,,/ock ,,& ,,/alks ,a ,book = ! ,dairy ,f>m] ,,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,rob]ts ,presid5t ,rob]ts ,sanit>y ,dairy ,l9coln & ,si\x ,city ,h5ry ,we/fall1 ,sales ,ag5t1 #abf ,s4 #aa? ,/reet ,midwe/ ,bldg41 ,l9coln1 ,nebraska 7,all ,rights ,res]v$7 ,copyright1 #aiba ,,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,rob]ts ,,/ock ,,& ,,/alks ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,int5sive ,,v]sus ,,by-,,product ,,dairy+ #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,dairy ,,type #ag ,,capacity ,,t5d5cies ,,physical ,,defects ,,diseases ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,pure ,,br$ ,,sire #bc ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,:at ,,to ,,fe$ #bf ,,*emical ,,analysis ,,balanc$ ,,rations ,,pa/ures ,,hay ,,corn ,,fodd] ,,silage ,,)\t ,,corn ,,silage ,,gra9 ,,fe$ ,,prep>$ ,,fe$s ,,*apt] ,v ,,h[ ,,to ,,fe$ #dd ,,balanc$ ,,rations ,,wat] ,,calf ,,& ,,heif] ,,fe$+ ,,*emical ,,analysis ,,rations ,,= ,,! ,,dairy ,,c[ ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,v>iations ,,9 ,,milk ,,te/s #ef ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,con/ruct+ ,a ,,b>n #fa ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,milk+ #fc ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,milk ,,products #ff ,,butt] ,,*eese ,,cottage ,,*eese ,,cream ,,skim ,,milk ,,:ey ,,*apt] ,x ,,m>ket ,,milk #gd ,,weight ,,( ,,milk ,,legal ,,requirem5ts ,,cleanl9ess ,,sanitation ,,cool+ ,,milk ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,exp]im5ts ,,be+ ,,tri$ ,,out ,,on ,,our ,,dairy ,,f>m #hc ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,diff]5t ,,po9ts ,,( ,,view #ib ,,introduction ,9 writ+ ?is booklet ,i hope to put into x in=mation valuable to ! av]age f>m] :o keeps c[s4 ,i make no claim = ?is little book z an addition to dairy sci5ce4 ,x is r a subtraction4 ,i mean t ,i h be5 c>eful to include only ! mo/ ess5tial in=mation4 ,:]e a great mass ( sci5tific data is ga!r$1 x takes discrim9ation to di/+ui% betwe5 matt]s ( great & less importance4 ,to d ?is discrim9at+ & to po9t out ! mo/ ess5tial ?+s1 z ,i see !m1 is ! purpose ( ?is und]tak+4 ,^? :o wi% m detail$ in=mation c easily f9d x prep>$ by ^? :o h /udi$ ?is matt] 9 detail4 ,i h n4 ,9 my exp]i5ce 9 ! dairy bus9ess ,i h tri$ to use to ! be/ & mo/ practical advantage ! sci5tific k t ,i c\ld acquire f o!rs4 ,my exp]i5ce has all be5 an ef=t to apply sci5ce to bus9ess4 ,x has be5 a bus9ess exp]i5ce1 n "o ( rese>* & inve/igation4 ,!re is mu* t ,i h f\nd to be ( no p>ticul> use to me1 b !re are _m ?+s t ,i h f\nd to be ( great importance4 ,sci5ce digs out facts1 figures1 data1 k1 or :atev] x may be call$4 ,to take facts ( sci5ce & make use ( !m 9 bus9ess is "o ?+ :i* ,web/]'s diction>y calls an art4 ,?is booklet1 !n1 may n be class$ z sci5ce = ! writ] is n s v sci5tific2 x is n 9 itself a "w ( art = ! writ] is n /rong on arti/ic ability2 b is writt5 on ! art ( keep+ c[s & pay+ ! fe$ bills4 ,/ock & ,/alks ,,*apt] ,i ,,int5sive ,,v]sus ,,by-,,product ,,dairy+ ,agriculture z a sci5ce is comp>atively new4 ,x is n l civil eng9e]+1 = in/ance1 :i* is taught ab\t alike 9 all places1 & mu* ( x ! same z 0 taught a g5]ation ago4 ,s9ce ,i c rememb] mo/ ( :at is n[ kn[n ab\t dairy sci5ce has be5 discov]$4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t z ! v>i\s ideas & doctr9es come out !y h bo? adh]5ts & oppon5ts4 ,x takes "t to cl>ify a situation & to prove :at is ! "r conclusion4 ,"s blame our agricultural colleges = n kn[+ m & kn[+ x soon]1 & = spread+ :at we n[ "k to h be5 9 "s cases mis9=mation4 ,b ! c\rse tak5 0 really ! only "o possible4 ,exp]im5t /ations h to try out a lot ( !ories 9 ord] to f9d :i* are wrong & :i* are "r4 ,at pres5t !re are _m ?+s /ill unkn[n & mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,if ! discussion :i* foll[s seems to diff] 9 "s respects ) recogniz$ au?orities1 ,i /ill ?9k t ,i may be "r2 & if wrong1 ,i claim z good a "r z any "o else to make mi/akes4 ,"h are "s ?+s to ?9k ab\t4 ,at "o "t !re 7 m real dairy cattle 9 ,lanca/] c\nty ?an !re are at pres5t4 ,!re 7 fairly l>ge h]ds ( grade ,hol/e9s produc+ milk :]e n[ !re are sc>cely any cattle at all4 ,int5sive dairy+ at "o "t _h a f9e />t 9 ,lanca/] c\nty1 b n[ !re is n a h]d l>ge en\gh to be call$ a dairy1 except ^? own$ by purebr$ bre$]s4 ,! city milk supply comes f a l>ge numb] ( f>m]s :o produce milk z a side issue4 ,! me?ods ( fe$+ & c>+ = cattle on ^! f>ms is 9 ! ma9 contr>y to ! in/ructions giv5 by ! dairy dep>tm5t at ! ,/ate ,f>m4 ,! m5 :o made dairy+ a bus9ess "h 7 le>n+ & foll[+ agricultural college me?ods4 ,!y _h good grade dairy cattle & produc$ fully twice z mu* p] c[ z d ! f>m]s n[ 9 ! bus9ess4 ,!y all quit because x did n pay4 ,x s happ5s t ,i 0 "o ( ! m5 ?us engag$4 ,i _h a f9e h]d ( fifty high-grade ,hol/e9s t 7 produc+ z mu* milk z is n[ be+ produc$ by ?irty ( our av]age dairy f>m]s4 ,my h]d 0 sold aft] los+ money = two ye>s4 ,we 7 9 a c[-te/+ association at ! "t & ! f9e records made by ^! c[s help$ to sell !m at a public sale4 ,"r 9 sight ( ! agricultural college all t _h be5 accompli%$ seem$ to fade away1 & ! old r$ c[1 :i* dairy sci5ce has tri$ = a g5]ation to kill1 came back to ! v skirts ( ! city4 ,j n[ if e dairy c[ 9 ,nebraska w\ld be slaught]$1 _! milk w\ld h>dly be miss$ b if ! old r$ c[ w\ld g on a /rike1 n a :eel 9 any cream]y ( ! /ate w\ld be turn+ next week4 ,:y ?is rem>kable turn ( ev5ts8 ,well1 !re are two !ories4 ,"o ( ^! lets ! agricultural college & all ( u out )\t disgrace & is some?+ ( a slam on ! f>m]4 ,! o!r gives ! f>m] cr$it = hav+ m s5se ?an we _h4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! f>m] milk+ 8 beef c[ produc$ milk = less ?an we ,hol/e9 m5 c\ld d x4 ,! fir/ !ory is t ! f>m] did n "k 8 co/s & !re=e kept "r on :ile ! defici5cy came out ( 8 hide4 ,! second is t ! f>m] _h u beat on ! co/ ( production4 ,is "o or ! o!r ( ^! !ories correct8 ,x mu/ be4 ,x w\ld be l tak+ ! hot end ( a pok] = me to argue t ! f>m] is a fool & to h "o ( 8 numb] rem>k t1 ev5 ?\gh he 01 ,i w5t out ( bus9ess aga9/ 8 competition4 ,"s "o else w h to argue t side4 ,i h a diff]5t explanation4 ,9 my judgm5t ! diff]5ce came ab\t 9 ! g5]al rise 9 price ( labor1 gra91 & alfalfa4 ,! milk t we produc$ 0 l a g>m5t cut out ( new clo?--x all co/ real money4 ,! f>m]'s milk 0 l>gely produc$ f corn /alks1 :eat pa/ure1 /ubble fields1 & draws pa/ur$--mat]ial t mu/ ei!r be turn$ into milk or wa/$4 ,x _h sc>cely any m>ket value4 ,our me?ods & our cattle 7 sup]ior to 8 9 _m ways1 b n en\gh to make up ! diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( fe$4 ,! common me?od on ! f>m is to pa/ure corn /alks dur+ ! w9t]4 ,x is a v wa/eful me?od ( fe$+ b x requires no labor4 ,! c[s ga!r ! corn t 0 miss$ 9 ! field & eat ! leaves & husks4 ,few c[s may be kept on a f>m :]e su* me?ods are 9 use1 b figur+ ! /alk ( no value1 su* me?ods produce ! *eape/ butt] fat 9 ! _w4 ,! f>m] _h u beat on ! co/ ( production4 ,he did n fe$ gra9 & =get to figure its value4 ,he f$ ! gra9 t ! husk]s left 9 ! field4 ,x _h no value except z x came to ! milk pail4 ,illu/ration3 ,:5 ! ,dairy ,c[ ,ne$s a ,fri5d ,at "o "t ,i work$ on a ran* 9 we/]n ,colorado :]e a l>ge numb] ( range cattle 7 w9t]$4 ,alfalfa 9 t community 0 sell+ = ?ree doll>s a ton1 b we f$ x to ! weak] cattle only4 ,! /rong ones c\ld live on sage bru% :i* co/ no?+4 ,sage bru% 0 n a bett] fe$4 ,x 0 n ne>ly s good1 b ! advantages (fset ! disadvantages4 ,s x 0 ) u4 ,! advantages ( ! two sy/ems 7 weigh$ & ours f\nd want+4 ,! av]age f>m]'s c[ is a 8scrub40 ,%e usually goes dry = ?ree or f\r mon?s ( ! ye> &1 ev5 :5 fre%1 gives ab\t half :at a develop$ dairy animal %\ld give4 ,:y d f>m]s p]si/ 9 milk+ 8scrubs10 !n8 ,h we n all told !m bett]8 ,i'll say s6 ,hol/e9s & ,j]seys are n s r>e t f>m]s d n "k :at !y are4 ,mo/ f>m]s h own$ a few b h gone back to ! old r$ /&-by4 ,:y8 ,are we wrong aga98 ,9 ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 ,ill9ois1 ,ohio1 & all ov] ! ea/ ! r$ c[ is disappe>+4 ,p !re d a great deal m ( dairy+ ?an we d4 ,:o kn[s ! bus9ess bett]1 !y :o d dairy+ z a bus9ess or we :o d n8 ,b argum5ts are ( no use :5 !y g aga9/ kn[n facts4 ,! color ( ! c[ is ! result ( a condition4 ,! r$ c[ has be5 bett] suit$ to a f>m]'s conditions & requirem5ts4 ,dairy cattle c n r\gh x l beef or dual-purpose cattle4 ,:]e ! cu/om is to /able fe$ & give good c>e to cattle1 dairy bre$s naturally take ! lead4 ,:]e ! dairy bus9ess is a side issue1 & besides giv+ milk a c[ is expect$ to face cold w9ds & to )/& p]iods ( semi-/>vation1 ! dairy type is n 9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,! /rong1 lean1 well-develop$ dairy c[s t h nev] be5 weak5$ by />vation or cold4 ,to und]/& ! cattle bus9ess we mu/ und]/& ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ^u :i* ! v>i\s k9ds ( cattle are built4 ,h]e=d cattle1 = in/ance1 are a pure beef type4 ,! beef animal is tra9$ & p]fect$ 9 ! t5d5cy to save ev]y?+ to itself & to load up ) fat & muscle4 ,"s ,h]e=d c[s c h>dly raise _! calves because ( ! t5d5cy ( ! "m to save all h] n\ri%m5t = h] own /r5g? & protection4 ,! c[ boys on ! range r>ely ?9k ( milk+ a c[ t has lo/ h] calf4 ,! typical beef animals give s little milk t !y c g dry at any "t ev5 on good grass ) little or no injury to !mselves4 ,"s dairy c[s w\ld die ev5 ?\gh suck$ by a big husky calf if !y 7 n milk$1 because !y give s mu* m ?an ! calf c\ld take4 ,! dairy c[ is br$ & tra9$ = g5]ations to dige/ all %e c & to give x all away1 keep+ no?+ ) :i* to protect h]self aga9/ h>d times4 ,%e builds no big muscles ) :i* to climb m\nta9s1 or wade ?r\gh mud & sn[ drifts4 ,! beef animal if treat$ l a dairy c[ simply gets fat & is f9ally turn$ to ! but*]4 ,! dairy c[ treat$ l a beef c[ is a trag$y to behold4 ,i h se5 bo? ,hol/e9 & ,j]sey /e]s out on ! range :]e ,h]e=d cattle /ay fat & /rong & ,i h he>d ! c[ boys cuss ab\t lett+ !m live1 = !y 7 m ( a gho/ ?an a reality4 ,cuss$ !y 7 by m5 & ,god-=sak51 s x w\ld seem4 ,s9ce ev5 ! /e]s c n protect !mselves to live :]e ! ,h]e=ds w ?rive1 :at c we ev] expect ( a produc+ c[8 ,:5 %e has giv5 all away !n goes up aga9/ ! p]iod ( %ort pa/ure or semi-/>vation1 %e beg9s imm$iately to readju/ to meet ! new conditions4 ,b ! "w ( g5]ations c n be undone 9 a life "t & %e fails to meet ! em]g5cy & loses ! vitality %e naturally possesses4 ,! r$ f>m]'s c[ is (t5 call$ ! dual-purpose animal4 ,%e is ab\t half way betwe5 ! beef & ! dairy4 ,%e protects h]self well b n to ! limit z does ! ,h]e=d4 ,%e produces milk well b n ne>ly s well z d ! highly-br$ & highly-develop$ /rictly dairy types4 ,n "o ( ^! ?ree types ( c[s w d to sub/itute = any o!r4 ,ea* has a place to fill & ea* is ! be/ animal 9 h] place4 ,!re is no?+ m fooli% ?an to sub/itute ! dairy bre$s = common cattle be=e we sub/itute ! dairy man = ! f>m] or else conv]t ! f>m] to ! dairyman's me?ods 9 fe$+4 ,! corn /alks & wa/e fe$ make ! *eape/ milk & ! r$ c[ is ! mo/ economical means ( conv]t+ su* fe$s into milk1 provid$ we want only a small production ) ! lea/ possible ef=t4 ,x takes m labor to prep>e fe$ = animals & fe$ x to !m ?an x does to let ! animals range ar\nd ov] ! field & d ! be/ !y c4 ,if f>m dairy+ is to be c>ri$ on 9 ! future j z x has be5 9 ! pa/1 ! r$ c[ is ! f>m]'s be/ fri5d & he is n a fool = recogniz+ h] z su*4 ,?is is n a pet !ory ( m9e4 ,x is a conclusion t ,i h _h to swall[ aga9/ my w4 ,! situation has no?+ ( promise = ! future4 ,if we become a dairy /ate1 we w h to put m labor & ef=t into milk production & d m l !y d 9 o!r /ates4 ,! /alks left /&+ 9 ! field1 fe$+ b a few ?ick-sk9n$ cattle make ! *eape/ milk1 only 9 case we figure ! by-product fe$s z ( no value4 ,we c\ld produce a great deal m cattle = beef & = dairy purposes if we utiliz$ :at we n[ wa/e4 ,if all ! corn 9 our /ate 0 %ock$ ?is ye>1 ?9k h[ mu* good fe$ w\ld rema9 aft] ! gra9 is husk$ out4 ,?9k h[ _m cattle might be w9t]$4 ,! /alks f "o acre ( av]age corn if prop]ly cons]v$ yield ne>ly en\gh r\gh fe$ = "o c[ dur+ ! entire w9t]4 ,fifty acres yield fully en\gh = =ty head ( cattle4 ,( c\rse we %\ld use alfalfa = "p ( ! ration b alfalfa is our *eape/ fe$ t is n a by-product4 ,gra9 w be requir$ = cattle t milk1 b rais+ calves & keep+ dry /ock is z mu* a "p ( milk production z any?+ else4 ,all su* cattle c be well-n\ri%$ & develop$ )\t gra94 ,x w n pay to ref9e !m to su* an ext5t t !y c n live on r\gh fe$4 ,b conditions are *ang+ aga94 ,labor1 gra91 & alfalfa are all com+ d[n & l& is high 9 price4 ,we w n long be tak+ only :at we c get ! easie/4 ,! "t is at h& :5 we are go+ to imitate ! pack] :o saves all b ! squeal4 ,! conditions exi/+ 9 ! ea/]n /ates w be f\nd "h4 ,i d n "k h[ soon b !y are com+4 ,x w be a long "t be=e ! specializ$ produc] c compete ) ! by-product fe$]1 b ! latt] is go+ to save m ( :at he has & use x to bett] advantage z soon z he c get labor4 ,dairy products are go+ to be 9 great en\gh dem& to pay ! extra labor co/s4 ,i d n look = all ( ! sy/em to be rev]s$4 ,! f>m]'s idea ( fe$+ cattle :at c\ld be us$ = no?+ else has be5 & w /ill be 8 salvation4 ,^? ( u :o produc$ no?+ b milk 7 wrong1 f ! /&po9t ( economy1 9 my op9ion4 ,:at ,i look = n[ is a comb9ation betwe5 ! two sy/ems4 ,c[s w be tak5 c>e ( z well z we c>$ = our high produc]s1 !re w be a *ange 9 ! me?ods ( c>+ = fe$1 b a l>ge "p ( ! fe$ w be ! by-products ( o!r f>m+ op]ations4 ,:at is ! use ( fe$+ all gre5-backs :5 we c make use ( fe$ t co/s no?+8 ,we c\ld produce m milk by us+ specializ$ me?ods altoge!r b we c make en\gh )\t1 & x w be *eap]4 ,b ! /&>d me?ods1 t always h be5 & /ill are taught1 are altoge!r int5sive4 ,e "o talks ( high records4 ,!re is n en\gh talk ( l[-co/ records4 ,a few ye>s ago !re 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,nebraska ,f>m] ! c[-te/+ association records ( h]ds 9 ,lanca/] c\nty4 ,"s ( ^! h]ds yield$ a l>ge production & o!rs yield$ mu* less4 ,b ! h]ds t produc$ less yield$ at a high] rate ( pr(it4 ,! diff]5ce 0 9 ! am\nt ( gra9 & exp5sive foods consum$ 9 proportion to ! production4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ^? :o h f$ gra9 & alfalfa z we us$ to fe$1 h f\nd x difficult to meet exp5ses4 ,we us$ to be taught t1 s9ce a c[ requir$ s mu* to ma9ta9 h] body :e!r %e produc$ milk or n & only ! am\nt %e consum$ above t am\nt c\ld be available = milk production1 x 0 well to fe$ z mu* gra9 z possible )\t injur+ ! c[ or r$uc+ h] fl[4 ,b ! price ( fe$ mu/ be reckon$1 z all admit n[4 ,& if gra9 is too high ! l>g] proportion ( our milk mu/ come f ! *eap] fe$s4 ,at pres5t ! gra9 m>ket looks v bad & int5sive dairy+ w\ld be m pr(itable n[ ?an x has be5 = a long "t4 ,b ! comb9ation1 :i* ,i ?9k is ideal1 w be ! be/ proposition all ( ! "t4 ,9 all fur!r discussions 9 ?is booklet ,i ref] to dairy bre$s exclusively = ,i believe t ! tide is turn+ & if ! r$ c[ & ! old me?ods are /ill to take ! lead1 x is a wa/e ( "t to /udy dairy+4 ,if f>m]s wi% to increase _! milk production & f9d _! way cle> to devote m "t to _! cattle1 ?is discussion may be ( "s assi/ance4 ,dairy c[s h c]ta9 def9ite requirem5ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! is t !y g ?r\gh no p]iods 9 :i* !y d n h all !y want to eat ( at lea/ good grass or good hay or r\ghage4 ,if ! grass beg9s to get a little %ort 9 ! summ]1 we mu/ n neglect to fe$4 ,ano!r important requirem5t ( ! dairy c[ is t %e be n expos$ to h>d%ips su* z cold w9ds & ra9s4 ,/>vation & /orms1 ^! two ?+s above all--we mu/ gu>d ! dairy c[ aga9/4 ,i w describe h[ ,i ?9k dairy+ %\ld be conduct$ = ! mo/ pr(it on ! f>m s t ! by-products may be utiliz$ to ! fulle/ ext5t practicable & at ! same "t ! dairy type cattle may be kept produc+ to good advantage4 ,i am n inv5t+ ?is sy/em1 = ,i am describ+ ! common practice ( ! p 9 ! dairy /ates4 ,9 ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 & ,m9nesota cattle are kept l>gely on by-products4 ,9 ! *eap fe$ lies ! pr(its4 ,else:]e ,i h describ$ my own me?ods ( h&l+ pa/ure1 ! idea ( :i* came f ,europe4 ,b z to w9t] fe$+1 ! :ole ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates sets a good example4 ,i w\ld want "o or two silos1 small 9 diamet] b tall4 ,i w\ld want "o acre ( alfalfa & "o acre ( pa/ure = e c[ t ,i expect$ to keep4 ,if we h a l>ge numb] ( "y /ock1 ! pa/ure w\ld ne$ to be increas$4 ,i w\ld fill ^! silos ) corn1 gra9 & all1 & use ! silage to fe$ only ! c[s giv+ milk4 ,i w\ld use a ,smalley fe$ cutt] ) snapp+ atta*m5ts & use cut-up dry fodd] conta9+ no gra9 z ! pr9cipal fe$ = ! dry c[s & all "y /ock on ! place4 ,! f>m] usually milks only "o-half z _m c[s z he has cattle all toge!r4 ,by us+ 8,fl9k's ,p]fect ,silo ,seal0 to protect ! silage x may be f$ all summ] :5ev] ne$$ )\t wa/e4 ,:at /alks rema9 to be pa/ur$ may be pa/ur$ by ! milk c[s & s may :eat be pa/ur$ dur+ good wea!r4 ,i w\ld dep5d ^u by-product fe$ = dry cattle & = "p ( ! milk c['s ration4 ,! am\nt ( gra9 t is 9 corn silage is nev] too mu* = any c[ t is giv+ milk1 b silage1 corn & all1 is too exp5sive = cattle t are n milk+4 ,by su* me?ods ! ea/]n f>m] easily keeps at lea/ twice ! numb] ( cattle t ! av]age f>m] "h is n[ keep+1 & /ill he takes b little m ( 8 l& away f o!r f>m+ op]ations4 ,! int5sive dairyman uses all t he raises = 8 c[s & usually buys "s besides4 ,! by-product f>m] 9 ,nebraska has be5 9 ! habit ( sett+ aside h>dly any acreage = ! use ( 8 cattle4 ,b ! comb9ation is positively a success & w\ld h long ago be5 m 9 use 9 ,nebraska _h n ! labor situation pres5t$ difficulties almo/ impossible to ov]come4 ,my f>m is small & bord]s on ! v edge ( ! city4 ,int5sive dairy+ is ! only ?+ practical = me ev5 ?\gh ,i c n expect to produce z *eaply z f>m]s diff]5tly situat$4 ,i am re-/ock+ ! f>m ?is ye>4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,dairy ,,type ,capacity4 ,! fir/ ?+ t we look = 9 a dairy c[ is capacity--capacity to dige/ fe$ & to turn t fe$ into milk4 ,! dige/ive & mamm>y sy/ems ( ! c[ %\ld be /rongly develop$4 ,on acc\nt ( ! location ( ^! organs ! dairy type ( c[ is w$ge-%ap$1 be+ wid] & deep] at ! re>4 ,h] w$ge-%ap$ body1 h[ev]1 %\ld be fairly wide ov] h] he>t & lung section1 = %e is requir$ to brea! a great deal ( air & to h great blood circulation4 ,h] udd] & milk ve9s %\ld be well-develop$4 ,! f\r qu>t]s ( ! udd] %\ld be fairly uni=m 9 size4 ,h] milk ve9s are m likely to indicate h] hi/ory ?an h] capacity1 = no c[ has v l>ge ve9s until !y h be5 develop$ by heavy milk production4 ,/ill 9 all good dairy heif]s y w f9d well-e/abli%$ milk ve9s c>ri$ fairly well =w>d4 ,^! ?+s indicate ! capacity ( ! animal4 ,t5d5cies4 ,we mu/ n[ det]m9e h] t5d5cies4 ,%e mu/ n conv]t h] food into beef nor mu/ %e de/roy h] en]gy by n]v\sness & a t5d5cy to too great physical activity4 ,! head ( ! c[ %\ld be clean-cut & lean1 ! neck long & lean1 & ! %\ld]s n>r[ at ! top4 ,! jo9ts %\ld be op5 s t a man's fi/ c\ld be ?ru/ betwe5 ! c['s front leg & h] body4 ,! c[ %\ld n be beefy at ! re>4 ,ev5 ?\gh %e be fat %e %\ld n be ( a squ>e beef type4 ,! udd] %\ld be atta*$ high beh9d & ! ?ighs %\ld be n>r[4 ,9 fact1 we want a c[ t is n an 8easy keep]0 b t w milk out clean4 ,! c[ %\ld be s(t sk9n$ & f9e hair$4 ,bew>e ( ! wild-ey$1 n]v\s1 quick-mov+ c[ = %e wa/es h] en]gy4 ,bew>e ( ! sluggi% c[ = %e w be sluggi% 9 appetite & w conv]t h] fe$ into fat in/ead ( milk4 ,p]haps ! be/ way to describe ! disposition ( a good dairy c[ w\ld be to say t %e is al]t & intellig5t b calm & s5sible4 ,physical ,defects4 ,if y f9d t y h a c[ ) ! capacity & ! t5d5cy to produce1 x is "t to look = ! physical defects 9 ! animal4 ,probably m m5 fail to notice physical defects ?an any o!r ?+1 :5 buy+ cattle4 ,beg9 by exam9+ ! m\? ( ! c[4 ,! age ( ! c[ c be approximately told by look+ at ! front tee?4 ,if ! c[ is "y1 h] tee? are squ>e1 flat1 & close toge!r4 ,:5 ! c[ gets old]1 !y are r\nd & w$ge-%ap$ & t5d to sep>ate4 ,at ab\t twelve ye>s ! c[ beg9s to lose "s ( h] front tee?4 ,9 judg+ a c['s developm5t & possibilities h] age mu/ always be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! eye mu/ look bright4 ,a sick c[ usually %[s x 9 h] face & 9 ! way %e holds h] head ) h] nose /ick+ a little too f> =w>d4 ,%e has lo/ h] _s4 ,if ! sk9 is r\gh1 x is likely to indicate 9 "s cases poor dige/ion & 9 o!r cases co>s5ess4 ,9 ei!r case we d n want ! c[4 ,! ?9 =m ( ! good milk c[ )\t an ounce ( surplus fle% mu/ n give ! impression ( debility1 b ( effici5cy & /r5g?4 ,! c[ hav+ dige/ive tr\ble is usually %runk5 9 ! paun* & has ! appe>ance ( h] sk9 be+ drawn tightly ar\nd h] body 9 front ( ! udd]4 ,%e %\ld n be con/ipat$1 nor %\ld %e h sc\rs4 ,! udd] %\ld n be meaty4 ,aft] a c[ is milk$1 h] udd] %\ld be ne>ly l an empty sack4 ,ea* teat %\ld be milk$ to see t x conta9s no evid5ce ( g>get4 ,ea* qu>t] ( ! udd] %\ld be felt to see t x conta9s no portion slightly m solid ?an ! o!rs4 ,! teats %\ld be exam9$ = slight lumps :i* h usually be5 caus$ by r\gh milk+ & :i* may make a lot ( tr\ble4 ,diseases4 ,tub]culosis 9 cattle is a disease t is m contagi\s among b>n-f$ cattle ?an among ^? kept m 9 ! op54 ,9 fact1 ,i h nev] he>d ( range cattle be+ tub]cul>4 ,nev]!less1 "u conditions t exi/ on ! av]age f>m1 ! tub]culosis g]m w ?rive & cause havoc4 ,x pays to be c>eful n to introduce su* a disease into ! h]d4 ,(t5 ! fatte/1 sleeke/ cattle are affect$ & :ile !y d n die f x quickly1 yet z x progresses 9 a h]d an animal w n[ & !n die f ! disease4 ,hogs & ev5 *ick5s runn+ ) ! cattle become affect$ & mu* loss results4 ,! accuracy ( ! tub]cl9 te/ 9 ! ma9 has be5 e/abli%$ beyond d\bt4 ,laws n[ require t cattle :i* are %ipp$ f "o /ate to ano!r be te/$1 & ! infect$ cattle c n be legally %ipp$ except to a slaught] h\se subject to inspection4 ,h[ev]1 _m cattle are %ipp$ "u false c]tificates sworn to by unscrupul\s vet]9>ies4 ,! only ?+ t we c d ab\t x is to be c>eful 9 buy+1 deal ) responsible m5 & buy ! cattle gu>ante$4 ,! numb] ( cattle infect$ 9 ,nebraska is probably ab\t two p] c5t 9 ! av]age f>m+ di/ricts & a mu* high] p] c5tage among ! /rictly dairy h]ds ( "s sections4 ,:ile we d n feel t we are ready = a law compell+ all cattle to be te/$1 we d feel t ea* individual %\ld protect himself & keep 8 h]d free f infection4 ,bov9e tub]culosis is n s contagi\s among human be+s z x 0 once ?\ght to be4 ,b x is en\gh s t no fur!r argum5t %\ld be necess>y to an own] ( /ock ?an t 8 own family or "s "o else may be infect$ ) ! disease f ! milk4 ,next to tub]culosis1 contagi\s abortion is probably ! milk produc]'s wor/ enemy4 ,i d n "k ( any way = a f>m] to detect ?is disease f an animal's appe>ance4 ,i usually look = evid5ce1 n 9 ! cattle !mselves1 b on ! f>m premises ( ! man :o has cattle = sale4 ,be suspici\s ( any c[ t does n readily get pregnant4 ,:5 buy+ fre% c[s always endeavor to see ! c['s calf4 ,?is is n a doctor book4 ,i ne$ n discuss ! symptoms nor ! cure4 ,i only wi% to w>n ! buy] to be on ! look\t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,pure ,,br$ ,,sire ,!re is "o law ( bre$+ t does n seem to be recogniz$ by p g5]ally & 9 our judgm5t x is ( greate/ importance4 ,?is law is t ! influ5ce ( ! p>5t animals are n equal ^u ! (fspr+4 ,?is has be5 notic$ 9 human exp]i5ces4 ,no *ild is exactly "o-half l 8 fa!r & "o-half l 8 "m1 b is likely to be mu* l ei!r "o or ! o!r4 ,he is likely to be n9e-t5?s l "o p>5t & "o-t5? l ! o!r4 ,x is ! same 9 grad+ live /ock & ?is trait 9 bre$+ is ( ! greate/ advantage to ! bre$] ( grade /ock4 ,if ! calf takes aft] ! sire & ! sire is a pure br$ ( /rong type1 ! calf may be ne>ly z /rong 9 produc+ ability z ! pure br$ ance/ors4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 pure br$ cattle may bre$ back at times1 & _! (fspr+ resemble "s di/ant scrub memb] 9 ! ance/ry4 ,bre$]s are well aw>e ( ?is fact & try v h>d to keep all inf]ior cattle entirely elim9at$ f _! l9e ( bre$+4 ,x is important t !y %\ld = _! l9e %\ld bre$ z true z possible1 & really poor calves ) !m are r>e4 ,! pure br$ bull ( a long e/abli%$ type is m likely to m>k 8 (fspr+ ?an is ! scrub c[4 ,a fairly l>ge p] c5t1 consid]ably m ?an half1 ( ! heif]s w be good & "s ( !m ne>ly z good 9 milk production z ! pure br$s !mselves4 ,grade c[s are v valuable z milk produc]s1 b grade bulls %\ld n be us$ z sires because !y d n h ! ability to bre$ true l ! pure br$4 ,mo/ f>m]s h be5 9 ! habit ( us+ a bull a c\ple ( ye>s & !n sell+ him to ! but*] be=e 8 real wor? 0 discov]$4 ,a bull's ability to produce heif]s t make good c[s c only be def9itely told aft] 8 heif]s h fre%5$ & made records4 ,"s ( ! be/ pure br$ bre$]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w n use a bull on _! be/ c[s until "o hundr$ ( 8 daught]s are 9 ! ,advanc$ ,regi/ry :i* means t beg9n+ at ! age ( two ye>s !y mu/ produce #bej4e p\nds ( butt] fat annually & mu/ increase ! production to #cfj p\nds ( butt] fat at ! age ( five ye>s4 ,9 ?is way ! be/ bulls are asc]ta9$ & are us$ to ! be/ advantage4 ,b !re is also a way = ! av]age f>m] to receive ! b5efits ( a good te/$-out bre$+ /ock at l[ co/4 ,i ref] to ! co-op]ative bull associations & quote f ,kimball's ,dairy ,f>m] conc]n+ !m3 8,a co-op]ative bull association is a f>m]'s organization ^: purpose is ! jo9t own]%ip1 use1 & ex*ange ( ?ree or m high-class pure br$ bulls4 ,! t]ritory cov]$ by ! association is divid$ into ?ree or m bre$+ blocks & a bull is /ation$ 9 ea* block = ! s]vice ( ! fifty or sixty c[s 9 ! block4 ,e two ye>s ! bulls are int]*ang$4 ,?us1 at a small co/1 a bull = e sixty c[s is provid$ = six or m ye>s4 ,! co/ ( bull s]vice is greatly r$uc$1 ! be/ bulls obta9$1 & ! bulls ( out/&+ m]it are pres]v$ = _! entire p]iod ( usefulness40 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,:at ,,to ,,fe$ ,*emical ,analysis4 ,! *emical analysis ( fe$ does n by any means tell ! :ole /ory4 ,:eat /raw1 = in/ance %[s up v well 9 *emical analysis b exp]im5ts h %[n t x takes m en]gy to dige/ x ?an x produces4 ,ev5 :5 we figure only ! dige/ible nutri5ts1 ! nutri5ts :i* by *emical analysis are f\nd to be dige/$ by animals1 we d n by any means h ! :ole /ory4 ,= in/ance1 9 human food we f9d t ! prote9 9 milk is ab\t f\r times z valuable z ! prote9 9 ! bean4 ,9 ! results ( a fe$+ exp]im5t report$ 9 ,dr4 ,mc,collum's 8,new] ,k ( ,nutrition0 on page #ge1 x 0 f\nd t :5 ! s\rce ( prote9 0 ! bean1 f\r times z mu* 0 requir$ = ma9ta9+ ! body weight ( ! animal z :5 ! s\rce ( prote9 0 milk4 ,we us$ to figure prote9 z prote9 & c>bohydrates z c>bohydrates b n[ we discrim9ate4 ,we mu/ le>n to figure !m 9 ! results !y produce4 ,?is is extremely difficult to d sci5tifically4 ,:5 an animal mu/ h a v>iety ( fe$s :o c tell j :at proportion ( h] production is due to c]ta9 foods eat58 ,we c get at ^! ?+s 9 a g5]al way1 h[ev]1 by exp]i5ce4 ,fe$+ has long be5 kn[n z an art4 ,"s day x may be entirely a sci5ce4 ,b t c n be said at ! pres5t "t4 ,we mu/ v>y ! fe$s us$ & le>n by exp]i5ce & obs]vation :at gets ! be/ results4 ,a *emical analysis ( t5d] grass w n %[ x to conta9 m dige/ive nutri5ts ?an ! old t\gh grass t ! c[s w h>dly eat1 b x requires mu* less en]gy to conv]t x into milk4 ,"o ye> ,i li/$ "s squaw corn ab\t ! t5? ( ,july 9 a :eat /ubble4 ,by fro/ ?is corn 0 beg9n+ to come into roa/+ e>s4 ,b mo/ ( ! e>s _h n develop$ k]nels4 ,i fill$ ! silo f ?is field & got1 z ne>ly z ,i c\ld asc]ta91 j z mu* milk f my h]d by fe$+ t silage z by fe$+ silage made f mature corn conta9+ consid]able gra94 ,! same am\nt ( dry gra9s 7 f$ 9 bo? cases4 ,accord+ to analysis ?is result c\ld n possibly be obta9$4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 tri$ 9 :i* ! :ole :eat plant1 gra91 /raw & all1 also ! oat plant & ! corn plant 7 f$ sep>ately to "y heif]s4 ,! heif]s f$ ! corn plant grew to maturity & bore "y normally4 ,! heif]s f$ :eat & oats did poorly1 produc$ _! "y prematurely1 all b "o ( :i* di$ soon aft] bir?4 ,?is does n indicate t oat or :eat fe$s are n good = cattle1 b 9 !mselves !y are n suffici5t4 ,i d n ?9k ?is defici5cy c be %[n 9 ! *emical analysis b "s ( ! food elem5ts are h>d to get4 ,i ?9k if ?is :eat & oat plant _h be5 "y & t5d] z a gr[+ grass in/ead ( a mature gra9 ! heif]s w\ld h done well4 ,gr\nd oats is "o ( ! be/ dairy fe$s ,i ev] tri$4 ,balanc$ ,rations4 ,i d n "k j to :at ext5t a c[ requires a balanc$ ration4 ,s9ce "s fe$s h values ov] o!rs t ! *emical analysis does n %[1 ,i ?9k ! balanc$ ration figures & tables h be5 ov]work$4 ,!y are n entirely valueless1 h[ev]4 ,"s w be plac$ 9 ?is book4 ,ev]yone kn[s t a c[ %\ld n be f$ "o k9d ( fe$ only4 ,we %\ld give z great a v>iety ( fe$s z possible & ! c['s likes & dislikes1 toge!r ) ! results 9 ! milk pail1 give ab\t all ! in=mation conc]n+ a balanc$ fe$ t ! writ] has ev] us$4 ,we d n ne$ to worry ab\t ! supply ( prote9 "h because we use s mu* alfalfa1 or ab\t ! c>bohydrates :5 we are fe$+ ! product ( ! corn plant4 ,a v>iation f a balanc$ ration does n imm$iately affect ! c[ & usually "o *ange (fsets ano!r4 ,exp]i5c$ fe$]s ( record-mak+ cattle make use ( ! *emical analysis ( fe$s 9 _! int5se ef=t to h ! c[ dige/ a v l>ge am\nt ( food1 yield a l>ge am\nt ( milk1 & /ill keep h] bodily weight ab\t normal4 ,b = f>m conditions we %\ld "k t too great an am\nt ( alfalfa1 bran1 & l fe$s usually results 9 sleek1 fat cattle & t c[s f$ pr9cipally corn & c>bohydrates1 if !y are milk+ well1 w look r r\gh & get too ?94 ,! writ] at "o "t _h alfalfa 9 su* abundance t he let ! milk h]d run out 9 ! field & eat all !y want$ f ! /ack4 ,!y _h silage & o!r fe$s ab\t z usual1 b !y did n eat z mu* silage z !y %\ld h4 ,! result 0 t ! h]d look$ f9e & ?rifty b produc$ less milk4 ,_m p ?9k t a c[ is ei!r lean or fat & if %e fills out 9 h] body %e is always tak+ on fat1 b ! am\nt ( lean meat on ! body also v>ies4 ,prote9 fe$s are muscle build]s4 ,!y make animals gr[4 ,c>bohydrates supply fat & en]gy :i* is a sep>ate ?+ f muscle4 ,_m times if c[s become ov]weight we r$uce ! total am\nt ( fe$ consum$ & get a l>ge yield 9 ! milk pail4 8,! eye ( ! fe$] fatt5s 8 cattle40 ,x also fills ! milk pail4 ,sci5tific k c help a good fe$] b ,i d\bt v mu* if x alone c make "o4 ,rules & sy/em c n be made to take ! place ( int]e/ & att5tion4 ,= ^? :o c>e to g ?or\ghly into ! subject ( fe$+ ,i recomm5d 8,h[ to ,fe$ ! ,dairy ,c[10 by ,hugh ,van ,pelt1 ,editor ( ,kimball's ,dairy ,f>m]1 ,wat]loo1 ,i[a4 ,i h ref]r$ ^? :o wi% to g deeply into ! subject ( fe$s to m em95t au?orities because ,i h nev] rac$ c[s 9 a record conte/ & am n an au?ority on ! subject4 ,! reason ,i h = writ+ is t ,i h view$ ! subject f ! /&po9t ( pr(it mak+ r ?an t ( high production4 ,fe$+ = pr(it has be5 too little consid]$4 ,pa/ures4 ,! way t pa/ures are g5]ally us$ is1 9 my op9ion1 ! greate/ mi/ake 9 ! milk bus9ess4 ,c]ta9ly we c make two blades ( grass gr[ :]e "o blade ( grass & "o we$ grew be=e4 ,mo/ ( ! pa/ures t we see are ei!r b>e l a des]t or we$y en\gh to hide a calf ?ree mon?s old4 ,a c[ c n get en\gh fe$ 9 ! av]age pa/ure1 no matt] h[ _m acres %e m[s ov]4 ,!re is no ne$ to e/imate h[ _m acres ( poor pa/ure a c[ requires1 b "o acre ( well-c>$ = pa/ure p] c[ is all ! writ] has ev] _h to use4 ,:ile ,i h f$ a small am\nt ( alfalfa 9 ! summ]1 ,i ?9k x is safe to say t our c[s _h m grass p] head ?an almo/ any c[s 9 ! c\nty4 ,next ye> ,i expect to pa/ure fifty c[s on ?irty acres1 fe$+ :at is necess>y 9 addition4 ,i expect to get ne>ly en\gh grass 9 a reasonably good ye> = t numb] ( c[s4 ,! secret ( ! sy/em lies 9 ! fact t ,i h ! pa/ure divid$ into f\r p>ts & pa/ure "o "p at a "t1 !n use a m[+ ma*9e to clip (f all we$s or rema9+ grass close to ! gr\nd4 ,be=e turn+ ! cattle into "o ( ^! pa/ures1 ,i wait until ! grass has _h ab\t f\r weeks to gr[4 ,if ! grass gives out1 ! c[ is giv5 en\gh fe$ to make up ! diff]5ce4 ,i d n let ! grass /ay %ort1 = if x /ays %ort1 ! roots w also be %ort & 9 t condition x c n )/& dr\ght4 ,any k9d ( grass w yield two or ?ree times z mu* fe$ p] acre1 if all[$ to gr[ a mon? at a "t z x w if pa/ur$ (f %ort all ( ! "t4 ,i let ! cattle eat ! grass (f ! pa/ure ab\t z (t5 z alfalfa is cut4 ,ev]yone kn[s t if !y w\ld cut _! alfalfa e ?ree days !y w\ld h h>dly a hat full ( hay at ! end ( ! season4 ,i aim to m[ ! pa/ure ab\t ! "t t ! cattle are tak5 out1 = ,i d n want any old1 t\gh grass = ! next "t t ! cattle are turn$ into x4 ,mu* ( our pa/ure is a mixture ( blue grass1 timo?y & sweet clov] ) ! sweet clov] pr$om9at+4 ,i d n want to place too mu* reliance on %all[ root+ grasses1 su* z :ite clov] & blue grass1 al?\gh ,i h "s pa/ure ( t k9d4 ,i l to h ab\t five acres ( sorghum or ,sudan grass to pa/ure once ab\t ! fir/ ( ,augu/ & !n aga9 ab\t ! second week 9 ,septemb]4 ,sweet clov] w root ab\t f\r feet deep4 ,alfalfa w root mu* deep] b is n practical z a pa/ure4 ,blue grass & :ite clov]1 especially :]e cropp$ (f %ort1 root v %all[4 ,sudan grass w draw moi/ure ?ree or f\r feet deep4 ,sudan grass is l sorghum & may at "s "t turn poison late 9 ! fall1 z f> z ,i "k1 b ,i "k p :o use x regul>ly = pa/ure & h nev] _h any su* tr\ble4 ,i h nev] pa/ur$ ,sudan grass b h us$ sorghum1 & h _h no bad results4 ,to get ! mo/ out ( pa/ure we mu/ h all ! surface available = use & we mu/ give ! plant an opportunity to brea! 9 ord] t x may root z deep z possible1 & !n we %\ld use deep root+ grasses su* z sweet clov] & ,sudan grass or sorghum4 ,9 gett+ at ! value ( pa/ures be sure to rememb] t ! c[ goes out to h>ve/ ! crop4 ,i d n ?9k t pa/ure is an exp5sive fe$4 ,x is probably ! *eape/ fe$ we c get all ?+s consid]$1 :5 prop]ly manag$4 ,hay4 ,f\r tons ( alfalfa hay conta9 m nutri5ts ?an t5 tons ( silage1 & hay is *eap] to raise & *eap] to h>ve/4 ,! int5sive dairy f>m] makes alfalfa hay =m z l>ge a "p ( 8 ration z practical1 = a c]ta9 v>iety is ne$$4 ,h[ev]1 figur+ alfalfa z aga9/ corn fodd]1 ! fodd] is ! *eap] "u av]age conditions4 ,! by-product f>m] w d well to use z little alfalfa z he c & /ill get good results4 ,! pr9cipal value 9 alfalfa hay = cattle fe$+ is 9 ! leaves & ! results obta9$ are s dep5d5t ^u ! k9d ( hay we get t we consid] t "p ( ! secret ( fe$+ lies 9 putt+ up ! hay4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ by ,headdon ( ! ,colorado ,exp]im5t ,/ation t :]e alfalfa is put up by ! mo/ c>eful me?od1 ?ree hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( leaves are lo/ = e ton ( hay put up4 ,:]e alfalfa is c>elessly h&l$ & mo/ ( ! leaves fall (f1 we lose z mu* z ?ree ?\s& p\nds ( leaves = e ton ( hay put up1 & ! hay t rema9s is ( v little value s f> z milk c[s are conc]n$4 ,n only d we lose ! leaves ( alfalfa b we c lose ! food value out ( ! leaf v easily4 ,! alfalfa leaf is v easily dige/$ & ! nutri5ts s easily dige/$ are lea*$ out by ra94 ,!y ev5 leave ! plant :5 x is blea*$ 9 ! sun4 ,! /em ( ! alfalfa has "s value1 h[ev]1 if x is cut "y en\gh to be t5d]4 ,old1 woody /ems w %[ well 9 a *emical te/ b w %[ poorly 9 a pr(it te/ on a dairy f>m4 ,we c judge ! fe$+ value ( alfalfa by its color4 ,well-cur$ hay %\ld be pea-gre51 )\t mu/ & n du/y4 ,we get m alfalfa by rak+ x soon aft] x is m[$1 & by cur+ x 9 w9dr[s or 9 %ocks1 ?an if we let x rema9 spread out to blea* 9 ! sun4 ,besides cur+ hay 9 ! %ock1 ,i h se5 ano!r me?od us$ & good results obta9$ :]e ! b>n 0 v l>ge 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( hay put 9 x4 ,hay 0 haul$ 9 f ! field v gre5 & dump$ by sl+s along ! c5t] ( ! b>n )\t be+ tramp$4 ,aft] sev]al days x is spread4 ,! heat$ hay1 :5 lift$ up 9 ! air & pil$ up loose1 cools (f rapidly1 ! heat help+ greatly to dry (f ! moi/ure4 ,su* hay w n heat aga9 & x reta9s its color4 ,i d n ?9k !re is any o!r grass s valuable = hay z is alfalfa4 ,be=e we _h alfalfa we us$ cane & millet4 ,sweet clov] is favor$ by "s4 ,x is ab\t ! same z alfalfa *emically1 & ,i d n d\bt t x makes a good hay if n all[$ to get woody4 ,i h nev] us$ sweet clov] z hay4 ,sudan grass is a sorghum & has come into "s favor4 ,x has ab\t ! same food value1 h[ev]1 z ! corn /alk :i* ! f>m] already has available4 ,corn ,fodd]4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( acres ( corn /alks be+ pa/ur$ 9 ,nebraska & ,i[a t h n mu* m value z !y /& 9 ! field ?an ! dead grass by ! roadside4 ,sav$ & utiliz$ !y are ! great s\rce ( weal? t z yet is almo/ unt\*$4 ,_! yield is l a l[-grade ore f\nd 9 abundance4 ,dry fodd] conta9+ no gra9 is wor? at lea/ half z mu* p] ton z alfalfa & ! yield is approximately two tons p] acre4 ,i say x is wor? half z mu* b ,i h to guess at x4 ,x conta9s j z _m p\nds ( dige/ible nutri5ts p] ton z alfalfa & m ?an prairie hay4 ,h[ mu* x is wor? dep5ds l>gely ^u ! conditions "u :i* x is f$4 ,x co/s no m to cut & %ock fodd] ?an to husk a field ( corn4 ,cutt+ up ! fodd] & husk+ out ! e>s by ma*9e is n an exp5sive op]ation4 ,rememb] t hay mu/ be br\ght 9 f ! field4 ,! entire co/ ( cut fodd] = fe$+ c fairly be figur$ z ab\t ! co/ ( op]at+ ! ma*9e t does ! cutt+ & husk+4 ,x is ! *eape/ fe$ t we c get4 ,_m ye>s ago !re 7 sev]al l>ge corn %r$d+ ma*9es sold ?r\gh\t ?is t]ritory4 ,!y husk$ ! corn & %r$d$ ! fodd] b !y did n prove a success because fodd]1 unless unusually dry1 gets mu/y if cut up f9e ) an ensilage cutt] & pil$ up4 ,! new & really successful way ( h&l+ fodd] is ) a small ma*9e t runs ) a small gasol9e eng9e4 ,a supply ( fodd] %\ld be cut up e t5 days or two weeks until a "t comes :5 ! fodd] is real dry--n e>li] ?an ,decemb]4 ,!n ! job may be f9i%$ & ! fe$ w la/ indef9itely4 ,silage ,)\t ,corn4 ,"s fe$]s put ?is cut-up fodd] 9 a silo z soon z ! corn is dry en\gh to keep 9 ! crib4 ,!y run wat] 9 ) x & all reports seem to agree t x makes a good silage4 ,i h n tri$ ?is1 b ,i hope ! s*eme has 9 x ! f9al solution ( ! problem4 ,silo ag5ts h be5 9 ! habit ( argu+ t y c af=d to fe$ silage1 corn & all1 to all ( ! /ock on ! place & let ! corn /alks t are n put into ! silo g to wa/e4 ,i d n agree ) !m4 ,in/ead ( putt+ fifte5 acres ( corn 9 ! silo :]e mu* ( x is to be f$ to "y /ock & horses1 use tw5ty or ev5 tw5ty-five acres ( /alks alone & y w get j ab\t z good results4 ,b ?9k ( ! sav+4 ,! corn /alks are a by-product4 ,y _h to f>m s _m acres to get !m4 ,a "p ( y\r bus9ess is rais+ corn & ! /alks are paid = by ! gra94 ,suppose !n y fe$ gra9 gr[n on five acres ( l&4 ,y are us+ j "o-?ird ( ! acres to fe$ y\r cattle t w\ld be us$ if y _h put 9 fifte5 acres ( corn & f$ x1 corn & all4 ,?is %[s ! advantages ( ! by-product produc]4 ,x fills 9 ! big gap t has be5 =gott54 ,x is figur+ on a co/ basis r ?an t ( yield or spe$ 9 production4 ,la/ w9t] a fe$+ exp]im5t 0 tri$ at ! ,wiscons9 ,exp]im5t ,/ation 9 :i* corn silage ) gra9 9 0 te/$ aga9/ silage f :i* ! corn _h be5 pick$4 ,! result %[$ t ! c[s ate slightly m silage :5 x conta9$ ! gra9 & yield$ on an av]age ?ree p\nds m milk4 ,! co/ ( ! milk produc$ ) & )\t ! gra9 9 ! silage 0 exactly ! same4 ,silage 0 figur$ at #f4ej p] ton1 corn & all1 & )\t gra9 at #d4jj4 ,s9ce ! av]age f>m] has corn/alks to wa/e & only has to figure ! co/ ( sav+ !m1 !y %\ld n be figur$ at ne>ly two ?irds ( ! corn crop1 ev5 aft] !y h be5 made into silage4 ,h[ev]1 x usually pays to fe$ gra9 to c[s t are milk+4 ,! ma9 sav+ 9 ! use ( husk$ fodd] lies 9 gett+ *eap] fe$ = gr[+ "y /ock & fe$+ dry c[s4 ,i recomm5d a sy/em ( fe$+ silage1 corn & all1 to produc+ c[s only4 ,if y d n h c[s en\gh to prep>e to fe$ !m sep>ately1 x w pay bett] to use no silos t h gra9 9 !m at all4 ,fe$ ! gra9 to ^? c[s only t are giv+ milk & w pay = x1 or ! cattle t y are fatt5+4 ,hold ! re/ ( ! gra9 = high prices4 ,x w pay bett]4 ,silage4 ,! important ?+ ab\t a silo is to make x tall en\gh & small en\gh ar\nd4 ,! foll[+ dim5sions are approximately correct3 ,= #ab to #ae c[s1 silo %\ld be #aj feet 9 diamet] ,= #bj to #cj c[s1 silo %\ld be #ab feet 9 diamet] ,= #cj to #dj c[s1 silo %\ld be #ad feet 9 diamet] ,= #dj to #fj c[s1 silo %\ld be #af feet 9 diamet] ,silage w spoil on top unless at lea/ two in*es are f$ (f ea* day4 ,x usually pays to h sev]al small silos r ?an "o big "o because dur+ ! summ] mon?s y may want to fe$ only a "p ( a ration4 ,! figures giv5 are = full rations4 ,h ! silo air tight4 ,cut ! corn f9e & put lots ( ef=t on tamp+ x4 ,! 8,fl9k's ,p]fect ,silo ,seal0 is a canvas t is treat$ ) "s k9d ( t> prep>ation4 ,x spreads out ov] ! top ( ! silo & is fill$ m ?an a foot deep ) wat]4 ,?is weighs d[n ! silage & makes a good air tight cov]4 ,v little silage decays "u x4 ,) su* a cov] y c fe$ p]iodically & /ill lose h>dly a day's fe$+ ( silage4 ,gra9 ,fe$4 ,gra9 %\ld be f$ mix$ ) o!r fe$s4 ,i h (t5 be5 told h[ fooli% 0 ! old idea ( ! c[ los+ h] cud4 ,b a c[ c h>dly re-gurgitate & re-*ew gra9 by itself1 & all food eat5 by a c[ %\ld be re-*ew$4 ,if food passes into ! inte/9es )\t be+ *ew$ a second "t1 x is likely to s\r & cause sc\r+ & loss ( appetite or ev5 dea?1 :5 a l>ge am\nt ( gra9 has be5 consum$4 ,we usually fe$ gra9s ) silage or f9e-cut alfalfa4 ,alfalfa run ?r\gh an ensilage cutt] )\t any re-cutt+ atta*m5t1 is said to make c[s' m\?s sore1 b ,i w\ld mu* pref] to fe$ x t way & risk sore m\?s ?an to risk ! gra9 by itself4 ,"s f>m]s fe$ corn & cob-meal4 ,! cob is ( no value except to light5 ! ration1 b if !re is no?+ else to dilute ! gra9 )1 by all means use ! cob4 ,oats1 corn1 hom9y fe$1 :i* is a by-product 9 ! manufactur+ ( corn meal1 bran1 :i* is n v valuable :]e pl5ty ( alfalfa is f$1 & oil meal =m our pr9cipal fe$s = dairy c[s4 ,"s get v good results by fe$+ gr\nd speltz & b>ley1 o!rs by fe$+ gr\nd rye4 ,corn1 oats1 :eat fe$s & oil meal w g5]ally =m ! ma9 "p ( our ration4 ,! av]age f>m] is h>dly w>rant$ 9 look+ f>!r = gra9s to fe$4 ,oil meal helps z a condition] & is f$ 9 small am\nts only4 ,cottonse$ meal may be ( value b has nev] prov5 s 9 ! writ]'s p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,gra9 %\ld be gr\nd s t all ( ! nutrim5ts may be absorb$4 ,! am\nt ( gra9 to be f$ v>ies ) ! am\nt ( milk t ! c[ is produc+4 ,"o p\nd ( gra9 to e five p\nds ( milk is a fairly good rule to foll[4 ,if m gra9 is f$ !re %\ld be ano!r reason = x1 & t is t ! c[ readily responds to m fe$+ & makes suffici5t pr(it to pay = ! extra gra94 ,! old rule1 9 ! ma91 is true t x takes a c]ta9 am\nt to ma9ta9 bodily weight ( ! animal1 & t ! m fe$ above ! ma9t5ance ration t %e c consume & turn into milk1 ! m ! pr(it4 ,b ev5 t rule %\ld n be tak5 too lit]ally4 ,if ! extra fe$ is all gra91 x may be too exp5sive4 ,prep>$ ,fe$s4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( prep>$ fe$s on ! m>ket & ,i h no "r ei!r to knock or to boo/ !m1 because ,i "k practically no?+ ab\t !m4 ,:]e !re are comb9ation fe$s1 int5d$ to make a balanc$ ration1 ,i ?9k ! f>m] w\ld v likely be pay+ a good deal = ! comb9+4 ,:]e a mill man buys gra9 f f>m]s & f ^? gra9s prep>es fe$s t are n by-products ( o!r mill+ op]ations1 ,i ?9k ! price w\ld be high4 ,i h kn[n f>m]s to sell alfalfa hay & buy alfalfa meal1 b ,i d n ?9k x pays to d ^? ?+s4 ,all ,i w\ld say conc]n+ prep>$ fe$s w\ld be to exp]im5t c>efully & to buy !m1 n on _! gu>ante$ *emical analysis1 b on :at results !y actually %[ 9 ! milk pail4 ,"s prep>$ fe$s conta9 oat hulls :i* are ab\t l :eat /raw to dige/4 ,dri$ sug> beet pulp is a by-product fe$ conta9+ mo/ly c>bohydrates1 & seems to h "s b5efit z an appetiz]4 ,cattle l x = a *ange4 ,:]e x is n too high & c>bohydrate r\gh fe$s are to be pur*as$1 x might be pr(itable to try x4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,fe$ ,balanc$ ,ration4 ,cattle l v>iety 9 _! fe$4 ,n all cattle h ! same ta/es & desires4 ,:5 "o c[ refuses to eat h] gra91 x is well to try h] on "s o!r mixture4 ,a good fe$] usually has sev]al gra9 fe$s on h& at a "t & is cont9ually *ang+ & try+ out rations4 ,by *eck+ 8 results at ! pail1 he acquires k t is m practical ?an any *emi/ c imp>t4 ,we "k t a c['s food mu/ conta9 ! necess>y elem5ts ne$$ = h] bodily ma9t5ance & ! production ( milk4 ,we mu/ supply ! sub/ances ne$$4 ,rules = figur+ values ( fe$s & examples ( balanc$ rations are giv5 bel[1 b we also let ! c[ 9 on ! discussion4 ,we %\ld n foll[ rules s closely t we ignore h] likes & dislikes or ov]look ! results t %e puts 9 ! milk pail & ! pocket book4 ,!re is probably no liv+ creature t has = its natural diet a balanc$ ration1 unless x be a c>nivor\s animal t eats its prey :ole--fea!rs & all4 ,a poorly balanc$ diet may be f$ = sev]al mon?s be=e any results beg9 to %[4 ,cattle d fairly well on ! corn plant 7ma9ly c>bohydrates71 & !y also d well on pure alfalfa 7a prote9 fe$74 ,!y d bett] on a comb9ation ( ! two1 b ! comb9ation does n h to be 9 j ! "r proportion4 ,9 decid+ :at to fe$ a c[ ! good fe$] uses 8 eyes m ?an 8 p5cil4 ,if ! muscle & body ( ! animal ne$s build+ up1 he uses prote9 fe$s 9 l>ge proportions4 ,cattle incl9$ to be too sleek & fat (t5 milk bett] if f$ m c>bohydrates 9 proportion4 ,b we %\ld nev] pass up "o or ! o!r completely4 ,notice t ,i speak ( only two sub/ances 9 food--prote9 & c>bohydrates4 ,!re are o!rs1 b we ne$ n be conc]n$ ab\t !m4 ,all we want to "k f ! *emi/ is approximately ! am\nt ( ^! two elem5ts ! fe$ conta9s4 ,fat is consid]$ ! same z a c>bohydrate b has m ?an two times ! value ( c>bohydrates4 ,dairy c[s %\ld be kept sleek & ?rifty1 b lean :ile !y are produc+ milk4 ,! dry c[ %\ld be all[$ to get z fat z possible1 = ! fatt] & m ?rifty %e is ! m milk %e w give1 aft] fre%5+4 ,to ma9ta9 ! c[ 9 ! "r condition1 we consid] bo? ! k9d & ! am\nt ( fe$4 ,_m times we decrease ! gra9 ration to keep a c[ f gett+ fat & go+ dry too soon4 ,too mu* gra9 f$ is a great wa/e4 ,! "r am\nt to be f$ c n be figur$ s mu* by ! size ( ! c[ z by :at %e does ) x4 ,! milk pail conta9s ! answ] to mo/ fe$+ problems4 ,increase ! fe$ slightly & if no m milk is produc$1 beg9 to decrease & wat* :at happ5s4 ,we h to d ?is = ea* c[ j z we h to adju/ ! c>buretor on a ,=d4 ,else:]e 9 ?is book1 ,i discuss pa/ures & h[ to make ! mo/ ( !m4 ,i get grass t is tall en\gh = ! cattle to eat to ! be/ advantage & ,i keep x f gett+ old & t\gh by us+ ! sy/em ( divid$ pa/ures describ$ !re4 ,b 9 do+ ?is1 ! grass mu/ be pa/ur$ (f fairly close be=e turn+ ! cattle into ! next pa/ure4 ,if c>e is n tak51 ! cattle are hav+ alt]nately a fea/ & a fam9e by ! *ange4 ,to (fset ?is1 ,i usually fe$ z mu* good alfalfa z ! c[s w eat all ( ! "t4 ,x does n require mu* hay b x makes up = ! v>iation 9 pa/ure4 ,ev5 :5 on f9e pa/ure1 c[s l a little hay & %\ld h x4 ,i usually pa/ure c[s at night z well z dur+ ! day4 ,by all means fe$ c[s at night if !y are requir$ to /ay 9 ! lot4 ,:]e ! heavie/ records are made 9 milk production1 !y are ne>ly all made at prohibitive co/s s f> z ! value ( ! product is conc]n$4 ,?is is because too l>ge a proportion ( ! fe$ consum$ is high pric$4 ,we mu/ take into consid]ation ! price ( gra91 ! price ( r\gh fe$1 & ! price ( milk products1 be=e we c det]m9e ! proportion ( gra9 & o!r fe$ t %\ld be giv5 to ! dairy c[4 ,we c make milk out ( r\gh fe$ )\t any gra9 "u ! prop] conditions4 ,:5 gra9 is too mu* out ( proportion 9 price1 we c safely d )\t x1 if our r\gh fe$ happ5s to be good pa/ure or good alfalfa hay & silage4 ,if our r\ghage is too poor1 x r>ely pays to compel good dairy c[s to live on x alone1 = _! future usefulness w be impair$ by />vation4 ,a dr\ght 9 summ] ) ! result+ %ort pa/ure (t5 knocks d[n ! milk fl[ = all ( ! next w9t] & makes all t ye>'s production m exp5sive4 ,/>ve a good c[ & %e soon becomes a poor "o1 = %e mu/ adju/ h]self to ! new condition4 ,! new condition %e adopts is ! same z t ( ! scrub4 ,! scrub is a product ( />vation4 ,%e has be5 br$ to )/& h>d%ips in/ead ( us+ all ef=ts to produce milk4 ,nev] let a good c[ g hungry = pa/ure or hay4 ,wat]4 ,a milk c[ requires ab\t twelve & "o-half gallons ( pure wat] p] day4 ,9 summ] x %\ld be fre% & cool wat]4 ,9 w9t] x %\ld be fairly w>m4 ,! wat] %\ld be z accessible z possible at all times4 ,twice a day is n (t5 en\gh = milk c[s4 ,especially :5 cattle are on dry fe$1 ! m wat] !y c be induc$ to consume1 ! m butt] fat & milk solids x w put into ! pail4 ,9 ! w9t] we usually wat] c[s ?ree times a day 9 ! b>n ) wat] no cold] ?an comes f ! well1 & slightly salt _! fe$ s t !y w dr9k wat] 9 abundance4 ,i d n "k j :at effect /agnant1 dirty wat] has on a milk c[1 b d n ?9k ,i w\ld want to dr9k ! milk t is made up l>gely ( su* wat]4 ,also if cattle wade 9 infect$ wat] & get _! udd]s & teats 9 x1 ! milk w to a c]ta9 ext5t be infect$ z is ! wat]4 ,calf & ,heif] ,fe$+4 ,9 rais+ calves by h& !re is m dang] ( ov]fe$+ ?an ( und]fe$+4 ,!re is also dang] 9 fe$+ milk t is too cold4 ,9 fe$+ an av]age "y calf we usually take ab\t two qu>ts ( ! fir/ milk t is drawn f ! c[1 :i* is l[ 9 butt] fat1 & fe$ ! milk fre% & w>m ) ! animal heat 9 x4 ,aft] ?ree weeks1 skim milk may be sub/itut$ especially if x is w>m & fre%4 ,if ! milk is artificially w>m$ x %\ld be f$ at a temp]ature ( at lea/ eighty degrees4 ,d n dilute milk ) wat]4 ,let ! calf h :at wat] x wants sep>ately4 ,a calf %\ld h milk until at lea/ ?ree mon?s old b at ! end ( a week x w eat %ell$ corn & oats4 ,^! gra9s %\ld be f$ lib]ally to calves t d n h en\gh milk = a complete ration4 ,aft] a calf is "o mon? old x may be rais$ on milk made f dri$ butt]milk or cond5s$ butt]milk or on skim milk ( any k9d1 provid$ x is n f$ too mu* at a "t nor f$ milk t is too cold4 ,no *anges su* z f sweet milk to s\r milk %\ld be made sudd5ly4 ,if fe$+ cond5s$ butt]milk ! milk aft] be+ dilut$ %\ld be te/$ = solids ) a lactomet]4 ,"s manufactur]s ( su* products give directions = r$uc+ x ) wat] to su* an ext5t t x w\ld look l ord9>y skim milk b h only half its value4 ,?is may make x appe> t ! fe$] is gett+ a lot = 8 money1 b he w n long be fool$ by directions ( t k9d if he is wat*+ ! co/ ( 8 fe$ & ! gr[? ( 8 calves & kn[s :at results he %\ld expect = 8 money4 ,p sometimes tell ( /unt$ calves t turn$ out to be good c[s b ,i d n ?9k t a calf c be /unt$ a m9ute )\t be+ affect$4 ,if a /unt$ calf makes a good c[1 :i* seldom ev] happ5s1 c]ta9 x is t if ! calf _h be5 well n\ri%$ ! c[ w\ld h be5 ev5 great]4 ,animals d n gr[ all ( _! lives4 ,!y gr[ :ile !y are "y4 ,e m9ute ( t y\? p]iod t we lose = gr[? is lo/ =ev]4 ,gr[? is ! natural developm5t ( bone1 muscle1 n]v\s sy/em1 circulation1 etc41 t ! animal ne$s = h>d "w :5 mature4 ,bre$]s ( pure br$ cattle1 :o expect to make records ) _! "y /ock1 fe$ !m gra9 e day4 ,i d n ?9k ?is is necess>y or practical = ! f>m] to d1 b c]ta9 x is1 t no promis+ heif] %\ld ev] be all[$ to get ?94 ,%e %\ld h good pa/ure dur+ all ( ! summ] & %\ld h pl5ty ( well-cur$ fe$1 corn fodd] or corn silage1 & a fair am\nt ( alfalfa e day dur+ ! w9t]4 ,*emical ,analysis4 ,a *emical analysis ( "s ( ! mo/ commonly us$ fe$s = dairy c[s foll[s3 ,total ,dry ,dige/ive ,nutri5ts 9 #ajj lbs4 ,,fe$+ ,,/uff ,matt] 9 ,crude ,c>bohydrates #ajj lbs4 ,prote9 ,fat ,total ,alfalfa ,hay #ia4d #aj4f #ci4j #j4i #ea4f ,timo?y ,hay #hh4d #c4j #db4h #a4b #dh4e ,prairie ,hay 7,we/]n7 #ic4e #d4j #da4d #a4a #dg4i ,clov]1 ,sweet1 ,:ite #ia4d #aj4i #ch4b #j4g #ej4g ,sorghum ,fodd]1 ,dry #ij4c #b4h #dd4h #b4j #eb4a ,corn ,silage #bf4c #a4a #ae4j #j4g #ag4g ,corn & ,its ,products ,corn1 ,d5t #hi4e #g4e #fg4h #d4f #he4g ,glut5 fe$ #ia4c #ba4f #ea4i #c4b #hj4g ,hom9y #hi4i #g4j #fa4b #g4c #hd4f ,:eat & ,its ,products ,:eat #hi4h #i4b #fg4e #a4e #hj4a ,bran #hi4i #ab4e #da4f #c4j #fj4i ,:eat ,fe$ 7,%orts & ,bran7 #hi4i #ab4i #de4a #d4j #fg4j ,rye & ,its ,products ,rye #ij4f #i4i #fh4d #a4b #ha4j ,rye fe$ 7,%orts & ,bran7 #hh4e #ab4b #ee4h #b4i #gd4e ,oats & ,its ,products ,oats #ij4h #i4g #eb4a #c4h #gj4d ,oat ,hulls #ic4b #b4j #de4b #a4c #ej4a ,emm] 7,spelt7 #ia4c #i4e #fc4b #a4g #gf4e ,l9se$ ,meal #ij4d #ca4g #cg4i #b4h #ge4i ,cotton ,se$ ,meal #ib4e #cg4j #ba4h #h4f #gh4b ,rations = ! ,dairy ,c[4 ,haeck]'s /&>d = ! fe$+ ( dairy c[s is z foll[s3 ,,daily ,,all[ance ,crude ,prot4 ,c>bo4 ,fat lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,= ,ma9t5ance ( #ajjj lb4 c[ #j4g #g4j #j4a ,= ea* p\nd ( #c milk #j4jdg #j4b #j4jag ,= ea* p\nd ( #c4e milk #j4jdi #j4bb #j4jai ,= ea* p\nd ( #d milk #j4jed #j4bd #j4jba ,to illu/rate ! table !re foll[s ! all[ance = a #ajjj p\nd c[ produc+ #be p\nds ( #d milk daily3 ,crude ,prot4 ,c>bo4 ,fat lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,= ,ma9t5ance #j4gj #g4j #j4aj ,= #be p\nds ( #d milk #a4ce #f4j #j4eb ---- ---- ---- ,total #b4je #ac4j #j4fb ,bel[ are giv5 "s balanc$ rations commonly f$ to dairy c[s3 ,total ,dry ,dige/ible ,c>bohydrates ,dige/ible ,matt] ,prote9 & fats ,nutri5ts lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,no4 #a ,corn #aj #h4ie 4#ge #g4bd #h4eg ,corn ,/ov] #aj #h4aj 4#ba #d4ca #d4fa ,alfalfa ,hay #ab #aj4ig #a4bg #d4gh #f4ai ,no4 #b ,corn ,silage #dj #aj4eb 4#dd #f4bh #g4jh ,alfalfa ,hay #aj #i4ad #a4jf #c4ii #e4af ,:eat ,bran #b #a4gi 4#be 4#hi #a4ba ,corn ,meal #f #e4cb 4#da #d4ce #e4jh ,no4 #c ,corn ,silage #ce #i4bj 4#ch #e4di #f4ai ,alfalfa ,hay #aj #i4ad #a4jf #c4ii #e4af ,gr\nd ,corn #e #d4dc 4#cd #c4fb #d4ai ,:eat ,bran #e #d4di 4#fb #b4bc #c4jd ,l9se$ ,meal #a #a4ce 4#dg 4#fa #a4ac ,at ! ,nebraska ,/ate ,fair 9 #aibj !re 0 9 ! ,dairy build+ a l>ge ,hol/e9 c[ designat$ z ! *ampion c[ ( ,nebraska = #aiai4 ,%e is own$ by ,*ris ,/ryk] ( ,r$ ,cl\d4 ,i copi$ f ! records ! am\nt ( fe$ %e consum$ 9 a ye> & ! am\nt ( h] production4 ,!y are z foll[s3 ,fe$ ,returns lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,corn #agij ,beets #ifde ,milk #bf1gba4e ,oil ,meal #aceb ,dri$ beet ,butt] #a1jff ,b>ley #dfc pulp #abed ,bran #bcab ,hay #djfh ,oats #dih ,silage #dfhj ---- ------ ,total #fdeb ,total #ai1fdg ,x w be notic$ t %e consum$ a little less ?an #ah p\nds ( gra9 p] day on an av]age ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 t ! gra9 consi/$ ( five v>ieties1 & t ! r\gh fe$ 0 ( a high ord]1 :i* makes x m exp5sive ?an mo/ ( u c af=d to use z a regul> fe$4 ,beets are *emically ab\t equal to corn silage1 b 9 actual results 9 fe$+ !y are consid]ably sup]ior4 ,i h n f$ dri$ beet pulp1 b ,i h f$ x fre% & x is a v good milk produc]4 ,c[s milk d[n ?9 on x4 ,if we w\ld increase ! figures on ! dri$ beet pulp to :at x w\ld be if ! pulp 7 f$ fre%1 x w\ld br+ ! beet ration up to at lea/ ?ree times ! am\nt ( ! silage ration4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,milk ,,te/s ,g4 ,w4 ,%aw 9 ,ho>d's ,dairyman ( ,m>* #aj1 #aiaf says3 8,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! p]c5tage ( butt] fat 9 ! milk ( c[s increases v mat]ially t[>d ! end ( a p]iod ( lactation4 ,!re are also o!r slight *anges 9 t p]iod4 ,dur+ ! fir/ mon? ! fat g5]ally av]ages high] ?an dur+ ! second mon?4 ,"u normal conditions ( fe$1 etc41 ! fat increases f ! ?ird or f\r? mon? to ! end ( lactation4 8,al?\gh x is a fact t c[s _c be f$ to give beyond a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( butt]fat1 yet x has be5 prov5 _m times t if poorly f$ = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 ! av]age te/ w decrease4 ,?is is especially true if c[s become ?9 & poor 9 fle%4 ,_m times ?is w acc\nt = a f>m]'s av]age h]d te/ dropp+ f "o p]iod to ! next4 ,x is also noticeable t ! quantity ( wat] tak51 :e!r z wat] or succul5t fe$1 affects ! h]d4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly noticeable :5 c[s are *ang$ f a diet ( dry hay to gre5 fe$ or vice v]sa4 8,x has be5 not$ t ! *ange ( wea!r affects ! te/4 ,a sudd5 cold p]iod com+ w usually decrease ! quantity ( milk1 b increase ! p]c5tage ( fat4 ,if ! cold p]iod cont9ues1 ?is *ange w t5d to "r itself4 ,x w\ld seem t !re is a connection betwe5 ! "q ( heat & cold & ! am\nt ( wat] tak54 8,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! fir/ milk drawn f a c['s udd] is v l[ 9 butt]fat1 n ov] #a1 :]eas ! la/ drawn is q high1 sometimes rea*+ #aj4 ,! importance ( exhau/ive milk+ is evid5t4 ,by c>efully milk+ to ! fulle/ ext5t ea* "t1 ! te/ w und\bt$ly be high] ?an if milk+ 7 n exhau/ive4 ,?is1 cont9u$ ov] a p]iod ( "t1 w\ld h its effect on ! #ae-;day te/4 8,ano!r v important po9t we wi% to make is ?is1 unless a man :o does 8 te/+ at home und]/&s h[ to d x ?or\ghly & is v c>eful 9 tak+ 8 sample1 he w n *eck ) ! factory te/4 ,!re are sev]al reasons = diff]5ces betwe5 te/s made on samples tak5 at ! f>m & ^? made on samples tak5 at ! factory4 8,_m f>m]s h a habit ( tak+ a little cream or top milk = family use1 & ?9k t x w n mat]ially affect ! av]age te/4 ,z a matt] ( fact x w affect mat]ially4 ,= in/ance1 if a f>m] 7 produc+ #ajj p\nds ( milk te/+ #c4e & he us$ "o qu>t ( top milk1 te/+ #aj1 8 av]age te/ w\ld be r$uc$ 4#b ( #a2 t is1 in/ead ( deliv]+ milk te/+ #c4e x w\ld actually te/ #c4c4 8,"s f>m]s adopt ano!r me?od2 !y use1 = family purposes ! milk f a c[ :i* gives ! ri*e/ milk1 s t ! result is always ! same1 ! av]age te/ be+ l[]4 8,ano!r cause ( diff]5ce 9 te/s1 & we ?9k ?is is a v important "o1 is f\nd 9 ! condition ( ! milk :5 receiv$ at ! factory4 ,"s f>m]'s milk1 :5 br\ght 91 is smoo? & homog5e\s2 "s br+ 9 milk :i* is slightly *urn$2 t is1 !re are small p>ticles ( butt]1 :i* is sep>at$ butt]fat float+ on ! surface4 ,?is latt] milk is v h>d to sample2 ! sampl] is plung$ into ! milk & is likely to miss a due proportion ( ^! float+ p>ticles4 ,9 addition1 "s ( ! sep>at$ butt]fat is sure to be left beh9d1 bo? on ! sides ( c & on ! cov]4 ,butt]fat adh]es to any surface mu* m rapidly ?an any o!r ( ! milk solids4 ,x is q evid5t t milk :i* is p>tially *urn$ w get a l[] te/ at ! factory ?an x did at ! f>m be=e x became *urn$4 8,9 ord] to prev5t ?is *urn+1 x is mo/ important t ! milk be quickly & ?or\ghly cool$ aft] milk+4 ,if milk is p\r$ into cans & /irr$ & h&l$ 9 a half w>m condition1 x is sure to sep>ate to "s ext5t4 ,:ile ! p>ticles ( butt]fat are n l>ge en\gh to be p>ticul>ly noticeable1 !y are !re & adh]e to ! surfaces z describ$4 8,ano!r condition :i* causes tr\ble 9 sampl+1 is f\nd :]e "s ( ! cream is firm & floats ar\nd 9 h>d lumps b is n *urn$4 ,?is k9d ( cream is also h>d to sample & ^! lumps are liable to be left beh9d on ! sides ( ! c & cov]4 ,we believe ?is condition is caus$ by all[+ milk to cool spontane\sly4 ,t is1 in/ead ( cool+ quickly1 ! f>m] fills up 8 milk c & lets x /& to cool sl[ly4 ,?is is liable to give a h>d cream on ! surface :i* does n break up readily4 ,! f>m]1 !re=e1 w get a bett] te/ by cool+ 8 milk quickly & ?or\ghly & refra9+ f us+ ! top milk = family use4 8,we h come to ?is conclusion1 namely1 t c]ta9 conditions affect c[s & _! "w1 ! same z t ( human be+s4 ,z someone has said3 #8,put y\rself 9 a c['s place & try to get h] po9t ( view4 ,c\ld y d good "w if a sw>m ( flies 7 bo!r+ y all ! "t8 ,:at effect does an extremely w>m day or two h on y\r capacity = "w8 ,if y 7 out 9 a cold1 ra91 & w9d /orm1 h[ w\ld x affect y\r "w8 ,suppose y 7 ?ir/y & _h to wait two or ?ree h\rs be=e y c\ld get a dr9k & !n got f\l & /agnant wat]8 ,or1 suppose t someone /rong] ?an y\rself w\ld *ase y away f ! %ade or %elt]$ spot or =c$ y to move :5 y 7 re/+ or eat+8 ,suppose y 7 =c$ to eat food t y did n l or enjoy8 ,h[ long w\ld x be be=e ^! ?+s w\ld %[ 9 y\r "w8 ,any or all ( !m w\ld impair y\r effici5cy & less5 y\r ability4'0 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,con/ruct+ ,a ,,b>n4 ,s9ce !re is s mu* in=mation available conc]n+ con/ruction ( b>ns1 x is n necess>y = me to discuss x "h except to criticize ! /&>d =ms4 ,on mo/ f>ms at hay-mak+ "t !re is no "t to haul hay to ! dairy b>n s x is /ack$ 9 ! field & haul$ 9 dur+ ! w9t]4 ,_m l>ge dairy b>n hay m[s are con/ruct$ at a great deal ( exp5se & /& empty mo/ ( ! "t 9 ?is climate4 ,be=e build+ l>ge1 exp5sive b>ns x might be well to consult ^? :o h built to see h[ !y are gett+ along4 ,on an av]age f>m ,i w\ld sugge/ a "o /ory %$ = ! c[s built z a lean-to or butt+ up aga9/ a hay %$4 ,?is hay %$ ne$ n be v l>ge4 ,9 mo/ exp5sive b>ns !re is in/all$ a litt]-c>ri] t runs on a track4 ,if ,i 7 go+ to use a litt]-c>ri] at all ,i w\ld h ! ?+ s t x c\ld be let d[n bel[ ! level ( ! gutt] & %ove ! manure d[n ! gutt] into x4 ,?is means w\ld save all ! liquid manure :i* is m valuable & w\ld save ! ef=t requir$ to lift ! manure ) a %ovel4 ,:5 full ! c>ri] c\ld be hoi/$1 run on ! track1 & dump$ into ! wagon or :]ev] desir$4 ,b :y use a c>ri]8 ,:y n h ! gutt]s run ?r\gh ! side ( ! b>n & a wagon or manure spread] /&+ b5ea?8 ,x is v easy to pu% ! manure f t5 c[s d[n ! gutt]4 ,two gutt]s c\ld run into "o wagon :i* w\ld be left /&+ outside ( ! b>n on l[] gr\nd4 ,! b>n c\ld ei!r /& on a side hill or a place c\ld be dug to run ! wagon into4 ,if hogs are to "w ov] ! manure1 a concrete bas9 %\ld be con/ruct$ to hold x4 ,! fe$ tr\gh %\ld be s made t x may be us$ to wat] ! c[s dur+ cold wea!r4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,milk+ ,! c['s milk is p>tly manufactur$ 9 ! udd] at ! "t x is be+ drawn4 ,! process is l dige/ion & is int]f]$ ) by any n]v\s t5sion or %ock4 ,! prick ( a p9 t w make a c[ jump at ! "t ( milk+ has be5 kn[n to greatly r$uce ! butt]fat ( ! milk giv5 & at ! same "t to r$uce ! supply4 ,%eph]d dogs t g aft] c[s are likely to p]=m _! labor at a v high co/ 9 milk4 ,a milk /ool us$ z a weapon knocks a lot ( money out ( ! f>m]'s pocket4 ,a r\gh milk] :o irritates a c[ causes mu* tr\ble also4 ,if ,i 7 to judge a dairyman by j "o ?+ ,i c\ld tell mo/ ab\t him by notic+ h[ well ! c[s lik$ to h him milk !m4 ,:]e a c[ has to dance to ! j]k+ ( r\gh h&s & li/5 to pr(anity ( ! milk]1 t is pl5ty ( in=mation to decide t on t f>m dairy+ does n pay4 ,!re are few c[s t w treat a milk] any bett] ?an he treats !m4 ,= sanit>y reasons ,i d n believe 9 milk+ ) wet h&s1 b if a c['s udd] is cak$1 ! be/ cure t ,i "k is to draw ! milk into ! h&s v sl[ly & rub x into ! cak$ udd] until x is absorb$ ?r\gh ! sk94 ,i d n "k or c>e :y1 b !re is some?+ ab\t a c['s milk t is good = h] cak$ udd] :5 appli$ to ! outside4 ,"o treatm5t ( an h\r's duration1 milk+ ! milk a /ream at a "t & work+ x into ! cak$ udd]1 is (t5 suffici5t to cure ev5 bad cases4 ,c['s teats %\ld nev] be all[$ to get sore1 = clean milk c n be produc$ f sore1 ble$+ teats4 ,x may be necess>y to apply antiseptic m$ic9es :5 !y are sore1 b a good way to keep ! teats s(t & pliable s ! c[ w n be irritat$ by milk+ is to take ! la/ /reams or two 9 ! udd]1 milk x into ! h& & use x to rub into ! teat4 ,! solids 9 ! la/ /reams ( milk are ab\t "o-half butt]fat & ?is greases ! teat ) ! be/ k9d ( grease t ,i "k4 ,hav+ employ$ a great _m m5 on ! f>m ,i h f\nd f exp]i5ce t two out ( ?ree d n "k h[ to milk4 ,( ^!1 "s c be taught b _m are n wor? bo!r+ )4 ,_m are too r\gh & _m d n seem to be able to get all ! milk f ! udd]4 ,to get all ! milk f "o qu>t] ( ! udd] ! milk] %\ld use bo? h&s1 us+ "o h& above ! teat to squeeze ! milk into ! teat & ) ! o!r h& milk x into ! pail4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,milk ,,products ,e milk produc] %\ld make "s /udy ( ! pr9cipal products t are made f milk1 = su* in=mation may help to m>ket x to a bett] advantage4 ,butt]4 ,! law requires t butt] conta9 #hj butt]-fat & t x %all conta9 less ?an #af moi/ure4 ,9 #ajj p\nds ( cream]y butt] !re is usually ab\t #c p\nds ( salt1 #a p\nd ( case9 & betwe5 #ae & #af p\nds ( wat]4 ,figur+ t butt] conta9s #hj fat = ! m9imum :i* all[s = ! maximum am\nt ( wat]1 ! foll[+ am\nt may be obta9$ f #ajj p\nds ( milk3 #ajj lbs4 ( #c milk w produce #c lbs4 ( butt]4 #ajj lbs4 ( #d milk w produce #e lbs4 ( butt]4 #ajj lbs4 ( #e milk w produce #f lbs4 ( butt]4 ,*eese4 ,x usually takes ab\t #aj p\nds ( #d milk to make #a p\nd ( *$d> *eese1 :i* is ! common *eese usually sold at ! /ores4 ,?is *eese w te/ out ab\t #cf4h fat1 #be4e prote91 #f sug>1 a%1 etc41 & #ca4g wat]4 ,cottage ,*eese4 ,cottage *eese is usually made f skim milk4 #ajj p\nds ( av]age skim milk w make f #ab to #ae p\nds ( cottage *eese1 su* z is usually sold on ! city m>ket4 ,:]e x is cream$ ! cream is put 9 aft] ! *eese is made4 ,cream4 #ajj p\nds ( #d milk w produce3 #bj p\nds ( #bj cream & #hj p\nds ( skim rema9+1 #ac p\nds ( #cj cream & #hf lbs4 ( skim rema9+1 or #aj p\nds ( #dj cream & #ij p\nds ( skim rema9+4 ,! av]age cream sold te/s ab\t #cj butt]-fat1 s on ! av]age ! f>m] has left ab\t #hf p\nds or a t5-gallon c ( skim milk = e #ajj p\nds ( #d milk4 ,skim ,milk4 ,! value ( skim milk on ! f>m z fe$ is an important "o = ! f>m]4 ,! price ( :ole milk 9 ! city is n always high en\gh s t x pays ! f>m] to sell 8 skim r ?an to use x = fe$+4 ,dur+ ! flu% season 9 ! spr+ :5 milk deal]s are all burd5$ ) a surplus ( milk1 x w\ld be a great advantage if m f>m]s w\ld sep>ate & fe$ ! skim milk to hogs4 ,i w endeavor to give "h z accurately z possible :at real in=mation ,i c ga!r f ,exp]im5t ,/ation reports conc]n+ ! fe$+ value ( skim milk4 ,at ! outset x might be well to /ate t on ?is "q ,i h nev] kn[n any two agricultural exp]ts to agree & exp]im5ts ne$ to be c>efully analyz$ be=e !y yield true in=mation4 ,i c prove to y f exp]im5ts publi%$ 9 ,h5ry ,morrison's 8,fe$s & ,fe$+0 t skim milk is wor? only 4#jh a hundr$ p\nds :5 corn meal is wor? #a4jj a hundr$1 & ,i c prove t skim milk is wor? 4#ca a hundr$ p\nds :5 corn meal is wor? #a4jj a hundr$4 ,9 fact :5 an exp]im5t] und]takes to prove a ?+ he has v easy sail+ if he c l9e up conditions to suit ! proposition he int5ds to prove4 ,! tr\ble ) mo/ exp]im5ts on ?is subject has be5 t !y are app>5tly plann$ to be us$ z argum5ts = ! purpose ( increas+ ! fe$+ ( skim milk & !y d n und]take to solve ! real "q involv$4 ,e "o kn[s t corn alone is too unbalanc$ a ration to fe$ to hogs pr(itably4 ,:]e x is endeavor$ to %[ t skim milk has a v high value1 "o bun* ( hogs is f$ corn alone1 & to comp>e ) x ano!r bun* is f$ corn & a small am\nt ( skim milk4 ,let ^? :o are satisfi$ ) ! in=mation t c be obta9$ by su* an exp]im5t use x & ,i w h no dispute ) !m4 ,b = mo/ ( u ! "q is :e!r we %\ld fe$ alfalfa to ! c[ & ! c['s milk to ! pig or let ! pig eat 8 own alfalfa4 ,a hog's ration may be balanc$ ) alfalfa hay or ) alfalfa or rape pa/ure4 ,! "q is :e!r milk & corn makes z *eap a ga9 z alfalfa & corn4 ,x is v difficult to f9d exp]im5ts t answ] ?is "q & x is ! mo/ practical "o 9 ! _w4 ,if x is good s5se to use ! co/ ( produc+ pork on dry corn alone z ! basis ( gett+ at ! value ( milk1 x is also good s5se to use skim milk alone z ! basis ( figur+ ! value ( gra94 ,9 an exp]im5t publi%$ by ,h5ry ,morrison on page #eig1 :]e little pigs weigh+ only tw5ty-five p\nds 7 us$ & :i* are capable ( mak+ *eap] ga9s on milk ?an old] hogs because !y h small] bodies to ma9ta91 x took #b1gci p\nds ( skim milk to make "o hundr$ p\nds ( ga94 ,b :]e #bcc p\nds ( gra9 7 f$ ) #ice p\nds ( skim milk !re 0 also a ga9 ( "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,figur+ n[ z !y d :o w\ld set ! value ( milk by ! co/ ( fe$+ dry gra91 we w use skim milk z a basis ( figur+4 ,if skim milk is wor? 4#cj a hundr$1 corn is wor? #b4cb a hundr$4 ,?is is ! same l9e ( reason+ z is us$ :5 9 an exp]im5t report$ on page #eih1 if corn is wor? 4#ja a p\nd we f9d t skim milk is wor? 4#cj a hundr$4 ,all !y prove is t a hog mu/ h some?+ besides corn or milk4 ,corn is ! *eape/ hog fe$ b x is too unbalanc$ a diet to get ! be/ results :5 f$ alone4 ,a small am\nt ( skim milk or some?+ else w balance ! diet4 ,accord+ to reports publi%$ by ,h5ry ,morrison on page #eih x w be notic$ t #ehe p\nds ( skim milk r$uc$ ! am\nt ( gra9 requir$ to produce #ajj lb4 gr[? by #agi p\nds4 ,if corn is wor? 4#ja a p\nd & we figure on t basis1 skim milk is wor? 4#ca a hundr$ p\nds4 ,b notice :at happ5s :5 ! am\nt ( skim milk is increas$ beyond :at is ne$$ to supply ! elem5ts :i* corn lacks4 ,:5 ! am\nt ( skim milk is increas$ by #dfc p\nds m1 ! am\nt ( corn meal eat5 0 only r$uc$ by #ef p\nds1 s t = ! fir/ #ehe p\nds ! f>m] 0 gett+ 4#ca b = ! next #dfc p\nds he 0 gett+ only 4#ab a hundr$ p\nds1 & :5 ! skim milk 0 aga9 increas$ by #hdi p\nds ! am\nt ( corn meal requir$ 0 only r$uc$ #ga p\nds & ?is figures d[n ! la/ bat* ( skim to only ab\t 4#jh p] hundr$ p\nds4 ,^! exp]im5ts prove t we mu/ keep some:]e ne> a balanc$ ration b d n prove any?+ reg>d+ a def9ite value ( skim z a fe$4 ,:at y\r skim milk is wor? on ! f>m dep5ds altoge!r on h[ mu* x is ne$$ to balance ! diet 9 hog fe$+ op]ations4 ,x is ( mu* m value = little pigs ?an = l>g] hogs t are m capable ( dige/+ grasses4 ,pr(essor ,h5ry says1 8,pigs f$ skim milk & gra9 ga9$ no?+ f pa/ure4 ,graz+ /imulates ! appetites ( pigs gett+ gra9 b no milk & !y eat m gra9 & make l>g] & m economical ga9s40 ,s we see t pigs w pass up pa/ure = milk & t :5 milk is f$ to pigs on pa/ure x replaces ! use ( pa/ure s t x does n d mu* good to pa/ure hogs t are f$ milk4 ,exp]im5ts report$ on page #fad %[ t pigs on alfalfa pa/ure require #cdd p\nds ( gra9 to ga9 "o hundr$ p\nds & t on rape pa/ure only #cdj p\nds are requir$4 ,diff]5t exp]im5ts always v>y slightly z to ! am\nt ( gra9 requir$ to make a c]ta9 gr[?4 ,b tak+ ! mo/ advantage\s ration t we c prep>e ) milk & corn z %[n by ^! exp]im5ts1 we may conclude t some?+ l #cjj p\nds ( gra9 & #ejj p\nds ( milk w make "o hundr$ p\nds ( gr[? on "o hundr$ p\nd hogs1 & t ab\t #cej p\nds ( gra9 f$ to hogs on pa/ure w make ! same am\nt ( gr[?4 ,let ea* f>m] figure out :at pa/ure & gra9 co/ him & he c get approximately ! real value ( skim milk4 ,= l>ge hogs milk w be wor? less ?an "h %[n4 ,= small] hogs x w be wor? m4 ,x may be int]e/+ to "k ! co/ p] p\nd ( skim milk solids figur$ at diff]5t prices1 b ! *emical analysis we are n consid]+4 ,"o hundr$ p\nds ( milk usually conta9s ab\t #i4be p\nds ( solids4 ,if #ajj p\nds ( skim milk is wor? 4#bj1 "o p\nd ( dry matt] w\ld be wor? 4#jbaf & a ton w\ld be wor? #dc4bj4 ,at 4#dj a hundr$1 "o p\nd ( dry matt] w\ld be wor? 4#jdcb & a ton w\ld be wor? #hf4dj4 ,at 4#ej a hundr$1 "o p\nd ( dry matt] w\ld co/ 4#jedj & "o ton co/ #ajh4jj4 ,:ey4 ,! av]age composition ( :ey is ab\t z foll[s3 wat] #ic4ab1 & total solids #f4hh4 ,( ! total solids !re are ab\t 4#bg fat1 4#ha nitrog5\s sub/ances & #e4hj sug>1 a%1 etc4 ,= pigs :ey has a fe$+ value ab\t half t ( skim milk4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,m>ket ,,milk ,weight ( ,milk4 ,! weight ( milk v>ies slightly ) ! temp]ature & also because ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( solids x conta9s4 ,an av]age gallon ( milk at #fj degrees weighs #h4f p\nds4 ,a t5-gallon c fill$ to ! lid %\ld weigh #hf p\nds4 ,a c l>ge en\gh to hold #ajj p\nds ( wat] w\ld hold #ajc4b p\nds ( av]age milk at #fj degrees1 #ajc4f p\nds ( skim milk1 or #ij p\nds ( pure butt]fat4 ,cream weighs less ?an wat]4 ,! butt]fat 9 milk is 9 ! =m ( little p>ticles or globules1 :i* float ar\nd 9 ! milk4 ,9 ,hol/e9 milk !y are small1 9 ,j]sey milk !y are l>g]4 ,cream is simply milk conta9+ a l>ge numb] ( p>ticles ( fat4 ,legal ,requirem5ts4 ,! law requires m>ket milk to te/ n less ?an #c butt]fat4 ,milk conta9+ #c butt]fat b less ?an #aa total solids is usually consid]$ wat]$ milk4 ,we det]m9e fat cont5t by ,babcock te/ & ! solids-n-fat by an in/rum5t call$ ! lactomet]1 :i* is simply an accurate means ( det]m9+ ! weight ( milk4 ,milk f c[s kn[n to be diseas$1 or f c[s fifte5 days be=e com+ fre% c n legally be sold4 ,aft] fre%5+1 milk c be sold z soon z x atta9s a normal condition4 ,x is illegal to sell milk to :i* wat] or any o!r sub/ance has be5 add$1 or milk :i* has be5 expos$ to disease-produc+ bact]ia1 or milk t has be5 /or$1 h&l$ or transport$ 9 an unclean or unsanit>y mann]4 ,cleanl9ess4 ,! greate/ h&icap 9 ! milk bus9ess is ! difficulty ( gett+ milk t is z clean z o!r food :i* p eat4 ,x is n impossible to d1 b x is r>ely done4 ,9 mo/ all cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates milk t meets ! highe/ requirem5ts z to cleanl9ess & sanitation is be+ sold = f #bj to #ce c5ts a qu>t4 ,su* milk is gu>ante$ to be pure by a m$ical bo>d & is label$ c]tifi$ milk4 ,!re are v>i\s requirem5ts 9 produc+ c]tifi$ milk t ne$ n all be expla9$ "h4 ,b to ! av]age consum] ! ma9 diff]5ce is t ! produc] ( c]tifi$ milk is z c>eful conc]n+ cleanl9ess 9 milk+ & c>+ = ! milk z a clean1 respectable h\sekeep] is 9 mak+ bread4 ,9 regul> m>ket milk we d n require cleanl9ess up to ! /&>d = c]tifi$ milk1 b all produc]s & deal]s 9 milk %\ld recognize & admit ! tru? t common milk is n ne>ly z clean z x %\ld be4 ,! public is well aw>e ( ?is fact1 & ! dem& = dairy products w\ld be immeasurably increas$ if ?\s&s ( p did n feel an av]sion to dr9k+ milk because z !y say1 8,x's s dirty40 ,we c n g to ! public & ask all we w\ld l to h unless we1 9 turn1 give !m j :at !y want4 ,! public wants clean milk & ,i believe t if milk improves 9 quality ! public w use m ( x4 ,no p]son ) dirty h&s %\ld ev] milk a c[ & use ! milk = human food4 ,a c['s udd] %\ld be wa%$4 ,! hair on ! udd] & flanks %\ld be clipp$ %ort1 & to prev5t du/ & hair f gett+ into ! milk1 h] flanks & udd] %\ld be slightly damp5$ be=e milk+4 ,a gunnysack cut up 9 pieces ab\t #ad in*es squ>e makes a v good t[el on :i* to dry ! udd] & ! milk]'s h&s4 ,a clean t[el %\ld be us$ = ea* milk+4 ,! cleanl9ess ( milk is usually judg$ by filt]+ a small am\nt ?r\gh a disc ( cotton4 ,?is is call$ ! s$im5t te/4 ,?is te/1 9 a measure det]m9es ! am\nt ( fil? & =eign matt] :i* milk conta9s4 ,suffici5t /ra9+ w make mo/ any milk s t x w %[ a clean record on ! s$im5t te/4 ,b rememb] t a /ra9] acts z a sort ( pulv]iz]4 ,milk runn+ ?r\gh a /ra9] gradually dissolves & wa%es away ! p>ticles until !y are s ?or\ghly 9 solution t we c n get !m 9 a cl>ify+ ma*9e4 ,we w\ld pref] milk /ra9$ ?r\gh a metal /ra9] only1 b 9 _m localities heal? dep>tm5ts require t x be filt]$ ?r\gh clo? or cotton4 ,:]e ?is is requir$ we oppose no objections4 ,! greate/ difficulty ) clo? /ra9]s is t !y d n get wa%$ clean en\gh4 ,a f>m] usually r9ses out 8 clo? 9 cold wat] & hangs x up to dry4 ,s\r /ra9]s are ab\t ! fir/ ?+ we look = on a f>m :]e ! p h be5 hav+ tr\ble keep+ milk sweet4 ,absorb5t cotton is all "r1 provid+ no clo? is us$ ) x1 b t x be held betwe5 metal /ra9+ discs1 or t ! clo? be ?r[n away ea* "t ) ! cotton4 ,s9ce to ?r[ away cotton /ra9]s ea* "t is exp5sive1 ,i d n ?9k ! sy/em is practical = g5]al use4 ,x is easi] & f> bett] to keep dirt f gett+ into ! milk ?an to let ev]y?+ g 9 & !n try to get x all out aga94 ,sanitation4 ,sanitation means 8p]ta9+ to heal?40 ,clean milk might be unsanit>y = x might conta9 injuri\s bact]ia4 ,bact]ia are plants4 ,to avoid infect+ milk ) bact]ia :i* cause s\r+ & decay we c n dep5d ^u cleanl9ess alone4 ,! fir/ few /reams ( milk f ea* teat ( ! c[ w be f\nd already infect$ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,9 c]tifi$ dairies ! fir/ /reams ( milk are nev] us$4 ,:5 c[s are n milk$ dry at ea* milk+ !re is a consid]able developm5t ( bact]ia t takes place 9 ! teats & udd]4 ,c>eless milk]s h _! tr\ble />t+ be=e ! milk leaves ! udd]4 ,v>i\s diseases infect ! milk ( ! c[4 ,milk f c[s ) g>get or diseas$ udd]s causes sore ?roats 9 *ildr5 & %\ld nev] be us$ z food4 ,dirt t gets into milk is ( itself objectionable1 b x is also "o ( ! greate/ s\rces ( infection4 ,milk ut5sils %\ld be /]iliz$4 ,?is may be done by ! use ( a *lor9e solution call$ ,bacilli-,kill1 by boil+ wat]1 or by ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,mo/ /]ilization is n p]fect & ev5 ! du/ p>ticles 9 ! air conta9 en\gh bact]ia to1 9 a measure1 re-se$ any surface4 ,bact]ia c n gr[ )\t moi/ure4 ,if ut5sils are n wa%$ p]fectly & food p>ticles are left = bact]ia to gr[ on1 !re w imm$iately />t a new developm5t f ! re-se$+ t w take place aft] ! /]ilization4 ,t9 cans c n be wa%$ well en\gh to make !m p]fectly free f food/uffs on :i* bact]ia may live4 ,:5 milk deal]s put cream 9 cold /orage1 expect+ to hold x sweet = z long z two mon?s !y use cans t h nev] be5 us$ be=e4 ,a metal surface is r\gh & ,i "k ( no way to wa% a milk c z p]fectly z a milk bottle4 ,! milk ut5sils %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ ) wa%+ p[d]1 r9s$ ?or\ghly ) boil+ wat]1 !n c>efully dri$4 ,9 ! op]ation ( clean+ cans ! mo/ difficult ?+ to d 9 a factory is to get ! c prop]ly dri$4 ,:5 x cools d[n !re is likely to be a c]ta9 am\nt ( moi/ure deposit$ on ! inside ( ! c & !re is always en\gh food left on :i* bact]ia may gr[ if ! c is moi/4 ,9 milk plants we /]ilize all equipm5t j be=e us+4 ,cans wa%$ & /]iliz$ at ! plant & us$ on ! f>m tw5ty-f\r or ?irty-six h\rs lat] become rancid because ( be+ %ut ) moi/ air 9 !m4 ,x is our ambition to sometime be able to s5d cans to ! f>m]s t w rema9 p]fectly sweet1 dry & /]ile1 ev5 if !y are kept clos$ = a week4 ,b n[ we mu/ confess to imp]fection1 & cans t get /ale be=e be+ us$ are p]haps ! greate/ m5ace to our milk supply4 ,if a f>m] c set ^! cans 9 ! sun ) ! lid (f1 x w help greatly4 ,if he c scald !m ) boil+ wat] j be=e he uses !m1 x w help ev5 m4 ,"s f>m]s h great difficulty 9 deliv]+ milk once a day & hav+ x sweet :5 x arrives at ! plant4 ,we h kept a bottle ( c]tifi$ milk = m ?an ?ree weeks 9 a refrig]ator :]e ! temp]ature is above =ty degrees & at ! end ( t "t x _h n turn$ s\r4 ,su* results c be only obta9$ by exp]ts1 b x is n difficult to become exp]t en\gh to always be able to sell milk t is 9 a good m>ketable condition1 deliv]$ once a day4 ,cool+ ,milk4 ,! gr[? ( bact]ia 9 milk dep5ds a great deal ^u its cool+4 ,milk has a great t5d5cy to take up bad odors1 & its t5d5cy to d ?is dep5ds ^u its temp]ature4 ,milk %\ld be cool$ )9 ?irty m9utes aft] x is drawn f ! c[4 ,if cool$ bel[ sev5ty degrees imm$iately & kept at t temp]ature or bel[1 !re w be v little difficulty ( milk s\r+1 provid$ due c>e has be5 tak5 reg>d+ sanitation & cleanl9ess4 ,well wat] temp]ature 9 ?is climate is usually fifty-f\r degrees4 ,by pump+ fre% wat] ?r\gh a tank1 hav+ x ov]fl[ s t ! w>m wat] w fl[ (f1 x is easy 9 a %ort "t to get milk z l[ z sixty-five degrees4 ,:5 runn+ wat] is n available1 x is bett] to /ir ! milk until x is z cold z x w get 9 su* wat] z y h1 !n set ! cans 9 a small tank ( fre% wat] t c be pump$ by h& if necess>y4 ,_m f>m]s use ! /ock tank to cool ! milk 9 fir/1 !n use "s half b>rels cut (f at a height s t ! wat] c n ov]fl[ into ! milk b t x w /& slightly high] ?an ! milk 9 ! cans4 ,use "o half-b>rel = ea* c ( night's milk4 ,9 ! morn+ cool ! milk 9 ! tank only4 ,h[ev]1 ! mo/ satisfactory arrangem5t w\ld be to h a small eng9e ) :i* fre% wat] may be pump$ at milk+ "t1 & let ! milk tank ov]fl[ into ! /ock tank until ! milk is cool$ & ! tank is full ( cold wat]4 ,a tank %\ld be divid$ by p>titions made ( slats runn+ up & d[n s t a c p>tly fill$ may float )\t tipp+ ov]4 ,x is n absolutely necess>y t milk be uncov]$ :ile x is be+ cool$1 b ! cov] prev5ts ! milk f cool+ z rapidly4 ,rememb] t w>m wat] always rises4 ,! cold wat] w be at ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,"s f>m]s divide _! milk s t ! cans w all float4 ,! milk w>ms ! wat] & ! w>m wat] rises above ! level ( ! milk 9 ! cans4 ,milk %\ld always be cov]$ :5 left sitt+ by ! road wait+ = ! haul]1 & %\ld always be cov]$ 9 ! wagon or truck4 ,wet ! blanket or canvas t cov]s ! milk4 ,?is helps to keep x cool4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,be+ ,,tri$ ,,out ,,on ,,our ,,dairy ,,f>m4 ,on our f>m we are equipp+ to produce c]tifi$ milk4 ,?is w be a new bus9ess = u4 ,:5 we h _h m exp]i5ce along ?is l9e we may write up ! results = publication4 ,h[ev]1 none ( our exp]im5ts are f> en\gh along n[ = u to be ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ ! results z f9al4 ,^? ?+s :i* w\ld probably be ( greate/ int]e/ to f>m]s are our small gra9 elevator1 ! lay\t ( ma*9]y to %ell corn1 gr9d fe$1 cut & re-cut alfalfa & our facilities = h&l+ manure4 ,we use electric p[] :i*1 s f> z we "k1 is ! mo/ satisfactory p[] :]e x is available4 ,! motor requires no fir+ up z does a /eam eng9e1 & no t9k]+ su* z goes ) ! use ( gasol9e4 ,! motors g5]ally run :5 y want !m to & z long z y want !m to & give v little tr\ble4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ arrangem5t ( ma*9]y4 ,! conveyor to ! silage bl[] is j bel[ ! floor4 ,silage or cut hay drops f ! ensilage cutt] to ?is conveyor4 ,opposite ! ensilage cutt] is ! fe$ gr9d] into :i* runs ! gra9 sp\t f ! corn %ell]4 ,! gr\nd fe$ also fl[s to ! conveyor & by %ift+ ! sp\t ( ! corn %ell] ! %ell$ corn w g to ! conveyor )\t be+ gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,re> view ( ! b>n %[+ ! arrangem5t ( silos4 ,! bl[] pipe = ! ensilage cutt] w ext5d ?r\gh ! b>n & ) a long ar* sw+ ar\nd f "o silo to ano!r4 ,our ensilage cutt] is p]man5tly in/all$ at "o side ( a driveway 9 ! b>n4 ,x w fill ?ree silos )\t re-sett+4 ,by ! use ( a re-cutt+ atta*m5t ) ! ensilage cutt] we make f9ely-*opp$ alfalfa ( all ! /ems t ! c[s w n eat4 ,cattle w eat ^! /ems aft] !y are cut up f9e & !y make excell5t fe$ = our deliv]y horses4 ,! bl[] 7made by ! ,am]ican ,h>ve/] ,company ( ,m9neapolis7 :i* we use = elevat+ is sep>ate f ! cutt]4 ,x is also us$ to elevate %ell$ corn1 oats & gr\nd fe$s to b9s ov]head4 ,! conveyor to ?is bl[] is slightly bel[ ! floor level s t gr\nd fe$ w run f ! fe$ gr9d] to ! conveyor1 s also w our %ell$ corn1 or oats t we are unload+ f wagons1 & ! re-cut alfalfa4 ,ev]y?+ goes to ! bl[] & is di/ribut$ to diff]5t b9s by turn+ ! sp\t4 ,an ord9>y ensilage cutt] c be us$ z an elevator = gra9 j z well z ! sep>ate bl[] t we use4 ,our sy/em ( haul+ manure is probably m orig9al ?an our arrangem5t = h&l+ fe$4 ,we d n %ovel ! manure out ( ?is b>n1 nei!r d we pu% x out4 ,we wa% x out ) a two-in* /ream ( wat]4 ,! gutt]s slope f ! ends ( ! b>n t[>d ! c5t]1 be+ two feet deep at ! c5t] ( ! b>n & "o foot deep at ! ends4 ,ov] ^! gutt]s we h ca/-iron grates to prev5t a c[ f slipp+ d[n4 ,a t5-in* tile leads f ! gutt] to a l>ge cess-pool outside ( ! b>n & f ?is cess-pool we pump ! sew]age along a ridge to ! highe/ gr\nd ( ! f>m & irrigate x d[n ov] ! fields4 ,we h an abundant wat] supply available1 *eap p[]1 & hope ?is plan w prove a practical means ( h&l+ manure4 ,s f> x has be5 a v easy matt] to flu% ! manure f ! gutt]s & our sew]age pump ?r[s #bjj gallons p] m9ute ?r\gh a f\r-in* pipe up ! hill z f> z we want to g4 ,we use cut /raw = b$d+ & run pl5ty ( wat] 9 ) ! manure s ! pump w n clog4 ,! picture ( ! pump %[n is tak5 f ! catalogue ( ! ,am]ican ,well ,works & does n repres5t our cess-pool b is simil> to ! outfit we use4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ ! gutt] beh9d ! c[s ) "s ( ! grates remov$4 ,! gutt] is be+ fill$ ) wat]4 ,:5 full ! cov] to ! op5+ to a #aj-;in* tile is remov$ & ! ru% ( ! wat] c>ries all ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,electric-driv5 sump pump ) #c-;in* intake & #b-;in* dis*>ge :i* pumps manure & wat] at ! rate ( #bjj gallons p] m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,int]ior ( ! b>n %[+ l>ge v5tilat+ flues4 ,at ! side ( ! room are ! air-intakes4 ,our wat] pump requires a t5 horse-p[] motor & w ?r[ #aej gallons p] m9ute4 ,besides a means ( gett+ manure haul$ out1 we expect to d "s irrigat+ 9 dry wea!r4 ,:ile runn+ bo? ! pump at ! well & ! sew]age pump we require ab\t t5 kil[atts ( curr5t p] h\r4 ,?is co/s u ab\t five c5ts p] kil[att4 ,we h in/all$ ! ,k+ v5tilat+ sy/em4 ,:]e a l>ge h]d ( c[s are kept 9 a b>n su* a v5tilat+ sy/em is a great help4 ,our b>n is w>m & com=table b n /eamy & close4 ,^! sy/ems co/ a good deal ( money & may n all prove practical4 ,we are n urg+ t our example be foll[$ b w be glad to give any ( our read]s su* data z we may h conc]n+ ! success ( ^! op]ations4 ,at our b>n we prep>e ! fe$ = all ( our deliv]y horses & we expect to keep sixty c[s4 ,! me?od ( h&l+ manure w elim9ate mo/ ( ! bre$+ places ( flies4 ,s9ce ?is milk w be us$ raw & is produc$ = babies especially1 extra precautions are necess>y 9 our case4 ,^! ?+s we h tak5 into consid]ation :5 plann+ s exp5sive a lay\t4 ,9 a few mon?s we w "k m ab\t ^! sy/ems & 9 a few ye>s we w h a conclusive te/ made4 ,^? :o wi% to drop 9 occasionally to see h[ we are gett+ along w be welcome4 ,illu/ration3 ,int]ior view ( milk h\se %[+ /]iliz+ ov51 cool]1 bottle fill] & conveyor = cases4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,diff]5t ,,po9ts ,,( ,,view ,ev5 ?\gh ,i h a f>m t at "o "t ,i w5t 9 debt = & :i* ,i paid = by milk+ c[s1 & ev5 ?\gh ,i h sp5t m ( my work+ ye>s on a f>m ?an 9 an (fice1 ,i c n always pass z a f>m]4 ,at "o "t ,i att5d$ a f>m]s' meet+ :]e ! city man 0 up = discussion & a fell[ nudg$ me & said1 8,old man1 h[ d y l x8 ,hav5't we got y city guys figur$ out ab\t "r80 ,i answ]$1 8,city p are j l c\ntry p 9 at lea/ "o respect4 ,!y are j z mu* incl9$ to ?9k _! own tr\bles are great] ?an any "o else's40 ,f>m]s sometimes speak ( !mselves z ! produc]s1 & s1 too1 d ! labor union m54 ,ev5 ! bus9ess m5 at _! meet+s are incl9$ to pat !mselves on ! back & to take cr$it = a v lib]al %>e 9 production4 ,we all look at ?+s f our own po9t ( view4 ,we h gone ?r\gh c]ta9 exp]i5ces & h n exp]i5c$ o!rs4 ,we c n all expect to be ( ! same op9ion4 ,b we all h ! ability to und]/& ea* o!r :5 we are giv5 ! *ance to see ?+s z o!r p see !m1 & x is ?is und]/&+ :i* ,i hope to promote z ,i write ?is brief *apt]4 ,i write ?is n z a f>m] b z a city man giv+ op9ions gradually =m$ 9 sev]al ye>s z a city milk di/ributor4 ,to me all are produc]s alike4 ,! man :o sews ! %oe = ! m9] :o digs ! ore t makes ! pl[ t pl[s ! field t raises ! :eat t makes ! bread t ! groc] di/ributes1 does :at is j z important b no m s ?an any o!r man or woman 9 ! long l9e :i* production takes4 ,if "o may insi/ t 8 task =ms ! f\ndation1 ano!r man may claim t 8 =ms ! ro(4 ,b :at is ! diff]5ce8 ,)\t :om c we well get along8 ,we he> mu* ab\t ! 8middle man0 :o is consid]$ a luxury or r an extravagance t ought n to be p]mitt$4 ,well1 ,i am "o ( ^? middle m5 & ! ?+ does n look t way at all to me4 ,i ?9k t all we d = ! p--all ! s]vice we r5d]1 is wor? :at we get = x4 ,we middlem5 h our tr\bles & call ourselves produc]s & are n 9 any way consci\s ( be+ 8p>asites40 ,:at economic laws apply p>ticul>ly to "o set ( p b d n apply to o!rs d[n ! l9e8 ,:at makes "o man's lot h>d] ?an t ( ano!r1 & :o really has ! h>de/ r[ to hoe8 ,:at %all we d to ! o!r fell[ to keep him f crime & h ju/ice8 ,^! are que/ions answ]$ 9 z _m diff]5t ways z !re are p ) diff]5t viewpo9ts4 ,d we d\bt ! patriotism ( ! club wom5 9 cities :o decid$ to boycott eggs & milk to br+ d[n ! price j at ! "t :5 ^! commodities 7 v h>d to produce & ! price already too l[ = ! co/8 ,if we d1 x is because we d n und]/& _! viewpo9t & _! lack ( in=mation on :i* to =m diff]5t conclusions4 ,a few ye>s ago ,i (t5 us$ a c]ta9 argum5t :i* n[ ,i d n use any m because n[ ,i am ov] on ! o!r side1 z !y say4 ,f ! o!r side ( ! f5ce ! proposition does n look at all ! same4 ,! argum5t is t ! f>m] sells 8 produce 9 t[n at ! price ! city man is will+ to pay & !n mu/ buy at ! price t ! city man w sell =4 ,s9ce ! city man does all ! price fix+ ! f>m] gets ! wor/ end ( ! b>ga9 all ( ! "t4 ,i h no d\bt t v>i\s m>kets are juggl$ by speculators ( v>i\s k9ds & t !re are _m exploit]s 9 cities :o h _! knives :ett$ = any "o's meat !y c get4 ,! _w has n yet work$ out its complete salvation4 ,we all h a few sugge/ions t we w\ld n m9d mak+ to ! p>ty 9 p[]4 ,b ( ?is ,i feel sure1 ! majority ( bus9ess m5 make _! liv+ by r5d]+ s]vice ! same z d f>m]s4 ,!y are up aga9/ propositions t are a good deal alike4 ,i h n notic$ mu* diff]5ce4 ,i h to pay my f>m]s a good or bett] b>ga9 ?an !y c get any :]e else4 ,9 ! same way ,i mu/ compete = labor4 ,i mu/ r5d] ! be/ s]vice ! cu/om] c get = ! money4 ,aft] ,i d all ( ^! ?+s1 if !re is any?+ left ,i may h x1 & my luck at diff]5t times is good1 bad1 & all %ades betwe5 good & bad4 ,all ( u city bus9ess m5 w\ld make m if we c\ld4 ,y c at lea/ cr$it u ) be+ ambiti\s1 b m ( u fail ?an d bus9ess m5 9 ! c\ntry4 ,at ?is "t probably half ( ! factories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are clos$ d[n1 banks are practically all 9 a critical condition1 /ores are adv]tis+ m]*&ise at half price & yet no "o seems to buy & ! f>m]s' tr\bles ne$ no description4 ,:at %all we d8 ,well1 ,i "k "s ?+s we %\ld n d t ,i c illu/rate ) a /ory4 ,a man 9 ,arizona look$ d[n ov] a l$ge ( rocks on a cliff & saw sev]al rattle snakes sunn+ !mselves on a l$ge ?irty feet bel[4 ,hav+ a small pi/ol he %ot a bullet d[n among !m4 ,imm$iately !re />t$ a battle at ! end ( :i* all ! rattlesnakes 7 bitt54 ,9 a few m9utes !y 7 all dead4 ,an exam9ation %[$ t ! bullet _h app>5tly n hit any snake4 ,! snakes _h all lo/ _! lives z a result ( a misund]/&+4 ,i he>d ,major ,g5]al ,wood make a spee* 9 favor ( univ]sal milit>y tra9+ b 8 argum5t _h a diff]5t mean+ = me ?an he int5d$ x %\ld h4 ,he argu$ t !re w be w> z long z p h hone/ diff]5ces ( op9ion--!re=e always be prep>$ = w>4 ,to me x seems t s9ce no am\nt ( prep>ation & w> equipm5t c insure peace we mu/ prev5t t hone/ diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,we mu/ keep ) all p a bett] und]/&+4 ,w>s are misund]/&+s & well mean+ p murd] ea* o!r because ! misund]/&+s are kept up ) c5sor%ip & propag&a4 ,p are arm$ ) poisons m deadly ?an ! rattlesnake & all w fight at ! drop ( ! hat if !y feel t !y are wrong$4 ,:at !n br+s any hope ( ?+s bett]8 ,x is ! _s t says 8,come let u reason toge!r0 t po9ts ! way to 8,peace on e>?1 good w t[>d m540 ,!re is "o ?+ t all %\ld rememb] & t is t we are all ( u ! public4 ,!re is no corporation 8)\t a he>t & )\t a s\l0 m he>tless ?an ! public4 ,all m5 /rive to d ! ?+ ! public wants mo/ to h done = only ^? :o please ! public's fancy get paid = _! ef=ts4 ,! public pays no "o int]e/ on inve/m5t4 ,x pays no "o = "t or ef=t sp5t4 ,x pays = ! s]vice x wants at ! "t x wants x & all :o misjudge ! public dem& may get no?+4 ,any new process or new inv5tion puts _m p out ( bus9ess = ! public turns coldly f ! old to ! new s]vice :i* x m desires4 ,if we produce too mu* ( any?+ ! price always goes bel[ co/4 ,:]e !re is an und]supply ( any ?+1 !re is ! be/ m>ket & ! m pr(itable bus9ess4 ,s x is t by pay+ or )hold+ ! price ?is great ,dame ,public keeps all c\rt+ h] favor & do+ ! ?+s %e wants mo/ to h done4 ,%e w9s ) e w9n] & !n taxes 8 income1 & lets ! los] lose alone4 ,b al?\gh we are all up aga9/ ! same g5]al laws t gov]n bus9ess !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 f>m+ & mo/ o!r bus9ess4 ,a contractor w build a build+ = u if we agree to pay a price t he figures w pay 8 co/ plus a pr(it4 ,o!rwise he w n d ! "w4 ,contract+ is suppos$ to be a some:at haz>d\s bus9ess b x is n s risky z f>m+ = ! build] kn[s be=e he />ts :at price he is to get4 ,a f>m] c n tell until he is ready to m>ket 8 crop :at ! m>ket w be4 ,! f>m] mu/ pay ! co/1 hop+4 ,wea!r has a great deal to d ) results 9 f>m+ op]ations & t makes ! bus9ess m risky4 ,bus9ess m5 9 cities z a rule c "w mu* clos] to _! pay *ecks4 ,?is makes x possible = !m to come mu* ne>] a sy/em ( always gett+ co/ plus a pr(it4 ,manufactur]s usually aim to take ord]s ahead ( _! output s t kn[+ _! co/ & hav+ _! goods already sold at a pr(it leaves !m comp>atively cle> sail+4 ,h[ ! f>m] c get on ! same basis ,i d n "k4 ,b city bus9ess is n all a r\nd ( pleasure1 = city competition is ke54 ,if "o f>m] raises =ty bu%els ( corn p] acre & ano!r c raise sixty1 ea* receives comp5sation 9 proportion to 8 crop4 ,b if "o m]*ant _h t mu* advantage ov] 8 competitor ! un=tunate "o w\ld be put cle> out ( bus9ess4 ,cu/om]s to a m]*ant are z valuable z pigs are to a f>m] & x is p]fectly legal to get ! o!r fell['s cu/om]s 9 broad daylight4 ,s we 9 competitive bus9ess keep busi] ?an "s p ?9k4 ,i h (t5 be5 ask$ :at ,i ?9k ( f>m]s' organizations4 ,well1 mo/ bus9ess m5 9 o!r l9es ( bus9ess h associations4 ,!y usually result 9 "s good4 ,x is ^? :o expect too mu* t are disappo9t$4 ,s simple a ?+ z an organization c n cure all ( ! difficulties 9 f>m+4 ,"s f>m]s 9 ,k5tucky organiz$ to boo/ ! tobacco m>ket by agree+ among !mselves to plant few] acres4 ,aft] ! agreem5t _m expect$ a high price = tobacco & plant$ m acres4 ,?is is ab\t ! k9d ( co-op]ation we all h le>n$ to expect 9 associations :]e money int]e/s are involv$4 ,^! f>m]s 7 "r1 h[ev]1 9 realiz+ t 9 ord] to boo/ ! m>ket !y _h to limit ! supply ( ! product4 ,! law ( supply & dem& always works4 ,x works to ! advantage ( him :o c limit ! supply or c increase ! dem&4 ,let me tell y h[ a tru/ op]ates4 ,!re is an agreem5t to fix prices & production is limit$ to :at w sell at ! fix$ price4 ,!n !re are fights made aga9/ any "o outside ( ! comb9ation :o und]takes to produce t l9e ( goods4 ,! tru/ magnate kn[s well t to control a m>ket he mu/ limit ! am\nt ( goods = sale by comb9+ to fight competition4 ,)\t t feature tru/s w\ld be h>mless4 ,a tru/ is a 8comb9ation 9 re/ra9t ( trade0--a fight+ organization4 ,common bus9ess m5 are n afraid to compete ) tru/s4 ,x is always ! tru/ t is afraid4 ,to compete means to race4 ,tru/s always want to ham/r+ ! fell[s aga9/ :om !y are rac+4 ,to g back to f>m]s' organizations1 on acc\nt ( ! nature ( _! bus9ess f>m]s c nev] successfully organize to fight d[n competition ( o!r f>m]s & prev5t !m f produc+4 ,!y c n !n create an artificial m>ket4 ,o!rs c sometimes comb9e to take advantage ( f>m]s4 ,f>m]s c nev] 8get ev540 ,b "h is a tru? t _m d n realize & x is t al?\gh "s may h a less difficult bus9ess ?an f>m+1 n "o p]son out ( a ?\s& c avoid competition or has any unfair advantage ov] o!r p4 ,^? :o w\ld diff] f ?is /atem5t c\ld only *ange ! figures 9 ! proportion4 ,*ange !m z y l1 & yet we mu/ agree t x is a good ?+ t a majority mu/ e>n a liv+ 9 :i* !re is no graft = !y w /& = tru? & fairness 9 ! l&4 ,we want fre$om 9 ! c\ntry & !re _c be fre$om )\t fair competition--equal opportunities = all z ne>ly z ! law c insure !m4 ,:]e co-op]ation among f>m]s c increase effici5cy !y %\ld co-op]ate4 ,! same is true ( any o!r bus9ess4 ,= any "o to co-op]ate 9 a legitimate way = legitimate purpose is always a legitimate ?+ to d4 ,co-op]ation ne$ n int]f]e ) free competition or fair play4 ,i h no ^w ( w>n+ to give to f>m]s' organizations t ,i w\ld n apply z well to o!rs4 ,b ,i h a w>n+ t ,i w\ld l to s\nd to all ! _w4 ,bew>e ( him :o accuses all o!rs ( guilt4 ,bew>e ( him :o sees only bad 9 ! _w4 ,!re are ^? 8re=m]s10 !y may be call$1 :o w\ld poison u aga9/ our fell[s4 ,wat* closely ! sugge/ions ( su*4 ,te/ _! advice by ! gold5 rule4 ,a propag&a ( hate is nev] ne$$ 9 a good cause4 ,peace on e>? c only come by fairness & good w4 ,we ne$ ea* o!r's po9t ( view4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,page #bj3 8,(t] ! fatte/10 *ang$ to 8,(t5 ! fatte/10 ,page #df3 8:at hapepns0 *ang$ to 8:at happ5s0 ,page #ef3 8! fact increases0 *ang$ to 8! fat increases0 ,page #ic3 8an extravangance0 *ang$ to 8an extravagance0 ,page #ii3 8corn p] ace0 *ang$ to 8corn p] acre0