,transcriber's ,note    ,spellings are  
inconsistent1 especially the use of e   
and ee4 ,words  remain as presented in  
the original1 including the use of u_/v 
and i_/j4    ,note that while the title 
page and contents reference a 8,tretise1
 called  ,goodmens ,recreation0         
regarding angling and the fighting cocke
 sic  this content was not in the       
original scan and thus is not included  
here4            ,,the    ,second ,booke
 of the    ,english ,husbandman4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,contayning    the ,ordering of the    
,kitchin-,garden1    and the ,planting  
of strange ,flowers3    the breeding of 
all manner of ,,cattell4    ,together   
with the ,cures1 the feeding of         
,cattell1 the ,ordering both of         
,pastures and    ,meddow-ground3 with   
the vse both    of high-wood and        
vnder-wood4      ,,wherevnto ,,is       
,,added    a ,,treatise1 called         
,goodmens ,recreation3    ,contayning a 
,discourse of the generall ,art    of   

,fishing1 with the ,angle1 and          
otherwise2    and of all the hidden     
secrets belonging    thereunto4         
,,together    ,with the ,choyce1        
,ordering1 ,breeding1 and ,dyeting    of
 the fighting ,cocke4      ,a worke     
neuer written before by any ,author4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,by ,g4 ,m4             99       99     
99       99       99      ,,london3     
,printed by ,t4,s4 for ,iohn ,browne1   
and are to be sould at his    shop in   
,s4 ,dunstanes ,church-yard in          
,fleetstreet4 #afad4                    
,illustration    ,a ,table of all the   
principall matters contayned in this    
,booke4           99       99       99  
99       99      ,,chap4 ,i4    ,how the
 ,husbandman shall iudge and fore-know  
all kinde of weather1 and  other seasons
 of the yeere4      ,of ,raine4         
,signes from clouds4    ,signes from the
 ,moone4    ,signes from the ,sun4      
,signes from ,lightning4    ,signes from
 ,fowle4    ,signes from ,beasts4       

,signes from things without ,motion4    
,signes of much ,raine4    ,signes of   
,snow or ,hayle4    ,signes of ,winde4  
,signes of ,tempests4    ,signes of     
faire weather4    ,signes of ,winter4   
,signes of the ,spring4    ,signes of a 
hot summer4    ,signes of a long winter4
    ,signes of a forward or backward    
yeere4    ,signes of a good or bad      
yeere4    ,signes from ,christmas day4  
,signes from the sunne rising4          
,signes from the twelue dayes in        
,christmas4    ,signes from ,s4 ,paules 
day4    ,signes from ,maudlin and ,s4   
,switthens day1      if ,corne shall be 
cheap or deere4    ,signes from         
,thunder4    ,signes of sickenesse or   
health4    ,the preseruation of health4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,chap4 ,,ii4    ,the choyse of ,grounds
 for the ,kitchin-,garden1 and the      
ordering thereof4    ,the ,contents4    
,the choyce of ,ground4    ,the         
bettering of ,grounds4    ,the trenching
 of ,grounds4    ,of breaking the       

,garden-mould4    ,ordering of          
,garden-beds4    ,of the fruitfull      
soyle4    ,the necessariest ornament in 
a ,garden4           99       99        
99       99       99      ,,chap4 ,,iii4
    ,of the ,sowing and ,ordering of all
 manner ,pot ,hearbes4    ,the          
,contents4      ,of all sorts of        
,pot-hearbs4    ,of ,endiue and         
,succory4    ,of ,beets4    ,of         
,land-,cresses4    ,of ,parcely4    ,of 
,sauory4    ,of ,time4    ,of ,french   
,mallowes1 and ,cheruil4    ,of ,dill4  
,of ,issop4    ,of ,mints4    ,of       
,violets4    ,of ,basill4    ,of ,sweet 
,marioram and ,marigolds4    ,of        
,strawburyes4    ,of ,borrage and       
,buglosse4    ,of ,rosemary4    ,of     
,pennyroyall4    ,of ,leekes4    ,of    
,onyons4    ,of gathering ,onyon-seeds1 
or the ,onyon4           99       99    
99       99       99      ,,chap4       
,,iiii4    ,of sowing of certaine       
,hearbes which are to be eaten1 but     
especially are  medicinall1 yet euer in 

the ,husbandmans ,garden4    ,the       
,contents4      ,of ,arage4    ,of      
,lumbardy ,louage4    ,of ,fennell4     
,of ,anyse4    ,of ,comyn4    ,of       
,colyander4    ,of ,rue4    ,of ,organy4
    ,of white ,poppye4    ,of           
,germander4    ,of ,cardus ,benedictus4 
,of ,angelica4    ,of ,valerian4    ,of 
,elecampana4    ,of ,pepper-wort4    ,of
 ,phylipendula4           99       99   
99       99       99      ,,chap4 ,v4   
,of diuer sorts of ,sallet-,hearbes1    
their manner of ,sowing and ,ordering4  
,the ,contents4      ,of ,lettuce4      
,of ,spinage4    ,of ,sparagus4    ,of  
,colworts4    ,of ,sage4    ,of         
,purslaine4    ,of ,artichocks4    ,of  
,garlicke4    ,of ,raddish4    ,of      
,nauewe4    ,of ,parsenips and ,carrets4
    ,of ,pompions or ,mellons4    ,of   
,cowcumbers4    ,of the ,beanes of gipt4
    ,of ,skerrets4    ,a most necessary 
obseruation4           99       99      
99       99       99      ,,chap4 ,,vi4 
,of ,flowers of all sorts1 both forraine

 and home-bred1 their sowing1  planting1
 and preseruing4    ,the ,contents4     
,of ,roses4    ,of the ,damaske ,rose4  
,of the redde ,rose4    ,of the white   
,rose4    ,of the ,cynamon ,rose4    ,to
 make the ,cynamon ,rose grow double4   
,of the ,prouence ,rose4    ,to make    
,roses smell well4    ,generall notes   
touching ,roses4    ,of ,lauender4      
,of the white ,lilly4    ,to make       
,lillies of any colour4    ,to make     
,lillies flourish all the yere4    ,of  
the wood ,lilly4    ,of the ,flowre de  
,lice4    ,of ,pyonye4    ,of ,petiluis4
    ,of veluet ,flowers4    ,of         
,gilly-,flowers4    ,of grafting of     
,gilly-,flowers4    ,of the smels of    
,gilly-,flowers4    ,of the wall        
,gilly-,flower4    ,of the              
,hellytropian4    ,of the ,crowne       
,emperiall4    ,of the ,dulippo4    ,of 
the ,hyacinth4    ,of the ,narcissus4   
,of the ,daffadill1 ,columbine1 and     
,chesbole4    ,an excellent ,caution4   
,a new manner of planting ,flowers and  

,fruits4           99       99       99 
99       99      ,,chap4 ,,vii4    ,how 
to preserue all manner of ,seeds1       
,hearbs1 ,flowers1 and ,fruits1 from    
all manner of noysome and pestilent     
things1 which deuoure and hurt them4    
,the ,contents4      ,of ,thunder and   
,lightning4    ,of ,caterpillers4    ,of
 ,toads and ,frogs4    ,of the field    
,mice4    ,of ,flies4    ,of the greene 
,flie4    ,of ,gnats4    ,of            
,pissemires4    ,of ,moales4    ,of     
,snayles4    ,of ,moathes4    ,of       
,canckers4    ,of ,garden wormes4    ,an
 excellent experiment4    ,the          
,conclusion of the ,kitchin-,garden4    
,illustration    ,the ,table of the     
second part of the second ,booke4       
,contayning the  ,ordering of all sorts 
of ,v,voods1 and the breeding of        
,cattell4           99       99       99
       99       99      ,,chap4 ,i4     
,of the beginning of ,v,voods1 first    
sowing1 and necessary vse4    ,the      
,contents4      ,wood better then ,gold4

    ,the excellent vses of ,wood4       
,the plantation of ,wood4    ,the       
fencing of young ,woods4    ,when       
,cattel may graze in springs4    ,the   
vse of the ,clay-ground for ,woods4     
,a speciall note4           99       99 
99       99       99      ,,chap4 ,,ii4 
,the deuision of vnder-,woods1 their    
sale and profit4    ,the ,contents4     
,the deuision of ,woods4    ,the value  
of vnderwood4    ,of the sale of        
vnderwoods4    ,how to cut vnderwoods4  
,the fencing of sales4    ,the          
,woodwards duty4           99       99  
99       99       99      ,,chap4 ,,iii4
    ,of ,high woods1 and their          
plantation4    ,the ,contents4          
,what ,high-woods are4    ,the beginning
 of highwoods4    ,the plantation of    
your highwoods4    ,of planting the     
,elme4    ,of planting the ,ash4        
,obiection4    ,answere4           99   
99       99       99       99           
,,chap4 ,,iiii4    ,the preseruation and
 sale of ,high woods4    ,the ,contents4

      ,of ,trees which take wet         
inwardly4    ,of ,barke-bound4    ,of   
,hornets and ,dores4    ,of the ,canker4
    ,of ,pissemires4    ,of ,iuye1      
,woodbine1 and ,mysselto4    ,of        
,thunder and ,lightning4    ,of the sale
 of tall ,woods4    ,how to chuse       
,timbers4    ,of ,mill ,timber4    ,of  
,timber to beare burthen4    ,timber for
 ,poales1 ,wainescot1 c4    ,timber for 
,piles or water workes4    ,the vse of  
the ,elme4    ,the vse of the ,ashe4    
,the vse of the ,walnut tree4    ,the   
vse of the ,peare-tree4    ,the vse of  
the ,maple1 ,beech1 or ,poplar4    ,of  
,char-coale4    ,how to valew ,tymber4  
,how to measure ,timber by guesse4      
,best seasons for the sale4    ,the time
 for ,chapmen4    ,when to cut downe    
,tymber4           99       99       99 
99       99      ,,chap4 ,v4    ,of the 
breeding of ,wood in rich ,champaine    
,soyles4    ,the ,contents4      ,how to
 set all sorts of ,quick-sets4          
,planting of greater ,trees4    ,of the 

setting of ,willowes1 c4    ,the vse of 
,willowes1 ,sallowes1 and ,oziers4      
,the ordering of ,willowes4    ,the     
ordering of the ,ozier4           99    
99       99       99       99           
,,chap4 ,,vi4    ,of plashing of        
,hedges1 and lopping or heading of      
,timber4    ,the ,contents4      ,v,vhat
 plashing is4    ,how to plash4    ,the 
time of yeere4    ,the tooles to plash  
with4    ,the profit of plashing4       
,the lopping of ,timber4    ,what       
lopping is4    ,the season for lopping4 
,how you shall loppe ,timber4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,,chap4 ,,vii4    ,of ,pasture grounds1 
their order1 profit1 and generall vse4  
,the ,contents4      ,diuersitie and vse
 of ,pastures4    ,of barraine          
,pastures4    ,signes of barrainnesse4  
,bettering of ,soyles4    ,sowing of    
good seeds4    ,for abundance of grasse4
    ,the imperfection of meanure4    ,to
 helpe a slow ,spring4    ,to helpe     
naughty grasse4    ,to helpe            

,sunne-burning4    ,to helpe ling or    
braken4    ,to helpe marrishes4    ,to  
helpe mossinesse4    ,the generall vse  
of barraine grounds4    ,what ,cattell  
to be bred4    ,of fertile grounds4     
,deuision of rich grounds4    ,vse of   
rich grounds4    ,ordering of ,pastures4
    ,feeding of ,cattell4    ,how to    
know a fat beast4    ,of ,meddowes1 and 
their ordering4    ,preseruation of     
,meddowes4    ,v,vhen to lay ,meddowes4 
,v,vhen to mowe ,meddowes4              
,inclination of weather4    ,the manner 
to mow ,meddowes4    ,how to make ,hay4 
,to make fine ,hay4    ,to make course  
,hay4    ,vse of ,hay for ,cattell of   
all sorts4           99       99        
99       99       99      ,,chap4       
,,viii4    ,a new method of the         
,husbandly curing of all manner of      
,cattell4    ,the ,contents4      ,the  
reason of this ,chapter4    ,all        
diseases to be cured with twelue        
medicines4    ,of inward sicknesses4    
,the first medicine4    ,the second     

medicine4    ,of outward diseases4      
,the third medicine4    ,the fourth     
medicine4    ,the fift medicine4    ,the
 sixt medicine4    ,the seauenth        
medicine4    ,the eyght medicine4       
,the ninth medicine4    ,the tenth      
medicine4    ,the eleauenth medicine4   
,the twelfth medicine4    ,diseases in  
the feet4    ,diseases in the priuie    
parts1 or for stifling4      ,the end of
 the ,table for ,husbandry4             
,illustration    ,of ,angling4          
,,chap4 ,i4    ,of ,angling3 the        
,vertue1 ,vse1 and ,antiquitie4    ,the 
,contents4      ,the ,vse of ,angling4  
,the ,antiquitie of ,angling4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,,chap4 ,,ii4    ,of the ,tooles1 and   
,implements for ,angling4    ,the       
,contents4      ,of the ,angle-rodde4   
,of the toppe of the ,angle-rodde4      
,the ,angle-rodde of one piece4    ,the 
,angle-rodde of many pieces4    ,of     
,lines4    ,of colouring of ,lines4     
,of the ,corke4    ,of ,angle ,hookes4  

,of other ,implements for ,anglers4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,chap4 ,,iii4    ,of the ,anglers      
cloathes1 and inward qualities4    ,the 
,contents4      ,of the ,,anglers       
,apparell4    ,anglers ,vertues4        
,certaine ,cautions4      ,,chap4       
,,iiii4    ,of the seasons to ,angle in4
    ,the ,contents4      ,the ,anglers  
manner of standing4    ,the best seasons
 to ,angle in4    ,seasons ill to ,angle
 in4    ,of ,fishes haunts4             
,obiection4    ,answere4           99   
99       99       99       99           
,,chap4 ,v4    ,of ,baits in generall1  
and of euery particular kinde1 their    
seasons and  vse4    ,the ,contents4    
,seasons for bayts4    ,of ,flyes4      
,the making of ,flyes4    ,preseruation 
of ,bayts4    ,of making ,pastes4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,chap4 ,,vi4    ,of ,angling for euery 
seuerall kinde of ,fish1 according to   
their natures4    ,the ,contents4       
,of the ,goodgin1 ,roche1 and ,dace4    

,of the ,carpe4    ,of the ,chub1       
,cheuin1 or ,trout4    ,of the ,eele4   
,of the ,flounder or ,sewant4    ,of the
 ,grayling or ,barbell4    ,of the      
,breame4    ,of the ,tench4    ,of the  
,bleke1 ,ruffe1 or ,perch4    ,of the   
,pyke4    ,of ,snyckling of the ,pyke4  
,of the ,salmon4      ,,chap4 ,,vii4    
,of taking ,fish without ,angles1 and of
 laying ,hookes4           99       99  
99       99       99      ,,chap4       
,,viii4    ,of preseruing ,fish from all
 sorts of deuourers4           99       
99       99       99       99           
,,chap4 ,,ix4    ,of ordering of ,ponds 
for the preseruation of ,fish4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,chap4 ,x4    ,of the best             
,water-,lime4          ,illustration    
,of the fighting ,cocke4           99   
99       99       99       99           
,,chap4 ,i4    ,of the ,choyce1         
,ordering1 ,breeding1 and ,dyeting of   
the fighting ,cocke4    ,the ,contents4 
,the choyce of the ,cocke for battell4  

,the breeding of the battell ,cocke4    
,the dyeting of ,cockes for battell4    
,of taking vp ,cockes4    ,of the       
,cocke-penne4    ,of his dyet4    ,of   
sparring of ,cockes4    ,the stouing of 
,cockes4    ,of the best dyet-bread4    
,of the best scowring4    ,the matching 
of ,cockes4    ,the preparing ,cockes to
 the fight4    ,the ordering of ,cockes 
after the battell1 and the curing them4 
,,finis4    ,illustration          ,,the
 ,,first ,,part of the second ,,booke of
 the ,english ,husbandman3  ,contayning 
the ,ordering of the ,kitchin-garden1   
and the planting of  strange ,,flovvers4
          ,,chap4 ,i4    ,how the       
,husbandman shall iudge and fore-know   
all kinde of ,weathers1 and  other      
seasons of the yeere4      ,although    
,,god out of his infinite prouidence1 is
 the onely directer and  ruler of all   
things1 gouerning the yeres1 dayes1     
minutes and seasons  of the yeere       
according to the power of his ,will3 yet
 for as much as hee  hath giuen vs his  

,creatures1 and placed the ,celestiall  
bodies to holde  their influences in vs1
 and all things else which haue         
increasement1  reuealing vnto vs from   
their motions1 the alteration and       
qualities of  euery season1 it shall be 
very behouefull for euery ,husbandman to
 know  the signes and tokens of euery   
particular season1 as when it is likely 
to ,raine1 when ,snow1 when ,thunder1   
when the ,winds will rise1 when the     
,winter will rage1  when the ,frosts    
will haue the longest continuance1  that
 fashioning his labours1 according to   
the temperature or  distemperature of   
the weather1 hee may with good iudgement
 and aduise1  eschew many euils which   
succede rash and vnfore-looking actions4
    ,sidenote3 ,of ,rayne4    ,to speake
 then first of the generall signes of   
,raine1 you shall  vnderstand that the  
olde ,husbandmen did obserue rules      
generall1 and  rules speciall3 the      
generall rules were such as concerned   
eyther all1  most1 or a great part of   

the whole yere3 the rules speciall1     
those  which concerned dayes1 houres1   
and times present3 of which ,i will     
first  speake in this place4            
,sidenote3 ,signes from ,clouds4    ,if 
therefore you shall at any time perceiue
 a ,cloud rising from the  lowest part  
of the ,horizon1 and that the maine body
 be blacke and  thicke1 and his beames  
7as it were7 ,curtaine-wise1 extending  
vpward1  and driuen before the windes3  
it is a certaine and infallible signe of
  a present showre of ,raine1 yet but   
momentary and soone spent1 or passed    
ouer3 but if the ,cloud shall arise     
against the ,winde1 and as it were      
spread it selfe against the violence of 
the same1 then shall the ,raine  be of  
much longer continuance4    ,sidenote3  
,signes from the ,moone4    ,if when you
 se the new ,moone appeare1 you perceiue
 that some part  of her ,hornes are     
obscured1 or if it be black1 or         
discoulored in the  middest3 if it hang 
much to the ,west1 if it be compast or  

girdled  about1 eyther with thicke1 or  
waterish transparent vapours3 if it     
looke more then ordinarily pale1 or if  
it shall beginne to raine small  and    
mist-like on the fourth or fift day of  
her age1 all these are  infallible      
signes of ,raine1 and the last an       
assured signe that the  ,raine will     
continue all that quarter of the ,moone 
following4    ,sidenote3 ,signes from   
the ,sunne4    ,if you shall se the     
,sunne rise earely in the ,morning1 and 
spread forth  his ,beames violently1 yet
 with a very moyst and waterish         
complexion1  and there-withall in the   
,west you doe se a bedde of thicke      
vapours to  arise1 increase and ascend  
vpward1 then shall you bee assured that 
at  high noone1 when those vapours and  
the ,sunne shall met1 there will be     
raine1 and that raine of no short       
continuance3 ,if you shall se the       
,sunne rise red1 and turne sodainely    
blacke1 if it haue many red clouds      
about it mixt with blackenesse1 if it   

haue a spacious ,circle about it1  or if
 when it setteth you se it fall behinde 
a banke of darke and  blacke ,cloudes1  
they be all most certaine and infallible
 signes of  raine1 which will presently 
follow4    ,sidenote3 ,signes from the  
,lightning4    ,if it lighten at noone1 
or any time whilest the ,sunne shineth1 
eyther  with ,thunder or without        
thunder1 or if it lighten in fayre      
weather1 or  if it lighten more then it 
thundereth1 all are most certaine signes
 of  raine which will follow4           
,sidenote3 ,signes from ,fowle4    ,if  
you shall perceiue water-,fowle to bathe
 much3 if the ,crow wet her  head at the
 water brimme1 or if she wade into the  
water1 or if she  shall cry and call    
much3 if the ,rauen shall croake with a 
hollow or  sounding voyce3 if the       
house-,cocke shall crow at all houres3  
if ,pigions  shall come home late to the
 ,doue-house3 if ,sparrowes shall chyrpe
 and  cry earely in the morning3 if ,bes
 flye not farre from their ,hyues3  if  

,flies and small ,gnats bite sharpe and 
sore1 all are most certaine  signes of  
raine1 which will presently follow4     
,sidenote3 ,signes from ,beasts4    ,if 
you shall perceiue your ,oxen to eate   
more gredily1 and with a more  earnest  
stomacke then their vsuall custome3 if  
your ,kine gaze and looke  much vpward3 
if ,swine shall play and gambole vp and 
downe3 if ,horses  being at grasse shall
 scope1 course1 and chase one another3  
or if the  ,cat shall wash behinde her  
eare1 all are certaine signes of raine  
to  follow4    ,sidenote3 ,signes from  
things without motion4    ,if ,salt     
turne moyst standing in dry places1 if  
,channels1 ,vaults1 and  common ,sewers 
stincke more then vsuall3 if ,bels seeme
 to sound louder  then they were wont3  
if the ,tazell at any time close vp his 
pricks3 if  ,soote fall much from the   
,chimney3 ,if oyle shall sparkle much   
when it  burneth1 or if ,marble1        
,pauing-stone1 or other wals shall      
sweat1 or be  much moyst1 all are most  

ineuitable signes of rayne which will   
follow4    ,sidenote3 ,signes of much   
,raine4    ,if ,raine1 when it falleth1 
make great bubbles1 or such a noyse as  
is  not ordinary3 or if raine fall      
mildely1 small1 and mist-like3 or if    
rayne fall in a calme when no winde     
stirreth3 or if when it rayneth you     
cannot perceiue the ,racke or ,clouds to
 moue3 if ,pullen flye to their  roust  
assoone as the raine begins3 if the     
,raine-bow stretch towards  the ,south1 
or if it doe reflect and shedoole3 if   
you shall se one or  more ,weather-gals 
which are like ,raine-bowes1 onely they 
arise from the  ,horison but a small way
 vpward1 all these are most certaine    
signes of  much raine that will follow4 
,sidenote3 ,signes of ,snow or ,haile4  
,if blacke ,clouds shall turne sodainely
 white3 if about eyther the ,sunne  or  
,moone be pale1 and waterish ,circles1  
or that they seme to shine  as through a
 miste3 if the ,ayre be thicke and      
extreame cold without  frosts3 if with  

the signes of raine be mixt signes of   
cold also1 or if  windes be nipping and 
extreame sharp1 all are most certaine   
tokens that  ,snow or ,hayle will follow
 presently after4    ,sidenote3 ,signes 
of winde4    ,if when the ,sunne setteth
 it looketh red and fiery1 and that all 
that  part of the ,horizon looke red    
also1 or if it looke blewish1 or seme   
greater then his ordinary proportion3   
,if the ,moone doe blush or looke  high 
colloured1 if the ,racke ride high1 and 
the ,firmament be much  vaulted3 if     
,woods and ,hils seme to make a noyse3  
if the ,stars seme  to shine brighter   
then vsuall3 if it shall thunder in     
,winter1 or if it  thunder without      
lightning3 if ,bels be heard farre off  
with more ease  then accustomed1 and    
presently in the same instant be not    
heard at all3  ,if ,cobwebs flye much in
 the ayre3 ,if ,hernes or ,heronshoes   
cry much in  their flying3 ,if fire     
sparkle much1 or if wood or ,wainscot   
cracke much1  all these are most        

certaine signes of much winde that will 
follow after4    ,sidenote3 ,signes of  
tempests4    ,if you shall perceiue the 
,morning or ,euening ,sunne1 eyther in  
the  ,sommer or in the ,autumne1 to     
shine hotter or to scortch more then    
accustomed1 when the ayre is prest with 
an extreame blacke cloude1  or with many
 clouds1 if you perceiue whirlewindes to
 blow oft and  violently3 if you se the 
,raine-bow shall appeare in the ,west   
without  raine3 if you se flames and    
meteors flashing in the ayre1 or if the 
,porpus shall be sene in the fresh      
,riuer1 all are most certaine signes  of
 thunder1 lightnings and tempests1 which
 will follow4    ,sidenote3 ,signes of  
faire weather4    ,if the ,sun rise gray
 and clere in the morning1 and likewise 
setteth  without darkenesse1 not loosing
 a minute in the declination3 if the    
euening skye be ruddy and not fierie1   
more purple then skarlet3 if the  ,moone
 be clere when it is foure or fiue dayes
 olde3 if it lighten  after ,sunne-set  

without thunder3 if the dewe fall in    
great abundance  and in the rising      
ascend vp to the mountaines3 if the     
,north winde blow  strong3 if the ,owle 
doe whup much and not scrytch3 if flyes 
at night  play much in the ,suns beames3
 if ,crowes flocke much together1 and   
cakell and talke3 if ,bats flye busily  
vp and downe after ,sunne-set1  if you  
se ,cranes flye high1 and water-,fowle  
make their haunts farre  off from the   
water1 all these are most certaine      
signes of very faire  weather which will
 follow after4    ,sidenote3 ,signes of 
,winter4    ,if water-,fowle forsake the
 ,water3 if the ,nightingale sing more  
then  other ,birds1 if ,cranes flocke   
together1 if ,gese fight for their      
feding place1 or if ,sparrowes call very
 earely in the ,morning1 any of  these  
are certaine signes that winter is nere 
at hand4    ,sidenote3 ,signes of the   
,spring4    ,if the ,west winde blowe   
freshly ,morning and ,euening3 if the   
colde abate  and loose much of his      

vigor1 if ,swallowes begin to come in   
and flye  busily about1 if the          
brest-bone of the ,mallard or ,woodcocke
 looke white  and clere1 any of these   
are certaine signes that the ,spring is 
at hand4    ,sidenote3 ,signes of a hot 
,sommer4    ,if the ,ramme ride in the  
,spring1 and shew more then an vsuall   
lust3 if  the ,spring haue beene very   
extraordinarily colde1 or if ,mildewes  
fall  not in the ,woodland-,countryes1  
any of these are certaine signes of a   
hot ,summer to follow after4            
,sidenote3 ,signes of a long ,winter4   
,if you shall se the ,oake leaden with  
,akornes3 if the brest-bone of the      
,mallard when he is kild looke red3 if  
,hornets be sene after the end          
,october1 or if ,cattell doe trample and
 tread the earth much1 making  it myrie1
 or like a new plowde field3 any of     
these are most certaine  signes that the
 ,winter will be sharpe1 long1 and      
cruell4    ,sidenote3 ,signes of a      
forward or backward yeer4    ,if there  

fall much ,raine before ,october1 by    
meanes whereof many  inundations doe    
follow1 and that such wet lye long aboue
 ground3 it  is a most infallible token 
that the yere will be very forward3 but 
if the wet doe fall after ,october then 
it is a signe that the yere  will be    
indifferent1 but and if the wet fall    
after ,nouember1 then it  is held for   
most certaine that the yere will fall   
out very slacke and  backeward4         
,sidenote3 ,signes of a good or bad     
yeere4    ,if the ,oke ,apples1 when    
they are opened1 bred flyes1 or if      
,haruest be  seasonable1 and the ,spring
 warme3 if ,snow fall in ,february3 if  
,broome  put forth great store of       
,flowers3 if the ,walnut-tre haue more  
blossoms  then leaues3 if the flower of 
the ,sea-,onion wither not quickly1 or  
if  the ,spring be preserued from frosts
 and blasting1 then any of these are    
certaine signes that the yere will proue
 passing good and fruitfull3  but if the
 ,oake ,apple brede insted of a ,flye a 

,spyder3 if ,comets or  ,meteors        
oppresse the ,ayre3 if the ,sommer fall 
out vnnaturally moyst3  if the dewes    
when they fall at the rising of the     
,sunne descend to the  ,riuers3 if      
frosts come in vnseasonable times3 if   
wood-,birds flye to the  plaines1 and   
refuse couert3 if the ,sunne haue his   
whole body1 or at  least thre parts     
,ecclipsed3 when ,corne beginneth to    
bloome1 and is not  fully ,kirneld1 then
 any of these be most certaine signes   
that the yere  will proue bad1 barrayne1
  fruitlesse4    ,sidenote3 ,signes from
 ,christmas day4    ,againe1 if         
,christmas day shall fall vpon the      
,sunday1 the yere shall be  good1       
seasonable and abounding with all store 
and plenty3 if it fall  vpon ,munday the
 yere shall be reasonable temperate and 
fruitfull1  onely something subiect to  
inundation of waters1 losse by          
shipwracke1  and some mortality of      
people1 especially women in             
childbearing3 if it  fall vpon ,tuesday1

 the yere will proue very barraine and  
vnfruitfull1  much dearth will raigne1  
and amongst people great plague and     
mortallitie3 if it fall vpon ,wednesday1
 the yere shall be reasonably           
seasonable1 though a little inconstant3 
there shall be plenty of all  things1   
onely much sickenesse1 and great        
likelyhood of warres3 if it  fall vpon  
the ,thursday1 the yere shall be        
generally very temperate  and wholesome1
 onely the ,sommer subiect to           
moistnesse1 much deuision  is like to   
fall amongst the ,clergie1 and women    
shall be giuen to more  laciuiousnesse  
then at other seasons3 if it fall on the
 ,friday1 the  yere shall be barraine   
and vnwholesome1 for sickenesse shall   
rage with  great violence1 much         
mortallitie shall fall amongst yong     
,children1  and both ,corne and ,cattell
 shall be scarce1 and of a dere         
reckoning3  if it fall on the ,saturday1
 the yere shall be reasonably good and  
plentifull1 onely the people of the     

world shall be exceding peruerse1   much
 giuen to mutinie  dissention one       
against another4    ,sidenote3 ,signes  
from the ,sunne rising4    ,againe1 if  
the ,sunne rise without impediment1 and 
shine bright and  clere vpon ,christmas 
day1 the yere will be very plentifull3  
if it  rise likewise clere the second   
day in ,christmas1 then ,corne will fall
  in price3 if it rise clere the third  
day in ,christmas1 there will  onely be 
dissention in the ,church3 if on the    
fourth day1 it foreshewes  trouble vnto 
yong persons3 if on the fift day1 it    
shewes that many  good things will      
increase3 if on the sixt1 doubtlesse    
euery ,garden  will bring forth great   
plenty3 if on the seauenth1 then is much
 dearth  and scarcitie to be feared3 if 
it shine clere on the eyght day in      
,christmas1 then there is likely to be  
great store of ,fish3 if on the  ninth1 
it will doubtles proue a good yere for  
all manner of ,cattell3  if on the      
tenth1 the yere is likely to yeld much  

cause of mourning3  if on the eleauenth1
 there will fall much fogges1 thicke    
mistes1 and  great infection will follow
 after4 ,lastly1 if the ,sunne shine    
clere  the twelfth day after ,christmas1
 it fore-shewes much warre and troubles1
  with great losse and bloudshed4       
,sidenote3 ,signes from the twelue dayes
 in ,christmas4    ,againe1 according to
 these former obseruations1 you shall   
vnderstand1  that what weather shall    
fall or be on the sixe and twentieth day
 of  ,december1 the like weather shall  
be all the moneth of ,ianuary after1    
what shall be on the seauen and         
twentieth of ,december1 the like shall  
be all the moneth of ,february          
following3 what weather shall be on the 
eight and twentieth day of ,december1   
the like weather shall be all  ,march   
following3 what weather shall be the    
nine and twentieth day of  ,december1   
the same shall be all ,aprill after3    
what on the thirtieth1  the same all    
,may3 what on the one and thirtieth the 

like all ,iune  following3 what weather 
shall fall on the first of ,ianuary1 the
 same  shall be all ,iuly after3 what on
 the second of ,ianuary1 the same all   
,august after3 what on the third1 the   
same all ,september after3 what on  the 
fourth1 the same all ,october following3
 what on the fift1 the same  all        
,nouember after1 and what weather shall 
fall on the sixt of ,ianuary1  which is 
,twelft-day1 the same weather shall fall
 all ,december following4    ,sidenote3 
,signes from ,saint ,pauls day4         
,againe1 if ,saint ,pauls day proue     
fayre1 dry and bright1 it  foresheweth  
plenty of all things the yere following3
 but if it be  misty then it shewes     
great dearth of ,cattell4 ,if there fall
 vpon that  day ,snow or ,raine1 then it
 shewes ,famine and ,want of ,corne1 but
 if it  be windy1 tempestuous1 or if it 
thunder1 then it sheweth that great     
warres will follow4    ,sidenote3       
,signes from ,maudlin1 and ,saint       
,swythens day4    ,againe1 looke what   

quantitie of raine falleth eyther on    
,mary ,maudlins  day1 or on ,saint      
,swithens day1 be it more or lesse1 the 
same  proportion will fall for the space
 of forty dayes after3 but if these  two
 dayes be fayre and dry all the time of 
,haruest will be so also4    ,sidenote3 
,if ,corne shall be cheape or deare4    
,now if you will know whether ,corne    
shall be cheape or dere1 take  twelue   
principall graynes of ,wheate out of the
 strength of the eare1  vpon the first  
day of ,ianuary1 and when the harth of  
your ,chimney  is most hot1 swepe it    
cleane1 then make a stranger lay one of 
those  ,graynes on the hot hearth1 then 
marke it well1 and if it leape a        
little1 ,corne shall be reasonably      
cheape1 but if it leape much then       
,corne shall be exceding cheape1 but if 
it lye still and moue not1 then  the    
price of ,corne shall stand1 and        
continue still for that ,moneth3 and    
thus you shall vse your twelue ,graines1
 the first day of euery ,moneth  one    

after another1 that is to say1 euery    
,moneth one ,graine1 and you  shall know
 the rising and falling of ,corne in    
euery ,moneth1 all the  yere following4 
,sidenote3 ,signes from ,thunder4    ,if
 it shall thunder much the first ,sunday
 of the ,new-yere1 it shewes  great     
death and mortallitie amongst learned   
men3 if it thunder the  first ,munday1  
it shewes great death of women1 and many
 ,eclipses of the  ,sunne3 if it thunder
 on the first ,tuesday1 it shewes plenty
 of ,corne1  but much ,warre and        
dissention3 if it thunder on the first  
,wednesday1  it shewes mortallitie and  
death amongst the worst sort of people1 
both  ,male and ,female1 besides much   
,warre and bloudshed3 if it thunder on  
the  first ,thursday in the ,new-yere1  
it sheweth much plenty of ,corne that   
will follow3 if it thunder on the first 
,friday1 it betokeneth the losse  of    
great personages1 and men of authoritie1
 many affrayes and murthers1  with much 
perill and danger4 ,lastly1 if it       

thunder vpon the first  ,saturday in the
 ,new-yere1 it foresheweth onely a      
generall plague and  infection1 which   
shall raigne with strong violence4      
,sidenote3 ,signes of sicknes or health4
    ,if you shall perceiue the ,summer  
and ,spring time to fall out very  moyst
 and rainy1 without winde1 yet in their 
owne natures very hot   scortching1 or  
if the ,southerne or ,southwest-winde   
blow much without  raine3 if many fogs  
and mists fall in the ,morning1 and     
ouercome the  ,sunnes beames at noone   
also3 if the ,sunne suffer any large    
,eclipse3  if ,autumne and ,winter be   
more foggy then moyst or cold3 if the   
,dowe  or ,leauen1 of which you mould   
your bread1 doe quickely mould and      
cleaue together without labour3 if ,dogs
 runne madde1 if ,birds forsake  their  
nests3 if ,shepe rot3 if ,fennes1       
,marrish-grounds1 and muddy  places     
abound with ,frogges3 if ,mud-wals brede
 ,swine lice or ,sowes3  if ,moales     
forsake the earth3 if the small ,pocks  

or ,meazels be rife  and abound in the  
,spring time1 or if women generally doe 
miscarry in  childe-bedde1 any of these 
are most certaine signes of much        
sickenesse  and mortallitie that will   
follow the yere after3 and all such     
signes  as are directly contrarie to any
 of these1 as if the ,summer and ,spring
  doe fall out drye and windy3 if the   
,south or ,southwest-winde bring with   
it euer rayne3 if no fogs or mists      
oppresse the ayre1 and so forth of  all 
the rest which are before shewed1 are   
most certaine and infallible  tokens of 
a very wholesome and healthfull yere1   
which will euer follow  after4          
,sidenote3 ,the preseruation of health4 
,now for the preseruation of your       
health1 and to preuent all such         
sickenesses as are incident to follow in
 these casuall and daungerous  yeres3   
through euery seuerall moneth in the    
yere you shall obserue  these few       
precepts4    ,first1 in the month of    
,ianuary you shall forbeare to let      

bloud1 vnlesse  vpon violent            
extreamitie1  that the signes be        
exceding good for the  same1 you shall  
drinke white wine in the morning        
fasting1  rub your  head with a course  
,towell very hard1 but yet cleane1 for  
it is a most  wholesom friction4    ,in 
the month of ,february1 you shall not   
let bloud for wantonnesse1 but  nede3   
you shall forbeare ,hearbe-pottage1 for 
at that time onely they  are least      
wholesome3 you shall kepe the soles of  
your fete from wet1  and vse euery      
morning your former friction4    ,in the
 moneth of ,march1 the signe being good1
 you may let bloud  according to your   
youth1 strength1 and necessitie3 you may
 take hot and  swet meats and drinkes1  
especially ,almonds1 ,figs  ,reyzins1   
vse also  your former friction4    ,in  
the month of ,aprill1 you may bled as in
 the month of ,march3 in it  also you   
may purge1 by the order of a learned    
directer3 let your dyet  be hot and     
fresh meats1 and your drinke temperate3 

also in this moneth  your former        
friction is exceding wholesome4    ,in  
the month of ,may be no sluggard1 for   
the bed is vnwholesome1  clerified ,way 
is this moneth a most soueraigne drinke1
 and ,sage  with swet ,butter is a most 
excellent breakefast3 yong ,lettuce is  
an  approued good ,sallet1 and the      
inthrals or offall of ,beasts would by  
all  meanes be refused1 it is also good 
to let bloud in this month onely for    
necessitie1 and not for pleasure1 and   
beware by all means1 not to go          
wetshooed in the dew of the morning4    
,in the month of ,iune obserue the dyet 
of ,may1 or if you be of youthfull      
bloud it is not amisse if it be a little
 cooler1 and for bleding let  it be for 
vrgent necessitie4    ,in the month of  
,iuly eschew all wanton bed-sport3 and  
if each morning  you take of draught of 
clarified ,butter-,milke it is very     
wholesome3 vse  coole ,iulyps1 and meats
 that are fresh1 and not stirring3 now  
forbeare  ,lettice1 and blede not1      

except it be in cause of great          
extreamitie4    ,in the month of ,august
 forbeare all manner of ,worts1 and     
,cabadges1 and  generally all meats and 
,spices which are hot and inflaming3 but
 by  any meanes bled not at all1 except 
by the direction of most approued       
learning4    ,in the month of ,september
 you may eate any sort of ripe ,fruits3 
you  may bathe in hot bathes1 for colde 
causes1 at your pleasure1 and you  may  
let bloud according to your necessitie3 
those foods are best which  are of      
lightest disgestion1 and those drinkes  
most wholesome which are  rather strong 
then scouring4    ,in the moneth of     
,october1 spare not any bloud1 except   
great extreamitie  compell you1 and for 
your dyet1 let it be of such foods as   
are most  strong and nourishing1 and    
your drinke ,bere or ,ale1 of           
indifferent  strength1 and now and then 
at the midst1 and end of meales1 a      
draught or two of such ,wines as are    
pleasant1 strong1 and wholesome3        

,sallets of ,flowers1 preserued in      
,vinegar  ,sugar1 as either ,violets1   
,broome-flowers1 or ,gelly-flowers of   
all kindes1 or ,sampyre1 ,purslan1 or   
,beane-rods1 preserued in pickell1 are  
of excellent vse1 both in this  moneth1 
and the other two which follow4    ,in  
the ,moneth of ,nouember open also no   
vaine1 but for great ned1  because the  
blood is then gathered together into the
 principall  vessels3 ,bathing in this  
,moneth is vtterly to be refused1 onely 
let  your body be kept warme1 and euery 
colde humour or obstruction1 rather     
dissolued by moderate frictions1 as is  
shewed in the moneth of ,ianuary  and   
,february1 then by the violence of any  
other inward medicine4  ,shell-,fish in 
this moneth is very wholesome1 and so   
are all other sorts  of ,fish1 which are
 not too rawe or slymie4    ,in the     
,moneth of ,december blood-letting      
should be also forborne1 except  vpon   
some especiall dayes1 as after the fiue 
and twentieth day at the  soonest3 and  

for your diet let it be meate which is  
hot and nourishing1  but by no meanes   
that which bredeth melancholie bloud4   
,vse strong  ,wine and sharpe ,sauces3  
as for the warmth of your body1 next    
vnto good  cloathing1 let it euer proced
 from exercise that is moderate1 then   
from toasting1 or broiling your selfe   
against the fire1 for in this  ,month   
that body can hardly be sound whose     
shinnes are made pyde and  motley with  
the fiers scortching4    ,and thus much 
touching the experience of the ,english 
,husbandman in  these fore-knowledges1  
and ayming after the times to come1     
being  drawne from the obseruations and 
rules left vs by succession of times  of
 those learned ,fathers1 and other best 
knowne and approued in  these           
knowledges3 yet ,i doe not binde euery  
,husbandman to make as it  were new     
,creds of these ,principles1 but onely  
to giue them to his  memory1 as things  
that will neither oppresse nor hurt it1 
and if in  any seldome-sene             

particularitie1 any shall vary from the 
purpose of  the relation1 to remember   
that there is aboue vs a ,god of all    
,truth  and ,knowledge1 who will dispose
 and gouerne all things1 according to   
his good ,will and ,pleasure3 to which  
let euery ,creature submit1 in  as much 
as hee onely knoweth what is for        
mankinde most best and most  conuenient4
          ,,chap4 ,,ii4    ,the choyce  
of ground for the ,kitchin-garden1 and  
the ordering thereof4      ,a ,promise  
honest and profitable1 being seriously  
made1 ,i holde a sinne  capitall to     
neglect1 especially where the goodnesse 
stretcheth it  selfe ouer a whole       
,kingdome3 and hence ,i haue assumed to 
perfect both  my promise and my labour  
in building vp that weake foundation    
which  ,i formerly laid1 of the ,english
 ,husbandman3 wherein1 contrary to all  
other ,authors1 ,i am neither beholden  
to ,pliny1 ,virgil1 ,columella1  ,varo1 
,rutillius1 ,libault1 nor any other     
,forrainer1 but onely to our  owne best 

experienst ,countreymen1 whose daily    
knowledge hath made  them most perfect  
in their professions3 and what better   
instruction  can be had then that which 
we receiue from the professors1 being   
men  of our owne neighbourhood1         
acquainted with our ,climate and ,soile1
 and  the necessary things agreing with 
the bettering of the same3 and not      
resort1 as our ,translators haue done1  
to strangers helpe1 who tels you  that  
you must meanure your ground with ,asses
 dung1 when our ,kingdome  hath not so  
many foure-footed ,asses as wil meanure 
one ,acre1 and many  such like things   
which our ,kingdome affordeth not3      
therefore according  to the plaine true 
,english fashion1 thus ,i pursue my     
purpose4    ,sidenote3 ,the choyce of   
,ground4    ,touching the choyse of     
,ground1 ,i haue in the former part of  
this ,booke  shewed you the true nature 
and goodnesse of euery seuerall ,soyle3 
and  you are to vnderstand that the best
 ,soyle is best for this purpose1       

because it is least laborsome1 and most 
profitable3 yet notwithstanding  that   
some of our translated ,authors doth    
vtterly disalow for ,gardens  many      
,soyles1 as namely1 all ,sands1 all     
,chawkie earths1 all ,grauell1 all      
,earths like dust1 and any ,earth which 
chappeth or openeth in the heat  of     
,summer1 by that meanes depriuing almost
 halfe our kingdome of the  benefit of  
,gardens1 yet ,i assure you there is no 
,soyle whatsoeuer 7if  it lye from the  
inundation of water1 or be not          
absolutely boggy7 but  with industry    
will beare any ,fruit1 ,hearbe1 or      
,flower1 plentifully1 and  without any  
casualtie proceding from the barraines  
therof3 witnes a  most worthy ,garden in
 the barren ,peake of ,darbyshire1 where
 there is  no curious ,tre or ,plant    
wanting1 nor doe they flourish in any   
place  more brauely4    ,sidenote3 ,the 
bettering of ,grounds4    ,sidenote3    
,the trenching of ,grounds4    ,now for 
mine owne part1 ,i write generally to   

all ,husbandmen1 not to  those onely    
which liue in fertile and fat ,soyles1  
and therefore ,i would  haue no man say1
 the ,soyle where ,i liue is so         
barraine1 that ,i cannot  haue a        
,garden3 for if the ,soyle wherein you  
liue1 be barraine1 then  shall you in   
the latter end of ,september breake vp  
your earth more then  a ,spade-graft    
depe1 and be well assured that at euery 
,spade-graft you  breake the mould well1
 and leaue not the rootes of any weds   
within it1  then let it rest till the   
midst of ,october1 at which time if any 
weds  appeare vpon it1 by all meanes let
 them be pluckt vp by the roots1  which 
done1 you shall trench your ground at   
least a yarde and a halfe  depe1 and    
then bury in those trenches1 if it be a 
,sand or grauell  earth1 great store of 
,oxe or ,cow meanure1 if it be a colde  
,chalkie  ,clay1 or a moyst ground1 then
 great store of ,horse meanure1 of both 
which meanures the oldest and rottenest 
is the best3 but if you liue in  such a 

,soyle as there is neyther of these     
meanures bred therein1 then  take straw 
of any kinde whatsoeuer1 and spread it  
in the high-way where  there is much    
trauell1  when it is rotten with the    
beating of ,horse  fet1 then cause it to
 be shoueld vp1  with it fill your      
trenches1  but if ,straw be wanting1    
then if you haue any muddy ditches or   
ponds1  scowre the mud out of them1     
with it fill vp your trenches3  although
  these are not so long lasting as the  
two first sorts of meanures1  yet they  
are sufficient to bring forth increase1 
must supply where  necessity inforceth1 
alwayes hauing discretion when you se   
your  ground abate in fruitfulnes1 to   
replenish it with fresh meanure4    ,now
 as you fill your trenches with meanure1
 let one mixe the earth  therewithall1  
and as it were blend and incorporate    
them together3 thus  hauing gone ouer so
 much ground as you intend to plant or  
sowe vpon1  you shall let it rest till  
the midst of ,ianuary1 at which time you

  shall breake it vp in trenches againe1
 but not aboue thre quarters  of a yarde
 depe1 and then fill vp those trenches  
with meanure as  before1 and lay your   
earth as leuell as is possible1  so let 
it rest  till the beginning of ,march   
7if the weather be seasonable for sowing
  or planting7 otherwise let it stay    
till mid-,march1 and as soone as the    
,moone is changed you shall then dig it 
vp the fourth time1 and make it  fit to 
receyue your sede1 but in this fourth   
time of turning ouer your  earth1 you   
shall dig it but a little better then a 
,spade-graft depth1  and euer as you dig
 it1 mixe it with fresh meanure3 if your
 ground be  subiect to much chapping or 
rining1 then you shall at this last     
digging  mixe the earth with ashes and  
,horse meanure mixt together1 which will
  binde and holde the earth from        
chapping4    ,sidenote3 ,of breaking the
 ,garden moulde4    ,sidenote3 ,ordering
 of ,garden-beds4    ,after you haue    
digd your ground in this order1 and made

 it leuell1  you shal with an ,iron     
,rake breake the great clods of earth1  
and bring  it to as fine a mould as is  
possible1 euer obseruing that if in the 
breaking of the clods or otherwise1 you 
perceiue the roots or stalks of  any    
weds to arise1 you shall presently with 
your hand pull them out1  and cast them 
on heaps1 that they may serue eyther for
 the fire or the  dunghill3 which done1 
you shall tread out your beds in such   
orderly  sort1 that you may passe from  
one to the other without eyther treading
  vpon the beds1 or striding ouer them3 
thus much for the barraine   sterrill   
ground1 which although all ancient  late
 writers reiect1 as  not worthy to be   
imployed to this vse1 yet beleue it1    
being husbanded  as is said before1 it  
will equall in fruitfulnes the best     
ground4    ,sidenote3 ,of the fruitfull 
,soyle4    ,touching your rich and      
perfect grounds1 which of themselues are
 apt  to put forth with little labour1  
you shall onely at the latter end  of   

,september breake vp the ,earth1 and    
making greater ,trenches1 fill  them    
well with ,oxe meanure1 and then turning
 the ,earth vpon the  meanure1 leuell   
your ground very carefully1 breake the  
clots and  rake it very painefully1 and 
then treade out your beds1 as is before 
sayd1 artificially2 but if the ground   
which you breake vp1 be eyther          
grene-swarth1 or much ouergrowne with   
weds 7as these rich soyles  must euer be
 the one or the other7 7for they will   
not be idle1 but  continually bringing  
forth7 then at this first digging and   
dunging you  shall haue diuers which    
shall follow the ,spade1 who shall take 
away  all manner of roots1 grenes1      
grasse-tufts1 stones1 or whatsoeuer may 
brede anoyance to the ground3 which     
worke being perfected1 you shall  let   
the ground rest all winter till the     
beginning of ,march1 that the  frost may
 mellow and ripen the mould1 and also   
kill the roots of such  weds as the     
,spade hath turned vp1 and haue bene    

omitted to be pulled  away4    ,now so  
soone as ,march is come1 vpon the first 
change of the ,moone1 you  shall digge  
vp this ,earth againe1 leuell it1 and   
order it in all points  as was sayd of  
the barraine ,earth1 onely there will   
nede no more vse  of meanure1 but as    
soone as it is digged1 raked1 leuelled1 
and brought  into a fine mould1 you may 
then tread out your ,beds1 as aforesayd1
 euer  proportioning the quantitie of   
them according to the quantitie of your 
sedes1 hauing the most of that which is 
most in vse1 and the least of  the      
contrary4    ,now as touching the       
fencing and inclosing of your ,garden1  
,i haue in  the former ,booke shewed you
 the same at large1 and giuen seuerall  
instructions1 according to mens seuerall
 abilities1 with this caution1  that    
whether your fence be wall1 pale1       
dead-hedge1 ditch1 or quickset1  yet it 
must be so high that it may with        
assurance kepe all manner of  ,pullen   
from flying ouer the same1 who are the  

greatest enemies to a  ,garden that may 
be4    ,sidenote3 ,the necessariest     
,ornament in a ,garden4    ,there would 
be also in this ,kitchin-,garden1 if    
with conueniency it may  be brought to  
passe1 eyther a ,pumpe1 ,well1 or       
,cesterne1 which might  flow continually
 with water all the ,summer time1 for   
the watering of  ,hearbs1 as shall be   
hereafter declared4 ,and thus much      
touching the  choyce of ground for a    
,kitchin-garden1 and the ordering of the
 same4          ,,chap4 ,,iii4    ,of   
the sowing and ordering of all manner of
 ,pot-hearbs4      ,when you haue       
prepared your ground1 and cast your beds
 in an orderly  fashion1 as is before   
spoken1 you shall then take your ,seds  
which  ,seds would by no meanes be aboue
 a yere olde3 and hauing sorted them    
seuerally1 euery one by it selfe1 and   
appointed the beds which shall          
seuerally receiue them3 you shall in    
this manner sowe your ,pot-hearbs1      
which craue not much roote1 because     

their onely benefit is in the  leafe3   
take your seds and put them into a      
wooden ,tray1 then take your  ,garden   
moulde1 the finest that may be1 being   
made almost as fine as  ashes1 and mixe 
your ,seds1 and that mould very well    
together1 then goe  to the bedde where  
you meane to bestow them1 and hauing    
newly rackt  it 7to stirre vp the fresh 
mould7 with your hand sprinkle and sowe 
them all ouer the bed1 so thicke as may 
be3 which done1 with a fine  ,rake1 rake
 the bed gently ouer1 then taking spare 
fine mould1 put it  into a ridling      
,siue1 and sift it ouer the bed better  
then two fingers  thickenesse1 and so   
let it rest3 thus you shall doe         
seuerally with  euery sede one after    
another1 bestowing euery one vpon a     
seuerall bed4    ,sidenote3 ,of all     
sorts of ,pot-hearbs4    ,sidenote3 ,of 
,endiue and ,succorie4    ,now for your 
,pot-hearbs1 which are most generally in
 vse1 they be  these3 ,endiue and       
,succorie1 which delight in moyst       

ground1 and  will endure the winter4    
,bleete of which there be two kindes1   
,red and  ,white3 this ,hearbe neuer    
nedeth weding1 and if he be suffered to 
shed  his sed it will hardly euer to be 
got out of a ,garden4    ,sidenote3 ,of 
,beets4    ,then ,beets1 which must be  
much weded1 for they loue to liue by    
themselues1 and if they grow too thicke 
you may take them vp when they  are a   
finger long in their owne earth1 and set
 them in another bed1 and  they will    
prosper much better4    ,sidenote3      
,land-,cresses4    ,then land ,cresses1 
which is both a good ,pot-hearbe and a  
good  ,sallet-,hearbe3 it loueth        
shadowie places1 where the ,sunne       
shineth  least1 and standeth in ned of  
little dung4    ,sidenote3 ,parcely4    
,then ,parcely1 which of all ,hearbs is 
of most vse1 it is longest in  appearing
 aboue ground1 and the elder sed is the 
quicker in growth1  but not the surer2  
but eyther being once come vp increase  
naturally1  and doe hardly euer decay3  

it cannot grow too thicke1 but as you   
vse it  you must cut off the toppes with
 your knife1 and by no meanes pull vp   
the rootes3 if it be put into a little  
pursse1 and beaten against the  ground1 
to bruise it a little before it be      
sowne1 it will make it haue  a large    
crisped leafe4    ,sidenote3 ,of        
,sauory4    ,then ,sauory1 of which are 
two kindes1 the ,winter-,sauory1 and    
,summer1 both delight in leane ground1  
and are quicke of growth1 and  long     
lasting4    ,sidenote3 ,of ,time4       
,then ,time1 of which are also two      
kindes1 the running ,time1 and the      
,garden ,time3 they delight in fertile  
ground1 and from the sede are  very slow
 of growth1 therefore it is best euer to
 set them from the  slip4 ,the running  
,time doth delight in the shadow1 but   
the ,garden  ,time in the ,sunne4       
,sidenote3 ,french ,mallowes4    ,then  
,french-,mallowes1 which will ioy in any
 ground1 and are quicke of  growth4     
,sidenote3 ,cheruill4    ,then          

,cheruill1 which will not by any meanes 
grow with any other  ,hearbe4           
,sidenote3 ,of ,dill4    ,then ,dill1   
which may be sowne almost in any moneth 
of the yere as  well as ,march3 it      
endureth all weathers1 but loueth the   
warmth best4    ,sidenote3 ,of ,isop4   
,then ,isop1 which in like manner as    
,time is1 slow of growth from  the sed1 
and therefore fitter to be set from the 
slips1 after it  hath once taken roote  
it encreaseth wonderfully1 and will     
hardly be  destroyed4    ,sidenote3 ,of 
,mints4    ,then ,mints1 which flourish 
onely in the ,summer time1 but dye in   
the  ,winter1 it delighteth most in the 
moyst ground4    ,sidenote3 ,violets4   
,then ,violets1 the leaues whereof are a
 good ,pot-hearb1 and the  ,flowers     
preserued in close glasse pots1 with    
strong ,wine-vinegar and  ,sugar1 a most
 excellent ,sallet3 it doth delight to  
grow high1 and will  grow spedely eyther
 from the plant or from the sed4        
,sidenote3 ,of ,basill4    ,then        

,basill1 which would be sowne in the    
warme weather1 as at the  beginning of  
,may1 for the sed is tender1 and when   
you haue sowne it1  you shall presse the
 earth downe vpon it with your fet1 for 
the sede  can endure no hollownesse3 if 
you sowe it at the fall of the ,leafe1  
you  shall sprinkle the sede with       
,vinegar1 and when you water it let the 
,sunne be at his height4    ,sidenote3  
,sweet ,marioram4    ,then swet         
,marioram1 which would be sowne on rich 
ground1 and farre  from ,sunneshine1 for
 it taketh no delight in his beames4    
,sidenote3 ,marigolds4    ,then         
,marigolds1 which renew euery moneth1   
and endure the ,winter as  well as the  
,summer3 this ,hearbe the oftner you    
remoue it1 the bigger it  groweth4      
,sidenote3 ,of ,strawberries4    ,then  
,strawberries1 whose leaues are a good  
,pot-hearbe1 and the fruit  the         
wholesommest berry3 this ,hearbe of all 
other1 would be set of the  plant1 and  
not sowne from the sed1 for the oft     

changing and remouing  of it causeth it 
to grow bigger and bigger3 it groweth   
best vnder the  shadowes of other       
,hearbes1 but very sufficiently in beds1
 or else where4    ,sidenote3 ,of       
,borage and ,buglosse4    ,then ,borage 
and ,buglosse1 both which are of one    
nature3 they would  be sowne in small   
quantity1 for where they take they will 
runne ouer  a whole ,garden3 the sed    
must be gathered when it is halfe ripe  
it is  so apt to shed1 and when you     
gather it you must plucke vp the        
stalkes1  leaues  all1 and so laying    
them one vpon another thre or foure     
dayes1  their own heat will bring the   
sed to ripenes4    ,sidenote3 ,of       
,rosemary4    ,then ,rosemary1 which is 
an ,hearbe tender and curious1 yet of   
singular vertue3 it is soone slaine with
 frost or lightening3 it  will grow     
plentifully from the sede1 but much     
better from the slip1  it delighteth to 
be planted against some ,wall where it  
may haue the  reflection of the ,sunne1 

for to stand vnpropped of himselfe1 the 
very  shaking of the winde will kill it4
    ,sidenote3 ,of ,penyroyal4    ,then 
,penyroyall1 which most properly is vsed
 to be mixt with  ,puddings1 made of the
 bloud of ,beasts1  ,oatmeale3 of it    
there be two  kindes1 ,male and ,female3
 the ,male beareth a white flower1 and  
the  ,female a purple3 it must be sowne 
in small quantity1 for it will runne    
and spread ouer-much ground3 it         
delighteth most in moyst earth4         
,sidenote3 ,of ,leekes4    ,then        
,leekes1 which would haue a fertile     
ground1 and as soone as they  be shot vp
 a good length you shall cut the blades 
to the polt1 and then  remoue the heads1
 and set them borderwise about your     
other beds3 this  remouing after the    
cutting off the blades1 wil make them   
grow bigger1  and prosper better1 as for
 thrusting ,oyster-shels or             
,tyle-shreads vnder  them1 to make the  
heads bigger1 it is a toy1 for if the   
mould be loose  and good1 the ,leke will

 come to his perfect growth3 they may be
 sowne  both in ,march1 ,aprill1 ,may1  
and ,iune1 and they may be remoued all  
,iuly1  ,august1 ,september and         
,october4    ,sidenote3 ,of ,onions4    
,then ,onions1 which differ not much    
from the nature of ,lekes1 they  loue a 
fertile ,soyle1 and would be sowne with 
the seds of ,sauory3 when  they come vp 
if they grow too thicke1 as is often    
sene1 you shall  plucke vp some and     
spend them in the ,pot and in ,sallets1 
to giue the  rest more roome1 and some  
you shall take vp and replant in other  
beds1  which you may preserue for sede3 
those ,onions which you would not  haue 
to sede1 you shall cut off the blades in
 the midst1 that the  iuyce may descend 
downeward1 and when you se the heads of 
the ,onions  appearing aboue the earth1 
you shall with your fet tread them into 
the  ground3 there be some very well    
experienst ,husbands1 which will take   
the fayrest1 goodliest and soundest     
,onions they can get1 and in this       

moneth of ,march set them thre fingers  
depe in the earth1 and these  of all    
other bring forth the purest and best   
sede1 for which purpose  onely they are 
preserued3 as soone as your sed-,onions 
are knotted1 you  shall vnderproppe them
 with square cradles1 made of stickes1  
least the  waight of the boules which   
carry the sede1 should breake the       
blades4    ,sidenote3 ,of gathering     
,onion-seede1 or the ,onion4    ,the    
time of gathering your sede is1 when it 
is all turned purely  blacke1 and the   
time of gathering the ,onions is1 when  
the heads doe  forsake the earth1 after 
they be gathered you shall lay them on a
 dry  floore for a fortnight1 or more1  
and then binde them vp in ropes1 and    
hang them where they may haue the ayre  
of the fire1 onely note that  shall     
gather your ,onions in the increase of  
the ,moone1 as they were  sowne1 and not
 otherwise4    ,many other ,pot-hearbs  
there be1 which for as much as they     
differ  nothing1 eyther in sowing1      

planting1 or ordering1 from these which 
,i  haue rehearsed1 ,i will here omit   
them1 and thinke this sufficient1       
touching the sowing and ordering of all 
manner of ,pot-hearbs4          ,,chap4 
,,iiii4    ,of the sowing of certaine   
,hearbs1 which are to be eaten1 but     
especially are medicinall1 yet euer in  
the ,husbandmans ,garden4               
,sidenote3 ,of ,arage4    ,of ,hearbes  
which are medicinall1 ,i will begin with
 ,arage or ,orache1  which being colde  
and moyst is very excellent against the 
hot ,gout3 it  is to be sowne in any    
moneth1 from ,february till ,december3  
it loueth  much moisture1 and therefore 
must be oft watered3 it must be sowne   
exceding thinne1 and quickly couered1   
for the ayre is offensiue4    ,sidenote3
 ,of ,lumbardy ,loueage4    ,next it is 
,lumbardy1 ,loueage1 which being hot and
 dry1 is very  purgatiue1 it desireth a 
very fruitfull ground1 but if it be     
sowne  where it may haue much shadow and
 some shelter accompanied with          

moysture1 it will grow in any ground1   
the moneths for sowing thereof1  is1    
from the midst of ,february till        
,haruest4    ,sidenote3 ,of ,fennell4   
,fennell is also hot and dry1 and it    
comforteth the stomacke1 openeth  the   
inward vessels1 and helpeth disgestion2 
it may be sowne in any  moneth1 and vpon
 any indifferent ground1 especially if  
it be a little  stony1 the sede would   
not be very old1 though of all other it 
be the  longest laster4    ,sidenote3   
,of ,anise4    ,anise is hot and dry1 it
 dissolueth humors and obstructions1 and
 is  very comfortable to weake stomacks1
 it delighteth in a good and loose      
mould1 and is to be sowne in the height 
of the ,spring onely4    ,sidenote3 ,of 
,comin4    ,comin is of the nature of   
,anise and ,fennell1 and mixt with      
either1 is very soueraine against all   
inward sicknesses proceding from  cold1 
it loueth a fruitfull rich earth  much  
warmth1 and therfore the  later it is   
sowne in the ,spring1 it is so much the 

better1 and aboue  all things it would  
be sowne in the hottest time of the day1
  if it  be mixed with other seds1 it is
 so much the better1 and appeareth the  
sooner4    ,sidenote3 ,of ,coliander4   
,coliander is of the nature of the      
earth1 cold  dry1 it helps  disgestion1 
suppresseth vapours which offend the    
braine1 it may be  sowne vpon any       
indifferent ground1  in any month except
 ,december and  ,ianuary1 the elder the 
sedes are the better so they be sound1  
and they  desire much watering4         
,sidenote3 ,of ,rue4    ,rue or         
,hearb-grace is hot and dry1  is very   
soueraigne against all  inward          
infection1 putrifactions1 and           
impostumations1 it ioyeth in any        
reasonable ground so it grow warme and  
dry1 the moneths fittest for the  sowing
 thereof1 is ,march1 ,aprill or ,may1   
and the mould would be firme  and not   
subiect to ryuing1 whence it procedes   
that no meanure is so  good for the     
encrease thereof as horse-dung and ashes

 mixt together3  the beds would be made 
high  discending1 that no moysture may  
stay  thereon1 they must be carefully   
weded1 for in their first growth        
otherwise they are soone choaked4       
,sidenote3 ,of ,organie4    ,organie is 
hot and dry1 and excellent against any  
sicknesse of the  liuer1 the ground in  
which it most ioyeth would be a little  
stonie1 and  full of rubbish1 yet by no 
meanes vndunged1 the moneth fittest for 
the  sowing thereof is ,march and       
,september1 the ,moone being in ,libra  
or  any other moist signe1 it must be   
continually watred till it appears      
aboue the earth1 but after forborne1 for
 being once well bred1 it is  euer      
certaine4    ,sidenote3 ,of white       
,poppy4    ,white ,poppy is cold and    
moyst1 and much prouoketh slepe3 it     
delights  to be sowne in a rich1 warme1 
dry ground1 in the moneths of ,march1   
,september or ,nouember4    ,sidenote3  
,of ,germander4    ,germander is hot and
 dry1 and excellent against the ,kings  

euill2  obstructions of the ,splene and 
hardnesse of ,vrine2 it is a hard       
hearbe1 and will prosper in any ground1 
it is to be sowne1 either in  the spring
 or fall of the leafe1 and is most comly
 for the setting  forth of knots in     
,gardens4    ,sidenote3 ,of ,cardus     
,benedictus4    ,cardus ,benedictus1 or 
the blessed ,thistell1 is hot and dry1  
it is  very soueraine against most      
inward sicknesses1 stancheth blood1 and 
is  a great comforter of the braine1 it 
delighteth in a rich ground and  a loose
 well tempered mould1 it must be sowne  
very shallow1 and not  couered aboue two
 inches depe1 the first quarter of the  
,moone is best  to sowe it in1 and in   
the moneths of ,march1 ,may or          
,september1 if you  sowe a little fine  
flaxen ,wheat with it1 no doubt but it  
will prosper  the better4    ,sidenote3 
,of ,angellica4    ,angellica is hot and
 dry1 it openeth and dissolueth         
obstructions1 is  an excellent cordiall 
against poyson1 and all infections1 it  

helpeth  the collicke1 and cureth the   
biting of madde dogges or venemous      
beasts1  it loueth a fruitfull dry      
mould1 but may not indure the trouble of
  wedes1 it is to be sowne in ,march or 
,aprill1  it flourisheth in ,iuly       
,august1 it hath a swet odour1 and      
helpeth all euill  infected ayres4      
,sidenote3 ,of ,valerian4    ,valerian  
is hot  dry and preuenteth infection1 it
 helpeth stitches  and other griefes    
proceding from windy causes1 it loueth  
to grow in  moist and low places1 the   
ground being well meanured1 and till it 
be shot at least a handfull high1 it    
must be kept with continuall  watring1  
the moystest time of the yere is the    
best to sowe it in4    ,sidenote3 ,of   
,elecampana4    ,elecampana1 is hot and 
moyst1 and good for offences in the     
lungs1 or  any outward ioynt1 being     
troubled with paine proceding from      
colde3 it  is better much to be set then
 sowne1 yet notwithstanding it may      
safely  enough be sowne at any time     

after mid-,march1 the ground being rich1
  soft1 and loose1 and the sede strowed 
very thinne1 and at least two  fingers  
distance one from another4    ,sidenote3
 ,of ,pepperwort4    ,pepperwort is hot 
and drye1 yet of the two much more hot1 
it is good  against all kinde of aches1 
and other paine in the ioynts1 or       
sinewes3  it delighteth in a rich blacke
 ,soyle1 fat and loose3 it would be     
sowne  in ,february1 and remoued in     
,september4    ,sidenote3 ,of           
,philipendula4    ,philipendula is very 
hot and dry1 and is good against        
abortiue  births1 ,stone1 ,strangury1 or
 any griefe proceding from colde causes3
  it may be sowne in any barraine1      
stony1 or grauelly ,soyle1 in the       
months of ,may1 ,aprill1 or ,september3 
it neither desireth much weding1  nor   
much watering1 but being once committed 
to the ground appeareth  sodainely3 and 
thus much of those ,hearbes which are   
fit for ,medicine1  of which though     
there be many others1 yet they differ   

not in their  ordering from these       
already declared4          ,,chap4 ,v4  
,of diuers sorts of ,sallet-,hearbes1   
their manner of sowing and  ordering4   
,sidenote3 ,of ,lettuce4    ,amongst the
 many numbers of ,sallet-,hearbes ,i    
thinke it not amisse  to beginne first  
with ,lettuce1 which of all other whose 
vertue is  helde in the leafe1 is most  
delicate1 tender1 and pleasant3 the     
ground  then in which it most           
delighteth1 is that which is most       
fertile1  best laboured1 and of the     
finest mould1 being soft1 loose1 and    
more  enclining to moysture then        
drinesse3 it may be sowne in any moneth 
of  the yeare1 from ,february to        
,nouember2 it is very quick of growth1  
and  will appeare aboue the earth in    
foure dayes after the sowing3 it would  
at first be sowne thicke1 and carefully 
kept with morning and euening  watrings1
 if the season be dry1 but not          
otherwise3 after it is growne  and faire
 spread aboue the earth1 which will be  

in a moneths space or  there-abouts1 you
 shall chuse out the fairest and        
goodliest plants1  and taking them vp   
with the earth and all1 about their     
rootes1 replant  or remoue them to a new
 bed of fresh mould1 and there set them 
a foote  distance one from another1 and 
fixe their rootes fast and hard into the
  ground3 then couer or presse them     
downe with ,tyle or ,slate stones1 to   
make them spread and not spring vpward1 
by which meanes the leaues will  gather 
together1 and cabbadge1 in a thicke and 
good order1 for it is to  be vnderstood1
 that the oftner you remoue your        
,lettuce1 the fairer  and closer they   
wil cabbage4 ,there be diuers which     
obserue to remoue  ,lettuce as soone as 
sixe leaues are sprung aboue the ground2
 but ,i  like better to remoue them when
 they begin to spindle3 they are most   
estemed in the moneths of ,aprill1 ,may1
 and ,iune1 for in ,iuly they are       
supposed to carrie in them a poysonous  
substance4    ,sidenote3 ,of ,spynage4  

,next the ,lettuce ,i preferre the      
hearbe ,spynage1 which delighteth in  a 
well-dunged earth1 and may be sowne in  
,aprill1 ,march1 ,september1 or         
,october3 it would not be mixed with    
other sedes1 because it prospereth  best
 alone4    ,sidenote3 ,of ,sparagus4    
,sparagus ioyeth in a fertill moist     
ground1 the mould being made light      
which couers it1 and the ground well    
dunged1 the ,spring is the best  time to
 sowe it1 and it must be sowne in long  
furrowes or trenches made  with your    
finger1 and not vniuersally spread ouer 
the bed as other  seds are3 it loueth   
moysture1 but may not endure the wet to 
lye long  vpon it1 and therefore the    
beds would a little descend it3 must not
 be  remoued till the rootes be so      
feltred together1 that they hinder the  
new branches from springing vp1 which   
commonly is two yeares4    ,sidenote3   
,of ,colworts4    ,colworts or ,cabbadge
 sede delighteth in any well husbanded  
ground1  and may be sowen in all sorts  

and seasons as ,lettuce is1 and must    
also in the like manner be remoued1     
after the principall leaues are  come   
forth1 which will make them to gather   
together1 and cabbadge  the better3 and 
as they may be sowen in any season of   
the yeare1 so  likewise they may be     
remoued at all seasons likewise1 except 
the frost  or other vnseasonable weather
 hinder you3 and although some men will 
not allow it to be sowen in clay        
grounds1 grauell1 chalke1 or sand1  yet 
they are deceiued2 for if the earth be  
well ordred1 they will grow             
plentifully1 onely you must obserue when
 you remoue them to let them  haue earth
 roome enough4    ,sidenote3 ,of ,sage4 
,sage is in ,gardens most common1       
because it is most wholesome1 and       
though it may be better set from the    
slip then sowen in the sede1  yet both  
will prosper1 it loueth any well drest  
ground1 and may be  sowen either in     
,february1 ,march1 ,september1 or       
,october3 it loueth also  to grow thick 

and close together1 and will of it selfe
 ouercome most  wedes3 it asketh not    
much dung1 neither too great care in    
watring1  onely it would be oft         
searched1 for ,toades and other venemous
 things  will delight to lye vnder it1  
the more ,sunne and ayre it hath1 the   
better it is4    ,sidenote3 ,of         
,purslane4    ,purslane is a most       
excellent ,sallet-hearbe1 and loueth a  
fertile  soile1 and though it may be    
sowen almost in any moneth1 yet the     
warmest  is the best1 as ,aprill1 ,may1 
,iune1 or ,septemb4 ,buck ashes are an  
excellent meanure for them1 and for most
 ,sallet-hearbs else1 but aboue  all    
they loue dry dust and house-swepings1  
they are apt to shed their  sede1 whence
 it comes that a ground once possest of 
them will seldome  want them1 they may  
also be remoued1 and will prosper much  
the better4    ,sidenote3 ,of           
,artichokes4    ,artychokes loue a fat  
earth1 and may be sowen in ,february or 
,march1  the ,moone encreasing1 the     

sedes must not be sowen together1 but   
set  one by one a good distance asunder2
 they must lye somewhat depe1 and  be   
firmely couered2 yet if you can procure 
them1 ,i rather wish you  rather to set 
them from ,slips or young ,plants1 then 
sowe them from the  sedes1 for they doe 
so naturally loue the earth1 that you   
can hardly  slip so wast a leafe from an
 ,artychoke as will not take roote2 if  
you  sowe the sede1 you must be carefull
 to wede and water them well1 for  the  
first leaues are very tender3 also if   
you remoue them after their  first      
springing1 the fruit will be bigger and 
better4    ,sidenote3 ,of ,garlicke4    
,garlicke is best in ,september and     
,nouember1 to be set from the cloue1  in
  about the borders of beds1 or other   
sedes1 halfe a foote one  from another1 
and in ,february1 ,march1 and ,aprill1  
to be sowen from the  sede3 it must be  
ordered as you order ,onyon sede1 it    
loues not much  wet nor extreame        
drought1 onely it desires a good mould  

which is rich  and firme1 yet not too   
much dunged4    ,sidenote3 ,of ,raddish4
    ,raddish loueth a fertile ground1   
that is well dunged1 chiefly with  mans 
ordure1 that is depe trencht1 and hath  
an easie and light mould1  and the sedes
 would be placed either in rowes1 or    
about the borders of  beds1 as you doe  
,garlicke3 the manner of sowing it is   
with a dibble  or round sticke1 to make 
a hole into the ground almost a foote   
depe1  and then into that hole to put   
not aboue two sedes at the most1 and    
then close the hole vp againe1 and let  
the holes be foure fingers one  from    
another1 it may be sowen in most months 
of the yere if the frost  hinder not1   
and to make the roote large  tender1 and
 to kepe the  branch from seding2 you   
shall as it springs crop off the        
principall  leaues which grow against   
the heart of the root3 to tread them    
downe  into the earth after they haue   
fast roote is good also4    ,sidenote3  
,of ,nauew4    ,nauew1 if the earth haue

 any small goodnesse in it will grow    
plentifully1 neither is offended with   
any ayre1 onely the mould would  be     
loose and rough1 for otherwise it many  
times turneth to ,rape3 the  sede       
naturally commeth vp very thicke1       
therefore it is expedient to  remoue    
them and plant them thinner1 for that   
best preserueth their  natures1 they may
 be sowne in ,february1 ,march1 ,aprill1
 ,september1 or  ,october4    ,sidenote3
 ,of ,parsneps and ,carrets4            
,parsneps or ,carrets are of one and the
 selfe nature1 they delight  in a good  
fat earth1 and would be sowne reasonably
 thicke1 in long  depe trenches like    
furrowes1 hauing a gentle and easie     
mould either in  the moneth of ,ianuary1
 ,february1 or ,march1 or in ,september1
 ,october1 or  ,december1 they must be  
carefully well weded1 and if the earth  
be fat1  they nede not much watring or  
other attendance4    ,sidenote3 ,of     
,pompyons4    ,pompyons1 ,gourds1 or    
,mellons1 desire a very good ground1 or 

by  ,nature or ,art1 the sedes must be  
sowne very thinne1 as at least halfe  a 
foote one from another1 they would lye  
reasonably depe1 yet the  mould very    
gentle which couers them1 they are      
subiect to spread and  runne ouer much  
ground1 therefore as they grow you must 
direct their  stemmes so as they may not
 annoy one another1 and when they flower
 you  shall lay broad ,tiles or ,slate  
stones vnder them1 that the fruit nor   
flower may not touch the earth2 if you  
plash them vp against tres  or walles   
where they may haue the reflection of   
the ,sunne1 the fruit  will be larger1  
pleasanter1 and sooner ripe3 they nede  
no weding  nor watring after you se them
 appeare aboue the earth1 and the best  
seasons to sowe them in1 is ,february1  
,march1 or ,aprill1 those are the  best 
,pompyons which haue the smallest sedes1
 and are of the most  yellowest         
complexion4    ,sidenote3 ,of the       
,cowcumber4    ,cowcumber1 is a         
delicate1 pleasant1 yet very tender     

fruit1 and  delighteth in an            
extraordinarie fat earth1 especially    
during the  opening or sprouting of the 
sede1 therefore the best and most       
vndoubted safest way for sowing them is1
 first in some corner of your  ,kitchin 
garden to make a bed of two or thre     
yards square of olde ,oxe  dung1 and    
,horse dung mixt together1 and at least 
a yard or better high  from the earth1  
then couer this bed of dung with the    
richest garden  mould you haue1 better  
then halfe a foote thicke3 then thereon 
place  your sedes halfe a foote likewise
 one from another1 and be most  sure    
that your sedes be hard and sound 7for  
any softnesse in them  sheweth          
rottennesse7 then couer them foure      
fingers thicke with the  like mould3    
then within seauen or eight dayes1 after
 you shall se  them appeare aboue the   
earth1 but in any wise let them continue
 still  till the principall leaues be   
come forth1 and they begin to crepe out 
in length1 then with your hand griping  

the whole plant1 take it vp by  the     
rootes with the earth and all1 and plant
 it in a bed new digged   trimmed for   
the purpose with a rich loose mould1 and
 so replant and  remoue each roote      
seuerally one after another1 and they   
will grow and  bring forth in great     
plenty4 ,now by the way you must        
obserue1 that as  soone as you haue     
sowne your sedes you shall prouide a    
,mat1 ,canuasse1  or other couering1    
which being placed vpon stakes ouer the 
dung bed1  shall euery night after      
,sunne-set be spread ouer the same1 and 
not  taken away till the ,sunne be risen
 in the morning1 for this will defend   
the sedes from frosts and other cold    
dewes which are very dangerous4  ,now if
 any demand why these sedes are thus    
sowne first on the bed  of dung1 they   
shall vnderstand that besides the warmth
 and fertility  thereof1 that the sedes 
are so pleasant and tender1 that wormes 
and  other creping things in the earth  
will destroy them before they can       

sprout1 which this bed of dung          
preuenteth4 ,the months most fit for    
sowing these sedes1 are ,aprill1 ,may   
and ,iune onely1 for other are much  too
 colde1 and in this manner you may sowe 
any tender sede whatsoeuer4             
,sidenote3 ,of the ,beane of ,egipt4    
,beanes of ,egipt delight in a moyst    
watrish ground1 rather fertile  then any
 way giuen to barrainnesse1 yet will    
plentifully enough prosper  in any      
indifferent earth3 they are rather to   
set then sowe1 because  they must take  
strong roote1 and be fixed somewhat depe
 into the  earth1 and the moneth which  
is most proper for them1 is the latter  
end  of ,ianuary1 all ,february and the 
beginning of ,march onely4    ,sidenote3
 ,of ,skerrets4    ,skerrets are a      
delicate roote1 white1 tender1 and      
pleasant1 little  differing in tast or  
excellencie from the ,eringo4 ,they     
delight in a  rich mould1 moyst and well
 broken1 and must be set depe in the    
earth3  after they be a finger length   

aboue the ground they would be remoued1 
and planted in a fresh mould1 which will
 preserue them from spedie  seding1 for 
when they runne to sede1 they loose the 
vertue of their  roote4 ,the moneths    
fittest for the sowing of them is       
,march1 ,aprill1 and  ,may1 and if you  
desire to haue them all ,winter1 you may
 then sowe them  in ,september and      
,october4 ,and thus much for            
,sallet-hearbs1 and rootes  of all      
natures1 of which kindes though there be
 diuers other1 yet you  shall           
vnderstand1 all are to be ordered in the
 manner of these before  rehearsed1 that
 is to say1 such as haue their vertues  
in the stalke  or leaues1 like ,spynage1
 ,sparagus1 ,purslayn1 and such like1   
those which cabbadge or knit together in
 hard lumps1 like ,lettuce1  ,colworts1 
and such like1 and those whose goodnesse
 liues in their  rootes1 like ,raddish1 
,carrets1 ,skerrets1 and such like4     
,sidenote3 ,a most necessary            
obseruation4    ,now for a most         

necessarie obseruation1 euery ,gardner  
ought to beare  this rule in his        
memorie1 that all ,pot-hearbs must be   
sowne thicke1 and  but thinly couered1  
as namely not aboue thre fingers3 all   
hearbs which  cabbadge must be sowne    
thicke1 and deper couered1 as a full    
handfull  at least1 and in their        
remouing planted thinne1 and well fixt  
into  the earth3 and all rootes must be 
sowen thinne and depe1 as almost a      
foote either let into the ground1 or    
strewed in depe furrowes1 digged  and   
laide vp for the purpose1 in which the  
quantity of your sede must  onely direct
 you3 for if you haue occasion to sow   
hardly a handfull1  then you may set    
them one by one into the ground at your 
leasure1 but  if you haue occasion to   
sowe many ,pecks or halfe ,pecks1 then  
you shall  turne vp your earth into depe
 furrowes1 and in the bottome thereof   
scatter your seds1 and after rake it    
into a leuell1 and you shall not  onely 
saue much labour1 but gaine your        

purpose4          ,,chap4 ,,vi4    ,of  
,flowers of all sorts both forraigne and
 home-bred1 their sowing1  planting1 and
 preseruing4      ,hauing written       
sufficiently of ,pot-hearbs and         
,sallet-hearbs1 which are  the ornaments
 of the ,husbandmans ,kitchin or ,table1
 ,i will here speake  of flowers1 which 
either for their smels1 beauties1 or    
both1 are the  graces of his ,chamber4  
,and first1 because my maine ayme and   
scope is  ,english ,husbandrie1 ,i will 
begin with those flowers which are most 
proper and naturall for our climate1 of 
which because ,i holde ,roses  both for 
their smell1 beauties1 and wholesomnesse
 to excede all other1  ,i thinke it not 
amisse to giue them the first place and 
precedencie  before all other4          
,sidenote3 ,of ,roses4    ,you shall    
vnderstand then that ,roses are         
generally and aunciently  but of thre   
kindes1 the ,damaske1 the red1 and the  
white1 and what are  different from     
these are but deriuations from them1    

being by grafting1  replanting1 and     
phisicking1 somewhat altered either in  
colour1 smell1  or doublenesse of leafe4
    ,sidenote3 ,of the ,damaske ,rose4  
,to speake then first of the ,damaske   
,rose1 it is fit that all  husbandmen   
know1 that ,roses may as well be sowne  
from the sede1 as  planted from the     
roote1 ,syen1 or branch onely1 they are 
the slower in  comming vp1 more tender  
to nourish1 and much longer in yelding  
forth  their flowers1 yet for           
satisfaction sake and where necessitie  
vrgeth1  if of force or pleasure you    
must sowe it from the sede1 you shall   
chuse a ruffish earth loose and well    
dunged1 and you shall cast vp  your beds
 high and narrow3 the moneth which is   
fit for their sowing  is ,september1 and
 they must be couered not aboue four    
fingers depe1  they must be defended    
well all the ,winter from frosts and    
stormes1 and  then they will beare their
 flowers plentifully all the next       
,spring  following3 yet this is to be   

noted1 that all ,roses which rise from  
the sede simply1 their flowers will be  
single like the ,eglantine1  or         
,cyphanie1 therefore after your plants  
are two yeres olde1 you  must graft one 
into another1 as you doe other fruit1   
and that will  make them double and     
thicke3 also you must remember that     
those yellow  small sedes which are in  
the midst of the ,rose1 are not true    
,rose  sedes1 but those which lye hid in
 the round peare knob vnder the  ,rose1 
which as soone as the leaues are fallen 
away1 will open and  shew the sede4 ,and
 thus much touching the sowing of all   
sorts of  ,roses1 which is for          
experience and knowledge sake onely1 for
 indede  the true vse and property of   
the ,rose is to be planted in short     
slips  about fourtene inches long1 and  
the small tassels of the roote cut      
away1 they would be set halfe a foote   
into the ground1 in the same  manner as 
you set ordinary ,quick-set1 and of like
 thicknesse1 rather a  little slope-wise

 then vpright3 and though some thinke   
,march the best  season1 yet doubtlesse 
,september is much better for hauing the
 roote  confirmed all the ,winter1 they 
will beare the sooner and better all the
  ,sommer following2 you must be        
carefull to plant them in faire weather1
  and as nere as you can vnder shelter  
as by the sides of walls1 and  such like
 couert where the ,sunne may reflect    
against them1 and if they  be planted on
 open beds or borders1 then you must    
with ,poales and other  necessaries     
support them and hold them vp1 least the
 winde shake their  rootes and hinder   
their growing4    ,sidenote3 ,of the red
 ,rose4    ,the red ,rose is not fully  
so tender as the ,damaske1 neither is it
 so  pleasant in smell1 nor doubleth his
 leaues so often2 yet it is much  more  
,phisicall1 and oftner vsed in medicine1
 it is likewise fitter to  be planted   
then sowen1 and the earth in which it   
most ioyeth would be a  little rough or 
grauelly1 and the best compasse you can 

lay vnto it1 is  rubbish or the sweeping
 of houses1 the moneths to sowe or plant
 it in  is ,march or ,september1  the   
time to prune and cut away the          
superfluous  branches is euer the midst 
of ,october4    ,sidenote3 ,of the white
 ,rose4    ,the white ,rose is of lesse 
smell then the red1 and will grow in a  
harder ground1 his vse is altogether in 
,phisicke as for sore eyes and  such    
like3 it will grow into a ,tre of some  
bigge substance1 and is  seldome hurt   
with frosts1 stormes1 or blastings3 it  
would likewise be  planted from the     
roote against some high wall1 either in 
the moneth of  ,february or ,march1 and 
the oftner you plant and replant it1 the
 doubler  and larger the flower will be3
 for the earth it much skilleth not1    
because it will grow almost in euery    
ground1 onely it delights most in  the  
shadow1 and would be seldome pruned1    
except you finde many dead  branches4   
,sidenote3 ,of the ,cinamon ,rose4      
,the ,cinamon ,rose1 is for the most    

part sowen1 and not planted1 whence  it 
comes that you shall euer se the leaues 
single and little1 the  delicacie       
thereof being onely in the smell1 which 
that you may haue  most fragrant and    
strong1 you shall take a vessell of     
earth1 being full  of small holes in the
 bottome and sides1 and fill it with the
 richest  earth you can get1 being made 
fine and loose1 then take ,damaske ,rose
  sedes which are hard1 and sound1 and  
stepe them foure and twenty  houres in  
,cinamon water1 ,i doe not meane the    
distilled water1 but  faire ,conduit    
water1 in which good store of ,cinamon  
hath bin steped1  or boyled1 or milk1   
wherin good store of ,cinamon hath bin  
dissolued1  and then sow those sedes    
into the ,pot1 and couer them almost    
thre  fingers depe1 then morning and    
euening till they appeare aboue the     
earth1 water them with that water or    
milke in which the seedes were  steped1 
then when they are sprung vp a handfull 
or more aboue the  ground1 you shall    

take them vp mould and all1 and hauing  
drest a border  or bed for the purpose1 
plant them so as they may grow vp       
against some  warme wall or pale1 and   
haue the ,sunne most part of the day    
shining  vpon them1 and you shall be    
sure to haue ,roses growing on them1    
whose  smell will be wonderfull         
pleasant1 as if they had bene spiced    
with  ,cinamon1 and the best season of  
sowing these is euer in ,march1 at  high
 noone day1 the weather shining faire1  
and the winde most calme4    ,sidenote3 
,to make the ,cinamon ,rose grow double4
    ,now if you would haue these ,roses 
to grow double1 which is an ,art yet    
hid from most ,gardners1 you shall at   
,michaelmasse take the vppermost  parts 
of the ,plante from the first knot1 and 
as you graft either ,plumme  or ,apple1 
so graft one into another1 and couer the
 heads with earth  or clay tempered with
 ,cinamon-water1 and they will not onely
 grow  double1 but the smell will be    
much sweter1 and looke how oft you will 

graft and re-graft them1 so much more   
double and double they will proue4      
,sidenote3 ,of the ,prouince ,rose4     
,the ,prouince ,rose is a delicate      
flower for the eye more then the  nose1 
for his oft grafting abateth his smell1 
but doubleth his leafe  so oft that it  
is wonderfull1 therefore if you will    
haue them large  and faire1 you shall   
take the fairest ,damaske ,roses you can
 get1  and graft them into the red      
,rose1 and when they haue shot out many 
branches1 then you shall graft each     
seuerall branch againe with new  grafts 
of another grafted ,damaske ,rose3 and  
thus by grafting graft  vpon graft1 you 
shall haue as faire and well coloured   
,prouince ,roses1  as you can wish or   
desire3 and thus you may doe either in  
the ,spring or  fall at your pleasure1  
but the fall of the leafe is euer helde 
the best  season4    ,sidenote3 ,to make
 ,roses smell well4    ,now if your     
,roses chaunce to loose their smels1 as 
it oft happeneth  through these double  

graftings3 you shall then plant         
,garlicke heads  at the rootes of your  
,roses1 and that will bring the         
pleasantnesse of  their sent vnto them  
againe4    ,sidenote3 ,generall notes   
touching ,roses4    ,now for your       
generall obseruations2 you shall        
remember that it is good  to water your 
,roses morning and euening till they be 
gathered2 you  shall rather couet to    
plant your ,roses in a dry ground then a
 wette1  you shall giue them much       
shelter1 strong support1 and fresh dung 
twise  at the least euery yeare1 when   
the leafe is fallen1 you shall cutte    
and prune the branches1 and when the    
buds appeare you1 then begin your  first
 watring4    ,sidenote3 ,of ,lauender4  
,lauender is a flower of a hot smell1   
and is more estemed of the  plaine      
,country housewife then the dainty      
,citizen3 it is very wholesome  amongst 
linnen cloathes1 and would be sowen in a
 good rich mould1 in  the moneths of    
,march or ,aprill4    ,sidenote3 ,of the

 white ,lilly4    ,the white ,lilly     
would be sowen in a fat earth1 in the   
moneths of  ,october and ,nouember1 or  
in ,march or ,april1 and the sedes must 
be  sowen exceding thinne1 not one by   
any meanes touching another1 and the    
mould which couereth them must be sifted
 gently vpon them4    ,sidenote3 ,to    
make ,lillyes of any colour4    ,if you 
would haue your ,lillyes of a purple    
colour1 you shall stepe  your sedes in  
the ,les of red wine1 and that will     
change their  complexion1 and also you  
shall water the ,plants with the same   
,les  likewise3 if you will haue them   
scarlet red1 you shall put ,vermillion  
or ,cynaber betwene the rinde and the   
small heads growing about the  roote3 if
 you would haue them blew1 you shall    
dissolue ,azure or  ,byse betwene the   
rinde and the heads1 if yellow ,orpment1
 if grene  ,verdigreace1 and thus of any
 other colour4    ,sidenote3 ,to make   
,lillyes flourish all the yeere4    ,now
 to make them flourish euery moneth in  

the yere1 you shall sowe  your sedes    
some a foote depe1 some halfe a foote1  
and some not two  inches1 so they will  
spring one after another1 and flourish  
one after  another4    ,sidenote3 ,of   
the wood ,lilly4    ,the wood ,lilly or 
,lilly of the vale1 delighteth most in a
 moyst  ground1 and may be sowen either 
in ,march or ,september1 it is very     
faire  to looke on1 and not so          
suffocating in smell as the other       
,lillyes are4    ,sidenote3 ,of the     
flower de ,lice4    ,the flower de ,lice
 is of excellent beauty1 but not very   
pleasant to  smell to1 it loueth a dry  
ground  an easie mould1 and is fittest  
to be  sowen in the moneth of ,march4   
,sidenote3 ,of ,pyonie4    ,pyonie or   
the blessed ,rose1 loueth a good fat    
earth being somewhat  loose1 and may be 
sowen either in ,march or ,september1 it
 asketh not  much watring1 onely some   
support because the stalkes be weake4   
,sidenote3 ,of ,petillius4    ,petillius
 or ,indian eye1 may be sowen in any    

ground1 for it  desireth neither much   
water1 nor much dung1 and the best      
season for  sowing1 it is ,iune or      
,september1 for it will beare flowers   
commonly all  the ,winter4    ,sidenote3
 ,of ,veluet flower4    ,veluet flower  
loueth a rich fertile ground1 and must  
be much watred3  the season best for the
 sowing is ,august1 for commonly it will
 beare  flowers all the ,winter4        
,sidenote3 ,of ,gylliflowers4           
,sidenote3 ,of grafting of              
,gylliflowers4    ,gilliflowers are of  
diuers kindes1 as ,pynks1 ,wall-flowers1
  ,carnations1 ,cloue ,gilliflowers1 and
 a world of others1 which  are of all   
other flowers most swet and delicate3   
all but the  ,wall-gilliflower loue good
 fertile earths1 and may be sowen either
  in ,march1 ,iuly1 or ,august4 ,they   
are better to be planted of ,slips  then
 sowen1 yet both will prosper4 ,they are
 very tender1 and therfore  the best    
planting of them is in earthen ,pots1 or
 halfe ,tubs1 which at  your pleasure   

you may remoue from the shade to the    
,sunne1 and from the  roughnesse of     
stormes to places of shelter1 they grow 
vp high on long  slender stalkes1 which 
you must defend and support with square 
cradles  made of stickes1 least the     
winde and the waight of the flowers     
breake  them3 these ,gilliflowers you   
may make of any colour you please1 in   
such sort as is shewed you for the      
colouring of ,lillyes1 and if  you      
please to haue them of mixt colours you 
may also1 by grafting of  contrary      
colours one into another3 and you may   
with as great ease graft  the           
,gylliflower as any fruit whatsoeuer1 by
 the ioyning of the knots  one into     
another1 and then wrapping them about   
with a little soft  sleau'd silke1 and  
couering the place close with soft red  
,waxe well  tempered4 ,and you shall    
vnderstand that the grafting of         
,gylliflowers  maketh them exceding     
great1 double1 and most orient of       
colour4    ,sidenote3 ,of the smels of  

,gylliflowers4    ,now if you will haue 
your ,gylliflowers of diuers smels or   
odours1  you may also with great ease1  
as thus for example3 if you will take   
two or thre great cloues1  stepe them   
foure and twenty houres in  ,damaske    
,rose water1 then take them out and     
bruise them1 and put them  into a fine  
,cambricke ragge1 and so binde them     
about the heart roote  of the           
,gylliflower1 nere to the setting on of 
the stalke1 and so  plant it in a fine1 
soft1 and fertile mould1 and the flower 
which  springeth from the same1 will    
haue so delicate a mixt smell of the    
,cloue and the ,rose-water1 that it will
 brede both delight and wonder4  ,if in 
the same manner you take a sticke of    
,cinamon1 and stepe it  in ,rose water1 
and then bruise it1 and binde it as     
afore-said1 all  the flowers will smell 
strongly of ,cinamon3 if you take two   
graines  of fat ,muske1 and mixe it with
 two drops of ,damaske ,rose water1 and 
binde it as afore-said1 the flowers will

 smell strongly of ,muske1  yet not too 
hot nor offensiue1 by reason of the     
correction of the  ,rose water3 and in  
this sort you may doe either with       
,amber-greece1  ,storax1 ,beniamin1 or  
any other swet drugge whatsoeuer2 and if
 in  any of these confections before    
named1 you stepe the sedes of your      
,gylliflowers foure and twenty houres   
before you sowe them1 they will  take   
the same smels in which you stepe them1 
onely they will not be so  large or     
double1 as those which are replanted or 
grafted4    ,sidenote3 ,of the ,wall    
,gylliflower4    ,now for your ,wall    
,gylliflower1 it delighteth in hard     
rubbish1 limy1  and stonie grounds1     
whence it commeth that they couet most  
to grow  vpon walles1 pauements1 and    
such like barraine places4 ,it may be   
sowen  in any moneth or season1 for it  
is a sede of that hardnesse1 that it    
makes no difference betwixt ,winter and 
,sommer1 but will flourish in  both     
equally1 and beareth his flowers all the

 yere1 whence it comes  that the        
,husbandman preserues it most in his    
,be-garden2 for it is  wondrous swet1   
and affordeth much honey4 ,it would be  
sowen in very  small quantity1 for after
 it haue once taken roote1 it will      
naturally  of it selfe ouer-spread much 
ground1 and hardly euer after be rooted 
out4 ,it is of it selfe of so exeding a 
strong and swet smell1 that it  cannot  
be forced to take any other1 and        
therefore is euer preserued in  its owne
 nature4    ,sidenote3 ,of the          
,helytropian4    ,the ,helytropian or   
flower of the ,sunne1 is in nature and  
colour like  our ,english ,marigold1    
onely it is exceding huge in compasse1  
for  many of them will be twenty1 and   
foure and twenty inches in compasse1    
according to the fertilenesse of the    
soyle in which they grow1 and the  oft  
replanting of their rootes1 they are    
exceding goodly to looke on1  and       
pleasant to smell1 they open their      
flowers at the rising of the  ,sunne1   

and close them againe at the ,sunne     
setting1 it delighteth in any  soyle    
which is fertile either by ,art or      
,nature1 and may be sowen in any  moneth
 from ,february till ,september1 the oft
 planting and replanting of  the roote  
after it is sprung a handfull from the  
earth1 maketh it grow  to the vttermost 
bignesse1 it would haue the ,east and   
,west open vpon  it1 onely some small   
,pent-house to kepe the sharpnesse of   
the winde  from it4    ,sidenote3 ,of   
the ,crowne ,emperiall4    ,the         
,crowne-,emperiall1 is of all flowers   
both forraigne and home-bred1  the      
delicatest and strangest3 it hath the   
true shape of an ,emperiall  ,crowne1   
and will be of diuers colours1 according
 to the ,art of the  ,gardner4 ,in the  
middest of the flower you shall se a    
round ,pearle  stand1 in proportion1    
colour1 and orientnesse1 like a true    
naturall  ,pearle1 onely it is of a soft
 liquid substance3 ,this ,pearle if you 
shake the flower neuer so violently will

 not fall off1 neither if you  let it   
continue neuer so long1 will it either  
encrease or diminish in  the bignesse1  
but remayneth all one3 yet if with your 
finger you take  and wipe it away1 in   
lesse then an houre after you shall haue
 another  arise in the same place1 and  
of the same bignesse4 ,this ,pearle if  
you  taste it vpon your tongue1 is      
pleasant and swet like honey3 this      
flower when the ,sunne ariseth1 you     
shall se it looke directly to the       
,east1 with the stalke bent lowe        
there-vnto1 and as the ,sunne ariseth   
higher and higher1 so the flower will   
likewise ascend1 and when the  ,sunne is
 come into the ,meridian or noone poynt1
 which is directly  ouer it1 then will  
it stand vpright vpon the stalke1 and   
looke directly  vpward1 and as the      
,sunne declineth1 so will it likewise   
decline1 and at  the ,sunne setting     
looke directly to the ,west onely4 ,the 
sedes of this  flower are very tender1  
and therefore would be carefully sowen  

in a  very rich and fertile earth well  
broken and manured4 ,the seasons most   
mete for the same1 is the latter end of 
,march1 ,aprill1 or ,may1 for the       
flowers flourish most in ,may1 ,iune1   
and ,iuly4 ,as soone as it is sprung  a 
handfull aboue the earth2 you shall     
remoue it into a fresh mould1  and that 
will make it flourish the brauer3 the   
roote of this flower is  like an ,apple1
 or great flat ,onion1 and therefore in 
the replanting of  it1 you must be      
carefull to make a hole large and fitte 
for the same1  and to fixe the mould    
gently and close about the same4 ,in the
 ,winter  it shrinketh into the earth1  
and is hardly or not at all discerned1  
by  meanes whereof ,i haue sene diuers  
supposing it to be dead1 to digge  vp   
the earth1 and negligently spoyle the   
roote1 but be not you of that  opinion1 
and in the ,spring you shall se it arise
 and flourish brauely4    ,sidenote3 ,of
 the ,dulippo4    ,the ,dulippo is but a
 little short of the ,crowne ,emperiall 

in  pleasantnesse and rarenesse1 for you
 may haue them of all colours           
whatsoeuer1 in such sort as was shewed  
you for the ,lillyes1  ,gylliflowers1   
and other rootes3 they are tender at    
their first  springing from the sede1   
and therefore must be sowen in a fine   
rich  mould1 in the warmth of the       
,sunne1 either in ,march1 ,aprill1 or   
,may3  but after they are once sprung   
aboue the ground1 they are reasonable   
hard1 and will defend themselues against
 most weathers3 the roote of  this      
flower is shaped like a ,peare1 with the
 biggest end downeward1 and  many small 
threds at the bottome2 therefore you    
must be sure when you  remoue or replant
 it1 to couer all the roote in fresh    
mould1 and let  not any part of the     
white thereof be vncouered3 this flower 
by monethly  replanting1 you may haue to
 flourish in all the ,summer moneths of 
the  yeare1 for in the dead of ,winter  
it shrinketh into the ground1 and is    
hardly or not at all perceiued1 the     

stalkes of these flowers are weake1     
therefore to support them1 and defend   
them from the shakings of the  windes   
with little square frames of stickes1   
will be very good and  necessary1 it    
must be oft watred4    ,sidenote3 ,of   
the ,hyacinth4    ,the ,hyacinth is a   
flower more delicate to the eye then    
nose1 and  is of a good strong nature1  
for it will endure any reasonable earth1
  and may be sowne in any moneth of the 
,spring1 from the beginning of          
,february till midde-,iune3 it onely    
hateth tempests and stormes1 and        
therefore is commonly sowen or planted  
nere vnto walls or other  shelter4 ,you 
may haue them of any colour you please1 
as is shewed  before of other flowers1  
and in this alteration or mixture of    
colours  their greatest glorie          
appeareth1 they will flourish all the   
,summer  long1 and if they stand warme1 
appeare very early in the ,spring4      
,sidenote3 ,of the ,narcissus4    ,the  
,narcissus is a very curious and dainty 

flower1 and through his  much variety   
and alteration in growing1 they are     
supposed to be of  diuers kindes1 but it
 is not so1 for in as much as they are  
sene to  be of diuers colours1 that is  
but the ,art of the ,gardner1 as is     
before  exprest in other flowers1 and   
whereas some of them grow single1 some  
double1 and some double vpon double1 you
 shall vnderstand that such as  grow    
single1 grow simply from the sede onely1
 those which are double  and no more1   
are such as haue bene planted and       
replanted1 the small  threds of the     
rootes being clipt away1 and nothing    
left about it  that is superfluous1 and 
those which are double vpon double1 are 
the  double plants grafted one into     
another4 ,this ,narcissus loueth a rich 
warme soyle1 the mould being easie and  
light1 it may be sowne in any  moneth of
 the ,spring1 and will flourish all the 
,summer after4 ,before it  appeare aboue
 ground it would be oft watred1 but     
after it skils not how  little1 for it  

will defend it selfe sufficiently4      
,sidenote3 ,of the ,daffadill1          
,colombine1 and ,chesbole4    ,sidenote3
 ,an excellent ,caution4    ,not vnlike 
vnto this is your ,daffadill of all     
kindes and colours1  and in the same    
earths and seasons delighteth either to 
be sowen or  planted1 and will in the   
same manner as your ,narcissus double   
and  redouble his leaues2 so will your  
,colombine1 your ,chesbole1 and  almost 
any hollow flower whatsoeuer4 ,many     
other forraigne flowers  there are which
 grow plentifully in our ,kingdome3 but 
the order of  their planting and sowing 
differeth nothing from these which ,i   
haue  already declared1 being the most  
tender and curious of all other1        
therefore ,i will end this ,chapter with
 this one caution onely1 that  when you 
shall receiue any sede from any forraine
 ,nation1 you shall  learne as nere as  
you can the nature of the soyle from    
whence it  commeth1 as hot1 moyst1      
colde1 or dry it is1 and then comparing 

it with  ours1 sowe it as nere as you   
can in the earth1 and in the seasons    
that  are nerest to the soyle from      
whence it came1 as thus for example3 if 
it came from a clime much hotter then   
ours1 then shall you sowe it in  sandie 
mould or other mould made warme by      
strength of meanure1 in the  warmest    
time of the day1 and in those moneths of
 the ,spring1 which are  warmest1 as    
,aprill or ,may1 you shall let it haue  
the ,sunne frely all  the day and at    
night1 with ,mats1 ,penthouse1 or other 
defence shield it  from sharpe windes1  
frosts1 or colde dewes4    ,sidenote3 ,a
 new manner of planting flowers and     
fruits4    ,i haue sene diuers ,noblemen
 and ,gentlemen1 which haue bene very   
curious in these dainty flowers1 which  
haue made large frames of wood  with    
boards of twenty inches depe1 standing  
vpon little round wheles  of wood1 which
 being made square or round according to
 the ,masters  fancie1 they haue filled 
with choyse earth1 such as is most      

proper to  the flower they would haue   
grow1 and then in them sowe their sedes1
 or  fixe their ,plants in such sort1 as
 hath bene before described1 and so     
placing them in such open places of the 
,garden1 where they may haue the        
strength and violence of the ,sunnes    
heate all the day1 and the comfort  of  
such moderate showers1 as fall without  
violence or extraordinarie  beating1 and
 at night draw them by mans strength    
into some low vaulted  gallery ioyning  
vpon the ,garden1 where they may stand  
warme and safe  from stormes1 windes1   
frosts1 dewes1 blastings1 and other     
mischiefes  which euer happen in the    
,sunnes absence1 and in this manner you 
may not  onely haue all manner of dainty
 outlandish flowers1 but also all sorts 
of the most delicatest fruits that may  
be1 as the ,orenge1 ,limond1            
,pomgranate1 ,poncythron1 ,cynamon-tree1
 ,oliue1 ,almond1 or any  other1 from   
what clime so euer it be deriued1       
obseruing onely but to  make your frames

 of wood1 which containes your earth1   
but deper and  larger1 according to the 
fruit you plant in it1 and that your    
,alleys  through which you draw your    
,tres when you house them be smooth and 
leuell1 least being rough and vneuen1   
you iogge and shake the rootes  with the
 waight of the ,tres1 which is          
dangerous4 ,and least any man may       
imagine this but an imaginary           
supposition1 ,i can assure him that     
within  seauen miles of ,london1 the    
experiment is to be sene1 where all     
these  fruits and flowers with a world  
of others grow in two ,gardens most     
abundantly4 ,now for such flowers or    
fruits as shall be brought from a       
colder or more barraine ground then our 
owne1 there nedeth not much  curiosity  
in the plantation of them1 because a    
better euer bringeth  forth a better    
encrease1 onely ,i would wish you to    
obserue1 to giue all  such fruits or    
flowers the vttermost liberty of the    
weather1  rather  to adde coolenes by   

shaddow1 then encrease any warmth by    
reflection1  as also to augment showers 
by artificiall watrings1 rather then to 
let  the roote dry for want of          
continuall moysture2 many other notes   
and  obseruations there are1 which to   
discouer1 would aske a volume larger    
then ,i intend1 and yet not be more in  
true substance1 then this which  is     
already writ1 if the ,reader haue but so
 much mother-wit1 as by  comparing      
things together1 to draw the vses from  
the true reasons1 and  to shunne        
contrary by contraries1 which what      
,husbandman is so simple1  but he can   
easily performe1 and hauing the true    
grounds of experience1  frame his       
descant according to his owne fancie1   
which is a ,musicke best  pleasing to   
all men1 since it is not in any one mans
 power to giue a  generall contentment4 
,and thus much for flowers1 and their   
generall and  particular ordering4      
,,chap4 ,,vii4    ,how to preserue all  
manner of seedes1 hearbs1 flowers1 and  

fruits1  from all manner of noysome and 
pestilent things which deuoure and hurt 
them4      ,sidenote3 ,of ,thunder and  
,lightning4    ,it is not enough to     
bequeath and giue your sedes vnto the   
ground1 and  then immediatly to expect  
7without any further industrie7 the     
fruit of  your labours1 no goodnesse    
seldome commeth with such ease3 you must
  therefore know that when you lay your 
sedes in the ground1 they are  like so  
many good men amongst a world of wicked 
ones1 and as it were  inuironed and     
begirt with maine ,armies of enemies1   
from which if your  care and diligence  
doe not defend them the most1 if not    
all1 will  doubtlesse perish1 and of    
these enemies the worst and most        
violentest  is ,thunder and ,lightning1 
which in a moment killeth all sorts of  
flowers1 plants1 and tres1 euen in the  
height and pride of their  flourishing1 
which to preuent1 it hath bene the      
practise of all the  auncient ,gardners1
 to plant against the walles of their   

,gardens1 or in  the middest of their   
quarters1 where their choysest flowers  
grow1 the  ,lawrell or ,bay ,tre1 which 
is euer helde a defence against those   
strikings4    ,sidenote3 ,of            
,caterpillers4    ,next vnto ,thunder   
and ,lightning are ,caterpillers1 which 
are a  kinde of filthy little wormes1   
which lye in ,cobwebs about the leaues1 
deuouring them1 and poysoning the sap1  
in such sort1 that the ,plant  dieth    
spedily after3 the way to kill these1 is
 to take strong ,vrine  and ,ashes mixt 
together1 and with it to dash and       
sprinkle all the  ,plants cleane ouer1  
and it will both preuent their breding1 
or being  bred will kill them3 the      
smoake of ,brimstone will doe the like1 
yet if  they be exceding much abundant1 
the surest way to destroy them1 is to   
take olde1 rotten1 mouldy ,hay1 and     
setting it on fire1 with the blaze      
thereof burne the ,cob-webs1 and then   
with the smoake smother and kill  the   
wormes1 and they will hardly euer brede 

in that place againe4    ,sidenote3 ,of 
,toades and ,frogges4    ,next these are
 ,toades and ,frogges1 which are very   
poysonous and  great destroyers of young
 ,plants1 chiefly in their first        
appearing  aboue the ground1 and the    
auncient ,gardners haue vsed to destroy 
them  by burning the fat of a ,stagge in
 some part of the ,garden beds1 from    
which earth all creatures that haue     
poyson in them1 will flye with all      
violence3 other ,gardners will watch    
where the ,kite pearcheth on nights1    
and gathering vp her dung1 scatter it   
vpon the beds either simply1 or  mixt   
with the shauings of an olde ,harts     
horne1 and no venemous thing  will come 
nere it4    ,sidenote3 ,of the field    
,myce4    ,next these are field ,myce1  
which will roote sedes out of the earth1
  and deuoure them aboundantly1 which to
 kill you shall take ,henbane  seede1   
and beate it to pouder1 and then mixing 
it with swete ,oyle1  fresh ,butter1 or 
,grease1 make thereof a bayte2 and when 

you finde  where they scratch or roote1 
lay some part of the bayte in that      
place1  and they will gredily eate it1  
and it will kill them3 there be other   
,gardners which will take a ,wesell1 and
 burning it to ashes1 scatter  the ashes
 on the beds1 and then no field ,mouse  
will come nere them4    ,sidenote3 ,of  
,flyes4    ,next these are ,flyes1 as   
flesh-,flyes1 ,scarabs1 ,hornets1       
,dores1 and such like1 which are great  
destroyers of ,seds and ,plants1  when  
they appeare in their first leafe1 and  
are soft and tender1 which  to destroy1 
you shall either take ,orpment mixt with
 milke1 or the  pouder of ,allome1 or   
the ashes of any of these ,flyes burnt1 
and  with it sprinkle your beds and     
young plants all ouer1 and it will kepe 
,flyes that they will not dare to come  
nere them4    ,sidenote3 ,of the greene 
,fly4    ,if the grene ,fly1 which of   
all other ,flyes is most gredie to hurt 
,sedes and ,plants1 doe offend your     
,garden1 you shall take ,henbane        

leaues1 ,houseleeke1 and ,minte1 and    
beat them in a ,morter1 then  straine   
forth the iuyce1 and then adde thereto  
as much ,vinegar as  was of all the     
rest1 and there-with sprinkle your beds 
all ouer1 and  the grene ,fly will neuer
 come nere them4 ,some hold opinion1    
that  if you plant the hearbe ,rocket in
 your ,garden1 that it is a safe        
preseruatiue against these grene ,flyes1
 for it is most certaine that  the very 
smell thereof will kill these1 and most 
sorts of all other  ,flyes whatsoeuer1  
as hath bene found by approued          
experience1 and the  sylts of olde      
auncient ,abby ,gardens1 which a man    
shall seldome finde  without this hearbe
 planted in them4    ,sidenote3 ,of     
,gnats4    ,next these are ,gnats1 which
 although it be the smallest of all     
,flyes1  yet it is the greatest1        
quickest1 and sharpest deuourer of      
tender  ,plants of all other1 for it    
biteth deper and more venemously sharpe1
  then those which are of much bigger   

substance3 the best way to destroy  them
 is morning and euening1 to smoake and  
perfume your beds either  with wet      
,rosemary1 or with mouldy ,hay3 some vse
 to burne ,calamint1  and some ,oxe     
dung1 and sure all are very good1 for   
the smoakes are very  sharpe1 and       
styflle as soone as it is receiued4     
,sidenote3 ,of ,pismyers4    ,next these
 are ,pismyers1 which also are very     
noysome vnto ,gardens1  for they will   
digge vp1 and carrie away the smaller   
sedes to their  hills1 and in short     
space spoyle and deface a bed of his    
encrease1 and  the best way to destroy  
them1 is1 if you finde their hill1 to   
poure hot  scalding water vpon them3 or 
if vpon your ,garden beds you strowe    
,ashes  or ,lyme1 but especially that   
which is made of chalk1 they will by no 
meanes come nere them1 as you shall     
finde by experience4    ,sidenote3 ,of  
,moales4    ,next these are ,moales1    
which digging and vndermining the earth1
  turneth vp ,sedes and ,plants in a    

confused fashion1 to the vtter          
destruction and ruine of the            
,husband-mans labour1 the cure whereof  
is  to take them in such sort1 as shall 
be shewed in this ,booke1 where ,i      
speake of ,pasture grounds2 but if you  
finde that their encrease and           
continuance multiply with your labour1  
it shall be then good for you  to plant 
in diuers places of your ,garden the    
hearbe called ,palma  christi1 in other 
places ,garlickes and in other places   
,onyons1 and  it is an assured rule that
 no ,moale will come nere where they    
grow  for the strength and violence of  
their smell1 is poysonous and deadly  to
 those blind vermines4    ,sidenote3 ,of
 ,snailes4    ,next there are ,snailes  
of both kindes1 blacke and white1 which 
are  as much offensiue to ,gardens1 as  
any other crawling thing1 for they  fed 
of the tender leaues of plants1 and of  
the outmost rindes of the  daintiest    
hearbs or flowers1 the way to destroy   
them1 is to sprinkle  vpon the beds and 

other places of their aboad good store  
of chimney  soote1 which by no meanes   
they can endure1 because it is mortall  
and  poysonous4    ,sidenote3 ,of       
,moathes4    ,next there are ,moathes or
 ,moaghts1 which are very pernitious in 
a ,garden1 for they destroy both ,seds  
and ,plants1 and there is not  better or
 more certaine way to kill them1 then by
 taking olde horse  hoofes1 and burning 
them1 with the smoake thereof to perfume
 all the  places where they abide1 and  
it will in an instant kill them2 with   
this  smoake onely you may kepe ,arras  
hanging1 ,tapistrie1 ,nedle-worke1      
,cushions1 or ,carpets1 or any woollen  
cloath or garment whatsoeuer safe  from 
,moathes as long as you please1 neither 
nede you to vse it aboue  once or twice 
a yere at the most1 as shall be more at 
large in another  place declared4       
,sidenote3 ,of ,cankers4    ,next these 
are ,cankers1 which are a kinde of      
filthie wormes1 which  deuoure both the 
great and small leaues of all sorts of  

swet ,plants1  especially ,lettuce1     
,cabbadge1 ,colaflours1 and such like2  
and the  way to destroy them1 is to     
scatter amongst your ,plants1           
,goose-dung1  or to sprinkle the iuyce  
thereof with a wispe of ,rue1 or hearbe 
of  ,grace ouer all the beds1 and though
 some with a rustie knife vse to  scrape
 them from the leaues1 and so kill them 
on a ,tyle-shread1 yet for  my part ,i  
hold this the nerer way1 and both more  
certaine and more  easie1 as experience 
will approue4    ,sidenote3 ,of ,garden 
,wormes4    ,sidenote3 ,an excellent    
experiment4    ,lastly1 are your ,garden
 ,wormes which liuing in the hollowes of
 the  earth fede much vpon your tender  
,garden sedes1 and the soft sprouts     
which first issue from them1 especially 
from all sorts of kirnels1 in  which    
they delight more then in any other sede
 whatsoeuer1 as you may  finde by       
experience1 if you please to obserue    
accidents as they happen1  without which
 obseruation you shall hardly attaine to

 the perfection  of an excellent        
,gardner3 for if you please to make this
 triall1 take  the kirnels of a faire   
sound ,pippin1 and deuide them into two 
parts1  then sowe the one halfe in a    
,garden bed well drest and trimmed for  
the  purpose1 where the worme hath      
liberty to come and goe at his pleasure1
  sowe the other halfe in some riuen    
boule1 earthen pot1 or halfe ,tub1  made
 for the purpose with the same earth or 
mould that the bed is1 and  then set the
 vessell so as no worme may come        
there-vnto1 and you shall  finde that   
all those ,sedes will sprout and come   
forth1 when hardly any  one of those in 
the bed of earth will or can prosper1   
there being no  other reason but the    
extreame gredinesse of the deuouring    
worme1 which  to preuent1 you shall take
 ,oxe dung1 and burn it to ashes1 then  
mixe  them with the earth where-with you
 couer your ,sedes1 and it will both    
kill the wormes1 and make the ,sedes    
sprout both sooner and safer4 ,and  thus

 much for the preseruation of ,seds and 
,plants1 from all noysome  and pestilent
 creatures1 which being practised with  
care and diligence1  will giue vnto     
euery honest minde the satisfaction he  
desireth4    ,sidenote3 ,the conclusion 
of the ,kitchen ,garden4    ,now to     
conclude this small tract or ,treatise  
of the ,husbandmans  ,kitchen ,garden1  
,i would haue euery honest ,reader      
vnderstand1 that ,i  haue not taken vpon
 me to modell out any curious shape or  
proportion1  but onely figured out a    
perfect nourcerie1 shewing you how to   
bred  and bring vp all things fit for   
health or recreation which being once   
brought to mature and ripe age1 you may 
dispose into those proper  places which 
may become their worthinesse1 in which  
worke ,i would haue  your owne fancy    
your owne directour1 for ,i may giue    
preheminence to  that you least like1   
and disesteme that most which to you may
 seme  most worthy1 therefore let your  
owne iudgement order your ,garden1 like 

your house1 and your hearbs like your   
furniture1 placing the best in  the best
 places1  such as are most conspicuous1 
and the rest according  to their        
dignities in more inferiour roomes1     
remembring that your  galleries1 great  
chambers1 and lodgings of state doe     
deserue ,arras1  your ,hall ,wainscote1 
and your meanest offices some ,boscadge1
 or  cleanly painting3 from this        
alligorie if you can draw any wit1 you  
may  finde without my further           
instruction how to frame ,gardens of all
 sorts  to your owne contentment4       
,,the ,,second ,,part    ,,of ,,the     
,,second ,,booke    of the ,english     
,husbandman3 ,contayning    the ordering
 of all sorts of ,v,voods1 and    the   
breeding of ,cattell4          ,,chap4  
,i4    ,of the beginning of ,woods1     
first sowing1 and necessarie vse4       
,sidenote3 ,wood better then ,gold4     
,sidenote3 ,the excellent vses of ,wood4
    ,it is a ,maxime held in            
,plantations1 that no land is habitable1

 which  hath not ,wood  ,water1 they two
 being as it were the only nerues       
strength of a mans safe and wholesome   
liuing1 and ,i haue heard many  wise    
,gentlemen1 exercised1 and ingaged1 in  
the most noble and euer  laudable workes
 of our new ,plantations1 both of       
,virgina and the  ,summer-,ilands       
affirme1 that they had rather1 for a    
generall profit1  haue a fertile        
wholesome land1 with much wood1 then    
7wanting wood7  with a ,mine of gold3 so
 infinite great is the vse of ,timber   
7whose  particulars ,i nede not         
rehearse7 and so insufferable is the    
want1  when we are any way pinched with 
the same4 ,and hence it springeth that  
our olde auncestors 7whose vertues would
 ,god we would in some small  measure   
imitate7 when they found any hard and   
barraine earth1 such as  was vnapt for  
grasse2 or at least such as bare but    
grasse that would  kepe life1 not       
comfort life1 they presently plowed it  
vp1 and sowed  thereon ,acornes1        

,ash-keyes1 ,maple knots1 ,bech apples1 
,hawes1 ,slowes1  ,nuts1 ,bullis1 and   
all other seds of tres in innumerable   
quantity1  as may appeare by the        
,forrests of ,del la mere1 ,sherwood1   
,kings  wood1 and many other within this
 kingdome of huge great spaciousnes  and
 compasse1 from whom when the wood is   
spoiled1 the soyle serueth to  little or
 no purpose1 except it be the keping    
aliue of a few poore  shepe1 which yeld 
but little profit more then their       
carkasse4 ,thus  euen from the first age
 of the world hath our forefathers bene 
euer  most carefull to preserue and     
encrease wood1 and for mine owne part ,i
  haue euer obserued in all those places
 where ,i haue sene ,woods decayed  and 
destroyed1 that the charge of stubbing  
and other necessaries  allowed2 those   
lands haue neuer againe yelded the      
former profit1 for  the greatest        
exhaustment that euer ,i saw of wood    
ground was to bring it  to tenne        
shillings an ,acre when it was conuerted

 to pasture1 and being  kept to wood1 it
 was worth euery seauententh yere one   
and twenty  pound4 ,a simple ,auditor   
may cast the account of this profit1 but
 such  is our gredinesse1 that for our  
instant vse we little respect the  good 
of ours1 or our neighbours4 ,but it is  
no part of my ,bookes method  to call   
offences to question1 but onely to right
 the ,husbandman in  his iourney to     
ordinarie profit4 ,know then that there 
is nothing more  profitable to the      
,husbandman1 then the encreasing and    
nourishing of  wood2 from whence 7as our
 common lawes termes it7 springs these  
thre  bootes or necessary commodities1  
to wit ,house-boote1 ,plowe-boote1 and  
,fire-boote1 without the first we haue  
neither health1 couert1 ease1  nor      
safety from sauage beasts3 without the  
second we cannot haue the  fruits of the
 earth1 nor sustenance for our bodies1  
nor without the  last can we defend off 
the sharp ,winters1 or maintaine life   
against  the numbing colds which would  

confound vs4 ,the consideration of these
  thre things only1 might enduce vs to  
the preseruation of this most  excellent
 commodity3 but the other infinite      
necessities  vses which  we make of     
wood1 as shipping1 by which we make our 
selues ,lords of the  ,seas3 fencing    
which is the bond of concord amongst    
neighbours3 solution   trial of ,mines1 
from whence springs both our glory in   
peace1 and our  strength in warre1 with 
a world of others sutable vnto them1    
should be  motiues vnresistable to make 
vs with all diligence hast to the most  
praise-worthy labour of planting wood1  
in euery place and corner1 where  it may
 any way conueniently be receiued4      
,sidenote3 ,the plantation of ,wood4    
,if then the ,husbandman shall liue in a
 high barraine ,countrey 7for           
low-valleyes1 marshes1 or such grounds  
as are subiect to inundations1  seldome 
nourish wood well7 or in a soyle though 
not vtterly barraine1  yet of so hard   
and sower encrease1 that the hearbage   

doth in the profit  but in small        
quantity1 ,i would wish him after a     
generall triall of  his earth1 to deuide
 it into thre equall parts1 the first   
and the  fruitfullest ,i would haue him 
preserue for pasture for his ,cattell of
  all kindes3 the second and next in    
fertility for corne1 being no more  then
 those cattell may till1 and the last   
most barraine to imploy  for wood3 which
 though he stay long for the profit1 yet
 will pay the  interest double4 ,and    
this ground thus chosen for wood1 ,i    
would haue  him plowe vp from the swarth
 about the latter end of ,februarie1 and
  if it be light earth1 as either sand1 
grauell1 or a mixt hazel earth1  then   
immediatly to sow it with ,acornes1     
,ash-keyes1 ,elme  ,maple knots1        
,bech-apples1 ,chesnuts1 ,ceruisses1    
,crabs1 ,peares1 ,nuts of all kindes1   
,hawes1 ,hips1 ,bullice1 ,slowes1 and   
all manner of other wood seds           
whatsoeuer1 and as soone as they are    
sowne with strong ,oxe harrowes of      

iron1 to harrow and breake the earth1 in
 such sort1 that they may be  close and 
safely couered4 ,and in the plowing of  
this earth1 you must  diligently obserue
 to turne vp your furrowes as depe as is
 possible1  that the sede taking strong 
and depe roote1 may the better and with 
more safety encrease1 and defend it     
selfe against stormes and tempests1     
whereas if the roote be but weakely     
fixed1 the smallest blasts will  shake  
the ,tres1 and make them crooked1       
wrythen1 and for small vse but  fire    
onely4    ,sidenote3 ,the fencing of    
young woods4    ,sidenote3 ,when cattell
 may graze in ,springs4    ,after you   
haue harrowed your earth1 and laide your
 sede safe1 you  shall fence your ground
 about with a strong and large fence1   
and  hedge1 ditch1 pale1 or such like1  
which may kepe out all manner of        
foure-footed beasts1 for comming within 
the same1 for the space of  tenne yeres 
after3 for you shall vnderstand1 that if
 any cattell  shall come where young    

wood is peping aboue the earth1 or      
whilst it  is young1 tender1 and soft1  
they will naturally crop and brouse vpon
  the same1 and then be sure that the   
wood which is so bitten1 will neuer     
prosper or spring vp to any height1 but 
turne to bushie shrubs and  ill-fauoured
 tufts1 pestring the ground without any 
hope of profit1  whereas if it be       
defended and kept safe the space of     
tenne yeres at  the least1 it will after
 defend it selfe1 and prosper in        
despight  of any iniurie3 and then after
 that date you may safely turne your    
cattell into the same1 and let them     
graze at pleasure1 and surely you  shall
 finde it a great reliefe for your young
 beast1 as your yearling  ,haiffers1    
,bullocks1 ,colts1 ,fillies1 and such   
like3 for ,i would not wish  you to let 
any elder cattell come within the same1 
because the grasse  though it be long1  
yet it is sower and scowring1 and by    
that meanes  will make your cattell for 
labour weake and vnhealthie1 whether it 

be  ,oxe or ,horse1 and for milch-,kine1
 it will instantly dry vp their milke1  
but for idle heilding beasts1 whose     
profit is comming after1 it will  serue 
sufficiently4    ,sidenote3 ,the vse of 
the clay ground for ,wood4    ,now if   
the earth whereon you sowe your wood1 be
 a stiffe clay ground1  and onely       
barraine through the extreamitie of     
colde1 wet1 or such like1  as is sene in
 daily experience3 you shall then plowe 
vp the ground at  the end of ,ianuarie  
in depe furrowes1 as is before          
rehearsed2 and then  let it rest till it
 haue receiued two or thre good ,frosts1
 then after  those ,frosts some wet1 as 
either snow or raine1 and then the next 
faire season after sowe it1 as          
afore-said1 and harrow it1 and you shall
  se the mould breake and couer most    
kindely1 which without this baite1  and 
order1 it would not doe1 then fence it  
as afore-said1 and preserue  it from    
cattell for tenne yeres after4          
,sidenote3 ,a speciall note4    ,and    

here is to be noted that one ,oake      
growing vpon a clay ground1 is  worth   
any fiue which growes vpon the sand1 for
 it is more hard1 more  tough1 and of   
much longer indurance1 not so apt to    
teare1 ryue1 or  consume1 either with   
,lyme1 ,rubbish1 or any casuall         
moysture1 whence  it comes that euer    
your ,ship-wrights or ,mill-wrights     
desire the clay  ,oake for their vse1   
and the ,ioyner the sand ,oake for      
smoothnesse and  waynscote4 ,and thus   
much for the sowing of ,wood1 and his   
generall vses4           99       99    
99       99       99          ,,chap4   
,,ii4    ,the deuision of vnder-,woods1 
their sale1 and profit4      ,sidenote3 
,the deuision of ,woods4    ,sidenote3  
,the valew of vnder-wood4    ,whosoeuer 
be a ,lord or ,master of much           
vnder-wood1 which is indede  young      
spring-wood of all kindes1 growing      
thicke and close together1  either from 
the sede1 as is declared in the former  
,chapter1 or from  the rootes of former 

salles1 the first being a profit        
begotten by him  selfe1 the other a     
right left by purchase or inheritance1  
and desire1  as it is the dutie of euery
 vertuous husband1 to make his best and 
most lawfullest profit thereof1 hauing  
not left vnto him any president  of     
former commodity4 ,in this case you     
shall suruay the whole circuit  of your 
wood1 with euery corner and angle there 
vnto belonging1 and  then as your       
abilitie and the quantity of your ground
 shall afford1  you shall deuide your   
whole wood either into twelue1          
seauentene1 or  one and twenty parts of 
equall ,acres1 ,roodes1 or ,rods1 and   
euery yeare  you shall sell or take to  
your owne vse one of those parts1 so    
that  one following yearely after       
another1 our sales may continue time out
  of minde1 and you shall imploy as you 
please so much wood euery yeare  of     
either twelue1 seauentene1 or one and   
twenty yeares growth4 ,and in  this you 
shal note that the sale of one and      

twenty1 doth farre excede  that of      
seauentene1 and that of seauentene as   
farre that of twelue3  but in this it is
 quantity1 and your necessity that must 
direct you1  and not my demonstration3  
for there be fewe ,husbands but know    
that an  ,acre of one and twenty yeres  
growth1 may be worth twenty1 nay thirty 
pounds1 that of seauentene worth eight  
or ten pounds1 and that of  twelue1 fiue
 and sixe pounds1 according to the      
goodnesse of the wood1  insomuch that   
the longer a man is able to stay1 the   
greater sure is  his profit3 but fewell 
and fence must of necessity be had1 and 
if a  man haue but twelue acres of wood1
 ,i se not but he must be forced to     
take euery yere one acre for his owne   
reliefe1 and if he take more1  he must  
either necessarily spoyle all1 or driue 
himselfe into extreame  want in fewe    
yeares following3 and therefore it is   
mete that euery  good husband shape his 
garment according to his cloath1 and    
onely take  plenty where plenty is2 yet 

with this husbandly caution that euer   
the  elder your sale is1 the richer it  
is1 as you may perceiue by the well     
husbanded ,woods of many ,bishoprickes  
in this land1 which are not cut  but at 
thirtie yeares growth4    ,sidenote3 ,of
 the sale of vnder-woods4    ,when you  
haue made your deuisions according to   
your quantity1 you  shall begin your    
sale at an out-side where cariages may  
enter without  impeachment to the       
springs you intend not to cut1 and a    
pole or halfe  pole according to the    
quantity of ground1 you shall preserue  
7being  next of all to the outmost      
fence7 to repaire the ring fences of    
your  ,wood1 and to seperate the new    
sale from the standing ,wood3 and this  
amongst ,woodwards is called            
,plash-pole4 ,then at the latter end of 
,ianuarie you may begin to cut downe    
your vnder-wood1 and sell it either  by 
acres1 roodes1 perches1 poles1 roddes1  
or dozens1 according to the  quantitie  
of your earth1 or the abilitie of your  

buyers4 ,and in this  sale ,i cannot set
 you downe any certaine price1 because  
true iudgement1  and the goodnesse of   
your wood must onely giue you direction1
 things  being euer valewed according to
 their worth and substance1 and this    
sale or the cutting downe of vnder-wood1
 you may continue from the  latter end  
of ,ianuarie1 till midde ,aprill1 at    
which time the leafe  begins to bud     
forth1 or somewhat longer if necessitie 
vrge you3 the  like you may also doe    
from the beginning of ,september1 at    
which time  the leafe beginnes to shed  
till the middest of ,nouember4          
,sidenote3 ,how to cut vnder-woods4     
,now for the manner of cutting downe    
your vnder-woods1 although the  lawes of
 the ,kingdome shew you what dutie you  
shall performe therein1  what ,timber   
you shall preserue1 and how nere each   
,weauer shall stand  one to another1 yet
 ,i would wish you both for your owne   
and the  ,common-wealths sake1 to       
performe somewhat more then that to     

which you  are by law compelled1        
therefore you shall giue direction to   
your  wood fallers1 that when they shall
 mete with any faire and straight  well 
growne sapling1 ,oake1 ,elme1 ,ash1 or  
such like1 to preserue them1  and let   
them stand still1 being of such fit     
distance one from another1  that they   
may not hinder or trouble each other in 
their growing1 and  when you shall finde
 vpon a cluster many faire ,plants or   
,saplings2 you  shall view which is the 
fairest of them all1 and it preserue    
onely1 and  the rest cut away1 that it  
may prosper the better3 also if you     
finde  any faire and well growne fruit  
,tres1 as ,peares1 ,chesnuts1           
,seruisses1  and such like1 you shall   
let them stand and cleare them from the 
droppings of the taller tres1 and you   
shall finde the profit make you         
recompence4 ,now for the generall       
cutting vp of the wood1 you shall cut   
it about sixe inches aboue the ground1  
and drawing your strokes vpward1  cut   

the wood slope-wise1 for that is best to
 hasten on the new ,spring2  and those  
,weauers or young which you preserue and
 suffer to growe  still1 you shall prune
 and trimme as you passe by them1       
cutting away  all superfluous branches1 
twigges1 and young spyers1 which shall  
grow  either nere vnto the roote1 or    
vpon any part of the boale1 which is    
fit to be preserued for ,timber1 and if 
you shall finde that the earth  haue by 
any casualty forsaken the root1 and left
 it bare1 which is  hurtfull to the     
growth of the ,tre1 you shall lay fresh 
earth vnto it1  and ram the same hard   
and fast about it4    ,sidenote3 ,the   
fencing of salles4    ,sidenote3 ,the   
,woodwards duty4    ,thus when you haue 
made an end of cutting downe your sale1 
and that  the wood is cleansed and      
carried away1 and all the loose and     
scattered  stickes raked vp into        
seuerall heapes1 and caried away also2  
for it is  the part of euerie good      
husband and ,woodward1 not to se any    

wood lye  and rot vpon the ground2 you  
shall then with the vnder-wood preserued
  in the ,plash-pole1 deuide by a strong
 hedge this new cut downe sale  from the
 other elder growne wood1 and for tenne 
yeres1 as before is  spoken1 not suffer 
any foure-footed beast to come within   
the same2 from  which rule you shall    
learne this lesson1 that it is the      
,woodwards duty  euery day to looke ouer
 all his young ,springs1 and if by any  
mischance  or negligence cattell shall  
happen to breake into them 7as many     
times  they doe7 then shall he not onely
 driue forth or impound such ,cattell1  
but also suruay how farre and which     
,plants they haue cropt1 and hauing     
spied them1 with his wood ,bill1        
presently cut the ,plants so brouzed    
close by the bottomes of the last shuts1
 and then they will newly put  forth    
againe1 as well as if they had neuer    
bene hindred3 which done1  he shall     
finde out where the cattell brake in2   
and then mend the same1  so well and    

sufficiently1 that it may preuent the   
like mischiefe4  ,also if these young   
springs shall stand nere vnto ,forrests 
or elder  ,woods1 which are full of     
wilde ,deare1 and be no purlewes        
belonging vnto  the same1 the ,woodward 
then shall neuer walke without a little 
dogge  following him1 with which he     
shall chase such ,deare out of his young
  springs1 because it is to be          
vnderstood1 that the brouzing of ,deare 
is  as hurtfull to young wood1 as that  
of any other cattell whatsoeuer4  ,and  
thus much touching the ordering and     
gouernment of vnder-woods1 with  their  
sales1 and the nourishing vp of greater 
,timber4           99       99       99 
99       99          ,,chap4 ,,iii4     
,of ,high ,woods1 and their ,plantation4
      ,sidenote3 ,what high ,woods are4 
,sidenote3 ,the beginning of high       
,woods4    ,high ,woods are those which 
containe onely ,tres for ,timber1 and   
are not  pestred or imbraced with the   
vnder growth of small brush wood1 such  

as ,hazels1 ,white-thorne1 ,sallowes and
 ,poplar are2 these for the most  part  
consist of ,oakes1 ,ash1 ,elme1 ,bech1  
,maple1 and such like1 growing  so      
remote and seperate one from another1   
that although their tops and  branches  
mete1 and as it were infolde one within 
another1 yet at  the rootes a man may   
walke or ride about them without        
trouble4 ,these  high ,woods had their  
first beginnings from the seds1 as was  
before  declared1 and nourisht from age 
to age amongst the vnder-woods1 which1  
when men began to want foode for their  
brede-,cattell1 and that from  the      
super-abundance of young ,woods1 they   
found some might conueniently  be       
spared1 they forth-with in stead of     
cutting downe their young wood  aboue   
the earth1 began to digge it vp by the  
rootes1 and with stubbe  ,axes to teare 
the meane sinewes from the ground1 so   
that it might not  renew or encrease    
againe1 and then leuelling the earth1   
and laying it  smooth and plaine1 to    

leaue nothing standing but the tall     
,timber tres1  betwene which the grasse 
had more libertie to growe1 and ,cattell
 more  abundance to fede on1 and all be 
not so long and well able to fill the   
mouth1 as that which growes in the      
thicke springs1 yet much more swet  and 
better able to nourish any thing that   
shall graze vpon the same1 by  reason   
that the ,sunne and ,frosts hauing more 
fre power to enter into  the ground1 the
 earth is so much the better seasoned1  
and bringeth  forth her encrease with   
more swetnesse4    ,sidenote3 ,the      
,plantation of high ,woods4    ,some are
 of opinion1 that these high ,woods may 
as well be planted as  sowne1 and that  
many of them from the first beginning   
haue bene so1 to  which opinion ,i      
consent in part3 for doubtlesse ,i am   
perswaded1 that  many small ,groues of  
,ash1 ,elme1 ,bech and ,poplar haue bene
 planted1  for we se in our daily       
experience1 and the new walkes in       
,more-fields  by ,london1 are a perfect 

testimonie1 that such ,plantations may  
be without trouble or danger3 but for   
the ,oake to be taken vp and  replanted1
 is very hard1 and very seldome in vse1 
neither shall a man  in an whole ,age se
 any ,oake remoued come to perfection or
 goodnesse1  but growe crooked1 knottie1
 and at the best1 but for the vse of    
fewell  onely3 but for the other before 
rehearsed1 you may remoue them when     
they are a dozen yeares of age1 and     
plant them where you please3 and if  the
 earth haue in it any goodnesse at all1 
they will take root and grow  both      
spedily1 and plentifully4 ,and since ,i 
am thus farre entred into  the          
plantation of ,woods1 ,i will shew you  
how you shall plant and remoue  euery   
,tre in his due manner and season4      
,sidenote3 ,of ,planting the ,elme4     
,and first for the planting of the      
,elme1 which is an excellent ,tre for   
shadow1 and the adorning of walkes or   
dwelling houses1 you shall make  choise 
of those ,plants which are straightest1 

soundest1 the barke euen  and vntwound1 
and at least eightene or twenty inches  
in compasse3  these you shall digge out 
of the ground1 roote and all1 then at   
the  top of the head1 about thre fingers
 vnder the knot1 where the maine  armes 
seuerally issue forth1 you shall a      
little slope-wise cut the head  cleane  
off them1 and mixing clay and a little  
horse-dung1 or fine ashes  together1    
couer the head round about there-with1  
then ouer the same  wrap ,mosse1 or fine
 ,hay1 and binde it about with soft     
clouen ,oziers1  or some such like      
bands1 then with a sharpe pruning ,bill 
cut euery  seuerall branch of the roote 
within a finger or two of the stocke2   
which done1 and the roote pickt cleane1 
you shall make a hole to be  digged in  
the place1 where you meane to plant the 
,elme iust of that  depth1 the hole was 
from whence you digged out the ,elme1   
that so much  and no more of the ,elme  
may be hidden in the earth1 then was    
formerly  at his remouing2 and this hole

 you shall make spacious and easie2 and 
that the mould be soft and loose both   
vnderneath and round about the  roote of
 the ,elme1 which done1 you shall place 
your ,elme in the same1  straight and   
vpright1 without either swaruing one way
 or other1 which  for your better       
certaintie1 you may proue either with   
plumbe1 leuell1  or other instrument1   
which being perfected1 you shall with   
rich fresh  mould well mixt with olde   
meanure1 couer and ram the same fast in 
the  earth1 in such sort1 that no       
reasonable strength may moue or shake   
it3  and all this worke must be done in 
the encrease of the ,moone1 either in   
the moneth of ,october1 or at the latter
 end of ,ianuary3 but the latter  end of
 ,ianuarie is euer helde the best and   
safest1 for there is no  question but   
you shall se flourishing ,tres the next 
,summer after3 and  in this sort you may
 likewise remoue either ,bech1 ,witcher1
 or ,popler1  bestowing them either in  
,groues1 ,walkes1 ,hedge-rowes1 or other

 places  of shadow1 as shall seme best  
to your contentment3 for their natures  
being alike1 their growthes and         
flourishings haue little difference4    
,sidenote3 ,of ,planting the ,ash4      
,sidenote3 ,obiection4    ,sidenote3    
,answere4    ,now for the replanting or 
remouing the ,ash1 though not much1 yet 
there  is some difference1 for it is not
 at the first so spedie a putter  forth1
 and flourisher1 as the others be3 but  
for the first yeare  laboureth more to  
bestow and fixe his roote in the earth1 
then to  spread forth his vpper         
branches1 and although some ,woodwards  
are of  opinion1 that so much as the    
,ash is aboue the ground1 so much he    
will  be vnder before he begin to       
flourish outwardly1 yet experience doth 
find it erronious1 for though it be for 
the first yere a little slower  then    
other ,tres1 yet when it beginneth to   
flourish1 it will ouer-take  the        
spediest grower4 ,therefore when you do 
intend to plant ,ashes for a  spedy     

profit1 you shall not according to the  
olde custome chuse the  smooth1 small1  
long ,plants1 which are hardly thre     
inches in compasse1  and haue put out   
hardly any branches1 and are such as    
grow from the  rootes of elder ,ashes   
cut downe before1 which our auncient    
,woodwards  haue vsed to slip or cleaue 
from those rootes1 no1 these are the    
worst sorts of ,plants3 but you shall   
take the true ground-,ash1 which        
springeth from his owne proper roote1   
being smooth1 euen1 sound1 and  straight
 without bruise1 canker1 or other       
impediment4 ,this you shall  digge vp by
 the root1 being as is before said      
almost twenty inches in  compasse1 and  
hauing cleansed the roote1 you shall    
leaue each spray  not aboue halfe a     
foote1 or eight inches in length2 but   
for the small  threds or tassels of the 
roote1 those you shall cut cleane away  
close  by the wood1 and so plant it in  
euery point1 as was shewed you for the  
planting of the ,elme1 onely the top    

thereof you shall by no meanes cut  off1
 because it is a tre of pith1 which to  
deuide or lay bare1 were  very          
dangerous2 and the best season for the  
planting of this ,tre1 is  euer in the  
encrease of the ,moone1 at the fall of  
the leafe1 which is  from the beginning 
of ,october till midde ,nouember1 and at
 no other  time1 for it would euer haue 
a whole ,winter to fasten his roote1 and
 to  gather strength1 that it may bud   
forth his leafe the ,summer following4  
,thus you se how you may plant ,groues  
or ,copses at your pleasure1 and  make  
vnto your selfe high ,woods according to
 your owne pleasure4 ,but  you will     
obiect vnto me1 that you liue in such a 
champaine ,countrey1  that albe these   
,plantations might brede vnto you       
infinite pleasure1  yet the pouerty     
thereof in wood is such that these      
,plants are not  there to be found for  
any money4 ,to which ,i thus answere1   
,that in this  ,kingdome there is not   
any ,country so barraine1 or farre off  

remote from  wood1 being a soyle fit to 
receiue wood3 ,but his next             
neighbour-,country  is able to furnish  
him1 especially with these ,plants at an
 easie  reckoning3 as for example1 ,i   
hold ,northampton shire one of the      
barrennest for ,wood1 yet best able to  
beare wood1 and hath not he his         
neighbour ,huntington shire and         
,leicester shire about him1 where       
nurceries of these ,plants are bred and 
preserued for the sale onely3  ,nay1    
euen in ,holland1 in ,lincolne shire1   
which is the lowest of all  ,countries1 
and most vnlikely to holde such a       
commodity1 ,i haue sene  as goodly      
,timber as in any ,forrest or ,chase of 
this ,kingdome3 and thus  much for the  
planting of high ,woods4           99   
99       99       99       99           
,,chap4 ,,iiii4    ,of the preseruation1
 and sale of high ,woods4               
,sidenote3 ,of ,trees which take wet    
inwardly4    ,it is not sufficient for  
the ,husbandman to sowe1 plant1 and     

encrease  wood about his grounds1       
conuerting his earth to the vttermost   
and  extreamest profit that may spring  
from the same3 but he must also  be     
diligent to preserue and nourish his    
timber tres from all  inconueniences    
that may any way annoy or afflict them3 
and to this  end he shall daily walke   
into his ,woods1 and with a searching   
eye  suruay euery ,tre which is of any  
account1 and se if he can finde any     
fault or annoyance about the same1 and  
if casting his eye vp to the  top1 where
 the maine armes shoote forth           
themselues1 he perceiue that  by the    
breaking off of some arme or other riuen
 boughes1 the wet and  droppings of the 
leaues is sunke and fretted into the    
,timber1 which in  time will corrupt the
 heart1 and make the ,tre hollow4 ,in   
this case he  shall presently mount the 
,tre1 and with his ,bill1 either cut the
 place  so smooth that the wet may not  
rest thereon1 or else hauing smoothed   
it so much as he may with conuenience1  

mixe stiffe clay and fine hay  together1
 and with the same couer the place1 in  
such manner1 that it  may put off the   
wet till it haue recouered new barke4   
,sidenote3 ,of ,barke-bound4    ,if he  
shall perceiue any of his younger ,tres 
to be ,barke-bound1 that  is1 so stiffe 
and straitly tied within their owne     
ryndes1 that they  cannot encrease or   
prosper3 in this case he shall with a   
sharpe drawing  knife1 made in the      
proportion of a narrow ,c draw and open 
the barke  euen from the top of the bole
 of the ,tre downe to the roote1 and    
then  clap ,oxe dung into those slits1  
let the ,tre rest1 and in short space   
you shall se it mightily encrease4      
,sidenote3 ,of ,hornets and ,dores4     
,if he shall perceiue that ,hornets1 and
 ,dores1 or such like1 haue  found some 
little hollownesse in one of his ,tres1 
and seketh there  to shelter and hide   
themselues1 which in little space they  
will soone  make larger1 he shall       
forth-with besmeare all the place with  

,tarre and  ,goose-dung1 and it will    
driue them thence4    ,sidenote3 ,of the
 ,canker4    ,if he shall finde that by 
the droppings of other ,tres1 some of   
his  ,tres shall grow cankerous1 and    
loose their barke1 which is an accident 
very vsuall1 and the ,tres whose barkes 
are so lost1 will with great  difficulty
 after prosper4 ,in this case he shall  
annoynt the place with  ,tarre and ,oyle
 mixt together1 and then couer the place
 with clay1 where  the barke is wanting4
    ,sidenote3 ,of ,pismyers4    ,if he 
shall perceiue any ,pismyer hilles or   
beds to be made against  any of his     
,tres1 which is very noysome1 for they  
are great destroyers  of the barks of   
,tres3 he shall then with hot scalding  
water kill them1  and throw the hill    
downe leuell and plaine with the earth4 
,sidenote3 ,of ,iuy1 ,woodbine1 and     
,misseltoe4    ,if he shall find any    
,iuy1 ,woodbine1 or ,mysteltoe to grow  
in or  about any of his principall      
,tres1 which doe strangle1 suffocate1   

and  kepe them from encreasing1 he shall
 forth-with digge vp the roots  thereof1
 and then cut it away or loosen it from 
about the barks of the  ,tres4          
,sidenote3 ,of ,thunder and ,lightning4 
,lastly1 if he shall perceiue that by   
,thunder1 ,lightning1 or other          
plantarie stroakes1 any of the armes of 
his well growne ,tres be  blasted or    
slaine1 he shall forth-with cut them    
away1 euen close to the  quicke ,wood1  
and make the place smooth and euen where
 they were ioyned3  thus shall the      
carefull ,husbandman with a vigilant    
eye1 regard euery  enormous and hurtfull
 thing that may offend his ,timber1 and 
by that  meanes possesse more benefit   
from a fewe ,roodes1 then others doe    
from  many ,acres4    ,sidenote3 ,of the
 sale of tall ,woods4    ,now when      
either necessity or the vrgent occasions
 of any nedfull vse1  enforceth the     
,husbandman to make sale of any part of 
his tall ,wood1  in which ,marchandise  
there is many prety and obscure secrets1

 such as  are hard to be shewed by any  
,verball demonstration1 for truly there 
is not any trucking or marting          
whatsoeuer1 in which a man may sooner   
deceiue1 or be deceiued1 men buying and 
selling in a manner hood-winkt3  for it 
is most certaine that no man can        
certainely tell either what  peny-woorth
 he selleth1 or the other buyeth1 so    
long as the ,tre is  standing1 there be 
in ,tres so many secret faults1 and     
likewise when  they are downe1 and come 
to the breaking or burkning 7as the     
,wood-man  tearmes it7 so many          
vnexpected vertues1 as for mine owne    
part ,i haue  often sene a ,tre whose   
out-side hath promised all good hope1   
the  barke being smooth and euen1 the   
body large and great1 and the armes     
high set on1 and spaciously extended2   
yet when this ,tre hath bene  felled1   
and came to burkning1 there hath bene   
found a hole in the  top1 which hath    
runne cleane though the heart1 and      
vtterly spoyled the  whole ,timber3 so  

likewise on the contrary part ,i haue   
sene a ,tre very  foule at the top1     
which is suspitious for rottennesse1    
whose armes haue  growne so close and   
narrow together1 that they haue promised
 little  burthen1 yet being cut downe1  
,i haue sene that ,tre passing sound1   
the  armes double the loades in         
valuation1 and the price being lesse    
then  any1 the proofe and goodnesse to  
excede all2 so that ,i must conclude  it
 all together impossible to set downe   
any fixed or certaine rules  either for 
the buyer or seller3 but for as much as 
there are diuers  worthie obseruances   
for both parts1 and that it is as       
necessary to buy  well as sell well1 ,i 
will runne through euery particular     
obseruation1  which doth belong both to 
the one and the other partie1 with which
  when a mans minde is perfectly        
acquainted1 he may with much bolder     
confidence aduenture to buy or sell in  
the open ,market4    ,sidenote3 ,how to 
chuse ,timbers4    ,sidenote3 ,of ,mill 

,timber4    ,sidenote3 ,timber to beare 
burthen4    ,the first thing therefore  
that either buyer or seller should be   
skilfull in1 is the choyse of all sorts 
of ,timbers1 and to know which  is fit  
for euery seuerall purpose1 the crooked 
and vneyely being for  some vses of much
 higher price and reckoning then that   
which is plaine1  straight1 and euen    
growne1 as thus for example4 ,if you    
would buy ,timber  for ,mill-wheles1 the
 heads of round ,turrets1 or any kinde  
of any worke  whatsoeuer1 you shall     
chuse that which is crooked and         
some-what bent1  being sound1 firme1 and
 vnshaken4 ,if you will chuse ,timber   
for ,summer  ,tres1 ,baulks1 ,iawnies1  
or ,tracens1 you shall chuse that which 
is most  hartie1 sound1 and much twound1
 or as it were wrythen about1 which you 
shall with great ease perceiue by the   
twinding or crooked going about  of the 
barke1 the graine whereof will as it    
were circle and lay round  about the    
,tre4 ,this ,timber which is thus twound

 or wrythen1 will by no  meanes ryue or 
cleaue asunder1 and therefore is estemed
 the best to  support and beare burthen1
 and the heart thereof will endure and  
last  the longest4    ,sidenote3 ,timber
 for ,pales1 ,wainscote1 c4    ,if you  
will chuse ,timber for ,pales1 ,singles1
 ,coopers-ware1 ,wainscote1  or such    
like1 then you shall euer chuse that    
which is smooth1 euen1 and  straight    
growne1 without any manner of twynding  
or shaking1 which you  shall perceiue by
 the straight and euen growing vp of the
 barke1 whose  crests will ascend       
straight and vpright1 euen from the     
roote to the  bottome1 which is an      
assured token that all such ,timber will
 shiuer and  ryue into as thinne parts  
as a man would desire4    ,sidenote3    
,timber for ,pyles or ,water-workes4    
,lastly1 if you would chuse ,timber to  
make ,pyles of1 to driue into the       
earth1 for the framing of ,weares within
 the water1 the heads of ,ponds1  or any
 other worke within the water then you  

shall chuse that which is  most knottie 
7so it be sound7 for that will driue    
without splitting1  and continue in the 
earth the longest3 and of all ,timbers  
the ,elme  is accounted the best for    
this purpose1 for it will continue      
almost  euerlastingly in the earth      
without rotting2 yet notwithstanding1   
the  ,oake is excellent good also3 and  
thus much for the generall choise of    
,oakes4    ,sidenote3 ,vse of the ,elme4
    ,now if you would chuse ,timber for 
weather-boards1 or to be vsed in        
water-workes1 or to make ,planks for low
 moyst ,vaults1 then you shall  chuse   
the biggest1 soundest and smoothest     
growne ,elme1 it is also  excellent good
 to make ,kitchen tables of1 or for     
boards1 for the vse  of ,butchers4 ,if  
you will chuse the most principallest   
,timber1 for  ,cart or ,waine ,axel     
tres1 for the naues of wheles1 or for   
any other  vse of toughnesse1 you shall 
chuse the ,elme onely1 for it excedeth  
all other ,timbers1 and though some     

,husbandmen are of opinion1 that  the   
,elme ,axel-tre when it is throughly    
heated1 is then most apt to  breake1    
they are much deceiued1 for it will     
endure farre beyond ,ash or  any other  
,timber1 except ,yewgh1 which for the   
scarsity is now of little  vse in such a
 purpose4 ,and herein you must obserue1 
that the ,elme  which you chuse for     
,axel-tres must be straite1 smooth1 and 
without  knots1 but that which you chuse
 for naues1 must be most knotty1 twound1
  and the hardest to be broken or hewed 
asunder4    ,sidenote3 ,vse of the ,ash4
    ,if you will chuse ,timber for      
,ploughes1 ordinary ,axel-tres 7for     
those of ,elme are speciall7 the rings  
of wheles harrow bulls1 and  such like1 
then you shall chuse the fairest1       
straightest1 biggest1  and smoothest    
growne ,ash that you can finde1 and from
 the roote end  vpward1 you shall cut   
out a length of ,axel-tres1 aboue it a  
length of  shelbordes1 and aboue it 7if 
the ,tre be so large7 a length for heads

  and ,skeathes1 the largest armes which
 are somewhat bending1 you shall  elect 
for rings for wheles1 and so according  
to the bignesse of the  ,ash1 and as    
your eye can proportion out what will be
 made of the same1  you shall make      
valuation thereof4    ,sidenote3 ,vse of
 the ,wall-nut tree4    ,if you would   
chuse ,timber for ioyned ,tables1       
,cupbords1 or ,bedsteds1  you shall then
 make choise of the fairest ,walnut-tre 
you can finde1  being olde1 straight1   
vnknotted1 and of a high boale3 and     
although  either ,oake1 or ,ash will    
reasonably well serue for this purpose1 
yet  the ,walnut-tre is by many degres  
the best of all other1 for it is  of    
smoothest graine1 and to the eye most   
beautifull1 prouided that by  no meanes 
you put it into any worke1 before it be 
excedingly well  seasoned4    ,sidenote3
 ,vse of the ,peare-tree4    ,if you    
would chuse ,timber for ,ioynt-stooles1 
,chaires1 or ,chests1 you  shall then   
chuse the oldest ,peare-tre so it be    

sound1 for it is both  smooth1 swet1 and
 delicate1 and though it be a very soft 
,wood1 yet  in any of these frames it is
 an exceding long laster1 and the heart 
thereof will neuer brede worme1 nor will
 it in any time loose the  colour4      
,sidenote3 ,vse of the ,maple1 ,beech1  
and ,poplar4    ,if you would chuse     
,timber for ,trenchers1 ,dishes1 or any 
,tourners ware1  or for any in-laying   
worke1 you shall then make choise of the
 fairest  and soundest ,maple1 being    
smooth and vnknotted1 for it is the     
plainest  graine1 and the whitest ,wood 
of all other3 and although either the   
,bech or ,poplar will reasonably well   
serue for these purposes1 yet is        
neither the colours so good1 nor the    
,timber so long lasting4 ,many other    
,tres there are which may serue for many
 other purposes3 but these are  of most 
vse for our ,english ,husbandman1 and   
will sufficiently serue to  passe       
through all his businesses4             
,sidenote3 ,of ,char-coale4    ,touching

 ,char-coale1 you shall vnderstand1 that
 ,oake1 ,elme1 and ,ash1  make your     
longest and best enduring ,coale3 the   
,birtch the finest and  brightest       
,coale1 and the ,bech or ,sallow the    
swiftest ,coale4 ,now for  your small   
,coale1 the twigges of the ,birtch makes
 that which kindles  the soonest1 and   
the ,white-thorne that which endures the
 longest4    ,sidenote3 ,how to value   
,timber4    ,thus when you know how to  
chuse euery seuerall ,tre1 and the true 
vse  and profit which can any way be    
made of the same1 and by a practised    
experience can cast by the suruay and   
view of a standing ,wood1 the  almost   
entire profit that may arise from the   
same1 deuiding in your  memory how many 
are for euery seuerall purpose1 and to  
what reckoning  they may amount one with
 the other1 and blemishing 7if you buy7 
the  good with the bad1 or making good  
7if you sell7 the bad with those  good  
ones which grow nere them1 you may then 
boldly venture into any  sale either as 

a buyer or seller at your pleasure1 and 
sure if you  know 7as it is fit you     
should doe7 the ,market-able prices of  
all sorts  of ,timbers in those places1 
where you are either to buy or sell1 as 
what a ,mill-post is worth1 what so many
 inches of well squared ,timber1        
contayning so many foote in length1 what
 a dozen of boards of such a  size1 what
 so many naues1 spoakes1 rings1 sparres1
 or tracens1 or what  so much sound and 
good ,plough-timber is worth1 and then  
looking vpon a  ,tre1 and computing what
 may euery way be made of the same1     
allowing  the wast which will hardly    
sometimes defray the charge of breaking 
vp  the ,tre1 you cannot but with great 
ease draw into your minde the true      
value of euery ,tre1 and the vttermost  
profit or losse may any way rise  from  
the same4    ,sidenote3 ,how to measure 
,timber by gesse4    ,and in this worke 
,i would haue you to obserue this rule  
very carefully1  that is1 when you come 
to any great ,timber-tre1 to fathome or 

embrace  it about with both your armes1 
and then knowing what quantity your     
fathome is1 and how many fathome        
girdleth the ,tre round about1 you may  
from former experience giue a certaine  
gesse what inches of squared  ,timber   
that ,tre will beare1 for if you haue   
found in former trials  that twice your 
fathome in the rough barke hath borne   
twenty1 or two  and twenty inches       
squared1 and now finde that the present 
,tre on which  you looke1 is no lesse1  
but rather with the bigger1 you may     
boldly  presume1 that being sound1 this 
tre can carrie no lesse square of good  
,timber3 and thus much for the knowledge
 and choise of tall ,woods4             
,sidenote3 ,best seasons for the sale4  
,sidenote3 ,the time for ,chap-men4     
,now to come to the seasons  fittest    
times for sale of these high  ,woods3   
you shall vnderstand that it is mete for
 euery good husband  which intendeth to 
sell any of his high ,woods1 to walke   
into the same  immediately after        

,christmas1  whether they be in woods1  
,groues1  hedge-rowes1 or other places1 
to marke with a special marke all those 
,tres which he intendeth to sell1 as    
well for the weding and cleansing  out  
of all such as are decayed and wasted1  
as also to know the true  number of both
 the good and bad1 and thereby in some  
measure to compute  the profit which    
will arise from the same1 for to make   
sale of them  otherwise confusedly1     
might bring much losse to a man happily1
 selling  away those that would encrease
 their valewes1 and kepeing them which  
daily would decrease their goodnesse1 or
 so vnorderly vnmixing his  ,wood1 that 
where one faire and good ,tre would draw
 a mans eye from  beholding diuers which
 are doated1 now that onely taken away1 
the rest  will remaine1 and neuer be    
sale-able1 and therefore euer as nere as
  you can so suite and match your ,tres 
together1 that in your sales  you may   
neuer passe away an absolute worthie    
,tre3 but you may euer  couple some     

which haue defects to goe with it1 as in
 these dayes we se  ,warriners and      
,poulters sell ,rabbets1 a fat and a    
leane euer coupled  together4 ,when you 
haue thus marked out what you meane to  
sell1 and  disposed your sale according 
to your best profit1 after notice giuen 
vnto the ,country in the ,market ,townes
 nere adioyning1 you shall begin  your  
sale the ,candlemasse following1 which  
sale you may continue all  the ,spring1 
according to the greatnesse thereof1 or 
the quicknesse of  buyers4 ,now for any 
rules or orders to be obserued in these 
sales1 ,i  can prescribe you none       
certaine1 because it is mete that euery 
one  binde himselfe to the customes of  
the ,country in which he liueth1  whose 
variations are diuers1 for almost euery 
one is seuerall1 onely  in the maine    
they holde together1 which is that they 
seldome make  publike sales for money   
downe vpon the head1 but for a certaine 
payment  some fewe moneths after1 which 
makes the ,marchandise more lookt to1   

and the sales goe away the faster2 and  
in this the ,sales-man must be          
circumspect in the choise of his        
,chap-men1 and where he findeth any     
doubt there to make one neighbour stand 
bound for another1 as for  the earnest  
penny it is euer ouer and aboue the     
price1 and must be  laide downe at the  
binding vp of the bargaine1 which       
earnest is in  some ,countries foure    
pence in the pound1 in some eight pence1
 and in  some twelue pence1 according to
 the goodnesse of the ,timber1 and hath 
euer bene taken for a fe due to the     
,sales-man for his paines and           
attendance3 and sure if he be carefully 
honest1 it is a merrit well  bestowed3  
if otherwise1 it is much too much for   
falshood1 for in him  consists the      
owners losse or profit1 and therefore it
 may become any  man1 of what place so  
euer1 to take a strickt account from    
such an  officer3 or if he haue any     
doubt euer to ioyne with him in         
commission1  another of contrary        

faction4    ,sidenote3 ,when to cut     
downe ,timber4    ,when you haue made   
sale of your ,timber1 you shall by no   
meanes let it  be cut downe till the end
 of ,aprill1 at which time the sap      
ascending  vpward1 will loosen the bark1
 and make it come from the body of the  
,tre easily4 ,you shall cut your ,timber
 downe close by the earth1 not  digge it
 vp by the rootes1 vnlesse you meane    
vtterly to destroy it1 for  from the    
spurnes of the roote will arise new     
,spiers1 which in processe  of time1    
will come to another ,tre4 ,as soone as 
you haue felled your  ,oakes1 you shall 
with your ,axe immediatly whilst the sap
 is wet1 take  all the barke from the   
body and the armes1 and setting it      
end-wayes  as vp one by another1 so     
place it1 that the winde may passe      
through  it1 and dry it1 and then sell  
it to the ,tanners1 which will giue you 
a  good price therefore1 according to   
the worth and scarsity thereof4 ,when   
your ,tres are barkt1 you shall then    

sawe the body into such lengthes  of    
,timber1 as shall be mete for the       
purpose for which it is bought1  or in  
such sort as it may be best portable3   
the armes also you shall  hewe from the 
body1 and so burken or breake them vp1  
as they may be fit  to be loaded3 all   
which done1 and the ,timber caried away1
 you shall1  if you intend to haue the  
,wood renew1 fence in the sale1 and kepe
 it  safe from ,cattell3 and thus much  
for the preseruation and sale of high   
,woods4          ,,chap4 ,v4    ,of the 
breeding of ,wood in rich champaine     
soyles4      ,nature which is the most  
perfect worke-mistresse of all things   
7as all  the ,philosophers say7 but ,i  
say our good ,god out of his most diuine
  wisedome1 hath allotted to euery      
soyle1 if we will note it1 through  the 
whole course of this ,kingdome1         
particular profit to sustaine and       
maintaine it1 as to some ,mines1 to some
 ,timber1 and to some fertility  of     
grasse and corne1 and where any one of  

these are1 there commonly  some of the  
other is euer wanting1 as we se daily in
 our experience2  and for as much as in 
the fruitfull and fertill soyles of this
  land1 of which we esteme the wealthie 
vales1 as that of ,essam1  ,white-horse1
 ,beluoire1 and many others the best1   
there is euer  great scarsitie of ,wood1
 the very wealthinesse of the soyle it  
selfe  almost denying to beare such     
burden1 because for the most part the   
stifnesse of those clayes is contrary to
 their growth1 yet for as much  as the  
necessitie and vse of ,wood is so great 
and valuable1 ,i would  perswade euery  
good and worthy ,husbandman1 to         
endeauour himselfe with  all his vtmost 
power and strength1 to plant wood in    
euery conuenient  place round about him1
 and not to take the rules of the       
ignorant for  his lesson1 that sith     
neuer any did grow there1 therefore     
neuer any  will grow there3 for it is   
absurd and foolish3 nor to say because  
my  auncestors haue neuer done it why   

should ,i attempt it8 ,these arguments  
are made from a false figure1 and the   
,husbandman must remember that  his     
dutie is industrie1 and encrease not    
altogether imitation and  president1 and
 he must as seriously finde out new and 
nerer profits1  as hold those he hath   
learned3 and therefore he shall         
endeauour by all  commendable labour to 
haue euer about him whatsoeuer is       
necessarie for  his vse3 but you will   
peraduenture aunswere me1 that to plant 
,woods  in these rich soyles1 were very 
much losse1 because the fertilitie      
thereof will yeld a much better profit4 
,to this ,i reply1 that ,i  would not   
haue you plant any spacious piece of    
ground with wood1 but  onely your       
ditches1 hedges1 and such wast earthes1 
as almost denie  any other profit1 and  
that the want of wood in those places   
may not  discourage you1 to imagine that
 wood will not grow there4 ,doe but     
view the cytes of euery ,towne in those 
rich ,countries1 the seates  of         

,noblemen  ,gentlemens houses1 and the  
,parks which commonly are  adioyning    
there-vnto1 and you shall hardly se any 
of them without the  fellowship         
acquaintance of some wood1 which in     
times past hath bene  planted either for
 defence or pleasure1 and from thence   
collect that if  wood will grow with my 
next neighbour1 then why not with me1 so
 long  as the soyle doth not alter4 ,but
 ,labor vincit omnia improbus1 ,true    
industrie was neuer fruitlesse4 ,then   
for the generall good both of your      
selfe  your neighbours1 looke that you  
replenish all your ditches   ring       
fences1 with good store of ,quick-set1  
that is to say1 all that lye  high1  out
 of the danger of water1 with           
,white-thorne1 ,black-thorne1  and      
,bryer1 and those which are low  subiect
 to washing1 with ,willowes1  ,sallowes1
 and ,ozyers4    ,sidenote3 ,how to set 
all sorts of ,quick-set4    ,now for as 
much as it is not enough to say vnto the
 ,husbandman do  this1 but that ,i must 

also shew the manner of doing thereof3  
,i will  shew you briefly how to set all
 manner of ,quick-sets1 and first  for  
the white-thorne1 black-thorne1 bryer or
 such like1 which must  stand fre from  
inundation1 you shal when you enclose   
any piece of  ground1 after you haue    
markt out the true breadth of your dyke 
vpon  the in-side thereof1 and close by 
the verdge of the dyke1 cut with  your  
spade a little trough1 halfe a foote or 
there-abouts in breadth   depth1 in     
which trough or small gutter1 you shall 
lay the rootes  of the first rowe of    
your ,quick-sets1 so as the top ends may
 looke  vpward1  a little bend in       
towards the ditch1  these quick-sets you
  shall place within lesse then a foot  
one of another3 then with your  spade   
beginning to make your ditch1 you shall 
with the first cleane  mould1 couer all 
the rootes close and fast1 so as they   
will not shake  nor stirre with your    
hand1 then hauing raised the banke of   
your ,dyke1  and couered the lowest rowe

 of ,quick-set more then halfe a foote1 
and  broken the earth so1 as it may lye 
close and handsome together  you  shall 
then after the same manner lay another  
rowe of ,quick-set ouer the  first1 ,i  
meane not one ,quick-set directly ouer  
another1 but the second  rowe placed as 
it were in the midst betwene two of the 
first1 though  at least halfe a foote   
higher3 then you shall couer that row   
like the  former1 and ouer it place a   
third1 which shall stand directly       
opposite1  and ouer the first1 so that  
in their growth the middle rowe shall as
  it were grow betwene two of the       
lowest1 and two of the highest3 and     
then vpon this vppermost rowe lay the   
remainder of your earth1 and  make your 
banke perfect1 and in this sort         
finishing one yard of the  ,ditch after 
another1 you shall at length bring your 
labour to the end  of your desire4 ,now 
in this labour you are to obserue some  
speciall  things1 as first to looke well
 vpon your ,sets before you put them    

into  the ground1 and be sure that they 
be grene1 young and vntainted1 then     
that the rootes be cleane1 and no small 
threds or iagges hanging about  them4   
,and lastly1 that they stand vpright1   
and not aboue foure or fiue  inches     
without the earth at the most1 then     
shall you looke well to the  making of  
your banke1 and lay the earth so as it  
may not slip or fall  backe into the    
,dyke1 so as the raine may wash away the
 mould1 and leaue  the rootes bare3 but 
let all things be done strongly and     
artificially4  ,the best seasons for    
this worke is the moneths of ,february1 
,march1  and ,aprill1 or ,september1    
,october1 and some part of ,nouember3 if
 the  weather be dry aboue head1 when   
you haue set your ,quick-set1 you  shall
 make a dead hedge vpon the top of the  
new banke1 to kepe those  ,cattell which
 are within your ground1 from breaking  
forth or hurting  the ,quick-set3 and   
another small fence on the lowe verdge  
of the ,dyke  which is outward1 to kepe 

those cattell which graze without from  
running into the dyke1 and hurting the  
quick-set4 ,now after a spring  and fall
 is past1 you shall suruay all your     
quick-set and wede it  cleane from all  
manner of filthinesse that doth choake  
or stifle it1  and scratching the fresh 
mould about it giue comfort to the      
roote3 then  if you perceiue that any of
 your ,sets be dead1 you shall plucke   
them  vp1 and place new in the roome1   
and if any be blasted in part1 and not  
clean killed1 you shall cut away so much
 as is blasted1 and let the  rest       
remaine1 you shall looke well to the    
,caterpiller and other wormes1  which   
mightily deuoure ,quick-sets1 especially
 in these fat ,countries1  and if you   
finde any taint of them1 destroy them as
 is shewed you in a  former ,chapter4   
,sidenote3 ,planting of greater ,trees4 
,after your ,quick-set is come to the   
age of thre yeres1 and that the  banke  
is setled and swarth growne thereon1 you
 shall then within the  body of your    

hedges plant all manner of great ,tres1 
as ,ash1 ,bech1  ,maple1 and such like1 
and also all manner of fruit ,tres1 as  
,aples1  ,peares1 ,plums1 ,wardens1 and 
such like1 and in the first thre yeres  
be very carefull to preserue each in his
 true proper nature1 and doe  to them   
all the rights which is due to their    
growth1 and in that time  obserue which 
kinde of ,tres in the generality        
prospereth best1 and  agreth most       
naturally with the soyle4 ,and of those 
,tres se that  you flourish your grounds
 most plentifully1 the particular manner
 of  planting whereof is already        
formerly declared4 ,and hence doth ,kent
  and ,worcester shire boast of their   
fruit1 ,windsor1 ,sherwood  and ,hollam 
shire their ,oakes1 and other particular
 ,countries their  particular           
commodities4    ,sidenote3 ,of the      
setting of ,willowes1 c4    ,now for the
 setting of ,willow1 ,sallow and        
,oziers1 it is a thing so  vsuall and   
common1 that it nedeth no great ,art in 

the relation1  yet because ,i would be  
loath that any omission should be taken 
for  negligence1 you shall vnderstand   
that in setting them you must first     
respect the place1 which would euer be  
lowe and moyst1 the water  sometimes    
washing them1 sometimes cooling them1   
and euer giuing them  comfort4 ,now to  
speake first of the ,willow it would be 
euer planted  vpon bankes1 where it may 
stand more dry then wet1 for such       
prosper  best1 and endure longest1 as   
for proofe some will continue1 twelue1  
fiftene nay one and twentie yeres1 where
 as those which are set close  by the   
water1 will hardly endure seueral1 but  
not aboue nine yeres at  the most4      
,touching their planting1 they be set   
two manner of wayes1  but which is the  
best1 is not yet agred on amongst       
,husbandmen4 ,the  first is to take an  
,augure full as large in compasse       
7although much  shorter7 as that        
where-with you boare ,pumps and with it 
boare a hole  in the earth two-foote1   

and a halfe depe1 then hauing headed    
some of  the choysest ,willowes you     
haue1 take the fairest and straightest  
of  those lops1 and then cutting the    
sloape-wise at both ends and leauing  no
 superfluous twigs cleauing there-vnto1 
put the bigger end downe very  hard into
 the earth1 and then with the mould     
which came forth1 with the  ,augure ram 
the earth close and hard about the ,set1
 so as no reasonable  strength may shake
 it4 ,now there be other ,husbandmen    
which in sted  of the ,augure take onely
 an ,oaken or ,ash stake1 of the        
bignesse of an  vsuall set1 and with a  
,betell driue it into the ground two    
foot and a  halfe1 and then by shaking  
and opening the earth1 pull it out      
againe   then put in the ,set as is     
before shewed1 and beate and tread the  
earth  close there-vnto1 and there is no
 doubt of the well prospering thereof4  
,now for the defects which ,husbandmen  
finde in these two seuerall  plantings4 
,some say1 that the ,augure taketh out  

so much earth1 that the  ,set cannot but
 stand loose at the roote1 and so       
wanting full hold of  the earth1 either 
takes not at all1 or continues but a    
little space4  ,others say that the     
driuing in of the stake beates the earth
 so hard  together1 that it withstandeth
 the passage of the tender sprouts1  so 
killeth the set1 but both are deceiued3 
for these are but suppositions1  and    
experience daily shewes vs1 that these  
are the best and spediest  wayes of     
setting of all sorts of ,willowes that  
euer any time brought  forth1 and ,i    
haue knowne one man set this way two    
hundreth ,sets in a  day1 of which not  
one hath failed1 but all prospered4 ,now
 for your  ,sallowes1 you shall set     
them1 and chuse the ,sets in all poynts 
as you  doe the ,willow1 onely they     
would be placed a little nerer the      
water1  for they delight some-what more 
in moysture1 as for the ,ozier it would 
be set like other ,quick-set in the side
 of bankes1 so as it may almost  touch  

the water1 and as your ,willowes or     
,sallowes would be set a little  remote 
one from another1 as namely tenne foote 
asunder3 so these must  be set close    
together1 and in thicke rowes one       
against another3 and  these ,ozier      
,plants you must cut from their head1   
being the principall  spiers which grow 
thereon1 and then cut off their tops1   
leauing them  not aboue two foote long  
at the most1 and of all other they are  
the  quickest in growing4    ,sidenote3 
,the vse of ,willowes1 ,sallowes1 and   
,oziers4    ,and although ,willow1      
,sallow1 and ,ozyer1 are in our lawes   
estemed but  as wedes and no ,woods1 yet
 they be so profitable1 that the        
,husbandman  can hardly misse them1 the 
,willow and ,sallow seruing for fence   
and  fewell1 to make ,harrowes1         
,cart-saddles1  horse ,hames1 and the   
,ozyers1  for fish ,leapes1 or ,weles   
for ,baskets1 ,scuttels1 ,fans to winnow
 with1  and many other things full as   
necessary3 therefore if you haue any    

marish grounds that are vselesse1       
bogge-myers1 or ,ilands in great        
riuers1 let them be imployed to the     
nourishing of these profitable  wedes1  
and by making draynes through them to   
giue the water passage1  you shall in   
small time bring them to earthes of     
great profit1 which  consideration were 
it rightly wayed1 there would not be    
halfe so much  wast ground as is in this
 ,kingdome4    ,sidenote3 ,ordering of  
the ,willow4    ,but to my purpose1 when
 you haue planted these ,willowes1 you  
shall  after euery floud1 se if the     
water haue driuen any of them away1 or  
displease them1 and immediately mend    
them1 and set them vp straight  againe4 
,if any ,cattell shall pyll or barke    
them1 you shall pull vp  such ,settes1  
and place new in their roome4 ,your     
,willow set would by  no meanes be too  
long at the first setting1 for then will
 neuer beare  a good head1 and too short
 is likewise as vnprofitable1 therefore 
it  is held to be fiue foote aboue the  

earth1 is a length sufficient3 you  may 
head your ,willowes once in thre yeres1 
or fiue at the furthest1  and when you  
se the bodies waxe hollow1 you may cut  
them downe for the  fire1 and fixe new  
,sets in their places4    ,sidenote3    
,ordering of ,ozier4    ,the ,ozier to  
come to his true profit and season      
asketh much pruning  and trimming1 as   
namely you must kepe the stocke lowe1   
and neuer  aboue halfe a foote aboue the
 earth1 you must picke them cleane from 
,mosse1 and from the slime and filth1   
which the ouer-flow of the water  will  
leaue vpon them3 you shall prune the    
small spiers1 and make them  grow single
 one by another1 and if any shoote out a
 double stalke1 you  shall cut it away1 
you may head them euery second yere at  
the fall  onely1 and though some head   
them once a yere1 yet it is not so good 
husbandry1 nor will the ,ozier be so    
tough or long lasting4 ,the best        
seasons for the setting of the ,willow1 
,sallow1 or ,ozier is1 either  any part 

of the ,spring or ,fall1 and the best   
time to loppe the ,willow  or ,sallow1  
is in the ,spring for fence1 and in the 
,fall for timber or  fewell2 but the    
,ozier would be cut at the fall of the  
leafe onely4 ,and  thus much for the    
breding of ,wood in the rich champaine  
,countries4          ,,chap4 ,,vi4      
,of ,plashing of ,hedges1 and ,lopping  
of ,timber4      ,sidenote3 ,what       
plashing is4    ,hauing alreadie        
sufficiently in the former ,chapter     
spoken of the  planting of all sorts of 
quick-sets1 it is mete now that ,i shew 
you  how to order the hedges being      
growne and come to perfection4 ,know    
then  that if after your hedge is come  
to sixe or seauen yeres of age1 you     
shall let it grow on without cutting or 
pruning1 that then although it  grow    
thicke at the top1 yet it will decay and
 grow so thinne at the  bottome1 that   
not onely beasts but men may runne      
through it1 and in  the end it will dye 
and come to nothing1 which to preuent1  

it shall  be good once in seauen or     
eight yeres to plash and lay all your   
,quick-set hedges1 in which there is    
much fine ,art and cunning to be  vsed4 
,for this plashing is a halfe cutting or
 deuiding of the quicke  growth1 almost 
to the outward barke1 and then laying it
 orderly in a  sloape manner1 as you se 
a cunning hedger lay a dead hedge1 and  
then  with the smaller and more plyant  
branches1 to wreathe and binde in  the  
tops1 making a fence as strong as a     
wall1 for the roote which is  more then 
halfe cut in sunder1 putting forth new  
branches1 which runne  and entangle     
themselues amongst the olde stockes1 doe
 so thicken and  fortifie the hedge1    
that it is against the force of beasts  
impregnable4    ,sidenote3 ,how to      
plash3    ,sidenote3 ,the time of yeare4
    ,now to giue you some light how you 
shall plash a hedge1 though diuers      
,countries differ diuersly in these     
workes1 yet as nere as ,i can ,i will   
shew you that which of the best         

,husbandmen is the best estemed4 ,first1
  for the time of yere either ,february 
or ,october1 is passing good1 and  the  
encrease of the ,moone would likewise be
 obserued4    ,sidenote3 ,the ,tooles4  
,for the tooles which you shall imploy1 
they would be a very sharpe  nimble     
,hatchet1 a good ,bill1 and a fine      
pruning knife4 ,now for the  worke you  
shall enter into it1 first with your    
,bill you shall cut  away all the       
superfluous boughes and branches which  
are of no vse1 or  hinder your worke1   
and then finding the principall stemmes 
which issue  from the maine roote1 you  
shall within a foote or lesse of the    
ground  with your ,hatchet1 cut the same
 more then thre quarters through1 so  as
 they may hang together by nothing but  
the outward barke1 and some  part of the
 outward sap1 and this stroke must euer 
be sloape-wise and  downeward3 then take
 those mayne bodies of the quick-set1 so
 cut1 and  lay them sloape-wise from    
you1 as you would lay a dead hedge1 and 

all the branches which extend from those
 bodies1 and would spread  outwardly1   
you shall likewise cut as before said1  
and fould them  artificially into your  
head1 and euer within a yard or two     
distance1  where a pretie ,plant growes 
straight vp1 you shall onely cut off the
  top equall with the height of your    
hedge1 and so let it stand as a  stake1 
about which you shall folde and twind   
all your other branches4  ,now when you 
come to the top of the hedge1 which     
would commonly not be  aboue fiue foote 
high1 you shall take the longest1       
youngest1 and most  plyant boughes1 and 
cutting them as afore-said1 gently binde
 in the  tops of all the rest1 and so   
make your hedge strong and perfect3 and 
herein is to be noted1 that the closer  
and thicker you lay your hedge  7so     
there be nothing in it superfluous7 the 
stronger and better lasting  it will be4
 ,many vse not to binde in the tops of  
their plasht hedges1  but onely to lay  
the ,quick-set and no more3 but it is   

not so husbandly1  neither is the hedge 
of any indurance3 many other curiosities
 there be  in the plashing of hedges1   
but this which ,i haue alreadie shewed1 
is  sufficient both for the ,husbandmans
 benefit and vnderstanding4             
,sidenote3 ,the profit of ,plashing4    
,the profit which ariseth from this     
labour1 is the maintenance and  defence 
of fencing1 the preseruing and encrease 
of ,quick-set1 and a  continuance of    
amitie amongst neighbours1 when one     
liues fre from  offending another4 ,it  
yeldeth a good ,mast for ,swine1 and    
with the  ouer-plus thereof at these    
times of plashings1 repaireth all a mans
  dead hedges1 and brings good store of 
fewell both to the ,brewhouse1          
,kitchin1 and ,backhouse4    ,sidenote3 
,the lopping of ,timber4    ,next to the
 plashing1 is the lopping of            
,timber-,tres1 which in those           
,countries which are bare and naked of  
wood1 is of much vse1 and though  ,i    
cannot much commend it1 because it oft  

marreth the bodies of ,tres1  yet ,i    
must allow it for necessary1 because it 
is a nedfull rate1 which  the ,tres pay 
to their ,planters4    ,sidenote3 ,what 
,lopping is4    ,sidenote3 ,the season  
for ,lopping4    ,this lopping or       
heading of ,tres1 is the cutting off of 
the armes and  vppermost branches of    
,tres1 and suffering the body to grow   
still1 and  it may very well be done    
once in eight or tenne yeres1 either at 
the  beginning of the ,spring1 or at the
 end of the ,fall1 as you shall haue    
occasion to vse the wood1 and           
immediately after the ,moone hath new   
changed4    ,sidenote3 ,how you shall   
lop ,timber4    ,now for the manner of  
the worke1 there is small curiositie to 
be vsed  therein1 if your ,axe be good  
and sharpe1 for you shall but cut off   
the  armes and boughes1 smooth and      
cleane without nickes1 rifts1 or        
gutters1  or any thing which may receiue
 wet1 whereby the ,tre may be cankred   
and spoyled4 ,also in cutting away of   

the armes1 you shall haue a great  care 
rather to cut them away 7if it be       
possible7 vpward then downeward1  least 
when you cut them downeward1 the waight 
of the arme sodainly  falling downe1    
riue and teare the barke of the body of 
the ,tre1 which  is dangerous1 and hath 
bene the spoyle of much ,timber3 which  
to  preuent1 you shall euer before you  
strike any blowe aboue1 make a good     
large nicke vnderneath1 and then after  
cut it downe from aboue1 and so  the    
,tre shall receiue no hurt4 ,also you   
shall obserue to cut the armes  close by
 the body of the ,tre1 and neuer to     
desist till you haue made  the place as 
playne and smooth as may be1 for to doe 
the contrarie1  is neyther workmanly1   
nor the part of any good husband4 ,and  
thus much  touching the plashing of     
,hedges1 and lopping of ,tres4          
,,chap4 ,,vii4    ,of ,pasture grounds1 
their order1 profit1 and generall vse4  
,sidenote3 ,diuersities and vse of      
,pastures4    ,hauing alreadie          

sufficiently entreated of errable       
,grounds1 ,gardens1  ,orchards1 and     
,woods of all kindes1 ,i thinke it most 
mete 7as falling  in his due place7 here
 to write of ,pasture grounds1 which are
 of two  kindes3 the first1 such        
,pastures as lye in wood land1          
mountainous1  or colde climes1 and are  
enclined to hardnesse and barrennesse1  
and  therefore onely imployed to the    
breding and bringing forth of ,cattell3 
the other such as lye in lowe1 warme1   
and fruitfull soyles1 and are  most     
fertile and aboundant in encrease1 onely
 imployed to the fatting  and feding of 
,cattell4    ,sidenote3 ,of barraine    
,pastures4    ,sidenote3 ,signes of     
barrainnesse4    ,and now to speake of  
the first sort of ,pasture1 which being 
somewhat  barraine1 is preserued for    
breding1 you shall vnderstand that it is
  generally dispierced ouer all this    
,kingdome1 and particularly into  euery 
,countrey1 for according to the veanes  
and mixture of the earth1  such is      

either the richnesse or pouerty of the  
same1 and of those  seuerall mixtures ,i
 haue spoken sufficiently before in that
 part of  this ,booke1 which entreateth 
of errable ground4 ,then to procede to  
my purpose1 it is the first office of   
the ,husbandman when he seth  and       
knoweth the true nature of his earth1   
and perceiueth from perfect  iudgement  
that it is of very hard encrease1 which 
as the temper and  mixture of the soyle 
assures him1 so also he shall better    
confirme by  these fewe signes and      
,charracters1 which ,i will deliuer3 as 
first1 if  he se grasse slow of growth1 
and that no ,spring will appeare before 
,may4 ,if in stead of ,clouer-grasse1   
,dandylion1 and ,honisuckle1 you se     
your ground furnished with ,penigrasse1 
,bents1 and ,burnet4 ,if you se  much   
,knot-grasse or ,speare-grasse1 or if   
you perceiue the scorching of  the      
,sunne burne away the grasse as fast as 
the raine had brought it  forth3 or if  
you finde quarries of stone nere vnto   

the vpper swarth of  grasse2 or if your 
ground bring forth ,lyng1 ,bracken1     
,gorse1 ,whynnes1  ,broome1 ,bilburie1  
or ,strawburie3 or if your ground be    
morish1 full of  quick-myers1 mossie or 
full of blacke ,flint1 any of these     
signes make  it to be most apparant that
 the soyle is barraine and of hard      
encrease4    ,sidenote3 ,bettering of   
soyles4    ,sidenote3 ,sowing of good   
seedes4    ,sidenote3 ,for abundance of 
grasse4    ,and then as before ,i said  
it is the ,husbandmans first office to  
prouide  for the bettering and          
perfecting of his earth1 which he shall 
doe in  this sort4 ,first1 if he        
perceiue that the barrainnesse of his   
ground  procedes from want of good      
,plants1 as from want of ,clouer-grasse1
  ,dandylion1 ,honisuckle1 ,cowslop1 and
 other swet flowers1 then he shall      
repaire into the fruitfull ,countries1  
and there buy the hay sedes  and        
swepings of hay-barne-flowers1 which he 
shall euery ,spring and  fall of the    

leafe sowe1 as thin as may be1 vpon such
 ,pastures1 as he  shall either lay for 
meddow1 or preserue for the latter      
,spring after  ,michaelmas4 ,but if he  
respect not the goodnesse of grasse1 but
 the  abundance of grasse1 as those     
husbands doe which liue in or about     
great ,cities1 then he shall dung those 
grounds which he will lay for  meddow at
 ,candlemasse2 or those which he will   
graze or eate in the  first beginning of
 the ,spring1 at ,michaelmasse before1  
with the oldest  and rottennest meanure 
he can get1 of which the best is the    
rotten  staddell or bottomes of         
,hay-stackes1 or for want of it the     
meanure of  horse-stables1 swepings1 and
 scowrings of yards and barnes1 the     
mudde  of olde ditches1 or else good    
,oxe or ,cow meanure1 any of which will 
bring forth abundance of grasse4        
,sidenote3 ,the imperfection of meanure4
    ,yet thus much ,i must aduertise the
 ,husbandman1 that this meanuring of    
,pasture grounds carries with it diuers 

imperfections1 for though it  occasion  
abundance of grasse to growe1 yet the   
meddow or hay which  comes thereof1 is  
so ranke1 loggie1 and fulsome in tast1  
that a beast  taketh no ioy to eate     
thereof1 more then to holde very life   
and soule  together4 ,also the grasse   
thus meanured which you intend to graze 
or  eate with your ,cattell1 is by      
meanes of the meanure so loose at the   
roote1 that ,cattell as they bite plucke
 vp both the grasse1 roote1 and  all1   
which being of strong  ranke sent in the
 mouth of a beast1 maketh  him loathe   
and cast it out againe1 and so not      
striue to eate to be fat1  but onely to 
maintaine life4    ,sidenote3 ,to helpe 
a slow ,spring4    ,now if your ,spring 
be slow1 and late in the yere before    
your grasse  will appeare aboue ground1 
it is mete then that you enclose your   
ground1 and not only maintaine the      
fences with high and thicke             
,quick-sets1 but also with tall         
,timber-tres1 whose shade and strength  

may defend many colde blasts from the   
earth1 and adde vnto it a more  naturall
 warmenesse then it had before1 for it  
is onely the coldnesse  of the soyle    
which makes the grasse long before it   
grow4 ,also in this  case it is mete    
that you lay 7as the husbandman tearmes 
it7 all such  ,pasture as you intend to 
graze at the spring following1 in       
,nouember  before1  so not being bitten 
from that time till ,aprill following1  
no  doubt but your spring will be both  
good and forward4 ,there be others      
which helpe their slow springing grounds
 by stocking them in the latter  end of 
the yere with great abundance of shepe1 
who although they bite  nere to the     
ground1 and leaue little grasse behinde 
them1 yet they  so tread and meanure it 
with their hot meanure1 that it will    
spring  after it commeth to rest1 much  
more early and faster then it was wont4 
,so that to conclude in a word1 to make 
a barren ground spring earely1  is to   
kepe it warme1 let it haue long rest1   

and meanure it well with  ,shepe4       
,sidenote3 ,to help ,knot-grasse and    
,speare-grasse4    ,if your ground be   
troubled with ,knot-grasse or           
,speare-grasse1 it is a  signe of too   
much colde moysture in the earth1 and in
 this case you  shall with a great      
common ,plough1 made for such a purpose1
 turne vp  great furrowes through your  
ground1 and make them so descend and    
fall  one into another1 that not onely  
the moysture bred in the earth1 but     
that which falls vpon the earth1 may    
haue a swift passage from the  same1 and
 so your soyle being drayned and kept   
dry1 all those wedy  kindes of grasse   
will soone perish4    ,sidenote3 ,to    
helpe ,sun-burning4    ,sidenote3 ,to   
helpe quarries of stone4    ,if your    
ground be subiect to the scorching or   
burning of the ,sunne1  then you shall  
vnderstand that it is directly contrary 
to the last  soyle we spake of3 for as  
that by too much moysture is made       
barraine  by colde1 so this by too much 

want of moysture is made barraine with  
heate3 wherefore the ,husbandman shall  
in this case draw all his  draynes1 to  
bring moysture into his ground1 which   
sometimes watring  and sometimes        
ouer-flowing the same1 will in the end  
bring it to a  reasonable fertility1 for
 it is a rule1 that where there may be  
ouerflowes1 there can seldome be any    
hurt by ,sunne-burning1 vnlesse  that   
such soyles be vpon ,limestone ground1  
or nere vnto other  quarries of hard    
stone1 which lying nere vnto the vpper  
swarth of  the grasse1 doth so burne the
 roote1 that the vpper branches cannot  
prosper4 ,in this case the bringing in  
of water doth rather hurt then  good1   
wherefore your best course is partly by 
your owne industry1 and  partly by the  
labours of others1 who are traded in    
such commodities1  to let forth your    
ground to ,stone-diggers or             
,lime-makers1 who digging  the quarries 
out of the earth1 and then filling vp   
the emptie places  with rubbish and     

other earth1 the soyle will in short    
space become as  fruitfull as any other1
 for it is onely the want of taking     
roote2 or  the burning vp of the roote1 
which makes this kinde of earth         
barraine4    ,sidenote3 ,to help ,ling1 
,braken1 c4    ,now if your ground bring
 forth ,ling1 ,braken1 ,gorse1 ,whinnes1
 or such  like3 you shall pare off the  
vpper swarth of the earth1 and lay it in
  the ,sunne to dry1 in the height or   
heate of ,sommer1 and being throughly   
dried1 you shall lay them in round      
hollow heapes one sod ouer another1     
then putting fire vnto them1 burne them 
into ashes1 which done1 spread  the     
ashes1 like a meanure1 ouer all the     
ground1 and you shall se those  wedes   
will no more spring or grow in that     
ground4    ,sidenote3 ,to helpe         
morishnesse or quick-myers4    ,if your 
ground be morish or full of quicke      
myers1 you shall then by  small draynes 
or trenches draw away the water1 and    
turne it into some  lower ditch or      

current1 and so bringing the ground to a
 stability or  firmenesse1 there is no  
doubt but fruitfulnesse1 will presently 
follow  after4    ,sidenote3 ,to helpe  
mossinesse4    ,lastly1 if your ground  
be mossie1 and bring forth in stead of  
grasse  onely a soft fussie and         
vnwholsome mosse1 your onely best way to
 cure  the fault1 is in the ,winter time
 to tread it much with the fete of      
,cattell1 as by making of ,hay-stacks in
 diuers parts of such ground1 and  so   
fodring your ,cattell about the same1   
and so yerely altering the  places of   
your ,stackes or ,rekes to goe ouer all 
your ground1  without  doubt the        
treading of the ground will kill the    
mosse1 and the meanuring  of the        
,cattell1 and the expence of ,hay-seds  
vpon the ground1 will  soone bring the  
earth to much fruitfulnesse and         
goodnesse4    ,sidenote3 ,the generall  
vse of barraine grounds4    ,now for the
 generall vse of these barraine grounds1
 it is to be  vnderstood1 that albe by  

the meanes before shewed1 they may be   
helpt  or bettered1 yet they are but    
onely for brede or encrease of ,cattell4
  ,whether the grounds be seuerall and  
enclosed1 or vniuersall and  common3    
whether they be ,woods1 ,parkes1 or     
,pastures1 or ,heathes1 ,mores1         
,downes1 or other wilde and vnlimitted  
places1 and these grounds shall  be     
deuided into thre parts1 the first and  
most fruitfullest lying  lowest1 lying  
nerest to the riuer or some running     
streame1 you shall  preserue for meddow1
 and not suffer any beast to bite vpon  
the same  from ,candlemasse1 vntill the 
hay be taken from the ground4 ,the      
second  part1 you shall graze or eate   
from ,candlemasse till ,lammas1 which   
would  be that which lieth most plaine  
and bleake1 and most subiect to all     
weathers4 ,and the third part1 which is 
the warmest and safest1 you  shall graze
 from all-,hollantide till ,candlemasse1
 and betwixt ,lammas  and               
all-,hollantide you shall eate vp your  

eddish or after-crop of your  meddowes4 
,sidenote3 ,what ,cattell are to be     
bred4    ,now whereas ,i speake         
generally1 that these barraine grounds  
are for  the brede of ,cattell1 yet you 
shall vnderstand me particularly1 as    
namely1 what ,cattell for what soyle1   
for euery barraine earth will not  bring
 forth ,cattell alike1 as some will     
beare a faire ,cowe or ,oxe1 yet  but a 
little ,horse3 and some will bring forth
 a very goodly ,horse1 yet  but a very  
little horned beast1 therefore you shall
 obserue that if  your ground lye any   
thing lowe1 or be subiect to much       
moysture1 and so  not extreamely        
barraine1 but although the ,spring be   
late1 yet after  it springeth1 it       
yeldeth a reasonable bit1 this ground is
 fittest to  brede ,cattell vpon1 as    
,cowe1 ,oxe1 and such like3 but if it   
lye high  and dry1 if it be stonie or   
mountainous1 haue much reflection of the
  ,sunne3 or though it be some-what more
 barraine then the former earth1  and in

 the best part of the ,spring yeld but a
 short1 yet swet bit1  this ground is   
fittest to brede a faire and large horse
 vpon3 but if  it be extreamely barraine
 colde and moyst1 stonie or mossie1 so  
it  be replenished with any good store  
of ,vnderwood1 then it is fit to  brede 
small hard ,nags vpon1 or ,geldings of a
 meaner size1 ,goates1  wilde-,swine1 or
 such like4 ,and lastly1 if it be       
extreame barraine1  colde1 and dry1 and 
altogether without any kinde of shelter1
 but  subiect to euery blast whatsoeuer1
 this ground is fit onely to brede      
,shepe vpon1 as we se by daily          
experience in the seuerall parts of     
this ,kingdome3 so that to conclude1 you
 shall beare in your memorie1  that     
where you brede your beast1 would be    
reasonable bit3 where you  brede your   
,horse good ayre and warmth1 and where  
you brede your  ,shepe1 there much      
spaciousnesse of ground4 ,and thus much 
briefly for  the nature and vse of your 
barraine grounds4    ,sidenote3 ,of     

fertill grounds4    ,now to procede to  
your fruitfull and rich grounds1 whose  
very encrease  and abundance of grasse1 
without any other curious relation      
shewes  their fertility1 there is little
 obseruation to be held in the ordering 
disposing of them1 for being naturally  
good of themselues1 there  nedeth little
 ,art to the maintainance of the same1  
onely to haue an  especiall care to the 
fencing and safe keping of them1 to the 
due time  of eating them with your      
,cattell1 and to obserue a fit          
proportion  of rest for them1 in which  
they may grow and gather head for the   
maintainance of such beasts as shall    
fede vpon them4 ,and to these1 as  an   
especiall rule aboue the rest1 must be  
added a carefull diligence  not to      
ouer-stocke or loade your ground with   
more ,cattell then it may  conueniently 
beare1 for if your ground be neuer so   
fruitfull1 if it be  ouer-prest with    
multitudes of ,cattell1 it cannot by any
 meanes yeld  you the profit of your    

expectation1 but returne you losse and  
dammage4    ,sidenote3 ,the deuision of 
rich grounds4    ,these fruitfull and   
rich grounds would be deuided into two  
parts1  the one pastures1 or grounds for
 continuall feding or nourishing of     
,cattell all the yere1 the other        
meddowes1 from whence you shall gather  
your ,winters prouision of ,hay1 for the
 preseruation of your ,cattell1  which  
are either for labour or sale in the    
,market1 and of these two  parts ,i will
 speake seuerally4    ,sidenote3 ,the   
generall vse of rich grounds4    ,yet   
before ,i begin to speake largely of    
them1 it is mete you know the  generall 
vse of these rich and fruitfull grounds1
 which is indede  the feding or fatting 
vp of ,cattell1 either for foode in your
 owne  house1 or for sale in the        
,market1 to the ,butcher1 ,drouer1 or   
men  of such like place or profession4  
,for indede to brede much vpon  these   
rich grounds1 is neither profitable to  
the ,husbandman1 nor is  the beaste so  

bred1 either so comely or ,market-able1 
as those bred  in the harder soyles1 as 
we may note in our experience1 if we    
will  suruay the bredes of ,cattell in  
,gloster-shire1 ,sommerset-shire1  and  
,lincoln-shire1 which for the most part 
are bred vpon exceding  rich and fertile
 ground3 yet if we take view of them1 we
 shall finde  that albe they are tall   
and large1 yet they are of slender      
shape1  leane-thighed1 crumple-horned1  
and oft tender and dry skinned1 which   
is a fault very note-worthie amongst    
,graziers1 and indede are nothing  so   
eyely and ,market-able1 as those beasts 
are which are bred in  ,yorke-shire1    
,darby-shire1 ,lancashire1 and such     
like1 all which  are bred vpon hard and 
barraine grounds1 yet haue goodly1      
large1 and  round bodies1 close trust1  
thicke1 and well coupled together1 faire
  heads1 veluet skinnes1 and as the     
,prouerbe is1 are so beautifull in      
horne and haire1 that they are euery    
mans money1 in euery ,market4 ,so  that 

,i conclude1 that albe vpon the rich    
ground you may brede good  ,cattell1 and
 it is necessary also so to doe for the 
maintaynance of  stocke1 yet the        
generall vse1 and that which is the     
greatest profit to  the ,english        
husbandman1 is to graze and fede the    
same4    ,sidenote3 ,of ,pastures and   
ordering them4    ,now to procede to my 
former purpose1 touching that part of   
rich ground  which ,i call ,pasture1    
because it is onely for feding1 you     
shall first  prouide that they be very  
well fenced1 according to the nature of 
the  ,country1 either with ditch1 pale1 
rayle1 dead hedge1 or quicke-growth3    
you shall also se that they be well     
stored with water1 that is swet  and    
wholesome1 for putrified water bredeth  
many mortall and infectious  diseases   
amongst ,cattell4 ,these ,pastures must 
euer be your highest  ground1 and such  
as lye safest from inundations4 ,those  
,pastures which  you lay or giue rest to
 from the beginning of ,nouember1 you   

may fede  at ,candlemasse following with
 heilding beasts1 or such as are but    
beginning to fede1 but with your fat    
beasts not till our ,ladies day  after3 
those ,pastures which you lay or giue   
rest to at ,candlemasse1 you  may very  
well fede at ,may following3 those which
 you giue rest to at  ,may-day1 you may 
fede at ,midsommer1 for then the spring 
is swift and  plentifull3 those you lay 
at ,midsommer1 you may fede at ,lammas1 
those  you lay at ,lammas1 you may fede 
in ,october1 and generally all the      
,winter following3 onely you shall      
obserue1 that those ,pastures which  lye
 most in danger of water1 or any other  
casualtie1 be first eaten1  least by too
 long delaying an vnseasonable time     
come1 and so you be  both preuented of  
your hope and profit4    ,sidenote3     
,manner of feeding of cattell4    ,in   
the eating of your ,pasture grounds1 are
 many things to be obserued1  as first  
for the feding of your fat ,cattell1 you
 must by all meanes  be sure that they  

haue full bite1 which is to say1 length 
of grasse3  for cattell1 whose tongues  
are the principall gatherers vp of their
  foode1 neither can nor will bite nere 
vnto the ground1 except it be  extreame 
hunger which compels them1 and then they
 take little ioy in  their foode4 ,next 
you shall oft 7as any fit occasion will 
giue you  leaue7 remoue and shift them  
into fresh grounds1 and not expect that 
they should eate your grasse downe to   
the bottome1 but onely as it were       
scumme and take the vppermost and       
choisest part thereof1 and so they  will
 fede both swiftly and throughly3 and   
for that grasse which they  shall leaue 
behinde them1 you shall eate it vp after
 them with your  labouring or           
worke-cattell1 and lastly with your     
shepe4 ,it is very  good also amongst   
your fat beasts euer to haue a leane    
horse or two3  for your fat beasts      
taketh delight to fede with them1 and   
sometimes  to bite after them1 there    
being as it were a kinde of sympathie or

  liking of each others tastes4 ,after  
your grasse is fully knit1 and  hath    
receiued his whole strength1 which wil  
be at ,midsommer1 then you  may suffer  
your fat beast to eate a little nerer   
vnto the ground  till after ,lammas1    
because there is an extraordinarie      
swetnesse  therein1 springing from the  
heate of the ,sunnes beames onely4      
,these few  obseruations well kept1     
there is no doubt but your ,cattell will
 fede  well to your contentment1 then   
when you se that they are sufficiently  
fed1 according to the ayme of your      
purpose1 whether it be for the vse  of  
your houshold1 or the vse of the        
,market1 you shall forth-with imploy    
them accordingly1 for it is both the    
losse of time and money1 not to  put    
them off by sale or otherwise1 so soone 
as they are come to the  end of your    
desire4 ,for those rich grounds will    
sometimes make two  returnes in the     
yere1 sometimes thre1 which is a great  
profit4 ,and ,i  haue heard sometimes of

 foure1 but it is very rare1 and the    
,cattell so  returned must be very well 
stricken with flesh before they be put  
vnto  feding1 but if your ground will   
returne leane beasts fat twice through  
the yere1 it is commodity sufficient4   
,sidenote3 ,how to know a fat ,beast4   
,now because it is not sufficient to say
 sell or kill your ,cattell  when they  
are fat1 except you haue the ,art and   
skill to know the  same1 you shall      
obserue these few rules following1 and  
they will  sufficiently instruct you in 
the same4 ,first1 when you se your beast
  in the generall shape and composure of
 his body shew most faire and           
beautifull1 each member being comely1   
and each bone couered1 in such  sort as 
a perfect shape requireth1 as no eye is 
so stupid as cannot  tell when a beast  
looketh well or ill-fauouredly1 you     
shall then guesse  the beast to be well 
fed1 especially when you se his         
huckle-bones  round and not sharpe1 his 
ribs smooth1 not rough1 his flankes     

full1 his  natch thick1 and his cod     
round4 ,this when you shall perceiue1   
you shall  handle him1 and griping him  
vpon the neathermost ribs1 if you fele  
the skinne loose1 and the substance soft
 vnder your hand1 you may be  well      
assured that the beast is very well fed 
outwardly1 that is vpon  the bones4 ,you
 shall then lay your hand vpon his round
 huckle-bones1  and if that fele1 vnder 
your hand1 soft1 round and plumpe1 you  
shall  be assured that the beast is well
 fed both outwardly and inwardly1  that 
is1 both in flesh and tallow3 then you  
shall handle him at the  setting on of  
his taile1 and if that handle bigge1    
thicke1 full1 and  soft1 it is a true   
signe that the beast is very well fed   
outwardly3  then handle his natch-bones 
which are on both sides the setting on  
of  his taile1 and if they fele soft and
 loose1 it is a signe that he is  well  
fed1 both outwardly and inwardly4       
,lastly1 you shall handle his cod  and  
nauell1 if it be of an ,oxe1 and the    

nauell onely if it be a ,cowe1  and if  
they handle thicke1 round1 soft1 great1 
and plumpe1 it is a most  assured signe 
that the beast is very well tallowed    
within4 ,and thus  when any of these    
parts or members shall handle in        
contrary manner1  you shall iudge of the
 contrary effects4 ,and thus much       
touching the  knowledge of a fat beast4 
,sidenote3 ,of ,meddowes and their      
ordering4    ,now for the second part of
 these rich grounds1 which are meddowes1
  they ought to be the most fruitfullest
 and richest of all other1 lying  low   
and leuell1 and being now and then in   
the ,winter season washt with           
inundations1 yet not too too much       
drencht or washt with the same3 for  as 
the moderate ouerflowing of waters      
enricheth and fertiles the soyle1  to   
the too much soking or long resting of  
the water rotteth the earth1   bringeth 
it to barrainnesse1 neither is it       
altogether necessary that  euery meddowe
 should lye so low that it might be     

ouerflowed1 for there  be some high     
grounds which are fre from those floods 
which will beare  meddow in very        
sufficient manner1  although the lower  
meddowes doe  abound in the plenty of   
grasse1 yet the higher grounds euer     
beareth  the sweter grasse1 and it is a 
rule amongst ,husbandmen1 that the low  
meddowes do fill1 but the high meddowes 
do fede1 the low are for the  ,stable1  
but the high are for the ,cratch1 and   
that which is long will  maintaine life1
 but that which is short will brede     
milke4    ,sidenote3 ,preseruation of   
,meddowes4    ,the chiefest respect you 
shall haue to your meddowes1 is to      
defend and  preserue them from ,moales1 
and such like vermine1 which roote vp   
the  earth1 and destroy the swet and    
tender roots of the grasse4 ,next1 that 
you note in what places of the meddow   
the water standeth longest1   from      
thence1 by small furrowes or draynes1 to
 giue it a fre passage1  so that the    
meddow may as it were cleanse  be dry in

 one instant4  ,lastly1 you shall       
maintaine the banks of all such ditches 
other  fences bordring about your       
meddowes in good and sufficient manner1 
both  for keping out of water after your
 meddowes begin to grow1 as also for    
keping ,cattell from eating them in the 
night or other times1 which is  a great 
depriuation and losse of the profit you 
expect to come from  them3 for you shall
 vnderstand1 that if any ouerflow shall 
come vnto  your meddowes after ,may1 it 
will leaue such a sandy filthinesse in  
the  grasse1 that except very moderate  
showers fall swiftly1 and sodainly1  to 
wash it out againe1 the ,hay which shall
 be got of that crop1 will  both be     
vnsauorie and vnwholsome1 and bred in   
your ,cattell many  dangerous and       
mortall sicknesses4    ,sidenote3 ,when 
to lay ,meddowes4    ,the best times for
 laying of meddowes to rest1 is1 if the 
meddow  lye high1 as in vp-land         
,countries1 or if the soyle be cold1 or 
the  springing thereof slow1 at         

,candlemasse3 but if the ground be more 
warme1 temperate1  of some more         
fertility1 then you may lay it at  our  
,ladies day in ,march3 but if the ground
 be most fruitfull1 then if  you lay it 
at ,may-day1 it will be early enough4   
,also in the laying of  your meddowes to
 rest1 you shall consider the state of  
the ground1 as  whether it be eaten nere
 and bare1 and with what ,cattell1 as   
,horse1  ,oxen1 or ,shepe3 if it haue   
bene eaten bare with ,oxen or ,horse1   
then  you shall lay it earlier in the   
yere1 for it will aske a longer time  to
 grow againe3 but if it haue bene eaten 
with ,shepe 7although they  bite nerest 
to the ground7 yet you may lay it so    
much later1 because  the meanure which  
they bestow vpon such good ground1 will 
quickly  hasten on the ,spring3 but if  
your meddowes haue not bene eaten bare1 
but haue a good depe fogge vpon them    
still1 then you may lay them the        
latest4 ,also in the laying of meddowes1
 you shall consider whether  they be    

common or priuate1 if they be common    
meddowes1 and that no  olde custome     
binde you to the contrary1 you shall lay
 them to rest  earely in the yere1 that 
recouering a forward ,spring1 you may   
cut  them so much the sooner1 and so    
haue the better after-crop1 and the     
longer time to eate it3 but if your     
meddow be priuate1 and at your owne     
particular disposing1 then you shall lay
 it according to your owne  necessitie1 
and the goodnes of the soyle1 obseruing 
euer to giue it  full time of growth1   
and not to cut it till the grasse be    
full ripe1  for it is better to let it  
grow a weke too long 7so the weather be 
seasonable for the withering of it7 then
 to cut it two dayes too soone1  because
 when it is too earely cut1 it not onely
 looseth the strength  and goodnesse1   
but also the substance and waight1 and  
in the drying  shrinketh and wasteth to 
nothing4    ,sidenote3 ,when to mow     
,meddowes4    ,touching the fittest time
 to cut or mowe your meddowes3 ,if they 

be  laid in a due season1 it is held of 
all the best ,english husbandmen        
generally to be a weke or a fortnight   
after ,midsommer day1 as namely  about  
the translation of ,thomas1 which is    
euer the seauententh day of  ,iuly1 and 
without question it is a very good time 
for all men to begin  that labour1 if   
their grounds be fruitfull and of earely
 growth3 but  in as much as diuers      
grounds are diuers in their growth1 some
 being  much more hastie then other     
some3 and for as much as some meddow may
  as well grow too long as too little a 
time1 as in high land ,countries1  where
 the heate and reflection of the ,sunne 
will burne and consume away  the grasse1
 if it be not gathered in a due season1 
,i would therefore  wish euery good     
,husbandman about a weke before         
,midsommer1 and a weke  after1 to view  
his meddowes well1 and if he se them    
turne browne1 if  the ,cock-heads turne 
downeward and stand not vpright1 if the 
,bels and  other vessels of sede open   

and shed their sedes1 if your           
,honisuckles  haue lost their flowers1  
and the ,penigrasse be hard1 dry1 and   
withered1  then you shall truly         
vnderstand that your meddow is ripe and 
ready  to be mowne1 and the longer it   
standeth1 the more it will loose of  the
 substance1 and when any of the contrary
 signes appeare1 as when  the meddow    
lookes grene and fresh1 the ,cock-heads 
looke vpright1 the  ,bels are close and 
hard1 the ,honisuckles flowing and      
purple1 and the  ,penigrasse soft and   
moyst1 then is your meddow not readie to
 cut1 nor  will the ,hay that is so     
gotten be other then soft1 fuzzie1 and  
most  vnwholsome1 no beast taking       
delight to eate of the same4            
,sidenote3 ,the inclination of the      
weather4    ,now to these               
considerations1 you shall adde a        
carefull obseruation  of the state and  
inclination of the weather1 and if you  
finde that  the weather is disposed to  
much wet or incertaintie1 then you shall

  forbeare to mowe1 because that        
moysture will still maintaine and hold  
the grasse in his perfect strength so   
long as it groweth3 but if it be  once  
cut downe1 then the wet will soone rot  
and spoile it3 but if you  find the     
weather enclined to drought and         
fairenesse1 then you shall  with all    
spede cut downe your ,hay1 for one loade
 got and brought into  the barne without
 raine1 is worth two that hath bene     
washt1 though  but with the smallest    
shower4 ,there be some ,husbandmen that 
in the  mowing of their meddowes1 will  
obserue the state of the ,moone1 and    
other planetarie coniectures1 but they  
are fitter for those which  seke        
curiosities more then profit1 for mine  
owne part ,i would wish  euery good     
husband but to know truly when his crop 
is ripe1 and then  to gather it in the  
most constant and fairest seasons1 which
 the rules  already set downe will most 
amply shew him4    ,sidenote3 ,the      
manner how to mowe ,meddowes4    ,now   

for the manner of mowing your meddowes1 
although the generall act  resteth in   
the hands of the mower1 and that it is  
hard and impossible1  in words1 to      
expresse the ,art of the action1 nor is 
it nedfull that  euery ,husbandman be a 
mower1 yet for those rules which the    
,english  ,husbandman should know and   
obserue1 ,i will in no sort omit them4  
,you  shall then know that in the mowing
 of your meddowes you shall mowe them   
smooth1 plaine1 and leuell1 and as the  
,husbandman tearmes it1 with such  an   
euen board1 that a man may no more but  
discerne the going in and  comming forth
 of the ,sythe3 and this shall be done  
so close and nere  vnto the ground1 as  
is possible for the worke-man to get1   
especially if  it be in publique and    
common meddowes1 because the swap and   
first crop  is all the maine profit you 
can challenge your owne3 nay1 you shall 
doe it also in your owne priuate and    
seuerall meddowes3 for although  an     
ignorant custome haue drawne some of our

 ,husbandmen1 to say and  beleue that   
there is no losse in the sleight and    
insufficient mowing  of priuate         
meddowes1 because say they1 what ,i     
loose in the ,barne1  my ,cattell findes
 on the ground1 yet they are much       
deceiued in that  opinion1 for what they
 so leaue on the ground halfe cut halfe 
vncut1 is  no good foode1 neither       
pleasant nor sauorie1 but dry1 hard1 and
 bitter1  and indede no better then     
sower fogge1 which may fill1 but cannot 
nourish1 and who then will be so simple1
 as not to preferre swet ,hay  before   
such vnsauorie grasse8 therefore be     
carefull to mowe your grasse  euen1 and 
close by the ground1 for it will make   
the fresh grasse spring  vp with more   
ease1 and be much pleasanter in taste4  
,sidenote3 ,how to make ,hay4    ,next  
after the mowing of your meddowes1      
followeth the making of your  ,hay1     
which is a labour that must be followed 
with great care and  diligence1 for it  
is an old saying1 that dearth beginneth 

at the  ,hay-barne dore1 and he that is 
negligent in that1 can hardly be good   
husband in any thing else1 then to shew 
you how you shall make your  hay1 you   
shall first vnderstand that no one      
particular forme can stand  for a       
generall rule1 because ,hay must be made
 according to the nature  of the grasse1
 and the soyle where it groweth1 some   
being apt to wither  and make soone1 as 
that grasse which is finest1 and hath in
 it least  wedes1 others will be long in
 making1 as that which is full of       
thicke1  strong1 and sower grasses1 many
 wedes1 bunnes1 and such like hard      
stalkes1 which are not easily dried1    
therefore it is the part of euery  good 
,husbandman1 either by his eye and      
knowledge to iudge of the nature  of his
 grasse1 or else to follow the customes 
of the ,country and soyle  wherein he   
liueth1 but the first1 ,knowledge1 is   
the better ,science4  ,but to procede to
 my purpose1 ,i will in the natures of  
two sorts of  grasse1 the one fine1 the 

other course1 shew you the generall     
making of  all sorts of ,hay4           
,sidenote3 ,to make fine ,hay4          
,first1 then for the making of your fine
 rich grass into ,hay1 if it grow  in   
great abundance1 thicke and close1 and  
so lieth in the swathe1 you  shall haue 
one with a ,pitch-forke to follow the   
,mowers1 and to spread  and throw the   
grasse thinne abroad1 that the ayre and 
sunne-beames may  passe through it3 and 
this is called in most ,countries       
tedding of ,hay4  ,the next day1 after  
the ,sunne hath taken the dewe from the 
ground1 you  shall turne that which the 
day before you tedded1 and then if you  
haue  any more new mowen1 you shall ted 
it also4 ,the next day following1  as   
before1 when the dewe is from the earth1
 you shall turne your ,hay  againe1 and 
so letting it lye till the ,sunne be at 
his height1 begin  to stir it againe1 at
 which time if you finde it is          
reasonably well  withered1 you shal then
 draw it into windrowes1 that is1 you   

shall  marke which way the winde        
standeth1 and the same way that it      
bloweth1  the same way with ,forks      
,rakes one after another1 gather in the 
,hay  into long1 great1 thicke rowes3   
then you shall make those windrowes     
into large ,cockes1 of which the biggest
 is euer the best1 for they will  defend
 themselues from raine1 if happily any  
shall fall1 whereas the  little small   
,cocke lying light together1 taketh in  
the raine like a  spunge1 and so makes  
the ,hay a great deale much worse then  
otherwise  it would be2 when your ,hay  
is thus set in safe ,cocke1 you shall   
let  it rest a day or two1 that it may  
take a little sweat therein1 which  will
 make the ,hay wondrous pleasant and    
swet1 then when the ,sunne is  got vp to
 a pretie height1 you shall open those  
,cockes1 and after the  sunne and winde 
hath passed through them1 you may if the
 grasse be  clean  fine of it selfe1    
without ranke grasse1 load it1 and      
carrie  it either into the ,barne1 or   

such other place1 as you haue appointed 
for the receit thereof3 but if it haue  
any ranke grasse1 which you  se         
vnwithered amongst it1 then you shall   
make it vp againe into safe  cockes1 and
 so let it rest a day or two more before
 you leade it away4  ,and thus much for 
the making vp of fine ,hay4             
,sidenote3 ,to make course ,hay4    ,now
 for the making of course grasse into   
,hay1 which you must suppose to  be     
grasse growing1 in colde1 moyst1 woodie1
 and barraine grounds1 full  of wedie1  
rough1 and stumpie hearbage1 long in    
growing1 late ere it  can be gathered1  
and therefore depriued of much of the   
,sunnes strength1  to sweten and wither 
it4 ,this grasse as soone as it hath    
bene mowne  and tedded1 as is before    
said3 the next day you shall make it    
into  little grasse ,cockes1 as bigge as
 little ,moale-hilles1 and so hauing    
layne a day or better1 then breake them 
open1 and let them receiue the  sunne   
and winde1 for they will heat and sweat 

a little in the grasse1  which make it  
,hay the sooner  better3 then after the 
,sunne hath spent  all his power vpon   
it1 you shall make it vp into little    
,cockes againe1  putting two of the     
first ,cockes into one1 then hauing so  
layne another  day1 breake them open    
againe1 and giue them the ,sunne3 then  
make them  vp againe1 and put thre or   
foure of those ,cockes into one1 and so 
let  them lye another day1 then breake  
them open as before1 if the ,sunne      
shine faire1 and at euening make them vp
 againe1 putting thre or foure  of those
 ,cockes into one1 and so euery morning 
after the ,sunne is vp  breake them     
open1 and at euening make them vp       
againe1 till you finde  that the ,hay is
 sufficiently well dried1 and sweateth  
no more in the  ,cocke3 but in the      
morning when you breake it open it is   
dry1 without  stemme1 smoake1 or vapour 
arising from it1 which both your hand   
and  eye may perceiue in the first      
stirring or mouing1 and then you may at 

your pleasure leade it home1 and house  
or stacke it as you shall haue          
occasion4    ,sidenote3 ,vse of ,hay for
 cattell to breed or labour with4       
,now for the vse of ,hay1 it is         
two-folde1 that is1 either for the      
maintainance of breding ,cattell1 or    
,cattell for labour1 or else for  the   
feding of ,cattell for the ,market1 or  
for slaughter3 for the  maintainance of 
breding ,cattell1 or the ,cattell which 
are imployed in  your ,plough or other  
labours1 whether it be draught or       
trauell1 you  shall make choise of the  
swet1 and well-dried ,hay1 which is of  
fresh  and grene colour1 well withered1 
sound1 and perfect ,hay1 though it be   
long1 loggie1 and not exceding much     
swet1 it matters not2 for being  well   
,inned and dried1 it will serue         
sufficiently for those purposes3  and   
with this ,hay to mingle sometimes      
,wheat-straw1 ,rye-straw1 ,barly1  or   
,oate-straw will not be amisse for      
heilding1 or brede ,cattell3 but  for   

worke-beasts1 except necessitie         
constraine1 let them haue ,hay  simple  
of it selfe1 during the busie time of   
their worke1 but when  they rest1 you   
may vse your discretion4 ,for the times 
of giuing ,hay  or foddering to such    
,cattell as are in the house1 the best  
is in the  morning before they goe to   
labour1 in the euening when they come   
from  labour1 presently after their     
drinke1 and at night when you goe to    
bed4  ,but for those ,cattell which goe 
abroad1 as ,shepe1 heilding ,beasts1 and
  such like1 to fodder them morning and 
euening1 is out and out fully           
sufficient4    ,now for the vse of ,hay 
for fat cattell1 you shall make choyse  
of the  fruitfullest1 swetest1 finest1  
and shortest ,hay you haue1 being full  
of flowers1 pleasant and odoriferous to 
smell on3 and although this  ,hay be    
mixt with some roughnesse1 yet it is not
 the worse1 for though  your fat beast  
make thereof great orts1 yet is the     
losse not great1  for those orts may be 

giuen to other heilding and hungrie     
cattell1  which will eate them with     
great eagernesse4 ,this ,hay would in   
the first  gathering not be withered too
 sore but so stackt-vp with a little    
hartie grennesse that it may a little   
mow-burne1 and alter the colour  to a   
,redish brounnesse1 but by no meanes so 
moyst that it may mould1  rot1 or       
putrifie1 for that is fulsome and bade1 
but onely alter the  colour1 and therby 
make the smell sweter and stronger4     
,this ,hay will  entice a beast to eate1
 and will strengthen and inable his     
stomacke1  and withall will bred in him 
such a drought or thirst1 that hardly   
any  water will quench him1 and the     
,grazier takes it euer for an infallible
  signe1 that when his beast drinkes    
much he feds fast and his tallow        
wonderfully increaseth4 ,for the        
ordinarie times of foddring your fat    
cattell1 if they be in the stall1 and as
 we say1 tyed vp by the head1  the best 
is in the morning before and after      

water1 at noone2 in the  euening before 
after water1 and late in the night1 when
 you goe  to bed1 but if they fede      
abroad1 and take the benefit of ,fogge  
and  after-grasse1 then to fodder them  
,morning1 ,euening1 and high-noone is   
fully sufficient4    ,here ,i could     
speake of ,pease-feding of ,shep1       
,swine1 and other cattel1  eyther at the
 ,trough1 ,reeke1 ,stacke1 or such like1
 the seuerall  manner of cratches1      
fashions of stals1 and many other       
necessary rules  appertaining to this   
mysterie2 but ,i am against my will     
confined1  and therefore must referre it
 to some other occasion1 being loath to 
spoyle an excellent discourse1 with a   
tale halfe tould1 and imperfectly       
spoken3 ,and thus much therefore of     
,meddowes1 and these seuerall vses4     
,,chap4 ,,viii4    ,a new method for the
 husbandly curing of all manner of      
,cattels  diseases4      ,sidenote3 ,the
 reason for this ,chapter4    ,of this  
,theame ,i haue written a whole 7or as  

some will suppose many7  ,histories1 yet
 doubtlesse nothing too much1 the cause 
is so necessary  and commodious3 yet    
this ,i must let euery ,reader          
vnderstand1 that what  ,i haue herein   
formerly done1 ,i did for a general and 
vncontrollable  satisfaction to the     
whole ,kingdome1 both the learned and   
vnlearned1 and  as well to satisfie the 
nicest and most curious opinion1 as the 
simple  and playne dealing creature3    
whence it came that ,i waded ,artfully  
and profoundly into the vttermost       
secrets of this knowledge1 leauing      
nothing vnsearcht1 or vnset downe1 that 
might any way tend to the  satisfaction 
of any iudiciall ,reader1 and therefore 
tooke liberty to  make a large          
progresse1 without sparing any paynes1  
to make my worke  absolutely most       
perfect4 ,but now1 hauing onely to doe  
with our honest  playne ,english        
,husbandman1 who eyther cannot much     
read1 or else hath  little leasure to   
read1 at most but a little memorie to   

bestow vpon  his readings2 ,i haue here 
for his ease both of memory1 readings1  
and  other verations1 drawne him such a 
method for the curing of all the        
diseases in cattell1 as was neuer yet   
found out by any man or ,authour        
whatsoeuer3 and is worthy to be         
preserued to all posterities for euer   
and euer4    ,sidenote3 ,horses diseases
 to be cured with twelue ,medicines4    
,to beginne then first with the ,horse1 
which is the ,husbandmans  principallest
 creature1 you shal vnderstand that he  
hath1 of my  knowledge1 one hundred and 
odde diseases or infirmities1 besides   
other  hurts and blemishes1 for all     
which1 ,i haue seuerally shewed seuerall
  cures1 as may appeare by the volumes  
which are much too great for any        
,husbandman to carry in his braynes1 and
 therefore for his ease ,i haue  drawne 
all those hundred and odde sicknesses or
 sorrances1 into twelue1  and will      
assure euery ,husbandman that with these
 twelue medicines  following1 he shall  

perfectly cure all the diseases in a    
,horse1  whatsoeuer4    ,sidenote3 ,of  
inward sicknesse4    ,sidenote3 ,the    
first ,medicine4    ,to procede then in 
an orderly manner to the cures3 ,euery  
husbandman  must know that all diseases 
in a horse are inward or outward3 inward
  as offending the vitall parts1 or     
outward as troubling the members3  to   
speake then first of inward sicknesse1  
,i will diuide so into two  branches1   
that is1 eyther it offends the heart1 or
 the brayne3 ,if  it offend the heart1  
we call them1 ,feauers1 ,yellowes1      
,anticor1  consumption of lungs1 ,liuer1
 ,splene1 ,gall or other intrals1       
,wormes1  ,fluxes1 ,belly-bound1 and    
diuers other of like nature3 ,for any or
 all  which1 you shall first let your   
,horse bloud in the neck-veine1 and     
then giue him1 during his sicknesse1 to 
drinke1 eyther in swete ,wine  or strong
 ,ale or ,bere1 if ,wine a pinte1 if    
,ale or ,bere a quart1 two  spoonefull  
of the powder called ,diapente1 made of 

,aristolochia  root1 ,gentiana1 ,myrrhe1
 ,eboni and ,bachi lauri1 of each equall
  quantitie1 and let it be well brewed  
together1 and doe thus euery  ,morning  
fasting1 and let the ,horse fast two    
houres after it4    ,sidenote3 ,the     
second ,medicine4    ,if it offend the  
brayne we call them ,appoplexies1       
,palsies1 ,staggers1  ,colds1 ,glaunder1
 ,coughes1 mourning of the chyne1       
,migrims1 dizzinesse1  and a world of   
such like3 and the cure is to take      
,assafeteda1 and  dissoluing it in      
,vinegar dip hurds therein1 and stop it 
hard into his  eares for two ,mornings  
together after you haue taken from him  
great  store of bloud at his            
necke-veine1 and then giue him to       
drinke1 during  his sicknesse1 euery    
,morning a quart of ,milke1 wherein the 
white and  rough cankerrous ,mosse of an
 old ,oake pale hath bene sodden till   
the ,milke grow thicke1 then strayned   
so giuen luke warme1 and if  you finde  
that no heauinesse or dizzinesse appeare

 in his head1 then  you may forbeare the
 bloud-letting1 and the ,assafeteda1 but
 not  otherwise1 in any case2 and thus  
assuredly these two medicines alreadie  
declared will cure all the inward       
diseases in a ,horse1 whatsoeuer4       
,sidenote3 ,of outward diseases4        
,sidenote3 ,the third medicine4    ,now 
for outward diseases1 they are eyther   
naturall or accidentall3 ,if  they be   
naturall1 they eyther grow from the     
generation1 or brede1 from  whence a    
,horse is descended1 or else from       
corruption of foode1 or other           
vnwholesome keping2 ,if they grow from  
the brede and generation of  the ,horse1
 we call them the ,viues1 ,wens1 ,knots1
 or ,swellings about the  throat3 and   
for the cure thereof1 take a peny-worth 
of ,pepper1 beaten  into powder2 a      
spoonefull of swines-grease1 the iuyce  
of one handfull  of ,rew1 two spoonefuls
 of ,vineger1 and mixe them together1   
and put this  equally into both the     
,horses eares1 and so tye them vp and   

shake the  eares1 that the medicine may 
sinke downe1 and take good store of     
bloud  from the ,horses neck-veine1 and 
temple veines1 and vse this medicine    
two or thre mornings together4          
,sidenote3 ,the fourth ,medicine4    ,if
 they procede from corruption of foode1 
or any other vnwholesome  keping which  
corrupteth the bloud1 then we call them 
,impostumations1  ,byles1 ,botches1     
,fistulaes1 ,polemill1 and such like3   
and the cure is1 to  take the loame of  
an old mudde wall1 strawes and all1 but 
let there be  no ,lime amongst it1 and  
boyle this loame with strong ,vineger1  
till it  be like a ,pultus1 and as hot  
as the ,horse can abide it1 apply it to 
the  sore place1 and it will not onely  
draw it to a head1 and breake it1 but   
also draw it1 search it1 and heale it4  
,sidenote3 ,the fift ,medicine4         
,there be also other diseases which     
proced from naughtie foode1 and  the    
corruption of blood1 and we call them   
,farcies1 ,scabs1 ,mangie1  ,scratches1 

,paynes1 ,mallanders1 ,sellanders1 and  
all of such like nature1  and the cure  
is first to slit the hard knots1 or     
rubbe off the scurfe1  and make the sore
 places raw3 then take yellow ,arsnicke 
beaten to  powder1 and mixe it well with
 fresh grease1 and then therewith       
annoynt  the sore places all ouer1 which
 done1 tye vp the ,horses head1 so as he
  may not knappe or bite himselfe1 and  
so let him stand an houre or two3  then 
take strong old ,pisse warmde1 and      
therewith bathe and wash the  ,horse all
 ouer1 and so put him to his meat3 and  
in this manner dresse  the ,horse or    
beast thre or foure mornings1 and it    
will be sufficient2  onely you must not 
fayle to take from him good store of    
bloud at his  necke vaine4    ,sidenote3
 ,the sixt ,medicine4    ,now if his    
diseases proced from accidentall causes1
 as from wounds1  ,bruises1 ,straynes1  
,galles1 hurts in the ,eyes1 excretions1
 or broken  bones1 then you shall to    
euery one of these take these seueral   

medicines which follow3 as first1 if    
they be wounds1 in what sort  soeuer    
taken or receiued1 you shall take       
,turpentine1 ,waxe1 and  hogs-grease1 of
 each a like quantity1 and melting them 
together into a  salue1 dresse the wound
 therewith1 and it will heale it1 how   
great or  little soeuer4    ,sidenote3  
,the seuenth ,medicine4    ,if they be  
bruises1 whether gotten by stroake1     
naughtie ,saddles1 or  other rushes1    
from whence procedeth many times old1   
putrified  most  ranckorous vlcers1 you 
shall first if the tumor be onely       
swelled and  not broken1 apply vnto it  
the fourth medicine of ,loame and       
,vingar1 but  if it be an open old      
ranckorous vlcer1 you shall take        
,hogs-grease1  ,turpentine1 ,waxe1 and  
,verdigrease1 of each a like quantitie1 
and being  well mixt1 and incorporated  
together1 dresse the sore therewith1    
till  it be whole1 for this medicine    
will abate and kepe downe any spungie   
or naughtie dead flesh which arises and 

kepes the sore from healing1  and may   
therefore alwayes be vsed in such like  
cases1 whether the sore  be new or old4 
,sidenote3 ,the eight ,medicines4    ,if
 they be straynes eyther of ioynts or   
sinewes in what part or member  soeuer  
it be1 old or new1 take strong ,vinegar1
 ,patch-grease1 and  ,wheat-branne1 and 
boyle them together till they be thick  
like a ,pultus1  and then apply it very 
hot to the strayne1 ,morning and        
,euening1 and it  is a most certayne    
cure1 and will kepe the member from     
growing foule1  knotted1 or gourded1 and
 will also take away all swellings or   
paynes of  the limbes whatsoeuer4       
,sidenote3 ,the ninth ,medicine4    ,if 
they be ,galles1 of what kinde or nature
 soeuer1 whether on the  backe1 limbes1 
or any other outward part of the bodie1 
you shal take  first fresh ,butter      
scalding hot1 and with it first bathe   
and wash the  sore1 then take thicke    
,creame1  mixing it with the ,soote of a
 ,chimney  till it be thicke1 like a    

salue1 with the same annoynt the sore   
place  ,morning and ,euening1 and it    
will cure it without any feare of dead  
flesh3 if you doe strow vpon the sore   
the powder of ,rossen it will be  good  
also4    ,sidenote3 ,the tenth          
,medicine4    ,if they be any hurts in  
the eyes1 as strokes1 inflamations1     
,pinne-webbe1 ,canker1 or any other     
mischiefe whatsoeuer1 you shall then    
take true ground-,iuie1 which otherwise 
is called of some ,ale-hoofe1 and       
beating a good handfull thereof in a    
morter1 with a spoonefull or two  of    
white ,rosewater1 or the water of       
,eye-bright1 then strain it through  a  
cleane wet cloath1 and with that water  
dresse the sore eye ,morning  and       
,euening3 or if you can conueniently    
thre or foure times a day1  for the     
oftner is the better1 and it will       
without all fayle cure any  sore eye in 
the world whatsoeuer1 eyther of man or  
beast1 or any other  creature4          
,sidenote3 ,the eleuenth ,medicine4     

,if they be excretions of bones1 as     
,splents1 ,spauens1 ,curbs1 ,ringbones1 
or such like1 in what part or member    
soeuer they be1 you shall then  take    
white ,arsnicke1 beaten or ground to    
fine powder1 and making  a little slit  
vpon the head of the excretion1 the     
length of a ,barly  corne1 or very      
little more1 yet in any waies downe depe
 to the  excretion1  then with the poynt
 of your knife put the ,arsnicke vpon   
the excretion1 and so let the ,horse    
stand with his head tied vp for two     
houres at least1 for in that time the   
greatest anguish will be gone1  and then
 put him vnto his meate1 and in thre or 
foure dayes after the  excretion will   
fall away of it selfe2 and then with a  
little swet  ,butter you may cure the   
sore1 which will not be great4          
,sidenote3 ,the twelfth ,medicine4      
,if they be broken bones1 or bones out  
of ioynt1 you shall after you  haue     
placed them in their due place1 first   
annoynt them with the ,oyle  of         

,mallowes1 or for want of it with warme 
,patch-grease1 and then clap  about them
 a plaster made of ,pitch1 ,rossen1 and 
,masticke1 and so with  soft and flat   
splents1 so splent the member1 as it may
 not moue1 and  so let it rest nine     
dayes ere you dresse it againe1 and in  
any case  so sling the ,horse or ,beast 
that he may not during that time1 put   
his  member to the ground1 which a      
little diligence and payne will easily  
doe4    ,sidenote3 ,diseases in the     
feete4    ,if your ,horse haue any      
infirmitie in his hooues as             
quitter-bone1  ouer-reach1 pricke1      
crowne scabbe1 rotten frush1 or any such
 vlcerous  disease1 you shall first lay 
it open1 and then heale it with the     
seuenth ,medicine4 ,but if it be        
foundring1 fretteshing1 or such like1   
then you shall first pare all his hooues
 cleane ouer1 so thinne that  you may   
discerne the quicke all ouer1 then let  
him bloud at the toes1  and take great  
store of bloud from him1 but in any case

 cut not the  veine in sunder3 then take
 the sixt medicine and1 being boyling   
hot  7after hollow shoes haue bene tackt
 on his fete7 with ,flaxe hurds  dipt   
therein1 stoppe all the soales of his   
fete vp hard1 and thus  doe twice in    
sixe dayes1 and it will bring his fete  
to their full  perfection againe1       
without any great losse or trouble4     
,sidenote3 ,diseases in the priuie      
parts1 or for stifling4    ,as for the  
common infirmities in a ,horses priuy   
parts1 which are  swellings1            
inflammations1 incording1  such like1   
you shall but only  swimme your horse in
 cold water ,morning and ,euening1 and  
it is a  present helpe1 both for them1  
or the stifling of a horse in his hinder
  ioynt3 ,thus you se these twelue      
medicines will sufficiently cure all    
the diseases in ,horse or ,beast        
whatsoeuer1 which who so will not carry 
in his memory1 he is worthy now and then
 to be punisht for his sloath1  and     
sometimes to suffer losse1 which may    

make him more industrious to  studie for
 his owne good and profit4 ,and thus    
much for the cure of  diseases4         
,,finis4