,,women ,,artists ,,in ,,all ,,ages ,,and ,,countries4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,ellet1 ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,women ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,revolution10 ,,etc4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,harper ,,brothers1 ,,publishers1 ,,franklin ,,square4 #ahei4 ,entered1 according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine1 by ,,harper ,,brothers1 in the ,clerk's ,office of the ,district ,court of the ,southern ,district of ,new ,york4 ,,to ,,mrs4 ,,coventry ,,waddell1 ,,whose ,,elegant ,,taste ,,and ,,appreciation ,,of ,,art1 ,,and ,,whose ,,liberal ,,kindness ,,to ,,artists1 ,,have ,,fostered ,,american ,,genius1 ,this ,volume is ,inscribed ,,by ,,her ,,friend ,,the ,,author4 ,,preface4 ,i do not know that any work on ,female ,artists--either grouping them or giving a general history of their productions--has ever been published1 except the little volume issued in ,berlin by ,ernst ,guhl1 entitled 8,die ,frauen in die ,kunstgeschichte40 ,in that work the survey is closed with the eighteenth century1 and female poets are included with painters1 sculptors1 and engravers in the category of artists4 ,finding ,professor ,guhl's sketches of the condition of art in successive ages entirely correct1 ,i have made use of these and the facts he has collected1 adding details omitted by him1 especially in the personal history of prominent women devoted to the brush and the chisel4 ,authorities1 too numerous to mention1 in ,french1 ,italian1 ,german1 and ,english1 have been carefully consulted4 ,i am indebted particularly to the works of ,vasari1 ,descampes1 and ,fiorillo4 ,the biographies of ,mdlles4 ,bonheur1 ,fauveau1 and ,hosmer are taken1 with a little condensing and shaping1 from late numbers of that excellent periodical1 8,the ,englishwoman's ,journal40 ,the sketches of many living artists were prepared from materials furnished by themselves or their friends4 ,it is manifestly impossible1 in a work of this kind1 to include even the names of all the women artists who are worthy of remembrance4 ,among those of the present day are many who have not yet had sufficient experience to do justice to their own powers1 and any criticism of their productions would be premature and unfair4 ,no attempt has been made in the following pages to give elaborate critiques or a connected history of art4 ,the aim has been simply to show what woman has done1 with the general conditions favorable or unfavorable to her efforts1 and to give such impressions of the character of each prominent artist as may be derived from a faithful record of her personal experiences4 ,more may be learned by a view of the early struggles and trials1 the persevering industry and the well-earned triumphs of the gifted1 than by the most erudite or fine-spun disquisition4 ,should the perusal of my book inspire with courage and resolution any woman who aspires to overcome difficulties in the achievement of honorable independence1 or should it lead to a higher general respect for the powers of women and their destined position in the realm of ,art1 my object will be accomplished4 ,e4 ,f4 ,e4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,early ,,ages4 ,women in ,art4--,kind of ,painting most practiced by them4--,feminine ,employments in early ,ages4--,the fair ,egyptians4--,women of ,assyria and ,babylon4--,grecian ,women4--,sculpture and ,painting in ,greece4--,the ,daughter of ,dibutades4--,the ,lover's ,profile4--,the first ,bas-relief4--,timarata4--,helena4--,ana xandra4--,kallo4--,cirene4--,calypso4 --,other ,pupils of ,grecian ,art4--,the ,roman ,women4--,the ,paintress ,laya4--,lala4--,influence of ,christianity on ,art4--,adornment rejected by the early ,christians4--,art degraded for ,centuries4--,female ,influence among the ,nations that rose on the ,ruins of ,rome4--,wise and clever ,princesses4--,anna ,comnena4--,the first ,poetess of ,germany4--,the first ,editress of a ,cyclopdia4--,the ,art of ,illuminating4--,nuns employed in copying and painting ,manuscripts4--,agnes1 ,abbess of ,quedlinburg4--,princesses at work4--,convent ,sisters copying and embellishing religious ,works4--,the ,nuns' ,printing-press4--,the first ,sculptress1 ,sabina von ,steinbach4--,her ,works in the ,cathedral of ,strasburg4--,elements that pervade the ,sculpture of the ,middle ,ages4--,painting of the ,archbishop crowning ,sabina4 ,page #ba ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,fifteenth ,,century4 ,commencement of the ,history of modern ,art4--,causes of the ,barrenness of this ,century in female ,artists4--,the ,decline of ,chivalry unfavorable to their mental ,development4--,passing away of the ,ideal and ,supernatural ,element in ,art4--,new ,feeling for ,nature4--,new ,life and ,action in ,painting4--,portrayal of ,feelings of the ,heart4--,release of ,painting from her ,trammels4--,severer ,studies necessary for ,artists4--,woman excluded from the ,pursuit4--,patronage sought4--,one female ,artist representing each prominent ,school4--,margaretta von ,eyck4--,her ,miniatures4--,extensive ,fame4--,her ,decoration of ,manuscripts4--,work in ,aid of her ,brothers4--8,the gifted ,minerva40--,single ,blessedness4--,another ,margaretta4--,copies and illuminates ,,mss4 in the ,carthusian ,convent4--,eight folio ,volumes filled4--,caterina ,vigri4--,her ,miniature ,paintings4--,founds a ,convent4--8,the ,saint of ,bologna40--,miraculous ,painting4--,the warrior ,maiden ,onorata4--,decorates the ,palace at ,cremona4--,insult offered her4--,she kills the ,insulter4--,flight in male ,attire4--,soldier ,life4--,delivers ,castelleone4--,the mortal ,wound4 #cb ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,century4 ,this ,century rich in great ,painters4--,not poor in female ,artists4--,memorable ,period both in ,poetry and ,painting4--,fruits of the ,labor of preceding ,century now discernible4--,female ,disciples in all the ,schools of ,italian ,art4--,superiority of the ,bolognese ,school4--,properzia ,rossi4--,her ,beauty and finished ,education4--,carving on ,peach-stones4--,her ,sculptures4--,the famous ,bas-relief of ,potiphar's ,wife4--,properzia's unhappy ,love4--,slander and ,persecution4--,her ,works and ,fame4--,visit of the ,pope4--,properzia's ,death4--,traditional ,story4--,isabella ,mazzoni a ,sculptor4--,a female ,fresco ,painter4--,sister ,plautilla4--,her ,works for her ,convent ,church4--,other ,works4--,women ,painters of the ,roman ,school4--,teodora ,danti4--,female ,engravers4--,diana ,ghisi4--,irene di ,spilimberg4--,her ,education in ,venice4--,titian's ,portrait of her4--,tasso's ,sonnet in her ,praise4--,poetical ,tributes on her ,death4--,her ,works and ,merits4--,vincenza ,armani4--,marietta ,tintoretto4--,her ,beauty and musical ,accomplishments4--,excursions in ,boy's ,attire with her ,father4--,her ,portraits4--,they become 8the ,rage40--,invitation from the ,emperor4--,from ,philip of ,spain4--,the ,father's ,refusal4--,her ,marriage and ,death4--,portrait of her4--,women ,artists of ,northern ,italy4--,barbara ,longhi and others4--,the ,nuns of ,genoa4 #ch ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,century4 ,the six wonderful ,sisters4--,sofonisba ,anguisciola4--,her early ,sketches4--,painting of three ,sisters4--,her ,success in ,milan4--,invitation to the ,court of ,madrid4--,pomp of her ,journey and ,reception4--,the ,diamond4--,paints the ,royal ,family and the ,flower of the ,nobility4--,her ,present to ,pope ,pius4--,his ,letter4--,her ,style4--,lucia's ,picture4--,sofonisba ,governess to the ,infanta4 ,marriage to the ,lord of ,sicily4--,his ,death at ,palermo4--,the ,widow's ,voyage4--,the gallant ,captain4--,second ,love and ,marriage4--,her ,residence at ,genoa4--,royal ,visitors4--,loss of ,sight4--,vandyck her ,guest4--,her ,influence on ,art in ,genoa4--,her ,portrait and ,works4--,sofonisba ,gentilesca4--,her ,miniatures of the ,spanish ,royal ,family4--,caterina ,cantoni4--,ludovica ,pellegrini4--,angela ,criscuolo4--,cecilia ,brusasorci4--,caterina dei ,pazzi4--,her ,style shows the ,infusion of a new ,element of religious ,enthusiasm into ,art4--,tradition of her painting with eyes closed4--,her ,canonization4--,women in ,france at this period4--,isabella ,quatrepomme4--,women in ,spain4--,a female ,doctor of ,theology4--,change wrought by ,protestantism in the ,condition of ,woman4--,its ,influence on ,art4--,an ,english ,paintress4--,lavinia ,benic4--,catherine ,schwartz in ,germany4--,eva von ,iberg in ,switzerland4--,women ,painters in the ,netherlands4--,female ,talent in ,antwerp4--,albert ,durer's ,mention of ,susannah ,gerard4--,catherine ,hmsen4--,anna ,seghers4--,clara de ,keyzer4--,liewina ,bennings' and ,susannah ,hurembout's ,visits to ,england4--,the ,engraver ,barbara4--,the ,dutch ,engraver4--,constantia1 the ,flower ,painter4 #dh ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century4 ,new ,ground presented for ,progress4--,greater ,diversity of ,style4--,naturalism4--,the ,caracci instrumental in giving to ,painting the ,impetus of ,reform4--,their ,academy4--,one opened by a ,milanese ,lady4--,the learned ,poetess and her hundredth ,birthday4--,female ,painters and ,engravers4--,lavinia ,fontana4--,the hasty ,judgment4--,lavinia a ,pupil of ,caracci4--,character of her ,pictures4--,honors paid to her4--,courted by ,royalty4--,her ,beauty and ,suitors4--,a romantic ,lover4--,lavinia's ,paintings4--,close of the ,period of the ,christian ,ideal in ,art4--,lavinia's ,chef-d'uvre4--,her ,children4--,professional ,honors4--,her ,death4--,female ,disciples of the ,caracci ,school4--,pupils of ,domenichino1 ,lanfranco1 and ,guido ,reni4--,the churlish ,guercino a ,despiser of ,women4--,the ,cardinal's ,niece and ,heiress4--,her great ,paintings4--,founds a ,cloister4--,artemisia ,gentileschi1 a ,pupil of ,guido4--,her ,portraits4--,visit to ,england4--,favor with ,charles ,i4--,luxurious ,abode in ,naples4--,her ,correspondence4--,judgment of her ,pictures4--,elisabetta ,sirani4--,her artistic ,character4--,her household ,life4--,industry and ,modesty4--,her ,virtues and ,graces4--,envious ,artists4--,defeat of ,calumny4--,her mysterious ,fate4--,conjectures respecting it4--,funeral ,obsequies4--,her principal ,works4--,her ,influence on female ,artists4--,her ,pupils4--,other ,women ,artists of ,bologna4 #ei ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century4 ,school of the ,academicians after ,caravaggio4--,unidealized ,nature4--,rude and violent ,passions delineated4--,dark and stormy ,side of ,humanity4--,dark ,coloring and ,shadows4--,the gloomy and passionate expressed in ,pictures appeared in the ,lives of ,artists4--,the ,dagger and ,poison-cup common4--,aniella di ,rosa4--,the ,pupil of ,stanzioni4--,character of her ,painting4--,romantic ,love and ,marriage4--,the happy ,home destroyed4--,the hearth-stone ,serpent4--,jealousy4--,the pretended ,proof4--,phrensy and ,murder4--,other fair ,neapolitans4--,the ,paintress of ,messina4--,the ,schools of ,bologna and ,naples embrace the most prominent ,italian ,paintings4--,commencement of ,crayon-drawing4--,tuscan ,ladies of ,rank cultivating ,art4--,the ,rosalba of the ,florentine ,school4--,art in the ,city of the ,csars4--,the ,roman ,flower-painter4--,engravers4--,medallio n-cutters4--,a female ,architect4--,a ,roman ,sculptress4--,women ,artists of the ,venetian ,school4--,at ,pavia4--,the ,painter's four ,daughters4--,chiara ,varotari4--,shares her ,brother's ,labors4--,a skillful ,nurse4--,her ,pupils4--,other female ,artists of this time4--,the ,schools of ,northern ,italy4--,their ,paintresses4--,giovanna ,fratellini4 #gd ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century4 ,contrast between the ,academicians and ,naturalists1 and between the ,french and ,spanish ,schools of ,painting4--,peculiarities of each4--,ladies of ,rank in ,madrid ,pupils of ,velasquez4--,instruction of the royal ,children in ,art4--,the ,engraver of ,madrid4--,every ,city in the ,south of ,spain boasts a female ,artist4--,isabella ,coello4--,others in ,granada4--,in ,cordova4--,the ,sculptress of ,seville4--,luisa ,roldan2 her ,carvings in ,wood4--,the ,canons 8sold40--,invitation to ,madrid4--,sculptress to the ,king4--,other ,women ,artists in ,spain4--,in ,france ,woman's ,position more prominent than in preceding ,age4--,corruption of court ,manners4--,unworthy ,women in ,power4--,women in every ,department of ,literature4--,mademoiselle de ,scudery4--,madame de la ,fayette4--,madame ,dacier4--,women in theological ,pursuits4--,their ,ascendency in ,art not so great4--,miniature and ,flower ,painters4--,engravers4--,elizabeth ,sophie ,chron4--,a ,leader in ,enamel-painting4--,her ,portraits and ,history-pieces4--,her ,merits and ,success4--,her ,translations of the ,psalms4--,musical and ,poetical ,talents4--,honors lavished on her4--,love and ,marriage at three-score4--,her ,generosity to the needy4--,verses in her ,praise4--,historical ,tableaux4--,madelaine ,masson4--,the ,marchioness de ,pompadour4 #he ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century4 ,two different ,systems of ,painting in the ,north4--,the ,flemish ,school represented by ,rubens4--,the ,dutch by ,rembrandt4--,characteristics of ,rubens' ,style4--,no female ,disciples4--,unsuited to feminine ,study4--,some ,women ,artists of the first ,part of the ,century4--,features of the ,dutch ,school4--,a wide ,field for female ,energy and ,industry4--,painting de genre4--,its ,peculiarities4--,state of ,things favorable to female ,enterprise4--,early ,efforts in ,genre-painting4--,few ,women among ,rembrandt's immediate ,disciples4--,genre-painting becomes adapted to female ,talent4--8,the ,dutch ,muses40--,another ,woman ,architect4--,dutch ,women ,painters and ,engravers4--,maria ,schalken and others4--8,the second ,schurmann40--,margaretta ,godewyck4--,the ,painter-poet4--,anna ,maria ,schurmann4--,wonderful ,genius for ,languages4--,early ,acquirements4--,her ,scholarship and ,position among the learned4--,a ,painter1 ,sculptor1 and ,engraver4--,called 8the ,wonder of ,creation40--,royal and princely ,visitors4--,journey to ,germany4--,embraces the religious ,tenets of ,labadie4--,his ,doctrines4--,joins his ,band4--,collects his ,followers1 and leads them into ,friesland4--,poverty and ,death4--,visit of ,william ,penn to her4--,her ,portrait4--,her female ,contemporaries in ,art4--,flower-painting in the ,netherlands4--,its ,pioneers4--,maria ,van ,oosterwyck4--,her ,birth and ,education4--,early ,productions4--,celebrated at foreign ,courts4--,presents from imperial ,friends4--,enormous ,prices for her ,pictures4--,royal ,purchasers4--,the quiet ,artist at work4--,the ,lover's ,visit4--,the ,lover's ,trial and ,failure4--,style of her ,painting4--,rachel ,ruysch4--,the greatest ,flower-painter4--,early ,instruction4--,spread of her ,fame4--,domestic ,cares4--,professional ,honors4--,invitations to ,courts4--,her ,patron1 the ,elector4--,her ,works in old ,age4--,her ,character4--,rarity of her ,paintings4--,personal ,appearance4 #id ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century4 ,unfavorable ,circumstances for ,painting in ,germany4--,effects of the ,thirty ,years' ,war4--,the national ,love of ,art shown by the ,signs of ,life manifested4--,influence of the ,reformation4--,inferiority of ,german ,art in this ,century4--,ladies of ,rank in ,literature4--,a female ,astronomer4--,the ,fame of ,schurmann awakens ,emulation4--,distinguished ,women4--,commencement of poetic ,orders4--,zesen1 the ,patron of the ,sex4--,women who cultivated ,art4--,paintresses of ,nuremberg4--,barbara ,helena ,lange4--,flower-painters and ,engravers4--,modeling in ,wax4--,women ,artists in ,augsburg4--,in ,munich4--,in ,hamburg4--,the ,princess ,hollandina4--,her ,paintings4--,maria ,sibylla ,merian4--,early ,fondness for ,insects4--,maternal ,opposition4--,her ,marriage4--,publication of her first ,work4--,joins the ,labadists4--,returns to the ,butterflies4--,curiosity to see ,american ,insects4--,voyage to ,surinam4--,story of the ,lantern-flies4--,return to ,holland4--,her ,works published4--,republication in ,paris afterward4--,her ,daughters4--,her personal ,appearance4--,the ,danish ,women ,artists4--,anna ,crabbe4--,king's ,daughters4--,the ,taste in ,art in ,denmark and ,england governed by that of foreign ,nations4--,female ,artists in ,england4--,the ,poetesses most prominent4--,miniaturists4--,portrait-pa inters4--,etchers4--,lady ,connoisseurs4--,the ,dwarf's ,daughter4--,anna ,carlisle4--,mary ,beale4--,pupil of ,sir ,peter ,lely4--,character of her ,works4--,rumor of ,lely's ,attachment to her4--,poems in her ,praise4--,mr4 ,beale's ,note-books4--,anne ,killegrew4--,her ,portraits of the ,royal ,family4--,history and still-life ,pieces4--,her ,portrait by ,lely4--,her ,character4--,dryden's ,ode to her ,memory4--,her ,poems published4--,mademoiselle ,rose4--,the ,artist in ,silk4--,wonderful ,effects4--,her ,works ,curiosities4--,the ,artist of the ,scissors4--,her singular imitative ,powers4--,a ,copyist of old ,paintings4--,her ,cuttings4--,views of all kinds done with the ,scissors4--,royal and imperial ,visitors4--,her ,trophy for the ,emperor ,leopold4--,poems in her ,praise4--,the ,swiss ,paintress ,anna ,wasser4--,her ,education and ,works4--,commissions from ,courts4--,her ,father's ,avarice4--,sojourn at a ,court4--,return home4--,fatal ,accident4--,her literary ,accomplishments4 #aaj ,,chapter ,x4 ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century4 ,general ,expansion and ,extension of ,art-culture4--,more ,scope given to the ,tendencies originated in preceding ,age4--,reminiscences of past ,glories of ,art active during the first half of the ,century4--,the ,flemish and ,italian ,schools in vogue4--,eclecticism4--,influences of the ,french ,school mingled with those of the great ,masters4--,the ,rococo ,style4--,the ,aggregate of ,woman's ,labor greater than ever before4--,not accompanied by greater ,depth4--,less ,individuality discernible4--,the greatest artistic ,activity among ,women in ,germany4--,in ,france next4--,in ,italy next4--,in other ,countries less4--,rapid ,growth of ,art in ,berlin4--,in ,dresden4--,scholarship and literary ,position of ,women during the first half of the ,century4--,poets and their ,inspirations4--,princesses the ,patrons of ,letters4--,nothing new or striking in ,art4--,a ,revolution in the latter half of the ,century4--,instruction in ,art a ,branch of ,education4--,dilettanti of high ,rank4--,female ,pupils of ,painters of ,note4--,mengs and ,carstens4--,carstens the ,founder of modern ,german ,art4--,his ,style not adapted to female ,talent4--,a lovely ,form standing between him and ,mengs4--,a female ,stamp-cutter4--,an ,artist in ,wax-work4--,in ,stucco-work4--,in cutting precious ,stones4--,barbara ,preisler4--,other female ,artists4--,fashionable ,taste in ,painting4--,marianna ,hayd4--,miniaturists4--,anna ,maria ,mengs4--,her ,works4--,miniature and ,pastel-painting4--,flowers and ,landscapes a ,passion4--,imitators of ,rachel ,ruysch and ,madame ,merian4--,celebrities in ,flower-painting4--,copper-engraving4 ,lady ,artists of high ,rank4--,other ,devotees to ,art4 #acb ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century4 ,angelica ,kauffman4--,parentage and ,birth4--,beautiful ,scenery of her native ,land4--,early ,impulse to ,painting4--,adopts the ,style of ,mengs4--,her ,residence in ,como4--,instruction4--,music or ,painting8--,beauty of ,nature around her4--,angelica's ,letter about ,como4--,escape from ,cupid4--,removal to ,milan4--,introduction to great ,works of ,art4--,studies of the ,lombard ,masters4--,the ,duke of ,modena her ,patron4--,portrait of the ,duchess of ,carrara4--,success4--,return to ,schwarzenberg4--,painting in ,fresco4--,homely ,life of the ,artist4--,milan and ,florence4--,rome4--,acquaintance with ,winkelmann4--,angelica paints his ,portrait4--,goes to ,naples4--,studies in ,rome4--,in ,venice4--,acquaintance with noble ,english ,families4--,in ,london4--,a brilliant ,career4--,fuseli's ,attachment to her4--,appointed ,professor in the ,academy of ,arts4--,romantic ,incident of her ,travel in ,switzerland4--,the weary ,travelers4--,the libertine ,lord4--,the ,maiden's ,indignation4--,unexpected ,meeting in the aristocratic ,circles of ,london4--,the ,lord's ,suit renewed4--,rejected with ,scorn4--,his ,rank and ,title spurned4--,revenge4--,the ,impostor in ,society4--,angelica deceived into ,marriage4--,she informs the ,queen4--,her ,father's ,suspicions4--,discovery of the ,cheat4--,the ,wife's ,despair4--,the false ,marriage annulled4--,the ,queen's ,sympathy4--,stories of ,angelica's ,coquetry4--,marriage with ,zucchi4--,return to ,italy4--,her ,father's ,death4--,residence in ,rome4--,circle of literary ,celebrities4--,angelica's ,works4--,criticisms4--,opinions of ,mengs and ,fuseli4--,the ,portraits in the ,pitti ,gallery4--,death of ,zucchi4--,invasion of ,italy4--,angelica's ,melancholy4--,journey and ,return4--,her ,death and ,funeral4 #add ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century4 ,female ,artists in the ,scandinavian ,countries4--,in ,sweden4--,ulrica ,pasch4--,danish ,women ,artists4--,a richer ,harvest in the ,netherlands4--,the ,belgian ,sculptress4--,maria ,verelst4--,her ,paintings and ,attainments in the ,languages4--,residence in ,london4--,curious ,anecdote4--,walpole's ,remark4--,women ,artists in ,holland4--,poetry4--,henrietta ,wolters4--,her ,portraits4--,invitation from ,peter the ,great4--,dutch ,paintresses4--,the young ,engraver4--,caroline ,scheffer4--,landscape and ,flower ,painters4--,a ,follower of ,rachel ,ruysch4--,an ,engraver4--,in ,england4--,painting suited to ,women4--,literary ,ladies4--,effect of the ,introduction of a new ,manner in ,art4--,numerous ,dilettanti4--,female ,sculptors4--,mrs4 ,samon4--,mrs4 ,siddons and others4--,mrs4 ,damer4--,aristocratic ,birth4--,early love of ,study and ,art4--,horace ,walpole her ,adviser4--,conversation with ,hume4--,first ,attempt at ,modeling4--,the ,marble ,bust and ,hume's ,criticism4--,surprise of the gay ,world4--,miss ,conway's ,lessons and ,works4--,unfortunate ,marriage4--,widowhood4--,politics4--,wa lpole's ,opinion of ,mrs4 ,damer's ,sculptures4--,darwin's ,lines4--,sculptures4--,envy and ,detraction4--,going abroad4--,escape from ,danger4--,noble ,ambition4--,return to ,england4--,politics and ,kissing4--,private ,theatricals4--,the three ,heroes4--,friendship with the ,empress4--,walpole's ,bequest4--,parlor ,theatricals1 etc4--,removal4--,project for improving ,india4--,mrs4 ,damer's ,works4--,opinions of her4 #afd ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century4 ,mary ,moser4--,nollekens' ,house4--,skill in ,flower-painting4--,the ,fashions4--,queen ,charlotte4--,patience ,wright4--,birth in ,new ,jersey4--,quaker ,parents4--,childish ,taste for ,modeling4--,marriage4--,widowhood4--,wa x-modeling4--,rivals ,madame ,tussaud4--,residence in ,england4--,sympathy with ,america in ,rebellion4--,correspondence with ,franklin4--,intelligence conveyed4--,freedom of ,speech to ,majesty4--,franklin's ,postscript4--8,the ,promethean ,modeler40--,letter to ,jefferson4--,patriotism4--,art the ,fashion4--,aristocratic lady ,artists4--,princesses ,painting4--,lady ,beauclerk4--,walpole's 8,beauclerk ,closet40--,designs and ,portrait4--,lady ,lucan4--,her ,illustrations of ,shakspeare4--,walpole's ,criticism4--,other ,works4--,mary ,benwell and others4--,anna ,smyters and others4--,madame ,prestel4--,mrs4 ,grace4--,mrs4 ,wright4--,flower-painters4--,catherine ,read and others4--,maria ,cosway4--,peril in ,infancy4--,lessons4--,resolution to take the ,veil4--,visit to ,london4--,marriage4--,cosway's ,painting4--,vanity and ,extravagance4--,the beautiful ,italian ,paintress4--,cosway's ,prudence and ,management4--,brilliant evening ,receptions4--,aristocratic ,friends4--,the ,epigram on the ,gate4--,splendid new ,house and ,furniture4--,failing ,health4--,france and ,italy4--,institution at ,lodi4--,singular ,occurrence4--,death of ,cosway4--,return to ,lodi4--,maria's ,style and ,works4 #aha ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century4 ,close of the golden ,age of ,art in ,france4--,corruption of ,manners4--,influence of female ,genius4--,reign of ,louis ,,xvi4--,female ,energy in the ,revolution4--,charlotte ,corday4--,greater ,number of female ,artists in ,germany4--,reasons why4--,french ,women devoted to ,engraving4--,stamp-cutters4--,a ,sculptress enamored4--,a few ,paintresses4--,the ,number increasing4--,influence of the great ,french ,masters4--,svres-painting4--,genre-pain ting4--,disciples of ,greuze4--,portrait-painting in vogue4--,caroline ,sattler4--,flower-painters1 etc4--,engravers4--,two eminent ,paintresses4--,adelaide ,vincent4--,marriage4--,portraits and other ,works4--,the ,revolution4--,elizabeth ,le ,brun4--,talent for ,painting4--,her ,father's ,delight4--,instruction4--,friendship with ,vernet4--,poverty and ,labor4--,avaricious ,step-father4--,her ,earnings squandered4--,success and ,temptation4--,acquaintance with ,le ,brun4--,maternal ,counsels to ,marriage4--,secret ,marriage4--,warnings too late4--,the ,mask falls4--,luxury for the ,husband1 ,labor and ,privation for the ,wife4--,success and ,scandal4--,french ,society4--,friendship with ,marie ,antoinette4--,la ,harpe's ,poem4--,evening ,receptions4--,splendid ,entertainments4--,scarcity of ,seats4--,petits ,soupers4--,the ,grecian ,banquet4--,reports concerning it4--,departure from ,france4--,triumphal ,progress4--,reception in ,bologna4--,in ,rome4--,in ,naples4--,in ,florence4--,madame ,le ,brun's ,portrait4--,goethe's ,remarks4--,new ,honors4--,reception at ,vienna4--,an old ,friend in ,berlin4--,residence in ,russia4--,return to ,france4--,loyalty4--,her ,pictures4--,death of her ,husband and ,daughter4--,advanced ,age4--,autobiography4--,an emblematic ,life4 #aii ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century4 ,women ,artists in ,spain4--,their ,participation a ,test of general ,interest4--,female ,representatives of the most important ,schools4--,that of ,seville4--,of ,madrid4--,the ,paintress of ,don ,quixote4--,ladies of ,rank ,members of the ,academy4--,maria ,tibaldi4--,two female ,artists besides two ,poetesses in ,portugal4--,the ,harvest greater in ,italy4--,few attained to ,eminence4--,learned ,ladies4--,female ,doctors and ,professors4--,degrees in ,jurisprudence and ,philosophy conferred on them4--,examples4--,the ,scholar nine ,years old4--,a lady ,professor of ,mathematics4--,women ,lecturers4--,comparison with ,english ,ladies4--,brilliant ,devotees of the ,lyre4--,female ,talent in the important ,schools of ,art4--,women ,artists in ,florence4--,engravers and ,paintresses4--,in ,naples4--,kitchen-pieces4--,in the ,cities of northern ,italy4--,in ,bologna4--,princesses4--,in ,venice4--,rosalba ,carriera4--,her childish ,work4--,her ,genius perceived4--,instruction4--,takes to ,pastel-painting4--,merits of her ,works4--,celebrity4--,invitations to ,paris and ,vienna4--,visit from the ,king of ,denmark4--,invited by the ,emperor and the ,king of ,france4--,portrait for the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany4--,the ,king of ,poland her ,patron4--,unspoiled by ,honors4--,her moral ,worth4--,residence in ,paris4--,her ,pictures4--,the ,lady disguised as a ,maid-servant4--,want of ,beauty4--,anecdote of the ,emperor4--,rosalba's ,journal4--,visit to ,vienna4--,presentiment of ,calamity4--,the ,portrait wreathed with gloomy ,leaves4--,blindness4--,loss of ,reason4--,death and ,burial4--,her ,portrait4--,other ,venetian ,women4 #bba ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century4 ,more vigorous ,growth of the ,branches selected for female ,enterprise4--,progress accelerated toward the ,close of last ,century4--,still more remarkable within the last fifty ,years4--,great ,number of ,women active in ,art4--,better intellectual ,cultivation and growing ,taste4--,increased ,freedom of ,woman4--,present ,prospect fair4--,growing ,sense of the ,importance of ,female ,education4--,women earning an ,independence4--,the ,stream shallows as it widens4--,few ,instances of pre-eminent ,ability4--,fuller ,scope of the ,influence of the ,french ,masters in the nineteenth ,century4--,david1 the ,republican ,painter4--,his female ,pupils4--,anglique ,mongez4--,madame ,davin and others4--,disciples of ,greuze4--,female ,scholars of ,regnault4--,pupils of the ,disciples of ,david4--,pupils of ,fleury and ,cogniet4--,madame ,chaudet4--,kinds of ,painting in ,vogue4--,the ,princess ,marie d',orleans4--,her ,statue of the ,maid of ,orleans4--,her last ,work4--,promise of ,greatness4--,sculpture by ,madame de ,lamartine4--8,paris is ,france40--,painting on ,porcelain4--,madame ,jacotot and others4--,condition of ,art in ,germany4--,carstens4--,women ,artists4--,maria ,ellenrieder4--,louise ,seidler4--,baroness von ,freiberg4--,madame von ,schroeter4--,female ,artists of the ,dsseldorf ,school4--,the greatest ,number in ,berlin4--,rich ,bloom of ,female ,talent in ,vienna and ,dresden4--,changes in ,italy4--,prospect not fair in ,spain and ,scandinavia4--,in ,england1 ,sculpture and ,painting successfully cultivated4--,fanny ,corbeaux4--,superior in ,biblical ,scholarship4--,the ,netherlands in this ,century4--,encouragement for ,women to persevere4--,dr4 ,guhl's ,opinion4--,history the ,teacher of the ,present4 #bcc ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century4 ,felicie de ,fauveau4--,parentage4--,her ,mother a ,legitimist4--,the ,daughter's ,inheritance of ,loyalty4--,removals4--,felicie's ,studies4--,learns to ,model4--,resolves to be a ,sculptor4--,labor becoming to a ,gentlewoman4--,her first ,works4--,early ,triumphs4--,social ,circle in ,paris4--,evening ,employments4--,revival of a peculiar ,taste4--,medival ,fashions4--,the bronze ,lamp4--,equestrian ,sketch4--,effect of the ,revolution of #ahcj4--,the two ,felicies leave ,paris4--,a rural ,conspiracy4--,a domiciliary ,visit4--,escape of the ,ladies4--,discovery and ,capture4--,the ,stratagem at the ,inn4--,escape of ,madame in ,disguise4--,imprisonment of ,mademoiselle4--,works in ,prison4--,return to ,paris4--,politics again4--,felicie banished4--,breaks up her ,studio4--,poverty and ,privation4--,residence in ,florence4--,brighter ,days4--,character of ,felicie4--,personal ,appearance4--,her ,dwelling and ,studio4--,her ,works4--,the casting of a bronze ,statue4--,industry and ,retirement4--8,a good ,woman and a great ,artist40--,,rosa ,,bonheur4--,her ,birth in ,bordeaux4--,her ,father4--,rosa a ,dunce in ,childhood4--,her ,parrot4--,rambles4--,the ,spanish ,poet4--,removal to ,paris4--,revolution and ,misfortune4--,death of ,madame ,bonheur4--,the ,children at ,school4--,rosa detests ,books and loves ,roaming4--,remarriage of ,bonheur4--,rosa a ,seamstress4--,hates the ,occupation4--,prefers turning the ,lathe4--,her ,unhappiness4--,placed at a ,boarding-school4--,her ,pranks and ,caricatures4--,abhorrence of ,study4--,mortification at her ,want of fine ,clothes4--,resolves to achieve a ,name and a ,place in the ,world4--,discontent and ,gloom4--,return home4--,left to herself4--,works in the ,studio4--,her ,vocation apparent4--,studies at the ,louvre4--,her ,ardor and ,application4--,the ,englishman's ,prophecy4--,rosa vowed to ,art4--,devoted to the ,study of ,animals4--,excursions in the ,country in search of ,models4--,visits the ,abattoirs4--,study of various ,types4--,visits the ,museums and ,stables4--,resorts to the horse and cattle ,fairs in male ,attire4--,curious ,adventures4--,anatomical ,studies4--,advantages of her ,excursions4--,her ,father her only ,teacher4--,the ,family of ,artists4--,rosa's pet ,birds and ,sheep4--,her first ,appearance4--,rising ,reputation4--,takes the gold ,medal4--,proclaimed the new ,laureat4--,death of her ,father4--,rosa ,directress of the ,school of ,design4--,her ,sister a ,professor4--8,the ,horse-market40--,rosa's ,paintings4--,bestows her ,fortune on others4--,her ,farm4--,drawings presented to ,charities4--,demand for her ,paintings4--,her ,right to the ,cross of the ,legion of ,honor4--,the ,emperor's ,refusal to grant it to a ,woman4--,description of her ,residence and her ,studio4--,rosa found asleep4--,her personal ,appearance4--,dress4--,her ,character4--,her ,industry4--,mademoiselle ,micas4--,mountain ,rambles4--,rosa's ,visit to ,scotland4--,her ,life in the ,mountains4--,at the ,spanish ,posada4--,threatened ,starvation4--,cooking ,frogs4--,the ,muleteers4--,rosa's ,scotch ,terrier4--,her ,resolution never to marry4 #bdf ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century4 ,the ,practice of ,art in ,america4--,number of women ,artists increasing4--,prospect flattering4--,imperfection of ,sketches of living ,artists4--,rosalba ,torrens4--,miss ,murray4--,mrs4 ,lupton4--,miss ,denning4--,miss ,o',hara4--,mrs4 ,darley4--,mrs4 ,goodrich4--,miss ,foley4--,miss ,mackintosh and others4--,mrs4 ,ball ,hughes4--,mrs4 ,chapin4--,sketch of ,mrs4 ,duncan4--,the ,peale ,family4--,anecdote of ,general ,washington4--,mrs4 ,washington's ,punctuality4--,miss ,peale an ,artist in ,philadelphia4--,paints ,miniatures4--,copies ,pictures from great ,artists4--,she and her ,sister honorary ,members of the ,academy4--,her prosperous ,career4--,paints with her ,sister in ,baltimore and ,washington4--,marriage and ,widowhood4--,return to ,philadelphia4--,second ,marriage4--,happy ,home4--,mrs4 ,yeates4--,miss ,sarah ,m4 ,peale4--,success4--,removal to ,st4 ,louis4--,miss ,rosalba ,peale4--,miss ,ann ,leslie4--,early ,taste in ,painting4--,visits to ,london4--,copies ,pictures4--,miss ,sarah ,cole4--,mrs4 ,wilson4--,intense ,love of ,art4--,her ,sculptures4--,her impromptu ,modeling of ,emerson's ,head4--,mrs4 ,cornelius ,dubois4--,her ,taste for the ,sculptor's ,art4--,groups by her4--,studies in ,italy4--,her ,cameos4--,her ,kindness to ,artists4--,miss ,anne ,hall4--,early ,love of ,painting4--,lessons4--,copies old ,paintings in ,miniature4--,her original ,pictures4--,her ,merits of the highest ,order4--,groups in ,miniature4--,dunlap's ,praise4--,her ,productions numerous4--,mary ,s4 ,legar4--,her ,ancestry4--,mrs4 ,legar4--,early ,fondness for ,art shown by the ,daughter4--,her ,studies4--,little ,beauty in the ,scenery familiar to her4--,colonel ,cogdell's ,sympathy with her4--,success in ,copying4--,visit to the ,blue ,ridge4--,grand ,views4--,paintings of mountain ,scenery4--,removal to ,iowa4--8,legar ,college40--,her ,erudition and ,energy4--,her ,marriage4--,herminie ,dassel4--,reverse of ,fortune4--,painting for a ,living4--,visit to ,vienna and ,italy4--,removal to ,america4--,success and ,marriage4--,her social ,virtues and ,charity4--,miss ,jane ,stuart4--,mrs4 ,hildreth4--,mrs4 ,davis4--,mrs4 ,badger's ,book of ,flowers4--,mrs4 ,hawthorne4--,mrs4 ,hill4--,mrs4 ,greatorex4--,mrs4 ,woodman4--,miss ,gove4--,miss ,may4--,miss ,granbury4--,miss ,oakley4 #bhe ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century4 ,,mrs4 ,,lily ,,spencer4--,early ,display of ,talent4--,removal to ,new ,york4--,to ,ohio4--,out-door ,life4--,chase of a ,deer4--,encounter with the ,hog4--,lifting a ,log4--,sketch on her bedroom ,walls4--,encouragement4--,curiosity to see her ,pictures4--,her ,studies4--,removal to ,cincinnati4--,jealousy of ,artists4--,lord ,morpeth4--,lily's ,marriage4--,return to ,new ,york4--,studies4--,her ,paintings4--,kitchen ,scenes4--,success and ,fame4--,her ,home and ,studio4--,louisa ,lander4--,inheritance of ,talent4--,passion for ,art4--,development of ,taste for ,sculpture4--,abode in ,rome4--,crawford's ,pupil4--,her ,productions4--8,virginia ,dare40--,other ,sculptures4--,late ,works4--,mary ,weston4--,childish ,love of ,beauty and ,art4--,devices to supply the ,want of ,facilities4--,studies4--,departure from ,home4--,is taken back4--,perseverance amid ,difficulties4--,journey to ,new ,york4--,sees an ,artist work4--,finds ,friends4--,visit to ,hartford4--,return to ,new ,york for ,lessons4--,marriage4--,her ,paintings4--,miss ,freeman4--,variously gifted4--,miss ,dupr4--,the ,misses ,withers4--,mrs4 ,cheves4--,mrs4 ,hanna4 #cag ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century4 ,,emma ,,stebbins4--,favorable ,circumstances of her early ,life to the ,study of ,art4--,specimens of her ,skill shown in private ,circles4--,receives ,instruction from ,henry ,inman4--,correctness of her ,portraits4--8,a ,book of ,prayer40--,revives ,taste for ,illuminations4--,her crayon ,portraits4--,copies of ,paintings4--,cultivates many ,branches of ,art4--,becomes a ,sculptor4--,abode in ,rome4--,instruction received from ,gibson and ,akers4--,late ,work from her ,chisel4--8,the ,miner40--,,harriet ,,hosmer4--,dwelling of the ,sculptor ,gibson in ,rome4--,his ,studio and ,work-room4--8,la ,signorina40--,the ,american ,sculptress4--,her ,childhood4--,physical ,training4--,school-life4--,anecdotes4-- ,studies at ,home4--,at ,st4 ,louis4--,her ,independence4--,trip on the ,mississippi4--8,hesper40--,departure for ,rome4--,mr4 ,gibson's ,decision4--,extract from ,miss ,hosmer's ,letter4--,original ,designs4--,reverse of ,fortune4--,alarm4--,resolution4--,indus try1 ,economy1 and ,success4--,late ,works4--,visit of the ,prince of ,wales4 #cdf ,,women ,,artists4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,early ,,ages4 ,women in ,art4--,kind of ,painting most practiced by them4--,feminine ,employments in early ,ages4--,the fair ,egyptians4--,women of ,assyria and ,babylon4--,grecian ,women4--,sculpture and ,painting in ,greece4--,the ,daughter of ,dibutades4--,the ,lover's ,profile4--,the first ,bas-relief4 --,timarata4--,helena4--,anaxandra4--,ka llo4--,cirene4--,calypso4--,other ,pupils of ,grecian ,art4--,the ,roman ,women4--,the ,paintress ,laya4--,lala4--,influence of ,christianity on ,art4--,adornment rejected by the early ,christians4--,art degraded for ,centuries4--,female ,influence among the ,nations that rose on the ,ruins of ,rome4--,wise and clever ,princesses4--,anna ,comnena4--,the first ,poetess of ,germany4--,the first ,editress of a ,cyclopdia4--,the ,art of ,illuminating4--,nuns employed in copying and painting ,manuscripts4--,agnes1 ,abbess of ,quedlinburg4--,princesses at work4--,convent ,sisters copying and embellishing religious ,works4--,the ,nuns' ,printing-press4--,the first ,sculptress1 ,sabina von ,steinbach4--,her ,works in the ,cathedral of ,strasburg4--,elements that pervade the ,sculpture of the ,middle ,ages4--,painting of the ,archbishop crowning ,sabina4 8,men have not grudged to women10 says a modern writer1 8the wreaths of literary fame4 ,no history of literature shows a period when their influence was not apparent1 when honors were not rendered to them20 and the social condition of woman has been generally allowed to measure the degree of intellectual culture in a nation4 ,although in the realm of art her success is more questionable1 she may yet claim the credit of having materially aided its progress4 ,woman is the type of the ornamental part of our life1 and lends to existence the charm which inspires the artist1 and furnishes him with an object for effort4 ,her native unconscious grace and beauty present the models which it is his highest merit to copy faithfully4 ,a ,new ,england divine says1 8,woman1 like man1 wants to make her thought a thing40 8,all that belongs to the purely natural10 observes ,hippel1 8lies within her sphere40 ,the kind of painting1 thus1 in which the object is prominent has been most practiced by female artists4 ,portraits1 landscapes1 flowers1 and pictures of animals are in favor among them4 ,historical or allegorical subjects they have comparatively neglected2 and1 perhaps1 a sufficient reason for this has been that they could not command the years of study necessary for the attainment of eminence in these4 ,more have been engaged in engraving on copper than in any other branch of art1 and many have been miniature painters4 ,such occupations might be pursued in the strict seclusion of home1 to which custom and public sentiment consigned the fair student4 ,nor were they inharmonious with the ties of friendship and love to which her tender nature clung4 ,in most instances women have been led to the cultivation of art through the choice of parents or brothers4 ,while nothing has been more common than to see young men embracing the profession against the wishes of their families and in the face of difficulties1 the example of a woman thus deciding for herself is extremely rare4 ,we know little of the practice of the arts by women in ancient times4 ,the degraded condition of the sex in ,eastern countries rendered woman the mere slave and toy of her master2 but this very circumstance gave her artistic ideas capable of development into independent action4 ,these first showed themselves in the love of dress and the selection of ornaments4 ,from the early ages of the world1 too1 spinning and weaving were feminine employments1 in which undying germs of art were hidden2 for it belongs to human nature never to be satisfied with what merely ministers to necessity4 ,the ancient sepulchres and buried palaces disclosed by modern discovery display the love of adornment prevailing among the nations of antiquity4 ,women rendered assistance in works upon wood and metal1 as well as1 more frequently1 in the productions of the loom4 ,the fair ,egyptians covered their webs with the most delicate patterns2 and the draperies of the dead and the ornamented hangings in their dwellings attested the skill of the women of ,assyria and ,babylon4 ,the shawls and carpets of ,eastern manufacture1 and other articles of luxury that furnished the palaces of ,european monarchs1 were often the work of delicate hands1 though no tradition has preserved the names of those who excelled in such labors4 ,among the ancient ,greeks the position of woman1 though still secluded and slavish1 gave her a nobler life4 ,the presiding deities of the gentle arts were represented to popular apprehension in female form1 and1 doubtless1 the gracious influence the sex has in all ages exercised was then in some measure recognized4 ,poetry had her fair votaries1 and names are still remembered that deserve to live with ,sappho4 ,schools of philosophy were presided over by the gifted and cultivated among women4 ,sculpture and architecture1 the arts carried to greatest perfection1 were then far in advance of painting2 at least1 we know of no relics that can support the pretensions of the ,greeks to superiority in the latter4 8,what is left10 says a writer in the 8,westminster ,review10 8of ,apelles and ,zeuxis8 ,the few relics of ancient painting which have survived the lapse of ages and the hand of the spoiler all date from the time of the ,roman ,empire2 and neither the frescoes discovered beneath the baths of ,titus1 the decorations of ,pompeii and ,herculaneum1 nor even the two or three cabinet pictures found beneath the buried city1 can be admitted as fair specimens of ,grecian painting in its zenith40 ,,the ,,daughter ,,of ,,dibutades4 ,but1 though few ,grecian women handled the pencil or the chisel1 and women were systematically held in a degree of ignorance1 we find here1 on the threshold of the history of art1 a woman's name--that of ,kora1 or1 as she has been called1 ,callirhoe1 the daughter of a potter named ,dibutades1 a native of ,corinth1 said to have resided at ,sicyonia about the middle of the seventh century before ,christ4 ,pliny tells us she assisted her father in modeling clay4 ,the results of his labor were arranged on shelves before his house1 which the purchasers usually left vacant before evening4 ,it was the office of his daughter1 says a fanciful chronicler1 to fill the more elaborate vases with choice flowers1 which the young men came early to look at1 hoping to catch a glimpse of the graceful artist maiden4 ,as she went draped in her veil to the market-place1 she often met a youth1 who afterward became an assistant to her father in his work4 ,he was skilled in much learning unknown to the secluded girl1 and in playing on the reed2 and the daily life of father1 daughter1 and lover presented an illustration of ,grecian life and beauty4 ,the youth was constrained at length to depart1 but ere he went the vows of betrothal were exchanged between him and ,kora4 ,their eve of parting was a sad one4 ,as they sat together by the lamplight the maiden suddenly rose1 and1 taking up a piece of pointed charcoal from the brasier1 and bidding the young man remain still1 she traced on the wall the outline of his fine ,grecian profile1 as a memorial when he should be far away4 ,dibutades saw the sketch she had made1 and recognized the likeness4 ,carefully he filled the outline with clay1 and a complete medallion was formed4 ,it was the first portrait in relief6 ,thus a new art was born into the world1 the development of which brought fortune and fame to the inventor6 ,the story is1 at least1 as probable as that of ,saurias discovering the rules of sketching and contour from the shadow of his horse4 ,it was neither the first nor the last time that ,love became a teacher4 ,might not the fable of ,memnon thus find its realization8 ,it is related that ,dibutades1 who had followed up his medallions with busts1 became so celebrated1 that many ,grecian states claimed the honor of his birth2 and that his daughter's lover1 who came back to espouse her1 modeled whole figures in ,corinth4 ,a school for modeling was instituted about this time in ,sicyonia1 of which ,dibutades was the founder4 ,at a later period we hear of ,timarata1 the daughter of a painter1 and herself possessed of considerable skill1 as ,pliny testifies1 he having seen one of her pictures at ,ephesus1 representing the goddess ,diana4 ,several names of female artists have come down from the time of ,alexander the ,great and his luxurious successors4 ,art began to have a richer and more various development1 and women were more free to follow their inclinations in its pursuit4 ,one belonging to this age was ,helena1 who is said to have painted1 for one of the ,ptolomies1 the scene of a battle in which ,alexander vanquished ,darius2 a picture thought1 with some probability1 to have been the original of a famous mosaic found in ,pompeii4 ,anaxandra1 the daughter and pupil of a ,greek painter1 appears to have labored under the same royal patronage1 as well as another female artist named ,kallo1 one of whose pictures1 presented in the ,temple of ,venus1 was celebrated by the praise of a classic poetess2 the fair painter being declared as beautiful as her own work4 ,among these pupils of ,grecian art we hear also of ,cirene1 the daughter of ,kratinos1 whose painting of ,proserpina was preserved2 of ,aristarite1 the author of a picture of ,esculapius2 of ,calypso1 known as a painter de genre4 ,her portraits of ,theodorus1 the juggler1 and a dancer named ,acisthenes1 were celebrated1 and she is said to have executed one that has been transferred from the ruins of ,pompeii to ,naples1 and is now called 8,a ,mother superintending her ,daughter's ,toilet40 ,the name of ,olympias is remembered1 though we have no mention of her works4 ,beyond these few names1 we know nothing of the female artists of ,greece4 ,,the ,,roman ,,paintress4 ,among the ,romans we find but one female painter1 and she was of ,greek origin and education4 ,the life of the ,roman matrons was not confined to a narrower sphere1 and the influence conceded to them might have been eminently favorable to their cultivation of art4 ,but1 with the nation of soldiers who ruled the world1 the elegant arts were not at home as in their ,hellenic birth-place4 ,they flourished not so grandly in the palmiest days of ,rome1 as in the decay of the ,empire4 ,the heroic women celebrated in the history of the ,republic1 and in ,roman literature1 had no rivals in the domain of sculpture and painting4 ,the one whose name has descended to modern times is ,laya4 ,she exercised her skill in ,rome about a hundred years before ,christ4 ,the little knowledge we have of her paintings is very interesting1 inasmuch as she was the pioneer in a branch afterward cultivated by many of her sex--miniature painting4 ,her portraits of women were much admired1 and she excelled in miniatures on ivory4 ,a large picture in ,naples is said to be one of her productions4 ,she surpassed all others in the rapidity of her execution1 and her works were so highly valued that her name was ranked with the most renowned painters of the time1 such as ,sopolis1 ,dionysius1 etc4 ,pliny1 who bears this testimony1 adds that her life was devoted to her art1 and that she was never married4 ,some others mention a ,greek girl1 ,lala1 as contemporary with ,cleopatra1 who was celebrated for her busts in ivory4 ,the ,romans caused a statue to be erected to her honor4 ,,influence ,,of ,,christianity4 ,painting was destined to higher improvements under the mild sway of the ,christian religion than in the severer school of classical antiquity4 ,woman gradually rose above the condition of slavery1 and began to preside over the elements that formed the poetry of life4 ,but changes involving the lapse of centuries were necessary1 before ,art could be divested of her ,athenian garment1 and put on the pure bridal attire suited to her nuptials with devotion4 ,after the destruction of the ,roman ,empire1 there is a long interval during which we hear of no achievement beyond the ,byzantine relics1 and the mosaics of the convents and cemeteries4 ,even the beauty of early art1 associated as it was with the forms of a pagan mythology1 was detested by the votaries of a pure and holy faith4 ,the early ,christians rejected adornment1 which they regarded as inconsistent with their simple tenets1 and as an abomination in the sight of ,god4 ,thus1 for seven hundred years art was degraded1 and only by degrees did she lift herself from the dust4 ,in the mean while female influence grew apace among the nations that rose upon the ruins of ,rome4 ,amalasuntha1 the daughter of ,theodoric the ,great1 was worthy of her sire in wisdom and knowledge of statesmanship1 while she is said to have surpassed him in general cultivation1 and to have rendered him essential service in his building enterprises4 ,theudelinda1 ,queen of the ,longobards1 adorned her palace at ,monza with paintings celebrating the history of her people2 and1 from the time of ,charlemagne1 each century boasted several women of political and literary celebrity4 ,there was the famous nun ,hroswitha1 who1 in her convent at ,gandersheim1 composed an ode in praise of ,otho1 and a religious drama after the manner of ,terence2 there was the ,greek princess ,anna ,comnena1 the ornament of the ,byzantine court2 there was the first poetess of ,germany1 ,ava2 with ,hildegardis1 ,abbess of ,bingen2 ,heloise1 the beloved of ,abelard2 the ,abbess of ,hohenburg1 who undertook the bold enterprise of a cyclopdia of general knowledge2 and a host of others4#a #a ,later1 ,angela de ,foligno was celebrated as a teacher of theology4 ,christina ,pisani wrote a work1 8,la ,cit des ,dames10 which was published in ,paris in #adih4 ,it gives account of the learned and famous ,novella1 the daughter of a professor of the law in the ,university of ,bologna4 ,she devoted herself to the same studies1 and was distinguished for her scholarship4 ,she conducted her father's cases1 and1 having as much beauty as learning1 was wont to appear in court veiled4 ,,illuminations4 ,noble women became patrons of art1 particularly that branch cultivated with most success in the decline of the rest--miniature painting upon parchment4 ,from being merely ornamental this became a necessity in manuscript books of devotion1 and the brilliant coloring and delicate finish of the illuminations were often owing to the touch of feminine hands4 ,the inmates of convents and monasteries employed much time in painting and ornamenting books1 in copying the best works of ancient art1 and in painting on glass2 the nuns especially making a business of copying and illuminating manuscripts4 ,agnes1 ,abbess of ,quedlinberg1 was celebrated as a miniature painter in the twelfth century1 and some of her works have survived the desolation of ages4 8,the cultivators of this charming art were divided into two classes--miniaturists1 properly so called2 and miniature caligraphists4 ,it was the province of the first to color the histories and arabesques1 and to lay on the gold and silver ornaments4 ,the second wrote the book1 and the initial letters so frequently traced in red1 blue1 and gold3 these were called #8,pulchri ,scriptores1' or fair writers4 ,painting of this description was peculiarly a religious occupation4 ,it was well suited for the peaceful and secluded life of the convent or the monastery4 ,it required none of the intimate acquaintance with the passions of the human heart1 with the busy scenes of life1 so essential to other and higher forms of art40 ,the labors of nuns in ornamental work in the ,middle ,ages were not confined to illuminating and miniature painting2 but it is not our province to enumerate the products of their industry1 nor to chronicle the benefits they conferred on the sick and poor4 ,the fairest princesses did not disdain to work altar-pieces1 and to embroider garments for their friends and lovers4 ,in the commencement of the fourteenth century a female painter1 named ,laodicia1 lived in ,pavia1 and ,vasari mentions the ,dominican nun1 ,plautilla ,nelli4 8,in #adgf1 ,fra ,domenico da ,pistoya and ,fra ,pietro da ,pisa1 the spiritual directors of a ,dominican convent1 established a printing-press within its walls2 the nuns served as compositors1 and many works of considerable value issued from this press between #adgf and #adhd1 when1 ,bartolomeo da ,pistoya dying1 the nuns ceased their labors40 ,,the ,,first ,,sculptress4 ,germany had the honor of producing the first female sculptor of whom any thing is known--,sabina von ,steinbach1 the daughter of ,erwin von ,steinbach1 who in that wonderful work1 the cathedral of ,strasburg1 has reared so glorious a monument to his memory4 ,the task of ornamenting this noble building was in great part intrusted to the young girl1 whose genius had already exhibited itself in modeling4 ,her sculptured groups1 and especially those on the portal of the southern aisle1 are of remarkable beauty1 and have been admired by visitors during the lapse of ages4 ,here are allegorical figures representing the ,christian ,church and ,judaism2 the first of lofty bearing and winning grace1 with crowned heads1 bearing the cross in their right hands1 and in their left the consecrated host4 ,the other figures stand with eyes downcast and drooping head2 in the right hand a broken arrow1 in the left the shattered tablets of the ,mosaic ,law4 ,besides many other groups are four bas-reliefs representing the glorification of the ,virgin2 her death and burial on one side1 and on the other her entrance into heaven and triumphant coronation4 ,it may well be said that in these works are embodied the ideal and supernatural elements that pervade the sculpture of the ,middle ,ages2 and it seemed most appropriate that the taste and skill of woman should develop in such elements the purity and depth of feeling which impart a charm to these sculptures acknowledged by every beholder4 ,on one of the scrolls1 held by the ,apostle ,john1 the following lines are inscribed in ,latin3 8,the grace of ,god be with thee1 ,o ,sabina1 ,whose hands from this hard stone have formed my image40 ,an old painting at ,strasburg represents this youthful sculptress kneeling at the feet of the archbishop1 to receive his blessing and a wreath of laurel1 which he is placing on her brow4 ,this painting attests the popular belief in a tradition that ,sabina1 after seeing her statues deposited in their niches1 was met by a procession of priests who came1 with the prelate at their head1 for the purpose of conferring this honor upon her4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,fifteenth ,,century4 ,commencement of the ,history of modern ,art4--,causes of the ,barrenness of this ,century in female ,artists4--,the ,decline of ,chivalry unfavorable to their mental ,development4--,passing away of the ,ideal and ,supernatural ,element in ,art4--,new ,feeling for ,nature4--,new ,life and ,action in ,painting4--,portrayal of ,feelings of the ,heart4--,release of ,painting from her ,trammels4--,severer ,studies necessary for ,artists4--,woman excluded from the ,pursuit4--,patronage sought4--,one female ,artist representing each prominent ,school4--,margaretta von ,eyck4--,her ,miniatures4--,extensive ,fame4--,her ,decoration of ,manuscripts4--,work in ,aid of her ,brothers4--8,the gifted ,minerva40--,single ,blessedness4--,another ,margaretta4--,copies and illuminates ,,mss4 in the ,carthusian ,convent4--,eight folio ,volumes filled4--,caterina ,vigri4--,her ,miniature ,paintings4--,founds a ,convent4--8,the ,saint of ,bologna40--,miraculous ,painting4--,the warrior ,maiden ,onorata4--,decorates the ,palace at ,cremona4--,insult offered her4--,she kills the ,insulter4--,flight in male ,attire4--,soldier ,life4--,delivers ,castelleone4--,the mortal ,wound4 ,the fifteenth century1 with which the history of modern art may be properly commenced1 is barren in female artists4 ,this is1 doubtless1 owing in part to a change in the social condition of woman1 consequent on the decline of chivalry1 that 8poetical lie10 as ,rahel terms it4 ,during the two centuries preceding this period1 the fair sex had been regarded with a kind of adoration4 ,beauty was the minstrel's theme and the soldier's inspiration1 and the courts of love1 by giving power to the intellectual among women1 stimulated them to the cultivation of their minds as well as the adornment of their persons4 ,the descent from their poetic elevation was unfavorable to mental development2 and it was not till the opening of the sixteenth century that there appeared symptoms of recovery from the reaction4 ,moreover1 art in the fifteenth century had assumed a character unsuited to the peculiar gifts of woman4 ,it had parted with the ideal and supernatural element which formed at once the charm and the weakness of the ,middle ,ages1 and which1 as in the case of ,sabina von ,steinbach1 had fostered and developed female talent4 ,a new feeling for nature was born2 a new world of life and action was waiting to be added to the domain of art2 while severe study and restless energy were in requisition for more extended conquests4 ,more correct exhibitions of human individuality1 action1 and passion began to take the place of forms that had before been merely conventional or architectural2 and the portrayal of feeling1 in which the human heart could sympathize1 superseded the calm religious creations of an earlier age4 ,painting finally threw off the rigid trammels she had worn4 ,the difficulties in the way of elaborating these new conceptions1 and the studies of anatomy necessary for the attainment of excellence in delineating the form1 excluded women in a great measure from the pursuit4 ,gervinus remarks that women are fond of realizing new ideas2 but they are those1 for the most part1 which are readily brought into use in common life1 and which require no persevering study to reduce them to practice4 ,even the triumphs of literary talent in that toilsome age owed much to the patronage of the great4 ,we find many ladies of high rank seeking the muses' favor by the royal road to eminence4 ,notwithstanding the paucity of women artists1 we discover at least one representing each prominent school of painting--,flemish1 ,italian1 and ,german4 ,,margaretta ,,von ,,eyck4 ,first among these1 ,margaretta von ,eyck deserves mention4 ,she was the sister of ,hubert and ,john von ,eyck1 who were distinguished not only for enlarged apprehensions of art1 but for the discovery and introduction of oil-painting4 ,while these men were1 by their works1 preparing the way for an important revolution in the method of painting1 ,margaretta occupied herself chiefly in painting miniatures4 ,she worked under the patronage of the magnificent and liberal court of ,burgundy1 and her fame extended even to the countries of the romantic south4 ,it is an interesting sight1 this modest woman-work beside the more important enterprises of the gifted brothers1 making itself appreciated so as to furnish an example for all time4 ,sometimes the sister worked with the brother in the decoration of costly manuscripts4 ,one of the finest monuments of their united skill was the breviary--now in the imperial library at ,paris--of that ,duke of ,bedford who1 in #adbc1 married the sister of ,philip the ,good4 ,margaretta's miniatures were preserved also in manuscript romances of the period4 ,one of the earliest historians of ,flemish art1 ,carl von ,mander1 calls her a 8gifted ,minerva10 and informs us that she spurned the acquaintance of 8,hymen and ,lucina10 and lived out her days in single blessedness4 ,,another ,,margaretta4 ,as in ,margaretta von ,eyck the grand efforts of ,flemish art found expression modified by a feminine nature1 so had those of the school in ,nuremberg through the labors of another ,margaretta--a nun from #adei to #adgj in the ,carthusian ,convent1 where she copied and illuminated religious works4 ,eight folio volumes were filled by her indefatigable hands with ,gothic letters and pictures in miniature1 presenting a curious specimen of the blending of the art of the scribe with that of the painter1 so common in the ,middle ,ages4 ,,caterina ,,vigri4 ,a third female artist of this period belonged to ,italy4 ,caterina ,vigri1 a pupil of the ,bolognese school1 combined with a high degree of talent a quiet gentleness and dignified manner that gained her general esteem4 ,she was born of a noble family in ,ferrara in #adac1 and exercised her skill chiefly in miniature painting1 though several large works are recognized as hers4 ,one of ,st4 ,ursula1 infolding in her robe her kneeling companions1 is exhibited among other fair martyrs in the ,pinacothek of ,bologna1 and1 with the pure1 calm expression1 peculiar to the productions of a preceding age1 combines a delicacy1 grace1 correctness of drawing1 and freedom with firmness of touch1 not often found at that time4 ,one of her pictures is preserved in the ,sala ,palladiana of the ,venetian ,academy4 ,educated in the most exalted mysticism1 she was the founder of the convent of 8,corpo di ,cristo10 which is yet in existence1 and shelters the grave of ,caterina as well as many of her works4 ,she poured into these all her religious enthusiasm4 ,her master was ,maestro ,vitale4 ,she died in the odor of sanctity1 and was spoken of as 8the ,saint of ,bologna40 ,in #agab the ,catholic ,church inscribed her name in the second category of saints1 with the title of 8,beata10 in virtue of which she is honored to this day as the patron saint of the fine arts4 ,tradition relates a story of one of her paintings on wood--an infant ,jesus--having the power to heal diseases in those who touched the lips of the picture4 ,,the ,,warrior ,,maiden4 ,beside this saintly personage stands one who joined the prowess of the soldier to the genius of the painter4 ,onorata ,rodiana was born at ,castelleone in ,cremona1 in the early part of the fifteenth century1 and1 while yet young1 obtained so high a reputation as a painter1 that the ,marquis ,gabrino ,fondolo1 the tyrant of ,cremona1 appointed her to the task of decorating his palace4 ,the maiden1 in the prime of her youth and beauty1 was engaged in this work when an accidental occurrence changed the whole course of her life4 ,a courtier of libertine character1 who chanced to see her occupied in painting the walls of a room in the palace1 entered1 and dared to offer an insulting freedom4 ,the young artist repulsed him2 but1 unable to escape his violence without a desperate struggle1 the spirited girl at length drew a dagger and stabbed him to the heart4 ,she then rushed from the palace1 disguised herself in man's clothes1 and quitted the city1 declaring that she would rather die in obscure exile than accept a luxurious home as the price of dishonor4 ,the ,marquis ,gabrino was at first furious at her escape1 and commanded a hot pursuit by his soldiers2 but soon afterward relenting1 he proclaimed her full pardon1 and summoned her to return and complete her labors1 which no one else could finish4 ,onorata1 however1 had1 in the mean while1 learned the warrior's business in ,oldrado ,lampugnano's band of ,condottieri1 and her spirit and courage soon elevated her to a post of command4 ,she loved the soldier's life1 and continued in it1 painting the while1 for thirty years4 ,when her native town1 ,castelleone1 was besieged by the ,venetians1 she hastened with her company to its relief4 ,victory crowned her in the contest1 but she fell mortally wounded4 ,she died in #adgb1 perhaps the only example the world's history affords of a woman who wielded at the same time the pencil and the sword4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,century4 ,this ,century rich in great ,painters4--,not poor in female ,artists4--,memorable ,period both in ,poetry and ,painting4--,fruits of the ,labor of preceding ,century now discernible4--,female ,disciples in all the ,schools of ,italian ,art4--,superiority of the ,bolognese ,school4--,properzia ,rossi4--,her ,beauty and finished ,education4--,carving on ,peach-stones4--,her ,sculptures4--,the famous ,bas-relief of ,potiphar's ,wife4--,properzia's unhappy ,love4--,slander and ,persecution4--,her ,works and ,fame4--,visit of the ,pope4--,properzia's ,death4--,traditional ,story4--,isabella ,mazzoni a ,sculptor4--,a female ,fresco ,painter4--,sister ,plautilla4--,her ,works for her ,convent ,church4--,other ,works4--,women ,painters of the ,roman ,school4--,teodora ,danti4--,female ,engravers4--,diana ,ghisi4--,irene di ,spilimberg4--,her ,education in ,venice4--,titian's ,portrait of her4--,tasso's ,sonnet in her ,praise4--,poetical ,tributes on her ,death4--,her ,works and ,merits4--,vincenza ,armani4--,marietta ,tintoretto4--,her ,beauty and musical ,accomplishments4--,excursions in ,boy's ,attire with her ,father4--,her ,portraits4--,they become 8the ,rage40--,invitation from the ,emperor4--,from ,philip of ,spain4--,the ,father's ,refusal4--,her ,marriage and ,death4--,portrait of her4--,women ,artists of ,northern ,italy4--,barbara ,longhi and others4--,the ,nuns of ,genoa4 ,the sixteenth century1 rich beyond precedent in great men1 was not poor in female artists whose works are worthy of notice4 ,both in poetry and painting the period was memorable and glorious4 ,the labors of the preceding age had promoted civilization and education in moral and mental acquirements1 the fruits of which were discernible even in ,germany1 while in ,italy the harvest was most abundant4 ,the period produced ,victoria ,colonna1 ,veronica ,gambara1 ,gaspara ,stampa1 and other women of literary eminence2 while the works in art of ,michael ,angelo1 ,raphael1 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 ,titian1 etc41 became monuments for the admiration of succeeding generations4 ,dr4 ,guhl aptly remarks1 8,the fifteenth century was the time of work2 the sixteenth the season of harvest40 ,none of the numerous schools of ,italian art were without female disciples4 ,the ,bolognese rose above all others1 and at this period gave laws to art4 ,here we find ,,properzia1 ,,the ,,sculptress4 ,the first woman who gained reputation as a sculptor in ,italy was ,properzia di ,rossi4 ,she was born in ,bologna in #adij1 and possessed not only remarkable beauty of person1 with all the graces a finished education could graft upon a refined nature1 but various feminine accomplishments1 excelling particularly1 ,vasari tells us1 in her orderly disposal of household matters4 ,she sang and played on several instruments 8better than any woman of her day in ,bologna10 while in many scientific studies she gained a distinction 8well calculated10 says the ,italian historian1 8to awaken the envy not of women only1 but also of men40 ,this maiden of rich gifts was endowed with a peculiar facility in realizing the creations of fancy1 and took at first a strange way of doing so4 ,she undertook the minute carving of peach-stones1 and succeeded so well as to render credible what had been recorded of two sculptors of antiquity4 ,mirmecide is said to have carved a chariot drawn by four horses1 with the charioteer1 so small that a fly with his wings spread covered the whole4 ,callicrate sculptured ants with the minutest exactness4 ,properzia carved on a peach-stone the crucifixion of our ,saviour2 a work comprising a number of figures--executioners1 disciples1 women1 and soldiers--wonderful for the delicate execution of the minutest figures1 and the admirable distribution of all4 ,a series of her intaglios is in the possession of ,count ,grassi of ,bologna4 ,in a double-headed eagle1 in silver filagree 7the ,grassi coat of arms71 are imbedded eleven peach-stones1 and on each is carved1 on one side1 one of the eleven apostles1 each with an article of the creed underneath2 on the other1 eleven holy virgins with the name of the saint on each1 and a motto explanatory of her special virtue4 ,in the cabinet of gems in the gallery of ,florence is preserved a cherry-stone on which is carved a chorus of saints in which seventy heads may be counted4 ,it was not long before ,properzia began to think1 with those who witnessed her success1 that it was a pity to throw away so much labor on a nut6 ,at that time the faade of ,san ,petronio1 in ,bologna1 was being ornamented with sculpture and bas-relief4 ,the young girl had studied drawing under ,antonio ,raimondi1 and when the three doors of the principal faade were to be decorated with marble figures she made application to the superintendents for a share in the works4 ,she was required to furnish a specimen of her talent4 ,the young sculptress executed a bust from life1 in the finest marble1 of ,count ,alessandro de' ,pepoli2 this pleased the family and the whole city1 and procured immediate orders from the superintendents4 ,the one of her productions which has become most celebrated is a bas-relief1 in white marble1 of ,potiphar's wife seeking to detain ,joseph by holding his garment4 ,the perfection of the drawing1 the grace of the action1 and the emotion that breathes from the whole face and form1 obtained high praise for this performance4 ,vasari calls it 8a lovely picture1 sculptured with womanly grace1 and more than admirable40 ,but envy took occasion to make this monument of ,properzia's genius a reproach to her memory4 ,it was reported that she was profoundly in love with a young nobleman1 ,anton ,galeazzo ,malvasia1 who cared little for her2 and that she depicted her own unhappy passion in the beautiful creation of her chisel4 ,it was probably true that her life was imbittered by this unreturned love4 ,one of her countrymen says the proud patrician disdained to own as his wife one who bore a less ancient name2 and that he failed in his attempt to persuade her to become his on less honorable terms4 ,professional jealousy aided in the attempt to depress the pining artist4 ,amico ,albertini1 with several men artists1 commenced a crusade against her1 and slandered her to the superintendents with such effect that the wardens refused to pay the proper price for her labors on the faade4 ,even her alto-relief was not allowed to have its appointed place4 ,properzia had no heart to contend against this unmanly persecution2 she never attempted any other work for the building1 and the grief to which she was abandoned gradually sapped the springs of life4 ,there are two angels in bas-relief1 exquisitely sculptured by her1 in the church of ,san ,petronio2 and another work by her hand1 representing the ,queen of ,sheba in the presence of ,solomon1 is preserved in what is called 8the revered chamber40 ,other works of hers have been pronounced to be in the highest taste4 ,she is said to have furnished some admirable plans in architecture4 ,in copper-plate engraving she succeeded to admiration1 and many of her pen-and-ink etchings from ,raphael's works obtained the highest praise4 8,with this poor loving girl10 ,vasari says1 8every thing succeeded save her unhappy passion40 ,the fame of her noble genius spread throughout ,italy2 and ,pope ,clement ,,vii41 having come to ,bologna to officiate at the coronation of the ,emperor ,charles ,v41 inquired for the fair sculptress of whom he had heard such marvelous things4 ,alas6 she had died that very week--on the #adth of ,february1 #aecj--;and her remains had been buried1 according to her last request1 in the ,hospital della ,morte4 ,she was lamented by her fellow-citizens1 who held her to have been one of the greatest miracles of nature4 ,but what availed posthumous praises to the victim of injustice and calumny8 ,a story has been told of an interview between ,properzia and the ,pope2 that1 declining his offer to settle her in ,rome1 she knelt to take leave1 when her veil falling disclosed a face of unearthly beauty1 sad enough to move the pontiff's sympathy4 ,but it is more probable that she died before his coming4 ,,sister ,,plautilla ,,and ,,others4 ,isabella ,mazzoni was also known at this period as a sculptor4 ,we hear1 too1 of ,maria ,calavrese1 who painted in fresco2 and ,plautilla ,nelli--,suor ,plautilla1 as she is usually called--deserves more than a passing mention4 ,lanzi tells us she was of a noble ,florentine family1 and born in #aebc4 ,she had no assistance in developing her remarkable talent but her study of the designs of ,fra ,bartolomeo1 one of the best masters of the ,florentine school4 ,she became a nun of the ,dominican convent of ,st4 ,catherine of ,sienna in ,florence1 and having acquired considerable reputation by her skill in painting1 finished for the church a ,descent from the ,cross1 said to be from a design by ,andrea del ,sarto2 and a picture of her own composition1 the ,adoration of the ,magi--a work that won great praise4 ,in the first may be noticed the same purity of contour1 the same harmony of light and shade1 grace of drapery1 and confident repose that characterize the works of ,andrea4 ,in the choir of the ,convent of ,santa ,lucia1 at ,pistoja1 was her large picture of the ,madonna holding the child1 surrounded by saints2 and in the convent at ,florence a large painting of the ,last ,supper4 ,we do not attempt to enumerate the works credited to her1 including her copies of the best masters1 particularly ,fra ,bartolomeo1 whom it was not easy to imitate1 since he was superior to ,raphael in color1 and rivaled ,vinci in chiaro-oscuro4 ,some pictures in ,berlin1 attributed to her1 are marked by his purity and careful execution1 with his depth and earnestness4 ,she was also a miniature painter4 ,she was prioress of the convent1 and lived to the age of sixty-five4 ,one of her successful pupils was ,agatha ,traballesi4 ,there were no noted women painters of the ,roman school1 but we may mention ,teodora ,danti1 who painted several pictures of interiors after the style of ,perugino4 ,the heads of her figures were remarkable for grace1 and she had much ease of action and freshness of coloring1 but there was a certain dryness in the forms and poverty in the drapery4 ,the wife of the famous engraver1 ,mare ,antonio ,raimondi1 also engraved on copper2 and ,diana ,ghisi copied in her engravings works both of ,raphael and ,giulio ,romano4 ,vasari says of her3 8,she engraves so admirably1 the thing is a perfect miracle4 ,for my own part1 who have seen herself--and a very pleasing and graceful maiden she is--as well as her works1 which are most exquisite1 ,i have been utterly astonished thereby40 ,,irene ,,di ,,spilimberg4 ,a bright example1 and the pride of the ,venetian school in her day1 was ,irene di ,spilimberg1 born at ,udina in #aedj1 of a noble and illustrious family1 originally of ,german origin4 ,she exercised her art at its most flourishing period4 ,she was educated in ,venice1 surrounded by all the luxury of external and intellectual life1 and she had ,titian for her master4 ,her fame1 however1 rests rather on the testimony of her contemporaries than on her own works4 ,titian1 ever alive to female loveliness and artistic merit1 has immortalized her by a beautiful portrait2 and ,tasso has celebrated her charms in one of his sonnets4 ,she died in the opening of her blossom of fame1 in the flush of youth and beauty1 having scarcely attained the age of nineteen4 ,her death was deplored in poems and orations1 a collection of which was published in ,venice twenty years after the event1 to set forth the splendid promise which the destroyer had thus untimely nipped4 ,among her works still extant are the ,bacchanals in ,monte ,albedo1 and small pictures from religious subjects said to be in the possession of the ,maniago family4 ,lanzi remarks3 8,the drawing is careless1 but the coloring is worthy of the best age of art4 ,we see the reflected rays of her great master's glory1 the soft yet rapid gradations of tint1 the clear touches1 the repeated applications of color1 which give a veiled transparency to the tints2 the judicious grouping1 the combined majesty and grace in the figures1 which constitute some of the merits of ,titian40 ,irene is said to have been a woman of the highest mental culture4 ,rudolphi includes her among the few women artists he mentions4 ,the sixteenth century was not only remarkable for the production of talent1 but for its recognition4 ,another artist belonging to the ,venetian school was ,vincenza ,armani1 who was accomplished in engraving and modeling in wax1 and was also celebrated as a poet and musician4 ,,marietta ,,tintoretto4 ,marietta ,robusti1 the daughter and pupil of the great painter ,tintoretto--him who was called 8the thunder of art10 and excelled in the powerful and terrible--was born in #aefj4 ,she had a lively disposition and great enthusiasm2 she was very beautiful in person1 had a fine voice1 and was an accomplished performer on the lute and other instruments4 ,it is no wonder that she was the object of her father's pride and affections4 ,she accompanied him every where1 dressed as a boy2 and he developed her genius for art less by precept than by the living example of his own labor4 ,his pictures nourished and fertilized her imagination1 and1 step by step1 she followed him faithfully4 ,whether he labored at his models or studied the antique statues1 or casts from ,michael ,angelo1 the coloring of ,titian or the nude figure1 she was by his side4 ,she noted his first sketch in the feverish moment of creation1 and watched the progress of its execution4 ,his marvelous freedom in handling the brush1 his strength and precision in drawing and richness of coloring became hers4 ,she learned his secret of giving proportion and unity to many figures1 and the difficult art of foreshortening2 then1 after copying his pictures1 she could say1 8,i1 too1 am an artist40 ,she chose the kind of painting suited to her sex4 ,historical pieces demanded too much study and application1 and it was wearying to design nude figures in imitation of the antique4 ,portrait painting was easier1 and promised more immediate results4 ,her first portrait was that of ,marco dei ,vescovi4 ,it was greatly admired1 particularly the beard1 and some ventured to say she had equaled her father4 ,ere long she became famous1 and it was all the rage among the ,venetian aristocracy to be painted by ,marietta4 ,her father was in raptures at her astonishing progress and success4 ,jacopo ,strada1 antiquarian to the ,emperor ,maximilian1 had his portrait taken by her1 and gave it as a curiosity to his imperial master4 ,this1 and one she painted of herself1 gained her a great reputation4 ,the emperor placed them in his chamber1 and invited her to be the artist of his court4 ,the same proposition was made to her by ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain and the ,archduke ,ferdinand4 ,she was a dutiful daughter and obeyed the wishes of ,tintoretto1 who refused to part with her1 even that she might grace a court4 ,to secure her against the acceptance of such alluring offers1 he bestowed her hand on ,mario ,augusti1 a wealthy ,german jeweler1 on the condition that she should remain under the paternal roof4 ,she completed several original designs and painted many portraits4 ,her exquisite taste1 her soft and gentle touch1 and her skill in coloring were remarkable1 both in works of her own invention and those due to her father's genius4 ,tintoretto was not destined long to rejoice in the progress of his lovely daughter4 ,in the flower of her age1 in #aeij1 she departed this life1 leaving her husband and father mourners for the rest of their days4 ,she was buried in the church of ,santa ,maria dell' ,orto4 ,another artist made a picture of ,tintoretto transferring to the canvas the features of his child1 still beautiful in death4 ,several of her works are in ,venice4 ,one1 at the ,palais ,royale1 represents a man in black1 sitting1 his hand on an open book lying on a table1 where is also an escritoir with papers1 a watch1 and crucifix4 ,decampes has published an engraving of ,marietta's portrait4 ,the expression is very soft and meek2 a braid of hair encircles the top of her head1 and a rouleau is put back from the forehead4 ,a handkerchief is crossed on the bosom1 and around her neck is a string of large beads4 ,some fair artists of the schools of northern ,italy deserve mention4 ,vasari speaks of ,barbara1 daughter of the painter ,lucas ,longhi1 of ,ravenna1 as possessing great talent4 ,in ,genoa1 ,tommasa ,fiesca was known as a painter and engraver1 as well as a writer of mystical tracts4 ,she and her sister ,helen were ,dominican nuns1 and died in #aecd4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,century4 ,the six wonderful ,sisters4--,sofonisba ,anguisciola4--,her early ,sketches4--,painting of three ,sisters4--,her ,success in ,milan4--,invitation to the ,court of ,madrid4--,pomp of her ,journey and ,reception4--,the ,diamond4--,paints the ,royal ,family and the ,flower of the ,nobility4--,her ,present to ,pope ,pius4--,his ,letter4--,her ,style4--,lucia's ,picture4--,sofonisba ,governess to the ,infanta4 ,marriage to the ,lord of ,sicily4--,his ,death at ,palermo4--,the ,widow's ,voyage4--,the gallant ,captain4--,second ,love and ,marriage4--,her ,residence at ,genoa4--,royal ,visitors4--,loss of ,sight4--,vandyck her ,guest4--,her ,influence on ,art in ,genoa4--,her ,portrait and ,works4--,sofonisba ,gentilesca4--,her ,miniatures of the ,spanish ,royal ,family4--,caterina ,cantoni4--,ludovica ,pellegrini4--,angela ,criscuolo4--,cecilia ,brusasorci4--,caterina dei ,pazzi4--,her ,style shows the ,infusion of a new ,element of religious ,enthusiasm into ,art4--,tradition of her painting with eyes closed4--,her ,canonization4--,women in ,france at this period4--,isabella ,quatrepomme4--,women in ,spain4--,a female ,doctor of ,theology4--,change wrought by ,protestantism in the ,condition of ,woman4--,its ,influence on ,art4--,an ,english ,paintress4--,lavinia ,benic4--,catherine ,schwartz in ,germany4--,eva von ,iberg in ,switzerland4--,women ,painters in the ,netherlands4--,female ,talent in ,antwerp4--,albert ,durer's ,mention of ,susannah ,gerard4--,catherine ,hmsen4--,anna ,seghers4--,clara de ,keyzer4--,liewina ,bennings' and ,susannah ,hurembout's ,visits to ,england4--,the ,engraver ,barbara4--,the ,dutch ,engraver4--,constantia1 the ,flower ,painter4 ,we come now to the six wonderful sisters ,anguisciola3 ,helena1 ,sofonisba1 ,minerva1 ,europa1 ,lucia1 and ,anna ,maria1 all gifted in music and painting4 ,vasari describes his visit 8to the house of ,amilcare ,anguisciola1 the happy father of an honorable and distinguished family2 the very home of painting1 as well as of all other accomplishments40 ,in ,ariosto's ,orlando ,furioso1 we read3 8,le ,donne son venute in eccellenza ,di ciascun' arte1 ov' hanno posto cura40 ,the best known of these amiable and distinguished sisters was the second2 though ,lucia1 who died young1 acquired celebrity1 and produced beautiful and valuable works4 ,,sofonisba ,,anguisciola was born in ,cremona1 some time between #aecj and #aedj1 being descended from a family of high rank4 ,at ten years of age she knew how to draw1 and she soon became the best pupil of ,bernadino ,campi1 an excellent ,cremonese painter4 ,one of her early sketches1 representing a boy with his hand caught in a lobster's claw1 and a little girl laughing at his plight1 was in the possession of ,vasari1 and esteemed by him worthy of a place in a volume which he had filled with drawings by the most famous masters of that great age4 ,portraits became her favorite study4 ,vasari commends a picture he saw at her father's1 representing three of the sisters and an ancient housekeeper1 chess-playing1 as a work 8painted with so much skill and care that the figures wanted only voice to be alive40 ,he also praises a portrait of herself1 which she presented to ,pope ,julius ,,iii4 ,sofonisba instructed her four younger sisters in painting4 ,while yet in her girlhood she attracted the notice of princes4 ,she accompanied her father to ,milan1 at that time subject to ,spanish rule4 ,there she was received at court with welcome1 and painted the portrait of the ,duke of ,sessa1 the viceroy1 who rewarded her with four pieces of brocade1 and other rich gifts4 ,by #aeei her name had become famous throughout ,italy4 ,the haughty monarch of ,spain1 ,philip ,,ii41 who aspired to the title of patron of the fine arts1 heard the echo of her renown1 and sent instructions to the ,duke of ,alba1 then at ,rome1 to invite her to the ,court of ,madrid4 ,the invitation was accepted4 ,sofonisba was conducted to the ,spanish court with regal pomp1 having a train of two patrician ladies as maids of honor1 two chamberlains1 and six livery servants4 ,philip and his queen came out to meet her1 and she was sumptuously entertained in the palace4 ,after a time given to repose1 she painted the king's portrait1 which so pleased him that he rewarded her with a diamond worth fifteen hundred crowns1 and a pension of two hundred4 ,her next sitters were the young queen1 ,elizabeth of ,valois--known as ,isabel of the ,peace--then in the bloom of her bridal loveliness2 and the unhappy boy ,don ,carlos1 who was taken dressed in a lynx-skin and other costly raiment4 ,one after another she painted the flower of the ,spanish nobility4 ,meanwhile she received high honors and profitable appointments from her royal patrons4 ,her extended fame induced ,pope ,pius ,,iv4 to ask her for a portrait of the queen4 ,she executed the commission with alacrity2 and1 having bestowed her best care on a second portrait of her majesty1 she dispatched it to ,rome1 with a letter1 to be presented to ,his ,holiness4 8,if it were possible10 she says1 8to represent to your ,holiness the beauty of this queen's soul1 you could behold nothing more wonderful40 ,the ,pope responded with precious stones and relics set in gems2 gifts worthy of the great abilities of the artist4 ,his letter may interest the reader3 8,we have received the portrait of the most illustrious ,queen of ,spain1 our dear daughter1 which you have sent us1 and which has been most acceptable1 as well on account of the person represented1 whom we love paternally for her piety and the many pure qualities of her mind1 to say nothing of other considerations1 as because the work has by your hand been very well and diligently accomplished4 8,we thank you for it1 assuring you that we shall hold it among our most valued possessions1 commended through your skill1 which1 albeit very wonderful1 is nevertheless1 as we hear1 the very least among the many gifts with which you are endowed4 8,and with this conclusion1 we send you again our benediction4 ,may our ,lord have you in ,his keeping6 8,dat4 ,rom3 die #ae ,ottobris1 #aefa40 ,sofonisba's paintings were noted for boldness and freedom2 and in some pieces her figures almost seemed to breathe4 ,some are comic2 and this branch of art1 in painting as in literature1 demands boldness of conception1 spontaneity of movement1 and delicacy of touch4 ,one of these works represents a wrinkled old woman learning the alphabet1 and a little child making fun of her behind her back4 ,during her residence in ,spain ,sofonisba received from ,cremona the portrait of her mother1 ,bianca1 painted by her sister ,europa4 ,it was highly praised by ,castilian critics1 and the sister prized it as a faithful likeness of a beloved one whom she might never again behold4 ,about this time ,lucia may have sent her admirable portrait of ,pietro ,maria1 a ,cremonese physician--a grave and elderly personage in a furred robe--which now adorns the queen's gallery in ,madrid1 the sole specimen of the powers of the gifted sisters4 ,sofonisba had for some time been lady-in-waiting to the ,queen of ,spain3 she was now appointed by ,philip1 with other ladies1 to undertake the education of the ,infanta ,isabella ,clara ,eugenia4 ,this proves her to have been in ,spain after #aeff1 the year in which that princess was born4 ,her royal patrons wished her to marry a ,spanish nobleman and take up her permanent abode near their court2 but her hand was already pledged to the feudal lord of ,sicily1 ,don ,fabrizio de ,monada1 and he bore her away to his island home4 ,the king and queen gave her a dowry of twelve thousand crowns and a pension of one thousand2 which she had power to bequeath to her son2 besides rich presents in tapestry and jewels1 and a dress loaded with pearls4 ,the newly-wedded pair went to ,palermo1 where after a few years the husband died4 ,sofonisba was immediately invited back to the court of ,madrid1 but expressed a desire to see ,cremona and her kindred before her return to ,spain4 ,she embarked on board a ,genoese galley1 commanded by a patrician called ,orazio ,lomellini4 ,he entertained the fair widow with gallant courtesy during the voyage1 and she appears to have been not inconsolable for the loss of her husband4 ,she loved the ,genoese1 it is said1 out of sheer gratitude2 although her biographer1 ,soprani1 does not hesitate to say that she made him an offer of her hand1 which he--8quel generoso signor0--very promptly accepted4 ,the ,lomellini family still preserve her portrait1 painted by herself after the manner of ,raphael4 ,we now find her living at ,genoa1 where she pursued her art with indefatigable zeal4 ,her house became the resort of all the polished and intellectual society of the republic4 ,nor was she forgotten by her royal friends of the house of ,austria4 ,on hearing of her second nuptials1 their ,catholic majesties added four hundred crowns to her pension4 ,the ,empress of ,germany paid her a visit on her way to ,spain1 and accepted a little picture1 one of the most finished and beautiful of ,sofonisba's works4 ,she also received the honor of a visit from her former charge1 the ,infanta1 now married or about to be married to the ,archduke ,albert1 and joint sovereign with him over ,flanders4 ,this princess spent several hours talking with her friend of old times and family affairs2 and sat for her portrait1 for which1 when it was finished1 she gave ,sofonisba a gold chain enriched with jewels4 ,this pretty memorial of friendship was greatly prized by the artist4 ,thus caressed by royalty1 and courted in ,genoese society1 she lived to an extreme old age4 ,a medallion was struck at ,bologna in honor of her2 the most distinguished artists listened reverentially to her opinions1 and poets sang the praises of 8,la bella e saggia dipintrice1 ,la nobil ,sofonisba da ,cremona40 ,in the latter years of her life ,sofonisba was deprived of her sight2 but retained her intellectual faculties1 her love of art1 and her relish for the society of its professors4 ,the conferences she held in her own palace were attended to the last by distinguished painters from every quarter4 ,vandyck was frequently her guest1 and was accustomed to say he had received more enlightenment from this blind old woman than from all his studies of the greatest masters4 ,this was no mean praise from the favorite scholar of ,rubens2 and who shall say it was not deserved8 ,by precept and by example she helped to raise art in ,genoa from the decay into which it had fallen in the middle of the sixteenth century4 ,her pictures have something of the grace and cheerfulness of ,raphael1 in whose style her first master painted1 and something of the relief of the followers of ,correggio4 8,more than any other woman of her time10 writes ,vasari1 8with more study and greater grace1 she has labored on every thing connected with drawing2 not only has she drawn1 colored1 and painted from life1 and made excellent copies1 but she has also drawn many beautiful original pictures40 ,one of ,sofonisba's works1 seen at ,cremona in #ahbd1 was a beautiful picture of the ,virgin giving suck to the ,divine infant4 ,in portraits her skill is said to have been little inferior to ,titian4 ,her charming portrait of herself is no mean gem among the treasures of the galleries and libraries at ,althorp4 ,she has drawn herself in what the ,germans term a 8knee-piece20 rather under life-size4 ,the small and finely-formed head is well set on a graceful neck2 the dark hair is smoothly and simply dressed2 the features are ,italian and regular2 the complexion is a clear olive2 and the eyes are large1 black1 and liquid4 ,the dark1 close-fitting dress is relieved by white frills at the throat and wrists1 and two white tassels hanging over the breast4 ,her delicate and exquisitely painted hands are seen over the chords of a spinet4 ,on the right1 in deep shadow1 stands an old woman1 wearing a kerchief twisted turbanwise around her head1 and resembling a ,st4 ,elizabeth or a ,st4 ,anne in a religious composition of the ,caracci4 ,the whole is painted in the clear1 firm manner of the best pencils of ,florence4 ,sofonisba died in #afbj4 ,palomino mentions ,sofonisba ,gentilesca among the foreign painters of the reign of ,philip ,,ii43 8a lady illustrious in the art10 who came from ,france to ,spain in the train of ,isabel of the ,peace4 ,she painted miniatures with great skill1 and had for sitters their majesties1 the ,infant ,don ,carlos1 and many ladies of the court4 ,she died at ,madrid in #aehg4 ,another noble lady1 ,caterina ,cantoni1 known as an excellent engraver1 was invited into ,spain with ,sofonisba1 to pursue there the calling she seems to have practiced with success in ,italy4 ,ludovica ,pellegrini was complimented with the title of the 8second ,minerva0 for her excellence in this branch of art4 ,she also devoted herself to needle-work1 and embroidered sacred furniture1 and the great pallium 7vestment71 exhibited to strangers as a curious specimen of art and learning4 ,boschini mentions 8the unrivaled ,dorothea ,aromatari0 as having produced with her needle those beauties the finest artists executed with the pencil4 ,other women were celebrated embroiderers4 ,naples boasted of one who surpassed her contemporaries both in painting and music--,maria ,angela ,criscuolo4 ,cecilia ,brusasorci1 the daughter of the great fresco painter1 became celebrated for her portraits toward the close of this century4 ,passing over a number of minor names1 we may close the review of this period by a notice of ,caterina de' ,pazzi4 ,she was born in #aeff1 and retired early to a convent1 where she assumed the name of ,maria ,maddalena4 ,the energy with which she cultivated art1 and the peculiar character of her works and those of others produced at this time1 show the infusion of a new element of religious enthusiasm into art4 ,tradition preserves the story of this nun painting sacred pictures with her eyes closed4 ,in the cloisters of the ,carmelites at ,parma1 and in the church of ,santa ,maria in ,cosmedin1 at ,rome1 works of hers may be found4 ,dying in #afjg1 she was canonized by ,clement ,,ix4 in #affi2 and at this day a picture in one of the richest churches of ,florence bears the name of the saintly artist1 whose body reposes in a magnificent chapel under the same roof4 ,no other nation1 during the sixteenth century1 can compete with ,italy in female artists4 ,in ,france women enjoyed great influence in public affairs1 and several ladies of the highest rank were distinguished for their literary productions and accomplishments4 ,isabella ,quatrepomme is mentioned by ,papillon as an excellent engraver on wood4 ,she was born in ,rouen1 and flourished about #aeba4 ,a frontispiece in an old calendar1 executed in neat style1 representing a figure of ,janus1 is supposed to be by her1 as it is marked with an apple on which there is a figure #d4 ,in ,spain the flowers of art began to bloom at a later period2 although in the liberal studies women were not behindhand4 ,isabella ,losa1 of ,cordova1 was appointed a doctor of theology1 and there were ladies in ,valencia1 who1 familiar with the works of ,italian masters of art1 made it their study to imitate them4 ,in the north the advance of ,protestantism wrought a change in the condition of women1 which had its influence on art4 ,domestic employments1 and the domestic virtues1 became more universally the delight and study of the fair sex4 ,while the light of religious truth was penetrating their homes with its softened radiance1 the growth of a deep moral feeling was preparing the way for farther triumphs in the imitative arts4 ,england1 where flourished many poetesses1 had one female painter--,lewina ,tirlinks--during the reign of ,elizabeth4 ,germany boasted of ,catherine ,schwartz1 the wife1 probably1 of that ,christopher ,schwartz whom his contemporaries called the ,german ,raphael2 while in ,switzerland ,eva von ,iberg transferred to canvas the beauties of her country's scenery4 ,in the ,netherlands1 on the other hand1 the number of women painters at this period was large1 and many were the diligent successors of ,margaretta von ,eyck in her native place4 ,her brothers1 at the head of the old ,flemish school1 showed the combination of traditional types and ancient habits with the results of the struggles of the human mind for emancipation in this century4 ,antwerp seems to have been a rich soil for the production of female talent4 ,here1 in #aeba1 ,albrecht ,durer became acquainted with the fair painter so honorably mentioned in his journal4 8,master ,gerard1 illuminist10 he says1 8has a daughter eighteen years of age1 named ,susannah1 who illuminated a little book which ,i purchased for a few guilders4 ,it is wonderful that a woman can do so much60 ,among noted miniature painters we hear of ,catherine ,hmsen1 who went into ,spain1 and entered the service of the ,queen of ,hungary on a good salary2 also of ,anna ,seghers2 ,anna ,smyters1 and ,margaret de ,heere4 ,clara de ,keyzer1 or ,clara ,skeysers1 of ,ghent1 died unmarried at the age of eighty4 ,she enjoyed a celebrity that extended to ,germany1 ,france1 ,italy1 and ,spain1 all which countries were visited by her4 ,susannah ,hurembout and ,liewina ,bennings1 or ,benic1 should not be passed over4 ,the latter1 the daughter of 8,maestro ,simon10 was born in ,bruges2 was invited to ,london by ,henry ,,viii41 and was treated with great favor by both queens ,mary and ,elizabeth4 ,king ,henry gave her in marriage to an ,english nobleman4 ,it has been thought she is the same person with ,lewina ,tirlinks4 ,susannah also received an invitation from 8bluff ,king ,harry0 to visit his court1 and lived in ,england1 where she was treated with great distinction1 for the remainder of her life4 ,both these women were miniature painters4 ,barbara ,van den ,broeck1 the daughter of ,crispin1 was born in ,antwerp1 #aefj1 and engraved from her father's designs4 ,she handled the graver with consummate skill4 ,in some pieces1 she imitated successfully the style of ,martin ,rota4 ,in ,holland1 ,magdalen de ,passe was known as an engraver in copper1 and ,constantia von ,utrecht as a flower-painter2 one who first acquired distinction in this delicate and feminine branch of study1 and directed to it the attention of her country-women4 ,in later times the city where she lived and wrought became the capital of the world in this species of painting4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century4 ,new ,ground presented for ,progress4--,greater ,diversity of ,style4--,naturalism4--,the ,caracci instrumental in giving to ,painting the ,impetus of ,reform4--,their ,academy4--,one opened by a ,milanese ,lady4--,the learned ,poetess and her hundredth ,birthday4--,female ,painters and ,engravers4--,lavinia ,fontana4--,the hasty ,judgment4--,lavinia a ,pupil of ,caracci4--,character of her ,pictures4--,honors paid to her4--,courted by ,royalty4--,her ,beauty and ,suitors4--,a romantic ,lover4--,lavinia's ,paintings4--,close of the ,period of the ,christian ,ideal in ,art4--,lavinia's ,chef-d'uvre4--,her ,children4--,professional ,honors4--,her ,death4--,female ,disciples of the ,caracci ,school4--,pupils of ,domenichino1 ,lanfranco1 and ,guido ,reni4--,the churlish ,guercino a ,despiser of ,women4--,the ,cardinal's ,niece and ,heiress4--,her great ,paintings4--,founds a ,cloister4--,artemisia ,gentileschi1 a ,pupil of ,guido4--,her ,portraits4--,visit to ,england4--,favor with ,charles ,i4--,luxurious ,abode in ,naples4--,her ,correspondence4--,judgment of her ,pictures4--,elisabetta ,sirani4--,her artistic ,character4--,her household ,life4--,industry and ,modesty4--,her ,virtues and ,graces4--,envious ,artists4--,defeat of ,calumny4--,her mysterious ,fate4--,conjectures respecting it4--,funeral ,obsequies4--,her principal ,works4--,her ,influence on female ,artists4--,her ,pupils4--,other ,women ,artists of ,bologna4 ,in the seventeenth century the elements of disturbance had in part subsided1 and new ground was presented for the progress of human intellect4 ,a certain uniformity in art1 which was the consequence of a close academical imitation of the old masters1 gave place to a greater diversity of style1 and1 in some instances1 to a vigorous and somewhat rude naturalism4 ,the ,naturalisti were so called on account of their predilection for the direct imitation of the common forms and aspects of nature4 ,passion was their inspiration1 and their imitation was too often carried to excess1 presenting what might be termed the poetry of the repulsive4 ,a new spirit of inquiry and a feeling of self-reliance had entered the popular mind that did not fail to influence the progress both of literature and art4 ,the masters who were most strikingly instrumental in giving to painting the impetus of reform were ,ludovico1 ,augustin1 and ,annibal ,caracci4 ,amid many difficulties they opened an academy in their native city1 ,bologna1 where art was taught on the principles then esteemed essential4 ,in its theoretical and practical departments a goodly number of students were there permitted to profit by the works of the early masters4 ,the good example was soon followed1 and we hear of a ,milanese lady opening her house for an academy4 ,arcangela ,palladini excelled in painting1 poetry1 music1 and embroidery4 ,a piece of her needle-work hung in the ducal gallery at ,pisa1 where none but great works were preserved4 ,beatrice ,pappafava1 a paintress1 was also a learned lady1 and is said to have celebrated her own hundredth birthday in an original sonnet of much merit4 ,caterina ,rusca obtained some repute as an engraver on copper2 and ,augusta ,tarabotti1 who studied painting under the direction of ,clara ,varotari1 was also a poet and the author of 8,an ,apology for the ,female ,sex10 which was received with considerable attention4 ,fede ,galizia1 the daughter of a celebrated miniaturist1 lived in ,milan4 ,in figures and landscapes she evinced taste1 accuracy1 and finish4 ,she was devoted to the ideal1 and this tendency appeared in her design and coloring4 ,,lavinia ,,fontana4 ,one among the female artists who adopted the style of the ,caracci and helped to introduce a change in art was ,lavinia ,fontana1 one of the most celebrated women of the century4 ,she was the daughter of that ,prospero ,fontana who gave lessons in painting to ,ludovico ,caracci1 and was wont much to disparage him4 ,he once remarked that his scholar would do better at mixing colors than as a painter6 ,but ,caracci had his revenge in after years1 when ,fontana was heard to lament that he was too old to become the pupil of the great artist who had once been his own despised scholar6 ,the instruction he could not receive was the privilege of his daughter ,lavinia1 who was born in ,bologna in #aeeb4 ,she adopted her father's manner1 and gained great celebrity in portrait painting2 but1 in later years1 became the disciple of ,caracci1 after which she succeeded in giving her pictures so much softness1 sweetness1 and tenderness1 that some of them have even been compared to those of ,guido ,reni4 ,to delicacy of touch she united rare skill in taking likenesses4 ,her talents met with appreciation and honors not often accorded to female merit4 ,the first ladies in ,rome sought to become her sitters1 and the greatest cardinals deemed themselves fortunate in having their portraits executed by her skillful hand4 ,her portraits were so highly esteemed that they commanded enormous prices1 and were displayed with pride in the galleries of the nobility and the most cultivated persons in the land4 ,her services were engaged by ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii4 as his painter in ordinary2 and she worked for the ,buoncompagni family4 ,other crowned heads sought her society1 and the most wondrous grace of all was that these honors did not create in her vanity or self-conceit4 ,to her accomplishments she added such personal attractions that her hand was sought by many distinguished and titled suitors2 but she preferred to them all a young man unknown to fame1 ,giovanni ,paolo ,zappi1 of ,imola4 ,some authorities speak of him as a wealthy nobleman4 ,he had painted in her father's studio for love of the charming daughter1 and had been accustomed to paint the clothes in her portraits so well that she had made concerning him the not very flattering observation1 that 8he was worth more as a tailor than a painter40 ,he was rewarded by marrying her1 the condition being exacted that ,lavinia should remain free to follow her professional career4 ,besides portraits1 she produced several compositions on sacred subjects2 some church pictures now in ,bologna1 and some on worldly themes1 as the picture of ,venus in the ,berlin ,museum4 ,in her later works1 after her lessons with ,caracci1 she acquired a softness and warmth of coloring that remind one of the masters of the ,venetian school4 ,one of her productions--,saint ,francis de ,paula raising a dead person--preserved in the ,pinacothek of ,bologna--has been noticed for this4 ,of her pictures besides are the ,crucifixion1 the ,miracle of the ,loaves1 and the ,annunciation4 ,these were for churches of ,bologna4 ,lavinia lived at the close of what was peculiarly the period of ,christian art1 and it seems just to place her among the artists who labored while the ,christian ideal1 in all its splendor1 was yet above the horizon4 ,on this period ,raphael and ,michael ,angelo had set their seal1 and the ,christian ideal was exhausted in the ,transfiguration1 and the frescoes of the ,sistine chapel2 they could not be surpassed4 ,one of ,lavinia's works--the ,nativity of the ,virgin1 at nighttime--is still exhibited in her native city4 ,the infant ,mary is surrounded by a cloud of angels1 and a saint is pointing to two children below4 ,a figure in magnificent bishop's robes1 on the other side1 is in the act of sprinkling holy water on two beautiful kneeling girls4 ,this picture1 ,bolognini asserts1 alone justifies the artist's fame4 ,in the ,escurial at ,madrid is a piece by her1 representing a ,madonna uplifting a veil to view her sleeping child1 who reposes on richly-embroidered cushions2 ,st4 ,joseph and ,st4 ,john stand near4 8,a picture10 says ,mazzolari1 8so vivid1 so gay and graceful1 and of such glorious coloring1 so full of beauty1 that one is never weary of admiring it40 ,a picture which has especially contributed to her artistic fame represents the ,queen of ,sheba in the presence of ,solomon2 but it has also an allegorical reference to the ,duke and ,duchess of ,mantua1 and various personages of their court4 ,lanzi considers this production worthy of the ,venetian school4 ,another represents a royal infant1 playing on a bed1 wrapped in blankets1 and adorned with a splendid necklace4 ,a 8,judith1 seen by torch-light10 is in the possession of the ,della ,casa family4 ,a ,virgin and ,child1 which she painted for ,cardinal ,ascoli1 and sent to ,rome1 has been thought her best production1 and brought her so much fame1 that1 a large painting being required for a church1 the commission was intrusted to ,lavinia1 in preference to many first-class artists1 who sought it4 ,she painted a stoning of ,stephen1 with a number of figures1 and a halo above representing heaven opening4 ,the figures were larger than life1 and the work was not as successful as ,lavinia had hoped4 ,but after she confined herself to portrait painting1 she had no reason to be dissatisfied with her success4 ,her chef d'uvre is said to be her own portrait1 taken when she was young and surpassingly beautiful4 ,it is now in the possession of ,count ,zappi1 at ,imola1 and has been engraved by ,rossini1 for his history of ,italian painting4 ,the portrait is painted in an oval2 in the background1 ranged on a shelf1 are models in clay of busts1 heads1 trunks1 hands1 and feet4 ,the artist is seated at a table1 on which are two casts of ,greek statues2 she is in the act of commencing a drawing1 and is dressed with elegant simplicity1 her mantle flowing in clear and ample folds4 ,under the ruff encircling her neck hangs a pearl necklace1 to which is attached a golden crucifix4 ,she wears a ,mary ,stuart headdress1 and the head is colored with wonderful delicacy and transparency4 ,the work unites correctness of drawing with incomparable grace4 ,england possesses three paintings by ,lavinia ,fontana4 ,this famous artist had three children1 and was unhappy in them4 ,her only daughter lost the sight of one eye1 by running a pin into it2 and one of her boys was half-witted1 and served to amuse loungers in the ,pope's antechamber4 ,malvasia remarks1 8,the story ran that he inherited his simplicity from his father2 assuredly it came not from his mother1 who was as full of talent and sagacity as she was good and virtuous40 ,lavinia was elected a member of the ,roman ,academy4 ,her merits were celebrated by contemporaries2 ,marini1 among other poets1 wrote in her praise2 and in such estimation was she held1 that1 when she passed near the seat of the ,lord of ,sora and ,vignola1 the proud patrician came out to meet her at the head of his retainers1 according to the fashion then in vogue for the reception of royal personages4 ,among the ,lettere ,pittoriche is a letter dated #afji1 signed ,lavinia ,fontana ,zappi4 ,this proves her to have been living then4 ,one authority states that she died at ,rome1 in #afad1 aged sixty-two4 ,while ,lavinia ,fontana availed herself of the system of ,caracci1 another1 who enjoyed in early life the advantage of being ,ludovico's pupil1 emulated his excellences so successfully that she produced a fine picture1 full of figures1 from one of his compositions1 in #afad1 for the church of the ,annunziata1 in ,bologna4 ,this was ,antonia ,pinelli4 ,for skill in drawing and purity of tone she was held in high estimation4 ,numerous were the young women who learned painting in the atelier of the ,caracci2 while other masters had their share of fair students4 ,domenichino is said to have been the teacher of ,flavia ,durand1 ,teresa del ,po1 and ,artemisia ,gentileschi2 ,lanfranco brought to light the talent of ,caterina ,ginnassi2 ,guido ,reni gave instruction to ,madalena ,natali1 and formed the genius of ,elisabetta ,sirani1 the pride of the ,bolognese school4 ,albano1 however1 was an exception1 and1 with the churlish ,guercino1 who despised every thing like female talent1 had no pupils of the fair sex4 ,a sister of one of his pupils1 nevertheless--,flaminia ,triva1 of ,reggio--became a painter much esteemed by the connoisseurs of her time4 ,of these artists1 only the three most distinguished need be noticed here4 ,caterina ,ginnassi1 of noble family and the niece of a cardinal1 was born in ,rome1 #aeij4 ,she was well instructed from early youth in all feminine employments1 useful as well as brilliant4 ,she often said1 afterward1 8,the needle and distaff are sad enemies to the brush and the pencil40 ,her first master was ,clelio1 and after his death she threw herself into the bold and brilliant manner of ,lanfranco4 ,she produced the great paintings that adorned the church founded by her uncle1 of ,st4 ,lucia1 in ,rome4 ,becoming the inheritor of the cardinal's large possessions1 she founded1 according to his directions1 a cloister1 with a seminary attached for students from ,romagna2 as abbess of which1 she continued to practice her favorite art1 dying in #afhj1 in the enjoyment of the fame and popularity her industry and piety had deservedly won4 ,,artemisia ,,gentileschi4 ,the life of ,artemisia ,gentileschi was more in the world and more brilliant4 ,she was the daughter of the painter ,orazio ,gentileschi1 was married to ,pier ,antonio ,schiattesi1 and lived long in ,naples4 ,receiving her earliest lessons from ,guido ,reni1 at a later period she studied the works of ,domenichino1 one of the best masters of expression in the ,bolognese school4 ,her great reputation was acquired by numerous portraits1 and her skill in this species of painting obtained for her the honor of a call to the ,english court1 whither her father accompanied her4 ,there the art-appreciating monarch ,charles ,i4 gave her abundant employment4 ,she was esteemed not inferior to her father in historical pieces4 ,king ,charles placed several of her works among his treasures4 8,david with ,goliath's head0 was considered her best4 ,some of the royal family sat to her for their portraits1 as did several of the nobility4 ,a female figure1 representing ,fame1 of great merit1 was in the royal collection4 ,her own portrait is in ,hampton ,court1 painted in the powerful and vivid style of ,michael ,angelo4 ,wgen says she excelled her father in portraits4 ,having reaped a rich1 reward for her labors in ,england1 she returned to ,naples1 where she seems to have established herself in much splendor4 ,she died in #afdb1 at the age of fifty-two4 ,several letters addressed to the ,cavalier del ,pozzo were found among her papers4 ,in one1 dated #afcg1 she inquires coolly after her husband4 8,sia servita darmi nuova della vita o morte di mio marito40 ,some of her letters contain orders for gloves2 now her request to the ,pope was permission for a priestly friend to bear arms2 now she appealed to the ,cardinal ,barberini1 then1 all powerful in ,rome1 for assistance in disposing of some large picture1 to furnish means to provide for the wedding of a daughter with suitable magnificence2 after the granting of which favor1 she would add1 in the ,italian fashion1 that1 8free from this burden10 she would return contented to her home4 ,a fine specimen of her skill in painting is a picture of 8,judith10 in the ,palazzo ,pitti1 which shows1 in its ground-work1 the principles of the school of ,bologna2 while its finish1 on the other hand1 exhibits the startling effects of the ,neapolitan school4 ,lanzi says1 8,it is a picture of strong coloring1 of a tone and intensity that inspires awe40 ,mrs4 ,jameson remarks1 8,this dreadful picture is a proof of her genius1 and1 let me add1 of its atrocious misdirection40 ,but the artist should not be censured for her treatment of a subject which may not have been her own choice4 8,susannah and the ,elders0 pleases by the scene and the drapery of the figures4 ,the 8,birth of ,john the ,baptist10 in the ,museum of ,madrid1 painted by this lady as a family piece1 displays the same combination1 but has more of the freedom of nature1 and a certain boldness that betokens familiar acquaintance with life and the best models4 ,,elisabetta ,,sirani4 ,a place among the most gifted and the most illustrious women who1 in any country or in any age1 have devoted themselves to the fine arts1 must be accorded to ,elisabetta ,sirani4 ,she has been pronounced a complete artist2 unrivaled by any of her sex in fertility of invention1 in the power of combining parts in a noble whole1 in knowledge of drawing and foreshortening1 and in the minute details that contribute to the perfection of a painting4 ,had she lived longer1 she would have equaled any painter of her time4 ,she was born in ,bologna1 about #afdj1 and was the daughter of a painter of no inconsiderable merit4 ,she was enrolled among the pupils of ,guido ,reni1 and her artistic character was formed after the model of this most gifted and most versatile master of the ,bolognese school4 ,she imbibed from him an exquisite sense of the beautiful1 and a peculiar gift of reproducing it4 ,to this she added a vigor and energy rare in a woman4 ,she made herself acquainted early with the works of the most distinguished painters1 and manifested so much talent in youth1 that she became the admiration of her acquaintances1 particularly as she excelled also in music2 while1 to the gift of genius1 she added that of rare personal loveliness4 ,lanzi speaks of her with enthusiastic admiration4 ,it is not often that an artist of celebrity so generally wins the affections of those who know her4 ,this popularity perhaps added to her renown2 or the tragical fate of the blooming girl may have contributed to invest her name with a halo of romantic glory4 ,malvasia1 who tells us she was persuaded by her father to adopt the profession of a painter1 calls her 8the heroine among artists0--and himself 8the trumpeter of her fame40 ,another eulogist1 in the glowing style of ,picinardi1 praises her unwearied industry1 her moderation in eating1 and simplicity in dress2 and the exquisite modesty with which she was always ready for household employments4 ,she would rise at dawn to perform those lowly domestic tasks for which her occupations during the day left her little leisure1 and never permitted her passion for art to interfere with the fulfillment of homely duties4 ,thus she was admirable in the circle of daily life1 as in her loftiest aspirations4 ,she obtained time in this manner for her exercises in poetry and music4 ,all praised her gracious and cheerful spirit1 her prompt judgment1 and deep feeling for the art she loved4 ,besides being a painter1 she was an adept in sculpture and engraving on copper1 thus meriting the praise lavished on her as 8a miracle of art40 ,her devoted filial affection1 her feminine grace1 and the artless benignity of her manners1 completed a character regarded by her friends as an ideal of perfection4 ,malvasia mentions the rapidity with which she worked1 often throwing off sketches and executing oil pictures in the presence of strange spectators4 ,the envious artists of her time took occasion1 from the number of her paintings1 to insinuate that her father gave out his own works for his daughter's to obtain a higher price for them2 but the stupid calumny soon fell to the ground1 for every one had free access to the studio of ,elisabetta1 and one day1 in the presence of the ,duchess of ,brunswick1 the ,duchess of ,mirandola1 ,cosimo1 ,duke of ,tuscany1 and others1 she drew and shaded subjects chosen by each with such promptitude that the incredulous were confounded4 ,she had hardly received the commission of her large picture--8,the ,baptism of ,jesus0--before she had sketched on the canvas the entire conception of that memorable incident1 including many and various figures2 and the work was completed with equal rapidity4 ,she was then only twenty years of age4 ,her method has been compared to that of ,guido ,reni1 whose versatility she combined with rare force and decision1 and peculiar delicacy and tenderness2 the most opposite qualities being harmonized in her productions4 ,this fascinating artist1 in the height of her fame1 in the flush of early womanhood1 was snatched from her friends by a cruel and mysterious doom4 ,her fate is involved in a darkness which has not been penetrated to this day4 ,some do not hesitate to aver that her sudden death was a base and cruel murder2 that she was poisoned by the same hands that administered the deadly draught to ,domenichino--those of ,ribiera or his disciples1 jealous of her rising fame4 ,the general impression is that she was the victim of professional envy4 ,some averred that her death was caused by the revenge of a princely lover1 whose dishonorable advances were repelled1 or some great personage who was incensed at her refusal to engage in his service1 or of a distinguished individual who felt aggrieved by a caricature1 and secretly employed a servant to put poison in her food4 ,each story was believed among her contemporaries1 and the record of the examination is yet extant2 but it was conducted without regularity1 and throws no light upon the mysterious assassination4 ,great was the excitement on the #adth ,november1 #affe1 in ,bologna1 on the day of her funeral1 when the whole population crowded1 weeping1 to see the once beautiful features distorted by the hateful poison4 ,the victim of revenge or jealousy was honored with solemn and splendid funeral ceremonies in the church of ,st4 ,domenico4 ,shortly after her death a work was published1 in which was included a number of poetical eulogies and tributes1 from the most eminent poets of the day1 to the memory and virtues of the deceased4 ,one line runs thus3 8,i was a woman1 yet ,i knew not love40 ,picinardi adds the information that the pure calm of her soul was never disturbed by the grand passion4 ,on the other hand1 ,gualandi intimates that the highly gifted maiden cherished for a young artist of her acquaintance an ardent affection1 but that her father would not consent to the marriage4 ,the romantic may please themselves with the supposition that the seed of genius sown in the nature of this richly endowed girl was quickened in the glow of an unhappy passion into the gorgeous bloom that attracted the eye of the world4 ,elisabetta lies at rest in the chapel of the ,madonna del ,rosario in the church of ,st4 ,domenico1 which also incloses the dust of her great master1 ,guido ,reni4 ,the works enumerated as hers by ,malvasia1 from her own register1 were one hundred and fifty pictures and portraits1 some of them large and carefully finished4 ,her first public work was executed in #afee4 ,her composition was elegant and tasteful2 her designing correct and firm2 and the freshness and suavity of her color1 especially in demi-tints1 reminded one of ,guido4 ,the air of her heads was graceful and noble1 and she was peculiarly successful in the expressive character of her ,madonnas and ,magdalens4 ,among her finest pictures are mentioned a ,francesco di ,padoua kneeling before the infant ,christ1 a ,virgin and ,st4 ,anna contemplating the sleeping ,saviour1 and others1 preserved in several palaces in ,bologna4 ,her portrait of herself was taken in the act of painting her father4 ,another portrait of her is in the person of a saint looking up to heaven4 ,among her paintings on copper1 which are exquisitely delicate1 is a ,lot with his children1 now in the possession of a family in ,bologna4 ,she produced etchings of the ,beheading of ,john the ,baptist1 the ,death of ,lucretia1 and several master-pieces2 all distinguished by delicacy of touch and by ease and spirit in the execution4 ,her painting1 8,amor ,divino10 represents a lovely child1 nude1 seated on a red cloth1 holding in its left hand a laurel crown and sceptre1 while with the right it points to a quiver and some books lying at its feet4 ,bolognini says3 8,it is impossible to conceive any thing more beautiful in form or more exquisite in finish than this lovely child40 ,like ,guido's1 the influence of ,elisabetta ,sirani on the progress of art in ,bologna was exhibited in the number of scholars who sought instruction from her1 or studied her paintings to ground themselves in her system4 ,so illustrious an example as she presented must naturally have contributed greatly to the encouragement and development of female talent1 and many were the women whom her success1 in a greater or less degree1 stimulated to exertion4 ,one of ,elisabetta ,sirani's pupils was ,ginevra ,cantofoli of ,bologna4 ,she painted history pieces with some reputation4 ,in a church of ,bologna is a picture by her--,the ,last ,supper4 ,her best was ,san ,tommaso di ,villanuovo4 ,sirani's sisters1 ,anna ,maria and ,barbara1 are also mentioned among her scholars1 with ,lucrezia ,scarafaglia1 ,maria ,teresa ,coriolani1 and ,veronica ,fontana1 who carved excellently well in wood1 and executed portraits in this manner which were highly praised4 ,many other names of women are recorded who derived their impressions of art1 directly or indirectly1 from ,sirani4 ,teresa ,muratori was the daughter of an eminent physician1 and born at ,bologna in #affb4 ,at an early age she showed a genius for painting and music4 ,she was instructed in designing by ,emilio ,taruffi1 and afterward took lessons from ,lorenzo ,parmello and ,giovanni ,gioseffo dal ,sole4 ,she painted historical pieces1 and several religious ones for churches in ,bologna4 ,she died at the age of forty-six4 ,orlandi speaks highly of ,maria ,helena ,panzacchi4 ,she was born at ,bologna in #affh1 was taught designing by ,taruffi1 and became a reputable painter of landscapes1 which she embellished with figures4 ,her works were correct in design1 and the disposition was marked by elegance and taste4 ,several of them are in private collections at ,bologna4 ,bologna boasted also of ,ersilia ,creti1 a pupil of her father ,donato1 and of ,maria ,viani1 of whose workmanship a reclining ,venus1 in the ,dresden gallery1 exquisitely done1 remains to her praise4 ,among others of the school of ,bologna1 we may mention ,maria ,dolce1 the daughter and pupil of ,carlo ,dolce1 so noted and so admired for the calm dignity of his productions4 ,she copied several of her father's pictures4 ,the name of another painter1 ,agnes ,dolce1 may be added2 but we must pass over a host1 observing only that the ,bolognese was throughout the seventeenth century the richest in female talent of all the schools of ,italy4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century4 ,school of the ,academicians after ,caravaggio4--,unidealized ,nature4--,rude and violent ,passions delineated4--,dark and stormy ,side of ,humanity4--,dark ,coloring and ,shadows4--,the gloomy and passionate expressed in ,pictures appeared in the ,lives of ,artists4--,the ,dagger and ,poison-cup common4--,aniella di ,rosa4--,the ,pupil of ,stanzioni4--,character of her ,painting4--,romantic ,love and ,marriage4--,the happy ,home destroyed4--,the hearth-stone ,serpent4--,jealousy4--,the pretended ,proof4--,phrensy and ,murder4--,other fair ,neapolitans4--,the ,paintress of ,messina4--,the ,schools of ,bologna and ,naples embrace the most prominent ,italian ,paintings4--,commencement of ,crayon-drawing4--,tuscan ,ladies of ,rank cultivating ,art4--,the ,rosalba of the ,florentine ,school4--,art in the ,city of the ,csars4--,the ,roman ,flower-painter4--,engravers4--,medallio n-cutters4--,a female ,architect4--,a ,roman ,sculptress4--,women ,artists of the ,venetian ,school4--,at ,pavia4--,the ,painter's four ,daughters4--,chiara ,varotari4--,shares her ,brother's ,labors4--,a skillful ,nurse4--,her ,pupils4--,other female ,artists of this time4--,the ,schools of ,northern ,italy4--,their ,paintresses4--,giovanna ,fratellini4 ,in contrast to the school established as before mentioned1 certain academicians had set up one grounded on principles promulgated by ,michael ,angelo da ,caravaggio1 wherein the old idealism and conventional forms of beauty were neglected1 and the models furnished by the works of the early masters were entirely slighted1 to make room for a simple copying of nature1 whether beautiful or repulsive1 full of grace or rugged and barren of all charms4 ,this new school had been planted in ,naples by ,caravaggio2 and beneath that glowing sky arose a number of masters who devoted themselves not only to the reproduction of unidealized nature1 but the delineation of human passions in their sternest and most violent demonstrations2 preferring1 in fact1 to depict the darkest and stormiest side of humanity4 ,for this purpose1 depth of coloring and dark shadows were employed4 ,these masters were not wanting in talent1 nor were their creations without effect and influence2 but they had nothing of the pure and holy element which seems like a genuine inspiration in art4 ,the gloomy and passionate1 expressed in their pictures1 too often appeared also in their characters and actions4 ,the relations of these ,neapolitan artists with those of the ,bolognese school were by no means friendly1 and rivals settled their disputes as frequently with the dagger and the poison-cup as with the pencil and the palette4 ,such a state of things was hardly favorable to the development of woman's talent4 ,,aniella ,,di ,,rosa4 ,yet we find one artist of surpassing merit1 who1 on account of her genius and her tragical fate1 was called the ,sirani of the school of ,naples4 ,this was ,aniella di ,rosa1 niece of the painter ,pacecco di ,rosa1 and pupil of that ,massimo ,stanzioni who1 in common with ,caravaggio1 exercised a species of tyranny over the struggles of ,neapolitan art1 and was one of the leaders of the opposition set up against the artists from ,bologna4 ,aniella painted in his atelier1 and he directed her studies with paternal solicitude4 ,she succeeded in giving to her pictures the grace1 the soft and transparent coloring of ,pacecco1 and united in her heads the elegance of her uncle's style with the correct drawing and able grouping of ,stanzioni4 ,her master set her to color his sketches1 and she succeeded so well that he often sold their joint productions as his own4 ,when her education was sufficiently advanced1 she desired that her talents should be put to a public test2 and her master induced the governors of the church of the ,piet dei ,turchini to give her a commission for two paintings which were to adorn the ceiling4 ,aniella produced two paintings so excellent that many declared they were completed by ,stanzioni4 ,but ,domenici says he has seen several of her original pictures1 and that they are 8most beautiful productions40 8,her master himself10 he continues1 8avows in his writings that she equals the best masters of our time40 ,one of the pictures represented the ,birth of the ,virgin2 the other1 her ,death4 ,the figures are larger than life2 and the boldness of design1 the effects of light and shade1 and the management of the drapery1 drew praise from two eminent artists1 who said she was an honor to her country1 and that many artists might learn from her4 ,she also did several heads of the ,madonna in red chalk1 pronounced equal in drawing to the works of the most renowned artists4 ,during the earliest days when ,aniella frequented ,stanzioni's studio1 she became acquainted with ,agostino ,beltramo1 a high-spirited ,neapolitan youth4 ,he soon became enamored of the beautiful girl1 and his frank manners and noble bearing1 with the promise his early efforts gave of his becoming a good artist1 were a passport to her heart4 ,his love was accepted1 and they were betrothed4 ,stanzioni exerted himself in their behalf1 and through his good offices the consent of the parents for the marriage of the young people was obtained4 ,a rare similarity of tastes1 and their mutual labors in art1 caused all to admire and many to envy the happiness of their union4 ,the serenity of ,aniella's disposition tended to insure the peace of their daily life2 and during sixteen years which they passed together both acquired no insignificant artistic fame4 ,the husband excelled in frescoes2 the lady in oil-paintings4 ,the superb painting of ,san ,biagio1 in the church of the ,sanit1 in ,naples1 is the result of their mutual labors4 ,but the cloud was brooding over the happy home which was to burst in a fatal storm4 ,an evil-minded woman1 young and beautiful1 entered the house of ,aniella as a servant4 ,she was in love with ,agostino2 and1 finding all her charms and artifices ineffectual to move him from his fidelity to his noble wife1 or even to win his attention1 she set herself to work to accomplish the ruin of this domestic happiness4 ,she contrived to insinuate herself into the confidence of the man she could not tempt2 and then1 drop by drop1 with the perfidy and subtle cunning of ,iago1 she succeeded in instilling into his heart the poison of jealousy4 ,by degrees she undermined his faith in the spotless virtue of ,aniella4 ,the husband grew morose and irritable1 and at times manifested the change that had come over him by sudden outbursts of ill-humor4 ,vainly ,aniella strove by unremitting patience and redoubled affection to soothe his wayward moods4 ,she soon perceived that all her happiness must be derived from her art1 and from the approbation of her old master1 who frequently visited her4 ,she painted in her best manner a ,holy ,family1 and presented it to him4 8,on seeing10 writes ,domenici1 8with what mastery of drawing and perfection of coloring ,aniella had completed the painting1 and because she had so toiled for him1 he was overcome with feeling1 and1 in a transport of affection1 clasped her in his arms1 exclaiming that she was his best pupil1 and that1 had he been asked to retouch the painting1 he should not know where to begin1 for fear of destroying the beautiful coloring40 ,the infamous servant was playing the spy throughout this scene1 and had called up a servant-lad to support her testimony4 ,on ,stanzioni's departure ,agostino returned4 8,now10 cried this hearth-stone serpent1 8now ,i have proofs to set all doubts at rest--proofs ,i will furnish you with in the presence of your wife40 ,confronted with her mistress1 the vile hireling charged her with guilty embraces1 and called the servant-lad to confirm the charge4 ,aniella1 astounded and indignant1 disdained to defend herself1 but stood before her husband mute and motionless1 while a flush of pain and indignation mantled on her brow4 ,her silence confirmed ,agostino's suspicions2 in his phrensy he drew his sword1 and the next moment ,aniella lay dead at his feet4 ,thus closed the career of this noble artist1 in #afdi1 in the thirty-sixth year of her age4 ,she was not the only victim to the taste for the horrible and for wild extremes of passion then prevailing in the works of artists1 and too common in their personal experience4 ,another fair ,neapolitan1 who also worked in ,rome at portrait-painting1 was ,angela ,beinaschi4 ,the nun1 ,luisa ,copomazza1 a landscape-painter and poetess1 and the flower-painter1 ,clena ,ricchi1 were of ,naples2 with the painter and modeler in wax1 ,catarina ,juliani1 called the 8ornamento della patria40 ,teresa del ,po--daughter of a painter1 the disciple of ,domenichino1 and distinguished for oil and miniature painting1 and copper engraving--came from a family of ,palermo4 ,she etched plates in her father's style2 some after ,caracci4 ,messina boasted of ,anna ,maria ,ardoino1 the daughter of the ,princess de ,polizzi1 accomplished in every branch1 including music and poetry1 who won great celebrity on account of her splendid attainments in art and literature1 and was admitted a member of the ,academy of ,arcadia in ,rome4 ,she died in #agjj1 at ,naples1 in the bloom of her life and fame1 and it is said her death was occasioned by grief for the loss of a son4 ,the two schools of ,bologna and ,naples may be said to embrace the greater number of the prominent productions of the pencil in ,italy during the period of which we have spoken4 ,other cities enjoyed their peculiar distinctions as the seats of different schools of art1 but they exhibited more or less the influence of these chief ones4 ,in ,florence--the ancient home of ,italian painting--artists of distinction exercised their skill2 and the superior cultivation and taste diffused under the auspices of distinguished ,tuscan ladies1 contributed1 in no small measure1 to the encouragement of female enterprise4 ,while ,maria ,borghini--elevated1 by the judgment of her contemporaries1 to a seat beside ,victoria ,colonna1 and ,mary dei ,medici1 who not only patronized art1 but gave it her own personal efforts--won the meed of admiration1 others were not backward in the race for the golden apple of renown4 ,arcangela ,paladini1 of ,pisa1 born #aeii1 already mentioned as a painter1 was also an engraver4 ,her portrait1 by herself1 is in the gallery of artists in ,florence4 ,she died at the age of twenty-three4 ,as flower-painters1 we hear of ,anna ,maria ,vajani and ,isabella ,piccini2 ,giovanna ,redi was a successful pupil of the skillful ,gabbiani2 and ,giovanna ,marmochini was no less favorably known in art than as a wit and a learned lady4 ,she has been called1 for the excellence of her miniatures1 the ,rosalba of the ,florentine school4 ,niccola ,grassi1 of ,genoa1 is also called by ,lanzi 8the rival of ,rosalba40 ,she painted original compositions and church pictures4 ,rome1 meanwhile1 maintained her ancient fame4 ,the city of the ,csars had often been the arena where the striving masters of the ,bolognese and the opposing schools contended for the establishment of the supremacy they coveted4 ,nor was she wanting in women artists of her own1 able to do credit to their birthplace4 ,we may mention the excellent flower-painter1 ,laura ,bernasconi1 and the engravers1 ,isabella and ,hieronima ,parasole1 whose name became so celebrated that the husband of the first adopted it1 dropping his own4 ,isabella executed several cuts of plants for an herbal published under the direction of ,prince ,cesi1 of ,aquasparta4 ,she also published a book on the methods of working lace and embroidery1 illustrated with cuts engraved from her own designs4 ,hieronima engraved on wood1 among other pictures1 8,the ,battle of the ,centaurs40 ,beatrice ,hamerani worked at medallions1 and in #agjj elaborated a large medallion of ,pope ,innocent ,,xii41 highly praised by ,goethe as 8undoubtedly one of the most skillful1 expressive1 and powerful productions of art which ever came from the hands of a woman40 ,add to these the name of the only woman who was ever known to have been a practical architect4 ,this was ,plautilla ,brizio1 who has left monuments of her excellence in that species of art in a small palace before ,porta ,san ,pancrazio1 and in the chapel of ,st4 ,benedict1 in ,san ,luigi dei ,francesi4 ,in the latter is a picture painted by her hand4 ,the villa ,giraldi1 near ,rome1 is the joint work of this lady and her brother4 ,the female sculptor ,maria ,domenici1 who pursued her profession in ,rome1 was a native of ,naples4 ,passing over many of the ,italian cities1 and attempting no sketch of the peculiarities of the school of ,venice1 we find there several not insignificant women artists4 ,paolina ,grandi1 ,elisabetta ,lazzarini1 and ,damina ,damini were known as painters1 and ,domenia ,luisa ,rialto as an engraver on copper4 ,the sisters ,carlotta and ,gabriella ,patin enjoyed celebrity for both learning and artistic skill4 ,they lived at ,pavia1 and were members of the ,academy dei ,ricovrati4 ,the four daughters of the ,venetian painter ,niccolo ,renieri1 who practiced the same art1 should be mentioned4 ,anna1 the eldest1 became the wife of ,antoine ,vandyck4 ,chiara ,varotari was so highly esteemed by those who knew her1 that a niche was assigned her by contemporaries equal to that of ,maria ,robusti in the sixteenth century4 ,she was daughter and pupil of ,dario ,varotari1 and the sister of that ,alessandro ,varotari who became so noted as a painter1 under the name ,padovanino4 ,chiara frequently shared in the execution of his works4 ,she was not less praised for her beauty1 and her skill as a tender nurse of the sick4 ,her triumphs over the discomfort of disease were signal1 in that field where female prowess so often achieves its deeds of heroism4 ,such conquests are seldom recorded by the historian's pen2 but it is pleasant for once to rescue them from oblivion4 ,honors were conferred on her by the ,grand-,duke of ,tuscany1 who placed her portrait in his collection4 ,this artist numbered among her pupils ,lucia ,scaligeri and ,caterina ,taraboti4 ,boschini thinks she gave public instruction1 like ,sirani4 ,she died1 full of years1 in #affj1 ten years after the brother whose labors she had aided4 ,anna ,maria ,vajani1 who engraved in ,rome in the middle of this century1 executed a part of the plates for the ,justinian ,gallery4 ,laura ,bernasconi imitated the famous flower-painter ,mario ,mizzi1 called 8,mario dai fiori40 ,with his coloring she had also his defects4 ,maria ,vittoria ,cassana was the sister of two painters1 and painted chiefly devotional pieces1 in little4 ,she died #agaa4 ,lucia ,casalina1 a disciple of ,giuseppe dal ,sole1 turned her attention to portraits4 ,angelica ,veronica ,airola1 a ,genoese1 studied painting under ,domenico ,fiasella4 ,she painted religious pictures for the convents and churches of ,genoa1 and became a nun of the order of ,st4 ,bartholomew della ,fiavella4 ,soprani and others mention her4 ,giovanna ,garzoni painted flowers and miniature portraits about #afcj4 ,at ,florence she painted some of the ,medici and the nobles4 ,dying at ,rome in #afgc1 she bequeathed her property to the academy of ,st4 ,luke1 in which there is a marble monument to her memory4 ,two daughters of ,caccia--called 8the ,fontane of ,monferrato0--painted altar and cabinet pieces4 ,one1 ,francesca1 adopted for her symbol a small bird2 ,ursula1 a flower4 ,ursula founded the convent of the ,ursulines1 in ,moncalvo4 ,some of her landscapes are decorated with flowers4 ,lanzi and ,tiraboschi mention ,margerita ,gabassi as admirable in humorous pieces4 ,she died in #agcd1 aged seventy-one4 ,in the ,nuova ,guida di ,torino1 ,isabella dal ,pozzo is mentioned as the painter of a picture in the church of ,san ,francesco1 at ,turin1 dated #afff1 and representing the ,virgin and ,babe surrounded with saints4 ,lanzi bestows high praise on her4 ,in #afgf she became court painter to the ,electress ,adelaide of ,bavaria4 ,the schools of ,northern ,italy recorded the names1 too1 of ,chiara ,salmeggia1 the painter of ,bergamo1 and of ,maria la ,caffa1 of ,cremona1 who worked at the ,court of ,tyrol2 of ,camilla ,triumfi2 and ,maria ,domenici1 a native of ,naples1 who worked at sculpture in ,rome1 and died a nun in #agjc4 ,lucia ,scaligeri1 a pupil of ,chiara ,varotari1 had a daughter ,agnes1 also a painter1 spoken of by ,boschini4 ,caterina ,rusca was a native of ,ferrara1 and known as an engraver and poetess4 ,crayon-drawing seems to have been much in vogue at this time4 ,giovanna ,fratellini1 called by ,lanzi 8an illustrious female artist1 from the school of ,gabbiani10 painted in crayons as well as in oil1 miniature and enamel4 ,so famous did she become that1 after executing the portraits of ,cosmo ,,iii4 and family--a drawing consisting of fourteen figures in a superb apartment1 of the richest architecture1 remarkable for its judicious disposition and lovely coloring--her patron sent her throughout ,italy to paint the other princes4 8,her pencil is light1 delicate1 and free10 writes ,pilkington2 8her carnations are natural1 and full of warmth and life1 and as she understood perspective and architecture thoroughly1 she made an elegant use of that knowledge1 enriching her pictures with magnificent ornaments4 ,her draperies are generally well chosen1 full of variety1 and remarkable for a noble simplicity4 ,her works rendered her famous1 not only in ,italy1 but in ,europe40 ,her portrait is in the gallery at ,florence2 she painted herself in the act of drawing her son and pupil1 ,lorenzo1 in whom were centred all her hopes4 ,under her tuition he made rapid progress in art1 but died suddenly1 at an early age4 ,his mother never recovered from the blow2 life and art had alike lost their charms for her1 and she speedily followed him to the grave4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century4 ,contrast between the ,academicians and ,naturalists1 and between the ,french and ,spanish ,schools of ,painting4--,peculiarities of each4--,ladies of ,rank in ,madrid ,pupils of ,velasquez4--,instruction of the royal ,children in ,art4--,the ,engraver of ,madrid4--,every ,city in the ,south of ,spain boasts a female ,artist4--,isabella ,coello4--,others in ,granada4--,in ,cordova4--,the ,sculptress of ,seville4--,luisa ,roldan2 her ,carvings in ,wood4--,the ,canons 8sold40--,invitation to ,madrid4--,sculptress to the ,king4--,other ,women ,artists in ,spain4--,in ,france ,woman's ,position more prominent than in preceding ,age4--,corruption of court ,manners4--,unworthy ,women in ,power4--,women in every ,department of ,literature4--,mademoiselle de ,scudery4--,madame de la ,fayette4--,madame ,dacier4--,women in theological ,pursuits4--,their ,ascendency in ,art not so great4--,miniature and ,flower ,painters4--,engravers4--,elizabeth ,sophie ,chron4--,a ,leader in ,enamel-painting4--,her ,portraits and ,history-pieces4--,her ,merits and ,success4--,her ,translations of the ,psalms4--,musical and ,poetical ,talents4--,honors lavished on her4--,love and ,marriage at three-score4--,her ,generosity to the needy4--,verses in her ,praise4--,historical ,tableaux4--,madelaine ,masson4--,the ,marchioness de ,pompadour4 ,striking contrasts belong to the history of art in the seventeenth century4 ,a moral1 religious1 and artistic contrast existed between the academicians and the naturalists2 and one as remarkable may be noticed between the ,french and ,spanish schools of painting1 corresponding1 in fact1 to the civil struggle between the two nations for ,european supremacy4 ,in ,spain the enthusiasm for art harmonized with the passionate character of the people2 in ,france1 discretion and intellectual taste predominated4 ,the sensuous and rudely natural in ,spanish art was combined with the warmest glow of religious feeling4 ,velasquez1 a son of ,andalusia1 had a number of scholars in ,madrid among ladies of high rank4 ,donna ,maria de ,abarca and the ,countess of ,vill' ,ambrosa were celebrated for their skill in taking likenesses1 and were highly praised by the poets4 ,the ,duchess of ,bejar1 ,teresa ,sarmiento1 and ,maria de ,guadalupe1 ,duchess of ,aveiro--also an accomplished linguist and lover of letters--had considerable celebrity as painters4 ,the admiration of ,philip ,,iv4 for art rendered the instruction therein of the royal children and those of the nobility a necessary branch of education4 ,the ,duchess of ,alba1 celebrated for her beauty and intrigues1 gave one of ,raphael's master-pieces as a fee to the family physician1 who had cured her of a dangerous illness4 ,maria ,eugenia de ,beer was an engraver in ,madrid1 and we may find in the choir-books of the cathedral at ,tarragona creditable specimens of the talent of the painter ,angelica1 who painted the illuminations with great neatness and skill4 ,every city in the south of ,spain seemed to be able to boast of a female artist4 ,in ,valencia lived ,doa ,isabella ,sanchez ,coello1 the daughter and pupil of 8the ,spanish ,prothogenes0--,alonzo ,sanchez ,coello--the first of the great ,spanish portrait painters1 and the ,velasquez of the court of ,philip ,,ii4 ,born in #aefd1 she was the playmate of ,infants and ,infantas1 and she acquired distinction both in music and painting4 ,she married ,don ,francisco de ,herrera1 ,knight of ,santiago4 ,dying in ,madrid in #afab1 she was buried with her husband's family in the church of ,san ,juan4 ,magdalena ,gilarte was a noted painter1 and worked in her father's style with spirit and skill4 ,jesualda ,sanchez carried on her husband's business after his death1 and painted small pictures of the saints for sale4 ,in ,granada we find ,doa ,maria ,cueva ,benavides y ,barrados an admired painter1 and ,anna ,heylan an engraver in copper4 ,in ,cordova1 ,doa ,francisca ,palomino y ,velasco1 the sister of the painter and art historian of the same name4 ,she flourished about the close of the century4 ,,the ,,sculptress ,,of ,,seville4 ,to the school of ,seville1 in which ,spanish art reached its highest development1 belongs a fair artist of repute4 ,luisa ,roldan was known as an excellent sculptor in wood4 ,she was born in #afef1 and profited by her father's instructions in art1 acquiring great skill4 ,after her mother's death1 she kept both her household and the studio in orderly operation1 attending with successful management to the affairs of both1 and keeping busy at work both her servants and her father's pupils4 ,roldan was indebted to her for valuable hints4 ,he had carved a statue of ,st4 ,ferdinand for the ,cathedral1 which the canons rejected4 ,luisa suggested certain anatomical operations with the saw1 which were perfectly successful4 ,the canons took the work for a new one1 and were satisfied2 and the saint was peacefully installed in his chapel4 ,her chief productions were small figures of the ,virgin1 or groups of the ,adoration of the shepherds1 etc41 and all were designed and executed with delicacy and grace4 ,she sculptured a ,magdalen supported by an angel1 the statue giving an exquisite idea of an angel's sweetness and protecting love4 ,it is placed in the hospital at ,cadiz4 ,her small pieces are full of expression4 ,she married ,don ,luis de los ,arcos1 and was invited to ,madrid in #afib1 through ,don ,cristobal ,ontaon1 who had presented several of her works to ,charles ,,ii4 ,the king was pleased1 and ordered a statue of ,st4 ,michael1 life size1 for the church of the ,escurial4 ,this ,luisa executed with great success1 and to the admiration of the connoisseurs4 ,the work elicited complimentary verses from a distinguished poet1 and the artist was rewarded by the post of sculptress in ordinary to the king1 with a salary of a hundred ducats1 paid from the day she arrived at court4 ,when ,charles ,,ii4 died she had just completed a statue of our ,saviour which he had ordered for a convent2 its destination was then changed to a nunnery at ,sisanto4 ,she died at ,madrid in #agjd1 leaving in the palace treasure a small group1 modeled in clay1 representing ,st4 ,anna teaching the ,virgin to read1 and attended by angels4 ,some of her works were placed in the ,recolete ,convent1 and some in the ,chartreuse of ,paulan4 ,doa ,isabella ,carasquilla was a painter1 and married a miniaturist1 ,juan de ,valdes ,leal of ,cordova4 ,their daughters ,luisa and ,maria were highly educated1 and painted miniatures4 ,the latter died in #agcj1 a nun in the ,sistercian ,convent at ,seville4 ,rosalba ,salvioni1 a painter of celebrity1 was the pupil of ,mesquida4 ,doa ,inez ,zarcillo evinced no small taste in drawing and modeling4 ,she was the sister of a sculptor4 ,maria de ,loreto ,prieto1 an artist's daughter1 possessed extraordinary talent for painting and engraving4 ,her father was highly esteemed by ,charles ,,iii41 and had the oversight of all the coins for the purpose of improving the stamps4 ,caterina ,querubini1 the wife of ,preciado1 a miniature-painter1 enjoyed a pension from the ,spanish court1 and an honored place in the ,academy de ,san ,fernando4 ,doa ,isabella ,farnese1 the wife of ,philip ,v41 and ,angela ,perez ,caballero1 drew exceedingly well1 and were members of the ,academy in ,madrid4 ,,women ,,artists ,,in ,,france4 ,in ,france women had taken a position more prominent than in the preceding century4 ,even the gallantry prevailing in society1 and the corruption of court manners1 were promoted by feminine influence4 ,unworthy women were raised to power1 and the history of court favorites from the reign of the knightly ,henry ,,iv4 to that of the great monarch ,louis ,,xiv4 forms the most important part of the annals of the empire4 ,women took eminent places in every department of literature2 in the drama ,catherine ,bernard was the disciple of ,racine1 and ,mademoiselle de ,scudery had many imitators in her poetical romances2 while ,madame de la ,fayette took the lead in a more modern style of fiction4 ,madame ,dacier became celebrated as 8the most learned and eloquent of women10 and her example helped to spread a love of knowledge and classical attainment among the ,french ladies4 ,even theological pursuits had a ,jeanne de la ,mothe-,guyon to represent mysticism in conflict with the orthodoxy of the court and the state4 ,in art the ascendency of woman was by no means so great4 ,we may1 however1 name1 as prominent in portrait and miniature painting1 ,antoinette and ,madelaine ,herault2 the latter1 in #affj1 married ,noel ,coypel4 ,she joined noble virtues to her extraordinary talents4 ,henriette ,stresor and ,catherine ,perrot may also be mentioned4 ,catherine ,duchemin1 a flower-painter1 married the famous sculptor ,girardon4 ,several women were noted as engravers on copper2 among them ,claudine ,bonzonnet ,stella has been called the first in ,france1 and practiced the art with her two sisters4 ,jane ,frances and ,mary ,ann ,ozanne1 the sisters of a ,french engraver1 worked chiefly in engraving sea-side scenes4 ,,elizabeth ,,sophie ,,ch,,ron4 ,but she who occupies the highest place among all the artists of this period is ,elizabeth ,sophie ,chron4 ,born in ,paris in #afdh1 she received instruction from her father in miniature and enamel painting1 in which she attained such perfection that she may be regarded as the leader of the host of ,french artists who devoted themselves especially to this branch4 ,at the age of twenty-six she was admitted a member of the ,academy1 at the proposal of ,charles ,le ,brun4 ,she was received with distinction2 his portrait by her being her reception picture4 ,her merits were a fine tone1 exquisite taste and harmony in design1 and finely-disposed draperies4 ,she often made portraits from memory4 ,her portraits were so frequently treated in an allegorical manner they might be called historical2 and her history-pieces were much admired4 ,she designed much after the antique4 ,her father had educated ,elizabeth in the strictest principles of ,calvinism2 but her mother1 ,marie ,lefevre1 a ,catholic1 persuaded her to become a member of that church1 after a year's seclusion in the community of ,madame de ,miramion4 ,the difference in faith did not impair her affection to her family4 ,she supported her brother ,louis for some time in ,italy1 whither he went to study painting4 ,this accomplished artist passed the maturity of life without any of the experiences1 with which almost every young girl is familiar1 of the tender passion4 ,her emotions seem to have been altogether spiritual4 ,she translated many of the ,psalms into ,french verse2 and they were published with illustrations by ,louis4 ,she played admirably on the lute1 and was accustomed to practice in the parlor with her nieces and pupils1 who performed on different instruments4 ,louis ,,xiv4 gave her a pension of five hundred livres4 ,the most eminent scholars of the day were her friends and visitors2 and in conversation she evinced the highest mental cultivation4 ,her portraits were chiefly painted as presents to her friends1 or as ornaments to her own cabinet4 8,i have the pleasure10 she would say1 8of seeing them in their absence40 ,in spiritual lyrics she was the precursor of ,j4 ,b4 ,rousseau1 with whom in warmth of feeling she may be compared2 and in narrative poetry she acquired much reputation4 ,the ,academy dei ,ricovrati1 in ,padua1 received her as a member in #afii1 under the name of ,erato4 ,she possessed beauty and engaging manners1 and to all the honors lavished on her she joined the crowning grace of modesty4 ,the attractions of this gifted being did not depart with the beauty of fleeting youth4 ,at the age of sixty she fascinated the affections of the ,sieur ,le ,hay1 a gentleman about her own age1 on whom she bestowed her hand1 simply with the generous motive1 it was said1 of promoting his good fortune4 ,tradition reports that1 when they came out of the church after the ceremony had been performed1 the bride made a speech to her husband1 implying that esteem1 not romantic love1 had influenced her choice4 ,she is said to have alluded to him1 under the name of ,damon1 in one of her poems4 ,as of ,madame ,dacier1 it might be said of this artist--the traits of a great and manly nature might be discerned in her face4 ,her features wore an expression of decision and firmness4 ,her hair1 in her portrait1 curls from the top and floats in ringlets4 ,she was remarkable for the modesty and simplicity of her dress4 ,her large and sympathizing heart made her the protector and benefactor of needy artists1 while her social qualities drew around her the brilliant circles that habitually were found at her house1 including many of the most gifted and illustrious of that day4 ,her death took place in #agaa1 at the age of sixty-three1 and she was buried at ,st4 ,sulpice4 ,she was lamented by ,fermelhuis in a canto of praise4 ,the ,abb ,bosquillon wrote the following lines to be inscribed under her portrait3 8,de deux talens exquis l'assemblage nouveau ,rendra toujours ,chron l'ornement de la ,france2 ,rien ne peut de sa plume galer l'excellence ,que les graces de son pinceau40 ,for different gifts renowned1 fair ,chron see1 ,ever of ,france the ornament and pride2 ,equaled by none her pen's great works shall be1 ,save when her pencil triumphs at their side4 ,mademoiselle ,chron made many studies from ,raphael and the ,caracci4 ,among her historical tableaux are enumerated1 8,the ,flight into ,egypt0--the ,virgin represented in a wearied sleep1 with angels guarding the babe2 8,cassandra inquiring of a god the doom of ,troy20 8,the ,annunciation20 8,christ at the ,sepulchre0--after ,zumbo2 with 8,the ,demoiselles de la ,croix0--her nieces and pupils2 and a grand portrait of the ,archbishop of ,paris1 placed in the ,jacobin school of the ,rue ,st4 ,jacques4 ,madelaine ,masson was the daughter of ,anthony ,masson1 a celebrated engraver1 and was born in ,paris1 #affj4 ,she received instruction from her father1 and engraved portraits in his fine style4 ,among these is the picture of ,maria ,teresa1 ,queen of ,france1 and of the ,infanta of ,spain4 ,the ,marchioness de ,pompadour engraved and executed small plates after ,boucher and others4 ,she engraved one set of sixty-three prints1 after gems by ,gay4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century4 ,two different ,systems of ,painting in the ,north4--,the ,flemish ,school represented by ,rubens4--,the ,dutch by ,rembrandt4--,characteristics of ,rubens' ,style4--,no female ,disciples4--,unsuited to feminine ,study4--,some ,women ,artists of the first ,part of the ,century4--,features of the ,dutch ,school4--,a wide ,field for female ,energy and ,industry4--,painting de genre4--,its ,peculiarities4--,state of ,things favorable to female ,enterprise4--,early ,efforts in ,genre-painting4--,few ,women among ,rembrandt's immediate ,disciples4--,genre-painting becomes adapted to female ,talent4--8,the ,dutch ,muses40--,another ,woman ,architect4--,dutch ,women ,painters and ,engravers4--,maria ,schalken and others4--8,the second ,schurmann40--,margaretta ,godewyck4--,the ,painter-poet4--,anna ,maria ,schurmann4--,wonderful ,genius for ,languages4--,early ,acquirements4--,her ,scholarship and ,position among the learned4--,a ,painter1 ,sculptor1 and ,engraver4--,called 8the ,wonder of ,creation40--,royal and princely ,visitors4--,journey to ,germany4--,embraces the religious ,tenets of ,labadie4--,his ,doctrines4--,joins his ,band4--,collects his ,followers1 and leads them into ,friesland4--,poverty and ,death4--,visit of ,william ,penn to her4--,her ,portrait4--,her female ,contemporaries in ,art4--,flower-painting in the ,netherlands4--,its ,pioneers4--,maria ,van ,oosterwyck4--,her ,birth and ,education4--,early ,productions4--,celebrated at foreign ,courts4--,presents from imperial ,friends4--,enormous ,prices for her ,pictures4--,royal ,purchasers4--,the quiet ,artist at work4--,the ,lover's ,visit4--,the ,lover's ,trial and ,failure4--,style of her ,painting4--,rachel ,ruysch4--,the greatest ,flower-painter4--,early ,instruction4--,spread of her ,fame4--,domestic ,cares4--,professional ,honors4--,invitations to ,courts4--,her ,patron1 the ,elector4--,her ,works in old ,age4--,her ,character4--,rarity of her ,paintings4--,personal ,appearance4 ,while the academicians and naturalists of the ,italian schools contended through the seventeenth century1 and while in ,france and ,spain the works of art exhibited as great contrasts1 modified in each country by national peculiarities1 two different systems in the ,north came into notice4 ,these1 as in the time of ,von ,eyck1 had great influence upon the development of art in other lands besides that where they originated4 ,one was the ,flemish school1 represented by ,rubens2 the other the ,dutch1 in which ,rembrandt was regarded as the mighty master4 ,the style of ,rubens1 brilliant1 luxuriant1 and full of vigorous life1 it may be thought would commend itself peculiarly to the attention of women4 ,this school1 however1 in which the healthy and florid naturalism of ,flemish art reached its highest development1 seems to have been without any female disciples of note4 ,the passionate and often intensely dramatic character of the works of ,rubens and his scholars1 and the physical development of his nude figures1 were1 indeed1 scarcely suited to feminine study1 though their fullness of life and warmth of coloring afterward won to imitation an artist like ,madame ,o',connell4 ,we may also mention ,micheline ,wontiers1 a portrait painter in the first half of the seventeenth century4 ,an engraving was made from one of her productions by ,pontius1 who busied himself with the works of ,rubens4 ,the name of ,catherine ,pepyn1 too1 is found inscribed as a portrait painter in the ,st4 ,luke's ,society of ,artists at ,antwerp1 about #afee4 ,in ,holland1 on the other hand1 the new school of painting owed its marked features to the political and religious revolution that had been the fruit of the reformed doctrines4 ,this change offered a wide field for the exercise of female energy and genius4 ,with the progress of the new faith kept pace the rapid advance of literature2 the great questions at issue and the more earnest domestic life of the ,hollanders furnishing ample materials for thought and description4 ,painting came under the same influence1 and this was evident when the depth and power of feeling in his works marked ,rembrandt as one of the greatest masters of all time4 ,a novel species of the art was called painting de genre4 ,herein life was represented in all its rich and varied forms1 and the world and real humanity became objects of attention where hitherto only idealized representations had been tolerated4 ,a new arena was thus opened1 in which there was promise of noble achievement1 and the rudest and meanest aspects of common life soon appeared capable of being invested with an ideal fascination4 ,the painter de genre1 armed with the wand of humor1 often succeeded in such attempts1 and success led to the adoption of that wonderfully poetical chiar' oscuro in coloring1 which1 till this period1 had never attained the same degree of favor either in the ,north or the ,south4 ,this state of things was eminently favorable to female enterprise1 and we find1 accordingly1 in a number of fair artists1 evidences of the energetic industry and careful minuteness for which the women of ,holland have been particularly noted4 ,however1 in the earliest efforts at painting de genre1 wherein the ,flemish artists stood opposed to the schools of ,italy1 women took no share4 ,these trial specimens usually consisted of some rough piece after nature1 such as the drunken boors and rustic women of the elder ,breughel1 and for a long time the prevailing taste ran on the low1 coarse1 and fantastic in the models selected4 ,there was more to disgust than to attract cultivated women in such a fashion1 and1 notwithstanding their alleged fancy to run into extremes1 this will account for the fact that they did not choose to be numbered among those who delighted in such a copying of nature4 ,one we hear of1 ,anna ,breughel1 seems to have been a kinswoman of a younger painter of that name4 ,the earnestness1 depth1 and intensity given to this species of art by ,rembrandt seemed to lie as little within the compass of female fancy1 which rather delighted in pleasing delineations of more superficial emotion1 than in the concentration of the deepest feelings of nature4 ,thus few women were found among the immediate disciples of ,rembrandt4 ,but as painting de genre accommodated itself more pleasingly to representations of ordinary life and circumstances1 and the delicacy of detail that formed the peculiar charm of this species of art was lavished on attractive phases of character1 the school became more and more the nursery of female talent4 ,literature1 at this period1 experienced a similar change2 and it is interesting to see the same persons pursuing both branches of study4 ,this was the case with the two painters1 ,tesselschade-,visscher--called the 8,dutch ,muses10 on account of their poetry--with ,elizabeth ,hoffmann1 and the dramatic poet1 ,catharina ,lescaille2 also with one of whom we shall presently speak1 whose fame traveled far beyond the boundaries of her native land4 ,among the older artists of the ,dutch school we may mention1 in passing1 the fruit and flower painter1 ,angelica ,agnes ,pakman2 ,madame ,steenwyk1 a designer in architecture2 and the portrait-painter1 ,anna de ,bruyn4 ,anna ,tessala was eminent as a skillful carver in wood4 ,concerning ,maria ,grebber1 a pupil of ,savary1 ,van ,mander remarks that she was well skilled both in perspective and in building plans4 ,maria and ,gezina ,terburg were sisters of ,gerard1 and1 like him1 skillful in genre-painting4 ,gottfried ,schalken1 who introduced a simpler method1 and surprising effects of light1 was not more celebrated than his sister and pupil1 ,maria1 for productions remarkable for delicacy of execution and tender expression4 ,eglon van der ,neer shared his fame with his wife1 ,adriana ,spilberg4 ,she was born in ,amsterdam1 in #afdf1 and was taught by her father1 an eminent painter4 ,she excelled in crayons or pastels1 though she often painted in oil4 ,her portraits were said to be accurate likenesses4 ,they were delicately colored1 and executed with neatness and care4 ,she was much patronized at the court of ,dsseldorf4 ,caspar ,netscher1 one of the best and most pleasing masters in this peculiar style1 had a disciple in ,margaretta ,wulfraat1 whose historical paintings--a ,cleopatra and a ,semiramis--are to be seen in ,amsterdam1 and who died at a great age early in the eighteenth century4 ,a still greater interest attaches to artists who also took an active part in the elevation of ,dutch literature4 ,anna and ,maria ,tesselschade--the daughters of ,visscher1 already mentioned--belonged to this class2 they were also celebrated for their fine etchings on glass4 ,their literary culture brought them into association with the most eminent scholars of that day4 ,with them may be ranked ,margaretta ,godewyck--born at ,dort1 in #afbg1 and a pupil of ,maas--who attained celebrity both in painting and in her knowledge of the ancient and modern languages4 ,she was called 8the second ,schurmann10 and many praised her as 8the lovely flower of art and literature of the ,merwestrom20 that is1 of ,dortrecht4 ,she painted landscapes and flowers1 and embroidered them with great skill4 ,she died at fifty4 ,catharina ,questier1 who resided at ,amsterdam1 was distinguished for painting1 copper-engraving1 and modeling in wax1 besides having no small consideration accorded to her poetry4 ,two of her comedies1 that appeared in #afee1 evince her skill in at least three branches2 for the drawings and engravings that illustrated the dramas were entirely her own design and execution4 ,,anna ,,maria ,,schurmann4 ,a higher and more enduring fame than all these could command must be accorded to ,anna ,maria ,schurmann1 called by the ,dutch poets their ,sappho and their ,corneille4 ,she was born in ,november1 #afjg1 in ,cologne 7,descampes says1 at ,utrecht71 of ,flemish parents4 ,her family1 like that of ,rubens1 was ,protestant1 and her parents fled to ,cologne from the persecutions of ,alba1 remaining till #afae1 when they removed to ,utrecht4 ,even in early childhood the genius of the young girl displayed its bent4 ,at three years of age she began to read1 and at seven could speak ,latin4 ,her mother tried to keep her at the needle1 but she loved to amuse herself by cutting out paper pictures2 she also painted flowers and birds--untaught4 ,a few years later1 her taste for poetry and learning languages developed itself4 ,learning was her passion2 the arts her recreation4 ,being allowed to be present at her brothers' ,latin lessons1 she soon gained surprising proficiency in that tongue4 ,when she was ten years old1 she translated passages from ,seneca into ,french and ,flemish4 ,her love of study soon led to the acquisition of the ,greek4 ,to the classics she added1 before long1 a knowledge of the ,oriental languages4 ,she spoke and wrote the ,hebrew1 ,samaritan1 ,arabic1 ,chaldaic1 ,syriac1 ,ethiopian1 ,turkish1 and ,persian2 besides being perfectly well acquainted with the ,italian1 ,spanish1 ,french1 ,english1 and ,german1 and speaking every ,european tongue with elegance4 ,at the age of eleven this ,flemish lassie had read the ,bible1 ,seneca1 ,virgil1 ,homer1 and schylus in the original tongues2 at fourteen she composed a ,latin ode to the famous ,dutch poet ,jacob ,cats1 who became afterward an unsuccessful suitor for her hand4 ,she wrote verses1 indeed1 in many languages4 ,the knowledge of different tongues greatly aided her theological studies1 in which she took the deepest interest from early life4 ,it is said that it was by reading the ,history of the ,martyrs she became imbued with the tendency to religious enthusiasm that so strongly influenced her through life1 and led to so strange a career in her latter years4 ,the astonishing learning of this remarkable woman and her mastery in the languages1 caused her opinions to be often consulted by the most erudite scholars of her time4 ,her judgment was always received with respect2 an honorable place was reserved for her in the lecture-rooms of the ,university at ,utrecht2 and not unfrequently she took part openly in the learned discussions there carried on4 ,the professors of the ,university of ,leyden had a tribune made1 where she could hear without mixing with the audience4 ,with this wonderful erudition ,anna ,maria combined a rare degree of cultivation in art4 ,the genius that had shown itself in paper-cutting still gave evidence of strong and resolute activity4 ,she was skilled both in drawing and painting1 had a 8happy taste in sculpture10 and exercised her talents in carving in wood and ivory1 as well as in modeling in wax4 ,she carved the busts of her mother and brothers in wood4 ,the painter ,honthorst valued a single portrait executed by her1 at a thousand ,dutch florins4 ,in addition1 she has left evidence of her no slight accomplishments in copper-engraving2 and she engraved with the diamond on crystal4 ,taste in music1 and skill in playing on several instruments1 fill up the list of the amazing variety of endowments bestowed on one of the most gifted of her sex4 ,we can not marvel that she was called by her contemporaries 8the wonder of creation40 ,not only was she1 on account of such varied gifts1 regarded with admiration1 but she was idolized by her acquaintance for personal qualities4 ,she was in the most intimate literary association with men of distinguished learning like ,salmatius1 ,heinsius1 ,vossius--who is said to have taught her ,hebrew--and others4 ,princes and princesses came to visit and converse with her1 and entered into correspondence with her4 ,gonzagues1 ,queen of ,poland1 taking a journey to ,utrecht in #afde1 went to visit ,anna ,maria1 having heard such wonderful things of her4 ,after a long conversation she gave her flattering tokens of her esteem4 ,the ,queen of ,bohemia1 and the ,princess ,louise1 her daughter1 often wrote to her4 ,with a modesty that was as rare as her singular endowments1 ,anna ,maria declined all proffered honors1 and it was long before she could be persuaded to publish her literary productions4 ,when the distinguished physician1 ,johann van ,beverwyk wished to dedicate to her his treatise on the 8,advantages of the ,female ,sex10 she sought to withdraw from the intended compliment4 ,in #afcf she was induced to publish a ,latin poem1 celebrating the foundation of the ,university of ,utrecht4 ,her 8,apology for the ,female ,sex10 and other works followed this4 ,anna ,maria ,schurmann resided many years in her native city of ,cologne4 ,according to one authority1 part of her time was passed in a country house1 where she lived in the utmost simplicity1 shunning the attentions of the persons of celebrity who wished to visit her1 and dividing her time between her art and her pen4 ,in #affd she made a journey to ,germany in company with her brother2 and there first became acquainted with ,labadie1 the celebrated ,french enthusiast and preacher of new doctrines4 ,he believed that the ,supreme ,being would deceive man for the purpose of doing good4 ,he taught that new revelations were continually made by the ,holy ,spirit to the human soul2 that the ,bible was not a necessary guide2 that observance of the ,sabbath was not imperative2 that a contemplative life tended to perfection in the character2 and that such a state could be attained by self-denial1 self-mortification1 and prayer4 ,this man was possessed of singular intellectual powers1 and fascinating eloquence4 ,he succeeded in gaining many followers1 and the mind of ,anna ,maria1 deep and serious to melancholy1 and now clouded by grief for the loss of her father and brothers1 too readily gave credence to his pretensions4 ,abandoning both pen and pencil1 she joined the disciples of ,labadie1 devoting herself to the studies that favored his theological doctrines4 ,to promote his success1 she published her last work1 entitled 8,eucleria10 in #afgc1 the year before the death of the fanatic4 ,she attended him1 and it is said he died in her arms4 ,in this book she deplores her early devotion to literature and art4 ,other accounts add that she collected the followers of ,labadie--called ,labadists--and1 continuing to disseminate his tenets1 assumed the leadership of the band1 and conducted them to ,vivert in ,friesland4 ,she brought over ,elizabeth--,princess ,palatine--to these doctrines1 and together they opened an asylum for the wandering disciples4 ,true to the doctrines she professed1 ,anna ,maria bestowed all her goods to feed the poor1 and sank to the grave in poverty1 dying in ,may1 #afgh1 at the age of seventy-one4 ,william ,penn mentions1 in his 8,journey in ,germany10 a conversation he had at ,vivert with this wonderful woman in #afgg1 noticing especially the gravity and solemnity of her tones in discourse4 ,anna ,maria ,schurmann has left behind her not only the renown of her great learning and artistic culture1 truly remarkable in one of either sex1 but also a reputation for purity of heart and fervor of religious feeling1 which can not be disturbed by her mistaken though sincere belief1 and the fanatical enthusiasm with which she clung to absurd dogmas4 ,in her portrait her hair is combed back from her forehead1 with flowing side locks4 ,the back knot is wreathed with ornaments4 ,a large pointed collar closely encircles her throat4 ,her features are marked2 her eyes keen and expressive2 her ,roman nose is large4 ,among the contemporaries of ,anna ,maria ,schurmann were the painters ,clara ,peters1 ,alida ,withoos1 ,susanna von ,steen1 and ,catharine ,oostfries2 with the copper-engravers ,susanna ,verbruggen1 ,anna de ,koher1 and ,maria de ,wilde1 who etched a series of fifty pieces--gems in her father's collection--and published them in #agjj at ,amsterdam4 ,it was in the seventeenth century that flower-painting was carried to such perfection among the women of the ,netherlands4 ,constantia of ,utrecht and ,angelica ,pakman may be classed with the pioneers of this beautiful art--this truly feminine accomplishment4 ,,maria ,,van ,,oosterwyck was the first eminent artist in this branch1 and the precursor of one superior to her--,rachel ,ruysch--who1 esteemed in her day as the pride and honor of the ,dutch school1 was1 indeed1 worthy of being reckoned among those of whom the whole world is proud4 ,though not so great1 ,maria is justly numbered among the illustrious women of ,holland4 ,she was born at ,nootdorp1 near ,delft1 about #afcj4 ,she received her early instruction from the distinguished flower-painter1 ,david ,heem4 ,her father was a preacher of the ,reformed religion1 and took pains in cultivating his daughter's intellectual powers4 ,he did not fail to notice her remarkable inclination to painting1 and her dissatisfaction1 and even disgust1 at the trifles that served to amuse other girls of her age4 ,she always had the crayon in her hand4 ,her early productions gained much praise1 and it was not long before she obtained such exceeding skill as to become the rival of her teacher4 ,admiring connoisseurs carried her fame abroad1 and she became celebrated at foreign courts4 ,her works were eagerly sought by the first princes of the time1 after ,louis ,,xiv4 of ,france had placed one of them in his magnificent collection4 ,the ,emperor ,leopold and the empress sent for specimens of her powers1 for which she received the portraits of their imperial majesties1 set in diamonds1 in token of their esteem4 ,her pieces commanded enormous prices4 ,william ,,iii4 of ,england paid her nine hundred florins for a picture1 and the sovereigns of ,europe seemed to vie with one another in heaping honors and fame on this gifted woman4 ,the ,king of ,poland purchased three of her pictures for two thousand four hundred florins4 ,these sums were paid her with every mark of respect1 as presents from her friends rather than professional remuneration4 ,in the midst of all these honors ,maria led a quiet and peaceful life1 undisturbed by excitement or change4 ,she was surrounded by a pleasant circle of friends2 she worked indefatigably1 and was always found in her cabinet4 ,to obtain more time to herself1 she went to pay a visit to her grandfather at ,delft4 ,one day she received a visit from a young man1 who announced himself as ,william van ,aelst1 and appeared anxious to see some of her works4 ,his admiration of them1 was blended with an ardent love for the artist4 ,he at last summoned courage to declare his passion1 but ,maria replied that she was firmly resolved against matrimony4 ,her lively suitor1 she thought1 too1 was unsuited to her grave and quiet nature4 ,unwilling1 however1 to crush his hopes too suddenly and treat him with unkindness1 she annexed a condition to her acceptance of her wooer1 which she imagined would effectually deter him from prosecuting his suit1 or at least wear out his constancy4 ,she required that he should work ten hours of every day for a year4 ,the young man promised readily2 but1 as she supposed1 he had not perseverance enough to keep his word4 ,his studio was opposite ,maria's2 she watched him from her window1 and failed not to mark on the sash the days he was absent from his labors4 ,at the end of the year ,william came to claim her promise4 8,you have yourself absolved me from it10 was her reply2 and1 going to the window1 she pointed out to him the record of his idle days4 ,the lover was confounded1 and retired disappointed4 ,maria painted flowers with an admirable finish and accuracy1 and displayed exquisite taste and art in their selection and grouping2 she had also wonderful skill in copying their fresh tints1 and in the harmonious adjustment of different colors4 ,she took a long while and bestowed much labor in finishing her works1 and they are consequently rare4 ,she died at the age of sixty-three1 at the house of her nephew1 ,jacques von ,assendelft1 a preacher at ,eutdam in ,holland4 ,,rachel ,,ruysch4 ,rachel ,ruysch 7spelled also ,ruisch or ,reutch7 trod in the footsteps of ,maria van ,oosterwyck1 and carried flower-painting to a perfection never before attained4 ,descampes says her flowers and fruit 8surpassed nature herself40 ,it is certain that she succeeded in producing the most perfect illusion2 and the tasteful selection of her subject and manner of grouping1 disposition1 and contrast1 rendered the effect more exquisite4 ,this illustrious artist was the daughter of a famous anatomist1 and was born in ,amsterdam1 #affd4 ,she received lessons in painting from ,wilhelm van ,aelst1 an artist who ranked with ,de ,heem and ,huysum among ,dutch flower-painters4 ,he and his rivals were soon equaled by the fair scholar1 and thenceforward she took nature for her teacher4 ,while her fame went abroad with her pictures1 ,rachel sat and worked in her secluded room2 but she could not hide herself from the arrows of the boy-god4 ,she married--,descampes and others say1 at the age of thirty--a portrait-painter named ,julian van ,pool1 who fell in love1 and introduced himself to her4 ,she became the mother of ten children4 ,in the midst of domestic cares1 and the duties of attending to her offspring1 she managed not to neglect the art she loved so much2 yet we are informed that her children were admirably brought up4 ,the toil and study must have been immense which1 in spite of the interruptions of household employments and the depression of a narrow income1 enabled her to attain such excellence that her praises were sung by poets and poetesses1 and her fame traveled to every court in ,europe4 ,in #agja the ,academical ,society of ,haye admitted her into membership2 her reception picture was a beautiful piece of roses and other flowers4 ,her celebrity became so great that1 in #agjh1 the ,elector ,john of the ,pfalz sent her a diploma1 naming her painter in ordinary to his court1 and inviting her to take up her residence in his capital4 ,this prince wrote her another letter1 accompanying the gift of a complete toilet set in silver1 twenty-eight pieces1 to which he added six flambeaux of the same metal4 ,he promised to stand godfather to one of her children4 ,when she took her son to ,dsseldorf1 the elector decorated the babe's neck with a red ribbon1 to which was attached a magnificent gold medal4 ,in the elector's service she produced a number of pictures1 most of them for her ,mcenas1 who after paying for them always added honorable presents4 ,in #agac1 on a second visit to ,dsseldorf1 she was received with the distinction her great talents merited4 ,the elector sent some of her pictures to the ,grand-,duke of ,tuscany1 who admired and placed them among his rich collection of master-pieces4 ,several of her works were presented to royal personages2 some were treasured in the gallery of ,dsseldorf1 and some excellent pictures were preserved in ,munich4 ,after the death of her friend and patron1 the elector1 she returned to ,holland1 and prosecuted her art with unwearied industry4 ,she mourned his loss as her friend and the generous protector of art2 but her works met with as great success1 and ,flanders and ,holland even murmured at their being taken to ,germany4 ,the advance of old age could not obscure her rare gifts2 the pictures she executed at eighty were as highly finished as at thirty4 ,to genius of the highest order she united all the virtues that dignify and adorn the female character4 ,respected by the great--beloved even by her rivals--praised by all who knew her--her path in life was strewn with flowers1 till at its peaceful close she laid her honors down4 ,she died in #agej1 at the age of eighty-six1 having been married fifty years and five years a widow4 ,her works are rarely seen1 from the difficulty of inducing possessors in ,holland to part with them4 ,at ,amsterdam there are four beautiful pieces4 ,their chief merits are surprising vigor and a delicate finish1 with coloring true to nature4 ,flowers1 fruits1 and insects seem full of fresh life4 ,rachel's style combined a softness1 lightness1 and delicacy of touch with a certain grandeur of disposition and powerful effect1 which caused the universal recognition of a manly spirit and nobility of feeling in her works4 ,in her portrait her hair is short1 with low-necked dress and beads round the throat4 ,the features of the artist1 large and strongly marked1 bear the same brave1 open character that spoke in the grouping and arrangement of her flowers--in the freedom that marked her compositions and was blended with their surprising lightness and grace4 ,in the depth of coloring a delicate poetic fragrance seemed to be infused4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century4 ,unfavorable ,circumstances for ,painting in ,germany4--,effects of the ,thirty ,years' ,war4--,the national ,love of ,art shown by the ,signs of ,life manifested4--,influence of the ,reformation4--,inferiority of ,german ,art in this ,century4--,ladies of ,rank in ,literature4--,a female ,astronomer4--,the ,fame of ,schurmann awakens ,emulation4--,distinguished ,women4--,commencement of poetic ,orders4--,zesen1 the ,patron of the ,sex4--,women who cultivated ,art4--,paintresses of ,nuremberg4--,barbara ,helena ,lange4--,flower-painters and ,engravers4--,modeling in ,wax4--,women ,artists in ,augsburg4--,in ,munich4--,in ,hamburg4--,the ,princess ,hollandina4--,her ,paintings4--,maria ,sibylla ,merian4--,early ,fondness for ,insects4--,maternal ,opposition4--,her ,marriage4--,publication of her first ,work4--,joins the ,labadists4--,returns to the ,butterflies4--,curiosity to see ,american ,insects4--,voyage to ,surinam4--,story of the ,lantern-flies4--,return to ,holland4--,her ,works published4--,republication in ,paris afterward4--,her ,daughters4--,her personal ,appearance4--,the ,danish ,women ,artists4--,anna ,crabbe4--,king's ,daughters4--,the ,taste in ,art in ,denmark and ,england governed by that of foreign ,nations4--,female ,artists in ,england4--,the ,poetesses most prominent4--,miniaturists4--,portrait-pa inters4--,etchers4--,lady ,connoisseurs4--,the ,dwarf's ,daughter4--,anna ,carlisle4--,mary ,beale4--,pupil of ,sir ,peter ,lely4--,character of her ,works4--,rumor of ,lely's ,attachment to her4--,poems in her ,praise4--,mr4 ,beale's ,note-books4--,anne ,killegrew4--,her ,portraits of the ,royal ,family4--,history and still-life ,pieces4--,her ,portrait by ,lely4--,her ,character4--,dryden's ,ode to her ,memory4--,her ,poems published4--,mademoiselle ,rose4--,the ,artist in ,silk4--,wonderful ,effects4--,her ,works ,curiosities4--,the ,artist of the ,scissors4--,her singular imitative ,powers4--,a ,copyist of old ,paintings4--,her ,cuttings4--,views of all kinds done with the ,scissors4--,royal and imperial ,visitors4--,her ,trophy for the ,emperor ,leopold4--,poems in her ,praise4--,the ,swiss ,paintress ,anna ,wasser4--,her ,education and ,works4--,commissions from ,courts4--,her ,father's ,avarice4--,sojourn at a ,court4--,return home4--,fatal ,accident4--,her literary ,accomplishments4 ,while in the ,netherlands1 under the influence of the national elevation1 art grew into a school of peculiar nationality1 much less favorable circumstances existed in ,germany4 ,it may be said1 indeed1 that none less favorable could be found in any country4 ,it was not merely that the land had been wasted by the ,thirty ,years' ,war1 for art and knowledge have been known to bud and bloom amid a severe national struggle4 ,this contest1 however1 was one hostile to every generous impulse and lofty aspiration1 and tended to crush the noble energies that are called forth in other conflicts4 ,it was an internecine and sordid strife2 ,germans were arrayed against ,germans1 and hordes of foreign robbers were encouraged to plunder the country desolated by her own children4 ,in the reign of mean and base passions1 there was no soil where such flowers might bloom as then made beautiful the ,netherlands4 ,there was wanting1 also1 such a central point as was afforded in ,france and ,spain by the courts of ,versailles and ,madrid4 ,all things revolved in a narrow and sordid sphere of individual interest4 ,that ,germany1 in spite of this disastrous and gloomy condition1 should have produced artists1 and that even women1 with self-sacrificing zeal should have manifested their predilection for the calling1 is a proof of the deep love for art implanted in the heart of the nation1 showing itself in brilliant flashes during the sixteenth century1 and in the midst of troubles not entirely extinguished4 ,the ,reformation1 while it had inspired ,germany with the spirit of a new epoch1 at first assumed a position hostile to the arts that had contributed to embellish the old faith4 ,for three hundred years1 by open force1 blind fury1 and cold contempt1 this misapprehension of the true scope of art threatened to destroy what preceding ages had left of excellence2 nor did the struggle terminate till the nineteenth century4 ,signs of life in art had been first perceived in ,germany toward the beginning of the thirteenth century2 and there had been progressive stages of improvement4 ,the stiffness and seriousness prescribed by tradition were replaced by softer execution and an easier flow of outline4 ,flowing drapery and grace marked the earliest attempts to express the artist's own feelings in his works1 and a subjective principle was allowed in paintings4 ,in the revival of art toward the end of the fifteenth century the sacred subjects of earlier ages had been much chosen4 ,afterward1 the artist's own mind and emotions came forth in self-productive energy2 and1 at a later period1 rose into favor the accurate delineations of nature's forms4 ,the inferiority of ,germany in an artistic view1 in the seventeenth century1 is undeniable2 but many were found who longed after the excellence of which other lands could boast4 ,women there were in abundance who cultivated ornamental literature2 noble ladies and princesses patronized poets and courted the muses4 ,henrietta of ,orange1 the consort of the great ,elector1 was one of several royal dames yet remembered in their sacred songs4 ,the lower orders could boast their cultivated women2 and the name of ,maria ,cunitz deserves mention as learned in the science of astronomy4 ,the fame of ,anna ,memorata1 ,fulvia ,morata1 and ,anna ,maria ,schurmann meanwhile filled the ,german women with emulative desire to inscribe their names beside those accomplished persons4 ,gertrude ,mller was learned in the languages1 and ,sibylla ,schwarz in poetry4 ,even ,rist1 who excluded women from his literary society1 corresponded with the poetess ,maria ,commer4 ,this was the beginning of honorary poetic orders1 and women were not excluded from these1 especially from those established by ,zesen4 ,he was the patron and encourager of female genius and enterprise2 his pen was dedicated to the service of the sex1 and his praises were reciprocated by the grateful fair4 ,in his 8,lustinne0 he sings of the lady poets of his day4 ,the female artists of that time seemed1 indeed1 to lack such generous appreciation2 and it may be that the enthusiastic eulogies lavished by poets on each other had a selfish aim4 ,yet the period was not without a goodly number of women who cultivated art1 and it is not improbable that the success of the poetesses had some effect in stimulating their zeal4 ,the example of the illustrious ,schurmann1 who wore the double wreath of both branches of study1 was before their eyes2 and the ,dutch school had much influence in forming tastes in ,germany4 ,the love of exercising creative power naturally developed itself in various ways4 ,nuremberg1 the seat of the ,pegnitzschfer order of bards2 ,hamburg1 the residence of the chivalrous ,zesen2 ,saxony1 where flourished many fair devotees to literature--were not abandoned by the spirit of art4 ,in the first-mentioned city we hear of two paintresses descended from families celebrated for artistic excellence3 ,susannah ,maria von ,sandrart1 who also did etching in copper2 and ,esther ,juvenel1 who drew plans for architecture4 ,to these may be added the name of ,barbara ,helena ,lange1 who earned celebrity by engraving on copper1 and carving figures in ivory and alabaster4 ,she was admitted to the ,pegnitz order1 on account of her poetical talent1 in #afgi1 her poetical name being entered as ,erone4 ,in #afhf she married one ,kopsch1 and with him removed to ,berlin1 and afterward to ,amsterdam4 ,the names of ,maria ,clara ,eimart and ,magdalena ,frst may here be mentioned as flower-painters2 that of ,helen ,preisler as an engraver on copper2 and ,joanna ,sabina ,preu as both an engraver and modeler in wax4 ,all these obtained no insignificant reputation4 ,in ,nuremberg also lived1 in #afhd1 ,anna ,maria ,pfrndt1 born in ,lyons4 ,she modeled portraits in wax1 some of which were those of persons of high rank1 and1 adorned with costly drapery and precious stones1 gained a wide-spread reputation for the artist4 ,augsburgh was also rich in evidences of woman's artistic taste4 ,susannah ,fischer and ,johanna ,sibylla ,ksel excelled in painting1 while her younger sisters1 ,christina and ,magdalena ,ksel1 with ,maria ,wieslatin1 engraved in copper4 ,others surpassed the ,nurembergers in fine carving4 ,in ,regensburgh lived ,anna ,catharina ,fischer1 a flower and portrait painter2 in ,munich1 ,isabella del ,pozzo was appointed court painter by the ,electress ,adelaide1 and the miniature-painter ,maria ,rieger was employed very frequently by princely personages4 ,placida ,lamme distinguished herself about the same time by painting miniatures and carving pictures1 with which she occupied her time in the ,bavarian cloister of ,hohenwart4 ,in ,hamburg1 ,mariana ,van der ,stoop and ,diana ,glauber were painters by profession1 and in ,saxony we find a skillful portrait-painter in ,margaretta ,rastrum1 who pursued her art in ,leipzig4 ,the above-mentioned ,anna ,catharina ,fischer lived a long time in ,halle1 with her husband1 a painter named ,block4 ,toward the end of this century we hear of ,madame ,ravemann1 who executed a beautiful medal--an exquisite specimen of cutting--for ,augustus the ,second4 ,,the ,,princess ,,hollandina4 ,casting a glance over western ,germany1 we find the artistic poverty of the land redeemed by a princess who loved the liberal arts--,louise ,hollandina1 of the ,pfalz4 ,she was the daughter of the unhappy ,friedrich ,v41 and the sister of the ,princess ,elizabeth1 whose chief celebrity arose from her veneration for the philosopher ,descartes2 also of the ,prince ,ruprecht1 noted in art history for his drawings and his leaves in the black art4 ,hollandina1 with her sister ,sophia1 received instruction in painting from the famous ,gerard ,honthorst1 and painted large historical pictures in the style of that master1 of which at the present time very little is known4 ,two of ,hollandina's paintings were added to the collection of her uncle1 ,king ,charles--one representing ,tobias and the ,angel2 the other1 a falconer4 ,an altar-piece by her hand adorns a church in ,paris4 ,lovelace1 in his poetry1 speaks highly of the abilities of this princess4 ,her family originated from the same place that gave birth to ,anna ,maria ,schurmann--the city of ,cologne--where that famed artist obtained her early education4 ,we must not omit to mention ,frankfort-on-the-,main1 where1 in the middle of the seventeenth century1 lived one of the most celebrated women of whom ,germany then could boast4 ,this was ,,maria ,,sibylla ,,merian4 ,she was the daughter of ,matthew ,merian1 the well-known geographer and engraver1 and born at ,frankfort-on-the-,main in #afdg4 ,her father published a topographical work in ,germany1 in thirty-one folio volumes4 ,her mother was the daughter of ,theodore de ,bry1 an engraver of repute4 ,a remarkable circumstance1 and one contrary to the usual experience of extraordinary persons1 was1 that ,sibylla devoted herself to the vocation of the artist in opposition to her mother's wishes and in the face of great difficulties4 ,in this respect she differed from most other women artists2 for they1 as a rule1 were led to the study by parental example or domestic training4 ,from the early childhood of this singular girl she manifested a persevering spirit of research in natural history1 with a fondness for examining specimens of vegetable and animal life4 ,it is possible that this natural predilection was owing to one of those accidents that so often determine the course and bent of human intellect4 ,her mother1 shortly before her birth1 it is said1 took a fancy to make a collection of curious stones1 mussels1 and different sorts of caterpillars4 ,however this may be1 it is certain that the child1 at a very early age1 showed the same taste1 and no maternal reproaches or punishment could keep her from indulging the strange fancy4 ,she would1 however1 conceal her treasures4 ,at last her step-father1 the painter ,jacob ,marrel1 having persuaded the mother to consent1 arranged it so that the girl took lessons of the famous flower-painter1 ,abraham ,mignon4 ,in the year #affe1 at eighteen1 she married ,john ,andrew ,graf1 a painter and designer in architecture4 ,the marriage was not a happy one1 but she lived with ,graf nearly twenty years in ,nuremberg1 in a lonely and secluded manner1 devoted solely to her art1 as she herself says in the preface to one of her published works1 giving up intercourse with society1 and beguiling her time by the examination of the various species of insects1 of which she made drawings1 and by the study of their transformations4 ,she painted her specimens first on parchment1 and many of those pictures were distributed among amateurs4 ,encouraged by them1 she published1 in #afgi1 a work entitled 8,the ,wonderful ,transformations of ,caterpillars10 a quarto volume1 with copper engravings1 executed by herself after her own drawings4 ,another volume appeared in #afhd4 ,the affairs of ,graf having become embarrassed1 and his conduct being much censured1 he was compelled to leave his family and go out of the country4 ,after this separation1 ,sibylla never assumed her husband's name in any of her publications1 but issued them under her maiden name4 ,about #afhd she went to ,frankfort1 and prepared for a journey to ,west ,friesland with her mother and daughters4 ,there she became possessed with the religious enthusiasm which had driven so many women into strange doings1 and joined the sect of the ,labadists1 taking up her abode at the ,castle ,bosch4 ,sibylla did not yield her energies1 however1 entirely to the dominion of this kind of phrensy2 her old habits of study and research followed her4 ,butterflies and worms again occupied her attention1 and she soon took a deep interest in all the collections of animals from the ,east and ,west ,indies which she discovered were within her reach4 ,among those persons whose collections were most admired by her was ,fridericus ,ruysch1 a doctor of medicine and professor of botany1 and the father of the ,rachel ,ruysch already noticed4 ,it is not difficult to believe that the example and conversation of a woman so gifted and so devoted to study as ,madame ,merian had a decisive influence upon the character of the youthful ,rachel4 ,our heroic and industrious heroine was delighted at the opportunity of examining such interesting collections2 for1 besides the pleasure her investigations in natural history afforded her1 she was stimulated by an inextinguishable desire to know all that could be learned about that department of the animal kingdom4 ,at length1 anxious to see the metamorphoses and food of ,american insects1 she determined to undertake that laborious and expensive journey to ,surinam which she accomplished in ,june1 #afii4 ,the ,states of ,holland assisted her with the means of travel4 ,her journey gave occasion to the following lines by a ,french poet3 8,sibylla ,surinam va chercher la nature1 ,avec l'esprit d'un ,sage1 et le cur d'un ,heros40 ,the place of her destination was ,dutch ,guiana1 often called ,surinam1 from a river of that name1 on which the capital1 ,paramaribo1 is situated4 ,it is said that1 one day during her residence there1 the ,indians brought ,madame ,merian a number of living lantern-flies1 which she put into a box2 but they made so much noise at night1 that she rose from her bed and opened their prison4 ,the multitude of fiery flames issuing from the box so terrified her that she immediately dropped it on the ground4 ,hence came marvelous stories of the strong light emitted by that insect4 ,she remained in ,america nearly two years1 till the summer of #agja1 notwithstanding the unfavorable effect of the climate on her health1 and the difficulties thus encountered in the prosecution of her studies4 ,though strong of will1 she could not long bear up against such an enemy1 and was obliged to return much sooner than suited her inclinations4 ,in ,september she was again in ,holland1 where her splendid paintings1 on parchment1 of ,american insects1 excited the greatest admiration among the connoisseurs4 ,they pressed her to publish a work that would open a world of vegetables and animals hitherto unknown2 and1 in spite of the great expense1 she resolved at last1 without expectation of a return for her outlay1 to engrave her pictures for publication4 ,the reward of her labors was to be in the sale of successive editions4 ,this work was entitled 8,metamorphosis ,insectorum ,surinamensium1 etc4 ,the text drawn up by ,gaspar ,commelin1 from the ,,mss4 of the author40 ,in #agga a collection of ,madame ,merian's works was published in ,paris1 translated into ,french2 and to this day are to be seen engravings1 nearly of the size of the original1 of the various paintings made by this enthusiastic woman of objects that struck her fancy--caterpillars1 butterflies1 spiders1 snakes1 and various kinds of animals and plants--executed with all the luxury of brilliant coloring1 and illustrated by choice poetry4 ,her great work was entitled 8,history of the ,insects of ,europe1 drawn from ,nature1 and explained1 by ,maria ,sibylla ,merian40 ,it included a treatise on the generation and metamorphoses of insects1 and the plants on which they feed4 ,her pictures were not only executed with fidelity1 but each insect appeared in its first state with the most pleasing accompaniments4 ,with those metamorphosed from the chrysalis or nymph to the fly or butterfly1 were presented the plants and flowers they loved1 all correctly and tastefully delineated4 ,even after the appearance of her work1 in #agje1 the persevering artist continued her studies in natural history1 in which she was joined by both her daughters1 whom she had educated to pursuits of art4 ,dorothea1 the youngest1 had accompanied her to ,surinam1 while the eldest1 ,joanna ,maria ,helena1 came afterward with her husband1 a merchant of ,amsterdam1 to assist her mother in collecting and painting specimens4 ,it was the mother's intention to publish the pictures made by her daughters in an appendix to her own collected works2 but her death1 which occurred in ,january1 #agag1 prevented this1 and the daughters afterward published the results of their labors in a separate volume4 ,this extraordinary woman1 whose labors contributed so much to the improvement and embellishment of the natural history of insects1 was little favored by gifts of beauty or personal grace4 ,her portrait shows hard and heavy-lined features4 ,a curious headdress1 made of folds of black stuff1 rises high above the head1 and inclines a little to the left4 ,short1 light curls appear above a cambric ruffle1 finishing a half-low corsage4 ,she is undoubtedly entitled to a place among great artists4 ,the history of ,madame ,merian rounds off that of ,german female artists belonging to the seventeenth century with an exhibition of more than ordinary interest4 ,,the ,,danish ,,women ,,artists4 ,a glimpse may here be had of the artists of ,denmark and ,england4 ,anna ,crabbe was a painter by profession in ,copenhagen before the year #afah4 ,she painted a series of portraits of ,danish princes1 to which she added a poetical description of each4 ,the daughter of ,king ,christian ,,iv41 ,eleonora ,christina1 who married the minister ,ulefeld1 was not only celebrated for her beauty and intellectual gifts1 but for skill in various branches of art--engraving1 modeling in wax1 and miniature-painting4 ,her daughter ,helena ,christina possessed like talents4 ,toward the close of the century1 ,sophie ,hedwig1 the daughter of ,king ,christian ,v41 became noted as an artist1 gaining much reputation by her performances in portrait1 landscape1 and flower painting4 ,neither in ,denmark nor in ,england was any special direction given to art by the national character2 on the contrary1 in both these countries1 the prevailing taste was governed by that of foreign nations--as the ,dutch and ,german4 ,,english ,,female ,,artists4 ,in ,england there were not many women artists1 although in literature the sex was not without its share of laurels1 and in dramatic poetry and prose romance women contended for appreciation with masculine writers4 ,the poetess ,joanna ,weston was a great admirer of ,anna ,maria ,schurmann1 and took her for a model2 but there were no painters who could be compared in merit to the women who cultivated poetry4 ,as miniature-painters1 ,susannah ,penelope ,gibson may be mentioned2 also ,penelope ,cleyn4 ,the latter was the daughter of a ,german painter1 and her sisters ,magdalen and ,sarah were also devoted to the art4 ,they painted the portrait of ,richard ,cromwell's daughter4 ,mary ,more obtained some distinction as a portrait-painter4 ,it was in ,england that the ,princess ,hollandina1 before mentioned1 took lessons in painting1 with her sister ,sophie1 from ,gerard ,honthorst4 ,in the noble art of etching ,anna and ,susannah ,lister were regarded as having much skill2 they illustrated a work on natural history by their father1 in the manner of ,madame ,merian1 by their artistic efforts4 ,a lady connoisseur and engraver of much taste was the ,countess of ,carlisle4 ,she perhaps set the fashion afterward followed by so many fair dilettanti1 who exercised so much influence in ,england during the succeeding century4 ,susan ,penelope ,rose1 according to ,lord ,orford1 was the daughter of ,richard ,gibson the ,dwarf4 ,she married a jeweler1 and became noted for painting portraits in water colors with great freedom4 ,her miniatures were larger than usual4 ,she died at forty-eight in #agjj4 ,a contemporary of ,vandyck was ,mrs4 ,anna ,carlisle1 who died about #afhj4 ,she was celebrated for her copies of the ,italian masters4 ,charles ,i4 esteemed her highly4 ,she once shared with ,vandyck a present from their royal patron1 of ultramarine2 it is said to have cost the king five hundred pounds4 ,this renders it probable that she painted in oil2 for the quantity was too large for use in miniatures4 ,one of her works represents herself teaching a lady to paint4 ,this artist must not be confounded with the ,countess of ,carlisle1 who was distinguished for her beautiful engravings of the works of ,salvator ,rosa1 ,guido1 etc4 ,,mary ,,beale1 the daughter of ,mr4 ,craddock1 a clergyman1 was born at ,suffolk about #afcb4 ,she received some instruction from ,walker1 but was a favorite pupil of ,sir ,peter ,lely4 ,she painted in oil1 water-colors1 and crayons4 ,she acquired much of the ,italian style by copying old pictures from ,lely's and the royal collection4 ,she copied some of the portraits of ,vandyck4 ,her works were remarkable for vigor of drawing and fresh coloring1 with great purity and sweetness4 ,the artist was an estimable and amiable woman2 was highly respected1 and mingled in the society of the noble and the learned4 ,her pencil was employed by many personages of distinction4 ,her husband was an inferior painter4 ,it was rumored that ,sir ,peter ,lely was romantically attached to his fair pupil2 but his love could not have met with return1 for he is known to have been reserved in communicating to her the resources of his pencil4 ,he refused to intrust to her one of the important secrets of his art4 ,several poems in praise of ,mrs4 ,beale were published2 one in particular is remembered1 by ,dr4 ,woodfall1 in which she is celebrated under the name of 8,belasia40 ,her husband1 ,charles ,beale1 had the curious practice of noting in small almanac pocket-books almost daily accounts of whatever related to his wife1 her pictures1 or himself4 ,he practiced chemistry for the preparation of colors4 ,he bequeathed thirty of the almanacs1 filled with his notes1 and records of the praises lavished on his wife's pictures1 to a colorman named ,carter4 ,walpole says ,mrs4 ,beale's portraits were numerous4 ,she painted one of ,otway1 the poet4 ,the ,archbishop ,tillotson was her patron1 and many of the clergy sat to her4 ,the archbishop's portrait is the first of an ecclesiastic who1 quitting the coif of silk1 is delineated in a brown wig4 ,some have said that she persuaded her friends to sit to ,lely1 that she might learn his method of coloring4 ,there is no doubt that she rose to the first rank in her profession4 ,one of her sons became a painter4 ,she died at ,pall ,mall in #afig1 aged sixty-five4 ,,anne ,,killegrew-- 8,a grace for beauty1 and a muse for wit10 as writes one of her admirers--was the daughter of ,henry ,killegrew1 descended of a family remarkable for loyalty1 accomplishments1 and talent4 ,she proved one of its brightest ornaments4 ,she was born in ,london1 and at a very early age discovered a remarkable genius4 ,she became celebrated both in painting and poetry4 ,one of her portraits was of the ,duke of ,york1 afterward ,james ,,ii42 others1 of ,mary of ,modena and the ,duchess of ,york1 to whom she was maid of honor4 ,these pieces were highly praised by ,dryden4 ,she produced1 also1 several history-pieces1 and pictures of still life4 ,becket did her miniature in mezzotint1 after her own painting2 it was prefixed to the published edition of her poems4 ,the painting was in the style of ,sir ,peter ,lely1 which she imitated with great success4 ,her portrait1 taken by ,lely1 has a pleasing expression1 though the air is slightly prim4 ,the dress is low-necked1 with beads1 and a mantle is fastened at the breast with a brooch4 ,curls cluster round the face2 the back hair is loose and flowing4 ,though called 8mistress10 after the fashion of the time1 ,anne was never married4 ,she was a woman of unblemished character and exemplary piety4 ,death cut short her promising career1 by small-pox1 in #afhe--;as ,wood says1 8to the unspeakable reluctancy of her relations0--when she was but twenty-five years of age4 ,she was buried in ,savoy ,chapel1 where a monument is fixed in the wall1 bearing a ,latin inscription by her father1 setting forth her accomplishments1 virtue1 and piety4 ,dryden's ode to her memory was called by ,dr4 ,johnson 8the noblest our language has produced40 ,another critic terms it 8a harmonious hyperbole1 composed of the fall of ,adam1 ,arethusa1 ,vestal virgins1 ,diana1 ,cupid1 ,noah's ark1 the ,pleiades1 the fall of ,jehoshaphat1 and the last assizes40 ,after lauding her poetic excellence1 ,dryden says3 8,her pencil drew whate'er her soul designed2 ,and oft the happy draft surpassed the image of her mind40 ,and of her portrait of ,james ,,ii43 8,for1 not content to express his outward part1 ,her hand called out the image of his heart2 ,his warlike mind--his soul devoid of fear-- ,his high-designing thoughts were figured there40 ,notwithstanding such flattery1 ,anthony ,wood says1 8,there is nothing spoken of her which she was not equal to1 if not superior20 and adds1 8,if there had not been more true history in her praises than compliment1 her father never would have suffered them to pass the press40 ,her poems appeared after her death in a thin quarto volume1 prefaced by the ode and the ,latin epitaph4 ,among her history-pieces were 8,st4 ,john in the ,wilderness10 8,herodias with the ,head of ,john the ,baptist10 and 8,two of ,diana's ,nymphs40 ,the melodious eulogizer of her graces and gifts remarks of the queen's portrait3 8,our phnix queen was portrayed too1 so bright1 ,beauty alone could beauty take so right2 ,before1 a train of heroines was seen1 ,in beauty foremost1 as in rank a queen40 ,,the ,,artist ,,in ,,silk4 ,mademoiselle ,rose1 born in ,leyden in #afcb1 deserves a place among eminent artists for the singularity of her talents4 ,instead of using colors1 with oil or gum1 she used silk for the delicate shading4 ,it can hardly be understood how she managed to apply the fibres1 and to imitate the flesh-tints1 blending and mellowing them so admirably4 ,she thus painted portraits1 as well as landscapes and architecture4 ,michel ,carr1 who saw one of her portraits1 says1 8,it can scarcely be believed it is not done by the pencil40 ,one of her pieces brought five hundred florins4 ,it represented the decayed trunk of a tree1 covered with moss and leaves4 ,on the top a bird has made her nest4 ,the shading and the sky in the distance left nothing to be desired for coloring and truthful effect4 ,the ,grand-,duke of ,tuscany purchased one of her finest pieces1 which is yet preserved among the curiosities of his collection4 ,she was never married1 and died at the age of fifty1 in #afhb4 ,,the ,,artist ,,of ,,the ,,scissors4 ,joanna ,koerten ,block is regarded by the ,dutch as one of their most remarkable female artists4 ,she was born in ,amsterdam in #afej1 and manifested a taste for the fine arts in her childhood4 ,she learned music and embroidery1 and how to model fruits and figures2 she also understood coloring1 and engraved with a diamond on crystal and glass with surprising delicacy4 ,she also painted in oil and water colors in a novel manner4 ,possessing a rare art in blending colors1 she copied pictures so wonderfully that they could hardly be distinguished from the originals4 ,this faculty of imitation she carried to such perfection1 that it was believed among her contemporaries that1 had she devoted herself exclusively to this kind of work1 she would have equaled the great masters4 ,she gave up1 however1 after a while1 the cultivation of this singular talent for the development of another still more extraordinary1 for which she has obtained a place among the great artists of her country4 ,all that the engraver accomplishes with the burin1 she was able to do with the scissors4 ,her cuttings were indeed astonishing4 ,country scenes1 marine views1 animals1 flowers1 with portraits of perfect resemblance1 she executed in a marvelous manner4 ,this novel style of making pictures out of white paper created not a little sensation1 and ere long the matter became spread abroad widely1 and excited the curiosity of all the courts of ,europe4 ,even artists could not help admiring her skill in this strange art1 and not one came to ,amsterdam without paying her a visit4 ,the ,czar ,peter the ,great1 princes of royal blood1 and nobles of the highest rank paid their respects to the simple ,dutch maiden1 and examined her works with pleased curiosity4 ,the ,elector ,palatine offered a thousand florins for three small pieces cut by her1 but the offer was declined as not liberal enough4 ,the ,empress of ,germany ordered a piece executed as a trophy of the arms of the ,emperor ,leopold ,i4 ,the design showed the crown and imperial arms upheld by eagles1 and surrounded by laurel wreaths1 garlands of flowers1 and appropriate ornaments4 ,this was executed in a wonderful manner1 and for it the fair artist received four thousand florins4 ,the portrait of the emperor1 cut by ,joanna1 is preserved in his imperial majesty's cabinet at ,vienna4 ,queen ,mary of ,england1 and other royal personages1 wished to decorate their cabinets with the works of this artist4 ,she cut many portraits1 with which the sitters were pleased and astonished4 ,the ,latin1 ,german1 and ,dutch verses composed in her honor would fill a volume4 ,she had in her working-room a volume in which were registered the names of her illustrious visitors1 the princes and princesses and other great personages writing their own4 ,it is the same curious register in which ,nicholas ,verkslie saw the portraits of illustrious persons1 appended each to the proper signature4 ,this interesting addition is said to have been made by ,adrien ,block1 the artist's husband4 ,he published a series of vignettes from her pieces4 ,joanna died in #agae1 at the age of sixty-five4 ,her taste and design were marked by correctness and delicacy1 and she was original and unique in the style of work to which she devoted herself4 ,when her pieces were put over black paper1 the effect was that of an engraving or pen-drawing4 ,neatness1 clearness1 and decision were her prominent characteristics4 ,her portrait1 coarsely engraved1 is published by ,descampes4 ,she had a noble style of face1 with strongly marked features4 ,the hair is dressed in a point in front2 the neckerchief and dress are worn in antiquated style4 ,among the distinguished artists of the seventeenth century we must not omit ,,anna ,,wasser4 ,she was born in ,zurich1 ,switzerland1 in #afgf1 and is esteemed by the ,swiss as one of their most eminent painters4 ,her father was ,rudolph ,wasser1 a member of the ,grand ,council of ,zurich1 and artist of the foundation of the ,cathedral4 ,she very early evinced a remarkable faculty for learning languages1 and at the age of twelve was familiar with ,latin and ,french1 and acquainted with the general literature of those tongues4 ,her rapid progress in belles-lettres astonished every body1 and gave the promise of wonderful attainments2 but the bent of her genius was for art4 ,she took lessons of the painter ,joseph ,werner1 and had no sooner learned to handle a pencil1 than she could think of nothing else4 ,when thirteen years old she made a copy of ,werner's 8,flora0 in ,bern1 which convinced all her friends that she was destined by nature for an artist4 ,the painter himself praised her correct design and perfect imitation of his coloring1 and advised her father to send her to ,bern to study4 ,she spent three years in the school2 at first employing herself in oil painting1 but finally abandoning that for miniatures4 ,by the time her education was completed she had reached a perfection little short of that of her teacher4 ,returning to ,zurich1 she devoted herself to art as a profession4 ,her productions were taken to ,england1 ,holland1 and ,germany1 where they were greatly admired1 and her contemporaries extolled her as a second ,schurmann4 ,there was scarcely a court in the ,german empire from which she had not commissions4 ,those of ,baden-,durlach and ,stuttgard disputed which should possess the greatest number of her works4 ,the ,duke of ,wurtemberg1 ,eberhard ,louis1 and his sister1 the ,margravine von ,durlach1 sent her large portraits to be painted in miniature4 ,while ,anna's fame spread throughout ,germany1 her very success tended to throw difficulties in the way of her artistic progress4 ,her father was pressed with the care of a large family1 and thought his interests would be favored more by multiplying the number of his daughter's works1 than by allowing her time to finish them4 ,he urged her continually to new enterprises4 ,thus depressed and tied to sordid cares1 ,anna lost her spirits and fell into a melancholy that threatened to destroy her health4 ,happily1 at this time1 the court of ,solms ,braunfels made her favorable proposals of employment4 ,she accepted the invitation1 went there with one of her brothers1 and soon found she would be enabled to indulge her taste for elaborating and perfecting her paintings4 ,she rapidly regained her cheerfulness1 and became the delight and admiration of the circles in which she moved4 ,again her father's avarice disturbed this agreeable state of things4 ,he sent her an abrupt summons to return home1 where he expected her to do more work for his benefit4 ,she obeyed the command1 but on the journey1 made in such haste1 she got a severe fall1 the effects of which terminated her life in #agac1 at the age of thirty-four4 ,fuseli possessed a painting in oil done by ,anna ,wasser at the age of thirteen4 ,he gave her praise for correctness of outline1 and for spirit of coloring4 ,she appears to have excelled most in pastoral and rural pieces1 which it was her delight to paint4 ,her compositions were marked by great ingenuity1 and were finished with exquisite delicacy4 ,her literary accomplishments procured her the friendship of the most eminent scholars of her day in ,germany2 such as ,werner1 ,meyer1 ,hubert1 ,steller1 etc41 and she corresponded with many celebrated persons4 ,among her female friends was ,clara ,eimart1 already mentioned among ,german artists4 ,her manners were gentle and dignified1 and her character was pure and blameless4 ,to filial obedience she would at any time sacrifice her own inclinations2 indeed she often carried her devotion to excess4 ,the portrait given of her shows delicate and sharply defined features4 ,the hair is worn in ,grecian style1 with ringlets at the side1 and braids falling on her neck4 ,she appears surrounded with flowers1 with baskets of fruit beside her4 ,maria ,theresa van ,thielen1 and her two sisters1 the daughters of an artist of noble family1 were instructed by him in flower-painting1 the first excelling also in portraits4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century4 ,general ,expansion and ,extension of ,art-culture4--,more ,scope given to the ,tendencies originated in preceding ,age4--,reminiscences of past ,glories of ,art active during the first half of the ,century4--,the ,flemish and ,italian ,schools in vogue4--,eclecticism4--,influences of the ,french ,school mingled with those of the great ,masters4--,the ,rococo ,style4--,the ,aggregate of ,woman's ,labor greater than ever before4--,not accompanied by greater ,depth4--,less ,individuality discernible4--,the greatest artistic ,activity among ,women in ,germany4--,in ,france next4--,in ,italy next4--,in other ,countries less4--,rapid ,growth of ,art in ,berlin4--,in ,dresden4--,scholarship and literary ,position of ,women during the first half of the ,century4--,poets and their ,inspirations4--,princesses the ,patrons of ,letters4--,nothing new or striking in ,art4--,a ,revolution in the latter half of the ,century4--,instruction in ,art a ,branch of ,education4--,dilettanti of high ,rank4--,female ,pupils of ,painters of ,note4--,mengs and ,carstens4--,carstens the ,founder of modern ,german ,art4--,his ,style not adapted to female ,talent4--,a lovely ,form standing between him and ,mengs4--,a female ,stamp-cutter4--,an ,artist in ,wax-work4--,in ,stucco-work4--,in cutting precious ,stones4--,barbara ,preisler4--,other female ,artists4--,fashionable ,taste in ,painting4--,marianna ,hayd4--,miniaturists4--,anna ,maria ,mengs4--,her ,works4--,miniature and ,pastel-painting4--,flowers and ,landscapes a ,passion4--,imitators of ,rachel ,ruysch and ,madame ,merian4--,celebrities in ,flower-painting4--,copper-engraving4 ,lady ,artists of high ,rank4--,other ,devotees to ,art4 ,during the greater part of the eighteenth century we find rather a general expansion and extension of taste and cultivation in the arts1 than a concentration of effort or a more rich and earnest development of talent4 ,the period gave more scope to the tendencies that had been originated and determined in a preceding age4 ,connoisseurs fed upon reminiscences of the past glories of art1 and no new ideas were brought to the world's notice till the first half of the century had rolled away4 ,the ,flemish and ,italian schools were in vogue1 slightly modified1 but1 on the whole1 scarcely changed in any essential particular2 or a blending of diverse styles produced some artists who hardly deserve notice for their individual merits4 ,a spirit of eclecticism may1 indeed1 be traced in the productions of the best masters of this time4 ,the sovereigns in the domain of art had then passed away1 and with the influence they still exercised was mingled that of the ,french school4 ,the brilliancy and glow of ,titian and ,paul ,veronese1 the deep poetic feeling of ,giorgione1 the purity and tenderness of ,raphael and ,leonardo da ,vinci1 the rugged grandeur of ,michael ,angelo1 the soft1 transparent loveliness of ,correggio1 the bright beauty of ,guido and ,albano1 and the power and passion of the ,caravaggio school1 disputed the consideration of amateurs with the light and lively style1 the graceful mannerism of a ,watteau and a ,bouch1 and something of the reflective character of the ,german ,raphael ,mengs1 or that of ,carstens and of ,dietrich4 ,the finished and ornate manner of ,france especially became popular over all the countries of ,europe1 exercising the same influence1 in a measure1 upon art that it had upon literature4 ,hence originated the style that has been aptly termed the ,rococo--wanting in depth and warmth1 indeed1 but having a certain completeness of technical detail productive of happy effects4 ,the fresh life and earnest vigor that had marked the earlier schools were paralyzed in this1 and we do not wonder that a better condition followed the reawakening of artistic feeling4 ,it is not to be denied that the aggregate amount of woman's labor in the domain of art was greater during the eighteenth century than in any preceding one2 indeed1 the number of female artists far surpassed the collected number of those known from earliest history4 ,so vast an increase was not according to the proportion of other vocations4 ,it is also true that1 in their efforts1 as in those of the men of this period1 the extension was not accompanied by greater depth1 and less individuality was discernible in the talent and skill which became more generally diffused2 hence the well-grounded complaint that the time was deficient in great men4 ,nevertheless1 the sum of ability and knowledge had not diminished1 though1 in its manifold branchings and divisions1 such might appear to be the case4 ,we find1 therefore1 a certain uniformity and mediocrity among numerous women artists of the eighteenth century1 rather than eminent talent in special instances4 ,yet this was not wholly wanting1 while the standard of excellence was elevated1 and a more general spirit of emulation prevailed4 ,contrary to the experience of preceding ages1 we discover the greatest evidence of artistic activity among women in ,germany2 next to that1 in ,france2 then in ,italy4 ,the ,netherlands and ,england may be classed together1 while ,spain and the ,scandinavian countries are at the minimum in this respect4 ,these proportions are not owing to chance1 but correspond with the general development of art among the nations at this time4 ,the aspect of female culture also corresponded with national characteristics4 ,the decorative was of rapid growth and early bloom in ,prussia2 ,berlin1 hardly mentioned heretofore1 became suddenly alive with energetic talent superior to that which displayed itself in any other ,german city4 ,art sprang into luxuriance1 too1 at the ,electoral court1 and ,dresden claimed no insignificant rank in the scale4 ,france meanwhile sustained her old renown2 while ,nuremberg and ,munich should not be slighted4 ,but the ,austrian and ,rhine countries had less reason to boast2 and many cities of northern ,germany were in like poverty of women artists4 ,during the first half of the eighteenth century1 the order of things differed not essentially from the close of the seventeenth2 in fact1 the same influences predominated1 both in literature and art4 ,the ,pegnitzschfer and other poetical orders were still in existence2 the sacred poems composed by noble ladies had their imitations2 female authors wrote after the established fashion1 while they entered on a wider field1 and partook of the new spirit breathed into ,german poetry4 ,women then became not only creators in the realm of fancy and imagination1 but exercised a controlling influence1 by their relations of friendship and intimacy with distinguished literary characters4 ,meta arose beside her ,klopstock2 ,herder sought inspiration from his bride2 by ,wieland stood ,sophie ,delaroche2 ,schiller was aided by ,caroline ,wolzogen and ,madame von ,kalb2 ,gothe by ,madame von ,stein4 ,princesses and the noble ladies of the land gave their patronage and protection to letters1 and sought to gather round them the choice spirits of their day4 ,this1 in the beginning of the century1 did ,sophie ,charlotte1 the great ,queen of ,prussia2 and ,amalia von ,weimar thus aided the richest development of ,german mind4 ,though nothing new or striking can be said to have been accomplished in art by women during the first half of this century1 the latter part witnessed a revolution in which they greatly aided to spread and deepen the growth of new ideas4 ,it became necessary to the complete education of ladies of the higher classes1 that they should possess some knowledge of art4 ,hagedorn mentions the fact that a teacher who could give instruction in drawing and painting could much more readily obtain a situation than one ignorant of those branches4 ,fashion and custom enjoined not only a degree of knowledge1 but also of skill1 on those who wished to be thought accomplished4 ,there were many aristocratic dilettanti1 and a few royal ladies emulated the fame of the princely dames of an older time in the pictorial crafts4 ,among these may be mentioned1 ,anna ,amalia1 of ,brunswick2 the ,archduchesses ,charlotte and ,maria ,anna1 of ,austria2 ,duchess ,sophia1 of ,coburg-,saalfeld2 the ,margravine of ,baden-,durlach2 the ,princess ,victoria1 of ,anhalt-,bernburg1 and ,elizabeth ,ernestine ,antonia1 of ,saxe-,meiningen2 besides the excellent ,elizabeth ,christina1 of ,brunswick1 who sought to promote the restoration of art and the advance of knowledge1 for the love of ,frederick1 her royal husband1 and who will ever be honored as the ornament of a house that henceforward showed itself ready to foster and appreciate the liberal arts4 ,we observe here1 as before1 that many painters of note had female pupils or assistants1 who endeavored to carry out the ideas they originated4 ,dietrich1 esteemed one of the best masters of the eclectic school of the eighteenth century1 had his enthusiasm shared by his two sisters2 ,tischbein1 who cultivated the ,french style1 as ,dietrich did the ,dutch1 found appreciative companions and co-laborers in his wife and daughter2 and there were other women who strove to ennoble the eclectic system by greater purity of tone and a more ardent study of the antique4 ,oeser had several female pupils2 and two sisters worked in modest retirement beside the greatest artist of this style--,antoine ,raphael ,mengs--having been taken through the same course of severe study and exercise by their pedantic father4 ,carstens obtained and brought to perfection what ,mengs toiled to reach and realize4 ,the grand and comprehensive ideas of ,winkelmann found in him a harmonious development4 ,averse to the reflective1 which formed the chief characteristic of ,mengs and ,oeser1 he was steeped in the inspiration caught from the antique ideal1 and1 without becoming a copyist of any style1 was able to reproduce the seed from the fruitful soil of his own endowments4 ,he may be called the founder of modern ,german art4 ,his grand1 bold1 and ingenious style did not particularly commend itself to female talent2 we do not find1 therefore1 that he had any disciples of the softer sex4 ,between ,carstens and ,mengs1 however1 stands a lovely female form1 in age midway betwixt them1 as in the peculiar bent of her genius2 less minute and reflective than ,mengs1 less grand and impressive than ,carstens4 ,it is ,angelica ,kauffman1 the gem of all the women artists of this period2 preserving the forms of the antique in her own delicate1 elegant1 and charming style2 wielding her power with such gracious sweetness that all who behold are attracted to render the homage of heartfelt admiration4 ,it was now that fresh vitality was infused into ,german art by a contemplation of the antique1 while the forms of humanity and nature were observed with greater freedom4 ,chodowiecki pursued this system1 and was one of the most successful artists de genre2 while his daughter1 his pupil1 ,mademoiselle ,bohren1 and ,kobell's scholar1 ,crescentia ,schott1 were instrumental in preparing the way for the advance of painting in the style lately introduced4 ,if we turn now from a general and hasty survey to the notice of particular branches1 it becomes a duty to record the names of some women who practiced the most difficult and laborious of the plastic arts4 ,one of these was stamp-cutting4 ,one who first evinced skill in this kind of work was ,rosa ,elizabeth ,schwindel of ,leipzig1 who plied her art in ,berlin at the commencement of the eighteenth century4 ,a beautiful medal of ,queen ,sophia ,charlotte1 executed by her1 is preserved4 ,she was accomplished also in the cutting of gems and in modeling in wax4 ,in wax-work1 ,elizabeth ,ross of ,salzburg1 ,dorothea ,menn of ,cologne1 and ,madame ,weis1 probably of ,strasburg1 were noted4 ,as a stone-cutter1 ,charlotte ,rebecca ,schild of ,hanau worked in ,paris4 ,rosina ,pflauder1 in ,salzburg1 assisted her husband in stucco-work4 ,in the same kind of work1 as well as in painting1 ,maria ,juliana ,wermuth of ,gotha displayed both industry and skill4 ,in cutting precious stones ,susanna ,maria ,dorsch gained some celebrity4 ,she was born at ,nuremberg in #agja1 and married the painter ,solomon ,graf1 taking the noted painter and engraver1 ,j4 ,j4 ,preisler1 for her second husband4 ,the kind of work in which she excelled had been practiced by her father and grandfather1 and her application was remarkable4 ,a vast number of gems were cut by her hand1 and her industry was not without its reward in the gaining of great reputation4 ,medals were stamped in honor of her4 ,her daughters1 ,anna ,felicitas and ,maria ,anna ,preisler1 employed themselves in the same kind of work1 without possessing1 however1 the variety of talent or achieving the brilliant success of ,barbara ,julia1 the daughter of ,johann ,daniel ,preisler of ,nuremberg4 ,she was skilled in various branches of art2 she could model in wax1 and work in ivory and alabaster1 and added painting and copper-engraving to the list of her accomplishments4 ,she married a painter named ,oeding1 and died in ,brunswick before #agfd4 ,several women1 who were well known at the time as modelers in wax1 and who occupied themselves in engraving and stone-cutting1 might be named4 ,amid a number of names1 necessarily passed over1 may be added those of the beautiful and variously-gifted ,mary ,anna ,treu of ,bamberg1 and her relative1 ,rosalie ,treu1 the wife of the painter ,dom1 who afterward went to take the veil in a convent at ,mentz1 giving up her resolution four days before the completion of her novitiate1 to return to the world and her native ,bamberg4 ,henriette ,felicitas ,tassaert1 the daughter of the famous painter1 painted in pastel1 and engraved in copper admirably4 ,mademoiselle ,nohren1 a pupil of ,chodowiecki in ,berlin1 became a member of the academy4 ,it was natural that the greater number of artists of this period should betake themselves to painting4 ,we will glance first at some branches of this1 cultivated especially by women who did not achieve any thing noteworthy in historical and genre painting4 ,the fashionable taste of the day ran much upon miniatures and pastel portraits1 and many women made themselves accomplished in this species of work1 as well as in enamel-painting1 as far less study and application were required than in the higher branches of the art4 ,marianna ,hayd1 a somewhat celebrated miniature-painter1 was born in ,dantzic in #afhh4 ,she pursued her profession in ,berlin1 and1 after her marriage in #agje to the painter ,werner1 in ,augsburg1 her talents procured for her the honor of a call to the electoral court of ,saxony in ,dresden1 where she received an appointment1 and died in #agec4 ,another fair artist in miniatures was ,anna ,rosina ,liscewska1 who also worked in ,berlin1 where she was born in #agaf4 ,she achieved no mean success1 and in #agfi was admitted a member of the academy in ,dresden4 ,the same city was adorned by the elegant labors of ,anna ,maria ,mengs1 whom ,dr4 ,guhl calls 8the most gifted of the three sisters10 and who is styled by ,fiorillo 8the daughter of the ,raphael of his age40 ,she received early instruction from her father2 came to ,dresden in #agea1 and devoted herself to painting--chiefly portraits4 ,she made her first journey to ,rome in #aggg1 and there married a copper-engraver1 ,manuel ,salvador ,carmona4 ,she had many children1 but continued to exercise her art while taking care of them4 ,she produced several pastel and miniature paintings4 ,her chief works1 done for the ,king of ,spain and the ,infant ,don ,luis1 are in ,madrid1 in the ,academy of ,san ,fernando1 of which she was chosen a member4 ,she died in ,madrid1 #agic4 ,as miniature and pastel painting are peculiarly adapted to female hands by the delicate and cleanly handling required1 so flowers and landscapes seem to present objects and scenes of beauty congenial to the taste of the sex4 ,it can not be wondered at1 therefore1 that these branches found several cultivators4 ,flower and landscape painting became a passion among the ,german women who could be classed as amateurs or connoisseurs4 ,hagedorn mentions1 in his work on painting1 as a distinguished patroness of these1 a ,countess von ,oppendorf4 ,with her may be named the ,countess von ,truchsetz-,waldburg1 the ,princess ,anna ,paar1 and others of no special note4 ,maria ,dorothea ,dietrich1 the sister of the ,dresden painter1 and ,crescentia ,schott1 already mentioned1 labored professionally in the art4 ,many were the fair painters who imitated the famous ,rachel ,ruysch4 ,the representation of animals and objects in natural history became a favorite style1 and the celebrity of ,madame ,merian stirred up many of her sex to emulate her success4 ,the influence of example wrought as powerfully here as in every other matter4 ,in the early part of this century lived at ,lubeck ,catharina ,elizabeth ,heinecke1 born in #afhe1 an enthusiastic patroness of flower-painting1 and the mother of 8the famous ,lubeck child40 ,we may mention also1 amid a cloud of artists to be passed unnoticed1 a family at ,nuremberg1 named ,dietsch1 that included three sisters of talent and accomplishment4 ,catharina ,treu1 born at ,bamberg in #agdb1 obtained celebrity in the same line4 ,she studied in ,dsseldorf1 attracted thither1 doubtless1 by the works of ,rachel ,ruysch1 and received the appointment of cabinet-painter from ,karl ,theodore at ,mannheim4 ,thence she returned to ,dsseldorf to take the place of professor in the academy of art in that place4 ,to the same period belongs ,caroline ,frederika ,friedrich1 the first female pensionnaire who exercised her art as member of the academy in ,dresden4 ,gertrude ,metz of ,cologne was also a disciple of ,rachel ,ruysch in ,dsseldorf4 ,of a remaining host we name only the sisters ,anna and ,elizabeth ,fuessli 7,fuseli71 who painted in the style of their father1 and copied from nature the flowers and insects of ,switzerland4 ,copper-engraving was at this period practiced by a great number of women1 and patronized by many fair and princely dilettanti4 ,the ,princess of ,saxe-,meiningen1 already named1 possessed skill in this branch4 ,we may now leave all these1 to look at the women who distinguished themselves in the more commanding and elevated styles of historical and genre painting4 ,here appears more evidence of individuality in the treatment of particular subjects4 ,place must be accorded first to ladies of the highest rank4 ,anna ,amalia of ,brunswick was a noted painter4 ,maria ,anna1 ,archduchess of ,austria1 and daughter of the ,empress ,maria ,theresa1 occupied her leisure hours in genre-painting and etching1 and by her skill obtained considerable repute4 ,charlotte1 ,archduchess of ,austria1 was a member of the academy at ,vienna1 and as ,queen of the ,two ,sicilies received instruction in ,naples from ,mura4 ,the ,duchess ,sophia of ,coburg-,saalfeld1 besides her paintings1 left some proofs of her skill in engraving toward the close of the century4 ,to these illustrious names may be added others who1 like those royal dames1 devoted themselves to art1 and gained high appreciation from connoisseurs4 ,maria ,elizabeth ,wildorfer of ,innspruck was busied in the same profession a long time in ,rome1 where she painted portraits and church pictures under the patronage of a cardinal4 ,maria ,theresa ,riedel of ,dresden1 made pensionnaire of the academy there in #agfd1 occupied herself in copying ,dutch genre-paintings4 ,rosina1 another sister of the painter ,dietrich1 copied a number of old paintings4 ,she married the painter ,boehme1 and lived in ,berlin till #aggj4 ,anna ,dorothea1 one of the sisters ,liszeuska1 born in #agbb1 was elected1 on account of her portraits and historical works1 a member of the ,parisian ,academy4 ,she died in ,berlin as ,madame ,therbusch1 in #aghb4 ,jacoba ,werbronk worked in the latter part of the century1 and died in #ahja in the ,cloister ,iseghen4 ,but none of the women artists of this time can be compared in point of genius or celebrity to the one of whom we are now to speak--one of the loveliest1 most gifted1 and most estimable of all the women who have secured immortal fame by the labors of the pencil4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century4 ,angelica ,kauffman4--,parentage and ,birth4--,beautiful ,scenery of her native ,land4--,early ,impulse to ,painting4--,adopts the ,style of ,mengs4--,her ,residence in ,como4--,instruction4--,music or ,painting8--,beauty of ,nature around her4--,angelica's ,letter about ,como4--,escape from ,cupid4--,removal to ,milan4--,introduction to great ,works of ,art4--,studies of the ,lombard ,masters4--,the ,duke of ,modena her ,patron4--,portrait of the ,duchess of ,carrara4--,success4--,return to ,schwarzenberg4--,painting in ,fresco4--,homely ,life of the ,artist4--,milan and ,florence4--,rome4--,acquaintance with ,winkelmann4--,angelica paints his ,portrait4--,goes to ,naples4--,studies in ,rome4--,in ,venice4--,acquaintance with noble ,english ,families4--,in ,london4--,a brilliant ,career4--,fuseli's ,attachment to her4--,appointed ,professor in the ,academy of ,arts4--,romantic ,incident of her ,travel in ,switzerland4--,the weary ,travelers4--,the libertine ,lord4--,the ,maiden's ,indignation4--,unexpected ,meeting in the aristocratic ,circles of ,london4--,the ,lord's ,suit renewed4--,rejected with ,scorn4--,his ,rank and ,title spurned4--,revenge4--,the ,impostor in ,society4--,angelica deceived into ,marriage4--,she informs the ,queen4--,her ,father's ,suspicions4--,discovery of the ,cheat4--,the ,wife's ,despair4--,the false ,marriage annulled4--,the ,queen's ,sympathy4--,stories of ,angelica's ,coquetry4--,marriage with ,zucchi4--,return to ,italy4--,her ,father's ,death4--,residence in ,rome4--,circle of literary ,celebrities4--,angelica's ,works4--,criticisms4--,opinions of ,mengs and ,fuseli4--,the ,portraits in the ,pitti ,gallery4--,death of ,zucchi4--,invasion of ,italy4--,angelica's ,melancholy4--,journey and ,return4--,her ,death and ,funeral4 ,,angelica ,,kauffman4 ,maria ,anna ,angelica ,kauffman was born in ,coire1 the capital of the ,grisons1 in #agda4 ,her father1 the painter ,johann ,joseph ,kauffman1 had been called to that place from ,schwartzenberg on the ,boden-,see1 by the bishop's appointment1 to paint church pictures4 ,he married there1 and remained till #agdb1 before removing to ,morbegno in ,lombardy4 ,an only child1 ,angelica's early years were tended by the care of loving parents2 and the grandeur and beauty of nature around her home1 the vine-clad hills and wild forests of her native land1 the blue waters and bright scenery she was accustomed to contemplate in ,italy1 impressed her susceptible imagination1 and awakened in her youthful breast a quick and joyous sympathy with nature4 ,though not specially intended by her father for the artist's calling1 the early impulse of genius led her to painting1 and she was permitted to follow the bent of her inclination with such direction only as made the work appointed her seem like a pleasant recreation4 ,she preferred her lessons1 in fact1 to any amusement4 ,very different was the early training of this gentle spirit to that of ,raphael ,mengs1 compelled to labor under strict rules2 and though ,angelica afterward adopted the style of this celebrated ,german master1 hers differed in the possession of a light and charming grace1 which could only have been derived from her native endowments and the free indulgence of her tastes4 ,at the age of nine this child of genius was much noticed on account of her wonderful pastel pictures4 ,when her father left ,morbegno1 in #ageb1 to reside in ,como1 she found greater scope for her ingenious talent1 and better instruction in that city2 and1 in addition to her practice with the brush and pencil1 she devoted herself to studies in general literature and in music4 ,her proficiency in the latter was so rapid1 and the talent evinced so decided1 besides the possession of a voice unusually fine1 that her friends1 a few years afterward1 urged that her life should be devoted to music4 ,she was herself undecided for some time to which vocation she should consecrate her powers4 ,in one of her pictures she represents herself standing1 in an attitude of hesitation1 between the allegorical figures of ,music and ,painting4 ,her love for the latter gained the ascendency2 and so great was her success1 while yet of tender age1 that her portrait of a steward of the ,bishop of ,como gained her a number of profitable orders4 ,the exquisite natural scenery by which ,angelica was at this time surrounded1 in a home on the borders of the loveliest lake in the world1 had a genial influence on her feelings1 and the time passed there was the happiest of her life4 ,she is said to have painted the portrait of the ,archbishop of ,como1 at a very early age4 ,at a later period she recurs with pleasure to the years passed in this charming abode4 8,you ask1 my friend10 she says1 in one of her letters1 8why ,como is ever in my thoughts8 ,it was at ,como that1 in my most happy youth1 ,i tasted the first real enjoyment of life4 ,i saw stately palaces1 beautiful villas1 elegant pleasure-boats1 a splendid theatre4 ,i thought myself in the midst of the luxuries of fairyland4 ,i saw the urchin1 too1 young ,love1 in the act of letting fly an arrow pointed at my breast2 but ,i1 a maiden fancy free1 avoided the shaft1 and it fell harmless4 ,after the lapse of years10 she proceeds1 8the genius that presides over my destiny led me again into this delicious region1 where ,i tasted the delights of friendship with the charms of nature1 and listened with deeper joy than ever to the murmur of waves on that unrivaled shore4 ,one day ,i was walking with agreeable company around one of the most beautiful villas near the lake4 ,in the shadow of a wood ,i again saw the youthful god slumbering4 ,i approached him4 ,he awakened1 looked at me1 and1 recognizing her who had contemned his power1 sprang up suddenly1 intent on swift revenge4 ,he pursued me1 the arrow sped once more1 and but by a hair's breadth failed to reach my heart40 ,all too quickly1 indeed1 passed the two years of her first residence in ,como2 and it was with poignant regret that she left her beloved home1 when1 in #aged1 her father went to settle his family in ,milan4 ,even this dreaded change1 however1 was a fortunate one2 for it seemed to be appointed that ,angelica's youth should glide away like a stream in the sunshine of happiness4 ,a new world of wonders opened to her view in this city1 where she saw works of art surpassing in merit those she had yet beheld4 ,she had copied antique models in her drawing1 and the engravings of pictures by the early masters which were among her father's treasures4 ,here she was first introduced to an acquaintance with works of great beauty and importance in the history of art4 ,here ,leonardo da ,vinci had labored1 and founded a school in which are still conspicuous the gentle dignity1 purity1 and elevation that live in his creations4 ,the impressions received from her contemplation of the productions of the most famous of the ,lombard masters1 and the care with which she studied them till her own style became imbued with their spirit1 decisively influenced the professional career of the young artist4 ,the change had a not less favorable effect upon her worldly circumstances4 ,her copies of some pictures found in the palace of ,robert d',este1 ,duke of ,modena and ,governor of ,milan1 induced him to declare himself her patron1 and led to her introduction to the ,duchess of ,carrara4 ,after she had painted by command the portrait of that princess1 she received orders for a number of pictures for other ladies of rank4 ,the associations to which this success gave rise contributed to give the youthful painter that self-possession and dignity of manner1 combined with a quiet modesty most becoming her age and sex1 which afterward marked her deportment in elevated circles of society4 ,thus the few years of ,kauffman's residence in this favored ,italian city were productive of manifold advantages to his daughter4 ,the death of his wife determined him to another removal1 and he went to undertake a great work in his native city of ,schwarzenberg4 ,in this enterprise ,angelica was of essential service1 having for the first time an opportunity of engaging in an enterprise of magnitude1 and of a kind not often practiced by women4 ,she painted in fresco the figures of the ,twelve ,apostles after copper engravings from ,piazetta4 ,it has been said that the time spent in this country at this period by the young artist was in the home of her father's brother1 an honest 8farmer1 in comfortable though narrow circumstances4 ,at first1 ,angelica1 accustomed to the wonders of art and the splendor of ,italian cities1 could scarcely bring herself to endure this homely mode of existence4 ,the rude manners of those by whom she was surrounded--the utter want of elegance or taste--displeased and disgusted her4 ,gradually1 however1 as habit softened down these first impressions1 the poetic side of the picture dawned upon her mind4 ,she learned to love the homely simplicity of that hospitable dwelling1 with its gabled front and narrow windows--the gloom and solitude of those dark pine forests1 through which the sunbeams could scarcely penetrate1 and ceased to long for the marble palaces of ,milan and the orange-groves of ,como4 ,besides1 she had little time for idle regrets1 the interior decoration of a church in the neighborhood being intrusted to her father and herself4 ,her success in an undertaking so difficult excited considerable attention40 ,after the completion of this work1 which won the enthusiastic appreciation of the ,bishop of ,constance1 a season of disquiet followed1 with frequent changes of residence and a crowding of commissions1 while the artist in vain longed for an opportunity to revisit the depository of art treasures--,italy4 ,to fulfill this wish1 and complete her artistic education1 ,angelica first returned with her father to ,milan1 and thence went to ,florence1 where she threw herself with restless zeal into the study of the great master-pieces in which that city is so rich4 ,her performances already met with the appreciation that was afterward testified by the admission of her portraits into the collection there made of original paintings by artists of celebrity4 ,cardinal de ,roth called her to ,constance for his portrait4 ,yet even ,florence was regarded by her only as a place of preparatory study2 the great goal of her ambition was ,rome4 ,thither she went in #agfc1 and her usual good fortune followed her4 ,she went through a course of perspective the following year4 ,the immortal ,winkelmann was then in the midst of his great work of breathing new life into ancient art1 and it was his delight to interpret the inspiration for others1 and to promote social intercourse and a good understanding among artists4 ,it was not long ere the youthful votary became acquainted with this great man4 ,it was beautiful to see the friendship that subsisted between this girl of eighteen1 in the fresh bloom of life1 and the experienced man of sixty1 who had spent so many years of labor in his profession3 she brilliant and ardent1 full of hope and enthusiasm--his brow furrowed with study and reflection2 both inspired by the same spirit2 both having felt the same ardent desire to visit the ,eternal ,city4 ,angelica found both pleasure and profit in ,winkelmann's society1 always in the company of her friend1 the wife of ,raphael ,mengs4 ,a portrait of him1 painted by her at this time1 and afterward engraved by her1 amply proved1 by its excellent likeness1 vivid coloring1 and vigorous touch1 and1 above all1 by its spiritual expression1 how thoroughly she had comprehended the spirit of the greatest disciples of art4 ,winkelmann announced to his friends1 not without evident satisfaction1 that his portrait had been painted 8by a young and beautiful woman40 ,ere long1 a command to copy some paintings in the royal gallery at ,naples called her to that city1 so favored by the beauty of its situation and the charm of its climate4 ,here she gained new ideas in the contemplation of numerous master-pieces of old time1 as well as a rich reward for her labors in executing orders from many persons of rank4 ,her abode in that soft1 luxurious clime1 surrounded by nature's loveliness1 did not1 however1 enervate her character1 nor impair the freshness and naivet of her style4 ,in #agfd we find her again in ,rome4 ,here she passed a year in the prosecution of her studies1 including architecture and perspective1 continuing her friendship with ,winkelmann4 ,her observations of ,italian art were completed by studies of the works of the ,caracci in ,bologna1 and ,titian1 ,tintoretto1 and ,paul ,veronese in ,venice4 ,in the last-mentioned city ,angelica made the acquaintance of an ,english lady--the accomplished ,lady ,wentworth1 wife of the ,british resident--who afterward took her to ,london4 ,during her stay in ,naples she had been received into relations of intimacy with several noble ,english families1 and had taken their orders for paintings4 ,it was thought that in ,london a more distinguished and more lucrative success would be commanded than she could hope for in a country so rich in artistic achievements as ,italy4 ,this was in truth the case2 and after ,angelica had passed through ,paris1 availing herself of its advantages1 to ,london1 she found open to her a career of brilliant success1 productive of much pecuniary gain4 ,her talents and winning manners raised her up patrons and friends among the aristocracy4 ,persons attached to the court engaged her professional services2 and the most renowned painter in ,england1 ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds1 was of the circle of her friends4 ,it is said he offered her his hand1 and ,i have been told by ,mr4 ,robert ,balmanno1 who knew ,fuseli personally1 that he was one of her suitors4 ,she was numbered among the painters of the ,royal ,society1 and received the rare honor1 for a woman1 of an appointment to a professorship in the ,academy of ,arts in ,london1 being1 meanwhile1 universally acknowledged to occupy a brilliant position in the best circles of fashionable society4 ,a writer in the ,westminster ,review gives a romantic account of an incident that led to the greatest misfortune of ,angelica's life3 8,it was in early girlhood1 while traveling with her father through ,switzerland to their native land1 that she first beheld the man who was to exercise so fatal an influence on her destiny4 ,angelica was then only in her seventeenth year1 her dawning talents had already attracted considerable attention1 but as both father and daughter were poor1 they were compelled to travel on foot1 resting at night at the little inns by the wayside4 ,one evening1 when1 wearied with the long day's journey1 they entered a humble house of entertainment1 they were informed by the landlord that they must go farther1 for a couple of 8grand seigneurs10 just arrived1 had engaged all the rooms for themselves and their suite4 ,the weary travelers insisted on their right to remain1 and the debate was growing warm1 when one of the gentlemen for whose accommodation they were rejected made his appearance1 and with great politeness begged them to enter the dining-room and share their repast4 ,the good ,kauffman1 whose frank1 confiding nature was always a stranger to suspicion1 at once consented1 despite the whispered entreaties of his daughter1 who1 with the intuitive perception of her sex1 had discerned something offensive beneath the polished courtesy of their inviter4 ,she was not mistaken2 at the table ,lord ,e---- soon forgot the respect due to youth and innocence1 and attempted some liberty4 ,angelica indignantly repulsed it1 and on its repetition1 rising hastily from the table1 drew her father with her1 and instantly left the house40 ,years afterward1 while ,angelica was living in ,england--8welcomed with enthusiasm1 sought by the noblest and most gifted in the land1 when all seemed to smile upon her path1 in a fatal hour she again lighted on the man whose undisguised libertinism had so deeply wounded her modesty ten years before4 ,it was in the midst of a brilliant circle1 where all the beaux esprits of ,london were assembled1 that they again met4 ,lord ,e---- had long since lost every trace of her1 and great was his amazement to recognize in the elegant woman and celebrated artist the humble little pedestrian of the ,swiss mountains4 ,if he had thought her charming then1 how much more lovely did she seem to him now2 his heart and fancy were alike inflamed1 and he resolved that this time1 at least1 she should not escape him4 ,feigned repentance for the past1 assurances of unselfish devotion which sought for nothing in return save the friendship and esteem of its object1 flattery1 insinuation1 all were employed4 ,angelica1 trusting and guileless1 believed him2 nor was it till1 fancying himself secure of triumph1 he threw off the mask1 that she even suspected his baseness4 ,equally shocked and indignant1 she would no longer admit him to her society4 8,this only stimulated his passions4 ,perhaps he thought it a pretext to lure him to more honorable offers2 at all events1 despairing of winning the prize by any other means1 he laid his rank and title at her feet4 ,but ,angelica was no ,pamela to receive with humble gratitude the hand of him who had insulted her virtue4 ,her mild but resolute refusal stung him to madness4 ,if what some of her biographers assert be true1 he forced himself into her presence1 and sought by violence that which no entreaties could win2 but here1 too1 he failed4 ,the rumor of his worthless conduct got abroad1 and he found it most convenient to leave ,england for a time1 vowing revenge4 ,the subsequent portion of the story is well known40 ,others say it was an ,english painter1 who1 out of jealousy of the talents of ,angelica1 instigated to his base plot the man who deceived her4 ,be that as it may1 she was undoubtedly the victim of a conspiracy arranged with no less malignity than art4 ,it was a counterpart to the story of the ,lady of ,lyons2 a rejected suitor vowing revenge1 and using as his instrument to obtain it a man very different in character from the noble ,claude4 ,a low-born adventurer1 who assumed the name of a gentleman of rank and character--that of his master1 ,count ,frederic de ,horn--played a conspicuous part at that time in ,london society1 and was skillful enough to deceive those with whom he associated4 ,he approached our artist1 who was then about twenty-six1 and in the bloom of her existence4 ,he paid his respects as one who rendered the deepest homage to her genius2 then he passed into the character of an unassuming and sympathizing friend4 ,finally1 he appealed to her romantic generosity by representing himself as threatened with a terrible misfortune1 from which she only could save him by accepting him as her husband4 ,a sudden and secret marriage he averred was necessary4 ,poor ,angelica1 who had shunned love on the banks of ,como1 and under the glowing skies of ,italy2 and since her coming to ,london had rejected many offers of the most advantageous alliance1 that she might remain free to devote herself to her art1 was caught in the fine-spun snare1 and yielded to chivalrous pity for one she believed worthy of her heart's affection4 ,the marriage was celebrated by a ,catholic priest1 without the formality of writings1 and without witnesses4 ,angelica had received commissions to paint several members of the royal family and eminent personages of the court1 and her talents had procured her the favorable notice of the ,queen of ,england4 ,one day1 while she was painting at ,buckingham ,palace1 her majesty entered into conversation with her1 and ,angelica communicated to her royal friend the fact of her marriage4 ,the queen congratulated her1 and sent an invitation to the ,count de ,horn to present himself at court4 ,the impostor1 however1 dared not appear so openly1 and he kept himself very close at home1 for he well knew that it could not be long before the deception would be discovered4 ,at length the suspicions of ,angelica's father1 to whom her marriage had been made known1 led him to inquiries1 which were aided by friends of influence4 ,about this time1 some say1 the real count returned1 and was surprised at being frequently congratulated on his marriage4 ,then came the mortifying discovery that the pretended count was a low impostor4 ,the queen informed ,angelica1 and assured her of her sympathy4 ,the fellow had been induced to seek the poor girl's hand from motives of cupidity alone1 desiring to possess himself of the property she had acquired by her labors4 ,he now wished to compel her to a hasty flight from ,london4 ,believing herself irrevocably bound to him1 ,angelica resolved to submit to her fate2 but her firmness and strength of nature enabled her to evade compliance with his requisition that she should leave ,england1 till the truth was made known to her--that he who called himself her husband was already married to another woman still living4 ,this discovery made it dangerous for the impostor to remain in ,london1 and he was compelled to fly alone1 after submitting unwillingly to the necessity of restoring some three hundred pounds obtained from his victim1 to which he had no right4 ,the false marriage was1 of course1 immediately declared null and void4 ,these unhappy circumstances in no way diminished the interest and respect manifested for the lady who1 in plucking the rose of life1 had been so severely wounded by its thorns2 on the contrary1 she was treated with more attention than ever1 and received several unexceptionable offers of marriage4 ,but all were declined2 she chose to live only for her profession4 ,one of ,angelica's biographers pronounces her 8proof against flattery40 ,nollekens1 on the other hand1 accused her of having been a coquette in her youth4 ,while at ,rome1 before her marriage1 he said she was extremely fond of personal admiration4 8,one evening she took her station in one of the most conspicuous boxes of the theatre1 accompanied by two artists1 both of whom1 as well as many others1 were desperately enamored of her4 ,she had her place between her two adorers2 and while her arms were folded before her in front of the box over which she leaned1 she managed to press a hand of both1 so that each imagined himself the cavalier of her choice40 ,after fifteen years' residence in ,england1 when the physician who attended her suffering father advised return to ,italy1 and the invalid expressed his fear of dying and leaving her unprotected1 ,angelica yielded to his entreaties1 and bestowed her hand upon the painter ,antonio ,zucchi4 ,this gentleman was born in ,venice in #agbh1 and had worked there upon historical pieces4 ,he afterward took to landscape-painting and architecture1 and many of his designs were published in learned works of the day4 ,being induced to go to ,england1 he obtained an excellent place1 and won the warm friendship of ,mr4 ,kauffman4 ,the marriage with his daughter took place in #agha1 and proved a most happy one1 undisturbed by any untoward occurrence till the death of ,zucchi4 ,angelica1 with her husband and her father1 now returned to the sunny south4 ,stopping in ,schwarzenberg to visit their relatives1 they proceeded to ,italy1 settling themselves for a prolonged stay4 ,in ,january of the following year ,kauffman expired in the arms of his loving child4 ,the wedded pair1 anxious to escape from the shadow of this sorrow1 hastened to ,rome1 where they fixed their permanent abode1 paying only a few visits to ,naples at the command of the royal family4 ,their house was the centre of attraction to the artistic and literary society of that capital of art2 and ,madame ,zucchi did the honors and dispensed hospitalities with a grace peculiarly her own1 without losing a particle of her energy in the prosecution of her painting1 or any portion of the love for it that had distinguished her early years4 ,this may account for the uniform individuality discernible in her productions1 in the merits and defects of which may be traced the peculiarities of her nature and training4 ,in ,rome1 ,angelica became acquainted with ,goethe1 ,herder1 and other great men who at different times visited the ,eternal ,city4 ,goethe says of her in one of his letters1 8,the good ,angelica has a most remarkable1 and1 for a woman1 really unheard-of talent2 one must see and value what she does and not what she leaves undone4 ,there is much to learn from her1 particularly as to work1 for what she effects is really marvelous40 ,and in his work entitled 8,winkelmann and his ,century10 he observes concerning her3 8,the light and pleasing in form and color1 in design and execution1 distinguish the numerous works of our artist4 ,no living painter excels her in dignity1 or in the delicate taste with which she handles the pencil40 ,at the same time she has been thought deficient in strength of outline1 variety and force of touch2 her coloring has been said to lack depth and warmth2 while all acknowledge her grace1 sweetness1 and delicacy1 and the freedom and ease1 with the correctness and elegance of her drawing4 ,her works have been justly called 8light and lovely ,may-games of a charming fantasy40 ,among her character-pictures have been noted particularly 8,allegra0 and 8,penserosa10 and fancy portraits of ,sappho and ,sophonisba1 with the goddesses of ,grecian mythology2 also figures and scenes from the modern poets1 such as the delicate and bewitching ,una1 from ,spenser's 8,faery ,queen10 and simple allegorical representations4 ,these last were favorite subjects with her1 and were taken both from classic and romantic history1 as 8,venus and ,adonis10 8,rinaldo and ,armida10 8,the ,death of ,heloise10 8,sappho inspired by ,love10 etc4 ,the praise can not be denied her of having essentially aided the progress of modern art1 without parting with any portion of her feminine reserve and purity4 ,her pictures1 with ,mengs's writings1 helped to liberate painting from the exclusive school of ,carlo ,maratti4 ,among her best compositions have been noted 8,leonardo da ,vinci ,dying in the arms of ,francis ,i420 8,the ,return of ,arminius0--painted for ,joseph ,,ii4--8,the ,funeral ,pomp of ,pallas20 and 8,the ,nymph ,surprised10 covering herself hastily with a white veil4 ,in painting portraits1 she had the habit of waiting1 before sketching1 to seize on some favorite attitude or expression4 ,she understood the effects of clare-obscure1 and took care to avoid confusion in her figures4 ,her draperies were designed with taste1 and not superfluous4 ,an amateur once said to her1 8,your angels could walk without deranging their robes40 ,she was in the habit of throwing on paper her reflections1 and preserving the souvenirs4 ,the following words were written on one of her pictures3 8,i will not attempt to express supernatural things by human inspiration1 but wait for that till ,i reach heaven1 if there is painting done there40 ,art to her had been as the breath of life1 and labor her greatest delight4 ,they continued to be so1 even when1 crowned with fame1 she was the centre of an admiring circle in the best society of ,rome4 ,zucchi1 in the hope of beguiling her from too assiduous application1 purchased a beautiful villa--,castle ,gandolfo--for their residence2 but ,angelica could not bear to be long distant from ,rome4 ,strangers who came to the city were soon attracted to pay their respects to the lovely artist2 and in the companionship of the great and gifted1 either in her own circle1 or with friends like ,klopstock and ,gessner--who have highly praised her genius--she exercised an influence that did not fail to promote the growth of literary and artistic cultivation4 ,de ,rossi says3 8,it was interesting to see ,angelica and her husband before a picture4 ,while ,zucchi spoke with enthusiasm1 ,angelica remained silent1 fixing her eloquent glance on the finest portions of the work4 ,in her countenance one could read her feelings1 and her observations were always limited to a few brief words4 ,these1 however1 seldom expressed any blame2 only the praises of that which was worthy of praise4 ,it belonged to her nature to be struck by the beautiful alone1 as the bee draws only honey out of every flower40 ,raphael ,mengs pronounced upon her a flattering eulogium4 8,as an artist10 he says1 8she is the pride of the female sex in all times and all nations4 ,nothing is wanting2 composition1 coloring1 fancy1 all are here40 ,but he was her friend1 and wrote thus while the recollection of her charms and virtues were fresh in his memory4 ,fuseli1 who was honored by her friendship1 was a more severe judge4 ,he says1 he 8has no wish to contradict those who make success the standard of genius1 and1 as their heroine equals the greatest names in the first1 suppose her on a level with them in power4 ,she pleased1 and desired to please1 the age in which she lived and the race for which she wrought4 ,the ,germans1 with as much patriotism1 at least1 as judgment1 have styled her the ,paintress of ,minds 7,seelen ,mahlerin72 nor can this be wondered at for a nation who1 in ,a4 ,r4 ,mengs1 flatter themselves that they possess an artist equal to ,raphael4 8,the male and female characters of ,angelica never vary in form1 feature1 or expression from the favorite ideal in her own mind4 ,her heroes are all the man to whom she thought she could have submitted1 though him1 perhaps1 she never found4 ,her heroines are herself1 and1 while suavity of countenance and alluring graces shall be able to divert the general eye from the sterner demands of character and expression1 can never fail to please40 ,the lighter scenes of poetry were painted by her with a grace and taste entirely her own1 and happily formed1 withal1 to meet that of an engraver1 whose labors contributed to the growth and perpetuity of her fame4 ,this was ,bartolozzi1 whose talents were in great part devoted to her4 ,one feels naturally desirous of knowing something about the personal appearance of one so much admired4 ,her portrait1 painted by herself1 the size of life1 is in the ,pitti ,gallery at ,florence1 with that of two other female artists2 and the three attract the attention of every visitor4 ,the following is the description of one spectator3 8,the first in feature and expression bears the stamp of a masculine intellect2 the touch is vigorous1 the coloring has the golden tint of the ,venetian school1 but it presents no mark of individuality2 this is ,maria ,robusti ,tintoretto4 ,the second can not be mistaken2 even the most unpracticed eye would discern at a glance that it is a ,frenchwoman--piquant1 lively1 graceful1 evidently not so much engrossed with her art as to be insensible to admiration as a woman--this is the well-known ,madame ,le ,brun4 ,opposite the fair ,parisian is a third portrait1 a woman still in the bloom of life1 but destitute of all brilliancy of coloring1 with an expression grave and pensive almost to melancholy4 ,she is seated on a stone1 in the midst of a solitary landscape1 a portfolio with sketches in one hand1 a pencil in the other4 ,the attitude is unstudied almost to negligence4 ,there is no attempt at display2 you feel as you look on her that every thought is absorbed in her vocation4 ,this is ,angelica ,kauffman40 ,the quiet tenor of her life was broken up by the death of her husband in #agie4 ,this domestic calamity was followed by political events that shook the world1 and our artist suffered amid the universal agitation4 ,she was much disquieted by the invasion of ,italy by the ,french1 though she found in her art both relief from care and a protection from the dread of poverty4 ,general ,l',espinasse exempted the house in which she lived from lodging soldiers1 and offered her his services for her security and protection4 ,but no kindness could restore her lost energy or bring back the cheerfulness that had once sustained her4 ,in #ahjb ,angelica was seized with illness1 and on recovery was advised to travel for the strengthening of both her bodily and mental faculties1 and for relief from the oppression of sadness that paralyzed even her love of art4 ,she visited ,florence1 ,milan1 and ,como1 where she lingered with a melancholy pleasure amid the scenes of her youthful days4 ,in ,venice she staid to visit the family of her deceased husband4 ,she then returned to ,rome1 where she was received by her friends with a jubilant welcome4 ,her time passed thenceforward in her accustomed employments1 and the society of those who loved her4 ,her health continued to decline1 but her intellect remained bright and vigorous to the period of her death in ,november1 #ahjg4 ,not long before she expired she requested her cousin by signs to read to her one of ,gellert's spiritual odes4 ,in the midst of ,italian life she was ever true to the ,german spirit2 as1 amid her more than masculine labors1 she preserved her gentle1 womanly nature4 ,the news of her decease caused profound grief throughout ,rome4 ,all the members of the ,academy of ,st4 ,luke assisted at her funeral2 and1 as at the obsequies of ,raphael1 her latest pictures were borne after her bier4 ,her remains were placed in the ,church of ,st4 ,andrew della ,fratte4 ,her bust was preserved in the ,pantheon4 ,her works are scattered all over ,europe1 and are to be found in ,vienna1 ,munich1 ,london1 ,florence1 ,rome1 ,paris1 etc4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century4 ,female ,artists in the ,scandinavian ,countries4--,in ,sweden4--,ulrica ,pasch4--,danish ,women ,artists4--,a richer ,harvest in the ,netherlands4--,the ,belgian ,sculptress4--,maria ,verelst4--,her ,paintings and ,attainments in the ,languages4--,residence in ,london4--,curious ,anecdote4--,walpole's ,remark4--,women ,artists in ,holland4--,poetry4--,henrietta ,wolters4--,her ,portraits4--,invitation from ,peter the ,great4--,dutch ,paintresses4--,the young ,engraver4--,caroline ,scheffer4--,landscape and ,flower ,painters4--,a ,follower of ,rachel ,ruysch4--,an ,engraver4--,in ,england4--,painting suited to ,women4--,literary ,ladies4--,effect of the ,introduction of a new ,manner in ,art4--,numerous ,dilettanti4--,female ,sculptors4--,mrs4 ,samon4--,mrs4 ,siddons and others4--,mrs4 ,damer4--,aristocratic ,birth4--,early love of ,study and ,art4--,horace ,walpole her ,adviser4--,conversation with ,hume4--,first ,attempt at ,modeling4--,the ,marble ,bust and ,hume's ,criticism4--,surprise of the gay ,world4--,miss ,conway's ,lessons and ,works4--,unfortunate ,marriage4--,widowhood4--,politics4--,wa lpole's ,opinion of ,mrs4 ,damer's ,sculptures4--,darwin's ,lines4--,sculptures4--,envy and ,detraction4--,going abroad4--,escape from ,danger4--,noble ,ambition4--,return to ,england4--,politics and ,kissing4--,private ,theatricals4--,the three ,heroes4--,friendship with the ,empress4--,walpole's ,bequest4--,parlor ,theatricals1 etc4--,removal4--,project for improving ,india4--,mrs4 ,damer's ,works4--,opinions of her4 ,from ,germany we now turn to the northern countries1 to the ,netherlands1 and ,england1 to glance at their female artists of the eighteenth century4 ,few are found among the ,scandinavian nations4 ,female talent had greatly aided to bring about the rise of literature in ,sweden1 as in the instance of ,charlotte ,nordenflycht and ,ulrica ,widstrm by their lyric poems1 and ,maria ,lenngren by her dramatic productions2 but only one artist of merit appears--the painter ,ulrica ,frederika ,pasch1 who1 in #aggc1 was elected a member of the ,academy at ,stockholm4 ,in ,denmark1 where many women cultivated the muses1 gaining celebrity for lyric and dramatic productions1 a flower-painter1 ,c4 ,m4 ,ryding1 and an engraver on copper1 ,alexia de ,lodde1 may be mentioned1 as well as ,margaretta ,ziesenis1 who devoted herself to painting portraits and historical pieces1 and was somewhat famous for her copies in miniature1 such as that of ,correggio's ,zingarella4 ,a much richer harvest opens in the ,netherlands1 in which the number of women pursuing art as a profession was not less than it had been in the preceding century4 ,among the ,belgians the name of the sculptress ,anna ,maria von ,reyschoot of ,ghent must not be omitted4 ,,maria ,,verelst4 ,maria ,verelst was born in #afhj1 at ,antwerp4 ,she was the daughter of the painter ,herman ,verelst1 and belonged to a family abounding in celebrated artists4 ,she received instruction from her uncle1 ,simon ,verelst1 and was highly esteemed1 not only for her very uncommon skill in small portraits1 while she attempted historical pieces successfully1 but also for her attainments in the languages and music4 ,she went with her father to ,london1 then1 as before and afterward1 the rendezvous of foreign talent1 and died there in #agdd4 ,descampes mentions a curious anecdote of her proficiency in the languages4 ,during her residence in ,london1 one evening at the theatre1 she chanced to sit near six ,german gentlemen of high rank4 ,they were struck with her beauty and distinguished air1 and expressed their admiration in conversation with each other1 in the most high-flown terms which the ,german language could supply4 ,the lady turned and addressed them in the same tongue1 observing that such extravagant praise in the presence of a lady conveyed to her no real compliment4 ,one of them soon after repeated his encomium in ,latin4 ,she again turned1 and1 replying in the same language1 said1 8,it was unjust to deprive the fair sex of that classic tongue1 the vehicle of so much true learning and taste40 ,with increased admiration the strangers begged permission to pay their respects in person to a lady so singularly endowed4 ,maria answered that she was a painter by profession1 and lived with her uncle1 ,verelst the flower-painter4 ,they did not lose time in availing themselves of the opportunity of seeing the fair artist and her works4 ,each of the gentlemen sat for his portrait1 for which he gave liberal compensation4 ,the story spread abroad1 and proved an introduction for ,maria into the best society4 ,walpole remarks of this artist that she painted in oil both large and small portraits1 and drew small history-pieces4 ,she spoke ,latin1 ,german1 ,italian1 and other languages fluently4 ,in ,protestant ,holland women artists are found in still greater numbers4 ,here the same favorable circumstances which had in former ages brought art to early bloom existed with little change4 ,as women assumed an influential position in literature1 so they did in the pictorial arts4 ,the religious spirit that animated many breathed in the hymns and odes of ,petronella ,mocas1 and in the didactic poetry of ,lucretia van ,merken2 ,elizabeth ,wolff made herself known by her poetical epistles2 and the national drama1 the fair fruit of the seventeenth century1 had a votary in the ,baroness von ,launoy1 who made translations from ,tyrtus4 ,in like manner did women show their enterprise in the branches of study which belong to our subject4 ,,henrietta ,,wolters4 ,henrietta ,wolters of ,amsterdam gained no inconsiderable fame as a miniature-painter4 ,she was the pupil of her father1 ,theodore van ,pee1 and was early accustomed to copy from ,van der ,velde and ,vandyck4 ,the miniature portraits afterward painted by her were so perfect in finish and execution1 that the ,czar ,peter the ,great1 who seems to have become acquainted with her during his journey incognito through ,holland1 offered her a salary of six thousand florins as court-painter if she would remove to his capital4 ,she received as much as four hundred florins for a single picture4 ,she declined the imperial invitation1 and remained in her home1 where1 having lived with her husband1 the painter ,wolters1 since #agai1 she died in #agda4 ,passing over several of little note as artists1 though among them are numbered the ,princess ,anna of ,orange and ,cornelia de ,ryk1 we may pause to mention ,christina ,chalon1 who was born in ,amsterdam in #agdi1 and received her education with another artist1 ,sarah ,troost4 ,she painted chiefly in gouache scenes from country life and family groups1 and is said to have learned the engraver's art so young that she engraved a picture when only nine years old4 ,she died at ,leyden in #ahjh4 ,caroline ,scheffer belongs to the close of this century4 ,she was the daughter and pupil of a painter1 ,ary ,lamme1 and married another1 ,j4 ,b4 ,scheffer of ,mannheim1 with whom she lived long in ,amsterdam and ,rotterdam4 ,after her husband's death1 in #ahji1 she went to ,paris with her two sons1 ,ary and ,henry1 to give them the advantage of the best instruction in painting4 ,they did credit to the care of this good and affectionate mother in the fame they acquired1 and returned her devotion with due tenderness and filial love4 ,she died at ,paris in #ahci4 ,to these names should be added those of several women who devoted themselves especially to landscape and flower painting--two branches in which ,holland could boast artists of skill and renown4 ,among these are ,elizabeth ,ryberg1 who lived in ,rotterdam2 ,maria ,jacoba ,ommegank1 and ,alberta ten ,oever of ,grningen1 some of whose landscapes1 in the manner of ,ruysdael and ,hobbema1 were seen in the exhibition of #ahah4 ,anna ,moritz1 ,susanna ,maria ,nymegen1 and ,cornelia van der ,myin1 are named by ,dr4 ,guhl4 ,elizabeth ,georgina van ,hogenhuizen1 a dilettante1 born in ,hague in #aggf1 became a disciple of ,rachel ,ruysch1 and gave promise of attaining to a kindred celebrity1 had not her life been cut short in the bloom of eighteen4 ,among engravers on copper1 who employed themselves with the pencil as well as the graver1 may be mentioned ,maria ,elizabeth ,simons2 she engraved several pictures from ,rubens and ,van der ,velde in the early part of the century4 ,in ,england1 the political greatness of the nation and the appreciation of art among the nobility1 more than any natural predisposition of the people1 proved favorable to the progress of a cultivated taste1 and rewarded talent from other countries4 ,corresponding to the improvement in the prospects of art1 we find a number of women occupied diligently in its pursuit4 ,a writer in one of the ,british reviews observes3 8,the profession of the painter would seem1 in many respects1 peculiarly fitted for woman4 ,it demands no sacrifice of maiden modesty nor of matronly reserve2 it leads her into no scenes of noisy revelry or unseemly license2 it does not force her to stand up to be stared at1 commented on1 clapped or hissed by a crowded and often unmannered audience1 who forget the woman in the artist4 ,it leaves her1 during a great portion of her time at least1 beneath the protecting shelter of her home1 beside her own quiet fireside1 in the midst of those who love her and whom she loves4 ,but1 on the other hand1 to attain high eminence1 it demands the entire devotion of a life2 it entails a toil and study1 severe1 continuous1 and unbroken40 ,there is enough in this twofold truth to account both for the number of women artists and the failure of many to reach the distinction they aimed at4 ,the assiduous cultivation of literature among ladies of the higher class in the eighteenth century is sufficiently attested by productions that yet remain for popular admiration4 ,the names of ,joanna ,baillie1 ,mrs4 ,montague1 ,clara ,reeve1 ,fanny ,burney1 ,harriet and ,sophia ,lee1 ,mrs4 ,cowley1 etc41 posterity will not willingly let die2 and the improvement in general education owes much to the beneficial influence of women who labored for this end1 and strove also to introduce into society a less frivolous tone of manners and a more pervading respect for morality and religion4 ,mrs4 ,trimmer1 ,hannah ,more1 ,mrs4 ,barbauld1 are remembered with gratitude as having done their part in the good work2 as also ,elizabeth ,smith1 who added to her literary acquirements extraordinary talents and accomplishments both in music and painting4 ,it was after the introduction of a new manner by artists who had partaken of the inspiration of ,carstens--such as ,flaxman and ,fuseli1 near the close of the century--that the greater number of ,english female artists came into notice4 ,it is necessary to mention only the most prominent4 ,one third1 at least1 of the entire body in ,england were distinguished chiefly as amateurs1 while in ,france the contrary was true1 very few having been noted among the artists of this period4 ,first let us pay some attention to the sculptors4 ,in the early part of the century ,mrs4 ,samon modeled figures and historical groups in wax4 ,it is said that the world-renowned ,siddons was accustomed to amuse herself occasionally by attempts in sculpture4 ,lady ,e4 ,fitzgerald1 ,miss ,ogle1 ,mrs4 ,wilmot1 and ,miss ,andross1 were also noted for their attempts in sculpture4 ,but the place of pre-eminence1 above all who had appeared down to the later years of the eighteenth century1 belongs to ,mrs4 ,damer4 ,,anne ,,seymour ,,damer4 ,a rarer honor it is to a nation to be able to boast of a successful artist of aristocratic origin than of a celebrated statesman4 ,the subject of this sketch was descended from families of the best blood of ,england4 ,born in #agdh1 she was the only child of ,field ,marshal ,henry ,seymour ,conway 7brother to the ,marquis of ,hertford7 and ,caroline ,campbell1 only daughter of ,john1 the fourth ,duke of ,argyle1 and widow of the ,earl of ,aylesbury and ,elgin4 8,her birth entitled her to a life of ease and luxury2 her beauty exposed her to the assiduities of suitors and the temptations of courts1 but it was her pleasure to forget all such advantages1 and dedicate the golden hours of her youth to the task of raising a name by working in wet clay1 plaster of ,paris1 stubborn marble1 and still more intractable bronze40#b #b ,allan ,cunningham4 ,the foundation of a pure and correct taste was laid in her superior education4 ,she devoted herself early to study1 and acquired a knowledge of general literature rare among women2 became well acquainted with the history and arts of the nations of antiquity1 and with the standard authors of ,england1 ,france1 and ,italy4 ,her cousin1 ,horace ,walpole1 was greatly pleased with her enthusiasm1 and took delight in directing her studies4 ,she had long been accustomed to gaze with admiration on the few beautiful pieces of ancient sculpture which she had opportunity of seeing1 and she felt in her own soul that inspiration which is almost always the prophecy of success4 ,it is said the bent of her genius was discovered by an adventure with ,david ,hume1 the historian4 ,when eighteen or twenty years old1 ,anne was walking with him one day4 ,they were accosted by an ,italian boy who offered for sale some plaster figures and vases4 ,the historian examined his wares1 and spent some minutes talking with the little fellow4 ,miss ,conway afterward rallied ,mr4 ,hume in company upon his taste for paltry plaster casts4 ,he replied1 with a touch of sarcasm1 that the images she had viewed with such contempt had not been made without the aid of both science and genius1 adding that a woman1 even with all her attainments1 could not produce such works4 ,the young lady formed a determination from that moment to convince her monitor of his mistake4 ,she procured wax and modeling tools1 worked in secret1 and in a short time finished a head--some say a portrait of the philosopher1 which she presented to him in no small triumph4 8,this is very clever10 observed ,hume4 8,it really deserves praise for a first attempt2 but1 remember1 it is much easier to model in wax than to chisel a bust from marble40 ,the persevering girl was resolved to compel the satirist to the admission that a woman could do more than he had supposed4 ,without any announcement of her design1 she supplied herself with marble and all the necessary implements of labor4 ,it was not long before she had copied out in marble1 roughly perhaps1 but faithfully1 the head she had modeled in wax4 ,she placed it before the historian1 who was actually surprised into admiration1 though he found something still to criticise in the want of fine workmanship and delicate finish4 ,his fault-finding probably went far to stimulate her to new exertions4 ,from this time the impulse of genius was strong within her1 and she was firmly resolved even to seclude herself from the brilliant society by which she was surrounded for the purpose of devoting her life to the pursuit she found so congenial to her taste4 ,it could not long be concealed from the world of fashion that the admired ,miss ,conway had forsaken the mask and the dance1 and was working1 like any day-laborer1 in wet clay2 that she moved amid subdued lights2 that her glossy hair was covered with a mob cap to keep out the white dust of the marble1 while an unsightly apron preserved her silk gown and embroidered slippers2 that her white and delicate fingers were often soiled with clay1 or grasped the hammer and the chisel4 ,the strange story ran like wild-fire among the circles of her acquaintance4 ,several titled ladies had wielded the pencil and the brush1 but scarcely one could be remembered who had taken to sculpture4 ,it may well be imagined that the spirited girl found pleasure in showing her independence1 and that she was animated by a noble ambition to carve out for herself with the chisel a place among the honored among artists1 worthy of a descendant of the ,seymours and the ,campbells4 ,works of genius seemed more than coronets to her2 and noble actions1 than ,norman blood6 ,she now took lessons in modeling and the elemental part of sculpture1 from ,cerrachi--the same conspirator who was brought to the guillotine for plotting against ,napoleon--while she perfected herself in the practical part of working in marble in the studio of the elder ,bacon1 and studied anatomy with ,cruikshanks4 ,she produced a number of ideal heads and busts1 and some figures of animals1 executed with skill2 but her progress was slow1 and she produced no work of note till seven years after her marriage4 ,at the age of nineteen she bestowed her hand upon the ,hon4 ,john ,damer1 the eldest son of ,lord ,milton1 and the nephew of the ,earl of ,dorchester4 ,this marriage proved a sad drawback to the improvement of our young artist4 ,damer--8heir in expectancy to thirty thousand a year--was at once eccentric and extravagant4 ,those were the days of silk1 and lace1 and embroidery1 and he adorned his person with all that was costly1 and loved to surprise his friends and vex his wife by appearing thrice a day in a new suit40 ,he furnished for ,miss ,burney1 remarks ,mrs4 ,lee1 8in her celebrated novel of ,cecilia1 a character in real life--,harrington1 the guardian of her heroine40 ,he became the prey of tailors and money-lenders in ,london2 his extravagance daily increased1 and he scattered a princely fortune in a few years4 ,in nine years this unhappy union was terminated by the suicide of the husband1 who shot himself with a pistol1 in the ,bedford ,arms1 ,covent ,garden1 in ,august1 #aggf4 ,his wardrobe1 which was sold at auction1 is said to have brought fifteen thousand pounds--perhaps half its cost4 ,the widow1 left childless1 availed herself of her recovered freedom to take journeys with the object of gaining new ideas in the art she loved4 ,she traveled through ,france1 ,spain1 and ,italy1 renewing her studies in sculpture4 ,at this time it was the fashion for ladies to take a warm interest in politics4 ,mrs4 ,damer became an ardent partisan of the ,whig cause1 and active in helping to carry elections4 ,mrs4 ,lee observes3 8,gentlemen have no objection to ladies being politicians if they take the right side3 to wit1 that to which they themselves belong2 and ,mrs4 ,damer conscientiously adopted the opinions of the ,whig party4 ,at that time ,great ,britain was waging war with her ,american colonies4 ,she took the part of the rebellious subjects1 warmly espoused our cause1 and bravely advanced her opinions40 ,she was a warm friend of ,fox4 ,walpole thus speaks of his cousin's works1 which soon acquired her fame as a sculptor3 8,mrs4 ,damer's busts from the life are not inferior to the antique4 ,her shock dog1 large as life1 and only not alive1 has a looseness and softness in the curls that seemed impossible to terra-cotta2 it rivals the marble one of ,bernini in the royal collection4 ,as the ancients have left us but five animals of equal merit with their human figures--viz41 the ,barberini goat1 the ,tuscan boar1 the ,mattei eagle1 the eagle at ,strawberry ,hill1 and ,mr4 ,jenning's dog--the talent of ,mrs4 ,damer must appear in the most distinguished light40 ,cerrachi gave a whole figure of ,anne as the ,mse of ,sculpture1 preserving the graceful lightness of her form and air4 ,the poet ,darwin says3 8,long with soft touch shall ,damer's chisel charm2 ,with grace delight us1 and with beauty warm40 ,after #aghj1 she produced several fine specimens of sculpture1 both in marble and terra-cotta4 ,she made a group of sleeping dogs1 in marble1 for the ,duke of ,richmond1 her brother-in-law1 and another for ,queen ,charlotte4 ,she presented a bust of herself1 in #aggh1 to the ,florentine ,gallery1 and executed several of her titled lady relatives1 which were esteemed as works of great merit1 and still adorn the galleries of noble connoisseurs4 ,two colossal heads of her workmanship1 representing ,thames and ,isis1 were designed for the keystones of the bridge at ,henley4 ,envy was busy1 as it generally is1 in disputing the claims of this noble lady to the entire authorship of her celebrated productions2 but1 though they exhibit a varied character1 there was no proof that she availed herself of more assistance than is usual for all sculptors1 both in modeling and marble-work4 ,subordinate hands are always employed in preparing the model and removing the superfluous material4 ,mrs4 ,damer complied with the fancy of the day in idealizing the portraits of some of her friends into muses and deities4 ,to please her fast friend1 ,horace ,walpole1 she presented him with two kittens in marble1 wrought by herself1 as an addition to the curiosities of his villa4 ,still more endearing than their relationship was her agreement with him in political opinions4 ,she had lost her father at the time she went abroad in #aggi4 ,the seas were filled with the armed vessels of ,france1 ,america1 and ,great ,britain1 and there was some danger in crossing the ,channel4 ,the sculptress was protected1 it is true1 by her sympathy with the ,transatlantic 8rebels0 and by her character of artist4 ,however1 the vessel in which she sailed encountered a ,french man-of-war1 with which a running fight was kept up for four hours4 ,but 8the heroic daughter of a hero0 manifested both sense and coolness4 ,the ,french prevailed2 the packet struck its colors within sight of ,ostend2 but ,mrs4 ,damer was not detained in captivity4 ,she now devoted herself more assiduously to the study of classic authors1 with the view of entering more fully into the feeling and character of antique sculpture4 ,she kept notes of her reflections as she contemplated the works of art in ,italy1 with the remarks of critics4 ,she was bent on accomplishing some great work1 the glory of which should eclipse the lustre of her hereditary dignity4 ,she had more ambition to become distinguished as a sculptor than as the descendant of the high aristocracy of ,britain4 ,returning from ,italy and ,spain1 she took part in the election that terminated in the triumph of ,charles ,fox4 ,mrs4 ,crewe and the lovely ,duchess of ,devonshire joined her in canvassing for their favorite1 the ,whig candidate1 8rustling their silks in the lowest sinks of sin and misery1 and1 in return for the electors' #8most sweet voices1' submitting1 it is said1 their own sweet cheeks to the salutes of butchers and barge-men40 ,an old elector said to ,cunningham3 8,it was a fine sight to see a grand lady come right smack up to us hard-working mortals1 with a hand held out1 and a #8,master1 how d' ye do8' and laugh so loud1 and talk so kind1 and shake us by the hand1 and say1 #8,give us your vote1 worthy sir--a plumper for the people's friend1 our friend1 every body's friend4' ,and then1 sir1 if we hummed and hawed1 they would ask us for our wives and children2 and if that didn't do1 they'd think nothing of a kiss--ay1 a dozen on 'em4 ,kissing was nothing to them1 and it came all so natural40 ,it is recorded1 also1 that ,mrs4 ,damer was fond of private theatricals1 and recited poetry and personated characters in plays performed at the ,duke of ,richmond's and elsewhere4 ,her talents in high comedy won deserved applause1 and many of our actresses would be eclipsed by her performance in the standard old pieces4 ,but though she took part in such entertainments for the pleasure of others1 her own delight was in sculpture alone4 ,her busts in bronze1 marble1 and terra-cotta became ornaments to the rich collections of her friends4 ,her statue of the king in marble was established in the ,edinburgh ,register ,office4 ,she consecrated a monumental bust to the memory of the countess her mother1 whose pieces of needle-work had equaled the finest paintings4 ,she formed a design to perpetuate the memory of a noble act by ,lord ,william ,campbell1 her uncle1 he having once leaped from a boat into the ,thames1 and dived down sixteen feet1 to save the life of a drowning man4 ,this work was never finished in marble4 ,mrs4 ,damer's heroes1 out of her own family1 were ,fox1 ,nelson1 and ,napoleon2 and she was acquainted with them all4 ,she executed the busts of the first two1 and it was one of her fancies to record in a small book the remarks of 8the ,napoleon of the waves0 during his conversations with her4 ,during her visit in ,france she formed a friendship for the ,viscountess ,beauharnais2 and many years afterward a ,french gentleman brought her a letter from the wife of the ,first ,consul1 with a splendid present of porcelain4 ,she was invited to ,paris by her former friend1 who desired to present her to ,napoleon4 ,the latter asked her for a bust of ,fox1 which ,mrs4 ,damer brought to the emperor on a subsequent visit to ,paris4 ,the emperor presented her with a splendid snuff-box and his portrait set with diamonds4 ,walpole died in #agig1 bequeathing to this daughter of ,general ,conway for her life1 his ,gothic villa of 8,strawberry ,hill10 with its rich and rare contents--books and artistic curiosities--and two thousand pounds a year to keep the place in repair4 ,it has 8become famous from its connection with the studies of the accomplished author of the ,castle of ,otranto40 ,here ,mrs4 ,damer was happy in entertaining her friends1 not only with feasts of good things at her table1 but with private theatrical performances1 in which she often took part4 ,joanna ,baillie1 the matchless ,siddons1 ,mrs4 ,garrick1 ,mrs4 ,berry and her daughters1 were among her chosen companions4 ,the classic villa1 however1 had been entailed upon ,lord ,waldegrave1 and ,mrs4 ,damer was induced to give it up to him ten years previous to her own death4 ,she purchased ,york ,house in the neighborhood1 the birth-place of ,queen ,anne4 ,this was her summer residence1 her winter house being in ,park ,lane4 ,as she approached the close of life1 and saw the heroes of her early enthusiasm pass away1 her love of sculpture increased4 ,she thought the art might be made to render important aid in the civilization and religious improvement of ,hindostan and the ,indian isles1 and often talked with ,sir ,alexander ,johnston of substituting ,christian subjects in sculpture for the idols of heathenism in those regions4 ,she was1 unfortunately1 no longer young enough for such an enterprise2 yet the idea was a noble one4 ,she executed the bust of ,nelson in marble for a present to the ,king of ,tanjore--a ,hindoo sovereign of power and influence in the south of ,asia4 ,that specimen of her skill may have tended to disseminate in that remote nation a desire for statuary by ,british artists4 ,a list of thirty of her works has been published4 ,a beautiful bust of herself1 executed by her in marble1 was in the collection of ,richard ,payne ,knight1 and was bequeathed by him to the ,british ,museum4 ,her group of 8,the ,death of ,cleopatra10 represented the closing scene of ,shakspeare's tragedy4 ,the ,queen of ,egypt1 having failed to excite the pity of ,octavius ,csar1 and resolved to follow her departed love1 has applied the 8venomous worm of ,nile0 to her breast4 ,the words 8,come1 mortal wretch1 ,with thy sharp teeth this knot intrinsicate ,of life at once untie10 are embodied in the expression4 ,this tasteful composition was modeled in basso-relievo1 and was engraved by ,hellyer as a vignette title to the second volume of ,boydell's ,shakspeare4 ,mrs4 ,damer's health declined in the spring of #ahbh1 and on the #bhth of ,may she departed this life1 in her eightieth year4 ,she left to her relative ,sir ,alexander ,johnston all her works in marble1 bronze1 and terra-cotta1 and her mother's needle pictures1 with directions that her apron and tools should be buried in her coffin1 and that her manuscript memoranda and correspondence should be destroyed4 ,she was interred in the church of ,tunbridge1 ,kent4 ,whatever difference of opinion there may be respecting the genius and works of this sculptress1 there can be none in pronouncing her an extraordinary woman4 ,she would have been called 8strong-minded0 in our day1 for she sent a friendly message to ,napoleon on the eve of ,waterloo1 canvassed an election for ,fox1 and entertained ,queen ,caroline during her trial6 ,in her estimation1 genius and generous impulse were above the conventionalities of birth and fashion4 ,it is difficult to estimate fairly the productions of a favored child of wealth and splendor1 and one eminent for learning and wit4 ,her works have been severely criticised1 and those who most admire her independent career1 are disposed to deny her the possession of great originality and such a practical knowledge of art as would enable her to finish with a good degree of perfection4 ,it has been remarked1 however1 that her conception was generally superior to her execution4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century4 ,mary ,moser4--,nollekens' ,house4--,skill in ,flower-painting4--,the ,fashions4--,queen ,charlotte4--,patience ,wright4--,birth in ,new ,jersey4--,quaker ,parents4--,childish ,taste for ,modeling4--,marriage4--,widowhood4--,wa x-modeling4--,rivals ,madame ,tussaud4--,residence in ,england4--,sympathy with ,america in ,rebellion4--,correspondence with ,franklin4--,intelligence conveyed4--,freedom of ,speech to ,majesty4--,franklin's ,postscript4--8,the ,promethean ,modeler40--,letter to ,jefferson4--,patriotism4--,art the ,fashion4--,aristocratic lady ,artists4--,princesses ,painting4--,lady ,beauclerk4--,walpole's 8,beauclerk ,closet40--,designs and ,portrait4--,lady ,lucan4--,her ,illustrations of ,shakspeare4--,walpole's ,criticism4--,other ,works4--,mary ,benwell and others4--,anna ,smyters and others4--,madame ,prestel4--,mrs4 ,grace4--,mrs4 ,wright4--,flower-painters4--,catherine ,read and others4--,maria ,cosway4--,peril in ,infancy4--,lessons4--,resolution to take the ,veil4--,visit to ,london4--,marriage4--,cosway's ,painting4--,vanity and ,extravagance4--,the beautiful ,italian ,paintress4--,cosway's ,prudence and ,management4--,brilliant evening ,receptions4--,aristocratic ,friends4--,the ,epigram on the ,gate4--,splendid new ,house and ,furniture4--,failing ,health4--,france and ,italy4--,institution at ,lodi4--,singular ,occurrence4--,death of ,cosway4--,return to ,lodi4--,maria's ,style and ,works4 ,,mary ,,moser4 ,this lady1 a member of the ,royal ,academy in ,london1 is mentioned by the biographers of ,nollekens as 8skillful in painting flowers1 sarcastic when she held the pen40 ,she liked to visit the illiterate ,nollekens1 at whose house1 with a cup of tea1 she occasionally enjoyed the company of ,dr4 ,johnson4 ,smith does not hesitate to charge her with having set her cap at ,fuseli1 8but his heart1 unfortunately1 had already been deeply pierced by ,angelica ,kauffman40 ,she was the daughter of a ,german artist in enameling1 but was educated in ,england4 ,she was truly wonderful in flower-pieces4 ,the tasteful decorations of some new apartments in ,windsor ,palace were executed by her hand4 ,while in ,london she wrote thus to her friend ,mrs4 ,lloyd3 8,come to ,london and admire our plumes2 we sweep the sky6 ,a duchess wears six feathers1 a lady four1 and every milkmaid one at each corner of her cap6 99 99 99 ,fashion is grown a monster2 pray tell your operator that your hair must measure just three quarters of a yard from the extremity of one wing to the other40 ,queen ,charlotte took particular notice of ,miss ,moser1 and for a considerable time employed her for the decoration of one chamber1 which her majesty commanded to be called ,miss ,moser's room1 and for which the queen paid upward of nine hundred pounds4 ,,patience ,,wright4 ,this extraordinary woman1 as ,dunlap rightly calls her1 was born1 like ,west1 among a people who professed to eschew all that is imaginative or pictorial4 ,her parents1 who were ,quakers1 lived at ,bordentown1 ,new ,jersey1 where ,patience ,lovell was born in #agbe4 ,her uncommon talent for imitation was shown long before she had an opportunity of seeing any work of art4 ,the dough meant for the oven1 or the clay found near her dwelling1 supplied her with materials out of which she moulded figures that bore a recognizable resemblance to human beings1 and1 ere long1 to the persons with whom she was most familiar4 ,she married ,joseph ,wright of ,bordentown in #agdh4 ,he lived only nineteen years4 ,before #aggb the lady had gained not a little celebrity in some of the cities of the ,united ,states for her astonishing likenesses in wax4 ,a widow1 with three children dependent on her for support1 she was obliged to seek a larger field for her efforts4 ,the prospect of success in ,london was good1 and to ,london she went4 ,there is testimony in ,english journals of the day that her works were thought extraordinary of their kind4 ,she bade fair to rival the famous ,madame ,tussaud4 ,her conversational powers and general intelligence gained her the attention and friendship of several among the distinguished men of the day4 ,though a resident of ,england1 her sympathies were engaged in behalf of her countrymen during the struggle of the ,american ,revolution4 ,it is said she even rendered important aid to the cause by sending to ,american officers intelligence of the designs of the ,british government4 ,she corresponded with ,franklin while he was in ,paris2 and as soon as a new general was appointed1 or a squadron began to be fitted out1 he was sure to know it4 ,she was often able to gain information in families where she visited1 and to transmit to her ,american friends accounts of the number of ,british troops and the places of their destination4 ,at one time she had frequent access to ,buckingham ,house1 and was accustomed to express her sentiments freely to their majesties1 who were amused with her originality4 ,the great ,chatham honored her with his visits1 and she took the full-length likeness of him1 which appears in a glass case in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,the following is the postscript to one of ,franklin's letters1 offering service should she return to ,america through ,france3 8,my grandson1 whom you may remember when a little saucy boy at school1 being my amanuensis in writing the within letter1 has been diverting me with his remarks4 ,he conceives that your figures can not be packed up without damage from any thing you could fill the boxes with to keep them steady4 ,he supposes1 therefore1 that you must put them into post-chaises1 two and two1 which will make a long train upon the road1 and be a very expensive conveyance2 but1 as they will eat nothing at the inns1 you may the better afford it4 ,when they come to ,dover1 he is sure1 they are so like life and nature1 that the master of the packet will not receive them on board without passports4 ,it will require1 he says1 five or six of the long ,french stage-coaches to convey them as passengers from ,calais to ,paris2 and a ship with good accommodations to convey them to ,america1 where all the world will wonder at your clemency to ,lord ,n----1 that1 having it in your power to hang or send him to the lighters1 you had generously reprieved him for transportation40 ,mrs4 ,wright was sometimes called 8,sibylla10 as she professed to foretell political events4 ,in a ,london magazine of #agge she is called 8the ,promethean modeler10 with the remark3 8,in her very infancy she discovered such a striking genius1 and began making faces with new bread and putty to such an extent that she was advised to try her skill in wax40 ,her likenesses of the king1 queen1 ,lord ,temple1 ,lord ,chatham1 ,barry1 ,wilkes1 and others1 attracted universal attention4 ,critics gave her credit for wonderful natural abilities1 and said she would have been a miracle if the advantages of a liberal education had fallen to her lot4 ,noticing her quick and brilliant eyes1 their glance was said to 8penetrate and dart through the person looked on40 ,she had a faculty of distinguishing the characters and dispositions of her visitors1 and was rarely mistaken in her judgment of them4 ,dunlap farther speaks of 8an energetic wildness in her manner4 ,while conversing she was busy modeling1 both hands being under her apron40 ,her eldest daughter married ,mr4 ,platt1 an ,american2 she inherited some of her mother's talents4 ,she became well known in ,new ,york about #aghg by her modeling in wax4 ,the younger was the wife of ,hoppner1 the rival of ,stuart and ,lawrence in portrait-painting4 ,the young lady's sweet face may be recognized in some historical compositions4 ,the ,british ,consul at ,venice1 mentioned by ,moore in his ,life of ,byron1 was the grandson of ,mrs4 ,wright4 ,mrs4 ,wright lost favor with ,george ,,iii4 by her earnest reproofs for his sanction of the war with ,america4 ,she went to ,paris in #agha1 but was in ,london in #aghe1 when she wrote to ,jefferson that she was delighted that her son ,joseph had painted the best likeness of ,washington of any painter in ,america4 ,washington himself said he 8should think himself happy to have his bust done by ,mrs4 ,wright1 whose uncommon talents10 etc4 ,she wished not only to make a likeness of the hero1 but of those gentlemen who had assisted at signing the treaty of peace4 8,to shame the ,english king10 she says1 8,i would go to any trouble and expense1 to add my mite to the stock of honor due to ,adams1 ,jefferson1 and others1 to send to ,america40 ,and she offered to go herself to ,paris and mould the likeness of ,jefferson4 ,she wished to consult him how best to honor her country by holding up the likenesses of her eminent men1 either in painting or wax-work2 and hinted at the danger of sending ,washington's picture to ,london1 from the enmity of the government and the espionage of the police2 the latter1 she observes1 having 8all the folly1 without the ability1 of the ,french40 ,the exercise of artistic accomplishment was now so popular1 that culture in painting1 drawing1 and etching became general in the education of young ladies4 ,the fashion of patronizing the arts1 too1 was in vogue among women of the highest rank4 ,lady ,dorothea ,saville painted portraits and drew admirable sketches4 ,lady ,louisa de ,greville and her sister ,augusta were ardent connoisseurs4 ,the ,countess ,lavinia ,spencer was celebrated for her skill in etching2 and ,lady ,amherst1 ,lady ,temple1 and ,lady ,henry ,fitzgerald1 were noted artists4 ,two princesses of the royal family took pleasure in painting4 ,princess ,elizabeth drew with taste and skill4 ,she engraved a 8,birth of ,love0 after ,tomkins1 and produced several original specimens of great beauty4 ,one of her fancy-pieces was 8,cupid turned ,volunteer10 which appeared1 in #ahjd1 in a series of prints engraved with poetical illustrations4 ,the designs were beautiful4 ,three years later1 a series of twenty-four etchings by her royal highness was published4 ,they evinced spirit and taste1 and a deep feeling for the beautiful4 ,charlotte ,matilda1 afterward ,queen of ,wurtemberg1 drew and painted landscapes after the manner of ,waterloo4 ,,lady ,,diana ,,beauclerk4 ,lady ,diana ,spencer1 the wife of ,topham ,beauclerk1 and the daughter of the ,duke of ,marlborough1 was celebrated as an amateur artist1 and produced drawings that gained the enthusiastic admiration of ,walpole4 ,in #aggf he built a hexagonal tower1 which he called 8,beauclerk ,closet10 as it was constructed 8purposely for the reception of seven incomparable drawings by ,lady ,diana1 illustrating scenes in his #8,mysterious ,mother4'0 ,they were conceived and executed in a fortnight4 ,in #agif the lady produced designs for a translation of ,brger's ballad of 8,leonore10 by her nephew1 published in folio the following year4 ,lady ,diana also finished a series of designs for a splendid edition of ,dryden's ,fables in folio4 ,these show that she possessed an elegant and fertile imagination1 with a truly classic taste4 ,in her portrait of the ,duchess of ,devonshire1 the nymph-like grace of the figure is like what a ,grecian sculptor would give to the form of a dryad or river-goddess4 ,she died in #ahjh1 at the age of seventy-four4 ,,margaret1 ,,countess ,,of ,,lucan1 possessed a remarkable talent for copying miniatures and illuminations4 ,she completed a series of embellishments of ,shakspeare's historical plays1 in five folio volumes1 now preserved in the library at ,althorp4 ,for sixteen years she devoted herself to the pursuit1 indulging in 8the pleasurable toil0 of illustrating that great work4 ,she commenced this enterprise when fifty years of age1 and ended it at sixty-six4 ,walpole says3 8,whatever of taste1 beauty1 and judgment in decoration1 by means of landscapes1 flowers1 birds1 heraldic ornaments and devices1 etc41 could dress our immortal bard in a yet more fascinating form1 has been accomplished by a noble hand1 which undertook a ,herculean task1 and with a true delicacy and finish of execution that has been rarely equaled40 ,lady ,lucan also copied the most exquisite works of ,isaac and ,peter ,oliver1 ,hoskins1 and ,cooper2 8with genius10 says her admiring friend1 8that almost depreciated those masters20 and 8transferring the vigor of ,raphael to her copies in water-colors40 ,she died in #ahae4 ,the ,countess of ,tott exhibited in #ahjd her portrait of the famous ,elfi ,bey4 ,lord ,orford speaks of ,mrs4 ,delany's skill in painting and imitating flowers with cuttings of colored paper4 ,this lady is mentioned by ,madame d',arblay1 in her ,diary1 as the queen's friend1 the wife of ,patrick ,delany1 who was the intimate friend of ,dean ,swift4 ,among a host of minor women artists may be mentioned ,mary ,benwell1 who painted portraits and miniatures in oil and crayons1 exhibited from #agfb to #aghc4 ,she married ,code1 who was in the army1 and purchased rank for him4 ,he was stationed at ,gibraltar1 where he died4 ,mrs4 ,code retired from her profession in #ahjj4 ,miss ,anna ,ladd1 skilled in the same branch1 died in #aggj4 ,agatha van der ,myn also painted flowers1 fruits1 and birds in ,england4 ,anna ,smyters1 the wife of a sculptor and architect1 acquired celebrity for her miniatures and water-color paintings4 ,one1 representing a wind-mill with sails spread1 a miller with his sack on his shoulder1 a carriage and horse1 and a road leading to a village1 was complete1 of a size so small that it could be covered by a grain of corn4 ,miss ,anna ,jemima ,provis was said to have made known to some ,english artists the receipt for coloring used by the great ,venetian masters4 ,it had been brought from ,italy by her grandfather4 ,mrs4 ,dards opened a new exhibition with flower-paintings1 in the richest colors4 ,they were exact imitations of nature1 done with fish-bones4 ,mrs4 ,hoadley1 wife of the ,bishop of ,winchester1 was well skilled in painting4 ,caroline ,watson was eminent in engraving4 ,she was born in ,london1 #agfj4 ,receiving instruction from her father1 she engraved several subjects in mezzotinto and in the dotted manner4 ,her productions were said to possess great merit4 ,miss ,hartley1 who etched admirably1 preceded her4 ,maria ,catharine ,prestel was the wife of a ,german painter and engraver4 ,she aided him in some of his best plates1 particularly landscapes4 ,the marriage was not happy1 and the pair separated4 ,madame ,prestel came to ,england in #aghf1 where she engraved prints in a style surpassed by no artist for spirit and delicacy4 ,she made etchings1 and finished in aquatinta in a fine picturesque manner4 ,she died in ,london in #agid4 ,mrs4 ,grace exhibited her works seven years in the ,society of ,artists4 ,they were chiefly portraits in oil1 rather heavy in coloring4 ,she attempted a historical subject in #agfg3 ,antigonus1 ,seleucus1 and ,stratonice4 ,her residence was in ,london4 ,mrs4 ,wright1 the daughter of ,mr4 ,guise--one of the gentlemen of his majesty's ,chapel ,royal at ,st4 ,james's1 and master of the choristers at ,westminster--was a successful painter in miniature4 ,she married1 unfortunately1 a ,french emigrant1 who shortly afterward left her1 and went to ,france1 where he died4 ,her second husband was ,mr4 ,wright1 a miniature-painter4 ,she died in #ahjb4 ,fiorillo also mentions ,betty ,langley1 ,miss ,noel1 ,miss ,linwood1 ,miss ,bell1 ,madame ,beaurepas1 and the eldest daughter of ,smirke the academician4 ,walpole mentions ,elizabeth ,neal as a distinguished paintress1 who went to ,holland4 ,she painted flowers so admirably1 that she was said to rival the famous ,zeghers4 ,among ,english flower-painters should not be forgotten ,miss ,elizabeth ,blackwell1 ,miss ,gray1 ,anna ,ladd1 ,anna ,lee1 and ,mary ,lawrence1 who busied herself with a splendid work on roses--painting and engraving the illustrations4 ,catherine ,read painted beautiful family scenes1 and obtained considerable reputation as a painter of portraits1 both in oil and crayon4 ,a crayon1 in the possession of a lady of ,new ,york1 was recognized as hers by an eminent ,american painter4 ,she lived near ,st4 ,james's1 and frequently sent pieces to the exhibition4 ,several mezzotint prints after her pictures were published4 ,in #aggj she went to the ,east ,indies1 staid a few years1 and returned to ,england4 ,her niece1 ,miss ,beckson1 also an artist1 who went with her to the ,east ,indies1 afterward married a baronet4 ,some of ,anna ,trevingard's pictures were engraved4 ,miss ,drax and ,miss ,martin engraved from ,tomkins and ,der ,petit2 ,miss ,morland and ,catharine ,mary ,fanshawe drew and engraved twenty pictures of historical scenes4 ,the zealous and industrious ,mary ,spilsbury's studies from country life1 and particularly those in which she represented her rural scenes and sports of children1 have been reproduced in engravings4 ,it is certainly surprising that engraving and flower-painting did not boast at this time a greater number of distinguished followers4 ,it now becomes our task to linger a moment over the history of a paintress whose genius and attainments won for her an enviable reputation1 and whose life experience illustrates the condition and circumstances of art amid the higher classes of ,english society4 ,,maria ,,cosway4 ,maria ,hadfield was the daughter of an ,englishman who became rich by keeping a hotel in ,leghorn4 ,it is said he lost four children in infancy1 and detected a maid-servant in the avowal that she sent them to heaven out of love1 and meant that the fifth1 ,maria1 should follow the rest4 ,the woman was imprisoned for life1 and the child was sent to a convent to be educated4 ,there she received lessons in music and drawing1 in common with other branches4 ,returning home1 she devoted herself to painting1 and the acquaintance she afterward formed at ,rome with ,battomi1 ,mengs1 ,maron1 and ,fuseli1 with her contemplation of the works of art in churches and palaces1 contributed to the farther development of her talents4 ,at her father's death she formed the resolution of entering a cloister1 but her mother persuaded her to accompany her first to ,london4 ,there the young girl became acquainted with the interesting and popular ,angelica ,kauffman1 who easily prevailed on her to relinquish all idea of taking the veil4 ,the change of resolution was followed not long afterward by ,maria's marriage with ,richard ,cosway1 a portrait and miniature painter1 who occupied a high position1 and whose soft1 pliant1 and idealized style was well adapted to please rich patrons whose vanity desired the most favorable representation4 ,in his carefully-finished miniatures the most ordinary features were transformed into beauty1 and pale1 watery eyes were made to sparkle with intellectual expression4 ,this faculty of beautifying rendered him the favorite of the wealthy and aristocratic4 ,he was1 moreover1 a member of the ,academy1 and had the honor of being called a friend by the ,prince of ,wales1 circumstances which contributed still more to make him the 8fashion40 ,but1 unfortunately1 he had not good sense enough to wear these honors meekly4 ,vanity led him into ridiculous extravagances4 ,he dressed in the extreme of the mode1 and kept his servants costumed in the like absurd manner2 he gave expensive entertainments1 and succeeded in drawing around him a number of frivolous young sprigs of nobility1 who would do him the favor of drinking his ,champagne and scattering his money at play1 and the next morning would amuse their 8set0 by laughing heartily over the pretensions of the 8parvenu40 ,such was the situation of ,cosway when he fell in love with ,maria ,hadfield1 wooed1 and won her1 and took his wife to his magnificently furnished house4 ,maria was very young1 and1 having come recently from ,italy1 was inexpert both in the ,english language and ,english customs4 ,her fashionable husband chose to keep her strictly isolated from all society till she should learn to appear with dignity and grace in the distinguished circles where he meant she should move4 ,meanwhile he caused her to complete her artistic education1 and to practice on the lessons she received4 ,her miniatures soon gained such appreciation that the highest praise was awarded to them of all that appeared at the ,royal ,academy exhibitions4 ,maria was even pointed out in the street as the successful artist4 ,then arrived the time when1 in ,cosway's opinion1 she was fitted to become the central point of attraction in his house for the brilliant society he loved4 ,very soon the talk every where was of the young1 beautiful1 and gifted ,italian4 ,cosway's receptions were crowded1 and half the carriages at his door contained sitters ambitious of the honor of being painted by the hand of his lovely wife4 ,her portrait of the beautiful ,duchess of ,devonshire in the character of ,spenser's ,cynthia raised her to the pinnacle of reputation4 ,cosway1 however1 was too prudent1 and1 at the same time1 too proud to permit his wife to be esteemed a professional painter1 for he knew well that her productions would have greater value as the work of an amateur4 ,to be painted by her was thus represented and regarded as a special favor2 and costly presents were frequently added to the customary payments for her pictures4 ,in another matter the husband was more indulgent4 ,maria was passionately fond of music1 and he permitted her to exercise her gift of song at the brilliant companies invited to his magnificent abode4 ,this completed the enchantment4 ,visitors came in such numbers that the house would scarcely contain them2 and all who were fashionable1 or had any aristocratic pretensions1 were sure to be found in ,cosway's drawing-rooms4 ,there would be the poet whose latest effusion was the rage in high circles2 the author of the last sensation-speech in ,parliament2 any rising star in art1 or any hero of a wonderful adventure2 in short1 all the lions of ,london were gathered in that place of resort1 to see and to be seen1 and1 above all1 to listen to the charming ,cosway4 ,the ,honorable ,mrs4 ,damer1 ,lady ,lyttleton1 the ,countess of ,aylesbury1 ,lady ,cecilia ,johnston1 and the ,marchioness of ,townshend1 were ,maria's most intimate friends1 and were usually present to add splendor to her receptions2 while among the men were ,general ,paoli1 ,lords ,sandys and ,erskine1 and his royal highness the ,prince of ,wales1 the foreign embassadors being also invited upon special occasions4 ,the mansion in ,pall ,mall was soon found too small to accommodate such an influx of visitors1 and to display its master's works and finery4 ,a new one was taken in ,oxford ,street4 ,several of ,cosway's biographers mention the fact that the figure of a lion beside the entrance put it into some wag's head to stick on the door an epigram that had a severe point1 as the foppish little painter was 8not much unlike a monkey in the face30 8,when a man to a fair for a show brings a lion1 ',tis usual a monkey the sign-post to tie on2 ,but here the old custom reversed is seen1 ,for the lion's without1 and the monkey's within40 ,the artist left the house in consequence of this foolish joke1 and fitted up another in the same street1 with the magnificence of a fairy palace4 ,the author of 8,nollekens and his ,times0 says3 8,his new house he fitted up in so picturesque1 and1 indeed1 so princely a style1 that ,i regret drawings were not made of the general appearance of each apartment2 for many of the rooms were more like scenes of enchantment1 penciled by a poet's fancy1 than any thing perhaps before displayed in a domestic habitation4 ,his furniture consisted of ancient chairs1 couches1 and conversation-stools1 elaborately carved and gilt1 and covered with the most costly ,genoa velvets2 escritoirs of ebony1 inlaid with mother-of-pearl2 and rich caskets for antique gems1 exquisitely enameled1 and adorned with onyxes1 opals1 rubies1 and emeralds4 ,there were also cabinets of ivory1 curiously wrought2 mosaic tables set with jasper1 blood-stone1 and lapis lazuli1 having their feet carved into the claws of lions and eagles2 screens of old raised ,oriental ,japan2 massive musical clocks1 richly chased with ormolu and tortoise-shell2 ottomans superbly damasked2 ,persian and other carpets1 with corresponding hearth-rugs1 bordered with ancient family crests1 and armorial ensigns in the centre2 and rich hangings of ,english tapestry4 ,the carved chimney-pieces were adorned with the choicest bronzes1 models in wax1 and terra-cotta2 the tables were covered with old ,svre1 blue ,mandarin1 ,nankin1 and ,dresden ,china2 and the cabinets were surmounted with crystal cups1 adorned with the ,york and ,lancaster roses1 which might probably have graced the splendid banquets of the proud ,wolsey40 ,but splendor1 fashionable position1 success as an artist1 and the friendship of princes and nobles could not make ,richard ,cosway happy4 ,he saw the sneers lurking beneath the smiles of his aristocratic guests1 and he heard the rumor that he was accused by other artists of using his talents to flatter the great1 whose fleeting favor could not1 after all1 confer upon him lasting reputation4 ,maria's health1 too1 began to fail2 and1 as the ,london climate was no longer endurable for her1 her husband took her to travel on the ,continent4 ,they went to ,paris and ,flanders4 ,one day1 as they walked in the ,gallery of the ,louvre1 ,cosway pointed to the naked wall1 and said his cartoons would look well in that place4 ,he presented them to the ,french king1 who accepted and hung them up1 giving the painter in return four splendid pieces of ,gobelin tapestry1 which ,cosway presented to the ,prince of ,wales4 ,with improved health1 ,mrs4 ,cosway returned to ,england and resumed her brilliant parties4 ,but her spirits again failing1 she accompanied her brother to ,italy1 expecting her husband to join her4 ,three years' residence in that soft clime quite restored her health1 and she set out on her return to ,london4 ,a new and terrible trial awaited her there3 she was called to mourn the death of her only daughter4 ,again she departed for ,france1 and1 after the breaking out of the war between that country and ,england1 pursued her journey to ,italy4 ,she established at ,lodi a college for the education of young ladies on a plan she had arranged for a similar institution at ,lyons4 ,on the establishment of peace she returned to ,england1 and became the tender nurse of her invalid husband1 trying to solace the weary hours which were passed in weakness and pain4 ,upon ,mrs4 ,cosway's return1 ,smith informs us1 8she had caused the body of their departed child1 which her husband had preserved in an embalmed state within a marble sarcophagus that stood in the drawing-room of his house in ,stratford ,place1 to be conveyed to ,bunhill row1 where it was interred1 sending the sarcophagus to ,mr4 ,nollekens1 the sculptor1 to take care of for a time4 ,it is a curious coincidence that the same hour this sarcophagus was removed from ,mr4 ,nolleken's residence1 ,mr4 ,cosway died in the carriage of his old friend1 ,miss ,udney1 who had been accustomed1 during his infirm state1 occasionally to give him an airing10 and had taken him out that morning1 as the weather was fine4 ,maria heard the sound of the returning wheels1 and1 hastening down to receive her husband1 found only his lifeless corpse4 ,he had died suddenly1 upon a third and last attack of paralysis1 ,july #d1 #ahba1 at the advanced age of eighty4 ,the widow returned to ,lodi1 where her ladies' college was still flourishing4 ,the place was endeared to her by many happy memories1 and there she was loved and respected by a large circle of friends4 ,she died in #ahba4 ,in her style ,mrs4 ,cosway appears to have taken much from ,flaxman and ,fuseli4 ,in many of her works something fantastic is embodied1 which is associated with more of the wild and terrible than we usually find in the creations of a mind at ease4 ,no doubt her inconsolable grief for the loss of her child was the cause of this unfeminine peculiarity4 ,she originated compositions from ,virgil and ,homer1 as well as from ,spenser and ,shakspeare4 ,the engraving from a portrait of ,maria ,cosway represents her in the bloom of youth1 with a profusion of light hair dressed after the then prevailing mode4 ,the fresh and delicate loveliness of the face is most attractive1 and there is a wonderful beauty in the large1 soft eyes1 and the artless innocence that beams in their expression4 ,the celebrated ,mrs4 ,cowley1 in a letter to her1 thus speaks of her portrait3 8,if you can draw every body as justly as the fair ,maria ,cosway1 you will be the first portrait-painter in the kingdom40 ,she painted a portrait of ,madame ,le ,brun4 ,one of her latest works was a picture representing ,madame ,recamier as a guardian angel watching a slumbering child4 8,the ,winter's ,day10 in twelve pieces1 was a series by her1 and she also published a book of drawings jointly with ,hopner4 ,her 8,lama10 exhibited at the ,royal ,academy in #aghh1 showed a female figure reclining by a stream2 and the striking likeness to ,mrs4 ,fitzherbert caused no little sensation4 ,,madame ,,tussaud4 ,madame ,tussaud's famous wax-work collection was first opened in ,paris about #aggj1 by ,m4 ,courcius1 her uncle4 ,though consisting then chiefly of busts1 with a few full-length figures1 it attracted much attention as a novelty2 and ,louis ,,xvi4 was wont to amuse himself by placing living figures1 costumed1 among the wax ones4 ,in #ahjb ,madame ,tussaud opened her exhibition in ,london2 afterward visiting all the large towns in ,great ,britain4 ,her rooms were large and splendidly decorated1 and her figures were magnificently dressed--some in their own royal robes1 with crowns1 stars1 orders1 and regal finery4 ,among the historical groups is one of ,henry ,,viii4 and his family4 ,the exhibition is still kept up in the largest saloon in ,europe1 more than forty persons being kept constantly employed in the care of it4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century4 ,close of the golden ,age of ,art in ,france4--,corruption of ,manners4--,influence of female ,genius4--,reign of ,louis ,,xvi4--,female ,energy in the ,revolution4--,charlotte ,corday4--,greater ,number of female ,artists in ,germany4--,reasons why4--,french ,women devoted to ,engraving4--,stamp-cutters4--,a ,sculptress enamored4--,a few ,paintresses4--,the ,number increasing4--,influence of the great ,french ,masters4--,svres-painting4--,genre-pain ting4--,disciples of ,greuze4--,portrait-painting in vogue4--,caroline ,sattler4--,flower-painters1 etc4--,engravers4--,two eminent ,paintresses4--,adelaide ,vincent4--,marriage4--,portraits and other ,works4--,the ,revolution4--,elizabeth ,le ,brun4--,talent for ,painting4--,her ,father's ,delight4--,instruction4--,friendship with ,vernet4--,poverty and ,labor4--,avaricious ,step-father4--,her ,earnings squandered4--,success and ,temptation4--,acquaintance with ,le ,brun4--,maternal ,counsels to ,marriage4--,secret ,marriage4--,warnings too late4--,the ,mask falls4--,luxury for the ,husband1 ,labor and ,privation for the ,wife4--,success and ,scandal4--,french ,society4--,friendship with ,marie ,antoinette4--,la ,harpe's ,poem4--,evening ,receptions4--,splendid ,entertainments4--,scarcity of ,seats4--,petits ,soupers4--,the ,grecian ,banquet4--,reports concerning it4--,departure from ,france4--,triumphal ,progress4--,reception in ,bologna4--,in ,rome4--,in ,naples4--,in ,florence4--,madame ,le ,brun's ,portrait4--,goethe's ,remarks4--,new ,honors4--,reception at ,vienna4--,an old ,friend in ,berlin4--,residence in ,russia4--,return to ,france4--,loyalty4--,her ,pictures4--,death of her ,husband and ,daughter4--,advanced ,age4--,autobiography4--,an emblematic ,life4 ,the golden age of ,french literature and art came to a close with the life of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,a shadow only of that fortunate epoch lingered during the years succeeding1 and the general corruption of manners soon obliterated even that4 ,but in the reign of ,louis ,,xv4 were glimpses of a better state of things1 and the influence of female genius and merit was apparent1 as a long list of names in literature can testify4 ,vice held sway1 however1 in the latter years of this monarch1 and hypocrisy became the only homage paid by the court to virtue4 ,the sceptre passed into the hands of ,louis ,,xvi41 a feeble prince1 whose virtues were those of the man1 not the sovereign4 ,when the throne was shattered1 and revolution broke out1 the women of ,france regained their energy4 ,they were heroines under the sway of the ,decemvirs4 ,what self-sacrifice1 for example1 can outshine that of ,charlotte ,corday--the greater than ,brutus8 ,and what was begun by a woman1 a woman completed3 ,madame ,cabarrus shared in the glory of those great events6 ,those days had writers1 too1 whom posterity has crowned with the garland woven by their contemporaries4 ,in comparing woman's progress and her cultivation of art in ,france with those of other nations1 and especially the ,german1 we may notice important differences4 ,the number of female artists was far greater in ,germany1 perhaps because many cities in that land were central points1 affording employment to labor1 and appreciation to those who devoted themselves to the profession2 whereas in ,france ,paris alone was the great rendezvous4 ,there were1 also1 several branches of art cultivated in ,germany which in ,france were little practiced by women1 such as landscape-painting1 for instance4 ,the ,french women devoted themselves much more to engraving than in ,germany2 in fact1 engravers formed the majority of female artists in ,france1 where1 moreover1 female effort was more in a strictly business line than in any other country4 ,with this professional devotion among the women engravers in ,france1 it follows that there were few amateurs2 while1 on the other hand1 those in ,germany and ,england who handled the implements of art as dilettanti were very numerous4 ,glancing over the prominent ,frenchwomen who enjoyed a reputation among their contemporaries during the eighteenth century1 we may notice the stamp-cutters ,marie ,anne de ,st4 ,urbin and ,elise ,lesueur1 with the sculptress ,mademoiselle ,collot1 who afterward married ,falconnet1 and assisted him in the completion of the statue of ,peter the ,great4 ,she was said to be enamored of the czar1 and to have executed the finest bust of him extant4 ,the female painters of this period are but little known4 ,in the early part of the century1 ,lucrece ,catherine de la ,ronde and ,elizabeth ,gauthier engraved after ,edelinck and ,langlais4 ,marie ,catherine ,herault accompanied her husband1 the painter ,silvestre1 to ,dresden2 and ,genevive ,blanchot1 and the ,dames ,godefroy and ,davin1 among others less noted1 complete the list during the first half of the century4 ,the number of devotees to art1 however1 was rapidly increasing1 as the ateliers of ,regnault1 ,david1 and ,redout could bear witness1 when they became central points of reunion for female enterprise and study4 ,the influence of those celebrated men1 whose fair scholars have exercised their talents in the nineteenth century1 brought more into vogue the tender and emotional kind of genre-painting1 shown by ,greuze and ,fragonard to be so well adapted to the taste and the feeling of woman4 ,marguerite ,grard1 the sister-in-law and pupil of ,fragonard1 in this manner painted scenes of domestic life and family groups with much grace and repose4 ,a ,madame ,grard has been mentioned as a dilettante1 who possessed a large fortune1 and had a hotel furnished with facilities for painting ,svres4 ,her splendid cupboards of polished mahogany were gilded and bronzed1 and their contents looked like a rich collection for the gratification of taste rather than for sale4 ,she purchased some pieces for sixty and eighty louis-d'ors4 ,a pair of vases1 not very large1 painted with sacred subjects1 sold for twenty-six thousand livres4 ,the genre style was practiced by ,mademoiselle ,duquesnoy and ,madame ,gois4 ,greuze's manner was also imitated by his wife1 ,anna ,gabrielle1 with ,marie ,genevive ,brossard de ,beaulieu1 who had the honor of membership in the ,academies of ,paris and ,rome4 ,other disciples of this school entered into their profession after the commencement of the nineteenth century2 and they1 with the pupils of ,regnault1 ,redout1 and ,david1 belong to a later period than that under discussion4 ,portrait-painting was more in vogue than any other kind1 and that almost altogether in oil2 while miniature-painting1 so much in favor among the women of ,germany1 was in ,france much less practiced4 ,among those who gained some celebrity1 ,caroline ,sattler deserves mention4 ,she studied in ,paris1 and was not only received as a member of the ,academy in that city1 but was honored with the title of ,professor4 ,some time afterward she gave her hand to a merchant named ,tridon1 and went to live in ,dresden4 ,landscape-painting was practiced by very few women4 ,in flower-painting ,madeleine ,franoise ,basseporte was noted4 ,she was born in #agja1 received her instruction from ,aubriet1 and in #agdc succeeded him in his official appointment in the ,jardin des ,plantes4 ,she painted a series of pieces for the collection of the ,duc ,gaston d',orleans1 which are still exhibited as masterworks of art4 ,madame ,kugler1 the wife of ,von ,weyler1 painted the portraits of distinguished persons in ivory1 and had fine pieces1 in enamel and pastel1 in the exhibition in #aghi4 ,she was employed by the government1 and worked after her husband's plans4 ,for twelve years she was distinguished for her labors4 ,mesdames ,charpentier1 ,surigny1 ,capet1 ,bruyre1 ,michaud1 ,davin1 ,mirnaux1 ,anzon1 and ,benoit--who painted the emperor--were also well known as artists4 ,susanna ,silvestre came of a ,french family of painters4 ,she copied heads and portraits after ,vandyck4 ,as to the class of women1 already noticed1 who embraced the profession of engravers1 they were almost innumerable2 yet it is difficult to select any who merit special attention4 ,one of the number--,marguerite ,leconte--about the middle of the century was a member of ,art-academies in ,rome1 ,florence1 and ,bologna1 and enjoyed a position of high distinction4 ,genevive ,naugis1 born in ,paris in #agdf1 worked before she became the wife of ,regnault4 ,she copied plants from nature1 and engraved in copper2 she also copied history-pieces after different masters4 ,fanny ,vernet engraved the pictures painted by her husband1 ,charles ,vernet2 and1 in her son ,horace1 gave to ,french art one of its greatest ornaments4 ,elizabeth ,clara ,tardieu was the wife of an eminent ,french engraver1 and was accustomed to practice the art herself with success4 ,mary ,magdalen ,hortemels1 the daughter of a ,french engraver1 and the wife of ,cochin1 was a noted engraver4 ,she executed with the point and finished with the graver1 in a light and pleasing style4 ,several of the plates for ,monicart's treatise on the pictures1 statues1 etc41 at ,versailles were done by her4 ,marie ,rosalie ,bertaud and ,louise ,adelaide ,boizot were excellent engravers4 ,anne ,philibert ,coulet was an ingenious engraver of landscapes and marine views2 she wrought in a delicate and pleasing style4 ,we will now throw back a look upon two female painters1 who won for themselves a nearly equal renown1 and who are admirably adapted--each in her own personal history1 and the view of her early efforts--to be representatives of the condition and characteristics of ,french art at that period2 and1 withal1 of the prevalent state of society4 ,these women are ,adelaide ,vincent and ,louise ,elise ,le ,brun4 ,,adelaide ,,vincent4 ,adelaide ,vertus ,labille was born in ,paris in #agdi1 and received her earliest lessons in painting in that city1 from ,j4 ,e4 ,vincent1 of ,geneva4 ,this artist had come to ,paris a short time before her birth1 had gained consideration as a painter of miniature portraits1 and was received a member of the ,academy4 ,adelaide's teacher in pastel-painting was at first ,latour2 but when the son of her childhood's master--,franois ,antoine ,vincent1 who had shared her studies in his father's atelier1 as a boy1 three years older than herself--came back to ,paris1 she determined to join him both in the pursuit of art and the journey of life4 ,her first husband had been ,m4 ,guyard2 her second was the younger ,vincent4 ,adelaide painted a great number of portraits1 among which those of artists were most noted4 ,one of these--the portrait of the sculptor ,gois--won the prize offered by the ,academy1 and gained for the fair artist such celebrity that even the works of her famous rival ,madame ,le ,brun were thought inferior to it4 ,a distinguished mark of appreciation was the appointment of ,madame ,vincent as regular member of the ,academy2 this took place on the #cast ,march1 #agha4 ,when the storm of the ,revolution burst upon ,france she adhered to the party of her husband1 whose attachment to the royal family caused him to live in continual hostility with the republican painter ,david4 ,one of her works was a large picture1 in which the figures were of life size1 representing herself before the easel1 and her pupils around her2 among them ,mademoiselle ,capet1 the ,duchess of ,angoulme1 and several other members of the royal family1 by whom she was greatly esteemed and frequently employed4 ,another of her greatest productions represents the reception of a member into the ,order of ,st4 ,lazarus1 by ,monsieur1 the king's brother1 grand master of the order1 who had given her the appointment of court painter4 ,this picture was destroyed during the ,revolution1 and its loss caused the artist so much vexation that she would rarely touch the brush afterward4 ,among her subsequent productions1 a portrait of her husband was celebrated at the time4 ,this accomplished woman1 crowned with honors by her contemporaries1 both as an artist and in social life1 and esteemed by a large circle of friends1 died in #ahjc4 ,,elizabeth ,,le ,,brun4 ,the other distinguished artist alluded to is ,marie ,louise ,elizabeth ,vige1 who1 under her married name1 ,le ,brun1 is widely known as one of the most celebrated women belonging to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries4 ,she was born in ,paris1 ,april #afth1 #agee4 ,her father was a skillful portrait-painter1 and1 amid the sports of childhood in her home1 she became acquainted with the principles that form the ground-work of this art4 ,she showed very early both disposition and talents for painting4 ,when only seven or eight years of age she drew a sketch of a bearded man1 which when her father saw1 recognizing it as a token of the presence of genius1 he exclaimed1 rapturously1 8,you shall be a painter1 my daughter1 or there never was one60 ,elizabeth long remembered this occurrence1 and1 in her memoir of herself1 speaks of the deep impression made upon her childish feelings by the praises her father lavished on this early production4 ,the lessons she received at home were soon found insufficient for her rapidly-developing talent4 ,she was introduced1 as a pupil in drawing1 to ,briard1 a painter of considerable merit1 who excelled in outline and sketching4 ,her teacher in coloring was ,davesne1 after whom a picture of ,marie ,antoinette as ,dauphine of ,france was engraved4 ,the celebrated ,joseph ,vernet1 then in the midst of his brilliant career1 gave her valuable advice1 and always took a fatherly interest in the gifted child4 ,her own father died when she was only thirteen years old1 but her mother permitted her to continue her studies of the great masters in the public galleries4 ,here the maiden copied from the mighty works of ,rubens1 from the portraits of ,rembrandt and ,vandyck1 and from the delicate and charming female heads of ,greuze4 ,thus the ground-work was laid of her future eminence as a colorist1 and it was not long ere she was sufficiently advanced to make considerable profit out of her labors4 ,her father had left no property at his death1 and her mother had been too long accustomed to a brilliant and luxurious ,parisian life not to feel privations sorely4 ,she sought the means of indulgence in her accustomed pleasures by availing herself of the talents of her daughter1 who now found herself obliged to support the family with her earnings4 ,even when the mother entered into a second marriage1 some years later1 the condition of things was not improved4 ,madame ,vige1 wedded to a rich jeweler1 found herself disappointed in the expectation of increased means to minister to her vanity and extravagance4 ,from the day of the bridal the husband showed himself so avaricious and penurious1 that he refused to furnish his wife and step-daughter even the necessaries of life4 ,the labors of our poor little ,elizabeth were again in requisition2 and though her old friend ,vernet advised her to give her parents only an allowance from her earnings1 and reserve the remainder for her own use1 all she could procure was taken from her and spent1 either in the purchase of articles for the family1 or for the gratification of her mother's unbounded fondness for dress1 promenades1 and public amusements4 ,wherever the youthful maiden appeared she was noticed for her extreme beauty1 as well as talked about for her wonderful talents1 and the general interest in her professional career seemed to go hand in hand with admiration of her rare personal loveliness4 ,she tells us1 in her memoirs1 of several men enamored of her1 who bespoke portraits from her hand in the hope1 during the sittings1 of making progress in her favor2 but her love for art1 as well as the principles of morality and religion in which she had been reared1 rendered her proof against all such attempts to undermine her virtue4 ,when only fifteen years old she painted a portrait of her mother1 which proved so admirable a piece of work that ,vernet counseled her to present it to the ,academy with an application for admission4 ,elizabeth's extreme youth prevented her being received as a member1 but she was permitted1 a few years later1 to be present at all the public sittings of the ,academy4 ,it was about this time that she became acquainted with ,jean ,baptiste ,pierre ,le ,brun1 a painter and picture-dealer1 who was then considered one of the first connoisseurs of ,europe4 ,he paid devoted attention to the lovely young artist1 inducing her to visit his rare and rich collection for the purpose of study1 while he manifested the deepest interest in her success4 ,six months after his introduction he became a suitor for her hand4 ,she says1 in her autobiography1 8,i was far from the thought of marrying ,m4 ,le ,brun1 although he possessed a handsome face and agreeable person2 but my mother1 who imagined him very rich1 never ceased urging me not to refuse so advantageous a proposal4 ,so at length ,i yielded2 but the marriage was only an exchange of one kind of trouble for another4 ,not that ,m4 ,le ,brun was a bad-hearted man4 ,his character showed a mixture of softness and vehemence2 and his complaisance to every one made him popular4 ,but he was unhappily too fond of the society of disreputable females1 and this degrading propensity led him to a passion for gaming that ruined both of us in point of fortune4 ,so completely had he run through all we possessed1 that in #aghi ,i had not twenty francs for my journey out of ,france1 although my earnings had amounted to more than a million40 ,the marriage1 which on the husband's part was a mere matter of speculation1 for he relied on the talents of his bride to rid him of his creditors1 and enable him to live in ease and luxury1 was one of those alliances common in ,paris in the reign of ,louis ,,xv4 ,the experience of our heroine was characteristic of the times4 ,le ,brun had been previously engaged to the daughter of a wealthy ,dutch picture-dealer1 with whom he had transacted business4 ,he begged his wife to keep their marriage a secret till his former business arrangements were satisfactorily adjusted4 ,madame consented1 although she was placed in a most painful position1 being beset with warnings and entreaties from her friends1 urging her not to enter into a union sure to be productive of unhappiness--when1 alas6 the mischief was already accomplished4 ,the ,duchesse d',aremberg predicted misery as the result of such a marriage2 the court jeweler1 ,auber1 a friend of her youth1 advised her 8rather to tie a stone round her neck and throw herself into the river than to commit such a piece of folly and madness40 ,the young wife1 however1 still kept her faith in the excellence of her beloved4 ,at last the completion of his business arrangements enabled him to declare the marriage publicly1 and very soon it appeared that all these warnings were but too well founded4 ,le ,brun first took possession of all the hard-earned property of his wife1 and compelled her to increase her income by taking pupils4 ,the sole advantage this accession of means procured for her was the more active and incessant employment that prevented her from feeling too bitterly the disappointment of her hopes of happiness in domestic life4 ,her husband took the money paid for her pictures and lessons to squander it on his own selfish indulgences4 ,he occupied the first floor of the house1 furnished in magnificent style1 and surrounded himself with costly luxuries2 while his wife was obliged to content herself with the second story1 and with very plain living4 ,such a state of things in married life1 however1 was not unusual toward the close of the reign of ,louis ,,xv41 and it excited no surprise4 ,while matters stood thus1 ,le ,brun obtained the credit of being an indulgent husband by the indifference he showed in allowing even persons of questionable character to visit his wife1 while he seldom appeared in her circles1 and by his disregard of sundry cautions and rumors on the subject4 ,scandal1 which rarely spares an ill-used wife1 unless the austere seclusion of her life be more than hermit-like1 whispered terrible things of ,madame ,le ,brun1 and she was even accused of owing the large sums paid for her pictures more to personal favors than to her merit as a painter4 ,conscious of innocence1 she was wont to complain to her husband of such injustice1 and he would answer1 jestingly1 8,let people talk4 ,when you die ,i will put up a lofty pyramid in my garden1 inscribed with a list of the portraits you have painted1 and then the world will know how you have come by the money you have made40 ,such mocking sympathy was all the return for her confidence and earnest appeals for protection from the unworthy husband who continued to live in luxury at her expense4 ,when twelve thousand francs were sent ,elizabeth for a portrait of the son of ,princess ,lubomirska1 ,le ,brun appropriated to his own use the entire sum except two louis-d'ors1 which he gave his wife out of it4 ,with feelings wounded1 and alienated from him by such treatment1 ,madame ,le ,brun at length appears to have resolved to make herself as happy as possible in her own way4 ,french society was then corrupted to the core1 and it was difficult to move in it without partaking of the contamination4 ,it was especially so for one whose education had been superficial1 and who had never learned to emulate the example of those pure devotees to art who had found in that a power to preserve and guide them1 even amid the intrigues and dissipation of the circles that surrounded them4 ,madame ,le ,brun had obtained the favor and intimate friendship of persons of very high rank4 ,marie ,antoinette not only sent to her for her picture1 but was accustomed to ask her to sing with her1 the painter being almost as celebrated for her 8silver voice0 as for her professional merits4 ,the public honors lavished upon her aided to make her labors profitable4 ,on one occasion1 at a sitting of the ,french ,academy1 ,la ,harpe recited a poem in honor of female genius4 ,when he came to the lines-- 8,le ,brun--de la beaut le peintre et le modle1 ,moderne ,rosalba1 mais plus brillante qu'elle1 ,joint la voix de ,favart au sourire de ,vnus--0 the whole assembly rose1 not even1 excepting the ,duchesse de ,chartres and the ,king of ,sweden1 and the fair artist was stunned with a burst of enthusiastic applause4 ,her admission into the ,academy1 which had been hitherto prevented by personal jealousies and other hinderances1 now took place1 on the presentation of her own portrait1 in #aghc4 ,this picture she had painted after the famous one by ,rubens--8,le chapeau de paille0--which she had seen the year before when on a visit to ,belgium4 ,her work was so admirable that ,vernet1 her ever faithful friend1 saw at once that he could by its means procure the immediate enrollment of her name among the members of the ,academy4 ,in the 8poor dwelling0 to which ,m4 ,le ,brun's extravagance consigned her1 she managed to hold every week an evening reception1 notwithstanding the limited accommodations4 ,her house became the rendezvous for all the celebrities of ,paris1 and for much of its beauty and high rank4 ,curious stories were afloat in regard to her expenditures in entertaining the dignified personages who visited her4 ,it was said that her table was covered with gold plate2 that her apartments were warmed with aloes-wood1 and even that she kindled her fire with bank-notes4 ,the absurdity of such rumors may well lead one to doubt others in the chroniques scandaleuses of the day1 more nearly affecting her reputation4 ,it is certain1 however1 that she received guests of the highest distinction1 and that her receptions were crowded to excess4 ,the want of chairs often compelled her visitors to seat themselves on the ground4 ,madame ,le ,brun herself describes1 with evident pleasure in the recollection1 the embarrassment of the fat old ,duc de ,noailles1 who one evening had to stand a long time1 on account of the scarcity of seats4 ,music was generally a part of the entertainment1 and the fair hostess1 though she had paid little attention to the superior cultivation of that art1 sang most charmingly4 ,grtry1 ,sachini1 and ,martini here rehearsed scenes from the new operas before their representation2 ,garat1 ,azevedo1 ,richer1 and ,madame ,le ,brun supplied the vocal music1 while the instrumental would be furnished by ,viotti1 ,jarnowich1 ,maestrino1 ,cramer1 ,hlmandel1 and ,prince ,henry of ,prussia1 brother to ,frederick ,william ,,iii4 ,he was said to be a celebrated amateur4 ,the petits soupers which usually terminated these delightful soires1 and to which only a few favored guests were invited1 became renowned throughout ,france4 ,they were said to be brilliant in ,attic elegance and ,parisian luxury4 ,the popular ,delille1 the piquant author ,le ,brun1 who first flattered the royal family and then became the ,pindar of the ,revolution2 the luxurious ,boufflers1 the ,vicomte de ,segur1 were among the frequenters of this sanctuary of the muses and the graces4 ,the suppers1 indeed1 had a ,european celebrity4 ,one day the brother of ,madame ,le ,brun read aloud from the travels of ,anacharsis a description of an ancient ,grecian banquet4 ,the fancy came into the lady's head of arranging one of her suppers in imitation of the feasts of the luxurious ,aspasia4 ,the cook was immediately furnished with receipts for ,greek sauces2 the 8little0 supper-room was changed into a classic banqueting-hall1 and a table made according to the antique fashion was set in the middle of the room1 surrounded with ,grecian draperied couches4 ,a request was sent to the ,comte de ,pezay1 who lived in the same building1 for an antique mantle of regal purple1 while the ,marquis de ,cubires was levied on for a golden lyre1 on which he was skilled in playing4 ,le ,brun--not the husband1 but the poet--was arrayed by the fair hands of the artist--whose taste in picturesque costume none could question--with the purple robe and a classic wig1 adorned with a laurel wreath4 ,he was thus fitted to bear his part as ,pindar or ,anacreon6 ,some young ladies1 noted for their beauty1 were dressed in ,greek tunics1 with classic coiffures1 to figure as ,athenian maidens2 while the gentlemen guests underwent a corresponding transformation4 ,those favored with invitations to this select entertainment took their places to the music of the golden lyre1 and the classic air composed by ,gluck1 8,le ,dieu de ,paphos et de ,gnide10 while the ,pindar of the evening sang ,anacreontic odes4 ,among the delicacies that covered the board were eels and birds dressed with ,greek sauces and garnished with honey-cakes2 figs1 and olives1 and grapes of ,corinth4 ,two beautiful slaves--,mademoiselle de ,bonneuil and ,mademoiselle ,le ,brun--served the guests with ,cyprian wine1 in cups brought from buried ,herculaneum4 ,two guests arrived late--the ,comte de ,vaudreuil and the financier ,boutin--who had not been prepared for the surprise4 ,they stood still1 dumb with amazement1 at the threshold1 and seemed to think themselves transported to ,athens in her day of intellectual glory6 ,the next day the classic banquet given by ,madame ,le ,brun was the talk of all ,paris4 ,she was entreated to repeat the entertainment1 but with proper tact declined4 ,some of her acquaintances took offense at the refusal and at their own exclusion1 and revenged the slight 7as she says7 by slandering her to the king4 ,it was averred the supper had cost twenty thousand francs1 and ,cubires had much ado to undeceive his majesty4 ,the story and the fame of the banquet traveled over the ,continent2 by the time it had reached ,rome the cost had swelled to forty thousand2 and in ,vienna1 the ,baroness ,strogonoff assured ,madame ,le ,brun1 it was reported she had spent sixty thousand4 ,in ,st4 ,petersburg it was naturally as much as eighty thousand4 8,the fact is10 says ,madame ,le ,brun1 8the little affair cost me only fifteen francs40 ,she may be relied on as to her share of the expense1 although the cost to others may have been somewhat greater4 ,such exaggerated rumors1 and the gossip growing out of them1 caused some disagreement in the general estimation of ,madame ,le ,brun's talents and character4 ,the homage she had received and continued to receive from the nobility1 with her appointment as painter-in-ordinary to the queen1 and the favors heaped on her by the court1 helped to render her obnoxious to a people among whom attachment to royalty and aristocratic forms began to be regarded as a crime4 ,france was on the eve of that ,revolution which was destined to uproot the existing order of things1 and the woman whom ,marie ,antoinette had made her companion was not likely to escape without opprobrium4 ,besides1 had she not1 in #aggd1 before her marriage1 published a work entitled 8,amour des ,franais pour leur roi80 ,when the ,revolution broke out1 ,madame ,le ,brun perceived that she could no longer remain in ,france4 ,the law protecting artists1 and permitting them to travel in their vocation1 was available for her departure4 ,she resolved to go to ,italy1 and1 with poignant grief1 bade adieu to her home and friends4 ,but the journey commenced so sadly proved a triumphant progress1 crowned with tokens of respect and homage4 ,in ,bologna she was at once declared a member of the ,academy4 ,at ,rome she was welcomed by a deputation of artists1 who went to meet her2 while the painter ,menageot1 who had just been appointed director of the ,french ,academy1 assigned her apartments in the palace of the institution4 ,in ,naples she was received with marks of distinction by the queen1 the sister of ,marie ,antoinette1 and here several residents of rank sat to her for their portraits--among others1 the beautiful ,lady ,hamilton1 whom the artist painted as a ,bacchante reclining on the sea-shore4 ,this picture was highly praised1 and spread far and wide the fame of ,madame ,le ,brun4 ,in ,florence she was requested to paint a portrait of herself for the collection of originals to which reference has already been made4 ,she finished the portrait for this gallery1 where it was placed in #agij1 two years after that of ,angelica ,kauffman had been added to the collection4 ,goethe says of the portrait of ,angelica ,kauffman1 comparing it with that of ,madame ,le ,brun in the same gallery3 8,it has a truer tone in the coloring2 the position is more pleasing1 and the whole exhibits more correct taste and a higher spirit in art4 ,but the work of ,le ,brun shows more careful execution2 has more vigor in the drawing1 and more delicate touches4 ,it has1 moreover1 a clear1 though somewhat exaggerated coloring4 ,the ,frenchwoman understands the art of adornment2 the head-dress1 the hair1 the folds of lace on the bosom--all are arranged with care1 and1 as one might say1 con amore4 ,the piquant1 handsome face1 with its lively expression1 its parted lips disclosing a row of pearly teeth1 presents itself to the beholder's gaze as if coquettishly challenging his admiration1 while the hand holds the pencil as in the act of drawing4 ,the picture of ,angelica1 with the head gently inclined1 and the soft1 intellectual melancholy of the countenance1 evinces higher genius1 even if1 in point of artistic skill1 the preference would be given to the other40 ,from a comparison of the two portraits1 a contrast might be drawn in the contemplation of the lives and characters of the two artists4 ,but we will return to ,madame ,le ,brun1 whom we find pursuing the journeys she made as a conqueror1 receiving new honors and new tributes wherever she passed4 ,after visiting ,florence and ,parma1 where she was elected a member of the ,academy1 she went to ,venice1 ,verona1 and ,milan4 ,italy--the land where the fairest fruits of female genius in painting had been found--seemed eager to pay the homage of admiration to the gifted daughter of another clime4 ,compliments and felicitations were showered upon her by the countrymen of a ,sirani and a ,robusti4 ,she came at length to ,vienna1 where the ,count ,kaunitz received her with friendly welcome1 and immediately introduced her at court4 ,a golden harvest here awaited her efforts1 and gallant attentions from persons in high places were not wanting4 ,the ,prince de ,ligne--a type of the cavaliers of the ancien rgime1 whom she had known in former years at the court of ,versailles--devoted himself to her service1 and sang her praises in amatory verses4 ,visiting ,berlin1 she found an old friend in the person of ,prince ,henry1 and had a very favorable reception at court4 ,thence she went to ,st4 ,petersburg1 where she lived some years in a brilliant circle of society under the protection of the ,empress ,catherine ,,ii4 and ,paul ,i4 ,the honors heaped upon her were crowned in #ahjj by her election to membership in the ,academy of ,arts2 but1 notwithstanding the favor in which she stood with the imperial family and the nobility1 and the influx of wealth that grew out of their kindness and the extended appreciation of her paintings1 the condition of her health at last obliged her to quit ,russia4 ,the entreaties of the emperor and empress could not prevail upon her to remain longer than #ahja4 ,in ,july of that year she returned to ,berlin and received the honor of being chosen a member of the ,academy4 ,orders for portraits were not wanting1 but her short stay made it impossible to undertake them4 ,passing through ,dresden she returned to the native land for which her heart had ever pined1 arriving in safety at ,paris in the winter of the same year4 ,the misfortunes of the ,bourbons had filled her breast with sympathizing grief wherever the news had reached her4 ,she remained true to them through all reverses1 living to witness both the restoration and second and final exile of that royal line4 ,this loyal feeling manifested itself even in her relations to the imperial family1 when they were in possession of the throne4 ,her picture of 8,venus binding ,love's wings0 had been engraved in ,paris by ,pierre ,villu1 in #aghg4 ,in ,london she was attacked by the painter ,hoppner1 who depreciated her works1 and charged her with mannerism4 ,she succeeded1 nevertheless1 in obtaining distinguished patrons4 ,two pieces that spread her renown were1 a knee-piece of the ,prince of ,wales1 and one of the ,signora ,grassini in a classic character4 ,the draperies are luxuriant and rainbow-colored4 ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds1 when questioned by ,northcote on the merits of two of her portraits1 pronounced them 8as fine as those of any painter10 and he would not except ,vandyck1 though his remark has been attributed to a generous unwillingness to interfere with the brief summer of her popularity4 ,after a residence of three years in ,england she came to ,paris to paint the portrait of ,madame ,murat4 ,at ,coppet1 whither she went on a journey into ,switzerland in #ahjh-i1 she painted a portrait of ,madame de ,stal1 which aided much in spreading her reputation4 ,having returned from this tour1 she purchased a country-seat near ,marly1 which became1 as her house in ,paris had been1 the resort of a highly cultivated and brilliant society4 ,especially at the period of the ,restoration1 public attention1 influenced by that of the court1 seemed turned to ,madame ,le ,brun with greater earnestness than ever4 ,the husband of this accomplished woman died in #ahac1 and five years afterward she lost her only daughter4 ,her death was followed by that of the brother to whom ,madame ,le ,brun was so much attached4 ,these multiplied afflictions weighed heavily upon her desolate heart4 ,she sought consolation in renewed devotion to her art1 and worked in her profession as assiduously as ever1 notwithstanding the infirmities of advanced age4 ,when eighty years old she painted the portrait of her niece1 ,madame de ,riviere1 and so remarkable for vigorous coloring and lively expression was this picture that it has been preserved among the best specimens of her powers in their prime of energy4 ,about this time1 in #ahce1 she gave the world her autobiography1 in the work entitled 8,souvenirs40 ,in this memoir she enumerates the paintings which she had at that time executed during her life4 ,she had finished six hundred and sixty-two portraits1 fifteen large compositions1 and two hundred landscape-pieces1 sketched during her travels in ,england and ,switzerland4 ,she had nearly completed her eighty-seventh year at the time of her death1 ,march #cjth1 #ahdb4 ,her long life had been as richly productive in earnest labor as in the reward of success1 and in manifold enjoyment4 ,it may1 indeed1 be regarded1 in its rare bloom and vigor1 as a type of that brilliant period1 gay and luxuriant on the surface1 but concealing numerous imperfections1 which preceded the ,french ,revolution1 and led1 as a natural consequence1 to that tremendous outbreak4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century4 ,women ,artists in ,spain4--,their ,participation a ,test of general ,interest4--,female ,representatives of the most important ,schools4--,that of ,seville4--,of ,madrid4--,the ,paintress of ,don ,quixote4--,ladies of ,rank ,members of the ,academy4--,maria ,tibaldi4--,two female ,artists besides two ,poetesses in ,portugal4--,the ,harvest greater in ,italy4--,few attained to ,eminence4--,learned ,ladies4--,female ,doctors and ,professors4--,degrees in ,jurisprudence and ,philosophy conferred on them4--,examples4--,the ,scholar nine ,years old4--,a lady ,professor of ,mathematics4--,women ,lecturers4--,comparison with ,english ,ladies4--,brilliant ,devotees of the ,lyre4--,female ,talent in the important ,schools of ,art4--,women ,artists in ,florence4--,engravers and ,paintresses4--,in ,naples4--,kitchen-pieces4--,in the ,cities of northern ,italy4--,in ,bologna4--,princesses4--,in ,venice4--,rosalba ,carriera4--,her childish ,work4--,her ,genius perceived4--,instruction4--,takes to ,pastel-painting4--,merits of her ,works4--,celebrity4--,invitations to ,paris and ,vienna4--,visit from the ,king of ,denmark4--,invited by the ,emperor and the ,king of ,france4--,portrait for the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany4--,the ,king of ,poland her ,patron4--,unspoiled by ,honors4--,her moral ,worth4--,residence in ,paris4--,her ,pictures4--,the ,lady disguised as a ,maid-servant4--,want of ,beauty4--,anecdote of the ,emperor4--,rosalba's ,journal4--,visit to ,vienna4--,presentiment of ,calamity4--,the ,portrait wreathed with gloomy ,leaves4--,blindness4--,loss of ,reason4--,death and ,burial4--,her ,portrait4--,other ,venetian ,women4 ,a glance at the women artists of the romantic ,south will close this general survey of the eighteenth century4 ,in ,spain we find few worthy of mention4 ,since the commencement of the ,bourbon dynasty interest in art had ceased to be the essential element in the national life that it had been under the sway of the house of ,hapsburg throughout the seventeenth century4 ,and in the ,peninsula the truth was made apparent that the participation of women is a test and measure of the general interest in the studies and products of art prevailing among any people4 ,the most important schools1 however1 were not entirely without female representatives4 ,linked with that of ,seville1 we hear the name of the portrait-painter1 ,maria de ,valdes ,leal2 her father and tutor1 ,don ,juan de ,valdes1 after the death of ,murillo1 was regarded as the first living master of this school4 ,that of ,madrid had among its disciples ,clara and ,anna ,menendez1 the latter being remembered as the painter of a series of scenes from ,don ,quixote4 ,to the same school belong ,donna ,barbara ,maria de ,hueva1 and ,donna ,maria de ,silva1 ,duchess of ,arcos1 both celebrated for their skill in drawing1 and members of the ,academy of ,san ,fernando1 as were also ,anna ,menendez1 and the painter ,anna ,perez of ,navarre4 ,maria ,felice ,tibaldi1 born in #agjg1 painted in oil1 and also miniatures and pastels4 ,she possessed great skill in drawing from life and copying historical pieces4 ,a work of her husband1 ,pierre ,subleyras1 8,the ,apostolic ,supper10 was copied by her in miniature4 ,pope ,benedict ,,xiv4 sent her for it a thousand scudi1 and placed it in his collection at the ,capitol4 ,after the death of her husband ,maria supported herself and her children by her talents4 ,to these may be added ,maria ,prieto1 the daughter of a distinguished mdailleur2 she practiced both painting and engraving1 but died in her twentieth year at ,madrid1 in #aggb4 ,portugal1 at this period1 was justly proud of two women whose poetical talents had won no small celebrity1 ,magdalena da ,gloria and the ,countess de ,vimiero4 ,beside them we may note two artists of eminence1 ,doa ,isabel ,maria ,rite of ,oporto1 and ,catarina ,vieira of ,lisbon2 the former of high repute as a miniature-painter1 the latter noted for several church pictures which she painted after the designs of her brother1 ,don ,francisco ,vieira de ,mattos4 ,in ,italy the harvest of names was greater1 but fewer women attained to eminence during this century than in either of the two that had preceded it4 ,of women of poetical genius there was no lack at this period2 and more than ever--though such are not wanting in the early annals of the principal ,italian cities--learned ladies abounded4 ,female doctors and professors were far more in plenty than they promise to be in ,america in the latter half of the nineteenth century4 ,such phenomena were not rare in the classic ,italian clime as women occupying the chair1 not only of music1 drawing1 and modern tongues1 but of ,greek1 ,latin1 ,hebrew1 mathematics1 and astronomy4 ,they took degrees as doctors in jurisprudence and philosophy2 for example1 ,maria ,victoria ,delfini1 ,christina ,roccati1 and ,laura ,bassi1 in the ,university of ,bologna1 and ,maria ,pellegrina ,amoretti1 in that of ,pavia4 ,anna ,manzolini1 in #ageh1 was ,professor of ,anatomy in ,bologna2 and ,maria ,agnesi--who1 when only nine years of age1 had delivered at ,milan a ,latin address on the 8,studies of the ,female ,sex0--was appointed by the ,pope to the professorship of mathematics in the same university at ,bologna4 ,it was not then esteemed unfeminine for women to give lectures in public to crowded and admiring audiences4 ,they were freely admitted members of learned societies1 and were consulted by men of pre-eminent scientific attainments as their equals in scholarship2 yet1 a ,british reviewer remarks1 8,it is doubtful whether the far-famed ,novella was a better ,greek scholar than ,mrs4 ,browning2 or ,maria ,porcia ,vignoli1 whose statue long adorned the market-place of ,viterbo1 more learned in natural sciences than ,mrs4 ,somerville40 ,among the more brilliant devotees of the lyre may be mentioned1 in passing1 ,emilia ,ballati and ,giulia ,baitelli1 who emulated the fame of ,petrarch1 and ,laura ,vanetti1 in whose poems ,metastasio discerned the very soul of the bard of ,love4 ,but we must not linger over names1 even of the artists who belong to our special field of observation4 ,none of the important early schools failed in the eighteenth century1 to be able to boast the ornament of female talent4 ,in ,florence1 ,violanta ,beatrice ,siries1 after a prolonged course of study in ,paris under ,boucher and ,rigaud1 was noted as a portrait-painter4 ,in the same branch of the profession1 ,anna ,boccherini and ,anna ,galeotti were highly esteemed4 ,in copper-engraving1 ,catarina ,zucchi and ,laura ,piranesi acquired some celebrity4 ,as engravers1 we hear of ,livia ,pisani1 ,violanta ,vanni1 and ,teresa ,mogalli1 the last also skilled in painting4 ,in encaustic painting1 ,anna ,parenti-,duclos was well known toward the close of the century4 ,maria ,felicia ,tibaldi was distinguished in ,rome for her talents as a painter no less than for her virtues as a woman2 and her sister1 ,teresa1 belongs to the same category1 with ,rosalba ,maria ,salviani and ,caterina ,cherubini4 ,in miniature-painting1 ,bianca and ,matilda ,festa excelled2 the latter holding the professor's chair in the ,academy of ,san ,luca4 ,the wreaths of poetry and painting were intertwined around the brow of ,maria ,maratti1 the daughter and pupil of the celebrated ,carlo ,maratti1 and the wife of the poet ,zappi4 ,the like was true of ,anna ,victoria ,dolora1 who died at a great age in #ahbg1 in a ,dominican convent4 ,naples boasted at this period a famous mathematician in ,maria ,angela ,ardinghelli4 ,three gifted sisters1 ,maria ,angiola1 ,felice1 and ,emmanuela ,matteis1 were also noted here2 with the distinguished ,angelica ,siscara and ,colomba ,garri1 who practiced flower and genre painting1 and produced a series of kitchen-pieces1 in which they sought to idealize by artistic adornment the ordinary occupations of the frugal and industrious housewife4 ,the cities of northern ,italy had their share of energetic women4 ,turin1 ,milan1 ,bergamo1 ,roveredo1 ,carpi1 and ,parma produced artists whose fame was limited to a narrower circle than those of ,bologna and ,venice1 where1 especially in the former city1 the shadow of past glories seemed to linger4 ,professor ,anna ,manzolini modeled excellent portraits in wax1 and ,clarice ,vasini obtained no small celebrity as a sculptor1 being a member of the ,academy4 ,lucia ,casalini1 ,bianca ,giovannini1 ,barbara ,burini1 ,eleonora ,monti1 ,anna ,teresia ,messieri1 ,rosa ,alboni1 and ,teresa ,tesi1 belonged to ,bologna1 and elevated the renown of its women for painting4 ,they aspired to imitate the example of ,elizabetta ,sirani4 ,carlotta ,melania ,alfieri is mentioned as accomplished in literature1 music1 and painting4 ,laura ,vanetti1 praised as a linguist1 musician1 and philosopher1 also excelled in painting4 ,in the beginning of this century the ,princess ,elizabeth of ,parma1 afterward married to the ,king of ,spain1 was a famous dilettante4 ,another ,princess ,elizabeth1 the wife of the ,archduke ,joseph of ,austria1 was1 in #aghi1 on account of her pastels1 admitted to membership of the ,academy in ,vienna4 ,in ,venice1 on the other hand1 the fair students of art zealously emulated the fame of ,maria ,robusti4 ,this 8city of the sea0 had many daughters who did well in painting1 though even their names are now forgotten4 ,she gave birth to one1 however1 whose fame was destined to spread into a wider circle1 and to renew even in foreign lands the ancient lustre of the ,italian name in art4 ,this gifted being stands almost alone in the century as one who will be remembered by posterity with admiration4 ,,rosalba ,,carriera4 ,rosalba ,carriera was born in ,venice in #afge4 ,her father held an office under government1 which occupied his whole time2 but he1 as well as his father1 had been a painter4 ,he loved art1 and encouraged his child in her early fancies4 ,her first childish work was at point de ,venise lace4 ,she seemed to care little for the ordinary amusements of young people1 but passed her leisure time in drawing4 ,she tried to copy one of her father's designs for the head of a sonnet4 ,a student of art1 who chanced to see this piece of work1 showed it to his master1 who instantly perceived the genius of the child artist2 and1 foreseeing the excellence to which she would attain1 and wishing to encourage her to persevere1 gave her other designs to copy4 ,rosalba was desolate when this friend left ,venice2 but a ,venetian banker1 who had noticed her proficiency1 lent her some heads in pastel of ,baroche4 ,these studies vastly improved her2 and her father1 then satisfied of his daughter's possession of rare talents1 consented that she should take lessons from ,antonio ,nazari1 who was eminent as a pastel-painter4 ,the cavalier ,diamantini1 distinguished for the freshness of his pencil1 also gave her instruction4 ,her most valuable knowledge of the technical part of painting1 which gave her the mastery and command of her art that marked her productions1 was acquired under the tuition of ,antonio ,balestra4 ,finally1 she obtained from her kinsman1 ,antonio ,pellegrini1 a knowledge of the details of miniature-painting1 to which the advice of a lady friend first directed her1 and in which branch she acquired rare skill4 ,she would willingly have pursued this1 but the weakness of her sight compelled her to abandon it1 and take to pastel-painting1 in which she obtained the greatest celebrity--attaining1 ,zanetti says1 the highest grade of perfection4 ,her miniatures were noted particularly for severe accuracy of drawing1 united with rare softness and delicacy of touch2 they had the perfection of proportion1 and the brilliancy and warmth of coloring for which her pastels were remarkable4 ,her tints were blended with great tenderness2 her heads had a lovely expression of truth and nature4 ,her talents met with due appreciation and honor while yet in their bloom of promise4 ,she was celebrated in her native city as the 8companion of the muse of painting10 and 8the ornament of her sex and of the ,venetian school40 ,zanetti speaks of her with high praise in his 8,storia della ,pittura ,veneziana40 ,works evincing her extraordinary ability were shown at most of the courts of ,europe4 ,she was invited to ,paris and ,vienna to practice her profession there1 and was elected to membership in the academies of ,paris1 ,bologna1 and ,rome4 ,her miniature and pastel paintings were sent to the institutions which conferred this honor upon her4 ,the ,king of ,denmark came to ,venice1 and1 having heard of ,rosalba1 expressed a curiosity to see her4 ,after consulting ,balestra1 she presented to her royal visitor some portraits of ,venetian ladies of rank whom he had admired1 receiving from his majesty in return a very costly diamond4 ,she also played and sang for his amusement with her two sisters1 one of whom performed on the violin4 ,she was invited by royalty to paint the ,emperor ,charles and the imperial court2 also the ,king of ,france4 ,the ,grand-,duke of ,tuscany placed her portrait in his gallery2 it is painted in pastel1 with one of her sisters4 ,the style is noble and sustained2 the expression is true1 and the flesh-tints are so admirable1 the face seems scarcely to want a soul4 ,augustus ,,iii41 ,king of ,poland1 was her special patron2 and in ,modena she painted portraits of the reigning family4 ,none of these1 or similar honors1 had power to turn her head nor to corrupt her heart4 ,although a daughter of ,venice1 then the most luxurious and licentious city in ,europe1 the deep seriousness1 and even enthusiastic melancholy of her character--dispositions that find expression in many of her works--kept her aloof from contact with vice1 and her moral purity and worth were as conspicuous and as universally recognized as her genius4 ,her own house at ,venice was adorned with portraits and original compositions4 ,this valuable collection she sold at a high price to the ,king of ,poland1 who placed them in a special cabinet of his palace in ,dresden4 ,in the bloom of her career and her fame1 ,rosalba accompanied her brother-in-law ,pellegrini to ,france4 ,she remained a year at the house of ,m4 ,crozat4 ,two portraits of the king were done by her in pastel1 and one in miniature1 besides a victoire for a snuff-box which his majesty gave to ,madame de ,ventadour4 ,several groups and demi-figures1 designed by ,pellegrini and executed by ,rosalba1 are preserved in ,paris1 with many heads in pastel done for ,crozat4 ,many of her symbolical pictures--such as the ,muses1 ,sciences1 ,seasons1 etc4--were purchased by ,english travelers4 ,her crayon-drawings were distinguished by softness and life-like freshness4 ,she became a member of the ,paris ,academy in ,october1 #agbj4 ,her tableau de reception was a ,muse in pastel4 ,the connoisseurs esteemed her portraits for their perfect likeness1 delicacy of touch1 wonderful lightness1 peculiar grace1 and admirable coloring and expression4 ,they were unrivaled of their kind4 ,an anecdote has been mentioned of a lady of rank who wished to study painting under ,rosalba1 but knew she could not be prevailed on to take pupils4 ,the lady presented herself in the disguise of a maid-servant1 and desired employment at the house of the distinguished paintress4 ,rosalba was pleased with her appearance1 and at once engaged her services4 ,while faithfully performing her tasks1 the lady incessantly watched the proceedings of the artist2 and1 by dint of careful observation1 succeeded in learning much of the art4 ,rosalba noticed the extraordinary quickness of her maid in these matters2 and1 willing to give to native talent all the aid in her power1 invited the girl to observe her while painting1 and gave her valuable instruction4 ,the secret was at last discovered4 ,the lady became afterward an artist so skillful in miniatures1 that she received an appointment from a ,german prince as painter at his court4 ,an ,italian writes concerning her3 8,nature had endowed ,rosalba with lofty aspirations and a passionate soul1 and her heart yearned for that response which her absence of personal attractions failed to win4 ,she was aware of her extreme plainness2 and had she ignored it1 the ,emperor ,charles ,,xi4 enlightened her1 when1 turning to ,bertoli1 a court artist1 who presented her in ,vienna1 he said1 #8,she may be clever1 ,bertoli mio1 this painter of thine1 but she is remarkably ugly4' ,but ,rosalba1 even if annoyed1 could well afford to smile1 for ,charles ,,xi4 was the ugliest of men40 ,while in ,france1 ,rosalba wrote a journal which was entitled 8,diario degli anni #agbj e #agba4 ,scritto da ,rosalba ,carriera40 ,it appeared in ,venice in #agic1 with notes by ,giovanni ,vianelli1 who had a fine collection of her paintings4 ,from ,paris she went laden with honors to the imperial court at ,vienna1 where1 besides the emperor and empress1 she painted the archduchesses and others of the court4 ,the ,king of ,poland had a number of her pastels1 which were highly valued4 ,zanetti remarks3 8,much of interest may be said of this celebrated and highly-gifted woman1 whose spirit--in the midst of her triumphs and the brightest visions of happiness--was weighed down with the anticipation of a heavy calamity4 ,on one occasion--when she had painted a portrait of herself1 with the brow wreathed with gloomy leaves1 significant of death--her friends asked why she had done this4 ,she replied that the representation was an image of her life1 and that her end would be tragic1 according to the meaning here shadowed forth4 ,this portrait was afterward in the possession of ,giambattista ,sartori1 a brother of her famous pupil ,felicit ,sartori4 ,he preserved it as a sacred relic4 ,his sister married ,von ,hoffmann1 and painted with much success at the court of the ,elector of ,saxony40 ,it seemed1 indeed1 that the presentiment of a fast approaching and terrible affliction1 amid the strict seclusion in which ,rosalba lived1 had taken possession of this noble and gifted spirit4 ,it might be that her solitary existence tended to sadden her temperament1 and deepen its natural inclination to melancholy4 ,the forewarning1 of which even in youth she felt conscious1 was mournfully fulfilled ere she had long passed her prime4 ,before she was fifty years of age she became totally blind1 as she had feared4 ,her mind struggled long with weakness and incurable sorrow1 but sank at last1 and the light of reason too departed4 ,the latter part of her life was a blank1 yet she lingered to old age1 dying in ,venice1 on the #aeth of ,april1 #ageg4 ,amid the universal expression of unaffected sorrow and commiseration1 she was buried in the church of ,san ,sista a ,modesta4 ,she left considerable property4 ,her grave is still pointed out to the traveler as the last resting-place of one whose genius was an ornament to ,venice4 ,many of her works have been engraved4 ,the ,dresden ,gallery has the largest collection1 numbering one hundred and fifty-seven pieces4 ,the engraving of ,rosalba's portrait shows a youthful face1 with a pleased expression of childish innocence4 ,the hair is brushed back from the forehead on the top1 but curls cluster around the face on the sides2 earrings are worn1 and the corsage is low4 ,the eyes are dark1 the forehead is high1 and the whole head has a graceful air4 ,like ,rosalba ,carriera1 ,ippolita ,venier was a native of ,venice1 though she lived at ,udina with the painter her father4 ,in #agfe she painted the ,adoration of the ,kings1 for a church in the sea-born city4 ,felicit ,sartori was a pupil of ,rosalba1 and worked in ,dresden1 whither she went with her husband4 ,apollonia de ,forgue1 born in #agfg1 assisted her husband1 ,seydelman1 with his pictures4 ,she was a member of the ,academy in ,dresden4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century4 ,more vigorous ,growth of the ,branches selected for female ,enterprise4--,progress accelerated toward the ,close of last ,century4--,still more remarkable within the last fifty ,years4--,great ,number of ,women active in ,art4--,better intellectual ,cultivation and growing ,taste4--,increased ,freedom of ,woman4--,present ,prospect fair4--,growing ,sense of the ,importance of ,female ,education4--,women earning an ,independence4--,the ,stream shallows as it widens4--,few ,instances of pre-eminent ,ability4--,fuller ,scope of the ,influence of the ,french ,masters in the nineteenth ,century4--,david1 the ,republican ,painter4--,his female ,pupils4--,anglique ,mongez4--,madame ,davin and others4--,disciples of ,greuze4--,female ,scholars of ,regnault4--,pupils of the ,disciples of ,david4--,pupils of ,fleury and ,cogniet4--,madame ,chaudet4--,kinds of ,painting in ,vogue4--,the ,princess ,marie d',orleans4--,her ,statue of the ,maid of ,orleans4--,her last ,work4--,promise of ,greatness4--,sculpture by ,madame de ,lamartine4--8,paris is ,france40--,painting on ,porcelain4--,madame ,jacotot and others4--,condition of ,art in ,germany4--,carstens4--,women ,artists4--,maria ,ellenrieder4--,louise ,seidler4--,baroness von ,freiberg4--,madame von ,schroeter4--,female ,artists of the ,dsseldorf ,school4--,the greatest ,number in ,berlin4--,rich ,bloom of ,female ,talent in ,vienna and ,dresden4--,changes in ,italy4--,prospect not fair in ,spain and ,scandinavia4--,in ,england1 ,sculpture and ,painting successfully cultivated4--,fanny ,corbeaux4--,superior in ,biblical ,scholarship4--,the ,netherlands in this ,century4--,encouragement for ,women to persevere4--,dr4 ,guhl's ,opinion4--,history the ,teacher of the ,present4 ,with the foregoing glimpses1 the sketch of woman's active efforts in art during the eighteenth century may be closed2 completing our bird's-eye view of her share in those ennobling pursuits during a history covering over two thousand years4 ,as we approach the present time1 the various branches in which her enterprise has been influential develop into more distinct and vigorous growth4 ,it may now be interesting to notice the indications of our own--the nineteenth century4 ,the progress of female talent and skill1 accelerated toward the close of the preceding age1 has become more remarkable than ever within the last fifty years4 ,the number of women engaged in the pursuits of art during that time far exceeds that of the whole preceding century4 ,this accession is probably owing1 in a great measure1 to the more general appreciation of art1 growing out of better intellectual cultivation1 and to the growing taste for paintings and statuary as ornaments of the abodes of the wealthy4 ,but it is due1 in some degree1 to the increased freedom of woman--to her liberation from the thraldom of old-fashioned prejudices and unworthy restraints which1 in former times1 fettered her energies1 rendered her acquisition of scientific and artistic knowledge extremely difficult1 and threw obstacles in the way of her devotion to study and the exercise of her talents4 ,we have seen that1 the more enlarged is the sphere of her activity among any people1 the greater is the number of female artists who have done and are doing well1 by their sustained and productive cultivation of art4 ,at the present time1 the prospect is fair of a reward for study and unfaltering application in woman as in man2 her freedom--without regarding as such the so-called 8emancipation10 which would urge her into a course against nature1 and contrary to the gentleness and modesty of her sex--is greater1 and the sphere of her activity is wider and more effective than it has ever been4 ,the general and growing apprehension of the importance of female education will gradually lead to dissatisfaction with the superficial culture of modern schools1 and to the adoption of some plan that shall develop the powers of those who are taught1 and strengthen their energies for the active duties of life4 ,many advantages besides these have encouraged the advancement of women as artists beyond any point reached in preceding ages4 ,we may thus find an increasing number of young women who1 bent on making themselves independent by their own efforts1 spare no pains to qualify themselves as teachers in various branches of art4 ,the same observation we made in regard to the increase of art scholars in the last century is true of the present4 ,the stream which has widened has grown shallower in proportion2 and while the cultivation of taste and talent has become more general1 and many more have attained a respectable degree of skill1 there are few instances of pre-eminent ability1 or of original genius4 ,this seems a law of the world of art1 as well as that of poetry and science2 and it holds good no less among men than women4 ,we must look1 therefore1 for not many remarkable examples of talent4 ,we have already seen something of the influence of ,carstens and ,david in the bent and direction given to female talent2 but these had not full scope till the beginning of the nineteenth century4 ,david was inspired by a more earnest feeling than had breathed in the frivolous and conventional style of a former period2 and the depth and vigor1 and more careful execution he brought into vogue1 greatly improved the taste of his day4 ,he may be called the ,republican painter1 laying the ground-work of ,french art as it now exists4 ,david himself had a goodly number of female pupils1 and some of them displayed no inconsiderable talent4 ,among them may be enumerated ,constance ,marie ,charpentier1 who1 besides1 enjoyed the advantage of instruction under ,grard and ,lafitte1 with ,anglique ,mongez1 at first the pupil of ,david1 then of ,regnault4 ,she painted a large picture entirely in the classic style of ,david4 ,her painting--the figures life size--represented 8,ulysses finding young ,astyanax at ,hector's ,grave40 ,the design is correct of the antique costume1 the disposition is excellent1 and a free and light touch is noticed4 ,so large a picture had rarely been exhibited in ,paris by a woman4 ,this artist1 however1 lacked originality and self-reliance1 and seemed to follow ,david too slavishly4 ,another large picture was 8,alexander weeping at the ,death of the ,wife of ,darius40 ,the connoisseurs gave her the credit of a grand style1 but thought her coloring hard4 ,to these may be added ,madame ,leroulx and ,madame ,davin4 ,the latter received instruction1 also1 from ,suv and ,augustin1 and obtained the gold medal for her miniatures and genre-paintings4 ,nanine ,ballain was noted for her genre-paintings2 and ,marie ,anne ,julie ,forestier1 for her romantic ones in this style and for her classic pictures4 ,contemporary with these were some female artists who painted in the manner of ,greuze2 as ,constance ,mayer1 afterward a disciple and friend of ,prudhon2 ,madame ,elie1 and ,philiberte ,ledoux2 the first well known for her portraits1 the latter for her scenes and child-pictures4 ,we may mention1 in passing1 ,madame ,villers1 whose numerous works were marked by truth and pleasing expression4 ,one of her pieces1 8,a ,child asleep in a ,cradle10 carried away by a flood1 while a faithful dog plunges in to save it1 with eager expression1 is very striking and graceful4 ,regnault1 the rival of ,david1 had the honor of many more female scholars4 ,one of them1 ,madame ,anzon1 painted large pictures in #agic4 ,sophie ,guillemard sent to the ,exhibition1 in #ahjb1 8,alcibiades and ,glycerion10 and1 two years later1 her 8,joseph and ,potiphar's ,wife40 ,after this1 ,claire ,robineau produced historical pictures and landscapes1 and ,rosalie de ,lafontaine her delicate genre-paintings4 ,aurore ,etienne de ,lafond and ,eugnie ,brun obtained medals for their master-pieces in miniature-painting4 ,madame ,lenoir painted ,sage's portrait1 and was much esteemed4 ,a host of names might be added1 were a mere list desirable4 ,the disciples and imitators of ,david also numbered women among their pupils4 ,drolling's daughter1 ,louise ,adone1 studied under his direction2 her first husband was ,pagnierre the architect4 ,fanny ,robert was trained in ,girodet's atelier2 ,abel de ,pujol taught ,adrienne ,marie ,louise ,grandpierre ,deverzy2 and ,grard finished some of ,david's scholars1 as ,elonore ,godefroy1 who exhibited portraits and copies from her master after #ahaj1 and ,louise de ,montferrier1 ,comtesse de ,hugo1 whose genre-paintings were brought to the ,exhibition nine years later4 ,madame von ,butlar1 of ,dresden1 studied under this master in #ahbc4 ,these were the latest masters in serious historical painting till ,robert ,fleury and ,lon ,cogniet1 who could perhaps boast the greatest number of gifted female pupils4 ,we should mention here ,jeanne ,elizabeth ,gabiou1 the wife of ,antoine ,denis ,chaudet1 born in #agfg1 and dying about #ahcj4 ,she was a pupil of her husband1 and painted 8,a ,child ,teaching a ,dog to ,read10 with many charming little pieces of the kind2 excelling1 too1 as a portrait-painter4 ,the empress bought one of her pictures4 ,the majority of ,french women artists of this period busied themselves with portraits4 ,flower-painting was also much in vogue1 and miniature and porcelain painting furnished continual employment for female industry and talent4 ,in modeling and sculpture ,france has produced some excellent artists since the commencement of the present century4 ,,marie ,d',,orleans4 ,one in particular1 of illustrious station and royal blood1 too early snatched away by death1 has conferred lustre upon the whole class by whom the difficult and delicate art has been cultivated4 ,marie of ,orleans1 the daughter of ,louis ,philippe1 is thus mentioned in ,mrs4 ,lee's 8,sketches40 8,she was born at ,palermo in #ahac1 and was married in #ahcg to ,duke ,alexander of ,wurtemberg4 ,her health was impaired1 and she went to ,pisa in the hope of recovering1 but died there in #ahci4 ,her statue of the ,maid of ,orleans is of the size of life1 and is placed at ,versailles2 it is full of animation and spirit4 ,but her last work1 an angel in white marble1 seems to be the result of inspiration4 ,it is in the chapel of ,sablonville1 on the sarcophagus of her brother4 ,it may be deeply lamented that the ,princess ,marie did not live to give additional proofs of the capability of her sex for works of sculpture4 ,her early death frustrated the efforts of a genius which bade fair to compete with the graceful forms of ,canova or ,flaxman40 ,mrs4 ,lee says1 8,we were much gratified by seeing a font in the church ,st4 ,germain de l',auxerrois in ,paris1 by ,madame ,lamartine1 the wife of the poet and historian2 the font is surrounded by marble angels1 who rest on its margin4 ,it is a beautiful record of her taste1 ingenuity1 and benevolence40 ,paris at this period1 more emphatically than ever1 was the centre of active efforts among artists4 8,paris--c'est la ,france0 was an expression as true as in the literary and political life of the nation4 ,this was advantageous for the development of talent1 and the advance of skill in details2 bringing rival merits more keenly into conflict1 and furnishing the student with more varied means of instruction4 ,painting on porcelain became much practiced by ,french women in the early part of the present century4 ,amlie ,legris was skilled in it1 as well as in painting in oil1 miniatures1 and aquarell4 ,madame ,jacotot was noted for her beautiful paintings on porcelain4 ,she was sent to ,italy by the ,french government to copy the paintings of ,raphael4 ,she lived in style1 was in much society1 and was distinguished for her wit4 ,madame ,ducluzeau is the wife of a physician1 and has gained considerable celebrity as an artist4 ,the ,comtesse de ,mirbel painted miniatures4 ,louis ,philippe1 and many persons of his court1 and the nobility1 sat to her4 ,she was employed to copy paintings for cadeaus to royalty4 ,madame ,aizelin had some charming pieces in pastel in the ,paris ,exhibition1 #aheg4 ,transparency of tissue was never better rendered than in her gauze drapery4 ,madame ,fontaine1 a pupil of ,cogniet1 excelled in the department of still-life4 ,mademoiselle ,augustine ,aumont had twelve panels1 giving the flowers of each month4 ,miss ,mutrie1 ,mademoiselle ,alloin1 pupil of ,rosa ,bonheur1 and many other women1 were praised for beautiful groups of fruit and flowers4 ,in this branch1 as in portraits1 miniatures1 and porcelain-painting1 the palm of excellence is awarded to lady artists4 ,the productions of ,madame ,herbalin were conspicuous for delicacy and purity of execution and coloring4 ,casting a glance at the condition of art at this period in ,germany1 it is noticeable that women took part with enthusiasm in almost every branch4 ,we have observed the grounding of modern art in this country by ,carstens4 ,he went back to the purer forms of the antique1 as his ,french contemporary1 ,david1 had done2 and his restoration of purity1 vigor1 and tenderness1 found earnest sympathy among his fair countrywomen4 ,a style expressing the heart's deepest feelings1 and the religious veneration which had become traditional1 could not fail to meet the aspirations of noble-minded female artists4 ,among artist-women who flourished at the close of the eighteenth and in the present century we may mention ,mademoiselle ,sonnenschein1 who died in #ahaf1 a member of the ,academy in ,stuttgard4 ,we should not drop1 among minor names1 that of ,sophie ,ludovika ,simanowitz1 born ,reighenbach1 whose portrait of ,schiller is well known4 ,magdalena ,tischbein1 a flower-painter1 the daughter of a noted artist1 married the court painter ,strack1 of ,oldenburg1 in #agie4 ,the ,princess of ,saxe-,meiningen was noted for her beautiful pictures illustrating ,bible history4 ,mary ,anna ,bsenbacher1 of ,cologne1 an engraver1 was engaged in the service of the ,elector ,max ,francis4 ,barbara ,krafft1 born ,steiner1 of ,iglau1 painted a number of genre-pictures of life size1 and in this branch was the precursor of ,madame ,jerichow-,baumann4 ,she died in ,bamberg1 in #ahbe1 aged sixty4 ,one who was busy in ,rome at this time was ,maria ,ellenrieder4 ,she had before visited the ,academy in ,munich for the purpose of educating herself in historical painting4 ,in her works she sought to revive the spirit of ancient ,german art1 and her longings drew her to the city which has long been the resort of ambitious art-students1 where we find her in #ahbj4 ,among her productions are many altar-pieces1 representing the ,holy ,family4 ,some have been lithographed4 ,since #ahbe she has lived in ,germany1 where she has completed many works1 and has practiced the art of etching4 ,louise ,caroline ,seidler was at the same time in ,rome4 ,born in ,jena1 she studied painting in ,munich under ,professor ,von ,langer1 afterward going to ,italy to profit by the works of ,pietro ,perugino and ,raphael4 ,she received the appointment of court painter in ,weimar1 and executed several pictures that belong to the romantic genre school4 ,a splendid fruit of her study of the old masters is a collection of heads taken from celebrated pictures of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries4 ,these were lithographed by ,von ,schmeller1 and published in ,weimar in #ahcf4 ,among the ,german artists in ,rome at the same period was ,electrine ,stuntz1 afterward ,baroness von ,freiberg4 ,she was the daughter of a landscape-painter of ,strasburg1 and devoted herself to historical pieces4 ,she was in the ,eternal ,city during #ahba and the following year1 and was elected an honorary member of the ,academy of ,san ,luca1 occupying a position similar to that held by ,angelica ,kauffman4 ,her works have a serious character1 and ,madonna pictures abound in them4 ,about #ahbc she was married to ,baron von ,freiberg1 and thenceforward divided her cares between her family and her art4 ,several of her etchings were greatly admired1 and brought her high reputation4 ,madame ,caroline von ,schroeter belongs to the same period4 ,she became distinguished in ,rome in #ahbf by her beautiful miniature-paintings1 and was there chosen member of the ,academy of ,san ,luca4 ,a few female artists belonged to the ,dsseldorf school1 while in ,weimar they were indefatigable in supporting the ancient reputation4 ,but the greatest number is to be found in ,berlin4 ,the impetus there given in various departments of learning1 and the patronage of royal connoisseurs1 with the superior cultivation of the people1 had the happiest effect1 and brought out the richest bloom of female talent4 ,no branch of modern art has there been neglected by women1 and several have displayed a genius for sculpture4 ,dilettanti of the highest rank have turned their attention to painting2 and those who have pursued art as a profession1 from dignified history-pieces down to flowers and landscapes1 have met with encouraging success4 ,in flower-painting and arabesques some very important improvements have recently been made4 ,in the other cities of ,germany1 where women have successfully engaged in such pursuits1 less has been done4 ,few have taken to the profession in ,vienna1 though ,dresden has maintained the old repute in this particular1 and her ,academy is to this day a genial nursery of female talent4 ,italy1 the birthplace of the fine arts1 has experienced the change common to all mundane things1 and the participation of her women in art is by no means so great and significant as in earlier ages4 ,yet a few names may be ranked with those who have gone before4 ,turin1 ,milan1 and ,rome have each produced fair artists of distinction in various branches1 and their success promises to open the way to future enterprise4 ,not so fair is the prospect in ,spain and among the ,scandinavian nations4 ,in ,england1 on the other hand1 both sculpture and painting have been successfully cultivated during the present century4 ,we may mention1 in passing1 ,fanny ,corbeaux1 an artist and distinguished ,biblical scholar1 born in #ahab4 ,when she was only fifteen years of age her father suddenly lost his property1 and became indigent4 ,the daughter had received only superficial instruction in drawing1 but determined to use her small skill to support her father and herself4 ,with the ardent spirit of youth she threw herself into the undertaking1 sparing herself no severe labor1 and so well directed were her efforts that1 before the end of the year1 she obtained a silver medal for water-color drawings4 ,within the next three years she received another similar token of approbation1 and the gold medal of the ,society of ,arts4 ,all this time she had been her own instructor4 ,she afterward painted small pictures in oil and water-colors1 but confined herself chiefly to portraits4 ,her superiority in ,biblical scholarship was shown by a valuable series of letters on the ,physical ,geography of the ,exodus4 ,she published another series entitled 8,the ,rephaim40 ,fanny is described as being small1 with figure slightly bent1 but cheerful and charming in manner4 ,her mother1 living with her1 is said to be lively and agile in movement4 ,miss ,merrifield is the author of a treatise on the ,art of ,painting4 ,a 8,society of ,female ,artists0 was established in ,london in #aheg4 ,among its members1 and now secretary to the association1 is ,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,murray1 the wife of the ,english ,consul at ,teneriffe4 ,she has great celebrity as a water-color artist4 ,her style is dashing and vigorous1 but highly finished2 her coloring bright1 transparent1 pure1 and sparkling1 though something deficient in depth and middle tint4 ,mrs4 ,murray has lately published a book entitled 8,sixteen ,years of an ,artist's ,life1 etc40 ,she says of herself3 8,a vagabond from a baby1 ,i left ,england at eighteen1 independent1 having neither master nor money4 ,my pencil was both to me1 and1 at the same time1 my strength1 my comfort1 and my intense delight40 ,honorable ,mrs4 ,monckton ,mills1 ,miss ,louisa ,rayner1 ,miss ,florence ,caxton1 and others1 are mentioned with praise4 ,mrs4 ,benham ,hay is known as the illustrator of ,longfellow's ,poems2 and ,barbara ,leigh ,smith1 an admirable writer1 is an excellent artist4 ,of ,miss ,mutrie's work ,mr4 ,ruskin says3 8,it is always beautiful20 and ,miss ,howitt and ,mrs4 ,carpenter are noted as artists4 ,many whose names are now beginning to be familiar have hardly yet done justice to their own powers4 ,the ,netherlands have done their share during the present century1 preserving the old ,dutch reputation1 and producing a number of women who have made themselves independent by the exercise of skill in different departments of art4 ,the encouragement ,gothe has given1 in his observations on the women artists of his day1 is applicable to those of the present4 ,they have taken more firm hold1 and manifested yet more ability in the profession4 ,if many of them have been deficient in creative power1 they have shown themselves capable of the highest excellence in the tender1 the graceful1 the pathetic1 the ideal1 and in the delicacy and quick perception1 which often achieves so much1 as by intuition4 ,dr4 ,guhl regards the indications of the present age as exceedingly promising1 and urges women to enlarged ambition and activity4 ,severe exertions are demanded1 but when was any success worth having commanded without them8 ,the time is now ripe for their emulation of their most eminent rivals of the other sex1 not by laying aside womanly delicacy1 but by labors entirely consistent with that true modesty which will ever be the most attractive ornament of the sex4 ,history is the great teacher of the present2 and what we have seen of the achievements of by-gone ages is so full of encouragement1 that it is but reasonable to look for still greater triumphs in the wider arena now opened1 than have yet crowned the genius or the persevering industry of woman4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century4 ,felicie de ,fauveau4--,parentage4--,her ,mother a ,legitimist4--,the ,daughter's ,inheritance of ,loyalty4--,removals4--,felicie's ,studies4--,learns to ,model4--,resolves to be a ,sculptor4--,labor becoming to a ,gentlewoman4--,her first ,works4--,early ,triumphs4--,social ,circle in ,paris4--,evening ,employments4--,revival of a peculiar ,taste4--,medival ,fashions4--,the bronze ,lamp4--,equestrian ,sketch4--,effect of the ,revolution of #ahcj4--,the two ,felicies leave ,paris4--,a rural ,conspiracy4--,a domiciliary ,visit4--,escape of the ,ladies4--,discovery and ,capture4--,the ,stratagem at the ,inn4--,escape of ,madame in ,disguise4--,imprisonment of ,mademoiselle4--,works in ,prison4--,return to ,paris4--,politics again4--,felicie banished4--,breaks up her ,studio4--,poverty and ,privation4--,residence in ,florence4--,brighter ,days4--,character of ,felicie4--,personal ,appearance4--,her ,dwelling and ,studio4--,her ,works4--,the casting of a bronze ,statue4--,industry and ,retirement4--8,a good ,woman and a great ,artist40--,,rosa ,,bonheur4--,her ,birth in ,bordeaux4--,her ,father4--,rosa a ,dunce in ,childhood4--,her ,parrot4--,rambles4--,the ,spanish ,poet4--,removal to ,paris4--,revolution and ,misfortune4--,death of ,madame ,bonheur4--,the ,children at ,school4--,rosa detests ,books and loves ,roaming4--,remarriage of ,bonheur4--,rosa a ,seamstress4--,hates the ,occupation4--,prefers turning the ,lathe4--,her ,unhappiness4--,placed at a ,boarding-school4--,her ,pranks and ,caricatures4--,abhorrence of ,study4--,mortification at her ,want of fine ,clothes4--,resolves to achieve a ,name and a ,place in the ,world4--,discontent and ,gloom4--,return home4--,left to herself4--,works in the ,studio4--,her ,vocation apparent4--,studies at the ,louvre4--,her ,ardor and ,application4--,the ,englishman's ,prophecy4--,rosa vowed to ,art4--,devoted to the ,study of ,animals4--,excursions in the ,country in search of ,models4--,visits the ,abattoirs4--,study of various ,types4--,visits the ,museums and ,stables4--,resorts to the horse and cattle ,fairs in male ,attire4--,curious ,adventures4--,anatomical ,studies4--,advantages of her ,excursions4--,her ,father her only ,teacher4--,the ,family of ,artists4--,rosa's pet ,birds and ,sheep4--,her first ,appearance4--,rising ,reputation4--,takes the gold ,medal4--,proclaimed the new ,laureat4--,death of her ,father4--,rosa ,directress of the ,school of ,design4--,her ,sister a ,professor4--8,the ,horse-market40--,rosa's ,paintings4--,bestows her ,fortune on others4--,her ,farm4--,drawings presented to ,charities4--,demand for her ,paintings4--,her ,right to the ,cross of the ,legion of ,honor4--,the ,emperor's ,refusal to grant it to a ,woman4--,description of her ,residence and her ,studio4--,rosa found asleep4--,her personal ,appearance4--,dress4--,her ,character4--,her ,industry4--,mademoiselle ,micas4--,mountain ,rambles4--,rosa's ,visit to ,scotland4--,her ,life in the ,mountains4--,at the ,spanish ,posada4--,threatened ,starvation4--,cooking ,frogs4--,the ,muleteers4--,rosa's ,scotch ,terrier4--,her ,resolution never to marry4 ,,felicie ,,de ,,fauveau4 ,felicie was born in ,tuscany1 but was taken1 when an infant1 to ,paris1 where her education commenced4 ,her parents were persons of much intelligence and culture4 ,her mother had great taste for music and painting1 and it was from her that her daughter's talents received their first direction and encouragement4 ,the family favored the aristocrats and ,legitimists1 and endured much in the cause of the ,bourbons4 ,madame de ,fauveau's eyes had opened on the terrors of the guillotine1 and she was as proud of those memories of exile1 proscription1 and the scaffold as most persons are of honor and titles4 ,her chivalrous loyalty looked on them as dignities1 and the privilege of suffering for the family to which she was devoted was cheaply earned in her eyes by the ruin and exile of her own4 ,the daughter shared in the mother's chivalrous sentiments1 and her cherished ideas of monarchy and ,romanism became perceptible in her conversation and works1 while her self-sacrificing spirit of loyalty remained the same amid many vicissitudes4 ,owing to pecuniary losses1 her parents were compelled1 while she was yet very young1 to remove successively to ,limoux1 ,bayonne1 and ,besanon4 ,while at ,bayonne1 in #ahbc1 she met with many partisans in the war then raging on the frontiers of ,spain--men whose loyalty amounted to fanaticism1 and whose piety belonged to the ancient time of the ,crusades2 from these her youthful imagination must have received powerful and indelible impressions4 ,her studies were varied and profound2 ancient history1 classic and modern languages1 heraldry1 and archology received her devoted attention4 ,the feudal and chivalric traditions of the ,middle ,ages were explored with eagerness by her1 and she reproduced and utilized the knowledge thus acquired4 ,during her residence in ,besanon1 she executed some oil-paintings which were much praised2 but she seemed to feel that canvas was not the material which would most fully express her ideas4 ,she had then received no instruction in modeling4 ,one day1 in her walk1 she paused before the shop of one of the workmen who carve images of virgins and saints for village churches4 ,impelled irresistibly1 she entered and made inquiries as to the method of work1 learning thus the secrets of modeling in clay or wax1 and of carving wood or gold4 ,it then appeared that her vocation was decidedly for the plastic art4 ,she had the faculty of coloring with skill1 and might have been a great painter1 had she not resolved to be a sculptor4 ,her taste led her to adopt the medival manner1 and she took ,benevenuto ,cellini for her prototype1 occupying herself with art in both its monumental and1 decorative character4 ,at the death of her father1 the family--consisting of the widow1 two sons and three daughters--was in some distress4 ,felicie determined to devote her talents to their support4 ,some of her friends objected that such employment was unbecoming one who belonged to a noble family4 8,unbecoming60 said she1 drawing herself up with a noble pride2 8,sachez qu'un artiste tel que moi est gentilhomme40 ,the first work she exhibited was a group from ,scott's novel1 8,the ,abbot40 ,encouraged by its brilliant success1 she produced a basso-relievo1 consisting of six figures--,christina of ,sweden and ,monaldeschi in the fatal gallery of ,fontainebleau4 ,this work was in the ,exposition des ,beaux ,arts1 and it received from ,charles ,x4 in person the gold medal awarded by the jury4 ,the dramatic energy of the group1 the expression of the figures1 and the beauty of the minor details won universal admiration1 and it was hailed as offering the brightest promise of future excellence4 ,the triumphant artist was then a girl in the bloom of early youth2 and1 flattered and delighted at the appreciation she met with1 it is not to be wondered at that her resolution to adhere to the career she had chosen was steadfast and immovable4 ,felicie remained in ,paris with her family till #ahcj4 ,her mother's house was the centre of a charming circle of persons of high rank1 of cultivated women1 and of accomplished artists1 such as ,scheffer1 ,steuben1 ,gassier1 ,paul ,delaroche1 ,triqueti1 ,gros1 ,giraud1 etc4 ,so distinguished and agreeable was the mother1 so sensible and so witty was the conversation of the daughter1 that their society was coveted and prized4 ,the friends assembled of an evening in their drawing-room would gather round a large centre-table1 and improvise drawings in pencil1 chalk1 and pen and ink2 or would model1 in clay or wax1 brooches and ornaments1 sword handles and scabbards1 dagger-hilts1 etc4 ,the young lady wished to revive those famous days when sculpture lent its aid to the gold and silver smith1 the jeweler1 the clock-maker1 and the armorer4 ,to her may be chiefly attributed the impulse given to this taste in ,paris--a taste that infected ,england also1 reviving medival fashions for ornaments1 and also medival feelings and aspirations1 which at last found expression in ,puseyism in religion1 and pre-,raphaelism in art4 ,she executed1 for ,count ,portals1 a bronze lamp of singular beauty1 representing a bivouac of archangels armed as knights4 ,they are resting round a watch-fire1 while one1 ,st4 ,michael1 is standing sentinel4 ,it is in the old ,anglo-,saxon style4 ,round the lamp1 in golden letters1 is the device1 8,vaillant1 veillant40 ,beneath is a stork's foot holding a pebble1 a symbol of vigilance1 surrounded by beautiful aquatic plants4 ,the work was poetically conceived1 and executed with great spirit and finish4 ,she also commenced a work which she called 8a monument to ,dante10 and sketched an equestrian statue of ,charles ,,viii4 ,on returning from the expedition to ,naples1 it was said1 the monarch paused on the ascent of the ,alps1 and turned to take a last farewell of the beautiful country--8wooed1 not wed0--which he so unwillingly abandoned4 ,the sculptress was most successful in rendering this expression of sadness and yearning4 ,the pose of the horse was natural1 yet commanding2 and the work would doubtless have been a master-piece2 but1 unfortunately1 the model had to be destroyed1 on the breaking up of her studio4 ,mademoiselle de ,fauveau had now acquired an eminence and gained a celebrity which must have satisfied the most ambitious4 ,she was incessantly occupied with commissions for most of the private galleries in ,france2 and a place was promised her among those great artists who are employed to adorn public monuments1 and whose works enrich public collections4 ,she was to have modeled two doors for the gallery in the ,louvre1 after the manner of ,ghiberti's ,gates of ,paradise2 a baptistery and pulpit in one of the metropolitan churches had been already spoken of1 when the revolution of #ahcj broke up this calm and noble existence1 and ended her career in ,paris4 ,to ,mademoiselle de ,fauveau1 with her extreme opinions1 this revolution was a personal calamity4 ,she had identified the glory and greatness of ,france with the elder branch of the ,bourbons4 ,the times for her were evil and out of joint2 she abhorred the ,paris which had overthrown what she considered a legitimate1 to set up a pseudo royalty1 and she longed1 with all the concentration and single-mindedness of her character1 for an opportunity of leaving the city4 ,this soon presented itself4 ,among other noble and distinguished persons who were proud of their acquaintance with this gifted woman1 were members of the ,duras family4 ,the married daughter1 who bore the beloved but fatal name of ,la ,roche ,jacquelein1 sympathized entirely with the opinions and feelings of her namesake1 ,felicie4 ,she invited the artist to leave ,paris1 and accompany her on a visit to her estates in ,la ,vende4 ,during this visit1 which was at first considered a mere relaxation from severe labor and study1 riding1 shooting1 and hunting took the place of designing1 modeling1 and casting4 ,but1 after a while1 a more serious purpose was contemplated1 and a loftier end proposed4 ,mademoiselle de ,fauveau found herself in the thick of a political conspiracy4 ,a regular chouannerie was organized1 and our poetical artist distinguished herself by her spirit1 energy1 and determination4 ,to this day the peasantry in that part of ,france always speak of her as 8la demoiselle40 ,the authorities at last took umbrage1 and a domiciliary visit was made to the chateau4 ,the two ladies1 warned in time1 escaped1 and took refuge in a neighboring farm-house4 ,but arms and ammunitions were found in the chateau1 with compromising letters and treasonable symbols4 ,orders were given to pursue and arrest the fugitives4 ,the farm-house was searched in vain2 the peasants were questioned1 but their fidelity was unimpeachable4 ,unfortunately1 however1 some faint sounds were heard behind an oven2 the grated door was removed1 and the two rebels1 who had so nearly defeated the search of their pursuers1 were discovered1 arrested1 and sent under a strong guard to ,angers4 ,at the first stage they stopped at an inn4 ,the captives were conducted to a room up stairs2 the door was locked1 and their guards descended to the kitchen to refresh themselves4 ,presently a maid-servant was sent up to receive their orders for supper4 ,in an instant1 ,madame de la ,roche ,jacquelein made herself understood by this woman4 ,as soon as the supper was brought up1 and the door closed1 she effected an exchange of clothes1 and1 thus disguised1 descended boldly1 plates in hand1 to the kitchen4 ,she quickly deposited her burden on the dresser1 and then1 taking up the milk-pail1 announced in the pretty patois of the country her intention to fetch the milk from the dairy4 ,it is said the lady looked so captivating in her new costume that a gallant sergeant made advances to her1 which she was obliged to repress vigorously1 so as to proceed unattended4 ,she reached the dairy1 went out at a back door1 crossed some fields1 and was soon out of reach4 ,mademoiselle de ,fauveau remained quietly in her room1 allowing the servant to sleep with her1 so as to lull all suspicion1 and give as much time as possible for the escape4 ,the next morning the evasion of ,madame was discovered1 and caused great consternation4 ,it was thought necessary to take the most rigid precautions1 such as obliging ,mademoiselle de ,fauveau to have a guard in her sleeping-room1 who was authorized to disturb her whenever he wished to make sure of her presence1 to prevent her following her friend's example4 ,she was thus transferred to ,angers1 and remained seven months in prison4 ,her bold spirit and elastic temperament were not weakened or cast down by this destruction of her hopes4 ,she took advantage of the forced seclusion to resume her occupations4 ,in prison she modeled several small groups2 one of them1 composed of twelve figures1 representing the duel of the ,sire de ,jarnee and the ,count de la ,chataignevaie in the presence of ,henry ,,ii4 and his court4 ,she also designed a monument for ,louis de ,bonnechose1 who had lately perished in an affray with some soldiers sent to arrest him4 ,the background of this composition is architectural1 in the ,gothic style1 adorned with the blazoned shields1 achievements1 and banners which belong peculiarly to the ,vendean party4 ,on the summit of the edifice is an angel1 whose face is veiled1 supporting the armorial shield of the deceased2 in the foreground the ,archangel ,michael1 terrible and victorious1 has just killed the dragon4 ,this dragon has a head like a cock--a type of the ,french republic4 ,michael bears in his right hand the avenging sword1 and in his left holds a pair of crystal scales2 in one of these are figures of judges1 advocates1 and magistrates2 in the other1 which weighs down these1 is a single drop of blood1 with this inscription3 8,quam gravis est sanguis justi inultus40 ,in this sketch1 as1 indeed1 in all ,felicie's works1 the symbolical beauty inspires the whole2 the ideal gives spirit to the material form1 while the form receives its noblest distinction as the fitting vehicle of the idea4 ,after seven months' imprisonment1 ,mademoiselle de ,fauveau was set at liberty1 and returned to ,paris and her studio4 ,very soon afterward1 the appearance of the ,duchesse de ,berri in ,vende set on fire all ,royalist imaginations4 ,madame de la ,roche ,jacquelein and our fair artist again left ,paris1 and worked day and night for the cause so dear to their hearts1 to reap again disappointment1 failure1 and misfortune4 ,this episode in ,felicie's life may show how strong was the political bias which gave tone and character to both her private and artistic life4 8,my opinions are dearer to me than my art10 she said1 and her actions proved this4 ,she was one of the forlorn hope that stood up in the breach to save a falling dynasty2 and with its ruins were ingulfed her own fortune1 her prospects1 and such part of her success as depended on the public recognition and acceptance of art in her own country4 ,after the failure of this second attempt of the ,legitimists1 ,mademoiselle de ,fauveau was among the persons exiled4 ,she first took refuge in ,switzerland2 then returned to ,paris1 in the very teeth of the authorities1 broke up her studio and establishment there1 and went to ,florence1 where she fixed her permanent abode with her mother and brother4 ,considerable expense and outlay are necessary to carry on the art of sculpture1 and a removal from a studio in which were accumulated sketches1 models1 and marbles--most of them not portable--was almost total ruin4 ,the forced sale of furniture2 the transfer1 at a heavy discount1 of funds which had to be reinvested1 added serious items to the amount of loss4 ,from the fragments thus thrown aside fortunes were made4 ,at the very time when the little family was enduring bitter privation in ,florence1 a man realized an almost fabulous sum by selling walking-sticks manufactured from designs made by ,mademoiselle de ,fauveau in those happy ,paris evenings before mentioned4 ,the expense attendant on establishing a new studio in ,florence had to be met by the labor of many years4 ,madame de ,fauveau1 at this period1 was the guardian angel of the family1 and thought no sacrifice too great for the encouragement of her daughter's genius1 and the advancement of her views4 ,her own poetical and imaginative mind aroused and fostered the ideas of the sculptress1 while her unflinching resignation and humble faith soothed and solaced her heart4 ,with unparalleled nobleness1 in spite of extreme poverty1 the family refused to receive a sous from the princes or the party they had so served4 ,no fleck of the world's dust can be thrown on that spotless fidelity4 ,it was at this period1 when each day's labor scarcely sufficed to provide for daily necessities1 that ,mademoiselle de ,fauveau wrote to one of her friends1 8,we artists are like the ,hebrews of old2 manna is sent to us1 but on condition we save none for the morrow40 ,brighter days dawned4 ,labor is not only its own reward1 in the happiness it confers1 but those who sow unweariedly and judiciously shall reap fairly4 ,our sculptress achieved a modest independence4 ,it was probably at this time of her life that her friend the ,baroness de ,krafft sketched her character1 dwelling on the contrasts presented by her history1 in which her mind was developed1 and the bent of her nature determined4 8,fire1 air1 and water10 she says1 8are in that organization20 and it is true that ardor1 purity1 and impulse are the characteristics of her genius4 ,on the one hand we see the lady of the ,faubourg ,st4 ,germaine1 with all the habits1 associations1 and prejudices which belong to her order2 on the other1 the artist1 earning her daily bread1 and obliged to face in their reality the sternest necessities and most imperative obligations2 the single woman treading victoriously the narrow and thorny path which all women tread who seek to achieve independence by their own exertions2 and the genius which1 to attain breadth and vigor1 must freely sweep out of its path limitations and obstacles4 ,these contrasts appear in her person and manner4 ,her glance1 usually soft1 can kindle and grow stern4 ,madame de ,krafft notices that the movements of her arms are somewhat abrupt and angular1 but her hands 8are white1 soft1 and fine1 royal as the hands of ,csar1 or of ,leonardo da ,vinci40 ,mademoiselle de ,fauveau is described by a visitor as being fair1 with low and broad forehead2 soft1 brown1 penetrating eyes1 aquiline nose1 and mouth finely chiseled1 well closed1 and slightly sarcastic4 ,of the medium height1 her figure is flexible and well formed4 ,her ordinary studio dress is velvet1 of that 8feuille morte0 color ,madame ,cottin has made famous2 with a jacket of the same fastened by a small leathern belt1 a foulard round the neck1 and a velvet cap4 ,her hair is blonde1 cut square on the forehead and short on the neck1 and left rather longer at the sides1 in the ,vandyke manner4 ,the face1 and figure1 and presence1 give the impress of a firm but not aggressive nature1 revealing the energy of resistance1 not of defiance4 ,opinions strongly held and enunciated1 defended to the death1 if necessary1 give such an aspect4 ,combined with this peculiarity is a look of thoughtful melancholy1 such as ,retzch has represented in his sketches of ,faust4 ,in fact1 the head1 in a statuette of herself1 might serve as an ideal of the world-famous student4 ,there are two admirable likenesses of her3 one by ,ary ,scheffer and one by ,giraud4 ,her dwelling is in the ,via delle ,fornace1 where are also the studios of ,powers and ,fedi4 ,a dark green door opens into a paved covered court1 formerly the entrance to a convent1 which is now adapted to form a modern habitation4 ,on one side a flight of stairs leads to the upper rooms1 another door leads to the studio2 a third opens on a cool1 quiet garden1 shaded by trees4 ,there are dovecotes1 pigeon-houses1 and bird-cages2 and the walks are hedged with laurels and cypresses1 while there are gay flowers mingled with ,etruscan vases and jars4 ,the artist's drawing-room looks like the parlor of an abbess1 furnished with antique hangings1 carved chairs1 silver crucifixes1 and gold-grounded1 pre-,raphaelite pictures1 some of great beauty and value4 ,from this drawing-room1 half oratory and half boudoir1 the visitor descends to the studio1 which is composed of two or three large white-washed rooms on the ground floor4 ,the first thing that strikes one here is the evidence of the artist's indefatigable industry4 ,here are casts and bassi-relievi from the antique1 but no goddesses1 nymphs1 or cupids2 it is ,christian art of the medival period4 ,saints and angels cover the walls2 in the centre is a large crucifix of carved wood1 beautifully executed1 and full of vigor and expression2 near it is a ,santa ,reparata1 designed in terra-cotta4 ,mademoiselle de ,fauveau has been peculiarly successful in her adaptation of terra-cotta to artistic purposes4 ,a large alto-relievo represents two freed spirits flying heavenward1 dropping their earthly chains4 ,a lovely ,st4 ,dorothea looks upward1 and holds up her hands for a basket of flowers and fruit which a descending angel is bringing from ,paradise4 ,bold and rapid movement is expressed in the flying figure4 ,in the background is an architectural design of a church1 and an inscription describing how it sprang1 as it were1 from the martyr's blood4 ,there is a ,judith addressing the ,israelites from an open gallery1 with the head of ,holofernes on a spear beside her4 ,in the aspect of the resolute woman of ,bethulia there is an undefinable resemblance to the artist4 ,the expression1 indeed1 is congenial to her character1 in which there is the concentration of purpose which gives force1 and the ardor that gives decision to the will4 ,there are also works of a lighter character2 the carved frame-work of a mirror1 with an exquisite allegorical design--a fop and a coquette1 in elaborate costume1 are bending inward toward the glass1 so intent on self-admiration as to be unconscious that a demon below has caught their feet in a line or snare from which they will not be able to extricate themselves without falling4 ,most of ,mademoiselle de ,fauveau's works have superabundant richness of ornament and allegorical device4 ,her designs for gold and silver ornaments are unrivaled for elegance and imaginative picturesqueness4 ,she made for ,count ,zichy a ,hungarian costume1 the collar1 belt1 sword1 and spurs being of the most finished workmanship4 ,a silver bell1 ornamented with twenty figures1 for the ,empress of ,russia1 represents a medival household1 in the costumes of the period1 and their peculiar avocations1 assembling at the call of three stewards1 whose figures form the handle4 ,round the ball is blazoned1 in ,gothic characters1 8,de bon vouloir servir le matre40 ,it would be tedious to enumerate the works of this indefatigable artist4 ,the finished specimens of twenty-five years of labor are shut up in private galleries1 the models remaining in her studio4 ,her last and most imposing work is the monument in ,santa ,croce1 erected to the memory of ,louise ,favreau by her parents4 ,madame de ,krafft published a description of this in the ,revue ,britannique for ,march1 #aheg4 ,three monuments1 in different styles1 may be seen in the ,lindsay chapel4 ,in her studio are several busts of great beauty1 strongly relieved by her method of placing an architectural back-ground4 ,one is the bust of the ,marquis de ,bretignires1 the founder of the reformatory school colony of ,mettray4 ,besides devoting herself to the actual expression of her ideas1 ,madame de ,fauveau has1 all her life1 studied to improve the mere mechanical portion of her art4 ,she endeavored to revive certain secrets known to the ancients1 which have been abandoned and forgotten1 to the detriment of modern sculpture4 ,to cast a statue entire1 instead of in portions1 and with so much precision as to require no farther touch of the chisel--to preserve inviolate1 as it were1 the idea1 while it is subject to the difficult process of clothing it with form1 has been her life-long endeavor4 ,in bronze1 by means of wax1 she succeeded1 after repeated failures1 with incredible perseverance4 ,a figure of ,st4 ,michael in one of her works was thus cast seven times4 ,the least obstacle1 were it only the breadth of a pin's point in one of the air-vents which are necessary to draw the seething metal into every part of the mould1 is enough to destroy the work4 ,at last her head workman brought her ,st4 ,michael complete2 all the energy and delicacy of the original design being preserved1 and none of the pristine freshness lost in the translation from wax to bronze4 ,mademoiselle de ,fauveau works almost incessantly1 scarcely allowing herself any relaxation4 ,her principal associates are a few of the higher church dignitaries1 and two or three distinguished ,italian or foreign families4 ,retirement is agreeable to her1 and her political opinions have drawn around her a line of demarkation4 ,she has paid two visits to ,rome3 one when the ,duc de ,bordeaux was there4 ,he paid her much attention1 as did the two great princes of art1 ,cornelius and ,tenerani1 at that time in ,rome4 ,thus situated1 beloved by many1 admired and appreciated by all1 this clever artist and noble woman leads an honored life1 which seems a realized dream of work1 progress1 and success4 ,from every point of view1 a life so spent is a curious and interesting study4 ,there is the independence belonging to an existence devoted to art1 with almost cloistral simplicity and formality4 ,she had been hardly ever separated from her proud and devoted mother till her death1 in #aheh4 ,the loss left her inconsolable4 ,her brother1 an artist of merit1 resides with her1 assists in most of her works1 and is the support and comfort of her life4 ,her happy home and domestic relations have helped to expand and refine her genius4 ,a woman's art1 as well as her heart1 suffers when the home in which she works is uncongenial4 ,our artist's name--,felicie--has proved a good omen for one who is at once 8a good woman and a great artist40 ,,rosa ,,bonheur4#c #c ,this sketch was prepared under the supervision of ,mademoiselle ,bonheur4 ,rosalie ,bonheur--as she is called in her acte de naissance--was born in ,bordeaux on the #afth of ,march1 #ahbb4 ,her father1 ,oscar ,raymond ,bonheur1 was a painter of merit1 who had in youth taken the highest honors at the exhibitions of his native town4 ,he devoted part of his time to giving drawing-lessons in families for the support of his aged parents4 ,an attachment sprung up between him and one of his pupils--,sophie ,marqus--a lovely and accomplished girl4 ,her family opposed their union on account of the artist's poverty2 and after the marriage the young people were thrown entirely on their own resources4 ,rosalie was the eldest of their four children4 ,her father was compelled to give up his dreams of fame and the higher labors of his art1 and for eight years maintained his family by teaching drawing4 ,rosalie--or ,rosa1 as she has always called herself--was a wild1 active1 impetuous child1 impatient of restraint1 and having a detestation of study4 ,she was a long time in acquiring even the elements of reading and writing4 ,when not in the fields1 she was in the garden4 ,she remembers a gray parrot1 a pet of her grandfather's1 that often called out 8,rosa6 ,rosa60 in a voice like her mother's1 and would bring her in1 when her mother would seize the opportunity to make her repeat her catechism4 ,when the lesson was over1 the little girl would scold the bird angrily for the trick it had played her4 ,but if ,rosa hated her books1 she dearly loved all objects in nature1 and was happiest when rambling in wood or meadow1 gathering posies as large as herself4 ,her complexion was fair1 with rosy cheeks2 her light auburn hair curled in natural ringlets2 and she was so plump that the ,spanish poet ,moratia1 who then lived in ,bordeaux1 and spent his evenings at ,bonheur's1 used to call her his 8round ball40 ,he would romp with the merry child for hours together1 and laugh over the rude figures she was fond of cutting out of paper4 ,rosa was fond of amusing herself in her father's studio1 drawing rough outlines on the walls1 or burying her little fat hands in the clay1 and making grotesque attempts at modeling1 though these childish efforts were not noticed by her family as showing any genius4 ,the exiled poet1 however1 saw the boldness1 vigor1 and originality of her nature1 and often prophesied that his favorite would turn out1 in some way1 8a remarkable woman40 ,in #ahbi ,raymond ,bonheur quitted ,bordeaux1 and established himself with his family in ,paris4 ,interested in the ideas then fermenting in the public mind1 he entered into the excitement that preceded the ,revolution of ,july4 ,periods of national effervescence are not favorable to art2 the painter could not sell his pictures1 and had to betake himself once more to giving drawing-lessons4 ,his wife gave lessons on the piano2 but the growing agitation of the social and political world made their united exertions profitless4 ,madame ,bonheur sustained her husband's courage throughout this trying period1 while she was often compelled1 after the day's labors1 to sit up half the night to earn with her needle a precarious support for the morrow4 ,when public tranquillity returned1 ,bonheur resumed his teaching1 and had some of his works noticed in the ,paris ,exhibition4 ,madame ,bonheur died in #ahcc4 ,the father then placed the three elder children with an honest woman--,la ,mre ,cathrine--who lived in the ,champs ,elyses2 ,juliette1 the youngest1 being sent to friends in ,bordeaux4 ,la ,mre sent her little charges to the ,mutual ,school of ,chaillot4 ,rosa1 now in her eleventh year1 and detesting books and confinement as heartily as ever1 generally contrived to avoid the school-room1 and spent most of her time in the grassy and wooded spots afforded in the ,bois de ,boulogne1 and other environs of ,paris4 ,two years passed thus2 the children being plainly clad and living on the humblest fare4 ,rosa meanwhile1 with her passion for independence and outdoor life1 incurred almost daily the angry reprimands of ,la ,mre ,cathrine1 who was distressed at her neglect of school for her rambles4 8,i never spent an hour of fine weather indoors during the whole of the time10 she often said4 ,but this sort of gipsy life could not last4 ,raymond ,bonheur married again1 took a house in the ,faubourg du ,roule1 brought the three children home1 and endeavored to put them in a way to make a position for themselves4 ,the two boys--,auguste and ,isidore--were placed in a respectable school1 in which their father gave three lessons a week by way of payment2 and ,rosa1 who could not be got to learn any thing out of a book1 and seemed to have neither taste nor talent for any thing but rambling about in the sunshine1 was placed with a seamstress1 in order that she might learn to make a living by her needle4 ,nothing could have been more disagreeable to the poor girl than the monotonous employment to which she was thus condemned4 ,the mere act of sitting still on a chair was torture to her active temperament2 she ran the needle into her fingers at every stitch1 and bending over her hated task made her head ache1 and filled her with inexpressible weariness and disgust4 ,the husband of the seamstress was a turner1 and had his lathe in an adjoining room4 ,rosa's sole consolation was to slip into this room1 and obtain the turner's permission to help him work the lathe4 ,if he were absent1 she would do her utmost to set the lathe in motion by herself1 more than once doing some damage to the turner's tools4 ,but these stolen pleasures were insufficient to compensate her for the repulsiveness of her new avocation2 and whenever her father1 with his pockets full of bonbons1 came to see her and learn how she was getting on1 she would throw herself into his arms in a passion of tears1 and beseech him to take her away4 ,every week her distress became more and more evident2 she lost her appetite and color1 and was apparently falling ill4 ,her father was much disappointed at the ill success of his attempt to make of his wild daughter an orderly and industrious needle-woman2 but he was too fond of her to persevere in an experiment so repugnant to her feelings4 ,he therefore broke off the arrangement with the seamstress1 and took her home4 ,after thinking over many plans for her1 he at length succeeded in making an arrangement for her reception in a boarding-school in the ,rue de ,reuilly1 ,faubourg ,st4 ,antoine1 on the same terms as those he had obtained for her brothers4 ,a vast deal of good advice was expended on her1 with many earnest exhortations to make the best use of the advantages of the school1 by diligent application to her studies4 ,for a short time after her entrance into this establishment1 ,rosa was delighted with her new life1 for she speedily became a favorite with her young companions1 the leader in all their games1 and the inventor of innumerable pranks4 ,but the teachers were far from being equally satisfied with the new pupil1 who could not be got to learn a lesson1 and who threw the household into confusion with her doings4 ,one of her favorite amusements was to draw caricatures of the governesses and professors2 which caricatures1 after coloring1 she cut out very carefully1 and contrived to fasten to the ceiling of the school-room1 by means of bread patiently chewed to the consistence of putty1 and applied to the heads of the figures4 ,the sensation created by this novel exhibition of portraiture1 and the ludicrous bowings and courtesyings of the paper figures1 as they swayed over the heads of their originals1 may be easily imagined4 ,the pupils would go beside themselves with suppressed laughter2 the teachers were naturally more displeased than diverted4 ,the mistress of the establishment1 struck with the vigor and originality of these drawings1 caused them to be detached from the ceiling1 and placed them privately in an album1 where1 it is said1 they have been treasured to this day4 ,but ,rosa was none the less pronounced a very naughty girl2 and she generally found herself condemned to bread and water about five days in the week4 ,rosa ,bonheur is by no means deficient in the faculty of acquiring knowledge1 and has since made up1 in her own way1 for her early disinclination to study2 but it was absolutely impossible for her1 at that time1 to constrain her mercurial temperament to the measured regularity of a class2 and the only branch of study in which she made any progress was drawing1 which she practiced assiduously1 sharing the lessons given twice a week by her father in return for her schooling4 ,rosa1 however1 was far from happy4 ,besides the constant trouble in which her love of frolic and mischief involved her1 there was another annoyance that poisoned her peace1 and gradually rendered her stay in the school intolerably painful4 ,all the other pupils being daughters of rich tradesmen1 they were elegantly dressed1 and had their silver forks and cups at table1 and plenty of pocket-money for the gratification of their school-girl fancies4 ,rosa1 with her calico frocks and coarse shoes1 her iron spoon1 tin mug1 and empty pockets1 felt keenly the inferiority of her position4 ,her father was as good and as clever as the fathers of her companions2 why1 then1 was he not rich8 ,why must she wear calico and drink out of tin1 while the other girls had silver mugs and beautiful silk dresses8 ,too generous to be envious1 and treated as a favorite by the other pupils1 the proud and sensitive child yet recoiled instinctively from a contact which awakened in her mind an unreasoning sense of injustice1 and humiliated her1 as she felt1 for no fault of her own4 ,she had no wish to deprive her little companions of the superior advantages of their lot1 but she longed to possess the same1 tormenting herself day and night with pondering on her difficulties1 and seeking to devise some plan by which they might be overcome4 ,to this period1 with its secret mental experiences1 is to be traced that firm resolve to achieve a name and a place for herself in the world--to a perception of whose social facts she was now beginning to awaken--which sustained her through the subsequent phases of her artistic development4 ,yet this resolve1 though prompted by a galling sense of the humble character of her wardrobe and 8belongings10 pointed less to the acquisition of greater elegance of dress and personal conditions--to which she has subsequently shown herself almost indifferent--than to the attainment of a superior and independent social position4 ,she was determined to be something1 though she could not see what1 and felt no doubt of the accomplishment of her purpose1 though as yet she had no idea of the mode in which it was to be carried out4 ,meanwhile1 her secret discontent preyed on her spirits and affected her health4 ,she became reserved and gloomy1 and while seeking1 with feverish anxiety1 to devise the sort of work that should enable her to gain for herself the superior position she so ardently coveted1 she became more and more neglectful of her studies1 until1 her teachers and her father being alike discouraged by her seeming idleness1 the latter withdrew her from the school1 and once more took her home4 ,more than ever perplexed what to do with her1 her father now left her for a time entirely to herself4 ,thus abandoned to her own spontaneous actions1 ,rosa1 who felt that the idle and aimless life she had hitherto led was little calculated to help her to the realization of her secret ambition1 and who was full of unacknowledged regret and remorse for her incapacity and uselessness1 sought refuge from her own uncomfortable thoughts in her father's studio1 where she amused herself with imitating every thing she saw him do2 drawing and modeling1 day after day1 with the utmost diligence and delight1 happy as long as she had in her hands a pencil1 a piece of charcoal1 or a lump of clay4 ,in the quiet and congenial activity of the studio1 her excited feelings became calm1 and her ideas grew clearer2 she began to understand herself1 and to devise the path nature had marked out for her4 ,as this change took place in her mind1 the desultory and purposeless child became rapidly transformed into the earnest1 self-conscious1 determined woman4 ,she drew and modeled from morning till night with enthusiastic ardor2 and her father1 amazed at her progress1 and perceiving at last the real bent of her nature1 devoted himself seriously to her instruction1 superintending her efforts with the greatest interest and care4 ,he took her through a serious course of preparatory study1 and then sent her to the ,louvre to copy the works of the old masters1 as a discipline for her eye1 her hand1 and her judgment4 ,surrounded and stimulated by the glorious creations of the great painters--the first to enter the gallery and the last to leave it--too much absorbed in her model to be conscious of any thing that went on around her1 ,rosa pursued her labors with unwavering zeal4 8,i have never seen an example of such application1 and such ardor for work10 remarked ,m4 ,jousselin1 director of the ,louvre1 in describing the deportment of the young student4 ,the splendid coloring and form of the ,italian schools1 the lofty idealism of the ,german1 and the broad naturalism of the ,dutch1 alike excited her enthusiasm2 she studied them all with equal delight1 and copied them with equal felicity4 ,to aid her father in his arduous struggle for the support of his family1 now increased by the birth of two younger children1 was the immediate object of ,rosa's ambition2 and1 the admirable fidelity of her copies insuring them a speedy sale1 this filial desire was soon gratified4 ,she gained but a small sum for each1 but so great was her industry that those earnings soon became an important item in the family resources4 ,one day1 when she had just put the finishing touch to a copy of ,les ,bergers d',arcadie1 at the ,louvre1 an elderly ,english gentleman stopped beside her easel1 and1 having examined her work with much attention1 exclaimed1 8,your copy1 mon enfant1 is superb1 faultless6 ,persevere as you have begun1 and ,i prophesy that you will be a great artist60 ,the stranger's prediction gave the young painter much pleasure1 and she went home that evening with her head full of joyous visions of future success4 ,rosa was now in her seventeenth year1 vowed to art as the aim and occupation of her life1 cultivating landscape1 historical1 and genre painting with equal assiduity1 but without any decided preference for either2 when1 happening to make a study of a goat1 she was so much enchanted with this new attempt that she thenceforth devoted herself to the cultivation of the peculiar province in which she has commanded such brilliant success4 ,too poor to procure models1 she went out daily into the country on foot1 in search of picturesque views and animals for sketching4 ,with a bit of bread in her pocket1 and laden with canvas and colors1 or a mass of clay--for she was attracted equally toward painting and sculpture1 and has shown that she would have succeeded equally in either--she used to set out very early in the morning1 and1 having found a site or a subject to her mind1 seat herself on a bank or under a tree1 and work on till dusk2 coming home at nightfall1 after a tramp of ten or a dozen miles1 browned by sun and wind1 soaked with rain1 or covered with mud2 exhausted with fatigue1 but rejoicing in the lessons the day had furnished4 ,her inability to procure models at home also suggested to her another expedient1 the adoption of which shows how earnest was her determination to overcome the obstacles poverty had placed in the way of her studies4 ,the slaughtering and preparing of animals for the ,paris market is confined to a few abattoirs1 great establishments on the outskirts of the city1 placed under the supervision of the municipal authorities4 ,each of these establishments contains extensive inclosures1 in which are penned thousands of lowing and bleating victims1 waiting their turn to be led to the shambles4 ,to one of these--the abattoir du ,roule--had ,rosa the courage to go daily for many months1 surmounting alike the repugnance which such a locality naturally inspired1 and her equally natural hesitation to place herself in contact with the crowd of butchers and drovers who filled it4 ,seated on a bundle of hay1 with her colors beside her1 she painted on from morning till dusk1 not unfrequently forgetting the bit of bread in her pocket1 so absorbed would she become in the study of the varied types that rendered the courts and stables of this establishment so invaluable a field of observation for her4 ,not content with drawing the occupants of the abattoir in their pens1 far from the sickening horror of the shambles1 she felt the necessity of studying their attitudes under the terror and agony of the death-stroke1 and compelled herself to make repeated visits to the slaughter-house2 looking on scenes whose repulsiveness was rendered doubly painful to her by her affectionate sympathy with the brute creation4 ,in the evening1 on her return home1 her hands1 face1 and clothes were usually spotted all over by the flies1 so numerous wherever animals are congregated4 ,such was the respect with which she inspired the rude companions by whom she was surrounded1 and who would often beg to see her sketches1 which they regarded with the most nave admiration1 that nothing ever occurred to annoy her in the slightest degree during her long sojourns in the crowded precincts of the abattoir4 ,after she had ceased to visit this establishment1 she frequented in a similar manner the stables of the ,veterinary ,school of ,alfort1 and the animals and museums of the ,garden of ,plants4 ,she also resumed her sketching rambles in the country1 and resorted diligently to all the horse and cattle fairs held in the neighborhood of ,paris4 ,on the latter occasions she invariably wore male attire2 a precaution she found it necessary to adopt1 as a convenience1 and still more1 as a protection against the annoyances that would have rendered it impossible for her to mingle in such gatherings in feminine costume4 ,in her masculine habit ,rosa had so completely the look of a good-hearted1 ingenuous boy1 that the graziers and horse-dealers1 whose animals she drew1 would frequently insist on 8standing treat0 in a chopine of wine1 or a petit verre of something stronger1 to the 8clever little fellow0 whose skillful portrayal of their beasts had so much delighted them2 and it sometimes required all her address and ingenuity to escape from their well-meant persecutions4 ,her good looks1 too1 in the assumed character of a youth of the sterner sex1 would sometimes make sad havoc in the susceptible hearts of village dairy-maids4 ,some laughable incidents might be related under this head4 ,in her subsequent explorations of the romantic regions at either foot of the ,pyrenees1 the passion with which she has unwittingly inspired the black-eyed ,phbes of the south has more than once proved a source of serious though comical embarrassment to the artist1 desirous above all things to maintain impenetrably the secret of her disguise4 ,the young artist's studies were not confined to the exterior forms of her models4 ,she procured the best anatomical treatises and plates1 with casts and models of the different parts of the human frame1 and studied them thoroughly2 she then procured legs1 shoulders1 and heads of animals from the butchers1 carefully dissecting them1 and thus obtaining an intimate knowledge of the forms and dependencies of the muscles whose play she had to delineate4 ,now that ,rosa has arrived at the fame her swelling child-heart prophesied to itself before she had ascertained the path that should lead to the fulfillment of her aspirations1 the richest and noblest of her countrymen are proud to place at her disposal the finest products of their farms and studs2 while mules1 donkeys1 sheep1 goats1 pigs1 dogs1 and rare poultry are offered to her from one end of ,europe to the other4 ,but it is certain that the poverty and obscurity which1 during her first years of effort1 compelled her to frequent abattoirs and cattle-markets in search of subjects for her pencil were really of unspeakable service in forcing her to make acquaintance with a multitude of types under a variety of action and condition1 such as she could never have seen in any other way1 and in giving her a breadth of conception1 variety of detail1 and truthfulness to nature1 which a more limited range of experience could not have supplied4 ,through all her varied studies1 ,raymond ,bonheur was his daughter's constant and only teacher4 ,m4 ,lon ,cogniet1 whose pupil she is erroneously said to have been1 merely took a friendly interest in her progress1 and warmly encouraged her to persevere4 ,she never took a lesson of any other teacher than her father and nature4 ,bonheur1 with his family1 now occupied small six-story rooms in the ,rue ,rumfort4 ,his two sons had also devoted themselves to art under his auspices1 ,auguste being a painter1 and ,isidore a sculptor4 ,the loving family1 merry and hopeful in spite of poverty1 labored diligently together in the same little studio4 ,from daylight till dusk ,rosa was always at her easel1 singing like a linnet1 the busiest and merriest of them all4 ,in the evening1 the frugal dinner dispatched and the lamp lighted1 she would spend several hours in drawing illustrations for books1 and animals for prints and for albums2 or in moulding little groups of oxen1 sheep1 etc41 for the figure-dealers--thus earning an additional contribution to the family purse4 ,rosa delighted in birds1 of which she had many in the studio2 but it grieved her to see them confined4 ,to her great joy1 one of her brothers contrived a net1 which he fastened to the outer side of the window1 so that they could be safely let out of their cages4 ,she had also a beautiful sheep1 with long silky wool1 the most docile and intelligent of quadrupeds1 which she kept on the leads outside their windows1 the leads forming a terrace1 converted by her into a garden1 gay with honeysuckles1 cobeas1 convolvulus1 nasturtiums1 and sweet-peas4 ,as the sheep could not descend six flights of stairs1 yet needed occasional exercise and change of diet1 ,isidore used to place it gravely on his shoulders1 and carry it down to a neighboring croft1 where it browsed on the fresh grass to its heart's content1 after which he would carry it back to its aerial residence4 ,thus carefully tended1 the animal passed two years contentedly on the terrace1 affording to ,rosa and her brothers an admirable model4 ,it was in the ,fine ,arts ,exhibition of #ahda that ,rosa ,bonheur made her first appearance before the critical ,areopagus of ,paris1 attracting the favorable notice both of connoisseurs and public1 by two charming little groups of a goat1 sheep1 and rabbits4 ,the following year she exhibited three paintings3 8,animals in a ,pasture10 8,a ,cow lying in a ,meadow10 and 8,a ,horse for ,sale10 which attracted still more notice1 the first being specially remarkable for its exquisite rendering of the atmospheric effects of evening1 and its blending of poetic sentiment with bold fidelity to fact4 ,from this period she appeared in all the ,paris exhibitions1 and in many of those of the provincial towns1 her reputation rising every year1 and several bronze and silver medals being awarded to her productions4 ,in #ahdd she exhibited1 with her paintings1 8,a ,bull0 in clay1 one of the many proofs she has given of powers that would have raised her to a high rank as a sculptor1 had she not1 at length1 been definitively drawn1 by the combined attractions of form and color1 into the ranks of the painters4 ,in the following year she exhibited twelve paintings--a splendid collection--flanked by the works of her father and her brother ,auguste1 then admitted for the first time4 ,in #ahdf her productions were accompanied by those of her father and both her brothers1 the younger of whom then first appeared as a sculptor4 ,the family group was completed in a subsequent exhibition by the admission of her younger sister1 ,julietta1 who had returned to ,paris1 and had also become an artist4 ,in #ahdi her magnificent 8,cantal ,oxen0 took the gold medal4 ,horace ,vernet1 president of the committee of awards1 proclaimed the new laureat in presence of a brilliant crowd of amateurs1 presenting her with a superb ,svres vase in the name of the government2 the value of a triumph which placed her ostensibly in the highest rank of her profession being immeasurably enhanced in her eyes by the unbounded delight it afforded to her father4 ,raymond ,bonheur1 released from pecuniary difficulty1 and rejuvenated by the joy of his daughter's success1 had accepted the directorship of the government school of design for girls1 and resumed his palette with all the ardor of his younger days4 ,but his health had been undermined by the fatigues and anxieties he had borne so long1 and he died of heart disease in #ahdi1 deeply regretted by his family4 ,rosa1 who had aided him in the school of design1 was now made its directress4 ,she still holds the post1 her sister1 ,madame ,peyrol1 being the resident professor1 and ,rosa superintending the classes in a weekly lesson4 ,her already brilliant reputation was still farther enhanced by the appearance1 in #ahdi1 of her noble 8,plowing ,scene in the ,nivernais10 ordered by the government1 and now in the ,luxembourg ,gallery2 of the 8,horse-market10 in #ahec1 the preparatory studies for which occupied her during eighteen months2 and the 8,hay-making10 in #ahee4 ,the last two works created great enthusiasm in the public mind4 ,more fortunate than many other great artists1 whose merits have been slowly acknowledged1 ,rosa ,bonheur has been a favorite with the public from her first appearance4 ,her vigorous originality1 her perfect mastery of the technicalities and mechanical details of her art1 and the charm of a style at once fresh and simple1 and profoundly and poetically true1 ensured for her productions a sympathetic appreciation and a rapid sale4 ,she had produced1 up to ,june1 #aheh1 thirty-five paintings2 and many more1 not exhibited1 have been purchased by private amateurs4 ,in these the peculiar aspect of crag1 mountain1 valley1 and plain--of trees and herbage2 the effects of cloud1 mist1 and sunshine1 and of different hours of the day--are as profoundly and skillfully rendered as are the outer forms and inner life of the animals around which the artist1 like nature1 spreads the charm and glory of her landscapes4 ,she has already made a fortune1 but has bestowed it entirely on others1 with the exception of a little farm a few miles from ,paris1 where she spends a great deal of her time4 ,such is her habitual generosity1 and so scrupulous is her delicacy in all matters connected with her art1 that it may be doubted whether she will ever amass any great wealth for herself4 ,her port-folios contain nearly a thousand sketches1 eagerly coveted by amateurs2 but she regards these as a part of her artistic life1 and refuses to part with them on any terms4 ,a little drawing that accidentally found its way into the hands of a dealer1 a short time since1 brought eighty pounds in ,london4 ,rosa had presented it to a charity1 as she now and then does with her drawings4 ,demands for paintings reach her from every part of the world2 but she refuses all orders not congenial to her talent1 valuing her own probity and dignity above all price4 ,the award of the jury in #ahec--;in virtue of which the authoress of 8,the ,horse-market0 was enrolled among the recognized masters of the brush1 and as such exempted from the necessity of submitting her works to the examining committee previous to their admission to future exhibitions--entitled her1 according to ,french usage1 to the cross of the ,legion of ,honor4 ,this decoration was refused to the artist by the emperor because she was a woman6 ,the refusal1 repeated after her brilliant success of #ahee1 naturally excited the indignation of her admirers1 who could not understand why an honor that would be accorded to a certain talent in a man should be refused to the same in a woman4 ,but1 though ,rosa was included in the invitation to the state dinner at the ,tuileries1 always given to the artists to whom the ,academy of ,fine ,arts has awarded its highest honor1 the refusal of the decoration was maintained1 notwithstanding numerous efforts made to obtain a reversal of the imperial decree4 ,a visitor describes the studio of this world-renowned artist4 ,at the southern end of the ,rue d',assas--a retired street1 half made up of extensive gardens1 the tops of trees alone visible above the high stone walls--just where1 meeting the ,rue de ,vaugirard1 it widens into an irregular little square1 surrounded by sleepy-looking1 old-fashioned houses1 and looked down upon by the shining gray roofs and belfry of an ancient ,carmelite convent--is a green garden-door1 surmounted by the number 8#cb40 ,a ring will be answered by the barkings of one or two dogs2 and when the door is opened by the sober-suited serving-man1 the visitor finds himself in a garden full of embowering trees4 ,the house1 a long1 cozy1 irregular building1 standing at right angles with the street1 is covered with vines1 honeysuckles1 and clematis4 ,a part of the garden is laid out in flower-beds2 but the larger portion--fenced off with a green paling1 graveled1 and containing several sheds--is given up to the animals kept by the artist as her models4 ,there may be seen a horse1 a donkey1 four or five goats1 sheep of different breeds1 ducks1 cochinchinas1 and other denizens of the barn-yard1 all living together in perfect amity and good-will4 ,on fine days the artist may be found seated on a rustic chair inside the paling1 busily sketching one of these animals1 a wide-awake or sun-bonnet on her head4 ,if the visitor comes on a ,friday afternoon1 the time set apart for ,rosa's receptions1 he is ushered through glass doors into a hall1 where the walls are covered with paintings1 orange-trees and oleanders standing in green tubs in the corners1 and the floor 7since the artist crossed the ,channel67 covered with ,english oil-cloth4 ,from this hall a few stairs1 covered with thick gray drugget1 lead to the atelier1 on ,fridays turned into the reception-room4 ,this beautiful studio1 one of the largest and most finely proportioned in ,paris1 with its greenish-gray walls1 and plain green curtains to lofty windows that never let in daylight--the room being lighted entirely from the ceiling--has all its wood-work of dark oak1 as are the book-case1 tables1 chairs1 and other articles of furniture--richly carved1 but otherwise of severe simplicity--distributed about the room4 ,the walls are covered with paintings1 sketches1 casts1 old armor1 fishing-nets1 rude baskets and pouches1 poles1 gnarled and twisted vine-branches1 picturesque hats1 cloaks1 and sandals1 collected by the artist in her wanderings among the peasants of various regions2 nondescript draperies1 bones and skins of animals1 antlers and horns4 ,the fine old book-case contains as many casts1 skeletons1 and curiosities as books1 and is surrounded with as many busts1 groups in plaster1 shields1 and other artistic booty1 as its top can accommodate2 and the great ,gothic-looking stove at the upper end of the room is covered in the same way with little casts and bronzes4 ,paintings of all sizes1 and in every stage of progress1 are seen on easels at the lower end of the room1 the artist always working at several at a time4 ,stands of port-folios and stacks of canvas line the sides of the studio2 birds are chirping in cages of various dimensions1 and a magnificent parrot eyes you suspiciously from the top of a lofty perch4 ,scattered over a floor as bright as waxing can make it1 are skins of tigers1 oxen1 leopards1 and foxes--the only species of floor-covering admitted by the artist into her workroom4 8,they give me ideas10 she says of these favorite appurtenances2 8whereas the most costly and luxurious carpet is suggestive of nothing40 ,but the suggestion of picturesque associations is not the only service rendered by these spoils of the animal kingdom4 ,one sultry ,friday afternoon1 one of her admirers1 going earlier than her usual reception hour1 found her lying fast asleep under the long table at the upper end of the studio1 on her favorite skin1 that of a magnificent ox1 with stuffed head and spreading horns2 her head resting lovingly on that of the animal4 ,she had come in very tired from her weekly review of the classes at the ,school of ,design1 and had thrown herself down on the skin1 under the shade of the table1 to rest a few moments4 ,there was so much natural grace and simplicity in her attitude1 such innocence and peacefulness in her whole aspect1 and so much of the startled child in her expression1 as1 roused by the opening and shutting of the door1 she awoke and started to her feet1 that the picture seemed as beautiful as any created by the pencil4 ,here ,rosa ,bonheur receives her guests with the frankness1 kindness1 and unaffected simplicity for which she is so eminently distinguished4 ,in person she is small1 and rather under the middle height1 with a finely-formed head1 and broad rather than high forehead2 small1 well-defined1 regular features1 and good teeth2 hazel eyes1 very clear and bright2 dark-brown hair1 slightly wavy1 parted on one side and cut short in the neck2 a compact1 shapely figure2 hands small and delicate1 and extremely pretty little feet4 ,she dresses very plainly1 the only colors worn by her being black1 brown1 and gray2 and her costume consists invariably of a close-fitting jacket and skirt of simple materials4 ,on the rare occasions when she goes into company--for she accepts very few of the invitations with which she is assailed--she appears in the same simple costume1 of richer materials1 with the addition merely of a lace collar4 ,she wears none of the usual articles of feminine adornment2 they are not in accordance with her thoughts and occupations4 ,at work she wears a round pinafore or blouse of gray linen that envelops her from the neck to the feet4 ,she impresses one at first sight with the idea of a clear1 honest1 vigorous1 independent nature2 abrupt1 yet kindly2 original1 self-centred1 and decided1 without the least pretension or conceit2 but it is only when you have seen her conversing earnestly and heartily1 her enthusiasm roused by some topic connected with her art1 or with the great humanitary questions of the day2 when you have watched her kindling eyes1 her smile at once so sweet1 so beaming1 and so keen1 her expressive features irradiated1 as it were1 with an inner light1 that you perceive how very beautiful she really is4 ,to know how upright and how truthful she is1 how single-minded in her devotion to her art1 how simple and unassuming1 fully conscious of the dignity of her artistic power1 but respecting it rather as a talent committed to her keeping than as a quality personal to herself1 you must have been admitted to something more than the ordinary courtesy of a reception-day4 ,while1 if you would know how noble and how self-sacrificing she has been1 not only to every member of her own family1 but to others possessing no claim on her kindness but such as that kindness gave them1 you must learn it from those who have shared her bounty1 for you will never know a word of it from herself4 ,her dislike to being written about will prevent many interesting particulars in regard to her from becoming known2 but1 if they ever come to light1 they will show her life replete with noble teachings1 and that the great painter whose fame will go down to coming ages was as admirable a woman as she was gifted as an artist2 that her moral worth was no less transcendent than her genius4 ,rosa ,bonheur is an indefatigable worker4 ,she rises at six1 and paints until dusk1 when she lays aside her blouse1 puts on a bonnet and shawl of most unfashionable appearance1 and takes a turn through the neighboring streets alone1 or accompanied only by a favorite dog4 ,absorbed in her own thoughts1 and unconscious of every thing around her1 the first conception of a picture is often struck out by her in these rapid1 solitary walks in the twilight4 ,living solely for her art1 she has gladly resigned the cares of her outward existence to an old and devoted friend1 ,madame ,micas1 a widow lady1 who1 with her daughter1 resides with her4 ,mademoiselle ,micas is an artist1 and her beautiful groups of birds are well known in ,england4 ,she has been for many years ,rosa's most intimate companion4 ,every summer the two artists repair to some mountain district to sketch4 ,arrived at the regions inhabited only by the chamois1 they exchange their feminine habiliments for masculine attire1 and spend a couple of months in exploring the wildest recesses of the hills1 courting the acquaintance of their shy and swift-footed tenants1 and harvesting 8effects0 of storm1 rain1 and vapor as assiduously as those of sunshine4 ,though ,rosa is alive to the beauties of wood and meadow1 mountain scenery is her especial delight4 ,having explored the ,french chains and the ,pyrenees1 in the autumn of #ahef she visited ,scotland1 and made numerous sketches in the neighborhood of ,glenfallock1 ,glencoe1 and ,ballaculish4 ,struck by the beauty of the ,highland cattle1 she selected some choice specimens of these1 which she had sent down to ,wexham ,rectory1 near ,windsor1 where she resided1 and spent two months in making numerous studies1 from which she produced two pictures3 8,the ,denizens of the ,mountains0 and 8,morning in the ,highlands40 ,her preference for the stern1 the abrupt1 and the majestic over the soft1 the smiling1 and the fair1 makes ,italy1 with all its glories1 less attractive to her than the ruder magnificence of the ,pyrenees and the north4 ,among mountains the great artist is completely in her element2 out of doors from morning till night1 lodging in the humblest and remotest of road-side hotels1 or in the huts of wood-cutters1 charcoal-burners1 and chamois-hunters1 and living contentedly on whatever fare can be obtained4 ,in #ahef1 being furnished by families of distinction in the ,barnais and the ,basque provinces with introductions1 her party pushed their adventurous wanderings to the little station of ,peyronre1 the last inhabited point within the ,french frontier1 and thence up the romantic defiles of the ,valle d',urdos1 across the summit of the ,pyrenees4 ,their letters procured them a hospitable reception at each halting-place1 with a trusty guide for the next march4 ,in this way they crossed the mountains1 and gained the lonely posada of ,canfan1 the first on the ,spanish side of the ridge1 where1 for six weeks1 they saw no one but the muleteers with their strings of mules1 who would halt for the night at the little inn1 setting out at the earliest dawn for their descent of the mountains4 ,the people of the posada lived entirely on curdled sheep's milk1 the sole article of food the party could obtain on their arrival4 ,at one time1 by an early fall of snow1 they were shut out from all communication with the valley4 ,their threatened starvation was averted by the exertions of ,mademoiselle ,micas1 who managed to procure a quantity of frogs1 the hind legs of which she enveloped in leaves1 and toasted on sticks over a fire on the hearth4 ,on these frogs they lived for two days1 when the hostess was induced to attempt the making of butter from the milk of her sheep1 and even to allow the conversion of one of these animals into mutton for their benefit4 ,their larder thus supplied1 and black bread being brought for them by the muleteers from a village a long way off1 they gave themselves up to the pleasures of their wild life and the business of sketching4 ,the arrival of the muleteers1 in their embroidered shirts1 pointed hats1 velvet jackets1 leathern breeches1 and sandals1 was always a welcome event4 ,rosa paid for wine for them1 and they1 in return1 performed their national dances for her1 after which they would throw themselves down for the night upon sheepskins before the fire1 furnishing subjects for many picturesque croquis4 ,as the posada was a police-station1 established there as a terror to smugglers1 the little party felt perfectly safe1 notwithstanding its loneliness4 ,rosa was much pleased with her ,scotch tour4 ,she brought away a wonderful little ,skye terrier1 named 8,wasp10 of the purest breed1 and remarkably intelligent1 which she holds in great affection4 ,she has learned for its benefit several ,english phrases1 to which 8,wasp0 responds with appreciative waggings of the tail4 ,rosa ,bonheur has avowed her determination never to marry4 ,determined to devote her life to her favorite art1 she may be expected to produce a long line of noble works that will worthily maintain her present reputation2 while the virtues and excellences of her private character will win for her an ever-widening circle of admiration and respect4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century4 ,the ,practice of ,art in ,america4--,number of women ,artists increasing4--,prospect flattering4--,imperfection of ,sketches of living ,artists4--,rosalba ,torrens4--,miss ,murray4--,mrs4 ,lupton4--,miss ,denning4--,miss ,o',hara4--,mrs4 ,darley4--,mrs4 ,goodrich4--,miss ,foley4--,miss ,mackintosh and others4--,mrs4 ,ball ,hughes4--,mrs4 ,chapin4--,sketch of ,mrs4 ,duncan4--,the ,peale ,family4--,anecdote of ,general ,washington4--,mrs4 ,washington's ,punctuality4--,miss ,peale an ,artist in ,philadelphia4--,paints ,miniatures4--,copies ,pictures from great ,artists4--,she and her ,sister honorary ,members of the ,academy4--,her prosperous ,career4--,paints with her ,sister in ,baltimore and ,washington4--,marriage and ,widowhood4--,return to ,philadelphia4--,second ,marriage4--,happy ,home4--,mrs4 ,yeates4--,miss ,sarah ,m4 ,peale4--,success4--,removal to ,st4 ,louis4--,miss ,rosalba ,peale4--,miss ,ann ,leslie4--,early ,taste in ,painting4--,visits to ,london4--,copies ,pictures4--,miss ,sarah ,cole4--,mrs4 ,wilson4--,intense ,love of ,art4--,her ,sculptures4--,her impromptu ,modeling of ,emerson's ,head4--,mrs4 ,cornelius ,dubois4--,her ,taste for the ,sculptor's ,art4--,groups by her4--,studies in ,italy4--,her ,cameos4--,her ,kindness to ,artists4--,miss ,anne ,hall4--,early ,love of ,painting4--,lessons4--,copies old ,paintings in ,miniature4--,her original ,pictures4--,her ,merits of the highest ,order4--,groups in ,miniature4--,dunlap's ,praise4--,her ,productions numerous4--,mary ,s4 ,legar4--,her ,ancestry4--,mrs4 ,legar4--,early ,fondness for ,art shown by the ,daughter4--,her ,studies4--,little ,beauty in the ,scenery familiar to her4--,colonel ,cogdell's ,sympathy with her4--,success in ,copying4--,visit to the ,blue ,ridge4--,grand ,views4--,paintings of mountain ,scenery4--,removal to ,iowa4--8,legar ,college40--,her ,erudition and ,energy4--,her ,marriage4--,herminie ,dassel4--,reverse of ,fortune4--,painting for a ,living4--,visit to ,vienna and ,italy4--,removal to ,america4--,success and ,marriage4--,her social ,virtues and ,charity4--,miss ,jane ,stuart4--,mrs4 ,hildreth4--,mrs4 ,davis4--,mrs4 ,badger's ,book of ,flowers4--,mrs4 ,hawthorne4--,mrs4 ,hill4--,mrs4 ,greatorex4--,mrs4 ,woodman4--,miss ,gove4--,miss ,may4--,miss ,granbury4--,miss ,oakley4 ,in ,america the practice of art by woman is but in its commencement4 ,although many names of female artists are now familiar to the public1 and the number is rapidly increasing1 few have had time to accomplish all for which they may possess the ability4 ,the prospect1 however1 is one most flattering to our national pride4 ,the sketches of living ,american women who are pursuing art are chiefly prepared from materials furnished by their friends4 ,they are given in simplicity1 and may appear imperfect1 but we hope indulgence may be extended to them where they are inadequate to do justice to the subject4 ,rosalba ,torrens is mentioned by ,ramsay1 in his ,history of ,south ,carolina1 as a meritorious landscape-painter4 ,praise is also bestowed on ,eliza ,torrens1 afterward ,mrs4 ,cochran4 ,miss ,mary ,murray painted in crayons and water-colors in ,new ,york1 and produced many life-sized portraits1 which gained her celebrity4 ,madame ,planteau painted in ,washington about #ahbj1 and was highly esteemed4 ,dunlap mentions ,mrs4 ,lupton as a modeler4 ,she presented a bust of ,governor ,throop to the ,national ,academy of ,design in ,new ,york1 of which she was an honorary member4 ,many of her paintings elicited high commendation4 ,she executed many busts in clay1 of her friends4 ,there was hardly a branch of delicate workmanship in which she did not excel1 and her literary attainments were varied and extensive4 ,she was an excellent ,french scholar1 and a proficient in ,latin1 ,italian1 and ,spanish1 besides having mastered the ,hebrew sufficiently to read the ,old ,testament with ease4 ,in ,english literature she was thoroughly versed1 and was an advanced student in botany and natural history4 ,she was the daughter of ,dr4 ,platt ,townsend1 and was married early in life4 ,mr4 ,lupton1 a gentleman of high professional and literary attainments1 resided in the city of ,new ,york4 ,after his death his widow devoted herself to study1 that she might be qualified to educate her young daughter1 and1 after the loss of this only child1 pursued knowledge as a solace for her sorrows4 ,her talents and accomplishments1 her elevated virtues and charities1 and her attractive social qualities drew around her a circle of warm and admiring friends4 ,she lived a short time in ,canada1 and died at the house of a relative on ,long ,island4 ,miss ,charlotte ,denning1 of ,plattsburgh1 is spoken of as a clever miniature-painter1 and also ,miss ,o',hara1 in ,new ,york4 ,miss ,jane ,sully 7,mrs4 ,darley71 the daughter of the celebrated artist1 is mentioned as an artist of merit4 ,mrs4 ,goodrich1 of ,boston1 painted an excellent portrait of ,gilbert ,stuart1 which was engraved by ,durand for the ,national ,portrait ,gallery4 ,her miniatures have great merit1 and are marked by truth and expression4 ,margaret ,foley was a member of the ,new ,england ,school of ,design1 and gave instruction in drawing and painting4 ,she resided in ,lowell1 and was frequently applied to for her cameos1 which she cut beautifully4 ,miss ,sarah ,mackintosh was accustomed to draw on stone for a large glass company1 and other ladies designed in the carpet factory at ,lowell and in the ,merrimack print-works1 showing the ability of women to engage in such occupations4 ,several have made a livelihood by the business of engraving on wood1 and drawing for different works4 ,mrs4 ,ball ,hughes1 of ,boston1 the wife of the sculptor1 supported her family by painting and by giving lessons in the art4 ,mrs4 ,chapin had a large drawing school in ,providence1 and1 with facility in every style1 is said to be admirable in crayons4 ,many others might be mentioned1 but it does not comport with the design of this work to record even the names of all who deserve the tribute of praise4 ,,anna ,c4 ,,peale 7,,mrs4 ,,duncan74 ,several ladies of the ,peale family have been distinguished as artists1 and are mentioned in the histories of painting in ,america4 ,the parents of the subject of this sketch were ,captain ,james ,peale and ,mary ,claypoole4 ,her maternal ancestors1 the ,claypooles1 came to this country with ,william ,penn1 and were among the earliest settlers in ,philadelphia4 ,they claimed direct descent from ,oliver ,cromwell1 whose daughter ,elizabeth married ,sir ,john ,claypoole4 ,james ,peale had great celebrity as a painter1 and excelled both in miniatures and oil portraits4 ,he was not only remarkable for success in his likenesses1 but had the faculty of making them handsome withal1 so that he was called among his acquaintances 8the flattering artist40 ,this pleasing effect he gave1 not by altering the features1 but by happy touches of expression2 and it was one secret of his eminent success4 ,he painted1 from actual sittings1 several portraits of ,general ,washington and ,mrs4 ,washington4 ,one1 a miniature1 is now in the possession of his eldest daughter4 ,on one occasion1 when ,washington was sitting for his portrait in ,mr4 ,peale's painting-room1 he looked at his watch1 and said1 8,mr4 ,peale1 my time for sitting has expired2 but1 if three minutes longer will be of any importance to you1 ,i will remain1 and make up the time by hastening my walk up to the ,state ,house 7where ,congress was in session74 ,i know exactly how long it will take me to walk there2 and it will not do for me1 as ,president1 to be absent at the hour of meeting40 ,mrs4 ,washington was as remarkable for punctuality as her illustrious husband4 ,at one time1 during the general's absence1 he wrote to her to get ,mr4 ,james ,peale to paint her portrait in miniature1 and to send it to him4 ,mrs4 ,washington wrote a note to the artist1 saying that her presence at home was indispensable when the general was away1 and it would not be convenient for her to attend at his painting-room4 ,she requested him1 therefore1 to come to her house for the sittings1 and offered to accommodate herself to any hour when it would suit him to be away from his studio4 ,in his reply ,mr4 ,peale appointed seven o'clock in the morning4 ,when he left his home to keep the engagement for the first sitting1 it occurred to him that the lady might not be quite ready to see him at so early an hour4 ,he walked on1 accordingly1 more slowly than usual4 ,mrs4 ,washington met him with the observation1 8,mr4 ,peale1 ,i have been in the kitchen to give my orders for the day2 have read the newspaper1 and heard my niece her lesson on the harp2 yet have waited for you twenty minutes40 ,the gentleman1 of course1 felt exceedingly mortified1 and remarked that if his engagement had been with ,general ,washington he should have felt the importance of being punctual to the minute2 but he thought it necessary to allow a lady a little more time4 8,sir10 replied ,mrs4 ,washington1 8,i am as punctual as the general40 ,it may be imagined that ,mr4 ,peale took care to be at the house the next day at the time appointed4 ,dunlap1 in his sketch of the artist1 mentions his son and two daughters as having adopted their father's profession4 ,there were three daughters who did thus1 out of five who showed talent for art1 viz41 ,anna1 ,sarah1 and ,margaretta4 ,the son1 ,james ,peale1 showed1 from early youth1 a remarkable talent for landscape-painting4 ,his sketches from nature were admirable4 ,for many years1 though not a professional artist1 he contributed an exquisite picture to every opening of the annual exhibition of the ,academy of the ,fine ,arts1 in ,philadelphia4 ,anna was born in ,philadelphia1 and from childhood showed extraordinary talent for art4 ,when about fourteen years of age1 she copied in oil-colors two paintings by ,vernet2 and these1 sent to public auction1 brought her thirty dollars1 then esteemed a good price for first efforts4 ,stimulated by this reward of her labor1 she resolved to persevere1 and in time became able to command an independence4 ,her father had a large family to support by his profession of portrait and miniature painting1 and his daughter looked forward with pleasure to the thought of being a help instead of a burden to him4 ,it was not1 however1 until two years after that she was able seriously to apply herself to the art4 ,one other attempt only she made in oil-colors2 a small fruit-piece1 from nature4 ,her father thought miniature-painting on ivory the most suitable employment for a lady1 and urged her to make a trial of her powers in that branch4 ,she had learned much by standing behind his chair1 hours and hours at a time1 and watching his progress4 ,he took great pains in teaching her1 pointing out the peculiar touches that produced his best effects1 by giving a charm to the expression4 ,not only was ,miss ,peale assiduous in the study of her father's exquisite miniatures1 but she copied several executed by distinguished artists in that line4 ,one1 from a painting by the celebrated ,duchsne1 a portrait of ,napoleon1 was sold to a gentleman in ,philadelphia for one hundred and fifty dollars4 ,her ambition to attain to excellence1 now fairly kindled1 nerved her to industry and enterprise4 ,she painted a miniature of ,washington from a portrait1 which was purchased of her father by one of his friends and brother officers of the ,revolution1 ,colonel ,allen ,m#8,clain4 ,the first miniature portraits from life which she undertook were those of ,dr4 ,spencer ,h4 ,cone and his venerable mother4 ,these1 with one or two others1 were presented at the annual exhibition of the ,academy of the ,fine ,arts4 ,she and her sister1 ,miss ,sarah ,m4 ,peale1 were elected honorary members of this institution4 ,this sister had adopted portrait-painting in oil as her profession4 ,the artistic career thus commenced went on most prosperously4 ,although she owed nothing to any public notice of her talents1 ,miss ,anna ,peale soon found abundant occupation in painting miniature likenesses4 ,her health1 however1 suffered under her incessant labors1 and she was compelled to put a higher price on her work in order to reduce the number of applications4 ,she was so frequently solicited to paint the likenesses of children1 and found them such troublesome subjects1 that she charged double price for them4 ,from the commencement of ,miss ,peale's painting to her sister's entrance on the arena as a portrait-painter1 for some years1 it is believed1 she was the only professional lady artist in ,philadelphia4 ,the sisters1 after having commenced their labors1 passed their time alternately in ,philadelphia and ,baltimore2 in the latter city receiving unbounded attention and encouragement from families of the highest respectability4 ,they were not only well received as artists1 but were welcomed as friends and hospitably entertained4 ,they were much caressed by the family of the venerable ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton4 ,miss ,sarah painted in oil a portrait of his daughter1 ,mrs4 ,caten4 ,the sisters afterward went to ,washington to paint the portrait of ,general ,la ,fayette1 who sat for it at their request4 ,anna spent the winter of #ahai in the ,federal city with her uncle1 ,charles ,m4 ,peale1 who went there for the purpose of painting the portraits of many distinguished members of ,congress4 ,they worked in the same studio4 ,general ,jackson was one of their sitters4 ,miss ,peale retained his portrait1 and has it still in her possession4 ,president ,monroe also had his likeness taken1 and the artists were often hospitably entertained at the 8,white ,house0 by the ,president and his amiable wife4 ,during the time of her stay in ,washington1 ,miss ,peale had her time filled up with commissions2 she painted several of the members of ,congress1 among whom were ,henry ,clay and ,colonel ,r4 ,m4 ,johnson4 ,in the following year ,miss ,peale again visited ,washington4 ,she painted a miniature likeness of that remarkable character1 ,john ,randolph of ,roanoke4 ,it is now in her possession4 ,so incessant was her application to work1 that during the summer she was obliged to travel for the recovery of her health1 and to give rest to her eyes4 ,several times they were attacked with inflammation1 and at one time she had cause to dread the total loss of sight4 ,some time after this period she visited ,boston1 where she painted several portraits4 ,daniel ,webster sat twice for a miniature1 which she never quite finished4 ,in #ahbi ,miss ,peale received the addresses of ,rev4 ,dr4 ,william ,staughton1 a ,baptist clergyman of much learning and distinction4 ,he was about that time elected president of the ,theological ,college at ,georgetown1 ,kentucky4 ,they were married ,august #bgth1 #ahbi1 and left ,philadelphia for the scene of the husband's future labors4 ,while they were in the city of ,washington1 ,dr4 ,staughton was taken ill4 ,he died early in ,december1 in a little more than three months after the marriage4 ,the widow returned to ,philadelphia the following spring4 ,she resumed her profession1 and painted with as great success as before4 ,her second marriage1 with ,general ,william ,duncan1 a gentleman highly esteemed in social life1 may be said to have closed her career as an artist1 though her love for art can never be lost4 ,in her happy home1 surrounded by accomplished relatives1 and beloved by a large circle of friends1 she looks back with pride to the days when she toiled to woo the ,muse of ,painting1 and still acknowledges the truthful remark of the ,german poet3 8,he who can not apprehend the ,beautiful has no heart for the ,good40 ,the only person to whom ,mrs4 ,duncan ever gave lessons in miniature-painting was her niece1 ,mary ,jane ,simes1 now the wife of ,dr4 ,john ,yeates1 of ,baltimore4 ,this lady is an artist of no small celebrity4 ,miss ,sarah ,m4 ,peale excelled not only in oil portraits but in still-life pieces4 ,she has resided for the last ten years in ,st4 ,louis1 whither she was induced to go by the invitation of numerous friends4 ,she found there such encouragement and success1 with such warm regard from her friends1 that she has not as yet found leisure to leave her engrossing pursuits for a visit to her native city4 ,her varied talents and amiable character are justly appreciated1 and she has gathered around her a large and estimable circle4 ,she possesses a fine talent for music in addition to her other accomplishments4 ,mrs4 ,rembrandt ,peale is highly spoken of as a painter in oil-colors4 ,miss ,rosalba ,peale is an amateur artist1 and is said to have been the first lady member of any ,academy of ,art in ,america4 ,,ann ,,leslie4 ,the name of ,leslie has been placed by a painter of eminent merit among the most distinguished of this century1 and his sister has contributed to its fame4 ,she was born in ,philadelphia2 her parents1 ,robert ,leslie and ,lydia ,baker1 went to ,london in #agic1 when she was an infant1 and returned in #agii4 ,she showed a taste for painting in childhood1 but did not take it up as a regular employment till #ahbb1 at which time she was again in ,london1 on a visit to her brother4 ,she copied several of his pictures1 and two or three by ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds1 besides painting portraits of her friends4 ,she returned in #ahbe to ,philadelphia1 with her sister1 ,mrs4 ,henry ,carey1 and her brother-in-law1 but paid another visit to ,london four years afterward4 ,several copies she made from pictures were engraved for the ,atlantic ,souvenir4 ,one of 8,sancho and the ,duchess0 was pronounced equal to the original in execution4 ,her skill was great in imitating coloring1 but she was accustomed to make the outlines mechanically4 ,her life was passed in cheerful and contented activity4 ,she resided several years in ,new ,york1 where she occupied herself chiefly in copying paintings4 ,she died in the summer of #aheg4 ,miss ,sarah ,cole1 the sister of the celebrated artist1 had a great deal of talent1 and not only copied paintings1 but produced original compositions4 ,she was born in ,england1 but spent most of her life in the ,united ,states4 ,she died in #aheh4 ,,mrs4 ,,wilson4 ,mrs4 ,lee mentions ,mrs4 ,wilson of ,cincinnati as having displayed much original talent in sculpture4 ,the following account is from a friend's letter3 8,she is the wife of a physician of ,cincinnati1 and was born1 ,i believe1 in or near ,cooperstown1 ,new ,york4 ,her first impressions of persons and things are expressed in her conversation4 ,she is a perfect child of nature1 impulsive1 but wonderfully perceptive1 and with so much freshness that all persons of mind are attracted to her4 ,her infancy and youth were very much shadowed by domestic sufferings1 originating1 at first1 in the loss of a large property by her father1 who in consequence removed to the ,west4 ,he died when she was quite young4 ,she married ,dr4 ,wilson1 a most excellent person1 of ,quaker family4 ,all circumstances were such1 that an early revelation or development was not made of her artistic powers4 ,in visiting a sculptor's studio the desire first awoke2 an intelligent friend encouraged and sympathized with her1 and ,mrs4 ,wilson procured the materials4 ,her feeling was so intense that it could not be repressed4 ,her husband was her first subject4 ,she worked with so much energy that sometimes she would faint away1 and on one of these occasions he said1 #8,if you are not more moderate1 ,i will throw that thing out of the window4' ,but it was finished1 proving a perfect likeness1 and she chiseled it in stone4 ,it is in her parlor at ,cincinnati1 a most beautiful bust1 and an admirable likeness1 and seems like a miracle1 considering it was her first attempt4 8,another marvelous work is the figure of her son4 ,he threw himself on the floor one morning in an attitude at once striking and picturesque4 ,to copy it required a perfectly correct eye1 or a knowledge of anatomy4 ,she courageously attempted it2 the attitude was repeated1 and her success was triumphant4 ,it is only a cast1 and the cast does not do justice to the finish of her work1 but she has not been able to procure a block of marble for the copy4 ,the effect is wonderful for its spirit and the accuracy of its anatomy4 ,she has commenced other subjects1 but some of them are not finished1 and to others accidents have happened4 8,she has a family of children1 and is a devoted mother4 ,we think stone will have but little chance with those beings of flesh and blood whose minds and hearts she is carefully modeling4 ,perhaps family cares may be the true secret why female sculptors are so rare2 but we congratulate this lady that she has the true perception of the beautiful1 and feel quite sure it will mitigate the suffering from delicate health1 and scatter fragrant flowers and healing herbs in the sometimes rugged paths of duty40 ,a gentleman acquainted with ,mrs4 ,wilson mentioned an incident that occurred on a journey to the ,mammoth ,cave of ,kentucky4 ,struck with the aspect of a distinguished person in the company--,mr4 ,emerson--the sculptress gave directions to stop near a bank of soft red clay1 and1 putting out one hand to grasp a sufficient portion of the material1 with the other she signed to her subject to remain motionless4 ,in a few moments she had modeled a very creditable likeness of the author4 ,,mrs4 ,,dubois4 ,mrs4 ,cornelius ,dubois1 now residing in ,new ,york1 and devoted to the charitable institution of the ,nursery and ,child's ,hospital1 has shown much talent for sculpture and cameo-cutting4 ,mrs4 ,lee describes her as having discovered1 accidentally1 about #ahdb1 a taste for modeling1 in the following manner3 8,her father had his bust taken4 ,before the casting1 he asked his daughter her opinion of it as a likeness4 ,she pointed out some defects which the artist corrected in her presence1 upon which she exclaimed1 #8,i could do that6' and requested the sculptor to give her some clay1 from which she modeled1 with but little labor1 a bust of her husband1 and was eminently successful in the likeness4 ,she then decided to take lessons1 but illness having interfered with her plans1 she abandoned the intention1 and worked on by herself1 with merely the instruction from the sculptor to keep her clay moist until her work was completed4 8,when she recovered her health sufficiently1 she continued to mould1 and1 among other works1 produced the likenesses of two of her little children1 the group of ,cupid and ,psyche1 a copy2 and a novice1 an original piece4 ,she also carved a head of the ,madonna in marble2 a laborious and exciting work1 which injured her health to such a degree that her physician interdicted her devotion to the arts4 8,she then went to ,italy1 where she desired the first artist in cameos to give her lessons4 ,when he saw some that she had cut1 he told her that he could teach her nothing2 she had only to study the antiques4 8,her works in cameos are #8,st4 ,agnes and her ,lamb1' #8,alcibiades1' #8,guido's ,angel1' #8,raphael's ,hope1' and the #8,apollo4' ,she took over thirty likenesses in cameo1 requiring only an hour's sitting1 after which they were completed4 8,notwithstanding the care of a large family1 the superintendence of the education of her daughters1 and the sad drawback of ill health1 her energy has never failed her4 ,she has always extended a helping hand and a smile of encouragement to young artists1 one of whom was in ,brown's studio2 another is the sculptor of the #8,shipwrecked ,mother1' who alludes to her kindness in his short autobiography4 8,but1 while ascending the ladder to fame1 her progress was arrested by ill health1 and she now lives only to feel1 as she says1 how little she has done compared to what she might do could she devote herself to the art4 ,anxious to impart to others this great gift1 and to stimulate her countrywomen to the development of any latent talent they may possess1 she formed a class of young ladies1 and most disinterestedly devoted a certain portion of her time to their instruction for several months4 8,while all who know her admire the artist for her talents1 her unceasing energy1 and philanthropic exertions1 they behold in her the good wife1 mother1 and friend1 and the elegant and accomplished woman1 presiding over the social circle4 ,her heart remains true to the gentle influences of nature1 while her genius is ever responsive to immortal ,art40 ,,anne ,,hall4 ,anne ,hall was born in ,pomfret1 ,connecticut4 ,she was the third daughter of ,dr4 ,jonathan ,hall1 a physician of distinction4 ,her talent for art was early developed1 and her father1 who loved painting1 endeavored to foster the promise of her childhood4 ,a visitor having presented her with a box of colors and pencils1 she began to use them2 and her father1 who was pleased with her progress1 procured for her a box of colors from ,china4 ,she had a brother who admired and valued pictures1 and whose praise encouraged her to continue her childish attempts4 ,he supplied her with such materials as she needed for drawing and painting4 ,every hint she received from artists was turned to account1 and she gave herself to her favorite occupation with enthusiasm4 ,she delighted in imitating nature2 and fruits1 birds1 flowers1 and even fish and insects were subjects for her pencil2 but she took especial pleasure in producing likenesses of her friends4 ,living in a retired part of the country1 she had little access to paintings of value for a long time2 but1 being sent on a visit to a relative in ,newport1 ,rhode ,island1 she received some instruction in painting on ivory from ,mr4 ,samuel ,king1 who had been an early teacher of ,alston1 and also of ,malbone4 ,miss ,hall gained less knowledge from her master's lessons1 however1 than from copying some paintings of the old masters which her brother afterward sent home from ,cadiz and other places in ,spain4 ,these were faithfully copied on ivory in miniature4 8,a ,mother and a ,sleeping ,child10 still in her possession1 shows her progress at this time4 8,a ,mother in ,tears10 copied from a painting on ivory1 was much admired as evidence of fidelity in copying and skill in coloring4 ,studying the pictures procured by her brother1 she learned to appreciate their excellences1 while1 by comparing them with nature1 she was enabled to avoid the formality of a mere copyist4 ,she began now to give form and coloring to the conceptions of her imagination1 and attempted original composition4 ,miss ,hall took some lessons in oil-painting from ,alexander ,robertson in ,new ,york1 but has chiefly devoted herself to painting in water-colors on ivory4 ,her merits have been acknowledged by the most distinguished artists in ,new ,york and different parts of the ,united ,states to be of the highest order4 ,among her miniature copies of oil pictures by old masters1 two from ,guido were particularly noticed as executed with surprising vigor and a rich glow of coloring4 ,her groups of children from life were done with masterly skill1 and finished with a taste and delicacy which a woman's hand only could exhibit4 ,her portraits in miniature were acknowledged to possess exquisite delicacy and beauty4 ,the soft colors seem breathed on the ivory rather than applied with the brush4 ,a miniature group often sold for five hundred dollars4 ,dunlap mentions one of her compositions as 8marked with the beautiful simplicity of some of ,reynolds's or ,lawrence's portraits of children1 evincing a masterly touch and glowing in admirable coloring40 ,miss ,hall was unanimously elected a member of the ,national ,academy of ,design in ,new ,york4 ,her portrait of a lovely ,greek girl1 from life1 was engraved1 and the rare beauty of the painting was universally acknowledged4 ,the floating silken waves of hair have an unrivaled effect4 ,a group of two girls and a boy is admirable in composition1 color1 and expression4 ,miss ,hall's 8management of infant beauty0 is1 indeed1 unsurpassed2 her flowers and children1 ,dunlap observes1 8combine in an elegant bouquet40 ,one of the best of her original compositions is a group of a mother and child--,mrs4 ,jay and her infant4 ,the first1 clasping the babe to her bosom1 has a ,madonna-like beauty2 the child is perfect in attitude and expression4 ,another group of a mother and two young children1 the widow and orphans of the late ,matthias ,bruen1 has a most charming expression4 ,one of the children was painted as a cherub in a separate picture1 much valued by artists as a rare specimen of skill4 ,miss ,hall has also painted the portraits in miniature of many persons distinguished in the best social circles of ,new ,york4 ,several of her groups have been copied in enamel in ,france1 and thus made indestructible4 ,three children of ,mrs4 ,ward1 with a dog and bird2 a child holding a grape-vine branch2 with portraits of ,mrs4 ,crawford1 widow of the sculptor1 ,mrs4 ,divie ,bethune1 and the daughters of ,governor ,king1 may be mentioned among numerous works1 a single one of which has sufficient merit to establish the author's claim to the reputation she has long enjoyed1 of being the best of ,american miniaturists4 ,,mary ,,swinton ,,legar 7,,mrs4 ,,bullen74 ,the family of ,legar 7once spelled ,l',egare7 is of the old stock of ,french ,huguenots who furnished the best blood of ,carolina4 ,madame ,legar1 an honored ancestress of our subject1 being a firm ,huguenot1 immediately after the revocation of the ,edict of ,nantes sent to ,america her only child1 ,solomon1 then seventeen years old2 parting with him1 as she believed1 forever in this life1 that he might be saved from peril1 and not be tempted to abandon his faith4 ,this boy--called by his descendants 8,the ,huguenot0--went first to ,canada1 and in #afhe to ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina4 ,he became the ancestor of a numerous posterity1 of which1 during the ,revolution1 thirteen bearing the name were patriot soldiers1 active in the cause of ,american liberty4 ,on the death of her husband1 ,madame ,legar left her native ,france and came to ,america4 ,here she found her son married1 and the father of nine children4 ,she had given him up for religion's sake2 ,god restored him to her arms1 able to minister to her declining years4 ,her grandson1 the great-grandfather of ,hugh and ,mary ,legar1 died in #aggd1 at the age of seventy-nine4 ,yet1 when the ,colonies entered into a compact for mutual defense1 he resolutely refused to be put on the list of the 8aged and noncombatant10 saying he was able to 8shoulder his musket with any man10 besides managing a charger equal to any trooper2 he 8would not be insulted by being laid aside40 ,thus our heroine had a great-grandfather and two grandfathers1 besides other relatives1 in the patriot army of the ,revolution1 where youths of sixteen and eighteen often fought beside their grandsires4 ,the father of ,miss ,legar married a lady whose grandfather1 ,alexander ,swinton1 of a ,scottish family1 was sent from ,england1 about #agbh1 as surveyor-general of the province of ,south ,carolina4 ,he lost a large estate by the villainy of executors and guardians2 but after his death1 ,hugh ,swinton1 his son1 was taken to ,scotland by his uncle1 and educated as became a young gentleman of birth and fortune1 being married to a descendant of that ,john ,hayne who fled from the persecution of the ,puritans by ,charles ,,ii4 and his bishops1 and fixed his home in ,carolina4 ,thus1 on both sides1 a heritage of honor and religious faith is derived from her ancestors by the lady who fills a place in our humble annals4 ,the name of ,hugh ,swinton ,legar is endeared to all ,south ,carolinians1 the more so as his genius and literary attainments commanded celebrity on both sides of the ,atlantic4 ,his sister's talents are not inferior to his1 though she has filled no place in the national councils nor at foreign courts1 but in a quiet and uneventful life has made her impression on the social and intellectual advancement of the day4 ,the youngest of three children who survived the father1 she was born in ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 where her childhood and youth were spent4 ,mrs4 ,legar1 left a widow before she had completed her twenty-eighth year1 devoted her time and means entirely to the education of her little ones4 ,she was a woman of extraordinary mental powers1 and her mind had been sedulously cultivated4 ,her ideas of education were broad and comprehensive1 and her efforts were directed to the training of her children in such a manner as to make their lives exemplary1 useful1 and happy1 as well as to develop their intellects4 ,how well she succeeded the honorable career of all her children testifies4 ,the noble character and life of her eldest daughter1 ,mrs4 ,bryan1 and the brilliant fame achieved by the son1 add evidence to the fact that she was one of those mothers whose offspring rise up to call her blessed4 ,mrs4 ,legar died on the #ast of ,january1 #ahdc1 in the seventy-second year of her age4 ,it was not strange that the children should grow up cherishing a deep and intense love for so excellent a mother4 ,mary1 an infant when bereft of her father1 very early showed a fondness for study1 and a special predilection for the languages and the fine arts4 ,even before she was able to express emotions of admiration or delight1 she evinced a remarkable sensibility both to melody and color4 ,when less than three years old1 she would be affected to tears or moved to joyous mirth by different musical sounds4 ,beautiful pictures had for her young fancy irresistible fascination at an age when she could hardly be supposed able to recognize the objects they represented4 ,her mother frequently observed of her little ,mary that1 when she showed signs of impatience or weariness1 or fretted for want of amusement1 all that was necessary to soothe her discontent or charm her into happiness was to furnish her with paper and a pencil4 ,the child would amuse herself for hours with her drawings4 ,her decided talents for music and painting--coloring in particular--were soon perceived by this tender mother1 who determined to give her daughter every possible aid in the cultivation of tastes so congenial to her own1 ,mrs4 ,legar being herself accomplished in no ordinary degree in both these lady-like pursuits4 ,miss ,legar had resolved to make herself mistress of the languages even before she could read and write ,english with any great proficiency4 ,she had in these studies1 and other branches of scholarship1 the best teachers that could be procured4 ,her mother was her first instructor in music4 ,but it was otherwise in the art to which she had determined especially to devote herself2 no efficient teacher of drawing could be found4 ,although remuneration for lessons was liberal--thirty dollars per term being paid--it was almost impossible to find any one capable of giving proper instruction4 ,the young girl was therefore obliged to practice unaided the art she began to love with increased enthusiasm1 and her progress was still more retarded by the want of models or scenes in nature that might take her fancy4 ,the low country of ,south ,carolina--affording the only landscapes she had ever seen--abounds in flat and swampy districts4 ,there is much beauty for an unaccustomed eye in the bleached wilderness of pine-land1 with its stately1 solemn groves1 through which the wind surges with ocean-like murmur2 but it is not of the kind available for the artist4 ,nor is that of the swamp1 with its immeasurable extent of wood and impenetrable undergrowth1 through which may be seen at intervals the dark1 turbid water soaking its way through masses of tangled weeds1 the slimy abode of reptiles1 or the hiding-place of the water-fowl4 ,there are green morasses choked with vegetation1 into which the sunbeams never penetrate2 or over the quagmire1 rank with decay1 rise giant trees1 twined with thick creepers1 and burying the matted brush beneath them in black shadow4 ,the trees are often loaded with the gray hanging moss that forms the ornament of woods in the low lands4 ,the mixture of gloom and beauty1 of luxuriance and horror1 is a striking novelty to the ,northern visitor4 ,the ragged thickets1 too1 are alternated with islands of lovely verdure2 the water-lily decks the dark lakelet with its broad leaves and white flowers2 and graceful vines festoon the evergreens1 mingling bright blossoms with their leaves of sombre verdure4 ,such scenes presented little to tempt the copyist1 yet1 notwithstanding her difficulties and discouragements in painting1 ,miss ,legar continued to struggle on toward the idea of perfection in her untutored imagination4 ,her brother ,hugh was wont to remark that 8her passion lay there10 in the painter's art4 ,she found not much sympathy in this chosen pursuit1 till some time in the year #ahbg1 when she became acquainted with a gentleman who possessed a similar taste1 cultivated in a high degree by superior knowledge of art4 ,this was ,colonel ,john ,s4 ,cogdell1 who at that time had considerable celebrity as an amateur painter4 ,miss ,legar submitted her efforts to his careful criticism1 and received from him the instruction she needed4 ,she has attributed her subsequent success to his aid4 ,he procured for her study the finest new pictures that could be obtained4 ,among the artists whose works were now introduced to her1 ,doughty became1 to her fancy1 the beau ideal of excellence4 ,even when a child she had been accustomed to turn away in disgust1 with a 8',tis not pretty1 mamma10 from flaring or exaggerated colors in a picture4 ,doughty's subdued coloring1 and soft1 dreamy style1 kindled her imagination1 and aroused her ardent emulation4 8,could ,i but paint one picture like ,doughty's60 she would often exclaim2 and it may be said her earliest initiation into the school of ,nature1 and into an apprehension of her seductive beauties1 was by seeing the works of this eminent ,american landscape-painter1 whom his country allowed to languish in bitter penury1 for want of the appreciation his genius should have commanded4 ,miss ,legar's first attempt to copy one of his paintings succeeded beyond the most sanguine expectations of herself and her friends4 ,colonel ,cogdell encouraged her still more by saying1 8,you have an eye for color1 which must insure you success in copying nature40 ,in truth1 the young artist did not long remain satisfied with spending all her energies merely in copying the works of others4 ,though she had never visited any other region than the low forest country of her native state1 she endeavored to create scenes by combining various objects into a single composition4 ,landscapes and rustic scenes in every variety were her delight2 yet1 having never seen a mountain1 nor the country in any aspects different from the monotonous views in her neighborhood1 how was she to produce an original picture8 ,how do justice in any way to the powers of which she felt conscious8 ,it was not so easy for a lady to travel4 ,in the ,south particularly1 she would be hampered in many ways2 and 8,mrs4 ,grundy0 would have devoted to death by torture any young girl who could have done so heinous a thing as take a journey of observation by herself6 ,miss ,legar1 therefore1 was shut in to contemplation of the boundless ocean and the swamp forest almost as limitless4 ,dark scenes and deep shadows1 with warm glowing skies became features in her paintings1 and her trees of great variety1 clear1 deep water1 and skies were pronounced by critics superior to those of the artists she most admired4 ,she adopted in a measure the style of ,ruysdael1 mingled1 in the more delicate shades1 with the warmth of ,cuyp4 ,in the summer of #ahcc her longing wish was gratified4 ,she went1 accompanied by her mother1 to spend the warm season amid the glorious mountain scenery of the ,blue ,ridge in ,north ,carolina4 ,this region has been thought to surpass in magnificence and majesty any mountainous district in the ,atlantic ,states4 ,miss ,legar was far more delighted with these mountains than with the scenery of ,lake ,george and the ,hudson1 which she had visited the year before1 finding it1 as well as the ,alleghany range1 to disappoint her expectations4 ,but when1 on her approach to ,asheville1 her eyes rested on the exhaustless variety of form and tint1 blended into soft harmony1 on the distant ,blue ,ridge1 the beauty and sublimity of the scene filled her with emotions she had no language to express4 ,there was awful grandeur as well as touching loveliness in the view4 ,pisgah and surrounding peaks towering skyward--the summit covered with vapor that glowed with gorgeous colors1 like a drapery of scarlet and gold--the vast mass played on by the mellow purple and violet tints peculiar to lofty mountains--the delicate azure mingling with fairy lights of golden violet--all softened into harmony by an atmosphere so transparent1 so ,claude-like in its purity1 that it seemed the movement of a bird could be discerned at a distance of forty or fifty miles6 ,miss ,legar here realized1 for the first time1 what few out of ,italy can realize1 the naturalness of ,claude's landscapes2 the exquisite art of his unequaled coloring1 which gives to his delineations of ,alpine scenery so wonderful an effect4 ,miss ,legar's intense enjoyment of the beauties of nature in this favored region during a three months' residence gave her an invincible repugnance to the work of copying the productions of any human artist4 ,she always painted in oil2 and1 having brought no materials with her1 could not transfer to her sketches the colors she so admired while on the spot4 ,but memory had faithfully treasured these delicious pictures1 and on her return to ,charleston she lost no time in putting them on canvas4 8,a ,view on the ,suwannee10 now in possession of the widow of ,colonel ,cogdell1 was pronounced by him a master-piece4 ,another view on the ,french ,broad1 illustrating the distinguishing characteristics of the scenery of that river1 was purchased in #ahcd by the proprietors of the ,art ,union in ,new ,york4 ,the first scene that had so struck ,miss ,legar was painted on too large a scale4 ,it was1 however1 much admired2 and the same subject1 represented in smaller compass1 is esteemed a finer picture4 ,in ,miss ,legar's landscapes she gives to her coloring and combinations as much idealizing as truth to nature will admit4 ,an artist1 who was delighted both with her music and her painting1 observed of the latter to her brother ,hugh1 8,it is natural1 but more beautiful than nature2 it is poetical40 ,another1 when ,hugh remarked that she must go to ,italy1 replied1 8,no1 your sister studies our own wild nature--rich1 romantic1 glowing under a tropical sun1 luxuriant when touched with frost2 if she go to ,italy1 or study the old landscape-painters1 she may give a finer finish1 but it will be artificial40 ,these artistic criticisms gave her encouragement2 and when she repeated to ,mr4 ,cogdell what was said in praise of her works1 he would say1 triumphantly1 8,i told you so1 but you would not believe me60 ,her rich foregrounds1 transparent water1 and distant mountains1 as well as her skies and foliage1 have been highly praised by ,sully and other eminent artists4 ,she owed to ,mr4 ,cogdell her introduction to the science of perspective1 having been accustomed in early efforts to be guided by the eye alone4 ,a knowledge of anatomy was of use1 as she always introduced figures into her landscapes1 painted with fidelity and spirit4 ,she excels1 besides1 in the delineation of animals1 wild and domestic1 especially dogs1 cows1 and sheep4 ,a ,spanish pointer1 painted nearly of life size1 was so perfect in anatomy that ,dr4 ,sewell of ,washington pronounced it a study for a student of that branch4 8,the ,hounds of ,st4 ,bernard0 is an admirable painting4 ,the piteous1 appealing expression in the face of one that is represented howling for aid struck even every child who saw it4 ,a little girl exclaimed1 8,how sorry that dog is6 he is afraid the people won't come40 ,besides animals1 ,miss ,legar has painted portraits2 but this branch never enlisted her enthusiasm--that was for landscapes4 ,on the appointment of her brother as a member of ,president ,tyler's cabinet in #ahda1 ,miss ,legar accompanied him to ,washington4 ,her life of calm enjoyment was soon disturbed by sorrow4 ,she was bereaved of mother1 sister1 and brother within the space of a year4 ,she had long cherished a purpose of visiting the ,western country1 and in ,june1 #ahdi1 went to ,iowa4 ,finding the country very productive and well suited to farming purposes1 she sent for some of the children of her deceased sister4 ,they came with their families to the new home1 and formed a colony of twenty-one persons4 ,the scenery in ,iowa1 though often beautiful1 is tame compared to the mountainous country of the ,atlantic states4 ,green fields1 luxuriant woods1 flower-bordered streams1 and groves carpeted with wild grass1 forming a charming variety of landscape1 are presented2 but there are few scenes that startle with their magnificence or grandeur4 ,miss ,legar found1 in the new cares that surrounded her1 and the habits of life so different from those to which she had been accustomed1 such a pressure of occupation1 that her beloved art was for a time abandoned4 ,the ,western housekeeper usually finds little time for the pleasures of the imagination2 but she was not one to forget the best interests of others1 particularly of her own sex4 ,she established an institution called 8,legar ,college10 for the liberal education of women1 at ,west ,point1 in ,lee ,county1 ,iowa4 ,her talents and taste1 her varied and uncommon learning and energy1 as well as her means1 were devoted to the support of this institution2 but its aim was too far in advance of the age in ,iowa1 or1 rather1 its operations were impeded by that utilitarian spirit which has set its heavy1 ungainly foot on every high aspiration in this country1 and has prevented the progress of woman toward improvement that might enlarge her sphere of usefulness4 ,a writer who is intimately acquainted with ,miss ,legar--now ,mrs4 ,bullen--thus speaks of her accomplishments3 8,the literature of the world1 its science and its art1 are with her as household things4 ,they flow from her eloquent tongue as music from the harp of the minstrel4 ,no pent-up ,utica confines her powers--no ,aztec theory of woman cripples her labors1 or impoverishes her mind or her policy4 ,a ,mississippi feeling1 and theory1 and action actuate her1 and we may all look for corresponding results40 ,her influence in the community where she resides has directed attention to both art and literature4 ,mrs4 ,bullen intends resuming the pencil she has for years almost entirely laid aside4 ,she has completed a design for a painting to be called 8,the ,squatter's ,home40 ,it shows a wagon under the shade of a ,western group of tall trees1 which serves for the sleeping-place of the emigrant family4 ,the mother is washing beside a stream2 the children are gathering strawberries4 ,,herminie ,,dassel4 ,mrs4 ,dassel was a native of ,knigsberg1 ,prussia4 ,her father's name was ,borchard2 he was a banker1 and at one time a man of fortune1 which enabled him to secure to his children an excellent education4 ,he lost his property in #ahci1 in consequence of financial troubles in ,america2 the liquidation of his affairs reduced his possessions to a small farm1 depriving his family of teachers1 servants1 horses and carriages1 and all the comforts which they had enjoyed4 ,upon the elder children devolved the duties of housekeeping1 and the cultivation of the farm to some extent1 as well as the instruction of the younger members of the family4 ,at this time ,herminie devoted herself to the art of painting as a profession1 hoping to derive from it a support for herself and family4 ,she would attend to her household duties in the morning1 and then1 with port-folio in hand1 wander off over the dusty or muddy road to the city1 and again return to attend to the flowers and cabbages1 and the making of cheese and butter4 ,she soon had the satisfaction of receiving a commission for a full-sized portrait of a clergyman2 this she painted in the church1 with her model on the altar1 the country folk standing about1 astonished and wondering that such a tiny little girl could accomplish such a marvel4 ,she soon went to ,dsseldorf1 attracted thither by the pictures of ,sohn1 which she saw in an exhibition in her native city4 ,she studied with this artist four years1 supporting herself entirely by her own exertions4 ,her pictures found ready sale1 consisting of such subjects as 8,children in the ,wood10 8,peasant ,girls in a ,vineyard10 8,children going to the ,pasture with ,goats10 etc4 ,after her return home she applied herself again to portrait-painting1 in order to obtain money sufficient for a tour to ,italy1 which was the great end of her ambition4 ,she was fortunate enough to be able to accumulate in one year a thousand dollars4 ,out of this sum she furnished her brother with an amount large enough to secure his promotion to a doctor's degree1 as she wanted to have him accompany her as a traveling companion4 ,a journey to ,italy was much opposed by all her relatives2 a girl so young1 fresh1 and diminutive could not protect herself2 she would inevitably encounter serious misfortunes4 ,but her mind was made up2 she packed her things1 took leave of her friends1 and one morning started off on the way to ,vienna1 directing her brother to follow her4 ,she was never in want of friends2 every where persons took an interest in her2 without money one day1 it was sure to come on the next2 and her faith was never shaken by any accident or hardship4 ,in ,vienna she began her studies1 seeking models in the streets1 and taking them to her room4 ,from ,vienna she passed into ,italy4 ,of her studious life in ,italy many sketches bear witness4 ,the breaking out of the revolution in #ahdh obliged ,herminie to leave ,italy1 and as the route to ,germany was unsafe1 and she feared becoming a burden to her friends1 she resolved to go to the ,united ,states4 ,an opportunity presented itself to travel in company with a family in whose house she lived after her brother had been called home by the government4 ,she rolled up her sketches1 put them in a tin box1 and repaired to ,leghorn4 ,when about to pay her passage1 the draft she presented was refused4 ,she sat weeping over the disappointment1 with letters before her from friends in ,rome and ,germany1 imploring her to abandon this suicidal plan of emigration2 representing strongly the dangers of the journey1 the hardships she would encounter in a foreign land1 without money and without friends4 ,she came down to supper4 ,a traveler just arrived1 observing her eyes red with weeping1 was led to show an interest in her2 she related her troubles1 upon which the stranger examined the draft1 and1 finding it good1 gave her the cash for it4 ,this gentleman was an ,italian1 and she continued in correspondence with him4 ,the next day she was on board a vessel bound for this country4 ,she arrived in ,february1 #ahdi4 ,the only letter of introduction she brought was to ,mr4 ,hagedorn1 of ,philadelphia1 in whom she subsequently found a friend and protector4 ,she landed in ,new ,york1 and at once began to paint4 ,her first pictures1 representations of ,italian life1 exhibited in the ,art ,union1 were much admired1 and some of them were purchased by that institution4 ,she found no difficulty in making friends4 ,five months after her arrival she married ,mr4 ,dassel4 ,after her marriage she led a happy life1 with cares and sorrows incidental to the care of a family1 and to an arduous profession4 ,she triumphed over all1 however1 and realized all the comforts which belong to success4 ,mrs4 ,dassel was most successful in portraits in oil of children and pastel-portraits4 ,her painting of 8,effie ,deans0 attracted much attention4 ,her latest works are copies of ,steinbruck's 8,fairies0 and the 8,othello0 in the ,dsseldorf ,gallery1 which are unusually successful works of this class4 ,she made steady progress in her art1 and would have doubtless attained a prominent position had she lived to develop her powers by practice and study4 ,we should not be doing justice to this noble woman not to allude to the social virtues which endeared her to so many friends4 ,with nothing to rely upon but her own exertions1 with serious illness in her family1 she was never so poor in time or money as not to interest herself in behalf of others more unfortunate than herself4 ,countless instances are known of her serviceable kind-heartedness4 ,she exerted herself at the time of the dreadful shipwreck of the ,helena ,sloman1 and obtained by personal efforts1 in a few days1 the sum of seven hundred dollars2 and her ministrations among the poor were constant during the severe winter of #ahec4 ,she has1 it is true1 many peers in similar acts of benevolence1 but few who practiced deeds of this kind in a position so little calculated to develop them4 ,mrs4 ,dassel died on the #gth ,december1 #aheg1 and was buried in ,greenwood4 ,jane ,stuart was the youngest child of ,gilbert ,stuart1 the eminent portrait-painter4 ,like many of her sisters in art1 she inherited the genius she discovered in early life2 but it was not till after her father's death that the talent she had shown found development in the practice of art4 ,she has resided for a long time at ,newport1 ,rhode ,island1 in the enjoyment of the celebrity her talents have acquired4 ,mrs4 ,hildreth of ,boston deserves mention1 especially for her portraits of children in crayon4 ,miss ,may painted landscapes in ,allston's style4 ,mrs4 ,orvis has been mentioned as a flower-painter of remarkable skill4 ,hoyt remarked that he knew nothing better in coloring than her autumn leaves and wild flowers4 ,in this style1 ,mrs4 ,badger1 of ,new ,york1 has acquired reputation by her book of 8,the ,wild ,flowers of ,america10 published in #ahei4 ,the drawings were all made and colored from nature by herself4 ,mrs4 ,hawthorne of ,boston has painted many beautiful pieces4 ,an 8,edymion10 which was greatly admired1 she presented to ,mr4 ,emerson4 ,she also modeled the head of ,laura ,bridgman4 ,mrs4 ,hill is a highly-successful miniature-painter4 ,mrs4 ,greatorex is a landscape-painter of merit1 and is rapidly acquiring distinction4 ,she has a deep love of wild mountain and lake scenery1 dark woods1 and rushing waters2 and her productions are marked by the vigor of tone and dashing1 impetuous freedom of touch especially adapted to that kind of subjects4 ,this felicitous boldness she has in a remarkable degree1 and her works are marked by truthfulness as well as strength4 ,she has painted many pieces of romantic scenery in ,scotland and ,ireland4 ,her amiable character1 her ready sympathy and benevolence1 have interested many friends in her success4 ,mrs4 ,george ,woodman1 the eldest daughter of ,mr4 ,durand1 has painted some excellent landscapes2 also ,mrs4 ,ruggles4 ,miss ,gove's crayon heads have been much noticed and admired4 ,miss ,caroline ,may's landscapes have proved her claim to the double wreath of artist and authoress4 ,miss ,granbury's flowers have attracted attention in the ,academy exhibitions4 ,some pretty interior scenes were in the exhibition of #ahei1 painted by ,miss ,juliana ,oakley4 ,it is necessary to omit many names of artists who have not yet had experience enough to constrain public acknowledgment of the genius they possess4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century4 ,,mrs4 ,,lily ,,spencer4--,early ,display of ,talent4--,removal to ,new ,york4--,to ,ohio4--,out-door ,life4--,chase of a ,deer4--,encounter with the ,hog4--,lifting a ,log4--,sketch on her bedroom ,walls4--,encouragement4--,curiosity to see her ,pictures4--,her ,studies4--,removal to ,cincinnati4--,jealousy of ,artists4--,lord ,morpeth4--,lily's ,marriage4--,return to ,new ,york4--,studies4--,her ,paintings4--,kitchen ,scenes4--,success and ,fame4--,her ,home and ,studio4--,louisa ,lander4--,inheritance of ,talent4--,passion for ,art4--,development of ,taste for ,sculpture4--,abode in ,rome4--,crawford's ,pupil4--,her ,productions4--8,virginia ,dare40--,other ,sculptures4--,late ,works4--,mary ,weston4--,childish ,love of ,beauty and ,art4--,devices to supply the ,want of ,facilities4--,studies4--,departure from ,home4--,is taken back4--,perseverance amid ,difficulties4--,journey to ,new ,york4--,sees an ,artist work4--,finds ,friends4--,visit to ,hartford4--,return to ,new ,york for ,lessons4--,marriage4--,her ,paintings4--,miss ,freeman4--,variously gifted4--,miss ,dupr4--,the ,misses ,withers4--,mrs4 ,cheves4--,mrs4 ,hanna4 ,,lily ,m4 ,,spencer4 ,mrs4 ,spencer's high position among ,american artists is universally recognized in the profession4 ,in her peculiar style1 her executive talent is probably unsurpassed in the country4 ,she has encountered many difficulties in her path to success1 and a glance at her history will not be without encouragement to those who possess a portion of her energy and perseverance4 ,her parents1 whose name is ,martin1 were born in ,france1 but removed to ,england soon after their marriage4 ,they were persons of education1 refinement1 and good social standing4 ,mr4 ,martin taught ,french in academies in ,plymouth and ,exeter1 and gave lectures at his own house on scientific subjects1 especially optics and chemistry4 ,mrs4 ,martin at one time gave instruction in a ladies' seminary in ,london4 ,lily owed all her proficiency to her parents' judicious training1 and never went to a school4 ,her talent for drawing began early to exhibit itself4 ,one day1 when she was about five years old1 she got at some diagrams her father had prepared for a lecture on optics1 and drew an eye so correctly that her turn for art was at once perceived4 ,she was the eldest of four children1 and was not six years of age when her parents removed to ,new ,york1 where ,mr4 ,martin was induced1 by ,dr4 ,hosack and others1 to open an academy4 ,mr4 ,john ,van ,buren was one of his pupils4 ,lily's drawings were much coveted by the little scholars1 who begged them from her1 and gave in return the most flattering expressions of admiration4 ,when between eight and nine1 she was taken to the old ,academy of ,design4 ,there she selected the 8,ecce ,homo10 as a special subject for imitation4 ,the girl-pupils laughed at her taste1 and ,lily1 abashed1 burst into tears4 ,mr4 ,dunlap1 then a teacher1 came and asked what was the matter4 ,when informed1 he reproved the girls1 and predicted that the young stranger would be remembered when they were all forgotten4 ,her power of copying whatever pleased her childish fancy increased1 though she did not then appreciate the necessity of a patient study of the elementary principles of art4 ,her health was at this time so delicate that her parents feared she would not live to reach maturity4 ,the desire to afford her the advantage of country air and exercise1 with the want of very attractive prospects for their enterprise in ,new ,york1 determined them to go to the ,west4 ,they purchased a farm in ,ohio1 a few miles from ,marietta1 where they soon had a picturesque ,swiss cottage1 with a beautiful garden1 and a mineral closet filled with the presents of ,mr4 ,martin's former pupils4 ,lily was enchanted with the change from a city life1 and with the liberty she enjoyed of roaming at will through woods and fields1 for1 her health being the paramount object1 no restraint was placed on the child4 ,her time was passed in working in her garden1 playing and racing with other children1 hunting for insects1 shells1 and minerals1 often wet up to the waist in the search1 while her drawing was forgotten4 ,thus constantly1 like ,rosa ,bonheur1 in the open air1 she rapidly regained strength and health4 ,one day1 when about thirteen years old1 she was walking in the woods with her father4 ,a deer1 frightened from his covert1 dashed by them to leap a fence4 ,lily wanted a pet1 and instantly ran after the animal4 ,as he sprang over the fence she caught his hind legs and clung to them1 while her father's dog throttled the captive4 ,some men came up directly1 and1 seeing the girl with her face covered with blood1 killed the deer1 notwithstanding her entreaties that he might be spared4 ,on another occasion they were killing hogs at ,mr4 ,martin's place4 ,a powerful young porker fled foaming and champing from the slayers of his brethren1 and got over a fence into the orchard4 ,lily ran to stop his flight1 and the desperate animal made at her4 ,she tried to get a stick to defend herself1 but her feet slipped on the apples that strewed the ground1 and she fell1 in the very gripe of the hog4 ,the maddened creature might have injured her fatally1 but her faithful dog sprang upon him1 and diverted his rage to another enemy4 ,lily saw his teeth buried in the poor dog's shoulder1 and1 resolved not to abandon her deliverer1 struck the hog a violent blow and ran2 the foe1 still held by the dog1 in swift pursuit4 ,she was overtaken close to a drain1 into which the three combatants tumbled together4 ,at this juncture the men came running to the spot with three or four dogs1 and rescued both her and her preserver1 that to the last would not relinquish his hold of the porker4 ,lily's first care was to pull into place the poor dog's dislocated shoulder4 ,an illustration of her impulsive nature1 and readiness to give assistance where it was needed1 is an incident that occurred a few months later4 ,six or seven men were burning logs in a field4 ,she saw them from the house making signals that they wanted one more hand to lift a log4 ,seizing a crowbar1 the young girl ran to the spot1 placed it under the log1 and helped to raise it to the burning pile4 ,her love of sketching soon began to revive4 ,in her fourteenth year she took a fancy to see the effect of a new style of costume which she thought would be very becoming to herself4 ,she drew a lady's figure1 thus attired1 with black crayons and coarse chalk1 on the wall of her bedroom4 ,pleased with her creation1 it occurred to her that the lady ought to be attended by admiring beaux1 and she added the figures of two gentlemen4 ,the group was delineated one day when the other members of her family were absent1 and1 fearing that her mother would be displeased at her for daubing the walls1 she hung her dresses over the sketch1 so as to screen it from observation4 ,the next day her young brothers were playing ball in her room1 and chanced to discover the group on the wall4 ,full of boyish mischief1 they decided that the richly-dressed lady would make a fine target1 and1 in spite of their sister's remonstrances1 they commenced throwing their balls at her4 ,lily1 in great distress at the menaced destruction of her work1 complained to her mother2 and instead of being reprimanded for defacing the wall1 was told to go on with her sketch1 while the boys were reproved1 and forbidden to enter her room4 ,encouraged by the praise she received1 ,lily worked on diligently4 ,she drew a colonnade behind her figures1 then added other groups1 representing persons enjoying themselves at a place of fashionable amusement4 ,the background was a landscape of hill and valley1 rock and sea4 ,this picture being much admired1 she went on covering the walls of her room from floor to ceiling with the creations of her romantic imagination4 ,columns and statues1 fountains and grottoes1 appeared in her scenes of luxury and magnificence2 and her landscapes were as charming as the forms with which she enlivened them4 ,in every panel was a distinct picture4 ,all her leisure hours1 after milking the cows and hoeing the corn1 were devoted to this amusement4 ,it was true of her1 as ,halleck says it was doubtful of his ,wyoming maiden1 that she worked in the field 8with ,shakspeare's volume in her bosom borne20 with ,sismondi also1 and volumes of history from her father's splendid library4 ,the farmers in the neighborhood1 and the ladies and gentlemen of ,marietta1 came to see the curious sketches1 both on the walls and on canvas1 of which they had heard4 ,saturday afternoons were appointed for the reception of visitors4 ,the fame of ,lily's talents began to spread rapidly1 and she was mentioned with praise in several newspaper notices4 ,at her father's persuasion she tried to study perspective and anatomy1 but it was more agreeable to her impetuous nature to sketch from her own glowing fancy1 than to pore over the dry bones and plates of different parts of the human frame4 ,in coloring1 also1 she would trust to her intuitive perceptions rather than to a regular course of study4 ,her father procured her muslin for her experiments1 and1 after covering many yards1 she became fully aware of her own deficiencies1 which she resolved to conquer4 ,her unwillingness to be taught arose from the self-reliance of an independent character1 and not from an inflated idea of her own acquirements4 ,her parents became more and more solicitous to give her all the advantages they could procure2 and a letter from a wealthy gentleman of ,cincinnati1 describing the opportunities that would be offered for studying in that city1 determined them to leave the farm and remove thither4 ,miss ,martin's pictures were exhibited in ,cincinnati1 and attracted the attention of connoisseurs4 ,they were large1 as her figures of life size best enlisted her own sympathies4 ,her battle with the world now commenced in earnest4 ,the jealousy of rival artists was awakened by the certainty that a rising genius had come among them4 ,flippant critics pleased others and their own vanity by decrying her productions4 ,but she continued to paint1 and sometimes had good fortune in disposing of her pictures1 practicing her art with undiminished industry and enthusiasm1 even while discouraged by the want of patronage4 ,on one occasion she was in company with ,lord ,morpeth4 ,addressing him as 8,mr4 ,morpeth10 she was reminded apart by her father that she ought to say 8my lord40 8,no1 indeed10 replied the young lady2 8,i never saw a man ,i would call #8my lord' yet40 ,miss ,martin was married in ,cincinnati to ,mr4 ,spencer4 ,when surrounded by the cares of a young family she continued to paint1 but her style changed4 ,at first her pictures had been poetical and semi-allegorical4 ,she liked to embody some suggestive idea1 or a whole history1 in a group1 as in several of her scenes from ,shakspeare4 ,her 8,water ,sprite10 representing the escape of ,spring from ,winter1 is of this class4 ,after she became a mother1 her taste was more for bits of domestic life1 and she found matter-of-fact pictures more salable than her cherished ideals4 ,after living some seven years in ,cincinnati1 ,mrs4 ,spencer returned with her family to ,new ,york1 stopping a year in ,columbus1 ,ohio1 where she painted portraits and fancy-pieces4 ,in ,new ,york she visited the ,academy for the purpose of improving herself by drawing after the antique1 often going in the evening1 as her labors and cares absorbed her during the day1 and sitting among the male art-students4 ,one1 who noticed the quiet1 modest-looking girl at work1 undertook to point out the best models1 but soon discovered he was trying to teach his superior4 ,she was made a member of the ,academy4 ,her 8,may ,queen0 and 8,choose ,between0 were much praised in the ,art ,union ,exhibition4 8,the ,jolly ,washerwoman10 sold by that institution1 became celebrated4 ,it was painted impromptu from a scene in the artist's own kitchen4 ,a connoisseur was so much pleased with one of her pictures that he insisted on paying more than was asked for it4 8,the ,flower ,girl0 and 8,domestic ,felicity10 exhibited in ,philadelphia1 elicited general admiration1 and proved ,mrs4 ,spencer's possession of the highest order of talent4 ,a connoisseur remarked that the latter picture excelled any other production that had appeared in the gallery since its first opening4 ,its vigor and freshness were as remarkable as its rich and harmonious coloring1 while the drawing and composition were pronounced admirable4 ,it represented a mother and father bending over their sleeping children1 and several artists observed that they knew of no one who could surpass the painting of the mother's hand4 ,the managers of the ,art ,union in ,philadelphia were so delighted with this picture that a few of their number privately subscribed to purchase it1 the rules not allowing directors to expend the funds except for paintings selected by the prizeholders4 ,it was afterward sold to an association in the ,west4 ,the ,western ,art ,union purchased several of ,mrs4 ,spencer's works1 and had one engraved for their annual presentation plate4 ,mrs4 ,spencer found her kitchen scenes so popular that she adopted that comic1 familiar style in many of her paintings4 8,shake ,hands80 represents a girl making pastry1 and holding out her floured hand with a humorous smile4 ,this manner the artist has been obliged to adhere to on account of the ready sale of such pictures1 while the subjects that better pleased her own taste have been neglected4 ,yet she has contrived to introduce a moral into every one of her comic pieces4 8,the ,contrast0 embodies a touching story4 ,it is in two pictures3 one showing a pampered1 petulant little dog1 barking at some intruder from his velvet cushion surrounded by silken draperies2 the other1 a meagre1 skin-and-bone animal1 creeping through the pitiless snow-storm in search of food for its young ones4 ,mrs4 ,spencer excels in her pictures of different animals4 ,some time ago ,mrs4 ,spencer made a series of original designs--twenty or thirty--illustrative of scenes in the volumes of 8,the ,women of the ,american ,revolution40 ,all these have not yet been published4 ,perhaps more of her paintings have been engraved than of any ,american artist4 ,all are of her own composition1 and most of them are domestic scenes4 ,one called 8,pattycake0 shows a young mother1 with her baby on her lap1 teaching it to clap its hands2 another1 8,both at ,play10 represents a father teasing his little girl by holding an air-balloon just out of her reach4 ,these are done in the highly-finished ,german style adopted by ,mrs4 ,spencer4 ,she usually takes her own children for models4 8,the ,captive0 exhibits a slave in market1 her master lifting the veil that concealed her charms4 ,its touching expression is admirable4 8,reading the ,legend0 shows a lovely lady listening to a reading within view of a noble castle2 but we do not like the taste of either the costume or the attitude of the reader4 ,mrs4 ,spencer encountered serious difficulties in ,new ,york before she acquired the fame she now enjoys4 ,in #aheh she purchased a lovely place in a retired part of ,newark1 ,new ,jersey1 where she now resides with her happy family4 ,her studio is at the foot of her garden1 a large building1 with its walls covered by sketches1 casts1 etc41 where the artist labors assiduously4 ,visitors from distant cities come here to see her paintings1 and she usually has several in progress at the same time4 8,the ,gossips10 a large painting de genre1 with ten figures of women and children1 has attracted much attention4 ,the scene represents the yard of a tenement-building1 where women are engaged in washing1 preserving fruit1 cooking1 and other sorts of work4 ,they have gathered into a group to listen to some tale of scandal from a stranger1 with a basket of bread2 and the children are getting into mischief the while4 ,a little boy has fallen into the bluing-tub of clothes1 while a younger girl is laughing violently at his mishap2 a dog has laid hold of the meat a boy has forgotten to look after1 and a cat in the window is skimming the pan of milk4 ,the peaches in a basket in the foreground look as if they might be picked out and eaten1 so rich and fresh is the coloring4 ,the effect of light on one of the female figures is exquisitely beautiful4 ,the whole picture is highly finished1 and its merits are enough to make a reputation for any artist4 ,mrs4 ,spencer's pictures may be seen in many of the shops where works of art are for sale1 and the prints engraved from them are very numerous4 ,she has now a prospect of independence and success before her1 and may achieve triumphs greater than any she has yet accomplished4 ,,louisa ,,lander4 ,this young lady is a native of ,salem1 ,massachusetts1 and descended from some of the oldest and most respected families of that good old town4 ,she is a daughter of ,edward ,lander and ,eliza ,west1 whose father was claimed as a relative1 while on a visit to ,london1 by ,sir ,benjamin ,west4 ,mrs4 ,lander's maternal grandfather1 ,elias ,haskel ,derby1 sent the first ,american ship to ,india1 giving the first impetus to our commerce with that country4 ,his were the first ,american vessels seen at the ,cape of ,good ,hope and the ,isle of ,france4 ,captain ,richard ,derby1 his father1 was noted in the ,revolutionary struggle4 ,he bought and presented to the town of ,salem the cannon which ,colonel ,leslie attempted to seize4 ,when he demanded the arms1 at the head of his regiment1 ,captain ,derby's reply was1 8,find them1 and take them if you can2 they will never be surrendered60 and his courage preserved the treasure4 ,he was instrumental1 too1 in inciting his fellow-townsmen to the exploit of raising the drawbridge and sinking the boats--the first repulse of the ,british in the commencement of hostilities4 ,colonel ,f4 ,w4 ,lander1 the ,pacific ,railroad explorer1 is the brother of the subject of our sketch4 ,in various branches of her family has artistic talent shown itself4 ,her grandmother and her mother were remarkable for their fondness for art1 and gave evidence thereof in works of their own4 ,in the old family mansion1 where ,louisa's childhood was spent1 are carvings upon the walls and over the lofty doors1 designed by her grandmother1 and executed under her directions4 ,similar designs1 evincing both taste and skill1 decorated the mahogany furniture2 and the canopies and coverings of the furniture were embroidered by the lady1 according to the fashion of the day1 her own fancy supplying the beautiful designs4 ,it can hardly be said when commenced the artist-life of the young girl brought up under such influences4 ,she was1 as a child1 singularly grave and thoughtful2 serious and reserved at all times1 and decided in her judgment1 which was always according to the dictates of sound sense4 ,a love of art1 which might be called an ardent passion1 possessed her nature from her earliest years4 ,on one occasion--the first time she had an opportunity of seeing a work of real merit--she stood quiet and absorbed in admiration4 ,her sister1 who had been pointing out the peculiar touches of skill1 turned to ask her opinion1 and saw her face bathed in tears4 ,this was a surprising demonstration for a child who had been scarcely ever known to exhibit emotion1 and whose self-control was so uncommon that her manner usually appeared cold4 ,it seems as if art alone could arouse the full ardor and energy of her spirit4 ,when a very little child1 at different times1 she modeled two heads for broken dolls4 ,one was made of light sealing-wax1 and the modeling of both was so wonderfully accurate that her mother would not allow the child to play with them1 but kept them as curiosities4 ,on another occasion ,louisa brought one of her drawings from school1 so admirably executed1 especially in the face1 that her relatives thought the touch a happy accident1 and were inclined to disbelieve her assertions that she had meant to produce the very effect given to her picture4 ,after her talent for sculpture had been fairly developed1 she resolved on the devotion of her life to that branch of art4 ,her intense perception and enjoyment of the beautiful1 awakened a thirst within her which could only be slaked at the fountain-head2 and1 driven forth1 as it were1 by this longing1 she left her happy home in ,salem--her circle of beloved relatives and congenial friends--to go among untried scenes1 fixing her abode in ,rome4 ,there she speedily acquired a reputation which drew around her friends interested in the progress and triumph of genius4 ,she was a pupil of the lamented ,crawford--the only one he ever consented to admit into his studio1 for he had discerned in her early efforts the promise of future eminence4 ,she evinced1 from the first1 a remarkable power in portraits1 catching the most delicate and subtle shades of likeness4 ,one of her productions is a bust of ,governor ,gore1 executed from two oil portraits2 a difficult piece of work1 as the portraits were not alike1 having been taken at different periods of his life4 ,the bust was pronounced an excellent likeness by ,chief ,justice ,shaw and others who remember the governor4 ,miss ,lander finished it in marble for the ,harvard ,library4 ,it is to be placed in ,gore ,hall1 in ,cambridge4 ,this talent for likenesses is observable in the first efforts of ,miss ,lander4 ,when very young1 before she had attempted modeling1 she carved from an old alabaster clock1 with a penknife1 several heads and faces in bas-relief4 ,these were noticed by a friend1 who gave her a bit of shell and some gravers1 and at once1 without the least instruction1 she carved a head in cameo4 ,likenesses of her mother and other friends were made1 and pronounced very striking4 ,her first modeling was a bas-relief portrait of her father2 it was followed by a bust of her brother1 the late chief-justice of ,washington ,territory4 ,her work 8,to-day10 was seen in ambrotype1 on her arrival in ,rome1 by ,crawford1 and his admiration of it perhaps induced him to receive her as his pupil4 ,the figure is an emblem of our youthful country4 ,the head is crowned with a chaplet of morning glories2 the drapery is the ,american flag1 fastened at the breast and the shoulder with the stars4 ,its look forward typifies progress in so spirited a manner that1 at first sight1 one might be startled by the apparent movement of life4 ,a flower falling from the hair on the neck behind1 adds to this effect of motion4 ,power and spirit are prominent characteristics of the work4 ,this1 with her 8,galatea10 a figure full of grace and tenderness1 was modeled before ,miss ,lander went to ,italy4 ,she had also finished a fine bust of her father1 a perfect likeness1 and exquisitely chiseled in marble4 ,after ,miss ,lander went to ,rome1 she executed many portrait busts1 among them a fine one of ,hawthorne1 and a bas-relief of ,mountford4 ,a letter from ,rome described1 as seen in her studio1 8,a charming statuette of ,virginia ,dare10 about three feet in height4 ,this child was the granddaughter of ,john ,white1 governor of the ,colony of ,virginia at the period of one of the early disastrous expeditions of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh4 8,about the month of ,august1 in #aehg1 ,mrs4 ,dare1 daughter of the governor1 was delivered of a daughter in ,roanoke1 who was baptized the next ,lord's-day by the name of ,virginia1 being the first ,english child born in the country4 ,before the close of ,august1 the governor1 at the earnest solicitation of the whole colony1 sailed for ,england to procure supplies4 ,an unfortunate turn of affairs at home prevented another expedition from reaching ,virginia until #aeij1 when1 upon arrival1 it was found that the houses of the former settlers were demolished1 though still surrounded by a palisade1 and a great part of the stores was discovered buried in the ground2 but no trace was ever found of the unfortunate colony4 ,bancroft says that1 when the governor sailed for ,england1 he left the infant and her mother as hostages1 and it is presumed that they were carried into captivity by the ,indians1 as1 after this1 ,european features could be traced in the ,indian lineaments4 8,miss ,lander represents her ,virginia as brought up an ,indian princess1 displaying in her erect attitude and beautiful form the fearless dignity and grace that such a life would impart4 ,the head and face are very fine1 exhibiting the thoughtfulness and spirituality that would naturally be derived from the dreamy recollections of her early life4 ,the figure is semi-nude2 the drapery1 a light fishing-net1 is charmingly conceived and executed1 being worn like an ,indian blanket2 and the ornaments are wampum beads4 ,this design1 possessing the charm of novelty and historic interest1 shows that we have in our own country rich subjects of sculpture1 without resorting to the old heathen mythology40 ,miss ,lander afterward made a life-size statue of ,virginia in marble4 ,her reclining statue of 8,evangeline0 forms a fine contrast to this2 8the one full of force and energy1 all life and motion2 the other so still and tranquil in her sweet1 profound slumber4 ,she is represented at the moment when1 worn out with her wanderings1 she sleeps under the cedar-tree by the river-side1 8#8,for this poor soul had wandered1 ,bleeding and barefooted1 over the shards and thorns of existence4' ,her deep repose is not so much slumbering as like one in a trance4 ,in the marble this is shown exactly by her attitude1 as though she had dropped from utter weariness2 her drapery hangs heavily about her1 and still more heavily falls her hand2 the whole figure is expressive of deep rest--almost painful it would be but for the beautiful face1 lighted up by #8the thought in her heart' that her lover is near1 and that 8#8,through those shadowy aisles ,gabriel had wandered before her1 ,every stroke of the oar now brings him nearer and nearer 7,now she slept beneath the cedar-tree74 ,such was the vision ,evangeline saw as she slumber'd beneath it2 ,fill'd was her heart with love1 and the dawn of an opening heaven ,lighted her soul in sleep with the glory of regions celestial4' ,very beautiful she is2 and1 as ,i gazed upon her1 ,i seemed to hear the dash of ,gabriel's oar1 as he glided along behind #8a screen of palmettos1' unseeing and unseen1 and was ready to exclaim1 8#8,angel of ,god1 is there none to awaken the maiden8'0 ,another work by ,miss ,lander is 8,elizabeth1 the ,exile of ,siberia10 a spirited yet feminine figure1 8very pretty in its picturesque costume--the short cloak1 ,russian boots1 and closely-fitting cap40 ,this gifted young artist has finished a statuette of 8,undine40 ,it is a drooping figure1 with expression full of sadness1 just rising from the fountain to visit earth for the last time4 ,the base of the fountain is surrounded by shells forming water-jets2 ,undine is in the central one1 and the drapery falls from her hand into water as it drops4 ,she has also finished a 8,ceres ,mourning for ,proserpine40 ,the goddess is leaning upon a sheaf of wheat2 her hands and head are drooping1 as if she were planning her daughter's escape4 8,a ,sylph10 just alighted--an airy1 floating figure1 her puzzled attention fixed on a butterfly--is another of ,miss ,lander's creations4 ,,mary ,,weston4 ,the history of this lady illustrates the development1 amid unfavorable circumstances1 of that self-reliant energy which often forms a marked characteristic of the natives of ,new ,england4 ,the spirit of independence1 when joined1 as in her case1 to feminine gentleness and grace1 is ennobling to any woman1 and its working is both interesting and instructive4 ,mary ,pillsbury was born in ,hebron1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,her father was a ,baptist clergyman1 holding the strictest tenets of ,calvinism4 ,in her humble home among the mountains1 though surrounded by nature's wild beauty1 the child found nothing to suggest to her an idea of what art could accomplish4 ,nevertheless1 she saw objects with an artistic perception1 and loved especially to study faces4 ,when taken to church1 she would sit gazing at those around her1 and wishing that in some way--of which as yet she had no conception--she could copy their features4 ,one day1 when between seven and eight1 she noticed a beautiful woman1 and1 returning home1 went quietly to her father's study--creeping in1 as it was locked1 through two panes of a window1 to which she climbed by a chair on the bed--in search of a slate and pencil4 ,with this she began to make a sketch of the face that had charmed her4 ,she made the oval outline1 but could not give the expression about the mouth and eyes4 ,with a keen sense of disappointment she relinquished the hopeless task4 ,but the artist-passion was awakened within her4 ,she loved to read books relating to artists better than any thing else1 though fond of study in general1 and her partiality for sketching was indulged whenever she had opportunity4 ,having observed the work of a profile-cutter who chanced to come into the neighborhood1 she persevered in attempts at portraits1 and practiced cutting them out of leaves and paper4 ,she had a beautiful young sister1 and often prevailed on her to sit1 improving day by day in her untutored efforts1 till at last she was able1 by the eye1 to take a correct likeness4 ,her next achievement was copying the figures and decorations of ,indian chiefs1 who not unfrequently came into the little village4 ,a servant girl1 fifteen years old1 who was employed in her father's family1 knew how to sketch houses1 and this knowledge was willingly imparted to little ,mary4 ,her pictures1 though rude in design and execution1 were in great demand among her schoolfellows2 but ,mrs4 ,pillsbury thought the study of painting would interfere with more important branches1 and that a thorough ,english education should first be acquired4 ,the young girl1 however1 could not be prevented from watching the drawing-lessons of other scholars4 ,she would practice at home2 and so earnest was her application that it was not long before she produced a drawing agreed on all sides to be superior to the exercises of the regular pupils4 ,for the colors of her flowers ,mary used beet-juice1 extract of bean leaves prepared by herself1 etc41 till the welcome present of a box of paints made her independent of such contrivances4 ,the romantic scenery surrounding her home had now a new charm4 ,day after day she would wander about the fields and woods1 sketching1 and indulging in visions of an artistic life4 ,when twelve years old1 one day she accompanied her parents to ,sutton1 in ,new ,hampshire4 ,a protracted meeting was held1 and her father was to preach4 ,paying little attention to the doctrines promulgated1 as formerly ,mary occupied herself in scanning new faces in the rural assemblage4 ,near the place of meeting was the colossal figure of the ,goddess of ,liberty1 richly arrayed1 and painted in colors by a ,free-will ,baptist preacher4 ,she obtained a seat close to the window during one of the services1 and carefully studied what appeared to her a perfect triumph of art4 ,after she went home she produced a clever sketch of it4 ,from this time goddesses of liberty multiplied in her hands1 and became famous in the school and neighborhood4 ,one of them was actually put into a magazine4 ,so creditable were they considered1 that a rather unscrupulous young girl of her acquaintance presented one to her lover as her own work2 and when he challenged her to produce another1 she came to persuade ,mary to make it for her4 ,caring little for the sports and pleasures of her age1 it was ,mary's habit to shut herself up in her father's study1 and1 seated upon the shelves1 to read over and over again the biographies of great men and distinguished women4 ,she kept in advance of all the school-girls meanwhile1 and improved in her drawing during the hours stolen from her spinning-tasks and the duties involved in taking care of the other children4 ,she entered now on the reading of the standard and classical works contained in her father's library1 and a new world seemed opening before her4 ,ambitious longings and dreams broke on the monotony of her lonely life4 ,she resolved to become an artist like those persons of whom she had read1 and compel appreciation from the world4 ,but the mode of accomplishing her wishes perplexed her4 ,she saw that it would be necessary to leave home and try her fortune among strangers2 but she loved to picture the day when she would return1 laden with honors and a rich reward for her labors--when her family would be proud of her success4 ,when about fourteen1 she determined to take the first step toward the goal she panted to reach4 ,secretly she quitted her home1 taking with her only a change of dress1 and set out to walk through the forest to ,hopkinton1 on the way to ,concord1 where she intended to take up her abode temporarily1 to earn a little money by her labor1 and then establish herself as an artist4 ,she walked thirty miles that day1 and very late at night came to a small house in the country1 at which she stopped1 requesting permission to warm and rest herself4 ,the simple people appeared surprised to see so young a girl traveling alone and so far from home4 ,they inquired into the particulars of her story with curious interest1 and earnestly pressed her to stay all night4 ,she consented1 and supper was prepared for her1 after which she went to sleep1 wearied with the day's fatiguing journey4 ,on waking the next morning a strangely familiar voice struck her ear4 ,she dressed hastily1 and went down into the parlor1 where she found her uncle1 who had come that far in search of her4 ,both wept at the unexpected meeting2 but when she had recovered from her confusion1 ,mary begged to be permitted to go on to ,concord4 ,this was decidedly refused1 and1 reluctant and mortified at the failure of her romantic enterprise1 she was obliged to consent to be taken home4 ,she was received with tears and embraces by her family1 and no word of reproach1 nor even a distant allusion to her disobedience1 followed her attempt to escape from the restraint of parental authority4 ,the family seemed to be sensible that she had been hardly dealt with2 for the dreams of youthful hope have significance1 and nature's bent should not be too rudely thwarted4 ,from this time more indulgence was shown to her frequent neglect of work in which she felt no pleasure1 and to her devotion to books4 ,she engaged in her studies more ardently than ever4 ,mr4 ,pillsbury was not rich1 and his daughter had the prospect of being ultimately obliged to depend on her earnings for a subsistence4 ,it was her desire to enter as soon as possible on the life whose hardships she expected to encounter and overcome4 ,she wished to go beyond the mountains1 into the beautiful world on the other side4 ,to her imagination the soft and roseate tints reposing on those far-off summits were emblematic of the delights in store for her4 ,but her parents opposed her wishes1 and urged her to remain with them1 for some years at least4 ,she was about nineteen when1 on a visit to ,lynn1 she saw a portrait painted by a lady1 which seized her attention amid a collection of indifferent pictures4 ,the longing to be a painter again possessed her so strongly that she felt it an irresistible passion4 ,her first plan was to accompany the lady to ,washington and take lessons1 but this scheme was abandoned4 ,about a year after this she went to ,boston4 ,passing a shop window1 she saw a fine painting1 that once more enkindled the flame of artist ambition in her soul4 ,her determination was formed4 ,with the sanguine hopes of youth1 she fancied that a year's preparation would enable her to paint professionally4 ,she accordingly devoted herself to the practice of her art with that view4 ,her friends ridiculed the idea of her becoming an artist for a livelihood1 and predicted the failure of her scheme without powerful patronage4 ,but this kind of opposition no longer discouraged her1 though she was much hampered by the want of time4 ,the winter was rapidly approaching1 and she felt that it should not pass without some advance in her beloved studies4 ,she now resolved to go to some place southward where she could see an artist work1 and to paint cheap pictures for her own support1 living plainly in the country till her lessons were completed4 ,it seemed that she must either do this or die4 ,without consulting any one1 with only twelve dollars in her possession1 she left ,boston in the early morning train1 leaving her trunk behind1 and taking only a basket with a few changes of clothes4 ,the undertaking was not without prayers for a blessing from the ,providence who watches over all human affairs4 ,her father needed all the aid she could give him2 he had suffered much1 and sickness in his family had crippled his narrow resources4 ,the thought of all this1 and what she might do were she permitted to work out her own ideas1 had tortured ,mary and rendered her desperate4 ,in the ardor of her determination now1 obstacles seemed nothing2 she was resolved to succeed4 ,an old man who occupied a seat opposite her in the car noticed her1 and asked many questions4 ,when they stopped at ,providence1 his evident curiosity annoyed and alarmed her so much that she ran with all her speed to the boat bound for ,new ,york4 ,on the way she talked with the stewardess1 and asked if she knew any respectable house in the city where she could obtain board4 ,the stewardess was ignorant of ,new ,york1 but inquired of the clerk1 and he directed ,miss ,pillsbury to the house of ,professor ,gouraud1 a then famous dancing-master4 ,on repairing to this place she learned that the professor did not receive boarders1 but was recommended to look for a house in ,canal ,street4 ,here it occurred to her to go to a milliner's shop2 she knew there must be many girls there1 respectable1 though poor1 and thought that she might hear of a lodging through some of them4 ,she received a direction to the house of an old lady1 whither she went4 ,on being asked for references1 she frankly owned that she had none1 and1 as the best explanation she could offer1 related her story4 ,the landlady had heard through a pious friend in ,boston--,mrs4 ,colby1 a lady well known for benevolence--of the strange girl who wanted to be a painter1 and she willingly received the wanderer4 ,the next day ,miss ,pillsbury found out that an artist lived in the neighborhood1 and went to him to see how oil-colors were used4 ,she was allowed to watch him while painting a portrait4 ,afterward she went to ,dechaux1 who then kept a small store for colors2 and1 provided with the implements of art1 she went to work in earnest4 ,the little grandson of her landlady was her first subject1 and she painted a good likeness of him1 which was taken in part payment for board4 ,even the artist was surprised at her success1 and prophesied that she would do well after a year's study4 ,after she had been a week in ,new ,york1 her hostess advised ,mary to go to ,hartford1 ,connecticut1 and gave her a letter to the ,rev4 ,henry ,jackson of that place4 ,she went there1 and was kindly received4 ,while there1 she painted a little boy1 and produced an astonishing likeness4 ,she had to prepare her own canvas1 and grind her paints on a plate with a case-knife4 ,in about a week after her arrival in ,hartford1 ,squire ,rider and his wife1 of ,willington1 came on a visit to ,mr4 ,jackson4 ,they were so much pleased with the pictures ,mary had produced1 that they invited her to return home with them and paint the members of their family at five dollars a head4 ,she was to prepare the canvas1 while they would find paints4 ,mrs4 ,colby1 in the mean time1 had written to ,mr4 ,jackson1 requesting him to advance money on her account to ,miss ,pillsbury1 should it be necessary2 but ,mary had no need of more than she could earn4 ,she wrote to ,boston for her trunk1 and received it4 ,her parents1 by this time1 had learned her whereabouts1 and no longer opposed her wish for independence4 ,she made portraits of all the ,riders1 and of thirty other persons in ,willington4 ,among her sitters were members of the family of ,jonathan ,weston1 ,esq4 ,several persons raised a sum by subscription to pay for the portrait of ,miranda ,vinton1 the ,burmese missionary4 ,miss ,pillsbury had many offers of a home1 and invitations to spend her time in different families1 but she preferred living entirely for her art4 ,returning to ,hartford1 she painted a few more portraits4 ,mr4 ,weston's daughter became her particular friend1 and ,mary was always warmly welcomed by her in her father's house4 ,the young lady's uncle1 ,mr4 ,weston1 of ,new ,york1 came to pay his brother a visit1 and took a great interest in ,mary's paintings4 ,he urged her to come to ,new ,york1 and improve herself by lessons and study4 ,after his departure1 she became once more possessed by an intense desire to revisit the city1 and find some method of making more rapid progress4 ,she received a letter from the gentleman's daughter1 inviting her to come at once to ,new ,york1 where she could profit by the instruction of experienced artists4 ,the prospect was an alluring one1 but ,miss ,pillsbury felt that she could not afford to give herself the luxury of such lessons4 ,she said this in her reply to the letter of invitation4 ,shortly afterward another letter came from ,miss ,weston1 urging her coming more earnestly4 ,her father1 she said1 would procure her a teacher1 and would make arrangements for the winter4 ,she was pressed to make her home at his house2 and1 should she not be successful in her undertaking1 he pledged himself to see her safely back to her friends4 ,this tempting offer was accepted4 ,during the winter ,miss ,pillsbury devoted herself to copying paintings4 ,ere long she must have made the discovery that another feeling1 besides the wish to foster genius1 had led ,mr4 ,weston to be so anxious for her presence4 ,suffice it to say that in three months she became his wife1 with the understanding that she was to pursue the profession she had chosen without restraint4 ,for a few years ,mrs4 ,weston exercised her skill in painting under circumstances tending to distract her attention4 ,she became the mother of two children1 and the care of them occupied most of her time4 ,several of her copies have great merit4 ,her large picture of the 8,angel ,gabriel and ,infant ,saviour10 from ,murillo1 is in the possession of ,mr4 ,henry ,stebbins1 who married the daughter of ,mr4 ,weston4 ,she made a very fine copy of ,titian's 8,bella ,donna0 and ,guercino's 8,sibylla ,samia40 ,that of 8,beatrice ,cenci0 has been pronounced an admirable copy4 ,she also painted a 8,fornarina40 ,one evening1 at a watering-place1 at the first ball ,mrs4 ,weston had ever attended1 she was struck by the appearance of a lady who passed her1 leaning on her husband's arm4 ,the lovely features of this stranger1 her pure and brilliant complexion1 her eyes beaming with cheerful goodness1 and an indefinable grace in all her movements1 impressed the artist as if she had seen a vision4 ,some years afterward she met ,mrs4 ,coventry ,waddell1 and recognized in her the charming ideal who had been enshrined in her memory4 ,her portrait of this lady belongs to ,mr4 ,george ,vansandvoord1 of ,troy4 ,mrs4 ,waddell's appreciation of ,mrs4 ,weston's abilities1 and her friendship1 proved a valuable aid to the sometimes discouraged artist4 ,mrs4 ,weston's flesh tints are especially natural and beautiful1 and she gives a high finish to her copies of paintings4 ,those from the old masters1 and others1 have such wonderful fidelity that her achievements in this line would alone suffice to make a reputation4 8,a ,witch ,scene10 from ,teniers1 is admirable4 ,one of her own compositions is 8,a ,scene from ,lalla ,rookh10 and she has painted both landscapes and portraits from nature4 ,she still resides in ,new ,york4 ,,anna ,,mary ,,freeman 7,,madame ,,goldbeck74 has a high rank among miniature-painters in this country4 ,she is the daughter of an ,american painter1 though she was born in ,manchester1 ,england1 where her parents resided for some years4 ,she came to the ,united ,states when very young1 and early devoted herself to the pursuits of art1 from which she has for ten years derived her support4 ,she is gifted in various ways2 she has written some excellent poetry and stories1 and is known as an accomplished elocutionist1 having given readings in ,new ,york and elsewhere with success4 ,her powers as a painter1 however1 have been exercised most profitably4 ,julia du ,pr1 a native of ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 was educated at ,mrs4 ,willard's school in ,troy1 ,new ,york4 ,on leaving the school1 she accompanied her mother and sister to ,paris4 ,mrs4 du ,pr wished to cultivate to the utmost her daughter's talents for music and painting1 and gave her the advantage of the best foreign masters4 ,they had been three years in ,france when a sudden reverse deprived them of their ample fortune2 yet1 with reduced means1 they remained a year longer1 that ,julia might devote herself to the study of painting in oil4 ,on their return to ,charleston1 ,mrs4 du ,pr and her daughters opened a school for young ladies1 which was attended with success4 ,the continual occupation of teaching1 however1 deprived ,julia of time and opportunity for the severe study necessary to perfect herself in the art to which she had wished to devote her life4 ,every hour of leisure she could command was given to portrait-painting1 and to making copies of admired works4 ,many of these were executed with great skill1 and drew praise from ,sully and other eminent critics4 ,one of her best portraits is that of ,count ,alfred de ,vigny1 who had been intimate with her family during their residence in ,paris4 ,miss du ,pr also made a fine copy from ,parmegiano1 of a ,virgin and ,child1 and a ,dido on the ,funeral ,pile1 from ,giulio ,romano4 ,these1 and other paintings1 gained her considerable repute as an artist4 ,she married ,henry ,bonnetheau1 a miniature-painter of acknowledged merit1 and continues to reside in ,charleston4 ,she spent the summer of #ahef in ,paris1 for the sake of improving herself in pastel-painting1 and has lately finished some exquisite works in that style4 8,the ,love-letter10 in the possession of her brother-in-law1 ,dr4 ,dickson of ,philadelphia1 8,the ,liaisons10 and 8,l',espagnole0 have been highly praised among these4 ,mrs4 ,bonnetheau's gifts are crowned with the loveliest traits of woman's character4 ,she is esteemed and beloved by a large circle of friends in ,charleston1 among whom are some of the best educated men in this country4 ,the ,misses ,withers1 of ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 paint in oil and water colors1 and cut cameos with much ability and skill4 ,they have also modeled groups and figures with success1 and are devoted to these branches of art4 ,mrs4 ,charlotte ,cheves is an amateur artist who might have gained celebrity had her life been given to the study of painting4 ,she was ,miss ,m#8,cord1 and was born in ,columbia1 ,south ,carolina4 ,she married ,mr4 ,langdon ,cheves1 and resides on his rice plantation nearly opposite ,savannah4 ,she paints miniatures on ivory1 some of them excellent likenesses1 and finished with great delicacy4 ,she has also painted pictures in oil1 and excels in pastels and pencil-sketches4 ,she is a musician1 too1 and possesses a very fine voice4 ,ellen ,cooper1 the youngest daughter of the celebrated ,dr4 ,thomas ,cooper1 was a native of ,columbia1 ,south ,carolina4 ,she had a fine taste and much skill in painting and ornamental work1 and was remarkable for intellectual culture and knowledge of general literature4 ,she lived some years in ,mobile with her sister1 and there married ,mr4 ,james ,hanna1 who took her to reside on his sugar plantation near ,thibodeaux1 in ,louisiana4 ,she died in ,october1 #aheh4 ,her sister is one of the most accomplished amateur artists in the ,southern ,states4 ,about seven years ago a ,school of ,design for ,women was started by ,miss ,hamilton1 which1 supported by voluntary contributions1 met with encouraging success4 ,it has now been adopted by the trustees of the ,cooper ,institute1 and a sum is allowed annually for the support of teachers4 ,the attendance of pupils in #ahei has been double that of any former year4 ,,mary ,,ann ,,douglas1 now ,mrs4 ,johnson1 is a native of ,westfield1 ,massachusetts1 where she at present resides4 ,she was married at eighteen1 and had been a wife four years before her artist-life commenced4 ,while a prisoner in her room1 on account of sickness1 she amused herself by copying a landscape in oil-colors4 ,the success of this attempt opened to her a new source of activity and pleasure4 ,she devoted herself to the study of painting1 and labored with such earnestness and fidelity that her efforts were crowned with success beyond her anticipations4 ,her attention was directed especially to portraits4 ,for the last four or five years she has worked in crayon almost exclusively1 and has found employment abundantly remunerative4 ,a visit to ,new ,london1 ,connecticut1 was prolonged to nine months' stay1 so great was the popularity of her works in that place2 and during a trip into ,central ,new ,york she painted many portraits in oil at excellent prices4 ,her indefatigable patience in the execution of details1 the fidelity of her likenesses1 and the delicate perfection of finish in her pictures1 are remarkable4 ,in the relations of social life ,mrs4 ,johnson has shown herself amiable and self-sacrificing4 ,she has not an acquaintance who does not rejoice in the triumphs so worthily won in spite of many discouragements4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century4 ,,emma ,,stebbins4--,favorable ,circumstances of her early ,life to the ,study of ,art4--,specimens of her ,skill shown in private ,circles4--,receives ,instruction from ,henry ,inman4--,correctness of her ,portraits4--8,a ,book of ,prayer40--,revives ,taste for ,illuminations4--,her crayon ,portraits4--,copies of ,paintings4--,cultivates many ,branches of ,art4--,becomes a ,sculptor4--,abode in ,rome4--,instruction received from ,gibson and ,akers4--,late ,work from her ,chisel4--8,the ,miner40--,,harriet ,,hosmer4--,dwelling of the ,sculptor ,gibson in ,rome4--,his ,studio and ,work-room4--8,la ,signorina40--,the ,american ,sculptress4--,her ,childhood4--,physical ,training4--,school-life4--,anecdotes4-- ,studies at ,home4--,at ,st4 ,louis4--,her ,independence4--,trip on the ,mississippi4--8,hesper40--,departure for ,rome4--,mr4 ,gibson's ,decision4--,extract from ,miss ,hosmer's ,letter4--,original ,designs4--,reverse of ,fortune4--,alarm4--,resolution4--,indus try1 ,economy1 and ,success4--,late ,works4--,visit of the ,prince of ,wales4 ,,emma ,,stebbins4 ,few lady artists of this or any country have been surrounded with circumstances more favorable to the development of genius4 ,her childhood was passed among those who possessed culture and refined taste1 and she was familiar with the elegant adornments of life4 ,she learned early to embody the delicate creations of her fancy in song or pictures1 as well as to imitate what pleased her4 ,her family and nearest circle of friends were ready--as is not always the case--to appreciate and encourage her efforts4 ,but1 though she had no early difficulties to struggle with1 the steep and rugged path to eminent success could not be smoothed by the hand of affection1 and she has gone through all the lessoning and exercise of powers demanded for the achievement of greatness1 as well from those favored of fortune as those to whom the capricious goddess has proved a step-dame4 ,miss ,stebbins is a native of the city of ,new ,york1 where1 till within a few years1 she employed the rare skill she had acquired in different branches of art for the gratification of her friends or for charitable purposes4 ,several artists noticed in the beautiful specimens which were shown in various circles as her work the evidence of more than ordinary talent4 ,among these was ,henry ,inman1 the distinguished painter4 ,he invited the young girl to visit his studio1 and offered to give her instruction in oil-painting4 ,she had never before taken lessons1 and was pleased with the prospect of study4 ,she improved under the directions of her teacher1 and to this aid some of her friends attributed the masterly correctness and grace displayed in her portraits1 and for which afterward her crayon sketches were so much admired4 ,one of ,miss ,stebbins's early works was a volume to which she gave the title1 8,a ,book of ,prayer40 ,it contains some beautiful specimens of her poetry1 but is chiefly remarkable for its exquisite illuminations4 ,it was one of the first among the efforts to revive that style of illustration2 and the originality1 grace1 and beauty of the designs1 with the delicate and elaborate finish of the execution1 made it quite a curiosity of art4 ,some other books were illuminated by ,miss ,stebbins in the same manner4 ,the love of art in the child of genius 8grows by what it feeds on10 and claims an undivided devotion to its pursuits4 ,perhaps no kind of knowledge is so fascinating when its fruits are tasted4 ,miss ,stebbins found no charm in the social pleasures at her command which could draw her attention from painting4 ,she finally resolved on an exclusive consecration of her talents to art1 making it the sole business of her life4 ,she determined to go to ,rome4 ,several of her crayon portraits1 executed in ,rome1 received the highest encomiums from acknowledged judges in that city4 ,a copy she made of the 8,st4 ,john0 of ,du ,buf1 and one from a painting in the gallery of the ,louvre1 representing a 8,girl ,dictating a ,love-letter10 were noted among her oil-paintings4 ,her 8,boy and ,bird's ,nest0 was done in the style of ,murillo4 ,her pastel-painting of 8,two ,dogs0 has been highly praised4 ,almost every branch of the imitative art has been at different periods cultivated by ,miss ,stebbins1 and her success proves the scope and versatility of her talent4 ,besides painting in oil and water colors1 she has practiced drawing on wood and carving wood1 modeling in clay1 and working in marble4 ,it is probably in the difficult art of sculpture that she will leave to ,america the works by which she will be most widely known4 ,she profited1 like ,miss ,hosmer1 by the counsels and supervision of ,gibson1 and the careful instruction of ,akers4 ,a work from her chisel1 in the spring of #ahei1 commanded the highest suffrages4 ,mr4 ,heckscher1 a large proprietor of coal-mines in the ,united ,states1 had requested ,miss ,stebbins to execute for him two typical statues--one of ,industry1 the other of ,commerce4 ,the figure of ,industry is completed1 and has been represented by the artist1 with graceful taste1 as a miner4 ,a critic says3 8,the figure is that of an athletic1 admirably-proportioned youth1 who bears upon his right shoulder the pick1 and in the front of his picturesque slouched hat the miner's lamp4 ,the weight of the body is thrown easily and naturally upon the right leg1 and the left hand rests with the carelessness of manly strength upon a block of marble1 drilled and hewn in the manner of a mass of coal4 ,the symmetrical vigor of the figure1 admirable as it is1 is not more admirable than the lofty1 ingenuous beauty of the classic head and face1 poised in an attitude equally unforced and striking1 upon the graceful1 well-rounded throat4 ,the drapery of the full shirt1 open at the neck and close-gathered about the waist1 is managed with particular skill2 and while the whole figure reminds one strikingly of one of those magnificent ,gothic kings whose images stand in the vestibule of the ,museo ,borbonico1 at ,naples1 the spirit and air of it are purely modern and ,american4 ,it is1 in truth1 one of the most felicitous combinations of every-day national truth with the enduring and cosmopolite truth of art ever seen1 and it is a work which does equal credit to the sex and the country of the artist40 ,miss ,stebbins has taken up her residence permanently in ,rome1 amid those surroundings and associations sought by artists of all nations as most favorable to their progress4 ,she has been for some time engaged in modeling in clay several groups which1 though as yet unfinished1 have been criticised favorably by connoisseurs and friends4 ,,harriet ,,hosmer4 ,in the ,via ,fontanella at ,rome--a street close upon the beautiful ,piazza del ,popolo1 and running at a right angle from the ,babuino to the ,corso1 a few steps out of the ,babuino on the left--is a large1 rough1 worm-eaten door1 which has evidently seen good service1 and from the appearance of which no casual and uninitiated passer-by would suspect the treasures of art it conceals and protects4 ,a small piece of whip-cord1 with a knot as handle1 issues from a perforated hole1 by means of which--a small bell being set in motion--access is gained to the studio of ,england's greatest living master of sculpture1 ,john ,gibson4 ,the threshold crossed1 the visitor finds himself at once in the midst of this artist's numerous works4 ,in a large barn-like shed1 with a floor of earth1 on pedestals of various materials1 shapes1 and sizes1 stand the beautiful ,cupid and ,butterfly1 the wounded ,amazon1 ,paris and ,proserpine gathering flowers1 the charming groups of ,psyche borne by the ,zephyrs1 of ,hylas and the ,water ,nymphs1 and the noble basso-relievo of ,phaeton and the ,hours leading forth the horses of the ,sun1 with1 perhaps1 a bust or figure in progress by the workman whose duty it is to keep the studio and attend to the numerous visitors4 ,facing the door of entry just described is its counterpart1 opening into a fairy-like square plot of garden1 filled with orange and lemon trees and roses1 and1 in the spring1 fragrant with violets blue and white1 ,cape jasmine1 and lilies of the valley2 while1 in a shady recess1 and fern-grown nook trickles a perpetual fountain of crystal-clear water4 ,the sun floods this tiny garden with his golden light1 flecking the trellised walks with broken shadows1 and wooing his way1 royal and irresistible lover as he is1 to the humbler floral divinities of the place1 sheltered beneath their own green leaves1 or in the superb shade of the acanthus4 ,lovely is the effect of this rich glow of sunlight as one stands in the shade of the studio1 perfumed with the sweet blossoms of the ,south2 lovely the aspect both of nature and of art1 into the presence of which we are so suddenly and unexpectedly ushered from the ugly1 dirty street without4 ,having gazed our fill here1 we step into the garden1 and1 turning to the right1 if we be favored visitors1 friends1 or the friends of friends1 we are next ushered into the sanctum of the master himself1 whom we shall probably find engaged in modeling1 and from whom we shall certainly receive a kind and genial welcome1 granting always that we have some claim for our intrusion upon his privacy4 ,this room1 long and narrow1 is boarded1 and has some pretensions to comfort2 but throughout the whole range of studios the absence of care and attention will strike the eye1 more especially as it is the present fashion in ,rome to render the studios both of painter and sculptor as comfortable and habitable as possible4 ,from ,mr4 ,gibson's own room we are taken into another rough shed1 where the process of transformation from plaster to marble is carried on1 and where frequent visitors can not fail to discover the vast difference which exists in skill and natural aptitude among the numerous workmen employed4 ,as the different processes of sculpture are but little known1 it may not be out of place here to throw some light upon them4 ,the artist himself models the figure1 bust1 or group1 whatever it may be1 in clay1 spending all his skill1 time1 and labor on this first stage4 ,when complete--and many months1 sometimes even years of unwearied study are given to the task--a plaster cast is taken from the clay figure1 from which cast the workmen put the subject into marble1 the artist superintending it1 and reserving to himself the more delicate task of finishing4 ,thorwaldsen1 speaking of these processes1 says1 8that the clay model may be called creation1 the plaster cast death1 and the marble resurrection40 ,certain it is that the clay model and the marble statue1 when each has received the finishing stroke1 are more closely allied1 more nearly identical1 one with the other1 than either is with the plaster cast4 ,so alive are sculptors to the fact of the injury done to their works by being seen in plaster casts1 that they bestow great pains in working them over by hand to restore something of the fineness and sharpness which the process of modeling has destroyed4 ,so impressed with this is ,powers1 the ,american sculptor1 that1 with the ingenuity and inventive skill of his country1 he has succeeded in making a plaster hard almost as marble1 and which bears with equal impunity the file1 chisel1 and polisher4 ,there are in ,rome workmen devoted to the production of certain portions of the figure1 draped or undraped2 for instance1 one man is distinguished for his ability in working the hair1 and confines himself to this specialty2 while another is famous for his method of rendering the quality of flesh1 and a third is unequaled in drapery4 ,very rarely does it happen that the artist is lucky enough to find all these qualities combined in one man1 but it does occasionally happen2 and ,mr4 ,gibson is himself fortunate in the possession of a workman whose skill and manipulative power1 in all departments1 are of the highest order4 ,a ,roman by birth1 the handsome and highly organized ,camillo1 with his slight figure1 and delicate1 almost effeminate hands1 is a master of the mallet and chisel1 and1 from the head to the foot1 renders and interprets his model with artistic power and feeling4 ,the man loves his work1 and the work repays his love1 as when does it not1 from the sublime labors of genius to the humblest vocation of street or alley8 ,to return from our digression2 leaving the workroom1 we cross one side of the small garden1 and by just such another rough door as the two we have already passed through in the first studio1 we enter another capacious1 barn-like apartment1 the centre of which is occupied by the colored ,venus1 so dear to ,mr4 ,gibson's heart that1 though executed to order1 year after year passes on1 and he can not make up his mind to part with it4 ,ranged around the walls of this capacious studio are casts of the ,hunter1 one of the earliest and most vigorous of ,mr4 ,gibson's works2 of the ,queen1 of the colossal group in the ,house of ,lords1 and sundry others4 ,having inspected these at our leisure1 and viewed the ,venus from the most approved point1 probably under the eye of the master1 who never tires of expatiating on the great knowledge of the ancients in coloring their statues1 a curtain across the left-hand corner of the studio is lifted1 and the attendant inquires if 8la signorina0 will receive visitors4 ,the permission given1 we ascend a steep flight of stairs1 and find ourselves in a small upper studio1 face to face with a compact little figure1 five feet two in height1 in cap and blouse1 whose short1 sunny brown curls1 broad brow1 frank and resolute expression of countenance1 give one at the first glance the impression of a handsome boy4 ,it is the first glance only1 however1 which misleads one4 ,the trim waist and well-developed bust belong unmistakably to a woman1 and the deep1 earnest eyes1 firm-set mouth1 and modest dignity of deportment show that woman to be one of no ordinary character and ability4 ,thus1 reader1 we ,have brought you face to face with the subject of this sketch1 ,harriet ,hosmer1 the ,american sculptress4 ,born at ,watertown1 ,mass41 in the year #ahca1 ,harriet ,hosmer is the only surviving daughter of a physician1 who1 having lost wife and child by consumption1 and fearing a like fate for the survivor1 gave her horse1 dog1 gun1 and boat1 and insisted upon an out-doors life as indispensable to health4 ,a fearless horsewoman1 a good shot1 an adept in rowing1 swimming1 diving1 and skating1 ,harriet ,hosmer is a signal instance of what judicious physical training will effect in conquering even hereditary taint of constitution4 ,willingly as the active1 energetic child acquiesced in her father's wishes1 she contrived1 at the same time1 to gratify and develop her own peculiar tastes2 and many a time and oft1 when the worthy doctor may have flattered himself that his darling was in active exercise1 she might have been found in a certain clay-pit1 not very far from the paternal residence1 making early attempts at modeling horses1 dogs1 sheep1 men and women1 or any object which attracted her attention4 ,both here1 and subsequently at ,lenox1 she made good use of her time by studying natural history1 and of her gun by securing specimens for herself of the wild creatures of the woods1 feathered and furred2 dissecting some1 and with her own hands preparing and stuffing others4 ,the walls of the room devoted to her special use in 8the old house at home10 are covered with birds1 bats1 butterflies and beetles1 snakes and toads1 while sundry bottles of spirits contain subjects carefully dissected and prepared by herself4 ,ingenuity and taste were shown in the use to which the young girl applied the eggs and feathers of the nests and birds she had pilfered4 ,one inkstand1 a very early production1 evinces mechanical genius and artistic taste4 ,taking the head1 throat1 wings1 and side feathers of a bluebird1 she blew the contents from a hen's egg1 and set it on end1 forming the breast of the bird by the oval surface of the egg1 while through the open beak and extended neck entrance was gained to the cavity of the egg containing the ink4 ,no one could look round this apartment1 occupied by the child and young girl1 without at once recognizing the force and individuality of character which have since distinguished her4 ,full of fun and frolic1 numerous anecdotes are told of practical jokes perpetrated to such an excess that ,dr4 ,hosmer was satisfied with the progress toward health and strength his child had made2 and having endeavored1 without success1 to place her under tuition in daily and weekly schools near home1 he determined to commit her to the care of ,mrs4 ,sedgwick1 of ,lenox1 ,massachusetts4 ,thither the young lady1 having been expelled from one school1 and given over as incorrigible at another1 was accordingly sent1 with strict injunctions that health should still be a paramount consideration1 and that the new pupil should have liberty to ride and walk1 shoot and swim to her heart's content4 ,in wiser or kinder hands the young girl could not have been placed4 ,here1 too1 she met with ,mrs4 ,fanny ,kemble1 whose influence tended to strengthen and develop her already decided tastes and predilections4 ,to ,mrs4 ,kemble we have heard the young artist gratefully attribute the encouragement which decided her to follow sculpture as a profession1 and to devote herself and her life to the pursuit of art4 ,miss ,hosmer's school-fellows remember many pranks and exploits that showed her daring spirit and love of frolic4 ,one of these was capturing a hawk's nest from the top of a very high forest-tree1 to which she climbed at the risk of her life4 ,her room was decorated1 as at home1 with grotesque preserved specimens1 among which was a variety of reptiles1 usually the horror of young ladies4 ,an anonymous squib upon ,boston and ,bostonians was about this time attributed to ,miss ,hosmer4 ,a practical joke upon a physician of ,boston had been the immediate cause of her being sent to ,lenox4 ,her health having given her father some uneasiness1 the gentleman in question1 a physician in large practice1 was called in to attend her4 ,the rather uncertain visits of this physician proved a source of great annoyance and some real inconvenience to his patient1 inasmuch as they interfered with her rides and drives1 shooting1 and boating excursions4 ,having borne with the inconvenience some time1 she requested the gentleman1 as a great favor1 to name an hour for his call1 that she might make her arrangements accordingly4 ,the physician agreed1 but punctuality is not always at the command of professional men4 ,matters were as bad as ever4 ,sometimes the twelve o'clock appointment did not come off till three in the afternoon4 ,one day1 in particular1 ,dr4 -------- was some hours after the time4 ,a playful quarrel took place between physician and patient2 and1 as he rose to take his leave1 and offered another appointment1 ,miss ,hosmer insisted upon his giving his word to keep it4 8,if ,i am alive10 said he1 8,i will be here10 naming some time on a certain day4 8,then1 if you are not here10 was the reply1 8,i am to conclude that you are dead40 ,thus they parted4 ,the day and hour arrived1 but no doctor made his appearance4 ,that evening ,miss ,hosmer rode into ,boston1 and next morning the papers announced the decease of ,dr4 ------4 ,half ,boston and its neighborhood rushed to the physician's house to leave cards and messages of condolence for the family1 and to inquire into the cause of the sudden and lamentable event4 ,in #ahej1 being then nineteen1 ,harriet ,hosmer left ,lenox4 ,mrs4 ,sedgwick's judicious treatment1 and the motive and encouragement supplied by ,mrs4 ,kemble1 had given the right impetus to that activity of mind and body which needed only guiding and directing into legitimate channels4 ,she returned to her father's house1 at ,watertown1 to pursue her art-studies1 and to fit herself for the career she had resolved upon following4 ,there was at this time a cousin of ,miss ,hosmer's studying with her father1 between whom and herself existed a hearty camaraderie4 ,together the two spent many hours in dissecting legs and arms1 and in making acquaintance with the human frame1 ,dr4 ,hosmer having erected a small building at the bottom of his garden to facilitate these studies4 ,those were days of close study and application4 ,lessons in drawing and modeling--for which our young student had to repair to ,boston1 a distance of seven or eight miles--and anatomical studies with her cousin1 were alternated with the inevitable rides and boating on which her father wisely insisted4 ,the ,river ,charles runs immediately before the house1 and on this river ,harriet ,hosmer had a boat-house1 containing a safe1 broad boat1 and a fragile1 poetical-looking gondola1 with silvered prow1 the delight of her heart1 and the terror of her less experienced and unswimming friends4 ,the life of the young girl was at this period full of earnest purpose and noble ambition1 and the untiring energy and perseverance which distinguish her now in so remarkable a degree were at this time evidenced and developed4 ,having modeled one or two copies from the antique1 she next tried her hand on a portrait-bust1 and then cut ,canova's bust of ,napoleon in marble1 working it entirely with her own hands that she might make herself mistress of the process4 ,her father1 seeing her devoted to her studies1 seconded them in every possible way1 and proposed to send her to his friend1 ,dr4 ,m#8,dowell1 ,professor of ,anatomy in the ,st4 ,louis ,college1 that she might go through a course of regular instruction1 and be thus thoroughly grounded for the branch of art she had chosen4 ,the young artist was but too glad to close with the offer2 and1 in the autumn of #ahej1 we find her at ,st4 ,louis1 residing in the family of her favorite schoolmate from ,lenox1 winning the hearts of all its members by her frank1 joyous nature1 and steady application1 and securing1 in the head of it1 what she heartily and energetically calls 8the best friend ,i ever had40 ,her independence of manner and character1 joined to the fact of her entering the college as a student1 could not fail to bring down animadversion1 and many were the tales fabricated and circulated anent the young ,new ,englander1 who was said to carry pistols in her belt1 and to be prepared to take the life of any one who interfered with her4 ,it was1 perhaps1 no disadvantage1 under the circumstances1 to be protected by such a character4 ,the college stood some way from the inhabited part of the town1 and in early morning and late evening1 going to and fro with the other students1 it is not impossible that she owed the perfect impunity with which she set conventionality at defiance to the character for courage1 and skill in the use of fire-arms which attended her4 ,dr4 ,m#8,dowell1 charmed with the talent and earnestness of his pupil1 afforded her every facility in his power1 giving her the freedom of the college at all times1 and occasionally bestowing upon her a private lecture when she attended to see him preparing dissections for the public ones4 ,pleasant and encouraging it is to find men of ability and eminence so willing to help a woman when she is willing to help herself4 ,the career of this young artist hitherto has been marked by the warm and generous encouragement of first-rate men1 from ,professor ,m#8,dowell to ,john ,gibson1 and pleasant it is to find the affectionate and grateful appreciation of such kindness1 converting the temporary tie of master and pupil into the permanent one of tried and valued friendship4 8,i remember ,professor ,m#8,dowell10 writes ,miss ,hosmer1 8with great affection and gratitude1 as being a most thorough and patient teacher1 as well as at all times a good1 kind friend40 ,through the winter and spring of #ahea1 in fact1 during the whole term1 ,harriet ,hosmer prosecuted her studies with unremitting zeal and attention1 and at the close was presented with a 8diploma10 or certificate1 testifying to her anatomical efficiency4 ,during her stay at ,st4 ,louis1 and as a testimony of her gratitude and regard1 ,miss ,hosmer cut1 from a bust of ,professor ,m#8,dowell by ,clevenger1 a medallion in marble1 life size1 which is now in the museum of the ,college4 ,it is perhaps worthy of note that ,clevenger and ,powers both studied anatomy under this professor4 ,the 8diploma0 achieved1 our young aspirant was bent upon seeing ,new ,orleans before returning to her ,new ,england home4 ,it was a season of the year not favorable for such travel1 and1 from some cause or another1 she failed in inducing any of her friends to accompany her4 ,to will and to do are synonymous with some2 and so1 ,harriet ,hosmer having set her mind upon an excursion down the ,mississippi to the ,crescent ,city1 embarked herself one fine morning on board a steamer bound for ,new ,orleans4 ,the river was shallow1 the navigation difficult2 many a boat did our adventurous traveler pass high and dry2 but fortune1 as usual1 was with her1 and she reached her destination in safety4 ,the weather was intensely warm1 but1 nothing daunted1 our young friend saw all that was to be seen1 returning at night to sleep on board the steamer as it lay in its place by the levee1 and1 at the expiration of a week1 returning with it to ,st4 ,louis4 ,arrived there1 instead of rejoining her friends1 she took boat for the ,falls of ,st4 ,anthony1 on the ,upper ,mississippi1 stopping1 on the way1 at ,dubuque1 to visit a lead mine1 into which she descended by means of a bucket1 and came very near an accident which must inevitably have resulted fatally2 a catastrophe which1 as no one knew where she was1 would probably have remained a secret forever4 ,at the ,falls of ,st4 ,anthony1 she went among the ,indians1 much to their surprise and amusement1 and brought away with her a pipe1 presented by the chief1 in token of amity4 ,she also achieved the ascent of a mountain never before undertaken by a female2 and so delighted were the spectators with her courage and agility1 that they insisted upon knowing her name1 that the mountain might thenceforth be called after her4 ,in a subsequent visit to ,st4 ,louis1 ,miss ,hosmer found that her rustic admirers had been as good as their word1 and 8,hosmer's ,height0 remains an evidence of 8the little lady's0 ambition and courage4 ,on her return to ,st4 ,louis1 where her prolonged absence had created no little uneasiness1 she remained but a short time1 and1 bidding farewell to her kind friends1 retraced her steps homeward4 ,this was in the autumn of #ahea4 ,no sooner had ,harriet ,hosmer reached home than she set to work to model an ideal bust of ,hesper1 continuing her anatomical studies with her cousin1 and employing her intervals of leisure and rest in reading1 riding1 and boating4 ,now followed a period of earnest work1 cheered and inspired by those visions of success1 of purpose fulfilled1 of high aims realized1 which haunt the young and enthusiastic aspirant1 and throw a halo round the youthful days of genius1 lending a color to the whole career4 ,as ,lowell wisely and poetically says1 8,great dreams preclude low ends40 ,better to aspire and fail than not aspire at all2 better to know the dream1 and the fever1 and the awakening1 if it must be1 than to pass from the cradle to the grave on the level plane of content with things as they are4 ,there may be aspiration without genius2 there can not be genius without aspiration2 and where genius is backed by industry and perseverance1 the aspiration of one period will meet its realization in another4 ,to go to ,rome--to make herself acquainted with all its treasures of art1 ancient and modern--to study and work as the masters of both periods had studied and worked before her--this was now our youthful artist's ambition2 and all the while she labored1 heart and soul1 at ,hesper1 the first creation of her genius1 watching its growth beneath her hand1 as a young mother watches1 step by step1 the progress of her first-born2 kneading in with the plastic clay all those thousand hopes and fears which1 turn by turn1 charm and agitate all who aspire4 ,at length1 the clay model finished1 a block of marble was sought and found1 and brought home to the shed in the garden1 hitherto appropriated to dissecting purposes1 but now fitted up as a studio4 ,here1 with her own small hands1 the youthful maiden1 short of stature and delicate in make1 any thing but robust in health1 with chisel and mallet blocked out the bust1 and subsequently1 with rasp and file1 finished it to the last degree of manipulative perfection4 ,months and months it took1 and hours and days of quiet toil and patience2 but those wings of genius1 perseverance and industry1 were hers1 and love lent zest to the work4 ,it was late summer in #aheb before ,hesper was fully completed4 ,a critic in the ,new ,york ,tribune thus wrote of this work3 8,it has the face of a lovely maiden1 gently falling asleep with the sound of distant music4 ,her hair is gracefully arranged1 and intertwined with capsules of the poppy4 ,a star shines on her forehead1 and under her breast lies the crescent moon4 ,the hush of evening breathes from the serene countenance and the heavily-drooping eyelids4444 ,the swell of the cheeks and the bust is like pure1 young1 healthy flesh1 and the muscles of the beautiful mouth are so delicately cut1 it seems like a thing that breathes4 8,the poetic conception of the subject is the creation of her own mind1 and the embodiment of it is all done by her own hands--even the hard1 rough1 mechanical portions of the work4 ,she employed a man to chop off some large bits of marble2 but1 as he was unaccustomed to assist sculptors1 she did not venture to have him cut within several inches of the surface she intended to work40 8,now10 said she to her father1 8,i am ready to go to ,rome40 8,and you shall go1 my child1 this very autumn10 was the reply4 ,anxious as ,dr4 ,hosmer was to facilitate in every way the career his daughter had chosen1 there was yet another reason for going to ,italy before winter set in4 ,study and nervous anxiety had made their impression upon a naturally delicate constitution1 and a short1 dry cough alarmed the worthy doctor for his child's health4 ,october of #aheb saw father and daughter on their way to ,europe1 the ,st4 ,louis diploma and daguerreotypes of ,hesper being carefully stowed away in the safest corner of the portmanteau as evidences of what the young artist had already achieved1 when1 arrived at ,rome1 she should seek the instruction of one of two masters1 whose fame1 world-wide1 alone could satisfy our aspirant's ambition4 ,so eager was her desire to reach ,rome that a week only was given to ,england2 and then1 joining some friends in ,paris1 the whole party proceeded to ,rome1 arriving in the ,eternal ,city on the evening of ,november #ab1 #aheb4 ,within two days the daguerreotypes were placed in the hands of ,mr4 ,gibson as he sat at breakfast in the ,caf ,greco1 a famous place of resort for artists4 ,now be it known1 as a caution to women not to enter lightly upon any career1 to throw it up as lightly upon the first difficulty which arises1 that a prejudice existed in ,rome against lady artists1 from the pretensions with which some had repaired thither1 and upon which they had succeeded in gaining access to some of the best studios and instruction from their masters1 to throw those valuable opportunities aside at the first obstacle that arose4 ,mr4 ,gibson had himself1 it was said1 been thus victimized and annoyed1 and it was represented to ,miss ,hosmer as doubtful in the extreme if he would either look at the daguerreotypes or listen to the proposal of her becoming his pupil4 ,however1 the daguerreotypes were placed before him2 and1 taking them into his hands--one presenting a full1 and the other a profile view of the bust--he sat some moments in silence1 looking intently at them4 ,encouraged by this1 the young sculptor who had undertaken to present them proceeded to explain ,miss ,hosmer's intentions and wishes1 what she had already done1 and what she hoped to do4 ,still ,mr4 ,gibson remained silent4 ,finally1 closing the cases1 8,send the young lady to me10 said he1 8and whatever ,i know1 and can teach her1 she shall learn40 ,in less than a week ,harriet ,hosmer was fairly installed in ,mr4 ,gibson's studio1 in the up-stairs room already described4 ,ere long a truly paternal and filial affection sprung up between the master and the pupil1 a source of great happiness to themselves1 and of pleasure and amusement to all who know and value them1 from the curious likeness1 yet unlikeness1 which existed from the first in ,miss ,hosmer to ,mr4 ,gibson1 and which daily intercourse has not tended to lessen4 ,in one of her letters she says3 8,the dearest wish of my heart is gratified in that ,i am acknowledged by ,gibson as a pupil4 ,he has been resident in ,rome thirty-four years1 and leads the van4 ,i am greatly in luck4 ,he has just finished the model of the statue of the queen1 and1 as his room is vacant1 he permits me to use it1 and ,i am now in his own studio4 ,i have also a little room for work which was formerly occupied by ,canova1 and perhaps inspiration may be drawn from the walls40 ,the first winter in ,rome was passed in modeling from the antique1 ,mr4 ,gibson desiring to assure himself of the correctness of ,miss ,hosmer's eye1 and the soundness of her knowledge2 ,hesper evincing the possession of the imaginative and creative power4 ,from the first1 ,mr4 ,gibson expressed himself more than satisfied with her power of imitating the roundness and softness of flesh1 saying1 upon one occasion1 that he had never seen it surpassed and not often equaled4 ,her first attempt at original design in ,rome was a bust of ,daphne1 quickly succeeded by another of the ,medusa--the beautiful ,medusa--and a lovely thing it is1 faultless in form1 and intense in its expression of horror and agony1 without trenching on the physically painful4 ,we have already spoken of the warm friend ,miss ,hosmer made for herself during her winter at ,st4 ,louis1 in the head of the family at whose house she was a guest4 ,this gentleman1 as a ,god-speed to the young artist on her journey to ,rome1 sent her1 on the eve of departure1 an order to a large amount for the first figure she should model1 leaving her entirely free to select her own time and subject4 ,a statue of none was the result1 which is now in the house of ,mr4 ,crow1 at ,st4 ,louis1 and which gave such satisfaction to its possessor and his fellow-townsmen1 that an order was forwarded to ,miss ,hosmer for a statue for the ,public ,library at ,st4 ,louis1 on the same liberal terms4 ,beatrice ,cenci1 which has won so many golden opinions from critics and connoisseurs1 was sent to ,st4 ,louis in fulfillment of this order4 ,the summers in ,rome are1 as every one knows1 trying to the natives1 and full of danger to foreigners4 ,dr4 ,hosmer1 having seen his daughter finally settled1 returned to ,america1 leaving her with strict injunctions to seek some salubrious spot in the neighboring mountains for the summer1 if indeed she did not go into ,switzerland or ,england4 ,rome1 however1 was the centre of attraction2 and1 after the first season1 which was spent at ,sorrento1 on the ,bay of ,naples1 ,miss ,hosmer could not be prevailed upon to go out of sight and reach of its lordly dome and noble treasures of art4 ,the third summer came1 and1 listening to the advice of her friends1 and in obedience to the express wish of her father1 she made arrangements for a visit to ,england4 ,the day was settled1 the trunks were packed2 she was on the eve of departure1 when a letter from ,america arrived1 informing her of heavy losses sustained by her father1 which must necessitate retrenchment in every possible way1 a surrender of her career in ,rome1 and an immediate return home4 ,the news came upon her like a thunderbolt4 ,stunned and bewildered1 she knew not at the moment what to do4 ,an only child1 and hitherto indulged in every whim and caprice1 the position was indeed startling and perplexing4 ,the surrender of her art-career was the only thing which she felt to be impossible2 whatever else might come1 that could not1 should not be4 ,and now came into play that true independence of character which hitherto had shown itself mostly in wild freaks and tricks4 ,instead of falling back upon those friends whose means she knew would be at her disposal in this emergency1 she dispatched a messenger for the young sculptor who had shown the daguerreotypes to ,mr4 ,gibson1 and who1 himself dependent upon his professional exertions1 was1 she decided1 the fittest person to consult with as to her own future career4 ,he obeyed the hasty summons1 and found the joyous1 laughing countenance he had always known1 pale and changed1 as it were1 suddenly1 from that of a young girl to a woman full of cares and anxieties4 ,he could scarcely credit the intelligence2 but the letter was explicit2 the summons home peremptory4 8,go1 ,i will not10 was her only coherent resolution2 so the two laid their heads together4 ,miss ,hosmer was the owner of a handsome horse and an expensive ,english saddle2 these were doomed at once4 ,the summer in ,rome itself1 during which season living there costs next to nothing1 was determined upon2 and during those summer months ,miss ,hosmer should model something so attractive that it should insure a speedy order1 and1 exercising strict economy1 start thenceforth on an independent artist-career1 such as many of those around her with less talent and training1 managed to carry on with success4 ,no sooner said than done2 the trunks were unpacked2 the friends she had been about to accompany departed without her2 her father's reverses were simply and straightforwardly announced1 and she entered at once on the line of industry and economy she and her friend had struck out4 ,it is said that friendship between a young man and a young woman is scarcely possible1 and perhaps1 under ordinary circumstances1 where the woman has no engrossing interests of her own1 no definite aim and pursuit in life1 it may be so4 ,here1 however1 was a case of genuine and helpful friendship1 honorable alike to the heads and hearts of both4 ,under the experienced direction of her friend1 ,miss ,hosmer conducted her affairs with prudence and economy1 and1 at the same time1 with due regard to health4 ,the summer passed away1 and neither fever nor any other form of mischief attacked our young friend4 ,she worked hard1 and modeled a statue of ,puck1 so full of spirit1 originality1 and fun1 that it was no sooner finished than orders to put it into marble came in4 ,it was repeated again and again1 and1 during the succeeding winter1 three copies were ordered for ,england alone--one for the ,duke of ,hamilton4 ,thus fairly started on her own ground1 ,miss ,hosmer met with that success which talent1 combined with industry and energy1 never fails to command4 ,the winter in which the ,cenci was being put into marble she was engaged in modeling a monument to the memory of a beautiful young ,catholic lady1 destined for a niche in the church of ,san ,andro delle ,fratte1 in the ,vi ,mercede1 close upon the ,piazza di ,spagna4 ,a portrait full-length figure of the young girl1 life size1 reclines upon a low couch4 ,the attitude is easy and natural1 and the tranquil sleep of death is admirably rendered in contradistinction to the warm sleep of life in the ,cenci4 ,miss ,hosmer was engaged during the winter of #aheh in modeling a fountain1 for which she has taken the story of ,hylas descending for water1 when1 according to mythology1 he is seized upon by the water-nymphs and drowned4 ,hylas forms the crown of the pyramid1 while the nymphs twined around its base1 with extended arms1 seek to drag him down into the water below1 where dolphins are spouting jets which interlace each other4 ,a double basin1 the upper one supported by swans1 receives the cascade4 ,during the spring of #ahei ,miss ,hosmer worked upon her statue of ,zenobia1 bespoken in ,america4 ,the young ,prince of ,wales visited her studio to see this unfinished work1 which he greatly admired4 ,he purchased a 8,puck10 by her hand1 to add to his collection4 ,miss ,hosmer executed1 as a side-piece to this1 a 8,will-o'-the-,wisp10 said even to be superior4 ,,names ,,of ,,women ,,artists ,a4 ,,page ,abarca1 ,donna ,maria de1 #hf ,agnes1 ,abbess of 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,anna1 #aci 8 ,rosalie1 #aci ,trevingard1 ,anna1 #aij ,triumfi1 ,camilla1 #hc ,triva1 ,flaminia1 #fj1 #fe ,troost1 ,sarah1 #afg ,truchsetz-,waldburg1 ,countess von1 #ada ,tussaud1 ,madame1 #aih ,u4 ,ulefeld1 ,eleonora ,christina1 #aba 8 ,helena ,christina1 #aba ,utrecht1 ,constantia of1 #eh1 #ajd ,v4 ,vajani1 ,anna ,maria1 #gi1 #hb ,valdes ,leal1 ,luisa1 #hh 8 ,maria1 #hh 8 ,maria de1 #bbb ,van der ,myn1 ,agatha1 #ahh ,vandyck1 ,anna1 #ha ,vanetti1 ,laura1 #bbe ,vanni1 ,violanta1 #bbd ,varotari1 ,chiara1 #ha ,vasini1 ,clarice1 #bbe ,velasco1 ,francisca ,palomino y1 #hg ,venier1 ,ippolita1 #bcb ,verbruggen1 ,susanna1 #ajd ,verelst1 ,maria1 #afe ,vernet1 ,fanny1 #bjc ,viani1 ,maria1 #gc ,victoria1 of ,anhalt-,bernburg1 #acf ,vieira1 ,catarina1 #bbc ,vigri1 ,caterina1 #ce ,vill' ,ambrosa1 ,countess of1 #hf ,villers1 ,madame1 #bcf ,vincent1 ,adelaide1 #bjd ,w4 ,wasser1 ,anna1 #abi ,watson1 ,caroline1 #ahi ,weis1 ,madame1 #ach ,werbronk1 ,jacoba1 #adc ,wermuth1 ,maria ,juliana1 #ach ,weston1 ,joanna1 #aba 8 ,mary1 #ccb ,wieslatin1 ,maria1 #aad ,wilde1 ,maria de1 #ajd ,wildorfer1 ,maria ,elizabeth1 #adb ,wilmot1 ,mrs41 #agj ,wilson1 ,mrs41 #bie ,withers1 the ,misses1 #cdd ,withoos1 ,alida1 #ajc ,wolters1 ,henrietta1 #afg ,wontiers1 ,micheline1 #ie ,woodman1 ,mrs41 #caf ,wright1 ,mrs41 #ahi ,wulfraat1 ,margaretta1 #ih ,z4 ,zarcillo1 ,inez1 #hh ,ziesenis1 ,margaretta1 #afe ,zucchi1 ,catarina1 #bbd ,,the ,,end4 ,every ,number of ,harper's ,magazine contains from #bj to #ej pages--and from one third to one half more reading--than any other in the country4 ,,harper',s ,,magazine4 ,the ,publishers believe that the ,nineteen ,volumes of ,,harper',s ,,magazine now issued contain a larger amount of valuable and attractive reading than will be found in any other periodical of the day4 ,the best ,serial ,tales of the foremost ,novelists of the time3 ,,levers' 8,maurice ,tiernay10 ,,bulwer ,,lytton',s 8,my ,novel10 ,,dickens',s 8,bleak ,house0 and 8,little ,dorrit10 ,,thackeray',s 8,newcomes0 and 8,virginians10 have successively appeared in the ,magazine simultaneously with their publication in ,england4 ,the best ,tales and ,sketches from the ,foreign ,magazines have been carefully selected1 and original contributions have been furnished by ,,charles ,,reade1 ,,wilkie ,,collins1 ,mrs4 ,,gaskell1 ,miss ,,muloch1 and other prominent ,english writers4 ,the larger portion of the ,magazine has1 however1 been devoted to articles upon ,american topics1 furnished by ,american writers4 ,contributions have been welcomed from every section of the country2 and in deciding upon their acceptance the ,editors have aimed to be governed solely by the intrinsic merits of the articles1 irrespective of their authorship4 ,care has been taken that the ,magazine should never become the organ of any local clique in literature1 or of any sectional party in politics4 ,at no period since the commencement of the ,magazine have its literary and artistic resources been more ample and varied2 and the ,publishers refer to the contents of the ,periodical for the past as the best guarantee for its future claims upon the patronage of the ,american public4 ,,terms4--,one ,copy for ,one ,year1 #c #jj2 ,two ,copies for ,one ,year1 #e #jj2 ,three or more ,copies for ,one ,year 7each71 #b #jj2 8,harper's ,magazine0 and 8,harper's ,weekly10 ,one ,year1 #d #jj4 ,and an ,extra ,copy1 gratis1 for every ,club of ,,ten ,,subscribers4 ,clergymen and ,teachers supplied at ,,two ,,dollars a year4 ,the ,semi-,annual ,volumes bound in ,cloth1 #b #ej each4 ,muslin ,covers1 #be cents each4 ,the ,postage upon ,,harper',s ,,magazine must be paid at the ,office where it is received4 ,the ,postage is ,thirty-six ,cents a year4 ,,harper ,,brothers1 ,publishers1 ,franklin ,square1 ,new ,york4 ,,harper',s ,,weekly4 ,a ,,journal ,,of ,,civilization4 ,a ,first-class ,illustrated ,family ,newspaper4 ,,price ,,five ,,cents4 ,,harper',s ,,weekly has now been in existence two years4 ,during that period no effort has been spared to make it the best possible ,family ,paper for the ,american ,people1 and it is the belief of the ,proprietors that1 in the peculiar field which it occupies1 no existing ,periodical can compare with it4 ,every ,number of ,,harper',s ,,weekly contains all the ,news of the week1 ,domestic and ,foreign4 ,the completeness of this department is1 it is believed1 unrivaled in any other weekly publication4 ,every noteworthy event is profusely and accurately illustrated at the time of its occurrence4 ,and while no expense is spared to procure ,original ,illustrations1 care is taken to lay before the reader every foreign picture which appears to possess general interest4 ,in a word1 the ,subscriber to ,,harper',s ,,weekly may rely upon obtaining a ,pictorial ,history of the times in which we live1 compiled and illustrated in the most perfect and complete manner possible4 ,it is believed that the ,illustrated ,biographies alone--of which about one hundred and fifty have already been published--are worth far more to the reader than the whole cost of his subscription4 ,the literary matter of ,,harper',s ,,weekly is supplied by some of the ablest writers in the ,english language4 ,every ,number contains an installment of a serial story by a first-class author--,,bulwer',s 8,what will he do with ,it80 has appeared entire in its columns2 one or more short ,stories1 the best that can be purchased at home or abroad2 the best ,poetry of the day2 instructive ,essays on topics of general interest2 ,comments on the ,events of the time1 in the shape of ,editorials and the ,lounger's philosophic and amusing ,gossip2 searching but generous ,literary ,criticisms2 a ,chess ,chronicle2 and full and careful reports of the ,money1 ,merchandise1 and ,produce ,markets4 ,in fixing at so low a price as ,five ,cents the price of their paper1 the ,publishers were aware that nothing but an enormous sale could remunerate them4 ,they are happy to say that the receipts have already realized their anticipations1 and justify still further efforts to make ,,harper',s ,,weekly an indispensable guest in every home throughout the country4 ,,terms4--,one ,copy for ,twenty ,weeks1 #a #jj2 ,one ,copy for ,one ,year1 #b #ej2 ,one ,copy for ,two ,years1 #d #jj2 ,five ,copies for ,one ,year1 #i #jj2 ,twelve ,copies for ,one ,year1 #bj #jj2 ,twenty-five ,copies for ,one ,year1 #dj #jj4 ,an ,extra ,copy will be allowed for every ,club of ,,twelve or ,,twenty-,,five ,,subscribers4 ,by ,william ,c4 ,prime4 ,boat ,life in ,egypt ,nubia4 ,boat ,life in ,egypt and ,nubia4 ,by ,,william ,c4 ,,prime1 ,author of 8,the ,old ,house by the ,river10 8,later ,years10 c4 ,illustrations4 #abmo1 ,muslin1 #a #be4 ,tent ,life in the ,holy ,land4 ,by ,,william ,c4 ,,prime1 ,author of 8,the ,old ,house by the ,river10 8,later ,years10 c4 ,illustrations4 #abmo1 ,muslin1 #a #be4 ,the ,old ,house by the ,river4 ,by ,,william ,c4 ,,prime1 ,author of the 8,owl ,creek ,letters40 #abmo1 ,muslin1 #ge cents4 ,later ,years4 ,by ,,william ,c4 ,,prime1 ,author of 8,the ,old ,house by the ,river40 #abmo1 ,muslin1 #a #jj4 ,,curtis',s ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,constitution4 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,origin1 ,,formation1 ,,and ,,adoption ,,of ,,the ,,constitution ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,by ,,george ,,ticknor ,,curtis4 ,complete in #b vols4 #hvo1 ,muslin1 #d #jj2 ,law ,sheep1 #e #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #f #jj4 ,a book so thorough as this in the comprehension of its subject1 so impartial in the summing up of its judgments1 so well considered in its method1 and so truthful in its matter1 may safely challenge the most exhaustive criticism4 ,the ,constitutional ,history of our country has not before been made the subject of a special treatise4 ,we may congratulate ourselves that an author has been found so capable to do full justice to it2 for that the work will take its rank among the received text-books of our political literature will be questioned by no one who has given it a careful perusal4--,national ,intelligencer4 ,we know of no person who is better qualified 7now that the late ,daniel ,webster is no more71 to undertake this important history4--,boston ,journal4 ,it will take its place among the classics of ,american literature4--,boston ,courier4 ,the author has given years to the preliminary studies1 and nothing has escaped him in the patient and conscientious researches to which he has devoted so ample a portion of time4 ,indeed1 the work has been so thoroughly performed that it will never need to be done over again2 for the sources have been exhausted1 and the materials put together with so much judgment and artistic skill that taste and the sense of completeness are entirely satisfied4--,n4 ,y4 ,daily ,times4 ,a most important and valuable contribution to the historical and political literature of the ,united ,states4 ,all publicists and students of public law will be grateful to ,mr4 ,curtis for the diligence and assiduity with which he has wrought out the great mine of diplomatic lore in which the foundations of the ,american ,constitution are laid1 and for the light he has thrown on his wide and arduous subject4--,london ,morning ,chronicle4 ,to trace the history of the formation of the ,constitution1 and explain the circumstances of the time and country out of which its various provisions grew1 is a task worthy of the highest talent4 ,to have performed that task in a satisfactory manner is an achievement with which an honorable ambition may well be gratified4 ,we can honestly say that in our opinion ,mr4 ,curtis has fairly won this distinction4--,n4 ,y4 ,courier and ,enquirer4 ,we have seen no history which surpasses it in the essential qualities of a standard work destined to hold a permanent place in the impartial judgment of future generations4--,boston ,traveler4 ,should the second volume sustain the character of the first1 we hazard nothing in claiming for the entire publication the character of a standard work4 ,it will furnish the only sure guide to the interpretation of the ,constitution1 by unfolding historically the wants it was intended to supply1 and the evils which it was intended to remedy4--,boston ,daily ,advertiser4 ,this volume is an important contribution to our constitutional and historical literature4 99 99 99 ,every true friend of the ,constitution will gladly welcome it4 ,the author has presented a narrative clear and interesting4 ,it evinces careful research1 skillful handling of material1 lucid statement1 and a desire to write in a tone and manner worthy of the great theme4--,boston ,post4 ,published by ,,harper ,,brothers1 ,franklin ,square1 ,new ,york4 ,,harper ,,brothers will send the above ,work by ,mail1 postage paid 7for any distance in the ,united ,states under #cjjj miles71 on receipt of the ,money4 ,works by ,thomas ,carlyle4 ,history of ,friedrich the ,second1 called ,frederic the ,great4 #d vols4 #abmo1 ,muslin1 #a #be each4 ,vols4 ,i4 and ,,ii41 with ,portraits and ,maps1 just ready4 ,the ,french ,revolution4 ,a ,history4 ,newly ,revised by the ,author1 with ,index1 c4 #b vols4 #abmo1 ,muslin1 #b #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #c #gj4 ,oliver ,cromwell's ,letters and ,speeches4 ,including the ,supplement to the ,first ,edition4 ,with ,elucidations and ,connecting ,narrative4 #b vols4 #abmo1 ,muslin1 #b #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #c #gj4 ,past and ,present4 ,chartism and ,sartor ,resartus4 ,a ,new ,edition4 ,complete in #a vol4 #abmo1 ,muslin1 #a #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #a #he4 ,published by ,,harper ,,brothers1 ,franklin ,square1 ,new ,york4 ,,harper ,,brothers will send either of the above ,works by ,mail1 postage paid 7for any distance in the ,united ,states under #cjjj miles71 on receipt of the ,money4 ,harper's ,catalogue4 ,a ,,new ,,descriptive ,,catalogue ,,of ,,harper ,,brothers' ,,publications1 with an ,index and ,classified ,table of ,contents1 is now ready for ,distribution1 and may be obtained gratuitously on application to the ,publishers personally1 or by letter inclosing ,,six ,,cents in ,postage ,stamps4 ,the attention of gentlemen1 in town or country1 designing to form ,libraries or enrich their ,literary ,collections1 is respectfully invited to this ,catalogue1 which will be found to comprise a large proportion of the standard and most esteemed works in ,english ,literature--,,comprehending ,,more ,,than ,,two ,,thousand ,,volumes--which are offered1 in most instances1 at less than one half the cost of similar productions in ,england4 ,to ,librarians and others connected with ,colleges1 ,schools1 c41 who may not have access to a reliable guide in forming the true estimate of literary productions1 it is believed this ,catalogue will prove especially valuable as a manual of reference4 ,to prevent disappointment1 it is suggested that1 whenever books can not be obtained through any bookseller or local agent1 applications with remittance should be addressed direct to the ,publishers1 which will be promptly attended to4 ,transcriber's ,notes ,errors in punctuation have been fixed4 ,page #ic3 8engraved and excuted0 changed to 8engraved and executed0 ,page #aaf3 8stones1 muscles0 changed to 8stones1 mussels0 ,page #afa3 8,robusti ,tintoretti0 changed to 8,robusti ,tintoretto0 ,page #bdc3 8,bibilical scholarship0 changed to 8,biblical scholarship0 ,page #cjh3 8approach to ,ashville0 changed to 8approach to ,asheville0 ,page #cdc3 8,the ,liasons0 changed to 8the ,liaisons0 ,page #cgi3 8,ninenteen ,volumes0 changed to 8,nineteen ,volumes0