,,! ,,peaceful ,,atom          by       
,,b]nice ,,kohn          illu/rat$ by   
,,z5[ij ,,ony%kewy*                     
,,pr5tice-,,hall4 ,,inc4  ,,englewood   
,,cliffs4 ,,new ,,j]sey          ,,o!r  
,,pr5tice-,,hall ,,books ,,by ,,! ,,same
 ,,au?or3    ,our ,t9y ,s]vants3 ,molds 
& ,yea/s  illu/rat$ by ,john ,kaufmann  
,comput]s at ,y\r ,s]vice  illu/rat$ by 
,aliki    ,! ,peaceful ,atom1 by ,b]nice
 ,kohn          ,copyright "u           
,int]national  ,pan-,am]ican copyright  
conv5tions    #aifc by ,b]nice ,kohn    
,all rights res]v$1 includ+ ! "r to     
reproduce ?is book1 or any  portions    
!re(1 9 any =m except = ! inclusion (   
brief  quotations 9 a review4           
,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalog ,c>d       
,numb]3 #fc-ijed    ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates ( ,am]ica  #feebd-,t             
,,cont5ts    #a4 ,! ,atomic ,age    #b4 
,! ,smalle/ ,?+ ,!re ,is    #c4 ,!      
,my/]y ( ! ,rays    #d4 ,:at's 9 an     
,atom8    #e4 ,a ,se>* ,beg9s    #f4    
,j\rney to ! ,new ,_w    #g4 ,t9y       

,atoms1 ,big ,p[]    #h4 ,atoms =       
,transport    #i4 ,atoms ,t ,trace      
#aj4 ,atoms to ,*ange ,atoms    ,app5dix
    ,gloss>y          #a    ,,! ,,atomic
 ,,age      ,d y ev] look at ! ?+s ar\nd
 y & wond] :at !y are made  (8 ,y may   
see a table t is made ( wood4 ,b :at is 
wood made  (8 ,:at are y made (8 ,:at   
are c>rots made (1 & birds1 &  bikes1 & 
baseballs8    ,illu/ration    ,e s+le ?+
 9 ! _w is made ( atoms4 ,atoms are s   
t9y  t !re are only a few microscopes 9 
! :ole _w p[]ful en\gh  to %[ !m4 ,x    
w\ld take ab\t #bj million atoms to make
 a dot z big  z ?is "o ov] ! lett] i4 ,9
 fact1 if y _h "o atom = e  s+le p]son 9
 ! /ates ( ,p5nsylvania & ,cali=nia1 y  
c\ld  fit !m all on ! head ( a p96      
,b1 small z !y are1 atoms are ! build+  
blocks t make  ev]y?+4 ,y c]ta9ly don't 
look any?+ l an elephant--d y8  ,b y are
 bo? made ( atoms6 ,y don't look any?+ l
 a scrambl$  egg1 ei!r--or a wa%clo?1 or
 a refrig]ator--b !y are all made (     
atoms1 too6    ,atoms are ev]y:]e1 !y   

are ev]y?+--& y %\ld le>n  some?+ ab\t  
!m because y live 9 ! atomic age4    ,:y
 is ?is ! atomic age8 ,7 atoms j        
discov]$8 ,no1 !y  w]5't4 ,p h kn[n ab\t
 atoms = a long "t4    ,!n :at is       
diff]5t ab\t ?is age8 ,! diff]5ce t we h
  le>n$ h[ to make atoms "w = u4 ,we    
call ?is "w atomic  en]gy4    ,:5 y\r   
fa!r & "m 7 *ildr51 no "o _h ev] he>d ( 
atomic en]gy4 ,en]gy = heat1 light1 & to
 op]ate ma*9]y came  f a few ma9 s\rces4
 ,"s came f wat] p[]1 a little f w9d    
p[]--b almo/ all en]gy came f burn+     
fuels4    ,illu/ration    ,! *ief fuels 
( ! _w = _m ye>s h be5 coal1 oil1 &     
natural gas4 ,^! are all fossil fuels4  
,t means t !y 7  made millions ( ye>s   
ago & h la9 trapp$ 9 ! e>? ev]  s9ce4   
,once ^! fuels are us$ up1 !re w be no  
way to replace  !m4 ,!re j won't be any 
m4    ,by ! e>ly ye>s ( ! #aijj's1 "s p 
7 beg9n+ to worry  ab\t fuel4 ,!re      
wasn't any %ortage yet1 & !re w\ldn't be
 = a  long "t4 ,!re 7 /ill new coal m9es
 & new oil wells be+  discov]$4 ,b "s   

day1 ! la/ "o w\ld be discov]$1 ! fuels 
w\ld be all us$--& !n :at8              
,illu/ration    ,z new indu/ries        
develop$ all ov] ! _w1 ! ne$ = p[]      
grew--& s did ! worry4 ,& !n sudd5ly1 9 
#aidb1 "o ( !  greate/ discov]ies ( all 
"t 0 made4 ,! atomic age 0 born &  !    
p]fect fuel 0 f\nd4    ,atomic en]gy c d
 ?+s nev] be=e dream$ (4 ,atoms1 )\t any
  fire1 )\t any noise1 c run a huge     
electricity plant4 ,! atoms 9  "o p\nd (
 fuel c keep ! lights burn+ 9 y\r home =
 #ajjj  ye>s6    ,atoms c s5d a l>ge %ip
 back & =? across ! ocean _m  times--on 
"o small load ( fuel6    ,atoms c keep  
hamburg] fre% = weeks )\t freez+6       
,atoms c sometimes cure sick p6         
,atoms c f9d leaks 9 pipes1 & c te/ !   
rubb] 9 a set ( c>  tires6    ,atoms1 9 
_m ways1 c make life easi]1 heal?i]1 &  
bett] = u4    ,:at are ^! wond]ful      
atoms1 anyway8 ,let's f9d out4          
,illu/ration          #b    ,,!         
,,smalle/ ,,?+  ,,!re ,,is      ,! /ory 
( atoms beg9s ab\t two ?\s& ye>s ago1 9 

anci5t  ,greece4 ,!re1 a wise man nam$  
,democritus />t$ to ?9k ab\t :at  ?+s 7 
made (4 ,democritus reason$ t y c\ld    
take a little  piece ( any?+ at         
all--wood1 metal1 ev5 c&y--& cut x 9    
half4  ,!n y c\ld cut ! halves 9 half4  
,!n y c\ld cut ^? pieces  9 half4 ,& s  
on4 ,b f9ally1 ,democritus said1 y w\ld 
get to  p>ticles s t9y t !y c\ld n be   
divid$ any m4 ,he call$  ^! smalle/     
p>ticles atoms1 f ! ,greek ^w atomos :i*
  means indivisible4    ,x 0 h>d = p to 
believe t ev]y?+ 9 ! _w 0 made  ( atoms4
 ,!y soon =got ab\t ,democritus & 8     
/range ideas4 ,atoms  7 =gott5 = almo/  
two ?\s& ye>s4    ,b dur+ ! eighte5?    
c5tury1 ,european sci5ti/s aga9 became  
int]e/$ 9 ! /ructure ( ?+s & began to   
exp]im5t4 ,!re  7 "s curi\s discov]ies4 
,illu/ration    ,*emi/s f\nd t a        
sub/ance l wat] c\ld be sep>at$ into two
  o!r sub/ances1 hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,b    
hydrog5 & oxyg5  c\ldn't be brok5 d[n   
into any o!r *emicals no matt] :at !    
*emi/s did4 ,!y c\ld easily *ange table 

salt into sodium &  *lor9e4 ,b no matt] 
h[ h>d !y tri$1 !y w]5't able to  break 
d[n sodium & *lor9e into any?+ else4    
,s sci5ti/s decid$ t mo/ ( ! ?+s ar\nd  
u--wat]1 salt1  wood1 animals--7 made ( 
comb9ations ( sub/ances4 ,!y call$ !    
comb9ations *emical comp\nds4 ,!y call$ 
! sub/ances t  c\ldn't be brok5 d[n     
elem5ts4    ,we n[ "k ( m ?an "o hundr$ 
elem5ts4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjj1 ab\t  half t   
numb] _h be5 discov]$4 ,& x 0 at ab\t   
?is "t t  an ,engli%man1 ,john ,dalton1 
came along ) ! fir/ really sci5tific    
atomic !ory4    ,dalton said t all      
elem5ts are made ( atoms1 & ! atoms (   
any  p>ticul> elem5t are always ! same4 
,an atom ( c>bon is always l  e o!r atom
 ( c>bon4 ,&1 ,dalton w5t on1 atoms (   
diff]5t  elem5ts h diff]5t weights4 ,an 
atom ( c>bon weighs m ?an an  atom (    
hydrog54 ,an atom ( oxyg5 weighs m ?an  
an atom ( c>bon4    ,dalton notic$ t    
atoms comb9$ 9 diff]5t ways accord+ to  
_!  weights4 ,wat] is made ( hydrog5 &  
oxyg54 ,b x takes two  hydrog5 atoms )  

"o oxyg5 atom to make wat]4 ,?is smalle/
 unit  ( wat] is call$ a molecule4 ,a   
molecule is ! smalle/ possible  am\nt ( 
any *emical comp\nd4    ,ano!r          
contribution t ,dalton made 0 ! use (   
%or?& symbols  to /& = *emical elem5ts4 
,today1 we use a sy/em :i* grew out (   
,dalton's4    ,illu/ration    ,in/ead ( 
call+ ! wat] molecule two atoms (       
hydrog5  & "o atom ( oxyg51 we call     
hydrog5 ,h & oxyg5 ,o & write1  simply1 
,h#b,o4 ,! symbol = c>bon is ,c & c>bon 
dioxide may be  writt5 ,,co#b4 ,?is     
means t "o c>bon atom & two oxyg5 atoms 
comb9e to =m "o molecule ( c>bon        
dioxide4    ,john ,dalton 0 a great     
sci5ti/ & almo/ ev]y?+ 9 8 atomic  !ory 
turn$ out to be correct4 ,only "o ( 8   
ideas we n[ "k to be  wrong4 ,& t idea  
w5t all ! way back to ,democritus4 ,!y  
bo?  ?\ght t ! atom 0 ! smalle/ possible
 p>ticle1 & t x  c\ld nev] be divid$4   
,x c]ta9ly seem$ to be s4 ,b a/oni%+ ?+s
 ab\t atoms began  to turn up ar\nd !   
end ( ! #ahjj's4 ,no "o knew x yet1 b m5

  7 go+ to *ange atoms--& atoms 7 go+ to
 *ange ! _w6          #c    ,,! ,,my/]y 
,,( ,,! ,,rays      ,9 #ahie1 a ,g]man  
sci5ti/1 ,wilhelm ,k4 ,ro5tg5           
7,,r5t-g571 0  exp]im5t+ ) a special k9d
 ( electrical tube4 ,he _h cov]$ "o  end
 ( ! tube ) black pap]4 ,ne>by 0 a scre5
 t gl[$ :5  light %one on x4    ,ro5tg5 
happ5$ to glance at ! scre5--& c\ld     
h>dly believe 8  eyes4 ,x 0 gl[+--b !re 
0 no light co9+ f ! cov]$  tube6 ,?is   
seem$ impossible--b !re x 04    ,lat]1  
:5 someone ask$ ,ro5tg5 :at he ?\ght1 he
 made a true  sci5ti/'s reply4    ,he   
said1 ,i did n ?9k4 ,i inve/igat$6      
,ro5tg5 didn't "k :at ! rays 71 s he    
decid$ to call !m ,x  rays4 ,he f\nd t  
!y c\ld pass n only ?r\gh black pap]1 b 
?r\gh _m o!r sub/ances z well4 ,!y w5t  
easily ?r\gh clo? or  wood1 b 7 slopp$  
by metal4 ,ro5tg5 f\nd t ! my/]i\s rays 
c\ld %9e "r ?r\gh ! s(t p>ts ( ! body1 b
 !y 7  /opp$ by bones4    ,illu/ration  
,illu/ration    ,"h 0 a useful discov]y1
 inde$4 ,j imag9e h[ valuable x 0 to  a 

doctor to be able to take a %ad[ picture
 ( a brok5 bone s t he  c\ld see h[ to  
set x4 ,y\r d5ti/ probably uses         
,ro5tg5's ,x rays to  take pictures (   
y\r tee? to look = cavities4            
,ro5tg5's discov]y /irr$ up a great deal
 ( int]e/4 ,p]haps !re  7 o!r k9ds (    
rays4 ,sci5ti/s began to se>* = !m4     
,"o ( ! se>*]s 0 ,anto9e ,h5ri ,becqu]el
 7,beck-er-,,el71 a  ,fr5*man4 ,9 #ahif1
 ,becqu]el 0 exp]im5t+ ) "s cry/als ( a 
uranium salt4 ,^! cry/als gave (f a gl[ 
aft] be+ expos$ to  sunlight4    ,"o    
day1 ,becqu]el 0 all ready to te/ ! gl[ 
on a photographic  film4 ,b j z he 0    
ab\t to />t1 ! sky turn$ cl\dy4 ,!      
exp]im5t c\ldn't be done )\t sunlight1 s
 ,becqu]el wrapp$ 8  film 9 a piece (   
black pap]1 put ! cry/al on top1 & put !
  package away 9 a draw]4               
,illu/ration    ,illu/ration    ,! sun  
/ay$ hidd5 = sev]al days & ,becqu]el    
c\ldn't cont9ue  ) 8 exp]im5t4 ,b he    
decid$ to develop 8 film anyway4 ,he 0  
a/oni%$ to f9d a black spot "r 9 !      

middle1 j :]e !  uranium cry/al _h be56 
,t meant t ev5 )\t any sunlight1 !      
cry/al _h giv5 (f rays ( its own6 ,ano!r
 my/]y6    ,becqu]el te/$ sev]al        
comp\nds t conta9$ uranium & f\nd t  !y 
all gave (f simil> rays4 ,:y8           
,illu/ration    ,"o ( ! sci5ti/s :o he>d
 ab\t ,becqu]el's "w 0 a "y  ,poli%     
woman work+ 9 ,p>is4 ,h] "n 0 ,m>ie     
,curie 7,cu-,,ree74    ,madame ,curie   
wond]$ if uranium 7 ! only elem5t to    
give (f rays4  ,) ! help ( h] husb&1    
,pi]re1 %e began to te/ e kn[n  elem5t =
 rays4 ,%e decid$ to call ?is ability to
 give (f rays  radioactivity4    ,aft]  
_m te/s1 ,madame ,curie f\nd t ! elem5t 
?orium 0 also  radioactive4 ,s1 !       
,curies reason$1 if !re 7 two           
radioactive  elem5ts1 !re 7 probably m4 
,& !y cont9u$ to se>*4    ,!n "o day1 a 
/range ?+ happ5$4 ,! ,curies 7 busy     
ref9+  uranium f its ore1 pit*bl5de4 ,b 
!y sudd5ly notic$ t !  ore seem$ to be m
 radioactive ?an ! uranium itself6 ,h[  
c\ld  ?is be8 ,! only explanation1      

,madame ,curie ?\ght1 0 t !re mu/  be   
ano!r1 /rong]1 radioactive elem5t 9     
pit*bl5de4    ,9 #ahih1 aft] work+ ?r\gh
 tons ( pit*bl5de1 ! ,curies succe$$  9 
sep>at+ a speck ( a new elem5t t 0 #ijj 
times m  radioactive ?an uranium6 ,!y   
nam$ ! new elem5t radium4    ,! ,curies 
& o!r sci5ti/s 7 v excit$4 ,"h 7 ?ree   
elem5ts--uranium1 ?orium1 & radium--all 
giv+ (f p[]ful rays4  ,:]e did ! rays   
come f8 ,sci5ti/s 7 sure !y c\ld only   
come  f ! atoms ( ! elem5ts !mselves4 ,b
 h[ c\ld t be8 ,!re  c\ldn't be any?+   
small] ?an an atom4 ,or c\ld !re8 ,!    
sci5ti/s didn't "k4 ,x 0 a real my/]y4  
#d    ,,:at',s ,,9 ,,an ,,atom8      ,e 
my/]y is sure to attract "s p :o wi% to 
solve x4 ,&  ! my/]y ( radioactivity 0  
no exception4 ,sci5ti/s 9 _m p>ts  ( !  
_w began to se>* = clues4 ,little by    
little1 !y f\nd  !m4 ,x wasn't until !  
#aicj's t ! la/ pieces ( ! puzzle  began
 to fall into place--! /ructure ( ! atom
 0 f9ally cle>4    ,b be=e we talk ab\t 
! /ructure ( atoms1 let's talk ab\t !   

/ructure ( h\ses4 ,_m h\ses are built ( 
wood1 %+les1 & glass4  ,h[ev]1 ev5 ?\gh 
! h\ses are built ( ! same mat]ials1 !y 
may n look any?+ alike4 ,"s are ran*    
h\ses1 "s are split  levels1 & "s are   
colonial h\ses4    ,on ! o!r h&1        
sometimes a build] puts up a l>ge       
developm5t 9  :i* all ! h\ses are       
exactly ! same4 ,if a new fri5d tells y 
t he lives 9 ! ,%ady ,acres developm5t1 
y c picture 8 h\se4  ,x is j l e o!r    
h\se 9 ,%ady ,acres4    ,are y wond]+   
:at ?is has to d ) atoms8 ,well1 all    
atoms are  built ( ! same pr9cipal      
mat]ials4    ,illu/ration    ,!y are    
call$ protons1 electrons1 & neutrons4 ,&
 j z a  ran* h\se nev] looks exactly l a
 colonial h\se1 an atom ( "o  elem5t    
nev] looks exactly l ! atom ( ano!r     
elem5t4    ,illu/ration    ,b l ! ,%ady 
,acres h\ses1 e atom ( ! same elem5t    
looks  exactly l e o!r4 ,a hydrog5 atom 
looks l e o!r  hydrog5 atom4 ,a c>bon   
atom looks l e o!r c>bon atom4 ,b a     
hydrog5 atom nev] looks l a c>bon atom4 

,atoms are l h\ses 9 /ill ano!r way1    
too4 ,ev5 ?\gh !  build+ mat]ials us$ 9 
two h\ses or two atoms are ! same1 !    
f9i%$ /ructure ( a h\se or an atom      
dep5ds on ! way !  mat]ials are arrang$4
    ,if an atom c\ld be made l>ge en\gh 
= y to see1 y might ?9k  y 7 wat*+ a    
satellite 7or a fleet ( satellites7 go+ 
ar\nd  & ar\nd "o or m planets4         
,illu/ration    ,! planet--or c5t] ( !  
atom--is call$ ! nucleus4 ,x is made    
mo/ly ( protons & neutrons4 ,! little   
satellites circl+ ar\nd  ! nucleus are  
always electrons4    ,ord9>y atoms      
always h ! same numb] ( protons z !y d (
  electrons4 ,?is numb] is call$ !      
atomic numb]4 ,no two elem5ts  h ! same 
atomic numb]4 ,x is ! numb] ( protons & 
electrons  t tells u :at k9d ( atom x   
is4 ,:5 !re are two protons 9 !  nucleus
 & two electrons circl+ ar\nd x1 we "k t
 we h an  atom ( helium4 ,if x doesn't h
 two protons & two electrons1 x  isn't  
helium4    ,illu/ration    ,a helium    
atom also has two neutrons 9 its        

nucleus4 ,usually1 no atom c  *ange its 
numb] ( protons or electrons & rema9 !  
same k9d (  atom--b x c *ange its numb] 
( neutrons4    ,atoms ( ! same elem5t1 b
 ) diff]5t numb]s ( neutrons 9 !        
nucleus1 are call$ isotopes4 ,"s elem5ts
 h only "o isotope1  "s h z _m z eight  
or t54    ,illu/ration    ,uranium has  
?ree ma9 isotopes4 ,! mo/ common k9d (  
uranium has #ib  protons1 #adf neutrons1
 &--( c\rse--#ib electrons4 7,did y     
rememb]  t ! numb] ( electrons has to   
mat* ! numb] ( protons87    ,add+ up !  
total p>ticles 9 ! nucleus1 we see t #ib
  #adf   #bch1 s ?is k9d ( uranium is   
call$ uranium-#bch4 ,!re is an isotope  
t has #adc neutrons1 s ?is is           
uranium-#bce because #ib  #adc  #bce4   
,! la/ isotope has #adb neutrons & is   
uranium-#bcd4    ,! heavie/ "p ( any    
atom is ! nucleus4 ,protons & neutrons  
are  v mu* heavi] ?an electrons4 ,& !n  
!re is lots & lots (  empty space4 ,if !
 nucleus ( ! hydrog5 atom 7:i* has only 
"o  proton7 7 enl>g$ to ! size ( a t5nis

 ball1 ! electron w\ld  be a half mile  
away6    ,a :ole atom is s t9y t x is   
almo/ impossible to imag9e any?+  s     
small4 ,x w\ld take #bej million ( "s   
k9ds ( atoms to measure  "o in*4 ,b x   
w\ld take fifty ?\s& times z _m         
electrons to  cov] ! same in*6          
,illu/ration          #e    ,a ,,se>*   
,,beg9s      ,n[ we "k a lot ab\t !     
/ructure ( ! atom--b we /ill hav5't     
solv$ ! my/]y ( ! rays4 ,s let's d t "r 
n[4    ,a radioactive atom is really a  
tempor>y atom4 ,x is unbalanc$ &  %oots 
(f p>ts ( itself 9 ord] to become       
balanc$4 ,z ! atom  gives up protons1   
neutrons1 & electrons1 we say t x       
decays4 ,if  y\r too? decays1 a small "p
 ( x crumbles away4 ,& ! same ?+  happ5s
 to an atom4    ,we "k t if an atom     
*anges its numb] ( protons x becomes a  
diff]5t k9d ( atom4 ,& t is j :at happ5s
 to radioactive  elem5ts4 ,uranium1     
?orium1 & radium all *ange into lead4   
,o!r  radioactive elem5ts decay to      
diff]5t elem5ts4    ,:5 an atom decays1 

x gives (f ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( p>ticles4
  ,^! are nam$ = ! fir/ ?ree lett]s ( ! 
,greek alphabet &  are call$ alpha      
p>ticles1 beta p>ticles1 & gamma rays4  
,illu/ration    ,"s radioactive elem5ts 
decay v quickly--9 a few seconds--b "s  
take millions ( ye>s4 ,z ! elem5t       
decays1 its atoms %oot (f  p>ticles4 ,! 
l>g] ! am\nt ( ! elem5t1 ! m p>ticles x 
%oots (f4 ,b z ! elem5t decays1 !re is  
less & less ( x  left4 ,if at fir/ x    
gives up #ajj p>ticles a second1 x w1 z 
its  size decreases1 give up only #ij   
p>ticles a second4 ,!n x w give up  only
 #hj p>ticles a second1 & s on4    ,?is 
sl[+ d[n makes x v h>d to measure h[    
long x w take  ! elem5t to completely   
decay4 ,x is mu* easi] to figure out :5 
x  w be half decay$4 ,& s we nev] speak 
( ! life ( a  radioactive elem5t4 ,we   
speak ( its half-life4    ,:5 !         
radioactive elem5t t />t$ giv+ up #ajj  
p>ticles a  second gets d[n to los+ only
 #ej p>ticles a second1 we "k t half  ( 
its radioactivity has be5 us$ up4       

,radium has a half-life ( #a1fij  ye>s4 
,uranium has a half-life ( #d1ejj       
million ye>s6    ,radioactivity is v    
int]e/+1 b be=e we c und]/& its real    
importance1 we mu/ le>n a little ab\t   
en]gy4    ,to mo/ ( u1 en]gy means pep4 
,to a sci5ti/1 en]gy means !  ability to
 d "w4 ,en]gy is n a ?+4 ,y c't see x4  
,y c  only see--or he>--or feel--:at x  
does4 ,en]gy nev] disappe>s1 b  x c be  
*ang$ f "o =m to ano!r4    ,:5 y sw+ a  
bat & wallop a ball1 "p ( ! en]gy y use 
makes  ! ball :iz ?r\gh ! air4 ,if y use
 en]gy to clap y\r h&s1  "p ( ! en]gy is
 *ang$ to s\nd1 & y he> a noise4 ,if    
electrical en]gy is us$ 9 a light bulb1 
"p ( ! en]gy is *ang$  into light & "p  
into heat4    ,illu/ration    ,:5 we    
burn wood = heat1 we are us+ en]gy t !  
tree took f  ! sun4 ,:5 we burn coal or 
oil1 we are us+ ! en]gy ( sunlight  t 0 
/or$ _m millions ( ye>s ago4    ,all (  
?is en]gy is /or$ 9 ! atoms ( ! wood1   
coal1 or oil4 ,b  :5 we burn ^! mat]ials
 = fuel1 we release only ! en]gy ( !    

electrons4    ,n[ d y rememb]1 back 9 ! 
la/ *apt]1 we said t ! nucleus  is !    
heavy "p ( ! atom8 ,& t ! electrons are 
v light8  ,well1 ! nucleus is s v1 v    
heavy = its t9y size1 t x  _c be comp>$ 
to any?+ else 9 ! _w4 ,if a nucleus 7 z 
l>ge z a gra9 ( rice1 x w\ld weigh two  
million tons6 ,no?+ s  small c\ld weigh 
s mu* unless x 7 extremely tightly pack$
  toge!r4 ,x takes a great deal ( en]gy 
to pack any?+ t solidly4    ,by ! middle
 ( ! #aicj's1 sci5ti/s 7 beg9n+ to ?9k  
ab\t  ! huge am\nt ( en]gy t w\ld be    
releas$ if ! nucleus c\ld be  split4 ,! 
sci5tific "n = splitt+ is fission4    ,j
 suppose1 ! sci5ti/s ?\ght1 y c\ld split
 a nucleus & its  neutrons w\ld come    
fly+ out--& ea* neutron w\ld /rike l a  
bullet at ano!r nucleus & make t "o     
split8 ,& all ! new  fly+ neutrons w\ld 
split o!r atoms8 ,?is w\ld be a *a9     
reaction4    ,if man c\ld produce a *a9 
reaction1 !re w\ld be su* en]gy z !  _w 
nev] dream$ (6 ,9 _m diff]5t c\ntries1  
m5 ?\ght1 &  dream$1 & work$--! se>* = !

 nucle> *a9 reaction 0 on6          #f  
,,j\rney  ,,to ,,! ,,new ,,_w      ,x 0 
a gray w9t] morn+4 ,! date 0 ,decemb]   
#b1 #aidb4 ,! place1  ,! ,univ]sity (   
,*icago4 ,"h at ,/agg ,field1 "u !      
football  /&s1 0 a l>ge empty room t _h 
once be5 a squa% c\rt4    ,none ( !     
/ud5ts :o hurri$ by on ! way to class   
paid mu*  att5tion to a few m5 :o pass$ 
?r\gh ! door into ! long unus$  room4   
,no "o knew t 9 t room "o ( ! greate/   
ev5ts 9 !  hi/ory ( sci5ce 0 ab\t to    
take place4 ,no "o knew t ! atomic  age 
w\ld be born t day4    ,! m5 :o _h ga!r$
 9 ! secret room 7 "s ( ! f9e/  sci5ti/s
 9 ! _w4 ,! lead] ( ! gr\p 0 ,enrico    
,f]mi  7,en-,,ree-ko ,,f]-mee71 an      
,italian sci5ti/ :o _h come to ! ,unit$ 
,/ates4    ,= "s weeks ! m5 _h be5      
quietly at "w1 c>efully /ack+ a  huge   
pile ( pure graphite bricks4 ,"h & !re  
among ! bricks !y  plac$ pieces (       
uranium4 ,f]mi believ$ t :5 ! pile rea*$
 a  c]ta9 size1 a *a9 reaction w\ld />t4
 ,by ,decemb] #b1 ! size  seem$ to be   

"r4    ,illu/ration    ,inside ! pile 7 
?ree control rods4 ,!y 7 made ( cadmium1
 an  elem5t :i* soaks up fly+ neutrons l
 a sponge4 ,) ! rods 9  place1 no       
reaction c\ld take place4 ,:5 ! rods 7  
)drawn1 !  reaction w\ld beg94    ,to   
make sure t ! pile w\ld n get out ( h&1 
! ?ree control  rods 7 op]at$ 9 ?ree    
diff]5t ways4 ,! fir/ "o 0 controll$  by
 an electrical swit* & 0 completely     
automatic4 ,! second1 call$  ,,zip1 0   
ti$ to a rope 9 ! balcony4 ,9 case (    
em]g5cy1 !re 0  a man ready ) an axe4   
,he _h only to *op ! rope & ,,zip w\ld g
  cra%+ back into ! pile4 ,! ?ird rod 0 
mov$ by h&4    ,x 0 "t to beg94 ,f]mi   
gave ! signal = ! automatic rod to be   
)drawn4 ,imm$iately1 ! c\nt]s :i*       
measur$ radioactivity began  to tick4   
,!n ,f]mi gave ! comm&1 ,,zip out6 ,,zip
 0 drawn up on its balcony  rope & !    
tick+ ( ! c\nt]s at once became fa/]4   
,!n ,f]mi turn$ to ! man :o controll$ ! 
la/ rod4 ,?is rod 0  m>k$ 9 feet &      
in*es1 & ,f]mi said3 ,pull x out to     

?irte5  feet4    ,all eyes 7 on !       
in/rum5ts4 ,n yet4 ,a little m4 ,pull x 
out  ano!r foot4 ,n yet4 ,! m5 grew m & 
m t5se z ! c>eful  "w w5t on4           
,illu/ration    ,f9ally1 at ab\t #c3be 9
 ! aft]noon1 ,f]mi made a la/ *eck ( 8  
in/rum5ts & 8 calculations4 ,!n he said3
 ,pull x out ano!r  foot4 ,?is is go+ to
 d x6    ,no "o d>$ brea!4 ,! ticks ( ! 
c\nt]s became s rapid !y  s\nd$ l a     
/eady hum4 ,! po9t]s on ! in/rum5ts     
swung all !  way ov]--& /ay$ !re4 ,!    
fir/ atomic *a9 reaction _h be5  a*iev$6
    ,! pile 0 all[$ to run = #bh m9utes4
 ,!n ! control rods 7  put back4        
,sudd5ly1 all 0 quiet4 ,!re 7 no ticks f
 !  c\nt]s4    ,n only _h ^! m5 />t$ a  
*a9 reaction1 !y _h also be5 able  to   
/op x4 ,at la/ man c\ld control ! en]gy 
( ! atom4    ,"o ( ! m5 pres5t1 ,ar?ur  
,h4 ,compton1 ran to ! phone to call    
,james ,b4 ,conant1 *airman ( ! ,u4 ,s4 
,national ,def5se ,rese>*  ,committee4  
,b s9ce our c\ntry 0 at w> 9 #aidb1 x   
wasn't safe to  talk ab\t ?is important 

secret ov] ! telephone4 ,& s1 on ! spur 
( ! mom5t1 a quick-witt$ & hi/oric      
conv]sation took place4    ,compton     
said3 ,jim1 y'll be int]e/$ to "k t !   
,italian  navigator has j l&$ 9 ! new   
_w4    ,conant1 :o knew ( ! exp]im5ts t 
_h be5 go+ on1 und]/ood  at once4 ,he   
said3 ,is t s8 ,7 ! natives fri5dly8    
,& ,compton repli$3 ,ev]yone l&$ safe & 
happy4    ,?is 0 ! fir/ day ( ! atomic  
age4 ,! reactor _h be5 />t$1  _h be5    
/opp$--& _h produc$ en\gh p[] to light  
"o small  fla%light bulb6          #g   
,,t9y ,,atoms1 ,,big ,,p[]      ,atomic 
p[] has gr[n quickly s9ce t day 9 #aidb4
 ,atomic p[]  plants n[ make electricity
 to light l>ge cities 9 _m p>ts ( !  _w4
    ,atomic p[] doesn't make electricity
 directly4 ,x makes heat4 ,! heat  turns
 into /eam4 ,!n ! /eam turns turb9es & !
 sp9n+  turb9es drive ! g5]ators :i*    
make electric curr5t4    ,ord9>y /eam   
p[] plants dep5d on fossil fuels--coal1 
oil1 or  gas--to make heat4 ,x has be5  
figur$ out t if only coal 7 us$  = fuel1

 ! _w's supply w\ld be us$ up 9 #cej    
ye>s4 ,oil & gas  w\ld la/ = #dj ye>s4  
,b !re are en\gh nucle> fuels to la/ =  
at lea/ #h1ejj ye>s6    ,!re are sev]al 
k9ds ( atomic p[] plants1 b ! be/ kn[n  
is  ! ,pressuriz$ ,wat] ,reactor4 ,?is  
long "n is usually abbreviat$ to  ,,pwr4
    ,! ,,pwr isn't really v diff]5t f   
,f]mi's pile 9 ,*icago4 ,!re  is ! same 
big /ack ( atomic fuel--usually         
uranium--) control rods  /ick+ out (    
holes 9 ! fuel b>s4 ,j l ,f]mi's pile1  
:5 !  control rods are pu%$ 9 !y soak up
 ! fly+ neutrons & !re is  no reaction4 
,:5 ! control rods are pull$ out1 ! *a9 
reaction  takes place4    ,illu/ration  
,"o ( ! curi\s ?+s ab\t a *a9 reaction  
is t x won't "w  if ! neutrons are fly+ 
too fa/4 ,!y hit ! new atoms at su*     
great spe$ t !y j b\nce (f & keep go+4  
,9 ord] = !  neutrons to d _! splitt+   
job1 !y h to be sl[$ d[n4 ,f]mi  us$    
graphite bricks = ?is purpose4 ,! ,,pwr 
uses wat]1 :i* works  v well4 ,& ! wat] 
also s]ves ano!r purpose4 ,x absorbs !  

great heat :i* is =m$ 9 ! reactor4      
,n[1 ev]yone kn[s t :5 wat] is heat$ to 
a high temp]ature1 x  boils4 ,b ?is wat]
 mu/ n boil4 ,to prev5t its boil+1 !    
wat]  is kept "u v high pressure1 & t is
 h[ ! ,pressuriz$ ,wat]  ,reactor got   
its "n4    ,! wat] is seal$ 9 special   
tubes & rea*es a temp]ature ( ab\t  #fjj
 ,f4 ,! tubes !n heat o!r wat] :i* turns
 into /eam4    ,a simpl] k9d ( atomic   
p[] plant is ! ,boil+ ,wat] ,reactor1 or
  ,,bwr4 ,! ,,bwr is j a tank :i* holds 
a reactor & wat]4 ,9 ?is  case1 ! wat]  
is n "u pressure & ! heat releas$ by !  
*a9 reaction makes x boil4 ,! /eam :i*  
comes f ! boil+  wat] goes directly to !
 turb9e4    ,:e!r !y use ,p,w,rs or     
,b,w,rs1 atomic p[] plants don't look v 
mu*  l ord9>y plants4 ,!re is no smoke1 
no dirt1 & no fire4  ,ev]y?+ is         
controll$ by automatic swit*es & !re may
 be no m  ?an two or ?ree m5 9 sight4   
,illu/ration    ,! fir/ atomic p[] plant
 9 ! _w 0 built 9 ! ,u4,s4,s4,r4 &  w5t 
into s]vice 9 #aied4 ,!re are n[ a numb]

 ( su* plants 9 !  ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,two (
 ! l>ge/ are ! ,duquesne ,light ,company
 at  ,%ipp+port1 ,p5nsylvania1 ne>      
,pittsburgh1 & ,consolidat$ ,edison's   
,indian ,po9t ,plant1 9 ,new ,york      
,/ate4    ,illu/ration    ,important z  
atomic p[] is to cities1 x is ( ev5     
great] importance  to f>away places :]e 
fuel is h>d to get4 ,= example1 at !    
,u4,s4  ,army's ,camp ,c5tury 9 ,gre5l&1
 f> above ! ,arctic ,circle1 obta9+  p[]
 _h always be5 a problem4 ,! co/ ( %ipp+
 coal or oil to  su* a place 0 s high t 
x 0 impractical4 ,p _h to get  along ) v
 little heat or p[]4 ,b n any m4        
,camp ,c5tury's new atomic p[] plant    
supplies heat & electricity =  all4 ,9 a
 :ole ye> ! plant uses only #dj p\nds ( 
atomic fuel4 ,if x  ran on diesel fuel1 
x w\ld ne$ #hej1jjj gallons a ye>6      
,"o ( ! /range/ ?+s ab\t "s atomic      
reactors 7call$ bre$]  reactors71 is t  
!y make new fuel z !y g along4 ,if !    
fuel is  uranium1 x is usually a mixture
 ( uranium-#bce & uranium-#bch4 ,only  !

 ,u-#bce c be us$ = ! *a9 reaction4 ,b  
:5 ! fly+  neutrons f ! ,u-#bce /rike ! 
,u-#bch1 x turns into a new elem5t1     
plutonium4 ,plutonium is a f9e atomic   
fuel1 j l ,u-#bce4 ,9 "s  atomic        
furnaces !re is m fuel at ! end ( !     
reaction ?an !  furnace _h to />t )6    
,j look at all ! advantages ( ! atomic  
p[] plant3 ,x solves !  problem ( !     
disappe>+ fossil fuels4 ,! plant is     
almo/ completely  automatic & c be run  
by j a few m54 ,x saves ! co/ (  %ipp+  
heavy fuels to di/ant places4 ,"s atomic
 plants make new fuel  z !y run4 ,also1 
! a%es ( an atomic furnace are highly   
valuable  = a numb] ( purposes1 z y w   
soon see4    ,) s _m advantages1 !re is 
no "q t ! coal or oil p[]  plant w soon 
be a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,x may be t dur+ y\r   
lifetime1 mo/ ( ! _w's p[] w come f     
atomic reactors4          #h    ,,atoms 
,,= ,,transport      ,9 ! ye> #ahai1 !  
_w 0 agog because a /eam%ip _h cross$ ! 
,atlantic ,ocean4 ,h[ wond]ful x seem$6 
,! %ip 0 call$ !  ,savannah4 ,%e c>ri$  

wood & coal = h] /eam boil]s1 b !  %ip  
wasn't l>ge en\gh to c>ry fuel = !      
#cj-;day trip4 ,!re 0  /eam = ! fir/    
sev5 days1 & !n ! ,savannah cont9u$ "u  
sails4    ,today1 !re is a new ,savannah
 :i* c travel = ?ree & "o half  ye>s on 
"o load ( fuel6 ,%e is call$ ! ,nucle>  
,%ip ,savannah &  h] fuel is uranium4   
,in/ead ( a /eam boil] %e has a         
,pressuriz$  ,wat] ,reactor4    ,!      
,savannah is a beautiful :ite %ip ne>ly 
#fjj feet long4 ,b :5  y look at h]1 !re
 seems to be some?+ miss+4 ,!re ar5't   
any  smoke/acks6 ,( c\rse !re ar5't any 
smoke/acks1 because !re isn't  any      
smoke6    ,! ,n4,s4 ,savannah has a spe$
 ( #ba knots4 ,%e c c>ry #i1djj tons (  
c>go1 #fj pass5g]s1 & a crew ( #aaj4 ,on
 only #gjj p\nds ( fuel1 %e  c take ?is 
heavy load ar\nd ! _w #ab times6        
,illu/ration    ,atomic reactors are    
already 9 use on %ips & subm>9es & !y   
may  soon be us$ = o!r types (          
transportation4 ,exp]im5ts h be5  made  
on atomic tractors :i* w\ld pull long   

tra9s ( sl$s 9 !  ,arctic4 ,& !re has   
be5 "s int]e/ among railroad p 9 atomic 
locomotives4    ,! mo/ s]i\s exp]im5ts1 
s f>1 ) atomic locomotives1 h be5  made 
9 ! ,u4,s4,s4,r4 ,t c\ntry1 because (   
its va/ size1 has an  unusual am\nt (   
freight traffic4 ,tra9s n[ use up "o    
qu>t] ( all  ! coal & oil produc$ !re4  
,! ,russians h complet$ ! design  = an  
atomic locomotive t w h a spe$ ( #ge    
miles an h\r  :ile pull+ a load ( #d1jjj
 tons4 ,x w travel = almo/ a ye>  )\t   
new fuel1 & w g f ,mosc[ to ,riga & back
 7ab\t #a1jjj  miles7 on a piece (      
uranium ! size ( a m>ble6    ,design]s  
"h & abroad h also />t$ to ?9k ab\t     
atomic  airplanes4 ,"o type ( design    
w\ld use a reactor simil> to ! p[]      
plant reactor4 ,x w\ld make /eam1 ! /eam
 w\ld drive a turb9e1 &  ! turb9e w\ld  
turn ! propell]s4    ,ano!r design w\ld 
"w on ! turbojet pr9ciple & w\ldn't ne$ 
/eam4 ,air w\ld be scoop$ 9 & heat$ by !
 reactor1 !n %ot out  ( ! re> jets1     
driv+ ! plane ahead4    ,illu/ration    

,h[ev]1 !re are s]i\s problems 9 design+
 an atomic plane4 ,"o (  ! h>de/ to     
solve is ! radioactive exhau/ t w\ld    
come f !  reactor4 ,all ( ! wa/e        
products ( an atomic furnace are highly 
radioactive & v dang]\s to humans4 ,!y c
 cause s]i\s injury  or dea?4 ,p h to be
 protect$ f radioactive mat]ials by     
heavy %ield+ ( concrete or lead4 ,on a  
plane1 ( c\rse1 ! weight  ( su* a heavy 
%ield w\ld create a difficult problem4  
,! %ield  w\ld weigh m ?an ! gasol9e !  
atomic fuel replac$4    ,9 "t1 h[ev]1   
!re w probably be a solution to !       
problem1 &  atomic planes w be made4    
,!re w be no worry ab\t runn+ out (     
fuel4 ,su* ?+s z head w9ds1 long flights
 across wat]1 & fuel  leaks w no long]  
be ?reats to ! safety ( plane pass5g]s4 
,&  :5 ! %ield+1 problem is solv$1      
in/ead ( c>ry+ #ej tons (  gasol9e1 a   
big plane w be able to c>ry #ej tons m (
 p or  c>go4    ,all ( ^! possibilities 
are j ideas n[4 ,b som$ay1 p]haps1 y  w 
*uckle ov] ! old-fa%ion$ days be=e      

,a-tra9s &  ,a-planes--or1 ev5 ,a-c>s6  
#i    ,,atoms ,,t ,,trace      ,d y     
rememb] :at isotopes are8 ,!y are atoms 
( ! same elem5t1  :i* h diff]5t numb]s (
 neutrons 9 _! nuclei  7,,newk-lee-eye71
 ! plural ( nucleus4 ,"s isotopes1 :5   
/ruck by  fly+ neutrons 9 a reactor1    
beg9 to give (f rays1 l radium4 ,^!     
isotopes are call$ radioisotopes4    ,"s
 radioisotopes are made on purpose by   
putt+ c]ta9 elem5ts into  a reactor4 ,b 
_m radioisotopes are made 9 all atomic  
reactors z a  natural product ( ! *a9   
reaction4 ,aft] ! fuel has be5 us$1 !   
radioisotopes are remov$ f ! a%es4      
,mo/ elem5ts h at lea/ "o radioisotope &
 _m h sev]al4 ,!y  h ?\s&s ( important  
uses & new ones are f\nd e day4         
,illu/ration    ,illu/ration    ,!re are
 a few prop]ties ( radioisotopes :i*    
make !m useful4 ,"o  ( !m is ! fact t !y
 give (f radiation & s !y c always  be  
f\nd ) a ,geig] 7,,guy-g]7 c\nt]4 ,?is  
is an in/rum5t :i*  ticks :5 x is /ruck 
by an atomic ray4 ,) ! help ( a c\nt]1  

radioisotopes c be us$ z trac]s1 or     
tags4    ,trac]s are us$ 9 doz5s (      
int]e/+ ways4 ,"o is to f9d leaks 9     
pipes4 ,sometimes !re is a leaky pipe   
buri$ 9 ! floors or walls (  a build+4  
,h[ c y f9d out :]e ! leak is )\t te>+ !
  build+ ap>t8 ,x is v simple4 ,j add a 
t9y bit ( a radioisotope  to ! wat] 9 ! 
pipe4 ,!n move a ,geig] c\nt] along !   
floor or  wall 9 :i* ! pipe is enclos$4 
,:5 ! ticks /op--or cont9ue1  b spread  
out ov] a l>ge area--y h f\nd ! leak4   
,a simil> trick is (t5 us$ 9 ! oil      
indu/ry4 ,sometimes ! same  pipel9e is  
us$ = oil & = gasol9e4 ,a work] at ! f> 
end (  ! pipel9e has ! job ( turn+ (f a 
valve :5 ! oil /ops  com+ ?r\gh1 & turn+
 on a diff]5t valve to s5d ! gasol9e to 
! prop] tank4 ,b h[ does he "k :5 ! oil 
is f9i%$ & !  gasol9e is ab\t to />t8   
,!re's no?+ to x4 ,a da% (  radioisotope
 is mix$ ) ! la/ gallon ( oil4 ,! work] 
keeps 8  ,geig] c\nt] on ! pipe4 ,:5 x  
beg9s to tick1 x's "t to make  ! *ange4 
,if y _h a tire factory1 h[ w\ld y f9d  

out :i* k9d ( rubb]  gave ! be/ we>8 ,y 
c\ld make f\r diff]5t k9ds ( tires & add
  a bit ( radioisotope to ! rubb] ( ea*4
 ,) ! tires on a c>1  in/ead ( driv+    
?\s&s ( miles1 z 9 ! pa/1 y c\ld drive  
j a %ort di/ance4 ,z ! tires turn$1 t9y 
bits ( rubb] w\ld  we> (f4 ,a ,geig]    
c\nt] mov$ ov] ! tire tracks w\ld tell y
  "r away :i* tire lo/ ! lea/ rubb]4    
,tire companies use ?is  te/ widely4    
,radioisotopes mix$ ) wax or poli% tell 
h[ mu* is left on a c>  aft] wa%+4      
,radioactive dirt sme>$ on clo? tells   
:i* det]g5t  does ! be/ wa%+ job4 ,if   
radioisotopes are mix$ ) ! liquid 9  a  
tank1 a ,geig] c\nt] on ! outside ( !   
tank c tell :]e !  top ( ! liquid is4   
,?is is mu* easi] ?an s5d+ a man all !  
way  to ! top ( ! tank to measure !     
cont5ts ) a dip /ick4    ,illu/ration   
,sci5ti/s h made great use ( !          
radioisotope c>bon-#ad4 ,c>bon-#ad      
occurs naturally 9 ! air & is tak5 9 by 
all liv+ plants4 ,x is  also tak5 9 by  
all p or animals :o eat plants4 ,once a 

liv+  ?+ dies1 h[ev]1 x does n take 9   
any m c>bon-#ad4 ,n[ x  happ5s t        
c>bon-#ad has a v long half-life--ab\t  
#e1jjj ye>s4 ,s  ev5 if a plant or an   
animal has be5 dead = #be1jjj ye>s1 !re 
are  /ill slight traces ( c>bon-#ad     
left4 ,by measur+ ! quantity ) a  c\nt] 
& comp>+ x to ! quantity 9 a liv+ plant 
or animal (  ! same k9d1 sci5ti/s c tell
 ! age ( v old ?+s4    ,illu/ration     
,:5 anci5t writ+s ab\t ,biblical times1 
call$ ! ,dead ,sea ,scrolls1  7 f\nd1 !y
 7 wrapp$ 9 l954 ,! l951 made f ! fib]s 
( ! flax plant1 0 te/$ = c>bon-#ad4 ,x 0
 f\nd to be ab\t  #b1jjj ye>s old4 ,!   
same me?od has be5 us$ to f9d ! age (   
anci5t wood1 lea!r1 clo?1 bones--& ev5  
mummies6    ,radioisotope trac]s h be5 (
 great b5efit to f>m]s4 ,mix$ )         
f]tiliz]s1 !y c be foll[$ ) a ,geig]    
c\nt] to see j h[  ! plant uses !       
f]tiliz] & h[ fa/4 ,trac]s h %[n h[     
c]ta9 fe$s make animals gr[ fatt]4 ,!y  
help 9 ! /udy ( milk  production by c[s1
 egg production by *ick5s1 & gr[? ( wool

 on  %eep4    ,p]haps ! mo/ important ( 
all trac] uses is 9 m$ic9e4             
,radioactive iod9e1 or iod9e-#aca1 is   
us$ to f9d diseases ( !  ?yroid gl&4 ,! 
pati5t swall[s a small dose ( ! trac] & 
a  c\nt] %[s h[ fa/ x is tak5 9 by !    
?yroid gl&4 ,?is %[s  h[ active ! gl&   
is4 ,trac]s also help to f9d bra9       
tumors4 ,&  !y c be us$ to foll[ !      
circulation ( ! blood4 ,if an art]y is  
block$1 a p]son may die because 8 blood 
c't circulate4 ,a c\nt]  c f9d ! tr\ble 
spot & help save a life4                
,radioisotopes :i* are us$ z m$ical     
trac]s are n h>mful to !  body4 ,!y are 
c>efully select$ to h a v %ort          
half-life4 ,_!  radioactivity is gone   
be=e x c d damage4 ,also1 !y are us$ 9  
t9y quantities4    ,:ile radioisotopes d
 wond]ful jobs z trac]s1 !y c d "s o!r  
v int]e/+ ?+s1 too4 ,let's see :at "s ( 
!m are4          #aj    ,,atoms ,,to    
,,*ange ,,atoms      ,:5 ! rays ( a     
radioactive sub/ance /rike ! atoms (    
ano!r  sub/ance1 !y may cause *anges4   

,we call ! exposure to rays  irradiation
 7ir-rade-ee-,,ay-%un74 ,"o ( ! *anges  
caus$ by  irradiation is call$          
ionization 7eye-on-i-,,zay-%un74        
,radioisotopes d _m important jobs = u  
by irradiation4 ,9 indu/ry1  c]ta9      
petroleum & o!r mat]ials are *ang$ by   
irradiation into  special fuels1 oils1 &
 ev5 syn!tic rubb]4    ,irradiation is  
us$ to improve ! quality ( pla/ics & to 
vulcanize  rubb]4 ,x us$ to take sev]al 
h\rs to vulcanize ) heat4 ,a few  m9utes
 ( irradiation does ! same job4    ,!   
food indu/ry has begun to exp]im5t )    
irradiation z a new way  to /]ilize     
food4 ,items :i* normally spoil quickly1
 su* z  hamburg]1 sausage1 *eese1 &     
bread1 are expos$ to radiation4 ,!  rays
 de/roy all ( ! bact]ia t cause food to 
spoil4 ,! food is  imm$iately seal$ 9   
airtight pla/ic bags4 ,x w rema9        
p]fectly  fre% = mon?s--or ev5 ye>s4    
,?is process may make ! cann+ or  freez+
 ( food completely unnecess>y4          
,illu/ration    ,illu/ration    ,ev5    

foods :i* g5]ally keep well1 su* z      
onions or potatoes1 c be  help$ by      
irradiation4 ,! treatm5t kills any      
insects t might be 9  ! sack1 & also    
keeps ! vegetables f spr\t+4 ,a treat$  
potato  w keep = a v long "t4 ,a numb] (
 exp]im5ts h be5 done  ) potatoes4 ,be=e
 long y w probably see irradiat$        
potatoes =  sale 9 y\r m>ket4           
,irradiation c ev5 improve food crops & 
o!r plants :ile !y are  /ill be+ gr[n4  
,*anges caus$ by ! rays h already creat$
 new  & bett] v>ieties ( corn1 peanuts1 
& oats4 ,! same dose (  irradiation     
works 9 ano!r way1 too--x kills !       
insects :i* damage  ! crops4            
,irradiation us$ 9 c]ta9 m$ic9es c      
de/roy a pati5t's diseas$  tissue4 ,_m  
=ms ( canc] are treat$ by ?is me?od4 ,9 
"s cases1  ! pati5t is inject$ ) a      
radioisotope4 ,9 o!r cases1 he is j     
expos$ to its rays1 :i* are project$ f a
 special ma*9e4  ,sometimes1 t9y bits ( 
isotope1 call$ se$s1 are actually plac$ 
directly 9 ! canc]4 ,o!r pati5ts are    

ask$ to dr9k ! isotope 9  a special     
prep>ation call$ a radioactive cocktail4
    ,illu/ration    ,besides _! _m uses 
z trac]s & irradiators1 isotopes h great
  value z sub/itutes = exp5sive ,x-ray  
ma*9es4 ,! rays c pass  ?r\gh _m        
mat]ials &1 by mak+ a picture on a film 
und]nea?1  c %[ diff]5ces 9 ?ickness or 
o!r flaws4 ,"s ( ! mat]ials  t are      
inspect$ ?is way are %eet metal1 pap]1  
rubb]1 &  pla/ics4 ,also1 pi/on r+s =   
auto eng9es1 & airplane eng9e  valves4  
,doctors1 too1 c use radioisotopes      
in/ead ( ,x rays4 ,an ,x-ray ma*9e  is a
 huge piece ( equipm5t :i* ne$s a       
special room & co/s  ?\s&s ( doll>s4 ,a 
radioisotope ma*9e is ab\t ! size ( a   
l>ge c ( fruit juice & weighs only t5   
p\nds4 ,x c be c>ri$  ab\t easily & is  
mo/ valuable 9 an em]g5cy or at a place 
:]e  !re is no ,x ray available4    ,^! 
are only "s ( ! ?+s t atoms c d = u4    
,atomic  en]gy is /ill "y4 ,9 ! ye>s to 
come1 !re w be _m *anges4  ,dur+ y\r    
lifetime1 ! peaceful atom %\ld make ! _w

 an easi]1  heal?i]1 happi] place6      
,illu/ration          ,,app5dix    ,"s  
o!r important atomic pione]s3           
,*adwick1 ,james3 ,discov]$ ! neutron 9 
#aicb4    ,joliot-,curie1 ,ir5e &       
,fr$]ic3 ,daught] ( ,m>ie &      ,pi]re 
,curie1 & h] husb&4 ,7 ! fir/ to        
make artificial radioisotopes 9 #aicc4  
,ru!r=d1 ,erne/3 ,work$ out ! nature (  
radioactivity      9 #aijb1 discov]$ !  
nucleus ( ! atom      9 #aiaa1 & split !
 fir/ atom 9 #aiai4    ,soddy1 ,fr$]ic3 
,discov]$ isotopes 9 #aiaj4    ,urey1   
,h>old3 ,discov]$ hydrog5's heavy       
isotope1      deut]ium1 9 #aicb4        
,,gloss>y      ,,aec           ,atomic  
,en]gy ,commission 7,u4,s47 ,all        
atomic en]gy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is "u    
! control ( ! ,,aec4 ,! ,commission is  
9 *>ge ( ! s\rces1 manufacture1 &       
uses ( all fissionable mat]ials4 ,x has 
important                  programs (   
rese>*1 build+1                  tra9+1 
& in=mation4    artificial    ,a *emical
 elem5t t does n exi/ 9  elem5t         

nature b :i* c be made 9 an atomic      
reactor4      atomic        ,an atomic  
reactor4  furnace    canal         ,a   
tank ( wat] :i* is us$ to hold dang]\sly
                  radioactive mat]ials 9
 ord] to protect work]s4    c(f9        
,a ?ick metal box :i* is us$ to hold v  
radioactive mat]ial4    contam9at$      
,any?+ t has accid5tally become         
radioactive4    cool (f      ,to /op be+
 radioactive4 ,"s mat]ials              
h to cool (f be=e !y c be h&l$          
safely4    critical size ,! smalle/     
am\nt ( atomic fuel t w                 
all[ a *a9 reaction to take place4      
curie         ,! unit us$ to measure    
radiation4 ,x is                  equal 
to ! am\nt ( radiation giv5 (f by       
"o gram ( radium 9 "o second4    ,e9/e91
     7#ahgi-aiee71 born 9 ,g]many1 fl$  
"u  ,alb]t        ,hitl]1 & became an   
,am]ican citiz5 9                       
#aidj4 ,9 #aiee he publi%$ a brilliant  
!ory                  :i* became ! basis
 = ! discov]y (                  atomic 

en]gy4 ,! !ory /at$ t nei!r             
matt] nor en]gy c ev] be de/roy$1       
b t matt] c be *ang$ into en]gy4        
,e9/e9 express$ ?is 9 ! equation        
,e  mc#b4 ,x means t en]gy 7,e7 is equal
                  to mass 7m7 multipli$ 
by ! spe$ ( light                  7c71 
multipli$ by itself4 ,mass is ! am\nt   
( mat]ial or matt] 9 any?+4 ,! spe$     
( light is #ahf1jjj miles a second4     
emit          ,to give (f4 ,radioactive 
sub/ances emit rays4    enri*$          
,ord9>y uranium :i* has fissionable     
uranium       uranium add$ to x4        
fissionable   ,usable z an atomic fuel4 
,a mat]ial ^:                  atoms w  
split4    fusion        ,a s\rce (      
atomic en]gy :i* is ! opposite          
( fission4 ,in/ead ( nuclei be+         
split1 !y are =c$ toge!r4 ,! en]gy      
( ! sun is releas$ by fusion4    hot    
,radioactive4    mod]ator     ,a mat]ial
 :i* is us$ 9 an atomic reactor         
to sl[ d[n ! spe$ ( ! neutrons4         
,graphite & wat] are common mod]ators4  

nucle>       ,! correct "n = en]gy      
produc$ by  en]gy        *anges 9 atomic
 nuclei4 ,atomic en]gy is               
! common "n = nucle> en]gy4    pig      
,heavy metal conta9] = radioactive      
mat]ial4                  ,simil> to    
c(f94    pit*bl5de   ,! ore ri*e/ 9     
uranium4    remote        ,a device t c 
h&le radioactive mat]ials  manipulator  
me*anically :ile ! op]ator rema9s       
safe beh9d a %ield4 7,also call$ a      
ma/] slave manipulator47    scram       
,to /op an atomic reactor4 ,an em]g5cy  
/op is call$ a fa/ scram4    transmute  
,to *ange "o k9d ( atom into ano!r k9d4 
,,index      alpha p>ticle1 #cj  atomic 
en]gy1 #h  atomic numb]1 #bg  atomic    
pile1 #cf  atomic p[]1 #db  atomic !ory1
 #ae    ,becqu]el1 ,anto9e ,h5ri1 #bj   
beta p>ticles1 #cj  boil+ wat] reactor1 
#dd  bre$] reactor1 #df    cadmium1 #ch 
c>bon-#ad1 #ef  *a9 reaction1 #ce1 #cf1 
#dd  *emical comp\nd1 #ae  ,compton4    
,ar?ur ,h41 #dj  ,conant1 ,james ,b41   
#dj  control rod1 #ch  ,curie1 ,m>ie1   

#bb  ,curie1 ,pi]re1 #bb    ,dalton1    
,john1 #ae  ,dead ,sea ,scrolls1 #eg    
decay1 #cj  ,democritus1 #ac            
electron1 #bf1 #bi  elem5t1 #ae  en]gy1 
#cb    ,f]mi1 ,enrico1 #cf  fission1 #cd
  fossil fuels1 #i1 #df    gamma rays1  
#cj  ,geig] c\nt]1 #ec  graphite1 #cf1  
#dd    half-life1 #cb  helium1 #bh      
,iod9e-#aca1 #eg  ionization1 #fj       
irradiation1 #fj  isotopes1 #bh         
neutron1 #bf1 #bh  nucleus1 #bg1 #bi    
pit*bl5de1 #bc  plutonium1 #df  p[]     
plant1 #db  pressuriz$ wat] reactor1 #dc
  proton1 #bf    radioactivity1 #bb     
radioactive cocktail1 #fd  radioactive  
iod9e1 #eg  radioisotope1 #eb1 #fd      
radium1 #bc1 #cj1 #cb    ,ro5tg51       
,wilhelm ,k41 #ah    ,savannah1 #dh1 #di
    ?orium1 #bc1 #cj  trac]s1 #ec       
uranium1 #bj1 #bi1 #cj1 #cb1 #dc        
uranium-#bcd1 #bi  uranium-#bce1 #bi1   
#df  uranium-#bch1 #bi1 #df    ,x rays1 
#ah1 #fd