ic>p ( ! b]?olletia1 
p]=at$ at ! summit1 is n dehisc5t2 !    
upp] & swell$ "p ( ! columella =ms      
7accord+ to ,m4 ,kun?7 a sort ( inn]    
cov]1 z 9 ! fruit ( ! lecy?is1 b x      

seldom op5s ( itself4 ,_m se$s1 f !     
decomposition ( ! oil conta9$ 9 !       
cotyl$ons1 lose ! faculty ( g]m9ation   
be=e ! ra9y season1 9 :i* ! ligne\s     
integum5t ( ! p]ic>p op5s by ! effect ( 
putrefaction4 ,a tale is v curr5t on !  
banks ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 t ! capu*9 &    
cacajao monkeys 7,simia *iropotes1 &    
,simia melanocephala7 place !mselves 9 a
 circle1 &1 by /rik+ ! %ell ) a /one1   
succe$ 9 op5+ x1 s z to take out !      
triangul> nuts4 ,?is op]ation mu/1      
h[ev]1 be impossible1 on acc\nt ( !     
extreme h>dness & ?ickness ( ! p]ic>p4  
,monkeys may h be5 se5 roll+ along !    
fruit ( ! b]?olletia1 b ?\gh ?is fruit  
has a small hole clos$ by ! upp]        
extremity ( ! columella1 nature has n   
furni%$ monkeys ) ! means ( op5+ !      
ligne\s p]ic>p1 z x has ( op5+ ! cov]cle
 ( ! lecy?is1 call$ 9 ! missions !      
cov]cle ( ! monkeys' cocoa499 799 ,la   
tapa del coco de monos47 ,accord+ to !  
report ( sev]al ,indians1 only ! small] 
rod5tia1 p>ticul>ly ! cavies 7! acuri & 

! lapa71 by ! /ructure ( _! tee?1 & !   
inconceivable p]sev]ance ) :i* !y pursue
 _! de/ructive op]ations1 succe$ 9      
p]=at+ ! fruit ( ! juvia4 ,z soon z !   
triangul> nuts are spread on ! gr\nd1   
all ! animals ( ! =e/1 ! monkeys1 !     
manaviris1 ! squirrels1 ! cavies1 !     
p>rots1 & ! macaws1 ha/ily assemble to  
dispute ! prey4 ,!y h all /r5g? en\gh to
 break ! ligne\s tegum5t ( ! se$2 !y get
 out ! k]nel1 & c>ry x to ! tops ( !    
trees4 ,x is _! fe/ival also1 said !    
,indians :o _h return$ f ! h>ve/2 & on  
he>+ _! compla9ts ( ! animals1 "o may   
p]ceive t !y ?9k !mselves alone ! lawful
 ma/]s ( ! =e/4  ,"o ( ! f\r canoes1 :i*
 _h tak5 ! ,indians to ! ga!r+ ( !      
,juvias1 0 fill$ 9 great "p ) t species 
( re$s 7c>ices7 ( :i* ! bl[-tubes are   
made4 ,^! re$s 7 f fifte5 to sev5te5    
feet long1 yet no trace ( a knot = !    
ins]tion ( leaves & bran*es 0 p]ceiv$4  
,!y 7 q /raight1 smoo? ext]nally1 &     
p]fectly cyl9drical4 ,^! c>ices come f !
 foot ( ! m\nta9s ( ,yum>iqu9 &         

,guanaja4 ,!y are mu* s\ght aft]1 ev5   
beyond ! ,or9oco1 by ! "n ( re$s (      
,esm]alda4 ,a hunt] pres]ves ! same     
bl[-tube dur+ 8 :ole life1 & boa/s ( its
 lightness & precision1 z we boa/ ( !   
same qualities 9 our fire-arms4 ,:at is 
! monocotyl$on\s plant99 t furni%es ^!  
admirable re$s8 799 ,! smoo? surface (  
^! tubes suffici5tly proves t !y are n  
furni%$ by a plant ( ! family (         
umbellif]ae47 ,did we see 9 fact !      
int]nodes 7p>ts betwe5 ! knots7 ( a     
gram5 ( ! tribe ( na/oides8 or may ?is  
c>ex be p]haps a cyp]ace\s plant99      
de/itute ( knots8 799 ,! c>icillo del   
manati1 :i* gr[s abundantly on ! banks (
 ! ,or9oco1 atta9s f eight to t5 feet 9 
height47 ,i _c solve ?is "q1 or det]m9e 
to :at g5us ano!r plant belongs1 :i*    
furni%es ! %irts ( m>ima4 ,we saw on !  
slope ( ! ,c]ra ,duida %irt-trees fifty 
feet high4 ,! ,indians cut (f cyl9drical
 pieces two feet 9 diamet]1 f :i* !y    
peel ! r$ & fibr\s b>k1 )\t mak+ any    
longitud9al incision4 ,?is b>k af=ds !m 

a sort ( g>m5t1 :i* resembles sacks ( a 
v co>se texture1 & )\t a seam4 ,! upp]  
op5+ s]ves = ! head2 & two lat]al holes 
are cut = ! arms to pass ?r\gh4 ,!      
natives we> ^! %irts ( m>ima 9 ! ra9y   
season3 !y h ! =m ( ! pon*os & ruanas ( 
cotton1 :i* are s common 9 ,new ,gr5ada1
 at ,quito1 & 9 ,p]u4 ,9 ^! climates !  
ri*es & b5efic5ce ( nature be+ reg>d$ z 
! prim>y causes ( ! indol5ce ( !        
inhabitants1 ! mission>ies say 9 %[+ !  
%irts ( m>ima1 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,or9oco     
g>m5ts are f\nd ready-made on ! trees4  
,we may also m5tion ! po9t$ caps1 :i* ! 
spa!s ( c]ta9 palm-trees furni%1 & :i*  
resemble co>se network4  ,at ! fe/ival (
 :i* we 7 ! spectators1 ! wom51 :o 7    
exclud$ f ! dance1 & e sort ( public    
rejoic+1 7 daily occupi$ 9 s]v+ ! m5 )  
roa/$ monkey1 f]m5t$ liquors1 &         
palm-cabbage4 ,?is la/ production has ! 
ta/e ( our caulifl[]s1 & 9 no o!r c\ntry
 _h we se5 specim5s ( su* an imm5se     
size4 ,! leaves t are n unfold$ are     
unit$ ) ! "y /em1 & we measur$ cyl9d]s (

 six feet long & five in*es 9 diamet]4  
,ano!r sub/ance1 :i* is mu* m nutritive1
 is obta9$ f ! animal k+dom3 ?is is     
fi%-fl\r 7manioc de pescado74 ,!        
,indians ?r\gh\t ! ,upp] ,or9oco fry    
fi%1 dry !m 9 ! sun1 & r$uce !m to p[d] 
)\t sep>at+ ! bones4 ,i h se5 masses (  
fifty or sixty p\nds ( ?is fl\r1 :i*    
resembles t ( cassava4 ,:5 x is want$ = 
eat+1 x is mix$ ) wat]1 & r$uc$ to a    
pa/e4 ,9 e climate ! abundance ( fi% has
 l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! same means (      
pres]v+ !m4 ,pl9y & ,diodorus ,siculus h
 describ$ ! fi%-bread ( ! i*?yophag\s   
nations1 t dwelt on ! ,p]sian ,gulf & ! 
%ores ( ! ,r$ ,sea499 799 ,^! nations1 9
 a /ill rud] /ate ?an ! natives ( !     
,or9oco1 cont5t$ !mselves ) dry+ ! raw  
fi% 9 ! sun4 ,!y made up ! fi%-pa/e 9 ! 
=m ( bricks1 & sometimes mix$ ) x !     
aromatic se$ ( paliurus 7rhamnus71 z 9  
,g]many1 & "s o!r c\ntries1 cumm9 &     
f5nel-se$ are mix$ ) :eat5 bread47  ,at 
,esm]alda1 z ev]y:]e else ?r\gh\t !     
missions1 ! ,indians :o w n be baptiz$1 

& :o are m]ely aggregat$ 9 ! community1 
live 9 a /ate ( polygamy4 ,! numb] (    
wives diff]s mu* 9 diff]5t tribes4 ,x is
 mo/ consid]able among ! ,c>ibs1 & all !
 nations t h pres]v$ ! cu/om ( c>ry+ (f 
"y girls f ! neighb\r+ tribes4 ,h[ c we 
imag9e dome/ic happ9ess 9 s unequal an  
association8 ,! wom5 live 9 a sort (    
slav]y1 z !y d 9 mo/ nations :i* are 9 a
 /ate ( b>b>ism4 ,! husb&s be+ 9 ! full 
enjoym5t ( absolute p[]1 no compla9t is 
he>d 9 _! pres5ce4 ,an app>5t           
tranquillity prevails 9 ! h\sehold2 !   
wom5 are eag] to anticipate ! wi%es ( an
 imp]i\s & sull5 ma/]2 & !y att5d )\t   
di/9ction to _! own *ildr5 & ^? ( _!    
rivals4 ,! mission>ies ass]t1 :at may   
easily be believ$1 t ?is dome/ic peace1 
! effect ( fe>1 is s+ul>ly di/urb$ :5 ! 
husb& is long abs5t4 ,! wife :o         
contract$ ! fir/ ties !n applies to !   
o!rs ! names ( concub9es & s]vants4 ,!  
qu>rels cont9ue till ! return ( ! ma/]1 
:o kn[s h[ to calm _! passions by ! s\nd
 ( 8 voice1 by a m]e ge/iculation1 or1  

if he ?9ks x necess>y1 by means a little
 m viol5t4 ,a c]ta9 inequality 9 !      
rights ( ! wom5 is sanction$ by !       
language ( ! ,tamanacs4 ,! husb& calls !
 second & ?ird wife ! companions ( !    
fir/2 & ! fir/ treats ^! companions z   
rivals & enemies 7ipucjatoje71 a t]m :i*
 truly expresses _! position4 ,! :ole   
weight ( lab\r be+ support$ by ^!       
unhappy wom51 we mu/ n be surpris$ if1 9
 "s nations1 _! numb] is extremely      
small4 ,:]e ?is happ5s1 a k9d ( poly&ry 
is =m$1 :i* we f9d m fully display$ 9   
,?ibet1 & on ! l(ty m\nta9s at !        
extremity ( ! ,indian p59sula4 ,among ! 
,avanos & ,maypures1 bro!rs h (t5 b "o  
wife4 ,:5 an ,indian1 :o lives 9        
polygamy1 becomes a *ri/ian1 he is      
compell$ by ! mission>ies1 to *oose     
among 8 wives h] :om he pref]s1 & to    
reject ! o!rs4 ,at ! mom5t ( sep>ation !
 new conv]t sometimes discov]s ! mo/    
valuable qualities 9 ! wives he is      
oblig$ to ab&on4 ,"o und]/&s g>d5+      
p]fectly2 ano!r kn[s h[ to prep>e *iza1 

an intoxicat+ bev]age extract$ f ! root 
( cassava2 all appe> to him alike clev] 
& useful4 ,sometimes ! desire ( pres]v+ 
8 wives ov]comes 9 ! ,indian 8          
incl9ation to *ri/ianity2 b mo/         
frequ5tly1 9 8 p]plexity1 ! husb& pref]s
 submitt+ to ! *oice ( ! mission>y1 z to
 a bl9d fatality4  ,! ,indians1 :o f    
,may to ,augu/ take j\rneys to ! ea/ (  
,esm]alda1 to ga!r ! vegetable          
productions ( ! m\nta9s ( ,yum>iqu91    
gave u precise notions ( ! c\rse ( !    
,or9oco to ! ea/ ( ! mission4 ,?is "p ( 
my it9]>y may diff] entirely f ! maps t 
prec$$ x4 ,i %all beg9 ! description (  
?is c\ntry ) ! granitic gr\p ( ,duida1  
at ! foot ( :i* we soj\rn$4 ,?is gr\p is
 b\nd$ on ! we/ by ! ,rio ,tamatama1 &  
on ! ea/ by ! ,rio ,guapo4 ,betwe5 ^!   
two tribut>y /reams ( ! ,or9oco1 amid ! 
mori*ales1 or clumps ( mauritia         
palm-trees1 :i* surr\nd ,esm]alda1 !    
,rio ,sodomoni fl[s1 celebrat$ = !      
excell5ce ( ! p9e-apples t gr[ ^u its   
banks4 ,i measur$1 on ! #bbnd ( ,may1 9 

! savannah at ! foot ( ,duida1 a base ( 
f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-five metres 9 l5g?2 
! angle1 "u :i* ! summit ( ! m\nta9     
appe>$ at ! di/ance ( ?irte5 ?\s& ?ree  
hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 metres1 0 /ill n9e  
degrees4 ,a trigonometric measurem5t1   
made ) great c>e1 gave me = ,duida 7t   
is1 = ! mo/ elevat$ peak1 :i* is s\?-we/
 ( ! ,c]ro ,m>aguaca7 two ?\s& "o hundr$
 & sev5ty-n9e metres1 or "o ?\s& "o     
hundr$ & eighte5 toises1 above ! pla9 ( 
,esm]alda4 ,! ,c]ro ,duida ?us yields b 
little 9 height 7sc>cely eighty or "o   
hundr$ toises7 to ! summit ( ,/4 ,go?>d1
 or ! ,silla ( ,c>acas on ! %ore (      
,v5ezuela4 ,x is inde$ consid]$ z a     
colossal m\nta9 9 ^? c\ntries2 & ?is    
celebrity gives a precise idea ( ! mean 
height ( ,p>ima & ( all ! m\nta9s (     
ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ,si]ra     
,nevada de ,m]ida1 z well z to ! s\?-ea/
 ( ! ,p>amo de las ,rosas1 none ( ! *a9s
 t ext5d 9 ! same p>allel l9e rea* !    
height ( ! c5tral ridge ( ! ,pyr5ees4   
,! granitic summit ( ,duida is s ne>ly  

p]p5dicul> t ! ,indians h va9ly attempt$
 ! asc5t4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t      
m\nta9s n rem>kable = elevation are     
sometimes ! mo/ inaccessible4 ,at !     
beg9n+ & end ( ! ra9y season1 small     
flames1 :i* seem to *ange _! place1 are 
se5 on ! top ( ,duida4 ,?is ph5om5on1 ! 
exi/5ce ( :i* is borne out by concurr5t 
te/imony1 has caus$ ?is m\nta9 to be    
improp]ly call$ a volcano4 ,z x /&s     
ne>ly alone1 x might be suppos$ t       
lightn+ f "t to "t sets fire to !       
bru%wood2 b ?is supposition loses its   
probability :5 we reflect on ! extreme  
difficulty ) :i* plants are ignit$ 9 ^! 
damp climates4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ also t  
^! flames are said to appe> (t5 :]e !   
rock seems sc>cely cov]$ ) turf1 & t !  
same igne\s ph5om5a are visible1 on days
 entirely exempt f /orms1 on ! summit ( 
,gu>aco or ,murcielago1 a hill opposite 
! m\? ( ! ,rio ,tamatama1 on ! s\!rn    
bank ( ! ,or9oco4 ,?is hill is sc>cely  
elevat$ "o hundr$ toises above !        
neighb\r+ pla9s4 ,if ! /atem5ts ( !     

natives be correct1 x is probable t "s  
subt]rane\s cause produces ^! flames on 
! ,duida & ! ,gu>aco2 = !y nev] appe> on
 ! l(ty neighb\r+ m\nta9s ( ,jao &      
,m>aguaca1 s (t5 wrapp$ 9 electric      
/orms4 ,! granite ( ! ,c]ro ,duida is   
full ( ve9s1 p>tly op51 & p>tly fill$ ) 
cry/als ( qu>tz & pyrites4 ,gase\s &    
inflammable emanations1 ei!r ( hydrog5  
or ( naph?a1 may pass ?r\gh ^! ve9s4 ,( 
?is ! m\nta9s ( ,c>amania1 ( ,h9dookho1 
& ( ,himalaya1 furni% frequ5t examples4 
,we saw ! appe>ance ( flames 9 _m p>ts (
 ea/]n ,am]ica subject to e>?quakes1 ev5
 f second>y rocks1 z at ,cu*iv]o1 ne>   
,cumanacoa4 ,! fire %[s itself :5 !     
gr\nd1 /rongly heat$ by ! sun1 receives 
! fir/ ra9s2 or :51 aft] viol5t %[]s1 ! 
e>? beg9s to dry4 ,! fir/ cause ( ^!    
igne\s ph5om5a lies at imm5se dep?s bel[
 ! second>y rocks1 9 ! primitive        
=mations3 ! ra9s & ! decomposition (    
atmosph]ic wat] act only a second>y "p4 
,! hotte/ spr+s ( ! globe issue         
imm$iately f granite4 ,petroleum gu%es f

 mica-s*i/2 & frightful detonations are 
he>d at ,enc>amada1 betwe5 ! riv]s      
,arauca & ,cu*iv]o1 9 ! mid/ ( !        
granitic soil ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,si]ra    
,p>ima4 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e else on ! globe1 
! focus ( volcanoes is 9 ! mo/ anci5t   
soils2 & x appe>s t an intimate         
connection exi/s betwe5 ! great ph5om5a 
t heave up & liquify ! cru/ ( our       
planet1 & ^? igne\s meteors :i* are se5 
f "t to "t on its surface1 & :i* f _!   
littl5ess we are tempt$ to attribute    
solely to ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e4     
,duida1 ?\gh l[] ?an ! height assign$ to
 x by popul> belief1 is h[ev] ! mo/     
prom95t po9t ( ! :ole gr\p ( m\nta9s t  
sep>ate ! bas9 ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco f t ( ! 
,amazon4 ,^! m\nta9s l[] /ill m rapidly 
on ! nor?-ea/1 t[>d ! ,purunama1 ?an on 
! ea/1 t[>d ! ,padamo & ! ,rio ,ocamo4  
,9 ! =m] direction ! mo/ elevat$ summits
 next to ,duida are ,cuneva1 at ! s\rces
 ( ! ,rio ,p>u 7"o ( ! tribut>y /reams (
 ! ,v5tu>i71 ,sipapo1 ,calitam9i1 :i*   
=ms "o gr\p ) ,cunavami & ! peak (      

,umiana4 ,ea/ ( ,duida1 on ! "r bank ( !
 ,or9oco1 ,m>avaca1 or ,si]ra ,m>aguaca1
 is di/+ui%$ by its elevation1 betwe5 ! 
,rio ,caurimoni & ! ,padamo2 & on ! left
 bank ( ! ,or9oco rise ! m\nta9s (      
,guanaja & ,yum>iqu91 betwe5 ! ,rios    
,amaguaca & ,gehette4 ,x is almo/       
sup]flu\s to repeat t ! l9e :i* passes  
?r\gh ^! l(ty summits 7l ^? ( !         
,pyr5ees1 ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s1 & s _m   
o!r *a9s ( ! old cont95t7 is v di/9ct f 
! l9e t m>ks ! p>tition ( ! wat]s4 ,?is 
latt] l9e1 :i* sep>ates ! tribut>y      
/reams ( ! ,l[] & ,upp] ,or9oco1        
int]sects ! m]idian ( #fd degrees 9     
latitude #d degrees4 ,aft] hav+ sep>at$ 
! s\rces ( ! ,rio ,branco & ! ,c>ony1 x 
runs nor?-we/1 s5d+ (f ! wat]s ( !      
,padamo1 ! ,jao1 & ! ,v5tu>i t[>ds !    
s\?1 & ! wat]s ( ! ,arui1 ! ,caura1 & ! 
,cu*iv]o t[>ds ! nor?4  ,! ,or9oco may  
be asc5d$ )\t dang] f ,esm]alda z f> z !
 cat>acts occupi$ by ! ,guaica ,indians1
 :o prev5t all f>!r progress ( !        
,spani>ds4 ,?is is a voyage ( six days &

 a half4 ,9 ! fir/ two days y arrive at 
! m\? ( ! ,rio ,padamo1 or ,patamo1 hav+
 pass$1 on ! nor?1 ! little riv]s (     
,tamatama1 ,sodomoni1 ,guapo1           
,caurimoni1 & ,simirimoni2 & on ! s\? ! 
,cuca1 situate betwe5 ! rock ( ,gu>aco1 
:i* is said to ?r[ out flames1 & ! ,c]ro
 ,canclilla4 ,?r\gh\t ?is c\rse !       
,or9oco cont9ues to be ?ree or f\r      
hundr$ toises broad4 ,! tribut>y /reams 
are mo/ frequ5t on ! "r bank1 because on
 t side ! riv] is b\nd$ by ! l(ty       
cl\d-capp$ m\nta9s ( ,duida & ,m>aguaca1
 :ile ! left bank on ! contr>y is l[ &  
contigu\s to a pla91 ! g5]al slope ( :i*
 incl9es to ! s\?-we/4 ,! nor!rn        
,cordill]as are cov]$ ) f9e timb]4 ,!   
gr[? ( plants is s enorm\s 9 ?is hot &  
con/antly humid climate1 t ! trunks ( ! 
,bombax ceiba are sixte5 feet 9 diamet]4
 ,f ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,padamo1 :i* is (    
consid]able bread?1 ! ,indians arrive1 9
 a day & a half1 at ! ,rio ,mavaca4 ,!  
latt] takes its rise 9 ! l(ty m\nta9s ( 
,unturan1 & communicates ) a lake1 on ! 

banks ( :i* ! ,portuguese99 ( ! ,rio    
,negro ga!r ! aromatic se$s ( ! ,laurus 
pu*]i1 kn[n 9 trade by ! names ( !      
pi*urim bean1 & toda specie4 799 ,!     
pi*urim bean is ! pu*iri ( ,la          
,condam9e1 :i* ab\nds at ! ,rio ,x+u1 a 
tribut>y /ream ( ! ,amazon1 & on ! banks
 ( ! ,hyurubaxy1 or ,yurube%1 :i* runs  
into ! ,rio ,negro4 ,! pu*]y1 or        
pi*urim1 :i* is grat$ l nutmeg1 diff]s f
 ano!r aromatic fruit 7a laurel87 kn[n 9
 trade at ,gr& ,p>a by ! names ( cu*]i1 
cu*iri1 or cravo 7clavus7 d ,m>anhao1 & 
:i*1 on acc\nt ( its od\r1 is comp>$ )  
cloves47 ,betwe5 ! conflu5ce ( ! ,padamo
 & t ( ! ,mavaca1 ! ,or9oco receives on 
! nor? ! ,ocamo1 into :i* ! ,rio        
,matacona falls4 ,at ! s\rces ( ! latt] 
live ! ,gua9>es1 :o are mu* less        
copp]-col\r$1 or tawny1 ?an ! o!r       
inhabitants ( ^? c\ntries4 ,?is is "o ( 
! tribes call$ by ! mission>ies fair    
,indians 7,indios blancos74 ,ne> ! m\? (
 ! ,ocamo1 travell]s are %[n a rock1 :i*
 is ! wond] ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is a granite 

pass+ into gneiss1 & rem>kable = !      
peculi> di/ribution ( ! black mica1 :i* 
=ms little ramifi$ ve9s4 ,! ,spani>ds   
call ?is rock ,pi$ra ,mapaya 7!         
map-/one74 ,! little fragm5t :i* ,i     
procur$ indicat$ a /ratifi$ rock1 ri* 9 
:ite feldsp>1 & conta9+1 toge!r )       
spangles ( mica1 gr\p$ 9 /reaks1 &      
v>i\sly twi/$1 "s cry/als ( hornbl5de4  
,x is n a sy5ite1 b probably a granite (
 new =mation1 analog\s to ^? to :i* !   
/annif]\s granites 7hyalomictes7 & !    
pegmatites1 or graphic granites1 belong4
  ,beyond ! conflu5ce ( ! ,macava1 !    
,or9oco sudd5ly dim9i%es 9 bread? &     
dep?1 becom+ extremely s9u\s1 l an      
,alp9e torr5t4 ,its banks are surr\nd$  
by m\nta9s1 & ! numb] ( its tribut>y    
/reams on ! s\? augm5ts consid]ably1 yet
 ! ,cordill]a on ! nor? rema9s ! mo/    
elevat$4 ,x requires two days to g f !  
m\? ( ! ,macava1 to ! ,rio ,gehette1 !  
navigation be+ v difficult1 & ! boats1  
on acc\nt ( ! want ( wat]1 be+ (t5      
dragg$ along ! %ore4 ,! tribut>y /reams 

along ?is di/ance are1 on ! s\?1 !      
,d>acapo & ! ,amaguaca2 :i* skirt on !  
we/ & ea/ ! m\nta9s ( ,guanaya &        
,yum>iqu91 :]e ! b]?olletias are ga!r$4 
,! ,rio ,manavi*e fl[s d[n f ! m\nta9s  
on ! nor?1 ! elevation ( :i* dim9i%es   
progressively f ! ,c]ro ,m>aguaca4 ,z we
 advance fur!r up ! ,or9oco1 ! :irlpools
 & little rapids 7*orros y remol9os7    
become m & m frequ5t2 on ! nor? lies !  
,cano ,*iquire1 inhabit$ by ! ,guaicas1 
ano!r tribe ( :ite ,indians2 & two      
leagues di/ant is ! m\? ( ! ,gehette1   
:]e !re is a great cat>act4 ,a dyke (   
granitic rocks crosses ! ,or9oco ^!     
rocks are1 z x 71 ! columns ( ,h]cules1 
beyond :i* no :ite man has be5 able to  
p5etrate4 ,x appe>s t ?is po9t1 kn[n by 
! "n ( ! great ,raudal de ,guah>ibos1 is
 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a degree we/ ( ,esm]alda1
 consequ5tly 9 longitude #fg degrees #ch
 m9utes4 ,a milit>y exp$ition1 und]tak5 
by ! comm&] ( ! =t ( ,san ,c>los1 ,don  
,francisco ,bovadilla1 to discov] !     
s\rces ( ! ,or9oco1 l$ to "s in=mation  

respect+ ! cat>acts ( ! ,guah>ibos4     
,bovadilla _h he>d t "s fugitive negroes
 f ,dut* ,guiana1 proce$+ t[>ds ! we/   
7beyond ! i/hmus betwe5 ! s\rces ( !    
,rio ,c>ony & ! ,rio ,branco7 _h jo9$ ! 
indep5d5t ,indians4 ,he attempt$ an     
entrada 7ho/ile incursion7 )\t hav+     
obta9$ ! p]mission ( ! gov]nor2 ! desire
 ( procur+ ,african slaves1 bett] fitt$ 
= lab\r ?an ! copp]-col\r$ race1 0 a f> 
m p[]ful motive ?an t ( zeal = !        
progress ( geography4 ,bovadilla arriv$ 
)\t difficulty z f> z ! little ,raudal99
 opposite ! ,gehette 799 ,x is call$    
,raudal de abaxo 7,l[ ,cat>act7 9       
opposition to ! great ,raudal de        
,guah>ibos1 :i* is situat$ high] up t[>d
 ! ea/472 b hav+ advanc$ to ! foot ( !  
rocky dike t =ms ! great cat>act1 he 0  
sudd5ly attack$1 :ile he 0 breakfa/+1 by
 ! ,guah>ibos & ,guaycas1 two w>like    
tribes1 celebrat$ = ! virul5ce ( ! cur>e
 ) :i* _! arr[s are empoison$4 ,!       
,indians occupi$ ! rocks t rise 9 !     
middle ( ! riv]1 & see+ ! ,spani>ds )\t 

b[s1 & hav+ no k ( fire>ms1 !y provok$ !
 :ites1 :om !y believ$ to be )\t def5ce4
 ,sev]al ( ! latt] 7 dang]\sly w\nd$1 & 
,bovadilla f\nd himself =c$ to give !   
signal = battle4 ,a fe>ful c>nage ensu$ 
among ! natives1 b none ( ! ,dut*       
negroes1 :o1 z 0 believ$1 _h tak5 refuge
 9 ^? p>ts1 7 f\nd4 ,not)/&+ a victory s
 easily won1 ! ,spani>ds did n d>e to   
advance ea/w>d 9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry1 &   
along a riv] inclos$ by v high banks4   
,^! :ite ,guah>ibos h con/ruct$ a bridge
 ( lianas above ! cat>act1 support$ on  
rocks t rise1 z g5]ally happ5s 9 !      
pongos ( ! ,upp] ,m>anon1 9 ! middle ( !
 riv]4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is bridge1 :i* is  
kn[n to all ! inhabitants ( ,esm]alda199
 seems to indicate t ! ,or9oco mu/ be v 
n>r[ at ?is po9t4 799 ,! ,amazon also is
 cross$ twice on bridges ( wood ne> its 
s\rce 9 ! lake ,laurico*a2 fir/ nor? (  
,*av91 & !n bel[ ! conflu5ce ( ! ,rio   
,aguamiras4 ,^!1 ! only two bridges t h 
be5 ?r[n ov] ! l>ge/ riv] we yet "k1 are
 call$ ,pu5te de ,quivilla1 & ,pu5te de 

,guancaybamba47 ,x is g5]ally e/imat$ by
 ! ,indians to be only two or ?ree      
hundr$ feet broad4 ,!y say t ! ,or9oco1 
above ! ,raudal ( ! ,guah>ibos1 is no   
long] a riv]1 b a brook 7ria*uelo72 :ile
 a well in=m$ ecclesia/ic1 ,fray ,juan  
,gonzales1 :o _h visit$ ^? c\ntries1    
assur$ me t ! ,or9oco1 9 ! "p :]e its   
f>!r c\rse is no long] kn[n1 is         
two-?irds ( ! bread? ( ! ,rio ,negro ne>
 ,san ,c>los4 ,?is op9ion appe>s to me  
h>dly probable2 b ,i relate :at ,i h    
collect$1 & affirm no?+ positively4  ,9 
! rocky dike t crosses ! ,or9oco1 =m+ ! 
,raudal ( ! ,guah>ibos1 ,spani% soldi]s 
pret5d to h f\nd ! f9e k9d ( saussurite 
7,amazon-/one71 ( :i* we h spok54 ,?is  
tradition h[ev] is v unc]ta92 & !       
,indians1 :om ,i int]rogat$ on !        
subject1 assur$ me t ! gre5 /ones1 call$
 pi$ras de ,macagua99 at ,esm]alda1 7   
pur*as$ f ! ,guaicas & ,guah>ibos1 :o   
traffic ) hordes mu* f>!r to ! ea/4 799 
,! etymology ( ?is "n1 :i* is unkn[n to 
me1 might lead to ! k ( ! spot :]e ^!   

/ones are f\nd4 ,i h s\ght 9 va9 ! "n ( 
,macagua among ! num]\s tribut>y /reams 
( ! ,tacutu1 ! ,mahu1 ! ,rupunury1 & !  
,rio ,trombetas47 ,! same unc]ta9ty     
prevails respect+ ^! /ones1 z t :i*     
atta*es to _m o!r valuable productions (
 ! ,indies4 ,on ! coa/1 at ! di/ance (  
"s hundr$ leagues1 ! c\ntry :]e !y are  
f\nd is positively nam$2 b :5 ! travell]
 ) difficulty p5etrates into t c\ntry1  
he discov]s t ! natives are ignorant ev5
 ( ! "n ( ! object ( 8 rese>*4 ,x might 
be suppos$ t ! amulets ( saussurite f\nd
 9 ! possession ( ! ,indians ( ! ,rio   
,negro1 come f ! ,l[] ,m>anon1 :ile ^? t
 are receiv$ by ! missions ( ! ,upp]    
,or9oco & ! ,rio ,c>ony come f a c\ntry 
situat$ betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,essequibo &
 ! ,rio ,branco4 ,! op9ion t ?is /one is
 tak5 9 a s(t /ate l pa/e f ! little    
lake ,amucu1 ?\gh v preval5t at         
,ango/ura1 is :olly )\t f\ndation4 ,a   
curi\s geogno/ic discov]y rema9s to be  
made 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,am]ica1 t ( f9d+ 9 
a primitive soil a rock ( euphotide     

conta9+ ! pi$ra de ,macagua4  ,i %all "h
 proce$ to give "s in=mation respect+ ! 
tribes ( dw>f & fair ,indians1 :i*      
anci5t traditions h plac$ ne> ! s\rces (
 ! ,or9oco4 ,i _h an opportunity ( see+ 
"s ( ^! ,indians at ,esm]alda1 & c      
affirm t ! %ort /ature ( ! ,guaicas1 & !
 fair complexion ( ! ,guah>ibos1 :om    
,fa!r ,caul9 calls ,gu>ibos blancos1 h  
be5 alike exagg]at$4 ,! ,guaicas1 :om ,i
 measur$1 7 9 g5]al f f\r feet sev5     
in*es to f\r feet eight in*es high 7old 
measure ( ,france7499 799 ,ab\t five    
feet ?ree in*es ,engli% measure47 ,we 7 
assur$ t ! :ole tribe 7 ( ?is dim9utive 
size2 b we mu/ n =get t :at is call$ a  
tribe con/itutes1 prop]ly speak+1 b "o  
family1 ow+ to ! exclusion ( all =eign  
connections4 ,! ,indians ( ! l[e/ /ature
 next to ! ,guaicas are ! ,gua9>es & !  
,poignaves4 ,x is s+ul>1 t all ^!       
nations are f\nd 9 ne> proximity to !   
,c>ibs1 :o are rem>kably tall4 ,!y all  
inhabit ! same climate1 & subsi/ on !   
same alim5ts4 ,!y are v>ieties 9 ! race1

 :i* no d\bt exi/$ previ\sly to !       
settlem5t ( ^! tribes 7tall & %ort1 fair
 & d>k br[n7 9 ! same c\ntry4 ,! f\r    
nations ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 :i* appe>$ to
 me to be ! faire/1 are ! ,guah>ibos ( !
 ,rio ,gehette1 ! ,gua9>es ( ! ,ocamo1 !
 ,guaicas ( ,cano ,*iguire1 & !         
,maquirit>es ( ! s\rces ( ! ,padamo1 !  
,jao1 & ! ,v5tu>i4 ,x be+ v extraord9>y 
to see natives ) a fair sk9 b5ea? a     
burn+ sky1 & amid nations ( a v d>k hue1
 ! ,spani>ds h attempt$ to expla9 ?is   
ph5om5on by ! foll[+ hypo!ses4 ,"s      
ass]t1 t ! ,dut* ( ,sur9am & ! ,rio     
,essequibo may h int]m+l$ ) ! ,guah>ibos
 & ! ,gua9>es2 o!rs insi/1 f hatr$ to ! 
,capu*9s ( ! ,c>ony1 & ! ,obs]vant9s ( !
 ,or9oco1 t ! fair ,indians are :at are 
call$ 9 ,dalmatia muso di frate1 *ildr5 
^: legitimacy is some:at d\btful4 ,9    
ei!r case ! ,indios blancos w\ld be     
me/izos1 t is to say1 *ildr5 ( an       
,indian woman & a :ite man4 ,n[1 hav+   
se5 ?\s&s ( me/izos1 ,i c ass]t t ?is   
supposition is altoge!r inaccurate4 ,!  

individuals ( ! fair tribes :om we      
exam9$1 h ! features1 ! /ature1 & !     
smoo?1 /raight1 black hair :i*          
*>act]ises o!r ,indians4 ,x w\ld be     
impossible to take !m = a mix$ race1 l !
 desc5dants ( natives & ,europeans4 ,"s 
( ^! p are v little1 o!rs are ( ! ord9>y
 /ature ( ! copp]-col\r$ ,indians4 ,!y  
are nei!r feeble nor sickly1 nor are !y 
alb9os2 & !y diff] f ! copp]-col\r$     
races only by a mu* less tawny sk94 ,x  
w\ld be useless1 aft] ^! consid]ations1 
to insi/ on ! di/ance ( ! m\nta9s ( !   
,upp] ,or9oco f ! %ores inhabit$ by !   
,dut*4 ,i w n d5y t desc5dants (        
fugitive negroes may h be5 se5 among !  
,c>ibs1 at ! s\rces ( ! ,essequibo2 b no
 :ite man ev] w5t f ! ea/]n coa/ to !   
,rio ,gehette & ! ,ocamo1 9 ! int]ior ( 
,guiana4 ,x mu/ also be obs]v$1 al?\gh  
we may be /ruck ) ! s+ul>ity ( sev]al   
fair tribes be+ f\nd at "o po9t to ! ea/
 ( ,esm]alda1 x is no less c]ta91 t     
tribes h be5 f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ,am]ica1 
di/+ui%$ f ! neighb\r+ tribes by ! less 

tawny col\r ( _! sk94 ,su* are !        
,arivirianos & ,maquirit>es ( ! ,rio    
,v5tu>io & ! ,padamo1 ! ,paudacotos &   
,p>av5as ( ! ,erevato1 ! ,viras &       
,araguas ( ! ,caura1 ! ,mologagos (     
,brazil1 & ! ,guayanas ( ! ,uruguay499  
799 ,! ,cumanagotos1 ! ,maypures1 !     
,mapojos1 & "s hordes ( ! ,tamanacs1 are
 also fair1 b 9 a less degree ?an !     
tribes ,i h j nam$4 ,we may add to ?is  
li/ 7:i* ! rese>*es ( ,somm]+1          
,blum5ba*1 & ,prit*>d1 on ! v>ieties ( !
 human species1 h r5d]$ s int]e/+7 !    
,ojes ( ! ,cu*iv]o1 ! ,boanes 7n[ almo/ 
de/roy$7 ( ! int]ior ( ,brazil1 & 9 !   
nor? ( ,am]ica1 f> f ! nor?-we/ coa/1 ! 
,m&ans & ! ,akanas 7,walk5a]1 ,geogr4   
page #fde4 ,gili volume #b page #cd4    
,vat]1 ,am]ikan4 ,spra*5 page #ha4 ,s\!y
 volume #a page #fjc47 ,! mo/ tawny1 we 
might almo/ say ! blacke/ ( ! ,am]ican  
race1 are ! ,otomacs & ! ,guamos4 ,^! h 
p]haps giv5 rise to ! confus$ notions ( 
,am]ican negroes1 spread ?r\gh ,europe 9
 ! e>ly times ( ! conque/4 7,h]r]a ,dec 

#a lib #c cap #i1 volume #a page #gi4   
,g>cia1 ,orig5 de los ,am]icanos page   
#bei47 ,:o are ^? ,negros de ,qu]eca1   
plac$ by ,gom>a page #bgg1 9 t v i/hmus 
( ,panama1 :5ce we receiv$ ! fir/ absurd
 tales ( an alb9o ,am]ican p8 ,9 read+ )
 att5tion ! au?ors ( ! beg9n+ ( ! #af?  
c5tury1 we see t ! discov]y ( ,am]ica & 
( a new race ( m51 _h s+ul>ly awak5$ !  
int]e/ ( travell]s respect+ ! v>ieties (
 our species4 ,n[1 if a black race _h   
be5 m+l$ ) copp]-color$ m51 z 9 !       
,s\?-sea ,isl&s1 ! conqui/adores w\ld n 
h fail$ to speak ( x 9 a precise mann]4 
,besides1 ! religi\s traditions ( !     
,am]icans relate ! appe>ance1 9 ! h]oic 
times1 ( :ite & be>d$ m5 z prie/s &     
legislators2 b none ( ^! traditions make
 m5tion ( a black race47  ,^! ph5om5a   
are s mu* ! m wor?y ( att5tion z !y are 
obs]v$ 9 t great bran* ( ! ,am]ican     
nations g5]ally rank$ 9 a class totally 
opposite to t circumpol> bran*1 namely !
 ,ts*\gaz-,esquimaux199 ^: *ildr5 are   
fair1 & :o acquire ! ,mongol or yell[i% 

t9t only f ! influ5ce ( ! air & !       
humidity4 799 ,! ,*evali] ,gieseke has  
rec5tly confirm$ all t ,krantz relat$ ( 
! col\r ( ! sk9 ( ! ,esquimaux4 ,t race 
7ev5 9 ! latitude ( sev5ty-five &       
sev5ty-six degrees1 :]e ! climate is s  
rigor\s7 is n 9 g5]al s dim9utive z x 0 
long believ$ to be4 ,ross' ,voyage to ! 
,nor?47 ,9 ,guiana1 ! hordes :o live 9 !
 mid/ ( ! ?icke/ =e/s are g5]ally less  
tawny ?an ^? :o inhabit ! %ores ( !     
,or9oco1 & are employ$ 9 fi%+4 ,b ?is   
slight diff]5ce1 :i* is alike f\nd 9    
,europe betwe5 ! artisans ( t[ns & !    
cultivators ( ! fields or ! fi%]m5 on ! 
coa/s1 9 no way expla9s ! problem ( !   
,indios blancos4 ,!y are surr\nd$ by o!r
 ,indians ( ! woods 7,indios del monte7 
:o are ( a r$di%-br[n1 al?\gh n[ expos$ 
to ! same physical influ5ces4 ,! causes 
( ^! ph5om5a are v anci5t1 & we may     
repeat ) ,tacitus1 e/ durans orig9is    
vis4  ,! fair-complexion$ tribes1 :i* we
 _h an opportunity ( see+ at ! mission (
 ,esm]alda1 inhabit "p ( a m\nta9\s     

c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ! s\rces ( six        
tribut>ies ( ! ,or9oco2 t is to say1    
betwe5 ! ,padamo1 ! ,jao1 ! ,v5tu>i1 !  
,erevato1 ! ,aruy1 & ! ,p>aguay499 799  
,!y are six tribut>y /reams on ! "r bank
 ( ! ,or9oco2 ! fir/ ?ree run t[>ds !   
s\?1 or ! ,upp] ,or9oco2 ! ?ree o!rs    
t[>ds ! nor?1 or ! ,l[] ,or9oco47 ,!    
,spani% & ,portuguese mission>ies are   
accu/om$ to designate ?is c\ntry m      
p>ticul>ly by ! "n ( ,p>ima499 799 ,! "n
 ,p>ima1 :i* signifies wat]1 great wat]1
 is appli$ sometimes1 & m especially1 to
 ! l& wa%$ by ! ,rio ,p>ima1 or ,rio    
,branco 7,rio de ,aguas ,blancas71 a    
/ream runn+ into ! ,rio ,negro2         
sometimes to ! m\nta9s 7,si]ra ,p>ima71 
:i* divide ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,or9oco47 ,"h1
 z 9 sev]al o!r c\ntries ( ,spani%      
,am]ica1 ! savages h reconqu]$ :at _h   
be5 wre/$ f !m by civilization1 or r by 
its precursors1 ! mission>ies4 ,!       
exp$ition ( ! b\nd>ies "u ,solano1 & !  
extravagant zeal display$ by a gov]nor (
 ,guiana = ! discov]y ( ,el ,dorado1    

p>tially reviv$ 9 ! latt] half ( !      
eighte5? c5tury t _s ( ent]prise :i*    
*>act]is$ ! ,spani>ds at ! p]iod ( !    
discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,9 go+ along ! ,rio 
,padamo1 a road 0 obs]v$ across ! =e/s &
 savannahs 7! l5g? ( t5 days' j\rney71 f
 ,esm]alda to ! s\rces ( ! ,v5tu>i2 & 9 
two days m1 f ^? s\rces1 by ! ,erevato1 
! missions on ! ,rio ,caura 7 rea*$4    
,two intellig5t & ent]pris+ m51 ,don    
,antonio ,santos & ,capta9 ,b>eto1 _h   
e/abli%$1 ) ! aid ( ! ,miquirit>es1 a   
*a9 ( milit>y po/s on ?is l9e f         
,esm]alda to ! ,rio ,erevato4 ,^! po/s  
consi/$ ( block-h\ses 7casas fu]tes71   
m\nt$ ) swivels1 su* z ,i h already     
m5tion$4 ,! soldi]s1 left to !mselves1  
ex]cis$ all k9ds ( vexations on !       
natives 7,indians ( peace71 :o _h       
cultivat$ pieces ( gr\nd ar\nd ! casas  
fu]tes2 & ! consequ5ce 0 t1 9 #aggf1    
sev]al tribes =m$ a league aga9/ !      
,spani>ds4 ,all ! milit>y po/s 7 attack$
 on ! same night1 on a l9e ( ne>ly fifty
 leagues 9 l5g?4 ,! h\ses 7 burnt1 & _m 

soldi]s massacr$2 a v small numb] only  
ow+ _! pres]vation to ! pity ( ! ,indian
 wom54 ,?is nocturnal exp$ition is /ill 
m5tion$ ) horror4 ,x 0 conc]t$ 9 ! mo/  
pr(\nd secrecy1 & execut$ ) t _s ( unity
 :i* ! natives ( ,am]ica1 skill$ 9      
conceal+ _! ho/ile passions1 well "k h[ 
to practise 9 :atev] conc]ns _! common  
int]e/s4 ,s9ce #aggf no attempt has be5 
made to re-e/abli% ! road :i* leads by  
l& f ! ,upp] to ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 & no    
:ite man has be5 able to pass f         
,esm]alda to ! ,erevato4 ,x is c]ta91   
h[ev]1 t 9 ! m\nta9\s l&s1 betwe5 !     
s\rces ( ! ,padamo & ! ,v5tu>i 7ne> !   
sites call$ by ! ,indians ,auri*apa1    
,i*uana1 & ,irique7 !re are _m spots :]e
 ! climate is temp]ate1 & :]e !re are   
pa/urages capable ( fe$+ num]\s h]ds (  
cattle4 ,! milit>y po/s 7 v useful 9    
prev5t+ ! incursions ( ! ,c>ibs1 :o1 f  
"t to "t c>ri$ (f slaves1 ?\gh 9 v small
 numb]s1 betwe5 ! ,erevato & ! ,padamo4 
,!y w\ld h resi/$ ! attacks ( ! natives1
 if1 in/ead ( leav+ !m isolat$ & solely 

to ! control ( ! soldi]y1 !y _h be5 =m$ 
into communities1 & gov]n$ l ! villages 
( neophyte ,indians4  ,we left ! mission
 ( ,esm]alda on ! #bcrd ( ,may4 ,)\t be+
 positively ill1 we felt ourselves 9 a  
/ate ( languor & weakness1 caus$ by !   
torm5t ( insects1 bad food1 & a long    
voyage1 9 n>r[ & damp boats4 ,we did n g
 up ! ,or9oco beyond ! m\? ( ! ,rio     
,guapo1 :i* we %\ld h done1 if we c\ld h
 attempt$ to rea* ! s\rces ( ! riv]4    
,!re rema9s a di/ance ( fifte5 leagues f
 ! ,guapo to ! ,raudal ( ! ,guah>ibos4  
,at ?is cat>act1 :i* is pass$ on a      
bridge ( lianas1 ,indians are po/$ arm$ 
) b[s & arr[s to prev5t ! :ites1 or ^?  
:o come f _! t]ritory f advanc+ we/w>d4 
,h[ c\ld we hope to pass a po9t :]e !   
comm&] ( ! ,rio ,negro1 ,don ,francisco 
,bovadilla1 0 /opp$ :51 accompani$ by 8 
soldi]s1 he tri$ to p5etrate beyond !   
,gehette899 799 ,see above47 ,! c>nage  
!n made among ! natives has r5d]$ !m m  
di/ru/ful1 & m av]se to ! inhabitants ( 
! missions4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t !      

,or9oco _h hi!rto (f]$ to geograph]s two
 di/9ct problems1 alike important1 !    
situation ( its s\rces1 & ! mode ( its  
communication ) ! ,amazon4 ,! latt]     
problem =m$ ! object ( ! j\rney :i* ,i h
 describ$2 ) respect to ! discov]y ( its
 s\rces1 t rema9s to be done by !       
,spani% & ,portuguese gov]nm5ts4  ,our  
canoe 0 n ready to receive u till ne>   
?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,x _h be5    
fill$ ) innum]able sw>ms ( ants dur+ !  
navigation ( ! ,cassiqui>e2 & ! toldo1  
or ro( ( palm-leaves1 b5ea? :i* we 7    
aga9 doom$ to rema9 /ret*$ out dur+     
tw5ty-two days1 0 ) difficulty cle>$ (  
^! insects4 ,we employ$ "p ( ! morn+ 9  
repeat+ to ! inhabitants ( ,esm]alda !  
que/ions we _h already put to !m1       
respect+ ! exi/5ce ( a lake t[>ds ! ea/4
 ,we %[$ copies ( ! maps ( ,surville &  
,la ,cruz to old soldi]s1 :o _h be5 po/$
 9 ! mission ev] s9ce its fir/          
e/abli%m5t4 ,!y laugh$ at ! suppos$     
communication ( ! ,or9oco ) ! ,rio      
,idapa1 & at ! ,:ite ,sea1 :i* ! =m]    

riv] 0 repres5t$ to cross4 ,:at we      
politely call geographical fictions !y  
t]m$ lies ( ! old _w 7m5tiras de por    
alla74 ,^! good p c\ld n compreh5d h[   
m51 9 mak+ ! map ( a c\ntry :i* !y _h   
nev] visit$1 c\ld pret5d to "k ?+s 9    
m9ute detail1 ( :i* p]sons :o liv$ on ! 
spot 7 ignorant4 ,! lake ,p>ima1 !      
,si]ra ,mey1 & ! spr+s :i* sep>ate at ! 
po9t :]e !y issue f ! e>?1 7 entirely   
unkn[n at ,esm]alda4 ,we 7 repeat$ly    
assur$ t no "o _h ev] be5 to ! ea/ ( !  
,raudal ( ! ,guah>ibos2 & t beyond t    
po9t1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( "s ( !      
natives1 ! ,or9oco desc5ds l a small    
torr5t f a gr\p ( m\nta9s1 inhabit$ by !
 ,coroto ,indians4 ,fa!r ,gili1 :o 0    
liv+ on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco :5 !        
exp$ition ( ! b\nd>ies arriv$1 says     
expressly t ,don ,apoll9>io ,diez 0 s5t 
9 #agfe to attempt ! discov]y ( ! s\rce 
( ! ,or9oco2 t he f\nd ! riv]1 ea/ (    
,esm]alda1 full ( %oals2 t he return$ = 
want ( provision2 & t he le>n$ no?+1    
absolutely no?+1 ( ! exi/5ce ( a lake4  

,?is /atem5t p]fectly accords ) :at ,i  
he>d myself ?irty-five ye>s lat] at     
,esm]alda4 ,! probability ( a fact is   
p[]fully %ak5 :5 x c be prov$ to be     
totally unkn[n on ! v spot :]e x ought  
to be kn[n be/2 & :5 ^? by :om ! exi/5ce
 ( ! lake is affirm$ contradict ea* o!r1
 n 9 ! lea/ ess5tial circum/ances1 b 9  
all t are ! mo/ important4  ,:5         
travell]s judge only by _! own s5sations
 !y diff] f ea* o!r respect+ ! abundance
 ( ! mosquitos z !y d respect+ !        
progressive increase or dim9ution ( !   
temp]ature4 ,! /ate ( our organs1 !     
motion ( ! air1 its degree ( humidity or
 dryness1 its electric int5sity1 a ?\s& 
circum/ances contribute at once to make 
u suff] m or less f ! heat & ! insects4 
,my fell[ travell]s 7 unanim\sly (      
op9ion t ,esm]alda 0 m torm5t$ by       
mosquitos ?an ! banks ( ! ,cassiqui>e1 &
 ev5 m ?an ! two missions ( ! ,great    
,cat>acts2 :il/ ,i1 less s5sible ?an !y 
( ! high temp]ature ( ! air1 ?\ght t !  
irritation produc$ by ! insects 0       

some:at less at ,esm]alda ?an at !      
entrance ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,on he>+ !  
compla9ts t are made ( ^! torm5t+       
insects 9 hot c\ntries x is difficult to
 believe t _! abs5ce1 or r _! sudd5     
disappe>ance1 c\ld become a subject (   
inquietude2 yet su* is ! fact4 ,!       
inhabitants ( ,esm]alda relat$ to u1 t 9
 ! ye> #agie1 an h\r be=e sunset1 :5 !  
mosquitos usually =m a v ?ick cl\d1 !   
air 0 obs]v$ to be sudd5ly free f !m4   
,dur+ ! space ( tw5ty m9utes1 n "o      
insect 0 p]ceiv$1 al?\gh ! sky 0        
cl\dless1 & no w9d ann\nc$ ra94 ,x is   
necess>y to h liv$ 9 ^? c\ntries to     
compreh5d ! degree ( surprise :i* !     
sudd5 disappe>ance ( ! insects mu/ h    
produc$4 ,! inhabitants congratulat$ ea*
 o!r1 & inquir$ :e!r ?is /ate (         
happ9ess1 ?is relief f pa9 7feicidad y  
alivio71 c\ld be ( any duration4 ,b     
soon1 in/ead ( enjoy+ ! pres5t1 !y      
yield$ to *im]ical fe>s1 & imag9$ t !   
ord] ( nature 0 p]v]t$4 ,"s old         
,indians1 ! sages ( ! place1 ass]t$ t ! 

disappe>ance ( ! insects mu/ be !       
precursor ( a great e>?quake4 ,w>m      
discussions arose2 ! lea/ noise amid !  
foliage ( ! trees 0 li/5$ to ) an       
att5tive e>2 & :5 ! air 0 aga9 fill$ )  
mosquitos !y 7 almo/ hail$ ) pleasure4  
,we c\ld n guess :at modification ( !   
atmosph]e _h caus$ ?is ph5om5on1 :i* mu/
 n be conf\nd$ ) ! p]iodical replac+ (  
"o species ( insects by ano!r4  ,aft]   
f\r h\rs' navigation d[n ! ,or9oco we   
arriv$ at ! po9t ( ! bifurcation4 ,our  
re/+ place 0 on ! same bea* ( !         
,cassiqui>e1 :]e a few days previ\sly   
our great dog _h1 z we believe1 be5     
c>ri$ (f by ! jagu>s4 ,all ! endeav\rs (
 ! ,indians to discov] any traces ( !   
animal 7 fruitless4 ,! cries ( ! jagu>s 
7 he>d dur+ ! :ole night499 799 ,?is    
frequ5cy ( l>ge jagu>s is some:at       
rem>kable 9 a c\ntry de/itute ( cattle4 
,! tig]s ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco are f> less  
b\ntifully suppli$ ) prey ?an ^? ( !    
,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres & ! ,llanos (   
,c>acas1 :i* are cov]$ ) h]ds ( cattle4 

,m ?an f\r ?\s& jagu>s are kill$        
annually 9 ! ,spani% colonies1 sev]al ( 
!m equall+ ! mean size ( ! royal tig] ( 
,asia4 ,two ?\s& sk9s ( jagu>s 7 =m]ly  
export$ annually f ,bu5os ,ayres alone47
 ,^! animals are v frequ5t 9 ! tracts   
situat$ betwe5 ! ,c]ro ,m>aguaca1 !     
,unturan1 & ! banks ( ! ,pamoni4 ,!re   
also is f\nd t black species ( tig]99 ( 
:i* ,i saw "s f9e sk9s at ,esm]alda4 799
 ,gmel91 9 8 ,synonyma1 seems to conf\nd
 ?is animal1 "u ! "n ( ,felis discolor1 
) ! great ,am]ican lion 7,felis         
concolor7 :i* is v diff]5t f ! puma ( ! 
,&es ( ,quito47 ,?is animal is celebrat$
 = its /r5g? & f]ocity2 x appe>s to be  
/ill l>g] ?an ! common jagu>4 ,! black  
spots are sc>cely visible on ! d>k-br[n 
gr\nd ( its sk94 ,! ,indians ass]t1 t ^!
 tig]s are v r>e1 t !y nev] m+le ) !    
common jagu>s1 & t !y =m ano!r race4 ,i 
believe t ,pr9ce ,maximilian ( ,neuwi$1 
:o has enri*$ ,am]ican zoology by s _m  
important obs]vations1 acquir$ ! same   
in=mation f>!r to ! s\?1 9 ! hot "p (   

,brazil4 ,alb9o v>ieties ( ! jagu> h be5
 se5 9 ,p>aguay3 = ! spots ( ^! animals1
 :i* may be call$ ! beautiful pan!rs (  
,am]ica1 are sometimes s pale z to be   
sc>cely di/+ui%able on a v :ite gr\nd4  
,9 ! black jagu>s1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! 
col\r ( ! gr\nd :i* r5d]s ! spots       
indi/9ct4 ,x requires to reside long 9  
^? c\ntries1 & to accompany ! ,indians (
 ,esm]alda 9 ! p]il\s *ase ( ! tig]1 to 
decide ) c]ta9ty ^u ! v>ieties & !      
species4 ,9 all ! mammif]ae1 &          
p>ticul>ly 9 ! num]\s family ( ! apes1  
we ought1 ,i believe1 to fix our        
att5tion less on ! transition f "o col\r
 to ano!r 9 individuals1 ?an on _! habit
 ( sep>at+ !mselves1 & =m+ di/9ct b&s4  
,we left our re/+ place be=e sunrise on 
! #bd? ( ,may4 ,9 a rocky cove1 :i* _h  
be5 ! dwell+ ( "s ,durimundi ,indians1 !
 aromatic od\r ( ! plants 0 s p[]ful1 t 
al?\gh sleep+ 9 ! op5 air1 & !          
irritability ( our n]v\s sy/em be+      
allay$ by ! habits ( a life ( fatigue1  
we 7 nev]!less incommod$ by x4 ,we c\ld 

n asc]ta9 ! fl[]s :i* diffus$ ?is       
p]fume4 ,! =e/ 0 imp5etrable2 b ,m4     
,bonpl& believ$ t l>ge clumps (         
pancratium & o!r liliace\s plants 7     
conceal$ 9 ! neighb\r+ m>%es4 ,desc5d+ !
 ,or9oco by fav\r ( ! curr5t1 we pass$  
fir/ ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,cunucunumo1 & !n ! 
,guanami & ! ,pur9ame4 ,! two banks ( ! 
pr9cipal riv] are entirely des]t2 l(ty  
m\nta9s rise on ! nor?1 & on ! s\? a va/
 pla9 ext5ds f> z ! eye c rea* beyond ! 
s\rces ( ! ,atacavi1 :i* l[] d[n takes !
 "n ( ! ,atabapo4 ,!re is some?+ gloomy 
& desolate 9 ?is aspect ( a riv]1 on :i*
 n ev5 a fi%]man's canoe is se54 ,"s    
indep5d5t tribes1 ! ,abirianos & !      
,maquirit>es1 dwell 9 ! m\nta9\s c\ntry2
 b 9 ! neighb\r+ savannahs199 b\nd$ by !
 ,cassiqui>e1 ! ,atabapo1 ! ,or9oco1 & !
 ,rio ,negro1 !re is n[ sc>cely any     
trace ( a human habitation4 799 ,!y =m a
 quadrilat]al plot ( a ?\s& squ>e       
leagues1 ! opposite sides ( :i* h       
contr>y slopes1 ! ,cassiqui>e fl[+ t[>ds
 ! s\?1 ! ,atabapo t[>ds ! nor?1 !      

,or9oco t[>ds ! nor?-we/1 & ! ,rio      
,negro t[>ds ! s\?-ea/47 ,i say n[2 =   
"h1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ,guiana1 rude figures
 repres5t+ ! sun1 ! moon1 & diff]5t     
animals1 trac$ on ! h>de/ rocks (       
granite1 atte/ ! ant]ior exi/5ce ( a p1 
v diff]5t f ^? :o became kn[n to u on ! 
banks ( ! ,or9oco4 ,accord+ to ! acc\nts
 ( ! natives1 & ( ! mo/ intellig5t      
mission>ies1 ^! symbolic signs resemble 
p]fectly ! *>act]s we saw a hundr$      
leagues m to ! nor?1 ne> ,cayc>a1       
opposite ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,apure4 7,see   
,*apt] #b4ah above47  ,9 advanc+ f !    
pla9s ( ! ,cassiqui>e & ! ,conori*ite1  
"o hundr$ & =ty leagues fur!r ea/w>d1   
betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,rio ,blanco & !    
,rio ,essequibo1 we also meet ) rocks & 
symbolical figures4 ,i h lately v]ifi$  
?is curi\s fact1 :i* is record$ 9 !     
j\rnal ( ! travell] ,hortsman1 :o w5t up
 ! ,rupunuv9i1 "o ( ! tribut>y /reams ( 
! ,essequibo4 ,:]e ?is riv]1 full (     
small cascades1 w9ds betwe5 ! m\nta9s ( 
,mac>ana1 he f\nd1 be=e he rea*$ lake   

,amucu1 rocks cov]$ ) figures1 or 7z he 
says 9 ,portuguese7 ) v>ias letras4 ,we 
mu/ n take ?is ^w lett]s 9 its real     
signification4 ,we 7 also %ewn1 ne> !   
rock ,culimac>i1 on ! banks ( !         
,cassiqui>e1 & at ! port ( ,cayc>a 9 !  
,l[] ,or9oco1 traces :i* 7 believ$ to be
 regul> *>act]s4 ,!y 7 h[ev] only       
mis%ap5 figures1 repres5t+ ! heav5ly    
bodies1 toge!r ) tig]s1 crocodiles1     
boas1 & in/rum5ts us$ = mak+ ! fl\r (   
cassava4 ,x 0 impossible to recognize 9 
^! pa9t$ rocks99 7! "n by :i* ! natives 
d5ote ^? masses load$ ) figures7 any    
symmetrical arrangem5t1 or *>act]s )    
regul> spaces4 799 ,9 ,tamanac          
tepum]eme4 7,tepu1 a /one1 rock2 z 9    
,mexican1 tetl1 a /one1 & tepetl1 a     
m\nta92 9 ,turco-,tat>ian1 tepe47 ,!    
,spani% ,am]icans also call ! rock cov]$
 ) sculptur$ figures1 pi$ras p9tadas2 ^?
 = in/ance1 :i* are f\nd on ! summit ( !
 ,p>amo ( ,guanacas1 9 ,new ,gr5ada1 &  
:i* recall to m9d ! tepum]eme ( !       
,or9oco1 ! ,cassiqui>e1 & ! ,rupunuv9i47

 ,! traces discov]$ 9 ! m\nta9s (       
,uruana1 by ! mission>y ,fray ,ramon    
,bu5o1 approa* ne>] to alphabetical     
writ+2 b are nev]!less v d\btful4       
,:atev] may be ! mean+ ( ^! figures1 & )
 :atev] view !y 7 trac$ ^u granite1 !y  
m]it ! exam9ation ( ^? :o direct _!     
att5tion to ! philosophic hi/ory ( our  
species4 ,9 travell+ f ! coa/ ( ,c>acas 
t[>ds ! equator1 we are at fir/ l$ to   
believe t monum5ts ( ?is k9d are peculi>
 to ! m\nta9-*a9 ( ,enc>amada2 !y are   
f\nd at ! port ( ,s$5o1 ne> ,cayc>a199  
799 ,9 ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,tyrant1 ,c]ros   
del ,tirano47 at ,san ,rafael del       
,capu*9o1 opposite ,cabruta1 & 9 almo/ e
 place :]e ! granitic rock pi]ces !     
soil1 9 ! savannah :i* ext5ds f ! ,c]ro 
,curiquima t[>ds ! banks ( ! ,caura4 ,! 
nations ( ! ,tamanac race1 ! anci5t     
inhabitants ( ^? c\ntries1 h a local    
my?ology1 & traditions connect$ ) ^!    
sculptur$ rocks4 ,amalivaca1 ! fa!r ( ! 
,tamanacs1 t is1 ! creator ( ! human    
race 7= e nation reg>ds itself z ! root 

( all o!r nations71 arriv$ 9 a b>k1 at !
 "t ( ! great inundation1 :i* is call$ !
 age ( wat]199 :5 ! bill[s ( ! ocean    
broke aga9/ ! m\nta9s ( ,enc>amada 9 !  
int]ior ( ! l&4 799 ,! ,atonatiuh ( !   
,mexicans1 ! f\r? age1 ! f\r? reg5]ation
 ( ! _w47 ,all mank9d1 or1 to speak m   
correctly1 all ! ,tamanacs1 7 dr[n$1 ) !
 exception ( "o man & "o woman1 :o sav$ 
!mselves on a m\nta9 ne> ! banks ( !    
,asiv]u1 call$ ,cu*iv]o by ! ,spani>ds4 
,?is m\nta9 is ! ,ar>at ( ! ,aramean or 
,semitic nations1 & ! ,tlaloc or        
,colhuacan ( ! ,mexicans4 ,amalivaca1   
sail+ 9 8 b>k1 engrav$ ! figures ( !    
moon & ! sun on ! ,pa9t$ ,rock          
7,tepum]eme7 ( ,enc>amada4 ,"s blocks ( 
granite pil$ ^u "o ano!r1 & =m+ a k9d ( 
cav]n1 are /ill call$ ! h\se or dwell+ (
 ! great =efa!r ( ! ,tamanacs4 ,!       
natives %[ also a l>ge /one ne> ?is     
cav]n1 9 ! pla9s ( ,maita1 :i* !y say 0 
an in/rum5t ( music1 ! drum (           
,amalivaca4 ,we mu/ "h obs]ve1 t ?is    
h]oic p]sonage _h a bro!r1 ,vo*i1 :o    

help$ him to give ! surface ( ! e>? its 
pres5t =m4 ,! ,tamanacs relate t ! two  
bro!rs1 9 _! sy/em ( p]fectibility1     
s\ght1 at fir/1 to arrange ! ,or9oco 9  
su* a mann]1 t ! curr5t ( ! wat] c\ld   
always be foll[$ ei!r go+ d[n or go+ up 
! riv]4 ,!y hop$ by ?is means to sp>e m5
 tr\ble 9 navigat+ riv]s2 b1 h[ev] great
 ! p[] ( ^! reg5]ators ( ! _w1 !y c\ld  
nev] contrive to give a d\ble slope to !
 ,or9oco1 & 7 compell$ to rel9qui% ?is  
s+ul> plan4 ,amalivaca _h daught]s1 :o  
_h a decid$ ta/e = travell+4 ,!         
tradition /ates1 d\btless ) a figurative
 mean+1 t he broke _! legs1 to r5d] !m  
s$5t>y1 & =ce !m to p ! l& ( !          
,tamanacs4 ,aft] hav+ regulat$ ev]y?+ 9 
,am]ica1 on t side ( ! great wat]1      
,amalivaca aga9 emb>k$1 & return$ to !  
o!r %ore1 to ! same place f :5ce he     
came4 ,s9ce ! natives h se5 !           
mission>ies arrive1 !y imag9e t ,europe 
is ?is o!r %ore2 & "o ( !m inquir$ )    
great simplicity ( ,fa!r ,gili1 :e!r he 
_h !re se5 ! great ,amalivaca1 ! fa!r ( 

! ,tamanacs1 :o _h cov]$ ! rocks )      
symbolic figures4  ,^! notions ( a great
 convulsion ( nature2 ( two human be+s  
sav$ on ! summit ( a m\nta91 & ca/+     
beh9d !m ! fruits ( ! mauritia          
palm-tree1 to repeople ! e>?2 ( t       
national div9ity1 ,amalivaca1 :o arriv$ 
by wat] f a di/ant l&1 :o prescrib$ laws
 to nature1 & =c$ ! nations to r5\nce _!
 migrations2 ^! v>i\s features ( a v    
anci5t sy/em ( belief1 are well wor?y ( 
att5tion4 ,:at ! ,tamanacs1 & ! tribes  
^: languages are analog\s to ! ,tamanac 
tongue1 n[ relate to u1 !y h no d\bt    
le>n$ f o!r p1 :o inhabit$ be=e !m !    
same regions4 ,! "n ( ,amalivaca is     
spread ov] a region ( m ?an five ?\s&   
squ>e leagues2 he is f\nd designat$ z ! 
fa!r ( mank9d1 or our great gr&fa!r1 z  
f> z to ! ,c>ibbee nations1 ^: idiom    
approa*es ! ,tamanac only 9 ! same      
degree z ! ,g]man approa*es ! ,greek1 ! 
,p]sian1 & ! ,sanscrit4 ,amalivaca is n 
orig9ally ! ,great ,_s1 ! ,ag$ ( ,heav51
 ! invisible be+1 ^: wor%ip spr+s f t ( 

! p[]s ( nature1 :5 nations rise        
ins5sibly to ! consci\sness ( ! unity ( 
^! p[]s2 he is r a p]sonage ( ! h]oic   
times1 a man1 :o1 com+ f af>1 liv$ 9 !  
l& ( ! ,tamanacs & ! ,c>ibs1 sculptur$  
symbolic figures ^u ! rocks1 & disappe>$
 by go+ back to ! c\ntry he _h previ\sly
 inhabit$ beyond ! ocean4 ,!            
an?ropomorphism ( ! div9ity has two     
s\rces diametrically opposite2 & ?is    
opposition seems to arise less f ! v>i\s
 degrees ( intellectual culture1 ?an f !
 diff]5t dispositions ( nations1 "s (   
:i* are m incl9$ to my/icism1 & o!rs m  
gov]n$ by ! s5ses1 & by ext]nal         
impressions4 ,sometimes man makes !     
div9ities desc5d ^u e>?1 *>g+ !m ) ! c>e
 ( rul+ nations1 & giv+ !m laws1 z 9 !  
fables ( ! ,ea/2 sometimes1 z among !   
,greeks & o!r nations ( ! ,we/1 !y are !
 fir/ mon>*s1 prie/-k+s1 :o are /ripp$ (
 :at is human 9 _! nature1 to be rais$  
to ! rank ( national div9ities4         
,amalivaca 0 a /rang]1 l ,manco-,capac1 
,bo*ica1 & ,quetzalcohuatl2 ^?          

extraord9>y m51 :o1 9 ! alp9e or        
civiliz$ "p ( ,am]ica1 on ! tablel&s (  
,p]u1 ,new ,gr5ada1 & ,anahuac1 organiz$
 civil society1 regulat$ ! ord] (       
sacrifices1 & f\nd$ religi\s            
congregations4 ,! ,mexican              
,quetzalcohuatl1 ^: desc5dants          
,montezuma99 799 ,! second k+ ( ?is "n1 
( ! race ( ,acamapitz91 prop]ly call$   
,montezuma-,ilhuicam9a47 ?\ght he       
recogniz$ 9 ! companions ( ,cortez1     
displays an additional resemblance to   
,amalivaca1 ! my?ologic p]sonage (      
savage ,am]ica or ! pla9s ( ! torrid    
zone4 ,:5 advanc$ 9 age1 ! high-prie/ ( 
,tula left ! c\ntry ( ,anahuac1 :i* he  
_h fill$ ) 8 miracles1 to return to an  
unkn[n region1 call$ ,tlalpallan4 ,:5 ! 
monk ,b]n>d de ,sahagun arriv$ 9        
,mexico1 ! same que/ions 7 put to him1 z
 ^? :i* 7 address$ to ,fa!r ,gili two   
hundr$ ye>s lat]1 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,or9oco2 
he 0 ask$ :e!r he came f ! o!r %ore 7del
 otro lado71 f ! c\ntries to :i*        
,quetzalcohuatl _h retir$4  ,! region ( 

sculptur$ rocks1 or ( pa9t$ /ones1      
ext5ds f> beyond ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 beyond 
! c\ntry 7latitude #g degrees #e m9utes 
to #g degrees #dj m9utes1 longitude #fh 
degrees #ej m9utes to #fi degrees #de   
m9utes7 to :i* belongs :at may be call$ 
! local fables ( ! ,tamanacs4 ,we aga9  
f9d ^! same sculptur$ rocks betwe5 !    
,cassiqui>e & ! ,atabapo 7latitude #b   
degrees #e m9utes to #c degrees #bj     
m9utes2 longitude #fi to #gj degrees72 &
 betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,essequibo & ! ,rio
 ,branco 7latitude #c degrees #ej       
m9utes2 longitude #fb degrees #cb       
m9utes74 ,i d n ass]t t ^! figures prove
 ! k ( ! use ( iron1 or t !y d5ote a v  
advanc$ degree ( culture2 b ev5 on !    
supposition t1 in/ead ( be+ symbolical1 
!y are ! fruits ( ! idl5ess ( hunt+     
nations1 we mu/ /ill admit an ant]ior   
race ( m51 v diff]5t f ^? :o n[ inhabit 
! banks ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,rupunuri4 ,! m 
a c\ntry is de/itute ( remembrances (   
g5]ations t are ext9ct1 ! m important x 
becomes to foll[ ! lea/ traces ( :at    

appe>s to be monum5tal4 ,! ea/]n pla9s (
 ,nor? ,am]ica display only ^?          
extraord9>y circumvallations t rem9d u (
 ! =tifi$ camps 7! pret5d$ cities ( va/ 
ext5t7 ( ! anci5t & mod]n nomad tribes (
 ,asia4 ,9 ! ori5tal pla9s ( ,s\?       
,am]ica1 ! =ce ( vegetation1 ! heat ( ! 
climate1 & ! too lavi% gifts ( nature1 h
 oppos$ ob/acles /ill m p[]ful to !     
progress ( human civilization4 ,betwe5 !
 ,or9oco & ! ,amazon ,i he>d no m5tion (
 any wall ( e>?1 ve/ige ( a dyke1 or    
sepul*ral tumulus2 ! rocks alone %[ u 7&
 ?is ?r\gh a great ext5t ( c\ntry71 rude
 sket*es :i* ! h& ( man has trac$ 9     
times unkn[n1 & :i* are connect$ )      
religi\s traditions4  ,be=e ,i quitt$ ! 
wilde/ "p ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 ,i ?\ght x 
desirable to m5tion facts :i* are       
important only :5 !y are consid]$ 9 _!  
connection ) ea* o!r4 ,all ,i c\ld      
relate ( our navigation f ,esm]alda to !
 m\? ( ! ,atabapo w\ld be m]ely an      
enum]ation ( riv]s & un9habit$ places4  
,f ! #bd? to ! #bg? ( ,may1 we slept b  

twice on l&2 our fir/ re/+-place 0 at ! 
conflu5ce ( ! ,rio ,jao1 & our second   
bel[ ! mission ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 9 ! isl&
 ( ,m9isi4 ,! ,or9oco be+ free f %oals1 
! ,indian pilot pursu$ 8 c\rse all      
night1 ab&on+ ! boat to ! curr5t ( !    
riv]4 ,sett+ ap>t ! "t :i* we sp5t on ! 
%ore 9 prep>+ ! rice & planta9s t s]v$ u
 = food1 we took b ?irty-five h\rs 9 go+
 f ,esm]alda to ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,!       
*ronomet] gave me = ! longitude ( !     
latt] mission #gj degrees #c m9utes2 we 
_h !re=e made ne> f\r miles an h\r1 a   
velocity :i* 0 p>tly ow+ to ! curr5t1 & 
p>tly to ! action ( ! o>s4 ,! ,indians  
ass]t t ! crocodiles d n g up ! ,or9oco 
above ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,jao1 & t !        
manatees are n ev5 f\nd above ! cat>act 
( ,maypures4  ,! mission ( ,santa ,b>b>a
 is situat$ a little to ! we/ ( ! m\? ( 
! ,rio ,v5tu>i1 or ,v5itu>i1 exam9$ 9   
#ahjj by ,fa!r ,francisco ,valor4 ,we   
f\nd 9 ?is small village ( "o hundr$ &  
tw5ty inhabitants "s traces ( indu/ry2 b
 ! produce ( ?is indu/ry is ( little    

pr(it to ! natives2 x is res]v$ = !     
monks1 or1 z !y say 9 ^! c\ntries1 = !  
*ur* & ! conv5t4 ,we 7 assur$ t a great 
lamp ( massive silv]1 pur*as$ at !      
exp5se ( ! neophytes1 is expect$ f      
,madrid4 ,let u hope t1 aft] ! arrival (
 ?is treasure1 !y w ?9k also ( clo?+ !  
,indians1 ( procur+ = !m "s in/rum5ts ( 
agriculture1 & assembl+ _! *ildr5 9 a   
s*ool4 ,al?\gh !re are a few ox5 9 !    
savannahs r\nd ! mission1 !y are r>ely  
employ$ 9 turn+ ! mill 7trapi*e71 to    
express ! juice ( ! sug>-cane2 ?is is ! 
occupation ( ! ,indians1 :o "w )\t pay  
"h z !y d ev]y:]e :5 !y are und]/ood to 
"w = ! *ur*4 ,! pa/urages at ! foot ( ! 
m\nta9s r\nd ,santa ,b>b>a are n s ri* z
 at ,esm]alda1 b sup]ior to ^? at ,san  
,f]n&o de ,atabapo4 ,! grass is %ort &  
?ick1 yet ! upp] /ratum ( e>? furni%es  
only a dry & p>*$ granitic s&4 ,!       
savannahs 7f> f f]tile7 ( ! banks ( !   
,guavi>e1 ! ,meta1 & ! ,upp] ,or9oco1   
are equally de/itute ( ! m\ld :i* ab\nds
 9 ! surr\nd+ =e/s1 & ( ! ?ick /ratum ( 

clay1 :i* cov]s ! s&/one ( ! ,llanos1 or
 /eppes ( ,v5ezuela4 ,! small h]bace\s  
mimosas contribute 9 ?is zone to fatt5 !
 cattle1 b are v r>e betwe5 ! ,rio ,jao 
& ! m\? ( ! ,guavi>e4  ,dur+ ! few h\rs 
( our /ay at ! mission ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 
we obta9$ pretty accurate ideas respect+
 ! ,rio ,v5tu>i1 :i*1 next to !         
,guavi>e1 appe>$ to me to be ! mo/      
consid]able tribut>y ( ! ,or9oco4 ,its  
banks1 h]et(ore occupi$ by ! ,maypures1 
are /ill peopl$ by a great numb] (      
indep5d5t nations4 ,on go+ up by ! m\? (
 ! ,v5tu>i1 :i* =ms a delta cov]$ )     
palm-trees1 y f9d 9 ! ea/1 aft] ?ree    
days' j\rney1 ! ,cum>uita & ! ,p>u1 two 
/reams t rise at ! foot ( ! l(ty m\nta9s
 ( ,cuneva4 ,high] up1 on ! we/1 lie !  
,m>iata & ! ,manipi>e1 inhabit$ by !    
,macos & ,curacicanas4 ,! latt] nation  
is rem>kable = _! active cultivation (  
cotton4 ,9 a ho/ile incursion 7entrada7 
a l>ge h\se 0 f\nd conta9+ m ?an ?irty  
or =ty hammocks ( a v f9e texture ( spun
 cotton1 cordage1 & fi%+ implem5ts4 ,!  

natives _h fl$2 & ,fa!r ,valor in=m$ u1 
t ! ,indians ( ! mission :o accompani$  
him _h set fire to ! h\se be=e he c\ld  
save ^! productions ( ! indu/ry ( !     
,curacicanas4 ,! neophytes ( ,santa     
,b>b>a1 :o ?9k !mselves v sup]ior to ^! 
suppos$ savages1 appe>$ to me f> less   
indu/ri\s4 ,! ,rio ,manipi>e1 "o ( !    
pr9cipal bran*es ( ! ,v5tu>i1 approa*es 
ne> its s\rce ^? l(ty m\nta9s1 ! nor!rn 
ridge ( :i* gives bir? to ! ,cu*iv]o4 ,x
 is a prolongation ( ! *a9 ( ,b>aguan2 &
 !re ,fa!r ,gili places ! table-l& (    
,siamacu1 ( :i* he vaunts ! temp]ate    
climate4 ,! upp] c\rse ( ! ,rio ,v5tu>i1
 beyond ! conflu5ce ( ! ,asisi1 & !     
,great ,raudales1 is almo/ unkn[n4 ,i 0 
in=m$ only t ! ,upp] ,v5tu>i b5ds s mu* 
t[>ds ! ea/ t ! anci5t road f ,esm]alda 
to ! ,rio ,caura crosses ! b$ ( ! riv]4 
,! proximity ( ! tribut>y /reams ( !    
,c>ony1 ! ,caura1 & ! ,v5tu>i1 has      
facilitat$ = ages ! access ( ! ,c>ibs to
 ! banks ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,b&s ( ?is  
w>like & trad+ p w5t up f ! ,rio ,c>ony1

 by ! ,p>agua1 to ! s\rces ( ! ,p>uspa4 
,a portage conduct$ !m to ! ,*av>ro1 an 
ea/]n tribut>y /ream ( ! ,rio ,caura2 !y
 desc5d$ ) _! canoes fir/ ?is /ream1 &  
!n ! ,caura itself z f> z ! m\? ( !     
,erevato4 ,aft] hav+ gone up ?is la/    
riv] s\?-we/1 & trav]s$ va/ savannahs = 
?ree days1 !y ent]$ by ! ,manipi>e into 
! great ,rio ,v5tu>i4 ,i trace ?is road 
) precision n only because x 0 t by :i* 
! traffic ( native slaves 0 c>ri$ on1 b 
also to call ! att5tion ( ^?1 :o at "s  
future day may rule ! de/9y ( ,guiana1  
to ! high importance ( ?is labyr9? (    
riv]s4  ,x is by ! f\r l>ge/ tribut>y   
/reams1 :i* ! maje/ic riv] ( ! ,or9oco  
receives on ! "r 7! ,c>ony1 ! ,caura1 ! 
,padamo1 & ! ,v5tu>i71 t ,european      
civilization w "o day p5etrate into ?is 
region ( =e/s & m\nta9s1 :i* has a      
surface ( t5 ?\s& six hundr$ squ>e      
leagues1 & :i* is b\nd$ by ! ,or9oco on 
! nor?1 ! we/1 & ! s\?4 ,! ,capu*9s (   
,catalonia & ! ,obs]vant9s ( ,&alusia & 
,val5cia1 h already made settlem5ts 9 ! 

valleys ( ! ,c>ony & ! ,caura4 ,!       
tribut>y /reams ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 be+ ! 
ne>e/ to ! coa/ & to ! cultivat$ region 
( ,v5ezuela1 7 naturally ! fir/ to      
receive mission>ies1 & ) !m "s g]ms (   
social life4 ,correspond+ to ! ,c>ony & 
! ,caura1 :i* fl[ t[>d ! nor?1 are two  
great tribut>y /reams ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1
 t s5d _! wat]s t[>d ! s\?2 ^! are !    
,padamo & ! ,v5tu>i4 ,no village has    
hi!rto ris5 on _! banks1 ?\gh !y (f]    
advantages = agriculture & pa/urage1 :i*
 w\ld be s\ght 9 va9 9 ! valley ( !     
imm5se riv] to :i* !y are tribut>y4 ,9 !
 c5tre ( ^! wild c\ntries1 :]e !re w    
long be no o!r road ?an ! riv]s1 e      
project ( civilization %\ld be f\nd$ on 
an intimate k ( ! hydraulic features ( !
 c\ntry1 & ! relative importance ( !    
tribut>y /reams4  ,9 ! morn+ ( ! #bf? ( 
,may we left ! little village ( ,santa  
,b>b>a1 :]e we f\nd sev]al ,indians (   
,esm]alda1 :o _h come reluctantly1 by   
ord] ( ! mission>y1 to con/ruct = him a 
h\se ( two /ories4 ,dur+ ! :ole day we  

enjoy$ ! view ( ! f9e m\nta9s ( ,sipapo1
 :i* rise at a di/ance ( m ?an eighte5  
leagues 9 ! direction ( nor?-nor?-we/4  
,! vegetation ( ! banks ( ! ,or9oco is  
s+ul>ly v>i$ 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry2 !     
aboresc5t f]ns99 desc5d f ! m\nta9s1 &  
m+le ) ! palm-trees ( ! pla94 799 ,!    
geographical di/ribution ( ^! plants is 
extremely s+ul>4 ,sc>cely any are f\nd  
on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,brazil4 ,see !       
int]e/+ "w ( ,pr9ce ,maximilian (       
,neuwi$1 ,reise na* ,brasili5 volume #a 
page #bgd47 ,we re/$ t night on ! isl& (
 ,m9isi2 &1 aft] hav+ pass$ ! m\?s ( !  
little riv]s ,quejanuma1 ,ubua1 &       
,masao1 we arriv$1 on ! #bg? ( ,may1 at 
,san ,f]n&o de ,atabapo4 ,we lodg$ 9 !  
same h\se :i* we _h occupi$ a mon?      
previ\sly1 :5 go+ up ! ,rio ,negro4 ,we 
!n direct$ our c\rse t[>ds ! s\?1 by !  
,atabapo & ! ,temi2 we 7 n[ return+ f ! 
we/1 hav+ made a long circuit by !      
,cassiqui>e & ! ,upp] ,or9oco4  ,we     
rema9$ only "o day at ,san ,f]n&o de    
,atabapo1 al?\gh t village1 adorn$ z x 0

 by ! pirijao palm-tree1 ) fruit l      
pea*es1 appe>$ to u a delici\s abode4   
,tame pauxis99 799 ,n ! ourax ( ,cuvi]1 
,crax pauxi ,l9n41 b ! ,crax alector47  
surr\nd$ ! ,indian huts2 9 "o ( :i* we  
saw a v r>e monkey1 :i* inhabits ! banks
 ( ! ,guavi>e4 ,?is monkey is ! cap>ro1 
:i* ,i h made kn[n 9 my ,obs]vations on 
,zoology & comp>ative ,anatomy2 x =ms1 z
 ,ge(froy believes1 a new g5us          
7,lago?rix7 betwe5 ! ateles & ! al\ates4
 ,! hair ( ?is monkey is grey1 l t ( !  
m>t51 & extremely s(t to ! t\*4 ,!      
cap>ro is di/+ui%$ by a r\nd head1 & a  
mild & agreeable expression ( c\nt5ance4
 ,i believe ! mission>y ,gili is ! only 
au?or :o has made m5tion be=e me ( ?is  
curi\s animal1 ar\nd :i* zoologi/s beg9 
to gr\p o!r monkeys ( ,brazil4 ,hav+    
quitt$ ,san ,f]n&o on ! #bg? ( ,may1 we 
arriv$1 by help ( ! rapid curr5t ( !    
,or9oco1 9 sev5 h\rs1 at ! m\? ( ! ,rio 
,matav5i4 ,we pass$ ! night 9 ! op5 air1
 "u ! granitic rock ,el ,ca/illito1 :i* 
rises 9 ! middle ( ! riv]1 & ! =m ( :i* 

rem9d$ u ( ! ru9 call$ ! ,m\se-t[]      
7,mause?urm71 on ! ,rh9e1 opposite ,b+54
 ,"h1 z on ! banks ( ! ,atabapo1 we 7   
/ruck by ! sight ( a small species (    
dros]a1 hav+ exactly ! appe>ance ( !    
dros]a ( ,europe4  ,! ,or9oco _h s5sibly
 swell$ dur+ ! night2 & ! curr5t1       
/rongly accel]at$1 bore u1 9 t5 h\rs1 f 
! m\? ( ! ,matav5i to ! ,upp] ,great    
,cat>act1 t ( ,maypures1 or ,quituna4 ,!
 di/ance :i* we pass$ ov] 0 ?irte5      
leagues4 ,we recall$ to m9d1 ) mu*      
satisfaction1 ! sc5es :]e we _h repos$ 9
 go+ up ! riv]4 ,we aga9 f\nd ! ,indians
 :o _h accompani$ u 9 our h]borizations2
 & we visit$ anew ! f9e spr+ t issues f 
a rock ( /ratifi$ granite beh9d ! h\se (
 ! mission>y3 its temp]ature 0 n *ang$ m
 ?an #j4c degrees4 ,f ! m\? ( ! ,atabapo
 z f> z t ( ! ,apure we seem$ to be     
travell+ z ?r\gh a c\ntry :i* we _h long
 inhabit$4 ,we 7 r$uc$ to ! same        
ab/95ce2 we 7 /ung by ! same mosquitos2 
b ! c]ta9ty ( rea*+ 9 a few weeks ! t]m 
( our physical suff]+s kept up our      

spirits4  ,! passage ( ! canoe ?r\gh !  
,great ,cat>act oblig$ u to /op two days
 at ,maypures4 ,fa!r ,b]n>do ,zea1      
mission>y at ! ,raudales1 :o _h         
accompani$ u to ! ,rio ,negro1 ?\gh ill1
 insi/$ on conduct+ u ) 8 ,indians z f> 
z ,atures4 ,"o ( ^! ,indians1 ,z]epe1 ! 
int]pret]1 :o _h be5 s unm]cifully      
puni%$ at ! bea* ( ,p>>uma1 rivett$ our 
att5tion by 8 appe>ance ( deep sorr[4   
,we le>n$ t 8 grief 0 caus$ by ! loss ( 
a "y girl to :om he 0 engag$1 & t he _h 
lo/ h] 9 consequ5ce ( false intellig5ce 
:i* _h be5 spread respect+ ! direction (
 our j\rney4 ,z]epe1 :o 0 a native (    
,maypures1 _h be5 br\ght up 9 ! woods by
 8 p>5ts1 :o 7 ( ! tribe ( ! ,macos4 ,he
 _h br\ght ) him to ! mission a girl (  
twelve ye>s ( age1 :om he int5d$ to m>ry
 at our return f ! ,cat>acts4 ,! ,indian
 girl 0 little pleas$ ) ! life ( !      
missions1 & %e 0 told t ! :ites w\ld g  
to ! c\ntry ( ! ,portuguese 7,brazil71 &
 w\ld take ,z]epe ) !m4 ,disappo9t$ 9 h]
 hopes1 %e seiz$ a boat1 & ) ano!r girl 

( h] own age1 cross$ ! ,great ,cat>act1 
& fl$ al monte4 ,! recital ( ?is        
c\rage\s adv5ture 0 ! great news ( !    
place4 ,! affliction ( ,z]epe1 h[ev]1 0 
n ( long duration4 ,born among !        
,*ri/ians1 hav+ travell$ z f> z ! foot (
 ! ,rio ,negro1 und]/&+ ,spani% & !     
language ( ! ,macos1 he ?\ght himself   
sup]ior to ! p ( 8 tribe1 & he no d\bt  
soon =got 8 =e/ love4  ,on ! #ca/ ( ,may
 we pass$ ! rapids ( ,guahibos &        
,g>cita4 ,! isl&s :i* rise 9 ! middle ( 
! wat]s ( ! riv] 7 ov]spread ) ! pure/  
v]dure4 ,! ra9s ( w9t] _h unfold$ !     
spa!s ( ! vadgiai palm-tree1 ! leaves ( 
:i* rise /raight t[>d ! sky4 ,! eye is  
nev] we>i$ ( ! view ( ^? sc5es1 :]e !   
trees & rocks give ! l&scape t gr& &    
sev]e "* :i* we admire 9 ! backgr\nd ( !
 pictures ( ,salvator ,rosa4 ,we l&$    
be=e sunset on ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,or9oco1
 at ! ,pu]to de la ,exp$icion1 9 ord] to
 visit ! cav]n ( ,at>uipe1 :i* is !     
place ( sepul*re ( a :ole nation        
de/roy$4 ,i %all attempt to describe ?is

 cav]n1 s celebrat$ among ! natives4    
,we climb$ ) difficulty1 & n )\t "s     
dang]1 a /eep rock ( granite1 entirely  
b>e4 ,x w\ld h be5 almo/ impossible to  
fix ! foot on its smoo? & slop+ surface1
 if l>ge cry/als ( feldsp>1 resi/+      
decomposition1 did n /& out f ! rock1 & 
furni% po9ts ( support4 ,sc>cely _h we  
atta9$ ! summit ( ! m\nta9 :5 we beheld 
) a/oni%m5t ! s+ul> aspect ( ! surr\nd+ 
c\ntry4 ,! foamy b$ ( ! wat]s is fill$ )
 an ar*ipelago ( isl&s cov]$ )          
palm-trees4 ,we/w>d1 on ! left bank ( ! 
,or9oco1 ! wide-/ret*+ savannahs ( !    
,meta & ! ,casan>e resembl$ a sea (     
v]dure4 ,! sett+ sun seem$ l a globe (  
fire susp5d$ ov] ! pla91 & ! solit>y    
,peak ( ,uniana1 :i* appe>$ m l(ty f be+
 wrapp$ 9 vap\rs :i* s(t5$ its outl9e1  
all contribut$ to augm5t ! maje/y ( !   
sc5e4 ,imm$iately bel[ u lay a deep     
valley1 enclos$ on e side4 ,birds ( prey
 & goatsuck]s w+$ _! lonely flight 9 ?is
 inaccessible circus4 ,we f\nd a        
pleasure 9 foll[+ ) ! eye _! fleet+     

%ad[s1 z !y glid$ sl[ly ov] ! flanks ( !
 rock4  ,a n>r[ ridge l$ u to a         
neighb\r+ m\nta91 ! r\nd$ summit ( :i*  
support$ imm5se blocks ( granite4 ,^!   
masses are m ?an =ty or fifty feet 9    
diamet]2 & _! =m is s p]fectly sph]ical1
 t1 z !y appe> to t\* ! soil only by a  
small numb] ( po9ts1 x might be suppos$1
 at ! lea/ %ock ( an e>?quake1 !y w\ld  
roll into ! abyss4 ,i d n rememb] to h  
se5 any:]e else a simil> ph5om5on1 amid 
! decompositions ( granitic soils4 ,if !
 balls re/$ on a rock ( a diff]5t       
nature1 z 9 ! blocks ( ,jura1 we might  
suppose t !y _h be5 r\nd$ by ! action ( 
wat]1 or ?r[n out by ! =ce ( an ela/ic  
fluid2 b _! position on ! summit ( a    
hill alike granitic1 makes x m probable 
t !y owe _! orig9 to ! progressive      
decomposition ( ! rock4  ,! mo/ remote  
"p ( ! valley is cov]$ by a ?ick =e/4 ,9
 ?is %ady & solit>y spot1 on ! declivity
 ( a /eep m\nta91 ! cav]n ( ,at>uipe    
op5s to ! view4 ,x is less a cav]n ?an a
 jutt+ rock 9 :i* ! wat]s h scoop$ a va/

 holl[ :51 9 ! anci5t revolutions ( our 
planet1 !y atta9$ t height499 799 ,i saw
 no ve91 no hole 7f\r7 fill$ ) cry/als4 
,! decomposition ( granitic rocks1 & _! 
sep>ation into l>ge masses1 disp]s$ 9 ! 
pla9s & valleys 9 ! =m ( blocks & balls 
) conc5tric lay]s1 appe> to fav\r !     
enl>g+ ( ^! natural excavations1 :i*    
resemble real cav]ns47 ,9 ?is tomb ( a  
:ole ext9ct tribe we soon c\nt$ ne>ly   
six hundr$ skeletons well pres]v$1 &    
regul>ly plac$4 ,e skeleton reposes 9 a 
sort ( basket made ( ! petioles ( !     
palm-tree4 ,^! baskets1 :i* ! natives   
call mapires1 h ! =m ( a squ>e bag4 ,_! 
size is proportion$ to ! age ( ! dead2  
!re are "s = infants cut (f at ! mom5t (
 _! bir?4 ,we saw !m f t5 in*es to ?ree 
feet f\r in*es long1 ! skeletons 9 !m   
be+ b5t toge!r4 ,!y are all rang$ ne>   
ea* o!r1 & are s entire t n a rib or a  
phalanx is want+4 ,! bones h be5 prep>$ 
9 ?ree diff]5t mann]s1 ei!r :it5$ 9 !   
air & ! sun1 dy$ r$ ) anoto1 or1 l      
mummies1 v>ni%$ ) odorif]\s res9s1 &    

envelop$ 9 leaves ( ! heliconia or ( !  
planta9-tree4 ,! ,indians in=m$ u t !   
fre% corpse is plac$ 9 damp gr\nd1 t !  
fle% may be consum$ by degrees2 "s mon?s
 aft]w>ds x is tak5 out1 & ! fle% rema9+
 on ! bones is scrap$ (f ) %>p /ones4   
,sev]al hordes 9 ,guiana /ill obs]ve ?is
 cu/om4 ,e>!n vases half-bak$ are f\nd  
ne> ! mapires or baskets4 ,!y appe> to  
conta9 ! bones ( ! same family4 ,! l>ge/
 ( ^! vases1 or fun]al urns1 are five   
feet high1 & ?ree feet ?ree in*es long4 
,_! col\r is gre5i%-grey1 & _! oval =m  
is pleas+ to ! eye4 ,! h&les are made 9 
! %ape ( crocodiles or s]p5ts2 ! edges  
are bord]$ ) pa9t$ me&]s1 labyr9?s1 &   
grecques1 9 r[s v>i\sly comb9$4 ,su*    
designs are f\nd 9 e zone among nations 
! f>!/ remov$ f ea* o!r1 ei!r ) respect 
to _! respective positions on ! globe1  
or to ! degree ( civilization :i* !y h  
atta9$4 ,!y /ill adorn ! common pott]y  
made by ! inhabitants ( ! little mission
 ( ,maypures2 !y ornam5t ! buckl]s ( !  
,otaheitans1 ! fi%+-implem5ts ( !       

,esquimaux1 ! walls ( ! ,mexican palace 
( ,mitla1 & ! vases ( anci5t ,greece4   
,we c\ld n acquire any precise idea ( ! 
p]iod to :i* ! orig9 ( ! mapires & !    
pa9t$ vases1 conta9$ 9 ! bone-cav]n (   
,at>uipe1 c be trac$4 ,! great] "p seem$
 n to be m ?an a c5tury old2 b x may be 
suppos$ t1 %elt]$ f all humidity "u !   
influ5ce ( a uni=m temp]ature1 !        
pres]vation ( ^! articles w\ld be no    
less p]fect if _! orig9 dat$ f a p]iod  
f> m remote4 ,a tradition circulates    
among ! ,guahibos1 t ! w>like ,atures1  
pursu$ by ! ,c>ibs1 escap$ to ! rocks t 
rise 9 ! middle ( ! ,great ,cat>acts2 & 
!re t nation1 h]et(ore s num]\s1 became 
gradually ext9ct1 z well z its language4
 ,! la/ families ( ! ,atures /ill exi/$ 
9 #agfg1 9 ! "t ( ! mission>y ,gili4 ,at
 ! p]iod ( our voyage an old p>rot 0 %[n
 at ,maypures1 ( :i* ! inhabitants said1
 & ! fact is wor?y ( obs]vation1 t !y   
did n und]/& :at x said1 because x spoke
 ! language ( ! ,atures4  ,we op5$1 to !
 great conc]n ( our guides1 sev]al      

mapires1 = ! purpose ( exam9+ att5tively
 ! =m ( ! skulls4 ,!y 7 all m>k$ by !   
*>act]i/ics ( ! ,am]ican race1 ) !      
exception ( two or ?ree1 :i* approa*$   
indubitably to ! ,caucasian4 ,9 ! middle
 ( ! ,cat>acts1 9 ! mo/ inaccessible    
spots1 cases are f\nd /r5g!n$ ) iron    
b&s1 & fill$ ) ,european tools1 ve/iges 
( clo!s1 & glass tr9kets4 ,^! articles1 
:i* h giv5 rise to ! mo/ absurd reports 
( treasures hidd5 by ! ,jesuits1        
probably belong$ to ,portuguese trad]s  
:o _h p5etrat$ into ^! savage c\ntries4 
,may we suppose t ! skulls ( ,european  
race1 :i* we saw m+l$ ) ! skeletons ( ! 
natives1 & pres]v$ ) ! same c>e1 7 !    
rema9s ( "s ,portuguese travell]s :o _h 
di$ ( sickness1 or _h be5 kill$ 9       
battle8 ,! av]sion ev9c$ by ! natives = 
:atev] is n ( _! own race r5d]s ?is     
hypo!sis little probable4 ,p]haps       
fugitive me/izos ( ! missions ( ! ,meta 
& ,apure may h come & settl$ ne> !      
,cat>acts1 m>ry+ wom5 ( ! tribe ( !     
,atures4 ,su* mix$ m>riages sometimes   

take place 9 ?is zone1 ?\gh !y are m r>e
 ?an 9 ,canada1 & 9 ! :ole ( ,nor?      
,am]ica1 :]e hunt]s ( ,european orig9   
unite !mselves ) savages1 assume _!     
habits1 & sometimes acquire great       
political influ5ce4  ,we took sev]al    
skulls1 ! skeleton ( a *ild ( six or    
sev5 ye>s old1 & two ( full-gr[n m5 ( ! 
nation ( ! ,atures1 f ! cav]n (         
,at>uipe4 ,all ^! bones1 p>tly pa9t$ r$1
 p>tly v>ni%$ ) odorif]\s res9s1 7 plac$
 9 ! baskets 7mapires or cana/os7 :i* we
 h j describ$4 ,!y made almo/ ! :ole    
load ( a mule2 & z we knew ! sup]/iti\s 
feel+s ( ! ,indians 9 ref]5ce to !      
rema9s ( ! dead aft] burial1 we c>efully
 envelop$ ! cana/os 9 mats rec5tly wov54
 ,un=tunately = u1 ! p5etration ( !     
,indians1 & ! extreme quickness ( _!    
s5se ( smell+1 r5d]$ all our precautions
 useless4 ,:]ev] we /opp$1 9 ! missions 
( ! ,c>ibbees1 amid ! ,llanos1 betwe5   
,ango/ura & ,nueva ,b>celona1 ! natives 
assembl$ r\nd our mules to admire !     
monkeys :i* we _h pur*as$ at ! ,or9oco4 

,^! good p _h sc>cely t\*$ our baggage1 
:5 !y ann\nc$ ! approa*+ dea? ( ! bea/ (
 burd5 t c>ri$ ! dead4 ,9 va9 we told !m
 t !y 7 deceiv$ 9 _! conjectures2 & t ! 
baskets conta9$ ! bones ( crocodiles &  
manatees2 !y p]si/$ 9 repeat+ t !y smelt
 ! res9 t surr\nd$ ! skeletons1 & t !y 7
 _! old relations4 ,we 7 oblig$ to      
reque/ t ! monks w\ld int]pose _!       
au?ority1 to ov]come ! av]sion ( !      
natives1 & procure = u a *ange ( mules4 
,"o ( ! skulls1 :i* we took f ! cav]n ( 
,at>uipe1 has appe>$ 9 ! f9e "w publi%$ 
by my old ma/]1 ,blum5ba*1 on ! v>ieties
 ( ! human species4 ,! skeletons ( !    
,indians 7 lo/ on ! coa/ ( ,africa1     
toge!r ) a consid]able "p ( our         
collections1 9 a %ipwreck1 9 :i* p]i%$  
our fri5d & fell[-travell]1 ,fray ,juan 
,gonzales1 ! "y monk ( ! ord] ( ,sa9t   
,francis4  ,we )drew 9 sil5ce f ! cav]n 
( ,at>uipe4 ,x 0 "o ( ^? calm & s]5e    
nights :i* are s common 9 ! torrid zone4
 ,! />s %one ) a mild & planet>y light4 
,_! sc9tillation 0 sc>cely s5sible at ! 

horizon1 :i* seem$ illum9$ by ! great   
nebulae ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,an        
innum]able multitude ( insects spread a 
r$di% light ^u ! gr\nd1 load$ ) plants1 
& respl5d5t ) ^! liv+ & mov+ fires1 z if
 ! />s ( ! firmam5t _h sunk d[n on !    
savannah4 ,on quitt+ ! cav]n we /opp$   
sev]al times to admire ! beauty ( ?is   
s+ul> sc5e4 ,! odorif]\s vanilla &      
fe/oons ( bignonia decorat$ ! entrance2 
& above1 on ! summit ( ! hill1 ! arr[y  
bran*es ( ! palm-trees wav$ murmur+ 9 ! 
air4 ,we desc5d$ t[>ds ! riv]1 to take !
 road to ! mission1 :]e we arriv$ late 9
 ! night4 ,our imag9ation 0 /ruck by all
 we _h j se54 ,occupi$ cont9ually by !  
pres5t1 9 a c\ntry :]e ! travell] is    
tempt$ to reg>d human society z a new   
in/itution1 he is m p[]fully int]e/$ by 
remembrances ( times pa/4 ,^!           
remembrances 7 n inde$ ( a di/ant date2 
b 9 all t is monum5tal antiquity is a   
relative idea1 & we easily conf\nd :at  
is anci5t ) :at is obscure &            
problematic4 ,! ,egyptians consid]$ !   

hi/orical remembrances ( ! ,greeks z v  
rec5t4 ,if ! ,*9ese1 or1 z !y pref]     
call+ !mselves1 ! inhabitants ( !       
,cele/ial ,empire1 c\ld h communicat$ ) 
! prie/s ( ,heliopolis1 !y w\ld h smil$ 
at ^? pret5sions ( ! ,egyptians to      
antiquity4 ,contra/s n less /rik+ are   
f\nd 9 ! nor? ( ,europe & ( ,asia1 9 !  
,new ,_w1 & 9 e region :]e ! human race 
has n pres]v$ a long consci\sness (     
itself4 ,! migration ( ! ,toltecs1 ! mo/
 anci5t hi/orical ev5t on ! tablel& (   
,mexico1 dates only 9 ! six? c5tury (   
our era4 ,! introduction ( a good sy/em 
( int]calation1 & ! re=m ( ! cal5d>s1 ! 
indisp5sable basis ( an accurate        
*ronology1 took place 9 ! ye> #ajia4 ,^!
 epo*s1 :i* to u appe> s mod]n1 fall on 
fabul\s times1 :5 we reflect on ! hi/ory
 ( our species betwe5 ! banks ( !       
,or9oco & ! ,amazon4 ,we !re see        
symbolic figures sculptur$ on ! rocks1 b
 no tradition ?r[s light ^u _! orig94 ,9
 ! hot "p ( ,guiana we c g back only to 
! p]iod :5 ! ,ca/ilian & ,portuguese    

conqu]ors1 & m rec5tly peaceful monks1  
p5etrat$ amid s _m b>b>\s nations4  ,x  
appe>s t to ! nor? ( ! ,cat>acts1 9 !   
/rait ( ,b>aguan1 !re are cav]ns fill$ )
 bones1 simil> to ^? ,i h j describ$3 b 
,i 0 in=m$ ( ?is fact only aft] my      
return2 our ,indian pilots did n m5tion 
x :5 we l&$ at ! /rait4 ,^! tombs no    
d\bt h giv5 rise to a fable ( !         
,ottomacs1 accord+ to :i* ! granitic &  
solit>y rocks ( ,b>aguan1 ! =ms ( :i*   
are v s+ul>1 are reg>d$ z ! gr&fa!rs1 ! 
anci5t *iefs ( ! tribe4 ,! cu/om (      
sep>at+ ! fle% f ! bones1 v anci5tly    
practis$ by ! ,massagetes1 is /ill kn[n 
among sev]al hordes ( ! ,or9oco4 ,x is  
ev5 ass]t$1 & ) "s probability1 t !     
,gu>aons plunge _! dead bodies "u wat]  
envelop$ 9 nets2 & t ! small            
c>ibe-fi%es1 ( :i* we saw ev]y:]e an    
innum]able quantity1 dev\r 9 a few days 
! muscul> fle%1 & ?us prep>e ! skeleton4
 ,x may be suppos$ t ?is op]ation c be  
practis$ only 9 places :]e crocodiles   
are n common4 ,"s tribes1 = in/ance !   

,tamanacs1 are accu/om$ to lay wa/e !   
fields ( a deceas$ relative1 & cut d[n !
 trees :i* he has plant$4 ,!y say t !   
sight ( objects :i* belong$ to _!       
relation makes !m melan*oly4 ,!y l bett]
 to efface ?an to pres]ve remembrances4 
,^! effects ( ,indian s5sibility are v  
detrim5tal to agriculture1 & ! monks    
oppose ) en]gy ^! sup]/iti\s practices1 
to :i* ! natives conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity 
/ill adh]e 9 ! missions4  ,! tombs ( !  
,indians ( ! ,or9oco h n be5 v closely  
exam9$1 because !y d n conta9 valuable  
articles l ^? ( ,p]u2 & ev5 on ! spot no
 fai? is n[ l5t to ! *im]ical ideas1 :i*
 7 h]et(ore =m$ ( ! weal? ( ! anci5t    
inhabitants ( ,el ,dorado4 ,! ?ir/ (    
gold ev]y:]e prec$es ! desire (         
in/ruction1 & a ta/e = rese>*es into    
antiquity2 9 all ! m\nta9\s "p ( ,s\?   
,am]ica1 f ,m]ida & ,santa ,m>?a to !   
table-l&s ( ,quito & ,upp] ,p]u1 !      
lab\rs ( absolute m9+ h be5 und]tak5 to 
discov] tombs1 or1 z ! ,creoles say1    
employ+ a ^w alt]$ f ! ,inca language1  

guacas4 ,:5 9 ,p]u1 at ,manci*i1 ,i w5t 
into ! guaca f :i*1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 
masses ( gold ( great value 7 extract$4 
,no trace ( ! preci\s metals has be5    
f\nd 9 ! cav]ns :i* h s]v$ ! natives (  
,guiana = ages z sepul*res4 ,?is        
circum/ance proves t ev5 at ! p]iod :5 !
 ,c>ibs1 & o!r travell+ nations1 made   
incursions to ! s\?-we/1 gold _h fl[$ 9 
v small quantities f ! m\nta9s ( ,p]u   
t[>ds ! ea/]n pla9s4  ,:]ev] ! granitic 
rocks d n pres5t any ( ^? l>ge cavities 
caus$ by _! decomposition1 or by an     
accumulation ( _! blocks1 ! ,indians    
deposit _! dead 9 ! e>?4 ,! hammock     
7*9*orro71 a k9d ( net 9 :i* ! deceas$  
_h repos$ dur+ 8 life1 s]ves = a c(f94  
,?is net is fa/5$ tight r\nd ! body1 a  
hole is dug 9 ! hut1 & !re ! body is    
laid4 ,?is is ! mo/ usual me?od1 accord+
 to ! acc\nt ( ! mission>y ,gili1 & x   
accords ) :at ,i myself le>n$ f ,fa!r   
,zea4 ,i d n believe t !re exi/s "o     
tumulus 9 ,guiana1 n ev5 9 ! pla9s ( !  
,cassiqui>e & ! ,essequibo4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 

are to be met ) 9 ! savannahs ( ,v>9as1 
z 9 ,canada1 to ! we/ ( ! ,allegh5ies499
 799 ,mummies & skeletons conta9$ 9     
baskets 7 rec5tly discov]$ 9 a cav]n 9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is believ$ !y belong 
to a race ( m5 analog\s to t ( ! ,s&wi* 
,isl&s4 ,! description ( ^! tombs has "s
 similitude ) t ( ! tombs ( ,at>uipe47  
,x seems rem>kable en\gh t1 not)/&+ !   
extreme abundance ( wood 9 ^? c\ntries1 
! natives ( ! ,or9oco 7 z little        
accu/om$ z ! anci5t ,scy?ians to burn ! 
dead4 ,sometimes !y =m$ fun]al piles = t
 purpose2 b only aft] a battle1 :5 !    
numb] ( ! dead 0 consid]able4 ,9 #agdh1 
! ,p>ecas burn$ n only ! bodies ( _!    
enemies1 ! ,tamanacs1 b also ^? ( _! own
 p :o fell on ! field ( battle4 ,!      
,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 l all nations 9
 a /ate ( nature1 are /rongly atta*$ to 
! spots :]e ! bones ( _! fa!rs repose4  
,?is feel+1 :i* a great writ] has       
beautifully pa9t$ 9 ! episode ( ,atala1 
is *]i%$ 9 all its primitive ard\r by ! 
,*9ese4 ,^! p among :om ev]y?+ is !     

produce ( art1 or r ( ! mo/ anci5t      
civilization1 d n *ange _! dwell+ )\t   
c>ry+ along ) !m ! bones ( _! ance/ors4 
,c(f9s are se5 deposit$ on ! banks (    
great riv]s1 to be transport$1 ) !      
furniture ( ! family1 to a remote       
prov9ce4 ,^! removals ( bones1 h]et(ore 
m common among ! savages ( ,nor?        
,am]ica1 are n practis$ among ! tribes (
 ,guiana2 b ^! are n nomad1 l nations :o
 live exclusively by hunt+4  ,we /ay$ at
 ! mission ( ,atures only dur+ ! "t     
necess>y = pass+ ! canoe ?r\gh ! ,great 
,cat>act4 ,! bottom ( our frail b>k _h  
become s ?9 t x requir$ great c>e to    
prev5t x f splitt+4 ,we took leave ( !  
mission>y1 ,b]n>do ,zea1 :o rema9$ at   
,atures1 aft] hav+ accompani$ u dur+ two
 mon?s1 & %>$ all our suff]+s4 ,?is poor
 monk /ill cont9u$ to h fits ( t]tian   
ague2 !y _h become to him an habitual   
evil1 to :i* he paid little att5tion4   
,o!r fev]s ( a m fatal k9d prevail$ at  
,atures on our second visit4 ,! great]  
"p ( ! ,indians c\ld n leave _!         

hammocks1 & we 7 oblig$ to s5d 9 se>* ( 
cassava-bread1 ! mo/ indisp5sable food (
 ! c\ntry1 to ! indep5d5t b neighb\r+   
tribe ( ! ,piraoas4 ,we _h hi!rto escap$
 ^! malignant fev]s1 :i* ,i believe to  
be always contagi\s4  ,we v5tur$ to pass
 9 our canoe ?r\gh ! latt] half ( !     
,raudal ( ,atures4 ,we l&$ "h & !re1 to 
climb ^u ! rocks1 :i* l n>r[ dikes jo9$ 
! isl&s to "o ano!r4 ,sometimes ! wat]s 
=ce _! way ov] ! dikes1 sometimes !y    
fall )9 !m ) a holl[ noise4 ,a          
consid]able portion ( ! ,or9oco 0 dry1  
because ! riv] _h f\nd an issue by      
subt]rane\s cav]ns4 ,9 ^! solit>y haunts
 ! rock-manak9 ) gild$ plumage 7,pipra  
rupicola71 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful birds ( 
! tropics1 builds its ne/4 ,! ,raudalito
 ( ,c>uc>i is caus$ by an accumulation (
 enorm\s blocks ( granite1 sev]al ( :i* 
are sph]oids ( five or six feet 9       
diamet]1 & !y are pil$ toge!r 9 su* a   
mann]1 z to =m spaci\s cav]ns4 ,we ent]$
 "o ( ^! cav]ns to ga!r ! conf]vas t 7  
spread ov] ! clefts & humid sides ( !   

rock4 ,?is spot display$ "o ( ! mo/     
extraord9>y sc5es ( nature t we _h      
contemplat$ on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco4 ,!  
riv] roll$ its wat]s turbul5tly ov] our 
heads4 ,x seem$ l ! sea da%+ aga9/ reefs
 ( rocks2 b at ! entrance ( ! cav]n we  
c\ld rema9 dry b5ea? a l>ge %eet ( wat] 
t precipitat$ itself 9 an ar* f above ! 
b>ri]4 ,9 o!r cavities1 deep]1 b less   
spaci\s1 ! rock 0 pi]c$ by ! effect (   
successive filtrations4 ,we saw columns 
( wat]1 eight or n9e in*es broad1       
desc5d+ f ! top ( ! vault1 & f9d+ an    
issue by clefts1 t seem$ to communicate 
at great di/ances ) ea* o!r4  ,!        
cascades ( ,europe1 =m+ only "o fall1 or
 sev]al falls close to ea* o!r1 c nev]  
produce su* v>iety 9 ! %ift+ l&scape4   
,?is v>iety is peculi> to rapids1 to a  
succession ( small cat>acts sev]al miles
 9 l5g?1 to riv]s t =ce _! way across   
rocky dikes & accumulat$ blocks (       
granite4 ,we _h ! opportunity ( view+   
?is extraord9>y sight long] ?an we wi%$4
 ,our boat 0 to coa/ ! ea/]n bank ( a   

n>r[ isl&1 & to take u 9 aga9 aft] a    
long circuit4 ,we pass$ an h\r & a half 
9 va9 expectation ( x4 ,night approa*$1 
& ) x a trem5d\s /orm4 ,x ra9$ )        
viol5ce4 ,we began to fe> t our frail   
b>k _h be5 wreck$ aga9/ ! rocks1 & t !  
,indians1 con=mably to _! habitual      
indiff]5ce = ! evils ( o!rs1 _h return$ 
tranquilly to ! mission4 ,!re 7 only    
?ree ( u3 we 7 completely wet1 & uneasy 
respect+ ! fate ( our boat3 x appe>$ f> 
f agreeable to pass1 )\t sleep1 a long  
night ( ! torrid zone amid ! noise ( !  
,raudales4 ,m4 ,bonpl& propos$ to leave 
me 9 ! isl& ) ,don ,nicolas ,soto1 & to 
swim across ! bran*es ( ! riv] t are    
sep>at$ by ! granitic dikes4 ,he hop$ to
 rea* ! =e/1 & seek assi/ance at ,atures
 f ,fa!r ,zea4 ,we dissuad$ him )       
difficulty f und]tak+ ?is haz>d\s       
ent]prise4 ,he knew little ( ! labyr9? (
 small *annels1 into :i* ! ,or9oco is   
divid$4 ,mo/ ( !m h /rong :irlpools1 &  
:at pass$ be=e our eyes :ile we 7       
delib]at+ on our situation1 prov$       

suffici5tly t ! natives _h deceiv$ u    
respect+ ! abs5ce ( crocodiles 9 !      
cat>acts4 ,! little monkeys :i* we _h   
c>ri$ along ) u = mon?s 7 deposit$ on ! 
po9t ( our isl&4 ,wet by ! ra9s &       
s5sible ( ! lea/ l[]+ ( ! temp]ature1 ^!
 delicate animals s5t =? pla9tive cries1
 & attract$ to ! spot two crocodiles1 ! 
size & lead5 col\r ( :i* d5ot$ _! great 
age4 ,_! unexpect$ appe>ance made u     
reflect on ! dang] we _h incurr$ by     
ba?+1 at our fir/ pass+ by ! mission (  
,atures1 9 ! middle ( ! ,raudal4 ,aft]  
long wait+1 ! ,indians at l5g? arriv$ at
 ! close ( day4 ,! natural c(f]-dam by  
:i* !y _h endeav\r$ to desc5d 9 ord] to 
make ! circuit ( ! isl&1 _h become      
impassable ow+ to ! %all[ness ( ! wat]4 
,! pilot s\ght long = a m accessible    
passage 9 ?is labyr9? ( rocks & isl&s4  
,happily our canoe 0 n damag$ & 9 less  
?an half an h\r our in/rum5ts1          
provision1 & animals1 7 emb>k$4  ,we    
pursu$ our c\rse dur+ a "p ( ! night1 to
 pit* our t5t aga9 9 ! isl& ( ,panumana4

 ,we recogniz$ ) pleasure ! spots :]e we
 _h botaniz$ :5 go+ up ! ,or9oco4 ,we   
exam9$ once m on ! bea* ( ,gua*aco t    
small =mation ( s&/one1 :i* reposes     
directly on granite4 ,its position is ! 
same z t ( ! s&/one :i* ,burckh>dt      
obs]v$ at ! entrance ( ,nubia1          
sup]impos$ on ! granite ( ,sy5e4 ,we    
pass$1 )\t visit+ x1 ! new mission (    
,san ,borga1 :]e 7z we le>n$ ) regret a 
few days aft]7 ! little colony (        
,guahibos _h fl$ al monte1 f ! *im]ical 
fe> t we %\ld c>ry !m (f2 to sell !m z  
poitos1 or slaves4 ,aft] hav+ pass$ !   
rapids ( ,tabaje1 & ! ,raudal ( ,c>iv51 
ne> ! m\? ( ! great ,rio ,meta1 we      
arriv$ )\t accid5t at ,c>i*ana4 ,!      
mission>y receiv$ u ) t k9d hospitality 
:i* he ext5d$ to u on our fir/ passage4 
,! sky 0 unfav\rable = a/ronomical      
obs]vations2 we _h obta9$ "s new ones 9 
! two ,great ,cat>acts2 b !nce1 z f> z !
 m\? ( ! ,apure1 we 7 oblig$ to r5\nce !
 attempt4 ,m4 ,bonpl& _h ! satisfaction 
at ,c>i*ana ( dissect+ a manatee m ?an  

n9e feet long4 ,x 0 a female1 & ! fle%  
appe>$ to u n unsav\ry4 ,i h spok5 9    
ano!r place ( ! mann] ( cat*+ ?is       
h]bivor\s cetacea4 ,! ,piraoas1 "s      
families ( :om inhabit ! mission (      
,c>i*ana1 dete/ ?is animal to su* a     
degree1 t !y hid !mselves1 to avoid be+ 
oblig$ to t\* x1 :il/ x 0 be+ convey$ to
 our hut4 ,!y said t ! p ( _! tribe die 
infallibly :5 !y eat ( x4 ,?is prejudice
 is ! m s+ul>1 z ! neighb\rs ( !        
,piraoas1 ! ,guamos & ! ,ottomacs1 are v
 fond ( ! fle% ( ! manatee4 ,! fle% ( ! 
crocodile is also an object ( horror to 
"s tribes1 & ( pr$ilection to o!rs4  ,! 
isl& ( ,cuba furni%es a fact little kn[n
 9 ! hi/ory ( ! manatee4 ,s\? ( ! port (
 ,xagua1 sev]al miles f ! coa/1 !re are 
spr+s ( fre% wat] 9 ! middle ( ! sea4   
,!y are suppos$ to be ow+ to a          
hydro/atic pressure exi/+ 9 subt]rane\s 
*annels1 communicat+ ) ! l(ty m\nta9s ( 
,tr9idad4 ,small vessels sometimes take 
9 wat] !re2 &1 :at is well wor?y (      
obs]vation1 l>ge manatees rema9         

habitually 9 ^? spots4 ,i h already     
call$ ! att5tion ( naturali/s to !      
crocodiles :i* advance f ! m\? ( riv]s  
f> into ! sea4 ,analog\s circum/ances   
may h caus$1 9 ! anci5t cata/rophes (   
our planet1 t s+ul> mixture ( pelagian &
 fluviatile bones & petrifactions1 :i*  
is obs]v$ 9 "s rocks ( rec5t =mation4   
,our /ay at ,c>i*ana 0 v useful 9       
recruit+ our /r5g? aft] our fatigues4   
,m4 ,bonpl& bore ) him ! g]ms ( a cruel 
malady2 he ne$$ repose2 b z ! delta ( ! 
tribut>y /reams includ$ betwe5 ! ,hor$a 
& ,p>uasi is cov]$ ) a ri* vegetation1  
he made long h]balizations1 & 0 wet     
?r\gh sev]al times 9 a day4 ,we f\nd1   
=tunately1 9 ! h\se ( ! mission>y1 ! mo/
 att5tive c>e2 we 7 suppli$ ) bread made
 ( maize fl\r1 & ev5 ) milk4 ,! c[s     
yield milk pl5tifully en\gh 9 ! l[]     
regions ( ! torrid zone1 :]ev] good     
pa/urage is f\nd4 ,i call att5tion to   
?is fact1 because local circum/ances h  
spread ?r\gh ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago !    
prejudice ( consid]+ hot climates z     

repugnant to ! secretion ( milk4 ,we may
 conceive ! indiff]5ce ( ! inhabitants (
 ! ,new ,_w = a milk diet1 ! c\ntry hav+
 be5 orig9ally de/itute ( animals       
capable ( furni%+ x992 799 ,! re9de] are
 n dome/icat$ 9 ,gre5l& z !y are 9      
,lapl&2 & ! ,esquimaux c>e little = _!  
milk4 ,! bisons tak5 v "y accu/om       
!mselves1 on ! we/ ( ! ,allegh5ies1 to  
graze ) h]ds ( ,european c[s4 ,! females
 9 "s di/ricts ( ,india yield a little  
milk1 b ! natives h nev] ?\ght ( milk+  
!m4 ,:at is ! orig9 ( t fabul\s /ory    
relat$ by ,gom>a 7*apt] #dc page #cf7   
accord+ to :i* ! fir/ ,spani% navigators
 saw1 on ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 /ags l$ 
to ! savannahs by h]dsm58 ,! female     
bisons1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,bu*anan & !    
philosophical hi/orian ( ! ,indian      
,ar*ipelago1 ,mr4 ,craw=d1 yield m milk 
?an common c[s47 b h[ c we avoid be+    
a/oni%$ at ?is indiff]5ce 9 ! imm5se    
,*9ese population1 liv+ 9 great "p      
beyond ! tropics1 & 9 ! same latitude ) 
! nomad & pa/oral tribes ( c5tral ,asia8

 ,if ! ,*9ese h ev] be5 a pa/oral p1 h[ 
h !y lo/ ! ta/es & habits s intimately  
connect$ ) t /ate1 :i* prec$es          
agricultural in/itutions8 ,^! que/ions  
are int]e/+ ) respect bo? to ! hi/ory ( 
! nations ( ori5tal ,asia1 & to ! anci5t
 communications t are suppos$ to h exi/$
 betwe5 t "p ( ! _w & ! nor? ( ,mexico4 
,we w5t d[n ! ,or9oco 9 two days1 f     
,c>i*ana to ! mission ( ,uruana1 aft]   
hav+ aga9 pass$ ! celebrat$ /rait (     
,b>aguan4 ,we /opp$ sev]al times to     
det]m9e ! velocity ( ! riv]1 & its      
temp]ature at ! surface1 :i* 0 #bg4d    
degrees4 ,! velocity 0 f\nd to be two   
feet 9 a second 7sixty-two toises 9 #c  
m9utes #f seconds7 9 places :]e ! b$ ( !
 ,or9oco 0 m ?an twelve ?\s& feet broad1
 & f t5 to twelve fa?oms deep4 ,! slope 
( ! riv] is 9 fact extremely g5tle f !  
,great ,cat>acts to ,ango/ura2 &1 if a  
b>ometric measurem5t 7 want+1 ! diff]5ce
 ( height might be det]m9$ by           
approximation1 by measur+ f "t to "t !  
velocity ( ! /ream1 & ! ext5t ( !       

section 9 bread? & dep?4 ,we _h "s      
obs]vations ( ! />s at ,uruana4 ,i f\nd 
! latitude ( ! mission to be #g degrees 
#h m9utes2 b ! results f diff]5t />s    
left a d\bt ( m ?an #a m9ute4 ,! /ratum 
( mosquitos1 :i* hov]$ ov] ! gr\nd1 0 s 
?ick t ,i c\ld n succe$ 9 rectify+      
prop]ly ! artificial horizon4 ,i torm5t$
 myself 9 va92 & regrett$ t ,i 0 n      
provid$ ) a m]curial horizon4 ,on ! #g? 
( ,june1 good absolute altitudes ( ! sun
 gave me #fi degrees #dj m9utes = !     
longitude4 ,we _h advanc$ f ,esm]alda #a
 degree #ag m9utes t[>d ! we/1 & ?is    
*ronometric det]m9ation m]its entire    
confid5ce on acc\nt ( ! d\ble           
obs]vations1 made 9 go+ & return+1 at ! 
,great ,cat>acts1 & at ! conflu5ce ( !  
,atabapo & ( ! ,apure4  ,! situation ( !
 mission ( ,uruana is extremely         
picturesque4 ,! little ,indian village  
/&s at ! foot ( a l(ty granitic m\nta94 
,rocks ev]y:]e appe> 9 ! =m ( pill>s    
above ! =e/1 ris+ high] ?an ! tops ( !  
talle/ trees4 ,! aspect ( ! ,or9oco is  

n[h]e m maje/ic ?an :5 view$ f ! hut ( !
 mission>y1 ,fray ,ramon ,bu5o4 ,x is m 
?an two ?\s& six hundr$ toises broad1 & 
x runs )\t any w9d+1 l a va/ canal1     
/raight t[>d ! ea/4 ,two long & n>r[    
isl&s 7,isla de ,uruana & ,isla vieja de
 la ,manteca7 contribute to give ext5t  
to ! b$ ( ! riv]2 ! two banks are       
p>allel1 & we _c call x divid$ into     
diff]5t bran*es4 ,! mission is inhabit$ 
by ! ,ottomacs1 a tribe 9 ! rude/ /ate1 
& pres5t+ "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y        
physiological ph5om5a4 ,!y eat e>?2 t   
is1 !y swall[ e day1 dur+ sev]al mon?s1 
v consid]able quantities1 to appease    
hung]1 & ?is practice does n appe> to h 
any injuri\s effect on _! heal?4 ,?\gh  
we c\ld /ay only "o day at ,uruana1 ?is 
%ort space ( "t suffic$ to make u       
acqua9t$ ) ! prep>ation ( ! poya1 or    
balls ( e>?4 ,i also f\nd "s traces (   
?is vitiat$ appetite among ! ,guamos2 & 
betwe5 ! conflu5ce ( ! ,meta & ! ,apure1
 :]e ev]ybody speaks ( dirt-eat+ z ( a  
?+ anci5tly kn[n4 ,i %all "h conf9e     

myself to an acc\nt ( :at we ourselves  
saw or he>d f ! mission>y1 :o _h be5    
doom$ to live = twelve ye>s among !     
savage & turbul5t tribe ( ! ,ottomacs4  
,! inhabitants ( ,uruana belong to ^?   
nations ( ! savannahs call$ w&]+        
,indians 7,indios &antes7 :o1 m         
difficult to civilize ?an ! nations ( ! 
=e/ 7,indios del monte71 h a decid$     
av]sion to cultivate ! l&1 & live almo/ 
exclusively by hunt+ & fi%+4 ,!y are m5 
( v robu/ con/itution2 b ill-look+1     
savage1 v9dictive1 & passionately fond (
 f]m5t$ liquors4 ,!y are omnivor\s      
animals 9 ! highe/ degree2 & !re=e ! o!r
 ,indians1 :o consid] !m z b>b>ians1 h a
 common say+1 no?+ is s loa?some b t an 
,ottomac w eat x4 ,:ile ! wat]s ( !     
,or9oco & its tribut>y /reams are l[1 ! 
,ottomacs subsi/ on fi% & turtles4 ,!   
=m] !y kill ) surpris+ dext]ity1 by     
%oot+ !m ) an arr[ :5 !y appe> at !     
surface ( ! wat]4 ,:5 ! riv]s swell fi%+
 almo/ entirely ceases499 799 ,9 ,s\?   
,am]ica1 z 9 ,egypt & ,nubia1 ! swell+ (

 ! riv]s1 :i* occurs p]iodically 9 e "p 
( ! torrid zone1 is errone\sly attribut$
 to ! melt+ ( ! sn[s47 ,x is !n v       
difficult to procure fi%1 :i* (t5 fails 
! poor mission>ies1 on fa/-days z well z
 fle%-days1 ?\gh all ! "y ,indians are  
"u ! obligation ( fi%+ = ! conv5t4 ,dur+
 ! p]iod ( ^! inundations1 :i* la/ two  
or ?ree mon?s1 ! ,ottomacs swall[ a     
prodigi\s quantity ( e>?4 ,we f\nd heaps
 ( e>?-balls 9 _! huts1 pil$ up 9       
pyramids ?ree or f\r feet high4 ,^!     
balls 7 five or six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! 
e>? :i* ! ,ottomacs eat is a v f9e &    
unctu\s clay ( a yell[i% grey col\r2 &1 
:5 be+ slightly bak$ at ! fire1 ! h>d5$ 
cru/ has a t9t incl9+ to r$1 ow+ to !   
oxide ( iron :i* is m+l$ ) x4 ,we br\ght
 away "s ( ?is e>?1 :i* we took f !     
w9t]-provision ( ! ,indians2 & x is a   
mi/ake to suppose t x is /eatitic1 & t x
 conta9s magnesia4 ,vauquel9 did n      
discov] any traces ( t sub/ance 9 x b he
 f\nd t x conta9$ m silex ?an alum9a1 & 
?ree or f\r p] c5t ( lime4  ,! ,ottomacs

 d n eat e k9d ( clay indiff]5tly2 !y   
*oose ! alluvial b$s or /rata1 :i*      
conta9 ! mo/ unctu\s e>?1 & ! smoo!/ to 
! t\*4 ,i inquir$ ( ! mission>y :e!r !  
moi/5$ clay 7 made to und]go t peculi>  
decomposition :i* is indicat$ by a      
dis5gagem5t ( c>bonic acid & sulphurett$
 hydrog51 & :i* is designat$ 9 e        
language by ! t]m ( putrefaction2 b he  
assur$ u t ! natives nei!r cause ! clay 
to rot1 nor d !y m+le x ) fl\r ( maize1 
oil ( turtle's eggs1 or fat ( !         
crocodile4 ,we ourselves exam9$1 bo? at 
! ,or9oco & aft] our return to ,p>is1 ! 
balls ( e>? :i* we br\ght away ) u1 &   
f\nd no trace ( ! mixture ( any organic 
sub/ance1 :e!r oily or f>9ace\s4 ,!     
savage reg>ds e ?+ z n\ri%+ t appeases  
hung]3 :51 !re=e1 y inquire ( an        
,ottomac on :at he subsi/s dur+ ! two   
mon?s :5 ! riv] is at its highe/ flood  
he %[s y 8 balls ( clayey e>?4 ,?is he  
calls 8 pr9cipal food at ! p]iod :5 he c
 seldom procure a liz>d1 a root ( f]n1  
or a dead fi% swimm+ at ! surface ( !   

wat]4 ,if necessity =ce ! ,indians to   
eat e>? dur+ two mon?s 7& f ?ree qu>t]s 
to five qu>t]s ( a p\nd 9 tw5ty-f\r     
h\rs71 he eats x f *oice dur+ ! re/ ( ! 
ye>4 ,e day 9 ! season ( dr\ght1 :5 fi%+
 is mo/ abundant1 he scrapes 8 balls (  
poya1 & m+les a little clay ) 8 o!r     
alim5t4 ,x is mo/ surpris+ t ! ,ottomacs
 d n become lean by swall[+ su*         
quantities ( e>?3 !y are1 on ! contr>y1 
extremely robu/4 ,! mission>y ,fray     
,ramon ,bu5o ass]ts t he nev] rem>k$ any
 alt]ation 9 ! heal? ( ! natives at !   
p]iod ( ! great ris+s ( ! ,or9oco4  ,!  
,ottomacs dur+ "s mon?s eat daily       
?ree-qu>t]s ( a p\nd ( clay slightly    
h>d5$ by fire1 b :i* !y moi/5 be=e      
swall[+ x4 ,x has n be5 possible to     
v]ify hi!rto ) precision h[ mu*         
nutriti\s vegetable or animal matt] !y  
take 9 a week at ! same "t2 b !y        
attribute ! s5sation ( satiety :i* !y   
feel to ! clay1 & n to ! wret*$ alim5ts 
:i* !y take ) x occasionally4  ,no      
physiological ph5om5on be+ entirely     

insulat$1 x may be int]e/+ to exam9e    
sev]al analog\s ph5om5a1 :i* ,i h be5   
able to collect4 ,i obs]v$ ev]y:]e )9 ! 
torrid zone1 9 a great numb] (          
individuals1 *ildr51 wom51 & sometimes  
ev5 full-gr[n m51 an inord9ate & almo/  
irresi/ible desire ( swall[+ e>?2 n an  
alkal9e or calc>e\s e>? to neutralize 7z
 x is said7 acid juices1 b a fat clay1  
unctu\s1 & exhal+ a /rong smell4 ,x is  
(t5 f\nd necess>y to tie ! *ildr5's h&s 
or to conf9e !m to prev5t !m eat+ e>? :5
 ! ra9 ceases to fall4 ,at ! village (  
,banco1 on ! bank ( ! riv] ,magdal5a1 ,i
 saw ! ,indian wom5 :o make pott]y      
cont9ually swall[+ great pieces ( clay4 
,^! wom5 7 n 9 a /ate ( pregnancy2 & !y 
affirm$ t e>? is an alim5t :i* !y d n   
f9d hurtful4 ,9 o!r ,am]ican tribes1 p  
soon fall sick1 & wa/e away1 :5 !y yield
 too mu* to ?is mania ( eat+ e>?4 ,we   
f\nd at ! mission ( ,san ,borja an      
,indian *ild ( ! ,guahiba nation1 :o 0 z
 ?9 z a skeleton4 ,! "m in=m$ u t !     
little girl 0 r$uc$ to ?is lam5table    

/ate ( atrophy 9 consequ5ce ( a disord]$
 appetite1 %e hav+ refus$ dur+ f\r mon?s
 to take almo/ any o!r food ?an clay4   
,yet ,san ,borja is only tw5ty-five     
leagues di/ant f ! mission ( ,uruana1   
inhabit$ by t tribe ( ! ,ottomacs1 :o1 f
 ! effect no d\bt ( a habit             
progressively acquir$1 swall[ ! poya )\t
 exp]i5c+ any p]nici\s effects4 ,fa!r   
,gumilla ass]ts t ! ,ottomacs take z an 
ap]i5t1 oil1 or r ! melt$ fat ( !       
crocodile1 :5 !y feel any ga/ric        
ob/ructions2 b ! mission>y :om we f\nd  
among !m 0 little dispos$ to confirm ?is
 ass]tion4 ,x may be ask$1 :y ! mania ( 
eat+ e>? is mu* m r>e 9 ! frigid &      
temp]ate ?an 9 ! torrid zones2 & :y 9   
,europe x is f\nd only among wom5 9 a   
/ate ( pregnancy1 & sickly *ildr54 ,?is 
diff]5ce betwe5 hot & temp]ate climates 
arises p]haps only f ! in]t /ate ( !    
functions ( ! /oma* caus$ by /rong      
cutane\s p]spiration4 ,x has be5 suppos$
 to be obs]v$ t ! inord9ate ta/e = eat+ 
e>? augm5ts among ! ,african slaves1 &  

becomes m p]nici\s :5 !y are re/rict$ to
 a regim5 purely vegetable & depriv$ (  
spiritu\s liquors4  ,! negroes on ! coa/
 ( ,gu9ea delight 9 eat+ a yell[i% e>?1 
:i* !y call ca\ac4 ,! slaves :o are tak5
 to ,am]ica endeav\r to indulge 9 ?is   
habit2 b x proves detrim5tal to _!      
heal?4 ,!y say t ! e>? ( ! ,we/ ,indies 
is n s easy ( dige/ion z t ( _! c\ntry4 
,?ibaut de ,*anvalon1 9 8 ,voyage to    
,m>t9ico1 expresses himself v judici\sly
 on ?is pa?ological ph5om5on4 ,ano!r    
cause1 he says1 ( ?is pa9 9 ! /oma* is t
 sev]al ( ! negroes1 :o come f ! coa/ ( 
,gu9ea1 eat e>?2 n f a deprav$ ta/e1 or 
9 consequ5ce ( disease1 b f a habit     
contract$ at home 9 ,africa1 :]e !y eat1
 !y say1 a p>ticul> e>?1 ! ta/e ( :i* !y
 f9d agreeable1 )\t suff]+ any          
inconv5i5ce4 ,!y seek 9 our isl&s = !   
e>? mo/ simil> to ?is1 & pref] a yell[i%
 r$ volcanic tufa4 ,x is sold secretly 9
 our public m>kets2 b ?is is an abuse   
:i* ! police ought to correct4 ,!       
negroes :o h ?is habit are s fond (     

ca\ac1 t no *a/isem5t w prev5t _! eat+  
x4  ,9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 at ! isl& 
( ,java1 ,labill>di]e saw1 betwe5       
,surabaya & ,sam>ang1 little squ>e &    
r$di% cakes expos$ = sale4 ,^! cakes    
call$ tanaampo1 7 cakes ( clay1 slightly
 bak$1 :i* ! natives eat ) reli%4 ,!    
att5tion ( physiologi/s1 s9ce my return 
f ! ,or9oco1 hav+ be5 p[]fully direct$  
to ^! ph5om5a ( geophagy1 ,m4 ,les*5ault
 7"o ( ! naturali/s ( ! exp$ition to !  
,ant>ctic regions "u ! comm& ( capta9   
,baud97 has publi%$ "s curi\s details on
 ! tanaampo1 or ampo1 ( ! ,javanese4 ,! 
r$di% & some:at f]rug9\s clay1 he says  
:i* ! inhabitants ( ,java are fond (    
eat+ occasionally1 is spread on a plate 
( iron1 & bak$1 aft] hav+ be5 roll$ into
 little cyl9d]s 9 ! =m ( ! b>k (        
c9namon4 ,9 ?is /ate x takes ! "n (     
ampo1 & is sold 9 ! public m>kets4 ,?is 
clay has a peculi> ta/e1 :i* is ow+ to !
 bak+3 x is v absorb5t1 & adh]es to !   
tongue1 :i* x dries4 ,9 g5]al x is only 
! ,javanese wom5 :o eat ! ampo1 ei!r 9 !

 "t ( pregnancy1 or 9 ord] to gr[ ?92 ! 
abs5ce ( plumpness be+ !re reg>d$ z a   
k9d ( beauty4 ,! use ( ?is e>? is fatal 
to heal?2 ! wom5 lose _! appetite       
imp]ceptibly1 & take only ) reli% a v   
small quantity ( food2 b ! desire (     
becom+ ?91 & ( pres]v+ a sl5d] %ape1    
induces !m to brave ^! dang]s1 & ma9ta9s
 ! cr$it ( ! ampo4 ,! savage inhabitants
 ( ,new ,cal$onia also1 to appease _!   
hung] 9 times ( sc>city1 eat great      
pieces ( a friable ,lapis oll>is4       
,vauquel9 analys$ ?is /one1 & f\nd 9 x1 
beside magnesia & silex 9 equal         
portions1 a small quantity ( oxide (    
copp]4 ,m4 ,goldb]ry _h se5 ! negroes 9 
,africa1 9 ! isl&s ( ,bunck & ,los      
,idolos1 eat an e>? ( :i* he _h himself 
eat51 )\t be+ incommod$ by x1 & :i* also
 0 a :ite & friable /eatite4 ,^!        
examples ( e>?-eat+ 9 ! torrid zone     
appe> v /range4 ,we are /ruck by !      
anomaly ( f9d+ a ta/e1 :i* might seem to
 belong only to ! inhabitants ( ! mo/   
/]ile regions1 prevail+ among races (   

rude & indol5t m51 :o live 9 ! f9e/ &   
mo/ f]tile c\ntries on ! globe4 ,we saw 
at ,popayan1 & 9 sev]al m\nta9\s p>ts ( 
,p]u1 lime r$uc$ to a v f9e p[d]1 sold 9
 ! public m>kets to ! natives among o!r 
articles ( food4 ,?is p[d]1 :5 eat51 is 
m+l$ ) coca1 t is1 ) ! leaves ( !       
,ery?roxylon p]uvianum4 ,x is well kn[n 
t ,indian mess5g]s take no o!r alim5t = 
:ole days ?an lime & coca3 bo? excite ! 
secretion ( saliva1 & ( ! ga/ric juice2 
!y take away ! appetite1 )\t af=d+ any  
n\ri%m5t to ! body4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,s\?  
,am]ica1 on ! coa/ ( ,rio de la ,ha*a1 !
 ,guajiros swall[ lime alone1 )\t add+  
any vegetable matt] to x4 ,!y c>ry ) !m 
a little box fill$ ) lime1 z we d       
snuff-boxes1 & z 9 ,asia p c>ry a       
betel-box4 ,?is ,am]ican cu/om excit$ ! 
curiosity ( ! fir/ ,spani% navigators4  
,lime black5s ! tee?2 & 9 ! ,indian     
,ar*ipelago1 z among sev]al ,am]ican    
hordes1 to black5 ! tee? is to beautify 
!m4 ,9 ! cold regions ( ! k+dom (       
,quito1 ! natives ( ,tigua eat          

habitually f *oice1 & )\t any injuri\s  
consequ5ces1 a v f9e clay1 mix$ )       
qu>tzose s&4 ,?is clay1 susp5d$ 9 wat]1 
r5d]s x milky4 ,we f9d 9 _! huts l>ge   
vessels fill$ ) ?is wat]1 :i* s]ves z a 
bev]age1 & :i* ! ,indians call agua or  
le*e de llanka499 799 ,wat] or milk (   
clay4 ,llanka is a ^w ( ! g5]al language
 ( ! ,incas1 signify+ f9e clay47  ,:5 we
 reflect on ^! facts1 we p]ceive t !    
appetite = clayey1 magnesian1 & calc>e\s
 e>? is mo/ common among ! p ( ! torrid 
zone2 t x is n always a cause ( disease2
 & t "s tribes eat e>? f *oice1 :il/    
o!rs 7z ! ,ottomacs 9 ,am]ica1 & !      
inhabitants ( ,new ,cal$onia 9 !        
,pacific7 eat x f want & to appease     
hung]4 ,a great numb] ( physiological   
ph5om5a prove t a tempor>y cessation (  
hung] may be produc$ ?\gh ! sub/ances t 
are submitt$ to ! organs ( dige/ion may 
n be1 prop]ly speak+1 nutritive4 ,! e>? 
( ! ,ottomacs1 compos$ ( alum9e & silex1
 furni%es probably no?+1 or almo/ no?+1 
to ! composition ( ! organs ( man4 ,^!  

organs conta9 lime & magnesia 9 ! bones1
 9 ! lymph ( ! ?oracic duct1 9 ! col\r+ 
matt] ( ! blood1 & 9 :ite hairs2 !y af=d
 v small quantities ( silex 9 black     
hair2 &1 accord+ to ,vauquel91 b a few  
atoms ( alum9e 9 ! bones1 ?\gh ?is is   
conta9$ abundantly 9 ! great] "p ( ^?   
vegetable sub/ances :i* =m "p ( our     
n\ri%m5t4 ,x is n ! same ) man z )      
animat$ be+s plac$ l[] 9 ! scale (      
organization4 ,9 ! =m]1 assimilation is 
ex]t$ only on ^? sub/ances t ent]       
ess5tially into ! composition ( ! bones1
 ! muscles1 & ! m$ull>y matt] ( ! n]ves 
& ! bra94 ,plants1 on ! contr>y1 draw f 
! soil ! salts t are f\nd accid5tally   
mix$ 9 x2 & _! fibr\s texture v>ies     
accord+ to ! nature ( ! e>?s t pr$om9ate
 9 ! spots :i* !y inhabit4 ,an object   
well wor?y ( rese>*1 & :i* has long fix$
 my att5tion1 is ! small numb] ( simple 
sub/ances 7e>?y & metallic7 t ent] into 
! composition ( animat$ be+s1 & :i*     
alone appe> fitt$ to ma9ta9 :at we may  
call ! *emical movem5t ( vitality4  ,we 

mu/ n conf\nd ! s5sations ( hung] ) t   
vague feel+ ( debility :i* is produc$ by
 want ( nutrition1 & by o!r pa?ologic   
causes4 ,! s5sation ( hung] ceases long 
be=e dige/ion takes place1 or ! *yme is 
conv]t$ into *yle4 ,x ceases ei!r by a  
n]v\s & tonic impression ex]t$ by !     
alim5ts on ! coats ( ! /oma*2 or1       
because ! dige/ive app>atus is fill$ )  
sub/ances t excite ! muc\s membranes to 
an abundant secretion ( ! ga/ric juice4 
,to ?is tonic impression on ! n]ves ( ! 
/oma* ! prompt & salut>y effects ( :at  
are call$ nutritive m$icam5ts may be    
attribut$1 su* z *ocolate1 & e sub/ance 
t g5tly /imulates & n\ri%es at ! same   
"t4 ,x is ! abs5ce ( a n]v\s /imulant t 
r5d]s ! solit>y use ( a nutritive       
sub/ance 7z />*1 gum1 or sug>7 less     
fav\rable to assimilation1 & to !       
rep>ation ( ! losses :i* ! human body   
und]goes4 ,opium1 :i* is n nutritive1 is
 employ$ ) success 9 ,asia1 9 times (   
great sc>city2 x acts z a tonic4 ,b :5 !
 matt] :i* fills ! /oma* c be reg>d$    

nei!r z an alim5t1 t is1 z prop] to be  
assimilat$1 nor z a tonic /imulat+ !    
n]ves1 ! cessation ( hung] is probably  
ow+ only to ! secretion ( ! ga/ric      
juice4 ,we "h t\* ^u a problem (        
physiology :i* has n be5 suffici5tly    
inve/igat$4 ,hung] is appeas$1 ! pa9ful 
feel+ ( inanition ceases1 :5 ! /oma* is 
fill$4 ,x is said t ?is viscus /&s 9 ne$
 ( balla/2 & e language furni%es        
figurative expressions :i* convey ! idea
 t a me*anical di/5sion ( ! /oma* causes
 an agreeable s5sation4 ,rec5t works (  
physiology /ill speak ( ! pa9ful        
contraction :i* ! /oma* exp]i5ces dur+  
hung]1 ! friction ( its sides aga9/ "o  
ano!r1 & ! action ( ! ga/ric juice on ! 
texture ( ! dige/ive app>atus4 ,!       
obs]vations ( ,bi*at1 & m p>ticul>ly !  
f9e exp]im5ts ( ,maj5die1 are 9         
contradiction to ^! sup]annuat$         
hypo!ses4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r1 =ty-eight1 or
 ev5 sixty h\rs ( ab/95ce1 no           
contraction ( ! /oma* is obs]v$2 x is   
only on ! f\r? or fif? day t ?is organ  

appe>s to *ange 9 a small degree its    
dim5sions4 ,! quantity ( ! ga/ric juice 
dim9i%es ) ! duration ( ab/95ce4 ,x is  
probable t ?is juice1 f> f accumulat+1  
is dige/$ z an alim5t>y sub/ance4 ,if a 
cat or dog be made to swall[ a sub/ance 
:i* is n susceptible ( be+ dige/$1 a    
pebble = in/ance1 a muc\s & acid liquid 
is =m$ abundantly 9 ! cavity ( ! /oma*1 
some:at resembl+ 9 its composition !    
ga/ric juice ( ! human body4 ,x appe>s  
to me v probable1 t :5 ! want ( alim5ts 
compels ! ,ottomacs & ! inhabitants (   
,new ,cal$onia to swall[ clay & /eatite 
dur+ a "p ( ! ye>1 ^! e>?s occasion a   
p[]ful secretion ( ! ga/ric & pancreatic
 juices 9 ! dige/ive app>atus ( ^! p4 ,!
 obs]vations :i* ,i made on ! banks ( ! 
,or9oco1 h be5 rec5tly confirm$ by !    
direct exp]im5ts ( two di/+ui%$ "y      
physiologi/s1 ,,mm4 ,cloquet & ,bres*et4
 ,aft] long fa/+ !y ate z mu* z five    
ounces ( a silv]y gre5 & v flexible     
lam9> talc4 ,_! hung] 0 completely      
satisfi$1 & !y felt no inconv5i5ce f a  

k9d ( food to :i* _! organs 7           
unaccu/om$4 ,x is kn[n t great use is   
/ill made 9 ! ,ea/ ( ! bol> & sigillat$ 
e>?s ( ,lemnos1 :i* are clay m+l$ )     
oxide ( iron4 ,9 ,g]many ! workm5       
employ$ 9 ! qu>ries ( s&/one work$ at ! 
m\nta9 ( ,kiffhaus] spread a v f9e clay 
^u _! bread1 in/ead ( butt]1 :i* !y call
 /e9butt]99 7/one-butt]74 799 ,?is      
/e9butt] mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! m\nta9   
butt] 7b]gbutt]7 :i* is a sal9e         
sub/ance1 produc$ by a decomposition (  
alum9\s s*i/s47  ,! /ate ( p]fect heal? 
enjoy$ by ! ,ottomacs dur+ ! "t :5 !y   
use little muscul> ex]cise1 & are       
subject$ to s extraord9>y a regim51 is a
 ph5om5on difficult to be expla9$4 ,x c 
be attribut$ only to a habit prolong$ f 
g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,! /ructure ( !   
dige/ive app>atus diff]s mu* 9 animals t
 fe$ exclusively on fle% or on se$s2 x  
is ev5 probable t ! ga/ric juice *anges 
its nature1 accord+ z x is employ$ 9    
effect+ ! dige/ion ( animal or vegetable
 sub/ances2 yet we are able gradually to

 *ange ! regim5 ( h]bivor\s & c>nivor\s 
animals1 to fe$ ! =m] ) fle%1 & ! latt] 
) vegetables4 ,man c accu/om himself to 
an extraord9>y ab/95ce & f9d x b little 
pa9ful if he employ tonic or /imulat+   
sub/ances 7v>i\s drugs1 small quantities
 ( opium1 betel1 tobacco1 or leaves (   
coca72 or if he supply 8 /oma*1 f "t to 
"t1 ) e>?y insipid sub/ances t are n 9  
!mselves fit = nutrition4 ,l man 9 a    
savage /ate "s animals1 :5 press$ by    
hung] 9 w9t]1 swall[ clay or friable    
/eatites2 su* are ! wolves 9 ! nor!a/ ( 
,europe1 ! re9de] &1 accord+ to !       
te/imony ( ,m4 ,patr91 ! kids 9 ,sib]ia4
 ,! ,russian hunt]s1 on ! banks ( !     
,y5isei & ! ,am\r1 use a clayey matt]   
:i* !y call rock-butt]1 z a bait4 ,!    
animals sc5t ?is clay f af>1 & are fond 
( ! smell2 z ! clays ( buc>o1 kn[n 9    
,portugal & ,spa9 by ! "n ( odorif]\s   
e>?s 7ti]ras olorosas71 h an od\r       
agreeable to wom5499 799 ,buc>o 7vas    
fictile odorif]um74 ,p are fond ( dr9k+ 
out ( ^! vessels on acc\nt ( ! smell ( !

 clay4 ,! wom5 ( ! prov9ce ( ,al5tejo   
acquire a habit ( ma/icat+ ! buc>o e>?2 
& feel a great privation :5 !y _c       
indulge ?is vitiat$ ta/e47 ,br[n relates
 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,jamaica t ! crocodiles (
 ,s\? ,am]ica swall[ small /ones &      
pieces ( v h>d wood1 :5 ! lakes :i* !y  
inhabit are dry1 or :5 !y are 9 want (  
food4 ,m4 ,bonpl& & ,i obs]v$ 9 a       
crocodile1 elev5 feet long1 :i* we      
dissect$ at ,batallez1 on ! banks ( !   
,rio ,magdal5a1 t ! /oma* ( ?is reptile 
conta9$ half-dige/$ fi%1 & r\nd$        
fragm5ts ( granite ?ree or f\r in*es 9  
diamet]4 ,x is difficult to admit t !   
crocodiles swall[ ^! /ony masses        
accid5tally1 = !y d n cat* fi% ) _! l[] 
jaw re/+ on ! gr\nd at ! bottom ( !     
riv]4 ,! ,indians h fram$ ! absurd      
hypo!sis t ^! indol5t animals l to      
augm5t _! weight1 t !y may h less tr\ble
 9 div+4 ,i r ?9k t !y load _! /oma* )  
l>ge pebbles to excite an abundant      
secretion ( ! ga/ric juice4 ,! exp]im5ts
 ( ,maj5die r5d] ?is explanation        

extremely probable4 ,) respect to !     
habit ( ! granivor\s birds1 p>ticul>ly !
 gall9aceae & o/ri*es1 ( swall[+ s& &   
small pebbles1 x has be5 hi!rto         
attribut$ to an in/9ctive desire (      
accel]at+ ! trituration ( ! alim5ts 9 a 
muscul> & ?ick /oma*4  ,we h m5tion$ t  
tribes ( ,negroes on ! ,gambia m+le clay
 ) _! rice4 ,"s families ( ,ottomacs 7  
p]haps =m]ly accu/om$ to cause ! maize &
 o!r f>9ace\s se$s to rot 9 _! poya1 9  
ord] to eat e>? & amylace\s matt]       
toge!r3 possibly x 0 a prep>ation ( ?is 
k9d1 t ,fa!r ,gumilla describ$          
indi/9ctly 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 "w :5 he 
affirms t ! ,guamos & ! ,ottomacs fe$ ^u
 e>? only because x is impregnat$ ) !   
su/ancia del maiz 7sub/ance ( maize7 & !
 fat ( ! cayman4 ,i h already obs]v$ t  
nei!r ! pres5t mission>y ( ,uruana1 nor 
,fray ,juan ,gonzales1 :o liv$ long 9 ^?
 c\ntries1 knew any?+ ( ?is mixture (   
animal & vegetable sub/ances ) ! poya4  
,p]haps ,fa!r ,gumilla has conf\nd$ !   
prep>ation ( ! e>? :i* ! natives swall[ 

) ! cu/om !y /ill reta9 7( :i* ,m4      
,bonpl& acquir$ ! c]ta9ty on ! spot7 (  
bury+ 9 ! gr\nd ! beans ( a species (   
mimosacea199 799 ,( ! g5us ,+a47 to     
cause !m to ent] into decomposition s z 
to r$uce !m into a :ite bread1 sav\ry1 b
 difficult ( dige/ion4 ,i repeat t !    
balls ( poya1 :i* we took f ! w9t] /ores
 ( ! ,indians1 conta9$ no trace ( animal
 fat1 or ( amylace\s matt]4 ,gumilla be+
 "o ( ! mo/ cr$ul\s travell]s we "k1 x  
almo/ p]plexes u to cr$it facts :i* ev5 
he has ?\ght fit to reject4 ,9 ! second 
volume ( 8 "w he h[ev] ga9says a great  
"p ( :at he advanc$ 9 ! fir/2 he no     
long] d\bts t half at lea/ 7a lo m5os7 (
 ! bread ( ! ,ottomacs & ! ,guamos is   
clay4 ,he ass]ts1 t *ildr5 & full gr[n  
p]sons n only eat ?is bread )\t suff]+ 9
 _! heal?1 b also great pieces ( pure   
clay 7mu*os t]rones de pura gr$a47 ,he  
adds t ^? :o feel a weight on ! /oma*   
physic !mselves ) ! fat ( ! crocodile   
:i* re/ores _! appetite & enables !m to 
cont9ue to eat pure e>?499 799 ,gumilla 

volume #b page #bfj47 ,x is c]ta9 t !   
,guamos are v fond1 if n ( ! fat1 at    
lea/ ( ! fle% ( ! crocodile1 :i* appe>$ 
to u :ite1 & )\t any smell ( musk4 ,9   
,s5na>1 accord+ to ,burckh>dt1 x is     
equally e/eem$1 & sold 9 ! m>kets4  ,!  
little village ( ,uruana is m difficult 
to gov]n ?an mo/ ( ! o!r missions4 ,!   
,ottomacs are a re/less1 turbul5t p1 )  
unbridl$ passions4 ,!y are n only fond  
to excess ( ! f]m5t$ liquors prep>$ f   
cassava & maize1 & ( palm-w9e1 b !y ?r[ 
!mselves into a peculi> /ate (          
intoxication1 we might say ( madness1 by
 ! use ( ! p[d] ( niopo4 ,!y ga!r ! long
 pods ( a mimosacea :i* we h made kn[n  
by ! "n ( ,acacia niopo199 cut !m into  
pieces1 moi/5 !m1 & cause !m to f]m5t4  
799 ,x is an acacia ) v delicate leaves1
 & n an ,+a4 ,we br\ght home ano!r      
species ( mimosacea 7! *iga ( !         
,ottomacs & ! sepa ( ! ,maypures7 t     
yields se$s1 ! fl\r ( :i* is eat5 at    
,uruana l cassava4 ,f ?is fl\r ! *iga   
bread is prep>$1 :i* is s common at     

,cun>i*e1 & on ! banks ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco4
 ,! *iga is a species ( ,+a1 & ,i "k (  
no o!r mimosacea t c supply ! place ( ! 
c]ealia47 ,:5 ! s(t5$ se$s beg9 to gr[  
black1 !y are knead$ l a pa/e2 mix$ ) "s
 fl\r ( cassava & lime procur$ f ! %ell 
( a helix1 & ! :ole mass is expos$ to a 
v brisk fire1 on a gridiron made ( h>d  
wood4 ,! h>d5$ pa/e takes ! =m ( small  
cakes4 ,:5 x is to be us$1 x is r$uc$ to
 a f9e p[d]1 & plac$ on a di% five or   
six in*es wide4 ,! ,ottomac holds ?is   
di%1 :i* has a h&le1 9 8 "r h&1 :ile he 
inhales ! niopo by ! nose1 ?r\gh ! =k$  
bone ( a bird1 ! two extremities ( :i*  
are appli$ to ! no/rils4 ,?is bone1 )\t 
:i* ! ,ottomac believes t he c\ld n take
 ?is k9d ( snuff1 is sev5 in*es long3 x 
appe>$ to me to be ! leg-bone ( a l>ge  
sort ( plov]4 ,! niopo is s /imulat+ t !
 smalle/ portions ( x produce viol5t    
sneez+ 9 ^? :o are n accu/om$ to its    
use4 ,fa!r ,gumilla says ?is diabolical 
p[d] ( ! ,ottomacs1 furni%$ by an       
arboresc5t tobacco-plant1 intoxicates !m

 ?r\gh ! no/rils 7embora*a por las      
n>ices71 deprives !m ( reason = "s h\rs1
 & r5d]s !m furi\s 9 battle4 ,h[ev] v>i$
 may be ! family ( ! legum9\s plants 9 !
 *emical & m$ical prop]ties ( _! se$s1  
juices1 & roots1 we _c believe1 f :at we
 "k hi!rto ( ! gr\p ( mimosaceae1 t x is
 pr9cipally ! pod ( ! ,acacia niopo :i* 
imp>ts ! /imulant p[] to ! snuff ( !    
,ottomacs4 ,?is p[] is ow+1 no d\bt1 to 
! fre%ly calc9$ lime4 ,we h %[n above t 
! m\nta9e]s ( ! ,&es ( ,popayan1 & !    
,guajiros1 :o w&] betwe5 ! lake (       
,m>acaybo & ! ,rio la ,ha*a1 are also   
fond ( swall[+ lime z a /imulant1 to    
augm5t ! secretion ( ! saliva & ! ga/ric
 juice4  ,a cu/om analog\s to ! use ( ! 
niopo j describ$ 0 obs]v$ by ,la        
,condam9e among ! natives ( ! ,upp]     
,m>anon4 ,! ,omaguas1 ^: "n is r5d]$    
celebrat$ by ! exp$itions attempt$ 9    
se>* ( ,el ,dorado1 h l ! ,ottomacs a   
di%1 & ! holl[ bone ( a bird1 by :i* !y 
convey to _! no/rils _! p[d] ( curupa4  
,! se$ t yields ?is p[d] is no d\bt also

 a mimosacea2 = ! ,ottomacs1 accord+ to 
,fa!r ,gili1 designate ev5 n[1 at !     
di/ance ( "o hundr$ & sixty leagues f ! 
,amazon1 ! ,acacia niopo by ! "n (      
curupa4 ,s9ce ! geographical rese>*es   
:i* ,i h rec5tly made on ! sc5e ( !     
exploits ( ,philip von ,hut51 & ! real  
situation ( ! prov9ce ( ,papam5e1 or ( !
 ,omaguas1 ! probability ( an anci5t    
communication betwe5 ! ,ottomacs ( !    
,or9oco & ! ,omaguas ( ! ,m>anon has    
become m int]e/+ & m probable4 ,! =m]   
came f ! ,meta1 p]haps f ! c\ntry betwe5
 ! ,meta & ! ,guavi>e2 ! latt] ass]t t  
!y desc5d$ 9 great numb]s to ! ,m>anon  
by ! ,rio ,jupura1 com+ f ! ea/]n       
declivity ( ! ,&es ( ,new ,gr5ada4 ,n[1 
x is precisely betwe5 ! ,guayav]o 7:i*  
jo9s ! ,guavi>e7 & ! ,caqueta 7:i* takes
 l[] d[n ! "n ( ,japura7 t ! c\ntry ( ! 
,omagua appe>s to be situate1 ( :i* !   
adv5tur]s ( ,coro & ,tocuyo 9 va9       
attempt$ ! conque/4 ,!re is no d\bt a   
/rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! pres5t b>b>ism ( 
! ,ottomacs & ! anci5t civilization ( ! 

,omaguas2 b all p>ts ( ! latt] nation 7 
n p]haps alike advanc$ 9 civilization1 &
 ! example ( tribes fall5 into complete 
b>b>ism are unhappily b too common 9 !  
hi/ory ( our species4 ,ano!r po9t (     
resemblance may be rem>k$ betwe5 !      
,ottomacs & ! ,omaguas4 ,bo? ( ^!       
nations are celebrat$ among all ! tribes
 ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,amazon = _! employm5t 
( ca\t*\c 9 ! manufacture ( v>i\s       
articles ( utility4  ,! real h]bace\s   
tobacco99 7= ! mission>ies h ! habit (  
call+ ! niopo or curupa tree-tobacco7   
has be5 cultivat$ f "t immemorial by all
 ! native p ( ! ,or9oco2 & at ! p]iod ( 
! conque/ ! habit ( smok+ 0 f\nd to be  
alike spread ov] bo? ,nor? & ,s\?       
,am]ica4  799 ,! ^w tobacco 7tabacco71 l
 ! words savannah1 maize1 cacique1      
maguey 7agave71 & manati1 belongs to !  
anci5t language ( ,haiti1 or ,/4 ,dom+o4
 ,x did n prop]ly d5ote ! h]b b ! tube  
?r\gh :i* ! smoke 0 inhal$4 ,x seems    
surpris+ t a vegetable production s     
univ]sally spread %\ld h diff]5t names  

among neighb\r+ p4 ,! pete-ma ( !       
,omaguas is1 no d\bt1 ! pety ( !        
,gu>anos2 b ! analogy betwe5 ! ,cabre & 
,algonk9 7or ,l5ni-,l5ape7 words :i*    
d5ote tobacco may be m]ely accid5tal4 ,!
 foll[+ are ! synonyms 9 ?irte5         
languages4  ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,aztec or    
,mexican2 yetl3 ,algonk92 sema3 ,huron2 
oyng\a4  ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,p]uvian or      
,qui*ua2 sayri3 ,*iquito2 pais4 ,gu>any2
 pety3 ,vilela2 tusup3 ,mbaja 7we/ ( !  
,p>aguay71 nalodagadi3 ,moxo 7betwe5 !  
,rio ,ucayale & ! ,rio ,madeira72 sab>e4
 ,omagua2 petema4 ,tamanac2 cavas4      
,maypure2 jema4 ,cabre2 scema47  ,!     
,tamanacs & ! ,maypures ( ,guiana wrap  
maize-leaves r\nd _! cig>s1 z !         
,mexicans did at ! "t ( ! arrival (     
,cortes4 ,! ,spani>ds h sub/itut$ pap] =
 ! leaves ( maize 9 imitation ( !m4 ,!  
poor ,indians ( ! =e/s ( ! ,or9oco "k z 
well z did ! great nobles at ! c\rt (   
,montezuma t ! smoke ( tobacco is an    
excell5t n>cotic2 & !y use x n only to  
procure _! aft]noon nap1 b also to put  

!mselves into t /ate ( quiesc5ce1 :i* !y
 call dream+ ) ! eyes op51 or           
day-dream+4 ,! use ( tobacco appe>s to  
me to be n[ v r>e 9 ! missions2 & 9 ,new
 ,spa91 to ! great regret ( !           
rev5ue-(fic]s1 ! natives1 :o are almo/  
all desc5d$ f ! l[e/ class ( ! ,aztec p1
 d n smoke at all4 ,fa!r ,gili affirms t
 ! practice ( *ew+ tobacco is unkn[n to 
! ,indians ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco4 ,i r d\bt !
 tru? ( ?is ass]tion1 hav+ be5 told t ! 
,s]cucumas ( ! ,erevato & ! ,caura1     
neighb\rs ( ! :iti% ,tap>itos1 swall[   
tobacco *opp$ small1 & impregnat$ ) "s  
o!r v /imulant juices1 to prep>e        
!mselves = battle4 ,( ! f\r species (   
nicotiana cultivat$ 9 ,europe99 799     
,nicotiana tabacum1 ,n4 ru/ica1 ,n4     
paniculata1 & ,n4 glut9osa47 we f\nd    
only two gr[+ wild2 b ! ,nicotiana      
lox5sis1 & ! ,nicotiana &icola1 :i* ,i  
f\nd on ! back ( ! ,&es1 at ! height (  
eighte5 hundr$ & fifty toises 7almo/ !  
height ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe71 are v     
simil> to ! ,n4 tabacum & ,n4 ru/ica4 ,!

 :ole g5us1 h[ev]1 is almo/ exclusively 
,am]ican1 & ! great] numb] ( ! species  
appe>$ to me to belong to ! m\nta9\s &  
temp]ate region ( ! tropics4  ,x 0 nei!r
 f ,virg9ia1 nor f ,s\? ,am]ica1 b f !  
,mexican prov9ce ( ,yucatan1 t ,europe  
receiv$ ! fir/ tobacco se$s1 ab\t ! ye> 
#aeei499 799 ,! ,spani>ds became        
acqua9t$ ) tobacco 9 ! ,we/ ,india      
,isl&s at ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,i h   
already m5tion$ t ! cultivation ( ?is   
n>cotic plant prec$$ ! cultivation ( !  
potato 9 ,europe m ?an #abj or #adj     
ye>s4 ,:5 ,raleigh br\ght tobacco f     
,virg9ia to ,engl& 9 #aehf1 :ole fields 
( x 7 already cultivat$ 9 ,portugal4 ,x 
0 also previ\sly kn[n 9 ,france1 :]e x 0
 br\ght into fa%ion by ,ca!r9e de       
,m$icis1 f :om x receiv$ ! "n ( h]be a  
la re9e1 ! que5's h]b47 ,! celebrat$    
,raleigh contribut$ mo/ to introduce !  
cu/om ( smok+ among ! nations ( ! nor?4 
,z e>ly z ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury bitt]
 compla9ts 7 made 9 ,engl& ( ?is        
imitation ( ! mann]s ( a savage p4 ,x 0 

fe>$ t1 by ! practice ( smok+ tobacco1  
,engli%m5 w\ld deg5]ate into a b>b>\s   
/ate499 799 ,?is rem>kable passage (    
,camd5 is z foll[s1 ,annal4 ,elizabet4  
page #adc #aehe2 ex illo sane tempore   
tabacum usu cepit esse creb]rimo 9      
,anglia et magno pretio dum quamplurimi 
graveol5tem illius fumum p] tubulum     
te/aceum hauriunt et mox e n>ibus       
efflant2 adeo ut ,auglornm corporum 9   
b>b>orum naturam deg5]asse videantur1   
quum iidem ac b>b>i delect5tur4 ,we may 
see f ?is passage t !y emitt$ ! smoke   
?r\gh ! nose2 b at ! c\rt ( ,montezuma !
 pipe 0 held 9 "o h&1 :ile ! no/rils 7  
/opp$ ) ! o!r1 9 ord] t ! smoke might be
 m easily swall[$4 ,life ( ,raleigh     
volume #a page #hb47  ,:5 ! ,ottomacs ( 
,uruana1 by ! use ( niopo 7_! arboresc5t
 tobacco71 & ( f]m5t$ liquors1 h ?r[n   
!mselves into a /ate ( intoxication1 :i*
 la/s sev]al days1 !y kill "o ano!r )\t 
o/5sibly fight+4 ,! mo/ v9dictive among 
!m poison ! nail ( _! ?umb ) cur>e2 &1  
accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! mission>y1 !  

m]e impression ( ?is poison$ nail may   
become a mortal w\nd if ! cur>e be v    
active & imm$iately m+le ) ! mass ( !   
blood4 ,:5 ! ,indians1 aft] a qu>rel at 
night1 commit a murd]1 !y ?r[ ! dead    
body into ! riv]1 fe>+ t "s indications 
( ! viol5ce committ$ on ! deceas$ may be
 obs]v$4 ,e "t1 said ,fa!r ,bu5o1 t ,i  
see ! wom5 fet* wat] f a "p ( ! %ore to 
:i* !y are n accu/om$ to g1 ,i suspect t
 a murd] has be5 committ$ 9 my mission4 
,we f\nd 9 ! ,indian huts at ,uruana !  
vegetable sub/ance call$ t\*wood (      
ants199 799 ,yesca de hormigas47 ) :i*  
we _h become acqua9t$ at ! ,great       
,cat>acts1 & :i* is employ$ to /op      
ble$+4 ,?is sub/ance1 :i* might less    
improp]ly be call$ ants' ne/s1 is 9 mu* 
reque/ 9 a region ^: inhabitants are ( s
 turbul5t a "*4 ,a new species ( ant1 ( 
a f9e em]ald-gre5 7,=mica sp9icollis71  
collects = its habitation a cotton-d[n1 
( a yell[i%-br[n col\r1 & v s(t to !    
t\*1 f ! leaves ( a mela/omacea4 ,i h no
 d\bt t ! yesca or t\*wood ( ants ( !   

,upp] ,or9oco 7! animal is f\nd1 we 7   
assur$1 only s\? ( ,atures7 w "o day    
become an article ( trade4 ,?is sub/ance
 is v sup]ior to ! ants' ne/s ( ,cay5ne1
 :i* are employ$ 9 ! hospitals (        
,europe1 b c r>ely be procur$4  ,on !   
#g? ( ,june we took leave ) regret (    
,fa!r ,ramon ,bu5o4 ,( ! t5 mission>ies 
:om we _h f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! va/   
ext5t ( ,guiana1 he alone appe>$ to me  
to be e>ne/ly att5tive to all t reg>d$ !
 natives4 ,he hop$ to return 9 a %ort "t
 to ,madrid1 :]e he int5d$ to publi% !  
result ( 8 rese>*es on ! figures &      
*>act]s t cov] ! rocks ( ,uruana4  ,9 ! 
c\ntries we _h j pass$ ?r\gh1 betwe5 !  
,meta1 ! ,arauca1 & ! ,apure1 !re 7     
f\nd1 at ! "t ( ! fir/ exp$itions to !  
,or9oco1 9 #aece1 ^? mute dogs1 call$ by
 ! natives maios1 & auries4 ,?is fact is
 curi\s 9 _m po9ts ( view4 ,we _c d\bt t
 ! dog1 :atev] ,fa!r ,gili may ass]t1 is
 indig5\s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! diff]5t    
,indian languages furni% words to       
designate ?is animal1 :i* are sc>cely   

d]iv$ f any ,european tongue4 ,to ?is   
day ! ^w auri1 m5tion$ ?ree hundr$ ye>s 
ago by ,alonzo de ,h]r]a1 is f\nd 9 !   
,maypure4 ,! dogs we saw at ! ,or9oco   
may p]haps h desc5d$ f ^? t ! ,spani>ds 
c>ri$ to ! coa/ ( ,c>acas2 b x is n less
 c]ta9 t !re exi/$ a race ( dogs be=e ! 
conque/1 9 ,p]u1 9 ,new ,granada1 & 9   
,guiana1 resembl+ our %eph]ds' dogs4 ,! 
allco ( ! natives ( ,p]u1 & 9 g5]al all 
! dogs t we f\nd 9 ! wilde/ c\ntries (  
,s\? ,am]ica1 b>k frequ5tly4 ,! fir/    
hi/orians1 h[ev]1 all speak ( mute dogs 
7p]ros mudos74 ,!y /ill exi/ 9 ,canada2 
&1 :at appe>s to me wor?y ( att5tion1 x 
0 ?is dumb v>iety t 0 eat5 9 pref]5ce 9 
,mexico199 & at ! ,or9oco4 799 ,see on !
 ,mexican te*i*i & on ! num]\s          
difficulties t occur 9 ! hi/ory ( mute  
dogs & dogs de/itute ( hair ! ,views (  
,nature ,bohn's edition page #he47 ,a v 
well in=m$ travell]1 ,m4 ,giesecke1 :o  
resid$ six ye>s 9 ,gre5l&1 assur$ me t !
 dogs ( ! ,esquimaux1 :i* pass _! lives 
9 ! op5 air & bury !mselves 9 w9t] b5ea?

 ! sn[1 d n b>k1 b h[l l wolves499 799  
,!y sit d[n 9 a circle1 "o ( !m beg9s to
 h[l alone & ! o!rs foll[ 9 ! same tone4
 ,! gr\ps ( al\ate monkeys h[l 9 ! same 
mann]1 & among !m ! ,indians di/+ui% !  
lead] ( ! b&4 ,x 0 ! practice at ,mexico
 to ca/rate ! mute dogs 9 ord] to fatt5 
!m4 ,?is op]ation mu/ h contribut$ to   
alt] ! organ ( ! voice47  ,! practice ( 
eat+ ! fle% ( dogs is n[ entirely unkn[n
 on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco2 b z x is a     
,t>t> cu/om spread ?r\gh all ! ea/]n "p 
( ,asia1 x appe>s to me highly int]e/+ =
 ! hi/ory ( nations to h asc]ta9$ t x   
exi/$ h]et(ore 9 ! hot regions ( ,guiana
 & on ! table-l&s ( ,mexico4 ,i mu/     
obs]ve1 also1 t on ! conf9es ( ! prov9ce
 ( ,durango1 at ! nor!rn extremity (    
,new ,spa91 ! ,coman*es h pres]v$ !     
habit ( load+ ! backs ( ! great dogs t  
accompany !m 9 _! migrations ) _! t5ts (
 buffalo-lea!r4 ,x is well kn[n t       
employ+ dogs z bea/s ( bur!n & ( draught
 is equally common ne> ! ,slave ,lake & 
9 ,sib]ia4 ,i dwell on ^! features (    

con=mity 9 ! mann]s ( nations1 :i*      
become ( "s weight :5 !y are n solit>y1 
& are connect$ ) ! analogies furni%$ by 
! /ructure ( languages1 ! division ( "t1
 & religi\s cre$s & in/itutions4  ,we   
pass$ ! night at ! isl& ( ,cucurup>u1   
call$ also ,playa de la ,tortuga1       
because ! ,indians ( ,uruana g ?i!r to  
collect ! turtles' eggs4 ,x is "o ( !   
be/ det]m9$ po9ts ( latitude along !    
banks ( ! ,or9oco4 ,i 0 !re =tunate     
en\gh to obs]ve ! passage ( ?ree />s ov]
 ! m]idian4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! isl& is ! m\? 
( ! ,cano de la ,tortuga1 :i* desc5ds f 
! m\nta9s ( ,c]batana1 cont9ually wrapp$
 9 electric cl\ds4 ,on ! s\!rn bank ( ! 
,cano1 betwe5 ! tribut>y /reams ,p>ap>a 
& ,o*e1 lies ! almo/ ru9$ mission ( ,san
 ,miguel de la ,tortuga4 ,! ,indians    
assur$ u t ! environs ( ?is little      
mission ab\nd 9 ott]s ) a v f9e fur1    
call$ by ! ,portuguese wat]-dogs        
7p]ritos de agua72 & :at is /ill m      
rem>kable1 9 liz>ds 7lag>tos7 ) only two
 feet4 ,! :ole ( ?is c\ntry1 :i* is v   

accessible betwe5 ! ,rio ,cu*iv]o & !   
/rait ( ,b>aguan1 is wor?y ( be+ visit$ 
by a well-in=m$ zoologi/4 ,! lag>to     
de/itute ( h9d] extremities is p]haps a 
species ( ,sir51 diff]5t f ! ,sir5      
lac]t9a ( ,c>ol9a4 ,if x 7 a saurian1 a 
real ,bimanis 7,*irotes1 ,cuvi]71 !     
natives w\ld n h comp>$ x to a liz>d4   
,besides ! arrau turtles1 ( :i* ,i h 9 a
 =m] place giv5 a detail$ acc\nt1 an    
innum]able quantity ( l& tortoises also1
 call$ morocoi1 are f\nd on ! banks ( ! 
,or9oco1 betwe5 ,uruana & ,enc>amada4   
,dur+ ! great heats ( summ]1 9 ! "t (   
dr\ght1 ^! animals rema9 )\t tak+ food1 
hidd5 b5ea? /ones1 or 9 ! holes !y h    
dug4 ,!y issue f _! %elt] & beg9 to eat1
 only :5 ! humidity ( ! fir/ ra9s       
p5etrates into ! e>?4 ,! t]ekay1 or     
tajelu turtle :i* lives 9 fre% wat]1 has
 ! same habits4 ,i h already spok5 ( !  
summ]-sleep ( "s animals ( ! tropics4 ,z
 ! natives "k ! holes 9 :i* ! tortoises 
sleep amid/ ! dri$ l&s1 !y get out a    
great numb] at once1 by digg+ fifte5 or 

eighte5 in*es deep4 ,fa!r ,gili says t  
?is op]ation1 :i* he _h se51 is n )\t   
dang]1 because s]p5ts (t5 bury !mselves 
9 summ] ) ! t]ekays4  ,f ! isl& (       
,cucurup>u1 to ! capital ( ,guiana1     
commonly call$ ,ango/ura1 we 7 b n9e    
days on ! wat]4 ,! di/ance is some:at   
less ?an n9ety-five leagues4 ,we seldom 
slept on %ore b ! torm5t ( ! mosquitos  
dim9i%$ 9 proportion z we advanc$4 ,we  
l&$ on ! #h? ( ,june at a f>m 7,hato de 
,san ,rafael del ,capu*9o7 opposite !   
m\? ( ! ,rio ,apure4 ,i obta9$ "s good  
obs]vations ( latitude & longitude499   
799 ,i _h f\nd1 on ! #d? ( ,april1 = !  
,boca del ,rio ,apure 7on ! we/]n bank (
 ! ,or9oco71 ! latitude #g degrees #cf  
m9utes #cj seconds1 ! longitude #ei     
degrees #g m9utes #cj seconds2 on ! #h? 
( ,june ,i f\nd1 = ! ,hato del ,capu*9o 
7on ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,or9oco71 !        
latitude #g degrees #cg m9utes #de      
seconds1 ! longitude #fi degrees #e     
m9utes #cj seconds47 ,hav+ two mon?s    
be=e tak5 hor>y angles on ! bank        

opposite ,capu*9o1 ^! obs]vations 7     
important = det]m9+ ! rate ( my         
*ronomet]1 & connect+ ! situations on ! 
,or9oco ) ^? on ! %ore ( ,v5ezuela4 ,!  
situation ( ?is f>m1 be+ at ! po9t :]e !
 ,or9oco *anges its c\rse 7:i* _h       
previ\sly be5 f s\? to nor?71 & runs f  
we/ to ea/1 is extremely picturesque4   
,granite rocks rise l islets amid/ va/  
mead[s4 ,f _! tops we disc]n$ t[>ds !   
nor? ! ,llanos ( ,calabozo b\nd+ !      
horizon4 ,we _h be5 s long accu/om$ to !
 aspect ( =e/s1 t ?is view made a p[]ful
 impression on u4 ,! /eppes aft] sunset 
assume a t9t ( gre5i% gray4 ,! visual   
ray be+ int]cept$ only by ! rotundity ( 
! e>?1 ! />s seem$ to rise z f ! bosom (
 ! ocean1 & ! mo/ exp]i5c$ m>9] w\ld h  
fanci$ himself plac$ on a project+ cape 
( a rocky coa/4 ,our ho/ 0 a ,fr5*man :o
 liv$ amid/ 8 num]\s h]ds4 ,?\gh he _h  
=gott5 8 native language1 he seem$      
pleas$ to le>n t we came f 8 c\ntry1 :i*
 he _h left =ty ye>s be=e2 & he wi%$ to 
reta9 u = "s days at 8 f>m4 ,! small    

t[ns ( ,cayc>a & ,cabruta 7 only a few  
miles di/ant f ! f>m2 b dur+ "p ( ! ye> 
our ho/ 0 9 complete solitude4 ,!       
,capu*9o becomes an isl& by !           
inundations ( ! ,apure & ! ,or9oco1 & ! 
communication ) ! neighb\r+ f>ms c be   
kept up only by means ( a boat4 ,! horn$
 cattle !n seek ! high] gr\nds :i* ext5d
 on ! s\? t[>d ! *a9 ( ! m\nta9s (      
,enc>amada4 ,?is granitic *a9 is        
int]sect$ by valleys :i* conta9 magnetic
 s&s 7granul>y oxidulat$ iron71 ow+ no  
d\bt to ! decomposition ( "s amphibolic 
or *loritic /rata4  ,on ! morn+ ( ! #i? 
( ,june we met a great numb] ( boats    
lad5 ) m]*&ize sail+ up ! ,or9oco1 9    
ord] to ent] ! ,apure4 ,?is is a        
comm]cial road mu* frequ5t$ betwe5      
,ango/ura & ! port ( ,torunos 9 !       
prov9ce ( ,v>9as4 ,our fell[-travell]1  
,don ,nicolas ,soto1 bro!r-9-law ( !    
gov]nor ( ,v>9as1 took ! same c\rse to  
return to 8 family4 ,at ! p]iod ( ! high
 wat]s1 sev]al mon?s are lo/ 9 cont5d+ )
 ! curr5ts ( ! ,or9oco1 ! ,apure1 & !   

,rio de ,santo ,dom+o4 ,! boatm5 are =c$
 to c>ry out ropes to ! trunks ( trees &
 ?us w>p _! canoes up4 ,9 ! great       
s9uosities ( ! riv] :ole days are       
sometimes pass$ )\t advanc+ m ?an two or
 ?ree hundr$ toises4 ,s9ce my return to 
,europe ! communications betwe5 ! m\? ( 
! ,or9oco & ! prov9ces situat$ on !     
ea/]n slope ( ! m\nta9s ( ,m]ida1       
,pamplona1 & ,santa ,fe de ,bogota1 h   
become m active2 & x may be hop$ t      
/eamboats w facilitate ^! long voyages  
on ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 ! ,portuguesa1 ! ,rio
 ,santo ,dom+o1 ! ,orivante1 ! ,meta1 & 
! ,guavi>e4 ,magaz9es ( cleft wood might
 be =m$1 z on ! banks ( ! great riv]s ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %elt]+ !m "u %$s4 ,?is 
precaution w\ld be indisp5sable1 z1 9 ! 
c\ntry ?r\gh :i* we pass$1 x is n easy  
to procure dry fuel fit to keep up a    
fire b5ea? ! boil] ( a /eam-eng9e4  ,we 
disemb>k$ bel[ ,san ,rafael del         
,capu*9o1 on ! "r1 at ! ,villa de       
,cayc>a1 ne> a cove call$ ,pu]to ,s$5o4 
,! ,villa is m]ely a few h\ses gr\p$    

toge!r4 ,alta ,gracia1 la ,ciudad de la 
,pi$ra1 ,real ,corona1 ,borbon1 9 %ort  
all ! t[ns or villas ly+ betwe5 ! m\? ( 
! ,apure & ,ango/ura1 are equally       
mis]able4 ,! presid5ts ( ! missions1 & !
 gov]nors ( ! prov9ces1 7 =m]ly accu/om$
 to dem& ! privileges ( villas &        
ciudades at ,madrid1 ! mom5t ! fir/     
f\ndations ( a *ur* 7 laid4 ,?is 0 a    
means ( p]suad+ ! m9i/ry t ! colonies 7 
augm5t+ rapidly 9 population &          
prosp]ity4 ,sculptur$ figures ( ! sun & 
moon1 su* z ,i h already m5tion$1 are   
f\nd ne> ,cayc>a1 at ! ,c]ro del        
,tirano499 799 ,! tyrant aft] :om ^!    
m\nta9s are nam$ is n ,lope de ,aguirre1
 b probably1 z ! "n ( ! neighb\r+ cove  
seems to prove1 ! celebrat$ conqui/ador 
,antonio ,s$5o1 :o1 aft] ! exp$ition (  
,h]r]a1 s\ght to p5etrate by ! ,or9oco  
to ! ,rio ,meta4 ,he 0 9 a /ate (       
rebellion aga9/ ! audi5cia ( ,santo     
,dom+o4 ,i "k n h[ ,s$5o came to        
,cayc>a2 = hi/orians relate t he 0      
poison$ on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,tisnado1 "o

 ( ! tribut>y /reams ( ! ,portuguesa47  
,x is ! "w ( ! old p 7t is ( our fa!rs71
 say ! natives4 ,on a rock m di/ant f ! 
%ore1 & call$ ,tecoma1 ! symbolic       
figures are f\nd1 x is said1 at ! height
 ( a hundr$ feet4 ,! ,indians knew      
h]et(ore a road1 t l$ by l& f ,cayc>a to
 ,dem]>a & ,essequibo4  ,on ! nor!rn    
bank ( ! ,or9oco1 opposite ,cayc>a1 is !
 mission ( ,cabruta1 f\nd$ by ! ,jesuit 
,rotella1 9 #agdj1 z an advanc$ po/     
aga9/ ! ,c>ibs4 ,an ,indian village1    
kn[n by ! "n ( ,cabritu199 _h exi/$ on !
 same spot = sev]al ages4 799 ,a cacique
 ( ,cabritu receiv$ ,alonzo de ,h]r]a at
 8 dwell+1 on ! exp$ition und]tak5 by   
,h]r]a = asc5d+ ! ,or9oco 9 #aece47 ,at 
! "t :5 ?is little place became a       
,*ri/ian settlem5t1 x 0 believ$ to be   
situate 9 #e degrees latitude1 or two   
degrees =ty m9utes m to ! s\? ?an ,i    
f\nd x by direct obs]vations made at    
,san ,rafael1 & at ,la ,boca del ,rio   
,apure4 ,no idea 0 !n conceiv$ ( !      
direction ( a road t c\ld lead by l& to 

,nueva ,val5cia & ,c>acas1 :i* 7 suppos$
 to be at an imm5se di/ance4 ,! m]it (  
hav+ fir/ cross$ ! ,llanos to g to      
,cabruta f ! ,villa de ,san ,juan       
,bapti/a del ,pao belongs to a woman4   
,fa!r ,gili relates t ,dona ,m>ia ,b>gas
 0 s devot$ to ! ,jesuits t %e attempt$ 
h]self to discov] ! way to ! missions4  
,%e 0 se5 ) a/oni%m5t to arrive at      
,cabruta f ! nor?4 ,%e took up h] abode 
ne> ! fa!rs ( ,/4 ,ignatius1 & di$ 9 _! 
settlem5ts on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco4 ,s9ce
 t p]iod ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,llanos has be5
 consid]ably peopl$2 & ! road lead+ f ! 
valleys ( ,aragua by ,calabozo to ,san  
,f]n&o de ,apure & ,cabruta is mu*      
frequ5t$4 ,! *ief ( ! fam\s exp$ition ( 
! b\nd>ies made *oice ( ! latt] place 9 
#aged to e/abli% dock-y>ds = build+ !   
vessels necess>y = convey+ 8 troops     
int5d$ = ! ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,! little     
m\nta9 t rises nor!a/ ( ,cabruta c be   
disc]n$ f af> 9 ! /eppes & s]ves z a    
l&m>k = travell]s4  ,we emb>k$ 9 ! morn+
 at ,cayc>a2 & driv+ ) ! curr5t ( !     

,or9oco1 we soon pass$ ! m\? ( ! ,rio   
,cu*iv]o1 :i* accord+ to anci5t         
tradition is ! c\ntry ( ! ,aikeamb5anos1
 or wom5 )\t husb&s2 & we !re rea*$ !   
paltry village ( ,alta ,gracia1 :i* is  
call$ a ,spani% t[n4 ,x 0 ne> ?is place 
t ,jose de ,iturriaga f\nd$ ! ,pueblo de
 ,ciudad ,real1 :i* /ill figures on !   
mo/ mod]n maps1 ?\gh x has n exi/$ =    
fifty ye>s pa/1 on acc\nt ( !           
insalubrity ( its situation4 ,beyond !  
po9t :]e ! ,or9oco turns to ! ea/1 =e/s 
are con/antly se5 on ! "r bank1 & !     
llanos or /eppes ( ,v5ezuela on ! left4 
,! =e/s :i* bord] ! riv] are n h[ev] s  
?ick z ^? ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,!         
population1 :i* augm5ts p]ceptibly z y  
advance t[>d ! capital1 comprises b few 
,indians1 & is compos$ *iefly ( :ites1  
negroes1 & m5 ( mix$ desc5t4 ,! numb] ( 
! negroes is n great2 b "h1 z ev]y:]e   
else1 ! pov]ty ( _! ma/]s does n t5d to 
procure = !m m humane treatm5t4 ,an     
inhabitant ( ,cayc>a _h j be5 condemn$  
to f\r ye>s' imprisonm5t1 & a f9e ( "o  

hundr$ pia/res = hav+1 9 a p>oxysm (    
rage1 ti$ a negress by ! legs to ! tail 
( 8 horse1 & dragg$ h] at full gallop   
?r\gh ! savannah till %e expir$4 ,x is  
gratify+ to record t ! ,audi5cia 0      
g5]ally blam$ 9 ! c\ntry = n hav+ puni%$
 m sev]ely s atroci\s an action4 ,yet "s
 few p]sons1 :o pret5d$ to be ! mo/     
enlight5$ & mo/ sagaci\s ( ! community1 
deem$ ! puni%m5t ( a :ite contr>y to    
s\nd policy1 at ! mom5t :5 ! blacks (   
,/4 ,dom+o 7 9 complete insurrection4   
,s9ce ,i left ^? c\ntries1 civil        
diss5sions h put arms into ! h&s ( !    
slaves2 & fatal exp]i5ce has l$ !       
inhabitants ( ,v5ezuela to regret t !y  
refus$ to li/5 to ,don ,dom+o ,tov>1 &  
o!r "r-?9k+ m51 :o1 z e>ly z ! ye>      
#agie1 lift$ up _! voices 9 ! cabildo ( 
,c>acas1 to prev5t ! introduction (     
blacks1 & to propose means t might      
ameliorate _! condition4  ,aft] hav+    
slept on ! #aj? ( ,june 9 an isl& 9 !   
middle ( ! riv] 7,i believe t call$     
,ac>u by ,fa!r ,caul971 we pass$ ! m\? (

 ! ,rio ,caura4 ,?is1 ! ,aruy & !       
,c>ony1 are ! l>ge/ tribut>y /reams :i* 
! ,or9oco receives on its "r bank4 ,all 
! ,*ri/ian settlem5ts are ne> ! m\? ( ! 
riv]2 & ! villages ( ,san ,p$ro1        
,aripao1 ,urbani1 & ,gu>agu>aico1 succe$
 ea* o!r at ! di/ance ( a few leagues4  
,! fir/ & ! mo/ popul\s conta9s only    
ab\t two hundr$ & fifty s\ls4 ,san ,luis
 de ,gu>agu>aico is a colony ( negroes1 
"s fre$ & o!rs fugitives f ,essequibo4  
,?is colony m]its ! p>ticul> att5tion ( 
! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t1 = x c nev] be      
suffici5tly recomm5d$ to endeav\r to    
atta* ! slaves to ! soil1 & suff] !m to 
enjoy z f>m]s ! fruits ( _! agricultural
 lab\rs4 ,! l& on ! ,caura1 = ! mo/ "p a
 virg9 soil1 is extremely f]tile4 ,!re  
are pa/urages = m ?an #ae1jjj bea/s2 b !
 poor inhabitants h nei!r horses nor    
horn$ cattle4 ,m ?an five-six?s ( !     
banks ( ! ,caura are ei!r des]t1 or     
occupi$ by indep5d5t & savage tribes4 ,!
 b$ ( ! riv] is twice *ok$ up by rocks3 
^! ob/ructions occasion ! fam\s         

,raudales ( ,mura & ( ,p>a or ,p>u1 !   
latt] ( :i* has a portage1 because x _c 
be pass$ by canoes4 ,at ! "t ( !        
exp$ition ( ! b\nd>ies1 a small =t 0    
erect$ on ! nor!rn cat>act1 t ( ,mura2 &
 ! gov]nor1 ,don ,manuel ,c5turion1 gave
 ! "n ( ,ciudad de ,san ,c>los to a few 
h\ses :i* "s families1 consi/+ ( :ites &
 mulattos1 _h con/ruct$ ne> ! =t4 ,s\? (
 ! cat>act ( ,p>a1 at ! conflu5ce ( !   
,caura & ! ,erevato1 ! mission ( ,san   
,luis 0 !n situat$2 & a road by l& l$   
!nce to ,ango/ura1 ! capital ( !        
prov9ce4 ,all ^! attempts at            
civilization h be5 fruitless4 ,no       
village n[ exi/s above ! ,raudal (      
,mura2 & "h1 z 9 _m o!r p>ts ( !        
colonies1 ! natives may be said to h    
reconqu]$ ! c\ntry f ! ,spani>ds4 ,!    
valley ( ,caura may become "o day or o!r
 highly int]e/+ f ! value ( its         
productions1 & ! communications :i* x   
af=ds ) ! ,rio ,v5tu>i1 ! ,c>ony1 & !   
,cuyuni4 ,i h %[n above ! importance ( !
 f\r tribut>y /reams :i* ! ,or9oco      

receives f ! m\nta9s ( ,p>ima4 ,ne> !   
m\? ( ! ,caura1 betwe5 ! villages ( ,san
 ,p$ro de ,alcant>a & ,san ,francisco de
 ,aripao1 a small lake ( f\r hundr$     
toises 9 diamet] 0 =m$ 9 #agij1 by !    
s9k+ ( ! gr\nd1 consequ5t on an         
e>?quake4 ,x 0 a portion ( ! =e/ (      
,aripao1 :i* sunk to ! dep? ( eighty or 
a hundr$ feet bel[ ! level ( ! neighb\r+
 l&4 ,! trees rema9$ gre5 = sev]al      
mon?s2 & "s ( !m1 x 0 believ$1 cont9u$  
to pu% =? leaves b5ea? ! wat]4 ,?is     
ph5om5on is ! m wor?y ( att5tion z !    
soil ( ^! c\ntries is probably granitic4
 ,i d\bt ! second>y =mations ( ! ,llanos
 be+ cont9u$ s\?w>d z f> z ! valley (   
,caura4  ,on ! #aa? ( ,june we l&$ on ! 
"r bank ( ! ,or9oco at ,pu]to de los    
,frailes1 at ! di/ance ( ?ree leagues   
above ! ,ciudad de la ,pi$ra1 to take   
altitudes ( ! sun4 ,! longitude ( ?is   
po9t is #fg degrees #bf m9utes #bj      
seconds1 or #a degree #da m9utes ea/ ( !
 m\? ( ! ,apure4 ,f>!r on1 betwe5 ! t[ns
 ( ,la ,pi$ra & ,muitaco1 or ,real      

,corona1 are ! ,torno & ,boca del       
,infi]no1 two po9ts =m]ly dread$ by     
travell]s4 ,! ,or9oco sudd5ly *anges its
 direction2 x fl[s fir/ ea/1 !n         
nor?-nor?-we/1 & !n aga9 ea/4 ,a little 
above ! ,cano ,m>api*e1 :i* op5s on !   
nor!rn bank1 a v long isl& divides !    
riv] into two bran*es4 ,we pass$ on !   
s\? ( ?is isl& )\t difficulty2 nor?w>d1 
a *a9 ( small rocks1 half cov]$ at high 
wat]1 =ms :irlpools & rapids4 ,?is is   
,la ,boca del ,infi]no1 & ! ,raudal de  
,camiseta4 ,! fir/ exp$itions ( ,diego  
,ordaz 7#aeca7 & ,alonzo de ,h]r]a      
7#aece7 h giv5 celebrity to ?is b>4 ,!  
,great ,cat>acts ( ! ,atures & ,maypures
 7 !n unkn[n2 & ! clumsy vessels        
7v]gant9es71 9 :i* travell]s p]si/$ 9   
go+ up ! riv]1 r5d]$ ! passage ?r\gh !  
rapids extremely difficult4 ,at pres5t  
no appreh5sion is felt 9 asc5d+ or      
desc5d+ ! ,or9oco1 at any season1 f its 
m\? z f> z ! conflu5ce ( ! ,apure & !   
,meta4 ,! only falls ( wat] 9 ?is space 
are ^? ( ,torno or ,camiseta1 ,m>im>a1 &

 ,c>iv5 or ,c>i*ana ,vieja4 ,nei!r ( ^! 
?ree ob/acles is to be fe>$ ) exp]i5c$  
,indian pilots4 ,i dwell on ^!          
hydrographic details because a great    
political & comm]cial int]e/ is n[      
connect$ ) ! communications betwe5      
,ango/ura & ! banks ( ! ,meta & !       
,apure1 two riv]s t lead to ! ea/]n side
 ( ! ,cordill]as ( ,new ,gr5ada4 ,!     
navigation f ! m\? ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco to !
 prov9ce ( ,v>9as is difficult only on  
acc\nt ( ! curr5t4 ,! b$ ( ! riv] n[h]e 
pres5ts ob/acles m difficult to be      
surm\nt$ ?an ^? ( ! ,danube betwe5      
,vi5na & ,l9z4 ,we meet ) no great b>s1 
no real cat>acts1 until we get above !  
,meta4 ,! ,upp] ,or9oco1 !re=e1 ) !     
,cassiqui>e & ! ,rio ,negro1 =ms a      
p>ticul> sy/em ( riv]s1 :]e ! active    
indu/ry ( ,ango/ura & ! %ore ( ,c>acas w
 rema9 long unkn[n4  ,i obta9$ hor>y    
angles ( ! sun 9 an isl& 9 ! mid/ ( !   
,boca del ,infi]no1 :]e we _h set up our
 in/rum5ts4 ,! longitude ( ?is po9t     
accord+ to ! *ronomet] is #fg degrees   

#aj m9utes #ca seconds4 ,i attempt$ to  
det]m9e ! magnetic dip & int5sity1 b 0  
prev5t$ by a heavy /orm ( ra94 ,z ! sky 
aga9 became s]5e 9 ! aft]noon1 we lay   
d[n to re/ t night on a va/ bea*1 on !  
s\!rn bank ( ! ,or9oco1 ne>ly 9 !       
m]idian ( ! little t[n ( ,muitaco1 or   
,real ,corona4 ,i f\nd ! latitude by    
?ree />s to be #h degrees #j m9utes #bf 
seconds1 & ! longitude #fg degrees #e   
m9utes #ai seconds4 ,:5 ! ,obs]vant9    
monks 9 #ageb made _! fir/ entradas on !
 t]ritory ( ! ,c>ibs1 !y con/ruct$ on   
?is spot a small =t4 ,! proximity ( !   
l(ty m\nta9s ( ,araguacais r5d]s        
,muitaco "o ( ! mo/ heal?y places on !  
,l[] ,or9oco4 ,!re ,iturriaga took up 8 
abode 9 #agef1 to repose aft] ! fatigues
 ( ! exp$ition ( ! b\nd>ies2 & z he     
attribut$ 8 recov]y to ?is hot r ?an    
humid climate1 ! t[n1 or m prop]ly !    
village1 ( ,real ,corona took ! "n (    
,pueblo del ,pu]to sano4 ,go+ d[n !     
,or9oco m to ! ea/1 we left ! m\? ( !   
,rio ,pao on ! nor?1 & t ( ! ,arui on ! 

s\?4 ,! latt] riv]1 :i* is some:at      
consid]able1 is (t5 m5tion$ by ,raleigh4
 ,! curr5t ( ! ,or9oco dim9i%$ 9        
velocity z we advanc$4 ,i measur$ sev]al
 times a base along ! bea*1 to asc]ta9 !
 "t tak5 by float+ bodies 9 trav]s+ a   
kn[n di/ance4 ,above ,alta ,gracia1 ne> 
! m\? ( ! ,rio ,ujape1 ,i _h f\nd !     
velocity ( ! ,or9oco #b4c feet 9 a      
second2 betwe5 ,muitaco & ,borbon x 0   
only #a4g foot4 ,! b>ometric obs]vations
 made 9 ! neighb\r+ /eppes prove ! small
 slope ( ! gr\nd f ! longitude ( #fi    
degrees to ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,guiana4 ,we  
f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry1 on ! "r bank ( !     
,or9oco1 small =mations ( primitive     
grun/e91 sup]impos$ on granite 7p]haps  
ev5 emb$d$ 9 ! rock74 ,we saw betwe5    
,muitaco & ! isl& ( ,ceiba a hill       
entirely compos$ ( balls ) conc5tric    
lay]s1 9 :i* we p]ceiv$ a close mixture 
( hornbl5de & feldsp>1 ) "s traces (    
pyrites4 ,! grun/e9 resembles t 9 !     
vic9ity ( ,c>acas2 b x 0 impossible to  
asc]ta9 ! position ( a =mation :i*      

appe>$ to me to be ( ! same age z !     
granite ( ,p>ima4 ,muitaco 0 ! la/ spot 
:]e we slept 9 ! op5 air on ! %ore ( !  
,or9oco3 we proce$$ along ! riv] two    
nights m be=e we rea*$ ,ango/ura1 :i*   
t]m9at$ our voyage4  ,x w\ld be         
difficult = me to express ! satisfaction
 we felt on l&+ at ,ango/ura1 ! capital 
( ,spani% ,guiana4 ,! inconv5i5ces      
endur$ at sea 9 small vessels are       
trivial 9 comp>ison ) ^? t are suff]$ "u
 a burn+ sky1 surr\nd$ by sw>ms (       
mosquitos1 & ly+ /ret*$ 9 a canoe1 )\t !
 possibility ( tak+ ! lea/ bodily       
ex]cise4 ,9 sev5ty-five days we _h p]=m$
 a passage ( five hundr$ leagues 7tw5ty 
to a degree7 on ! five great riv]s1     
,apure1 ,or9oco1 ,atabapo1 ,rio ,negro1 
& ,cassiqui>e2 & 9 ?is va/ ext5t we _h  
f\nd b a v small numb] ( inhabit$       
places4 ,aft] ! life we _h l$ 9 ! woods1
 our dress 0 n 9 ! v be/ ord]1 yet      
nev]!less ,m4 ,bonpl& & ,i ha/5$ to     
pres5t ourselves to ,don ,felipe de     
,ynci>te1 ! gov]nor ( ! prov9ce (       

,guiana4 ,he receiv$ u 9 ! mo/ cordial  
mann]1 & lodg$ u 9 ! h\se ( ! secret>y (
 ! ,int5d5cia4 ,com+ f an almo/ des]t   
c\ntry1 we 7 /ruck ) ! bu/le ( ! t[n1   
?\gh x conta9$ only six ?\s&            
inhabitants4 ,we admir$ ! conv5i5ces :i*
 indu/ry & comm]ce furni% to civiliz$   
man4 ,humble dwell+s appe>$ to u        
magnific5t2 & e p]son ) :om we conv]s$  
seem$ to be end[$ ) sup]ior intellig5ce4
 ,long privations give a value to !     
smalle/ enjoym5ts2 & ,i _c express !    
pleasure we felt :5 we saw = ! fir/ "t  
:eat5 bread on ! gov]nor's table4       
,s5sations ( ?is sort are d\btless      
famili> to all :o h made di/ant voyages4
  ,a pa9ful circum/ance oblig$ u to     
soj\rn a :ole mon? 9 ! t[n ( ,ango/ura4 
,we felt ourselves on ! fir/ days aft]  
our arrival tir$ & enfeebl$1 b 9 p]fect 
heal?4 ,m4 ,bonpl& began to exam9e !    
small numb] ( plants :i* he _h be5 able 
to save f ! influ5ce ( ! damp climate2 &
 ,i 0 occupi$ 9 settl+ by a/ronomical   
obs]vations ! longitude & latitude ( !  

capital199 z well z ! dip ( ! magnetic  
ne$le4 799 ,i f\nd ! latitude ( ,santo  
,tomas de la ,nueva ,guiana1 commonly   
call$ ,ango/ura1 or ! ,/rait1 ne> !     
ca!dral1 #h degrees #h m9utes #aa       
seconds1 ! longitude #ff degrees #ae    
m9utes #ba seconds47 ,^! lab\rs 7 soon  
int]rupt$4 ,we 7 bo? attack$ almo/ on ! 
same day by a disord] :i* ) my          
fell[-travell] took ! "* ( a debilitat+ 
fev]4 ,at ?is p]iod ! air 0 9 a /ate ( !
 greate/ salubrity at ,ango/ura2 & z !  
only mulatto s]vant we _h br\ght f      
,cumana felt symptoms ( ! same disord]1 
x 0 suspect$ t we _h imbib$ ! g]ms (    
typhus 9 ! damp =e/s ( ,cassiqui>e4 ,x  
is common en\gh = travell]s to feel no  
effects f miasmata till1 on arriv+ 9 a  
pur] atmosph]e1 !y beg9 to enjoy repose4
 ,a c]ta9 excitem5t ( ! m5tal p[]s may  
susp5d = "s "t ! action ( pa?og5ic      
causes4 ,our mulatto s]vant hav+ be5 mu*
 m expos$ to ! ra9s ?an we 71 8 disord] 
increas$ ) frightful rapidity4 ,8       
pro/ration ( /r5g? 0 excessive1 & on !  

n9? day 8 dea? 0 ann\nc$ to u4 ,he 0    
h[ev] only 9 a /ate ( swoon+1 :i* la/$  
sev]al h\rs1 & 0 foll[$ by a salut>y    
crisis4 ,i 0 attack$ at ! same "t ) a   
viol5t fit ( fev]1 dur+ :i* ,i 0 made to
 take a mixture ( honey & b>k 7! cortex 
,ango/urae73 a rem$y mu* extoll$ 9 !    
c\ntry by ! ,capu*9 mission>ies4 ,!     
int5sity ( ! fev] augm5t$ b x left me on
 ! foll[+ day4 ,m4 ,bonpl& rema9$ 9 a v 
al>m+ /ate :i* dur+ sev]al weeks caus$ u
 ! mo/ s]i\s inquietude4 ,=tunately he  
pres]v$ suffici5t self-possession to    
prescribe = himself2 & he pref]r$ g5tl] 
rem$ies bett] adapt$ to 8 con/itution4  
,! fev] 0 cont9ual &1 z almo/ always    
happ5s )9 ! tropics1 x 0 accompani$ by  
dys5t]y4 ,m4 ,bonpl& display$ t c\rage &
 mildness ( "* :i* nev] =sook him 9 !   
mo/ try+ situations4 ,i 0 agitat$ by sad
 presages = ,i rememb]$ t ! botani/     
,loefl+1 a pupil ( ,l9naeus1 di$ n f> f 
,ango/ura1 ne> ! banks ( ! ,c>ony1 a    
victim ( 8 zeal = ! progress ( natural  
hi/ory4 ,we _h n yet pass$ a ye> 9 !    

torrid zone & my too fai?ful memory     
conjur$ up ev]y?+ ,i _h read 9 ,europe  
on ! dang]s ( ! atmosph]e inhal$ 9 !    
=e/s4 ,in/ead ( go+ up ! ,or9oco we     
might h soj\rn$ "s mon?s 9 ! temp]ate & 
salubri\s climate ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada de 
,m]ida4 ,x 0 ,i :o _h *os5 ! pa? ( !    
riv]s2 & ! dang] ( my fell[-travell]    
pres5t$ itself to my m9d z ! fatal      
consequ5ce ( ?is imprud5t *oice4  ,aft] 
hav+ atta9$ 9 a few days an extraord9>y 
degree ( exac]bation ! fev] assum$ a    
less al>m+ "*4 ,! inflammation ( !      
inte/9es yield$ to ! use ( emolli5ts    
obta9$ f malvace\s plants4 ,! sidas & ! 
melo*ias h s+ul>ly active prop]ties 9 ! 
torrid zone4 ,! recov]y ( ! pati5t h[ev]
 0 extremely sl[1 z x always happ5s )   
,europeans :o are n ?or\ghly season$ to 
! climate4 ,! p]iod ( ! ra9s drew ne>2 &
 9 ord] to return to ! coa/ ( ,cumana1 x
 0 necess>y aga9 to cross ! ,llanos1    
:]e1 amid/ half-inundat$ l&s1 x is r>e  
to f9d %elt]1 or any o!r food ?an meat  
dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,to avoid expos+ ,m4      

,bonpl& to a dang]\s relapse1 we resolv$
 to /ay at ,ango/ura till ! #aj? (      
,july4 ,we sp5t "p ( ?is "t at a        
neighb\r+ plantation1 :]e mango-trees & 
bread-fruit trees99 7 cultivat$4 799    
,artoc>pus incisa4 ,fa!r ,&uj>1 ,capu*9 
mission>y ( ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 zeal\s 
9 ! pursuit ( natural hi/ory1 has       
introduc$ ! bread-fruit tree f ,spani%  
,guiana at ,v>9as1 & !nce into ! k+dom (
 ,new ,gr5ada4 ,?us ! we/]n ,coa/s (    
,am]ica1 wa%$ by ! ,pacific1 receive f !
 ,engli% ,settlem5ts 9 ! ,we/ ,indies a 
production ( ! ,fri5dly ,isl&s47 ,!     
latt] _h atta9$ 9 ! t5? ye> a height ( m
 ?an =ty feet4 ,we measur$ sev]al leaves
 ( ! ,artoc>pus t 7 ?ree feet long &    
eighte5 in*es broad1 rem>kable dim5sions
 9 a plant ( ! family ( ! dicotyl$ons4  
,,end ,,( ,,volume #b4