,publications ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,london4 ,,! ,,plurality ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,race4 ,,p\*et4 ,,! ,,plurality ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,race3 ,,by ,,georges ,,p\*et1 ,,doctor ,,( ,,m$ic9e1 ,,lic5tiate ,,( ,,natural ,,sci5ce1 ,,aide-,,naturali/e ,,9 ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,r\51 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,an?ropological ,,society ,,( ,,p>is1 ,,correspond+ ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,an?ropological ,,society ,,( ,,london1 ,,etc4 ,,translat$ ,,& ,,edit$1 7,f ! ,second ,edition71 ,,by ,,hugh ,j4 ,c4 ,,beavan1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,a4,s4,l41 ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,temple1 ,,b>ri/]-,,at-,,law4 ,,london3 ,,publi%$ ,,= ,,! ,,an?ropological ,,society1 ,,by ,,longman1 ,,gre51 ,,longman1 ,,& ,,rob]ts1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[4 #ahfd4 ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,sir ,,edw>d ,g4 ,e4 ,l4 ,,bulw]-,,lytton1 ,,b>t41 ,m4,p41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,etc4 ,) all ! respect ,,due ,,to ,a ,,great ,,writ] ,,& ,,le>n$ ,,man1 ,,by ,,hugh ,j4 ,c4 ,,beavan4 ,,editor',s ,,preface4 ,a few words by way ( preface to a book on ! ,plurality ( ! ,human ,race are necess>y z well z advisable4 ,!y are especially s :5 ! ,au?or & ,editor diff] consid]ably 9 _! op9ions1 z 9 ?is case2 & al?\gh x is by no means a s9e qu non t !y %\ld always agree1 !re are c]ta9 po9ts on :i* a few l9es may be requir$4 ,! ,publi%+ ,committee ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,london hon\r$ me by committ+ ! translation & edit+ ( ?is book to my c>e1 & ,i set ab\t ! task ) "s diffid5ce1 z ?is is probably ! fir/ "w ( ! k9d :i* has ev] be5 giv5 to ! ,engli% lit]>y _w 9 a conv5i5t & popul> =m4 ,su* be+ ! case1 !re w sometimes be f\nd expressions :i* may be ?\ght =eign2 b ,i h pref]r$ on ^! occasions giv+ ! m lit]al translation1 in/ead ( "o :i* possibly might fail to convey ! ,au?or's real mean+4 ,9 books conta9+ su* v peculi> ideas z ^? ( ,m4 ,p\*et1 x is requisite to be especially c>eful on ?is head4 ,( ! clev] nature & t]se expression ( ! "w !re c be little d\bt1 b ,i am sorry to f9d 9 x op9ions ) :i* ,i _c at all agree1 & 9 ord] to prove :i*1 or r endeav\r to d s1 sci5ce is /ra9$ 9 an unnatural mann]4 ,! !ory ( spontane\s g5]ation is by no means a new "o2 b ,m4 ,p\*et c ?r[ v little light on ! subject1 & leaves x z be=e--entirely unprov$4 ,! extreme sceptical nature ( 8 views is mu* to be regrett$1 & 9 ?is especially ! ,au?or & ,editor are 9 entire disagreem5t4 ,! =m] is incl9$ to g out ( 8 way to br+ =w>d ^? views1 :5 !y 7 n requir$1 & w\ld h be5 bett] left unsaid4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 a new & extremely int]e/+ field ( inve/igation op5$ to u2 b ! m pa9s our au?or takes to expla9 & illu/rate ! wond]s ( our physical & psy*ological nature1 ! m he seems to disprove 8 own !ory ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,blackmore said-- 8,survey ,nature's ext5d$ face1 !n1 sceptics say1 ,9 ?is wide field ( wond]s c y f9d ,no art80 ,b ,m4 ,p\*et does f9d art 9 nature2 he tells u t its ways are intricate & manifold1 b /ill t x all arises f "s g]m spontane\sly g5]at$1 he _c say h[4 ,) ?is exception1 :i* "s may ?9k no fault at all1 ,i recomm5d ?is book he>tily to ! ,fell[s ( ! ,society & ! public g5]ally4 ,! cle>ness & ev5 brilliancy ( ,m4 ,p\*et's v peculi> /yle are soon discov]able1 & x is n a/oni%+ t 8 book has _h a great success 9 ,france4 ,t su* w be ! case 9 its ,engli% =m is my s9c]e wi%4 ,i mu/ ?ank my fri5d ,mr4 ,c>t] ,blake especially = _m k9d & valuable h9ts1 & ,i ne$ sc>cely say1 9 conclusion1 t z mu* c>e z possible has be5 tak5 ) ! translation & edit+4 ,i n[ commit ?is little "w to ! k9d consid]ation ( ! ,society & ! _w4 ,x is = !m to judge h[ my duties h be5 p]=m$4 ,h4 ,j4 ,c4 ,b4 ,london1 ,augu/ #cj?1 #ahfd4 ,,to ,,pr(essor ,,ri*>d ,,ow54 ,sir1--,i begg$ to be all[$ to d$icate to y ! fir/ edition ( ?is essay1 9 remembrance ( ! k9d hospitality ,i =m]ly receiv$ f y 9 ! cottage at ,mortlake1 & ( our long conv]sations1 9 :i* y 7 s ready ) good advice4 ,! debt ( hospitality c nev] be repaid4 ,i am happy to be able once m to express my gratitude to y1 & my admiration ( y\r great works4 ,,georges ,,p\*et4 ,musum de ,r\51 ,july #a/1 #ahfd4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface4 ,i n[ (f] to ! public ! second edition ( a book ^: success has f> surpass$ my expectations4 ,receiv$ ) k9dness by "s1 x has be5 viol5tly attack$ by o!rs4 ,x 0 d5\nc$ to ! highe/ repres5tatives ( ! univ]sity au?ority on :i* ,i dep5d$1 & ,i ow$ my escape f ! tr\ble :i* might h be5 drawn on me1--because ,i br\ght =w>d a sci5tific op9ion 9 disagreem5t ) ! books attribut$ to ! prophet ,moses1--to ! ju/ice ( "o ( ! mo/ hon\r$ memb]s ( ! ,in/itute4 ,i owe a l>ge debt ( gratitude to my illu/ri\s protector4 ,! m9d has advanc$ dur+ six ye>s1 & ! same tr\bles w n be met ) aga94 ,a good _m alt]ations w be discov]$ 9 ?is ,second ,edition2 ?is is always ! case ) sci5ce4 ,9 matt]s ( imag9ation1 :5 ! arti/ has f9i%$ 8 "w1 he c ca/ x on ! _w & foll[ 8 fancy 9 "s o!r way4 ,if sci5ce 7 only compos$ ( tru?s1 its conditions w\ld almo/ be ! same = its disciples2 b ! seek] aft] tru? is n a creator l an arti/1 he expla9s & reflects ^u a _w ( facts1 v>iable at e h\r1 accord+ z hypo!ses are *ang$ into c]ta9ties1 or c]ta9ties ( ye/]day into d\btful cases ( to-day4 ,x is1 !n1 an incessant "w ( rep>ation & alt]ation1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ev5 ! mo/ mode/ "w 9 h>mony ) ! daily progress ( sci5ce2 ,i h made ?is "w z p]fect z 0 9 my p[]4 ,i h tak5 great c>e ) ! li/ ( au?orities4 ,i h also indicat$ by _! titles all ! articles f p]iodicals1 reviews1 or academic collections1 to :i* ,i ref] ! read]4 ,i am sure t ^? :o "k :at an ungrateful task x is to se>* su* badly catalogu$ libr>ies z mo/ ( ours are1 w give me cr$it = ?is "p ( my "w4 ,we c only see ! expression ( sci5ce at a giv5 mom5t 9 ,mmoires4 ,books are1 aft] all1 m]ely a summ>y3 !y are beh9d-h& ev5 on ! day !y are publi%$4 ,g4 ,p4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,editor',s ,,d$ication v ,,editor',s ,,preface vii ,,au?or',s ,,d$ication ix ,,au?or',s ,,preface xi ,,cont5ts xiii ,,introduction #a ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,human ,,k+dom #aj ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,comp>ative ,,psy*ology #bd ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,bimana #ch ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,anatomical1 ,,physiological1 ,,& ,,pa?ological ,,v>ieties #dc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,intellectual ,,& ,,philological ,,v>ieties #fb ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,climate #hj ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,hybridity #ie ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,species #ajh ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,sy/em #acd ,,index ,,( ,,subjects #aec ,,index ,,( ,,au?ors #aef ,,! ,,plurality ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,race4 ,,introduction4 ,= a long p]iod1 9 m$ival days1 sci5ce 0 to mo/ p :at x 0 to ,s]vetus1 a simple p>aphrase or gloss>y ( a reveal$ text4 ,9 ?is 0 ! tru?1 & if obs]vation itself seem$ sometimes contradictory1 x 0 c]ta9 t !re 0 "s mi/ake2 x 0 necess>y to re-exam9e ! conte/$ "q1 & by d9t ( inquir+ into ! facts1 !y 7 alt]$ s wisely1 t 9 ! end !y always 7 f\nd to agree4 ,all ov] ! ,ea/1 among ! ,semitic race1#a t :i* above all o!r possesses respect = au?ority1 sci5ce /ill lives4 ,)\t ! law !re is no sci5ce1 & ! ,korn is :at ! books ( ! sons ( ,israel & ! writ+s ( ! apo/les 7 9 ! middle ages1 ! great1 ! only au?ority1 to :i* ev]y?+ 0 ref]r$4#b ,if sci5ce has %one ) a bright light 9 ! ,ea/1 ?is 0 due solely to ! introduction ( a m human philosophy1 born among ano!r race1 & convey$ !re by ! works ( ,ari/otle & ! neo-,platoni/s4 ,! ,ea/ 0 inspir$ = an in/ant ) ^! =eign doctr9es1 :i* x w\ld h be5 incapable ( orig9at+ itself4 ,x reviv$ = a c5tury or two "u _! influ5ce1 b soon ev]y?+ rev]t$ to a =m] /ate ( ord]2 hav+ %one 9 ! b>b>ism ( a pure !ism1 :5ce x w\ld nev] h come out )\t ! contact ( a _w extr9sic & sup]ior to c]ta9 consid]ations1 )\t ! mom5t>y education :i* x _h ?us receiv$ f x4 ,all ! sci5ces are n 9 ! same intimate relation ) ! texts call$ reveal$2 ! ma!siological ord] is t 9 :i* ! sci5ces h _h1 & c\ld h1 ! lea/ to suff] f religi\s influ5ce2 9 ! fir/ place1 ma!matics1 :i*1 f _! nature1 w\ld nev] h kn[n h[ to yield2 &1 la/ly1 geology & an?ropology1 alli$ by intimate relations to ! ,div9e tradition ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,b see h[ geology1 :i* we ?\ght = s long a "t 0 9 agreem5t ) x1 gr[s m di/ant e day z new discov]ies are multipli$4 ,! pret5d$ epo*s see1 day by day1 t _! artificial limits are disappe>+1 n[ t "o f9ds reptiles 9 coal-fields & mammalia 9 ,trias4 ,an?ropology 9 ,france seems1 at la/1 to desire to free itself f ! %ameful yoke :i* has = s long p>alys$ its flight4 ,9 its turn x claims indep5d5ce4 ,b1 we w\ld decl>e ?is1 t ! pr9ciple ( au?ority1 defeat$ on s _m po9ts1 has conc5trat$ its highe/ ef=ts beh9d ?is la/ ramp>t1 call+ to its aid ! pret5ce ( morality & propriety4 ,! "q ( ! unity or ! plurality ( ! human race1 s f> z relates to species1 is only a sci5tific "o2 b o!rs make ( x a "q ( pr9ciple1 z 9 ! "t ( ,galileo1 :5 x 0 a matt] ( ov]turn+ ! ideas ( ! old _w1 support$ by a te/imony :i* 0 n all[$ to be d\bt$4 ,s ! /ruggle is a %>p "o2#c x is felt t x ref]s almo/ to a dogma1 & n m]ely to an accessory fact4 ,sci5ce cla%es !re ) religion1 z is ! case ) geology1 & z =m]ly ) a/ronomy2 b 9 no way is ! %ock s viol5t1 9 no way c its consequ5ces be z great4 ,an?ropology1 m ?an any o!r sci5ce1 ought to produce imm5se results4#d ,:o does n see t ! abyss becomes e day deep] "u ! belief ( ! pa/1 & t sci5ce1 at a giv5 mom5t1 w become ! f\ndation ( m p]fect morality8 ,?is antagonism is ! fir/ difficulty :i* we f9d at ! ?re%old ( an?ropology4 ,we %\ld h wi%$ to h ent]$ ^u our subject )\t be+ oblig$1 n absolutely to discuss x1 b m]ely to %[ ! disput$ po9t 9 ! "q4 ,un=tunately1 ! example has be5 giv5 u2 we mu/ foll[ x4 ,two s*ools are to be f\nd 9 an?ropology2 "o call$ t ( ! ,polyg5i/s1 ! o!r t ( ! ,monog5i/s1#e two words :i* came f ,am]ica1 & :i* we receive because !y h ! great advantage ( be+ cle> & precise1 det]m9+1 by ! oppos+ po9t ( _! doctr9es1 two di/9ct s*ools1 ! "o recognis+ b "o family 9 ! human race1 ( :i* "s memb]s h alone pres]v$ ! primitive type--alt]$ ev]y:]e else2 ! o!r s*ool recognis+ no direct relation%ip among ! races ( mank9d4 ,! ,polyg5i/ic s*ool is comp>atively mod]n2 ! f\nd]s ( an?ropology--! ,blum5ba*s & ! ,pri*>ds--belong$ to ! o!r4 ,n[1 if !y took _! /& on an entirely philosophic or exp]im5tal po9t ( view1 we %\ld be v badly receiv$ n[-a-days if we 7 to reconsid] ! "q ^u a burn+ soil4 ,x has n be5 s1 h[ev]4 ,mo/ ,monog5i/s#f h1 up to ! pres5t "t1 done ! univ]sal wrong ( invok+1 9 pro( ( _! ideas1 an au?ority :i* x is n all[able to discuss4 ,sci5ce is nei!r a special attribute ( privileg$ ca/es1 nor giv5 to c]ta9 times 9 pref]5ce to o!rs2 x has nev] be5 oblig$ to wait = a revelation2 x is univ]sal1 & all m51 end[$ ) ! same faculties1 h always be5 able1 9 all c\ntries & at all times1 to c>ry x z f>1 :5 !y h _h ! same means & ! same occasions ( obs]vation2 x is ?us t psy*ology1 bas$ ^u simple reflection1 has n f>!r progress$ 9 our days ?an at ,a!ns or at ,alex&ria2 f ,plato to ,desc>tes !re is only ! di/ance betwe5 "o sy/em & ! o!r4 8,hi/orians ( t :i* is10 has said ! illu/ri\s *ief ( ! philosophical s*ool ( ,france1 ,eti5ne ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 8we _c fail1 except :5 we cease to relate ! tru?40#g ,n[1 tru? 9 sci5ce _c be gov]n$ except by two means1 reason+ aft] ! mann] ( ma!matics1 & obs]vation1 ( :i* exp]im5t is b a v>iety4 ,e idea priori1 e hypo!sis is only good if we accept x ) a /rong det]m9ation ( ab&on+ x if ! facts are no long] explicable by its means4 ,)\t ?is1 its influ5ce is disa/r\s1 let ! orig9 ( ?is previ\s idea be 9 ourselves or 9 o!rs1 :e!r x is our own or has be5 impos$ ^u u4#h ,9 />t+ ) a preconceiv$ idea "o arrives mo/ (t51 9 sci5ce1 at false allegations1 always at unc]ta9ties4 ,x is ^u reasons ( ?is sort t "s h n fe>$ to re/ ! !ory ( ! unity ( ! human race2#i s9ce ?is hypo!sis be+ accept$1 !y h caus$1 will+ly or o!rwise1 _! obs]v$ facts to correspond ) x4 ,7 ! g5]ally-admitt$ pr9ciples ( classification irksome to !m8 ,!y pass$ on2 !y %ut _! eyes to ! mo/ pr(\nd1 ! mo/ positive1 ! mo/ evid5t diff]5ces4 ,ought n1 !n1 unity to triumph8 ,:at did x signify1 besides1 :e!r ! ,negro desc5d$ f ! :ite man1 or ! contr>y--= ^! two op9ions h be5 def5d$2 = "s1 a few g5]ations h be5 suffici5t to trans=m ! f9e ,greek blood1 :i* gave models to ,phidias & ,praxiteles1 into an ,au/ralian aborig9al4 ,= o!rs1 ! ,negroes 7 ! true repres5tation ( our fir/ p>5ts1 t p]fect "w :i* la/ ( all left ! h&s ( ,god4 ,lieut4-,colonel ,h4 ,smi?#aj w\ld admit t 9 ! beg9n+ 7 creat$ sep>ately c]ta9 gr\ps ( m51 if revelation 7 n positive on ?is po9t4 ,we notice especially 9 ,kaempf] a specim5 ( :at we may call or?odox e?nology1 :i* is curi\s above all ?+s2 hav+ discov]$ t ! ,japanese h no?+ 9 common ) ! ,*9ese1 he decides1 ) a m>vell\s assurance1 t !y are directly desc5d$ f ! m5 on ! scaffold+s ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel4 ,& z _! language resembles no o!r tongue1 he draws ! conclusion t _! ance/ors mu/ h travell$ v fa/1 s z n to h become acqua9t$ ) anybody else6#aa ,& let no "o say t x is obsolete matt] to treat ( sci5ce4 ,or?odox physics & *emi/ry are inde$ no my?s4 ,m4 ,m>cel de ,s]res1 :o has also occupi$ himself ) an?ropology1 speak+ ( ! discussions :i* h be5 rais$ betwe5 ! p>tisans ( emission & ^? ( lum9\s undulation1 adds1 t ?is latt] !ory has m *ances ( be+ exact1 8because ! facts relat$ by ! legislator ( ! ,hebrews seem to him to be m fav\rable to tru?40#ab ,! ,congregation ( ! ,index1 judg+ ,galileo1 reason$ 9 ! same way4#ac ,we arrive ?us at once at ! proscription ( c]ta9 inquiries1 & we ask ourselves1 ,h[ two m51 s em95t z ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 c\ld h approv$ ( su* l9es z ! foll[+8 8,! g5]al "q ( ! fir/ orig9 ( ! inhabitants ( a cont95t is beyond ! limits prescrib$ to hi/ory1 p]haps x may n be ev5 a philosophical "q40#ad ,x is true t ! "w 9 :i* ?is s+ul> decl>ation is to be f\nd is d$icat$ to 8 ,ca?olic ,maje/y ,*>les ,,iv4 ,?anks to ^! fatal influ5ces1 ?anks to ! int]dicts ) :i* "s w\ld h desir$ to /ifle ! natural hi/ory ( mank9d1 z if !y 7 afraid ( see+ ! sp>k1 :i* %\ld accompli% ! ru9 ( ! pa/1 disappe> ) ! full light2 ?anks to all ^! ob/acles1 an?ropology 0 = a long "t ?r[n into ! backgr\nd4 ,x is 9 ,am]ica :]e we behold x re9/at$ 9 its rank1 9 t c\ntry ( e k9d ( lib]ty4 ,x is !re t our old cont95t ought to g 9 ord] to f9d ma/]s :o h kn[n h[ to ent] into sci5tific pursuits ) ?is free & indep5d5t m9d :i*1 9 old times1 accord+ to ,epicurus1 fre$ mank9d f ! yoke ( sup]/ition1 & gave to intellig5ce ! sceptre ( ! _w4 ,! eighte5? c5tury1 ) all its scepticism1 _h n done little 9 ?is way2 its fault1 inde$1 0 9 ?is scepticism1 9 ?is d\bt+ priori4 ,x reject$ )\t exam9ation1 !re=e its "w 0 n la/+1 & ! few l9es ( ,voltaire :i* 8 good s5se _h writt5 ) a ,polyg5i/ic t5d5cy1 _h no influ5ce at all4#ae ,at pres5t ,france & ,engl& walk entirely 9 ! sci5tific pa? op5$ by ! ,am]ican s*ool4 ,x is "s ye>s s9ce x 0 va9ly endeav\r$ to e/abli% 9 ^! two c\ntries le>n$ societies = ! /udy ( e?nology2 t "t has pass$4 ,n[ ,p>is & ,london ma9ta9 two prosp]\s an?ropological societies4#af ,we d n hesitate 9 attribut+ ! reason ( ?is success to ! pr(\nd discr$it 9 :i* ! cont9u$ bl5d+ ( matt]s ( fai? ) matt]s ( sci5ce1 has ju/ly fall54 ,ap>t f religi\s influ5ce1 !re is ano!r :i* may make itself felt z reg>ds an?ropology4 ,we mean ^? v hon\rable s5tim5ts ab\t equality & confrat]nity :i* an hone/ he>t w feel t[>ds all m51 :atev] may be _! orig91 :atev] ! col\r ( _! sk91 b ( :i* ! se>*]#ag aft] tru? mu/ disemb>rass himself1 co/ :at x may to him z a man4 ,su* feel+s hon\r ^? :o are animat$ by !m1 b :5 !y int]f]e ) sci5ce1 !y c only injure x4 ,h[ _m ye>s1 h[ _m c5turies1 h anatomy & m$ic9e be5 oblig$ to wait until !y c\ld take a la/+ & an upw>d flight6 ,respect = ! dead is d\btless a human s5tim5t1 if any2 b x us$ to p>alyse ^! two bran*es ( our k2 !y are only possible to be le>nt by pr(an+ mortal rema9s rev]5c$ by ! religions ( antiquity4 ,physiology1 r5d]$ s cle> by vivisection1 kn[s no pity2 mank9d feels x1 b ! physiologi/ %uts up all k ( x f himself2 x is mom5t>ily de/roy$1 s9ce x w\ld injure any inquiry into ! laws ( life4 ,x mu/ be own$ t ! sci5ce :i* engages our att5tion has n be5 able entirely to disemb>rass itself among u ( t :i* we may call moral propriety4#ah ,x has a p[]ful influ5ce on c]ta9 m9ds1 sometimes unwitt+ly1 sometimes ( _! free w4#ai ,we h ourselves he>d em95t pr(essors make a noble appeal to ! frat]nity :i* ought to exi/ among m51--plead 9 _! *airs ! cause ( inf]ior races1 & proclaim ! equality ( ! ,african p ) ourselves4 ,su* noble !ories 7 receiv$ z !y ought to be1 ) ! mo/ ard5t applause4 ,!re rema9s only to inquire if ?is is truly philosophical progress1 & if k9dness1 pity1 or compassion1 h any value 9 ! great balance ( facts4 ,x 0 "t1 inde$1 t a new me?od--an indep5d5t "o--%\ld see ! light 9 an?ropology1 z x has already done 9 a/ronomy1 z x also has begun to d 9 geology4 ,x 0 "t to return to ! human m9d its w+s4 ,facts1 reason+s support$ by facts1 are ! sole basis ( e solid "w--( e c]ta9ty 9 sci5tific matt]s2 x is ! only me?od :i* c lead u--by a sl[ pa?1 p]haps1 b a sure "o--to ! solution ( ! mo/ difficult & ! mo/ obscure problems4 ,we d n except t ( ! orig9 ( man4 ,we d n pret5d to be fir/ 9 ! pa? :i* we "h po9t out1 b we wi% to express our regret at n hav+ se5 x op5ly en\gh foll[$ by all ^? :o are wor?y to ent] x4 ,z = ourselves1 :at we h desir$ 9 ?is essay is1 fir/1 to hold ourselves ap>t f all extra-sci5tific data--f all s5tim5tal sci5ce2 we h desir$ to treat "s an?ropological que/ions z !y w\ld h done at ,a!ns1 ,rome1 or at ,alex&ria--a task above our p[]s1 d\btless1 b :i* we hold ourselves b\nd 9 hon\r to attempt4 ,we %all c>efully1 !n1 avoid ent]+ into any controv]sy t\*+ ! dogmas ( "o religion or ! o!r2 we %all n conte/ ! au?ority ( ! ,scriptures1 :atev] !y may be1 ,hebrew1 ,*ri/ian1 ,arabic1 or ,buddhi/2 we h put !m on "o side1 & t is all4#bj ,desc>tes has truly obs]v$ t e sci5tific "q ought to be exam9$1 ev5 ^? :i* are mo/ sup]/iti\s & mo/ false1 8s z to recognise _! j value1 & to gu>d aga9/ be+ deceiv$ by !m40#ba ,"o may be free to consid] ?is essay z an attempt ( t k9d4 ,we %all be prais$ or blam$3 we h be5 s already4 ,we h1 = our com=t1 ! consci5ti\s feel+ ( hav+ no o!r object be=e our eyes b an inquiry into tru?1--! tru?1 ! common end t[>ds :i* ! p[] ( e man :o believes 9 progress %\ld t5d4 8,:]e tru? reigns10 says ,m4 ,*evreul1 8no disputes or discussions are possible40#bb ,! reign ( tru? is ! reign ( concord among/ mank9d4 ,x is ! gold5 age4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,human ,,k+dom4 ,above inorganic matt]1 plants1 & animals1 is plac$ ,man4 ,"h1 )\t any d\bt1 man is inde$ ! fir/ ( ! organisms1 :5 "o tries to place 9 l9e> s]ies all ^? :i* move on our planet4 ,x is1 also1 n 8 relative position 9 ! liv+ _w t x is difficult to discov]2 x is :at we may call 8 true place4 ,:at is1 9 o!r t]ms1 ! value ( ! diff]5ces :i* sep>ate man f o!r mammalia8 & at :at di/ance is he f ! animal t imm$iately foll[s him 9 ?is l9e> s]ies :i* we are suppos+8 ,to exam9e :at man is ) respect to ! highe/ ord]s ( mammalia1 & 9 a m g5]al mann]1 to animals1 is ! primordial "q :i* pres5ts itself 9 an?ropology4 ,x seems at fir/ sight t x w\ld suffice1 9 ord] to settle x1 to ?r[ a glance on ?is complete body1 =m$ ( ! same anatomical elem5ts1 absolutely submitt$ to ! same exig5ces ( developm5t1 nutrition1 & reproduction1 z animals4 ,ought n all ?is to make u ?9k t we 7 n altoge!r made ( s immat]ial a sub/ance z ! philosoph]s h g5]ally be5 satisfi$ to believe8 ,?is has n be5 ! case4 ,two sy/ems--two !ories1 are be=e u4 ,! "o pret5ds t man is b ! fir/ among animals1 t he is simil> to !m 9 ! cle> & precise s5se 9 :i* ?is t]m is tak5 9 geometry1 design+ qualities1 :i* may diff] ad inf9itum1 b :i* /ill may be comp>able4 ,ano!r sy/em1 support$ by ! mo/ illu/ri\s names1 makes ( man a sort ( special entity1 diff]+ f o!r organis$ be+s by ! di/9ct & cle> nature ( 8 intellig5ce4 ,x is an op9ion adopt$ & def5d$ to ! la/ by a le>n$ man1 to ^: memory we _c1 en passant1 prev5t ourselves f r5d]+ ! homage :i* is 8 due1 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire4 ,we f9d 9 ! second volume ( 8 ,hi/oire ,naturelle ,gnrale1 almo/ a return to ,c>tesian ideas4 ,accord+ to him animals d n ?9k1 !y possess only t s5sibility t plants h n4#bc ,& ! celebrat$ naturali/ agre$ ) ! adoption ( a human k+dom1 appe>+ z ! cr[n+-po9t ( ! organic & inorganic k+doms1#bd & z di/9ct f ! second z ?is is f ! ?ird4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 we may be p]mitt$ to make "o prelim9>y rem>k4 ,we may ?us decl>e x3-- ,,proposition4--,man ne>ly approa*es ! ,an?ropomorph\s ,apes 9 8 ,physical ,organism4 ,:e!r "o is a p>tisan or n ( ! 8,human ,k+dom10 ?is resemblance is a fact :i* x w be 9 no p]son's ideas to conte/4 ,& x is n m]ely 9 ! ext]nal =ms2 we f9d x ev5 great] if1 go+ to ! f\ndation ( ! facts1 we give our att5tion to ! ess5tial p>ts compos+ ! body1--to ! anatomical elem5ts1--to ^? delicate p>ticles visible only 9 ! microscope1 & :i* always %[1 among animals ( ! same gr\p1 a m>vell\s uni=mity4 ,x is "h :]e1 if n an impossibility1 at lea/ a sort ( contradiction pres5ts itself to ! def5d]s ( ! 8human k+dom20 = !re are two organisms1 sc>cely diff]5t1 at ! s]vice ( two direct+ p[]s1 ( two intellig5ces absolutely & radically dissimil>4 ,d\btless all ! =ces ( organis$ matt] are n kn[n to u1 b does n ?is resemblance1 ?\gh ev5 a sup]ficial "o1 surprise u2 & does x n seem t e organism con/itut$ directly by reason ( ! influ5ces :i* x is qualifi$ to receive or to transmit1 ought to v>y l ^! influ5ces1 & 9 ! same proportion8 ,x is v easy to admit t !re is m di/ance betwe5 ! intellig5ce ( man & t ( ! an?ropomorph\s apes1 ?an betwe5 ! intellig5ce ( ^! la/ & t ( ! smoo?-bra9$ squirrel1 & t at ! same "t ! imm5se di/ance is only m>k$ 9 ! fir/ case by v sup]ficial v>iations ( ! organ ( intellectual manife/ations1 :il/1 9 ! second case1 ?is less] di/ance is expla9$ by enorm\s diff]5ces4 ,to admit1 ) ,bossuet1#be t ?is sup]ior intellig5ce1 ! appanage ( man1 is n atta*$ to ! organs res]v$ = ! manife/ations ( ?is inf]ior intellig5ce common to man & animals1 is to return to ,desc>tes1 & ?is is to fall aga9 into new difficulties4 ,w ?is sup]ior intellig5ce1 ?us deta*$ f ! mat]ial _w1 be !n inaccessible to physical viol5ce8 ,:il/ ! f+] ( ! physiologi/ or ! surgeon1 press+ ! bra91 ext+ui%es = a mom5t 9 ! animal1 ! faculty ( ?9k+1 w human intellig5ce1 fre$ f ?is s]vitude1 rema91 9 ! l case1 undi/urb$ 9 a high] sph]e8 ,no1 by ! compression ( ! bra9 man loses consci\sness l ! animal4 ,x is mat]ial sub/ance1 :i*1 br\ght into contact ) ! anatomical elem5ts ( ! n]v\s c5tres1 c excite1#bf tr\ble1#bg or depress1#bh ! intellig5ce ( animals1 & leave no "p ( ! human intellect unt\*$4 ,let u reconsid] ^! two sy/ems3 viz41 t man is simil> to animals z mu* by 8 intellig5ce z by 8 bodily =mation2 or t he diff]s f !m entirely4 ,& n[ we h two cle>ly /at$ !ories be=e u = our consid]ation4 ,to embrace ei!r "o or ! o!r priori1 m]ely = ! sake ( propriety or s5tim5t1 w\ld be an arbitr>y proce$+1 ess5tially faulty1 & contr>y to all rule2 z 9 natural sci5ce1 no o!r assi/ance is requir$ except facts1 9 ord] to expla9 ! orig9 ( any?+4 ,h[ev]1 )\t prejudg+ ! solution ( ?is "q1 let u simply exam9e ! results to :i*1 by its nature1 x may lead u4 ,t man is ( himself a special entity1 a k+dom1 a _w ( 8 own1 a sort ( microcosm1 a :ole beyond ! pale ( univ]sal life1 may be p]haps a flatt]+ unction to our s\l2#bi x does little or no?+ = sci5ce4 ,an?ropology may h its special means ( inquiry2 p]haps ^! means are /ill to be f\nd1 b %e w /& alone--)\t pr(it to ! o!r bran*es ( human k1 a dead bran* :i* w n gr[1 ca/+ all its leaves4 ,if n--if man ent]s into ! common c\rse ( life--if he is m]ely a "p ( "o gr& organic :ole1 necess>ily alli$ to o!rs by a ?\s& po9ts ( contact & intimate relations1 !n an?ropology1 f]tilis$ by ! pr9ciple ( univ]sality1 becomes a sci5ce by :i* we may pr(it2 x gives to h] si/]s1 ! o!r natural sci5ces1 t assi/ance :i* %e h]self receives f !m2 ! pa?s wid52 ! sci5ce ( organisation becomes easi]1 m c]ta91 & m enl>g$2 syn!sis1 display+ its p[]ful en]gies1 op5s to u ! pa? ( ! unkn[n2 ! m9d1 ov]leap+ ?is ob/acle1 po9t$ out by ,montaigne1 8( n und]/&+0 animals1 w /udy _! intellig5ce1 & w se>* _! inmo/ ?\ghts4 ,z = ourselves1 we are le>n+ to "k !m1 l ,gal5 ! inspir$1 :o obta9$ a k ( human anatomy by dissect+ a monkey4 ,let u endeav\r to obta9 an exact idea ( ?is b>ri]1 app>5tly impossible to be ov]come1 :i* sep>ates man f ! brute creation4 ,:e!r we comp>e him to ! highe/ ord] ( primates liv+ on trees--?is g5ius :i* is ! glory ( humanity1 :i* has rais$ to su* a height bo? sci5ce & art--or only to ! la/ f among u1 memb]s ( ! great family rejoic+ 9 a :ite sk91 !n ! transition is bruti%1 & x seems t an abyss sep>ates u f ! fam\s wild man ( ! woods1 s celebrat$ 9 ! travels ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,x is ?us t ! human k+dom has be5 e/abli%$1 comp>+ ! two extremes1 )\t tak+ acc\nt ( ! int]m$iate t]ms4 ,let u put on "o side1 = an in/ant1 ! "q ( orig94 ,a race1 or a family1 end[$ ) a *>act]i/ic & unit$ activity1 by ! =m ( m9d peculi> to itself1 ) a prepossession = reunit+ 9 a clu/] ! "w ( e individual intellig5ce1 =ms out ( x a sort ( ?\ght common to all1 & transmits ?is inh]itance f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,"o c und]/& t1 z "t goes on1 ?is family1 or ?is race1 w arrive at a degree ( civilisation v diff]5t to t :i* x %[$ at ! "t ( its orig94 ,! concurr5ce ( s _m intellig5t modes ( action w g5tly1 b naturally1 lead x to purely metaphysical ideas--to ! intricate idea ( a div9ity1 etc4 ,b1 9 su* an arrangem5t1 ea* "o is1 aft] all1 b ! repres5tative ( a secul> intellectual "w1 accu/om$ s9ce ! cradle1 )\t any self-k ( ! fact1 to natural habits & language4 ,we ask if x is "r to comp>e a be+ ?us rais$ & exalt$ by 8 own means ) an animal :i* has no m remote pa/ ?an its own bir?8#cj ,let u take1 !n1 = ! sake ( comp>+ !m ) animals1 ^? p 9 :om life is 9 "s sort individual1 among :om no p]son adds any?+ to transmitt$ inh]itance1--among :om ev5 ?is inh]itance has orig9ally come f outside1 & :o1 we "k n :y1 hav+ arriv$ at ! l[e/ ebb ( civilisation1 h n be5 able to improve or p]fect x4 ,"s may say t !y simply copy ev]y?+4 ,"s may say t ! huge weapons us$ by ! inhabitants ( ,c5tral ,africa & ,au/ralia h only become kn[n by importation2 t ! savage is civilis$ at a giv5 mom5t by contact ) "s =eign nation--by imitation1 a faculty :i* is possess$1 )9 well m>k$ limits1 by ! highe/ ord] ( apes2 & !n1 t progress has be5 /opp$ :5 ^! p return to _! own homes4 ,h[ c we expla9 o!rwise1 = example1 t ! ,nor!rn ,esquimaux1 liv+ on ! ice by ! bord]s ( creeks & bays1 c make dresses & arms1 & h nev] be5 able to con/ruct a ma*9e capable ( be>+ !m ^u ! wat]s8#ca ,if we break up "o cont9u\s s]ies1 & comp>e toge!r ! two fir/ t]ms ) two ( ! fragm5ts ( ! s]ies1 !y w 9 reality appe> entirely di/9ct2 9 fact1 almo/ impossible to be connect$ ) "o common type4 ,b1 if we comp>e ! la/ t]m ( "o ( ^! p>tial s]ies ) ! fir/ t]m ( ! foll[+1 !n ! diff]5ces are bl5d$1 because ! trans=mations d n happ5 to hide ! p>ts s mu* t "o _c recognise _! fundam5tal unity4 ,we discov]1 = example1 t 9 ! animal s]ies1 su* a cru/acean is almo/ a mollusk1 su* a reptile1 su* a mammal1 almo/ a bird4#cb ,diff]5ces are ext+ui%$2 ^? be+s :i* 7 said to be mo/ di/ant h become almo/ alli$ "o to ! o!r4 ,we c only p]ceive "o cont9u\s s]ies2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t ev5 :]e !re are any unfill$ spaces1 or miss+ l9ks1 we consid] ourselves almo/ ju/ifi$ 9 decl>+ ! pa/ exi/5ce 7or ! future "o87 ( "s int]m$iate animal4 ,z = ourselves1 ! s]ies ( be+s giv5 by ,bonnet & ,leibnitz1 s f> z reg>ds any ult]ior ph5om5on1 result+ f ! obs]vation ( be+s :o h n be5 ( necessity creat$ 9 ?is ord]1 is true n only ( ! physical1 b also ( ! intellectual _w4 ,%all we desire to "k :at man has 9 common ) ! ape--:at di/ance !re is betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r1--let u no long] put ourselves on ! /age1 we :o are privileg$ s to d2 let u desc5d boldly ! /eps ( ! human ladd]1 & let u see :at we %all f9d z we d s4 ,examples are n want+ ( races plac$ s l[1 t !y h q naturally appe>$ to resemble ! ape tribe4 ,^! p1 mu* ne>] ?an ourselves to a /ate ( nature1 des]ve on t acc\nt e att5tion on ! "p ( ! an?ropologi/ & ! l+ui/1 :o may bo? discov]1 by _! means1 problems o!rwise difficult or impossible to be solv$4 ,x is because we h n /udi$ ! psy*ological *>act]s ( ^! races1 t we h fall5 into su* /range mi/akes4 ,:at w become ( all ^? sup]b !ories conc]n+ ?is sup]ior intellig5ce ( man1 s entirely indep5d5t & dis5gag$ f ! _w1 on :i* s mu* praise is conf]r$8 ,:at w become ( ! unity ( ! human species1 if we c prove t c]ta9 races are n a :it m intellig5t ?an c]ta9 animals1 & h no m idea ( a moral _w or ( religion ?an !y !mselves h8 ,! mo/ commonly quot$ example is t ( ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4 8,!y h always %[n complete ignorance10 say bo? ,lesson & ,g>not1#cc 8a sort ( moral brutality4444 ,a k9d ( highly develop$ in/9ct = discov]+ ! food :i* is always difficult = !m to obta9 seems1 among !m1 to h tak5 ! place ( mo/ ( ! moral faculties ( mank9d40 ,if ! ,engli% police did n wat* v /rictly1 !y w\ld set at defiance e day1 at lea/ 9 ! t[ns ( _! colonies1 all ! laws ( public dec5cy )\t any m ?\ght ?an ! monkeys 9 a m5ag]ie4 ,9 ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition 9 #ahch1 ,mr4 ,hale writes t !y almo/ possess ! /upidity ( ! brute1 t !y c only c\nt up to f\r1 & "s tribes only s f> z ?ree4 8,! p[] ( reason+10 he says1 8seems b imp]fectly develop$ among !m4 ,! argum5ts us$ by ! coloni/s to conv9ce or p]suade !m are (t5 su* z !y w\ld use t[>ds *ildr5 or p]sons :o are almo/ idiotic40#cd ,,mm4 ,quoy & ,gaim>d1 :om no "o w accuse ( polyg5i/ t5d5cies1 give ! foll[+ acc\nt ( _! int]view ) ^! mis]able p4 8,our pres5ce seem$ to cause !m a sort ( pleasure2 & !y endeav\r$ to expla9 _! s5sations on ! subject ) a loquacity to :i* we c\ld n respond1 see+ we did n und]/& _! language4 ,aft] ?is meet+ !y us$ to come to u1 ge/iculat+ & talk+ rapidly2 !y gave %rill screams1 & if we answ]$ 9 ! same way1 _! delight 0 imm5se4 ,soon !re 0 a *ange1 & !y did n hesitate to ask = some?+ to eat1 by ! simple mode ( hitt+ !mselves on ! belly40#ce ,! spectacle ^! travell]s _h be=e !m is s sad & t\*+ t !y aft]w>ds add1 z if to satisfy _! own consci5ces1 8h[ev]1 !y are n /upid40 ,d\btless1 !y are n2 b !y d n seem to des]ve ! epi!t :i* ! _w gives to ^! be+s1 :o appe> s completely inf]ior to o!rs4 8,malici\s z a monkey40 ,!y are n /upid1 & t is all4#cf ,! ,au/ralians are n exceptional 9 ?is2 ,bory de ,sa9t ,v9c5t has drawn = u a picture ( ! inhabitants ( ,s\? ,africa1 a beautiful & f]tile l&1 :i* is almo/ z sad4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! _w1 ^u t ice-cont95t :i* surr\nds ! nor? pole1 we f9d ! same abjection4 ,sir ,john ,ross1 lo/ among ! ice1 f\nd himself among a race ( p :o _h nev] se5 an ,european2 ?is ,engli% sailor1 a /rictly religi\s man1 0 peculi>ly adapt$ to behold ) indulg5ce ! only be+s :o 7 ne> him1 b al?\gh he 0 an att5tive & scrupul\s obs]v]1 & above all1 a truly s9c]e man1 he seem$ to despair ( f9d+ 9 _! m9ds ! liv+ sp>k = :i* he 0 se>*+4 8,! ,esquimaux10 he says1 8is an animal ( prey1 ) no o!r enjoym5t ?an eat+3 &1 guid$ by no pr9ciple & no reason1 he dev\rs z long z he c1 & all t he c procure1 l ! vulture & ! tig]40#cg ,&1 f>!r on1 8,! ,esquimaux eats b to sleep1 & sleeps b to eat aga9 z soon z he c40#ch ,we %all desc5d /ill l[]1 9 ord] to f9d out m5 :o are s degrad$1 t ^? :o h se5 !m h /at$1 t if !y 7 9 ?ick bu%es or ! %ad[s ( ! =e/1 !y w\ld h>dly h kn[n :e!r !y 7 apes or m54 ,&1 let att5tion be paid to ?is1--^! wret*$ be+s1 almo/ depriv$ ( human =m1 d n inhabit a poor or seclud$ c\ntry1 b ! cont95t ( ,asia1 to ! s\? ( ! ,himalaya *a91 9 ! c5tre ( ,h9doo/an1 9 ^? regions :i* h be5 ! cradle ( sev]al huge species ( apes1 at t epo*1 d\btless1 :5 ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago 7 jo9$ to ,asia1 & =m$ "o imm5se cont95t1--! l& ( ! ,malay race4#ci ,9 #ahbd1 an ,engli% coloni/1 ,mr4 ,pidd+ton1 a settl] 9 ! c5tre ( ,h9doo/an 7t[>ds ,palm[1 ,subhulpore1 & ! upp] bas9 ( ! ,n]budda71 relates#dj t he saw among/ a p>ty ( ,dhang\r workm51--:o came e ye> to "w on 8 plantation1--a man & a woman :o 7 extremely /range & unc\?1 & :om ! ,dhang\rs !mselves call$ monkey-p4 ,!y _h a language ( _! own4 ,f s mu* z c\ld be und]/ood by signs1 x 0 discov]$ t !y liv$ f> beyond ! c\ntry ( ! ,dhang\rs1 9 ! =e/s & 9 ! m\nta9s1 & possess$ few villages4 ,x w\ld seem t ! man _h fl$ ) ! woman 9 consequ5ce ( "s mis=tune1 p]haps a murd]4 ,b at all ev5ts1 !y 7 f\nd by ! ,dhang\rs lo/ 9 ! woods1 exhau/$1 & almo/ dead f hung]4 ,!y disappe>$ sudd5ly "o night1 j z ,mr4 ,pidd+ton _h made arrangem5ts to s5d !m to ,calcutta4 ,x w\ld seem f o!r in=mation t a ,mr4 ,trail1 = _m ye>s ,commission] at ,kuman1 _h also se5 ^! extraord9>y be+s1 & _h ev5 be5 s =tunate z to procure "o ( !m1 ^: appe>ance fully ju/ifi$ ! traditional "n giv5 to !m by ! natives4 ,9 fact1 o!r evid5ce--"s ( x hi/orical--may be add$ to ?is 9 ord] to prove ! exi/5ce ( su* an inf]ior race 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,indian p59sula4 ,mr4 ,pidd+ton ?us describes him3--8,he 0 %ort1 flat-nos$1 _h p\*-l wr9kles 9 semicircles r\nd ! corn]s ( ! m\? & *eeks2 8 arms 7 disproportionately long1 & !re 0 a portion ( r$di% hair to be se5 on ! ru/y-black sk94 ,altoge!r1 if cr\*$ 9 a d>k corn] or on a tree1 he might h be5 mi/ak5 = a l>ge orang-utan40 ,x mu/ be notic$ t ,mr4 ,pidd+ton _h travell$ a great deal1 & t he _h acquir$1 ev5 )\t 8 own k1 "s exp]i5ce 9 an?ropology4 ,he takes c>e to tell u t he _h se5 9 _! turn ! ,bosjesm51 ! ,hott5tots1 ! ,pap\s1 ! ,alf\r\s1 ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 & ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 :i*1 inde$1 gives great au?ority to ! facts :i* he relates4#da ,:at1 we may inde$ exclaim1 are ^! really m58 ,aft] j\rney+ ov] ! beat5 track1 see h[ f> we are f t ,aryan family1 ! mi/ress ( arts & sci5ce2 h[ mu* we approa* ! brute1 ev5 if we h n already rea*$ t po9t8 ,we h desc5d$2 let u n[ raise ! o!r mammalia to man1 & 9 ! highe/ degree to :i* we c atta91 let u endeav\r to measure ! di/ance to ! po9t we h j left4 ,let x be well und]/ood1 we %all only consid] 9 ?is place ! highe/ mammalia2 = ! "q becomes m complicat$ on e side z soon z ! diff]5ce 9 ! organisms becomes m app>5t4 ,9 reg>d to ?is1 facts h (t5 spok5 = a long "t1 & ! savant1 ^: te/imony 9 su* a case possesses mo/ value1 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,ow51 has n fe>$ to say1 t ! di/9ction betwe5 man & c]ta9 primates is ! great difficulty felt by all anatomi/s4#db ,let u pass on to intellect4 ,all animals feel1 und]/&1 & ?9k 7,m4 ,fl\r5s & ,m4 de ,quatrefages71 !y dream1 are capable ( feel+ di/ru/1 fe>1 joy1#dc sorr[1 jeal\sy1 etc42 9 fact1 ! entire li/ ( human passions4#dd ,all ?is is amply prov$ by a ?\s& examples2 :o does n rememb] ! acc\nts ( seals1 elephants1 dogs1 :i* h become celebrat$1 & :i* m5 :o h liv$ a %ort "t ) animals may see repeat$ e day8 ,only read ! admirable acc\nt giv5 by ,buffon ( ! intellig5ce ( ! dog2 aga91 ! detail$ & valuable hi/ory :i* ,f4 ,cuvi] has left u conc]n+ ! orang-outang 9 ! ,museum1 )\t =gett+ t ?is hi/ory c\ld be nei!r complete nor p]fect on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s circum/ances 9 :i* ! animal 0 plac$1 f> f 8 own c\ntry1 & "u an ung5ial sky4 ,dr4 ,yvan1 atta*$ to ! exp$ition :i* ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t s5t to ,*9a 9 #ahdc1de has giv5 u an acc\nt ( an orang-outang at ,borneo1 :i* is1 p]haps1 ! be/ plea 9 fav\r ( ! connexion betwe5 primates & mank9d4 ,tun1 z ?is animal 0 call$1 began to dress himself directly a bit ( any /uff1 or clo?1 got 9 8 way4#df ,on "o occasion1 :5 8 ma/] _h tak5 a mangrove f him1 8he utt]$ pla9tive cries l a *ild :5 x is sulky4 ,?is conduct n hav+ be5 s successful z he expect$1 he ?rew himself on 8 face ^u ! gr\nd1 /ruck ! e>? ) 8 fi/1 scream$1 cri$1 & h[l$1 = m ?an half-an-h\r40 ,:5 ! mangrove 0 giv5 back to him1 he ?rew x at ! head ( 8 ma/]4#dg ,x is a curi\s fact1 b ! p>ticul> fri5d ( ,tun 0 a negro f ,manilla4 ,at ,manilla1 he accu/om$ himself to ,tagal#dh mann]s1 & play$ ) ! *ildr54 8,"o day1 :5 ,tun 0 roll+ on "s matt+ ) a little girl1 ab\t f\r or five ye>s old1 he /opp$ all ( a sudd51 & exam9$ ! *ild 9 a mo/ m9ute & anatomical mann]4 ,! results ( 8 inve/igations seem$ to a/oni% him pr(\ndly2 he retir$ on "o side1 & repeat$ ^u himself ! same exam9ation :i* he _h made on 8 little playmate40 ,we may all rememb] ! eloqu5t pages 9 ,buffon1 :]e1 admitt+ ! ,adamic leg5d1 he rec\nts ! impressions ( our fir/ p>5ts4 ,has n nature be5 "h1 we ask1 a bett] hi/orian ?an our naturali/1 ev5 ) all 8 g5ius8 ,ov] & above ^! facts1 z _! cr[n+-po9t1 we mu/ invoke z a witness ! man :o has c>ri$ f>!/ ! _s ( philosophy 9 ! natural sci5ces 9 ,france1 ,eti5ne ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire4 ,a cauti\s & pr(\nd obs]v]1 he m+l$ ) ! cr[d :i* ! orang drew to ! ,museum 9 #ahcf4 ,mi/ru/+ 8 own judgm5t1 he ga!r$ ! op9ions ( all ^? :o surr\nd$ him1--( all ! visitors :o1 z he said1 8came to obs]ve z unprejudic$ spectators1 )\t any preconceiv$ ideas1 & )\t be+ h9d]$ by ^? deplorable trammels :i* we call our rules ( classification40#di ,! result surpris$ ev5 ,eti5ne ,ge(froy himself4 ,^! visitors1 s diff]5t "o f ! o!r1 all unit$ 9 ?is idea1 8t ! animal f ,sumatra 0 nei!r a man nor an ape3 nei!r "o nor ! o!r1 t 0 :at ! m9d ( ea* p]son at once ackn[l$g$40 ,we might quote :ole pages f ?is naturali/ philosoph] 9 :i* ! elevation ( 8 /yle /rives ) ! gr&eur ( 8 ideas4 8,i nev] us$ my self-love10 he says1 89 br++ =w>d o!r op9ions aga9/ ^? ( ! visitors to ! orang-outang 444 ,i nev] drove back ! torr5t ( in=mation :i* ,i _h ! happ9ess ( receiv+ f ea* sep>ate m9d4444 ,i h fai? 9 ! s\ndness ( popul> op9ions1 ! masses rejoic+ 9 an in/9ctive good s5se :i* makes !m cle>-head$1 & r5d]s !m peculi>ly able to seize ! sali5t po9t ( any "q40 ,?is 0 an excell5t me?od1 & %[$ ! p[] ( ,eti5ne ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire4 ,x is curi\s to comp>e ) him ano!r writ] :o1 f )9 8 /udy1 invok$ ^u ^! que/ions1 at lea/1 t :i* we may call univ]sal acquiesc5ce1--x is ,maup]tuis4 ,speak+ ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* make man diff]5t f animals1 he says1 8,simple good s5se seizes ^! diff]5ces2 !y h always be5 felt1 & !re we behold "o ( ^? convictions :i* ! univ]sality & uni=mity ( all m5 *>act]ise z ! tru?40#ej ,maup]tuis did n c]ta9ly "k t ! orang-outang1--a ^w :i* means wild-man1--is no metaphor = ! inhabitants ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 & t 9 ! c\ntry inhabit$ by ! 8long-nos$0 ,gu5on1#ea ! popul> belief is t1 be+ %>p] ?an ! o!rs1 he only keeps sil5t 9 ord] to pres]ve 8 lib]ty4 ,no?+ c be m fallaci\s ?an ^! pret5d$ tru?s1 su/a9$ m]ely by univ]sal acquiesc5ce4 ,at fir/ x 0 invok$ z a pro(1 at a "t :5 sc>cely "o-t5? ( ! inhabit$ _w 0 kn[n3#eb b let u proce$4 ,9 our own day1 we "k a little bett] :at to make ( ?is k9d ( pro(1 :i* sci5ce has ab&on$ to !ologians4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$1 day by day1 :at w become ( ?is pret5d$ univ]sality among mank9d1 ( c]ta9 ?\ghts1 c]ta9 s5tim5ts1 & c]ta9 aspirations4#ec ,we %all see1 f>!r on1 t ! community ( "s ( ^? intellectual manife/ations1 :i* _m h wi%$ to reg>d z g5]al1 is (t5 re/rict$ to "o race alone among/ mank9d1 & limit$ 9 space by ! b\nd>ies ( ! cont95t occupi$ by ?is race4 ,& n[ we see h[ an?ropology 9 h] turn1 c1 9 all ^! po9ts1 assi/ ev5 philosophy itself4 ,= example1 d we n feel t1 f h5ce=w>d1 ! words beautiful & "r c mean no?+ absolute2 s9ce :atev] is beautiful & "r ^u a hemisph]e1 = any giv5 intellig5ce1 _c be s 9 an opposite hemisph]e1--_c possibly be s 9 a m9d o!rwise =m$ & belong+ to ano!r race4 ,to ^! two words we mu/1 by means ( an?ropology1 re/ore an exclusively relative value4#ed ,! ,true alone is absolute1 un*angeable 9 bo? "t & space4 ,t alone reigns univ]sally1 & let u n =get ?is1 x fl\ri%es 9 sci5ce alone1--x is only to be f\nd !re4#ee ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,comp>ative ,,psy*ology4 ,on "o occasion1 two monkeys 7 br\ght into ! pres5ce ( ! orang describ$ by ,grant1 ab\t :i* we spoke 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,!y 7 l$ by a *a9 up to ! animal1 & 7 ?reat5$ ) a /ick4 8,dur+ ! :ole int]view10 says our in=mant1 8! grave comm&+ attitude & be>+ ( ! orang1 comp>$ to ! levity & app>5t s5se ( inf]iority ( ! monkeys1 0 v /rik+1 & x 0 impossible n to feel t he 0 a creature ( a mu* m elevat$ ord] & capacity40#ef 8,! animal f ,sumatra is nei!r a man nor an ape10 said ! cr[d be=e ! orang at ! ,museum4 ,! communications :i* 7 !n made to ! ,in/itute by ,eti5ne ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire may be1 "o ( ^! days1 a new triumph = him1 ! =]unn] ( a sci5ce :i* is n yet 9 exi/5ce1--! /udy ( intellect 9 animals1 bas$ ^u obs]vation & exp]i5ce2 z = in/ance1 9 ! passage :]e he proposes to submit ! orang to a me?odical education1 9 ord] to /udy ! modifications :i* w\ld be caus$ by su* an alt]ation ( me?od4#eg ,he :o has discov]$ organic unity1 w h plac$ u 9 ! way ( a discov]y n less important1 t ( psy*ological unity4#eh ,a new sci5ce1 :i* w\ld only date f ! "t ( ! reaction aga9/ ,c>tesian ideas1--a sci5ce /ill )\t a "n1 m]ely t\*$ ^u ev5 by great m9ds :i* h ! ine/imable privilege ( und]/&+ ev]y?+2 x has nev] be5 /udi$1--nev] ?or\ghly inve/igat$1--nev] submitt$ to all our means ( in=mation4#ei ,we %\ld call x ,comp>ative ,psy*ology4 ,we %\ld1 !n1 re-ent] into "o great ,unity4 ,! intellect ( v]tebrate animals w\ld be id5tical1 z _! organism is id5tical2 ?us gradually desc5d+1 pass+ ?r\gh ! orang1 f man himself to all ! mammalia4 ,x may be said t ^! propositions are n yet prov$1--at lea/ x w be all[$1 see+ :at has pass$ dur+ a v few ye>s1 t ! la/ ^w has n yet be5 said conc]n+ ! intellect ( animals4 ,has ?is "q1 !n1 made s mu* progress1 ei!r to ! pr(it ( animals or ! detrim5t ( mank9d1 t we %\ld wi% to /op x1 :5 x has />t$ already on s /raight a pa?8 ,sa9t ,*ryso/om reproa*$ ! ,g5tile philosoph]1 x is said1 ) hav+ always be5 incl9$ to assimilate t :i* !y call$ ! s\l ( animals ) t ( man himself4#fj ,! op9ion ( ^! ,g5tiles1 nev]!less1 is wor? ! tr\ble ( be+ notic$4 ,!y 7 z well able to obs]ve animals z ourselves4 ,s9ce !n1 ! means ( /udy1 z appli$ to intellect1 h made little or no progress2 obs]vation & reflection are /ill ! same2 we h f\nd no new process1 no new me?od1 by :i* we c m pr(\ndly exam9e into ?is subject2 we h1 !n1 no reason to ?9k t ! solutions giv5 by ourselves ^u ?is po9t are at all pref]able to ^? ( ! anci5ts4 ,x may be r ! contr>y4 ,= _! op9ion has ?is mu* 9 its fav\r1 t x 0 born free1 9 m9ds :i* did n re/ra91 ev5 unwitt+ly1 any new influ5ce or !ory :i* might be br\ght =w>d4#fa ,! idea ( ! intellectual gradation f man to animals mu/ h be5 necess>ily (f5sive to ,*ri/ianity1 :i* promis$ a future exi/5ce2 x 0 n s = ^! ,g5tiles1 :o 7 mu* m occupi$ ) matt]s ( ! _w4#fb ,! pr9ciples :i* we are endeav\r+ to revive are n1 h[ev]1 completely ^? ( ,ari/otle4 ,9 8 treatise on ! s\l he admits ?is gradation1 b z pres5t+ 9 ea* degree a new manife/ation beyond ! manife/ations exi/+ 9 ! inf]ior degrees4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! s\l is unity2 b z we reasc5d ! s]ies1 f plants to man1 x inve/s itself ) a greatly increas$ numb] ( faculties4 ,porphyrius1 resum+ ! ideas ( ! ,/agyrite1 seems to g ev5 fur!r1 & to approa* ne>] ! tru?2 x is n faculties jo9$ "o to ano!r t he recognises 9 man & animals1 b ! same 9 all1 only m or less develop$4#fc ,at ! pres5t day1 if we h n return$ to ! ideas ( ,py?agoras & ! ,/oics1 at lea/ we are v f> f ,p]eira & ,desc>tes1 ) _! animal ma*9es1 hydraulic-pneumatic ma*9es1 z "o ( ! p>tisans ( ! ,brton philosoph] 7,j4 ,h4 ,crocius7 calls !m4#fd ,we are really a/oni%$ at ! infatuation = ! op9ions ( ,desc>tes :i* took possession ( ,g]many dur+ ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,!y 7 pu%$ to ! extreme po9t1--s\l1 reason1 & intellect 7 d5i$ to all animals4 ,a p]son nam$ ,/ahl1#fe :o _h at lea/ ! m]it ( be+ consi/5t to ! la/1 br+s =w>d a pr9ciple1 t animals d n feel1 bruta non s5tire4 ,?is ann\ncem5t is ! conclusion ( a v le>n$ syllogism1 & :i* "o ,gasp>d ,laug5h]t _h add$ to ! ,comp5dium ,physic ( ,arnold ,geul9x4 ,x is ) mu* tr\ble t "s /rong m9ds h d>$ to raise _! voices 9 ?is ,c>tesian conc]t1 hav+ tak5 good c>e to /r5g!n !mselves by pl5ty ( quotations ga!r$ f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4#ff ,^! 7 !n pro(s positive1 & at times x 0 prud5t to use !m4 ,! side ( ! animals has be5 successively /r5g!n$ by ,buffon1 & inde$ by ev]ybody4 ,at ! pres5t day1 ,m4 ,fl\r5s refuses !m ?\ght alone1 8?is supreme faculty :i* ! m9d ( man possesses1 s t x may rely ^u itself1 & /udy its own m9d4#fg ,!re is "h10 says ! physiologi/ ( :om we are speak+1 8a /rong l9e ( dem>cation2 ?is ?\ght :i* c reason ab\t itself1--?is intellect :i* beholds & /udies itself1--?is k :i* is acqua9t$ ) itself1--evid5tly =ms an ord] ( det]m9$ ph5om5a ( a cle>ly def9$ nature1 & to :i* no animal w\ld "k h[ to atta94 ,!re is a purely intellectual _w1 if we may say s1 & ?is _w belongs only to man4 ,9 "o ^w1 animals feel1 und]/&1 ?9k2 b man is ! only "o among all creat$ be+s to :om ! p[] has be5 giv5 ( feel+ t he feels1 ( kn[+ t he und]/&s1 & ( ?9k+ t he has ! p[] ( ?9k+40#fh ,su* is ! only diff]5ce4 ,! "q is n[ r$uc$ to a m limit$ field ?an x has ev] be5 be=e1 & inf9itely less va/4 ,! ?+ :i* w\ld be want+ 9 animals is a k9d ( int]nal k2 n ! k ( oneself 7!y "k ?is s9ce !y feel7 b ! sci5tific k ( oneself1 :i* c br+ reflect+ & reason+ /udy to be> on all ! int]ior ph5om5a :i* may occur to ea*4 ,we desire fully t ?is may be a di/9ction1 b solely a second>y "o1 & able at mo/ to make c]ta9 races ( m5 diff] "o f ! o!r4 ,9 fact1 if we =m an absolute & fundam5tal "* ( humanity out ( ?is faculty1 ?is p[] ( inve/igation into an int]ior _w1 we ought to f9d x 9 a p[]ful mann] among all m54 ,x w resi/ e o!r influ5ce1 x w be p]man5t1 s9ce1 ?is be+ de/roy$1 man w\ld be no long] a man1 & w\ld be l[]$ by ?is fact to ! rank :5ce he is said to h come4 ,& d we consid] t x may possibly be s8 ,does ?is reflect$ k ( oneself exi/ among inf]ior races1 if x does n exi/ among animals8 ,c]ta9ly we %all nev] ma9ta9 t ^! la/ enjoy su* a faculty1 ! s\rce ( all our legislation1 & t :i* has made u :at we are4 ,b we ask if x is well prov$ :e!r all human races possess x4 ,if we d n all[ innate ideas to ! orang1 z ,f4 ,cuvi]#fi w\ld d1 be x s1 b let x be rememb]$ t c]ta9 philosoph]s h refus$ !m to man himself4 ,we ourselves agree t an animal has no ab/ract notion ( "r or duty1 or any idea ( a div9ity1#gj b x mu/ also be rememb]$ t c]ta9 p h n ev5 a ^w = ! purpose ( express+ ^! ?+s1 & x is ,m4 de ,quatrefages himself :o av[s x4#ga ,we ref] ^! p]sons to ! foll[+ acc\nt ( animal economy1 & we ?9k t !y w n d5y _! application to v>i\s ,african & ,oceanic tribes4 8,ideas1 ab/ract ideas1 arise f _! own doma92 ! pa/1 t :i* prec$$ _! bir?2 ! future1 t :i* w foll[ _! dea?1 does n occupy _! att5tion2 ! pres5t is _! only bus9ess 9 life4 ,!y d n dem& #8,:5ce d ,i come8 ,:at am ,i8 ,:]e am ,i go+8' ,& !y h no idea :atsoev] ( a ,div9ity40#gb ,bayle1 ,maup]tuis1#gc & ,m4 ,fl\r5s h1 "o aft] ano!r1 decl>$ h[ difficult x is to fix a limit1 to say :]e ! intellect ( animals ceases1 & :]e t ( man comm5ces4 ,t limit escapes ev5 ourselves2 :il/ sep>at+ two t]ms specifically di/9ct we only see "o cont9u$ l9e f ! o!r v]tebrate animals to mank9d1 )\t any cle>ly def9$ dem>cation1--! organism only ( "o mammif] z sep>at$ by an unbrok5 limit f ! organism ( ano!r4 ,x is a *a9 ( :i* ! l9ks1 if we wi%1 may g on increas+ f "o extremity to ! o!r1 foll[+ a giv5 progression1 b )\t ceas+ to be l1 & consequ5tly comp>able among/ !mselves4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( l9ks may be want+1 b ! m9d re-e/abli%es !m1 & ! cont9uity1 al?\gh an ab/raction1 is n ! less real4 ,x is ev51 if we may say s1 ! track ( a hyp]bolic curve1 int]rupt$ "h & !re1 ( :i* only ! arcs rema91 q diff]5t1 & all1 h[ev]1 r$ucible by ! m9d to "o & ! same sy/em4 ,unity ( composition is ! condition ( all h>mony1 ! necess>y rule ( nature4 ,z to ourselves1 we only see ev]y:]e ! same faculties1 ext5d$ & develop$ among ! sup]ior v]tebrate animals2 hav+ ev5 acquir$ among mank9d ! s+ul> prop]ty ( aggr&is+ itself almo/ ad inf9itum1 conf9$ among o!r v]tebrata1 enclos$ 9 a small circle1 :]e !y c ev5 escape our own means ( k4 ,b !re is ev]y:]e ! same nature1 ev]y:]e ?+s are alike4 ,life is unity2 we d n %>e x "o ) ano!r2 bo? ! life ( ! body & ! life ( intellect1 bo? matt] & ! m9d1 & ! organism & ! faculties1#gd belong to ea* "o sep>ately4 ,t]ms correlative "o to ! o!r1 nev] indep5d5t4 ,!re is an imm5se space betwe5 ! intellect ( animals & t ( a civilis$ ,european2 we will+ly recognise ?is1 b encumb]$ by mean t]ms & num]\s transitions2 t ^! latt] exi/1 or t !y h f9i%$ _! "t ^u our planet1 we also all[4 ,! "q ( language1 s confus$1 & s full ( obscurity1 /ill rema9s4 8,:atev] resemblance !re may be betwe5 ! ,hott5tot & ! monkey10 says ,buffon1 8! di/ance :i* sep>ates !m is imm5se1 s9ce int]nally x is fill$ by ?\ght & outw>dly by spee*40#ge ,we "k h[ to consid] ! fir/ ( ^! appreciations4 ,z to ! second1 let u see if we %all n !re p]ceive a sort ( gradation :i* w\ld ins5sibly lead u f our own complicat$ languages to o!rs ( a mu* great] simplicity1 s mu* s t !y c sc>cely be call$ by t "n4 ,spee* & language are two words (t5 conf\nd$1 b 9 sci5ce we mu/ give to ea* ( !m its own value4 ,spee* is a language articulat$ by ! respiratory *annels4 ,language may be def9$ z 8ev]y?+ spok5 by well kn[n & und]/ood means betwe5 two intellects40 ,x may be se5 t we give ! fulle/ acceptation possible to ?is ^w4 ,x is a language t ! ,abb de l',epe inv5t$ = ! deaf & dumb4 ,! writ+ ( ?is language is ano!r4 ,a phonetic telegram is1 z reg>ds a /rang]1 m]ely a succession ( s\nds1 l ! song ( a night+ale2 a naval telegram is only an assemblage & a comb9ation ( col\rs l an arabesque1 unit$ ! mom5t :5 ! necess>y arrangem5t =ms ^! s\nds or ^! col\rs into language4#gf ,spee* alone be+ ! habitual & natural language ( mank9d1 end[$ o!rwise ) special organic specifications 9 ord] to produce x1 we h be5 g5]ally l$ to conf\nd ^! two di/9ct ?+s 9 speak+ ( mank9d1 viz41 spee* & language4 ,?is be+ all[$1 ! fir/ "q :i* we h to exam9e is ?is1 8,has man always possess$ ! faculty ( spee*804 ,a difficult "q1 b "o :i* we h no "r to proclaim z impossible to be solv$1 :i* is1 p]haps1 n ! case1 & ( :i* ! difficulty belongs pr9cipally to ! v imp]fect k :i* we possess conc]n+ ! di/ant epo* :i* saw mank9d 9 8 cradle4#gg ,let u fir/ ( all rememb] t man has1 9 common ) animals1 voice1 cries1 natural inflections 7,m4 ,fl\r5s71 t :i* we o!rwise call natural language4 8,l a simple animal10 says ,h]d]1#gh 8man possesses ! faculty ( spee*4 ,all ! mo/ viol5t & pa9ful s5sations ( 8 body1 z well z ! /rong passions ( 8 m9d1 are manife/$ imm$iately by cries or inflections ( ! voice1 by natural & in>ticulate s\nds4 ,! animal :i* suff]s--z well z ! h]o ,philoctetes--:5 x feels sorr[ w moan & sigh1 ev5 :5 ab&on$ 9 a des]t isl&1 f> f ! sight ( any fri5dly creature1 )\t any hope ( succ\r40 ,?is language is intelligible betwe5 all animals1 betwe5 animals & ourselves1 & betwe5 ourselves & animals4 ,we may affirm t man possesses x always1 f ! fir/ h\r ( 8 bir?4 ,z to articulat$ language1 z artificial language has be5 call$ 9 opposition to ! prec$+1 ! "q is mu* m confus$ & mu* less cle>ly def9$4 ,we ?9k ) ,/e9?al1 ) ,jacob ,grimm1#gi & ) ,m4 ,r5an1#hj t language is n innate 9 man1 t is to say1 x is n1 z ! ,buddhi/ philosophy has already decl>$1 a necess>y consequ5ce ( active intellig5ce4#ha ,fur!r1 x has n be5 reveal$--?is !ory does n ev5 des]ve ! hon\r ( hav+ be5 oppos$ by ,jacob ,grimm4#hb ,b we may admit t language is1 if n a necessity1 a lea/ a direct consequ5ce ( an intellect su* z exi/$ among/ mank9d at ! "t1 :e!r long or %ort we "k n1 :i* prec$$ ! appe>ance ( language4 8,! mom5t10 says ,m4 ,r5an1 /at+ ! !ories ( ,/e9?al1#hc 8t language arises f ! human s\l & appe>s 9 ! light ( day & con/itutes an epo* 9 ! developm5t ( ! life ( ! m9d1 is ! mom5t :5 intuition is *ang$ into idea4 ,?+s appe> fir/ to ! m9d 9 ! complexity ( ! real1 ab/raction is unkn[n to ! primitive man40 ,"h1 !n1 are two well-*>act]is$ modes1 two ways ( be+1 entirely diff]5t f ! intellect ( man4 ,! "o1 :]e ?is intellect only possesses intuition1 ! o!r :]e analysis sees ! light1 :]e ! m9d is ab/ract$1 & :]e1 by a me*anism m or less complicat$1 b at ! same "t by a real "w1#hd x ends by call+ e ab/raction ( m9d by a "n2 !n he speaks4 ,b be=e ! "t :5 ?is revolution is accompli%$1 ! /ate ( man is completely comp>able to t 9 :i* animals are plac$4 ,!y h caught at c]ta9 relations by means ( _! intellig5ce1 )\t usually feel+ any necessity = expla9+ !m1 a relation ( a mu* m elevat$ ord] ( be+s1 = x has be5 truly rem>k$1#he & x mu/ n be =gott51 t ! capital act ( language is to 8wi% to speak40 ,we h se5 t c]ta9 ab/ract ideas1 by reason ( _! nature1 7 s entirely =eign to c]ta9 races ( m51 t _! intellects _h nev] wi%$ = a ^w 9 ord] to express !m4 ,well1 if o!r ideas1 express+ mu* m simple relations1 h escap$ animals1 !re is only1 9 fact1 a gradation correspond+ to :at we h j said conc]n+ intellectual ph5om5a among ! human race4 ,z = ! specific diff]5ce :i* "s h tri$ to e/abli% "u ?is head betwe5 man & animals1 if x 7 correct x mu/ be %[n t language is completely unatta9able by any mammalia1 ev5 )9 ! mo/ re/rict$ limits4 ,& is x s8 ,w x be moot$ t c]ta9 animals h n ev5 a rudim5t ( language1 :e!r articulat$ or n x does n mu* signify1 9 _! /ate ( nature8 ,w x be moot$ t !y nev] make any sort ( sign 9 ord] to communicate any?+ to "o ano!r1 to call !m1 or give an al>m1 or express "s peculi> s5sation8#hf ,exp]i5ce w\ld entirely d5y any su* ass]tion4 ,& ?is n only ) ref]5ce to ! sup]ior animals1 = ?is faculty appe>s to be ext5d$ ev5 to ! inv]tebrata4 ,! well-kn[n exp]im5ts ( ,p4 ,hub] seem to h prov$ 9 ! mo/ decisive mann] t ants1#hg l bees1 are able to transmit c]ta9 signs or indications f "o to ! o!r2 ev5 if ! m]e act ( liv+ 9 a republic1 ( jo9+ toge!r 9 "o common "w1 did n (f] ! /ronge/ presumption ( a language peculi> to ^! creatures4 ,if anyone d>es to d5y to animals ! spontane\s ex]cise ( a re/rict$ language1 limit$ 9 :atev] way t may be desir$1 at lea/ x _c be d5i$ t _m ( ! v]tebrate animals are n capable ( receiv+ f x an equal education1 ( und]/&+ ! signification ( c]ta9 s\nds1 ( c]ta9 signs1 & ( produc+ 9 _! turn su* z may be und]/ood by u1 ( communicat+ to u any ( _! ?\ghts1 or any ( _! appreciations4 ,we are n speak+ "h ( animals :o c reproduce c]ta9 s\nds belong+ to ! vocal organs ( man2 t is a fact ( an entirely mat]ial "*1 & :i* has no ref]5ce to ! "q ( language4 ,x is evid5t t ! animal :i* articulates any ^w :atsoev] does n und]/& x a :it m ?an ! man :o imitates ! cry ( an animal1 &1 9 a g5]al way1 nei!r compreh5ds its s5se nor its signification4 ,maup]tuis alleges#hh t if animals 7 capable ( und]/&+ we c\ld tea* !m to make !mselves und]/ood by o!r signs 9 default ( a voice4 ,a /range ab]ration ( intellect = su* a /udi\s & le>n$ man4 ,?is is ! man :o makes an impossibility out ( an ev]yday occurr5ce2 =1 fir/ ( all1 mo/ animals h "s sort ( voice1 & if !y _h x n1 !re are few p]sons :o are ignorant ( ! way 9 :i* c]ta9 mute dogs make !mselves und]/ood :5 !y p>ticul>ly desire x4 ,:at w\ld really be absurd w\ld be ! hope ( imp>t+ ideas to animals1 matt]s relat+1 inde$1 to a high] ord]1 s9ce we see t ev5 all m5 are n capable ( grasp+ !m4 ,man has be5 able to tra9 animals1 & to tra9 implies precisely ! idea ( communicat+ a ?\ght f man to an animal1 & f ! animal to man4 8,jump10 says ! %eph]d to 8 dog1 & ! dog kn[s t ?is vocal articulation ord]s him to make a giv5 muscul> ef=t4 ,! man has spok5 to ! dog4 ,dur+ ! night "s "o op5s ! gate ( ! f>m-y>d1 & ! wat*-dog b>ks2 he ?us tells 8 ma/] t some?+ unusual is happ5+4#hi ,t :i* proves besides t ! b>k+ ( ! dog is m]ely a conv5tional sign1 an artificial language1 s to say1 is ! fact1 t 9 c]ta9 c\ntries ! dogs d n b>k2 jackals & wolves le>n h[ to b>k :5 9 company ) ! dogs :o c talk 9 ?is mann]1 & t ! same dogs lose ! p[]1 or r ! habit ( b>k+1 if !y return to a savage /ate4#ij ,we h already spok5 ( ^? inf]ior races :i* seem to h borr[$ f _! bett] end[$ neighb\rs a rudim5t ( civilisation1 :i*1 = a long "t !y did n "k h[ to develope 9 any way4 ,does x n seem t !re is "h "s comp>ison ) :at has j be5 /at$8 t "u a civilis+ influ5ce1 9 contact ) a sup]ior be+1 ! dog has le>nt a language2 b t n und]/&+ its g5]al application 7a m complex1 & m highly elevat$ idea71 he has n kn[n h[ to transmit ! use ( x to 8 own race1 or has himself =gott5 x1 f n hav+ any occasion to ex]cise ?is p[]8#ia ,! language ( animals is /ill a "q full ( obscurity1 b :i* may ev5tually1 we believe1 become fruitful 9 new facts4#ib ,if ,apollonius ( ,tyana & ! anci5t philosoph]s did n und]/& ! language ( animals s well z has sometimes be5 believ$1 at lea/ !y did n d wrong 9 direct+ _! inquiries t[>ds ?is matt]4 ,we h no d\bt b t 9 c>efully /udy+ animals1 we %all arrive at a sci5tific explanation ( ?is well-kn[n tru?1 recognis$ by all ^? :o live ) !m2 :i* is t !y c und]/& u1 t !y make !mselves und]/ood by u1 & t !y und]/ood "o ano!r )9 c]ta9 limits4#ic ,= a long "t x 0 believ$ t intellect & ?\ght belong to man alone1 & t he _h only organic in/9ct 9 common ) animals4#id ,?is op9ion t5ds ea* day t[>ds a *ange2 we hope t we h prov$ s mu*4 ,some?+ ( ! same sort w take place1 we ?9k1 = ! be/ /udi$ language4 ,!re1 z ) intellect1 z ) organism1 we %all d\btless be able to prove a unity :i* may be reg>d$ by analogy z necess>y1 (f]+ alone degrees ( gradation 9 ref]5ce to organism & intellect4 ,e liv+ be+ 7we are only speak+ "h ( v]tebrate animals7 w appe> to be compos$ ( ! same con/itu5t p>ts1 b unequally develop$1 & ( :i* "s h only be5 tak5 by u = dissimil>ities or new p>ts1 on acc\nt ( our own want ( suffici5tly deep /udy4 ,z !y =m]ly tri$ to discov] new bones 9 ! heads ( fi%es1 until ! "t :5 _! relations1 connexions1 & developm5t 7 bett] /udi$2 s unity ( composition has be5 !re recognis$ & prov$ :]e x 0 lea/ suspect$4 ,we _c d bett]1 9 ord] to sum up our ideas on ?is subject1 ?an quote a passage f ! works ( a le>n$ man1 :o 9 our days has gone mo/ deeply into ! /udy ( organic homology1 ,pr(essor ,ri*>d ,ow52 x is ! la/ /ep :i* has be5 tak51 & inde$ ! mo/ decisive "o1 9 ! mom5t\s "q conc]n+ man's place 9 nature4 8,n be+ able to appreciate or conceive ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! psy*ical ph5om5a ( a *impanzee & ( a ,bosjesman1 or ( an ,aztec ) arre/$ bra9-gr[?1 z be+ ( a nature s ess5tial z to preclude a comp>ison betwe5 !m1 or z be+ o!r ?an a diff]5ce ( degree1 ,i _c %ut my eyes to ! significance ( t all-p]vad+ similitude ( /ructure--e too?1 e bone1 /rictly homolog\s--:i* makes ! det]m9ation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,homo & ,pi!cus ! anatomi/'s difficulty4 ,& !re=e1 ) e respect = ! au?or ( ! ,records ( ,creation1#ie ,i foll[ ,l9nu#if & ,cuvi] 9 reg>d+ mank9d z a legitimate subject ( zoological comp>ison & classification4#ig0 ,is n ! admission ( gradation ! means ( b9d+ m firmly toge!r ! great *a9 ( human be+s1 a ?+ q impossible1 :i* c\ld n exi/1 or r1 :i* w\ld only be a caprice1--an artificial me?od or sy/em1--if ! classifi$ be+s 7 only ?us classifi$ by creatures ( _! own description8 ,does x n confirm1 ev5 m /rongly1 ! cont9u\s s]ies 9 :i* ,ari/otle1 ,leibnitz1 ,bonnet1 ,l9nu1 & de ,bla9ville h believ$8 ,we %all proclaim1 !n1 ! law1 %ap$ by ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 :o1 h[ev]1 does n receive x1 z we d1 )\t res]vation3-- ,,law4--,f animals to man ev]y?+ is b a *a9 ( un9t]rupt$ gradation2 !re=e1 !re is no human k+dom4 ,!n comes ?is o!r conclusion1--"o & ! same me?od is applicable bo? to mank9d & animals4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,bimana4 ,! naturali/ :o has 9 our "t mo/ int]e/$ himself 9 ! classification ( v]tebrata1 ,pr9ce ,*>les ,bonap>te1 gives 8 own op9ion z foll[s3--8,man may be consid]$1 9 "o po9t ( view1 z con/itut+ "o s+le family2 9 ano!r1 z con/itut+ an entire k+dom40 ,b he also adds t 9 ?is second case1 8! *>act]i/ics are no long] 9 h>mony ) ! re/ ( ! sy/em40 ,9 fact1 we c h>dly at ! same "t admit bo? ! g5]al pr9ciples ( classification1 z foll[$ at ! pres5t day1 & also ! human k+dom4 ,"o out ( ^! two ?+s mu/ fall to ! gr\nd4 ,! sy/em ( classify+ mammalia1--adopt$ 9 all its uni=mity by ! two ,ge(froys1 ! ,cuvi]s1 ,de ,bla9ville1 & ,ow51--_c be ma9ta9$ )\t involv+ mank9d4 ,if man 7 a k+dom by himself1 ?is classification w\ld be a false "o2 = ought we n !n1 at lea/1 to create a cetace\s k+dom1 a bird k+dom1 etc48 ,z = ourselves1 ! problem has be5 already solv$1 & we hesitat$ to come into collision ) ?is new inconsi/5cy4 ,h>mony is ! necess>y condition ( e really natural sy/em4 ,we _c arbitr>ily give a diff]5t value to ! same *>act]i/ics2 &1 reciprocally1 ! divisions ( ! same ord] ought necess>ily to agree ) *>act]i/ics ( ! same value4 ,x has be5 ?\ght necess>y1 at lea/1 to create = mank9d "o ( ^? great divisions into :i* ! mammalia are divid$4 ,an ,ord] ( ,bimana has be5 creat$4 ,we d n hesitate to say t ?is 0 a purely !oretical creation2 & we w g ev5 f>!r1 we decl>e x c\ld only be produc$ 9 a c\ntry :]e cov]+s = ! feet are 9 daily & univ]sal we>4 ,we mu/ n g into ! mid/ ( our great cities if we wi% to /udy ! zoological *>act]i/ics ( man4 ,is !re any reason = ! ,ord] ( ,bimana :5 we consid] man 9 8 /ate ( nature8 is x 8! imm$iate & necess>y results ( natural analogies1 respectively valu$ accord+ to _! degree80 8,no60 0 ! answ] ( ti5ne ,ge(froy1 9 8 eloqu5t pages1 8?is ,ord] mu/ be aboli%$40#ih 4 ,ge(froy saw workm5 9 ! baza>s at ,cairo employ _! great toe = numb]less preh5sile uses4 ,a ,nubian1 or a negro on horseback1 g5]ally takes ! /irrup-lea!r betwe5 8 great toe & ! o!rs2 all ! ,abyss9ian cavalry ride 9 ?is mann]4#ii ,if ! fact report$ by ,bory de ,sa9t-,v9c5t ab\t ! ros9-mak]s ( ! ,l&es is n confirm$1#ajj we h at lea/ se5 ! ,b>abras ,nubians asc5d ! great y>d ( ! ,nile dahabiehs by seiz+ ) ! great toe ! rope und]nea? !m#aja :i* supports ! sail4 ,:5 ! action ( ! foot is n p>alys$ by ! size ( ! %oe1 :i* is else:]e ! exception1 x is pre-em95tly adapt$ = lay+ hold ( any?+4 ,& if c]ta9 k9ds ( m5 seem to u v fit = ! k9d ( exi/5ce l$ by ! ,quadrumana1--if !y seem to u con/itut$ 9 ord] to live 9 trees1 !re is no?+ !re :i* ought to surprise u1 no?+ b :at is q natural & q consi/5t4 ,x has be5 truly said1 t man is frugivor\s4 ,all ! details ( 8 inte/9al canal1 & above all1 8 d5tition1 prove x 9 ! mo/ decid$ mann]4 ,he ought1 !re=e1 f 8 orig91 to h all 8 organism modifi$ 9 h>mony ) ?is alim5tation4 ,l ! apes1 he ought to possess su* means ( locomotion z w\ld enable him to procure ! food specially adapt$ to 8 wants4 ,& !re=e1 :at is !re a/oni%+ 9 ! fact t among c]ta9 races1 :i* are sc>cely remov$ f a /ate ( nature1 we f9d ! rema9s ( a mode ( life :i* 0 g5]al at _! orig94 ,mod]a1 quot$ by ,mr4 ,crawfurd1 relates t "o day1 ?ree naturali/s1 travell+ on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea = sci5tific purposes1 f\nd ! trees full ( natives1 ( bo? sexes1 :o leap$ f bran* to bran* l monkeys1 ) _! weapons fa/5$ on _! backs1 ge/iculat+1 %\t+1 & laugh+4#ajb ,?is s+ul> race1 ( :i* we h be=e spok51 & :i* has be5 notic$ 9 ,h9doo/an by _m eye-witnesses1 seems to live half its "t 9 trees4 ,we h ! "r to ask1 if ! confus$ remembrance ( su* a race & su* habits 0 n ! orig9 ( ! tradition :i* s]v$ z a f\ndation = ! poem ( ,valmki4 ,rama goes to ! rescue ( 8 wife1 ,sita1 :o _h be5 c>ri$ (f by ! evil g5ius1 ,rvana2 he is assi/$ 9 ?is ent]prise by a valiant army ( monkeys1 & at e mom5t expressions are us$ 9 ! acc\nt :i* recall ! monkey-l & quadruman\s nature ( ! combatants#ajc4 ,9 ca/+ our eyes ov] ! fir/ gr\ps compos+ ! mammalian s]ies1 we f9d "s apes :o walk ^u ! sole ( ! feet & ^u ! palm ( ! h&2 o!rs1 :o walk ^u ! sole ( ! foot & ! jo9ts ( ! fold$ h&s1--a v peculi> me?od ( progression1--( a /range & unexpect$ nature1 & :i* alone w\ld s]ve to *>act]ise a gr\p2 ^! are ! an?ropomorph\s apes3 la/ly1 ano!r mammal :o walks only on ! soles ( ! feet1 ! =m ( ! body & legs r5d]+ ! ant]ior memb]s q unfit to be us$ 9 walk+2 ?is is man4 ,! fir/ apes ( :i* we are go+ to speak1 walk+ ^u ! sole ( ! feet & ! palms ( _! h&s are1 !n1 unres]v$ly quadrup$s4 ,9 ?is p>ticul>ity !y resemble o!r mammalia1 among :om ! pectoral1 z well z ! abdom9al1 memb]s are *iefly organs ( locomotion2 only ^! apes also use _! f\r extremities = ano!r purpose1 :i* appe>s to be entirely second>y & d]iv$1--t ( preh5sion4 ,& x is precisely because ! organisation ( _! memb]s is purposely modifi$ by reason ( a new1 special1 & uncommon function1 t !y h be5 able to furni% u ) a suffici5tly def9$ *>act]i/ic1 s t we may specify an ord]1--t ( ! quadrumana4 ,among ! an?ropomorph\s apes1 ! fold$ or b5t h& seems an organ especially adapt$ = preh5sion1#ajd s]v+1 9 a second>y mann]1 = locomotion2 :il/ ! foot1 ! especial organ ( locomotion1 pres]ves ! faculty ( seiz+ any?+ by means ( an oppos+ ?umb4 ,9 man1 ! sup]ior memb] is n at all fit = walk+2 & ! inf]ior1 us$ = locomotion1 z 9 ! two prec$+ gr\ps1 also pres]ves its faculty ( preh5sion3 obs]vation proves ?is z well z anatomy4 ,we see t !re aga92 z ev]y:]e else 9 an organic po9t ( view1 ! an?ropomorph\s quadrumana are a v]itable transition f man to ! o!r families ( apes4 ,x has be5 propos$ to ext5d ! signification ( ! ^w h&1 & to apply x to e t]m9al extremity ( a memb] capable ( seiz+ any?+1 includ+ ! paw ( ! lemur & ! claws ( ! p>rot4 ,we are incl9$ to re/rict ! "n1 l ,l9nu1 ,de ,bla9ville1 & ,cuvi]1 to an extremity =m$ ( f+]s1 & ) an oppos+ ?umb4 ,b ev5 9 conf9+ ! def9ition to su* a n>r[ compass1 we ?9k we h %[n t man1 9 reality1 is quadruman\s1 ?is def9ition apply+ equally to ! foot1 :]e ! great toe s]ves--among half ! p1 at lea/1 on ! e>?--= ! purpose ( preh5sion1 & rema9s1 z 4 ,ge(froy has rem>k$1 q sep>ate f ! o!r toes1 :5 ! foot is n de=m$ by boots or %oes3#aje !re=e1 no?+ m c be said 9 fav\r ( an ,ord] ( ,bimana1 or a human k+dom4 ,we mu/ return to ! subdivision propos$ by ,*>les ,bonap>te1--a family4 ,man con/itutes a simple family 9 ! ,ord] ( ,quadrumana1 di/+ui%$ by *>act]i/ics precisely equal 9 importance to ^? :i* make a diff]5ce betwe5 o!r simil> gr\ps 9 ! class ( mammalia1 t :i* ev5 comes to ! assi/ance ( ! adv]s>ies ( ! human k+dom1 & ! p>tisans ( ! zoological sy/em4 ,= want ( positive *>act]i/ics tak5 f ! extremities1 :i* c\ld nev]1--9 ! eyes ( true naturali/s1 z we h j said1--fav\r a s]i\s di/9ction betwe5 man & o!r quadrumana1 a *>act]i/ic 9 d5tition has be5 discov]$1 rem>kable = its con/ancy ev5 9 ! mo/ degrad$ & animal-l races1 & :i*1 fir/ & =emo/1 di/+ui%es man f ! gr\p :i* imm$iately foll[s him 9 ! zoological s]ies4 ,?is *>act]i/ic1 ^u :i* ,pr(essor ,ow5 has1 9 _m places1 insi/$1--l ! two ,cuvi]s1--b ) an entirely new vig\r1#ajf is ! contiguity ( ! tee? & ! cont9uity ( _! cr[ns1 n "o ( :i* ev] ext5ds beyond ! level ( ! o!rs4#ajg ,?us x is = man1 l ! re/ ( ! mammalia2 x is ! d5tal sy/em :i* gives u ! be/ *>act]i/ic4 ,a new pro( t ! /udy ( mank9d & t ( animals ought to be conduct$ 9 "o & ! same mann]2 a pro(1 inde$1 t ^! two /udies are two p>allel bran*es1 intimately unit$1 ( "o & ! same sci5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,anatomical1 ,,physiological1 ,,& ,,pa?ological ,,v>ieties4 ,we h endeav\r$ to prove 9 ! prec$+ pages ! specific unity ( ! biological ph5om5a 9 ea* ,ord]1 :i* are to be f\nd among ! sup]ior animals & man4 ,?is unity has l$ u necess>ily to ano!r1 t ( me?od2 & we h j se5 t man =ms simply a family1 t is to say1 a v second>y division 9 ! zoological s]ies4 ,b we h only tak5 ! fir/ /ep ( ! pa? 9 :i* we h to travel4 ,! g5us homo %[s _m v>ieties1 & _m dissimil>ities4 ,we mu/ try to e/imate _! value1 & to f9d out :at ! divisions to be e/abli%$ betwe5 :at we commonly call races ( m5 may be wor?4 ,n[1 ! only rule to be foll[$ "h is naturally t :i* is appli$ by all zoologi/s to ! o!r individuals compos+ ! animal s]ies4 ,! only way to arrive at su* a goal w be1 fir/ ( all1 ! /udy ( ! physical diff]5ces1 ! necess>y basis ( a rational classification4 ,?us we %all1 at lea/1 h important1 & :at is m1 comp>able results4 ,! anatomy ( races has be5 l>gely writt5 ab\t1 & yet we may ev5 n[ (f] ?is subject to ! s]i\s /udy ( an?ropologi/s2 p]haps1 also1 9 c>ry+ _! att5tion f>!r ?an ! sk91 ! encephalic mass & ! skeleton1 :i* h be5 ne>ly ! sole objects ( /udy up to ! pres5t "t1 !y w f9d 9 all sy/ems dissimil>ities ( ! same ord]1 & z cle>ly def9$4#ajh ,^! diff]5ces & v>ieties are su* t !y are obvi\s1 & at once appreciat$ ev5 by ignorant p]sons1#aji--!y are su* t ! mo/ em95t monog5i/s agree 9 reg>d+ !m z ev]y:]e suffici5t to make a diff]5ce 9 species1 or ev5 9 g5us itself4 ,!y ref] to e po9t ( organisation1 & we %all see f>!r on t !y are f\nd to be z decid$ & z palpable bo? 9 ! m9d & 9 ! natural con/itution4 ,we d n pret5d to speak ( all ( !m 9 ?is place1 n ev5 to enum]ate !m2 we %all m]ely quote ! pr9cipal po9ts1 or ^? :i* appe> to des]ve "s special rem>k4 ,! numb] ( ^? :i* exi/1 or :i* are believ$ to exi/1--= ?is is a necess>y re/riction1--is imm5se2 9 fact1 if we are ! fir/ to admit t !re is an inf9ite v>iety ( diff]5ces1 consid]able 9 !mselves1 betwe5 ! v>i\s k9ds ( m51 we also wi% to avoid fall+ into ! errors :i* are s (t5 committ$1 & :i* happ5 f ! small numb] ( facts :i* h be5 obs]v$1 ! inve/igators hav+ (t5 giv5 ! value ( g5]al facts to individual obs]vation4 ,we f9d m ?an "o example ( ^! ha/y op9ions 9 ! hi/ory ( an?ropological /udies4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 ! col\r ( ! ,negro _h already be5 = a hundr$ ye>s ! dom9ant /udy ( ! sci5tific _w ( ,europe1#aaj a c]ta9 ,kluegel affirm$ 79 ! ,encyclopdie de ,b]l91 #aghb7 t ! lips ( ! ,e?iopian 7 ( a f9e r$ col\r4 ,a great commotion arose2 ,smm]+ himself 0 r\s$2 he wrote ev]y:]e1 s\ght = in=mation1 & dem&$ fre% intellig5ce1 :i*1 q naturally1 0 f\nd to be contr>y to ! op9ion express$ by ,kluegel4 ,9 fact1 we "k t 9 ! ,negro ! col\r+ matt] ext5ds to mo/ ( ! muc\s membranes ^: /ructure resembles t ( ! sk94 ,! lips are g5]ally black1 & we usually f9d ^u ! gums1 & ev5 ^u ! palate1 a non-cont9u\s col\r$ membrane1 :i* =ms spots ( a deep violet col\r4 ,kluegel _h conclud$ too ha/ily f "s p>ticul> fact2 he _h 9 8 m9d1 v probably1 "s ,negro ) lips1 gums1 & tongue ( a f9e rose col\r1 contra/+ z mu* z possible ) ! black ( 8 sk94 ,we h _h occasion ourselves to obs]ve a simil> case z reg>ds a native ( ,s\dan1 :o 0 also affect$ ) a sort ( p>tial alb9oism ( ! buccal muc\s membrane4 ,9 an?ropology1 z 9 all sci5ce requir+ obs]vation1 x is ! av]ages :i* ought to be admitt$ z evid5ce2 !y alone h an absolute value1 & c alone lead to positive results4 ,e isolat$ ph5om5on has its individual value z reg>ds its simple tru?1 b we are expos$ to ! greate/ errors :5 we beg9 to g5]alise f x4 ,! osse\s sy/em has be5 mo/ /udi$4#aaa ,9 ! osse\s sy/em1 ! head1 & p>ticul>ly ! skull4 ,we %all be oblig$1 lat] on1 to ref] to ! value ( cranioscopic proce$+s1 & ! classifications re/+ on ?is base4 ,! face1 z well z ! skull1 has be5 ! object ( att5tive inquiry2 ! smalle/ diff]5ces h be5 notic$1 & almo/ all h be5 =m$ by "s "o or o!r into di/9ct *>act]i/ics4 ,we may quote "h ,br>d's classification1 z resum$ & develop$ by ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire4 ,he divid$ ! g5us homo into f\r gr\ps3-- #a4 ,! or?ogna?i1 or m5 ) a flat face & oval c\nt5ance4 #b4 ,! eurygna?i1 or m5 ) a l>ge face & project+ *eek bones4 #c4 ,! progna?i1 or m5 ) a protub]ant c\nt5ance4 #d4 ,la/ly1 ^! races1 :i* are bo? eurygna?i & progna?i1 l ! ,hott5tots1 ! developm5t ( ^: face (f]s an example ( a manife/ /ep t[>ds ! exagg]ation ( ?is same developm5t 9 ! an?ropomorph\s ape 9 infancy4#aab ,x has be5 endeav\r$ to e/abli%1 by means ( av]ages1 an appreciable diff]5ce betwe5 ! pelvis ( v>i\s races4 ,web] has consid]$ t ! =m ( ! sup]ior division is n ! same ) all ( !m4 ,accord+ to him x w\ld be-- #a4 ,oval1 among ,europeans4 #b4 ,r\nd1 among ,am]icans4 #c4 ,squ>e1 among ! ,mongols4 #d4 ,cunei=m or oblong1 among ! ,africans4 ,! same ideas h be5 resum$ & def5d$ by ,fr5* an?ropologi/s2#aac x is "r1 h[ev]1 to rem>k1 t ,web] himself adds t v>ieties ( e description ( pelvis may be met ) among ! same race4 ,t :i* appe>s c]ta9 is ! fact1 t 9 ! ,negro race ! pelvis is1 9 g5]al1 s5sibly small]4 ,?is is1 at lea/1 ! op9ion ( ,camp]1#aad ,vrolik1 ,smm]+1 ,:ite1#aae & ,br>d1#aaf :o h measur$ a great numb] ( !m4 ,! facility 9 p>turition1 s rem>kable among ! inf]ior races1 has !re=e1 z a cause1 a relative smallness 9 ! head ( ! ftus1 ev5 m rem>kable4 ,= we mu/ admit t1 among ^! p1 ev]y?+ happ5s naturally1 z among animals2 x is ! labori\s *ildbir? among ourselves :i* is exceptional & anomal\s1 & :i* requires to be expla9$4 ,?is difficult & pa9ful p>turition1 :i* we s cont9ually see1 is1 d\btless1 ! consequ5ce ( civilisation2 only x is difficult to decide :at may be its imm$iate cause1 & if ?is cause resides 9 ! "m or 9 ! ftus4 ,is x ! pelvis :i* has be5 made n>r[] 9 ! ,european by "s cu/om 9 our mann]s--by "s habit ( education8 or mu/ we admit--& x is a s]i\s "q--t ! developm5t ( su* an organ z ! bra9 9 ! ftus1 is subord9ate to ! ex]cise ( ! functions ( ! same organ 9 ! prog5itors8 ,) ! osse\s sy/em we may connect ! diff]5ces ( height :i* are s app>5t4 ,:o does n recognise t 9 ,europe1 = in/ance1 ! ,anglo-,saxons1 ! ,g]mans1 ! ,norwegians1 & ! ,albanians1 are ( great /ature2 :il/ ! inhabitants ( ! s\? ( ,france1 ! ,iri%1 ! ,spani>ds1#aag & ! ,maltese1 repres5t a %ort] v>iety ( ! human race4 ,! memb]s %[ ! mo/ m>k$ diff]5ces among ! v>i\s races ( mank9d1 by reason ( ! law :i* causes ! modifications ( organism to become m & m decid$1 & m & m cle> f ! c5tre to ! p]iph]y4 ,naturali/s seek = *>act]i/ics ( families & individuals 9 ! f+]s & 9 ! tee?3 x is 9 ! extremes ( an individual1 9 ! col\r ( ! hair or ! sk91 t we g5]ally f9d ! *>act]i/ics ( species4 ,we %all only quote 9 ?is place facts :i* may be ! object ( "s p>ticul> rem>k4 ,x has be5 said cont9ually t ! ,t>t>s h b[$ legs1 & monog5i/s h n fail$ to discov] f ?is fact a new pro( ( ! influ5ces ( _! mode ( life1 s necess>y 9 ord] to ma9ta9 _! !sis4 ,!y discov]$ at fir/ sight1 9 ?is g5]al infirmity1 a consequ5ce ( ! habit ( rid+ on horseback1 )\t consid]+ t ! ,arabs rode on horseback q z (t51 & t1 nev]!less1 _! noble be>+ & /raightness ( limb did n suff] f x 9 ! slighte/4 ,9 trac+ ! s\rce ( ?is error1 we p]ceive t x is a s+ul> exagg]ation ( ! facts /at$ by ,pallas1 :o liv$ = s long a "t among/ ! ,t>t>s4 ,he simply says1 8,! sole fault 9 con=mation :i* is r frequ5t among !m1 is a b5d 9 ! arms & legs1 result+ f a k9d ( spoon1 or saddle1 ^u :i* !y are always plac$ 9 _! cradle1 z if !y 7 on horseback1 & !re=e1 z soon z !y le>n to walk1 !y are oblig$ at e movem5t to accu/om !mselves to ! position ( rid+40#aah ,?is is :at ,pallas says2 b x is v cle> t he is "h speak+ m]ely ( exceptional cases1 = he says high] up1 8,i d n rememb] to h ev] se5 a *ild :o 0 a cripple4 ,_! education1 :i* is entirely left to nature1 c only =m bodies :i* are heal?y & )\t a blemi%40#aai ,if occasionally ! acc\nts ( travell]s h be5 exagg]at$1 x is n less ! rule1 t c]ta9 races %[ a con=mation ( ! extremities v diff]5t to :at x is among ourselves4 ,albre*t ,dur] has already made ?is rem>k4 ,9 ! ,negro1 = in/ance1 ! l5g? ( ! =e>m is mu* great] ?an 9 ! ,european4 ,x is proportional to ! height 9 ^! two races 33 #ajg 3 #ajj4abj ,! ?umb ( ! ,negro's h& is also g5]ally mu* less oppos$ to ! o!r f+]s4 ,9 c]ta9 races ( mank9d1 ! h& itself is ( an extraord9>y small size4 ,?is is ! case among ! ,bosjesmans1 ! ,*9ese1 ! ,esquimaux1#aba & ! ,c+alese4#abb ,x 0 ! same among ! races :o built ! gr& ,am]ican temples1 :]e we f9d ^u ! /ones ! impr9t 9 r$ ( _! h&s4#abc ,! same ?+ has be5 said ab\t ! anci5t population ( nor!rn ,europe1 :o 7 ignorant ( ! use ( iron1 & only us$ weapons made ( bronze4#abd ,b ! /udy ( ! magnific5t collection ( ,sc&9avian antiquities 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 has n prov$ to ourselves t ! hilts ( all ^! arms 7 z small z has be5 pret5d$4 ,! foot v>ies n less4 ,! ,negro races ( ! ,oceanic ,isl&s1 & ( ,africa1 appe> to %[ an exagg]at$ developm5t ( ! heel-bone4 ,,mm4 ,quoy & ,gaim>d h especially rem>k$ x among ! inhabitants ( ,vanikoro4 ,9 fact1 !re is h>dly anybody :o w =get1 :5 once he has se5 x1 ! special aspect ( ! in/ep 9 ! ,negro1 ridg$ ) num]\s folds comm5c+ f b5ea? ! ankle4 ,?is is1 besides1 a p>ticul> m>k1 :i* is f> f %[+ itself1 z may be well believ$1 among all p :o walk )\t foot-cov]+4 ,! foot ( ! ,nubians1 & especially t ( ! females1 %[s q diff]5t *>act]i/ics4 ,! five metat>si seem to re/ _! :ole l5g? ^u ! gr\nd1 )\t be+ %ap$ by ! in/ep2 _! ant]ior extremities are slightly div]t$1 ! toes hav+ ! same spaces betwe5 !m1 s t ! foot is flat1 b o!rwise ?an by ! faulty con=mation to :i* we give ?is "n among ourselves4 ,?is /ructure is1 besides1 p]fectly repres5t$ 9 all ,egyptian /atues )\t exception1 & m s5sibly1 inde$1 if we comp>e ) ^? :i* are 9 ! gall]ies ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 a fragm5t ( a colossal foot1#abe f\nd also 9 ,egypt1 at ,alex&ria1 b evid5tly ( ,greek or ,roman orig92 ! toes are close toge!r1 ! great toe alone be+ sep>at$1 ! upp] "p ( ! foot be+ ar*$1 z among ,europeans4 ,?is resemblance betwe5 all ! ,egyptian /atues & ! foot ( ! inhabitants ( ,upp] ,egypt1 or ,nubia1 _c be an accid5tal circum/ance4 ,x is1 besides1 a v]itable problem 9 an?ropology1 to det]m9e its value 9 accordance ) ! monum5tal iconography ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,m4 ,a4 ,maury has det]m9$ ) precision ! au?ority ( ! portraits--almo/ all alike--:i* cov] ! walls ( ! temples4 ,we ourselves1 :5 visit+ ! fam\s cav]n ( ,ab\-,simbel1 7 f> f f9d+ all t ! writ+s ( c]ta9 an?ropologi/s & p>tisans ( ,egyptian art1 su* z ,gliddon1 ,nott1 etc41 _h promis$ u4 ,d\btless1 "o c p]fectly di/+ui% c]ta9 types1#abf t is indisputable2#abg b to desire to f9d a p 9 ea* portrait1--,scy?ians1 ,arabs1 ,phili/9es1 ,lydians1 ,kurds1 ,h9doos1 ,jews1 ,*9ese1 ,tyrians1 ,pelasgians1 ,ionians1 etc41--is x n to give too great an influ5ce to ! ,egyptian arti/s1 :o 7 copyi/s )\t skill1 & b clumsy inv5tors8 ,egyptian art1 :atev] may h be5 said ( x1 has always be5 v mu* f>!r f be+ a copy ( nature ?an ,grecian art2 ! "o t5d$ to ! ideal1 ! o!r t5d$ to trans=m x4 ,c]ta9 trees :i* we see ?r[n d[n 9 ! bas-relief ( ! great temple ( ,k>nak1 are assur$ly pure imag9ation4 ,x may h be5 ! same ) _m o!r subjects to :i* a sci5tific value has be5 giv54 ,let u return to anatomical diff]5ces1 & to t :i* has1 s9ce antiquity1 mo/ vividly /ruck ! masses1 z well z s]i\s inve/igators4 ,we are go+ to speak ab\t ^? col\rs 9 ! sk9 ( man :i* run ?r\gh almo/ ! :ole ( ! *romatic scale1 f dead :ite to ! deepe/ br[n4#abh ,!re is no sy/em :i* has n be5 ?\ght ( 9 ord] to expla9 ^! diff]5ces1 ev5 up to ! influ5ce ( ,noah's curse4#abi ,un=tunately1 we are want+ 9 ^? hi/ological & *emical rese>*es :i* are necess>y 9 ord] to =m ! bases ( a complete hi/ory ( ! col\rs ( ! sk9 9 ! human race4#acj ,we c m]ely say1 t ! rec5t works ^u c]ta9 morbid /ates1 su* z ,addison's disease1 & o!rs :i* may approa* x1 by mak+ u acqua9t$ ) ! pa?ological circum/ances "u :i* ! ,european ) a :ite sk9 becomes almo/ z black z a ,negro1 & by id5tical anatomical modifications1 h ne>ly prov$ t atmosph]ic ph5om5a h n ! influ5ce :i* monog5i/s give to !m1 & t ! fir/ orig9 ( ! col\r ( ! epid]mis 9 ! human race resides r 9 ! dep?s ( ! organism1 inaccessible to cele/ial radiation4#aca ,! v>ieties :i* ! pil\s sy/em pres5ts is ! *ief po9t1 & equal at lea/ 9 importance to ^? ( ! cutane\s sy/em4 ,if we ?9k t a classification ( races1 bas$ simply ^u ! *>act]i/ics ( ! hair1 z has be5 propos$1#acb w\ld leave mu* to be desir$1 & w\ld be f> too artificial1 we d n d\bt1 h[ev]1 b t ! pil\s sy/em c furni% indications ( great value :5 !y h be5 comb9$ 9 a wise mann] ) o!r *>act]i/ics1 z ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire has done4#acc ,d\btless1 ! col\rs ( ! hair1 f flax5 to black1 & f br[n to r$1 are innum]able 9 ,france1 & z g5]ally s 9 c\ntries :]e ! mixture ( races has be5 c>ri$ z f> z possible2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t among a pur] population1 less mix$ ) =eign blood1 ! con/ancy ( *>act]i/ics tak5 f ! hair is rem>kably great4#acd ,besides1 ! diff]5ces :i* pres5t !mselves d n relate m]ely to col\r2 ! hair ( a race ( m5 may be ei!r smoo?1 or woolly1 or crisp$1 = 9 g5]al ^! two latt] t]ms are wrongly & indiff]5tly us$1 :5 !y ought really to po9t out two p>ticul> & di/9ct /ates4 ,x is ?us t ! inhabitants ( ,l[] ,nubia1 = in/ance1 :o h a v deep %ade ( col\r1 possess curl$ hair1 truly woolly1 & q diff]5t to t ( ! ,negro1 ^: hair is really crisp$4#ace ,o!r *>act]i/ics may be dem&$ f ! l5g? ( ! hair1 f its transv]se section1--! figure ( :i* may v>y consid]ably1--f its flexibility or its quantity2 9 fact1 ev5 f its mann] ( be+ plac$ 9 ! head1 ! arrangem5t ( :i* ^u ! scalp has nev] be5 prop]ly /udi$1 & :i* may1 p]haps1 v>y ) ! diff]5t races ( mank9d4 ,9 fact1 human hairs1 l t ( _m mammalia1 are n plac$ at equal di/ances ! "o f ! o!r2 !y approa* ea* o!r 9 little gr\ps4 ,?is is especially se5 9 ! nape ( ! neck1 & among ! ,negro race mu* m s ?an among ! ,europeans4 ,?is fact1 jo9$ to ! irregul>ly prismatic =m ( ! hair 9 ! ,negro1 is d\btless ! orig9 ( ! foll[+ peculi>ity3 :5 ! head ( a ,negro has be5 %av$1 & ! hair beg9s to gr[ afre%1 "o is especially /ruck ) its /range appe>ance4 ,x is arrang$ 9 little tufts ab\t ! size ( a pea1 s t ! head1 x has be5 rem>k$1#acf resembles no?+ m closely ?an an old worn-out bru%4 ,?is peculi>ity is special to ! ,negro1 & is n f\nd 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,africa1 :]e ! neighb\r+ population h woolly hair4 ,among ! enum]ation ( ! numb]less p]fections :i* a dogmatic ,h9d requires f ,buddha1 & :i* akhya-,m\ni possess$1 x is said1 8,! hair ( ,buddha %oots =? 9 little r+lets40#acg ,x is impossible to describe bett] :at happ5s ) ! ,negro4 ,all ?is ,h9doo tradition is1 besides1 a v]itable enigma = ! an?ropologi/4 ,:y is ,buddha depict$ ) ! palms ( ! h&s desc5d+ to ! knees8#ach ,:y is ! m5dicant son ( a k+1 born on ! banks ( ! ,ganges1 always repres5t$ ) ! features or *>act]i/ics ( a ,negro1 ) black sk91 & crisp$ hair8 ,nev]!less1 akhya-,m\ni did n belong to ^! inf]ior v>ieties ( ! human race1 ( ^: exi/5ce 9 ! ,indian ,p59sula we h already spok52 9 t case1 he w\ld h be5 unfit to =mulate any doctr9e1 ei!r moral or philosophic4 ,! re/ ( ! pil\s sy/em1 n less ?an t ( ! hair1 m]its ! att5tion ( ! an?ropologi/4 ,?us1 a v especial fact1 & to :i*1 9 our op9ion1 suffici5t importance has nev] be5 atta*$1 is1 on ! "o h&1 ! relative abundance ( ! be>d among ! v>i\s races ( mank9d2 & on ! o!r1 ! "t ( its developm5t4 ,! ,*9ese1 = example1 is = a long "t be>dless1 & x is only ab\t 8 =tie? ye> t a few /iff hairs beg9 to appe> ^u 8 face4 ,among ! ,negroes1 ! ,am]icans1 & ! ,pol> race1 ! hair is1 9 ! same way1 v slightly develop$ on ! face4 8,! l5g? ( our be>ds 7( ?irty days gr[?71 :i* _h n be5 %av$ s9ce we left ! ,victory10 said ,sir ,john ,ross1#aci 801 among o!r ?+s1 a s\rce ( great amusem5t1 :ile "o ( !m1 a /rang]1 ^: be>d 0 ( unusual l5g? among ?is tribe1 claim$ consangu9ity ) u on t gr\nd40 ,! ?ick & close be>d seems1 9 reg>d+ ! matt] closely1 ! exclusive appanage ( t race :i*1 sprung f ! ,imas1 spread ov] ! :ole ( ,europe1 & ^: f9e/ repres5tatives /ill inhabit ! table-l&s ( ,iran4#adj ,our neighb\rs1 ! ,semites1 are f> f be+ s well provid$2 & ,lieut4-,colonel ,h4 ,smi? has#ada n1 p]haps1 done wrong 9 propos+ to make an abundant pil\s sy/em ! *>act]i/ic ( "o race1 j z ! crisp$ /ate ( ! hair w\ld become ! *>act]i/ic ( ano!r4 ,! sy/ems ( animal life1 d\btless1 %[ z _m v>ieties among diff]5t races ( m5 z ! sy/ems ( ! life ( relation%ip2 only ^! v>ieties are mu* less kn[n4 ,x w be suffici5t = u to rememb] 9 ?is place ! d>k] col\r ( ! blood & ! sp]ma among ! ,negro race1 z already rem>k$ by ,ari/otle & v]ifi$ by ,jacqu9ot1 & ! equally d>k t9t ( ! n]v\s c5tres2 s t ! :ole conomy ( ! ,negro is1 ev5 9 ! mo/ hidd5 p>ts 7& ^? mo/ di/ant f sol> or atmosph]ic influ5ce71 impregnat$ ) col\r+ matt]4 ,let u notice1 also1 ! developm5t ( ! small labia among ! ,hott5tot wom51 t ( ! prepuce & ! clitoris among ! ,semitic race1 & ev5 ! size ( ! p5is among ! ,e?iopians--su* a size t x w\ld almo/ imp$e ! union ( a black man ) a :ite woman1 :il/ ! union ( a :ite man ) a ,negress w\ld occur )\t any imp$im5t4 ,?is rem>k1 q 9 agreem5t ) ! !ories ( ,m4 d',ei*?al1 has be5 made by a monog5i/2#adb we h m]ely ! "r to wond] at x4 ,h[ c we reconcile ?is impossibility1 7 x ev5 a %ade ( a real "o1 ) ! notion ( indef9ite & univ]sal reproduction1 :i* all monog5i/s--wrongly1 z we %all see--make "o ( _! /ronge/ argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! specific unity ( man8 ,,ii4 ,:at we call physiological diff]5ces are c]ta9 functional =ms ( ! same organ1 p>ticul> to c]ta9 races4 ,?is is1 z may be se51 an entirely artificial di/9ction1 s9ce ^! diff]5ces mu/ necess>ily & =cibly ref] to mat]ial1 t is1 to anatomical diff]5ces4 ,^! alone1 ei!r f _! small value1 or f "s o!r cause1 h be5 hi!rto unkn[n2 :il/ _! effects1 be+ m s5sible1 h n fail$ to escape our obs]vation4 ,if an ,esquimaux1 = in/ance1 eats 9 "o day ! food ( six ,engli% sailors1#adc x is evid5t t ! inte/9es1 ! /oma*1 & ! gl&s :i* bord] on !m1 pres5t special modifications ) ref]5ce to ?is k9d ( n\ri%m5t1 s diff]5t f ! frugivor\s diet = :i* man's organism is adapt$4 ,:5 a ,t>t> sees fur!r ?an a ,european :o is us+ a telescope1#add x is c]ta9 t su* a functional sup]iority dep5ds only on ! mat]ial quality ( ! organ1--f a m p]fect arrangem5t ( ! visual app>atus1--f ! m p]fect nature ( ! m$ium refractive p[]s ( ! eye4 ,x has (t5 be5 desir$ to ref] ^! k9d ( modifications to ! education ( ! race or ! individual4 ,! education ( ! race by itself1 indep5d5tly ( ! ord9>y c\rse1 seems to u difficult to admit1 s9ce education1 9 ?is case1 w\ld suppose a triumphant /ruggle aga9/ ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s4 ,e animal comes into ! _w z its p>5ts came1 or1 at lea/1 app>5tly s4 ,if he br+s ) him1 by inh]itance1 c]ta9 p>ticul> *>act]i/ics1 !y mu/ necess>ily 9 "t become oblit]at$ ei!r by _! own means1 or by de/roy+ all ^? :o possess !m 7! case ( h]$it>y deg5]acy74 ,9 fact1 if p]fection 9 a race 7 possible by means ( an individual1 ! consequ5ce w\ld be t v soon our desc5dants w\ld be no long] 9 relation%ip ) ! circumambi5t m$ium1 :i* w\ld be an absurdity4#ade ,z to individual education1 x has an und5iable influ5ce2 b ?is does n suffice to expla9 su* important diff]5ces4 ,we nev] f9d t ,europeans1 :o happ5 to be ?r[n among savages1 atta9 to ^! peculi>ly f9e & delicate p]ceptions s special to _m aborig9es4 ,&1 moreov]1 ! ,am]ican resid+ 9 b\ndless =e/s1 :]e ! view is always re/rict$1 has z pi]c+ a glance z ! ,kalmuc ^u 8 pla94 ,! "q ( ! education ( an organ or a sy/em by ! individual himself w be cle>$ up1 d\btless1 "o ( ^! days1 by att5tive anatomy4 ,& s9ce we are ^u ! subject1 let u rememb] t an important /udy /ill rema9s1 hi!rto m]ely glanc$ at1--t ( ! influ5ce :i*1 = in/ance1 ! milk ( an animal or a female ( ano!r race may h ^u ! developm5t or ! heal? ( a :ite *ild4 ,! diff]5ces :i* we call physiological are v num]\s2 we %all1 h[ev]1 only quote two or ?ree f among ! mo/ /rik+4 ,! pr9cipal po9t1 p]haps1 is ! peculi> smell ( ! ,negro4 ,?is is s /rong1 t x ev5 impregnates = "s "t a place :]e a ,negro may only h rema9$ = a few h\rs1 & x is s *>act]i/ic1 t x alone con/itutes a grave presumption 9 matt]s ( slave-trad+2 = ,humboldt has /at$ conc]n+ ! ,p]uvians :at ,le ,cat & ,hall] said ab\t ! savages ( ! ,antilles1 t !y c\ld p]fectly trace a ,negro by sc5t1 ?anks to ?is od\r2 & x is1 at ! same "t1 a new pro( ( ! s5sitive p]fection ( ! ,am]ican race4 ,?is od\r is q indep5d5t ( age1 & sometimes is almo/ insupportable 9 "y *ildr52 x is also indep5d5t ( sweat1 &1 9 fact1 ( all ! means ( cleanl9ess ( :i* a ,negro c make use4#adf ,x is due1 accord+ to all appe>ance1 to a secretion f ! same gl&s :i*1 9 ! :ite man1 give su* a peculi> od\r to ! arm-pits2 b ?is latt] is absolutely diff]5t f t ( ! ,negro4#adg ,) reg>d to ?is1 we mu/ n lose ! occasion ( notic+ "o ( ^? contradictions into :i* monog5i/s h s (t5 fall51 &1 inde$1 x c\ld n be o!rwise4 8,! dog does n come f ! jackal10 says ,m4 ,fl\r5s1#adh 8= ! jackal has su* a peculi> smell1 t x does n seem possible t1 9 ?is case1 ! dog %\ld n h pres]v$ "s traces ( x at lea/40 ,%all we reason 9 ! same mann] 9 ord] to make a special race ( ! ,negro1 & w\ld ?is monog5i/ accept x8 ,ano!r v rem>kable physiological peculi>ity1 & "o q z wor?y ( be+ notic$1 s9ce x has a c]ta9 effect ^u physiognomy1 ^u ! facies ( a race1 is a special mode ( /&+1 consi/+ 9 hold+ oneself 9 a squatt+ position1 ! sole ( ! foot on ! gr\nd1 & ! ?ighs b5t up aga9/ ! hams1 )\t ! is*ia t\*+ ! gr\nd4 ,?is effect is :at ,cook call$ 8a monkey c\nt5ance40#adi ,we f9d n[h]e t ! ,greeks1--! inhabitants ( ! anci5t cont95t g5]ally1--! ,arabs1 or ev5 ! anci5t ,egyptians !mselves1 h ev] be5 accu/om$ to ?is position1 :i* necess>ily implies "s anatomical modification1 :e!r x be 9 ! sep>ation ( ! pelvis1 ! direction ( ! neck ( ! ?igh-bone1 or ! torsion ( ! bones1 etc4#aej ,?is position seems1 on ! contr>y1 to h be5 always ! peculi>ity ( ! ,melanesian races2 x is ! ord9>y mode ( /&+ among ! inhabitants 9 ! upp] c\rse ( ! ,nile1 & ! ,negroes ( ,africa & ! ,oceanic ,isl&s4 ,!y place !mselves ?us 9 ord] to look at any?+1 to *at toge!r1 or to delib]ate4 ,! magnific5t draw+s :i* illu/rate ! acc\nt ( ! travels ( ! ,engli% ,embassy to ! ,emp]or ( ,abyss9ia1#aea repres5t ?is mon>* z review+ an entire army ( infantry drawn up 9 ord] ( battle1 & all squatt+ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians g5]ally kept !mselves ei!r on _! knees or seat$ on ! gr\nd1 ! legs br\ght toge!r1 & ! knees t\*+ 9 front ( ! *e/1 z ?\s&s ( /atues1 figures1 & pictures %[ u4 ,b _! arti/s h j reveal$ to u t ! p ( ,c5tral ,africa h always be5 z !y are at ! pres5t day4 ,! great pa9t+ ( ,bet-,oually1 9 ,nubia1#aeb repres5ts ,rameses ! ,great z *>g+ a troop ( ,negroes f ,s\dan2 on "o side1 f>!r (f1 we see a ,negro ne> a saucepan1 prep>+1 d\btless1 "s food2 he is squatt+ 9 ! mann] ( :i* we h j spok54 ,9 ?is place1 z is (t5 ! case1 ! ,egyptian arti/ has be5 clev] 9 seiz+ a pr(ile by its mo/ significant *>act]i/ic4#aec ,gricault wi%$ at "o "t to make a draw+ ( an episode 9 ! 8,%ipwreck ( ! ,m$usa10 ,corard mak+ signs to an ,african *ief :o 0 seat$ on ! s&2 he plac$ 9 8 composition a ,negro squatt+1 b he drew him ) "o foot re/+ entirely on ! gr\nd1 & ! o!r be>+ only on ! extremity ( ! metat>si4 ,at t "t ,gricault _h only a :ite man z a model2 a ,negro w\ld h plac$ himself diff]5tly1 ) bo? 8 feet flat on ! gr\nd4 ,we might pursue ! hi/ory ( ^! physiological v>ieties ad inf9itum1--x is a l>ge field = ! enquir]2 & to m5tion "o fact alone1 ! comp>$ hi/ory ( developm5t among ! diff]5t races ( mank9d has /ill to be accompli%$1 especially ! hi/ory ( ! intra-ut]9e developm5t ( ! ,negro1 & ev5 p>tly ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ mon?s ( 8 arial life4 ,,iii4 ,if organism1 op]at+ normally among diff]5t races1 pres5ts su* v>ieties1 :y c we n suppose t x w\ld h5ce %[ correlative diff]5ces 9 its morbid *anges8 %\ld !re n be1 also1 an e?nic pa?ology8 ,?is conta9s a l>ge "q1 & yet x 0 sc>cely ?\ght ( a few ye>s ago4 ,x seems to h be5 fir/ propos$ & /udi$ by ,f4 ,s*nurr] 9 8 treatise on ,geographical ,pa?ology1#aed 9 #ahac1 9 :i* ! au?or seems to h p]ceiv$ imp]fectly1 9 all its va/ness1 ! matt] :i* n[ occupies our att5tion4 ,! book is divid$ into ?ree p>ts2 ! fir/ is entirely geographical1 ! second entirely an?ropological1 & ! ?ird is giv5 up to a description ( maladies1 comm5c+ ) two introductory *apt]s2 ! fir/ describ+ ! diseases ( ea* zone1 & ! second1 conta9+ elev5 pages1 is a 8,glance at ! g5]al ,*>act]i/ics ( ,disease 9 ea* ,race40 8,9 fact10 says ,dr4 ,b\d91#aee 9 po9t+ out ! novelty ( ^! enquiries1 8!re are "s races :o %[ !mselves completely rebelli\s to c]ta9 pa?ological =ms1 = :i* o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 %[ a rem>kable pre-disposition40 ,two p>ticul> maladies h be5 po9t$ out 9 ?is po9t ( view1--m>%-poison+ 9 all its =ms1 & yell[ fev]4 ,africans are evid5tly1 at lea/ 9 p>ts1 exempt f ^! two diseases1 :i* only attack !m ) a v m9or =ce4 ,x has be5 said t ! "q ( m>%-poison+ is /ill v d\btful2 x 0 all[$ t ! ,negroes 7 less expos$ to its attacks ?an o!r m51 b x 0 desir$ to ent] ! "q ( acclimatisation#aef into ! calculation ( facts4 ,all ! c\ntries we "k t are inhabit$ by blacks1 be+ ne>ly all subject to ! noxi\s influ5ce ( m>%es1 x 0 pret5d$ t ev5 /rang] ,negroes _h acquir$ f infancy1 9 _! own c\ntry1 an immunity by :i* !y b5efit$ lat] 9 life1 & ev5 _h ! p[] ( h&+ x d[n to _! desc5dants4#aeg ,x is ?us t "s h expla9$1 = in/ance1 ! unhappy results ( ! ,engli% exp$ition to ! ,nig] 9 #ahda4 ,out ( #ade :ites belong+ to ! crews1 ! ?ree vessels1 aft] a navigation ( ab\t =ty-n9e days on ! riv]1 _h lo/ #dj m5 7#acj 7 attack$74 ,out ( ! tw5ty-five col\r$ m5 emb>k$ 9 ,engl&1 & :o 7 mo/ly born 9 ,am]ica1 elev5 7 seiz$ ) illness1 b n "o ( !m di$4#aeh ,?is individual acclimatisation c only be ei!r a fiction1 or a pro( 9 support ( ! ideas :i* we def5d4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( a morbid influ5ce :i* %[s itself & cont9ues1 two ?+s alone c happ51--ei!r de/ruction1 or p]man5t 7t is to say1 specific7 modifications ( conomy1 9 h>mony ) ! ord9>y mann] 9 :i* ?is animal population cont9ues to exi/4 ,! yell[ fev]1 ex]cis+ its ravages ^u %ores equally di/ant f :ites & negroes1 has br\ght v decisive argum5ts into ! "q4 ,we "k1 9 fact1 t ! :ites suff] 9 ,am]ica f ! black vomit 9 all its viol5ce2 :il/ ! ,negroes are n attack$ by x1 or if !y are1 its effects are insignificant4#aei ,a f]oci\s maxim1 "o wor?y ( ! conqu]ors1 has expla9$--s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury--?is pr]ogative1 :i* ! ,spani>ds _h s mu* reason to envy1 8,if we did n hang a ,negro1 he w\ld nev] die40#afj ,if "s au?ors h timidly advanc$ ! !ory ( a =m] acclimatisation#afa ) reg>d to m>%-poison+1 ! great] numb] ( obs]v]s1 ,f5n]1 ,nott1 & ,bryant1 ought to admit t !re 01 ev5 9 ! con/itution ( ! black man1 an ob/acle--o!rwise absolutely unkn[n 9 8 nature--to ! manife/ation ( ! yell[ fev]2#afb & t ! black blood appe>$ to c>ry on ?is resi/+ =ce to ! mix$ bre$1 ev5 if !y 7 born f> away4#afc ,an extremely int]e/+ exp]im5t relat+ to ?is immunity ( ! ,negro f ! yell[ fev]1 0 tri$ l>gely dur+ ! disa/r\s ,mexican exp$ition1 & ! conditions ( ?is exp]i5ce ought to give x a capital value4 ,at fir/1 our soldi]s paid a t]rible tribute to ?is sc\rge1 & !n ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t took up ! excell5t idea ( pr(it+ by ! resi/ance ( ! ,negro race to ! black vomit4 ,x ask$ = a battalion ( blacks f ! vic]oy ( ,egypt1 consi/+ ( m5 recruit$ f ! limits ( ,s\dan1 f ,b]b] to ,kh>t\m4 ,x 0 n )\t anxiety t ! issue ( ?is physiological exp]im5t 0 wat*$1 s9ce x did n happ51 z 9 our laboratories1 9 anima vili4 ,"s _h confid5ce 9 ! functional uni=mity ( ! ,negro race1 z be+ beyond all local action2 o!rs believ+ wrongly1 z we said1 9 a =m] acclimatisation ( ! only inhabitants ( ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 expect$ to f9d t all ^! ,negroes f ! o!r side ( ! cont95t w\ld p]i%4 ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( :at !y _h at fir/ said1 !y c\ld v soon v]ify ! almo/ complete immunity ( ! ,negro battalion at ,v]a-,cruz4#afd ,x 0 ! fir/ "t1 if we are n mi/ak51 t an?ropology has be5 directly appli$ 9 ! ,old ,_w to social sci5ce4 ,"s "t ago an?ropologi/s 7 consult$ by ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica ^u c]ta9 que/ions ( slav]y1 at ! "t :5 t]rible diss5sions 7 budd+ 9 ! %ad[s ( ! di/ance4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,intellectual ,,& ,,philological ,,v>ieties4 ,f "t immemorial1 common s5se has enlight5$ mank9d ^u ! intellectual diff]5ces :i* make "o nation diff] f ano!r1 & "o race f ano!r4 ,almo/ all nations1 9 admitt+ t !y are sup]ior to _! neighb\rs1 ackn[l$ge !reby a *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 !mselves & ^? :om !y ?us place bel[ _! own level4 ,an ov]we5+ s5se ( vanity may possibly cause deception 9 ?is case2 b ?is belief is1 at lea/1 bas$ on a v]itable fact1--intellectual inequality4 ,!re are1 inde$1 s5sible & manife/ diff]5ces1 :i* no "o w d5y1 especially ^? :o seek 9 ! lit]>y monum5ts ( a race = ! hi/ory ( its ideas & its t5d5cies1 & ^? :o h m+l$ ) o!r nations1 & :o h exam9$ _! mann]s1 _! cu/oms & _! religion4 8,x is suffici5t to h se5 ! blacks10 says _! mo/ en?usia/ic def5d]1#afe 8to h liv$ "s "t ) !m1 to feel t !re is 9 !m a humanity q diff]5t to t ( ! :ite man40#aff ,"s p]sons h wi%$ to deceive !mselves2 !y h wi%$ to raise ! ,negro race to our own level1 9 ! "n ( "s sort ( s5tim5tal feel+1 :i*1 moreov]1 has always turn$ out to be a mi/ake4 ,_m p]sons h be5 engag$ ^u !m4 ,n be+ able to give !m pla/ic equality1 !y _h rec\rse to intellig5ce1--!y wi%$ to deceive !mselves1 l ,desdemona1 :5 %e said1-- 8,i saw ,o!llo's visage 9 8 m9d40#afg ,! ,negro 0 decl>$ to be our equal by ! moral law1 only ) c]ta9 %ades ( di/9ction dep5d+ on "s p>ticul> & transi5t circum/ances :i* w\ld soon disappe>4 ,x 0 ann\nc$ t1 9 _! turn1 !y w\ld advance ideas1 & w\ld "w at :at is call$ progress1 t is to say1 8! increase ( good on ! e>?40#afh 8,9 proportion z "w makes vital en]gy to pr$om9ate 9 ! head10 said ,m4 ,m>cel de ,s]res 9 #ahdd1 8^! deeply col\r$ m51#afi ) crisp$1 woolly1 or %ort hair1 w t5d 9 a manife/ mann] t[>ds ! :ite race1--w m>* ) !m 9 ! pa? ( progress40#agj ,& f>!r on1 8,?is exp]im5t has sc>cely comm5c$1 b x already %[s s5sible effects40 ,un=tunately1 ! tw5ty ye>s :i* h pass$ s9ce ^! words 7 writt51 h n %[n t !y are true2 & ! *all5ge (f]$ by an ,am]ican has nev] yet be5 accept$1 8,let anyone quote to me "o s+le l9e writt5 by a ,negro :i* is wor?y ( be+ rememb]$40#aga ,!y are n m advanc$ n[ ?an at ! "t :5 ,mohamm$ refus$ !m ! gift ( prophecy4#agb ,&1 z ,dr4 ,hunt rem>ks1 !re is c]ta9ly no means ( civilis+ ^? :o h be5 uncivilis$ = ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t !y h be5 connect$ ) ! ,egyptians1 ! ,c>?ag9ians1 ! ,arabs1 ! ,portuguese1 ! ,dut* & ! ,engli%4#agc ,if x be object$ t !y h always be5 slaves1 we may say our ,gallic & ,g]man ance/ors 7 s also2 b we ask1 ,:y d !y cont9ue to be slaves8 ,! m]it ( fir/ endeav\r+ to di/+ui% races ( m5 by *>act]i/ics tak5 f )\t ! physical _w1 by ! quality ( ! manife/ations ( _! intellig5ce1 is1 p]haps1 due to ,l9nu4 ,) ?is _s ( laconism1 :i* l$ him to gr\p 9 "o simple & easy =mula ! *>act]i/ic facts :i* he desir$ to impress on ! m9d ( ! read] z be+ important1 he endeav\r$ to det]m9e1 9 a few words1 ! v>i\s t5d5cies ( diff]5t races1 & x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t he has at times be5 happy 9 ?is k9d ( synoptic classification4#agd ,9 proportion z mod]n k has made u p5etrate m deeply into ! m9ds ( races1--s9ce we are no long] cont5t$ ) /udy+ !m sup]ficially 9 ! ord9>y manife/ations ( life1 :i* we may call 8common-place10 & :i* belong to ne>ly all c\ntries1--we p]ceive t insup]able limits sep>ate "o set ( m5 f ano!r ) reg>d to intellectual aff9ity1 s t "h1 z 9 ! case ( physical *>act]i/ics1 ea* race is almo/ to be di/+ui%$ f its neighb\rs4 8,pr(\nd & un*angeable diff]5ces10 said ,m4 ,paul de ,remusat1#age 9 #ahed1 8:i* w\ld1 p]haps1 suffice ( !mselves to f\nd def9ite & ?or\ghly limit$ classifications40 ,x 0 9 ord] to po9t out a new bran* ( an?ropology1 a new & fruitful bran*1--t a "w appe>$ :i* 0 de/9$ to ?r[ a bright light on ! subject4 ,x 0 necess>y to expla9 ^! di/9ctions1 & n m]ely to enunciate !m4 ,! m]it 9 ?is matt] belongs to ,m4 ,r5an1 :o1 9 8 treatise on ! languages ( ! great ,semitic family1 has pa9t$1 f ! mo/ fav\rable *>act]i/ics1 ?is humanity :i* is1 morally1 s diff]5t f our own1 h[ev] l x may be 9 ext]nal =m4 ,! intellectual disp>ity ( races is h5ce=w>d an und5iable fact4 ,! religi\s or moral sy/em ( a p be+ ! highe/ manife/ations ( its intellectual t5d5cies1 we see t ! /udy ( religions ent]s q naturally into an?ropology2 x is a "p ( ?is comp>able /udy ( ! human m9d1 un=tunately too mu* neglect$1 b :i* beg9s to take a place wor?y ( its importance 9 ! _w ( sci5ce4#agf ,we d n wi% to discuss !ological or religi\s que/ions1 ! an?ropologi/ ought to leave !m to o!rs4 ,8 duty is to endeav\r to put himself outside ! n>r[ circle 9 :i* nature has plac$ him2 to =get1 z mu* z possible1 8 incl9ations & p]sonal s5tim5ts2 to look ar\nd him2 to put ! _w 9 "o view1 & to endeav\r to be ! sole spectator ( ! same4 ,!n a curi\s ph5om5on w /rike 8 gaze1--! *a9s ( m\nta9s & ! riv]s :i* sep>ate ! v>i\s races ( mank9d1 w also sep>ate diff]5t religions4 ,l ! sea :i* breaks on ! %ore1 e belief has se5 its disciples1 arm$ ) ! sword1 or ) ! pacific weapons ( p]suasion1 /op at c]ta9 limits1 ov] :i* !y are n p]mitt$ to pass4 ,( c\rse1 we only speak "h ( true proselytism1 ( real progress 9 religion 9 its =m & _s4 ,humboldt & ,bonpl& saw1 "o day1 9 ! ,cordill]as1 a savage cr[d danc+ & br&i%+ ! w>-hat*et r\nd an alt> :]e a ,franciscan 0 elevat+ ! ,ho/4 ,su* neophytes are only call$ ,*ri/ians 9 ! ,annales de la ,propagation de la ,foi1--!y are n conv]ts 9 ! op9ion ( ! an?ropologi/4 ,pure mono!ism seems always to h be5 ! religion ( ! ,semitic race4 ,mo/ ,european nations1 on ! contr>y1 h pr(ess$ f antiquity1 a poly!ism or a pan!ism1 m or less disguis$1 m or less ackn[l$g$4 ,9 fact1 by ! side ( ^? nations ( ,asia & ,europe1 :]e civilisation & religi\s ideas appe> to h simultane\sly be5 develop$1 al?\gh 9 diff]5t directions1 we f9d o!r p :o h nei!r religi\s ideas1 nor gods1 nor any k9d ( wor%ip4#agg ,?ree va/ regions ( ! e>?1 inhabit$ by p /ill 9 a savage /ate1 appe> to h rema9$1 up to ! pres5t day1 free f religi\s beliefs2 ^! are ,c5tral ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & ! c\ntry ar\nd ! ,nor? ,pole1--t is to say1 ! ?ree p>ts ( ! _w :i* are mo/ difficult to explore1--! only p>ts :i* h ev5 n yet be5 ?or\ghly exam9$4 ,& ?is is "o consequ5ce ( ?is want ( exploration2 x supposes a sort ( seque/ration f ! re/ ( ! _w1 :i* has n ev5 succumb$ to civilisation by ?is contact & imitation ( :i* we h already spok54 ,let u admit t relations 7 e/abli%$ by ^! p ) _! neighb\rs2 !y w\ld soon h import$ f ! =eign] conceptions :i* w\ld ev5 !n h nev] tak5 a =m1 on acc\nt ( ! small portion ( intellect :i* nature _h giv5 to !m4 ,ref]r+ to ! inhabitants ( ,au/ralia1 ,la?am ackn[l$ges t ! g5]al op9ion is1 9 fact1 t !y h n yet comm5c$ to %ape ! rude/ elem5ts ( a religion1#agh 8an op9ion10 he says1 8:i* causes ! idea t _! intellects are too sluggi% ev5 = ! ma9t5ance ( sup]/ition40 ,x is c]ta9ly true t1 9 ! ,am]ican exp$ition "u ,capta9 ,gray1 x 0 ?\ght t "s religi\s ideas c\ld be p]ceiv$ among !m2 b x appe>s f ! same acc\nt t ! song :i* con/itut$ all ?is app>5t religion1 _h be5 br\ght f f> by /rang]s1 & adopt$ by ! natives1--d\btless1 by o!r ,au/ralians1 :o _h already be5 influ5c$ by ! ,*ri/ian ideas ( ! :ite m51 or ! ,buddhi/ pr9ciples ( ! ,malays4 ,to relate ! hi/ory ( ! introduction ( an idea among a p is1 9 reality1 to decl>e & prove t ?is idea did n exi/ !re be=e1 :i* is suffici5t = u if we c be assur$ ( ! fact4 ,! te/imony ( mission>ies#agi is1 besides1 consonant ) t :i* we h j said2 & we may rem>k on ! importance ( ass]tions com+ f m5 ^: :ole /udy is to discov]1 9 ! p :om !y desire to conv]t1 ideas analog\s to ^? :i* !y endeav\r to propagate4 8,!y h no idea ( a ,div9e ,be+10 says "o ( ^! m52 8!y appe> to h no compreh5sion ( ! ?+s !y commit to memory1--,i mean especially z reg>ds religi\s subjects40 8,:at c we d10 says ano!r1 8) a nation ^: language possesses no t]ms correspond+ to ju/ice or s91 & to ^: m9d ! ideas express$ by ^! words are completely /range & inexplicable80 ,z to ,c5tral ,africa1 we conf9e ourselves to relat+ a few facts relative to ?is want ( religi\s belief1 ga!r$ f diff]5t po9ts 9 ! p]iph]y ( ! va/ triangle1 almo/ unexplor$ & unkn[n1 :i* is describ$ by l9es jo9+ toge!r ,s5egal1 ,zanzib>1 & ! ,cape4 ,an ,am]ican mission>y1#ahj :o liv$ f\r ye>s among/ ! ,mpongwes1 "o ( ! mo/ important nations ( ,c5tral ,africa1 ! ,m&+os1 & ! ,grebos1 & :o knew _! language p]fectly1 decl>es t !y _h nei!r religion1 nor prie/s1 nor idolatry1 nor any religi\s assemblies :atsoev]4 ,dr4 ,liv+/one says ! same ?+ conc]n+ ! ,be*uanas4#aha ,! ,au/rian mission>ies1 e/abli%$ ^u ! di/ant banks ( ! ,:ite ,nile1 h met ) ! same want ( religion1 ! same void#ahb 9 ! m9d4 ,9 fact1 among ! ,caffres1 ! "n :i* !y give to ! ,div9e ,be+1 z among ! ,hott5tots1 is und5iable evid5ce t !y =m]ly _h no idea ( any?+ simil>4 ,?is "n is ,tixo1 & its hi/ory is too curi\s n to be relat$2 x is compos$ ( two words :i*1 toge!r1 signify ! 8w\nd$ knee40 ,x 01 !y say1 ! "n ( a doctor or sorc]]1 well kn[n among ! ,hott5tots & ,namaquas1 on acc\nt ( "s w\nd :i* he _h receiv$ on 8 knee4 ,hav+ be5 held 9 great e/imation = 8 extraord9>y p[] dur+ 8 life1 ! ,w\nd$ ,knee cont9u$ to be invok$ ev5 aft] 8 dea?1 z be+ able to com=t & protect2 & consequ5tly 8 "n became ! t]m :i* be/ repres5t$1 to ! m9ds ( 8 c\ntrym51 _! confus$ idea ( ! mission>ies' ,god6 ,z to ! ,esquimaux1 s9ce #afab1 ,:iteb\rne wrote t !y _h no k ( ,god1 & liv$ )\t any =m ( civil gov]nm5t4 ,& we c add to ?is di/ant te/imony ! foll[+ l9es f ! j\rnal ( ,sir ,john ,ross1 :o liv$ = a long "t 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 8,did !y compreh5d any?+ ( all t ,i attempt$ to expla91 expla9+ ! simple/ ?+s 9 ! simple/ mann] t ,i c\ld devise8 ,i c\ld n conjecture4 ,%\ld ,i h ga9$ m _h ,i bett] und]/ood _! language8 ,i h mu* reason to d\bt4 ,t !y h a moral law ( "s ext5t #8writt5 9 ! he>t1' ,i c\ld n d\bt1 z num]\s traits ( _! conduct %[1 b beyond ?is1 ,i c\ld satisfy myself ( no?+2 nor did ^! ef=ts1 & _m m1 enable me to conjecture aught wor? record+4 ,respect+ _! op9ions on ! ess5tial po9ts f :i* ,i might h presum$ on a religion1 ,i 0 oblig$ at pres5t to ab&on ! attempt1 & ,i 0 incl9$ to despair40#ahc ,?is extract is s mu* ! m important = our !sis1 s9ce we p]ceive 9 e ^w ! *agr9 ( a man :o did n f9d 9 ! he>ts ( o!rs a frat]nal e*o to 8 de>e/ s5tim5ts4 ,x is1 9 tru?1 a difficulty peculi> to ! /udy ( que/ions ( ?is nature4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 be v c>eful 9 discuss+ ! value ( any te/imony :i* may be br\ght =w>d1 & to di/ru/ ^? m9ds :i* beg9 by decl>+ priori ! univ]sality ( beliefs1 hopes1 & fe>s among mank9d1 z a natural consequ5ce ( ! primitive unity ( ! human species4 ,we mu/ always exam9e mo/ m9utely ! acc\nts ( travell]s to :i* we are oblig$ to ref]4 ,?us1 = example1 x is evid5t t ! old] ! evid5ce1 ! bett] x is2 b at ! same "t1 ! f>!r x goes back1 ! less *ance !re is t x emanates f an indep5d5t & imp>tial m9d1 free f all prejudice4 ,happily1 ! exagg]ation ( ^! ideas mu/ (t5 suffice to put u on our gu>d aga9/ !m1 l ! c&id ,jesuit1 ^: zeal\s b hazy fai? ?\ght x _h discov]$ traces ( ,/4 ,?omas's prea*+ 9 ,brazil4#ahd ,9 an o!rwise good notice ( ! ,esquimaux1#ahe ,dr4 ,k+ says1 8t ^! p h pres]v$1 l _m o!r uncivilis$ races1 a vague remembrance ( ! creation & ( ! deluge1 & t !y believe 9 future rew>ds & puni%m5ts40 ,9 8 religi\s zeal1 ,dr4 ,k+ =gets t if ! ,esquimaux _h be5 able to br+ a confus$ tradition ( ev5 ! deluge & ! creation f ! valley ( ! ,euphrates1 x 0 impossible x c\ld h be5 ! same ) a belief 9 future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 see+ t ! ,jews !mselves nev] possess$ ?is belief be=e _! contact ) ,assyrian civilisation4 ,we may read 9 ,dr4 ,bre*]'s excell5t "w#ahf ! :ole hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ?is belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,if ! ,g]man doctor wi%es pi\sly to prove t ! ,jews ought1 morally1 to h always believ$ 9 ?is immortality1 at all ev5ts1 8 zeal has be5 able to inv5t real pro(s1 :i* 9 fact1 are want+4 ,! fam\s s*eol1 :i* is m5tion$ s (t5 9 old ,hebrew books1 appe>s to be m]ely ! k+dom ( ! dead1 & n t ( s\ls1 l hell1 ,t>t>us1 ! ,elysian fields1 & ,p>adise2 ! s*eol is b an ideal repres5tation ( ! tomb4 ,ev5 at ! "t :5 ! ,jews _h g5]ally adopt$ ! ideas ( _! neighb\rs1 dur+ ! ,talmudic p]iod1 ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 if x exi/$1 0 nei!r completely cle> nor well reason$1 s9ce !y refus$ all p>ticipation 9 a future life to ^? :o d5i$ ! resurrection & ! la/ judgm5t1 8:i* 0 equival5t to entire annihilation40#ahg ,to believe ?is1 is c]ta9ly n to believe 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 s9ce !y reg>d$ et]nal life n z a necess>y consequ5ce1 b z a recomp5se = good pr9ciples1 & hav+ fai? 9 !m4 ,su* an inconsi/5cy is ! cle>e/ possible pro( t1 ev5 at ?is p]iod1 ^! ideas _h n und]gone ! *ange :i* br\ght !m to ! actual po9t ( cle>ness4 ,!y 7 also n yet completely fre$ f ! anci5t belief :i* ! ,sadducees1 besides1 _h n ab&on$2 !y 7 ! fai?ful pres]v]s ( ! anci5t fai?1 & ! pure tradition ( ! sons ( ,israel4 8,!y h ! !ory t ! s\l dies ) ! body10 wrote ,josephus1#ahh 8& consid] t !y ought to keep no?+ b ! law40 ,we mu/ be p>don$ = insi/+ s mu* ^u ?is po9t2 b x is ( importance z reg>ds our !sis to %[ t ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & 9 a div9ity1 is n univ]sal on ! globe1 t "o g5]al *>act]i/ic ( humanity c\ld n be =m$ f x1 & t we ought ev5 less to rely ^u ! exi/5ce ( su* ideas 9 ord] to e/abli% a human k+dom4 ,we h only spok5 ( p :o are ei!r entirely savage1 or ( ,jewi% op9ions1 :i* h long be5 lo/ 9 ! pa/4 ,ev5 9 our own "t1 !re are two hundr$ million ,buddhi/s on ! e>?1 :o h rea*$ a m>vell\s po9t ( civilisation1 :o ignore1 9 ! mo/ absolute mann]1 ! notion ( ano!r life & t ( a div9ity4 ,eugne ,burn\f1 ^: ability no "o w d5y1 has already said x2 ,m4 ,b>?lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 aft] mu* hesitation1 :i* w rema9 z ! seal ( a firmly e/abli%$ conviction1 has decid$ 9 ! same way1 9 ! la/ edition ( ,b\ddha et sa ,religion4#ahi ,we quote 8 own words3--8,!re is n ! slighte/ trace ( a belief 9 ,god 9 all ,buddhism2 & to suppose t x admits ! absorption ( ! human s\l into a div9e or inf9ite s\l1 is a gratuit\s supposition :i* _c ev5 ent] into ! ideas ( ! ,buddhi/4 ,9 ord] to believe t man c lose himself 9 ! ,god to :i* he is reunit$1 ?is ,god mu/ fir/ be believ$ 9 z a necess>y comm5cem5t4 ,b we c sc>cely say t ! ,buddhi/ does n believe 9 ,him4 ,he ignores ,god 9 su* a complete mann]1 t he does n ev5 c>e ab\t d5y+ ,8 exi/5ce2 he does n c>e ab\t try+ to aboli% ,him2 he nei!r m5tions su* a be+ 9 ord] to expla9 ! orig9 or ! ant]ior exi/5ce ( man1 8 pres5t life1 nor = ! purpose ( conjectur+ 8 future /ate1 & 8 ev5tual fre$om4 ,! ,buddhi/ has no acqua9tance :atsoev] ) a ,god1 &1 q giv5 up to 8 own h]oic sorr[s & sympa?ies1 he has nev] ca/ 8 eyes s f> or s high40 ,& ! au?or adds ! foll[+ l9es1 :i* h a direct be>+ on an?ropology1 & :i* are l ! sum ( all we h j br\ght =w>d3--8,! human m9d has sc>cely be5 obs]v$ b 9 ! races to :i* we ourselves belong4 ,^! races des]ve1 c]ta9ly1 a high place 9 our /udies2 b if !y are ! mo/ important1 !y d n /& alone4 ,ought n ! o!rs to be notic$1 al?\gh !y are said to be s inf]ior8 ,if !y d n ent] into ! ha/ily drawn outl9e1 mu/ !y be disfigur$ by submitt+ !m to ov]-/rict !ories8 ,is x n a bett] plan to ackn[l$ge t old sy/ems are faulty1 & t !y are n compreh5sive en\gh 9 ev]y?+ :i* !y und]take to expla980#aij ,! "q ( intellectual diff]5ces1 l1 inde$1 all ! o!r po9ts 9 an?ropological /udy1 has l>gely ex]cis$ ! inv5tive g5ius ( monog5i/s1 = x mu/ be own$ t all ! ef=ts ( imag9ation proce$ f !m4 ,x is n m difficult to admit ! developm5t ( "o or tw5ty human species ^u our planet1 ?an ! developm5t ( a s+le moss or sea-we$2 !y are ph5om5a ( ! same ord]1 & equally beyond ! actual limits ( our k2 b ?is fir/ /ep tak51 an?ropology op5s itself to ! polyg5i/ z simple & easy2 he foll[s1 )\t any tr\ble1 all ph5om5a1 f cause to effect1--ev]y?+ ent]s into "o g5]al ord]1--ev]y?+ is m>vell\sly simple1 9 spite ( app>5t complication4 ,x is n ! same ) ! monog5i/2 rul$ cont9ually by 8 !ory1 he goes on almo/ pa9fully1 & at e /ep "s new ob/acle is rais$ to imp$e 8 progress4 ,if he ?9ks he has conqu]$ physical diff]5ces1 psy*ological v>ieties />t up2 !n w arise families ( diff]5t tongues1 q z radically di/9ct & z difficult to expla92 & yet x is 9 va9 t ! ob/acle seems s great & insurm\ntable1 x mu/ be ov]come1 x mu/ be pass$ 9 ! "n ( an admitt$ pr9ciple1 co/ :at x may s to d4 ,?us x is t monog5i/s h sometimes arriv$ at ! mo/ curi\s1 b at ! same "t mo/ un=tunate1 results4 ,& if we wi%$ to =m s5tim5t f sci5ce1 we %\ld ask1 :i* is ! mo/ reasonable1 ! mo/ wor?y1 & ! mo/ consol+1--:e!r to believe t we alone are p]fect1 & t n9e-t5?s ( our bre?r5 :o cov] ! globe are dis9h]it$2 or to consid] all ^! v>i$ exi/5ces :i* we see ar\nd u z =m+ equal1 if n simil>1 species1 pursu+1 ea* 9 its own way1 a de/9y1 diff]5t1 inde$1 b n degrad$1--n deg5]at$1--9 c]ta9 po9ts ev5 bett] arrang$ ?an our own4 8,god10 said ,niebuhr1 8has m>k$ on ea* race ( m5 _! de/9ation ) ! *>act]i/ic :i* be/ suits !m0 & ! philosoph] _h already le>nt by hi/ory t :5 civilisation has be5 sudd5ly introduc$ f )\t among a savage nation1#aia ! consequ5ce is an imm$iate physical deg5]acy1 t is to say1 ! de/ruction ( ! p :i* has w&]$ f its usual mode ( life4 ,! hi/orian ?us proclaim$ a physiological law1 :i* mo/ monog5i/s are glad to =get1--t all deg5]acy ends necess>ily 9 dea?2 x kills itself1 & always at ! t5? g5]ation1 if n at ! fir/4 ,no gr\p ( human be+s1 aft] two or ?ree g5]ations ( unmix$ exi/5ce1 c be consid]$ z degrad$ or deg5]at$1 n m ?an we %\ld admit t a "y girl1 attack$ ) cret9ism 9 its greate/ degree1 _h ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,esquimaux or ! ,mongolian race4#aib ,we c see1 ev5 9 a humanit>ian po9t ( view1--! po9t ( view 9 :i* we refuse to place ourselves1--t ! polyg5i/s h ! advantage4 ,! m9d is n (f5d$1 & _c be s1 to see c]ta9 creatures possess "s p>ticul> faculty to ! exclusion ( o!rs4 ,does n h>mony obta9 an absolute value f a necess>y inequality ( p>ts1 :il/ %e h]self re/ores to ea* "p an equal value1 9 mak+ !m all co-op]ate t[>ds ! same end1 ! same action1 9 :i* are di/ribut$ great & m9or p>ts1--"s brilliant1 "s humble1 "s conceal$8#aic ,t f9e ,nor? ,am]ican race1 :i* is s mu* admir$ by all :o h liv$ among !m1 w be no long]1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,m>tius1#aid ! wor?y desc5dant ( ! fir/ murd]]1 a collection ( maniacs & insane folks1 br\ght to t /ate by mis]y & ! reprobation ( ,god4 ,we only see 9 !m m5 end[$ l ourselves1 b m 9 h>mony ) ! nature :i* animates !m1 hav+1 ( c\rse1 _! imp]fections l ourselves1 b giv+ u also an example ( great qualities1 firmness1 c\rage1 pati5ce1 & an int5se love ( lib]ty4 ,:ites & blacks may be slaves1 b ! ,am]ican has nev] s]v$ a ma/]4#aie ,! ,negro himself has 8 advantages2 & we c\ld n1 p]haps1 /ruggle ) him ab\t affective or hateful faculties4 ,m4 de ,gob9eau seems to u to be /rangely mi/ak5 9 ! portrait :i* he has attempt$ to draw ( ! black man2 he has made 8 race hide\s2 x is only inf]ior 9 relation to ourselves2 x is equal to "s1 & sup]ior to o!rs1 n p>tak+1 inde$1 ( all ! advantages ( ! ,iranian or ,semitic races1 b able to display o!r qualities :i* belong p>ticul>ly to itself4 ,9 ! place ( ?is spectacle1 :i* is ?us pres5t$ to our view1 ( degrad$ be+s cov]+ half ! e>?1 we simply see1 = our "p1 intellig5ce develop+ itself 9 ea* race1 foll[+ c]ta9 directions & t5d5cies at ! exp5se ( o!rs4 ,^! special t5d5cies are sometimes v rem>kable4 ,9 8 int]c\rse ) ! ,esquimaux1 ,sir ,john ,ross1 ^: obs]v+ m9d we h sev]al times _h occasion to notice1 f\nd t !y 7 ne>ly all good geograph]s4 ,he put into _! h&s a p5cil & pap] 7( ! use ( :i* !y 7 c]ta9ly ignorant71 & !y drew ) great correctness ! bays1 riv]s1 isl&s1 & lakes ( _! c\ntry1 z well z ! exact spots :]e !y _h encamp$ at "s =m] emigration4 ,?is is a curi\s contra/ ) mo/ ( ! ,african & ,arab peoples1 :o seem to h b a v vague idea ( di/ance or "t2 inde$1 ! difficulty ( f9d+ out r\tes among ! inhabitants ( ,s\dan1 :i* we h ourselves exp]i5c$1 has become almo/ prov]bial4#aif ,)\t go+ s f> z all t1 our neighb\rs1 ! ,semites1 diff] f ourselves 9 ! mann] & quality ( _! m9d to an extraord9>y degree2 on ! "o side is ! ,aryan1 an analy/1 a pan!i/1 giv5 to ! pla/ic or p]spective reproduction ( ev]y?+ :i* surr\nds him2 on ! o!r1 ! ,semite1 a s5suali/1 a mono!i/1 an iconocla/4 ,if x is radically impossible = ! ,semite to foll[ u 9 ! dep?s ( metaphysics1 8 language ev5 be+ oppos$ to all philosophic demon/ration2 9 our turn1 p]haps1 we are less religi\s1--t is to say1 less solemnly /ruck by ! univ]se4 ,! ?\ght ( demon/rat+ ,god1 & prov+ ?is ?\ght1 w nev] come to ! ,semite z x did to ,bossuet1 ,fnlon1 & ,newton4#aig ,! ,semite feels ,god1 if we may s express x2 &1 z if absorb$ & a/\nd$ by ?is p]sonifi$ creative =ce1 ^: %ad[ presses on him1 he does n und]/& ! arts ( reproduction1 al?\gh among all ! p :o excel 9 x4 ,9 fact1 hi/ory itself w tea* u t ^! t5d5cies are s mu* accus$ & s g5]al1 t !y are f\nd ev]y:]e2 9 "o place ris+ ev5 above conque/1 9 ano!r1 modify+ itself to import$ religions4 ,:5 a religion1 9 accordance ) ! g5ius ( ! m5 to :om x has be5 address$ f ! cradle1 passes f ?is race to ano!r1 x is necess>ily modifi$4 ,pure mono!ism1 born 9 ! ea/1 has only conqu]$ ! we/ & ! ,iranian race by trans=m+ itself to _! pleasure4 ,! ,p]sians accept$ ,islam2 b !y h n be5 able to r5\nce ?is necessity = pla/ic reproduction1 :i* is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,iranian family3 a s*ism became =m$1 :i* au?oris$ all ! arts1 & left 9 entire fre$om t natural t5d5cy :i* c\ld n be smo!r$4 ,f> m ?an ! mon/]s 9 ,isaiah's dream1 ! lions ( ! ,alhambra 7 a t]rible prophesy4 ,^? :o see !m may read 9 _! huge figures ! vitality ( a conqu]$ nation1 ^: love ( ! liv+ =m invad$ ev5 ! palace ( ! conqu]ors1 & :i* 7 soon to make !m fly4 ,! race :i* fl\ri%$ at ,a!ns & at ,rome only accept$ ,*ri/ianity1 :i* also came f ! ea/1 by despoil+ x ( its orig9al "*2 & ?is religion w\ld1 at ! pres5t day1 be incapable ( mak+ proselytes 9 t ea/ :]e x fir/ took its rise4 ,! prea*+ ( ,mohamm$ 01 z ,m4 ,r5an has rem>k$1 b a reaction ( pure mono!ism aga9/ deg5]at$ ,*ri/ianity1 conceal+ b badly its poly!i/ic t5d5cies4 ,9 tru?1 ! psy*ological /udy ( ! human race is a new sci5ce1 :i* has be5 exam9$ into on "s po9ts1 b n 9 all4 ,to desire to sket* x w\ld be to fall into ! alt]native ei!r ( do+ :at o!rs h done p]fectly1 or to fall into error = want ( necess>y mat]ials4 ,we c only quote1 z hav+ be5 well /udi$1--fir/1 ! ,iranian race1 by all our morali/s & philosoph]s2 secondly1 ! ,semitic race1 by ,m4 ,r5an2 & ?irdly1 ! ,am]ican race1 by ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1#aih by d',orbigny1#aii ,morton1#bjj & ,coombe4#bja ,,ii4 ,! /udy ( languages is connect$1 on ! "o h&1 to ! physiology ( ! human race1 b m imm$iately /ill to ! /udy ( ! v>ieties ( ! human m9d1 ( :i* !y are 9 "s measure ! organ4 ,!y c by ?is means assi/ also 9 classify+ mank9d into natural gr\ps4 ,b :]e ! /udy ( languages affects m especially ! an?ropologi/1#bjb is :5 x t\*es on ! orig9 ( ! v>ieties ( language1 & ( ! primitive /ate 7ei!r intellectual or social7 ( ! speak+ man3 :5 x endeav\rs to fa?om ! pa/ ea* day f>!r back1--ea* day ne>] to ! orig94 ,?us b\nd toge!r1 ! two sci5ces ought to h ! same de/9y2 philology has _h its monog5i/s & its polyg5i/s4 ,! fir/ h be5 oblig$ to give way1 ov]p[]$ by ! numb] & ! sup]iority ( _! oppon5ts4 ,!y are done =2 & ! field rema9s free to ! latt]1 :o affirm1 ?r\gh _! /udies1 ! multipli$ orig9 ( human language1 leav+ ! consequ5ces to be d$uc$1 or d$uc+ !m !mselves4#bjc ,"o sole decl>ation w suffice u1 t ( ! hi/ory ( ,semitic idioms4 8,if ! planets1 ^: physical nature seems to be analog\s to t ( ! e>?10 says ,m4 ,r5an1#bjd 8are peopl$ ) be+s organis$ l ourselves1 we may presume t ! hi/ory & ! language ( ^? planets does n diff] m f our own ?an does ! hi/ory & language ( ! ,*9ese40 ,x is impossible to e/abli% by a cle>] & m /rik+ image ! individuality ( ! diff]5t families ( language1 n "o ( :i* owes its orig9 to its neighb\rs1 & :i* h1 probably1 nev] be5 9 "o ano!r's pres5ce1 except :5 !y _h already be5 =m$1 br++ ) !m _! own *>act]i/ics1 _! fundam5tal & pr(\nd type1 z unalt]able by contact z is ! physical type ( ! m5 :o spoke !m4 ,^!1 9 pres5ce ( o!rs1 may h be5 able to alt] _! traditions1 _! remembrances1 _! words1 b ^! 7 nev] m ?an simple loans2 we may be c]ta9 t ^! m5 7 /rang]s "o to ! o!r on ! day :5 !y utt]$ _! fir/ words 9 _! cradles4 ,we mu/ limit ourselves m]ely to record+ ! result1 :i* is1 t ea* sy/em ( language is absolutely irr$ucible to o!rs1 bo? by its basis & its =m2 all born 9 human ?\ght1 x is true1 b ?is ?\ght foll[+ at ea* po9t a p>ticul> pa?1 s t ea* ( ^! sy/ems1 z ,m4 ,r5an has said1 only abuts on ! o!rs by ! community ( ! aim x is int5d$ to rea*4 ,c]ta9 families ( languages d n diff] solely by _! con/itution1 !y %[ special phonetic or physiological qualities2#bje t is to say1 we c obs]ve1 9 two diff]5t languages1 v>ieties ( ! same ord] :i* is expla9$ among animals1 by ! words b>k+1 bray+1 coo+1 etc4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) ! /range language spok5 by ! cle>-complexion$ race ( ,s\? ,africa1 probably mu* m widely diffus$ 9 =m] times ?an at pres5t4 ,x resembles no o!r kn[n language1 & consi/s 9 a cluck+ :i* has1 !y say1 no?+ analog\s to x among any o!r nation on ! e>?4 ,! ,engli% h *>act]is$ x by ! names ( sigh+1 or cluck+1 & also especially click language4#bjf ,"h is a new diff]5ce1--a radical diff]5ce 9 relation to s _m o!rs1 :i* decid$ly =ms1 f ^! ,bosjesmans1 a p :om x is impossible to ally1 x does n signify h[1 or "u :at aspect1 to any o!r ( ! divisions ( ! great human family4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,climate4 ,monog5i/s--/>t+ f unity ( orig9 z a fact1 if n prov$1 at lea/ accept$ & unque/ionable1--7 necess>ily l$ to discov] a physiological explanation ( ! pr(\nd diff]5ces :i* we f9d at ! pres5t day among mank9d1 & :i* w\ld h l$ !m1 accord+ to monog5i/s1 f "o extreme /ate to ! o!r1 or f a m$ium /ate to ! two extremes4 ,n[1 x is necess>y to rememb] t e "q conc]n+ influ5ce implies a previ\s hi/oric notion4 ,we _c e/abli% t a modification is n produc$ 9 a body 7"h is humanity71 except by comp>+ x ) itself at two di/9ct mom5ts ( duration1 m or less di/ant4 ,:5 a monog5i/ admits z an orig9 "o uni=m human race1 he places a t]m ( comp>ison 9 ! pa/1 he gives an hi/orical date m or less def9ite to ?is uni=m human species4 ,& x is because religi\s cosmogonies alone d>e1 at ! pres5t day1 to arrogate to !mselves ! p[] ( mak+ hi/ory d>t back to ! comm5cem5t ( humanity1 t we %all always be mu* tr\bl$ by n see+ a !ological influ5ce z ! basis ( monog5i/ ideas2 n[1 !y say1 h[ev]1 t !y h discov]$ ! trace ( ?is human uni=mity ^u :i* !y rely1 9 ord] to prove ?is great hi/orical fact4 ,9 our own op9ion1 hi/ory is v f> f comm5c+ ) mank9d2 x only goes back two or ?ree ages be=e ! inv5tion ( figurative language1--a m important & difficult language = man ?an articulat$ language1 :i* 0 discov]$ long be=e1 & at _m diff]5t po9ts4 ,x is writ+ :i* makes ! ,asiatics & ! lo/ p ( ,c5tral ,am]ica bett] ?an savages2 & if we 7 ask$ = a specific di/9ction ) reg>d to intellig5ce betwe5 mank9d & animals1 we %\ld only be able to f9d x !re4 ,x w be se5 lat] t we are f> f d5y+ ! influ5ce ( a middle c\rse2 b we ma9ta9 t e t]m ( comp>ison is want+ at ! pres5t day to %[ t man1 s9ce ! mo/ di/ant hi/oric p]iods1 has ev] %[n less dissimil>ities ?an n[4 ,mo/ monog5i/s1 disagree+ ab\t ! :ole sy/em ( modify+ causes1 agree g5]ally 9 ackn[l$g+ t climates & hybridity h a decisive creative influ5ce z reg>ds races ( m54 ,^! two k9ds ( influ5ce alone des]ve our consid]ation4 ,we %all comm5ce by climate1 putt+ on "o side1 = ! pres5t1 ! /udy ( ! speci\s "q ( hybridity1 ^: "p is s badly und]/ood by ^? :o believe t x creates v>ieties1 :5 x c only weak5 diff]5ces4 ,an important "p 9 ! means ( alt]ation f "o race to ano!r has be5 giv51 by ,hippocrates1 to ext]nal influ5ces4 ,he seems to h be5 ! fir/ to po9t ?is out1 9 8 ,treatise on ,air1 ,wat]1 & ,places4#bjg 8,! =m1 col\r1 & mann]s ( nations10 says ,polybius1 8dep5d solely on ! div]sity ( climates40#bjh ,9 g5]al1 ! anci5ts believ$ 9 ! imm$iate & sudd5 influ5ce ( climate1 s mu* s t a /rang]1 at ! end ( a few ye>s1 w\ld be completely *ang$ & alt]$ to ! type ( ! inhabitants ( ! same place4 ,9 our days1 ,cabanis alone has d>$ to g s f> z ?is4#bji ,"s monog5i/s h simply enl>g$ ,grecian !ories1 & expla9$ ev]y?+ by ! prolong$ duration ( ! same influ5ces4 ,o!rs h suppos$ t local *anges 9 ! atmosph]ic conditions ( ! _w1 ant]ior to ! actual epo*1 7 ! cause4 ,?is is a sort ( progress beyond ! prec$+ hypo!sis1 9 ! s5se t at lea/ we mu/ recognise ! insuffici5cy ( actually exi/+ causes1 9 ord] to expla9 ! great diff]5ces obs]v$ at ! pres5t day betwe5 m54 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire has agre$ ) 8 fa!r ^u ! great "q ( ! influ5ce ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium2 b dea? seiz$ him be=e he c\ld apply ^! !ories to mank9d4 ,h[ev]1 ! high position t 8 ,hi/oire ,naturelle ,gnrale has tak5 9 sci5ce obliges u to pause a mom5t on ! subject ( 8 op9ions1 :i* h1 besides1 easily triumph$ ov] ! ru9s ( ,cuvi]'s s*ool4 ,& if we d n agree ) all ! doctr9es prop\nd$ by ! second ,ge(froy1 we are all ! m satisfi$1 s9ce1 diff]+ f ! son1 we incl9e m to ! !ories ( ! fa!r4 ,isidore ,ge(froy believ$ 9 a decisive influ5ce ( ! m$ium1 b only "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,he believ$ t ^! influ5ces are limit$1 z he himself calls x1 e "t t x relates to any?+ beyond ! action ( man1 t is to say1 on savage or free animals4 ,9 ?is case1 ! action ( ! m$ium1 accord+ to him1 w\ld be conf9$ exclusively to ! produc+ ( v>ieties 9 =m & 9 ! col\r ( ! sk91#baj--;a =m we nev] see v>i$ 9 ! same class ( m52 ! col\r ( ! sk91--:i* is s5sibly ! same among m51 among :om ! fair type is itself exceptional1 & spread ov] a v small portion ( ! anci5t nor?-we/ cont95t4 ,9 e case1 ,isidore ,ge(froy ackn[l$g$ t ^! v>iations are sometimes v inconsid]able2#baa & al?\gh !y h 9 no way approa*$ ^? :i* sep>ate human races1 we may be all[$ to believe t ! diff]5ces obs]v$ among savage species 71 9 8 eyes1 mu* less important4 ,he has endeav\r$1 on ! contr>y1 to comp>e insignificant diff]5ces among free animals ) v>ieties mu* m m>k$1 & mu* cle>] ?an ^? %[n by dome/ic animals1 & !re=e1 d\btless1 he wi%$ to make a /ep t[>ds ! fundam5tal "q ( an?ropology1 :i* 0 evid5tly at ! bottom ( 8 ?\ghts1 & :i* he _h = a long "t resolv$ 9 a monog5i/ s5se4 ,b dome/ic animals h q special conditions1 :i* d n all[ ! assimilation ( ^! v>ieties ) ^? :i* h be5 simply produc$ by natural =ces4 ,cuvi]#bab _h already po9t$ out ?is diff]5ce1 & reject$ all assimilation betwe5 !m & free animals4 ,)\t tak+ too mu* acc\nt ( ! reasons :i* impell$ him t[>ds su* op9ions1 we believe t ^u ?is po9t1 at lea/1 he 0 entirely 9 ! "r2 z to ! re/1 ,isidore ,ge(froy himself furni%es u ) weapons aga9/ 8 own !ories4 8,s9ce nature1 left to h]self10 he says1 8does n give u witnesses ( ! great *anges 9 ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 x is cle> t !re only rema9s "o means ( see+ su* *anges1 & ( d$uc+ !refrom ! effects ^u organisation1--x is to =ce nature to d :at %e w\ld n d volunt>ily40#bac ,all ! condemnation ( ?is sy/em ( ,isidore ,ge(froy is conta9$1 9 our op9ion1 9 ^! la/ words4 ,z = ourselves1 we reject1 9 ! mo/ absolute & =mal mann]1 ! connexion :i* "s h desir$ to make betwe5 man & ! dome/ic animals4 ,man is a sociable animal1 l _m o!rs2 b he only becomes exceptionally a dome/ic animal :5 he falls into slav]y4 ,! dome/ic animal is a be+ drawn f ! normal /ate1 & con/ra9$ by man4 ,he is con/ra9$ by nature to obey ! influ5ce ( 8 ma/] alone1--an influ5ce inf9itely v>iable4 ,x resembles itself no long]2 ! habit ( ob$i5ce does n ev5 leave x its w2 x ceases to be a p]sonality1 & becomes a m]e ma*9e1 produc+ = ! b5efit ( ano!r p]son4 ,dome/icity has c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( deg5]acy2 ! animal loses its activity1 x becomes less eag]1 & assimilates itself m2 x becomes almo/ incapable ( subsi/+ alone2 x vegetates2 toge!r ) its p]sonality x has lo/ ?is resi/ance to ! ambi5t m$ium1 :i* is ! necess>y *>act]i/ic ( ! species1 ! condition ( ! nisus =mativus2 x modifies itself to ev]ybody's w4 ,its organism may be consid]$ z be+ 9 a /ate ( un/able equilibrium1 s t ! lea/ influ5ce causes ?is organism to v>y1 & ) ! lea/ possible delay1 to a consid]able degree4#bad ,b :5 man ceases = an in/ant to be att5tive 9 direct+ ^! modifications1 :5 he =gets himself = a mom5t1 nature--always vigilant & ready to seize ^u h] rights--de/roys all ?is human edifice1 & recalls ! animal to a type :i* may be call$ normal1 b :i* is n ! type ( ! /ock1 s9ce nature1 act+ on an organism end[$1 z we h j said1 ) ! wond]ful malleability & ductility acquir$ by dome/icity1 imm$iately & naturally modifies ! animal1 :i* is re/or$ to lib]ty1 by ! p[] ( ! new m$ium into :i* x is ca/4 ,no?+ ( ! same sort takes place ) mank9d4 ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t he _c also be r$uc$ to a /ate ( dome/icity4#bae ,slaves1 inde$1 are no?+ else2 & all t is want+ 9 ord] to place !m 9 comp>ison ) animal dome/icity1 w\ld be ! hi/ory ( a race ( ,ilotes1 :i* has always be5 free f any mixture1 & has cont9u$ s dur+ a "t equal to t :i* sep>ates u f ! fir/ conque/ ( ! dog1 ! %eep1 & ! ox1 ^u ! high table-l&s ( ,asia4 ,let u1 !n1 leave all comp>ison#baf betwe5 man1 free to come1 to g1 & to *oose 8 own food1--& dome/ic animals4 ,let u return to ^? :o live free1 & say1 once = all1 t if we /op our progress ) s _m details conc]n+ ^! comp>isons1 x is f a k9d ( respect = ! "* ( c]ta9 le>n$ m5 :o h ?us treat$ an?ropological sci5ce4 ,we believe v little 9 biology1 or 9 demon/rations by simil>ities4 ,e animal1 e organ1 e anatomical elem5t1 has its own life1 its own laws ( bir?1 developm5t1 nutrition1 & reproduction4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( sci5ce1 ev]y?+ is cle> & easy1 l ! cellul> !ory1 = in/ance1 9 ! elem5ts ( anatomy2 b e day ! laws ( life 7we might say1 ! laws ( nature7 are multipli$ & complicat$2 e morn+ ! se>*] aft] tru? mu/ expect to discov] "s ph5om5on :i* w di/urb ! sci5tific belief ( ! night be=e4 8,e ev5+10 said "o ( ! ma/]s ( sci5ce1 8our be/ pray] is to =m afre% a syn!sis ( ! sci5ces40#bag ,well1 if mod]n anatomy has taught u t ! initial phase ( ! developm5t ( ! egg diff]s accord+ to ! animal1#bah ev5 z no?+ resembles less ! developm5t ( c]ta9 bones ( ! face ?an t ( _! neighb\rs1 h[ %all we d>e to comp>e any animal ) man8#bai ,hav+ said ?is1 let u return to ! influ5ce ( climate ^u wild or free animals4 ,isidore ,ge(froy quotes1 ) complac5cy1 ! in/ance ( ! ,corsican & ,african /ag tak5 f ,europe to ^! two c\ntries sc>cely tw5ty c5turies ago1 :i* =m at ! pres5t day two cle>ly di/9ct v>ieties4 ,f t ! au?or ( ! ,hi/oire ,naturelle ,gnrale argues rapid & s5sible modifications1 caus$ by ! action ( ! m$ium4 ,b1 fir/ ( all1 ! evid5ce ( ?is fact is simply negative2 ! old au?ors1 :o d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ! /ag 9 ,corsica & ,africa1 7 p]haps simply ignorant ( x4 ,!n1 ?is introduction1 if x did take place1 0 p]haps p]=m$ by means ( animals :i* _h be5 kept 9 dome/icity or captivity = _m g5]ations1 & consequ5tly1 7 easily able to *ange _! mode ( life directly !y recov]$ _! lib]ty1 z we h already said4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is simply man himself :om x is necess>y to exam9e1 )\t comp>+ him to any animal1 & )\t mislead+ ourselves ) ! connexion ( climates1 g5]ally comp>$ too ha/ily1 & ) reg>d to m]e equality ( temp]ature4 ,x is suffici5t to run ov]1 9 ,humboldt's ,cosmos1 ! l5g?y enum]ation ( circum/ances :i* make up a climate1 9 ord] to und]/& t all ! comp>isons :i* our m9ds may make betwe5 any two regions ( ! _w are1 at lea/1 ra%4 ,! analogy ( two climates is r a sort ( exp]im5tal notion1 :i* c only be reasonably d$uc$ by ! simil>ity ( ! biological z well z ! meteorological ph5om5a ( e k9d 9 ! two regions to be comp>$4 ,& :5 climates %all h be5 able to *ange a :ite man into a black 7a fact we en]getically d5y71 mu/ we also lay to ! *>ge ( meteorological influ5ce ! cle> moral aptitude & pr(\nd diff]5ces ( ! v>i\s species ( mank9d8 ,%all we admit t a little m cold or heat w alt] ! intellect8 & :y n language8 ,b we are n ! fir/ to d\bt all ^! m>vels4 ,bacon#bbj & ,alb9#bba fairly d\bt$ ! effect ( ! sun on ! col\r ( ! sk94 ,camp]1 :o admitt$ t all v>ieties come f ext]nal influ5ces1 ackn[l$g$1 & ) good fai?1 t ! influ5ces :i* we c appreciate are n suffici5t to expla9 fully ei!r ! prom95t jaw-bone 9 ! ,negro1 ! *eek-bone 9 ! ,kalmuc1 or ! obliquity ( ! eyes 9 ! ,*9ese & ! ,malay1 etc4 ,we c decl>e ! same ab\t all ! o!r peculi>ities ( ! same ord]1--! flatt5+ ( ! nose1 ! crisp$ /ate ( ! hair1 ! col\r+ matt] :i* we f9d ev5 9 ! ar* ( ! palate 9 ! ,negro1 etc4 ,we owe a v good obs]vation to ,camp]3 8,! black col\r :i* is notic$ 9 ! natural p>ts ( bo? sexes1 & ev5 9 :ite individuals1 cle>ly proves t our reticul> membrane has its col\r only f ! blood40#bbb ,?is fact alone %\ld h long ago giv5 a m rational impulse to rese>*es on ?is subject4 ,if--putt+ all ^! hypo!ses on "o side1 = all t we c br+ =w>d has no o!r value--if we wi% to /udy 9 a positive mann] ! influ5ce ( ! sky ^u man1 we h only 9 reality "o res\rce1--x is to %ut ourselves up 9 ! limits ( hi/ory1 to /udy ! effect ( ! migrations ( :i* x tells u1 & to see :e!r man1 transport$ f> away1 does become modifi$1 & h[ ?is modification takes place4 ,!n we %all f9d two answ]s to ^! que/ions1 :i* =m toge!r a k9d ( an?ropological law4 ,,law4--,9 hi/orical times1 ei!r man 7we mean a society ( m57 :o is tak5 f> f 8 m$ium does n alt] 8 type1 or he entirely disappe>s4 ,:at nation has be5 trans=m$8 ,we _c answ]1 ev5 ) hi/ory 9 our h&2 we "k n ( any4 ,& yet1 ! %ort p]iod ( "t embrac$ by ! records ( mank9d w\ld be q suffici5t if x 7 true1 z ,isidore ,ge(froy ?\ght1 t we c\ld conclude f animals to m51 & t two ?\s& ye>s w\ld h be5 suffici5t to alt] fundam5tally ! g5us /ag4#bbc ,x is a well-kn[n fact1 t ! inhabitants ( ! ,isl& ( ,b\rbon1 :o 7 coloni/s e/abli%$ 9 ! high l&s = two c5turies1 h pres]v$ intact ! purity ( _! blood4#bbd ,! ,spani% & ,portuguese families e/abli%$ 9 ,brazil1 & :o h c>efully avoid$ =eign m>riages1 h lo/ no?+1 x is said1 ( _! orig9al *>act]i/ics4#bbe ,! ,icel&]s h n become ,lapl&]s 9 _! own isl&1 & !y h n[ be5 e/abli%$ !re eight hundr$ ye>s2 !y are z fair & ,g]man-look+ z at fir/4#bbf ,! ,dut* h prosp]$ at ! ,cape "u ! "n ( ,bo]s4 ,!y say t at ,co*9 & ,malab> !re exi/s a ,jewi% tribe1 :i* has be5 e/abli%$ !re = a long "t1 & :i* traces back its orig9 to ! captivity2 x has rema9$ pure1#bbg & z simil> to ! inhabitants ( ! ,jewi% qu>t] at ,cairo1 z to ! ,jews 9 ,leon>do da ,v9ci's ,la/ ,supp]1 & 9 ! pictures ( ! ,flemi% s*ool4 ,inde$1 among ourselves 9 ,europe1 h n ! ,iri% pres]v$1 "u _! foggy & cold sky1 t s\!rn nature :i* is reveal$ 9 _! ta/e = c]ta9 arts1 _! small height1 _! black hair1 ! vivacity ( ! wom51 & ! indol5ce ( ! m58 ,n[1 "h is ano!r ord] ( facts1--man is n alt]$ by emigration4 ,p]haps ^! facts are n v conclusive to all p1 ei!r on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( obs]vation1 or ! %ort p]iod :i* !y embrace4 ,!y mu/ be tak5 j z sci5ce (f]s !m to u1 & we mu/ give our att5tion solely to reckon+ ! conclusion f ! value ( ! premises4 ,we n[ arrive at ! second t]m ( ! law :i* we h laid d[n1--t man1 transport$ to ano!r c\ntry1 ev5tually disappe>s4 ,! !ory :i* we ?us =m is ( consid]able importance4 ,x has ev5 receiv$ a p>ticul> "n1 x has be5 call$ ! ,!ory ( ! non-,cosmopolitanism ( ,man4 ,x is at ! pres5t day def5d$ 9 ,france by ,dr4 ,b\d91 ) z mu* en]gy z tal5t4 ,9 ?is matt]1 facts are abundant en\gh1 & !y at once take a consid]able significance2 & ?is is det]m9$ by figures1 s t we mu/ ackn[l$ge t 9 mo/ cases ea* race is by its nature atta*$ to ! gr\nd :i* supports x1 & t x is n ) impunity t x ov]/eps its limits4 ,x is because a =eign climate has 9 g5]al a really de/ructive influ5ce1 produc+ deg5]acy among emigrants1 t is to say1 a p>allel morbid alt]ation ( bo? ! intellect & ! body1 t we always see ! same races mov+ ab\t 9 ! same areas1 & disappe> :5 !y pass !m4#bbh ,if ! ,semite1 :o has left ,yem51 has come to pa/ure 8 camels ne> ! %ores ( ! ocean1 opposite ! ,=tunate ,isl&s1 x is because he & 8 animals f9d 9 ! ,riff ! same conditions ( life t !y did by ! ,nile & ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,:atev] has be5 said ab\t ! ,jews & "s o!r races1 n "o ( !m seems to be really cosmopolitan4 ,to admit t a ,jewi% tribe1 ?r[n into ! mid/ ( a black population1 has become black by ! sole action ( ! climate1 is to admit t !re 7 no conv]sions1 no adoptions1 & no sexual unions contr>y to ! law ( ,moses2 & 9 ?is way ! philosophic editors ( ! ,code ,napolon1 z well z daily m$ical practice1 tea* u :at to ?9k4 ,= our "p1 we only see 9 ^! trans=mations ( ,jewi% families1 e/abli%$ f> away1 ! result ( ! absorption ( ! type ( a small gr\p ( emigrants by a population :i* outnumb]s !m4 ,! ,jew has disappe>$2 ! language has be5 transmitt$ l ! belief1 & also ! "n4 ,! acclimatisation ( man1 z well z ( ! wild animal1 takes place only :5 he f9ds ! conditions ( exi/5ce s5sibly id5tical ) ^? 9 :i* he has be5 creat$4 ,beyond t1 nature puni%es him = hav+ ov]/epp$ ! limits :i* %e _h assign$ to him1 & )9 :i* he ought to cont9ue to move 8 organism 9 relation to ?is def9$ m$ium4 ,! dome/ic animal1 on ! contr>y1 by reason ( ?is malleability ( :i* we h be=e spok51 accommodates itself 9 g5]al v conv5i5tly4 ,& ! v>ieties :i* x %[s on recov]+ its lib]ty1 are ( !mselves a pro( t x has be5 "u a diff]5t sky to t ( its orig9al c\ntry4 ,su* is1 9 our op9ion1 ! sole mann] ( expla9+ at ! pres5t day1 9 a s]i\s & g5]al po9t ( view1 all climat]ic influ5ces4 ,we mu/ r5d] ju/ice to "s monog5i/s1 t !y h p]fectly und]/ood ! real "p tak5 by ^! influ5ces4 ,blum5ba* calls !m caus deg5]ationis2 & "h ! ,g]man anatomi/1 9 def5d+1 l ,pri*>d1 ! specific unity ( ! human race1 raises himself above ! ,engli% an?ropologi/1 )\t1 h[ev]1 rea*+ :at we believe to be ! tru?4 ,pri*>d1 incl9+ to ! belief t humanity is entirely desc5d$ f ! ,negroes1#bbi ackn[l$g$1 consequ5tly1 a k9d ( caus p]fectionis1 t is to say1 an asc5d+ m>* ( ph5om5a1 :]e 8 pr$ecessor _h only se5 an inv]se m>*4 ,n[1 ?is asc5d+ m>* ( ph5om5a is difficult to reconcile ) ! notion ( ! specific unity ( man4 ,e species1 9 fact1 is necess>ily con/itut$ by reason ( ! def9$ space 9 :i* x ought to move4 ,x is unreasonable to suppose t else:]e ! same organism & ! same species c meet ) m fav\rable conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ,blum5ba*'s op9ion1 all races are unheal?y deviations f a primitive type1 ( :i* we are ! repres5tatives2#bcj s t n9e-t5?s ( ! human k9d are1 accord+ to him1 compos$ ( deg5]ate individuals4 ,blum5ba* did n "k t "o ( ! ess5tial *>act]s ( deg5]acy is ! limit$ developm5t ( its produce1 t is to say1 ! disappe>ance ( ! race at a m or less di/ant p]iod4#bca ,we ask ourselves only h[ monog5i/s1 :o all p>take m or less ( ,blum5ba*'s op9ions1 & :o ne>ly all pride !mselves on moral & humanit>ian s5tim5ts1 c cons5t to l[] 9 ?is mann] ! numb] ( human be+s :o are wor?y ( ?is "n8 ,is n ! be/ "p1 if !re c\ld be "o 9 ! case ( sci5ce1 play$ by ! polyg5i/s1 :o consid] t o!r races are special entities1 pursu+ an end1 :i* is _! own & n ours1 & divid+ ) u ! planet1 inaccessible 9 all its ext5t to ! ,iranian2 j z c]ta9 k9ds ( animals1 likewise1 cov] ! globe ) diff]5t species8 ,climate1 we h said1 has a decisive influ5ce ^u a man tak5 to ano!r c\ntry2 x mu/ only be und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( ?is influ5ce1 & we h se5 t x is g5]ally a p]nici\s "o4#bcb ,x makes itself felt 9 ! physical & moral nature ( man1 bo? deeply & sup]ficially4 ,we may po9t out among ! mo/ simple & ! mo/ pr(\nd climat]ic influ5ces1 ! sun-burn1 ! /udy ( :i* is s int]e/+ 9 an?ropological /udy4 ,we "k1 at ! pres5t day1 t ! sun is f> f be+ always ! cause ( x2 t a biv\ac at night has z p[]ful an action 9 ! same mann]1 & t ! nor?-pole explor]s f\nd t _! h&s & faces 7 br[n$ "u a nor!rn sky4#bcc ,are ^! n facts :i* w dim9i% ! decisive "p :i* has s long be5 giv5 to sol> heat 9 ! production ( col\r+ matt] 9 ! ,negro8#bcd ,! col\r ( sun-burn does n ev5 seem to rema9 9 ! lay]s ( ! epid]mis1 9 :i* ! normal col\r is f\nd4 ,inde$1 we mu/ rememb]1 t x is always easy to di/+ui% a sun-burnt nation1 s9ce individuals :o1 = "s reason or o!r1 are b seldom expos$ to ext]nal influ5ces1 l ! wom51 are inf9itely :it]2 *ildr5 are q :ite :5 born1 b z soon z !y g mu* into ! air1 !y become br[n4 ,un=tunately1 ! action ( climate ^u a man tak5 f 8 own c\ntry is n m]ely a case ( sun-burn4 ,& m$ical /ati/ics h %[n1 9 treat+ on ! diff]5t races ( mank9d1 ! dang]s ( *ang+ "o's position on ! surface ( ! globe1 ev5 if x takes place 9 ! s5se ( iso!rmal l9es4 ,we f9d f ! results ( c>eful inquiries made 9 ! ,engli% colonies at ! ,antilles = ab\t =ty ye>s1 t ! black population is cont9ually dim9i%+1 ! numb] ( dea?s be+ to t ( bir?s 33 #bh 3 #bd4 ,"u ! tropics1 nor!rn organisations are mu* disquiet$1 life *anges its aspect1 & its c\rse is mu* m rapid4 ,! gl&ul> sy/em gov]ns2#bce man becomes 8m s5sible to pleasure1 & less dispos$ to activity10#bcf 8 m9d loses its vivacity4 ,^? noble faculties1 :i* h made ! :ite man ! mon>* ( creation1 become weak5$1 & t especially 9 "s colonies :]e gov]nm5t is oblig$ to entru/ ev]y?+ to ,europeans4#bcg ,dr4 ,b>n>d ,davis lately ann\nc$ to ! ,p>is ,an?ropological ,society1#bch t "o ( 8 fri5ds1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,wise1 aft] ?irty ye>s resid5ce 9 ,india1 _h nev] be5 able1 aft] num]\s inquiries1 to f9d any desc5dants ( a ,european 9 ! ?ird g5]ation4 ,our temp]ate regions are to ! ,negro :at ! tropical zone is to ! ,european4 ,ev5 at ,gibralt>1#bci ! ,negro cont+5t t 0 employ$ 9 ! ,engli% army paid a heavy tribute to dea?4#bdj ,on ! contr>y1 (ficial docum5ts = #ahfa tell u t1 at ,si]ra ,leone1#bda ! respective mortality ( ,engli% & ,negro soldi]s 0 z foll[s3-- ,dea?s p] #ajjj4 ,engli%4 ,negroes4 ,m>% fev]s #dajb #bd ,dys5t]y #dac #ec ,liv] disease #fj #aa ,x is an indubitable fact t1 9 g5]al1 ! mortality ( an emigrat$ population is 9 an inv]se ratio to ! di/ance !y are tak54#bdb ,dur+ _m ye>s ! isl& ( ,ceylon 0 occupi$ by ,h9d troops 7f ,madras & ,b5gal71 ,malays1 ,negroes & ,engli%4 ,! mortality ( ^! races respectively 01 #ab1 #bd1 #ej1 & #fi4 ,?is is s cle>ly a biological law1 t we aga9 meet ) its application ev5 9 c]ta9 p>ticul> cases4 ,conc]n+ ! yell[ fev]1 = in/ance1 ,t[ns5d has ?us laid d[n a rule1--8,! mortality to ! new-com] f ! cool] latitudes may be said to be 9 an exact ratio to ! di/ance f ! equator ( 8 place ( nativity40#bdc ,daniel ,blair#bdd has giv5 ! foll[+ /ati/ics1 accord+ to 8 obs]vations ( ! same disease1 made 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 f #ahbg to #ahce3-- ,natives 7,we/ ,indian ,isl&]s7 #fi ,fr5* & ,italians #aga ,engli%1 ,scot*1 & ,iri% #aic ,g]mans & ,dut* #bjb ,sc&9avians & ,russians #bgg ,! epidemic ( #ahec1 at ,new ,orleans1 all[$ ,b>ton to make a scale ( mortality on ! same pr9ciple1 & absolutely comp>able1 & :i* w\ld take away all d\bt 9 ?is respect1 if any exi/$4#bde ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,hybridity4 ,we mu/ reg>d hybridity 9 a d\ble po9t ( view1 z be+ able or unable to give an indication ( ! real value ( diff]5t human races1 z comp>$ ) ! ackn[l$g$ natural gr\ps 9 ! great] numb] ( zoological classifications2 & on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ /udy hybridity1 belong+1 z has be5 ass]t$1 to ! creation ( new races4 ,x has be5 said1 we repeat1 t all m5 be+ able to reproduce "o ) ano!r1 ! g5us homo only con/itutes "o s+le family4 ,t ?is argum5t %\ld hold good1 x 0 necess>y to be prov$ t among animals 7= !nce x 0 t x 0 borr[$7 two well ackn[l$g$ species1 m diff]5t ev5 ?an two human races1 %\ld nev] be prolific "o ) ! o!r4 ,n[1 ?is is f> f be+ ! case4 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 :o has treat$ ?is subject 9 a ma/]ly mann] 9 8 ,hi/oire ,naturelle ,gnrale1 ackn[l$ges t animals belong+ to two diff]5t g5]a c1 by a union1 produce a mix$ bre$1 :i*1 consequ5tly he calls big5]ate hybrids4 ,s we w n give ourselves ! tr\ble ( conte/+1 z "s polyg5i/s h done1 ! univ]sality ( reproduction betwe5 all races ( mank9d2 we w n ask if e degree ( comb9ation has be5 obs]v$1--! union1 = in/ance1 ( an ,esquimaux ) a ,negro1 an ,am]ican ) an ,au/ralian1 a ,t>t> ) a ,bosjesman4 ,let u admit1 :at is1 p]haps1 h>dly ! tru?1 t all races produce "o ) ano!r1--we w admit all ?is2 & yet x w prove no?+ 9 fav\r ( ! monog5i/s :o h br\ght =w>d ?is fact1 s9ce we h5ce=? "k t !re is no basis 9 ?is univ]sality ( reproduction = a s]i\s argum5t1--s9ce we "k t two di/9ct species1 two g5]a1 9 fact1 c produce cross-bre$s4 ,?is faculty ( reproduction has _h too mu* importance giv5 to x1--x is only a function1 t is to say1 a physiological "* q improp] = classification2 ! exi/5ce ( big5]ate hybrids %[s ?is suffici5tly4 ,x is a bad *>act]i/ic1 because x is n a con/ant "o2 because ei!r ! man or ! animal does n be> x 9 him1 & t a giv5 uni=mity ( circum/ances is necess>y 9 ord] to reveal ?is *>act]i/ic to an obs]v]4 ,x is ! same ) animal =ms1 :i* d n c\nt5ance 9 any mann] su* an obs]vation2 x is suffici5t to recall ! alt]nat+ g5]ations ( ! inv]tebrata4 ,:]e %all we place all ^! agam\s animals8 h[ %all we class ^! proscolex & scolex1 :i* h no sex1 & :i* w nev] h "o8 ,in/ead ( ! idea ( fecundity1 :i* is insuffici5t to *>act]ise a species1 we mu/ sub/itute ano!r1 t ( ! developm5t ( ! produce4 ,if ev]y?+ %[s u t zoosp]ms1 proce$+ f v diff]5t animals1 c equally fecundate any giv5 ovum1--if we ev5 admit t we h no good reason = reject+ ! !ory t ea* ovum c be impregnat$ by diff]5t k9ds ( zoosp]ms1 x is v easy1 on ! contr>y1 to acc\nt = ! fact t (fspr+ w h no *ance ( life1 except s f> z ! two p>5ts %[ a suffici5t id5tity1 b :i* we _c reg>d z fit to *>act]ise species4 ,z ! produce ( two organisms1 a desc5dant ought always to be consid]$ z ! result ( two unit$ halves fitt$ toge!r1 & comb9$ "o ) ! o!r4 ,if ! two halves are id5tical1 ! animal is l its prog5itors 9 ev]y?+4 ,if ! two be+s1 :o h endeav\r$ to unite !mselves1 are too dissimil>1 ! two =ces _c comb9e1 & !re is ei!r no produce1 or x is arre/$ 9 its developm5t f ! fir/ mom5t ( its embryo life4 ,if ! two =ces1 or ! sum ( ! two =ces1 h a c]ta9 am\nt ( common direction1 !y c produce a new be+1 b an imp]fect "o1 & :i* w n h all ! conditions ( exi/5ce l its p>5ts2 x w n h g5ital p[]1 & consequ5tly w n be fitt$ to become ! f\nd] ( a s]ies ( individuals simil> to itself1 succe$+ x ?r\gh "t1 8naturally1 regul>ly1 & indef9itely40#bdf ,putt+ on "o side ! p[] ( reproduction1 we mu/ att5d solely to ! union ( diff]5t human races ) reg>d to vitality ( produce1 & let u see :at obs]vation w tea* u on ?is subject4 ,jacqu9ot /ates1 t 8"o c sc>cely quote any cross betwe5 ,au/ralians & ,europeans40 ,:5 ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 r$uc$ to ! numb] ( two hundr$ & t51 7 tak5 f ,fl9d]'s ,isl&1 n only _h ! union ( ! wom5 ) ! unscrupul\s convicts be5 unable to =m a di/9ct race1 b only two adults 7 f\nd :o 7 ! produce ( ^! unions4#bdg 8,! ,mulattoes10 says ,nott1 8are ! %orte/-liv$ ( any ( ! bran* races2 :5 !y unite among/ !mselves1 !y are less prolific ?an if unit$ to "o or o!r ( ! bran*es4#bdh0 ,?is ass]tion is especially true conc]n+ ! cross-bre$s born ( ,negroes & inhabitants ( ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,at ,java1 crosses betwe5 ,malays & ,dut* appe> n to be able to reproduce beyond ! ?ird g5]ation4#bdi 8,! half-ca/e ( ,india10 says ,w>r51 8comes to a premature end1 g5]ally )\t reproduction2 & if !re are any (fspr+1 !y are always wret*$ & mis]able40#bej ,we mu/ say ano!r ^w ab\t ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire's op9ion on ! important "q ( cross-bre$+ 9 mank9d4 ,aft] hav+ reproa*$ ,cuvi]1 & ) reason1 ) hav+ (t51 9 ! int]e/ ( p>ticul> views1 admitt$1 z reg>ds mank9d1 a flagrant contrav5tion ( ! biological laws :i* 8 g5ius proclaim$ = o!r animals1 ,isidore ,ge(froy seems to u to h1 9 8 turn1 fall5 into a contradiction ( ! same k9d4 ,he especially calls hybrids ! crosses :i* occur f ! cross ( two diff]5t species1 & he rem>ks1 besides1 t hybrids h g5]ally tol]ably decid$ *>act]i/ics1 :i* are p>tly ^? ( ! fa!r & p>tly ^? ( ! "m2 s t ! (fspr+1 he adds1 c resemble "o m ?an ! o!r1 b n exclusively ei!r ( !m3 ! cross is always to be f\nd 9 x4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is n always s ) ! cross betwe5 two v>ieties ( ! same species2 ! produce has (t5 ! *>act]i/ics ( bo? its p>5ts1 b v frequ5tly1 also1 x resembles "o ( !m exclusively4 ,= ^! be+s :o are ! (fspr+ ( two v>ieties ( ! same species1 & :o v frequ5tly reproduce entire ! type ( "o ( _! p>5ts to ! exclusion ( ! o!r1 ,isidore ,ge(froy res]v$ ! "n ( homodes4 ,well1 we ask him ?is1--9 tak+1 z an example1 ! (fspr+ ( a union betwe5 a :ite & a black1 %all we f9d 9 x ! *>act]i/ics ( a homod cross8 ,w x nev] resemble exclusively "o ( ! two f\nd]s8 ,are n ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,mulatto p]fectly repres5t$1 p]fectly def9$1 & always m$ium8 ,are n exceptions1 if any c be quot$1 ( extreme r>ity8#bea ,9 ! "n ( ?is consi/5cy1 ought n ,isidore ,ge(froy to h se5 9 a ,mulatto some?+ besides a homod mongrel1 & to d\bt ev5 m t ! diff]5t races ( mank9d con/itut$ only v>ieties ( ! same species8 ,h[ev]1 let u exam9e into hybridity s f> z x may s]ve to produce new1 or modify exi/+ races1 z ,blum5ba* & ,fl\r5s h admitt$4#beb ,let u only rem>k t ^! two au?ors1 l mo/ monog5i/s1 9 plac+ hybridity1 z ! modify+ cause1 9 ! same rank z climate or m$ium1 commit a great error4 ,hybridity1 ev5 9 giv+ x ! creative p[] :i* "s h desir$1 goes entirely into ! second rank1 = x supposes a pre-exi/+ plurality4 ,x c only act1 9 ! end1 by weak5+ diff]5ces1 by creat+ a middle t]m to two extremes4 ,x _c ( itself produce v>iety ( orig91 x is ! consequ5ce ( x1 & we %all see t ! "p x takes on ?is matt] is extremely re/rict$4 ,:ite#bec supposes a colony compos$ ( an equal numb] ( blacks & :ites2 !n he tries to f9d out :at w happ5 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 by suppos+ t a ?irtie? "p ( !m die & are born ea* ye>4 ,he arrives1 by 8 calculations1 at ! foll[+ results3 9 sixty-five ye>s ! numb] ( blacks1 :ites1 & mulattos w be equal2 9 n9ety-"o ye>s ! :ites w only =m "o-t5? ( ! total population1 & ! blacks "o-t5?2 9 ?ree c5turies1 !re w\ld n rema9 "o hundr$? "p ( !m1 ei!r black or :ite4 ,?is proposition is true1 !oretically speak+2 x is practically false3 x re/s ^u :at we may call an un/able equilibrium4 ,9 ! physical _w we may1 by c>e1 happ5 to put an ellipsoid 9 a /ate ( equilibrium on ! extremity ( its great] axis1 or a cone on its apex2 ^! are also un/able equilibria1 b ! lea/ cause int]v5+1 ! smalle/ movem5t1 & ! balance is in/antly de/roy$4 ,if we admit into ,:ite's !ory a bir? :i* does n take place1 or an unproductive union1 ! conclusions are ov]turn$ at once2 a "p ( ! new g5]ation w pres]ve ! primitive type1#bed & ?is portion w be mu* m consid]able ?an ,:ite imag9$4 ,:5 ! facts ( arre/ ( developm5t1 quot$ above1 are n suffici5t to prove t a mongrel bre$ _c subsi/ by itself1 c we any:]e f9d "o8 ,d we f9d a p pres]v+ = c5turies a m$ium type betwe5 two o!r types :i* gave x bir?8 ,we see !m n[h]e1--j z little z we see a race ( mules4 ,! fact is t su* a hybrid race1 int]m$iate to two def9$ types1 c only h a subjective & ephem]al exi/5ce4 ,! def9ition ( ! ^w type1 bo? 9 natural hi/ory & 9 ! p>ticul> case 9 :i* we are engag$1 is r a difficult matt]1 & :i* we c feel mu* bett] ?an we c express x 9 writ+4 ,:5 we h se5 a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 belong+ to "o race1 ! m9d1 )\t any p>ticul> /udy1 takes f ea* a numb] ( g5]al *>act]i/ics1 & =ms f !m a sort ( ideal be+1 to :i* x ref]s ! real be+s :i* x may h5ce=? see1 & ) :i* x id5tifies ^? :o h a suffici5t am\nt ( simil>ity ) ?is be+4#bee ,we h se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] t1 z reg>ds hi/oric times at lea/1 a type inv>iably reproduces itself ?r\gh "t & space1 :5 x does n succumb to ! new climate 9 :i* x is ab\t to live4 ,if we admit1 h[ev]1 t two types may h met ) a h>mony ( influ5ces1 a m$ium 9 :i* !y c bo? live1 we say t--ev5 ) all ! c>e t may be tak5 to mix !m--we %all always f9d1 :atev] ,:ite may say1 black p & :ite p1 if ^! races 7 black & :ite orig9ally2 & ?is by reason ( laws :i* we ?9k we c %ape1 & ^: demon/ration w be z positive z t ( ! doma9 ( hi/ory4 ,,law ,i4--,a m$ium type _c exi/ by itself1 except on ! condition ( be+ support$ by ! two creat+ types4 ,,law ,,ii4--,:5 two types become unit$1 two ph5om5a may arise3 #a4 ,ei!r "o ( !m w absorb ! o!r2 or1 #b4 ,!y may subsi/ simultane\sly 9 ! mid/ ( a great] or less numb] ( hybrids4 ,^! two laws are only1 9 fact1 ! =mula ( ! pr9ciples :i* ,pri*>d#bef himself laid d[n long ago1 & :i* are held also by ! editor ( ! ,e?nological ,j\rnal1#beg by ,knox1#beh & by ,william ,edw>ds4#bei ,by reason ( ^! laws1 we f9d t n[h]e c a m$ium race ei!r e/abli% itself on ! ru9s ( two creat+ races1 or replace !m1 & live by itself ) an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 =m$ entirely ( hybrids :i* propagate among !mselves4 ,9 fact we h laid d[n a rule t conditions ( developm5t are v mu* re/rict$ among hybrids1 & t !y c only g on decreas+ 9 _! desc5dants1 if !y are capable ( produc+ any4 ,! cross$ race w only exi/ 9 ! condition ( be+ support$ by ! two creat+ types rema9+ 9 ! mid/ ( x4 ,if ! value ( ?is law is only d$uc$ f a negative fact1--t is to say1 f ! abs5ce on ! surface ( ! globe ( any real hybrid race exi/+ by itself on a c]ta9 ext5t ( t]ritory1--we %all f9d1 z reg>ds ! second1 a great numb] ( positive facts4 ,:5 two types unite1 we said1 a d\ble ph5om5on may be obs]v$2 ei!r ( ^! two types w absorb ! o!r1 or !y may subsi/ simultane\sly1 "o ne> ! o!r4 ,! fir/ case ought to be ! mo/ frequ5t2 b x is ! lea/ appreciable1 because x does n leave s5sible traces4 ,we mu/ endeav\r to discov] 9 hi/ory ! rema9s ( a p :o =m]ly exi/$1 & :o h s9ce disappe>$4 ,?us1 ! colony ( ,nubians1 tak5 to ! banks ( ! ,phasis by ,rmases1 h left no trace ( _! soj\rn among ! inhabitants ( ! l&4 ,x is ! same ) ! ,greek colonies ( ! ,m$it]ranean coa/s4#bfj ,! ,normans h only left1 on ! coa/s ( ,labrador1 _! engrav$ /el2#bfa _! race has n rema9$4 ,! primitive ,turki% & ,asiatic type has likewise disappe>$ f ,europe4 ,?is has be5 attribut$ to ! introduction ( ,georgian wom5 into ! s]aglios1 & x is1 p]haps1 a reason only too readily accept$4 ,x is1 inde$1 v natural t ! repeat$ introduction ( ,georgian & ,circassian wom5 into ! hrems %\ld deprive ! desc5dants ( ! conqu]ors ( _! orig9al *>act]i/ics2 b if ?is 7 ! case1 ! ,turks ( our days w\ld1 f cont9u$ unions ) ! same race1 h become real ,georgians & ,circassians !mselves4 ,x has n be5 s1 h[ev]1 because ! h>ems are recruit$ 9 ,europe z well z 9 ,asia1 & ev5 !n ! fact w\ld only be applicable to families ( high position4 ,! tru? seems to be t ! real ,turki% blood has ne>ly disappe>$1 & has be5 encroa*$ ^u & replac$ by ! old blood ( ! c\ntry1 ei!r ,mac$onian or ,?racian4 ,we are ignorant ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! disappe>ance ( "o race 9 ! sight ( ano!r4 ,sometimes x happ5s v rapidly2 sometimes x does n %[ itself4 ,! complex conditions :i* rule x ent] into ! great ord] ( facts :i* ,d>w9 has s +5i\sly class$ "u ! "n ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,!y h always seem$ to u to pres5t a complete analogy ) ! disappe>ance ( c]ta9 animal species be=e o!rs1 ! /eps ( :i* disappe>ance hi/ory sometimes all[s u to measure2 s t !re seems to be a curi\s simil>ity betwe5 ! great fluctuations ( nations & ( animals ^u cont95ts4 ,we are almo/ tempt$ to say t ! invasion ( ! ,we/ by ! ,b>b>ians1 ! black rat1 & ! field m\se1 is ! triple expression ( "o & ! same biological law4 ,! ,am]ican population retrogrades1 l c]ta9 animals2#bfb t ( ! ,au/ralian coa/s has disappe>$2 & we believe t ! ,negroes ( ,africa !mselves w be call$1 at "s di/ant p]iod1 to give up _! place 9 _! turn4 ,we d n "k any m ab\t ! conditions :i* all[ two types to subsi/ indef9itely "o ne> ! o!r3 mu/ we attribute ?is resi/ance to ! c\ntry1 or ! races :i* are always be=e !m8 ,:y1 if ! ,normans h disappe>$ 9 ,am]ica1 ,italy1 & ,asia1 %\ld !y /ill rema9 9 ,norm&y1 few 9 numb]1 x is true1 b always ! same1 & p]fectly describ$ by ,l9nu1 :5 he said ( ! ,go?s 9 ! ,sc&9avian p59sula1 8,!y h smoo?1 fair hair1 & ! iris ( ! eye is ( a blui% col\r40#bfc ,ev5 :5 cross-bre$+s take place betwe5 m ?an two races1--ev5 :5 ^! v>i\s influ5ces are mix$ toge!r1 /ruggl$ )1 & assi/$ 9 a ?\s& ways1 s t ! "q has become almo/ inextricable to ! an?ropologi/1 9 ! mid/ ( ! v>i$ produce result+ f all ^! comb9ations1 we are a/oni%$ to see "h & !re individuals :o h ! absolute & complete "* ( "o ( ! orig9al /ock4 ,:il/ !re rema9s among a p a consid]able am\nt ( mix$ blood1 we may always expect to see "s "o appe> :o w h ! pure *>act]i/ics ( ! race :i* 0 believ$ to be ext+ui%$1 & m+l$ = ev] ) ! blood ( o!rs4#bfd ,! mo/ rem>kable in/ance :i* c be quot$ ab\t ^! crosses1 & at ! same "t ! easie/ to notice1 is t pres5t$ by ,engl&1 :]e two races live side by side1 mix$ toge!r1 )\t "o hav+ absorb$ ! o!r s9ce ! "t ( ,/rabo1 ,tacitus1 & ,julius ,cs>4 ,engl&1 isolat$ f ,europe1 ought necess>ily to be a f]tile field = ! an?ropologi/1 & x w be !re :]e ! hi/ory ( hi/oric & pre-hi/oric races w soone/ be made4 ,em95t m5 "w at x ) ard\r2 & ! c]ta9ty ( rem\nt+1 ?r\gh ar*ology & palontology1 to ! fir/ races :i* invad$ ,engl&1 at a "t :5 ! use ( metals 0 unkn[n 9 ! we/1 makes ?is /udy "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! pres5t day4 ,two di/9ct races divide ,great ,brita91 or1 at lea/1 repres5tatives ( two races are f\nd !re2 & 9 ! mid/ ( an imm5se numb] ( int]m$iate individualities1 ! lea/ accu/om$ eye w n fail to di/+ui% ^! two fundam5tal types1 z diff]5t z two m5 ) :ite sk9s c be4 ,"o ( ^! races is compos$ ( tall1 /rong1 p[]ful m51 ) transp>5t sk91 & blue eyes2#bfe ! o!r1 ) a m tawny complexion1 has black1 curl+ hair4#bff ,! fir/ 7 =m]ly call$ ,cal$onians1 ! second ,silurians1 v l ! ,ib]ians ( ! ,spani% p59sula3 ! fir/1 ( ,g]manic1 or nor!rn orig92 ! second1 ( ,celtic1 or s\!rn orig94 ,nobody d5ies1 at ! pres5t day1 t ^! two races are well *>act]is$1 & e day "o c meet p]fect specim5s ( !m 9 ,engl&4 ,we may quote c]ta9 di/ricts :]e ! ,silurian1 ,ib]ian1 or ,celtic race1 z tradition wills x1 are dom9ant2#bfg = example1 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,glamorgan%ire1 9 ! outskirts ( ,m]?yr1 & 9 ! ,vale ( ,nea?4#bfh ,mr4 ,john ,philips f9ds !m equally abundant 9 ! ,danelag#bfi di/rict1 betwe5 ,leice/]1 ,nott+ham1 & ,d]by1 ) ! same *>act]i/ics1 8black eyes & hair1 uni=m1 or r1 d>k complexion40#bgj ,among ^! two races !re are ( necessity a consid]able numb] ( cross-bre$s :o1 ally+ !mselves among "o ano!r1 or to ! pure types1 produce v>i$ results1 & 9 ?is mann] unite ! two gr\ps by a multitude ( inappreciable %ades ( diff]5ce4 ,su* is also ! case 9 ,france4 ,edw>ds#bga has div9$ x almo/ by inspiration2 & ,m4 ,pri]#bgb has p[]fully add$ to 8 presumptions1 by exam9+ m att5tively all anci5t docum5ts :i* treat on ! inhabitants ( ,gaul4 ,m4 ,broca1 9 ! ,mmoire :i* inaugurat$ ! proce$+s ( ! ,p>is ,an?ropological ,society1#bgc has prov$ 9 ! cle>e/ possible mann]1 t if we draw a l9e pass+ by ,*]b\rg & ,nice1#bgd we %all divide ,france into two di/9ct zones z reg>ds ! appe>ance & height ( ! inhabitants4 ,9 ! s\?-we/1 ! anci5t ,celtic population is ( small height1 z is prov$ by ! great numb] ( milit>y exemptions4#bge ,9 ! nor?-we/1 9 ! region :i* 0 always encroa*$ ^u by ! fair & p[]ful races ( ! nor?1 ! result is q ! contr>y4 ,"h1 !n1 are two di/9ct races3 ! "o1 =m]ly mi/ress ( ! we/1 & !n pu%$ to ! extremity ( ! cont95t2 ! o!r1 leav+ its =e/s & encroa*+ on ! re/1--bo? diff]+ z mu* z possible by physical aspect & by moral aptitudes1 b n[ fill+ up _! numb]s1 s to speak1 by ea* o!r's help1 & work+ toge!r = ! glory & prosp]ity ( _! common l&4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 give a g5]al mean+ to ^! la/ words1 & ?us ext5d _! mean+ to all cases ( e?nic cross-bre$+4 ,! two unit$ t]ms mu/ n be too dissimil>1 s t ! two bran*es may reunite z reg>ds progress4 ,?is is ess5tial2 & if we h endeav\r$ to prove t ! hybrids ( di/ant races d n possess all ! necess>y conditions ( animal life & ( propagation1 x w\ld be easy to f9d num]\s pro(s 9 ord] to %[ t1 g5]ally1 ! intellectual conditions ( hybrids are n mu* m satisfactory ?an _! physical condition1 s9ce ! two intellig5t organisms :i* are !re comb9$ d n %[ a decid$ simil>ity4 ,doctor ,ts*udi#bgf says1 9 speak+ ( ! ,zambos 7hybrids f aborig9es & ,negroes at ,lima71 8,z m51 !y are greatly inf]ior to ! pure races2 & z memb]s ( society1 !y are ! wor/ class ( citiz5s30 !y alone furni% f\r-fif?s ( ! crim9als 9 ! prisons ( ,lima4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,squi]#bgg has made almo/ ! same obs]vation ab\t ! ,zambos ( ,nic>agua4 ,9 8 "p ( ! c\ntry1 ! union ( ,spani>ds ) ^! same ,am]icans1 seems to h only produc$ deg5]ate m51 :o %[ no capability :atsoev] = p]fection or improvem5t4 ,9 fact1 x is on acc\nt ( ^! same pr9ciples t ,m4 de ,gob9eau#bgh has set himself to prove at l5g? t ! mixture ( races necess>ily conducts mank9d to degradation & univ]sal debasem5t4 ,cabanis _h ! same ideas on ! subject4#bgi ,! supposition :i* ,cabanis & ,m4 de ,gob9eau h tak5 up w1 d\btless1 nev] be realis$4 ,to admit t all human races c rea* a complete hybridity1 w\ld be to admit t ea* race is cosmopolite1 :i* x is n4 ,b at lea/ x rema9s true1 t :5 two v diff]5t races are unit$1 we mu/ n hope = any?+ good or durable f _! union4 ,! same ph5om5on happ5s1 ) ! simple diff]5ce ( int5sity1 :5 two diff]5t species ( animals are unit$4 ,s ! monog5i/s are a/oni%$ at su* a result 9 man1 8a result q contr>y10 says "o ( !m1#bhj 8to :at "o g5]ally expects 9 cross+ a race40#bha ,! a/oni%m5t ( ! le>n$ man1 ( :om we speak1 is expla9$ easily en\gh by ! ideas :i* he holds ( human races1 :]e he only sees deg5]at$ v>ieties ( ! orig9al type1 pres]v$ by ! ,european 9 its primitive purity4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is monog5ic hypo!sis1 :i* we %all n t\* on aga91 ! union ( "o ( ^! deg5]at$ races ) ! pure /ock w\ld be a sort ( hygid#bhb consangu9ity1 & !re=e fav\rable to ! (fspr+4 ,"h !re w\ld happ5 some?+ analog\s to ! practice ( ! peasants 9 ! crt9 di/ricts1 :o try to /ruggle aga9/ ! sc\rge by seek+ = m>riages 9 ! pla9s1 9 ord] to give pur] blood to ea* g5]ation4 ,9 a m g5]al mann] x is evid5t t if we suppose two sets ( p born ( ! same /ock1 & t "o ( !m1 aft] v>i\s =tunes1 aft] hav+ und]gone fatal influ5ces1 %\ld unite itself ) ! o!r1 :i* _h rema9$ unalt]$1 x is evid5t t ! produce ( su* a union ought to t5d to reproduce 9 its purity ! primitive type4#bhc ,if x is n s ) ! union ( diff]5t races ( m51 ! reason is simply t !y d n directly desc5d ! "o f ! o!r2 & f ?is debasem5t ( produce !re results a new pro( 9 fav\r ( ! ideas :i* we are def5d+4 ,x rema9s = u to speak ( hybridity1 z appli$ to ! propagation ( a de=mity or a mon/rosity4 ,we "k t :5 we exp]im5tally unite "o ( ?is class to ! o!r1 two individuals ^: organism has equally deviat$ f ! usual type1 8no?+ is m difficult ?an to prev5t ^! mis*ances f be+ done away )40#bhd ,a /rong] reason1 !n1 = ! same :5 "o ( ^! individuals alone is de=m$1 :i* happ5s always 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,! races :i* we c ?us produce are a k9d ( exp]im5t :i* exi/1 b :i* x w\ld be illogical to d$uce c exi/ naturally4 ,because we make 9 a laboratory oxyg5at$ wat]1 or mixtures ( hydrog5 & *lor9e1 mu/ we admit t ^! bodies are to be f\nd unit$ 9 nature8 ,q ! contr>y2 we d$uce f _! in/ability t !y d n1 & _c ?us exi/ 9 a natural /ate4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,species4 ,we h n[ arriv$ at ! limits ( ! task :i* we propos$ to attempt1 & we hope1 aft] :at has gone be=e1 t we %all be able to arrive at "s sci5tific conclusion4 ,aft] hav+ endeav\r$ to e/abli% 9 ! introduction ! r\te we _h to foll[ 9 an?ropological /udies1 we gave an acc\nt ( ! sy/em ( purely philosophic rese>*es1 putt+ e =eign or prejudicial idea on "o side1 &1 re/+ on facts & on ma!matical reason+1 we h endeav\r$ to apply ^! pr9ciples4 ,we endeav\r$ at fir/ to prove t man 0 n a be+ z =eign & sup]ior to ! re/ ( animal nature1 z c]ta9 naturali/s h ?\ght1 tak+ !mselves1 ! fir/ f among m51 z ! po9t ( comp>ison4 ,we h consid]$ ! inf]ior races1 & we h %[n t betwe5 ^! & ! fir/ animals ! di/ance 0 nei!r absolute nor well-def9$2 t man came into ! zoological s]ies1 & t he only =ms def9itively a sep>ate family4 ,*ang+ our direction1 we ab&on$ ?is acquir$ k1 & we pass$ on to ! /udy ( v>ieties among m52 we f\nd !m pr(\nd1 inde$1 & ( e description4 ,!n came ! /udy ( ! influ5ces to :i* man may be subject$4 ,we saw t hybridity did n play any s]i\s "p 9 ?is1 s9ce x c\ld only weak5 pre-exi/+ diff]5ces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h ackn[l$g$ t 9 ! limits ( "t accessible to our k1 no?+ ju/ifi$ ! hypo!sis1 t climate _h su* an ext5sive influ5ce 9 *ang+ man s z to make ! diff]5ces :i* we may obs]ve betwe5 ance/ors & desc5dants su* z w\ld suffice1 9 any o!r zoological gr\p1 to *>act]ise di/9ct species4 ,9 reg>d+ man z a sep>ate k+dom1 we are1 by ?is fact1 exempt$ f apply+ ! same rules z 9 zoology2 b1 by prov+ t he comes into ! zoological s]ies1 we h implicitly prov$ t he mu/ be submitt$ to ! same laws4 ,sci5ce _c h two diff]5t modes ( proce$+3 x mu/ foll[ ! same pa?s 9 ! same subjects 9 ord] to arrive at comp>able results4 ,x is ! only truly philosophic road3 nature is "o1 & ! "w ( ! mod]n sci5ces is precisely to t5d t[>ds unity4 ,! mo/ div]se ph5om5a 9 ! h&s ( analy/s comp>e & assimilate !mselves to ! rays ( a _s ( syn!sis2 magnetism1 electricity1 light1 heat1 motion1 ev]y?+ is m+l$ & l9k$ toge!r s well1 t we "k n h[ to make a di/9ction any m4 ,! pure & simple adoption ( ! law ( organic unity br+s u to ! foll[+ proposition3-- ,,proposition4--,ei!r we mu/ admit diff]5t species 9 ! g5us ,homo1 or we mu/ entirely re=m zoological classification4 ,?is la/ hypo!sis w mean1 !n1 t ! works ( ,l9nu1 ,cuvi]1 ,de ,bla9ville1 & ! two ,ge(froys1 w be ( no value1 & t we mu/ comm5ce anew ! great "w ( classification ^u ! same basis :i* we wi% to adopt 9 an?ropology4 ,( ! two t]ms ( ! prec$+ proposition1 ! second m]its p>ticul> consid]ation4 ,zoological classification has be5 creat$ & e/abli%$ by ! greate/ ?9k]s ( :i* humanity c boa/2 ev5 m1 indep5d5t by its nature f all religi\s influ5ce1 x has be5 freely done1 & )\t prejudice1 z e sci5tific "q ought to be1 by means ( facts & reason+4 ,x has n always be5 s ) ! works ( ^? :o desire t man %\ld be an exception to univ]sal nature1 & beyond ! limits ( ! animal k+dom4 ,zoological classification ne$ n be re=m$1--x is t ( ! g5us ,homo4 ,we t\* n[ on ! mu* discuss$ & controv]t$ "q ( species1 & at ! same "t on ! "q ( ! orig9 ( man4 ,we d n believe1 z _m em95t m5 h done1 t ?is orig9 mu/ et]nally be conceal$1 t man w nev] be p]mitt$ to te> ! veil f ?is /atue ( ,isis4 ,let x suffice u to say t we are ab\t to ent] on slipp]y gr\nd1 :]e we %all only f9d z few re/+ places z ! /ones ( a =d half de/roy$ by a torr5t4 ,& s9ce we %all only f9d "h & !re ! fragile aid ( "o hypo!sis aga9/ s _m o!rs1 9 ord] to assi/ ! consequ5ts ( our reason+s1 is x a reason = draw+ back8 ,we d n ?9k s4 ,e p]iod ( a sci5ce has its own t5d5cy2 at giv5 mom5ts ! ef=ts ( all t5d involunt>ily t[>ds "o sole end1--"o "q absorbs all1 & all p>tial solutions t5d to ! same g5]al solution4 ,at ! pres5t day1 ! great "q 9 natural hi/ory is t ( species2 inquiries are ard5tly pursu$1 & mat]ials are produc$ f e side1--op9ions are moot$1 & objections rais$4 ,we h only to call att5tion on ?is po9t to ! works ( ,isidore ,ge(froy1 ,morton1 ,nott1 ,godron1 ,broca1#bhe ,d>w91 ,fe1 etc4 ,! "q ( spontane\s g5]ation is b a phase ( ! same discussion1 an episode 9 ! "w ( ! bir? ( "t4 ,"s p h made a sort ( bugbe> out ( ?is ^w spontane\s g5]ation1 or r1 spontane\s g5esis4#bhf ,& yet1 "h is "o ( ^! tru?s to :i*1 we ?9k1 we %all be l$ by ! obs]vation ( facts & by reason+4 ,! great h>m ( exam9+ into ! "q is to be /rangely mi/ak5 z to its be>+1 & incl9$ to re/rict its limits4 ,x has1 9 fact1 be5 said1 t e day g5ital organs are discov]$ 9 be+s :om x 0 ?\ght 7 reproduc$ spontane\sly4 ,?is is a speci\s argum5t to :i* ,plut>* has long ago done ju/ice4 ,a p]son1 :om he br+s =w>d 9 "o ( 8 books1 asks1 8,:i* _h ! fir/ exi/5ce1 ! egg or ! h580 & concludes t 8x 0 evid5tly ! h540 ,ev5 9 treat+ lightly on ?is subject1--9 mak+ x a famili> conv]sation1 ! ,greek physician 01 h[ev]1 n mi/ak5 ab\t ! importance ( ! matt]4 8,s t10 answ]s "o ( ! gue/s1 8) ?is little "q ( ! egg & ! h51 we raise1 z ) a lev]1 ! great & d>k "q ( ! g5]ation ( ! _w40#bhg ,t ! animals :i* we "k all reproduce by eggs1 is possible1 al?\gh x has n be5 prov$1 b ?is is n an important po9t2 we want to "k if all ! animals :i* we are able to obs]ve d n rem\nt necess>ily1 9 a m or less direct mann]1 & at a m or less di/ant p]iod1 to a spontane\s beg9n+4#bhh ,! difficulty is ev]y:]e ! same1--ev]y:]e we arrive at t imm5se obscurity :i* envelopes ! orig9 ( life on ! surface ( our planet2 b x is ess5tial 9 e case n to give to ! ph5om5on ( spontane\s beg9n+ any o!r signification ?an x ought to h4 ,we mu/ n believe1 = in/ance1 t matt] is =m$ by ! agglom]ation ( p>ts :i* d n yet live 9 a p]fect be+1 hav+ already all its organs di/ribut$ & proportionate1 unit+ 9 "o liv+ :ole4 ,?is w\ld be to ca/ ourselves on ! field ( an absolutely improbable hypo!sis4 ,hi/ology tea*es u t ea* animal1 its in/9cts & intellect includ$1 is at a giv5 mom5t m]ely a mass ( amorph\s matt]1 :i*1 at a lat] p]iod1 w =m itself1 or 9 ! mid/ ( :i* w be spontane\sly develop$ an anatomical elem5t1 t is to say1 an organis$ body4 ,to admit spontane\s g5esis1 !n1 is simply to admit ! =mation ( organic amorph\s primitive matt] ap>t f an already liv+ body1 at ! co/ ( & 9 ! he>t ( :i* c be born ! initial anatomical elem5t ( "o ( ^! animals1 v prop]ly call$ protozoa4 ,we c ev5 ask1 :e!r ?is lat5t prim>y life1 ?is atomic life1 has n always be5 ! rul+ life on our planet4#bhi ,& s9ce1 :5 acc\nt is tak5 ( ev]y?+1 we are almo/ entirely ignorant ( ! conditions necess>y to ! fecundity ( any primitive embryo1 except+ c]ta9 physical conditions ( temp]ature1 liquidity1 etc42 & z1 on ! o!r h&1 no?+ au?orises u to believe t ! laws exi/+ at ! orig9 ( life on our planet h s9ce be5 abrogat$1 we see t1 if we mu/ necess>ily conclude a spontane\s primitive g5esis1 !re is no?+ irrational 9 admitt+1 until we "k f>!r on ! subject1 ! p]si/5ce ( ! ph5om5on4 ,let u return to ! subject ( species1 :i*1 h[ev]1 we did n q leave 9 speak+ on ! subject ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,isidore ,ge(froy wi%es to advance sl[ly 9 ?is matt]1 & only :5 facts become pat5t to all4 ,b he himself has m ?an once %[n1 by a noble example1 ! b5efits :i* sci5ce obta9s by ca/+ itself beyond ! limits ( fact1 provid$ t c>e is tak5 at fir/ n to give m ?an a simple hypo!tical value to t :i* we may desire to br+ =w>d4 ,9 ! "q :i* occupies our att5tion1 we mu/ embrace at "o glance ! :ole animal k+dom s9ce its comm5cem5t1 9 ord] to d$uce ! tru? ( facts :i* h be5 obs]v$2 only !n ^! relations1 = :i* sci5ce s ard5tly seeks1 w\ld appe> 9 _! prop] light4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is impossibility1 we mu/ hope = "s m enlight5m5t1 *iefly f geology1 & p]haps f exp]im5ts4 8,h[ _m facts w\ld be necess>y10 said ,buffon1 89 ord] to pron\nce au?oritatively1 or ev5 to conjecture8 ,h[ _m exp]im5ts are to be tri$ 9 ord] to discov] ^! facts1 to ackn[l$ge !m1 or ev5 to anticipate !m by well-f\nd$ conjectures80 ,two op9ions on ! orig9 ( species des]ve to be notic$1--^? ( ,cuvi] & ,lam>ck4 ,?is la/ held ,buffon's op9ions at ! end ( 8 c>e]1 & x ought to f9d 9 ti5ne ,ge(froy a def5d] ev5 m p[]ful 9 our eyes ?an ,isidore ,ge(froy himself2 & especially ,d>w91 to :om belongs ! m]it1 h[ev]1 ( hav+ propagat$1 9 8 popul> "w1 ! ideas ( ,lam>ck4 ,cuvi]'s !ory seems to be /ill ! dom9ant "o2 x is surr\nd$ by t s*ola/ic pre/ige :i* is expla9$ by ! ^w classical2 x is only fit = univ]sities4 ,cuvi] proclaim$ ! immutability ( species1 & wi%$ t at e revolution ( ! globe 7! ^w alone !n made 8 =tune71 a new fauna might come ready made f ! h&s ( ,god1 to animate ! burn+ or icy l&s ( ! old _w4 ,b ,cuvi]1 9 proclaim+ organic immutability1 except$ mank9d4 ,we mu/ be all[$ to d\bt :e!r x 0 done ) good fai?4 8,cuvi]1 full ( good ta/e reg>d+ political propriety10 said a son ( ! republic1 8 =m] ma/]1 n[ 8 adv]s>y1--8,cuvi]1 fill+ 8 m9d ) wise m5tal res]vations conc]n+ ! future ( society1 decl>$ t x 0 n fitt+ t new discov]ies1 j dug f ! he>t ( ! e>?1 %\ld attack & oppose ) ho/ile malignity ! v5]at$ & anci5t revelations ( our holy books40#bij ,?is rem>k1 9 :i* ti5ne ,ge(froy has conceal$ 8 ang] & contempt "u a guise ( p]fect urbanity1 w rema9 to ! end1 we are conv9c$1 z ! judgm5t ( po/]ity ^u ! naturali/ /atesman1 & ^u t :i* !y call 9 ,france at ! pres5t day (ficial sci5ce4 ,species 01 !n1 a def9ite entity 9 ,cuvi]'s op9ion1 & if he _h be5 consi/5t1 he w\ld d\btless h become ! promot] ( ! idea :i* has be5 tak5 up by ,agassiz1--t !re 7 sev]al c5tres ( creation on ! surface ( our planet aft] ! la/ flood2 9 ea* ( ^! c5tres w\ld appe> a special fauna1 & also "o ( ! species con/itut+ ! g5us homo4 ,^! diff]5t species ( m5 & ^! diff]5t fauna w\ld s9ce h cont9u$ to occupy ! same geographical areas ) m]ely "s alt]ation4 ,an absolute value is giv5 to species 9 ,cuvi]'s !ory1 z well z 9 t ( ,agassiz2 x is un*angeable2 x may disappe>1 b _c be modifi$1 s t 8ea* ( !m10 z ,buffon said at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 c>e]1 :5 he held ! same views1 8rema9s always sep>at$ f ! o!rs by an int]val :i* nature _c ov]/ep40#bia ,su* has be51 = a long "t1 ! !ory ( ! orig9 ( species :i* we h held1 & :i* we ma9ta9$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is book4 ,9 fact1 ! solution :i* we n[ (f] diff]s consid]ably f t :i* we !n gave4 ,b !re is evolution r ?an contradiction 9 go+ f "o to ! o!r4 ,! diff]5ces :i* sep>ate mank9d are n less5$1 & h n dim9i%$ 9 value 9 our eyes3 we m]ely expla9 ^! diff]5ces 9 ano!r way4 ,x _c be call$ contradiction1 or ev5 inconsi/5cy1 to *ange "o's mann] ( view+ ?+s ) ! times2 to reg>d ?+s o!rwise :i*1 z we said be=e1 h no absolute basis2 or to *ange 9 five ye>s "o's op9ion conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! liv+ be+s on ! surface ( ! globe4 ,9 ,buffon's la/ op9ion#bib species 0 n t def9ite entity 9 :i* ,cuvi] believ$1 comm5c+ at a giv5 geological mom5t1 9 ord] to t]m9ate at ano!r4 ,buffon says1 9 8 late/ works1 t ! idea ( species c only be seiz$ ^u by man at 8?is or t in/ant ( 8 age10#bic & t x is m]ely ! expression ( ! ambi5t m$ium4 ,let ?is rema9 z be=e1 x w n *ange2 b :5 ! conditions ( ! m$ium become modifi$1 species w *ange4 ,we ?us arrive at ?is def9ition3-- ,,def9ition4--8,species is a collection or gr\p ( individuals *>act]is$ by a simil>ity ( di/9ctive po9ts2 ! transmission ( :i* is accompli%$ naturally1 regul>ly1 & indef9itely1 9 a giv5 ord] ( ?+s40#bid ,x is1 9 m sci5tific t]ms1 ! def9ition by ,lam>ck1 8a collection ( simil> individuals :i* g5]ation p]petuates 9 ! same /ate1 s t ! circum/ances ( _! situation d n suffici5tly alt] s z to make _! habits1 _! "*1 or _! =m v>y40#bie ,lam>ck1 to :om ,isidore ,ge(froy has r5d]$ great] ju/ice ?an any "o else be=e or aft] him1#bif admitt$ ! unlimit$ v>iabl5ess ( species4 ,he admitt$ t we all desc5d1 j z we are1 f an anatomical elem5t1 develop$ 9 a det]m9ate s5se1 & t we may h be5 worms1 insects1#big birds1 & mammals be=e becom+ m51 runn+ ?r\gh all ! phases ?r\gh :i* animal organisation has pass$ dur+ our ut]9e life4 ,we see t ,lam>ck approa*$ frankly & resolutely ! problem ( ! orig9 ( humanity4 ,9 tak+ b sup]ficially c]ta9 exagg]ations into :i* ,lam>ck fell1 at a "t less ri* 9 facts ?an our own1 x is n difficult to give a c]ta9 grotesque turn to 8 ideas1 & to laugh at !m z be+ unnatural2 b we mu/ n ?us judge ! "w ( a man's :ole life1 & we mu/ appreciate ,lam>ck by ! basis ( 8 doctr9e m ?an by ! examples he has giv5 u3 8a pr(\nd philosoph]10 said ti5ne ,ge(froy1#bih 8able 9 lay+ d[n pr9ciples1 less able 9 ! *oice ( 8 pro(s40 ,we mu/ judge ,lam>ck z ,isidore ,ge(froy has done 9 8 ,hi/oire ,naturelle ,gnrale1 :]e we f9d a complete & imp>tial *ronological /atem5t conc]n+ ! grave "q ( species4#bii 8,circum/ances h an influ5ce ^u =m & organisation10 su* is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,lam>ck's doctr9e2#cjj he says ! same else:]e3#cja 8,circum/ances det]m9e positively :at ea* body may be20 & he concludes1 8among liv+ bodies1 nature only %[s individuals :o succe$ "o ano!r4 ,species1 among/ !mselves1 are only relative1 & are only tempor>ily s40#cjb ,if f ^! g5]al consid]ations we ent] 9 detail into ,lam>ck's !ory1 we f9d room = ! objections ) :i* ! oppon5ts ( ! sy/em ( v>iety are engross$1 ) :i* !y h made ^? weapons ( ridicule :i* act s well on m9ds :i* are n =ew>n$1 & :o are ignorant ( ?is ma/]'s :ole sy/em ( ideas4 ,! gr&eur ( ,lam>ck's views1 ! maje/ic simplicity ( 8 !ory1 ought to be suffici5t to %ield him f su* attacks4 ,he saw at ! beg9n+ organic matt] gr\p+ itself "u simple =ms4 ,^! fir/ outl9es1 alt]$ by "t & circum/ances1 h successively giv5 bir? to radiat$ creatures1 to ! inf]ior molluscs1 ! articulate animals1 !n ! l[e/ fi%es1 !n man4 ,"h is a mi/ake1 9 our op9ion2 if !re exi/s 7until we "k m7 an imm5se & impassable diff]5ce some:]e 9 ! animal k+dom1 x is betwe5 ! v]tebrate & ! inv]tebrate animals4 ,:il/ ! fir/ %[ an admirable unity ( organic composition1 ! second d n seem to h any at all1 s t !y d n admit ( s]ial or l9e> classification4 ,ea* ( ! gr\ps :i* !y =m is unit$ by "s p>ticul>ity to all ! o!r gr\ps1 & naturali/s h ev5 be5 able to diff] ab\t :at mu/ be consid]$ z ! highe/ r\nd 9 ! animal ladd]4 ,! organism ( ! inv]tebrata possesses a flexibility & imm5se v>iety1 :i* is almo/ a *>act]i/ic special to ^! be+s 9 :i* ! n]v\s sy/em ceases to pres5t ! pr(\nd unity :i* we see 9 ! v]tebrata2 :il/ ! entire gr\p has only a negative *>act]i/ic1 ! want ( v]tebr1 :i* is suffici5t alone to %[ h[ unnatural x is4 ,z = ! re/1 ! v]tebrate animal1 ev5 at ! fir/ mom5t ( 8 embryo life1 is absolutely irr$ucible to any inv]tebrate type :atsoev]1 contr>y to ,lam>ck's op9ion4 ,a v]tebrate is to an inv]tebrate z two fir/ numb]s are to "o ano!r2 all ! v]tebrata1 on ! contr>y1 are "o to ano!r z a simple numb] rais$ to diff]5t p[]s2 !y c all be br\ght back to _! orig91 & bo? ! mo/ complicat$ & ! mo/ elevat$ ( ! s]ies are only ! mo/ simple ones arriv$ at a /ate ( consid]able p]fection4 ,a /ill weak] side ( ,lam>ck's !ory is c]ta9ly ! decid$ influ5ce :i* he attributes to ! actions & habits ( organis$ be+s1 s z to modify !m by _! own means4 ,! p$antic caprice ( 8 enemies has always hit on ?is po9t4 8,! habit ( ex]cis+ an organ10 he says1 8makes x acquire developm5ts & dim5sions :i* ins5sibly *ange x1 s t 9 "t x becomes v diff]5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! faulty cont9ual ex]cise ( an organ impov]i%es x gradually1 & ends by de/roy+ x40#cjc ,b x mu/ n be ?\ght t ,lam>ck gave an appreciable alt]ation to ! organ1--an alt]ation suffici5tly rapid to be notic$ by ourselves4 ,if "s passages ( 8 works make ! read] ?9k s1 x is pla9 t !y are only ! w&]+s ( a great m9d1 always weak on ! side ( ! ideas :i* he has creat$1 & :i* he *]i%es4 ,lam>ck knew v well t an inf9ite "t is ! condition ( unlimit$ v>iability4#cjd ,d>w9 is ! direct successor ( ,lam>ck1 &1 9 our op9ion1 ! success ( 8 book bo? 9 ,engl& & ,france is an index ( ! progress :i* sci5tific ideas h made1 s9ce ! days ( ,cuvi]1 9 ! pa? ( lib]ty & indep5d5ce4 ,d>w91 l ,lam>ck1 admits unlimit$ v>iety2 he ?9ks t all animals mu/ desc5d f f\r or five primitive types1 & plants f ab\t an equal numb]2 he is almo/ dispos$ to admit b "o primordial type = all organic nature4#cje ,d>w91 h[ev]1 seems to u to h fall5 into a griev\s exagg]ation1 or error ( int]pretation1 =m]ly laid to ,lam>ck's *>ge1 :ile he is at ! same "t def5d+ an excell5t cause4 ,)\t speak+ "h ( ! relation%ip 7=c$1 9 our op9ion7 :i* ,d>w9 makes out betwe5 wild & dome/ic animals 7( :i* we h be=e spok571 ! le>n$ ,engli%man seems to h accord$ too mu* to individual action 9 ! production ( specific modification4 ,he sees a p[]ful activity1 :i* he calls natural selection1 :]e we c only see absolute passiv5ess4 ,we w expla9 :at we mean3 9 ! mid/ ( ?is vital concurr5ce1 :i* he has 9 "p s well describ$1--9 ! mid/ ( ?is imm5se /ruggle1 :]e all :i* has life on our planet is engag$ 9 combat "o aga9/ ! o!r1 or aga9/ all1 on ?is et]nal field ( battle1 :]e ! victors become ! victims1 ,d>w9 supposes t an animal br+s into ! _w ) him1 by *ance1 "s psy*ological modification1 or "s anatomical disposition1 :i* is individually advantage\s to him 9 ! great /ruggle = life2 aft] ?is he w h a *ance ( be+ among ! victors1 ( unit+ himself to ano!r animal z happily end[$ by bir? by hav+ also conqu]$2 !y w toge!r leave a num]\s po/]ity1 & !re is e *ance t "s ( ! desc5dants ( su* a c\ple may inh]it ei!r ! same in/9ctive disposition or ! same con=mation2 def9itively1 & by ! repeat$ action ( ?is natural proce$+1 a new v>iety c be =m$1 & may ei!r supplant ! p>5t species or coexi/ ) x4#cjf ,su* is1 9 a few words1 ! !ory ( natural selection4 ,9 our ideas1 !re is "h a false int]pretation ( facts2 we d n believe 9 ?is *ance ( a native disposition1 :i* ?us transmits itself 9 ord] to become 9 "t a specific *>act]i/ic4 ,we h %[n1 :ile speak+ ( hybridity1 t a native individual disposition ought always to disappe> by ! m]e fact ( its be+ individual2 x quickly disappe>s ?r\gh cross-bre$+ at ! t5? g5]ation1 if n at ! fir/1 9 ! mid/ ( a population :i* does n possess x4 ,we fully admit1 l ,lam>ck1 t species are =m$ f "o ano!r by ! appe>ance ( organic modifications1 m or less decid$2 b we d n leave any?+ to *ance 9 ?is ph5om5on1 z ,d>w9 does1 & we c only see !re ! application ( g5]al laws4 ,x is n "o or two animals1 born ) "s special psy*ological or anatomical disposition1 :o are de/9$ to g5]alise !mselves by g5]ation3 x w be all ! individuals ( ! same species 9 a c]ta9 radius1 :o w be born ) a sc>cely appreciable organic modification1 result+1 z f> z we c tell1 9 an action ( ! m$ium also ne>ly inappreciable by ourselves1 b :i* long ago w h made itself felt by ! p>5ts4 ,! new v>iety w be propagat$ q naturally1 s9ce x is g5]al1 & c b increase ) ea* g5]ation z long z ! modify+ cause cont9ues to act4 ti5ne ,ge(froy _h be5 ! wor?y successor ( ,lam>ck1 ) a l>g] & m philosophical m9d4 ,he nev] fell into 8 exagg]ations1 nor into ! re/rictive applications ( ! sy/em1 l ,d>w94 ,let u see h[ ,isidore ,ge(froy#cjg cont9ues 8 fa!r's !ory3 8,species is v>iable "u ! influ5ce ( ! ambi5t m$ium2 diff]5ces1 m or less consid]able accord+ to ! p[] ( ! modify+ causes1 may 9 "t be produc$1 & ! pres5t be+s may be ! desc5dants ( ! =m] be+40 ,?is doctr9e is our own also4 ,z to ! idea ( limit$ v>iety1 prop\nd$ by ,isidore ,ge(froy1 we c only see 9 x an un=tunate re/riction ( 8 fa!r's !ory1--"o ( ^? errors into :i* ev5 ! mo/ judici\s m9ds are liable to fall4 ,limit$6 ,does he mean t !re is a po9t :]e ^! v>iations /op1 & consequ5tly a po9t :]e !y h comm5c$8 ,does he mean t "s neighb\r+ animal species are d]iv$ f a giv5 prototype1 simil> to !mselves1 & )\t any antec$5ts 9 ! organic _w8 ,?is is to return to ,cuvi]6 ,limit$6 ,does he mean t ! modifications w n be consid]able 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 on acc\nt ( ?is pres5t /ate be+ m or less modifi$8 ,x comes to no?+ directly we admit v>iety z a consequ5ce ( ! m$ium4 ti5ne ,ge(froy 0 l$ by ?is k9d ( idea1 :51 limit+ 8 view to ! %ort p]iod ( hi/orical "t1 & ?9k+ he _h discov]$ t our pres5t climates d n s5sibly alt] exi/+ species1#cjh he ask$1 8if !re _h n be5 on ! e>? revolutions & di/urbances ( s va/ a "* t _! influ5ce may n h be5 enorm\s2 :il/ 9 our days1 *anges may h be5 accord+ to ! p[] ( _! effects1 t is to say1 almo/ no?+40 ,& he expla9$ ev]y?+ by ?is conv5i5t !ory ( geological floods4 ,be=e go+ f>!r1 let u consid] :at we ought to ?9k ab\t ! di/urbances ( ! t]re/rial globe ?us invok$ by ti5ne ,ge(froy4 ,n[1 to our m9d1 we h no au!ntic pro( t ! pa/ ( our planet has really be5 m>k$ by su* frightful revolutions1 & geology does n make ! tradition z cle> z "s h desir$4 ,we ?9k1 al?\gh ?is is n ! place to prove x1 t if ! *anges :i* h happ5$ to ! surface ( ! globe h be5 consid]able1 !y ought to be proportionally weak1 result+ less f sudd5 & p[]ful ef=ts ?an f ^? small & cont9u\s actions#cji 9 :i* nature puts =? its mo/ =midable en]gies1 b ! progress ( :i* is n to be measur$ by ! memory ( man4 ,9 g5]al1 our m9d seizes b badly ! notion ( duration beyond c]ta9 limits4 ,x is n ! same ) ! notion ( =ce4 ,h5ce1 ! belief 9 floods4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( gigantic effects1 ! m9d1 9 ! appreciation ( ! mov]s ( ?is effect1 has done :at we h done e day 9 me*anics4 8,x has *ang$ m9d into =ce40 ,x is c]ta9 t weak b cont9u\s =ces 7ev]y:]e1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ p[]ful7 h be5 able to play a gr&] "p 9 ! hi/ory ( our globe1 ?an ^! di/urbances :i* we are 9 ! habit ( see+ ev]y:]e4 ,we consid] t !re ought to be an entire revolution 9 ! sy/em ( geological rese>*2 x ought to comm5ce at anci5t times1 & come d[n to ! pres5t day1 n vice v]s2 we ought1 9 fact1 to sub/itute syn!tic = analytical geology4 ,aft] hav+ c>efully notic$ contemporane\s ph5om5a1 we %\ld d\btless be 9 "t able to read simply ! trace ( a feeble revolution 9 ! geological pa/1 accompli%$ "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! same =ces :i* are daily prep>+ new l&s1 new elevations1 new depressions1 & a new organic _w on ! surface ( ! globe1 = ! future4 ,if x is probable t ! atmosph]e has *ang$ )9 c]ta9 limits1 if ! nature ( ! wat]s has also be5 alt]$1--at lea/ all ^! geological ph5om5a1 ^! abysses1 *a9s ( m\nta9s1 & subm]g$ cont95ts1 c only be ! result ( ! =ces n[ at "w "u our own eyes1--! comp>ison ( animals :i* =m]ly exi/$ ) ^? :i* exi/ at ! pres5t day1 %[s1 z we %all see f>!r on1 t ! conditions ( life h n s5sibly *ang$ on ! surface ( ! globe s9ce ! =mation ( ! rocks subjac5t to ! metamorph\s rocks4 ,we d5y t ! e>? is actually pass+ ?r\gh a p]iod ( repose1 & we d n believe t x has ev] =m]ly be5 m di/urb$4 ,s9ce ! age ( ! fir/ ve/iges ( ! organic life1 :i* we f9d 9 ! mo/ anci5t rocks1 we ?9k t our planet has n ceas$ to move 9 a calm & cont9u\s m>* ( exi/5ce2 we ?9k1 9 fact1 t geological ph5om5a ( all sorts1 :i* we he> ( n[-a-days1 are ! exact hi/ory ( ! pa/1 dur+ :i* "s volcanic ph5om5a h also tak5 place1 b 9 an entirely sporadic mann]4 8,! day is1 p]haps1 n v di/ant10 said ,m4 ,l>tet1 at ! ,in/itute1#caj 9 #aheh1 8:5 x w be propos$ to /rike out ! ^w #8flood' f ! vocabul>y ( positive geology40 ,?is day approa*es /ill ne>]4#caa ,be=e moot+1 9 our turn1 a !ory ab\t ! v]tebrate animal k+dom 7! only "o :i* ought to occupy our att5tion7 on ! surface ( ! globe1 we simply ask1 :at is meant by ti5ne ,ge(froy by ! words "s consid]able "t8 ,?is is a difficulty1 we own1 & we h j said s4 ,we wi% t ! ?irty ?\s& ye>s1#cab ! maximum "t :i* we give to ! f>!/ orig9 ( man1 %\ld be consid]$ z be+ ! age :i* sep>ates u f ! fir/ organic matt] ca/ into ! bosom ( ! wat]s1 9 ! same proportion z ! radius ( ! e>? is to ! di/ance :i* sep>ates our sun f ! mo/ di/ant /> ( ! mo/ di/ant nebul\s sy/em :i* ! be/ telescope c obs]ve4 ,! ext5t alone ( ! heav5s c give u an idea ( ! ext5t ( ! pa/4 ,?is be+ grant$1 let u see h[ we c repres5t ! hi/ory ( organic developm5t ^u ! e>? 9 a few words1 )\t hid+ f ourselves ! imm5se obscurity :i* cov]s all orig9s4 ,we are "h express+ m]ely a hypo!sis4 ,x w suffice u to see if ?is hypo!sis w agree 9 a satisfactory mann] ) ! facts notic$ at ! pres5t day1 on ! surface & 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe4 ,at ! orig9 ( ! v]tebrate _w1 s9ce we are only exam9+ ?is1 x seems rational to admit a primordial comm5cem5t1 :i* no?+ prev5ts u f consid]+ z a new & special comb9ation ( organic matt]1 d]iv$ f ! inv]tebrate _w1 :i* we may believe to h =m]ly exi/$4 ,9 ! he>t ( ?is embryo w h appe>$1 by spontane\s g5]ation1 ! fir/ organism connect$ ) ! v]tebrate type4 ,?is 01 d\btless1 a simple anatomical elem5t1 l t :i* hi/ologi/s see e day =m$ 9 c]ta9 granul> liquids4 ,we d n imag9e t ! orig9 ( life c be o!rwise repres5t$2 = to admit1 z ,isidore ,ge(froy has done 9 c]ta9 passages ( 8 works1 t ! w ( a ,god peopl$ ! e>? sudd5ly ) p]fect be+s1 fit = produc+ o!r be+s l !mselves1 w\ld be to admit a miracle1 & sci5ce tea*es u at ! pres5t day :at to ?9k ( all div9e int]v5tions1 ei!r pa/ or pres5t4#cac ,we defy anyone to get out ( ?is alt]native1--ei!r t !re 0 an in/antane\s & miracul\s creation ( a c]ta9 numb] ( p]fect animals2#cad or t !re 0 a successive evolution1 :i* is ,lam>ck's idea1 modifi$ by ! s5se ( ! new k :i* we h at ! pres5t day1 aris+1 on ! "o h&1 f geology1 & on ! o!r1 f philosophical anatomy4 ,let u return to ?is primordial anatomical elem5t :i* we may call individual-elem5t4 ,x virtually repres5ts a v]tebrate animal j z ! ovum deta*$ f ! ov>y ( ! female repres5ts a man1 :o is only wait+ = fav\rable circum/ances 9 ord] to develope himself4 ,?is individual-elem5t1 accord+ to our hypo!sis1 is at fir/ simply reproduc$2 !n1 aft] "s consid]able "t1 its desc5dants1 w1 little by little1 9 _! own sph]e ( activity1 give bir? to o!r elem5ts 9 juxtaposition to !mselves1 9 ?is mann] p]fect+ x & id5tify+ x m & m ) ! v]tebrate type :i* x (f]s = our consid]ation4 ,aft] "s consid]able "t v]tebrates ( z simple an organism z mix9 & lampreys w h ?us appe>$4 ,!n1 aga91 aft] ano!r consid]able lapse ( "t--millions ( c5turies1 r ?an ?\s&s--^! animals ) elem5t>y v]tebra w h successively produc$1 by trans=mation1 all ! v]tebrata :i* /ock ! globe at ! pres5t day4 ,we mu/ "h make an important rem>k4 ,we h inf]r$ by all :i* prec$es ?is1 t ! v]tebrata ( ! pres5t day & ! fossil v]tebrata all desc5d f ! same individual-elem5t prototype1 ^: exi/5ce we h admitt$4 ,9 "o ^w1 we ?9k t all ! v]tebrata1 bo? pres5t & pa/1 h ! same g5ealogy1 & are all relations4 ,t may d\btless be ! case2 b no?+ w make u admit t !re once exi/$ on our planet conditions fit = ! bir? ( ?is individual-elem5t prototype1 & t ^! circum/ances h nev] s9ce be5 repres5t$2 s t ! mo/ simple v]tebrata ( our "t may v well desc5d f a less anci5t spontane\s g5esis ?an ! mammalia & man himself4 ,no?+ h9d]s su* a supposition4 ,x does n co/ u any m to admit t "o day or o!r a simple organic elem5t is =m$1 end[$ ) a life ( its own1 &1 ev5 m1 ) a lat5t life1 :i* x c1 by means ( "t & circum/ances1 diffuse ar\nd x2 x does n co/ u m to admit ?is ?an to admit t simil> elem5ts h aris5 at diff]5t p]iods ( "t4 ,?is la/ supposition may ev5 be reg>d$ z s mu* m probable1 t we mu/ r5\nce entirely1 9 ord] to expla9 specific trans=mations1 ! influ5ce ( ! geological revolutions ( :i* ti5ne ,ge(froy took s mu* acc\nt4 ,we h se5 high] up t ^! 7 f> f be+ prov$2 we c add1 9 support ( our ass]tion1 a fact :i* we ?9k has n be5 suffici5tly rem>k$4 ,if ^! revolutions ev] exi/$1 we h a /rong pro( t !y h only v slightly alt]$ ! conditions ( life on ! surface ( ! globe1 at lea/ s9ce ! anci5t p]iods dur+ :i* ! fir/ alluvium 0 deposit$2 if we dr$ge "s y>ds deep 9 ! ocean1 ! drag br+s up t]ebratul & encr9i2 t is to say1 animals id5tical ) ^? :i* we f9d 9 ! mo/ anci5t alluvia4 ,is x n rem>kable t ! l[e/ plac$ fossil 9 ! /ratigraphic ladd] ( ! b$s ( ! t]re/rial surface1 ! mo/ anci5t fossil :i* we "k1 is precisely ?is same t]ebratula1 :i* /ill lives 9 our seas8 ,:at mu/ we h5ce conclude8 ,t !re once exi/$ on ! globe1 at lea/ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 conditions ( aquatic life s5sibly id5tical ) ^? :i* exi/ at ! pres5t day4 ,:e!r all ! species ( v]tebrata desc5d f "o orig9al spontane\s beg9n+1 or f _m successive ones1 signifies v little1 s9ce1 9 ! second case1 ! primordial individual-elem5ts :i* h ?us appe>$ at v>i\s times1 w\ld always %[ a great analogy to "o ano!r4 ,n[1 aft] all t we h said1 ?is is h[ we may1 9 our op9ion1 repres5t by a graphic figure ! :ole ( ! v]tebrate k+dom1#cae 9 ! pres5t & 9 ! pa/4 ,let u image a conical figure3 ! individual-elem5t ( :i* we h spok5 w occupy its summit4 ,f ?is po9t a numb] ( /raight l9es1 few at fir/1 w />t1 bran*+ (f & always multiply+ !mselves ) m or less regul>ity1 b s z to =m an imm5se cone4#caf ,ea* ( ^! /raight l9es w\ld repres5t a specific modification1 accompli%$ aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( g5]ations "u ! comb9$ influ5ce ( ! ambi5t m$ium & ( "s consid]able "t3 9 o!r t]ms1 ea* ramification w\ld repres5t a species hav+ once exi/$ or n[ exi/+ on our planet4 ,! l5g? ( ea* l9e w\ld measure ! "t :i* ! species 9 "q has exi/$4 ,^! l9es w\ld nev] conv]ge1 because we d n believe 9 ! creation ( p]man5t species by means ( hybridity4 ,n[ ! m9d mu/ admit "h all possible comb9ations2 c]ta9 species h disappe>$ )\t produc+ any o!rs aft] !m3--o!rs exi/ actually )\t our hav+ any idea ( "o ( ! int]m$i>y species :i* h be5 alli$ to primitive species2--o!rs h subsi/$ slightly or n at all alt]$ f ! remote/ antiquity up to our own days1 ?us becom+ ?r\gh contemporane\s "t ! trans=m$ desc5dants ( fossil species1 ( :i* !y 7 also =m]ly ! contempor>ies2 x is ev5 n impossible b t c]ta9 species succe$+ "o ano!r may h pres5t$ a retrograde evolution1 s t we mu/ n always conclude t because "o animal is only inf]ior to ano!r1 x has !re=e prec$$ x3--)\t go+ s f> z all ?is1 ! evolution ( c]ta9 species may h pres5t$ a long "t ( cessation :il/ all o!rs 7 progress+ ar\nd !m1 s t !y appe> to h retrograd$4 ,?is is :at has made ,m4 ,mi*elet#cag say1 8,nature has n progress$ ) a cont9u\s fl[1 b ) retrograde movem5ts1 & /oppages1 :i* all[ h] to h>monise ev]y?+40 ,^! times ( repose 9 a specific evolution1 z well z ! hypo!sis ( successive g5eses :i* are already admitt$1 expla9 h[ ! /ratifi$ b$s ( ! e>?'s surface1 9 %[+ f l[ to high :at we may call m p]fect organic means1 unveil at ! same "t to our eyes "h & !re a c]ta9 numb] ( species1 inf]ior 9 organisation to ^? 9 ! mo/ anci5t rocks4 ,z to expla9+ h[ a "p ( ! anci5t species has be5 able to modify itself :il/ ano!r has rema9$ /ation>y1 we mu/ admit t all ^! influ5ces ( m$ium h always be5 exclusively local1 s t all ! coexi/+ v]tebrata h nev] be5 able to submit at once to its influ5ce4 ,we mu/ und]/& by m$ium1 ! :ole ( ! circum/ances1 pa/ or pres5t1 :i* are able to influ5ce organism m$iately or imm$iately 9 any mann] :atsoev]4 ,! ance/ors ( an animal1 z well z ! sun :i* w>ms x1 & ! p>asites :i* dev\r x1 make up a "p ( ?is m$ium4 ,b if x is easy to expla9 v>iety by ! m$ium1 x is a difficulty aga9/ :i* ! m9d /ruggles4 ,h[ c we expla9 asc5d+ & progressive v>iety8 mu/ we believe 9 "s f9ality1 an end settl$ be=eh&8 ,we d n ?9k s4 ,f9ality is a sort ( div9e prevision1 & ! _w z reg>ds ?is hypo!sis is /ill 9 tutelage2 we w\ld r believe 9 a creat+ intellig5ce4 ,a simple example w make our mean+ und]/ood4 ,9 ! vegetable _w ?is /rikes u =cibly3--! mo/ simply =m$ plants are precisely ^? :i* approa* mo/ ne>ly to animals by reason ( _! physiological manife/ations4#cah ,! plants :i* !y call sup]ior1 by plac+ !m 9 an organographic po9t ( view1 are 9 reality inf]ior1 s t ^! plants are simple 9 ref]5ce to ! dicotyl$ons :i* h necess>ily succe$$ !m1 & !re has be5 9 reality a retrograde m>* ( life1 in/ead ( ! asc5d+ m>* ( ! animal k+dom4 ,mu/ we seek = ! reason ( ?is diff]5ce 9 ! pres5ce ( a n]v\s sy/em8 ,we ?9k s4 ,we !n w\ld admit t organism w\ld t5d to modify itself by an inconsci5t act ( ! w1 analog\s to ^? :i* rule mo/ physiological actions2 ?is w\ld be some?+ l ! possible increase or gr[? ( ! head by reason ( ! influ5ce ( civilisation ( :i* we h be=e spok54#cai ,& :il/ all ! specific v>ieties w\ld result among plants f ! influ5ce ( ! physical m$ium1 we mu/ add to ! notion ( ?is m$ium1 z reg>ds animals1 ! n]v\s activity ( ! ance/ors4 ,by ! side ( ?is creat+ influ5ce we mu/ recognise 9 ! m$ium a p>allel de/ructive influ5ce4 ,n[1 we c appreciate ?is e day4 ,! pres5t tells u ab\t ! pa/2 we _c d\bt b t species =m]ly disappe>$ exactly z we see !m /ill disappe> "u our eyes by ! manife/ation ( "s new condition ( ! m$ium2 ^! may be sudd52 volcanic ph5om5a1 floods1 extreme v>iations ( temp]ature1 diseases1 fam9es1 enemies--all ^! hypo!ses are possible1 & all equally reasonable3 ! dodo has disappe>$ "s ye>s ago1 hav+ be5 de/roy$ by ! h& ( man2 !y say t ! apt]ix w soon disappe> 9 ! same way1 dev\r$ by cats4 ,b actions only mod]ately de/ructive 7 d\btless o!rwise v important1 & we f9d "h all ! ph5om5a :i* h be5 s well describ$1 & s well expla9$ by ,d>w9#cbj "u ! "n ( vital competition4 ,by ?is we see1 ev5 s9ce ! mo/ anci5t hi/oric p]iods1 t c]ta9 savage animals1 l ! lion1#cba crocodile1#cbb & hippopotamus1#cbc retire be=e mank9d2 t ! black rat is disappe>+ 9 ,europe to give place to ! field m\se1 & t a race ( savages disappe>s :5 _! c\ntry beg9s to be inhabit$ by a m civilis$ race1 ev5 :5 ! victors 9 ?is organic1 z well z political1 /ruggle1 are n able to reproa* !mselves ) any cruelty4 ,n[1 let u apply to man ! !ory ( ! orig9 ( species :i* we wi% to be dom9ant1 = !re is no reason to ?9k t man =ms any exception to ! common rule4 ,be=e all ?+s1 we mu/ rememb] t human races _c l5d !mselves to any classification 9 natural s]ies4 ,x is also z impossible = ! naturali/ to po9t out a race at ! pres5t day f :i* all ! o!rs are d]iv$1 ei!r p>allelly or successively1 z = ! hi/orian to discov] 9 ! pa/ any trace ( a homog5e\s humanity4 ,if ev5 su* an uni=mity _h ev] exi/$1 h[ w\ld ! remembrance ( x h be5 kept1 = x is evid5t t ?is primitive =m1 con/itut+ at ! beg9n+ all ! human g5us1 w\ld be ! same inf]ior =m1 su* z ! ,negro or ! ,bosjesman1 = in/ance1 nature ris+ 9 g5]al f inf]iority to p]fection4 ,?is 0 = a long "t ,pri*>d's idea1 & c]ta9 monog5i/s ?9k ! same at ! pres5t day4 ,?is hypo!sis1 ent]+ at its basis into ! doctr9e ( evolution1 has no?+ 9 itself :i* is />tl+2 we c only say "o ?+ aga9/ x1 & t is 9 its admitt+ z prov$ t filiation :i* w\ld connect "o ) ! o!r all ! gr\ps compos+ 9 our times ! g5us homo4 ,= our "p1 we wi% simply to ext5d ! same mann] ( view+ ! matt]1 to g5]alise x1 & to place x 9 relation ) ?is imm5se unkn[n :i* is beh9d u1 & ( :i* monog5i/s d n take en\gh notice4 ,we ma9ta9 t !re has exi/$ 9 ! night ( "t a c]ta9 species1 less p]fect ?an ! mo/ imp]fect man1 rem\nt+ by a c]ta9 numb] ( int]m$i>y species1 ( ^: nature x is impossible = u at pres5t to =m any idea1--to ?is primordial v]tebrate animal :i* we admit4 ,?is species1 a r\gh outl9e ( :at man n[ is1 gave bir?1 aft] a consid]able "t1 to _m o!r species1 ^: p>allel & unequal evolution1 foll[+ :at we h said conc]n+ animals1 has at ! pres5t day z contemporane\s 7b n ! la/7 illu/ration1 ! diff]5t species ( m5 designat$ by ! "n ( races4 ,s t all humanity w\ld be 9 relation%ip1 if ! expression be all[$ u1 n 9 ! s]ial s5se1 z monog5i/s take x1 b 9 ! collat]al s5se1 & at a degree :i* we _c det]m9e2 ! progna?\s races probably less deviat$ f ! =m] type1 ! o!rs m sep>at$ f ?is type1 & m p]fect4 ,x may be se51 & we are b\nd to make ! rem>k1 t we no m pret5d to make man a desc5dant ( ! ape1 ?an a :ite man a desc5dant ( a ,negro2 b x is n impossible1 9 our op9ion1 t species ( m51 z well z ! great apes ^: relation%ip hurts our vanity s mu*1 may rem\nt inf9itely f> 9 ! pa/ to an unkn[n s+le species1 ^: desc5dants1 submitt$ to multipli$ influ5ces1 might be modifi$ 9 diff]5t ways by reason ( ^! diff]5t influ5ces4 ,we admit1 !n1 t species is an in/ant ( a con/ant evolution2 t x does n exi/ by itself2 & t x is only an appreciation ( our s5ses1 localis$ by "t4 ,9 our op9ion1 if species is fix$1 x is fix$ aft] ! mann] ( ! sun4 ,t is to say1 t we _c p]ceive any movem5t 9 x beyond ! m]e/ trifle4 ,x requires ?\s&s ( ye>s to discov] ei!r sol> displacem5t or specific alt]ation4 ,?is is :at makes ! det]m9ation ( species s difficult2 "s ( :i* may be consid]$ z 9 progress ( =mation 9 ref]5ce to o!rs4 ,! difficulty is ! same ) mank9d z x is ) animals4 ,we w\ld n d>e to contradict1 = in/ance1 ! op9ions ( ^? :o see 9 ! ,h9d1 ,g]man1 & ,celtic population ?ree species 9 c\rse ( =mation1 all ?ree be+ probably d]iv$ f a species ant]ior to t :i* hi/ory endeav\rs at ! pres5t day to "n2 t ,aryan race ( :i* su* a noble picture is made1 & :i* we believe to be primitive because x is 9 ! horizon ( hi/ory1 j z ! anci5ts saw 9 ! ocean ! limits ( ! _w4 ,9 a %ort "t1 p]haps1 "s discov]y 9 a poor ,asiatic field w take away f ! ,aryas ! *>act]i/ic nobility & intellig5ce :i* we give to !m ) s mu* satisfaction4 ,x belongs to human palontology alone to enlight5 u ^u ! orig9 ( ! pres5t human types2 x alone c lead u 9 a sure pa? t[>ds ! great problem ( _! orig94 ,b bo? geology1 & palontology :i* dep5ds on x1 h ! s+ul> de/9y ( %[+ at "o & ! same "t bo? great c]ta9ties & insoluble d\bts4 ,! /ratification ( rocks1 = example1 gives u v cle>ly ! notion ( ! succession ( ^! rocks ) reg>d to "o ano!r4 ,b x leaves u 9 absolute ignorance ( all :i* has pass$ betwe5 ! deposit ( "o /ratum & ! deposit ( t :i* we meet ) above x2 9 ?is unkn[n "t all may take place1 t5 s]ies ( rocks may h be5 plac$ ^u x1 & !n h be5 s well m+l$ toge!r t we _c discov] _! individual trace4 ,:o w tell u ab\t ! cont95ts engulph$ by ! sea2 has x n already gr\nd up "u its waves ^? memorials ( anci5t days1 :i* w\ld be s useful to u z a means ( recon/ruct+ ! hi/ory ( man8 ,geology is a gigantic inscription lac]at$ = ev]3 ea* age w deciph] "s fragm5t1 b we %all nev] be able to read x 9 its p]fect /ate4 ,besides its great advantages1 palontological inquiry has its great inconv5i5ces4 ,its advantages are ! /udy+ ( animal =ms :i* are fix$ = ev]1 & n see+ ! field ( su* /udies cont9ually increas+ on our view4 ,! limit ( its inquiries is ! orig9 ( ! alluvium2 all ! facts :i* we are !reby call$ ^u to /udy are )9 ?is b\nd>y4 ,palontology alone1 among ! sci5ces ( ! pres5t day1 kn[s ! ext5t ( its doma94 ,b palontology1 proce$+ /ep by /ep1 by bl[s ( ! pickaxe 9 an o!rwise inaccessible mass1 is compos$ ( two ord]s ( facts1 :i* mu/ be di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r1 re/+ ei!r on affirmative evid5ce 7! exi/5ce ( organic rema9s 9 a rock7 or on negative evid5ce 7! abs5ce ( organic rema9s 9 a rock74 ,human palontology itself has its own inconv5i5ces4 ,a bone or a skull ( a man are ?+s :i* are well kn[n2 !y h n t /range appe>ance 9 ! eyes ( ! cr[d :i* makes !m take ammonites = petrifi$ s]p5ts1 hamites#cbd = lee*es1 radiat$ animals = />s2 :5 we dig up "s s+ul> bone1 "s c>apace ( a liz>d1 a fi%1 or ( "s unkn[n animal1 we pick x up1 & take great c>e ( x4 ,b if x is a man's head1 x is g5]ally replac$ religi\sly 9 ! e>?1 & ^! rema9s are = ev] lo/ to ! sci5tific _w4 ,!re result f all ?is two sorts ( ideas 9 palontology1 ! "o positive1 ! o!r negative3 x is true1 h[ev]1 t ! latt] dim9i% cont9ually ! pr(it we obta9 f ! =m]1 & x is important to rememb] t ?is negative evid5ce is ! only basis ^u :i* re/s ! hypo!sis t man is s new to our globe z "s imag9e4 ,e mom5t we may expect to see ! int]ior ( ! e>? prove ! contr>y4 ,in/ead ( discov]ies foll[+ "o ano!r1 & be+ l9k$ toge!r z 9 o!r sci5ces1 =m+ a :ole :i* hangs toge!r by itself1 palontology goes on f h& to m\?1 z x 71 at ! caprice ( :atev] may happ51 )\t kn[+ ! wond] :i* is ab\t to be reveal$1 p]haps at a few /eps f a pa? :i* millions ( m5 h pass$ by4 ,x is v true t ! human bones :i* h hi!rto be5 f\nd 9 ! gr\nd 9 cav]ns seem to proce$ f a =m b slightly diff]5t f our own2 b all ?is is v rec5t1 relatively to ?is consid]able "t ( :i* we h be=e spok54 ,:o c say b t we may f9d v soon a skull :i* mu/ be class$1 :e!r "o w or n1 betwe5 ! an?ropomorph\s apes & man8 ti5ne ,ge(froy1 l$ by ! logical nature ( 8 ideas1 naturally admitt$ ?is int]m$i>y =m1 ant]ior to our own2 b see+ ! mammalia ( ! la/ geological ages g5]ally l>g] ?an ^? :i* are contempor>y ) ourselves1 he conclud$ besides t our imm$iate ance/ors 7 giants1 & t we h deg5]at$1 l ! desc5dants ( ! be>s & hy5as f\nd 9 cav]ns4#cbe ,no?+ has appe>$ 9 ord] to ju/ify ?is hypo!sis1 & ev]y?+ seems to %[ t s9ce t epo* ! height ( ! g5us homo has n mu* alt]$1 :il/ ! size ( ! diff]5t g5]a ( f]9es1 rum9ants1 & pa*yd]ms has positively v>i$4 ,recapitulation4 ,s9ce we h f\nd t man is comp>able 9 all po9ts to animals1 we ought to seek = him & = !m a common orig91 & ! difficulty ( admitt+ an initial miracle has l$ u to ! idea ( evolution4 ,if 9 ! sci5ce ( obs]vation x is p]mitt$ to ref] to g5]al ideas1 assur$ly x is s 9 ?is case2 philosophy comm5ces :]e sci5ce ends1 & x belongs to x to give u an explanation ( ! matt]2 b we mu/ wait = ! future = a true positive solution ( ! problem1 p]haps f advanc$ geology1 p]haps f exp]im5ts4 ,! g5ius ( man has no b\nds1 :o c say to :at x may rea*8 :o kn[s :e!r1 l a new ,prome!us1#cbf a creator 9 8 turn1 he may n "o day brea! life into "s new species1 :i* w sudd5ly appe> f 8 laboratories8 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,sy/em4 ,all sci5ce leads necess>ily to a sy/em2 & sy/em signifies "h1 n ! proce$s ( obs]vation or a r\te foll[$ by analysis or syn!sis 9 ord] to arrive at ! k ( ! tru?4 ,sy/em "h means1 a mode ( classify+ be+s or obs]v$ facts1 a mode ess5tially 9 connection ) ! sci5ce :i* treats ( ^! be+s or ( ^! facts1 & (t5 applicable to itself alone4 ,a p]fect sy/em c only be really e/abli%$ po/]iori1 aft] ! k has be5 acquir$ ( all ! ph5om5a :i* are to be class$4 ,?is is absolute4 ,9 practice1 a sy/em c only be obs]v$ priori1 by ref]5ce to a c]ta9 numb] ( facts :i* x is de/9$ aft]w>ds to embrace2 x is only true t ! m facts we acquire1 ! m *ance has a sy/em ( be+ exact1 )\t our ev] hav+ ! "r ( proclaim+ x to be absolutely good2 x may be satisfactory1 & rema9 s = a long "t1 b "o f9e day a new fact may prove x to be false4 8,i am ( op9ion10 said ti5ne ,ge(froy1 8t a p]fect sy/em _c exi/2 x is a sort ( philosoph]'s /one1 impossible to be discov]$40#cbg ,a sci5ce be+ giv51 x does n at all foll[ t !re already exi/s a prop] me?od = classify+ 9 a natural s]ies ! ph5om5a :i* manife/ !mselves to u 9 ?is bran* ( human k4 ,if we h n yet succe$$ 9 discov]+ a true an?ropological sy/em1 if ,camp]1 ,pri*>d1 & ,morton h be5 foil$1 x is because ! sci5ce ( mank9d is /ill too new4 ,ev5 9 mak+ an ab/ract ( ! difficulties always to be f\nd 9 det]m9+ e animal species1 difficulties :i* are d]iv$ f ! way 9 :i* we und]/& its evolution1#cbh mu/ we be a/oni%$ t ! human race is n yet divid$ into di/9ct gr\ps1 :5 animals1 mu* m easy to class on acc\nt ( _! less] degree ( intellectual & social activity1 are n yet class$ 9 a satisfactory mann]1#cbi :5 ! ,ge(froys1 ,cuvi]1 & ,de ,bla9ville h fail$ 9 some?+ or o!r1 s9ce ?is "q seems /ill wor?y ( exam9ation by ! greate/ m9ds ( ,europe ) :i* ! natural sci5ces are hon\r$ at ! pres5t day8 ,! natural hi/ory ( man is ( to-day1 & ! difficulties are great1 because by virtue ( 8 intellect man possesses resi/ance & special aff9ity4 ,liv+ by nations1 he lives a d\ble life2 8 own1 & t ( ! nation--:i* is a sep>ate ?+--into :i* a neighb\r+ race or species c ent] :olly1 adopt+ ! same cu/oms1 ! same dress1 & ! same language4 ,!re are difficulties :i* we meet ) 9 an?ropology1 & :i* we only meet ) !re4 ,a species has be5 kn[n to disappe>1 = in/ance1 & has left its "n to "s gr\p entirely diff]5t f x1 = if ! ,e?nic "n has s]v$ at ! orig9 to "n ! inhabit$ c\ntry1 ! geographical "n has react$ 9 its turn1 & has impos$ itself on all ! p :o h successively occupi$ ! same area4 ,o!r difficulties w arise f regions inhabit$ by di/9ct species1 if ^! limits are n m>k$ by "s physical b>ri] almo/ impossible to be pass$4 ,?us we are f>1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 f agree+ ab\t ! bases ( a good an?ropological classification4 ,_m me?ods h be5 tri$1 b none h z yet succe$$4 ,"s h adopt$ geographical division4 ,o!rs1 ! col\r ( ! sk94 ,o!rs1 ! /ate ( ! hair4 ,o!rs 7! mo/ num]\s class71 h /opp$ at ! %ape ( ! head4 ,! skull has *iefly ex]cis$ ! sagacity ( anatomi/s & an?ropologi/s1 & we c say fairly t !re is no comb9ation to :i* x has n be5 submitt$ 9 ord] to arrive at ! di/ribution ( mank9d into natural gr\ps4 ,we mu/ rem>k t all ^! cranioscopic classifications re/ involunt>ily ^u ?is datum1 t ! diff]5t k9ds ( m5 are unequally end[$ ) intellect4 ,/>t+1 !n1 f ?is pr9ciple1 t ! volume ( ! bra9 is 9 ratio to intellig5ce1 or t intellect is 9 ratio to ! volume ( ! bra91 p tri$ to f9d a simple1 r ?an an easy1 me?od ( tak+ acc\nt ( su* an irregul> solid3 & ,camp] op5$ ! way ) 8 fam\s angle4 ,?is sy/em 0 soon foll[$ by o!rs :o are less celebrat$1 hav+ come aft] him4 ,we may quote1 among o!rs1 ! int]ior angle ( ,wal!r1 describ$ by two l9es1 ! "o go+ f ! occipital protub]ance to ! cri/a galli process1 ! o!r f ! frontal prom95ce to ! root ( ! nose4 ,!re is also ! ext]nal angle ( ,muld]s1 describ$ by ! facial l9e ( ,camp]1 & ano!r l9e go+ f ! base ( ! process to ! root ( ! nose4 ,&1 la/ly1 t ( ,daub5ton1 describ$ by a l9e go+ f ! inf]ior m>g9 ( ! orbit to ! po/]ior region ( ! occipital orifice1 & by ano!r foll[+ ! direction ( ! plane ( ! same4#ccj ,all ^! sy/ems are wor? z mu* z ,camp]'s4 ,all1 includ+ ,camp]'s1 are false & wor?less1 f ! m]e fact t !y pret5d to measure a solid by ! incl9ation ( two ( its b\nd>y-planes "o ^u ! o!r4 ,aft] ^! me?ods ( measurem5t1 & sup]ior to all ( !m1 comes ! norma v]ticalis ( ,blum5ba*2 !n ! measurem5ts ( ,cuvi]1 ,ow51 etc4 ,"h we ga9 a /ep2 we endeav\r to measure a solid by its outl9e1 or by ! area ( a sy/ematic division or section4 ,already _h ,camp]1 bett] gift$ ?an 8 angle w\ld in=m u1 endeav\r$ to comp>e ! diff]5t diamet]s ( ! pr(ile ( ! skull1 z se5 9 front4#cca ,z to ,cuvi]'s division1 x is a v happy modification ( a =m] propos$ measurem5t1 ! incisive-occipital l9e ( ,doornick4 ,x is obta9$ by l[]+ a v]tical l9e to ! plane ( ! ext]nal auditory orifice1 & by lead+ ano!r l9e f ! incisors to ! extreme protub]ance ( ! occipital region4 ,! relation ( ! two det]m9at$ divisions 9 ?is l9e by its int]section ) ! fir/1 w give ! /ati/ics ( comp>ison4#ccb ,progress has be5 imm5se1 & yet our sy/ems rema9 v unsatisfactory2 ! skull seems to escape e me?od ( measurem5t4 ,"s "t ago a meet+ ( craniologi/s took place at ,gott+51 & yet ! le>n$ assembly 0 oblig$ to sep>ate )\t settl+ any?+4#ccc ,x seems t ! old say+ ( ,b]n>d ,palissy ab\t measur+ "s peculi> skull1 w rema9 true 9 spite ( all our ef=ts3 8,i h nev] kn[n h[ to obta9 a correct measurem5t40#ccd ,ano!r me?od is t ( ,morton1 to :i* he has atta*$ 8 "n by ! multiplicity ( facts :i* he has drawn1 f x1 by ! ju/ice ( ! views :i* he has express$1 aft] hav+ us$ x ?\s&s ( times2 we speak ( ! direct measurem5t ( ! int]ior capacity ( ! skull4 ,x is = ev] to be regrett$ t ,morton f9i%$ 8 labori\s c>e] )\t hav+ be5 able to publi% ! ultimate results ( 8 long rese>*es2 b ?is me?od 7:i* ,m4 ,broca has actively appli$71 is1 h[ev]1 n q p]fect4 ,if !re 0 m]ely a diff]5ce among ! diff]5t races 9 ! am\nt ( intellect %[n 9 _! works1 ?is measurem5t w\ld be suffici5t to e/abli% a division2 b !re is m ?an t2 all races h diff]5t aptitudes1 & "h is to be f\nd ! fault ( ,morton's sy/em1 :i* only takes ! :ole1 :i* makes no di/9ction betwe5 v diff]5t skulls if !y h ! same volume1 l ^? ( ! ,esquimaux1 = in/ance1 & ^? ( ,am]icans4 ,! subject ( measurem5t diff]s1 l intellect1 o!rwise ?an m]ely 9 dim5sion1 & t :i* craniology wants is ! def9ition ( all ^! special t5d5cies ( ! intellect by z _m tangible v>ieties z possible4#cce ,craniology is n an?ropology2 x assi/s x mat]ially1 b ! p>tial results :i* x obta9s h n necess>ily ! same value 9 ! m g5]al po9t ( view ( an?ropology4 ,e classification1 bas$ on ! =m ( ! skull1 w be necess>ily an artificial classification1 because x w only re/ ^u "o sole ord] ( ph5om5a4 ,besides1 ?is /udy pres5ts great difficulties f ! individual diff]5ces :i* ! v>i\s heads %[1 9 :i* ! qualities belong+ to ! individual h be5 s f> able to hide ! g5]al *>act]s ( ! race1 t ^! (t5 rema9 unrecognisable4 ,divisions h also increas$ 9 proportion z craniological collections h come ri*] 9 specim5s4 ,morton only reckon$ elev5 human races1 b he believ$ "u ! tru?4 ,we may v well h a poor idea ( ! value ( ?is classification by /udy+ ! mat]ials :i* 7 us$ by ! philosoph] ( ,philadelphia4 ,besides ! ,am]ican race1 ,morton _h only a v few skulls at 8 disposal4 ,! ,philadelphian collection1 :i* has be5 mu* increas$ s9ce 8 dea?1 conta9$1 only a few ye>s ago1 #ajce skulls1 #ch ( !m pa?ological2 !re rema9 !re=e b #iig4 ,out ( ?is numb] ! ,am]ican race figures 9 #ejb1 or m ?an "o-half4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e #die1 #aed ( :i* came f ! valley ( ! ,nile2 s t m]ely #cej skulls repres5t ! :ole ( ,europe1 ,asia1 ! ,oceanic c\ntries1 & ,africa 7except+ ,egypt74 ,?is is n mu* = ! purpose ( class+ a population likely to be rais$ to five hundr$ millions ( inhabitants4#ccf ,x rema9s = u to /udy & det]m9e ! intr9sic value ( ea* ( ^! heads4 ,! au!ntic production ( a skull is n always easy to be e/abli%$ :5 x comes f ! o!r side ( ! _w1 obta9$ by travell]s :o h n made a special /udy ( an?ropology2 x is ev5 less s :5 a skull is dug up 9 a burial gr\nd1 :]e !re may be a c]ta9 promiscu\sness v apt to h9d] our inquiries4 ,errors ( ?is k9d /eal into sci5ce only too (t51 & we h = a long "t 9 p>ticul> object$ to ! "n ( ,gallic mummy1 :i* has be5 giv5 to a body 9 a collection at ,p>is1 ! hi/ory ( :i* does n at all ju/ify ?is d5om9ation1 s9ce we simply believe t :5 x 0 fir/ dug up x 0 only ref]r$ back to ! ?irte5? c5tury6#ccg ,craniology 0 an?ropology itself1 :il/ ?is sci5ce 0 be+ cultivat$ m]ely by le>n$ m5 9 _! /udies4 ,if a skull does n always be> ab\t x ! /amp ( ! race to :i* x belongs1 we mu/ nev]!less own t x is ! be/ repres5tative ( ! dead individual4 ,craniology obta9s all its weight & p[]s f ! /udy ( anci5t races & ext9ct peoples4 ,!re x ought to int]v5e ) an unequall$ importance1 = want ( bett] po9ts ( ref]5ce4 ,by its means an?ropology c se>* 9 ! pa/1 cle>+ up ^? que/ions :i* hi/ory is incapable ( expla9+4 ,9 ?is mann] ,morton has be5 able to prove bett] ?an by any hi/orical docum5t t ,anci5t ,egypt 0 inhabit$ by v mix$ races1 & compos$ ( ! mo/ diff]5t elem5ts1 exactly z 9 our own days4 ,b !re rema9$ a problem ev5 m int]e/+3 t ( kn[+ if ! diff]5t races :o !n inhabit$ ! banks ( ! ,nile 7 z mu* divid$ into v>i\s occupations z at ! pres5t day3 ! ,albanians are all soldi]s1 ! ,copts all scribes & (ficials1 ! ,fellahs all lab\r]s1 etc4 ,d\btless x w\ld be possible1 if n easy1 to arrive at ! solution ( ?is new problem by collect+ skulls & mummies ) m c>e ?an has hi!rto be5 done1 &1 above all1 by assi/+ ! rese>*es ( ! ,egyptiologi/s1 :o c read ^u ! c(f9 t su* & su* a body is t ( a workman1 a prie/1 or a k+4 ,we may ?us be able to asc]ta9 if ! k+s ( su* or su* a dyna/y 7 black or yell[2 if ! dom9ant population ( su* or su* a nome _h ! ,coptic1 ,b]b]9e1 or ,fellah type4 ,"h we h a l>ge field = /udy1 :i* has be5 almo/ entirely neglect$ by ! ,am]ican s*ool ( an?ropology1 precisely because ,morton f\nd himself )\t in=mation ab\t ! production & true age ( ! imm5se mat]ials :i* he _h at 8 disposal4 ,b we mu/ n be =getful3 ! classification ( skulls by _! %ape1 ( hairs by _! col\r1 or sk9s by _! hue1 is n ! classification ( races ( mank9d4 ,we only p]ceive "h "o ord] ( ph5om5a4 ,a classification e/abli%$ ^u su* bases has its po9t ( dep>ture only 9 ! m9d ( him :o conceiv$ x1 & n 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,we %all only h a natural & rational classification by comp>+ entire individuals "o ) ! o!r4#cch ,to ?is we mu/ come2 we mu/ /udy at "o & ! same "t ! height1 ! sk9 ) its dep5d5cies1 &1 above all1 ! "* ( ! c\nt5ance1 ! attitude1 ! facies1 & ! habitus ( diff]5t races1 :i* ,caldwell call$ 8! v>iety discov]able 9 ! complexion & feature1 ! figure & /ature ( ! human race2#cci0 ?is some?+ is expla9$ 9 "o ^w1 :i* we call type1 ab\t :i* we are nev] mi/ak51 & :i* makes u say1 8,?is is a man f ! s\?1 t is a man f ! nor?2 ?is is a ,mongolian1 t an ,indian40#cdj ,by ?is means alone we c =m natural gr\ps2 difficulties w1 d\btless1 be great at ! beg9n+1 b light w come little by little1 & "t w tea* u surely to di/+ui% c]ta9 di/9ctive *>act]i/ics1 ^: expression w be gradually m & m simple4 ,?is is a "w = ! future4 ,an?ropology reg>d+ man z a :ole1 classifi]s ought n to neglect 8 psy*ological value4 ,al?\gh craniology is only an indirect appreciation ( ! same1 few _h ev] ?\ght1 ,l9nu except$1 ( us+ ! purely intellectual *>act]i/ics ( races 9 ord] to assi/ !m 9 classification1 :5 all at once ! ,am]ican s*ool gave an imm5se importance to ^! *>act]i/ics1 & plac$ psy*ological v>ieties above all ! mat]ial diff]5ces :i* c be obs]v$ 9 ! configuration ( ! bony case ( ! skull4 ,! ,am]ican s*ool has gone too f>1 = x is tangible =ms especially :i* mu/ furni% specific *>act]i/ics 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we may will+ly give a second>y value to ! intellectual classification ( ! human race1 al?\gh data are /ill want+ 9 ord] to e/abli% "o :i* c be consid]$ z complete4 ,we w ev5 add t ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is ord] are ! m au!ntic & ! m preci\s s9ce !y are n ! expression ( a giv5 mom5t1 nor t ( a c]ta9 numb] ( individuals4 ,!y belong to a :ole race4 ,we mu/ seek = !m 9 ! lit]>y rema9s ( a p4 ,^! tea* u surely1 ev5 aft] _m ages h elaps$1 ab\t ! m9d1 belief1 & ?\ghts ( _! read]s4 ,! monum5ts ( pla/ic art rema91 ev5 if !y 7 a complete contradiction aga9/ _! "t1 _! epo*1 ! m5 :o ord]$ !m1 & ! cr[d :i* n[ reg>ds )\t und]/&+ !m4#cda ,a book1 on ! contr>y1 has no success except z x ent]s into ! m9d ( a p1--except z ! ideas :i* x expresses are ^? ( all ! _w4 ,ea* book :i* is publi%$1 !n 7l ! ,mosaic books among ! ,jews1 ! ,korn among/ ! ,mussulm571 is ! true expression ( ! m9d ( a race at all ! p]iods ( its exi/5ce1 ev5 7 x writt5 9 a language :i* is no long] spok54 ,! be/ ,greek & ,roman works1 writt5 = m5 ( ! same blood z ourselves1 h rema9$ classical4 ,we mu/ und]/& !m1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 & we d und]/& !m1 because ! ?\ghts :i* animat$ _! au?ors are /ill our own4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we wi% to p5etrate into any =eign lit]ature1 x becomes a lab\r & a fatigue1 we only rea* x by mak+ an ab/raction ( our ?\ghts & our ideas1 by endeav\r+ to ent] entirely1 by a viol5t ef=t1 into ! life & feel+s ( ano!r p4 ,languages also h be5 consid]$ capable ( s]v+ z a basis = ! classification ( ! human race4 ,_! importance has be5 l>gely discuss$1 & c\nts num]\s w>m p>tisans4#cdb ,at _! head we may p]haps m5tion ,la?am1 :o wi%es ! anci5t hi/ory ( mank9d to be /udi$ by languages1#cdc & agree+ 9 ,pri*>d's ideas ab\t ! production ( int]m$i>y hybrid races1 he only sees ?is me?od ( read+ ! hi/ory ( ! pa/1 & he is q naturally l$ to language1 :i* seems to him to (f] bett] conditions ( resi/ance#cdd ?an physical *>act]i/ics4 ,x is true t philology1 appli$ to an?ropological rese>*1 is ( imm5se assi/ance to x2 x c give u p[]ful inductions on ! hi/ory ( ! pa/1 & on ! orig9 ( ! pres5t human species4 ,b ev5 ^!1 solutions agree v well ) ! !ory ( gradual evolution1 & ) ! coroll>y ( ?is !ory1 namely1 t man has n always possess$ ! faculty ( spee*4#cde ,philologi/s tell u1 = in/ance1 t two si/] tribes may h be5 able1 at "s pa/ "t1 to create on ea* side ( a m\nta9 two diff]5t idioms1 :i* may produce 9 _! turn two families ( languages absolutely irr$ucible "o f ! o!r4 ,?is is :at w\ld take place1 accord+ to ,m4 ,r5an1 :5 ! sons ( ! same p>5ts1 sep>at+ on ! sides ( ! ,imu1 became ! d\ble bran* f :5ce h sprung ! ,semites on "o side1 & ! ,aryas on ! o!r4 ,?is w\ld be ! explanation ( ! fact s emb>rass+ = an?ropologi/s1 t physical *>act]i/ics are s5sibly id5tical among ! ,semites & ,europeans1 :il/ ^! races are z di/9ct z possible 9 ! matt] ( language4 ,n[1 we may ev5 g fur!r1 & inf] f ^! facts t ! common species f :5ce ! ,semites1 on ! "o h&1 & ! ,aryas1 on ! o!r1 are desc5d$1 did n yet "k h[ to speak4 ,inv]sely to ,la?am1 "s an?ropologi/s h giv51 9 our op9ion1 too little importance to language3 we speak especially ( ,edw>ds & ,m4 ,omalius d',halloy4#cdf ,! tru? lies1 d\btless1 betwe5 ^! two extremes4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t language c v (t5 furni% excell5t evid5ce1 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t x %[s at ! same "t a m rapid liability to *ange ?an moral *>act]i/ics & corporal =m4 ,niebuhr seems to u to be "r :5 he insi/s ^u ! precautions to be tak5 9 ord] to apply philology 9 a useful mann] to ! det]m9ation ( races1 & he concludes t we mu/ give ! greate/ att5tion to physical configuration4#cdg ,?is is also ! op9ion ( ,humboldt#cdh & ,m4 ,vivi54#cdi ,a language1 l e cu/om1 & e act ( individual relation1 c transmit itself f "o race to ano!r :i* is v diff]5t4 ,! unity ( a family ( languages is n always suffici5t to e/abli% t ! p :o speak ^! idioms are ( "o & ! same orig92 we c only conclude f x t !y h be5 9 relation "o ) ! o!r1 & x is ev5 reasonable to admit t ?is cause has be5 able to act ) a decisive influ5ce at ! epo* :5 man fir/ comm5c$ to lisp4#cej ,^! two tribes meet+ = ! fir/ "t1 physically /rang]s "o to ! o!r1 7 d\btless able to borr[ mutually c]ta9 habits1 & to m+le 9 a decid$ mann] _! two mann]s ( expla9+ _! ?\ghts1 f :i* has result$ "o sole language1 9 :i* we _c di/+ui% except by analysis ! two diff]5t bran*es :i* h contribut$ to its =mation4 ,?is hypo!sis has be5 ev5 elevat$ to a g5]al !sis by sev]al philologi/s1 & ,m4 d',escayrac de ,lauture1 among o!rs1 believes t ! c5tre ( ,africa1 t l& ( ! unkn[n & ( my/]y1 is res]v$ to u z a spectacle ( ?is ph5om5on4#cea ,)\t go+ back to orig91 x is evid5t t two neighb\r+ peoples1 9 cont9ual relation "o ) ! o!r1 ought to end by borr[+ mutually ! =ms ( language1 lett]s1 & articulation1 especially :5 !y h nei!r ( !m any lit]ature capable ( reta9+ ! language )9 its limits1 & ( pres]v+ x f all sep>ation4 ,h5ce x results t an?ropology mu/ take its mo/ preci\s au?orities f ! /udy ( languages1 9 ! language ( ! isl&s1 = in/ance1 & 9 ! idioms spok5 at ! extremity ( ! cont95ts3 ?us surr\nd$ by ! sea1 9 relation by its less ext5t ) ! o!rs1 ^! idioms w be pres]v$ ev5 m intact4 ,we %all f9d "h ! real expression ( ! mo/ anci5t /ate ( ?+s :i* we c directly recognise by philology4 ,! click language1 s peculi> to "o s+le race1#ceb exi/s only 9 ! mo/ s\!rn "p ( ,africa4 ,!y /ill speak ! anci5t ,pali#cec 9 ! s\? ( ,asia & at ,ceylon4 ,! mo/ anci5t language ( ,europe1 s f> z we "k1 namely ! ,celtic1 /ill rema9s 9 ,britanny & 9 ,wales4 ,f all :i* has gone be=e1 we may !n conclude t 9 ord] to e/abli% a rational classification ( human species1 ! fir/ *>act]i/ics to be consid]$ w be ! ext]nal aspect1 & p]haps ! moral *>act]i/ics2 ! re/ w come 9 ! second rank3 at fir/1 language1 !n deep anatomical v>ieties :i* d n /rike u at ! fir/ glance1 !n physiological & pa?ological v>ieties1 etc4 ,su* is1 we ?9k1 ! only c]ta9 basis ^u :i* an?ropology c re/--! true di/9ctions betwe5 human species4 ,we d n ev5 yet "k exactly _! numb]1 & naturali/s d n at all agree on ?is subject2 ! "w is to be done ov] aga91 by foll[+ a new r\te4 ,)\t tr\bl+ ourselves ) enquir+ into ! :ole sy/em ( ! g5us homo1 we mu/ at fir/ exam9e ^! well-*>act]is$ c5tres ( population :i* are entirely di/9ct z reg>ds aspect & physiognomy4 ,we mu/ m>k ^! c5tres ) c>e1 pay+ att5tion to all ! physical1 moral1 & philological v>ieties :i* we are able to notice4 ,m4 ,fl\r5s has giv5 "s excell5t pr9ciples = ! /udy ( animal species2 he wi%es simply to apply !m to ! /udy ( human species2 & f ?is connection1 :i* nobody c contradict z a means ( inve/igation1 !re arises a f>!r pro( ( ! rank :i* we mu/ give to man 9 ! organic s]ies4 8,we mu/ obs]ve ! liv+ animal10 said ,m4 ,fl\r5s2 8we mu/ obs]ve him = a long "t1 & also bo? sexes & all ages4 ,we mu/ /udy 8 nature1 8 in/9cts1 & 8 intellect4 ,ea* ( ^! ?+s has its own *>act]i/ic 9 ea* animal1 & x is by ! :ole ( ^! *>act]i/ics put toge!r t species is def9$40 ,x is impossible to trace 9 a bett] mann] ! an?ropologi/s' task4 ,:5 we h well /udi$ a homog5e\s c5tre ( population "u all its aspects1 :5 we h r5d]$ an acc\nt ( its physiological1 psy*ological1 & philological *>act]i/ics1 we may /op2 & )\t prejudg+ any?+ conc]n+ ! area ( ?is race1 may !n pass on to ano!r c5tre1 :i* we %all notice 9 ! same way1 )\t tr\bl+ ourselves ) int]m$i>y v>ieties1 :i* w always be 9 a great] or less] numb] :]ev] we d n happ5 to meet ) a physical b>ri]1 l ! sea or a *a9 ( m\nta9s1 :i* may sep>ate ! two c5tres :i* are to be obs]v$4 ,!n we %all1 d\btless1 h numb]less %ades & transitions2 b ^! are m]ely ! ph5om5a ( hybridity1 entirely second>y1 & :i* ought n at all to influ5ce our essays on an?ropological classification4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 :5 we "k m1 we %all be able to review all ^! int]m$i>y v>ieties1 :5 we und]/& _! conditions ( exi/5ce bett]4 ,9 ?is mann] we mu/ take c>e at ! beg9n+ to /udy c]ta9 c\ntries1 places ( travel1 & meet+1 to :i* all ! neighb\r+ races h giv5 "s portion ( _! blood4 ,su* are mo/ ,european c\ntries1 & su* always 0 ! ,valley ( ! ,nile & ! ,blue ,nile4 ,! /reets ( ,cairo are n only a picturesque spectacle2 f !nce did ti5ne ,ge(froy borr[ 8 gr& views ab\t ! position ( ! g5us homo 9 nature2 ! man ( sci5ce pr(its "h z mu* 9 8 se>* aft] tru? z ! arti/ 9 8 se>* aft] ! beautiful4 ,:o c =get1 ev5 if he has only once se5 x1 ?is phantasmagoria ( cu/oms & physiognomies :i* developes itself be=e our eyes at e mom5t2 "h a gigantic ,circassian1 !re a small] siz$ ,copt1 ) an ar*$ nose2 a ,nubian1 ) 8 8violet ebony0 col\r1 b ) a pleas+ figure1 nose /raight & small1 ?9 lips1 well arrang$ tee?2 a ,turk1 ) z :ite & transp>5t a sk9 z a man ( ! nor?2 a ,negro1 ) crisp$ hair1 flat nose1 prom95t *eek-bones1 ?ick lips1 l>ge & project+ tee?2 a ,fellah1 ) olive complexion2 a ,b$\91 almo/ z black z a ,nubian1 b tall1 ) aquil9e nose1 ?9 lips1 & k+ly be>+4 ,we mu/ n seek = a pure population 9 ! /reets ( ,p>is1 ,london1 ,m>seilles1 ,trie/e1 or ,con/ant9ople3 we only f9d 9 ^! capitals isolat$ facts1 good specim5s1 p]haps1 ( diff]5t species1 b lo/ 9 ! multitude ( hybrids4 ,we c only /udy 9 ^! places individuals1 n species4 ,9 ^? p>ts alone :i* we mu/ make c5tres ( obs]vation1 c we see ! same man indef9itely multipli$ among really primitive p1 /ill free f int]mixture1 or ) ! lea/ possible ta9t ( ! same4 ,!n we mu/ ha/5 to seize 8 g5]al *>act]i/ics1 & take bo? 8 physical & moral portrait4 ,! physical portrait 9 p>ticul> comprises two s]ies ( data1 features & col\r4 ,z to feature1 photography is an unequall$ res\rce1 b x belongs to an?ropological /udy to settle its application 9 a cle> mann]3 we mu/ always *oose "s individual pres5t+ ! usual type ( ! population 9 ! mid/ ( :i* he is f\nd1 r ?an among ! *iefs or nobles ( ! l&4 ,we mu/ select ?is type 9 ! prime ( life1 :5 ! animal conomy has arriv$ at its p]fect developm5t1 & has n yet comm5c$ to decay1 & /ill %9es 9 all ! spl5d\r ( its reproductive =ce2 ?is w\ld be1 = man1 f tw5ty-two to tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,= photographic portraits to be ( real utility to an?ropologi/s1 !y ought to repres5t ! individual completely full face1 or 9 pr(ile2 ?us only c !y be ( use 9 measurem5ts4 ,= x is important n to conf\nd an?ropology ) e?nology1 z is done e day4 ,!y are two ?+s entirely diff]5t4 ,dress$-up portraits are ! doma9 ( ! latt]1 ! natural hi/ory ( man dem&s always absolutely nude repres5tations1 & ! be/ w be ^? :i* %[ u ! individual ) unt\*$ be>d & hair4 ,z to col\r1 we mu/ ref] z mu* z possible to oil-pa9t+4 ,9 fact1 ! col\r ( ! human sk91 z we h =m]ly said1#ced is1 9 reality1 a complex visual impression2 all ! col\r$ rays 7we employ ! t]m "h 9 ! conv5tional s5se giv5 to x 9 physics7 :i* emanate f ! sk91 & :i* /rike ! eye ( ! obs]v]1 are n =m$ by ! same plane surface2 !y arise f ! m or less pr(\nd p>ts se5 by transp>5cy1 ?r\gh a m or less diaphan\s m$ium1 m or less fav\rable = ! emission ( ^! rays4 ,h5ce results1 z reg>ds ! eye1 a special s5sation1 & z reg>ds ! m9d1 a special notion1 :i* we expla9 9 ! arts by ! ^w transp>5cy or diaphaneity4 ,n[1 ?is k9d ( s5sation w n be reproduc$ by ! arti/ unless he employs c]ta9 processes recall+ to ! m9d ^? ( nature itself4 ,?is is n ! case ) wat]-col\r pa9t+4 ,! col\r+ matt]1 r$uc$ to extremely f9e p>ticles1 is appli$1 x is true1 9 a transp>5t vehicle--wat]2 b ?is1 de/9$ to evaporate almo/ imm$iately1 leaves ! col\r on ! surface ( ! pap]1 /ret*$ into an extremely f9e lay]1 )\t appreciable ?ickness4 ,we p]ceive f ?is ! radical imp]fection ( wat]-col\r = portraiture1 & ! impossibility ( r5d]+ by su* means1 at lea/ ) tru?1 ! effect ( sk9 col\rs4 ,oil pa9t+ (f]s f> bett] res\rces1 & "h is ! secret ( its incomp>able sup]iority4 ,! col\r+ matt]1 dilut$ by ! oil1 rema9s susp5d$ z be=e 9 its transp>5t m$ium :5 ! pa9t+ is dry2 s t ! lum9\s rays1 9 ord] to arrive at ! eye1 />t f ! surface ( ! pa9t z well z f its int]ior sub/ance4 ,we f9d exactly ! same process 9 nature2 an impalpable p[d]1 l ! pigm5t>y granulations1 or ! globules ( blood 9 ! capill>ies ( ! sk91 is spread ov] a diaphan\s sub/ance4 ,we may n[ und]/& ! advantage ( su* a process 9 an?ropological iconography4 ,we mu/1 inde$1 almo/ give up all o!r me?ods4 ,x is easy to conv9ce oneself ( ! fact by exam9+ ! col\r$ portraits :i* illu/rate ! works ( ,pri*>d1#cee ,nott1 & ,gliddon1#cef :o are1 h[ev]1 extremely p>ticul> ab\t ! correctness ( ! types :i* !y br+ be=e our notice4 ,b all ^! col\r$ portraits are unsatisfactory1 & :5 we see "s an?ropologi/ invoke ! au?ority ( ^! bad pr9ts1 we really ask ourselves :i* we ought mo/ to admire1 ei!r ! bl9d confid5ce ( ! savant1 ! imprud5ce ( ! au?or1 or ! ra%ness ( ! arti/4 ,fancy1 h[ev]1 attack+ ) su* platitudes ! portraits ( d>k-col\r$ m5 :i* ! ma/]s ( pa9t+ h left u1 f ,v]onese to ,gricault6 ,!y alone h be5 able1 by _! process1 to seize ! reality ( ! complexion & col\r ( _! models4#ceg ,b ! sure/ me?od ( arriv+ at conclusive evid5ce 9 an?ropology is necess>ily travels4 ,d\btless ! /udy alone ( ! mat]ials collect$ f af> is ( ! greate/ possible use4 ,b we repeat conc]n+ ! /udy ( mank9d :at we said ab\t ! /udy ( animals2 ! an?ropologi/ mu/ leave 8 libr>y & g into ! great cont95ts1 9 ord] to /udy by means ( 8 own eye-sight4 8,we c only arrive at ! di/9ction ( species10 says ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 8by direct & complete p]sonal obs]vation40 ,t x mu/ be complete1 we h endeav\r$ to %[2 b ! only condition = its be+ complete is its be+ direct4 ,_h we ev5 ! g5ius ( ,buffon1#ceh we %\ld see b poorly by means ( o!rs2 facts rea* u di/ort$ & alt]$1 because !y h n always be5 obs]v$ by compet5t m52 !y are n comp>able1 result+ z !y d f div]se individual impressions4 ,x w be especially necess>y to control ) c>e travell]s' tales z reg>ds ! /udy ( intellectual t5d5cies1 s9ce !y are too (t5 influ5c$ by _! own ideas on ! subject4 ,let u say ?is be=e conclud+3 among ! priori pro(s :i* polyg5i/s c br+ =w>d on _! side1 !re is "o :i* is ( "s importance2 x is ?is1 t :ile contr>y ideas h be5 su/a9$ & def5d$ by m5 :o nev] g beyond _! own /udies1 ! =m] h be5 g5]ally br\ght =w>d by travell]s & sailors1 by ^? inde$ :o h be5 be/ able to put 9 practice ?is direct obs]vation1 :i* is g5]ally conclusive & decisive4 ,x is ^! :om we f9d ! mo/ ready to sep>ate mank9d into di/9ct gr\ps1 & to recognise 9 ! inf]ior species a manife/ t5d5cy to approa* ne>] ! nature ( ! an?ropomorph\s apes4 ,a valuable s\rce ( in=mation1 f :i* an?ropologi/s mu/ n neglect to borr[1 are ! acc\nts ( ^? :o l&$ = ! fir/ "t on c]ta9 isl&s & cont95ts4 ,if !y h ev5 conceiv$ any errone\s ideas1 x mu/ usually be ackn[l$g$ t !y are mo/ likely to be able to give u a tol]ably fai?ful portrait ( ! nations ) :om !y h met1 ev5 m important 9 c]ta9 po9ts ( view ?an ! acc\nts aft]w>ds giv5 ( !m1 s9ce at t "t ^! p h n be5 submitt$ to ! v>i\s influ5ces :i* necess>ily result f contact ) ,europeans4 ,we c /udy philology & craniology 9 ! libr>y & 9 solitude1 assi/$ by prop] docum5ts & suffici5t mat]ials1 b n an?ropology2 because an?ropology is a sci5ce /ill 9 its cradle1 & obs]vation mu/ h furni%$ its prop] & necess>y cont+5t be=e we c endeav\r to apply any g5]al idea or view4 ,b an?ropology ought1 m especially1 to dis5gage itself f all trammels ( =m] ideas1 z well z f all pret5d$ humanit>ian t5d5cies4 ,x w\ld be nons5se to believe t ! advance ( ! tru? w n contribute to social progress4 ,! se>*] aft] x c free himself 9 all tranquillity ( m9d f ?is k9d ( tr\ble4 ,hall] has said1 9 ref]5ce to ?is matt]1 8,! cultivation ( tru? alone is suffici5t = ! good man40#cei ,t :i* is true1#cfj _c be evil1 because x is 9 ! et]nal ord] ( nature4 ,?us1 free f fett]s1 & obey+ pure reason1 re/+ on all ! sci5ces :i* c assi/ x1 anatomy1 physiology1 psy*ology1 & philology1 ! sci5ce ( mank9d w advance1 l e o!r sci5ce1 t[>ds ! conque/ ( t tru? :i* is s mu* to be desir$2 & soon] or lat]1 by means ( ar*ology & palontology1 retrac+ its /eps 9 ! pa/ beyond hi/ory itself1 & beyond ! remote/ geological epo*s ( :i* we h any record1 sci5ce w ev5tually discov] ! gr& problem ( ! orig9 ( mank9d1 if ! elem5ts !mselves are n = ev] engulph$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,,f9is4 ,,index ,,( ,,subjects4 ,aborig9es1 #ed ,ab\ ,simbel1 #ej ,abyss9ia1 #eg ,acclimatisation1 #eh1 #hi ,arolites1 #aab ,africa1 ,c5tral1 inhabitants (1 #ad1 #fh ,african equality ) ,european1 #h ,age ( ! _w1 #abb ,aldridge1 ,ira1 #fc ,am]ica1 #f1 #fg1 #gd ,anatomy1 human1 #ac ,angles ( ! skull1 #acg ,anoplo!rium1 #db ,an?ropological ,societies ( ,p>is & ,london1 #g ,an?ropomorph\s apes1 #aa1 #da ,antilles1 #ef ,ants1 #cc ,arabs1 #dg ,aryan family1 #ai1 #aca1 #adc ,asiatic tribes1 #ah ,au/ralia1 #ad1 #fg ,au/ralian aborig9es1 #e1 #af1 #ag1 #dd ,babel1 ,t[] (1 #e ,b$\91 #adg ,bees1 #cc ,big5]ate hybrids1 #if ,bimana1 ord] (1 #ch ,blood1 #ec ,bosjesmans1 #ee1 #gi ,b\rbon1 ,isle (1 #hg ,b[$ legs1 #dg ,bra91 #ab ,brazil1 #fi ,brute & man1 #ai ,buddha1 #eb1 #fg1 #ga ,caffres1 #fh1 #gi ,cairo1 #adf akhya-,m\ni1 #eb ,cal$onians1 #ajc ,c>tesian !ory1 #bf ,caus deg5]ationis1 #ij ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #ha ,*a9 ( gradation1 #cg ,*9ese1 #e1 #ec1 #gh ,circassia1 #adg ,classification1 #fd1 #ace ,climate1 #ib ,clitoris1 #ed ,col\r1 #adh ,consangu9ity1 #ajg ,consci\sness1 #ab ,copts1 #adg ,cordill]as1 #ff ,craniology1 #ach ,crt9s1 #ajf ,crocodile1 #abh ,cross-bre$+1 #ig ,danelag1 #ajd ,degrad$ nations1 #ge ,desdemona1 #fc ,developm5t ( animals1 #ae ,dh>gonis1 #ah ,disease1 #eh ,dog1 #cd ,e>?1 motion (1 r\nd ! sun1 #f ,egyptians1 #di1 #aci ,engl&1 #ajc ,esquimaux1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1 #ec1 #ed1 #fh1 #ge ,eurygna?i1 #de vangile de l',enfance1 #fd ,evolution1 #abb ,family ( man1 #db ,fellah1 #adg ,fl9d]'s ,isl&1 #ig ,flood1 ! ^w1 #abb ,foot1 #di ,=e>m 9 ,negro1 #dh ,france1 e?nology (1 #ajd ,frugivor\s man1 #ci ,gallic mummy1 #aci ,god1 belief 91 #ga ,good & evil1 #bc ,go?s1 #fb ,gradation1 *a9 (1 #cg ,grecian1 !ories1 #ha ,hair1 col\r (1 #ej1 #eb ,half-ca/es1 #ih ,hamites1 #aca ,h>ems1 #aja ,height1 diff]5ces (1 #dg ,h9doo/an1 #dj1 #ade ,hippopotamus1 #abh ,hi/ory1 #hj ,homodes1 #ih ,ho/1 elevation ( !1 #ff ,hott5tots1 #fh ,human k+dom1 #aj ,humanit>ian consid]ations1 #gc ,hybridity1 #ie ,iconography1 #adh ,ilotes1 #hd ,index1 ! congregation ( !1 #f ,individual-elem5t1 #abd ,intellig5ce ( man1 #ab ,japanese1 #e ,jesus1 #fd ,jews1 #gj1 #hi ,korn1 #a1 #ada ,labrador1 #aja ,language1 #cj1 #cc1 #adb1 #ade ,leuc\s1 #ea ,lima1 #aje ,l9e> s]ies1 #aj ,lions1 #abh ,man & brute1 #ah ,m>% fev]1 #ei ,mat]ial sub/ance1 #ab ,ma!siological ord] ( sci5ce1 #b ,me*anical !ory ( m9d1 #bf ,m$ival sci5ce1 #a ,m$ium1 action (1 #hb ,melanesians1 #eg ,melanocom\s1 #ea ,monkey-c\nt5ance1 #ef ,monkey-p1 #ah ,monog5i/s1 #c1 #hj ,mono!ism1 #ff ,moral s5se1 #bc ,mosaic /atem5t1 #aad1 #ada ,namaquas1 #fh ,natural selection1 #aai ,negroes1 #e1 #ci1 #dd1 #dh1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj1 #fc1 #fd1 #hf1 #adg ,neo-,platoni/s1 !1 #b ,new ,gu9ea1 #dj ,nic>agua1 #ajf ,nig]1 #ei ,nile1 #fh ,nile-boats1 #ci ,noah's curse1 #ej ,norma v]ticalis1 #acf ,normans1 #aja1 #ajb ,nubians1 #ci1 #aja1 #adg ,(ficial sci5ce1 #aac ,orang-outang1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb1 #bd1 #da ,or?odox e?nology1 #e ,or?ogna?i1 #de ,o!llo1 #fc ,palontology1 #aca ,pali1 #ade ,p&ora1 #acc ,pa?ological v>ieties1 #dc1 #eh ,pelvis1 =m (1 #df ,p5is1 #ed ,p]uvians1 #ee ,phidias1 #e ,physiological v>ieties1 #dc ,polyg5i/s1 #c ,praxiteles1 #e ,prepuce1 #ed ,progna?i1 #de ,prome!us1 #acc ,protozoa1 #aaa ,psy*ology1 comp>ative1 #bd1 #cf ,races1 #fe ,reason & fai?1 #bc 8,records ( ,creation10 #cg ,religi\s dogmas1 #i1 #fe1 #fg1 #he ,reproduction by eggs1 #aaa ,runion1 ,isle (1 #hh ,reveal$ religion1 #b 0 0 relations ) sci5ce1 #d ,revolution1 #abb ,riff1 #hi ,ros9-mak]s ( ! ,l&es1 #ci ,sc&9avian antiquities1 #dh ,scriptures1 ! ,holy1 #a ,selection1 natural1 #aah ,self-consci\sness1 #bh ,semitic race1 #a1 #ec1 #fe1 #ge1 #hi1 #adc ,sid]eal k+dom1 #aa ,si]ra ,leone1 #da1 #ic ,silurians1 #ajc ,slaves1 #hd ,s\dan1 #de1 #fa ,s\l 9 animals1 #be ,s\? ,africa1 #gh ,spani>ds1 #dg ,species1 def9ition (1 #ajh ,spee*1 #cj ,sp]ma1 #ec ,spontane\s g5]ation1 #aaj1 #abc ,squatt+ attitude1 #eg ,/ags1 #he ,/irrup lea!r1 #ci ,/ruggle = exi/5ce1 #ajb ,sumatran animal1 #ba ,sunburn1 #ia ,t>t>s1 #dg1 #ed ,?omas1 ,/41 #fi ,toe1 great1 #ci1 #db ,tru?1 ! reign (1 #i1 #bc ,tun1 an orang-outang1 #bj ,turk1 #adg ,type1 #ii ,valmki1 poem (1 #dj ,vanikoro1 #di ,v>iability ( species1 #aae ,v]a ,cruz1 #fa ,v]tebrate k+dom1 #abe ,vital competition1 #abh ,voice 9 animals1 #cd ,vulcan1 #acc ,wild man ( ! woods1 #ad ,woolly hair1 #ea ,xan?us1 #ea ,yell[ ,fev]1 #id ,zambos1 #aje ,zoology1 #fe1 #he1 #aji ,,index ,,( ,,au?ors4 ,ab\t1 #fc ,agassiz1 #aac ,alb91 #dd ,alb9us1 #hf ,apollonius1 #ce ,appley>d1 #gi ,ari/otle1 #b1 #bh1 #cg1 #ec ,arnold1 #ei1 #id ,baeck1 #dd ,bancr(t1 #fj ,b>rire1 #dd ,b>tlett1 #ei ,b>ton1 #id ,bayle1 #d1 #bh ,beavan1 #ei1 #hh ,br>d1 #bj1 #de1 #df1 #ej ,b]t1 #aa ,b]tillon1 #e1 #fh ,b]tr& de ,sa9t-,g]ma91 #abj ,biot1 #f ,bla9ville1 #cg1 #ch1 #da1 #aji1 #ace ,blair1 #fj1 #ic ,blake1 ,c>t]1 #eg1 #fe1 #he1 #aaj ,blum5ba*1 #c1 #ij1 #ih ,bonap>te1 #ch1 #db ,bonnet1 #ae1 #cg ,bonpl&1 #f ,bont1 #hd ,bory de ,sa9t-,v9c5t1 #ag1 #ci1 #ej1 #hh ,bossuet1 #ab ,b\d91 #eh ,b\rdet1 #c1 #hh1 #ia1 #ig ,brayley1 #g ,bre*]1 #gj ,broca1 #c1 #ce1 #dh1 #aaj1 #acg ,brunet1 #fd ,bryant1 #fj ,brydone1 #abb ,b*n]1 #ff ,buffon1 #ba1 #bh1 #ajb1 #aaa1 #aac ,buns51 #aa1 #add ,burn\f1 #cj1 #eb ,busk1 #acg ,cabanis1 #ha1 #ajf ,caldwell1 #adj ,cam]on1 #ei ,camp]1 #df1 #acd1 #acf ,c>us1 #ej1 #fc ,*>les ,,iv1 #f ,*>nock1 #gg ,*ave1 #gg1 #adb ,*evreul1 #h1 #bc1 #ce ,*ryso/om1 ,sa9t1 #be ,coh51 #gf ,coll+wood1 #ff1 #ia ,cook1 #ef ,coombes1 #gg ,cop]nicus1 #f ,corard1 #eg ,c\rtet de l',isle1 #ad1 #ajj ,crawfurd1 #dj1 #eb ,crocius1 #bf ,crull1 #acf ,cull1 #ajd ,cuvi]1 ,fr$]ic1 #be1 #bh1 #ch1 #da1 #db ,cuvi]1 ,g41 #ch1 #da1 #db1 #hb1 #hc1 #aji1 #aab ,dally1 #hh ,d>w91 #aaj1 #aae1 #aah1 #abf ,davis1 #ib ,davy1 #dh ,d',ei*?al1 #ed1 #fb ,desc>tes1 #d1 #ab1 #bf ,d',escayrac de ,lauture1 #ge1 #add ,de ,maillet1 #fc ,desm\l9s1 #ae ,dick9son1 #id ,dickson1 #id ,didot1 #aaa ,doornick1 #acf ,d',orbigny1 #gd1 #gg ,dur]1 #dh ,e>l1 #eb ,edw>ds1 #hi1 #ii1 #ajj1 #adj1 #adc ,ehr5b]g1 #ai ,epianus1 #g ,epp1 #ei ,fau*e1 #dj ,fe1 #aaj ,f5n]1 #fj ,f]guson1 #id ,fleury1 #e ,fl\r5s1 #bj1 #bg1 #bh1 #cj1 #cg1 #dd1 #ih1 #ajg1 #aae1 #adb1 #ade ,gal51 #ac ,galileo1 #c1 #f ,g>not1 #af1 #ajd ,gnbr>d1 #ga ,ge(froy ,/4-,hilaire1 ,b>?lemy1 #ga1 #ig ,ge(froy ,/4-,hilaire1 ti5ne1 #d1 #ag1 #bj1 #bg1 #ch1 #ci1 #aji1 #aad1 #acb1 #adf ,ge(froy ,/4-,hilaire1 ,isidore1 #aa1 #ab1 #bj1 #cd1 #ch1 #ci1 #gi1 #ha1 #hc1 #hd1 #hg1 #ie1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aac ,gricault1 #ef ,geul9x1 #bg ,gibson1 #cd ,gliddon1 #fc ,gob9eau1 #c1 #fc1 #aje ,godron1 #aaj ,gr&sagne1 #dh ,grant1 #bj1 #bd ,gratiolet1 #cj ,gray1 #ff ,grimm1 #cj ,gros1 #bg ,guilla91 #db ,hale1 #af ,hall]1 #ef ,hanneman1 #ej ,h>ris1 #di ,hassk>l1 #ff ,h]d]1 #cj ,h]r]a1 #fj ,h]s*op1 #adi ,heymann1 #ei ,hippocrates1 #ha ,hirs*1 #ei1 #fj1 #ic ,hol/e9ius1 #bf ,hub]1 #cc ,humboldt1 #f1 #ai1 #ee1 #eg1 #ff1 #gg1 #hd1 #add ,hunt1 #fc1 #gg ,hunt]1 #ei1 #ij ,huxley1 #ci ,jackson1 #fj ,jacqu9ot1 #ec1 #ig ,job91 #ei ,josephus1 #gj ,j\l91 #df ,j\v5cel1 #e ,julius ,cs>1 #ajc ,kaempf]1 #e1 #f ,k>r1 #g ,k+1 #f ,kir*(f1 #aa ,klemnius1 #bg ,kluegel1 #dd ,knox1 #dc1 #ed1 #ha1 #ajj ,lallem&1 #id ,lam>ck1 #aab1 #aae ,l>tet1 #aba ,la?am1 #ff1 #gh1 #aja1 #ajd1 #adb ,laug5h]t1 #bg ,lawr5ce1 #de1 #dh ,le ,cat1 #dd1 #ef ,leibnitz1 #ae1 #cg1 #abj ,leighton1 #fh ,lepsius1 #ej ,lesseps1 #fh ,lesson & ,g>not1 #af1 #bj1 #be ,l9nu1 #cg1 #da1 #fd1 #ajb1 #aji ,liv+/one1 #fh ,longfell[1 #aea ,maire1 #bf1 #bh ,malte-,brun1 #ei ,m>tius1 #gd ,maup]tuis1 #bj1 #bi1 #cd ,maury1 #bb1 #df1 #di ,mc,cabe1 #ei ,meckel1 #dd ,meigs1 #acg ,m]curius ,trismegi/us1 #cf ,mi*elet1 #abf1 #ada ,mit*ell1 #dd1 #hf ,montagne1 #ac ,morel1 #gd1 #gi1 #ha1 #ij1 #ig1 #ajj1 #ajf ,morton1 #gf1 #aaj1 #acd1 #acg1 #ach ,muld]s1 #acf ,mll]1 #gg ,newton1 #gf ,niebuhr1 #gc1 #hi ,nott1 #ej1 #fj1 #ig1 #aaj ,omalius ,d',halloy1 #adc ,o',r\rke1 #ag ,ow51 #bj1 #cf1 #ch1 #db1 #ace ,palissy1 #acg ,pallas1 #dh1 #ed ,p>dies1 #cb ,p>k]1 #ff ,p]eira1 #bf ,pri]1 #hg1 #ih1 #ajd ,philips1 #ajd ,pidd+ton1 #ag1 #ah ,plato1 #d1 #bb1 #abb ,plut>*1 #aaa ,polybius1 #ha ,porphyrius1 #bf ,p\*et1 #ej1 #abc ,pri*>d1 #c1 #ea1 #gh1 #ajj1 #abi1 #acd1 #adb ,pr\dhon1 #e1 #h1 #bd ,pr\t1 #aad ,prun]-,bey1 #ej1 #ea ,pu*]an1 #h ,pyr>d1 #da ,py?agoras1 #bf ,quatrefages1 #a1 #d1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ag1 #bj1 #bc1 #bg ,quekett1 #acg ,quoy & ,gaim>d1 #ag1 #di ,re*t5ba*1 #be ,remusat1 #fe ,r5an1 #cb1 #fd1 #fe1 #gf1 #gh1 #adc ,rob]tson1 #ce ,rob91 #bj1 #ef1 #hd ,romay1 #id ,ross1 #ag1 #ah1 #ec1 #ed1 #fi1 #ge ,r\l91 #cd ,s*legel1 #gc ,s*midt1 #ff ,s*nurr]1 #eh ,s*omburgk1 #id ,s]res1 #f1 #h1 #ed1 #fb ,s]vetus1 #a ,%\tt51 #da ,smi?1 ,hamilton1 #d1 #ea1 #ec ,smm]+1 #dd1 #df1 #ef ,speke1 #fb ,squi]1 #aje ,/ahl1 #bg ,/e9?al1 #ca1 #cb ,/rabo1 #ajc ,/rope1 #aci ,sumn]1 #cg ,tacitus1 #ajc ,?omas1 ,sa9t1 #fi ,?omson1 #ei ,?urnam1 #ajd ,tidyman1 #ei ,ti$emann1 #dc ,t\ss5el1 #cc ,t[ns5d1 #ic ,trail1 #ai ,ts*udi1 #ei1 #aje ,v]neuil1 #hd ,vitruvius1 #ha ,vivi51 #adj1 #add ,voltaire1 #g ,vrolik1 #df ,wagn]1 #dd1 #ajf ,waitz1 #i ,w>r51 #ig ,web]1 #df ,:ite1 #df1 #gi1 #hh ,:iteb\rne1 #fi ,wi$1 #hh ,wilkes1 #ag ,wilson1 #dh ,wise1 #ib ,yvan1 #bj1 #hg ,zimpel1 #id ,zobrega1 #fi4 ,,errata4 ,page #abb1 l9e #aa f bottom1 = 8,atalantis0 read 8,atlantis40 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,footnote #cab has be5 correct$4 0 #ace1 bottom l9e1 = 8,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #aheg10 read 8,j\rnal ( ,l9nean ,society1 #aheg40 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,footnote #cbi has be5 correct$4 ,t4 ,,ri*>ds1 #cg1 ,,great ,,que5 ,,/reet4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,we mu/ "h in=m ! read]1 once = all1 t we %all use1 until we say any?+ to ! contr>y1 ! ^w 8race10 to designate ! diff]5t natural gr\ps ( ! human g5us 7g5us ,homo74 ,we int5d def9itely to prove t ^! gr\ps con/itute v]itable species4 ,m4 de ,quatrefages has on ?is matt] reproa*$ u ) a confusion1 :i* is acc\nt$ = p>tly by ! incorrectness ( 8 quotation4 ,he makes u say1 8,! plurality ( orig9al races1 o!rwise ! plurality ( ! species1 ( ! g5us #8man'0 7,unit de l',espce ,huma9e1 #ahfa1 p4 #cji74 ,x /&s z foll[s 9 our own text3 8,! orig9al plurality ( races1 o!rwise ! plurality ( ! species compos+ ! g5us #8man1'0 etc4 ,x is evid5t t ! confusion :i* is f\nd 9 ^! words is entirely volunt>y4 #b ,"o day1 ,i 0 talk+ ) "o ( ! pr9cipal (fic]s ( ,mehemet-,sad1 at ,korosko1 9 ,nubia1 ab\t ! e>?quake :i* 0 felt 9 ,l[] ,egypt on ! #ab? ( ,octob]1 #ahef4 ,he ask$ me ! cause ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,i attempt$ an explanation suit$ to ! und]/&+ ( a man :o 0 )\t ! slighte/ k ( ?is "p ( sci5tific in=mation4 ,he repli$ by tell+ me ! hi/ory ( ! c[ :o ?r[s ! e>? f "o horn to ! o!r1 say+1 t ?is 0 writt51 & !re=e1 su* a belief ought to suffice him4 ,) ?is op9ion may be comp>$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,muyscas or ,*ib*as ( ,new ,granada1 :o consid] t ! e>? is support$ by ,*ib*acum1 _! deity1 on pill>s ( guiacum-wood1 & t e>?quakes are produc$ by 8 %ift+ ! burd5 f "o %\ld] to ! o!r4--,,editor4 #c ,x is only necess>y1 9 ord] to be sure ( ?is fact1 to glance ov] ! ,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie1 ! creation ( :i* is due above all to ! indefatigable zeal ( a p>tisan ( ! doctr9es :i* we def5d--to ,m4 ,p4 ,broca4 #d ,an?ropology is n ! only bran* 9 mod]n sci5ce :i* op5s new pa?s to ! human m9d3 see ,mi*elet1 ,l',insecte1 p4 #ajf2 see also ,b\rdet1 ,trait d'ducation positive1 #ahfc4 #e ,?is "n has be5 def9itely adopt$ 9 ,france 9 pref]5ce to t ( 8,unit>ians0 7,unitaires71 us$ by ,m4 de ,gob9eau4 #f 8,all monog5i/s10 we said 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is book4 ,m4 de ,quatrefages has exclaim$ l\dly aga9/ ^! words 7,unit de l',espce ,huma9e1 #ahfa1 p4 #bii71 & 9 ! same passage has %[n himself an op5 enemy to all m+l+ ( religion 9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce4 ,we are too glad ( ?is decl>ation n to recall x 9 ?is place4 ,we %\ld be sorry n to be able always to agree 9 ^! pages ) ! ma/]s ( sci5ce1--) ^?1 inde$1 :o h be5 our own4 ,we h be5 l$ to t\* on sev]al que/ions already treat$ ( by !m1 by foll[+ ano!r pa?1--by look+ at facts f ano!r po9t ( view2 !re=e1 !re are "s diff]5ces ( op9ion4 ,our excuse lies 9 ! univ]sal "r ( free inquiry2 = ! re/1 we %all always "n ! p]sons ) :om we ?9k we d n agree4 8,n to d s10 z ,bayle said1 8is 9 "s measure an excess ( c]emony prejudicial to ! lib]ty :i* we ought to enjoy 9 ! republic ( lett]s2 x is to introduce !re9 works ( sup]]ogation4 ,x %\ld be always all[able to "n ^? :om we disprove2 ?is is suffici5t to prev5t a bitt]1 injuri\s1 or di%one/ _s40--,dictionnaire ,philosophique1 art4 ,p]eira1 note ,d4 #g 4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire has n1 h[ev]1 be5 able to free himself completely f ! unhappy influ5ces :i* we endeav\r to oppose4 ,see ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 iv1 p4 #gh4 #h 8,x is too evid5t10 says a mod]n philosoph]1 8t 9 ! eyes ( sci5ce1 :i*1 reason+ ab\t discov]ies1 makes a rule to admit no?+ z a !ory :i* _c be prov$ by exp]i5ce1 ! agreem5t ( fai? ) reason is a *im]a3 to speak m exactly1 su* a problem does n exi/4 ,! conditions ( sci5ce are ! obs]vation ( facts1--n ( facts exceptionally produc$1 se5 by *ance1 not$ by privileg$ witnesses1 & unable to be reproduc$ at w2 b con/ant facts1 plac$ "u "o's h& = obs]vation1 & always able to be v]ifi$4 ,we mu/ consid] t religion c 9 no way submit to su* exig5cies1 & t ! fai? :i* x proclaims mu/ be1 9 ?is light1 radically inconsi/5t40--,p4 ,j4 ,pr\dhon1 ,de la ,ju/ice1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cji4 ,see also on ?is subject1 ,l4 ,fleury1 ,le ,progrs1 #aheh1 ,no4 #d1 p4 #ib4 ,de ,j\v5cel1 ,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie1 ,may #b1 #ahfa4 #i ,see ,b]tillon1 ,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie1 ,june #ah1 #ahfc4 #aj ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,human ,species1 #ahdh1 p4 #dj4 #aa ,kaempf]1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle1 etc41 du ,japon1 ,lahaye1 #agbi1 vol4 i1 p4 #ge4 #ab ,m>cel de ,s]res1 ,de l',unit de l',espce ,huma9e3 ,bib4 ,univ4 de ,g5ve1 new s]ies1 vol4 liv1 #ahdd1 p4 #ade4 #ac 8,! doctr9e attribut$ to ,cop]nicus10 said ! decl>ation made by ! ,pope1 & publi%$ by ! ,holy ,(fice1 8t ! e>? moves r\nd ! sun1 & t ! sun rema9s motionless 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w )\t mov+ ei!r to ! ea/ or to ! we/1 is contr>y to ,holy ,scripture1 & consequ5tly1 c nei!r be pr(ess$ nor def5d$40--,biot1 ,la vrit sur le ,procs de ,galile1 9 ! ,j\rnal des ,savants1 ,july #aheh1 p4 #dja4 #ad ,essai ,politique sur la ,n\velle ,espagne1 vol4 ii1 p4 #gi4 #ae ,essai sur les ,murs3 ,introd41 #b4 #af ,!re is an idea ( add+ to ! ,l9nean ,society a new section ( ,an?ropology4--,see 8,lett] f ,e4 ,w4 ,brayley10 ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette1 p4 #dia1 ,may #aj1 #ahfb4 #ag ,alphonse ,k>r 0 ! fir/ :o propos$ to sub/itute ! "n ( 8se>*]0 7*]*eur7 = t ( 8le>n$ man0 7savant74--,n\velles ,gupes1 ,febru>y #ahei4 #ah ,see1 = example1 ,pu*]an1 ,considrations ,anatomiques sur les ,=mes de la tte osseuse4--,p>is1 #ahda 7,!sis74 #ai ,m4 de ,s]res1 9 8 ,lectures on ,an?ropology1 at ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes4 #bj ,p4 ,j4 ,pr\dhon has said1 9 ano!r arrangem5t ( facts dep5d+ on social sci5ce1 8,revolution is n a!i/ical2 x does n d5y ! absolute1 x removes x altoge!r0 7,de la ,ju/ice1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cja74 ,see1 = full] developm5t ( our ideas on ?is subject1 ! ,progrs ( ! #bj? ( ,may1 #ahei1 article on ,sci5ce et ,religion4 #ba ,disc\rs sur le ,m?ode4 #bb ,lettres ,m4 ,villema9 sur la ,m?ode1 ,p>is1 #ahef1 p4 #c4 #bc ,see ^! ideas categorically expla9$1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bha4 #bd ,m4 de ,quatrefages admits a sid]eal k+dom2 & su* a !sis seems to u a v difficult "o to su/a91 aft] ! exp]im5ts ( ,buns5 & ,kir*(f on ! *emical composition ( ! />s4 ,m4 de ,quatrefages admits also a human k+dom2 b admitt+ t animals ?9k1 he makes morality & religion *>act]i/ics ( ?is k+dom4 ,unit de l',espce ,huma9e1 #ahfa1 p4 #cj4 ,we %all h occasion to rev]t aga9 to ^! two po9ts4 ,see ,b]t41 ,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie1 ,augu/ #g1 #ahfb4 #be ,see ,is4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle ,gnrale des rgnes organiques1 vol4 ii1 p4 #beb4 #bf ,c]ta9 ess5tial oils1 l ^? ( c(fee1 tea1 or hemp4 #bg ,alcoholic liquors4 #bh ,n>cotics4 #bi 8,if ,i am n mi/ak510 says ,m4 de ,quatrefages1 8!re is 9 ?is result1 indep5d5tly ( ! sci5tific consequ5ces :i* may proce$ f x1 a some?+ :i* responds to our mo/ noble aspirations4 ,man conf]s ^u himself dom9ion ( 8 own w2 he loves to proclaim himself legitimate sov]eign ( all ?+s on ! surface ( ?is globe2 &1 9 fact1 no creature w d>e to dispute ) him an empire :i*1 day by day1 ext5ds & increases4 ,well6 is x n satisfactory to behold an?ropological *>act]i/ics sanction & ennoble ?is empire by plac+ by ! side ( ! "r1 :i* spr+s f intellectual sup]iority1 ! notion ( duty1 :i* arises f morality & religion80 7,unit de l',espce ,huma9e1 p4 #cc47 #cj ,c\rtet de l',isle has already made ?is rem>k4 7,tableau ,e?nographique du ,g5re ,huma91 #ahdi1 p4 #h47 #ca ,see ! ,voyage de l',isabelle2 also ,desm\l9s1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle des ,races ,huma9es1 #ahbf1 p4 #bgf4 #cb ,cirrip$s1 tortoises1 orni?odelphi1 & g5]ally speak+1 ! extreme repres5tatives ( ! divisions ( ea* natural classification4 #cc ,mmoire sur les ,tasmani5s1 sur les ,alf\r\s1 et sur les ,au/rali5s1 9 ! ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 #ahbg1 vol4 x1 p4 #aee4 #cd ,hale1 ,natives ( ,au/ralia1 etc4 ,see ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 second s]ies1 vol4 i1 p4 #cjb1 ,may #ahdf2 extract f ! acc\nt ( ,c4 ,wilkes' ,exp$ition3 ,n>rative ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition dur+ ! ye>s #ahch-ahdb1 vol4 vi1 8,e?nography & ,philology40 #ce ,voyage de l',a/rolabe3 ,zoologie1 vol4 i1 p4 #dc4 #cf ,ev5 aft] ! ass]tions ( ,m4 de ,quatrefages 9 ! ,unit des ,races ,huma9es1 p4 #afb1 & foll[+1 we h n ?\ght ourselves ju/ifi$ 9 *ang+ our op9ions on ! subject ( ! ,au/ralians1 :i* h lately be5 confirm$ at ! ,an?ropological ,society2 a ,mr4 ,o',r\rke1 an eyewitness1 hav+ answ]$ ,m4 de ,quatrefages 7,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie1 #ba ,june1 #ahfj74 #cg ,j4 ,ross1 ,n>rative ( a ,second ,voyage1 etc41 #ahce1 p4 #ddh4 #ch ,j4 ,ross1 ,n>rative ( a ,second ,voyage1 p4 #dij4 #ci ,see ti5ne ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,comptes ,r5dus1 vol4 v1 p4 #db4 ,we %\ld v mu* l to "k at :at p]iod our au?or imag9es ?is to h be5 ! case1 & :e!r he consid]s t ^! apes 7 ! 8m5 ( ! day40--,,editor4 #dj 8,memor&um on an ,unkn[n ,=e/ ,race10 etc41 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 #ahee1 vol4 xxiv1 p4 #bjg4 #da ,m4 ,ehr5b]g1 speak+ "o day ( ! unkn[n c5tre ( ,africa1 said to u1 8t x might n be impossible to f9d !re m5 s diff]5t f u t we ought to make ( !m1 will+ly or unwill+ly1 a special gr\p40 ,i quote ^! words 9 no way ) ! design ( presum+ t !re is su* an ord] ( be+s2 b 9 ord] to %[ t ! fa!r ( ! naturali/s ( ,europe1 ! fri5d ( ,humboldt1 believes 9 some?+ else ?an ! unity ( ! human species1 because he admits t a g5]ic plurality is possible4 #db ,r4 ,ow51 ,on ! ,*>act]s ( ! ,class ,mammalia1 #aheg1 p4 #bj1 note4 ,! illu/ri\s savant has himself treat$ on ?is subject1 ex pr(esso1 9 ! catalogue ( ! collection 9 ! ,college ( ,surgeons4 #dc 8,! orang-outang is capable ( a k9d ( laugh :5 pleasantly excit$10 ,j4 ,grant1 8,acc\nt ( ! ,/ructure ( an ,orang-,outang0 7,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 ix1 #ahbh74 #dd ,artificial love itself1 ) all ! complexity ( ideas :i* x is suppos$ mu/ !nce arise1 is n1 z "o may ?9k1 ! debau*]y ( civilisation2 x belongs to animals ak9 to man z well z to man himself4 ,see ,*4 ,rob9 & ,braud1 ,prcis de la ,physiologie de l',homme1 vol4 ii1 p4 #chd4 ,x is ! same ) impure connection1 or c\pl+1 radically inexplicable by in/9ct4 ,see ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle ,gnrale des ,rgnes ,organiques1 vol4 iii1 p4 #adb4 #de ,doctor ,yvan comm&$ ! ,ar*im$es2 he has writt5 an acc\nt ( 8 voyage3 ,voyages et ,rcits1 ,brussels1 #ahec1 #b vols4 9 #abmo4 #df 8,! ,au/ralians only we> wooll5 clo?+ 9 ord] to protect ! *e/2 444 no idea ( %ame has ev] l$ !m to hide ! natural p>ts40 ,lesson et ,g>not1 ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 #ahbg1 vol4 x4 #dg ,! orang obs]v$ by ,j4 ,grant also %[$ ^! signs ( desp]ation2 8he p\r$ x 7a sauc]7 angrily out on ! floor1 :9$ 9 a peculi> mann]1 & ?rew himself passionately on 8 back on ! gr\nd1 /rik+ 8 brea/ & paun* ) 8 palms1 & giv+ a k9d ( reit]at$ croak40--8,acc\nt ( ! ,/ructure ( an ,orang-,outang10 ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 ix1 p4 #aa4 ,! same demon/ration ( feel+ 0 %[$ by ! orangs 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 ,may #ahfd4--;,,editor4 #dh ,tagal1 a *ief t[n ( ,java4--,,editor4 #di ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ehb4 #ej ,essai ,philosophique sur l'me des btes1 #agbh1 p4 #acb4 #ea ,gu5on1 ! ,simia nasalis ( ,buffon4--,,editor4 #eb ,plato1 ,leges1 x1 #a4 ,see ,maury1 ,religions1 vol4 iii1 p4 #d1 note #b4 #ec ,aft] hav+ said t ! idea ( good & evil 7moralit7 exi/s among all m51 ,m4 de ,quatrefages adds1 t 8! notion ( ! ,div9ity & t ( ano!r life are also g5]ally diffus$0 7,unit de l',espce ,huma9e1 p4 #bc74 ,we %all demon/rate fur!r on 7*ap4 v7 t ?is /atem5t is incorrect1 & h[ fragile ! bases are ^u :i* ,m4 de ,quatrefages re/s ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics :i*1 accord+ to him1 di/+ui% ! human k+dom4 #ed ,m4 ,*evreul has already def9$ ! 8,beautiful0 z 8! expression ( causes ^: influ5ce has mo/ =ce 9 mov+ mank9d by appeal+ to _! s5ses0 7,lettres ,m4 ,villema9 sur la ,m?ode1 #ahef1 p4 #afi74 #ee 8,tru? lies at ! bottom ( a well10 is an old say+1 b our au?or does n seem to agree ) x4 ,we %\ld be v sorry to ?9k t tru? 0 only to be f\nd 9 sci5ce4 ,?is is1 d\btless1 ! op9ion ( a great _m le>n$ m5 at ! pres5t day2 b we mu/ c&idly own we d n agree ) x1 & c]ta9ly are n able to endorse ,m4 ,p\*et's s5tim5t4 ,we h ourselves n arriv$ at ! po9t1 & 9 ?is we are1 d\btless1 old-fa%ion$1--( ref]r+ ev]y?+ to 8reason10 z oppos$ to fai?4--,,editor4 #ef ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #ahbh1 vol4 ix1 p4 #aj4 #eg ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bi4 #eh ,we c comp>e ?is passage f ! naturali/ philosoph] ) ! o!r quotations we made f>!r back4 8,females are extremely curi\s ab\t ?is spectacle 7! fondness ( a 8"m0 monkey = h] "y "o71 & d\btless _! att5tion is caus$ by discov]+ !re9 a true manife/ation ( ! feel+s !y h !mselves exp]i5c$ z mo!rs2 !y are1 above all ?+s1 a/oni%$ to recognise 9 ^! ard5t att5tions ! joy & pride ( mat]nity1 ( :i* !y believ$ !mselves alone to be susceptible40 74 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,c\rs d',hi/oire ,naturelle des ,mammifres1 ,p>is1 #ahbi1 vol4 i2 ,lesson1 vi1 p4 #af74 #ei ,pr\dhon has already laid d[n z a pr9ciple ! e/abli%m5t ( a psy*ology among animals 7,de la ,ju/ice1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bgi74 ,fr$]ick ,cuvi] has done ! same4 #fj ,hom4 iv 9 ,acta ,apo/olorum4 ,see ,re*t5ba*1 ,de ,s]mone ,brutorum1 ,erfurt1 #agjf1 p4 #a4 #fa ,sometimes ?is re/ra9t is op5ly av[$2 & we see ,m4 ,maire1 :o is also engag$ ^u ! same que/ions1 admit t1 )\t ^! influ5ces1 he w\ld embrace ! same ideas t we are endeav\r+ to br+ =w>d4 8,let u frankly av[10 he says1 8if we _h n cont9ually be=e our m9ds ! doctr9es ( a religion :i* we respect1--if we _h n a s9c]e fai?1 ?is intuitive belief :i* tells u we mu/ make a mi/ake1--we %\ld d>e to write ?us4 ,! m ! organisation ( ! animal is p]fect$1 ! m ! spiritual elem5t produc$ by ! action ( ! v>i\s functions is itself p]fect$4444 ,!re w\ld !n be only a hi]>*ical gradation ( "o & ! same pr9ciple4 ,! psy*ical fluid w\ld be always ! same 9 all individuals4 ,! diff]5ce 9 its manife/ations w\ld ref] to ! diff]5ce 9 ! organisations :i* produce !m0 7,socit ,havraise d',etudes ,div]ses1 p4 #afi1 #ahee-ahef74 #fb ,we _c exactly see :y x mu/ necess>ily h be5 (f5sive to ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re is no?+ injuri\s to religion 9 ! !ory ( intellectual gradation4--,,editor4 #fc ,jam v]o nobis o/5d5dum e/ eam 7be/ia7 hab]e rationem int]nam et intus conceptam4 ,videtur sane a no/ra diff]re1 non ess5tia s$ gradu4 ,uti nonnulli exi/imant ,deorum a no/ra discrep>e rationem1 non diff]5tia ess5tiali1 s$ quod illorum magis1 no/ra m9us sit accurata4 ,et quidem quod ad s5sum att9et et reliquam1 tum in/rum5torum s5sus1 tum c>nis univ]s1 con=mationem att9et1 eam eodem nobiscum modo se hab]e 9 animalibus1 ab omnibus f]e conc$itur4--,porphyrius1 transl4 by ,hol/e9ius1 ,de ,ab/95ti1 #afee1 p4 #ajh4 ,is n unity ( composition "h conjectur$1 bo? = ! intellect & ! body8 #fd ,disquisitio de ,anim ,brutorum1 ,brem1 #afgf4 #fe ,logic ,brutorum1 ,hamburg1 #afig4 ,?is little treatise1 9 spite ( ! extreme ideas ( its au?or1 is n ! less preci\s4 ,j4 ,/ahl 0 "o ( ^? wells ( le>n+ :i* ,g]many has s (t5 produc$4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 n "o passage 9 ! old au?ors :o wrote on ?is po9t to :i* he has n ref]r$ 9 8 "w4 #ff ,see1 among o!rs1 ,s4 ,gros1 ,de ,anim ,brutorum1 ,wittemb]g1 #afhj2 ,klemnius1 ,de ,anim ,brutorum1 ,vittemb]gi1 #agjd4 #fg ,^u ?is po9t1 ,m4 de ,quatrefages agrees ) ,m4 ,fl\r5s2 b ! di/9ction :i* he endeav\rs to e/abli%1 be+ bas$ ^u morality & religion1 seems to u mu* m re/rict$ & mu* less cle>4 ,n be+ able to answ] ev]ybody1 we h be5 oblig$ to att5d m]ely to ! op9ions ( t p>tisan ( ! human k+dom :o gives to animals ! l>ge/ portion ( x4 #fh ,pr\dhon says1 9 language :i* is ev5 m concise & affirmative1 8,9 man1 ! m9d kn[s itself2 :il/ else:]e x seems to u t x does n d s0 7,sy/me des ,contradictions conomiques1 vol4 i1 #ahej1 p4 #bj74 #fi ,annales du ,musum d',hi/oire ,naturelle1 vol4 xvi1 p4 #eh4 #gj ,maire1 ,socit ,havraise d',etudes ,div]ses1 #ahee-ahef4 #ga ,unit de l',espce ,huma9e1 #ahfa1 p4 #bd4 #gb ,maire1 ,socit ,havraise d',etudes ,div]ses1 #ahee-ahef4 ,we c make ! same comp>ison ) a passage almo/ simil> f ,maup]tuis1 ,essai ,philosophique sur l'me des ,btes1 #agbh1 p4 #acd4 #gc ,essai ,philosophique sur l'me des ,btes1 #agbh1 p4 #ie4 #gd ,see 4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,comptes ,r5dus des ,sances de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 iv1 p4 #bfa4 #ge ,see ,fl\r5s1 ,hi/oire des ,travaux de ,buffon1 #ahdd1 p4 #ace4 ,desc>tes made use ( ! abs5ce ( spee* 9 animals z a /rong argum5t aga9/ !m4 #gf ,see ,gratiolet1 ,bullet9s de la ,soc4 d',an?ropologie de ,p>is1 #ah ,april1 #ahfa4 #gg ,see ,j4 ,grimm1 ,de l',orig9e du ,langage1 transl41 #ahei1 p4 #ec4 #gh ,trait de l',orig9e du ,langage1 ,engl4 transl41 #ahbg1 p4 #f4 #gi ,de l',orig9e du ,langage1 transl41 #ahei4 #hj ,de l',orig9e du ,langage1 #bnd edit41 #aheh4 #ha ,x is by trac+1 accord+ to cu/om1 effects to _! causes1 t ! ,buddhi/ philosophy arrives at ! pr9ciples ( jo9t responsibility1 :i*1 accord+ to x1 unites reason to language1 mak+ !m mutually fl[ "o f ! o!r4 8,"n & =m h z a cause1 intellect1 & intellect has = a cause1 "n & =m40--,see ,burn\f1 ,le ,lotus de la bonne loi1 p4 #eej4 ,m]curius ,trismegi/us1 9 ! ,pim&] 7,pim&]1 ,de sapi5ti et pote/ate ,dei71 says almo/ ! same ?+3 8,spee* is ! si/] ( intellect2 intellect is ! si/] ( language40 ,see ,re*t5ba*1 ,de ,s]mone ,brutorum1 #agjf1 p4 #b4 #hb ,see ,de l',orig9e du ,langage1 transl41 #ahei4 #hc ,de l',orig9e du ,langage1 #aheh1 p4 #ca4 #hd ,see ,jacob ,grimm1 ,de l',orig9e du ,langage1 transl41 #ahei1 p4 #bi4 #he ,fa!r ,p>dies 7,s4 ,j471 9 a "w1 o!rwise ( no great value1 ,disc\rs de la ,connaissance des ,btes1 #afgb1 p4 #ci4 #hf ,re*]*es sur les murs de f\rmis indignes1 ,g5ve1 #ahaj4 #hg ,we ref] our read]s = all ^! que/ions to ! rem>kable works ( ,m4 ,t\ss5el4 #hh ,essai ,philosophique sur l'me des ,btes1 #agbh1 p4 #bag4 #hi ,x may be se51 9 analys+ ^! two simple facts1 t !y lead u to admit ! exi/5ce ( a notion ( duty among animals1 al?\gh1 p]haps1 an obscure "o3--!y "k t !y ought to act z !y are do+ f fe> ( a :ipp+1 & ?is is an op]ation ( ! m9d :i* no "o1 we ?9k1 w d5y to be complex 9 its nature1 & purely intellectual4 #ij ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle ,gnrale1 vol4 iii1 #ahfj1 p4 #aad4 ,m4 ,r\l9 has rem>k$1 t !re is some?+ analog\s 9 ?is z reg>ds ! cat1 :i* loses1 9 ! savage /ate1 ^? tr\blesome mew+s :i* we he> s (t5 dur+ ! night f ! ,european race4--,mmoires du ,musum d',hi/oire ,naturelle1 vol4 xvii4 #ia ,x is because !re is a sort ( capability = education 9 ! animal1 & inde$ 9 ! :ole ( 8 race1 plac$ "u c]ta9 circum/ances2 x is because1 on ! o!r h&1 we refuse to c]ta9 human races ! 8initiative 9 progress10 7see ,broca1 ,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie1 ,may #bd & ,june #ba1 #ahfj71 t we _c accept ! 8class man0 ( ,m4 ,*evreul1 prec$+ ! 8class mammalia10 & hav+1 z a *>act]i/ic1 ! capability ( p]fection 9 ! individual1 & 9 ! association ( individuals4--,see ,expos d'un moy5 de ,df9ir et de ,nomm] les ,c\leurs1 #ahe4 7,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 xxxiii1 #ahfa47 #ib ,see ,dr4 ,gibson1 ,am]4 ,assoc4 7comp>e ,ami des ,sci5ces1 #bi ,augu/1 #aheh47 #ic ,x w\ld be a curi\s /udy1 = in/ance1 to f9d out if c]ta9 noises1--c]ta9 s\nds :i* h no signification to our e>s1 d n produce1 among "s animals1 cle>ly det]m9$ impressions1 hav+ _! fir/ orig9 9 ^! animals !mselves1 or 9 _! mutual relations1 ! education we give !m go+ = no?+ 9 ?is sort ( evid5ce4 #id ,! ,rev4 ,f4 ,w4 ,rob]tson 7:o di$ "s ye>s ago71 /ates "s op9ions 9 8 publi%$ s]mons :i* %[ he 0 almo/ be=e 8 "t 9 8 ideas conc]n+ animals4 ,he says1 9 comp>+ !m ) mank9d1 8,!re is ! same ext]nal =m1 ! same mat]ial 9 ! blood-vessels1 9 ! n]ves1 & 9 ! muscul> sy/em4 ,nay1 m ?an t1 our appetites & in/9cts are alike1 our l[] pleasures l _! l[] pleasures1 our l[] pa9 l _! l[] pa92 our life is support$ by ! same means1 & our animal functions are almo/ indi/+ui%ably ! same40 ,s]mons1 #crd s]ies1 #aheg 7prea*$ 9 #ahej71 p4 #di4 8,x is ! law ( be+1 t 9 proportion z y rise f l[] to high] life1 ! p>ts are m di/9ctly develop$1 :ile yet ! unity becomes m entire4 ,y f9d1 = example1 9 ! l[e/ =ms ( animal life1 "o organ p]=ms sev]al functions2 "o organ be+1 at ! same "t1 he>t1 & bra91 & blood-vessel4 ,b :5 y come to man1 y f9d all ^! v>i\s functions exi/+ 9 diff]5t organs1 & e organ m di/9ctly develop$2 & yet ! unity ( a man is a high] unity ?an t ( a limpet40 7,s]mons1 p4 #eg47--;,,editor4 #ie ,a ,treatise on ! ,records ( ! ,creation1 by ,j4 ,bird ,sumn]1 ,"l ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 #f? edit41 #hvo1 ,london1 #ahej4 #if ,nullum *>act]em hact5us eru]e potui1 unde homo a simia int]noscatur4--,l9nu1 ,fauna ,suecica3 prfatio4 #ig ,ow51 ,on ! ,*>act]s ( ! ,class ,mammalia1 p4 #bj1 note 7,j\rnal ( ,proce$+s ( ,l9nean ,society1 #aheg47 #ih ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 ii1 p4 #eha4 #ii ,see ! magnific5t "w1 ,sket*es ( ,c5tral ,africa1 & ! portrait ( ! *ief1 ,kanma1 9 ,b>?'s ,travels1 vol4 iii4 #ajj ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,hi/4 ,naturelle ,gnrale1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #bjj-eae4 #aja ,see ,huxley's ,man's ,place 9 ,nature1 #hvo1 ,london1 #ahfc2 & ! article !reon 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,april1 #ahfc4--;,,editor4 #ajb ,crawfurd1 ,on ! ,negro ,race1 etc4 7,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #aheb1 p4 #hf47 #ajc ,see ! translation ( ?is v]itable ,iliad1 by ,m4 ,h4 ,fau*e4 ,rmyana1 #aheg4 #ajd ,we are told 9 ! ,voyages de ,franois ,pyr>d1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cca1 ,p>is1 #afae1 8t 9 ! prov9ce ( ,si]ra ,leone !re is a species 7( orang-outang7 s /rong limb$ & s indu/ri\s t1 :5 prop]ly tra9$ & f$1 !y "w l s]vants2 t !y g5]ally walk on ! two h9d feet2 t !y p\nd any sub/ances 9 a mort>2 t !y g & br+ wat] f ! riv] 9 small pit*]s1 :i* !y c>ry1 full1 on _! heads4 ,b :5 !y arrive at ! door1 if ! pit*]s are n soon tak5 (f1 !y all[ !m to fall2 & :5 !y p]ceive ! pit*]s ov]turn$ & brok5 !y weep & lam5t40 ,9 ! ,voyages de ,guat4 ,%\tt5 aux ,indes ,ori5tales1 we f9d ne>ly ! same acc\nt ( ! orang3 8!y are tak5 ) sn>es1 taught to walk on _! h9d feet1 & to use _! =e-feet z h&s 9 p]=m+ diff]5t op]ations1 z r9s+ glasses1 c>ry+ dr9k r\nd to ! company1 turn+ a spit10 etc4--,,editor4 #aje ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 ii4 ,see1 also1 = ! sep>ation ( ! great toe1 ! photographs 9 ! ,voyage la ,cte ,ori5tale d',afrique1 by ,capta9 ,guilla94 #ajf ,odontography1 ,london1 #ahdj1 p4 #deb4 ,catalogue ( ! ,hunt]ian ,collection1 8,o/eology10 vol4 ii1 p4 #hjj4 #ajg ,a "* :i*1 z ! ,cuvi]s & ,ow5 h po9t$ out1 man %>es ) ! fossil ,anoplo!rium & its allies1 f ! ,p>is gypsum4--,,editor4 #ajh ,ti$emann1 ( ,heidelb]g1 wrote to ,knox ) ref]5ce to ! n]v\s sy/em1 t he _h great reason to believe t ! natives ( ,au/ralia diff]$ 9 ?is matt] f ,europeans 9 an extraord9>y degree4--,knox1 ,! ,races ( ,m51 ,london1 #ahej1 p4 #b4 #aji 8,! physical *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% human races1 "o f ! o!r1 are1 p]haps1 ! "o fact 9 natural hi/ory :i* has always mo/ /ruck ! imag9ation ( mank9d4444 ,hi/orians relate1 t :5 ,columbus fir/ return$1 ,europeans c\ld n take _! eyes (f ! plants & unkn[n animals :i* he _h br\ght ) him2 & above all1 ! ,indians1 s diff]5t f all ! races ( m5 !y _h ev] se540--,fl\r5s1 ,considrations sur l'enseignem5t de l',hi/oire ,naturelle de l',homme4 7,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 vol4 x1 p4 #ceg47 ,?is wond] is r5ew$ e day2 & ,i once knew an intellig5t negro :o _h a v unpleasant remembrance ( ! ,fr5* prov9ces1 :]e he _h be5 ! object ( a v g5]al & indiscreet curiosity4 #aaj ,! works :i* foll[$ "o ano!r on ?is subject are due to ,re9hold ,wagn] 7#afii71 ,b4 ,s4 ,alb9 7#agcg71 ,b>rire 7#agdb71 ,mit*ell 7#agdd71 ,baeck 7#agdh71 ,meckel 7#agec-ageg71 ,le ,cat 7#agef-agfe71 etc4 ,see ,g4 ,p\*et1 ,des ,colorations de l',epid]me1 #dto1 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 #aaa ,! analysis ( ! anatomical diff]5ces 9 ! skeleton has be51 p]haps1 be/ made by ,br>d1 9 ,france1 & ,lawr5ce 9 ,engl&2 ,i may ref] = ! details to ^! two au?ors4 ,br>d1 ,c\rs de ,physiologie1 #ahdh1 vol4 i2 ,lawr5ce1 ,lectures on ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 #i? edition1 #ahdh4 #aab ,is4 ,ge(froy de ,sa9t-,hilaire1 8,sur la ,classification ,an?ropologique10 ,mm4 de la ,socit d',an?ropologie1 #ahfa1 vol4 i1 p4 #abe4 #aac ,comp>e ,j\l91 ,anatomie et ,physiologie comp> du bass9 des ,mammifres1 #hvo1 ,p>is1 #ahfd2 & ,mmoire sur le bass9 considr dans les ,races ,huma9es1 #hvo1 ,p>is1 #ahfd4--;,,editor4 #aad ,! proportion giv5 by ,camp] is ?is3 ! great diamet] is to ! little1 ,9 ! ,european 33 #da 3 #bg4 ,9 ! ,negro 33 #ci 3 #bge4 #aae ,acc\nt ( ! ,regul> ,gradation ( ,man1 #dto1 ,london1 #agii1 p4 #aah4 #aaf ,c\rs de ,physiologie1 ,p>is1 #ahdh1 vol4 i1 p4 #cid4 ,see1 also1 on ! same "q1 ,a4 ,maury1 9 ! ,a?num ,franais1 #ahec1 ,no4 #dg4 #aag ,we _c entirely agree ) ! au?or reg>d+ ! l[ /ature ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,f our own obs]vation we may unres]v$ly say t1 at all ev5ts1 ! inhabitants ( ! s\? & s\? we/]n p>ts ( ,spa9 are a f9e race1 n at all liable to ! *>ge ( be+ diff]5t 9 height f ! ,anglo-,saxons4--,,editor4 #aah ,al?\gh our au?or r despises ! idea ( ! legs be+ b[$ by rid+1 x is tol]ably well kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry t too mu* rid+ on horseback1 :5 "y1 & especially on l>ge animals1 is v apt to alt] ! %ape ( delicate & weakly limbs4--,,editor4 #aai 8,tribus ,mongoles10 translat$ by ,s4 ,a4 de ,gr&sagne1 9 ! ,mmoires du ,musum1 vol4 xvii4 #abj ,see ,broca1 ,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie1 #crd ,april1 #ahfb4 #aba ,see ,lawr5ce1 ,lectures on ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 ,london1 #ahdh1 p4 #daj4 #abb ,davy1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,int]ior ( ,ceylon1 #ahba1 p4 #aji4 #abc ,see ,daniel ,wilson1 9 ! ,briti% ,review1 #ahea2 & 9 ,/eph5s1 ! description ( ! ,temple ( ,uxmal4 #abd ,see ,bullet9s de la ,socit de ,gographie1 #d? s]ies1 vol4 x1 p4 #de4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ^! weapons ) a small h&le may h be5 us$ by ^? valiant h]o9es1 ^: praises h s (t5 be5 sung 9 ! songs ( ! nor?4 #abe ,pres5t$ by ,a4 ,c4 ,h>ris1 ,esq41 #ahdj4 #abf ,comp>e ! memoir ( ,pr(essor ,c4 ,g4 ,c>us1 ,ueb] die ,typis* geurd55 abbildung5 m5s*li*5 kopf=m5 nam5tli* auf mnz5 9 v]s*i$55 zeit5 und volk]n1 publi%$ 9 ! ,novorum ,actorum ,academi ,cs>e ,leopold9i-,c>ol9 ,g]manic natur curiosum = #ahfc1 9 :i* ! au?or gives *>act]i/ic examples ( ! anci5t types1 z d$uc$ f ! exam9ation ( co9s1 etc4 ,comp>e1 also1 ,nott & ,gliddon1 ,types ( ,mank9d4--,,editor4 #abg ,see especially ,lepsius1 ,d5kmael] von ,egypt5 und ?iop51 vol4 ii1 pl4 #acc2 vol4 iii1 pl4 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah1 #acf4 #abh ,br>d1 ,c\rs de ,physiologie1 ,p>is1 #ahdh1 vol4 i1 p4 #cid4 #abi ,see ,j4 ,h4 ,hanneman1 ,curiosum ,scrut9ium ,nigr$9us ,po/]orum ,*am1 9 #dto1 ,kiloni1 #afgg1 #ad4 #acj ,see ,prun]-,bey1 ,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie1 #e? ,m>*1 #ahfc4 #aca ,see1 ^u ?is po9t1 ,g4 ,p\*et1 ,des ,colorations de l',epid]me1 #dto1 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 #acb ,bory de ,sa9t-,v9c5t divid$ mank9d into ,leucotriques & ,ulotriques 7see ,br>d1 ,c\rs de ,physiologie1 #ahdh1 vol4 i1 p4 #cid74 ,pri*>d ref]s all ^! races to ! ?ree foll[+ types3--#a4 ,melanocom\s2 #b4 ,leuc\s2 #c4 ,xan?\s 7see ,engli% ,cyclopdia1 art4 8,man074 #acc ,tableau ,synoptique des ,races ,huma9es 7,mm4 de la ,socit d',an?ropologie1 vol4 i1 p4 #adc74 #acd ,see ,prun]-,bey1 ,de la ,*evelure 7,mm4 de la ,soc4 d',an?rop41 vol4 ii1 p4 #a74 #ace ,see ,smi?1 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,human ,species1 p4 #ahi4 #acf ,see ,e>l1 quot$ by ,crawfurd1 ,on ! ,negro ,race1 etc4 7,briti% ,association1 #aheb1 p4 #hf47 #acg ,comp>e ,burn\f1 ,le ,lotus de la bonne loi1 p4 #efb4 #ach ,comp>e1 idem1 ibidem1 p4 #efi4 #aci ,n>rative ( a ,second ,voyage1 etc41 #ahce1 p4 #dbg4 #adj ,! "n giv5 to ,p]sia by its inhabitants4--,,editor4 #ada ,comp>e ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,human ,species4 #adb ,m4 de ,s]res1 9 8 ,lectures on ,an?ropology1 at ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 #adc ,ross1 ,n>rative ( a ,second ,voyage1 etc41 p4 #ddf4 #add ,?is fact is relat$ by ,pallas1 ,mmoires du ,musum1 vol4 xvii1 p4 #bch4 ,a ,kalmuc saw a body ( m5 ?irty v]/s (f ne>ly tw5ty miles ,engli%1 :ile ! ,russian g5]al c\ld see no?+ ev5 ) a telescope4 #ade ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to discov] if ! fact relat$ by ,knox 7,! ,races ( ,m51 #ahej1 p4 #bga7 is true2 namely1 t ! %>pness ( sight1 :i* ! ,bosjesmans possess 9 a v high degree1 is lo/ imm$iately on cross+ ! bre$ ) ! :ites4 #adf ,le ,cat1 ,trait des ,s5s1 #agdd2 ,hall]1 ,elem5ta ,physiologi1 vol4 v1 p4 #agi2 ,humboldt1 ,relation ,p]sonnelle1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bbi4 #adg ,see ,rob91 ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 #ahde2 ,zoologie1 vol4 iv1 p4 #chj4 #adh ,hi/oire des ,travaux de ,buffon1 p4 #ib4 #adi 8,face to face ) ! pres5t position ( metaphysical ?\ght 9 ,engl&1 t an?ropology1 :i* c f9d no high] employm5t = ! human m9d ?an ! asc]ta9m5t ( man's relations ) ! baboons1 w f9d no place at all4444 ,we h no real fe> t ! consequ5ces :i* may result f ! practical application ( ?is law 7transmutation7 w be prejudicial to religion1 morality1 or society4444 ,b until ! day comes :5 su* a law %all be fully1 entirely1 & satisfactorily e/abli%$1 we mu/ /r5u\sly prote/ aga9/ ! diffusion1 ev5 among/ ! #8wid] circle ( ! intellig5t public1' ( essays1 ! object ( :i* is to r5d] #8,man's ,place 9 ,nature' clos] to t ( ! brute creation40 ,c4 ,c>t] ,blake1 ,man & ,bea/ 7,an?ropological ,review1 vol4 i1 pp4 #aed1 #afa74--;,,editor4 #aej ,see ,smm]+1 #aghe1 p4 #db4 #aea ,sket*es ( ,c5tral ,africa4 #aeb ,!re is a copy ( x at ! ,briti% ,museum4 #aec ,we only "k ( "o pa9t+ 9 :i* ,egyptians !mselves are repres5t$ 9 a l position2 x is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & is on a tomb4 ,x is a gr\p ( p]sons squatt$ beh9d a flock ( geese4 ,x is "r to rem>k1 h[ev]1 t ! arti/ may h be5 r puzzl$ ab\t its composition1 m complicat$ ?an usual1 & t ! in>ti/ic pr(iles ( 8 figures1 :i* almo/ cov] "o ano!r1 greatly dim9i% ! value ( ! picture ) ref]5ce to our subject4 #aed ,geographis*e ,nosologie od] die ,lehre von d5 ,v]nd]ung5 d] ,krankheit5 9 d5 ,v]s*i$55 ,geg5d5 d] ,erde1 9 ,v]b9dung mit ,physi*] ,gographie und ,naturges*i*te des ,m5s*51 #hvo1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahac4 #aee ,trait de ,gographie ,mdicale1 #aheg3 ,introduction1 p4 #bi4 #aef 8,! great "q ( acclimatisation has hi!rto be5 treat$ lightly en\gh4 #8,a firm resolution n to be conqu]$ by a malady1' says ,malte-,brun1 #8is1 9 ! op9ion ( mo/ doctors1 "o ( ! mo/ efficaci\s prev5tives ( disease4 ,our body dep5ds on our intellig5ce4 ,9 e climate ! n]ves1 ! muscles1 ! blood-vessels1 9 relax+ or 9 /ret*+1 9 dilat+ or 9 contract+1 soon take ! p>ticul> /ate :i* suits ! degree ( heat or cold :i* is borne by ! body4' ,?us1 accord+ to ?is celebrat$ geograph]1 man has only to ex]cise 8 w 9 ord] to accommodate 8 organism to all ! difficulties ( a new temp]ature & a new climate40 ,h4 ,j4 ,c4 ,beavan1 ,! ,acclimatisation ( ,man 7,social ,sci5ce ,review1 ,febru>y #ba1 #ahfc47--;,,editor4 #aeg ,hirs*1 ,h&bu* d] ,hi/oris*-,geographis*5 ,pa?ologie1 #aj4 ,) ! au?or ( ?is imm5se compilation we ref] our read]s 7) ref]5ce to ?is relative immunity ( ,negroes f m>%-fev]7 to ! works ( ,job91 ,ts*udi1 ,m',cabe1 ,hunt]1 ,arnold1 ,cam]on1 ,heymann1 ,epp1 ,b>tlett1 ,?omson1 ,tidyman 7,philad4 ,j\rn4 ( ,m$4 ,sci5ce1 vol4 iii1 ,no4 #f71 etc4 #aeh ,epidemiological ,society1 #crd ,june1 #ahfa2 ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette1 #bi? ,june1 #ahfa1 ,no4 #egd4 #aei 8,9 spite ( #8previ\s acclimatisation1' a ,negro regim5t 0 almo/ entirely de/roy$ by *e/ disease at ,gibralt>1 9 #ahag1 )9 ! %ort space ( fifte5 mon?s40 ,acclimatisation ( ,man 7,social ,sci5ce ,review1 ,febru>y #ba1 #ahfc74--;,,editor4 #afj 8,si no aconteca ahorc> al ,negro1 nunca mora40 ,comp>e ,h]r]a1 ,hi/4 ,g5]4 de los ,he*os de los ,ca/ellanos1 dec4 #b1 ,book ,,iii1 *ap4 xiv4 #afa ,bancr(t 7,essay #bgc72 ,blair1 ,"s ,acc\nt ( ! la/ ,yell[ ,fev] ,epidemic ( ,briti% ,guiana1 ,london1 #ahej2 ,jackson2 ,hirs*1 ,h&bu* d] ,hi/oris*-,geographis*5 ,pa?ologie1 #cf4 #afb 8,x is a well-e/abli%$ fact1 t !re is some?+ 9 ! ,negro con/itution :i* af=ds him protection aga9/ ! wor/ effects ( yell[ fev]1 b :at x is ,i am unable to say40--,f5n]4 ,comp>e ,hirs*1 ,h&bu*1 #cf4 #afc 8,! smalle/ admixture ( ,negro blood1 ev5 ?\gh ! subject be br\ght f a m nor!rly /ate1 seems to be a pot5t antidote aga9/ ! morbid poison40--,nott1 ,s\!rn ,j\rnal ( ,m$ic9e1 ,febru>y1 #ahdg4 8,! col\r$ p resi/$ ! epidemic influ5ce bett] ?an ! :ites2 &1 ,i believe ,i may haz>d ! obs]vation1 t _! degree 9 resi/ance 0 9 proportion to ! admixture ( :ite blood40--,bryant1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal1 ,april1 #ahef1 p4 #cja4 ,comp>e ,hirs*1 ,h&bu*1 #cf4 #afd ,see ,mmoires de ,mdec9e et de ,*irurgie ,militaire1 ,novemb] & ,decemb] #ahfc2 ,socit d',an?ropologie1 meet+ ( #ai? ,m>*1 #ahfd4 #afe ,m4 d',ei*?al1 ,lettres sur la ,race noire1 #ahci1 p4 #ae4 #aff 8,! ,arabs say t ,mohamm$1 :il/ on ! road f ,m$9a to ,mecca1 "o day happ5$ to see a wid[ woman sitt+ be=e h] h\se1 & ask$ h[ %e & h] ?ree sons 72 ^u :i* ! tr\bl$ woman 7= %e _h conceal$ "o ( h] sons on see+ ,mohamm$'s approa*1 le/ he1 z is cu/om>y :5 !re are ?ree males ( a family pres5t1 %\ld seize "o & make him d port]age71 said1 #8,v well2 b ,i've only two sons6' ,mohamm$1 he>+ ?is1 said to ! woman1 reprov+ly1 #8,woman1 ?\ lie/6 ?\ ha/ ?ree sons2 & = try+ to conceal ?is matt] f me1 h5ce=? rememb] t ?is is my decree1--t ! two boys :om ?\ ha/ n conceal$ %all multiply & prosp]1 h fair faces1 become weal?y1 & reign lords ov] all ! e>?2 b ! prog5y ( y\r ?ird son %all1 9 consequ5ce ( y\r hav+ conceal$ him1 produce se$is z black z d>kness1 :o w be sold 9 ! m>ket l cattle1 & rema9 9 p]petual s]vitude to ! desc5dants ( ! o!r two4'0 ,?is is ! ,arab !ory ( ! ,negro's orig91 m5tion$ 9 ,:at l$ to ! ,discov]y ( ! ,s\rce ( ! ,nile1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,speke1 p4 #cda1 ,london1 #ahfd4--;,,editor4 #afg ,o!llo1 ,act ,i1 ,sc5e #c4 ,o!llo 01 h[ev]1 a ,moor1 n a ,negro1 & capable ( a f> high] delicacy ( m5tal p]ceptions ?an ! v]itable 8unblea*$ ,african40 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ absurd !atrical errors 0 committ$ :5 ! "p ( ,o!llo 0 act$ by a g5u9e ,negro1 ,ira ,aldridge4--,,editor4 #afh ,edmond ,ab\t1 ,le ,progrs1 #ahfd1 p4 #ae4 #afi ,^! are ,negroes ( :om he is speak+4 #agj 8,de l',unit de l',espce ,huma9e10 ,biblio?4 ,univ4 de ,g5ve1 n\v4 s]41 vol4 liv1 p4 #ade1 #ahdd4 #aga ,gliddon1 ,types ( ,mank9d1 p4 #ei4 ,c>us has obs]v$1 t among ! rem>kable ,negroes m5tion$ by ,blum5ba*1 n "o ( !m 0 di/+ui%$ ei!r 9 politics1 lit]ature1 or 9 any high conception ( art4 ,comp>e ,gob9eau1 ,de l',9galit des ,races ,huma9es1 vol4 i1 p4 #abb1 #ahec4 #agb ,see ,de ,maillet1 ,telliam$1 #hvo1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ahg1 ,am/]dam1 #agdh4 ,= want ( ^? passages ( ! ,korn to :i* he ref]s1 we give ! :ole ( ,maillet's rem>k on ! subject3--8,mohamm$ 0 s /ruck ) ! diff]5ce betwe5 :ite & black m51 t he did n hesitate to say1 t ,god _h made ! fir/ ) :ite e>?1 & ! latt] ) black4 ,he did n imag9e t m5 s diff]5t1 n only 9 col\r b 9 figure & incl9ation1 c\ld possibly be ( "o & ! same orig94 ,he obs]ves1 9 ano!r place1 t al?\gh !re h be5 prophets ( all o!r nations1 !re 0 nev] "o among ! blacks2 :i* %[s t !y h s little m9d1 t ! gift ( =esight1--! effect ( natural wisdom1 :i* has sometimes be5 hon\r$ ) ! "n ( prophecy1--has nev] fall5 to ! lot ( any ( !m40 ,?is passage is1 besides1 rem>kable2 because ?is cu/om ( prophecy seems to be a special attribute ( ! ,semitic race 7comp>e ,r5an1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,langues ,smitiques1 #hvo1 p4 #h1 ,p>is1 #ahee71 & ,mohamm$1 9 mak+ ?is di/9ction1 decl>$ almo/ a specific *>act]i/ic4 ,9 ! translation ( ! 8vangile de l',enfance10 by ,g4 ,brunet 7,evangiles ,apocryphes1 #abmo1 ,p>is1 #ahdi71 !re is ?is curi\s docum5t 7,jesus _h j *ang$ "s *ildr5 into rams 9 ! sight ( "s wom51 :o ask$ = _! p>don71 8,! ,"l ,jesus hav+ answ]$1 t ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 71 among o!r nations1 l ! ,e?iopians2 ! wom5 said10 etc4 ,?is is m]ely a pro( ( ! contempt :i* ov]:elm$ ?is unhappy race 9 ! ea/4 #agc ,on ! ,negro's ,place 9 ,nature 7,dr4 ,hunt1 ,an?ropological ,society ( ,london1 ,novemb] #ag1 #ahfc74 #agd ,see ! table tak5 f ! ,sy/ema ,natur4 ,we "k t ,l9nu _h adopt$ ! geographical classification ( human races4 ,homo ,am]icanus4 ,p]t91 cont5tus1 lib]4 ,regitur consuetud9e4 0 ,europu4 ,levis1 argutus1 inv5tor4 ,regitur ritibus4 0 ,asiaticus4 ,sev]us1 fa/uosus1 av>us1 ,regitur op9ionibus4 0 ,af]4 ,vaf]1 segnis1 neglig5s1 ,regitur arbitrio4 #age ,des ,races ,huma9es1 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes4 #agf ,x is1 inde$1 wor?y ( a place 9 sci5ce1 ?\gh n app>5tly 9 ! s5se :i* is meant by our au?or4 ,c4 ,c>t] ,blake says1 & says truly1 8,9 zoology1 z 9 all o!r me?ods ( human ?\ght1 ! s9c]e se>*] aft] tru? w reap "s solid b5efit = 8 lab\rs if c>ri$ on 9 a fair & hone/ _s4 ,:at sci5ce reveals to u1--& we "k ( no s\rce ( k :5ce ! revelation ( ! tru?1 z x is manife/$ 9 liv+ nature1 c be impugn$1--:at sci5ce tea*es u1 a simple-m9d$ /ud5t w accept1 t :i* ! unbiass$ evid5ces ( 8 s5ses & ! manife/ations ( 8 own consci\sness tell him to be true40 7,c4 ,c>t] ,blake1 ,on ! ,doctr9e ( ,f9al ,causes1 z illu/rat$ by ,zoology1 ,ha/+s ,philosophical ,society1 meet+ ( ,janu>y #ac1 #ahfd47--;,,editor4 #agg 8,! natives ( ,au/ralia10 obs]ves ,hassk>l1 8are defici5t 9 ! idea ( a ,creator or moral ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 & all attempts to in/ruct !m t]m9ate 9 a sudd5 break up ( ! conv]sation4 ,! ,be*uanas1 "o ( ! mo/ intellig5t tribes ( ! int]ior ( ,s\? ,africa1 h no idea ( a ,supreme ,be+2 & !re is no ^w to be f\nd 9 _! language = ! conception ( a ,creator40 7,=ce & ,matt]1 by ,dr4 ,l\is ,b*n]1 transl4 & edit$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,coll+wood1 ,f4,r4,s4,l41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,a4,s4,l474--,,editor4 #agh ,i translate 9 ?is way ! ^w my?ology1 us$ by ,la?am2 x is ! real translation4 ,e religion is necess>ily bas$ on a fable1 = :oev] does n practise x1 8,mutato nom9e1 de te fabula n>ratur40 ,?is is an ass]tion :i* our au?or has no "r to make1 & :i* c]ta9ly does n r$\nd to 8 cr$it4 ,we mu/ e>ne/ly prote/ aga9/ x4 ,a mom5t's consid]ation1 h[ev]1 w satisfy mo/ m5 t ! translator's lic5se has "h be5 c>ri$ to a mo/ unw>rantable ext5t4--,,editor4 #agi ,! ,rev]5d ,messrs4 ,s*midt1 ,p>k]1 etc4 #ahj ,john ,leighton4 #aha ,see ,b]tillon1 ,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie1 ,m>* #ae1 #ahfj4 ,see above1 p4 #ff1 note4--,,editor4 #ahb ,i _h ?is fact f ! m\? ( ,m4 de ,lesseps1 on 8 return f a j\rney to ,kh>tm4 #ahc ,j4 ,ross1 ,n>rative ( a ,second ,voyage1 p4 #edh1 #ahce4 #ahd ,emanuel ,zobrega wrote to ! ,company f ,brazil1 9 #aeeb3--8,! inhabitants ackn[l$ge ,sa9t ,?omas1 :om !y call ,zom 7*ang+ ! ,? into ,z1 accord+ to _! dialect72 & !y h a tradition t he once j\rney$ ?r\gh ?is c\ntry40 ,8 lett] is fully giv5 by ,ni]emb]g1 ,hi/oria ,natur1 fol41 ,antu]pi1 #afce4 #ahe 8,on ! ,intellectual ,"* ( ! ,esquimaux0 7,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xxxviii1 p4 #cjf1 ,octob] #ahdd to ,april #ahde47 #ahf ,l',immortalit de l'me *ez les ,juifs1 transl4 by ,i4 ,coh51 #abmo1 ,p>is1 #aheg4 #ahg ,see ,bre*]1 ,l',immortalit de l'me *ez les ,juifs1 p4 #ha4 #ahh ,josephus1 ,antiquities1 xviii1 *4 #b1 transl4 by ,d4 ,g4 ,gnbr>d1 ,p>is1 #afci4 #ahi ,*apt] ^u ! 8,nirvna40 #aij ,b>?lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,b\ddha et sa ,religion1 *apt] ^u ! 8,nirvna10 #ahfb4 #aia ,niebuhr quot$1 9 support ( ?is1 ! ,nalhkis & ! ,gu>anis 9 ! ,new ,cali=nian & ,cape ,missions4 ,s*legel 7,essais1 p4 #cda1 ,p>is1 #ahda7 decl>es1 t mo/ savage nations ought always to rema9 s by ! w ( nature4 #aib ,see ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 meet+ ( ,july #bj1 #aheg4 #aic 8,i ma9ta910 says ,c\rtet de l',isle 7,tableau ,e?nographique du g5re huma91 p4 #hi1 #hvo1 ,p>is1 #ahdi71 8t human races are unequal 9 intellectual p[]1 t !y are1 consequ5tly1 n susceptible ( ! same degree ( developm5t1 & t ea* ( !m is call$ ^u to fill1 9 unequal conditions1 a mission m>k$ out by ,provid5ce40 #aid ,doctor ,m>tius is a curi\s example ( ! extravagances to :i* monog5i/ ideas may lead4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! moral "* ( ! ,am]icans1 he is oblig$ to suppose a frightful cataclysm great inundation :i* happ5$1 he _c say :51 & adds1 8,is x ! pr(\nd t]ror felt by ^? unhappy p :o escap$ f ?is awful calamity :i*1 be+ transmitt$ )\t a dim9i%$ int5sity to foll[+ g5]ations1 has tr\bl$ _! reason1 obscur$ _! intellig5ce1 & h>d5$ _! he>t80 ,comp>e ,morel1 ,trait des ,dgnresc5ces de l'espce huma9e1 #aheg1 & ,disc\rs ,inaugural l',acadmie de ,r\51 #aheg4 #aie ,d',orbigny saw ! ,*>ruas cont9ue a w> aga9/ ! ,spani>ds 7:o decimat$ !m7 r ?an r5\nce _! mu*-valu$ indep5d5ce4 7,voyage dans l',amrique ,mridionale1 vol4 iv1 ,introduction p4 #d47 ,our au?or ought n to comp>e ! nor!rn ,am]icans ) ! s\!rn aborig9es1 giv+ to bo? ( !m1 app>5tly1 ! same *>act]i/ics4 ,! nor!rn]s are :ites1 & 7suppos+ ! ,canadians & ! nor?-we/]n settl]s are spok5 (7 wor?y ( 8 praise4 ,we put ! pres5t ,nor!rn ,/ates on "o side altoge!r1 z ! "* giv5 by our au?or _c possibly apply to !m4 ,! ,*>ruas1 :o are m5tion$ 9 ! above note1 are ,indians1 inhabit+ ! banks ( ! ,uruguay 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & !re=e1 :atev] may be _! c\rage & love ( lib]ty z aborig9es1 !y _c prop]ly be class$ ) :ite inhabitants1 :o are m]ely settl]s4--,,editor4 #aif ,comp>e ,d',escayrac de ,lauture1 ,le ,ds]t et le ,s\dan2 ,mmoire sur le ,s\dan1 etc4 ,^! p are n s v peculi> 9 ?is respect4 ,ev5 9 our own l&1 !re is sometimes a good deal ( difficulty 9 obta9+ in=mation ab\t r\tes2 & agricultural lab\r]s especially are mu* giv5 to scrat*+ _! heads & *ew+ ! cud ( m$itation1 end+ ) an indecision q delightful to ! tir$ travell]4--,,editor4 #aig ,see ,philosophi ,naturalis ,pr9cipia ,ma!matica1 pp4 #dhb1 #dhc1 #dto1 ,am/elodami1 #agbc4 #aih ,see ,essai ,politique sur le royaume de la ,n\velle ,espagne1 ,p>is1 #ahaa4 #aii ,voyage dans l',amrique ,mridionale4 #bjj ,crania ,am]icana1 ,introduction4 #bja ,mmoire on ! prec$+ "w4 #bjb ,dr4 ,hunt1 h[ev]1 does n ?9k t language is su* an unfail+ te/ z our au?or appe>s to imag9e4 ,he consid]s t language mu/ be utt]ly disc>d$ z ! fir/ pr9ciple ( an?ropological classification1 & gives a f> high] value to religion & to art1 consid]+ language m]ely z ! ?ird elem5t4 ,x is possible to *ange ! language ( a race2 b app>5tly impossible to *ange ei!r _! religion or _! innate ideas ( art4 ,see ,hunt on ,an?ropological ,classification 7,brit4 ,assoc41 #ahfc71 ,an?rop4 ,rev41 vol4 i1 p4 #chc4 8,on e?nology1 ,pr(essor ,mll] says1 #8,! sci5ce ( language & ! sci5ce ( e?nology h bo? suff]$ mo/ s]i\sly f be+ mix$ up toge!r4 ,! classification ( races & languages %\ld be q indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,races may *ange _! languages2 & hi/ory supplies u ) sev]al in/ances :]e "o race adopt$ ! language ( ano!r4 ,diff]5t languages1 !re=e1 may be spok5 by "o race1 or ! same language may be spok5 by diff]5t races2 s t any attempt at squ>+ ! classification ( races & tongues mu/ necess>ily fail4'07,on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 ,r4 ,s4 ,*>nock2 ,an?rop4 ,rev41 vol4 i1 p4 #bjj47--;,,editor4 #bjc ,see ,*ave1 ,les ,langues et les ,races1 #ahfb4 #bjd ,hi/oire des ,langues ,smitiques1 p4 #dfg1 ,p>is1 #ahee4 #bje ,see ,pri*>d1 ,! ,ea/]n ,orig9 ( ! ,celtic ,nations1 edit$ by ,la?am1 #aheg4 #bjf 8,! s\nd ( _! voice resembles sigh+40 8,_! language resembles ! cluck+ ( a turkey40 ,comp>e ,:ite1 ,acc\nt ( ! regul> gradation ( ,man1 p4 #fg1 ,london1 #agii4 ,appley>d1 ,! ,kafir ,language1 p4 #c1 #hvo1 ,k+ ,william's ,t[n1 #ahej4 ,morel1 ,trait des ,dgnresc5ces de l'espce huma9e1 p4 #db1 ,p>is1 #aheg4 8,! ,kafirs h adopt$ "s ( ! inflexions 9 use among _! neighb\rs1 b z a simple ornam5t to _! spee*1 )\t attribut+ any special signification to ^! #8cluck+s4'0--,is4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire 7,correspond5ce74 #bjg ,comp>e ,cabanis1 ,rapports du ,physique et du ,moral1 #ac? ye>1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bja3 ,knox1 ,! ,races ( ,m51 p4 #hb1 ,london1 #ahej3 ,morel1 ,dgnresc5ces de l',espce ,huma9e1 ,p>is1 #aheg4 #bjh ,see ,b$dom 9 ,engli% ,cyclopdia3 see1 also1 ,vitruvius1 book vi1 *4 i4 #bji ,rapports du ,physique et du ,moral1 #ac? ye>1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bid4 #baj ,hi/oire ,naturelle ,gnrale1 vol4 iii1 p4 #cai1 #ahfj4 ,we d n "h quote ! facts relative to ! ,b>b>y & ,corsican /ag 7ibidem1 p4 #djg71 s9ce !y re/ only on ! negative ass]tion ( an old au?or4 #baa 8,p>t\t de petits *angem5ts1 nulle "p de gr&s40 ,hi/4 ,naturelle ,gnrale1 vol4 iii1 p4 #chh4 #bab ,re*]*es sur les ,ossem5ts ,fossiles1 #dto1 vol4 i1 p4 #ei1 #ahca4 #bac ,hi/oire ,naturelle ,gnrale1 vol4 iii1 p4 #chi4 #bad 8,:at w\ld be ?\ght ( a bre$] :o took ,norman colts or ,flemi% calves to ! high l&s ( ! ,alps & ! ,pyr5ees1 & !n expect$ to see !m reproduce 7_! tra9+ hav+ be5 f9i%$7 all ! pure *>act]i/ics ( ! orig9al races80--,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle ,gnrale1 vol4 iii1 p4 #cjg4 #bae ,see ,v]neuil1 ,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie1 ,febru>y #b1 #ahfj4--;,bont1 ibidem1 ,augu/ #f1 #ahfc4 #baf 8,a prie/ :o has drunk w9e %all migrate into a mo? or a fly1 fe$+ on ordure4 ,he :o /eals ! gold ( a prie/1 %all pass a ?\s& times into ! bodies ( spid]s4 ,if a man %all /eal honey1 he %all be born a great /++ gnat2 if oil1 an oil-dr9k+ beetle2 if salt1 a cicada2 if a h\sehold ut5sil1 an i*neumon fly0 7,in/itutes ( ,m5u1 #cec74 ,?us1 app>5tly ) reg>d to comp>ison1 ! ,h9d consid]s insects to be ! l[e/ =m ( animal life1 into :i* moral crim9als are to pass aft] dea?1 accord+ to _! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis4--,,editor4 #bag ,:y w "s sci5tific m5 p]si/ 9 sep>at+1 s /rongly1 religion & sci5ce1 z if bo? c\ld n be practis$8 ,?is is :at ! 8ma/] ( sci5ce0 appe>s to ?9k4 ,ea* /ud5t ( sci5ce may well apply ! foll[+ l9es3 8,x is y\r duty to g on /eadfa/ly1 unwav]+ly1 ohne ,ha/1 ohne ,ra/1 consci\s t y int]pret1 to ! be/ ( y\r f9ite ability1 y\r conceptions ( ! tru?s ( sci5ce1 equally consci\s t :atev] may be ! imm$iate result ( y\r lab\rs1 !y mu/ ev5tually fulfil ! aspiration :i* t5ds ad majorem ,dei gloriam40--,c4 ,c>t] ,blake ,on ! ,doctr9e ( ,f9al ,causes 7,ha/+s ,philosophical ,society1 meet+ ( ,janu>y #ac1 #ahfd74--;,,editor4 #bah ,rob91 ,mmoire sur la ,production du ,bla/od]me 7,j\rnal de ,physiologie1 p4 #ceh1 #ahfb74 #bai ,x is ?us t we d n see realis$ 9 man t g5]al law :i* decrees t animal species are l>ge 9 proportion to ! cont95t :i* !y inhabit2 ! mean size ( ! mammalia1 9 p>ticul>1 is regul>ly proportional to ! ext5t ( ,au/ralia1 ,am]ica1 ! anci5t cont95t1 & ! bottom ( ! ocean4 #bbj ,comp>e ,mit*ell1 ,an ,essay ^u ! ,causes ( ! ,diff]5t ,col\rs1 etc4 7,philosophical ,transactions1 #agde47 #bba 8,sole color>i hom9es non dubium1 eosque autem ut nigrescant non con/at40 ,alb9us1 ,de ,s$e et ,causa ,coloris ?iopum1 p4 #ab4 ,he also says1 /ill speak+ ( ,negroes1 t !y are col\r$1 8quod suum p>5tes colorem 9 lib]os propagant 4442 ?iops fm9a si cum m>e ?iope rem habu]it1 ?iopem1 ni quid =te natura ludat1 gignit2 alba si cum albo1 album40--,ibidem1 p4 #aj4 ,x is 9 "s mann] ! p]man5ce ( a decl>$ type4 #bbb ,diss]tation ,physique sur les ,diffr5ces des ,traits du ,visage1 p4 #ag4 #bbc ,see above1 p4 #he4 #bbd ,yvan1 ,de ,france en ,*9e1 p4 #age1 ,p>is1 #ahec4 8,m4 ,pri] has m5tion$1 accord+ to ,yvan1 ! beauty ( ! inhabitants ( ! isl& ( ,runion1 :o desc5d f a few c\ples only1 & yet h kn[n h[ to pres]ve _! purity ( blood0 7,an ,inquiry into ,consangu9e\s ,m>riages & ,pure ,races1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,dally2 transl4 by ,h4 ,j4 ,c4 ,beavan1 ,an?rop4 ,review1 p4 #ig1 #ahfd74--;,,editor4 #bbe ,:ite1 ,acc\nt ( ! regul> ,gradation ( ,man1 p4 #aab4 ,morton1 ,crania ,am]icana1 ,introduction4 ,pr9ce de ,wi$1 ,voyage au ,brsil1 vol4 ii1 p4 #caj4 ,bory de ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,essai ,zoologique sur le g5re huma91 vol4 ii1 p4 #bj4 #bbf ,desm\l9s1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle des races huma9es1 p4 #afb4 ,indig5\s ,races ( ! ,e>?1 p4 #ehe4 #bbg ,:ite1 ,acc\nt ( ! regul> ,gradation ( ,man1 p4 #ajd4 #bbh ,w4 ,edw>ds1 ,des ,c>actres ,physiologiques des races huma9es1 p4 #ad4 ,niebuhr 7transl471 ,lectures on ,e?nography1 vol4 i1 p4 #cgd4 #bbi ,john ,hunt] also ?\ght t man 0 orig9ally black2 he _h rem>k$ t dome/ic animals become :ite by age4 ,comp>e ,:ite1 ,acc\nt ( ! regul> ,gradation ( ,man1 p4 #ajj4 ,hunt] ?us conf\nd$ m5 ) dome/ic animals4 ,we h already said :at mu/ be ?\ght ( ?is connexion4 #bcj ,comp>e ,morel1 ,dgnresc5ce de l'espce huma9e1 p4 #e1 ,p>is1 #aheg4 #bca ,see above1 p4 #gc4 #bcb ,climat]ic influ5ces act probably ^u wild animals 9 ! same mann]2 x mu/ be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t a captive animal & a man1 tak5 to ano!r c\ntry1 are n expos$ 9 ! same degree to ! action ( ! new m$ium2 conditions are n simil>ly alt]$ z reg>ds bo? ( !m4 ,sometimes ! man1 sometimes ! animal1 w h mo/ *ances ( resi/ance2 ! "o be+ always oblig$ by 8 ma/] to submit to an intellectual gov]nm5t1 approa*+ z mu* z possible 8 =m] /ate2 ! o!r1 ab&on$ to himself1 & drawn fatally into ! new habits :i* he sees ar\nd him4 #bcc ,see1 on ?is po9t1 ,b\d91 ,gographie ,mdicale1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ae1 ,p>is1 #aheg4 ,annuaire du ,bureau des ,longitudes1 p4 #bcj1 #ahcc4 ,g4 ,p\*et1 ,des ,colorations de l'pid]me1 #dto1 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 #bcd ,dr4 ,waitz1 9 8 ,introduction to ,an?ropology 7translat$ & edit$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,coll+wood71 gives an explanation conc]n+ ! col\r+ matt] 9 ! ,negro1 :i* is v curi\s1 b ) :i*1 h[ev]1 he does n agree2 viz41 8t 9 hot climates ! am\nt ( oxyg5 inspir$ is insuffici5t to *ange ! c>bon into c>bonic acid1 & t ! unconsum$ c>bon is deposit$ 9 ! pigm5t-cells ( ! sk94444 ,x is1 h[ev]1 difficult to admit t ! br[n+ ( ! sk9 9 our climate 9 summ] is produc$ by ! same causes z ! black col\r ( ! ,negro1 & t x w\ld only require a great] int5sity & a long] duration to become s entirely40 ,"p4 ,i1 sect4 i1 p4 #ce4--;,,editor4 #bce ,! precoci\sness ( ! g5ital functions is 9 direct relation ) ?is g5]al fact4 #bcf ,w4 ,edw>ds1 ,c>actres ,physiologiques1 etc41 p4 #ad4 8,! tropics alone produce ! comb9ation ( infant9e grace ) ! full developm5t ( female maturity40 ,smi?1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 etc41 p4 #aij4 ,see1 also1 ,cabanis1 ,rapports du ,physique et du ,moral1 vol4 ii2 & ,davy1 ,acc\nt ( ,ceylon4 ,^! two au?ors 9 p>ticul> h q appreciat$ ^! *anges4 #bcg ,b\d91 ,gographie ,mdicale1 vol4 ii1 p4 #aej1 #aheg4 #bch ,meet+ ( ,novemb] #g1 #ahfa4 #bci ,see above1 p4 #ei1 note4--,,editor4 #bdj ,x w\ld appe> f ! docum5ts collect$ by ,nott 7,two ,lectures on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,caucasian & ,negro ,races1 ,mobile1 #ahdd1 comp>e ,b\d91 ,gogr4 ,md41 vol4 ii1 p4 #add71 t z we advance t[>ds ! upp] "p ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 madness becomes v frequ5t among ! ,negroes4 ,x rea*es ! proportion ( "o case ( insanity among tw5ty-eight sane p]sons 9 ,massa*usetts & ,ma9e4 ,we hesitate 9 ackn[l$g+ climat]ic influ5ce1 because ! numb] ( cases seems to increase relatively to ! degree ( in/ruction among ! p2 n t madness dep5ds on education1 b because x f9ds out a great numb] ( cases ( :i* we %\ld o!rwise h be5 ignorant1 z (t5 happ5s 9 ! ea/ among a less enlight5$ p4 #bda ,comp>e ,b\d91 ,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie1 ,augu/ #a1 #ahfa4 #bdb ,comp>e ,b\d91 ,trait de ,gographie ,mdicale1 #aheg1 ,introduction4 #bdc ,new ,york ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 p4 #cii1 ,febru>y #ahca 7see ,hirs*1 ,h&bu* d] ,hi/oris*-geographis*5 ,pa?ologie1 #ce1 p4 #a74 #bdd ,"s ,acc\nt ( ! ,la/ ,yell[ ,fev] ,epidemic ( ,briti% ,guiana1 p4 #ei1 #hvo1 ,london1 #ahej4 #bde ,b>ton1 ,report ( ! ,sanit>y ,commission ( ,new ,orleans = #ahec1 p4 #bdh1 ,new ,orleans1 #ahed 7see ,hirs*1 ,h&bu*1 etc41 #ce74 ,he br+s =w>d sev]al pieces ( evid5ce 9 ! same "q4 ,!y seem to u too decisive1 9 a polyg5i/ po9t ( view1 = u n to give ! entire li/ ( 8 quotations3 ,romay1 ,diss4 sobre la ,fiebre ,am>illa1 etc41 ,habana1 #agig3 ,arnold1 ,treatise on ! ,bili\s ,remitt5t ,fev]1 etc41 p4 #bf1 ,london1 #ahdj3 ,zimpel1 ,j5ais*e ,annal5 fr ,m$41 i1 p4 #fh3 ,dick9son1 ,obs]vations on ! ,inflammatory ,endemic incid5t to ,/rang]s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 etc41 p4 #ac1 ,london1 #ahai3 ,f]guson1 ,notes & ,reflections1 p4 #aej1 ,london1 #ahdf3 ,dickson1 ,philadelphia ,m$4 & ,phys4 ,j\rnal1 iii1 p4 #bej3 ,lallem&1 ,das ,gelbfieb]1 etc41 p4 #aba4 ,s*omburgk1 ,a ,description ( ,briti% ,guiana1 etc41 p4 #bb1 ,london1 #ahdj4--;,,editor4 #bdf ,words borr[$ f ! def9ition ( species by ,isidore ,ge(froy1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle ,gnrale1 vol4 ii1 p4 #dcg4 8,! act :i* appe>s mo/ natural to liv+ be+s :o are p]fect1 & :o are n abortive1 nor produc$ by spontane\s g5]ation1 is ! production ( a be+ l !mselves1 ! animal produc+ an animal1 ! plant a plant1 s z to p>ticipate 9 ! et]nal & div9e nature z mu* z !y c40--,de l'me1 book ii1 *ap4 iv1 #b1 transl4 by ,b>?lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire4 #bdg ,nott & ,gliddon1 ,indig5\s ,races ( ! ,e>?1 p4 #ddc4 #bdh ,nott & ,gliddon1 ,types ( ,mank9d1 p4 #cgc1 #ahed4 #bdi ,see ,b\d91 ,gographie ,mdicale1 ,introduction1 p4 #ci4 #bej ,see ,morel1 ,trait des ,dgnresc5ces4 #bea ,pri]1 ,socit d',an?ropologie1 meet+ ( ,april #ba1 #ahfd4 #beb ,des ,races ,huma9es1 #ahde4 #bec ,acc\nt ( ! ,regul> ,gradation ( ,man1 p4 #adf4 #bed ,comp>e ,w4 ,edw>ds1 ,des ,c>actres ,physiologiques1 etc41 p4 #bi4 #bee ,individual di/9ctions c only1 !n1 be bas$ on ! alt]ations ( type1 9 *>act]i/ics :i* are n ^? ( ! suppos$ ideal4 ,x h5ce results t1 if we h liv$ ) a /rang] :o has all ! *>act]i/ics ( 8 race well m>k$1 we ?9k t we see him :ile travell+ among 8 fell[ c\ntrym54 #bef 8,x is "o ( ! cle>e/ facts 9 ! animal1 z well z 9 ! vegetable _w2 all races g5]ally reproduce & p]petuate !mselves )\t m+l+ & conf\nd+ "o ) ! o!r40--,pri*>d1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle de l',homme1 vol4 i41 p4 #ag4 ,comp>e ,morel1 ,dgnresc5ces de l'espce huma9e1 p4 #b4 #beg ,?ird numb]4 ,mo/ ( ! articles 9 ?is rem>kable production are unsign$4 #beh 8,no race w amalgamate ) ano!r2 !y die out1 or seem sl[ly to be becom+ ext9ct40 ,comp>e ! ,e?nological ,j\rnal1 p4 #ih4 #bei 8,we arrive at ! fundam5tal conclusion t x is useless = p belong+ to v>ieties ( diff]5t races1 b neighb\rs1 to ally !mselves toge!r2 "p ( ! new g5]ation w always pres]ve ! primitive type40--,see ,c\rtet de l',isle1 ,tableau ,e?nographique1 p4 #gg4 #bfj ,la?am ?9ks1 h[ev]1 t he has discov]$ "s ve/iges ( ! ,phnician race 9 ,africa & ,cornwall4 ,comp>e ,knox1 ,! ,races ( ,m51 #ahej4 #bfa ,small columns1 hav+ nei!r base nor capital4--,,editor4 #bfb ,x is ! case ) ! hippopotamus & ! lion4 #bfc ,?us1 at lea/1 ,buffon translates 8,go?i corpore proc]iore1 capillis albidis rectis1 oculorum indibus c9]e--crulesc5tibus40--,l9nu1 ,fauna succica1 p4 #a4 #bfd ,by virtue ( ! law :i* makes u f9d a family lik5ess 9 an individual aft] x has be5 abs5t1 or r hidd51 = "o or m g5]ations4 #bfe 8,rutil com1 magni artus40--,tacitus1 ,agricola1 ii1 #aa4 #bff 8,colorati vultus et torti pl]umque cr9es40--,idem1 ibidem4 #bfg ,idem1 ibidem4 #bfh ,see ,la?am1 ,celtic ,language1 p4 #cga4 ,j4 ,b4 ,davis & ,j4 ,?urnam1 ,crania ,britannica1 p4 #ec4 ,g>net1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,philological ,society4 ,r4 ,cull & ,la?am1 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,new ,physical ,j\rnal1 #ahed4 ,pri]1 ,fragm5ts ,e?nologiques1 ,p>is1 #aheg4 #bfi ,j4 ,philips1 see ,briti% ,association1 #ahdi4 #bgj ,! "n itself ( ?is di/rict %[s1 h[ev]1 ! habitation ( ^! p>ts by ! ,sc&9avians4 #bga ,comp>e ,w4 ,edw>ds1 ,des ,c>actres ,physiologiques des ,races ,huma9es4 ,p>is1 #ahbi4 #bgb ,see ,pri]1 ,fragm5ts ,e?nologiques1 ,p>is1 #aheg4 #bgc ,re*]*es sur l',e?nologie de la ,france 7,mmoires de la ,socit d',an?ropologie1 vol4 i1 p4 #a74 ,see1 also1 ! discussion :i* foll[$ ! read+ ( ?is pap] 7,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie1 meet+s ( ,july #ba & ,augu/ #d1 #ahei74 #bgd ,we may rem>k ?is l9e is precisely p]p5dicul> to ! climat]ic p>allels :i* divide ,france4 #bge ,! /&>d 9 ,france is1 we believe1 five feet4--,,editor4 #bgf ,p]u1 #ahdf4 #bgg ,nic>agua3 its ,p1 vol4 ii1 p4 #aec1 ,new ,york1 #aheb4 #bgh ,essai sur l',9galit des ,races ,huma9es1 ,p>is1 #aheb4 #bgi ,rapports du ,physique et du ,moral1 vol4 i1 p4 #dhd4 #bhj ,m4 ,morel1 ,trait des ,dgnresc5ces4 #bha 8,all races ( mank9d int]mix1 !y are f]tile1 produc+ cross-bre$s1 mulattoes1 me/izoes1 etc41 :i* aga9 are productive4 ,all human races con/itute1 !re=e1 on physiological pr9ciples1 b "o species1 :i* is "h id5tical ) g5us humanum40 ,s ?9ks ,pr(essor ,rudolph ,wagn]1 b 8 argum5ts are n v satisfactory4 ,he ref]s v>ieties ( race 9 a great measure to climatic influ5ce4 ,see ,creation ( ,man & ,sub/ance ( ! ,m9d 7,an?rop4 ,rev41 vol4 i1 p4 #bbi74--;,,editor4 #bhb ,comp>e ,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie1 vol4 iii1 p4 #age4 #bhc ,9 apply+ ^! pr9ciples to family consangu9ity1 we may say 9 a g5]al mann]1 t x w be fav\rable or n to ! (fspr+ accord+ to ! /ate ( ! p>5ts4 ,if ! p>5ts are p]fectly heal?y1 & exempt f all comm5c+ deg5]acy1 !y c only give bir? to *ildr5 at lea/ z heal?y z !mselves4 ,if "o ( ! two p>5ts is ta9t$ ) a comm5cem5t ( deg5]acy1 ! desc5dant1 9 8 quality ( (fspr+1 w p]haps be> ! trace ( ?is deg5]acy1 b s5sibly weak5$4 ,if ! two p>5ts are sep>ately ta9t$ ) a diff]5t comm5cem5t ( deg5]acy1 "o or ! o!r ought to cont9ue x 9 ! *ild1 only 9 a less] degree4 ,b if ! same deg5]acy has already ta9t$ bo? ! p>5ts1 ! (fspr+ w %[ x 9 a great] degree1 & w t5d t[>ds entire disappe>ance4 #bhd ,fl\r5s1 ,hi/oire des ,travaux de ,buffon1 p4 #ahj4 #bhe ,on ! ,ph5om5a ( ,hybridity 9 ! ,g5us ,homo1 edit$ by ,c4 ,c>t] ,blake1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,a4,s4,l4--,,editor4 #bhf ,comp>e ,g4 ,p\*et1 ,prcis d',hi/ologie ,huma9e1 #e4 #bhg 8,ac ,sylla quidem sodalis no/]1 fatus nos p>va qu/ione tanquam in/rum5to +5tem et gravem de orig9e mundi qu/ionem subru]e40 ,qu/ionem ,convivalium1 book ii1 que/4 #c2 transl41 edit$ by ,f4 ,didot1 #ahda4 #bhh ,buffon said t 7,supplm5ts1 vol4 iv1 p4 #cce7 ?is me?od ( g5]ation is n only ! mo/ frequ5t & ! mo/ g5]al1 b ! mo/ anci5t1 t is1 ! fir/ & mo/ univ]sal "o4 ,plut>* 7,qu/4 ,conviv41 book ii1 que/4 #c2 transl41 edit$ by ,f4 ,didot1 #ahda7 makes ! same rem>k3 8,pro9de probabile e/ primum ortum ex t]ra gign5tis p]fectione ac robore absolutum fuisse1 nihilque indig5tem hujusmodi in/rum5tis1 receptaculis et vasis1 qualia nunc ob imbecillitatem natura p>it atque ma*9atur p>i5tibus40 #bhi ,x mu/ n be =gott51 t organic sub/ances are suppos$ to h be5 f\nd ev5 9 ! =mation ( c]ta9 arolites4 #bij 4 ,ge(froy1 ,comptes ,r5dus des sances de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 v1 p4 #aic4 #bia ,see ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle ,gnrale1 vol4 iii1 p4 #baj4 #bib ,we are almo/ tempt$1 9 all k9dness1 to ref] our au?or to ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 ! ,reliques ( ,fa!r ,pr\t1 p4 #bfd4 8,i h be5 at "s pa9s to acquire a compreh5sive notion ( ! ,c\nt de ,buffon's sy/em1 &1 aid$ by an old ,jesuit1 ,i h succe$$ 9 cond5s+ ! volum9\s diss]tation into a few l9es1 = ! use ( ^? :o are dissatisfi$ ) ! ,mosaic /atem5t3-- #a4 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! sun1 f :i* a spl9t] 0 %ot (f by *ance1 & t fragm5t 0 our globe4 #b4 ,& ! globe _h = its nucleus melt$ glass1 ) an envelope ( hot wat]4 #c4 ,& x began to twirl r\nd1 & became some:at flatt5$ at ! poles4 #d4 ,n[1 :5 ! wat] grew cool1 insects began to appe>1 & %ell-fi%4 #e4 ,& f ! accumulation ( %ells1 p>ticul>ly oy/]s 7see vol4 i1 p4 #ad1 #dto1 #bnd ed471 ! e>? 0 gradually =m$1 ) ridges ( m\nta9s1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! ,monte ,te/acio at ! gate ( ,rome4 #f4 ,b ! melt$ glass kept w>m = a long "t1 & ! arctic climate 0 z hot 9 ^? days z ! tropics n[ are1--witness a froz5 rh9oc]os f\nd 9 ,sib]ia40 ,let ! leav5 "w1 al?\gh a m]e joke to ,m4 ,p\*et's reality4--,,editor4 #bic ,hi/oire ,naturelle1 vol4 ix1 p4 #abg1 #agfa4 ti5ne ,ge(froy 7,comptes ,r5dus1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bi7 says ! same ?+ 8z reg>ds ! actual con/itution ( ! globe2 ea* race is a species sui g5]is1--a =m or comb9ation ( its own 9 nature40 #bid ,! t]ms ( ?is def9ition are almo/ entirely borr[$ f ,isidore ,ge(froy4 ,by end+ x ) ^! words1 89 ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s10 ,isidore ,ge(froy only def9$ ! exi/+ species1 & took away1 )\t any reason1 ! palontologic species4 #bie ,lam>ck1 ,disc\rs de l',an ,,xi1 p4 #de4 #bif ,see ,fl\r5s1 ,exam5 du livre de ,m4 ,d>w9 sur l',orig9e des ,espces1 #ahmo1 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 ,we are at lea/ a/oni%$ to f9d ! "n ( ! ,ge(froys m5tion$ b once 9 su* a "w 7p4 #de74 ,m4 ,fl\r5s *>ges ,d>w9 ) only quot+ ! p>tisans ( 8 own op9ions 7p4 #dj74 #big ,see above1 p4 #hd1 note4--,,editor4 #bih ,sur l',influ5ce du monde ambiant1 #ahca 7,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces71 vol4 xii1 p4 #ha4 #bii ,vol4 ii1 second "p1 #ahei4 #cjj ,philosophie ,zoologique1 vol4 i1 p4 #bba4 #cja ,sy/me des ,connaissances ,positives1 p4 #adc1 #ahbj4 #cjb ,disc\rs de l',an ,,xi1 p4 #de4 ,he says1 also1 9 ano!r place 7,philosophie ,zoologique1 vol4 i1 p4 #ff71 8,:at we call species1 has only a relative con/ancy 9 t /ate1 & _c be z anci5t z nature itself40 #cjc ,lam>ck1 ,organisation des ,corps ,vivants1 p4 #ec4 #cjd ,= nature 8"t has no limit1 & consequ5tly has x always at its disposal40 ,lam>ck1 ,sy/me des ,animaux sans ,v]tbres1 p4 #ac1 #ahja4 #cje ,d>w9 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #eah1 ,london1 #ahfa4 8,i believe t animals h desc5d$ f at mo/ only f\r or five prog5itors1 & plants f an equal or less numb]4 ,analogy w\ld lead me "o /ep f>!r1 namely1 to ! belief t all animals & plants h desc5d$ f "s "o prototype40 #cjf ,comp>e ,d>w9 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #if1 #ahfa4 #cjg ,hi/oire ,naturelle ,gnrale1 vol4 ii1 p4 #dba1 #ahei4 #cjh 8,! obs]vation ( species 9 a /ate ( nature1 by reveal+ to u a multitude ( modifications m or less important1 _c %[ u any s]i\s deviation f ! types =m$ or pres]v$ by ! influ5ce ( ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s40 ,isidore ,ge(froy1 ,vie d'ti5ne ,ge(froy1 p4 #cdi4 #cji ,see ,leibnitz1 ,protoge1 transl4 by ,b]tr& de ,sa9t-,g]ma91 ,introduction1 p4 #fa4 #caj ,comptes r5dus des sances de l',acadmie1 ,febru>y #bb1 #aheh4 #caa ,we %all be ?ank$ = publi%+ "h ! foll[+ extract f a lett] address$ to u by ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ! #crd ( ,june1 #ahfj1 & :i* relates to all ^! que/ions4 8,i said1 two or ?ree ye>s ago1 z ,i h le>nt f ,m4 ,l>tet 7:o rememb]$ ! expression :i* ,i _h myself =gott571 t ! pres5t movem5t ( sci5ce t5ds to sub/itute 9 geology ! idea ( ! evolution ( ! globe = t ( revolutions4 ,m4 ,l>tet has tak5 up ?is view1 & adh]es to x4 ,x is ( great importance to me1 z reg>ds my works on species1 9 :i* we mu/ 9 ?is case sub/itute ! notion ( evolution = t ( revolution2 revolutions are "h pret5d$ creations1 abruptly successive4 ,x is "t to h done ) ^! views1 :i*1 in/ead ( tak+ creation z hav+ be5 once conclud$1 make at e in/ant ! ,deus ex ma*9 int]v5e40 #cab 8,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,m\nt tna1 or on ! sides ( t ext5sive m\nta91 !re are b$s ( lava cov]$ ov] ) a consid]able ?ickness ( e>?2 & at lea/ ano!r1 aga91 :i* ?\gh kn[n f anci5t monum5ts & hi/orical records to h issu$ f ! volcano at lea/ two ?\s& ye>s ago1 is /ill almo/ entirely de/itute ( soil & vegetation2 9 "o place a pit has be5 cut ?r\gh sev5 diff]5t /rata ( lava2 & ^! h be5 f\nd sep>at$ f ea* o!r by almo/ z _m ?ick b$s ( ri* e>?4 ,n[1 f ! fact t a /ratum ( lava1 two ?\s& ye>s old1 is yet scantily cov]$ ) e>?1 x has be5 inf]r$ by ! +5i\s ,canon ,recup]o1 :o has lab\r$ ?irty ye>s on ! natural hi/ory ( ,m\nt tna1 t ! l[e/ ( ^! /rata :i* h be5 f\nd divid$ by s _m b$s ( e>?1 mu/ h be5 emitt$ f ! volcanic crat] at lea/ f\rte5 ?\s& ye>s ago1 & consequ5tly1 t ! age ( ! e>?1 :atev] x may exce$ ?is t]m ( ye>s1 _c possibly be less40--,brydone's ,t\r ?r\gh ,sicily & ,malta 7#aggj74 ,plato1 9 8 ,critias1 m5tions ! isl& ,atlantis z hav+ be5 buri$ 9 ! ocean n9e ?\s& ye>s be=e 8 own "t4 ,9 ! ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 vol4 i1 7preface17 we are told t ! a/ronomical records ( ! anci5t ,*aldeans c>ry back ! orig9 ( society to ! remote p]iod ( f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,among comp>atively well-kn[n au?orities1 !re is a good deal ( diff]5ce 9 ! "t ( ! suppos$ =mation ( ! _w4 ,! ,hebrew bible makes ! creation #c1idd ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ,sam>itan bible1 #d1cje ye>s2 ! ,septuag9t1 #e1bgj ye>s2 ,u%]1 #d1jjd ye>s2 ,josephus1 #d1feh ye>s2 ,m4 ,pezron1 #e1hgb ye>s4 ,9 all ^! diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 !re is no?+ s /rik+ z 9 ! !ories we m5tion above1 ( ,recup]o1 ! ,*aldeans1 etc4--,,editor4 #cac ,our au?or is q "r4 ,sci5ce does tea* u :at to ?9k ( div9e p[] 9 its outw>d manife/ations4 ,! m we und]/& nature1 ! m ready w e>ne/-m9d$ m5 be to praise & give glory to ! ,god :o made x1 :o creat$ man & bea/ ) su* m>vell\s & exquisite regul>ity1 & :o cont9ues to gov]n ! _w & all t is ^u x4 ,p]haps ,m4 ,p\*et ?9ks he himself c\ld h made a bett] "o4 ,x is a pity t a clev] m9d is s w>p$ by t sci5ce :i* ought to make him m satisfi$ ?an ev] t ,god is ! creator ( ! _w2 & t spontane\s g5]ation1 & ! nev]-cle>ly expla9$ orig9 ( ! fir/ matt]1 ab\t :i* ev5 ,m4 ,p\*et _c tell u1 ) all 8 scepticism1 ought to g to pave ! 8pa?way ( good int5tions40--,,editor4 #cad ,:y n8--,,editor4 #cae ,"s may be a/oni%$ at our apply+ ! ^w k+dom to ! v]tebrata4 ,we d s because1 9 tru?1 ! di/ance :i* sep>ates !m f o!r animals seems to u almo/ z great1 & ev5 m decid$1 ?an t :i* sep>ates ! inv]tebrata f plants4 #caf ,! diagram :i* ,d>w9 has plac$ 9 8 book ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 is only a fraction & piece ( detail ( ! g5]al figure :i* we are endeav\r+ to place be=e ! m9d ( ! read]4 #cag ,l',insecte1 p4 #abh1 #aheh4 #cah ,pr$om9ance ( ! imm$iate azotic pr9ciples1 respiration comp>able to t ( animals1 volunt>y movem5ts1 indivisibility ( organism1 etc4 #cai ,see above1 pp4 #df1 #dg4--;,,editor4 #cbj ,see ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 *ap4 iii4 #cba ,lions h9d]$ ! army ( ,x]xes 9 ,mac$onia4 ,!y ab\nd$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,africa 9 ! "t ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 h[ev]1 ,gr>d 0 oblig$ to wat* = ?ree hundr$ nights 9 ord] to kill only ?irty or =ty4 #cbb ,! crocodile1 :i* us$ to sw>m on ! ,delta1 is n[ only f\nd 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 #cbc ,! hippopotamus1 s9ce ! ,roman occupation1 has successively retir$ f ! m\? ( ! ,nile to ! f\r? cat>act4 ,"s ye>s ago1 !re exi/$ "o1 & "o only1 at ! ,isl& ( ,argo1 on ?is side ( ,new ,dongolah4 ,"s hunt]s kill$ x1 & s9ce !n1 !y h only be5 f\nd at ! ,b]b] level4 #cbd ,hamites1 a g5us ( ext9ct ,cephalopods1 f\nd 9 ! gre5s& =mation 9 ,engl&4--,,editor4 #cbe ,comptes ,r5dus1 vol4 iv1 p4 #eh4 ,p]haps ! only logical d$uction :i* we c really draw f ! great] size ( ^! animals1 is ! great] ext5t ( ! cont95ts :i* !y inhabit$4 ,! belief 9 ! gigantic dim5sions ( ! fossil fauna & flora1 is also a rema9s ( ! m>vels :i* ! fir/ inquir]s into sci5ce involunt>ily report$4 ,9 exam9+ matt]s ne>] & m imp>tially1 we see t c]ta9 zoological gr\ps h be51 9 fact1 =m]ly repres5t$ by l>g] species ?an at ! pres5t day2 b until we arrive at "s new discov]y1 we h ! "r to ?9k t ! o!r gr\ps ( animals1 on ! contr>y1 h a class ( l>g] repres5tatives ?an 9 =m] times2 l ! quadrumana1 ! cetacea1 insects1 cephalopods1 acephal\s mollusks1 etc4 ,b ?is pret5d$ decay is especially false z reg>ds plants2 if we f9d 9 ! gr\nd "s l>ge f]ns1 or enorm\s grasses1 we mu/ subtract a good deal f ^? s-call$ ant$iluvian =e/s1 :i* _m h n hesitat$ to br+ =w>d 9 support ( _! ideas4 ,all ! fossil plants t we "k are1 )\t exception1 extremely wret*$ 9 comp>ison ) ! gigantic conif]s & dicotyl$ons 9 ! =e/s ( ! old & new _w4 #cbf ,if ?is new h&iwork ( man1 s *>m+ly arrang$ by our au?or1 is n m successful ?an ,p&ora1 z made by ,vulcan1 we fe> ! _w w n ga9 mu* by x4 ,9 ! old5 times1 ! man :o prop\nd$ su* curi\s ideas w\ld probably h _h a puni%m5t aw>d$ him1 some?+ simil> to t suff]$ by ,prome!us4 ,does ,m4 ,p\*et1 9 quot+ ?is p]sonage1 entirely =get ! re/ ( ! tale1 & ! consequ5ces ( 8 ra%ness8 ,we are really sorry1 h[ev]1 to see sci5ce p]v]t$ to a pet idea1 if we may use ! expression1 & twi/$ by means ( 8bad anatomy & worse !ology10 z a fri5d ( ours calls x1 = ! sake ( prov+ facts q impossible to be solv$4 ,m4 ,p\*et gives u1 9 spontane\s g5]ation1 a fir/ g]m ) :i* to />t a primordial anatomical elem5t1 z he calls x4 ,he />ts ) ?is1 & argues--9 :at mann] we leave x to our read]s to det]m9e--t1 f ?is g]m !re h1 9 "t1 sprung all ! animals on ! surface ( ! globe4 ,b he does n tell u h[ ?is fir/ g]m itself arose4 ,t is put entirely on "o side1 & tak5 = grant$4 ,we _c take x = grant$ h[ev]2 & until we h x satisfactorily prov$ t he is "r 9 any "p ( 8 idea1 we %all g on ?9k+ & believ+ z we h done be=e4--,,editor4 #cbg ,see ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,vie d',e4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 p4 #bhg4 #cbh ,see above1 *ap4 viii4 #cbi ,comp>e ,ow51 ,on ! ,*>act]s1 ,pr9ciples ( ,division1 & ,prim>y ,gr\ps ( ! ,class ,mammalia 7,j\rnal ( ,l9nean ,society1 #aheg47 #ccj ,see1 = ! explanation & discussion ( ^! diff]5t sy/ems1 ,crull1 ,diss]tatio de ,cranio1 #ahaj4 #cca ,comp>e ,crull1 ,diss]tatio de ,cranio1 p4 #bh1 #ahaj4 #ccb ,comp>e ,crull1 ,diss]tatio de ,cranio1 p4 #eb4 #ccc ,busk & ,quekett 7,m$ical ,times & ,gazette74 #ccd ,"o always endeav\rs to f9d "s =m] indication or pres5tim5t1 al?\gh ev5 confus$ & full ( obscurity1 beyond ! orig9 ( positive sci5ce2 x is curi\s to f9d 9 ! works ( ! pott] physician a sort ( g]m :i*1 :5 develop$1 may h giv5 bir? to cranioscopy1--a sort ( =esight ( ! importance :i* ! measurem5t ( ! skull w\ld "o day acquire4 ,x is 9 ! ,recepte ,vritable3 "o ( two speak]s relates a dream 9 :i* he saw ! diff]5t in/rum5ts us$ 9 geometry dispute ab\t prec$5ce3 he answ]s !m1 t man is above !m all2 !y exclaim1 t man _c ev5 use "o ( !m 9 ord] to measure any "p ( 8 body4 ,we ?9k x be/ to give ! orig9al "h4--,,editor4 8,quoy voyant1 il me pr9t envie de mesur] la te/e d'un homme1 p\r scauoir directem5t ses mesures1 et me sembla que la saut]elle1 la reigle1 et le compas me s]oi5t =t propres p\r ce/e affaire1 mais quoy qu'il en soit1 ie n'y sceu iamais tr\v] une mesure asseure40 ,b]n>d ,palissy1 uvres1 p4 #ic1 #abmo1 ,p>is1 #ahdd4 ,blum5ba* says some:]e1 8,! habit & con/ant use ( my collection ( skulls makes me und]/& e day ! impossibility ( subject+ a v>iety ( skulls to ! rule ( any possible angle1 ! head be+ susceptible ( s _m =ms1 & ! p>ts :i* compose x be+ ( s _m diff]5t proportions & directions40 ,see ,morel1 ,trait des ,dgnresc5ces dans l'espce huma9e1 p4 #fh4 ,m4 ,aitk5 ,meigs1 at ! pres5t day1 %[s no less ?an tw5ty-n9e diff]5t measurem5ts ( ! skull :i* mu/ be obta9$ if we wi% to h any?+ l a satisfactory idea ( ! same4 #cce ,see above1 *ap4 iv4 #ccf ,see ,indig5\s ,races ( ! ,e>?1 p4 #cbj4 #ccg ,see ,/rope1 ,description d'une ,momie trs-anci5ne 7,recueil ,priod4 d',obs]v4 de ,mdec9e1 vol4 iv1 p4 #bij1 ,jan4 #agef74 ,"o may see 9 read+ ! acc\nt ( a v able & judici\s n>rator h[ mu* anci5t sci5tific obs]vations alt] ) ! times1 :5 no c>e is tak5 to ref] to ! orig9al s\rces4 #cch ,see ,vivi51 9 ! ,mmoires de la ,socit ,e?nologique1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ei4 #cci ,portfolio1 ,philadelphia1 #ahad4 #cdj ,w4 ,edw>ds1 ,des ,c>actres ,physiologiques des races huma9es1 p4 #de1 has especially notic$ ! great importance ( ext]nal *>act]i/ics2 he has only done wrong 9 exclud+ ! hair1 & att5d+ solely to ! =m ( ! skull1 :i* nev] conc]ns u :5 we endeav\r to picture or recall to our m9d ! features ( a man4 #cda ,see ,mi*elet1 ) reg>d to ! pa9t+s 9 ! ,sixt9e ,*apel1 ,hi/oire de ,france1 ,r5aissance4 #cdb 8,philology is at once ! mo/ elevat$ & ! mo/ positive bran* ( ! natural hi/ory ( ! human race40 ,*ave1 ,mose et les ,langues 7,la ,revue74 ,m4 ,fl\r5s seems to give philological a sup]ior rank to physical *>act]i/ics4 ,see above1 p4 #gg1 note4--,,editor4 #cdc ,he believes t by _! means we c g back to ! mo/ di/ant geological p]iods4 ,see ,apoph!gms 7,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rn41 vol4 li47 #cdd ,la?am ?us expla9s x3 8,?is is because :il/ ,a & ,b1 9 ! way ( /ock-blood or p$igree1 w give ,c a true t]tium quid1 or a ne> approa* to x1 & ,a & ,b1 9 ! way ( language1 w only give !mselves1 i4 e41 !y w give no true t]tium quid1 nor any v close approa* to x40 ,celtic ,nations1 p4 #cc4 ,we h endeav\r$ to prove t ?is true t]tium quid--?is real mean t]m1 is nev] produc$ z f> z species4 #cde 8,ei!r language mu/ h be5 orig9ally reveal$ f heav51 or x mu/ be ! fruits ( human indu/ry4 ,! great] "p ( ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 & ev5 "s ( ! wise/ ,pagans1 h embrac$ ! =m] op9ion1 :i* seems to be support$ by ! au?ority ( ,moses1 :o repres5ts ! ,supreme ,be+ z tea*+ our fir/ p>5ts ! names ( animals4 ,! latt] op9ion is held by ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,lucretius1 ,horace1 & _m o!r ,greek & ,roman writ]s1 :o consid] language z "o ( ! arts inv5t$ by man4 ,! fir/ m51 say !y1 liv$ = "s "t 9 woods & caves1 aft] ! mann] ( bea/s1 utt]+ only confus$ & indi/9ct noises1 till1 associat+ = mutual assi/ance1 !y came by degrees to use articulate s\nds mutually agre$ ^u1 = ! arbitr>y signs or m>ks ( ^? ideas 9 ! m9d ( ! speak] :i* he want$ to communicate to ! he>]4 ,?is op9ion sprung f ! atomic cosmogony :i* 0 fram$ by ,mo*us1 ! ,phnician1 & aft]w>ds improv$ by ,democritus & ,epicurus2 & ?\gh x is "p ( a sy/em 9 :i* ! fir/ m5 are repres5t$ z hav+ gr[n out ( ! e>?1 l trees & o!r vegetables1 x has be5 adopt$ by sev]al mod]n writ]s ( high rank 9 ! republic ( lett]s1 & is c]ta9ly 9 itself wor?y ( exam9ation40--,encyclop4 ,brit41 vol4 ix1 p4 #ecj1 #agig4--;,,editor4 #cdf ,i d n "h m5tion ! op9ions ( ! ,sw$e 7see ,la?am1 ,celtic ,nations1 p4 #b71 :o ?9ks t important *anges c be introduc$ into a language by c]ta9 cu/oms ( a p1 :o *ange1 = in/ance1 ! lips = ! no/rils1 & ?us sub/itute nasal = labial consonants4 ,^! facts are1 p]haps1 true 9 ! detail1 b !y ought n to h mu* importance1 z !y d n alt] ! specific & p]sonal "* ( ! language1 :i* is f> f consi/+ 9 ! relative numb] ( "o or two k9ds ( lett]s4 #cdg ,buns5 7,eng4 transl471 ,niebuhr's ,life & ,lett]s1 vol4 i1 p4 #ci4 #cdh 8,languages10 he says1 8give b feeble probabilities 9 ,an?ropology40 ,voyage aux regions ,equ9oxiales du ,n\veau ,cont95t1 vol4 iii1 p4 #ceb4 #cdi ,see1 9 ! ,mmoires de la ,socit ,e?nologique 7,july #ahdc71 a lett] 9 :i* ,m4 ,vivi5 d5ies a fir/ rank to language z a di/9ctive *>act]i/ic1 & gives x to physical type4 #cej ,see above1 p4 #cb4 #cea 8,i am l$ to believe t famili> languages 7if ?is philological b>b>ism is p]mitt$ me7 d n resemble "o ano!r because !y come f ! same p>5t1 b because !y h be5 br\ght up toge!r2 ,africa especially seems to me to furni% a pro( ( x1 = we mu/ /udy ! hi/ory ( families ( languages1 especially 9 ! place :]e !y began to be =m$1 & ,i believe t language 0 =m$ 9 ,africa4 ,my hypo!sis is n applicable to all cases1 b to sev]al2 ?us1 ! ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,spani%1 etc41 come f ! ,lat91 & 7 born at its dea?2 b _m o!r languages appe> to me to take _! features "o f ! o!r by simple frequ5tation1 by ! natives be+ (t5 9 company toge!r1 &1 z "t goes on1 ^! mutual loans make two or sev]al languages1 l ! bran*es ( ! same tree1 only1 9 my idea1 ! tree does n exi/40--,correspond5ce1 #aheg4 #ceb ,see above1 p4 #gh4 #cec ,pali1 ! ord9>y language ( daily life 9 ,h9doo/an at ! "t :5 ,sanscrit 0 us$ 9 elevat$ lit]ature alone4--,,editor4 #ced ,des ,colorations de l'pid]me1 #dto1 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 #cee ,see ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man1 #ahdd4 #cef ,see ,e?nographic ,tableau 7,indig5\s ,races ( ! ,e>?1 ,london1 #aheg74 #ceg ,we may quote1 z types ( g5us1 two pa9t+s1 incomp>able 9 an an?ropological po9t ( view1 ,portrait d'un ,ngre2 ,portrait d'un ,ori5tal1 by ,h]s*op 7,b]l9 ,museum1 ,nos4 #hbe & #hbg74 #ceh ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 9 say+ t ,buffon collect$ ! acc\nts ( diff]5t travell]s 9 ord] to write 8 ,hi/oire des ,races1 adds1 8,:atev] !y h only se5 ) ! eyes ( _! body1 he sees ) ! eyes ( 8 m9d1 & by t means alone he sees bett] ?an !y c2 ea* ( !m has se5 m]ely "s scatt]$ *>act]i/ics1--,buffon sees ev]y?+2 he l9ks toge!r :atev] !y may h sep>at$1 & sep>ates :atev] !y h conf\nd$40--,hi/oire des ,ides de ,buffon1 p4 #afg4 #cei 8,boni viri nullam oportet esse causam prt] v]itatem40 #cfj ,yes1 b ! difficulty is to det]m9e if x is true4 ,we _c receive any?+ z true m]ely because a savant says x is s4 ,we mu/ g on enquir+ 9 a prop] _s2 b we mu/ n put inquiry aft] tru? 9 ! same category ) scepticism1--8t *e]lessness ( s\l to :i* c]ta9ty respect+ any?+ & ev]y?+ "h on e>? seems unatta9able40 ,?is is ! age = seek+ aft] tru?2 b 9 h[ _m diff]5t ways d m5 endeav\r to atta9 to x6 ,we mu/ se>* ! pa/ c>efully 9 all its sci5tific & natural facts1 & z ,longfell[ beautifully says1-- 8,nor deem ! irrevocable pa/1 ,z :olly wa/$1 :olly va91 ,if1 ris+ on its wrecks1 at la/ ,to some?+ nobl] we atta940 ,?is is ! true aim ( all inquiry4--,,editor4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation & acc5ts h be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic4 ,! 8,errata0 h be5 correct$ 9 l9e4