,illu/ration3 ,bullet9 #ad1 ,division ( ,botany1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,,plate #a4 ,,ilex ,,cass9e4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,division ,,( ,,botany4 ,,bullet9 ,no4 #ad4 ,,ilex ,,cass9e1 ,,! ,,aborig9al ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,tea4 ,,its ,,hi/ory1 ,,di/ribution1 ,,& ,,use ,,among ,,! ,,native ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,indians4 ,,by ,e4 ,m4 ,,hale1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,au?ority ,,( ,,! ,,secret>y ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,wa%+ton3 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice4 #ahia4 ,,lett] ,,( ,,transmittal4 ,,septemb]1 #ahia4 ,,sir3 ,i h ! honor ( pres5t+ = publication ! accompany+ pap] on ! hi/ory1 di/ribution1 & uses ( ,ilex cass9e1 commonly call$ y\pon1 a %rub belong+ to ! s\!rn & s\!a/]n p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,m4 ,hale1 ! au?or1 has made a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! scatt]$ in=mation :i* is to be f\nd on ! subject4 ,9 my op9ion x is well to publi% ?is pap]1 9 ord] to p]petuate 9 a concise =m ! record$ facts conc]n+ ! economic & c]emonial uses ( ?is plant among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,! leaves are n[ us$ to a limit$ ext5t among ! ,s\!rn p1 & possibly _! use may be some:at ext5d$4 ,x seems t ! detection ( caffe9e 9 ! leaves ( ?is ,ilex re/s ^u ! *emical analysis ( ,pr(essor ,v5able1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,i am n aw>e t any analysis has be5 made by o!rs4 ,,geo4 ,,vasey1 ,botani/4 ,,hon4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,rusk1 ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4 ,,preface4 ,sev]al ye>s ago1 :5 read+ t delightful n>rative1 by ! y\ng] ,b>tram1 relat+ to 8 travels 9 ,florida1 ,i 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 8 m5tion ( ! ,ilex cass9e1 & ! decoction made f x1 call$ ! 8black dr9k10 9 use among ! ,creeks & o!r aborig9es ( ! ,atlantic & ,gulf coa/s4 ,my curiosity l$ me to inve/igate ! subject1 & ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d s little writt5 ab\t x4 ,i h consult$ all ! works 9 :i* !re are any allusions to ! ,ilex cass9e1 & ! results ( ?is rese>* are embodi$ 9 ?is bullet94 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge ! k9d assi/ance & enc\ragem5t ( _m em95t m52 among :om are ,dr4 ,george ,vasey1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,*apman1 ,alb]t ,s4 ,gats*et1 ,dr4 ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton1 ,horatio ,hale1 & ,pr(4 ,f4 ,p4 ,v5able4 ,i hope ?is imp]fect pap] may /imulate o!rs to fur!r inve/igations ( ?is indig5\s analogue ( tea & c(fee4 ,,edw9 ,m4 ,,hale1 ,m4 ,d4 ,no4 #bbjj ,prairie ,av5ue1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,ilex ,,cass9e1 ,,! ,,aborig9al ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,tea4 ,,edw9 ,m4 ,,hale1 ,m4 ,d41 ,*icago4 ,!re is a %rub or small tree1 a species ( holly 7,ilex cass9e71 gr[+ 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates along ! seacoa/1 n ext5d+ inl& m ?an #bj or #cj miles1 f ,virg9ia to ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,its leaves & t5d] bran*es 7 once us$ by ! aborig9al tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! same mann] z ! ,*9ese use tea & ! ,s\? ,am]icans use mat4 ,b :ile ! use ( ,!a s95sis & ,ilex p>aguay5sis /ill survives1 ! use ( ! %rub above m5tion$ has be5 almo/ ab&on$ by our native ,indians & by ! :ite p :o once p>tially adopt$ x z a bev]age4 ,! reason = its disuse is h>d to discov]1 =1 9 common ) ! tea & mat1 x conta9s caffe9e1 or a simil> alkaloid4 ,! object ( ?is pap] is to exam9e its hi/ory1 to sugge/ its re/oration to a place among ! /imulant bev]ages1 & inquire into its possible economic value4 ,i h be5 able to trace its use z a bev]age back to ! leg5d>y migration ( ! ,creeks f _! suppos$ f> we/]n home to ! seacoa/ ( ! ,c>ol9as4 ,:e!r x 0 us$ by ! prehi/oric m\nd-build]s is a "q :i* may n at pres5t be solv$4 ,b "s ar*ologi/ ( ! future may f9d 9 ! rema9s ( ! m\nd-build]s or _! pr$ecessors pro( ( its use among !m4#a ,,botany ,,( ,,cass9e4 ,be=e trac+ ! hi/ory ( ! cass9e f ! e>lie/ hi/oric p]iod d[n to ! pres5t1 a few botanical notes relat+ to ! g5us ,ilex are appropriate4 ,accord+ to ,b5?am & ,hook] 9 _! 8,g5]a ,plant>um10 ?is g5us conta9s ab\t #ade species1 mo/ly natives ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 b "s belong+ to ! s\!rn portions ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 o!rs to ! c5tral & tropical p>ts ( ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e2 & a few to ,africa & ,au/ralia4#b ,! "q :e!r any o!r species ?an ! ,i4 cass9e conta9s an alkaloid analog\s to caffe9e has n be5 inve/igat$4 ,x is also a "q :e!r any ( ! alli$ species1 su* z ^? ( ! sections ,pr9oides & ,pr9os1 conta9 a con/itu5t :i* w\ld enable !m to be a sub/itute = ! cass9e4#c ,*apman1 9 8 8,botany ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates10 enum]ates ?ree pr9cipal species ( ! g5us ,ilex1 & "o v>iety1 namely1 ,ilex opaca 7common holly71 ,ilex dahoon 7dahoon holly71 & ,ilex cass9e1 sometimes call$ 8,ilex vomitorea40 ,! "o v>iety is ! ,ilex myrtifolia 7myrtle-leav$ holly74 ,he m5tions ?ree species ( ! section ,pr9oides & f\r ( ,pr9os4 ,! habitat ( all ! species1 except ! ,i4 cass9e1 ext5ds f ! seacoa/ inl& 9 swamps1 along riv] c\rses1 & l[ p9e l&s4 ,9 fact1 no m5tion is made ( _! occupy+ ! light s&y soil close to ! seacoa/4 ,rev4 ,e4 ,c4 ,re9ke writes f ,fairfield1 ,isl& ( ,jamaica1 t !re are f\r species ( ,ilex on ! isl&1 viz1 ,i4 obcordata1 ,i4 occid5talis1 ,i4 dica1 ,i4 montana4 ,mo/ ( ^! are f\nd on ! ,blue ,m\nta9s1 #e1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,he c\ld n asc]ta9 t any use :atev] 0 made ( ! leaves or b]ries ei!r on ! isl& or any:]e 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,z ! aborig9es ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s are all ext9ct1 or ne>ly s1 x is n /range t no pres5t use is made ( ! ,ilex4 ,x is probable t none ( ^! species conta9s any su* active con/itu5ts z ! ,i4 cass9e4 ,dr4 ,*apman1 9 a rec5t lett]1 says3 8,! ,i4 cass9e gr[s along ! :ole ea/ & we/ coa/ ( ,florida1 & on ! %ores ( ! ,gulf & 9 ,texas1 if ! ,orcophiles 7,s*eele7 is ! same1 z is possible40 ,john ,m4 ,c\lt] 7,contributions ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,h]b>ium1 vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #a1 ,texas7 m5tions t ! ,ilex cass9e yaupon 8ext5ds into ,texas to ! valley ( ! ,colorado40 ,?is w\ld imply t x is n f\nd f>!r we/w>d ?an ! m\? ( ! ,colorado ,riv]1 :i* is at ,matagorda ,bay1 ab\t halfway f ! ,l\isiana l9e to ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,9 a rec5t pamphlet on ! ext9ct coa/ ,indians ( ,texas1 ! ,k>ankawas1 ,gats*et m5tions _! use ( ! cass9e4 ,!y ga!r$ x 89 ! woods1 n on ! coa/ l9e10 b probably n beyond ! tide wat] ( ! riv]s4 ,^! ,indians liv$ on ! coa/ f ! ,colorado ,riv] to ! ,rio ,gr&e1 s x mu/ be f\nd z f> z ! latt] riv]4 ,possibly its habitat ext5ds d[n along ! ,mexican coa/4 ,p4 ,m4 ,hale1 9 8 8,woods ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a10 describes sev]al species ( holly4 ,( ,ilex cass9e he writes z foll[s3 ,yopon 7,i4 ,cass9e ,l9n474--,an elegant %rub1 #aj to #ae feet high1 b sometimes ris+ into a small tree ( #bj to #be feet4 ,its native place is ne> to salt wat]1 & x is f\nd f ,virg9ia s\?w>d1 b nev] f> 9 ! int]ior4 ,its d>k ev]gre5 leaves & bright r$ b]ries make x v ornam5tal 9 y>ds & %rubb]ies4 ,! leaves are small1 to #a in* long1 v smoo?1 & ev5ly scallop$ on ! edges1 ) small r\nd$ tee?4 ,9 "s sections ( ! l[] di/rict1 especially 9 ! region ( ! ,dismal ,swamp1 ^! are annually dri$ & us$ = tea1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 oppressively sudorific--at lea/1 to "o n accu/om$ to x4 ,! mat1 or ,p>aguay tea1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 is ( ! same g5us z ?is1 b a v diff]5t species4 ,our yopon is ! article f :i* ! fam\s black dr9k ( ! ,s\!rn ,indians 0 made4 ,at a c]ta9 "t ( ! ye> !y come d[n 9 droves f a di/ance ( "s hundr$ miles to ! coa/ = ! leaves ( ?is tree4 ,!y make a fire on ! gr\nd1 & putt+ a great kettle ( wat] on x1 !y ?r[ 9 a l>ge quantity ( ^! leaves1 &1 seat+ !mselves ar\nd ! fire1 f a b[l t holds ab\t a p9t !y beg9 dr9k+ l>ge draughts1 :i* 9 a %ort "t occasion !m to vomit freely & easily4 ,?us !y cont9ue dr9k+ & vomit+ = ! space ( #b or #c days1 until !y h suffici5tly cleans$ !mselves2 & !n1 e "o tak+ a bundle ( ! tree1 !y all retire to _! habitations4 ,,etymology ,,( ,,! ,,names 8,,dahoon10 8,,cass9e10 ,,& 8,,y\pon40 ,i h be5 at "s pa9s to asc]ta9 ! correct etymology ( ^! names4 ,dr4 ,alb]t ,s4 ,gats*et1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 "o ( ! be/ au?orities1 writes me z foll[s3 ,accord+ to ,lawson !re are two or ?ree sorts ( y\pon4 ,! ,indians ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a call x 8cass9a40 ,x gr[s on s& banks & isl&s ne> ! sea4 7,us$ by ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,indians = tea47 ,x is writt5 cass5a4 ,f ,mutt] x w\ld appe> t ! cass9e are *iefly ,african plants1 nor d ,i ?9k t ! "n is ,indian4 ,i f9d no ^w 9 ,katawba correspond+ to ! ^w 8dahoon40 ,i saw "h 9 ! ,botanical ,g>d5 a %rub f ,nor? ,c>ol9a call$ ,ilex vomitoria1 und\bt$ly ! ,assi %rub4 8,assi0 is only an abbreviation ( ,assi lupub'ski 7,creek71 8small leaves40 ,! ,%etima%a t]m 0 no'ut 7,*4 ,c4 ,jones74 ,tomo*i*i calls x 8foskey10 probably ,yamassi1 a dialect ( ! ,creek4 ,w4 ,r4 ,g]>d1 ( ,new ,york1 an em95t philologi/1 writes me3 ,! ^w cass9e belongs to ! language ( ! n[ ext9ct ,timucua ,indians ( ,florida4 ,little is kn[n ( ! language ( ^? p4 ,x has seem$ to me t !y borr[$ ! ^w f ! ,creeks1 :o call ,ilex cass9e ussie1 leaf tea4 ,cass9e 7c-assi-ne7 w\ld seem to be ?is ^w ) a guttural prefix & a suffix ne ( unkn[n mean+4 ,i c n ref] ! ^w dahoon to any ,indian language4 ,i believe x to be ( ,fr5* orig91 8h\x d',ahon40 ,y\pon is ,indian1 & seems to belong to ! language ( ! long-ext9ct ,waccoons ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! ^w is ,catawba1 = 9 ,catawba yp1 also pron\nc$ 8yop10 means wood1 /ick1 & tree4 ,pr(4 ,le/] ,f4 ,w>d1 botani/ ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 writes3 ,l9n fir/ us$ 8cass9e0 z a g5]ic "n1 & appli$ x to a ,s\? ,african plant 7,g54 ,ed4 ,nova3 ,no4 #cga1 #agec1 & 8 ,sy/ema ,natur1 ed4 #ac?1 ,lipsi1 #agia74 ,?omas ,walt] us$ x fir/ z a specific "n = ,ilex 7,flor4-,c>ol9a1 ,l\d41 #aggh74 ,none ( ^! two ref] to ! orig9 ( ! ^w4 ,?omas ,walt] us$ dahoon z a specific "n2 ,l9n copi$ f him & spells x 8duhoon40 ,probably ,g]>d's explanation ( ! etymology ( ^? ?ree words is correct1 = at ! "t ,walt] & ,l9n wrote ! ,indian names ( plants _h be5 c>ri$ abroad by botani/s & travel]s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,cass9e4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,leaves ,,( ,,ilex ,,cass9e4 ,i quote ! foll[+ f a pap] by ,f4 ,p4 ,v5able1 ,,ph4,d41 ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a3 ,hav+ on h& a small sample ( ! leaves procur$ f ,new ,b]ue dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahhc1 x seem$ desirable to make an exam9ation ( !m1 to decide1 if possible1 ! pres5ce ( any alkaloid or o!r pr9ciple :i* w\ld make ! decoction useful z a bev]age4 ,! usual treatm5t ) magnesium oxide1 exhau/ion ) wat]1 sep>ation by means ( *lor(orm1 & subsequ5t purification 0 adh]$ to1 result+ 9 obta9+ a small am\nt ( a :ite sub/ance slightly soluble 9 wat]1 m s 9 alcohol1 & easily soluble 9 *lor(orm1 :i* gave di/9ctly ! te/s = caffe9e1 especially ! murexide reaction1 & v closely resembl$ a specim5 ( pure caffe9e f ,p[]s ,weightman4 ,?is caffe9e =m$ 4#cb p] c5t4 ( ! dri$ leaves4 ,lat] on1 9 ,may1 a mu* l>g] supply ( ! same leaves 0 gott5 f ! neighborhood ( ,wilm+ton4 ,a m ?or\gh exam9ation ( !m 0 !n made1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,wat] 9 air-dri$ samples #ac4ai ,extract$ by wat] #bf4ee ,tann9 #g4ci ,caffe9e 4#bg ,nitrog5 7on combu/ion7 4#gc ,a% #e4ge ,mat or ,brazilian holly 7,ilex p>aguay5sis7 belongs to ! same g5us4 ,its a% analysis1 z made by ,seor ,arate1 is giv5 9 ! second column4 ,! plant gr[s wild 9 ,brazil1 & is v l>gely us$ by ! ,s\? ,am]icans4 ,x has1 accord+ to ,peckolt 7,ph>m4 ,j4 ,trans4 7#c7 #ad1 #aba-abd2 ,ab/ract ,j\r4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahhd1 #dgi71 be5 plant$1 & seems to succe$ well1 9 ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ,spa91 & ,portugal4 ,x is /at$ t six diff]5t species ( ,ilex are us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is tea4 ,peckolt gives1 9 8 analysis ( ! air-dri$ leaves1 ! p]c5tage ( caffe9e z #j4fci4 ,! av]age p]c5tage ( analyses by diff]5t au?ors is ab\t #a4c4 ,i c f9d m5tion ( only "o o!r ,ilex us$ z a sub/itute = tea4 ,! analysis ( ?is by ,ryl& & ,br[n is quot$ 9 ,bly!'s 8,composition & ,analysis ( ,foods0 7p4 #cdc74 ,x is call$ ! ,ilex cassiva1 is said to be us$ z a tea 9 ,virg9ia1 & ! p]c5tage ( caffe9e is giv5 z #j4ab4 ,?is is probably ! same ?+ z ! yopon1 ! analysis ( :i* is giv5 above1 & ! 8cassiva0 may be a mispr9t = 8cass9e40 ,9 a m rec5t pap] ,pr(essor ,v5able reports additional analyses1 :i* are int]e/+4 ,he says3 ,"s ye>s ago an analysis ( ! leaves ( ,ilex cass9e 0 giv5 9 ?is j\rnal4#d ,9 ?is analysis appe>$ ! int]e/+ fact t ^! leaves conta9$ a small p]c5tage ( caffe9e4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahhe-'hf1 at ! reque/ ( "s m$ical fri5ds ^: att5tion 0 drawn to ! analysis1 a m ?or\gh exam9ation 0 und]tak51 n only ( ! leaves1 b ( ! b]ries4 ,x 0 ?\ght advisable1 at ! same "t1 to exam9e ! leaves & fruit ( o!r repres5tatives ( ! ,ilex family 9 ?is ,/ate--,ilex opaca & ,ilex dahoon4 ,?is 0 prim>ily a se>* aft] alkaloids1 & n int5d$ z a complete *emical exam9ation4 ,z no alkaloids 7 f\nd o!r ?an ! caffe9e already m5tion$1 no acc\nt ( ! "w 0 publi%$1 & ! results h be5 hidd5 away 9 my note books ev] s9ce4 ,?9k+1 h[ev]1 t ev5 negative results are (t5 ( "s value & t ! p>tial analysis might be ( aid to o!rs1 ,i (f] ?is pap] = publication 9 ! j\rnal ( ! society4 ,besides ! ,i4 opaca1 ,i4 dahoon1 ,i4 cass9e1 accord+ to ,curtis !re are 9 ?is ,/ate five additional species ( ?is g5us3 ,i4 decidua ,walt4 ,i4 ambigua ,*apman2 ,i4 v]ticillata ,gray1 ,i4 glabra ,gray1 ,i4 coriacea ,*apm1 b ! exam9ation 0 n ext5d$ to !m4 ,9 se>*+ = ! alkaloids ! directions ( ,drag5dorff 7 fir/ foll[$4 ,! leaves 7or cru%$ b]ries7 7 fir/ dige/$ at #dj-ej ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,?is extract 0 evaporat$ to a sirupy consi/5ce1 ! residue mix$ ) ?ree or f\r times its bulk ( alcohol1 filt]$ aft] #bd h\rs' /&+1 & wa%$ ) alcohol4 ,! alcohol 0 !n di/ill$ (f f ! filtrate1 ! wat]y residue 0 dilut$ ) wat] & filt]$4 ,petroleum-e!r1 b5zol1 & *lor(orm 7 successively us$ to extract ! alkaloidal pr9ciples1 if any 7 pres5t 9 ! acid liquid4 ,!n1 aft] r5d]+ alkal9e ) ammonia1 ! liquid 0 aga9 extract$ ) ! solv5ts m5tion$4 ,z1 ev5 ) wat] b slightly acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid1 "s risk ( ! de/ruction or *ange ( ! alkaloids 0 run dur+ ! long evaporation1 a second me?od 0 made use (1 z foll[s3 ,! leaves 7 dige/$ = #aj h\rs ) #gj p] c5t alcohol1 ! alcohol di/ill$ (f1 & ! residue treat$ ) lead acetate & soda4 ,! excess ( lead 0 remov$ by means ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 & ! filtrate f ?is evaporat$ to a ?9 sirup4 ,?is 0 !n treat$ ) /rong alcohol1 filt]$1 & ! excess ( alcohol di/ill$ (f4 ,bismu?1 potassium-iodide1 & sulphuric acid 7 next us$ to precipitate any alkaloid pres5t4 ,! pres5ce ( album9oid matt] r5d]$ x necess>y to decompose ?is by means ( soda1 neutraliz$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & reprecipitate ) m]curic *loride4 ,! solutions to :i* m]curic *loride _h be5 add$ 7 all[$ to /& sev]al days4 ,! results may be tabulat$ z foll[s3 ,i4 opaca1 leaves ,no alkaloid4 ,i4 opaca1 b]ries ,no alkaloid4 ,i4 dahoon1 leaves ,no alkaloid4 ,i4 dahoon1 b]ries ,no alkaloid4 ,i4 cass9e1 leaves ,caffe9e4 ,i4 cass9e1 b]ries ,no alkaloid4 ,i reg>d ^! analyses z conclusive1 at lea/1 ( ! abs5ce ( ! kn[n1 well *>act]iz$ alkaloids4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t o!r me?ods might reveal ! pres5ce ( "s ( ! m elusive ones4 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection t ( ! five species 9 ! g5us ,!a1 only "o conta9s !9e2 ( ! g5us ,c9*onace1 to :i* c(fee belongs1 only "o conta9s caffe9e2 :ile ( ! _m species ( ,ilex 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 only ?ree1 s f> z kn[n1 conta9 caffe9e4 ,*emi/s ass]t t !9e & caffe9e are id5tical1 b physicians "k t !y diff] widely 9 _! physiological & !rapeutic effects4 ,,physiological ,,& ,,toxic ,,effects4 ,all ( ! hollies possess decid$ physiological action on ! human sy/em4 ,ilex opaca once _h a l>ge reputation 9 ,europe & ,engl& 9 rheumatism1 g\t1 cutane\s diseases1 & int]mitt5t fev]4 ,! "y leaves & bran*es1 9 ,france1 are f$ to cattle1 & said to increase ! quantity & quality ( ! milk ( c[s4 ,griffi? 7,m$ical ,botany1 #ahdg7 writes ( ! cass9e3 ,ano!r native species1 ! ,i4 vomitoria1 ( ,aiton1 appe>s to be end[$ ) /ill m p[]ful prop]ties4 ,?is is a native ( ! mo/ s\!rn p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :]e x is held 9 high e/eem among/ ! ,indians1 :o consid]$ x a holy plant1 & employ$ x 9 _! religi\s c]emonies & c\ncils1 to purge _! bodies f all impurities4 ,!y call$ bo? ?is & ! ,i4 dahoon by ! "n ( 8cass5a40 ,! leaves1 :i* 7 ! "p employ$1 7 collect$ ) great c>e1 & =m$ an article ( trade among ! tribes4 ,dr4 ,b4 ,s4 ,b>ton 78,collections10 #ch7 says ( x3 8,x is ?\ght to be "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful diuretics hi!rto discov]$4 ,x is held 9 great e/eem among ! ,s\!rn ,indians2 !y toa/ ! leaves & make a decoction ( !m4 ,x is ! m5 alone t are p]mitt$ to dr9k ?is decoction1 :i* is call$ #8black dr9k4'0 ,^! leaves are inodor\s1 & h a some:at aromatic1 acrid ta/e4 ,9 small doses ! decoction acts z a p[]ful diuretic1 & 9 l>ge ones produces dis*>ges f ! /oma*1 b[els1 & bladd]4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 on ! seacoa/1 ! inhabitants modify ! delet]i\s action ( _! bracki% wat] by boil+ a few leaves ( cass5a ) x4 7,! ,african kola nut1 p[d]$ & add$ to f\l wat]1 is said to purify x4 ,x conta9s !obrom9e1 an alkaloid analog\s to caffe9e47 ,raf9esque 7,m$ical ,botany1 #ahbh7 calls x 8,cass9e ,p]agua0 7,s*oeph71 or ,ilex vomitoria 7,aiton71 & says3 ,?is by "s is said to be ! true cass9e ( ! ,florida tribes4 ,b ,c4 aumlosa 7,raf9esque71 ,ilex cass9e1 & dahoon1 ,viburnum cass9oides1 are all equally s nam$ & us$4 ,! leaves are bitt]i%1 sudorific1 purgative1 & diuretic2 vomitive & purgative 9 /rong decoctions1 call$ 8black dr9k40 ,said to be useful 9 gravel1 nephritis1 diabetes1 fev]s1 & small-pox4 ,k+ 7,disp5satory1 #ahfd7 says3 8,! ,ilex vomitoria1 or #8,s\? ,sea tea1' is ! cass9e ( ! ,indians4 ,a few leaves ( ?is plant less5 ! injuri\s influ5ce ( sal9e wat]40 ,x has nev] be5 made (fic9al 9 any ph>macopia 9 ?is c\ntry or ,europe4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,prep>ation4 ,! leaves & "y t5d] bran*es 7 c>efully pick$4 ,! fre% cass9e 0 ga!r$ at ! "t ( h>ve/ or maturity ( ! fruits1 :i* 0 _! ,new ,ye>4 ,! ,new ,ye> began ) ! 8busk10 :i* 0 celebrat$ 9 ,july or ,augu/1 8at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ new moon 9 :i* _! corn became full e>$10 says ,adair4 ,! leaves 7 dri$ 9 ! sun or %ade & aft]w>ds roa/$4 ,! process seems to h be5 simil> to t adopt$ = tea & c(fee4 ,! roa/+ 0 done 9 ov5s1 rema9s ( :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,*]okee region2 or 9 l>ge %all[ pots or pans ( e>!nw>e1 su* z ! ,indian tribes made4 ,^! roa/$ leaves 7 kept 9 baskets 9 a dry place until ne$$ = use4 ,laudonnire 7#aefd7 writes ( be+ pres5t$ ) baskets fill$ ) leaves ( ! cass9e4 ,a description ( ! me?od ( mak+ ! decoction1 or 8black dr9k10 w be f\nd 9 ,dick5son's & ,b>tram's n>rations1 & 9 o!r quotations bel[4 ,a special feature 0 ! practice ( p\r+ ! liquid f "o b[l to ano!r until a deep fro? appe>$4 ,:e!r ?is 0 suppos$ to increase ! pot5cy ( ! bev]age1 or 0 a fa%ion1 l ! ,spani% me?od ( :ipp+ *ocolate to a foam1 is a "q2 probably ! latt] is ! true explanation4 ,! ,japanese treat _! infusions ( tea 9 ! same mann]4 ,0 x an article ( comm]ce8--,!re seems to be no d\bt on ?is subject4 ,allusions to ! dr9k+ ( ! 8black dr9k0 are f\nd1 indicat+ its use among tribes resid+ at a long di/ance f ! habitat ( ! cass9e4 ,lawson 7#agji7 writes ( its be+ 8collect$ by ! savages ( ! coa/ ( ,c>ol9a1 & f !m s5t to ! we/w>d ,indians & sold at a consid]able price40 ,dr4 ,por*]1 au?or ( ! 8,res\rces ( ! ,s\?10 says3 8,! ,creek ,indians us$ a decoction ( ! cass9e at ! op5+ ( _! c\ncils1 s5d+ to ! seacoa/ = a supply10 & adds t ! coa/ ,indians s5t x to ! f> we/ tribes4 ,h[ f> its use ext5d$ nor?w>d ,i c n asc]ta94 ,f "s allusions ( ! e>ly ,fr5* writ]s ,i ?9k x 0 us$ by ! ,nat*ez1 & t x 0 s5t up ! ,mississippi f ! coa/ ( ,l\isiana4 ,! ,indians ( ,wiscons91 ,ill9ois1 & we/w>d1 us$ a decoction ( will[ leaves z a bev]age1 b ,i c n f9d t !y us$ x 9 c]emonials1 or t x 0 look$ ^u ) ! same rev]5ce4 ,x appe>s f ! acc\nts ( v>i\s e>ly writ]s t !re 7 sev]al me?ods ( prep>+ ! black dr9k4 7#a7 ,! decoction made ( ! fre% leaves & "y bran*es4 7#b7 ,a decoction ( ! dri$ & roa/$ leaves4 ,x is probable t ! leaves dur+ roa/+ develop$ new qualities1 z ! roa/+ ( c(fee br+s out ! aromatic odor due to a volatile oil4 7#c7 ,a decoction :i* 0 all[$ to f]m5t4 ,9 ?is condition x became an alcoholic bev]age1 capable ( caus+ consid]able intoxication1 simil> to t caus$ by be] or ale4 ,mc,cullough1 9 8 8,rese>*es10 seems to be 9 error :5 he ass]ts3 ,none ( ! p ( ,florida appe> to h us$ intoxicat+ dr9ks2 b !y made a hot tea f ! leaves ( ! cass9e 7,pr9os glab]71 :i* !y p\r$ backw>ds & =w>ds until x fro!d4 ,?is tea may h be5 slightly /imulant1 b x seems to h _h no o!r ?an a diaphoretic or diuretic effect4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! belief ( all ! e>ly writ]s1 b ,i h always d\bt$ x1 = if true ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians w\ld /& ab\t alone among races above ! l[] grade ( savag]y 9 _! ignorance ( alcoholic bev]ages4 ,! ,mexican ,indians 7,aztecs71 ! tribes ( ! ,pacific coa/ & ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 all _h intoxicat+ dr9ks4 ,i admit t !re is no pro( t ! ,indians ( ,canada & ( ! ,/ates nor? ( ! ,ohio & ! ,potomac possess$ intoxicat+ bev]ages1 b !re is ample pro( t ! s\!rn ,indians brew$ f cass9e a /rong be]4 ,9 my exp]im5ts ,i f9d t an infusion ( cass9e leaves ) boil+ wat]1 aft] /&+ till cool1 gives a sc>cely p]ceptible ta/e & slight odor4 ,?is infusion1 if boil$ = half an h\r1 gives a d>k liquid l v /rong black tea1 ( an aromatic odor1 sui g5]is1 n l c(fee1 b m l ,oolong tea )\t its pleasant rose odor4 ,! ta/e is l t ( an inf]ior black tea1 q bitt]1 b ) little delicacy ( flavor4 ,x is n an unpleasant bev]age1 & ,i c imag9e t ! palate w\ld become accu/om$ to x1 z to mat1 tea1 or c(fee4 ,,hi/ory4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ! use ( ,ilex cass9e z a bev]age is lo/ 9 ! d>kness ( prehi/oric ages4 ,probably ! same c be said ( tea1 c(fee1 mat1 & cocoa4 ,b x is a s+ul> fact t :ile all ! latt] bev]ages /ill cont9ue to be us$ 9 ! c\ntries :]e !y are indig5\s1 z well z all ov] ! _w1 ! use ( cass9e is ne>ly ext9ct1 z x is n[ only us$ occasionally 9 c]ta9 important religi\s c]emonies by ! remnants ( ! ,creek ,indians1 & w disappe> ) !m unless rescu$ by *emical rese>* & its use reviv$ = hygi5ic or economical reasons4 ,! v e>lie/ m5tion ( cass9e 0 made 9 ! 8,migration ,leg5d ( ! ,creek ,indians40 ,?is curi\s leg5d has be5 lately publi%$ by ,a4 ,s4 ,gats*et1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ) text1 gloss>ies1 etc4 ,9 8 preface he says3 8,! migration leg5d ( ! ,kosihta tribe is "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ acc\nts t has rea*$ u f remote antiquity & is my?ical 9 its fir/ "p40 ,?is tribe 0 a "p ( ! ,creek ,nation4 ,its *ief1 ,t*ikilli1 read ! leg5d be=e ,gov]nor ,ogle?orpe & _m ,briti% au?orities 9 #agce4 ,x 0 writt5 9 r$ & black *>act]s 7pictographic signs7 on a buffalo sk94 ,?is 0 s5t to ,london1 & 0 lo/ !re2 b =tunately a text ( ! n>rative 0 pres]v$ 9 a ,g]man translation4 ,x beg9s by n>rat+ t ! tribe />t$ f a region v>i\sly suppos$ to be we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 or 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois1 or s\!rn ,ohio4 ,!y travel$ we/1 !n s\?1 !n s\!a/1 until !y rea*$ ea/]n ,georgia4 ,"h !y met a tribe1 call$ 9 ! leg5d1 ! 8,pala*ucolas10 :o gave !m 8black dr9k0 z a sign ( fri5d%ip1 & said to !m1 8,our he>ts are :ite1 & y\rs mu/ be :ite1 & y mu/ lay d[n ! bloody tomahawk1 & %[ y\r bodies z a pro( t !y %all be :ite40 ,?is 0 evid5tly ! fir/ k ! ,kosihta tribe _h ( ?is bev]age4 ,! next m5tion is by ,cabeza de ,vaca1 :o f\nd ! ,cutal*i*es we/ ( ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi dr9k+ a tea f ! leaves ( a tree l an oak4 ,ano!r n>rative says1 8,leaves l a plum leaf40 ,x 0 drunk by m5 only4 ,jean ,ribault1 ! ,fr5* explor] ( ea/ ,florida 7#afff71 m5tions 8 fir/ exp]i5ce 9 ta/+ ! bev]age3 8,leur boisson qu'ils appell5t cass9et se fait d'h]bes composes1 et m'a sembl de telle c\leur que la c]voyce de ce pays2 j'en ay g\/ et ne l'ay po9t tr\v =t e/range40 7,_! dr9k1 :i* !y call cass9et1 is made ( comp\nd$ h]bs1 & seem$ to me ab\t ! color ( ,fr5* be]4 ,i ta/$ x & did n f9d x at all unpleasant47 ,gats*et1 9 comm5t+ on ! m5tion ( cass9e 9 ! leg5d1 says3 ,black dr9k 0 prep>$ f ! small & n>r[ leaves & ! t5d] %oots ( ! %rub ,ilex cass9e1 :i* gr[s spontane\sly z f> nor? z ! ?irty-sev5? degree ( latitude4 ,! :ite p ( ! ,c>ol9as prep>$ f x a sort ( tea4 ,! botanical "n =m]ly giv5 to ! plant 0 ,cass9e yaupon1 yaupon be+ a d]ivative f ! ,katawba t]m yp or yop plant1 tree1 or %rub4 ,! "n cass9e 0 fir/ appli$1 z ,pr(4 ,le/] ,f4 ,w>d in=ms me1 z a g5]ic "n to a ,s\? ,african plant by ,l9n1 & z a species "n = an ,ilex by ,?omas ,walt]4 7,dahoon is ! "n ( ano!r ,ilex2 ,walt] spells x duhoon1 o!rs h\x d'ahon47 ,! plant & decoction are call$ by ! ,sketima%a1 nu'ut2 by ! ,creeks1 ,assi luputski1 small leaves1 :i* is g5]ally abbreviat$ to ,assi leaves4 ,! t]m black dr9k orig9at$ among ! ,briti% trad]s4 ,9 ,*4 ,c4 ,jones's 8,tomo*i*i10 p4 #aah1 x is call$ 8foskey40 ,! ,creeks made use ( ! ,assi z we use f]m5t$ liquors1 to promote conviviality2 b x ent]$ also into _! c]emonies ( religion & w>f>e4 ,b ! black dr9k potion 0 n always prep>$ 9 ! same /r5g?4 ,! anci5t ,creeks _h ?ree modes ( prep>+ x2 ! ?ree potions result+ f !m widely diff]$ 9 /r5g? accord+ to ! uses = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,small quantities ( ! "y leaf1 p>*$ 9 a pot until x assum$ a br[n color1 produc$ a liquor act+ z an exhil>ant & g5tle diuretic2 x 0 drank by ! p at ! busk1 & by ! 8eld]s0 :5 assembl$ 9 c\ncil or :5 discuss+ e-day topics4 ,aft] ! potion _h be5 p\r$ f "o pan or cool] into ano!r1 x beg9s to f]m5t & to produce a :ite fro?1 f :i* x is /yl$ also :ite dr9k1 ! t]m 8:ite0 allud+ simultane\sly to its purify+ qualities4 ,to make ! liquid /rong] a l>g] infusion ( ! p>*$ leaves is requir$2 x !n assumes a d>k hue1 ne>ly z black z molasses1 & acts z a p[]ful intoxicat+ /imulant4 ,a /ill l>g] addition ( ! cass9e leaf produces a /rong n>cotic1 :i* 01 z m5tion$ previ\sly1 us$ by conjurors to evoke prophetic ec/acies accompani$ by dreams4 ,! black dr9k ( ! weak] sort acts z an emetic1#e & 0 us$ z su* at ! annual busk & on o!r occasions ext5sively2 ?is gave to ! liquid its r5[n z a bodily & moral purificator1 = primitive p are prone to reg>d ag5cies :i* act ) my/]i\s =ce ^u ! bodily con/itution z symbols = ab/ract spiritual or religi\s ideas4 ,?is dr9k be+ s]v$ at all games & fe/ivals1 c\ncils1 & conclusions ( treaties1 special m9i/rants1 ! ,h9ihalgi1 7 appo9t$ = its manufacture by ! miko ( ! t[n4 ,on fe/ive days !y prep>$ x ) peculi> c]emonies & s]v$ x to all :o att5d$ ! celebration 9 ! squ>e4 ,! s++ ( ! yahola1 or black-dr9k note1 01 & is /ill1 a peculi> rite connect$ ) ! dr9k+ ( ?is favorite liquid4 ,n>vaez writes 7#aecf7 ( ! ,indians on ! coa/ ( ,texas3 ,!y h a sort ( dr9k made ( ! leaves ( a tree l ! mulb]ry tree1 :i* !y boil v well & "w x up into a fro?1 & s dr9k x z hot z ev] !y c suff] x to come into _! m\?s4 ,all ! :ile ?is is ov] ! fire ! vessel mu/ be close %ut2 & if by *ance x %\ld be uncov]$1 & a woman %\ld come by 9 ! meantime1 !y w\ld dr9k none ( x1 b fl+ x all away4 ,likewise1 :ile !y /& cool+ x & p\r+ x out to dr9k1 a woman mu/ n /ir or move1 or !y w\ld ?r[ x all to ! gr\nd1 or spew x up aga9 if !y _h drunk any2 %e h]self w\ld incur ! ba/9ado4 ,all ?is "t !y cont9ue bawl+ out al\d1 8,:o w dr9k80 & :5 ! wom5 beg9 to he> ^! exclamations1 !n x is t !y settle !mselves 9 _! po/ures1 & 7 !y sitt+ or /&+1 ?\gh x 7 a tiptoe1 or "o leg up & ! o!r d[n1 !y mu/ cont9ue s till ! m5 h cool$ _! liquor & made x fit to dr9k4 ,! reason ( ?is is e :it z fooli% & unreasonable z ! cu/om itself1 = !y say %\ld n ! wom5 /& /ill :5 !y he> _! voice "s bad ?+ w\ld be convey$ into ! liquor1 :i* !y say w\ld make !m die2 & if su* a g5]ation ( asses 7 all poison$ x 7 no great loss to ! _w4 ,9 ! n>rative ( ,r5 ,laudonnire 7#aefd7 he says ( 8 exp$ition f ,=t ,c>ol9e1 at ! m\? ( ! riv] ( ,may 7,/4 ,johns71 ,florida3 ,i dep>t$ ) fifty ( my be/ soldi]s 9 two b>ks1 & arriv$ 9 ! dom9ion ( ,ut9a1 di/ant f our =t ab\t #dj or #ej leagues 7#abe miles72 & go+ a%ore we drew ne> 8 village1 situat$ #f leagues f ! riv]1 :]e we took him prison]4 ,!y 78 tribe7 !re=e br\ght me fi% 9 _! little boats1 & _! meal ( ma/ 7maize72 !y also made _! dr9k :i* !y call cass9e1 :i* !y s5t to ,ut9a & me4 ,! map 9 ,le ,mo9e's ,n>rative %[s ! resid5ce ( ,ut9a to be we/ ( ! riv] ,/4 ,johns1 & 9 su* a position t x is possible t ,laudonnire w5t up ! ,/4 ,johns to ! ,o*lawaha ,riv]1 !n up t riv] to ,orange ,creek & to ,orange ,lake1 :i* is ( cresc5t %ape1 j z x is figur$ on ,le ,mo9e's map4 ,! cass9e :i* ,ut9a's m5 s5t to him mu/ h be5 obta9$ f ! ea/ or we/ coa/1 unless x 0 ! leaves ( ! ,ilex dahoon1 :i* gr[s 9 ! int]ior ( ,florida4 ,le ,mo9e1 9 8 8,n>rative10 illu/rat$ ) draw+s & writt5 9 #aejd1 has ! foll[+ m5tion ( cass9e3 ,i s5t a second exp$ition1 ) two %allops1 hav+ soldi]s & sailors abo>d1 ) a pres5t to be giv5 9 my "n to ! wid[ ( a deceas$ *ief nam$ ,hionac>a1 :o liv$ ab\t #ab miles nor? ( u4 ,%e receiv$ my m5 k9dly1 & load$ bo? ( ^! %allops1 = me1 ) maize & nuts2 & %e s5t 9 addition "s baskets ( cass9a leaves1 ( :i* !y make a dr9k4 ,9 ano!r place he describes ! proce$+s ( ! orig9al ,floridians 9 delib]at+ on important affairs2 ?is description is illu/rat$ ) a spirit$ draw+3 ,! *ief & 8 nobles are accu/om$ dur+ c]ta9 days ( ! ye> to meet e>ly e morn+ = ?is express purpose 9 a public place1 9 :i* a long b5* is con/ruct$1 hav+ at ! middle ( x a project+ "p laid ) n9e r\nd trunks ( trees1 = ! *ief's seat4 ,on ?is he sits by himself = di/9ction sake2 & ! re/ come to salute him1 "o at a "t1 ! olde/ fir/1 by lift+ bo? h&s twice to ! height ( ! head1 & say+1 8,ha1 he1 ya1 ha1 ha40 ,to ?is ! re/ answ]1 8,ha1 ha40 ,ea* z he completes 8 salutation1 takes 8 seat on ! b5*4 ,if any "q ( importance is to be discuss$ ! *ief calls ^u 8 lauas 7t is1 8 prie/s71 & ^u ! eld]s1 "o at a "t1 to deliv] _! op9ions4 ,!y decide ^u no?+ until !y h held a numb] ( c\ncils ov] x1 & !y delib]ate v sagely be=e decid+4 ,mean:ile ! *ief ord]s ! wom5 to boil "s cass9e2 :i* is a dr9k prep>$ f ! leaves f a c]ta9 root & :i* !y aft]w>ds pass ?r\gh a /ra9]4 ,! *ief & 8 c\ncillors be+ n[ seat$ 9 _! places1 "o /&s be=e him1 & spread+ =? 8 h&s wide op51 asks a bless+ ^u ! *ief & ! o!rs :o are to dr9k4 ,!n ! cup-be>] br+s ! hot dr9k 9 a capaci\s %ell1 fir/ to ! *ief1 & !n1 z ! *ief directs1 to ! re/ 9 _! ord]1 9 ! same %ell4 ,!y e/eem ?is dr9k s highly t no "o is all[$ to dr9k x 9 c\ncil unless he has prov$ himself a brave w>rior4 ,moreov]1 ?is dr9k has ! quality ( at once ?r[+ into a sweat :oev] dr9ks x4 ,on ?is acc\nt ^? :o c n keep x d[n1 b ^: /oma*s reject x1 are n intru/$ ) any difficult commission1 or any milit>y responsibility1 be+ consid]$ unfit1 = !y (t5 h to g ?ree or f\r days )\t food2 b "o :o c dr9k ?is liquor c g = #bd h\rs aft]w>d )\t eat+ or dr9k+4 ,9 milit>y exp$itions also1 ! only supplies :i* !y c>ry consi/ ( g\rd bottles or wood5 vessels full ( ?is dr9k4 ,x /r5g!ns & n\ri%es ! body1 & yet does n fly to ! head1 z we h obs]v$ on occasion ( ^! fea/s ( !irs4 ,9 8,! ,k>ankawa ,indians1 ! coa/ p ( ,texas10 by ,a4 ,s4 ,gats*et 7,peabody ,museum1 #ahia71 ,mrs4 ,oliv]1 :o liv$ among t tribe1 says3 ,at _! pr9cipal fe/ival1 at ! full moon1 !y assembl$ 9 a t5t1 9 ! middle ( :i* 0 a small fire ^u :i* boil$ a v /rong & black decoction made f ! leaves ( ! y\pon tree4 ,f "t to "t ?is 0 /irr$ ) a :isk1 till ! top 0 cov]$ ?ickly ) a yell[i% fro?4 ,?is tea1 conta9$ 9 a vessel ( clay ( _! own manufacture1 0 h&$ ar\nd occasionally & all ! ,indians drank freely4 ,x 0 v bitt] & said to be intoxicat+1 b if s1 x c\ld only h be5 :5 drunk to great excess1 z x nev] seem$ to produce any visible effect ^u !m4 ,%e fur!r m5tions a *ant1 :i* rose & fell 9 a melan*oly cad5ce1 & occasionally all ! ,indians jo9$ 9 ! *orus1 :i* 0 ha-i-yah1 ha-i-yah1 hai1 hai-yah1 hai-yah4 ,! fir/ two words 7 %\t$ sl[ly1 !n a succession ( hai-yahs v rapidly utt]$ 9 *romatic asc5d+ & desc5d+ tones1 end+ 9 an abrupt hai6 v l\d & f> rea*+4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! ,creek c]emonies--,adair4 ,gats*et adds a note3 8,! ,texans f9d x yopon 9 ! woods1 n on ! coa/ l9e1 & dr9k a tea or decoction ( x ) sug> & milk4 ,! :ite p ea/ ( ! ,mississippi d ! same40 ,9 ! n>rative ( ! exp$ition ( ,dom9ique de ,g\rges 7#aefg7 to ,florida1 to rev5ge ! massacre ( ! ,hugu5ots at ,/4 ,augu/9e1 x is n>rat$ t :5 he 0 on a visit to ! ,*ief ,satoriona1 ^: tribe liv$ 9 s\!rn ,georgia1 ne> ! seacoa/-- ,be=e leav+ !re ! savages made a bev]age1 call$ by !m cass9e1 :i* !y are accu/om$ to take at all times1 & :5 !y g to fight 9 places :]e !re is dang]4 ,?is bev]age1 made ( a c]ta9 plant1 & drunk q hot1 keeps !m f be+ hungry or ?ir/y = #bd h\rs4 ,!y pres5t$ x fir/ to ,capta9 ,g\rges1 :o pret5d$ to dr9k x1 & swall[$ none ( x2 !n ,satoriona p>took ( x1 & aft] him all ! o!rs1 ea* "o accord+ to 8 rank4 ,?is ass]tion t ! dr9k prev5ts hung] & ?ir/ rem9ds u ( ! simil> effect ( coca leaves us$ by ! ,p]uvian ,indians1 & n[ an (fic9al m$ic9e us$ = ! same purpose4 ,james ,adair 0 an ,engli%man1 :o liv$ #dj ye>s among ! ,s\!rn ,indians 7f #agce to #agge71 & ^: 8,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians0 is invaluable to ! antiqu>ian4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 ,london1 ,a4 ,d4 #agge1 & is a m9e ( valuable in=mation4 ,he ?us describes ! cass9e3 ,!re is a species ( tea t gr[s spontane\sly & 9 great pl5ty along ! seacoa/ ( ! two ,c>ol9as1 ,georgia1 & ea/ & we/ ,florida1 :i* we call yopon or casse5a4 ,! ,indians transplant & are v fond ( x4 ,!y dr9k x on c]ta9 occasions1 & 9 ! mo/ religi\s c]emonies1 ) awful invocations2 b ! wom5 & *ildr5 & ^? :o h n accompani$ _! holy ark1 pro aris et focis1 d>e n ev5 ent] ! sacr$ squ>e :5 !y are on _! religi\s duty4 ,he says di/9ctly t ! ,indians 8transplant0 ! %rub1 :i* means t !y cultivat$ x1 & 9 ano!r place he uses a phrase :i* implies t !y _h plantations ne> to _! 8temples10 or places ( wor%ip4 ,travel]s 9 ,p>aguay ass]t t1 ?\gh attempts h be5 made by ,jesuits & o!rs to cultivate plantations ( mat1 or ,p>aguay tea1 x has nev] succe$$ "u cultivation4 ,adair is ! only au?or :o m5tions ?is transplant+4 ,9 ano!r place ,adair says3 ,! yopon1 or casse5a1 is v pl5ty 9 nor?we/ ,florida z f> z ! salt air rea*es ov] ! l[l&s4 ,x is well ta/$ & v agreeable to ^? :o accu/om !mselves to use x4 ,in/ead ( hav+ any noxi\s quality1 accord+ to :at _m h exp]i5c$ ( ! ,ea/ ,india insipid & co/ly tea1 x is fri5dly to ! human sy/em1 ent]s into & conte/s ) ! peccant humors1 & expels !m ?r\gh ! v>i\s *annels ( nature4 ,x p]fectly cures a tremor ( ! n]ves4 ,at ! "t ,adair wrote ! above1 ,*9ese tea 0 a r>e & exp5sive luxury 9 ,engl&1 & its use 0 oppos$ z int5sely z 0 ! use ( tobacco :5 x 0 fir/ introduc$4 ,! p[] ascrib$ to cass9e ( cur+ 8tremors0 is significant4 ,adair1 9 ! same p>agraph1 m5tions ano!r leaf us$ z a bev]age1 b 8 description is s indef9ite t ,i am n able to decide z to its botanical "n4 ,x is c]ta9ly n ! ,ceano?us 7,new ,j]sey tea74 ,on ref]r+ to ,raf9esque1 ,i ?9k ?is 8,nor? ,am]ica tea0 may be ! ,viburnum cass9oides1 :i*1 he says1 is 8also nam$ cass9e1 & s us$40 ,he also says t 8,v4 levigatum & ,v4 prunifolium are us$ = ! tea 9 ! ,s\?40 ,adair fur!r says3 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican tea has a pleasant aromatic ta/e & ! same salubri\s prop]ty z ! casse5a4 ,x is an ev]gre5 & gr[s on hills4 ,! bu%es are ab\t a foot high1 ea* ( !m conta9+ 9 w9t] a small1 aromatic1 r$ b]ry 9 ! middle ( ! /alk4 ,su* ,i saw x ab\t ,*ri/mas1 :5 hunt+ among ! m\nta9s1 opposite to ! l[] ,mohawk ,ca/le1 9 ! "t ( deep sn[4 ,!re is no visible decay ( ! leaf1 & ,octob] seems ! prop] "t to ga!r x4 ,he frequ5tly ref]s to ! 8sacr$ uses0 ( ! black dr9k1 a decoction ( ! cass9e4 ,i quote 8 mo/ important allusions3 ,!re is a c>v$ human /atue ( wood1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 !y pay no religi\s homage4 ,x belongs to ! head w> t[n ( ! upp] ,muskogee c\ntry1 & seems to h be5 orig9ally design$ to p]petuate ! memory ( "s di/+ui%$ h]o :o des]v$ well ( 8 c\ntry1 = :5 ?is casse5a1 or bitt] black dr9k1 is ab\t to be drank 9 ! ,syn$rion !y frequ5tly on common occasions w br+ x !re & honor x ) ! fir/ con* %ell full1 by ! h& ( ! *ief religi\s att5dant1 & !n !y return x to its =m] place4 ,x is obs]vable t ! same belov$ wait]1 or holy att5dant1 & 8 coadjutant1 equally obs]ve ! same c]emony to e p]son ( reput$ m]it ( t quadrangul> place4 7,adair seems to h writt5 ?is book = ! sole purpose ( prov+ t ! ,creeks 7 "o ( ! lo/ tribes ( ,israel4 ,he imag9es t 9 "o ( _! religi\s fe/ivals !y invoke ! "n ( ,jehovah "u ! appellation ( ,y-,o-,he-,wah47 ,:5 ?is belov$ liquid1 or suppos$ dr9k (f]+1 is fully prep>$ & fit to be drank1 "o ( ! magi br+s two old1 consecrat$1 l>ge con* %ells out ( a place appropriate = conta9+ ! holy ?+s1 & deliv]s !m into ! h&s ( two religi\s att5dants1 :o1 aft] a wild c]emony1 fill !m ) ! suppos$ sanctify+ bitt] liquid2 !n !y approa* ne> to ! two c5tral r$ & :ite seats 7:i* ! lead]s call ! w> & belov$ cab9s71 /oop+ ) _! heads & bodies pretty l[4 ,advanc+ a few /eps 9 ?is po/ure1 !y c>ry _! %ells ) bo? h&s1 at an in/ant1 to "o ( ! mo/ pr9cipal m5 on ^? r$ & :ite seats1 say+ 9 a bass key1 ,yah1 q %ort2 !n 9 l mann] !y retreat backw>ds1 fac+ ea* o!r ) _! heads b[+ =w>d1 _! arms across r bel[ _! brea/s & _! eyes half %ut4 ,?us 9 a v grave1 solemn mann] !y s+ on a /rong bass key ! awful monosyllable ,o = ! space ( a m9ute2 !n !y /rike up a maje/ic ,he on ! treble1 ) a v int5t voice1 z long z _! brea? all[s !m1 & on a bass key1 ) a bold voice & %ort acc5t1 !y at la/ utt] ! /rong1 my/]i\s acc5t ,wah1 & ?us f9i% ! great song1 or mo/ solemn invocation ( ! div9e ess5ce4 ,! notes toge!r compose ! sacr$1 my/]i\s "n1 ,y-,o-,he-,wah4 ,! favor$ p]sons1 :om ! religi\s att5dants are invok+ ! div9e ess5ce to bless1 hold up _! %ells ) bo? h&s to _! m\?s dur+ ! awful sacr$ invocation1 & reta9 a m\?ful ( ! dr9k to spurt out ^u ! gr\nd z a suppos$ dr9k (f]+ to ! great self-exi/+ giv]1 :i* !y (f] at ! end ( _! draft4 ,if any ( ! trad]s :o at ^? times are invit$ to dr9k ) !m 7 to neglect ?is religi\s obs]vance !y w\ld reckon u z godless & wild z ! wolves ( ! des]t4 ,aft] ! same mann] ! suppos$ holy wait]s proce$1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 9 _! ,syn$rion1 & :5 !y h end$ t awful solemnity !y g r\nd ! :ole squ>e1 or quadrangul> place1 & collect tobacco f ! sanctifi$ s9n]s1 accord+ to anci5t cu/oms3 8,= !y :o s]ve at ! alt> mu/ live by ! alt>40 ,9 ano!r place 7page #ajf71 9 describ+ at great l5g? "o ( ! religi\s fe/ivals ( ! ,creeks1 ,adair says3 8,he0 ! ,ar* ,magus1 or fire-mak]1 8consecrates ! button-snake root & casse5a by p\r+ a little ( ^? two /rong decoctions into ! pret5d$ holy fire4 ,he !n purifies ! r$ & :ite seats ) ^? bitt] liquids & sits d[n40 ,?is leads me to obs]ve t ! sacr$ 8black dr9k0 0 n made ( ! cass9e alone1 b sometimes ( sev]al bitt] & aromatic roots & leaves4 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,e4 ,w4 ,rob]tson1 9 a lett] f ,okmulgee1 ,ind4 ,t41 writes3 8,! black dr9k z n[ prep>$ is1 ,i ?9k1 made f ?ree plants1 ! 8,passa10 7,pasa7 or ,button ,snak]oot 7,eryngium aquaticum71 & ! ,mekko ,hoyonee v4 7,micco-,hoyonvi*a71 a small will[1 & ! ?ird ,i d n n[ recall40 ,x may be t cass9e is n n[ us$ at all by ! ,creeks 9 ,indian ,t]ritory1 = x does n gr[ !re1 & if us$ w\ld h to be import$ f ! ,atlantic or ,gulf coa/4 ,bossu1 :o travel$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry n[ kn[n z ,l\isiana1 ,mississippi1 ,alabama1 & ,georgia1 9 #agea1 makes no m5tion ( ! use ( cass9e by ! ,indians ( ! two fir/-nam$ ,/ates 7,nat*ez71 nor by ! ,indians along ! ,mississippi z f> z he travel$1 namely1 to ! c\ntry ( ! ,ill9ois4 ,b 9 8 travels ea/w>d1 :5 he 0 9 ! neighborhood ( ,mobile1 he writes3 ,all ! ,allibamas dr9k ! cass9e4#f ,?is is ! leaf ( a little tree :i* is v %ady2 ! leaf is ab\t ! size ( a f>?+1 b d5tat$ on its m>g9s4 ,!y toa/ ^! leaves z we d c(fee1 & dr9k ! infusion ( !m ) great c]emony4 ,:5 ?is diuretic potion is prep>$1 ! "y p g to pres5t x1 9 calaba%es =m$ into cups1 to ! *iefs & w>riors1 t is1 ! honorables1 & aft]w>ds to ! o!r w>riors1 accord+ to _! rank & degree4 ,! same ord] is pres]v$ :5 !y pres5t ! calumet to smoke out (4 ,:il/ y dr9k1 !y h[l z l\d z !y c & dim9i% ! s\nd gradually4 ,:5 y h ceas$ dr9k+ !y take _! brea?1 & :5 y dr9k aga9 !y set up _! h[ls aga94 ,^! sorts ( orgies sometimes la/ f #f 9 ! morn+ to #b o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! ,indians f9d no inconv5i5ce f ?is potion1 to :i* !y attribute _m virtues1 & return x )\t any ef=t4 ,! wom5 nev] dr9k ( ?is bev]age1 :i* is only made = ! w>riors4 ,:at ,bossu says relat+ to ! size ( ! leaves %[s conclusively t x 0 ! leaf ( ! tree ,ilex cass9e1 = "o ( ! leaves is j ! diamet] ( ! ,engli% f>?+1 a co9 ! size ( ! old half c5t ( ,am]ican curr5cy4 ,8 phrase 8return x )\t any ef=t0 is r ambigu\s1 b x probably ref]s to ! expulsion ( ! decoction aft] hav+ dr5*$ _! /oma*s ) x4 ,i d n ?9k ?is 0 a true emesis1 = !re is no pro( t x 0 an emetic4 ,! ,indians d\btless swall[$ su* l>ge quantities t x 0 regurgitat$ )\t ef=t4 ,bossu's only o!r ref]5ce to ! cass9e is :51 9 describ+ a c\ncil betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ! ,allibamas1 he writes3 ,! ,*evali] de ,emville held a spee* to ! assembly 9 8 turn1 & made ! nation a pres5t :i* ! gov]nor _h s5t him4 ,! ,indians gave him ! great calumet ( peace to smoke2 all ! soldi]s & ,fr5* inhabitants likewise smok$ x1 9 sign ( a g5]al amne/y4 ,aft]w>ds !y drank ! cass9e1 :i* is ! potion ( ! :ite ^w1 i4 e41 ! potion ( oblivion & peace4 ,b]n>d ,romans1 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,florida0 7#agge71 page #id1 writes z foll[s3 ,! cass9e is us$ by !m 7! ,creeks7 z a dr9k2 !y b>becue or toa/ ! leaves & make a /rong decoction ( !m2 !n m5 only are p]mitt$ to dr9k ?is liquor1 to :i* !y attribute _m virtues4 ,x is made s /rong z to be black & raise a fro?4 ,:5 !y dr9k x at _! assemblies 9 ! squ>e !y call x black dr9k4 ,romans /ates 7p4 #if7 t x 0 ! bus9ess ( ! wom5 to 8prep>e ! cass9e dr9k40 ,^! are 8 only allusions to cass9e4 ,william ,b>tram1 9 8 8,travels 9 ,florida0 7#agib71 "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ books ev] writt51 n>rates t he att5d$ a 8fea/0 giv5 by ! 8,:ite k+ ( ,talahafo*ta10 ne> ! ,riv] 8,appalo*u*la0 7,apala*icola71 & says3 ,:5 ! fea/ 0 ov]1 99 99 99 our *ief1 ) ! re/ ( ! :ite p 9 t[n1 took _! seats accord+ to ord]2 tobacco & pipes 7 br\ght2 ! calumet 0 light$ & smok$1 circulat+ accord+ to ! usual =ms & c]emony2 & aft]w>ds black dr9k conclud$ ! fea/4 ,! k+ conv]s$1 drank cass9e1 & associat$ famili>ly ) 8 p & ) u4 7,p4 #bcd47 ,aga91 :5 9 :at is n[ ,georgia1 or extreme nor? ,florida1 meet+ ! ,creek ,indians at a t[n he calls 8,attasse10 he att5d$ a great c\ncil ( ! *iefs ( t nation3 ,i 0 introduc$ to ! anci5t *iefs at ! public squ>e or areopagus2 & 9 ! ev5+ 9 company ) ! trad]s1 :o are num]\s 9 ?is t[n1 repair$ to ! great rotunda1 :]e 7 assembl$ ! greate/ numb] ( anci5t1 v5]able *iefs & w>riors t ,i _h ev] beheld2 we sp5t ! ev5+ & great] "p ( ! night toge!r 9 dr9k+ cass9e & smok+ tobacco4 ,! great c\ncil h\se1 or rotunda1 is appropriat$ to mu* ! same purpose z ! public squ>e1 b m private1 & seems p>ticul>ly d$icat$ to political affairs2 wom5 & y\? are nev] admitt$1 & ,i suppose x is dea? = a female to presume to ent] ! door or approa* )9 its pale4 ,x is a va/ conical build+ ( circul> dome1 capable ( accommodat+ _m hundr$ p3 con/ruct$ & furni%$ )9 exactly 9 ! same mann] z ^? ( ! ,*]okees already describ$1 b mu* l>g] ?an any ,i _h se5 ( !m2 !re are p appo9t$ to take c>e ( x1 to h x daily swept clean1 & to provide canes = fuel or to give light4 ,z _! vigils & mann] ( conduct+ _! vesp]s & my/ical fire 9 ?is rotunda are extremely s+ul>1 & altoge!r diff]5t f ! cu/oms & usages ( any o!r p1 ,i %all proce$ to describe !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! gov]nor or (fic] :o has ! managem5t ( ?is bus9ess1 ) 8 s]vants att5d+1 ord]s ! black dr9k to be brew$1 :i* is a decoction or infusion ( ! leaves & t5d] %oots ( ! cass9e2 ?is is done "u an op5 %$ or pavilion1 at #bj or #cj y>ds di/ance1 directly opposite ! door ( ! c\ncil h\se4 ,next he ord]s bundles ( dry canes to be br\ght 92 ^! are previ\sly split & brok5 9 pieces to ab\t ! l5g? ( #b feet1 & !n plac$ obliquely crossways ^u "o ano!r on ! floor1 =m+ a spiral circle r\nd ab\t ! great c5t] pill>1 ris+ to a foot or #ah in*es 9 height f ! gr\nd2 & ?is circle1 spread+ z x proce$s r\nd & r\nd1 (t5 repeat$ f "r to left1 e revolution increases its diamet]1 & x at l5g? ext5ds to ! di/ance ( #aj or #ab feet f ! c5t]1 m or less1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t ! assembly or meet+ is to cont9ue4 ,by ! "t ^! prep>ations are accompli%$1 x is night1 & ! assembly h tak5 _! seats 9 ord]4 ,! ext]ior extremity or out] end ( ! spiral circle takes fire & imm$iately rises into a bright flame 7b h[ ?is is effect$ ,i did n pla9ly appreh5d2 ,i saw no p]son set fire to x2 !re might h be5 fire left on ! e>?2 h[ev]1 ,i nei!r saw nor smelt fire or smoke until ! blaze in/antly asc5d$ upw>ds71 :i* gradually & sl[ly creeps r\nd ! c5t] pill>1 ) ! c\rse ( ! fire1 fe$+ on ! dry canes1 & af=ds a *e]ful1 g5tle1 & suffici5t light until ! circle is consum$1 :5 ! c\ncil breaks up4 ,soon aft] ?is illum9ation takes place ! ag$ *iefs & w>riors are seat$ on _! cab9s or s(as1 on ! side ( ! h\se opposite ! door1 9 ?ree classes or ranks1 ris+ a little "o above or beh9d ! o!r2 & ! :ite p & r$ p ( conf$]ate t[ns 9 l ord] on ! left h&1 a transv]se range ( pill>s1 support+ a ?9 clay wall ab\t brea/ high1 sep>at+ !m2 ! k+'s cab9 or seat is 9 front2 ! next to ! back ( x ! head w>riors'1 & ! ?ird or la/ accommodates ! "y w>riors1 etc4 ,! great w> *ief's seat or place is 9 ! same cab9 ) & imm$iately to ! left h& ( ! k+ & next to ! :ite p2 & to ! "r h& ( ! mico or k+ ! mo/ v5]able headm5 & w>riors are seat$4 ,! assembly be+ n[ seat$ 9 ord]1 & ! h\se illum9at$1 two middle-ag$ m51 :o p]=m ! (fice ( slaves or s]vants pro tempore1 come 9 toge!r at ! door1 ea* hav+ v l>ge con* %ells full ( black dr9k1 & advance ) sl[1 uni=m1 & /eady /eps1 _! eyes or c\nt5ance lift$ up1 s++ v l[ b sweetly2 !y come )9 #f or #h paces ( ! k+'s & :ite p's cab91 :5 !y /op toge!r1 & ea* re/s 8 %ell on a tripod or little table1 b pres5tly takes x up aga91 & b[+ v l[1 advances obsequi\sly1 cross+ or int]sect+ ea* o!r ab\t midway2 he :o re/$ 8 %ell be=e ! :ite p n[ /&s be=e ! k+1 & ! o!r1 :o /opp$ be=e ! k+1 /&s be=e ! :ite p1 :5 ea* pres5ts 8 %ell1 "o to ! k+ & ! o!r to ! *ief ( ! :ite p2 & z soon z he raises x to 8 m\?1 ! slave utt]s or s+s two notes1 ea* ( :i* cont9ues z long z he has brea?1 & z long z ^! notes cont9ue s long mu/ ! p]son dr9k1 or at lea/ keep ! %ell to 8 m\?4 ,^! two long notes are v solemn1 & at once /rike ! imag9ation ) a religi\s awe or homage to ! ,supreme1 s\nd+ some:at l a hoo-ojah & a he-yah4 ,aft] ?is mann] ! :ole assembly are treat$ z long z ! dr9k or light cont9ues to hold out2 & z soon z ! dr9k+ beg9s1 tobacco & pipes are br\ght4 ,m>k ,catesby 7,hortus am]icanus1 #agfc7 describes ! ,ilex cass9e z foll[s3 ,?is %rub usually rises f ! gr\nd ) sev]al /ems to ! height ( #ab feet1 %oot+ into _m upright1 sl5d]1 /iff bran*es1 cov]$ ) a :iti%1 smoo? b>k1 & set alt]nately ) small ev]gre5 s]rat$ leaves1 resembl+ ^? ( ! ,alet]nus2 its fl[]s are small & :ite1 & gr[ promiscu\sly among ! leaves1 & are succe$$ by small sph]ical b]ries on %ort foot/alks4 ,^! b]ries turn r$ 9 ,octob] & rema9 s all w9t]1 :]eby ) ! gre5 leaves & :ite b>k !y produce an elegant appe>ance4 ,b ! e/eem ! ,am]ican ,indians h = ?is %rub1 f ! great use !y make ( x1 r5d]s x mo/ wor?y ( notice4 ,!y say its virtues h be5 kn[n among/ !m f ! e>lie/ times1 & !y h long us$ x 9 ! same mann] z !y d at pres5t4 ,!y prep>e ! leaves = keep+ by dry+ or r p>*+ !m 9 a pottage pot ov] a sl[ fire1 & a /rong decoction ( ! leaves ?us cur$ is _! belov$ liquor1 ( :i* !y dr9k l>ge quantities1 bo? = heal? & pleasure1 )\t sug> or o!r mixture4 ,!y dr9k x d[n & disgorge x ) ease1 repeat+ x v (t51 & swall[+ _m qu>ts4 ,!y say x re/ores lo/ appetite1 /r5g!ns ! /oma*1 & confirms _! heal?1 giv+ !m agility & c\rage 9 w>4 ,x gr[s *iefly 9 ! m>itime p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 b n f>!r nor? ?an ! capes ( ,virg9ia4 ,! ,indians on ! seacoa/ supply ^? ( ! m\nta9s !re)1 & c>ry on a consid]able trade ) x 9 ,florida1 j z ! ,spani>ds d ) _! ,s\? ,sea tea f ,p>aguay to ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,n[1 ,florida be+ 9 ! same latitude nor? z ,p>aguay is s\?1 & no app>5t diff]5ce be+ f\nd on comp>+ ! leaves ( ^! two plants toge!r1 x is n improbable !y may be bo? ! same4 ,9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a x is call$ cass5a1 9 ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a x is kn[n by ! "n ( yopon2 9 ! latt] ( :i* places x is z mu* 9 use among/ ! :ite p z among ! ,indians1 & especially among ^? :o inhabit ! seacoa/4 ,?is plant is rais$ f ! se$s1 :i* lie #b ye>s 9 ! gr\nd be=e x appe>s2 x gr[s pl5tifully on _m ( ! s& banks on ! sea%ore ( ,c>ol9a4 ,9 t r>e & qua9t n>rative ( ,jona?an ,dick5son 7#agij71 8:o 0 %ipwreck$ on ! s\!a/ coa/ ( ,florida among ! savage cannibals10 he /ates t :5 a %ort di/ance s\? ( ! 8village ( ,/a4 ,lucca0 7,/4 ,lucia71 & among ! ,indians & at ! 8h\se ( ! ,cassekey10 he he>d (t5 a /range noise 9 ano!r "p ( ! h\se :i* he c\ld n acc\nt =4 ,! foll[+ quotation is int]e/+2 x %[s t cass9e gr[s on ! extreme s\? coa/ ( ,florida1 & gives ! me?od ( prep>+ ! black dr9k among ^? b>b>\s nations3 ,9 "o "p ( ?is h\se :]e ! fire 0 kept 0 an ,indian man hav+ a pot on ! fire :]e9 he 0 mak+ a dr9k ( ! leaves ( a %rub 7:i* we und]/ood aft]w>d by ! ,spani>d is call$ cass5a71 boil+ ! said leaves aft] !y _h p>*$ !m 9 a pot2 !n ) a g\rd hav+ a long neck & at ! top ( x a small hole :i* ! top ( "o's f+] c\ld cov] & at ! side ( x a r\nd hole ( #b in*es diamet]1 !y take ! liquor out ( ! pot & put x 9 a deep r\nd b[l1 :i* be+ almo/ fill$ conta9e? nigh #c gallons4 ,) ?is g\rd !y brew ! liquor & make x fro? v mu*2 x looke? ( a deep br[n color4 ,9 ! brew+ ( ?is liquor 0 ?is noise made :i* we ?\ght /range1 = ! press+ ( ! g\rd g5tly d[n into ! liquor & ! air :i* x conta9$ be+ =c$ out ( ! little hole at top occasion$ a s\nd1 & accord+ to ! "t & motion giv5 w\ld be v>i\s1 ?is dr9k1 :5 made & cool$ to sup1 0 9 a %ell fir/ c>ri$ to ! ,cassekey1 :o ?rew "p ( x on ! gr\nd & ! re/ he drank up1 & !n w\ld make a l\d hem1 & aft]w>ds ! cup pass$ to ! re/ ( ! ,cassekey's associates z a=esaid1 b no o!r man1 woman1 or *ild mu/ t\* or ta/e ( ?is sort ( dr9k1 ( :i* !y sat sipp+1 *att]+1 & smok+ tobacco1 or "s o!r h]b in/ead !re(1 = ! mo/ "p ( ! day4 ,9 a lett] f ,william ,baldw91 a not$ naturali/ & surgeon 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,navy1 writt5 f ,/4 ,m>ys1 ,fla4 7#f miles f ,f]n&9a71 9 #ahaf1 he m5tions f9d+ ! ,ilex pr9oides pr$om9ant on ! s&y1 %rubby pla9s ( ! vic9ity3 ,its common height is ab\t #f or #h feet1 & at ?is season 7,decemb]71 ) its ripe crimson-color$ fruit1 makes a f9e appe>ance4 ,! b]ry ( ?is species is consid]ably l>g] ?an t ( any o!r ,i h se51 & is n unpleasant to ! ta/e1 possess+ an agreeable sweet1 along ) a slight bitt]4 ,i h eat5 freely ( x ) entire impunity4 ,he discusses ! "q :e!r ! g5us ,pr9os %\ld n be m]g$ into t ( ,ilex4 ,!y are s ne> alike t _! leaves d\btless possess simil> prop]ties1 & are probably mix$ ) cass9e4 ,coll9son1 9 a lett] f ,london1 ,engl&1 to ,john ,b>tram1 #agci1 makes m5tion ( 8! yupon ( ,virg9ia1 or cass5a ( ,c>ol9a0 7,ilex cass5a or ,i4 vomituria74 ,! ,indians drive a great trade ) ! b]ries 787 to make tea ) to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,x gr[s n[h]e to ! nor?w>d ( t isl& !y f\nd x on1 :i* belongs to ,col4 ,cu/is4 ,i h x 9 my g>d54 7,he errs z to ! b]ries be+ us$1 b proves t x c be cultivat$47 ,dr4 ,fo!rgill cultivat$ x toge!r ) mat 9 8 botanical g>d5 9 ,london 9 #aghd4 7,see 8 ,memoirs47 ,john ,lee ,williams1 9 8 hi/ory ( ea/ & we/ ,florida1 #ahcg1 a "w unique 9 "* & ( special value to hi/orians1 conta9s b "o m5tion ( ! 8black dr9k40 ,x is 9 a m5tion ( ,oseola1 a not$ *ief ( ! ,sem9oles4 ,9 writ+ ( 8 p>5tage1 he says3 ,p[ell1 or ,oseola1 is a native ,r$ ,/ick2 :o 8 fa!r 0 is unkn[n1 b x is said t 8 "m 0 at "o "t connect$ ) an ,engli%man ( ! "n ( ,p[ell4 ,we are in=m$ by a respectable ,creek *ief t 8 "n is ,z-s9 ,yahole1 8,s+] at ! black dr9k40 ,n[ ?is ^w ,z-s9 is a v>iation ( cass9e1 & ,oseola 0 probably "o ( ^? ^: duty x 0 to s+ dur+ ! c]emonies :i* accompani$ ! dr9k+ ( cass9e4 ,x is /range t ! cass9e has n be5 celebrat$ 9 poetry or song4 ,! songs ( ! ,creeks h n be5 pres]v$4 ,p]haps !y sung ! praises ( ! 8black dr9k40 ,! only m5tion ,i f9d 9 poetry is an allusion to x z 8! t\gh cass9e10 9 ! poems ( ,mrs4 ,sig\rney1 :5 %e enum]ates ! v>iety & qualities ( ! trees ( ,am]ica4 ,c4 ,c4 ,jones1 9 8 8,antiquities ( ! ,s\!rn ,indians10 writes 7page #aa73 8,! black dr9k 0 a decoction ( ! leaves & t5d] twigs ( ! cass9e1 or ,ilex yupon40 ,he m5tions no o!r +r$i5ts1 b o!r obs]v]s claim t ! ,iris v]sicolor 7blue flag7 & sometimes ! ,lobelia inflata 7 us$4 ,my op9ion is t1 :5 us$ 9 _! w>s or religi\s fe/ivals1 o!r +r$i5ts 7 us$1 = x is repres5t$ z p[]fully purgative & emetic4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 we are told t ! two species ( ,ilex cass9e & dahoon possess ^! qualities4 ,! ,i4 cass9e is call$ by "s botani/s ,ilex vomitoria4 ,on social occasions ! black dr9k 0 probably made ( ! leaves ( ! cass9e alone1 or made mu* weak]4 ,jones writes3 ,! ,mico c\ncillors or w>riors meet e day 9 ! public squ>e1 sit & dr9k acee 7assi71 a /rong decoction ( ! cass9e yupon1 call$ by trad]s black dr9k1 talk ( ! news1 ! public & dome/ic conc]ns1 etc4 ,!y h a regul> c]emony = mak+ z well z deliv]+ ! acee to all :o att5d ! squ>e4 ,! black dr9k made by ! ,sem9oles is describ$ z 8nause\s to ! smell & ta/e1 & emetic & purgative40 ,x is a mixture & n brew$ ( ! cass9e alone4 ,all our bev]ages1 su* z tea1 c(fee1 mat1 & ev5 *ocolate1 :5 drank v /rong are capable ( caus+ diuresis1 purg+1 & vomit+4 ,"o peculi>ity ( ! dr9k+ ( ! black dr9k is t1 s f> z ,i c asc]ta91 x 0 n us$ at _! meals z we use tea & c(fee1 b :olly z a social bev]age or at fe/ivals & o!r public occasions4 ,i d n ?9k ! wom5 7 all[$ to dr9k x1 at lea/ n publicly4 ,au?orities diff] on ?is po9t4 ,among ! ,creeks ! wom5 sometimes prep>$ ! black dr9k1 b ,n>vaez writes t ! ,indians on ! coa/ ( :at is n[ ,texas did n all[ a woman to come ne> x dur+ its prep>ation4 ,t a bev]age conta9+ caffe9e %\ld fall into disuse & become almo/ =gott5 is a s+ul> fact4 ,! use ( mat has n decreas$ f ! "t ( ! conque/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica by ,europeans4 ,! reason :y ! latt] is /ill 9 use & ! =m] n lies1 p]haps1 9 ! fact t ! ,europeans 9 ,s\? ,am]ica mix$ ) ! natives1 m>ri$1 & adopt$ _! cu/oms1 :ile ! ,engli% & ,fr5* :o settl$ ! ,gulf ,/ates did n associate ) ! ,indians1 & adh]$ to ! use ( ,*9ese tea4 ,n[ t we "k t ! leaf ( ! cass9e conta9s caffe9e or !9e1 c its use z a bev]age be reviv$8 ,x is n z pleasant 9 odor & ta/e z ,!a s95sis1 & ?is may be aga9/ x2 on ! o!r h&1 x seems to h "s salut>y prop]ties :i* ! latt] does n possess1 & may1 p]haps1 be f> m *eaply obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution ( ! ,ilex cass9e1 indicat$ by dott$ portions along coa/ l9e4 ,a r\gh e/imate c be made z to ! numb] ( squ>e miles ^u :i* x gr[s4 ,e/imat+ ! coa/ l9e f ! ,james ,riv]1 9 ,virg9ia1 to ! ,rio ,gr&e1 9 ,texas--ab\t #b1jjj miles--& multiply+ ?is by #bj miles1 ! ext5t ( its gr[? inl&1 we get a total ( ab\t #dj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,on ?is area c\ld be pick$ an imm5se quantity ( ! leaves1 & if ! trees are n de/roy$ 9 ! pick+ ! crops c\ld be h>ve/$ e ye>4 ,no e/imate c be approximat$ ev5 ( ! am\nt ( ! crop ( leaves :i* c\ld be ga!r$1 because we c n e/imate ! numb] ( trees on ?is area4 ,x w\ld seem possible t fur!r inquiries on ?is po9t & c>eful exp]im5ts 9 cultivation & manipulation might result 9 furni%+ our m>ket ) a product :i* w\ld be f\nd 9 _m cases an acceptable & useful sub/itute = ! m exp5sive import$ teas4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,?is 0 writt5 be=e ,pr(essor ,v5able's rec5t inve/igations1 h]eaft] ref]r$ to4 #b ,pr(4 ,w4 ,trelease1 ( ! ,%aw ,s*ool ( ,botany1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 has writt5 an excell5t synopsis ( ! g5us ,ilex 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates embrac+ #ad species4 #c ,?is 0 writt5 be=e ,pr(essor ,v5able's rec5t inve/igations1 h]eaft] ref]r$ to4 #d ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ci1 8,eli%a ,mit*ell ,sci5tific ,society40 #e ,only :5 drunk 9 great quantity4--,h4 #f ,?is is ! ,pr9us glab] ( ,l9nu sp4 pl4 p4 #dga & ,cass5a v]a ,floridanorum1 ,catesby's ,c>ol9as1 #b t4 #eg4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 acc5ts h be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic4