,transcrib]'s ,notes ,italic text display$ z3 italic ,bold text display$ z3 bold ,,y\r ,,vote ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,x ,illu/ration3 decoration ,,y\r ,,vote & ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,x ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,raymond ,,br[n ,*airman ( ,organization ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,woman ,suffrage ,p>ty ,) a ,=eword by ,,mrs4 ,,c>rie ,,*apman ,,catt ,presid5t ( ! ,national ,am]ican ,woman ,suffrage ,association ,illu/ration3 decoration ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs ,,publi%]s ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london ,,y\r ,,vote ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,x ,copyright1 #aiah1 by ,h>p] ,bro!rs ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,publi%$ ,febru>y1 #aiah ,to ! ,_m ,good ,citiz5s :o h help$ & advis$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book x is gratefully d$icat$ ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,(ficially ,,endors$ ,,by ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,/ate ,,woman ,,suffrage ,,p>ty ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,=eword xv ,,preface xvii ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,politics ,,& ,,woman',s ,,int]e/s #a ,! ,duties ( ,gov]nm5t--,! ,relation ( ,gov]nm5t to ! ,home--,duties & ,obligations ( ,citiz5%ip4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,t[n ,,& ,,c\nty ,,gov]nm5t #h ,! ,t[n ,meet+--,(ficials1 ,duties1 ! ,k9d ( ,m5 ,ne$$--,:5 & ,h[ ,elect$--,political ,hone/y--,! ,relation ( ,c\ntry to ,city1 ,/ate1 & ,nation4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,incorporat$ ,,village ,,& ,,city ,,gov]nm5t #bd ,classes1 ,*>t]s--,(ficials1 ,duties--,:5 ,elect$--,w>ds & ,election ,di/ricts--,fran*ise ,rights--,commission ,=m ( ,gov]nm5t--,city ,manag]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,great] ,,new ,,york #cg ,mayor1 ,comptroll]1 ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m51 ,presid5ts ( ! ,bor\ghs--,! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m5--,! ,bo>d ( ,e/imate & ,apportionm5t--,corporation ,c\nsel--,city ,*amb]la9--,taxes & ,assessm5ts--,bo>d ( ,education--,bo>d ( ,elections--,local ,improvem5t ,bo>ds--,c\nty ,gov]nm5t--,c\rts--,*>ities--,civil ,s]vice--,! ,budget4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,/ate ,,gov]nm5t #ej ,! ,con/itution1 ,con/itutional ,am5dm5ts--,! ,legislature1 ,s5ate & ,assembly--,h[ to ,get a ,law ,pass$--,! ,gov]nor & ,o!r ,(ficials--,appo9tive ,(fices--,public ,s]vice1 ,heal?1 ,excise1 ,cons]vation1 ,civil ,s]vice1 & ,o!r ,commissions--,/ate ,employees4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,national ,,gov]nm5t #fb ,! ,national ,con/itution--,congress1 ,its ,p[]s--,h[ ,con/itut$--,sessions ( ,congress--,congressional ,committees--,! ,presid5t1 ,h[ ,elect$1 ,8 ,p[]s--,! ,cab9et--,c5traliz$ ,gov]nm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,:o ,,c ,,vote #gb ,citiz5s--,ali5s--,h[ an ,ali5 ,may ,become a ,citiz5--,naturalization ,laws--,a ,m>ri$ ,woman1 an ,unm>ri$ ,woman--,qualifications = ,vot+--,:o ,may ,n ,vote--,! #ad? & #ae? ,am5dm5ts--,! ,woman ,suffrage ,am5dm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,political ,,p>ties #hj ,republican1 ,democratic1 ,progressive1 ,prohibition1 & ,sociali/ ,plat=ms--,p>ty ,organization1 ,national1 ,/ate1 ,c\nty1 & ,city ,committees1 ,election ,di/rict ,capta9s--,p>ty ,funds--,! ,use & ,abuse ( ,p>ty--,! ,indep5d5t ,vote4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,h[ ,,c&idates ,,are ,,nom9at$ #ia ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t--,enrolm5t ( ,vot]s--,direct ,prim>ies--,objections to ,direct ,prim>ies--,nom9ation by ,p>ty ,conv5tion--,objections to ! ,p>ty ,conv5tion--,importance ( ! ,prim>y--,nom9ation by ,petition4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,elections #ih ,regi/ration ( ,vot]s--,"t ( ,elections--,election ,(ficials--,h[ to ,m>k ! ,ballot--,h[ ,ballots ,are ,c\nt$--,! ,au/ralian ,ballot--,! ,%ort ,ballot--,corrupt ,practices ,act--,vot+-ma*9es--,s*ool-h\ses = ,poll+-places--,co/ ( ,elections4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,taxation #ajh ,direct & ,indirect--,village & ,s*ool ,taxes--,t[n1 ,c\nty1 ,city1 & ,/ate ,taxes--,tax ,di/ricts--,h[ ,taxes ,are ,assess$--,c\nty ,bo>d ( ,equalization--,! ,collection ( ,taxes--,/ate ,taxes3 ,corporation ,tax1 ,inh]itance ,tax1 ,o!r ,/ate ,taxes--,/ate ,bo>d ( ,equalization--,f$]al ,taxes3 ,cu/om ,duties1 ,int]nal ,rev5ue & ,excise ,taxes1 ! ,income ,tax--,public ,debt1 ,bonds--,s9k+ ,funds--,! ,budget--,! ,pork-b>rel4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,public ,,highways #aba ,/ate ,roads1 ,_! ,co/ & ,ma9t5ance--,t[n & ,c\nty ,highways--,bond ,issues--,city ,/reets--,/reet ,clean+--,p>ks--,city ,plann+--,! ,value ( ,beauty4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,c\rts #acj ,crim9al & ,civil ,cases--,ju/ices' ,c\rts--,police & ,magi/rates' ,c\rts--,c\nty ,c\rts--,surrogates' ,c\rts--,c\rt ( ,claims--,supreme ,c\rts1 ,appellate ,divisions--,c\rt ( ,appeals--,c\rts ( ,record--,f$]al ,c\rts3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rts1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt ( ,claims1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,circuit ,c\rt ( ,appeals1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt--,con/itutionality ( ,laws--,injunctions4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,puni%m5t ,,( ,,crime #ada ,! ,gr& ,jury--,trial by ,jury--,jury ,s]vice--,wom5 ,jurors--,! ,police--,prison ,re=m3--,! ,indet]m9ate ,s5t5ce1 ,probation--,jails & ,prisons--,city ,f>ms--,! ,prev5tion ( ,crime4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,wom5 ,,(f5d]s ,,& ,,! ,,law #aej ,drunk5ness--,pro/itution--,night ,c\rts--,f9es--,del9qu5t ,girls--,girl ,victims--,h\ses ( ,det5tion--,wom5 ,judges--,policewom54 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,public ,,education #afa ,! ,s*ool ,di/rict--,! ,t[n%ip ,bo>d ( ,education--,! ,annual ,s*ool ,meet+--,! ,s*ool ,budget--,! ,sup]visory ,di/rict--,! ,di/rict ,sup]9t5d5t--,! ,union ,free ,s*ool ,di/rict--,physical ,tra9+--,s*ool ,money--,normal ,s*ools--,univ]sity ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york--,bo>d ( ,reg5ts--,national ,commission] ( ,education--,agricultural ,colleges--,f>m]s' ,in/itutes--,vocational ,tra9+--,/ate ,s*ol>%ips--,dome/ic ,tra9+--,s*ools z ,community ,c5t]s--,heal?--,co-op]ation4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,heal? ,,& ,,recreation #agd ,h\s+--,t5em5t ,h\se ,inspection--,dance-halls--,playgr\nds-- ,vacation ,s*ools--,recreation ,c5t]s--,municipal ,dance-halls--,municipal ,ba?+ ,bea*es--,! ,movies--,causes ( ,juv5ile ,crime--,rural ,ne$s4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,c>e ,,( ,,dep5d5t ,,& ,,del9qu5t ,,*ildr5 #ahe ,by ,c\nty1 ,city1 & ,/ate--,in/itutional v]sus ,family ,c>e--,lack ( ,def9ite ,au?ority--,bo>d+ ,out--,bo>ds ( ,*ild ,welf>e--,wid[$ ,mo!rs' ,p5sions--,! ,del9qu5t ,*ild--,*ildr5's ,c\rts--,feeble-m9d$ ,*ildr54 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,*ild ,,wage-,,e>n]s #aig ,! ,f$]al ,*ild ,labor ,law--,new ,york ,/ate ,*ild ,labor ,laws--,*ild ,work]s & ,del9qu5cy--,/reet ,trades--,night-mess5g] ,s]vice--,rural ,*ild ,work]s--,w> & ,*ildr54 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,public ,,*>ities #bji ,/ate & ,private ,control ( ,*>itable ,in/itutions--,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities1 ,duties1 ,p[]s--,propos$ ,*anges 9 ! ,reorganization ( ! ,bo>d--,c\nty & ,city ,in/itutions--,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate & ,ali5 ,poor--,local ,bo>ds ( ,manag]s--,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,inspection--,provision = ! ,feeble-m9d$--,recomm5dations ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d--,/ate ,commission 9 ,lunacy--,/ate ,prison ,commission4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,protection ,,( ,,work+-,,wom5 #bba ,conditions ,be=e ! ,w>--,numb] ( ,wom5 ,wage-e>n]s--,clo?+ ,manufactur]s1 ,laundries1 ,re/aurant ,work]s1 ,textile ,op]ators--,w> & ,woman's ,"w--,! ,eight-h\r ,day1 ,new ,occupations1 ,mess5g] ,s]vice1 ,wages--,m9imum ,wage--,protection ,ne$$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,am]icanization #bcb ,! ,ne$ ( a ,unit$ ,c\ntry--,! ,immigrant a ,national ,asset--,h\s+ ,conditions--,a ,common ,language--,night ,s*ools--,neighborhood ,classes = ,wom5--,home ,tea*+ ( ,wom5--,naturalization--,uni=m ,laws = ,naturalization--,ignorance ( ,laws--,! ,/udy ( ,citiz5%ip4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,patriotism ,,& ,,citiz5%ip #bdc ,,app5dix #bec ,"s ,def9itions3 ,habeas ,corpus--,! ,initiative & ,ref]5dum--,! ,recall--,injunction & ,abatem5t ,act--,! ,t9 ,plate ,ord9ance--,prohibition1 ,high ,lic5se1 ,local ,option1 ! ,gutt5burg ,me?od ( ,controll+ ! ,liquor ,traffic--,! ,s+le ,tax--,! ,h\se ( ,gov]nors--,proportional ,repres5tation--,workm5's ,comp5sation ,laws4 ,,*>t ,,( ,,(ficials ,,= ,,:om ,,y ,,c ,,vote #bfa ,:5 ,elections ,are ,held4 ,,=eword ,x is "o ?+ = wom5 to w9 ! vote & a totally diff]5t "o = !m to "k h[ to use t vote s t x w c\nt to ! greate/ good ( ! /ate4 ,! keynote ( woman's long /ruggle = ! ballot has be5 h] ard5t desire = s]vice4 ,n[ t %e has be5 giv5 ! vote1 %e is eag] to le>n h[ %e c be/ r5d] t s]vice4 ,citiz5%ip has be5 v lightly reg>d$ by our c\ntry 9 ! pa/4 ,x has be5 giv5 to ! immigrant )\t any c]emony1 9 ! mid/ ( ! sordid surr\nd+s ( a local c\rt-room2 x has come to ! boy ( tw5ty-"o )\t any special prep>ation on 8 "p2 x has (t5 be5 b\ght & sold4 ,x rema9s n[ = wom5 to treat x ) a new dignity & to give x ! importance x des]ves4 ,civics %\ld be taught 9 e s*ool 9 ! l&4 ,! ballot %\ld be reg>d$ z a sacr$ tru/4 ,e man & woman :o gr[s up "u ! protection ( our flag %\ld feel ! obligation to give ( 8 & h] be/ to make our democracy a bett] expression ( our ideals4 ,i hope t ?is book w help to />t "s new citiz5s 9 ! "r way4 ,,c>rie ,,*apman ,,catt4 ,,preface ,!re nev] seems to be j ! "r book on a topic t "o has v mu* at he>t4 ,:5 ! vote = ,new ,york wom5 0 an accompli%$ fact !re came a sudd5 & press+ ne$ = a book on gov]nm5t t w\ld give ! busy h\sewife or ! ov]work$ woman 9 ! factory ! simple outl9e ( h] gov]nm5t & ! (ficials = :om %e 0 go+ to vote1 ) ! duties & requirem5ts ( _! positions2 b t 0 n all4 ,!re are c]ta9 problems ( gov]nm5t to-day & c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( politics :i* h to d ) ?+s :i* are ( special int]e/ to wom54 ,! protection & c>e ( human life has always be5 woman's great bus9ess 9 life4 ,s a book on civics = wom5 mu/ include an outl9e ( :at ! /ate is do+ = its *ildr51 = its poor1 = work+-wom51 = public heal? & recreation2 9 %ort1 = ! same ?+s 9 gov]nm5t ) :i* %e is conc]n$ 9 h] individual capacity z a woman4 ,^! are also ! dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t :i* seem to ne$ h] att5tion ! mo/4 ,x is natural t m5 %\ld h giv5 ! great] c>e 9 gov]nm5t to bus9ess & mat]ial affairs4 ,to c\nt]balance ?is1 woman's "w & votes are ne$$ = ! human side4 ,to be an intellig5t vot] "s k ( ! /ructure ( gov]nm5t is ne$$4 ,also "o mu/ "k ! duties ( an (fice 9 ord] to judge ( ! qualifications ( w\ld-be c&idates1 s ,*apt]s ,,ii to ,,vii give an outl9e ( ! diff]5t divisions ( gov]nm5t1 beg9n+ ) ! local (fices1 = :i* wom5 w ca/ _! fir/ votes1 & go+ ?r\gh ! ,/ate to ! ,national ,gov]nm5t4 ,*apt]s ,,vii to ,x1 inclusive1 deal ) ! actual ca/+ ( ! ballot 9 ! elections1 ! organization ( political p>ties1 & ! managem5t ( elections4 ,! major "p ( ! book is !n giv5 to ^? dep>tm5ts ( political affairs 9 :i* wom5 are und\bt$ly mo/ deeply conc]n$4 ,! sub/ance ( "s ( ^! *apt]s has be5 us$ z a correspond5ce c\rse 9 citiz5%ip by ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,woman ,suffrage ,p>ty1 & is publi%$ by special arrangem5t ) !m4 ,?r\gh f\r ye>s ( cont9u\s int5sive educational "w 9 ! ,/ate ! ,woman ,suffrage ,p>ty has come closely 9 t\* ) _m ?\s&s ( wom52 x has le>n$ to "k _! idealism1 _! f]v5t belief 9 democracy1 & _! desire to make democracy m effective4 ,x kn[s also t !re are _m o!r wom5 :o h nev] ?\ght ab\t vot+1 b :o are equally consci5ti\s & are n[ eag] to le>n4 ,x kn[s ! problems ( wom5 z does probably no o!r organization ( wom54 ,x also has a deep feel+ ( responsibility4 ,x feels its obligation to furni% all ! help possible to ! new wom5 vot]s to meet _! new duties wisely4 ,x hopes to br+ home to wom5 ! human side ( gov]nm5t1 to ar\se a desire = fur!r /udy1 & especially to enc\rage !m to reg>d _! vote z a tru/ to be us$ n to advance p>tisan politics1 b to fur!r human welf>e4 ,?is is a book = amateur citiz5s writt5 by an amateur citiz54 ,x may be f\nd to diff] f ! o!rs 9 t x deals ) ! subject ( civics f ! /&po9t ( ! woman vot]4 ,,g]trude ,,fo/] ,,br[n4 ,,y\r ,,vote ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,x ,,y\r ,,vote ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,x ,i ,,politics ,,& ,,woman',s ,,int]e/s ,! av]age woman has nev] ?\ght ( politics z hav+ an intimate relation to h] daily life4 ,%e has n realiz$ t gov]nm5t has a direct effect on ! com=t & happ9ess ( ! family 9 ! home1 on ! successful upbr++ ( *ildr51 & on ! heal? & safety ( m5 & wom5 work]s4 ,%e has kn[n vaguely t gov]nm5t controls ! fundam5tal "q ( w> or peace2 t x has to d ) taxation2 t x h&les ! mail1 b t x also plays a l>ge "p 9 dome/ic & social life is a fact t %e has only rec5tly be5 le>n+4 ,) ! rapid ext5sion ( ! vote to wom51 especially ! rec5t grant+ ( suffrage to ! wom5 ( ,new ,york ,/ate1 !re is a new & wide-spread int]e/ 9 h[ gov]nm5t works1 & a realization ( ! importance ( good gov]nm5t & ! dire p]il ( bad gov]nm5t4 ,wom5 are consci5ti\s2 !y are accept+ _! new responsibilities ) mu* s]i\sness4 ,!y are eag] to le>n h[ to be good citiz5s4 ,! w> also has made ev]ybody ?9k4 ,x has made gov]nm5t seem a m p]sonal affair4 ,,:at ,,is ,,gov]nm5t8 ,gov]nm5t is ! managem5t ( ^? common affairs ( a p :i* c be h&l$ 9 a m effective & m economical way by a community act+ toge!r ?an by ea* individual act+ = himself4 ,9 a sp>sely settl$ community gov]nm5t is less app>5t ?an 9 a city4 ,its functions are simple4 ,sometimes x does n seem v important4 ,b z p congregate clos] toge!r x becomes m complicat$ & comes 9 clos] & clos] t\* ) ! individual & family life4 ,= example1 a man liv+ 9 ! c\ntry may rely on himself to protect 8 home & prop]ty2 b 9 ! city life & prop]ty are bett] protect$ by a police =ce ?an if ea* individual citiz5 _h to provide 8 own protection4 ,a woman 9 a pione] c\ntry may br+ up h] *ild z %e pleases4 ,%e may tea* him :5 & h[ %e *ooses4 ,b z population increases & gov]nm5t is e/abli%$1 a l>ge "p ( ! *ild's tra9+ is dictat$ by x4 ,he mu/ g to s*ool at a c]ta9 age2 he mu/ /ay !re s _m h\rs a day2 he mu/ /udy c]ta9 ?+s 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,he _c be put to "w until he has rea*$ a c]ta9 age4 ,if he contracts a contagi\s disease ! city takes control ( ! case4 ,directly & indirectly ! gov]nm5t 9 a city affects a woman's life & int]e/s 9 innum]able ways4 ,%e is dep5d5t on x = ! light & sun%9e t comes into h] home4 ,laws conc]n+ h\s+ & build+ & t5em5t dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t are v important to ! heal?1 com=t1 & ev5 dec5cy ( ! family4 ,%e is dep5d5t on gov]nm5t = ! safety ( ! milk %e has to fe$ h] baby4 ,! heal? ( ! family dep5ds z mu* on ! city dep>tm5t ( heal? z on ! "m's c>e4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance to ! city "m t ! /reets be kept clean1 because !y are usually ! only place t h] *ildr5 h 9 :i* to play4 ,! /reet clean+ dep>tm5t1 !re=e1 t\*es h] closely4 ,x is ( vital mom5t to h] t ! /reets be kept free ( crim9al influ5ce1 !re=e ! managem5t ( ! police dep>tm5t is ( great importance to h]4 ,if ! t[n is run 8wide op50 x may mean t h] husb&'s wages may be dissipat$4 ,! way 9 :i* ! excise law & ! laws aga9/ gambl+ are en=c$ is a matt] :i* deeply conc]ns h]4 ,if %e lives 9 ! c\ntry ! relation ( gov]nm5t to h] life is n s v>i$1 b %e is /ill dep5d5t on x = ! education ( h] *ild1 = ! socializ+ influ5ces ( ! community1 & = mu* ( ! bus9ess prosp]ity ( ! f>m4 ,are telephone connections *eap1 are ! roads passable at all seasons1 are good m>ket facilities provid$8 ,^! are all que/ions t greatly affect h] welf>e1 & !y dep5d l>gely on ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t to ma9ta9 peace & to provide = ! common def5se4 ,?is is a function ( gov]nm5t s fundam5tal z to ne$ little comm5t4 ,x is ! fir/ ess5tial to ! safe exi/5ce ( ! home4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t to assure ju/ice & equality ( treatm5t to all citiz5s4 ,?is becomes m difficult z population increases & life gr[s m complicat$4 ,ne>ly e human be+ to-day is dep5d5t on ! "w ( o!r p = mo/ ( ! necessities1 z well z ! com=ts & conv5i5ces1 ( life4 ,! food t we eat1 ! cotton & wool 9 ! g>m5ts we we>1 ! coal t heats our h\ses1 we owe to ! toil ( o!r p :o 9 return may be dep5d5t on u = some?+ t !y use4 ,x is a matt] t conc]ns e "o ( u t 9 produc+ ^! ?+s t we use human life %all be safegu>d$1 t liv+ wages %all be paid1 & t /&>ds ( civilization %all be ma9ta9$ & advanc$4 ,z individuals we _c control conditions ev5 = ourselves1 z individuals we _c control !m = o!r p2 b all ( u work+ toge!r 9 gov]nm5t c secure ^! fundam5tal necessities = e "o ( u4 ,s9ce gov]nm5t 9 a democracy is made by ! p !mselves1 x is a responsibility t e "o %\ld %>e to help secure ^! common ne$s4 ,x is also a function ( mod]n gov]nm5t to raise ! /&>d ( heal?1 education1 & liv+4 ,plato said1 8,only t /ate is heal?y & c ?rive :i* unceas+ly endeavors to improve ! individuals :o con/itute x40 ,society mu/ be protect$ f vici\s & de/ructive influ5ce2 ! intellig5ce & k ( all ! p are ne$$ = ! common good4 ,z human be+s h become dep5d5t on "o ano!r1 ! well-be+ or ! degradation ( "o individual or family does n /op !re4 ,x /rongly influ5ces ! welf>e ( o!r individuals & families4 ,= _! own protection p h n only ! "r1 b ! obligation to make a gov]nm5t t %all fo/] & advance ! common welf>e4 ,! basis ( good gov]nm5t is ! gold5 rule4 ,to help secure = o!rs ! protection t y dem& = y\rself is "p ( ! obligation ( good citiz5%ip4 ,! hone/y & effici5cy ( gov]nm5t 9 a republic l ! ,unit$ ,/ates dep5d on ! vot]s2 on _! s5se ( responsibility1 & on ! intellig5ce ) :i* !y use _! p[]4 ,! feel+ ( responsibility ( ea* individual1 = ! public welf>e1 _c be too highly develop$4 ,democracy c only be a success 9 ! degree t ! p :o make t democracy are det]m9$ t x %all deal ) ju/ice1 & t x %all (f] opportunity to e "o )9 its bord]s4 ,!y mu/ also be vigilant to see t x %all deal wisely ) _! common problems z !y develop4 ,to be a citiz5 ( su* a democracy & to h ! p[] to help x gr[ along ^! l9es1 to be able to s]ve "o's c\ntry loyally 9 ! full effici5cy ( citiz5%ip1 are great privileges4 ,,ii ,,t[n ,,& ,,c\nty ,,gov]nm5t ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is bo? a ,democracy & a ,republic4 ,a ,democracy means1 lit]ally1 a gov]nm5t by ! p4 ,a ,republic is a democracy 9 :i* ! p elect repres5tatives to c>ry on ! gov]nm5t = !m4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is a f$]ation ( =ty-eight ,/ates4 ,= conv5i5ce ( gov]nm5t ea* ,/ate is subdivid$ into small] units4 ,9 e political division ( ! ,/ate !re are ?ree di/9ct dep>tm5ts3 ,! ,legislative1 ! "p t makes ! law4 ,! ,adm9i/rative1 ! "p t adm9i/]s ! law4 ,! ,judicial1 ! "p t int]prets ! law4 ,ev5 9 a sp>sely settl$ community p h c]ta9 int]e/s 9 common4 ,roads h to be made1 s*ools e/abli%$1 ! poor c>$ =1 & taxes levi$4 ,:o does ^! ?+s8 ,if a c[ breaks into a neighbor's cornfield1 or if !re is an epidemic1 ^: bus9ess is x to look aft] x8 ,,! ,,t[n ,,gov]nm5t ,) ! exception ( ! s*ool di/rict1 :i* has to d only ) ! public s*ools1 ! t[n#a or t[n%ip is ! smalle/ division ( ! ,/ate = purposes ( gov]nm5t4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! t[n is ! ne>e/ approa* we h to a direct gov]nm5t by ! p !mselves4 ,! ,t[n ,meet+ br+s p toge!r to discuss _! local affairs1 to elect (fic]s1 & to appropriate ! money necess>y to c>ry out _! plans4 ,x is held 9 ,new ,york ,/ate e o!r ye>1 "s "t betwe5 ,febru>y #a/ & ,may #a/4 ,! bus9ess ( ! t[n meet+ includes ! disposal ( t[n prop]ty1 ! c>e ( bridges & roads1 ! c>e ( ! poor1 ! numb] ( con/ables1 matt]s conc]n+ public heal?1 & ! c>e ( /ray animals4 ,any citiz5 has a "r to br+ up any sugge/ion he pleases = ! p to consid] & debate 9 op5 meet+1 & !n to take :atev] action !y *oose4 ,9 a matt] ( taxation or incurr+ a t[n debt1 only taxpay+ citiz5s c vote4 ,:]e x exi/s at its be/1 ! t[n meet+ has an admirable effect 9 /imulat+ int]e/ 9 local affairs & 9 develop+ public _s4 ,a special t[n meet+ c be call$ by a petition ( tw5ty-five taxpay]s1 or at ! reque/ ( c]ta9 (ficials4 ,! t[n meet+ is a =m ( gov]nm5t p>ticul>ly adapt$ to a small community4 ,) ! increase 9 population x has be5 giv5 up 9 _m c\nties1 & ! election ( t[n (fic]s n[ usually takes place at ! regul> fall election4 ,t[n ,(fic]s3 ,! ,sup]visor is ! *ief executive (fic] ( ! t[n1 & is elect$ = two ye>s4 ,he receives & pays out all money except t rais$ = public roads & ! c>e ( ! t[n poor4 ,if ! t[n roads are 9 bad condition or if ! poor are n prop]ly c>$ =1 he is responsible4 ,! hone/y & effici5cy ( ! adm9i/ration ( t[n affairs are 9 8 h&s4 ,he repres5ts ! t[n on ! c\nty bo>d ( sup]visors4 ,! ,t[n ,bo>d consi/s ( ! sup]visor1 t[n cl]k1 & at lea/ two ju/ices ( ! peace4 ,x meets regul>ly twice a ye>4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! bo>d to receive ! acc\nts ( ! t[n (fic]s & exam9e !m1 to he> & decide claims aga9/ ! t[n4 ,an appeal may be tak5 f _! decision to ! c\nty bo>d ( sup]visors4 ,!y may also frame propositions to be submitt$ to ! vot]s1 & may borr[ money to meet appropriations made at ! t[n meet+4 ,!y may appo9t a physician to aid z heal? (fic] = ! t[n4 ,! ,t[n ,cl]k is ! g5]al secret>y & bookkeep] = ! t[n4 ,he records bir?s1 m>riages1 & dea?s1 *attel mortgages & prop]ty notes4 ,he keeps ! records ( ! t[n meet+s4 ,he po/s election notices4 ,he issues m>riage lic5ses1 p]missions = burial1 hunt+ lic5ses1 etc4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,roads has *>ge ( build+ & ma9ta9+ ! t[n highways1 bridges1 & culv]ts outside ( ! incorporat$ villages4 ,he is paid by ! day1 & may hire ma*9es & horses or pur*ase tools & mat]ial = road mak+4 ,! opportunities = di%one/ money 9 ?is (fice h sometimes made x s\ght aft]4 ,a contract may conta9 a 8rake-(f10 bills may be padd$1 & mat]ials accept$ :i* are diff]5t f specifications4 ,?ree ,assessors & a ,collector3 ,! assessors det]m9e ! value ( taxable prop]ty 9 ! t[n1 & divide ! am\nt ( taxes to be rais$ among ! own]s ( ! prop]ty4 ,if a prop]ty-own] is dissatisfi$ ) 8 assessm5t he may appe> 9 ,augu/ be=e ! assessors & 8swe> (f0 :at he consid]s an exorbitant am\nt4 ,assessm5t rolls are made out1 & x is ! duty ( ! collector to collect ! money4 ,t[n collectors are paid #a p] c5t4 on taxes collect$ )9 ?irty days aft] due1 ) increas+ fees = collect+ taxes aft] t "t4 ,?is is an enc\ragem5t to ! collector to be dilatory 9 8 collections1 & is a disadvantage to ! t[n4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t p5alties = del9qu5t taxes %\ld g to ! t[n & n to ! collector4 ,! ,t[n ,con/ables h ! duty ( keep+ ! peace & c>ry+ out ! ord]s ( ! ju/ice ( ! peace4 ,!y may arre/ p accus$ or suspect$ ( crime4 ,!re may n be m ?an five 9 a t[n4 ,! ,ov]se]s ( ! ,poor are *>g$ ) ! duty ( look+ aft] p]sons :o are de/itute & h no relative to support !m4 ,!y may assi/ su* p]sons 9 _! own homes or s5d !m to ! c\nty poorh\se4 ,?is (fice (t5 conflicts ) t ( c\nty sup]9t5d5t ( ! poor1 & x has be5 recomm5d$ t x be aboli%$4 ,! ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace is ! judicial (fic] ( ! t[n4 ,ea* t[n has f\r su* (fic]s1 ea* elect$ = f\r ye>s4 ,! ju/ice ( ! peace may he> civil cases :]e ! sum involv$ is n ov] two hundr$ doll>s4 ,he may try petty (f5ses ( all k9ds1 brea*es ( ! peace1 drunk5ness1 & petty l>c5y4 ,he may issue w>rants & may hold p]sons suspect$ ( s]i\s crime to await action by ! gr& jury4 ,t]ms ( ,t[n ,(ficials3 ,ea* (ficial is elect$ = two ye>s1 except ! ju/ices ( ! peace & sometimes "o or two assessors1 :o are elect$ = f\r ye>s4 ,pay ( ,t[n ,(ficials3 ,mo/ ( ^! (fic]s are paid f two to f\r doll>s = e day ( actual s]vice4 ,! t[n cl]k1 ju/ices ( ! peace1 & con/ables are paid c]ta9 fees4 ,,! ,,c\nty ,! c\nty comprises a numb] ( t[n%ips4 ,x is a political division creat$ by ! ,/ate to adm9i/] c]ta9 local affairs1 to act z ag5t = ! ,/ate1 to collect ,/ate taxes1 & to en=ce ,/ate law4 ,! c\nty owns ! c\rt-h\se & jail2 x c sue or be su$4 ,9 mo/ ( ,new ,york ,/ate ! c\nty has become m important 9 adm9i/]+ local affairs ?an ! t[n4 ,new ,york ,/ate has sixty-two c\nties1 ( :i* five are 9 ,great] ,new ,york4 ,!y v>y 9 size f ,ri*mond ,c\nty 7,/at5 ,isl&71 :i* has only #ei squ>e miles1 to ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,c\nty1 :i* has #b1hhj squ>e miles4 ,!y v>y also 9 population f ,hamilton ,c\nty1 ) #b1jjj p1 to ,new ,york ,c\nty ) two million4 ,elect$ ,(ficials3 ,! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors is ! legislative body ( ! c\nty4 ,?is bo>d is compos$ ( ! sup]visors elect$ by ea* t[n%ip1 & also "o memb] f ea* w>d ( a city 9 ! c\nty4 ,!y elect _! own *airman4 ,! bo>d ( sup]visors h ! cu/ody & control ( ! c\rt-h\se1 jail1 poorh\se1 & all c\nty prop]ty2 !y receive & decide claims aga9/ ! c\nty2 !y direct ! rais+ ( money by taxation to meet ! exp5ses ( ! c\nty & ! c\nty's %>e 9 ,/ate taxes2 !y fix sal>ies = c\nty (ficials2 borr[ money = c\nty ne$s2 !y regulate laws = ! protection ( fi% & game2 !y op5 c\nty highways1 erect bridges1 & may provide hospitals = tub]culosis4 ,!y also act z a bo>d ( canvass]s to canvass ! returns aft] an election4 ,! ,%]iff1 ! executive (fic] ( ! c\nty1 is elect$ to en=ce ! law4 ,on him re/s ! security ( life & prop]ty4 ,he mu/ pres]ve ! peace1 arre/ (f5d]s aga9/ ! law1 & hold !m 9 cu/ody4 ,he mu/ n all[ fe> or sympa?y to int]f]e ) 8 en=cem5t ( ! law4 ,he summons jurors & witnesses = c\nty lawsuits & executes ! ord]s ( ! c\rt4 ,until rec5tly ! fees :i* he receiv$ made ! %]iff's (fice "o mu* s\ght aft]4 ,^! n[ g to ! treasur] 9 _m c\nties1 & ! %]iff is paid a sal>y4 ,he _c s]ve two consecutive t]ms4 ,he may appo9t an "u-%]iff & deputy %]iffs4 ,! ,di/rict ,attorney is ! public prosecutor = ! c\nty1 & br+s suit 89 ! "n ( ! p ( ! ,/ate40 ,he is also ! legal advis] = c\nty affairs4 ,x is 8 bus9ess to protect ! public aga9/ crime ( all k9ds4 ,if corruption exi/s 9 any dep>tm5t1 x is 8 duty to br+ x to light4 ,! good ord] ( ! community & ! effici5cy ( gov]nm5t 9 ! c\nty dep5d mu* on him4 ,he det]m9es :at cases %all come be=e ! gr& jury4 ,! ,c\nty ,cl]k keeps all ! important records = ! c\nty1 includ+ de$s1 mortgages1 & maps1 & makes out ! election c]tificates4 ,public docum5ts mu/ always be op5 = public inspection4 ,9 "s c\nties !re is a record] ( de$s4 ,! cl]k also acts z cl]k ( ! c\nty c\rt4 ,8 (fice has an income f fees :i* us$ to g to ! cl]k & made ?is (fice v lucrative4 ,9 mo/ c\nties ! fees n[ g to ! c\nty treasur]1 & ! cl]k is paid a sal>y4 ,! ,c\nty ,treasur] receives & disburses all public moneys = ! c\nty4 ,he receives money f ! t[n sup]visor1 collect$ = c\nty & ,/ate taxes1 ! latt] ( :i* he pays to ! ,/ate treasur]4 ,he receives f ! ,/ate money = ! public s*ools1 :i* he 9 turn passes on to ! t[ns4 ,he mu/ give a bond = ! safe-keep+ ( ^! public funds4 ,he also *ooses ! bank 9 :i* public funds are kept1 & ought to give a c>eful acc\nt+ ( ! int]e/ :i* mu/ g into ! c\nty treasury4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,poor disburses ! money rais$ to c>e = ! poor ( ! c\nty4 ,! sup]9t5d5ts ( all ! public *>ities 9 ! c\nty make _! reports to him1 & he is responsible = !m to ! bo>d ( sup]visors4 ,he also makes an annual report to ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities4 ,coron]s3 ,f "o to f\r coron]s may be elect$ 9 ea* c\nty1 except ^? 9 ,great] ,new ,york4 ,_! duty is to inve/igate sudd5 & suspici\s dea?s1 & sometimes ! cause ( a suspici\s fire4 ,!y are (t5 practis+ physicians or !y may employ physicians to conduct inque/s or autopsies4 ,! ,c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,highways is appo9t$ by ! bo>d ( sup]visors = f\r ye>s4 ,! ,c\nty ,judge presides ov] ! c\nty c\rt4 ,8 sal>y v>ies & is fix$ by ,/ate law1 al?\gh paid by ! c\nty4 ,?is (fice %\ld be mo/ c>efully fill$4 ,! c\nty judge is n only important because ( 8 decisions1 b he is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful m5 politically 9 ! c\nty4 ,only a man ( /rict probity %\ld be elect$ to ?is (fice4 ,! ,surrogate adm9i/]s e/ates ( p]sons deceas$1 controls ! probate ( wills1 & appo9ts gu>dians = ! prop]ty ( m9ors4 ,8 t]m is six ye>s4 ,9 c\nties ) small populations ! c\nty judge acts z surrogate4 ,! t]m ( (fice = c\nty (ficials is ?ree ye>s1 except t ( ! sup]visors elect$ by ! t[ns = two ye>s1 & ! judges elect$ = six ye>s4 ,political ,hone/y3 ,! "q is (t5 ask$1 are ^! local (fices hone/ly manag$8 ,are !re possible loopholes = corruption8 ,! foll[+ answ] to ^! que/ions 0 giv5 rec5tly by "o 9 a position to "k3 8,! impell+ motive ( mo/ politicians is ! enjoym5t ( a s5se ( p[] & influ5ce4 ,! day labor] :o loafs ?r\gh 8 political job & ! sal>i$ high] (fic] :o neglects 8 "w & engages 9 private bus9ess are examples ( ! mo/ usual & =midable class ( political graft]s4 ,! heads ( dep>tm5ts & high] elect$ (fic]s are apt to d _! "w z well z !y c1 9 ord] to qualify !mselves = re-election4 ,! days :5 a man c\ld di%one/ly make a =tune 9 "o political t]m are pa/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & wa/e1 favoritism1 & /upidity are ! only dang]\s elem5ts :i* we mu/ look =4 8,! greate/ wa/e 9 exp5diture ( moneys by bo>ds ( sup]visors is usually on c\nty roads & highways1 :]e 9 "s ye>s hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( doll>s are lo/ by unsci5tific build+ & upkeep4 ,?is also is an easy way = a di%one/ sup]visor to rew>d political support]s by pay+ !m = "w on ! road :i* !y d n d4 ,! same ?+s obta9 9 ! matt] ( pur*ase ( supplies & ! c\nty pr9t+4 ,! cure = ?is is to h all exp5ditures beyond a nom9al am\nt made on public bids4 8,ano!r opportunity ( abuse is ! paym5t ( sup]visors 9 fees4 ,_m c\nties /ill adh]e to ! old rule ( fees3 #d p] day = att5d+ bo>d meet+s2 #h c5ts p] mile = go+ & return+2 #d p] day :ile actually engag$ 9 any inve/igation or any o!r lawful duty4 ,= copy+ ! assessm5t roll & ext5d+ taxes on ! tax roll sup]visors receive commissions :i*1 9 "s c\nties1 run into ?\s&s ( doll>s4 ,! rem$y = ! numb]less evils :i* accompany ! fee sy/em is to put ! sup]visors on a sal>y basis4 8,! %]iff has *>ge ( ! prison]s 9 ! jail4 ,!re9 lies 8 opportunity = di%one/y & extortion4 ,%]iffs %\ld receive sal>ies & n fees1 & e c\nty %\ld h a well-organiz$ bo>d ( wom5 visitors to inspect ! jails & lockups at lea/ e two weeks4 8,! di/rict attorney has an opportunity = di%one/y 9 ! exp5diture ( ! cont+5t fund1 :i* is always provid$ = him1 & :i* he c pay out ) little or no *eck4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 mo/ m5 elect$ to ! (fice ( di/rict attorney are ( high en\gh calib] to make ! p]c5tage ( di%one/y almo/ nil4 8,if ! c\nty cl]k is paid by fees x is difficult to expect an absolute1 e?ical fulfilm5t ( 8 duty1 & probable t he w be work+ = himself r ?an ! c\nty4 8,! duties ( ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t ( ! poor are 9 cont9ual conflict ) ^? ( ! ov]se]s ( ! poor4 ,! opportunity to wa/e & misappropriate c\nty funds )\t detection is n z great z x us$ to be1 because ( ! close sup]vision ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities2 b ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t has wide discretion 9 giv+ alms & c>+ = ! c\nty poor1 & ! (fice is1 !re=e1 usually s\ght by a m9or political lead]1 :o1 by virtue ( 8 (fice1 c provide = 8 dep5d5t support]s1 :i* he usually does 9 ! s9c]e belief t he is prop]ly disp5s+ *>ity4 ,9 no case1 h[ev]1 is any great am\nt wa/$1 & on ! :ole ! "w is fairly well done4 8,ju/ices ( ! peace & con/ables & t[n cl]ks usually receive fees4 ,!y %\ld be put on a sal>y basis4 8,ov]se]s ( ! poor h opportunities = fees & misappropriation ( small am\nts because !y are all[$ lib]al discretion 9 select+ objects ( ! t[n's b\nty4 ,! (fice %\ld be wip$ out1 ! di/9ction betwe5 t[n & c\nty poor aboli%$2 all ! "w %\ld be done ?r\gh ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t ( ! poor1 :o %\ld be responsible to ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities40 ,! ,relation ( ,c\ntry to ,city1 ,/ate1 & ,nation3 ,:ile ! problems ( gov]nm5t 9 rural di/ricts are simple & few1 ! close relations ( city & c\ntry h made ! wise managem5t ( c\ntry affairs ( great importance to ^? :o live 9 cities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! h&l+ ( ! m complex & difficult city problems are ( equally grave importance to c\ntry dwell]s4 ,com=table1 prosp]\s life 9 a rural community is dep5d5t n only on local conditions1 b also on ,/ate & ,national gov]nm5t4 ,good roads are equally important to city & c\ntry1 & !y dep5d l>gely on ! ,/ate4 ,! k9d ( education t ! village or c\ntry s*ool gives w det]m9e ! intellig5ce & e>n+ capacity ( _m ( ! com+ g5]ations ( city dwell]s1 & ?is in/ruction is det]m9$ bo? by ! ,/ate & by ! local s*ool bo>ds4 ,l[ telephone rates & good int]urban c> l9es w put ! woman on ! f>m 9 close t\* ) h] neighbors1 & s w /imulate h] int]e/ 9 outside affairs4 ,heal?y community life & rural amusem5ts w keep ! "y p cont5t at home & help prev5t ! drift t[>d ! city4 ,! f>m]'s produce is h&l$ by city %ops & m>kets1 & ! manufactur$ articles ( city factories g into ! homes ( e rural di/rict4 ,n only are city & c\ntry dep5d5t on ea* o!r1 b also "o "p ( ! c\ntry is dep5d5t on "s o!r "p1 f> di/ant1 = "s ( ! necessities ( life4 ,our cotton comes f ! ,s\?1 :eat comes f ! ,we/1 sug> may come f ,colorado or ,cuba4 ,! :ole c\ntry is l9k$ toge!r 9 trade relation%ip1 & freight rates & int]/ate comm]ce are controll$ by ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,! good citiz51 !n1 has a vital int]e/ n only 9 8 sup]visor & local affairs1 b 9 bo? ,/ate & ,national gov]nm5t4 ,:5 he realizes t ! size ( 8 income1 ! com=t ( 8 family life1 ! welf>e ( 8 *ildr51 & _! gett+ on 9 life1 dep5d to an appreciable degree on gov]nm5t1 he & %e w beg9 to take a liveli] int]e/ 9 politics4 ,! discussion ( ^! affairs 9 ! home w s]ve to /imulate ! int]e/ ( ! entire family 9 :at is1 aft] all1 an important "p ( _! bus9ess4 ,a small community has "o problem all its own4 ,if !re is "s (f5se aga9/ ! public welf>e1 no "o wants to compla94 ,x may be some?+ m]ely disagreeable1 or x may be a s]i\s m5ace to public heal?2 b e "o is sl[ to make a fuss ab\t x because he _c hide 8 id5tity1 & he is afraid he might become unpopul>4 ,?is fe> is usually gr\ndless because x is likely t mo/ ( 8 neighbors agree ) him 9 want+ to h ! condition *ang$4 ,a c\ntry community ne$s fe>less1 public-spirit$ citiz5s4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! ^w t[n z us$ 9 ,new ,york does n mean a village or city1 b a political division4 ,,iii ,,! ,,incorporat$ ,,village ,,& ,,city ,,gov]nm5t ,z population gr[s gov]nm5t ne$s increase4 ,:5 p e/abli% _! homes close toge!r & =m a popul\s community )9 a limit$ area1 x becomes necess>y to h /reets op5$ up1 sidewalks made1 ! /reets light$1 protection f fire1 & o!r ?+s t ! t[n%ip does n provide4 ,a t]ritory ( n ov] "o squ>e mile1 hav+ a population ( at lea/ two hundr$ p1 may be incorporat$ z a village4 ,on a petition ( ! taxpay]s !y may vote on ! proposition1 :e!r or n !y %all become an incorporat$ village1 & h a gov]nm5t ( _! own di/9ct f t ( ! t[n4 ,ev5 if !y incorporate !y /ill rema9 a "p ( ! t[n1 & take ! same "p 9 t[n gov]nm5t z be=e4 ,!re ,are ,f\r ,classes ( ,villages3 ,fir/ class1 ^? ) a population ( #e1jjj or ov]2 second class1 ) a population betwe5 #c1jjj & #e1jjj2 ?ird class1 ) a population ( betwe5 #a1jjj & #c1jjj2 f\r? class1 ) a population ( less ?an #a1jjj4 ,9 _m ,we/]n ,/ates a village ( "o or two ?\s& inhabitants usually becomes a city4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate !re are villages ( m ?an #ae1jjj population4 ,! ,village ,presid5t1 :o s]ves "o ye>1 is ! *ief executive1 & s]ves )\t pay4 ,he is ! head ( ! village bo>d ( tru/ees1 & 9 small villages is ! head ( ! police4 ,local ord]1 peace1 heal?1 & sanitation dep5d on him4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees consi/s ( f two to f\r m5 9 villages ( ! ?ird & f\r? class2 f two to six m5 9 villages ( ! second class1 & f two to eight m5 9 villages ( ! fir/ class1 elect$ = two ye>s1 half ( !m elect$ ea* ye>4 ,!y s]ve )\t pay4 ,!y make ord9ances = ! gov]nm5t ( ! village & adm9i/] its affairs4 ,!y decide :]e sidewalks %all be built1 :e!r /reets %all be pav$1 h[ g>bage %all be h&l$2 !y provide light & a wat]-supply2 !y provide = ! rais+ ( money by taxes2 if a sew]age sy/em is ne$$ x mu/ be done "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,propositions relat+ to ! l>ge exp5diture ( funds mu/ be submitt$ to ! taxpay]s4 ,que/ions ( police1 wat]-supply1 fire protection1 lights1 sew]s1 are sometimes h&l$ by ! bo>d ( tru/ees1 or if ! village is l>ge en\gh !re may be sep>ate bo>ds or commission]s e/abli%$ = "s ( ^! ?+s4 ,a ,fire ,dep>tm5t1 ) fire h\se1 hose & wagon1 exi/s 9 mo/ villages1 volunt>y 9 small places1 & a paid =ce 9 ! l>g] villages4 ,! fire company is a popul> dep>tm5t ( public s]vice1 because ( ! social pleasure involv$ & because firem5 are exempt f jury duty4 ,a ,treasur]1 ,assessors1 a ,collector1 & a ,village ,cl]k1 are usually elect$ & sometimes a ,/reet ,commission]4 ,n infrequ5tly ! latt] (fice is consid]$ a s9ecure1 & /reets litt]$ ) wa/e pap] & o!r refuse are common 9 ! av]age village4 ,! commission] %\ld be held up to 8 duty by all ! vot]s4 ,a ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( f ?ree to sev5 memb]s mu/ be appo9t$ by ! tru/ees to "w 9 connection ) ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,?is bo>d elects a heal? (fic]1 :o mu/ be a physician4 ,! bus9ess ( ! bo>d is to wat* ov] dra9s1 cesspools1 to prev5t nuisances & contagion f disease4 ,heal? (fic]s %\ld be vigilant & morally c\rage\s1 o!rwise ! community w pay 9 illness4 ,a ,police ,ju/ice1 elect$ = f\r ye>s1 h&les cases involv+ violations ( village ord9ances4 ,! bo>d ( tru/ees may appo9t a village attorney to repres5t !m 9 case ( lawsuits4 ,! ,annual ,village ,election usually takes place ! ?ird ,tuesday 9 ,m>*4 ,a special village election1 simil> to a t[n meet+1 may be call$ = taxpay+ citiz5s to vote on special que/ions1 su* z ! removal ( g>bage at public exp5se1 or ! pur*ase ( wat] or light+ plants4 ,a wat]-supply is usually furni%$ by a village ( any size4 ,an abundant supply is necess>y1 n only = homes1 b = fire protection & = any sew]age sy/em4 ,new ,york villages & cities are v well light$4 ,:e!r !re %\ld be public or private own]%ip ( public utilities is a "q :i* is mu* discuss$4 ,:ile ! wat]-supply is usually own$ by ! municipality1 ! light+ sy/em m (t5 belongs to a private company4 ,sewage disposal is a matt] :i* has to be tak5 up soon] or lat] by a village z x gr[s 9 population4 ,= too long our villages h pollut$ ! conv5i5t /ream4 ,!y h be5 sl[ to /udy ! "q1 & to dispose ( sewage & g>bage 9 a way t is bo? satisfactory & economical4 ,=eign cities (t5 make a pr(it out ( ! disposal ( _! refuse1 :]eas x usually co/s u money4 ,^! que/ions ne$ m intellig5t consid]ation ?an is usually giv5 !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z a community gr[s l>g] x outgr[s ! simple =m ( village gov]nm5t & ne$s "o m adapt$ to its complex & gr[+ ne$s4 ,! gr[? ( cities 9 ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s is ph5om5al4 ,9 #ahbj1 #hc p] c5t4 ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates liv$ on f>ms2 9 #aiaj only #cb p] c5t4 ,! problems t a city gov]nm5t has to meet are _m & difficult1 especially 9 ! cities ( ,new ,york ,/ate1 :]e a l>ge proportion ( ! p are =eign-born1 & :]e !re is (t5 a l>ge float+ population )\t civic pride or int]e/4 ,9 small] communities1 :]e e "o is kn[n1 ! fe> ( public op9ion acts z a re/ra9+ influ5ce :i* is n felt 9 a city :]e ! individual id5tity is (t5 subm]g$4 ,a ,,city ,,gov]nm5t works "u a *>t] grant$ by ! ,/ate1 :i* limits its p[]s4 ,^! *>t]s us$ to be made out sep>ately = ea* city1 & ! legislature int]f]$ ) ! managem5t ( ! local affairs ( a city 9 a way t caus$ a dem& = 8,home rule0 = cities4 ,?is has be5 p>tially grant$1 & cities 9 ,new ,york ,/ate n[ h l>ge p[] to provide public works & to control public education1 heal?1 safety1 recreation1 & *>ities1 al?\gh !y are /ill occasionally int]f]$ ) by ! ,/ate legislature4 ,! city is a direct ag5t ( ! ,/ate1 & does n "w z ! village does1 ?r\gh ! t[n & c\nty4 ,?ree ,classes ( ,cities3 ,fir/-class cities h a population ( #age1jjj or ov]4 ,second-class cities h a population ( #ej1jjj to #age1jjj2 ?ird-class cities are all ^? ) a population ( less ?an #ej1jjj4 ,! object ( ?is division is to enable ! ,/ate to legislate = ! ne$s ( gr\ps ( cities in/ead ( individual ones4 ,! mayor ( a city may veto a measure pass$ by ! legislature1 b if approv$ by ! legislature & sign$ by ! gov]nor1 x may become law 9 spite ( 8 veto4 ,! ne$s ( gov]nm5t 9 a city are ^? ( ! village multipli$ 9 size2 !y include police protection1 c>e ( ! public heal?1 a pure wat]-supply1 inspection ( food-supplies1 sup]vision ( weights & measures1 adequate h\s+ inspection1 economic & satisfactory g>bage & sewage disposal1 fire protection1 gas & electric light+1 good pav+1 clean /reets1 ! c>e ( dep5d5ts1 ma9t5ance ( hospitals & libr>ies1 good educational facilities1 transportation1 & _m o!r activities4 ,! g5]al plan ( gov]nm5t = cities is ! same 9 all ! classes4 ,cities ( ! fir/ class are ,new ,york ,city1 ,buffalo1 & ,ro*e/] 7see ,great] ,new ,york74 ,cities ( ! ,second ,class3 ,! ,mayor1 :o is elect$ = two ye>s1 is ! *ief executive (fic]4 ,he has z important & responsible a position z any man at ! head ( a big corporation4 ,! managem5t ( ! city is 9 8 h&s4 ,! heal? & welf>e ( its dwell]s dep5d on him4 ,:ile ! city c\ncil legislates = ! city1 x is 8 bus9ess to see t laws & ord9ances are en=c$4 ,he may veto an ord9ance pass$ by ! city c\ncil1 al?\gh !y may pass x ov] 8 veto by a two-?irds vote4 ,! mayor has ! p[] ( appo9t+ ! heads ( mo/ ( ! important dep>tm5ts ( ! city's bus9ess4 ,sometimes ! city c\ncil has to confirm an appo9tm5t1 & an (ficial c only be remov$ = good cause1 & he mu/ be giv5 a he>+ & an opportunity to answ] *>ges4 ,to elect to ! position ( mayor & to put ! entire responsibility ( all ! complex problems ( city gov]nm5t on a man ( no tra9+ or fitness = ! position1 is to invite extravagance1 incompet5ce1 & corruption4 ,= purposes ( conv5i5ce 9 gov]nm5t a city is divid$ into subdivisions call$ w>ds1 & = elections1 into c]ta9 vot+ prec9cts call$ election di/ricts4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m5 or ,! ,common ,c\ncil consi/s ( "o ald]man *os5 f ea* w>d & a presid5t ( ! bo>d4 ,!y are elect$ = two ye>s1 & are to ! city ab\t ! same t ! bo>d ( tru/ees are to ! village4 ,_! p[]s are limit$ by ! city *>t]4 ,9 g5]al1 !y may pass ord9ances relat+ to /reets1 sew]s1 p>ks1 public build+s1 amusem5ts1 grant fran*ises1 regulate traffic1 levy taxes1 & borr[ money "u c]ta9 re/rictions = ! use ( ! city4 ,an ald]man has p[] ov] _m local int]e/s 9 8 di/rict4 ,x is an important position :i* 9 ! ma9 has be5 disreg>d$2 x %\ld be fill$ by a man *os5 = fitness z a local repres5tative & n z a rew>d = p>ty s]vice4 ,no man %\ld be elect$ to ?is bo>d :om y w\ld n tru/ z ! cu/odian ( y\r own prop]ty or ! gu>dian ( y\r *ildr51 because 9 a public s5se t is :at he is4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,e/imate & ,apportionm5t is "o ( ! mo/ important dep>tm5ts ( city gov]nm5t4 ,x has l>ge control ov] ! city's f9ances1 & det]m9es its policies 9 all f9ancial matt]s1 fran*ises1 privileges & p]mits1 & makes ! city budget4 ,x consi/s ( ! mayor1 comptroll]1 corporation c\nsel1 presid5t ( ! common c\ncil1 & ! city eng9e]4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,contract & ,supply lets contracts = mat]ial & "w requir$ by ! city4 ,) ! con/ant gr[? ( city dep>tm5ts & city bus9ess1 9 :i* supplies & mat]ials ( _m k9ds are ne$$1 ?is is also an important committee4 ,o!r elect$ (fic]s are comptroll]1 treasur]1 presid5t ( ! common c\ncil1 & assessors4 ,! dep>tm5t ( f9ance is manag$ by ! comptroll] & ! treasur]4 ,! dep>tm5t ( assessm5t & taxation1 :i* makes ! assessm5t rolls1 consi/s ( f\r assessors1 elect$ two at a "t1 = f\r ye>s ea*4 ,! dep>tm5t ( law is presid$ ov] by a corporation c\nsel1 appo9t$ by ! mayor4 ,! mayor also appo9ts ! city eng9e] & ! heads ( ! foll[+ dep>tm5ts3 ,! dep>tm5t ( public works1 :i* controls ! wat]-supply1 /reets1 sew]s1 build+s1 & public m>kets2 ! dep>tm5t ( public safety1 :i* includes ! bureaus ( gas & electricity2 dep>tm5ts ( police1 heal?1 *>ities & correction1 & ! bo>d ( education4 ,cities ( ! ?ird class are n uni=m 9 _! gov]nm5t1 b ! g5]al outl9e is ! same z = cities ( ! second class4 ,city ,elections are held 9 ! odd-numb]$ ye>s4 ,/ate (ficials are elect$ 9 ! ev5-numb]$ ye>s4 ,! purpose ( sett+ a diff]5t "t = ^! elections is to keep city politics indep5d5t ( ,/ate political ma*9es4 ,p>ty issues h little to d ) ! problems ( a city4 ,x is evid5t t ! gov]nm5t ( a l>ge city is a v important & complicat$ bus9ess4 ,!re are sev]al (fices :i* dem& z great executive ability z w\ld be requir$ ( a man at ! head ( a l>ge bus9ess corporation4 ,b city (fices are usually giv5 to m5 n = fitness1 b because ( p>ty affiliation4 ,public s5tim5t is beg9n+ to ask :y high /&>ds ( compet5ce & effici5cy %\ld n be z mu* dem&$ 9 public z 9 private bus9ess4 ,! ,budget3 ,! heads ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts decide h[ mu* money w be requir$ to run ea* dep>tm5t = ! ensu+ ye>4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,e/imate & ,apportionm5t consid]s ^! reque/s & fixes ! tax-rate necess>y to raise ! money ne$$ 7see ,*apt]s ,,iv & ,,xi74 ,fran*ise ,rights3 ,a city has _m s\rces ( rev5ue ( its own4 ,public utilities :i* furni% su* necessities z transportation1 wat]1 gas1 & electric light1 e>n enorm\s pr(its4 ,9 "s places "s ( ^! ?+s are own$ by ! city & ! rev5ues g to ! city4 ,9 o!rs1 ! "r to build & op]ate su* a public bus9ess is giv5 to a private corporation ?r\gh a fran*ise4 ,x is evid5t t ^! fran*ise rights are extremely valuable & %\ld n be giv5 away )\t adequate comp5sation to ! city1 z well z ! insur+ ( good s]vice4 ,! rates t are *>g$1 & ! s]vice r5d]$1 are matt]s ( va/ importance to ! p ( a city4 ,municipal own]%ip ( su* utilities has nev] be5 z ext5sive 9 ?is c\ntry z abroad1 b ! s5tim5t 9 favor ( x is gr[+4 ,fran*ise rights us$ to be giv5 = long t]ms1 ev5 9 p]petuity1 b public s5tim5t n[ dem&s t !y be subject to revision at reasonable int]vals4 ,mo/ cities to-day own _! own wat]-supply1 & "s ( !m h _! own light+ plants4 ,commission ,=m ( ,gov]nm5t3 ,s _m (ficials are ne$$ to manage ! complex affairs ( a city t ev5 if well qualifi$ m5 are put up = (fice1 ) s _m c&idates to be elect$1 x is impossible = ! vot]s to "k ! m]it ( !m all4 ,city gov]nm5t has be5 ! weake/ spot 9 our political life4 ,9 an ef=t to meet its defects1 a numb] ( cities h adopt$ ! policy ( do+ away entirely ) ! =m ( gov]nm5t z outl9$1 & elect+ on a non-p>tisan ticket sev]al commission]s 7sometimes head$ by a mayor71 ea* "o ( :om is put 9 *>ge ( a division ( ! city's adm9i/ration1 & made responsible = ! "w ( ?is dep>tm5t4 ,! fact is be+ recogniz$ t skill & exp]t tra9+ are ne$$ 9 public (ficials2 t ! p[] %\ld be giv5 to a few m51 & t !y %\ld be held responsible = ! success ( _! "w4 ,buffalo n[ has a commission =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,! ,city ,manag] ,plan gives ! managem5t ( a city to "o man1 :o is engag$ by ! city1 & held responsible = ! conduct ( city affairs1 9 ! same way t a l>ge bus9ess ent]prise w\ld engage a manag]4 ,a city manag] %\ld be a man :o has made a /udy & pr(ession ( city gov]nm5t4 ,,iv ,,great] ,,new ,,york ,! city ( ,new ,york includes five c\nties3 ,new ,york1 ,k+s1 ,que5s1 ,bronx1 & ,ri*mond4 ,9 "o hundr$ ye>s1 ! population ( ,new ,york ,city grew f #ej1jjj to #d1jjj1jjj p4 ,x n[ has a population ( ne>ly #f1jjj1jjj1 :i* is ab\t "o-half ! population ( ! ,/ate1 & x is ! second city 9 size 9 ! _w4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! city is /rictly prescrib$ by its *>t]2 = any improvem5t t x desires outside ( ! provisions ( t *>t]1 ! city mu/ g = p]mission to ! ,/ate ,legislature4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 gov]nm5t ! city is divid$ into five bor\ghs3 ,manhattan1 ,bronx1 ,brooklyn1 ,que5s1 & ,ri*mond 7,/at5 ,isl&74 ,! ,mayor is ! *ief executive ( ! city4 ,he is elect$ = f\r ye>s & has a sal>y ( #ae1jjj4 ,he has p[]s ( appo9tm5t & removal ov] a va/ numb] ( important positions1 includ+ ! heads ( ! big city dep>tm5ts4 ,l ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate & ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 he initiates legislation by s5d+ once a ye> a message to ! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m5 conta9+ a g5]al /atem5t ( ! gov]nm5t & f9ancial condition ( ! city1 & recomm5d+ su* measures z he deems advisable4 ,he may ask = special legislation at any "t4 ,all ord9ances & by-laws pass$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m5 g to ! ,mayor = approval4 ,if he vetoes a measure1 ! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m5 may pass x ov] 8 veto by a two-?irds or ?ree-f\r?s vote1 ) ! exception ( ! grant+ ( fran*ise rights1 :]e 8 veto is absolute4 ,! ,comptroll] is at ! head ( ! f9ancial affairs ( ! city4 ,8 t]m ( (fice is f\r ye>s1 & sal>y #ae1jjj4 ,he may appo9t ?ree deputies at #g1ejj ea*1 an assi/ant deputy at #c1jjj1 besides o!r heads ( ! v>i\s divisions ( ! f9ance dep>tm5t2 b ! m9or positions are "u ! ,civil ,s]vice4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m5 is elect$ = ! same t]m z ! ,mayor1 & receives a sal>y ( #g1ejj4 ,he takes ! ,mayor's place 9 case ( abs5ce or dea?4 ,! ,presid5ts ( ,manhattan1 ,bronx1 & ,brooklyn ,bor\ghs receive #g1ejj a ye>2 ( ,que5s & ,ri*mond ,bor\ghs1 #e1jjj4 ,!y are elect$ = f\r ye>s1 & ea* presid5t has g5]al ov]sight ov] /reets1 bridges1 sew]s1 & build+s 9 8 bor\gh4 ,he may appo9t a commission] ( public works1 & a sup]9t5d5t ( build+s = 8 bor\gh1 & local s*ool bo>ds4 ,9 ,que5s & ,ri*mond ! bor\gh presid5ts h *>ge ( /reet-clean+4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m5 is ! legislative body ( ! city4 ,x consi/s ( sev5ty-?ree m5 elect$ f ,ald]manic di/ricts4 ,!y s]ve = a t]m ( two ye>s1 & receive a sal>y ( #b1jjj ea*4 ,?is bo>d makes ! ord9ances = ! gov]nm5t ( ! city4 ,x makes & en=ces police1 fire1 build+1 heal?1 & p>k regulations2 x makes by-laws = ! regulation ( public m>kets1 /reets1 public build+s1 docks2 = inspection ( weights & measures2 regulat+ places ( amusem5t1 height ( build+s2 lic5s+ cabs1 truckm51 & pawnbrok]s1 & regulations = ! suppression ( vice4 ,a city cl]k & a cl]k ( ! bo>d at a #g1jjj sal>y ea*1 are appo9t$ by ! bo>d4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,e/imate & ,apportionm5t is ! mo/ important ( ! city bo>ds4 ,x frames ! city budget1 :i* has to be adopt$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m54 ,x also passes on bills grant+ fran*ise rights4 ,x repres5ts ! :ole city1 & consi/s ( ! ,mayor1 ,comptroll]1 ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m51 ea* ) ?ree votes2 ,presid5ts ( ,manhattan & ,brooklyn ,bor\ghs1 ) two votes ea*2 & ,presid5ts ( ,bronx1 ,ri*mond1 & ,que5s ,bor\ghs1 ) "o vote ea*4 ,among ! important appo9tive positions ( ! city :i* are 9 ! h&s ( ! ,mayor are ! foll[+3 ,! ,corporation ,c\nsel1 ) a sal>y ( #ae1jjj a ye>1 is ! head ( ! law dep>tm5t ( ! city1 & is ! city's legal advis]4 ,he has ov] fifty assi/ant c\nsels to appo9t1 ) sal>ies rang+ f #c1jjj to #aj1jjj a ye>1 & a ho/ ( deputy & junior assi/ants4 ,! ,city ,*amb]la9 receives & pays out all moneys = ! city--sal>y #ab1jjj4 ,he may appo9t a deputy at #e1jjj a ye>4 ,! aboli%m5t ( ! (fice ( ,*amb]la9 z be+ unnecess>y 0 recomm5d$ by a rec5t incumb5t2 b x is too l>ge a plum to be lightly disc>d$4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,taxes & ,assessm5ts receives #h1jjj a ye>4 ,six o!r tax commission]s are appo9t$ ) sal>ies ( #g1jjj ea*1 two ( :om mu/ be ( ! oppos+ p>ty4 ,! ,commission]s ( ,acc\nts1 ( ,correction1 ( ,docks & ,f]ries1 & ( ,heal?1 ! ,fire ,commission]1 ,police ,commission]1 ,commission] ( ,lic5ses1 ( ,plants & ,/ructures1 ( ,public ,*>ities1 ! ,/reet-clean+ & ,t5em5t ,h\se ,commission]s1 ,commission] ( ,wat] ,supply1 ,gas & ,electricity1 & ! *airman ( ! ,p>ole ,commission1 all receive #g1ejj a ye>2 ! ,commission] ( ,weights & ,measures1 #e1jjj a ye>4 ,!re is a new ,commission] ( ,public ,m>kets1 & a ,sup]visor ( ! ,city ,record1 a city publication :i* mu/ pr9t all ord9ances :i* involve ! sp5d+ ( city money1 grant+ a fran*ise1 or mak+ a specific improvem5t1 be=e !y are pass$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m54 ,!re are _m o!r less important (fices to be fill$1 & ! ,bor\gh ,presid5ts h /ill fur!r appo9tm5ts4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,education has be5 r$uc$ f =ty-six to sev5 memb]s1 ( :om two are n[ wom54 ,9 addition !re are =ty-six local s*ool bo>ds 9 ! v>i\s s*ool di/ricts1 ea* consi/+ ( five memb]s appo9t$ by ! ,bor\gh ,presid5t & ! ,di/rict ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! local s*ool di/rict4 ,^! h n[ be5 divid$ among ! sev5 memb]s ( ! new ,s*ool ,bo>d4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,elections consi/s ( f\r commission]s1 two ,republicans & two ,democrats1 appo9t$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m5 = two ye>s1 ) a sal>y ( #e1jjj ea*4 ,?is bo>d det]m9es ! election-di/rict b\nd>ies1 *ooses ab\t #b1jjj poll+-places1 & appo9ts ab\t #ag1jjj election (ficials4 ,s9ce #aiae ! city has all[$ s*ool-h\ses & o!r public build+s to be us$ z poll+-places1 & at ! la/ election ne>ly #a1jjj di/ricts 7 suppli$ 9 ?is way4 ,local ,improvem5t ,bo>ds3 ,! city is divid$ into tw5ty-five di/ricts1 9 ea* ( :i* !re is a ,local ,improvem5t ,bo>d1 consi/+ ( ! ,bor\gh ,presid5t & ! ,ald]m5 ( ! ,ald]manic di/ricts includ$ 9 ! local improvem5t di/rict4 ,c\nty ,gov]nm5t ,)9 ! ,city3 ,ea* c\nty includ$ 9 ! city ( ,new ,york has a sep>ate c\nty gov]nm5t1 indep5d5t ( ! city1 ) its %]iff1 c\nty cl]k1 di/rict attorney1 & its c\nty c\rt 9 e c\nty b ,new ,york4 ,! (fice ( ,%]iff 9 ,new ,york ,c\nty has be5 "o ( ! highe/ paid (fices 9 ! ,/ate1 because ( its fees4 ,^! h am\nt$ to f #hj1jjj to #ajj1jjj or m a ye>1 & ! c\nty & ,%]iff h divid$ !m4 ,! c\nty n[ receives all ! fees1 & ! ,%]iff a sal>y ( #ab1jjj a ye>2 b he _c be re-elect$1 & ! t]m ( (fice has be5 increas$ f two to f\r ye>s4 ,c\rts--,supreme ,c\rts3 ,! fir/ judicial dep>tm5t1 & ! fir/ judicial di/rict ( ! ,/ate are =m$ by ,new ,york & ,bronx ,c\nties4 ,brooklyn1 ,que5s1 & ,ri*mond =m ! second4 ,! ,special & ,trial t]ms ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt try bo? crim9al & civil cases ) & )\t a jury1 z 9 o!r c\nties4 ,c\nty ,c\rts are held 9 ,k+s1 ,que5s1 ,bronx1 & ,ri*mond ,c\nties1 & ea* ( !m except ,ri*mond has a ,surrogate's ,c\rt4 ,new ,york ,c\nty elects two ,surrogates1 = a t]m ( f\rte5 ye>s ea*1 at a sal>y ( #ae1jjj a ye>4 ,9 place ( ! ,c\nty ,c\rt1 ,new ,york ,c\nty has a ,city ,c\rt1 :i* tries civil suits & is a naturalization c\rt1 & a ,c\rt ( ,g5]al ,sessions1 :i* tries crim9al cases4 ,! ,c\rt ( ,special ,sessions1 ) a *ief ju/ice & fifte5 assi/ant ju/ices appo9t$ by ! ,mayor1 tries cases ( misdemeanors1 & (f5d]s s5t to !m by ! ,city ,magi/rates4 ,"o division ( ?is c\rt is ! ,*ildr5's ,c\rt1 ) "o presid+ ju/ice & five associate ju/ices1 ) a c\rt 9 ea* bor\gh4 ,^! ju/ices hold (fice = a t]m ( t5 ye>s4 ,magi/rates' ,c\rts are held by a l>ge numb] ( magi/rates1 appo9t$ by ! ,mayor1 & a *ief magi/rate :o has g5]al sup]vision ( !m4 ,municipal ,c\rts are held 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! city to try small civil suits4 ,!re are =ty-five ,municipal ,c\rt di/ricts1 9 ea* ( :i* !re is a judge elect$ by ! p ( ! di/rict = a t]m ( t5 ye>s4 ,!re are sep>ate ,night ,c\rts = bo? m5 & wom51 a ,dome/ic ,relations ,c\rt1 :i* deals ) cases ( non-support ( wives & *ildr51 & poor relations1 & a ,traffic ,c\rt1 :i* deals solely ) violations ( ! traffic laws4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ev5 m5tion ! v>i\s in/itutions 9 ! city ( ,new ,york :i* are engag$ 9 improv+ ! heal? & social welf>e ( ! p w\ld take _m pages4 ,!re is great ne$ among !m ( a m clean-cut division ( activities1 & less ov]lapp+ ( au?ority4 ,! ,commission] ( ,public ,*>ities1 appo9t$ by ! ,mayor1 is responsible = ! c>e ( ! city's dep5d5ts4 ,9 #aiae1 #cej1cfb free lodg+s 7 giv5 to dispossess$ families & ne$y m5 & wom54 ,!re are #cbi in/itutions receiv+ money f ! city = ! c>e ( dep5d5t *ildr51 & #bb1gec *ildr5 7 9 _! *>ge on ,janu>y #a1 #aiaf4 ,! c>e :i* ^! *ildr5 h receiv$ has be5 sev]ely criticiz$4 ,! conflict+ au?ority ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities & ! ,city ,bo>d ( ,inspection ( ,*>itable ,in/itutions1 is said to be responsible = ?is4 ,9 ! future1 ! city is to conduct its own inspections4 ,wid[s' p5sions are adm9i/]$ = all ( ,great] ,new ,york by "o ,*ild ,welf>e ,bo>d ( n9e memb]s appo9t$ by ! ,mayor1 ( :om two mu/ be wom54 ,!y s]ve = a t]m ( eight ye>s )\t sal>y4 ,! ,t5em5t ,h\se ,dep>tm5t looks aft] ! #ajc1hhb t5em5t build+s ( ! city1 & has a =ce ( #aic inspectors1 ( :om eight are wom54 ,!re are /ill ab\t #i1jjj d>k rooms 9 ! old t5em5ts1 built be=e ! law 0 pass$ requir+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( light & air1 :i* h n be5 made ov] to meet ! new requirem5ts4 ,! ,/reet-clean+ ,dep>tm5t employs regul>ly ab\t #e1djj m5 at sal>ies rang+ f #gbj to #hfj a ye>4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,inebriety 0 organiz$ to take *>ge ( p]sons :o are *ronic addicts to alcohol or drugs1 to treat !m z victims ( disease1 & s5d !m to a f>m :]e treatm5t look+ t[>d a cure is comb9$ ) f>m "w1 truck g>d5+1 etc4 ,! great ne$s ( ?is "w _c be met until fur!r accommodations are made = pati5ts4 ,! ,municipal ,civil ,s]vice ,commission1 consi/+ ( ?ree memb]s appo9t$ by ! ,mayor1 ma9ta9s a regul> /aff ( exam9]s ( applicants = city positions4 ,! regul> payroll ( ! city includes ne>ly #he1jjj p]sons1 ( :om ab\t #cj1jjj are n "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,civil ,s]vice4 ,!re are also ab\t #bj1jjj o!rs :o are employ$ "p ( ! "t4 ,!re is a free public employm5t bureau :i* is gr[+ /eadily & is plac+ ov] two ?\s& applicants a mon?1 & a ,commission] ( ,weights & ,measures4 ,! managem5t ( ea* "o ( ! l>ge dep>tm5ts ( city gov]nm5t requires special & te*nical tra9+4 ,a corporation manag] w\ld se>* ! c\ntry = ! be/ man to be f\nd = ea* p>ticul> dep>tm5t4 ,s*ool-tea*]s & s*ool sup]9t5d5ts are *os5 because ( _! tra9+ & exp]i5ce4 ,m9or city employees are appo9t$ f ,civil ,s]vice li/s2 b ! cu/om ( ,am]ican cities is to appo9t m5 at ! heads ( city dep>tm5ts :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves = p>ty s]vice4 ,! ,budget = ,great] ,new ,york is made up1 beg9n+ 9 ,june1 & be+ adopt$ ,novemb] #a/4 ,e/imates ( ! ne$s ( ea* dep>tm5t = ! com+ ye> are submitt$ to ! ,bo>d ( ,e/imate & ,apportionm5t1 & are /udi$ by sub-committees :o conduct public he>+s1 :5 ! repres5tatives ( ea* dep>tm5t & ! (ficial exam9]s report on _! e/imates & ea* item may be exam9$ & discuss$4 ,a t5tative budget is pr9t$ = public use & ! la/ week 9 ,octob] public he>+s are held4 ,by ,novemb] #a/ ! budget mu/ be adopt$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,e/imate & ,apportionm5t & s5t to ! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m5 = _! approval4 8,pay z y g0 0 a f9ancial policy adopt$ 9 #aiad to relieve ! trem5d\s pil+ up ( future indebt$ness ( ! city = p]man5t improvem5ts ( ! non-rev5ue produc+ class4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #aiad-aiah an annually increas+ proportion ( ! co/ ( ^! improvem5ts 0 to be includ$ 9 ! tax budget1 & by #aiah ! entire co/ 0 to be met by taxation1 & !reaft] no bonds 7 to be issu$ = ?is class ( improvem5t4 ,e doll> borr[$ at #d p] c5t4 int]e/ on a fifty-ye> bond co/s #a4fi 9 int]e/ *>ges4 ,:ile taxes are high] = a "t "u ! pay-z-y-g plan1 ! actual co/ ( improvem5ts to ! city is mu* less4 ,! ,mayor ( ,new ,york ,city is ! head ( a corporation ^: budget ( exp5diture1 9 #aiaf1 0 #bab1jjj1jjj4 ,be=e ! w> ! g5]al exp5ses ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,corporation 7 ab\t #cd1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,! sal>y ( ! presid5t ( ! ,/eel ,corporation1 or ( any "o ( ! l>ge/ bus9ess corporations ( ! c\ntry1 w\ld be f #ej1jjj to #ajj1jjj a ye>4 ,! ,mayor ( ,new ,york ,city receives #ae1jjj a ye>4 ,b a bus9ess corporation w\ld insi/ on hav+ = presid5t a man ^: tra9+ & bus9ess exp]i5ce _h made him peculi>ly fitt$ = ! job1 :ile our practice 9 *oos+ a man = mayor is to give little consid]ation to special tra9+ & exp]i5ce 9 ! "w ( city adm9i/ration4 ,v ,,/ate ,,gov]nm5t ,! ,/ate has su* l>ge p[]s ov] its p1 & ov] all political divisions )9 x1 t x is (t5 call$ ! 8,sov]eign ,/ate40 ,! ,/ate regulates ! own]%ip & transf] ( prop]ty2 x puni%es murd] & o!r crimes2 x regulates bus9ess relations2 x prescribes ! =m ( m>riage & ! reasons = divorce2 x au?orizes ! levy+ ( taxes2 x makes its own election laws & provides = education2 until rec5tly x has controll$ railroads op]at+ )9 its bord]s4 ,! ,/ate ,con/itution1 adopt$ by a majority ( ! vot]s ( ! ,/ate1 is ! fundam5tal law ( ! ,/ate4 ,x c only be *ang$ by a con/itutional conv5tion or by ! adoption ( a con/itutional am5dm5t1 :i* is done ) consid]able difficulty4 ,a con/itutional conv5tion is an assemblage ( m5 *os5 by ! vot]s to revise ! con/itution4 ,! result ( _! delib]ation is !n submitt$ to ! vot]s1 :o c accept or reject x4 ,! la/ revision took place 9 #aiae & 0 ov]:elm+ly defeat$ at ! polls4 ,! law n[ provides = a revision e tw5ty ye>s if ! vot]s desire x4 ,an am5dm5t to ! con/itution c be propos$ 9 ! ,legislature4 ,x has to pass bo? h\ses ( ! ,legislature dur+ two diff]5t b successive sessions 7a new session ( ! ,legislature comes only e o!r ye>1 :5 a new ,s5ate is elect$71 & mu/ !n be submitt$ to ! vot]s ( ! ,/ate = _! approval4 ,a majority vote makes x a law4 ,! ,legislature has au?ority "u ! ,/ate con/itution to make laws = ! ,/ate4 ,x meets e ye> on ! fir/ ,w$nesday 9 ,janu>y at ! ,capitol 9 ,albany1 & rema9s 9 session until its bus9ess is complet$1 usually ab\t ,april #a/4 ,x is compos$ ( two divisions or 8h\ses10 ! ,assembly & ! ,s5ate4 ,e t5 ye>s1 9 a ye> end+ ) ! figure five1 a c5sus is tak5 ( ! p ( ! ,/ate1 & on ?is basis !re is a new apportionm5t ( ,s5ators & ,assemblym54 ,! ,s5ate at pres5t is compos$ ( fifty-two memb]s1 elect$ f c]ta9 divisions ( ! ,/ate kn[n z ,s5atorial ,di/ricts4 ,9 g5]al1 ea* fiftie? ( ! population ( ! ,/ate is entitl$ to "o ,s5ator4 7,?is rule is n foll[$ ma!matically1 = a c\nty may n be divid$ except to =m two or m di/ricts )9 x2 no "o c\nty may h m ?an "o-?ird ( all ! ,s5ators1 & no two c\nties may h m ?an "o-half ( ! total numb]4 ,?is is int5d$ z a *eck to a conge/$ di/rict hav+ an undue repres5tation47 ,if a c\nty :i* already has ?ree or m ,s5ators %[s a suffici5t increase 9 population to entitle x to ano!r "o1 ! additional ,s5ator adds "o m to ! fifty ,s5ators already provid$ =4 ,! ,assembly is compos$ ( "o hundr$ & fifty memb]s1 &1 r\ghly speak+1 e "o hundr$ & fiftie? "p ( ! population ( ! ,/ate is entitl$ to "o ,assemblyman4 ,9 practice ! rural c\nty ( small or m$ium size :i* does n conta9 a l>ge city is "o ,assembly ,di/rict4 ,*autauqua1 ,dut*ess1 ,s*5ectady1 ,niag>a1 ,orange1 ,r5ssela]1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,/eub51 ,ri*mond1 ,suffolk1 & ,broome h ea* two ,assembly ,di/ricts4 ,albany1 ,oneida1 & ,onondaga h ?ree ea*2 ,que5s has six2 ,we/*e/] & ,monroe1 five2 ,bronx & ,erie1 eight2 ,k+s & ,new ,york1 tw5ty-?ree ea*2 ,hamilton & ,fulton c\nties h only "o betwe5 !m4 ,nassau ,c\nty has rec5tly be5 divid$ into two ,assembly ,di/ricts4 ,?is division is made by ! ,c\nty ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors4 ,! presid+ (fic] ( ! ,s5ate is ! ,lieut5ant ,gov]nor4 ,! presid+ (fic] ( ! ,assembly is elect$ by its memb]s1 & is call$ ! ,speak]4 ,he appo9ts ! /&+ committees1 & has mu* control ov] legislation4 ,he usually belongs to ! political p>ty :i* is 9 ! majority 9 ! ,assembly4 ,?is p>ty also elects a majority lead] to control legislation on ! floor4 ,! *oice ( ! o!r p>ty is call$ ! lead] ( ! m9ority1 & he is recogniz$ z ! lead] ( ?is p>ty 9 ! ,legislature4 ,! ,s5ate also has majority & m9ority lead]s4 ,assemblym5 are elect$ = "o ye>1 & ,s5ators = two ye>s4 ,bo? receive #a1ejj sal>y & an all[ance ( t5 c5ts a mile travel+ exp5ses once dur+ ! session4 ,h[ to ,get a ,law ,pass$ by ! ,legislature3 ,a bill may be introduc$ by any memb]1 beg9n+1 8,! ,p ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 repres5t$ 9 ,s5ate & ,assembly1 d enact10 etc4 ,x may be introduc$ into ei!r ! ,s5ate or ! ,assembly1 or x c be introduc$ 9 bo? h\ses simultane\sly4 ,x has a fir/ read+ & is ref]r$ to a committee4 ,! committee may pigeonhole x & nev] report1 or x may report x too late 9 ! session = action by ! ,legislature1 or x may report x favorably1 or ) a recomm5dation t x be reject$4 ,if x is report$ favorably x is put on ! cal5d> to await its turn = consid]ation4 ,x !n comes up = a second read+1 :5 x may be am5d$ & s5t back to ! committee2 aft] a ?ird read+ a vote is tak54 ,if x is pass$ 9 "o h\se x !n goes to ! o!r h\se1 :]e x goes ?r\gh ! same proc$ure4 ,if x is pass$ by ! second h\se1 x !n goes to ! ,gov]nor = 8 signature4 ,if x is a bill conc]n+ ! gov]nm5t ( a city x goes to ! mayor ( ! city = 8 approval4 ,if ei!r h\se *anges ! bill x has to g back to ! fir/ h\se = action 9 its am5d$ =m4 ,! ,gov]nor has ! p[] to veto a bill1 b x c be repass$ ov] 8 veto by a two-?irds vote4 ,! ,gov]nor is ! *ief executive (fic] ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is 8 bus9ess to en=ce ! laws1 ?r\gh 8 appo9tive (fic]s4 ,he has control ( ! milit>y =ces ( ! ,/ate1 :i* mu/ consi/ ( n less ?an tw5ty ?\s& m51 ( :om two ?\s& mu/ be a naval militia4 ,he has ! p[] to grant p>dons4 ,he is elect$ = two ye>s1 & receives a sal>y ( #aj1jjj & ! use ( ! ,executive ,mansion4 ,he may also initiate legislation4 ,at e regul> session ( ! ,legislature 8 duty is to s5d a 8message10 tell+ ! ,legislature ab\t ! condition ( public affairs & recomm5d+ measures = _! consid]ation4 ,he may also1 at any "t1 ask = special legislation1 & may call ! ,legislature toge!r 9 an extra session4 ,he has ! p[] ( _m important appo9tm5ts to ,/ate positions1 b subject to ! approval ( ! ,s5ate4 ,! ,lieut5ant ,gov]nor1 ) a sal>y ( #e1jjj a ye>1 takes ! ,gov]nor's place 9 case ( ne$4 ,he presides ov] ! ,s5ate4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate has *>ge ( all public docum5ts & records4 ,he grants c]tificates ( incorporation1 & has *>ge ( elections & ! tak+ ( ! c5sus4 ,8 sal>y is #f1jjj a ye>4 ,! ,comptroll] mu/ sign e w>rant = paym5t ( ,/ate funds4 ,he acts z auditor = ! ,/ate1 reports to ! ,legislature conc]n+ ,/ate funds1 & sup]9t5ds ! collection ( ,/ate taxes4 ,he designates ! banks 9 :i* ,/ate money %all be deposit$4 ,8 sal>y is #h1jjj a ye>4 ,! ,/ate ,treasur] is ! cu/odian ( ,/ate funds1 & pays !m out only on ord] ( ! ,comptroll]4 ,8 sal>y is #f1jjj a ye>4 ,! ,attorney-,g5]al is ! g5]al legal advis] ( ! ,/ate4 ,he prosecutes & def5ds all actions 9 :i* ! ,/ate is int]e/$4 ,8 sal>y is #aj1jjj4 ,! ,/ate ,eng9e] & ,surveyor mu/ be a practical eng9e]4 ,he has *>ge ( ! canals1 & ! survey+ & mapp+ ( all ! public l&s ( ! ,/ate4 ,appo9tive ,(fices3 ,among ^! are two ,public ,s]vice ,commissions1 ea* ) five memb]s4 ,! fir/ has jurisdiction ov] ,great] ,new ,york1 & ! second ov] ! re/ ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 g5]al1 !y h p[] to regulate railroads & /reet-c>s1 to e/abli% rates1 & to compel adequate s]vice4 ,!y also control express companies1 gas & electrical companies1 telephone & telegraph l9es4 ,no company c raise its rates )\t _! cons5t4 ,_! bus9ess is to see t ! ne$s ( ! public are adequately s]v$1 & also to protect ! companies f unju/ treatm5t4 ,^! commissions are consid]$ s important t ! sal>y ( ea* commission] 0 made #ae1jjj a ye>4 ,! ,/ate ,tax ,commission]s h g5]al sup]vision ( ! me?ods ( rais+ taxes ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,!re are ?ree ( !m appo9t$ = ?ree ye>s1 & !y mu/ visit e c\nty 9 ! ,/ate at lea/ once 9 two ye>s4 ,_! sal>y is #f1jjj a ye> ea*4 ,! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,equalization1 :i* consi/s ( ! tax commission]s & commission]s ( ! l& (fice1 has to equalize ! assessm5ts 9 ea* c\nty1 & fix ! am\nt on :i* ! ,/ate tax is to be levi$4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,banks controls ! banks1 tru/ companies1 build+ & loan associations1 :i* make reports to him qu>t]ly1 f :i* he 9 turn makes a report to ! ,legislature annually4 ,8 sal>y is #aj1jjj1 & 8 t]m ?ree ye>s4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,insurance has control ov] all ! insurance companies & reports annually to ! ,legislature4 ,8 sal>y is #aj1jjj1 & t]m ?ree ye>s4 ,! ,commission] ( ,heal? mu/ be a physician4 ,he has g5]al ov]sight ( ! heal? ( ! ,/ate1 & sup]vises ! regi/ration ( bir?s1 m>riages1 & dea?s 9 ! t[ns & cities4 ,8 sal>y is #h1jjj1 & he has a f\r-ye> t]m4 ,! ,commission] ( ,excise issues tax c]tificates = ! sale ( liquor & collects ! excise tax1 ( :i* ! ,/ate gets "o-half1 & ! city or t[n 9 :i* ! liquor is sold gets "o-half4 ,8 sal>y is #g1jjj1 t]m five ye>s4 ,! ,commission] ( ,agriculture appo9ts ! directors ( f>m]s' in/itutes1 wat*es ov] ! sale ( food products t might be injuri\s to heal?1 & has g5]al c>e ( ! agricultural ne$s ( ! ,/ate4 ,8 sal>y is #h1jjj1 t]m ?ree ye>s4 ,! ,commission] ( ,highways1 :o is 9 *>ge ( ,/ate roads & improvem5ts1 s]ves = two ye>s ) a sal>y ( #ab1jjj a ye>4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor1 :i* is a v important bran* ( ! ,/ate gov]nm5t1 works to improve ! conditions ( labor4 ,!re are five commission]s :o s]ve six ye>s1 ea* ) a sal>y ( #h1jjj4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t are sev]al bureaus3 viz41 ,inspection1 ,employm5t1 ,workm5's ,comp5sation1 ,m$iation & ,arbitration1 ,/ati/ics & ,in=mation1 ,indu/ries1 & ,immigration4 ,! ,cons]vation ,commission] controls dep>tm5ts = pres]v+ & propagat+ fi% & game1 = protect+ l&s & =e/s1 & ! control ( inl& wat]s4 ,he appo9ts a head = ea* division4 7,=e/s own$ by ! ,/ate mu/ be kept wild4 ,!y may n be loan$1 sold1 or ex*ang$1 & no wood may be cut47 ,he s]ves six ye>s1 ) a sal>y ( #h1jjj a ye>4 ,! ,civil ,s]vice ,commission consi/s ( ?ree commission]s :o h ! duty ( det]m9+ ! rules ) :i* to te/ ! fitness ( applicants = employm5t "u ! civil s]vice laws4 ,! civil s]vice is int5d$ to prev5t ! appo9tm5t ( m5 to gov]nm5t positions ?r\gh p>tisan politics or p]sonal 8pull40 ,positions are classifi$1 competitive exam9ations are held1 & appo9tm5ts made 9 ord] ( m]it4 ,! cu/om has usually be5 to h sep>ate li/s made out ( m5 & wom51 & x has be5 compla9$ t pref]5ce has be5 giv5 to ! m5's li/s4 ,!re is a ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,works1 ) a sal>y ( #h1jjj2 a ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,prisons1 sal>y ( #f1jjj1 & a ,/ate ,commission ( ,prisons ( sev5 memb]s :o get #aj a day ea* = ea* day ( s]vice2 a ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities2 a ,/ate ,hospital ,commission 9 ,lunacy ( ?ree memb]s1 ! presid5t ( :i* is paid #g1jjj1 & o!r memb]s #e1jjj4 ,!re is also a ,/ate ,food ,commission ( ?ree memb]s :o s]ve )\t pay1 appo9t$ only = ! p]iod ( ! w>1 & a rec5tly creat$ ,f>ms & ,m>kets ,c\ncil4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! heads ( ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts ( ! ,/ate gov]nm5t are appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor1 ! t]ms ( (fice ( _m ( !m are long] ?an ! t]m ( ! ,gov]nor :o appo9ts !m4 ,z a consequ5ce1 a ,gov]nor may be 9 (fice1 & important dep>tm5ts l ! ,excise ,commission1 ! ,public ,heal? & ,public ,s]vice1 & ,indu/rial ,commissions1 may be 9 ! h&s ( appo9tees ( a prec$+ ,gov]nor4 ,!y c be remov$ f (fice only by pref]r+ *>ges & aft] a he>+4 ,also c]ta9 o!r important ,/ate (ficials1 includ+ ! ,comptroll] & ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 are elect$ by ! p1 & may diff] radically f ! ,gov]nor on que/ions ( public policy4 ,!y may ev5 belong to a diff]5t political p>ty4 ,x is by "s consid]$ a weakness 9 ! managem5t ( ! affairs ( ! ,/ate1 t ! conduct ( "s ( ! mo/ important dep>tm5ts ( an adm9i/ration may be out ( ! control ( ! ,gov]nor :o is responsible = !m4 ,! bus9ess ( ! ,/ate requires ab\t #ag1ejj regul> employees1 & ! payroll is ab\t #bb1bej1jjj4 ,x is probable t "s ( ^! public (ficials 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate might be disp5s$ ) if !y 7 requir$ to "w z _m h\rs a day & z _m days a ye> z !y w\ld be oblig$ to d 9 any private bus9ess4 ,,vi ,,national ,,gov]nm5t ,! sov]eign p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ve/$ 9 ! ,national gov]nm5t1 ! f$]al union ( all ! ,/ates1 ea* self-gov]n+1 b all unit+ = c]ta9 purposes4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! supreme law ( ! l&4 ,! ,national gov]nm5t1 l t ( ! ,/ate & municipality1 has ?ree di/9ct divisions3 ! legislative1 ! executive1 & ! judicial4 ,! legislative p[] re/s ) ,congress1 :i* is compos$ ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ! ,s5ate4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives is elect$ e two ye>s by ! vot]s ( ! ,/ates4 ,aft] ! c5sus1 :i* is tak5 e t5 ye>s1 ,congress det]m9es :at ! total numb] ( ,repres5tatives %all be4 ,^! are !n apportion$ among ! ,/ates accord+ to population4 ,aft] ! c5sus ( #aiaj ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 0 increas$ to #dce memb]s1 :i* gave "o memb] = e #baa1hgg inhabitants4 ,new ,york has #dc ,repres5tatives1 ! l>ge/ numb] f any ,/ate 9 ! ,union4 ,e ,/ate is entitl$ to at lea/ "o ,repres5tative1 al?\gh x may n h ! requisite population4 ,! ,congressional ,di/rict f :i* a memb] is elect$ is det]m9$ by ! ,/ate ,legislature4 ,great] ,new ,york has #bc ,congressm54 ,qualifications = ,repres5tatives to ,congress3 ,a man mu/ be tw5ty-five ye>s old & h be5 a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = at lea/ sev5 ye>s1 & be a resid5t ( ! ,/ate f :i* he is *os54 ,! sal>y is #g1ejj a ye>1 ) an all[ance = a cl]k1 = /ation]y1 & = travel+ exp5ses4 ,! ,s5ate is compos$ ( n9ety-six memb]s1 two memb]s f e ,/ate 9 ! ,union1 elect$ = a t]m ( six ye>s4 ,9 ord] t !re %all always be exp]i5c$ m5 9 ! ,s5ate1 only "o-?ird ( t body is elect$ at a "t4 ,! ,s5ate is divid$ into ?ree classes1 & ! m5 belong+ to "o ( ! ?ree classes are elect$ e two ye>s4 ,a ,s5ator may be re-elect$ z _m times z a ,/ate *ooses1 & _m ,s5ators h s]v$ tw5ty ye>s or m4 ,?is makes ! ,upp] ,h\se ( ,congress a v cons]vative1 /able body ( m54 ,s5ators1 z well z ,repres5tatives1 receive a sal>y ( #g1ejj a ye>4 ,! ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! presid+ (fic] ( ! ,s5ate4 ,! election ( ,s5ators 0 =m]ly a pr]ogative ( ! ,/ate ,legislature4 ,! ,sev5te5? ,am5dm5t to ! ,national ,con/itution1 pass$ 9 #aiac1 provides t !y %all be elect$ by direct voice ( ! vot]s ( ! ,/ates4 ,qualifications ( ,s5ators3 ,a c&idate = ! ,s5ate mu/ be ?irty ye>s old & h be5 a citiz5 = at lea/ n9e ye>s4 ,sessions ( ,congress3 ,a new ,congress comes into exi/5ce on ! f\r? day ( ,m>* e odd ye>1 al?\gh x does n meet 9 regul> session until ! foll[+ w9t]4 ,! long session beg9s ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,decemb] 9 ! odd-numb]$ ye>1 & usually la/s until spr+ or summ]4 ,! %ort session beg9s ! same "t 9 ! ev5-numb]$ ye> & la/s until ! foll[+ ,m>* #d?1 :5 ! new ,congress1 elect$ ! previ\s ,novemb]1 comes into exi/5ce1 al?\gh x does n meet until ! foll[+ ,decemb]1 unless ! ,presid5t calls an extraord9>y session4 ,a ,congressman1 !re=e1 is elect$ m ?an a ye> be=e he takes 8 seat4 ,! ,sixty-fif? ,congress w end ,m>* #d1 #aiai4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,l[] ,h\se ( ! ,sixty-six? ,congress w be elect$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah4 ,congressional ,committees3 ,! "w ( ,congress is l>gely done ?r\gh committees4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 z con/itut$ to-day1 is an unwieldy body4 ,x is obvi\s t f\r hundr$ & ?irty-five m5 is too l>ge a numb] to "w effectively z a :ole4 ,e bill1 ev5 a recomm5dation f ! ,presid5t1 is ref]r$ to an appropriate committee4 ,x is only because ( ^! _m committees t x is possible to transact ! v l>ge am\nt ( bus9ess t comes be=e ,congress e ye>4 ,h[ a ,bill ,is ,pass$3 ,! proc$ure 9 ,congress is simil> to t 9 ! ,/ate ,legislature4 ,a bill may be introduc$ by any memb] 9 ei!r h\se1 & mu/ pass ?r\gh bo? h\ses4 ,p[]s ( ,congress3 ,congress has absolute p[] to levy & collect taxes4 ,rev5ue bills mu/ orig9ate 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,congress has ! exclusive p[] to decl>e w>1 to raise & support an army & navy1 & to regulate comm]ce4 ,x controls naturalization laws & immigration2 x e/abli%es po/-(fices2 grants pat5ts & copyrights4 ,x has ! p[] to co9 & to borr[ money4 ,x also gov]ns ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia & ! ,t]ritories4 ,an ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ be pass$ by a majority ( two-?irds ( ! votes ca/ 9 bo? h\ses ( ,congress4 ,x is !n submitt$ to ! ,/ates = ratification by ! ,/ate ,legislatures4 ,:5 ! ,legislatures ( ?ree-f\r?s ( ! =ty-eight ,/ates h ratifi$ su* an am5dm5t by a majority vote ( _! memb]s x becomes law4 ,! ,executive3 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has great] p[]s ?an h ! heads ( _m o!r nations4 ,he is ! ,comm&]-9-*ief ( ! ,army & ,navy2 he conducts (ficial bus9ess ) =eign nations & makes treaties ) !m1 subject to ! approval ( ! ,s5ate2 he appo9ts1 ) ! cons5t ( ! ,s5ate1 ambassadors1 m9i/]s1 high (ficials ( ,army & ,navy1 ju/ices ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 & a va/ numb] ( o!r (fic]s4 ,he may veto measures pass$ by ,congress1 b !y c be pass$ ov] 8 veto by a two-?irds vote4 ,! ,presid5t has p[] to initiate legislation by s5d+ a message to ,congress1 giv+ !m in=mation ab\t important affairs & recomm5d+ legislative measures = _! consid]ation4 ,! degree to :i* he c =ce legislation ?r\gh ,congress dep5ds bo? on ! /r5g? ( ! p>ty 9 ,congress to :i* he belongs1 & on ! p]sonal p[] & pre/ige ( ! ,presid5t himself4 ,presid5t ,wilson is ! fir/ ,presid5t1 = m ?an a c5tury1 to appe> 9 p]son be=e a jo9t session ( ,congress & read 8 message4 ,election ( ! ,presid5t3 ,! ,presid5t is *os5 by presid5tial electors1 elect$ by ! vot]s ( ! v>i\s ,/ates1 ! numb] ( electors = ea* ,/ate be+ ! same z ! total numb] ( ,repres5tatives & ,s5ators 9 ,congress f t ,/ate4 ,! electors ( a ,/ate meet at ! ,/ate ,capitol on ! second ,monday ( ,janu>y foll[+ ! election1 to ca/ _! votes = ,presid5t4 ,! electors are m]ely ma*9es to regi/] ! vote ( ! ,/ate1 & usually ! entire electoral vote ( a ,/ate goes to "o c&idate1 al?\gh ! majority ( ! popul> vote = him may h be5 small4 ,?is sy/em makes ! presid5tial election virtually an election by ,/ates4 ,a ,/ate 8goes0 ,republican or ,democratic4 ,! /ruggle is conc5trat$ 9 a few d\btful ,/ates4 ,to w9 or lose !m may mean to w9 or lose ! election4 ,x has happ5$ t "o c&idate has actually receiv$ a l>g] popul> vote ?an 8 oppon5t1 & yet has n be5 elect$1 because ! numb] ( votes 9 ! electoral college f ! ,/ates t gave him a majority 0 small] ?an ! numb] ( electoral votes f ! o!r ,/ates4 ,!re is a movem5t t[>d ! abolition ( ! electoral college & direct nom9ation & direct election ( ! ,presid5t by ! vot]s4 ,! ,vice-,presid5t mu/ be eligible to ! (fice ( ,presid5t4 ,he is elect$ = ! same t]m1 & 8 sal>y is #ab1jjj a ye>4 ,8 only duty is to preside ov] ! ,s5ate & to succe$ ! ,presid5t 9 case ( ne$4 ,! ,cab9et consi/s ( t5 (ficials appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t ) ! cons5t ( ! ,s5ate to conduct = him c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( public bus9ess4 ,! sal>y ( a ,cab9et memb] is #ab1jjj4 ,cab9et memb]s h no vote 9 ei!r ,h\se ( ,congress1 & are n responsible to x 9 any way4 ,l ! ,presid5t himself1 !y may belong to ! p>ty :i* is 9 ! m9ority 9 ,congress4 ,! ,cab9et is an advisory body to ! ,presid5t1 b its memb]s h no legal /&+ 9 t way1 & he may ignore !m if he *ooses4 ,ea* ,cab9et (fic] is ! adm9i/rative head ( 8 dep>tm5t4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate heads ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate1 & is responsible = all (ficial negotiations & relations ) =eign gov]nm5ts4 ,he is ! m$ium ( communication betwe5 ! ,presid5t & ! ,gov]nors ( ! ,/ates4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury manages national f9ances1 adm9i/]s rev5ue1 curr5cy1 & national bank+ laws4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,w> has *>ge ( all matt]s ( national def5se1 riv] & h>bor improvem5ts1 & is responsible = ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,army4 ,! ,attorney-,g5]al is ! legal advis] ( ! ,presid5t & ! ,national gov]nm5t4 ,! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al conducts ! affairs ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t & ! transportation ( ! mail4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy has *>ge ( ! ,navy & its equipm5t1 y>ds1 & docks4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior & 8 dep>tm5t h *>ge ( public l&s & ,indian affairs4 ,he has ! grant+ ( p5sions & pat5ts4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture has = 8 bus9ess ! improvem5t ( agriculture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he also has *>ge ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 animal & plant indu/ry1 & ! =e/ s]vice4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,comm]ce mu/ aid & develop ! comm]cial int]e/s ( ! c\ntry1 includ+ m9+ & transportation4 ,he takes ! c5sus e t5 ye>s4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,labor & ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor are design$ to protect ! welf>e ( ! wage e>n]s4 ,to ?is dep>tm5t belong ! ,bureau ( ,immigration & ! ,*ildr5's ,bureau4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! pa/ few ye>s has be5 to enl>ge ! p[]s ( ! ,national gov]nm5t4 ,) ! rapid increase ( means ( transportation di/ant p>ts ( ! c\ntry h be5 br\ght close toge!r4 ,sectionalism is dim9i%+4 ,to 8,/ates' rights0 is be+ add$ a national pride4 ,9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! bus9ess ( ! nation1 ,/ate b\nd>ies c (t5 no long] be consid]$ )\t a di/9ct loss ( economy & effici5cy4 ,to give "o example3 ! ,/ate control ( railroads result$ 9 ob/ructive & entirely diff]5t requirem5ts be+ made by neighbor+ ,/ates1 on ! same railroad pass+ ?r\gh sev]al ( !m4 ,! p[] ( sep>ate ,/ates to control1 indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 su* ?+s z m>riage & divorce laws1 has result$ 9 ! deplorable situation t a c\ple may be legally m>ri$ 9 "o ,/ate & ! m>riage may n be recogniz$ 9 ano!r4 ,x is evid5t t ) ! gr[? 9 influ5ce & importance ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,national gov]nm5t is gradually assum+ _m functions :i* =m]ly 7 left to ! sep>ate ,/ates4 ,,vii ,,:o ,,c ,,vote ,!re is "o way 9 :i* ! gov]nm5t ( a republic l ! ,unit$ ,/ates diff]s f o!r =ms ( gov]nm5t--viz41 9 a republic ! s\rce ( all p[] re/s ) ! p4 ,!y *oose ! m5 to :om !y give ! "r to speak = !m & to repres5t !m4 ,! "r to vote = ! man :o is to repres5t y1 :o is to make ! law = y & to en=ce t law1 is ! mo/ sacr$ "r ( a free c\ntry4 ,! success or failure ( gov]nm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 e political division ( ! ,/ate1 re/s ) ! m5 & wom5 :o h ! p[] ( ! vote4 ,"o ( ! great dang]s ( a democracy is ! c>elessness & indiff]5ce ( ! vot]4 ,if a gov]nm5t 8by ! p0 is to be a success1 ! p !mselves mu/ see to x t hone/1 responsible1 & effici5t (ficials are *os54 ,e ,p]son 9 ! ,/ate ,is ,ei!r a ,citiz5 or an ,ali54 ,citiz5%ip ,is ,conf]r$ by ! ,national ,gov]nm5t & ! ,/ate ,has ,no ,p[] to ,conf] or ,)hold ,x4 ,a ,citiz5 is def9$ 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 8,all p]sons born or naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & subject to ! jurisdiction !re(1 are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* !y reside40 ,native-born ,indians :o h _h l& allott$ !m & h giv5 up _! tribal life are citiz5s4 ,all p]sons born out ( ! c\ntry ( citiz5 p>5ts are also citiz5s1 except :]e ! fa!r has nev] resid$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,naturalization3 ,congress makes uni=m laws ( naturalization = all ! ,/ates4 ,an ,ali5 is a p]son born 9 a =eign c\ntry :o lives "h b is /ill a subject ( "s o!r c\ntry4 ,an ,ali5 ,may ,become a ,citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ?us ( ,new ,york ,/ate1 aft] he has liv$ 9 ! c\ntry five ye>s cont9u\sly1 & 9 ! ,/ate "o ye>4 ,he mu/ be able to write 8 own language1 to read & speak ,engli%1 & be ( moral "*4 ,8 fir/ /ep is to g to a ,f$]al c\rt1 or a c\rt ( record1 & swe> t x is 8 int5tion to become a citiz5 & r5\nce 8 allegiance to any =eign p[]4 ,he is !n giv5 8 8fir/ pap]s40 ,n less ?an two ye>s1 or m ?an sev5 ye>s lat]1 he mu/ appe> aga9 ) two witnesses to swe> to 8 good "* & loyalty1 & file a petition4 ,aft] n9ety days 8 application is he>d by ! c\rt & he is exam9$ by ! judge & r5ews 8 oa? ( allegiance4 ,if ! judge is satisfi$ he is giv5 8 c]tificate ( naturalization :i* makes him a citiz54 ,fees am\nt+ to five doll>s are n[ *>g$4 ,only ,:ite ,p]sons & ,negroes ,may ,become ,naturaliz$3 ,*9ese1 ,japanese & ,ea/ ,indians _c become citiz5s unless born 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,polygami/s are exclud$4 ,an ,unm>ri$ ,woman c take out pap]s ( naturalization & become a citiz5 9 ! same way z does a man4 ,a ,m>ri$ ,woman is only a citiz5 if h] husb& is a citiz54 ,"u ! pres5t law1 %e _c become naturaliz$ by h]self4 ,also1 "u a /rict int]pretation ( ! law1 %e has ! resid5ce ( h] husb& & mu/ vote f ! same place4 ,a ,woman ,born 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o m>ries an ali51 al?\gh %e may nev] leave h] own c\ntry1 ceases to be an ,am]ican citiz5 & becomes a subject ( ! c\ntry to :i* h] husb& belongs4 ,!re=e1 ! wife ( a man n a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _c vote 9 ?is c\ntry4#b ,if a resid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %e resumes h] citiz5%ip at ! dea? ( h] husb&1 or if %e is divorc$4 ,a =eign-born woman :o m>ries a citiz5 becomes a citiz54 ,*ildr5 "u age become citiz5s ) _! p>5ts4 ,an ,am]ican-born man may live abroad _m ye>s & n lose 8 citiz5%ip4 ,a naturaliz$ citiz5 is consid]$ z los+ 8 citiz5%ip if he returns to 8 native c\ntry & resides !re two ye>s4 ,a citiz5 has ! "r to )draw f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 r5\nce 8 allegiance1 & acquire citiz5%ip 9 ano!r c\ntry4 ,an ali5 enjoys ! same protection ( ! law z does ! citiz54 ,! gov]nm5t ext5ds its protection to ! native-born & ! naturaliz$ citiz5 alike4 ,a naturaliz$ citiz5 is protect$ :ile abroad1 ev5 9 8 native c\ntry1 by our gov]nm5t 9 exactly ! same degree z a native-born citiz5 w\ld be4 ,a naturaliz$ citiz5 may fill any (fice 9 ! l& ) ! exception ( t ( ,presid5t4 ,a ,citiz5 ,is ,n ,always a ,vot]3 ,wom5 7 citiz5s ( ,new ,york ,/ate be=e !y 7 giv5 ! "r to vote1 if 7#a7 !y 7 born 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7#b7 7 m>ri$ to citiz5s1 or 7#c7 if1 unm>ri$1 !y _h tak5 out _! own naturalization pap]s4 ,! ,/ate ,conf]s ! ,"r to ,vote & ,fixes ! ,qualifications = ,vot]s4 ,:o ,may ,vote3 8,e citiz5 ( ! age ( tw5ty-"o ye>s :o %all h be5 a citiz5 = n9ety days1 an inhabitant ( ! ,/ate = "o ye>1 & a resid5t ( ! c\nty = f\r mon?s1 & a resid5t ( ! election di/rict = ?irty days1 has a "r to vote0 7,act ,,ii1 ,sec4 ,i1 ,con/itution ( ,new ,york ,/ate74 ,=eign-born wom5 ^: husb&s are citiz5s mu/ live 9 ! c\ntry five ye>s be=e !y c vote4 ,9 "t ( w> soldi]s & sailors may vote :]ev] !y are1 & _! ballots are c\nt$ 9 _! home di/ricts4 ,x is reasonable t a c]ta9 l5g? ( resid5ce %\ld be requir$ be=e a p]son is p]mitt$ to vote1 9 ord] t he may h a *ance to become famili> ) ! int]e/s ( a community1 & acqua9t$ ) ! qualifications ( ! c&idates4 ,:o ,may ,n ,vote3 ,a naturaliz$ citiz5 :o has n be5 naturaliz$ = at lea/ n9ety days be=e election2 a p]son ^: "n & address is n regi/]$ ) election (ficials at lea/ t5 days be=e an election2 a p]son convict$ ( brib]y or an infam\s crime2 a des]t] f ! ,army or ,navy4 ,a p]son :o bets on an election is disqualifi$ = vot+ at t election4 ,! ,gov]nor may re/ore citiz5%ip to a p]son :o has lo/ x4 ,! ,/ate ,_c ,int]f]e ) ! ,rights ( ,citiz5s3 ,:ile ! ,/ate prescribes ! qualifications = suffrage = its own citiz5s1 by ! ,f\rte5? & ,fifte5? ,am5dm5ts to ! ,national ,con/itution1 ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t prohibits any ,/ate f abridg+ ! privileges & immunities ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & decl>es t ! ,/ate 9 mak+ ! qualifications = ! suffrage _c discrim9ate because ( color or race4 ,! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t fur!r provides t :5 ! "r to vote is d5i$ to any ( ! male citiz5s ( a ,/ate1 its basis ( repres5tation %all be r$uc$ 9 proportion4 ,sev]al ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates h re/rict$ ! suffrage by educational & prop]ty qualifications1 b h exclud$ f ^! qualifications ^? :o 7 vot]s 9 #ahfg 7be=e ! negroes 7 enfran*is$7 & _! desc5dants4 ,?is discrim9ation ( ! s-call$ 8gr&fa!r0 clause 0 held uncon/itutional by ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiae1 b ! r$uction 9 repres5tation has nev] be5 en=c$4 ,massa*usetts has an educational qualification & ,p5nsylvania a tax qualification1 :i* also exclude _m male citiz5s2 b ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t has nev] be5 s]i\sly en=c$ 9 ei!r case4 ,! ,national ,am5dm5t = ,woman ,suffrage3 ,an am5dm5t to ! ,f$]al ,con/itution is p5d+ :i* provides t ! "r to vote %all n be d5i$ on acc\nt ( sex4 ,:ile ,new ,york ,/ate has giv5 ! vote to its wom51 ?is p]mission does n ext5d beyond its bord]s4 ,new ,york wom5 lose _! vote if !y g to ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 or any adjo9+ ,/ate4 ,twelve ,/ates h giv5 wom5 full suffrage1 & n9ete5 ,/ates h giv5 !m ! "r to vote = ,presid5t4 ,! ,woman ,suffrage ,am5dm5t1 :5 pass$ by ,congress & ratifi$ by ?ree-f\r?s ( all ! ,/ates1 w secure ! "r to vote to all ! wom5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,a bill is n[ be=e ,congress to *ange ?is law & make x possible = a m>ri$ woman to *oose h] c\ntry = h]self1 z a man does1 & to require t %e be oblig$ to g ?r\gh ! same process ( naturalization t a man does1 includ+ ! oa? ( allegiance4 ,x is only ?r\gh a ,f$]al law t ?is *ange c be made4 ,,viii ,,political ,,p>ties ,a political p>ty is a gr\p ( vot]s organiz$ = ! purpose ( putt+ c]ta9 policies into effect1 to elect c]ta9 m5 to (fice1 & to control ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t4 ,"u a popul> gov]nm5t1 :]e public (ficials are *os5 by ! p & political policies are =mulat$ by !m1 political p>ties h seem$ ! mo/ exp$i5t device z yet discov]$ to accompli% ^! ends4 ,! political p>ty 0 n orig9ally a "p ( ! gov]nm5t2 b z ! c\ntry develop$ & gov]nm5t ne$s & opportunities multipli$1 p>ty ma*9]y grew m complex1 & its p[]s increas$ to su* a dang]\s degree t = ! sake ( its own integrity1 ! ,/ate 0 =c$ to regulate x4 ,p>ty conv5tions1 prim>ies1 & mu* ( ! p>ty ma*9]y are n[ controll$ by law4 ,two ,p>ties3 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has always _h two pr9cipal p>ties4 ,!y h _h diff]5t names1 & "u ! same "n !y h advocat$ diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,! fir/ p>ties 7 ! ,f$]ali/s1 :o believ$ 9 a /rong c5tral gov]nm5t t %\ld ex]cise all ! p[]s t ! ,con/itution c\ld be int]pret$ to p]mit1 & ! ,anti-,f$]ali/s1 :o believ$ 9 limit+ ! functions ( ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t & res]v+ z mu* p[] z possible to ! ,/ates4 ,! ,republican & ,democratic ,p>ties3 ,x is difficult to def9e ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pres5t pr9cipal p>ties4 ,! ,republican p>ty is ! successor ( ! ,f$]ali/s4 ,x 0 =m$ %ortly be=e ! ,civil ,w> to prev5t ! ext5sion ( slav]y4 ,9 g5]al x has believ$ 9 a lib]al int]pretation ( ! ,f$]al ,con/itution1 & has wi%$ to see ! p[]s ( ! ,national gov]nm5t ext5d$4 ,! ,democratic p>ty has advocat$ 8,/ates' rights10 ! "r ( ! individual ,/ates to settle _! own affairs4 ,x has held to a /rict int]pretation ( ! ,con/itution1 & has believ$ 9 limit+ ! p[] ( ! ,national gov]nm5t4 ,besides ! doctr9e ( ,/ates' rights1 ! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,republican & ,democratic p>ties has be5 ! t>iff4 ,! ,republican p>ty has advocat$ a high t>iff1 & ! ,democratic p>ty a t>iff 8= rev5ue only40 ,:ile ^! h be5 ! two issues mo/ discuss$ betwe5 ! two p>ties1 ev5 on ^! que/ions ! l9es h (t5 be5 confus$4 ,democratic memb]s ( ,congress h advocat$ measures :i* di/9ctly contradict$ ! pr9ciples ( ,/ates' rights1 & ! ,republican p>ty z (t5 has adopt$ !m = its own purposes4 ,! ,democratic p>ty has n always /ood on its l[-t>iff plat=m1 & ,republicans h (t5 be5 aga9/ protection4 ,ev5 be=e ! pres5t w> old p>ty l9es _h begun to fade4 ,) ! dang]s ?reat5+ ! c\ntry1 :i* w> has br\ght1 ^! l9es h be5 almo/ oblit]at$4 ,:at !y w be :5 ! w> is ov] no "o c pr$ict ) c]ta9ty4 ,! ,republican p>ty came into p[] 9 #ahfj1 :5 x elect$ ,abraham ,l9coln ,presid5t1 & until #aiac x controll$ ! ,national gov]nm5t1 except = two t]ms ( f\r ye>s ea* :5 ,grov] ,clevel& 0 ,presid5t4 ,9 g5]al ! ,s\!rn ,/ates are ,democratic1 pres]v+ a 8solid ,s\?40 ,! ,nor!rn ,/ates are apt to be ,republican4 ,! ,progressive ,p>ty 0 organiz$ 9 #aiab z ! result ( a split 9 ! ,republican ranks1 by m5 :o want$ m progressive measures ?an ^? advocat$ by ei!r ! ,republican or ,democratic p>ty4 ,x advocat$ public own]%ip ( m9es1 =e/s1 & wat] p[]2 a l>g] measure ( ju/ice = ! work+-classes & suffrage = wom54 ,x has dis9tegrat$1 b x _h a l>ge effect 9 lib]aliz+ bo? ! old] p>ties1 & _m ( its policies h be5 adopt$ by !m4 ,! ,prohibition ,p>ty 0 organiz$ 9 #ahgb to br+ ab\t complete prohibition ( alcoholic dr9ks4 ,x has elect$ c&idates to ! ,legislature & has secur$ an ev] l>g] measure ( local option & ev5 ,/ate-wide prohibition4 ,! ,sociali/ ,p>ty1 organiz$ 9 #aijj1 advocates gov]nm5t own]%ip ( l&1 railroads1 telegraph & telephones1 m9es1 & all vital indu/ries4 ,x has become l>gely ! p>ty ( ! indu/rial work]s4 ,m9or p>ties h come & gone1 b !y h usually left a la/+ effect on ! dom9ant p>ties4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 any organization is consid]$ 8a p>ty0 :i* poll$ at lea/ #aj1jjj votes = ,gov]nor at ! la/ election4 ,p>ty ,organization3 ,! individual vot]1 or gr\p ( vot]s1 is helpless to *ange conditions or to elect a man4 ,x is only ?r\gh ! organization ( _m m5 :o want ! same ?+ t !y become effective4 ,political p>ties are organiz$ = ,national1 ,/ate1 & local campaigns4 ,! great "w ( ! political p>ties is ! nom9ation & election ( a ,presid5t e f\r ye>s4 ,= ?is purpose !re mu/ be a national p>ty organization4 ,! ,national ,committee ( ea* p>ty is compos$ ( "o memb] f ea* ,/ate4 ,x organizes ! ,national ,conv5tion ( ! p>ty1 :i* is held e>ly 9 ! summ] be=e ! presid5tial election1 & at :i* p>ty policies are =mulat$1 & c&idates = ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t are nom9at$4 ,9 ! spr+ ! *airman ( ! ,national ,committee calls a meet+ ( ?is committee to decide :]e & :5 ! conv5tion %all meet4 ,besides nom9at+ c&idates = ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t1 ! conv5tion adopts a 8plat=m0 9 :i* is set =? ! pr9ciples :i* ! p>ty holds & its attitude on important public que/ions4 ,a new ,national ,committee is appo9t$ to c>ry on ! campaign & to act until ! next conv5tion4 ,! plat=m adopt$ by ! p>ty at its ,national conv5tion is an expression ( ! pr9ciples = :i* ! p>ty /&s4 ,a 8plank0 may be put 9 simply to cat* votes2 on "s "q ! plank may n be explicit1 b may 8/raddle0 ! issue4 ,:ile 9 ! ma9 ! ,national plat=m sets =? ! pr9ciples to :i* ! p>ty is committ$ & its proposals = future action1 ! spee* or lett] ( acceptance ( ! c&idate = ! presid5cy usually conta9s a m reliable /atem5t ( ! policies :i* he w\ld advocate if elect$4 ,! ,/ate ,committee is ! p>ty organization 9 control ( ! p>ty 9 ! ,/ate4 ,x is compos$ ( "o man f ea* ( ! "o hundr$ & fifty ,assembly ,di/ricts 9 ! ,/ate1 :o are elect$ by ! enroll$ memb]s ( ! p>ty 9 ea* di/rict4 ,! *airman is elect$ by ! committee to s]ve = two ye>s4 ,p>ty memb]s are all ^? :o at ! la/ regi/ration1 or la/ g5]al election1 enroll$ 9 ! p>ty4 ,/ate plat=ms c\nt = little4 ,!y usually 8po9t ) pride0 to ?+s ! p>ty has done1 & d5\nce ! acts ( ! oppos+ p>ty4 ,mo/ vot]s pay little att5tion to !m4 ,! ,c\nty ,committee consi/s ( "o man f e election di/rict 9 ! c\nty2 ! ,city ,committee1 "o f ea* w>d or election di/rict 9 ! city4 7,new ,york ,c\nty has its own organization1 diff]5t f ! o!rs47 ,! *airman ( ea* ( ^! committees is elect$ at ! p>ty prim>ies4 ,he is usually an exp]i5c$ politician1 & ea* committee is ! p>ty au?ority locally4 ,! ,election ,di/rict3 ,! election di/rict capta91 or c\nty committeeman1 is ! man :o comes 9 direct p]sonal t\* ) ! vot]4 ,8 bus9ess is to deliv] ! vote ( 8 election di/rict to 8 p>ty4 ,he mu/ "k e vot] 9 8 di/rict1 f9d out h[ ea* "o is go+ to vote1 & keep track ( new vot]s1 especially ! fir/ vot] :o has yet to *oose 8 p>ty4 ,he is an inspector at elections2 he selects poll cl]ks & wat*]s1 & h&les ! money s5t by 8 p>ty to 8 di/rict4 ,! ,assembly ,di/rict lead] or ,c\nty ,*airman di/ributes ! patronage & ! election di/rict capta9 may recomm5d m5 to him4 ,! m (fices t c be fill$1 & ! great] ! numb] ( 8! fai?ful0 :o c be provid$ =1 ! /rong] ! p>ty at ! next election4 ,! "o quality necess>y = ! election di/rict capta9 is complete loyalty to 8 *airman & p>ty4 ,if ord9>y p>ty memb]s pay no att5tion to ! organization locally x is b\nd to fall into ! h&s ( ^? :o make _! liv+ out ( politics4 ,p>ty ,funds are contribut$ by memb]s ( ! p>ty1 subscriptions f int]e/$ m51 f p>ty c&idates & int]e/s :i* expect to be b5efit$ if a c]ta9 p>ty comes into p[]4 ,x is a crime to levy on ! sal>y ( any public (ficial = campaign exp5ses1 b su* contributions are (t5 /ill expect$4 ,if a p>ty elects its c&idate1 he has _m (ficials to appo9t1 & ^! (fices are (t5 un=tunately reg>d$ z rew>ds = p>ty loyalty & "w4 ,! civil s]vice 0 creat$ to take (fices away f p>ty control & prev5t ! 8spoils sy/em40 ,! ,use & ,abuse ( ,p>ty3 ,! political p>ty has a v def9ite place 9 popul> gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! conduct ( a campaign organization is indisp5sable4 ,! dang] lies 9 ! difficulty ( suffici5tly safegu>d+ ! int]e/s ( ! public f ! spoilsm5 ( ei!r p>ty4 ,x is ?r\gh ! p>ty t citiz5s mu/ "w = political measures1 b x is also ?r\gh ! p>ty ma*9e t anti-social =ces are able to successfully c>ry out _! plans4 ,!re is trem5d\s p[] = a p>ty 9 its control ( ! gov]nm5t ( a city or a ,/ate4 ,a multitude ( (fices h to be fill$1 fran*ises to be grant$1 valuable contracts let1 & !re are a ?\s& opportunities = public plund] & private enri*m5t4 ,! p>ty 9 p[] nationally1 has untold possibilities 9 ! control ( ! fabul\s res\rces ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ord] t a p>ty may come into p[] 9 ! ,national gov]nm5t1 x is necess>y = x to be 9 control 9 ! ,/ate1 & to control ! ,/ate x tries to hold m9or political divisions4 ,to ga9 control locally x p>titions out ! (fices :]e !y w d ! mo/ good2 x ga9s support f e qu>t] ?r\gh any means2 x seeks to h m5 9 positions ( au?ority :o c be s controll$ t !y w subord9ate ev]y?+ to ! p>ty welf>e4 ,! av]age vot] n infrequ5tly supports 8 p>ty at all elections1 )\t reg>d = ! m]its ( ! c&idates4 ,he is (t5 a ,republican or a ,democrat1 )\t any cle> idea ( ! diff]5t pr9ciples ( ! two p>ties4 ,or he may h become a ,republican or a ,democrat because he agre$ ) ! p>ty 9 reg>d to "s ,national "q4 ,s he foll[s x bl9dly 9 ,/ate & city elections1 :i* h no?+ to d ) ,national que/ions4 ,x is seldom t important issues ( p>ty pr9ciples are involv$ 9 a local election2 b ! tradition ( p>ty support is /rong & ! temptation to hold p>ty allegiance ev5 at ! exp5se ( ! public is almo/ irresi/ible4 ,! ,indep5d5t ,vot]3 ,und\bt$ly ! numb] ( indep5d5t vot]s is gr[+4 ,:5ev] = any reason a gr\p ( non-p>tisan vot]s ab/a9 f p>ty allegiance1 are al]t to ! s9c]ity ( p>ty promises1 & are wat*ful ( ! qualifications ( c&idates1 bo? p>ties beg9 to clean h\se & put up z c&idates ! be/ m5 available1 9 ord] to bid = ! indep5d5t vote4 ,su* a body ( non-p>tisan vot]s may be ! decisive factor 9 an election1 especially if ! two p>ties are ab\t ev5ly divid$4 ,! indep5d5t vot] is n popul> ) ! ma*9e politician4 ,! l>g] ! numb] ( non-p>tisan vot]s ! m difficult x is = him to p]=m 8 duties1 & to control & deliv] ! vote4 ,9 city & village elections1 p>ty issues h no place1 & !re is a gr[+ feel+ t qualification = (fice %\ld be ! only consid]ation4 ,x all comes back to ! vot+ citiz54 ,politics & political p>ties are :at ! p make !m4 ,,ix ,,h[ ,,c&idates ,,are ,,nom9at$ ,:ile any man's "n c be put 9 nom9ation = any (fice1 he has little *ance ( be+ elect$ 9 mo/ elections )\t be+ ! c&idate ( a political p>ty4 ,= a long "t p>ties 7 all[$ to nom9ate c&idates z !y *ose1 & p>ty bosses dictat$ nom9ations )\t reg>d = ! wi%es ( ! re/ ( ! p>ty or = ! int]e/s ( ! public4 ,= "s "t pa/ ! ,/ate has regulat$ ! me?ods ( nom9ations4 ,c&idates = all (fices are nom9at$ 9 "o ( ?ree ways3 7#a7 ,at a p>ty conv5tion2 7#b7 by direct prim>ies2 7#c7 by petition4 ,c&idates = ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t are nom9at$ at ,national conv5tions1 :i* are ! mo/ spectacul> ev5ts ( our political life4 ,delegates to ! ,national conv5tion are elect$ at special p>ty prim>ies held ! fir/ ,tuesday 9 ,april ( ! presid5tial ye>4 ,e ,/ate is all[$ d\ble z _m delegates z x has ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives 9 ,congress4 ,! f\r m5 correspond+ to ! repres5tation ( ! ,/ate 9 ! ,s5ate are delegates-at-l>ge2 ! o!rs are di/rict delegates4 ,! ,national conv5tion is1 !re=e1 compos$ ( ab\t "o ?\s& delegates1 & its meet+s draw o!r ?\s&s ( spectators4 ,!re are few auditoriums 9 ! c\ntry big en\gh to h\se ! conv5tion4 ,!re are usually sev]al c&idates1 ea* "o ( :om is ! *oice ( a gr\p ( m5 9 ! p>ty4 ,! "n ( ea* c&idate is pres5t$ to ! conv5tion by a c>efully select$ orator1 "u circum/ances plann$ to ar\se en?usiasm1 &1 if possible1 to /amp$e ! conv5tion4 ,a majority vote is suffici5t to nom9ate ! c&idate 9 ! ,republican conv5tion1 b ! ,democratic p>ty requires a two-?irds vote4 ,sometimes n "o ( ! c&idates pres5t$ is able to secure a majority4 ,days may be consum$ 9 discussion & b>ga9+1 & 9 ! end an unexpect$ c&idate1 a 8d>k horse10 may be nom9at$4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,national ,committee :o are to s]ve dur+ ! next f\r ye>s are elect$ 9 ! conv5tion1 "o memb] f ea* ,/ate4 ,h[ ,c&idates = ,(fice 9 ,new ,york ,/ate ,are ,nom9at$3 ,! direct prim>y is ! me?od n[ us$ 9 ,new ,york ,/ate by :i* c&idates = all (fices except ^? 9 t[ns & villages are nom9at$1 & ! conduct ( ^! 8(ficial prim>ies10 z !y are call$ to di/+ui% !m f ! un(ficial prim>ies ( ! p>ty1 is c>efully prescrib$ by ,/ate law4 ,a prim>y election is held ?irty days be=e ! g5]al election1 & is conduct$ on ! same plan & 9 ! same g5]al way z ! election4 ,c&idates ( ea* p>ty = all ! elect$ (fices are nom9at$ by ! enroll$ p>ty memb]s4 ,at ! same "t lead]s = ! di/rict ( ea* political p>ty are elect$4 ,! ballots = ea* p>ty are pr9t$ by ! ,/ate & diff] 9 color4 ,! c&idates ^: names are pr9t$ on ! prim>y ballot are designat$ by p>ty committees1 & o!r p]sons may h _! names add$ by petition4 ,:o ,may ,vote at ! ,(ficial ,prim>ies--,enrolm5t ( ,vot]s3 ,only ^? :o h enroll$ !mselves z memb]s ( ! p>ty are p]mitt$ to vote at ! (ficial prim>ies4 ,at ! "t ( ! regi/ration ( vot]s 9 ! cities1 or at ! la/ g5]al election 9 ! c\ntry1 vot]s are giv5 a p>ty enrolm5t blank to fill out4 ,^! enrolm5ts are plac$ 9 seal$ envelopes & op5$ a week aft] ! regul> election1 :5 enrolm5t li/s ( ea* p>ty are made out4 ,su* enrolm5t is n compulsory1 b unless a vot] enrolls he is n able to take "p 9 ! nom9ation ( c&idates4 ,by enroll+ he does n pl$ge himself to vote ! p>ty ticket at ! election 7except 9 ! case ( ! ,sociali/ p>ty72 b he is all[$ to vote at ! prim>y = c&idates ( ! p>ty 9 :i* he enrolls4 ,objections to ,direct ,prim>ies are made t few vot]s take ! tr\ble to vote at !m1 & t ! *oice ( c&idates is v limit$ & is /ill controll$ by p>ty lead]s4 ,!y are also v exp5sive = a c&idate1 especially if he is n back$ by ^! lead]s4 ,to /& any *ance ( nom9ation a c&idate has to canvass ! vot]s & make himself kn[n to !m4 ,a poor man _c af=d to ent] a conte/ 9 a direct prim>y unless funds are suppli$ him or unless he expects to rec\p himself lat] at ! public exp5se4 ,also1 z t c&idate w9s ! prim>y election :o receives ! l>ge/ numb] ( votes1 ! successful c&idate may be "o :o has _h ! votes ( only a small proportion ( ! p>ty :i* is expect$ to support him lat] at ! polls4 ,s f> 9 ,new ,york ,/ate ! prim>ies1 ev5 9 city elections1 are l>gely p>ty affairs4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 advanc$ t city prim>ies %\ld be /rictly non-p>tisan1 & t p>ty emblems %\ld be elim9at$ f ! prim>y ballots4 ,nom9ation by a ,conv5tion is a me?od /ill us$ 9 "s ,/ates1 & until x 0 sup]s$$ by ! direct prim>y x us$ to be ! mann] ( nom9at+ c&idates 9 ,new ,york4 ,an (ficial p>ty conv5tion is made up ( delegates elect$ by memb]s ( ! p>ty f ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,names ( possible c&idates are pres5t$ to ! memb]s 9 op5 conv5tion1 :o express _! *oice by ballot4 ,objections to ! ,conv5tion ,sy/em are bas$ on ! fact t ! regul> p>ty conv5tion is usually controll$ by a few lead]s :o decide be=eh& e detail ( ! bus9ess ( ! conv5tion & make up ! slate4 ,!y may trade ) ano!r gr\p & conc$e "p ( ! ticket to !m 9 return = c]ta9 concessions :i* !y may obta9 = !mselves4 ,! delegates are (t5 !re simply to foll[ ord]s & to nom9ate ! m5 agre$ ^u by ! p>ty bosses4 ,! 8slate0 is ! li/ ( c&idates = ! v>i\s (fices to be fill$4 ,nom9ations = ^! positions are usually influ5c$ n s mu* by ! qualifications ( ! m5 propos$ = (fice1 z by ! ability ( ! propos$ c&idates to get out ! vote & to add /r5g? to ! ticket1 also by geographical consid]ations1 t ea* "p ( ! ,/ate or di/rict may be repres5t$ on ! ticket4 ,un(ficial ,/ate conv5tions are /ill held by ! lead+ p>ties 9 ,new ,york4 ,_! pr9cipal bus9ess is to frame a plat=m4 ,?is conv5tion also appo9ts ! c5tral committee4 ,! ,prim>y ,is ,important to ,e ,vot] because x is !re t policies are det]m9$ & p>ty lead]s elect$1 z well z c&idates nom9at$ = (fices4 ,unless ! memb]s ( ! p>ty take ! tr\ble to vote at ! prim>y1 ! *oice ( c&idates is left to ! few lead]s :o make a bus9ess ( politics4 ,?is leaves ! field cle> = 8! boss0 to put up c&idates :om he c control aft] election4 ,! vote at ! prim>y election is always small4 ,! proportion ( vot]s :o vote = ! nom9ation ( c&idates is (t5 z l[ z #ah or #bj p] c5t4 ( ! vote ca/ at ! election4 ,! reason = ?is is n difficult to und]/&4 ,! prim>y election comes at a "t :5 little public int]e/ has yet be5 ar\s$ 9 ! com+ election4 ,by election-"t ! vot]s h be5 circul>iz$ & canvass$ & ! newspap]s h devot$ mu* space to ! subject4 ,also mu* m ef=t is made by ! p>ty to get out ! vote at election-"t ?an at ! prim>y4 ,p>ty lead]s c c\nt on ! fai?ful com+ to ! prim>y election )\t urg+1 & !y are ! ones :o (t5 *oose ! c&idates4 ,nom9ation by ,petition3 ,mo/ c&idates on ! ballot are nom9at$ by a p>ty1 b a man may also be nom9at$ by a petition ( indep5d5t vot]s4 ,! petition mu/ conta9 ! title ( ! (fice to be fill$1 ! "n & address ( ! c&idate1 & be sign$ by a c]ta9 numb] ( vot]s4 ,x ,,elections ,laws conc]n+ ! hold+ ( elections h gr[n mu* m /r+5t 9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,e detail ( ! ca/+ ( a ballot is n[ prescrib$ by law & e precaution tak5 to insure hone/y ( elections4 ,! precautions apply m to cities ?an to rural communities1 ) ! result t m corruption may sometimes be f\nd to-day 9 c\ntry elections ?an 9 ^? 9 cities4 ,regi/ration ( ,vot]s3 ,9 l>ge places or d5sely populat$ di/ricts x is impossible = ! election (ficials to "k e vot]1 !re=e ! law requires t 9 cities & villages ( ov] five ?\s& inhabitants e vot] %all appe> e ye> be=e ! bo>d ( regi/ration & h 8 "n put on ! regi/ration li/4 ,he is requir$ to answ] c]ta9 que/ions z to 8 age1 8 exact resid5ce1 8 bus9ess1 & :]e 8 la/ vote 0 ca/1 & to sign 8 own "n = purposes ( id5tification & to prev5t fraud4 ,9 small] places & 9 rural di/ricts1 ! signature is n requir$1 & aft] a man's "n is once regi/]$ x rema9s on ! book z long z ! vot] rema9s 9 ! di/rict4 ,9 practice x rema9s on ! book until "s "o takes x (f2 & ! names ( m5 :o h di$ or mov$ away are frequ5tly f\nd 9 a rural regi/ration book4 ,"t ( ,elections3 ,! g5]al elections take place 9 ! fall1 on ! fir/ ,tuesday aft] ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,novemb]4 ,national elections = ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t take place e f\r ye>s1 9 ! ye> t ends ) ! figure f\r or its multiple4 ,elections = repres5tatives to ,congress & ,/ate elections are held ! same day e two ye>s1 9 ! ev5-numb]$ ye>s4 ,city elections are held ! same day 9 ! odd-numb]$ ye>s4 ,city elections are held sep>ate f ,/ate elections 9 ord] to keep ,national & ,/ate issues f intrud+ 9 ! election ( municipal (fic]s4 ,local elections usually take place ! same day1 ) ! exception ( ! spr+ village election & t[n meet+4 ,! ,election ,di/rict3 ,= conv5i5ce e c\nty or city is divid$ into election di/ricts1 ea* ) "o poll+-place4 ,! av]age numb] ( vot]s to an election di/rict 9 ,new ,york ,/ate is f two hundr$ & fifty to f\r hundr$4 ,:5 a di/rict gr[s to five hundr$ vot]s x is usually divid$4 ,9 ,*icago1 s9ce wom5 7 giv5 ! vote1 an election di/rict conta9s f five to six hundr$ vot]s4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! wom5 vote at ! h\rs :5 m5 are busy1 & t ! same election (ficials c h&le _m m votes ?an is cu/om>y 9 ,new ,york4 ,election ,(fic]s3 ,bo>ds ( elections1 appo9t$ by ! c\nty bo>d ( sup]visors1 are 9 g5]al *>ge ( ! elections 9 ! c\nty1 & !re is a ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,elections appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor4 ,at ea* poll+-place on ,election ,day !re is an election bo>d consi/+ ( f\r election inspectors1 two ballot cl]ks1 & two poll cl]ks4 ,! law provides t election bo>ds & bo>ds ( regi/ration %all consi/ ( equal repres5tatives f ! two political p>ties t ca/ ! highe/ numb] ( votes at ! la/ election4 ,?is does n apply to t[n & village elections4 ,ea* p>ty also is all[$ two wat*]s4 ,a rail+ %uts 9 ! vot+-boo?s & tables1 & no "o b ! election bo>d & ! (ficial wat*]s is all[$ "u ! law to be inside ?is rail+4 ,! polls are op5 f six o'clock 9 ! morn+ until five o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,be=e vot+ beg9s ! ballot-boxes are op5$ & inspect$ to see t !y are empty4 ,! (ficial wat*]s h a "r to see ev]y?+ t is done4 ,electione]+ is =bidd5 )9 "o hundr$ feet ( ! polls4 ,! vot+-boo?s are con/ruct$ s z to insure privacy :ile ! vot] is m>k+ 8 ballot1 & ! ballot is fold$ s t no "o b ! vot] himself kn[s h[ he has vot$4 ,! ,election3 ,:5 ! vot] appe>s to ca/ 8 ballot1 he gives 8 "n & address1 & ! regi/ration book is consult$ to see t he is regi/]$1 ! numb] ( ! ballot giv5 to him is call$ out by ! ballot cl]k1 & 8 "n & ! numb] ( 8 ballot are ent]$ 9 ! poll-book4 ,(ficial ballots are provid$ = e poll+-place1 twice z _m z !re are regi/]$ vot]s 9 ! di/rict4 ,all ! c&idates = "o (fice are gr\p$ toge!r on ! ballot1 ea* "n ) a blank squ>e beside x4 ,to vote = a c&idate ! vot] mu/ make a cross ) a lead-p5cil 7n ink7 inside ( ! box beside ! "n ( ! c&idate3 ,illu/ration3 ,x 9 box4 ,if ! cross ext5ds beyond ! box1 or if ! ^w 8yes0 is writt51 if ! ballot is eras$ or 9 any way defac$1 x w be ?r[n out at ! c\nt z void4 ,if a vot] spoils a ballot he %\ld ask = ano!r "o4 ,an illit]ate p]son is all[$ assi/ance 9 m>k+ 8 ballot4 ,:5 ! vot] comes out ( ! boo?1 :]e he has m>k$ 8 ballot 9 secret & fold$ x s x _c be read1 he gives ! ballot to an election (ficial1 :o ann\nces ! "n ( ! vot] & ! numb] ( 8 ballot1 te>s (f ! /ub1 & drops ! ballot unop5$ into ! box4 ,a p]son's vote may be *all5g$ by an inspector or wat*]1 or at ! writt5 reque/ ( any vot]4 ,if1 "u oa?1 he is que/ion$ & swe>s t he is eligible1 8 vote is record$1 b is m>k$ *all5g$4 ,! ,c\nt3 ,at five o'clock ! polls are clos$ & ! ballots are c\nt$4 ,!y mu/ n be h&l$ by any "o b ! election (ficials1 al?\gh ! wat*]s may see e ballot & wat* ! c\nt4 ,! c\nt = ea* (fice to be fill$ is made sep>ately1 & if !re are _m c&idates x may take _m h\rs to complete ! c\nt & "k ! result4 ,(ficial tally %eets are provid$4 ,! result is fil$ ) ! ,c\nty ,cl]k4 ,! bo>d ( sup]visors meet z a bo>d ( canvass]s to canvass ! result1 & ! returns are s5t to ! ,/ate bo>d ( canvass]s4 ,! ,au/ralian ,ballot is ! only "o us$ 9 ,new ,york ,/ate elections4 ,x has on "o ballot ! names ( all c&idates ( all p>ties = all ! (fices to be vot$ =4 ,! names are gr\p$ by (fices1 & ! fir/ "n 9 ea* gr\p is ! c&idate ( ! p>ty t ca/ ! l>ge/ vote at ! la/ election4 ,! only ballots %[n be=e ,election ,day are sample ballots pr9t$ on p9k pap]1 :ile ! ballots us$ at ! election are :ite4 ,!y are all numb]$1 & e "o mu/ be acc\nt$ =4 ,until rec5tly ! ballot 0 pr9t$ ) a column = ea* p>ty1 s t ! easie/ ?+ ! vot] c\ld d 0 to put a cross )9 a circle at ! head ( ! column1 & ?us vote = e c&idate ( t p>ty--:at is call$ a 8/raight ticket40 ,! ballot us$ at pres5t requires a sep>ate cross = e sep>ate c&idate1 & s enc\rages indep5d5ce & intellig5ce on ! "p ( ! vot]4 ,!re are blank places s ! vot] may write 9 any "n he wi%es = any (fice4 ,%ort ,ballot3 ,x is evid5t f ! brief outl9e ( ! /ructure ( gov]nm5t conta9$ 9 ! e>li] *apt]s1 t !re are a great _m (fic]s to be elect$4 ,x is impossible = ev5 ! mo/ intellig5t & mo/ int]e/$ vot] to "k ! m]its ( z _m c&idates z (t5 appe> on "o ballot4 ,9 "s elections ballots are us$ :i* c be measur$ only 9 feet1 & sometimes ev5 9 y>ds4 ,to rem$y ?is evil !re is a /rong movem5t t[>d a %ort ballot4 ,?is w\ld mean cutt+ d[n ! numb] ( elective (fices4 ,! t5d5cy ( gov]nm5t to-day is to conc5trate ! responsibility on "o man or a few m51 to let !m make appo9tm5ts1 & to hold !m acc\ntable = results4 ,corrupt ,practices ,act3 ,! co/ ( campaigns & elections to ! political p>ties & to _m c&idates is great4 ,:ile !re are _m legitimate exp5ses connect$ ) an election1 ! uncontroll$ use ( l>ge funds leads to grave corruption & has br\ght ab\t c>eful regulation by ! ,/ate ( money us$ at election-"t4 ,contributions f corporations are prohibit$4 ,a public /atem5t ( campaign funds mu/ be made by e c&idate & e organization tak+ "p 9 a campaign1 ( all money receiv$ = campaign purposes & h[ x has be5 exp5d$4 ,?is /atem5t mu/ be fil$ ) ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate )9 tw5ty days aft] ! election1 & be op5 to public inspection4 ,ev5 ^! precautions1 :ile m sev]e ?an ^? f\nd 9 mo/ ,/ates1 h n succe$$ 9 putt+ an end to ! corrupt use ( money 9 elections4 ,x has be5 propos$ rec5tly t an addition to ! ,corrupt ,practices ,act %\ld be made to require all c&idates & campaign manag]s to file1 five days be=e election1 in/ead ( tw5ty days aft]1 a li/ ( receipts & exp5ditures1 s t vot]s might "k be=e ! election ! s\rces ( political contributions & ! use to :i* ! money is put4 ,a second proposal has be5 made 9 reg>d to ! p]sonnel ( ! election (fic]s1 t in/ead ( ^! bo>ds be+ p>ty appo9tees !y %\ld be appo9t$ f ! civil s]vice li/s4 ,x is argu$ t ) civil s]vice appo9tees h&l+ ! c\nt ( ballots !re w\ld be less likelihood ( mi/akes or delib]ate fraud4 ,oregon has adopt$ ! plan ( hav+ a pamphlet pr9t$ by ! ,/ate = bo? ! prim>ies & ! elections1 9 :i* is set =? ! claims ( c&idates ( all p>ties1 & bo? sides ( all public que/ions to be vot$ on4 ,?is pamphlet is s5t at public exp5se to e vot] 9 t ,/ate4 ,vot+-ma*9es are exp5sive1 b !y d away ) ! necessity = vot+-boo?s1 & require few] election (ficials4 ,p]haps t is "o reason !y h n be5 m popul>4 ,!y regi/] ! numb] ( votes ca/ = ea* c&idate1 & ! result ( ! election is kn[n z soon z ! polls are clos$1 & does n h to await ! long1 t$i\s1 & (t5 incorrect c\nt by h&4 ,! ,use ( ,s*ool-h\ses & o!r public build+s = regi/ration- & poll+-places is gr[+ m common4 ,x n only saves ! l>ge r5t usually *>g$ = ! use ( o!r build+s = poll+-places1 b x also gives m room & m conv5i5t surr\nd+s ?an are af=d$ by ! k9d ( place (t5 r5t$ = use on ,election ,day4 ,unless provision is made by a city *>t] or "s special p]mission s*ool-h\ses may be us$ 9 ?is way only by a vote ( ! p ( ! di/rict4 ,! ,co/ ( ,elections 9 proportion to o!r exp5ses ( gov]nm5t is small4 ,9 ! budget = ,new ,york ,city x figures less ?an #a p] c5t4 ( ! total budget4 ,at ! same "t x c\ld und\bt$ly be l[]$ by economy4 ,high r5t is paid = poll+-places1 d\ble ! numb] ( ballots necess>y & lib]al supplies are giv5 to ea* di/rict4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ,*icago1 :5 wom5 became vot]s1 t ! co/ ( elections 0 increas$ v little4 ,! supplies furni%$1 & ! same numb] ( election (ficials1 7 f\nd to be able to c>e = a l>ge increase 9 ! numb] ( vot]s4 ,,xi ,,taxation ,x is evid5t t to c>ry on ! necess>y bus9ess ( a city1 a c\nty1 ! ,/ate1 or ! nation requires money4 ,also1 s9ce ev]ybody %>es 9 ! b5efits ( gov]nm5t1 e "o %\ld help pay ! bill4 ,"o ( ! mo/ difficult problems ( gov]nm5t is to devise a sy/em ( taxation t _c be evad$1 t w raise suffici5t money = exp5ses1 & t w treat e "o ) equal ju/ice4 ,taxation may be divid$ into two g5]al classes1 direct & indirect4 ,direct taxes are ^? impos$ directly ^u prop]ty or p]sons2 su* z taxes impos$ ^u l&1 p]sonal prop]ty1 or income4 ,! t]m indirect tax is appli$ to taxes ^u activities su* z c>ry+ on "s bus9ess or ^u buy+1 sell+1 manufactur+1 or import+ c]ta9 articles4 ,a direct tax1 z a rule1 _c be evad$ or %ift$ to "s o!r p]son4 ,indirect taxes c be evad$ by ab/a9+ f ! activity t is tax$4 ,!y c usually also be %ift$ to o!rs1 & are g5]ally paid by ! consum]1 or us] ( ! article t is tax$4 ,9 g5]al1 direct taxes are levi$ by ! ,/ate & municipal gov]nm5ts1 :ile ! ,national gov]nm5t d]ives its rev5ue 7) ! exception ( ! income tax7 ma9ly f indirect taxes4 ,taxes = local purposes are levi$ l>gely on h\ses & l&1 on :at is call$ real prop]ty4 ,p]sonal prop]ty1 :i* is movable prop]ty1 su* z mortgages1 live /ock1 furniture1 etc41 is also subject to taxation1 b x is assess$ only ^u ! balance ( its value 9 excess ( ! indebt$ness ( ! p]son tax$4 ,x is a m difficult tax to collect ?an ! tax on real prop]ty1 & is evad$ to su* a l>ge ext5t t _m economi/s believe t x %\ld be aboli%$1 & "s tax sub/itut$ m possible to impose equally & to collect4 ,village & s*ool taxes are usually collect$ indep5d5tly by village & s*ool (ficials4,a ,t[n1 c\nty1 ,/ate1 & city taxes are assess$ & collect$ at ! same "t4 ,tax ,di/ricts3 ,! ,/ate is divid$ into tax di/ricts :i* h usually ! b\nd>ies ( ! t[n%ip or city1 & !re are ?ree tax assessors 9 ea* tax di/rict elect$ by ! p 9 ! t[n1 & usually appo9t$ 9 ! city4 ,h[ ,taxes ,are ,assess$3 ,! ,/ate ,legislature decides ! am\nt ne$$ = c>ry+ on ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate4 ,! l>ge/ "p ( ^! exp5ses are met by special indirect ,/ate taxes4 ,! rema9d] ( ! am\nt to be rais$ is apportion$ among ! c\nties accord+ to ! value ( taxable prop]ty 9 ea* 7see ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,equalization74 ,! c\nty bo>d ( sup]visors decides h[ mu* is ne$$ = c\nty affairs4 ,! t[n meet+s1 or ! t[n bo>ds & ! vot]s ?r\gh vot+ on propositions submitt$ by ! t[n bo>ds1 decide h[ mu* money is ne$$ = ! bus9ess ( ! t[ns4 ,?is sum is add$ to ! total am\nt ( taxes necess>y = ! c\nty gov]nm5t1 & to ! c\nty's %>e ( taxes = ! ,/ate gov]nm5t1 & ! comb9$ sum is ! am\nt t mu/ be levi$ on ! prop]ty 9 t c\nty4 ,! am\nt ne$$ to c>ry on ! gov]nm5t ( a city 9 ! c\nty is report$ to ! c\nty bo>d ( sup]visors & to ?is sum is add$ 9 ! same way ! proportion ( c\nty & ,/ate taxes :i* ! city mu/ pay4 ,assess+ ! am\nt ea* taxpay] %all pay is ! duty ( ! assessors4 ,!y make up an ,assessm5t roll :i* mu/ conta9 ! "n ( e p]son 9 ! di/rict :o owns prop]ty1 & ! assess$ value ( 8 prop]ty4 ,! way ! assessors d ?is "w v>ies l>gely4 ,! policy gov]n+ assessm5ts 9 rural di/ricts is to place z l[ a valuation on prop]ty z possible1 9 ord] t ! total assess$ valuation = ! c\nty %all be kept d[n1 s t ! apportionm5t giv5 to ! c\nty = ,/ate taxes %all be l[1 & ! l>g] burd5 ( taxation %all fall on ! cities4 ,:5 ! assessm5t roll is complet$ ! assessors notify ! public t x is op5 = inspection1 & a "t & place are fix$ = a he>+1 :5 any "o :o ?9ks he has be5 unfairly treat$ may compla94 ,if su* a p]son is n satisfi$ ) ! decision ( ! local assessors he may appe> be=e ! ,c\nty ,bo>d ( ,equalization ) 8 compla9t4 ,! ,c\nty ,bo>d ( ,equalization is ! c\nty bo>d ( sup]visors4 ,!y h p[] to equalize ! assess$ value ( ! real prop]ty 9 any tax di/rict 9 ! c\nty4 ,!y apportion ! am\nt ( ,/ate & c\nty tax due f ea* t[n or city1 add ! t[n or city tax1 !n asc]ta9 ! am\nt ea* p]son %all pay accord+ to ! assess$ valuation ( 8 prop]ty4 ,?is sum is not$ on ! assessm5t roll opposite ea* p]son's "n & ! roll !n becomes ! tax roll ( ! di/rict4 ,a practical example3 ,suppose ,x owns a h\se & lot :i* ! assessors value at #e1jjj4 ,! c\nty bo>d ( equalization f9ds t ! city :]e ,x lives mu/ raise #ajj1jjj 9 taxes2 #ij1jjj is requir$ = ! city gov]nm5t2 #i1jjj is ! sum ! city is requir$ to contribute to ! exp5ses ( ! c\nty1 & #a1jjj is ! %>e ! city has to pay t[>d ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate4 ,! value ( taxable prop]ty 9 ! city is #e1jjj1jjj4 ,e doll> ( assess$ prop]ty 9 ! city mu/ !re=e pay two c5ts 9 taxes1 & ,x's taxes w be #ajj1 ( :i* #ij w g to ! city1 #i to ! c\nty1 & #a to ! ,/ate4 ,a mortgage on ! prop]ty does n decrease ! am\nt to be paid4 ,collect+ ,taxes3#c ,if a p]son fails to pay 8 real-e/ate taxes ! c\nty treasur] is au?oriz$ to sell 8 prop]ty = ! unpaid taxes4 ,! prop]ty may be r$eem$ by ! =m] own] on paym5t ( back taxes ) int]e/ due & ! co/ & exp5ses ( ! tax sale4 ,public build+s1 religi\s & *>itable in/itutions1 are usually free f taxation2 !y are = ! b5efit ( ! entire community4 ,/ate ,taxes3 ,! ord9>y exp5ses ( ! ,/ate gov]nm5t are met by rev5ues d]iv$ f special indirect ,/ate taxes1 s t = ye>s !re 0 no direct ,/ate tax4 ,/ate rev5ues are provid$ ?r\gh taxes on /ock transf]s1 mortgage taxes1 inh]itance taxes1 excise1 fran*ise1 & corporation taxes4 ,"o-half ! am\nt d]iv$ f ! excise tax goes to ! ,/ate & "o-half to ! community f :i* x comes4 ,e /ock company incorporat$ "u any law ( ! ,/ate mu/ pay a tax ^u ! am\nt ( its capital /ock & ^u any subsequ5t increase4 ,! e>n+s ( corporations do+ bus9ess 9 ! ,/ate are also tax$4 ,an ,inh]itance ,tax is a tax impos$ on ! transf] ( prop]ty at dea? by w1 or by op]ation ( law 9 case ( inte/acy4 ,! rate ( ?is tax v>ies accord+ to ! value ( ! prop]ty or %>e ( ! recipi5t & 8 k9%ip to dec$5t4 ,a high] rate is levi$ on a l>ge beque/ or %>e ?an on a small "o1 & a l>g] p]c5tage is levi$ :5 ! beque/ or %>e goes to di/ant k9 or to a /rang] ?an :5 x goes to a close relative4 ,! direct prop]ty tax is n[ us$ to pay (f ! int]e/ & gradually ! pr9cipal ( ! ,/ate debt4 ,! e/imat$ res\rces & rev5ues1 n includ+ ! direct tax1 = ! ,/ate = #aiah are3 ,ca% balance1 ,july #a/ #aa1jhd1dbc ,/5ograph]s' tax #dca1fjg ,excise tax #e1gej1jjj ,corporation tax #bj1jjj1jjj ,incorporation tax #a1djj1jjj ,inh]itance tax #ad1jjj1jjj ,/ock transf] tax #f1ajj1jjj ,inve/m5t tax #b1ejj1jjj ,mortgage tax #a1ahj1jjj ,motor ,vehicle tax #b1cge1jjj ,canal ma9t5ance receipts #aej1jjj ,o!r rev5ues #d1eed1aej ---------------------- ,total #fi1ebe1ahj ,! ,bo>d ( ,equalization meets 9 ,albany once a ye> to exam9e ! reports f ! diff]5t c\nties ( ! value ( _! taxable prop]ty1 & to equalize ! am\nt ( _! taxation4 ,! ,/ate tax commission]s1 :o mu/ p]sonally visit ! c\nties & exam9e ! local rolls1 & ! l& (fice commission]s =m ?is bo>d4 ,f$]al ,taxes3 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t ev5 be=e ! w> requir$ an enorm\s am\nt ( money ) :i* to conduct its bus9ess4 ,9 ! pa/ its *ief s\rces ( rev5ue h be5 cu/om duties & int]nal-rev5ue taxes4 ,cu/om ,duties are taxes levi$ on ! importation ( articles into ! ,unit$ ,/ates f =eign c\ntries4 ,! t>iff1 :i* fixes ! rates ( ! impo/ taxes1 has be5 a con/ant subject = dispute betwe5 ! major political p>ties4 ,:e!r ! t>iff %\ld be impos$ 8= rev5ue only10 or :e!r x %\ld be 8a protective t>iff0 to protect ,am]ican indu/ries & ,am]ican labor f ! *eap labor ( o!r c\ntries1 has be5 ! *ief po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ,republicans & ,democrats at ,national elections4 ,impo/ taxes are indirect taxes :i* ev5tually come out ( ! pockets ( ! p 9 increas$ prices ( ! articles import$1 & incid5tally !y raise ! prices ( simil> articles ( dome/ic manufacture4 ,int]nal ,rev5ue or ,excise ,taxes are taxes impos$ on bus9ess or on ! manufacture & sale ( articles 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! mo/ important taxes ( ?is "* are ^? on ! manufacture & sale ( liquor & tobacco4 ,! manufacture & sale ( cosmetics1 p]fumes1 oleom>g>9e1 & play+-c>ds are also subject to int]nal-rev5ue taxes4 ,9 _m cases ^! taxes are paid by ! sale ( /amps to ! manufactur]1 :o has to affix !m to ! article be=e x is sold4 ,z ) _m o!r k9ds ( taxation1 ! public1 ! ultimate consum]1 pays ?is tax4 ,! ,income ,tax is a tax on ! income ( a p]son4 ,_m :o d n own l& or o!r tangible prop]ty enjoy an income4 ,z a f>m] has to pay a tax on 8 f>m1 s a lawy] :o has a lucrative practice1 b does n own l& or /ocks1 & ! man :o has an income f inve/m5ts1 are all requir$ to pay _! %>e ( gov]nm5t exp5ses4 ,! income-tax law ( #aiaf taxes all incomes ( m>ri$ c\ples 9 excess ( #d1jjj1 & all incomes ( unm>ri$ p]sons 9 excess ( #c1jjj4 ,to provide fur!r w> rev5ue1 an additional tax 0 impos$ 9 #aiag on ! income ( e unm>ri$ p]son 9 excess ( #a1jjj a ye>1 & ( e m>ri$ c\ple 9 excess ( #b1jjj a ye>4 ,! rate ( ^! taxes increases ) ! size ( ! income4 ,! comb9$ income taxes may am\nt to z mu* z #fg p] c5t4 9 case ( ! l>ge/ incomes4 ,public ,debt2 ,bonds3 ,if ! gov]nm5t ne$s m money ?an x wi%es to raise by taxation1 x c borr[ x by issu+ bonds4 ,a bond is a promise to pay a c]ta9 def9ite sum ( money at a c]ta9 "t ) a fix$ rate ( int]e/4 ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t bonds are ! safe/ inve/m5t 9 ! _w4 ,! ,/ate & municipalities may also issue bonds1 al?\gh ! am\nt a city may borr[ may be limit$ by ! value ( its assess$ prop]ty4 ,! int]e/ on bonds & ! paym5t ( ! pr9cipal mu/ be met by taxation4 ,bonds %\ld n be issu$ to pay = ! runn+ exp5ses ( gov]nm5t1 because t is putt+ on future g5]ations ! unju/ burd5 ( pay+ = some?+ = :i* !y receive no return4 ,_! legitimate use is to meet ! co/ ( "s improvem5t :i* w cont9ue to b5efit ^? :o g on pay+ = x4 ,:5 bonds are issu$ provision %\ld be made = ! r$emption ( _! pr9cipal4 ,?is is done 9 ,new ,york ,/ate by rais+ annually by direct taxation a fix$ sum to be inve/$ & kept z a sep>ate fund call$ a 8s9k+ fund10 to be us$ only = ?is purpose4 ,a s9k+ fund = ! paym5t ( ! int]e/ & = ! r$emption ( ! debt ( ! ,/ate is requir$ by ! ,/ate con/itution4 ,! ,budget3 ,be=e und]tak+ an ent]prise a wise man consid]s h[ mu* x is go+ to co/1 & :]e ! money is com+ f4 ,a budget is a summ>y ( ! e/imat$ exp5ses = ! foll[+ ye> ( ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is a bus9ess-l me?od ( det]m9+ ! am\nt ( money :i* %\ld be rais$ by a ,/ate or municipality to meet its necess>y exp5ses4 ,! budget = ,new ,york ,/ate is made by ! ,legislature f an e/imate furni%$ by ea* ( ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,x includes 9 detail ! am\nt ( sal>ies1 travel+ exp5ses1 & ma9t5ance ( ea* dep>tm5t4 ,! mak+ ( a budget = a city is ( ! greate/ importance to ! taxpay]s4 ,public he>+s are held on x1 :5 taxpay]s may be he>d = or aga9/ ! use ( ! money 9 ! designat$ way1 & :5 !y may ask = additional appropriations = "s city activity4 ,public s]vants 9 ?is1 z 9 e o!r dep>tm5t ( s]vice1 "w be/ "u sup]vision4 ,! taxpay] owes x to himself to ma9ta9 adequate repres5tation at ^! he>+s4 ,x is on ! basis ( ! budget z f9ally adopt$ t taxes are adju/$ = ! foll[+ ye>4 7,see ,*apt] ,,iv on ,great] ,new ,york47 ,! ,national gov]nm5t has n yet adopt$ ! budget plan1 & ! ,presid5t has n ! p[] to veto any item ( an appropriation bill unless he vetoes ! entire measure4 ,?is is a limitation :i* is greatly deplor$1 z x prev5ts him f cutt+ out any provision 9 ! bill :i* he may ?9k unw>rant$ or extravagant1 or :i* has come out ( ! 8pork-b>rel40 ,?is is a t]m appli$ to appropriations giv5 by ,congress to c]ta9 local communities = "s ,f$]al build+ or = ! developm5t ( "s local res\rce :i* is n ( advantage to ! ,national gov]nm5t1 & :i* is giv5 n because !re is any ne$ = x1 b because ! repres5tative f t di/rict 9 ,congress wants to make himself popul> ) 8 con/itu5ts by gett+ = !m "s public plund]4 ,e ,doll> ,t ,is ,sp5t 9 ,any ,dep>tm5t ( ,gov]nm5t ,comes ,out ( ! ,pockets ( ! ,p3 ,x is n easy = ! public to realize ?is4 ,! ,congressman :o gets an extra appropriation = a po/-(fice or o!r public build+ t is n ne$$1 9 ord] to please 8 home p1 may get m votes1 b he is add+ to ! public burd54 ,9 return = a vote = 8 po/-(fice he may h to give 8 vote to a fell[-,congressman = an unnecess>y exp5diture 9 ano!r ,/ate4 ,! *a9 s =m$ is practically endless1 & its inevitable effect is to raise ! co/ ( gov]nm5t unw>rantably4 ,e su* exp5diture1 e unnecess>y public sal>y1 e di%one/ public (ficial1 e tax-dodg]1 e incompet5t piece ( public "w1 adds to ! burd5 ( taxation :i* ! p h to pay4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,9 "s c\nties local arrangem5ts make x difficult = abs5t own]s ( prop]ty to "k :5 & :]e taxes are due4 ,e tax-collector %\ld be oblig$ to foll[ ! usage ( any good bus9ess h\se & mail a bill = taxes4 ,,xii ,,public ,,highways ,road-mak+ has be5 a function ( gov]nm5t s9ce ! e>ly ages4 ,! old ,roman roads /ill exi/ z evid5ce ( ! labor & c>e t 7 put into !m4 ,ease ( communication1 :i* p]mits p to j\rney f home & see :at ! re/ ( ! _w is do+1 is a great factor 9 b9d+ p toge!r1 & t5ds to promote progress4 ,good roads are important to e citiz51 n only because ( ! increas$ use ( ! automobile1 b because !y are a vital "p ( ! bus9ess life ( ! c\ntry4 ,! f>m] ne$s !m to move 8 crops to m>ket4 ,)\t !m he may be unable to sell 8 produce at ! "t x is mo/ ne$$ & :5 he c\ld get ! be/ prices = x4 ,! m]*ant ne$s !m to receive supplies & make deliv]ies2 ! manufactur] ne$s !m = ! mov+ ( 8 raw mat]ial2 ! city-dwell] ne$s !m s t food may come into city m>kets4 ,public highways are ! connect+ art]ies betwe5 city & c\ntry4 ,new ,york ,/ate has recogniz$ ! ne$ ( good roads1 & has sp5t an imm5se am\nt ( money to secure !m4 ,"s ye>s ago a bond issue ( #ej1jjj1jjj 0 au?oriz$ 9 ! belief t su* a l>ge sum ( money w\ld put ! roads 9 a condition to meet all requirem5ts = _m ye>s4 ,9 #aijg ! ,legislature approv$ contracts = #h1cjj miles ( c\nty highways1 believ+ t ! money available w\ld be suffici5t4 ,! foll[+ ye> x approv$ contracts = #c1fjj miles ( ,/ate highways & ano!r bond issue ( #ej1jjj1jjj 0 f\nd necess>y4 ,n only _h ! co/ ( labor & mat]ial greatly increas$1 b 9 addition ! use ( motor-trucks & motor-buses 0 beg9n+ to put a /ra9 on roads & road-b$s :i* _h n be5 anticipat$4 ,old roads began to g to pieces rapidly & ne$$ con/ant repair & (t5 replac+4 ,ev5 ! new roads1 :]e ! road-b$s 7 ( /one only six in*es deep1 soon spread & dis9tegrat$ "u trucks weigh+ f "o to fifte5 tons4 ,?is use ( motor-trucks is increas+1 & is necess>y = ! traffic requirem5ts ( ! ,/ate1 b highways are be+ subject to a /ra9 hi!rto unkn[n1 & ?is /ra9 w increase 9 bo? quantity & sev]ity4 ,h[ to meet ! requirem5ts & ma9ta9 & repair roads built = light traffic :i* are giv+ way "u ! new dem&s1 & h[ to build new roads /rong en\gh to /& up "u ! /ra91 are problems ! ,/ate f9ds x difficult to meet4 ,new road-b$s are n[ requir$ ( /one f n9e to twelve in*es deep4 ,"s roads are built by ! ,/ate1 "s by ! c\nty1 & "s by ! t[n4 ,9 _m cases ! co/ ( ! "w is divid$ betwe5 c\nty & t[n1 or betwe5 c\nty & ,/ate4 ,! ,/ate may help a t[n build a road1 b x c only contribute ! same am\nt or less ?an ! t[n appropriates4 ,all mat]ial t is us$ 9 road-build+ mu/ be te/$ 9 ! laboratories ma9ta9$ by ! ,/ate ,highway ,dep>tm5t1 & con/ant exp]im5ts are be+ made to te/ mat]ials & specifications to f9d out :at w /& ! h>de/ we>4 ,all roads mu/ be built & repair$ "u ! direction ( ! ,/ate ,highway ,commission]1 b :e!r ^! in/ructions are c>ri$ out (t5 dep5ds on local (ficials4 ,! public believes t !re has be5 no "p ( gov]nm5t 9 ,new ,york ,/ate m honeycomb$ ) fraud ?an ! "o ( road-build+ & ma9ta9+2 t specifications h be5 skimp$ or ignor$1 diff]5t mat]ials h be5 sub/itut$ f ^? prescrib$1 *eap] con/ruction ( e k9d pass$ by inspectors1 & t ! result has be5 t _m roads ( ! ,/ate h co/ va/ sums ( money = :i* ! ,/ate is 9 debt & h n la/$ ev5 a few ye>s4 ,9 #aiaf ! ,/ate _h a total ( #d1jbg miles ( macadam roads & #e1hcf miles ( gravel t[n roads1 & m ?an half ( all ! improv$ roads 9 ! ,/ate _h be5 con/ruct$ )9 five ye>s4 ,!re 7 #gbh patrolm5 employ$ look+ aft] repairs4 ,! entire co/ ( bridges is met by ! t[ns ) occasional aid f ! c\nty4 ,if a ,/ate road goes ?r\gh a village1 ! same am\nt is all[$ z = ! re/ ( ! con/ruction1 & if ! village wants ano!r k9d ( a pav+ or a wid] road x mu/ pay ! diff]5ce 9 co/4 ,! ,/ate ,highway ,dep>tm5t gives z av]ages ( co/3 = macadam roads #aj1jjj a mile2 fir/-class concrete1 #ae1jjj a mile2 & brick pav+1 #be1jjj a mile4 ,! ,/ate highway law provides t all con/ruction mu/ be done by contract4 ,prison labor is n employ$ on ,/ate & c\nty roads z 9 "s ,/ates1 b x has be5 us$ on roads built by t[ns4 ,9 spite ( ! huge appropriations1 ! ,/ate roads are f> f complete z plann$4 ,ne>ly #gej1jjj w be available 9 #aiah f ! ,national gov]nm5t z "p ( ,new ,york ,/ate's %>e 9 ! ,f$]al appropriation = roads4 8,work+ out0 a road tax 0 nev] a me?od :i* contribut$ to good roads4 ,! e>? roads on :i* ! taxpay] puts 8 unskill$ labor are usually impassable _m mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,city ,/reets3 ,! local gov]nm5t decides :]e a road or /reet is ne$$1 & ) ! cons5t ( a suffici5t proportion ( ! prop]ty-own]s may pur*ase or condemn ! necess>y prop]ty4 ,if ! own] is n satisfi$ ) ! paym5t (f]$1 apprais]s mu/ be appo9t$ to decide ! am\nt t %\ld be paid4 ,city /reets mu/ be ma9ta9$ by ! city gov]nm5t4 ,if a p]son is injur$ by ! failure ( ! gov]nm5t to keep sidewalks 9 repair he has a "r to sue ! gov]nm5t = damages4 ,! municipal gov]nm5t1 on ! o!r h&1 may require prop]ty-own]s to keep _! sidewalks 9 good condition4 ,/reet-clean+3 ,s9ce _m ?\s&s ( *ildr5 h no playgr\nd b ! /reet1 ! condition 9 :i* city /reets are kept is ( great importance to _! heal? & g5]al welf>e4 ,disease g]ms are heavy & are mo/ num]\s ne> ! gr\nd4 ,if playgr\nds c\ld be arrang$ on ! ro(s ( high build+s ! *ildr5 w\ld be ! ga9]s f ! pure air4 ,un=tunately1 ! /reets 9 :i* !y play are n usually ! ones :i* are clean$ mo/ frequ5tly by ! /reet-clean+ dep>tm5t4 ,old & "y are disord]ly--newspap]s1 cig>ette-butts1 & fruit-sk9s are ?r[n d[n any:]e4 ,/reets litt]$ ) pap]s1 ) du/-lad5 pieces bl[+ back & =?1 increase ! dang]s f disease4 ,c>elessness on ! "p ( ! public 9 ?r[+ ?+s into ! /reets adds _m ?\s&s ( doll>s to ! co/ ( /reet-clean+ dep>tm5ts4 ,e "t t a p]son ?r[s a pap] or any object into ! /reet ev5tually "s "o else mu/ be paid to pick x up4 ,mo/ municipalities h ord9ances aga9/ litt]+ ! /reets1 b !y are (t5 dead lett]s4 ,! cleanl9ess & good ord] ( city /reets pay 9 doll>s & c5ts1 9 public com=t & conv5i5ce1 & 9 a l[]$ dea?-rate4 ,p>ks3 ,) ! conge/ion ( population t is n conf9$ to ,new ,york ,city or any "o "p ( ! ,/ate1 p>ks l>ge & small h become a necessity n only = pleasure & beauty1 b = ! heal? ( ! community4 ,9 ! c\ntry p c be out ( doors z mu* z !y please1 b :5 families are oblig$ to live close toge!r1 8brea?+-places0 are ( actual physical b5efit1 especially if !y c be gre5 ) grass & trees4 ,communities (t5 awak5 to ! ne$ ( p>ks too late1 aft] all available places are occupi$1 :5 9 ord] to provide ! necess>y oasis prop]ty has to be condemn$ & (t5 enorm\s sums ( money paid = x4 ,city ,plann+3 ,mo/ ( our cities h gr[n up haphaz>d )\t any def9ite plan ( developm5t4 ,z new indu/ries h come 9 !y h br\ght 9 l>ge numb]s ( employees1 :o h _h to be provid$ ) liv+-places1 & a new section ( ! city has be5 />t$4 ,or a real-e/ate boom1 fo/]$ by "s private ent]prise1 w develop ano!r qu>t] )\t consid]ation = ! welf>e ( ! incom+ population4 ,z l& values advance1 9 ord] to squeeze all ! pr(it possible out ( ?is increase1 high cr[d$ build+s spr+ up1 plann$ to h\se z _m p z possible 9 a re/rict$ area4 ,new ,york ,city & _m o!r places are cont9u+ to create new t5em5t di/ricts 9 outly+ qu>t]s ( ! city :]e l& is /ill pl5tiful4 ,x is n easy to *ange conge/$ areas built up 9 ! pa/1 b x is a wrong to com+ g5]ations to cont9ue to all[ consid]ations ( heal? & dec5cy to be ignor$ 9 ! future gr[? ( cities4 ,haphaz>d gr[? has co/ ! public de>ly 9 actual money values4 ,unre/rict$ cr[d$ liv+ conditions h co/ /ill m de>ly 9 ! moral & physical vitality ( ! p :o h _h to put up ) !m4 ,^! mi/akes ( ! pa/ _c be rem$i$1 b cities & villages are /ill gr[+1 & ! wise community is n[ develop+ a plan 9 advance = its future gr[?1 :i* w safegu>d public heal? & welf>e1 & ! conv5i5ce z well z ! beauty ( ! city4 ,! ,value ( ,beauty3 ,/reets & roads d n ne$ to be b>e & ugly4 ,"s att5tion paid to appe>ance co/s v little & is a di/9ct b5efit to ! public4 ,we$s are usually cut d[n along ! roadside1 b s1 too (t51 are ! trees4 ,:5 "o ?9ks ( ! _m ye>s x takes = a tree to atta9 a f9e gr[?1 "o wond]s at ! c>elessness ) :i* !y are sacrific$4 ,a well-%ad$ road bord]$ by trees1 or a %ad$ city /reet1 te/ifies to ! intellig5ce & ?rift ( ! p responsible = !m4 ,su* c>e is apt to be repaid by increas$ prop]ty values4 ,,xiii ,,c\rts ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re are two classes ( c\rts--,/ate c\rts & ,unit$ ,/ates or ,f$]al c\rts4 ,! ,/ate c\rts ( ea* ,/ate d]ive _! jurisdiction & p[]s f ! con/itution & laws ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts d]ive _! jurisdiction & p[]s f ! ,con/itution & laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! functions ( ! c\rts are to he> & decide crim9al & civil cases4 ,crim9al ,cases are prosecutions or proce$+s by ! ,/ate or ,f$]al gov]nm5t to en=ce ! laws made = ! pres]vation ( peace1 law1 & ord] 9 ! community1 by ! imposition ( f9es1 or imprisonm5t1 or ! puni%m5t ( dea?1 9 case ( _! violation4 ,civil ,cases are suits or proce$+s br\ght = ! en=cem5t or protection ( p]sonal or prop]ty rights2 z1 = example1 suits to recov] comp5sation or damages = p]sonal injuries1 or ! de/ruction ( prop]ty1 or = brea*es ( contract1 or to recov] prop]ty wrongfully tak51 or to re/ra9 by injunction ?reat5$ wrongful acts = :i* a suit = money damages w\ld n be an adequate rem$y4 ,at ! trial ( a crim9al or civil case1 ! judge sup]vises & directs ! proce$+s1 & decides any "q ( law :i* may arise4 ,que/ions ( fact1 aris+ 9 crim9al cases1 & 9 mo/ civil cases1 are decid$ by a jury ( twelve qualifi$ citiz5s drawn f a panel or li/2 b 9 c]ta9 classes ( civil cases ! judge decides que/ions ( fact z well z que/ions ( law4 ,civil z well z crim9al cases mu/ be comm5c$ & c>ri$ on 9 a mann] prescrib$ by law or by rules ( ! c\rts4 ,9 ,new ,york ! laws ( proc$ure are commonly believ$ to be unnecess>ily complicat$ & te*nical4 ,innum]able controv]sies h aris5 z to _! mean+ & effect4 ,!y h be5 am5d$ & supplem5t$ by _m /atutes1 & !re is a /rong movem5t among lawy]s to secure ! adoption ( a simpl] & m workable sy/em ( proc$ure4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate ! c\rts are ( ! foll[+ classes3 ,ju/ices ( ! ,peace1 or ,ju/ices' ,c\rts1 try petty crim9al cases involv+ small !fts1 drunk5ness1 disord]ly conduct1 & brea* ( ! peace1 & c]ta9 ord9>y civil suits involv+ sums ( n ov] #bjj4 ,a p]son accus$ ( s]i\s crime be=e a ju/ice ( ! peace may be held to await action ( a gr& jury4 ,9 ,new ,york ,city1 & 9 v>i\s o!r cities ( ! ,/ate1 ! functions ( ! ju/ices' c\rts are p]=m$ by c\rts call$ ,municipal ,c\rts1 ,city ,c\rts1 ,magi/rates or ,police ,c\rts1 ! latt] hav+ jurisdiction only ov] petty crim9al cases4 ,! p[]s & duties1 z well z ! names ( ^! l[] c\rts1 v>y 9 ! diff]5t cities4 ,x is mo/ important t hone/1 sympa!tic m5 %\ld preside ov] ^! l[] c\rts1 = 9 !m are tri$ ! small (f5ses :i* may be due to ignorance ( law1 & a l>ge numb] ( p come 9 contact ) gov]nm5t 9 no o!r way4 ,mo/ arre/s are = m9or (f5ses su* z drunk5ness1 disord]ly conduct1 etc4 ,!y are tri$ "h1 & _m ( !m br+ fir/ (f5d]s into c\rt1 :]e ! treatm5t receiv$ by ! p]son accus$ may det]m9e :e!r he w become a habitual (f5d] or :e!r he w be set /raight4 ,_m =eign]s come into ^! c\rts1 & receive 9 !m _! fir/ impression ( ju/ice z adm9i/]$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,(t5times ! (f5se is committ$ ?r\gh ignorance or /upidity4 ,a k9d ^w or a help+ h& may make all ! diff]5ce betwe5 a future good citiz5 or a crook4 ,9 ^! c\rts1 z 9 ! ju/ices c\rts ( ! t[n or village1 !re is great ne$ ( a c>eful *oice ( magi/rates4 ,c\nty ,c\rts3 ,9 e c\nty except ,new ,york !re is a c\nty c\rt presid$ ov] by ! elect$ c\nty judge4 ,9 ^! c\nty c\rts may be tri$ civil suits 9 :i* ! sum involv$ is n ov] #b1jjj & all crimes except ^? puni%able by dea?4 ,!y also he> appeals f ! ju/ices' c\rts4 ,! c\nty c\rts 9 ,que5s1 ,bronx1 ,ri*mond1 ,k+s1 ,ul/]1 & ,albany c\nties may try cases involv+ ! dea? p5alty4 ,surrogates' ,c\rts3 ,9 ea* c\nty !re is a surrogate c\rt1 held by a judge call$ 8! ,surrogate10 :o is elect$ by ! vot]s ( ! c\nty = a t]m ( six ye>s 7except 9 ! c\nty ( ,new ,york74 ,9 ?is c\rt wills are probat$1 ! e/ates ( p]sons deceas$ are settl$1 & gu>dians = m9ors & executors or adm9i/rators = e/ates ( dec$5ts are appo9t$4 ,x is evid5t t a c\nty surrogate %\ld be a man ( /ricte/ probity z well z good bus9ess s5se4 ,c\rt ( ,claims3 ,any "o :o has a claim aga9/ ! ,/ate may take x to ! ,c\rt ( ,claims1 :i* consi/s ( ?ree judges appo9t$ by ! gov]nor ) ! approval ( ! ,s5ate4 ,appeals f its decisions may be tak5 to ! ,appellate ,division ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt3 ,above ! c\nty c\rts are ! ,supreme ,c\rts1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n really supreme1 z _! decisions are subject to review1 & may be rev]s$ ^u appeal by ! ,appellate ,division or ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rts may try any civil or crim9al cases1 includ+ prosecutions = murd]4 ,!re are m ?an "o hundr$ ,supreme ,c\rt ju/ices 9 ! ,/ate1 elect$ by ! vot]s ( ! v>i\s di/ricts1 & ! entire ,/ate is divid$ into n9e judicial di/ricts1 9 :i* c]ta9 ( ^! ,supreme ,c\rt ju/ices sit4 ,9 e c\nty1 at a c]ta9 "t1 a ,supreme ,c\rt ju/ice holds a trial c\rt1 :]e bo? civil & crim9al cases are he>d be=e a trial jury4 ,he also holds a special t]m1 :]e he he>s & decides motions & civil cases 9 :i* no jury trial is requir$4 ,appellate ,divisions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt3 ,z judges are human & may make mi/akes1 ! law provides a "r ( appeal f ! c\rt 9 :i* a case is tri$4 ,! :ole ,/ate is divid$ into f\r judicial dep>tm5ts1 9 ea* ( :i* !re is an ,appellate ,division ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,f ! ,supreme ,c\rt ju/ices ! gov]nor *ooses ! ju/ices = ! ,appellate ,divisions4 ,^! ,appellate ,divisions he> appeals f decisions ( ! c\nty c\rts & ( ! ,supreme ,c\rts1 & !y may sit :]ev] ! public int]e/ dem&s4 ,!y d n try cases orig9ally1 b only he> appeals4 ,! ,c\rt ( ,appeals is compos$ ( a *ief judge & n9e associate judges1 b only sev5 judges sit at "o "t4 ,?is c\rt is ! ,/ate c\rt ( la/ resort1 & x may rev]se a decision ( an ,appellate ,division ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,9 mo/ cases no appeal lies to ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals f a decision ( a "q ( fact by a l[] c\rt1 b only que/ions ( law c be review$2 b 9 crim9al cases :]e ! s5t5ce is dea? ! entire case may be review$4 ,c\rts ( ,record are ^? c\rts t h an (ficial seal & keep an (ficial record ( all proce$+s4 ,! ,surrogate's ,c\rt1 ! ,c\nty ,c\rt1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt & its appellate divisions1 & ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals are c\rts ( record4 ,ju/ices' ,c\rts & ,magi/rates' ,c\rts are n c\rts ( record4 ,f$]al ,c\rts3 ,! jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,f$]al c\rts ext5ds to all cases 9 law & equity aris+ "u ! ,con/itution & laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to all cases affect+ ambassadors & o!r public m9i/]s & consuls1 to admiralty & m>itime cases1 & to controv]sies betwe5 ,/ates or betwe5 citiz5s ( diff]5t ,/ates4 ,f$]al c\rts are organiz$ 9 a simil> way to ,/ate c\rts4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rts he>1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 all classes ( cases ov] :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts h jurisdiction1 except ! cases m5tion$ bel[4 ,! entire c\ntry is divid$ into n9ety judicial di/ricts1 & ea* ,/ate has at lea/ "o di/rict4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt ( ,claims1 :i* is locat$ 9 ,wa%+ton1 has jurisdiction ov] claims aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t4 ,! ,circuit ,c\rt ( ,appeals is an appellate c\rt by :i* decisions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict c\rts may be review$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt is ! highe/ tribunal 9 ! l&4 ,9 cases affect+ ambassadors & consuls1 & ^? to :i* ! ,/ate is a p>ty1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt has orig9al jurisdiction4 ,o!r cases c come be=e x only ^u an appeal1 or writ ( error1 to review a decision ( a l[] ,unit$ ,/ates c\rt or a decision ( ! highe/ ,/ate c\rt involv+ a "q ( ,f$]al law4 ,!re is a *ief ju/ice & eight associate ju/ices ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 :o are appo9t$ = life4 ,to be a ju/ice ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is consid]$ "o ( ! highe/ honors 9 ! l&4 ,! judges ( all ! ,f$]al c\rts are appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t ) ! cons5t ( ! ,s5ate4 ,con/itutionality ( ! ,law3 ,"o important p[] :i* ! c\rts h is to int]pret ! mean+ ( ! ,con/itution & laws1 b !y h no p[] to d s except s f> z necess>y to ! disposal ( cases be=e !m4 ,! con/itution ( ! ,/ate is its fundam5tal law1 z t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7toge!r ) ! laws made by ,congress "u x & treaties made by ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 is ! supreme law ( ! entire ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a "q may arise z to ! precise mean+ & scope ( a con/itutional provision4 ,9 ?is case ! c\rt may int]pret its mean+1 & may decl>e void a law because 9 violation ( ! con/itution4 ,an ,injunction is an ord] or decree issu$ by a c\rt1 re/ra9+ "s p]son or p]sons or corporation f p]=m+ c]ta9 acts1 on ! gr\nd t su* acts w\ld cause an injury or loss1 = :i* a suit to recov] money damages w\ld n furni% adequate r$ress4 ,a tempor>y injunction1 or re/ra9+ ord]1 may be issu$ ^u affidavits1 9 advance ( ! f9al trial ( a case1 :5 x may ei!r be dissolv$ or be made p]man5t4 ,an injunction may also comm& ! p]=mance ( "s act4 ,9 su* cases x is call$ a m&atory injunction4 ,if an injunction is violat$1 ! p]son disobey+ c be arre/$ & s5t to jail or f9$ 8= contempt ( c\rt0 )\t trial by jury4 ,_m ef=ts h be5 made to limit ?is p[] ( ! c\rts4 ,9 ,oklahoma1 ! law provides = jury trial 9 case ( contempt ( c\rt = violation ( an injunction4 ,judges are elect$ = a long] t]m ( ye>s ?an are o!r public (ficials4 ,c\nty judges h a six-ye> t]m4 ,supreme ,c\rt ju/ices & judges ( ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals are elect$ = a t]m ( f\rte5 ye>s4 ,! reason = ! long] t]m ( s]vice is t ! increas$ exp]i5ce is suppos$ to make a judge m valuable to ! ,/ate2 also1 on acc\nt ( ! long t]m1 he is suppos$ to be less affect$ by political consid]ations4 ,:e!r judges %\ld be appo9t$ or elect$ has be5 a matt] ( consid]able controv]sy4 ,x is argu$ t if !y are appo9t$1 ! appo9tm5t may be a rew>d = political s]vice in/ead ( because ( fitness = ! position4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if judges are elect$1 x is object$ t !y mu/ take "p 9 political conte/s1 & are apt to give decisions m ) reg>d to popul> favor ?an to actual ju/ice4 ,_m p]sons ?9k t 9 practice bett] judges are obta9$ by appo9tm5t ?an by popul> election4 ,/ate judges are usually elect$1 b ! ,f$]al judges are appo9t$4 ,! election ( prop] m5 = ! position ( judge is "o ( ! mo/ important duties ( an electorate4 ,:e!r ! process ( ! law insures ju/ice & increases public security dep5ds (t5 m on ! judge ?an on ! lett] ( ! law4 ,decisions involv+ ! happ9ess1 rights1 & lives ( c\ntless p g ?r\gh ! c\rts ( ! ,/ate4 ,^! decisions %\ld n be 9 ! h&s ( m5 to :om ! (fice has be5 giv5 z a rew>d = p>ty s]vice1 or :o h be5 put 9 ! position by prejudic$ int]e/s4 ,a wise1 intellig5t1 public-spirit$ judge has enorm\s opportunity to add to ! sum ( public welf>e4 ,,xiv ,,! ,,puni%m5t ,,( ,,crime ,a crime is an (f5se aga9/ ! p ( ! ,/ate4 ,also e action t is br\ght be=e a c\rt co/s ! ,/ate money & adds to ! burd5 ( taxation borne by ! p4 ,a free gov]nm5t c>efully gu>ds ! rights ( an accus$ p]son4 ,he mu/ be told ( ! *>ges aga9/ him & be giv5 e *ance to answ] !m4 ,he is presum$ by ! law to be innoc5t until he is prov$ guilty1 & is n oblig$ to answ] any que/ions t may incrim9ate himself4 ,he may be exam9$ at once by a magi/rate1 or1 if he pref]s1 may be committ$ to jail to await a future exam9ation4 ,if held = any except ! mo/ s]i\s crime he may be all[$ 8 lib]ty by "s "o 8giv+ bail0--t is1 giv+ a pl$ge ( money or prop]ty to insure 8 appe>ance 9 c\rt at a c]ta9 date4 ,if he 8jumps 8 bail0 ! money is =feit$ to ! ,/ate1 al?\gh t does n protect him if he c be f\nd4 ,if ! *>ge ( :i* he is accus$ is a s]i\s "o1 x mu/ come be=e a gr& jury4 ,! ,gr& ,jury is a body ( m5 *os5 f ! taxpay]s ( a c\nty to inquire into alleg$ crimes dur+ a p>ticul> t]m ( c\rt4 ,! sup]visors or ! commission] ( jurors makes out a li/ ( ?ree hundr$ names ( m5 ( integrity & s\nd judgm5t1 f :i* ! names ( tw5ty-f\r m5 are drawn by lot4,b ,f sixte5 to tw5ty-?ree ( ^! m5 sit 9 secret session1 & he> ! pres5tm5t ( a case1 & decide by a vote ( at lea/ twelve memb]s :e!r ! evid5ce is suffici5t to w>rant hold+ ! accus$ = trial4 ,! necessity ( a case com+ be=e ! gr& jury (t5 causes mu* delay 9 a trial1 z ! jury c only be call$ :5 c\rt is 9 session1 & !re are (t5 long p]iods ( "t betwe5 c\rts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t ! gr& jury is made up ( a man's neighbors & fri5ds1 :o w\ld be dispos$ to give him fair treatm5t1 is a safegu>d to 8 int]e/s4 ,if 8a true bill0 is f\nd1 ! accus$ p]son comes be=e ! c\rt & ! *>ge aga9/ him is read to him4 ,if he pleads guilty ! judge imposes a s5t5ce4 ,if he pleads 8n guilty0 ! trial proce$s4 ,if ! accus$ has no lawy]1 ! c\rt mu/ appo9t "o = him4 ,:ile a man s appo9t$ mu/ def5d ! case1 ! be/ lawy]s are n secur$ 9 ?is way4 ,!re has be5 consid]able dem& = ! creation ( ! (fice ( public def5d] = accus$ p]sons4 ,! ,/ate employs public prosecutors1 & x is argu$ t x %\ld be z mu* int]e/$ 9 prov+ a man's innoc5ce z 9 prov+ 8 guilt4 ,trial by ,jury is a "r gu>ante$ by ! con/itutions ( bo? ! ,/ate & ! nation4 ,a trial jury is compos$ ( twelve m5 *os5 f a li/ ( qualifi$ m5 9 ! c\nty :]e ! crime is committ$1 or is be+ tri$4 ,aft] ! evid5ce 9 ! case has be5 pres5t$ & ! judge makes 8 *>ge z to ! law applicable to ! case1 ! jury retires to a secret session1 :]e !y are kept 9 conf9em5t until !y rea* a unanim\s v]dict4 ,9 ,engl& x requires only a majority ( ! jury to r5d] a v]dict4 ,jury ,s]vice is "o ( ! important duties ( a citiz54 ,x is n requir$ ( c]ta9 classes ( m5--viz41 cl]gym51 physicians1 druggi/s1 lawy]s1 & newspap]-m51 among o!rs--& judges h ! p[] to excuse m5 on :om jury s]vice w\ld entail special h>d%ip4 ,jurors are paid a small sum by ! day1 & to _m m5 jury s]vice means s]i\s inconv5i5ce & f9ancial loss4 ,b to leave ! settlem5t ( cases :i* involve ! s]i\s welf>e ( bo? individuals & ! public1 to pr(essional jurors1 ! hang]s-on ( a c\rt-room1 is a great wrong to ! community4 ,wom5 ,jurors,c h n yet be5 p]mitt$ 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 al?\gh 9 "s ,we/]n ,/ates !y h s]v$ ) mu* success4 ,!re are c]ta9 cases involv+ "y girls & *ildr5 :]e x w\ld seem t only wom5 %\ld be all[$ on ! jury4 ,cases ( murd] committ$ by a woman might be treat$ ) m imp>tial ju/ice if wom5 s]v$ on su* juries4 ,s5tim5tal consid]ations w\ld n influ5ce !m z !y d "s m5 9 su* cases4 ,! ,police3 ,mu* ( ! public welf>e & safety ( a city dep5ds on its police =ce4 ,a mod]n police is organiz$ on a milit>y basis4 ,! m5 hold _! positions = life or dur+ good behavior4 ,promotions are bas$ on m]it1 & p5sions are paid m5 :o h s]v$ a c]ta9 t]m ( ye>s4 ,?is plan has improv$ conditions by tak+ ! police out ( politics to a l>ge degree4 ,! policy ( ! head ( ! dep>tm5t is ( ! greate/ importance to ! public4 ,! temptations = graft & corruption 9 a police dep>tm5t are enorm\s1 b ! assurance ( a squ>e deal all up & d[n ! l9e1 /rict ord]s to uphold ! law1 & a well-def9$ policy aga9/ graft ( e description1 w d wond]s to keep a dep>tm5t hone/ & effici5t4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! plan has be5 develop$ ( mak+ ! police helpful 9 _m ways 9 ! life ( ! city4 ,! uni=m$ (fic] has _m opportunities to help & direct *ildr51 especially ! boys on ! /reets1 to prev5t violations ( ! city's ord9ances1 ! litt]+ ( ! /reets1 & 9 _m ways to prev5t be=e ! act1 r ?an to arre/ aft] x has be5 committ$4 ,?is helpful _s has be5 adopt$ by ! police ( ,new ,york ,city1 to ! great good ( ! city4 ,x is exemplifi$ 9 ! ,*ri/mas trees 9 ! /ation-h\ses = ! poor] *ildr5 ( a neighborhood at ,*ri/mas-"t4 ,prison ,re=m3 ,mod]n gov]nm5t is le>n+ n to av5ge itself on a crim9al1 b to impose a s5t5ce :i* w t5d to re=m him4 ,in/ead ( s5t5c+ a p]son to a def9ite t]m ( imprisonm5t1 an indet]m9ate s5t5ce may be giv5 him1 ! l5g? ( :i* w be det]m9$ by 8 behavior1 & by ! promise he may %[ ( lead+ a bett] life if set free4 ,if he is releas$ he may be put on probation4 ,?is means t he is requir$ to report at regul> int]vals to ! c\rt1 or to a probation (fic]1 to %[ t 8 conduct is law-abid+4 ,if he goes wrong aga91 he is rem&$ to s]ve out 8 s5t5ce4 ,m5 & wom51 :]ev] conf9$1 mu/ be giv5 employm5t4 ,idl5ess is bad = ev5 an educat$ p]son4 ,impos$ on "o :o has no res\rces )9 himself1 x becomes a s\rce ( demoralization sc>cely to be measur$4 ,! old cu/om 0 to hire prison]s out to contractors at l[ wages4 ,?is br\ght goods manufactur$ by prison labor into unfair competition ) hone/ labor4 ,! mod]n idea is to tea* ! prison] a useful occupation & to pay ! wages to 8 family4 ,x is n common-s5se to support a man 9 prison at ! exp5se ( ! ,/ate1 & to all[ 8 family to suff] f hav+ 8 support tak5 away f !m4 ,probation3 ,fir/ (f5d]s1 or p]sons committ+ m9or (f5ses1 are (t5 put at once on probation1 ) ! s5t5ce susp5d$ dur+ good behavior4 ,?is has prov$ ( great value 9 sav+ _m f a crim9al c>e]4 ,x is f> less co/ly to ! ,/ate ?an keep+ !m 9 prison1 & (t5 leads to ! e/abli%m5t ( an hone/ life4#d ,jails & ,prisons3 ,e community has "s k9d ( jail = ! det5tion ( (f5d]s4 ,^? :o come 9 contact ) ! law are (t5 ! poor & ! fri5dless :o _c get bail4 ,ev5 innoc5t p]sons may be held "s "t await+ trial1 or ! action ( ! gr& jury4 ,"y girls are (t5 deta9$1 sometimes z witnesses1 sometimes p5d+ inve/igation ( _! own cases1 sometimes z runaways f home4 ,9 su* a case !re is no place ( det5tion b ! local jail4 ,^! jails are (t5 fil?y & unsanit>y1 unfit = human habitation4 ,_! surr\nd+s1 & ! "* ( ! %]iff or con/able1 & jail (ficials1 mu/ inevitably h an effect on ! prison]s1 especially on ! y\ng] wom54 ,x is mo/ important to ! community t a woman %all n be s5t out f jail a m h>d5$ crim9al because ( h] conf9em5t !re4 ,x is a wrong1 ! responsibility = :i* e woman 9 ! neighborhood mu/ %>e1 t !re is no bett] place ( det5tion = "y girls4 ,wom5 matrons 9 all prisons :]e wom5 are held & wom5 probation (fic]s are n[ recogniz$ z ess5tial4 ,x is un9tellig5t to all[ a man to leave jail p5niless f> f 8 home & fri5ds1 to become a tramp or to be tempt$ to a new (f5se to get money4 ,! mod]n ideal ( crim9ology is t 8 /ay 9 prison %\ld tea* a man an hone/ way ( e>n+ 8 liv+2 also t he %\ld be giv5 "s sup]vision aft] he has left ! prison doors1 to help him to lead an hone/ life4 ,city ,f>ms = ! det5tion ( (f5d]s are a great improvem5t on indoor prisons1 & ! op5-air occupation bo? saves ! ,/ate money & is b5eficial to ! prison]4 ,! ,prev5tion ( ,crime3 ,if z mu* money & organiz$ ef=t c\ld be put on ! prev5tion ( crime z is giv5 to its puni%m5t1 ! ne$ ( jails & prisons w\ld be greatly less5$4 ,! *ief causes ( crime are drunk5ness1 feeble-m9d$ness1 ov]cr[d$ liv+ conditions1 l[ wages1 & insuffici5t education & recreation4 ,drunk5ness is n[ kn[n to be a disease2 feeble-m9d$ p]sons %\ld n be all[$ fre$om ( action2 ! ,/ate may prev5t conge/$ liv+1 x may e/abli% a liv+ wage1 & x has ! p[] to provide prop] vocational tra9+ & suffici5t facilities = heal?ful recreation4 ,x tries to sep>ate ! "y (f5d]s f ! old] ones1 & ! fir/ (f5d]s f ! h>d5$ ones4 ,x has n succe$$ v well 9 prev5t+ inequalities be=e ! law4 ,! ri* man has ! advantage ( be+ able to employ ! mo/ skilful lawy]s & to appeal 8 case to c\rt aft] c\rt & drag x out ov] a numb] ( ye>s4 ,:5 a f9e is impos$ he c pay x & s sometimes escape puni%m5t4 ,! poor man may h to g to jail because he _c pay 8 f9e & he is (t5 unable to fight a suit4 ,to less5 ! h>d%ips & secure equality ( treatm5t = all alike %\ld be ! endeavor ( ! ,/ate4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,! la/ report ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,probation ,commission %[s t on ,septemb] #cj1 #aiaf1 !re 7 #ac1dcc p]sons on probation1 & t ! numb] ( inmates ( ! p5al & re=matory in/itutions 9 ! ,/ate 0 decreas+4 ,probation (fic]s _h !mselves collect$ #aci1jjj = cases ( non-support1 & _h caus$ to be paid ano!r sum ( #bjf1jjj = ^! cases4 ,!y _h assi/$ m5 to pay1 9 in/alm5ts1 f9es am\nt+ to #cj1jjj1 :i* meant t ^! m5 7 kept out ( jail & at "w1 & _h help$ m5 :o _h /ol5 some?+ or _h done mat]ial damage to "s "o to repay ^? !y _h injur$ ! sum ( #ci1jjj4 ,x is evid5t t !re is a sav+ ( h>d ca% to ! ,/ate 9 ?is "w z well z mu* ( social value4 ,,xv ,,wom5 ,,(f5d]s ,,& ,,! ,,law ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gu>antees to a p]son accus$ ( crime a trial by an imp>tial jury1 or by a jury ( "o's pe]s4 ,! h&l+ ( cases aga9/ wom5 (f5d]s has little reg>d = t gu>antee4 ,discrim9ations aga9/ wom5 :o h come 9 contact ) ! law are ! cu/om4 ,if any "o is incl9$ to d\bt ?is1 let him imag9e ! case rev]s$ & appli$ to himself4 ,suppose a man accus$ ( an (f5se aga9/ ! law %\ld be accus$ by a woman1 arre/$ by a woman1 held 9 jail by a woman1 tri$ 9 a c\rt-room fill$ ) wom51 be=e a jury compos$ only ( wom51 & s5t5c$ by a woman judge4 ,w\ld su* a man feel t he 0 gett+ imp>tial ju/ice giv5 him by 8 pe]s8 ,also 9 ! treatm5t ( cases involv+ sex1 ! p5alty ( ! law re/s heavily on ! woman & ! man usually goes free4 ,sex immorality is a crime = a woman1 b ! man1 ! p>tn] 9 ! crime1 is r>ely t\*$ by ! law4 ,until rec5tly 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 ev5 p&]+1 or liv+ (f ! e>n+s ( a pro/itute1 0 class$1 z x /ill is 9 "s o!r ,/ates1 z disord]ly conduct1 9 ! same class ( (f5ses z sell+ a /reet-c> transf]4 ,9 "s ,/ates adult]y is /ill a misdemeanor4 ,x did n become a crim9al (f5se 9 ,new ,york until #aijg1 & x is /ill almo/ impossible to obta9 a conviction unless !re are "s unusually revolt+ circum/ances4 ,_m cases h come into ! c\rts ( ! ,/ate :]e wom5 h be5 arre/$ 9 a raid on a disord]ly h\se1 & :]e ! m5 f\nd ) !m h be5 releas$1 & ! wom5 held4 ,! l>ge majority ( ! arre/s ( wom5 are = ! two (f5ses ( intoxication1 & pro/itution or /reet-walk+4 ,! usual s5t5ce = bo? ( ^! (f5ses is commitm5t to ! workh\se = f elev5 to sixty days4 ,ne>ly half ! cases ( intoxication are ( old (f5d]s :o are s5t5c$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,"s ye>s ago ! ,legislature pass$ a measure mak+ provision = a ,/ate f>m :]e ^! wom5 c\ld be s5t = c>e & treatm5t1 & :]e !y c\ld h useful occupation2 b x has n yet be5 e/abli%$4 ,pro/itution3 ,! same s5t5ce to ! workh\se = v>y+ p]iods ( f five to n9ety days1 or ev5 six mon?s1 is ! common "o = pro/itution4 ,x is d\btful if a s5t5ce ( ?is k9d has ev] be5 ( ! slighte/ b5efit to any woman s s5t5c$4 ,! usual c\rt proc$ure is a mill ?r\gh :i* ?is class ( unhappy be+s goes1 )\t ei!r _! re=mation be+ accompli%$1 or _! dang] be+ less5$ to ! community4 ,:5 x is realiz$ also1 t a consid]able p]c5tage ( ^! wom5 are feeble-m9d$ or at lea/ sub-normal1 ! necessity ( facilities = exam9ation & classification & prop] segregation are app>5t4 ,! entire process ( deal+ ) ! problem ( public pro/itution 9 ,new ,york ,city is "o t is revolt+ f a woman's viewpo9t4 ,to rid ! /reets ( /reet-walk]s & to keep !m 8clean10 a =ce ( police 9 pla9 clo!s patrols ! /reets4 ,^! police are usually ! new m5 on ! =ce select$ = _! y\? & good looks4 ,promotion (t5 re/s on ! numb] ( arre/s t !y make4 ,a smile or a nod1 & a girl may respond4 ,if %e speaks1 an arre/ c & (t5 does foll[4 ,?is k9d ( tra9+ = ! "y m5 ( ! police =ce is degrad+ to !m4 ,also1 ! fact t arre/s 9 n9e cases out ( t5 are ^? ( wom5 ( ! /reet1 does n preclude ! possibility ( ! arre/ ( a silly1 ignorant1 b innoc5t girl4 ,br\ght into c\rt1 ! presumption is t %e is guilty4 ,!re is always a fir/ arre/ = any (f5d] aga9/ ! law4 ,! records ( ! magi/rates' c\rts %[ t ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! wom5's cases br\ght into c\rt are fir/ (f5d]s4 ,call$ = ! fir/ "t be=e a judge 9 an op5 c\rt-room1 incoh]5t ) fright1 ! girl is (t5 unable to say a ^w = h]self4 ,if %e is f9$1 or s5t5c$ to ! workh\se1 or held 9 det5tion p5d+ inve/igation1 & is kept 9 association ) o!r wom5 ( degrad$ lives1 ! *ances ( h] be+ reclaim$ are practically gone4 ,! law holds an accus$ p]son innoc5t until prov$ guilty1 b a woman accus$ ( a crime aga9/ morality has to prove t %e is innoc5t4 ,"u ! usual c\rt proc$ure1 a pro/itute is outside ! protection ( ! law & h] ^w has no value 9 ! c\rt4 ,night ,c\rts h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ord] t (f5d]s arre/$ at night1 aft] ! day c\rts h clos$1 may come imm$iately be=e a magi/rate1 )\t hav+ to sp5d ! night 9 jail await+ trial4 ,!re are sep>ate night c\rts = wom5 9 ,new ,york ,city1 & all arre/s = pro/itution or loit]+ are tri$ 9 ^! c\rts4 ,! motive beh9d ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,wom5's ,night ,c\rt is humanit>ian1 b x is !re t "o sees ! discrim9ation aga9/ wom5 z ! fundam5tal ( ! proce$+s4 ,wom5 are s5t5c$ to t]ms 9 prison = (f5ses f> less s]i\s ?an ^? = :i* m5 are dis*>g$4 ,! discrim9ation aga9/ wom51 & 9 favor ( m51 ev5 ext5ds to ! cadet1 :o pursues ! mo/ %ameful bus9ess 9 ! _w1 t ( exploit+ un=tunate wom54 ,until a few ye>s ago ! maximum p5alty = su* a man 0 six mon?s 9 ! workh\se4 ,! law n[ p]mits a s5t5ce ( f two to tw5ty ye>s1 b convictions are r>e4 ,ne>ly e pro/itute is exploit$ by "s man :o takes h] e>n+s1 & on :om %e relies to protect h] f ! police4 ,if ^! cadets & procur]s c\ld be elim9at$ x w\ld greatly dim9i% pr(essional pro/itution1 b !y are mo/ difficult to rea*4 ,! wom5 !y exploit w (t5 p]jure !mselves to save ^! m5 f ! v5geance ( ! law4 ,also1 ! fact t no conviction c be _h on ! te/imony ( ! woman unless support$ by corroborative evid5ce1 makes h] afraid to te/ify aga9/ "o ( !m4 ,! ,p5alty ( ,f9es3 ,impos+ a f9e z a puni%m5t = pro/itution %\ld be absolutely prohibit$4 ,x does n act z a re/ra9t1 & simply means t ! woman mu/ g out on ! /reet to e>n h] f9e1 & x makes ! ,/ate a p>tn] to h] crime4 ,x has be5 aboli%$ 9 practice by "s judges2 b x is /ill ! cu/om 9 "s c\rts 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 & is ev5 impos$ by "s judges 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,a bill to aboli% f9es ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate 0 introduc$ 9 ! ,legislature ( #aiaf1 b fail$ to pass4 ,"y ,girls3 ,girls betwe5 ! ages ( sixte5 & eighte5 are 9 ! mo/ dang]\s p]iod ( life4 ,figures %[ t ! great majority ( girls :o become pro/itutes are ru9$ be=e !y rea* sev5te5 ye>s ( age4 ,a girl ( sixte5 9 ,new ,york ,/ate is too old = ! ,*ildr5's ,c\rt4 ,%e may !re=e be held 9 jail ) ! h>d5$ /reet-walk] & ! habitual dr9k]4 ,if %e is )\t ! protection ( home or family1 %e may be left alone1 = ! ,/ate makes no provision = a gu>dian = h] unless %e has prop]ty1 :5 ! ,/ate is requir$ to provide "o = h]4 ,del9qu5cy1 !fts1 & misdemeanors on ! "p ( "y girls are (t5 ! results ( natural in/9cts gone wrong4 ,love ( pleasure1 a desire = pretty ?+s1 & a wi% to be attractive is common to all girls4 ,a false /ep1 a yield+ to temptation1 foll[$ by an arre/ & a trial 9 an op5 c\rt-room1 (t5 mean an ordeal :i* leaves an indelible m>k on ! girl's s\l1 & a disgrace :i* x is almo/ impossible = h] to live d[n4 ,girl ,victims3 ,! mo/ pitiful cases are ^? ( v "y girls br\ght into c\rt z ! victims ( crime4 ,x is difficult to get conviction 9 ^! cases1 z corroborative evid5ce is necess>y4 ,! %ock to ! s5sibilities ( su* a girl at hav+ to tell h] /ory to m5 & hav+ to answ] que/ions 9 an op5 c\rt-room c sc>cely be exagg]at$4 ,! ne$ ( wom5 9 places ( au?ority1 to help 9 cases ( su* crimes1 is great4 ,wom5 probation (fic]s are only ! fir/ /ep 9 ! "r direction1 b !re are too few ( !m1 & :5ev] a movem5t is made t[>d economy1 !y are ! fir/ to be dismiss$4 ,h\ses ( ,det5tion3 ,a great ne$ ( ,new ,york ,city1 & a ne$ %>$ by e city 9 ! ,/ate1 is a prop] place ( det5tion = wom54 ,z del9qu5t *ildr5 are n[ sep>at$ f old] (f5d]s1 s del9qu5t girls1 fir/ (f5d]s & old (f5d]s1 & o!r classes ( wom5 :o are held await+ trial1 or = inve/igation1 or z witnesses1 %\ld n be oblig$ to associate indiscrim9ately ) "o ano!r :ile await+ ! disposition ( _! cases4 ,! ne$ ( a build+ l>ge en\gh to provide = ! sep>ate det5tion ( ! v>i\s classes ( wom5 :o are 9 ! c>e ( ! c\rt has be5 recogniz$1 b s f> little provision has be5 made to meet x4 ,9 o!r places 9 ! ,/ate1 :]ev] !re is a c\rt1 !re is ne$ ( a place ( det5tion = wom5 :]e !y w be safe f degrad+ influ5ces1 & :]e !y w be "u ! c>e ( o!r wom54 ,wom5 ,judges or ,judges' ,assi/ants3 ,! sy/em :i* has be5 in/itut$ 9 ,*icago s9ce wom5 7 giv5 ! vote1 ( a quiet talk ) a woman assi/ant 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,special ,sessions1 9 h] own private (fice1 in/ead ( an op5 trial1 has result$ 9 sav+ _m a girl :o o!rwise w\ld h become an outca/4 ,9 c]ta9 intimate matt]s x is a woman's task to "q girls4 ,contra/ ! picture ( an op5 c\rt-room3 ! judge on ! b5*1 ! jury1 if !re is "o1 compos$ ( m51 ! room fill$ ) m5 ( all descriptions1 & ! fright5$1 trembl+ *ild1 ) ?is private room ) ! "y (f5d] tell+ h] /ory alone to an exp]i5c$ woman4 ,:i* (f]s ! be/ *ance = sav+ ! girl f a ru9$ life8 ,frequ5tly ! girl comes f a family :]e cr[d$ liv+ conditions make dec5t liv+ almo/ impossible4 ,in/ead ( h] fir/ (f5se com+ up = inevitable puni%m5t1 x is treat$ ) ! sole object ( prev5tion & cure4 ,judges 9 ,new ,york ,/ate _c appo9t wom5 assi/ants )\t au?ority f ! ,legislature1 & t au?ority ! ,legislature has always refus$ to give4 ,policewom51 or ,wom5 ,protective ,(fic]s1 are n[ recogniz$ z a necess>y "p ( ! correctional "w ( a city4 ,! "w ( ! woman protective (fic] is v diff]5t f t ( ! policeman4 ,! policewoman protects & controls1 r ?an arre/s4 ,9 protect+ *ildr51 9 c>+ = lo/ *ildr51 9 act+ z "m to ! mo!rless1 9 wat*+ ov] "y girls1 9 gett+ evid5ce aga9/ cadets1 %e does an invaluable "w4 ,! disord]ly saloon1 ! dance-hall1 & ! mov+-picture !at] are all hunt+-gr\nds = ! :ite-slav]4 ,9 gett+ evid5ce 9 ?is sort ( crime %e is m effective ?an ! policeman4 ,!re are policewom5 n[ 9 fifty cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t ! :ole subject ( pro/itution & ! law is a mo/ difficult "o to deal )1 !re c be no "q4 ,x ne$s ! comb9$ intellig5ce ( bo? m5 & wom5 engag$ n only 9 !oriz+ ov] ! problem1 b 9 actual ef=ts to grapple ) x4 ,until public op9ion supports ! s+le /&>d ( morality1 ! c\rts w cont9ue to discrim9ate aga9/ wom54 ,un=tunately1 wom5 ( all ages1 ev5 v "y girls1 are arre/$4 ,sometimes !y are guilty1 sometimes innoc5t1 sometimes s9n$ aga9/1 sometimes only ! victims ( circum/ances1 b always un=tunate4 ,_! mis=tune & its results on _! lives are m t]rible ?an !y ne$ be1 because !y are usually depriv$ ( ! help ( wom5 9 places ( au?ority4 ,9 ! ,*icago ,c\rt ( ,morals wom5 are welcome1 & !re are wom5 c\rt (fic]s1 wom5 police1 & wom5 probation (fic]s :o create an atmosph]e entirely diff]5t f ! usual c\rt-room4 ,!re is also no division ( sex2 :5 x is a "q ( morality1 ! man & woman are bo? held4 ,a physical exam9ation is made by a woman physician4 ,:5 a woman is f\nd to be diseas$ %e is s5t to a hospital to be cur$4 ,"s ( ! mo/ progressive magi/rates & judges are endeavor+ to improve ! me?ods ( h&l+ cases ( wom5 (f5d]s1 b x w\ld seem t :]ev] ! welf>e & disposition ( wom5 are involv$ o!r wom5 %\ld be "p ( ! ma*9]y :i* deals ) !m4 ,?is is n s mu* because ( s5tim5tal consid]ations1 = 9 "s cases wom5 w\ld be less influ5c$ by s5tim5t ?an m51 b !re are c]ta9 peculi>ities1 t5d5cies1 & exp]i5ces common to ea* sex :i* only ^? ( t sex c und]/&4 ,9 all cases ( wom5 (f5d]s aga9/ ! law o!r wom5 mu/ be conc]n$1 & %\ld be equally responsible ) m5 = _! h&l+ & disposition4 ,,xvi ,,public ,,education ,! be/ f\ndation = a democracy re/s on free educational facilities = all ! p4 ,an ideal s*ool sy/em is "o t rea*es out to e *ild & prep>es him = a useful occupation1 t is also available = ! fur!r developm5t ( e memb] ( ! ,/ate1 & t w give e individual ! k necess>y = him to d 8 "p 9 gov]nm5t4 ,a self-gov]n+ p _c af=d a class too ignorant to vote4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 s*ool att5dance is compulsory = *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( sev5 & sixte5 ye>s4 ,an exception is made ( *ildr5 betwe5 f\rte5 & sixte51 :o h complet$ ! fir/ six ye>s ( s*ool1 & h be5 to s*ool #acj days s9ce _! f\rte5? bir?day4 ,su* *ildr5 may be employ$ if !y h a duly sign$ "w c]tificate4 ,9 cities ( ! fir/ & second classes1 boys betwe5 f\rte5 & sixte5 :o are employ$ dur+ ! day1 :o d n hold c]ta9 c]tificates1 mu/ att5d night s*ool sixte5 weeks 9 ! ye>4 ,truant (fic]s mu/ be appo9t$ 9 e city1 t[n1 & village to en=ce ! law4 ,p>5ts :o fail to s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool are guilty ( a misdemeanor4 ,! ,s*ool ,di/rict is ! smalle/ division ( ! ,/ate1 & mu/ ma9ta9 a free common s*ool at lea/ ?irty-six weeks 9 ! ye>4 ,9 #aiag1 an am5dm5t to ! s*ool law 0 pass$ :i* aboli%$ ! old s*ool-di/rict sy/em1 t dat$ f #agie1 & :i* makes x possible = ! *ildr5 ( ! rural di/ricts to h "s ( ! facilities = mod]n education :i* h h]et(ore be5 conf9$ to l>g] communities4 ,9 place ( ! =m] s*ool tru/ees = ! sep>ate s*ool di/ricts1 !re is n[ "o bo>d ( education = ea* t[n1 & ?is bo>d has *>ge ( all ! s*ools 9 ! t[n4 ,!re are #d1jjj s*ools 9 ! ,/ate :i* h less ?an t5 pupils ea*4 ,! value ( taxable prop]ty 9 _m ( ^! s*ool di/ricts is v small4 ,! s*ool tax has be5 ! only ,/ate tax :i* has be5 assess$ 9 su* small units4 ,! ne$s ( ea* s*ool di/rict _h to be met by ! taxation ( t "o di/rict4 ,= all o!r ,/ate exp5ses ! c\nty is ! unit ( taxation & taxes are assess$ equally all ov] ! c\nty1 & ! apportionm5t made accord+ to ! ne$s ( ea* di/rict4 ,"u ! pres5t law1 by treat+ ! t[n z a unit = s*ool taxes1 all prop]ty 9 ! t[n is assess$ equally1 & ! money rais$ is us$ = ! b5efit ( all ! t[n4 ,9 ?is way ! ri* & poor di/ricts %>e m equally 9 s*ool facilities4 ,! initial exp5ses ( mak+ ! *ange h increas$ s*ool taxes 9 "s places = ! fir/ ye>1 b ! *ange w und\bt$ly "w to ! great b5efit ( ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate1 & is along ! l9es adopt$ "s ye>s ago by mo/ ( ! o!r ,/ates4 ,villages ( ov] #a1ejj p are outside ! provision ( ! new t[n law4 ,if ! p ( two or m s*ool di/ricts wi% to comb9e1 !y may vote to consolidate & e/abli% a c5tral s*ool4,d ,! ,t[n ,bo>d ( ,education consi/s ( f ?ree to five memb]s :o are elect$ = a t]m ( ?ree ye>s ea* & :o appo9t _! own cl]k & treasur]4 ,!y h l>g] p[] ?an 0 giv5 to ! =m] s*ool tru/ee4 ,!y h *>ge ( all s*ool prop]ty2 !y det]m9e ! k9d ( s*ools t are ne$$2 !y may e/abli% high s*ools1 vocational1 indu/rial1 agricultural1 & night s*ools2 !y det]m9e ! numb] ( tea*]s to be employ$1 & _! sal>ies2 !y may employ m$ical inspectors & nurses1 & may provide transportation = *ildr5 att5d+ s*ool4 ,! ,annual ,s*ool ,meet+ to elect ! ,bo>d ( ,education is held ! fir/ ,tuesday 9 ,may4 ,qualifications = ,vot]s3 ,at ?is meet+ any "o liv+ 9 ! di/rict c vote :o is a citiz5 tw5ty-"o ye>s old1 a resid5t 9 ! di/rict = ?irty days1 :o owns or r5ts or has "u contract ( pur*ase taxable prop]ty 9 ! di/rict2 or has _h a *ild1 ei!r 8 own or resid+ ) him1 9 s*ool = at lea/ eight weeks dur+ ! ye> prec$+2 or :o owns p]sonal prop]ty exce$+ #ej :i* 0 assess$ on ! la/ assessm5t roll4 ,c&idates = ! bo>d ( education may be nom9at$ on petition ( tw5ty-five vot]s4 ,m5 & wom5 :o are duly qualifi$ electors are eligible to ! bo>d4 ,annual ,s*ool ,budget3 ,! bo>d ( education mu/ prep>e an itemiz$ budget ( ! am\nt necess>y to be rais$ = s*ool purposes1 & mu/ publi% x 9 ,july = public consid]ation4 ,additional money may only be rais$ by a vote ( ! s*ool di/rict indors$ by ! di/rict sup]9t5d5t4 ,! build+ ( a s*ool1 or repairs co/+ ov] #e1jjj1 mu/ be submitt$ to a vote ( ! s*ool electors4 ,a bo>d ( s*ool directors is elect$ 9 ea* t[n1 consi/+ ( two m51 ea* ) a t]m ( five ye>s1 b elect$ 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,! ,sup]visory ,di/rict3 ,ea* c\nty1 except ^? 9 ,great] ,new ,york1 is divid$ into f "o to eight sup]visory di/ricts4 7,villages & cities ( ov] #e1jjj p are n includ$1 z !y make _! own provisions4 ,ea* ( ^! has a bo>d ( education47 ,! ,di/rict ,sup]9t5d5t is ! director ( a sup]visory di/rict4 ,he is *os5 by ! bo>d ( s*ool directors & is engag$ = a t]m ( five ye>s & paid #a1bjj a ye> by ! ,/ate1 ) an additional all[ance ( #cjj = travel+ exp5ses4 ,! sup]visors ( ! t[ns 9 8 di/rict may vote to increase 8 sal>y1 ! increase to come out ( ! taxes rais$ 9 ! t[ns 9 ! di/rict4 ,a man or a woman tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 & a citiz5 & resid5t ( ! ,/ate1 is eligible = ! (fice1 provid$ he or %e has a ,/ate tea*]'s c]tificate & c pass an exam9ation 9 ! tea*+ ( agriculture4 ,! ,di/rict ,sup]9t5d5t has ! g5]al sup]vision ( ! s*ools 9 8 di/rict4 ,he is responsible = ! in/ruction giv5 9 !m & ! discipl9e t is ma9ta9$4 ,he exam9es c&idates = tea*]s' positions1 "u ! direction ( ! ,/ate ,commission] ( ,education4 ,union ,free ,s*ool ,di/ricts h be5 p]mitt$ "u ,/ate law = _m ye>s 9 cities & villages4 ,"s ye>s ago ?is law 0 ext5d$ to include rural di/ricts1 & dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s ab\t #ejj rural s*ool di/ricts h be5 discont9u$ & consolidat$ ) adjo9+ di/ricts4 ,_m ( ! discont9u$ s*ools _h only a h&ful ( pupils1 ! build+s & equipm5t 7 primitive & inadequate1 & ! small am\nt ( money available made x impossible = ! s*ool to (f] any advantages4 ,! union ( s*ool di/ricts has giv5 bett] educational facilities to ! rural di/ricts4 ,! *ildr5 h be5 tak5 to s*ool by wagons provid$ = _! transportation1 & h _h ! advantages ( a l>g] s*ool1 a high] grade ( tea*]s1 & bett] facilities ( all k9ds = mod]n education4 ,! new educational law provides /ill great] developm5t 9 ?is direction4 ,physical ,tra9+ is compulsory 9 all s*ools1 public & private1 = *ildr5 ov] eight ye>s ( age = at lea/ tw5ty m9utes a day4 ,! ,/ate gives f9ancial aid 9 ! tra9+4 ,milit>y tra9+ is compulsory = boys betwe5 ! ages ( sixte5 & n9ete5 9 public & private second>y s*ools & colleges4 ,! "n 8milit>y0 is mislead+1 = ! law provides t ! developm5t ( 8correct be>+1 m5tal & physical al]tness1 discipl9$ initiative1 s5se ( duty1 self-control1 & a _s ( co-op]ation "u lead]%ip0 is to be giv5 special att5tion4 ,s*ool ,money3 ,= _m ye>s x has be5 recogniz$ t suffici5t educational facilities c\ld n be provid$ = e "p ( ! ,/ate ?r\gh local taxation4 ,besides ! money rais$ by ! s*ool di/ricts1 ! ,/ate contributes l>ge sums ( money = ! support ( public s*ools4 ,"p ( ?is money is ! income f c]ta9 educational funds belong+ to ! ,/ate :i* _c be us$ = any o!r purpose1 & "p is money appropriat$ by ! ,/ate ,legislature4 ,?is money is di/ribut$ by ! ,/ate ,commission] ( ,education accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! s*ool di/ricts4 ,city s*ools are subject to ! same g5]al sup]vision ( ! ,/ate ,commission] ( ,education1 b are "u ! direction ( local bo>ds ( education1 & local sup]9t5d5ts ( s*ools4 ,normal ,s*ools = tra9+ tea*]s are ma9ta9$ by ! ,/ate out ( s*ool funds1 & tea*]s' meet+s are held 9 ! sup]visory di/ricts to help & improve tea*]s4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 :i* is at ! head ( ! entire educational sy/em ( ! ,/ate1 is n a univ]sity 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x is a comb9ation ( all ( ! colleges & second>y s*ools ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is gov]n$ by a ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts1 twelve m5 elect$ by ! ,/ate ,legislature = twelve ye>s ea*1 b ^: t]ms beg9 9 diff]5t ye>s1 :o h l>ge p[]s ( control ov] all ! high] in/itutions 9 ! ,/ate1 univ]sities1 colleges1 te*nical & pr(essional s*ools4 ,!y h ! managem5t ( ! ,/ate ,libr>y & ,museum4 ,!y prep>e ,reg5ts' exam9ations & grant ,reg5ts' c]tificates1 & sup]vise ! grant+ ( degrees4 ,! presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york is elect$ by ! ,reg5ts4 ,he is also ! ,/ate ,commission] ( ,education1 & z su* is ! head ( ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,education :i* sup]vises ! free public s*ools & normal s*ools ( ! ,/ate & apportions ! ,/ate s*ool funds4 ,! ,national ,commission] ( ,education is at ! head ( ! ,national ,bureau ( ,education 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,! "w ( ?is bureau is l>gely to collect & publi% in=mation ab\t educational conditions & progress 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,agricultural ,help3 ,!re are f\r free agricultural s*ools besides ! ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture 9 ,i?aca4 ,mu* assi/ance is giv5 by ! gov]nm5t to ! agricultural ne$s ( ! ,/ate4 ,special c\rses are provid$ at _m colleges = ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( agricultural "w4 ,%ort c\rses are arrang$ = ^? :o c only att5d a few weeks1 & at times 9 ! ye> :5 f>m "w is slack4 ,f>m]s' ,in/itutes are organiz$1 at :i* exp]ts discuss ! be/ way ( do+ ! v>i$ "w ( ! f>m1 especially h[ to increase production & to make ! f>m m pr(itable4 ,vocational ,tra9+3#e ,if ! public s*ool is go+ to prep>e "y p = _! "w 9 ! _w1 "s guidance 9 ! selection ( an occupation1 & "s practical tra9+ 9 a trade or pr(ession1 mu/ be includ$ 9 _! s*ool "w4 ,! great majority ( *ildr5 leave s*ool at an e>ly age to g to "w4 ,)\t specializ$ tra9+ !y h little *ance = advancem5t1 b fill ! ranks ( untra9$ labor1 to ! great loss ( ! _w & _! own disadvantage4 ,/ate ,s*ol>%ips3 ,ea* ( ! #aej ,assembly di/ricts ( ! ,/ate has five free s*ol>%ips valu$ at #djj ea*4 ,! s*ol>%ips are aw>d$ by ! ,commission] ( ,education & ! hold] may att5d any college 9 ! ,/ate1 & receive #ajj = ea* ( ! f\r ye>s he or %e att5ds4 ,dome/ic ,tra9+3 ,! majority ( girls1 ev5 ?\gh !y are wage-e>n]s = a "t1 soon] or lat] m>ry1 & h *ildr5 & a h\sehold to take c>e (4 ,9 ! old5 days1 :5 ! home 0 a work%op1 girls 7 taught cook+ at home2 !y le>n$ to c>e = babies ?r\gh tak+ c>e ( ! little ones 9 ! family4 ,n[ !y (t5 leave s*ool to g to ! factory1 & only leave ! factory :5 !y m>ry4 ,!y h no k ( cook+1 h\sekeep+1 or ! c>e ( *ildr54 ,unless dome/ic economy ( ! mo/ practical k9d is taught 9 ! s*ool-room1 !re is no way !y c be prep>$ = ! important bus9ess ( h\sekeep] & "m4 ,if e girl 7 taught to cook & 7 tra9$ 9 ! prop] c>e ( an infant1 x w\ld add immeasurably to ! sum total ( ! com=t & heal? ( family life4 ,x w\ld be an advantage to e boy1 likewise1 if he 7 taught to use 8 h&s 9 c>p5t]+ or o!r manual "w4 ,:atev] comes 9 lat] life1 h&s t h be5 tra9$ to be useful are a great asset to any man or woman4 ,s*ools z ,community ,c5t]s3 ,education does n /op at any age4 ,public free lectures1 mo!rs' meet+s1 & ! use ( s*ools = community recreation are help+ to make ! s*ool-h\se #ajj p] c5t4 effici5t z an educational c5t]4 ,! s*ool plant t is clos$ :5 s*ool is n 9 session is an extravagance :i* no community c af=d4 ,! dem& = ! use ( ! s*ool-h\se = political meet+s1 & z poll+-places at election-"t1 is gr[+4 ,outside ( ,new ,york ,city s*ool-build+s may only be s us$ by special p]mission ( ! vot]s4 ,s9ce "o ( ! purposes ( education is to tra9 p 9 citiz5%ip1 ! use ( ! s*ool-h\se z ! c5t] ( ev]y?+ t p]ta9s to ! p's "p 9 gov]nm5t seems legitimate4 ,heal?3 ,compulsory education is futile unless at ! same "t ! heal? ( *ildr5 is ma9ta9$4 ,x is z mu* ! duty ( gov]nm5t to wat* ov] ! prop] developm5t ( ! body z ( ! m9d1 yet m att5tion is (t5 giv5 to decoration ( s*oolrooms ?an to matt]s ( heal?4 ,an appall+ly l>ge numb] ( *ildr5 h defective tee?1 poor eyes1 or ob/ruct$ brea?+4 ,neglect$ tee? mean an und]n\ri%$ body & are a common s\rce ( disease4 ,p]iodic m$ical exam9ations are requir$ by ,/ate law1 & s*ool nurses may be engag$ z "p ( ! regul> s*ool =ce4 ,! value ( ! law dep5ds on ! way x is en=c$ by local s*ool au?orities1 & ?is is (t5 f> f satisfactory4 ,^! provisions are f\nd to repay _! co/ 9 ! add$ /r5g? & productive p[]s t !y give to ! community4 ,co-op]ation3 ,! greate/ ( all ne$s 9 connection ) our s*ools is a lively int]e/ 9 !m on ! "p ( wom54 ,! woman :o c>es ab\t ! future ( h] *ild mu/ be int]e/$ 9 s*ool meet+s & ! election ( s*ool-bo>ds1 :o %\ld be c>efully *os54 ,frequ5t visits to ! s*ool 9 city & c\ntry are a help & inspiration to bo? tea*]s & p>5ts4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,"u a provision ( a rec5t ,f$]al law1 a c]ta9 sum ( money is available = use 9 any ,/ate = ! tea*+ ( home economics1 indu/rial tra9+1 or = any vocational "w1 provid$ t ! ,/ate appropriates an equal am\nt = ! purpose1 :i* ,new ,york ,/ate has done4 ,,xvii ,,heal? ,,& ,,recreation ,! great majority ( m5 & wom51 & ev5 _m *ildr51 h to "w = a liv+4 ,to keep heal?y !y ne$ "t & opportunity = :olesome recreation4 ,recreation is z mu* a necess>y "p ( normal life z food or dr9k2 a fact t has be5 p>tially lo/ sight ( 9 ?is economic age1 b ?r\gh\t ! _w's hi/ory !re h be5 frequ5t examples ( gov]nm5ts :i* made c>eful provision to supply necess>y amusem5ts = _! citiz5s4 ,9 ,greece great /adiums 7 erect$ = games & conte/s2 9 m$ieval times ! knights held t\rnam5ts1 ev5 ! *ur*es celebrat$ _! sa9ts' days ) gay /reet processions4 ,! ne$ = recreation is p>ticul>ly great to-day because ! conge/ion ( population ( our cities has left few op5 spaces = leisure "t1 & cr[d$ liv+ & small1 d>k rooms :]e all ! "w ( ! h\sehold mu/ be done1 preclude any social life 9 ! homes ( _m families4 ,_m "y girls :o crave companion%ip & social int]c\rse ) fri5ds h to g outside _! homes to f9d x4 ,cr[d$ t5em5ts )\t light or air1 dirty /reets ) no provision = :olesome recreation1 are pro(s ( poor gov]nm5t & ineffici5t democracy1 no matt] h[ prosp]\s & cont5t$ a city may look 9 its ri*] qu>t]s4 ,p :o are oblig$ to live 9 ! cr[d$ di/ricts h a l[]$ vitality & a less5$ value to ! _w2 & ! same natural impulses :i*1 rightly direct$1 lead to an ord]ly1 useful1 cont5t$ life1 may be ! causes ( del9qu5cy if /unt$ or misdirect$4 ,! slum is an economic crime1 condon$ by a public :i* pays ! p5alty 9 contam9ation & contagion ?ru/ back ^u itself4 ,h\s+3 ,air & sun%9e are ! fir/ requisites ( heal?y life4 ,! gov]nm5t recognizes a c]ta9 responsibility 9 insur+ ^! necessities1 & prescribes by law regulations = ! con/ruction & inspection ( liv+ accommodations4 ,_m families _c *oose _! homes1 b are oblig$ to live 9 ! k9d ( build+s t are to be f\nd ne> _! "w4 ,inside rooms )\t w9d[s1 rooms into :i* a ray ( sun%9e has nev] p5etrat$1 are common 9 e city 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! law prohibits1 9 cities ( ! fir/ class1 ! build+ ( new t5em5ts ) inside rooms )\t w9d[s1 b _m old ones are 9 exi/5ce1 & two-family h\ses may /ill be built ) inside rooms4 ,9 o!r cities !re are practically no re/rictions1 except by occasional ineffectual city ord9ances4 ,sanit>y arrangem5ts1 & ! wat]-supply 9 _m t5em5t-h\ses1 are insuffici5t = heal? or ev5 dec5cy4 ,t5em5t-h\se inspection is a "p ( city gov]nm5t 9 :i* wom5 are p>ticul>ly fitt$ to s]ve4 ,9 ,new ,york ,city1 !re are #ajc1fhh t5em5t-h\ses & #aic inspectors4 ,only eight ( ^! are wom54 ,! w> has greatly int5sifi$ ! h\s+ problem4 ,) ! trem5d\s increase 9 c]ta9 indu/ries :i* has br\ght ?\s&s ( p to "w 9 new factories1 !re is a correspond+ dem& = liv+ accommodations ne> _! "w4 ,^! factories may n be p]man5t1 & s private capital hesitates to build h\ses ne> !m4 ,! result is a t]rible cr[d+ ( p 9 unsanit>y & unfit build+s4 ,! consequ5ces ( su* ov]cr[d+ is se5 9 ! increase ( *ild del9qu5cy1 immorality & disease1 an increas$ dea?-rate1 & ! inevitable unre/ f su* unhapp9ess :i* results 9 /rikes & labor tr\bles4 ,recreation3 ,! mod]n city s f> has made little provision = ! natural irresi/ible desire ( y\? = play4 ,?is is all ! m dang]\s because "y m5 & wom5 are be+ drawn 9 great numb]s f ! protection ( ! home1 = "w 9 factories & %ops4 ,!y h a fre$om f re/ra9t su* z !y h nev] _h be=e4 ,!y h money :i* !y h e>n$2 !y are eag] = amusem5t4 ,:5 !y come to ! end ( a day ( exhau/+ "w _! love ( pleasure w n be d5i$4 ,if !y are n giv5 ! "r k9d ( amusem5t1 !y w take ! wrong k9d4 ,in/ead ( recogniz+ ?is natural in/9ct = play1 & provid+ safe *annels = its expression1 all provisions = recreation are usually left to comm]cial int]e/s1 to be us$ = _! own ga91 )\t sup]vision or control4 ,vice is (t5 delib]ately disguis$ z pleasure1 & ! mo/ normal & heal?y impulses ( "y m5 & wom51 t1 prop]ly direct$1 lead to happy m>ri$ life1 are frequ5tly us$ z a means to _! d[nfall4 ,lonel9ess also plays a "p4 ,_m a "y man or girl comes to ! city to f9d "w4 ,:]e c !y f9d ! social int]c\rse & companion%ip necess>y to normal life8 ,! homeless boy (t5 /&s ar\nd ! edge ( ! dance-hall1 va9ly hop+ to make ! acqua9tance ( "s 8nice girl40 ,! lonely girl1 liv+ 9 a *e]less hall b$room1 turns to ! dance-hall z a place to f9d companion%ip4 ,prop] provision = public recreation1 well sup]vis$1 w\ld help to br+ ?is boy & girl toge!r 9 dec5t1 :olesome surr\nd+s4 ,! ,dance3 ,9 "y girls1 ! social in/9ct1 ! desire to meet & "k o!r p1 & especially ^? ( ! opposite sex1 becomes a dom9ant factor betwe5 ! ages ( fifte5 & tw5ty4 ,! mo/ natural expression ( y\?ful spirits is ! dance4 ,to all[ x to become a sn>e to spoil ! lives ( "y p is "o ( ! great defici5cies ( city life4 ,9 e city dance-halls1 rang+ f ! back room ( a saloon to ! cas9o or 8g9-palace10 hold out temptations to "y p4 ,9 ,new ,york ,city !re are ov] five hundr$ lic5s$ dance-halls4 ,?is means1 at a mod]ate e/imate1 "o-qu>t] ( a million "y p e night 9 ^! public dance-halls1 mo/ ( :i* are run 9 connection ) ! liquor trade4 ,! obligation to regulate places ( public amusem5t1 & to provide good amusem5t 9 place ( bad1 re/s ) ! community4 ,! m9ute y beg9 to regulate ! dance-hall y are int]f]+ ) _m k9ds ( bus9ess2 fir/ & =emo/ ! liquor trade & all ! int]e/s x involves2 !n1 ) ! bus9ess ( ^? ^: livelihood dep5ds ^u ! vile trade t is /imulat$ by ! usual dance-hall2 & beh9d ^! gr\ps1 an unkn[n numb] ( p]fectly respectable bus9esses ^: trade is increas$ by ! conditions :i* *>act]ize a 8wide op50 t[n4 ,all ^! manifold int]e/s are root$ deep 9 ! fabric ( ! gov]nm5t ( mo/ ( our ,am]ican cities1 &1 because _! connections are 9 s _m in/ances seem+ly innoc5t1 are all ! m difficult to defeat & dislodge4 ,playgr\nds3 ,! ne$ ( organiz$ recreation facilities = *ildr5 has become press+1 z conge/ion ( population has left no place1 n ev5 ! /reets1 9 :i* !y c play4 ,!re are _m blocks 9 ,new ,york ,city :]e ! population is great] ?an 9 any o!r place ( l area 9 ! _w4 ,:]e c ! great ?rong ( *ildr5 g to f9d innoc5t amusem5t8 ,:]e %all !y g out ( s*ool h\rs8 ,9 #aiae x 0 e/imat$ t !re 7 #gcd1jjj *ildr5 betwe5 five & f\rte5 ye>s ( age :o _h to play away f home4 ,to provide = !m1 ! city furni%$ s*ool & p>k playgr\nds = f #ajj1jjj to #ahe1jjj1 leav+ at lea/ half a million *ildr5 ) no provision ( any k9d = play1 except ! already cr[d$ city /reets4 ,vacation ,s*ools3 ,keep+ ! s*ools & playgr\nds op5 dur+ ! summ] mon?s takes ! *ildr5 away f ! hot1 cr[d$ /reets1 at lea/ "p ( ! "t4 ,l public playgr\nds1 ! numb] ( vacation s*ools is always dep5d5t on appropriations4 ,! mak]s ( ! city budget f9d a great] pressure ex]t$ f ! multitude ( bus9ess int]e/s t want consid]ation1 ?an !y d 9 support ( appropriations = public heal? & com=t4 ,x w be necess>y = wom5 to be z alive 9 support+ su* measures1 z m5 are 9 dem&+ t _! int]e/s %all be consid]$4 ,also facts mu/ be giv5 to prove t ! co/ ( su* appropriations is sav$ 9 ! increas$ productive p[]s ( a heal?i] p4 ,x has be5 /at$ t a heal?y labor] increases ! weal? ( ! c\ntry by "s #cj1jjj dur+ a normal lifetime4 ,if ?is is true1 x %\ld be m]ely intellig5t bus9ess on ! "p ( ! commonweal? to exp5d a reasonable pro rata ( ?is sum1 :5 necess>y1 to insure t a *ild :5 full gr[n is heal?y4 ,recreation ,c5t]s h be5 e/abli%$ 9 "s ( ! ,we/]n cities4 ,*icago has a s]ies ( small p>ks 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! city1 ) outdoor playgr\nds1 & 9 ea* "o a l>ge build+ :]e !re is a gymnasium1 swimm+-pool1 & assembly-rooms1 l>ge & small4 ,on a ,saturday or ,sunday aft]noon1 ^! places %[ _m happy pictures ( ?\s&s ( families1 ) bo? ! old & "y sp5d+ _! leisure 9 a way t increases _! own happ9ess1 & _! value to ! _w4 ,municipal ,dance-halls h also be5 tri$4 ,9 ! recreation c5t]s ( ,*icago !re are dance-halls "u c>eful sup]vision4 ,b :e!r ! city provides municipal dance-halls or n1 public dance-halls %\ld be divorc$ f ! liquor bus9ess1 & !re %\ld be c>eful polic+ & sup]vision ( private halls1 & = ?is "w wom5 police (ficials are necess>y4 ,municipal ,ba?+ ,bea*es are also possible = any community ) a wat]-front4 ,!y are "o ( ! great attractions ( ,*icago1 :]e a l>ge "p ( ! lakefront draws hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 :o may easily rea* ^! public bea*es f any "p ( ! city4 ,! ,new ,york ,/ate law makes ! con/ruction ( free ba?s obligatory 9 cities ( #ej1jjj or m population4 ,! 8,movies03 ,millions ( *ildr5 att5d mov+-picture !at]s e day ( ! ye>4 ,9 ,new ,york ,city alone1 ! daily att5dance ( *ildr5 is e/imat$ at #bjj1jjj4 ,! pictures impress ! m9ds ( *ildr5 l sc5es 9 real life4 ,= good or = evil1 mov+ pictures are ! great tea*]s ( ! y\? ( to-day4 ,_m ( ! lessons taught on ! scre5 are n suitable = *ildr54 ,!y give intimate views ( ! und]world1 ( assault & infidelity1 & b>room brawls4 ,!y %[ fair h]o9es & gallant h]oes committ+ crimes1 & be+ p>don$ & liv+ happily ev] aft]4 ,!y %[ picture aft] picture t t5ds to de/roy moral /&>ds t home & s*ool h tri$ to tea*4 ,causes = ,juv5ile ,crime3 ,! natural crav+ = excitem5t & love ( adv5ture1 ) no provision = its legitimate expression1 is responsible = mu* ( ! crime ( our cities4 ,"s ye>s ago1 x 0 e/imat$ t ( ! #ae1jjj "y p "u tw5ty ye>s ( age :o 7 arre/$ 9 ,*icago dur+ a ye>1 mo/ ( !m _h brok5 ! law 9 _! blund]+ ef=ts to f9d adv5ture4 ,x is said t ! ma*9]y ( ! gr& juries & crim9al c\rts is ma9ta9$1 9 a l>ge measure1 = ! b5efit ( y\?s betwe5 ! ages ( ?irte5 & tw5ty-five4 ,! s-call$ 8gangs0 ( our cities are an expression ( ! recklessness & bravado1 common to boys1 :i*1 well-direct$1 is ( great s]vice to ! _w1 &1 misdirect$1 is responsible = mu* mis]y4 ,! ,use ( ,s*ool-build+s z ,social ,c5t]s meets a v real problem4 ,halls = danc+ & = ent]ta9m5ts1 lectures & debates1 rooms = games1 ev5 gymnasiums1 c\ld easily be br\ght )9 ! rea* ( mo/ ( ! p4 ,gr[n-ups1 z well z "y p1 w\ld f9d !m ( value4 ,?is use ( ! s*ools1 outside ( ! regul> s*ool h\rs1 has greatly increas$ 9 ! ,we/1 & ! s*ool plant has become an increas$ factor = good 9 ! life ( ! community4 ,rural ,ne$s3 ,"s ( our indiff]5ce 9 reg>d to prop] provisions = recreation may be due to ! fact t we 7 s long a rural nation4 ,! boy :o liv$ on a f>m or 9 a village1 :o _h ! swimm+-hole 9 summ]1 ! f>m ) its hay-l(t1 & 9 w9t] sl$d+ & skat+1 0 able to satisfy 8 love ( adv5ture4 ,to-day1 ev5 rural conditions h *ang$1 & !re is z mu* ne$ ( dec5t & :olesome recreation 9 ! c\ntry & small villages z 9 cities4 ,*ur*es are op5 only on ,sunday1 s*ools are clos$ two days 9 ! week1 ! only meet+-place is ! corn] /ore1 or ! saloons1 & ! /reets4 ,! use ( ! s*ool-build+ & gr\nds :5 s*ool is n 9 session & on ,saturdays & ,sundays1 w\ld take _m boys (f ! /reets4 ,,xviii ,,! ,,c>e ,,( ,,dep5d5t ,,& ,,del9qu5t ,,*ildr5 ,! ,/ate ( ,new ,york has ! l>ge/ actual numb] ( dep5d5t *ildr51 & ! l>ge/ numb] 9 proportion to population1 ( any ,/ate 9 ! ,union4 ,9 ! e>ly days x 0 ! wom5 :o c>$ = ! neglect$ *ildr5 ( a neighborhood1 & *ildr5 left homeless 7 usually tak5 into "s "o's home4 ,?is c>e has gradually gone into ! h&s ( ! t[n1 ! c\nty1 or ! ,/ate1 & has become a dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5t4 ,!re are two ways ( c>+ = homeless *ildr53 "o is to place !m 9 in/itutions1 ! o!r is to place !m 9 private families4 ,9 bo? cases ! ,/ate usually has to pay = _! support4 ,if ! "r k9d ( a home c be f\nd = a *ild x seems to h a mu* bett] *ance = a heal?y1 happy *ildhood1 & = a useful future :5 plac$ ) a family1 ?an :5 plac$ 9 an in/itution4 ,! cu/om 9 ,new ,york ,/ate has be5 to place *ildr5 9 in/itutions4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ea* local (ficial1 t[n ov]se] ( ! poor1 c\nty sup]9t5d5t ( ! poor1 & city commission] ( *>ities1 to provide = de/itute *ildr54 ,9 ! e>ly days he us$ to provide = !m by giv+ :at 0 call$ 8outdoor relief0 to ! p>5t1 if ei!r p>5t 0 liv+2 if ! *ild 0 homeless x 0 s5t to ! alm%\se4 ,= _m ye>s pa/1 *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( ?ree & sixte5 h n be5 all[$ 9 alm%\ses1 b h be5 committ$ to in/itutions4 ,besides ?is public c>e1 private *>itable ag5cies began to e/abli% orphan asylums1 & homes = fri5dless *ildr54 ,^! in/itutions (t5 develop$ f small beg9n+s into l>ge e/abli%m5ts1 & began to draw on ! public funds = at lea/ a "p ( ! ma9t5ance ( _! inmates1 & sometimes = _! entire support4 ,x 0 argu$ t if ! ,/ate did n pay = ! support ( ! *ildr5 9 ! orphan asylum x w\ld h to take c>e ( !m else:]e4 ,no ,def9ite ,au?ority3 ,= _m ye>s ! au?ority betwe5 ,/ate & local gov]n+ bo>ds has be5 divid$4 ,z a consequ5ce1 inspection ( *ildr5's in/itutions has am\nt$ to v little1 or has be51 at lea/1 ineffectual4 ,?is inadequate inspection1 9 addition to divid$ au?ority1 enc\rag$ neglect & abuse4 ,! report ( conditions 9 private in/itutions 9 ,new ,york ,city1 made 9 #aiaf z ! result ( an (ficial inve/igation1 %[$ t dirt1 insuffici5t food1 v]m91 disease1 & lack ( common sanit>y precautions 7 common4 ,education 0 s mu* bel[ ! /&>d ( ! public s*ool1 ) little or no vocational tra9+1 t *ildr5 7 dis*>g$ ) no prep>ation = e>n+ a liv+4 ,!re 0 n only an utt] abs5ce ( home atmosph]e1 b me?ods & re/rictions 7 us$ l a prison or re=matory4 ,s little c>e 0 giv5 :5 ! *ildr5 left ! in/itution1 t !y (t5 w5t out entirely fri5dless1 ) no "o to call ^u = c\ncil or advice1 & utt]ly unprep>$ = indep5d5t life4 ,^! conditions 7 all[$ to exi/1 p>tly because ( ! divid$ au?ority & responsibility1 l>gely because ^? 9 au?ority 7 n deeply int]e/$4 ,z ! report said1 8! committ+ au?orities h n look$ ^u ! problem z ( suffici5t mom5t to make x any "p ( _! bus9ess to =mulate & promulgate any compet5t /&>d to gov]n ! s]vice ma9ta9$ 9 *ildr5's in/itutions40 ,new ,york ,city has tri$ ! exp]im5t ( 8bo>d+ out0 all dep5d5t *ildr5 betwe5 two & sev5 ye>s ( age1 tak+ c>e to place ,ca?olic *ildr5 9 ,ca?olic homes1 ,jewi% *ildr5 9 ,jewi% homes1 & s =?4 ,9 "s respects1 ?is is a bett] me?od ?an committ+ *ildr5 to in/itutions1 b x is only successful if ! *ild is c>efully plac$1 & its welf>e wat*$ by appo9t$ visitors4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 #aijj-aiac1 ! av]age infant mortality-rate ( *ildr5 "u two ye>s ( age 0 #hf4d p] #a1jjj1 :ile ! dea?-rate 9 elev5 l>ge infant asylums 0 #dbb4e p] #a1jjj4 ,t is1 "u ! c>e ( ! "m1 ev5 includ+ ! ignorant "m1 only "o-fif? z _m babies di$ z :5 ! *ildr5 7 c>$ = by ! ,/ate4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t *ildr5 are n only saf] & heal?i] ) _! own mo!rs ?an 9 in/itutions1 b t !y h a bett] *ance ) fo/] mo!rs ?an 9 asylums4 ,9 #aiad1 ! ,new ,york ,city ,heal? ,dep>tm5t1 z an exp]im5t1 plac$ sev5ty-five infants to bo>d ) fo/] mo!rs1 ) ! result t ! infant dea?-rate dropp$ =ty-eight p] c5t4 ,bo>ds ( ,*ild ,welf>e3 ,9 #aiae1 ! ,legislature au?oriz$ ! appo9tm5t ( bo>ds ( *ild welf>e 9 ea* c\nty4 ,^! bo>ds 7 to inve/igate ne$y cases & _h ! p[] to grant an all[ance to a de/itute "m = ! c>e ( h] *ildr54#f ,?is "w is dep5d5t on ! appropriations grant$ by ! c\nty4 ,c\nty au?orities are sl[ to act 9 matt]s t require appropriations4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ ye>1 fifty-sev5 c\nties _h organiz$ bo>ds1 b only ?irty-f\r _h made appropriations2 #f1jad *ildr5 _h be5 kept f asylums & #a1ifi homes _h be5 sav$ f be+ brok5 up4 ,9 ,new ,york ,city1 ! numb] ( *ildr5 9 in/itutions has decreas$ #c1jjj s9ce ! ,*ild ,welf>e ,bo>d began its "w4 ,9 #aiag ,new ,york ,city appropriat$ #a1bej1jjj = wid[$ mo!rs4 ,! av]age mon?ly all[ance1 ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,welf>e ,bo>d's "w1 = ea* *ild "u sixte51 0 #g4ii1 :i* is #c less ?an x w\ld h co/ to keep ! *ild 9 an in/itution4 ,x is n[ admitt$ t ev]y?+ possible %\ld be done to prev5t a home f be+ brok5 up by pov]ty2 t if ! "m is liv+1 & is a fit p]son to br+ up h] *ildr51 x %\ld be made possible = h] to keep !m4 ,t ! "m is usually a fit p]son to br+ up h] *ild1 is prov$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,bo>d ( ,*ild ,welf>e ( ,new ,york ,city1 :i* exam9$ f\r ?\s& cases ( mo!rs :o appli$ = p5sions1 & f\nd only 9 f\rte5 cases t ! "m 0 n to be s tru/$4 ,9 _m ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates ! wid[$ mo!rs' comp5sation1 or p5sion laws1 h be5 ext5d$ to cov] *ildr5 ( del9qu5t1 injur$1 or crippl$ fa!rs1 & sometimes ev5 ( fa!rs imprison$ 9 p5al in/itutions4 ,"s ,/ates also h o!r provisions :i* r$uce ! numb] ( dep5d5t *ildr54 ,9 ,wa%+ton a man :o des]ts 8 family is put to "w & 8 wages are paid to 8 wife & *ildr54 ,?is seems m s5sible ?an ! law :i* imprisons ! man1 & lets ! ,/ate support him1 :ile 8 wife has to support h]self & *ildr54 ,9 ,kansas1 ! wages ( a prison] are giv5 to 8 family4 ,9 ,cali=nia & ,ill9ois1 ! fa!r mu/ help support ! illegitimate *ild4 ,! c>e ( dep5d5t *ildr5 is "w = :i* wom5 are especially fitt$ by bo? tra9+ & incl9ation4 ,9 ,colorado1 ! ,/ate ,home = ,dep5d5t ,*ildr5 mu/ h two wom5 on its bo>d ( five memb]s4 ,9 ! ,/ate ,indu/rial ,home = ,girls1 ?ree ( ! five memb]s ( ! bo>d mu/ be wom54 ,! ,problem ( ! ,del9qu5t ,*ild is "o t ne$s ! greate/ c>e & exp]t att5tion4 ,if ! dep5d5t *ild is an appeal+ figure1 ! del9qu5t *ild is an indictm5t ( a community4 ,he is usually ! product ( neglect1 ( ov]cr[d+1 ( bad liv+ conditions1 & ( defects 9 ! educational sy/em4 ,to treat ! *ild (f5d] z if he 7 gr[n up & responsible1 & to puni% him 9 ! same way z an adult1 is to make a crim9al ( him4 ,! mann] 9 :i* 8 fir/ (f5se aga9/ ! law is h&l$1 (t5 det]m9es ! future ( su* a *ild4 ,*ildr5's ,c\rts3 ,x us$ to be common = *ildr5 ( all ages to be deta9$ ) old]1 h>d5$ crim9als indiscrim9ately1 expos$ to contam9ation & disease1 & to try !m 9 an op5 c\rt-room ) all o!r cases4 ,! mod]n policy is to try all cases aga9/ *ildr51 ) ! exception ( murd]1 9 special c\rts4 ,! entire policy ( a *ildr5's c\rt is bas$ on prev5tion in/ead ( puni%m5t1 to make fri5ds ) a del9qu5t *ild1 to %[ him ! dang] ahead ( him1 to wat* ov] him l an old]1 wis] fri5d1 & to help him to keep /raight4 ,! t]ror & disgrace ( an op5 c\rt-room are replac$ by a quiet1 fri5dly talk 9 ! judge's room4 ,a l>ge numb] ( all *ildr5 :o are arre/$ are ungov]nable or disord]ly1 *ildr5 :o h run away f home1 or :o are associat+ ) dissolute or vici\s p]sons4 ,ano!r l>ge class comes into ! c\rts because ( improp] gu>dian%ip2 neglect$ *ildr51 or ^? expos$ to physical or moral dang]4 ,^! cases are n class$ te*nically z del9qu5ts1 b are tri$ by :at are kn[n z special proce$+s4 ,! total numb] ( *ildr5 arraign$ 9 ! *ildr5's c\rts ( ,new ,york ,city 9 #aiaf = del9qu5cy 03 boys1 #e1ibi2 girls1 #aej2 9 special proce$+s1 boys1 #c1hic2 girls1 #b1igb1 a total ( #ab1idd4 ,! l>ge/ p]c5tage ( cases = any (f5se = boys 0 petty l>c5y1 & = girls 0 sex (f5ses & incorrigibility4 ,9 #aiaf ! ,police ,dep>tm5t ( ,new ,york ,city made 9 its report an analysis ( juv5ile arre/s1 %[+ ! nature ( ! (f5se1 ! age1 sex1 nativity1 occupation1 & employm5t ( ! *ild4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( arre/s 7 = (f5ses aga9/ prop]ty4 ,practically half ( all ! del9qu5ts 7 native-born *ildr5 ( =eign-born p>5ts4 ,! attitude ( ! police =ce ( ,new ,york ,city dur+ ! la/ few ye>s has be5 helpful 9 h&l+ ! problem ( juv5ile del9qu5cy4 ,! police are n[ in/ruct$ to try to prev5t small infr+em5ts ( ! law by *ildr51 & _m trivial (f5ses are adju/$ out ( c\rt4 ,a consid]able proportion ( ! *ildr5 :o come repeat$ly into ! *ildr5's c\rts are feeble-m9d$4 ,dur+ #aiag1 ! *ildr5's c\rt ( ,new ,york ,city1 = ! fir/ "t1 _h a cl9ic atta*$ to ! c\rt1 :]e *ildr5 suspect$ ( be+ m5tally defici5t c\ld be exam9$4 ,!re is /ill1 h[ev]1 no place :]e !y c be committ$ tempor>ily = obs]vation1 & !re is great ne$ ( a grad$ in/itution t w provide = ! treatm5t & c>e ( ! diff]5t classes ( m5tally defici5t *ildr54 ,! sy/em ( probation = *ild (f5d]s is ( ! greate/ possible assi/ance 9 reclaim+ ! *ild2 x also decreases ! numb] ( *ildr5 :o are committ$ to in/itutions1 ?us sav+ ! ,/ate money4 ,to make probation effective1 *ildr5 mu/ be visit$ frequ5tly 9 _! homes1 & be kept on probation long en\gh to make probable a complete re=mation4 ,wom51 & n m51 %\ld be appo9t$ z probation (fic]s = del9qu5t girls1 b1 z ! appo9tm5ts are (t5 political1 m5 are giv5 ! pref]5ce1 & are ev5 put 9 *>ge ( girls4 ,! pres5t ,*ildr5's ,c\rt 9 ,great] ,new ,york dates f #aiae1 & "u ! presid+ ju/ice ( ! c\rt has be5 br\ght to a high /ate ( intellig5t & sympa!tic h&l+4 ,! city ( ,buffalo also makes special provision = del9qu5t *ildr54 ,9 mo/ ( ! cities ( ! ,/ate1 ! judges ( ! c\rt ( special sessions set c]ta9 days = *ildr5's cases4 ,among ! improvem5ts ne$$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,/ate law is a provision to give ! *ildr5's c\rt jurisdiction ov] *ildr5 ( sixte5 & sev5te5 ye>s ( age4 ,?is is especially ne$$ 9 cases ( wayw>d girls4 ,9 ,colorado ! juv5ile c\rt h&les cases ( (f5d]s "u eighte54 ,also1 x is a crim9al (f5se 9 ,colorado to contribute to ! del9qu5cy ( a *ild1 & ! *ildr5's c\rt has jurisdiction ov] adults contribut+ to su* del9qu5cy4 ,?is is a provision ne$$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,/ate law4 ,colorado also has a law prohibit+ ! publication ( ! "n or picture ( a girl "u eighte5 9 a case ( del9qu5cy4 ,?is is important1 z procur]s & o!r m5 :o h be5 ! cause ( a girl's del9qu5cy (t5 g free1 because ! girl & h] family wi% to avoid publicity4 ,! *ildr5's c\rts 9 ,new ,york ,/ate %\ld also h ! p[] to appo9t legal gu>dians = *ildr5 9 case ( ne$4 ,to be a judge ( a juv5ile c\rt requires exceptional qualifications3 quick sympa?y1 & intellig5t und]/&+ ( ! _m causes :i* contribute to *ild del9qu5cy4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! problem comes back to ! environm5t ( ! *ild1 to cr[d$ liv+ conditions1 defici5t education1 lack ( vocational tra9+1 & abs5ce ( opportunities = recreation4 ,! pitiful /riv+ ( *ildr5 = pleasure & play1 & ! inadequate provisions ( our cities to meet ?is ne$1 are (t5 responsible = ! fir/ del9qu5t /ep4 ,_m improvem5ts 9 ?is direction1 z well z improvem5ts 9 ! law1 are ne$$ to br+ ! protection t ,new ,york ,/ate gives its *ildr5 up to ! level ( ! be/ f\nd 9 o!r ,/ates4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,un=tunately1 ! law expressly excludes 9 its provisions = relief families ) ali5 fa!rs4 ,,xix ,,*ild ,,wage-,,e>n]s ,*ildr5 are ! mo/ important assets ( a nation4 ,:ile e "o1 individually1 w\ld admit ?is /atem5t1 x is n easy to p]suade ! gov]nm5t t ! protection & developm5t ( *ild life _c be left safely to private initiative1 any m ?an c animal or plant life2 t1 9 addition to ! protection ( ! individual family1 *ildr5 ne$ ! fo/]+ c>e ( ! organiz$ gov]nm5t4 ,= _m ye>s1 ! gov]nm5t1 bo? ,/ate & ,national1 has dealt g5]\sly ) ! agricultural int]e/s ( ! c\ntry4 ,:5 disease has brok5 out among ei!r animals or plants1 x has _h its exp]ts ready to s5d out at a mom5t's notice to any "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,x has sp5t va/ sums ( money to inve/igate & eradicate boll-weevil 9 cotton1 & ho(-&-m\? disease among cattle1 & to develop a bett] /ra9 9 _m animals & plants1 b x is only v rec5tly t x has be5 will+ to inve/igate ! ne$s ( ! *ildr5 ( ! nation4 ,! appropriations ( ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t = animal life1 9 #aiae1 7 ov] #e1jjj1jjj2 = *ild life1 #afd1jjj4 ,9 #aiag1 an additional appropriation ( #aej1jjj 0 made = ! en=cem5t ( ! ,f$]al ,*ild ,labor ,law4 ,f$]al ,*ild ,labor ,law3 ,= f\rte5 ye>s1 ! ,national ,*ild ,labor ,committee has tri$ to get laws pass$ :i* w\ld limit ! h\rs ( "w = *ildr51 ! k9d ( "w !y might d1 & ! age at :i* !y might be put to "w4 ,disc\rag$ by ! ,/ate by ,/ate me?od1 ! committee inaugurat$ a campaign = a ,f$]al *ild labor law1 & aft] ?ree ye>s ( ef=t succe$$ 9 gett+ x pass$4 ,m5 h an eight-h\r day 9 _m ,/ates4 ,wom5 h an eight-h\r day 9 a few ,/ates4 ,until ! ,f$]al bill 0 pass$1 *ildr5 ( t5d] ye>s 9 a numb] ( ,/ates c\ld be employ$ almo/ unlimit$ h\rs & all night4 ,at ! "t ! bill 0 pass$ ?ree ,/ates p]mitt$ *ildr5 "u f\rte5 to "w t5 & elev5 h\rs a day1 & two ,/ates p]mitt$ !m to "w at night4 ,n9ete5 m9+ ,/ates p]mitt$ *ildr5 "u sixte5 to "w 9 m9es4 ,n9e ,/ates p]mitt$ *ildr5 "u sixte5 to d night "w4 ,9 ?ree ,s\!rn ,/ates1 "o-fif? ( all ! cotton-mill work]s1 9 #aiac1 7 *ildr5 less ?an sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,! ,f$]al ,*ild ,labor ,bill1 :i* w5t into effect ,septemb] #a1 #aiag1 0 decl>$ uncon/itutional by a ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & is n[ be=e ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is law prohibits ! int]/ate comm]ce ( articles :i* *ildr5 h help$ to make4 ,x does n control ! labor ( *ildr5 9 local occupations4 ,/reet trades1 mess5g] s]vice1 agricultural "w1 & h\sework are n t\*$ by x4 ,?is law is a great /ep 9 advance = ! protection ( *ildr51 b !re are /ill #a1hei1jjj *ildr51 f t5 to sixte5 ye>s old1 at "w 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :om ! ,f$]al law does n t\*4 ,new ,york ,/ate ,laws3 ,= _m ye>s ,new ,york ,/ate has be5 build+ up a code ( protection = ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate4 ,*ildr5 "u sixte5 ye>s ( age are n p]mitt$ to "w unless !y h a special p]mit1 & !y mu/ h complet$ ! six? grade 9 s*ool4 ,a physical exam9ation ( ! *ild is requir$ to see t he is able to /& ! /ra9 ( ! indu/ry 9 :i* he is ab\t to engage1 & pro( ( age is requir$4 ,to sell newspap]s1 boys f twelve to f\rte5 mu/ h a p]mit & a badge4 ,boys ( f\rte5 & fifte5 are requir$ to h badges if !y h a prescrib$ r\te = ! deliv]y ( newspap]s1 b n if !y are sell+ = !mselves4 ,*ildr5 "u sixte5 are n all[$ to "w m ?an eight h\rs a day4 ,to en=ce ^! laws adequately1 _m inspectors are ne$$ & unceas+ vigilance on ! "p ( ! public4 ,:ile ! provisions ( ! law conc]n+ newsboys are v cle>1 & are g5]ally obey$ 9 ,new ,york ,city1 !y are seldom en=c$ else:]e 9 ! ,/ate4 ,to all[ *ildr5 to ent] ! indu/rial _w at an e>ly age1 )\t prep>ation1 & ) no guidance z to ! sort ( "w = :i* !y are be/ fitt$1 is unfair to !m4 ,! boy or girl :o gets a job at f\rte51 )\t any vocational tra9+1 is apt to rema9 an unskill$ work] all 8 or h] life4 ,! range ( occupations op5 to su* *ildr5 is small4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( boys :o g to "w at an e>ly age become deliv]y boys1 err& or wagon boys1 or newsboys4 ,!re is little *ance among ^! employm5ts = real tra9+ or = any future advancem5t4 ,a c>eful /udy1 by ! ,national ,*ild ,labor ,committee1 ( c]ta9 cases br\ght into ! ,*ildr5's ,c\rt1 has e/abli%$ ! fact t a l>ge proportion ( ! boys & girls :o come into ! c\rt come f ! ranks ( *ild work]s4 ,?is inve/igation has also prov$ ! ne$ ( adequate vocational guidance4 ,! pres5t s*ool c\rse gives little help 9 ?is direction to *ildr5 :o are leav+ s*ool at f\rte5 or fifte51 & p>5ts are (t5 z ignorant ( indu/rial conditions z ! *ildr54 ,aft] a few ye>s 9 an occupation t (f]s no opportunity = developm5t1 ! boy or girl :o w5t to "w s "y is (t5 left /r&$1 n only untra9$1 b demoraliz$4 ,!re is ne$ also ( mak+ p>5ts und]/& t bett] opportunities are op5 to *ildr5 :o h _h education beyond ! elem5t>y grades4 ,/reet ,trades ( all k9ds are reg>d$ by social exp]ts z unsafe = *ildr54 ,"s au?orities recomm5d ! absolute prohibition ( all /reet trad+ = boys "u sev5te54 ,^! trades1 includ+ sell+ newspap]s1 appeal to boys because !y l ! excitem5t ( /reet life1 & ! sp5d+-money :i* !y give !m4 ,a judge ( ! ,detroit ,juv5ile ,c\rt says1 8,at lea/ fifty p] c5t4 ( ! boys br\ght into ! juv5ile c\rt are newsboys40 ,an old newsboy1 :5 ask$ :at night "w on ! /reets _h done = him1 said3 8,:5 ,i 0 a kid1 x wasn't l x is n[4 ,!y didn't h no midnight edition--,i always _h to be home by eight o'clock4 ,:5 ,i got to sell+ at night ,i />t$ 9 high s*ool1 b :5 x came "t = ! fir/ exam9ation1 ,i said1 #8,oh1 ,i'll j quit4 ,i'd r be out on ! /reets1 anyway4'0 ,9 ,baltimore x is e/imat$ t #de p] c5t4 ( all ! *ildr5 9 ! ne>-by re=m s*ool h be5 /reet work]s4 ,inve/igations h prov$ ! !ory is false t a *ild is usually put to "w 8to support a wid[$ "m40 ,m (t5 ! *ild 9 a /reet trade is f\nd to come f a home :]e !re is no ne$ ( 8 "w1 & 9 ^! trades ! e>n+s ( *ildr5 are v small4 ,9 a rec5t inve/igation1 9 ,seattle1 ! e>n+s ( newsboys 7 f\nd 9 #df p] c5t4 ( ! cases ( ! elem5t>y s*ool pap]-sell]s to be less ?an #e a mon?4 ,! night mess5g] s]vice is kn[n to be a demoraliz+ occupation1 unfit = any small boy1 & 9 ,new ,york x is prohibit$ to all boys "u tw5ty-"o4 ,! same protection ( ! law is n[ ne$$ = girls4 ,_m p>5ts d n realize ! s]i\s results ( lett+ _! *ildr5 g to "w too "y1 or ! bad effects ( ov]-"w on !m4 ,! t5d5cy ( ov]-fatigue is to break d[n ! moral resi/ance4 ,! release f sup]vision :i* is br\ght ab\t by _! wage-e>n+1 & ! dang] ( _! hav+ money ( _! own to sp5d1 add$ to ! int]ruption ( _! education1 _c help b h a demoraliz+ effect on !m4 ,rural ,*ild ,work]s are q z common z city work]s1 b !y are n s (t5 wage-e>n]s4 ,_! labor is usually tak5 by p>5ts z a matt] ( c\rse1 & !y are n paid4 ,f>m+ & h\sework are two occupations :i* engage _m *ildr51 & !re is almo/ a complete abs5ce ( laws regulat+ !m4 ,a di/9ction %\ld be made betwe5 ! f>m] lad :o does 8*ores0 night & morn+1 & ! boy :o is kept out ( s*ool mo/ ( ! ye> to be a f>m-h&2 & betwe5 ! girl :o helps h] "m out ( s*ool h\rs1 & ! girl :o is kept at "w 9 a cann+-factory1 & goes f "o to ano!r z fruits & vegetables rip52 b nei!r ! *ores nor ! h\sework %\ld be all[$ to int]f]e ) ! regul>ity ( s*ool att5dance4 ,! boy :o is kept at f>m labor1 )\t education1 & ! girl :o is kept at "w 9 ! cann+ indu/ry at ! exp5se ( h] s*ool+1 are z mu* 9 ! ranks ( *ild labor]s z ! cotton-mill work]s1 & !y suff] 9 ! same way f lack ( tra9+ = a useful future4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 comb9+ ! "w t ! boy does night & morn+ on ! f>m1 ) ! s*ool "w4 ,"u prop] guidance1 ! *ores t ! boy has to d at home c be made a means ( education4 ,= example3 a pupil :o assi/s at home 9 ! milk+ might be requir$ to keep a daily record ( ea* c[1 ) ! fluctuations 9 ! yield ( milk1 due to wea!r & food4 ,?is comb9+ ( ! necess>y home "w ) ! in/ruction ( ! s*ool has be5 made a success 9 "s ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 :]e c\nty sup]9t5d5ts sup]vise ! home-s*ool "w & make x ( ! greate/ possible educational value4 ,rural s*ool t]ms are usually %ort] ?an city t]ms1 & irregul> att5dance is m frequ5t4 ,only #fh p] c5t4 ( ! pupils enroll$ 9 rural s*ools att5d daily1 :ile 9 cities ! p]c5tage is #hj4 ,! abs5ces ( girls are caus$ l>gely by h\sework4 ,! results ( *ild labor 9 ! c\ntry are se5 9 ! high p]c5tage ( rejections f milit>y s]vice on acc\nt ( physical defects 9 m5 f rural di/ricts1 & ! l>g] p]c5tage ( illit]acy 9 c\ntry communities comp>$ ) t 9 cities4 ,bett] & m adequate education = ! ?\s&s ( *ildr5 on ! f>ms ( ! ,/ate is "o ( our imm$iate ne$s4 ,x is ! "r ( e *ild to be giv5 en\gh education to give him a good />t 9 life4 ,! *ild-labor problem is l>gely a s*ool problem4 ,keep ! *ildr5 9 s*ool1 & !re w be no *ild labor4 ,w> & ,*ildr53 ,! w> has br\ght a new dem& = ! labor ( *ildr51 & new evid5ce ( ! s]i\s consequ5ces ( us+ ?is labor4 ,9 ,engl& & ,france1 juv5ile del9qu5cy due to ! break+ d[n ( educational facilities1 & ! exploitation ( *ildr5 9 %ops & factories1 has increas$ to a po9t :]e bo? nations are ar\s$ by a new national dang]4 ,to meet ! sudd5 great ne$ = munitions1 & ! spe$+ up ( all indu/ry1 *ildr5 ( all ages1 & wom5 ( all classes1 w5t into ! factories4 ,9 ,engl&1 x is e/imat$ t #bjj1jjj *ildr5 f elev5 to ?irte5 ye>s ( age left s*ool to g to "w4 ,abnormally high wages 7 paid !m4 ,) fa!rs at ! front & mo!rs away f home 9 munition factories1 ^! *ildr5 roam$ ! /reets aft] _! "w 0 done1 ) pockets fill$ ) money to sp5d1 & no "o to ex]cise a re/ra9+ h&4 ,/reets are unlight$1 ! police =ce has be5 decreas$1 *ur*es1 s*ools1 & settlem5t "w are int]rupt$4 ,is x any wond] t s9ce ! w> began juv5ile del9qu5cy has increas$ #df p] c5t4 9 ,ed9burgh1 #ef p] c5t4 9 ,man*e/]1 & !fts #ej p] c5t48 ,! same dem& = *ild labor has begun to be manife/ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is be+ call$ on to fe$ ! _w1 & to make supplies ( all k9ds = our allies1 besides ! trem5d\s ne$ ( supplies = our own armies4 ,millions ( m5 are be+ drawn f ! ranks ( produc]s1 & h become consum]s4 ,! _w is consum+ & de/roy+ on a scale nev] kn[n be=e 9 hi/ory4 ,! dem& = m & m labor is becom+ ev] m insi/5t4 ,9 spite ( ! w>n+s :i* h come to u f ,engl& & ,france1 ( ! necessity ( gu>d+ aga9/ ! exploitation ( our *ildr5 dur+ ! w>1 ,new ,york ,/ate 0 "o ( ! fir/ to try to break d[n ! re/rictions built up dur+ _m ye>s ( ! pa/ ) su* inf9ite labor4 ,! ,br[n bills1 :i* pass$ ! ,legislature la/ w9t]1 7 a frank attempt to utilize ! labor ( *ildr54 ,!y made x possible1 at ! discretion ( ! ,/ate ,labor ,commission1 to abrogate e law t has be5 pass$ 9 ,new ,york ,/ate to safegu>d its *ildr54 ,"o bill w\ld h made x possible to utilize ! labor ( *ildr5 unlimit$ h\rs1 sev5 days 9 ! week1 includ+ night labor4 ,?is 0 veto$ by ! ,gov]nor4 ,! o!r1 :i* makes possible ! susp5sion ( ! compulsory education law1 9 ord] t *ildr5 may "w on ! f>ms1 has become a law4 ,o!r attempts w und\bt$ly be made to exploit *ildr54 ,x w require unceas+ vigilance on ! "p ( ! p ( ! ,/ate to see t measures detrim5tal to *ildr5 %all n be successful4 ,attempts are be+ made to remove ! limit ( h\rs1 & to aboli% ! requirem5t t *ildr5 betwe5 f\rte5 & sixte5 %all h work+ pap]s4 ,su* measures mean t ! physical exam9ation n[ requir$ w\ld n be made1 & t ! necessity ( furni%+ pro( ( ! age ( ! applicant w\ld be elim9at$4 ,! fir/ w\ld p]mit weak1 sickly *ildr5 to g to "w 9 ! factories1 & ! second w\ld enc\rage ! employm5t ( *ildr5 "u f\rte54 ,! ne$ = increas$ labor is a real "o1 & z long z ! w> la/s x w cont9ue to gr[4 ,b ! nation t exploits its *ildr5 :ile at w> is ble$+ at bo? ends4 ,x is ! prov9ce ( wom5 to wat* ov] & gu>d all *ildr54 ,n[ t !y h ! vote1 ! responsibility has be5 put directly on !m1 & !y h ! p[] to meet x4 ,because ( ! trem5d\s co/ ( w> 9 human life itself1 x becomes d\bly important to safegu>d human life at its s\rce1 & t is our job4 ,,note4--,! mat]ial us$ 9 ?is *apt] is l>gely tak5 f publications ( ! ,national ,*ild ,labor ,committee4 ,,xx ,,public ,,*>ities ,! public in/itutions ( ! ,/ate are gr\p$ "u ?ree heads3 ! ,/ate ,commission 9 ,lunacy1 ! ,prison ,commission1 & ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities4 ,! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities1 :i* has g5]al sup]vision ( ! *>itable in/itutions ( ! ,/ate1 consi/s ( twelve memb]s1 ( :om n9e mu/ be appo9t$ z commission]s f ! n9e judicial di/ricts ( ! ,/ate1 & ?ree f ,new ,york ,city4 ,! law prescribes o!rwise no qualifications = memb]%ip on ?is bo>d4 7,a rec5t innovation has be5 made 9 ! appo9tm5t ( a woman on ! bo>d47 ,! commission]s s]ve )\t sal>y1 b ea* "o is paid 8 exp5ses & #aj = ea* day's att5dance at meet+s1 n to exce$ #ejj a ye>4 ,p>tly ,/ate1 ,p>tly ,private3 ,"s *>itable in/itutions 9 ! ,/ate are :olly controll$ by ! ,/ate or "o ( its subdivisions2 o!rs are controll$ by private corporations1 b are ma9ta9$ ei!r :olly1 or 9 "p1 by ,/ate funds4 ,!re are ov] six hundr$ & =ty *>itable in/itutions :i* receive money f ! ,/ate4 ,!re are /ill o!r in/itutions :i* are entirely support$ by private funds4 ,! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities has n ! au?ority at pres5t to inspect organiz$ *>ities :i* d n receive public money1 s !re are _m in/itutions :i* are )\t ! protection ( ,/ate inspection1 & ! total am\nt ( dep5d5cy 9 ! ,/ate is n kn[n (ficially4 ,duties ( ! ,bo>d3 ,besides its duties ( inspection & g5]al sup]vision ( *>itable in/itutions1 ! bo>d has ! control ( ! incorporation ( *>itable in/itutions1 & mu/ approve ( an application = a c]tificate ( incorporation be=e x c be grant$4 ,x also issues lic5ses = m$ical disp5s>ies1 & makes rules & regulations "u :i* !y mu/ "w4 ,! ,p[]s ( ! ,bo>d ,are ,limit$1 z ! c>ry+ out ( its recomm5dations (t5 dep5ds on action by ! ,/ate ,legislature1 & especially on ! am\nt ( ! appropriations grant$ = ! "w4 ,! p[]s orig9ally giv5 ! bo>d h also be5 greatly impair$ by ! action ( ! ,legislature f "t to "t 9 creat+ o!r ag5cies1 :i* h result$ 9 a duplication ( "w & an ov]lapp+ ( au?ority4 ,!re is mu* compla9t ( in/itutions be+ ov]run by (ficial visitors1 & inspectors ) conflict+ au?ority1 :o are said to int]f]e ) ! "w ( ! in/itutions )\t accompli%+ adequate results4 ,! p[]s ( ! bo>d h be5 especially curtail$ s9ce ! (fice ( ,fiscal ,sup]visor ( ,/ate ,*>ities 0 creat$ 9 #aijb4 ,:5 decisions are to be made conc]n+ appropriations = ,/ate *>ities1 9 mak+ up ! legislative budget1 ! ,fiscal ,sup]visor is consult$ to ! exclusion ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d4 ,9 reality ! ,fiscal ,sup]visor has f> great] p[]s ?an ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities1 z no appropriations c be made unless approv$ by him4 ,8 ef=t is to keep d[n appropriations :]ev] possible1 & he does n come 9 direct p]sonal t\* ) ! ne$s ( ! "w4 ,! p[] to fix sal>ies & e/abli% positions has be5 giv5 to ! ,sal>y ,classification ,commission1 & to locate new build+s to ! ,commission on ,sites1 ,gr\nds1 & ,build+s4 ,! g5]al dissatisfaction ) ! confus$ & conflict+ au?ority1 :i* _h come ) diff]5t legislative enactm5ts1 l$ to ! appo9tm5t 9 #aiaf1 ( a commission] to inve/igate ,/ate *>ities & to report to ! ,gov]nor1 ) recomm5dations ( *anges he deem$ advisable4 ,among ! *anges recomm5d$ 73 7#a7 ,t in/ead ( an unpaid bo>d ( twelve memb]s1 appo9t$ f ! judicial di/ricts1 !re %\ld be a bo>d ( n9e1 ( :om "o %\ld be a woman2 ?ree memb]s %\ld be paid & %\ld give all _! "t to ! "w1 "o ( ! ?ree to be presid5t ( ! bo>d1 "o ! *airman ( a bureau = m5tal defici5cy1 & ! ?ird1 *airman ( a bureau = dep5d5t *ildr52 ! six unpaid memb]s 7 to be speciali/s 9 ! special classes ( "w :i* is sup]vis$ by ! bo>d4 ,! pres5t ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities objects to ?is *ange on ! gr\nd t a bo>d s organiz$ w\ld become political4 ,!y also feel t ! appo9tm5ts %\ld cont9ue to be made f ! judicial di/ricts1 9 ord] t e "p ( ! ,/ate %\ld h a resid5t memb] ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d4 ,! report fur!r recomm5d$3 7#b7 ,prompt provision = defective del9qu5ts2 7#c7 a c>eful revision ( ! ,/ate *>ities & poor law2 7#d7 t p[] %\ld be giv5 ! ,/ate ,bo>d to inspect private *>itable in/itutions2 7#e7 ! creation ( a new bureau = dep5d5t *ildr52 7#f7 ! abolition ( ! (fice ( ,fiscal ,sup]visor ( ,*>ities1 9 ord] t recomm5dations = appropriations %\ld come directly f ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities2 7#g7 ! abolition ( o!r conflict+ au?orities1 & re/or+ ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d4 ,none ( ^! recomm5dations h be5 act$ ^u z yet4 ,! ,/ate in/itutions t are "u ! ,/ate are ! foll[+3 ,/ate ,agricultural & ,indu/rial ,s*ool1 ,indu/ry2 ,syracuse ,/ate ,in/itution = ,feeble-m9d$ ,*ildr51 ,syracuse2 ,new ,york ,/ate ,s*ool = ! ,bl9d1 ,batavia2 ,?omas ,indian ,s*ool1 ,iroquois2 ,/ate ,cu/odial ,asylum = ,feeble-m9d$ ,wom51 ,new>k2 ,new ,york ,/ate ,soldi]s' & ,sailors' ,home1 ,ba?2 ,new ,york ,/ate ,tra9+ ,s*ool = ,girls1 ,hudson2 ,we/]n ,h\se ( ,refuge = ,wom51 ,albion2 ,new ,york ,/ate ,re=matory = ,wom51 ,b$=d ,hills2 ,rome ,cu/odial ,/ate ,asylum1 ,rome2 ,craig ,colony = ,epileptics1 ,sonyea2 ,new ,york ,/ate ,woman's ,relief ,corps ,home1 ,ox=d2 ,new ,york ,/ate ,hospital = ! ,c>e ( ,crippl$ & ,de=m$ ,*ildr51 ,we/ ,hav]/raw2 ,new ,york ,/ate ,hospital = ! ,treatm5t ( ,incipi5t ,pulmon>y ,tub]culosis1 ,raybrook2 ,new ,york ,/ate ,tra9+ ,s*ool = ,boys1 e/abli%$ by law 9 #aijd1 n yet ready to receive inmates2 ,let*wor? ,village = ,feeble-m9d$1 ,rockl& ,c\nty2 & au?oriz$ 9 #aiaa-ab1 b n yet op53 ,! ,/ate ,indu/rial ,f>m ,colony1 ,gre5 ,hav52 & ! ,/ate ,re=matory = ,misdemeanants4 ,private in/itutions support$ ma9ly by ,/ate appropriations are3 ,new ,york ,in/itution = ! ,in/ruction ( ,deaf & ,dumb2 ,new ,york ,society = ! ,re=mation ( ,juv5ile ,del9qu5ts 9 ! ,city ( ,new ,york2 ,new ,york ,in/itute = ! ,education ( ! ,bl9d2 ,in/itutions = ,deaf ,mutes 9 ,new ,york ,city1 ,buffalo1 ,we/*e/]1 ,rome1 ,ro*e/]2 ,malone & ,albany ,home ,s*ools = ! ,oral ,in/ruction ( ! ,deaf4 ,c\nty & ,city ,in/itutions3 ,c\nty & city alm%\ses are "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities1 & also ! rec5tly e/abli%$ c\nty sanatoria = tub]culosis1 ( :i* !re are ab\t ?irty4 ,! small numb] ( pati5ts 9 ^! c\nty hospitals = tub]culosis makes x impossible = "s ( !m to give z exp]t & effici5t c>e z a l>g] & bett] equipp$ hospital might (f]4#g ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate & ,ali5 ,poor1 ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities1 has ! sup]vision ( ! ,/ate poor1 & ( ali5 & ,indian dep5d5ts4 ,x also has ! p[] to transf] ali5s1 or non-resid5ts1 :o h become public *>ges1 to _! home c\nty or ,/ate1 or1 9 co-op]ation ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,immigration au?orities1 to return !m to _! home c\ntries4 ,?is dep>tm5t has sav$ ! ,/ate l>ge sums ( money4 ,9 #aiaf1 #haj p]sons 7 return$ to _! homes 9 o!r ,/ates or c\ntries1 by ?is dep>tm5t1 ( :om #bej 7 ali5 poor4 ,local ,bo>ds ( ,manag]s3 ,ea* ,/ate *>itable & re=matory in/itution is adm9i/]$ & controll$ by a bo>d ( local manag]s1 appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor & confirm$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,^! bo>ds usually consi/ ( sev5 p]sons :o s]ve )\t pay1 = _! exp5ses only4 ,!re are "s wom5 on ^! local bo>ds1 b n ne>ly z _m z !re might be1 consid]+ ! numb] ( in/itutions :i* h wom5 9 _! *>ge4 ,! sup]9t5d5ts ( ,/ate in/itutions are all c>efully select$ f ! civil s]vice li/s4 ,! employees ( ^! in/itutions =m a difficult problem4 ,! old conception ( an att5dant = a public in/itution 0 exce$+ly l[2 ! /&>d is /ill f> f good4 ,! sal>ies paid are insuffici5t to attract intellig5t s]vice4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,inspection3 ,!re are ov] six hundr$ in/itutions 9 ! ,/ate :i* come "u ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,inspection4 ,to h&le !m !re are eight inspectors1 & "o sup]9t5d5t ( inspection4 ,alm%\ses are inspect$ & grad$ 9 ?ree classes4 ,( ! c\nties t 7 report$ 9 #aiag z fir/ class 9 bo? adm9i/ration & plant are3 ,allegany1 ,*autauqua1 ,g5esee1 ,jeff]son1 ,lewis1 ,monroe1 ,niag>a1 ,s>atoga1 ,s*5ectady1 & ,wayne c\nties4 ,^? second class 9 bo? adm9i/ration & plant 73 ,dut*ess1 ,h]kim]1 ,madison1 ,rockl&1 ,s*oh>ie1 & ,ul/] c\nties4 ,! only "o ?ird class 9 bo? plant & adm9i/ration 0 9 ,sullivan ,c\nty4 ,provision = ! ,feeble-m9d$ is ! greate/ pres5t ne$ ( ! *>ities ( ! ,/ate4 ,m5tal defectives are at l>ge all ov] ! ,/ate1 & !y are f\nd 9 all in/itutions4 ,!y are a s\rce ( tr\ble 9 ! public s*ools1 & are a con/ant dang] to ! ,/ate4 ,x is e/imat$ t !re are n less ?an #cj1jjj ( ^! un=tunates4 ,! ,/ate in/itutions h room = ab\t #e1gjj1 b !y are actually c>+ = #f1gjj4 ,= ye>s ef=ts h be5 made to get ! ,legislature to make adequate provision = _! segregation4 ,! report ( "o in/itution = feeble-m9d$ wom5 says1 8n9e ( ! wom5 admitt$ 7 m>ri$ & _h giv5 bir? to ?irty-sev5 *ildr52 tw5ty-six ( ^? admitt$ _h borne =ty-?ree illegitimate *ildr52 mak+ a total ( eighty *ildr5 born to ^? un=tunate wom540 ,let*wor? ,village1 9 ,rockl& ,c\nty1 a plot ( #b1jjj acres1 0 plann$ to provide = #b1ejj to #c1jjj feeble-m9d$4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aijg1 & 9 #aiaf /ill _h a capacity ( only #ccj4 ,! failure ( ! ,/ate to complete a project x _h und]tak5 is %[n also 9 ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,tra9+ ,s*ool = ,boys at ,yorkt[n ,heights4 ,?is 0 plann$ to be a re=matory ( ! mod]n cottage type to take ! place ( ! v old "o on ,r&all's ,isl&1 & 0 greatly ne$$ = del9qu5t boys4 ,aft] twelve ye>s ( delay1 & aft] #hjj1jjj _h be5 appropriat$ by ! ,/ate & mo/ ( x exp5d$1 ?is project has be5 ab&on$4 ,! reason giv5 = ! f9al decision to ab&on ! site1 0 ! possible contam9ation ( ! ,croton wat] supply by ! in/itution4 ,) mod]n me?ods ( sewage disposal x seems z if x w\ld h be5 possible to gu>d aga9/ ?is dang]4 ,x w\ld h be5 easi] to insure prop] treatm5t ( ! sewage f su* an in/itution ?an f ! t[ns & villages :i* exi/ 9 ! ,croton wat]%$4 ,! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities recomm5ds n[ an appropriation ( #aej1jjj = a new site & plans4 ,recomm5dations ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d3 ,intellig5t h&l+ ( ! problem ( dep5d5cy mu/ deal ) causes4 ,probably ! major "p c\ld be done away ) if ! ,/ate w\ld adopt adequate prev5tive measures4 ,! bo>d recomm5ds z an aid to ?is end3 7#a7 ,indu/rial insurance2 7#b7 bett] h\s+1 includ+ ! de/ruction ( ! wor/ conge/$ areas 9 cities1 & ! prev5tion ( fur!r conge/ion2 7#c7 vocational tra9+ = *ildr52 7#d7 improv$ labor laws1 re/rict+ ! h\rs ( labor1 & comp5sation = accid5ts to employees2 7#e7 adequate p5sions to wid[$ mo!rs4 ,!y also recomm5d3 ,t fur!r provision be made = tub]culosis1 :i* ! records ( ! ,/ate ,heal? ,dep>tm5t %[ is increas+2 t ! (fice ( ,c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,poor %\ld be appo9tive & be includ$ 9 ! ,civil ,s]vice4 ,! frequ5t *ang+ ( poor-law (ficials1 & _! lack ( k ( ! subject1 are drawbacks 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! duties4 ,! ,/ate ,commission 9 ,lunacy has *>ge ( ! hospitals = ! insane4 ,all ! insane come "u ! direct *>ge ( ! ,/ate4 ,?is is a sal>i$ commission consi/+ ( ?ree memb]s4 ,!re are local bo>ds ( manag]s = ^! insane asylums z = ! o!r *>itable in/itutions1 & a majority ( ! memb]s ( ^! local bo>ds are requir$ to visit ! hospitals at lea/ once a mon? = inspection4#h ,! ,/ate ,prison ,commission1 l ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities1 is an unpaid bo>d1 b ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,prisons is a ,/ate (ficial ) a sal>y4 ,!re has be5 = ye>s a provision ( ! ,/ate law :i* gives "o scale ( sal>ies = m5 employ$ 9 ^! in/itutions & a l[] "o = wom54 ,pay ( ,/5ograph]s 7male7 #gj-hj a mon? 0 0 7female7 #ej-fh 0 ,*ief ,sup]visors 7male7 #ee-fh 0 0 0 7female7 #ej-fb 0 ,s9ce wom5 h be5 giv5 ! vote1 x is probable t ?is law w be *ang$ & equal pay giv5 = equal "w4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,x is hop$ t :5 ! ,bo>ds ( ,manag]s = ^! c\nty tub]culosis hospitals are appo9t$1 local wom5 w be plac$ on !m4 #h ,! numb] ( insane 9 ! ,/ate is increas+ f> m rapidly ?an ! provision :i* is be+ made = !m4 ,! la/ report ( ! ,/ate ,hospital ,commission %[s t 9 hospitals = ! insane1 plann$ to accommodate #bg1hij pati5ts1 !re 7 9 ,june1 #aiaf1 #cc1hgc pati5ts1 an ov]cr[d+ ( #ba4e p] c5t4 ,! ,/ate ,hospital ,commission urg5tly reque/s a bond issue to provide imm$iately = ! con/ruction ( new build+s4 ,,xxi ,,! ,,protection ,,( ,,work+-,,wom5 ,! w> has br\ght a revolution 9 woman's "w4 ,because ( ! increas$ dem& = labor1 trades & all k9ds ( employm5t t h be5 consid]$ exclusively ! prov9ce ( m51 h be5 op5$ to wom54 ,! univ]sal v]dict is t !y h ev]y:]e made good4 ,"w t dem&s ! greate/ exactness & c>e1 specializ$ te*nical op]ations t h be5 suppos$ to require a man's bra91 h be5 done by !m q z well z by m54 ,b _! employm5t 9 _m ( ! new indu/ries has br\ght new indu/rial problems1 & !y h gone into _m new occupations :i* are n includ$ 9 ! protection ext5d$ by exi/+ labor laws4 ,ev5 be=e ! w> ,new ,york ,/ate 0 ! greate/ indu/rial ,/ate 9 ! ,union4 ,m wom5 7 at "w "h ?an 9 any o!r ,/ate1 & m wom5 7 at "w 9 ,new ,york ,city ?an 9 any entire ,/ate except ,p5nsylvania4 ,!re 7 #bdh sep>ate manufactur+ indu/ries 9 ?is ,/ate1 & wom5 work$ 9 all trades 9 :i* ov] #a1jjj work]s 7 employ$1 except 9 ! manufacture ( bricks1 tiles1 f]tiliz]s1 & ice4 ,!y 7 do+ ev]y?+1 f mak+ cores 9 f\ndries1 sausages 9 pack+-h\ses1 pickles & c&ies1 to work+ 9 human hair1 *emicals1 & rags4 ,wom5 h always done _! %>e ( ! _w's "w1 b 9 ! pa/ _! labor 0 9 ! home4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( our nation !re 7 v few wom5 :o did n "w or sup]vise "w1 b !y did ?is 9 _! homes = _! homes1 & !y 7 n paid 9 money4 ,:5 ! cotton-g9 0 inv5t$ & ! use ( /eam 0 discov]$1 x 0 ! dream ( ! inv5tors t _! ma*9es %\ld be really labor-sav+1 & t p w\ld h leisure = ! developm5t ( ! wid] & deep] ?+s ( life4 ,?is became true = "s p1 & to-day !re are _m wom5 ( comp>ative leisure :o c d z !y please ) _! "t4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 undream$-( evils & dang]s h come to wom5 :o toil1 & necessity compels wom5 by ! millions to seek "w 9 ! indu/rial _w4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ! wages ( wom5 h be5 appall+ly l[1 ! woman :o mu/ e>n money 9 ord] to live has _h to f9d "w outside ( h] own home4 ,numb] ( ,wom5 ,wage-e>n]s3 ,9 #aiaj1 accord+ to ! c5sus1 !re 7 9 ,new ,york ,/ate #c1bia1gad wom5 ov] fifte5 ye>s ( age2 only #a1gic1eeh 7 m>ri$1 & #a1dih1aef 7 unm>ri$ or wid[$2 #ihc1fhf ( ^! _h to "w 9 ord] to live1 or to support "s memb]s ( _! families4 ,?is numb] did n include ! great mass ( wom5 :o "w 9 _! homes4 ,clo?+ ,manufactur]s3 ,be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! w>1 #ahd1fia wom5 7 work+ 9 ,new ,york ,/ate mak+ e conceivable g>m5t = p to we>4 ,! "w is subdivid$ s t "o work] does "o ?+ all day long4 ,!re are sixty-five op]ations 9 ! mak+ ( tr\s]s4 ,tw5ty to sixty diff]5t op]ations take place 9 ! mak+ ( m5's %irts4 ,wom5 tuck or hem mat]ials = wom5's we> h\r by h\r1 driv5 by ! jugg]naut electric ma*9e :i* kn[s no fatigue & ne$s no re/4 ,laundries3 ,t5 ?\s& wom5 work$ 9 laundries 9 ?is ,/ate1 :]e ! wa%+ & iron+ are done usually by ma*9es4 ,!y /& & pu% d[n a treadle ( ! iron+-ma*9e ) _! feet1 mak+ z _m z sixty-?ree to eighty-"o foot pressures a m9ute4 ,9 ?is action a bad twi/ ( ! body is necess>y1 :i* may result 9 p]man5t injury4 ,cl\ds ( /eam rise f ! mangles1 & :5 no exhau/ hoods are us$1 ! room is fill$ ) /eam4 ,tub]culosis is a common disease among laundry work]s4 ,unprotect$ ma*9]y is a con/ant dang]4 ,re/aurant ,work]s3 ,!re 7 fifte5 ?\s& re/aurant work]s1 waitresses1 cooks1 kit*5 girls1 & pantry h&s4 ,until #aiag1 !y 7 )\t any protection by law4 ,!y work$ any numb] ( h\rs1 & sev5 days a week4 ,!y n[ come "u ! fifty-f\r-h\r law1 9 fir/ & second class cities1 b ! law is difficult to en=ce4 ,!y (t5 walk five miles a day c>ry+ heavy trays2 & v>icose ve9s1 flat feet1 & pelvic disord]s are common4 ,textile ,op]ators3 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate #ce1afh wom5 work$ 9 textile-mills mak+ silks1 wool5s1 cottons1 c>pets1 knit und]we>1 etc4 ,! d9 ( ma*9]y is deaf5+ 9 _m ( ^! factories1 & (t5 ! ma*9]y is s closely plac$ t !re is difficulty 9 pass+ )\t dang] ( skirts cat*+4 ,! :ole developm5t ( ma*9]y 9 indu/ry has be5 work$ out = ! purpose ( ext5d+ trade & output1 )\t consid]ation ( ! human factor involv$4 ,ma*9es h be5 wat*$ s !y did n we> out or break1 & !y h be5 c>efully repair$4 ,girls & wom51 ! human factor1 h be5 disc>d$ if !y wore out2 !y are ( less wor? to ! employ] & c be easily replac$ )\t co/ to him4 ,b ! co/ to ! ,/ate has be5 heavy 9 ! toll ( hospitals1 insane asylums1 & homes = de/itutes & del9qu5ts4 ,!re is h>dly a trade :i* has n "s elem5ts ( dang] or unheal?fulness 9 x4 ,wom5 work+ 9 meat-pack+ plants 9 sausage-mak+ rooms /& all day at _! "w on wat]- & slime-soak$ floors4 ,wom5 "w 9 indu/ries :]e indu/rial poisons are us$ or :]e !y are g5]at$ 9 ! process ( manufactur+4 ,! pressure ( piece-"w1 ! monotony ( "o s+le op]ation1 are n]ve-rack+ & n]ve-exhau/+4 ,! heal? ( wom5 :o sp5d h\rs a day 9 factories dep5ds l>gely ^u factory laws & sanit>y codes4 ,light1 air1 sanitation1 ov]cr[d+ 9 factories1 mills1 & %ops1 all vitally affect ! heal? ( ! work]s4 ,no "o c measure ! co/ ( indu/ry 9 ! life ( wom54 ,! /r5g? & vitality tak5 f !m w %[ 9 ! l[]$ vitality ( _! *ildr54 ,a l[ bir?-rate1 a high dea?-rate1 & an impair$ second g5]ation are ! inevitable results4 ,infant mortality :]e ! mo!rs "w 9 factories is notori\sly high4#i ,w> & ,woman's ,"w3 ,) ! insi/5t dem& = increas$ production occasion$ by ! w>1 wom5 h be5 br\ght into _m new positions =m]ly held only by m54 ,!y h gone into ! /eel-mills2 !y are employ$ 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! munition-factories2 !y are work+ on ! railroads1 9 railroad y>ds1 & inspect+ tracks1 z well z 9 ! ticket-(fices & baggage-rooms4 ,! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad has #b1cjj wom5 employ$ z c>-clean]s1 track-walk]s1 uphol/]]s1 locomotive despat*]s1 & ma*9e-h&s4 ,"s are op]at+ tra9s4 ,!y are engag$ z conductors on /reet-c>s & subways1 & z elevator op]ators4 ,^! new indu/ries are n includ$ 9 ! provisions = wom5 ( ! ,/ate labor laws4 ,new ,york ,/ate has a n9e-h\r day = wom5 work+ 9 factories & m]cantile occupations1 & night "w is prohibit$ 9 ^! indu/ries2 b ?is protection does n ext5d into o!r occupations4 ,an eight-h\r work+-day has be5 giv5 to m5 9 _m ,/ates & 9 _m occupations1 b 9 only a few ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates has x be5 giv5 to wom54 ,aft] ?ree or f\r ye>s 9 mo/ indu/ries1 "y wom5 beg9 to we> out1 ! spe$+ up & ! /ra9 put on _! y\? beg9 to tell1 _! capacity less5s1 & _! output dim9i%es4 ,al?\gh ! effect ( long h\rs & monoton\s occupation is h>d] on !m ?an x is on m51 ! protection ( ! law has be5 ext5d$ to !m to a f> less ext5t4 ,9 ^! new indu/ries !re is none4 ,wom5 may "w 9 !m twelve h\rs a day & all night4 ,! dem& ( "s ( ! /reet railways is = a twelve-h\r night = wom5 conductors 7) two h\rs (f = supp]74 ,elevator op]ators "w twelve h\rs a day1 9 day & night %ifts1 & girls employ$ all night are subject to insult if n actual dang]4 ,s9ce boys h be5 difficult to get1 girls1 includ+ "s "u sixte51 h be5 deliv]+ lett]s & packages 9 mess5g] s]vice4 ,! ,/ate law prohibits boys "u tw5ty-"o be+ employ$ z mess5g]s at night1 because ( ! dang]s ( contam9ation f ! night life ( a city4 ,"u pres5t conditions a girl employ$ z mess5g] has no protection1 & may ev5 be s5t to h\ses ( d\btful "*4 ,! new indu/ries = wom5 also include manual "w t has h]et(ore be5 consid]$ too heavy = !m4 ,! high wages paid !m1 :ile l[] ?an w\ld h to be paid n[ to m5 = ! same "w1 are /ill high en\gh to attract wom5 f o!r occupations :]e wages h n _h ! same advance4 ,:ile !re is an increas+ dem& t wom5 %all be paid ! same wages z a man w\ld be paid = exactly ! same "w1 ! idea /ill prevails t x is only fair to pay m5 m ?an wom5 because !y h families to support1 :ile wom5 support only !mselves4 ,?is is n true4 ,on ! backs ( _m wom5 re/s ! sole support ( ag$ p>5ts1 or ( y\ng] bro!rs & si/]s4 ,a l>ge proportion ( !m give up all _! e>n+s to ! family ne$s4 ,x is no long] a "q ( ! ability ( wom5 to d _m k9ds ( "w =m]ly held to be ! exclusive prov9ce ( m52 b ( ! effect ( h] s do+ on ! future heal? & welf>e ( ! race4 ,wom51 l m51 mu/ "w 9 ord] to live1 b society & ! ,/ate owe x to !mselves1 z a vital matt] ( self-protection1 to safegu>d t "w1 s t future g5]ations %all n suff] f its effects4 ,! :ir ( ma*9]y1 ! noise1 ! con/ant /&+ or ! close b5d+ ov] "w1 ! meag] wages1 h be5 ! conditions woman has _h to meet = ye>s 9 h] /ruggle = a livelihood2 to !m are n[ add$ ! dang]s & excessive h\rs ( ^! new occupations1 ) _! fur!r call on h] /r5g? & endurance4 ,^! new indu/ries = wom5 %\ld be includ$ 9 ! laws regulat+ ! h\rs & condition ( wom5's "w4 ,public mess5g] s]vice is too dang]\s = "y girls to be employ$ 9 x4 ,if ! eight-h\r work+-day is "r = m51 x is ev5 m ne$$ by wom54 ,laws regulat+ factory conditions are ( little value unless !re is suffici5t inspection to en=ce !m1 & ! numb] ( inspectors employ$ is always inadequate4 ,wom5 inspectors are ne$$ = factories 9 :i* wom5 are employ$2 b !re are only f\r wom5 factory inspectors 9 ! entire ,/ate4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,factory ,inve/igat+ ,commission made an exhau/ive inve/igation ( wom5's wages1 & f\nd t wom5 & girls 7 s und]paid z to endang] _! heal? & productiv5ess4 ,s9ce !n ! co/ ( liv+ has advanc$ prodigi\sly1 ) no correspond+ increase 9 wages1 especially among "y unorganiz$ wom54 ,a m9imum wage bill1 simil> to ! "o 9 =ce 9 ,oregon1 :i* has be5 decl>$ con/itutional by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt1 is n[ be=e ! ,legislature1 drawn on ! recomm5dation ( ! ,/ate ,factory ,inve/igat+ ,commission4 ,if ! w> cont9ues1 ! dem&1 n = m protection1 b = ! susp5sion ( exi/+ labor laws1 w become m insi/5t4 ,! ne$s ( ! c\ntry = increas$ production w be irresi/ible & w n be satisfi$ = _m ye>s4 ,! te/ :i* ! gov]nm5t %\ld insi/ %all be appli$ to e occupation 9 :i* wom5 engage is ?is3 ,:at effect w x h on ! "o bus9ess 9 life :i* is especially !irs1 ! production & cons]vation ( human life8 ,h[ c x be safegu>d$ s x %all n exact too great a toll f _! heal? & vitality8 ,e consid]ation t individuals & ! ,/ate c give mu/ be engag$ 9 ! /udy ( ?is "q4 ,) ! vote 9 h] h&s1 ! woman 9 indu/ry w be able to protect h]self bett] ?an be=e1 b ! responsibility = h] welf>e re/s n on h]self alone1 b on o!r wom51 especially on ^? :o are free f ! gr9d+ /ruggle !mselves1 & c d z !y *oose ) _! "t4 ,x is "p ( _! responsibility to see t ! mo/ consci5ti\s & c>eful consid]ation be giv5 to ?is "q4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,?anks are due ,miss ,m>y ,drei]1 a memb] ( ! rec5t ,new ,york ,/ate ,factory ,inve/igat+ ,commission1 = ?is picture ( ! "w :i* wom5 are do+4 ,,xxii ,,am]icanization ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is /ill a m$ley ( =eign nationalities1 repres5t+ all ! races ( ! _w1 ) _! social *>act]i/ics1 cu/oms1 prejudices1 & ev5 language un*ang$4 ,no "o ne$ be disconc]t$ by ?is fact1 = ! p :o came ov] 9 ! ,mayfl[] 7 =eign-born1 ! f\nd]s ( ! city ( ,new ,york 7 ( =eign bir?1 & s 7 ! fir/ families ( ,virg9ia4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate only #ce p] c5t4 ( ! population is ( native bir? & desc5t4 ,almo/ "o-?ird is =eign-born2 "o-?ird ( ! *ildr5 born "h h "o or bo? p>5ts ( =eign bir?4 ,ev5 ) all ! res\rces at our comm& x w\ld h be5 a giant task to h assimilat$ su* huge numb]s ( su* div]g5t races4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 e/abli%$ z a nation :]e ju/ice1 fre$om1 & opportunity 7 to be assur$ to all ! p4 ,= ov] a c5tury x has be5 a refuge = m5 & wom5 ( =eign l&s1 :o h be5 oppress$ & h long$ = fre$om1 & :o h s\ght wid] opportunity = !mselves & _! *ildr54 ,native-born ,am]icans h accept$ _! privileges z a matt] ( c\rse1 & )\t feel+ ! obligations !y imply4 ,!y h dem&$ ju/ice & opportunity = !mselves1 b !y h n felt ! responsibility ( see+ t x 0 ext5d$ 9 equal measure to ^? :o come to our %ores4 ,!y h n realiz$ t x is ! obligation ( e "o enjoy+ ! privileges & b5efits ( a democracy to see t ^! are %>$ & safegu>d$ by all ! p4 ,! w> has br\ght home to ! nation ! /]n necessity ( a unit$ c\ntry4 ,= ! safety ( ! nation our ideals ( fre$om1 ju/ice1 & opportunity mu/ be put into practice = all ! p ( ! nation4 ,! 8squ>e deal0 t we /& = mu/ be giv5 at home1 ! opportunity = bett] liv+ & ! developm5t ( "* mu/ n be d5i$ any ( our p4 ,only 9 ?is way %all we h loyal ,am]ican citiz5s :o value _! allegiance & :o feel ! obligation to uphold our national ideals4 ,! ,immigrant ,is a ,great ,national ,asset3 ,! c\ntry has be5 built up l>gely by 8 "w4 ,! railroads1 ! m9es1 ! great build+s1 ! subways1 wat]works1 /eel-mills1 sug>-ref9+1 clo!s1 cig>s1 furniture1 mo/ ( ! products ( our factories1 are made by immigrants4 ,! great indu/ries ( ! c\ntry w\ld /op )\t ! millions ( h&s t !y supply4 ,! immigrant (t5 comes "h ) high hopes ( improv+ 8 condition1 & he f9ds himself look$ d[n on ) contempt by ! native ,am]ican1 exploit$ at e turn1 & e advantage tak5 ( 8 ignorance4 ,aft] an ali5 is once admitt$1 !re has be5 relatively little attempt made to protect him1 to see t he is help$ to settle :]e 8 skill c be/ be utiliz$1 or ev5 to aid him 9 le>n+ our language & cu/oms4 ,_m =eign]s 7 skill$ f>m]s be=e !y came to ?is c\ntry1 b al?\gh !re is great ne$ = su* labor on ! f>ms "h1 little provision is made to use _! skill 9 t way4 ,! immigrant (t5 has to pay to get a *ance to e>n 8 liv+4 ,:5 he gets a job 8 labor is exploit$2 he has to accept l[] wages ?an an ,am]ican w\ld take2 ! liv+-qu>t]s provid$ = him may n be fit = human habitation4 ,"h is a rec5t picture ( a suburb ( ,new ,york ,city1 a community ( #af1jjj =eign-born work]s3 ,! m>ri$ workman pays f fifte5 to tw5ty doll>s a mon? r5t = a ?ree- or f\r-room flat1 ! rooms ab\t t5 feet squ>e1 ) no light b k]os5e-lamps4 ,! av]age family has f\r *ildr51 & ea* family takes f two to six bo>d]s to help pay ! r5t4 ,! only runn+ wat] is on ! fir/ floor1 & !re is "o out-(-door toilet4 ,is x any wond] t ! *ildr51 ! y\ng] g5]ation1 are bo? sickly & lawless8 ,! factory build+s are l>ge & well light$1 b 9 _m communities ( =eign-born unskill$ workm5 ! h\s+ provisions all[ = no privacy & are a detrim5t to family life & morality4 ,su* conditions are p>ticul>ly bad = ! immigrant woman ^: "w conf9es h] indoors4 ,x is natural t ! =eign] %\ld settle ) o!rs ( 8 own nationality1 s almo/ e city & village 9 ! ,/ate has a colony 8across ! track40 ,9 ! native section !re w be police protection1 pav$ /reets1 runn+ wat]1 sewage & g>bage disposal1 b ?is protection (t5 does n ext5d 8across ! track40 ,!re1 disord] & fil? ab\nd & ! dea?-rate is mu* high]4 ,e inju/ice to ! immigrant reacts on u z a p4 ,he mu/ be giv5 a squ>e deal be=e he c be made into a loyal ,am]ican4 ,a common language is ! fir/ ess5tial ( a unit$ nation4 ,!re are solid blocks 9 ,new ,york & o!r cities :]e n a ^w ( ,engli% is spok5 or und]/ood4 ,x is hopeless to try to make ,am]icans ( p]sons :o d n und]/& our language4 ,speak+ ,engli% is ! fir/ /ep 9 citiz5%ip1 & ! public s*ools are ! logical c5t]s 9 :i* to make loyal ,am]icans ( our ali5 population4 ,night ,s*ools are sometimes provid$1 b !re are _m localities /ill )\t !m2 &1 aft] all1 x is difficult = a man :o has be5 at manual labor all day to /udy at night4 ,!y are mo/ successful :5 !y are made int]e/+ ) /ories & games4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made ) classes held f five to sev5 o'clock 9 ! aft]noon 9 ! factory build+s1 & employ]s (t5 welcome !m4 ,neighborhood ,classes = ,wom5 are be+ held 9 ! aft]noon 9 "s localities4 ,9 ?is case ! babies mu/ be includ$4 ,provision is made = !m 9 a sep>ate room ) a nurse or k9d]g>tn] to take *>ge ( !m4 ,! be/ lessons = ! mo!rs are n f\nd 9 books1 b are bas$ on ! int]e/s connect$ ) _! daily lives & _! dome/ic duties4 ,pap] patt]ns & a lesson 9 h[ to make g>m5ts = h] baby w *a9 h] att5tion1 & ! ,engli% names ( articles us$ w be le>n$ unconsci\sly4 8,play+ /ore0 ) ! articles %e dep5ds on to fe$ h] family w fasc9ate h] & tea* h] m practical ,engli%4 ,! immigrant woman is (t5 ke5 to le>n ,am]ican ways & cu/oms4 ,%e is eag] to "k h[ to take bett] c>e ( h] family4 ,:5 ! public s*ools ( ,new ,york ,city give away pamphlets ab\t economical cook+1 ! call = !m f ! mo!rs ( ! pupils is s great t ! supply is soon exhau/$4 ,! ne$ = "s special help = ! =eign woman 0 nev] z great z x is to-day4 ,!re are ab\t f\r hundr$ ?\s& ( !m 9 ,new ,york ,/ate :o h become citiz5s because _! husb&s are citiz5s4 ,!y are go+ to vote4 ,_m ( !m _c speak ,engli%4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! law provid+ t a woman %all take ! citiz5%ip ( h] husb& )\t qualify+ = x h]self1 may be *ang$1 b mean:ile ^! wom5 are vot]s4 ,!y ne$ help & education1 & = ! protection ( ! ,/ate ! community mu/ give x to !m4 ,home ,tea*+ ( wom5 9 ! t5em5ts z "p ( ! regul> s*ool sy/em is be+ tri$ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,tea*]s are s5t into ! homes to %[ by practical demon/ration economical cook+1 h[ to improve sanit>y conditions1 & to tea* ! "m h[ to c>e = h] *ildr54 ,naturalization w\ld d m to ar\se a s5se ( responsibility 9 ! ali5 if x 7 conf]r$ ) a c]emony :i* w\ld appeal to ! imag9ation4 ,_m ( ! p :o come to our %ores come f c\ntries :]e beauty & c]emonial are "p ( ! national life4 ,! process ( naturalization1 z conduct$ 9 _m c\rts1 is usually p]functory & (t5 sordid4 ,if ! c\rts are cr[d$1 an applicant may h to come six or eight times ) 8 witnesses1 los+ n only "t1 b be+ 9 dang] ( los+ 8 job4 ,he is (t5 ignorant ( ! :ole subject ( gov]nm5t2 he may "k no?+ ( ! que/ions involv$ 9 an election1 b !re is r>ely an ef=t made to tea* him any?+ ( ,am]ican ideals4 ,! political club t wants 8 vote is ! only ?+ connect$ ) gov]nm5t t pays any att5tion to him1 or (f]s him help4 ,(t5 he f9ds t 8 vote has a m>ket value4 ,s ! ballot1 ! symbol ( fre$om & self-gov]nm5t1 becomes to him only a bit ( graft4 ,def9ite /&>ds ( citiz5%ip t apply to all alike1 bett] te/s ( _! k ( ,engli% & ( our gov]nm5t1 w\ld help to impress on ali5s ! mean+ ( ! oa? ( allegiance4 ,uni=m ,naturalization ,laws3 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate an ali5 has to wait five ye>s to become a citiz5 ) a vote4 ,9 ,nebraska1 a ,turk or a ,greek or an ,arm5ian :o l&$ six mon?s be=e1 if he has tak5 out 8 citiz5%ip pap]s1 is p]mitt$ to vote1 al?\gh he may h no educational qualifications ( any k9d1 & "k no ,engli% nor any?+ ab\t our gov]nm5t4 ,9 sev5 o!r ,/ates a man c vote simply by decl>+ 8 int5tion ( becom+ a citiz54 ,ignorance ( ,laws3 ,besides ! lack ( provision = le>n+ ! duties ( citiz5%ip1 !re is little opportunity = ! immigrant ei!r to become famili> ) our laws or to le>n respect = ! law4 ,he gets 8 k ( ! vote f ! w>d boss1 & he le>ns contempt = ! law :5 he sees ! curta9s ( ! saloons pull$ d[n 9 front1 & ! back door op54 ,z he sees ! con/ant disreg>d = law all ar\nd him1 lib]ty becomes lic5se 9 8 m9d4 ,!n z he prosp]s & gr[s well-to-d1 build+ laws1 factory inspection1 fire protection1 & o!r attempts at gov]nm5t regulations1 (t5 seem to him re/rictions :i* are to be evad$ z mu* z possible4 ,sweat%ops & ! padrone sy/em are to 8 m9d "p ( ! ,am]ican sy/em = gett+ ri*4 ,9 tak+ advantage ( !m = 8 own pr(it he feels t he is only foll[+ ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry4 ,a contempt = law & opposition to any attempt ( ! law to int]f]e ) :at he consid]s 8 rights are ! natural results4 ,! /udy ( civics#aj 9 ! public s*ools %\ld beg9 n 9 ! high s*ools & colleges1 b 9 ! l[] grades4 ,a majority ( *ildr5 leave s*ool be=e !y rea* ! gramm> s*ool4 ,a practical c\rse 9 gov]nm5t may be made simple & int]e/+ ev5 = !m4 ,! idea has be5 s]i\sly advanc$ t ! oa? ( allegiance1 accompani$ by a dignifi$ & beautiful c]emony1 might be adm9i/]$ to gr\ps ( boys & girls z !y rea* tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 9 a mann] to impress on ! public m9d ! value ( citiz5%ip4 ,! 8citiz5 receptions0 :i* h be5 giv5 mon?ly 9 ,clevel& & ,los ,angeles1 to ! new citiz5s ( t p]iod1 h done ?is4 ,aft] a patriotic program1 ) ! judge ( ! c\rt presid+1 ea* successful applicant is v pr\d :5 he receives 8 naturalization pap]s l a diploma1 aw>d$ be=e 8 family & fri5ds4 ,su* a c]emonial _c fail to c>ry home ! conviction ( ! value ( ! citiz5%ip s conf]r$1 & ! importance ( liv+ up to ! responsibility impos$ by x4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,! /udy ( citiz5%ip 9 ! public s*ools may be made a vigor\s aid to ,am]icanization4 ,_m =eign p>5ts dep5d on _! *ildr5 = _! k ( ! cu/oms ( ! new c\ntry4 ,:at ! *ildr5 le>n 9 ! public s*ools has its influ5ce on ! life ( ! family at home4 ,if ! *ildr5 are taught ord]l9ess1 consid]ation = o!rs1 & respect = au?ority1 !y c>ry ^? qualities home4 ,if !y are undiscipl9$1 !y take home disreg>d = p>5tal au?ority1 & a lack ( consid]ation = ! rights ( o!rs1 t w /& 9 ! way ( _! compreh5d+ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( good citiz5%ip4 ,,xxiii ,,patriotism ,,& ,,citiz5%ip ,f ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory !re h always be5 individuals :o h *os5 dea? r ?an slav]y4 ,z intellig5ce has gr[n & has displac$ ignorance1 _! numb] has increas$1 b x is only )9 ! la/ c5tury & a half t p h dem&$ lib]ty 9 suffici5t numb]s to make x ! fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 ! =m+ ( great nations4 ,we1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are ! inh]itors ( ! mo/ c\rage\s & =w>d ?9k+ ( ! m5 & wom5 ( all nations :o c>$ en\gh = human lib]ty to break all ties ( home & c\ntry 9 ord] t !y might 8e/abli% ju/ice1 insure dome/ic tranquillity1 provide = ! common def5se1 & secure ! bless+s ( lib]ty0 = !mselves & = u4 ,^! phrases f ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h usually be5 only words to u4 ,we h be5 safe1 our homes h be5 secure1 our lov$ ones h be5 protect$4 ,mo/ ( u h n p]sonally be5 consci\s ( any ov]:elm+ inju/ices1 & ^? t we h he>d ( h be5 f> en\gh away n to be di/urb+4 ,we h come & gone z we *ose2 we h ?\ght & spok5 z we pleas$2 we h wor%ip$ z we w\ld2 our prop]ty has be5 safe2 we h damn$ ! gov]nm5t or any man 9 any public (fice )\t ?\ght ( dang] to ourselves2 we h fe>$ no man4 ,:y %\ld we h talk$ ab\t lib]ty or human fre$om--x has be5 secure en\gh4 ,s ! call to def5d lib]ty to "s has fall5 on dull e>s1 & ! dem& = an awak5$ patriotism 9 "s places has gone unhe$$4 ,z a p1 we h =gott5 ab\t ! long c5turies ( fight+ = fre$om1 ! trem5d\s co/ t has be5 paid1 & ! blood t has be5 %$4 ,?9k :at ^? words1 8safety1 def5se1 tranquillity1 ju/ice10 mu/ h meant ?r\gh\t ! c5turies :5 no man's life 0 safe1 :5 n only 8 welf>e1 b t ( 8 family1 0 subject to ! :im ( ! gov]nm5t1 :5 he c\ld be ?r[n into prison )\t kn[+ ! reason :y1 :5 ! honor ( 8 wife or daught] c\ld be tak5 )\t 8 be+ able to prote/4 ,read y\r hi/ory aga91 ( ! middle ages1 ( ,engl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ( ,france be=e ! ,revolution1 ( ,g]many 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!n read ( ! e>ly /ruggles 9 ,am]ica4 ,x 0 nature & ! ,indians t man 0 fight+ !n4 ,= p]sonal safety he f\ght to make w> & raid+ unpr(itable2 he _h to meet brute =ce ) brute =ce1 to prove 8 ma/]y ov] nature & savag]y1 & to ga9 peace & safety = himself & 8 home4 ,x is ! untold sacrifices ( c\ntless m5 & wom5 t h made lib]ty possible4 ,t x %all be ma9ta9$1 & t ! _w %all n be all[$ to slip back1 is a debt t e man & woman owes to ! pa/4 ,^? :o inh]it ! fruits ( ?is age-long /ruggle mu/ be ready to pay _! "p1 = !mselves & = ! sake ( ^? !y love1 = ! sake ( ^? :o won x = !m1 & = ^? :o %all come aft] !m4 ,! duty :i* re/s on !m is z great z ! duty t 0 on ! m5 ( ! ,revolution1 & on ^? :o won ! ,magna ,*>ta4 ,if !y d n1 !y are weak5+ ! =ces ( civilization4 ,= lib]ty is n yet complete4 ,!re may be z great a /ruggle ahead ( ! _w z lies 9 ! pa/4 ,be=e ! trem5d\s upheaval ( ! w>1 we took x = grant$ t ! lib]ties we possess 7 common1 m or less1 9 mo/ ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,s9ce !n ! horrors1 ! unbelievable human suff]+1 ! susp5sion ( all human rights1 9 ! region ( ! great /ruggle1 we h laid to ! w>1 & h n realiz$ t 9 _m p>ts ( civiliz$ ,europe1 be=e ! w>1 human fre$om z we "k x did n exi/1 & t ! d5ial ( c]ta9 rights :i* we claim z fundam5tal1 0 common4 ,at ! f\ndation ( our national exi/5ce has be5 t belief 9 ! pr9ciples ( lib]ty1 ju/ice1 & opportunity :i* ! ,con/itution expresses4 ,! rights giv5 u by ! f\nd]s ( our nation h be5 ! ideals :i* o!r democratic gov]nm5ts h s\ght to foll[4 ,!y h be5 suffici5tly ela/ic to meet ! gr[? ( ! _w's belief 9 democracy1 & to provide = all new developm5ts 9 ! ideals ( human lib]ty4 ,if ^! ideals h be5 d5i$ to any ( our p1 x has be5 ! fault ( u z citiz5s4 ,! degree 9 :i* !y are ma9ta9$ dep5ds on u4 ,in/ead ( d5y+ ! lib]ties t we actually enjoy1 w\ld we n d bett] to advance !m & add to !m8 ,9 place ( te>+ d[n ! great /ructure already erect$1 is x n wis] to help to correct its imp]fections & to cont9ue to build on x8 ,!re is an intellig5t "p ( ! public t desires good gov]nm5t & w help to ma9ta9 our ideals ( ju/ice1 b !y are 9 ! m9ority4 ,!re is also a "p t sees 9 gov]nm5t only _! own selfi% pr(it1 b !y are also a m9ority4 ,! great mass ( p are indiff]5t until some?+ ar\ses !m4 ,!y w\ld r be left alone by bad gov]nm5t ?an be bo!r$ by good gov]nm5t4 ,t is ! great problem ( democracy--to ar\se all ! p to a realization ( ! necessity ( _! active int]e/ 9 & support ( t democracy1 to increase _! s5se ( individual responsibility2 & t is ! reason = univ]sal suffrage--to put yea/ into a p & to f]m5t _! dormant int]e/4 ,democracy is n /atic4 ,x exi/s only z x is upheld4 ,we he> ab\t ! d5ials ( ju/ice & ! failures ( democracy m ?an we d ab\t its bless+s4 ,our s5se ( p]spective is (t5 wrong4 ,we talk ab\t an act ( lawlessness 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ev5 if x is be+ prosecut$ ) en]gy by ! gov]nm5t1 & class x ) a delib]ate attempt by a gov]nm5t to cru% a p4 ,we make no di/9ction betwe5 a ,/ate ) defici5t labor laws & a c\ntry :]e ! labor+ classes h no "r to make !mselves he>d4 ,we see no diff]5ce betwe5 a suppression ( disloyal utt]ances 9 "t ( w> & a p t is nev] all[$ to speak freely1 or a c5sor+ ( pap]s 9 w>-"t & a press t nev] pr9ts any?+ b :at x is told to pr9t4 ,we are apt to magnify ! evils ( democracy at home1 & to =get ! magnific5t h]itage ( lib]ty t belongs to u4 ,:at are ! special privileges :i* we enjoy8 ,fir/4--,p]sonal ,security1 ! "r to live our daily lives )\t fe> ( p]sonal dang]1 ! "r ( be+ secure f unw>rantable seizure ( p]son4 ,?is "r has be5 ours s long t we d n "k h[ preci\s a "r x is4 ,x is difficult ev5 to conjure up 9 imag9ation an idea ( :at x w\ld mean to be 9 daily fe> ( "o's safety4 ,second4--,p]sonal ,lib]ty3 ,fre$om ( ,?\ght & ,spee*4 ,life w\ld be un?9kable to u )\t ?is lib]ty4 ,to /ifle "o's ?\ght1 to be afraid to let a suspicion ( x leak out w\ld mean to make life unbe>able4 ,fre$om ( ! ,press is a "r t we enjoy m ?an any o!r nation4 ,fre$om ( ,wor%ip has s long be5 unque/ion$ t we =get t x has be5 little m ?an a %ort c5tury s9ce x 0 e/abli%$4 ,fre$om ( ,assembly is a "r :i* we accept )\t "q4 ,! ,"r ( ,petition 0 won by a bitt] /ruggle4 ,we c sc>cely imag9e t !re 0 ev] a "t :5 x 0 d5i$4 ,?ird4--,equality be=e ! ,law is a "r t is gu>ante$ by ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! "r to a fair trial by jury1 ( habeas corpus1 & due process ( ! law4 ,f\r?4--,security ( ,prop]ty is gu>ante$ by our ,con/itution4 ,private prop]ty may n be tak5 ev5 by ! gov]nm5t )\t a fair price be+ paid = x4 ,fif?4--,political ,rights are gu>ante$ to our p1 univ]sal suffrage1 complete political lib]ty4 ,?is is ! mo/ valuable ( all rights1 because x is ! "r t secures all o!r rights4#aa ,^! rights are n absolute2 !y are dep5d5t on public op9ion z well z on ! law4 ,!y are imp]fectly adm9i/]$4 ,to ! ext5t t !y are d5i$1 we mu/ ea* "o ( u accept "p ( ! blame1 because lib]ty ( action is ours4 ,9 "t ( w> public safety may dem& _! susp5sion1 & ! p may give p]mission t ?is may be done tempor>ily4 ,! privilege ( citiz5%ip br+s ) x ! obligation to def5d ! gov]nm5t ( :i* t citiz5%ip is a "p4 ,! "r to vote is a "r :i* might well be dep5d5t on ! loyalty ( ! citiz51 & on 8 will+ness to def5d & ma9ta9 8 c\ntry4 ,m5 say ev5 to-day t ! vote has no value1 t !y d n c>e ab\t x4 ,let !m live = a "t 9 a c\ntry :]e !y w\ld n be all[$ to vote1 :]e ! p are gov]n$ by an autocratic p[]1 & h[ long be=e !y w\ld be will+ to sacrifice any?+1 ev5 life itself1 = political lib]ty8 ,! citiz5 ( a democracy has n only ! duty to def5d 8 c\ntry1 b is b\nd to transmit to future g5]ations some?+ bett] ?an he inh]it$ f ! pa/4 ,z x is 8 "p 9 "t ( w> to def5d ! lib]ties t he enjoys1 s x is 8 duty 9 "t ( peace to d 8 be/ to develop & /r5g!n lib]ty & ju/ice4 ,t is a task ev5 m difficult ?an to fight 9 "t ( w>4 ,! disc\ragem5ts1 ! disappo9tm5ts1 are _m4 ,wom5 are b\nd to meet ^! disappo9tm5ts4 ,! vote = :i* !y h work$ s h>d & s long w n accompli% :at !y wi%4 ,(t5 x w seem to accompli% v little4 ,! ma*9]y ( democracy is cumb]some & v imp]fect4 ,x is (t5 he>tbreak+ to try to move x4 ,x does n easily regi/] ! popul> w4 ,b 9 spite ( ! imp]fections1 & ! disc\ragem5ts1 & ! d[nright corruption1 ! f\ndation on :i* x is built is ! be/ t ! _w has yet f\nd4 ,!re are _m labor-sav+ devices /ill to be inv5t$ = ! bett]+ ( ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t--protective measures to be f\nd aga9/ political corruption & to safegu>d ! int]e/s ( ! p4 ,side by side ) ! improvem5t 9 ! me*anism ( gov]nm5t mu/ come a quick5+ ( ! public consci5ce4 ,! yea/ ( univ]sal suffrage is already work+ t[>d t end4 ,! gold5 rule z ! /&>d ( action 9 gov]nm5t w make few mi/akes4 ,! prospect = an improv$ democracy 9 ,new ,york ,/ate is bright4 ,! w> has swept away _m prejudices & has cl>ifi$ _m problems4 ,m5 & wom5 are work+ toge!r z nev] be=e1 :ole-he>t$ly1 = ! b5efit ( ! ,/ate4 ,to adapt ! words ( ,presid5t ,wilson1 8! climax ( ! culm9at+ & f9al w> = human lib]ty has come1 & we mu/ be ready to put our own /r5g?1 our own highe/ purpose1 our own integrity & devotion to ! te/10 & we mu/ d ?is n only n[ 9 "t ( w>1 b also aft] peace has come1 9 ! d$ication ( ourselves to ! s]vice ( ju/ice1 fre$om1 & opportunity = all 9 our nation4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,univ]sal suffrage has meant 9 ! pa/ only manhood suffrage4 ,) ! ratification ( ! woman suffrage am5dm5t to ! ,national ,con/itution1 univ]sal suffrage w become = ! fir/ "t a fact4 ,,app5dix ,,"s ,,def9itions ,habeas ,corpus3 ,bo? ! ,f$]al & ,/ate con/itutions gu>antee to ! p ! "r to ! writ ( habeas corpus1 8unless :]e 9 cases ( rebellion or invasion1 public safety may require its susp5sion40 ,?is is an ord] t may be obta9$ f a c]ta9 judge comm&+ t a prison] %all be br\ght into c\rt )\t delay4 ,?is writ secures to any p]son imprison$ = any cause ! "r to be he>d imm$iately1 9 ord] t ! purpose ( 8 det5tion may be made kn[n1 ! facts be exam9$1 & ! prison] ei!r releas$ or rem&$ = trial4 ,?is is "o ( our mo/ highly priz$ rights1 & is bas$ on a promise conta9$ 9 ! ,magna ,*>ta4 ,! ,initiative & ,ref]5dum give to ! vot]s ! p[] to initiate legislation1 & ! "r to compel a ref]5dum on any legislative act4 ,! ,initiative enables ! p to enact "s measure t !y may desire1 :5 x has be5 ignor$1 or defeat$1 or am5d$ out ( %ape by ! ,legislature4 ,! initiative may be us$ to pass a new law1 or to am5d or repeal exi/+ laws4 ,if a gr\p ( citiz5s c get a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ! vot]s to sign ! requisite petition to a measure1 x !n goes to ! ,legislature1 & if x is n adopt$ by t body1 ! measure mu/ be giv5 to ! p = _! decision by popul> vote4 ,if a majority ( ! vot]s indorse ! measure x becomes a law )\t wait+ = action by ! ,legislature4 ,9 ,oregon1 initiative measures g directly to ! p )\t be+ submitt$ to ! ,legislature4 ,! ,ref]5dum provides t a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( vot]s may dem& t any /atute pass$ by ! ,legislature mu/ be submitt$ to ! vot]s1 & approv$ by !m be=e x becomes a law4 ,! exi/5ce ( a provision = ! initiative & ref]5dum is said to r$uce ! ne$ ( int]f]5ce ) ! "w ( ! ,legislature1 & ! actual numb] ( measures com+ to a popul> vote is v small4 ,! ,recall provides t ! vot]s :o put an (ficial into (fice may vote to remove him be=e 8 t]m ( (fice is ov]4 ,if p are dissatisfi$ ) ! conduct ( a public (ficial1 on petition ( a c]ta9 numb] ( vot]s1 he may be compell$ to submit to a new election s t ! vot]s may pass judgm5t on 8 conduct ( 8 (fice4 ,! ,r$-light ,injunction & ,abatem5t ,act is recogniz$ z ! mo/ effective way yet f\nd ( m9imiz+ ! social evil4 ,! usual me?od ( h&l+ su* (f5ses is to arre/ ! woman & f9e h]4 ,! injunction & abatem5t act puts ! responsibility on ! own] ( ! prop]ty us$ = ?is bus9ess4 ,if x c be prov$ t x is us$ = immoral purposes1 ! h\se is clos$1 & ! own] f9$ & put "u heavy bond to insure its n be+ us$ aga9 9 ?is way4 ,prop]ty us$ = ?is purpose br+s mu* high] r5t ?an :5 us$ = legitimate bus9ess1 s t ?is proc$ure /rikes at "o root ( ! evil4 ,new ,york ,/ate has an abatem5t act1 b x is n well en=c$4 ,x is n easy 9 _m cases to f9d ! own] ( a piece ( prop]ty4 ,! ,t9 ,plate ,ord9ance puts ! "n ( ! own] ( a build+ on a plate outside ! build+1 & ?us prev5ts ! concealm5t ( 8 or h] id5tity4 ,x 0 fir/ put into op]ation 9 ,portl&1 ,oregon4 ,prohibition1 ,high ,lic5se1 ,local ,option1 & ! ,gutt5burg ,sy/em are all ways ( deal+ ) ! liquor traffic4 ,prohibition has be5 ( _m diff]5t degrees 9 v>i\s places 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a complete ,national prohibition measure has n[ be5 pass$ by ,congress1 & is be=e ! ,/ates = ratification4 ,high ,lic5se is int5d$ to decrease ! numb] ( places :]e liquor is sold by plac+ a tax on !m s l>ge t x w be impossible = _m ( !m to pay x4 ,local ,option1 :i* all[s communities ( v>i\s sizes to decide = !mselves :e!r ! sale ( liquor %all be lic5s$ or n1 has be5 f\ght /ep by /ep by ! liquor trade4 ,! ,sc&9avian or ,gutt5burg ,sy/em ( controll+ ! liquor bus9ess1 9 g5]al1 provides = elim9at+ all private pr(it f ! bus9ess1 b !re are _m v>iations ( details 9 diff]5t places 9 c>ry+ out ! sy/em4 ,! ,sc&9avian idea is t if ! money pr(it is done away ) ! bus9ess w take c>e ( itself4 ,a few lic5ses are giv5 = %ort p]iods to companies =m$ = manufactur+ w9es & liquors1 & #e p] c5t4 int]e/ is all[$ on ! capital inve/$4 ,all rema9+ pr(its g to ! ,/ate4 ,! gov]nm5t has ! "r to )draw ! lic5se )\t comp5sation4 ,retail %ops are op5 only f eight 9 ! morn+ until sev5-?irty 9 ! ev5+2 !y are clos$ on holidays1 & f "o on ,saturday until eight ,a4,m4 on ,monday4 ,b>t5d]s are "u ! civil s]vice & are giv5 bonuses = sell+ s(t dr9ks4 ,! ,s+le ,tax is a proposal to place ! entire burd5 ( taxation on l& alone1 )\t reg>d = ! value ( its improvem5ts4 ,l& :i* is n improv$1 & is entirely non-productive1 (t5 increases 9 value ) ! gr[? ( population & ! improvem5ts made on neighbor+ prop]ty1 )\t any ef=t on ! "p ( ! own]1 or any s]vice r5d]$ by him 9 return4 ,improvem5ts on prop]ty increase ! taxes on t prop]ty1 :ile ! own] ( ! unimprov$ prop]ty escapes ! same increase z long z 8 l& rema9s unimprov$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! improvem5ts :i* add to public prosp]ity are made to pay an increase :i* ! /agnant prop]ty escapes4 ,! proposal ( ! s+le-tax]s is t ! 8une>n$ increm5t0 on su* l& %\ld g into ! public treasury4 ,! ,h\se ( ,gov]nors orig9at$ :5 ,presid5t ,roosevelt1 9 #aijh1 invit$ ! ,gov]nors ( all ! ,/ates to meet 9 ,wa%+ton to conf] ov] important matt]s4 ,sev]al times s9ce !n ?is 8,h\se ( ,gov]nors0 has met toge!r to discuss que/ions ( mutual int]e/ :i* are important to ! welf>e ( ! sev]al ,/ates4 ,proportional ,repres5tation w\ld give repres5tation 9 ,congress to ea* p>ty1 9 proportion to its memb]%ip 9 ! ,/ate4 ,at pres5t ! repres5tation ( ea* p>ty is bas$ on its comp>ative /r5g? 9 ea* congressional di/rict4 ,! division ( ! ,/ate into congressional di/ricts is made by ! ,/ate ,legislature4 ,! political p>ty 9 control ( ! ,legislature may divide ! ,/ate 9 su* a way t x may be able to elect an unfair numb] ( repres5tatives4 ,x may put c\nties1 or assembly di/ricts :i* h a l>ge majority ( vot]s belong+ to ! opposite p>ty1 9 "o congressional di/rict1 & economize its own vot+ /r5g? by spread+ x ov] z _m congressional di/ricts z possible1 :]e x c be sure ( elect+ its c&idates by small majorities4 ,?is is kn[n z 8g]rym&]+40 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 in/ead ( ! division ( ! ,/ate into congressional di/ricts be+ bas$ fairly on population1 di/ricts h be5 creat$ by ! p>ty 9 control ( ! ,legislature :i* conta9 m ?an twice z _m vot]s z "s o!r di/ricts4#ab ,x is said t proportional repres5tation w\ld also t5d to make ,congressm5 s elect$ "w = ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate z a :ole in/ead ( = "o local di/rict4 ,workm5's ,comp5sation ,laws are design$ to provide = ! comp5sation ( employees :5 !y are injur$ at _! "w4 ,m work+-m5 are injur$ 9 ! indu/ries ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 proportion to ! numb] employ$1 ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,to let ! work+-man & 8 family alone be> ! burd5 ( injury or dea? is recogniz$ z an inju/ice4 ,= su* an injur$ p]son1 or 8 family1 to be oblig$ to sue ?r\gh ! c\rts is usually a long & exp5sive process4 ,ye>s may be consum$ 9 su* litigation1 & mean:ile ! family may be )\t ! support ( ! breadw9n]4 ,comp5sation laws require employ]s1 reg>dless ( fault1 to pay injur$ workm5 c]ta9 am\nts = injuries result+ f accid5ts1 )\t ! workm5 be+ oblig$ to g to c\rt & sue = damages4 ,! ,/ate ,f$]ation ( ,labor is work+ to h all comp5sation insurance plac$ 9 ! ,/ate fund1 to elim9ate direct settlem5t ( damages betwe5 ! work]s & ! employ]1 & to h all occupational diseases includ$ 9 ! provision ( ! law4 ,,additional ,,notes ,page #aji3 ,s*ool taxes "u ! new ,t[n%ip law are collect$ by ,t[n au?orities4 ,page #adb3 ,9 ,new ,york ,c\nty ! ,gr& ,jury is compos$ ( ?irty-six m54 ,page #add3 ,a bill to make wom5 eligible = jury s]vice is be=e ! ,legislature ( ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,page #afc3 ,ef=ts are be+ made to repeal ! ,t[n%ip s*ool law & to g back to ! ,s*ool ,di/rict sy/em ( #agie4 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,also "u our pres5t sy/em a l>ge m9ority ( vot]s may be )\t repres5tation4 ,a ?ird p>ty 9 ! ,/ate may h a consid]able memb]%ip1 b its numb]s may n be l>ge en\gh 9 any "o di/rict to elect a repres5tative ov] ei!r ( ! o!r p>ties4 ,,*>t ,,( ,,(ficials ,,= ,,:om ,,y ,,c ,,vote ,,elections ,,:5 ,,held ,,t]m ,,sal>y ,s*ool ,elections4 ,s*ool-meet+ annually fir/ ,tuesday 9 ,may4 ,bo>d ( ,education1 0 0 #c ye>s4 #c-e 9 ea* t[n4 ,s*ool directors1 0 0 #e 0 #b 9 ea* t[n4 ,village ,elections4 ,annually1 usually 9 ! spr+1 ! ?ird ,tuesday 9 ,m>*4 ,presid5t4 0 0 #a 0 ,tru/ees 7#b to #h74 0 0 #b 0 ,cl]k 7sometimes #a ye>4 v>ies4 appo9t$74 ,treasur]4 0 0 #a 0 0 ,assessors4 0 0 #a 0 0 ,collector4 0 0 #a 0 p]c5tage4 ,police ju/ice4 0 0 #d ye>s4 v>ies4 ,special elections may be call$ to decide special que/ions4 ,t[n ,elections4 ,bi5nially1 ei!r 9 ! spr+ or at ! g5]al election 9 ,novemb]4 ,sup]visor4 0 0 #b ye>s4 by ! day or sal>y4 ,t[n cl]k4 0 0 #b 0 fees4 ,assessors4 0 0 #b 0 by ! day4 ,collector4 0 0 #b 0 p]c5tage4 ,ov]se] ( ! ,poor4 0 0 #b 0 by ! day4 ,supt4 ( ,highways4 0 0 #b 0 0 0 ,con/ables4 0 0 #b 0 fees4 ,j4 ( ! ,peace4 0 0 #d 0 0 ,c\nty ,elections4 ,at ! g5]al election 9 ,novemb]4 ,%]iff4 0 0 #c 0 fees or sal'y4 ,c\nty cl]k4 0 0 #c 0 0 0 ,treasur]4 0 0 #c 0 fix$ by b'rd ( sup]visors4 ,di/rict attorney4 ,at ! g5]al election #c ye>s4 sal'y v>ies4 9 ,novemb]4 ,supt4 ( ! poor4 0 0 #c 0 by ! day or sal>y4 ,c\nty judge4 0 0 #f 0 sal'y v>ies4 ,surrogate4 0 0 #f 0 0 0 ,coron]s4 0 0 #c 0 fees or sal'y4 ,city ,elections4 ,cities ( ! fir/ & second class & usually ^? ( ! ?ird class hold elections bi5nially1 9 ! odd-numb]$ ye>s4 ,new ,york ,city4 ,mayor4 ,elect$ e f\r ye>s #d ye>s4 #ae1jjj at ! g5]al election 9 ,novemb]4 ,next mayor elect$ 9 #aiba4 ,comptroll]4 0 0 #d 0 #ae1jjj ,bor\gh presid5ts4 ,elect$ by ! p ( #d 0 #g1ejj ea* bor\gh4 to #e1jjj ,ald]m54 ,9 odd-numb]$ ye>s4 #b 0 #b1jjj ,judges1 ,city ,c\rts4 ,at any g5]al election4 #aj 0 #ab1jjj ,judges1 ,muni4 ,c\rts4 0 0 #aj 0 #g1jjj to #h1jjj ,new ,york ,c\nty4 ,at ! g5]al election4 ,%]iff4 #d 0 #ab1jjj ,di/rict attorney4 #d 0 #ae1jjj ,c\nty cl]k4 #d 0 #ae1jjj ,regi/]4 #b 0 #ab1jjj ,judges ( ! ,c\rt ( ,g5]al ,sessions4 #ad 0 #ag1ejj ,surrogates 7#b74 #ad 0 #ae1jjj ,bronx ,c\nty4 ,at ! g5]al election4 ,%]iff4 #d 0 #aj1jjj ,di/rict attorney4 #d 0 #aj1jjj ,c\nty cl]k4 #d 0 #aj1jjj ,regi/]4 #d 0 #aj1jjj ,c\nty judge4 #f 0 #aj1jjj ,surrogate4 #f 0 #aj1jjj ,k+s ,c\nty4 ,at ! g5]al election4 ,%]iff4 #b 0 #ae1jjj ,di/rict attorney4 #c 0 #aj1jjj ,c\nty cl]k4 #d 0 #ab1jjj ,regi/]4 #b 0 #ab1jjj ,c\nty judges 7#e74 #f 0 #ab1ejj ,surrogate4 #f 0 #ae1jjj ,que5s ,c\nty4 ,at ! g5]al election4 ,%]iff4 #c 0 #aj1jjj ,di/rict attorney4 #c 0 #h1jjj ,c\nty cl]k4 #c 0 #h1jjj ,c\nty judge4 #f 0 #ab1ejj ,surrogate4 #f 0 #aj1jjj ,ri*mond ,c\nty4 ,at ! g5]al election4 ,%]iff4 #c ye>s4 #f1jjj ,di/rict attorney4 #c 0 #e1jjj ,c\nty cl]k4 #c 0 #e1jjj ,c\nty judge & surrogate4 #f 0 #aj1jjj ,/ate ,elections4 ,bi5nially1 at ! g5]al election 9 ev5-numb]$ ye>s4 ,gov]nor4 #b 0 #aj1jjj ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor4 #b 0 #e1jjj ,secret>y ( ,/ate4 #b 0 #f1jjj ,comptroll]4 #b 0 #h1jjj ,treasur]4 #b 0 #f1jjj ,attorney-,g5]al4 #b 0 #aj1jjj ,/ate ,eng9e]4 #b 0 #h1jjj ,/ate ,s5ators4 #b 0 #a1ejj ,assemblym54 #a ye>4 #a1ejj ,judges ( ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals4 #ad ye>s4 #ac1gjj to #ad1bjj ,judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 #ad 0 #aj1jjj to #ag1ejj ,national ,elections4 ,at ! g5]al election4 ,presid5t4 ,elect$ by presid5tial #d 0 #ge1jjj electors :o are elect$ by ! p e f\r ye>s4 ,vice-,presid5t4 0 0 #d 0 #ab1jjj ,u4 ,s4 ,s5ators4 ,at diff]5t g5]al elec4 #f 0 #g1ejj ,repres5tatives 9 ,bi5nially1 9 ev5-numb]$ #b 0 #g1ejj ,congress4 ye>s4 ,,! ,,end ,transcrib]'s ,notes pg #bjd ,add$ space betwe53 acann+-factory 93 :o is kept at "w 9 acann+-factory1 pg #bei ,remov$ repeat$ ^w to f3 workm5 be+ oblig$ to to g to c\rt pg #bei ,*ang$ ,a bill to make wom5 elegible to3 eligible pg #bfb ,add$ p]iod aft]3 fees or sal'y - = ,coron]s l9e pg #bfb ,add$ p]iod aft]3 ,city ,elections pg #bfb ,add$ p]iod aft]3 9 ! odd-numb]$ ye>s pg #bfb ,add$ p]iod aft]3 ,at any g5]al election 7#b locations7 ,_m hyph5at$ & non-hyph5at$ ^w comb9ations left z writt54