,,report ,,on ,,! ,,l&s ,,( ,,! ,,arid ,,region ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 ,,) ,a ,,m ,,detail$ ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,l&s ,,( ,,utah4 ,,) ,,maps4 ,,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,p[ell4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,,wa%+ton3 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice4 #ahgi4 ,,congress ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates 7#c;,d ,,session71 ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives1 ,m>* #c1 #ahgi4 ,! foll[+ resolution1 orig9at+ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 has ?is day be5 concurr$ 9 by ! ,s5ate3 ,resolv$1 by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 7! ,s5ate concurr+71 ,t !re be pr9t$ five ?\s& copies ( ! ,report on ! ,l&s ( ! ,arid ,region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell2 "o ?\s& = ! use ( ! ,s5ate1 two ?\s& = ! use ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & two ?\s& = ! use ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior4 ,atte/3 ,,geo4 ,m4 ,,adams1 ,cl]k4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,p[ell',s ,,report ,,on ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,rocky ,,m\nta9 ,,region4 ,,lett] ,,f ,,! ,,secret>y ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior1 ,,transmitt+ ,report ( ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell1 geologi/ 9 *>ge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geographical & ,geological ,survey ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region1 ^u ! l&s ( ! ,arid ,region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,april #c1 #ahgh4--,ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,appropriations & ord]$ to be pr9t$4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,april #c1 #ahgh4 ,,sir3 ,i h ! honor to transmit h]e) a report f ,maj4 ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell1 geologi/ 9 *>ge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geographical & ,geological ,survey ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region1 ^u ! l&s ( ! ,arid ,region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 sett+ =? ! ext5t ( said region1 & mak+ sugge/ions z to ! conditions "u :i* ! l&s embrac$ )9 its limit may be r5d]$ available = agricultural & graz+ purposes4 ,) ! report is transmitt$ a /atem5t ( ! ra9fall ( ! we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) reports ^u ! subject ( irrigation by ,capt4 ,c4 ,e4 ,dutton1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,h4 ,?ompson1 & ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t4 ,h]e) are also transmitt$ draughts ( two bills1 "o entitl$ 8,a bill to au?orize ! organization ( pa/urage di/ricts by home/ead settlem5ts on ! public l&s :i* are ( value = pa/urage purposes only01 & ! o!r 8,a bill to au?orize ! organization ( irrigation di/ricts by home/ead settlem5ts ^u ! public l&s requir+ irrigation = agricultural purposes01 int5d$ to c>ry into effect a new sy/em = ! disposal ( ! public l&s ( said region1 & to promote ! settlem5t & developm5t ( t portion ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 view ( ! importance ( r5d]+ ! va/ ext5t ( c\ntry ref]r$ to available = agricultural & graz+ purposes1 ,i h ! honor to comm5d ! views set =? by ,major ,p[ell & ! bills submitt$ h]e) to ! consid]ation ( ,congress4 ,v respectfully1 ,c4 ,,s*urz1 ,secret>y4 ,hon4 ,,samuel ,j4 ,,r&all1 ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior1 ,,g5]al ,,l& ,,(fice1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,april #a1 #ahgh4 ,,sir3 ,i h ! honor to submit h]e) a report f ,maj4 ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell1 9 *>ge ( ! ,geographical & ,geological ,survey ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 9 reg>d to ! ,arid ,region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & draughts ( two bills1 "o entitl$ 8,a bill to au?orize ! organization ( pa/urage di/ricts by home/ead settlem5ts on ! public l&s :i* are ( value = pa/urage purposes only01 & ! o!r 8,a bill to au?orize ! organization ( irrigation di/ricts by home/ead settlem5ts ^u ! public l&s requir+ irrigation = agricultural purposes04 ,major ,p[ell reviews at l5g? ! features (1 & furni%es /ati/ics relative to1 ! ,arid ,region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* is sub/antially ! t]ritory we/ ( ! "o hundr$? m]idian & ea/ ( ! ,cascade ,range1 & ! bills nam$ are int5d$1 if pass$1 to c>ry into effect ! views express$ 9 8 report = ! settlem5t & developm5t ( ?is region4 ,he has1 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 duties 9 conduct+ ! geological & geographical survey1 be5 ov] mu* ( ! c\ntry ref]r$ to1 & is qualifi$ by obs]vation1 rese>*1 & /udy to speak ( ! topography1 *>act]i/ics1 & adaptability ( ! same4 ,i h n be5 able1 on acc\nt ( m urg5t (ficial duties1 to give ,major ,p[ell's report & propos$ bills ! c>eful inve/igation necess>y1 9 view ( _! great importance1 to enable me to express a decid$ op9ion z to _! m]its4 ,"s *ange is necess>y 9 ! survey & disposal ( ! l&s1 & ,i ?9k 8 views are entitl$ to great weight1 & w\ld respectfully recomm5d t su* action be tak5 z w br+ 8 report & bills be=e ,congress = consid]ation by t body4 ,v respectfully1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,williamson1 ,commission]4 ,hon4 ,c4 ,,s*urz1 ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geographical ,,& ,,geological ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,rocky ,,m\nta9 ,,region1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,april #a1 #ahgh4 ,,sir3 ,i h ! honor to transmit h]e) a report on ! l&s ( ! ,arid ,region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,aft] sett+ =? ! g5]al facts relat+ to ! conditions "u :i* ^! l&s mu/ be utiliz$1 ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty to sugge/ a sy/em = _! disposal :i* ,i believe w\ld be adapt$ to ! wants ( ! c\ntry4 ,i wi% to express my s9c]e ?anks = ! assi/ance y h giv5 me 9 ! collection ( _m ( ! facts necess>y to ! discussion1 & especially = ! aid y h r5d]$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! maps4 ,p]mit me to express ! hope t ! great int]e/ y take 9 ! public doma9 w be rew>d$ by ! consci\sness t y h assi/$ _m citiz5s 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( f>m homes !reon4 ,i am1 ) great respect1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,j4 ,w4 ,,p[ell1 ,9 *>ge ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 & ,g4 ,survey ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region4 ,hon4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,williamson1 ,commission] ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,preface4 ,x 0 my int5tion to write a "w on ! ,public ,doma94 ,! object ( ! volume 0 to give ! ext5t & "* ( ! l&s yet belong+ to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,comp>$ ) ! :ole ext5t ( ^! l&s1 b a v small fraction is imm$iately available = agriculture2 9 g5]al1 !y require dra9age or irrigation = _! r$emption4 ,x is true t 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates !re are "s millions ( acres1 *iefly timb] l&s1 :i* at no remote "t w be occupi$ = agricultural purposes4 ,we/w>d t[>d ! ,great ,pla9s1 ! l&s 9 :at ,i h1 9 ! body ( ?is volume1 t]m$ ! ,humid ,region h pass$ f ! h&s ( ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,to ?is /atem5t !re are "s small exceptions "h & !re--fractional tracts1 :i*1 = special reasons1 h n be5 consid]$ desirable by p]sons 9 se>* ( l&s = purposes ( inve/m5t or occupation4 ,9 ! ,sub-humid ,region settlem5ts are rapidly ext5d+ we/w>d to ! v]ge ( ! c\ntry :]e agriculture is possible )\t irrigation4 ,9 ! ,humid ,region ( ! ,columbia ! agricultural l&s are l>gely cov]$ by great =e/s1 & = ?is reason settlem5ts w progress sl[ly1 z ! l&s mu/ be cle>$ ( _! timb]4 ,! r$emption ( ! ,arid ,region involves eng9e]+ problems requir+ = _! solution ! greate/ skill4 ,9 ! pres5t volume only ^! l&s are consid]$4 ,_h ,i be5 able to execute ! orig9al plan to my satisfaction1 ,i %\ld h treat$ ( ! coa/ swamps ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic & ! ,gulf slopes1 ! ,ev]glade l&s ( ! ,floridian ,p59sula1 ! flood pla9 l&s ( ! great riv]s ( ! s\?1 :i* h h]et(ore be5 made available only to a limit$ ext5t by a sy/em ( levees1 & ! lake swamp l&s f\nd ab\t ! headwat]s ( ! ,mississippi & ! region ( ! upp] ,great ,lakes4 ,all ( ^! l&s require ei!r dra9age or protection f ov]fl[1 & ! eng9e]+ problems involv$ are ( div]se nature4 ,^! l&s are to be r$eem$ f excessive humidity1 :ile ! =m] are to be r$eem$ f excessive aridity4 ,:5 ! excessively humid l&s are r$eem$1 _! f]tility is almo/ inexhau/ible1 & ! agricultural capacity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w ev5tually be l>gely increas$ by ! rescue ( ^! l&s f _! pres5t valueless condition4 ,9 l mann]1 on ! o!r h&1 ! arid l&s1 s f> z !y c be r$eem$ by irrigation1 w p]5nially yield b\ntiful crops1 z ! means = _! r$emption involves _! con/ant f]tilization4 ,to a great ext5t1 ! r$emption ( all ^! l&s w require ext5sive & compreh5sive plans1 = ! execution ( :i* aggregat$ capital or cop]ative labor w be necess>y4 ,"h1 individual f>m]s1 be+ poor m51 _c und]take ! task4 ,= its accompli%m5t a wise prevision1 embodi$ 9 c>efully consid]$ legislation1 is necess>y4 ,x 0 my purpose n only to consid] ! "* ( ! l&s !mselves1 b also ! eng9e]+ problems involv$ 9 _! r$emption1 & fur!r to make sugge/ions = ! legislative action necess>y to inaugurate ! ent]prises by :i* ^! l&s may ev5tually be rescu$ f _! pres5t wor?less /ate4 ,:5 ,i address$ myself to ! broad] task z indicat$ above1 ,i f\nd t my facts 9 relation to "s ( ! classes ( l&s m5tion$1 especially ! coa/ swamps ( ! ,gulf & "s ( ! flood pla9 l&s ( ! s\!rn riv]s1 7 too meag] = any?+ m ?an g5]al /atem5ts4 ,!re seem$ to be no imm$iate necessity = ! discussion ( ^! subjects2 b to ! ,arid ,region ( ! we/ ?\s&s ( p]sons are annually repair+1 & ! que/ions relat+ to ! utilization ( ^! l&s are ( pres5t importance4 ,"u ^! consid]ations ,i h decid$ to publi% t portion ( ! volume relat+ to ! arid l&s1 & to po/pone to "s future "t t "p relat+ to ! excessively humid l&s4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! contemplat$ volume ,i desir$ to give a hi/orical sket* ( ! legislation relat+ to swamp l&s & executive action !reund]2 ano!r *apt] on b\nty l&s & l& grants = agricultural s*ools1 & /ill ano!r on l& grants 9 aid ( int]nal improvem5ts--*iefly railroads4 ,! latt] *apt] has already be5 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,willis ,drummond1 jr41 & z ! necess>y map is ready ,i h conclud$ to publi% x n[1 m especially z ! grant$ l&s l>gely lie 9 ! ,arid ,region4 ,mr4 ,drummond's *apt] has be5 c>efully prep>$ & f9ely writt51 & conta9s mu* valuable in=mation4 ,to ! late ,pr(4 ,joseph ,h5ry1 secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,i am greatly indebt$ = access to ! records ( ! ,in/itution relat+ to ra9fall4 ,s9ce beg9n+ my explorations & surveys 9 ! f> we/1 ,i h receiv$ ! c\nsel & assi/ance ( ! v5]able pr(essor on all important matt]s relat+ to my inve/igations2 & :atev] ( value has be5 accompli%$ is due 9 no small "p to 8 wisdom & advice4 ,i _c b express pr(\nd sorr[ at ! loss ( a c\nselor s wise1 s pati5t1 & s c\rte\s4 ,i am also indebt$ to ,mr4 ,*>les ,a4 ,s*ott1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey1 to :om ! discussion ( ! ra9 gauge records has be5 intru/$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 = furni%+ to me ! requir$ data 9 advance ( publication by himself4 ,un=tunately1 ! *apt]s writt5 by ,messrs4 ,gilb]t1 ,dutton1 ,?ompson1 & ,drummond h n be5 pro(-read by !mselves1 by reason ( _! abs5ce dur+ ! "t :5 ! volume 0 go+ ?r\gh ! press2 b ?is is ! less to be regrett$ f ! fact t ! :ole volume has be5 pro(-read by ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,pill+1 ^: critical skill is all t c\ld be desir$4 ,j4 ,w4 ,p4 ,,augu/1 #ahgh4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,! fir/ edition ( ?is report hav+ be5 exhau/$ 9 a few mon?s & )\t satisfy+ ! dem& :i* ! importance ( ! subject creat$1 a second 0 ord]$ by ,congress 9 ,m>*1 #ahgi4 ,! au?ors 7 ?us giv5 an opportunity to revise _! text & elim9ate a few =mal errors :i* _h crept 9 by reason ( _! abs5ce :ile ! fir/ edition 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! press4 ,! sub/ance ( ! report is un*ang$4 ,j4 ,w4 ,p4 ,,july1 #ahgi4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,physical ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,arid ,,region3 ,page4 ,! ,arid ,region #e ,irrigable l&s #f ,advantages ( irrigation #aj ,cop]ative labor or capital necess>y = ! developm5t ( irrigation #aa ,! use ( small] /reams sometimes int]f]es ) ! use ( ! l>g] #ab ,increase ( irrigable area by ! /orage ( wat] #ab ,timb] l&s #ad ,agricultural & timb] indu/ries diff]5tiat$ #ah ,cultivation ( timb] #ai ,pa/urage l&s #ai ,pa/urage f>ms ne$ small tracts ( irrigable l& #ba ,! f>m unit = pa/urage l&s #ba ,regul> division l9es = pa/urage f>ms n practicable #bb ,f>m resid5ces %\ld be gr\p$ #bb ,pa/urage l&s _c be f5c$ #bc ,recapitulation #bc ,irrigable l&s #bc ,timb] l&s #bc ,pa/urage l&s #bd ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,l&-,,sy/em ,,ne$$ ,,= ,,! ,,arid ,,region3 ,irrigable l&s #bg ,timb] l&s #bg ,pa/urage l&s #bh ,a bill to au?orize ! organization ( irrigation di/ricts #cj ,a bill to au?orize ! organization ( pa/urage di/ricts #cc ,wat] rights #dj ,! l&s %\ld be classifi$ #dc ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,ra9fall ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates3 ,precipitation ( ! ,sub-humid ,region #dg ,precipitation ( ! ,arid ,region #dh ,precipitation ( ! ,san ,francisco ,region #di ,precipitation ( ! ,region ( ! ,l[] ,columbia #di ,di/ribution ( ra9 ?r\gh ! ye> #ej ,precipitation ( ,texas #ej ,precipitation ( ,dakota #ea ,seasonal precipitation 9 ! ,region ( ! ,pla9s #eb ,seasonal precipitation 9 ! ,san ,francisco ,region #ec ,mean temp]ature1 by seasons1 = ! ,san ,francisco ,region #ed ,seasonal precipitation & temp]ature on ! ,pacific ,coa/1 etc4 #ee ,seasonal precipitation 9 ,arizona & ,new ,mexico #ef ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,wat] ,,supply4--,,by ,g4 ,k4 ,,gilb]t3 ,increase ( /reams #eg ,rise ( ,great ,salt ,lake #eh ,volcanic !ory #fg ,climatic !ory #fh ,!ory ( human ag5cies #ga ,f>m+ )\t irrigation #gg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,c]ta9 ,,important ,,que/ions ,,relat+ ,,to ,,irrigable ,,l&s3 ,! unit ( wat] us$ 9 irrigation #ha ,! quantitative value ( wat] 9 irrigation #ha ,area ( irrigable l& sometimes n limit$ by wat] supply #he ,me?od ( det]m9+ ! supply ( wat] #he ,me?ods ( det]m9+ ! ext5t ( irrigable l& unlimit$ by wat] supply #hf ,! selection ( irrigable l&s #hg ,increase 9 ! wat] supply #hi ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,l&s ,,( ,,utah3 ,physical features #ic ,timb] #ih ,irrigable & pa/urage l&s #ajc ,u9ta-,:ite ,bas9 #ajc ,! ,caon ,l&s #aje ,! ,sevi] ,lake ,di/rict #ajf ,! ,great ,salt ,lake ,di/rict #ajf ,grasses #ajg ,table ( ,irrigable l&s 9 ,utah ,t]ritory #aaa ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,irrigable ,,l&s ,,( ,,! ,,salt ,,lake ,,dra9age ,,sy/em4--,,by ,g4 ,k4 ,,gilb]t3 ,irrigation by ! l>g] /reams #aag ,be> ,riv] dra9age bas9 #aai ,web] ,riv] dra9age bas9 #aba ,jordan ,riv] dra9age bas9 #abd ,irrigation by small] /reams #abf ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,irrigable ,,l&s ,,( ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,sevi] ,,riv]4--,,by ,,capt4 ,c4 ,e4 ,,dutton3 ,altitudes ( ! ,san ,pete ,valley #acc ,volume ( fl[+ wat] 9 ,san ,pete ,valley #adj ,irrigable l&s ( ! ,sevi] ,lake ,di/rict #add ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,irrigable ,,l&s ,,( ,,t ,,portion ,,( ,,utah ,,dra9$ ,,by ,,! ,,colorado ,,riv] ,,& ,,its ,,tribut>ies4--,,by ,,pr(4 ,a4 ,h4 ,,?ompson3 ,! ,virg9 ,riv] #aeb ,kanab ,creek #aed ,! ,p>ia ,riv] #aee ,! ,escalante ,riv] #aef ,! ,fremont ,riv] #aeg ,! ,san ,rafael ,riv] #aeh ,! ,price ,riv] #aei ,m9nie ,maud ,creek #aei ,! ,u9ta ,riv] #afj ,a%ley ,=k #afa ,h5rys ,=k #afa ,! ,:ite ,riv] #afa ,! ,gre5 ,riv] #afb ,! ,gr& ,riv] #afc ,! ,san ,juan ,riv] #afc ,o!r /reams #afc ,irrigable l&s ( ! ,colorado dra9age #afd ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,l& ,,grants ,,9 ,,aid ,,( ,,int]nal ,,improvem5ts4--,,by ,,willis ,,drummond1 ,,jr4 #afe ,,report ,,on ,,! ,,l&s ,,( ,,! ,,arid ,,region ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,p[ell4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,physical ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,arid ,,region4 ,! ea/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is suppli$ ) abundant ra9fall = agricultural purposes1 receiv+ ! necess>y am\nt f ! evaporation ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico2 b we/w>d ! am\nt ( aque\s precipitation dim9i%es 9 a g5]al way until at la/ a region is rea*$ :]e ! climate is s arid t agriculture is n successful )\t irrigation4 ,?is ,arid ,region beg9s ab\t midway 9 ! ,great ,pla9s & ext5ds across ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,b on ! nor?we/ coa/ !re is a region ( great] precipitation1 embrac+ we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,oregon & ! nor?we/ corn] ( ,cali=nia4 ,! w9ds imp++ on ?is region are freight$ ) moi/ure d]iv$ f ! great ,pacific curr5ts2 & :]e ?is wat]-lad5 atmosph]e /rikes ! we/]n coa/ 9 full =ce1 ! precipitation is excessive1 rea*+ a maximum nor? ( ! ,columbia ,riv] ( #hj in*es annually4 ,b ! ra9fall rapidly decreases f ! ,pacific ,ocean ea/w>d to ! summit ( ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s4 ,x w be conv5i5t to designate ?is humid area z ! ,l[] ,columbia ,region4 ,ra9 gauge records h n be5 made to su* an ext5t z to enable u to def9e its ea/]n & s\!rn b\nd>ies1 b z !y are *iefly along high m\nta9s1 def9ite b\nd>y l9es are unimportant 9 ! consid]ation ( agricultural res\rces & ! que/ions relat+ !reto4 ,9 l mann] on ! ea/ ! ra9 gauge records1 ?\gh m full1 d n give all ! facts necess>y to a ?or\gh discussion ( ! subject2 yet ! records are su* z to indicate approximately ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,arid ,region1 :]e irrigation is necess>y to agriculture1 & ! ,humid ,region1 :]e ! l&s receive en\gh moi/ure f ! cl\ds = ! matur+ ( crops4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es t x is n wise to dep5d ^u ra9fall :]e ! am\nt is less ?an #bj in*es annually1 if ?is am\nt is some:at ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>2 b if ! ra9fall is unev5ly di/ribut$1 s t 8ra9y seasons0 are produc$1 ! "q :e!r agriculture is possible )\t irrigation dep5ds ^u ! "t ( ! 8ra9y season0 & ! am\nt ( its ra9fall4 ,any unequal di/ribution ( ra9 ?r\gh ! ye>1 ?\gh ! inequality be s slight z n to produce 8ra9y seasons01 affects agriculture ei!r favorably or unfavorably4 ,if ! spr+ & summ] precipitation exce$s t ( ! fall & w9t]1 a small] am\nt ( annual ra9 may be suffici5t2 b if ! ra9fall dur+ ! season ( gr[+ crops is less ?an ! av]age ( ! same l5g? ( "t dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! ye>1 a great] am\nt ( annual precipitation is necess>y4 ,9 "s localities 9 ! we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?is unequal di/ribution ( ra9fall ?r\gh ! seasons affects agriculture favorably1 & ?is is true imm$iately we/ ( ! nor!rn portion ( ! l9e ( #bj in*es ( ra9fall1 :i* ext5ds along ! pla9s f our nor!rn to our s\!rn b\nd>y4 ,! isohyetal or mean annual ra9fall l9e ( #bj in*es1 z indicat$ on ! ra9 *>t accompany+ ?is report1 beg9s on ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ab\t #fj miles we/ ( ,br[nsville1 on ! ,rio ,gr&e del ,norte1 & int]sects ! nor!rn b\nd>y ab\t #ej miles ea/ ( ,pemb9a4 ,betwe5 ^! two po9ts ! l9e is v irregul>1 b 9 middle latitudes makes a g5]al curve to ! we/w>d4 ,on ! s\!rn portion ( ! l9e ! ra9fall is some:at ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! seasons1 b along ! nor!rn portion ! ra9fall ( spr+ & summ] is great] ?an t ( fall & w9t]1 & h5ce ! b\nd>y ( :at has be5 call$ ! ,arid ,region runs f>!r to ! we/4 ,aga91 !re is ano!r modify+ condition1 namely1 t ( temp]ature4 ,:]e ! temp]ature is great]1 m ra9fall is ne$$2 :]e ! temp]ature is less1 agriculture is successful ) a small] am\nt ( precipitation4 ,b geographically ?is temp]ature is dep5d5t ^u two conditions--altitude & latitude4 ,along ! nor!rn portion ( ! l9e latitude is an important factor1 & ! l9e ( possible agriculture )\t irrigation is c>ri$ /ill f>!r we/w>d4 ,?is conclusion1 bas$ ^u ! consid]ation ( ra9fall & latitude1 accords ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! f>m]s ( ! region1 = x is a well kn[n fact t agriculture )\t irrigation is successfully c>ri$ on 9 ! valley ( ! ,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,nor?1 & also 9 ! s\!a/]n portion ( ,dakota ,t]ritory4 ,a mu* m ext5d$ s]ies ( ra9-gauge records ?an we n[ h is necess>y be=e ?is l9e con/itut+ ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,arid ,region c be well def9$4 ,x is d\btless m or less me&]+ 9 its c\rse ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t f s\? to nor?1 be+ affect$ by local conditions ( ra9fall1 z well z by ! g5]al conditions above m5tion$2 b 9 a g5]al way x may be repres5t$ by ! "o hundr$? m]idian1 9 "s places pass+ to ! ea/1 9 o!rs to ! we/1 b 9 ! ma9 to ! ea/4 ,! limit ( successful agriculture )\t irrigation has be5 set at #bj in*es1 t ! ext5t ( ! ,arid ,region %\ld by no means be exagg]at$2 b at #bj in*es agriculture w n be uni=mly successful f season to season4 ,_m dr\ghts w occur2 _m seasons 9 a long s]ies w be fruitless2 & x may be d\bt$ :e!r1 on ! :ole1 agriculture w prove remun]ative4 ,on ?is po9t x is impossible to speak ) c]ta9ty4 ,a l>g] exp]i5ce ?an ! hi/ory ( agriculture 9 ! we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates af=ds is necess>y to a f9al det]m9ation ( ! "q4 ,9 fact1 a broad belt sep>ates ! ,arid ,region ( ! we/ f ! ,humid ,region ( ! ea/4 ,ext5d+ f ! "o hundr$? m]idian ea/w>d to ab\t ! isohyetal l9e ( #bh in*es1 ! di/rict ( c\ntry ?us embrac$ w be subject m or less to disa/r\s dr\ghts1 ! frequ5cy ( :i* w dim9i% f we/ to ea/4 ,= conv5i5ce let ?is be call$ ! ,sub-humid ,region4 ,its we/]n b\nd>y is ! l9e already def9$ z runn+ irregul>ly along ! "o hundr$? m]idian4 ,its ea/]n b\nd>y passes we/ ( ! isohyetal l9e ( #bh in*es ( ra9fall 9 ,m9nesota1 runn+ approximately p>allel to ! we/]n b\nd>y l9e above describ$4 ,ne>ly "o-t5? ( ! :ole area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 exclusive ( ,alaska1 is embrac$ 9 ?is ,sub-humid ,region4 ,9 ! we/]n portion disa/r\s dr\ghts w be frequ5t2 9 ! ea/]n portion infrequ5t4 ,9 ! we/]n portion agriculturi/s w e>ly resort to irrigation to secure immunity f su* disa/]s1 & ?is ev5t w be ha/5$ because irrigation :5 prop]ly conduct$ is a p]5nial s\rce ( f]tilization1 & is ev5 remun]ative = ?is purpose alone2 & = ! same reason ! inhabitants ( ! ea/]n "p w gradually develop irrigat+ me?ods4 ,x may be confid5tly expect$ t at a "t n f> di/ant irrigation w be practic$ to a great] or less ext5t ?r\gh\t ?is ,sub-humid ,region4 ,its settlem5t pres5ts problems diff]+ mat]ially f ^? p]ta9+ to ! region to ! we/w>d4 ,irrigation is n imm$iately necess>y1 & h5ce agriculture does n imm$iately dep5d ^u capital4 ,! region may be settl$ & its agricultural capacities m or less develop$1 & ! "q ( ! con/ruction ( irrigat+ canals may be a matt] ( "t & conv5i5ce4 ,= _m reasons1 mu* ( ! sub-humid belt is attractive to settl]s3 x is almo/ de/itute ( =e/s1 & = ?is reason is m readily subdu$1 z ! l& is ready = ! pl[4 ,b because ( ! lack ( =e/s ! c\ntry is m dep5d5t ^u railroads = ! transportation ( build+ & f5c+ mat]ials & = fuel4 ,to a l>ge ext5t x is a region :]e timb] may be successfully cultivat$4 ,z ! ra9fall is on a g5]al av]age ne>ly suffici5t = cont9u\s successful agriculture1 ! am\nt ( wat] to be suppli$ by irrigat+ canals w be comp>atively small1 s t its /reams c s]ve proportionally l>g] areas ?an ! /reams ( ! ,arid ,region4 ,9 its fir/ settlem5t ! p w be favor$ by hav+ l&s easily subdu$1 b !y w h to cont5d aga9/ a lack ( timb]4 ,ev5tually ?is w be a region ( great agricultural weal?1 z 9 g5]al ! soils are good4 ,f our nor!rn to our s\!rn b\nd>y no swamp l&s are f\nd1 except to "s slight ext5t 9 ! nor!a/]n portion1 & x has no excessively hilly or m\nta9\s di/ricts4 ,x is a beautiful prairie c\ntry ?r\gh\t1 lack+ some:at 9 ra9fall2 b ?is want c be easily suppli$ by utiliz+ ! liv+ /reams2 &1 fur!r1 ^! /reams w af=d f]tiliz+ mat]ials ( great value4 ,! ,humid ,region ( ! l[] ,columbia & ! ,sub-humid ,region ( ! ,great ,pla9s h be5 ?us briefly indicat$ 9 ord] t ! great ,arid ,region1 :i* is ! subject ( ?is pap]1 may be m cle>ly def9$4 ,,! ,,arid ,,region4 ,! ,arid ,region is ! great ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x embraces some?+ m ?an f\r-t5?s ( ! :ole c\ntry1 exclud+ ,alaska4 ,9 all ?is region ! mean annual ra9fall is insuffici5t = agriculture1 b 9 c]ta9 seasons "s localities1 n[ "h1 n[ !re1 receive m ?an _! av]age supply4 ,"u su* conditions crops w mature )\t irrigation4 ,z su* seasons are m or less infrequ5t ev5 9 ! m favor$ localities1 & z ! agriculturi/ _c det]m9e 9 advance :5 su* seasons may occur1 ! opportunities af=d$ by excessive ra9fall _c be improv$4 ,9 c5tral & nor!rn ,cali=nia an unequal di/ribution ( ra9fall ?r\gh ! seasons affects agricultural int]e/s favorably4 ,a 8ra9y season0 is "h f\nd1 & ! *ief precipitation occurs 9 ! mon?s ( ,decemb]-,april4 ,! climate1 temp]$ by mild w9ds f ! broad expanse ( ,pacific wat]s1 is g5ial1 & c]ta9 crops are rais$ by s[+ ! se$s imm$iately be=e or dur+ ! 8ra9y season01 & ! wat]+ :i* !y receive causes ! gra9s to mature s t fairly remun]ative crops are produc$4 ,b "h aga9 ! l&s are subject to ! dr\ghts ( abnormal seasons4 ,z _m ( ^! l&s c be irrigat$1 ! f>m]s ( ! c\ntry are resort+ m & m to ! /reams1 & soon all ! liv+ wat]s ( ?is region w be br\ght into requisition4 ,9 ! tables ( a subsequ5t *apt] ?is w be call$ ! ,san ,francisco ,region4 ,aga9 9 ea/]n ,wa%+ton & ,oregon1 & p]haps 9 nor!rn ,idaho1 agriculture is practic$ to a limit$ ext5t )\t irrigation4 ,! conditions ( climate by :i* ?is is r5d]$ possible are n yet fully und]/ood4 ,! precipitation ( moi/ure on ! m\nta9s is great] ?an on ! l[l&s1 b ! hills & mesas adjac5t to ! great masses ( m\nta9s receive a little ( ! supply cond5s$ by ! m\nta9s !mselves1 & x w probably be f\nd t limit$ localities 9 ,montana1 & ev5 9 ,wyom+1 w be favor$ by ?is condition to an ext5t suffici5t to w>rant agricultural op]ations indep5d5t ( irrigation4 ,^! l&s1 h[ev]1 are usually suppli$ ) liv+ /reams1 & _! irrigation c be readily effect$1 & to secure great] c]ta9ty & great] yield ( crops irrigation w be practic$ 9 su* places4 ,,irrigable ,,l&s4 ,)9 ! ,arid ,region only a small portion ( ! c\ntry is irrigable4 ,^! irrigable tracts are l[l&s ly+ along ! /reams4 ,on ! m\nta9s & high plateaus =e/s are f\nd at elevations s great t frequ5t summ] fro/s =bid ! cultivation ( ! soil4 ,"h are ! natural timb] l&s ( ! ,arid ,region--an upp] region set ap>t by nature = ! gr[? ( timb] necess>y to ! m9+1 manufactur+1 & agricultural indu/ries ( ! c\ntry4 ,betwe5 ! l[ irrigable l&s & ! elevat$ =e/ l&s !re are valleys1 mesas1 hills1 & m\nta9 slopes be>+ grasses ( great] or less value = pa/urage purposes4 ,!n1 9 discuss+ ! l&s ( ! ,arid ,region1 ?ree great classes are recogniz$--! irrigable l&s bel[1 ! =e/ l&s above1 & ! pa/urage l&s betwe54 ,9 ord] to set =? ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! l&s & ! conditions "u :i* !y c be mo/ pr(itably utiliz$1 x is deem$ be/ to discuss fir/ a some:at limit$ region 9 detail z a fair type ( ! :ole4 ,! survey "u ! direction ( ! writ] has be5 ext5d$ ov] ! great] "p ( ,utah1 a small "p ( ,wyom+ & ,colorado1 ! nor!rn portion ( ,arizona1 & a small "p ( ,nevada1 b x is propos$ to take up = ?is discussion only ! area embrac$ 9 ,utah ,t]ritory4 ,9 ,utah ,t]ritory agriculture is dep5d5t ^u irrigation4 ,to ?is /atem5t !re are "s small exceptions4 ,9 ! m elevat$ regions !re are tracts ( mead[ l& f :i* small crops ( hay c be tak53 su* l&s be+ at high] altitudes ne$ less moi/ure1 & at ! same "t receive a great] am\nt ( ra9fall because ( ! altitude2 b ^! mead[s h be51 (t5 are1 & 9 future w be1 /ill m improv$ by irrigation4 ,aga91 on ! belt ( c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ,great ,salt ,lake & ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s ! local ra9fall is mu* great] ?an ! g5]al ra9fall ( ! region4 ,! wat] evaporat$ f ! lake is c>ri$ by ! we/]ly w9ds to ! adjac5t m\nta9s on ! ea/ & aga9 cond5s$1 & ! ra9fall ?us produc$ ext5ds some:at beyond ! area occupi$ by ! m\nta9s1 s t ! foot hills & contigu\s b5* l&s receive a modicum ( ?is special supply4 ,9 "s seasons ?is additional supply is en\gh to wat] ! l&s = remun]ative agriculture1 b ! crops gr[n w usually be v small1 & !y w be subject to seasons ( extreme dr\ght1 :5 all agriculture w result 9 failure4 ,mo/ ( ^! l&s c be irrigat$1 & d\btless w be1 f a consid]ation ( ! facts already /at$1 namely1 t crops w !reby be greatly increas$ & immunity f dr\ght secur$4 ,p]haps o!r small tracts1 on acc\nt ( _! subsoils1 c be pr(itably cultivat$ 9 favorable seasons1 b all ( ^! exceptions are small1 & ! fact rema9s t agriculture is !re dep5d5t ^u irrigation4 ,only a small "p ( ! t]ritory1 h[ev]1 c be r$eem$1 z high1 rugg$ m\nta9s & elevat$ plateaus occupy mu* ( its area1 & ^! regions are s elevat$ t summ] fro/s =bid _! occupation by ! f>m]4 ,?us !rmic conditions limit agriculture to ! l[l&s1 & "h ano!r limit is f\nd 9 ! supply ( wat]4 ,"s ( ! l>ge /reams run 9 deep gorges s f> bel[ ! g5]al surface ( ! c\ntry t !y _c be us$2 = example1 ! ,colorado ,riv] runs ?r\gh ! s\!a/]n portion ( ! ,t]ritory & c>ries a great volume ( wat]1 b no portion ( x c be utiliz$ )9 ! ,t]ritory f ! fact t its *annel is s mu* bel[ ! adjac5t l&s4 ,! ,be> ,riv]1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,t]ritory1 runs 9 a some:at n>r[ valley1 s t only a portion ( its wat]s c be utiliz$4 ,g5]ally ! small] /reams c be :olly employ$ 9 agriculture1 b ! l&s :i* might ?us be reclaim$ are ( great] ext5t ?an ! am\nt :i* ! /reams c s]ve2 h5ce 9 all su* regions ! ext5t ( irrigable l& is dep5d5t ^u ! volume ( wat] c>ri$ by ! /reams4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! am\nt ( irrigable l& 9 ,utah x 0 necess>y to det]m9e ! areas to :i* ! l>g] /reams c be tak5 by prop] eng9e]+ skill1 & ! am\nt :i* ! small] /reams c s]ve4 ,9 ! latt] case x 0 necess>y to det]m9e fir/ ! am\nt ( l& :i* a giv5 am\nt or unit ( wat] w\ld supply1 & !n ! volume ( wat] runn+ 9 ! /reams2 ! product ( ^! factors giv+ ! ext5t ( ! irrigable l&s4 ,a cont9u\s fl[ ( "o cubic foot ( wat] p] second 0 tak5 z ! unit1 & aft] c>eful consid]ation x 0 assum$ t ?is unit ( wat] w s]ve f #hj to #ajj acres ( l&4 ,usually ! computations h be5 made on ! basis ( #ajj acres4 ,?is unit 0 det]m9$ 9 ! mo/ practical way--f ! exp]i5ce ( ! f>m]s ( ,utah :o h be5 practic+ agriculture = ! pa/ ?irty ye>s4 ,_m ( ! f>m]s w n admit t s great a tract c be cultivat$ by ?is unit4 ,9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( irrigation 9 ?is c\ntry ! l&s 7 ov]suppli$ ) wat]1 b exp]i5ce has %[n t irrigation is mo/ successful :5 ! lea/ am\nt ( wat] is us$ necess>y to a vigor\s gr[? ( ! crops2 t is1 a great] yield is obta9$ by avoid+ bo? scanty & excessive wat]+2 b ! t5d5cy to ov]wat] ! l&s is correct$ only by ext5d$ exp]i5ce4 ,a great _m ( ! wat]ways are s rudely con/ruct$ t mu* wa/e ensues4 ,z irrigat+ me?ods are improv$ ?is wa/age w be avoid$2 s 9 assum+ t a cubic foot ( wat] w irrigate f #hj to #ajj acres ( l& x is at ! same "t assum$ t only ! necess>y am\nt ( wat] w be us$1 & t ! wat]ways w ev5tually be s con/ruct$ t ! wa/e n[ almo/ univ]sal w be prev5t$4 ,9 det]m9+ ! volume ( wat] fl[+ 9 ! /reams great accuracy has n be5 atta9$4 ,= ?is purpose x w\ld be necess>y to make cont9u\s daily1 or ev5 h\rly1 obs]vations = a s]ies ( ye>s on ea* /ream1 b by ! me?ods describ$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s x w be se5 t a fair approximation to a correct am\nt has be5 made4 ,= ! degree ( accuracy rea*$ mu* is due to ! fact t _m ( ! small] /reams are already us$ to _! fulle/ capacity1 & ?us exp]i5ce has solv$ ! problem4 ,hav+ det]m9$ f ! op]ations ( irrigation t "o cubic foot p] second ( wat] w irrigate f #hj to #ajj acres ( l& :5 ! greate/ economy is us$1 & hav+ det]m9$ ! volume ( wat] or numb] ( cubic feet p] second fl[+ 9 ! sev]al /reams ( ,utah by ! mo/ ?or\gh me?ods available "u ! circum/ances1 x appe>s t )9 ! t]ritory1 exclud+ a small portion 9 ! s\!a/]n corn] :]e ! survey has n yet be5 complet$1 ! am\nt ( l& :i* x is possible to r$eem by ?is me?od is ab\t #b1bfb squ>e miles1 or #a1ddg1ibj acres4 ,( c\rse ?is am\nt does n lie 9 a cont9u\s body1 b is scatt]$ 9 small tracts along ! wat] c\rses4 ,= ! purpose ( exhibit+ _! situations a map ( ! t]ritory has be5 prep>$1 & w be f\nd accompany+ ?is report1 on :i* ! sev]al tracts ( irrigable l&s h be5 color$4 ,a glance at ?is map w %[ h[ !y are di/ribut$4 ,exclud+ t small portion ( ! t]ritory 9 ! s\!a/ corn] n embrac$ 9 ! map1 ,utah has an area ( #hj1jjj squ>e miles1 ( :i* #b1bfb squ>e miles are irrigable4 ,t is1 #b4h p] c5t4 ( ! l&s "u consid]ation c be cultivat$ by utiliz+ all ! available /reams dur+ ! irrigat+ season4 ,9 addition to ! /reams consid]$ 9 ?is /atem5t !re are num]\s small spr+s on ! m\nta9 sides scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! t]ritory--spr+s :i* d n fe$ p]man5t /reams2 & if _! wat]s 7 us$ = irrigation ! ext5t ( irrigable l& w\ld be slightly increas$2 to :at exact am\nt _c be /at$1 b ! diff]5ce w\ld be s small z n to mat]ially affect ! g5]al /atem5t1 & d\btless ^! spr+s c be us$ 9 ano!r way & to a bett] purpose1 z w h]eaft] appe>4 ,?is /atem5t ( ! facts relat+ to ! irrigable l&s ( ,utah w s]ve to give a cle>] conception ( ! ext5t & condition ( ! irrigable l&s ?r\gh\t ! ,arid ,region4 ,su* z c be r$eem$ are scatt]$ along ! wat] c\rses1 & are 9 g5]al ! l[e/ l&s ( ! sev]al di/ricts to :i* !y belong4 ,9 "s ( ! /ates & t]ritories ! p]c5tage ( irrigable l& is less ?an 9 ,utah1 9 o!rs great]1 & x is probable t ! p]c5tage 9 ! entire region is some:at great] ?an 9 ! t]ritory :i* we h consid]$4 ,! ,arid ,region is some:at m ?an f\r-t5?s ( ! total area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & z ! agricultural int]e/s ( s great an area are dep5d5t ^u irrigation x w be int]e/+ to consid] c]ta9 que/ions relat+ to ! economy & practicability ( di/ribut+ ! wat]s ov] ! l&s to be r$eem$4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,irrigation4 ,!re are two consid]ations t make irrigation attractive to ! agriculturi/4 ,crops ?us cultivat$ are n subject to ! vicissitudes ( ra9fall2 ! f>m] fe>s no dr\ghts2 8 labors are seldom int]rupt$ & 8 crops r>ely injur$ by /orms4 ,?is immunity f dr\ght & /orm r5d]s agricultural op]ations mu* m c]ta9 ?an 9 regions ( great] humidity4 ,aga91 ! wat] comes d[n f ! m\nta9s & plateaus freight$ ) f]tiliz+ mat]ials d]iv$ f ! decay+ vegetation & soils ( ! upp] regions1 :i* are spread by ! fl[+ wat] ov] ! cultivat$ l&s4 ,x is probable t ! b5efits d]iv$ f ?is s\rce alone w be full comp5sation = ! co/ ( ! process4 ,hi!rto ^! b5efits h n be5 fully realiz$1 f ! fact t ! me?ods employ$ h be5 m or less crude4 ,:5 ! fl[ ( wat] ov] ! l& is too great or too rapid ! f]tiliz+ elem5ts borne 9 ! wat]s are c>ri$ pa/ ! fields1 & a wa%+ is produc$ :i* deprives ! l&s irrigat$ ( _! mo/ valuable elem5ts1 & little /reams cut ! fields ) *annels injuri\s 9 div]se ways4 ,exp]i5ce corrects ^! errors1 & ! irrigator soon le>ns to flood 8 l&s g5tly1 ev5ly1 & economically4 ,x may be anticipat$ t all ! l&s r$eem$ by irrigation 9 ! ,arid ,region w be highly cultivat$ & abundantly productive1 & agriculture w be b slightly subject to ! vicissitudes ( scant & excessive ra9fall4 ,a /rang] ent]+ ?is ,arid ,region is apt to conclude t ! soils are /]ile1 because ( _! *emical composition1 b exp]i5ce demon/rates ! fact t all ! soils are suitable = agricultural purposes :5 prop]ly suppli$ ) wat]4 ,x is true t "s ( ! soils are ov]*>g$ ) alkal9e mat]ials1 b ^! c 9 "t be 8wa%$ out04 ,altoge!r ! fact sugge/s t f> too mu* att5tion has h]et(ore be5 paid to ! *emical con/itution ( soils & too little to ^? physical conditions by :i* moi/ure & air are suppli$ to ! roots ( ! gr[+ plants4 ,,co,,p]ative ,,labor ,,or ,,capital ,,necess>y ,,= ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,irrigation4 ,small /reams c be tak5 out & di/ribut$ by individual ent]prise1 b cop]ative labor or aggregat$ capital mu/ be employ$ 9 tak+ out ! l>g] /reams4 ,! div]sion ( a l>ge /ream f its *annel into a sy/em ( canals dem&s a l>ge outlay ( labor & mat]ial4 ,to repay ?is all ! wat]s s tak5 out mu/ be us$1 & l>ge tracts ( l& ?us become dep5d5t ^u a s+le canal4 ,x is manife/ t a f>m] dep5d+ ^u 8 own labor _c und]take ?is task4 ,to a great ext5t ! small /reams are already employ$1 & b a comp>atively small portion ( ! irrigable l&s c be ?us r$eem$2 h5ce ! *ief future developm5t ( irrigation mu/ come f ! use ( ! l>g] /reams4 ,usually ! conflu5ce ( ! brooks & creeks :i* =m a l>ge riv] takes place )9 ! m\nta9 di/rict :i* furni%es its s\rce be=e ! /ream ent]s ! l[l&s :]e ! wat]s are to be us$4 ,! volume ( wat] c>ri$ by ! small /reams t rea* ! l[l&s be=e unit+ ) ! great riv]s1 or be=e !y are lo/ 9 ! s&s1 is v small :5 comp>$ ) ! volume ( ! /reams :i* em]ge f ! m\nta9s z riv]s4 ,?is fact is important4 ,if ! /reams c\ld be us$ along _! upp] ramifications :ile ! sev]al bran*es are yet small1 poor m5 c\ld occupy ! l&s1 & by _! individual ent]prise ! agriculture ( ! c\ntry w\ld be gradually ext5d$ to ! limit ( ! capacity ( ! region2 b :5 f>m+ is dep5d5t ^u l>g] /reams su* m5 are b>r$ f ^! ent]prises until cop]ative labor c be organiz$ or capital induc$ to assi/4 ,be=e _m ye>s all ! available small] /reams ?r\gh\t ! entire region w be occupi$ 9 s]v+ ! l&s1 & !n all future developm5t w dep5d on ! conditions above describ$4 ,9 ,utah ,t]ritory cop]ative labor1 "u ecclesia/ical organization1 has be5 v successful4 ,outside ( ,utah !re are b few in/ances :]e x has be5 tri$2 b at ,greeley1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,colorado1 ?is sy/em has be5 em95tly successful4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,small] ,,/reams ,,sometimes ,,int]f]es ,,) ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,l>g]4 ,a riv] em]g+ f a m\nta9 region & me&]+ ?r\gh a valley may receive small tribut>ies along its valley c\rse4 ,^! small /reams w usually be tak5 out fir/1 & ! l&s :i* !y w be made to s]ve w (t5 lie l[ d[n 9 ! valley1 because ! wat]s c be m easily controll$ "h & because ! l&s are bett]2 & ?is w be done )\t reg>d to ! subsequ5t use ( ! l>g] /ream to :i* ! small] ones are tribut>y4 ,b :5 ! "t comes to take out ! l>g] /ream1 x is f\nd t ! l&s :i* x c be made to s]ve ly+ adjac5t on ei!r h& are already 9 "p s]v$ by ! small] /reams1 & z x w n pay to take out ! l>g] /ream )\t us+ all ( its wat]1 & z ! p :o use ! small] /reams h already ve/$ rights 9 ^! l&s1 a practical prohibition is plac$ ^u ! use ( ! l>g] riv]4 ,9 ,utah1 *ur* au?ority1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 adju/s ^! conflict+ int]e/s by caus+ ! small] /reams to be tak5 out high] up 9 _! c\rse4 ,su* adju/m5t is n s easily atta9$ by ! great body ( p settl+ 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region1 & "s provision aga9/ ?is difficulty is an imm$iate necessity4 ,x is a difficulty j appe>+1 b 9 ! future x w be "o ( great magnitude4 ,,increase ,,( ,,irrigable ,,area ,,by ,,! ,,/orage ,,( ,,wat]4 ,)9 ! ,arid ,region great deposits ( gold1 silv]1 iron1 coal1 & _m o!r m9]als are f\nd1 & ! rapid developm5t ( ^! m9+ indu/ries w dem& p>i passu a rapid developm5t ( agriculture4 ,?us all ! l&s t c be irrigat$ w be requir$ = agricultural products necess>y to supply ! local m>ket creat$ by ! m9es4 ,= ?is purpose ! wat]s ( ! non-gr[+ season w be /or$1 t !y may be us$ 9 ! gr[+ season4 ,!re are two me?ods ( /or+ ! wa/e wat]s4 ,res]voirs may be con/ruct$ ne> ! s\rces ( ! /reams & ! wat]s held 9 ! upp] valleys1 or ! wat] may be run f ! canals into ponds )9 or adjac5t to ! di/rict :]e irrigation is practic$4 ,?is latt] me?od w be employ$ fir/4 ,x is already employ$ to "s ext5t :]e local int]e/s dem& & favorable opportunities are af=d$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! opportunities = pond+ wat] 9 ?is way are infrequ5t1 z ! depressions :]e ponds c easily be made are liable to be s l[ t ! wat]s _c be tak5 f !m to ! adjac5t l&s1 b occasionally v favorable sites = su* ponds may be f\nd4 ,?is is especially true ne> ! m\nta9s :]e alluvial cones h be5 =m$ at ! deb\*ure ( ! /reams f ! m\nta9 caons4 ,j at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s are _m places :]e anci5t glaciation has left ! g5]al surface ) _m depressions favorable to pond+4 ,pond+ 9 ! l[] region is some:at wa/eful ( wat]1 z ! evaporation is great] ?an above1 & ! pond be+ m or less %all[ a great] proportional surface = evaporation is pres5t$4 ,?is wa/age is app>5t :5 x is rememb]$ t ! evaporation 9 an arid climate may be f #fj to #hj in*es annually1 or ev5 great]4 ,mu* ( ! wa/e wat] comes d[n 9 ! spr+ :5 ! /reams are high & be=e ! gr[+ crops dem& a great supply4 ,:5 ?is wat] is /or$ ! loss by evaporation w be small4 ,! great] /orage ( wat] mu/ come f ! con/ruction ( great res]voirs 9 ! highl&s :]e lat]al valleys may be damm$ & ! ma9 /reams conduct$ into !m by canals4 ,on mo/ /reams favorable sites = su* wat] works c be f\nd4 ,?is subject _c be discuss$ at any l5g? 9 a g5]al way1 f ! fact t ea* /ream pres5ts problems peculi> to itself4 ,x _c be v def9itely /at$ to :at ext5t irrigation c be increas$ by ! /orage ( wat]4 ,! ra9fall is mu* great] 9 ! m\nta9 ?an 9 ! valley di/ricts4 ,mu* ( ?is precipitation 9 ! m\nta9 di/ricts falls z sn[4 ,! great sn[ banks are ! res]voirs :i* hold ! wat] = ! gr[+ seasons4 ,!n ! /reams are at flood tide2 _m g dry aft] ! sn[s h be5 melt$ by ! midsumm] sun2 h5ce !y supply dur+ ! irrigat+ "t mu* m wat] ?an dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! ye>4 ,dur+ ! fall & w9t] ! /reams are small2 9 late spr+ & e>ly summ] !y are v l>ge4 ,a day's fl[ at flood "t is great] ?an a mon?'s fl[ at l[ wat] "t4 ,dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! irrigat+ season less wat] is ne$$1 b dur+ t same "t ! supply is greate/4 ,! *ief increase w come f ! /orage ( ?is excess ( wat] 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! irrigat+ season4 ,! am\nt to be /or$ w !n be great1 & ! "t ( ?is /orage w be s %ort t x w be b little dim9i%$ by evaporation4 ,! wat]s ( ! fall & w9t] are s small 9 am\nt t !y w n furni% a great supply1 & ! "t = _! /orage w be s great t mu* w be lo/ by evaporation4 ,! increase by /orage w ev5tually be important1 & x w\ld be wise to anticipate ! "t :5 x w be ne$$ by res]v+ sites = pr9cipal res]voirs & l>g] ponds4 ,,timb] ,,l&s4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,arid ,region timb] ( value is f\nd gr[+ spontane\sly on ! high] plateaus & m\nta9s4 ,^! timb] regions are b\nd$ above & bel[ by l9es :i* are v irregul>1 due to local conditions4 ,above ! upp] l9e no timb] gr[s because ( ! rigor ( ! climate1 & bel[ no timb] gr[s because ( aridity4 ,bo? ! upp] & l[] l9es desc5d 9 pass+ f s\? to nor?2 t is1 ! timb] di/ricts are f\nd at a l[] altitude 9 ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,arid ,region ?an 9 ! s\!rn4 ,! =e/s are *iefly ( p9e1 spruce1 & fir1 b ! p9es are ( pr9cipal value4 ,bel[ ^! timb] regions1 on ! l[] slopes ( m\nta9s1 on ! mesas & hills1 l[1 scatt]$ =e/s are (t5 f\nd1 compos$ ma9ly ( dw>f$ pion p9es & c$>s4 ,^! /unt$ =e/s h "s slight value = fuel1 & ev5 = f5c+1 b ! =e/s ( pr9cipal value are f\nd 9 ! ,timb] ,region z above describ$4 ,prim>ily ! gr[? ( timb] dep5ds on climatic conditions--humidity & temp]ature4 ,:]e ! temp]ature is high]1 humidity mu/ be great]1 & :]e ! temp]ature is l[]1 humidity may be less4 ,^! two conditions re/rict ! =e/s to ! highl&s1 z above /at$4 ,( ! two factors involv$ 9 ! gr[? ( timb]1 t ( ! degree ( humidity is ( ! fir/ importance2 ! degree ( temp]ature affects ! problem comp>atively little1 & = mo/ ( ! purposes ( ?is discussion may be neglect$4 ,= conv5i5ce1 all ^! upp] regions :]e conditions ( temp]ature & humidity are favorable to ! gr[? ( timb] may be call$ ! timb] regions4 ,n all ^! highl&s are alike cov]$ ) =e/s4 ,! timb] regions are only 9 "p areas ( /&+ timb]4 ,?is limitation is caus$ by fire4 ,?r\gh\t ! timb] regions ( all ! arid l& fires annually de/roy l>g] or small] di/ricts ( timb]1 n[ "h1 n[ !re1 & ?is de/ruction is on a scale s va/ t ! am\nt tak5 f ! l&s = indu/rial purposes s9ks by comp>ison into insignificance4 ,! cause ( ?is great de/ruction is wor?y ( c>eful att5tion4 ,! conditions "u :i* ^! fires rage are climatic4 ,:]e ! ra9fall is great & extreme dr\ghts are infrequ5t1 =e/s gr[ )\t mu* int]ruption f fires2 b betwe5 t degree ( humidity necess>y = _! protection1 & t small] degree necess>y to gr[?1 all l&s are swept b>e by fire to an ext5t :i* /eadily increases f ! m humid to ! m arid di/ricts1 until at la/ all =e/s are de/roy$1 ?\gh ! humidity is /ill suffici5t = _! gr[? if immunity f fire 7 secur$4 ,! am\nt ( mean annual ra9fall necess>y to ! gr[? ( =e/s if protect$ f fire is probably ab\t ! same z ! am\nt necess>y = agriculture )\t irrigation2 at any rate1 x is some:]e f #bj to #bd in*es4 ,all timb] gr[? bel[ t am\nt is ( a "* s /unt$ z to be ( little value1 & ! gr[? is s sl[ t1 :5 once ! timb] has be5 tak5 f ! c\ntry1 ! "t necess>y = a new =e/ gr[? is s great t no practical purpose is subs]v$4 ,! evid5ce t ! gr[? ( timb]1 if protect$ f fires1 might be ext5d$ to ! limits "h giv5 is abundant4 ,x is a matt] ( exp]i5ce t plant$ =e/s ?us protect$ w ?rive ?r\gh\t ! prairie region & f> we/w>d on ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,9 ! m\nta9 region x may be frequ5tly obs]v$ t =e/ trees gr[ l[ d[n on ! m\nta9 slopes & 9 ! high] valleys :]ev] local circum/ances protect !m f fires1 z 9 ! case ( rocky l&s t give insuffici5t foot+ to ! grass & %rubs 9 :i* fires g5]ally spread4 ,^! cases mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ^? pat*es ( =e/ t gr[ on alluvial cones :]e riv]s leave m\nta9 caons & ent] valleys or pla9s4 ,"h ! /reams1 clogg$ by ! mat]ial wa%$ f ! adjac5t m\nta9s by /orms1 are frequ5tly turn$ f _! c\rses & divid$ into _m *annels runn+ ne> ! surface4 ,?us a subt]ranean wat]+ is effect$ favorable to ! gr[? ( trees1 z _! roots p5etrate to suffici5t dep?4 ,usually ?is wat]+ is too deep = agriculture1 s t =e/s gr[ on l&s t _c be cultivat$ )\t irrigation4 ,fire is ! imm$iate cause ( ! lack ( timb] on ! prairies1 ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,great ,pla9s1 & on "s portions ( ! highl&s ( ! ,arid ,region2 b fires obta9 _! de/ructive =ce ?r\gh climatic conditions1 s t directly & remotely climate det]m9es ! gr[? ( all =e/s4 ,)9 ! region :]e prairies1 groves1 & =e/s appe>1 ! local di/ribution ( timb] gr[? is *iefly dep5d5t ^u dra9age & soil1 a subject :i* ne$s n be "h discuss$4 ,only a small portion ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region is protect$ by climatic conditions f ! invasion ( fires1 & a suffici5cy ( =e/s = ! c\ntry dep5ds ^u ! control :i* c be obta9$ ov] t de/ructive ag5t4 ,a glance at ! map ( ,utah w exhibit ! ext5t & di/ribution ( ! =e/ region ?r\gh\t t t]ritory1 & also %[ :at portions ( x are 9 fact occupi$ by /&+ timb]4 ,! area ( /&+ timb]1 z exhibit$ on ! map1 is b a "p ( ! ,timb] ,region z !re %[n1 & includes all ( ! timb]1 :e!r d5se or scatt]$4 ,necess>ily ! area ( /&+ timb] has be5 g5]aliz$4 ,x 0 n f\nd practicable to indicate ! gr[? ( timb] 9 any ref9$ way by grad+ x1 & by reject+ f ! g5]al area ! innum]able small op5 spaces4 ,if ! area ( /&+ timb] 7 consid]$ by acres1 & all acres n hav+ timb] valuable = mill+ purposes reject$1 ! ext5t w\ld be r$uc$ at lea/ to "o-f\r? ( t color$4 ,)9 ! t]ritory repres5t$ on ! map ! ,timb] ,region has an ext5t ( #ah1ejj squ>e miles2 t is1 #bc p] c5t4 belongs to ! ,timb] ,region4 ,! g5]al area ( /&+ timb] is ab\t #aj1jjj squ>e miles1 or #ab4e p] c5t4 ( ! entire area4 ,! area ( mill+ timb]1 det]m9$ 9 ! m ref9$ way indicat$ above1 is ab\t #b1ejj squ>e miles1 or #c p] c5t4 ( ! area embrac$ on ! map4 ,9 _m portions ( ! ,arid ,region ^! p]c5tages are mu* small]4 ,?is is true ( s\!rn ,cali=nia1 ,nevada1 s\!rn ,arizona1 & ,idaho4 ,9 o!r regions ! p]c5tages are l>g]4 ,utah gives ab\t a fair av]age4 ,9 g5]al x may be /at$ t ! timb] regions are fully adequate to ! gr[? ( all ! =e/s :i* ! indu/rial int]e/s ( ! c\ntry w require if !y c be protect$ f desolation by fire4 ,no limitation to ! use ( ! =e/s ne$ be made4 ,! am\nt :i* ! citiz5s ( ! c\ntry w require w be> b a small proportion to ! am\nt :i* ! fires w de/roy2 & if ! fires are prev5t$1 ! r5ewal by annual gr[? w m ?an replace t tak5 by man4 ,! protection ( ! =e/s ( ! entire ,arid ,region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is r$uc$ to "o s+le problem--,c ^! =e/s be sav$ f fire8 ,! writ] has witness$ two fires 9 ,colorado1 ea* ( :i* de/roy$ m timb] ?an all t us$ by ! citiz5s ( t ,/ate f its settlem5t to ! pres5t day2 & at lea/ ?ree 9 ,utah1 ea* ( :i* has de/roy$ m timb] ?an t tak5 by ! p ( ! t]ritory s9ce its occupation4 ,simil> fires h be5 witness$ by o!r memb]s ( ! survey+ corps4 ,ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region ! explor] away f ! beat5 pa?s ( civilization meets ) great areas ( dead =e/s2 p9es ) nak$ arms & *>r$ trunks atte/+ to ! =m] pres5ce ( ?is great de/roy]4 ,! y\ng] =e/s are ev]y:]e beset ) fall5 timb]1 atte/+ to ! rigor ( ! flames1 & 9 seasons ( great dr\ght ! m\nta9e] sees ! heav5s fill$ ) cl\ds ( smoke4 ,9 ! ma9 ^! fires are set by ,indians4 ,driv5 f ! l[l&s by advanc+ civilization1 !y resort to ! high] regions until !y are =c$ back by ! deep sn[s ( w9t]4 ,want1 caus$ by ! re/rict$ area to :i* !y resort = food2 ! desire = luxuries to :i* !y 7 /rang]s 9 _! primitive condition1 & especially ! desire = p]sonal adornm5t1 toge!r ) a supply ( m effective in/rum5ts = hunt+ & trapp+1 h 9 late ye>s1 dur+ ! rapid settlem5t ( ! c\ntry s9ce ! discov]y ( gold & ! build+ ( railroads1 greatly /imulat$ ! pursuit ( animals = _! furs--! weal? & curr5cy ( ! savage4 ,on _! hunt+ excursions !y sy/ematically set fire to =e/s = ! purpose ( driv+ ! game4 ,?is is a fact well kn[n to all m\nta9e]s4 ,only ! :ite hunt]s ( ! region prop]ly und]/& :y ^! fires are set1 x be+ usually attribut$ to a wanton desire on ! "p ( ! ,indians to de/roy t :i* is ( value to ! :ite man4 ,! fires c1 !n1 be v greatly curtail$ by ! removal ( ! ,indians4 ,^! =e/ regions are made su* by inexorable climatic conditions4 ,!y are high among ! summ] fro/s4 ,! plateaus are scor$ by deep caons1 & ! m\nta9s are brok5 ) crags & peaks4 ,p]haps at "s di/ant day a h>dy p w occupy little gl5s & m\nta9 valleys1 & wre/ f an unwill+ soil a scanty subsi/5ce among ! rigors ( a sub-arctic climate4 ,h]dsm5 hav+ homes bel[ may 9 ! summ] "t drive _! flocks to ! high] l&s to crop ! scanty h]bage4 ,:]e m9es are f\nd mills w be erect$ & little t[ns spr+ up1 b 9 g5]al habitations w be remote4 ,! =e/s w be d5se "h or scatt]$ !re1 z ! trees may ) ease or difficulty ga9 a foo?old1 b ! =e/ regions w rema9 su*1 to be /ripp$ ( timb] "h & !re f "t to "t to supply ! wants ( ! p :o live bel[2 b once protect$ f fires1 ! =e/s w increase 9 ext5t & value4 ,! fir/ /ep to be tak5 = _! protection mu/ be by prohibit+ ! ,indians f resort+ !reto = hunt+ purposes1 & !n sl[ly1 z ! l[] c\ntry is settl$1 ! grasses & h]bage ( ! highl&s1 9 :i* fires g5]ally spread1 w be kept d[n by summ] pa/urage1 & ! dead & fall5 timb] w be remov$ to supply ! wants ( p bel[4 ,?is protection1 ?\gh sure to come at la/1 w be t>dy1 = x dep5ds ^u ! gradual settlem5t ( ! c\ntry2 & ?is aga9 dep5ds ^u ! developm5t ( ! agricultural & m9]al res\rces & ! e/abli%m5t ( manufactories1 & to a v important ext5t on ! build+ ( railroads1 = ! :ole region is s arid t its /reams are small1 & s elevat$ above ! level ( ! sea t its few l>ge /reams desc5d too rapidly = navigation4 ,,agricultural ,,& ,,timb] ,,indu/ries ,,diff]5tiat$4 ,x is app>5t t ! irrigable l&s are m or less remote f ! timb] l&s2 & z ! l>g] /reams are employ$ = irrigation1 9 ! future ! ext5d$ settlem5ts w be /ill f>!r away4 ,! pa/urage l&s t 9 a g5]al way int]v5e betwe5 ! irrigable & timb] l&s h a scanty supply ( dw>f$ =e/s1 z already describ$1 & ! p 9 occupy+ ^! l&s w n resort1 to any great ext5t1 to ! m\nta9s = timb]2 h5ce timb] & agricultural ent]prises w be m or less diff]5tiat$2 lumb]m5 & woodm5 w furni% to ! p bel[ _! supply ( build+ & f5c+ mat]ial & fuel4 ,9 "s cases x w be practicable = ! f>m]s to own _! timb] l&s1 b 9 g5]al ! timb] w be too remote1 & f necessity su* a division ( labor w ensue4 ,,cultivation ,,( ,,timb]4 ,9 ! irrigable di/ricts mu* timb] w be cultivat$ along ! canals & m9or wat]ways4 ,x is probable t 9 "t a suffici5t am\nt w ?us be rais$ to supply ! p ( ! irrigable di/ricts ) fuel :]ev] su* fuel is ne$$1 b (t5 su* a want w n exi/1 = 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region !re is a great abundance ( lignitic coals t may be *eaply m9$4 ,all ^! coals are valuable = dome/ic purposes1 & _m sup]ior grades are f\nd4 ,^! coals are n uni=mly di/ribut$1 b g5]ally ?is s\rce ( fuel is ample4 ,,pa/urage ,,l&s4 ,! irrigable l&s & timb] l&s con/itute b a small fraction ( ! ,arid ,region4 ,betwe5 ! l[l&s on ! "o h& & ! highl&s on ! o!r is f\nd a great body ( valley1 mesa1 hill1 & l[ m\nta9 l&s4 ,to :at ext5t1 & "u :at conditions c !y be utiliz$8 ,usually !y be> a scanty gr[? ( grasses4 ,^! grasses are nutriti\s & valuable bo? = summ] & w9t] pa/urage4 ,_! value dep5ds ^u peculi> climatic conditions2 ! grasses gr[ to a great ext5t 9 scatt]$ bun*es1 & mature se$s 9 l>g] proportion p]haps ?an ! grasses ( ! m humid regions4 ,9 g5]al ! w9t] aridity is s great t ! grasses :5 t\*$ by ! fro/s are n wa%$ d[n by ! ra9s & sn[s to decay on ! moi/ soil1 b /& firmly on ! gr\nd all w9t] long & 8cure01 =m+ a quasi uncut hay4 ,?us ! grass l&s are ( value bo? 9 summ] & w9t]4 ,9 a broad way1 ! great] or less] abundance ( ! grasses is dep5d5t on latitude & altitude2 ! high] ! latitude ! bett] are ! grasses1 & !y improve z ! altitude increases4 ,9 v l[ altitudes & latitudes ! grasses are s scant z to be ( no value2 "h ! true des]ts are f\nd4 ,^! conditions obta9 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 s\!rn ,nevada1 s\!rn ,arizona1 & s\!rn ,new ,mexico1 :]e broad rea*es ( l& are nak$ ( vegetation1 b 9 asc5d+ to ! high] l&s ! grass /eadily improves4 ,nor?w>d ! des]ts soon disappe>1 & ! grass becomes m & m luxuriant to our nor!rn b\nd>y4 ,9 addition to ! des]t l&s m5tion$1 o!r l>ge d$uctions mu/ be made f ! area ( ! pa/urage l&s4 ,!re are _m di/ricts 9 :i* ! 8c\ntry rock0 is compos$ ( incoh]5t s&s & clays2 sometimes s$im5ts ( anci5t ,t]ti>y lakes2 else:]e s$im5ts ( m anci5t ,cretace\s seas4 ,9 ^! di/ricts p]5nial or int]mitt5t /reams h c>v$ deep wat]ways1 & ! /eep hills are ev] wa%$ nak$ by fi]ce b infrequ5t /orms1 z ! incoh]5t rocks are unable to )/& ! beat+ ( ! ra94 ,^! di/ricts are kn[n z ! mauvaises t]res or bad l&s ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region4 ,9 o!r areas ! /reams h c>v$ labyr9?s ( deep gorges & ! wat]s fl[ at great dep?s bel[ ! g5]al surface4 ,! l&s betwe5 ! /reams are beset ) t[]+ cliffs1 & ! l&scape is an expanse ( nak$ rock4 ,^! are ! alcove l&s & caon l&s ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region4 ,/ill o!r di/ricts h be5 ! !at] ( late volcanic activity1 & broad %eets ( nak$ lava are f\nd2 c9d] cones are frequ5t1 & scoria & a%es are scatt]$ ov] ! l&4 ,^! are ! lava-b$s ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region4 ,9 yet o!r di/ricts1 l[ brok5 m\nta9s are f\nd ) rugg$ spurs & craggy cre/s4 ,grasses & *ap>ral gr[ among ! rocks1 b su* m\nta9s are ( little value = pa/urage purposes4 ,aft] mak+ all ! d$uctions1 !re yet rema9 va/ areas ( valuable pa/urage l& be>+ nutriti\s b scanty grass4 ,! l&s along ! creeks & riv]s h be5 relegat$ to t class :i* has be5 describ$ z irrigable1 h5ce ! l&s "u consid]ation are away f ! p]man5t /reams4 ,no riv]s sweep ov] !m & no creeks me&] among _! hills4 ,?\gh liv+ wat] is n abundant1 ! c\ntry is p>tially suppli$ by scatt]$ spr+s1 t (t5 fe$ little brooks ^: wat]s nev] jo9 ! great riv]s on _! way to ! sea1 be+ able to run b a %ort di/ance f _! f\nta9s1 :5 !y spread among ! s&s to be revaporat$4 ,^! isolat$ spr+s & brooks w 9 _m cases furni% ! wat] necess>y = ! h]ds t fe$ on ! grasses4 ,:5 spr+s are n f\nd wells may be sometimes dug1 & :]e bo? spr+s & wells fail res]voirs may be con/ruct$4 ,:]ev] grass gr[s wat] may be f\nd or sav$ f ! ra9s 9 suffici5t quantities = all ! h]ds t c live on ! pa/urage4 ,,pa/urage ,,f>ms ,,ne$ ,,small ,,tracts ,,( ,,irrigable ,,l&4 ,! m5 engag$ 9 /ock rais+ ne$ small areas ( irrigable l&s = g>d5s & fields :]e agricultural products c be rais$ = _! own consumption1 & :]e a /ore ( gra9 & hay may be rais$ = _! h]ds :5 press$ by ! sev]e /orms by :i* ! c\ntry is sometimes visit$4 ,9 _m places ! lone spr+s & /reams are suffici5t = ^! purposes4 ,ano!r & l>g] s\rce ( wat] = ! f]tilization ( ! g>d5s & fields ( ! pa/urage f>ms is f\nd 9 ! small] bran*es & upp] ramifications ( ! l>g] irrigat+ /reams4 ,^! brooks c be us$ to bett] advantage = ! pa/urage f>ms z a supply ( wat] = /ock g>d5s & small fields ?an = f>ms :]e agriculture by irrigation is ! only indu/ry4 ,! spr+s & brooks ( ! p]man5t dra9age c be employ$ 9 mak+ f>ms attractive & pr(itable :]e l>ge h]ds may be rais$ 9 _m great di/ricts ?r\gh\t ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region4 ,! conditions "u :i* ^! pa/urage l&s c be employ$ are wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,,! ,,f>m ,,unit ,,= ,,pa/urage ,,l&s4 ,! grass is s scanty t ! h]dsman mu/ h a l>ge area = ! support ( 8 /ock4 ,9 g5]al a qu>t] section ( l& alone is ( no value to him2 ! pa/urage x af=ds is entirely inadequate to ! wants ( a h]d t ! poore/ man ne$s = 8 support4 ,f\r squ>e miles may be consid]$ z ! m9imum am\nt necess>y = a pa/urage f>m1 & a /ill great] am\nt is necess>y = ! l>g] "p ( ! l&s2 t is1 pa/urage f>ms1 to be ( any practicable value1 mu/ be ( at lea/ #b1efj acres1 & 9 _m di/ricts !y mu/ be mu* l>g]4#a #a ,= ! det]m9ation ( ! prop] unit = pa/urage f>ms ! writ] has conf]r$ ) _m p]sons liv+ 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region :o h _h exp]i5ce4 ,8 own obs]vations h be5 ext5sive1 & = _m ye>s :ile conduct+ surveys & mak+ long j\rneys ?r\gh ! ,arid ,region ?is "q has be5 upp]mo/ 9 8 m9d4 ,he fe>s t ?is e/imate w disappo9t _m ( 8 we/]n fri5ds1 :o w ?9k he has plac$ ! m9imum too l[1 b aft] mak+ ! mo/ ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! subject possible he believes ! am\nt to be suffici5t = ! be/ pa/urage l&s1 especially su* z are adjac5t to ! m9or /reams ( ! g5]al dra9age1 & :5 ^! h be5 tak5 by actual settl]s ! size ( ! pa/urage f>ms may be increas$ z exp]i5ce proves necess>y4 ,,regul> ,,division ,,l9es ,,= ,,pa/urage ,,f>ms ,,n ,,practicable4 ,_m a brook :i* runs b a %ort di/ance w af=d suffici5t wat] = a numb] ( pa/urage f>ms2 b if ! l&s are survey$ 9 regul> tracts z squ>e miles or t[n%ips1 all ! wat] suffici5t = a numb] ( pa/urage f>ms may fall entirely )9 "o division4 ,if ! l&s are ?us survey$1 only ! divisions hav+ wat] w be tak51 & ! f>m] obta9+ title to su* a division or f>m c\ld practically occupy all ! c\ntry adjac5t by own+ ! wat] necess>y to its use4 ,= ?is reason divisional surveys %\ld con=m to ! topography1 & be s made z to give ! greate/ numb] ( wat] fronts4 ,= example1 a brook c>ry+ wat] suffici5t = ! irrigation ( #bjj acres ( l& might be made to s]ve = ! irrigation ( #bj acres to ea* ( t5 f>ms1 & also supply ! wat] = all ! /ock t c\ld live on t5 pa/urage f>ms1 & t5 small f>m]s c\ld h homes4 ,b if ! wat] 0 own$ by "o man1 n9e w\ld be exclud$ f its b5efits & n9e-t5?s ( ! l& rema9 9 ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,,f>m ,,resid5ces ,,%\ld ,,be ,,gr\p$4 ,^! l&s w ma9ta9 b a scanty population4 ,! homes mu/ necess>ily be widely scatt]$ f ! fact t ! f>m unit mu/ be l>ge4 ,t ! inhabitants ( ^! di/ricts may h ! b5efits ( ! local social organizations ( civilization--z s*ools1 *ur*es1 etc41 & ! b5efits ( cop]ation 9 ! con/ruction ( roads1 bridges1 & o!r local improvem5ts1 x is ess5tial t ! resid5ces %\ld be gr\p$ to ! greate/ possible ext5t4 ,?is may be practically accompli%$ by mak+ ! pa/urage f>ms con=m to topographic features 9 su* mann] z to give ! greate/ possible numb] ( wat] fronts4 ,,pa/urage ,,l&s ,,_c ,,be ,,f5c$4 ,! great areas ov] :i* /ock mu/ roam to obta9 subsi/5ce usually prev5ts ! practicability ( f5c+ ! l&s4 ,x w n pay to f5ce ! pa/urage fields1 h5ce 9 _m cases ! l&s mu/ be occupi$ by h]ds roam+ 9 common2 = poor m5 cop]ative pa/urage is necess>y1 or communal regulations = ! occupancy ( ! gr\nd & = ! division ( ! increase ( ! h]ds4 ,su* communal regulations h already be5 devis$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,,recapitulation4 ,! ,arid ,region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is m ?an f\r-t5?s ( ! area ( ! entire c\ntry exclud+ ,alaska4 ,9 ! ,arid ,region !re are ?ree classes ( l&s1 namely1 irrigable l&s1 timb] l&s1 & pa/urage l&s4 ,,irrigable ,,l&s4 ,)9 ! ,arid ,region agriculture is dep5d5t ^u irrigation4 ,! am\nt ( irrigable l& is b a small p]c5tage ( ! :ole area4 ,! *ief developm5t ( irrigation dep5ds ^u ! use ( ! l>ge /reams4 ,= ! use ( l>ge /reams cop]ative labor or capital is necess>y4 ,! small /reams %\ld n be made to s]ve l&s s z to int]f]e ) ! use ( ! l>ge /reams4 ,sites = res]voirs %\ld be set ap>t1 9 ord] t no h9d]ance may be plac$ ^u ! increase ( irrigation by ! /orage ( wat]4 ,,timb] ,,l&s4 ,! timb] regions are on ! elevat$ plateaus & m\nta9s4 ,! timb] regions con/itute f #bj to #be p] c5t4 ( ! ,arid ,region4 ,! area ( /&+ timb] is mu* less ?an ! timb] region1 z ! =e/s h be5 p>tially de/roy$ by fire4 ,! timb] regions _c be us$ z f>m+ l&s2 !y are valuable = =e/s only4 ,to pres]ve ! =e/s !y mu/ be protect$ f fire4 ,?is w be l>gely accompli%$ by remov+ ! ,indians4 ,! am\nt ( timb] us$ = economic purposes w be m ?an replac$ by ! natural gr[?4 ,9 g5]al ! timb] is too f> f ! agricultural l&s to be own$ & utiliz$ directly by ^? :o c>ry on f>m+ by irrigation4 ,a division ( labor is necess>y1 & special timb] indu/ries w be develop$1 & h5ce ! timb] l&s mu/ be controll$ by lumb]m5 & woodm54 ,,pa/urage ,,l&s4 ,! grasses ( ! pa/urage l&s are scant1 & ! l&s are ( value only 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! f>m unit %\ld n be less ?an #b1efj acres4 ,pa/urage f>ms ne$ small tracts ( irrigable l&2 h5ce ! small /reams ( ! g5]al dra9age sy/em & ! lone spr+s & /reams %\ld be res]v$ = su* pa/urage f>ms4 ,! division ( ^! l&s %\ld be controll$ by topographic features 9 su* mann] z to give ! greate/ numb] ( wat] fronts to ! pa/urage f>ms4 ,resid5ces ( ! pa/urage f>ms %\ld be gr\p$1 9 ord] to secure ! b5efits ( local social organizations1 & cop]ation 9 public improvem5ts4 ,! pa/urage l&s w n usually be f5c$1 & h5ce h]ds mu/ roam 9 common4 ,z ! pa/urage l&s %\ld h wat] fronts & irrigable tracts1 & z ! resid5ces %\ld be gr\p$1 & z ! l&s _c be economically f5c$ & mu/ be kept 9 common1 local communal regulations or cop]ation is necess>y4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,l& ,,sy/em ,,ne$$ ,,= ,,! ,,arid ,,region4 ,! gr[? & prosp]ity ( ! ,arid ,region w dep5d l>gely ^u a l& sy/em :i* w comply ) ! requirem5ts ( ! conditions & facts briefly set =? 9 ! =m] *apt]4 ,any citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may acquire title to public l&s by pur*ase at public sale or by ord9>y 8private entry01 & 9 virtue ( premption1 home/ead1 timb] culture1 & des]t l& laws4 ,pur*ase at public sale may be effect$ :5 ! l&s are (f]$ at public auction to ! highe/ bidd]1 ei!r pursuant to proclamation by ! ,presid5t or public notice giv5 9 accordance ) in/ructions f ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice4 ,if ! l& is ?us (f]$ & pur*as]s are n f\nd1 !y are !n subject to 8private entry0 at ! rate ( #a4be or #b4ej p] acre4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s x has n be5 ! practice ( ! ,gov]nm5t to dispose ( ! public l&s by ^! me?ods2 b ! public l&s ( ! s\!rn /ates are n[1 or soon w be1 ?us (f]$ = sale4 ,any citiz5 may prempt #afj acres ( l&1 & by settl+ !reon1 erect+ a dwell+1 & mak+ o!r improvem5ts1 & by pay+ #a4be p] acre 9 "s di/ricts1 )\t ! b\nd>ies ( railroad grants1 & #b4ej )9 ! b\nd>ies ( railroad grants 9 o!rs1 may acquire title !reto4 ,! premption "r c be ex]cis$ b once4 ,no p]son c ex]cise ! premption "r :o is already ! own] ( #cbj acres ( l&4 ,any citiz5 may1 "u ! home/ead privilege1 obta9 title to #afj acres ( l& valu$ at #a4be p] acre1 or #hj acres valu$ at ! rate ( #b4ej1 by paym5t ( #e 9 ! fir/ case & #aj 9 ! la/1 & by resid+ on ! l& = ! t]m ( five ye>s & by mak+ c]ta9 improvem5ts4 ,! "t ( resid5ce is %ort5$ = p]sons :o h s]v$ 9 ! army or navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & any su* p]son may home/ead #afj acres ( l& valu$ at #b4ej p] acre4 ,any citiz5 may take advantage ( bo? ! home/ead & premption privileges4 ,"u ! timb] culture act1 any citiz5 :o is ! head ( a family may acquire title to #afj acres ( l& 9 ! prairie region by cultivat+ timb] !reon 9 c]ta9 specific quantities2 ! title c be acquir$ at ! expiration ( eight ye>s f ! date ( entry4 ,any citiz5 may acquire title to "o section ( des]t l& 7irrigable l&s z describ$ 9 ?is pap]7 by ! paym5t at ! "t ( entry ( #be c5ts p] acre1 & by r$eem+ ! same by irrigation )9 a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s & by ! paym5t ( #a p] acre at ! expiration ( t "t1 & a pat5t w !n issue4 ,provision is also made = ! disposal ( public l&s z t[n sites4 ,f "t to "t l& w>rants h be5 issu$ by ! ,gov]nm5t z b\nties to soldi]s & sailors1 & = o!r purposes4 ,^! l& w>rants h f\nd _! way into ! m>ket1 & ! own]s !re( are entitl$ to ent] ,gov]nm5t l&s 9 ! quantities specifi$ 9 ! w>rants4 ,agricultural scrip has be5 issu$ = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ & end[+ agricultural s*ools4 ,a "p ( ?is scrip has be5 us$ by ! s*ools 9 locat+ l&s = inve/m5t4 ,mu* ( ! scrip has f\nd its way into ! m>ket & is us$ by private individuals4 ,w>rants & scrip c be us$ :5 l&s h be5 (f]$ = sale1 & premptors c use !m 9 lieu ( money4 ,grants ( l&s h be5 made to railroad & o!r companies1 & z ^! railroads h be5 complet$ 9 :ole or 9 "p1 ! companies h obta9$ titles to ! :ole or proportional p>ts ( ! l&s ?us grant$4 ,:]e ! railroads are unf9i%$ ! titles are in*oate to an ext5t proportional to ! incomplete p>ts4 ,) small exceptions1 ! l&s ( ! ,arid ,region h n be5 (f]$ = sale at auction or by private entry4 ,! me?ods1 !n1 by :i* ! l&s "u consid]ation c be obta9$ f ! ,gov]nm5t are by tak+ advantage ( ! premption1 home/ead1 timb] culture1 or des]t l& privileges4 ,,irrigable ,,l&s4 ,by ^! me?ods adequate provision is made = actual settl]s on all irrigable l&s t are dep5d5t on ! wat]s ( m9or /reams2 b ^! me?ods are insuffici5t = ! settlem5t ( ! irrigable l&s t dep5d on ! l>g] /reams1 & also = ! pa/urage l&s & timb] l&s1 & 9 ?is are includ$ ne>ly all ! l&s ( ! ,arid ,region4 ,if ! irrigable l&s are to be sold1 x %\ld be 9 quantities to suit pur*as]s1 & b "o condition %\ld be impos$1 namely1 t ! l&s %\ld be actually irrigat$ be=e ! title is transf]r$ to ! pur*as]4 ,?is me?od w\ld provide = ! r$emption ( ^! l&s by irrigation ?r\gh ! employm5t ( capital4 ,if ^! l&s are to be res]v$ = actual settl]s1 9 small quantities1 to provide homes = poor m51 on ! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! home/ead laws1 a g5]al law %\ld be enact$ "u :i* a numb] ( p]sons w\ld be able to organize & settle on irrigable di/ricts1 & e/abli% _! own rules & regulations = ! use ( ! wat] & subdivision ( ! l&s1 b 9 ob$i5ce to ! g5]al provisions ( ! law4 ,,timb] ,,l&s4 ,! timb] l&s _c be acquir$ by any ( ! me?ods provid$ 9 ! premption1 home/ead1 timb] culture1 & des]t l& laws1 f ! fact t !y are n agricultural l&s4 ,climatic conditions make ^! me?ods inop]ative4 ,"u ^! laws 8dummy entries0 are sometimes made4 ,a man wi%+ to obta9 ! timb] f a tract ( l& w make home/ead or premption entries by himself or ?r\gh 8 employs )\t int5d+ to complete ! titles1 be+ able ?us to hold ^! l&s = a "t suffici5t to /rip !m ( _! timb]4 ,?is is ?\ght to be excusable by ! p ( ! c\ntry1 z timb] is necess>y = _! indu/ries1 & ! timb] l&s _c hone/ly be acquir$ by ^? :o wi% to engage 9 timb] ent]prises4 ,provision %\ld be made by :i* ! timb] c be pur*as$ by p]sons or companies desir+ to engage 9 ! lumb] or wood bus9ess1 & 9 su* quantities z may be necess>y to enc\rage ! con/ruction ( mills1 ! erection ( flumes1 ! mak+ ( roads1 & o!r improvem5ts necess>y to ! utilization ( ! timb] = ! indu/ries ( ! c\ntry4 ,,pa/urage ,,l&s4 ,if divisional surveys 7 ext5d$ ov] ! pa/urage l&s1 favorable sites at spr+s & along small /reams w\ld be rapidly tak5 "u ! home/ead & premption privileges = ! nuclei ( pa/urage f>ms4 ,un5t]$ l&s contigu\s to su* pa/urage f>ms c\ld be controll$ to a great] or less ext5t by ^? hold+ ! wat]1 & 9 ?is mann] ! pa/urage ( ! c\ntry w\ld be r5d]$ practicable4 ,b ! great body ( l& w\ld rema9 9 ! possession ( ! ,gov]nm5t2 ! f>m]s own+ ! favorable spots c\ld n obta9 possession ( ! adjac5t l&s by home/ead or premption me?ods1 & if su* adjac5t l&s 7 (f]$ = sale1 !y c\ld n af=d to pay ! ,gov]nm5t price4 ,c]ta9 important facts relat+ to ! pa/urage f>ms may be advantage\sly re/at$4 ,! f>m unit %\ld n be less ?an #b1efj acres2 ! pa/urage f>ms ne$ small bodies ( irrigable l&2 ! division ( ^! l&s %\ld be controll$ by topographic features to give wat] fronts2 resid5ces ( ! pa/urage l&s %\ld be gr\p$2 ! pa/urage f>ms _c be f5c$--!y mu/ be occupi$ 9 common4 ,! home/ead & premption me?ods are inadequate to meet ^! conditions4 ,a g5]al law %\ld be enact$ to provide = ! organization ( pa/urage di/ricts1 9 :i* ! resid5ts %\ld h ! "r to make _! own regulations = ! division ( ! l&s1 ! use ( ! wat] = irrigation & = wat]+ ! /ock1 & = ! pa/urage ( ! l&s 9 common or 9 sev]alty4 ,b ea* division or pa/urage f>m ( ! di/rict %\ld be own$ by an individual2 t is1 ^! l&s c\ld be settl$ & improv$ by ! 8colony0 plan bett] ?an by any o!r4 ,x %\ld n be und]/ood t ! colony sy/em applies only to su* p]sons z migrate f ! ea/ 9 a body2 any numb] ( p]sons already 9 ?is region c\ld ?us organize4 ,9 fact v l>ge bodies ( ^! l&s w\ld be tak5 by p :o are already 9 ! c\ntry & :o h h]ds ) :i* !y roam ab\t seek+ wat] & grass1 & mak+ no p]man5t resid5ces & no valuable improvem5ts4 ,su* a plan w\ld give imm$iate relief to all ^! p4 ,?is di/rict or colony sy/em is n untri$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is ess5tially ! basis ( all ! m9+ di/rict organizations ( ! we/4 ,"u x ! local rules & regulations = ! division ( m9+ l&s1 ! use ( wat]1 timb]1 etc41 are manag$ bett] ?an !y c\ld possibly be "u specific /atutes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! association ( a numb] ( p prev5ts s+le individuals f hav+ undue control ( natural privileges1 & secures an equitable division ( m9]al l&s2 & all ?is is secur$ 9 ob$i5ce to /atutes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates provid+ g5]al regulations4 ,cu/oms are =m+ & regulations are be+ made by common cons5t among ! p 9 "s di/ricts already2 b ^! provide no means = ! acquirem5t ( titles to l&1 no inc5tive is giv5 to ! improvem5t ( ! c\ntry1 & no legal security to pa/urage rights4 ,if1 !n1 ! irrigable l&s c be tak5 9 quantities to suit pur*as]s1 & ! colony sy/em provid$ = poor m5 :o wi% to cop]ate 9 ?is indu/ry2 if ! timb] l&s are op5$ to timb] ent]prises1 & ! pa/urage l&s (f]$ to settlem5t "u a colony plan l t indicat$ above1 a l& sy/em w\ld be provid$ = ! ,arid ,region adapt$ to ! wants ( all p]sons desir+ to become actual settl]s !re94 ,?\s&s ( m5 :o n[ own h]ds & live a semi-nomadic life2 ?\s&s ( p]sons :o n[ roam f m\nta9 range to m\nta9 range prospect+ = gold1 silv]1 & o!r m9]als2 ?\s&s ( m5 :o repair to t c\ntry & return disappo9t$ f ! fact t !y are practically deb>r$ f ! public l&s2 & ?\s&s ( p]sons 9 ! ea/]n /ates )\t employm5t1 or discont5t$ ) ! rew>ds ( labor1 w\ld spe$ily f9d homes 9 ! great ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region4 ,9 mak+ ^! recomm5dations1 ! wisdom & b5efic5ce ( ! home/ead sy/em h be5 recogniz$ & ! pr9ciples involv$ h be5 consid]$ p>am\nt4 ,to give m def9ite =m to "s ( ! recomm5dations = legislation made above1 two bills h be5 drawn1 "o relat+ to ! organization ( irrigation di/ricts1 ! o!r to pa/urage di/ricts4 ,^! bills are pres5t$ "h4 ,x is n suppos$ t ^! =ms are ! be/ t c\ld be adopt$2 p]haps !y c\ld be greatly improv$2 b !y h be5 c>efully consid]$1 & x is believ$ !y embody ! recomm5dations made above4 ,a ,,bill to au?orize ! organization ( irrigation di/ricts by home/ead settlem5ts ^u ! public l&s requir+ irrigation = agricultural purposes4 ,be x enact$ by ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 9 ,congress assembl$1 ,t x %all be lawful = any n9e or m p]sons :o may be entitl$ to acquire a home/ead f ! public l&s1 z provid$ = 9 sections tw5ty-two hundr$ & eighty-n9e to tw5ty-?ree hundr$ & sev5te51 inclusive1 ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to settle an irrigation di/rict & to acquire titles to irrigable l&s "u ! limitations & conditions h]e9aft] provid$4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,t x %all be lawful = ! p]sons m5tion$ 9 section "o ( ?is act to organize an irrigation di/rict 9 accordance ) a =m & g5]al regulations to be prescrib$ by ! ,commission] ( ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice1 :i* %all provide = a record]2 & said p]sons may make su* by-laws1 n 9 conflict ) said regulations1 z !y may deem wise = ! use ( wat]s 9 su* di/rict = irrigation or o!r purposes1 & = ! division ( ! l&s into su* p>cels z !y may deem mo/ conv5i5t = irrigat+ purposes2 b ! same mu/ accord ) ! provisions ( ?is act4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,t all l&s 9 ^? portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e irrigation is necess>y to agriculture1 :i* c be r$eem$ by irrigation & = :i* !re is accessible wat] = su* purpose1 n o!rwise utiliz$ or lawfully claim$1 suffici5t = ! irrigation ( ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty acres ( l&1 %all1 = ! purposes set =? 9 ?is act1 be class$ z irrigable l&s4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,t x %all be lawful = ! requisite numb] ( p]sons1 z designat$ 9 section "o ( ?is act1 to select f ! public l&s designat$ z irrigable l&s 9 section ?ree ( ?is act1 = ! purpose ( settl+ !reon1 an am\nt ( l& n exce$+ eighty acres to ea* p]son2 b ! l&s ?us select$ by ! p]sons desir+ to organize an irrigation di/rict %all be 9 "o cont9u\s tract1 & ! same %all be subdivid$ z ! regulations & by-laws ( ! irrigation di/rict %all prescribe3 ,provid$1 ,t no "o p]son %all be entitl$ to m ?an eighty acres4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,t :5ev] su* irrigation di/rict %all be organiz$ ! record] ( su* di/rict %all notify ! regi/] & receiv] ( ! l& di/rict 9 :i* su* irrigation di/rict is situate1 & also ! ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t su* irrigation di/rict has be5 organiz$2 & ea* memb] ( ! organization ( said di/rict %all file a decl>ation ) ! regi/] & receiv] ( said l& di/rict t he has settl$ ^u a tract ( l& )9 su* irrigation di/rict1 n exce$+ ! prescrib$ am\nt1 ) ! int5tion ( resid+ !reon & obta9+ a title !reto "u ! provisions ( ?is act4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,t if )9 ?ree ye>s aft] ! organization ( ! irrigation di/rict ! claimants !re91 9 _! organiz$ capacity1 %all apply = a survey ( said di/rict to ! ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 he %all cause a prop] survey to be made1 toge!r ) a plat ( ! same2 & on ?is plat ea* tract or p>cel ( l& into :i* ! di/rict is divid$1 su* tract or p>cel be+ ! entire claim ( "o p]son1 %all be numb]$1 & ! measure ( e angle1 ! l5g? ( e l9e 9 ! b\nd>ies !re(1 & ! numb] ( acres 9 ea* tract or p>cel %all be inscrib$ !reon1 & ! "n ( ! di/rict %all appe> on ! plat 9 full2 & ?is plat & ! field-notes ( su* survey %all be submitt$ to ! ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & x %all be ! duty ( t (fic] to exam9e ! plat & notes !re) & prove ! accuracy ( ! survey 9 su* mann] z ! ,commission] ( ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice may prescribe2 & if x %all appe> aft] su* exam9ation & prov+ t correct surveys h be5 made1 & t ! sev]al tracts claim$ are )9 ! provisions ( ?is act1 he %all c]tify ! same to ! regi/] ( ! l& di/rict1 & %all !reupon furni% to ! said regi/] ( ! l& di/rict1 & to ! record] ( ! irrigation di/rict1 & to ! record] or cl]k ( ! c\nty 9 :i* ! irrigation di/rict is situate1 & to ! ,commission] ( ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice1 a copy !re( to ea*1 & ! orig9al %all be reta9$ 9 ! (fice ( ! ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = pres]vation4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,t ea* p]son apply+ = ! b5efits ( ?is act %all1 9 addition to compliance !re)1 con=m to ! me?ods provid$ = ! acquirem5t ( a home/ead 9 sections tw5ty-two hundr$ & eighty-n9e to tw5ty-?ree hundr$ & sev5te51 inclusive1 ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s f> z !y are applicable & consi/5t ) ?is act1 & %all also furni% su* evid5ce z ! ,commission] ( ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice may require t su* l& has actually be5 r$eem$ by irrigation1 & may !reupon obta9 a pat5t3 ,provid$1 ,t no p]son %all obta9 a pat5t "u ?is act to any coal l&s1 t[n sites1 or tracts ( public l&s on :i* t[ns may h be5 built1 or to any m9e ( gold1 silv]1 c9nab>1 copp]1 or o!r m9]al = ! sale or disposal ( :i* provision has be5 made by law4 ,,sec4 #h4 ,t ! l&s pat5t$ "u ! provisions ( ?is act %all be describ$ z irrigation f>ms1 & designat$ by ! numb] ( ! tract or p>cel & ! "n ( ! irrigation di/rict4 ,,sec4 #i4 ,t ! "r to ! wat] necess>y to ! r$emption ( an irrigation f>m %all inh]e 9 ! l& f ! "t ( ! organization ( ! irrigation di/rict1 & 9 all subsequ5t conveyances ! "r to ! wat] %all pass ) ! title to ! l&4 ,b if aft] ! lapse ( five ye>s f ! date ( ! organization ( ! di/rict ! own] ( any irrigation f>m %all h fail$ to irrigate ! :ole or any "p ( ! same1 ! "r to ! use ( ! necess>y wat] to irrigate ! unreclaim$ l&s %all !reupon lapse1 & any subsequ5t "r to wat] necess>y = ! cultivation ( said unreclaim$ l& %all be acquir$ only by priority ( utilization4 ,,sec4 #aj4 ,t x %all be lawful = any p]son entitl$ to acquire a home/ead f ! public l&s z designat$ 9 section "o ( ?is act to settle on an irrigation f>m contigu\s to any irrigation di/rict aft] su* di/rict has be5 organiz$ by mak+ ! notifications & decl>ation provid$ = 9 section five ( ?is act1 & by notify+ ! record] ( su* irrigation di/rict1 & also by comply+ ) ! rules & regulations ( su* di/rict2 & su* p]son may !reupon become a memb] ( ! di/rict & entitl$ to ! same privileges z ! o!r memb]s !re(2 & x %all be ! duty ( ! record] ( ! irrigation di/rict to notify ! regi/] & receiv] ( ! l& di/rict1 & also ! ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t su* claim has be5 made2 & su* p]son may obta9 a pat5t to ! same "u ! conditions & by con=m+ to ! me?ods prescrib$ 9 ?is act3 ,provid$1 ,t ! wat] necess>y = ! irrigation ( su* f>m c be tak5 )\t injury to ! rights ( any p]son :o %all h ent]$ an irrigation f>m 9 su* di/rict3 ,& provid$ fur!r1 ,t ! "r to ! wat] necess>y to ! r$emption ( su* irrigation f>m %all inh]e 9 ! l& f ! "t :5 said p]son becomes a memb] ( said di/rict1 & 9 all subsequ5t conveyances ! "r to ! wat] %all pass ) ! title to ! l&2 b if1 aft] ! lapse ( five ye>s f ! date ( said notifications & decl>ation1 ! own] ( said irrigation f>m %all h fail$ to irrigate ! :ole or any "p ( ! same1 ! "r to ! use ( ! necess>y wat] to irrigate ! unreclaim$ l&s %all !reupon lapse1 & any subsequ5t "r to ! wat] necess>y = ! cultivation ( ! said unreclaim$ l& %all be acquir$ only by priority ( utilization4 ,a ,,bill to au?orize ! organization ( pa/urage di/ricts by home/ead settlem5ts on ! public l&s :i* are ( value = pa/urage purposes only4 ,be x enact$ by ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 9 ,congress assembl$1 ,t x %all be lawful = any n9e or m p]sons :o may be entitl$ to acquire a home/ead f ! public l&s1 z provid$ = 9 section tw5ty-two hundr$ & eighty-n9e to tw5ty-?ree hundr$ & sev5te51 inclusive1 ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to settle a pa/urage di/rict & to acquire titles to pa/urage l&s "u ! limitations & conditions h]e9aft] provid$4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,t x %all be lawful = ! p]sons m5tion$ 9 section "o ( ?is act to organize a pa/urage di/rict 9 accordance ) a =m & g5]al regulations to be prescrib$ by ! ,commission] ( ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice1 :i* %all provide = a record]2 & said p]sons may make su* by-laws1 n 9 conflict ) said regulations1 z !y may deem wise = ! use ( wat]s 9 su* di/rict = irrigation or o!r purposes1 & = ! pa/urage ( ! l&s sev]ally or conjo9tly2 b ! same mu/ accord ) ! provisions ( ?is act4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,t all l&s 9 ^? portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e irrigation is necess>y to agriculture %all be1 = ! purposes set =? 9 ?is act1 class$ z pa/urage l&s1 except+ all tracts ( l& ( n less ?an ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty acres :i* c be r$eem$ by irrigation1 & :]e !re is suffici5t accessible wat] = su* purpose n o!rwise utiliz$ or lawfully claim$1 & all l&s be>+ timb] ( comm]cial value4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,t x %all be lawful = ! requisite numb] ( p]sons1 z designat$ 9 section "o ( ?is act1 to select f ! public l&s designat$ z pa/urage l&s 9 section ?ree ( ?is act1 = ! purpose ( settl+ !reon1 an am\nt ( l& n exce$+ two ?\s& five hundr$ & sixty acres to ea* p]son2 b ! l&s ?us select$ by ! p]sons desir+ to organize a pa/urage di/rict %all be 9 "o cont9u\s tract1 & ! same %all be subdivid$ z ! regulations & by-laws ( ! pa/urage di/rict %all prescribe3 ,provid$1 ,t no "o p]son %all be entitl$ to m ?an two ?\s& five hundr$ & sixty acres1 & ?is may be 9 "o cont9u\s body1 or x may be 9 two p>cels1 "o = irrigation1 ! o!r = pa/urage purposes2 b ! p>cel = irrigation %all n exce$ tw5ty acres3 ,& provid$ fur!r1 ,t no tract or tracts ( l& select$ = any "o p]son %all be entitl$ to a great] am\nt ( wat] = irrigat+ purposes ?an t suffici5t = ! reclamation & cultivation ( tw5ty acres ( l&2 nor %all ! tract be select$ 9 su* a mann] along a /ream z to monopolize a great] am\nt4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,t :5ev] su* pa/urage di/rict %all be organiz$1 ! record] ( su* di/rict %all notify ! regi/] & receiv] ( ! l& di/rict 9 :i* su* pa/urage di/rict is situate1 & also ! ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t su* pa/urage di/rict has be5 organiz$2 & ea* memb] ( ! organization ( said di/rict %all file a decl>ation ) ! regi/] & receiv] ( said l& di/rict t he has settl$ ^u a tract ( l& )9 su* pa/urage di/rict1 n exce$+ ! prescrib$ am\nt1 ) ! int5tion ( resid+ !reon & obta9+ a title !reto "u ! provisions ( ?is act4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,t if )9 ?ree ye>s aft] ! organization ( ! pa/urage di/rict ! claimants !re91 9 _! organiz$ capacity1 %all apply = a survey ( said di/rict to ! ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 he %all cause a prop] survey to be made1 toge!r ) a plat ( ! same2 & on ?is plat ea* tract or p>cel ( l& into :i* ! di/rict is divid$ %all be numb]$1 & ! measure ( e angle1 ! l5g? ( e l9e 9 ! b\nd>ies !re(1 & ! numb] ( acres 9 ea* tract or p>cel1 %all be inscrib$ !reon1 & ! "n ( ! di/rict %all appe> on ! plat 9 full2 & ?is plat & ! field-notes ( su* survey %all be submitt$ to ! ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & x %all be ! duty ( t (fic] to exam9e ! plat & notes !re) & prove ! accuracy ( ! survey 9 su* mann] z ! ,commission] ( ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice may prescribe2 & if x %all appe> aft] su* exam9ation & prov+ t correct surveys h be5 made1 & t ! sev]al tracts claim$ are )9 ! provisions ( ?is act1 he %all c]tify ! same to ! regi/] ( ! l& di/rict1 & %all furni% to ! said regi/] ( ! l& di/rict1 & to ! record] ( ! pa/urage di/rict1 & to ! record] or cl]k ( ! c\nty 9 :i* ! pa/urage di/rict is situate1 & to ! ,commission] ( ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice1 a copy !re( to ea*2 & ! orig9al %all be reta9$ 9 ! (fice ( ! ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = pres]vation4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,t ea* p]son apply+ = ! b5efits ( ?is act %all1 9 addition to compliance !re)1 con=m to ! me?ods provid$ = ! acquirem5t ( a home/ead 9 sections tw5ty-two hundr$ & eighty-n9e to tw5ty-?ree hundr$ & sev5te51 inclusive1 ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s f> z !y are applicable & consi/5t ) ?is act1 & may !reupon obta9 a pat5t3 ,provid$1 ,t no p]son %all obta9 a pat5t "u ?is act to any coal l&s1 t[n sites1 or tracts ( public l&s on :i* t[ns may h be5 built1 or to any m9e ( gold1 silv]1 c9nab>1 copp]1 or o!r m9]al = ! sale or disposal ( :i* provision has be5 made by law4 ,,sec4 #h4 ,t ! l&s pat5t$ "u ! provisions ( ?is act %all be describ$ z pa/urage f>ms1 & designat$ by ! numb] ( ! tract or p>cel & ! "n ( ! pa/urage di/rict4 ,,sec4 #i4 ,t ! "r to ! wat] necess>y to ! r$emption ( an irrigation tract ( a pa/urage f>m %all inh]e 9 ! l& f ! "t ( ! organization ( ! pa/urage di/rict1 & 9 all subsequ5t conveyances ! "r to ! wat] %all pass ) ! title to ! tract2 b if aft] a lapse ( five ye>s f ! date ( ! organization ( ! pa/urage di/rict ! own] ( any pa/urage f>m %all h fail$ to irrigate ! :ole or any "p ( ! irrigable tract ! "r to ! use ( ! necess>y wat] to irrigate ! unreclaim$ l& %all !reupon lapse1 & any subsequ5t "r to wat] necess>y = ! cultivation ( su* unreclaim$ l& %all be acquir$ only by priority ( utilization4 ,,sec4 #aj4 ,t x %all be lawful = any p]son entitl$ to acquire a home/ead f ! public l&s designat$ 9 section "o ( ?is act to settle on a pa/urage f>m contigu\s to any pa/urage di/rict aft] su* di/rict has be5 organiz$1 by mak+ ! notifications & decl>ation provid$ = 9 section five ( ?is act1 & by notify+ ! record] ( su* pa/urage di/rict1 & also by comply+ ) ! rules & regulations ( su* di/rict2 & su* p]son may !reupon become a memb] ( ! di/rict & entitl$ to ! same privileges z ! o!r memb]s !re(2 & x %all be ! duty ( ! record] ( ! pa/urage di/rict to notify ! regi/] & receiv] ( ! l& di/rict1 & also ! ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t su* claim has be5 made2 & su* p]son may obta9 a pat5t to ! same "u ! conditions & by con=m+ to ! me?ods prescrib$ 9 ?is act3 ,provid$1 ,t ! wat] necess>y = su* f>m c be tak5 )\t injury to ! rights ( any p]son :o %all h ent]$ a pa/urage f>m 9 su* di/rict3 ,& provid$ fur!r1 ,t ! "r to ! wat] necess>y to ! r$emption ( ! irrigable tract ( su* pa/urage f>m %all inh]e 9 ! l& f ! "t :5 said p]son becomes a memb] ( said di/rict1 & 9 all subsequ5t conveyances ! "r to ! wat] %all pass ) ! title to ! l&2 b if1 aft] ! lapse ( five ye>s f ! date ( su* notifications & decl>ation1 ! own] ( said irrigable tract %all h fail$ to irrigate ! :ole or any "p ( ! same1 ! "r to ! use ( ! necess>y wat] to irrigate ! unreclaim$ l& %all !reupon lapse1 & any subsequ5t "r to ! wat] necess>y to ! cultivation ( ! said unreclaim$ l& %all be acquir$ only by priority ( utilization4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! provisions 9 ! submitt$ bills by :i* ! settl]s !mselves may p>cel _! l&s may ne$ fur!r comm5t & elucidation4 ,if ! :ole ( ! ,arid ,region 0 yet unsettl$1 x might be wise = ! ,gov]nm5t to und]take ! p>cel+ ( ! l&s & employ skill$ eng9e]s to d ! "w1 ^: duties c\ld !n be p]=m$ 9 advance ( settlem5t4 ,x is manife/ t ?is "w _c be prop]ly p]=m$ "u ! contract sy/em2 x w\ld be necess>y to employ p]sons ( skill & judgm5t "u a sal>y sy/em4 ,! m9+ indu/ries :i* h sprung up 9 ! c\ntry s9ce ! discov]y ( gold on ! ,pacific coa/1 9 #ahdi1 h /imulat$ immigration1 s t settlem5ts are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,arid ,region2 m9+ t[ns h sprung up on ! flanks ( almo/ e great range ( m\nta9s1 & adjac5t valleys h be5 occupi$ by p]sons desir+ to engage 9 agriculture4 ,_m ( ! l&s survey$ along ! m9or /reams h be5 ent]$1 & ! titles to ^! l&s are 9 ! h&s ( actual settl]s4 ,_m pa/urage f>ms1 or ran*es1 z !y are call$ locally1 h be5 e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,^! rem>ks are true ( e /ate & t]ritory 9 ! ,arid ,region4 ,9 ! ma9 ^! ran*es or pa/urage f>ms are on ,gov]nm5t l&1 & ! settl]s are squatt]s1 & "s are n expect+ to make p]man5t homes4 ,_m o!r p]sons h engag$ 9 pa/urage ent]prises )\t hav+ made fix$ resid5ces1 b move ab\t f place to place ) _! h]ds4 ,x is n[ too late = ! ,gov]nm5t to p>cel ! pa/urage l&s 9 advance ( ! wants ( settl]s 9 ! mo/ available way1 s z to closely gr\p resid5ces & give wat] privileges to ! sev]al f>ms4 ,_m ( ! settl]s are actually on ! gr\nd1 & are clamor+ = "s means by :i* !y c obta9 titles to pa/urage f>ms ( an ext5t adequate to _! wants1 & ! t5s ( ?\s&s ( individual int]e/s w\ld make ! problem a difficult "o = ! (fic]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t to solve4 ,a sy/em less arbitr>y ?an t ( ! rectangul> surveys n[ 9 vogue1 & requir+ unbias$ judgm5t1 ov]look+ ! int]e/s ( s+le individuals & consid]+ only ! int]e/s ( ! greate/ numb]1 w\ld meet ) local opposition4 ,! surveyors !mselves w\ld be plac$ "u _m temptations1 & w\ld be accus$--sometimes rightfully p]haps1 sometimes unju/ly--( favoritism & corruption1 & ! s]vice w\ld be subject to ! false *>ges ( disappo9t$ m5 on ! "o h&1 & to tru?ful *>ges aga9/ corrupt m5 on ! o!r4 ,9 _m ways x w\ld be surr\nd$ ) difficulties & fall into disrepute4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is believ$ t x is be/ to p]mit ! p to divide _! l&s = !mselves--n 9 a way by :i* ea* man may take :at he pleases = himself1 b by provid+ me?ods by :i* ^! settl]s may organize & mutually protect ea* o!r f ! rapacity ( individuals4 ,! l&s1 z l&s1 are ( b slight value1 z !y _c be us$ = ord9>y agricultural purposes1 i4 e41 ! cultivation ( crops2 b _! value consi/s 9 ! scant grasses :i* !y spontane\sly produce1 & ^! values c be made available only by ! use ( ! wat]s necess>y = ! subsi/5ce ( /ock1 & t necess>y = ! small am\nt ( irrigable l& :i* %\ld be atta*$ to ! sev]al pa/urage f>ms4 ,?us1 practically1 all values inh]e 9 ! wat]1 & an equitable division ( ! wat]s c be made only by a wise sy/em ( p>cel+ ! l&s2 & ! p 9 organiz$ bodies c well be truss$ ) ?is "r1 :ile individuals c\ld n ?us be tru/$4 ,^! consid]ations h l$ to ! plan sugge/$ 9 ! bill submitt$ = ! organization ( pa/urage di/ricts4 ,9 l mann]1 9 ! bill design$ = ! purpose ( sugge/+ a plan = ! organization ( irrigation di/ricts1 ! same pr9ciple is involv$1 viz1 t ( p]mitt+ ! settl]s !mselves to subdivide ! l&s into su* tracts z !y may desire4 ,! l&s along ! /reams are n valuable = agricultural purposes 9 cont9u\s bodies or squ>es1 b only 9 irrigable tracts gov]n$ by ! levels ( ! me&]+ canals :i* c>ry ! wat] = irrigation1 & x w\ld be greatly to ! advantage ( e su* di/rict if ! l&s c\ld be divid$ into p>cels1 gov]n$ solely by ! conditions "u :i* ! wat] c\ld be di/ribut$ ov] !m2 & su* p>cel+ _c be prop]ly done prior to ! occupancy ( ! l&s1 b c only be made p>i passu ) ! adoption ( a sy/em ( canals2 & ! p settl+ on ^! l&s %\ld be all[$ ! privilege ( divid+ ! l&s into su* tracts z may be mo/ available = su* purposes1 & !y %\ld n be hamp]$ ) ! pres5t arbitr>y sy/em ( divid+ ! l&s into rectangul> tracts4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! l& sy/em ( ! ea/]n /ates1 & "k ! difficulty ( prop]ly id5tify+ or det]m9+ ! b\nd>ies ( _m ( ! p>cels or tracts ( l& into :i* ! c\ntry is divid$1 & :o appreciate ! cumbr\s me?od ( describ+ su* l&s by metes & b\nds 9 conveyances1 may at fir/ ?\ght object to ! plan ( p>cel+ l&s into irregul> tracts4 ,!y may fe> t if ! sy/em ( p>cel+ ! l&s into t[n%ips & sections1 & describ+ ! same 9 conveyances by ref]5ce to c]ta9 great initial po9ts 9 ! surveys ( ! l&s1 is ab&on$1 x w lead to ! unc]ta9ties & difficulties t belong$ to ! old sy/em4 ,b ! evils ( t sy/em did n belong to ! %ape into :i* ! l&s 7 divid$4 ,! l&s 7 (t5 n def9itely & accurately p>cel$2 actual b\nd>y l9es 7 n fix$ on ! gr\nd & accurate plats 7 n made1 & ! description ( ! b\nd>y l9es 0 usually vague & unc]ta94 ,x matt]s n :at ! %ape ( tracts or p>cels may be2 if ^! p>cels are accurately def9$ by surveys on ! gr\nd & plott$ = record1 none ( ^! unc]ta9ties w arise1 & if ^! tracts or p>cels are lett]$ or numb]$ on ! plats1 !y may be v easily describ$ 9 conveyances )\t ent]+ into a long & t$i\s description ( metes & b\nds4 ,9 mo/ ( our we/]n t[ns & cities lots are accurately survey$ & plott$ & describ$ by numb] ( lot1 numb] ( block1 etc41 etc41 & su* a simple me?od %\ld be us$ 9 convey+ ! pa/urage l&s4 ,:ile ! sy/em ( p>cel+ & convey+ by section1 t[n%ip1 range1 etc41 0 a v great improvem5t on ! sy/em :i* previ\sly exi/$1 ! mu* m simple me?od us$ 9 mo/ ( our cities & t[ns w\ld be a /ill fur!r improvem5t4 ,! title to no tract ( l& %\ld be convey$ f ! ,gov]nm5t to ! individual until ! prop] survey ( ! same is made & ! plat prep>$ = record4 ,) ?is precaution1 :i* ! ,gov]nm5t already inv>iably takes 9 dispos+ ( its l&s1 no fe> ( unc]ta9ty ( id5tification ne$ be ent]ta9$4 ,,wat] ,,rights4 ,9 ea* ( ! sugge/$ bills !re is a clause provid+ t1 ) c]ta9 re/rictions1 ! "r to ! wat] necess>y to irrigate any tract ( l& %all inh]e 9 ! l& itself f ! date ( ! organization ( ! di/rict4 ,! object ( ?is is to give settl]s on pa/urage or irrigation f>ms ! assurance t _! l&s %all n be made wor?less by tak+ away ! wat] to o!r l&s by p]sons settl+ subsequ5tly 9 adjac5t portions ( ! c\ntry4 ,! m5 ( small means :o "u ! !ory ( ! bill are to receive its b5efits w ne$ a few ye>s 9 :i* to con/ruct ! necess>y wat]ways & br+ _! l&s "u cultivation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y %\ld n be p]mitt$ to acquire rights to wat] )\t us+ ! same4 ,! con/ruction ( ! wat]ways necess>y to actual irrigation by ! l& own]s may be consid]$ z a suffici5t gu>antee t ! wat]s w subsequ5tly be us$4 ,! g5]al subject ( wat] rights is "o ( great importance4 ,9 _m places 9 ! ,arid ,region irrigation companies are organiz$ :o obta9 ve/$ rights 9 ! wat]s !y control1 & consequ5tly ! rights to su* wat]s d n inh]e 9 any p>ticul> tracts ( l&4 ,:5 ! area to :i* x is possible to take ! wat] ( any giv5 /ream is mu* great] ?an ! /ream is compet5t to s]ve1 if ! l& titles & wat] rights are sev]$1 ! own] ( any tract ( l& is at ! m]cy ( ! own] ( ! wat] "r4 ,9 g5]al1 ! l&s greatly exce$ ! capacities ( ! /reams4 ,?us ! l&s h no value )\t wat]4 ,if ! wat] rights fall into ! h&s ( irrigat+ companies & ! l&s into ! h&s ( individual f>m]s1 ! f>m]s !n w be dep5d5t ^u ! /ock companies1 & ev5tually ! monopoly ( wat] rights w be an intol]able burd5 to ! p4 ,! magnitude ( ! int]e/s involv$ mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,all ! pres5t & future agriculture ( m ?an f\r-t5?s ( ! area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is dep5d5t ^u irrigation1 & practically all values = agricultural indu/ries inh]e1 n 9 ! l&s b 9 ! wat]4 ,monopoly ( l& ne$ n be fe>$4 ,! "q = legislators to solve is to devise "s practical means by :i* wat] rights may be di/ribut$ among individual f>m]s & wat] monopolies prev5t$4 ,! pione]s 9 ! 8new c\ntries0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h inv>iably be5 *>act]iz$ by ent]prise & indu/ry & an int5se desire = ! spe$y developm5t ( _! new homes4 ,^! *>act]i/ics are no :it less prom95t 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region ?an 9 ! e>li] 8new c\ntries02 b !y are ev5 m app>5t4 ,! h>dy pione]s engage 9 a multiplicity ( indu/rial ent]prises surpris+ to ! p ( long e/abli%$ habits & in/itutions4 ,"u ! impetus ( ?is _s irrigation companies are organiz$ & capital inve/$ 9 irrigat+ canals1 & b little he$ is giv5 to philosophic consid]ations ( political economy or to ! ultimate condition ( affairs 9 :i* _! pres5t ent]prises w result4 ,! pione] is fully engag$ 9 ! pres5t ) its hopes ( imm$iate remun]ation = labor4 ,! pres5t developm5t ( ! c\ntry fully occupies him4 ,= ?is reason e ef=t put =? to increase ! area ( ! agricultural l& by irrigation is welcom$4 ,e man :o turns 8 att5tion to ?is dep>tm5t ( indu/ry is consid]$ a public b5efactor4 ,b if 9 ! eag]ness = pres5t developm5t a l& & wat] sy/em %all gr[ up 9 :i* ! practical control ( agriculture %all fall into ! h&s ( wat] companies1 evils w result !refrom t g5]ations may n be able to correct1 & ! v m5 :o are n[ laud$ z b5efactors to ! c\ntry w1 9 ! ungov]nable reaction :i* is sure to come1 be d5\nc$ z oppressors ( ! p4 ,! "r to use wat] %\ld inh]e 9 ! l& to be irrigat$1 & wat] rights %\ld g ) l& titles4 ,^? unacqua9t$ ) ! indu/rial in/itutions ( ! f> we/1 involv+ ! use ( l&s & wat]s1 may )\t c>eful ?\ght suppose t ! long recogniz$ pr9ciples ( ! common law are suffici5t to prev5t ! sev]ance ( l& & wat] rights2 b o!r practices are obta9+ :i* h1 or ev5tually w h1 all ! =ce ( common law1 because ! necessities ( ! c\ntry require ! *ange1 & ^! practices are obta9+ ! color ( "r f /ate & t]ritorial legislation1 & to "s ext5t by national legislation4 ,9 all t c\ntry ! natural *annels ( ! /reams _c be made to gov]n wat] rights )\t great injury to its agricultural & m9+ indu/ries4 ,= ! great purposes ( irrigation & hydraulic m9+ ! wat] has no value 9 its natural *annel4 ,9 g5]al ! wat] _c be us$ = irrigation on ! l&s imm$iately contigu\s to ! /reams--i4 e41 ! flood pla9s or bottom valleys--= reasons m fully expla9$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,! wat]s mu/ be tak5 to a great] or less ext5t on ! b5* l&s to be us$ 9 irrigation4 ,all ! wat]s ( all ! arid l&s w ev5tually be tak5 f _! natural *annels1 & !y c be utiliz$ only to ! ext5t to :i* !y are ?us remov$1 & wat] rights mu/ ( necessity be sev]$ f ! natural *annels4 ,!re is ano!r important factor to be consid]$4 ,! wat] :5 us$ 9 irrigation is absorb$ by ! soil & revaporat$ to ! heav5s4 ,x _c be tak5 f its natural *annel1 us$1 & return$4 ,aga91 ! wat] _c 9 g5]al be prop]ly utiliz$ 9 irrigation by requir+ x to be tak5 f its natural *annel )9 ! limits ord9>ily includ$ 9 a s+le own]%ip4 ,9 ord] to conduct ! wat] on ! high] b5* l&s :]e x is to be us$ 9 irrigation1 x is necess>y to g up ! /ream until a level is rea*$ f :i* ! wat]s w fl[ to ! l&s to be r$eem$4 ,! exceptions to ?is are s small t ! /atem5t sc>cely ne$s qualification4 ,?us1 to use ! wat] x mu/ be div]t$ f its natural c\rse (t5 miles or scores ( miles f :]e x is to be us$4 ,! anci5t pr9ciples ( common law apply+ to ! use ( natural /reams1 s wise & equitable 9 a humid region1 w\ld1 if appli$ to ! ,arid ,region1 practically prohibit ! gr[? ( its mo/ important indu/ries4 ,?us x is t a cu/om is spr++ up 9 ! ,arid ,region :i* may or may n h color ( au?ority 9 /atutory or common law2 on ?is ,i d n wi% to express an op9ion2 b c]ta9 x is t wat] rights are practically be+ sev]$ f ! natural *annels ( ! /reams2 & ?is mu/ be done4 ,9 ! *ange1 x is to be fe>$ t wat] rights w 9 _m cases be sep>at$ f all l& rights z ! sy/em is n[ =m+4 ,if ?is fe> is n gr\ndless1 to ! ext5t t su* a sep>ation is secur$1 wat] w become a prop]ty indep5d5t ( ! l&1 & ?is prop]ty w be gradually absorb$ by a few4 ,monopolies ( wat] w be secur$1 & ! :ole agriculture ( ! c\ntry w be tribut>y !reto--a condition ( affairs :i* an ,am]ican citiz5 hav+ 9 view ! int]e/s ( ! l>ge/ numb] ( p _c contemplate ) favor4 ,practically1 9 t c\ntry ! "r to wat] is acquir$ by priority ( utilization1 & ?is is z x %\ld be f ! necessities ( ! c\ntry4 ,b two important qualifications are ne$$4 ,! us] "r %\ld atta* to ! l& :]e us$1 n to ! individual or company con/ruct+ ! canals by :i* x is us$4 ,! "r to ! wat] %\ld inh]e 9 ! l& :]e x is us$2 ! priority ( usage %\ld secure ! "r4 ,b ?is ne$s "s slight modification4 ,a f>m] settl+ on a small tract1 to be r$eem$ by irrigation1 %\ld be giv5 a reasonable l5g? ( "t 9 :i* to secure 8 wat] "r by utilization1 t he may secure x by 8 own labor1 ei!r directly by con/ruct+ ! wat]ways himself1 or indirectly by cop]at+ ) 8 neighbors 9 con/ruct+ sy/ems ( wat]ways4 ,)\t ?is provision !re is little inducem5t = poor m5 to comm5ce f>m+ op]ations1 & m5 ( ready capital only w engage 9 su* ent]prises4 ,! t5tative bills submitt$ h be5 drawn on ! !ory ?us briefly enunciat$4 ,if !re be any d\bt ( ! ultimate legality ( ! practices ( ! p 9 ! arid c\ntry relat+ to wat] & l& rights1 all su* d\bts %\ld be spe$ily quiet$ ?r\gh ! enactm5t ( appropriate laws by ! national legislature4 ,p]haps an amplification by ! c\rts ( :at has be5 designat$ z ! natural "r to ! use ( wat] may be made to cov] ! practices n[ obta9+2 b x h>dly seems wise to imp]il int]e/s s great by intru/+ !m to ! possibility ( "s future c\rt made law4 ,,! ,,l&s ,,%\ld ,,be ,,classifi$4 ,su* a sy/em ( dispos+ ( ! public l&s 9 ! ,arid ,region w necessitate an au?oritative classification ( ! same4 ,! l>ge/ am\nt ( l& t x is possible to r$eem by irrigation1 except+ ^? tracts wat]$ by lone spr+s1 brooks1 & ! small bran*es1 %\ld be class$ z irrigable l&s1 to give ! greate/ possible developm5t to ?is indu/ry4 ,! limit ( ! timb] l&s %\ld be cle>ly def9$1 to prev5t ! fraudul5t acquirem5t ( ^! l&s z pa/urage l&s4 ,! irrigable & timb] l&s are ( small ext5t1 & _! b\nd>ies c easily be fix$4 ,all ( ! l&s fall+ )\t ^! b\nd>ies w\ld be relegat$ to ! great] class designat$ z pa/urage l&s4 ,x is true t all su* l&s w n be ( value = pa/urage purposes1 b 9 g5]al x w\ld be difficult to draw a l9e betwe5 absolutely des]t l&s & pa/urage l&s1 & no practical purposes w\ld be subs]v$ !reby4 ,fix ! b\nd>ies ( ! timb] l&s t !y may be acquir$ by prop] me?ods2 fix ! b\nd>ies ( ! irrigable l&s t !y may also be acquir$ by prop] me?ods1 & !n p]mit ! rema9+ l&s to be acquir$ by settl]s z pa/urage l&s1 to ! ext5t t !y may be made available1 & !re w be no fe> ( settl]s encroa*+ on ! des]t or valueless l&s4 ,h]et(ore we h be5 consid]+ only ?ree great classes ( l&s--namely1 irrigable1 timb]1 & pa/urage l&s1 al?\gh practically & "u ! laws !re are two o!r classes ( l&s to be recogniz$--namely1 m9]al l&s1 i4 e41 l&s be>+ lodes or plac]s ( gold1 silv]1 c9nab>1 etc41 & coal l&s4 ,"u ! law ^! l&s are made special4 ,m9]al l&s are )held f g5]al sale1 & titles to ! m9es are acquir$ by ! inve/m5t ( labor & capital to an am\nt specifi$ 9 ! law4 ,coal l&s are sold = #bj p] acre4 ,! m9]al l&s prop]1 ?\gh widely scatt]$1 are ( small ext5t4 ,:]e ! m9es are lodes1 ! l&s lie along ! m\nta9s1 & are to a great] or less ext5t valueless = all o!r purposes4 ,:]e ! m9es are plac]s1 !y may also be agricultural l&s1 b _! ext5t is v limit$4 ,to )hold ^! l&s f pur*ase & settlem5t z irrigable1 timb]1 & pa/urage l&s w 9 no mat]ial way affect ! int]e/s ( ! indu/ries connect$ ) ! la/ m5tion$ l&s4 ,! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t _c reasonably engage 9 ! rese>* necess>y to det]m9e ! m9]al l&s1 b ?is is practically done by ! m9]s !mselves4 ,?\s&s ( h>dy1 skilful m5 are vigor\sly engag$ 9 ?is "w1 & z m9es are discov]$ m9+ di/ricts are organiz$1 & on ! prop] repres5tation ( ^! int]e/$ p>ties ! m9]al l&s are )held f g5]al sale by ! ,l& ,dep>tm5t4 ,?us1 prop] provision is already made = ?is bran* ( ! "w ( classification4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! ,arid ,region !re are ext5sive deposits ( coal4 ,^! coal fields are inexhau/ible by any population :i* ! c\ntry c support = any l5g? ( "t t human prevision c contemplate4 ,to )hold f g5]al settlem5t ! entire area ( ! workable coal fields w\ld be absurd4 ,only a small fraction w be ne$$ = ! next c5tury4 ,only ^? l&s %\ld be class$ z coal l&s t conta9 b$s ( coal easily accessible1 & :]e !re is a possibility ( _! be+ us$ z su* )9 ! next g5]ation or two4 ,to designate or set ap>t ^! l&s w require ! highe/ geological skill2 a ?or\gh geological survey is necess>y4 ,9 provid+ = a g5]al classification ( ! l&s ( ! ,arid ,region1 x w1 !n1 be necess>y to recognize ! foll[+ classes1 namely3 m9]al l&s1 coal l&s1 irrigable l&s1 timb] l&s1 & pa/urage l&s4 ,! m9]al l&s are practically classifi$ by ! m9]s !mselves1 & = ?is no fur!r legal provision is necess>y4 ,! coal l&s mu/ be det]m9$ by geological survey4 ,! "w ( det]m9+ ! areas :i* %\ld be relegat$ to ! o!r classes--namely1 irrigable1 timb]1 & pa/urage l&s--w be comp>atively inexp5sive4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,ra9fall ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution conduct$ = a numb] ( ye>s an ext5sive sy/em ( measurem5ts ( ra9fall 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & at ! same "t dilig5tly collect$ pluvial records f e possible s\rce4 ,! accumulat$ data ?us collect$ 7 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,a4 ,s*ott = r$uction & discussion1 & he prep>$ ! 8,smi?sonian ,tables ( ,precipitation 9 ,ra9 & ,sn[01 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahfh4 ,s9ce t "t mu* additional mat]ial has be5 acquir$ by ! cont9uation ( ! "w to ! pres5t "t1 & also by a great increase 9 ! numb] ( obs]vation /ations1 & s valuable is ?is new mat]ial t x has be5 det]m9$ to recompile ! tables & issue a second edition4 ,by ! "t ! pres5t report 0 call$ =1 ! prelim9>y computations = ! tables _h develop$ an important body ( facts be>+ on ! climate ( ! ,arid ,region1 & ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,pr(4 ,joseph ,h5ry1 ,secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 & ( ,mr4 ,s*ott1 !y 7 plac$ at my disposal4 ,mr4 ,s*ott also made su* a *ange 9 ! ord] ( computation z to give prec$5ce to ! /ates & t]ritories :i* =m ! subject ( ?is inve/igation1 & by ?is timely favor made x possible to base ! foll[+ discussion on ! v late/ det]m9ations ( ra9fall4 ,! results ?us made available exhibit ! mean precipitation at ea* /ation ( obs]vation we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] = ea* mon?1 = ea* season1 & = ! ye>4 ,a numb] ( o!r data are also tabulat$1 includ+ ! latitude1 longitude1 & altitude ( ea* /ation1 & ! ext5t ( ea* s]ies ( obs]vations 9 ye>s & mon?s4 ,9 select+ mat]ial = ! pres5t purpose ! %ort] records 7 ignor$4 ,! v>iations f ye> to ye> are s great t an isolat$ record ( a s+le ye> is ( no value z an indication ( ! av]age ra9fall4 ,! mean ( two or ?ree ye>s is almo/ equally liable to mislead1 & only a long s]ies ( obs]vations c af=d accurate results4 ,9 ! foll[+ tables no /ations are includ$ 7) "o exception7 :i* %[ records ( less ?an five ye>s' ext5t4 ,table ,i %[s ! precipitation ( ! ,sub-humid ,region2 ,table ,,ii1 ( ! ,arid ,region2 ,table ,,iii1 ( ! ,san ,francisco ,region2 & ,table ,,iv1 ( ! ,region ( ! ,l[] ,columbia4 ,! limits ( ea* region h be5 giv5 9 a =m] *apt]1 & ne$ n be repeat$4 ,9 ea* table ! fir/ column conta9s ! names ( ! /ations ( obs]vation2 ! second1 _! latitudes2 ! ?ird1 _! longitudes 7we/ f ,gre5wi*72 & ! f\r?1 _! altitudes 9 feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! next f\r columns %[ = ea* season ( ! ye> ! mean obs]v$ ra9fall 9 in*es1 & _! sum appe>s 9 ! foll[+ column z ! mean ye>ly ra9fall4 ,9 ! la/ column ! ext5t ( ea* s]ies ( obs]vations is giv5 9 ye>s & mon?s4 ,9 ,table ,i ! /ations are arrang$ by latitudes1 9 ,tables ,,ii1 ,,iii1 & ,,iv1 alphabetically4 ,,table ,i4--,precipitation ( ,sub-humid ,region4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,/ation4 ,latitude4 ,longitude4 ,height4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,feet4 ,pemb9a1 ,dak #dh #eg #ig #jc #gfh ,=t ,tott51 ,dak #dg #ef #ii #af #a1dhj ,=t ,ab]crombie1 ,dak #df #bg #if #ba -- ,=t ,wadswor?1 ,dak #de #dc #ig #aj #a1fej ,omaha ,ag5cy1 ,nebr #db #jg #if #bb -- ,=t ,ke>ney1 ,nebr #dj #ch #ih #eg #b1cfj ,=t ,riley1 ,kans #ci #jc #if #ce #a1cjj ,=t ,hays1 ,kans #ch #ei #ii #bj #b1ajg ,=t ,l>n$1 ,kans #ch #aj #ih #eg #a1icb ,=t ,belknap1 ,tex #cc #jh #ih #df #a1fjj ,=t ,griff91 ,tex #cb #ed #ii #ad -- ,=t ,*adb\rne1 ,tex #ca #eh #ajj #ae #b1jbj ,=t ,mc,kavett1 ,tex #cj #dh #ajj #jh #b1jfj ,new ,braunfels1 ,tex #bi #db #ih #ae #gbj ,=t ,cl>k1 ,tex #bi #ag #ajj #be #a1jjj ,=t ,+e1 ,tex #bi #aj #ii #ej #hde ,=t ,duncan1 ,tex #bh #ci #ajj #cj #a1dfj ,=t ,br[n1 ,tex #be #ej #ig #cg #ej ---------------------------------------- ----------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,mean precipitation1 9 in*es4 ,ext5t ---------------------------------- ( ,/ation4 ,spr+4,summ]4,autumn4,w9t]4 ,ye>4record4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,y4 ,m4 ,pemb9a1 ,dak #d4jb #g4bd #b4ga #a4ec #ae4ej #d #h ,=t ,tott51 ,dak #e4ah #g4ag #b4ej #a4ei #af4dd #e #e ,=t ,ab]crombie1 ,dak #d4hj #h4fg #c4df #a4he #ah4gh #ac #f ,=t ,wadswor?1 ,dak #g4jj #aj4be #c4ih #b4ib #bd4ae #f #e ,omaha ,ag5cy1 ,nebr #h4ba #h4gj #e4gg #b4ij #be4eh #e #b ,=t ,ke>ney1 ,nebr #g4ha #aa4ac #d4hc #a4de #be4bb #ad #d ,=t ,riley1 ,kans #e4di #aj4dh #e4ib #b4fc #bd4eb #bj #aj ,=t ,hays1 ,kans #f4ic #f4bc #e4gg #c4gg #bb4gj #f #aa ,=t ,l>n$1 ,kans #e4ag #i4fc #d4ie #a4fg #ba4db #aj #i ,=t ,belknap1 ,tex #f4da #i4dd #h4cd #c4hf #bh4je #e #aj ,=t ,griff91 ,tex #d4ie #f4be #f4ad #d4ag #ba4ea #e #c ,=t ,*adb\rne1 ,tex #e4gg #f4ec #g4jf #c4eb #bb4hh #h #g ,=t ,mc,kavett1 ,tex #e4ba #f4ga #g4ha #d4bb #bc4ie #i #g ,new ,braunfels1 ,tex #g4fj #f4ij #h4hc #d4be #bg4eh #e #a ,=t ,cl>k1 ,tex #d4ad #g4eg #f4ee #d4ce #bb4fa #ab #e ,=t ,+e1 ,tex #e4ch #i4fg #f4hh #c4ec #be4df #g #d ,=t ,duncan1 ,tex #c4ef #h4fj #f4ed #b4fc #ba4cc #aa #g ,=t ,br[n1 ,tex #c4ah #g4fd #ac4jb #d4jd #bg4hh #ae #j ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,table ,,ii4--,precipitation ( ! ,arid ,region4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,latitude4 ,longitude4 ,height4 ,/ation4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,feet4 ,albuqu]que1 ,n4 ,mex #ce #jf #ajf #ch #e1jcb ,camp ,b[ie1 ,ariz #cb #aj #aji #cj #d1hgb ,camp ,d\glas1 ,utah #dj #df #aaa #ej #e1jbd ,camp ,grant1 ,ariz #cb #ed #aaj #dj #d1hcc ,camp ,halleck1 ,nev #dj #di #aae #bj #e1gij ,camp ,h>ney1 ,oreg #dc #jj #aai #jj -- ,camp ,indep5d5ce1 ,cal #cf #ej #aah #aa #d1hjj ,camp ,mc,dermitt1 ,nev #da #eh #aag #dj #d1gjj ,camp ,mc,dowell1 ,ariz #cc #df #aaa #cf -- ,camp ,mohave1 ,ariz #ce #jb #aad #cf #fjd ,camp ,v]de1 ,ariz #cd #cd #aaa #ed #c1afj ,camp ,w>n]1 ,oreg #db #bh #aai #db -- ,camp ,:ipple1 ,ariz #cd #bg #aab #bj #e1gjj ,cantonm5t ,burgw91 ,n4 ,mex #cf #bf #aje #cj #g1ijj ,drum ,b>racks1 ,cal #cc #dg #aah #ag #cb ,d5v]1 ,colo #ci #de #aje #ja #e1bej ,=t ,bay>d1 ,n4 ,mex #cb #df #ajh #cj #d1dej ,=t ,b5ton1 ,mont #dg #ej #aaj #ci #b1gcj ,=t ,bidwell1 ,cal #da #ej #abj #aj #d1fhj ,=t ,bliss 7,el ,paso71 ,tex #ca #dg #ajf #cj #c1hcj ,=t ,bois1 ,idaho #dc #dj #aaf #jj #a1iih ,=t ,bridg]1 ,wyo #da #bj #aaj #bc #f1fef ,=t ,bu=d1 ,dak #dh #ja #ajc #eh #a1ijj ,=t ,colville1 ,wa% #dh #db #aah #jb #a1ifc ,=t ,craig1 ,n4 ,mex #cc #ch #ajg #jj #d1fai ,=t ,d4 ,a4 ,russell1 ,wyo #da #ab #ajd #ej -- ,=t ,davis1 ,tex #cj #dj #ajd #jg #d1gjj ,=t ,defiance1 ,ariz #ce #dc #aji #aj #f1ejj ,=t ,fett]man1 ,wyo #db #ej #aje #bi #d1igc ,=t ,fillmore1 ,n4 ,mex #cb #ad #ajf #db #c1icg ,=t ,f4 ,/eele1 ,wyo #da #dg #ajf #eg #f1hda ,=t ,g>l&1 ,colo #cg #be #aje #dj #g1hfd ,=t ,lapwai1 ,idaho #df #ah #aaf #ed #b1jjj ,=t ,l>amie1 ,wyo #db #ab #ajd #ca #d1dgb ,=t ,lyon1 ,colo #ch #jh #ajb #je #d1jjj ,=t ,massa*usetts1 ,colo #cg #cb #aje #bc #h1cfe ,=t ,mc,pherson1 ,nebr #da #jj #ajj #cj #c1gbf ,=t ,mc,intosh1 ,tex #bg #ce #ii #dh #hjf ,=t ,mc,rae1 ,n4 ,mex #cc #ah #ajg #jc #d1ejj ,=t ,r&all1 ,dak #dc #ja #ih #cg #a1bde ,=t ,rice1 ,dak #df #cb #ajj #cc -- ,=t ,s&]s1 ,wyo #da #ag #aje #cf #g1afa ,=t ,seld51 ,n4 ,mex #cb #bc #ajf #ee -- ,=t ,%aw1 ,mont #dg #cj #aaa #db #f1jjj ,=t ,/anton1 ,n4 ,mex #cc #bi #aje #ch #e1jjj ,=t ,/ev5son1 ,dak #dg #cf #aja #aj -- ,=t ,/ockton1 ,tex #cj #bj #ajb #cj #d1iej ,=t ,sully1 ,dak #dd #ej #ajj #ce #a1fgb ,=t ,union1 ,n4 ,mex #ce #ed #ajd #eg #f1fgj ,=t ,walla ,walla1 ,wa% #df #jc #aah #bj #hjj ,=t ,w+ate1 ,n4 ,mex #ce #bi #ajg #de #f1ihb ,=t ,yuma1 ,cal #cb #dd #aad #cf #bjj ,r+gold ,b>racks1 ,tex #bf #bc #ii #jj #eba ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah #dj #df #aaa #ed #d1ecd ,san ,diego1 ,cal #cb #db #aag #ad #aej ,santa ,f1 ,n4 ,mex #ce #da #ajf #jb #f1hdf ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,mean precipitation1 9 in*es4 ------------------------------ ,spr+4 ,summ]4 ,ext5t ,autumn4 ( ,/ation4 ,w9t]4 record4 ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,y4 ,m4 ,albuqu]que1 ,n4 ,mex #j4hc #d4ceb4jd #j4hi #h4aa #ab #b ,camp ,b[ie1 ,ariz #a4bi #g4ceb4jc #d4ei #ae4bf #f #h ,camp ,d\glas1 ,utah #g4bj #b4ahc4bd #f4bj #ah4hb #aj #c ,camp ,grant1 ,ariz #b4jh #f4bec4bg #c4dh #ae4jh #f #aj ,camp ,halleck1 ,nev #c4ff #a4aib4ca #c4hb #aj4ih #e #h ,camp ,h>ney1 ,oreg #b4bi #a4jia4ei #c4gi #h4gf #f #j ,camp ,indep5d5ce1 ,cal #a4ji #j4cej4fb #d4ed #f4fj #h #b ,camp ,mc,dermitt1 ,nev #c4jb #j4gba4ac #c4ff #h4ec #f #d ,camp ,mc,dowell1 ,ariz #a4aa #d4gia4gc #c4hb #aa4de #h #b ,camp ,mohave1 ,ariz #j4ha #a4bgj4ic #a4fd #d4fe #i #a ,camp ,v]de1 ,ariz #a4be #d4feb4da #b4ed #aj4he #f #a ,camp ,w>n]1 ,oreg #d4ca #a4ajb4ec #f4dg #ad4da #e #c ,camp ,:ipple1 ,ariz #c4hh #h4jgb4ae #e4ah #ai4bh #g #e ,cantonm5t ,burgw91 ,n4 ,mex #a4eg #b4ibb4db #a4gd #h4fe #e #i ,drum ,b>racks1 ,cal #b4bf #j4bfj4ce #e4hg #h4gd #e #e ,d5v]1 ,colo #e4jb #c4fic4af #a4ij #ac4gg #e #a ,=t ,bay>d1 ,n4 ,mex #a4ed #g4bbb4bh #c4bh #ad4cb #g #f ,=t ,b5ton1 ,mont #e4cd #d4dha4fe #a4gi #ac4bf #g #a ,=t ,bidwell1 ,cal #d4ie #a4edc4jcaj4ga #bj4bc #h #c ,=t ,bliss 7,el ,paso71 ,tex #j4dc #c4dic4ch #a4bc #h4ec #ad #c ,=t ,bois1 ,idaho #e4af #a4aeb4ej #f4fg #ae4dh #i #e ,=t ,bridg]1 ,wyo #b4ii #b4jea4fh #a4ga #h4dc #ab #aj ,=t ,bu=d1 ,dak #c4gf #d4jfb4ja #b4ja #aa4hd #g #aj ,=t ,colville1 ,wa% #c4fc #c4jdb4ef #d4hc #ad4jf #aa #j ,=t ,craig1 ,n4 ,mex #j4gj #e4hgc4dc #a4jf #aa4jf #ae #i ,=t ,d4 ,a4 ,russell1 ,wyo #d4gf #d4efc4bg #a4ej #ad4ji #e #a ,=t ,davis1 ,tex #a4hd #h4gfd4gb #a4hj #ag4ab #h #aa ,=t ,defiance1 ,ariz #b4jc #e4iac4gb #b4ee #ad4ba #h #e ,=t ,fett]man1 ,wyo #d4dh #d4abb4ii #c4ea #ae4aj #e #g ,=t ,fillmore1 ,n4 ,mex #j4dh #d4afc4jb #j4gf #h4db #h #c ,=t ,f4 ,/eele1 ,wyo #d4eg #c4dhc4je #d4bh #ae4ch #e #e ,=t ,g>l&1 ,colo #c4bh #f4gjb4cg #b4ea #ad4hf #ac #a ,=t ,lapwai1 ,idaho #d4aa #b4dac4ch #d4ii #ad4hi #i #h ,=t ,l>amie1 ,wyo #e4ce #d4djb4gc #a4ig #ad4de #ag #h ,=t ,lyon1 ,colo #d4cc #e4ddb4cj #j4di #ab4ef #g #i ,=t ,massa*usetts1 ,colo #c4ab #e4eff4bh #b4bg #ag4bc #e #a ,=t ,mc,pherson1 ,nebr #f4ij #g4efc4be #a4be #ah4if #f #i ,=t ,mc,intosh1 ,tex #c4bb #f4efe4ch #b4ce #ag4ea #ad #g ,=t ,mc,rae1 ,n4 ,mex #b4dc #f4aeb4cb #j4fi #aa4ei #e #j ,=t ,r&all1 ,dak #d4gb #f4bbc4dj #a4ah #ae4eb #ae #f ,=t ,rice1 ,dak #c4fc #d4hga4ed #a4ce #aa4ci #f #a ,=t ,s&]s1 ,wyo #c4ee #d4aeb4cc #a4dc #aa4df #f #aj ,=t ,seld51 ,n4 ,mex #j4eh #d4hca4hf #a4bb #h4di #h #e ,=t ,%aw1 ,mont #b4ah #b4cja4cd #a4ac #f4ie #g #c ,=t ,/anton1 ,n4 ,mex #c4jcaj4fad4hf #b4dd #bj4id #g #i ,=t ,/ev5son1 ,dak #c4da #d4igb4ae #a4ca #aa4hd #f #b ,=t ,/ockton1 ,tex #a4bd #e4ffc4ca #a4bi #aa4ej #e #h ,=t ,sully1 ,dak #f4eb #g4aha4gj #a4ad #af4ed #g #h ,=t ,union1 ,n4 ,mex #b4abaa4ibc4gi #a4cb #ai4ae #ag #e ,=t ,walla ,walla1 ,wa% #d4fi #b4jgd4ih #g4fb #ai4cf #h #h ,=t ,w+ate1 ,n4 ,mex #a4if #f4ejc4db #e4dd #ag4cb #i #a ,=t ,yuma1 ,cal #j4bg #a4cja4cf #j4ih #c4ia #af #f ,r+gold ,b>racks1 ,tex #c4ga #g4jjf4ca #b4eh #ai4fj #ad #b ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah #f4be #f4bhd4ga #g4eg #bd4ha #i #b ,san ,diego1 ,cal #a4hi #j4cfa4hi #e4ag #i4ca #bd #b ,santa ,f1 ,n4 ,mex #b4ag #f4hbc4de #b4dg #ad4ia #ai #aj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,table ,,iii4--,precipitation ( ! ,san ,francisco ,region4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,latitude4 ,longitude4 ,height4 ,/ation4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,feet4 ,alcatraz ,isl& #cg #di #abb #be -- ,angel ,isl& #cg #ea #abb #bf #cj ,b5icia ,b>racks #ch #jc #abb #ji #fd ,=t ,mill] #cg #jj #aai #dj #djb ,=t ,po9t #cg #dh #abb #bi #bg ,mont]ey #cf #cg #aba #eb #dj ,sacram5to #ch #cd #aba #bf #ha ,san ,francisco2 ,presidio #cg #dg #abb #bh #aej ,san ,francisco #cg #dh #abb #be #acj ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,mean precipitation1 9 in*es4 ------------------------------ ,spr+4 ,summ]4 ,ext5t ,autumn4 ( ,/ation4 ,w9t]4 record4 ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,y4 ,m4 ,alcatraz ,isl& #b4ei #j4jaa4heab4jd #af4di #i #e ,angel ,isl& #c4eb #j4jbb4geab4bi #ah4eh #e #aa ,b5icia ,b>racks #d4aj #j4acb4bh #h4ci #ad4ij #ah #c ,=t ,mill] #g4be #j4jjb4id #h4ha #ai4jj #f #i ,=t ,po9t #c4ff #j4jcb4bhaa4ci #ag4cf #ad #aa ,mont]ey #d4dc #j4bfb4bd #h4gh #ae4ga #ab #c ,sacram5to #e4ee #j4jib4gfaj4hd #ai4bd #ah #c ,san ,francisco2 ,presidio #d4hj #j4dib4fhab4cb #bj4bi #bj #b ,san ,francisco #e4jc #j4bbc4jeac4ai #ba4di #bd #d ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,table ,,iv4--,precipitation ( ! ,region ( ! ,l[] ,columbia4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,latitude4 ,longitude4 ,height4 ,/ation4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,feet4 ,a/oria1 ,oreg #df #aa #abc #dh #eb ,cape ,disappo9tm5t1 ,wa% #df #ag #abd #jc #cj ,=t ,dalles1 ,oreg #de #cc #abj #ej #cej ,camp ,ga/on1 ,cal #da #ja #abc #cd -- ,camp ,wright1 ,cal #ci #dh #abc #ag -- ,=t ,crook1 ,cal #da #jg #aba #bi #c1cij ,=t ,hosk9s1 ,oreg #de #jf #abc #bf -- ,=t ,humboldt1 ,cal #dj #de #abd #aj #ej ,=t ,jones1 ,cal #da #cf #abb #eb #b1egj ,=t ,/eilacoom1 ,wa% #dg #aa #abb #cd #cjj ,=t ,/ev5s1 ,oreg #df #ab #abc #eg -- ,=t ,umpqua1 ,oreg #dc #db #abd #aj #h ,=t ,vanc\v]1 ,wa% #de #dj #abb #cj #ej ,=t ,yamhill1 ,oreg #de #ba #abc #ae -- ,portl&1 ,oreg #de #cj #abb #cf #de ,port ,t[ns5d1 ,wa% #dh #jg #abb #de #h ,san ,juan ,isl&1 ,wa% #dh #bh #abc #ja #aej ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,mean precipitation1 9 in*es4 ------------------------------- ,spr+4 ,summ]4 ,ext5t ,autumn4 ( ,/ation4 ,w9t]4 record4 ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,y4 ,m4 ,a/oria1 ,oreg #ah4ij #e4gbah4ai #cd4hj #gg4fa #bb #d ,cape ,disappo9tm5t1 ,wa% #ad4ig #e4igbj4df #bi4hd #ga4bd #e #i ,=t ,dalles1 ,oreg #c4ia #a4af #e4gh #aa4bg #bb4ab #ab #h ,camp ,ga/on1 ,cal #ad4gf #a4ae #i4ib #ca4ef #eg4ci #ab #j ,camp ,wright1 ,cal #h4bf #j4bg #h4ag #bg4bg #dc4ig #i #h ,=t ,crook1 ,cal #f4cg #j4ig #d4ee #aa4bi #bc4ah #i #j ,=t ,hosk9s1 ,oreg #ad4fi #b4fead4hh #cd4dh #ff4gj #f #i ,=t ,humboldt1 ,cal #i4cf #j4gc #f4di #ah4gc #ce4ca #aa #b ,=t ,jones1 ,cal #e4bc #j4ia #d4ai #aa4cg #ba4gj #e #j ,=t ,/eilacoom1 ,wa% #h4ih #b4haaj4ab #ag4ja #ch4ib #ab #i ,=t ,/ev5s1 ,oreg #ag4fg #g4hhah4ba #cd4ha #gh4eg #f #e ,=t ,umpqua1 ,oreg #af4hc #b4hfae4fd #cb4jh #fg4da #e #aj ,=t ,vanc\v]1 ,wa% #h4gj #c4gh #i4ag #af4gb #ch4cg #af #aa ,=t ,yamhill1 ,oreg #ac4aj #b4ciac4bj #bf4ij #ee4ei #i #c ,portl&1 ,oreg #ac4ge #b4ejaa4ca #ai4fd #dg4bj #g #j ,port ,t[ns5d1 ,wa% #e4de #d4bb #b4ca #d4jg #af4je #e #f ,san ,juan ,isl&1 ,wa% #e4ja #d4fj #g4hi #aj4hd #bh4cd #i #d -------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,ra9 ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,ye>4 ,9 a g5]al way ! limit ( agriculture )\t irrigation1 or 8dry f>m+01 is indicat$ by ! curve ( #bj in*es ra9fall1 & :]e ! ra9fall is equally di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! ye> ?is limitation is )\t exception4 ,b 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ! ra9fall is conc5trat$ 9 c]ta9 mon?s s z to produce a 8ra9y season01 & :]ev] ! temp]ature ( ! ra9y season is adapt$ to ! rais+ ( crops x is f\nd t 8dry f>m+0 c be c>ri$ on ) less ?an #bj in*es ( annual ra94 ,!re are two su* di/ricts ^u ! bord]s ( ! ,arid ,region1 & )9 its limits !re may be a ?ird4 ,fir/ ,di/rict4--,along ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,arid ,region a contra/ has be5 obs]v$ betwe5 ! results obta9$ at ! nor? & at ! s\?4 ,9 ,texas #bj in*es ( ra9 are n suffici5t = agriculture1 :ile 9 ,dakota & ,m9nesota a less am\nt is suffici5t4 ,! explanation is cle>ly develop$ by a comp>ison ( ! tables ( ra9fall ) ref]5ce to ! di/ribution ( ra9 9 diff]5t seasons4 ,,table ,v4--,precipitation ( ,texas4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,latitude4 ,longitude4 ,height4 ,/ation4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,feet4 ,au/9 #cj #ag #ig #dd #fej ,camp ,v]de #cj #jj #ii #aj #a1djj ,=t ,belknap #cc #jh #ih #df #a1fjj ,=t ,bliss 7,el ,paso7 #ca #dg #ajf #cj #c1hcj ,=t ,br[n #be #ej #ig #cg #ej ,=t ,*adb\rne #ca #eh #ajj #ae #b1jbj ,=t ,cl>k #bi #ag #ajj #be #a1jjj ,=t ,davis #cj #dj #ajd #jg #d1gjj ,=t ,duncan #bh #ci #ajj #cj #a1dfj ,=t ,griff9 #cb #ed #ii #ad -- ,=t ,+e #bi #aj #ii #ej #hde ,=t ,mason #cj #dj #ii #ae #a1bjj ,=t ,mc,intosh #bg #ce #ii #dh #hjf ,=t ,mc,kavett #cj #dh #ajj #jh #b1jfj ,=t ,/ockton #cj #bj #ajb #cj #d1iej ,galve/on #bi #ah #id #dg #cj ,gilm] 7ne>7 #cb #dj #id #ei #iej ,new ,braunfels #bi #db #ih #ae #gbj ,r+gold ,b>racks #bf #cc #ii #jj #eba ,san ,antonio #bi #be #ih #be #fjj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,mean precipitation1 9 in*es4 ------------------------------- ,spr+4 ,summ]4 ,ext5t ,autumn4 ( ,/ation4 ,w9t]4 record4 ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,y4 ,m4 ,au/9 #h4fa #g4idaj4gd #f4bc #cc4eb #ah #h ,camp ,v]de #f4aa #i4ha #h4cj #e4je #bi4bg #e #i ,=t ,belknap #f4da #i4dd #h4cd #c4hf #bh4je #e #aj ,=t ,bliss 7,el ,paso7 #j4dc #c4di #c4ch #a4bc #h4ec #ad #c ,=t ,br[n #c4ah #g4fdac4jb #d4jd #bg4hh #ae #j ,=t ,*adb\rne #e4gg #f4ec #g4jf #c4eb #bb4hh #h #g ,=t ,cl>k #d4ad #g4eg #f4ee #d4ce #bb4fa #ab #e ,=t ,davis #a4hd #h4gf #d4gb #a4hj #ag4ab #h #aa ,=t ,duncan #c4ef #h4fj #f4ed #b4fc #ba4cc #aa #g ,=t ,griff9 #d4ie #f4be #f4ad #d4ag #ba4ea #e #c ,=t ,+e #e4ch #i4fg #f4hh #c4ec #be4df #g #d ,=t ,mason #f4cfaj4dd #h4bb #c4if #bh4ih #e #a ,=t ,mc,intosh #c4bb #f4ef #e4ch #b4ce #ag4ea #ad #g ,=t ,mc,kavett #e4ba #f4ga #g4ha #d4bb #bc4ie #i #g ,=t ,/ockton #a4bd #e4ff #c4ca #a4bi #aa4ej #e #h ,galve/on #ac4aead4ijaf4hc #ab4ai #eg4jg #f #a ,gilm] 7ne>7 #ac4cf #i4icaa4gg #aj4ic #de4ii #g #i ,new ,braunfels #g4fj #f4ij #h4hc #d4be #bg4eh #e #a ,r+gold ,b>racks #c4ga #g4jj #f4ca #b4eh #ai4fj #ad #b ,san ,antonio #f4gg #h4ia #i4cj #f4cb #ca4cj #aj #b ---------------------------------- ,means #d4fb #f4gh #f4fd #c4fi #ba4gc -- -- -------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,table ,,vi4--,precipitation ( ,dakota4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,latitude4 ,longitude4 ,height4 ,/ation4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,feet4 ,=t ,ab]crombie #df #bg #if #ba -- ,=t ,bu=d #dh #ja #ajc #eh #a1ijj ,=t ,r&all #dc #ja #ih #cg #a1bde ,=t ,rice #df #cb #ajj #cc -- ,=t ,/ev5son #dg #cf #aja #aj -- ,=t ,sully #dd #ej #ajj #ce #a1fgb ,=t ,tott5 #dg #ef #ii #af #a1dhj ,=t ,wadswor? #de #dc #ig #aj #a1fej ,pemb9a #dh #eg #ig #jc #gfh ---------------------------------------- ----------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,mean precipitation1 9 in*es4 ------------------------------- ,spr+4 ,summ]4 ,ext5t ,autumn4 ( ,/ation4 ,w9t]4 record4 ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,y4 ,m4 ,=t ,ab]crombie #d4hj #h4fg #c4df #a4he #ah4gh #ac #f ,=t ,bu=d #c4gf #d4jf #b4ja #b4ja #aa4hd #g #aj ,=t ,r&all #d4gb #f4bb #c4dj #a4ah #ae4eb #ae #f ,=t ,rice #c4fc #d4hg #a4ed #a4ce #aa4ci #f #a ,=t ,/ev5son #c4da #d4ig #b4ae #a4ca #aa4hd #f #b ,=t ,sully #f4eb #g4ah #a4gj #a4ad #af4ed #g #h ,=t ,tott5 #e4ah #g4ag #b4ej #a4ei #af4dd #e #e ,=t ,wadswor? #g4jjaj4be #c4ih #b4ib #bd4ae #f #e ,pemb9a #d4jb #g4bd #b4ga #a4ec #ae4ej #d #h ---------------------------------- ,means #d4gh #f4gd #b4fa #a4fe #ae4gh -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,table ,v includes e /ation 9 ,texas t has a record ( five ye>s or m1 9 all tw5ty /ations4 ,if ! means ( ra9fall = ! /ate be comp>$ ) ! means = s+le /ations1 x w be se5 t !re is a g5]al correspond5ce 9 ! ratios p]ta9+ to ! diff]5t seasons1 s t ! =m] c fairly be consid]$ to repres5t = ! /ate ! di/ribution ?r\gh ! ye>4 ,table ,,vi pres5ts ! data = ,dakota 9 ! same way1 & ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! g5]al mean & ! /ation mean is "h exce$+ly close4 ,at ea* ( ! n9e /ations1 ! greate/ ra9fall is record$ 9 summ]1 ! next greate/ 9 spr+1 & ! lea/ 9 w9t]4 ,plac+ ! two s]ies ( results 9 ! =m ( p]c5tages1 !y %[ a decid$ contra/3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,spr+4 ,summ]4 ,autumn4 ,w9t]4 ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,dakota #cj #dc #ag #aj #ajj ,texas #ba #ca #ca #ag #ajj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,9 ,dakota a ra9y season is well m>k$1 & #gc p] c5t4 ( ! ra9 falls 9 spr+ & summ]1 or at ! "t :5 x is mo/ ne$$ by ! f>m]4 ,9 ,texas only #eb p] c5t4 ( ! ra9 falls 9 ! season ( agriculture4 ,! availability ( ra9 9 ! two regions is !re=e 9 ! ratio ( #gc to #eb1 & = agricultural purposes #bj in*es ( ra9fall 9 ,texas is equival5t to ab\t #ae in*es 9 ,dakota4 ,= ! fur!r exhibition ( ! subject1 ,table ,,vii has be5 prep>$1 compris+ /ations 9 ! ,region ( ! ,pla9s all ! way f our nor!rn to our s\!rn b\nd>y4 ,by way ( re/rict+ att5tion to ! practical problem ( ! limit ( 8dry f>m+01 only ^? /ations are admitt$ :i* exhibit a mean annual ra9fall ( m ?an #ae & less ?an #be in*es4 ,! ord] ( arrangem5t is by latitudes1 & 9 ! columns at ! "r ! seasonal ra9falls are express$ 9 p]c5tages ( ! ye>ly4 ,! column at ! extreme "r gives ! sum ( ! spr+ & summ] quotas1 & is tak5 to express ! availability ( ! ra9fall4 ,,table ,,vii4--,seasonal precipitation 9 ! ,region ( ! ,pla9s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,latitude4 ,mean ,ext5t ye>ly ,/ation4 ( ra9- ,record4 fall4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,y4 ,m4 ,in*es4 ,pemb9a1 ,dak4 #dh #eg #d #h #ae4ej ,=t ,tott51 ,dak4 #dg #ef #e #e #af4dd ,=t ,ab]crombie1 ,dak4 #df #bg #ac #f #ah4gh ,=t ,wadswor?1 ,dak4 #de #dc #f #e #bd4ae ,=t ,sully1 ,dak4 #dd #ej #g #h #af4ed ,sibley1 ,m9n4 #dd #cj #g #aa #bd4gd ,=t ,r&all1 ,dak4 #dc #ja #ae #f #ae4eb ,=t ,mc,pherson1 ,nebr4 #da #jj #f #i #ah4if ---------------------------------------- -------- ,=t ,riley1 ,kans4 #ci #jc #bj #aj #bd4eb ,=t ,hays1 ,kans4 #ch #ei #f #aa #bb4gj ,=t ,l>n$1 ,kans4 #ch #aj #aj #i #ba4db ---------------------------------------- -------- ,=t ,griff91 ,tex4 #cb #ed #e #c #ba4ea ,=t ,*adb\rne1 ,tex4 #ca #eh #h #g #bb4hh ,=t ,mc,kavett1 ,tex4 #cj #dh #i #g #bc4ie ,=t ,davis1 ,tex4 #cj #dj #h #aa #ag4ab ,=t ,cl>k1 ,tex4 #bi #ag #ab #e #bb4fa ,=t ,duncan1 ,tex4 #bh #ci #aa #g #ba4cc ,=t ,mc,intosh1 ,tex4 #bg #ce #ad #g #ag4ea ,r+gold ,b>racks1 ,tex4 #bf #bc #ad #b #ai4fj ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,p]c5tage ( annual ra9fall4 --------------------------------- ,spr+4 ,summ]4 ,spr+ ,/ation4 ,autumn4 & ,w9t]4summ]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,pemb9a1 ,dak4 #bf #dg #ag #aj #gc ,=t ,tott51 ,dak4 #ca #dd #ae #aj #ge ,=t ,ab]crombie1 ,dak4 #bf #df #ah #aj #gb ,=t ,wadswor?1 ,dak4 #bi #db #ag #ab #ga ,=t ,sully1 ,dak4 #ci #dd #aj #g #hc ,sibley1 ,m9n4 #ba #dj #bi #aj #fa ,=t ,r&all1 ,dak4 #cj #dj #bb #h #gj ,=t ,mc,pherson1 ,nebr4 #cf #dj #ag #g #gf ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,=t ,riley1 ,kans4 #bb #dc #bd #aa #fe ,=t ,hays1 ,kans4 #ca #bg #be #ag #eh ,=t ,l>n$1 ,kans4 #bd #de #bc #h #fi ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,=t ,griff91 ,tex4 #bc #bi #bi #ai #eb ,=t ,*adb\rne1 ,tex4 #be #bi #ca #ae #ed ,=t ,mc,kavett1 ,tex4 #bb #bh #cb #ah #ej ,=t ,davis1 ,tex4 #aa #ea #bh #aj #fb ,=t ,cl>k1 ,tex4 #ah #cd #bi #ai #eb ,=t ,duncan1 ,tex4 #ag #dj #ca #ab #eg ,=t ,mc,intosh1 ,tex4 #ah #ch #ca #ac #ef ,r+gold ,b>racks1 ,tex4 #ai #cf #cb #ac #ee ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,! graduation ( ! ratios f nor? to s\? is app>5t to inspection1 b is some:at irregul>4 ,! irregul>ity1 h[ev]1 is n great] ?an %\ld be anticipat$ f ! %ortness ( ! t]ms ( obs]vation at ! sev]al /ations1 & x disappe>s :5 ! /ations are comb9$ 9 natural gr\ps4 ,divid+ ! :ole s]ies into ?ree gr\ps1 z indicat$ by ! cross l9es 9 ,table ,,vii1 & comput+ weight$ means ( ! seasonal ratios1 we h-- ,,table ,,vii 7a74#b #b ,9 comput+ ! sev]al means ( ,table ,,vii 7a7 f ! seasonal means ( ,table ,,vii1 ! latt] 7 weight$ accord+ to ! l5g?s ( ! records by :i* !y _h be5 obta9$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,p]c5tage ( annual ra9fall4 --------------------------------- ,mean ,total ,spr+4 ,gr\ps ( latitudeye>s ,summ]4 ,spr+ /ations4 ( ( ,autumn4 & gr\p4 record4 ,w9t]4summ]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,eight /ations 9 ,dakota1 ,m9nesota1 & ,nebraska #de #bj #fg #bi #dc #ai #i #gb ,?ree /ations 9 ,kansas #ch #de #ch #bd #da #bd #aa #fe ,eight /ations 9 ,texas #bi #de #he #ai #cf #ca #ad #ee ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,a mom5t's inspection w %[ t ! middle gr\p is int]m$iate betwe5 ! nor!rn & s\!rn 9 all its *>act]s4 ,! spr+ quota ( ra9fall progressively dim9i%es f nor? to s\?1 & s does ! summ]1 :ile ! fall & w9t] quotas increase4 ,:at is lo/ 9 summ] is ga9$ 9 w9t]1 & !reby ! inequality ( ra9fall f season to season is dim9i%$1 s t a ra9y season is n s well def9$ 9 ,texas z 9 ,dakota4 ,:at is lo/ 9 spr+ is ga9$ 9 autumn1 & !reby ! place ( ! ra9y season 9 ! ye> is %ift$4 ,9 ,dakota ! maximum ( ra9 is e>li] ?an 9 ,texas1 & corresponds m ne>ly ) ! maximum ( temp]ature4 ,,table ,,viii4--,seasonal precipitation 9 ! ,san ,francisco ,region4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,p]c5tage ( annual ra9fall4 --------------------------------- ,ext5t ,mean ,spr+4 ,/ation4 ( annual ,summ]4 ,w9t] record4 ra9- ,autumn4 & fall4 ,w9t]4spr+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,y4 ,m4 ,in*es4 ,alcatraz ,isl& #i #e #af4di #af #j #aa #gc #hi ,angel ,isl& #e #aa #ah4eh #ai #j #ae #ff #he ,b5icia ,b>racks #ah #c #ad4ij #bh #a #ae #ef #hd ,=t ,mill] #f #i #ai4jj #ch #j #af #df #hd ,=t ,po9t #ad #aa #ag4cf #ba #j #ac #ff #hg ,mont]ey #ab #c #ae4ga #bh #b #ad #ef #hd ,sacram5to #ah #c #ai4bd #bi #a #ad #ef #he ,san ,francisco2 #bj #b #bj4bi #bd #b #ac #fa #he ,presidio #bj #b #bj4bi #bd #b #ac #fa #he ,san ,francisco #bd #d #ba4di #bd #a #ad #fa #he ---------------------------------------- --- ,weight$ means -- -- #be #a #ad #fj #he ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,total ext5t ( record #acj ye>s4 ,mean ( ye>ly ra9falls #ae4ij4 ,second ,di/rict4--,9 ! ,san ,francisco ,region a ra9y season is /ill m def9itely m>k$1 b occurs at a diff]5t "t ( ye>4 ,x w be se5 by ,tables ,,iii & ,,viii t no ra9 falls 9 summ]1 :ile ! w9t] mon?s receive #fj p] c5t4 ( ! annual precipitation1 & ! spr+ #be p] c5t4 ,! g5]al ye>ly ra9fall ( ! di/rict is only ab\t #af in*es1 b by ?is rem>kable conc5tration a p]iod ( five mon?s is made to receive #ac in*es4 ,! w9t] temp]ature ( ! di/rict is no less rem>kable1 & supplies ! rema9+ condition ess5tial to agriculture4 ,fro/s are r>e1 & 9 ! valleys all ! precipitation has ! =m ( ra94 ,! n9e /ations :i* af=d ! ra9fall records giv5 above %[ a mean spr+ temp]ature ( #eg 7see ,table ,,ix74 ,?irte5 in*es ( ra9 com+ 9 a fro/less w9t] & spr+ h be5 f\nd suffici5t = remun]ative agriculture4 ,,table ,,ix4--,mean temp]atures1 by seasons1 = ! ,san ,francisco ,region4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,ext5t ,mean temp]atures1 9 degrees ,fahr4 ,/ation4 ( ---------------------------------------- -- record4 ,spr+4 ,summ]4 ,autumn4 ,w9t]4 ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,y4 ,m4 ,alcatraz ,isl& #h #f #ee #eg #fj #ed #eg ,angel ,isl& #c #a #eh #fc #fa #eb #eh ,b5icia ,b>racks #ae #g #eh #fg #fb #di #ei ,=t ,mill] #g #f #fd #hf #fg #di #fg ,=t ,po9t #aj #aa #ee #ei #eh #eb #ef ,mont]ey #ab #e #ee #fj #eg #ej #ee ,sacram5to #ad #j #ei #ga #fb #dh #fj ,san ,francisco2 #ai #j #ed #eg #eg #ej #ee ,presidio #ai #j #ed #eg #eg #ej #ee ,san ,francisco #aa #b #ee #eh #eh #ej #ee ---------------------------------------- ----- ,means -- #eg #fd #fj #ej #eh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! same w9t] maximum ( ra9fall is *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole ,pacific coa/4 ,! ,region ( ! ,l[] ,columbia1 ) an av]age ra9fall ( #df in*es1 receives #dg p] c5t4 ( x 9 w9t] & #bd p] c5t4 9 spr+4 ,s\?w>d on ! coa/1 ,drum ,b>racks 7ne> ,los ,angeles7 & ,san ,diego receive m ?an half _! ra9 9 w9t]1 b z ! :ole am\nt is only #i in*es agriculture is n b5efit$4 ,! ea/]n bases ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ,cascade ,range exhibit ! w9t] maximum ( ra9fall1 & ?is feature c be trac$ ea/w>d 9 ,idaho & ,nevada1 b 9 ^! di/ricts x is accompani$ by no amelioration ( w9t] temp]ature4 7,see ,table ,x47 ,,table ,x4--,seasonal precipitation & temp]atures on ! ,pacific coa/1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,p]c5tage ( ,mean ra9fall4 temp]ature4 ,mean ---------------------------------- annual ,spr+4 ,/ation4 ra9- ,summ]4 ,spr+4 fall4 ,autumn4 ,w9t]4 ,w9t]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,in*es4 ,san ,francisco ,region #ae4ij #be #a #ad #fj #eg #ej ,region ( ,l[] ,columbia #df4de #bd #f #bc #dg #ea #dj ,drum ,b>racks1 ,cal #h4gd #bf #c #d #fg #fj #ef ,san ,diego1 ,cal #i4ca #bj #d #bj #ef #fj #ed ,camp ,indep5d5ce1 ,cal #f4fj #ag #e #i #fi #eg #ci ,=t ,bidwell1 ,cal #bj4bc #bd #h #ae #ec #dh #cb ,camp ,w>n]1 ,oreg #ad4da #cj #h #ag #de #db #bi ,camp ,h>ney1 ,oreg #h4gf #bf #ac #ah #dc #dg #bg ,=t ,colville1 ,wa% #ad4jf #bf #bb #ah #cd #de #bd ,=t ,walla ,walla1 ,wa% #ai4cf #bd #aa #bf #ci #eb #cd ,camp ,mc,dermitt1 ,nev #h4ec #ce #i #ac #dc #df #bi ,camp ,halleck1 ,nev #aj4ih #cc #aa #ba #ce #de #bh ,=t ,lapwai1 ,idaho #ad4hi #bh #af #bc #cc #ec #cc ,=t ,bois1 ,idaho #ae4dh #cc #h #af #dc #eb #cj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,?ird ,di/rict4--,9 ,arizona & ,new ,mexico !re is a g5]al maximum ( ra9fall 9 summ]1 & a re/rict$ maximum 9 w9t]4 ,! pr9cipal m9imum is 9 spr+4 ,9 ,table ,,xi ! /ations are arrang$ accord+ to longitudes1 a disposition well suit$ to exhibit _! relations4 ,9 ea/]n ,new ,mexico ! di/ribution ( ra9fall has ! same "* z 9 adjac5t ,texas1 b ) a m decid$ maximum4 ,half ( ! total ra9fall is 9 summ] & half ( ! rema9d] 9 autumn4 ,we/w>d ! maximum dim9i%es slightly1 b x appe>s 9 e /ation ( ! two t]ritories4 ,9 we/]n ,arizona ! w9t] maximum ( ! ,pacific coa/ ass]ts itself1 & x c be trac$ ea/w>d z f> z ,=t ,w+ate1 ,new ,mexico4 ,except at ,camp ,mohave1 on ! we/]n bord] ( ,arizona1 x is inf]ior 9 am\nt to ! summ] maximum4 ,,table ,,xi4--,seasonal precipitation 9 ,arizona & ,new ,mexico4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,mean ,p]c5tage ( annual annual ra9fall4 ,/ation4 ,longi- ra9- --------------------------- tude4 fall4 ,spr+4 ,autumn4 ,summ]4 ,w9t]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,in*es4 ,we/]n ,texas -- -- #ai #cf #ca #ad ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,=t ,union1 ,n4 ,mex #ajd #eg #ai4ae #aa #fb #bj #g ,cantonm5t ,burgw91 ,n4 ,mex #aje #cj #h4fe #ah #cd #bh #bj ,=t ,/anton1 ,n4 ,mex #aje #ch #bj4id #ad #ea #bc #ab ,santa ,f1 ,n4 ,mex #ajf #jb #ad4ia #ad #df #bc #ag ,albuqu]que1 ,n4 ,mex #ajf #ch #h4aa #aj #ed #be #aa ,=t ,fillmore1 ,n4 ,mex #ajf #db #h4db #e #ej #cf #i ,=t ,seld51 ,n4 ,mex #ajf #ee #h4di #g #eg #bb #ad ,=t ,craig1 ,n4 ,mex #ajg #jj #aa4jf #f #ec #ca #aj ,=t ,mc,rae1 ,n4 ,mex #ajg #jc #aa4ei #ba #ec #bj #f ,=t ,w+ate1 ,n4 ,mex #ajg #de #ag4cb #aa #ch #bj #ca ,=t ,bay>d1 ,n4 ,mex #ajh #cj #ad4cb #aa #ej #af #bc ,=t ,defiance1 ,ariz #aji #aj #ad4ba #ad #db #bf #ah ,camp ,b[ie1 ,ariz #aji #cj #ae4bf #i #dh #ac #cj ,camp ,grant1 ,ariz #aaj #dj #ae4jh #ad #da #bb #bc ,camp ,mc,dowell1 ,ariz #aaa #cf #aa4de #aj #db #ae #cc ,camp ,v]de1 ,ariz #aaa #ed #aj4he #ab #dc #bb #bc ,camp ,:ipple1 ,ariz #aab #bj #ai4bh #bj #db #aa #bg ,camp ,mohave1 ,ariz #aad #cf #d4fe #ah #bg #bj #ce ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,san ,francisco ,region -- -- #be #a #ad #fj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,9 all ?is region ! daily range ( temp]ature is great1 & fro/s occur s e>ly 9 autumn t no use c be made ( ! autumnal ra9fall4 ,! ye>ly precipitation is v small1 & ! summ] quota r>ely exce$s sev5 or eight in*es4 ,nev]!less ! ,pueblo ,indians h succe$$1 9 a few localities1 & by a unique me?od1 9 rais+ maize )\t irrigation4 ,! yield is too meagre to tempt ! :ite man to foll[ _! example1 & = 8 use ! region is agricultural only :]e x c be wat]$ artificially4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,wat] ,,supply4 ,,by ,g4 ,k4 ,,gilb]t4 ,! foll[+ discussion is bas$ ^u a special /udy ( ! dra9age-bas9 ( ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,,increase ,,( ,,/reams4 ,! resid5ts ( ,utah :o practice irrigation h obs]v$ t _m ( ! /reams h increas$ 9 volume s9ce ! settlem5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,( ! actuality ( ?is increase !re c be no "q4 ,a popul> impression 9 reg>d to ! fluctuations ( an unmeasur$ elem5t ( climate may be v errone\s1 z1 = example1 ! impression t ! ra9fall ( ! timb]$ /ates has be5 dim9i%$ by ! cle>+ ( ! l&1 b 9 ! case ( ^! /reams relative measurem5ts h practically be5 made4 ,"s ( !m 7 s fully 9 use tw5ty ye>s ago t all ( _! wat] 0 div]t$ f its *annels at ! 8critical p]iod01 & yet ! dep5d5t fields suff]$ f dr\ght 9 ! dri] ye>s4 ,aft]w>d1 x 0 f\nd t 9 all ye>s !re 0 en\gh wat] & to sp>e1 & op]ations 7 ext5d$4 ,additional canals 7 dug & new l&s 7 add$ to ! fields2 & ?is 0 repeat$ f "t to "t1 until 9 _m places ! s]vice ( a /ream 0 d\bl$1 & 9 a few x 0 increas$ t5fold1 or ev5 fiftyfold4 ,x is a matt] ( great importance to ! agricultural int]e/s1 n only ( ,utah b ( ! :ole di/rict dep5d5t on irrigation1 t ! cause or causes ( ?is *ange %all be und]/ood4 ,until !y are kn[n we _c tell :e!r ! pres5t ga9 is an om5 ( future ga9 or ( future loss1 nor :e!r ! future *anges are )9 or beyond our control4 ,i %all !re=e take ! lib]ty to exam9e some:at at l5g? ! consid]ations :i* are suppos$ by myself or o!rs to be> ^u ! problem4 ,=tunately we are n compell$ to dep5d on ! incid5tal obs]vations ( ! f>m+ community = ! am\nt ( ! increase ( ! /reams1 b m]ely = ! fact ( _! increase4 ,! am\nt is record$ 9 an indep5d5t & mo/ ?or\gh mann]1 by ! accumulation ( ! wat] 9 ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,,rise ,,( ,,great ,,salt ,,lake4 ,a lake ) an outlet has its level det]m9$ by ! height ( ! outlet4 ,great ,salt ,lake1 hav+ no outlet1 has its level det]m9$ by ! relation ( evaporation to infl[4 ,on "o h& ! dra9age ( a great bas9 p\rs into x a cont9u\s ?\gh v>iable tribute2 on ! o!r1 !re is a cont9u\s absorption ( its wat] by ! atmosph]e above x4 ,! infl[ is greate/ 9 ! spr+ "t1 :ile ! sn[s are melt+ 9 ! m\nta9s1 & lea/ 9 ! autumn aft] ! melt+ has ceas$1 b be=e ! cool+ ( ! air has greatly *eck$ evaporation on ! upl&s4 ,! lake evaporation is greate/ 9 summ]1 :ile ! air is w>m1 & lea/ 9 w9t]4 ,?r\gh ! w9t] & spr+ ! infl[ exce$s ! evaporation1 & ! lake rises4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! summ] & 9 autumn ! loss is great] ?an ! ga91 & ! lake falls4 ,! maximum occurs 9 ,june or ,july1 & ! m9imum probably 9 ,novemb]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 or ! height ( ! annual tide1 is ab\t #bj in*es4 ,b x r>ely happ5s t ! annual evaporation is precisely equal to ! annual infl[1 & ea* ye> ! lake ga9s or loses an am\nt :i* dep5ds ^u ! climate ( ! ye>4 ,if ! air :i* crosses ! dra9age bas9 ( ! lake 9 any ye> is unusually moi/1 !re is a tw(old t5d5cy to raise ! mean level4 ,on "o h& !re is a great] precipitation1 :]eby ! infl[ is increas$1 & on ! o!r h& !re is a less evaporation4 ,s1 too1 if ! air is unusually dry1 ! infl[ is correspond+ly small1 ! loss by evaporation is correspond+ly great1 & ! cont5ts ( ! lake dim9i%4 ,?is annual ga9 or loss is an expression1 & a v delicate expression1 ( ! mean annual humidity ( a l>ge di/rict ( c\ntry1 & z su* is m tru/wor?y ?an any result :i* might be d]iv$ f local obs]vations ) psy*romet] & ra9 gauge4 ,a succession ( relatively dry ye>s causes a progressive fall ( ! lake1 & a succession ( moi/ ye>s a progressive rise4 ,z ! wat] falls x retires f its %ore1 & ! slopes be+ exce$+ly g5tle ! area ( ! lake is rapidly contract$4 ,! surface = evaporation dim9i%es & its ratio to ! infl[ becomes less4 ,z ! wat] rises ! surface ( ! lake rapidly increases1 & ! ratio ( evaporation to infl[ becomes great]4 ,9 ?is way a limit is set to ! oscillation ( ! lake z dep5d5t on ! ord9>y fluctuations ( climate1 & ! cumulation ( results is prev5t$4 ,:5ev] ! v>iation ( ! wat] level f its mean position becomes great1 ! resi/ance to its fur!r advance 9 t direction becomes proportionally great4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( a "n1 ,i %all speak ( ?is oscillation ( ! lake z ! limit$ oscillation4 ,x dep5ds on an oscillation ( climate :i* is univ]sally exp]i5c$1 b :i* has n be5 f\nd to exhibit ei!r p]iodicity1 or syn*rony ov] l>ge areas1 or o!r features ( regul>ity4 ,beside ! annual tide & ! limit$ oscillation1 ! lake has be5 f\nd to exhibit a ?ird *ange1 & ?is ?ird or abnormal *ange seems to be connect$ ) ! increase ( ! tribut>y /reams4 ,9 ord] to exhibit x1 x w be necess>y to discuss some:at fully ! hi/ory ( ! rise & fall ( ! lake1 & ,i %all take occasion at ! same "t to call att5tion to ! prep>ations t h rec5tly be5 made = future obs]vations4 ,previ\s to ! ye> #ahge no def9ite record 0 made4 ,9 #ahgd ,pr(4 ,joseph ,h5ry1 secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 began a correspond5ce ) ,dr4 ,john ,r4 ,p>k1 ( ,salt ,lake ,city1 9 reg>d to ! fluctuations & o!r peculi>ities ( ! lake1 & z a *ief result a sy/ematic record 0 begun4 ,) ! cop]ation ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,b>foot & o!r citiz5s ( ,utah1 ,dr4 ,p>k erect$ a graduat$ pill> at ,black ,rock1 a po9t on ! s\!rn %ore :i* 0 !n a popul> summ] resort4 ,x consi/$ ( a granite block cut 9 ! =m ( an obelisk & engrav$ on "o side ) a scale ( feet & in*es4 ,x 0 set 9 gravel b5ea? %all[ wat]1 ) ! z]o ( its scale ne> ! surface4 ,! wat] level 0 read on ! pill> by ,mr4 ,john ,t4 ,mit*ell at frequ5t int]vals f ,septemb] #ad1 #ahge1 to ,octob] #i1 #ahgf1 :5 ! locality ceas$ to be us$ z a wat]+ place1 & ! sy/ematic record 0 discont9u$4 ,two obs]vations 7 made by ! writ] 9 #ahgg1 & x 0 f\nd 9 mak+ ! second t ! %ift+ gravel ( ! bea* _h buri$ ! column s deeply z to conceal half ! graduation4 ,dr4 ,p>k has k9dly furni%$ me a copy ( ,mr4 ,mit*ell's record4 ,! obs]v] 0 in/ruct$ to *oose su* times ( obs]vation t ! influ5ce ( w9d /orms ^u ! level ( ! lake w\ld be elim9at$1 & ! "w appe>s to h be5 fai?fully p]=m$4 ,record ( ! height ( ,great ,salt ,lake above ! z]o ( ! granite pill> at ,black ,rock4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,date4 ,read+4 ,w9d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,ye>4 ,mon?4 ,day4,feet4,in*es4,direction4 ,=ce4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #ahge ,septemb] #ad #j #f ,n4 ,g5tle4 #bb #j #e ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #be #j #e ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 ,octob] #f #j #d ,n4 ,quiet4 #ab #j #d ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #ah #j #c ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #bf #j #c ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 ,novemb] #i #j #b ,w4 ,quiet4 #af #j #a ,n4 ,quiet4 #bc #j #d ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #bi #j #e ,e4 ,quiet4 ,decemb] #g #j #e ,e4 ,quiet4 #ad #j #e ,e4 ,quiet4 #ba #j #f ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #ahgf ,janu>y #e #j #h ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #aa #j #h ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #bi #j #i ,e4 ,quiet4 ,febru>y #a #j #i ,s4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #ae #j #i -- ,calm4 #bb #j #i ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 ,m>* #ae #j #aa ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #bb #a #j ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #bh #a ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 ,april #ag #a #b -- ,calm4 #be #a #c ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 ,may #b #a #d ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #bb #a #i ,n4 ,quiet4 ,june #b #a #aa ,w4 ,quiet4 #h #b #j -- ,calm4 #ac #b #b ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #bc #b #d ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #cj #b #f ,s4 ,quiet4 ,july #ah #b #c ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #be #b #d ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 ,augu/ #a #b #c ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #aj #b #b ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #bb #a #i ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #bi #a #h ,s4 ,e4 ,/rong4 #cj #a #h ,n4 ,quiet4 ,septemb] #ad #a #g -- ,calm4 #ai #a #f ,n4 ,quiet4 #bf #a #f -- ,calm4 ,octob] #i #a #e ,n4 ,e4 ,quiet4 #ahgg ,july #ab #b #j -- ,calm4 ,octob] #ai #j #aj -- ,calm4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,comp>+ ! ,octob] obs]vations = ?ree ye>s1 x appe>s t ! lake rose #ac in*es f #ahge to #ahgf1 & fell 9 ! next ye> #f in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sket* ,,( ,,black ,,rock ,,& ,,vic9ity1 ,,utah ,,t]ritory4 ,prep>$ to %[ ! position ( ! graduat$ pill> erect$ by ,dr4 ,john ,p>k = obs]vations on ! wat]-level ( ,great ,salt ,lake1 & ! position ( ! granite b5*-m>k4 ,! ,black ,rock pill> has n ! p]man5ce t is desirable4 ,al?\gh x has ?us f> be5 only ! m firmly e/abli%$ by ! action ( ! waves1 x is /ill true t ! lake is encroa*+ on ! l& 9 ?is "p ( ! coa/1 & a /orm may at any "t und]m9e & ov]?r[ ! pill>4 ,to provide = su* a cont+5cy x 0 det]m9$ to e/abli% a b5* m>k out ( rea* ( ! waves1 & connect x ) ! pill> by level+1 s t if ! exi/+ /&>d %\ld be de/roy$ its record w\ld /ill h a def9ite mean+1 & ! relative height ( a new /&>d c\ld be asc]ta9$ ) precision4 ,9 ?is und]tak+ ,i 0 jo9$ by ,mr4 ,jesse ,w4 ,fox1 a g5tleman :o has long held ! (fice ( t]ritorial surveyor ( ,utah4 ,a suitable /one 0 furni%$ by ! ,hon4 ,brigham ,"y1 & 0 c>ri$ to ,black ,rock )\t *>ge ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,heb] ,p4 ,kimball1 sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,utah ,we/]n ,railroad4 ,! block is ( granite1 & is ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,x 0 sunk 9 ! e>?1 all b a few in*es1 on ! nor!rn slope ( a small lime/one knoll j s\? ( ! railroad track at ,black ,rock4 ,its top is dress$ squ>e1 ab\t #aj #aj in*es1 & is m>k$ ) a 4 ,x w be conv5i5t to speak ( ! top ( ?is monum5t z ! ,black ,rock b5*4 ,on ! #aa? ( ,july1 #ahgg1 ! surface ( ! lake 0 #cd4e feet bel[ ! b5*1 & x !n m>k$ #b4j feet on ! pill> erect$ by ,dr4 ,p>k4 ,! z]o ( ! obs]vation pill> is !re=e #cf4e feet bel[ ! b5*4 ,! accompany+ topographic sket* w s]ve at any "t to id5tify ! position ( ! b5*4 ,aft] consultation ) ,dr4 ,p>k1 ,i conclud$ t x w\ld be bett] n to dep5d on ! ,black ,rock /ation = obs]vations 9 ! future--at lea/ 9 ! imm$iate future--& o!r po9ts 7 discuss$4 ,ev5tually x 0 det]m9$ to e/abli% a new /ation ne> ,f>m+ton1 on ! ea/]n %ore ( ! lake4 ,! po9t select$ is 9 an inlet s %elt]$ t a heavy swell 9 ! lake w n int]f]e ) accurate obs]vation4 ,at ! pres5t /age ( wat] ! spot is well adapt$ to ! purpose1 & x c be us$ ) ! wat] #b feet l[] or #e feet high]4 ,i 0 n able to att5d p]sonally to ! erection ( ! pill>1 b left ! matt] 9 ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,jacob ,mill]1 ( ,f>m+ton1 :o writes me t x 0 plac$ 9 position & ! record begun on ! #bd? ( ,novemb]1 #ahgg4 ,! pill> is ( wood1 & is graduat$ to in*es = #i feet ( its l5g?4 ,on ! day ( its e/abli%m5t ! read+ ( ! wat] surface 0 #b feet #a in*4 ,on ! #ba/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahgh1 ! read+ 0 #b feet #a in*es4 ,! ,f>m+ton & ,black ,rock pill>s are #bc miles ap>t4 ,! relative height ( _! z]os w be asc]ta9$ z soon z practicable by mak+ co9cid5t read+s1 dur+ /ill wea!r1 ( ! wat] surface at ! two /ations4 ,x is already kn[n t ! ,f>m+ton z]o is approximately #af in*es l[] ?an ! ,black ,rock4 ,a /one 8b5*0 or monum5t = p]man5t ref]5ce has also be5 plac$ on ris+ gr\nd ne> ! obs]vation pill>1 & ! two w be connect$ by _s level4 ,! ,f>m+ton b5* is ( gneiss1 & is m>k$ ) a 9 ! same mann] z ! ,black ,rock4 ,! /one 0 contribut$ by ,mr4 ,abbott1 ( ,f>m+ton1 & 0 gratuit\sly %ap$ & plac$ by ,mr4 ,mill]4 ,mr4 ,mill] has also volunt>ily assum$ *>ge ( ! record1 & w make or sup]9t5d ! obs]vations4 ,x w n be practicable to visit ! pill> daily1 nor ev5 at regul> int]vals1 b x is expect$ t ! record w be z full z ! "o tabulat$ above4 ,! foll[+ items are to be not$3 #a4 ,"t ( obs]vation1 includ+ ye>1 mon?1 day1 & h\r4 #b4 ,read+ ( wat] surface 9 feet & in*es4 #c4 ,direction & =ce ( w9d4 #d4 ,acc\nt ( w9d = ! prec$+ #bd h\rs4 #e4 ,"n ( obs]v]4 ,^! obs]vations w n only det]m9e ! annual ga9 or loss ( ! lake1 b w 9 a few ye>s give data to con/ruct ! curve ( ! annual tide4 ,! hi/ory ( pa/ *anges n hav+ be5 ! subject ( record1 x became necess>y to compile x f su* collat]al data z 7 atta9able4 ,! enquiries inaugurat$ by ,pr(essor ,h5ry h be5 prosecut$1 & h result$ 9 a tol]ably def9ite det]m9ation ( ! pr9cipal *anges s9ce #ahdg1 toge!r ) ! indication ( a sup]ior limit to e>li] oscillations4 ,ev] s9ce ! settlem5t ( ,salt ,lake ,city1 9 #ahdg1 ! isl&s ( ! lake h be5 us$ z h]d gr\nds4 ,fremont & ,c>r+ton isl&s h be5 rea*$ by boat1 & ,antelope & ,/ansbury isl&s p>tly by boat1 p>tly by =d+1 & p>tly by l& communication4 ,a l>ge %>e ( ! navigation has be5 p]=m$ by citiz5s ( ,f>m+ton1 & ! %ore is 9 t neighborhood s flat t ! *anges ( wat] level h necessitat$ frequ5t *anges ( l&+ place4 ,! pursuits ( ! boatm5 h be5 s greatly affect$ t all ( ! m important fluctuations 7 impress$ ^u _! memories1 & mo/ ( ! *anges 7 s associat$ ) features ( ! topography t "s e/imate ( _! quantitative values c\ld be made4 ,! data :i* became ?us available 7 collat$ = ,pr(essor ,h5ry by ,mr4 ,mill]1 a g5tleman :o himself took "p 9 ! navigation1 & ( :om ,i h already _h occasion to speak4 ,8 results agree v closely ) ^? d]iv$ f an indep5d5t inve/igation ( my own1 to :i* ,i w n[ proce$4 ,antelope ,isl& is connect$ ) ! delta ( ! ,jordan ,riv] by a broad1 flat s& b> t has be5 usually subm]g$ b occasionally expos$4 ,x slopes v g5tly t[>d ! isl&1 & j :]e x jo9s x is int]rupt$ by a n>r[ *annel a few in*es 9 dep?4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s ?is b> af=d$ ! means ( access to ! isl&1 & _m p]sons trav]s$ x4 ,by comb9+ ! evid5ce ( su* p]sons x has be5 practicable to le>n ! condition ( ! =d up to ! "t ( its f9al ab&onm5t4 ,f #ahdg to #ahej ! b> 0 dry dur+ ! l[ /age ( ea* w9t]1 & 9 summ] cov]$ by n m ?an #bj in*es ( wat]4 ,!n began a rise :i* cont9u$ until #ahee or #ahef4 ,at t "t a horseman c\ld ) difficulty =d 9 ! w9t]1 b all communication 0 by boat 9 summ]4 ,!n ! wat] fell = a s]ies ( ye>s until 9 #ahfj & #ahfa ! b> 0 aga9 dry 9 w9t]4 ,! spr+ ( #ahfb 0 m>k$ by an unusual fall ( ra9 & sn[1 :]eby ! /reams 7 greatly flood$ & ! lake surface 0 rais$ sev]al feet4 ,9 subsequ5t ye>s ! rise cont9u$1 until 9 #ahfe ! =d became impassable4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,mill] ! pres5t height 0 atta9$ 9 ab\t #ahfh1 & !re h s9ce occurr$ only m9or fluctuations4 ,= ! purpose ( connect+ ! traditional hi/ory z d]iv$ f ! =d ) ! sy/ematic record t has n[ be5 inaugurat$1 ,i visit$ ! b> 9 company ) ,mr4 ,mill] on ! #ai? ( ,octob]1 #ahgg1 & made c>eful s\nd+s4 ,! features ( ! =d _h be5 m9utely describ$1 & !re 0 no unc]ta9ty z to ! id5tification ( ! locality4 ,we f\nd #i feet ( wat] on ! s& flat1 & #i feet #f in*es 9 ! little *annel at its edge4 ,! exam9ation 0 complet$ at #aa a4 m42 at #e p4 m4 ! wat] /ood at #j feet #aj in*es on ! ,black ,rock pill>2 & on ! foll[+ day at #h a4 m4 we m>k$ its level at ! place :]e ! ,f>m+ton pill> n[ /&s1 our m>k be+ #b feet #b in*es above ! z]o ( ! pill>4 ,! ,antelope ,isl& b> ?us af=ds a tol]ably complete record f #ahdg to #ahfe1 b fails to give any lat] details4 ,x happ5s1 h[ev]1 t ! hiatus is fill$ at ano!r locality4 ,/ansbury ,isl& is jo9$ to ! ma9l& by a simil> b>1 :i* 0 entirely above wat] at ! "t ( ,capta9 ,/ansbury's survey1 & s cont9u$ = _m ye>s4 ,9 #ahff1 ! ye> foll[+ t 9 :i* ! ,antelope b> became un=dable1 ! wat] = ! fir/ "t cov]$ ! ,/ansbury b>1 & its subsequ5t advance & recession h s affect$ ! pursuits ( ! citiz5s ( ,grantsville1 :o us$ ! isl& = a w9t] h]d gr\nd1 t x w n be difficult to obta9 a full record by compil+ _! =c$ obs]vations4 ,s9ce und]tak+ ! inquiry ,i h _h no opportunity to visit t t[n1 b ! foll[+ facts h be5 elicit$ by correspond5ce4 ,s9ce ! fir/ flood+ ( ! b> ! dep? ( wat] has nev] be5 less ?an #a foot1 & x has nev] be5 s great z to prev5t =d+ 9 w9t]4 ,b 9 ! summ]s ( #ahgb1 #ahgc1 & #ahgd1 dur+ ! flood /age ( ! annual tide1 !re 0 no access except by boat1 & 9 ^? ye>s ! lake level atta9$ its greate/ height4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahfi ! dep? 0 #d feet1 & 9 ! autumn ( #ahgg1 #b feet4 ,! la/ item %[s t ! ,/ansbury b> is #g feet high] ?an ! ,antelope1 & s]ves to connect ! two s]ies ( obs]vations4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram %[+ ! rise & fall ( ,great ,salt ,lake f #ahdg to #ahgg4 ,n4 ,s4 ,level ( new /orm l9e4 ,o4 ,s4 ,level ( old /orm l9e4 ,s4 ,b4 ,level ( ,/ansbury ,isl& b>4 ,a4 ,b4 ,level ( ,antelope ,isl& b>4 ,fur!r inquiries w probably r5d] ! record m complete & exact1 b1 z x n[ /&s1 all ! g5]al features ( ! fluctuations are cle>ly indicat$4 ,9 ! accompany+ diagram ! horizontal spaces repres5t ye>s1 & ! v]tical1 feet4 ,! irregul> curve %[s ! height ( ! lake 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,:]e x is drawn z a full l9e ! data are def9ite2 ! dott$ portions are int]polat$4 ,^u ! same diagram are indicat$ ! levels ( two /orm l9es4 ,! upp] is ! limit ( wave action at ! pres5t "t1 & is #c feet above ! w9t] /age 7,octob]1 #ahgg74 ,x is ev]y:]e m>k$ by drift wood1 & 9 _m places by a ridge ( s&4 ,above x !re is a gr[?1 on all /eep %ores1 ( sage & o!r bu%es1 b ^? 9 imm$iate proximity are dead1 hav+ evid5tly be5 kill$ by ! salt spray4 ,bel[ ! l9e are /ill /&+ ! /umps ( simil> bu%es1 & ! same c be f\nd #b or #c feet bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! l[] /orm l9e 0 obs]v$ by ,capta9 ,/ansbury 9 #ahej1 & has be5 describ$ to me by a numb] ( citiz5s ( ,utah to :om x 0 famili> at t "t & subsequ5tly4 ,l ! l9e n[ visible1 x 0 m>k$ by drift wood1 & a gr[? ( bu%es1 includ+ ! sage1 ext5d$ d[n to x2 b bel[ x !re 7 se5 no /umps4 ,its position is n[ sev]al feet "u wat]1 & x is probable t ! advanc+ waves de/roy$ mo/ ( its features1 b ! ve/iges ( ! bu%y gr[? above x rema94 ,! peculi>ities ( ! two /orm l9es h an important be>+ on ! hi/ory ( ! lake4 ,! fact t ! belt ( l& betwe5 !m support$ sage bu%es %[s t previ\s to its pres5t subm]g5ce ! lake _h n cov]$ x = _m ye>s4 ,l&s wa%$ by ! br9e ( ! lake become saturat$ ) salt to su* ext5t t ev5 salt-lov+ plants _c live ^u !m1 & x is a famili> fact t ! sage 7,artemisia semp]vir5s7 nev] gr[s 9 ,utah ^u soil s sal9e z to be unfavorable = gra94 ,! ra9s ( _m ye>s1 & p]haps ev5 ( c5turies1 w\ld be ne$$ to cleanse l& ab&on$ by ! lake s t x c\ld su/a9 ! salt-hat+ bu%es1 & we _c avoid ! conclusion t ! anci5t /orm l9e _h be5 = a long p]iod ! sup]ior limit ( ! fluctuations ( ! lake surface4 ,to avoid misappreh5sion1 x %\ld be /at$ t ! /orm l9es h be5 describ$ z !y appe> on ! ea/]n %ore ( ,antelope ,isl&1 a locality :]e ! slope ( ! gr\nd am\nts to ?ree or f\r degrees4 ,! circum/ances are diff]5t at ! m>g9 ( ! ma9l&1 & especially :]e ! slopes are v g5tle4 ,! lake is s %all[ t its equilibrium is greatly di/urb$ by /rong w9ds4 ,its waves are small1 b 9 /orms ! wat] is pu%$ high up on ! l& t[>d :i* ! w9d bl[s1 ! extreme effects be+ produc$ :]e ! incl9ation is mo/ g5tle4 ,! isl&s1 h[ev]1 are little flood$2 ! wat] does n accumulate aga9/ !m1 b is driv5 pa/2 & ! ea/]ly gales t produc$ ! pres5t /orm l9e on ! ea/ %ore ( ,antelope ,isl& may h driv5 s mu* wat] to ! we/w>d z ev5 to h depress$ ! level 9 t locality4 ,moreov]1 :]e ! l& surface is ne>ly level1 ! cleans+ by ra9 ( portions once subm]g$ is indef9itely ret>d$4 ,on all ! flatt] %ores ! lake is bord]$ by tracts too sal9e = reclamation by ! f>m]1 & ei!r b>e ( vegetation or scantily cov]$ by salt-lov+ %rubs4 ,^! tracts are above ! mod]n /orm l9e1 & !y acquir$ _! salt dur+ "s flood too remote to be consid]$ 9 ?is connection4 ,! l>ge/ ( !m is call$ ! ,great ,salt ,lake ,des]t1 & has a great] area ?an ! lake itself4 ,?us x appe>s t 9 rec5t times ! lake has ov]/epp$ a b\nd to :i* x _h long be5 subject4 ,previ\s to ! ye> #ahfe1 & = a p]iod ( indef9ite duration1 x rose & fell ) ! limit$ oscillation & ) ! annual tide1 b 0 nev] c>ri$ above a c]ta9 limit+ l9e4 ,9 t ye>1 or ! "o foll[+1 x pass$ ! l9e1 & x has n yet return$4 ,! annual tide & ! limit$ oscillation are cont9u$ z be=e1 b ! l[e/ /age ( ! new regime is high] ?an ! highe/ /age ( ! old4 ,! mean /age ( ! new regime is #g or #h feet high] ?an ! mean /age ( ! old4 ,! mean area ( ! wat] surface is a six? "p great] "u ! new regime ?an "u ! old4 ,! la/ /atem5t is bas$ on ! ,unit$ ,/ates surveys ( ,capta9 ,/ansbury & ,mr4 ,k+4 ,! =m] ga!r$ ! mat]ial = 8 map 9 #ahej1 :5 ! wat] 0 at its l[e/ /age1 & ! latt] 9 ! spr+ ( #ahfi1 :5 ! wat] 0 ne> its highe/ /age4 ,! "o map %[s an area ( #a1gej & ! o!r ( #b1aff squ>e miles4 ,f ^! ,i e/imate ! old mean area at #a1hbj miles1 ! new at #b1abe miles1 & ! increase at #cje miles1 or #ag p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,comp>ative ,,map ,,( ,,great ,,salt ,,lake1 ,,utah ,,compil$ ,,to ,,%[ ,,its ,,increase ,,( ,,area ,! topography & lat] %ore-l9e are tak5 f ! ,survey ( ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,k+1 ,u4,s4 ,geologi/2 ! e>li] %ore-l9e f ! ,survey ( ,capt4 ,h[>d ,/ansbury1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,! 8abnormal *ange0 ( ! lake may !n be describ$ z an infill+ or rise ( ! wat] :]eby its ord9>y level has be5 rais$ #g or #h feet & its ord9>y area has be5 increas$ a six? "p2 & ?is appe>s to be di/9ct f ! limit$ oscillation & annual tide1 :i* may be reg>d$ z comp>atively normal4 ,to acc\nt = x a numb] ( !ories h be5 propos$1 & ?ree ( !m seem wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,!y appeal respectively to volcanic1 climatic1 & human ag5cies4 ,,volcanic ,,!ory4 ,x has be5 surmis$ t upheavals ( ! l&1 su* z sometimes accompany e>?quakes1 might h *ang$ ! =m ( ! lake b$ & displac$ f "s region ! wat] t has ov]fl[$ o!rs4 ,?is hypo!sis acquires a c]ta9 plausibility f ! fact t ! s]ies ( uplifts & d[n?r[s by :i* ! m\nta9s ( ! region 7 =m$ h be5 trac$ d[n to a v rec5t date1 b x is negativ$ by su* an array ( facts t x _c be reg>d$ z t5able4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! wat] has ris5 aga9/ all ! %ores & ab\t e isl& ( :i* we h acc\nt4 ,! f>m]s ( ! ea/]n & s\!rn m>g9s h lo/ pa/ures & mead[s by subm]g5ce4 ,at ! nor?1 ,be> ,riv] ,bay has advanc$ sev]al miles ^u ! l&4 ,at ! we/1 a boat has rec5tly sail$ a numb] ( miles across tracts t 7 trav]s$ by ,capta9 ,/ansbury's l& p>ties4 ,t (fic] has describ$ & mapp$ ,/rong's ,knob & ,/ansbury ,isl& z p59sulas1 b !y h s9ce become isl&s4 ,antelope ,isl& is no long] accessible by =d1 & ,egg ,isl&1 ! ne/+ gr\nd ( ! gulls & pelicans1 has become a reef4 ,spr+s t suppli$ ,capta9 ,/ansbury ) fre% wat] ne> ,promontory ,po9t are n[ subm]g$ & inaccessible2 & o!r spr+s h be5 cov]$ on ! %ores ( ,antelope1 ,/ansbury1 & ,fremont isl&s4 ,9 ! second place1 ! rise ( ! lake is correlat$ 9 "t ) ! increase ( ! infl[+ /reams1 :i* has be5 ev]y:]e obs]v$ by irrigators1 & x is logical to ref] ! two ph5om5a to ! same cause4 ,&1 f9ally1 if upheaval c\ld acc\nt = ! enl>gem5t ( ! lake1 x w\ld /ill be inadequate to acc\nt = ! ma9t5ance ( its increas$ size1 9 ! face ( an evaporation t ye>ly removes a lay] sev]al feet 9 dep?4 ,! same comp5satory pr9ciple t re/ricts ! 8limit$ oscillation0 w\ld quickly re/ore ! equilibrium betwe5 infl[ & evaporation1 9 :atev] mann] x 0 di/urb$4 ,,climatic ,,!ory4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ! *ange is a ph5om5on ( climate1 & ?is hypo!sis includes h>moni\sly ! increase ( /reams ) ! increase ( lake surface4 ,by "s x is ?\ght t ! climate ( ! di/rict is und]go+1 or has und]gone1 a p]man5t *ange2 & by o!rs t ! s]ies ( oscillations ab\t a mean condition :i* *>act]izes e climate has 9 ?is case develop$ a moi/ phase ( exceptional degree & duration4 ,! latt] view 0 my own be=e ,i became aw>e ( ! features ( ! anci5t /orm l9e1 b x n[ appe>s to me unt5able4 ,t a v>iable surface ( evaporation1 :i* _h = a long p]iod recogniz$ a limit to its expansion1 %\ld n m]ely exce$ t limit1 b %\ld ma9ta9 an abnormal ext5t = m ?an a decade1 is 9 a high degree improbable4 ,x is f> m probable t "o ( ^? gradual climatic *anges1 ( :i* geology has %[n ! magnitude & meteorology has illu/rat$ ! sl[ness1 "h f9ds a manife/ation4 ,! obs]v$ *ange is app>5tly abrupt1 & ev5 saltatory2 b ( ?is we _c be c]ta91 s9ce x is impossible f a record ( only ?irty ye>s to elim9ate ! limit$ oscillation4 ,x is q conceivable t 7 su* elim9ation effect$1 ! residual *ange w\ld appe> z a cont9u\s & equable increase ( ! lake4 ,h[ev] t may be1 a c]ta9 degree ( rapidity ( *ange is necess>ily involv$1 = ! climatic *ange :i* is able 9 a decade to augm5t by a six? "p ! mean area ( evaporation _c be ( exce$+ sl[ness4 ,if we c asc]ta9 h[ great a *ange w\ld be dem&$1 x w be well to comp>e x ) su* *anges z h be5 obs]v$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & see :e!r its magnitude is su* z to int]f]e ) its assumption4 ,! prevail+ w9ds ( ,utah are we/]ly1 & x may be said 9 a g5]al way t ! atmosph]e ( ! dra9age bas9 ( ,great ,salt ,lake is "p ( an air curr5t mov+ f we/ to ea/4 ,! bas9 hav+ no outlet1 ! precipitation ( ra9 & sn[ )9 its limits mu/ be c\nt]-balanc$ by ! evaporation4 ,! air curr5t mu/ on ! av]age absorb ! same quantity ( moi/ure t x dis*>ges4 ,"p ( ! absorption is f l& surfaces & "p f wat]1 ! latt] be+ ! m rapid4 ,if1 n[1 ! equilibrium be di/urb$ by an augm5t$ humidity ( ! infl[+ air1 two results ensue4 ,on ! "o h& ! precipitation is increas$1 & on ! o!r1 ! absorb5t p[] ( ! air be+ less1 ! rate ( evaporation is dim9i%$4 ,9 s dry a climate ! precipitation is increas$ 9 great] ratio ?an ! humidity1 & ! rate ( evaporation is dim9i%$ 9 less ratio2 :ile ( ! increas$ precipitation an increas$ p]c5tage ga!rs 9 /reams & f9ds its way to ! lake4 ,t res]voir1 hav+ its infl[ augm5t$ & its rate ( evaporation decreas$1 ga9s 9 volume & gr[s 9 bread? until ! evaporation f ! add$ expanse is suffici5t to re/ore ! equilibrium4 ,giv+ att5tion to ! fact t ! lake receives a great] p]c5tage ( ! total d[nfall ?an be=e1 & to ! fact t its rate ( evaporation is at ! same "t dim9i%$ x is evid5t t ! resultant augm5tation ( ! lake surface is m ?an proportional to ! augm5tation ( ! precipitation4 ,we are !re=e w>rant$ 9 assum+ t an increase ( humidity suffici5t to acc\nt = ! obs]v$ increase ( #ag p] c5t4 9 ! size ( ! lake w\ld modify ! ra9fall by less ?an #ag p] c5t4 ,! actual *ange ( ra9fall _c be e/imat$ ) any degree ( precision1 b f a review ( su* data z are at my comm& ,i am l$ to ! op9ion t an all[ance ( #aj p] c5t4 w\ld be z likely to exce$ z to fall %ort1 :ile an all[ance ( #g p] c5t4 w\ld be at ! v]ge ( possibility4 ,! ra9fall ( "s o!r portions ( ! cont95t has be5 record$ ) su* a degree ( ?or\ghness & = su* a p]iod t a t]m ( comp>ison is af=d$4 ,9 8 discussion ( ! precipitation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,mr4 ,s*ott has gr\p$ ! /ations by climatic di/ricts1 & d$uc$ ! annual means = ! sev]al di/ricts4 ,mak+ use ( 8 table on page #aed 7,smi?sonian ,contributions1 ,no4 #bbb71 & re/rict+ my att5tion to ! results d]iv$ f five or m /ations1 ,i select ! foll[+ extreme cases ( v>iation betwe5 ! mean annual ra9falls ( consecutive decades4 ,di/rict ,i comprises ! sea coa/ f ,ma9e to ,virg9ia1 & ! record includes five or m /ations f #ahbg to #ahfg4 ,f ! decade #ahca-'dj to ! decade #ahda-'ej ! ra9fall increas$ #f p] c5t4 ,di/rict ,,ii comprises ! /ate ( ,new ,york & adjac5t regions1 & includes five or m /ations f #ahcj to #ahff4 ,f ! decade #ahdg-'ef to ! decade #aheg-'ff ! ra9fall increas$ #i p] c5t4 ,di/rict ,,iv comprises ! ,ohio ,valley & adjac5t regions1 & includes five or m /ations f #ahcg to #ahff4 ,f decade #ahda-'ej to decade #ahea-'fj ! ra9fall dim9i%$ #h p] c5t4 ,! case1 !n1 /&s t ! be/ comp>able di/ricts & epo*s exhibit extreme fluctuations f decade to decade ( f #f to #i p] c5t1 :ile ! rise ( ,great ,salt ,lake implies a fluctuation ( ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ,b be=e decid+ t ! hypo!tical fluctuation 9 ,utah is extraord9>y1 consid]ation %\ld be giv5 to ! fact t 9 ! dry climate ( t region a giv5 *ange 9 humidity w produce a relatively great *ange 9 ra9fall1 :ile an id5tical *ange ( ra9fall1 measur$ 9 in*es1 acquires an exagg]at$ importance :5 express$ z ! p]c5tage ( a small total ra9fall4 ,giv+ due weight to ^! consid]ations1 ,i am l$ to conclude t ! assum$ increase ( ra9fall 9 ,utah is n ( incr$ible magnitude1 & consequ5tly t ! hypo!sis :i* ascribes ! rise ( ! lake to a *ange ( climate %\ld be reg>d$ z t5able4 ,x by no means foll[s t x is prov51 & s long z x dep5ds on an assumption ! tru? ( :i* is m]ely possible1 b n e/abli%$1 x c claim no m ?an a provisional acceptance4 ,x is prop] to add t1 s f> z ,i ent]ta9 ! idea ( a *ange ( climate1 ,i d s )\t ref]r+ ! *ange to any local cause4 ,x is frequ5tly ass]t$ t ! cultivat$ l&s ( ,utah 8draw ! ra902 or t ! pray]s ( ! religi\s community inhabit+ ! t]ritory h br\ght wat] to _! gr[+ crops2 or t ! telegraph wires & iron rails :i* gird ! c\ntry h 9 "s way caus$ electricity to induce precipitation2 b none ( ^! ag5cies seem to be compet5t4 ,! wea!r ( ! globe is a complex :ole1 ea* "p ( :i* reacts on e o!r1 & ea* "p ( :i* dep5ds on e o!r4 ,! wea!r ( ,utah is an int]dep5d5t "p ( ! :ole1 & _c be ref]r$ to its causes until ! entire subject is ma/]$4 ,! simpl] & m imm$iate meteoric reactions h be5 s f> analyz$ t _! results are daily pr$ict$2 b ! remote s\rces ( our daily *anges1 z well z ! causes ( ! great] cycles ( *ange1 are /ill beyond our rea*4 ,al?\gh )drawn f ! doma9 ( ! unkn[able1 !y rema9 )9 t ( ! unkn[n4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,human ,,ag5cies4 ,! only rema9+ !ory ( value is ! "o advocat$ by ,pr(essor ,p[ell3 t ! ph5om5a are to be ascrib$ to ! modification ( ! surface ( ! e>? by ! ag5cy ( man4 ,! rise ( ! lake & ! increase ( /reams h be5 obs]v$ s9ce ! settlem5t ( ! c\ntry by ! :ite man1 & ! sage bru% on ! old /orm l9e %[s t !y _h n be5 c>ri$ to ! same ext5t at any previ\s p]iod 9 ! c5tury4 ,!y h co9cid$ 9 "t ) ! ext5sion ( ! op]ations ( civilization2 & ! settl]s atta* ?is idea to ! facts 9 detail z well z 9 g5]al4 ,!y h frequ5tly told me t :]ev] & :5ev] a settlem5t 0 e/abli%$1 !re foll[$ 9 a few ye>s an increase ( ! wat] supply1 & ^! /atem5ts h be5 support$ by su* enum]ations ( details t !y seem wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,if !y are well f\nd$1 ! secret ( ! *ange w surely be f\nd among ! modifications incid5t to ! op]ations ( ! settl]4 ,simil> te/imony 0 ga!r$ by ,pr(4 ,cyrus ,?omas 9 #ahfi 9 reg>d to ! increase ( wat] supply at ! we/]n edge ( ! pla9s1 & ! foll[+ conclusion appe>s 9 8 report to ,dr4 ,hayd5 7page #bcg ( ! repr9t ( ,dr4 ,hayd5's reports = #ahfg1 #ahfh1 & #ahfi73 ,all ?is1 x seems to me1 mu/ lead to ! conclusion t s9ce ! t]ritory ,colorado has begun to be settl$1 t[ns & cities built up1 f>ms cultivat$1 m9es op5$1 & roads made & travell$1 !re has be5 a gradual increase ( moi/ure4 ,be ! cause :at x may1 unless x is assum$ t !re is a cycle ( ye>s ?r\gh :i* !re is an increase1 & t !re w be a correspond+ decrease1 ! fact mu/ be admitt$ ^u ?is accumulat$ te/imony4 ,i !re=e give x z my firm conviction t ?is increase is ( a p]man5t nature1 & n p]iodical1 & t x has comm5c$ )9 eight ye>s pa/1 & t x is 9 "s way connect$ ) ! settlem5t ( ! c\ntry1 & t z ! population increases ! moi/ure w increase4 ,not)/&+ ! confid5ce ( ,pr(essor ,?omas's conclusions1 he appe>s to h rea*$ !m by a leap1 = he makes no attempt to analyze ! influ5ce ( civiliz$ man on nature to :i* he appeals4 ,be=e we accept 8 results1 x w be necess>y to inquire 9 :at way ! :ite man has modifi$ ! conditions by :i* ! wat] supply is controll$4 ,to facilitate ?is inquiry1 an attempt w be made to give a new & m conv5i5t =m to our expression ( ! am\nt ( *ange = :i* x is necess>y to acc\nt 9 ! bas9 ( ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,! infl[ ( ! lake is d]iv$ *iefly f ?ree riv]s1 & is susceptible ( v exact det]m9ation4 ,?or\gh measurem5t has n yet be5 made1 b !re has be5 a s+le det]m9ation ( ea* riv] & m9or /ream1 & a r\gh e/imate c be bas$ on !m4 ,! ,be> & ! ,web] 7 measur$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahgg1 & ,i am l$ by ! analogy ( o!r /reams & by ! *>act]s ( ! riv] *annels to judge t ! mean volume ( ! ,be> = ! ye> 0 twice its volume at ! date ( measurem5t1 & t ( ! ,web] f\r times4 ,! mean fl[ ( ! ,jordan c be e/imat$ ) m confid5ce1 = reasons :i* w appe> 9 a foll[+ *apt]4 ,! 8supply f o!r s\rces0 m5tion$ 9 ! table includes all ! creeks t fl[ f ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s1 betwe5 ,drap] & ,hampd51 toge!r ) ! ,malade ,riv]1 ,blue ,creek1 ! creeks ( ,skull & ,tooele ,valleys1 & ! l9e ( spr+s t encircles ! lake4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,measur$ ,e/imat$ volume 9 mean volume ,riv]s1 etc4 feet p] 9 feet second4 p] second4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,be> ,riv]1 measur$ ,octob] #d1 #ahgg1 at ,hampd5 ,bridge #b1fjj #e1bjj ,web] ,riv]1 measur$ ,octob] #aa1 ne> ,ogd5 #ejj #b1jjj ,jordan ,riv]1 measur$ ,july #h1 ne> ,drap] #a1bge #a1jjj ,supply f o!r s\rces -- #a1hjj --------------------- ,total -- #aj1jjj ,d$uct ! wat] us$ 9 irrigation -- #fjj --------------------- ,rema9d] -- #i1djj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! result expresses ! mean infl[ to ! lake 9 #ahgg1 & is probably n m ?an #be p] c5t4 9 error4 ,! total infl[ = ! ye> w\ld suffice to cov] ! lake to a dep? ( #fj in*es4 ,9 ! same ye> 7or f ,octob]1 #ahgf1 to ,octob]1 #ahgg7 ! lake fell #f in*es1 %[+ t ! loss by evaporation 0 by s mu* great] ?an ! ga9 by infl[4 ,! total annual evaporation ( infl[+ wat] may !re=e be plac$ provisionally at #ff in*es4 ,if we add to ?is ! ra9 & sn[ :i* fall on ! lake1 we d$uce a total annual evaporation ( ab\t #hj in*es ( wat]2 b = ! pres5t purpose x w be m conv5i5t to consid] ! =m] figure4 ,! ext5t ( ! ,salt ,lake bas9 is ab\t #bh1ejj squ>e miles4 ,! we/]n portion1 am\nt+ to #ab1ejj miles1 s5ds no wat] to ! lake1 yield+ all its ra9fall to evaporation )9 its own limits4 ,! rema9+ #af1jjj miles includes bo? pla9s & m\nta9s1 & its tribute is unequal4 ,to supply #ff in*es annually to ! :ole area ( ! lake1 #b1abe miles1 x mu/ yield a %eet ( wat] ) an av]age ?ickness ( #h4hc in*es4 ,9 =m] times1 :5 ! lake _h an area ( only #a1hbj miles1 ! yield ( ! same area 0 #g4dc in*es4 ,! advance f #g4dc to #h4hc1 or ! addition ( #a in* & #d t5?s to ! mean outfl[ ( ! di/rict1 is ! ph5om5on to be acc\nt$ =4 ,all ! wat] t is precipitat$ )9 ! di/rict z ra9 or sn[ returns ev5tually to ! air1 b diff]5t portions are return$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,( ! sn[1 a portion is melt$ & a portion is evaporat$ )\t melt+4 ,( ! melt$ sn[ & ! ra91 a "p is absorb$ by vegetation & soil1 & is aft]w>d reabsorb$ by ! air2 ano!r "p runs f ! surface 9 rills1 & a ?ird "p s9ks into ! und]ly+ =mations & aft]w>d em]ges 9 spr+s4 ,! /reams :i* arise f spr+s & rills are aga9 divid$4 ,"p ( ! wat] is evaporat$ f ! surfaces ( ! /reams & ( fre% wat] lakes int]rupt+ _! c\rses4 ,ano!r "p ent]s ! adjac5t por\s soils1 & ei!r meets 9 !m ! air by :i* x is sl[ly absorb$1 or else s saturates !m z to produce m>%es f :i* evaporation progresses rapidly at ! surface4 ,! rema9d] fl[s to ,great ,salt ,lake1 & is 9 "t evaporat$ f its surface4 ,! less] portion ( ! precipitation ent]s ! lake2 ! great] is int]cept$ on ! way & turn$ back to ! air4 ,:atev] man has done to cle> ! way = ! fl[+ wat] has dim9i%$ local evaporation & help$ to fill ! lake4 ,:atev] he has done to increase local evaporation has t5d$ to empty ! lake4 ,! :ite man has modifi$ ! conditions ( dra9age1 fir/1 by ! cultivation ( ! soil2 second1 by ! rais+ ( h]ds2 &1 ?ird1 by ! cutt+ ( trees4 #a4 ,by pl[+ ! e>? ! f>m] has r5d]$ x m por\s & absorb5t1 s t a small] p]c5tage ( ! pass+ %[] runs (f4 ,he has de/roy$ ! native vegetation1 & replac$ x by ano!r t may or may n increase ! local evaporation2 b ?is is ( little mom5t1 because 8 op]ations h be5 conduct$ on g5tle slopes :i* 9 _! natural condition contribut$ v little to ! /reams4 ,x is ( great] import t he has div]t$ wat] already accumulat$ 9 /reams1 & = ! purposes ( irrigation has spread x broadly ^u ! l&1 :5ce x is absorb$ by ! air4 ,9 ?is way he has dim9i%$ ! infl[ ( ! lake4 ,incid5tal to ! "w ( irrigation has be5 :at is kn[n z ! 8op5+ out0 ( spr+s4 ,small spr+s are apt to produce bogs f :i* mu* wat] is evaporat$1 & x has be5 f\nd t by runn+ dit*es ?r\gh !m ! wat] c be ga!r$ into /reams in/ead4 ,! /reams ( wat] ?us rescu$ f local dissipation are consum$ 9 irrigation dur+ a few mon?s ( ! ye>1 b = ! rema9d] g to swell ! riv]s1 & ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! "w is to increase ! infl[ ( ! lake4 ,a simil> & probably great] result has be5 a*iev$ by ! cutt+ ( beav] dams4 ,9 its natural condition e /ream n subject to viol5t floods 0 pond$ f end to end by ! beav]4 ,its wat] surface 0 greatly exp&$1 & its flood pla9s 7 conv]t$ into m>%es4 ,! irrigator has de/roy$ ! dams & dra9$ ! m>%es4 ,!re are a few localities :]e dra9age has be5 resort$ to = ! reclamation ( wet hay l&s1 & t "w has ! same influ5ce on ! dis*>ge to ! lake4 #b4 ,! area affect$ by graz+ is f> great] ?an t affect$ by f>m+4 ,cattle1 horses1 & %eep h rang$ ?r\gh all ! valleys & ^u all ! m\nta9s4 ,ov] l>ge areas !y h de/roy$ ! native grasses1 & !y h ev]y:]e r$uc$ !m4 ,:]e once ! wat] f ra9 0 entangl$ 9 a me% ( vegetation & re/ra9$ f ga!r+ into rills1 !re is n[ only an op5 gr[? ( bu%es t (f] no ob/ruction4 ,:]e once ! sn[s ( autumn 7 spread on a non-conduct+ mat ( hay1 & wa/$ by evaporation until ! sun%9e came to melt !m1 !y n[ fall ^u nak$ e>? & are melt$ at once by its w>m?4 ,! tread+ ( _m feet at ! boggy spr+s compacts ! spongy mold & r5d]s x imp]vi\s4 ,! wat] is no long] able to p]colate1 & runs away 9 /reams4 ,! por\s b$s ( brooklets are 9 ! same way tramp$ & puddl$ by ! feet ( cattle1 & mu* wat] t =m]ly sank by ! way is n[ c>ri$ =w>d4 ,9 all ^! ways ! h]ds t5d to increase ! infl[ ( ! lake1 & !re is p]haps no way 9 :i* !y h less5$ x4 #c4 ,! cutt+ ( trees = lumb] & f5ce mat]ial & fuel has fur!r increas$ ! /reams4 ,by ! removal ( foliage1 t %>e ( ! ra9 & sn[ :i* 0 =m]ly caught by x & !nce evaporat$1 is n[ p]mitt$ to rea* ! gr\nd1 & "s "p ( x is contribut$ to ! /reams4 ,sn[ b$s t 7 once %ad$ are n[ expos$ to ! sun1 & _! melt+ is s accel]at$ t a comp>atively small proportion ( _! cont5ts is wa/$ by ! w9d4 ,moreov]1 t :i* is melt$ is melt$ m rapidly1 & a l>g] %>e ( x is =m$ into rills4 ,on ! :ole1 x appe>s t ! :ite man causes a great] p]c5tage ( ! precipitation 9 sn[ to be melt$ & a less p]c5tage to be evaporat$ directly4 ,?is foll[s f ! de/ruction ( trees & ( grass4 ,by r$uc+ ! am\nt ( vegetation he gives a fre] fl[ to ! wat] f ra9 & melt+ sn[ & c>ries a great] p]c5tage ( x to /reams1 :ile a small] p]c5tage rea*es ! air by evaporation f ! soil4 ,by ! tread+ ( 8 cattle he dim9i%es ! leakage ( ! small] wat] *annels1 & cons]ves ! /reams ga!r$ !re4 ,by ! same means & by ! digg+ ( dra9s he dries ! m>%es & !reby enl>ges ! /reams4 ,9 all ^! ways he increases ! outfl[ ( ! l& & ! infl[ ( ! lake4 ,he dim9i%es ! infl[ 9 a notable degree only by irrigation4 ,! direct influ5ce ( irrigation ^u ! infl[ is susceptible ( quantitative /atem5t4 ,f\r hundr$ squ>e miles ( l& 9 ,utah & ,idaho are f]tiliz$ by wat] t w\ld o!rwise fl[ to ! lake1 & !y dissipate annually a lay] ( ab\t #bj in*es4 ,to supply ^! #bj in*es ! dra9age di/rict ( #af1jjj miles yields an av]age lay] ( #j4e in*1 & ?is yield is 9 addition to ! #a4d in*es requir$ to ma9ta9 ! increase ( lake surface4 ,! total augm5tation ( ! annual wat] supply is !re=e repres5t$ by a %eet #a4i in*es 9 dep? cov]+ ! entire di/rict4 ,! indirect influ5ce ( irrigation1 & ! influ5ces ex]t$ by ! grazi] & ! woodman1 _c be e/imat$ f any exi/+ data1 b ( _! t5d5cies !re c be no "q4 ,to "s ext5t !y dim9i% local evaporation1 & induce a l>g] %>e ( ! ra9fall to ga!r 9 ! /reams2 & to "o :o has contra/$ ! di/rict 9 "q ) simil> di/ricts 9 _! virg9 condition1 !re seems no extravagance 9 ascrib+ to !m ! :ole ( ! obs]v$ *ange4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi & on ! ,atlantic coa/1 x has be5 obs]v$ t ! floods ( riv]s are high] ?an =m]ly1 & t ! l[ /ages are l[]1 & ! *ange has be5 ascrib$ by ,ellet & o!rs to ! de/ruction ( ! native vegetation4 ,! removal ( =e/s & ( prairie grasses is believ$ to facilitate ! rapid dis*>ge f ! l& ( ! wat] f ra9 & melt$ sn[1 & to dim9i% ! am\nt /or$ 9 ! soil to ma9ta9 spr+s4 ,9 an arid c\ntry l ,utah1 :]e ! ?ir/ ( ! air is n satisfi$ by ! entire ra9fall1 any influ5ce t w increase ! rapidity ( ! dis*>ge mu/ also increase ! am\nt ( ! dis*>ge4 ,! moi/ure t l+]s on ! surface is lo/4 ,on ! :ole1 x may be mo/ wise to hold ! "q an op5 "o :e!r ! wat] supply ( ! lake has be5 increas$ by a climatic *ange or by human ag5cy4 ,s f> z we n[ "k1 nei!r !ory is inconsi/5t ) ! facts1 & x is possible t ! tru? includes bo?4 ,! =m] appeals to a cause t may p]haps be adequate1 b is n indep5d5tly kn[n to exi/4 ,! latt] appeals to causes kn[n to exi/ b quantitatively undet]m9$4 ,x is gratify+ to turn to ! economic be>+s ( ! "q1 = ! !ories be/ su/a9$ by facts are ^? mo/ flatt]+ to ! agricultural future ( ! ,arid ,region4 ,if ! fill+ ( ! /reams & ! rise ( ! lake 7 due to a transi5t extreme ( climate1 t extreme w\ld be foll[$ by a return to a mean condition1 or p]haps by an oscillation 9 ! opposite direction1 & a l>ge %>e ( ! fields n[ productive w\ld be /rick5 by dr\ght & return$ to ! des]t4 ,if ! increase ( wat] supply is due to a progressive *ange ( climate =m+ "p ( a long cycle1 x is practically p]man5t1 & future *anges are m likely to be 9 ! same advantage\s direction ?an 9 ! opposite4 ,! l&s n[ reclaim$ are assur$ = ye>s to come1 & !re is e enc\ragem5t = ! "w ( utiliz+ ! exi/+ /reams to ! utmo/4 ,& f9ally1 if ! increase ( wat] supply is due to ! *anges wr\ght by ! indu/ries ( ! :ite man1 ! prospect is ev5 bett]4 ,n only is e ga9 ( ! pres5t assur$ = ! future1 b future ga9 may be pr$ict$4 ,n alone are ! agricultural facilities ( ?is di/rict improv+1 b ! facilities 9 ! :ole ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region are improv+ & w improve4 ,n only does ! settl] incid5tally & unconsci\sly enhance 8 natural privilege1 b x is possible1 by ! aid ( a c>eful /udy ( ! subject1 to devise su* sy/ematic me?ods z %all r5d] 8 "w /ill m effectual4 ,,f>m+ ,,)\t ,,irrigation4 ,! g5]al rule t agriculture 9 ,utah is dep5d5t on artificial irrigation f9ds exception 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 !re are "s localities naturally irrigat$2 &1 second1 !re is at lea/ "o locality ( :i* ! local climate p]mits dry f>m+4 ,along ! l[ banks ( _m /reams !re are f]tile /rips ( l&4 ,! soil is 9 e su* case ( a por\s nature1 & wat] f ! /ream p]colates lat]ally & rises to ! roots ( ! plants4 ,ne>ly all su* l&s are flood$ 9 spr+ "t1 & !y are usually devot$ to hay z an exclusive crop2 b "s ( !m are above ord9>y floods & are suit$ = o!r uses4 ,x r>ely happ5s1 h[ev]1 t !y are f>m$ )\t "s irrigation1 = ! reason t ! use ( ! conv5i5t wat] r5d] ! h>ve/ m secure & abundant4 ,! same f]tility is sometimes induc$ by subt]ranean wat]s :i* h no connection ) surface /reams4 ,9 su* cases !re is usually1 & p]haps always1 an imp]vi\s subsoil :i* reta9s p]colat+ wat] ne> ! surface4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is sort is kn[n at ! we/]n base ( ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s4 ,a /rip ( l& f #bj to #dj rods broad1 & m>k+ ! junction ( ! m\nta9 slope ) ! pla91 has be5 f\nd productive f ,hampton's ,bridge to ,brigham ,city1 a di/ance ( #ah miles4 ,9 "s p>ts x has be5 irrigat$1 ) ! result ( d\bl+ or trebl+ ! yield1 b :]e wat] has n be5 obta9$1 ! f>m] has nev]!less succe$$ 9 extract+ a liv+4 ,a simil> b n>r[] belt ( l& lies at ! ea/]n base ( ! ,promontory range1 & a few o!rs h be5 f\nd4 ,9 ea* locality ! proximity ( subt]ranean wat] to ! surface is %[n by ! success ( %all[ wells1 & !re is evid5tly a natural irrigation4 ,!re is "o region1 h[ev]1 :]e natural irrigation is out ( ! "q1 b :]e crops h nev]!less be5 secur$4 ,be> ,riv] 8,city0 0 f\nd$ by a company ( ,danes1 :o br\ght ! wat] ( ! ,malade ,riv] to irrigate _! fields4 ,aft] repeat$ exp]im5t !y became satisfi$ t ! wat] 0 s bracki% z to be injuri\s in/ead ( b5eficial1 & ceas$ to use x2 & = a numb] ( ye>s !y h obta9$ a meagre subsi/5ce by dry f>m+4 ,a di/rict ly+ s\? ( ,ogd5 & ea/ ( ,great ,salt ,lake1 & kn[n z 8! ,s& ,ridge01 has rec5tly be5 br\ght 9 use1 & 9 #ahgf & #ahgg w9t] :eat 0 h>ve/$ ) a yield v>i\sly report$ z f #aj to #ae bu%els p] acre4 ,?is success is reg>d$ by "s ( ! old] settl]s z tempor>y & delusive1 = x is said to h dep5d$ on exceptional spr+ ra9s2 b ! majority ( ! community h fai? 9 its p]man5ce1 & ! exp]im5t is be+ pu%$ 9 _m valleys4 ,9 ,be> ,riv] ,city & on ! ,s& ,ridge wat] is n f\nd by %all[ wells1 & ! l& is naturally dry4 ,9 ^! localities1 &1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 9 all o!rs :]e dry l& has be5 successfully f>m$1 ! soil is s&y1 & ?is appe>s to be an ess5tial condition4 ,success has moreov] be5 re/rict$ to ! l9e ( valleys :i* lie at ! we/]n base ( ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s & ne> ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,?is la/ feature dep5ds1 z ,i conceive1 on a local peculi>ity ( climate4 ,! g5]al movem5t ( ! atmosph]e is f we/ to ea/1 & ! air :i* crosses ! lake is imm$iately lift$ f its level to ! cre/ ( ! ,wasat*4 ,hav+ acquir$ f ! lake an addition to its quota ( moi/ure1 x has less p[] ( absorption & a great] t5d5cy to precipitation ?an ! atmosph]e 9 g5]al1 & x conf]s on ! ea/]n %ore ( ! lake a climate ( exceptional humidity4 ,! "* ( ?is climate is cle>ly indicat$ by ! assemblage ( ! obs]v$ facts 9 reg>d to precipitation4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,pr(4 ,joseph ,h5ry ,i h be5 p]mitt$ to exam9e ! ra9 records accumulat$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 includ+ n only ^? :i* h be5 embodi$ 9 ! publi%$ 8,tables10 b ! m rec5t data to be includ$ 9 ! =?com+ second edition4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! mean annual precipitation = all /ations 9 ,utah1 ,nevada1 ,wyom+1 & ,colorado1 :i* h a record two ye>s or m 9 ext5t1 toge!r ) c]ta9 o!r facts = comp>ison4 ,! temp]ature means are tak5 f ! ,smi?sonian ,temp]ature ,tables & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,signal ,s]vice ,reports4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,mean ,annual,temp]ature4,height ,l5g? ,/ation4 precip------------above ,lati- ( ita- ,spr- ,sum- sea4 tude4 record4 tion4 +4 m]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,in*es4 ,deg4 ,f4 ,feet4 ,yrs4 ,mos4 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah #bd4ha #ej #gd #d1ceddj #df #i #b ,camp ,d\glas1 ,utah #ah4hb #di #gc #e1jbddj #df #aj #c ,colorado ,spr+s1 ,colo #ag4ei #dd #fh #e1igjch #di #c #j ,camp ,w9field ,scott1 ,nev #ag4cc #dg #gd -- #da #cd #b #h ,=t ,massa*usetts1 ,colo #ag4bc -- -- #h1cfecg #cb #e #a ,gold5 ,city1 ,colo #ag4ja -- #gb #e1bdjci #dd #b #c ,=t ,s$gwick1 ,colo #ae4dd #dg #gd #c1fjjdj #eh #b #a ,=t ,fr$4 ,/eele1 ,wyo #ae4ch #da #ff #f1hdeda #dg #e #e ,=t ,fett]man1 ,wyo #ae4aj #da #fg #e1jabdb #ej #e #g ,=t ,g>l&1 ,colo #ad4hf #dc #fd #g1hfdcg #be #ac #a ,=t ,l>amie1 ,wyo #ad4de #dg #gc #d1dgbdb #ab #ag #h ,=t ,d4 ,a1 ,russell1 ,wyo #ad4ji #cf #fd #f1jjjda #ab #e #a ,d5v]1 ,colo #ac4gg #df #fi #e1bejci #de #e #a ,h>risburg1 ,utah #ac4gd -- -- #c1bgecg #aj #b #b ,=t ,reynolds1 ,colo #ac4bf #eb #ge #d1cjjch #ab #b #h ,=t ,lyon1 ,colo #ab4ef #ea #gg #d1jjjch #jh #g #i ,=t ,s&]s1 ,wyo #aa4df #ch #fb #g1afada #ag #f #aj ,sa9t ,george1 ,utah #aa4ci -- -- #b1hjjcg #ac #b #aa ,camp ,halleck1 ,nev #aj4ih #de #fh #e1gijdj #di #e #h ,*ey5ne1 ,wyo #aj4ad #dj #ff #f1jgeda #jh #c #i ,camp ,mc,dermitt1 ,nev #h4ec #df #gj #d1gjjda #eh #f #d ,=t ,bridg]1 ,wyo #h4dc #ci #fc #f1fefda #bj #ab #aj ,=t ,*ur*ill1 ,nev #g4dc #eb #ge #d1bhdci #ag #c #i ,camp ,floyd1 ,utah #g4cc #di #gd #d1hfgdj #af #b #f -------------------------------------- ,means #ac4hj #de #gj #e1cjjdj #je -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,two ( ! /ations1 ,salt ,lake ,city & ,camp ,d\glas1 lie )9 ! zone ( climate modifi$ by ,great ,salt ,lake1 & a brief inspection ( ! table w %[ h[ greatly _! climate is influ5c$4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! localities ( greate/ precipitation 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region h s great altitude t _! summ] temp]ature does n p]mit agriculture1 b ,salt ,lake ,city1 ) an altitude #a1jjj feet bel[ ! av]age ( ! #bd /ations1 & a temp]ature #d above ! av]age1 has a ra9fall #aa in*es great] ?an ! av]age2 & ,camp ,d\glas1 #c w>m] ?an ! av]age & #bej feet l[]1 has a ra9fall #e in*es great]4 ,if ! two /ations are comp>$ ) ^? :i* lie ne>e/ !m1 ! contra/ is /ill m /rik+4 ,camp ,halleck1 #acj miles we/ ( ! lake1 & #fjj feet high] ?an ,camp ,d\glas1 has a ra9fall ( #aa in*es only4 ,=t ,bridg]1 #ij miles ea/ ( ! lake & #a1fjj feet high] ?an ,camp ,d\glas1 has a ra9fall ( #h in*es4 ,camp ,floyd1 #cj miles s\? ( ! lake & %elt]$ f its influ5ce by m\nta9s1 receives only #g in*es4 ,b ,salt ,lake ,city & ,camp ,d\glas1 ly+ betwe5 ! lake & ! ,wasat* ,range1 record respectively #bd4h & #ah4h in*es4 ,9 f9e1 x appe>s t ! climate ( ! ea/]n %ore ( ,great ,salt ,lake is decid$ly exceptional & approximates 9 humidity to t ( ,c5tral ,kansas4 ,! fact t x admits ( dry f>m+ gives no w>rant = ! belief t l>ge areas 9 ! ,arid ,region c be cultivat$ )\t irrigation1 b s]ves r to confirm ! conclusion t ! limit to remun]ative dry f>m+ is practically drawn by ! isohyetal l9e ( #bb in*es4 ,ev5 9 ?is mo/ favor$ di/rict ! yield is s small t x c be d\bl$ by irrigation1 & ev5tually wat] dit*es w be c>ri$ to ne>ly all ! l& t has yet be5 pl[$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,c]ta9 ,,important ,,que/ions ,,relat+ ,,to ,,irrigable ,,l&s4 ,,! ,,unit ,,( ,,wat] ,,us$ ,,9 ,,irrigation4 ,! unit ( wat] employ$ 9 m9+ z well z manufactur+ ent]prises 9 ! we/ is usually ! in*1 mean+ !reby ! am\nt ( wat] :i* w fl[ ?r\gh an orifice "o in* squ>e4 ,b 9 practice ?is quantity is v indef9ite1 due to ! 8head0 or am\nt ( pressure f above4 ,9 "s di/ricts ?is latt] is tak5 at six in*es4 ,ano!r s\rce ( unc]ta9ty exi/s 9 ! fact t increase 9 ! size ( ! orifice & increase 9 ! am\nt ( fl[ d n progress 9 ! same ratio4 ,an orifice ( "o squ>e in* w n admit ( a dis*>ge "o-t5? z great z an orifice ( t5 squ>e in*es4 ,an in* ( wat]1 !re=e1 is v>iable ) ! size ( ! /ream z well z ) ! head or pressure4 ,= ^! reasons x seem$ bett] to take a m def9ite quantity ( wat]1 & = ?is purpose ! second-foot has be5 adopt$4 ,by its use ! volume ( a /ream w be giv5 by /at+ ! numb] ( cubic feet :i* ! /ream w deliv] p] second4 ,,! ,,quantitative ,,value ,,( ,,wat] ,,9 ,,irrigation4 ,9 g5]al1 ?r\gh\t ! ,arid ,region ! ext5t ( ! irrigable l& is limit$ by ! wat] supply2 ! arable l&s are mu* great] ?an ! irrigable4 ,h5ce x becomes necess>y1 9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( irrigable l&s ) reasonably approximate accuracy1 to det]m9e ! value ( wat] 9 irrigation2 t is1 ! am\nt ( l& :i* a giv5 am\nt ( wat] w s]ve4 ,all que/ions ( concrete or appli$ sci5ce are m or less complex by reason ( ! multif>i\s conditions f\nd 9 nature1 & ?is is em95tly true ( ! problem we are n[ to solve1 namely1 h[ mu* wat] mu/ an acre ( l& receive by irrigation to r5d] agriculture !reon mo/ successful2 or1 h[ mu* l& w a giv5 am\nt ( wat] adequately supply4 ,?is w be affect$ by ! foll[+ g5]al conditions1 namely1 ! am\nt ( wat] t w be furni%$ by ra9fall1 = if !re is ra9fall 9 ! season ( gr[+ crops1 irrigation is necess>y only to supply ! defici5cy2 second1 ! "* ( ! soil & subsoil4 ,if ! conditions ( soil are unfavorable1 ! wat] supply may be spe$ily evaporat$ on ! "o h&1 or quickly lo/ by subt]ranean dra9age on ! o!r2 b if !re be a soil p]mitt+ ! prop] p]meation ( wat] d[nw>d & upw>d1 & an imp]vi\s subsoil1 ! am\nt furni%$ by artificial irrigation w be held 9 su* a mann] z to s]ve ! soil be>+ crops to ! greate/ ext5t2 &1 la/ly1 !re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( wat] ne$$ = diff]5t crops1 "s requir+ less1 o!rs m4 ,"u ^! heads come ! g5]al complicat+ conditions4 ,9 ! m\nta9\s c\ntry ! areal di/ribution ( ra9fall is prem95tly v>iable1 z ! curr5ts ( air :i* c>ry ! wat] are deflect$ 9 v>i\s ways by div]se topographic inequalities4 ,! ra9fall is also exce$+ly irregul>1 v>y+ f ye> to ye>1 & aga9 f season to season4 ,b 9 all ^! v>y+ conditions ( "t & space !re is "o fact :i* mu/ control our conclusions 9 consid]+ mo/ ( ! l&s ( ! ,arid ,region1 namely3 any di/rict ( c\ntry :i* we may be /udy+ is liable = _m seasons 9 a long s]ies to be )\t ra9fall1 :5 ! :ole supply mu/ be receiv$ f irrigation4 ,safety 9 agricultural op]ations w be secur$ by neglect+ ! ra9fall & consid]+ only ! supply ( wat] to be furni%$ by artificial me?ods2 ! less favorable seasons mu/ be consid]$2 9 ! m favorable !re w be a surplus4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is /atem5t applies ?r\gh\t ! ,arid ,region1 b !re are "s limit$ localities :]e a small am\nt ( ra9fall 9 ! season ( gr[+ crops seems to be con/ant f ye> to ye>4 ,9 su* di/ricts irrigation w only be us$ to supply defici5cies4 ,! complicat+ conditions aris+ f soil & subsoil are _m4 ,exp]i5ce has already %[n t !re are occasional conditions ( soil & subsoil s favorable t ! wat] may be suppli$ be=e ! gr[+ season1 & ! subsoil w hold x = weeks1 or ev5 mon?s1 & gradually yield ! moi/ure to ! ov]ly+ soil by sl[ upw>d p]colation or capill>y attraction dur+ ! season :5 gr[+ crops require its f]tiliz+ effect4 ,:5 su* conditions ( soil & subsoil obta91 ! con/ruction ( res]voirs is unnecess>y1 & ! :ole annual supply ( ! /reams may be utiliz$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are extremely p]vi\s soils und]laid by s&s & gravels1 :i* spe$ily c>ry away ! wat] by a natural "u dra9age4 ,"h a maximum supply by irrigation is necess>y1 z ! soils mu/ be kept moi/ by frequ5t fl[+4 ,"u su* conditions ! am\nt ( wat] to be suppli$ is _m fold great] ?an "u ! conditions previ\sly m5tion$1 & betwe5 ^! extremes almo/ inf9ite v>iety prevails4 ,practical agriculture by irrigation has also demon/rat$ ! fact t ! wants ( diff]5t crops are exce$+ly v>iable1 "s requir+ _m fold ! am\nt ( o!rs4 ,?is is due 9 "p to ! l5g? ( "t necess>y to ! matur+ ( ! crops1 9 "p to ! am\nt ( con/ant moi/ure necess>y to _! successful gr[?4 ,b by exclud+ ! v>iability due to ra9fall1 & consid]+ only t due to diff]5ces ( soils & crops1 & by tak+ advantage ( a wide exp]i5ce1 a g5]al av]age may be obta9$ ( suffici5t accuracy = ! purposes "h 9 view4 ,9 exam9+ ! lit]ature ( ?is subject x 0 f\nd t ! exp]i5ce 9 o!r c\ntries c\ld n be us$ z a guide 9 consid]+ our problems4 ,9 g5]al1 irrigation 9 ,europe & ,asia is practic$ only to supply defici5cies1 & ! crops !re rais$ are only 9 "p ! same z ) u1 & ! v>iation on acc\nt ( ! crops is v great4 ,c]ta9 /atem5ts ( ,m>% 9 8 8,man & ,nature0 h be5 copi$ into ! j\rnals & reports publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & made to d duty on _m occasions2 b ^! /atem5ts are r mislead+1 z ! exp]i5ce ( f>m]s 9 ! ,arid ,region has abundantly demon/rat$4 ,! writ]s :o h us$ !m h 9 g5]al ov]e/imat$ ! quantitative value ( wat] 9 irrigation4 ,! facts 9 ,italy1 9 ,spa91 9 ,gr5ada1 & ,india are valuable sev]ally = discussion 9 ! c\ntries nam$1 b mu/ be us$ 9 a discussion ( ! arid l&s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) mu* c>e4 ,x seem$ bett]1 "u ^! circum/ances1 to det]m9e ! quantitative value ( wat] 9 irrigation 9 ,utah f ! exp]i5ce ( ! f>m]s ( ,utah4 ,irrigation has !re be5 practic$ = ab\t ?irty ye>s1 & gradually dur+ t "t ! area ( l& ?us r$eem$ has be5 increas$1 until at pres5t ab\t #cbe1jjj acres ( l& are "u cultivation4 ,a great v>iety ( crops h be5 cultivat$--corn1 :eat1 oats1 rye1 g>d5 vegetables1 or*>d trees1 fruits1 v9es1 etc41 etc42 & ev5 ! fig tree & sug> cane are !re rais$4 ,dur+ ! pa/ six or sev5 ye>s ,i h f "t to "t1 z occasion 0 af=d$1 direct$ my att5tion to ?is problem1 b be+ exce$+ly complex1 a v wide range ( facts mu/ be consid]$ 9 ord] to obta9 a reasonably approximate av]age4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> ! task ( m ?or\ghly inve/igat+ ?is subject 0 delegat$ to ,mr4 ,gilb]t4 ,! results ( 8 /udies appe> 9 a =ego+ *apt]1 writt5 by him2 b x may be /at$ "h t he has rea*$ ! conclusion t a cont9u\s fl[ ( "o cubic foot ( wat] p] second1 i4 e41 a second-foot ( wat]1 w1 9 mo/ ( ! l&s ( ,utah1 s]ve ab\t #ajj acres = ! g5]al av]age ( crops cultivat$ 9 t c\ntry2 b to secure t am\nt ( s]vice f ! wat] v c>eful & economic me?ods ( irrigation mu/ be practic$4 ,at pres5t1 !re are few in/ances :]e su* economic me?ods are us$4 ,9 g5]al1 !re is a great wa/age1 due to badly con/ruct$ canals1 f :i* ! wat] ei!r p]colates away or breaks away f "t to "t2 due1 also1 to too rapid fl[1 & also to an excessive use ( ! wat]1 z !re is a t5d5cy among ! f>m]s to irrigate too frequ5tly & too copi\sly1 errors correct$ only by long exp]i5ce4 ,! /udies ( ,mr4 ,gilb]t1 "u ! circum/ances1 7 q ?or\gh1 & 8 conclusions accord ) my own1 d]iv$ f a m desultory b long] /udy ( ! subject4 ,,area ,,( ,,irrigable ,,l& ,,sometimes ,,n ,,limit$ ,,by ,,wat] ,,supply4 ,:ile1 z a g5]al fact1 ! area ( arable l& is great] ?an ! area ( irrigable l&1 by reason ( ! insuffici5t supply ( wat]1 yet 9 consid]+ limit$ tracts x may (t5 be f\nd t ! supply ( wat] is s great t only a "p ( x c be us$ !reon4 ,9 su* cases ! area ( irrigable l& is limit$ by ! ext5t to :i* ! wat] c be us$ by prop] eng9e]+ skill4 ,?is is true 9 consid]+ "s portions ( ,utah1 :]e ! wat]s ( ! ,gre5 & ,colorado _c all be us$ )9 t t]ritory4 ,ev5tually ^! surplus wat]s w be us$ 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,supply ,,( ,,wat]4 ,to det]m9e ! am\nt ( irrigable l& 9 ,utah1 x 0 necess>y to consid] ! supply2 t is1 to det]m9e ! am\nt ( wat] fl[+ 9 ! sev]al /reams4 ,aga91 ?is quantity is v>iable 9 ea* /ream f season to season & f ye> to ye>4 ,! irrigable season is b a small portion ( ! ye>4 ,to utilize ! entire annual dis*>ge ( ! wat]1 x w\ld be necess>y to hold ! surplus fl[+ 9 ! non-gr[+ season 9 res]voirs1 & ev5 by ?is me?od ! :ole am\nt c\ld n be utiliz$1 z a great quantity w\ld be lo/ by evaporation4 ,z ! utilization ( ! wat] by res]voirs w be to a great ext5t po/pon$ = _m ye>s1 ! "q ( imm$iate practical importance is resolv$ into a consid]ation ( ! am\nt ( wat] t ! /reams w af=d dur+ ! irrigat+ season4 ,b 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! season ! fl[ 9 mo/ ( ! /reams 9 ?is we/]n region is great1 & x /eadily dim9i%es to ! end ( ! summ]4 ,e>li] 9 ! season !re is m wat]1 :ile = ! av]age ( crops ! great] am\nt is ne$$ lat]4 ,! practical capacity ( a /ream w !n be det]m9$ by its fl[ at ! "t :5 t is lea/ 9 comp>ison ) ! dem&s ( ! gr[+ crops4 ,?is w be call$ ! critical p]iod1 & ! volume ( wat] ( ! critical p]iod w det]m9e ! capacity ( ! /ream4 ,! critical p]iod w v>y 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! region f ! latt] "p ( ,june until ! fir/ "p ( ,augu/4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is discussion x 0 only necess>y to det]m9e ! fl[ ( ! wat] dur+ ! critical p]iod4 ,?is has be5 done by v simple me?ods4 ,usually 9 ea* case a section ( ! /ream has be5 select$ hav+ ! lea/ possible v>iation ( outl9e & fl[4 ,a cross-section ( ! /ream has be5 measur$1 & ! velocity ( fl[ det]m9$4 ,) ^! factors ! capacity ( ! /reams has be5 obta9$4 ,9 "s cases s+le measurem5ts h be5 made2 9 o!rs sev]al at diff]5t seasons1 r>ely 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! available volume ( ! sev]al /reams by su* me?ods is necess>ily unc]ta91 especially f ! fact t x has n always be5 possible to gauge ! /reams exactly at ! critical p]iod2 &1 aga91 ! fl[ 9 "o season may diff] mat]ially f t 9 ano!r4 ,b z ! capacity ( a /ream %\ld nev] be rat$ by its volume 9 seasons ( abundant fl[1 we h endeavor$ z f> z possible to det]m9e ! capacity ( ! /reams 9 l[ wat] ye>s4 ,altoge!r ! am\nt ( wat] 9 ! sev]al /reams has be5 det]m9$ crudely1 & at be/ ! data giv5 mu/ be consid]$ tol]able approximations4 ,9 consid]+ ! sev]al /reams exp]i5ce may h]eaft] discov] _m errors1 b z ! numb] ( det]m9ations is great1 ! av]age may be consid]$ good4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,ext5t ,,( ,,irrigable ,,l& ,,unlimit$ ,,by ,,wat] ,,supply4 ,9 ! few cases :]e ! wat] supply is m ?an suffici5t to s]ve ! arable l&s1 ! "* ( ! problem is entirely *ang$1 & x becomes necess>y !n to det]m9e ! area to :i* ! wat]s c be c>ri$4 ,^! problems are hypsometric2 relative altitudes are ! gov]n+ conditions4 ,! hypsometric me?ods 7 b>ometric & angul>2 t is1 f ! b>ometric /ations v]tical angles 7 tak5 & record$ to all ! pr9cipal po9ts 9 ! topography ( ! c\ntry2 m]curial & an]oid b>omet]s 7 us$1 *iefly ! =m]2 ! latt] to a limit$ ext5t1 = subsidi>y "w4 ,angul> measurem5ts 7 made ) gradi5tors to a slight ext5t1 b *iefly ) ! orograph1 an in/rum5t by :i* a great multiplicity ( angles are obs]v$ & record$ by me*anical me?ods4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 devis$ by ,pr(essor ,?ompson = ! use ( ! survey1 & has be5 fully describ$ 9 ! reports on ! geographical op]ations4 ,to run hypsometric l9es ) _s levels w\ld h involv$ a great am\nt ( labor & be5 exce$+ly exp5sive1 & su* a me?od 0 entirely impracticable ) ! means at comm&1 b ! me?ods us$ give fairly approximate results1 & p]haps all t is necess>y = ! purposes to be subs]v$4 ,,! ,,selection ,,( ,,irrigable ,,l&s4 ,f ! fact t ! area ( arable l&s greatly exce$s ! irrigable1 or ! am\nt :i* ! wat]s ( ! /reams w s]ve1 a wide *oice 9 ! selection ( ! latt] is p]mitt$4 ,! consid]ations affect+ ! *oice are div]se1 b fall readily into two classes1 viz3 physical conditions & artificial conditions4 ,! m\nta9s & high plateaus are ! great aque\s cond5s]s2 ! m\nta9s & high plateaus are also ! res]voirs t hold ! wat] f$ to ! /reams 9 ! irrigat+ season1 = ! f\nta9s f :i* ! riv]s fl[ are ! sn[ fields ( ! highl&s4 ,aft] ! /reams leave ! highl&s !y /eadily dim9i% 9 volume1 ! loss be+ due 9 "p to direct evaporation1 & 9 "p to p]colation 9 ! s&s f :i* ! wat]s are ev5tually evaporat$4 ,9 l mann] irrigat+ canals />t+ ne> ! m\nta9s & runn+ f> out into ! valleys & pla9s rapidly dim9i% 9 ! volume ( fl[+ wat]4 ,look+ to ! cons]vation ( wat]1 x is be/ to select l&s z high along ! /reams z possible4 ,b ?is consid]ation is directly oppos$ by consid]ations relat+ to temp]ature2 ! high] ! l& ! cold] ! climate4 ,:]e ! great majority ( /reams h _! s\rces1 agriculture is impossible on acc\nt ( prevail+ summ] fro/s2 ! l[] ! altitude ! m g5ial ! temp]ature2 ! l[] ! l& ! great] ! v>iety ( crops :i* c be cultivat$2 & to ! ext5t t ! v>iety ( crops is multipli$ ! irrigat+ season is l5g!n$1 until ! maximum is rea*$ 9 l[ altitudes & l[ latitudes :]e two crops c be rais$ annually on ! same l&4 ,9 ! selection ( l&s1 z gov]n$ by ^! conditions1 ! high] l&s w be avoid$ on ! "o h& because ( ! rigor ( ! climate2 if ^! conditions alone gov]n$1 no settlem5t %\ld be made 9 ,utah above #f1ejj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & 9 g5]al /ill l[] l&s %\ld be us$2 on ! o!r h& ! irrigable l&s %\ld n be select$ at su* a di/ance f ! s\rce ( ! /ream z to be ! occasion ( a great loss ( wat] by direct & indirect evaporation4 ,= g5]al climatic reasons1 ! l&s %\ld be select$ z l[ z possible2 = economy ( wat] z high z possible2 & ^! conditions 9 ! ma9 w cause ! selections to be made along ! middle c\rses ( ! /reams4 ,b ?is g5]al rule w be modifi$ by m9or physical conditions relat+ to soil & slope--soils t w be/ cons]ve ! wat] w be select$1 & l& ) ! g5tle/ slopes w be tak54 ,9 g5]al1 ! desc5t ( ! /reams 9 ! arid l& is v great2 = ?is reason ! flood pla9s are small1 t is1 ! ext5t ( ! l&s adjac5t to ! /reams :i* are subject to ov]fl[ at high wat] is limit$4 ,9 g5]al1 ^! flood-pla9 l&s %\ld n be *os5 = irrigation1 f ! fact t ! irrigat+ canals are liable to be de/roy$ dur+ flood seasons4 ,:]e ! plan ( irrigation includes ! /orage ( ! wat] ( ! non-gr[+ season1 by :i* all ! wat]s ( ! ye> are held "u control1 ! flood-pla9 l&s c be us$ to advantage1 f ! fact t !y lie 9 su* a way z to be easily irrigat$ & _! soils possess elem5ts & conditions ( great f]tility4 ,o!r locally controll+ conditions are f\nd 9 select+ ! mo/ advantage\s sites = ! necess>y wat] works4 ,^! are ! *ief physical factors :i* ent] into ! problem1 & 9 g5]al x w be solv$ by consid]+ ^! factors only2 b occasionally artificial conditions w control4 ,! m9+ indu/ries ( ! ,arid ,region are proportionately great] ?an 9 ! m humid c\ntry4 ,:]e valuable m9es are discov]$ t[ns spr+ up 9 _! imm$iate vic9ity1 & !y mu/ be s]v$ ) wat] = dome/ic purposes & = g>d5 culture4 ,:5 possible1 agriculture w be practic$ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity = ! purpose ( tak+ advantage ( ! local m>ket4 ,9 l mann] t[ns spr+ up along ! railroads1 & agriculture w be c>ri$ on 9 _! vic9ity4 ,= ?is & l reasons ! /reams ( ! ,arid ,region w (t5 be us$ on l&s :]e !y _c be made ! mo/ available "u physical conditions1 & yet "u su* circum/ances artificial conditions mu/ prevail4 ,9 ! indication ( specific areas z irrigable on ! accompany+ map ( ,utah1 x mu/ be consid]$ t ! selections made are b t5tative2 ! areas *os5 are suppos$ to be1 "u all ! circum/ances1 ! mo/ available2 b ea* community w settle ?is problem = itself1 & ! circum/ances :i* w control any p>ticul> selection _c be =etold4 ,x is believ$ t ! selections made w be advantage\s to ! settl]1 by giv+ him ! op9ions ( m5 :o h made ! subject a /udy1 & w save _m mi/akes4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is subject 9 ,utah is v in/ructive4 ,! great] numb] ( p 9 ! t]ritory :o engage 9 agriculture are organiz$ into ecclesia/ical bodies1 try+ ! exp]im5t ( communal in/itutions4 ,9 ?is way ! communal t[ns are mobile4 ,?is mobility is increas$ by ! fact t ! t[ns are usually laid out on ,gov]nm5t l&s1 & = a long "t titles to ! l& 9 sev]alty are n obta9$ by ! p4 ,x has be5 ! cu/om ( ! *ur* to s5d a numb] ( p1 organiz$ z a community1 to a t[n site on "s /ream to be us$ 9 ! cultivation ( ! l&s1 & r>ely has ! fir/ selection made be5 f9al4 ,luxuriant vegetation has (t5 tempt$ ! settl]s to select l&s at too great an altitude1 & _m t[ns h be5 mov$ d[n /ream4 ,sometimes selections h be5 made too f> away f ! s\rces ( ! /reams1 & to increase ! supply ( wat]1 t[ns h be5 mov$ up /ream4 ,sometimes l&s ( too great slope h be5 *os51 & "h ! wat]s h rapidly cut deep *annels & de/roy$ ! fields4 ,sometimes alkal9e l&s are select$ & ab&on$1 & sometimes excessively s&y l&s h caus$ a *ange to be made2 b ! "q ( ! be/ sites = ! con/ruction ( works = controll+ & di/ribut+ ! wat] has usually det]m9$ ! selection ( l&s )9 re/rict$ limits4 ,to a v slight ext5t inde$ h artificial conditions controll$ 9 ,utah2 ! sev]al problems h g5]ally be5 solv$ by ! consid]ation ( physical facts4 ,,increase ,,9 ,,! ,,wat] ,,supply4 ,irrigation has be5 practic$ 9 diff]5t portions ( ! ,arid ,region = ! la/ tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s1 & ! area cultivat$ by ?is means has be5 /eadily increas+ dur+ t "t4 ,9 ,cali=nia & ,new ,mexico irrigation has be5 practic$ to a limit$ ext5t = a mu* long] "t at ! sev]al ,ca?olic missions "u ! old ,spani% regime4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! settlem5t ( ! sev]al di/ricts an important fact has be5 uni=mly obs]v$--9 ! fir/ ye>s ( settlem5t ! /reams h /eadily increas$ 9 volume4 ,?is fact has be5 obs]v$ alike 9 ,cali=nia1 ,utah1 ,colorado1 & :]ev] irrigation has be5 practic$4 ,z ! *ief developm5t ( ?is indu/ry has be5 )9 ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 x has be5 a fact especially obs]v$ dur+ t "t4 ,an increase 9 ! wat] supply1 s univ]sal ( late ye>s1 has l$ to _m conjectures & hypo!ses z to its orig94 ,x has g5]ally be5 suppos$ to result f increas$ ra9fall1 & ?is increas$ ra9fall n[ f ?is1 n[ f t1 condition ( affairs4 ,_m h attribut$ ! *ange to ! lay+ ( railroad tracks & con/ruction ( telegraph l9es2 o!rs to ! cultivation ( ! soil1 & n a few to ! int]position ( ,div9e ,provid5ce 9 behalf ( ! ,latt] ,day ,sa9ts4 ,if ea* physical cause 0 inde$ a v]a causa1 _! inability to produce ! results is q manife/4 ,a s+le railroad l9e has be5 built across ! ,arid ,region f ea/ to we/1 & a %ort nor? & s\? l9e has be5 con/ruct$ 9 ,colorado1 ano!r 9 ,utah1 & sev]al 9 ,cali=nia4 ,b an exce$+ly small portion ( ! c\ntry :]e increase ( wat] supply has be5 notic$ has be5 rea*$ by ! railroads1 & b a small fraction ( "o p] c5t4 ( ! l&s ( ! ,arid ,region h be5 r$eem$ by irrigation4 ,?is fully demon/rates _! inadequacy4 ,9 :at mann] ra9fall c\ld be affect$ ?r\gh ! cultivation ( ! l&1 build+ ( railroads1 telegraph l9es1 etc41 has n be5 %[n4 ,( c\rse su* hypo!ses obta9 cr$5ce because ( a lack ( in=mation relat+ to ! laws :i* gov]n aque\s precipitation4 ,! motions ( ! e>? on its axis & ab\t ! sun2 ! unequal heat+ ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* decreases /eadily f equator to poles2 ! great ocean curr5ts & air curr5ts2 ! di/ribution ( l& & wat] ov] ! e>?2 ! m\nta9 sy/ems--^! are all gr& conditions affect+ ! di/ribution ( ra9fall4 ,_m m9or conditions also prevail 9 topographic reliefs1 & surfaces favorable to ! absorption or reflection ( ! sun's heat1 etc41 etc41 affect+ 9 a slight degree ! g5]al results4 ,b ! op]ations ( man on ! surface ( ! e>? are s trivial t ! conditions :i* !y produce are ( m9ute effect1 & 9 pres5ce ( ! gr& effects ( nature escape disc]nm5t4 ,?us ! alleg$ causes = ! increase ( ra9fall fail4 ,! ra9 gauge records ( ! c\ntry h be5 made b = a brief p]iod1 & ! /ations h be5 widely scatt]$1 s t no v def9ite conclusions c be drawn f !m1 b s f> z !y are ( value !y fail to %[ any increase4 ,b if x be true t increase ( ! wat] supply is due to increase 9 precipitation1 z _m h suppos$1 ! fact is n *e]+ to ! agriculturi/ ( ! ,arid ,region4 ,! p]man5t *anges ( nature are secul>2 any great sudd5 *ange is ephem]al1 & usually su* *anges g 9 cycles1 & ! opposite or comp5sat+ conditions may reasonably be anticipat$4 ,= ! reasons s briefly /at$1 ! "q ( ! orig9 & p]man5ce ( ! increase ( ! wat] supply is "o ( prime importance to ! p ( ! c\ntry4 ,if x is due to a tempor>y increase ( ra9fall1 or any briefly cyclic cause1 we %all h to expect a spe$y return to extreme aridity1 9 :i* case a l>ge portion ( ! agricultural indu/ries ( ! c\ntry n[ gr[+ up w\ld be de/roy$4 ,! increase is abundantly prov$2 x is a matt] ( univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,! obs]vations ( ! writ] !reon h be5 widely ext5d$4 ,hav+ exam9$ z f> z possible all ! facts seem+ to be> on ! subject1 ! !ory ( ! increase ( ra9fall 0 reject$1 & ano!r explanation m flatt]+ to ! future ( agriculture accept$4 ,! am\nt ( wat] fl[+ 9 ! /reams is b a v small "p ( t :i* falls f ! heav5s4 ,! great] "p ( ! ra9fall evaporates f ! surfaces :i* imm$iately receive x4 ,! exce$+ly dry atmosph]e quickly reabsorbs ! moi/ure occasionally ?r[n d[n by a conjunction ( favor+ conditions4 ,any *anges 9 ! surfaces :i* receive ! precipitation favorable to ! rapid ga!r+ ( ! ra9 into rills & brooks & creeks1 :ile tak+ to ! /reams b a small am\nt ( t precipitat$1 w greatly increase ! volume ( ! /reams !mselves1 because ! wat] 9 ! /reams be>s s small a proportion to ! am\nt dis*>g$ f ! cl\ds4 ,! artificial *anges wr\ght by man on ! surface ( ! e>? appe> to be adequate to ! production ( ! obs]v$ effects4 ,! de/ruction ( =e/s1 :i* has be5 imm5se 9 ?is c\ntry = ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s2 ! cropp+ ( ! grasses1 & ! tread+ ( ! soil by cattle2 ! de/ruction ( ! beav] dams1 caus+ a dra9age ( ! ponds2 ! cle>+ ( drift wood f /ream *annels2 ! dra9+ ( upl& mead[s1 & _m o!r slight modifications1 all conspire to increase ! accumulation ( wat] 9 ! /reams1 & all ?is is add$ to ! supply ( wat] to be us$ 9 irrigation4 ,/ud5ts ( geology & physical geography h long be5 aw>e ( ^! facts4 ,x is well kn[n t1 "u ! modify+ influ5ces ( man1 ! /reams ( any region r$eem$ f ! wild]ness are *ang$ 9 _m important *>act]i/ics4 ,9 flood times _! volumes are excessively increas$ & _! p[]s ( de/ruction multipli$4 ,9 seasons ( dr\ght1 "s /reams t 7 p]5nial be=e man modifi$ ! surface ( ! c\ntry become entirely dry2 ! small] navigable /reams h _! p]iods ( navigation %ort5$1 & ! great riv]s run s l[ at times t navigation becomes m & m difficult dur+ dry seasons2 9 multipli$ ways ^! effects are demon/rat$4 ,:ile 9 ! ma9 ! artificial *anges wr\ght by man on ! surface are productive ( bad results 9 humid regions1 ! *anges are *iefly advantage\s to man 9 arid regions :]e agriculture is dep5d5t ^u irrigation1 = "h ! result is to increase ! supply ( wat]4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t1 :ile engag$ dur+ ! pa/ season 9 /udy+ ! l&s ( ,utah1 paid especial att5tion to ?is subject1 & 9 8 *apt] has m ?or\ghly discuss$ ! div]se special me?ods by :i* increase 9 ! fl[ ( ! /reams is caus$ by ! *anges wr\ght by man ^u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,8 /atem5t ( facts is cle>1 & 8 conclusions are deem$ valid4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,l&s ,,( ,,utah ,,physical ,,features4 ,a zone ( m\nta9s & high plateaus ext5ds f ! nor!rn ne>ly to ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,utah ,t]ritory4 ,! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s con/itute ! nor!rn portion ( ?is zone1 ! ,high ,plateaus ! s\!rn4 ,?is c5tral zone has a g5]al altitude above ! sea ( f n9e to elev5 ?\s& feet4 ,_m peaks are high]1 a few rea*+ an altitude ( ab\t twelve ?\s& feet4 ,on ! o!r h& _m caons & valleys h be5 excavat$ by ! runn+ wat]s f> bel[ ! g5]al level ?us indicat$4 ,! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s /ret* ea/w>d f ! mid/ ( ! ,wasat*4 ,?is region is a l(ty table l& c>ry+ _m elevat$ peaks ^: summits are f twelve to ne>ly f\rte5 ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,?is is ! highe/ portion ( ,utah1 & among its peaks are ! culm9at+ po9ts4 ,s\? f ! ,u9ta ,region1 & f ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s1 ano!r elevat$ di/rict ext5ds ea/-s\!a/ beyond ! bord]s ( ,utah4 ,?is table l& is cut 9 twa9 by two great gorges ( ! ,gre5 ,riv]--! ,caon ( ,desolation & ,gray ,caon4 ,! ea/]n portion is call$ ,ea/ ,tavaputs ,plateau1 ! we/]n ,we/ ,tavaputs ,plateau4 ,betwe5 ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s & ! ,tavaputs table l& is ! ,u9ta-,:ite ,bas91 a l[ syncl9al valley1 dra9$ by ! ,u9ta & its ramifications on ! we/1 & ! l[] portion ( ! ,:ite ,riv] on ! ea/4 ,! di/rict ( c\ntry ly+ s\? ( ! ,tavaputs table l&1 & ea/ & s\? ( ! ,high ,plateaus1 is trav]s$ by _m deep caons4 ,?is is ! ,caon ,l& ( ,utah4 ,9 its mid/ ! ,gre5 & ,gr& unite to =m ! ,colorado4 ,! ,price & ,san ,rafael are tribut>y to ! ,gre54 ,! ,fremont1 ,escalante1 ,p>ia1 ,kanab1 & ,virg9 are directly tribut>y to ! ,colorado f ! nor? & we/4 ,f ! ea/ ! ,san ,juan fl[s to ! ,colorado1 b its dra9age area is n includ$ 9 our pres5t discussion4 ,we/ ( ! l(ty zone lie l[1 arid valleys1 int]rupt$ by %ort & abrupt ranges ( m\nta9s ^: nak$ cliffs & desolate peaks ov]look ! /ill m desolate valleys4 ,^! %ort longitud9al ranges are b a "p ( ! ,bas9 ,ranges1 a m\nta9 sy/em ext5d+ ?r\gh ,nevada & nor?w>d into ,idaho & ,oregon4 ,t portion ( ! ,bas9 ,range ,sy/em :i* lies 9 ,utah1 & :i* we n[ h "u consid]ation1 is naturally divid$ into two p>ts1 ! nor!rn embrac+ ! dra9age area ( ,great ,salt ,lake1 ! s\!rn embrac+ ! dra9age area ( ,sevi] ,lake1 giv+ ! ,great ,salt ,lake ,di/rict & ! ,sevi] ,lake ,di/rict4 ,to recapitulate1 ! gr& di/ricts into :i* ,utah is naturally divid$ are z foll[s3 ,! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s & ! ,high ,plateaus1 con/itut+ ! l(ty zone above m5tion$2 ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s1 ! ,tavaputs table l&s1 ! ,u9ta-,:ite ,bas91 ! ,caon ,l&s1 ! ,sevi] ,lake ,bas91 & ! ,great ,salt ,lake ,bas91 ! two latt] be+ fragm5ts ( ! great ,bas9 ,range ,prov9ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ea/]n portion ( ! ,t]ritory ( ,utah is dra9$ by ! ,colorado ,riv] by ! aid ( a numb] ( important tribut>ies4 ,! we/]n portion is dra9$ by /reams t1 head+ 9 ! m\nta9s & high plateaus ( ! c5tral portion1 f9d _! way by _m me&]+s into ! salt lakes & des]t s&s to ! we/w>d4 ,consid]$ ) ref]5ce to its dra9age1 ,utah may ?us be divid$ into two p>ts--! ,colorado dra9age area & ! ,des]t dra9age area2 ! =m] is ab\t two-fif?s1 ! latt] ?ree-fif?s ( ! area ( ! t]ritory4 ,all ( ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s lie we/ ( ! dra9age cre/2 a "p ( ! ,high ,plateaus are dra9$ to ! ,colorado1 a "p to ! des]ts4 ,?is great wat] divide1 comm5c+ nor? ( ! ,p9e ,valley ,m\nta9s 9 ! s\?we/ corn] ( ! t]ritory1 runs nor? ( ! ,colob ,plateau & ent]s ! di/rict ( ! ,high ,plateaus4 ,x fir/ runs ea/w>d along ! cre/ or br9k ( ! ,p9k ,cliffs t b\nd ! ,m>kagunt & ,pauns-a-gunt ,plateaus1 & !n nor? & ea/ 9 _m me&]+ ways1 n[ ?r[+ a plateau into ! we/]n dra9age1 & n[ ano!r into ! ea/]n1 until x rea*es ! we/]n extremity ( ! ,tavaputs table l&s4 ,!nce x runs ar\nd ! we/]n end ( ! ,u9ta ,valley1 ?r[+ ! ,tavaputs table l&s1 ! ,u9ta ,valley1 & ,u9ta ,m\nta9s into ! ,colorado dra9age1 & ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s into ! ,des]t dra9age4 ,^! two regions are highly diff]5tiat$ 9 orographic /ructure & o!r geological *>act]i/ics4 ,! s$im5t>y =mations ( ! ea/]n region are 9 l>ge "p ( ,c5ozoic & ,mesozoic age1 ?\gh ,paleozoic rocks appe> 9 "s localities4 ,! ,c5ozoic & ,mesozoic =mations are l>gely compos$ ( incoh]5t s&s & %ales ) int]calat$ b$s ( indurat$ s&/one & lime/one4 ,! great geological displacem5ts are *iefly by faults & monocl9al flexures1 by :i* ! :ole c\ntry has be5 brok5 up into _m broad blocks1 s t ! /rata are horizontal or b slightly incl9$1 except along ! zones ( displacem5t by :i* ! sev]al blocks are b\nd$4 ,"h ! /rata1 :5 n fault$1 are abruptly flex$1 & ! rocks dip at high angles4 ,! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s are /orm c>v$ f an imm5se uplift$ block4 ,! m\nta9s ( ! ,caon ,l&s are isolat$ & volcanic4 ,9 ! ,high ,plateaus s$im5t>y b$s are cov]$ by va/ %eets ( lava4 ,! s$im5t>y b$s expos$ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,des]t region are ( ,paleozoic age1 & _m cry/all9e s*i/s appe>1 :ile ! s$im5t>y b$s expos$ 9 ! valleys are ,po/-,t]ti>y4 ,! cry/all9e s*i/s & anci5t s$im5t>ies ( ! m\nta9s are (t5 ext5sive masses ( extravasat$ rocks4 ,! prevail+ type ( orographic /ructure is t ( monocl9al ridges ( displacem5t4 ,blocks ( /rata h be5 turn$ up s z to incl9e at v>i\s angles1 & f _! upturn$ edges ! m\nta9s h be5 c>v$4 ,b ^! monocl9al ridges are mu* complicat$ by m\nta9 masses hav+ an eruptive orig94 ,9 ! ea/]n di/ricts ! mat]ials d5ud$ f ! m\nta9s & plateaus h be5 c>ri$ to ! sea1 b 9 ! we/]n di/ricts ! mat]ials c>ri$ f ! m\nta9s are deposit$ 9 ! adjac5t valleys1 s t :ile ! m\nta9s are compos$ ( rocks ( great age1 ! rocks ( ! valleys are ( rec5t orig94 ,9 t geological era kn[n z ! ,glacial epo* ! wat]s ( a great lake spread ov] ^! valleys1 & ! m\nta9s /ood z isl&s 9 ! mid/ ( a fre%-wat] sea4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ?is lake we are indebt$ to ! rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,gilb]t4 ,x _h its outlet to ! nor? by way ( ! ,%o%oni ,riv] & ! ,columbia to ! ,nor? ,pacific4 ,^! lat] b$s ( ! valleys are 9 "p ! s$im5ts ( ,lake ,bonneville1 ! great lake above m5tion$1 & 9 "p !y are subarial gravels & s&s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,wasat* sy/em ( m\nta9s is compos$ ( abrupt ranges cr[n$ ) %>p peaks4 ,! sev]al m9or ranges & gr\ps ( peaks into :i* x is brok5 are sep>at$ only 9 "p by /ructural diff]5ces1 s9ce ridges ) homog5e\s /ructure are sev]$ by transv]se valleys4 ,! dra9age ( ! :ole area occupi$ by ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s is we/w>d to ! ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,! /reams t head 9 ! we/]n end ( ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s & ,we/ ,tavaputs ,plateau cut ?r\gh ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s4 ,great ,salt ,lake & its upp] tribut>y1 ,utah ,lake1 exi/ by virtue ( ! pres5ce ( ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s1 = ! m\nta9s wr+ f ! cl\ds ! wat]s ) :i* ! lakes are suppli$4 ,wall$ by high ridges & peaks1 _m elevat$ valleys are f\nd4 ,9 ! midsumm] mon?s ^! valleys are favor$ ) a pleasant1 invigorat+ climate4 ,occasionally %[]s ( ra9 fall4 ,vegetation is vigor\s4 ,! di/ant m\nta9 slopes be> =e/s ( spruce1 p9e1 & fir2 ! brok5 foot hills are (t5 cov]$ by l[1 ragg$ pion p9es & c$>s2 & ! flood pla9s ( ! /reams are natural mead[s4 ,ab\t ! spr+s & /reamlets groves ( asp5 /&1 & ! /reams are bord]$ ) will[s1 box eld]s1 & cottonwoods4 ,n[ & !n a midsumm] /orm comes1 br++ hail1 & ev5 sn[4 ,:5 ! %ort summ] ends1 ! asp5 & box eld] foliage turns to gold fleck$ ) sc>let2 ! will[s to crimson & russet2 ! mead[s are quickly s]$1 & soon ! autumn v]dure pres5ts only ! somb] t9ts ( ! ev]gre5s2 e>ly sn[s fall1 & ! :ole l& is soon cov]$ ) a :ite mantle1 except t "h & !re bleak hills & rugg$ peaks are swept b>e by ! w9ds4 ,! brief1 beautiful summ] is foll[$ by a long1 dre>y w9t]1 & dur+ ?is w9t] ( sn[fall are accumulat$ ! wat]s t are to be us$ 9 f]tiliz+ ! valleys away bel[ 9 ! bord] region betwe5 ! m\nta9s & ! des]t bas9s4 ,f ! ,wasat* on ! nor? to ! ,colob on ! s\? are elevat$ tables1 9 g5]al b\nd$ by bold1 precipit\s esc>pm5ts4 ,! l&s above are highly & %>ply diff]5tiat$ f ! l&s bel[ 9 climate1 vegetation1 soil1 & o!r physical *>act]s4 ,^! high plateaus are cov]$ ) %eets & b$s ( lava1 & ov] ! lava %eets are scatt]$ _m volcanic c9d] cones4 ,! high] plateaus be> heavy =e/s ( ev]gre5s1 & scatt]$ ?r\gh ! =e/s are _m little valleys or mead[ glades4 ,! gn>l$1 somb] =e/s are (t5 beset ) fall5 timb] & a vigor\s second gr[?1 =m+ toge!r a dead & liv+ tangle difficult to p5etrate4 ,b (t5 ! =e/ aisles are op5 f glade to glade1 or f bord] cliff to bord] cliff4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! glades are _m beautiful lakelets1 & f ! cliffs t b\nd ! plateaus on e h& ! wat]s break out 9 innum]able spr+s4 ,"h1 also1 a brief summ] is foll[$ by a long w9t]1 & ?r\gh its dre>y days ! sn[ is ga!r$ :i* fills ! lakelets above & fe$s ! spr+s along ! bord]+ cliffs4 ,! spr+s ( ! cliffs are ! f\nta9s ( ! riv]s t are to f]tilize ! valleys ly+ to ! ea/1 s\?1 & we/4 ,! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s con/itute an ea/ & we/ range4 ,f a s+le great uplift1 ne>ly #bjj miles long & f #dj to #ej miles wide1 valleys & caons h be5 c>v$ by ra9s & riv]s1 & table l&s & peaks h be5 left emboss$ on ! surface4 ,along its middle belt f ea/ to we/ ! peaks are scatt]$ 9 great confusion1 b 9 g5]al ! highe/ peaks are ne> ! c5t] ( ! range4 ,! g5]al elevation desc5ds abruptly bo? on ! nor? & s\? m>g9s ( ! uplift1 & at ! cre/ ( ea* abrupt desc5t !re are _m lime/one ridges & crags4 ,betwe5 ^! ridges & crags t /& along ! bord]+ cre/s1 & ! peaks t /& along ! me&]+ wat]%$1 !re are broad tables1 "s times cov]$ ) =e/s1 sometimes only ) grass4 ,?is is a ?ird region ( %ort summ]s & long w9t]s1 :]e ! wat]s are collect$ to f]tilize ! valleys to ! nor? & s\?4 ,away to ! s\?w>d are ! tw9 plateaus1 ,ea/ & ,we/ ,tavaputs1 sev]$ by ! ,gre5 ,riv]4 ,^! plateaus culm9ate at ! ,br[n ,cliffs1 :]e bold esc>pm5ts are pres5t$ s\?w>d4 ,outly+ ! ,br[n ,cliffs are ! ,book ,cliffs4 ,^!1 also1 are esc>pm5ts ( nak$ rock1 ) _m sali5t & rentrant angles & outly+ buttes4 ,! b$s ( :i* !y are compos$ are %ales & s&/ones ( _m %ades ( blue1 gray1 & buff4 ,9 ! di/ance1 & s(tly bl5d$ by atmosph]ic haze1 ! t[]+ walls h an azure hue4 ,ev]y:]e !y are elaborately wat] c>v$1 & ! bold battlem5ts above are buttress$ ) sculptur$ hills4 ,9 #ahfi1 :5 ! writ] fir/ saw ?is great esc>pm5t1 he gave x ! "n ( ! ,azure ,cliffs1 b an e>li] travel]1 pass+ by ano!r r\te across ! c\ntry1 _h se5 !m 9 ! di/ance1 &1 seiz+ ano!r *>act]i/ic feature1 _h call$ !m ! ,book ,m\nta9s4 ,gunnison saw1 h[ev]1 n a range ( m\nta9s1 b ! esc>p$ edge ( a plateau1 & ?is esc>pm5t we n[ call ! ,book ,cliffs4 ,f ! ,br[n ,cliffs nor?w>d ^! plateaus dip g5tly nor? to ! ,u9ta-,:ite ,bas94 ,f ! v cre/ ( ! ,br[n ,cliffs ! dra9age is nor?w>d4 ,?is is a f\r? region ( %ort summ]s & long w9t]s1 :]e ! moi/ure is collect$ to f]tilize adjac5t l&s2 b ! altitude is n great en\gh nor ! area l>ge en\gh to accumulate a l>ge supply ( wat]1 & ! am\nt furni%$ by ! ,tavaputs ,plateaus is comp>atively small4 ,su* are ! l(ty regions ( ,utah t furni% wat] to irrigate ! l[l&s4 ,,timb]4 ,9 ^! elevat$ di/ricts is f\nd all ! timb] ( comm]cial value4 ,?is is well %[n on ! map4 ,! map also exhibits ! fact t _m portions ( ! elevat$ di/ricts are devoid ( timb]1 x hav+ be5 de/roy$ by fire1 z expla9$ 9 a =m] *apt]4 ,d\btless1 if fires c\ld be prev5t$1 ! treeless areas w\ld 9 due "t be aga9 cov]$ ) =e/s1 b 9 su* a climate =e/ gr[? is sl[4 ,at pres5t1 ! treeless areas w af=d valuable summ] pa/urage = cattle1 & d\btless su* pa/urage w\ld be advantage\s to ! gr[? ( new =e/s1 by keep+ d[n ! grasses 9 :i* 9 "p ! fires spread4 ,x has already be5 %[n t1 to a great ext5t1 ! fires :i* de/roy ! =e/s are set by ,indians :ile on _! hunt+ excursions4 ,! removal ( ! ,indians f ! c\ntry w fur!r protect ! =e/s4 ,ev5tually1 ! bett] class ( timb] l&s w fall into ! h&s ( individual own]s1 :o w be int]e/$ 9 protect+ _! prop]ty f deva/ation by ?is fi]ce elem5t4 ,by all ( ^! means ! /&+ timb] w be pres]v$ = economic uses2 b x w be a long "t be=e complete immunity f fires w be secur$4 ,! dem& = lumb] w nev] be v great4 ,a v>iety ( causes conspire to ?is end4 ,! adjac5t c\ntry w su/a9 b a small agricultural population1 because ! irrigable l&s are ( limit$ ext5t4 ,! p ( ! l[l&s w ev5tually supply !mselves ) fuel by cultivat+ timb] along ! wat] c\rses & by us+ ! coal s abundant 9 "s portions ( ,utah4 ,! lumb] w nev] be c>ri$ to a =eign m>ket because ( ! exp5se ( transportation3 fir/1 x w be exp5sive to get x d[n f ! highl&s to ! l[l&s1 &1 second1 !re are no navigable /reams by :i* lumb] may be *eaply transport$ f ! c\ntry4 ,9 g5]al1 ! lumb] is ( inf]ior quality1 & _c successfully compete = a p]man5t place 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,b !re w be a dem& = lumb] = build+ & f5c+ purposes 9 ! valleys1 & = m9+ purposes 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,if ! timb] region c be protect$ f fire1 ! supply ( timb] w equal ! dem&4 ,f ! brief description giv5 above1 x w be se5 t ! timb] region w nev] support agriculture4 ,mu* ( x is m\nta9\s & inhospitable1 & ! climate is cold4 ,! timb] region is ev] to be su*2 m9+ indu/ries w slightly encroa* on x on ! "o h&1 & pa/urage indu/ries on ! o!r1 b lumb]m5 w control ! c\ntry4 ,! =e/s ( ^! upp] regions are monoton\s1 z ! v>iety ( tree life is v small4 ,all ( ! timb] trees prop] are conif]\s1 & belong to ! p9e1 fir1 & junip] families4 ,! p9e ( *ief value is ,p9us pond]osa1 locally di/+ui%$ z ! 8,long leav$ p9e02 ! wood is v heavy & co>se gra9$1 b is suitable = ! rud] build+ & m9+ purposes4 ,x is usually f\nd on ! slopes betwe5 eight & n9e ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,x atta9s a l>ge size1 & is a /ately tree1 contra/+ gr&ly ) ! d>k] & small] firs t usually keep x company4 ,p9us ari/ata is ( no comm]cial value1 z x is mu* bran*$ & spread+ ) limbs ne> ! base2 x gr[s on ! crags at an altitude ( f n9e to elev5 ?\s& feet4 ,p9us flexilis gr[s at ! same altitude z ! la/ m5tion$1 & (t5 %[s a simil> habit ( gr[?4 ,on ! s\!rn plateaus x is less bran*$ & has a tol]ably /raight trunk1 b x is too small & sc>ce to be important z timb]4 ,x is highly res9\s1 & is call$ 8,pit* p9e40 ,p9us monticola1 or ,sug> p9e1 is f\nd on ! s\!rn plateaus1 b is n abundant1 & r>ely atta9s mill+ size4 ,p9us edulis is ! well kn[n 8,pion p9e04 ,x cov]s ! foot hills & less elevat$ slopes adjac5t to ! riv] valleys4 ,! tree is l[1 diffusely bran*$ & scrubby1 & is ( no use = lumb]2 b ! wood is well suppli$ ) res9 & makes an excell5t fuel1 = :i* purpose x is ext5sively us$ 9 consequ5ce ( its accessibility4 ,!re are ?ree valuable species ( ,abies1 namely3 ,a4 ,d\glasii1 ,a4 concolor1 & ,a4 ,engelmanni4 ,abies ,d\glasii1 or ,d\glas' spruce1 be>s "s resemblance to ! ea/]n spruce1 ,a4 ,canad5sis1 b x is a f9] tree1 & ! wood is mu* sup]ior4 ,?\gh r light1 x is t\gh & exce$+ly durable4 ,! he>t wood is r$1 f :i* circum/ance lumb]m5 di/+ui% x z ! 8,r$ p9e04 ,9 build+ x is us$ = all ! heavi] p>ts1 z frames1 joi/s1 raft]s1 etc41 & x makes excell5t floor+4 ,its value is /ill fur!r enhanc$ f ! fact t x occupies a belt ( f sev5 to n9e ?\s& feet altitude1 & ?us is easily obta9$4 ,x may readily be di/+ui%$ by its cones1 ! bracts ( :i* are trifurcate1 %>p1 po9t$1 & conspicu\sly exs]t$1 & !y are unlike ^? ( any o!r species4 ,abies concolor1 kn[n 9 ,utah z ! 8,black balsam01 gr[s at ab\t ! same altitude z ! la/ m5tion$ species1 & ?\gh r cross-gra9$ makes good lumb]1 be+ q durable & /rong4 ,f its silv]y foliage1 ! leaves be+ glauc\s on bo? sides1 ?is tree is kn[n to t\ri/s z ! 8,:ite silv] fir04 ,lumb]m5 sometimes call x ! 8,black gum01 ! wood be+ v d>k color$4 ,abies ,engelmanni1 or ,engelmann's spruce1 occupies ! highe/ elevations1 & con/itutes ! only timb] above #aa1jjj feet 9 altitude4 ,above #aa1ejj feet x is r$uc$ to a dw>f4 ,on ! t]races ( ! high plateaus1 at ab\t #aj1jjj feet altitude1 x appe>s to fl\ri% be/1 & "h x becomes a l>ge1 beautiful tree4 ,! leaves are ne$le %ap$1 & ?us diff] f bo? ! prec$+ species4 ,! trunks are /raight & free f limbs or knots1 mak+ f9e saw logs4 ,! wood is :ite & s(t1 b f9e gra9$ & durable1 & be+ easily work$ is held 9 high e/eem = all ! light] uses1 su* z sa%1 doors1 etc4 ,its place 9 ! lumb] indu/ries ( ,utah is ab\t ! same z t ( ! 8,:ite p9e0 7,p9us ,/robus7 9 ! ea/4 ,lumb]m5 usually call x 8,:ite p9e04 ,because ( ! altitude ( its habitat x is difficult to obta91 yet x is sy/ematically s\ght1 & l>ge am\nts are ye>ly manufactur$ into lumb]2 x also makes good %+les4 ,abies ,m5ziesii1 or ,m5zies's spruce1 usually call$ 8,spruce0 by lumb]m5 ( ! c\ntry1 is botanically v simil> to ! species la/ describ$1 b ! cones are l>g] & ! leaves %>p] po9t$4 ,x be>s a l>ge quantity ( cones1 :i* are g5]ally aggregat$ ne> ! top1 obscur+ ! foliage1 & giv+ ! trees a peculi> tawny appe>ance4 ,! wood is light1 :ite1 & f9e gra9$1 & w\ld rival t ( ! la/ nam$ species b = ! fact t ! trunk has a numb] ( slight curves1 s t x is impossible to obta9 good saw logs ( suffici5t l5g? f x4 ,its habitat is along ! caons f sev5 to n9e ?\s& feet altitude1 & seems to end ab\t :]e ,a4 ,engelmanni beg9s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a small] tree1 & less abundant4 ,abies subalp9a is ( little value z a timb] tree2 ! wood is s(t & spongy1 f :i* circum/ance x is locally kn[n z 8,pumpk9 p9e01 b ! m appropriate "n ( 8,:ite balsam0 is also appli$ to di/+ui% x f ,a4 concolor1 :i* is call$ 8,black balsam04 ,?is species gr[s high up on ! m\nta9s & plateaus1 g5]ally f n9e to elev5 ?\s& feet4 ,x is v tall1 (t5 atta9+ a height ( #hj or #ij feet4 ,its trunk is /raight & limbless = a great di/ance4 ,?is species has be5 b little kn[n to botani/s h]et(ore1 f ! fact t x has be5 conf\nd$ ) ,a4 gr&is1 b ,mr4 ,engelmann decides1 f specim5s collect$ by ,mr4 ,l4 ,f4 ,w>d1 t x mu/ be consid]$ z a new species4 ,abies amabilis & ,abies gr&is1 spruces resembl+ ! 8,:ite balsam0 9 _! g5]al appe>ance1 occur 9 ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s1 b are n abundant4 ,junip]us ,cali=nicus1 v>4 ,utah5sis1 or ,:ite c$>1 is v abundant ov] ! foot hills & l[] m\nta9 slopes1 &1 l ! pion p9e1 is mu* us$ = fire wood4 ,x has also ! *>act]i/ic durability ( ! junip]s1 & makes excell5t f5ce po/s4 ,x gr[s l[1 is diffusely bran*$1 & is valueless = mill+ purposes4 ,junip]us ,virg9iana1 or ,r$ c$>1 is also f\nd 9 ?is region4 ,its habitat is ne> ! /reams & at mod]ate altitudes4 ,x is said to lack ! durable qualities = :i* x is not$ at ! ea/1 & :i* seem to be transf]r$ to ! o!r species4 ,populus angu/ifolia1 or ,cottonwood1 is ! *ief repres5tative ( ! popl> family 9 ?is region4 ,! p ( ! c\ntry di/+ui% two v>ieties or species1 ! ,black cottonwood & ,yell[ cottonwood4 ,! =m] is said to be useless = lumb]1 :ile ! latt] has "s slight value4 ,x =ms no "p ( ! =e/ prop]1 b fr+es ! l[] rea*es ( ! /reams1 r>ely occurr+ high] 9 altitude ?an #f1jjj feet4 ,its rapid gr[? & its proximity to ! irrigable l&s make x valuable = fuel1 al?\gh x is n ( sup]ior quality4 ,populus monilif]a1 ! ,cottonwood ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 gr[s ) ! above 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,t]ritory1 & has ab\t ! same value4 ,populus tremuloides1 or ,asp51 is f\nd ab\t ! moi/ places on ! m\nta9 sides1 & (t5 bord]s ! glades ( ! plateaus4 ,! long poles :i* x furni%es are sometimes us$ = f5c+ purposes2 x makes a fair fuel2 ! quantity f\nd is small4 ,ac] gr&id5tata1 a species ( ,maple1 ab\nds at ! nor? z a bu%1 & r>e individuals atta9 ! rank ( small trees4 ,its wood is highly priz$ = ! repair ( ma*9]y1 b is too sc>ce to be ( great s]vice4 ,negundo ac]oides1 or ,box eld]1 is f\nd along ! wat] c\rses 9 _m places4 ,sometimes along ! l>g] /reams x atta9s a height ( #be or #cj feet4 ,x makes a good fuel1 b is f\nd 9 su* small quantities z to be sc>cely wor?y ( m5tion4 ,qu]cus undulata1 or ,:ite oak1 is v abundant z a bu%1 & sometimes atta9s a diamet] ( six or eight in*es4 ,x is too r>e z a tree to des]ve m ?an m]e m5tion4 ,betula occid5talis1 a species ( ,bir*1 gr[s ab\t ! upl& spr+s & creeks4 ,its habit is bu%like1 b x (t5 has a height ( #bj feet1 & x makes a tol]able fuel4 ,! ,hackb]ry 7,celtis occid5talis7 & two species ( ,a% 7,frax9us coriacea & ,f4 anomala7 gr[ z small trees1 b are exce$+ly r>e4 ,! above is a ne>ly complete li/ ( ! =e/ trees ( ,utah4 ,! numb] ( species is v small2 aridity on ! "o h&1 & cold on ! o!r1 successfully repel ! decidu\s trees4 ,! oak1 hickory1 a%1 etc41 necess>y to su* a v>iety ( indu/ries1 especially ! manufacture ( agricultural ma*9]y1 mu/ all be import$ f m humid regions4 ,! conif]\s trees1 gr[+ high among ! rocks ( ! upp] regions & beat5 by ! cold /orms ( a long w9t]1 are ragg$ & gn>l$1 & ! lumb] !y af=d is n ( ! f9e/ quality2 & ! f9i%+ lumb] = ar*itectural purposes & furniture mu/ also be import$ f m humid regions4 ,,irrigable ,,& ,,pa/ure ,,l&s4 ,,u9ta-,,:ite ,,bas94 ,! ,u9ta-,:ite ,valley is a deep bas9 inclos$ by ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s on ! nor? & ! ,tavaputs highl&s on ! s\?4 ,ea/w>d ! bas9 ext5ds beyond ! limits ( ,utah2 we/w>d ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s & ,we/ ,tavaputs ,plateau ne>ly inclose ! head ( ! ,u9ta ,valley1 b ! space betwe5 is fill$ ) a section ( ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s4 ,f ! nor?1 we/1 & s\? ! ,u9ta ,valley incl9es g5tly t[>d ! ,du*esne ,riv]4 ,_m /reams come d[n f ! nor? & f ! s\?4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! valley !re are "s small /ret*es ( bad l&s4 ,along ! l[] "p ( ! ,u9ta & ! ,du*esne1 & ! l[] c\rses ( ne>ly all ! m9or /reams1 l>ge tracts ( arable l& are f\nd1 & f ^! good selections c be made1 suffici5t to occupy 9 _! s]vice all ! wat] ( ! ,u9ta & its num]\s bran*es4 ,! agricultural portion ( ! valley is suffici5tly l[ to h a g5ial climate1 & all ! crops ( ! nor!rn ,/ates c be cultivat$ successfully4 ,/ret*+ back on e h& f ! irrigable di/ricts1 ! little hills1 valleys1 & slopes are cov]$ ) grasses1 :i* are f\nd m & m luxuriant 9 asc5d+ ! plateaus & m\nta9s1 until ! peaks are rea*$1 & ^! are nak$4 ,on ! nor? ( ! ,u9ta1 & /ill we/ ( ! ,gre51 ! bas9 is dra9$ by "s small /reams1 ! *ief ( :i* is ,a%ley ,=k4 ,except ne> ! l[] c\rse ( ,a%ley ,=k1 ?is section ( c\ntry is exce$+ly brok52 ! bad l&s & hogbacks are sev]$ by deep1 precipit\s caons4 ,f ! ea/ ! ,:ite ,riv] ent]s ! ,gre54 ,"s miles up ! ,:ite1 a caon is rea*$1 & ! c\ntry on ei!r h&1 /ret*+ back = a long di/ance1 is compos$ ( rugg$ b>r5 l&s4 ,b betwe5 ! highl&s & ! ,gre51 selections ( good l& c be made1 & ! wat]s ( ! ,:ite c be us$ to s]ve !m4 ,f ! ,:ite1 s\? to ! ,ea/ ,tavaputs ,plateau1 ! grass l&s /eadily increase 9 value to ! summit ( ! ,br[n ,cliffs4 ,_m good spr+s are f\nd 9 ?is region1 & ev5tually ?is w be a favorite di/rict = pa/urage f>ms4 ,f9e pa/urage f>ms may be made on ! s\!rn slope ( ! ,yampa ,plateau1 ) summ] pa/urage above & w9t] pa/urage bel[4 ,altoge!r1 ! ,u9ta-,:ite ,bas9 is "o ( ! favor$ di/ricts ( ! we/1 ) great numb]s ( cool spr+s issu+ f ! m\nta9s & hills2 _m beautiful /reams ( cle>1 cold wat]2 a l>ge am\nt ( arable l& f :i* irrigable tracts may be select$2 an abundance ( fuel 9 ! pion p9es & c$>s ( ! foot hills2 & build+ timb] f>!r back on ! m\nta9s & plateaus4 ,! :ole am\nt ( irrigable l& is e/imat$ at #bhj1cbj acres4 ,,! ,,ca,,on ,,l&s4 ,s\? ( ! ,tavaputs highl&s1 & ea/ & s\? ( ! ,high ,plateaus1 ! ,caon ,l&s ( ,utah are f\nd4 ,! l[] c\rse ( ! ,gr&1 ! l[] c\rse ( ! ,gre51 & a l>ge section ( ! ,colorado cuts ?r\gh !m1 & ! /reams t head 9 ! ,high ,plateaus run across !m4 ,all ! riv]s1 all ! creeks1 all ! brooks1 run 9 deep gorges--n>r[1 w9d+ caons1 ) _! floors f> bel[ ! g5]al surface ( ! c\ntry4 ,_m long l9es ( cliffs are f\nd sep>at+ high] f l[] di/ricts4 ,! hills are bad l&s & alcove l&s4 ,! ,si]ra la ,sal & ,h5ry ,m\nta9s are great masses ( lava1 wrapp$ 9 s$im5t>y b$s1 :i* are cut ) _m dikes4 ,s\? ( ! ,high ,plateaus great numb]s ( c9d] cones are f\nd4 ,on ! ,gr& ,riv] !re are "s pat*es ( l& :i* c be s]v$ by ! wat]s ( t riv]4 ,on ! ,gre51 9 :at is kn[n z ,gunnison ,valley1 pat*es ( good l& c be select$ & r$eem$ by ! wat]s ( t riv]4 ,ca/le ,valley is abruptly wall$ on ! we/1 nor?1 & nor!a/ by t[]+ cliffs4 ,ea/ ( its s\!rn portion a region ( t[]s1 buttes1 crags1 & rockl&s is f\nd1 kn[n z ! ,san ,rafael ,swell4 ,9 ?is valley !re is a l>ge am\nt ( good l&1 & ! num]\s /reams :i* run across x c all be us$ 9 irrigation4 ,f>!r s\?1 on ! ,fremont1 ,escalante1 & ,p>ia1 "s small tracts ( irrigable l& are f\nd1 & on ! ,kanab & ,virg9 !re are limit$ areas :i* c be us$ = agricultural purposes4 ,b all t portion ( ! caon c\ntry s\? ( ,ca/le ,valley & we/w>d to ! ,beav] ,dam ,m\nta9s is exce$+ly desolate2 nak$ rocks are f\nd1 refus+ foot+ ev5 to dw>f$ c$>s & pion p9es2 ! spr+s are infrequ5t & yield no b\ntiful supply ( wat]2 its pat*es ( grass l& are widely scatt]$1 & x has b little value = agricultural purposes4 ,a broad belt ( coal l& ext5ds along ! base ( ! cliffs f ! ,tavaputs ,plateau on ! nor!a/ to ! ,colob ,plateau on ! s\?we/4 ,at ! foot ( ! cliffs :i* sep>ate ! l[l&s f ! highl&s1 _m pa/urage f>ms may be made2 ! grass ( ! l[l&s c be us$ 9 ! w9t]1 & t ( ! highl&s 9 summ]1 & ev]y:]e good spr+s ( wat] may be f\nd4 ,! ext5t ( ! irrigable l&s 9 ?is di/rict is e/imat$ at #bac1ddj acres4 ,,! ,,sevi] ,,lake ,,di/rict4 ,?is di/rict embraces all ! c\ntry dra9$ by ! wat]s :i* fl[ into ! ,sevi] ,lake1 & ! areas dra9$ by _m small /reams :i* are quickly lo/ 9 ! des]t4 ,! great] "p ( ! irrigable l& lies 9 ! long1 n>r[ valleys wall$ by ! plateaus1 especially along ! ,sevi]1 ,ott] ,creek1 & ! ,san ,pete4 ,! arable l&s greatly exce$ ! irrigable1 & good selections may be made4 ,mo/ ( ! irrigable l&s are already occupi$ by f>m]s1 & ! wat]s are us$ 9 _! s]vice4 ,9 ! valleys among ! high plateaus1 & along _! we/]n bord]1 ! grasses are good1 & _m pa/urage f>ms may be select$1 & ! spr+s & little /reams t come f ! plateau cliffs w af=d an abundant supply ( wat]4 ,! summits ( ! plateaus w af=d an abundant summ] pa/urage4 ,we/w>d among ! ,bas9 ,ranges feeble & infrequ5t spr+s are f\nd2 !re is little timb] ( value1 b ! l[] m\nta9s & foot hills h c$>s & pion p9es t w\ld be valuable = fuel if ne>] to habitations4 ,! c$> & pion hills be> scant grasses4 ,! valleys are sometimes cov]$ ) sage1 sometimes ) grease wood1 sometimes q nak$4 ,! am\nt ( irrigable l& 9 ?is di/rict is e/imat$ at #aja1gjj acres4 ,,! ,,great ,,salt ,,lake ,,di/rict4 ,?is di/rict has already become fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( we/]n agriculture1 = "h ! ,latt] ,day ,sa9ts fir/ made 8a home 9 ! valleys among ! m\nta9s04 ,! riv]s & creeks br+ ! wat]s d[n f ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s on ! ea/4 ,! high valleys among ! m\nta9s h to "s ext5t be5 cultivat$1 & w h]eaft] be us$ m ?an at pres5t = mead[ purposes4 ,9 g5]al ! p h select$ _! l&s l[ d[n1 9 ord] to obta9 a m g5ial climate4 ,yet ! irrigable l&s are n v f> f ! m\nta9s1 z a glance at ! map w reveal4 ,utah ,lake con/itutes a f9e natural res]voir & dis*>ges its wat]s into ,salt ,lake by ! ,jordan1 & f its *annel ! wat]s may be conduct$ ov] a l>ge area ( c\ntry4 ,! wat]s ( ! ,web] & ,be> ,riv]s1 n[ fl[+ idly into ! lake1 w soon be spread ov] ext5sive valleys1 & ! area ( agricultural l&s be greatly increas$4 ,we/w>d ! influ5ce ( ! m\nta9s 9 ! precipitation ( moi/ure is soon lo/1 & beyond ! lake an irreclaimable des]t is f\nd4 ,ne> to ! m\nta9s ! grass l&s are fair b !y h be5 ov]pa/ur$ & greatly injur$4 ,out among ! ,bas9 ,ranges little grass l& ( value is f\nd4 ,! am\nt ( irrigable l& 9 ?is di/rict is e/imat$ at #hcg1ffj acres4 ,! l(ty zone ( m\nta9s & table l&s ) arms /ret*+ ea/w>d1 ) its culm9at+ po9ts among summ] fro/s & w9t] /orms1 is ! c5tral region ab\t :i* ! human int]e/s ( ! c\ntry ga!r4 ,! timb]1 ! wat]1 ! agricultural l&s1 ! pa/urage l&s1 to a l>ge ext5t ! coal & iron m9es1 & to "s ext5t ! silv] m9es1 are all f\nd 9 ^! high] regions or cl++ closely to !m4 ,,grasses4 ,:ile ! =e/s pres5t b a few species ( trees1 ! pa/urage l&s pres5t a great v>iety ( grasses4 ,betwe5 fifty & sixty species h be5 collect$ by p>ties connect$ ) ! survey "u ! direction ( ! writ]1 & ^! are di/ribut$ among tw5ty-six or tw5ty-sev5 g5]a4 ,mo/ ( !m belong to ! m\nta9s or highl&s1 & are ri* & sweet4 ,ne>ly all ( !m are bun* grasses4 ,! spaces by :i* ! bun*es are sep>at$ are b>e or occupi$ ) we$s & %rubs4 ,?is is (t5 ! case on ! m\nta9s & high plateaus4 ,a cont9u\s turf is nev] se54 ,:]e a sw>d is se5 9 moi/ places1 ab\t spr+s & 9 glades1 ! v]dure consi/s 9 *ief "p ( o!r plants1 s$ges & re$s4 ,( ! bun* grasses ! ,poas are by f> ! mo/ abundant4 ,( ?is g5us n9e species 7 obta9$1 b ?is gives an inadequate idea ( ! v>iety4 ,( "o species alone ,dr4 ,vasey has enum]at$ n9e v>ieties1 & advances ! op9ion t sev]al w be ev5tually consid]$ z species4 ,!y are f\nd at all altitudes1 mo/ly on ! slopes4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important s+le species 9 t region is ! ,b\tel\a oligo/a*ya1 ! s call$ 8,circle grass04 ,x has a peculi> habit ( =m+ p>tial or complete circles on ! gr\nd1 ) areas ( b>e gr\nd 9 ! c5t]4 ,^! turfy r+s are comp>atively n>r[1 (t5 n m ?an ?ree or f\r in*es 9 wid?1 :ile ! circles are f two to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,! =m is n always circul>1 b (t5 assumes irregul> %apes4 ,! grass is sweet & nutriti\s1 b its *ief value consi/s 9 its p[] to resi/ inclem5t seasons1 z x cures /&+1 l ! 8,buffalo grass0 ( ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,ano!r v valuable grass is ! ,eriocoma cuspidata1 :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( 8,s& grass04 ,x gr[s at mu* l[] altitudes1 & is prop]ly a valley grass4 ,x has a solit>y1 scatt]+ habit1 or at lea/ ! bun*es are small & turfless4 ,horses & cattle select x ) c>e f among o!r species1 & x seems especially nutriti\s4 ,x has a l>ge black gra91 :i* is (t5 collect$ by ! ,indians = food4 ,a rem>kable l[l& grass is ! ,vilfa 7,sporobolis airoides74 ,x has some?+ ( ! appe>ance ( 8,hair grass01 ) a widely spread+ purple panicle & l>ge p]5nial roots4 ,! old culms p]si/ at ! base1 & ) ! new ones =m ?ick & almo/ woody tufts4 ,^! tufts are scatt]$ ab\t 9 ! /rongly alkal9e soils ( ! riv] bottoms1 & are ext5sively pa/ur$ by l>ge h]ds ( cattle4 ,a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ?is grass1 common1 h[ev]1 to sev]al o!rs1 is its p[] to take up sal9e matt]1 :i* gives to ! :ole plant a salty ta/e4 ,! effect ( ?is ^u ! /ock fe$+ ^u x is d\btful1 judg+ f ! conflict+ reports ( ! inhabitants2 b x seems t :5 cattle are fir/ pa/ur$ ^u x !y are injur$ by ! excess ( salt1 b t aft] a "t !y cease to be injur$ by x4 ,all ( ! s call$ 8,salt grasses0 are cropp$ to a great] or less ext5t by /ock4 ,! *ief grasses ( ! elevat$ timb] tracts belong to ! g5us ,bromus4 ,:5 "y !y are good1 b !y become /ale & valueless ) age4 ,! only grass t c comp>e ) ^? ( ! ea/]n mead[s1 & :i* =ms a cont9u\s sod & cov]s ! gr\nd ) a uni=m gr[?1 is a v>iety ( ,aira cspitosa1 a r$ topp$ grass1 :i* 0 f\nd surr\nd+ ! small lakes ( ! m\nta9s & plateaus1 at elevations ( #aa1jjj feet & ov]4 ,?is is an exce$+ly beautiful grass z x waves 9 ! g5tle breezes t fan ! lakelets ( ! upp] regions4 ,phragmites communis1 ! s call$ 8,cane01 is common 9 ! glades & sl\ghs2 &1 ?\gh l>ge & r dry1 x furni%es ! only v]dure obta9able = mon?s 9 sev]e seasons4 ,mu* ( ! hay & pa/urage ( ! c\ntry1 :i* is !re call$ grass1 consi/s ( plants ( diff]5t families4 ,notable among ^! are sev]al species ( ,c>ex 7s$ges71 p>ticul>ly ,c>ex ,jamesii1 :i* spr+s up :]ev] artificial mead[s are made by ! sy/em ( flood+ commonly practic$4 ,! plants h l>ge1 /rong1 subt]ranean root-/ocks1 =m+ a tangl$ mass :i*1 :5 once e/abli%$1 _c easily be eradicat$4 ,! leaves are broad & grasslike1 &1 ?\gh co>se & comp>atively insipid1 =m a good sw>d :i* c be m[$--a r>e condition 9 t c\ntry2 & h5ce su* mead[s are highly priz$4 ,juncus ,balticus1 v>4 montanus1 :i* has a blue color1 t]ete culms1 & t\gh fib]1 & :i* ! settl]s call 8,wire grass01 is v abundant4 ,x is cut = hay1 & is said to s]ve a good purpose z su*4 ,!re are "s %rubs t furni% excell5t br[s+1 among :i*1 p]haps1 ! grease wood takes ! fir/ rank4 ,! sage bru%1 ,artemisia1 on ! contr>y1 is seldom resort$ to4 ,!re is "o %rub to :i* great virtues are ascrib$ :i* may be m5tion$ 9 ?is connection4 ,?is is ! ,c]coc>pus p>vifolius1 :i* occupies ! m\nta9 sides = a wide zone ( altitude4 ,! foliage1 ?\gh n /rictly ev]gre51 rema9s mo/ ( ! w9t]1 & is said to af=d ! only food = horses & cattle t c be obta9$ dur+ "s seasons ( deep sn[s4 ,?is %rub is a cong5] ( ! well kn[n m\nta9 mahogany1 ,c4 l$ifolius1 :i* gr[s at high] altitudes1 & has truly ev]gre5 foliage4 ,! small p]5nial plant ,eurotia lanata1 or 8,:ite sage01 f\nd gr[+ 9 ! valleys & pla9s1 is held 9 high e/eem z w9t] food = /ock4 ,! gr[? ( grass1 ev5 on ! plateaus1 is (t5 scant2 on ! foot hills x becomes less1 & f>!r away f ! highl&s x /ill dim9i%es 9 quantity until absolute des]ts are f\nd4 ,mo/ ( ! grasses seem to protect !mselves f ! great aridity by gr[+ 9 bun*es4 ,!y appe> to produce proportionately a great] am\nt ( se$s ?an ! grasses ( ! ,humid ,region1 & _! nutritive qualities1 especially 9 w9t]1 seems to be due !reto4 ,9 g5]al1 ! grasses seem to h l>ge1 /rong /ems1 & are n s easily brok5 d[n z ^? ( ! ,humid ,region1 & ! ra9s & sn[s by :i* !y w\ld be s brok5 d[n are infrequ5t4 ,aga91 = ^! reasons1 ! grasses1 /&+ long aft] !y are cut by fro/s1 cure !mselves1 =m+ !reby a w9t] pa/urage4 ,! irrigable l&s ( ,utah w be discuss$ m ?or\ghly & 9 detail 9 subsequ5t *apt]s by ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t1 :o has made ! ,great ,salt ,lake ,di/rict 8 /udy2 by ,capt4 ,c4 ,e4 ,dutton1 :o has prep>$ ! *apt] on ! irrigable l&s ( ! ,sevi] ,lake ,dra9age1 & by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,h4 ,?ompson1 :o has writt5 ! *apt] on ! irrigable l&s ( ! ,colorado ,dra9age4 ,! foll[+ is a table ( ! irrigable l&s1 arrang$ by di/ricts1 z discuss$ 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,! table is compil$ f ^? pres5t$ 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,table ( irrigable l&s 9 ,utah ,t]ritory4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,cultivat$ 9 #ahgg4 ------------- ,squ>e ,squ>e miles4 ,acres4miles4 ,acres4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,salt ,lake dra9age sy/em4 ,base ( ,u9ta ,m\nta9s #b4e #a1fjj #a4f #a1jbd ,yell[ ,creek & ,duck ,creek #b4j #a1bhj -- -- ,r&olph ,valley & ,sal]atus ,creek #fi4j #dd1afj #i4f #f1cdd ,%ores ( ,be> ,lake #i4j #e1gfj #e4j #c1bjj ,ca*e ,valley #bej4jafj1jjj #ej4j #cb1jjj ,be> ,riv] ,delta1 ,malade ,valley1 & ,connor's ,spr+ ,valley #bah4jaci1ebj #bb4j #ad1jhj ,box ,eld] ,valley 7,mantua7 #a4e #ifj #a4a #gjd ,web] ,valley f ,peoa to ,h5nef]1 inclusive #i4j #e1gfj #h4e #e1ddj ,p>ley's ,p>k #c4b #b1jdh #c4b #b1jdh ,upt[n #b4j #a1bhj 4#e #cbj ,e*o ,creek #j4i #egf 4#c #aib ,croydon #j4e #cbj 4#d #bef ,r\nd ,valley #j4e #cbj 4#e #cbj ,morgan ,valley #f4i #d1daf #f4j #c1hdj ,ogd5 ,valley #h4j #e1abj #d4a #b1fbd ,web] ,delta ,pla9 #bai4jadj1afj #ia4j #eh1bdj ,kamas ,prairie #ac4j #h1cbj #d4g #c1jjc ,hail/one ,ran*e & vic9ity #b4j #a1bhj #b4j #a1bhj ,provo ,valley #af4j #aj1bdj #f4j #c1hdj ,waldsburg #b4j #a1bhj #b4j #a1bhj ,utah ,valley #aij4jaba1fjj #ei4j #cg1gfj ,salt ,creek #af4j #aj1bdj #ad4j #h1ifj ,salt ,lake ,valley 7includ+ ,b\ntiful & ,c5t]ville7 #aib4jabb1hhj #hi4h #eg1dab ,tooele ,valley #de4j #bh1hjj #e4d #c1def ,c$> ,=t #a4e #a1jjj #a4b #hjj ,fairfield #a4e #ijj #a4b #hjj ,v]non ,creek #b4j #a1bjj #a4e #ijj ,sa9t ,johns #a4a #gjj #a4a #gjj ,ea/ ,caon ,creek 7,ru% ,valley7 #a4e #ijj 4#h #ejj ,/ockton 4#c #ejj 4#c #bjj ,skull ,valley #d4j #b1ejj #a4f #a1jjj ,gov]nm5t ,creek 4#e #cjj 4#e #cjj ,will[ ,spr+1 ,t4 #aj ,s41 ,r4 #ag ,w 4#d #bej 4#d #bej ,r$d+ ,spr+ 4#a #ej -- #bj ,dodoquibe ,spr+ 4#a #ej -- -- ,deep ,creek1 ,t4 #i ,s41 ,r4 #ai ,w #a4f #a1jjj 4#h #ejj ,pilot ,peak 4#c #bjj -- -- ,gr\se ,valley #b4d #a1ejj 4#h #ejj ,owl ,spr+ 4#a #aj -- -- ,rosebud ,creek 4#f #djj 4#b #aej ,muddy ,creek1 ,t4 #aj ,n41 ,r4 #ae ,w 4#e #cjj 4#e #cjj ,p>k ,valley #c4e #b1cjj #a4a #gjj ,wid[ ,spr+ 4#a #bj -- -- ,indian ,creek1 ,t4 #ac ,n41 ,r4 #ab ,w 4#b #ajj -- -- ,ea/ base ,cle> ,creek ,m\nta9s 4#b #aej -- #e ,cazure ,creek 4#c #bjj -- -- ,cle> ,creek1 ,t4 #ae ,n41 ,r4 #ab ,w 4#c #bjj 4#a #hj ,junction ,creek 4#g #ejj -- -- ,goose ,creek 4#c #bjj -- -- ,pilot ,spr+ 4#a #ae -- -- ,des]et ,creek 7or ,deep ,creek7 #d4e #c1jjj 4#e #cjj ,cry/al ,spr+s1 ,t4 #ad ,n41 ,r4 #g ,w 4#b #ajj 4#a #fj ,antelope ,spr+s1 ,t4 #i ,n41 ,r4 #f ,w 4#a #cj -- #cj ,hanzel ,spr+ 4#a #ae -- #ae ,promontory1 ea/ base 4#i #fjj 4#e #cjj ,blue ,creek #b4c #a1ejj -- -- ,bracki% ,spr+s1 ne> ,blue ,creek #a4e #a1jjj 4#c #bjj ,antelope ,isl& 4#a #ej -- -- ,! valley ( ! ,sevi] ,riv]4 ,san ,pete ,valley #ca4b #bj1jjj #ag4j #aj1hhj ,gunnison #f4b #d1jjj #dd4d #b1hjj ,sevi] ,valley1 above ,gunnison #ed4g #ce1jjj #af4e #aj1ejj ,circle ,valley #f4c #d1jjj #a4a #gej ,panguit* & above #aj4i #g1jjj #b4h #a1hjj ,irrigable l&s ( ! des]t dra9age ( s\?we/]n ,utah4 ,*]ry ,creek 4#b #ajj -- -- ,judd ,creek 4#b #ajj -- -- ,levan #c4a #b1jjj -- -- ,scipio #b4f #a1gjj -- -- ,hold5 #a4f #a1jjj -- -- ,filmore & ,oak ,creek #e4e #c1ejj -- -- ,mead[ ,creek #a4i #a1bjj -- -- ,kano% #c4a #b1jjj -- -- ,beav] ,creek & tribut>ies #ba4i #ad1jjj -- -- ,p>agoonah #a4f #a1jjj -- -- ,p>[an #a4f #a1jjj -- -- ,summit 4#f #djj -- -- ,c$> ,city1 ,iron ,city1 ,=t ,hamilton #c4f #b1cjj -- -- ,m\nta9 ,mead[s 4#c #bjj -- -- ,p9to 4#c #bjj -- -- ,hebron #a4f #a1jjj -- -- ,irrigable l&s ( ! ,colorado dra9age4 ,virg9 ,riv] #cj #ai1bjj #aa4j #g1jdj ,kanab ,creek #b4e #a1fjj #a4a #gjj ,p>ia ,riv] #f #c1hdj -- -- ,escalante ,riv] #f #c1hdj -- -- ,fremont ,riv] #ch #bd1cbj -- -- ,san ,rafael ,riv] #age #aab1jjj -- -- ,price ,riv] #aa #g1jdj -- -- ,m9nie ,maud ,creek #c #a1ibj -- -- ,u9ta ,riv] #bhe #ahb1djj 4#e #cjj ,a%ley ,=k #be #af1jjj 4#a #ej ,h5rys ,=k #aj #f1djj -- -- ,:ite ,riv] #ge #dh1jjj -- -- ,gre5 ,riv] ,br[ns ,p>k #aj #f1djj -- -- ,bel[ ,split ,m\nta9 ,caon #ej #cb1jjj -- -- ,gunnison ,valley #be #af1jjj -- -- ,gr& ,riv] #dj #be1fjj -- -- -------------------------- ,total #b1bfb4d #a1ddg1ibj -- -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,irrigable ,,l&s ,,( ,,! ,,salt ,,lake ,,dra9age ,,sy/em4 ,,by ,g4 ,k4 ,,gilb]t4 ,! field ( my "w 9 #ahgg includ$ s l>ge a portion ( ! dra9age bas9 ( ,great ,salt ,lake & s little else t x has prov$ mo/ conv5i5t to report on all ( t bas91 or r on t "p ( x :i* lies )9 ! ,t]ritory ( ,utah4 ,9 s do+1 ,i h dep5d$1 = ne>ly all ! l&s dra9+ to ,utah ,lake1 ^u ! data ga!r$ by ,mr4 ,r5%awe1 ( ?is survey1 9 connection ) 8 topographic "w4 ,! rema9d] ( ! di/rict1 ) v slight exception1 ,i h myself visit$4 ,! (ficials & citiz5s ( ! ,t]ritory h all freely contribut$ su* in=mation z ,i h s\ght1 & h aid$ me 9 _m ways2 b ,i h be5 especially indebt$ to ,mr4 ,m>t9eau & ,mr4 ,b>ton1 ! surveyors ( ,ca*e & ,davis ,c\nties2 to ,mr4 ,fox1 ! t]ritorial surveyor2 & to ! ,hon4 ,a4 ,p4 ,rockwood1 ! /ati/ician ( ! ,des]et ,agricultural ,society4 ,mr4 ,rockwood prep>$ a /ati/ical report on ! ,t]ritory 9 #ahge1 :i* has be5 ( great s]vice to me1 & he has k9dly plac$ at my disposal ! manuscript details ( 8 "w z well z ! publi%$ summ>y4 ,,me?od ,,& ,,scope ,,( ,,inve/igation4 ,:]e agriculture is dep5d5t ^u irrigation1 ! ext5t ( l& t c be put to agricultural use is det]m9$ by ! relation ( ! quantity ( available wat] to ! quantity ( available l&4 ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat] ne$$ by a unit ( l&1 & :]ev] ! l& susceptible ( cultivation requires m wat] ?an is obta9able1 only a portion ( ! l& c be utiliz$4 ,b !re is also a limit to ! am\nt ( wat] t c be pr(itably employ$ on a unit ( l&1 & :]e ! supply ( wat] is 9 excess ( ! quantity requir$ by su* l&s z are prop]ly dispos$ to receive & use x1 only a portion ( ! wat] c be utiliz$4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta91 !re=e1 ! ext5t ( agricultural l& 9 a giv5 di/rict1 x is necess>y to make a measurem5t ( l&1 or a measurem5t ( wat]1 or p]haps bo?1 & x is necess>y to "k ! am\nt ( wat] dem&$ by a unit area ( ! l& "u consid]ation4 ,! prop] quota ( wat] = irrigation dep5ds on climate & soil & subsoil1 z well z on ! nature ( ! crop1 & v>ies indef9itely "u div]se conditions4 ,z a rule1 ! be/ soils require lea/ wat]2 ^? :i* dem& mo/ are light s&s on "o h& & adhesive clays on ! o!r4 ,:]e ! subsoil is op5 & dry1 m wat] is ne$$ ?an :]e x is moi/ or imp]vi\s4 ,:]ev] !re is an imp]vi\s sub/ratum1 ! subsoil accumulates moi/ure & ! dem& = wat] dim9i%es f ye> to ye>4 ,^! & o!r consid]ations s complicate ! subject t x is difficult to g5]alize1 & ,i h f\nd x m practicable to use 9 my inve/igations c]ta9 limit+ quantities ?an to attempt 9 e case a diagnosis ( ! local conditions4 ,by comp>+ ! volumes ( c]ta9 /reams 9 ,utah1 t are n[ us$ 9 irrigation to _! full capacity1 ) ! quantities ( l& t !y s]ve1 ,i h f\nd t "o hundr$ acres ( dry b5* l& 7i4 e41 l& ) a deep1 dry1 op5 subsoil7 w n yield a full crop ( gra9 ) less ?an "o cubic foot ( wat] p] second1 & ?is "u ! mo/ favorable climate ( ! ,t]ritory4 ,:]e ! climate is dri]1 a great] quantity is requir$4 ,:]e !re is a moi/ subsoil1 a less may suffice4 ,9 ! dri] di/ricts1 :]e ! /reams are small1 !y are usually employ$ ^u ! dry b5*es1 because ^! are mo/ conv5i5t to _! s\rces2 & x is v r>ely ! case t _! utility is increas$ by ! pres5ce ( a moi/ subsoil4 ,b x is also 9 ! dri] di/ricts t ! ext5t ( agricultural l& is asc]ta9$ by ! measurem5t ( /reams2 & h5ce !re is little dang] ( error if we use 9 all cases ! crit]ion t applies to dry b5* l&4 ,9 ! discussion ( ! l&s ( nor!rn ,utah1 ,i h !re=e assign$ to ea* cubic foot p] second ( p]5nial fl[ ! reclamation ( "o hundr$ acres ( l&1 ) ! belief t ! consequ5t e/imates w\ld nev] und]rate1 ?\gh !y might sometimes exagg]ate1 ! agricultural res\rces ( ! di/ricts exam9$4 ,9 ! measurem5t ( /reams ! foll[+ me?od 0 employ$3 ,a place 0 s\ght :]e ! *annel 0 /raight = a di/ance equal to sev]al times ! wid? ( ! /ream1 & :]e = "s di/ance !re 0 little *ange 9 ! dim5sions ( ! cross section4 ,measurem5t 0 !n made ( ! wid? 79 feet71 ( ! mean dep? 79 feet71 & ( ! maximum surface curr5t 79 feet p] second74 ,! mean curr5t 0 assum$ to be f\r-fif?s ( ! maximum curr5t2 & f\r-fif?s ( ! product ( ! ?ree measur$ elem5ts 0 tak5 to give ! fl[ 9 cubic feet p] second4 ,?is me?od ( measurem5t is confess$ly crude1 & is liable to consid]able error1 b ) ! "t at my disposal no bett] 0 practicable1 & its %ortcom+s are less to be regrett$ on acc\nt ( ! v>iability ( ! /reams !mselves4 ,all ( ! /reams ( ,utah t fl[ f m\nta9 slopes are subject to great fluctuations4 ,!y d]ive a l>ge %>e ( _! wat] f ! melt+ ( sn[1 & n only does ! melt+ v>y z to its rapidity & season1 b ! quantity ( sn[ to be melt$ v>ies greatly f ye> to ye>4 ,a s+le measurem5t /&+ alone is q inadequate to det]m9e ! capacity ( a /ream = irrigation1 & z x 0 r>ely practicable to visit a /ream m ?an once1 an endeavor 0 made to supplem5t ! s+le det]m9ation by collat+ ! judgm5ts ( resid5ts z to ! relative fl[ ( ! sev]al creeks & riv]s at o!r seasons & 9 o!r ye>s4 ,9 di/ricts :]e ! wat] is ne>ly all us$ & its division & di/ribution are sup]vis$ by 8wat]ma/]s01 ^? function>ies are able to af=d in=mation ( a tol]ably def9ite "*1 b 9 o!r di/ricts x 0 necess>y to make great all[ance = errors ( judgm5t4 ,c]ta9ly1 t elem5t ( my e/imates :i* is bas$ on inquiries _c claim s small a probability ( error z ! elem5t bas$ on measurem5ts4 ,/reams t are =m$ 9 high m\nta9s rea* _! highe/ /age 9 ,june1 & _! l[e/ 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]4 ,/reams f l[ m\nta9s atta9 _! maxima 9 ,april or ,may1 & rea* _! l[ /ages by ,augu/ or ,septemb]4 ,9 ! l[ valleys ! irrigation ( :eat & o!r small gra9s beg9s ab\t ! fir/ ( ,june1 & cont9ues until ! latt] "p ( ,july4 ,! irrigation ( corn & potatoes beg9s 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,july1 & cont9ues until ! middle ( ,augu/4 ,9 ! middle ( ,july all ( ! l& calls = wat]1 & if ! supply is suffici5t at t "t1 x is sure to meet all dem&s at o!r times4 ,x w be conv5i5t to call t "t ! critical season4 ,9 ! high] agricultural valleys corn & potatoes are n gr[n1 b ! irrigation ( small gra9s & hay is c>ri$ on f ! middle ( ,june to ! middle or latt] "p ( ,augu/4 ,?r\gh all ?is "t ! volume ( ! /reams is dim9i%+1 & if !y fail at all x is at ! end ( ! season4 ,! critical season = ! high] valleys is ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/4 ,9 ord] to e/imate prop]ly ! agricultural capability ( a /ream1 x is necess>y to asc]ta9 its volume at its critical season4 ,9 ! inve/igations ( ! pa/ summ]1 ?is 0 accompli%$ by direct measurem5t 9 b a limit$ di/rict4 ,= ! rema9d] ( my field ( op]ations ,i 0 compell$ to dep5d on ! e/imates ( o!rs z to ! relation betwe5 ! volumes ( /reams at ! "t ( measurem5t & at ! critical season4 ,z w appe> 9 ! sequel1 ! unc]ta9ty atta*+ to ^! det]m9ations ( volumes affects ! gr& total 9 b small degree4 ,! utility ( ! l>ge /reams is n limit$ by _! volumes s mu* z by ! available l& suitable = ov]fl[1 a quantity susceptible ( m accurate det]m9ation1 & ! ext5t ( l& irrigable by ! l>ge /reams is _m times great] ?an t irrigable by ! small4 ,no /reams are us$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & few c be fully utiliz$ dur+ ! spr+ flood4 ,:]ev] x is practicable to /ore up ! surplus wat] until ! "t ( ne$1 ! irrigable area is correspond+ly increas$4 ,en\gh has be5 accompli%$ 9 a few localities to demon/rate ! feasibility ( reclaim+ ?\s&s ( acres by ! aid ( res]voirs1 & ev5tually ?is w be done2 b except 9 a small way x is n a "w ( ! imm$iate future4 ,= _m ye>s to come capital w f9d great] remun]ation 9 tak+ possession ( ! l>ge riv]s4 ,9 e/imat+ ! agricultural res\rces1 x 01 ( c\rse1 necess>y to take acc\nt ( all future increase1 & :]ev] /orage by res]voirs seem$ practicable a r\gh e/imate 0 made ( ! ext5t ( l& t c\ld be ?us reclaim$4 ,!re are a few re/rict$ areas 9 ,utah t yield remun]ative crops to ! f>m] )\t ! artificial application ( wat]4 ,_! productiv5ess is d\bl$ or trebl$ by ! use ( wat]1 & s f> z !y are susceptible ( irrigation !y ne$ n be di/+ui%$ f ! irrigable l&s4 ,:5 ! great] riv]s %all h be5 div]t$ to ! "w ( irrigation1 ne>ly all su* areas w be suppli$ ) wat]1 b a few w n4 ,! endeavor has be5 to include ! latt] z well z ! =m] 9 ! e/imate ( ! agricultural l&4 ,! t]m 8agricultural l&0 is con/ru$ to include t :i* is us$ or may be us$ = ! production ( hay z well z t cultivat$ by ! pl[4 ,mo/ irrigable l&s may be utiliz$ 9 ei!r way1 b !re are "s tracts :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! sev]ity ( ! climate or ! impurity ( ! wat]1 are adapt$ to ! gr[? ( grass only4 ,i h s\ght 9 ! =ego+ rem>ks to set =? z briefly z possible ! me?ods & scope ( my inve/igations1 & to indicate ! degree ( accuracy to be anticipat$ 9 ! result+ e/imates4 ,to ^! e/imates we w n[ proce$4 ,,irrigation ,,by ,,! ,,l>ge ,,/reams4 ,?ree riv]s ent] ,great ,salt ,lake--! ,be>1 ! ,web]1 & ! ,jordan1 & ^u _! wat] w ultimately dep5d ! major "p ( ! agriculture ( ,utah4 ,by a curi\s co9cid5ce1 ! pr9cipal heads ( ! ?ree riv]s lie close toge!r 9 ! we/]n end ( ! ,u9ta range ( m\nta9s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,be> ,riv] runs nor?w>d at fir/1 & a little beyond ! foot ( ! m\nta9s ent]s ! ,t]ritory ( ,wyom+4 ,sw]v+ to ! left1 x passes aga9 into ,utah1 & sw]v+ aga9 to ! "r returns to ,wyom+4 ,f ,wyom+ x runs nor?w>d into ,idaho1 & aft] mak+ a great det\r to ! nor? returns on a m we/]ly l9e to ,utah4 ,x rent]s 9 ,ca*e ,valley1 & passes !nce by a %ort caon to its delta pla9 on ! nor?we/]n bord] ( ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,its pr9cipal tribut>ies are receiv$ 9 ,idaho & 9 ,ca*e ,valley4 ,bord]+ ^u ! upp] rea*es ( ! riv]1 !re is little l& available = cultivation1 & ! climate =bids any crop b hay4 ,i am in=m$ t ! mead[ l& !re some:at exce$s two squ>e miles 9 area4 ,:]e ! riv] next ent]s ,utah x runs = #cj miles ?r\gh an op5 valley1 ! valley t conta9s ! t[ns ( ,woodruff & ,r&olph4 ,at ! head x passes ?r\gh a %ort defile1 & c readily be ?r[n into two canals at su* a level z to comm& ! great] "p ( ! valley1 br++ ab\t #ij squ>e miles ( l& 8"u dit*04 ,= ! irrigation ( ?is am\nt ! riv] is suffici5t1 b if ! necess>y wat] 7 ?us appropriat$1 too little w\ld rema9 = ! use ( ! l&s :i* bord] ! contigu\s portions ( ! riv] 9 ,wyom+4 ,^! h equal claim to ! use ( ! riv]1 & a prop] di/ribution ( ! wat] w\ld assign x to ! reclamation ( ! be/ selection ( l& 9 ! two ,t]ritories4 ,i e/imate t su* an adju/m5t w\ld p]mit ! ,utah valley to irrigate #de squ>e miles ) ! wat] ( ! riv]4 ,! m9or /reams ( ! valley w s]ve1 9 addition1 #bd squ>e miles4 ,! climate is unfavorable to gra9 & ! *ief crop mu/ be ( hay4 ,:]e ! riv] next ent]s ,utah x has acquir$ s great a volume t x is impracticable to make use ( its entire am\nt4 ,! portion ( ,ca*e ,valley :i* lies 9 ,utah c ne>ly all be irrigat$4 ,:at is on ! left bank ( ,be> ,riv] c be s]v$ by ,logan ,riv] & o!r tribut>ies )\t call+ on ! ma9 /ream4 ,! "r bank w h to be s]v$ 9 connection ) an adjac5t tract 9 ,idaho1 & by a canal ly+ entirely 9 t ,t]ritory4 ,! exp5se w be great1 b n great] ?an ! b5efit w w>rant4 ,i e/imate t ! ,utah division ( ,ca*e ,valley w ultimately conta9 #bej squ>e miles ( irrigat$ l&4 ,! climate admits ( ! gr[? ( :eat1 oats1 & corn1 & su* fruits z ! apple1 pe>1 & ! apricot4 ,9 leav+ ,ca*e ,valley ! riv] tumbles ?r\gh a %ort1 n>r[ caon1 & !n ent]s ! pla9 t bord]s ! lake4 ,! lime/one walls ( ! caon (f] a secure f\ndation = ! head works to a sy/em ( canals to supply ! pla94 ,"h1 aga91 a l>ge outlay is necess>y1 b ! b5efits w be m ?an comm5surate4 ,n only w ! entire alluvial pla9 ( ! ,be> be s]v$1 b ! valley ( ! ,malade1 z f> z ,oregon ,spr+s1 & ! valley :i* ext5ds f ,little ,m\nta9 to ,connor's ,spr+4 ,aft] d$uct+ f ^! areas ! l& along ! m>g9 ( ! lake t is too sal9e to af=d hope ( reclamation1 !re rema9s a tract ( #bad squ>e miles4 ,"o-t5? ( ?is is n[ 9 use1 be+ 9 "p wat]$ by ,box ,eld] ,creek & o!r small creeks1 & 9 "p cultivat$ )\t irrigation4 ,9 ! foll[+ table are summ$ ! agricultural res\rces ( t portion ( ! ,be> ,riv] dra9age bas9 :i* lies 9 ,utah3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,squ>e miles-- ,tracts4 ------------------------- ,cultivat$ ,cultivable4 9 #ahgg4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,base ( ,u9ta ,m\nta9s #a4f #b4e ,yell[ ,creek & ,duck ,creek #j4j #b4j ,r&olph ,valley & ,sal]atus ,creek #i4f #fi4j ,%ores ( ,be> ,lake #e4j #i4j ,ca*e ,valley #ej4j #bej4j ,delta ,pla91 ,malade ,valley1 & ,connor's ,spr+ ,valley #bb4j #bah4j ,box ,eld] ,valley 7,mantua7 #a4a #a4e ------------------------- ,total #hi4c #eeb4j ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! entire area ( ! ,be> ,riv] ,di/rict is ab\t #c1fbj squ>e miles1 #b p] c5t4 be+ n[ "u cultivation1 & ov] #ae p] c5t4 susceptible ( cultivation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,web] ,riv] runs ) a g5]al nor?we/]ly c\rse f ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s to ,great ,salt ,lake1 ent]+ ! latt] at ! middle ( its ea/]n %ore4 ,! ,ogd5 is its only important tribut>y4 ,at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s x ent]s ,kamas ,prairie1 9 :i* x c be made to irrigate a few squ>e miles4 ,!nce to ,h5nef]1 a di/ance ( #cj miles1 x is cont9u\sly bord]$ by a /rip ( f>m+ l& ab\t "o-?ird ( a mile broad4 ,!n x passes a s]ies ( ?ree close caons--9 ! int]vals ( :i* are ,r\nd ,valley1 ) a few acres ( l&1 & ,morgan ,valley1 ) #g squ>e miles--& em]ges ^u its delta pla94 ,)9 ?is pla9 are no less ?an #bai squ>e miles ( f>m+ l&1 ( :i* ab\t two-fif?s are n[ 9 use4 ,a "p is unwat]$1 a "p is wat]$ by ! ,ogd5 ,riv] & by a numb] ( creeks1 & ! rema9d] is wat]$ by ! ,web]4 ,to s]ve ! high] portions ( ! pla9 a great outlay w\ld be requir$1 & ,i am ( op9ion t ! highe/ levels _c pr(itably be suppli$4 ,/ill1 a great ext5sion ( ! irrigat$ area is inevitable1 & ,i anticipate t :5 ! wat] ( ! ,web] has be5 c>ri$ z f> z is economically practicable1 n m ?an #ae miles ( ! pla9 w rema9 unsuppli$4 ,d$uct+ ?is am\nt1 z well z ! area s]v$ by ! m9or /reams & spr+s ( ! pla91 !re rema9 #ahe squ>e miles dep5d5t on ! ,web] & ,ogd5 ,riv]s4 ,! ,ogd5 ,riv] has also to wat] #h squ>e miles 9 its upp] c\rse1 & ! ,web] #cd1 mak+ a total ( #bbg squ>e miles dep5d5t on ! two /reams4 ,:e!r !y are compet5t to s]ve s great an area may well be que/ion$4 ,on ! #h? ( ,octob] ,i f\nd 9 ! ,ogd5 ,riv]1 at ! m\? ( its caon1 a fl[ ( #aae feet p] second1 & ?ree days lat] ! ,web] %[$ #chf feet4 ,!re 0 almo/ no irrigation 9 progress at t "t1 & ! total ( #eja feet includ$ practically all ! wat] ( ! /reams4 ,to irrigate #bbg squ>e miles1 ! riv]s ne$ to furni% at ! critical season 79 ?is case ab\t ! #aj? ( ,july7 #a1dej feet1 or ne>ly ?ree times _! ,octob] volume4 ,( ! ratio betwe5 _! ,july & ,octob] volumes ,i h no direct means ( judg+1 & ! problem is too nice a "o to be tru/$ to ! e/imates ( resid5ts unaid$ by measurem5ts2 b indirectly a p>tial judgm5t may be rea*$ by comp>+ ! riv]s ) c]ta9 tribut>ies ( ! ,jordan :i* 7 twice obs]v$4 ,city ,creek 0 measur$ on ! #e? ( ,july1 & aga9 on #a/ ( ,septemb]1 & ,emigration & ,p>ley creeks 7 measur$ ,july #e?1 & aga9 ,septemb] #crd4 ,^! /reams rise 9 m\nta9s t are ab\t z high z ^? :i* furni% ! ,web] & its bran*es1 & _! conditions are g5]ally p>allel4 ,_! measur$ volumes 7 z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,i4--,july volume1 9 feet p] second4 ------------------------- ,,ii4--,septemb] volume1 ,/reams4 9 feet p] second4 -------------------- ,,iii4--,ratio ( ,i to ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,city ,creek #aai #cb #c4g ,emigration ,creek #bd #h #c4j ,p>ley's ,creek #gb #bi #b4e ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,! comp>ison is n decisive1 b x seems to %[ t ! problem dem&s = its solution a c>eful exam9ation at ! 8critical season40 ,if ! ,ogd5 & ,web] _h be5 measur$ 9 ,septemb]1 z 7 ! o!r /reams1 _! volumes w\ld probably h be5 f\nd less ?an 9 ,octob]2 & ?is consid]ation appe>s to ?r[ ! balance ( evid5ce aga9/ ! compet5ce ( ! riv]s to wat] ! contigu\s l&s4 ,b if _! incompet5ce %all be prov$1 x does n foll[ t ! l&s mu/ g dry4 ,! ,be> at ! nor? & ! ,jordan at ! s\? h ea* a great volume ( surplus wat]1 & ei!r supply c be l$ )\t s]i\s eng9e]+ difficulty to ! l[] levels ( ! delta ( ! ,web]4 ,9 ! foll[+ table are summ$ ! agricultural res\rces ( ! ,web] dra9age bas93 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,squ>e miles-- ,tracts4 ------------------------- ,cultivat$ ,cultivable4 9 #ahgg4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,kamas ,prairie 7nor!rn edge7 4#g #c4j ,peoa to ,h5nef]1 inclusive #h4e #i4j ,p>ley's ,p>k #c4b #c4b ,upt[n 4#e #b4j ,e*o ,creek 4#c 4#i ,croydon 4#d 4#e ,r\nd ,valley 4#e 4#e ,morgan ,valley #f4j #f4i ,ogd5 ,valley #d4a #h4j ,delta ,pla9 #ia4j #bai4j ------------------------- ,total #aae4b #bec4j ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,! e/imate ( #bai miles ( cultivable l& on ! ,delta ,pla9 includes #ae miles t w probably nev] be irrigat$1 b may nev]!less be f>m$4 ,! total area ( ! ,web] bas9 7includ+ ! :ole pla9 f ,bonneville to ,c5t]ville1 & exclud+ ! ma9 body ( ,kamas ,prairie7 is #b1dej squ>e miles2 #d p] c5t4 ( ! area is n[ "u cultivation1 & #aj p] c5t4 is susceptible ( cultivation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,jordan ,riv] is ! outlet ( ,utah ,lake1 & runs nor?w>d1 ent]+ ,great ,salt ,lake at its s\!a/]n angle4 ,on ! "r x receives a numb] ( l>ge tribut>ies f ! ,wasat* ,range4 ,! l>ge/ tribut>y ( ,utah ,lake is ! ,provo ,riv]1 :i* rises 9 ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s close to ! heads ( ! ,web] & ,be>4 ,f ! m\? ( its m\nta9 caon ! ,provo ent]s ,kamas ,prairie1 & x hugs ! s\? m>g9 ( ! pla9 j z ! ,web] hugs ! nor? m>g91 pass+ out by a n>r[ defile at ! s\?we/ corn]4 ,at "o "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! prairie ! ,provo fl[$ nor?w>d ?r\gh x & jo9$ itself to ! ,web]4 ,! surface ( ! prairie 0 !n l[] ?an n[1 & ! s& & gravel :i* ! riv] br\ght f ! m\nta9s accumulat$ ^u x4 ,ev5tually ! ,provo built its alluvium s high t its wat] f\nd a new passage ov] ! wall ( ! valley4 ,! new *annel1 af=d+ a m rapid desc5t ?an ! old1 quick5$ ! curr5t ?r\gh ! valley1 & caus$ x to rev]se its action & beg9 ! excavation ( ! mat]ial x _h deposit$4 ,s long z ! riv] built up its b$1 its *annel 0 incon/ant1 %ift+ f place to place ov] ! :ole pla92 b s soon z x began to cut away ! b$1 its position became fix$ & ! pla9 0 ab&on$4 ,! riv] n[ fl[s 9 a n>r[ valley ( its own mak+1 #aej feet bel[ ! surface ( ! pla94 ,z a result ( ?is mode ( orig91 ,kamas ,prairie slopes uni=mly f ! ,provo to ! ,web]1 & x w\ld be an imm5se und]tak+ to irrigate x ) ! wat] ( ! ,web]4 ,b ! ,provo ,riv] c be return$ to its anci5t duty ) comp>ative ease4 ,a few miles ( canal w suffice to c>ry its wat] to ! upp] edge ( ! pla91 & !nce x c be l$ to e "p4 ,already a small canal has be5 con/ruct$ & its enl>gem5t may conv]t ! :ole prairie into a mead[4 ,?us ! prairie1 al?\gh "p ( ! dra9age bas9 ( ! ,web]1 belongs to ! irrigation di/rict ( ! ,provo4 ,! ,provo next foll[s a n>r[ rock b\nd valley = #g miles1 be+ skirt$ by bottom l&s t admit ( "s f>m+4 ,x !n ent]s ,provo ,valley1 an op5+ ab\t z l>ge z ! la/1 & favor$ by a w>m climate t p]mits ! gr[? ( bread/uffs4 ,!nce to ,utah ,valley x foll[s a deep1 close caon4 ,! volume ( ! ,provo is suffici5t to wat] ab\t #ajj squ>e miles4 ,if x be p]mitt$ to s]ve #bh miles 9 ,kamas ,prairie & #dj miles 9 ,provo ,valley & its adjuncts1 !re w rema9 = ,utah ,valley ! quota = #cb miles4 ,! m9or /reams ( ! valley1 ,am]ican ,=k1 ,spani% ,=k1 ,hobble ,creek1 ,payson ,creek1 etc41 w irrigate #abj miles1 mak+ a total ( #aeb squ>e miles suppli$ ) wat]4 ,! total l& ( ! valley :i* might be irrigat$ if ! wat] 7 suffici5t am\nts to no less ?an #bbe miles4 ,?us x appe>s t if all available l&s on ! upp] ,provo are reclaim$1 "o-?ird ( ,utah ,valley mu/ g unwat]$1 :ile if none ( !m are irrigat$1 ne>ly ! :ole ( ! valley w be suppli$4 ,a middle c\rse w\ld appe> mo/ wise1 & w und\bt$ly be foll[$4 ,a gradual ext5sion ( ! canals1 z ! dem&s & means ( ! communities dictate & p]mit1 w br+ l&s successively into use 9 ! ord] ( _! value & conv5i5ce1 & :5 ! limit is rea*$ & title has be5 acquir$ to all ! wat]1 ! mo/ available l&s 9 ea* ( ! ?ree valleys trav]s$ by ! ,provo w h be5 reclaim$4 ,! resid5ts ( ,kamas ,prairie w probably h increas$ _! mead[s s z to furni% w9t] hay = h]ds suffici5t to /ock ! summ] pa/ures ( ! vic9ity2 ,provo ,valley1 hav+ a less favorable climate ?an ,utah ,valley1 w h irrigat$ only its *oice/ soils2 & ! major "p ( ! riv] w belong to ,utah ,valley4 ,! apportionm5t may be r\ghly e/imat$ z--,kamas ,prairie1 #aj miles2 ,provo ,valley & ,waldsburg1 #bj miles1 & ,utah ,valley1 #gj miles4 ,bel[ ,utah ,lake !re is little inequality ( volume dep5d5t on season4 ,! lake is a natural res]voir #abg squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 & s f> equalizes ! outfl[ ?r\gh ! ,jordan t ! volume ( t /ream is less affect$ by ! mean level ( ! lake ?an by ! influ5ce ( nor!rly & s\!rly w9ds4 ,) suitable head works its volume c be completely controll$1 &1 if desirable1 ! entire dis*>ge ( ! lake c be conc5trat$ 9 ! season ( irrigation4 ,! highe/ /age ( ! lake is 9 ,july1 & ! l[e/ 9 ,m>* or ,april2 & ! natural volume ( its outlet has ( c\rse a correspond+ *ange4 ,9 ,july ,i f\nd t volume to be #a1bge feet p] second1 & ,i am in=m$ by resid5ts t ! /ream c>ri$ m ?an "o-half z mu* wat] 9 its l[ /age2 #a1jjj feet is p]haps n f> f ! mean volume4 ,:5 all possible use is made ( ,provo ,riv] & o!r tribut>ies ! annual infl[ ( ! lake w be dim9i%$ by ab\t "o-eigh?1 & ! outfl[ by a great] fraction1 :i* we w assume to be "o-qu>t]4 7,?is po/ulates t ! evaporation is at ! rate ( #ij in*es p] ye> = ! :ole lake surface47 ,! rema9+ p]5nial outfl[ ( #gej feet p] second1 if conc5trat$ into f\r mon?s1 w\ld irrigate = t p]iod #cej squ>e miles4 ,x w be practicable to include "u canals f ! ,jordan only ab\t #afj squ>e miles ( f>m+ l&1 & ,i ?9k x safe to assume t ! supply ( wat] w be greatly 9 excess ( ! dem&4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! ,jordan is little us$1 ! *ief irrigation ( ,salt ,lake ,valley be+ p]=m$ by ! l>ge creeks t fl[ f ! m\nta9s at ! ea/4 ,x w n be long1 h[ev]1 be=e l>ge canals are con/ruct$ to c>ry ! ,jordan wat] to all p>ts ( ! valley t lie bel[ ! level ( ,utah ,lake4 ,!y w include #abj squ>e miles ( f>m+ l&4 ,! m\nta9 /reams1 be+ no long] ne$$ 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ! valley1 w be c>ri$ to high] l& & made to s]ve ! b5*es at ! base ( ! m\nta9s4 ,by ^! means ! total agricultural area ( ! valley w be increas$ to #aib squ>e miles4 ,ev5tually1 ! we/]n canal w be c>ri$ ab\t ! nor? end ( ! ,oquirrh range & made to irrigate ! nor!rn ?ird ( ,tooele ,valley4 ,x w pass above ! f>m+ l&s ( ,e4 ,t4 ,city & ,grantsville1 & enable ! /reams :i* irrigate ! latt] t[n to be us$ ^u ! high] slopes4 ,! s]vice ( ! ,jordan w am\nt to no less ?an #dj miles & ! agricultural area ( ! valley w be increas$ to ab\t #de squ>e miles4 ,includ+ ,tooele ,valley & ,kamas ,prairie ) ! dra9age bas9 ( ! ,jordan1 its agricultural res\rces sum up z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,squ>e miles-- ,tracts4 ------------------------- ,cultivat$ ,cultivable4 9 #ahgg4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,kamas ,prairie #d4j #aj4j ,hail/one ,ran*e & vic9ity #b4j #b4j ,provo ,valley #f4j #af4j ,waldsburg #b4j #b4j ,utah ,valley #ei4j #aij4j ,go%5 ,mona ,salt ,creek #ad4j #af4j ,nephi ,salt ,lake ,valley 7includ+ ,b\ntiful & ,c5t]ville7 #hi4h #aib4j ,tooele ,valley #e4d #de4j ------------------------- ,total #ahb4b #dgc4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! dra9age di/rict has an area ( #d1jaj miles2 #d p] c5t4 are cultivat$1 & #aa p] c5t4 may be cultivat$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ^! e/imates ! available wat] above ,utah ,lake is reg>d$ z insuffici5t = ! available l&1 :ile bel[ ! lake !re is a sup]abundance ( wat]1 & yet ! l[] /ream is only a cont9uation ( ! upp] /reams4 ,! diff]5ce arises f ! function ( ! lake z a res]voir4 ,bel[ ! res]voir ! :ole ( ! annual supply c be controll$1 b above x ,i h assum$ t irrigation w m]ely make use = ! irrigat+ season ( ! quantity :i* fl[s at ! critical p]iod4 ,if artificial res]voirs c be con/ruct$ s z to /ore wat] = use 9 ,utah ,valley1 a great] area c be cultivat$4 ,) adequate /orage facilities ! /reams tribut>y to ! lake c irrigate 9 ,kamas ,prairie #bh miles2 9 ,provo ,valley & vic9ity #dj miles2 9 ,?i/le ,valley #f miles2 on ,salt ,creek #af miles1 & 9 ,utah ,valley #bbe miles1 mak+ a total ( #cae miles2 & !re w /ill escape to ! ,jordan en\gh wat] to s]ve all ! l& assign$ to t /ream4 ,if su* /orage is practicable1 ! e/imate tabulat$ above %\ld %[ #eeb in/ead ( #dgc miles ( cultivable l&4 ,! region mo/ likely to af=d /orage facilities lies 9 ! m\nta9s :]e ! wat]s rise4 ,i did n visit x1 & until x has be5 exam9$ ,i %all n v5ture to increase ! e/imate4 ,! foll[+ table gives a summ>y = ! ,great ,salt ,lake riv] sy/em3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,areas1 9 squ>e miles4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,di/ricts4 ,:ole ,"u ,to be ,total di/rict4 cultivation reclaim$ 9 cultivable4 9 #ahgg4 ! future4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,be> ,riv] #c1fbj #hi4c #dfb4g #eeb4j ,web] ,riv] #b1dej #aae4b #acg4h #bec4j ,jordan ,riv] #d1jaj #aib4b #bhj4h #dgc4j ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,total #aj1jhj #cif4g #hha4c #a1bgh4j ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,ratios #a1jjj 4#jci 4#jhh 4#abg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,?is region includes an eigh? "p ( ! l& area ( ! ,t]ritory1 & m ?an "o-half ! agricultural l&4 ,x is ! ri*e/ section ( ,utah4 ,ne>ly "o-?ird ( its available l& is already 9 use4 ,! co/ ( ! canals by :i* its cultivat$ l&s h be5 furni%$ ) wat] has be5 ab\t #b1jjj1jjj4 ,to complete its sy/em ( irrigation w probably co/ #e1jjj1jjj m4 ,,irrigation ,,by ,,small ,,/reams4 ,?r\gh ! rema9d] ( ! dra9age bas9 ( ,great ,salt ,lake !re are no l>ge bodies ( f>m+ l&4 ,at wide int]vals are small tracts1 dep5d5t on spr+s & small creeks1 & ! available l& is 9 ne>ly e case greatly 9 excess ( ! available wat]4 ,a few exceptional spots are cultivat$ )\t irrigation1 b s f> z !y h be5 discov]$ !y are s situat$ z to be moi/5$ f b5ea?4 ,no crops h be5 rais$ on dry b5* l&s4 ,! pr9cipal facts are ga!r$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,no4 ( di/9ct tracts4 ----------------------- ,acres 9 cultivation 9 #ahgg4 ----------------- ,localities4 ,acres cultivable4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,c$> ,=t #a #hjj #a1jjj ,fairfield #a #hjj #ijj ,v]non ,creek #a #ijj #a1bjj ,sa9t ,johns #a #gjj #gjj ,ea/ ,caon ,creek1 ,ru% ,valley #a #ejj #ijj ,/ockton #a #bjj #ejj ,skull ,valley #aaa1jjj #b1ejj ,gov]nm5t ,creek #a #cjj #cjj ,will[ ,spr+1 t[n%ip #a #bej #bej #aj s\?1 range #ag we/ ,r$d+ ,spr+ #a #bj #ej ,dodoquibe ,spr+ #a -- #ej ,deep ,creek1 t[n%ip #a #ejj #a1jjj #i s\?1 range #ai we/ #a #ejj #a1jjj ,pilot ,peak #a -- #bjj ,gr\se ,valley #f #ejj #a1ejj ,owl ,spr+ #a -- #aj ,rosebud ,creek #a #aej #djj ,muddy ,creek1 t[n%ip #a #cjj #cjj #aj nor?1 range #ae we/ #a #cjj #cjj ,p>k ,valley #f #gjj #b1cjj ,wid[ ,spr+ #a -- #bj ,indian ,creek1 t[n%ip #a -- #ajj #ac nor?1 range #ab we/ #a -- #ajj ,ea/ base ,cle> ,creek ,m\nta9s #f #e #aej ,cazure ,creek #a -- #bjj ,cle> ,creek1 t[n%ip #ae #a #hj #bjj #ae nor?1 range #ab we/ #a #hj #bjj ,junction ,creek #a -- #ejj ,goose ,creek #b -- #bjj ,pilot ,spr+ #a -- #ae ,des]et ,creek 7or ,deep ,creek7 #a #cjj #c1jjj ,cry/al ,spr+s1 t[n%ip #a #fj #ajj #ad nor?1 range #g we/ #a #fj #ajj ,antelope ,spr+1 t[n%ip #a #cj #cj #i nor?1 range #f we/ #a #cj #cj ,hanzel ,spr+ #a #ae #ae ,promontory1 ea/ base #a #cjj #fjj ,blue ,creek #a -- #a1ejj ,bracki% ,spr+s ne> ,blue ,creek #a #bjj #a1jjj ,antelope ,isl& #a -- #ej -------------------------- ,total #fjh1faj #ba1gdj -------------------------- ,total 9 squ>e miles -- #ac4e #cc4i ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,localities4 ,cultivable acres n includ$ 9 exi/+ surveys4 ------------------------ ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,c$> ,=t -- ,) aid ( res]voirs4 ,fairfield -- ,v]non ,creek -- ,) aid ( res]voirs4 ,sa9t ,johns -- ,ea/ ,caon ,creek1 ,ru% ,valley -- ,/ockton -- ,skull ,valley 787,) aid ( res]voirs2 visit$ 9 "p only4 ,gov]nm5t ,creek -- ,n visit$4 ,will[ ,spr+1 t[n%ip -- ,d4 #aj s\?1 range #ag we/ ,r$d+ ,spr+ -- ,dodoquibe ,spr+ -- ,n visit$4 ,deep ,creek1 t[n%ip -- ,) aid ( res]voirs4 #i s\?1 range #ai we/ -- ,pilot ,peak #bjj,n visit$4 ,gr\se ,valley -- ,) aid ( res]voirs4 ,owl ,spr+ #aj ,rosebud ,creek -- ,) aid ( res]voirs4 ,muddy ,creek1 t[n%ip #cjj #aj nor?1 range #ae we/ #cjj ,p>k ,valley -- ,) aid ( res]voirs4 ,wid[ ,spr+ #bj,n visit$4 ,indian ,creek1 t[n%ip #ajj,) aid ( res]voirs4 #ac nor?1 range #ab we/ ,ea/ base ,cle> ,creek ,m\nta9s #ajj ,d4 ,cazure ,creek #bjj,n visit$4 ,cle> ,creek1 t[n%ip #bjj #ae nor?1 range #ab we/ ,junction ,creek #ejj,n visit$4 ,goose ,creek #bjj ,d4 ,pilot ,spr+ -- ,des]et ,creek 7or ,deep ,creek7 -- ,) aid ( res]voirs4 ,cry/al ,spr+s1 t[n%ip #ajj ,d4 #ad nor?1 range #g we/ ,antelope ,spr+1 t[n%ip #cj,n visit$4 #i nor?1 range #f we/ #cj,n visit$4 ,hanzel ,spr+ #ae ,promontory1 ea/ base #fjj,! great] "p is n irrigat$4 ,blue ,creek -- ,bracki% ,spr+s ne> ,blue ,creek -- ,antelope ,isl& #ej,n visit$4 ----- ,total #a1fbe ----- ,total 9 squ>e miles #b4e ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,n9ete5 tracts h n yet be5 survey$ by ! l& (fice4 ,! total area ( ! di/rict is #ac1cgj squ>e miles1 ( :i* "o-t5? ( "o p] c5t4 is cultivat$1 & "o-f\r? ( "o p] c5t4 may be cultivat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! di/ricts ea/ & we/ ( ,great ,salt ,lake illu/rates ! comb9ation ( physical conditions ess5tial to agriculture 9 our arid t]ritories4 ,an atmosph]e end[$ ) b a small %>e ( moi/ure precipitates freely only :5 x is r$uc$ to a l[ temp]ature4 ,agriculture is dep5d5t on ! precipitation ( moi/ure1 b _c endure ! associat$ cold climate4 ,x c fl\ri% only :]e m\nta9 masses turn ov] ! aque\s product ( _! cold climates to l[ valleys end[$ ) g5ial climates4 ,! ,wasat* & ,u9ta cre/s /& f #f1jjj to #i1jjj feet high] ?an ! valleys bord]+ ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,_! climate has a temp]ature f #bj to #cj l[]4 ,! sn[s t accumulate ^u !m 9 w9t] are n melt$ by ! fir/ w>m? ( spr+1 b yield sl[ly to ! advanc+ sun1 & all ?r\gh ! season ( gr[+ crops fe$ ! /reams t wat] ! valleys4 ,! ,be>1 ! ,web]1 & ! ,jordan c>ry ! moi/ure ( ! m\nta9s to ! w>m? ( ! valleys1 & f]tility is ! result4 ,to ! nor? & we/ ( ! lake !re are _m m\nta9s1 b !y are too l[ & small to /ore up sn[ banks until ! "t ( ne$4 ,_! /reams are sp5t be=e ! summ] comes2 & only a few spr+s are p]5nial4 ,! result is a g5]al des]t1 dott$ by a few oases4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,irrigable ,,l&s ,,( ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,sevi] ,,riv]4 ,,by ,,capta9 ,c4 ,e4 ,,dutton4 ,z an agricultural region1 ! valley ( ! ,sevi] ,riv] & ( its tribut>ies is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ,utah4 ,! am\nt ( arable l& :i* may be rea*$ by ! wat]s ( ! /ream is v mu* l>g] ?an ! /ream c wat] advantage\sly1 & ! "t is probably n f> di/ant :5 all ! wat] t c be obta9$ w be utiliz$ 9 produc+ c]eals1 & !re is probably no o!r region 9 ,utah :]e ! v>i\s problems relat+ to ! mo/ economic use ( wat] w be solv$ s spe$ily4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a region ( unusual int]e/1 reg>d$ 9 ! light ( ! new indu/rial problems :i* ! irrigation ( ^! we/]n l&s is n[ br++ =w>d4 ,=tunately1 !re is a small] prospect ( difficulty & ob/ruction 9 ! settlem5t ( ! legal controv]sies :i* mu/ inevitably arise else:]e out ( disputes ab\t wat] rights ?an w be enc\nt]$ 9 o!r regions1 = ! ,mormon ,*ur* is an in/itution :i* quietly1 yet resi/lessly1 assumes ! p[] to settle su* disputes1 & ! ,mormon p 9 ^! outly+ settlem5ts yield to its assumptions an unhesitat+ ob$i5ce4 ,:atev] ! *ur* deems be/ = ! g5]al welf>e ( its dep5d5cies x dictates1 & :at x dictates is inv>iably done ) promptitude1 & none h yet be5 f\nd to resi/4 ,?is communal arrangem5t has be5 att5d$ ) great success s f> z ! developm5t ( ! wat] res\rces are conc]n$1 & ! sy/em ( managem5t has ord9>ily be5 s conduct$ t ! g5]al welf>e has be5 imm5sely b5efit$2 & if individuals h suff]$1 x has n be5 made manife/ by any app>5t symptoms ( g5]al discont5t or ( individual resi/ance4 ,! sy/em is by no means p]fect z yet1 b its imp]fections may be f\nd 9 details :i* produce no pres5t s]i\s inconv5i5ce1 & !y w no d\bt be rem$i$ z rapidly z !y atta9 ! magnitude ( great evils4 ,! ,sevi] ,riv] has its c\rse along ! s\!a/]n bord] ( ! ,great ,bas9 ( ! we/1 & its upp] /reams head 9 ! l(ty divide :i* sep>ates ! dra9age sy/em ( ! ,colorado ,riv] on ! s\? & ea/ f ! dra9age sy/em ( ! ,great ,bas9 on ! nor? & we/4 ,! g5]al c\rse ( ! upp] portion ( ! /ream is f s\? to nor?1 ?\gh its tribut>ies fl[ 9 _m directions4 ,! l[] portion ( ! /ream1 )9 #fj miles ( its end1 sudd5ly breaks ?r\gh "o ( ! ,bas9 ,ranges on ! we/--! ,pavant--& !n turns s\?we/w>d & empties into ,sevi] ,lake1 "o ( ! sal9as ( ! ,great ,bas94 ,! ma9 valley ( ! ,sevi] ,riv] has a ,n4 ,s4 tr5d1 & beg9s on ! divide ref]r$ to1 ab\t #bgj miles almo/ due s\? ( ,great ,salt ,lake1 & cont9ues nor?w>d a di/ance ( ab\t #agj miles4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal =ks ( ?is /ream4 ,! l[e/ =k is at ,gunnison1 #adj miles s\? ( ,salt ,lake ,city1 & call$ ! ,san ,pete1 :i* wat]s a f9e valley ab\t #de miles 9 l5g?1 & :i* is at pres5t ! mo/ important agricultural di/rict 9 ,utah4 ,ab\t #hj miles f>!r up ! /ream1 at ,circle ,valley1 ! riv] divides into two v ne>ly equal bran*es2 "o com+ f ! s\?1 ! o!r break+ ?r\gh a great plateau on ! ea/4 ,^! are call$1 respectively1 ! ,s\? & ,ea/ ,=k ( ! ,sevi]4 ,! ,s\? ,=k has its pr9cipal f\nta9s f> up on ! surface ( a great plateau--! ,panguit* ,plateau--^: broad expanse x dra9s by ?ree consid]able /reams1 :i* f9ally unite 9 ! valley at ! foot ( its ea/]n slope4 ,! ,ea/ ,=k ( ! ,sevi] receives ! wat]s ( a beautiful valley ly+ to ! ea/w>d ( & p>allel to ! ma9 valley ( ! ,sevi]1 & sep>at$ f x by a l(ty plateau #ij miles 9 l5g? f nor? to s\?1 & f #aj to #bj miles 9 bread?1 call$ ! ,sevi] ,plateau4 ,?r\gh ?is great b>ri] ! /ream has cut a wide gorge #d1jjj feet 9 dep? & #aj miles long1 call$ ,ea/ ,=k ,caon1 & "r at its l[] end x jo9s ! ,s\? ,=k ( ! ,sevi]4 ,! physical geography ( ! region dra9$ by ! wat]s ( ! riv] is highly int]e/+1 & has an important relation to ! subject4 ,! area 9 "q consi/s ( a s]ies ( tabul> blocks1 ( va/ proportions1 cut out ( ! g5]al plat=m ( ! c\ntry by great faults1 & lift$ above x f #b1jjj to ne>ly #f1jjj feet1 s t ! absolute altitudes 7above sea level7 ( ! tables range f #i1jjj to #aa1ejj feet4 ,:]e ! valleys are l[e/ ! tables are highe/1 & vice v]sa4 ,! valleys or l[l&s /& f #e1jjj to #g1ejj feet above ! sea4 ,! plateaus h areas rang+ f #djj to #a1hjj squ>e miles1 & collectively ) ! includ$ l[l&s )9 ! dra9age sy/em ( ! ,sevi] h an area ( ab\t #e1djj squ>e miles4 ,! tables front ! valleys ) b>ri]s :i* are m cont9u\s & :i* m closely resemble long l9es ( cliffs ?an ! m\nta9 *a9s & si]ras ( o!r portions ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region1 & !re are /ret*es ( unbrok5 walls1 cr[n$ ) va/ precipices1 #aj1 #bj1 & ev5 #dj miles 9 l5g?1 :i* look d[n f sn[y altitudes ^u ! broad & almo/ torrid expanses bel[4 ,if ! palisades ( ! ,hudson _h t5 times _! pres5t altitude & five or six times _! pres5t l5g?1 & if !y _h be5 batt]$1 not*$1 & crumbl$ by an unequal erosion1 !y w\ld (f] mu* ! same appe>ance z t pres5t$ by ! wall ( ! ,sevi] ,plateau :i* fronts ! ma9 valley ( ! ,sevi]4 ,if !y 7 f six to eight times multipli$1 & ext5d$ f ,hobok5 to ,we/ ,po9t1 & 7 simil>ly %att]$1 !y w\ld pres5t ! appe>ance ( ! ea/]n wall ( ,grass ,valley4 ,if !y 7 eight to t5 times multipli$1 & imag9$ to ext5d ar\nd ?ree-f\r?s ( ! p]iph]y ( an area #dj miles by #bj1 & b little damag$ by erosion1 !y w\ld repres5t ! solemn battlem5ts ( ! ,aqu>ius ,plateau4 ,^! great plateaus are masses ( volcanic rock ov]ly+ s$im5t>ies1 ! latt] s deeply buri$ t !y are seldom se5 ev5 9 ! deepe/ *asms1 :ile sup]pos$ floods ( volcanic outfl[s are %[n 9 sections1 rea*+ sometimes a ?ickness ( #e1jjj feet4 ,! d>k colors ( ^! rocks give a somb] aspect to ! sc5]y1 & ! gloomy fronts ( ! t[]+ precipices are r5d]$ peculi>ly gr& & impos+4 ,! prevail+ w9ds ( ?is region are f ! we/1 nor?we/1 & s\?we/1 & are a portion ( ! m g5]al movem5t ( ! atmosph]ic ocean :i* moves bodily f ! ,pacific to ! he>t ( ! cont95t4 ,9 cross+ ! ,si]ra ,nevada a l>ge portion ( its moi/ure is wrung f ! air1 :i* bl[s hot & arid across ! ,great ,bas94 ,not)/&+ ! aridity ( ! bas9 area1 ! air ga9s ab\t z mu* moi/ure z x loses 9 cross+ x1 until x /rikes ! great b>ri]s on ! ea/ side ( ! bas9--! ,wasat* & ! *a9 ( high plateaus :i* are mapp$ z its s\!rly cont9uation4 ,"h ! w9ds are project$ by ! bold fronts sev]al ?\s&s ( feet upw>d4 ,! consequ5t cool+ & r>efaction cond5se f !m an am\nt ( moi/ure :i*1 relatively to t arid c\ntry1 may be call$ l>ge1 ?\gh f> less ?an t ( m favor$ regions4 ,9 ! valleys ! ra9fall is exce$+ly small2 almo/ ! :ole ( ! precipitation is 9 ! high altitudes4 ,x is no uncommon ?+ to see ! heavy masses ( ! cumulus cl\ds envelop+ ! summits ( all ! plateaus :ile ! valleys lie "u a sky b little obscur$4 ,! plateaus1 !n1 are ! res]voirs :]e ! wat]s accumulate1 & f :i* !y desc5d 9 _m rivulets & rills1 :ile ar\nd _! bases are copi\s spr+s f$ by ! wat]s :i* fall above4 ,! ra9fall 9 ! valleys is v small1 z comp>$ ) t ^u ! plateaus1 & x is also highly v>iable4 ,no record has be5 kept ( ! precipitation )9 ! dra9age sy/em ( ! ,sevi]1 & ! ne>e/ po9t :]e su* a record has be5 kept is at ,=t ,cam]on1 ne> ,beav]1 at ! we/]n base ( ! ,tu%> ,m\nta9s4 ,^! obs]vations cov] b a brief p]iod1 & no d\bt repres5t a mu* l>g] precipitation ?an t :i* occurs 9 ! valleys & pla9s g5]ally1 because ! situation ( ! po9t ( obs]vation is j at ! base ( ! l(tie/ range 9 s\!rn ,utah1 :]e ! air curr5ts f ! we/ fir/ /rike x4 ,moreov]1 ^! obs]vations are n yet publi%$1 & are n at pres5t available4 ,9 ! n>r[ valleys betwe5 closely approximat$ & l(ty m\nta9 walls1 l ! valley ( ! ,sevi] at ,m>ysvale1 ! ra9fall is great] ?an :]e ! valley is wid]1 ) l[] walls1 z at ,panguit*1 ,ri*field1 & ,gunnison4 ,an e/imate ( ! am\nt w\ld be v haz>d\s2 b1 judg+ f :at is kn[n ( simil> localities1 ! am\nt 9 ! wid] valleys may be z l[ z #g or #h in*es1 or z high z #aj or #aa4 ,9 ! n>r[] & deep] valleys x may be betwe5 #aj & #ab in*es4 ,^u ! plateaus x may be z l>ge z #cj to #ce in*es4 ,! pr9cipal fall is 9 ! w9t] & spr+ mon?s1 f ! middle ( ,novemb] to ! fir/ ( ,june2 & 9 ?is p]iod at lea/ sev5-eigh?s ( ! precipitation mu/ be accompli%$ 9 ! valleys & ?ree-f\r?s ^u ! plateaus4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a l>ge am\nt ( v>iation 9 ! di/ribution ( ! mon?ly falls f ye> to ye>4 ,no two consecutive ye>s correspond 9 ?is respect4 ,9 #ahgf a heavy /orm1 ) great ra9fall & sn[1 occurr$ 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 b 9 #ahge & #ahgg no su* /orm occurr$4 ,9 #ahge _m dr5*+ %[]s occurr$ 9 ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/1 b none occurr$ at ! same mon?s ( #ahgg4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 no summ] ra9fall has ev] be5 kn[n ( su* ext5t z to disp5se ) ! necessity ( irrigation1 or ev5 to mat]ially r$uce ! necess>y am\nt4 ,great v>iability 9 ! di/ribution ( ! fall ov] diff]5t mon?s ( ! ye> is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! climate4 ,b :atev] ! di/ribution1 x is nev] su* z to affect ?is "o conspicu\s feature--t ! season 9 :i* crops mu/ h _! *ief gr[? & rea* _! maturity is ! dry season4 ,connect$ ) ! irrigation ( ! ,sevi] ,valley is a limit+ condition1 :i* r>ely has to be consid]$ 9 connection ) ! l&s wat]$ by ! ,be> & ,web] ,riv]s1 & :i* does n ent] at all into ! l&s ly+ ab\t ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,x is ! dep5d5ce ( climate ^u altitude4 ,!re are l&s along ! upp] portions ( ! =ks ( ! ,sevi] :i* c be irrigat$ easily en\gh1 b :i* are n cultivable = gra9 on acc\nt ( ! %ortness ( ! summ] & ( ! dang] ( fro/s dur+ ! gr[? & rip5+ ( ! gra94 ,?is 9 turn is directly connect$ ) ! altitude4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! ,sevi] leaves its ma9 valley & ent]s ! ,pavant range1 its altitude is #e1jej feet above sea-level4 ,at ,gunnison x is #e1aej feet4 ,! altitudes ( ! ,san ,pete ,valley are approximately z foll[s3 ,feet4 ,manti #e1cej ,ephraim #e1dej ,moroni #e1ejj ,spr+t[n #e1eej ,m\nt ,pleasant #e1fjj ,fairview #e1gbe ,f\nta9 ,gre5 #e1fej ,beg9n+ at ,gunnison & asc5d+ ! ,sevi] along its ma9 c\rse1 ! altitudes are z foll[s3 ,feet4 ,gunnison #e1ajj ,sal9a #e1age ,ri*field #e1cjj ,monroe #e1cej ,joseph ,city #e1cge ,m>ysvale #e1fjj ,circle ,valley #f1jjj ,tak+ ! ,ea/ ,=k 9 ,grass ,valley3 ,feet4 ,head ( ,ea/ ,=k ,caon #f1cjj ,c\%>em #f1gjj ,daniels' ,ran* #g1jjj ,tak+ ! ,s\? ,=k3 ,feet4 ,head ( ,panguit* ,caon #f1bej ,panguit* #f1djj ,hillsdale #f1eej ,junction ( ,mammo? ,creek #f1ijj ,9 ! ,san ,pete ,valley1 :i* has be5 cultivat$ z f> up z ,m\nt ,pleasant = tw5ty ye>s1 ,i _c le>n t any crop has ev] be5 injur$ by fro/s1 & we may !re=e conclude t ?is valley is safe f su* an attack1 unless a mo/ abnormal "o4 ,! same may be said ( ! ma9 ,sevi] ,valley f ,joseph ,city d[nw>d4 ,f ,joseph ,city to ,circle ,valley !re is a relatively small proportion ( irrigable l&1 b su* z !re is may1 ,i ?9k1 be reg>d$ z safe f fro/4 ,circle ,valley1 :]e ! two =ks unite1 has be5 cultivat$ = c]eals = f\r ye>s1 & has n yet suff]$ f fro/1 & x is fair to assume t su* a calamity w be v infrequ5t !re1 ?\gh x may n be possible to say !re is no dang]4 ,9 ,panguit* ,valley1 a sev]e fro/ 9 ,augu/1 #ahgd1 inflict$ great injury ^u ! crops1 & only a small quantity ( v inf]ior gra9 0 h>ve/$4 ,b 9 #ahge1 #ahgf1 & #ahgg1 excell5t crops 7 secur$4 ,above ,panguit* ! am\nt ( arable l& is n great1 & ! dang] to crops is increas$4 ,9 ,grass ,valley !re is a magnific5t expanse ( f]tile arable l&1 b !re c be no "q t a l>ge portion ( x is s liable to kill+ fro/s 9 ,augu/1 or ev5 9 ,july1 t ! c]eals _c fl\ri% !re4 ,! l[] portion ( ! valley1 ne> ! head ( ,ea/ ,=k ,caon1 is m hopeful1 & x is probable t a l>ge majority ( crops plant$ !re w mature1 ?\gh occasional damage may be reasonably look$ =4 ,! g5]al result may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,bel[ #f1jjj feet crops may be consid]$ z safe f s]i\s damage by fro/s4 ,f #f1jjj to #g1jjj feet crops are liable to damage 9 a degree proportional to ! excess ( altitude above #f1jjj feet4 ,above #g1jjj feet ! dang] is probably su* z to r5d] agriculture ( little value to ^? :o may pursue x4 ,! climate has %[n 9 pa/ times a long] p]iod ( v>iation ?an ! annual "o4 ,panguit* 0 settl$ once 9 #ahfj1 b 0 ab&on$ on acc\nt ( ! de/ruction ( crops by ! fro/s4 ,! settlem5t 0 r5ew$ 9 #ahfg1 & aga9 ab&on$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! attacks ( ,indians4 ,x 0 settl$ a ?ird "t 9 #ahgj1 &1 ?\gh crops h occasionally be5 injur$1 ! agriculture has on ! :ole prov$ remun]ative4 ,let u n[ look at ! irrigable l&s ( ! ,sevi] & its tribut>ies4 ,above ! t[n ( ,panguit*1 on ! ,s\? ,=k1 !re is a consid]able area ( arable l&1 :i* c\ld be easily rea*$ by canals f ! ma9 /ream & bel[ #g1jjj feet altitude1 b = want ( a detail$ survey x is impossible to d m ?an guess at ! area4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t #h1jjj acres w\ld be ! maximum limit4 ,?is portion ( ! valley is liable to kill+ fro/s1 ?\gh dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s x has n suff]$ f ?is cause4 ,9 ! long run1 ,i believe agriculture w n prove remun]ative "h4 ,f ,panguit* nor?w>d to ! head ( ! ,panguit* ,caon1 a di/ance ( #ah miles1 is a broad valley1 av]ag+ #e miles 9 wid?1 a v l>ge portion ( :i* is irrigable1 provid$ ! wat] supply is adequate4 ,at lea/ #bd1jjj acres may be cultivat$ )\t resort to any?+ m ?an ! usual me?ods ( di/ribut+ ! wat]2 b n ! :ole ( ?is area is f]tile4 ,! great] "p ( ! area ( ,panguit* ,valley is compos$ ( alluvial slopes1 or1 z !y h be5 t]m$ by geologi/s1 alluvial cones4 ,al?\gh ^! surface features are pres5t$ 9 a some:at m typical & /rik+ mann] 9 ,grass ,valley1 yet !y are well en\gh exhibit$ "h2 & z !y h an important relation to ! subject1 ,i w briefly discuss !m4 ,9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry l ?is1 :]e ! melt+ ( ! sn[s 9 spr+ or heavy ra9falls at o!r seasons create sudd5 & great torr5ts1 l>ge quantities ( detritus are c>ri$ d[n f ! m\nta9s into ! valleys4 ,^! m\nta9 /reams1 :i* 9 summ]1 autumn1 & e>ly w9t] are ord9>ily ei!r v small or :olly dri$ up1 may ^u c]ta9 occasions become deva/at+ floods4 ,! bottoms ( ! rav9es are /eep wat] c\rses1 d[n :i* ! angry torr5ts ru% ) a p[] :i* is seldom compreh5d$ by ^? :o dwell 9 less rugg$ regions4 ,huge b\ld]s weigh+ sev]al tons1 great trees1 ) small] dbris ( rocks1 gravel1 s&1 & clay1 are swept along ) resi/less =ce1 until ! decreas+ slope dim9i%es ! en]gy suffici5tly to p]mit ! great] b\ld]s to come to re/1 :ile ! small] ones are /ill swept onw>d4 ,! decrease ( slope is cont9u\s1 s t small] & small] fragm5ts rea* a /able position1 & only cobble/ones1 gravel1 or s& rea* ! junctions ( ! /reams ) ! ma9 riv]s4 ,ar\nd ! op5+s ( ! great] gorges & rav9es ! deposits ( co>s] detritus build up 9 ! lapse ( "t ! alluvial cones4 ,z x accumulates1 ea* torr5t builds up its b$ & con/antly *anges ! position ( its *annel1 & ) ! m\? ( ! rav9e = a c5t] x sweeps ar\nd f "r to left & left to "r l a radius1 add+ cont9ually1 ye> aft] ye>1 to ! accumulations ( detritus4 ,?us a portion ( a flat cone is =m$1 hav+ its apex at ! m\? ( ! rav9e4 ,at ! foot ( m\nta9 ranges ^! alluvial cones are =m$ at ! m\? ( e rav9e1 & are sometimes s ne> toge!r t !y int]sect ea* o!r1 or become conflu5t4 ,!y are compos$ ( rudely /ratifi$ mat]ials1 rang+ 9 size or gra9 f f9e silt & s& to r\nd$ /ones ( sev]al hundr$weight1 & occasionally a block ( a ton or m may be se5 ne> ! apex ( ! cone4 ,9 regions :]e ! rocks are s(t & readily dis9tegrat$ ! /ones are m worn1 less 9 numb]1 & small] 9 size1 & ?is is ! case g5]ally ) unalt]$ s$im5t>y rocks4 ,b 9 valleys runn+ among volcanic ranges1 ! mu* great] h>dness & durability ( ! mat]ials pres]ve !m f dis9tegration1 & ! /ones are m num]\s1 l>g]1 & less worn by attrition1 compos+ inde$ a v l>ge proportion ( ! bulk ( ! alluvial cones4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! valley ( ! ,sevi] lies 9 ! mid/ ( a volcanic region1 & its sides are ev]y:]e flank$ ) ^! alluvial cones1 :i* are v /ony & gravelly4 ,! l[] portion ( ! ,sevi] is 9 a c\ntry made ( s$im5t>y b$s1 & ?\gh ! alluvial cones are equally common1 !y consi/ ( f9] mat]ial1 & are less burd5$ ) /ones4 ,! ,panguit* ,valley is betwe5 volcanic plateaus1 & mo/ ( its area consi/s ( alluvial cone l&1 :i* is no d\bt f]tile :]ev] ! /ones & rubble are n suffici5t to prev5t pl[+ & plant+1 b ?is difficulty mu/ r5d] x at lea/ v undesirable4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a l>ge area ( l& ( ano!r description 9 ,panguit* ,valley1 compos$ ( ! f9e/ silt br\ght d[n by ! g5tl] curr5t ( ! riv] itself1 & deposit$ )9 its own bas94 ,?is is good bottom l&1 & ! am\nt ( x ,i e/imate at n less ?an #g1jjj acres4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$ t ,panguit* ,valley /&s at an altitude above #f1jjj feet1 & is n free f dang] ( summ] fro/s4 ,^! h be5 kn[n to de/roy or s]i\sly injure ! gra91 ?\gh 9 a majority ( ye>s crops w no d\bt be safely h>ve/$4 ,:e!r ! dang] is su* z to make agriculture unremun]ative 9 ! long run exp]i5ce c alone demon/rate4 ,foll[+ ! ,s\? ,=k ( ! ,sevi] d[nw>d ?r\gh ! ,panguit* caons1 ! next important agricultural area is ,circle ,valley4 ,?is is a broad1 ne>ly circul> area1 situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( sc5]y ( ! mo/ magnific5t description4 ,^u ! ea/ & we/ sides rise ^? gigantic cliffs :i* are ! peculi> feature ( ! sc5]y ( ?is elevat$ region1 look+ d[n ^u ! valley bel[ f altitudes ( #d1jjj to #e1jjj feet4 ,?is valley also has ^u its sides long slop+ areas ( /ony alluvial cones1 full ( blocks ( tra*yte & basalt wa%$ d[n f ! cliffs above4 ,x has also a l>ge area ( arable l&4 ,!re is 9 addition1 a c]ta9 area ( s&y l& ( an inf]ior degree ( excell5ce4 ,! area ( be/ bottom l& w probably rea* z high z #f1jjj acres4 ,9 ?is area !re is probably v little dang] f e>ly fro/s1 z ! #f1jjj feet cont\r passes ?r\gh ! middle ( ! valley1 &1 z already /at$1 ! areas :i* lie )9 ?is limit are reasonably safe f ?is occurr5ce4 ,at ! nor? end ( ,circle ,valley we f9d ! junction ( ! two ma9 =ks ( ! ,sevi] ,riv]4 ,f ! junction ! ma9 /ream runs nor?w>d = ne>ly #bj miles1 & ?r\gh\t ?is entire /ret* !re is b little arable l&4 ,^u bo? sides ( ! riv] !re are long alluvial slopes1 made up ( /ony mat]ials & co>se gravels1 ?r\gh :i* a pl[ c\ld sc>cely be driv54 ,a portion ( ! way ! riv] runs betwe5 rocks & l[ cliffs & 9 abrupt caons1 cutt+ ?r\gh old tra*yte & basaltic outfl[s4 ,rea*+ ,m>ysvale1 we f9d a suffici5t area = ?ree or f\r good siz$ f>ms1 consi/+ ( bottom l& ( ! f9e/ quality1 :i* c be wat]$ ei!r f ! ,sevi] ,riv] itself or f two consid]able afflu5ts :i* come ro>+ d[n out ( ! ,beav] ,m\nta9s4 ,nor? ( ,m>ysvale is a b>ri] ?r[n across ! valley1 consi/+ ( rugg$ hills ( rhyolitic rocks1 ?r\gh :i* ! riv] has cut a deep caon2 b agriculture 9 any portion ( ?is b>ri] is out ( ! "q4 ,! riv] em]ges f x at ! head ( :at may be call$ its ma9 or l[] valley1 ne> ! ,mormon settlem5t call$ ,joseph ,city4 ,f ?is po9t nor?w>d we f9d :at mu/ und\bt$ly become ! great agricultural area ( s\!rn ,utah4 ,x is a magnific5t valley1 n[h]e less ?an #e miles 9 wid?1 & at lea/ #fj miles 9 l5g?1 ) abrupt m\nta9 walls on ei!r side1 & almo/ ! :ole ( its soil consi/+ ( alluvial cones1 & susceptible ( a high degree ( cultivation4 ,! limit ( ! am\nt ( l& 9 ?is valley :i* c be irrigat$ is measur$ by ! quantity ( wat] :i* c be f\nd to turn ^u x4 ,! we/]n side ( ! valley is flank$ by abrupt walls ( s$im5t>y rocks4 ,z ,i h be=e /at$1 ! alluvial cones :i* f9d _! orig9 9 ! degradation ( ^! s$im5t>y walls are inv>iably compos$ ( f9] mat]ials ?an ^? :i* come f ! break+ up ( volcanic rocks4 ,! soil1 !re=e1 is mu* m readily pl[$ & plant$ ?an ! correspond+ cones f>!r up ! riv]4 ,! surface ( ^! cones1 moreov]1 is coat$ ) a ?ick lay] ( f9e loam1 & x is n until p5etrat$ to a consid]able dep? t we come ^u a co>s] mat]ial4 ,?is portion ( ! valley ( ! ,sevi] has be5 "u cultivation = m ?an eight ye>s4 ,! art ( irrigation has also rea*$ a c]ta9 /age ( advancem5t1 at :i* x c be /udi$ ) "s int]e/4 ,a canal ( suffici5t magnitude to c>ry ! entire body ( ! wat] ( ! ,sevi] dur+ ! dry season has be5 run = a di/ance ( #h miles1 & is us$ = irrigat+ ! l>ge gra9 fields :i* lie ar\nd ,ri*field2 &1 z irrigation is n[ conduct$1 ! entire fl[ ( ! /ream is turn$ ?r\gh ?is canal aft] hav+ be5 employ$ = irrigat+ ! v>i\s fields1 :i* ext5d = ! di/ance ( ne>ly #g miles4 ,! total am\nt ( irrigable l& :i* may be f\nd betwe5 ,joseph ,city on ! s\? & ! po9t :]e ! ,sevi] leaves its prop] valley1 #fe miles to ! nor?w>d1 _c be mu* less ?an #ij1jjj acres4 ,! limit ( irrigation ?r\gh\t ?is entire valley is ! limit ( ! wat] supply4 ,!re is "o o!r valley to :i* we mu/ adv]t1 namely1 ! valley ( ! ,san ,pete4 ,?is is fully equal 9 f]tility & 9 ! conv5i5ce ( e elem5t connect$ ) irrigation to ! be/ "p ( ! ma9 valley ( ! ,sevi]4 ,! ,san ,pete is a /ream ( consid]able magnitude1 & exp]i5ce has %[n t x is probably capable1 "u a m improv$ sy/em ( irrigation ?an t n[ 9 use1 ( wat]+ ! great] portion ( its valley4 ,! cultivable acreage ( ! ,san ,pete ,valley is ab\t #ee1jjj acres1 provid$ ! :ole c\ld be wat]$4 ,! quantity ( wat] c>ri$ by ! ,sevi] w n[ be consid]$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is highly v>iable f mon? to mon?4 ,! "t = measurem5t1 if ! true irrigat+ capacity ( ! /ream is to be consid]$1 %\ld be t "t at :i* ! ratio ( wat] 9 ! /ream to ! am\nt requir$ is smalle/4 ,at diff]5t /ages ( gr[? ( ! crops ! am\nt ( wat] requir$ diff]s consid]ably4 ,! l>ge/ am\nt is ne$$ ab\t ! "t ! se$s ( ! gra9 beg9 to fill out4 ,ord9>ily ?is is 9 ! latt] "p ( ,july & e>ly 9 ,augu/ ?r\gh\t ! l[] & mo/ ext5sive portion ( ! valley1 & a week lat] 9 ! upp] portions4 ,at ?is season ! wat] is n at its m9imum4 ,!re is a gradual dim9ution ( ! fl[ dur+ ,july1 b ! great %r9kage ( ! /ream occurs dur+ ! middle ( ,augu/1 j aft]1 or sometimes ev5 dur+1 ^? irrigations 9 :i* ! greate/ am\nt is requir$4 ,! critical p]iod ( ! crops occurs1 !re=e1 j be=e1 & sometimes dang]\sly ne>1 ! p]iod ( rapid decl9e 9 ! wat] supply4 ,x w !re=e be evid5t t x is n a v easy matt] to det]m9e ! exact /age ( wat] :i* c s]ve z a crit]ion ( ! irrigat+ capacity4 ,my own measurem5ts1 h[ev]1 7 h>dly a matt] ( *oice1 b 7 made at ! mo/ advantage\s p]iod :i* c\ld be select$ )\t int]f]+ ) ! prim>y objects ( ! exp$ition4 ,! ,sevi] 0 measur$ at ! junction ( ! two ma9 =ks1 at ! nor? end ( ,circle ,valley1 on ! #f? & #g? ( ,july4 ,! me?od adopt$ 0 fir/ to f9d a section ( ! wat] at a giv5 po9t by s\nd+s & by actual measurem5t ( ! wid? ( ! wat] surfaces1 & measur+ ! surface velocity by means ( floats4 ,! mo/ probable mean result ( sev]al measurem5ts 0 f\nd to be #daj cubic feet p] second = ! ,ea/ ,=k1 & #dej feet p] second = ! ,s\? ,=k1 or a total ( #hfj feet4 ,:ile ?is measurem5t 0 made ! ,s\? ,=k 0 be+ drawn ^u above = ! wat]+ ( ab\t #a1ajj acres ne> ,panguit*1 #ce miles f>!r up ! /ream1 & also = wat]+ ab\t #fjj acres 9 ,circle ,valley1 ab\t #c to #d miles above4 ,! am\nt ( wat] us$ 9 ,circle ,valley 0 probably great] ?an t at ,panguit*1 s9ce ! me?od employ$ 0 mu* m wa/eful1 & no provision made = return+ ! tail wat] to ! /ream4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a l>ge proportion ( ! tail wat] f bo? places f9ds its way back to ! *annel 9 spite ( wa/e1 b h[ mu* x is impossible to conjecture4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t #ge cubic feet p] second w\ld cov] ! loss f ^! s\rces4 ,bel[ ! po9t ( measurem5t ! ,sevi] receives ! foll[+ afflu5ts3 ,at ,van ,bur5's ran* is a clu/] ( v l>ge spr+s1 furni%+ ab\t #ee cubic feet p] second4 ,betwe5 ,van ,bur5's & ,m>ysvale are ?ree /reams1 yield+ toge!r ab\t #cj feet1 & ,bullion ,creek at ,m>ysvale c>ries ab\t #dj feet4 ,!re is /ill ano!r afflu5t at ,m>ysvale ) ab\t #cj feet4 ,f9ally1 ,cle> ,creek1 nor? ( ,m>ysvale ,caon1 gives ab\t #de feet1 mak+ ! total contributions betwe5 ! junction ( ! =ks & ,joseph ,city ab\t #bjj feet4 ,at ,monroe a /ream issues f ! ,sevi] table1 & is us$ = ! irrigation ( ! field cultivat$ by t settlem5t4 ,its fl[ is e/imat$ at #dj feet 9 ! middle ( ,july4 ,at ,ri*field1 on ! o!r side ( ! valley1 is a /ream com+ f ! ,pavant1 ) a fl[ ( ab\t #bj feet1 & at ,gl5cove a /ream ( #be feet4 ,at ,sal9a is a l>ge tribut>y issu+ f a great caon ?r\gh ! nor? end ( ! ,sevi] ,plateau1 & its measurem5t indicat$ a fl[ ( #afe feet4 ,! total betwe5 ,monroe & ,sal9a1 inclusive1 w\ld ?us rea* #bej feet1 to :i* might be add$ "s small] tribut>ies1 n specifically m5tion$1 am\nt+ p]haps to #aj feet1 giv+ a total ( #bfj feet4 ,add+ ?is to ! tribut>ies betwe5 ! upp] =ks & ,joseph ,city1 & to ! ma9 riv] itself1 we h1 z ! total above ,gunnison1 #a1cbj feet4 ,?is e/imate be+ = ! e>ly "p ( ,july1 & obvi\sly l>gely 9 excess ( ! am\nt :i* is available at ! critical p]iod1 9 ! la/ week ( t mon? & ! fir/ week 9 ,augu/1 :at all[ance %\ld be made = ! dim9ution ( supply dur+ ! mon? ( ,july x is difficult to det]m9e4 ,! small] tribut>ies1 z a rule1 %r9k mu* m ?an ! l>g]4 ,^? :i* ent] ! /ream l[] d[n decl9e m dur+ ,july ?an ^? :i* jo9 x f>!r up4 ,tak5 altoge!r1 ,i am satisfi$ t x w\ld be unsafe to e/imate ! irrigat+ capacity 9 ! fir/ week ( ,augu/ at m ?an #fj p] c5t4 ( t f\nd 9 ! fir/ week ( ,july1 & ,i reg>d #ej p] c5t4 z a mu* m probable e/imate4 ,= want ( a bett] "o1 ,i adopt x1 & ?is gives ! e/imat$ irrigat+ capacity ( ! ,sevi] & its tribut>ies above ! junction ( ! ,san ,pete at #ffj cubic feet p] second dur+ ! critical p]iod4 ,! wat] supply 9 ! ,san ,pete ,valley 0 measur$ by ,mr4 ,r5%awe dur+ ! latt] "p ( ,july1 & f\nd by him to be z foll[s3 ,volume ( fl[+ wat]1 9 cubic feet p] second1 ( /reams 9 ,san ,pete ,valley4 ,feet4 ,pleasant ,creek #bh ,ephraim ,creek #bh ,manti ,creek #bh ,spr+t[n ,creek #ad ,fairview ,creek #aj ,wales ,creek #f ,f\nta9 ,gre5 #aj ,moroni #aj ,creek betwe5 ,ephraim & ,manti #e ,creek betwe5 ,manti & ,gunnison #e ,creek above ,fairview #b ,twelve-mile ,creek #bh ,san ,pete at ,gunnison #fj ------- ,total #bcd ,?is e/imate is also liable to r$uction1 be+ und\bt$ly a little 9 excess ( ! am\nt available at ! critical p]iod4 ,?is r$uction may be z great z #ae p] c5t41 :i* w\ld leave v closely #bjj cubic feet z ! wat] supply ( ! ,san ,pete ,valley1 :i*1 add$ to ! total ( ! ,sevi] above ,gunnison1 gives = ! :ole dra9age sy/em ( ! ,sevi] ,riv] a wat] supply ( #hfj feet p] second at ! "t :5 ! greate/ am\nt is requir$4 ,! next factor to be inquir$ into is ! am\nt ( l& :i* a cubic foot p] second ( wat] c irrigate4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 highly v>iable1 dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! soil1 & ! economy ) :i* ! wat] is appli$1 & ! frequ5cy ( ! irrigations4 ,new l&s fre%ly brok5 require mu* m wat] ?an ! old] ones :i* h be5 plant$ & wat]$ = sev]al ye>s2 & 9 fact ! quantity dim9i%es ) ea* season = a long t]m ( ye>s4 ,9 ! ,san ,pete ,valley1 :i* has be5 longe/ cultivat$1 ! decrease 9 ! am\nt ( wat] appli$ to ! olde/ l&s has n yet ceas$1 ?\gh "s fields h be5 cultivat$ ) regul>ity s9ce #aheg4 ,! fre% soils are highly por\s & absorptive1 requir+ a l>ge quantity ( wat] = _! irrigation1 & n reta9+ ?is moi/ure well "u ! great evaporative p[] ( a dry & hot atmosph]e4 ,) successive irrigations1 ! pores ( ! soil are gradually clos$ & ! e>? is sl[ly compact$ by ! infiltration ( impalpable silt br\ght by ! irrigat+ wat]s4 ,x absorbs wat] mu* m sl[ly1 & reta9s x a mu* long] "t4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a *eck to ?is increas$ irrigat+ p[]1 aris+ f a wa/eful mode ( agriculture4 ,x has n be5 ! practice to employ f]tiliz]s1 nor any o!r cons]vative means ( keep+ up ! f]tility ( ! soil1 & ! yield ( ! crops gr[+ small]1 ! old l&s are frequ5tly ab&on$1 & fre% adjo9+ l&s are brok51 plant$1 & wat]$4 ,x has be5 ! practice to cut ! /raw1 :i* is nev] return$ z mul*2 &1 z !re is b little rotation 9 crops1 ! result c be easily compreh5d$4 ,s long z new l& co/s no?+ b ! labor to cle> ( ! ,artemisia or sage bru%1 !re is always ! t5d5cy to invade x z rapidly z ! old l&s %[ signs ( fatigue4 ,?us ! wat]s are con/antly irrigat+ e ye> a l>ge proportion ( new l&1 & ! consumption ( wat] is correspond+ly great4 ,a s]i\s loss ( wat] & f]tility is produc$ by any me?od ( irrigation :i* employs m wat] ?an is j suffici5t to saturate ! soil4 ,:atev] wat] runs (f f a field c>ries ) x great quantities ( mud & f9e silt1 toge!r ) ! mo/ preci\s elem5ts ( f]tility4 ,^! elem5ts are ! soluble alkal9e salts & organic mann] :i* are readily tak5 up by ! wat]1 & once remov$ are n spe$ily re/or$4 ,a field :i* is s irrigat$ t a l>ge surplus ( wat] is cont9ually runn+ f ! tail dit*es dur+ ! fl[ w rapidly det]iorate 9 f]tility4 ,b a field :i* receives wat] :i* is all[$ to /& until x has soak$ into ! e>?1 )\t any surplus pass+ into ! tail dit*es1 w increase 9 f]tility4 ,^! irrigat+ wat]s br+ ) !m a suffici5cy ( plant food to comp5sate1 & m too1 = ! dra9 ^u ! soil caus$ by ! h>ve/2 b !y w c>ry (f m ?an !y br+ if !y are p]mitt$ to run ov] ! field & escape f x1 in/ead ( be+ caught & held until !y are absorb$4 ,x is n always practicable to atta9 ?is exact di/ribution ( wat]1 & _m cases occur :]e great exp5se & labor might be requir$ to arrange ! dit*es & fields 9 ?is mann]4 ,ord9>ily1 x is *eap] to ?r[ away old l& & take up new ?an to improve ! sy/em ( irrigation1 & !re are _m fields 9 ! valley ( ! ,sevi] :i* h be5 ab&on$ because ! f]tility ( ! soil has be5 wa%$ out by a reckless me?od ( irrigation4 ,connect$ ) ?is is ano!r s\rce ( wa/e1 aris+ f v unequal requirem5ts ( contigu\s areas1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* _m l&s1 especially old ones1 are liable to be excessively wat]$4 ,:5 a community f>ms a l>ge numb] ( small fields1 us+ wat] f ! same canals1 x is usually impossible s to regulate ! di/ribution ( ! privilege t ea* field w receive ! exact am\nt x ne$s4 ,"s fields c rema9 unwat]$ mu* long] ?an o!rs1 & ! t5d5cy always is to get z mu* wat] z possible--ea* f>m] fe>+ a defici5cy ( wat] & wa/+ its surplus4 ,exp]i5ce on ! "p ( ! wat]ma/]s & a m & m settl$ habit 9 ! l&s !mselves gradually dim9i% ?is s\rce ( loss & create economy4 ,f> bett] results1 !re=e1 may ord9>ily be anticipat$ 9 old l&s ?an 9 new4 ,bett] results1 also1 are f\nd :]e circum/ances r5d] difficult or impracticable ! ab&onm5t ( old fields = new1 & ?is is ord9>ily 9 ^? portions :]e ! wat] is ne>ly or q suffici5t = all ! irrigable l&1 & :]e all ! irrigable l& is tak5 up4 ,recurr+1 !n1 to ! inquiry z to ! am\nt ( l& :i* a cubic foot p] second ( runn+ wat] w irrigate1 ?is area is 9 _m ( ! new l&s z l[ z #dj acres1 & x seldom exce$s #hj acres ) ! old l&s4 ,probably !re are v few regions 9 ! _w :]e ! dem& ( ! soil = wat] is s great z "h :]e ! supply is s small4 ,9 ,cali=nia a cubic foot ( wat] is said to be capable ( irrigat+ m ?an a hundr$ acres1 9 ,india #bjj1 & 9 ,spa9 & ,italy a mu* l>g] area4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,x is ! direct consequ5ce ( ! extreme aridity ( ! climate ( ,utah4 ,! irrigat+ capacity ( ! unit ( wat] is ev5 less 9 ! s\!rn c\nties ( ,utah ?an 9 ^? ar\nd ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t's e/imate ( #ajj acres = ?is la/ locality be+ accept$ z ! be/ t c be hop$ =1 x w n be rat+ ! factor too l[ to say t #hj acres is ! be/ t c be hop$ = 9 ! valley ( ! ,sevi]4 ,! pres5t factor w n1 ,i am conv9c$1 h a high] av]age value ?an #ej acres4 ,! total acreage1 !re=e1 :i* c be irrigat$ 9 ! dra9age sy/em ( ! ,sevi] by ! pres5t sy/em ( wat]+ & ( agriculture may be e/imat$ at ab\t #dc1jjj acres1 & ! greate/ improvem5ts & economies 9 ! sy/em ( f>m+ & wat]+ _c1 ) ! pres5t wat] supply1 be expect$ to raise ! irrigable area above #gj1jjj acres4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,squ>e miles,acres cultivat$ ,di/ricts4 cultivat$ dur+ dur+ #ahgg4 #ahgg4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,san ,pete ,valley #ag #aa1jjj ,gunnison #d4d #b1hjj ,sevi] ,valley above ,gunnison #af4e #aj1ejj ,circle ,valley #a4b #gej ,panguit* & above #b4h #a1hjj ---------------------------- ,total #da4i #bf1hej ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,squ>e miles (,acres irrigable ,di/ricts4 irrigable l&4 l&4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,san ,pete ,valley #ca4b #bj1jjj ,gunnison #f4b #d1jjj ,sevi] ,valley above ,gunnison #ed4g #ce1jjj ,circle ,valley #f4c #d1jjj ,panguit* & above #aa #g1jjj ------------------------------ ,total #aji4d #gj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,nev]!less1 ,i am p]suad$ t x w be practicable to ext5d ! possibility ( irrigation by an increase ( wat] supply to a degree suffici5t to irrigate e acre ( ! ma9 valley ( ! ,sevi] :i* c be rea*$ by canals1 & :i* is also fit = cultivation4 ,x is by ! me?od ( artificial res]voirs4 ,!re is probably no region 9 ! _w m admirably suit$ to ! easy1 *eap1 & effici5t application ( ?is me?od ?an ?is v region dra9$ by ! ,sevi] ,riv]4 ,! s\rces ( ?is riv] are f\nd at high altitudes1 b ^! high places are n m\nta9s 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 b great plateaus ) broad summits4 ,^! table tops h va/ numb]s ( l>ge bas9s broad en\gh = great ponds1 :i* are n[ dra9$ by n>r[ gorges cut ?r\gh volcanic %eets & lead+ d[n to l[] levels4 ,^! gorges are 9 mo/ cases n>r[ caons1 :i*1 be+ once b>r$ across1 w dam ! wat]s above !m4 ,i c\ld n select a bett] example ?an ! foll[+3 ,ab\t #ae miles s\?we/ ( ! t[n ( ,panguit* is a broad bas91 ! c5tral "p ( :i* is occupi$ by a %all[ lake1 ab\t #a miles long & ne>ly a mile wide1 call$ ,panguit* ,lake4 ,its altitude is ab\t #h1bjj feet4 ,x is completely surr\nd$ ) b>ri]s1 n[h]e less ?an #ajj feet 9 height1 & f9ds its dra9age ?r\gh a n>r[ cleft on ! nor!a/ side4 ,x receives ! influx ( two f9e /reams1 :i* 9 ,may & ,june mu/ c>ry heavy floods ( wat] f ! l(ty rim & broad wat]%$ ( ! ,panguit* ,plateau ly+ to ! we/w>d4 ,ev5 9 ,augu/ _! unit$ fl[ mu/ rea* #ej feet p] second4 ,by ?r[+ a dam #cj feet high & #ej or #fj feet long across ! outlet betwe5 its walls ( solid tra*yte1 a lake w\ld be =m$ ) an area ( #f or #g squ>e miles4 ,!re are _m su* bas9s ^u ! ,panguit* ,plateau1 & x w\ld be a l[ e/imate to say t x w\ld be possible1 at comp>atively small exp5se1 to create #cj or #dj squ>e miles ( lake surface1 ) an av]age dep? ( #bj feet1 ^u t plateau alone4 ,! precipitation ^u its surface w\ld be m ?an suffici5t to fill ^! lakes e ye>4 ,a dam across ! upp] "p ( ,ea/ ,=k ,caon w\ld create a lake beh9d x :i* might h an area ( #ab to #ae squ>e miles4 ,num]\s res]voirs c\ld be creat$ at small exp5se 9 ,grass ,valley1 ^u ! ,fi% ,lake ,plateau1 & ^u ! ,sevi] ,plateau1 & 9 ^? valleys :i* are dra9$ by ,sal9a ,creek & its tribut>ies4 ,! ,sevi] ,riv] itself c be *eaply damm$ at sev]al gorges & made to ov]fl[ swampy flats above--notably at ! head ( ,m>ysvale ,caon1 & aga9 j nor? ( ,van ,bur5's ran*4 ,o!r ?+s equal1 x w\ld be bett]1 z well z *eap]1 to build dams at high] levels1 s9ce ! evaporation is mu* less !re ?an 9 ! valleys1 & ! natural facilities = creat+ lakes are also great]4 ,9 ?is way1 ,i believe x to be practicable to res]ve a /ore ( wat] suffici5t to irrigate e acre ( gr\nd 9 ! ,sevi] ,valley1 :i* is by ! nature ( its soil & its situation suitable = irrigation4 ,x may be not$1 too1 t ! 8tank sy/em0 ?us sugge/$ w\ld n int]f]e ) or take ! place ( ! pres5t sy/em1 b w\ld be supplem5t>y to x4 ,! /reams w\ld 9 ,june & e>ly ,july run ?r\gh ! lakes & ov] ! dams1 yield+ ab\t z mu* wat] z !y n[ yield 9 ^? mon?s1 & ! res]voirs w\ld n h to be drawn ^u be=e ! middle ( ,july4 ,a v int]e/+ subject connect$ ) ! peculi> conditions ( agriculture 9 ! we/ is ! orig9 & di/ribution ( alkal9e salts 9 ! soil4 ,9 moi/ regions su* occurr5ces are r>e4 ,!y are peculi> to arid regions1 &1 9 tru?1 v few arid regions fail to exhibit !m4 ,! cause 9 a g5]al way is well kn[n4 ,! small am\nt ( ra9 :i* falls dur+ ! wet season p5etrates deeply into ! e>?1 :]e x gradually takes up su* soluble salts z x enc\nt]s !re4 ,dur+ ! dry season :i* foll[s1 !re is always go+ on an evaporation f ! surface1 h[ev] dry x may appe> to ! s5ses4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t because ! sal9e soil is z dry z a%es no evaporation is 9 progress4 ,9 _m cases ?is may be true2 b (t5 9 ! mo/ arid regions !re are _m localities :]e ! wat] collects f> bel[ ! imm$iate surface4 ,by capill>y action1 ?is wat] always t5ds to diffuse itself ?r\gh\t ! loose mat]ials :i* make up ! ov]ly+ soils4 ,z fa/ z x is evaporat$ at ! surface1 m wat] f bel[ rises by capill>y action to take its place4 ,:5 ! air is exce$+ly dry1 z x inv>iably is 9 summ] ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region at mod]ate altitudes1 ! evaporative p[] becomes s great & ext5ds to su* a dep? bel[ ! imm$iate surface1 t we are unable to recognize ! slighte/ traces ( moi/ure indicat+ t evaporation is go+ on4 ,! wat] :i* may h accumulat$ b5ea? has gradually ris5 by p]colation ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( ! unconsolidat$ mat]ials ( ! soil1 br++ ) x :atev] soluble salts x may h tak5 into solution dur+ its soj\rn b5ea? ! surface4 ,^! soluble salts are left at ! surface by ! f9al evaporation ( ! wat]1 &1 z ! process is cont9u\s until ! res]voir b5ea? is exhau/$1 ! salts accumulate4 ,contra/ ?is n[ ) ! action go+ on 9 a moi/ c\ntry4 ,"h ! copi\s wat]s wa% ! soils z rapidly z ! salts come up f bel[1 & c>ry !m 9 solution into ! dra9age *annels4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye> ! movem5t ( ! wat]s is p>tly f ! surface d[nw>d into ! subt]ranean wat] c\rses1 f :i* !y em]ge 9 spr+s2 p>tly by surface dra9ages into rills1 & !nce into liv+ /reams4 ,by bo? movem5ts1 any t5d5cy to accumulate soluble salts at ! surface dur+ ! relatively brief p]iods ( dryness is prev5t$4 ,9 a dry c\ntry ! p]iods ( dryness are v mu* long]1 & ! ra9fall is seldom suffici5t to wa% ! accumulat$ salts f ! soil4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 usually a limit to ?is accumulation1 s9ce at long int]vals ra9s occur suffici5t to remove a l>ge portion ( ! salts4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a dry & wet c\ntry 9 ?is respect is !re=e "o ( degree r ?an ( k9d4 ,9 a dry c\ntry ! p]iods ( accumulation ( salts at ! surface are long & cont9u\s1 :ile ! wa%+s ( ! soil are r>e & imp]fect4 ,9 a wet c\ntry ! p]iods ( accumulation are %ort & r>e1 :ile ! wa%+s are frequ5t1 copi\s1 & ?or\gh4 ,! sal9e mat]ials v>y widely 9 "* & con/itution4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 *iefly salts ( soda1 lime1 pota%1 & magnesia4 ,sometimes !y exi/ 9 ! condition ( *lorides1 sometimes ( c>bonates1 & sometimes ( sulphates4 ,! reactions f :i* !y are d]iv$ are _m1 & x w be prop] "h to give only a few illu/rations4 ,a portion ( ! salts ( magnesia & soda are d]iv$ f ! decomposition1 by atmosph]ic influ5ces1 ( volcanic1 granitic1 & o!r cry/all9e rocks4 ,:]e ^! mat]ials exi/ 9 ! =m ( felsp>1 hornbl5de1 & pyrox5e1 ! great decompos+ ag5t is wat] *>g$ ) ! c>bonic acid ( ! atmosph]e1 by ! action ( :i* soda1 magnesia1 & lime are1 ) inconceivable sl[ness1 dissolv$ out ( ! con/itu5ts ( ^! rocks4 ,!re is no /ream1 h[ev] pure x may app>5tly be1 :i* does n c>ry m or less ( *lorides & c>bonates 9 solution4 ,! sulphates are d]iv$ ma9ly f subt]ranean s\rces4 ,9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region1 "o ( ! mo/ common =ms ( sulphate is f\nd v abundantly 9 ! rocks ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ,triassic1 ,cretace\s1 & ,t]ti>y ,ages1 9 ! =ms ( gypsum & sel5ite1 :i* are sulphates ( lime4 ,:5ev] wat]s conta9+ c>bonate ( soda are filt]$ ?r\gh /rata conta9+ ^! sulphates1 a d\ble decomposition takes place1 by :i* c>bonate ( lime & sulphate ( soda are =m$4 ,! c>bonate ( lime is v slightly soluble 9 wat]1 :ile ! sulphate ( soda is highly s1 & x is well kn[n t wat]s emanat+ f ! s$im5t>y rocks j spok5 ( are v frequ5tly highly *>g$ ) x4 ,su*1 d\btless1 is ! orig9 ( ?is m9]al 9 ! s call$ alkal9e wat]s ( ! we/1 & ( all ! soluble m9]als :i* pass "u ! "n ( alkali x is "o ( ! mo/ common4 ,c>bonate ( soda is also abundant 9 ! soils4 ,x is frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! summ] "t1 coat+ ! surface ( bottom l&s :i* e>li] 9 ! season h be5 subm]g$ by ! augm5t$ /reams4 ,common salt 7*loride ( sodium7 is ev5 m abundant ?an ! sulphate4 ,x is well kn[n1 h[ev]1 t _m ( ! s$im5t>y rocks1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,triassic & ,jurassic ,age1 conta9 an abundance ( x1 & !re are _m localities 9 ! we/ :]e a v fair article ( common salt is obta9$ by ! lixiviation ( ! detritus ( ! r$ ,triassic rocks4 ,incru/ations ( ^! soluble sal9e mat]ials occur mo/ abundantly 9 ! vic9ity ( ! riv]s & 9 ! bottom l&s4 ,?is may at fir/ seem some:at /range1 b x is susceptible ( a ready explanation4 ,9 ord] t ^! salts may accumulate at ! surface1 !re mu/ be go+ on cont9ually a sl[ transmission ( moi/ure f "u gr\nd upw>d1 & s9ce a cont9u\s supply ( wat] is m frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! bottom l&s ?an else:]e1 x foll[s t ! conditions ( ^! accumulations are "h m frequ5tly fulfill$4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 & d occur at localities :i* probably conta9 subt]ranean res]voirs ( wat]1 :i* are annually fill$ dur+ ! wet season4 ,sometimes ^! salts are s abundant t ! l& requires a ?or\gh wa%+ be=e x is fit = agriculture1 & ! ,mormons h on sev]al occasions1 :5 f\nd+ settlem5ts1 be5 oblig$ to all[ ! wat]s f _! dit*es to lea* ! l& = _m mon?s1 & 9 "o or two cases = two1 & ev5 ?ree1 ye>s1 be=e a good crop c\ld be rais$4 ,!re is no difficulty1 h[ev]1 9 remov+ any quantity ( ^! readily soluble salts f ! soil1 provid$ ?is lea*+ process be cont9u$ long en\gh2 & x is usually f\nd t l&s :i* 7 orig9ally highly akal9e become1 :5 reclaim$ f _! alkal9ity1 among ! mo/ f]tile4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re yet rema9s = m5tion a numb] ( small areas s]v$ by "s m9or /reams 9 s\?we/]n ,utah4 ,^! little creeks head 9 ! m\nta9s1 b are soon lo/ 9 ! des]ts ( t arid & torrid region1 none ( _! wat]s f9d+ _! way to ! ocean4 ,! great] numb] ( !m belong to ! dra9age bas9 ( ,sevi] ,lake4 ,9 ea* case ! wat] supply is small1 & inadequate to supply ! available l&4 ,9 ne>ly e case ! compet5ce ( ! supply has be5 det]m9$ 9 ! mo/ practical way--by ! op]ations ( settl]s2 b "s all[ance has be5 made = an increase ( ! irrigable l& by ! m economic use ( ! wat]4 ,?is c be accompli%$ by ! con/ruction ( bett] wat]ways1 & by m c>efully fl[+ ! wat] ov] ! l&s4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! ext5t ( ^! areas3 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,squ>e ,di/ricts4 miles4 ,acres4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,*]ry ,creek 4#b #ajj ,judd ,creek 4#b #ajj ,levan #c4a #b1jjj ,scipio #b4f #a1gjj ,hold5 #a4f #a1jjj ,fillmore & ,oak ,creek #e4e #c1ejj ,mead[ ,creek #a4i #a1bjj ,kano% #c4a #b1jjj ,beav] ,creek & tribut>ies #ba4i #ad1jjj ,p>agoonah #a4e #a1jjj ,p>[an #a4e #a1jjj ,summit 4#f #djj ,c$> ,city1 ,iron ,city1 & ,=t ,hamilton #c4f #b1cjj ,m\nta9 ,mead[s 4#c #bjj ,p9to 4#c #bjj ,hebron #a4f #a1jjj --------------- ,total #di4e #ca1gjj ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,irrigable ,,l&s ,,( ,,t ,,portion ,,( ,,utah ,,dra9$ ,,by ,,! ,,colorado ,,riv] ,,& ,,its ,,tribut>ies4 ,,by ,a4 ,h4 ,,?ompson4 ,t portion ( ,utah dra9$ by ! ,colorado ,riv] & its tribut>ies belongs to a great bas9 limit$ on ! nor? by ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s & on ! we/ by ! high plateaus t sep>ate ! dra9age ( ! ,colorado f t ( ! salt lakes ( ! int]ior1 & ext5d+ beyond ! limits ( ! ,t]ritory on ! ea/ & s\?4 ,! floor ( ?is bas9 is extremely r\gh1 be+ brok5 by isolat$ gr\ps ( rugg$ m\nta9s1 by plateaus encircl$ ) cliffs ( almo/ v]tical rock1 by mesas & amphi!at]s1 & huge monum5tal & ca/ellat$ buttes4 ,ev]y:]e ! surface is cut & c>v$ ) a network ( caons1 hundr$s & (t5 ?\s&s ( feet 9 dep?4 ,! ma9 *annel ?r\gh :i* its dra9age passes to ! sea is ! ,colorado1 & its prop] upp] cont9uation1 ! ,gre5 ,riv]4 ,! pr9cipal tribut>ies to ^! /reams f ! ea/ are ! ,:ite1 ! ,gr&1 & ! ,san ,juan ,riv]s--all ris+ 9 ! high m\nta9s ea/ ( ! ,t]ritory & fl[+ 9 a g5]al we/]ly c\rse--! ,:ite ent]+ ! ,gre5 ,riv]1 ! ,gr& unit+ ) ! ,gre5 to =m ! ,colorado1 & ! ,san ,juan ent]+ ! latt] ab\t #abe miles bel[ ! junction ( ! ,gr& & ! ,gre54 ,! ,virg91 ! ,kanab1 ! ,p>ia1 ! ,escalante1 ! ,fremont1 ! ,san ,rafael1 ! ,price1 ! ,m9nie ,maud1 ! ,u9ta1 & ,a%ley ,=k are ! pr9cipal tribut>ies f ! we/4 ,?is portion ( ,utah is b sp>sely settl$ by :ite p1 ! only p]man5t locations be+ 9 ! s\?we/]n "p1 & 9 ! ,u9ta ,valley at ! nor?4 ,in=mation conc]n+ its agricultural res\rces is limit$1 be+ conf9$1 except 9 relation to ! localities be=e m5tion$1 to data collect$ by ! geographical & geological p>ties ( ?is survey4 ,_m ( ! /reams h be5 visit$ b a s+le "t1 & diff]5t /reams at widely diff]5t dates1 dur+ a field season4 ,(t5 ! exig5cies ( ! survey prev5t$ z close an exam9ation into ! fl[ ( wat]1 & ! location & "* ( ! soil ( ! arable tracts1 z 0 desirable2 yet1 on ! :ole1 x is ?\ght t ! data collect$ c be reli$ ^u z a v close approximation4 ,! climate ( ! bas9 is "o ( extreme aridity4 ,! prevail+ w9d is we/]ly4 ,! high plateaus & m\nta9s =m+ ! we/]n rim ( ! bas9 =ce ^! w9ds up to an altitude above ! sea ( ov] #aj1jjj feet1 & ?us act z great cond5s]s to deprive !m ( _! moi/ure4 ,fl[+ d[n f ! high] l&s into ! w>m] regions bel[1 _! capacity = absorption is increas$1 & dur+ ! great] portion ( ! ye> ! w9ds ab/ract f r ?an add to ! humidity ( ! l[] altitudes4 ,b little is kn[n conc]n+ ! actual am\nt ( precipitation ( moi/ure )9 ! bas94 ,bel[ an altitude ( #g1jjj feet x is v small1 probably n ov] an av]age ( #e in*es ye>ly4 ,at high] altitudes x is mu* great]1 probably rea*+ #bd in*es1 b ?is is mo/ly dur+ ! w9t] mon?s & 9 ! =m ( sn[4 ,! elevation ( ! region "u consid]ation is f #b1ejj feet to #aa1ejj feet above ! sea1 ?us giv+ great range 9 temp]ature4 ,9 ! valleys ( ! extreme s\?we/]n portion an almo/ subtropical w>m? is exp]i5c$1 & ! diff]5t valleys conta9+ arable l&s we pass f ^! by ins5sible gradations to ^? :]e fro/s occur dur+ e mon? 9 ! ye>4 ,g5]ally1 ! limit ( successful cultivation ( ! soil is bel[ #g1jjj feet4 ,9 ?is portion ( ,utah irrigation is ess5tial to agriculture4 ,if all ! s+le acres x is possible to cultivate )\t artificial irrigation 7 aggregat$1 ,i d n believe ! sum w\ld rea* "o-f\r? ( "o squ>e mile1 & e foot ( ?is meag] am\nt is irrigat$ naturally4 ,spr+s are ( infrequ5t occurr5ce4 ,! great s\rce ( ! wat] supply is ! /reams f$ by ! ra9s & sn[s ( ! high table l&s & m\nta9s4 ,all ^! /reams h a rapid fall 9 _! upp] c\rses1 & are "h (t5 ( consid]able size2 b ^u rea*+ ! l[] & m level c\ntry _! wat]s are rapidly absorb$ by ! por\s soil & evaporat$ by ! high] temp]ature4 ,s great is ! loss f ^! causes t "s /reams fail to rea* ! ma9 dra9age *annel dur+ ! w>m] mon?s1 & all are greatly %runk5 9 volume4 ,all ! arable l&s--or l&s :]e altitude1 slope ( surface1 & quality ( soil p]mit successful cultivation1 if a supply ( wat] c be obta9$1 & f :i* l&s to irrigate1 or irrigable l&s1 may be select$--are 9 ! valleys adjac5t to ! /reams4 ,usually ?is area 9 _m valleys is 9 excess ( t :i* ! wat] 9 ! /reams c irrigate1 & *oice 9 ! location ( l&s to cultivate is (t5 practicable4 ,9 ?is report ,i h consid]$ irrigable l&s to be su* only z possess all ! necess>y qualifications ( altitude1 slope ( surface1 & f]tility ( soil1 & h1 9 addition1 an available supply ( "o cubic foot ( wat] p] second = ea* hundr$ acres4 ,! great dissimil>ity betwe5 ! valleys makes x desirable to consid] ! dra9age bas9 ( ea* sep>ately1 9 respect to arable l&s1 irrigable l&s1 volume ( wat]1 & practicability ( increas+ ?is supply dur+ ! irrigat+ season4 ,,! ,,virg9 ,,riv]4 ,?is /ream is 9 ! extreme s\?we/ corn] ( ! area "u consid]ation4 ,its bran*es rise 9 ! ,colob ,plateau1 at altitudes v>y+ f #h1jjj to #aj1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,x fl[s 9 a s\?we/]ly c\rse1 & jo9s ! ,colorado beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ,utah4 ,! small] creeks dra9+ ! ea/]n portion ( ! plateau unite1 aft] desc5d+ to an altitude ( #e1ejj feet above ! sea1 & =m :at is call$ ! ,pa-ru-nu-weap ,=k ( ! ,virg94 ,at & bel[ ! junction ( ^! creeks1 ! caon valley 9 :i* !y fl[ wid5s into :at is kn[n z ,long ,valley4 ,!re a consid]able area ( available l& is f\nd4 ,! soil is excell5t1 & :]ev] cultivat$ yields abundant crops4 ,bel[ ,long ,valley ! /ream ent]s ,pa-ru-nu-weap ,caon1 & is simply a s]ies ( cascades = #ae miles1 desc5d+ 9 ?is di/ance f #e1jjj to #c1ejj feet above ! sea level4 ,em]g+1 x ent]s ! valley ( ! ,virg94 ,?is valley is #dd miles 9 l5g?4 ,its upp] portion is only an enl>gem5t ( ! caon1 9 :i* small areas ( available l& are f\nd4 ,its l[] portion is a broad] valley1 mu* brok5 by l[1 basalt cov]$ mesas1 & %>p ridges ( tilt$ s$im5t>y rocks4 ,9 ! upp] portion ( ! valley ! riv] receives sev]al accessions1 ! pr9cipal ones be+ ,little ,zion1 ,nor? ,=k1 ,la ,v]k91 & ,a% ,creeks4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,a%1 b v little cultivable l& is f\nd along ^! creeks4 ,midway 9 ! valley two /reams ent]1 com+ f ! ,p9e ,valley ,m\nta9s & hav+ small areas ( irrigable l& along _! c\rses1 & ne> ! foot ! ,santa ,cl>a ,riv] adds its wat]4 ,! unit$ /reams leave ! valley by a deep caon cut ?r\gh ! ,beav] ,dam ,m\nta9s4 ,! valley ( ! ,virg9 has a l[] altitude ?an any o!r portion ( ,utah1 & a w>m] climate4 ,! soil ( ! arable l&s is usually good1 & :]ev] x is possible to irrigate produces abundant crops4 ,"s little difficulty is occasionally exp]i5c$ 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( cultivation f an excess ( alkal9e con/itu5ts 9 ! soil1 b pl5tiful applications ( wat] soon remove ?is difficulty1 & ^! l&s (t5 become ! mo/ productive4 ,no reliable data conc]n+ ! am\nt ( arable l& 9 ! dra9age bas91 or ! volume ( wat] c>ri$ by ! ,virg9 ,riv] & its tribut>ies1 h be5 collect$4 ,f ! be/ in=mation atta9able1 ! am\nt ( l& actually irrigat$ 9 #ahge1 is plac$ at elev5 squ>e miles4 ,?is conclusion is bas$ 9 ! ma9 ^u returns made 9 #ahge to ! ,des]et ,agricultural & ,manufactur+ ,society1 ! am\nt "u cultivation 9 ,long ,valley hav+ be5 asc]ta9$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,r5%awe1 ( ?is survey4 ,to irrigate ?is1 all ! wat] 9 mo/ ( ! tribut>y /reams is us$1 b a l>ge surplus rema9s 9 ! ma9 riv]4 ,! am\nt ( arable l& is f> 9 excess ( ! wat] supply1 b "s consid]able exp5se = dams & canals w\ld be necess>y to utilize ! :ole am\nt4 ,x is probable t a portion ( ! ,virg9 ,riv] c be us$ to advantage bel[ ! ,beav] ,dam ,m\nta9s 9 ,nevada1 & t a suffici5t am\nt to irrigate #be squ>e miles c be us$ to good advantage 9 ,utah4 ,! "t :5 ! volume ( available wat] furni%$ by any /ream be>s ! lea/ ratio to ! dem&s ( ! gr[+ crops is ! mo/ critical p]iod 9 ! cultivation ( ! soil :]e artificial irrigation is a necessity4 ,?is "t1 dep5d+ z x does ^u ! crops cultivat$1 ! "* ( ! soil1 & ! s\rce ( ! wat] supply1 :e!r f spr+s or f melt+ sn[s1 diff]s 9 diff]5t localities4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,virg9 x occurs 9 ,june4 ,at ?is "t ! riv]1 ?\gh n at flood height1 :i* occurs 9 ,april1 c>ries a l>ge volume ( wat]1 &1 by reason ( ! s\rce ( ?is supply be+ 9 ! rapidly melt+ sn[s ( ! ,colob ,plateau1 is decreas+ b sl[ly1 & ?us ! am\nt available at ?is critical p]iod be>s a great] ratio to ! flood ( ! /ream ?an is usual 9 ,utah4 ,b little in=mation has be5 obta9$ conc]n+ ! am\nt ( wat] necess>y to irrigate an acre4 ,x is ?\ght1 h[ev]1 to be mu* great] ?an 9 any o!r portion ( ,utah4 ,,kanab ,,creek4 ,kanab ,creek rises 9 spr+s bur/+ f und]nea? ! cliffs =m+ ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,pauns-a-gunt ,plateau1 & fl[s s\?w>d until x jo9s ! ,colorado ,riv] 9 ,arizona4 ,small areas ( arable l& are f\nd along its c\rse aft] x has desc5d$ to an altitude ( #g1ejj feet1 & !nce until x passes beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ,utah4 ,! l>ge/ area 9 "o body is 9 ,kanab ,valley1 at ! foot ( ! ,v]milion ,cliffs4 ,x is greatly 9 excess ( ! wat] supply1 is at an altitude ( ab\t #e1jjj feet1 has a f]tile soil1 & requires b comp>atively a small am\nt ( irrigation4 ,! am\nt actually "u cultivation 9 #ahgg is plac$ by ! be/ in=mation atta9able at #gjj acres4 ,! critical p]iod 9 ! cultivation ( ?is area occurs 9 ,june4 ,at t "t ! /ream is fall+ rapidly1 & crops h sometimes be5 s]i\sly damag$4 ,e/imates ( ! volume ( wat] 9 ! /ream1 made at diff]5t seasons & 9 diff]5t ye>s1 give #ae cubic feet p] second z ! fl[ 9 ,june4 ,"s desultory attempts h be5 made to increase ! supply by pond+1 ! caon ?r\gh ! ,v]milion ,cliffs above ! arable l&s af=d+ _m opportunities4 ,:5 ?is improvem5t is made on "s well consid]$ & well execut$ plan1 & ! wat]ways flum$ ?r\gh "s bad s&y gr\nd t n[ absorbs mu* wat]1 ! am\nt available at ! critical p]iod c be at lea/ d\bl$4 ,"s ye>s ago a settlem5t 0 e/abli%$ at ! foot ( ! ,p9k ,cliffs1 on ! headwat]s ( ! ,kanab1 b ! t[n site 0 ev5tually ab&on$ because ( ! deep sn[s ( w9t] & ! fro/s ( summ]4 ,,! ,,p>ia ,,riv]4 ,! ,p>ia ,riv] rises "u ! ea/]n esc>pm5t ( ! ,pauns-a-gunt ,plateau1 at ab\t ! same altitude z ,kanab ,creek1 & fl[s 9 a s\?we/]ly c\rse = #ajj miles1 jo9+ ! ,colorado 9 ,arizona4 ,?r\gh ! great] "p ( its c\rse ! riv] fl[s 9 a deep caon1 b ne> its head1 & at an altitude ( #f1jjj feet1 ! caon exp&s into a valley4 ,l[] 9 its c\rse1 & at an altitude ( #d1ejj feet1 ! caon aga9 wid5s into a small] valley4 ,^! are ! only areas ( arable l&s )9 its dra9age bas9 9 ,utah4 ,! l>g] conta9s #ae & ! small] #aj squ>e miles4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahgd1 ?is /ream fl[$ #cj cubic feet p] second 9 ! upp] valley4 ,! fl[ 9 ! l[] w\ld be "o-?ird great]4 ,high wat] occurs 9 ,april or e>ly 9 ,may4 ,at ?is "t ! volume is ?ree times great] ?an 9 ,augu/4 ,settlem5ts h be5 made 9 bo? valleys1 & q a l>ge area is "u cultivation4 ,! soil is excell5t4 ,! critical p]iod 9 irrigation is ! latt] "p ( ,june or e>ly 9 ,july4 ,at ?is "t ! /ream probably c>ries #dj feet p] second4 ,! l& 9 ! l[] valley is mu* subject to flood+ f heavy %[]s t1 fall+ on ! table l&s & mesas 9 ! upp] portion ( ! dra9age bas91 p\r a torr5t (t5 beyond ! capacity ( ! *annel to convey ?r\gh ! l[] valley4 ,s great 0 ! damage done by ^! floods 9 sweep+ away dams1 break+ ?r\gh dit*es1 & inundat+ ! gr[+ crops at ! site fir/ select$ = settlem5t1 t x 0 ab&on$ aft] ?ree ye>s' occupation1 & o!r p>ts1 :]e ^! sudd5 ru%es c\ld be controll$1 select$4 ,consid]able difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ! l[] valley f ! va/ am\nt ( argillace\s s$im5t deposit$ on x4 ,s great dur+ ! floods is ?is deposit f ! wat] us$ 9 irrigation t ! gr\nd becomes completely coat$ ) an imp]vi\s lay]1 & gr[+ crops1 especially ( small gra9s1 suff] f ! inability ( ! soil to absorb ! wat] conduct$ on x4 ,! irrigat+ capacity ( ?is /ream dur+ ! critical p]iod c\ld be greatly increas$ by ! con/ruction ( res]voirs 9 :i* to /ore ! great surplus ( wat] t fl[s e>li] 9 ! season4 ,! caons above ! valleys (f] v favorable opportunities = build+ ! necess>y dams & embankm5ts4 ,,! ,,escalante ,,riv]4 ,?is /ream ent]s ! ,colorado next nor? ( ! ,p>ia4 ,x rises "u ! wall =m+ ! ea/]n face ( ! ,aqu>ius ,plateau2 fl[s fir/ nor!a/1 !n ea/1 & f9ally s\!a/1 be=e rea*+ ! ,colorado4 ,its l5g? is #ij miles1 ! l[] ?ree-f\r?s be+ 9 a n>r[ caon hav+ v]tical walls rang+ f #ijj to #a1bjj feet 9 height4 ,?r\gh ?is gorge ! riv] sweeps1 sometimes fill+ ! :ole space f wall to wall2 sometimes w9d+ f side to side 9 a flood pla9 ( s&1 & always %ift+ its b$ m or less ) e fre%et4 ,n an acre ( accessible arable l& is kn[n 9 ! :ole l5g? ( ! caon1 & its dep? precludes ! possibility ( us+ ! wat]s ( ! riv] on ! l&s above4 ,ne> ! head ( ! s\!rn bran* ( ! ,escalante1 9 :at is kn[n z ,potato ,valley1 & at an elevation ( ab\t #e1jjj feet1 is an area ( ab\t #f squ>e miles ( available l&4 ,! fl[ ( wat] 9 ?is bran* 0 #ij cubic feet p] second 9 ,july1 #ahge4 ,a portion ( ?is area is n[ "u cultivation1 & is said to produce good crops4 ,a portion ( ! ea/ flank ( ! ,aqu>ius ,plateau is dra9$ by a numb] ( creeks t jo9 ! ,escalante 9 ! deep gorge bel[ ,potato ,valley2 b !y all ent] close caons1 9 :i* no areas ( arable l& are kn[n at an altitude l[ en\gh = successful cultivation4 ,"p ( ! wat]s ( ^! creeks might be us$ to irrigate grass l&s at an altitude ( ab\t #h1jjj feet2 b ! conditions ( pa/urage are su* 9 ?is region t ! am\nt practically available is small4 ,,! ,,fremont ,,riv]4 ,! l>ge/ bran* ( ?is /ream rises 9 ! ,un-ca-pa-ga ,m\nta9s1 & aft] fl[+ 9 an ea/]ly direction = #abe miles ent]s ! ,colorado ab\t #dj miles bel[ ! junction ( ! ,gr& & ,gre54 ,x is jo9$ by "o consid]able tribut>y1 ,curtis ,creek1 f ! nor?1 & ano!r small]1 ,tantalus ,creek1 f ! s\?4 ,! l[] half ( its c\rse is ?r\gh two deep caons1 sep>at$ by an int]v5+ valley call$ ,graves ,valley1 9 :i* is an area ( #aj squ>e miles ( arable l&1 ) an altitude ( #d1ejj feet above sea level4 ,on ! upp] wat]s ( ! ma9 riv]1 9 :at is kn[n z ,rabbit ,valley1 & at an altitude ( ne>ly #g1jjj feet1 are #be squ>e miles ( arable l& ( good quality4 ,?is area1 f its altitude1 %\ld be subject to late & e>ly fro/s1 b ! w>m s&y soil & s\!a/]n slope ( ! :ole valley w probably prev5t mu* damage f ?is cause4 ,! valley is n[ us$ z a h]d gr\nd = cattle belong+ to ! settlem5ts 9 ,sevi] ,valley1 & ! few exp]im5ts made by ! h]dsm5 9 cultivat+ ! soil also indicate t ! dang] to be appreh5d$ is slight4 ,! volume ( wat] fl[+ ?r\gh ,rabbit ,valley 9 ,july1 #ahge1 0 #age cubic feet p] second4 ,tantalus ,creek dra9s ! nor!rn portion ( ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,aqu>ius ,plateau4 ,x ent]s a close caon at #h1jjj feet altitude1 & cont9ues 9 caons until x has pass$ ?r\gh ,wat] ,pocket ,fold4 ,x !n fl[s along a desolate valley at ! foot ( ! fold until x jo9s ! ,fremont ,riv]4 ,dur+ ! w>m] mon?s ! wat] 9 ?is creek is usually absorb$ & evaporat$ be=e rea*+ its m\?4 ,9 ! valley at ! foot ( ,wat] ,pocket ,fold are ab\t #aj squ>e miles ( arable l&2 b ! almo/ inaccessible situation ( ! valley & ! desolation & rugg$ness ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry may pres5t insurm\ntable ob/acles to its settlem5t4 ,curtis ,creek1 ! nor!rn tribut>y ( ,fremont ,riv]1 is =m$ by ! union ( sev]al small] /reams t rise 9 ! ,wasat* ,plateau4 ,deb\*+ f ! plateau1 ^! bran*es fl[ across :at is kn[n z ,ca/le ,valley1 & "h1 at an altitude ( #f1jjj feet1 are #be squ>e miles ( good arable l&4 ,!y 7 measur$ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahgf1 & gave an aggregat$ fl[ ( #dg cubic feet p] second4 ,z !y d]ive a great] "p ( _! wat]s f ! melt+ sn[s on ! plateau1 d\ble ?is am\nt1 or #id cubic feet1 w\ld n be an ov]e/imate ( ! volume dur+ ! irrigat+ season4 ,aft] ! union ( ^! bran*es1 ! unit$ /ream fl[s 9 a deep caon until ne> its junction ) ! ,fremont ,riv] 9 ,graves ,valley4 ,bo? ,curtis ,creek & ! ,fremont receive "s accessions to _! volume f spr+s 9 ! caons ?r\gh :i* !y fl[ above ?is valley4 ,if all ! wat] 9 _! upp] c\rses %\ld be us$ to irrigate l&s 9 ,ca/le & ,rabbit ,valleys1 a suffici5t am\nt w\ld be return$ to _! *annels by p]colation to irrigate1 ) ! addition ( ! accessions 9 ! caons1 all ! arable l& 9 ,graves ,valley4 ,,! ,,san ,,rafael ,,riv]4 ,?is /ream fl[s 9 an ea/]ly c\rse1 & ent]s ! ,gre5 #cb miles above ! junction ( t /ream ) ! ,gr&4 ,x has ?ree pr9cipal bran*es--,f]ron1 ,cottonwood1 & ,hunt+ton ,creeks--all ris+ 9 ! ,wasat* ,plateau at an altitude ( ab\t #aj1jjj feet4 ,^! /reams h a rapid fall 9 _! upp] c\rses1 & leave ! plateau ?r\gh almo/ impassable caons cut 9 its ea/]n wall ov]look+ ,ca/le ,valley4 ,!y fl[ across t at int]vals ( a few miles ap>t1 &1 !n unit+1 cut a deep1 n>r[ caon ?r\gh ! ,san ,rafael ,swell4 ,em]g+ f ! swell1 ! riv] fl[s across a l[1 brok5 c\ntry until its junction ) ! ,gre54 ,! l>ge/ body ( arable l& )9 ! dra9age bas9 ( ! ,san ,rafael is 9 ,ca/le ,valley1 a long1 n>r[ depression ly+ betwe5 ! ea/]n esc>pm5t ( ! ,wasat* ,plateau & ! ,san ,rafael ,swell4 ,x is ne>ly #fj miles 9 l5g? f nor? to s\?1 & has an av]age elevation ( #f1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,its s\!rn end1 z has be5 be=e m5tion$1 is dra9$ by ! tribut>ies ( ,curtis ,creek1 ! c5tral portion by ! ?ree /reams =m+ ! ,san ,rafael1 & ! nor!rn by ,price ,riv]4 ,no p]man5t settlem5ts h be5 made 9 ! valley1 b x is mu* us$ z a w9t] h]d+ gr\nd = /ock own$ by ! settl]s 9 o!r portions ( ,utah4 ,ly+ ne> ! bran*es ( ! ,san ,rafael t cross x1 & 9 su* position t ! wat] c be easily conduct$ ov] x1 are #bjj squ>e miles ( arable l&1 g5]ally ( good quality4 ,ea/ ( ! ,san ,rafael ,swell1 & ly+ on bo? sides ( ! riv]1 at an altitude ( #d1jjj feet1 are #bj squ>e miles ( arable l&1 :i* c\ld be easily irrigat$4 ,! riv] 0 c>efully measur$ 9 ,july1 #ahgf1 & ! volume ( fl[ f\nd to be #a1fgf cubic feet p] second4 ,! ?ree bran*es 9 ,ca/le ,valley 7 also measur$1 ) results closely approximat+ ! measurem5t ( ! unit$ /reams4 ,^! measurem5ts 7 made at high wat]1 ?\gh n :5 ! /reams 7 at _! flood4 ,z mo/ ( ?is volume is d]iv$ f ! melt+ sn[1 :i* r>ely disappe>s f ! high plateau be=e ! middle ( ,july1 ! fl[ w\ld be ma9ta9$ ) consid]able /ead9ess dur+ a l>ge "p ( :at w\ld be ! critical p]iod 9 ! irrigation ( ?is valley4 ,aft] ! middle ( ,july ! decrease w\ld be v rapid until ,septemb]1 & ! l[e/ /age ( wat] rea*$ ab\t ! fir/ ( ,octob]1 :5 ! riv] w\ld n fl[ probably m ?an #djj cubic feet4 ,,! ,,price ,,riv]4 ,?is riv] rises 9 ! angle =m$ by ! int]section ( ! ,wasat* & ,we/]n ,tavaputs ,plateaus1 receiv+ tribut>ies f bo? ^! table l&s1 & has a g5]al ea/]ly c\rse = #ajj miles4 ,x crosses ! nor!rn end ( ,ca/le ,valley1 & !n fl[s ?r\gh a brok5 c\ntry ne> ! foot ( ! esc>pm5t call$ ! ,book ,cliffs1 =m+ ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,tavaputs ,plateau1 till )9 #bj miles ( ! ,gre5 ,riv]1 :5 x cuts ?r\gh ?is esc>pm5t into ! plateau & jo9s ! ,gre5 a few miles above ! foot ( ,gray ,caon4 ,! arable l&s along its c\rse are mo/ly f\nd 9 ,ca/le ,valley1 :]e !re are at lea/ #ej squ>e miles--a quantity consid]ably 9 excess ( ! irrigat+ capacity ( ! /ream4 ,! volume ( wat] 0 measur$ 9 ,july1 #ahgg1 a few miles bel[ :]e x deb\*es into ,ca/le ,valley1 & f\nd to be #ahi cubic feet p] second4 ,x mu/ suff] great loss f absorption1 z ! volume :5 leav+ ! cliffs is mu* great]1 & ! aggregat$ fl[ ( ! bran*es on ! plateaus is at lea/ twice z great4 ,,m9nie ,,maud ,,creek4 ,?is /ream rises 9 ! brok5 c\ntry1 :]e ! ,we/]n ,tavaputs & ,wasat* ,plateaus break into ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s4 ,x has a g5]al ea/]ly c\rse1 & jo9s ! ,gre5 midway 9 ! ,caon ( ,desolation4 ,= ! great] "p ( its c\rse x fl[s 9 a caon t wid5s en\gh occasionally to give a small area ( arable l&4 ,"o su* area1 conta9+ #f squ>e miles1 occurs at an altitude ( #e1ejj feet4 ,"h ! volume ( wat] 0 measur$ 9 ,july1 #ahgg1 & f\nd to be #af cubic feet p] second4 ,,! ,,u9ta ,,riv]4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ tribut>y empty+ into ! ma9 dra9age *annel f ! we/4 ,x rises 9 ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s1 & has a s\!rly c\rse = #fe miles4 ,! ,du*esne ,riv]1 its we/]n bran*1 rises 9 ! same m\nta9s1 & ! two /reams unite only a few miles be=e ! ,u9ta jo9s ! ,gre54 ,! dra9age bas9 ( ! ,u9ta has an area ( #a1cjj squ>e miles1 ly+ betwe5 ! altitudes ( #d1ejj & #g1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,x has1 g5]ally speak+1 a regul> slope f ! foot ( ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s to ! m\? ( ! /reams1 or 9 a direction t[>d ! s\!a/4 ,! surface ( ! bas9 is greatly div]sifi$1 consi/+ ( broad rea*es ( bottom l&s along ! riv]s2 elevat$1 level1 or g5tly slop+ b5*es1 sometimes p>tially arable1 b (t5] gravelly b>r5s2 brok51 rock-fac$ t]races2 & l[ cliffs & ridges4 ,x is difficult to e/imate ! am\nt ( arable l&4 ,all ! bottom l&s are su*1 & c be easily irrigat$4 ,! /reams h a rapid fall1 b fl[ ne> ! surface1 & no deep caons are f\nd any:]e 9 ! bas94 ,?is r5d]s x possible to conduct ! wat] ov] consid]able areas ( b5* l&1 & :]ev] ! soil ( ^! is suffici5tly f]tile1 selections ( good f>m+ l& c be made4 ,above ! limit 9 altitude = successful cultivation1 l>ge tracts ( mead[ l&s c be irrigat$4 ,^? be/ acqua9t$ ) ! ext5t ( ^! classes ( l& place ! arable1 includ+ irrigable natural mead[ l&s1 at #dj p] c5t4 ( ! :ole bas94 ,?is w\ld give an area ( #ebj squ>e miles1 & ,i d n ?9k x is an ov]e/imate4 ,! volume ( wat] fl[+ 9 ! ,du*esne ,riv] above its junction ) ,lake ,=k 0 measur$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahgg1 & f\nd to be #a1jaa cubic feet p] second4 ,! ,u9ta 0 measur$ above its junction ) ! ,du*esne 9 ,octob]1 #ahgg1 & !n fl[$ #bad cubic feet p] second4 ,^! /reams all rise 9 high m\nta9s1 f ^: summits ! sn[ is nev] completely melt$4 ,! l9e ( highe/ wat] is usually 9 ,june1 b ! fl[ is well su/a9$ ?r\gh ,july4 ,aft] t ! volume rapidly decreases1 & l[e/ wat] occurs 9 ,octob]4 ,! critical p]iod 9 ! irrigation ( ?is bas9 w\ld occur 9 ,augu/4 ,i ?9k x may safely be assum$ t ! measurem5ts ( ! ,du*esne & ! ,u9ta repres5t ! fl[ at ! critical p]iod1 b t ,lake ,=k %\ld be d\bl$4 ,?is w\ld give #a1hbe cubic feet p] second1 or en\gh to irrigate1 at ! assum$ /&>d1 #bhe squ>e miles1 or #bb p] c5t4 ( ! :ole area ( ! bas91 & indicates ! ,u9ta dra9age z "o ( ! be/1 if n ! be/1 agricultural valley 9 ,utah4 ,,a%ley ,,=k4 ,?is /ream is ! mo/ nor!rn tribut>y ( ! ,gre5 ,riv] s\? ( ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s4 ,x rises 9 t range1 b at a l[] altitude ?an ! bran*es ( ! ,u9ta1 & has a s\!a/]ly c\rse #dh miles 9 l5g?4 ,on its l[] c\rse1 at an altitude ( #e1ejj feet1 are #ge squ>e miles ( arable l& ( excell5t quality1 a few acres ( :i* are n[ cultivat$4 ,!re is suffici5t wat] 9 ! /ream dur+ ! critical season to irrigate #be squ>e miles4 ,,h5rys ,,=k4 ,b a small portion ( ! valley ( ,h5rys ,=k lies )9 ! ,t]ritory ( ,utah1 b ?is portion includes its be/ l&s4 ,a beautiful natural mead[ is "h f\nd1 af=d+ a l>ge quantity ( hay to ! ran*m5 ( t c\ntry4 ,! altitude is great1 ! valley be+ #f1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & h5ce liable to late & e>ly fro/s4 ,ab\t #aj squ>e miles c be r$eem$ by irrigation4 ,! volume ( ! /ream is suffici5t to irrigate a mu* l>g] tract1 b a "p is ne$$ = o!r l&s :i* lie f>!r up ! riv]1 )9 ! ,t]ritory ( ,wyom+4 ,,! ,,:ite ,,riv]4 ,! ,:ite ,riv] ent]s ! ,gre5 f ! ea/1 ab\t two miles bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,u9ta4 ,?is /ream rises 9 ,colorado1 & has only a small portion ( its c\rse 9 ,utah1 b ly+ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,t]ritory are #ge squ>e miles ( arable l& :i* may be irrigat$ ) its wat]4 ,! riv] 0 measur$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahgg1 ne> its m\?1 & fl[$ #gcd cubic feet p] second4 ,high wat] usually occurs 9 ,june1 & ! critical p]iod 9 ! irrigation ( ! l& is probably 9 ,augu/1 :5 ! /ream %\ld fl[ at lea/ d\ble ! volume ( ,octob]1 or1 #a1dfh cubic feet p] second4 ,?is w\ld be greatly 9 excess ( ! am\nt ne$$ to irrigate ! available l& 9 ,utah1 &1 f ! be/ in=mation atta9able1 x seems d\btful if x c\ld be us$ high] up on ! c\rse ( ! /ream4 ,,! ,,gre5 ,,riv]4 ,br[n's ,p>k4--,br[n's ,p>k is a valley ?r\gh :i* ! ,gre5 ,riv] me&]s4 ,?ree or f\r small /reams head 9 ! m\nta9s to ! nor? & a l numb] 9 ! m\nta9s to ! s\? & f9d _! way into ! riv] 9 ! mid/ ( ! p>k4 ,b a small portion ( ! p>k lies )9 ,utah & ! small /reams w be us$ = irrigation 9 ! portion :i* falls 9 ,colorado4 ,! flood pla9 l&s ( ! ,gre5 are ext5sive1 & "h _m natural mead[ l&s are f\nd1 int]sp]s$ ) f9e groves ( cottonwood4 ,"s ( ! b5* l&s are well adapt$ to irrigation1 b a portion ( !m & ! foot hills back ( !m are nak$1 valueless bad-l&s4 ,:5 ! g5]al indu/ries ( ! c\ntry %all w>rant ! great exp5diture necess>y1 ! ,gre5 w be tak5 out to irrigate ! b5* l&s on ei!r side4 ,ab\t #aj squ>e miles ( ^! b5* l&s w fall )9 ,utah4 ,bel[ ,split ,m\nta9 ,caon4--,ly+ along ! ,gre51 & betwe5 ! foot ( ,split ,m\nta9 ,caon & ! m\? ( ! ,u9ta1 are #ej squ>e miles ( arable l&4 ,"s portions ( ?is may be subject to inundations at times ( extraord9>y floods1 b ! great] "p is above high wat] m>k4 ,gre5 ,riv] "h c>ries suffici5t wat] to irrigate _m times ?is am\nt ( l&1 & :ile ! co/ = ! con/ruction ( suitable dams & canals w\ld be great] ?an on small] /reams1 nei!r ?is nor ! eng9e]+ skill requir$ w\ld be beyond ! res\rces ( any ord9>y settlem5t4 ,gunnison ,valley4--,9 ,gunnison ,valley1 bel[ ! foot ( ,gray ,caon1 are #be squ>e miles ( arable l&4 ,! co/ ( con/ruct+ ! necess>y irrigation works at ?is po9t w\ld be great] ?an above ! m\? ( ! ,u9ta1 b /ill n beyond ! ability ( a colony4 ,gre5 ,riv] fl[$ 9 ,gunnison ,valley 9 ,septemb]1 #ahgg1 #d1djj cubic feet ( wat] p] second1 en\gh to irrigate at ! /&>d adopt$ #hfj squ>e miles4 ,!re seems to be no arable l& to :i* x is possible to take ?is great surplus1 & probably = _m ye>s to come x w be suff]$ to fl[ 8unvex$ to ! sea04 ,! area color$ on ! map is mu* great] ?an above indicat$4 ,! selections ( irrigable l&s w be made on ei!r side ( ! riv]1 9 pat*es1 )9 ! color$ di/rict4 ,,! ,,gr& ,,riv]4 ,! ,gr& ,riv] has b a small am\nt ( arable l& along its c\rse 9 ,utah1 & fl[s = mo/ ( ! di/ance 9 a close caon4 ,! volume ( ! /ream1 ab\t #dj miles above its junction ) ! ,gre51 0 measur$ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahgg1 & f\nd to be #d1hfj feet p] second4 ,x is probable t selections c be made to ! ext5t ( #dj squ>e miles f ! areas color$ on ! map4 ,,! ,,san ,,juan ,,riv]4 ,b little is kn[n conc]n+ ! arable l&s or volume ( wat] 9 ! valley ( ! ,san ,juan4 ,x fl[s = ! mo/ ( its c\rse ?r\gh ,utah 9 a caon1 & all ! arable l& is ?\ght to be s mu* subject to ov]fl[ t cultivation is impracticable4 ,,o!r ,,/reams4 ,a few small] /reams are also tribut>y to ! ,colorado & ,gre5 )9 ! ,t]ritory ( ,utah1 b !y mo/ly fl[ 9 deep caons1 are (t5 dry 9 "s portion ( _! c\rse dur+ e ye>1 h at be/ only a few acres ( arable l& any:]e along _! c\rses1 & h be5 omitt$ 9 ?is report4 ,! foll[+ table gives a summ>y ( ! facts relat+ to ! fl[ ( ! sev]al /reams & ! am\nt ( arable & irrigable l&s 9 ! di/ricts describ$ above3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,e/imat$ volume ( ,squ>e ,acres ( fl[ dur+ miles ( irrigable ,"n ( /ream4 irrigat+ irrigable l&4 season4 7,feet l&4 p] second47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,virg9 ,riv] -- #cj #ai1bjj ,kanab ,creek #ae #b #a1fjj ,p>ia ,riv] #dj #f #c1hdj ,escalante ,riv] -- #f #c1hdj ,fremont ,riv] #bfi #ch #bd1cbj ,san ,rafael ,riv] #a1aah #age #aab1jjj ,price ,riv] #ahi #aa #g1jdj ,m9nie ,maud ,creek #af #c #a1ibj ,u9ta ,riv] #a1hbe #bhe #ahb1djj ,a%ley ,=k -- #be #af1jjj ,h5rys ,=k -- #aj #f1djj ,:ite ,riv] #a1dfh #ge #dh1jjj ,gre5 ,riv] ,br[ns ,p>k -- #aj #f1djj ,bel[ ,split ,m\nta9 ,caon #d1djj #ej #cb1jjj ,gunnison ,valley -- #be #af1jjj ,gr& ,riv] #d1hfj #dj #be1fjj ------------------------------- ,total -- #gia #ejf1efj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,l& ,,grants ,,9 ,,aid ,,( ,,int]nal ,,improvem5ts4 ,,by ,,willis ,,drummond1 ,,jr4 ,! l& grant sy/em 9 favor ( int]nal improvem5ts has become a well settl$ policy ( ?is ,gov]nm5t1 & has atta9$ n only a social b a political importance4 ,l o!r ,am]ican in/itutions its gr[? has be5 rapid1 & donations ( t "* n[ cov] millions ( acres ( ! public doma94 ,( grants = railroads1 wagon roads1 & canals alone1 h[ev]1 w ?is *apt] treat1 & no ref]5ce o!r ?an necess>y to a prop] exam9ation ( ! "q w be made to concessions ^: t]ms place ! l&s "u specific disposal by ! ,/ates1 su* z ^? = ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools1 reclamation ( swamp l&s1 etc4 ,! majority ( grants1 !re=e1 com+ )9 our notice w be ^? 9 aid ( railroads1 ?\gh _m h be5 made 9 favor ( wagon roads & canals4 ,! latt] h1 h[ev]1 almo/ become ?+s ( ! pa/1 & are rapidly be+ sup]s$$ by ! railway4 ,m ?an "o canal has giv5 way to ! m popul> & g5]al means ( transportation1 & x is safe to say t no fur!r donations = canal purposes w be made1 unless ! circum/ances %\ld be su* z to absolutely dem& t means ( conveyance4 ,at any rate1 !y w n be made = purposes ( g5]al improvem5t4 ,! object ( ?is *apt] is to po9t out ! orig91 gr[?1 "*1 & ext5t ( ^! concessions4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to inquire into ! e>ly donations = v>i\s purposes4 ,! fir/ act mak+ a donation 9 favor ( int]nal improvem5ts 0 approv$ on ! #cj? ( ,april1 #ahjb1 & 0 entitl$ 8,an act to enable ! p ( ! ea/]n division ( ! t]ritory nor?we/ ( ! riv] ,ohio to =m a con/itution & ,/ate gov]nm5t1 & = ! admission ( su* ,/ate into ! ,union on an equal foot+ ) ! orig9al ,/ates1 & = o!r purposes40 ,by ! ?ird proviso to ! sev5? section ( t /atute1 8"o-tw5tie? "p ( ! net proce$s ( ! l&s ly+ )9 ! said ,/ate sold by ,congress1 f & aft] ! ?irtie? day ( ,june next1 aft] d$uct+ all exp5ses incid5t to ! same01 0 grant$ & giv5 to ! said ,/ate 7,ohio71 & 0 to be appli$ to ! lay+ out & mak+ ( public roads lead+ to ! ,ohio ,riv]1 to ! said ,/ate1 & ?r\gh ! same1 f ! navigable wat]s empty+ into ! ,atlantic4 ,su* roads 7 to be laid out "u ! au?ority ( ,congress1 ) ! cons5t ( ! sev]al ,/ates ?r\gh :i* !y pass$4 ,by an act approv$ ,m>* #c1 #ahjc1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury 0 direct$ to pay1 to su* p]sons z ! legislature ( ! ,/ate ( ,ohio %\ld designate1 #c p] c5t4 ( ! net proce$s1 z above1 :i* sums 7 to be appli$ to lay+ out1 op5+1 & mak+ roads )9 said ,/ate4 ,^! acts1 ,i believe1 are ! fir/ two t\*+ public improvem5ts ?r\gh congressional aid4 ,( c\rse !re _h previ\sly be5 _m donations ( l& 9 favor ( v>i\s p]sons1 b !y 7 = s]vices r5d]$ ! ,gov]nm5t1 or special premption privileges4 ,legislation simil> to ! acts above ref]r$ to1 0 enact$ until ! ye> #ahbd1 v>y+ only 9 ! ext5t ( ! proce$s grant$4 ,by an act approv$ ,may #bf1 #ahbd1 ! ,/ate ( ,indiana 0 au?oriz$ to op5 & build a canal1 & ! "r ( way ) #ij feet ( l& on ea* side !re(1 0 grant$1 subject to use & occupancy = ! purposes specifi$4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 0 done "u t act by ! ,/ate2 & on ! #b;d ( ,m>*1 #ahbg1 x 0 sup]s$$ by an act ( great] ext5t4 ,on t day two acts 7 pass$ giv+ to ,indiana & ,ill9ois1 respectively1 c]ta9 l&s 9 aid ( ! con/ruction ( canals1 ! fir/ to connect ! navigation ( ! ,waba% ,riv] ) ! wat]s ( ,lake ,erie1 & ! second to connect ! wat]s ( ! ,ill9ois ,riv] ) ^? ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,a quantity ( l&1 equal to "o-half ( five sections 9 wid? on ea* side ( said canals1 0 grant$1 res]v+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea* alt]nate section4 ,! canals 7 to rema9 public highways = ! use ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 free f toll or o!r *>ge :atev]2 7 to be comm5c$ 9 five ye>s1 & complet$ 9 tw5ty ye>s1 or ! ,/ates 7 b\nd to pay to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 8! am\nt ( any l&s previ\sly sold01 & ! titles ( ! pur*as]s "u ! ,/ates 7 to be valid4 ,z soon z ! l9es ( ! canals 7 fix$ & ! selections ( l& 7 made1 ! ,/ates _h p[] to sell1 & give fee simple title to ! :ole or any "p ( ! l&s4 ,^! may1 prop]ly1 be consid]$ ! initiatory concessions ( l&s 9 favor ( int]nal improvem5ts4 ,z /at$1 a grant = "r ( way _h be5 made1 b t "r 0 solely "o ( use & occupancy4 ,9 ?is case ! "r ( ! ,/ates to sell became absolute ^u ! selection ( ! l&s4 ,to be sure1 !y 7 liable to repay ! ,gov]nm5t ! price receiv$ by ! sale ( any ( ! l&s1 b ! titles ( _! pur*as]s 7 to be 9 8fee02 & by su* "r ( disposal !y 7 enabl$ to realize at once on _! grant1 & !reby secure a spe$i] con/ruction ( ! canals4 ,on ! same day 7,m>* #b7 !re 0 also grant$ to ,indiana a c]ta9 /rip ( l& =m]ly held by ! ,pottawatamie ,indians1 or ! proce$s f ! sale !re(1 to be appli$ 9 build+ a road f ,lake ,mi*igan1 via ,indianapolis1 to "s conv5i5t po9t on ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,on ! next day 7,m>* #c7 an act 0 approv$ grant+ to ,ohio "o-half ( two sections along ! entire l9e ( a road to be con/ruct$ f ,s&usky to ,columbus4 ,by an act approv$ ,may #bc1 #ahbh1 a grant ( #djj1jjj acres ( 8! rel9qui%$ l&s0 9 c]ta9 c\nties 9 ,alabama 0 made 9 aid ( ! improvem5t ( ! ,t5nessee & o!r riv]s 9 t ,/ate2 & 9 case t am\nt ( 8said rel9qui%$ l&s0 c\ld n be f\nd unappropriat$1 ! necess>y quantity c\ld be select$ f ano!r section ( ! ,/ate4 ,provision 0 made = ! sale ( ! l&s1 at ! m9imum price1 b 9 case said l&s or ! proce$s !re( 7 appli$ to any purposes o!r ?an t = :i* !y 7 grant$1 ! grant 0 to become null & void4 ,9 ?is grant we f9d ! fir/ provisions = indemnity if ! grant 0 n full by reason ( prior sales or disposals by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,!re1 if ! l&s 7 n to be f\nd 89 place01 selections 89 lieu0 c\ld be made f ano!r c\nty4 ,grants l ! "o j ref]r$ to 7 made f "t to "t1 diff]+ b little 9 _! "* & ext5t4 ,by an act approv$ ,m>* #b1 #ahcc1 ! ,/ate ( ,ill9ois 0 au?oriz$ to apply ! l&s grant$ by ! act ( ,m>* #b1 #ahbg1 = canal purposes1 to ! con/ruction ( a railroad in/ead2 & ! same re/rictive impositions 7 cont9u$4 ,?is is ! fir/ act look+ to ! con/ruction ( a railroad ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( l& donations4 ,! railroad sy/em 0 !n b 9 its infancy1 & ! few miles built _h be5 con/ruct$ by private means4 ,x is prop] to add1 h[ev]1 t ! ,/ate did n avail itself ( ! privilege grant$1 = x subsequ5tly built a canal4 ,an act approv$ ,m>* #c1 #ahce1 grant$1 = ! purpose ( aid+ 9 ! con/ruction ( a railroad by a corporation organiz$ 9 ,florida1 ! "r ( way ?r\gh ! public l&s ov] :i* x might pass1 ?irty feet ( l& on ea* side ( its l9e1 & ! "r to take & use ! timb] = 8"o hundr$ y>ds0 on ea* side = ! con/ruction & repair ( said road2 x 0 also grant$ 8t5 acres ( l& at ! junction ( ! ,/4 ,m>k's & ,waculla ,riv]s01 ! po9t :]e said road t]m9at$4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "r ( way grant 9 favor ( railroads1 ! previ\s grant hav+ be5 = a canal4 ,foll[+ ?is came an act approv$ ,july #b1 #ahcf1 grant+ ! "r ( way 8?r\gh su* portion ( ! public l&s z rema9 unsold01 n to exce$ #hj feet 9 wid?1 to ! ,new ,orleans & ,na%ville ,railroad ,company4 ,! fir/ section ( t /atute requir$ t a description ( ! r\te & surveys %\ld be fil$ 9 ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice )9 sixty days aft] ! survey4 ,! second section grant$ = depots1 wat]+-places1 & work%ops1 ess5tial to ! conv5i5t use ( ! road1 c]ta9 plats ( l&1 n exce$+ five acres 9 any "o spot1 nor ne>] ?an fifte5 miles to ea* o!r4 ,! ?ird section gave ! company ! "r to take f ! public l&s e>?1 /one1 or timb] necess>y = ! con/ruction ( ! road2 & provid$ t unless ! "w 0 comm5c$ )9 two ye>s aft] ! approval ( ! act1 & complet$ )9 eight ye>s !reaft]1 ! grant %\ld 8cease & det]m9e04 ,x provid$1 moreov]1 t if ! road %\ld be ab&on$ or discont9u$1 ev5 aft] its completion1 ! grant 0 to 8cease & det]m9e04 ,s f> z c be le>n$1 ?is road 0 nev] complet$4 ,x is ins]t$ s fully = ! purpose ( %[+ ! gradual gr[? ( ! sy/em4 ,next to ?is came a grant to ! ,ea/ ,florida & o!r railroads1 simil> 9 g5]al t]ms to ^? previ\sly ref]r$ to4 ,x requir$1 h[ev]1 ! companies to file1 ) ! ,commission] ( ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice1 maps %[+ ! location ( _! roads4 ,?is 0 to be done )9 six mon?s aft] su* locations4 ,i am unable to f9d t any ( ^? roads 7 ev] con/ruct$4 ,c]ta9ly1 no evid5ce !re( 0 ev] furni%$ ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice4 ,a grant simil> to ! "o to ! ,new ,orleans & ,na%ville company 0 made by act ( ,m>* #c1 #ahcg1 to ! ,at*afalaya ,railroad & ,bank+ ,company 9 ,l\isiana4 ,_m grants ( l "* & ext5t 7 made f "t to "t1 z also donations 9 favor ( v>i\s o!r int]nal improvem5ts4 ,! greate/ ( ^! latt]1 h[ev]1 7 ! grants 9 aid ( improv+ ! navigation ( ! ,des ,mo9es ,riv] 9 ,i[a1 & ! ,fox & ,wiscons9 ,riv]s 9 ,wiscons91 :i* 7 approv$ ,augu/ #h1 #ahdf4 ,! fir/ ( ^! made a grant to ! !n ,t]ritory ( ,i[a1 = ! purpose ( improv+ 8! navigation ( ! ,des ,mo9es ,riv] f its m\? to ! ,raccoon ,=k 7s call$71 9 said ,t]ritory01 ( 8"o equal moiety1 9 alt]nate sections1 ( ! public l&s 7rema9+ unsold1 & n o!rwise dispos$ (1 encumb]$1 or appropriat$71 9 a /rip five miles 9 wid? on ea* side ( said riv]1 to be select$ )9 said ,t]ritory by an ag5t or ag5ts to be appo9t$ by ! gov]nor !re(1 subject to ! approval ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates04 ,! second section provid$ t 8! l&s h]eby grant$ %all n be convey$ or dispos$ ( by said ,t]ritory1 nor by any ,/ate to be =m$ out ( ! same1 except z said improvem5ts %all progress2 t is1 ! said ,t]ritory or ,/ate may sell s mu* ( said l&s z %all produce ! sum ( ?irty ?\s& doll>s1 & !n ! sales %all cease until ! gov]nor ( said ,t]ritory or ,/ate %all c]tify ! fact to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t "o-half ( said sum has be5 exp5d$ ^u said improvem5t1 :5 ! said ,t]ritory or ,/ate may sell & convey a quantity ( ! residue ( said l&s suffici5t to replace ! am\nt exp5d$1 & ?us ! sales %all progress z ! proce$s !re( %all be exp5d$1 & ! fact ( su* exp5diture %all be c]tifi$ z a=esaid40 ,section #c decl>$ t ! riv] %\ld =ev] rema9 a public highway = ! use ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 free f toll or o!r *>ge :atev]2 & provid$ t ! ,t]ritory or ,/ate %\ld n dispose ( ! l&s at a price less ?an ! m9imum price ( public l&s4 ,! grant to ,wiscons9 = ! improvem5t ( ! ,fox & ,wiscons9 ,riv]s1 ?\gh approv$ ! same day1 0 some:at diff]5t f ! ,des ,mo9es grant4 ,x provid$ t 8!re be1 & h]eby is1 grant$ to ! ,/ate ( ,wiscons901 ^u ! admission ( ,wiscons9 z a ,/ate 7:i*1 by ! way1 _h be5 provid$ = by an act approv$ two days be=e71 8= ! purpose ( improv+ ! navigation ( ! ,fox & ,wiscons9 ,riv]s 9 ! ,t]ritory ( ,wiscons91 & ( con/ruct+ ! canal to unite ! said riv]s1 at or ne> ! portage1 a quantity ( l&1 equal to "o-half ( ?ree sections 9 wid? on ea* side ( said ,fox ,riv]1 & ! lakes ?r\gh :i* x passes f its m\? to ! po9t :]e ! portage canal %all ent] ! same1 & on ea* side ( said canal f "o /ream to ! o!r1 res]v+ ! alt]nate sections to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to be select$ "u ! direction ( ! gov]nor ( said ,/ate1 & su* selection to be approv$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates04 ,! riv]s1 :5 improv$1 7 to rema9 =ev] public highways = ! use ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 free f toll2 & ! sections res]v$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 n to be sold = less ?an #b4ej p] acre4 ,by ! second section1 ! legislature ( ! ,/ate 0 to accept ! grant & fix ! price at :i* ! l&s 7 to be sold 7at n less ?an #a4be p] acre71 & adopt su* k9d & plan ( improvem5t z 0 = ! be/ int]e/s ( ! ,/ate4 ,! provisions = ! sale ( ! l&s 7 ! same z 9 ! ,i[a grant1 except t ! sum to be realiz$ by su* sales 0 fix$ at #bj1jjj4 ,section #c requir$ ! "w to be comm5c$ )9 ?ree ye>s aft] ! admission ( ! ,/ate1 & to be complet$ )9 tw5ty ye>s1 or ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 to be entitl$ to receive ! am\nt = :i* any ( ! l&s may h be5 sold2 ! titles 9 ! pur*as]s f ! ,/ate 71 h[ev]1 to be valid4 ,! language employ$ 9 ?is /atute 0 m def9ite ?an t us$ 9 ! ,des ,mo9es grant1 & 9 x is to be f\nd ! fir/ provisions respect+ ! increase 9 price ( ! res]v$ sections4 ,probably no grant ( ?is "* has receiv$ su* widespread notoriety z ! "o = ! improvem5t ( ! ,des ,mo9es ,riv]4 ,x is ow+1 no d\bt1 9 a great degree to ! num]\s conflict+ decisions by ! ,executive ,dep>tm5ts t\*+ ! ext5t ( ! grant4 ,! ,hon4 ,r4 ,j4 ,walk]1 ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury 7"u ^: sup]vision ! ,l& ,(fice !n came71 decid$ on ! #b;d ( ,m>*1 #ahdi1 t ! grant ext5d$ above ! tribut>y ( ! ,des ,mo9es ,riv] commonly kn[n z ! ,raccoon ,=k4 ,! ,l& ,(fice soon !reaft] pass$ f ! jurisdiction ( ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 & 0 plac$ z "o ( ! bureaus ( ! ,home or ,int]ior ,dep>tm5t4 ,! ,secret>y ( ?is lately e/abli%$ bran* ( ! ,gov]nm5t 7,hon4 ,?omas ,ew+7 decid$ on ! #f? ( ,april1 #ahej1 t ! grant did n ext5d above ! ,raccoon ,=k4 ,f t decision ! ,/ate ( ,i[a appeal$ to ! ,presid5t1 :o laid ! matt] be=e ! ,attorney-,g5]al4 ,t (fic] 7,hon4 ,rev]dy ,johnson71 on ,july #ai1 #ahej1 express$ an op9ion confirmatory ( ! decision ( ,secret>y ,walk]4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior1 h[ev]1 be+ det]m9$ 9 8 views1 did n adopt ! op9ion ( ! ,attorney-,g5]al1 & ! ,commission] ( ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice wrote1 "u date ( #bf? ,septemb]1 #ahej1 to ! ,presid5t1 review+ & object+ to ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,johnson4 ,! ,presid5t1 hav+ be5 aga9 appli$ to by ! ,/ate ( ,i[a to det]m9e ! matt]1 ref]r$ ! :ole "q to ! ,attorney-,g5]al 7!n ,hon4 ,j4 ,j4 ,critt5d574 ,t (fic]1 )\t deliv]+ an op9ion on ! m]its ( ! case1 express$ ! belief t ! ,presid5t ought n to int]f]e1 b %\ld leave su* que/ions to ! prop] (fic]s4 ,! !n ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior 7,hon4 ,a4 ,h4 ,h4 ,/u>t7 !reupon decid$ t ! grant did n ext5d above ! =k1 b subsequ5tly decid$ to approve ! selections = l&s above ! =k4 ,attorney-,g5]al ,cu%+1 on ! #bi? ( ,may1 #ahef1 express$ ! belief t on ! m]its ( ! case ! grant 0 limit$ to ! ,raccoon ,=k1 b z ,secret>y ,/u>t _h approv$ selections above t po9t1 su* practical en=cem5t ( ! grant _h bett] be cont9u$4 ,! view ( ,mr4 ,cu%+ 0 subsequ5tly ma9ta9$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,railroad ,company vs4 ,lit*field4 7#bc ,h[>d1 page #ff74 ,by ! act ( ,congress approv$ ,july #ab1 #ahfb1 ! grant 0 ext5d$ to ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,/ate1 s z to include ! alt]nate odd numb]$ sections ly+ )9 five miles ( said riv]1 ^u ! foll[+ conditions3 ,! l&s 7 to be held & appli$ 9 accordance ) ! provisions ( ! orig9al grant1 except t ! cons5t ( ,congress 0 giv5 to ! application ( 8a portion !re(0 to aid 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,keokuk1 ,=t ,des ,mo9es & ,m9nesota ,railroad1 9 accordance ) ! provisions ( an act ( ! g5]al assembly ( ! ,/ate approv$ ,m>* #bb1 #aheh4 ,x is well to /ate t ! "w ( improv+ ! riv] 0 ab&on$1 & ! railroad 0 con/ruct$ in/ead4 ,)\t exam9+ ! num]\s "r ( way & o!r less] grants1 ,i desire to direct att5tion to :at is g5]ally consid]$ ! fir/ railroad grant4 ,ref]5ce is made to ! donation by ! act ( ,septemb] #bj1 #ahej4 ,by t /atute a grant 0 made to ! ,/ate ( ,ill9ois ( 8e alt]nate section ( l& designat$ by ev5 numb]s1 = six sections 9 wid? on ea* side (0 ! road & bran*es !re9 provid$ =4 ,! road to be built 0 f ! s\!rn t]m9us ( ! ,ill9ois & ,mi*igan ,canal to a po9t at or ne> ! junction ( ! ,ohio & ,mississippi ,riv]s1 ) a bran* ( ! same to ,*icago1 & ano!r via ! t[n ( ,gal5a1 9 ,ill9ois1 to ! t[n ( ,dubuque1 9 ,i[a4 ,! second section provid$ t %\ld x appe> t ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h1 :5 ! l9es ( said road & bran*es 7 def9itely fix$1 sold any "p ( any section !reby grant$1 or t ! "r ( premption _h atta*$ to ! same1 x %\ld be lawful = any ag5t or ag5ts 7to be appo9t$ by ! gov]nor ( ! ,/ate7 to select s mu* l& z w\ld be equal to ! tracts lo/ )9 ! grant$ limits4 ,?is 8indemnity0 0 to be select$ )9 fifte5 miles ( ! road & bran*es4 ,! ?ird section provid$ t ! sections & p>ts ( sections :i* by ! op]ation ( ! grant rema9$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates )9 six miles on ea* side ( said road & bran*es1 %\ld n be sold = less ?an ! d\ble m9imum price :5 sold4 ,section #d provid$ = ! disposal ( ! l&s1 & decl>$ t ! road %\ld rema9 a public highway = ! use ( ! ,gov]nm5t free f toll or o!r *>ge4 ,! fif? section decl>$ )9 :at p]iod ! roads %\ld be complet$1 & provid$ t 9 ! ev5t ( a failure on ! "p ( ! ,/ate to comply ) ! conditions ( ! grant1 x 0 8b\nd to pay to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! am\nt :i* may be receiv$ ^u ! sale ( any "p ( said l&s by said ,/ate04 ,! title ( ! pur*as]s 0 to be valid1 b ! tracts n sold 7 to rev]t & reve/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,section #f said t ! mails 7 to be transport$ at all times at su* price z ,congress might direct4 ,by ! sev5? section ! grant 0 ext5d$1 on ! same t]ms & conditions1 to ! ,/ates ( ,alabama & ,mississippi1 = ! purpose ( aid+ 9 ! con/ruction ( a road f ,mobile to connect ) ! fir/ above nam$ road4 ,:ile ?is 0 n ! fir/ concession ( l&s 9 favor ( railroads1 x may prop]ly be consid]$ ! initiatory measure ( ! pres5t sy/em4 ,x grant$ specific sections in/ead ( "o-half ( a c]ta9 numb] ( sections2 provid$ 9 positive t]ms = 8indemnity0 = l&s lo/ to ! grant2 designat$ ! mann] 9 :i* ! l&s %\ld be dispos$ (2 increas$ ! price ( ! res]v$ sections )9 ! 8grant$0 limits2 provid$ = rev]sion 9 case ( default1 & virtually e/abli%$ a =m ( grant :i* 0 diff]$ f b little 9 succe$+ donations4 ,x 0 ! fir/ railroad grant t became effective1 = ( all previ\s ones none appe> to h be5 develop$4 ,! roads are n[ kn[n z ! ,ill9ois ,c5tral & bran*es1 & ! ,mobile & ,ohio4 ,= ! foll[+ two ye>s no grants ( importance 7 made1 until by an act approv$ ,june #aj1 #aheb1 a donation 0 made to ! ,/ate ( ,miss\ri = ! con/ruction ( c]ta9 roads !re91 n[ kn[n z ! ,hannibal & ,sa9t ,joseph1 & ! ,miss\ri ,pacific1 ,s\?we/ ,bran*4 ,?is grant 0 simil> 9 "* & ext5t to t to ,ill9ois1 save two sections--"o provid+ = ! disposal ( ! l&s1 & ! o!r direct+ ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior to (f] at public sale1 f "t to "t1 at ! increas$ price1 ! 8res]v$0 or ,gov]nm5t sections4 ,! section respect+ ! disposal ( ! l&s is z foll[s3 8,t ! l&s h]eby grant$ to said ,/ate %all be dispos$ ( by said ,/ate 9 mann] foll[+1 t is to say3 t a quantity ( l&1 n exce$+ "o hundr$ & tw5ty sections on ea* road1 & includ$ )9 a cont9u\s l5g? ( tw5ty miles ( said road1 may be sold2 & :5 ! gov]nor ( said ,/ate %all c]tify to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior t said tw5ty miles ( road is complet$1 !n ano!r l quantity ( l&1 h]eby grant$1 may be sold2 & s f "t to "t until said road is complet$2 & if said road be n complet$ )9 t5 ye>s1 no fur!r sales %all be made1 & ! l&s unsold %all rev]t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,) ! exceptions /at$1 & ! omission ( ! clause requir+ ! ,/ate to reimburse ! ,gov]nm5t = l&s sold1 ! grants are id5tical4 ,t act 0 foll[$ by an act approv$ ,febru>y #i1 #ahec1 mak+1 "u l conditions & impositions1 a simil> grant to ,arkansas1 9 aid ( c]ta9 roads 9 t ,/ate4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 ! clause or section direct+ ! ,secret>y to 8(f]0 ! l&s 0 omitt$4 ,= ! next ?ree ye>s ,congress seems to h be5 q z lib]al 9 donations = o!r purposes1 b no grants 7 made 9 aid ( railroads1 unless note be made ( a grant to ,m9nesota by act ( ,june #bi1 #ahed1 :i* 0 repeal$ 9 ,augu/ foll[+4 ,by t act !re 0 grant$ to ! ,t]ritory ( ,m9nesota1 = ! purpose ( aid+ 9 ! con/ruction ( a railroad f ! s\!rn l9e ( said ,t]ritory1 via ,sa9t ,paul1 to ! ea/]n l9e ( ! ,t]ritory 9 ! direction ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 8e alt]nate section ( l& designat$ by odd numb]s = six sections 9 wid? on ea* side ( said road )9 said ,t]ritory02 b 9 case x %\ld appe> t ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h1 :5 ! l9e ( ! road 0 def9itely fix$1 sold any section or any "p !re( grant$1 or t ! "r ( premption _h atta*$ to ! same1 !n x %\ld be lawful = any ag5t or ag5ts to be appo9t$ by ! gov]nor ( said ,t]ritory1 subject to ! approval ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior1 to select l&s f alt]nate sections )9 fifte5 miles ( ! road to make up ! defici5cy4 ,! l&s grant$ 7 to be appli$ to ! con/ruction ( ! road only4 ,section #b increas$ ! price ( ! 8res]v$0 tracts4 ,section #c provid$ t ! l&s %\ld be dispos$ ( by ! legislature = ! purposes a=esaid & 7 n to inure to ! b5efit ( any company !n con/itut$ or organiz$4 ,! road 0 to rema9 a highway1 z 9 previ\s grants2 & ! l&s c\ld n be sold until !y _h fir/ be5 8(f]$0 at ! increas$ price4 ,by section #d no title 0 to ve/ 9 said ,t]ritory or pat5t issue = any "p ( ! l&s until a cont9u\s l5g? ( tw5ty miles ( said road _h be5 complet$2 & :5 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior 0 satisfi$ t any tw5ty cont9u\s miles ( said road _h be5 complet$1 !n pat5t 0 to issue = a quantity n exce$+ "o hundr$ & tw5ty sections ( l&2 & s on f "t to "t until ! road 0 complet$4 ,if ! road 0 n complet$ )9 t5 ye>s no fur!r sales c\ld be made1 & ! l&s rema9+ unsold 7 to rev]t4 ,by an act approv$ ,augu/ #d1 #ahed1 ! act ( ,june #bi1 #ahed1 0 repeal$2 & al?\gh f\r grants h be5 decl>$ =feit$1 = failure ( ! grantees to p]=m ! requir$ conditions1 ?is is ! only "o :i* ,congress has 9 t]ms repeal$4 ,x is to be regrett$ t subsequ5t legislation 0 n z devoid ( ambiguity4 ,_h x be51 mu* emb>rassm5t might h be5 sav$ ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,i ref] p>ticul>ly to t clause or section respect+ ! ve/+ ( title & ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,/ate 0 to acquire rights "u ! grant4 ,by ! t]ms !re( no pat5ts 7 to issue except z ! "w ( build+ ! road progress$4 ,by ! omission ( su* language f ! grants subsequ5tly made f "t to "t to z late z #ahfb1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior believ$ t ! duty ( 8disposal0 0 prop]ly 9 ! ,/ates *>g$ ) execut+ ! tru/s2 & 9 all ! e>li] grants1 imm$iately ^u ! location ( ! roads & det]m9ation ( ! limits ( ! grants1 c]tifi$1 9 :ole1 ! l&s to :i* ! companies w\ld ultimately h be5 entitl$ _h ! roads be5 complet$ z requir$4 ,at t "t !re 0 b little d\bt t all ( ! roads w\ld be rapidly con/ruct$2 b ! civil conflict v naturally put a /op to su* ext5d$ improvem5ts1 & to-day ab\t tw5ty railroads rema9 uncomplet$1 & ! l&s c]tifi$ to ! ,/ates = _! use & b5efit exce$ by #a1jeh1bie4hf acres ! l&s actually e>n$ by ! portions ( ! sev]al roads con/ruct$4 ,out ( ! act ( ,june #bi1 #ahed1 & ! repeal+ /atute a v int]e/+ "q arose1 :i* receiv$1 ultimately1 ! consid]ation ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,a suit 0 br\ght 9 trespass by ,edmund ,rice aga9/ ! ,m9nesota & ,nor?we/]n ,railroad ,company1 = cutt+ timb] on a tract ( l& 9 ,m9nesota4 ,! company1 9 its def5se1 set up title "u ! grant+ act a=esaid2 to :i* pla9tiff repli$1 recit+ ! repeal+ /atute4 ,on demurr] by ! company1 ! "q z to :e!r an int]e/ _h ve/$ "u said grant 0 ?us fairly pres5t$ to ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,t body decid$1 aft] elaborate review ( ! :ole case1 t ! act ( ,augu/ #d 0 8a valid law01 & t no int]e/1 b5efici>y or o!rwise1 _h ve/$ "u ! said grant4 ,9 #ahef1 at diff]5t times1 v>i\s grants 7 made to ! ,/ates ( ,i[a1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,l\isiana1 ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 & ,mississippi1 & on ! #c;d ( ,m>*1 #aheg1 to ,m9nesota4 ,an exam9ation ( ^! grants--say ! "o to ,i[a1 x be+ fir/ ( ! s]ies--%[s t1 ) ! exception ( ! fact t ! sections grant$ 7 designat$ by odd in/ead ( ev5 numb]s1 !y 7 simil> to ! ,miss\ri grant ( #aheb4 ,! *ange !re inaugurat$ 0 ow+ to ! fact t c]ta9 ev5 sections 9 ea* t[n%ip _h be5 previ\sly giv5 to ! sev]al ,/ates = s*ool purposes1 & 9 a grant embrac+ a l>ge t]ritory ! diff]5ce to ! railroad grants caus$ !reby w\ld be consid]able4 ,f #aheg until #ahfb ,congress seems to h be5 o!rwise engag$1 = ,i am unable to f9d t any acts 7 pass$ dur+ t p]iod t\*+ railroad grants4 ,by an act approv$ ,july #a1 #ahfb1 a new dep>ture 0 tak54 ,c]ta9 p]sons 7 creat$ into a body corporate "u ! title & "n ( ! 8,union ,pacific ,railroad ,company04 ,! object !re( 0 ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( a railroad & telegraph l9e f ! ,miss\ri ,riv] to ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,!y 7 grant$ ! "r ( way ?r\gh ! public l&s to ! ext5t ( two hundr$ feet 9 wid? on ea* side ( ! l9e ( road1 toge!r ) ! necess>y gr\nds = /ations1 build+s1 work%ops1 etc4 ,!y 7 also grant$ 9 aid ( ! con/ruction ( ! road 8e alt]nate section ( public l&01 designat$ by odd numb]s1 to ! am\nt ( five alt]nate sections p] mile1 on ea* side ( ! road2 & all l&s :i* _h be5 dispos$ ( or res]v$1 & m9]al l&s1 7 except$4 ,sections #e & #aa ( ! act relat$ to ! issuance ( bonds by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,section #g requir$ ! company to file a map ( its g5]al r\te1 & direct$ ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior to !reupon )draw ! l&s )9 fifte5 miles ( su* l9e4 ,v>i\s o!r roads 7 provid$ = ^u ! same conditions1 n[ kn[n z ! ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,c5tral ,bran* ( ! ,union ,pacific1 ,kansas ,pacific1 & ,si\x ,city & ,pacific4 ,z x is n ! purpose ( ?is inquiry to look into any provisions except su* z relate to l& donations1 ,i w n pursue ! sections respect+ ! issuance ( bonds1 paym5t ( int]e/1 etc4 ,b1 be=e proce$+ fur!r1 x is prop] to notice ! *anges inaugurat$ by t act4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! grant 0 to a corporation direct1 & n to a ,/ate 9 tru/ = "o4 ,second4 ,x 0 n conf9$ to any p>ticul> ,/ate or section1 b 0 transcont95tal 9 "*1 ext5d+ 9 ?is case m ?an half across our c\ntry4 ,?ird4 ,x 0 a grant t5 miles 9 wid? on ea* side1 in/ead ( six1 z 9 previ\s grants1 & no provision 0 made = indemnity4 ,f\r?4 ,x provid$ = ! fil+ by ! company ( a map ( its g5]al or designat$ r\te 7be=e def9ite location ( its l9e72 & ^u ! fil+ !re( ! l&s became legislatively res]v$ or )drawn4 ,by an act approv$ ,july #b1 #ahfd1 ?is act 0 am5d$ 9 sev]al p>ticul>s1 & in/ead ( 8five0 sections 8t50 7 grant$1 !reby increas+ ! limits f t5 to tw5ty miles on ea* side ( ! roads4 ,! t]m 8m9]al l&0 0 con/ru$ n to include 8coal & iron l&04 ,by section #ai ( ?is latt] act a grant 0 made to ! ,burl+ton & ,miss\ri ,riv] ,railroad ,company1 = ! con/ruction ( a road f ! ,miss\ri ,riv] to "s po9t n f>!r we/ ?an ! "o hundr$? m]idian ( we/ longitude to connect ) ! ,union ,pacific road1 ( t5 alt]nate sections p] mile on ea* side ( its l9e ( road4 ,x has be5 decid$ t ?is company 0 n conf9$ to any limit1 b c\ld g f> en\gh to secure ! quantity grant$1 & x is ! only railroad ^: grant is n conf9$ to lat]al limits4 ,by a proviso to ! tw5tie? section1 h[ev]1 ! company receiv$ no bonds4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! ,union ,pacific road 0 con/ruct$ 0 surpris+1 & ! :ole progress ( ! "w display$ a _s ( en]gy seldom se5 9 an und]tak+ ( t "*4 ,! mo/ positive a*ievem5ts1 h[ev]1 7 ^? ( ! ,c5tral ,pacific ,company4 ,! con/ruction ( t road ov] ! ,si]ras is consid]$ by pr(essional au?orities z "o ( ! greate/ results ( eng9e]+4 ,x cross$ ! maximum summit1 ( #g1jdb feet above ! sea1 )9 "o hundr$ miles ( ! ,pacific tide wat]s1 requir+ a di/ribution ( asc5t really sci5tific to r5d] x practicable1 &1 by us+ a m9imum radius ( #egc feet1 secur$1 comp>atively speak+1 a direct alignm5t4 ,! two roads 7 complet$ & a junction effect$ ,may #aj1 #ahfi1 & ! initial transcont95tal l9e 0 !reby f9i%$4 ,by an act approv$ ,m>* #c1 #ahfc1 !re 0 a grant made to ! ,/ate ( ,kansas to aid 9 con/ruct+ c]ta9 railroads !re91 n[ kn[n z ! ,at*ison1 ,topeka & ,santa ,f2 ,leav5wor?1 ,lawr5ce & ,galve/on1 & ,miss\ri1 ,kansas & ,texas4 ,x 0 ( e alt]nate section ( l& designat$ by odd numb]s = t5 sections 9 wid? on ea* side ( said roads4 ,indemnity 0 provid$ 9 t5 additional miles &1 except z to ext5t1 x 0 n unlike ! ,i[a grant4 ,on ! #e? ( ,may1 #ahfd1 simil> grants 7 made to ! ,/ates ( ,m9nesota & ,wiscons91 & on ! #ab? ( ,may to ! ,/ate ( ,i[a4 ,v>i\s o!r grants foll[$ ( l "*1 diff]+ only 9 few respects1 to ,arkansas1 ,alabama1 ,miss\ri1 ,i[a1 ,mi*igan1 ,m9nesota1 & ,kansas2 z also grants = wagon roads4 ,! latt] 7 simil> 9 t]ms to ! railroad grants1 save t ?ree sections on ei!r side ( ! roads 7 giv5 in/ead ( six or t54 ,! ,nor!rn ,pacific 0 creat$ ,july #a1 #ahfd1 & 0 v mu* l ! ,union ,pacific grant1 except 9 ext5t1 be+ d\ble ! quantity ?r\gh ! ,t]ritories1 ) provision = 8indemnity04 ,! ,atlantic & ,pacific & ,s\!rn ,pacific grants 7 made by act ( ,july #bg1 #ahff2 ! ,d5v] ,pacific by act ( ,m>* #c1 #ahfi2 ! ,s\!rn ,pacific 7bran* l9e7 & ,texas & ,pacific by act ( ,m>* #c1 #ahga4 ,_m ( ! grants made 9 e>ly ye>s 7 enl>g$1 & ! "t = _! completion ext5d$2 b ?us f> only f\r grants h be5 decl>$ =feit$4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ab\t tw5ty grants h 8laps$0 by reason ( non-compliance ) ! t]ms ( ! grant+ acts1 requir+ completion )9 prescrib$ p]iods1 & recomm5dations h be5 made urg+ prop] legislation4 ,nei!r "t nor space p]mit an ext5d$ exam9ation ( e grant1 b suffici5t has be5 consid]$ to po9t out ! orig9 & gr[? ( ! sy/em4 ,we h se5 t ! fir/ donation 0 "o-tw5tie? "p ( c]ta9 proce$s d]iv$ f ! sale ( l&s2 !n n9ety feet ( l&1 foll[$ soon by "o-half ( five sections p] mile on ea* side2 !n by six sections2 !n by t51 & f9ally by tw5ty sections p] mile on ea* side ( ! road4 ,if ! l&s grant$1 or 9 o!r words embrac$ )9 ! limits ( ! grants1 c\ld be f\nd available1 ! companies1 n includ+ ^? = canals or wagon roads1 w\ld receive1 provid$ ea* built its road & compli$ ) ! laws1 m ?an two hundr$ & fifte5 million acres4 ,t quantity if embrac$ 9 "o compact body1 w\ld =m an area ( m ?an ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-five ?\s& squ>e miles1 or a tract ( l& m ?an sev5 times z l>ge z ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 & only ab\t six ?\s& miles less ?an ! area ( ! ?irte5 orig9al ,/ates4 ,b1 9 fact1 ! grants w n realize ne> t quantity1 & ! e/imate1 z made by ! ,l& ,dep>tm5t1 is only ab\t "o hundr$ & eighty-sev5 million acres4 ,by ! aid ( ^? grants1 h[ev]1 ab\t fifte5 ?\s& miles ( road h be5 con/ruct$4 ,^? roads h be5 ! means ( develop+ va/ fields ( magnific5t t]ritory1 & secur+ to ! p _m less] l9es built by private capital4 ,! v>i\s grants h be5 ! subject ( mu* explanatory1 am5datory1 & confirmatory legislation1 & h also receiv$ num]\s int]pretations by ! diff]5t c\rts4 ,( ! latt]1 ,i deem x prop] to ref] only to ! m important rul+s ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt :i* be> ^u ! fundam5tal pr9ciples und]ly+ ! :ole sy/em4 ,9 ne>ly all grants1 except ! ,pacific1 provision has be5 made = indemnity 9 case x appe>$1 :5 ! l9es ( ! roads _h be5 def9itely fix$1 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h sold1 dispos$ (1 or res]v$ any ( ! sections or p>ts ( sections conta9$ )9 ! grants4 ,! !ory has h]et(ore exi/$ t 8indemnity0 0 all[$ = all tracts :i* might n be f\nd subject to ! op]ation ( ! grant2 & selections h be5 p]mitt$ 9 lieu ( su* dispos$ ( or res]v$ tracts4 ,a rec5t decision1 h[ev]1 ca/s "s d\bt ^u ! correctness ( ?is !ory4 ,! "q came up 9 a case f ,kansas1 "u ! act ( ,m>* #c1 #ahfc1 & ! c\rt decl>$3 8,we h be=e said t ! grant itself 0 9 prs5ti1 & cov]$ all ! odd sections :i* %\ld appe>1 on ! location ( ! road1 to h be5 )9 ! grant :5 x 0 made4 ,! "r to !m did n1 h[ev]1 dep5d on su* location1 b atta*$ at once on ! mak+ ( ! grant4 ,x is true !y c\ld n be id5tifi$ until ! l9e ( ! road 0 m>k$ out on ! gr\nd1 b z soon z ?is 0 done x 0 easy to f9d !m4 ,if ! company did n obta9 all ( !m )9 ! orig9al limit1 by reason ( ! p[] ( sale or res]vation reta9$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x 0 to be comp5sat$ by an equal am\nt ( sub/itut$ l&s4 ,! latt] c\ld n1 on any cont+5cy1 be select$ )9 t limit4 99 99 99 ,x w\ld be /range1 inde$1 if ! indemnity clause _h be5 int5d$ to p]=m ! (fice ( mak+ a new grant )9 ! t5 mile limit1 or enl>g+ ! "o already made4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 ! words employ$ %[ cle>ly t its only purpose is to give sections beyond t limit = ^? lo/ )9 x by ! action ( ! gov]nm5t betwe5 ! date ( ! grant & ! location ( ! road4 ,?is con/ruction gives effect to ! :ole /atute1 & makes ea* "p consi/5t ) ! o!r40 ,if x be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t su* 0 n ! int5tion ( ! legislators :o fram$ ! /atutes1 consolation c be f\nd 9 ! con/ruction giv5 to ! clause ins]t$ 9 e grant1 sub/antially z foll[s3 8,& ! said road %all rema9 a public highway = ! use ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 free f toll or o!r *>ge ^u ! transportation ( troops or o!r prop]ty ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,x is decl>$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt t ! purpose ( t clause 0 to all[ ! ,gov]nm5t ! "r to place its locomotive eng9es & c>s ^u ! railroad tracks1 & to use su* tracks z a public highway4 ,! c\rt say3 8,we are ( op9ion t ! res]vation 9 "q secures to ! ,gov]nm5t only a free use ( ! railroads conc]n$2 & t x does n entitle ! ,gov]nm5t to h troops or prop]ty transport$ by ! companies ov] _! respective roads free ( *>ge = transport+ ! same40 ,! section provid+ = ! disposal ( ! l&s1 recit$ 9 full 9 ! ,miss\ri grant ( #aheb1 has be5 con/ru$ z ve/+ 9 ! ,/ate ! "r to sell "o hundr$ & tw5ty sections ( l&1 conta9$ )9 a cont9u\s l5g? ( tw5ty miles at any place along ! grant1 ev5 ?\gh ! road contemplat$ 0 nev] built2 & ! title acquir$ by pur*ase f ! ,/ate is valid4 ,& ! clause ) :i* ! section ref]r$ to ends1 to ! effect t if ! road be n complet$ )9 a c]ta9 "t ! l&s %all rev]t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has be5 decl>$ inop]ative )\t fur!r action by ! ,gov]nm5t1 ei!r legislative or judicial1 look+ to an en=cem5t ( ! res]v$ "r4 ,fe>s h be5 awak5$ z to ! p[] to ultimately control ^! corporations1 on acc\nt ( ! enorm\s ext5t to :i* !y h exp&$2 b1 z has be5 said by an able writ]1 8?is evil1 h[ev]1 if x be su*1 w probably "w its own cure40 ,be t z x may1 _! influ5ces h be5 felt by all1 & _! b5efits h ext5d$ to ! remote/ sections ( our c\ntry4 ,!y h prov$ a bond betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n ,/ates--anxi\sly s\ght = by ,wa%+ton :5 ! lat]al limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 less ?an half :at !y are at ?is "t4 ,!y h unit$ ! ,pacific ) ! ,atlantic1 & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ( ! we/ ) ! ,alleghanies ( ! ea/4 ,!y h dispell$ all ideas look+ to ! removal ( ! seat ( ,gov]nm5t1 = !y h put 9 direct communication ! p ( ,oregon ) ! p ( ,ma9e4 ,f ocean to ocean requires b days1 :]e only a few ye>s ago x requir$ weeks4 ,9 ! pa/1 long l9es ( mov+ wagons groan$ b5ea? _! loads ( adv5tur\s families1 :o at night1 )9 ! corral1 seat$ !mselves ar\nd ! blaz+ camp fire1 fe>ful ( ! dang]s to :i* !y 7 expos$4 ,b ! pres5t has =gott5 !m4 ,9 _! /ead ! pond]\s :eels ( frequ5t tra9s1 mov+ ) a spe$ surpass+ t ( ! de]1 trav]s+ ! valley & m\nta91 c>ry =w>d _! loads ( liv+ freight2 &1 9 place ( dang]\s encampm5ts1 provide means ( sleep & refre%m5t1 & af=d ! com=ts ( luxuri\s homes4 ,! railway has br\ght to our doors ! h>ve/ ( our fields2 h&$ to our m9ts ! va/ res\rces ( our m9es1 & op5$ to u direct communication ) ! old] worlds4 ,its arms h ext5d$ into a hundr$ vales & ov] a hundr$ m\nta9s1 grasp+ 9 _! embrace manifold evid5ces ( civilization & prosp]ity4 ,,index4 ,page4 ,abbott1 ,mr41 #fb ,abies amabilis1 #ajb ,canad5sis1 #ajj concolor1 #aja ,d\glasii1 #ajj ,engelmanni1 #aja gr&is1 #ajb ,m5ziesii1 #aja subalp9a1 #aja ,ac] gr&id5tata1 #ajc ,agricultural & timb] indu/ries diff]5tiat$1 #ah res\rces ( ! ,be> ,riv] dra9age bas91 #aai ,jordan ,riv] dra9age bas91 #abd ,web] ,riv] dra9age bas91 #aba ,agriculture1 ,am\nt ( precipitation necess>y =1 #b1 #c ,influ5ce ( temp]ature ^u1 #b 9 ! ,arid ,region dep5d5t ^u irrigation1 #dj 9 ,utah dep5d5t ^u irrigation1 #f exceptions !reto1 #f limit$ by sev]al conditions1 #g ,utilization ( ! small /reams 91 #g )\t irrigation1 #c1 #f1 #ej ,aira cspitosa1 #aji ,alabama1 ,l&-grants to1 #agi ,alkal9e salts1 #ade ,am\nt ( l& a unit ( wat] w supply1 #g ,antelope ,isl&1 #fc1 #fd b>1 #fc1 #fg ,areal di/ribution ( ra9fall1 #hb ,area ( irrigable l& sometimes n limit$ by wat] supply1 #he ,areas ( /&+ timb]1 #ae to :i* l>g] /reams c be tak51 #g :i* small] /reams c s]ve1 #g ,arid ,region1 ,b\nd>ies ( !1 #a1 #c ,ext5t ( !1 #e ,increase 9 wat] supply 9 !1 #hi1 #ia ,l& sy/em ne$$ = !1 #be ,m9+ indu/ries ( !1 #hh ,physical *>act]i/ics ( !1 #a ,precipitation ( !1 #dh ,ra9fall ( !1 #e ,arizona & ,new ,mexico1 ,seasonal precipitation 91 #ef ,arkansas1 ,l& grants to1 #agd1 #agi ,artemisia1 #aaj ,a%ley ,=k1 ,irrigable l&s (1 #afa ,at*ison1 ,topeka & ,santa ,f ,railroad ,company1 ,l& grants to !1 #agh ,atlantic & ,pacific ,railroad ,company1 ,l& grants to !1 #agi ,atlantic coa/1 ,fl[ ( ! riv]s ( !1 #gf ,ra9fall on !1 #fi ,b>foot1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,l41 #ei ,b>ton1 ,mr41 #aac ,bas91 ,colorado4 7,see ,colorado ,bas947 ,great ,salt ,lake4 7,see ,great ,salt ,lake ,di/rict47 ,range ,sy/em1 #id ,sevi] ,lake4 7,see ,sevi] ,lake ,di/rict47 ,u9ta-,:ite4 7,see ,u9ta-,:ite ,bas947 ,be> ,riv]1 #aag ,city1 #gh dra9age bas91 ,agricultural res\rces ( !1 #aai ,area ( !1 #aai ,mean fl[ ( !1 #gb ,beav] dams1 ,effect ( cutt+1 #gd ,betula occid5talis1 #ajc ,bill to au?orize ! organization ( irrigation di/ricts1 #cj pa/urage di/ricts1 #cc ,black ,rock b5*1 #fa pill>1 #ei1 #fj ,bonneville ,lake1 #if ,book ,cliffs1 ,orographic /ructure ( !1 #ih ,b\tel\a oligo/a*ya1 #ajh ,bromus1 #aji ,br[n ,cliffs1 #ih ,br[n's ,p>k1 ,irrigable l&s (1 #afb ,burl+ton & ,miss\ri ,railroad ,company1 ,l& grants to !1 #agh ,canals1 ,l& grants 9 aid (1 #aff ,caon ,l&s1 ,am\nt ( irrigable l& 9 !1 #ajf ,coal l&s ( !1 #ajf ,description ( !1 #aje ( ,utah1 #id ,c>ex ,jamesii1 #aji ,c>r+ton ,isl&1 #fb ,ca/le ,valley1 #aje ,c5tral ,pacific ,railroad ,company1 ,l& grants to !1 #agg ,c]coc>pus p>vifolius1 #aaj ,celtis occid5talis1 #ajc ,circle ,valley1 ,am\nt ( irrigable l& 9 !1 #acg ,climate ( ! ,colorado ,bas91 #aea ,coal l&s1 #de ,disposal ( !1 #dd ( ! ,caon ,l&s1 #ajf ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region1 #ai ,colony sy/em1 #bh ,colorado ,bas91 ,climate ( !1 #aea ,elevation ( !1 #aea ,irrigable l&s ( !1 #aej ,mean annual precipitation 9 !1 #gi ,orographic /ructure ( !1 #ie ,s\rce ( ! wat] supply ( !1 #aeb ,table ( irrigable l&s ( !1 #afd dra9age area1 #id ,riv]1 ,pr9cipal tribut>ies ( !1 9 ,utah1 #aej ,conditions affect+ ! di/ribution ( ra9fall1 #ij ,cop]ative labor necess>y to ! developm5t ( irrigation1 #aa ,critical p]iod1 #he1 #ach1 #aed season1 #aaf ,dakota1 ,precipitation (1 #ea ,d5v] ,pacific ,railroad ,company1 ,l& grants to !1 #agi ,des]t dra9age area1 #id ,orographic /ructure ( !1 #ie ,des ,mo9es ,riv]1 ,l& grant 9 aid ( ! improvem5t ( !1 #aga ,di/ribution ( ra9 ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 #ej ,di/rict1 ,great ,salt ,lake4 7,see ,great ,salt ,lake ,di/rict47 ,sevi] ,lake4 7,see ,sevi] ,lake ,di/rict47 ,division l9es ( pa/urage f>ms1 #bb1 #bh1 #cg ( l& by settl]s1 #ch ,dra9age area1 ,colorado1 #id ,des]t1 #id ,modification ( ! conditions (1 #gc ( ! ,tavaputs ,plateau1 #if ,u9ta ,m\nta9s1 #if ,wasat* ,m\nta9s1 #if ,utah1 #id ,drummond1 ,willis1 jr41 on l& grants 9 aid ( int]nal improvem5ts1 #afd ,dry f>m+1 #ej1 #gh ,du*esne ,riv]1 ,volume ( fl[ ( !1 #afj ,dutton1 ,capt4 ,c4 ,e41 cit$1 #aaj on ! irrigable l& ( ! ,sevi] ,bas91 #abh ,ea/ ,florida ,railroad ,company1 ,l& grant to !1 #afi ,egg ,isl&1 #fg ,engelmann1 ,mr41 #ajb ,erocoma cuspidata1 #ajh ,escalante ,riv]1 ,irrigable l&s ( !1 #aef ,volume ( fl[ ( !1 #aef ,eurotia lanata1 #aaj ,evaporation by spread+ ( wat]1 #gd ,f>m+ton pill>1 #fa ,f>m+ )\t irrigation1 #gg ,f>m resid5ces1 ,gr\p+ (1 #bb unit = pa/urage l&s1 #ba1 #bh ,f5c+ ( pa/urage l&s1 #bc ,fires 9 ! timb] region1 #ae1 #ii ,cause (1 #ag1 #ii ,protection f1 #ah1 #ii ,flood-pla9 l&s1 #hh ,=e/s1 ,am\nt ( ra9fall necess>y to ! gr[? (1 #ae ,fox1 ,mr4 ,jesse ,w41 #fa1 #aac ,frax9us anomala1 #ajc coriacea1 #ajc ,fremont ,isl&1 #fb1 #fg ,riv]1 ,irrigable l&s ( !1 #aeg ,tribut>ies ( !1 #aeg ,volume ( fl[ ( !1 #aeg1 #aeh ,gilb]t1 ,g4 ,k41 cit$1 #hd1 #aaj on irrigable l& ( ! ,salt ,lake dra9age sy/em1 #aac on wat] supply1 #eg ,gov]nm5t "r to use ( subsidiz$ railroads1 #aha ,gr& ,riv]1 ,irrigable l&s ( !1 #afc ,volume ( fl[ ( !1 #afc ,grasses ( ! pa/urage l&s1 #ai ,utah1 #ajg ,great ,salt ,lake1 ,accumulation ( ! wat] 91 #eh ,area (1 #ff1 #gc ,bas9 7,see ,great ,salt ,lake ,di/rict7 ,causes ( abnormal *ange (1 #fg ,des]t1 #ff ,diagram %[+ rise & fall (1 #fd ,di/rict1 #id ,am\nt ( irrigable l& 9 !1 #ajg ,*ange 9 ! climate ( !1 #fh1 #gj ,description ( !1 #ajg ,irrigable l&s ( !1 #aac ,fluctuations 9 ! ra9fall ( !1 #gj ,irrigation by l>ge /reams 9 !1 #aag small /reams 9 !1 #abf ,evaporation ( ! wat] (1 #eh1 #gb ,hi/ory ( ! pa/ *anges (1 #fb ,increase & decrease ( ! size (1 #eh ,isl&s (1 #fb ,limit$ oscillation (1 #ei ,limit ( wave action (1 #fe ,record ( height (1 #fj ,rise & fall (1 #ei ,/orm l9es (1 #fe ,/reams fl[+ into1 #gb ,gre5 ,riv]1 ,irrigable l&s ( !1 #afb ,volume ( fl[ ( !1 #afb ,gunnison1 ,capta91 #ih ,valley1 #aje ,irrigable l&s ( !1 #afc ,hayd51 ,dr4 ,f4 ,v41 #ga ,h5ry ,m\nta9s1 #aje ,pr(4 ,joseph1 #df1 #ei1 #fb1 #gi ,h5rys ,=k1 ,irrigable l&s (1 #afa ,ill9ois1 ,l& grants to1 #afh1 #agb ,increase 9 wat] supply 9 ! ,arid ,region1 #eg1 #hi1 #ia ( ra9fall1 #fi1 #ia ,indiana1 ,l& grants to1 #aff1 #afg ,int]nal improvem5ts1 ,l& grants 9 aid (1 #afe ,i[a1 ,l& grants to1 #afi1 #agi ,irrigable & pa/urage l&s ( ,utah1 #ajd areas1 ,increase (1 by /orage ( wat]1 #ab1 #ac l&1 ,area (1 sometimes n limit$ by wat] supply1 #he1 #hf ,ext5t (1 increas$ by ! use ( spr+s1 #i 9 ,utah1 ,am\nt (1 #i l&s1 #bc ,am\nt ( wat] requir$ =1 #hd ,disposal (1 #bg highly productive1 #aj ,important que/ions relat+ to1 #ha ,increase 9 ! ext5t ( !1 #eg 9 ,utah ,t]ritory1 ,table (1 #aaa ( ,s\?we/]n ,utah1 #adh ( ! ,colorado ,bas91 #aej ,table (1 #afd ,great ,salt ,lake ,di/rict1 #aac ,sevi] ,lake ,di/rict1 #acd valley ( ! ,sevi] ,riv]1 #abh ,irrigable l&s ( !1 ,virg9 ,riv]1 #aec ( ,utah1 ,di/ribution ( !1 #i ,selection (1 #hg ,situation ( !1 #f ,irrigat+ canals1 ,co/ (1 #abe me?ods1 ,improvem5t 91 #h season1 #he ,irrigation1 ,advantages (1 #aj ,am\nt ( wat] ne$$ =1 #aad us$ 91 #ada companies1 #dj ,cop]ative labor necess>y to ! developm5t (1 #aa ,direct influ5ce (1 ^u ! infl[ ( ,great ,salt ,lake1 #ge ,indirect influ5ce (1 ^u ! infl[ ( ,great ,salt ,lake1 #gf ( pa/urage f>ms1 #ba ,quantitative value ( wat] us$ 91 #ha ,unit ( wat] us$ 91 #ha ,isohyetal l9e ( tw5ty in*es1 #b ,jordan ,riv]1 #aba dra9age bas91 ,agricultural res\rces ( !1 #abd ,area ( !1 #abe ,mean fl[ ( !1 #gb ,juncus ,balticus1 #aji ,junip]us ,cali=nicus1 #ajc ,virg9iana1 #ajc ,kanab ,creek1 ,irrigable l&s (1 #aed ,pond+ (1 #aed ,kansas1 ,l& grants to1 #agh1 #agi ,pacific ,railroad ,company1 ,l& grants to !1 #agg ,kimball1 ,mr4 ,heb] ,p41 #fa ,k+1 ,mr4 ,cl>5ce1 #ff ,lake ,bonneville1 #if ,utah1 ,function (1 z a res]voir1 #abc ,l& grants 9 aid ( int]nal improvem5ts1 #afe ,l&s1 ,classification (1 #dc ,irrigable4 7,see ,irrigable ,l&s47 ( ,utah1 #ic & ,idaho f]tiliz$ by wat]1 #ge ,physical features ( !1 #ic ,pa/urage4 7,see ,pa/urage ,l&s47 ,l& sy/em ne$$ = ! ,arid ,region1 #be ,leav5wor?1 ,lawr5ce & ,galve/on ,railroad ,company1 ,l& grants to !1 #agh ,l[] ,columbia ,region1 #a ,precipitation ( !1 #di ,m>%es1 ,dra9age (1 #gd ,evaporation f1 #gd ,m>t9eau1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,h41 #aac ,mean temp]ature by seasons = ! ,san ,francisco ,region1 #ed ,me?od ( det]m9+ ! supply ( wat]1 #he1 #hf ,mi*igan1 ,l& grants to1 #agi ,mill]1 ,mr4 ,jacob1 #fa1 #fb ,m9]al l&s1 #dd ,disposal (1 #dd n suit$ to agriculture1 #dd ,m9nie ,maud ,creek1 ,irrigable l&s (1 #afj ,volume ( fl[ (1 #afj ,m9nesota & ,nor?we/]n ,railroad ,company1 #agf ,l& grants to !1 #agd1 #agi ,mississippi ,valley1 ,fl[ ( ! riv]s ( !1 #gf ,miss\ri1 ,kansas & ,texas ,railroad ,company1 ,l& grants to !1 #agh ,l& grants to1 #agi ,mit*ell1 ,mr4 ,john ,t41 #ei ,monopoly ( pa/urage f>ms1 #bb ,m\nta9s1 ,h5ry1 #aje ,u9ta4 7,see ,u9ta ,m\nta9s47 ,wasat*4 7,see ,wasat* ,m\nta9s47 ,negundo ac]oides1 #ajc ,nevada1 ,mean annual precipitation 91 #gi ,new ,mexico & ,arizona1 ,seasonal precipitation 91 #ef ,new ,orleans & ,na%ville ,railroad ,company1 ,l& grants to !1 #afh ,new ,york1 ,ra9fall ( ! ,/ate (1 #gj ,ogd5 ,riv]1 ,measur$ volume ( !1 #abj ,ohio1 ,l& grants to1 #aff1 #afg ,ohio ,valley1 ,ra9fall ( !1 #gj ,orographic /ructure ( ! ,book ,cliffs1 #ih ,colorado dra9age area1 #ie ,des]t dra9age area1 #ie ,u9ta ,m\nta9s1 #ig ,wasat* ,m\nta9s1 #if ,pacific coa/1 ,seasonal precipitation & temp]ature ( !1 #ee ,panguit* ,valley1 ,am\nt ( irrigable l& 91 #acf ,p>ia ,riv]1 ,irrigable l&s ( !1 #aee ,volume ( fl[ ( !1 #aee ,p>k1 ,dr4 ,john ,r41 #ei ,pa/urage f>ms1 ,division l9es (1 #bb1 #bh1 #cg ,irrigation (1 #ba ne$ small tracts ( irrigable l&1 #ba1 #bh l&s1 #ai1 #bd1 #ajd ,pa/urage l&s1 ,b\nd>ies (1 #ai ,disposal (1 #bh ,ext5t (1 #ai ,f>m unit =1 #ba1 #bh ,f5c+ (1 #bc ,grasses ( !1 #ai ,monopoly ( !1 #bb p>tially suppli$ by scatt]$ spr+s1 #ba ,situation ( !1 #f ,phragmites communis1 #aji ,p9us ari/ata1 #ajj edulis1 #ajj flexilis1 #ajj monticola1 #ajj pond]osa1 #ajj ,pione]s1 ,ent]prise & indu/ries (1 #da ,plateaus1 ,! ,high1 #id ,plateau1 ,tavaputs1 #ic ,yampa1 #aje ,poas1 #ajh ,pond+1 #ab1 #ac ,ponds1 ,evaporation ( ! wat] (1 #gc ,populus angu/ifolia1 #ajb monilif]a1 #ajb tremuloides1 #ajb ,precipitation 9 ! ,region ( ! ,pla9s1 #eb ,mean annual1 9 ,colorado1 #gi ,nevada1 #gi ,utah1 #gi ,wyom+1 #gi nor? ( ! ,columbia ,riv]1 #a ( ,dakota1 #ea ,texas1 #ej ! ,arid ,region1 #dh ,region ( ! ,l[] ,columbia1 #di ,san ,francisco ,region1 #di ,sub-humid ,region1 #dg ,precipitation1 ,seasonal1 ( ! ,pacific ,coa/1 #ee ,price ,riv]1 ,irrigable l&s ( !1 #aei ,volume ( fl[ ( !1 #aei ,provo ,riv]1 #aba ,public l&s1 ,h[ to acquire title to1 #be ,qu]cus undulata1 #ajc ,railroads1 ,l& grants 9 aid (1 #afe1 #afh1 #agb ,ra9fall1 ,areal di/ribution (1 #hb ,conditions affect+ ! di/ribution (1 #ij ,ra9fall1 ,di/ribution (1 ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 #ej ,increase (1 #ia ( ! ,arid ,region1 #e1 #dh belt betwe5 ,great ,salt ,lake & ,wasat* ,m\nta9s1 #f1 #gi ,sub-humid ,region1 #d1 #dg ( ! we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #df ,ra9 gauge records1 #a1 #c1 #ia1 #aca ,defici5cy (1 #a 8,ra9y seasons01 #be1 #ej ,ranges1 ,bas91 #id ,records1 ,ra9 gauge1 #a1 #c1 #ia1 #aca ,region ( ! ,l[] ,columbia4 7,see ,l[] ,columbia ,region47 ( ! ,pla9s1 ,seasonal precipitation 9 !1 #eb ,san ,francisco4 7,see ,san ,francisco ,region47 ,sub-humid4 7,see ,sub-humid ,region47 ,r5%awe1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,h41 #aac1 #aec ,res]voirs1 #ab1 #ac1 #he1 #add ,riv]1 ,be>4 7,see ,be> ,riv]47 ,colorado4 7,see ,colorado ,riv]47 ,du*esne4 7,see ,du*esne ,riv]47 ,escalante4 7,see ,escalante ,riv]47 ,fremont4 7,see ,fremont ,riv]47 ,gr&4 7,see ,gr& ,riv]47 ,gre54 7,see ,gre5 ,riv]47 ,gunnison4 7,see ,gunnison ,riv]47 ,jordan4 7,see ,jordan ,riv]47 ,ogd54 7,see ,ogd5 ,riv]47 ,p>ia4 7,see ,p>ia ,riv]47 ,price4 7,see ,price ,riv]47 ,provo4 7,see ,provo ,riv]47 ,san ,rafael4 7,see ,san ,rafael ,riv]47 ,sevi]4 7,see ,sevi] ,riv]47 ,u9ta4 7,see ,u9ta ,riv]47 ,virg94 7,see ,virg9 ,riv]47 ,web]4 7,see ,web] ,riv]47 ,:ite4 7,see ,:ite ,riv]47 ,riv]s1 ,l& grants 9 aid ( improvem5t (1 #afi ,rockwood1 ,hon4 ,a4 ,p41 #aac ,san ,francisco ,region1 ,mean temp]ature1 by seasons1 ( !1 #ed ,precipitation ( !1 #di ,ra9y season ( !1 #ed ,seasonal precipitation 9 !1 #ec ,san ,pete ,valley1 ,am\nt ( irrigable l& 9 !1 #ach ,fl[ ( ! /reams ( !1 #ach ,san ,rafael ,riv]1 ,irrigable l&s ( !1 #aeh1 #aei ,tribut>ies ( !1 #aeh ,san ,rafael ,riv]1 ,volume ( fl[ ( !1 #aei ,s*ott1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,a41 #df1 #fi ,seasonal precipitation & temp]atures on ! ,pacific coa/1 #ee 9 ,arizona & ,new ,mexico1 #ef ,seasonal precipitation 9 ! ,region ( ! ,pla9s1 #eb ,san ,francisco ,region1 #ec ,selection ( irrigable l&s1 #hg ,sevi] ,lake ,bas91 #id ,di/rict1 #id ,altitudes 9 !1 #acc ,am\nt ( irrigable l& 9 !1 #ajf1 #adc ,climate ( !1 #aca ,description ( !1 #ajf ,irrigable l&s ( !1 #acd ,physical *>act]i/ics ( !1 #acj ,ra9fall ( !1 #aca ,ra9 gauge records ( !1 #aca ,riv]1 ,c\rse ( !1 #abi ,volume ( fl[ ( !1 #aci1 #adj ,irrigable l&s ( ! valley ( !1 #abh ,valley ( !1 #abi ,si]ra ,la ,sal1 #aje ,si\x ,city & ,pacific ,railroad ,company1 ,l& grants to !1 #agg ,smi?sonian ,tables ( ,precipitation1 #df1 #fi ,soil & subsoil1 ,complicat+ conditions (1 #hc ,conditions (1 #hb ,soils1 #ade ,s\!rn ,pacific ,railroad ,company1 ,l& grants to !1 #agi ,spr+s1 ,op5+ out (1 #gd ,use (1 9 irrigation1 #i ,/ansbury1 ,capta9 ,h[>d1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff ,isl&1 #fg b>1 #fd1 #fg ,/reams1 ,desc5t (1 #hh fl[+ into ,great ,salt ,lake1 #gb ,fl[ (1 at diff]5t p]iods1 #ac ,increase 9 ! volume (1 #eg ,measurem5t (1 #hf1 #aae ( ,san ,pete ,valley1 ,volume ( fl[ ( !1 #adj ( ,utah1 ,fluctuations ( !1 #aae ,practical capacity (1 #he small1 ,employm5t (1 9 irrigation1 #g1 #aa1 #ab ,/rong's ,knob1 #fg ,sub-humid ,region1 ,b\nd>ies ( !1 #c de/itute ( =e/s1 #d ,mean precipitation ( !1 #dg ,ra9fall ( !1 #d ,supply ( wat]1 ,me?od ( det]m9+ !1 #he1 #hf ,table ,i4 ,precipitation ( ! ,sub-humid ,region1 #dg ,,ii4 ,arid ,region1 #dh ,,iii4 ,san ,francisco ,region1 #di ,,iv4 ,region ( ! ,l[] ,columbia1 #di ,v4 ,texas1 #ej ,,vi4 ,dakota1 #ea ,,vii4 ,season ( precipitation 9 ! ,region ( ! ,pla9s1 #eb ,,viii4 ,san ,francisco ,region1 #ec ,,ix4 ,mean temp]ature1 by seasons1 = ! ,san ,francisco ,region1 #ed ,x4 ,seasonable precipitation & temp]atures on ! ,pacific coa/1 #ee ,,xi4 9 ,arizona & ,new ,mexico1 #ef ( irrigable l&s 9 ,utah1 #aaa ( s\?we/]n ,utah1 #adi ( ! ,colorado ,bas91 #afd ,sevi] ,lake ,di/rict1 #add ( mean annual precipitation 9 ,colorado1 #gi ,nevada1 #gi ,utah1 #gi ,wyom+1 #gi ,tavaputs ,plateau1 #ic ,dra9age ( !1 #if ,temp]ature dep5d5t ^u altitude & latitude1 #b ,temp]atures1 ,seasonal1 on ! ,pacific ,coa/1 #ee ,texas & ,pacific ,railroad ,company1 ,l& grants to !1 #agi ,precipitation (1 #ej ,! ,high ,plateaus1 #id ,?omas1 ,pr(4 ,cyrus1 #ga ,?ompson1 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,h41 cit$1 #hf1 #aaj on ! irrigable l& ( ! ,colorado ,bas91 #aej ,timb]1 #ih ,areas ( /&+1 #ae1 #ag ,cultivation (1 #ai ,de/ruction (1 by fire1 #ae gr[? dep5d5t ^u climatic conditions1 #ad l&s1 #ad1 #bc ,b\nd>ies ( !1 #ad ,disposal ( !1 #bg ,situation ( !1 #f1 #ad regions1 #ae ,ext5t ( !1 #af ,fires 9 !1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1 #ii ,titles to public l&s1 #be ,u9ta ,m\nta9s1 #ic ,dra9age ( !1 #if ,orographic /ructure ( !1 #ig ,u9ta ,riv]1 ,irrigable l&s ( !1 #afj ,tribut>ies ( !1 #afj ,volume ( fl[ ( !1 #afj1 #afa ,:ite ,bas91 #ic ,am\nt ( irrigable l&s 9 !1 #aje ,description ( !1 #ajd ,physical features ( !1 #afj ,union ,pacific ,railroad ,company1 ,l& grants to !1 #agg ,unit ( wat] supply1 #h1 #hd1 #aae1 #ada ,me?od ( det]m9+ !1 #h us$ 9 irrigation1 #ha ,utah1 ,am\nt ( cultivat$ l& 91 #hd ,*ur* gov]nm5t 91 #hi1 #abh ,dra9age (1 #id ,=e/ trees (1 #ajj ,grasses (1 #ajg ,irrigable & pa/urage l&s (1 #ajd ,lake1 #abc ,l&s (1 #ic ,mean annual precipitation 91 #gi ,pa/urage l&s (1 #ajd ,prevail+ w9ds (1 #fh ,table ( irrigable l&s 91 #aaa ,timb] (1 #ih ,v>iety ( crops cultivat$ 91 #hd ,wat]%$ (1 #id ,valley1 ,ca/le1 #aje ,circle1 ,am\nt ( irrigable l& 9 !1 #acg ,gunnison1 #aje ,irrigable l&s ( !1 #afb ( ! ,mississippi1 #gf ,sevi] ,riv]1 ,am\nt ( irrigable l& 9 !1 #add ,panguit*1 ,am\nt ( irrigable l& 9 !1 #acf ,san ,pete1 ,am\nt ( irrigable l& 9 !1 #ach ,fl[ ( ! /reams ( !1 #adj ,vasey1 ,dr4 ,george1 #ajh ,vilfa 7,sporobolis7 airoides1 #ajh ,virg9 ,riv]1 ,irrigable l&s ( !1 #aec ,volume ( wat] fl[+ 9 ! /reams1 ,det]m9ation (1 #h ,wagon roads1 ,l& grants 9 aid (1 #aff ,w>d1 ,mr4 ,l4 ,f41 #ajc ,wasat* ,m\nta9s1 #ic1 #id ,dra9age ( !1 #if ,orographic /ructure ( !1 #if ,wa/age ( wat]1 #hd ,wat]1 ,evaporation (1 #ac ,irrigat+ capacity (1 #h1 #hd1 #aae1 #ada ,loss (1 by evaporation1 #hg ,me?od ( det]m9+ ! supply (1 #he1 #aae1 #aci /or+1 #ab rights1 #dj %\ld inh]e 9 ! l&s to be irrigat$1 #dj1 #da supply1 #eg affect$ by ! cutt+ ( timb]1 #ge f>m+1 #gc graz+1 #gd ,economic be>+s ( !1 #gf ,increase 9 !1 #eg1 #hi1 #ia ,/orage (1 #aaf1 #abe1 #add us$ 9 irrigation1 ,quantitative value (1 #ha ,unit (1 #ha ,wa/age (1 #hd1 #adb ways rudely con/ruct$1 #h ,web] ,riv]1 #aai dra9age bas91 ,agricultural res\rces ( !1 #aba ,area ( !1 #aba ,mean fl[ ( !1 #gb ,:ite ,riv]1 ,irrigable l&s ( !1 #afb ,volume ( fl[ ( !1 #afb ,w9ds ( ,utah1 #fh ,wiscons91 ,l& grants to1 #afi1 #agi ,wyom+1 ,mean annual precipitation 91 #gi ,yampa ,plateau1 #aje ,"y1 ,hon4 ,brigham1 #aje ,illu/ration3 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior ,u4 ,s4 ,,geographical ,,& ,,geological ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,rocky ,,m\nta9 ,,region1 ,j4 ,w4 ,,p[ell ,,9 ,,*>ge4 ,,map ,,( ,,utah ,,t]ritory ,,repres5t+ ,,! ,,ext5t ,,( ,,! ,,irrigable1 ,,timb] ,,& ,,pa/ure ,,l&s4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,drawn ,,by ,,*>les ,,mahon1 ,j4 ,h4 ,,r5%awe1 ,w4 ,h4 ,,graves ,,& ,h4 ,,l9d5kohl ,,= ,,! ,,commission] ,,( ,,public ,,l&s #ahgh4 ,miles ,note ,?is map has be5 con/ruct$ f atlas %eets ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geographical & ,geological ,survey ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region ) additional mat]ial tak5 f ! maps ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geographical ,explorations & ,surveys we/ ( ! #ajj ,m]idian1 ,lieut4 ,geo4 ,m4 ,:eel]1 ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 9 *>ge1 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,exploration ( ! #dj ,p>allel1 ,cl>5ce ,k+1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geologi/ 9 *>ge1 & ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological & ,geographical ,survey ( ! ,t]ritories1 ,f4 ,v4 ,hayd51 9 *>ge ,,explanation ,irrigable ,l&s ,/&+ ,timb] ,area de/itute ( ,timb] on acc\nt ( ,fires ,rail ,roads ,wagon ,roads ,trails ,telegraph ,l9es ,c\nty ,seats 9 ,capital ,lett]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior ,u4,s4 ,,geographical ,,& ,,geological ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,rocky ,,m\nta9 ,,region ,j4 ,w4 ,,p[ell1 ,,9 ,,*>ge4 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,exhibit+ ,,! ,,grants ,,( ,,l&s ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,g5]al ,,gov]nm5t ,,to ,,aid ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,railroads ,,& ,,wagon ,,roads4 #ahgh ,= explanation see *apt] on 8,l& ,grants 9 aid ( ,int]national ,improvem5ts0 ,! base *>t 0 engrav$ = ! ,/ati/ical ,atlas ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,julius ,bi54 ,li?ograph] ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,errors 9 punctuation h be5 fix$4 ,page #ce3 8! ,commision]0 *ang$ to 8! ,commission]0 ,page #eb3 8n great] han %\ld0 *ang$ to 8n great] ?an %\ld0 ,page #eg3 8v erron5e\s0 *ang$ to 8v errone\s0 ,page #fe3 8ne$$ to cl5se l&0 *ang$ to 8ne$$ to cleanse l&0 ,page #fh3 8:atev] mann] 9 0 di/urb$0 *ang$ to 8:atev] mann] x 0 di/urb$0 ,page #ajh3 8/rongly akal9e soils0 *ang$ to 8/rongly alkal9e soils0 ,page #afb3 89 ! m\ta9s0 *ang$ to 89 ! m\nta9s0 ,page #agb3 8( a 8a portion00 *ang$ to 8( 8a portion00