#ajfb                ,,! ,,tusayan     
,,ritual3 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce  
,,( ,,environm5t ,,on                   
,,aborig9al ,,cults4                    
,,by                                    
,j4 ,,walt] ,,fewkes4                   
,,f ,,! ,,smi?sonian ,,report ,,= #ahie1
 ,,pages #fhc-gjj                       
7,,) ,,plates ,,lxx-,,lxxiii74          
,,wa%+ton3                              
,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice4             
#ahif4                                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,! ,,tusayan ,,ritual3 ,a ,,/udy ,,(   
,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,environm5t ,,on    
,,aborig9al ,,cults4#a                  
,by ,j4 ,,walt] ,,fewkes4               
,footnote #a3      ,saturday lecture 9 !
 ,assembly ,hall ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates      
,national    ,museum1 ,may #af1 #ahif4  
,! sci5ce call$ e?nology claims z its   
field ( rese>* ! /udy  ( all racial     
*>act]i/ics ( man4 ,x deals n only ) 8  
physical features1 social gr\p+1 &      

geographical di/ribution1 b  also ) !   
products ( 8 h& & m9d1 8 ?\ghts &       
feel+s4  ,no race or individual is s l[ 
9 ! scale ( be+ z to be utt]ly  devoid (
 "s idea ( ! sup]natural1 & z ?is is a  
univ]sal  human *>act]i/ic x is         
naturally "o ( ! subjects :i* pres5ts   
itself = /udy by ! e?nologi/4 ,! /udy ( 
! evolution (  sup]natural ideas1 l t ( 
all o!r human *>act]s1 ought n  to be   
limit$ to a few favor$ races1 nor %\ld !
 t]m 8religion10 9  its sci5tific use1  
be re/rict$ to any gr\p or race ( man4  
,x mu/  be broad en\gh to embrace !     
sup]natural conceptions ( all m51 l[  & 
high 9 ! scale4 ,no poor or             
insignificant gr\p+ ( m5 &  wom5 %\ld be
 reg>d$ too wret*$ to be /udi$1 & !     
sci5tific  man c n ov]look any if he is 
loyal to sci5tific me?ods4 ,a           
g5]alization :i* is built on limit$ k ( 
! religi\s  *>act]i/ics ( a few m5 or ^?
 ( gift$ races w z surely  fail z a     
g5]al law ( l+ui/ics bas$ on ! language 
( any "o (  ! great races to ! neglect (

 o!rs4 ,!re 0 a "t :5  naturali/s       
ov]look$ ! l[e/ animals 9 _! /udies ( ! 
evolution ( organic life1 b n[ x is     
univ]sally recogniz$ by  biologi/s t we 
mu/ look to ! mo/ inf]ior animals = a   
solution  ( _m problems connect$ ) !    
highe/4 ,9 /udies ( !  developm5t ( !   
sup]natural 9 ! m9d ( man ! same ?+ is  
true4 ,! laws ( ! evolution ( religi\s  
?\ght c n be  sci5tifically /udi$ if !  
culture ( primitive man is neglect$4    
,unless ,i am greatly mi/ak51 ! roots ( 
"s ( ! pure/ spiritual  conceptions rea*
 f> d[n into savage & b>b>\s /ages (    
culture4    ,we are accu/om$ to         
designate ! crude sup]natural ideas (   
savage  & b>b>\s peoples z cults1 & e   
cult w be f\nd on  exam9ation to be     
compos$ ( two complem5tal p>ts1 kn[n z  
my?ology  & ritual4 ,ar\nd ! =m] gr\p   
!mselves ! v>i\s beliefs  reg>d+ !      
sup]natural1 & ab\t ! latt] ! processes 
by :i*  man approa*es & influ5ces ^!    
sup]nal conceptions4 ,?is bifid  /r&    
runs ?r\gh all sup]natural ideas1 f ^? (

 ! savage to  ! civiliz$ man4 ,z nature 
has ?us unit$ !m1 !y mu/ always be      
consid]$ toge!r 9 sci5tific /udies4 ,we 
h se5 9 "o ( !  previ\s lectures ( ?is  
c\rse h[ c]ta9 arts ( man are affect$ by
  environm5t4 ,i %all endeavor to %[ a  
connection betwe5 c]emonial  practices &
 climatic conditions1 :i* are1 ,i take  
x1 ess5tial  factors ( environm5t4 ,= an
 illu/ration1 ,i h *os5 ! influ5ce  ( an
 arid climate ^u ! ritual ( "o clu/] (  
,am]ican ,indians4    ,!re are c]ta9    
common compon5ts ( all cults :i* are z  
widely  spread z ! races ( man & exi/   
indep5d5tly ( surr\nd+s1  :ile !re are  
o!rs :i* are pr(\ndly affect$ by        
environm5t4 ,our  subject especially    
deals ) ! latt]1 & z ! ritual is capable
  ( m exact sci5tific analysis1 ,i h 9  
m9d to discuss !  modifications 9 x :i* 
c be trac$ to purely climatic causes4   
,to simplify ! elem5ts ( ! problem we   
mu/ *oose n only a  primitive =m (      
ritual1 b also z f> z possible "o :i*   
has be5  b slightly modifi$ by !        

introduction ( =eign influ5ces1 &  h5ce 
o!r environm5ts4 ,we mu/ avoid z mu* z  
possible complexity  due to composition4
 ,x is a v difficult task to det]m9e !  
aborig9al cults ( any primitive p1 =    
modifications result+  f contact ) o!r  
races are pres5t almo/ ev]y:]e we turn4 
,e clu/] or gr\p+ ( m5 kn[n to me is    
composite 9 its  "*4 ,yet ! task is n   
:olly hopeless or beyond our p[]s4 ,!   
"w be=e ! ,am]ican /ud5t is facilitat$  
by ! fact t we h  /ill liv+ 9 our c\ntry
 surviv+ memb]s ( ! ,am]ican race :o1   
on acc\nt ( isolation1 h be5 slightly   
modifi$ by =eign  influ5ces4 ,i wi% ?is 
aft]noon to call y\r att5tion to "o (   
^!1 & to discuss ! influ5ces :i*        
environm5t has ex]t$ on  _! ritual4     
,! p conc]n+ :om ,i %all speak are      
commonly call$ ! ,mokis1  al?\gh !y     
pref] to be kn[n z ! ,hopi4 ,!y live 9 a
 region (  ,arizona1 :i* f its discov]y 
9 ! middle ( ! sixte5?  c5tury1 has be5 
designat$ ,tusayan4 ,! ,hopi or ,tusayan
 ,indians belong  to ! s-call$ village  

or pueblo p--! peculi> culture (        
prehi/oric ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1      
,colorado1 & ,utah4 ,:ile :at ,i %all   
say especially conc]ns "o gr\p1 x may 9 
a g5]al way be appli$ to  ! culture ( a 
wide t]ritory call$ ! pueblo area ( !   
s\?we/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 a     
natural sequ5ce a  discussion ( ! effect
 ( environm5t w\ld foll[ a /atem5t ( !  
di/9ctive *>act]s ( ! physical features 
:i* *>act]ize  surr\nd+s2 & 9 ord] t y  
may h an idea ( ! climatic  conditions (
 ,tusayan1 let u take a few mom5ts to   
consid] ^!  peculi>ities ( ! environm5t4
 ,9 physical features ?is prov9ce is  a 
"p ( ! great arid zone ( ! ,rocky       
,m\nta9s1 to :i* 9 =m]  times 0 giv5 !  
"n ( ,great ,am]ican ,des]t4 ,x lies 9 !
  nor!a/]n "p ( ,arizona1 ab\t #ij miles
 f ! ne>e/ village (  :ite m5 on ! s\? &
 ab\t ! same di/ance ea/ ( ! ,gr&       
,canyon ( ! ,colorado4 ,on all sides x  
is isolat$ by dry des]ts1 a  dre>y ext5t
 ( m\nta9s1 mesas1 & arid pla9s ab\t    
#f1jjj feet  above ! level ( ! sea4 ,no 

p]man5t /reams ( wat] refre% ^!  p>*$   
canyons or fields1 & ! surr\nd+s ( ?is  
isolat$ tribe1  organic & inorganic1    
belong to ^? *>act]i/ic ( des]t         
environm5t4 ,! ra9s are limit$ 9        
quantity--liable to fail at  plant+     
times1 al?\gh lat] 9 ! summ] p\r+ d[n 9 
copi\s  torr5ts1 t fill ! depression by 
:i* ! wat] is rapidly c>ri$  away f !   
?ir/y fields4 ,spr+s ( p]man5t wat] are 
small &  weak1 & :5 abundant1 poor &    
h>dly potable4 ,9 ?is unpromis+  l& a   
few less ?an #b1jjj ,indians /rive to   
ma9ta9 !mselves by  agriculture f a b>r5
 s&y soil :i* a :ite f>m] w\ld despise4 
,nor is ! unremun]ative soil ! only     
ho/ile environm5t ) :i*  ?is indu/ri\s  
race ( aborig9al f>m]s has _h to cont5d4
 ,incom+  m>aud]s1 9 ! =m ( nomadic     
enemies1 h f prehi/oric times  h>ass$   
!m1 prey$ on _! f>ms1 & =c$ !m to adopt 
inaccessible mesa tops1 high above _!   
fields1 = protection4 ,p]*$  on ^! rocky
 em95ces !y h erect$ sev5 /one villages 
9 s  clev] a way t !y seem to be a "p ( 

! cliffs4 ,animals 9  des]t surr\nd+s z 
a protective device h tak5 on ! color ( 
! soil1 b ^! m5 h built _! t[ns 9 !     
cliffs s deftly  t !y seem to be p>ts ( 
! mesas !mselves4 ,!y h succe$$  well 9 
?is protective device1 due to           
environm5t1 = at a di/ance  ! pueblos   
are indi/+ui%able f ! cliffs on :i* !y  
/&4    ,i ne$ n dwell on ! =bidd+ aspect
 ( ! mesa tops on :i*  ^! villages are  
built4 ,n a sprig ( v]dure1 drop ( wat]1
 or  fragm5t ( fuel is to be f\nd ^u !m4
 ,if !re is "o physical  feature :i* may
 be said to *>act]ize ,tusayan1 x is !  
paucity (  wat]1 or r its unequal       
di/ribution 9 diff]5t seasons ( !  ye>4 
,! "* ( animal life is also significant1
 = x is ( su* a  nature z to ex]t a     
pr(\nd influ5ce4 ,a race dep5d5t on     
animal food  alone w\ld h />v$ = game4  
,! great rum9ants1 z ! bison1  :i* m ?an
 any o!r animal influ5c$ ! culture ( !  
,indians  ( ! great pla9s ( !           
,mississippi1 nev] visit$ ?is region4   
,no  dome/icat$ animals made pa/oral    

culture possible4 ,!re 7 small  rod5ts1 
_m rabbits & h>es1 & a scanty supply (  
antelope 9  di/ant m\nta9s4 ,unpromis+ z
 0 ! soil = agriculture1 !  res\rces ( !
 hunt] 7 mu* less1 & 9 ?is region man 0 
=c$ to become an agriculturi/4    ,x is1
 !re=e1 cle> t ! s$5t>y agricultural    
life ( !  ,tusayan ,indian is ! direct  
result ( organic & inorganic  surr\nd+s4
 ,=c$ f "s reason unkn[n to me to live 9
 a l&  :]e animals 7 s few t he c\ld n  
subsi/ f ! products (  ! *ase1 he f\nd a
 possible food supply 9 plant life1 & he
  accept$ ! inevitable4 ,he adopt$ !    
life :i* environm5t  dictat$1#b &       
accept+ ?+s z !y 71 work$ out 8 culture 
on ! only possible l9es ( developm5t4   
,he rais$ crops ( maize1  melons1 &     
beans1 cultivat$ & h>ve/$ v>i\s gra9s1 b
 at times  :5 o!r ?+s fail$ f\nd food 9 
cacti & ! meal ( pion nuts4  ,accept+ ! 
inevitable1 man's ritual became a mirror
 ( t "p (  8 environm5t :i* mo/         
intimately affect$ 8 necessities4 ,!    
irregul>ity ( ! ra9s1 & ! possibility t 

! corn may n  gr[1 develop$ ! ritual 9 !
 direction indicat$4 ,z long z !        
processes ( nature g on )\t *ange1 no   
special ra9 or gr[?  c]emonials w\ld    
develop4 ,9 a b\ntiful soil :i* nev]    
fails !  f>m]1 :]e ! se$ dropp$ 9 !     
gr\nd is sure to g]m9ate1 &  ! ra9s are 
con/ant1 no ritual w\ld orig9ate to br+ 
ab\t :at  0 sure to come4 ,b let natural
 processes be caprici\s1 awake 9 a      
primitive m9d ! fe> t ^! processes may n
 recur1 let him  become consci\s t !    
ra9s may n come1 & he evolves a ritual  
to  prev5t its failure4 ,he is          
absolutely driv5 to devise c]emonials by
  :i* to affect ^? sup]natural be+s :om 
he believes cause !  ra9 & ! gr[? ( 8   
crops4 ,! cults ( a primitive p are     
products ( _! necessities1 & !y become  
complicat$ z !  probability ( _! ne$s n 
be+ met are unc]ta94 ,! two ne$s  :i*   
sorely press$ ! ,hopi f>m] 7 ra9 to wat]
 8 crops &  ! gr[? & maturity ( 8 corn4 
,my problem1 !re=e1 is to %[  by        
illu/rations t ! two compon5ts1 ra9 mak+

 & gr[?  c]emonials1 *>act]ize !        
,tusayan ritual1 z aridity is ! epitome 
( ! di/9ctive climatic features ( !     
region 9 :i* x has be5  develop$4       
,footnote #b3      ,= a discussion ( !  
relations betwe5 highe/ /ages ( culture 
9    aborig9al ,am]ica & arid climate1  
see my article on ,summ]    ,c]emonials 
at ,zui & ,moqui ,pueblos1 ,bullet9     
,essex ,in/itute1 ,vol4    ,,xxii1 ,nos4
 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,salem1 ,mass4    ,!re are1
 z be=e /at$1 c]ta9 elem5tal compon5ts (
 all cults  :i* are z widespread z man1 
& app>5tly exi/ indep5d5tly (  climatic 
conditions4 ,^! elem5ts are psy*ical1   
subjective1 & occur  :]ev] man lives 9  
des]ts1 isl&s1 =e/s1 pla9s1 "u e  degree
 ( latitude & temp]ature4 ,a m pr(\nd   
philosophical  analysis ?an ,i c make   
may resolve ev5 ^! into effects (       
environm5t1 b _! univ]sality w\ld seem  
to %[ t !y are n  due to ! special      
climatic condition ( aridity *>act]i/ic 
(  ,tusayan4 ,i d n reg>d x p]t95t to my
 discussion to attempt to  expla9 _!    

orig91 b we c bett] appreciate !        
,tusayan ritual4    ,! g5us ,homo1 em]g+
 f g5]a ( animals1 mo/ ( :i* 7  timor\s 
& bodily weak1 inh]it$ f !m a wond] &   
fe> at  any?+ unusual or uncanny4 ,?is  
dawn+ intellig5ce1 influ5c$ by  su*     
s5tim5ts z wond]1 fe>1 hope1 & love1    
rea*$ t m5tal  condition :51 z po9t$ out
 by ,k+1 x ascrib$ all happ5+s ab\t     
itself to luck4#c ,8 h]itage 0 a m9d    
unable to sep>ate ! normal  f !         
abnormal1 & ev]y?+ to su* a m9d is      
my/]i\s1 & all  nature is reg>d$ z liv+1
 b we c h>dly suppose t 9 t  condition x
 deifi$ or saw gods 9 ev]y?+4 ,man      
und]/ood !  causes ( few ( ! my/]ies    
ab\t him1 & felt himself at !  caprice (
 *ance4 ,he 0 a consi/5t fatali/1       
ov]look+ good1 =  t 0 normal1 b         
associat+ ! bad ) *ance4 ,9 ?is e>ly    
condition a /age ( sup]naturalism call$ 
feti%ism1 or ! use (  *>ms1 spells1     
amulets1 mascots ( v>i\s k9ds to control
 *ance1  arose4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 no race  
has :olly outgr[n ?is condition1 &  !   

l[] we desc5d 9 ! scale ( humanity1 ei!r
 hi/orically 9  our own race1 or        
e?nographically among savages1 !        
relative  pr$om9ance ( feti%ism         
increases4 ,!re is no m con/ant elem5t1 
none foll[+ ! same law ( increase2 !    
pres5t =ms ( mono!ism  h ! lea/1 ! l[e/ 
savage ! mo/4 ,:ile at pres5t !re       
survives no p s degrad$ t feti%ism is ! 
only cult1 ^?  ne>e/ t /age are ! l[e/ 9
 m5tal1 moral1 & social  atta9m5ts4 ,i  
ne$ n rem9d y t at t e>ly /age a feti% 0
  n an idol1 x may or may n h _h a      
regul> =m2 a /one1 a root1  an amulet   
may s]ve z a feti%4 ,9 ?is /age (       
developm5t e  individual came to believe
 t he _h a c]ta9 protective *>m4 ,we  c 
h>dly believe he _h a sy/em ( gods or t 
he recogniz$ su*4  ,lat] 9 its evolution
 feti%ism became incorporat$ ) o!r high]
  elem5ts1 especially symbolism1 b 9 its
 ar*aic conception ?is 0  impossible4   
,footnote #c3      ,i f9d myself 9      
accord ) ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,k+1 :o has       
discuss$ ?is    subject at l5g? 9 8 "w1 

,! ,sup]natural2 its ,orig91 ,nature1   
& ,evolution4 ,:ile !re are sev]al po9ts
 9 8 discussion :]e    ,i c n see my way
 cle> to accept 8 int]pretations1 ,i h 9
    o!rs f\nd my views almo/ co9cid+ )  
84 ,he has discuss$ !    subject 9 s    
s*ol>ly a mann] t ! small space ,i c    
give to    ?is great subject might h be5
 bett] occupi$ ) quotations    f 8      
volumes4 ,8 "w %\ld be ?\ghtfully /udi$ 
by ev]yone    int]e/$ 9 ?is subject4    
,! highe/ outgr[? ( pure feti%ism 0 !   
%aman or m$ic9e man4  ,x 0 recogniz$ t  
c]ta9 m5 7 gift$ ) occult p[]s beyond   
_! fell[s1 & 7 m pot5t to control       
happ5+s4 ,b ?is  m$ic9e man made use (  
imp]sonal amulets1 n p]sonal spirits4   
,! second /age 9 ! gr[? ( ! sup]natural 
0 a belief 9 a  _s#d or d\ble ( man1 !  
concept ( animism4 ,:5 ?r\gh dreams  &  
o!r psy*ical ph5om5a man recogniz$ 8    
s\l1 he imm$iately  ext5d$ 8 concept to 
animals1 plants1 /ones1 all ?+s1 & ?us  
ev]y?+ 0 ?\ght to h an intangible d\ble1
 s\l4 ,man s\ght to  ally himself ) "s  

"o ( ^! s\ls2 if a hunt]1 "s animal  _s1
 = in/ance1 z an aid4 ,?is became 8     
totem1 & ev]y?+  came to be a totem (   
p[] dep5d+ on ne$s ( man4 ,z feti%ism 0 
! ar*aic condition 9 ! grop+ ( ! human  
m9d1 totemism 0 !  foll[+1 & bo? evolv$ 
toge!r1 mutually react+ on ea* o!r  &   
int]digitat+ 9 _! developm5t4           
,footnote #d3      ,! recognition ( _s 0
 ( v e>ly date1 & is reg>d$ by    ,sir  
,j4 ,lubbock1 ,dr4 ,tylor1 & ,h]b]t     
,sp5c] z *>act]i/ic (    all            
sup]naturalism4 ,mr4 ,k+1 h[ev]1 seems  
to me to h advanc$    /rong reasons to  
%[ t feti%ism may h ant$at$ animism4    
,al?\gh ,i h adopt$ 8 view1 ,i am sure  
!re is mu* to be said    on ! o!r side4 
,z ! inevitable outgr[? ( animism & its 
tw9 bro!r totemism  came ance/or wor%ip4
 ,totemism & animism are sometimes      
limit$ to  animal wor%ip1 f ! fact t    
zoomorphic totems naturally 7  *os5 by  
hunt]s1 b especially among agricultural 
p totems (  corn1 ra91 & ! l replac$    
zoomorphic =ms4 ,! =ces ( nature  ?us   

became totems--sun1 moon1 e>?--"s )     
animal1 o!rs ) human  p]sonalities4 ,a  
totem ( a family became a tutel>y god1 &
 gr\ps (  tutel>y gods ) a regal head   
became a c\ncil ( gods z among !  old   
,greeks4    ,political & religi\s       
conceptions kept pace1 a patri>*al head 
( !  family 0 reflect$ 9 ! my?ology4 ,a 
k+ sugge/$ a mono!ism4  ,isolat$        
phratries liv+ 9 gr\ps l ! prehi/oric   
pueblos  recogniz$ no supreme political 
*ief2 _! sy/em 0 feudal2 !y  7 too l[ = 
mono!ism4 ,i believe !re is no good     
evid5ce to  prove t !y ev] advanc$ high]
 9 ! evolution ( my?ology ?an  a =m (   
totemism1 9 :i* p[]s ( nature "u        
an?ropomorphic or  animal disguises 7   
wor%ip$4    ,i h said t ! ritual ( man c
 n be sep>at$ f 8  beliefs2 x is        
incompreh5sible alone4 ,let u1 !re=e1   
glance at !  my?ology ( ! ,tusayan      
,indians4 ,^! p _h nev]1 :5  unmodifi$  
by ,european influ5ces1 advanc$ high]   
?an ! wor%ip (  an?ropomorphic p[]s (   
nature1 al?\gh all l[] =ms ( wor%ip1  z 

( animals1 ance/ors1 & feti%ism1 7      
preval5t4 ,z f> z ,i  h /udi$ ! beliefs 
( ! ,tusayan ,indians1 ,i f9d no evid5ce
 t  !y recogniz$ mono!ism or ! exi/5ce (
 a ,great ,_s1 creator  ( all ?+s4 ,) !m
 z else:]e among ,am]ican ,indians :5ev]
 we  f9d a k ( a ,great ,_s we see1 z   
po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,r4  ,dorman1#e 8,no?+
 m ?an a figure ( ,european orig9       
reflect$ &  trans=m$ almo/ beyond       
recognition 9 ! mirror ( ! ,indian m9d40
  ,x is sugge/ive t ! ,indian kn[s only 
! "n1 he has no /ories  p]ta9+ to him1 b
 :5 y inquire ab\t creation y elicit    
my?s  ( ! works ( a spid] woman or !    
bir? ( m5 f ! cav]ns (  ! e>?4 ,a       
conception ( a ,great ,_s1 :]ev] report$
 f savage  p ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 is ! "w ( 
mission>ies1 soldi]s1 or  trad]s4#f     
,footnote #e3      ,an?ropological      
,in/itute1 ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 page    
#cfa4    ,footnote #f3      ,consid]able
 evid5ce has be5 adduc$1 ma9ly f        
docum5t>y    s\rces1 t ! m civiliz$ p ( 
,c5tral ,am]ica atta9$ 9                

,precolombian times ! mono!i/ic /age (  
sup]natural concepts1    & if t evid5ce 
is unimpea*able x w\ld n be improbable t
    traces ( ! same %\ld be f\nd among  
pueblos4 ,un=tunately1    h[ev]1 !      
evid5ces on ?is po9t are none too /rong1
 !    probabilities t ! writ]s & !      
docum5ts did n elim9ate    _! own       
int]pretation too great4 ,! pueblos at  
pres5t h an    idea ( a supreme _s1 b   
!re is e reason to believe x is    (    
exotic d]ivation 9 ! "t s9ce ,coronado4 
,h[ev] hone/ may be    ! mod]n prie/ :o 
may say t he le>n$ f 8 gr&fa!r    c]ta9 
curr5t beliefs1 ! crucial te/ ( _!      
prehi/oric    "* mu/ come f pro( t !    
gr&fa!r's te/imony is    correct4 ,!    
s\rces ( error 9 /ories pass$ d[n by ^w 
( m\?    ?r\gh _m g5]ations are too _m  
to p]mit u to p9 mu* fai?    to         
traditions reput$ to be ( great age4    
,all cosmogony beg9s ) a creat$ e>? & t 
e>? is "m (  gods & m54 ,f ! "u _w1 a   
cav]n 9 ! e>?1 m5 crawl$  to ! surface  
?r\gh an op5+ call$ ! sipap4 ,races1 l  

individuals1 grew or 7 born2 !re is no  
h9t z to h[ "m e>?  0 creat$4    ,!     
highe/ sup]natural be+s 7 deifi$ =ces ( 
nature end[$  ) human or animal =ms4    
,among ^! 7 sky gods1 e>? gods1 &  _!   
(fspr+ 9 ! e>ly times :5 ! race ( man 0 
"y4 ,!  pueblos deifi$ ! sun & call$ him
 fa!r ( all1 & s important  is ! place t
 he plays 9 _! beliefs t !y are ord9>ily
  call$ sun wor%ip]s4 ,!y end[ him )    
human =m1 speak+ ( !  disk z 8 mask4    
,ea* day he is ?\ght to rise f 8 home 9 
!  "u _w & at night s9ks into a we/]n   
h\se4 ,! pueblo ,indians  live 9 h\ses4 
,_! *ief sup]natural has a h\se1 z      
indicat$ by  _! use ( ?is ^w = 8 place (
 ris+ & sett+4 ,! sun is a  b5efic5t be+
 all p[]ful to br+ ! ra9s4 ,9 o!r p>ts (
  ,am]ica among w>riors he is appeal$ to
 to de/roy enemies4 ,among ^?  p ^:     
environm5t necessitates ra9 he is reg>d$
 z all  p[]ful = t purpose4 ,l anci5t   
,aryans1 ! ,tusayan ,indians pray  to ! 
ris+ sun = bless+s1 b ! mean+ ( ! ^w    
8bless+0  is always ra91 t ! f>ms may be

 wat]$ & ! crops gr[ to  maturity4 ,!   
wor%ip ( ! sun1 !re=e1 is ( great       
importance2 x  p]vades all ! ritual1 b x
 is always ) "o int5t--!  ov]-p[]+ ne$ (
 ! agriculturi/ = ra9 9 a des]t         
environm5t4    ,z ,i h us$ ! ^w 8pray]10
 x may be well = me to po9t out !       
signification ( ?is ^w among ^! p4 ,we  
are deal+ ) a  race 9 t /age ( culture  
:]e ! symbolism is all-important4  ,_!  
^w = pray] is1 8scatt]10 t is1 to scatt]
 sacr$ meal4  ,:5 a ,tusayan prie/      
addresses a sup]natural be+ ( 8 my?ology
 he  believes he mu/ d s ?r\gh ! m$ium (
 "s object z a pray]  be>]2 he brea!s 8 
wi% on meal & ?r[s ?is meal to ! god4   
,! pray] be>] is ?\ght to h a spiritual 
d\ble or brea? body  :i* c>ries 8 wi%es4
 ,x is an old idea ) him1 rea*+ back to 
feti%ism1 = 8 brea? ) ! talismanic words
 is ! spell :i*  br+s ! desir$ results4 
,x mu/ be m5tion$1 h[ev]1 t  (t5times   
e?ical ideas are associat$ ) ,tusayan   
pray]s = ra91  & ,i h frequ5tly he>d !  
prie/s at ! close ( _! songs =  ra9     

exclaim1 8,^: he>t is bad1 ^: ?\ghts are
 leav+ !  /raight pa?10 & z !y bewail$ t
 ! ra9s 7 delay$1  sorr[fully resum$ _! 
songs & incantations4    ,an individual 
intru/s 8 pray] to sacr$ meal1 b a      
society (  prie/s has a m p[]ful *>m4 ,9
 ! =mal wor%ip by a society (  prie/s   
?is pray] be>] becomes m complicat$ by  
app5dages4 ,x is  furni%$ ) accessories1
 all ( :i* are symbolic4 ,! meal is     
plac$ 9 a corn-husk packet surr\nd$ )   
symbolic *>ms1 fea!rs  ( birds :i* love 
wat]1 h]bs :i* gr[ 9 damp places4 ,su* a
  pray] be>] ) symbolic atta*m5ts is    
call$ a paho1 & z if to  betray its     
mean+ 9 its "n1 ! exact translation (   
?is ^w is  ! wat]-wood1 ! wood :i* br+s 
! wat]4 ,^! pray] /icks  h _m diff]5t   
=ms1 b are always call$ by ! g5]ic "n1  
wat]-/icks4 ,z _! =m becomes complicat$ 
by reason ( symbolic  accessories1 _!   
manufacture is an act :i* takes "t1 & z 
!  prescrib$ symbols are kn[n only to ! 
initiat$1 _! con/ruction  gives rise to 
a complex s]ies ( secret rites4 ,! paho 

itself is a  sacr$ object1 consequ5tly  
:ittl+s f x1 fragm5ts ( /r+1  corn      
husks1 or fea!rs1 us$ 9 its con/ruction1
 are also sacr$ &  mu/ n be pr(an$4 ,!y 
are1 !re=e1 c>efully ga!r$ up &         
deposit$ ) a pray] 9 "s sacr$ place4    
,! simple act ( brea?+ a pray] on a p9* 
( meal is all  suffici5t 9 an           
individual's use ( pray] meal1 b 9 !    
complicat$  paho ?is simple act is      
insuffici5t 9 _! belief4 ,! pray] be>]  
intru/$ ) ! pray]s ( a community (      
prie/s mu/ be laid on an  alt>1 smok$   
^u1 pray$ ov]1 & consecrat$ by song be=e
 x is  deem$ efficaci\s4 ,! production (
 ?is alt>1 ! feti%es :i*  /& ^u x1 !    
=mal rites att5d+ ! c]emonial smoke1 & !
  "* ( ! songs ?us develop ea* its own  
complex s]ies (  rites4 ,la/ly1 ev5 !   
ca/+ ( ! meal has l$ to complications4  
,! paho mu/ be (f]$ to ! god address$ 9 
a dignifi$ mann]  wor?y ( its object & !
 c>e us$ 9 its consecration4 ,a special 
c\ri] c>ries x to a special %r9e4 ,he is
 commission$ to 8 task  ) =mal words1 & 

he places 8 burd5 9 ! %r9e )  prescrib$ 
pray]s4 ,x has ?us be5 br\ght ab\t t !  
manufacture1  consecration1 & f9al      
deposition ( ! elaborate paho or /ick to
  br+ ! ra9 occupies sev]al h\rs1 & :5  
repeat$1 z x is 9  all great c]emonies =
 sev]al consecutive days1 makes a       
complicat$  s]ies ( rites4              
,illu/ration3      ,,plate ,,lxx4    ,a 
,,tusayan ,,paho4      ,! ritual ( !    
,tusayan ,indians is composite z _!     
blood k9%ip4  ,peoples f o!r p>ts ( !   
arid region h jo9$ ! orig9al  nucleus1  
ea* br++ its rites & its names ( ! sun  
god4 ,ea* (  ^! compon5ts clung to _!   
own c]emonials1 & ?us sev]al s]ies  (   
rites develop$ side by side1 add+ new   
names to sup]natural be+s  already      
wor%ip$4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s is n peculi> to
 ,tusayan4 ,ra1  ! ,egyptian sun god1   
has n m aliases ?an ,tawa1 ! sol> deity 
(  ! ,mokis4 ,s receptive is ! ,pueblo  
sy/em 9 po9t ( fact t !y  are q will+ to
 +raft ! ,*ri/ian ritual on _! own1 & 9 
"s ( ! modifi$ pueblos ( ! ,rio ,gr&e we

 f9d ! two  coexi/+4 ,! sun especially  
has _m names among ^! p1  attributal or 
incorporat$1 d]iv$ f coloni/s among !m4 
,:ile x  (t5times puzzles ! /ud5t to    
id5tify !m1 x causes no tr\ble to  !    
primitive m9d1 :o gladly accepts !      
m$ic9e ( all p1  fri5ds or enemies4 ,(  
synonyms ( ! sun1 "o ( ! mo/ pot5t is   
call$ ! ,he>t ( ! ,sky4    ,9 ! my?ology
 ( ! ,am]ican ,indians ! wor%ip ( a     
my?ic s]p5t  is widely associat$ ) t ( !
 sun4 ,among ! ,pueblos ?is  s]p5t      
appe>s z ! ,great ,plum$ ,snake4 ,?is   
p]sonage 0 a m>k$  "o 9 ! ,mexican &    
,c5tral ,am]ican my?ologies4 ,he is f\nd
 c>v$  9 /one on ! /ately ru9s ( ,*iapas
 & ,yucatan1 pa9t$ 9 fresco  on !       
necropolis ( ,mitla1 & repres5t$ 9 /ucco
 on ! faades (  o!r high temples (      
,mexico4 ,z ! mo/ p[]ful ( all !        
div9ities  ( ! ,nahuatl & ,aztec        
peoples1 he has crept into all !        
my?ologies  :]e traces ( ,nahuatl words 
c be detect$4 ,9 ,tusayan ! ,great      
,plum$ ,s]p5t is a p[]ful deity to br+ !

 ra91 & is associat$  ) lightn+1 8      
symbol4 ,by simple obs]vation ! untutor$
 m9d  recognizes t ra9 foll[s lightn+1 &
 :at m natural ?an t  x %\ld be look$ ^u
 z ! effect4 ,he !re=e wor%ips lightn+  
because ( ?is p[]4 ,! c\rse ( ! lightn+ 
9 ! sky is zigzag  z t ( ! snake1 bo?   
kill :5 !y /rike4 ,! lightn+ comes  f ! 
sky1 ! abode ( ! sun & ra9 god1 & !     
simple  reason+ ( ! ,tusayan ,indian    
supposes "s connection betwe5 !         
lightn+1 snake1 & ra94 ,! su/5ance ( !  
primitive  agriculturi/ comes f ! e>?1 &
 if ! soil is nonproductive !  sun & ra9
 are ( no avail4 ,! ,tusayan ,indian ?us
 recognizes !  pot5cy ( ! e>? &         
symbolically deifies x z ! "m4          
,consequ5tly e>? goddesses play         
important roles 9 8 my?ology1 &  "h     
likewise ! composition ( ! tribe %[s    
itself 9 ! _m  names by :i* ! e>? "m is 
designat$4 ,we f9d h] call$  8,"m (     
,g]ms10 8,old ,woman10 8,spid] ,woman10 
8,corn ,maid10 8,gr[?  ,goddess40       
,/rangely en\gh to u1 b by no means     

/range to a primitive  m9d1 ?is latt] is
 associat$ ) fire2 = 9 ! ,indian        
conception  fire itself is a liv+ be+1 &
 :at is m natural ?an association  (    
fire & gr[?8    ,be=e we pass to a      
consid]ation ( ! less] gods ( ,tusayan  
!re  rema9s to be consid]$1 among ^? (  
prim>y importance1 a /range  collection 
( concepts1 ! direct outgr[? ( sun      
wor%ip4 ,i ref] to  :at are kn[n z !    
gods ( ! _w qu>t]s or c>d9al directions4
    ,! con/ant obs]vation ( ! sun has l$
 to an intimate /udy ( !  position ( ?is
 lum9>y 9 diff]5t seasons1 especially 9 
8  v>iation 9 places ( ris+ & sett+4 ,z 
is well kn[n1 ! sun1 on  acc\nt ( !     
obliquity ( ! ecliptic1 rises & sets at 
diff]5t  po9ts on ! horizon at diff]5t  
dates1 v>y+ ) latitude1 betwe5  c]ta9   
di/ances nor? & s\?4 ,! int]vals on !   
horizon betwe5  extreme nor!rn & s\!rn  
azimu? is mapp$ out by a society ( sun  
prie/s1 :o note ! tree1 hillock1 or     
depression 9 ! horizon f  :i* ! sun     
rises or into :i* he seems to s9k at ea*

 int]val1 &  ?us det]m9e ! "t =         
c]emonials ) surpris+ accuracy ye> by   
ye>4 ,! sol/itial po9ts ( ! sun on !    
horizon ?us came to be  c>d9al po9ts1   
two ( :i* are call$ sun h\ses4#g        
,footnote #g3      ,! horizontal        
positions ( ! sun at ! sol/ices 7       
probably    recogniz$ z c>d9al by o!r   
peoples ( agricultural life4 ,!    read]
 :o is int]e/$ to foll[ ?is subject     
fur!r is ref]r$ to    v>i\s works on !  
ori5tation ( ,egyptian temples4    ,z ! 
f\r sol/ices are m>k$ epo*s 9 ! sun     
wor%ip ( an  agricultural p1 ! po9ts (  
ris+ & sett+ at ^! times1 or  _! c>d9al 
po9ts1 are associat$ ) m9or deities1    
(fspr+ (  sun & e>?4 ,^! are ! positions
 ( ! sun h\ses4 ,naturally1 8  *ildr5   
live 9 ^! f\r _w qu>t]s1 & f t primitive
 idea  is evolv$ ! wor%ip ( ! s-call$   
_w-qu>t] deities :i* play  su* a prom95t
 "p 9 ! ,tusayan ritual4    ,ance/or    
wor%ip has develop$ into an elaborate   
sy/em ( m9or  sup]naturals call$        
,katc9as1 mo/ p[]ful1 9 _! conception1  

to  br+ bless+s1 ano!r "n 9 _! vocabul>y
 = ra94 ,x w\ld be  in/ructive to trace 
! orig9 & def9e ! "* ( ^! be+s  if "t   
p]mitt$4 ,_! "n is legion1 _! c]emonials
 complicat$4    ,9 addition to !        
deification ( ! =ces ( nature1 totems ( 
animals1 & ance/ral p]sonages1 ,tusayan 
sup]nal concepts are almo/  inf9ite 9   
v>iety & numb]1 _m ( :i* are simply     
modifi$  feti%es1 ! h]itage ( ar*aic    
conditions4 ,to def9e ! "* (  a ti! ( ^!
 concepts w\ld be a task too te*nical = 
g5]al  discussion4 ,among a p :]e gods  
are s num]\s1 e ho/ile "o  mu/ be       
appeas$1 no b5efic5t p]sonage =gott54 ,f
 "o end ( !  ye> to ano!r !re is almo/ a
 con/ant r\nd ( c]emonials1 to  describe
 :i* 9 detail w\ld tax y\r pati5ce4     
,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ^! c]emonials admit (
 a classification4 ,9  "o way we may say
 t ! ritual ( a p is ! sum ( all        
c]emonials :i* recur ) precision 9      
successive cycles4 ,! "t  commonly      
adopt$ by primitive p is a natural epo*1
 ! ye>  det]m9$ by ! c\rse ( ! seasons4 

,m9or divisions ( ?is ye>1 or mon?s1 are
 *>act]iz$ ea* by a  special c]emonial1 
s t r\ghly speak+ we may say t ea*      
c]emonial ye> at ,tusayan is compos$ (  
?irte5 great c]emonial  ev5ts1 "o = ea* 
lun> revolution4    ,9 ! mo/ elaborate (
 ^! mon?ly c]emonials occur rites la/+  
sixte5 days1 ) f\r additional days =    
purifications4 ,9 !  celebration ( _m ! 
"t is curtail$1 b no moon %9es ov]      
,tusayan )\t witness+ a religi\s fe/ival
 ( great complexity &  prescrib$        
precision1 :i* is repeat$ e ye> at !    
same "t4#h    ,footnote #h3      ,=     
analysis ( ! ,tusayan cal5d>1 see       
,provisional ,li/ ( ,annual             
,c]emonies at ,walpi4 ,int]nationales   
,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 ,bd4    ,,viii1 
,heft4 ,v & ,,vi4 ,leyd51 ,holl&4    ,f 
?is complicat$ s]ies ,i w *oose two     
great c]emonials to  illu/rate ! two mo/
 important phases ( ! influ5ce (        
aridity4  ,^! two occur 9 consecutive   
mon?s1 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 are bo?      
celebrat$ 9 ext5so1 & w = t reason give 

a fair idea ( !  nature ( ! elaborate   
compon5ts4 ,bo? are *>act]i/ic (        
,tusayan1  al?\gh repres5t$ 9 a some:at 
modifi$ =m 9 o!r pueblos4    ,! fir/ is 
call$ ! ,snake ,dance1 ! second !       
,lalakonti4 ,! "o  is p]=m$ by male     
prie/s1 ! o!r by female2 ! =m] an       
elaborate pray] = ra91 ! latt] = gr[? & 
an abundant h>ve/  ( maize4 ,bo? 9 _!   
respective way illu/rate ! modifications
  develop$ by ! climatic conditions4 ,s 
complicat$ are !y1 h[ev]1  t ,i mu/     
limit myself to ! b>e/ sket* ( "s ( _! m
  /rik+ features4    ,no bett] c]emony  
c\ld be *os5 to illu/rate ! effect ( !  
arid  environm5t ?an ! well-kn[n ,snake 
,dance1 ! mo/ weird rite 9 !  ,tusayan  
cal5d>4 ,?is dance occurs e summ] on    
alt]nate ye>s 9  five ( ! ,tusayan      
villages1 & al?\gh a dramatization ( an 
elaborate sun-s]p5t my? is s p]meat$ by 
ra9 c]emonials t x  has come to be an   
elaborate pray] = ra94    ,! wor%ip ( ! 
s]p5t occupies a mo/ prom95t place 9 !  
ritual  ( all b>b>\s p :]e ea*          

environm5t has /amp$ x )  special       
significance4 ,among ! ,tusayan ,indians
 !re are mo/  complicat$ rites (        
ophiolatry1 9 ,m>*1#i :]e six effigies (
 !  ,great ,plum$-head$ ,snake are      
exhibit$ 9 ! secret rooms 9  connection 
) symbols ( ! sun1 9 a /range           
dramatization4 ,^!  c]emonials1 h[ev]1 h
 to d ) ! f]tilization ( maize &  might 
well be *os5 to illu/rate rites :i*     
p]ta9 to !  necessities ( agricultural  
p4    ,footnote #i3      ,! ,pallkonti2 
,a ,tusayan c]emony4 ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican 
,folk ,lore1    ,octob]-,decemb]1 #ahic4
    ,x is to t c]emony#aj :]e reptiles  
are c>ri$ fe>lessly by !  snake prie/s1 
_! y\ng] bro!rs1 z !y believe1 to :i* ,i
  especially ref]1 & to :i* ,i wi% to   
call y\r att5tion4 ,x is  impossible =  
me 9 ! limit$ "t at my disposal to give 
ev5 a  sket* ( ?is complicat$ rite1 s   
weird & />tl+ 9 its "*  z to rival ! mo/
 hea!n c]emony 9 ! wilds ( ,africa4 ,yet
 ?is  uncanny dance 9 all human         
probability w be p]=m$ 9 ,augu/ (  !    

pres5t ye> 9 our own c\ntry 9 a         
,t]ritory :i* ju/ly aspires  to be a    
,/ate4 ,! p>ticipants 9 x by treaty     
obligations are citiz5s  ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates & _! *ildr5 pupils ( ! public    
s*ools4    ,footnote #aj3      ,= an    
acc\nt ( ! ,snake ,dance at ,walpi1 see 
,j\rnal ( ,am]ican    ,e?nology &       
,ar*ology1 ,vol4 ,,iv2 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9
  ,co41 ,bo/on4 ,i    h else:]e po9t$   
out ! small "p :i* ! ,great ,plum$      
,s]p5t plays 9 ?is c]emony1 & ! abs5ce (
 feti%es or idols    ( ?is p]sonage 9 ! 
secret portions ( ! c]emony4 ,! only    
symbol ( ! plum$ snake :i* is f\nd is on
 ! kilts ( ! snake    prie/4 ,z ne>ly z 
,i c judge ( its place 9 ! compon5ts (  
primitive sup]natural concepts1 x seems 
to be an example ( animal    totemism & 
ance/or wor%ip 9 :i* special p[]s to br+
 !    ra9s are believ$ to belong to !   
reptiles1 desc5dants1 l !    liv+       
p>ticipants1 ( a snake "m4 ,! conditions
 are s (t5    p>allel$ 9 ! beliefs ( o!r
 primitive p t !re seems    to be no    

exception among ! ,hopi4 ,cf4 ,k+1 op4  
cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 pages    #afe-bjg4      
,!re is little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ?is       
survival ( aborig9al  c]emonials w soon 
become ext9ct1 al?\gh up to ! pres5t "t 
x  has be5 b little modifi$ by ! new    
environm5t :i* ! :ite m5  are br++ to ! 
,tusayan ,indians4 ,! c]emony is n a    
haphaz>d or  tempor>y inv5tion ( prie/s 
to ent]ta91 b a "p ( a s]i\s1  precise  
ritual :i* has surviv$ f prehi/oric     
times to our day4  ,fifte5 ye>s ago !   
exi/5ce ( ?is dance 0 practically       
unkn[n1  & to-day1 aft] se>*+ /udy1     
comp>atively little has be5  discov]$4  
,x may be :olly ab&on$ be=e ! sci5tific 
man is able  to collect mat]ial en\gh to
 make out :at x all means4    ,9 ord] to
 consid] "s ( ! elem5ts ( ra9-mak+ rites
 9 !  ,snake ,dance & accompany+ secret 
c]emonials1 let u fir/ turn to  ! alt>s 
us$ 9 ?is dramatization4 ,! celebration 
( ?is uncanny  rite is p]=m$ by two     
religi\s societies or bro!rhoods1 :i*   
are  kn[n z ! ,antelope & ,snake prie/s4

 ,! secret c]emonials ( ea*  ( ^!       
prie/hoods are v complicat$ & are p]=m$ 
9  subt]ranean rooms call$ kivas into   
:i* un9itiat$ are deb>r$  entrance4 ,ea*
 ( ^! societies has 9 its own kiva an   
alt> (  complicat$ nature ab\t :i* !    
c]emonials ( a secret "* are  p]=m$4    
,! alt> ( ! ,antelope prie/s is (       
especial int]e/ to u 9  consid]+ !      
ra9-mak+ motives ( ! ritual4 ,x consi/s 
( an  elaborate mosaic or picture made (
 six diff]5t color$ s&s spread  on !    
floor & surr\nd$ by a bord] ( ! same    
mat]ial4    ,! picture repres5ts sixte5 
semicircul> figures ( f\r diff]5t       
colors1 ! symbols ( ra9 cl\ds ( ! f\r   
c>d9al directions4 ,f  "o side ( ?is    
composite picture are drawn p>allel l9es
 repres5t+  fall+ ra94 ,?is s& picture1 
) accompany+ feti%es1 is kn[n z  !      
ra9-cl\d alt>1 ! home ( ! ra9 cl\ds4    
,illu/ration3      ,,alt> ,,( ,,!       
,,antelope ,,prie/s ,,9 ,,! ,,snake     
,,dance4    ,,plate ,,lxxi4      ,seat$ 
ab\t ?is alt> = sev5 consecutive days ! 

,antelope prie/s  daily s+ sixte5 songs 
to consecrate pray] /icks1 :i* are lat] 
deposit$ 9 %r9es to ! ra9 gods4 ,^!     
pray] be>]s consi/ (  two /icks pa9t$   
gre5 & ti$ toge!r midway 9 _! l5g?4 ,at 
! po9t :]e !y are b\nd is fa/5$ a small 
packet ( sacr$  meal1 :ile to ! same is 
also b\nd a fea!r ( ! wild turkey4 ,?is 
fea!r is aptly *os51 = ! turkey is      
associat$ 9 _! my?ology  ) a "t or place
 :5 ! surface ( ! e>? 0 muddy1 & z  !y  
say ! black tip ( ! fea!r 0 color$ by ! 
turkey dragg+  8 tail 9 ! black mud4 ,to
 ?is pray] be>] is likewise atta*$  two 
h]bs--"o male1 ! o!r female--plants :i* 
love ! wat]4 ,!re  are _m o!r prescrib$ 
details 9 ! manufacture ( ?is pray]     
/ick ) :i* ,i w n we>y y1 b !re is "o   
po9t :i* may  be ( int]e/4 ,! pray]     
be>]s or pray] /icks ( ! fir/ day are   
made z long z ! longe/ f+] ( ! left h&1 
& are c>ri$ to  f\r %r9es ( ! c>d9al    
po9ts1 ea* ( :i* is ab\t #g miles f  !  
pueblo4 ,! l5g? ( ^! pray] /icks dim9i% 
ea* day1 & 9  ! same ratio ! di/ance ( !

 %r9es decreases4 ,on ! la/ ( !  sev5   
days ! pray] /ick is ! l5g? ( ! ultimate
 jo9t ( !  middle f+]1 & ! %r9es 9 :i*  
!y are plac$ are j outside  ! t[n4 ,!   
int5t ( ! pray]s & songs intru/$ to ^!  
pray]  /icks is = ra94 ,! c\ri] :o      
c>ries !m ea* day is an  important      
prie/1 & 8 explanation ( :y he proce$s 9
 c]ta9 ways  9 8 duty may int]e/ y4     
,he runs swiftly ?r\gh ! :ole circuit   
except :5 kneel+ at !  %r9es1 & is      
b>efoot$ & nak$1 t ! ra9 gods may notice
 him  & respond ) equal ha/e to ! pray]s
 :i* he be>s4 ,he loos5s  8 hair & lets 
x hang d[n 8 back1 symbolic ( ! way 9   
:i* he  believes ! ra9 gods c>ry ! fall+
 ra9 :i* 8 hair symbolizes4  ,he makes !
 f> circuit on ! fir/ day because ra9   
gods dwell f>  away beyond all cultivat$
 fields4 ,he runs 9 a circle t all ! ra9
  gods may see him4 ,! prie/s hope ! ra9
 deities may notice _!  c\ri] :o be>s _!
 (f]+s to ! %r9es1 & t ea* day !y  may  
come ne>]4 ,h5ce1 on ea* succe$+ day !  
c\ri] travels on a  %ort] circumf]5ce4  

,x is ?us !y wi% ! ra9 cl\ds to approa* 
ne>] & ne>] & p\r d[n _! cont5ts on _!  
h\ses &  fields1 t ! dry riv] b$s may be
 swoll5 ) wat] & all  f>m]s he> ! patt]+
 ra94    ,consid] "o ( ! _m episodes    
ab\t ! alt> 9 ! consecration (  ! pray] 
(f]+4 ,smok+1 z is well kn[n1 0 9       
,precolumbian  times a c]emonial cu/om  
among ! aborig9es ( ! ,s\?we/1 & 9  !   
ritual ( ! pres5t pueblos e great rite  
op5s & closes )  a =mal smoke4 ,! pipe  
light] is an important function>y1 next 
9  rank to ! *ief1 & 9 pass+ ! pipe     
c]ta9 prescrib$ usages are  always      
foll[$ & t]ms ( relation%ip ex*ang$4 ,! 
sixte5 songs  ( :i* ,i h spok5 are      
divid$ into two gr\ps ( eight ea* by a  
unique obs]vance--! smok+ ( ! great cl\d
 pipe4 ,9 ?is c]emony  f\r diff]5t k9ds 
( h]bs are load$ into a conical pipe1 & 
at a  signal ! pipe light] passes a live
 coal to ! *ief1 :o places x  9 ! l>g]  
end1 kneels d[n beh9d ! alt>1 places !  
l>g] end  ( ! b[l 9 8 m\? & bl[s f\r    
long :iffs ?r\gh ! pipe  ^u ! s& picture

 ( ! alt>4 ,! smoke ?us =m$ is call$ !  
ra9 cl\d1 :i* x symbolizes1 & ! act a   
pray] to br+ ! ra94    ,let u consid] ! 
f9al public ev5t ( ! ,snake ,dance1 t s 
(t5  describ$1 :5 ! snake prie/s h&le   
v5om\s reptiles1 app>5tly  )\t fe>1 9 ! 
pres5ce ( spectators4 ,?is uncanny      
proce$+ has  ! same int5t z ! secret    
rites ( :i* we h spok5--a c]emony  =    
ra94 ,! reptiles are believ$ to be eld] 
bro!rs ( ! prie/s1  & !y are ga!r$ f !  
fields on f\r successive days to        
p>ticipate 9 ! c]emonies4 ,x is believ$ 
t ^! reptiles h  m p[] to influ5ce      
sup]natural be+s ?an man1 & z ! acme (  
! :ole s]ies ( n9e days' obs]vances !y  
are ?r[n 9 a heap on  ! gr\nd 9 a circle
 ( sacr$ meals1 & ! *ief ( ! antelopes  
says a pray] to ! /ruggl+ mass1 aft] :i*
 !y are seiz$ by !  prie/s & c>ri$ to ! 
fields commission$ to int]c$e ) ra9     
gods to s5d ! desir$ ra9s4 ,9 fact1 !   
:ole s]ies ( rites :i*  make up ! snake 
celebration is "o long pray] ( n9e days'
 duration1  fill$ ) />tl+ compon5ts !   

details ( :i* w\ld we>y r  ?an in/ruct  
y4    ,let u1 !re=e1 turn to ano!r      
compon5t ( ! ,tusayan ritual :i*  occurs
 ea* ye> 9 ! mon? foll[+ t 9 :i* !      
,snake ,dance  occurs1 ! c]emony ( !    
wom5 prie/s = ! maturation ( !  corn4 ,i
 ref] to ! ,septemb] rites call$ !      
,lalakonti1 celebrat$ by  a prie/hood ( 
! same "n4    ,! c]emony = gr[? ( !     
crops1 :i* is practically = !  h>ve/ (  
maize1 is directly ! outgr[? ( ^?       
climatic conditions  :i* h made !       
,tusayan p agriculturi/s4 ,a failure (  
?is  crop means />vation1 & maize is f> 
f a spontane\s gr[? 9  ^? des]t s&s4    
,h5ce ! elaborate nature ( ! appeals to 
!  sup]natural be+s :i* control ?is     
function4 ,?is great c]emony is         
naturally ( special conc]n to wom51 !   
provid]s4 ,! corn is !  "m1 ! corn      
goddess ! patron deity ( wom52 ! wom5   
are *iefs  9 ?is _! special c]emonial4  
,9 turn+ ov] ! mass ( details  :i* h be5
 record$ conc]n+ ! fe/ival ( !          
,lalakonti x has  seem$ to me t ,i c\ld 

n bett] illu/rate ! po9ts :i* ,i        
especially desire to develop ?an to     
expla9 ! alt> us$ by ^!  wom5 prie/s 9  
?is c]emony4    ,! alt>#aa is erect$ 9 a
 subt]ranean secret *amb] ent]$ by a    
ladd] ?r\gh ! middle ( ! ro(2 & ar\nd   
?is alt> are  p]=m$ _m rites ! int5t (  
:i* is an appeal to ! gods (  gr[? =    
abundant h>ve/s4    ,footnote #aa3      
,= description ( ! ,lalakonti alt>1 &   
c]emonials p]=m$    ab\t x1 see ,am]ican
 ,an?ropologi/1 ,april1 #ahib4 ,wa%+ton1
 ,d4 ,c4    ,illu/ration3      ,,plate  
,,lxxii4    ,,! ,,lalakonti ,,alt>4     
,illu/ration3      ,,f\r ,,effigies ,,( 
,,! ,,lalakonti ,,alt>4                 
,illu/ration3      ,,plate ,,lxxiii4    
,,symbolic ,,figures ,,( ,,ra9 ,,cl\ds  
,,on ,,tile ,,us$ ,,9 ,,snake ,,dance4  
,!re are two upright slats1 pa9t$ )     
symbolic designs1 among :i*  ! figures (
 ! ra9 cl\d & fall+ ra9 & ! lightn+ :i* 
accompanies ! ra9/orm are mo/ prom95t4  
,back ( ! alt> are  /icks s]v+ z symbols
 ( ! lightn+1 ! zigzag ones repres5t+  !

 =k$ & ! /raight ! %eet lightn+4 ,two   
coronets1 "o on  ea* side ( ! alt>1 are 
worn by two ( ! *iefs & !y are made  9 !
 =m ( ra9-cl\d symbols1 semicircles f   
:i* p>allel l9es  repres5t+ fall+ ra9   
are drawn4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we see sev]al    
ra9 symbols 9 prom95t places4 ,b !      
c]emony 9 :i* ?is alt>  is us$ is       
prim>ily "o = ! gr[? ( corn2 let u      
exam9e !  objects 9 x ) t ?\ght 9 m9d4  
,f\r effigies or idols betwe5 ! uprights
 ( ! r]$os repres5t !  foll[+ p]sonages3
 ,! "o to ! "r is ! goddess ( gr[?4 ,%e 
c>ries 9 h] belt pray] (f]+s = abundant 
h>ve/s4 ,at h] feet  is an effigy ( !   
corn m\nta91 color$ ) diff]5t color$    
corn1  s9ce all k9ds ( corn are "u h]   
control4 ,9 h] left h& %e has  a small  
j> ( holy wat]1 s9ce corn c n gr[ )\t   
moi/ure4 ,!  figure at h] left is !     
patron goddess ( ! society :o celebrate 
gr[? c]emonials1 ! ance/ral deifi$ totem
 ( ! frat]nity4 ,at  h] left is ! corn  
goddess1 s9ce corn is ! "o c]eal ^: gr[?
  is desir$4 ,?is figur9e be>s on h]    

head ! symbol ( ! e> (  maize4 ,no field
 ( corn may be h>ve/$ )\t ! protection (
 !  w>rior 9 a c\ntry h>ass$ by enemies1
 & ! f\r? effigy  repres5ts ! god ( w>1 
^: effigy naturally has a place on ?is  
alt>4 ,! :ite meal :i* is spr9kl$ on !  
heads ( all ! idols  repres5ts ! pray]s 
( ! fai?ful1 = z ea* prie/ approa*es  ! 
alt> %e brea!s h] pray] on sacr$ meal & 
scatt]s x on !  heads ( ! effigies4 ,^! 
pray]s are = a good h>ve/1 a  successful
 crop & abundant ra9s4    ,!re are ?ree 
objects 9 front ( ! images :i* are !    
badges (  ! prie/s1 call$ ! 8mo!rs40 ,9 
advance ( ^!1 spread on !  floor1 is an 
elaborate picture1 made ( diff]5t color$
 s&s1  repres5t+ on "o side ! ,e>?      
,goddess1 & on ! o!r !  ,wat*]1 or      
little ,w> ,god4 ,connect$ ) ! alt> is a
 b[l )  t]rac$ rim1 us$ z a m$ic9e b[l1 
& a s+le upright e> ( maize  ) a fea!r1 
a k9d ( /&>d1 :i* is plac$ at ! pa?way (
  ! kiva to w>n un9itiat$ p]sons n to   
intrude on ! my/]ies  :i* are p]=m$ ab\t
 ! alt>4    ,! influ5ce ( arid climatic 

conditions is %[n 9 ! "* &  int5t (     
symbols4 ,! conv5tional figure ( ! ra9  
cl\ds &  fall+ ra9 is depict$ m ?an any 
o!r on v>i\s p>aph]nalia (  wor%ip4 ,x  
is pa9t$ on ! alt>s1 drawn 9 sacr$ meal 
on ! floor  ( 8 sacr$ rooms1 or kivas1  
embroid]$ on c]emonial kilts4 ,!  prie/ 
we>s x on 8 m>ks & pa9ts x on ! body4 ,x
 is an  omnipres5t symbol4    ,by a     
natural connection x is (t5 replac$ by  
figures ( animals or  plants associat$ )
 wat]4 ,! frog & tadpole appe> :5 ! ra9 
is abundant1 & = t reason ! prie/ pa9ts 
! figures ( ^!  animals on 8 m$ic9e b[l1
 or places effigies ( x on ! alt>4 ,9   
c]ta9 rites he makes clay balls1 9 :i*  
he ins]ts small twigs1  :i* he believes 
w *ange into tadpoles1 & deposits !m    
along dry  wat] c\rses = ! same reason1 
t ra9 may come4 ,s %ells f  ! great     
ocean are likewise e/eem$ z br+]s (     
wat]1 &  fragm5ts ( wat]-worn wood are  
c>efully *]i%$ by him = a l  purpose4 ,!
 dragonfly :i* hov]s ov] ! spr+s1 !     
cotton-wood  :i* gr[s ne> ! spr+s1 !    

flag :i* loves ! moi/ places1  becomes a
 symbol ( wat]4 ,wat] itself f ! ocean  
or f "s  di/ant spr+1 9 8 conception1   
are all p[]ful ag5ts to br+  moi/ure4   
,!re c be b "o reason = ?is--! aridity (
 8  surr\nd+s4 ,n alone 9 pictoral      
symbols does he seek to br+ !  ne$$     
ra9s4 ,! cl\ds f :i* ra9 falls are      
symboliz$ by !  smoke f ! pipe 9 8      
c]emony1 & he s reg>ds !m4 ,he p\rs     
wat] on ! heads ( p>ticipants 9 c]ta9   
c]emonials1 hop+ t  9 ! same way ra9 w  
fall on 8 p>*$ fields4 ,ev5 9 8 games   
he is influ5c$ by ! same ?\ght1 & 9     
c]ta9 races ! "y m5  run along !        
arroyos1 z !y wi% ! wat] to g fill$ to  
_!  banks4    ,to our ways ( ?9k+ ^! are
 absurd ways 9 :i* to br+ !  ra91 b to a
 primitive m9d x is a me?od consecrat$  
by tradition  & v5]at$ f its antiquity4 
,symbolic figures ( maize1 ! national   
food ( ! ,hopi ,indians1 are no  less   
common on c]emonial p>aph]nalia ?an ^? (
 ra94 ,maize is  pa9t$ on ! masks (     
sacr$ danc]s & repres5t$ by effigies on 

alt>s4 ,x gives names to sev]al         
sup]natural be+s4 ,e babe1 :5  #bj days 
old1 is d$icat$ to ! sun & receives an  
e> ( corn z its  symbolic "m4 ,! badges 
or palladia ( religi\s societies are e>s
  ( corn wrapp$ 9 bucksk9--symbolic1 no 
d\bt1 ( ! "t :5 se$  corn 0 ! mo/       
preci\s h]itage & pres]v$ by ! *iefs4 ,!
  =emo/ sup]natural be+ 9 ! ,tusayan    
,olympus is ! ,corn ,maid1 :o  is figur$
 on food b[ls1 baskets1 & else:]e4    ,x
 c h>dly be necess>y = me to adduce m   
facts 9 support ( !  hypo!sis t ^! two  
elem5ts ( ! ,tusayan ritual :i* reflect 
! climatic surr\nd+s are c]emonials =   
ra9 & ^? = !  g]m9ation1 maturation1 &  
abundance ( agricultural products4 ,!   
necessities ( life h driv5 man into !   
agricultural condition1 &  ! aridity ( !
 climate has =c$ him to devise all      
possible means  at 8 control to s       
influ5ce 8 gods z to =ce !m to s5d !    
ra9s to aid him4 ,:]ev] we turn 9 an    
intimate /udy ( !  c]emonials ( !       
,tusayan ,indians we see ! impr9t ( !   

arid  des]ts by :i* !y are surr\nd$1    
always ! pray] = abundant  crops1 & ra9s
 = 8 p>*$ fields4    ,:5 "o makes !     
,tusayan ritual a special /udy he f9ds x
  wond]fully complicat$ 9 ! developm5t (
 details4 ,no ,hopi prie/  lives :o     
und]/&s ! mean+ ( all ^! details1 nor   
does he c>e  = an explanation ( !m4 ,!re
 are two fundam5tal factors1 h[ev]1  :i*
 he c compreh5d1 & ^! are always on 8   
lips :5 an  explanation ( ! ritual is   
solicit$4 ,we cl+ to ! rites ( our      
ance/ors because !y h be5 pron\nc$ good 
by ^? :o "k4 ,we  erect our alt>s1 s+   
our traditional songs1 & celebrate our  
sacr$  dances = ra9 t our corn may      
g]m9ate & yield abundant h>ve/4    ,!   
t[n cri] calls at dawn f ! h\se top !   
foll[+  ann\ncem5t1 :i* is ! key to !   
:ole explanation ( ! ,tusayan  ritual3  
8,all p awake1 op5 y\r eyes1 arise1     
,become ,talahoya 7*ild ( light71       
vigor\s1 active1 sprightly4    ,ha/5    
cl\ds f ! f\r _w qu>t]s2    ,come sn[ 9 
pl5ty1 t wat] may be abundant :5 summ]  

comes4    ,come ice & cov] ! fields1 t  
aft] plant+ !y may yield                
abundantly2    ,let all he>ts be glad2  
,! kn[+ ones w assemble 9 f\r days2     
,!y w encircle ! village danc+ & s++ _! 
lays 99 99 99    ,t moi/ure may come 9  
abundance40    ,i h limit$ myself to %[+
 t ! arid climatic conditions are       
reflect$ f ! rites ( "o tribe (         
,indians1 & x w\ld be  in/ructive to see
 :e!r ^! facts are ( importance f !     
comp>ative side4 ,!re are o!r equally   
arid regions ( ! globe  :]e we might    
ju/ly look = ! same results if ?is      
climatic  condition is z p[]ful 9 !     
modification ( cults z impli$4 ,!re  are
 m>k$ simil>ities 9 ! climate ( ,arabia1
 ( ,p]u1 & (  ,assyria1 & z a consequ5ce
 />tl+ resemblances 9 _! rituals4  ,b   
!re are _m diff]5ces2 & we ?us detect t 
our analyses (  causes has n be5        
complete or ultimate1 = we h limit$ x to
 b  "o p[]ful elem5t 9 ! modifications (
 c]emonials4    ,environm5t is a        
complicat$ nexus ( influ5ces1 organic & 

inorganic1  ?reads ( :i* we c           
successfully trace a c]ta9 di/ance1 b   
:i*  eludes z we g fur!r4 ,!re are _m   
effects :]e causes rema9 to  be         
discov]$1 & _m climatic influ5ces on    
cults h yet to be  cle>ly disc]n$4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,a few words m & ,i h done4 ,!ories     
among civiliz$ m51 l  ?+s among savages1
 may become feti%es4 ,x w\ld be         
lam5table if  environm5t %\ld become a  
^w to conjure )1 or if we %\ld use x  to
 cov] ignorance ( t :i* we c n expla94  
,i h tri$ to  %[ t "o highly complicat$ 
ritual is s pla/ic t x responds  to     
climatic conditions1 b !re are elem5ts 9
 x due to "s o!r  unkn[n cause4 ,because
 climatic conditions expla9 c]ta9       
modifications  9 human culture ! t5d5cy 
w\ld be to /rive to make x d duty 9     
expla9+ all4 ,su* a g5]alization is     
premature & unsci5tific4 ,!  !ory t     
diff]5ces ( species ( animals & plants 7
 due to  climatic influ5ces may h       
satisfi$ ! e>ly /ud5ts ( evolution  be=e

 ,*>les ,d>w9 po9t$ out ! law ( natural 
selection4  ,environm5t is a factor :i* 
pr(\ndly affects animals1 b a /ruggle  =
 exi/5ce 9 :i* ! fitte/ survive is a law
 ( evolution4    ,s environm5t is a     
pot5t influ5ce on ! culture ( man1 b !re
  are laws1 z yet n cle>ly made out1    
back ( x :i* control !  evolution ( man4
    ,:5 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ! fitte/  
came to be measur$ by  degrees (        
intellig5ce1 & no long] by sup]iority ( 
bodily  /ructure1 climatic conditions 7 
/ill p[]ful to modify &  /imulate ?\ght4
 ,! increase 9 intellig5ce due to ^!    
ag5ts did  n develop a new species1 =1  
to :atev] heights he rises1 man /ill    
rema9s ,homo sapi5s4 ,if1 !n1 ! specific
 id5tity ( all  individual m5 on ! globe
 to-day is true1 ! sup]/itions :i* we  h
 /udi$ are errors ( m9ds l our own1 b   
imp]fectly develop$  & modifi$ by       
environm5t4 ,9 h] mi/akes1 said ! great 
naturali/  ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 nature
 betrays h] secrets4 ,by a /udy (       
errone\s work+ ( ! m9d & _! probable    

causes we c discov]  ! nature ( m9d4    
,bel[ all c]emonials among all m51      
savage or  b>b>\s1 may be trac$         
aspirations ak9 to our own s9ce !y spr+ 
f our common nature4 ,until "s          
philosoph] %all arise :o c s  analyze   
environm5t z to demon/rate t ! great    
religi\s tea*]s  ( man1 :o1 sudd5ly     
appe>+1 h /imulat$ ! race to great      
b\nds 9 progress1 7 solely ! products ( 
surr\nd+s1 we may  believe t !re is     
ano!r mo/ pot5t influ5ce beh9d          
environm5t  controll+ ! developm5t (    
culture4 ,?r\gh\t all hi/ory man1 f  8  
own consci\sness1 has recogniz$ t       
controll+ influ5ce to be  high] ?an     
environm5t1 & no sci5ce nor philosophy  
has yet succe$$  9 bani%+ ! ?\ght f 8   
m9d4                                    
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,transcrib]'s ,notes3       ,miss+ or   
obscur$ punctuation 0 sil5tly correct$4 
,typographical errors 7 sil5tly         
correct$4       ,inconsi/5t spell+ &    

hyph5ation 7 made consi/5t only         
:5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book4    
,text t3        0 9 italics is enclos$  
by und]scores 7italics74