,?is e,book 0 produc$ by ,k>l ,hag51 ,*>les ,franks1 & ! ,onl9e ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read+ ,team4 9999 ,transcrib]'s ,notes 9999 ,und]scores m>k italics2 words enclos$ 9 pluses repres5t boldface2 words enclos$ 9 _/sla%es_/ repres5t und]l9$ words4 ,words enclos$ 9 tildes repres5t a wavy und]l9e4 ,to repres5t ! s5t5ce diagrams 9 ,,ascii1 ! foll[+ conv5tions are us$3 - ,! heavy horizontal l9e 7= ! ma9 clause7 is =m$ ) equals signs 774 - ,o!r solid v]tical l9es are =m$ ) m9us signs 7--74 - ,diagonal l9es are =m$ ) backsla%es 774 - ,words pr9t$ on a diagonal l9e are prec$$ by a backsla%1 ) no horizontal l9e "u !m4 - ,dott$ horizontal l9es are =m$ ) p]iods 7447 - ,dott$ v]tical l9es are =m$ ) /raight apo/rophes 7'7 - ,dott$ diagonal l9es are =m$ ) slant$ apo/rophes 77 - ,words pr9t$ ov] a horizontally brok5 l9e are %[n l ?is3 ----1 help+ '--------- - ,words pr9t$ b5d+ ar\nd a diagonal-horizontal l9e are brok5 l ?is3 wai t+ --------- 9999 ,end ,transcrib]'s ,notes 9999 ,,grad$ ,,lessons ,,9 ,,engli%4 ,,an ,,elem5t>y ,,engli% ,,gramm>1 ,,consi/+ ,,( ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,practical ,,lessons1 ,,c>efully ,,grad$ ,,& ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,! ,,class-,,room1 ,,by ,,alonzo ,,re$1 ,a4,m41 ,,=m]ly ,,in/ructor ,,( ,,engli% ,,gramm> ,,9 ,,! ,,polyte*nic ,,in/itute1 ,,brooklyn ,,& ,,bra9]d ,,kellogg1 ,,ll4,d41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,language ,,& ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,! ,,polyte*nic ,,in/itute1 ,,brooklyn ,,revis$ ,,edition1 #ahif4 ,a ,,complete ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,engli%4 ,,by ,,alonzo ,,re$1 ,a4,m41 ,,& ,,bra9]d ,,kellogg1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,re$',s ,,^w ,,lessons1 ,a ,,complete ,,spell]4 ,design$ to tea* ! correct spell+1 pronunciation1 & use ( su* words only z are mo/ common 9 curr5t lit]ature1 & z are mo/ likely to be misspell$1 mispron\nc$1 or misus$1 & to awak5 new int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( synonyms & ( ^w-analysis4 #ahh pages1 #abmo4 ,,re$',s ,,introductory ,,language ,,"w4 ,a simple1 v>i$1 & pleas+1 b me?odical s]ies ( ex]cises 9 ,engli% to prec$e ! /udy ( te*nical gramm>4 #bec pages1 #afmo1 l954 ,,re$ ,,kellogg',s ,,grad$ ,,lessons ,,9 ,,engli%4 ,an elem5t>y ,engli% gramm>1 consi/+ ( "o hundr$ practical lessons1 c>efully grad$ & adapt$1 to ! class-room4 #bae pages1 #afmo1 l954 ,,re$ ,,kellogg',s ,,high] ,,lessons ,,9 ,,engli%4 ,a "w on ,engli% gramm> & composition1 9 :i* ! sci5ce ( ! language is made tribut>y to ! art ( expression4 ,a c\rse ( practical lessons c>efully grad$1 & adapt$ to e-day use 9 ! s*ool-room4 #chf pages1 #afmo1 clo?4 ,,re$ ,,kellogg',s ,,"o-,,book ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,engli%4 ,a c>efully grad$ & complete s]ies ( lessons 9 ,engli% gramm> & composition bas$ on ! natural developm5t ( ! s5t5ce4 ,= s*ools t h n "t to complete m ?an "o book on gramm>4 #cbh pages1 #afmo1 clo?4 ,,kellogg ,,re$',s ,,^w-,,build+4 ,fifty lessons1 comb9+ ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,anglo-,saxon roots1 prefixes1 & suffixes1 into ab\t fifty-five hundr$ common d]ivative words 9 ,engli%2 ) a brief hi/ory ( ! ,engli% language4 #abb pages1 #afmo1 clo?4 ,,kellogg ,,re$',s ,,! ,,engli% ,,language4 ,a brief hi/ory ( ! grammatical *anges ( ! language & its vocabul>y1 ) ex]cises on synonyms1 prefixes1 suffixes1 ^w-analysis1 & ^w-build+4 ,a text-book = high s*ools & colleges4 #bbf pages1 #afmo1 clo?4 ,,kellogg',s ,,text-,,book ,,on ,,rhetoric4 ,revis$ & enl>g$ edition4 ,supplem5t+ ! developm5t ( ! sci5ce ) exhau/ive practice 9 composition4 ,a c\rse ( practical lessons adapt$ = use 9 high s*ools1 academies1 & l[] classes ( colleges4 #cde pages1 #abmo1 clo?4 ,,kellogg',s ,,text-,,book ,,on ,,engli% ,,lit]ature4 ) copi\s extracts f ! lead+ au?ors1 ,engli% & ,am]ican1 & full in/ructions z to ! me?od 9 :i* ^! books are to be /udi$4 #dhe pages1 #abmo1 clo?4 ,,preface4 ,! plan ( ,grad$ & ,high] ,lessons 9 ,engli% w p]haps be bett] und]/ood if we fir/ speak ( two classes ( text-books ) :i* ?is c\rse is br\ght into competition4 ,me?od ( ,"o ,class ( ,text-books4--,9 "o class are ^? t aim *iefly to pres5t a c\rse ( te*nical gramm> 9 ! ord] ( ,or?ography1 ,etymology1 ,syntax1 & ,prosody4 ,^! books give l>ge space to grammatical ,etymology1 & dem& mu* memoriz+ ( def9itions1 rules1 decl5sions1 & conjugations1 & mu* =mal ^w p>s+1--"w ( :i* a consid]able portion is m]ely ! inv5tion ( gramm>ians1 & has little value 9 det]m9+ ! pupil's use ( language or 9 develop+ 8 reason+ faculties4 ,?is is a revival ( ! long-endur$1 unfruitful1 old-"t me?od4 ,me?od ( ,ano!r ,class ( ,text-books4--,9 ano!r class are ^? t pres5t a miscellane\s collection ( lessons 9 ,composition1 ,spell+1 ,pronunciation1 ,s5t5ce-analysis1 ,te*nical ,gramm>1 & ,g5]al ,in=mation1 )\t unity or cont9uity4 ,! pupil :o completes ^! books w h ga9$ some?+ by practice & w h pick$ up "s scraps ( k2 b 8 in=mation w be vague & disconnect$1 & he w h miss$ t m5tal tra9+ :i* x is ! aim ( a good text-book to af=d4 ,a text-book is ( value j s f> z x pres5ts a cle>1 logical developm5t ( its subject4 ,x mu/ pres5t its sci5ce or its art z a natural gr[?1 o!rwise !re is no apology = its be+4 ,! ,/udy ( ! ,s5t5ce = ! ,prop] ,use ( ,words4--,x is ! plan ( ?is c\rse to trace ) easy /eps ! natural developm5t ( ! s5t5ce1 to consid] ! lead+ facts fir/ & !n to desc5d to ! details4 ,to beg9 ) ! p>ts ( spee* is to beg9 ) details & to disreg>d ! high] unities1 )\t :i* ! details are sc>cely intelligible4 ,! "p ( spee* to :i* a ^w belongs is det]m9$ only by its function 9 ! s5t5ce1 & inflections simply m>k ! (fices & relations ( words4 ,unless ! pupil has be5 sy/ematically tra9$ to discov] ! functions & relations ( words z elem5ts ( an organic :ole1 8 k ( ! p>ts ( spee* is ( little value4 ,x is n because he _c conjugate ! v]b or decl9e ! pron\n t he falls into su* errors z ,h[ _m s\nds h ea* ( ! v[els8 ,five ye>s' int]e/ are due4 ,%e is old] ?an me4 ,he probably w\ld n say ea* h1 int]e/ are1 me am4 ,"o ?or\ghly famili> ) ! /ructure ( ! s5t5ce w f9d little tr\ble 9 us+ correctly ! few inflectional =ms 9 ,engli%4 ,! ,/udy ( ! ,s5t5ce = ! ,laws ( ,disc\rse4--,?r\gh ! /udy ( ! s5t5ce we n only arrive at an intellig5t k ( ! p>ts ( spee* & a correct use ( grammatical =ms1 b we discov] ! laws ( disc\rse 9 g5]al4 ,9 ! s5t5ce ! /ud5t %\ld f9d ! law ( unity1 ( cont9uity1 ( proportion1 ( ord]4 ,all good writ+ consi/s ( good s5t5ces prop]ly jo9$4 ,s9ce ! s5t5ce is ! f\ndation or unit ( disc\rse1 x is all-important t ! pupil %\ld "k ! s5t5ce4 ,he %\ld be able to put ! pr9cipal & ! subord9ate p>ts 9 _! prop] relation2 he %\ld "k ! exact function ( e elem5t1 its relation to o!r elem5ts & its relation to ! :ole4 ,he %\ld "k ! s5t5ce z ! skillful eng9e] kn[s 8 eng9e1 t1 :5 !re is a disorganization ( p>ts1 he may at once f9d ! difficulty & ! rem$y = x4 ,! ,/udy ( ! ,s5t5ce = ! ,sake ( ,translation4--,! laws ( ?\ght be+ ! same = all nations1 ! logical analysis ( ! s5t5ce is ! same = all languages4 ,:5 a /ud5t :o has acquir$ a k ( ! ,engli% s5t5ce comes to ! translation ( a =eign language1 he f9ds 8 "w greatly simplifi$4 ,if 9 a s5t5ce ( 8 own language he sees only a mass ( unorganiz$ words1 h[ mu* great] mu/ be 8 confusion :5 ?is mass ( words is 9 a =eign tongue6 ,a /udy ( ! p>ts ( spee* is a f> less important prep>ation = translation1 s9ce ! decl5sions & conjugations 9 ,engli% d n con=m to ^? ( o!r languages4 ,tea*]s ( ! classics & ( mod]n languages are beg9n+ to appreciate ^! facts4 ,! ,/udy ( ! ,s5t5ce = ,discipl9e4--,z a means ( discipl9e no?+ c comp>e ) a tra9+ 9 ! logical analysis ( ! s5t5ce4 ,to /udy ?\ght ?r\gh its outw>d =m1 ! s5t5ce1 & to discov] ! fitness ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! expression to ! p>ts ( ! ?\ght1 is to le>n to ?9k4 ,x has be5 notic$ t pupils ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 ! analysis & ! con/ruction ( s5t5ces come to _! o!r /udies ) a decid$ advantage 9 m5tal p[]4 ,^! results c be obta9$ only by sy/ematic & p]si/5t "w4 ,exp]i5c$ tea*]s und]/& t a few weak lessons on ! s5t5ce at ! beg9n+ ( a c\rse & a few at ! end c af=d little discipl9e & little k t w endure1 nor c a k ( ! s5t5ce be ga9$ by memoriz+ complicat$ rules & labor$ =ms ( analysis4 ,to compel a pupil to wade ?r\gh a page or two ( su* bewild]+ t]ms z complex adv]bial elem5t ( ! second class & comp\nd prepositional adjective phrase1 9 ord] to compreh5d a few simple functions1 is grossly unju/2 x is a sub/itution ( =m = cont5t1 ( words = ideas4 ,subdivisions & ,modifications aft] ! ,s5t5ce4--,tea*]s famili> ) text books t gr\p all grammatical in/ruction ar\nd ! eight p>ts ( spee*1 mak+ eight indep5d5t units1 w n1 9 ! foll[+ lessons1 f9d ev]y?+ 9 its accu/om$ place4 ,b1 :5 x is rememb]$ t ! ?read ( connection unify+ ?is "w is ! s5t5ce1 x w be se5 t ! lessons fall into _! natural ord] ( sequ5ce4 ,:51 ?r\gh ! developm5t ( ! s5t5ce1 all ! (fices ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( spee* are ma/]$1 ! mo/ natural ?+ is to cont9ue ! "w ( classification & subdivide ! p>ts ( spee*4 ,! inflection ( words1 be+ di/9ct f _! classification1 makes a sep>ate division ( ! "w4 ,if ! *ief end ( gramm> 7 to enable "o to p>se1 we %\ld n "h dep>t f long-e/abli%$ prec$5t4 ,s5t5ces 9 ,gr\ps--,p>agraphs4--,9 trac+ ! gr[? ( ! s5t5ce f ! simple/ to ! mo/ complex =m1 ea* elem5t1 z x is introduc$1 is illu/rat$ by a l>ge numb] ( deta*$ s5t5ces1 *os5 ) ! utmo/ c>e z to ?\ght & expression4 ,^! compel ! pupil to conf9e 8 att5tion to "o ?+ till he gets x well 9 h&4 ,p>agraphs f lit]ature are !n select$ to be us$ at int]vals1 ) que/ions & sugge/ions to en=ce pr9ciples already pres5t$1 & to prep>e ! way in=mally = ! regul> lessons t foll[4 ,! lessons on ^! selections are1 h[ev]1 made to take a mu* wid] scope4 ,!y lead ! pupil to discov] h[ & :y s5t5ces are gr\p$ into p>agraphs1 & h[ p>agraphs are relat$ to ea* o!r2 !y also lead him on to discov] :atev] is mo/ wor?y ( imitation 9 ! /yle ( ! sev]al models pres5t$4 ,! ,use ( ! ,diagram4--,9 writt5 analysis1 ! simple map1 or diagram1 f\nd 9 ! foll[+ lessons1 w enable ! pupil to pres5t directly & vividly to ! eye ! exact function ( e clause 9 ! s5t5ce1 ( e phrase 9 ! clause1 & ( e ^w 9 ! phrase--to picture ! complete analysis ( ! s5t5ce1 ) pr9cipal & subord9ate p>ts 9 _! prop] relations4 ,x is only by ! aid ( su* a map1 or picture1 t ! pupil c1 at a s+le view1 see ! s5t5ce z an organic :ole made up ( _m p>ts p]=m+ v>i\s functions & /&+ 9 v>i\s relations4 ,)\t su* map he mu/ labor "u ! disadvantage ( see+ all ^! ?+s by piecemeal or 9 succession4 ,b1 if = any reason ! tea*] pref]s n to use ^! diagrams1 !y may be omitt$ )\t caus+ ! slighte/ break 9 ! "w4 ,! plan ( ?is book is 9 no way dep5d5t on ! use ( ! diagrams4 ,! ,objections to ! ,diagram4--,! fact t ! pictorial diagram gr\ps ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce accord+ to _! (fices & relations1 & n 9 ! ord] ( spee*1 has be5 spok5 ( z a fault4 ,x is on ! contr>y1 a m]it1 = x tea*es ! pupil to look ?r\gh ! lit]>y ord] & discov] ! logical ord]4 ,he ?us le>ns :at ! lit]>y ord] really is1 & sees t ?is may be v>i$ indef9itely1 s long z ! logical relations are kept cle>4 ,! ass]tion t correct diagrams c be made me*anically is n borne out by ! facts4 ,x is easi] to avoid precision 9 oral analysis ?an 9 writt54 ,! diagram drives ! pupil to a mo/ se>*+ exam9ation ( ! s5t5ce1 br+s him face to face ) e difficulty1 & compels a decision on e po9t4 ,! ,abuse ( ! ,diagram4--,analysis by diagram (t5 becomes s int]e/+ & s helpful t1 l o!r good ?+s1 x is liable to be ov]done4 ,!re is dang] ( requir+ too mu* writt5 analysis4 ,:5 ! ord9>y con/ructions h be5 made cle>1 diagrams %\ld be us$ only = ! m difficult s5t5ces1 or1 if ! s5t5ces are long1 only = ! m difficult p>ts ( !m4 ,9 bo? oral & writt5 analysis !re is dang] ( repeat+ :at ne$s no repetition4 ,:5 ! diagram has s]v$ its purpose1 x %\ld be dropp$4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,composition ,,ex]cises ,! ex]cises 9 composition f\nd 9 ! numb]$ ,lessons ( ?is book are g5]ally conf9$ to ! illu/ration & ! practical application ( ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce z ^! pr9ciples are develop$ /ep by /ep4 ,to break up ! cont9uity ( ! text by ?ru/+ unrelat$ composition "w betwe5 lessons closely relat$ & mutually dep5d5t is exce$+ly unwise4 ,! ,composition ,ex]cises sugge/$ 9 ?is revision ( ,grad$ ,lessons are design$ to review ! regul> ,lessons & to prep>e 9 a broad1 in=mal way = text "w t foll[s4 ,b s9ce ^! ,ex]cises g mu* f>!r1 & tea* ! pupil h[ to con/ruct p>agraphs & h[ to obs]ve & imitate :at is good 9 diff]5t au?ors1 !y are plac$ 9 a supplem5t1 & n betwe5 consecutive ,lessons ( ! text4 ,to let su* g5]al composition "w take ! place ( ! regul> gramm> lesson1 say once a week1 w be pr(itable4 ,we sugge/ t ! s5t5ce "w on ! selections 9 ! ,supplem5t be made to foll[ ,lessons #cj1 #dj1 #ej1 #fj1 #gj1 #gg2 b ea* tea*] mu/ det]m9e = himself :5 ^! & ! o!r outl9$ lessons c be/ be us$4 ,we advise t o!r selections f lit]ature be made & ^! ex]cises cont9u$ ) ! treatm5t ( ! p>ts ( spee*4 ,= composition "w to prec$e ,lesson #cj we sugge/ t ! tea*] break up a %ort /ory ( "o or two p>agraphs into simple s5t5ces1 mak+ "s ( ^! transpos$1 "s int]rogative1 & "s exclamatory4 ,! pupils may be requir$ to copy ^!1 to und]l9e ! subject & ! pr$icate1 & to tell1 9 answ] to sugge/ive que/ions1 :at "s ( ! o!r words & gr\ps ( words d 7! que/ions on ! selections 9 ! ,supplem5t may aid ! tea*]74 ,! pupils may !n write out ! /ory 9 full =m4 ,to v>y ! ex]cise1 ! tea*] might read ! /ory & let ! pupils write out ! %ort s5t5ces4 ,a ,,talk ,,on ,,language4 ,! tea*] is recomm5d$1 be=e assign+ any lesson1 to occupy ! "t ( at lea/ two or ?ree recitations1 9 talk+ ) 8 pupils ab\t language1 always rememb]+ t1 9 ord] to secure ! int]e/ ( 8 class1 he mu/ all[ 8 pupils to take an active "p 9 ! ex]cise4 ,! tea*] %\ld guide ! ?\ght ( 8 class2 b1 if he attempt to d all ! talk+1 he w f9d1 :5 he concludes1 t he has be5 left to d all ! ?9k+4 ,we give bel[ a few h9ts 9 conduct+ ?is talk on language1 b ! tea*] is n expect$ to conf9e himself to !m4 ,he w1 ( c\rse1 be compell$1 9 "s in/ances1 to resort to v>i\s devices 9 ord] to obta9 f ! pupils answ]s equival5t to ^? "h sugge/$4 ,,lesson #a4 ,tea*]4--,i w pron\nce ^! ?ree s\nds v sl[ly & di/9ctly1 ?us3 b-u-d4 ,notice1 x is ! p[]1 or s\nd1 ( ! lett]1 & n its "n1 t ,i give4 ,:at did y he>8 ,pupil4--,i he>d ?ree s\nds4 ,t4--,give !m4 ,i w write on ! bo>d1 s t y c see !m1 ?ree lett]s--b-u-d4 ,are ^! lett]s1 tak5 sep>ately1 signs to y ( any?+8 ,p4--,yes1 !y are signs to me ( ! ?ree s\nds t ,i h j he>d4 ,t4--,:at !n d ^! lett]s1 tak5 sep>ately1 picture to y\r eye8 ,p4--,!y picture ! s\nds t came to my e>4 ,t4--,lett]s !n are ! signs ( :at8 ,p4--,lett]s are ! signs ( s\nds4 ,t4--,i w pron\nce ! same ?ree s\nds m rapidly1 unit+ !m m closely--bud4 ,^! s\nds1 s unit$1 =m a spok5 ^w4 ,( :at d y ?9k :5 y he> ! ^w bud8 ,p4--,i ?9k ( a little r\nd ?+ t gr[s to be a leafy bran* or a fl[]4 ,t4--,did y see ! ?+ :5 y 7 ?9k+ ( x8 ,p4--,no4 ,t4--,!n y mu/ h _h a picture ( x 9 y\r m9d4 ,we call ?is m5tal picture an idea4 ,:at call$ up ?is idea8 ,p4--,x 0 call$ up by ! ^w bud1 :i* ,i he>d4 ,t4--,a spok5 ^w !n is ! sign ( :at8 ,p4--,a spok5 ^w is ! sign ( an idea4 ,t4--,i w call up ! same idea 9 ano!r way4 ,i w write ?ree lett]s & unite !m ?us3 bud4 ,:at d y see8 ,p4--,i see ! ^w bud4 ,t4--,if we call ! o!r ^w bud a spok5 ^w1 :at %all we call ?is8 ,p4--,?is is a writt5 ^w4 ,t4--,if !y /& = ! same idea1 h[ d !y diff]8 ,p4--,i see ?is1 & ,i he>d t4 ,t4--,y w obs]ve t we h call$ att5tion to f\r diff]5t ?+s2 viz41 ! real bud2 y\r m5tal picture ( ! bud1 :i* we h call$ an idea2 & ! two words1 :i* we h call$ signs ( ?is idea1 ! "o address$ to ! e>1 & ! o!r to ! eye4 ,if ! pupil be br\ght to see ^! di/9ctions1 x may aid him to obs]ve m closely & express himself m cle>ly4 ,,lesson #b4 ,tea*]4--,:at did y le>n 9 ! previ\s ,lesson8 ,pupil4--,i le>n$ t a spok5 ^w is compos$ ( c]ta9 s\nds1 & t lett]s are signs ( s\nds1 & t spok5 & writt5 words are ! signs ( ideas4 ,?is "q %\ld be pass$ f "o pupil to ano!r till all ( ^! answ]s are elicit$4 ,all ! writt5 words 9 all ! ,engli% books ev] made1 are =m$ ( tw5ty-six lett]s1 repres5t+ ab\t =ty s\nds4 ,^! lett]s & ^! s\nds make up :at is call$ artificial language4 ,( ^! tw5ty-six lett]s1 a1 e1 i1 o1 u1 & sometimes w & y1 are call$ v[els1 & ! rema9d] are call$ consonants4 ,9 ord] t y may und]/& :at k9d ( s\nds ! v[els /& =1 & :at k9ds ! consonants repres5t1 ,i w tell y some?+ ab\t ! human voice4 ,! air brea!d out f y\r lungs beats aga9/ two flat muscles1 /ret*$ l /r+s across ! top ( ! w9dpipe1 & causes !m to vibrate4 ,?is vibrat+ makes s\nd4 ,take a ?read1 put "o end betwe5 y\r tee?1 hold ! o!r 9 y\r f+]s1 draw x tight & /rike x1 & y w und]/& h[ voice is made4 ,if ! voice ?us produc$ comes out ?r\gh ! m\? held well op51 a class ( s\nds is =m$ :i* we call v[el s\nds4 ,b1 if ! voice is held back by y\r palate1 tongue1 tee?1 or lips1 "o k9d ( consonant s\nds is made4 ,if ! brea? is driv5 out )\t voice1 & is held back by ^! same p>ts ( ! m\?1 ! o!r k9d ( consonant s\nds is =m$4 ,ex4 ( bo?3 b1 d1 g2 p1 t1 k4 ,! tea*] & pupils %\ld practice on ^! s\nds till ! ?ree k9ds c easily be di/+ui%$4 ,y are n[ prep>$ to und]/& :at ,i mean :5 ,i say t ! v[els are ! lett]s :i* /& = ! op5 s\nds ( ! voice1 & t ! consonants are ! lett]s :i* /& = ! s\nds made by ! ob/ruct$ voice & ! ob/ruct$ brea?4 ,! tea*] c "h pr(itably sp5d a few m9utes 9 %[+ h[ ideas may be communicat$ by ,natural ,language1 ! language ( sighs1 groans1 ge/ures ( ! h&s1 attitudes ( ! body1 expressions ( ! face1 tones ( ! voice1 etc4 ,he c %[ t1 9 conv]sation1 we sometimes c\ple ?is ,natural ,language ( tone & ge/ure ) our language ( words1 9 ord] to make a /rong] impression4 ,let ! pupil be told t1 if ! passage conta9 feel+1 he %\ld d ! same 9 ,read+ & ,declaim+4 ,let ! foll[+ def9itions be le>n$1 & giv5 at ! next recitation4 ,,def9ition4--,artificial ,language1 or ,language ,prop]1 consi/s ( ! spok5 & writt5 words us$ to communicate ideas & ?\ghts4 ,,def9ition4--,engli% ,gramm> is ! sci5ce :i* tea*es ! =ms1 uses1 & relations ( ! words ( ! ,engli% ,language4 ,,lesson #c ,let ! pupils be requir$ to tell :at !y le>n$ 9 ! previ\s lessons4 ,tea*]4--,:5 ,i pron\nce ! two words /> & bud ?us3 /> bud1 h[ _m ideas1 or m5tal pictures1 d ,i call up to y8 ,pupil4--,two4 ,t4--,d y see any connection betwe5 ^! ideas8 ,p4--,no4 ,t4--,:5 ,i utt] ! two words bud & swell+1 ?us3 bud swell+1 d y see any connection 9 ! ideas !y /& =8 ,p4--,yes1 ,i imag9e t ,i see a bud exp&+1 or gr[+ l>g]4 ,t4--,i w connect two words m closely1 s z to express a ?\ght3 ,buds swell4 ,a ?\ght has be5 =m$ 9 my m9d :5 ,i say1 ,buds swell2 & ^! two words1 9 :i* some?+ is said ( some?+ else1 express t ?\ght1 & make :at we call a s5t5ce4 ,9 ! =m] expression1 bud swell+ x is assum$1 or tak5 = grant$1 t buds p]=m ! act2 9 ! latt]1 ! swell+ is ass]t$ z a fact4 ,leaves fall+4 ,d ^! two words express two ideas m]ely associat$1 or d !y express a ?\ght8 ,p4--,!y express ideas m]ely associat$4 ,t4--,leaves fall4 ,same "q4 ,p4--,a ?\ght4 ,t4--,:y8 ,p4--,because1 9 ^! words1 !re is some?+ said or ass]t$ ( leaves4 ,t4--,:5 ,i say1 ,fall+ leaves ru/le1 does fall+ tell :at is ?\ght ( leaves8 ,p4--,no4 ,t4--,:at does fall+ d8 ,p4--,x tells ! k9d ( leaves y are ?9k+ & speak+ (4 ,t4--,:at ^w does tell :at is ?\ght ( leaves8 ,p4--,ru/le4 ,t4--,y see !n t 9 ! ?\ght !re are two p>ts2 some?+ ( :i* we ?9k1 & t :i* we ?9k ab\t x4 ,let ! pupils give o!r examples4 ,,lesson #d4 ,commit to memory all def9itions4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,s5t5ce is ! expression ( a ?\ght 9 words4 ,:i* ( ! foll[+ expressions conta9 words t h no connection1 :i* conta9 words m]ely associat$1 & :i* are s5t5ces8 #a4 ,fl[]s bloom4 #b4 ,ice melts4 #c4 ,bloom ice4 #d4 ,grass gr[s4 #e4 ,brooks babble4 #f4 ,babbl+ brooks4 #g4 ,grass so>4 #h4 ,doors op54 #i4 ,op5 doors4 #aj4 ,c[s graze4 #aa4 ,curl+ smoke4 #ab4 ,sug> graze4 #ac4 ,dew sp>kles4 #ad4 ,hiss+ s]p5ts4 #ae4 ,smoke curls4 #af4 ,s]p5ts hiss4 #ag4 ,smoke curl+4 #ah4 ,s]p5ts sp>kles4 #ai4 ,melt+ babble4 #bj4 ,eagles so>4 #ba4 ,birds *irp+4 #bb4 ,birds are *irp+4 #bc4 ,birds *irp4 #bd4 ,g5tle c[s4 #be4 ,eagles are so>+4 #bf4 ,bees ice4 #bg4 ,work+ bees4 #bh4 ,bees "w4 #bi4 ,crawl+ s]p5ts4 #cj4 ,l&scape piano4 #ca4 ,s]p5ts crawl4 #cb4 ,eagles clock4 #cc4 ,s]p5ts crawl+4 ,,lesson #e4 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,illu/rate1 by ! use ( a1 b1 & p1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! s\nds ( lett]s & _! names4 ,lett]s are ! signs ( :at8 ,:at is an idea8 ,a spok5 ^w is ! sign ( :at8 ,a writt5 ^w is ! sign ( :at8 ,h[ d !y diff]8 ,to :at f\r diff]5t ?+s did we call att5tion 9 ,lesson #a8 ,h[ are v[el s\nds made8 ,h[ are ! two k9ds ( consonant s\nds made8 ,:at are v[els8 ,"n !m4 ,:at are consonants8 ,:at is artificial language1 or language prop]8 ,:at d y und]/& by natural language8 ,:at is ,engli% gramm>8 ,:at ?ree k9ds ( expressions are spok5 ( 9 ,lessons #c & #d8 ,give examples ( ea*4 ,:at is a s5t5ce8 ,,lesson #f4 ,,analysis4 ,on ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 let ! pupils be ex]cis$ accord+ to ! model4 ,model4--,intemp]ance degrades4 ,:y is ?is a s5t5ce8 ,ans4--,because x expresses a ?\ght4 ,( :at is some?+ ?\ght8 ,ans4--,intemp]ance4 ,:i* ^w tells :at is ?\ght8 ,ans4--,degrades4 #a4 ,magnets attract4 #b4 ,horses neigh4 #c4 ,frogs leap4 #d4 ,cold contracts4 #e4 ,sunbeams dance4 #f4 ,heat exp&s4 #g4 ,sunlight gleams4 #h4 ,bann]s wave4 #i4 ,grass )]s4 #aj4 ,sailors climb4 #aa4 ,rabbits burr[4 #ab4 ,spr+ advances4 ,y see t 9 ^! s5t5ces !re are two p>ts4 ,! p>ts are ! ,subject & ! ,pr$icate4 ,,def9ition4--,! ,subject ( a s5t5ce names t ( :i* some?+ is ?\ght4 ,,def9ition4--,! ,pr$icate ( a s5t5ce tells :at is ?\ght4 ,,def9ition4--,! ,analysis ( a s5t5ce is ! sep>ation ( x into its p>ts4 ,analyze1 accord+ to ! model1 ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,model4--,/>s tw9kle4 ,?is is a s5t5ce1 because x expresses a ?\ght4 ,/>s is ! subject1 because x names t ( :i* some?+ is ?\ght2 tw9kle is ! pr$icate1 because x tells :at is ?\ght4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,aft] ! pupils become famili> ) ! def9itions1 ! ,models may be v>i$1 & "s ( ! reasons maybe made specific2 z1 ,plants names ! ?+s we tell ab\t2 droop tells :at plants d1 etc4 ,gu>d aga9/ ne$less repetition4 #a4 ,plants droop4 #b4 ,books help4 #c4 ,cl\ds float4 #d4 ,ex]cise /r5g!ns4 #e4 ,ra9 falls4 #f4 ,"t flies4 #g4 ,r[dies fight4 #h4 ,bread n\ri%es4 #i4 ,boats capsize4 #aj4 ,wat] fl[s4 #aa4 ,/ud5ts le>n4 #ab4 ,horses gallop4 ,,lesson #g4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,! ,,diagram4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,i w draw on ! bo>d a heavy1 or %ad$1 l9e1 & divide x into two p>ts1 ?us3 ,we w consid] ! fir/ "p z ! sign ( ! subject ( a s5t5ce1 & ! second "p z ! sign ( ! pr$icate ( a s5t5ce4 ,n[1 if ,i write a ^w ov] ! fir/ l9e1 ?us--7do+ x7--y w und]/& t t ^w is ! subject ( a s5t5ce4 ,if ,i write a ^w ov] ! second l9e1 ?us--y w und]/& t t ^w is ! pr$icate ( a s5t5ce4 ,planets revolve ,! class c see by ?is picture t ,planets revolve is a s5t5ce1 t planets is ! subject1 & t revolve is ! pr$icate4 ,^! signs1 or illu/rations1 made up ( /raight l9es1 we call ,diagrams4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,diagram is a picture ( ! (fices & relations ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( a s5t5ce4 ,analyze & diagram ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 #a4 ,waves da%4 #b4 ,k+s reign4 #c4 ,fruit rip5s4 #d4 ,/>s %9e4 #e4 ,/eel t>ni%es4 #f4 ,insects buzz4 #g4 ,paul prea*$4 #h4 ,poets s+4 #i4 ,n]o fiddl$4 #aj4 ,l>ks s+4 #aa4 ,wat] ripples4 #ab4 ,lambs frisk4 #ac4 ,lions ro>4 #ad4 ,tig]s gr[l4 #ae4 ,breezes sigh4 #af4 ,c>?age fell4 #ag4 ,morn+ dawns4 #ah4 ,%[]s desc5d$4 #ai4 ,diamonds sp>kle4 #bj4 ,alex&] conqu]$4 #ba4 ,jupit] ?und]s4 #bb4 ,columbus sail$1 #bc4 ,gramm>ians diff]4 #bd4 ,cornwallis surr5d]$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #h4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,y h n[ le>n$ to analyze s5t5ces1 t is1 to sep>ate !m into _! p>ts4 ,y mu/ next le>n to put ^! p>ts toge!r1 t is1 to build s5t5ces4 ,we w f9d "o "p1 & y mu/ f9d ! o!r & d ! build+4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,let "s ( ! pupils write _! s5t5ces on ! bo>d1 :ile o!rs are read+ !irs4 ,!n let ! "w on ! bo>d be correct$4 ,correct any expression t does n make good s5se1 or t ass]ts some?+ n /rictly true2 = ! pupil %\ld e>ly be taught to ?9k accurately1 z well z to write & speak grammatically4 ,correct all mi/akes 9 spell+1 & 9 ! use ( capital lett]s & ! p]iod4 ,call att5tion to ! agreem5t 9 =m ( ! pr$icate ) ! subject4 ,see ,notes1 p4 #afc4 ,insi/ on neatness4 ,collect ! pap]s be=e ! recitation closes4 ,,capital ,,lett]-,,rule4--,! fir/ ^w ( e s5t5ce mu/ beg9 ) a capital lett]4 ,,p]iod--,,rule4--,a p]iod mu/ be plac$ aft] e s5t5ce t simply affirms1 d5ies1 or expresses a comm&4 ,con/ruct s5t5ces by supply+ a subject to ea* ( ! foll[+ pr$icates4 ,ask y\rself ! "q1 ,:at swim1 s9k1 hunt1 etc48 #a4 ---- swim4 #b4 ---- s9ks4 #c4 ---- hunt4 #d4 ---- skate4 #e4 ---- j+le4 #f4 ---- decay4 #g4 ---- climb4 #h4 ---- creep4 #i4 ---- run4 #aj4 ---- walk4 #aa4 ---- snort4 #ab4 ---- kick4 #ac4 ---- fla%es4 #ad4 ---- flutt]s4 #ae4 ---- paddle4 #af4 ---- toil4 #ag4 ---- t]rifies4 #ah4 ---- rages4 #ai4 ---- exp&4 #bj4 ---- jump4 #ba4 ---- hop4 #bb4 ---- bell[4 #bc4 ---- burns4 #bd4 ---- evaporates4 ,?is ex]cise may pr(itably be ext5d$ by requir+ ! pupils to supply sev]al subjects to ea* pr$icate4 ,,lesson #i4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+--,cont9u$4 ,con/ruct s5t5ces by supply+ a pr$icate to ea* ( ! foll[+ subjects4 ,ask y\rself ! "q1 ,arti/s d :at8 #a4 ,arti/s ----4 #b4 ,sailors ----4 #c4 ,tides ----4 #d4 ,:ales ----4 #e4 ,g5tlem5 ----4 #f4 ,sw9e ----4 #g4 ,cl\ds ----4 #h4 ,girls ----4 #i4 ,fruit ----4 #aj4 ,p[d] ----4 #aa4 ,hail ----4 #ab4 ,foxes ----4 #ac4 ,wat] ----4 #ad4 ,fro/ ----4 #ae4 ,man ----4 #af4 ,blood ----4 #ag4 ,k+s ----4 #ah4 ,lilies ----4 #ai4 ,roses ----4 #bj4 ,:eels ----4 #ba4 ,waves ----4 #bb4 ,dew ----4 #bc4 ,boys ----4 #bd4 ,volcanoes ----4 #be4 ,/orms ----4 #bf4 ,politicians ----4 #bg4 ,s]p5ts ----4 #bh4 ,*imneys ----4 #bi4 ,owls ----4 #cj4 ,riv]s ----4 #ca4 ,nations ----4 #cb4 ,indians ----4 #cc4 ,gra9 ----4 #cd4 ,rogues ----4 #cd4 ,volcanoes ----4 #ce4 ,rome ----4 #cf4 ,bri>s ----4 ,?is ex]cise may be ext5d$ by requir+ ! pupils to supply sev]al pr$icates to ea* subject4 ,,lesson #aj4 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,( :at two p>ts does a s5t5ce consi/8 ,:at is ! subject ( a s5t5ce8 ,:at is ! pr$icate ( a s5t5ce8 ,:at is ! analysis ( a s5t5ce8 ,:at is a diagram8 ,:at rule = ! use ( capital lett]s h y le>n$8 ,:at rule = ! p]iod8 ,impromptu ,ex]cise4 ,let ! pupils *oose sides1 z 9 a spell+ mat*4 ,let ! tea*] select pr$icates f ,lesson #h1 & give !m alt]nately to ! pupils ?us arrang$4 ,! fir/ pupil prefixes to 8 ^w :atev] suitable subjects he c ?9k (1 ! tea*] judg+ ( _! fitness & keep+ ! c\nt4 ,?is pupil n[ rises & rema9s /&+ until "s "o else1 on 8 side or ! o!r1 %all h prefix$ to 8 ^w a great] numb] ( apt subjects4 ,! /rife is to see :o %all be /&+ at ! close ( ! mat*1 & :i* side %all h furni%$ ! great] numb] ( subjects4 ,! ex]cise may be cont9u$ ) ! subjects ( ,lesson #i4 ,ea* pupil is to be limit$ to ! same "t--"o or two m9utes4 ,,lesson #aa4 ,,analysis4 ,! pr$icate sometimes conta9s m ?an "o ^w4 ,analyze & diagram accord+ to ! model4 ,model4--,socrates 0 poison$4 ,socrates 0 poison$ ,?is is a s5t5ce1 because x expresses a ?\ght4 ,socrates is ! subject1 because ----2 0 poison$ is ! pr$icate1 because ----4 ,footnote3 ,! ^w because--sugge/+ a reason--%\ld be dropp$ f ^! ,models :5ev] x may lead to m]e me*anical repetition4 #a4 ,napoleon 0 bani%$4 #b4 ,&re 0 captur$4 #c4 ,money is circulat$4 #d4 ,columbus 0 imprison$4 #e4 ,acorns are spr\t+4 #f4 ,bells are toll$4 #g4 ,summ] has come4 #h4 ,s5t5ces may be analyz$4 #i4 ,cl\ds are r$d5+4 #aj4 ,air may be weigh$4 #aa4 ,jehovah %all reign4 #ab4 ,corn is plant$4 #ac4 ,gramm>ians w diff]4 #ad4 ,sn[ is fall+4 #ae4 ,leaves are ru/l+4 #af4 ,*ildr5 w prattle4 #ag4 ,crickets are *irp+4 #ah4 ,eclipses h be5 =etold4 #ai4 ,/orms may abate4 #bj4 ,deception may h be5 practic$4 #ba4 ,esau 0 hat$4 #bb4 ,treason %\ld h be5 puni%$4 #bc4 ,bees are humm+4 #bd4 ,sodom might h be5 sp>$4 ,,lesson #ab4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,cont9ue oral & writt5 ex]cises 9 agreem5t4 ,see ,notes1 pp4 #afc1afd4 ,prefix ! little help+ words 9 ! second column to su* ( ! m important words 9 ! ?ird column z ) !m w make complete pr$icates1 & jo9 ^! pr$icates to all subjects 9 ! fir/ column ) :i* !y w unite to make good s5se4 #a #b #c ---------------------------------------- -- ,burgoyne are wov54 ,h5ry ,hudson 0 defeat$4 ,sp>r[s c be cond5s$4 ,comets is inhal$4 ,"t h be5 worn4 ,turbans may be slack$4 ,lime has be5 wa/$4 ,/eam c\ld h be5 se54 ,air mu/ h be5 deceiv$4 ,c>pets 7 qu>rel+4 ,,lesson #ac4 ,po9t out ! subject & ! pr$icate ( ea* s5t5ce 9 ,lessons #bh1 #ca1 #cd4 ,look fir/ = ! ^w t ass]ts1 & !n1 by putt+ :o or :at be=e ?is pr$icate1 ! subject may easily be f\nd4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,mo/ violations ( ! rules ( concord come f a failure to recognize ! relation ( subject & pr$icate :5 ^! p>ts are transpos$ or are sep>at$ by o!r words4 ,su* con/ructions %\ld !re=e receive special att5tion4 ,see ,notes1 pp4 #afd1 #afe4 ,introduce ! class to ! ,p>ts ( ,spee* be=e ! close ( ?is recitation4 ,see ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4 ,see ,sugge/ions = ,,composition ,,ex]cises1 p4 #h1 la/ p>agraph4 ,,lesson #ad4 ,,classes ,,( ,,words4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,by ! assi/ance ( ! few h9ts "h giv51 ! +5i\s tea*] may r5d] ?is usually dry subject int]e/+ & highly attractive4 ,by que/ion+ ! pupil z to :at he has se5 & he>d1 8 int]e/ may be excit$ & 8 curiosity awak5$4 ,suppose t we make an imag9>y excursion to "s pleasant field or grove1 :]e we may /udy ! habits1 ! plumage1 & ! songs ( ! little birds4 ,if we attempt to make ! acqua9tance ( e little fea!r$ s+] we meet1 we %all nev] get to ! end ( our pleasant task3 b we f9d t "s resemble "o ano!r 9 size1 %ape1 color1 habits1 & song4 ,^! we associate toge!r & call !m sp>r[s4 ,we f9d o!rs diff]+ ess5tially f ! sp>r[s1 b resembl+ "o ano!r4 ,^! we call rob9s4 ,we ?us f9d t1 al?\gh we 7 unable to become acqua9t$ ) ea* individual bird1 !y all belong to a few classes1 ) :i* we may soon become famili>4 ,x is s ) ! words ( our language4 ,!re are _m ?\s& words1 all ( :i* belong to eight classes4 ,^! classes ( words are call$ ,p>ts ( ,spee*4 ,we classify birds accord+ to _! =m1 color1 etc41 b we gr\p words into classes1 call$ ,p>ts ( ,spee*1 ) respect to _! use 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,we f9d t _m words are names4 ,^! we put 9 "o class & call !m ,n\ns4 ,ea* pupil may give ! "n ( some?+ 9 ! room2 ! "n ( a di/+ui%$ p]son2 a "n t may be appli$ to a class ( p]sons2 ! "n ( an animal2 ! "n ( a place3 ! "n ( a riv]2 ! "n ( a m\nta92 ! "n ( some?+ :i* we _c see or t\*1 b ( :i* we c ?9k2 z1 beauty1 m9d4 ,rem9d ! pupils frequ5tly t ^! names are all n\ns4 ,,n\ns4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,n\n is ! "n ( any?+4 ,write 9 columns1 head$ n\ns1 ! names ( dome/ic animals1 ( g>d5 vegetables1 ( fl[]s1 ( trees1 ( articles sold 9 a dry goods /ore1 & ( ?+s t _c be se5 or t\*$2 z1 virtue1 "t1 life4 ,write & arrange1 accord+ to ! foll[+ model1 ! names ( ?+s t c float1 fly1 walk1 "w1 sit1 or s+4 ,n\ns4 ,cork ,cl\ds ,model4--,wood floats or float4 ,%ips ,boys ,su* expressions z ,cork floats are s5t5ces1 & ! n\ns cork1 %ip1 etc41 are ! subjects4 ,y w f9d t e subject is a n\n or "s ^w or words us$ = a n\n4 ,be prep>$ to analyze & p>se ! s5t5ces :i* y h made4 ,nam+ ! class to :i* a ^w belongs is ! fir/ /ep 9 p>s+4 ,model = ,analysis4--,?is is a s5t5ce1 because -----2 cork is ! subject1 because -----2 floats is ! pr$icate1 because -----4 ,p>s+4--,cork is a n\n1 because x is ! "n ( a ?+--! b>k ( a tree4 ,,lesson #ae4 ,select & write all ! n\ns 9 ! s5t5ces giv5 9 ,lessons #bh1 #ca1 #cd4 ,tell :y !y are n\ns4 ,9 writ+ ! n\ns1 obs]ve ! foll[+ rule4 ,,capital ,,lett]--,,rule4--,e prop] or individual "n mu/ beg9 ) a capital lett]4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,see ,notes1 pp4 #afg-afi4 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,) respect to :at1 d we classify words 7,lesson #ad78 ,:at are su* classes call$8 ,c y illu/rate ?is classification8 ,:at are all names8 ,:at is a n\n8 ,:at is ! fir/ /ep 9 p>s+8 ,:at is ! rule = writ+ individual names8 ,,lesson #af4 ,,v]bs4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,we propose to introduce y n[ to ano!r class ( words4 7,! tea*] may "h ref] to ! talk ab\t birds47 ,y h le>n$ t "o v l>ge class ( words consi/s ( names ( ?+s4 ,!re is ano!r v important class ( words us$ to tell :at ^! ?+s d1 or us$ to express _! exi/5ce4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,plants gr[1 is gr[ ! "n ( any?+8 ,p4--,no4 ,t4--,:at does x d8 ,p4--,x tells :at plants d4 ,x expresses action4 ,t4--,:5 ,i say1 ,god is1 :at does is express8 ,p4--,x expresses exi/5ce1 or be+4 ,t4--,:5 ,i say1 ,george sleeps1 sleeps expresses be+ & some?+ m2 x tells ! condition1 or /ate 9 :i* ,george is1 or exi/s1 t is1 x expresses /ate ( be+4 ,all ! words t ass]t action1 be+1 or /ate ( be+1 we call ,v]bs4 ,let ! tea*] write n\ns on ! bo>d1 & require ! pupils to give all ! words ( :i* !y c ?9k1 tell+ :at ! ?+s nam$ c d4 ,!y may be arrang$ ?us3-- ,n\n4 ,v]bs4 gr[1 droop1 ,plants decay1 fl\ri%1 revive4 ,ea* pupil may give a v]b t expresses an action ( ! body2 z weep1 s+2 an action ( ! m9d2 z1 /udy1 love2 "o t expresses be+ or /ate ( be+4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,v]b is a ^w t ass]ts action1 be+1 or /ate ( be+4 ,! (fice ( ! v]b 9 all its =ms1 except two 7! p>ticiple & ! inf9itive1 see ,lessons #dh & #di71 is to ass]t4 ,?is x does :e!r ! s5t5ce affirms1 d5ies1 or asks a "q4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,9 ! ex]cises ( ?is & ! next two ,lessons1 let ! pupils note ! agreem5t ( ! v]b ) its subject4 ,see ,notes1 pp4 #afc-afe4 ,supply1 to ea* ( ! foll[+ n\ns1 z _m appropriate v]bs z y c ?9k (4 ,let "s express be+ or /ate ( be+4 ,wat] ----4 ,w9d ----4 ,p5s ----4 ,p>rots ----4 ,v9es ----4 ,f>m]s ----4 ,trees ----4 ,m9i/]s ----4 ,"o v]b may consi/ ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r words2 z1 is s++1 w be sung1 might h be5 sung4 ,=m v]bs by comb9+ ! words 9 columns #b & #c1 & add ^! v]bs to all ! n\ns 9 column #a ) :i* !y appropriately comb9e4 #a #b #c ------------------------------------- ,laws has be5 publi%$4 ,cl\ds h be5 paid4 ,food w be re/or$4 ,heal? %\ld h be5 pres]v$4 ,taxes may be collect$4 ,books are obey$4 ,! examples y h writt5 are s5t5ces2 ! n\ns are subjects1 & ! v]bs are pr$icates4 ,z v]bs are ! only words t ass]t1 e pr$icate mu/ be a v]b1 or mu/ conta9 a v]b4 ,be prep>$ to analyze & p>se five ( ! s5t5ces t y h writt54 ,model4--,laws are obey$4 ,diagram & analyze z 9 ,lesson #aa4 ,p>s+4--,laws is a n\n1 because----2 are obey$ is a v]b1 because x ass]ts action4 ,,lesson #ag4 ,select & write all ! v]bs 9 ! s5t5ces giv5 9 ,lessons #bh1 #ca1 #cd1 & tell :y !y are v]bs4 ,,lesson #ah4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,f ! foll[+ n\ns & v]bs1 build z _m s5t5ces z possible1 tak+ c>e t e "o makes good s5se4 ,poems1 0 conqu]$1 lambs1 rebellion1 />s1 =e/s1 %one1 7 se51 7 writt51 treason1 patriots1 meteors1 f\ght1 7 discov]$1 frisk1 ,ca91 h fall51 fl$1 /ream1 h crumbl$1 day1 ages1 de]1 are flick]+1 are b\nd+1 gleam$1 voices1 lamps1 rays1 7 he>d1 are ga!r+1 "t1 dea?1 fri5ds1 is com+1 w come4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,be=e ?is recitation closes1 let ! tea*] op5 up ! subject ( ,lesson #ai4 ,see ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4 ,,lesson #ai4 ,,pron\ns4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,we propose to introduce y n[ to ! ?ird "p ( spee*4 ,t4--,if ,i %\ld ask :o :isp]$1 & "s boy %\ld promptly confess1 :at w\ld he say8 ,p4--,i :isp]$4 ,t4--,w\ld he m5tion 8 own "n8 ,p4--,no4 ,t4--,:at ^w w\ld he use in/ead8 ,p4--,i4 ,t4--,suppose t ,i _h spok5 to t boy & _h accus$ him ( :isp]+1 h[ %\ld ,i h address$ him )\t m5tion+ 8 "n8 ,p4--,y :isp]$4 ,t4--,:at ^w w\ld be us$ in/ead ( ! "n ( ! boy to :om ,i spoke8 ,p4--,y4 ,t4--,suppose t1 )\t us+ 8 "n1 ,i _h told y :at he did1 :at %\ld ,i h said8 ,p4--,he :isp]$4 ,t4--,:at ^w w\ld h be5 us$ in/ead ( ! "n ( ! boy ( :om ,i spoke8 ,p4--,he4 7,repeat ^! que/ions & suppose ! pupil to be a girl47 ,t4--,if ,i %\ld tell t boy to close 8 book1 :5 8 book 0 already clos$1 :at w\ld he say )\t m5tion+ ! ^w book8 ,p4--,x is clos$4 ,t4--,if ,i %\ld accuse sev]al ( y ( :isp]+1 & "o %\ld speak = himself & = ! o!rs :isp]+ ) him1 :at w\ld he say8 ,we :isp]$4 ,t--,suppose t a boy %\ld in=m me t all ( ! boys on t seat _h :isp]$1 :at w\ld he say8 ,p4--,!y :isp]$4 ,i1 y1 he1 %e1 x1 we1 & !y are n names1 b !y are us$ in/ead ( names4 ,we call su* words ,pron\ns4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,pron\n is a ^w us$ = a n\n4 ,,capital ,,lett]s--,,rule4--,! words ,i & ,o %\ld be writt5 9 capital lett]s4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 ,model4--,y w be rew>d$4 ,oral ,analysis--,?is is a s5t5ce1 because----2 y is ! subject1 because----2 w be rew>d$ is ! pr$icate1 because----4 ,p>s+4--,y is a pron\n1 because x /&s = ! "n ( ! p]son spok5 to2 w be rew>d$ is a v]b1 because----4 #a4 ,we ?9k4 #b4 ,%e prattles4 #c4 ,we h recit$4 #d4 ,i /udy4 #e4 ,y h be5 se54 #f4 ,x has be5 decid$4 #g4 ,he 0 puni%$4 #h4 ,!y are conqu]$4 #i4 ,?\ art ador$4 ,compose n9e simil> s5t5ces1 us+ a pron\n = ! subject ( ea*1 & diagram !m4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,call special att5tion to ! agreem5t ( ! v]b ) ,i & y4 ,see ,notes1 p4 #afd4 ,be=e ?is recitation closes1 expla9 ,modifi$ ,subject4 ,see ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4 ,,lesson #bj4 ,,modifi$ ,,subject4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,! ,subject & ! ,pr$icate may be consid]$ z ! f\ndation on :i* e s5t5ce is built4 ,no s5t5ce c be con/ruct$ )\t !m4 ,y h already le>n$ t ^! p>ts alone1 sometimes make a complete /ructure2 b we are ab\t to %[ y t !y are (t5 us$ z ! f\ndation ( a /ructure1 :i* is complet$ by add+ o!r p>ts4 ,i hold 9 my h& sev]al pieces ( metal1 ) lett]s & o!r *>act]s /amp$ on !m4 ,:at d y say ,i h 9 my h&8 ,p4--,money4 ,t4--,yes4 ,:at o!r ^w c y use8 ,p4--,co94 ,t4--,yes4 ,i w write on ! bo>d ?is s5t5ce3 ,co9 is /amp$4 ,! subject co9 is a g5]al "n = all su* pieces ( metal4 ,i w write ! ^w ! be=e ?is s5t5ce4 ,! co9 is /amp$4 ,i h n[ made an ass]tion ab\t "o p>ticul> co91 s ! mean+ ( ! subject is limit$ by jo9+ ! ^w !4 ,i c aga9 limit ! mean+ ( ! subject by putt+ ! ^w a be=e x4 ,! ass]tion is n[ ab\t "o co91 b no p>ticul> "o4 ,i po9t to ! piece ne> me & say1 ,?is co9 is /amp$4 ,i po9t to ! "o f>!r f me & say1 ,t co9 is /amp$4 ,:5 words are jo9$ to ! subject to limit its mean+1 we say t ! subject is modifi$4 ,! words !1 a1 ?is1 & t modify ! subject by limit+ ! ^w to "o co91 or to "o p>ticul> co94 ,we c modify ! subject by jo9+ "s ^w :i* w tell :at k9d ( co9 is meant4 ,"h is a co9 dat$ #ah--4 ,we c say1 ,! new co9 is /amp$4 ,"h ! ^w new tells :at k9d ( co9 is meant4 ,:at o!r words c ,i use to modify co98 ,p4--,beautiful1 bright1 new1 r\nd1 silv]4 ,t4--,^! words beautiful1 bright1 new1 r\nd1 & silv] modify ! subject by tell+ ! qualities ( ! co94 ,we call ! words !1 beautiful1 etc41 ,modifi]s4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,modifi] is a ^w or gr\p ( words jo9$ to "s "p ( ! s5t5ce to qualify or limit ! mean+4 ,! ,subject ) its ,modifi]s is call$ ! ,modifi$ ,subject4 ,,analysis4 ,analyze & diagram ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,model4--,! g5ial summ] days h come4 days h come ,! g5ial summ] ,explanation ( ! ,diagram4--,! light] l9es1 jo9$ to ! subject l9e1 /& = ! modifi]s1 ! less important p>ts4 ,oral ,analysis4--,?is is a s5t5ce1 because----2 days is ! subject1 because----2 h come is ! pr$icate1 because----2 ,!1 g5ial1 & summ] are modifi]s ( ! subject1 because !y are words jo9$ to ! subject to modify its mean+4 ,! g5ial summ] days is ! modifi$ subject4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,to excite ?\ght & gu>d aga9/ m]e r\t9e1 pupils may1 s f> z !y are able1 make ! reasons specific4 ,= example1 ,! po9ts out "s p>ticul> cl\ds1 d>k tells _! color1 etc4 ,"h & else:]e ! tea*] mu/ det]m9e h[ f> x is pr(itable to foll[ ,models4 ,!re is great dang] ( wa/+ "t 9 repeat+ =ms t require no m5tal ef=t4 #a4 ,! angry w9d is h[l+4 #b4 ,! dead leaves fall4 #c4 ,! d>k cl\ds l[]4 #d4 ,! tall elm b5ds4 #e4 ,all m5 mu/ die4 #f4 ,! lu/y bell[s ro>$4 #g4 ,a bod+ sil5ce reign$4 #h4 ,little ,ar?ur 0 murd]$4 #i4 ,! mighty oak 0 uproot$4 #aj4 ,! fragile violet 0 cru%$4 #aa4 ,! beautiful m>ble /atue 0 c>v$4 #ab4 ,! turbid torr5t ro>$4 #ac4 ,! affright$ %eph]ds fl$4 #ad4 ,! vivid lightn+ fla%es4 #ae4 ,^? elegant ,etruscan vases are brok54 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,:at is a v]b8 ,give examples ( v]bs ( action4 ,( be+4 ,( /ate ( be+4 ,may a v]b consi/ ( m ?an "o ^w8 ,illu/rate4 ,v]bs are ! only words t d :at8 ,:at mu/ e pr$icate conta98 ,:at p>ts ( spee* are expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ ,lessons8 ,:at is a pron\n8 ,give ! rule = writ+ ! words ,i & #j4 ,:at is ! f\ndation on :i* e s5t5ce is built8 ,may ! subject be modifi$8 ,:at is a modifi]8 ,:at is ! modifi$ subject8 ,,lesson #ba4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,we h "h prep>$ ! f\ndations ( s5t5ces :i* y are to complete by writ+ two or m suitable modifi]s to ea* subject4 ,be c>eful to *oose & arrange y\r mat]ial s z to make a neat & appropriate /ructure4 ,model4---------- em95ce 0 rea*$4 ,t l(ty em95ce 0 rea*$4 #a4 ---- speak] 0 applaud$4 #b4 ---- difficulties 7 ov]come4 #c4 ---- leaf trembles4 #d4 ---- accid5t happ5$4 #e4 ---- books %\ld be read4 #f4 ---- h\ses are built4 #g4 ---- soldi]s p]i%$4 #h4 ---- op9ions prevail$4 #i4 ---- lead] fell4 #aj4 ---- task is complet$4 ,= o!r subjects & pr$icates1 ! tea*] is ref]r$ to ,lessons #g & #aa4 ,build s5t5ces by prefix+ modifi$ subjects to ! foll[+ pr$icates4 #a4 ---- frolic4 #b4 ---- crawl4 #c4 ---- are da%+4 #d4 ---- 0 caught4 #e4 ---- escap$4 #f4 ---- *att]4 #g4 ---- fl\ri%$4 #h4 ---- :i/les4 ,build1 on ea* ( ! foll[+ subjects1 ?ree s5t5ces simil> to ^? 9 ! model4 ,model ------------- sun --------------- ,! bright sun is %9+4 ,! glori\s sun has ris54 ,! uncl\d$ sun is s9k+4 #a4 ---- sn[ ----4 #b4 ---- dew ----4 #c4 ---- w9d ----4 #d4 ---- l&scape ----4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,please take notice t ! next ,lesson beg9s ) ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4 ,,lesson #bb4 ,,adjectives4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,y are n[ prep>$ to consid] ! f\r? "p ( spee*4 ,^? words t are add$ to ! subject to modify its mean+ are call$ ,adjectives4 ,"s gramm>ians h =m$ a sep>ate class ( ! little words !1 & an or a1 call+ !m articles4 ,i w write ! ^w boys on ! bo>d1 & y may "n adjectives t w appropriately modify x4 ,z y give !m1 ,i w write ^! adjectives 9 a column4 ,adjectives4 small l>ge :ite black /raight boys4 crook$ five "s all ,:at words "h modify boys by add+ ! idea ( size8 ,:at by add+ ! idea ( color8 ,:at by add+ ! idea ( =m8 ,:at by add+ ! idea ( numb]8 ,:at are su* words call$8 ,:y8 ,let ! tea*] "n famili> objects & require ! pupils to jo9 appropriate adjectives to ! names till _! /ock is exhau/$4 ,,def9ition4--,an ,adjective is a ^w us$ to modify a n\n or a pron\n4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 ,model4--,a fe>ful /orm 0 rag+4 ,diagram & analyze z 9 ,lesson #bj4 ,writt5 ,p>s+4 ,n\ns4 ,pron\ns4 ,adjectives4 ,v]bs4 /orm ---- ,a fe>ful 0 rag+4 ,oral ,p>s+4--,a is an adjective1 because x is jo9$ to ! n\n /orm1 to modify its mean+2 fe>ful is an adjective1 because ------2 /orm is a n\n1 because ------2 0 rag+ is a v]b1 because -----4 #a4 ,! rosy morn advances4 #b4 ,! humble boon 0 obta9$4 #c4 ,an unyield+ firmness 0 display$4 #d4 ,! :ole e>? smiles4 #e4 ,sev]al subsequ5t voyages 7 made4 #f4 ,t burly ma/iff mu/ be secur$4 #g4 ,! sl5d] greyh\nd 0 releas$4 #h4 ,! cold ,novemb] ra9 is fall+4 #i4 ,t valuable ,engli% wat* has be5 sold4 #aj4 ,i alone h escap$4 #aa4 ,bo? positions c be def5d$4 #ab4 ,all su* discussions %\ld h be5 avoid$4 #ac4 ,t dilapidat$ old wood5 build+ has fall54 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,see ,notes1 pp4 #afi1 #agj4 ,,lesson #bc4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,prefix five adjectives to ea* ( ! foll[+ n\ns4 ,%rubs1 wild]ness1 begg>1 cattle1 cl\d4 ,write t5 s5t5ces ) modifi$ subjects1 us+ 9 ea* two or m ( ! foll[+ adjectives4 ,a1 an1 !1 h]oic1 "o1 all1 _m1 e1 ei!r1 fir/1 t5?1 frugal1 great1 good1 wise1 hone/1 imm5se1 squ>e1 circul>1 oblong1 oval1 mild1 virtu\s1 univ]sal1 sweet1 c>eless1 fragrant4 ,write five s5t5ces ) modifi$ subjects1 ea* ( :i* %all conta9 "o ( ! foll[+ words z a subject4 ,*imney1 hay1 coa*1 robb]1 horizon4 ,an & a are =ms ( ! same ^w1 once spell$ an1 & mean+ "o4 ,aft] los+ some?+ ( ?is =ce1 an 0 /ill us$ be=e v[els & consonants alike2 z1 an eagle1 an ball1 an hair1 an use4 ,/ill lat]1 & = ! sake ( ease 9 speak+1 ! ^w came to h ! two =ms m5tion$ above2 & an 0 reta9$ be=e lett]s hav+ v[el s\nds1 b x dropp$ its n & became a be=e lett]s hav+ consonant s\nds4 ,?is is ! pres5t usage4 ,,correct ,,^! ,,errors4 ,a apple2 a ob$i5t *ild2 an brickbat2 an busy boy4 ,,correct ,,^! ,,errors4 ,a heir2 a h\r2 a honor4 ,notice1 ! fir/ lett] ( ^! words is sil5t4 ,,correct ,,^! ,,errors4 ,an unit2 an ut5sil2 an univ]sity2 an ewe2 an ew]2 an union2 an use2 an hi/ory2 an "o4 ,unit beg9s ) ! s\nd ( ! consonant y2 & "o1 ) t ( w4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,see ,sugge/ions = ,,composition ,,ex]cises1 p4 #h1 la/ p>agraph4 ,,lesson #bd4 ,,modifi$ ,,pr$icates4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,i w n[ %[ y h[ ! pr$icate ( a s5t5ce may be modifi$4 ,! %ip sails gracefully4 ,:at ^w is "h jo9$ to sails to tell ! mann] ( sail+8 ,p4--,gracefully4 ,t4--,! %ip sails imm$iately4 ,:at ^w is "h jo9$ to sails to tell ! "t ( sail+8 ,p4--,imm$iately4 ,t4--,!1 %ip sails homew>d4 ,:at ^w is "h jo9$ to sails to tell ! direction ( sail+8 ,p4--,homew>d4 ,t4--,^! words gracefully1 imm$iately1 & homew>d are modifi]s ( ! pr$icate4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 sails gracefully is ! ,modifi$ ,pr$icate4 ,let ! foll[+ modifi]s be writt5 on ! bo>d z ! pupil sugge/s !m4 in/antly4 soon4 daily4 hi!r4 ,! %ip sails h5ce4 !re4 rapidly4 smoo?ly4 well4 ,:i* words indicate ! "t ( sail+8 ,:i*1 ! place8 ,:i*1 ! mann]8 ,! tea*] may sugge/ pr$icates1 & require ! pupils to f9d z _m appropriate modifi]s z !y c4 ,! ,pr$icate ) its modifi]s is call$ ! ,modifi$ ,pr$icate4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 ,analyze & diagram ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 & p>se ! n\ns1 pron\ns1 v]bs1 & adjectives4 ,model4--,! lett]s 7 rudely c>v$4 lett]s 7 c>v$ ,! rudely ,writt5 ,p>s+4--,see ,model1 ,lesson #bb4 ,oral ,analysis4--,?is is a s5t5ce1 because----2 lett]s is ! subject1 because----2 7 c>v$ is ! pr$icate1 because----2 ,! is a modifi] ( ! subject1 because----2 rudely is a modifi] ( ! pr$icate1 because----2 ,! lett]s is ! modifi$ subject1 7 rudely c>v$ is ! modifi$ pr$icate4 #a4 ,he spoke eloqu5tly4 #b4 ,%e *att]$ incessantly4 #c4 ,!y se>*$ ev]y:]e4 #d4 ,i %all "k pres5tly4 #e4 ,! bobol9k s+s joy\sly4 #f4 ,! cr[d *e]$ he>tily4 #g4 ,a great victory 0 f9ally won4 #h4 ,?reat5+ cl\ds are mov+ sl[ly4 #i4 ,! deaf5+ waves da% angrily4 #aj4 ,^! que/ions may be settl$ peaceably4 #aa4 ,! w\nd$ soldi] f\ght bravely4 #ab4 ,! ranks 7 quickly brok54 #ac4 ,! s\? w9d bl[s s(tly4 #ad4 ,times w surely *ange4 #ae4 ,an h\r /ole on4 ,,lesson #be4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,p>s+4 ,,"o ,,modifi] ,,jo9$ ,,to ,,ano!r4 ,analyze & diagram ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 & p>se ! n\ns1 pron\ns1 adjectives1 & v]bs4 ,model4--,! fright5$ animal fl$ /ill m rapidly4 animal fl$ ,! fright5$ rapidly m /ill ,explanation ( ! ,diagram4--,notice t ! ?ree l9es =m+ ?is gr\p all slant ! same way to %[ t ea* /&s = a modify+ ^w4 ,! l9e /&+ = ! pr9cipal ^w ( ! gr\p is jo9$ to ! pr$icate l9e4 ,! end ( ea* ( ! o!r two l9es is brok51 & turn$ to t\* its pr9cipal at an angle4 ,oral ,analysis4--,?is is a s5t5ce1 because----2 animal is ! subject1 because----2 fl$ is ! pr$icate1 because----2 ,! & fright5$ are modifi]s ( ! subject1 because----2 /ill m rapidly is a modifi] ( ! pr$icate1 because x is a gr\p ( words jo9$ to x to limit its mean+2 rapidly is ! pr9cipal ^w ( ! gr\p2 m modifies rapidly1 & /ill modifies m1 ,! fright5$ animal is ! modifi$ subject2 fl$ /ill m rapidly is ! modifi$ pr$icate4 #a4 ,! crocus fl[]s v e>ly4 #b4 ,a violet b$ is budd+ ne>4 #c4 ,! ,quak]s 7 mo/ %amefully p]secut$4 #d4 ,p]haps he w return4 #e4 ,we laugh$ v he>tily4 #f4 ,! yell[ popl> leaves float$ d[n4 #g4 ,! w9d sighs s m\rnfully4 #h4 ,few m5 h ev] f\ght s /ubbornly4 #i4 ,! debt w probably be paid4 #aj4 ,! visitor w soon be "h4 #aa4 ,t humane project 0 q g5]\sly su/a9$4 #ab4 ,a p]fectly innoc5t man 0 v cruelly p]secut$4 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,:at is an adjective8 ,:at are ! words an or a1 & ! call$ by "s gramm>ians8 ,:5 is a us$1 & :5 an8 ,give examples ( _! misuse4 ,:at is ! modifi$ pr$icate8 ,give an example4 ,give an example ( "o modifi] jo9$ to ano!r4 ,,lesson #bf4 ,select y\r subjects f ,lesson #i1 & con/ruct tw5ty s5t5ces hav+ modifi$ subjects & modifi$ pr$icates4 ,impromptu ,ex]cise4 ,select s5t5ces f ,lessons #f1 #g1 & #aa1 & conduct ! ex]cise z direct$ 9 ,lesson #aj4 ,let ! /rife be to see :o c supply ! greate/ numb] ( modifi]s to ! subject & to ! pr$icate4 ,! tea*] c v>y ?is ex]cise4 ,,lesson #bg4 ,,adv]bs4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,y h le>n$1 9 ! prec$+ ,lessons1 t ! mean+ ( ! pr$icate may be limit$ by modifi]s1 & t "o modifi] may be jo9$ to ano!r4 ,words us$ to modify ! pr$icate ( a s5t5ce & ^? us$ to modify modifi]s belong to "o class1 or "o "p ( spee*1 & are call$ ,adv]bs4 ,t4--,%e decid$ too ha/ily4 ,:at ^w tells h[ %e decid$8 ,p4---,ha/ily4 ,t4--,:at ^w tells h[ ha/ily8 ,p4--,too4 ,t4--,:at !n are ! words too & ha/ily8 ,p4--,adv]bs4 ,t4--,too mu* "t has be5 wa/$4 ,:at ^w modifies mu* by tell+ h[ mu*8 ,p4--,too4 ,t4--,:at "p ( spee* is mu*8 ,p4--,an adjective4 ,t4--,:at !n is too8 ,p4--,an adv]b4 ,t4--,:y is too 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce an adv]b8 ,:y is too 9 ! second s5t5ce an adv]b8 ,:y is ha/ily an adv]b8 ,let ! tea*] use ! foll[+ & simil> examples1 & cont9ue ! que/ions4 ,he ?9ks s4 ,s mu* "t has be5 wa/$4 ,let ! tea*] give v]bs1 adjectives1 & adv]bs1 & require ! pupils to modify !m by appropriate adv]bs4 ,,def9ition4--,an ,adv]b is a ^w us$ to modify a v]b1 an adjective1 or an adv]b4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 ,analyze1 diagram1 & p>se ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,model4--,we h be5 v agreeably disappo9t$4 ,diagram z 94 ,lesson #be4 ,= ,writt5 ,p>s+1 use ,model1 ,lesson #bb1 add+ a column = adv]bs4 ,oral ,p>s+4--,we is a pron\n1 because----2 h be5 disappo9t$ is a v]b1 because----2 v is an adv]b1 because x is jo9$ to ! adv]b agreeably to tell h[ agreeably2 agreeably is an adv]b1 because x is jo9$ to ! v]b h be5 disappo9t$ to indicate mann]4 #a4 ,! pl\gh-boy plods homew>d4 #b4 ,! wat] gu%$ =?4 #c4 ,too mu* "t 0 wa/$4 #d4 ,%e decid$ too ha/ily4 #e4 ,y %\ld li/5 m att5tively4 #f4 ,m difficult s5t5ces mu/ be built4 #g4 ,an int5sely pa9ful op]ation 0 p]=m$4 #h4 ,! pati5t suff]$ int5sely4 #i4 ,t /ory 0 peculi>ly told4 #aj4 ,a peculi>ly int]e/+ /ory 0 told4 #aa4 ,an extravagantly high price 0 paid4 #ab4 ,t lady dresses extravagantly4 ,! pupil w notice t1 9 "s ( ! examples above1 ! same adv]b modifies an adjective 9 "o s5t5ce & an adv]b 9 ano!r1 & t1 9 o!r examples1 an adjective & a v]b are modifi$ by ! same ^w4 ,y may le>n f ?is :y su* modifi]s are gr\p$ into "o class4 ,,lesson #bh4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,p>s+4 ,,miscellane\s ,,examples ,,= ,,review4 #a4 ,y mu/ diagram neatly4 #b4 ,! %eaves are ne>ly ga!r$4 #c4 ,! :eat is duly g>n]$4 #d4 ,! fairies 7 call$ toge!r4 #e4 ,! birds *irp m]rily4 #f4 ,?is reckless adv5tur] has return$4 #g4 ,! wild woods rang4 #h4 ,:ite fleecy cl\ds are float+ above4 #i4 ,^? sev]e laws h be5 repeal$4 #aj4 ,a republican gov]nm5t 0 e/abli%$4 #aa4 ,an unusually l>ge crop _h j be5 h>ve/$4 #ab4 ,%e _h be5 wait+ q pati5tly4 #ac4 ,a season s extremely w>m _h nev] be=e be5 kn[n4 #ad4 ,s brave a de$ ,footnote3 ,c be comm5d$ is ! v]b1 & n is an adv]b4 _c be too w>mly comm5d$4 ,,lesson #bi4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,,miscellane\s ,,ex]cises ,,= ,,review4 ,build s5t5ces conta9+ ! foll[+ adv]bs4 ,hurri$ly1 solemnly1 lightly1 well1 h[1 some:]e1 abroad1 =ev]1 seldom1 exce$+ly4 ,us+ ! foll[+ subjects & pr$icates z f\ndations1 build six s5t5ces hav+ modifi$ subjects & modifi$ pr$icates1 two ( :i* %all conta9 adv]bs modify+ adjectives2 two1 adv]bs modify+ adv]bs2 & two1 adv]bs modify+ v]bs4 #a4 ------- boat glides -----4 #b4 ------- cl\d is ris+ -----4 #c4 ------- breezes are bl[+ -----4 #d4 ------- elephant 0 captur$ -----4 #e4 ------- /reams fl[ -----4 #f4 ------- spr+ has op5$ -----4 ,we "h give y1 9 classes1 ! mat]ial out ( :i* y are to build five s5t5ces ) modifi$ subjects & modifi$ pr$icates4 ,select ! subject & ! pr$icate fir/4 ,n\ns & ,pron\ns4 ,v]bs4 ,adjectives4 ,adv]bs4 bran* 0 runn+ l>ge1 t lu/ily coa* 7 play$ bo?1 ! d[nw>d !y cri$ all1 an v we is gr[+ sev]al1 a rapidly games *e]$ amus+ n1 l\dly1 !n ,,lesson #cj4 ,,errors ,,= ,,correction4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,we "h sugge/ additional "w 9 composition1 ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! *oice & position ( adjectives4 ,see ,notes1 pp4 #aga1agb4 ,caution4--,:5 two or m adjectives are us$ ) a n\n1 c>e mu/ be tak5 9 _! arrangem5t4 ,if !re is any diff]5ce 9 _! relative importance1 place ne>e/ ! n\n ! "o t is mo/ intimately connect$ ) x4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,we h 9 m9d "h ^? num]\s cases :]e "o adjective modifies ! n\n1 & ! second modifies ! n\n z limit$ by ! fir/4 ,all ripe apples are pick$4 ,"h ripe modifies apples1 b all modifies apples limit$ by ripe4 ,n all apples are pick$1 b only all t are ripe4 ,,correct ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,errors ,,( ,,position4 ,a wood5 pretty b[l /ood on ! table4 ,! blue beautiful sky is cl\dless4 ,a "y indu/ri\s man 0 hir$4 ,! new m>ble l>ge h\se 0 sold4 ,caution4--,:5 ! adjectives are ( ! same rank1 place !m :]e !y w s\nd ! be/4 ,?is w usually be 9 ! ord] ( _! l5g?--! longe/ la/4 ,,correct ,,^! ,,errors4 ,an ent]ta9+ & flu5t speak] foll[$4 ,an en?usia/ic1 noisy1 l>ge cr[d 0 address$4 ,caution4--,d n use ! pron\n !m = ! adjective ^?4 ,,correct ,,^! ,,errors4 ,!m books are nicely b\nd4 ,!m two s5t5ces %\ld be correct$4 ,,correct ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,miscellane\s ,,errors4 ar\se1 o romans he>1 o israel x is i i may be ,mi/ak5 y ,h frequ5tly be5 w>n$ "s ,v savage bea/s h be5 ,tam$ ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,:at is an adv]b8 ,give an example ( an adv]b modify+ an adjective2 "o modify+ a v]b2 "o modify+ an adv]b4 ,:y are su* expressions z a wood5 pretty b[l faulty8 ,:y is an en?usia/ic1 noisy1 l>ge cr[d faulty8 ,:y is !m books wrong8 ,:y is i may be ,mi/ak5 wrong8 ,:y is he>1 o israel1 wrong8 ,/udy ! ,review ,que/ions giv5 9 previ\s ,lessons4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,see ,,composition ,,ex]cises 9 ! ,supplem5t--,selection f ,d>w94 ,,lesson #ca4 ,,phrases ,,introduc$ ,,by ,,prepositions4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,9 ! prec$+ ,lessons1 y h le>n$ t sev]al words may be gr\p$ toge!r & us$ z "o modifi]4 ,9 ! examples giv51 ! pr9cipal ^w is jo9$ directly to ! subject or to ! pr$icate1 & ?is ^w is modifi$ by ano!r ^w4 ,9 ?is ,lesson also gr\ps ( words are us$ z modifi]s1 b ^! words are n unit$ ) "o ano!r1 or ) ! ^w :i* ! gr\p modifies1 j z !y are 9 ! prec$+ ,lessons4 ,i w write on ! bo>d ?is s5t5ce3 ,de ,soto m>*$ into ,florida4 ,t4--,:at tells :]e ,de ,soto m>*$8 ,p4--,into ,florida4 ,t4--,:at is ! pr9cipal ^w ( ! gr\p8 ,p4--,florida4 ,t4--,is ,florida jo9$ directly to ! pr$icate1 z rapidly 0 9 ,lesson #be8 ,p4--,no4 ,t4--,:at little ^w comes 9 to unite ! modifi] to m>*$8 ,p4--,into4 ,t4--,does ,florida alone1 tell :]e he m>*$8 ,p4--,no4 ,t4--,does into alone1 tell :]e he m>*$8 ,p4--,no4 ,t4--,^! gr\ps ( relat$ words are call$ ,phrases4 ,let ! tea*] draw on ! bo>d ! diagram ( ! s5t5ce above4 ,phrases ( ! =m illu/rat$ 9 ?is diagram are ! mo/ common1 & !y p]=m a v important function 9 our language4 ,let ! tea*] frequ5tly call att5tion to ! fact t all ! words ( a phrase are tak5 toge!r to p]=m "o di/9ct (fice4 ,a phrase modify+ ! subject is equival5t to an adjective1 &1 frequ5tly1 may be *ang$ into "o4 ,! dew ( ! morn+ has pass$ away4 ,:at ^w may be us$ = ! phrase ( ! morn+8 ,p4--,morn+4 ,t4--,yes4 ,! morn+ dew has pass$ away4 ,a phrase modify+ ! pr$icate is equival5t to an adv]b1 &1 frequ5tly1 may be *ang$ into "o4 ,we %all g to t place4 ,:at ^w may be us$ = ! phrase1 to t place8 ,p4--,!re4 ,t4--,yes4 ,we %all g !re4 ,*ange ! phrases 9 ^! s5t5ces3--- ,a citiz5 ( ,am]ica 0 insult$4 ,we walk$ t[>d home4 ,let ! tea*] write on ! bo>d ! foll[+ words1 & require ! pupils to add to ea*1 "o or m words to complete a phrase1 & !n to con/ruct a s5t5ce 9 :i* ! phrase may be prop]ly employ$3 ,to1 f1 by1 at1 on1 )1 91 into1 ov]4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,phrase is a gr\p ( words d5ot+ relat$ ideas b n express+ a ?\ght4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 ,analyze ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 & p>se ! n\ns1 pron\ns1 adjectives1 v]bs1 & adv]bs4 ,model4--,! f9e/ tr\t 9 ! lake are g5]ally caught 9 ! deepe/ wat]4 tr\t are caught ,! f9e/ 9 g5]ally 9 lake wat] ------ ---------- ! ! deepe/ ,explanation ( ! ,diagram4--,y w notice t ! diagram ( ! phrase is made up ( a slant+ l9e1 /&+ = ! introductory & connect+ ^w1 & a horizontal l9e1 repres5t+ ! pr9cipal ^w4 ,"u ! latt]1 are plac$ ! little slant+ l9es /&+ = ! modifi]s ( ! pr9cipal ^w4 ,"h & else:]e all modifi]s are jo9$ to _! pr9cipal words by slant+ l9es4 ,oral ,analysis4--,?is is a s5t5ce1 because ------2 tr\t is ! subject1 because -----2 are caught is ! pr$icate1 because ------2 ! words ,! & f9e/1 & ! phrase1 9 ! lake1 are modifi]s ( ! subject1 because -----2 ! ^w g5]ally & ! phrase1 9 ! deepe/ wat]1 are modifi]s ( ! pr$icate1 because ------2 9 introduces ! fir/ phrase1 & lake is ! pr9cipal ^w2 9 introduces ! second phrase1 & wat] is ! pr9cipal ^w2 ! & deepe/ are modifi]s ( wat]2 ,! f9e/ tr\t 9 ! lake is ! modifi$ subject1 & are g5]ally caught 9 ! deepe/ wat] is ! modifi$ pr$icate4 #a4 ,! gorilla lives 9 ,africa4 #b4 ,x seldom ra9s 9 ,egypt4 #c4 ,! ,pilgrims l&$ at ,plym\?4 #d4 ,! wet grass sp>kl$ 9 ! light4 #e4 ,! little brook ran swiftly "u ! bridge4 #f4 ,burgoyne surr5d]$ at ,s>atoga4 #g4 ,! /eeples ( ! village pi]c$ ?r\gh ! d5se fog4 #h4 ,! gloom ( w9t] settl$ d[n on ev]y?+4 #i4 ,a g5tle breeze bl[s f ! s\?4 #aj4 ,! temple ( ,solomon 0 de/roy$4 #aa4 ,! top ( ! m\nta9 is cov]$ ) sn[4 #ab4 ,! second ,cont95tal ,congress conv5$ at ,philadelphia4 ,,lesson #cb4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,build s5t5ces1 employ+ ! foll[+ phrases z modifi]s4 ,to ,europe1 ( oak1 f ,albany1 at ! /ation1 ?r\gh ! fields1 = vacation1 among ! ,indians1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,supply to ! foll[+ pr$icates subjects modifi$ by phrases4 ---- is situat$ on ! ,?ames4 ---- has arriv$4 ---- 0 de/roy$ by an e>?quake4 ---- 0 receiv$4 ---- has j be5 complet$4 ---- may be enjoy$4 ,supply to ! foll[+ subjects pr$icates modifi$ by phrases4 ,iron ----4 ,! trees ----4 ,squirrels ----4 ,! ,bible ----4 ,sug> ----4 ,*eese ----4 ,paul ----4 ,/rawb]ries ----4 ,! m\nta9 ----4 ,write five s5t5ces1 ea* ( :i* %all conta9 "o or m phrases us$ z modifi]s4 ,,lesson #cc4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,re-write ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 *ang+ ! italiciz$ words into equival5t phrases4 ,model4--,a gold5 image 0 made4 ,an image ( gold 0 made4 ,y w notice t ! adjective gold5 0 plac$ be=e ! subject1 b1 :5 *ang$ to a phrase1 x foll[$ ! subject4 #a4 ,! book 0 c>efully read4 #b4 ,! old soldi]s f\ght c\rage\sly4 #c4 ,a gr\p ( *ildr5 7 /roll+ homew>d4 #d4 ,no season ( life %\ld be sp5t idly4 #e4 ,! ,engli% ambassador has j arriv$4 #f4 ,t g5]\s act 0 lib]ally rew>d$4 ,*ange ! foll[+ adjectives & adv]bs into equival5t phrases1 & employ ! phrases 9 s5t5ces ( y\r own build+4 ,wood51 p5niless1 ea/w>d1 some:]e1 "h1 ev5+1 ev]y:]e1 yond]1 joyfully1 w9try4 ,make a s5t5ce out ( ! words 9 ea* l9e bel[4 ,boat1 waves1 glides1 !1 !1 ov]4 ,he1 ,sunday1 *ur*1 goes1 !1 on1 to4 ,ye>1 night1 is dy+1 !1 !1 94 ,qualities1 ,*>lemagne1 vices1 7 alloy$1 !1 great1 (1 )4 ,indians1 ,am]ica1 intemp]ance1 are ?9n$1 !1 out1 (1 by4 ,,lesson #cd4 ,,prepositions4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,9 ! prec$+ ,lessons1 ! little words t 7 plac$ be=e n\ns1 ?us =m+ phrases1 belong to a1 class ( words call$ ,prepositions4 ,y notic$ t ^! words1 :i* y h n[ le>n$ to call prepositions1 s]v$ to introduce phrases4 ,! preposition %[s ! relation ( ! idea express$ by ! pr9cipal ^w ( ! phrase to t ( ! ^w :i* ! phrase modifies4 ,x s]ves also to connect ^! words4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! squirrel ran up a tree1 :at ^w %[s ! relation ( ! act ( runn+1 to ! tree8 ,ans4 ,up4 ,o!r words may be us$ to express diff]5t relations4 ,repeat1 n9e times1 ! s5t5ce above giv51 supply+1 9 ! place ( up1 ea* ( ! foll[+ prepositions3 ,ar\nd1 beh9d1 d[n1 into1 ov]1 ?r\gh1 to1 "u1 f4 ,let ?is ex]cise be cont9u$1 us+ su* s5t5ces z1 ,! man w5t into ! h\se2 ,! %ip sail$ t[>d ! bay4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,preposition is a ^w t introduces a phrase modifi]1 & %[s ! relation1 9 s5se1 ( its pr9cipal ^w to ! ^w modifi$4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 ,model4--,fl[]s prea* to u4 ,= ,analysis & ,diagram1 see ,lesson #ca4 ,= ,writt5 ,p>s+1 see ,lesson #bb4 ,add ! ne$$ columns4 ,oral ,p>s+4--,fl[]s is a n\n1 because----2 prea* is a v]b1 because----2 to is a preposition1 because x %[s ! relation1 9 s5se1 betwe5 u & prea*2 u is a pron\n1 because x is us$ in/ead ( ! "n ( ! speak] & ! names ( ^? = :om he speaks4 #a4 ,! gold5 l9es ( sunset gl[4 #b4 ,a smil+ l&scape lay be=e u4 #c4 ,columbus 0 born at ,g5oa4 #d4 ,! =ces ( ,hannibal 7 r\t$ by ,scipio4 #e4 ,! capital ( ,new ,york is on ! ,hudson4 #f4 ,! %ips sail ov] ! boi/]\s sea4 #g4 ,all names ( ! ,deity %\ld beg9 ) capital lett]s4 #h4 ,air is compos$ *iefly ( two invisible gases4 #i4 ,! great] portion ( ,s\? ,am]ica lies betwe5 ! tropics4 #aj4 ,! laurels ( ! w>rior mu/ at all times be dy$ 9 blood4 #aa4 ,! fir/ ^w ( e entire s5t5ce %\ld beg9 ) a capital lett]4 #ab4 ,! subject ( a s5t5ce is g5]ally plac$ be=e ! pr$icate4 ,impromptu ,ex]cise4 7,! tea*] may f9d x pr(itable to make a sep>ate lesson ( ?is ex]cise47 ,let ! tea*] write on ! bo>d a subject & a pr$icate t w admit ( _m modifi]s4 ,! pupils are to exp& ! s5t5ce into z _m sep>ate s5t5ces z possible1 ea* conta9+ "o apt phrase modifi]4 ,! competition is to see :o c build ! mo/ & ! be/ s5t5ces 9 a giv5 "t4 ,! tea*] ga!rs up ! slates & reads ! "w al\d1 or has ! pupils ex*ange slates & read x !mselves4 ,,lesson #ce4 ,,comp\nd ,,subject ,,& ,,comp\nd ,,pr$icate4 ,:5 two or m subjects unit$ by a connect+ ^w h ! same pr$icate1 !y =m a ,comp\nd ,subject2 &1 :5 two or m pr$icates connect$ 9 l mann] h ! same subject1 !y =m a ,comp\nd ,pr$icate4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,birds & bees c fly1 ! two words birds & bees1 connect$ by &1 h ! same pr$icate2 ! same action is ass]t$ ( bo? birds & bees4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,leaves fade & fall1 two ass]tions are made ( ! same ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 birds & bees =m ! comp\nd subject2 &1 9 ! second1 fade & fall =m ! comp\nd pr$icate4 ,analyze & p>se ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,models4--,napoleon rose1 reign$1 & fell4 ,frogs1 antelopes1 & kang>oos c jump4 rose ,frogs 11 44 _/ ' ' ,napoleon _/ ,x ' reign$ antelopes ' ,x c jump ' ' &' '&_/ ' fell kang>oos ' _/ -' '' ,explanation ( ! ,diagram4--,! %ort l9e foll[+ ! subject l9e repres5ts ! entire pr$icate1 & is suppos$ to be cont9u$ 9 ! ?ree horizontal l9es t foll[1 ea* ( :i* repres5ts "o ( ! p>ts ( ! comp\nd pr$icate4 ,^! ?ree l9es are unit$ by dott$ l9es1 :i* /& = ! connect+ words4 ,! ,x d5otes t an & is und]/ood4 ,/udy ?is explanation c>efully1 & y w und]/& ! o!r diagram4 ,oral ,analysis ( ! fir/ s5t5ce4 ,?is is a s5t5ce1 because ----2 ,napoleon is ! subject1 because ----2 rose1 reign$1 & fell =m ! comp\nd pr$icate1 because !y belong 9 common to ! same subject1 & say some?+ ab\t ,napoleon4 ,& connects reign$ & fell4 #a4 ,! ,rh9e & ! ,rhone rise 9 ,switz]l&4 #b4 ,"t & tide wait = no man4 #c4 ,wa%+ton & ,lafayette f\ght = ,am]ican ,indep5d5ce4 #d4 ,wild birds %riek$1 & flutt]$ on ! gr\nd4 #e4 ,! mob rag$ & ro>$4 #f4 ,! seasons came & w5t4 #g4 ,pride1 pov]ty1 & fa%ion _c live 9 ! same h\se4 #h4 ,! tables ( /one 7 ca/ to ! gr\nd & brok54 #i4 ,silv] or gold w be receiv$ 9 paym5t4 #aj4 ,days1 mon?s1 ye>s1 & ages w circle away4 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,:at is a phrase8 ,a phrase modify+ a subject is equival5t to :at8 ,illu/rate4 ,a phrase modify+ a pr$icate is equival5t to :at8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at are prepositions8 ,:at d y und]/& by a comp\nd subject8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at d y und]/& by a comp\nd pr$icate8 ,illu/rate4 ,,lesson #cf4 ,,conjunctions ,,& ,,int]jections4 ,! words & & or1 us$ 9 ! prec$+ ,lesson to connect ! n\ns & ! v]bs1 belong to a class ( words call$ ,conjunctions4 ,conjunctions may also connect words us$ z modifi]s2 z1 ,a d>+ b fooli% feat 0 p]=m$4 ,!y may connect phrases2 z1 ,we %all g to ,s>atoga & to ,niag>a4 ,!y may connect clauses1 t is1 expressions t1 /&+ alone1 w\ld be s5t5ces2 z1 ,he mu/ increase1 b ,i mu/ decrease4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,conjunction1 is a ^w us$ to connect words1 phrases1 or clauses4 ,! ,int]jection is ! eigh? & la/ "p ( spee*4 ,int]jections are m]e exclamations1 & are )\t grammatical relation to any o!r ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,,def9ition4--,an ,int]jection is a ^w us$ to express /rong or sudd5 feel+4 ,examples3-- ,bravo6 hurrah6 pi%6 hu%6 ha1 ha6 alas6 hail6 lo6 p%aw6 ,analyze & p>se ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,model4--,hurrah6 t cool & fe>less fireman has ru%$ into ! h\se & up ! burn+ /airs4 ,hurrah ------ fireman has ru%$ ,t & & 44444 44444444 up cool fe>less into /airs ---------- h\se ! burn+ ------ ! ,explanation ( ! ,diagram4--,! l9e repres5t+ ! int]jection is n connect$ ) ! diagram4 ,notice ! dott$ l9es1 "o /&+ = ! & :i* connects ! two ^w modifi]s2 ! o!r1 = ! & connect+ ! two phrase modifi]s4 ,writt5 ,p>s+4 ,n4 ,pro4 ,adj4 ,vb4 ,adv4 ,prep4 ,conj4 ,int4 fireman ! has ru%$ into & hurrah h\se t up & /airs cool fe>less burn+ ,oral ,p>s+ ( ! conjunction & ! int]jection4 ,! two &s are conjunctions1 because !y connect4 ,! fir/ connects two ^w modifi]s2 ! second1 two phrase modifi]s4 ,hurrah is an int]jection1 because x expresses a bur/ ( sudd5 feel+4 #a4 ,! small b c\rage\s b& 0 f9ally ov]p[]$4 #b4 ,lightn+ & electricity 7 id5tifi$ by ,frankl94 #c4 ,a complete success or an entire failure 0 anticipat$4 #d4 ,good m5 & bad m5 are f\nd 9 all communities4 #e4 ,vapors rise f ! ocean & fall ^u ! l&4 #f4 ,! ,revolution>y w> began at ,lex+ton & end$ at ,yorkt[n4 #g4 ,alas6 all hope has fl$4 #h4 ,ah6 ,i am surpris$ at ! news4 #i4 ,oh6 we %all c]ta9ly dr[n4 #aj4 ,p%aw6 y are dream+4 #aa4 ,hurrah6 ! field is won4 ,,lesson #cg4 ,,punctuation ,,& ,,capital ,,lett]s4 ,,comma--,,rule4--,phrases t are plac$ out ( _! natural ord] ,footnote3 ,a phrase 9 its natural ord] foll[s ! ^w x modifies4 & made emphatic1 or t are loosely connect$ ) ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce1 %\ld be set (f by ! comma4 ,,punctuate ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,s5t5ces4 ,model4--,! cable1 aft] _m failures1 0 successfully laid4 ,^u ! plat=m 'twixt elev5 & twelve ,i'll visit y4 ,to me ?is place is ende>$ by _m associations4 ,y\r answ]s ) few exceptions h be5 correctly giv54 ,9 ,engli% mu* dep5ds on ! plac+ ( phrases4 ,,comma--,,rule4--,words or phrases connect$ by conjunctions are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! comma unless all ! conjunctions are express$4 ,,punctuate ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,s5t5ces4 ,model4--,caes> came1 saw1 & conqu]$4 ,caes> came & saw & conqu]$4 ,he travell$ 9 ,engl&1 9 ,scotl&1 & 9 ,irel&4 7,! comma is us$ 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 because a conjunction is omitt$2 b n 9 ! second1 z all ! conjunctions are express$47 ,a brave prud5t & honorable man 0 *os54 ,augu/us ,tib]ius ,n]o & ,vespasian 7 ,roman emp]ors4 ,?r\gh ra9y wea!r across a wild c\ntry ov] muddy roads aft] a long ride we came to ! end ( our j\rney4 ,,p]iod & ,,capital ,,lett]--,,rule4--,abbreviations g5]ally beg9 ) capital lett]s & are always foll[$ by ! p]iod4 ,,correct ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,errors4 ,model4--,mr41 ,esq41 ,n4 ,y41 ,p4 ,m4 g51 a m1 mrs1 no1 u s a1 n e1 eng1 p o1 rev1 pr(1 dr1 gram1 capt1 coi1 co1 va1 conn4 ,,exclamation ,,po9t--,,rule4--,all exclamatory expressions mu/ be foll[$ by ! exclamation po9t4 ,,punctuate ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,expressions4 ,model4--,ah6 ,oh6 ,z\nds6 ,/op p9*+6 ,p%aw1 :ew1 alas1 ho ,tom1 halloo ,sir1 good-bye1 welcome4 ,,lesson #ch4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,call att5tion to ! agreem5t ( v]bs ) comp\nd subjects4 ,require ! pupils to ju/ify ! v]b-=ms 9 ,lesson #cf & else:]e4 ,see ,notes1 pp4 #afe-afg4 ,write pr$icates = ! foll[+ comp\nd subjects4 ,sn[ & hail2 leaves & bran*es2 a soldi] or a sailor2 ,london & ,p>is4 ,write comp\nd pr$icates = ! foll[+ subjects4 ,! sun2 wat]2 fi%2 /eamboats2 soap2 f>m]s2 f5ces2 clo!s4 ,write subjects = ! foll[+ comp\nd pr$icates4 ,live1 feel1 & gr[2 judges & rew>ds2 owes & pays2 inhale & exhale2 exp& & contract2 flutt]s & alights2 fly1 buzz1 & /+2 re/ra9 or puni%4 ,write comp\nd subjects be=e ! foll[+ pr$icates4 ,may be se52 ro>2 w be appo9t$2 h fl[n2 has be5 recomm5d$4 ,write comp\nd pr$icates aft] ! foll[+ comp\nd subjects4 ,boys1 frogs1 & horses2 wood1 coal1 & peat2 ,ma9e & ,new ,hamp%ire2 ,concord1 ,lex+ton1 & ,bunk] ,hill2 p9s1 tacks1 & ne$les4 ,write comp\nd subjects be=e ! foll[+ comp\nd pr$icates4 ,?rob & a*e2 7 tri$1 condemn$1 & hang$2 eat1 sleep1 & dress4 ,*oose y\r own mat]ial & write five s5t5ces1 ea* hav+ a comp\nd subject & a comp\nd pr$icate4 ,,lesson #ci4 ,,complem5ts4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,:5 we say1 ,! sun gives1 we express no complete ?\ght4 ,! subject sun is complete1 b ! pr$icate gives does n make a complete ass]tion4 ,:5 we say1 ,! sun gives light1 we d utt] a complete ?\ght4 ,! pr$icate gives is complet$ by ! ^w light4 ,:atev] fills out1 or completes1 we call a ,complem5t4 ,we w !re=e call light ! complem5t ( ! pr$icate4 ,z light completes ! pr$icate by nam+ ! ?+ act$ ^u1 we call x ! ,object ,complem5t4 ,expressions l ! foll[+ may be writt5 on ! bo>d1 & by a s]ies ( que/ions ! pupils may be made to dwell ^u ^! facts till !y are ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,! (fic] arre/$ -----2 ! boy f\nd -----2 ,*>les saw -----2 coop]s make -----4 ,besides ^! v]bs requir+ object complem5ts1 !re are o!rs t d n make complete s5se )\t ! aid ( a complem5t ( ano!r k9d4 ,a complete pr$icate does ! ass]t+ & expresses :at is ass]t$4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,armies m>*1 m>* is a complete pr$icate1 = x does ! ass]t+ & expresses :at is ass]t$2 viz41 m>*+4 ,9 ! phrase1 armies m>*+1 m>*+ expresses ! same act z t d5ot$ by m>*1 b x ass]ts no?+4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,*alk is :ite1 is does ! ass]t+1 b x does n express :at is ass]t$4 ,we d n wi% to ass]t m]ely t *alk is or exi/s4 ,:at we wi% to ass]t ( *alk1 is ! quality express$ by ! adjective :ite4 ,z :ite expresses a quality or attribute1 we may call x an ,attribute ,complem5t4 ,us+ expressions l ! foll[+1 let ! facts giv5 above be drawn f ! class by means ( que/ions4 ,grass gr[+2 grass gr[s2 gre5 grass2 grass is gre54 ,,def9ition4--,! ,object ,complem5t ( a s5t5ce completes ! pr$icate1 & names t :i* receives ! act4 ,,def9ition4--,! ,attribute ,complem5t ( a s5t5ce completes ! pr$icate & belongs to ! subject4 ,! complem5t ) all its modifi]s is call$ ! ,modifi$ ,complem5t4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 ,model4--,fulton inv5t$ ! fir/ /eamboat4 ,fulton inv5t$ /eamboat ! fir/ ,explanation ( ! ,diagram4--,y w see t ! l9e /&+ = ! object complem5t is a cont9uation ( ! pr$icate l9e1 & t ! little v]tical l9e only t\*es ?is )\t cutt+ x4 ,oral ,analysis4--,fulton & inv5t$1 z be=e4 ,/eamboat is ! object complem5t1 because x completes ! pr$icate1 & names t :i* receives ! act4 ,! & fir/1 z be=e4 ,! fir/ /eamboat is ! modifi$ complem5t4 #a4 ,caes> cross$ ! ,rubicon4 #b4 ,morse inv5t$ ! telegraph4 #c4 ,ericsson built ! ,monitor4 #d4 ,hume wrote a hi/ory4 #e4 ,morn purples ! ea/1 #f4 ,antony behead$ ,cic]o4 ,model4--,gold is malleable4 ,gold is malleable ,9 ?is diagram1 ! l9e /&+ = ! attribute complem5t1 l ! object l9e1 is a cont9uation ( ! pr$icate l9e2 b notice ! diff]5ce 9 ! little m>k sep>at+ ! incomplete,footnote3 ,h]eaft] we %all call ! v]b ! pr$icate1 b1 :5 foll[$ by a complem5t1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z an incomplete pr$icate4 pr$icate f ! complem5t4 ,oral ,analysis4---,gold & is1 z be=e4 ,malleable is ! attribute complem5t1 because x completes ! pr$icate1 & expresses a quality belong+ to gold4 #g4 ,pure wat] is ta/eless4 #h4 ,! h>e is timid4 #i4 ,fawns are graceful4 #aj4 ,?is pea* is delici\s4 #aa4 ,he 0 extremely prodigal4 #ab4 ,! valley ( ! ,mississippi is v f]tile4 ,to ! ,tea*]--,see ,notes1 pp4 #ahc1ahd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #dj4 ,,errors ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,modifi]s4 ,caution4--,place adv]bs :]e !re c be no d\bt z to ! words !y modify4 ,,errors ,,to ,,be ,,correct$4 ,i only br+ =w>d a few ?+s4 ,ha? ! ,"l only ,footnote3 ,adv]bs sometimes modify phrases4spok5 by ,moses8 ,we m]ely speak ( numb]s4 ,! ,*9ese *iefly live ^u rice4 ,caution4--,9 plac+ ! adv]b1 reg>d mu/ be _h to ! s\nd ( ! s5t5ce4 ,,errors ,,to ,,be ,,correct$4 ,we always %\ld d our duty4 ,! times h *ang$ surely4 ,! "w w be nev] f9i%$4 ,he mu/ h c]ta9ly be5 sick4 ,caution4--,adv]bs mu/ n be us$ = adjectives4 ,,errors ,,to ,,be ,,correct$4 ,i feel badly4 ,m>ble feels coldly4 ,%e looks nicely4 ,x 0 sold *eaply4 ,x appe>s /ill m pla9ly4 ,t s\nds h>%ly4 ,i arriv$ at home safely4 ,caution4--,adjectives mu/ n be us$ = adv]bs4 ,,errors ,,to ,,be ,,correct$4 ,! bells r+ m]ry4 ,! curta9 hangs graceful4 ,t is a decid$ weak po9t4 ,speak no co>s] ?an usual4 ,^! are ! words ne>e/ connect$4 ,talk sl[ & di/9ct4 ,%e is a rem>kable pretty girl4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,= additional ex]cises 9 di/+ui%+ adjectives f adv]bs1 see ,notes1 p4 #aha4 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,:at is a conjunction8 ,:at is an int]jection8 ,give two rules = ! use ( ! comma 7,lesson #cg74 ,:at is ! rule = writ+ abbreviations8 ,:at is ! rule = ! exclamation po9t8 ,:at is an object complem5t8 ,:at is an attribute complem5t8 ,illu/rate bo?4 ,:at are ! cautions = ! position ( ! adv]b8 ,:at are ! cautions = ! use ( ! adv]b & ! adjective8 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,see ,,composition ,,ex]cises 9 ! ,supplem5t-,selection f ,habb]ton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #da4 ,,errors ,,9 ,,! ,,position ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,modifi]s4 ,caution4--,phrase modifi]s %\ld be plac$ z ne> z may be to ! words !y modify4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,= composition ex]cises ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to arrangem5t1 see ,notes1 pp4 #agb-agf4 ,,errors ,,to ,,be ,,correct$4 ,a fell[ 0 arre/$ ) %ort hair4 ,i saw a man digg+ a well ) a ,roman nose4 ,he di$ & w5t to 8 re/ 9 ,new ,york4 ,want$--,a room by two g5tlem5 ?irty feet long & tw5ty feet wide4 ,"s g>m5ts 7 made = ! family ( ?ick mat]ial4 ,! vessel 0 beautifully pa9t$ ) a tall ma/4 ,i p]ceiv$ t x _h be5 sc\r$ ) half an eye4 ,a h\se 0 built by a mason ( br[n /one4 ,a pe>l 0 f\nd by a sailor 9 a %ell4 ,punctuate ^! s5t5ces :5 correct$4 ,caution4--,c>e mu/ be tak5 to select ! "r preposition4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,= ! preposition to be us$1 consult ! ,unabridg$ ,diction>ies4 ,,errors ,,to ,,be ,,correct$4 ,!y halt$ ) ! riv] on _! backs4 ,! cat jump$ on ! *air4 ,he fell onto ! floor4 ,he w5t 9 ! h\se4 ,he divides 8 prop]ty betwe5 8 f\r sons4 ,he di$ = ?ir/4 ,?is is diff]5t to t4 ,two ?ieves divid$ ! booty among !mselves4 ,i am angry at him4 ,caution4--,d n use two negative1 or d5y+1 words s t "o %all contradict ! o!r1 unless y wi% to affirm4 ,,errors ,,to ,,be ,,correct$4 ,i hav5't no umbrella4 ,correct by dropp+ ei!r ! adjective no or ! adv]b n2 z1 ,i h no umbrella1 or ,i h n an umbrella4 ,i didn't say no?+4 ,i c't d ?is 9 no way4 ,no o!r emp]or 0 s wise nor p[]ful4 ,no?+ c nev] be annihilat$4 ,,lesson #db4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,p>s+4 #a4 ,brutus /abb$ ,caes>4 #b4 ,man is an animal4 #c4 ,wa%+ton captur$ ,cornwallis4 #d4 ,well+ton defeat$ ,napoleon at ,wat]loo4 #e4 ,balboa discov]$ ! ,pacific ocean4 #f4 ,vulcan 0 a blacksmi?4 #g4 ,! summ] has be5 v ra9y4 #h4 ,columbus made f\r voyages to ! ,new ,_w4 #i4 ,! moon reflects ! light ( ! sun4 #aj4 ,! fir/ vice-presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ,john ,adams4 #aa4 ,rog] ,williams 0 ! f\nd] ( ,rhode ,isl&4 #ab4 ,h>vey discov]$ ! circulation ( blood4 #ac4 ,diamonds are combu/ible4 #ad4 ,napoleon di$ a prison]1 at ,/44 ,hel5a4 #ae4 ,9 #afai ! fir/ %ip-load ( slaves 0 l&$ at ,jame/[n4 ,! pupil w notice t animal1 9 s5t5ce ,no4 #b1 is an attribute complem5t1 ?\gh x is n an adjective express+ a quality belong+ to man1 b a n\n d5ot+ 8 class4 ,n\ns !n may be attribute complim5ts4 ,! pupil w notice also t "s ( ! object & attribute complem5ts above h phrase modifi]s4 ,,lesson #dc4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,us+ ! foll[+ pr$icates1 build s5t5ces hav+ subjects1 pr$icates1 & object complem5ts ) or )\t modifi]s4 ---- climb ----2 ---- hunt ----2 ---- comm& ----2 ---- attack$ ----2 ---- pursu$ ----2 ---- %all receive ----2 ---- h se5 ----2 ---- love ----4 ,*ange ! foll[+ expressions into s5t5ces by ass]t+ ! qualities "h assum$4 ,use ^! v]bs = pr$icates3 ,is1 71 appe>s1 may be1 became1 01 h be51 %\ld h be51 is becom+1 are4 ,model4--,heavy gold4 ,gold is heavy4 ,gre5 fields2 sweet oranges2 int]e/+ /ory2 brilliant sunrise2 sev]e puni%m5t2 playful kitt5s2 w>m wea!r2 pitiful sight2 s\r grapes2 amus+ anecdote4 ,prefix to ! foll[+ n\ns sev]al adjectives express+ qualities1 & !n make complete s5t5ces by ass]t+ ! same qualities4 :ite ,*alk is :ite4 ,model4--brittle *alk4 ,*alk is brittle4 s(t ,*alk is s(t4 ,gold1 pe>s1 p5s1 lead1 wat]1 moon1 vase1 rock1 lakes1 summ]1 ocean1 valley4 ,f9d y\r own mat]ial1 & build two s5t5ces hav+ object complem5ts1 & two hav+ attribute complem5ts4 ,,lesson #dd4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,p>s+4 ,,miscellane\s4 ,models4-- exp&s _/ ,le>n+ _/ ' m9d &' ' elevates _/ ! ran _/ ' =w>d ,he _/ ' &' ' ' kiss$ him ,9 ! second diagram1 "o ( ! pr$icate l9es is foll[$ by a complem5t l9e2 b ! two pr$icate l9es are n unit$1 = ! two v]bs h n a common object4 #a4 ,le>n+ exp&s & elevates ! m9d4 #b4 ,he ran =w>d & kiss$ him4 #c4 ,! e>? & ! moon are planets4 #d4 ,! ,swiss sc5]y is picturesque4 #e4 ,jeff]son 0 *os5 ! ?ird presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #f4 ,na?an ,hale di$ a m>tyr to lib]ty4 #g4 ,! man /ood spee*less4 #h4 ,labor disgraces no man4 #i4 ,ari/otle & ,plato 7 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ philosoph]s ( antiquity4 #aj4 ,josephus wrote a hi/ory ( ! ,jews4 #aa4 ,?is man seems ! lead] ( ! :ole p>ty4 #ab4 ,! attribute complem5t completes ! pr$icate & belongs to ! subject4 #ac4 ,"l ,cornwallis became gov]nor ( ,b5gal aft] 8 disa/r\s defeat4 #ad4 ,! multitude ran be=e him & /rew$ bran*es 9 ! way4 #ae4 ,pet] ,m9uits trad$ ) ! ,indians1 & b\ght ! :ole isl& ( ,manhattan = tw5ty-f\r doll>s4 ,,lesson #de4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,p>s+4 ,,miscellane\s4 ,model4-- wise _/ _/ ' 9 _/ ,x' c\ncil _/ ' --------- ,h5ry ,,iv4 0 _/ ' simple ' ( v &' 9 ,h\se ' mann]s -------- ' --------- ! ( ' *ivalric ,burbon ------- 9 field ------- ! ,! l9e /&+ = ! ^w-modifi] is jo9$ to t "p ( ! complem5t l9e :i* repres5ts ! entire attribute complem5t4 #a4 ,h5ry ,,iv41 ( ! ,h\se ( ,b\rbon1 0 v wise 9 c\ncil1 simple 9 mann]s1 & *ivalric 9 ! field4 #b4 ,caes> defeat$ ,pompey at ,ph>salia4 #c4 ,! diamond is ! mo/ valuable gem4 #d4 ,! ,greeks took ,troy by /ratagem4 #e4 ,! subm>9e cable unites ! cont95t ( ,am]ica & ! ,old ,_w4 #f4 ,! ,gauls jo9$ ! army ( ,hannibal4 #g4 ,columbus cross$ ! ,atlantic ) n9ety m51 & l&$ at ,san ,salvador4 #h4 ,vulcan made arms = ,a*illes4 #i4 ,cromwell ga9$ at ,naseby a mo/ decisive victory ov] ! ,royali/s4 #aj4 ,columbus 0 a native ( ,g5oa4 #aa4 ,god temp]s ! w9d to ! %orn lamb4 #ab4 ,! morn+ h\r has gold 9 its m\?4 #ac4 ,! mill ( ! gods gr9ds late1 b gr9ds to p[d]4 #ad4 ,a "y f>m] rec5tly b\ght a yoke ( ox51 six c[s1 & a horse4 #ae4 ,am]ica has furni%$ to ! _w tobacco1 ! potato1 & ,indian corn4 ,,lesson #df4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,p>s+4 ,,miscellane\s4 ,cotton is rais$ ,egypt _/'------- 9 _/ ' _/ ,x' _/ ' ,india --_/ '-------- ' &' ' ' ,unit$ ,/ates --------------- ! ,explanation ( ! ,diagram4--,9 ?is diagram ! l9e repres5t+ ! pr9cipal "p ( ! phrase sep>ates into ?ree l9es4 ,?is %[s t ! pr9cipal "p ( ! phrase is comp\nd4 ,egypt1 ,india1 & ,unit$ ,/ates are all introduc$ by ! same preposition 91 & h ! same relation to is rais$4 #a4 ,cotton is rais$ 9 ,egypt1 ,india1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #b4 ,! navy ( ,hiram br\ght gold f ,ophir4 #c4 ,! c>e] ( ,cromwell 0 %ort4 #d4 ,mo/ m\nta9 ranges run p>allel ) ! coa/4 #e4 ,n[ swiftly glides ! bonny boat4 #f4 ,an able b di%one/ judge presid$4 #g4 ,! que5 bee lays eggs 9 cells ( ?ree diff]5t sizes4 #h4 ,umbrellas 7 introduc$ into ,engl& f ,*9a4 #i4 ,! fir/ p]man5t ,engli% settlem5t 9 ,am]ica 0 made at ,jame/[n1 9 #afjg4 #aj4 ,! _s ( true religion is social1 k9d1 & *e]ful4 #aa4 ,! summits ( ! ,alps are cov]$ ) p]petual sn[4 #ab4 ,! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/ 7 nam$ aft] ,julius ,caes> & ,augu/us ,caes>4 #ac4 ,all ! k+s ( ,egypt are call$1 9 ,scripture1 ,ph>aoh4 #ad4 ,! bamboo furni%es to ! natives ( ,*9a1 %ade1 food1 h\ses1 weapons1 & clo?+4 ,,lesson #dg4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,supply attribute complem5ts to ! foll[+ expressions4 7,see ,caution1 ,lesson #dj47 ,! m>ble feels ----4 ,m>y looks ----4 ,! wea!r cont9ues ----4 ,! apple ta/es ----4 ,t lady appe>s ----4 ,! sky gr[s ----4 ,! leaves ( roses are ----4 ,! und]tak+ 0 pron\nc$ ----4 ,write a subject & a pr$icate to ea* ( ! foll[+ n\ns tak5 z attribute complem5ts4 ,model4--,soldi]4--,t old man has be5 a soldi]4 ,plant1 insect1 m9]al1 vegetable1 liquid1 gas1 solid1 hi/orian1 poet1 arti/1 travel]1 emp]or4 ,us+ ! foll[+ n\ns z subjects1 build s5t5ces ea* hav+ a simple pr$icate & two or m object complem5ts4 ,congress1 /orm1 education1 k+1 tig]1 hunt]1 ,arnold1 %oemak]s1 lawy]s1 m]*ant4 ,build ?ree s5t5ces on ea* ( ! foll[+ subjects1 two ( :i* %all conta9 object complem5ts1 & ! ?ird1 an attribute complem5t4 ,model4--,sun4-- ,! sun gives light4 ,! sun w>ms ! e>?4 ,! sun is a lum9\s body4 ,moon1 oak1 fire1 :iskey4 ,,lesson #dh4 ,,subject ,,or ,,complem5t ,,modifi$ ,,by ,a ,,p>ticiple4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,y h le>n$1 9 ! prec$+ ,lessons1 t a quality may be assum$ z belong+ to a ?+2 z1 :ite *alk1 or t x may be ass]t$ ( x2 z1 ,*alk is :ite4 ,an action1 also1 may be assum$ z belong+ to some?+2 z1 ,pet] turn+1 or x may be ass]t$2 z1 ,pet] turn$4 ,9 ! expression1 ,pet]1 turn+1 said1 :at ^w expresses an action z assum$1 & :i* ass]ts an action8 ,ea* pupil may give an example ( an action ass]t$ & ( an action assum$2 z1 ,corn gr[s1 corn gr[+2 geese gabble2 geese gabbl+4 ,?is =m ( ! v]b1 :i* m]ely assumes ! act1 be+1 or /ate1 is call$ ! ,p>ticiple4 ,:5 ! words gr[+ & gabbl+ are plac$ be=e ! n\ns1 ?us3 gr[+ corn1 gabbl+ geese1 !y tell simply ! k9d ( corn & ! k9d ( geese1 & are !re=e adjectives4 ,:5 ! or "s o!r adjective is plac$ be=e ^! words1 & a preposition aft] !m1 ?us3 ,! gr[+ ( ! corn1 ! gabbl+ ( ! geese1 !y are simply ! names ( actions1 & are !re=e n\ns4 ,let ea* pupil give an example ( a v]b ass]t+ an action1 & *ange x to express3-- #a/1 ,an assum$ action2 #b;d1 ,a p]man5t quality2 #c;d1 ,! "n ( an action4 ,p>ticiples may be complet$ by objects & attributes4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 ,model4--,tru?1 cru%$ to e>?1 w rise aga94 ,tru? w rise cru aga9 %$ -------- to e>? ------- ,explanation ( ! ,diagram4--,9 ?is diagram1 ! l9e /&+ = ! pr9cipal ^w ( ! p>ticipial phrase is brok52 "o "p slants1 & ! o!r is horizontal4 ,?is %[s t ! p>ticiple cru%$ is us$ l an adjective to modify ,tru?1 & yet reta9s ! nature ( a v]b1 express+ an action receiv$ by tru?4 ,oral ,analysis4--,?is is a s5t5ce1 because ----2 ,tru? is ! subject1 because ----2 w rise is ! pr$icate1 because ----2 ! phrase1 cru%$ to e>?1 is a modifi] ( ! ,subj41 because ----2 cru%$ introduces ! phrase & is ! pr9cipal ^w 9 x2 ! phrase to e>? is a modifi] ( cru%$2 to introduces x1 & e>? is ! pr9cipal ^w 9 x2 aga9 is a modifi] ( ! ,pr$41 because ----4 ,tru? cru%$ to e>? is ! modifi$ subject1 w rise aga9 is ! modifi$ pr$icate4 ,p>s+--,cru%$ is ! =m ( ! v]b call$ p>ticiple4 ,! action express$ by x is m]ely assum$4 #a4 ,! mir? ( ,addison is g5ial1 imp>t+ a mild gl[ ( ?\ght4 #b4 ,! g5]al1 rid+ to ! front1 l$ ! attack4 #c4 ,! balloon1 %oot+ swiftly into ! cl\ds1 0 soon lo/ to sight4 #d4 ,weal? acquir$ di%one/ly w prove a curse4 #e4 ,! sun1 ris+1 dispell$ ! mi/s4 #f4 ,! ?ief1 be+ detect$1 surr5d]$ to ! (fic]4 #g4 ,!y bo>d$ ! vessel ly+ 9 ! h>bor4 #h4 ,! t]ritory claim$ by ! ,dut* 0 call$ ,new ,ne!rl&s4 #i4 ,wa%+ton1 hav+ cross$ ! ,delaw>e1 attack$ ! ,hessians /ation$ at ,tr5ton4 #aj4 ,burgoyne1 hav+ be5 surr\nd$ at ,s>atoga1 surr5d]$ to ,g54 ,gates4 #aa4 ,pocahontas 0 m>ri$ to a "y ,engli%man nam$ ,john ,rolfe4 #ab4 ,a %rug ( ! %\ld]s1 translat$ into words1 loses mu* =ce4 #ac4 ,! armies ( ,engl&1 mu/]$ = ! battles ( ,europe1 d n awak5 s9c]e admiration4 7,note t ! p>ticiple1 l ! pr$icate v]b1 may consi/ ( two or m words47 7,note1 too1 t ! p>ticiple1 l ! adjective1 may belong to a n\n complem5t47 ,,lesson #di4 ,,! ,,inf9itive ,,phrase4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,!re is ano!r =m ( ! v]b :i*1 l ! p>ticiple1 _c be ! pr$icate ( a s5t5ce1 = x _c ass]t2 z1 ,%e w5t out to see a fri5d2 ,to lie is a disgrace4 ,z ?is =m ( ! v]b expresses ! action1 be+1 or /ate 9 a g5]al mann]1 )\t limit+ x directly to a subject1 x is call$ an ,inf9itive1 :i* means )\t limit4 ,! inf9itive g5]ally foll[s to2 z1 to walk1 to sleep4 ,let ea* pupil give an inf9itive4 ,! inf9itive & ! preposition to con/itute a phrase1 :i* may be employ$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,t4--,i h a duty to p]=m4 ,! inf9itive phrase modifies :at8 ,p4--,! n\n duty4 ,t4--,x !n p]=ms ! (fice ( :at8 ,p4--,( an adjective modifi]4 ,t4--,i come to he>4 ,! inf9itive phrase modifies :at8 ,p4--,! v]b come4 ,t4--,:at (fice !n does x p]=m8 ,p4--,( an adv]b modifi]4 ,t4--,to lie is base4 ,:at is base8 ,p4--,to lie4 ,t4--,he attempt$ to speak4 ,:at did he attempt8 ,p4--,to speak4 ,t4--,to lie is a subject1 & to speak is an object4 ,:at "p ( spee* is us$ z subject & object8 ,p4--,! n\n4 ,t4--,! ,inf9itive phrase is us$ z an adjective1 an adv]b1 & a n\n4 ,inf9itives may be complet$ by objects & attributes4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 ,model4--,david ha/$ to meet ,golia?4 ,david ha/$ to meet ,golia? ---------------- ,analysis ( ! ,inf9itive ,phrase4--,to introduces ! phrase2 meet1 complet$ by ! object ,golia?1 is ! pr9cipal "p4 ,p>s+ ( ! ,phrase4--,to is a preposition1 because ----2 meet is a v]b1 because ----2 ,golia? is a n\n1 because ----4 #a4 ,i come n "h to talk4 #b4 ,i rejoice to he> x4 #c4 ,a desire to excel leads to em95ce4 #d4 ,dr4 ,frankl9 0 s5t to ,france to solicit aid = ! colonies4 #e4 ,to retreat 0 impossible4 7,to is "h us$ m]ely to introduce ! inf9itive phrase47 to retreat --------- _/ 0 impossible ,explanation ( ! ,diagram4--,z ?is phrase subject _c1 9 its prop] =m1 be writt5 on ! subject l9e1 x is plac$ above1 &1 by means ( a support1 ! phrase diagram is made to re/ on ! subject l9e4 ,! phrase complem5t may be diagram$ 9 a simil> way1 & made to re/ on ! complem5t l9e4 #f4 ,! h&s refuse to labor4 #g4 ,to live is n all ( life4 #h4 ,! ,puritans desir$ to obta9 religi\s fre$om4 #i4 ,! ,romans1 hav+ conqu]$ ! _w1 7 unable to conqu] !mselves4 #aj4 ,n>vaez sail$ f ,cuba to conqu] ,florida4 #aa4 ,"s savages ( ,am]ica & ,africa love to we> r+s 9 ! nose4 #ab4 ,&rew ,jackson1 elect$ to succe$ ,j4 ,q4 ,adams1 0 inaugurat$ 9 #ahbi4 ,,lesson #ej4 ,,position ,,& ,,punctuation ,,( ,,! ,,p>ticipial ,,phrase4 ,,errors ,,to ,,be ,,correct$4 7,see ,caution #a1 ,lesson #da47 ,punctuate z y correct4 7,see ,lesson #cg47 ,a h\se 0 built = a cl]gyman hav+ sev5 gables4 ,! old man /ruck ! saucy boy rais+ a gold-head$ cane4 ,we saw a m>ble bu/ ( ,sir ,w4 ,scott ent]+ ! ve/ibule4 ,"h is news f a neighbor boil$ d[n4 ,i f\nd a c5t walk+ ov] ! bridge4 ,balboa discov]$ ! ,pacific ocean climb+ to ! top ( a m\nta94 ,punctuate ! foll[+ ex]cises4 ,cradl$ 9 ! camp ,napoleon 0 ! d>l+ ( ! army4 ,hav+ approv$ ( ! plan ! k+ put x into execution4 ,satan inc5s$ ) indignation /ood unt]rifi$4 ,my fri5d see+ me 9 ne$ (f]$ 8 s]vices4 ,james be+ we>y ) 8 j\rney sat d[n on ! wall4 ,! owl hid 9 ! tree hoot$ ?r\gh ! night4 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,give ! caution relat+ to ! position ( ! phrase modifi]2 t relat+ to ! *oice ( prepositions2 t relat+ to ! d\ble negative 7,lesson #da74 ,give examples ( errors4 ,c a n\n be an attribute complem5t8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at d y und]/& by a p>ticiple8 ,into :at may "s p>ticiples be *ang$8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at (fices does ! inf9itive phrase p]=m8 ,illu/rate !m4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,see ,,composition ,,ex]cises 9 ! ,supplem5t--,selection f ,george ,eliot4 ,,lesson #ea4 ,,review4 ,,miscellane\s ,,errors ,,= ,,correction4 7,see ,cautions 9 ,lessons #cj1 #dj1 & #da47 ,!re nev] 0 su* ano!r man4 ,he 0 an old v5]able patri>*4 ,john has a cadav]\s1 hungry1 & lean look4 ,he 0 a well-proportion$1 f9e fell[4 ,pass me !m potatoes4 ,put y\r tru/ n 9 money4 ,we h (t5 occasion = ?anksgiv+1 ,n[ ?is is to be done h[8 ,no?+ c ju/ify ev] pr(anity4 ,to cont9ually /udy is impossible4 7,an adv]b is seldom plac$ betwe5 ! preposition to & ! inf9itive47 ,m>y likes to ta/efully dress4 ,le>n to c>efully *oose y\r words4 ,%e looks que]ly4 ,give me a soon & direct answ]4 ,! po/ /ood firmly4 ,! eagle flies highly4 ,! orange ta/es sweetly4 ,i feel tol]able well4 ,! bran* breaks easy4 ,?i/les gr[ rapid4 ,! eagle flies swift4 ,?is is a mis]able poor p54 ,a weal?y g5tleman w adopt a little boy ) a small family4 ,a g5tleman call$ f ,africa to pay 8 complim5ts4 ,wat] consi/s 9 oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,he w5t out att5d$ ) a s]vant4 ,i h a dislike to su* trick/]s4 ,we h no prejudice to =eign]s4 ,%e don't "k no?+ ab\t x4 ,fa!r w\ldn't give me none4 ,he hasn't be5 sick nei!r4 ,i won't h no m noh[4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,let ! reason be giv5 = e correction4 ,,lesson #eb4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,build s5t5ces 9 :i* ! foll[+ p>ticiples %all be us$ z modifi]s4 ,be+ fatigu$2 laugh+2 be+ amus$2 hav+ be5 elect$2 runn+2 hav+ be5 runn+4 ,exp& ea* ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces into ?ree s5t5ces1 us+ ! p>ticipial =m ( ! v]b z a p>ticiple1 9 ! fir/2 ! same =m z an adjective1 9 ! second2 & z a n\n1 9 ! ?ird4 ,model4--,! /ream fl[s4 ,! /ream1 fl[+ g5tly1 crept ?r\gh ! mead[4 ,! fl[+ /ream slipp$ away to ! sea4 ,! fl[+ ( ! /ream caus$ a l[ murmur4 ,! /ream fl[s4 ,! sun rises4 ,insects hum4 ,! birds s+4 ,! w9d :i/les4 ,! bells are r++4 ,! tide ebbs4 ,=m inf9itive phrases f ! foll[+ v]bs1 & use ^! phrases z adjectives1 adv]bs1 & n\ns1 9 s5t5ces ( y\r own build+4 ,smoke1 dance1 burn1 eat1 lie1 try4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,= ex]cises to di/+ui% ! p>ticiple f ! pr$icate v]b1 see ,notes1 pp4 #aha1 #ahb4 ,,lesson #ec4 ,,n\ns ,,& ,,pron\ns ,,z ,,modifi]s4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! rob9's eggs are blue1 ! n\n rob9's does :at8 ,p4--,x tells :at or ^: eggs are blue4 ,t4--,:at ^w names ! ?+s own$ or possess$8 ,p4--,eggs4 ,t4--,:at ^w names ! own] or possessor8 ,p4--,rob9's4 ,t4--,! n\n rob9's is "h us$ z a modifi]4 ,y see t ?is ^w1 :i* ,i h writt5 on ! bo>d1 is ! ^w rob9 ) a little m>k 7'7 call$ an apo/rophe1 & ! lett] s add$4 ,^! are add$ to d5ote possession4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,web/]1 ! /atesman1 0 born 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ! n\n /atesman modifies ! subject ,web/] by expla9+ :at or :i* ,web/] is meant4 ,bo? words "n ! same p]son4 ,let ! pupils give examples ( ea* ( ^! two k9ds ( ,n\n ,modifi]s--! ,possessive & ! ,explanatory4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 ,model4--,julia's si/] ,m>y has lo/ h] diamond r+4 si/] 7,m>y7 has lo/ r+ ' ,julia's h] diamond ,explanation ( ! ,diagram4--,m>y is writt5 on ! subject l9e1 because ,m>y & si/] bo? "n ! same p]son1 b ! ^w ,m>y is inclos$ )9 m>ks ( p>5!sis to %[ t si/] is ! prop] grammatical subject4 ,9 oral analysis1 call ,julia's & ,m>y modifi]s ( ! subject1 si/]1 because ,julia's tells ^: si/]1 & ,m>y expla9s si/] by add+ ano!r "n ( ! same p]son4 ,h] is a modifi] ( ! object1 because x tells ^: r+ is meant4 ,julia's si/] ,m>y is ! modifi$ subject1 ! pr$icate is unmodifi$1 & h] diamond r+ is ! modifi$ object complem5t4 #a4 ,! planet ,jupit] has f\r moons4 #b4 ,! ,emp]or ,n]o 0 a cruel tyrant4 #c4 ,pet]'s wife's "m lay sick ( a fev]4 "m wife's ,pet]'s #d4 ,an o/ri* outruns an ,arab's horse4 #e4 ,8 pretty little nephew ,ar?ur _h ! be/ claim to ! ?rone4 #f4 ,milton1 ! great ,engli% poet1 became bl9d4 #g4 ,caes> gave 8 daught] ,julia 9 m>riage to ,pompey4 #h4 ,london1 ! capital ( ,engl&1 is ! l>ge/ & ri*e/ city 9 ! _w4 #i4 ,joseph1 ,jacob's favorite son1 0 sold by 8 bre?r5 to ! ,i%maelites4 #aj4 ,alex&] ! ,great ,footnote3 ,alex&] ! ,great may be tak5 z "o "n1 or ,great may be call$ an explanatory modifi] ( ,alex&]4 0 educat$ "u ! celebrat$ philosoph] ,ari/otle4 #aa4 ,fri5ds tie _! purses ) a spid]'s ?read4 #ab4 ,caes> m>ri$ ,cornelia1 ! daught] ( ,c9na4 #ac4 ,8 fate1 alas6 0 deplorable4 #ad4 ,love rules 8 k+dom )\t a sword4 ,,lesson #ed4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,n\ns & pron\ns d5ot+ possession may g5]ally be *ang$ to equival5t phrases2 z1 ,arnold's treason ! treason ( ,arnold4 ,"h ! preposition ( indicates possession1 ! same relation express$ by ! apo/rophe 7'7 & s4 ,*ange ! foll[+ possessive n\ns to equival5t phrases1 & ! phrases indicat+ possession to possessive n\ns1 & !n exp& ! expressions into complete s5t5ces4 ,model4--,! e>?'s surface4 ,! surface ( ! e>? is made up ( l& & wat]4 ,! e>?'s surface3 ,solomon's temple2 ,engl&'s ,que52 ,wa%+ton's ,f>ewell ,address2 ,dr4 ,kane's ,explorations2 ,pet]'s wife's "m2 ,george's fri5d's fa!r2 ,%akespe>e's plays2 ,noah's dove2 ! diamet] ( ! e>?2 ! daught] ( ,jeph?ah2 ! invasion ( ,burgoyne2 ! voyage ( ,cabot2 ! ,armada ( ,philip2 ! attraction ( ! e>?2 ! light ( ! moon4 ,f9d = ! ?+s m5tion$ bel[1 o!r names :i* %all describe or expla9 !m4 ,add su* names to ^! n\ns1 & !n exp& ! expressions into complete s5t5ces4 ,model4--,ink4--,ink1 a d>k fluid1 is us$ 9 writ+4 ,obs]ve ! foll[+ rule4 ,,comma-,,rule4--,an ,explanatory ,modifi]1 :5 x does n re/rict ! modifi$ t]m or comb9e closely ) x1 is set (f by ! comma4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,see ,notes1 pp4 #agf1 #agg4 ,new ,york1 ra91 pap]1 ! monkey1 ! rob91 tea1 ,abraham ,l9coln1 ,alex&] ,hamilton1 _w1 p59sula1 ,cuba1 ,%akespe>e4 ,write ?ree s5t5ces1 ea* ( :i* %all conta9 a n\n or pron\n d5ot+ possession1 & a n\n or pron\n us$ to expla94 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,= additional ex]cises 9 ! use ( possessive modifi]s1 see ,notes1 pp4 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,,lesson #ee4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,p>s+4 ,,miscellane\s ,,examples ,,9 ,,review4 #a4 ,! toad sp5ds ! w9t] 9 a dormant /ate4 #b4 ,pride 9 dress or 9 beauty betrays a weak m9d4 #c4 ,! city ( ,london is situat$ on ! riv] ,?ames4 #d4 ,napoleon ,bonap>te 0 born 9 #agfi1 on an isl& 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 #e4 ,m5's op9ions v>y ) _! int]e/s4 #f4 ,ammonia is f\nd 9 ! sap ( trees1 & 9 ! juices ( all vegetables4 #g4 ,e>? s5ds up h] p]petual hymn ( praise to ! ,creator4 #h4 ,hav+ once be5 deceiv$ by him1 ,i nev] tru/$ him aga94 #i4 ,aesop1 ! au?or ( ,aesop's ,fables1 0 a slave4 #aj4 ,hope comes ) smiles to *e] ! h\r ( pa94 #aa4 ,cl\ds are collections ( vapors 9 ! air4 #ab4 ,to relieve ! wret*$ 0 8 pride4 #ac4 ,greece1 ! mo/ not$ c\ntry ( antiquity1 sc>cely exce$$ 9 size ! half ( ! /ate ( ,new ,york4 ,,lesson #ef4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,p>s+4 ,,miscellane\s ,,examples ,,9 ,,review--,,cont9u$4 #a4 ,we are nev] too old to le>n4 #b4 ,civility is ! result ( good nature & good s5se4 #c4 ,! "r ( ! p to in/ruct _! repres5tatives is g5]ally admitt$4 #d4 ,! imm5se quantity ( matt] 9 ! ,univ]se pres5ts a mo/ /rik+ display ( ,almighty p[]4 #e4 ,virtue1 dilig5ce1 & indu/ry1 jo9$ ) good temp] & prud5ce1 mu/ ev] be ! sure/ means ( prosp]ity4 #f4 ,! p call$ ,quak]s 7 a s\rce ( mu* tr\ble to ! ,puritans4 #g4 ,! ,mayfl[] br\ght to ,am]ica ,footnote3 ,"o hundr$ & "o may be tak5 z "o adjective4 "o hundr$ & "o m51 wom51 & *ildr54 #h4 ,edw>d ,w+field1 an av>ici\s & unpr9cipl$ man1 0 ! fir/ presid5t ( ! ,jame/[n colony4 #i4 ,john ,cabot & 8 son ,seba/ian1 sail+ "u a commission f ,h5ry ,,vii4 ( ,engl&1 discov]$ ! cont95t ( ,am]ica4 #aj4 ,true wor? is mode/ & retir+4 #aa4 ,jonah1 ! prophet1 prea*$ to ! inhabitants ( ,n9eveh4 ,,lesson #eg4 ,,complex ,,s5t5ces4 ,,! ,,adjective ,,clause4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,a ^w-modifi] may sometimes be exp&$ into a phrase or into an expression t ass]ts4 ,t4--,a wise man w be honor$4 ,exp& wise into a phrase1 & give me ! s5t5ce4 ,p4--,a man ( wisdom w be honor$4 ,t4--,exp& wise into an expression t ass]ts1 jo9 ?is to man1 z a modifi]1 & !n give me ! entire s5t5ce4 ,p4--,a man :o is wise w be honor$4 ,t4--,y see t ! same quality may be express$ 9 ?ree ways--,a wise man1 ,a man ( wisdom1 ,a man :o is wise4 ,let ! pupils give simil> examples4 ,t4--,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,a man :o is wise w be honor$1 ! ^w :o /&s = :at8 ,p4--,= ! n\n man4 ,t4--,!n :at "p ( spee* is x8 ,p4--,a pron\n4 ,t4--,put ! n\n man 9 ! place ( ! pron\n :o1 & !n give me ! s5t5ce4 ,p4--,a man1 man is wise1 w be honor$4 ,t4--,i w repeat y\r s5t5ce1 *ang+ ! ord] ( ! words--,a man w be honor$4 ,man is wise4 ,is ! la/ s5t5ce n[ jo9$ to ! fir/ z a modifi]1 or are !y two sep>ate s5t5ces8 ,p4--,!y are two sep>ate s5t5ces4 ,t4--,!n y see t ! pron\n :o n only /&s = ! n\n man1 b x connects ! modify+ expression1 :o is wise1 to man1 ! subject ( ! s5t5ce1 ,a man w be honor$1 & ?us !re is =m$ :at we call a ,complex ,s5t5ce4 ,^! two p>ts we call ,clauses4 ,a man w be honor$ is ! ,indep5d5t ,clause2 :o is wise is ! ,dep5d5t ,clause4 ,clauses t modify n\ns or pron\ns are call$ ,adjective ,clauses4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,clause is a "p ( a s5t5ce conta9+ a subject & its pr$icate4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,dep5d5t ,clause is "o us$ z an adjective1 an adv]b1 or a n\n4 ,,def9ition4--,an ,indep5d5t ,clause is "o n dep5d5t on ano!r clause4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,simple ,s5t5ce is "o t conta9s b "o subject & "o pr$icate1 ei!r or bo? ( :i* may be comp\nd4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,complex ,s5t5ce is "o compos$ ( an indep5d5t clause & "o or m dep5d5t clauses4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 ,model4-- man w be honor$ ,a :o is wise ------------------- ,explanation ( ! ,diagram4--,y w notice t ! l9es /&+ = ! subject & pr$icate ( ! indep5d5t clause are heavi] ?an ^? ( ! dep5d5t clause4 ,?is pictures to y ! relative importance ( ! two clauses4 ,y w see t ! pron\n :o is writt5 on ! subject l9e ( ! dep5d5t clause4 ,b ?is ^w p]=ms ! (fice ( a conjunction also1 & ?is (fice is express$ 9 ! diagram by a dott$ l9e4 ,z all modifi]s are jo9$ by slant+ l9es1 to ! words !y modify1 y le>n f ?is diagram t :o is wise is a modifi] ( man4 ,oral ,analysis4--,?is is a complex s5t5ce1 because x consi/s ( an indep5d5t clause & a dep5d5t clause4 ,a man w be honor$ is ! indep5d5t clause2 :o is wise is ! dep5d5t clause4 ,man is ! subject ( ! indep5d5t clause2 w be honor$ is ! pr$icate4 ,! ^w ,a & ! clause1 :o is wise1 are modifi]s ( ! subject4 ,a po9ts out man1 & :o is wise tells ! k9d ( man4 ,a man :o is wise is ! modifi$ subject2 ! pr$icate is unmodifi$4 ,:o is ! subject ( ! dep5d5t clause1 is is ! pr$icate1 & wise is ! attribute complem5t4 ,:o connects ! two clauses4 #a4 ,he t runs may read4 #b4 ,man is ! only animal t laughs & weeps4 #c4 ,h5ry ,hudson discov]$ ! riv] :i* be>s 8 "n4 #d4 ,he necess>ily rema9s weak :o nev] tries ex]tion4 #e4 ,! m]idians are ^? l9es t ext5d f pole to pole4 #f4 ,he :o w n be rul$ by ! rudd] mu/ be rul$ by ! rock4 #g4 ,animals t h a backbone are call$ v]tebrates4 #h4 ,uneasy lies ! head t we>s a cr[n4 #i4 ,! ?ick mi/s :i* prevail 9 ! neighborhood ( ,newf\ndl& are caus$ by ! w>m wat]s ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 #aj4 ,! p[] :i* br+s a p9 to ! gr\nd holds ! e>? 9 its orbit4 #aa4 ,dea? is ! black camel :i* kneels at e man's gate4 #ab4 ,our be/ fri5ds are !y :o tell u ( our faults1 & help u to m5d !m4 ,! pupil w notice t1 9 "s ( ^! s5t5ces1 ! dep5d5t clause modifies ! subject1 & t1 9 o!rs1 x modifies ! n\n complem5t4 ,,comma--,,rule4--,! adjective or ! adv]b clause1 :5 x does n closely foll[ & re/rict ! ^w modifi$1 is g5]ally set (f by ! comma4 ,,lesson #eh4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,,adjective ,,clauses4 ,exp& ea* ( ! foll[+ adjectives into #a4 ,a phrase2 #b4 ,a clause2 & !n use ^! ?ree modifi]s 9 ?ree sep>ate s5t5ces ( y\r own con/ruction4 :o has en]gy1 ,model4--,en]getic2 ( en]gy2 or :o is en]getic4 ,an en]getic man w succe$4 ,a man ( en]gy w succe$4 ,a man :o has en]gy 7or :o is en]getic7 w succe$4 ,hone/1 long-e>$1 beautiful1 weal?y4 ,exp& ea* ( ! foll[+ possessive n\ns into #a4 ,a phrase2 #b4 ,a clause2 & !n use ^! ?ree modifi]s 9 ?ree sep>ate s5t5ces4 ,model4--,saturn's r+s2 ! r+s ( ,saturn2 ! r+s :i* surr\nd ,saturn4 ,saturn's r+s c be se5 ) a telescope4 ,! r+s ( ,saturn c be se5 ) a telescope4 ,! r+s :i* surr\nd ,saturn c be se51 ) a telescope4 ,absalom's hair2 ! h5's eggs2 ! elephant's tusks4 ,*ange ! foll[+ simple s5t5ces into complex s5t5ces by exp&+ ! p>ticipial phrases into clauses4 ,! vessels c>ry+ ! blood f ! he>t are call$ art]ies4 ,! book priz$ above all o!r books is ! ,bible4 ,riv]s ris+ we/ ( ! ,rocky ,mts4 fl[ into ! ,pacific ocean4 ,! guns fir$ at ,concord 7 he>d ar\nd ! _w4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,= additional composition ex]cises ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to adjective clauses1 see ,notes1 p4 #agg4 ,,lesson #ei4 ,,complex ,,s5t5ces4 ,,! ,,adv]b ,,clause4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,y le>n$ 9 ,lesson #hc t an adv]b c be exp&$ into an equival5t phrase2 z1 ,! book 0 c>efully read ,! book 0 read ) c>e4 ,we %all n[ le>n t a phrase us$ z an adv]b may be exp&$ into an ,adv]b clause4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,we />t$ at sunrise1 :at phrase is us$ l an adv]b8 ,p4--,at sunrise4 ,t4--,exp& ?is phrase into an equival5t clause1 & give me ! entire s5t5ce4 ,p4--,we />t$ :5 ! sun rose4 ,t4--,y see t ! phrase1 at sunrise1 & ! clause1 :5 ! sun rose1 bo? modify />t$1 tell+ ! "t ( />t+1 & are !re=e equival5t to adv]bs4 ,we w !n call su* clauses ,adv]b ,clauses4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 ,model4-- ,we />t$ :5 sun rose ! ,explanation ( ! ,diagram4--,! l9e :i* connects ! two pr$icate l9es pictures ?ree ?+s4 ,x is made up ( ?ree p>ts4 ,! upp] "p %[s t :5 modifies />t$2 ! l[] "p1 t x modifies rose2 & ! dott$ "p %[s t x connects4 ,oral ,analysis4--,?is is a complex s5t5ce1 because ----2 ,we />t$ is ! indep5d5t clause1 & :5 ! sun rose is ! dep5d5t clause4 ,we is ! subject ( ! indep5d5t clause1 & />t$ is ! pr$icate4 ,! clause1 :5 ! sun rose1 is a modifi] ( ! pr$icate1 because x tells :5 we />t$4 ,/>t$ :5 ! sun rose is ! modifi$ pr$icate4 ,sun is ! subject ( ! dep5d5t clause1 & rose is ! pr$icate1 & ! is a modifi] ( sun2 ! sun is ! modifi$ subject4 ,:5 modifies rose & />t$1 & connects ! clause-modifi] to ! pr$icate />t$4 ,p>s+ ( :54--,:5 is an adv]b modify+ ! two v]bs />t$ & rose1 ?us connect+ ! two clauses4 ,x modifies ^! v]bs by %[+ t ! two actions took place at ! same "t4 #a4 ,! dew glitt]s :5 ! sun %9es4 #b4 ,pr9t+ 0 unkn[n :5 ,hom] wrote ! ,iliad4 #c4 ,:]e ! bee sucks honey1 ! spid] sucks poison4 #d4 ,ah6 few %all "p :]e _m meet4 #e4 ,:]e ! devil _c come1 he w s5d4 #f4 ,:ile ! bridegroom t>ri$1 !y all slumb]$ & slept4 #g4 ,fools ru% 9 :]e angels fe> to tread4 #h4 ,:5 ! tale ( bricks is d\bl$1 ,moses comes4 #i4 ,:5 ,i look ^u ! tombs ( ! great1 e emotion ( envy dies )9 me4 #aj4 ,! upright man speaks z he ?9ks4 #aa4 ,he di$ z ! fool die?4 #ab4 ,! scept] %all n dep>t f ,judah until ,%iloh come4 ,,lesson #fj4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,,adv]b ,,clauses4 ,exp& ea* ( ! foll[+ phrases into an adv]b clause1 & fit ?is clause into a s5t5ce ( y\r own build+4 ,model4--,at sunset2 :5 ! sun set4 ,we return$ :5 ! sun set4 ,at ! h\r2 on ! playgr\nd2 by moonlight2 9 y\?2 among iceb]gs2 aft] s*ool2 at ! =ks ( ! road2 dur+ ! day2 be=e *ur*2 ) my fri5d4 ,to ea* ( ! foll[+ indep5d5t clauses1 jo9 an adv]b clause1 & s make complex s5t5ces4 ---- ,pet] began to s9k4 ,! man dies ----4 ,grass gr[s ----4 ,iron ---- c easily be %ap$4 ,! rattlesnake %akes 8 rattle ----4 ---- a nation m\rns4 ,pittsburg /&s ----4 ,he d>$ to lead ----4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,= additional composition ex]cises ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to adv]b clauses1 see ,notes1 p4 #agg4 ,see ,,composition ,,ex]cises 9 ! ,supplem5t--,selection f ! ,bro!rs ,grimm4 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,9 :at two ways may n\ns be us$ z modifi]s8 ,illu/rate4 ,n\ns & pron\ns d5ot+ possession may sometimes be *ang$ into :at8 ,illu/rate4 ,give ! rule = ! punctuation ( explanatory modifi]s4 ,into :at may an adjective be exp&$8 ,into :at may a p>ticipial phrase be exp&$8 ,give illu/rations4 ,give an example ( a complex s5t5ce4 ,( a clause4 ,( an indep5d5t clause4 ,( a dep5d5t clause4 ,into :at may a phrase us$ z an adv]b be exp&$8 ,illu/rate4 ,,lesson #fa4 ,,! ,,n\n ,,clause4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,t />s are suns is taught by a/ronom]s4 ,:at is taught by a/ronom]s8 ,p4--,t />s are suns4 ,t4--,:at !n is ! subject ( is taught8 ,p4--,! clause1 ,t />s are suns4 ,t4--,?is clause !n p]=ms ! (fice ( :at "p ( spee*8 ,p4--,( a n\n4 ,t4--,a/ronom]s tea* t />s are suns4 ,:at d a/ronom]s tea*8 ,p4--,t />s are suns4 ,t4--,:at is ! object complem5t ( tea*8 ,p4--,! clause1 t />s are suns4 ,t4--,:at (fice !n does ?is clause p]=m8 ,p4--,t ( a n\n4 ,t4--,! tea*+ ( a/ronom]s is1 t />s are suns4 ,:at does is ass]t ( tea*+8 ,p4--,t />s are suns4 ,t4--,:at !n is ! attribute complem5t8 ,p4--,t />s are suns4 ,t4--,does ?is complem5t express ! quality ( ! subject1 or does x "n ! same ?+ t ! subject names8 ,p4--,x names ! same ?+ t ! subject names4 ,t4--,x is equival5t !n to :at "p ( spee*8 ,p4--,to a n\n4 ,t4--,y see !n t a clause1 l a n\n1 may be us$ z ! subject or ! complem5t ( a s5t5ce4 ,analysis & ,p>s+4 ,model4-- ,t ------ ' />s are 'suns _/ is taught by a/ronom]s -------------- ,y w und]/& ?is diagram f ! explanation ( ! second diagram 9 ,lesson #di4 ,oral ,analysis4--,?is is a complex s5t5ce1 9 :i* ! :ole s5t5ce takes ! place ( ! indep5d5t clause4 ,t />s are suns is ! dep5d5t clause4 ,t />s are suns is ! subject ( ! :ole s5t5ce1 etc4 ----4 ,t simply introduces ! dep5d5t clause4 ,9 p>s+1 call t a conjunction4 #a4 ,t ! ,scot* are an intellig5t p is g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 #b4 ,t ! moon is made ( gre5 *eese is believ$ by "s boys & girls4 #c4 ,t ,julius ,caes> invad$ ,brita9 is a hi/oric fact4 #d4 ,t *ildr5 %\ld obey _! p>5ts is a div9e precept4 #e4 ,i "k t my ,r$eem] live?4 #f4 ,plato taught t ! s\l is immortal4 #g4 ,pet] d5i$ t he knew 8 ,"l4 #h4 ,mahomet f\nd t ! m\nta9 w\ld n move4 #i4 ,! pr9ciple ma9ta9$ by ! colonies 01 t taxation )\t repres5tation is unju/4 #aj4 ,our int5tion is1 t ?is "w %all be well done4 #aa4 ,our he>ts' desire & pray] is1 t y may be sav$4 #ab4 ,! belief ( ! ,sadducees 01 t !re is no resurrection ( ! dead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson #fb4 ,,comp\nd ,,s5t5ces4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,p>s+4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,comp\nd ,s5t5ce is "o compos$ ( two or m indep5d5t clauses4 ,model4--,w> has ceas$1 & peace has come4 ,w> has ceas$ ' ' & '44444 ' peace has ' come ,explanation ( ! ,diagram4--,^! two clause diagrams are %ad$ alike to %[ t ! two clauses are ( ! same rank4 ,! connect+ l9e is n slant+1 = "o clause is n a modifi] ( ! o!r4 ,z "o entire clause is connect$ ) ! o!r1 ! connect+ l9e is drawn betwe5 ! pr$icates simply = conv5i5ce4 ,oral ,analysis4--,?is is a comp\nd s5t5ce1 because x is made up ( two indep5d5t clauses4 ,! fir/ clause1 etc4 ----4 #a4 ,morn+ dawns1 & ! cl\ds disp]se4 #b4 ,pray] leads ! he>t to ,god1 & he always li/5s4 #c4 ,a s(t answ] turne? away wra?1 b griev\s words /ir up ang]4 #d4 ,p[] works easily1 b frett+ is a p]petual confession ( weakness4 #e4 ,_m meet ! gods1 b few salute !m4 #f4 ,we eat to live1 b we d n live to eat4 #g4 ,! satellites revolve 9 orbits ar\nd ! planets1 & ! planets move 9 orbits ar\nd ! sun4 #h4 ,a wise son make? a glad fa!r1 b a fooli% son is ! heav9ess ( 8 "m4 #i4 ,e man desires to live long1 b no man w\ld be old4 #aj4 ,footnote3 ,a v]b is to be suppli$ 9 ea* ( ! la/ ?ree s5t5ces4 ,pride goe? be=e de/ruction1 & a haughty _s be=e a fall4 #aa4 ,t[]s are measur$ by _! %ad[s1 & great m51 by _! calumniators4 #ab4 ,wor? makes ! man1 & want ( x1 ! fell[4 ,,lesson #fc4 ,,s5t5ces ,,classifi$ ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,_! ,,mean+4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,y h already become acqua9t$ ) ?ree k9ds ( s5t5ces4 ,c y "n !m8 ,p4--,! ,simple s5t5ce1 ! ,complex1 & ! ,comp\nd4 ,t4--,^! classes h be5 made ) reg>d to ! =m ( ! s5t5ce4 ,we w n[ arrange s5t5ces 9 classes ) reg>d to _! mean+4 ,m>y s+s4 ,does ,m>y s+8 ,s+1 ,m>y4 ,h[ ,m>y s+s6 ,"h are f\r simple s5t5ces4 ,d !y all mean ! same ?+8 ,p4--,!y d n4 ,t4--,well1 y see !y diff]4 ,let me tell y :]e94 ,! fir/ "o tells a fact1 ! second asks a "q1 ! ?ird expresses a comm&1 & ! f\r? expresses sudd5 ?\ght or /rong feel+4 ,we call ! fir/ a ,decl>ative s5t5ce1 ! second an ,int]rogative s5t5ce1 ! ?ird an ,imp]ative s5t5ce1 & ! f\r? an ,exclamatory s5t5ce4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,decl>ative ,s5t5ce is "o t is us$ to affirm or to d5y4 ,,def9ition4--,an ,int]rogative ,s5t5ce is "o t expresses a "q4 ,,def9ition4--,an ,imp]ative ,s5t5ce is "o t expresses a comm& or an entreaty4 ,,def9ition4--,an ,exclamatory ,s5t5ce is "o t expresses sudd5 ?\ght or /rong feel+4 ,,int]rogation ,,po9t--,,rule4--,e direct int]rogative s5t5ce %\ld be foll[$ by an int]rogation po9t4 ,footnote3 ,to ,! ,tea*]4--,see ,notes1 pp4 #agh1 #agi4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,*ange ea* ( ! foll[+ decl>ative s5t5ces into ?ree int]rogative s5t5ces1 & tell h[ ! *ange 0 made4 ,model4--,girls c skate4 ,c girls skate8 ,h[ c girls skate8 ,:at girls c skate8 ,y are happy4 ,p>rots c talk4 ,l[ h\ses 7 built4 ,*ange ea* ( ! foll[+ into an imp]ative s5t5ce4 ,notice t indep5d5t words are set (f by ! comma4 ,model4--,c>lo eats 8 d9n]4 ,eat y\r d9n]1 ,c>lo4 ,george plays ! flute4 ,birdie /&s on "o leg4 ,*ange ea* ( ! foll[+ into exclamatory s5t5ces4 ,model4--,y are happy4 ,h[ happy y are6 ,:at a happy *ild y are6 ,y are s happy6 ,"t flies swiftly4 ,i am glad to see y4 ,a refre%+ %[] fell4 ,lapl& is a cold c\ntry4 ,x is hot betwe5 ! tropics4 ,write a decl>ative1 an int]rogative1 an imp]ative1 & an exclamatory s5t5ce on ea* ( ! foll[+ topics4 ,wea!r1 lightn+1 a /age coa*4 ,,lesson #fd4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,p>s+4 ,,miscellane\s ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,review4 ,9 ! analysis1 classify ^! s5t5ces fir/ ) ref]5ce to _! =m1 & !n ) ref]5ce to _! mean+4 #a4 ,wick$ness is (t5 made a sub/itute = wit4 #b4 ,alfr$ 0 a brave1 pi\s1 & patriotic pr9ce4 #c4 ,! ?rone ( ,philip trembles :ile ,demo/h5es speaks4 #d4 ,t ! :ole is equal to ! sum ( its p>ts is an axiom4 #e4 ,! lion belongs to ! cat tribe1 b he _c climb a tree4 #f4 ,pride is a fl[] t gr[s 9 ! devil's g>d54 #g4 ,( all =ms ( habitation1 ! simple/ is ! burr[4 #h4 ,:5 ! righte\s are 9 au?ority1 ! p rejoice4 #i4 ,:5 ! wick$ be>e? rule1 ! p m\rn4 #aj4 ,cassius1 be n deceiv$4 ,footnote3 ,cassius is indep5d5t1 & may be diagram$ l an int]jection4 ,! subject ( be deceiv$ is ?\1 or y1 und]/ood4 #aa4 ,h[ poor1 h[ ri*1 h[ abject1 h[ augu/1 h[ wond]ful is man6 #ab4 ,:i* is ! l>ge/ city 9 ! _w8 ,,lesson #fe4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,p>s+4 ,,miscellane\s ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,review--,,cont9u$1 #a4 ,polit5ess is ! oil :i* lubricates ! :eels ( society4 #b4 #j lib]ty6 lib]ty6 h[ _m crimes are committ$ 9 ?y "n6 #c4 ,! m9d is a goodly field1 & to s[ x ) trifles is ! wor/ husb&ry 9 ! _w4 #d4 ,e day 9 ?y life is a leaf 9 ?y hi/ory4 #e4 ,make hay :ile ! sun %9es4 #f4 ,columbus did n "k t he _h discov]$ a new cont95t4 #g4 ,! subject ( inquiry 01 ,:o inv5t$ pr9t+8 #h4 ,! cat's tongue is cov]$ ) ?\s&s ( little %>p cones1 po9t+ t[>ds ! ?roat4 #i4 ,! fly sat ^u ! axle ( a *>iot-:eel & said1 ,:at a du/ d ,i raise6 #aj4 ,sir ,humphrey ,gilb]t1 attempt+ to recross ! ,atlantic 9 8 little vessel1 ! ,squirrel1 w5t d[n 9 mid-ocean4 #aa4 ,*>ity beg9s at home1 b x %\ld n /ay !re4 #ab4 ,! morn1 9 russet mantle clad1 walks o'er ! dew ( yon high ea/]n hill4 ,,lesson #ff4 ,,miscellane\s ,,errors ,,9 ,,review4 ,i hav5't ne> s mu*4 ,i only want "o4 ,draw ! /r+ tightly4 ,he writes good4 ,i w prosecute him :o /icks bills ^u ?is *ur* or any o!r nuisance4 ,noah = 8 godl9ess & 8 family 7 sav$ f ! flood4 ,we 7 at ,europe ?is summ]4 ,y may rely 9 t4 ,%e lives to home4 ,i c't d no "w4 ,he w nev] be no bett]4 ,!y seem$ to be ne>ly dress$ alike4 ,i won't nev] d s no m4 ,a ivory ball4 ,an hundr$ head ( cattle4 george wa%+ton1 g5 dix ( n y4 o s>ah i ,saw ,a pretty ,bonnet4 are ,y go+ home8 ,a "y man wrote ^! v]ses :o has long la9 9 8 grave = 8 own amusem5t4 ,?is h\se w be kept by ! wid[ ( ,mr4 ,b4 :o di$ rec5tly on an improv$ plan4 ,9 correct+ ! position ( ! adjective clauses 9 ! two examples above1 obs]ve ! caution = ! phrase modifi]s1 ,lesson #da4 ,he 0 an indep5d5t small f>m]4 ,! m9d kn[s feels & ?9ks4 ,! ur*9 0 ragg$ b>efoot$ dirty homeless & fri5dless4 ,i am "s tir$4 ,?is "h road is r\gh4 ,t !re man is homely4 p%aw i am s ,disgu/$4 ,:oa c't y /& /ill4 ,james ! g>d5] gave me a :ite lily4 ,irv+ ! g5ial writ] liv$ on ! hudson4 ,,lesson #fg4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,build "o s5t5ce out ( ea* gr\p ( ! s5t5ces :i* foll[4 ,model4--,an able man 0 *os54 ,a prud5t man 0 *os54 ,an honorable man 0 *os54 ,an able1 prud5t1 & honorable man 0 *os54 ,pure wat] is de/itute ( color4 ,pure wat] is de/itute ( ta/e4 ,pure wat] is de/itute ( smell4 ,cic]o 0 ! greate/ orator ( 8 age4 ,demo/h5es 0 ! greate/ orator ( 8 age4 ,daisies peep$ up "h4 ,daisies peep$ up !re4 ,daisies peep$ up ev]y:]e4 ,exp& ea* ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces into ?ree4 ,! ,engli% language is spok5 9 ,engl&1 ,canada1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,miss\ri1 ,ohio1 & ,arkansas riv]s are bran*es ( ! ,mississippi4 ,out ( ! f\r foll[+ s5t5ces1 build "o s5t5ce hav+ ?ree explanatory modifi]s4 ,model4--,elizabe? 0 ! daught] ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,elizabe? 0 si/] ( ,que5 ,m>y4 ,elizabe? 0 ! patron ( lit]ature4 ,elizabe? defeat$ ! ,armada4 ,elizabe?1 ! daught] ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 si/] ( ,que5 ,m>y1 & ! patron ( lit]ature1 defeat$ ! ,armada4 ,bo/on is ! capital ( ,massa*usetts4 ,bo/on is ! ,a!ns ( ,am]ica4 ,bo/on is ! ,hub ( ! ,univ]se4 ,bo/on has crook$ /reets4 ,exp& ! foll[+ s5t5ce into f\r s5t5ces4 ,daniel ,web/]1 ! great juri/1 ! exp\nd] ( ! ,con/itution1 & ! *ief ( ! ,am]ican ,triumvirate1 di$ ) ! words1 ,i /ill live1 on 8 lips4 ,,lesson #fh4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,= additional ex]cises 9 composition1 see ,notes1 pp4 #agf-ahj4 ,*ange ! foll[+ simple s5t5ces into complex s5t5ces by exp&+ ! phrases into adjective clauses4 ,model4--,p liv+ 9 glass h\ses %\ldn't ?r[ /ones4 ,p :o live 9 glass h\ses %\ldn't ?r[ /ones4 ,^? liv+ 9 ! ,arctic regions ne$ mu* oily food4 ,a h\se built ^u ! rock w /&4 ,! boy ( /udi\s habits w always h 8 lesson4 ,well+ton 0 a man ( iron w4 ,*ange ! foll[+ complex s5t5ces into simple s5t5ces by contract+ ! adjective clauses into phrases4 ,mu* ( ! cotton :i* is rais$ 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates is export$4 ,! h\se :i* 0 built ^u ! s& fell4 ,a ?+ :i* is beautiful is a joy =ev]4 ,a>on ,burr 0 a man :o _h fasc9at+ mann]s4 ,*ange ! foll[+ simple s5t5ces into complex s5t5ces by exp&+ ! phrases into adv]b clauses4 ,model4--,birds return 9 ! spr+4 ,:5 spr+ comes1 ! birds return4 ,! dog came at call4 ,9 old age our s5ses fail4 ,*ange ! foll[+ complex s5t5ces into simple s5t5ces by contract+ ! adv]b clauses into phrases4 ,! %ip />t$ :5 ! tide 0 at flood4 ,:5 he rea*$ ! middle ( 8 spee*1 he /opp$4 ,by supply+ n\n clauses1 make complete s5t5ces out ( ! foll[+ expressions4 ---- is a well-kn[n fact4 ,! fact 0 ----4 ,b54 ,frankl9 said ----4 ,,lesson #fi4 ,,g5]al ,,review4 ,:at is a lett]8 ,give ! "n & ! s\nd ( ea* ( ! lett]s 9 ! ?ree foll[+ words3 lett]s1 "n1 s\nd4 ,into :at classes are lett]s divid$8 ,def9e ea* class4 ,"n ! v[els4 ,:at is a ^w8 ,:at is artificial language8 ,:at is ,engli% ,gramm>8 ,:at is a s5t5ce8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two expressions1 ripe apples & apples are ripe8 ,:at two p>ts mu/ e s5t5ce h8 ,def9e ea*4 ,:at is ! analysis ( a s5t5ce8 ,:at is a diagram8 ,:at are p>ts ( spee*8 ,h[ _m p>ts ( spee* are !re8 ,give an example ( ea*4 ,:at is a n\n8 ,:at is a v]b8 ,:at mu/ e pr$icate conta98 ,:at is a pron\n8 ,:at is a modifi]8 ,:at is an adjective8 ,:at adjectives are sometimes call$ articles8 ,:5 is a us$8 ,:5 is an us$8 ,illu/rate4 ,give an example ( "o modifi] jo9$ to ano!r4 ,:at is an adv]b8 ,:at is a phrase8 ,:at is a preposition8 ,:at is a conjunction8 ,:at is an int]jection8 ,give f\r rules = ! use ( capital lett]s 7,lessons #h1 #ae1 #ai1 #hg74 ,give two rules = ! use ( ! p]iod1 "o = ! exclamation po9t1 & "o = ! int]rogation po9t 7,lessons #h1 #cg1 #fc74 ,,lesson #gj4 ,,g5]al ,,review4 ,:at is an object complem5t8 ,:at is an attribute complem5t8 ,h[ does a p>ticiple diff] f a pr$icate v]b8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at (fices does an inf9itive phrase p]=m8 ,illu/rate4 ,h[ are s5t5ces classifi$ ) respect to =m8 ,give an example ( ea* class4 ,:at is a simple s5t5ce8 ,:at is a clause8 ,:at is a dep5d5t clause8 ,:at is an indep5d5t clause8 ,:at is a complex s5t5ce8 ,:at is a comp\nd s5t5ce8 ,h[ are s5t5ces classifi$ ) respect to mean+8 ,give an example ( ea* class4 ,:at is a decl>ative s5t5ce8 ,:at is an int]rogative s5t5ce8 ,:at is an imp]ative s5t5ce8 ,:at is an exclamatory s5t5ce8 ,:at diff]5t (fices may a n\n p]=m8 ,ans4--,a n\n may be us$ z a subject1 z an object complem5t1 z an attribute complem5t1 z a possessive modifi]1 z an explanatory modifi]1 z ! pr9cipal ^w 9 a prepositional phrase1 & x may be us$ indep5d5tly4 ,illu/rate ea* use4 ,:at are sometimes sub/itut$ = n\ns8 ,ans4--,pron\ns1 phrases1 & clauses4 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is ! pr9cipal (fice ( a v]b8 ,:at (fices may be p]=m$ by a phrase8 ,:at1 by a clause8 ,:at1 diff]5t (fices may an adjective p]=m8 ,:at p>ts ( spee* may connect clauses8 ,ans4--,conjunctions1 adv]bs1 & pron\ns4 7,see ,lessons #fb1 #ei1 & #eg47 ,give rules = ! use ( ! comma 7,lessons #cg1 #ed1 #eg74 ,give & illu/rate ! directions = us+ adjectives & adv]bs1 = plac+ phrases1 = us+ prepositions1 & = us+ negatives 7,lessons #dj1 #da74 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,= additional review1 see ,s*eme1 p4 #ahe4 ,if ! e>ly pres5tation ( an outl9e ( te*nical gramm> is n compell$ by a prescrib$ c\rse ( /udy1 we %\ld "h introduce a s]ies ( lessons 9 ! con/ruction ( s5t5ces1 p>agraphs1 lett]s1 & g5]al compositions4 ,! pages foll[+ ,lesson #ajj w furni% matt]4 ,see especially ,,composition ,,ex]cises 9 ! ,supplem5t--,selection f ,bee*]4 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee* ,,subdivid$4 ,,lesson #ga4 ,,classes ,,( ,,n\ns4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,h]eaft]1 9 ! ,h9ts1 we %all drop ! dialogue =m1 b we expect ! tea*] to cont9ue x4 ,a poor tea*] does all ! talk+1 a good tea*] makes ! pupils talk4 ,! tea*] may "h ref] to 8 talk ab\t ! classification ( birds1 & %[ t1 aft] birds h be5 arrang$ 9 great classes1 su* z rob9s1 sp>r[s1 etc41 ^! classes w ne$ to be subdivid$1 if ! pupil is to be made ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ?is dep>tm5t ( ! animal k+dom4 ,s1 aft] gr\p+ words into ! eight great classes1 call$ ,p>ts ( ,spee*1 ^! classes may be divid$ into o!r classes4 ,= in/ance1 take ! two n\ns city & ,brooklyn4 ,! ^w city is ! common "n ( all places ( a c]ta9 class1 b ! ^w ,brooklyn is ! prop] or p>ticul> "n ( an individual ( ?is class4 ,we h "h1 !n1 two k9ds ( n\ns :i* we call ,common & ,prop]4 ,let ! tea*] write a numb] ( n\ns on ! bo>d1 & require ! pupil to classify !m & give ! reasons = ! classification4 ,to prep>e ! pupil ?or\ghly = ?is "w1 ! tea*] w f9d x necess>y to expla9 :y su* words z music1 ma!matics1 k1 etc41 are common n\ns4 ,music1 e4 g41 is n a prop] n\n1 = x is n a "n giv5 to an individual ?+ to di/+ui% x f o!r ?+s ( ! same class4 ,!re are no o!r ?+s ( ! same class--x =ms a class by itself4 ,s we call ! n\n music a common n\n4 ,,classes ,,( ,,pron\ns4 ,! speak] seldom ref]s to himself by "n1 b uses ! pron\n ,i in/ead4 ,9 speak+ to a p]son1 we (t5 use ! pron\n y in/ead ( 8 "n4 ,9 speak+ ( a p]son or ?+ t has be5 m5tion$ be=e1 we say he or %e or x4 ,^! words t by _! =m indicate ! speak]1 ! he>]1 or ! p]son or ?+ spok5 (1 are call$ ,p]sonal ,pron\ns4 ,see ,lesson #ai1 ,h9ts4 ,give s5t5ces conta9+ n\ns repeat$1 & require ! pupils to improve ^! s5t5ces by sub/itut+ pron\ns4 ,:5 we wi% to ref] to an object t has be5 m5tion$ 9 ano!r clause1 & at ! same "t to connect ! clauses1 we use a class ( pron\ns call$ ,relative ,pron\ns4 ,let ! tea*] illu/rate by us+ ! pron\ns :o1 :i*1 & t4 ,see ,lesson #eg1 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4 ,:5 we wi% to ask ab\t any?+ ^: "n is unkn[n1 we use a class ( pron\ns call$ ,int]rogative ,pron\ns4 ,! int]rogative pron\n /&s = ! unkn[n "n1 & asks = x2 z1 ,:o comes "h8 ,:at is ?is8 ,bo? m5 7 wrong4 ,let u omit m5 & say1 ,bo? 7 wrong4 ,y see ! mean+ is n *ang$--bo? is "h equival5t to bo? m51 t is1 x p]=ms ! (fice ( an adjective & t ( a n\n4 ,x is !re=e an ,adjective ,pron\n4 ,let ! tea*] fur!r illu/rate ! (fice ( ! adjective pron\n by us+ ! words ea*1 all1 _m1 "s1 su*1 etc4 ,,def9itions4 ,,classes ,,( ,,n\ns4 ,a ,common ,n\n is a "n :i* belongs to all ?+s ( a class4 ,a ,prop] ,n\n is ! p>ticul> "n ( an individual4 ,,classes ,,( ,,pron\ns4 ,a ,p]sonal ,pron\n is a pron\n t by its =m d5otes ! speak]1 ! "o spok5 to1 or ! "o spok5 (4 ,a ,relative ,pron\n is "o t relates to "s prec$+ ^w or words1 & connects clauses4 ,an ,int]rogative ,pron\n is "o ) :i* a "q is ask$4 ,an ,adjective ,pron\n is "o t p]=ms ! (fices ( bo? an adjective & a n\n4 ,,lesson #gb4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,build ea* ( ! foll[+ gr\ps ( n\ns into a s5t5ce4 ,see ,rule1 ,lesson #ae4 web/] c>es (fice wa%+ton repose home m>%fleld4 george wa%+ton comm&] army revolution presid5t unit$ /ates we/morel& /ate virg9ia mon? febru>y4 san francisco city port pacific trade unit$ /ates l9es /eam%ips s&wi* isl&s japan *9a au/ralia4 ,write five simple s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ "o ( ! five p]sonal pron\ns3 ,i1 ?\ or y1 he1 %e1 & x4 ,write f\r complex s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ "o ( ! f\r relative pron\ns3 :o1 :i*1 t1 & :at4 ,:at is us$ z a relative pron\n :5 ! antec$5t is omitt$4 ,! ^w = :i* a pron\n /&s is call$ its antec$5t4 ,:5 we express ! antec$5t1 we use :i* or t4 ,i %all d :at is requir$2 ,i %all d ! ?+ :i* is requir$1 or t is requir$4 ,build ?ree int]rogative s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ "o ( ! ?ree int]rogative pron\ns3 :o1 :i*1 & :at4 ,build eight s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ "o ( ! foll[+ adjective pron\ns3 few1 _m1 mu*1 "s1 ?is1 ^!1 t1 ^?4 ,,lesson #gc4 ,,classes ,,( ,,adjectives4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,:5 ,i say l>ge1 r\nd1 sweet1 yell[ oranges1 ! words l>ge1 r\nd1 sweet1 & yell[ modify ! ^w oranges by tell+ ! k9d1 & limit ! application ( ! ^w to oranges ( t k9d4 ,:5 ,i say ?is orange1 yond] orange1 "o orange1 ! words ?is1 yond]1 & "o d n tell ! k9d1 b simply po9t out or numb] ! orange1 & limit ! application ( ! ^w to ! orange po9t$ out or numb]$4 ,adjectives ( ! fir/ class describe by giv+ a quality1 & s are call$ ,descriptive adjectives4 ,adjectives ( ! second class def9e by po9t+ out or numb]+1 & s are call$ ,def9itive adjectives4 ,let ! tea*] write n\ns on ! bo>d1 & require ! pupils to modify !m by appropriate descriptive & def9itive adjectives4 ,,def9itions4 ,a ,descriptive ,adjective is "o t modifies by express+ quality4 ,a ,def9itive ,adjective is "o t modifies by po9t+ out1 numb]+1 or d5ot+ quantity4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,place ! foll[+ adjectives 9 two columns1 "o head$ descriptive1 & ! o!r def9itive1 !n build simple s5t5ces 9 :i* !y %all be employ$ z modifi]s4 ,f9d out ! mean+ ( ea* ^w be=e y use x4 ,r\nd1 frolicsome1 fir/1 indu/ri\s1 jolly1 idle1 skillful1 ea*1 !1 fai?ful1 an1 k9d1 "o1 tall1 anci5t1 mod]n1 danc+1 mis*iev\s1 /ation>y1 nimble1 sev]al1 slant+1 p>allel1 oval1 e4 ,build simple s5t5ces 9 :i* ! foll[+ descriptive adjectives %all be employ$ z attribute complem5ts4 ,let "s ( ^! attributes be comp\nd4 ,re/less1 impulsive1 d5se1 r>e1 gritty1 sluggi%1 d+y1 selfi%1 cle>1 cold1 sp>kl+1 sl5d]1 graceful1 hungry1 fri5dless4 ,build simple s5t5ces 9 :i* ! foll[+ descriptive adjectives %all be employ$4 ,"s ( ^! adjectives h ! =m ( p>ticiples1 & "s are d]iv$ f prop] n\ns4 ,,capital ,,lett]--,,rule4--,an ,adjective d]iv$ f a prop] n\n mu/ beg9 ) a capital lett]4 ,%9+1 mov+1 sway+1 bubbl+1 ,am]ican1 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,swiss1 ,iri%1 ,*9ese4 ,,lesson #gd4 ,,classes ,,( ,,v]bs4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,! man caught makes no complete ass]tion1 & is n a s5t5ce4 ,if ,i add ! object complem5t fi%1 ,i complete ! ass]tion & =m a s5t5ce--,! man caught fi%4 ,! action express$ by caught passes ov] f ! man to ! fi%4 ,transitive means pass+ ov]1 & s all ^? v]bs t express an action t passes ov] f a do] to some?+ :i* receives1 are call$ ,transitive v]bs4 ,fi% swim4 ,! v]b swim does n require an object to complete ! s5t5ce4 ,no action passes f a do] to a receiv]4 ,^! v]bs :i* express action t does n pass ov] to a receiv]1 & all ^? :i* d n express action at all1 b simply be+ or /ate ( be+1 are call$ ,intransitive v]bs4 ,let ! tea*] write transitive & intransitive v]bs on ! bo>d1 & require ! pupils to di/+ui% !m4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,i cru% ! worm1 ,i express an action t is go+ on n[1 or 9 pres5t "t4 ,i cru%$ ! worm1 expresses an action t took place 9 pa/ "t4 ,z t5se means "t1 we call ! =m cru% ! pres5t t5se ( ! v]b1 & cru%$ ! pa/ t5se4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! worm cru%$ "u my foot di$1 cru%$1 express+ ! action z assum$1 is1 z y h already le>n$1 a p>ticiple2 &1 z ! action is complet$1 we call x a pa/ p>ticiple4 ,n[ notice t ed 0 add$ to cru%1 ! v]b 9 ! pres5t t5se1 to =m ! v]b 9 ! pa/ t5se1 & to =m ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,mo/ v]bs =m _! pa/ t5se & _! pa/ p>ticiple by add+ ed1 & s we call su* ,regul> v]bs4 ,i see ! man2 ,i saw ! man2 ,! man se5 by me ran away4 ,i cat* fi% 9 ! brook2 ,i caught fi% 9 ! brook2 ,! fi% caught 9 ! brook ta/$ good4 ,"h ! v]bs see & cat* d n =m _! pa/ t5se & pa/ p>ticiple by add+ ed to ! pres5t1 & s we call !m ,irregul> v]bs4 ,let ! tea*] write on ! bo>d v]bs ( bo? classes1 & require ! pupils to di/+ui% !m4 ,,def9itions4 ,,classes ,,( ,,v]bs ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,mean+4 ,a ,transitive ,v]b is "o t requires an object4 ,footnote3 ,! object ( a transitive v]b1 t is1 ! "n ( ! receiv] ( ! action1 may be ! object complem5t1 or x may be ! subject2 z1 ,brutus /abb$ ,caes>1 ,caes> 0 /abb$ by ,brutus4 ,an ,intransitive ,v]b is "o t does n require an object4 ,,classes ,,( ,,v]bs ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,=m4 ,a ,regul> ,v]b is "o t =ms its pa/ t5se & pa/ p>ticiple by add+ ed to ! pres5t4 ,footnote3 ,if ! pres5t ends 9 e1 ! e is dropp$ :5 ed is add$2 z1 love1 loved2 believe1 believed4 ,an ,irregul> ,v]b is "o t does n =m its pa/ t5se & pa/ p>ticiple by add+ ed to ! pres5t4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,place ! foll[+ v]bs 9 two columns1 "o head$ transitive & ! o!r1 intransitive4 ,place ! same v]bs 9 two o!r columns1 "o head$ regul> & ! o!r1 irregul>4 ,build ^! v]bs into s5t5ces by supply+ a subject to ea* intransitive v]b1 & a subject & an object to ea* transitive v]b4 ,vani%1 gallop1 bite1 promote1 conta91 produce1 provide1 veto1 secure1 scramble1 rattle1 draw4 ,arrange ! foll[+ v]bs z be=e1 & !n build !m into s5t5ces by supply+ a subject & a n\n attribute to ea* intransitive v]b1 & a subject & an object to ea* transitive v]b4 ,degrade1 ga!r1 "k1 01 became1 is4 ,a v]b may be transitive 9 "o s5t5ce & intransitive 9 ano!r4 ,use ! foll[+ v]bs bo? ways4 ,model4--,! wr5 s+s sweetly4 ,! wr5 s+s a pretty little song4 ,b5d1 r+1 break1 da%1 move4 ,,lesson #ge4 ,,classes ,,( ,,adv]bs4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,:5 ,i say1 ,he w come soon1 or pres5tly1 or (t51 or e>ly1 ,i am us+1 to modify w come1 words :i* express ! "t ( com+4 ,^! & all su* adv]bs we call ,adv]bs ( ,"t4 ,he w come up1 or hi!r1 or "h1 or back4 ,"h ,i use1 to modify w come1 words :i* express place4 ,^! & all su* adv]bs we call ,adv]bs ( ,place4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,! wea!r is s cold1 or v cold1 or int5sely cold1 ! words s1 v1 & int5sely modify ! adjective cold by express+ ! degree ( coldness4 ,^! & all su* adv]bs we call ,adv]bs ( ,degree4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,he spoke freely1 wisely1 & well1 ! words freely1 wisely1 & well tell h[ or 9 :at mann] he spoke4 ,all su* adv]bs we call ,adv]bs ( ,mann]4 ,let ! tea*] place adv]bs on ! bo>d1 & require ! pupil to classify !m4 ,,def9itions4 ,adv]bs ( ,"t are ^? t g5]ally answ] ! "q1 ,:58 ,adv]bs ( ,place are ^? t g5]ally answ] ! "q1 ,:]e8 ,adv]bs ( ,degree are ^? t g5]ally answ] ! "q1 ,to :at ext5t8 ,adv]bs ( ,mann] are ^? t g5]ally answ] ! "q1 ,9 :at way8 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,place ! foll[+ adv]bs 9 ! f\r classes we h made--if ! classification be p]fect1 !re w be five words 9 ea* column--!n build ea* adv]b into a simple s5t5ce4 ,p>tly1 only1 too1 wisely1 n[1 "h1 :51 v1 well1 :]e1 nobly1 already1 seldom1 m1 ably1 away1 always1 n1 !re1 out4 ,"s adv]bs1 z y h already le>n$1 modify two v]bs1 & ?us connect ! two clauses 9 :i* ^! v]bs occur4 ,su* adv]bs are call$ ,conjunctive ,adv]bs4 ,! foll[+ dep5d5t clauses are introduc$ by conjunctive adv]bs4 ,build !m into complex s5t5ces by supply+ indep5d5t clauses4 ------ :5 ! ice is smoo?2 ------ :ile we sleep2 ------ be=e w9t] comes2 ------ :]e ! re9de] lives2 ------ :]ev] y g4 ,,lesson #gf4 ,,classes ,,( ,,conjunctions4 ,footnote3 ,= classifi$ li/s1 see pp4 #aij1aia4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,frogs1 antelopes1 & kang>oos c jump4 ,"h ! ?ree n\ns are ( ! same rank 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,all are subjects ( c jump4 ,w> has ceas$1 & peace has come4 ,9 ?is comp\nd s5t5ce1 !re are two clauses ( ! same rank4 ,! ^w & connects ! subjects ( c jump1 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce3 & ! two clauses1 9 ! second4 ,all words t connect words1 phrases1 or clauses ( ! same rank are call$ ,co-ord9ate ,conjunctions4 ,if y h te>s1 prep>e to %$ !m n[4 ,i w g1 because y ne$ me4 ,"h if jo9s ! clause1 y h te>s1 z a modifi]1 express+ condition1 to ! indep5d5t clause1 prep>e to %$ !m n[2 & because connects y ne$ me1 z a modifi]1 express+ reason or cause1 to ! indep5d5t clause1 ,i w g4 ,^! & all su* conjunctions z connect dep5d5t clauses to clauses ( a high] rank are call$ ,subord9ate ,conjunctions4 ,let ! tea*] illu/rate ! mean+ & use ( ! words subord9ate & co-ord9ate4 ,,def9itions4 ,co-ord9ate ,conjunctions are su* z connect words1 phrases1 or clauses ( ! same rank4 ,subord9ate ,conjunctions are su* z connect clauses ( diff]5t rank4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,build f\r %ort s5t5ces = ea* ( ! ?ree co-ord9ate conjunctions t foll[4 ,9 ! fir/1 let ! conjunction be us$ to connect pr9cipal p>ts ( a s5t5ce2 9 ! second1 to connect ^w modifi]s2 9 ! ?ird1 to connect phrase modifi]s2 & 9 ! f\r?1 to connect indep5d5t clauses4 ,&1 or1 b4 ,write f\r %ort complex s5t5ces conta9+ ! f\r subord9ate conjunctions t foll[4 ,let ! fir/ be us$ to introduce a n\n clause1 & ! o!r ?ree to connect adv]b clauses to indep5d5t clauses4 ,t1 =1 if1 because4 ,,lesson #gg4 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,:at new subject beg9s ) page #ie8 ,"n & def9e ! diff]5t classes ( n\ns4 ,illu/rate by examples ! diff]5ce betwe5 common n\ns & prop] n\ns4 ,"n & def9e ! diff]5t classes ( pron\ns4 ,c ! pron\n ,i be us$ to /& = ! "o spok5 to8--! "o spok5 (8 ,does ! relative pron\n di/+ui% by its =m ! speak]1 ! "o spok5 to1 & ! "o spok5 (8 ,illu/rate4 ,c any o!r class ( pron\ns be us$ to connect clauses8 ,= :at d int]rogative pron\ns /&8 ,illu/rate4 ,:]e may ! antec$5t ( an int]rogative pron\n g5]ally be f\nd8 ,ans4--,! antec$5t ( an int]rogative pron\n may g5]ally lie f\nd 9 ! answ] to ! "q4 ,"n & def9e ! diff]5t classes ( adjectives4 ,give an example ( ea* class4 ,"n & def9e ! diff]5t classes ( v]bs1 made ) respect to _! mean+4 ,give an example ( ea* class4 ,"n & def9e ! diff]5t classes ( v]bs1 made ) respect to _! =m4 ,give an example ( ea* class4 ,"n & def9e ! diff]5t classes ( adv]bs4 ,give examples ( ea* k9d4 ,"n & def9e ! diff]5t classes ( conjunctions4 ,illu/rate by examples4 ,are prepositions & int]jections subdivid$8 7,see ,s*emes = ! conjunction1 ! preposition1 & ! int]jection1 p4 #ahh47 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,see ,,composition ,,ex]cises 9 ! ,supplem5t-- ,selection f ,dr4 ,john ,br[n4 ,we sugge/ t o!r selections f lit]ature be made & ^! ex]cises cont9u$4 ,,modifications ,,( ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee*4 ,,lesson #gh4 ,,n\ns ,,& ,,pron\ns4 ,y h le>n$ t two words may express a ?\ght1 & t ! ?\ght may be v>i$ by add+ modify+ words4 ,y are n[ to le>n t ! mean+ or use ( a ^w may sometimes be *ang$ by simply *ang+ its =m4 ,! ,engli% language has lo/ _m ( its inflections1 or =ms1 s t frequ5tly *anges 9 ! mean+ & use ( words are n m>k$ by *anges 9 =m4 ,^! *anges 9 ! =m1 mean+1 & use ( ! p>ts ( spee*1 we call _! ,modifications4 ,! boy %\ts4 ,! boys %\t4 ,i h *ang$ ! =m ( ! subject boy by add+ an s to x4 ,! mean+ has *ang$4 ,boy d5otes "o lad2 boys1 two or m lads4 ,?is *ange 9 ! =m & mean+ ( n\ns is call$ ,numb]4 ,! ^w boy1 d5ot+ "o ?+1 is 9 ! ,s+ul> ,numb]2 & boys1 d5ot+ m ?an "o ?+1 is 9 ! ,plural ,numb]4 ,let ! tea*] write o!r n\ns on ! bo>d1 & require ! pupils to =m ! plural ( !m4 ,,def9itions4 ,modifications ( ! ,p>ts ( ,spee* are *anges 9 _! =m1 mean+1 & use4 ,,numb]4 ,numb] is t modification ( a n\n or pron\n :i* d5otes "o ?+ or m ?an "o4 ,! ,s+ul> ,numb] d5otes "o ?+4 ,! ,plural ,numb] d5otes m ?an "o ?+4 ,,rule4--,! plural ( n\ns is regul>ly =m$ by add+ s to ! s+ul>4 ,write ! plural ( ! foll[+ n\ns4 ,tree1 bird1 insect1 cricket1 gras%opp]1 w+1 /ick1 /one1 fl[]1 mead[1 pa/ure1 grove1 worm1 bug1 c[1 eagle1 hawk1 wr51 pl\gh1 %ovel4 ,:5 a s+ul> n\n ends 9 ! s\nd ( s1 x1 z1 %1 or *1 x is n easy to add ! s\nd ( s1 s es is add$ to make ano!r syllable4 ,write ! plural ( ! foll[+ n\ns4 ,guess1 box1 topaz1 la%1 bir*1 compass1 fox1 waltz1 sa%1 b5*1 gas1 tax1 adz1 bru%1 ar*4 ,_m n\ns end+ 9 o prec$$ by a consonant =m ! plural by add+ es )\t increas+ ! numb] ( syllables4 ,write ! plural ( ! foll[+ n\ns4 ,h]o1 c>go1 negro1 potato1 e*o1 volcano1 mosquito1 motto4 ,common n\ns end+ 9 y prec$$ by a consonant =m ! plural by *ang+ y into i & add+ es )\t increas+ ! numb] ( syllables4 ,write ! plural ( ! foll[+ n\ns4 ,lady1 balcony1 family1 city1 c\ntry1 daisy1 fairy1 *]ry1 /udy1 sky4 ,"s n\ns end+ 9 f & fe =m ! plural by *ang+ f or fe into ves )\t increas+ ! numb] ( syllables4 ,write ! plural ( ! foll[+ n\ns4 ,%eaf1 loaf1 beef1 ?ief1 calf1 half1 elf1 %elf1 self1 wolf1 life1 knife1 wife4 ,,lesson #gi4 ,,numb]4 ,f ! foll[+ li/ ( n\ns1 select1 & write 9 sep>ate columns3 #a/4 ,^? t h no plural2 #b;d4 ,^? t h no s+ul>2 #c;d4 ,^? t are alike 9 bo? numb]s4 ,pride1 wages1 tr\s]s1 cid]1 suds1 victuals1 milk1 ri*es1 flax1 c\rage1 %eep1 de]1 fl\r1 idl5ess1 tid+s1 ?anks1 a%es1 scissors1 sw9e1 hea!n4 ,! foll[+ n\ns h v irregul> plurals4 ,le>n to spell ! plurals4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,man1 m54 ,foot1 feet4 ,woman1 wom54 ,ox1 ox54 ,*ild1 *ildr54 ,too?1 tee?4 ,m\se1 mice4 ,goose1 geese4 ,le>n ! foll[+ plurals & comp>e !m ) ! gr\ps 9 ! prec$+ ,lesson4 ,moneys1 flies1 *imneys1 valleys1 /ories1 b]ries1 lilies1 turkeys1 monkeys1 cuckoos1 pianos1 vetoes1 solos1 folios1 gulfs1 *iefs1 leaves1 ro(s1 sc>fs1 in*es4 ,,lesson #hj4 ,,n\ns ,,& ,,pron\ns4--,,g5d]4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,! lion 0 cag$4 ,! lioness 0 cag$4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 some?+ 0 said ab\t a male lion2 & 9 ! second1 some?+ 0 said ab\t a female lion4 ,modifications ( ! n\n to d5ote ! sex ( ! object1 we call ,g5d]4 ,kn[+ ! sex ( ! object1 y "k ! g5d] ( its "n4 ,! ^w lion1 d5ot+ a male animal1 is 9 ! ,mascul9e ,g5d]2 & lioness1 d5ot+ a female lion1 is 9 ! ,fem99e ,g5d]4 ,! names ( ?+s )\t sex are 9 ! ,neut] ,g5d]4 ,su* words z c\s91 *ild1 fri5d1 neighbor1 may be ei!r mascul9e or fem99e4 ,,def9itions4 ,g5d] is t modification ( a n\n or pron\n :i* d5otes sex4 ,! ,mascul9e ,g5d] d5otes ! male sex4 ,! ,fem99e ,g5d] d5otes ! female sex4 ,! ,neut] ,g5d] d5otes want ( sex4 ,! mascul9e is di/+ui%$ f ! fem99e 9 ?ree ways3-- #a/4 ,by a diff]5ce 9 ! end+ ( ! n\ns4 #b;d4 ,by diff]5t words 9 ! comp\nd names4 #c;d4 ,by words :olly or radically diff]5t4 ,arrange ! foll[+ pairs 9 sep>ate columns ) ref]5ce to ^! ways4 ,abbot1 abbess2 actor1 actress2 ,francis1 ,frances2 ,jesse1 ,jessie2 ba*elor1 maid2 beau1 belle2 monk1 nun2 g&]1 goose2 adm9i/rator1 adm9i/ratrix2 b>on1 b>oness2 c\nt1 c\ntess2 cz>1 cz>9a2 don1 donna2 boy1 girl2 drake1 duck2 "l1 lady2 nephew1 niece2 l&lord1 l&lady2 g5tleman1 g5tlewoman2 peacock1 peah52 duke1 du*ess2 h]o1 h]o9e2 ho/1 ho/ess2 ,jew1 ,jewess2 man-s]vant1 maid-s]vant2 sir1 madam2 wiz>d1 wit*2 m>quis1 m>*ioness2 wid[1 wid[]2 heir1 heiress2 ,paul1 ,paul9e2 ,augu/us1 ,augu/a4 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,:at new way ( v>y+ ! mean+ ( words is introduc$ 9 ,lesson #gh8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at are modifications ( ! p>ts ( spee*8 ,:at is numb]8 ,h[ _m numb]s are !re8 ,"n & def9e ea*4 ,give ! rule = =m+ ! plural ( n\ns4 ,illu/rate ! v>iations ( ?is rule4 ,:at is g5d]8 ,h[ _m g5d]s are !re8 ,"n & def9e ea*4 ,9 h[ _m ways are ! g5d]s di/+ui%$8 ,illu/rate4 ,,lesson #ha4 ,,n\ns ,,& ,,pron\ns4--,,p]son ,,& ,,case4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,numb] & g5d]1 z y h already le>n$1 are modifications affect+ ! mean+ ( n\ns & pron\ns4 ,numb] is almo/ always indicat$ by ! end+2 g5d]1 sometimes4 ,!re are two o!r modifications :i* ref] n to *anges 9 ! mean+ ( n\ns & pron\ns1 b to _! diff]5t uses & relations4 ,9 ! ,engli% language1 ^! *anges are n (t5 indicat$ by a *ange ( =m4 ,i ,paul h writt54 ,paul1 ?\ art beside ?yself4 ,he br\ght ,paul be=e ,agrippa4 ,9 ^! ?ree s5t5ces ! ^w ,paul has ?ree diff]5t uses4 ,9 ! fir/1 x is us$ z ! "n ( ! speak]2 9 ! second1 z ! "n ( "o spok5 to2 9 ! ?ird1 z ! "n ( "o spok5 (4 ,y w notice t ! =m ( ! n\n 0 n *ang$4 ,?is *ange 9 ! use ( n\ns & pron\ns is call$ ,p]son4 ,! ^w ,i 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ! ^w ?\ 9 ! second1 & ! ^w he 9 ! ?ird h ea* a diff]5t use4 ,i1 ?\1 & he are p]sonal pron\ns1 &1 z y h le>n$1 di/+ui% p]son by _! =m4 ,i1 d5ot+ ! speak]1 is 9 ! ,fir/ ,p]son2 ?\1 d5ot+ ! "o spok5 to1 is 9 ! ,second ,p]son2 & he1 d5ot+ ! "o spok5 (1 is 9 ! ,?ird ,p]son4 ,p]sonal pron\ns & v]bs are ! only words t di/+ui% p]son by _! =m4 ,! be> kill$ ! man4 ,! man kill$ ! be>4 ,! be>'s grease 0 made into hair oil4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ! be> is repres5t$ z p]=m+ an action2 9 ! second1 z receiv+ an action2 9 ! ?ird1 z possess+ some?+4 ,s ! ^w be> 9 ^! s5t5ces has ?ree diff]5t uses4 ,^! uses ( n\ns are call$ ,cases4 ,! use ( a n\n z subject is call$ ! ,nom9ative ,case2 its use z object is call$ ! ,objective ,case2 & its use to d5ote possession is call$ ! ,possessive ,case4 ,! possessive is ! only case ( n\ns t is indicat$ by a *ange 9 =m4 ,a n\n or pron\n us$ z an attribute complem5t is 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,a n\n or pron\n foll[+ a preposition z ! pr9cipal ^w ( a phrase is 9 ! objective case4 ,i & he are nom9ative =ms4 ,me & him are objective =ms4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces are !re=e incorrect3 ,x is me2 ,x is him2 ,me gave ! p5 to he4 ,,def9itions4 ,p]son is t modification ( a n\n or pron\n :i* d5otes ! speak]1 ! "o spok5 to1 or ! "o spok5 (4 ,! ,fir/ ,p]son d5otes ! "o speak+4 ,! ,second ,p]son d5otes ! "o spok5 to4 ,! ,?ird ,p]son d5otes ! "o spok5 (4 ,case is t modification ( a n\n or pron\n :i* d5otes its (fice 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,! ,nom9ative ,case ( a n\n or pron\n d5otes its (fice z subject or z attribute complem5t4 ,! ,possessive ,case ( a n\n or pron\n d5otes its (fice z possessive modifi]4 ,! ,objective ,case ( a n\n or pron\n d5otes its (fice z object complem5t1 or z pr9cipal ^w 9 a prepositional phrase4 ,,lesson #hb4 ,,n\ns ,,& ,,pron\ns4--,,p]son ,,& ,,case4 ,tell ! p]son & case ( ea* ( ! foll[+ n\ns & pron\ns4 ,rememb] t a n\n or pron\n us$ z an explanatory modifi] is 9 ! same case z ! ^w :i* x expla9s1 & t a n\n or pron\n us$ indep5d5tly is 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,we ,am]icans d ?+s 9 a hurry4 ,y ,engli%m5 take m "t to ?9k4 ,! ,g]mans d _! "w ) ! mo/ pati5ce & delib]ation4 ,we boys desire a holiday4 ,come on1 my m52 ,i w lead y4 ,i1 y\r tea*]1 desire y\r success4 ,y1 my pupils1 are att5tive4 ,i call$ on ,tom1 ! t9k]4 ,fri5ds1 c\ntrym51 & lov]s1 he> me = my cause4 ,write simple s5t5ces 9 :i* ea* ( ! foll[+ n\ns %all be us$ 9 ! ?ree p]sons & 9 ! ?ree cases4 ,&rew ,jackson1 ,alex&]1 ,yankees4 ,write a s5t5ce conta9+ a n\n 9 ! nom9ative case1 us$ z an attribute2 "o 9 ! nom9ative1 us$ z an explanatory modifi]2 "o 9 ! nom9ative1 us$ indep5d5tly4 ,write a s5t5ce conta9+ a n\n 9 ! objective case1 us$ to complete two pr$icate v]bs2 "o us$ to complete a p>ticiple2 "o us$ to complete an inf9itive2 "o us$ ) a preposition to make a phrase2 "o us$ z an explanatory modifi]4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,see pp4 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,,lesson #hc4 ,,n\ns ,,& ,,pron\ns4--,,decl5sion4 ,,def9ition4--,decl5sion is ! arrangem5t ( ! cases ( n\ns & pron\ns 9 ! two numb]s4 ,decl5sion ( ,n\ns4 ,,lady4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,nom4 lady1 ladies1 ,pos4 lady's1 ladies'1 ,obj4 lady2 ladies4 ,,*ild4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,nom4 *ild1 *ildr51 ,pos4 *ild's1 *ildr5's1 ,obj4 *ild2 *ildr54 ,decl5sion ( ,pron\ns4 ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns4 ,,fir/ ,,p]son4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,nom4 ,i1 we1 ,pos4 my or m9e1 our or ours1 ,obj4 me2 u4 ,,second ,,p]son--common =m4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,nom4 y1 y1 ,pos4 y\r or y\rs1 y\r or y\rs1 ,obj4 y2 y4 ,,second ,,p]son--old =m4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,nom4 ?\1 ye or y1 ,pos4 ?y or ?9e1 y\r or y\rs1 ,obj4 !e2 y4 ,,?ird ,,p]son--mascul9e4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,nom4 he1 !y1 ,pos4 81 _! or !irs1 ,obj4 him2 !m4 ,,?ird ,,p]son--fem99e4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,nom4 %e1 !y1 ,pos4 h] or h]s1 _! or !irs1 ,obj4 h]2 !m4 ,,?ird ,,p]son----neut]4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,nom4 x1 !y1 ,pos4 its1 _! or !irs1 ,obj4 x2 !m4 ,m9e1 ours1 y\rs1 ?9e1 h]s1 & !irs are us$ :5 ! "n ( ! ?+ possess$ is omitt$2 z1 ,?is rose is y\rs ,?is rose is y\r rose4 ,,comp\nd ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns4 ,by jo9+ ! ^w self to ! possessive =ms my1 ?y1 y\r1 & to ! objective =ms him1 h]1 x1 ! ,comp\nd ,p]sonal ,pron\ns are =m$4 ,!y h no possessive case1 & are alike 9 ! nom9ative & ! objective4 ,_! plurals are ourselves1 y\rselves1 & !mselves4 ,=m ! comp\nd p]sonal pron\ns1 & write _! decl5sion4 ,,relative ,,& ,,int]rogative ,,pron\ns4 ,s+4 & ,plu4 ,nom4 :o1 ,pos4 ^:1 ,obj4 :om4 ,s+4 & ,plu4 ,nom4 :i*1 ,pos4 ^:1 ,obj4 :i*4 ,( :i* is (t5 us$ in/ead ( ! possessive =m ( ! latt] pron\n4 ,s+4 & ,plu4 ,nom4 t1 ,pos4 ----1 ,obj4 t4 ,s+4 & ,plu4 ,nom4 :at1 ,pos4 ----1 ,obj4 :at4 ,ev] & soev] are add$ to :o1 :i*1 & :at to =m ! ,comp\nd ,relative ,pron\ns4 ,!y are us$ :5 ! antec$5t is omitt$4 ,= decl5sion1 see above4 ,,lesson #hd4 ,,possessive ,,=ms4 ,,rule4--,! possessive case ( n\ns is =m$ 9 ! s+ul> by add+ to ! nom9ative ! apo/rophe & ! lett] s 7's72 9 ! plural1 by add+ 7'7 only4 ,if ! plural does n end 9 s1 ! apo/rophe & ! s are bo? add$4 ,write ! possessive s+ul> & ! possessive plural ( ! foll[+ n\ns1 & place an appropriate n\n aft] ea*4 ,rob91 fri5d1 fly1 h]o1 woman1 bee1 m\se1 cuckoo1 fox1 ox1 man1 ?ief1 fairy1 mosquito1 wolf1 %eph]d1 f>m]1 *ild1 neighbor1 c[4 ,possession may be express$ also by ! preposition ( & ! objective2 z1 ! mosquito's bill ! bill ( ! mosquito4 ,! possessive sign 7's7 is conf9$ *iefly to ! names ( p]sons & animals4 ,we d n say ! *air's legs1 b ! legs ( ! *air4 ,reg>d mu/ be _h also to ! s\nd4 ,,improve ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,expressions1 & exp& ea* into a simple s5t5ce4 ,! sky's color2 ! cl\d's brilliancy2 ! rose's leaves2 my uncle's p>tn]'s h\se2 ,george's fa!r's fri5d's f>m2 ! mane ( ! horse ( my bro!r2 my bro!r's horse's mane4 ,:5 !re are sev]al possessive n\ns1 all belong+ to "o ^w1 ! possessive sign is add$ to ! la/ only4 ,if !y modify diff]5t words1 ! sign is add$ to ea*4 ,,correct ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,expressions1 & exp& ea* into a simple s5t5ce4 ,model4--,web/] & ,worce/]'s diction>y may be b\ght at ,ticknor's & ,field's book-/ore4 ,! possessive sign %\ld be add$ to ,web/]1 = ! ^w diction>y is und]/ood imm$iately aft]4 ,web/] & ,worce/] d n toge!r possess ! same diction>y4 ,! sign %\ld n be add$ to ,ticknor1 = ! two m51 ,tieknor & ,field1 possess ! same /ore4 ,adam's & ,eve's g>d52 ,jacob's & ,esau's fa!r2 ,%akespe>e & ,milton's works2 ,maud1 ,kate1 & ,cl>a's gloves2 ,maud's1 ,kate's1 & ,cl>a's tea*] 0 ----4 ,:5 "o possessive n\n is explanatory ( ano!r1 ! possessive sign is add$ to ! la/ only4 ,,correct ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,errors4 ,i call$ at ,tom's ! t9k]'s4 ,!y li/5$ to ,pet]'s ! ,h]mit's eloqu5ce4 ,?is 0 ! ,apo/le's ,paul's advice4 ,,correct ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,errors4 ,our's1 y\r's1 hi's1 _!'s1 h]'s1 x's1 hisn1 y\rn1 h]n4 ,,lesson #he4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,pron\n4 ,rememb] t ,i1 we1 ?\1 ye1 he1 %e1 !y1 & :o are nom9ative =ms1 & mu/ n be us$ 9 ! objective case4 ,rememb] t me1 u1 !e1 him1 h]1 !m1 & :om are objective =ms1 & mu/ n be us$ 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,! eight nom9ative =ms & ! sev5 objective =ms giv5 above are ! only di/9ctive nom9ative & objective =ms 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,let ! pupils become famili> ) !m4 ,,correct ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,errors4 ,him & me are good fri5ds4 ,! two p]sons 7 h] & me4 ,u girls _h a jolly "t4 ,x is !m1 surely4 ,:o w cat* ?is8 ,me4 ,!m t despise me %all be lightly e/eem$4 ,:o is !re8 ,me4 ,x 0 n u1 x 0 him4 ,:o did y see8 ,:o did y ask =8 ,rememb] t pron\ns mu/ agree ) _! antec$5ts 9 numb]1 g5d]1 & p]son4 ,,correct ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,errors4 ,e boy mu/ read _! own s5t5ces4 ,i gave ! horse oats1 b he w\ld n eat x4 ,e "o mu/ read x = !mselves4 ,i took up ! little boy1 & set x on my knee4 ,rememb] t ! relative :o repres5ts p]sons2 :i*1 animals & ?+s2 t1 p]sons1 animals1 & ?+s2 & :at1 ?+s4 ,,correct ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,errors4 ,i h a dog :o runs to meet me4 ,! boy :i* ,i met 0 q lame4 ,^? :i* live 9 glass h\ses mu/ n ?r[ /ones4 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,= ,s*emes1 see p4 #ahf4 ,h[ _m modifications h n\ns & pron\ns8 ,"n & def9e ea*4 ,h[ _m p]sons are !re8 ,def9e ea*4 ,h[ _m cases are !re8 ,def9e ea*4 ,h[ d y det]m9e ! case ( an explanatory n\n or pron\n8 ,:at is decl5sion8 ,h[ are ! =ms m9e1 y\rs1 etc41 n[ us$8 ,:at is ! rule = =m+ ! possessive case8 ,:at words are us$ only 9 ! nom9ative case8 ,:at words are us$ only 9 ! objective case8 ,footnote3 ,h] is us$ 9 ! possessive case also4 ,h[ d y det]m9e ! numb]1 g5d]1 & p]son ( pron\ns8 ,,lesson #hf4 ,,n\ns ,,& ,,pron\ns--,,p>s+4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,= g5]al ,s*eme = p>s+1 see p4 #ahi4 ,select & p>se all ! n\ns & pron\ns 9 ,lesson #ec4 ,model = ,writt5 ,p>s+4--,elizabe?'s favorite1 ,raleigh1 0 behead$ by ,james ,i4 ,elizabe?'s ,,classification4 ,n\ns4 ,k9d4 ,prop4 ,,modifications4 ,p]son4 #c;d ,numb]4 ,s+4 ,g5d]4 ,fem4 ,case4 ,pos4 ,,syntax4 ,pos4 ,mod4 ( favorite4 favorite ,,classification4 ,n\ns4 ,k9d4 ,com4 ,,modifications4 ,p]son4 #c;d ,numb]4 ,s+4 ,g5d]4 ,mas4 ,case4 ,nom4 ,,syntax4 ,sub4 ( 0 behead$4 ,raleigh ,,classification4 ,n\ns4 ,k9d4 ,prop4 ,,modifications4 ,p]son4 #c;d ,numb]4 ,s+4 ,g5d]4 ,mas4 ,case4 ,nom4 ,,syntax4 ,exp4 ,mod4 ( favorite4 ,james ,i4 ,,classification4 ,n\ns4 ,k9d4 ,prop4 ,,modifications4 ,p]son4 #c;d ,numb]4 ,s+4 ,g5d]4 ,mas4 ,case4 ,obj4 ,,syntax4 ,pr94 ^w aft] by4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,select o!r ex]cises1 & cont9ue ?is "w z long z x may be pr(itable4 ,see ,lessons #ef1 #eg1 #fa1 #fd1 & #fe4 ,,lesson #hg4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives4 ,adjectives h "o modification2 viz41 ,comp>ison4 ,,def9itions4 ,comp>ison is a modification ( ! adjective to express ! relative degree ( ! quality 9 ! ?+s comp>$4 ,! ,positive degree expresses ! simple quality4 ,! ,comp>ative degree expresses a great] or a less degree ( ! quality4 ,! ,sup]lative degree expresses ! greate/ or ! lea/ degree ( ! quality4 ,,rule4--,adjectives are regul>ly comp>$ by add+ er to ! positive to =m ! comp>ative1 & e/ to ! positive to =m ! sup]lative4 ,adjectives ( "o syllable are g5]ally comp>$ regul>ly2 adjectives ( two or m syllables are (t5 comp>$ by prefix+ m & mo/4 ,:5 !re are two correct =ms1 *oose ! "o t c be m easily pron\nc$4 ,comp>e ! foll[+ adjectives4 ,= ! spell+1 consult y\r diction>ies4 ,model4--,positive4 ,comp>ative4 ,sup]lative4 ,lovely1 loveli]1 lovelie/2 or lovely1 m lovely1 mo/ lovely4 ,tame1 w>m1 beautiful1 brilliant1 amiable1 high1 mad1 gre$y1 pretty1 hot4 ,"s adjectives are comp>$ irregul>ly4 ,le>n ! foll[+ =ms4 ,positive4 ,comp>ative4 ,sup]lative4 ,good1 bett]1 be/4 ,bad1 ,evil1 worse1 wor/4 ,ill1 ,little1 less1 lea/4 ,mu*1 ,_m1 m1 mo/4 ,,lesson #hh4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives ,,& ,,adv]bs4 ,rememb] t1 :5 two ?+s or gr\ps ( ?+s are comp>$1 ! comp>ative degree is commonly us$2 :5 m ?an two1 ! sup]lative is employ$4 ,caution4--,adjectives %\ld n be d\bly comp>$4 ,,correct ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,errors4 ,( all ! boys1 ,george is ! m indu/ri\s4 ,pet] 0 old] ?an ! twelve apo/les4 ,:i* is ! long] ( ! riv]s ( ,am]ica8 ,?is 0 ! mo/ unk9de/ cut ( all4 ,he *ose a m humbl] "p4 ,my hat is m h&som] ?an y\rs4 ,! y\ng] ( ^? ?ree boys is ! sm>t]4 ,:i* is ! m nor!rly1 ,ma9e1 ,oregon1 or ,m9nesota8 ,caution4--,d n use adjectives & adv]bs extravagantly4 ,,correct ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,errors4 ,! wea!r is horrid4 ,t dress is p]fectly awful4 ,y\r coat sits frightfully4 ,we _h an awfully good "t4 ,?is is a trem5d\sly h>d lesson4 ,h>ry is a mighty nice boy4 ,rememb] t adjectives ^: mean+ does n admit ( diff]5t degrees _c be comp>$2 z1 e1 univ]sal4 ,use 9 ! ?ree diff]5t degrees su* ( ! foll[+ adjectives z admit ( comp>ison4 ,all1 s]5e1 excell5t1 immortal1 fir/1 two1 total1 inf9ite1 ?ree-legg$1 bright4 ,adv]bs are comp>$ 9 ! same mann] z adjectives4 ,! foll[+ are comp>$ regul>ly4 ,comp>e !m4 ,fa/1 (t51 soon1 late1 e>ly4 ,9 ! prec$+ & 9 ! foll[+ li/1 f9d words t may be us$ z adjectives4 ,! foll[+ are comp>$ irregul>ly4 ,le>n !m4 ,pos4 ,comp4 ,sup4 ----------- ---------- -------- ,badly1 ,ill1 worse1 wor/4 ,well1 bett]1 be/4 ,little1 less1 lea/4 ,mu*1 m1 mo/4 ,f>1 f>!r1 f>!/4 ,adv]bs end+ 9 ly are g5]ally comp>$ by prefix+ m & mo/4 ,comp>e ! foll[+4 ,firmly1 gracefully1 actively1 easily4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,let ! pupils select & p>se all ! adjectives & adv]bs 9 ,lesson #bg4 ,= =ms1 see p4 #ahi4 ,select o!r ex]cises1 & cont9ue ! "w z long z x is pr(itable4 ,see ,s*emes = review1 p4 #ahh4 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,h[ is a n\n p>s$8 ,:at modification h adjectives8 ,:at is comp>ison8 ,h[ _m degrees ( comp>ison are !re8 ,def9e ea*4 ,h[ are adjectives regul>ly comp>$8 ,di/+ui% ! uses ( ! comp>ative & ! sup]lative degree4 ,give ! directions = us+ adjectives & adv]bs 7,lesson #hh74 ,illu/rate4 ,:at adjectives _c be comp>$8 ,h[ are adv]bs comp>$8 ,,lesson #hi4 ,,modification ,,( ,,v]bs4 ,,voice4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,i pick$ ! rose4 ,i w tell ! same ?+ 9 ano!r way4 ,! rose 0 pick$ by me4 ,! fir/ v]b pick$ %[s t ! subject ,i repres5ts ! actor1 & ! second =m ( ! v]b1 0 pick$1 %[s t ! subject names ! ?+ act$ ^u4 ,?is *ange 9 ! =m ( ! v]b is call$ ,voice4 ,! fir/ =m is call$ ! ,active ,voice2 & ! second1 ! ,passive ,voice4 ,! passive =m is v conv5i5t :5 we wi% to ass]t an action )\t nam+ any actor4 ,money is co9$ is bett] ?an somebody co9s money4 ,,def9itions4 ,voice is t modification ( ! transitive v]b :i* %[s :e!r ! subject names ! actor or ! ?+ act$ ^u4 ,! ,active ,voice %[s t ! subject names ! actor4 ,! ,passive ,voice %[s t ! subject names ! ?+ act$ ^u4 ,9 ea* ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 *ange ! voice ( ! v]b )\t *ang+ ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,note ! o!r *anges t occur 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,! indu/ri\s bees ga!r honey f ! fl[]s4 ,! /orm drove ! vessel aga9/ ! rock4 ,our words %\ld be c>efully *os54 ,dea? sep>ates ! de>e/ fri5ds4 ,8 vices h weak5$ 8 m9d & de/roy$ 8 heal?4 ,true valor protects ! feeble & humbles ! oppressor4 ,! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 :o comm&$ ! ,engli% armies 9 ! ,p59sula1 nev] lo/ a battle4 ,moses l$ ! ,israelites out ( ,egypt4 ,dr4 ,liv+/one explor$ a l>ge "p ( ,africa4 ,! ,engli% 7 conqu]$ by ! ,normans4 ,"n all ! transitive v]bs 9 ,lessons #bj & #bb1 & give1 _! voice4 ,,lesson #ij4 ,,mode1 ,,t5se1 ,,numb]1 ,,& ,,p]son4 ,h9ts = ,oral ,in/ruction4--,:5 ,i say1 ,james walks1 ,i ass]t ! walk+ z a fact4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,james may walk1 ,i d n ass]t ! action z a fact1 b z a possible action4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,if ,james walk out1 he w improve1 ,i ass]t ! action1 n z an actual fact1 b z a condition ( ,james's1 improv+4 ,:5 ,i say to ,james1 ,walk out1 ,i d n ass]t t ,james actually does ! act1 ,i ass]t ! action z a comm&4 ,! action express$ by ! v]b walk has be5 ass]t$ 9 f\r diff]5t ways1 or modes4 ,! fir/ way is call$ ! ,indicative ,mode2 ! second1 ! ,pot5tial ,mode2 ! ?ird1 ! ,subjunctive ,mode2 ! f\r?1 ! ,imp]ative ,mode4 ,let ! tea*] give o!r examples & require ! pupils to repeat ?is in/ruction4 ,= ! two =ms ( ! v]b call$ ! ,inf9itive & ! ,p>ticiple1 see ,h9ts1 ,lessons #dh & #di4 ,i walk4 ,i walk$4 ,i %all walk4 ,9 ea* ( ^! ?ree s5t5ces1 ! mann] ( ass]t+ ! action is ! same4 ,i walk expresses ! action z pres5t4 ,i walk$ expresses ! action z pa/1 & ,i %all walk expresses ! action z future4 ,z ,t5se means "t1 ! fir/ =m is call$ ! ,pres5t ,t5se2 ! second1 ! ,pa/ ,t5se2 & ! ?ird1 ! ,future ,t5se4 ,we h ?ree o!r =ms ( ! v]b1 express+ ! action z complet$ 9 ! pres5t1 ! pa/1 or ! future4 ,i h walk$ out to-day4 ,i _h walk$ out :5 he call$4 ,i %all h walk$ out by to-morr[4 ,! =m1 h walk$1 express+ ! action z complet$ 9 ! pres5t1 is call$ ! ,pres5t ,p]fect ,t5se4 ,! =m1 _h walk$1 express+ ! action z complet$ 9 ! pa/1 is call$ ! ,pa/ ,p]fect ,t5se4 ,! =m1 %all h walk$1 express+ an action to be complet$ 9 ! future1 is call$ ! ,future ,p]fect ,t5se4 ,let ! tea*] give o!r v]bs1 & require ! pupils to "n & expla9 ! diff]5t t5ses4 ,i walk4 ,?\ walke/4 ,he walks4 ,!y walk4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce1 ! v]b walk 0 *ang$ by add+ e/2 & 9 ! ?ird1 x 0 *ang$ by add+ s4 ,^! *anges are = ! sake ( agreem5t ) ! p]son ( ! subject4 ,! v]b end+ 9 e/ agrees ) ! subject ?\ 9 ! second p]son1 & ! v]b end+ 9 s agrees ) he 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,9 ! f\r? s5t5ce1 ! subject is 9 ! ?ird p]son2 b x is plural1 & s ! v]b drops ! s to agree ) !y 9 ! plural4 ,v]bs are said to agree 9 ,p]son & ,numb] ) _! subjects4 ,! p]son & numb] =ms w be f\nd 9 ,lessons #ic1 #id4 ,,def9itions4 ,mode is t modification ( ! v]b :i* d5otes ! mann] ( ass]t+ ! action or be+4 ,! ,indicative ,mode ass]ts ! action or be+ z a fact4 ,! ,pot5tial ,mode ass]ts ! p[]1 lib]ty1 possibility1 or necessity ( act+ or be+4 ,! ,subjunctive ,mode ass]ts ! action or be+ z a m]e condition1 supposition1 or wi%4 ,! ,imp]ative ,mode ass]ts ! action or be+ z a comm& or an entreaty4 ,! ,inf9itive is a =m ( ! v]b :i* names ! action or be+ 9 a g5]al way1 )\t ass]t+ x ( any?+4 ,! ,p>ticiple is a =m ( ! v]b p>tak+ ( ! nature ( an adjective or ( a n\n1 & express+ ! action or be+ z assum$4 ,! ,pres5t ,p>ticiple d5otes action or be+ z cont9u+ at ! "t indicat$ by ! pr$icate4 ,! ,pa/ ,p>ticiple d5otes action or be+ z pa/ or complet$ at ! "t indicat$ by ! pr$icate4 ,! ,pa/ ,p]fect ,p>ticiple d5otes action or be+ z complet$ at a "t previ\s to t indicat$ by ! pr$icate4 ,t5se is t modification ( ! v]b :i* expresses ! "t ( ! action or be+4 ,! ,pres5t ,t5se expresses action or be+ z pres5t4 ,! ,pa/ ,t5se expresses action or be+ z pa/4 ,! ,future ,t5se expresses action or be+ z yet to come4 ,! ,pres5t ,p]fect ,t5se expresses action or be+ z complet$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,! ,pa/ ,p]fect ,t5se expresses action or be+ z complet$ at "s pa/ "t4 ,! ,future ,p]fect ,t5se expresses action or be+ to be complet$ at "s future "t4 ,numb] & ,p]son ( a v]b are ^? modifications t %[ its agreem5t ) ! numb] & p]son ( its subject4 ,,lesson #ia4 ,,conjugation ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,,def9itions4 ,conjugation is ! regul> arrangem5t ( all ! =ms ( ! v]b4 ,synopsis is ! regul> arrangem5t ( ! =ms ( "o numb] & p]son 9 all ! modes & t5ses4 ,auxili>y ,v]bs are ^? t help 9 ! conjugation ( o!r v]bs4 ,! auxili>ies are d1 be1 h1 %all1 w1 may1 c1 & mu/4 ,! ,pr9cipal ,p>ts ( a v]b are ! pres5t indicative or ! pres5t inf9itive1 ! pa/ indicative1 & ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,^! are call$ pr9cipal p>ts1 because all ! o!r =ms ( ! v]b are d]iv$ f !m4 ,we give1 bel[1 ! pr9cipal p>ts ( "s ( ! mo/ important irregul> v]bs4 ,le>n !m4 ,pres5t4 ,pa/4 ,pa/4 ,p>4 ,be or am1 01 be54 ,beg91 began1 begun4 ,bl[1 blew1 bl[n4 ,break1 broke1 brok54 ,*oose1 *ose1 *os54 ,come1 came1 come4 ,d1 did1 done4 ,draw1 drew1 drawn4 ,dr9k1 drank1 drunk4 ,drive1 drove1 driv54 ,eat1 ate1 eat54 ,fall1 fell1 fall54 ,fly1 flew1 fl[n4 ,freeze1 froze1 froz54 ,g1 w5t1 gone4 ,get1 got1 got or gott54 ,give1 gave1 giv54 ,gr[1 grew1 gr[n4 ,h1 _h1 _h4 ,"k1 knew1 kn[n4 ,lay1 laid1 laid4 ,lie1 7to re/7 lay1 la94 ,ride1 rode1 ridd54 ,r+1 rang or rung1 rung4 ,rise1 rose1 ris54 ,run1 ran1 run4 ,see1 saw1 se54 ,set1 set1 set4 ,sit1 sat1 sat4 ,%ake1 %ook1 %ak54 ,s+1 sang or sung1 sung4 ,slay1 slew1 sla94 ,speak1 spoke1 spok54 ,/eal1 /ole1 /ol54 ,swim1 swam or swum1 swum4 ,take1 took1 tak54 ,te>1 tore1 torn4 ,?r[1 ?rew1 ?r[n4 ,we>1 wore1 worn4 ,write1 wrote1 writt54 ,! foll[+ irregul> v]bs are call$ ,defective1 because "s ( _! p>ts are want+4 ,pres5t4 ,pa/4 ,pres5t4 ,pa/4 ---------------------------------------- - ,c1 c\ld4 ,w1 w\ld4 ,may1 might4 ,mu/1 ---- ,%all1 %\ld4 ,ought1 ---- ,,lesson #ib4 ,,conjugation ,,( ,,! ,,v]b ,,see ,,9 ,,! ,,simple ,,=m4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,pres4 ,pa/4 ,pa/ ,p>4 ,see1 saw1 se54 ,,indicative ,,mode4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i see1 #a4 ,we see1 #b4 ,y see1 or #b4 ,y see1 ,?\ see/1 #c4 ,he sees2 #c4 ,!y see4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i saw1 #a4 ,we saw1 #b4 ,y saw1 or #b4 ,y saw1 ,?\ sawe/1 #c4 ,he saw2 #c4 ,!y saw4 ,,future ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i %all see1 #a4 ,we %all see1 #b4 ,y w see1 or #b4 ,y w see1 ,?\ wilt see1 #c4 ,he w see2 #c4 ,!y w see4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i h se51 #a4 ,we h se51 #b4 ,y h se51 or #b4 ,y h se51 ,?\ ha/ se5 #c4 ,he has se52 #c4 ,!y h se54 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i _h se51 #a4 ,we _h se51 #b4 ,y _h se51 or #b4 ,y _h se51 ,?\ had/ se51 #c4 ,he _h se52 #c4 ,!y _h se54 ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i %all h se51 #a4 ,we %all h se51 #b4 ,y w h se51 or #b4 ,y w h se51 ,?\ wilt h se51 #c4 ,he w h se52 #c4 ,!y w h se54 ,,pot5tial ,,mode4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i may see1 #a4 ,we may see1 #b4 ,y may see1 or #b4 ,y may see1 ,?\ may/ see1 #c4 ,he may see2 #c4 ,!y may see4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i might see1 #a4 ,we might see1 #b4 ,y might see1 or ,?\ might/ see1 #b4 ,y might see1 #c4 ,he might see2 #c4 ,!y might see4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i may h se51 #a4 ,we may h se51 #b4 ,y may h se51 or #b4 ,y may h se5 ,?\ may/ h se51 #c4 ,he may h se52 #c4 ,!y may h se54 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i might h se51 #a4 ,we might h se51 #b4 ,y might h se51 or #b4 ,y might h se51 ,?\ might/ h se51 #c4 ,he might h se52 #c4 ,!y might h se54 ,,subjunctive ,,mode4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,if ,i see1 #a4 ,if we see1 #b4 ,if y see1 or #b4 ,if y see1 ,if ?\ see1 #c4 ,if he see2 #c4 ,if !y see4 ,,imp]ative ,,mode4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 #b4 ,see 7y or ?\72 #b4 ,see 7y74 ,,inf9itives4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,to see4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 ,to h se54 ,,p>ticiples4 ,,pres5t4 ,,pa/4 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect4 ,see+1 ,se51 ,hav+ se54 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,let ! pupils prefix d & did to ! simple pres5t see1 & ?us make ! emphatic =m ( ! pres5t & ! pa/ t5se4 ,let c & mu/ be us$ 9 place ( may2 & c\ld1 w\ld1 & %\ld1 9 place ( might4 ,require ! pupils to tell h[ ea* t5se is =m$1 & to note all *anges = agreem5t 9 numb] & p]son4 ,a majority ( mod]n writ]s use ! indicative =ms in/ead ( ! subjunctive1 9 all ( ! t5ses1 unless x may be ! pres5t4 ,! subjunctive =ms ( ! v]b to be are reta9$ 9 ! pres5t & ! pa/ t5se4 ,let ! pupils und]/& t ! mode & t5se =ms d n always correspond ) ! actual mean+4 ,! %ip sails next week4 ,i may g to-morr[4 ,! v]bs sails & may g are pres5t 9 =m b future 9 mean+4 ,if x ra9s by noon1 he may n come4 ,! v]b ra9s is indicative 9 =m b subjunctive 9 mean+4 ,! plural =ms1 ,y saw1 ,y 71 etc41 are us$ 9 ! s+ul> also4 ,,lesson #ic4 ,,conjugation ,,( ,,! ,,v]b--,,simple ,,=m4 ,fill out ! foll[+ =ms1 us+ ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! v]b walk4 ,pres41 walk2 ,pa/1 walk$2 ,pa/ ,p>41 walk$4 ,,indicative ,,mode4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i _/ ,pres _/1 #a4 ,we _/ ,pres _/1 #b4 ,y _/ ,pres _/1 #b4 ,y _/ ,pres _/1 ,?\ _/ ,pres _/e/1 #c4 ,he _/ ,pres _/s2 #c4 ,!y _/ ,pres _/4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se #a4 ,i _/ ,pa/ _/1 #a4 ,we _/ ,pa/ _/1 #b4 ,y _/ ,pa/ _/1 #b4 ,y _/ ,pa/ _/1 ,?\ _/ ,pa/ _//1 #c4 ,he _/ ,pa/ _/2 #c4 ,!y _/ ,pa/ _/4 ,,future ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i %all _/ ,pres _/1 #a4 ,we w _/ ,pres _/1 #b4 ,y w _/ ,pres _/1 #b4 ,y w _/ ,pres _/1 ,?\ wil-t _/ ,pres _/1 #c4 ,he w _/ ,pres _/2 #c4 ,!y w _/ ,pres _/4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #a4 ,we h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 ,y h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 ,y h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 ,?\ ha-/ _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #c4 ,he ha-s _/,pa/ ,p>4_/2 #c4 ,!y h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/4 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i _h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #a4 ,we _h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 ,y _h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 ,y _h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 ,?\ _h-/ _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #c4 ,he _h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/2 #c4 ,!y _h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/4 ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i %all h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #a4 ,we w h ,pa/ ,p>41 #b4 ,y w h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 ,y w h ,pa/ ,p>41 ,?\ wil-t h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #c4 ,he w h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/2 #c4 ,!y w h ,pa/ ,p>44 ,,pot5tial ,,mode4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i may _/ ,pres4 _/1 #a4 ,we may _/ ,pres4 _/1 #b4 ,y may _/ ,pres4 _/1 #b4 ,y may _/ ,pres4 _/1 ,?\ may-/ _/ ,pres4 _/1 #c4 ,he may _/ ,pres4 _/2 #c4 ,!y may _/ ,pres4 _/4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i might _/ ,pres4 _/1 #a4 ,we might _/ ,pres4 _/1 #b4 ,y might _/ ,pres4 _/1 #b4 ,y might _/ ,pres4 _/1 ,?\ might-/ _/ ,pres4 _/1 #c4 ,he might _/ ,pres4 _/2 #c4 ,!y might _/ ,pres4 _/4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i may h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #a4 ,we may h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 ,y may h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 ,y may h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 ,?\ may-/ h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #c4 ,he may h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/2 #c4 ,!y may h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/4 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i might h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #a4 ,we might h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 ,y might h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #b4 ,y might h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 ,?\ might-/ h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/1 #c4 ,he might h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/2 #c4 ,!y might h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/4 ,,subjunctive ,,mode4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,if ,i _/ ,pres4 _/1 #a4 ,if we _/ ,pres4 _/1 #b4 ,if y _/ ,pres4 _/1 #b4 ,if y _/ ,pres4 _/1 ,if ?\ _/ ,pres4 _/1 #c4 ,if he _/ ,pres4 _/2 #c4 ,if !y _/ ,pres4 _/4 ,,imp]ative ,,mode4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 #b4 _/ ,pres4 _/ 7y or ?\72 #b4 _/ ,pres4 _/ 7y74 ,,inf9itives4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,to _/ ,pres4 _/4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 ,to h _/,pa/ ,p>4_/4 ,,p>ticiples4 ,,pres5t4 ,,pa/4 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect4 _/,pres4_/+4 _/,pa/ ,p>4_/ ,hav+ _/,pa/ ,p>4_/ ,to ! ,tea*]4--,let ! pupils fill out ^! =ms ) o!r v]bs4 ,9 ! indicative1 pres5t1 ?ird1 s+ul>1 es is sometimes add$ in/ead ( s2 & 9 ! second p]son1 old /yle1 / is sometimes add$ in/ead ( e/4 ,,lesson #id4 ,,conjugation ,,( ,,! ,,v]b ,,be4 ,9 /udy+ ?is ,lesson1 pay no att5tion to ! l9e at ! "r ( ea* v]b4 ,,indicative ,,mode4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i am ----1 #a4 ,we are ----1 #b4 ,y are ---- or #b4 ,y are ----1 ,?\ art ----1 #c4 ,he is ----2 #c4 ,!y are ----4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i 0 ----1 #a4 ,we 7 ----1 #b4 ,y 7 ----1 or #b4 ,y 7 ----1 ,?\ wa/ ----1 #c4 ,he 0 ----2 #c4 ,!y 7 ----4 ,,future ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i %all be ----1 #a4 ,we %all be ----1 #b4 ,y w be ----1 or #b4 ,y w be ----1 ,?\ wilt be ----1 #c4 ,he w be ----2 #c4 ,!y w be ----4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i h be5 ----1 #a4 ,we h be5 ----1 #b4 ,y h be5 ---- or #b4 ,y h be5 ----1 ,?\ ha/ be5 ----1 #c4 ,he has be5 ----2 #c4 ,!y h be5 ----4 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i _h be5 ----1 #a4 ,we _h be5 ----1 #b4 ,y _h be5 ---- or #b4 ,y _h be5 ----1 ,?\ had/ be5 ----1 #c4 ,he _h be5 ----2 #c4 ,!y _h be5 ----4 ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i %all h be5 ----1 #a4 ,we %all h be5 ----1 #b4 ,y w h be5 ---- or #b4 ,y w h be5 ----1 ,?\ wilt h be5 ----1 #c4 ,he w has be5 ----2 #c4 ,!y w h be5 ----4 ,,pot5tial ,,mode4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i may be ----1 #a4 ,we may be ----1 #b4 ,y may be ---- or #b4 ,y may be ----1 ,?\ may/ be ----1 #c4 ,he may be ----2 #c4 ,!y may be ----4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i might be ----1 #a4 ,we might be ----1 #b4 ,y might be ---- or #b4 ,y might be ----1 ,?\ might/ be ----1 #c4 ,he might be ----2 #c4 ,!y might be ----4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i may h be5 ----1 #a4 ,we may h be5 ----1 #b4 ,y may h be5 ---- or #b4 ,y may h be5 ----1 ,?\ may/ h be5 ----1 #c4 ,he may h be5 ----2 #c4 ,!y may h be5 ----4 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #a4 ,i might h be5 ----1 #a4 ,we might h be5 ----1 #b4 ,y might h be5 ---- or #b4 ,y might h be5 ----1 ,?\ might/ h be5 ----1 #c4 ,he might h be5 ----2 #c4 ,!y might h be5 ----4 ,,subjunctive ,,mode4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,if ,i be ----1 #a4 ,if we be ----1 #b4 ,if y be ---- or #b4 ,if y be ----1 ,if ?\ be ----1 #c4 ,if he be ----2 #c4 ,if !y be ----4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se4 #a4 ,if ,i 7 ----1 #a4 ,if we 7 ----1 #b4 ,if y 7 ---- or #b4 ,if y 7 ----1 ,if ?\ w]t ----1 #c4 ,if he 7 ----2 #c4 ,if !y 7 ----4 ,,imp]ative ,,mode4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 #b4 ,be 7y or !m7 ----2 #b4 ,be 7y7------4 ,,inf9itives4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,to be ----4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 ,to h be5 ----4 ,,p>ticiples4 ,,pres5t4 ,,pa/4 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect4 ,be+ ----4 ,be54 ,hav+ be5 ----4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,aft] ! pupils h become ?or\ghly famili> ) ! v]b be z a pr9cipal v]b1 tea* !m to use x z an auxili>y 9 mak+ ! ,progressive ,=m & ! ,passive ,=m4 ,! progressive =m may be made by fill+ all ! blanks ) ! pres5t p>ticiple ( "s v]b4 ,! passive =m may be made by fill+ all ! blanks ) ! pa/ p>ticiple ( a transitive v]b4 ,notice t1 aft] ! pa/ p>ticiple1 no blank is left4 ,9 ! progressive =m1 ?is p>ticiple is want+2 &1 9 ! passive =m1 x is ! same z 9 ! simple4 ,,lesson #ie4 ,,agreem5t ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,= additional matt]1 see pp4 #afc-afg4 ,rememb] t ! v]b mu/ agree ) its subject 9 numb] & p]son4 ,give ! p]son & numb] ( ea* ( ! foll[+ v]bs1 & write s5t5ces 9 :i* ea* =m %all be us$ correctly4 ,common =ms4--,does1 hasha7ve7s1 is1 am1 are1 01 74 ,old =ms4--,see/1 sawe/1 ha/ha7ve7/1 wilt1 may/1 might/1 art1 wa/4 ,:5 a v]b has two or m subjects connect$ by &1 x mu/ agree ) !m 9 ! plural4 ,a simil> rule applies to ! agreem5t ( ! pron\n4 ,,correct ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,errors4 ,model4--,pov]ty & obscurity oppresses him :o ?9ks t x is oppressive4 ,wrong3 ! v]b oppresses %\ld be *ang$ to oppress to agree ) its two subjects1 connect$ by &4 ,! pron\n x %\ld be *ang$ to !y to agree ) its two antec$5ts1 & ! v]b is %\ld be *ang$ to are to agree ) !y4 ,indu/ry1 en]gy1 & good s5se is ess5tial to success4 ,"t & tide waits = no man4 ,! tall sunfl[] & ! little violet is turn+ its face to ! sun4 ,! mule & ! horse 0 h>ness$ toge!r4 ,e gre5 leaf & e blade ( grass seem grateful4 ,model4--,! prec$+ s5t5ce is wrong4 ,! v]b seem is plural1 & x %\ld be s+ul>2 =1 :5 sev]al s+ul> subjects are prec$$ by ea*1 e1 or no1 !y are tak5 sep>ately4 ,ea* day & ea* h\r br+ _! portion ( duty4 ,e book & e pap] 7 f\nd 9 _! place4 ,:5 a v]b has two or m s+ul> subjects connect$ by or or nor1 x mu/ agree ) !m 9 ! s+ul>4 ,a simil> rule applies to ! agreem5t ( ! pron\n4 ,,correct ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,errors4 ,"o or ! o!r h made a mi/ake 9 _! /atem5t4 ,nei!r ! a/] nor ! dahlia are cultivat$ = _! fragrance4 ,ei!r ! presid5t or 8 secret>y 7 responsible4 ,nei!r ,ann1 ,jane1 nor ,s>ah are at home4 ,to =etell1 or to express future "t simply1 ! auxili>y %all is us$ 9 ! fir/ p]son1 & w 9 ! second & ?ird2 b :5 a speak] det]m9es or promises1 he uses w 9 ! fir/ p]son & %all 9 ! second & ?ird4 ,,correct ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,errors4 ,i w freeze1 if ,i d n move ab\t4 ,y %all feel bett] soon1 ,i ?9k4 ,%e %all be fifte5 ye>s old to-morr[4 ,i %all f9d x = y1 if y %all br+ ! book to me4 ,y w h x1 if ,i c get x = y4 ,he w h x1 if he %all take ! tr\ble to ask = x4 ,he w n d x1 if ,i c prev5t him4 ,i w dr[n1 nobody %all help me4 ,i w be oblig$ to y1 if y %all att5d to x4 ,we w h gone by to-morr[ morn+4 ,y %all disappo9t y\r fa!r1 if y d n return4 ,i d n ?9k ,i w l ! *ange4 ,next ,tuesday %all be y\r bir?day4 ,y %all be late1 if y d n hurry4 ,,lesson #if4 ,,errors ,,9 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,,correct ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,errors4 ,model4--,^? ?+s h n came to-day4 ,wrong1 because ! pa/ came is "h us$ = ! pa/ p>ticiple come4 ,! pres5t p]fect t5se is =m$ by prefix+ h to ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,i done all my "w be=e breakfa/4 ,i come 9 a little late ye/]day4 ,he has w5t to my desk )\t p]mission4 ,t /upid fell[ set d[n on my new hat4 ,set is g5]ally transitive1 & sit is intransitive4 ,lay is transitive1 & lie is intransitive4 ,he sat ! *air 9 ! corn]4 ,sit t plate on ! table1 & let x set4 ,i h set 9 ?is position a long "t4 ,t *ild w n lay /ill or set /ill a m9ute4 ,i laid d[n "u ! tree1 & enjoy$ ! sc5]y4 ,lie t /ick on ! table1 & let x lay4 ,^? boys 7 drove out ( ! =t ?ree times4 ,i h rode ?r\gh ! p>k4 ,i done :at ,i c\ld4 ,he has n spoke to-day4 ,! leaves h fell f ! trees4 ,?is s5t5ce is wrote badly4 ,he ?r[$ 8 p5 d[n1 & said t ! po9t 0 broke4 ,he tea*$ me gramm>4 ,i se5 him :5 he done x4 ,my hat 0 took (f my head1 & ?r[$ out ( ! w9d[4 ,! bird has flew into t tall tree4 ,i 0 *ose lead]4 ,i h began to d bett]4 ,i begun ?is morn+4 ,my breakfa/ 0 ate 9 a hurry4 ,y\r dress sets well4 ,t fooli% old h5 is sett+ on a wood5 egg4 ,he has tore x up & ?r[$ x away4 ,william has took my knife1 & ,i am afraid he has /ole x4 ,?is %\ld be well %ook4 ,i begun to s+1 be=e ,i kn[$ :at ,i 0 do+4 ,we drunk f a pure spr+4 ,i ?\ght y _h =sook u4 ,8 p5cil is ne>ly wore up4 ,he come1 & tell me all he kn[$ ab\t x4 ,,lesson #ig4 ,,review ,,que/ions4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,see ,s*eme1 p4 #ahg4 ,h[ _m modifications h v]bs8 ,ans4--,five2 viz41 voice1 mode1 t5se1 numb]1 & p]son4 ,def9e voice4 ,h[ _m voices are !re8 ,def9e ea*4 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is mode8 ,h[ _m modes are !re8 ,def9e ea*4 ,:at is an inf9itive8 ,:at is a p>ticiple8 ,h[ _m diff]5t k9ds ( p>ticiples are !re8 ,def9e ea*4 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is t5se8 ,h[ _m t5ses are !re8 ,def9e ea*4 ,illu/rate4 ,:at are ! numb] & ! p]son ( a v]b8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is conjugation8 ,:at is synopsis8 ,:at are auxili>ies8 ,"n ! auxili>ies4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal p>ts ( a v]b8 ,:y are !y s call$8 ,h[ does a v]b agree ) its subject8 ,:5 a v]b has two or m subjects1 h[ does x agree8 ,illu/rate ! uses ( %all & w4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,select "s ( ! prec$+ ex]cises1 & require ! pupils to write ! p>s+ ( all ! v]bs4 ,see ,lessons #cd1 #ce1 #dh1 #di1 & #ef4 ,model = ,writt5 ,p>s+--,v]bs4--,! ,yankee1 sell+ 8 f>m1 w&]s away to seek new l&s4 ,,classification4 ,,modifications4 ,,syntax4 ,v]bs4 ,k9d4 ,voice4 ,mode4 ,t5se4 ,num4 ,p]4 99sell+ ,pr4 ,p>41 ,ir41 ,tr4 ,ac4 --- --- --- --- ,mod4 ( ,yankee4 w&]s ,reg41 ,int4 --- ,ind4 ,pres4 ,s+4 #c;d4 ,pr$4 ( 99seek ,inf1 ,ir41 ,tt1 ,ac4 --- --- --- ,pr94 ^w 9 phrase ,mod4 ( w&]s4 ,footnote 993 ,p>ticiples & ,inf9itives h no p]son or numb]4 ,,lesson #ih4 ,,s5t5ce-,,build+4 ,p>ticiples sometimes p>take ( ! nature ( ! n\n1 :ile !y reta9 ! nature ( ! v]b4 ,build ea* ( ! foll[+ phrases into a s5t5ce1 & expla9 ! nature ( ! p>ticiple4 ,model4-- ----9 build+ a sn[ =t4 ,!y 7 engag$ 9 build+ a sn[ =t4 ,! p>ticiple build+1 l a n\n1 foll[s ! preposition 91 z ! pr9cipal ^w 9 ! phrase2 &1 l a v]b1 x takes ! object complem5t =t4 ---- by =etell+ /orms4 ---- by help+ o!rs4 ---- on approa*+ ! h\se4 ----- 9 cat*+ fi%4 ,use ! foll[+ phrases z subjects4 ,walk+ 9 ! g>d5 ----4 ,8 writ+ t lett] ----4 ,break+ a promise ----4 ,use ea* ( ! foll[+ phrases 9 a complex s5t5ce4 ,let "s ( ! dep5d5t clauses be us$ z adjectives1 & "s1 z adv]bs4 ---- 9 sl$ges4 ---- up ! ,hudson4 ---- d[n ! ,rh9e4 ---- ?r\gh ! ,alps4 ---- ) sn[ & ice4 ---- into ,new ,york ,bay4 ---- on ! prairie4 ---- at ,s>atoga4 ,build a %ort s5t5ce conta9+ all ! p>ts ( spee*4 ,exp& ! foll[+ simple s5t5ce into twelve s5t5ces4 ,a/ronomy tea*es ! size1 =m1 nature1 & motions ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s4 ,contract ! foll[+ awkw>d comp\nd s5t5ce into a neat simple s5t5ce1 ,hannibal pass$ ?r\gh ,gaul1 & !n he cross$ ! ,alps1 & !n came d[n into ,italy1 & !n he defeat$ sev]al ,roman g5]als4 ,*ange ! foll[+ complex s5t5ces to comp\nd s5t5ces4 ,:5 he ask$ me ! "q1 ,i answ]$ him c\rte\sly4 ,morse1 ! man :o inv5t$ ! telegraph1 0 a public b5efactor4 ,:5 spr+ comes1 ! birds w return4 ,contract ! foll[+ complex s5t5ces into simple s5t5ces by *ang+ ! v]b 9 ! dep5d5t clause to a p>ticiple4 ,notice all ! o!r *anges4 ,a %ip :i* 0 glid+ along ! horizon attract$ our att5tion4 ,i saw a man :o 0 pl[+ a field4 ,:5 ! %[] _h pass$1 we w5t on our way4 ,i he>d t he wrote t article4 ,t he 0 a =eign] 0 well kn[n4 ,i am n sure t he did x4 ,e pupil :o has an int]e/ 9 ?is "w w prep>e = x4 ,*ange ! foll[+ comp\nd s5t5ces to complex s5t5ces4 ,model4--,morn+ dawns1 & ! cl\ds disp]se4 ,:5 morn+ dawns1 ! cl\ds disp]se4 ,avoid swe>+2 x is a wick$ habit4 ,pe>ls are valuable1 & !y are f\nd 9 oy/] %ells4 ,dick5s wrote ,david ,copp]field1 & he di$ 9 #ahgj4 ,"s animals are v]tebrates1 & !y h a backbone4 ,exp& ea* ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces z mu* z y c4 ,indians dance4 ,! clock /ruck4 ,! _w moves4 ,,lesson #ii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,errors4 ,,correct ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,errors4 ,i h got t book at home4 ,model4--,wrong1 because h1 alone1 ass]ts possession4 ,got1 us$ 9 ! s5se ( obta9$1 is correct2 z1 ,i h j got ! book4 ,h y got "t to help me8 ,!re is _m mi/akes 9 my composition4 ,model4--,wrong1 because is %\ld agree ) its plural subject mi/akes4 ,! adv]b !re is (t5 us$ to introduce a s5t5ce1 t ! subject may foll[ ! pr$icate4 ,?is (t5 makes ! s5t5ce s\nd smoo?1 & gives v>iety4 ,!re goes my "m & si/]4 ,"h comes ! soldi]s4 ,!re 0 _m fri5ds to greet him4 ,x a9't !re4 ,model4--,a9't is a vulg> contraction4 ,correction--,x is n !re4 ,i h made up my m9d t x a9't no use4 ',ta9't s bad z y ?9k4 ,two ye>s' int]e/ 7 due4 ,e "o ( 8 acts 7 criticis$4 ,i1 ,h5ry1 & y h be5 *os54 ,model4--,wrong1 = polit5ess requires t y %\ld m5tion ! "o spok5 to1 fir/2 ! "o spok5 (1 next2 & y\rself1 la/4 ,he invit$ y & ,i & ,m>y4 ,me & ,jane are go+ to ! fair4 ,i only want a little piece4 ,he is a h&some1 tall man4 ,did y sleep good8 ,h[ mu* tr\ble "o has1 don't !y8 ,he inquir$ = "s t9t$ ladies' note-pap]4 ,y ne$n't ask me no?+ ab\t x1 = ,i hav5't got no "t to answ]4 ,him t is dilig5t w succe$4 ,he f\nd ! place soon] ?an me4 ,:o 0 t8 ,x 0 me & him4 ,if ,i 0 h]1 ,i w\ld say less4 ,br+ me !m tongs4 ,u boys h a base-ball club4 ,:om did y say t x 08 ,:o did y speak to j n[8 ,:o did y mean1 :5 y said t8 ,:]e 0 y :5 ,i call$8 ,!re's tw5ty ( u go+4 ,circum/ances alt]s cases4 ,tell !m to set /ill4 ,he laid d[n by ! fire4 ,%e has la9 h] book aside4 ,x takes him ev]la/+ly4 ,t 0 an elegant old rock4 ,,lesson #ajj4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,p>s+4 #a4 ,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 va94 #b4 ,/rike6 till ! la/ arm$ foe expires6 #c4 ,y wrong me1 ,brutus4 #d4 ,%all we ga!r /r5g? by irresolution & inaction8 #e4 ,:y /& we "h idle8 #f4 ,give me lib]ty1 or give me dea?6 #g4 ,?y m]cy1 ,o ,"l1 is 9 ! heav5s1 & ?y fai?fulness rea*e? unto ! cl\ds4 #h4 ,! cl\ds p\r$ out wat]1 ! skies s5t out a s\nd1 ! voice ( ?y ?und] 0 9 ! heav54 #i4 ,! heav5s decl>e 8 righte\sness1 & all ! p see 8 glory4 #aj4 ,! v]dant lawn1 ! %ady grove1 ! v>iegat$ l&scape1 ! b\ndless ocean1 & ! />ry firmam5t are beautiful & magnific5t objects4 #aa4 ,:5 y gr9d y\r corn1 give n ! fl\r to ! devil & ! bran to ,god4 #ab4 ,t :i* ! fool does 9 ! end1 ! wise man does at ! beg9n+4 #ac4 ,x]xes comm&$ ! l>ge/ army t 0 ev] br\ght into ! field4 #ad4 ,)\t oxyg51 fires w\ld cease to burn1 & all animals w\ld imm$iately die4 #ae4 ,liquids1 :5 act$ ^u by gravity1 press d[nw>d1 upw>d1 & sideways4 #af4 ,matt] exi/s 9 ?ree /ates--! solid /ate1 ! liquid /ate1 & ! gase\s /ate4 #ag4 ,! bl5d+ ( ! sev5 prismatic colors produces :ite light4 #ah4 ,soap-bubbles1 :5 !y are expos$ to light1 exhibit color$ r+s4 #ai4 ,he :o yields to temptation debases himself ) a debasem5t f :i* he c nev] arise4 #bj4 ,"y eyes t la/ ye> smil$ 9 ours ,n[ po9t ! rifle's b>rel2 ,& h&s !n /a9$ ) fruits & fl[]s ,be> r$d] /a9s ( qu>rel4 ,,capital ,,lett]s ,,& ,,punctuation4 ,capital ,lett]s4--,! fir/ ^w ( 7#a7 a s5t5ce1 7#b7 a l9e ( poetry1 7#c7 a direct quotation mak+ complete s5se or a direct "q introduc$ into a s5t5ce1 & 7#d7 phrases or clauses sep>ately numb]$ or p>agraph$ %\ld beg9 ) a capital lett]4 ,beg9 ) a capital lett] 7#e7 prop] names & words d]iv$ f !m1 7#f7 names ( ?+s p]sonifi$1 & 7#g7 mo/ abbreviations4 ,write 9 capital lett]s 7#h7 ! words ,i & ,o1 & 7#i7 numb]s 9 ! ,roman notation4 ,footnote3 ,small lett]s are pref]r$ :]e num]\s ref]5ces to *apt]s1 etc41 are made4 ,examples4--#a4 ,! judici\s are always a m9ority4 #b4 ,honor & %ame f no condition rise2 ,act well y\r "p1 !re all ! honor lies4 #c4 ,! "q is1 ,c law make p hone/8 #d4 ,pa9t+s are useful = ^! reasons3 #a4 ,!y please2 #b4 ,!y in/ruct4 #e4 ,! h]oic ,nelson de/roy$ ! ,fr5* fleet 9 ,ab\kir ,bay4 #f4 ,next1 ,ang] ru%$1 8 eyes on fire4 #g4 ,! ,atlantic ocean beat ,mrs4 ,p>t+ton4 #h4 ,! use ( ,o & oh ,i am n[ to expla94 #i4 ,napoleon ,,ii4 nev] came to ! ?rone4 ,p]iod4--,place a p]iod aft] 7#a7 a decl>ative or an imp]ative s5t5ce1 7#b7 an abbreviation1 & 7#c7 a numb] writt5 9 ! ,roman notation4 ,= examples see #a1 #g1 & #i 9 ! s5t5ces above4 ,int]rogation ,po9t4--,e direct int]rogative s5t5ce or clause %\ld be foll[$ by an int]rogation po9t4 ,example4--,k+ ,agrippa1 believe/ ?\ ! prophets8 ,exclamation ,po9t4--,all exclamatory expressions mu/ be foll[$ by ! exclamation po9t4 ,example4--,oh6 bloodie/ picture 9 ! book ( "t6 ,comma4--,set (f by ! comma 7#a7 a phrase out ( its natural ord] or n closely connect$ ) ! ^w x modifies2 7#b7 an explanatory modifi] t does n re/rict ! modifi$ t]m or comb9e closely ) x2 7#c7 a p>ticiple us$ z an adjective modifi]1 ) ! words belong+ to x1 unless re/rictive2 7#d7 ! adjective clause1 :5 n re/rictive2 7#e7 ! adv]b clause1 unless x closely foll[s & re/ricts ! ^w x modifies2 7#f7 a ^w or phrase indep5d5t or ne>ly s2 7#g7 a direct quotation introduc$ into a s5t5ce1 unless =mally introduc$2 7#h7 a n\n clause us$ z an attribute complem5t2 & 7#i7 a t]m connect$ to ano!r by or & hav+ ! same mean+4 ,sep>ate by ! comma 7#aj7 connect$ words & phrases1 unless all ! conjunctions are express$2 7#aa7 indep5d5t clauses1 :5 %ort & closely connect$2 & 7#ab7 ! p>ts ( a comp\nd pr$icate & ( o!r phrases1 :5 long or diff]5tly modifi$4 ,examples4--l4 ,9 ! di/ance1 iceb]gs look l masses ( burni%$ metal4 #b4 ,alex&ria1 ! capital ( ,l[] ,egypt1 is an ill-look+ city4 #c4 ,labor1 div+ deep into ! e>?1 br+s up long-hidd5 /ores ( coal4 #d4 ,! sun1 :i* is ! c5t] ( our sy/em1 is millions ( miles f u4 #e4 ,:5 begg>s die1 !re are no comets se54 #f4 ,g5tlem51 ?is1 !n1 is y\r v]dict4 #g4 ,god said1 ,let !re be light4 #h4 ,nelson's signal 01 ,engl& expects e man to d 8 duty4 #i4 ,rubb]s1 or ov]%oes1 are worn to keep ! feet dry4 #aj4 ,! sable1 ! seal1 & ! ott] furni% u ri* furs4 #aa4 ,8 d>k eye fla%$1 8 pr\d brea/ heav$1 8 *eek's hue came & w5t4 #ab4 ,flights ( birds d>k5 ! air1 & tempt ! travel] ) ! promise ( abundant provisions4 ,semicolon4--,indep5d5t clauses 7#a7 :5 slightly connect$1 or 7#b7 :5 !mselves divid$ by ! comma1 mu/ be sep>at$ by ! semicolon4 ,use ! semicolon 7#c7 betwe5 s]ial phrases or clauses hav+ a common dep5d5ce on some?+ t prec$es or foll[s2 & 7#d7 be=e z1 viz41 to wit41 namely1 i4 e41 & t is1 :5 !y introduce examples or illu/rations4 ,examples4--#a4 ,! furnace blazes2 ! anvil r+s2 ! busy :eels :irl r\nd4 #b4 ,z ,caes> lov$ me1 ,i weep = him2 z he 0 =tunate1 ,i rejoice at x2 z he 0 valiant1 ,i honor him2 b1 z he 0 ambiti\s1 ,i slew him4 #c4 ,he drew a picture ( ! suff]+s ( our ,savi\r2 8 trial be=e ,pilate2 8 asc5t ( ,calv>y2 8 crucifixion & dea?4 #d4 ,gibbon writes1 ,i h be5 sorely afflict$ ) g\t 9 ! h&2 to wit1 laz9ess4 ,colon4--,use ! colon 7#a7 betwe5 ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce :5 ^! p>ts are !mselves divid$ by ! semicolon2 & 7#b7 be=e a quotation or an enum]ation ( p>ticul>s :5 =mally introduc$4 ,examples4--l4 ,cann+'s features 7 h&some2 8 eye1 ?\gh deeply ensconc$ "u 8 eyebr[s1 0 full ( sp>kle & gayety3 ! features ( ,br\gham 7 h>% 9 ! extreme4 #b4 ,to ,l5tullus & ,gellius be> ?is message3 ,_! graves are measur$4 ,da%4--,use ! da% :]e !re is an omission 7#a7 ( lett]s or figures1 & 7#b7 ( su* words z z1 namely1 or t is1 introduc+ illu/rations or equival5t expressions4 ,use ! da% 7#c7 :]e ! s5t5ce breaks (f abruptly1 & ! same ?\ght is resum$ aft] a slight susp5sion1 or ano!r takes its place2 & 7#d7 be=e a ^w or phrase repeat$ at int]vals = emphasis4 ,! da% may be us$ 7#e7 in/ead ( m>ks ( p>5!sis1 & may 7#f7 foll[ o!r m>ks1 add+ to _! =ce4 ,examples4--#a4 ,9 ,m------w1 v4 #c-aa1 y may f9d ! beatitudes4 #b4 ,!re are two ?+s c]ta9 9 ?is _w--taxes & dea?4 #c4 ,i said--,i "k n :at4 #d4 ,i nev] w\ld lay d[n my arms--nev]-- ,,nev]--,,nev]4 #e4 ,fulton />t$ a /eamboat----he call$ x ! ,cl]mont--on ! ,hudson 9 #ahjg4 #f4 ,my de> ,sir1--,i write ?is lett] = in=mation4 ,m>ks ( ,p>5!sis4--,m>ks ( p>5!sis may be us$ to enclose :at has no ess5tial connection ) ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,example4--,! n\n 7,lat4 nom51 a "n7 is ! fir/ "p ( spee*4 ,apo/rophe4--,use ! apo/rophe 7#a7 to m>k ! omission ( lett]s1 7#b7 9 ! pluraliz+ ( lett]s1 figures1 & *>act]s1 & 7#c7 to di/+ui% ! possessive f o!r cases4 ,examples4--#a4 ,bo't ( ,john ,jones #aj lbs4 ( butt]4 #b4 ,:at ^w is !re "o-half ( :i* is p's8 #c4 ,he wa%$ ! disciples' feet4 ,hyph54--,use ! hyph5 7-7 7#a7 betwe5 ! p>ts ( comp\nd words t h n become consolidat$1 & 7#b7 betwe5 syllables :5 a ^w is divid$4 ,examples4--#a4 ,"w-baskets are conv5i5t4 #b4 ,divide basket ?us3 bas-ket4 ,quotation ,m>ks--,use quotation m>ks to enclose a copi$ ^w or passage4 ,if ! quotation conta9s a quotation1 ! latt] is enclos$ )9 s+le m>ks4 ,example---,! s]mon clos$ ) ?is s5t5ce3 ,god said1 ',let !re be light4' ,brackets4--,use brackets to enclose :at1 9 quot+ ano!r's words1 y ins]t by way ( explanation or correction4 ,example4--,! ,psalmi/ says1 ,i prev5t$ anticipat$ ! dawn+ ( ! morn+4 ,,s5t5ces ,,& ,,p>agraphs4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,x is v pr(itable to ex]cise pupils 9 comb9+ simple /atem5ts into complex & comp\nd s5t5ces1 & 9 resolv+ complex & comp\nd s5t5ces into simple /atem5ts4 ,9 comb9+ /atem5ts1 x is an excell5t practice = ! pupil to contract1 exp&1 transpose1 & to sub/itute diff]5t words4 ,!y ?us le>n to express ! same ?\ght 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,any read+-book or hi/ory w furni% good mat]ial = su* practice4 ,a few examples are giv5 bel[4 ,direction4--,comb9e 9 z _m ways z possible ea* ( ! foll[+ gr\ps ( s5t5ces3-- ,example4--,?is man is to be piti$4 ,he has no fri5ds4 #a4 ,?is man has no fri5ds1 & he is to be piti$4 #b4 ,?is man is to be piti$1 because he has no fri5ds4 #c4 ,because ?is man has no fri5ds1 he is to be piti$4 #d4 ,?is man1 :o has no fri5ds1 is to be piti$4 #e4 ,?is man1 hav+ no fri5ds1 is to be piti$4 #f4 ,?is man1 )\t fri5ds1 is to be piti$4 #g4 ,?is fri5dless man des]ves our pity4 #a4 ,! o/ri* is unable to fly4 ,x has n w+s 9 proportion to its body4 #b4 ,egypt is a f]tile c\ntry4 ,x is annually inundat$ by ! ,nile4 #c4 ,! n]ves are little ?reads1 or fib]s4 ,!y ext5d1 f ! bra94 ,!y spread ov] ! :ole body4 #d4 ,john ,gut5b]g publi%$ a book4 ,x 0 ! fir/ book kn[n to h be5 pr9t$ on a pr9t+-press4 ,he 0 aid$ by ! patronage ( ,john ,pau/4 ,he publi%$ x 9 #adee4 ,he publi%$ x 9 ! city ( ,m5tz4 #e4 ,! human body is a ma*9e4 ,a wat* is delicately con/ruct$4 ,?is ma*9e is m delicately con/ruct$4 ,a /eam-eng9e is complicat$4 ,?is ma*9e is m complicat$4 ,a /eam-eng9e is wond]ful4 ,?is ma*9e is m wond]ful4 ,y see t %ort /atem5ts closely relat$ 9 mean+ may be improv$ by be+ comb9$4 ,b "y writ]s frequ5tly use too _m &s & o!r connectives1 & make _! s5t5ces too long4 ,long s5t5ces %\ld be brok5 up into %ort ones :5 ! relations ( ! p>ts are n cle>4 ,z clauses may be jo9$ to =m s5t5ces1 s s5t5ces may be unit$ to make p>agraphs4 ,a p>agraph is a s5t5ce or a gr\p ( relat$ s5t5ces develop+ "o po9t or "o division ( a g5]al subject4 ,! fir/ ^w ( a p>agraph %\ld beg9 a new l9e1 & %\ld be writt5 a little f>!r to ! "r ?an ! fir/ words ( o!r l9es4 ,direction4--,comb9e ! foll[+ /atem5ts into s5t5ces & p>agraphs1 & make ( !m a complete composition3-- ,wat] is a liquid4 ,x is compos$ ( oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,x cov]s ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x takes ! =m ( ice4 ,x takes ! =m ( sn[4 ,x takes ! =m ( vapor4 ,! air is con/antly tak+ up wat] f riv]s1 lakes1 oceans1 & f damp gr\nd4 ,cool air conta9s moi/ure4 ,heat$ air conta9s m moi/ure4 ,heat$ air becomes light]4 ,x rises4 ,x becomes cool4 ,! moi/ure is cond5s$ into f9e p>ticles4 ,cl\ds are =m$4 ,!y float across ! sky4 ,! little p>ticles unite & =m ra9-drops4 ,!y spr9kle ! dry fields4 ,at night ! grass & fl[]s become cool4 ,! air is n s cool4 ,! w>m air t\*es ! grass & fl[]s4 ,x is *ill$4 ,x loses a "p ( its moi/ure4 ,drops ( dew are =m$4 ,wat] has _m uses4 ,m5 & animals dr9k x4 ,trees & plants dr9k x4 ,!y dr9k x by means ( _! leaves & roots4 ,wat] is a great purifi]4 ,x cleanses our bodies4 ,x wa%es our clo!s4 ,x wa%es ! du/ f ! leaves & ! fl[]s4 ,wat] is a great work]4 ,x floats vessels4 ,x turns ! :eels ( mills4 ,x is conv]t$ into /eam4 ,x is h>ness$ to mighty eng9es4 ,x does ! "w ( ?\s&s ( m5 & horses4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,cond5s$ /atem5ts ( facts1 tak5 f "s book n 9 ! h&s ( y\r pupils1 may be read to !m1 & !y may be requir$ to exp& & comb9e ^! & gr\p !m into p>agraphs4 ,,lett]-,,writ+4 ,9 writ+ a lett] !re are six ?+s to consid]--! ,head+1 ! ,introduction1 ! ,body ( ! ,lett]1 ! ,conclusion1 ! ,fold+1 & ! ,sup]scription4 ,,! ,,head+4 ,p>ts4--,! ,head+ consi/s ( ! "n ( ! ,place at :i* ! lett] is writt51 & ! ,date4 ,if y write f a city1 give ! door-numb]1 ! "n ( ! /reet1 ! "n ( ! city1 & ! "n ( ! /ate4 ,if y are at a hotel or a s*ool1 or any o!r well-kn[n in/itution1 its "n may take ! place ( ! door-numb] & ! "n ( ! /reet4 ,if y write f a village or o!r c\ntry place1 give y\r po/-(fice address1 ! "n ( ! c\nty1 & t ( ! /ate4 ,! ,date consi/s ( ! mon?1 ! day ( ! mon?1 & ! ye>4 ,h[ ,writt54--,beg9 ! ,head+ ab\t an in* & a half f ! top ( ! page--on ! fir/ rul$ l9e ( comm]cial note--& a little to ! left ( ! middle ( ! page4 ,if ! ,head+ is v %ort1 x may /& on "o l9e4 ,if x occupies m ?an "o l9e1 ! second l9e %\ld beg9 f>!r to ! "r ?an ! fir/1 & ! ?ird f>!r to ! "r ?an ! second4 ,! ,date /&s ^u a l9e by itself if ! ,head+ occupies two or m l9es4 ,! door-numb]1 ! day ( mon?1 & ! ye> are writt5 9 figures1 ! re/ 9 words4 ,ea* important ^w beg9s ) a capital lett]1 ea* item is set (f by ! comma1 & ! :ole closes ) a p]iod4 ,direction4--,/udy :at has be5 said1 & write ! foll[+ head+s accord+ to ^! models3--- #a4 ,hull1 ,mass41 ,nov4 #a1 #ahfj4 #b4 #adff ,colorado ,ave41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 ,apr4 #c1 #ahgj4 #c4 ,newburyport1 ,mass41 ,june #cj1 #ahbf4 #d4 ,/>kville1 ,h]kim] ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 ,dec4 #ai1 #ahga4 #a4 n y rond\t #aa #ahdi oct4 #b4 /at5 isl& port ri*mond #ahgg #be janu>y4 #c4 brooklyn m>* #ahga mansion h\se #bi4 #d4 executive *amb] vt febru>y montpeli] #ahfi #bg4 #e4 wa%+ton frankl9 como nov #af #ahgd4 #f4 fif? ave may new york #dfj #i #ahfc4 #g4 wa%+ton d c m>* #ahdg #ebj p5nsylvania ave #af4 ,,! ,,introduction4 ,p>ts4--,! ,introduction consi/s ( ! ,address--! ,"n1 ! ,title1 & ! ,place ( ,bus9ess or ! ,resid5ce ( ! "o address$--& ! ,salutation4 ,titles ( respect & c\rtesy %\ld appe> 9 ! ,address4 ,prefix ,mr4 7plural1 ,messrs47 to a man's "n2 ,ma/] to a boy's "n2 ,miss to ! "n ( a girl or an unm>ri$ lady2 ,mrs4 to ! "n ( a m>ri$ lady4 ,prefix ,dr4 to ! "n ( a physician1 or write ,m4,d4 aft] 8 "n4 ,prefix ,rev4 7or ,! ,rev47 to ! "n ( a cl]gyman2 if he is a ,doctor ( ,div9ity1 prefix ,rev4 ,dr41 or write ,rev4 be=e 8 "n & ,d4,d4 aft] x2 if y d n "k 8 ,*ri/ian "n1 prefix ,rev4 ,mr4 or ,rev4 ,dr4 to 8 surname1 b nev] ,rev4 alone4 ,esq4 is add$ to ! "n ( a lawy]1 & to ! names ( o!r prom95t m54 ,avoid su* comb9ations z ! foll[+3 ,mr4 ,john ,smi?1 ,esq41 ,dr4 ,john ,smi?1 ,m4,d41 ,mr4 ,john ,smi?1 ,m4,d41 etc4 ,salutations v>y ) ! /ation ( ! "o address$1 or ! writ]'s degree ( intimacy ) him4 ,/rang]s may be address$ z ,sir1 ,rev4 ,sir1 ,g5]al1 ,madam1 ,miss ,br[n1 etc42 acqua9tances z ,de> ,sir1 ,de> ,madam1 etc42 fri5ds z ,my de> ,sir1 ,my de> ,madam1 ,my de> ,mr4 ,br[n1 etc42 & ne> relatives & o!r de> fri5ds z ,my de> ,wife1 ,my de> ,boy1 ,de>e/ ,ell51 etc4 ,h[ ,writt54--,! ,address may foll[ ! ,head+1 beg9n+ on ! next l9e1 or ! next b "o1 & /&+ on ! left side ( ! page2 or x may /& 9 correspond+ position aft] ! ,body ( ! ,lett] & ! ,conclusion4 ,if ! lett] is writt5 to a v intimate fri5d1 ! ,address may appropriately be plac$ at ! bottom ( ! lett]2 b 9 o!r lett]s1 especially ^? on ord9>y bus9ess1 x %\ld be plac$ at ! top & z direct$ above4 ,!re %\ld always be a n>r[ m>g9 on ! left-h& side ( ! page1 & ! ,address %\ld always beg9 on ! m>g9al l9e4 ,if ! ,address occupies m ?an "o l9e1 ! initial words ( ^! l9es %\ld slope to ! "r1 z 9 ! ,head+4 ,beg9 ! ,salutation on ! m>g9al l9e or a little to ! "r ( x1 :5 ! ,address occupies ?ree l9es2 on ! m>g9al l9e or f>!r to ! "r ?an ! second l9e ( ! ,address beg9s1 :5 ?is occupies two l9es2 a little to ! "r ( ! m>g9al lime1 :5 ! ,address occupies "o l9e2 on ! m>g9al l9e1 :5 ! ,address /&s bel[4 ,e important ^w 9 ! ,address %\ld beg9 ) a capital lett]4 ,all ! items ( x %\ld be set (f by ! comma1 &1 z x is an abbreviat$ s5t5ce1 x %\ld close ) a p]iod4 ,e important ^w 9 ! ,salutation %\ld beg9 ) a capital lett]1 & ! :ole %\ld be foll[$ by a comma4 ,direction4--,/udy :at has be5 said1 & write ! foll[+ introductions accord+ to ^! models3-- #a4 ,de> ,fa!r1 ,i write1 etc4 #b4 ,! ,rev4 ,m4 ,h4 ,buckham1 ,d4,d41 ,presid5t ( ,u4 ,v4 ,m41 ,burl+ton1 ,vt4 ,my de> ,sir1 #c4 ,messrs4 ,cl>k ,br[n1 ,quogue1 ,n4 ,y4 ,g5tlem51 #d4 ,messrs4 ,tiffany ,co41 #b ,milk ,/41 ,bo/on4 ,de> ,sirs1 #a4 david h co*ran lld presid5t ( polyte*nic in/itute brooklyn my de> sir4 #b4 dr ,john h hob>t burge #fd liv+/on / brooklyn n y sir4 #c4 pr( geo n bo>dman ,*icago ill de> tea*]4 #d4 to ! presid5t executive mansion ,wa%+ton d c mr presid5t4 #e4 rev t k bee*] elmira n y sir4 #f4 messrs gilb]t sons g5tlem5 mass bo/on4 #g4 mr george r curtis m9n ro*e/] my fri5d de>4 #h4 to ! honorable wm m ev>ts secret>y ( /ate ,wa%+ton d c sir4 ,,! ,,body ,,( ,,! ,,lett]4 ,! ,beg9n+4--,beg9 ! ,body ( ! ,lett] at ! end ( ! ,salutation1 & on ! same l9e1 if ! ,introduction consi/s ( f\r l9es--9 :i* case ! comma aft] ! ,salutation %\ld be foll[$ by a da%2--o!rwise1 on ! l9e bel[4 ,/yle4--,be p]spicu\s4 ,p>agraph & punctuate z 9 o!r k9ds ( writ+4 ,spell correctly2 write legibly1 neatly1 & ) c>e4 ,lett]s ( fri5d%ip %\ld be colloquial1 natural1 & famili>4 ,:atev] is int]e/+ to y w be int]e/+ to y\r fri5ds4 ,bus9ess lett]s %\ld be brief1 & ! s5t5ces %\ld be %ort1 concise1 & to ! po9t4 ,9 =mal notes ! ?ird p]son is g5]ally us$ in/ead ( ! fir/ & ! second2 !re is no ,introduction1 no ,conclusion1 no ,signature1 only ! "n ( ! ,place & ! ,date at ! bottom1 on ! left side ( ! page4 ,,! ,,conclusion4 ,p>ts4--,! ,conclusion consi/s ( ! ,complim5t>y ,close & ! ,signature4 ,! =ms ( ! ,complim5t>y ,close are _m1 & are det]m9$ by ! relations ( ! writ] to ! "o address$4 ,9 lett]s ( fri5d%ip y may use ,y\r s9c]e fri5d2 ,y\rs affectionately 2 ,y\r lov+ son or daught]1 etc4 ,9 bus9ess lett]s1 y may use ,y\rs2 ,y\rs truly2 ,truly y\rs2 ,y\rs respectfully2 ,v respectfully y\rs1 etc4 ,9 (ficial lett]s use ,i h ! honor to be1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant2 ,v respectfully1 y\r mo/ ob$i5t s]vant4 ,! ,signature consi/s ( y\r ,*ri/ian "n & y\r surname4 ,9 address+ a /rang] write y\r ,*ri/ian "n 9 full4 ,a lady address+ a /rang] %\ld prefix h] title--,miss or ,mrs4--to h] own "n1 enclos+ x )9 m>ks ( p>5!sis1 if %e pref]s4 ,h[ ,writt54--,! ,conclusion %\ld beg9 ne> ! middle ( ! fir/ l9e bel[ ! ,body ( ! ,lett]1 & %\ld slope to ! "r l ! ,head+ & ! ,address4 ,beg9 ea* l9e ( x ) a capital lett]1 & punctuate z 9 o!r writ+1 foll[+ ! :ole ) a p]iod4 ,! ,signature %\ld be v pla94 ,,! ,,fold+4 ,! ,fold+ is a simple matt] :51 z n[1 ! envelope us$ is adapt$ 9 l5g? to ! wid? ( ! %eet4 ,take ! lett] z x lies be=e y1 ) its fir/ page upp]mo/1 turn up ! bottom ( x ab\t "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! %eet1 br+ ! top d[n ov] ?is1 tak+ c>e t ! sides are ev51 & press ! p>ts toge!r4 ,tak+ ! envelope ) its back t[>d y1 ins]t ! lett]1 putt+ 9 fir/ ! edge la/ fold$4 ,! =m ( ! envelope may require ! lett] to be fold$ 9 ! middle4 ,o!r conditions may require o!r ways ( fold+4 ,,! ,,sup]scription4 ,p>ts4--,! ,sup]scription is :at is writt5 on ! outside ( ! envelope4 ,x is ! same z ! ,address1 consi/+ ( ! ,"n1 ! ,title1 & ! full ,directions ( ! "o address$4 ,h[ ,writt54--,! ,sup]scription %\ld beg9 ne> ! middle ( ! envelope & ne> ! left edge-- ! envelope ly+ ) its clos$ side t[>d y--& %\ld occupy ?ree or f\r l9es4 ,^! l9es %\ld slope to ! "r z 9 ! ,head+ & ! ,address1 ! spaces betwe5 ! l9es %\ld be ! same1 & ! la/ l9e %\ld end ne> ! l[] "r-h& corn]4 ,on ! fir/ l9e ! ,"n & ! ,title %\ld /&4 ,if ! "o address$ is 9 a city1 ! door-numb] & "n ( ! /reet %\ld be on ! second l9e1 ! "n ( ! city on ! ?ird1 & ! "n ( ! /ate on ! f\r?4 ,if he is 9 ! c\ntry1 ! "n ( ! po/-(fice %\ld be on ! second l9e1 ! "n ( ! c\nty on ! ?ird--7or by itself ne> ! l[] left-h& corn]71 & ! "n ( ! /ate on ! f\r?4 ,! titles foll[+ ! "n %\ld be sep>at$ f x & f ea* o!r by ! comma1 & e l9e %\ld end ) a comma1 except ! la/1 :i* %\ld be foll[$ by a p]iod4 ,! l9es %\ld be /raight1 & e "p ( ! ,sup]scription %\ld be legible4 ,place ! /amp at ! upp] "r-h& corn]4 ,,lett]1 ,,ord]+ ,,m]*&ise4 ,cursive3 ,newburgh1 ,n4 ,y4 ,jan4 #g4 #ahhh ,messrs4 ,hyde ,co41 #bej ,broadway4 ,n4 ,y4 ,g5tlem51 ,please s5d me by ,adams ,express ! articles m5tion$ 9 ! enclos$ li/4 ,be c>eful 9 ! selection ( ! goods1 z ,i desire !m = a special class ( cu/om]s4 ,:5 !y are =w>d$1 please in=m me by lett] & enclose ! invoice4 ,y\rs truly1 ,?omas ,dodds4 ,,answ]1 ,,enclos+ ,,invoice4 ,cursive3 #bej ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,jan #i1 #ahhh4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,dodds1 ,newburgh1 ,n4 ,y4 ,de> ,sir1 ,we h to-day s5t y by ,adams ,express ! goods ord]$ 9 y\r lett] ( ! #g? in/4 ,enclos$ y w f9d ! invoice4 ,we hope t ev]y?+ w rea* y 9 good condition & w prove satisfactory 9 quality & 9 price4 ,v truly y\rs1 ,pet] ,hyde ,co4 ,,invoice4 ,?omas ,dodds1 ,b\ght ( ,pet] ,hyde ,co4 #c boxes ,sp]m ,c&les4 #adj lbs41 #cc;c4 #df4bj #g d4 ,adamant9e ,extra ,c&les1 #ahb lbs41 #bf;c4 #dg4cb #abj lbs4 ,cru%$ ,sug>1 #ab-a_/b;c4 #ae4jj #fj d4 ,c(fee d41 #aa-a_/d;c4 #f4ge ----- #aae4bg ,,lett] ,,( ,,application4 ,cursive3 #agf ,cl9ton ,/4 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dec4 #ab1 #ahhg ,messrs4 ,fisk ,hat*1 #e ,nassau ,/41 ,n4 ,y4 ,g5tlem51 ,le>n+ by adv]tisem5t t a cl]k%ip 9 y\r h\se is vacant1 ,i beg leave to (f] myself z a c&idate = ! place4 ,i am sixte5 ye>s old1 & am /rong & 9 excell5t heal?4 ,i h j graduat$ ) honor f ! sev5? grade ( ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 ,brooklyn1 & ,i enclose te/imonials ( my "* & /&+ f ! ,presid5t ( t ,in/itution4 ,if y desire a p]sonal int]view1 ,i %all be glad to pres5t myself at su* "t & place z y may "n4 ,v respectfully y\rs1 ,*>les ,ha/+s4 ,,notes ,,( ,,invitation ,,& ,,acceptance 79 ! ?ird p]son74 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,brooks reque/ ! pleasure ( ,mr4 ,*ur*ill's company at a social ga!r+1 next ,tuesday ev5+1 at #h o'clock4 #cb ,w4 #ca/ ,/reet1 ,oct4 #e4 ,mr4 ,*ur*ill has mu* pleasure 9 accept+ ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,brooks's k9d invitation to a social ga!r+ next ,tuesday ev5+4 #afj ,fif? ,ave41 ,oct4 #e4 ,,lett] ,,( ,,introduction4 ,cursive3 ,concord1 ,n4 ,h4 ,jan4 #aj1 #ahhh4 ,george ,*apman1 ,esq41 ,portl&1 ,conn4 ,my de> ,fri5d1 ,x gives me great pleasure to introduce to y my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,alpheus ,crane4 ,any att5tion y may be able to %[ him ,i %all e/eem z a p]sonal favor4 ,s9c]ely y\rs1 ,pet] ,coop]4 ,a ,,lett] ,,( ,,fri5d%ip4 ,cursive3 #ba ,dean ,/41 ,tol$o1 ,ohio4 ,dec4 #af1 #ahhg4 ,my de> ,"m1 ,i _c tell y h[ ,i long to be at home aga9 & 9 my old place4 ,9 my dreams & 9 my wak+ h\rs1 ,i am (t5 back at ! old home/ead2 my ?\ghts play truant :ile ,i pore ov] my books1 & ev5 :ile ,i li/5 to my tea*] 9 ! class-room4 ,i w\ld give s mu* to "k :at y are all do+--s mu* to feel t n[ & !n ,i am 9 y\r ?\ghts1 & t y d inde$ miss me at home4 ,ev]y?+ "h is z pleasant z x ne$ be or c be1 ,i suppose4 ,i am sure ,i %all enjoy x all by & by1 :5 ,i get ov] ?is fit ( homesickness4 ,my /udies are n too h>d1 & my tea*]s are k9d & fai?ful4 ,d write me a long lett] z soon z y get ?is & tell me ev]y?+4 ,mu* love to ea* ( ! de> ones at home4 ,y\r affectionate son1 ,h5ry ,james4 ,footnote3 ,9 famili> 7& (ficial7 lett]s1 ! ,address may /&1 y w rememb]1 at ! bottom4 ,mrs4 ,alex&] ,james1 ,tallmadge1 ,ohio4 ,illu/ration ( ,envelope3 ,mrs4 ,alex&] ,james1 ,tallmadge1 ,summit ,co4 ,ohio4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,h y\r pupils write complete lett]s & notes ( all k9ds4 ,y c "n ! p]sons to :om ^! are to be address$4 ,att5d m9utely to al#a ! po9ts4 ,lett]s ( introduction %\ld h ! ^w ,introduc+ 7foll[$ by ! "n ( ! "o introduc$7 at ! l[] left-h& corn] ( ! envelope4 ,?is lett] %\ld n be seal$4 ,! receiv] may seal x be=e h&+ x to ! "o address$4 ,cont9ue ?is "w ( lett]-writ+ until ! pupils h ma/]$ all ! details1 & are able easily & quickly to write any ord9>y lett]4 ,a ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,rules ,,( ,,syntax4 ,i4 ,a n\n or pron\n us$ z subject or z attribute complem5t ( a pr$icate v]b1 or us$ indep5d5tly1 is 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,,ii4 ,! attribute complem5t ( a p>ticiple or an inf9itive is 9 ! same case 7,nom4 or ,obj47 z ! ^w to :i* x relates4 ,,iii4 ,a n\n or pron\n us$ z possessive modifi] is 9 ! possessive case4 ,,iv4 ,a n\n or pron\n us$ z object or objective complem5t1 or z ! pr9cipal ^w ( a prepositional phrase1 is 9 ! objective case4 ,v4 ,a n\n or pron\n us$ z explanatory modifi] is 9 ! same case z ! ^w expla9$4 ,,vi4 ,a pron\n agrees ) its antec$5t 9 p]son1 numb]1 & g5d]4 ,) two or m antec$5ts connect$ by &1 ! pron\n is plural4 ,) two or m s+ul> antec$5ts connect$ by or or nor1 ! pron\n is s+ul>4 ,,vii4 ,a v]b agrees ) its subject 9 p]son & numb]4 ,) two or m subjects connect$ by &1 ! v]b is plural4 ,) two or m s+ul> subjects connect$ by or or nor1 ! v]b is s+ul>4 ,,viii4 ,a p>ticiple assumes ! action or be+1 & is us$ l an adjective or a n\n4 ,,ix4 ,an inf9itive is g5]ally introduc$ by to1 & ) x =ms a phrase us$ z a n\n1 an adjective1 or an adv]b4 ,x4 ,adjectives modify n\ns or pron\ns4 ,,xi4 ,adv]bs modify v]bs1 adjectives1 or adv]bs4 ,,xii4 ,a preposition introduces a phrase modifi]1 & %[s ! relation1 9 s5se1 ( its pr9cipal ^w to ! ^w modifi$4 ,,xiii4 ,conjunctions connect words1 phrases1 or clauses4 ,,xiv4 ,int]jections are us$ indep5d5tly4 ,,pro(-,,m>ks4 ,rem>k4--,! foll[+ are "s ( ! m>ks us$ 9 correct+ pro(-%eets = ! pr9t]3-- ,symbol3 dele ,de-le ,/rike out4 ,ca-ret ,some?+ to be ins]t$4 _/ ,?is calls att5tion to po9ts or lett]s plac$ 9 ! m>g9 z corrections4 ,symbol3 dott$ circle ,?is calls att5tion to ! p]iod4 tr4 ,transpose4 ,symbol3 p>a ,beg9 a new p>agraph ) ! ^w prec$$ by 4 ,no ,symbol3 p>a ,no new p>agraph4 ,symbol3 v' ,?is calls att5tion to ! apo/rophe4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,we sugge/ t ! pupils le>n to use ^! m>ks 9 correct+ compositions4 ,! foll[+ ex]cises are giv5 z illu/rations3-- ,illu/ration3 ,correct$ lett] ,,notes ,,= ,,tea*]s4 ,,agreem5t4 ,be=e ,lesson #h is assign$1 ! pupils may be requir$ to note1 9 ,lessons #f & #g1 ! subjects t add s to d5ote m ?an "o1 & !n to m>k ! *anges t occur 9 ! pr$icates :5 ! s is dropp$ f ^! subjects4 ,9 ,lesson #h1 ! pr$icates may be *ang$ by add+ or dropp+ s1 & o!r subjects may be f\nd to correspond4 ,9 ,lesson #i1 s may be dropp$ f ! plural subjects1 & o!r pr$icates may be f\nd to agree4 ,at ?is /age ( ! "w we %\ld give no =mal rules1 & %\ld avoid su* te*nical t]ms z numb]1 p]son1 t5se1 etc4 ,! pupils may be l$ to discov] rules = !mselves1 & to /ate !m in=mally4 ,ex]cises & que/ions may be s direct$ t ! pupils may draw "s su* conclusion z ! foll[+3-- ,:5 a simple =m ( ! v]b is us$ to tell :at "o ?+ does1 s or es is add$ 7unless ! subject is ,i or y74 ,let ! pupils see t ! s-=m ( ! v]b is us$ only 9 tell+ :at "o ?+ does1 n :at x did2 z1 ,! boy runs1 ,! boy ran2 & t its subject always /&s = ! "o spok5 (2 z1 ,he runs1 ,i run4 ,be=e ,lesson #ab is assign$1 att5tion may be call$ to ! use ( is1 01 & has1 9 ,lesson #aa & else:]e4 ,= ! pr$icates introduc$ by ^! words let ! pupils f9d subjects :i* "n m ?an "o1 t !y may note ! *ange ( is to are1 0 to 71 & has to h4 ,! =ms does & d may also be introduc$1 & ^! ex]cises cont9u$ till ! pupils are l$ to discov] "s su* rule z ! foll[+3-- ,is1 01 has1 & does are us$ ) subjects d5ot+ b "o4 ,are1 71 h1 & d are us$ ) subjects d5ot+ m ?an "o4 ,we sugge/ t ! =m ( a "q & ! use ( ! "q m>k be introduc$ aft] ,lesson #ab1 & t ! pupils be all[$ to *ange ! s5t5ces 9 ,lessons #aa & #ab by plac+ ! subject aft] ! fir/ auxili>y4 ,a /raight l9e may be drawn "u ea* subject1 & a wav+ l9e "u ea* pr$icate1 ?us3-- ,0 _/,napoleon_/ bani%$8 ,! s5t5ces giv5 = analysis w furni% mat]ial = mak+ int]rogative s5t5ces1 & = ju/ify+ ! agreem5t ( v]bs4 ,9 connection ) ,lesson #ai att5tion may be call$ to ! agreem5t ( v]bs ) ,i & y4 ,ex]cises may be giv5 f :i* ! pupils w draw ! foll[+ conclusions3-- ,i c be us$ ) am1 01 h1 & d4 ,y may mean "o or m ?an "o1 b ! v]b always agrees z if y meant m ?an "o4 ,ex]cises may be giv5 requir+ ! pupils to use su* expressions z ,y 71 ,!y 71 ,we 71 ,he doesn't1 etc41 & to repeat !m al\d till ! e> is accu/om$ to ! "r =m4 ,:5 pr$icate v]bs imm$iately foll[ _! subjects1 !re is little dang] ( errors 9 agreem5t1 except t 0 is (t5 us$ incorrectly = 71 & don't = doesn't4 ,! *ief object ( introduc+ ^! ex]cises "h is to tra9 ! pupils' obs]vation s t !y w readily & naturally note ! agreem5t ( ! subject & pr$icate :5 ^! t]ms are transpos$1 or are sep>at$ by o!r words4 ,to det]m9e ! correct =m ( ! v]b 9 su* cases1 let ! pupils see h[ x s\nds :5 plac$ imm$iately aft] its subject4 ,we sugge/ ex]cises l ! foll[+3-- #a is are #b 0 7 #c has h #d does d #e comes come #f goes g #g ?9ks ?9k #h writes write #a4 ,) :at k9d ( lett] 7#d7 ea* ( ^! names beg98 #b4 ,"u ?is rule 7#a7 f\nd important exceptions4 #c4 ,! f>m1 ) all ! cattle & horses1 7#b7 sold4 #d4 ,) :at m>k 7#d7 imp]ative s5t5ces end8 #e4 ,e ef=t ( ! fri5ds ( ^! measures 7#c7 fail$4 #f4 ,!re 7#e7 try+ times 9 e man's life4 #g4 ,"o ( !m 7#f7 to ,vass> ,college4 #h4 ,n "o 9 t5 7#g7 ab\t ?is4 #i4 ,nei!r ( y 7#h7 correctly4 #aj4 ,aft] ?is 7#e7 ! cali/h5ic ex]cises4 #aa4 ,a c>go ( ,delaw>e pea*es 7#c7 arriv$4 #ab4 ,!re 7#f7 ! c>s4 #ac4 ,!re 7#f7 a tra9 ( c>s4 ,aft] ^! blanks h be5 fill$ ) ! v]bs above1 z indicat$ by ! numb]s1 ! s5t5ces may be repeat$ al\d till ! correct =m is famili>4 ,let ! pupils see t 9 7#b71 ,lesson #cf1 7 id5tifi$ is ass]t$ ( two ?+s1 & t 9 7#c7 0 anticipat$ is ass]t$ ( "o ( two ?+s1 b n ( bo?4 ,let !m give o!r examples ( connect$ subjects ) v]bs s+ul> 9 =m1 & ) v]bs plural 9 =m4 ,! mean+ ( s+ul> & plural may be expla9$1 & ! pupils may =m "s su* rule z ! foll[+3-- ,) two or m subjects connect$ by & ! v]b agrees 9 ! plural4 ,) two or m s+ul> subjects connect$ by or or nor ! v]b agrees 9 ! s+ul>4 ,! pupils may exam9e su* s5t5ces z-- #a4 ,ea* ^w & ge/ure 0 suit$ to ! ?\ght2 #b4 ,e bud1 leaf1 & blade ( grass rejoices aft] ! w>m ra92 #c4 ,no dew1 no ra91 no cl\d comes to ! relief ( ! p>*$ e>?2-- & note t ea*1 e1 & no %[ t ! ?+s nam$ 9 ! diff]5t subjects are tak5 sep>ately1 & t ! v]bs are !re=e s+ul>4 ,su* s5t5ces z-- ,9 ! dea? ( ,frankl91 a philosoph] & /atesman 0 lo/ to ! _w-- may be giv5 to %[ t subjects connect$ by & may "n ! same ?+1 & s take a v]b 9 ! s+ul>4 ,su* examples z ! foll[+ may be giv5 & ju/ifi$3-- #a4 ,beauty & utility are comb9$ 9 nature4 #b4 ,ei!r beauty or utility appe>s 9 e natural object4 #c4 ,"h is nei!r beauty nor utility4 #d4 ,"t & tide wait = no man4 #e4 ,wisdom & prud5ce dwell ) ! l[ly man4 #f4 ,does ei!r l&lord or t5ant pr(it by ?is bill8 #g4 ,nei!r l&lords nor t5ants pr(it by ?is bill4 #h4 ,e fly1 bee1 beetle1 & butt]fly is provid$ ) six feet4 #i4 ,t desp]ate robb] & murd]] 0 f9ally secur$4 #aj4 ,t desp]ate robb] & t murd]] 7 f9ally secur$4 #aa4 ,! build] & own] ( ! ya*t has sail$ f ,liv]pool4 #ab4 ,! build] & ! own] ( ! ya*t h sail$ f ,liv]pool4 #ac4 ,a lame & bl9d man 0 provid$ ) food & lodg+4 #ad4 ,a lame & a bl9d man 7 provid$ ) food & lodg+4 ,p>ticul> att5tion may be call$ to examples #i-ad1 t ! pupils may note ! effect ( repeat+ t1 !1 & a4 ,pupils %\ld e>ly le>n t rules 9 gramm> %\ld n be foll[$ rigidly & bl9dly1 z !y g5]ally h v>iations & exceptions4 ,caution1 h[ev]1 %\ld be us$ 9 pres5t+ exceptions1 le/ ! pupils become confus$4 ,!y may be pres5t$ 9 reviews aft] ! rules & g5]al pr9ciples are well und]/ood4 ,!y ne$ n be =mally /at$1 b may be introduc$ 9 ! way ( obs]vation lessons t appeal to ! judgm5t r ?an to ! memory4 ,9 ?is way su* con/ructions z ! foll[+ may be introduc$3-- #a4 ,nei!r he nor ,i am go+4 7,bett]--,he is n go+1 nor am ,i47 #b4 ,nei!r ,john nor 8 si/]s 7 !re4 #c4 ,action1 & n words1 is ne$$4 #d4 ,bread & milk is good food4 #e4 ,! committee are unable to agree on _! report4 #f4 ,! committee has made its report4 ,o!r examples may be giv5 till ! pupils are l$ to discov] t 9 examples l 7#a7 & 7#b7 ! v]b agrees ) its ne>e/ subject1 & t ! plural subject is usually plac$ next to ! v]b2 t 9 7#c7 ! v]b agrees ) ! affirmative subject1 ano!r v]b be+ und]/ood ) ! negative subject2 t 9 7#d7 bread & milk repres5ts "o article ( food2 & t 9 7#e7 ! individuals ( ! committee are ?\ght (1 :ile 9 7#f7 ! committee z a :ole is ?\ght (4 ,9 7#e7 & 7#f7 ! agreem5t ( ! pron\n may also be not$4 ,pron\ns may be introduc$ into _m ( ! prec$+ ex]cises & ! pupils l$ to apply to ! agreem5t ( ! pron\n ) its antec$5t :at has be5 le>n$ ( ! agreem5t ( ! v]b ) its subject4 ,let ! pupils det]m9e :y ! foll[+ connect$ subjects are arrang$ 9 ! prop] ord]3-- #a4 ,y & ,i are invit$4 #b4 ,m>y & ,i are invit$4 #c4 ,y & ,m>y are invit$4 #d4 ,y & ,m>y & ,i are invit$4 ,,writ+ ,,names--,,capitals ,,& ,,abbreviations4 ,footnote3 ,= li/ ( abbreviations see p4 #aia4 ,pupils may copy ! foll[+ li/ ( names1 & note all peculi>ities 9 =m3-- ,texas1 /ate1 riv]1 ,r$ ,riv]1 city1 ,albany1 ,new ,orleans1 ,kansas ,city1 /atesman1 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ,?os4 ,jeff]son1 au?or1 ,*>les ,dick5s1 ,*as4 ,dick5s1 writ]1 ,george ,william ,curtis1 ,geo4 ,wm4 ,curtis1 ,geo4 ,w4 ,curtis1 poet1 ,john ,gre5leaf ,:itti]1 ,john ,g4 ,:itti]1 ,j4 ,g4 ,:itti]1 gulf1 sea1 ,gulf ( ,mexico1 ,c>ibbean ,sea1 lake1 ,lake ,erie1 g5]al1 ,g5]al ,rob]t ,edmund ,lee1 ,g54 ,robt4 ,e4 ,lee1 doctor1 ,doctor ,val5t9e ,mott1 ,dr4 ,v4 ,mott1 pr(essor1 ,pr(4 ,goldw9 ,smi?4 ,h5ry ,wadswor? ,longfell[ wrote ,! ,song ( ,hiawa?a4 ,john ,bunyan wrote ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress4 ,! subject = composition 0 ,a ,day 9 ! ,woods4 ,we give ! foll[+ que/ions to illu/rate our me?od ( conduct+ an ,obs]vation ,lesson4--,are city & ,albany bo? names8 ,:at diff]5ce c y discov] 9 mean+8 ,:at 9 =m8 ,:i* ( ! names j writt5 are class names8 ,:i* are individual names8 ,m5tion an individual "n made up ( two names2 "o ( ?ree names2 "o ( f\r4 ,h[ _m capitals d y f9d 9 ea* ( ! names j m5tion$8 ,m5tion sev5 words t are writt5 )\t capitals z class names1 & aga9 ) capitals z p>ts ( individual names4 ,m5tion a ^w t is %ort5$1 or abbreviat$1 by omitt+ all b ! fir/1 or initial1 lett]4 ,m5tion an abbreviation conta9+ two lett]s2 "o conta9+ ?ree2 "o conta9+ f\r4 ,:at new use ( ! p]iod h y discov]$ 9 ?is ex]cise8 ,:at ?ree words 9 ?is ex]cise are us$ toge!r z ! title ( a book8 ,:at f\r z ! title ( a poem8 ,:at five z ! subject ( a s*ool composition8 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps may be reg>d$ z a k9d ( individual "n4 ,besides ! fir/ ^w1 :at words beg9 ) capitals 9 ea* ( ^! ?ree gr\ps8 ,notice t ^! are ! pr9cipal words4 ,= ano!r ex]cise ! pupils may copy ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 not+ c>efully capitals & punctuation m>ks3-- #a4 ,! city ( ,*icago is on ,lake ,mi*igan4 #b4 ,! /eam] ,city ( ,*icago sails f ,j]sey ,city4 #c4 ,! isl& ( ,cuba is "u ,spani% rule4 #d4 ,! ,isle ( ,man is 9 ! ,iri% ,sea4 #e4 ,! ,hon4 ,wm4 ,e4 ,glad/one is an ,engli% /atesman4 #f4 ,! subject = composition 0 ,! ,view f my ,w9d[4 #g4 ,9 ! ev5+ ,aunt ,m>y ent]ta9$ my c\s9 & me ) /ories ( ,uncle ,remus4 #h4 ,miss ,evans--aft]w>d ,mrs4 ,lewes--0 ! au?or ( ,! ,mill on ! ,floss4 #i4 ,we may call ! ,supreme ,be+ our ,heav5ly ,fa!r4 #aj4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t po9ts to ! com+ ( a ,messiah4 #aa4 ,george ,i41 ,george ,,ii41 ,george ,,iii41 ,george ,,iv41 & ,william ,,iv4 prec$$ ,victoria4 ,! tea*] may f9d ! foll[+ que/ions sugge/ive3-- ,obs]vation ,lesson4--,is ,*icago1 or city ( ,*icago ! individual "n ( ! place m5tion$ 9 7#a78 ,is ,*icago1 or ,city ( ,*icago ! "n ( ! /eam] m5tion$ 9 7#b78 ,is ! t[n m5tion$ 9 7#b7 nam$ ,j]sey1 or ,j]sey ,city8 ,is ! body ( wat] m5tion$ 9 7#a7 kn[n z ,mi*igan1 or ,lake ,mi*igan8 ,:at is ! "n ( ! isl& m5tion$ 9 7#c78--;9 7#d78 ,is ,iri%1 or ,iri% ,sea ! "n ( ! body ( wat] m5tion$ 9 7#d78 ,notice t ,spani%1 9 7#c71 & ,engli%1 9 7#e71 are n names1 or n\ns4 ,!y beg9 ) capitals1 because !y are d]iv$ f ! individual names ,spa9 & ,engl&4 ,:at names 9 7#g7 usually d5ote relation%ip8 ,notice t su* words z uncle1 capta91 pr(essor1 etc41 d n necess>ily beg9 ) capitals unless prefix$ to individual names4 ,:at gr\p ( words 9 7#f7 is treat$ z an individual "n8 ,:at 9 7#h78 ,:i* words ( ^! gr\ps are reg>d$ z ! mo/ important8 ,9 7#h7 d y f9d a p]iod aft] ,miss8--aft] ,mrs48 ,miss is n writt5 z an abbreviation4 ,:at words 9 7#i7 & 7#aj7 are us$ z names ( ! ,deity8 ,:at is ,old ,te/am5t ! p>ticul> "n (8 ,:at d y discov] 9 ! names f\nd 9 7#aa78 ,= o!r ex]cises1 pupils may be requir$ to br+ 9 li/s ( geographical & biographical names1 titles ( books1 etc4 ,we e>ne/ly recomm5d ! introduction "h ( lett]-writ+ to illu/rate ! use ( capitals1 abbreviations1 & punctuation4 7,see pp4 #adf-afa47 ,! writ+ ( head+s1 introductions1 conclusions1 & sup]scriptions w give mo/ excell5t practice 9 capitals1 etc4 ,! body ( ! lett] may be direct$ to ! same end4 ,= in/ance1 an invitation to a fri5d may be accompani$ by a description ( ! r\te to be tak5 & ( ! places or objects ( int]e/ to be se5 on ! way4 ,or ! writ] may m5tion "s ( ! books he has read1 ) ! names ( ! *>act]s & ( ! places m5tion$4 ,,adjectives--,,*oice ,,& ,,arrangem5t4 ,words d5ot+ quality =m a v l>ge & important gr\p4 ,our k ( ?+s ab\t u is a k ( _! qualities4 ,a writ]'s /yle is1 to a l>ge ext5t1 det]m9$ by 8 use ( adjectives4 ,we !re=e recomm5d special drill 9 ! *oice & ! use ( adjectives4 ,! ex]cises giv5 bel[ may s]ve z sugge/ions to ! tea*]4 ,gr\ps ( adjectives l ! foll[+ may be pres5t$1 ! pupils be+ requir$ to jo9 !m to appropriate n\ns3-- ,"s ,qualities le>n$ directly ?r\gh ! ,s5ses4 ,see+1 sc>let crimson florid sall[ opaque d+y vivid gorge\s gaudy v>iegat$ v]dant transp>5t ,he>+1 audible /unn+ ?und]+ deaf5+ purl+ husky monoton\s discordant melodi\s ,smell+1 fragrant balmy odor\s rancid fetid aromatic ,ta/+1 acid acrid pung5t delici\s insipid bracki% palatable savory lusci\s ,feel+4 r\gh gritty h>d ke5 tepid sultry ,pupils w f9d little difficulty 9 l>gely increas+ ! li/s above4 ,_m o!r gr\p+s may be made2 z1 ( qualities le>n$ by comp>ison1 measurem5t1 or exp]im5t2 qualities ( ! m9d2 qualities p]ta9+ to "r & wrong1 etc4 ,gr\ps ( n\ns l ! foll[+ may be made1 & ! pupils may be requir$ to m5tion z _m qualities z possible belong+ to ea* ( ! ?+s nam$3-- *alk ice brooks cl\ds wat] sn[ ocean music ,pupils may m5tion animals prop]ly describ$ by ! foll[+ adjectives3-- timid fleet cunn+ f]oci\s g5tle graceful sagaci\s v5om\s ,c>eless p]sons & ^? t h a meag] li/ ( adjectives at comm& ov]work & abuse su* words z-- nice1 awful1 horrid1 spl5did1 elegant1 lovely4 ,we he> ( nice m\nta9s1 awful p5s1 horrid ink1 spl5did pie1 elegant beef1 lovely *eese1 etc4 ,pupils may /udy ! mean+ ( ! six adjectives la/ m5tion$1 & use !m to fill ! foll[+ blanks3-- di/9ction ---------- workman%ip calculation /illness ---------- *asm rumbl+ *ild ---------- features "* palace ---------- victory illum9ation mann]s ---------- ta/e furniture de$s ---------- dreams but*]y ,?is "w may v pr(itable be ext5d$4 ,a ^w picture is (t5 spoil$ by us+ too _m adjectives2 z1 ,a great1 l>ge1 roomy1 spaci\s hall2 ,sup]b1 delici\s1 magnific5t pumpk9-pie2 ,a /+y1 mis]ly1 close-fi/$ fell[4 ,! italiciz$ words may be omitt$4 ,pupils %\ld be taught to wat* = su* errors1 & to correct !m4 ,pupils may be requir$ to copy *oice selections f lit]ature1 & to note c>efully capitals1 punctuation1 & ! use ( adjectives4 ,we (f] ! foll[+ ex]cise z a specim53-- ,we pil$ ) c>e our nightly /ack ,( wood aga9/ ! *imney-back1-- ,! oak5 log1 gre51 huge1 & ?ick1 ,& on its top ! /\t back-/ick2 ,! knotty =e-/ick laid ap>t1 ,& fill$ betwe5 ) curi\s art ,! ragg$ bru%2 !n1 hov]+ ne>1 ,we wat*$ ! fir/ r$ blaze appe>1 ,he>d ! %>p crackle1 caught ! gleam ,on :itewa%$ wall & sagg+ beam1 ,until ! old1 rude-furni%$ room ,bur/1 fl[]-l1 into rosy bloom4 ,:itti]4--,sn[-,b\nd4 ,obs]vation ,lesson4--,( :at are ! l9es above a picture8 ,:]e1 & 9 :at k9d ( h\se1 d y ?9k ?is picture 0 se58 ,:at object is pictur$ by ! help ( five adjectives8 ,are ! adjectives t prec$e ! "n ( ?is object ( ! same rank8 ,are ^? t foll[ ( ! same rank8 ,:at n\n is modifi$ by ?ree adjectives ( diff]5t rank8 ,:at n\n by ?ree adjectives two ( :i* are ( ! same rank8 ,:at diff]5ce is f\nd 9 ! punctuation ( ^! sev]al gr\ps8 ,notice h[ ! n\n crackle crackles z y pron\nce x1 & h[ ! adjective %>p makes x p5etrate4 ,notice h[ /rong a picture is made 9 ! two l9es imm$iately be=e ! la/4 ,! adjectives "h us$ br+ out ! mo/ prom95t qualities ( ! room1 & ^! qualities br+ along ) !m into ! imag9ation all ! o!r qualities4 ,?is is :at we mu/ try to make our adjectives d4 ,po9t out all ! adjectives 9 ! selection above1 & expla9 ! (fice ( ea*4 ,:at peculi> use ( capitals d y discov] 9 ^! l9es ( poetry8 ,mu* t has be5 sugge/$ above conc]n+ ! use ( adjectives w apply to adv]bs also4 ,,arrangem5t4 ,! foll[+ ex]cises are giv5 to %[ h[ pupils may discov] = !mselves ! natural ord] ( words & phrases3-- 7a7 ,well+ton defeat$ ,napoleon at ,wat]loo4 7b7 ,william's si/] ,m>y is an excell5t musician4 7c7 ,ev]y?+ sudd5ly appe>$ s /rangely bright4 7d7 ,we saw x di/9ctly4 7e7 ,we _h (t5 be5 !re4 7f7 ,napoleon 0 defeat$ at ,wat]loo4 ,obs]vation ,lesson4--,! words & ! phrases 9 ! s5t5ces above /& 9 _! ,natural ,ord]4 ,f 7a7 & 7b7 det]m9e ! natural ord] ( ! subject1 pr$icate1 & complem5t4 ,f 7b7 det]m9e ! natural ord] ( a possessive modifi]1 ( an explanatory modifi]1 & ( an adjective4 ,f 7c71 7d71 & 7e7 det]m9e ! sev]al positions ( an adv]b jo9$ to a v]b4 ,det]m9e f 7c7 ! position ( an adv]b modify+ an adjective or ano!r adv]b4 ,det]m9e f 7a7 & 7f7 ! natural ord] ( a phrase4 ,pupils may copy ! foll[+1 & note ! arrangem5t & ! punctuation ( ! phrases3-- 7g7 ,?is place is ende>$ to me by _m associations4 7h7 ,to me1 ?is place is ende>$ by _m associations4 7i7 ,y\r answ]s1 ) few exceptions1 h be5 correctly giv54 7j7 ,he appli$ = ! position1 )\t a recomm5dation4 ,obs]vation ,lesson4--,phrases 9 _! natural ord] foll[ ! words !y modify4 ,:5 two or m phrases belong to ! same ^w1 ! "o mo/ closely modify+ x /&s ne>e/ to x4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce above1 to me tells to :om ! place is ende>$2 by _m associations tells h[ x is ende>$ to me1 & is !re=e plac$ aft] to me4 ,try ! effect ( plac+ to me la/4 ,phrases1 l adjectives1 may be ( diff]5t rank4 ,phrases are (t5 transpos$1 or plac$ out ( _! natural ord]4 ,notice t to me1 9 7h7 above1 is transpos$1 & ?us made emphatic1 & t x is set (f by ! comma4 ,9 7i71 ! phrase is loosely ?r[n 9 z if x 7 n ess5tial1 ?us mak+ a break 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,to make ?is app>5t to ! eye we set ! phrase (f by ! comma4 ,place ! phrase ( 7i7 9 ?ree o!r positions1 & set x (f4 ,:5 ! phrase is at ! beg9n+ or at ! end ( ! s5t5ce1 h[ _m commas d y ne$ to set x (f8 ,h[ _m1 :5 x is 9 ! middle8 ,d y f9d any *oice 9 ! f\r positions ( ?is phrase8 ,aft] hav+ be5 told t y\r answ]s 7 correct1 w\ld x be a disappo9tm5t to be told t !y 7 n all correct8 ,is ! int]e/ 9 a /ory be/ kept up by fir/ tell+ ! important po9ts & !n ! unimportant p>ticul>s8 ,:at !n d y ?9k ( plac+ ?is phrase at ! end8 ,:at does ! la/ phrase ( 7j7 modify8 ,take out ! comma1 & !n see :e!r !re c be any d\bt z to :at ! phrase modifies4 ,9 ! plac+ ( adv]bs & phrases great fre$om is (t5 all[able1 & ! det]m9+ ( _! be/ possible position af=ds an almo/ unlimit$ opportunity = ! ex]cise ( ta/e & judgm5t4 ,su* que/ions z ^? on 7i7 above may sugge/ a mode ( easy approa* to :at is usually relegat$ to ! prov9ce ( rhetoric4 ,let ! pupils see t phrases may be transpos$ = v>i\s reasons--= emphasis1 z 9 7h7 above2 = ! purpose ( excit+ ! read]'s curiosity & hold+ 8 att5tion till ! complete /atem5t is made1 z 9 7i7 above1 or 91 ,9 ! dead ( night1 ) a *os5 b&1 "u ! cov] ( a truce1 he approa*$2 = ! sake ( balanc+ ! s5t5ce by lett+ "s ( ! modify+ t]ms prec$e1 & "s foll[1 ! pr9cipal p>ts1 z1 ,9 #ahcg1 on ! dea? ( ,william ,,iv41 ,victoria succe$$ to ! ?rone2 & = o!r reasons4 ,o!r selections maybe made & ^! ex]cises cont9u$1 ! pupils discuss+ fully ! effects ( all possible *anges4 ,pupils may note ! transpos$ words & phrases 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 expla9+ _! (fice & ! effect ( ! transposition3-- #a4 ,victories1 inde$1 !y 74 #b4 ,d[n came ! ma/s4 #c4 ,"h /&s ! man4 #d4 ,d\btful seem$ ! battle4 #e4 ,wide op5 /ood ! doors4 #f4 ,a mighty man is he4 #g4 ,t gale ,i well rememb]4 #h4 ,beh9d h] rode ,lalla ,rookh4 #i4 ,blood-r$ became ! sun4 #aj4 ,l\d] wax$ ! applause4 #aa4 ,him ! ,almighty ,p[] hurl$ headlong4 #ab4 ,sl[ly & sadly we laid him d[n4 #ac4 ,into ! valley ( dea? rode ! six hundr$4 #ad4 ,s di$ ! great ,columbus ( ! skies4 #ae4 ,a5eas did1 f ! flames ( ,troy1 ^u 8 %\ld]s1 ! old ,an*ises be>4 #af4 ,su* a he>t 9 ! brea/ ( my p beats4 #ag4 ,! great fire up ! deep & wide *imney ro>$4 #ah4 ,ease & grace 9 writ+ are1 ( all ! acquisitions made 9 s*ool1 ! mo/ difficult & valuable4 ,pupils may read or write ! foll[+ s5t5ces 9 ! transpos$ ord]1 & expla9 ! effect ( ! *ange3-- #ai4 ,he c\ld n avoid x4 #bj4 ,he w\ld n escape4 #ba4 ,i mu/ g4 #bb4 ,he end$ 8 tale "h4 #bc4 ,x /&s writt5 s4 #bd4 ,%e seem$ "y & sad4 #be4 ,i w make "o m ef=t to save y4 #bf4 ,my regrets 7 bitt] & unavail+4 #bg4 ,i came into ! _w helpless4 #bh4 ,a s9c]e ^w 0 nev] utt]ly lo/4 #bi4 ,catil9e %all no long] plot h] ru94 ,,ord] ,,( ,,int]rogative ,,s5t5ces4 #cj4 ,:o wrote ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce8 #ca4 ,:at /ates bord] on ! ,gulf ( ,mexico8 #cb4 ,:om did y see8 #cc4 ,:at is poetry8 #cd4 ,:i* c\rse w y *oose8 #ce4 ,:y are ! days %ort] 9 w9t]8 #cf4 ,:5 0 ,am]ica discov]$8 #cg4 ,7 y !re8 #ch4 ,has ! ,nor? ,pole be5 rea*$8 ,obs]vation ,lesson4--,:5 ! int]rogative ^w is subject or a modifi] ( x1 is ! ord] natural1 or transpos$8 ,see 7#cj7 & 7#ca7 above4 ,:5 ! int]rogative ^w is object or attribute complem5t1 or a modifi] ( ei!r1 :at is ! ord]8 ,see 7#cb71 7#cc71 & 7#cd74 ,:5 ! int]rogative ^w is an adv]b1 :at is ! ord]8 ,see 7#ce7 & 7#cf74 ,:5 !re is no int]rogative ^w1 :at is ! ord]8 ,see 7#cg7 & 7#ch74 ,! s5t5ces above w furni% pr(itable review lessons 9 analysis4 ,,review--,,composition4 ,we sugge/ t1 f two or m p>agraphs ( "s int]e/+ & in/ructive article1 lead+ s5t5ces be select$1 & t ! pupils be requir$ to expla9 ! (fice & ! punctuation ( ! easi] adjective & adv]b phrases1 to v>y ! arrangem5t 9 e possible way1 & to discuss ! effects ( ^! *anges4 ,!n1 aft] f9d+ ! g5]al subject & ! head+ = ea* p>agraph1 ! pupils may arrange ^! s5t5ces & "w !m into a composition1 mak+ su* additions z may be sugge/$4 ,,re/rictive ,,modifi]s--,,punctuation4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 ! punctuation ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( modifi]s is 9 det]m9+ :e!r or n !y are re/rictive4 ,! foll[+ examples may s]ve z ! basis ( an obs]vation lesson3-- 7a7 ,! words gold5 & oriole are pleasant to ! e>4 7b7 ,words1 ! signs ( ideas1 are spok5 & writt54 7c7 ,use words t are curr5t4 7d7 ,words1 :i* are ! signs ( ideas1 are spok5 & writt54 7e7 ,! c\ntry anci5tly call$ ,gaul is n[ call$ ,france4 7f7 ,france1 anci5tly call$ ,gaul1 d]iv$ its "n f ! ,franks4 7g7 ,glass b5ds easily :5 x is hot4 7h7 ,i met him 9 ,p>is1 :5 ,i 0 la/ abroad4 ,! foll[+ explanations may be drawn f ! pupils3-- ,9 7a7 ! application ( words is limit$1 or re/rict$1 to ! two words m5tion$2 9 7c7 words is re/rict$ to a c]ta9 k9d4 ,9 7b7 & 7d7 ! modifi]s d n re/rict4 ,!y apply to all words & simply add in=mation4 ,9 7e7 ! p>ticipial phrase re/ricts ! application ( c\ntry to "o p>ticul> c\ntry2 b 9 7f7 ! phrase describes )\t limit+4 ,! omission ( ! comma 9 7g7 %[s t ,glass b5ds easily is n (f]$ z a g5]al /atem5t1 b t ! action is re/rict$ to a c]ta9 "t or condition4 ,:5 x is hot is ess5tial to ! int5d$ mean+4 ,! punctuation ( 7h7 %[s t ! speak] does n wi% to make ! "t ( meet+ a prom95t or ess5tial "p ( :at he has to say4 ,! adv]b clause simply gives additional in=mation4 ,if 7h7 7 an answ] to ! "q1 ,:5 did y meet him8 ! comma w\ld be omitt$4 ,! s5se may be v>i$ by ! use or ! omission ( ! comma4 ,let ! pupils see h[ incomplete ! /atem5ts are :5 ! re/rictive modifi]s are omitt$1 & t ! o!r modifi]s are n s necess>y to ! s5se4 ,9 su* expressions z ,i myself1 we boys1 ! explanatory words are n re/rictive1 b !y comb9e closely ) ! modifi$ t]m4 ,,adjective ,,clauses4 ,adjective clauses all[ little *ange 9 position4 ,!y usually foll[ closely ! ^w modifi$4 ,(t5 !y may be contract$ into adjectives or into adjective phrases4 ,selections f /&>d writ]s may be made ) special ref]5ce to ! /udy ( adjective clauses4 ,! position1 punctuation1 & *oice ( relatives may be notic$1 &1 z f> z possible1 ! clauses may be *ang$ into equival5t adjectives or into phrases4 ,,adv]b ,,clauses4 ,an adv]b clause may /& be=e ! indep5d5t clause1 betwe5 its p>ts1 or aft] x2 z1 ,:5 x is hot1 glass b5ds easily2 ,glass1 :5 x is hot1 b5ds easily2 ,glass b5ds easily :5 x is hot4 ,notice ! punctuation ( ^! examples4 ,adv]b clauses may be contract$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,clauses introduc$ by ! comp>atives z & ?an are usually f\nd 9 an abbreviat$ =m2 z1 ,y are z old z he 7is old72 ,y are old] ?an ,i 7am old74 ,att5tion may be call$ to ! dang] ( mi/ak+ "h ! nom9ative = ! objective4 ,we sugge/ mak+ selections = ! /udy ( adv]b clauses4 ,,n\n ,,clauses4 ,n\n clauses may be contract$2 z1 ,t we %\ld obey is necess>y ,ob$i5ce is necess>y1 or1 ,to obey is necess>y2 ,i c h>dly realize t my fri5d is gone ,i c h>dly realize my fri5d's be+ gone4 ,by sub/itut+ x = ! subject clause1 ?is clause maybe plac$ la/ & made explanatory2 z1 ,x is necess>y t we %\ld obey4 ,! object clause is sometimes transpos$2 z1 ,t my fri5d is gone1 ,i c h>dly realize4 ,! n\n clause may be made prom95t by introduc+ ! indep5d5t clause p>5!tically2 z1,8 /ory1 we believe1 is exagg]at$4 ,notice ! punctuation ( ! clauses above4 ,! n\n clause us$ z attribute complem5t is g5]ally set (f by ! comma4 ,n\n clauses t are quotations ne$ special treatm5t4 ,,n\n ,,clauses--,,quotations4 ,we sugge/ ! foll[+ obs]vation lesson3-- #a4 ,goldsmi? says1 ,le>n ! luxury ( do+ good4 #b4 ,goldsmi? says t we %\ld le>n ! luxury ( do+ good4 #c4 ,! owlet ,a!ism1 hoot+ at ! glori\s sun 9 heav51 cries out1 ',:]e is x8' #d4 ,col]idge comp>es a!ism to an owlet hoot+ at ! sun1 & ask+ :]e x is4 #e4 ,to read )\t reflect+1 says ,burke1 is l eat+ )\t dige/+4 #f4 ,may we n f9d s]mons 9 /ones & good 9 ev]y?+8 #g4 ,!re is mu* mean+ 9 ! foll[+ quotation3 ,books are embalm$ m9ds4 #h4 ,we mu/ ask1 ,:at are we liv+ =8 #i4 ,we mu/ ask :at we are liv+ =4 ,obs]vation ,lesson4--,notice t ! writ] ( 7#a7 has copi$ into 8 s5t5ce 7quot$7 ! exact language ( ,goldsmi?4 ,! two m>ks l inv]t$ commas & ! two m>ks l apo/rophes1 :i* inclose ?is copi$ passage 7quotation71 are call$ ,quotation ,m>ks4 ,"n all ! diff]5ces betwe5 7#a7 & 7#b74 ,is ! same ?\ght express$ 9 bo?8 ,:i* quotation w\ld y call direct8 ,:i*1 indirect8 ,notice t ! :ole ( 7#c7 is a quotation1 & t ?is quotation conta9s ano!r quotation inclos$ )9 s+le m>ks4 ,notice ! ord] ( ! m>ks at ! end ( 7#c74 ,po9t out ! diff]5ces betwe5 7#c7 & 7#d74 ,9 :i* is a "q quot$ j z x w\ld be ask$8 ,9 :i* is a "q m]ely ref]r$ to8 ,:i* "q w\ld y call direct8 ,:i*1 indirect8 ,"n e diff]5ce 9 ! =m ( ^!4 ,9 :i* ( ! above s5t5ces is a quotation int]rupt$ by a p>5!tical clause8 ,h[ are ! p>ts m>k$8 ,po9t out a quotation t _c make complete s5se by itself4 ,h[ does x diff] f ! o!rs z to punctuation & ! fir/ lett]8 ,9 7#g7 a ,colon prec$es ! quotation to %[ t x is =mally introduc$4 ,9 7#h7 a "q is introduc$ )\t quotation m>ks4 ,que/ions t1 l ?is1 are introduc$ )\t be+ ref]r$ to any p>ticul> p]son or p]sons1 are (t5 writt5 )\t quotation m>ks4 ,/ate ! diff]5ces betwe5 7#h7 & 7#i74 ,9 quot+ a "q1 ! int]rogation po9t mu/ /& )9 ! quotation m>ks2 b1 :5 a "q conta9s a quotation1 ?is ord] is rev]s$4 ,po9t out illu/rations above4 ,sum up :at y h le>n$4 7,see rules = capitals1 comma1 colon1 & quotation m>ks1 pp4 #adj-adc47 ,selections writt5 9 ! colloquial /yle & conta9+ frequ5t quotations & que/ions may be tak5 f read+-books1 = exam9ation1 discussion1 & copy+4 ,n\n phrases may be exp&$1 & n\n clauses contract$1 transpos$1 etc4 ,,indep5d5t ,,clauses4 ,frequ5tly indep5d5t clauses are contract$ by us+ repeat$ p>ts b once & unit+ ! o!r p>ts into a comp\nd t]m1 z 9 ,lesson #fg4 ,!y are also contract$ by omitt+ su* words z may be readily und]/ood2 z1 ,is x true1 or n2 ,he is a philosoph]1 n a poet4 ,= punctuation1 see rules = ! comma & ! semicolon1 p4 #ada4 ,,review--,,composition4 ,we recomm5d t ! tea*] select "s %ort article conta9+ valuable in=mation & break up ea* p>agraph into %ort1 disconnect$ expressions4 ,"o p>agraph at a "t may be put on ! bo>d = ! pupils to copy4 ,! g5]al subject may be giv51 & ! pupils may be requir$ to f9d a prop] head+ = ! p>agraph4 ,! diff]5t ways ( connect+ ! expressions may be discuss$ 9 ! class4 ,by contract+1 exp&+1 transpos+1 & by sub/itut+ entirely diff]5t words1 a great v>iety ( =ms may be _h4 7,! =ms f\nd 9 ! ,example1 p4 #add1 & ! li/ ( connectives1 p4 #aij1 may be helpful47 ,! pupils may !n comb9e ! diff]5t p>agraphs into a composition4 ,= ! explanation ( p>agraph1 see p4 #ade1 & ,ex]cises = ,composition 9 ! ,supplem5t4 ,we give bel[ mat]ial = "o composition3-- ,frog's spawn f\nd 9 a pond4 ,at fir/ l a mass ( jelly4 ,eggs c be di/+ui%$4 ,9 a few days curi\s little fi% are hat*$4 ,^! tadpoles are lively4 ,swim by means ( long tails4 ,head v l>ge--out ( proportion4 ,appe>ance ( all head & tail4 ,?is creature is a true fi%4 ,x brea!s wat]-air by means ( gills4 ,x has a two-*amb]$ he>t4 ,wat* x day by day4 ,two little gills se54 ,^! soon disappe>4 ,h9d legs beg9 to gr[4 ,tail gets small]4 ,two small arms1 or =elegs1 are se54 ,rem>kable *ange go+ on inside4 ,true lungs = brea?+ air h be5 =m+4 ,ano!r *amb] add$ to ! he>t4 ,z ! gills gr[ small]1 x f9ds difficulty 9 brea?+ wat]-air4 ,"o f9e day x pokes its nose out ( ! wat]4 ,a/oni%$ 7possibly7 to f9d t x c brea! 9 ! air4 ,a new life has come ^u x4 ,no p>ticul> reason = sp5d+ all its "t 9 wat]2 crawls out ^u l&2 sits d[n ^u its haun*es2 surveys ! _w4 ,x is no long] a fi%2 has ent]$ ^u a high] /age ( exi/5ce2 has become a frog4 ,?is "w ( analyz+ a composition to f9d ! lead+ ?\ghts "u :i* ! o!r ?\ghts may be gr\p$ is 9 _m ways a mo/ valuable discipl9e4 ,x tea*es ! pupil to comp>e1 to discrim9ate1 to weigh1 to sy/ematize1 to read intellig5tly & pr(itably4 ,! read+-book w af=d excell5t practice 9 f9d+ heads = p>agraphs4 ,su* "w is an ess5tial prep>ation = ! read+-class4 ,?is composition "w %\ld s]ve z a con/ant review ( all t has be5 pass$ ov] 9 ! text-book4 ,,adjective ,,complem5ts ,,& ,,adv]bs4 ,x is (t5 difficult to di/+ui% an adjective complem5t f an adv]b modifi]4 ,we (f] ! foll[+ explanation3-- ,m>y arriv$ safe4 ,z we "h wi% to tell ! condition ( ,m>y on h] arrival1 & n ! mann] ( h] arriv+1 we use safe1 n safely4 ,my head feels bad 7is 9 a bad condition1 z p]ceiv$ by ! s5se ( feel+74 ,! sun %9es bright 7is bright--quality1--z p]ceiv$ by its %9+74 ,y mu/ det]m9e :e!r y wi% to tell ! quality ( ! ?+ nam$ or ! mann] ( ! action4 ,:5 ! idea ( be+ is prom95t 9 ! v]b1 z 9 ! examples above1 y see t ! adjective1 & n ! adv]b1 foll[s4 ,let ! pupils %[ t ! foll[+ adjectives & adv]bs are us$ correctly3-- #a4 ,i feel sad4 #b4 ,i feel deeply4 #c4 ,i feel mis]able4 #d4 ,he appe>$ prompt & will+4 #e4 ,he appe>$ promptly & will+ly4 #f4 ,%e looks beautiful4 #g4 ,%e s+s beautifully4 ,,pa/ ,,p>ticiples ,,& ,,pr$icate ,,v]bs ,,di/+ui%$4 ,:5 ! pa/ t5se & ! pa/ p>ticiple diff] 9 =m1 !y are (t5 conf\nd$ 9 use2 z1 ,i done x2 ,i se5 x4 ,pupils may be requir$ to con/ruct %ort s5t5ces1 oral or writt51 us+ ! ,pa/ =ms f\nd 9 ,lesson #ia z pr$icates1 & ! ,pa/ ,p>ticiple =ms ei!r z modifi]s or z complet+ words 9 comp\nd v]bs4 ,!y may be l$ to "s su* conclusion z ! foll[+3-- ,! ,pa/ is always an ass]t+1 or pr$icate1 ^w2 ! ,pa/ ,p>ticiple nev] ass]ts1 b is us$ z an adjective modifi] or z ! complet+ ^w ( a comp\nd v]b2 ! ,pres5t may be us$ z a pr$icate or z an inf9itive4 ,ex]cises l ! foll[+ may be copi$1 & repeat$ al\d3-- #a4 ,lay d[n y\r p54 #b4 ,lie d[n1 ,rov]4 #c4 ,i laid d[n my p54 #d4 ,! dog !n lay d[n4 #e4 ,i h laid d[n my p54 #f4 ,! dog has la9 d[n4 #g4 ,set ! pail d[n4 #h4 ,sit d[n & re/4 #i4 ,i !n set x d[n4 #aj4 ,i sat d[n & re/$4 #aa4 ,i h set x d[n4 #ab4 ,i h sat d[n4 #ac4 ,my "w 0 laid aside4 #ad4 ,i 0 ly+ d[n4 #ae4 ,! trap 0 set by ! riv]4 #af4 ,i 0 sitt+ by ! riv]4 #ag4 ,! g>m5t sits well4 #ah4 ,! h5 sits on h] eggs4 #ai4 ,he came 9 & lay d[n4 #bj4 ,! ,m$it]ranean lies betwe5 ,europe & ,africa4 ,notice t we may speak ( lay+ some?+ or sett+ some?+1 or may say t some?+ is laid or is set2 b we _c speak ( ly+ or sitt+ some?+1 or ( some?+ be+ la9 or sat4 ,set1 9 "s ( its mean+s1 is us$ )\t an object2 z1 ,! sun set2 ,he set out on a j\rney4 ,lay1 ! pres5t ( ! fir/ v]b1 & lay1 ! pa/ ( lie1 may easily be di/+ui%$ by ! diff]5ce 9 mean+ & 9 ! "t express$4 ,,possessive ,,=ms4 ,pupils may be requir$ to copy su* =ms z ! foll[+3-- ,! sailor's /ory2 ! f>m]'s son2 ! pony's mane2 ! monkey's tail2 a day's "w2 ,james's book2 a c5t's wor?2 a man's wages2 ! *ild's toys2 ! woman's hat2 ! sailors' /ories2 ! f>m]s' sons2 ! ponies' manes2 ! monkeys' tails2 ?ree days' "w2 five c5ts' wor?2 two m5's wages2 ^? *ildr5's toys2 wom5's hats4 ,?is may be cont9u$ till ! pupils are able to =m "s su* /atem5t z ! foll[+3-- 7's7 & 7'7 are ! possessive signs1 7'7 be+ us$ :5 s has be5 add$ to d5ote m ?an "o1 7's7 9 o!r cases4 ,su* expressions z ! foll[+ may be copi$3-- ,dombey & ,son's bus9ess2 ,j4 ,j4 ,little ,co4's pr9t+-h\se2 ,william ! ,conqu]or's reign2 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91 & ,company's publications4 ,?is may be cont9u$ till ! pupils le>n t1 :5 a gr\p ( words may be treat$ z a comp\nd "n1 ! possessive sign is add$ to ! la/ ^w only4 ,,! ,,objective ,,complem5t4 ,! treatm5t ( ! objective complem5t may be introduc$ 9 a review c\rse1 :5 ! class is suffici5tly mature4 ,! foll[+ explanation may aid "s tea*]s3-- ,9 ,x made him sad1 made does n fully express ! action p]=m$ ^u him--n made him1 b made sad 7sadd5$7 him4 ,sad helps made to express ! action1 & also d5otes a quality :i* z ! result ( ! action belongs to ! p]son repres5t$ by ! object him4 ,:atev] completes ! pr$icate & belongs to ! object we call an ,objective ,complem5t4 ,n\ns1 inf9itives1 & p>ticiples may also be us$ 9 ! same way2 z1 ,!y made ,victoria que51 ,x made him weep2 ,x kept him laugh+4 ,!y made _/ que5 ,victoria ,explanation4--,! l9e t sep>ates made f que5 slants t[>d ! object complem5t to %[ t que5 belongs to ! object4 ,a n\n or pron\n us$ z objective complem5t is 9 ! objective case4 ,! tea*] may "h expla9 su* con/ructions z1 ,i prov$ x to be him1 9 :i* x is object complem5t & to be him is objective complem5t4 ,him1 ! attribute complem5t ( be1 is 9 ! objective case because x1 ! assum$ subject ( be1 is objective4 ,let ! pupils comp>e ,i prov$ x to be him ) ,i prov$ t x 0 he2 ,:om did y suppose x to be8 ) ,:o did y suppose x 08 etc4 ,,n\ns ,,z ,,adv]b ,,modifi]s4 ,! foll[+ uses ( n\ns & pron\ns1 n f\nd 9 ! prec$+ ,lessons1 may be introduc$ 9 a review c\rse4 #a4 ,he gave ,john a book4 #b4 ,he b\ght me a book4 ,john & me1 z "h us$1 are g5]ally call$ ,indirect ,objects4 ,! indirect object names ! "o to or = :om some?+ is done4 ,we treat ^! words z phrase modifi]s )\t ! preposition4 ,if we *ange ! ord]1 ! preposition mu/ be suppli$2 z1 ,he gave a book to ,john2 ,he b\ght a book = me4 ,n\ns d5ot+ measure1 quantity1 weight1 "t1 value1 di/ance1 or direction may be us$ adv]bially1 be+ equival5t to phrase modifi]s )\t ! preposition2 z1 #a4 ,we walk$ f\r miles an h\r4 #b4 ,x weighs "o p\nd4 #c4 ,x is wor? a doll>4 #d4 ,! wall is t5 feet1 six in*es high4 #e4 ,i w5t home t way4 ,! foll[+ diagram w illu/rate bo? ! indirect object & ! n\n ( measure3-- ,!y (f]$ ,caes> ! cr[n ?ree times4 ,!y (f]$ cr[n ! times ------ ?ree ,caes> ------ ,explanation4--,caes> 7! indirect object7 & times 7d5ot+ measure7 /& 9 ! diagram on l9es repres5t+ ! pr9cipal words ( prepositional phrases4 ,,s*emes ,,= ,,review4 ,^! s*emes w be f\nd v helpful 9 a g5]al review4 ,! pupils %\ld be able to reproduce !m1 omitt+ ! ,lesson numb]s4 ,s*eme = ! ,s5t5ce4 7,! numb]s ref] to ,lessons47 ,,p>ts4 ,subject4 ,n\n or ,pron\n 7#f1 #ad1 #ai74 ,phrase 7#di74 ,clause 7#fa74 ,pr$icate4 ,v]b 7#f1af74 ,complem5ts4 ,object4 ,n\n or ,pron\n 7#ci74 ,phrase 7#di74 ,clause 7#fa74 ,attribute4 ,adjective 7#ci74 ,n\n or ,pron\n 7#db74 ,phrase4 ,clause 7#fa74 ,modifi]s4 ,adjectives 7#bj1 #bb74 ,adv]bs 7#bd1 #bg74 ,p>ticiples 7#dh74 ,n\ns & ,pron\ns 7#ec74 ,phrases 7#ca1 #dh1 #di74 ,clauses 7#eg1 #ei74 ,connectives4 ,conjunctions 7#ce1 #cf1 #fb74 ,pron\ns 7#eg74 ,adv]bs 7#ei74 ,indep5d5t ,p>ts 7#cf1 #fd74 ,classes--,mean+4--,decl>ative1 ,int]rogative1 ,imp]ative1 ,exclamatory 7#fc74 ,classes--,=m4--,simple1 ,complex1 ,comp\nd 7#eg1 #fb74 ,s*eme = ! ,n\n4 7,! numb]s ref] to ,lessons47 ,,n\n 7#ad74 ,uses4 ,subject 7#f74 ,object ,complem5t 7#ci74 ,attribute ,complem5t 7#db74 ,adjective ,modifi] 7#ec74 ,pr94 ^w 9 ,prep4 ,phrase 7#cd74 ,indep5d5t 7#fd74 ,classes4 ,common 7#ga74 ,prop] 7#ga74 ,modifications4 ,numb] ,s+ul> 7#gh1 #gi74 ,plural 7#gh1 #gi74 ,g5d]4 ,mascul9e 7#hj74 ,fem99e 7#hj74 ,neut] 7#hj74 ,p]son4 ,fir/ 7#ha-hc74 ,second 7#ha-hc74 ,?ird 7#ha-hc74 ,case4 ,nom9ative 7#ha-he74 ,possessive 7#ha-he74 ,objective 7#ha-he74 ,s*eme = ! ,pron\n4 ,,pron\ns4 ,uses4--,same z ^? ( ! ,n\n4 ,classes4 ,p]sonal 7#ga1 #gb74 ,relative 7#ga1 #gb74 ,int]rogative 7#ga1 #gb74 ,adjective 7#ga1 #gb74 ,modifications4--,same z ^? ( ! ,n\n 7#gh1 #hj1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #he1 #ie74 ,s*eme = ! ,v]b4 7,! numb]s ref] to ,lessons47 ,,v]b4 ,uses ,to ass]t action1 be+1 or /ate4--,pr$icate 7#f1 #af74 ,to assume action1 be+1 or /ate4 ,p>ticiples 7#dh74 ,inf9itives 7#di74 ,classes4 ,=m4 ,regul> 7#gd74 ,irregul> 7#gd1 #ia74 ,mean+4 ,transitive 7#gd71 ,intransitive 7#gd74 ,modifications4 ,voice4 ,active 7#hi74 ,passive 7#hi74 ,mode4 ,indicative 7#ij-id74 ,pot5tial 7#ij-id74 ,subjunctive 7#ij-id74 ,imp]ative 7#ij-id74 ,t5se4 ,pres5t 7#ij-id74 ,pa/ 7#ij-id74 ,future 7#ij-id74 ,pres5t ,p]fect 7#ij-id74 ,pa/ ,p]fect 7#ij-id74 ,future ,p]fect 7#ij-id74 ,numb]4 ,s+ul> 7#ij1 #ib-ie74 ,plural 7#ij1 #ib-ie74 ,p]son4 ,fir/ 7#ij1 #ib-ie74 ,second 7#ij1 #ib-ie74 ,?ird 7#ij1 #ib-ie74 ,p>ticiples4-- ,classes4 ,pres5t 7#ij-id1 #if1 #ih74 ,pa/ 7#ij-id1 #if1 #ih74 ,pa/ ,p]fect 7#ij-id1 #if1 #ih74 ,inf9itives4-- ,t5ses4 ,pres5t 7#ij1 #ib-id74 ,pres5t ,p]fect 7#ij1 #ib-id74 ,s*eme = ! ,adjective4 7,! numb]s ref] to ,lessons47 ,,adjective4 ,uses4 ,modifi] 7#bj1 #bc74 ,attribute ,complem5t 7#ci74 ,classes4 ,descriptive 7#gc74 ,def9itive 7#gc74 ,modification4--,comp>ison4 ,pos4 ,deg4 7#hg1 #hh74 ,comp4 ,deg4 7#hg1 #hh74 ,sup4 ,deg4 7#hg1 #hh74 ,s*eme = ! ,adv]b4 ,,adv]b4 ,classes4 ,"t 7#ge74 ,place 7#ge74 ,degree 7#ge74 ,mann] 7#ge74 ,modification--,comp>ison4 ,pos4 ,deg4 7#hg1 #hh74 ,comp4 ,deg4 7#hg1 #hh74 ,sup4 ,deg4 7#hg1 #hh74 ,s*emes = ! ,conj41 ,prep41 & ,int4 ,,! ,,conjunction4-- ,classes4 ,co-ord9ate 7#cf1 #gf74 ,no ,modifications4 ,subord9ate 7#cf1 #gf74 ,no ,modifications4 ,,! ,,preposition 7#cd1 #da74--,no ,classes4 ,no ,modifications4 ,,! ,,int]jection 7#cf74--,no ,classes4 ,no ,modifications4 ,model = ,writt5 ,p>s+ adapt$ to all ,p>ts ( ,spee*4--,oh6 x has a voice = ^? :o on _! sick b$s lie & wa/e away4 ,,classification4 ,,modifications4 ,,syntax4 ,s5t5ce4 ,oh6 ,class3 ,int4 ,voice3 ,indep5d5t4 ,sub-,c43 ,mode3 ,t5se3 ,p]43 ,num43 ,g543 ,case3 ,deg4 ( ,comp43 x ,class3 ,pro4 ,voice3 ,sub4 ( has4 ,sub-,c43 ,p]4 ,mode3 ,t5se3 ,p]43 #c;d4 ,num43 ,s+4 ,g543 ,neut4 ,case3 ,nom4 ,deg4 ( ,comp43 ,pr$4 ( x4 has ,class3 ,vb4 ,voice3 ,act4 ,sub-,c43 ,ir41 ,tr4 ,mode3 ,ind4 ,t5se3 ,pres4 ,p]43 #c;d4 ,num43 ,s+4 ,g543 ,case3 ,deg4 ( ,comp43 a ,class3 ,adj4 ,voice3 ,mod4 ( voice4 ,sub-,c43 ,def4 ,mode3 ,t5se3 ,p]43 ,num43 ,g543 ,case3 ,deg4 ( ,comp43 ---- voice ,class3 ,n4 ,voice3 ,obj4 ,com4 ( has4 ,sub-,c43 ,com4 ,mode3 ,t5se3 ,p]43 #c;d4 ,num43 ,s+4 ,g543 ,neut4 ,case3 ,obj4 ,deg4 ( ,comp43 = ,class3 ,prep4 ,voice3 ,%[s ,rel4 ( ,sub-,c43 ,mode3 has to ,t5se3 ^?4 ,p]43 ,num43 ,g543 ,case3 ,deg4 ( ,comp43 ^? ,class3 ,pro4 ,voice3 ,pr94 ^w aft] ,sub-,c43 ,adj4 ,mode3 =4 ,t5se3 ,p]43 #c;d4 ,num43 ,plu4 ,g543 ,m4or ,f4 ,case3 ,obj4 ,deg4 ( ,comp43 :o ,class3 ,pro4 ,voice3 ,sub4 ( lie & ,sub-,c43 ,rel4 ,mode3 wa/e4 ,t5se3 ,p]43 #c;d4 ,num43 ,plu4 ,g543 ,m4or ,f4 ,case3 ,nom4 ,deg4 ( ,comp43 on ,class3 ,prep4 ,voice3 ,%[s ,rel4 ( lie ,sub-,c43 ,mode3 to b$s4 ,t5se3 ,p]43 ,num43 ,g543 ,case3 ,deg4 ( ,comp43 _! ,class3 ,pro4 ,voice3 ,pos4 ,mod4 ( ,sub-,c43 ,p]4 ,mode3 b$s4 ,t5se3 ,p]43 #c;d4 ,num43 ,plu4 ,g543 ,m4or ,f4 ,case3 ,pos4 ,deg4 ( ,comp43 sick ,class3 ,adj4 ,voice3 ,mod4 ( b$s4 ,sub-,c43 ,des4 ,mode3 ,t5se3 ,p]43 ,num43 ,g543 ,case3 ,deg4 ( ,comp43 ,pos4 b$s ,class3 ,n4 ,voice3 ,pr94 ^w aft] ,sub-,c43 ,com4 ,mode3 on4 ,t5se3 ,p]43 #c;d4 ,num43 ,plu4 ,g543 ,neut4 ,case3 ,obj4 ,deg4 ( ,comp43 lie ,class3 ,vb4 ,voice3 ---- ,pr$4 ( :o4 ,sub-,c43 ,ir41 ,int4 ,mode3 ,ind4 ,t5se3 ,pres4 ,p]43 #c;d4 ,num43 ,plu4 ,g543 ,case3 ,deg4 ( ,comp43 & ,class3 ,conj4 ,voice3 ,con4 lie & ,sub-,c43 ,co-or4 ,mode3 wa/e4 ,t5se3 ,p]43 ,num43 ,g543 ,case3 ,deg4 ( ,comp43 wa/e ,class3 ,vb4 ,voice3 ---- ,pr$4 ( :o4 ,sub-,c43 ,reg41 ,int4,mode3 ,ind4 ,t5se3 ,pres4 ,p]43 #c;d4 ,num43 ,plu4 ,g543 ,case3 ,deg4 ( ,comp43 away4 ,class3 ,adv4 ,voice3 ,mod4 ( wa/e4 ,sub-,c43 ,place ,mode3 ,t5se3 ,p]43 ,num43 ,g543 ,case3 ,deg4 ( ,comp43 ---- ,= ex]cises 9 g5]al p>s+1 select f ! prec$+ ,lessons on ,analysis4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,connectives4 ,rem>k4--,"s ( ! connectives bel[ are conjunctions prop]2 "s are relative pron\ns2 & "s are adv]bs or adv]b phrases1 :i*1 9 addition to _! (fice z modifi]s1 may1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! conjunction1 take its (fice ^u !mselves1 & connect ! clauses4 ,,co-,,ord9ate ,,connectives4 ,copulative4--,&1 bo?444&1 z well z1 ,footnote3 ,! z well z 9 ,he1 z well z ,i1 w5t2 & n t 9 ,he is z well z ,i am4 are conjunctions prop]4 ,accord+ly1 also1 besides1 consequ5tly1 fur!rmore1 h5ce1 likewise1 moreov]1 n[1 s1 !n1 & !re=e are conjunctive adv]bs4 ,adv]sative4--,b & :]eas are conjunctions prop]4 ,h[ev]1 nev]!less1 not)/&+1 on ! contr>y1 on ! o!r h&1 /ill1 & yet are conjunctive adv]bs4 ,alt]native4--,nei!r1 nor1 or1 ei!r444 or1 & nei!r444nor are conjunctions prop]4 ,else & o!rwise are conjunctive adv]bs4 ,,subord9ate ,,connectives4 ,connectives ( ,adjective ,clauses4 ,t1 :at1 :atev]1 :i*1 :i*ev]1 :o1 & :oev] are relative pron\ns4 ,:51 :]e1 :]eby1 :]e91 & :y are conjunctive adv]bs4 ,connectives ( ,adv]b ,clauses4 ,"t4--,aft]1 z1 be=e1 ere1 s9ce1 till1 until1 :51 :5ev]1 :ile1 & :il/ are conjunctive adv]bs4 ,place4--,:5ce1 :]e1 & :]ev] are conjunctive adv]bs4 ,degree4--,z1 ?an1 t1 & ! are conjunctive adv]bs1 correlative1 ) adjectives or adv]bs4 ,mann]4--,z is a conjunctive adv]b1 correlative (t5 ) an adjective or an adv]b4 ,real ,cause4--,z1 because1 =1 s9ce1 & :]eas are conjunctions prop]4 ,reason4--,because1 =1 & s9ce are conjunctions prop]4 ,purpose4--,9 ord] t1 le/ 7t n7 t1 & s t are conjunctions prop]4 ,condition4--,except1 if1 9 case t1 on condition t1 provid$1 provid$ t1 & unless are conjunctions prop]4 ,concession4--,al?\gh1 if 7ev5 if71 not)/&+1 ?\gh1 & :e!r are conjunctions prop]4 ,h[ev] is a conjunctive adv]b4 ,:atev]1 :i*ev]1 & :oev] are relative pron\ns us$ indef9itely4 ,connectives ( ,n\n ,clauses4 ,if1 le/1 t1 & :e!r are conjunctions prop]4 ,:at1 :i*1 & :o are pron\ns introduc+ que/ions2 h[1 :51 :5ce1 :]e1 & :y are conjunctive adv]bs4 ,,abbreviations4 ,rem>ks4--,few abbreviations are all[able 9 ord9>y composition4 ,!y are v conv5i5t 9 writ+ li/s ( articles1 9 sci5tific works1 & :]ev] c]ta9 t]ms frequ5tly occur4 ,titles prefix$ to prop] names are g5]ally abbreviat$1 except 9 address+ an (fic] ( high rank4 ,titles t imm$iately foll[ names are almo/ always abbreviat$4 ,names ( wom5 are n g5]ally abbreviat$ except by us+ an initial = "o ( two ,*ri/ian names4 ,abbreviations t %ort5 only by "o lett] are unnecess>y2 z1 ,jul4 = ,july1 ,jno4 = ,john1 da4 = day1 etc4 #a/1 #b;d1 #c;d1 #d?1 etc41 are n foll[$ by ! p]iod4 ,!y are n treat$ z abbreviations4 1 ,at4 ,a4 ,b4 or ,b4 ,a4 7,artium ,baccalaureus71 ,ba*elor ( ,arts4 ,acct41 acct41 or a_/c1 ,acc\nt4 ,a4 ,d4 7,anno ,dom9i71 ,9 ! ye> ( our ,"l4 ,adjt41 ,adjutant4 ,aet4 or aet4 7aetatis71 ,( age1 ag$4 ,ala41 ,alabama4 ,alex41 ,alex&]4 ,a4 ,m4 or ,m4 ,a4 7,artium ,magi/]71 ,ma/] ( ,arts4 ,a4 ,m4 7ante m]idiem71 ,be=e noon4 ,amt41 ,am\nt4 ,&41 ,&rew4 ,anon41 ,anonym\s4 ,ans41 ,answ]4 ,an?41 ,an?ony4 ,apr41 ,april4 ,ar*41 ,ar*ibald4 ,ark41 ,arkansas4 ,arizona or ,ariz41 ,arizona ,t]ritory4 ,atty41 ,attorney4 ,atty4-,g541 ,attorney-,g5]al4 ,aug41 ,augu/2 ,augu/us4 ,av4 or ,ave41 ,av5ue4 ,avoir41 ,avoirdupois4 ,b>t41 ,b>onet4 bbl41 ,b>rels4 ,b4 ,c41 ,be=e ,*ri/4 ,b5j41 ,b5jam94 ,brig4-,g541 ,brigadi]-,g5]al4 ,b4 ,s41 ,ba*elor ( ,sci5ce4 bu41 ,bu%els4 c or ct41 ,c5ts4 ,cal41 ,cali=nia4 ,cap41 ,capital4 ,caps41 ,capitals4 ,capt41 ,capta94 ,c4 ,e41 ,civil ,eng9e]4 cf4 7conf]71 ,comp>e4 ,*as41 ,*>les4 ,*ron41 ,*ronicles4 ,co41 ,company2 ,c\nty4 c_/o1 ,9 c>e (4 ,c4 ,o4 ,d41 ,collect on deliv]y4 ,col41 ,colonel2 ,colossians4 ,coll41 ,college2 ,collector4 ,conn41 ,connecticut4 ,colo1 or ,col41 ,colorado4 ,cr41 ,cr$it2 ,cr$itor4 cub4 ft41 ,cubic feet4 cub4 941 ,cubic in*es4 cwt41 ,hundr$-weight4 d41 ,days2 ,p5ce4 ,danl4 or ,dan41 ,daniel4 ,d4 ,c41 ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,d4 ,c4 ,l41 ,doctor ( ,civil ,law4 ,d4 ,d4 7,div9itatis ,doctor71 ,doctor ( ,div9ity4 ,d4 ,d4 ,s41 ,doctor ( ,d5tal ,surg]y4 ,dec41 ,decemb]4 ,del41 ,delaw>e4 ,deut41 ,deut]onomy4 ,d4 ,g4 7,dei gratia71 ,by ! grace ( ,god4 ,di/4-,atty41 ,di/rict-,attorney4 ,d4 ,m41 ,doctor ( ,music4 d4 7ditto71 ,! same4 doz41 ,doz54 ,dr41 ,doctor2 ,debtor4 ,d4 ,v4 7,deo vol5te71 ,god will+4 ,e41 ,ea/4 ,eb541 ,eb5ez]4 ,eccl41 ,ecclesia/es4 ,ed41 ,edition2 ,editor4 ,edm41 ,edmund4 ,edw41 ,edw>d4 e4 g4 7exempli gratia71 ,= example4 ,e4 ,n4 ,e41 ,ea/-nor!a/4 ,eng41 ,engli%2 ,engl&4 ,eph41 ,ephesians2 ,ephraim4 ,e4 ,s4 ,e41 ,ea/-s\!a/4 ,esq41 ,esquire4 et al4 7et alibi71 ,& else:]e4 et al4 7et alii71 ,& o!rs4 et seq4 7et sequ5iia71 ,& foll[+4 etc4 or c4 7et caet]a71 ,& o!rs2 ,& s =?4 ,ex41 ,example2 ,exodus4 ,ez41 ,ezra4 ,ezek41 ,ezekiel4 ,fahr4 or ,f41 ,fahr5heit 7!rmomet]74 ,feb41 ,febru>y4 ,fla41 ,florida4 ,fr41 ,fr5*2 ,france4 ,fran41 ,francis4 ,fr$41 ,fr$]ic4 ,fri41 ,friday4 ft41 ,feet4 ,ft41 ,=t4 fur41 ,furlong4 ,ga41 ,georgia4 ,gal41 ,galatians4 gal41 ,gallons4 ,g541 ,g5]al2 ,g5esis4 ,geo41 ,george4 ,gov41 ,gov]nor4 gr41 ,gra9s4 h41 ,h\rs4 ,hab41 ,habakkuk4 ,hag41 ,haggai4 ,h4 ,b4 ,m41 ,8 7or ,h]7 ,britannic ,maje/y4 hdkf41 ,h&k]*ief4 ,heb41 ,hebrews4 ,h4 ,h41 ,8 ,hol9ess 7! ,pope74 hhd41 ,hog%eads4 ,h4 ,m41 ,8 7or ,h]7 ,maje/y4 ,hon41 ,honorable4 ,hos41 ,hosea4 ,h4 ,r4 ,h41 ,8 7or ,h]7 ,royal ,highness4 ib4 or ibid1 7ibidem71 ,9 ! same place4 id4 7idem71 ,! same4 ,idaho1 ,idaho4 i4e4 7id e/71 ,t is4 ,i4 ,h4 ,s4 7,jesus hom9um ,salvator71 ,jesus1 ! ,savior ( ,m54 ,ill41 ,ill9ois4 941 ,in*es4 incog4 7incognito71 ,unkn[n4 ,ind41 ,indiana4 ,ind4 ,t41 ,indian ,t]ritory4 in/41 ,in/ant1 ! pres5t mon?4 ,i[a or ,io41 ,i[a4 ,i4 ,o4 ,o4 ,f41 ,indep5d5t ,ord] ( ,odd ,fell[s4 ,isa41 ,isaiah4 ,jac41 ,jacob4 ,jan41 ,janu>y4 ,jas41 ,james4 ,j]41 ,j]emiah4 ,jona41 ,jona?an4 ,jos41 ,joseph4 ,jo%41 ,jo%ua4 ,jr4 or ,jun41 ,junior4 ,judg41 ,judges4 ,kans4 or ,kan41 ,kansas4 ,ky41 ,k5tucky4 l41 ,l9e2 ll41 ,l9es4 l4 or lb41 ,p\nds /]l+4 ,la41 ,l\isiana4 ,lam41 ,lam5tations4 ,l41 ,lat94 lb4 or lb-4 7libra or librae71 ,p\nd or p\nds 9 weight4 l4c41 ,l[] case 7small lett]74 ,lev41 ,leviticus4 ,l4 ,i41 ,long ,isl&4 ,lieut41 ,lieut5ant4 ,,ll4 ,b47,legum ,baccalaureus71 ,ba*elor ( ,laws4 ,,ll4 ,d4 7,legum ,doctor71 ,doctor ( ,laws4 ,m4 or ,mons41 ,monsieur4 ,m4 7m]idies71 ,noon4 m41 ,miles2 ,m9utes4 ,mad41 ,madam4 ,mme41 ,madame4 ,maj41 ,major4 ,mal41 ,mala*i4 ,m>41 ,m>*4 ,mass41 ,massa*usetts4 ,matt41 ,mat!w4 ,m4 ,c41 ,memb] ( ,congress4 ,m4 ,d4 7,m$ic9ae ,doctor71 ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e4 ,md41 ,m>yl&4 mdse41 ,m]*&ise4 ,me41 ,ma9e4 ,mem41 ,memor&um2 ,memor&a4 ,messrs41 ,messieurs4 ,mic41 ,micah4 ,mgr41 ,monseigneur4 ,mi*41 ,mi*igan2 ,mi*ael4 ,m9n41 ,m9nesota4 ,miss41 ,mississippi4 ,mlle41 ,mademoiselle4 ,mmes41 ,mesdames4 ,mo41 ,miss\ri4 mo41 ,mon?s4 ,mon41 ,monday4 ,m4 ,p41 ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t4 ,mont41 ,montana4 ,mr41 ,mi/]4 ,mrs41 ,mi/ress 7pron\nc$ ,missis74 ,,ms41 ,manuscript4 ,,mss41 ,manuscripts4 ,mt41 ,m\nta94 ,n41 ,nor?4 ,n4 ,a41 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,na?41 ,na?aniel4 ,n4 ,b4 7nota b5e71 ,m>k well4 ,n4 ,c41 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,n4 ,dak41 ,nor? ,dakota4 ,n4 ,e41 ,new ,engl&4 ,n4 ,e41 ,nor!a/4 ,nebr4 or ,neb41 ,nebraska4 ,neh41 ,nehemiah4 ,nev41 ,nevada4 ,n4 ,h41 ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,n4 ,j41 ,new ,j]sey4 ,n4 ,mex4 or ,n4 ,m41 ,new ,mexico4 ,n4 ,n4 ,e41 ,nor?-nor!a/4 ,n4 ,n4 ,w41 ,nor?-nor?we/4 ,n4 ,o41 ,new ,orleans4 ,no4 7num]o71 ,numb]1 ,nov41 ,novemb]4 ,n4 ,w41 ,nor?we/ ,n4 ,y41 ,new ,york4 ,obad41 ,obadiah4 ,oct41 ,octob]4 ,ohio or ,o41 ,ohio4 ,oreg4 or ,or41 ,oregon4 ,oxon4 7,oxonia71 ,ox=d1 oz41 ,ounces4 p41 ,page1 pp41 ,pages4 ,pa4 or ,p5n41 ,p5nsylvania4 ,payt4 or payt41 ,paym5t4 p] c5t1 or p] ct4 7p] c5tum7 or 1 ,by ! hundr$4 ,ph4 ,d4 7,philosophiae ,doctor71 ,doctor ( ,philosophy4 ,phil41 ,philip2 ,philippians4 ,phila41 ,philadelphia4 pk41 ,pecks4 ,p4 ,m41 ,po/ma/]4 ,p4 ,m4 or p4 m4 7po/ m]idiem71 ,aft]noon4 ,p4 ,o41 ,po/-,(fice4 ,pres41 ,presid5t4 ,pr(41 ,pr(essor4 ,pro tem4 7pro tempore71 ,= ! "t be+4 ,prov41 ,prov]bs4 prox4 7proximo71 ,! next mon?4 ,p4 ,s41 ,po/script4 ,ps41 ,psalms4 pt41 ,p9ts4 pwt41 ,p5nyweights4 qt41 ,qu>ts4 q4 v4 7quod vide71 ,:i* see4 ,qy41 ,qu]y4 rd41 ,rods4 ,recd41 ,receiv$4 ,rev41 ,rev]5d2 ,revelation4 ,r4 ,i41 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,robt41 ,rob]t4 ,rom41 ,romans 7,book (72 ,roman lett]s4 ,r4 ,r41 ,railroad4 ,r4 ,s4 ,v4 ,p4 7,repondez s'il v\s plait71 ,answ]1 if y please4 ,rt4 ,hon41 ,"r ,honorable4 ,rt4 ,rev41 ,"r ,rev]5d4 ,s41 ,s\?4 s41 ,%ill+s4 ,s4 ,a41 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,saml4 or ,sam41 ,samuel4 ,sat41 ,saturday4 ,s4 ,c41 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,s4 ,dak41 ,s\? ,dakota4 ,s4 ,e41 ,s\!a/4 ,sec41 ,secret>y4 sec41 ,seconds4 ,sep4 or ,sept41 ,septemb]4 ,sol41 ,solomon4 sq4 ft41 ,squ>e feet4 sq4 941 ,squ>e in*es4 sq4 m41 ,squ>e miles4 ,s4 ,s4 ,e41 ,s\?-s\!a/4 ,s4 ,s4 ,w41 ,s\?-s\?we/4 ,/41 ,/reet2 ,sa9t4 ,s4 ,t4 ,d4 7,sacrae ,!ologiae ,doctor71 ,doctor ( ,div9ity4 ,sun41 ,sunday4 ,supt41 ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,s4 ,w41 ,s\?we/4 ,t41 ,tons2 ,tuns4 ,t5n41 ,t5nessee4 ,tex41 ,texas4 ,!o41 ,!odore4 ,!oph41 ,!ophilus4 ,!ss41 ,!ssalonians1 ,?os41 ,?omas4 ,?urs41 ,?ursday4 ,tim41 ,timo?y4 tr41 ,transpose4 ,treas41 ,treasur]4 ,tues41 ,tuesday4 ult4 7ultimo71 ,la/--la/ mon?4 ,u4 ,s4 or ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica2 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 ,u4 ,s4 ,m41 ,unit$ ,/ates ,mail4 ,u4 ,s4 ,n41 ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy4 ,utah or ,u4 ,t]41 ,utah ,t]ritory4 ,va41 ,virg9ia4 ,vice-,pres41 ,vice-,presid5t4 viz4 7videlicet71 ,to wit1 namely4 vol41 ,volume4 vs4 7v]sus71 ,aga9/4 ,vt41 ,v]mont4 ,w41 ,we/4 ,wa%41 ,wa%+ton4 ,w$41 ,w$nesday4 ,wis41 ,wiscons94 wk41 ,weeks4 ,wm41 ,william4 ,w4 ,n4 ,w41 ,we/-nor?we/4 ,w4 ,s4 ,w41 ,we/-s\?we/4 ,w4 ,va41 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,wyo41 ,wyom+4 ,xmas41 ,*ri/mas4 yd41 ,y>ds4 y4 or yr41 ,ye>s4 ,ze*41 ,ze*>iah4 ,co41 ,& ,company4 ,,supplem5t4 ,ex]cises on ! ,composition ( ! ,s5t5ce & ! ,p>agraph4 ,,selection ,,f ,,d>w94 ,morr5 says t angleworms (t5 lie = h\rs almo/ motionless close b5ea? ! m\?s ( _! burr[s4 ,i h occasionally notic$ ! same fact ) worms kept 9 pots 9 ! h\se2 s t by look+ d[n into _! burr[s _! heads c\ld j be se54 ,if ! eject$ e>? or rubbi% ov] ! burr[s be sudd5ly remov$1 ! end ( ! worm's body may v (t5 be se5 rapidly retreat+4 ,?is habit ( ly+ ne> ! surface leads to _! de/ruction to an imm5se ext5t4 ,e morn+1 dur+ c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 ! ?ru%es & blackbirds on all ! lawns ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry draw out ( _! holes an a/oni%+ numb] ( worms2 & ?is !y c\ld n d unless !y lay close to ! surface4 ,x is n probable t worms behave 9 ?is mann] = ! sake ( brea?+ fre% air1 = !y c live = a long "t "u wat]4 ,i believe t !y lie ne> ! surface = ! sake ( w>m?1 especially 9 ! morn+2 & we %all h]eaft] f9d t !y (t5 coat ! m\?s ( _! burr[s ) leaves1 app>5tly to prev5t _! bodies f com+ into close contact ) ! cold1 damp e>?4 ,! ,uses ( ,words & ,gr\ps ( ,words4--,we w break up ,mr4 ,d>w9's fir/ gr\p ( s5t5ces into s+le s5t5ces or s+le /atem5ts1 ea* hav+ b "o pr$icate v]b4 #a4 ,angleworms (t5 lie = h\rs almo/ motionless close b5ea? ! m\?s ( _! burr[s4 #b4 ,morr5 says ?is4 #c4 ,i h occasionally notic$ ! same fact ) worms kept 9 pots 9 ! h\se4 #d4 ,by look+ d[n into _! burr[s _! heads c\ld j be se54 #e4 ,! eject$ e>? or rubbi% ov] ! burr[s may sudd5ly be remov$4 #f4 ,! end ( ! worm's body may !n v (t5 be se5 rapidly retreat+4 ,f9d ! two *ief words 7subject & pr$icate7 9 #a4 ,:at does (t5 d8 ,:at does ! gr\p ( words = h\rs d8 ,! gr\p almo/ motionless describes :at ?+s8 ,! gr\p close b5ea? ! m\?s ( _! burr[s1 us$ l a s+le adv]b1 tells :at8 ,f9d ! two *ief words 9 #b4 ,?is helps out ! mean+ ( says1 b x is n an adv]b4 ,?is is "h a pron\n /&+ = ! ?+ said4 ,:at :ole s5t5ce does ?is take ! place (8 ,f9d ! subject & ! pr$icate v]b 9 #c4 ,:at n\n foll[s ?is v]b to tell :at ,mr4 ,d>w9 notic$8 ,:at does occasionally d8 ,:at does same g )8 ,:at gr\p ( eight words tells 9 :at way ,mr4 ,d>w9 notic$ ?is fact8 ,f9d ! unmodifi$ subject & pr$icate 9 #d4 ,:at does ! second _! g )8 ,:at does by look+ d[n into _! burr[s tell8 ,:at does j d8 ,9 #e1 put :at be=e may be remov$1 & f9d two words ei!r ( :i* may be us$ z subject4 ,:at is ! (fice ( !1 eject$1 & ! gr\p ov] ! burr[s8 ,:at does sudd5ly d8 ,f9d ! subject & ! pr$icate v]b 9 #f4 ,retreat+ helps out ! mean+ ( ! pr$icate & at ! same "t modifies ! subject4 ,notice t ! end rapidly retreat+ is n a s5t5ce1 nor is worms kept 9 pots1 9 #c4 ,retreat+ & kept "h express action1 b !y are n pr$icates2 !y d n ass]t4 ,y le>n$ 9 ,lesson #af t c]ta9 =ms ( ! v]b d n ass]t4 ,( ! worm's body modifies :at8 ,!n & v (t5 d :at8 ,if y w comp>e ^! numb]$ s5t5ces ) ,mr4 ,d>w9's1 y w see h[ two or m s5t5ces are put toge!r to make "o long] s5t5ce4 ,y see ,mr4 ,d>w9 puts our s5t5ce #a aft] says to tell :at ,morr5 says4 ,:at ^w "h helps to br+ two s5t5ces toge!r8 ,*ange ?is s5t5ce ab\t s z to make says ,morr5 come la/4 ,see h[ _m o!r *anges y c make 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! words & gr\ps ( words 9 ?is s5t5ce4 ,:at two words are us$ to jo9 #c & #d toge!r8 ,notice t ^! s5t5ces are n jo9$ s closely z #a & #b1 z is %[n by ! semi-colon4 ,notice t if has mu* to d 9 jo9+ #e & #f4 ,^! are m closely jo9$ ?an #c & #d1 b n s closely z #a & #b4 ,h[ is ?is %[n by ! punctuation8 ,put #e & #f toge!r & *ange _! ord]4 ,f9d1 if y c1 /ill ano!r arrangem5t4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,x is v important t pupils %\ld le>n to see words 9 gr\ps & to note _! (fices4 ,if difficulties & te*nicalities be avoid$1 su* ex]cises z we sugge/ above may be begun v e>ly4 ,!y w lead to an intellig5t obs]vation ( language & w prep>e ! way = ! m =mal lessons ( ! text-book4 ,if "t c be _h1 su* ex]cises may pr(itably be cont9u$ ?r\gh ! second & ?ird p>agraphs ( ! selection above4 ,we h said else:]e t ! s5t5ce ex]cises on ?is selection f ,d>w9 may foll[ ,lesson #cj1 b ! tea*] mu/ det]m9e4 ,! ,p>agraph4--,if we write ab\t only "o ?+1 or "o po9t1 our s5t5ces w be closely relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,if we write on two or m po9ts1 !re w be two or m sets ( s5t5ces--! s5t5ces ( ea* set closely relat$ to "o ano!r1 b ! sets !mselves n s closely relat$4 ,a gr\p ( s5t5ces express+ :at we h to say on a s+le po9t1 or division1 ( our subject is call$ a p>agraph4 ,h[ _m p>agraphs d y f9d 9 ! selection above8 ,h[ are !y sep>at$ on ! page8 ,let u exam9e ?is selection m c>efully to f9d :e!r ! s5t5ces ( ea* gr\p are all on a s+le po9t & closely relat$1 & :e!r ! gr\ps !mselves are relat$4 ,d ! s5t5ces ( ! fir/ p>agraph all help to tell ( a c]ta9 habit ( angleworms8 ,d ! s5t5ces ( ! second p>agraph tell :at results f ?is habit8 ,d ! s5t5ces ( ! ?ird p>agraph tell :at is ?\ght to be ! cause ( ?is habit8 ,if y c say yes to ^! que/ions1 ! s5t5ces 9 ea* p>agraph mu/ be closely relat$4 ,are a habit1 a result ( x1 & a cause ( x relat$ 9 ?\ght1 or mean+8 ,if s1 ! p>agraphs are relat$4 ,y mu/ n[ see t p>agraph+ helps bo? ! read] & ! writ]1 & t we %\ld ma/] x4 ,! ,/yle4--,we %all n "h say mu* ab\t :at we may call ! /yle ( ! au?or--8 way ( putt+ 8 ?\ght1 or mann] ( express+ x4 ,b ?is y w notice3 8 words are few1 pla91 & simple2 ! arrangem5t ( !m is easy2 & s :at is said is said cle>ly4 ,y are n[h]e 9 d\bt ab\t 8 mean+ unless x be 9 ! second p>agraph4 ,x may puzzle y to see :at _!1 !y1 & !y 9 ! second s5t5ce ( ?is p>agraph /& =4 ,let an a/oni%+ numb] ( worms & out ( _! holes *ange places1 & sub/itute birds & worms = !y & !y1 & see :e!r ! mean+ w\ld be cle>]4 ,cle>ness is wor? all x co/s4 ,y _c take too mu* pa9s to be und]/ood4 ,fir/-h& ,k4--,z y "k1 we get our k 9 two ways4 ,we get x by see+ & by ?9k+ ab\t :at we see2 & we get x by li/5+ to o!r p & read+ :at !y h writt54 ,:at we get by see+1 by obs]vation1 is fir/-h& k2 :at we get f o!rs is second-h& k4 ,bo? k9ds are useful2 we _c h too mu* ( ei!r4 ,b ! k9d t x does u mo/ good to get & is wor? mo/ to u :5 got is fir/-h& k4 ,?is especially is ! k9d :i* y %\ld make y\r compositions (4 ,9 ! fir/ two p>agraphs ( ! selection above1 ,d>w9 is tell+ :at he saw1 & 9 ! ?ird he is expla9+ :at he saw4 ,t is :y :at he says is s fre% & int]e/+4 ,& j "o ?+ m4 ,if su* a man z ,*>les ,d>w9 ?\ght x wor? 8 :ile to sp5d mu* "t 9 /udy+ & exp]im5t+ ^u angleworms & !n to write a l>ge book ab\t !m1 surely y ne$ n ?9k any?+ 9 nature b5ea? y\r notice4 ,,orig9al ,,composition4 ,tell 9 two or ?ree %ort p>agraphs :at y h obs]v$ ( "s worm1 insect1 or o!r creature1 & :at y ?9k ab\t x4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,we sugge/ t :at is said above be read by ! pupils & discuss$ 9 ! class1 & t ! sub/ance ( x be reproduc$ 9 ! pupils' own language4 ,su* reproduction w s]ve z a lesson 9 oral composition4 ,x may be pr(itable = ! pupils to reproduce ! selection f ,d>w94 ,ex]cises on ! ,composition ( ! ,s5t5ce & ! ,p>agraph4 ,,selection ,,f ,,habb]ton--,,hel5',s ,,babies4 ,! :i/les complet$1 ,i 0 m>*$ ) music to ! place :]e ! ,jacks grew4 ,x 0 j su* a place z boys delight 9--l[1 damp1 & boggy1 ) a brook hidd5 away "u ov]hang+ f]ns & grasses4 #a4 ,! *ildr5 knew by sight ! plant t bore ! ,jacks1 & e discov]y 0 ann\nc$ by a pi]c+ %riek ( delight4 #b4 ,at fir/ ,i look$ hurri$ly t[>d ! brook z ea* yell clove ! air2 b1 z ,i became accu/om$ to x1 my att5tion 0 div]t$ by "s exquisite f]ns4 #c4 ,sudd5ly1 h[ev]1 a succession ( %rieks ann\nc$ t some?+ 0 wrong1 & across a l>ge f]n ,i saw a small face 9 a great deal ( agony4 #d4 ,budge 0 hurry+ to ! relief ( 8 bro!r1 & 0 soon z deeply imb$d$ z ,toddie 0 9 ! ri*1 black mud at ! bottom ( ! brook4 #e4 ,i da%$ to ! rescue1 /ood a/ride ! brook1 & (f]$ a h& to ea* boy1 :5 a trea*]\s tuft ( grass gave way1 &1 ) a glori\s spla%1 ,i w5t 9 myself4 ,?is accid5t turn$ ,toddie's sorr[ to laught]1 b ,i c't say ,i made light ( my mis=tune on t acc\nt4 ,to fall into cle> wat] is n pleasant1 ev5 :5 "o is tr\t-fi%+2 b to be clad 9 :ite tr\s]s & sudd5ly drop ne>ly knee-deep into ! lap ( "m e>? is q a diff]5t ?+4 ,i ha/ily pick$ up ! *ildr5 & ?rew !m ^u ! bank1 & !n /rode out1 & tri$ to %ake myself1 z ,i h se5 a ,newf\ndl& dog d4 ,! %ake 0 n a success--x caus$ my tr\s]'s legs to flap dismally ab\t my ankles1 & s5t ! /reams ( trea*]\s ooze trickl+ d[n into my %oes4 ,my hat1 ( drab felt1 _h fall5 (f by ! brookside1 & be5 pl5tifully spatt]$ z ,i got out4 ,! ,uses ( ,words & ,gr\ps ( ,words4--,we w put ! fir/ p>agraph above into s+le s5t5ces4 #a4 ,! :i/les complet$1 we 7 m>*$ ) music to ! place4 #b4 ,! ,jacks grew 9 ?is place4 #c4 ,x 0 a place l[1 damp1 & boggy1 ) a brook hidd5 away "u ov]hang+ f]ns & grasses4 #d4 ,boys delight 9 su* a place4 ,f9d ! subject n\n 7or pron\n7 & ! pr$icate v]b 9 ea* ( ! f\r s5t5ces above4 ,does ! :i/les complet$ make complete s5se8 ,y le>n$ 9 ,lesson #af t "s =ms ( ! v]b d n ass]t--_c be pr$icates4 ,does brook hidd51 9 #c1 conta9 a pr$icate8 ,:at c y say ( hidd58 ,f9d a n\n 9 #c us$ to complete ! pr$icate & make ! mean+ ( ! subject pla9]4 ,:at gr\p ( adjectives modifies place8 ,tell :y ^! ?ree adjectives are sep>at$ by commas4 ,:at long phrase describes place8 ,f9d ! fir/ v]b 9 ! second p>agraph ( ! selection4 ,:at is ! object complem5t ( ?is v]b8 ,t bore ! ,jacks does :at8 ,! pron\n t /&s = plant4 ,! plant bore ! ,jacks1 /&+ by itself1 is a complete s5t5ce2 b by us+ t = plant ! :ole expression is made to d ! "w ( an adjective4 ,:at conjunction jo9s on ano!r expression t by itself w\ld make a complete s5t5ce8 ,:at are ! subject & ! pr$icate ( ?is add$ s5t5ce8 ,by a pi]c+ %riek ( delight does :at8 ,( :at use are ! phrases at fir/ & t[>d ! brook 9 s5t5ce #b8 ,:at gr\p ( words is jo9$ to look$ to tell on :at occasion or h[ (t58 ,f9d 9 ?is gr\p a subject1 a pr$icate1 & an object complem5t4 ,:at connects ?is gr\p to look$8 ,:at two s5t5ces does b "h br+ toge!r8 ,does ! semicolon %[ t ?is connection is close8 ,po9t out :at y ?9k to be ! lead+ subject & ! lead+ v]b aft] b4 ,by "s exquisite f]ns is jo9$ to :at8 ,:at gr\p ( words goes ) 0 div]t$ to tell :58 ,f9d 9 ?is gr\p a subject1 a pr$icate1 & an attribute complem5t4 ,po9t out 9 ! fir/ "p ( #c ! lead+ subject & its v]b4 ,:at does sudd5ly g )8 ,:at does ( %rieks modify8 ,h[ev] is loosely ?r[n 9 to c>ry ! att5tion back to :at goes be=e4 ,notice ! commas4 ,answ] ! "q made by putt+ :at aft] ann\nc$4 ,9 ?is gr\p ( words us$ z object complem5t c y f9d a subject1 a pr$icate1 & a complem5t8 ,:at two s5t5ces does & "h br+ toge!r8 ,po9t out ! subject1 ! pr$icate1 & ! complem5t 9 ! second ( ^!4 ,across a l>ge f]n is jo9$ l an adv]b to :at8 ,9 a great deal ( agony modifies :at8 ,f9d a comp\nd pr$icate 9 #d4 ,:at phrase is jo9$ to 0 imb$d$ to tell :]e8 ,! gr\p ( words z deeply z ,toddie 0 7imb$d$7 is jo9$ to :at8 ,f9d 9 #e a comp\nd pr$icate made up ( ?ree v]bs1 "o ( :i* has an object complem5t4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,see sugge/ions ) ! prec$+ selection4 ,if our ex]cises on ! second p>agraph above are f\nd too h>d1 ! comp\nd & complex s5t5ces may be brok5 up into s+le /atem5ts4 ,we h indicat$ else:]e t ?is s5t5ce "w may foll[ ,lesson #dj4 ,! ,n>rative4--,?is selection f ,hel5's ,babies is a /ory & !re=e a n>rative4 ,b !re are "s descriptive t\*es 9 x4 ,all /ories mu/ h su* t\*es4 ,p]haps x is n always ess5tial to di/+ui% betwe5 n>ration & description1 b x is wor? y\r :ile to d x occasionally4 ,try to po9t out ! descriptive p>ts 9 ^! p>agraphs4 ,y c]ta9ly c f9d a descriptive s5t5ce 9 ! fir/ p>agraph1 & descriptive words1 phrases1 & clauses ?r\gh\t ! selection4 ,:at help to ! n>rative d ^! descriptive t\*es give8 ,! ,p>agraphs4--,:at h y le>n$ ab\t ! s5t5ces t make up "o p>agraph8 ,are ! p>agraphs m1 or less1 closely relat$ ?an ! s5t5ces ( ea* p>agraph8 ,:y8 ,exam9e ^! p>agraphs & see :e!r any s5t5ces c be *ang$ f "o p>agraph to ano!r4 ,if y ?9k !y c1 give y\r reason4 ,is ! ord] ( ^! p>agraphs ! "r "o8 ,c ! ord] any:]e be *ang$ )\t ?r[+ ! /ory out ( jo9t8 ,:y8 ,! ,g5]al ,topic & ! ,sub-topics4--,we %all f9d t e composition has its g5]al subject & t ea* p>agraph 9 ! composition bus its own p>ticul> subject4 ,let u call ! subject ( ! :ole composition ! g5]al topic4 ,sub means "u1 & s let u call ! po9t :i* ea* p>agraph develops a sub-topic4 ,9 ! /ory above we may f9d "s su* outl9e z ! foll[+3-- ,,an ,,excursion ,,9 ,,se>* ,,( ,,jacks4 #a4 ,! ,place :]e ,jacks ,gr[4 #b4 ,! ,mi%ap to ! ,excursioni/s4 #c4 ,! ,uncle ,takes 8 ,s]i\sly4 #d4 ,8 ,attempt at ,repairs4 ,d y ?9k t su* a framework helps a writ] to tell 8 /ory8 ,d y n ?9k t ea* sub-topic mu/ sugge/ "s ?\ghts t ! g5]al topic alone w\ld n sugge/8 ,if y keep cle>ly be=e y ! sub-topic ( y\r p>agraph1 :at effect d y ?9k x w h on ! ?\ghts & ! s5t5ces ( t p>agraph8 ,) a good framework cle>ly be=e y1 mu/ n y\r /ory move along 9 an ord]ly way f a beg9n+ to an end8 ,h y ev] he>d /ories badly told8 ,if s1 :at 7 ! faults8 ,,orig9al ,,composition4 ,h y n _h "s exp]i5ce t y c "w up into a good /ory8 ,if y h1 tell ! /ory ^u pap]1 mak+ use ( ! in/ruction we h giv5 y 9 our talk above4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,p]haps a reproduction ( ! /ory above may be pr(itable4 ,,ex]cises ,,on ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,s5t5ce ,,& ,,! ,,p>agraph4 ,,selection ,,f ,,george ,,eliot4 ,& ?is is ,dovecote ,mill4 ,i mu/ /& a m9ute or two "h on ! bridge & look at x1 ?\gh ! cl\ds are ?reat5+ & x is f> on 9 ! aft]noon4 ,ev5 9 ?is leafless "t ( dep>t+ ,febru>y1 x is pleasant to look at x4 ,p]haps ! *ill1 damp season adds a *>m to ! trimly-kept build+1 z old z ! elms & *e/nuts t %elt] x f ! nor!rn bla/4 ,! /ream is brimful n[1 & half dr[ns ! grassy fr+e 9 front ( ! h\se4 ,z ,i look at ! /ream1 ! vivid grass1 ! delicate1 bright gre5 s(t5+ ! outl9e ( ! great trunks & bran*es t gleam f "u ! b>e purple b\ghs1 ,i am 9 love ) moi/ness1 & envy ! :ite ducks t are dipp+ _! heads f> into ! wat]1 unm9dful ( ! awkw>d appe>ance 9 ! dri] _w above4 #a4 ,& n[ !re is ! huge cov]$ wagon1 com+ home ) sacks ( gra94 #b4 ,t hone/ wagon] is ?9k+ ( 8 d9n]1 :i* is gett+ sadly dry 9 ! ov5 at ?is late h\r2 b he w n t\* x till he has f$ 8 horses--! /rong1 submissive bea/s1 :o1 ,i fancy1 are look+ mild reproa* at him f betwe5 _! bl9k]s1 t he %\ld crack 8 :ip at !m 9 t awful mann]1 z if !y ne$$ su* a h9t6 #c4 ,see h[ !y /ret* _! %\ld]s up ! slope t[>d ! bridge1 ) all ! m en]gy because !y are s ne> home4 #d4 ,look at _! gr&1 %aggy feet1 t seem to grasp ! firm e>?1 at ! pati5t /r5g? ( _! necks b[$ "u ! heavy coll>1 at ! mighty muscles ( _! /ruggl+ haun*es4 #e4 ,i %\ld l to see !m1 ) _! moi/ necks fre$ f ! h>ness1 dipp+ _! eag] no/rils into ! pond4 ,! ,uses ( ,words & ,gr\ps ( ,words4--,notice t 9 s5t5ce #a1 ?ird p>agraph1 ! subject is plac$ aft] ! pr$icate4 ,tell :at n[ & !re d4 ,com+ home ) sacks ( gra9 does :at8 ,does com+ express action8 ,does x ass]t action8 ,:at is x8 ,:at does home d8 ,put its be=e home & !n read ! :ole phrase4 ,:at o!r *ange d y f9d necess>y8 ,a n\n is sometimes us$ alone to d ! "w ( an adv]b phrase1 ! preposition be+ omitt$4 ,:at is ! (fice ( m9ute 9 ! second s5t5ce ( ! fir/ p>agraph8 ,:at preposition c\ld be put 98 ,9 #b1 ?ird p>agraph1 ! pron\n :i* /&s = d9n]4 ,read ! s5t5ce1 us+ ! n\n in/ead ( ! pron\n4 ,h y n[ two s5t5ces1 or "o8 ,y see t :i* n only /&s = d9n]1 b x jo9s on a s5t5ce s z to make x describe ! d9n]4 ,:at does till he has f$ 8 horses d8 ,omitt+ till1 w\ld ?is gr\p ( words be a s5t5ce8 ,:at1 !n1 jo9s ?is gr\p1 & makes x d ! "w ( an adv]b8 ,notice ! da% aft] horses4 ,! writ] "h breaks (f r sudd5ly & beg9s aga91 us+ bea/s in/ead ( horses4 ,to bea/s are add$ _m descriptive words4 ,y w le>n t ?is n\n bea/s add$ to ! n\n horses is call$ an explanatory modifi]4 ,notice t ,i fancy is ?r[n 9 loosely or indep5d5tly & is set (f by commas4 ,all ! o!r words beg9n+ ) :o & end+ ) h9t are jo9$ by :o to bea/s4 ,notice t ! writ] makes ^! bea/s ?9k l p]sons1 & s uses :o in/ead ( :i* or t4 ,d we ord9>ily speak ( look+ any?+8 ,9 :o are look+ reproa*1 :at is ! object complem5t ( are look+8 ,:at long gr\p ( words made up ( two s5t5ces tells :y ! bea/s are look+ reproa*8 ,read sep>ately ! ma9 divisions ( #b4 ,:at conjunction connects ^!8 ,is "o ( ^! divisions itself divid$ into p>ts by commas8 ,%\ld1 !n1 "s m>k ( wid] sep>ation be put betwe5 ! ma9 divisions ( #b8 ,to build s long a s5t5ce z #b is v5turesome4 ,we advise "y writ]s n to make su* attempts4 ,x is h>d to write v long s5t5ces & keep ! mean+ cle>4 ,9 #c ! subject ( see is y1 :i* is g5]ally omitt$ 9 a comm&4 ,y are "h told to see :at8 ,break ?is long object complem5t up into two s5t5ces4 ,:at d ! horses /ret*8 ,:]e d !y /ret* _! %\ld]s8 ,h[ d !y /ret*8 ,:y d !y /ret* ) m en]gy8 ,:at is ! subject ( look 9 #d8 ,! phrase beg9n+ ) at & end+ ) e>? does :at8 ,f9d two o!r long phrases introduc$ by at & tell :at !y d4 ,t seem to grasp ! firm e>? goes ) :at8 ,put ! n\n feet 9 place ( ! pron\n t & make a sep>ate s5t5ce ( ?is gr\p4 ,:at ^w1 !n1 makes an adjective modifi] ( ?is s5t5ce & jo9s x to feet8 ,does to grasp ass]t action8 ,:at d y call x8 ,x is "h us$ z attribute complem5t4 ,b[$ "u ! heavy coll> describes :at8 ,does b[$ ass]t action8 ,:at d y call x8 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,if "t p]mits1 we believe t su* ex]cises z ! above may pr(itably be cont9u$4 ,?is s5t5ce "w may p]haps be/ foll[ ,lesson #ej4 ,see sugge/ions ) prec$+ ex]cises4 ,descriptive ,writ+4--,?is extract f ! noveli/ :o call$ h]self ,george ,eliot we h slightly *ang$ = our purpose4 ,x is purely descriptive4 ,x is a pa9t+ 9 words--a vivid picture ( a v pretty sc5e4 ,h[ grateful we are to ^? :o c1 z x 71 turn a page ( a book into canvas1 & pa9t on x a ri* v]bal picture t delights u e "t we read x or recall x6 ,h[ _m su* pictures !re are 9 our libr>ies6 ,& h[ little !y co/ u :5 comp>$ ) ^? t we buy & hang ^u our walls6 ,"s ,features ( a ,good ,description4--,does ?is au?or m5tion _m features ( ! mill1 ( ! /ream1 & ( ! horses pull+ _! load ov] ! bridge8 ,d ^? t %e does m5tion sugge/ to y ev]y?+ else8 ,"n "s ( ! ?+s sugge/$ to y b n m5tion$ 9 ?is description4 ,does n "s ( ! *>m ( a description lie 9 ! read]'s hav+ some?+ left him to supply8 ,if ! au?or _h giv5 y e little detail ( ! mill1 ! /ream1 & ! labor+ horses1 w\ld n ! description h be5 dull & tiresome8 ,:at ?+s t ! au?or imag9$ b did n really see are m5tion$ 9 ! ?ird p>agraph8 ,d ^! t\*es ( fancy or imag9ation help ! picture8 ,d !y %[ t ! au?or 0 9 love ) h] "w8 & d !y !re=e /imulate y\r fancy or imag9ation8 ,! ,framework4--,9 mak+ a framework = ?is description w\ld y take = ! g5]al topic ,! ,sc5e f ! ,bridge or ,?+s ,se5 f a ,bridge8 or w\ld y pref] "s o!r word+ ( x8 ,n[ write out a framework1 plac+ ! sub-topics "u ! g5]al topic z y h be5 taught4 ,,orig9al ,,composition4 ,describe "s sc5e t y greatly enjoy1 or draw y\r picture f imag9ation4 ,make a framework & try to pr(it by all t we h said4 ,,ex]cises ,,on ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,s5t5ce ,,& ,,! ,,p>agraph4 ,,selection ,,f ,,! ,,bro!rs ,,grimm4 ,once ^u a "t !re 0 a v old man1 ^: eyes 7 dim1 ^: e>s 7 dull1 & ^: knees trembl$4 ,:5 he sat at table1 he c\ld sc>cely hold 8 spoon2 & (t5 he spill$ 8 food ov] ! tableclo? & sometimes d[n 8 clo!s4 ,8 son & daught]-9-law 7 mu* vex$ ab\t ?is1 & at la/ !y made ! old man sit beh9d ! ov5 9 a corn]1 & gave him 8 food 9 an e>!n di%1 & n en\gh ( x ei!r2 s t ! poor man grew sad1 & 8 eyes 7 wet ) te>s4 ,once 8 h& trembl$ s mu* t he c\ld n hold ! di%1 & x fell ^u ! gr\nd & broke all 9 pieces1 s t ! "y wife scold$ him2 b he made no reply & only sigh$4 ,!n !y br\ght him a wood5 di%1 & out ( t he _h to fe$4 ,"o day1 z he 0 sitt+ 9 8 usual place1 he saw 8 little gr&son1 f\r ye>s old1 fitt+ toge!r "s pieces ( wood4 ,:at are y mak+8 ask$ ! old man4 ,i am mak+ a wood5 tr\gh1 repli$ ! *ild1 = fa!r & "m to fe$ out ( :5 ,i gr[ big4 ,at ^! words ! fa!r look$ at 8 wife = a mom5t1 & pres5tly !y began to cry4 ,h5ce=? !y let ! old gr&fa!r sit at ! table ) !m1 & !y did n ev5 say any?+ if he spill$ a little food ^u ! clo?4 ,! ,uses ( ,words & ,gr\ps ( ,words4--,:at is ! ord] ( subject & pr$icate 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ?is selection8 ,! ^w !re does n tell :]e2 x is put be=e 0 to let ! subject foll[4 ,!re is frequ5tly s us$ & is !n call$ an indep5d5t adv]b4 ,f9d 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ?ree adjective clauses4 ,:at connects ea* to man8 ,:at o!r (fice has ?is connective8 ,h[ are ^! adjective clauses connect$ ) "o ano!r8 ,:at is ! (fice ( ! dep5d5t clause 9 ! next s5t5ce8 ,if ?is clause 7 plac$ aft] its pr9cipal clause1 w\ld ! comma be ne$$8 ,are ! clauses sep>at$ by ! semicolon z closely connect$ z ^? divid$ by ! comma8 ,aft] made & "s o!r words ! to be=e ! inf9itive is omitt$4 ,f9d su* an in/ance 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! second p>agraph4 ,9 ?is same s5t5ce *ange gave him 8 food1 mak+ him come la/4 ,y h le>n$ t a n\n or a pron\n may be us$ )\t a preposition to d ! "w ( an adv]b phrase4 ,:at does "o day d 9 ! ?ird p>agraph8 ,is a preposition ne$$ be=e day8 ,9 ! same s5t5ce ye>s is us$ adv]bially to modify ! adjective old4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d a preposition to put be=e ye>s4 ,we might say old to ! ext5t ( f\r ye>s1 b f\r ye>s answ]s = ! :ole phrase4 ,9 ?is same p>agraph :at words are quot$ exactly z ! old man utt]$ !m8 ,describe ! quotation m>ks4 ,notice t ! next quotation is brok5 by ! words repli$ ! *ild1 & s ea* "p ( ! quotation is sep>ately inclos$ )9 quotation m>ks4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,we h "h t\*$ a few features ( ! s5t5ces above4 ,! ex]cises giv5 ) ! prec$+ selections w sugge/ a full] exam9ation ( ! phrases & clauses4 ,sugge/ions f ?is ,n>rative4--,we see t ?is beautiful /ory has a purpose4 ,its purpose is to tea* u k9dness to our p>5ts4 ,x is well plann$4 ,e s5t5ce & e p>agraph is adapt$ to ! end 9 view4 ,no useless item or circum/ance is admitt$4 ,! /ory /ops :5 ! end is rea*$4 ,any?+ add$ to ! fif? p>agraph w\ld spoil ! /ory4 ,we c]ta9ly c le>n mu* f su* a model4 ,p>agraphs4--,does e s5t5ce 9 ! fir/ p>agraph aid 9 pictur+ ! helplessness ( ! old gr&fa!r8 ,is ! picture complete8 ,does ! second p>agraph /rongly impress u ) ! unk9dness ( ! son & daught]-9-law1 :o ought to h be5 mov$ to pity by ! old man's condition8 ,does x conta9 an unnecess>y s5t5ce8 ,9 tell+ h[ ! gr&*ild unconsci\sly taught a lesson1 a dialogue is introduc$1 & s :at really belongs to "o sub-topic is put 9 ! =m ( two p>agraphs4 ,x is cu/om>y to make a sep>ate p>agraph ( ea* s+le spee* 9 a dialogue4 ,read ! la/ p>agraph c>efully & see :e!r "o c\ld wi% to "k any?+ m ab\t ! effect ( ! lesson taught by ! *ild4 ,make a framework = ?is /ory4 ,,orig9al ,,composition4 ,make up a %ort /ory f y\r own exp]i5ce1 or f y\r imag9ation1 & try to pr(it by ! sugge/ions above4 ,prep>e a framework at ! beg9n+4 ,ex]cises on ! ,composition ( ! ,s5t5ce & ! ,p>agraph4 ,,selection ,,f ,,bee*]4 ,ov]work almo/ always ends 9 weak5+ ! dige/ive organs4 ,!re are ^? :o ov]tax _! m9ds ?r\gh mon?s & ye>s1 =getful t !re is a close connection betwe5 ov]work & dyspepsia4 ,ev]yone %\ld rememb] t !re is a po9t beyond :i* he _c urge 8 bra9 )\t h>m to 8 /oma*2 & t1 :5 he loses 8 /oma*1 he loses ! v citadel ( heal?4 ,! :ole body is r5ew$ f ! blood1 & ! blood is made f ! food tak5 into ! /oma*4 ,! p[] ( ! blood to r5ew bone & bra9 & muscle dep5ds ^u a good dige/ion4 ,too little sleep is fatal to heal?4 ,p]haps y h to "w h>d all day2 b t is no reason :y y %\ld resolve1 ,if ,i _c h pleasure by day1 ,i w h x at night4 ,y are tak+ ! v sub/ance ( y\r body :5 y burn ! lamp ( pleasure till "o or two o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,god has made sleep to be a sponge ) :i* to rub out fatigue4 ,a man's roots are plant$ 9 night1 z a tree's are plant$ 9 soil1 & out ( x he %\ld come1 at wak+1 ) fre% gr[? & bloom4 ,z a rule1 y %\ld take eight h\rs ( ! tw5ty-f\r1 = sleep4 ,! ,uses ( ,words & ,gr\ps ( ,words4--,9 ! ex]cises "u ! selection f ! ,bro!rs ,grimm :at did y le>n ab\t !re z us$ twice 9 ! second s5t5ce above8 ,:at does ^? mean8 ,:at long adjective clause is jo9$ to ^? by :o8 ,does ?is clause read s closely z n to ne$ a comma be=e :o8 ,does =getful describe ! p]sons repres5t$ by :o8 ,:y is a comma us$ be=e =getful8 ,y le>n$ 9 a prec$+ ex]cise t a n\n may d ! "w ( an adv]b phrase )\t ! help ( a preposition4 ,a n\n clause may d ! same4 ,! adjective =getful is modifi$ by ! n\n clause t 444 dyspepsia4 ,if we say =getful ( ! fact1 we see t ! n\n clause means ! same z fact & has ! same (fice4 ,:at two long n\n clauses ar\s$ to complete %\ld rememb]8 ,:at conjunction introduces ea* ( ^! clauses8 ,:at conjunction jo9s !m toge!r8 ,:at m>k ( punctuation betwe58 ,if "o ( ^! n\n clauses 7 n itself divid$ into clauses by ! comma1 w\ld ! semicolon be ne$$8 ,! clause beyond 444 /oma* goes ) :at ^w8 ,:5 444 /oma* modifies :at v]b8 ,classify ! s5t5ces ( ?is p>agraph z simple1 complex1 or comp\nd4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,we h "h treat$ in=mally "s difficult po9ts4 ,p]haps ^! may be bett] und]/ood :5 ! book is review$4 ,! ,v>i\s ,objects ,writ]s ,h4--,f y\r /udy ( ! prec$+ selections y le>n t a writ] may h any "o ( sev]al objects 9 writ+4 ,he may wi% simply to in/ruct ! read]1 z does ,d>w9 9 :at he says ( e>?worms4 ,he may wi% m]ely to amuse ! read]1 z does ,mr4 ,habb]ton 9 our extract f ,hel5's ,babies4 ,he may wi% only to put be=e !m a picture :i*1 l t ( ,george ,eliot's1 %all af=d delight4 ,or he may wi% to get hold ( :at we call our wills & lead u to d some?+1 p]=m "s duty4 ,?is is :at ! /ory f ! ,bro!rs ,grimm aims at4 ,& y saw h[ x does ?is--by work+ on our feel+s4 ,!re are at lea/ ^! f\r objects t a writ] may propose to himself4 ,:i* ( ^! f\r objects has ,mr4 ,bee*] 9 ! p>agraphs we quote8 ,does he in/ruct8 ,does he try to get u to d some?+8 ,w\ld x help y to h cle>ly be=e y f ! beg9n+ ! object y are seek+ to accompli%8 ,figurative ,expressions4--,9 ^! p>agraphs ,mr4 ,bee*] calls a man's /oma* ! citadel ( heal?1 & sleep a sponge to rub out fatigue )1 & says a man's roots are plant$ 9 night4 ,he does n use ^! words citadel1 sponge1 & roots 9 _! fir/ or common mean+4 ,he uses !m 9 :at we call a figurative s5se4 ,he means to say t a man's /oma* is to him :at a =tress is to soldi]s1 a s\rce ( /r5g?2 t 9 sleep fatigue disappe>s z d figures on a slate or blackbo>d :5 a wet sponge is drawn across !m2 & t a man gets out ( night :at a tree's roots draw out ( ! soil1 n\ri%m5t & vigor4 ,su* figurative uses ( words give /r5g? & beauty to /yle4 ,,orig9al ,,composition4 ,9 ! p>agraphs quot$ above y 7 told ( ! effects on heal? ( ov]work & ( insuffici5t sleep4 ,p]haps y c write ( ex]cise1 ( prop] food1 ( clo!s1 or ( "s o!r ?+s on :i* heal? may dep5d4 ,ex]cises on ! ,composition ( ! ,s5t5ce & ! ,p>agraph4 ,,adapt$ ,,f ,,dr4 ,,john ,,br[n--,,rab ,,& ,,8 ,,fri5ds4 ,rab belong$ to a lo/ tribe--!re are no su* dogs n[4 ,he 0 old & gray & br9dl$2 & 8 hair %ort1 h>d1 & close1 l a lion's4 ,he 0 z big z a ,highl& bull1 & 8 body 0 ?ickset4 ,he mu/ h weigh$ n9ety p\nds at lea/4 ,8 l>ge1 blunt head 0 sc>r$ ) ! record ( old w\nds1 a s]ies ( battlefields all ov] x4 ,8 muzzle 0 z black z night1 8 m\? black] ?an any night1 & a too? or two1 all he _h1 gleam$ out ( 8 jaws ( d>kness4 ,"o eye 0 out1 "o e> cropp$ close4 ,! rema9+ eye _h ! p[] ( two2 & above x1 & 9 con/ant communication ) x1 0 a tatt]$ rag ( an e> t 0 = ev] unfurl+ itself1 l an old flag4 ,& !n t bud ( a tail1 ab\t an in* long1 if x c\ld 9 any s5se be said to be long1 be+ z broad z x 0 long6 ,! mobility ( x1 its expressive tw9kl+s & w9k+s1 & ! int]communications betwe5 ! eye1 ! e>1 & x1 7 ( ! odde/ & swifte/4 ,rab _h ! dignity & simplicity ( great size4 ,hav+ f\ght 8 way all along ! road to absolute supremacy1 he 0 z mighty 9 8 own l9e z ,julius ,caes> or ! ,duke ( ,well+ton 9 81 & he _h ! gravity ( all great fight]s4 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,we sugge/ ex]cises on ! uses ( words simil> to ^? prec$+4 ,be=e attempt+ ?is x may be well to let ! pupils g ov] ^! cond5s$ expressions & supply ! words necess>y to ! analysis4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! fir/ p>agraph hair may be foll[$ by 0 & ,highl& bull by is big4 ,9 ! next p>agraph w\nds may be foll[$ by m>k+1 z night by is black1 etc4 ,9 ! ?ird p>agraph & !n may be foll[$ by !re 01 etc4 ,! pupils w det]m9e :e!r supply+ ^! words makes ! description /rong] or weak]4 ,pupils may note especially ! (fices ( n\ns1 v]bs1 & adjectives4 ,?is selection ab\nds 9 descriptive n\ns & v]bs t are p>ticul>ly well *os54 ,let ! pupils po9t out su*4 ,! ,description4--,h[ does ! description above impress y8 ,are only *>act]i/ic p>ts & features select$8 ,are ^! few features en\gh to give y a di/9ct & vivid picture ( ,rab8 ,:at comp>isons d y f9d8 ,h[ d !y help8 ,pick out "s words or phrases t seem to y v expressive4 ,f9d "s words t are us$1 n 9 _! fir/ or common s5se1 b 9 a figurative s5se4 ,h[ d !y help8 ,p>agraphs4--,:i* p>agraph puts be=e y ! dog z a :ole8 ,:]e mu/ ?is p>agraph naturally /&8 ,:y8 ,:i* p>agraph describes ,rab's "*8 ,:at does ea* ( ! o!r p>agraphs describe8 ,if y ?9k ! arrangem5t ( p>agraphs above is ! be/1 tell :y4 ,make a framework = ?is description4 ,,orig9al ,,composition4 ,write a description ( "s animal :i* y h closely obs]v$ & 9 :i* y are int]e/$4 ,be c>eful to pick out lead+ or *>act]i/ic features t w br+ o!rs into ! read]'s imag9ation4 ,fir/ prep>e a framework4