,illu/ration3 ,black locu/ grove 9      
pa/ure on poor soil4 ,se$ s[n  9 pl[$   
l&1 9 r[s f\r feet ap>t4 ,n9e ye>s ago  
cultivat$ "o  ye>1 & s9ce ?9n$ twice4   
#aig trees on "o-half acre w make #ead  
po/s 7#g-c74 ,photo by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/     
,s]vice4                                
,! ,f>m & ! ,woodlot                    
,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,b>ton1                    
,/ate ,=e/] ( ,k5tucky4                 
,publi%$ by ! direction ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d 
(                                       
,=e/ry4                                 
,,gov]nor ,,james ,b4 ,,mccre>y1        
,*airman4                               
,,john ,w4 ,,newman1                    
,commission] ( ,agriculture4            
,,joseph ,h4 ,,ka/le1                   
,director1 ,k5tucky ,exp]im5t ,/ation4  
,,hon4 ,,johnson ,n4 ,,camd51           
,v]sailles4                             
,,hon4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,mackoy1                
,cov+ton4                               
,,mrs4 ,,mason ,,maury1                 
,l\isville4                             

,,! ,,f>m ,,& ,,! ,,woodlot             
,,introduction4    ,und\bt$ly1 "o ( !   
mo/ important phases ( ! =e/ry "w1  s f>
 z ! individual ,/ates are conc]n$1 is !
 "q ( !  woodlot & its improvem5t4 ,9 ! 
,ea/]n ,/atest is1 ^? ea/  ( !          
,mississippi ,riv]a v consid]able       
portion ( ! =e/$  areas )9 ea* ,/ate is 
9 ! =m ( woodlots :i* are a "p  ( & an  
adjunct to ! f>m s t 9 any compreh5sive 
=e/  policy = ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates a  
great deal ( att5tion mu/ be  focus$ ^u 
?is phase ( ! "w4 ,?is is1 und\bt$ly1   
true s f>  z ,k5tucky is conc]n$ :]e1 z 
a :ole1 ! l& is held 9 fee  simple by ! 
citiz5s ( ! ,/ate z f>ms f a few acres 9
 size  up to sev]al ?\s& acres4 ,by !   
majority ( ! own]s ( ^!  f>ms1 ! value &
 importance ( ! woodlot is little       
und]/ood  nor has ! practice ( =e/ry z x
 applies to ^! woodlots any             
significance :atsoev]4 ,! object ( ?is  
bullet9 is to make cle>  j :at =e/ry is1
 ! relation ( sci5tific =e/ry to !      
improvem5t ( ! woodlot & ! economical "p

 :i* ! f>m  woodlot plays 9 ! indu/rial 
& social welf>e ( ! ,/ate4 ,z a  matt] (
 fact1 ?is is "o ( ! mo/ difficult      
features ( ! "w  to pres5t prop]ly1     
because x is a h>d matt] to make cle> to
 !  av]age individual j :y a woodlot is 
an asset 9 connection )  8 prop]ty & h[ 
! improvem5t & c>e ( 8 woodlot conc]ns  
him closely & means a proportional      
increase directly 9 ! actual  money     
value ( ! mat]ial on h& & indirectly 9  
ways :i* d n  pres5t !mselves readily   
unless ! att5tion is focus$ on !mz  =   
example1 ! value ( a woodlot z a        
w9d-break 9 connection )  an or*>d or 9 
connection ) ! f>m z a :ole1 or ! value 
(  a wood$ area on an easily erod$      
hillside z a fixative = ! soil  & a     
prev5tative aga9/ ! det]ioration ( !    
cultivat$ areas  bel[ x4 ,! ef=t !n (   
?is bullet9 w befir/1 to %[  h[ ! av]age
 woodlot may be br\ght to a /&>d (      
productivity  compatible ) ! complete   
utilization ( ! gr\nd1 & second1 to  %[ 
9 detail :at ! direct & indirect b5efits

 ( a woodlot 9  connection ) any f>m w  
be "u ! be/ circum/ances4 ,9 !          
prep>ation ( ?is bullet91 free use has  
be5 made ( all bullet9s  & publications 
on ?is subject1 :i* ! writ] has be5 able
 to get  hold ( & ackn[l$gm5t is made to
 ^! z a :ole1 s9ce x w\ld  be           
impracticable to make complete          
individual ackn[l$gem5t4                
,,:at ,,is ,,=e/ry8    ,to ! av]age     
individual1 =e/ry z a sci5ce does n mean
  v mu*4 ,! impression is t x has to d )
 ! trees1 b  to :at ext5t & h[ x deals )
 ?is "q is by no means  ?or\ghly        
und]/ood4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 =e/ry deals )
 trees  z a community & n z an          
individualt is1 x deals ) !m  9 ! bulk &
 9 ?is respect diff]s f k9dr$ sci5ces   
:]e  ! individual tree is a matt] (     
conc]n4 ,! =e/] is (t5  call$ ^u to     
answ] que/ions & discuss matt]s )       
relation to  %ade trees or ornam5tal    
trees1 b ?is is n a matt] )9 8  prov9ce 
prop]ly1 b is a matt] = ! l&scape       
ar*itect or  horticulturi/4 ,=e/ry      

prim>ily conc]ns itself ) ! plant+  &   
gr[+ ( trees = sale at a pr(it4         
,occasionally =e/ry may  conc]n itself )
 ! gr[+ & rais+ ( trees = purposes  :]e 
! money value ( ! crop1 :ile x may n be 
z evid5t z  :]e ! trees are plac$ on !  
m>ket & sold1 is nev]!less1 a  real     
money consid]ation4 ,?is is ! case1 :]e 
c]ta9 areas are  plant$ = ! purification
 & cons]vation ( a city wat] supply4    
,"h ! actual wor? ( ! =e/ is ! value to 
! p ( !  city or community ( pure dr9k+ 
wat]4 ,?is w be ! case 9  ! ,catskill   
,m\nta9s :]e enorm\s exp5ditures are be+
 made =  supply+ ,new ,york ,city ) pure
 wat] & :]e ! purity ( ?is  wat] supply 
dep5ds ^u ! ma9t5ance ( c]ta9 areas 9   
=e/  gr[?4 ,=e/ry !n1 s f> z x relates  
to ! f>m & woodlot1  may be def9$ z     
deal+ ) trees z communities & ! gr[+ &  
m>ket+ ( ^! trees = a pr(it4 ,x is a    
simple proposition1 !  same z rais+     
corn4 ,9 rais+ corn1 ! gr\nd is prep>$1 
! se$  is plant$ at a c]ta9 "t 9 ! spr+1
 ! necess>y att5tion is  giv5 dur+ !    

gr[+ season & 9 ! fall x is h>ve/$ &    
sold4 ,a c]ta9 price is obta9$ = ! gra9 
& a c]ta9 price =  ! /alks1 usually 9 ! 
=m ( fodd] = /ock4 ,! *ief value  ( !   
corn crop dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( bu%els p] 
acre ( corn  7gra97 t h be5 produc$ & ! 
k9d & quality ( corn !re  is to m>ket4  
,! k9d & quality ( ! corn crop dep5ds on
 !  selection ( se$4 ,all ?is is        
accompli%$ )9 a ye>'s "t!  plant+1 !    
h>ve/+1 ! cultivation & ! sale ( !      
product4  ,=e/ry is exactly ! same      
proposition4 ,! /ock is select$1 !      
trees are plant$1 ! necess>y att5tion is
 giv5 !m dur+ !  gr[+ p]iod1 & ev5tually
 ! crop is h>ve/$ & m>ket$ =  ! be/     
price obta9able4 ,! value ( ! timb] crop
 dep5ds on  h[ mu* mat]ial y raise to ! 
acre1 ! k9d & quality ( !  product y h  
to m>ket & ! dem& 9 ! m>ket = ! class  (
 mat]ial to :i* ! timb] crop is         
p>ticul>ly adapt$4 ,! *ief  diff]5ce is 
?is3 t1 :]eas1 ! corn crop has be5      
plant$1  h>ve/$ & m>ket$ )9 "o gr[+     
season1 a =e/ crop takes  a p]iod ( gr[+

 seasons be=e x is ready to m>ket4 ,!   
precise  l5g? ( ?is p]iod dep5ds on !   
k9d ( mat]ial y are to raise1  z f5ce   
po/s1 ties1 lumb]1 etc4                 
,,improvem5t ,,( ,,! ,,woodlot4    ,:at 
!n c be done to %[ ! man mo/ conc]n$1 ! 
f>m]1 !  importance ( ! improvem5t ( 8  
woodlot8 ,fir/1 an attempt w be  made to
 set =? ! matt] z cle>ly z possible 9   
pr9t1 :i* is  ! object ( ?is bullet92 & 
! necess>y /eps w !n be tak5  to furni% 
an ocul> demon/ration ( ! facts h]e9 set
 =? by  ! e/abli%m5t ( nurs]ies & !     
ma9t5ance ( model woodlots4  ,on ! big  
majority ( f>ms 9 ,k5tucky1 !re are     
c]ta9 areas :i*  are n good f>m l& &    
nev] w be = a v>iety ( reasons  7inf]ior
 soil1 rocky soil1 too /eep a slope1    
etc472 b ^! l&s  9 mo/ cases c produce  
timb] crops & %\ld be produc+ !m1  s9ce 
!y are a comm]cial adjunct to ! f>m &   
br+ 9 a rev5ue4  ,z ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,cook1 
( ,hickman ,c\nty1 says1 8,x is a great 
deal m  valuable ?an giv+ ! l& ov] to   
we$s & wild bri>s40    ,ord9>ily1 !re is

 little or no att5tion paid to ! woodlot
 on a  f>m1 & )\t att5tion a woodlot is 
9 mu* ! same condition  z a corn field 9
 :i* no att5tion 0 paid to ! k9d ( corn 
plant$1 & :i* 0 n cultivat$ dur+ ! gr[+ 
season4 ,y  commonly f9d 9 a woodlot a  
great v>iety ( trees1 "s ( a valuable   
species & "s ( m or less wor?less       
species4 ,y also f9d  crook$ & defective
 & diseas$ trees1 & fur!r y ord9>ily d  
n f9d 9 any p>ticul> woodlot "o-half !  
trees t ! gr\nd  w support1 :i* is ab\t 
! wor/ feature ( all1 s9ce "h is an     
economic wa/e4                          
,,purposes ,,( ,,! ,,woodlot4    ,:5 !  
improvem5t ( ! woodlot is s]i\sly "u    
consid]ation1  "o ( ! fir/ propositions 
is to det]m9e j :at purpose !  woodlot w
 s]ve 9 ! economy ( ! f>m4 ,ord9>ily a  
woodlot  w be ma9ta9$ = ! foll[+        
reasons3 #a4 ,to furni% f5ce  po/s2 #b4 
,to furni% fuel2 #c4 ,z a %elt] belt =  
c]ta9 areas  or = ! :ole f>m2 #d4 ,z a  
protection on /eep up-l&s aga9/         
erosion2 #e4 ,z a means ( reg5]ation (  

worn out l&2 #f4 ,z an  inve/m5t pure & 
simple1 )\t reg>d to imm$iate returns2  
#g4  ,= ! ae/hetic value4 ,any          
comb9ation ( ^! reasons may prevail  = !
 ma9t5ance ( a woodlot2 h[ev]1 ea* "o ( 
!m w be  discuss$ 9 its turn z sep>ate  
propositions4    #a4 ,probably "o ( !   
*ief reasons = ma9ta9+ ! woodlot on     
f>ms 9 ,k5tucky f ! purely utilit>ian   
/&po9t w be to  obta9 f5ce po/s4 ,^! are
 a commodity on ! f>m :i* _c be  disp5s$
 ) & = :i* ! dem& is /aple4 ,concrete   
may &  w at "s future date1 sup]s$e wood
 z f5ce po/s1 especially  9 ri* easily  
accessible agricultural regions :]e f>m+
 is v  pr(itable & conduct$ z a bus9ess1
 b x w d ?is only  sl[ly 9 remote       
regions1 & at ! pres5t "t concrete po/s 
are  n ext5sively us$ 9 any locality4 ,a
 woodlot c !n be reasonably  ma9ta9$ = !
 production ( f5ce po/s4 ,ord9>ily !    
po/s  are l>gely consum$ on ! home f>m1 
s9ce !y are m valuable  to ! produc] at 
?is po9t ?an if he %\ld sell !m2 h[ev]1 
if !re is a surplus1 a m>ket = ?is w n  

be lack+ & !  price obta9$ w m ?an      
ju/ify ! co/ ( ! e/abli%m5t (  ! woodlot
 & its ma9t5ance up to ! "t ( h>ve/+ !  
crop4  ,9 consid]+ ! species :i* l5d    
!mselves mo/ readily to !  production ( 
?is class ( products 9 ,k5tucky1        
und\bt$ly1 black  locu/ 7,rob9ia        
pseudacacia7 sometimes locally call$    
yell[ locu/1  l5ds itself mo/ readily to
 ?is purpose4 ,x is indig5\s to !       
,/ate1 gr[s fairly rapidly & la/s a long
 "t 9 contact ) !  soil1 ?ree prime     
requisites ( any species :i* is to be   
us$ 9 !  gr[+ ( ?is class ( mat]ial4    
,o!r species :i* may be us$ are  catalpa
 7,catalpa speciosa71 walnut1 osage     
orange1 *e/nut & junip]  7also kn[n     
locally z c$> or r$ c$>74    #b4 ,z a   
g5]al proposition1 x appe>s t !         
ma9t5ance ( a  woodlot = ! gr[+ ( fuel1 
s f> z ,k5tucky is conc]n$1  is n an    
important consid]ation4 ,s f> z my      
obs]vation goes  ?r\gh\t ! ,/ateev5 9 ! 
rural di/rictscoal is ! g5]al  fuel 9   
use on acc\nt ( ! abundance ( supply &  

is 9 a l>ge  numb] ( ways *eap] &       
pref]able to wood z a fuel4 ,on ?is     
acc\nt ! woodlot w supply only a v small
 am\nt ( fuel &  consid]ation ( ?is     
matt] is n important4 ,if x does happ5 t
 a  supply ( fuel wood is desirable or  
necess>y on ! f>m1 und\bt$ly1  hickory &
 oak l5d !mselves mo/ readily = ?is     
purpose4 ,any  species ( hickory gr[s   
fairly rapidly1 & c]ta9 species ( oak1 z
  = in/ance r$ oak1 makes a reasonably  
rapid gr[?4 ,a woodlot =  ?is purpose   
w\ld be manag$ z a spr\t =e/4    #c4 ,! 
removal ( =e/s & wood$ areas ( ,k5tucky 
has und\bt$ly  result$ 9 c]ta9 climatic 
*anges4 ,^! are pr9cipally to be  notic$
 9 ! preval5ce ( high w9ds :i* =m]ly did
 n exi/1  & su* w9ds h a m>k$ effect on 
c]ta9 f>m activities1 z =  in/ance !    
h&l+ ( an or*>d or ! h&l+ ( /ock4 ,a    
%elt]  belt1 !re=e1 (f]s protection to !
 f>m h\se & surr\nd+  build+s4 ,to be ( 
use1 ! %elt] belt or w9d break mu/ be 9 
!  direction ( ! prevail+ w9ds4 ,fur!r1 
s9ce 9 all probability  a %elt] belt is 

( mo/ use & is mo/ desirable 9 ! w9t]   
"t1 ! compon5t species 9 ! %elt] belt   
%\ld be1 to a l>ge  ext5t1 ev]gre5s1 s t
 ! effectiv5ess may be z great 9 w9t]  z
 9 summ]4 ,9 connection ) an or*>d1 a   
%elt] belt or w9d  break1 und\bt$ly1    
protects aga9/ cold & de/ructive curr5ts
 (  air :i* injure ! or*>d 9 v>i\s ways 
ei!r by injur+ !  blossoms ( ! fruit1 or
 at a lat] p]iod1 by injur+ ! fruit1    
:i* is bl[n f ! trees by ! w9d & left 9 
bad condition =  %ipp+4    ,! species !n
 :i* %\ld compose a %elt] belt %\ld1 z  
f> z  possible1 h ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,!y   
%\ld gr[ fa/ to furni%  ! maximum am\nt 
( protection 9 ! %orte/ space ( "t1 &   
%\ld h z wide a usefulness z possible4  
,s f> z ! majority  ( in/ances are      
conc]n$1 ! %elt] belt might h two       
objects4  ,! production ( useful mat]ial
 = ! f>m z f5ce po/s z well  z a w9d    
break4 ,9 ?is case1 x w\ld be well to   
plant black locu/  9 conjunction ) "s   
ev]gre5s1 z :ite p9e or ,norway spruce1 
hemlock or yell[ p9e4 ,! numb] (        

ev]gre5s :i* may be utiliz$  = ?is      
purpose 9 ,k5tucky are limit$1 b ! numb]
 ( h>dwoods  :i* l5d !mselves to ?is    
purpose is v great1 z = in/ance1  !     
hickories1 a%es1 black locu/1 popl>s1   
tulip popl>1 osage orange  & o!rs4 ,bee*
 also makes a good tree = ! composition 
( a  %elt] belt4    ,illu/ration3       
,*e/nut plantation1 ?irty ye>s old4     
,photo by ,u4 ,s4  ,=e/ ,s]vice4    #d4 
,z a protection on a /eep up-l&s aga9/  
erosion1 ! *ief ?+  is to e/abli% a =e/ 
cov]4 ,! composition ( ! /& is m or     
less immat]ial al?\gh x is always       
desirable t ! mo/ readily  m>ketable    
species %all be us$ s t ! woodl&s 9     
addition to  p]=m+ _! protective        
function may also supply an actual      
rev5ue4  ,!re=e1 z f> z possible1 !     
trees to be us$ %\ld be !  a%es1 oak1   
*e/nut1 hickories1 maples & o!r species1
 ^: value  9 ! lumb] m>ket is /&>d4 ,!  
*ief feature 9 reg>d to ?is  protective 
woodl& is t ! =e/ cov] %all rema9       
unbrok54    #e4 ,z a means ( reg5]ation 

( worn out l&1 especially hillsides1    
:i* are liable to erosion & d n l5d     
!mselves easily to a  sci5tific rotation
 ( crops1 a =e/ cov] is a v important   
factor  s9ce x furni%es to ! soil !     
ess5tial humus &1 :5 su*  species z !   
black locu/ or honey locu/ are plant$1 x
 furni%es  ! nitrog5\s elem5ts to !     
soil1 s9ce ! locu/s are legumes &       
produce on _! roots nodules ( nitrify+  
organisms simil> to ^?  f\nd on ! roots 
( alfalfa1 c[-peas or soy beans4    #f4 
,z a g5]al proposition1 ! rais+ ( lumb] 
or timb] by an  individual is out ( ! "q
 on acc\nt ( ! l5g? ( "t  :i* x takes to
 gr[ ! bett] grades ( ?is mat]ial4      
,ord9>ily1  a tree fifty ye>s old w     
furni% only ! poore/ grades ( lumb]  &  
usually only small dim5sion /ock4       
,g5]ally speak+1 "o hundr$  ye>s is n   
too small a calculation = ! l5g? (      
rotation :5  lumb] is ! aim4 ,9 ! ev5t t
 any individual plants trees =  !       
production ( ! lumb]1 su* plant+ is done
 z an inve/m5t  purely & simply s9ce he 

c n expect to see ! crop h>ve/$  )9 8   
life "t4 ,! only monet>y b5efit t c\ld  
possibly  accrue to ! own] is f !       
mat]ial :i* may h to be ?9n$  out or 9 !
 ev5t t he %\ld desire to sell 8 f>m :5 
!  exi/5ce ( a grove or woodl& ( heal?y 
"y trees w\ld repres5t  an actual money 
value to ! pur*as]4 ,9 case plant+ = ?is
  reason is made1 ! trees %\ld be ^? :i*
 are ! mo/ valuable  lumb] produc+      
species1 z = in/ance1 ! oaks1 ! a%es1   
hickory1 sweet gum1 tulip popl>1 :ite & 
yell[ p9es1 basswood &  a few o!rs4     
#g4 ,x may be t 9 connection ) ! f>m !  
pres5ce ( a  grove ( trees !reon w      
repres5t a value f ! ae/hetic &  sci5ce 
/&po9t :]e ! beauty ( ! l&scape is a    
matt] (  consid]ation to ! own] ( ! l&1 
or to any "o :o might desire  to pur*ase
 x4 ,9 ?is ev5t ! k9d ( tree is n s     
important z  ! actual pres5ce ( trees ( 
"s k9d4 ,! g5]al effect is !  ma9       
consid]ation1 )\t reg>d to ! individual 
features :i*  compose ?is effect4       
,,=e/ ,,taxation4    ,"o ( ! mo/        

important factors 9 connection ) !      
consid]ation  ( woodlots is ! matt] (   
taxation1 & ?is is a matt] :i*  s f> z  
,k5tucky is conc]n$1 has _h little      
att5tion4 ,9 !  fir/ place1 !re is no   
classification ( l& )9 ! ,/ate =        
taxation purposes4 ,x is a g5]ally      
accept$ !ory among exp]ts 9  ?is matt]  
at ! pres5t "t t !re is only "o fair    
me?od  ( taxation :i* may be appli$ to  
l& ma9ta9$ by ! own] 9  =e/ gr[? & t is 
t !re %\ld be a tax plac$ on ! l&  :i*  
%all be an annual tax1 & ano!r tax plac$
 on ! =e/  crop :5 x is h>ve/$4 ,9 no   
o!r mann] does x seem probable  t       
re=e/ation ( suitable areas ?r\gh\t !   
,/ate may be  accompli%$1 s9ce 9 ! fir/ 
place1 on acc\nt ( ! "* (  ! inve/m5t ! 
own] ( ! l& mu/ be assur$ be=e h& j  :at
 8 taxes on ! l& are to be1 & 9 ! second
 place ! risks  att5dant ^u ! rais+ ( a 
=e/ crop1 because ( ! long p]iod  ( ye>s
 be=e x rea*es maturity1 make x ess5tial
 t ! crop (  =e/ products %all be tax$  
at maturity :5 x is h>ve/$1 r  ?an t an 

annual tax %all be impos$4 ,c]ta9 ,/ates
 h already  gone a long ways 9 ?is      
direction & ,p5nsylvania has rec5tly    
pass$ ?ree laws deal+ ) ! matt] ( =e/   
taxation & !  classification ( =e/ l&   
:i* embrace ! be/ features ( rec5t      
?\ght on ?is subject4 ,! ess5tials ( !  
rec5t ,p5nsylvania laws  are z foll[s3  
#a4 ,classification ( suitable l& set   
aside by ! own] = =e/  purposes z       
auxili>y =e/ res]ves4    #b4 ,agreem5t )
 ! ,/ate to ma9ta9 su* l& 9 =e/ gr[? &  
p5alties = failure to c>ry out agreem5t4
    #c4 ,assessm5t ( l& classifi$ z     
auxili>y =e/ res]ves at #a4jj  p] acre  
annual tax4    #d4 ,paym5t by own] ( #aj
 p] c5t ( ! value ( ! =e/ products  :5  
h>ve/$ to ! c\nty to be di/ribut$ among 
! prop] c\nty  funds4    #e4 ,fix$ *>ge 
on auxili>y =e/ res]ve l& ( two c5ts p] 
acre  = s*ools & two c5ts p] acre =     
roads4    ,"u ^! provisions x is obvi\s 
t ! gr[+ ( timb] on  suitable areas w\ld
 be r$uc$ to a practical bus9ess basis4 
,provid+ ! tax "q is suffici5tly settl$ 

& def9ite = a  p]iod ( ye>s ! reg5]ation
 ( ! woodlot or ! e/abli%m5t  ( "o may  
be und]tak5 z a safe inve/m5t4 ,s f> z  
,k5tucky  is conc]n$1 ! pres5t tax laws 
& ! mann] ( h&l+ !  assessm5ts 9 !      
c\nties are n su* z to be> heavily on   
timb]$  or wood$ areas4 ,9 ! ev5t t a   
new classification ( l& is made  & new  
tax laws enact$ e ef=t %\ld be made to  
br+ ab\t  su* a classification ( =e/ l& 
& su* a sy/em ( taxation z  w enc\rage !
 re=e/ation ( suitable areas & !        
reg5]ation  ( ! pres5t woodl&s4         
,,reg5]ation ,,( ,,! ,,woodlot4    ,:5 !
 "q ( ! reg5]ation ( ! woodlot is       
s]i\sly  consid]$ !re are sev]al po9ts  
:i* /& out prom95tly z  foll[s3         
#a4 ,protection4      #b4 ,tak+ ( /ock4 
#c4 ,removal ( undesirable species4     
#d4 ,selection ( desirable species4     
#e4 ,me?od ( reg5]ation4      #f4 ,c>e &
 managem5t4    #a4 ,protection4 ,x is   
ess5tial t a woodlot %all be protect$ if
  x is to be an asset to ! own] & br+s  
him f9ancial returns4  ,!re are two     

de/ructive ag5cies aga9/ :i* he mu/ make
  special ef=ts1 fire & /ock4 ,x may    
seem unnecess>y to po9t  out ! v>i\s bad
 effects :i* fire & /ock h on woodl&s1  
b !y are nev]!less "h set =? 9 brief4   
,fire de/roys  timb] utt]ly1 injures x s
 t x is subject to insect & fungi       
attacks1 l[]s ! grade ( ! timb]1 de/roys
 or s]i\sly injures  reproduction1      
de/roys humus & l[]s ! productive       
capacity ( !  soil4 ,!re is no way 9 :i*
 burn+ ov] a woodl& improves !  "* ( !  
=e/4 ,/ock h a v injuri\s effect on     
trees1  especially "y gr[?4 ,"s /ock eat
 up ! nuts & b]ries &  se$s :i* are !   
means ( reproduc+ ! =e/4 ,o!r /ock br[se
  on ! "y trees :i* h />t$1 de/roy+ ! "y
 gr[?  altoge!r or s]i\sly gnaw+ o!r    
trees !reby leav+ !m badly  mal=m$ &    
deplet$ 9 vitality4 ,by rubb+ aga9/     
small trees  /ock also d a great deal ( 
h>m4 ,s /ock %\ld be rigidly exclud$  f 
! woodlot1 or at lea/ until all ! trees 
are well develop$  & ev5 !n no good is  
accompli%$4 ,if possible1 ! woodlot %\ld

  be well f5c$4 ,! o!r de/ructive       
ag5cies aga9/ :i* protection  may become
 necess>y are insects & disease4 ,if    
fire & /ock are  exclud$1 ! *ances (    
insects & disease do+ s]i\s damage is   
mat]ially decreas$4 ,diseases & insects 
are be/ kept 9 *eck by  keep+ ! wood$   
area clean ( dead & decay+ mat]ial4 ,9  
case (  s]i\s insect infe/ation x may 9 
"s cases pay to spray ! trees1  b "u    
ord9>y conditions ?is is n practical4 ,!
 common way (  fight+ disease & insects 
is to cut d[n & burn all affect$ trees4 
#b4 ,tak+ ( ,/ock4 ,! next /ep 9 !      
reg5]ation ( our woodl&  is to f9d out !
 ext5t & "* ( ! /ock on h&1 = we  c n   
proce$ intellig5tly )\t ?is k4 ,?is tak+
 (  /ock may be a purely ocul> process  
or x may be a detail$ e/imate  &        
description1 dep5d+ on ! ext5t ( !      
woodl& & !  desires ( ! own]4 ,all      
reproduction %\ld be acc\nt$ = z  well z
 ! old] /ock on h&4 ,! tak+ ( /ock %\ld 
also  involve ! division ( species into 
desirable & undesirable species1  by    

desirable species be+ meant su* species 
z x is desir$ to  enc\rage because ( !  
dem& = x 9 ! local m>ket or because  ( !
 use :i* may be made ( x by ! own] on 8 
f>m4 ,!  desirable species w usually    
include ! fa/ gr[+ species4    #c4      
,removal ( ,undesirable ,species &      
,trees4 ,! fir/ actual "w  9 connection 
) ! reg5]ation ( ! woodlot is ! removal 
(  undesirable species4 ,:5 ?is is      
und]tak5 ! local m>ket & o!r  m>kets    
%\ld be c>efully /udi$ 9 ord] t1 if     
possible1 a sale  may be f\nd = !       
mat]ial :i* is remov$1 s t ! "w may  pay
 = itself4 ,9 det]m9+ :at are           
undesirable species !re are  sev]al     
factors :i* w gov]n & no specific li/ ( 
trees c be  cit$4 ,! desire ( ! own]1 ! 
m>ket = ! mat]ial1 rapidity  ( gr[? &   
o!r features are among ! important      
consid]ations4  ,su* trees z blue bea*1 
horn beam1 r$ bud1 s]vice b]ry & o!rs  h
 no rightful place 9 a woodlot s9ce !y  
take up space )\t  furni%+ any product (
 value1 unless ! wood$ area is desir$ = 

its ae/hetic features4 ,9 a woodlot :i* 
is ma9ta9$ = f5ce  po/s & fuel x w\ld be
 poor policy to reta9 any b ^? species  
:i* make good f5ce po/ mat]ial & fuel & 
gr[ rapidly4 ,9 ?is  matt]1 common s5se 
w g a long way4 ,also badly suppress$   
trees1  mal=m$ & diseas$ or infect$     
individuals %\ld be remov$ z f>  z      
practicable4    #d4 ,selection (        
,desirable ,species4 ,9 ! selection (   
desirable  species !re are a l>ge numb] 
( consid]ations1 & ! fir/ (  ^! is !    
purpose ( ! own] 9 ma9ta9+ ! woodlot4 ,=
  in/ance1 if ! own] desires f5ce po/s1 
& f5c+ mat]ial1 8  woodlot w1 9         
,k5tucky1 be conf9$ to ^? species :i*   
produce  su* mat]ial quickly1 z =       
example black locu/1 catalpa1 *e/nut  & 
walnut1 also x w be well to h a p]c5tage
 ( r$ c$>  7junip]7 9 ! mixture1 = s9ce 
r$ c$> gr[s comp>atively  sl[ly1 x may  
be res]v$ to be cut z ! second crop & w 
s]ve  to %ade ! gr\nd & prev5t erosion  
:5 ! fa/] gr[+  species h be5 cut & dur+
 ! re/ock+ ( ! area4 ,if fuel z  well z 

f5ce po/ mat]ial is desir$1 a mixture   
includ+ hickory1  oak & *e/nut w\ld be  
desirable4 ,if ties1 po/s1 poles or o!r 
products are an object1 c]ta9 species   
are desirable & are easily  gr[n4 ,a li/
 ( trees suitable = v>i\s purposes is   
h]e) giv54  ,no species are includ$ 9   
?is li/ :i* w n produce m>ketable       
mat]ial repeat$ly )9 ! lifetime ( a s+le
 individual4 ,only  9 unusual cases is !
 rais+ ( trees = lumb] recomm5d$ z a    
feasible or pr(itable v5ture = !        
individual f>m own]4    ,f5ce po/s &    
f5c+ mat]ial,black locu/1 catalpa1      
*e/nut1  walnut1 oak1 r$ c$> 7junip]74  
,fuel,oak1 hickory1 maple1 *e/nut4      
,poles,*e/nut1 catalpa1 r$ c$>4         
,ties,black locu/1 catalpa1 *e/nut1     
walnut1 oak4    ,vehicle mat]ial & h&le 
/ock,hickory4    #e4 ,me?ods (          
,reg5]ation4 ,!re are sev]al ?+s :i* mu/
 be  done to secure a good =e/ ov] !    
area4 ,if natural se$+ is to  be dep5d$ 
^u = reproduction1 ! gr\nd mu/ be prep>$
 to  receive ! se$4 ,sometimes ! sod w  

be s ?ick ov] ! area  t se$s get no     
*ance to g5]ate4 ,9 ?is case1 ! sod %\ld
  be pl[$ up1 if possible1 or h>r[$ s t 
! se$s may h a  suitable opportunity to 
/>t4 ,to d well1 x is necess>y t !  se$s
 & se$l+s h easy access to ! m9]al soil4
 ,x may  be t ! gr\nd is s %ad$ t se$l+s
 d n receive !  necess>y sunlight4 ,if  
?is be s1 suffici5tly l>ge op5+s %\ld   
be made 9 ! =e/ cov] to admit ! requir$ 
light4 ,x may be t  natural se$+ does n 
proce$ rapidly en\gh & t ?is mu/ be     
supplem5t$ by ! s[+ ( se$ artificially4 
,:5 artificial s[+  is resort$ to x w be
 f\nd t !re are sev]al me?ods (  s[+ :i*
 recomm5d !mselves3 broadca/1 s[+ 9     
prep>$ r[s1  s[+ 9 prep>$ se$ spots &   
s[+ ) a corn plant] ei!r 9  r[s or      
spots4 ,?is la/ me?od is recomm5d$ z be+
 usually mo/  satisfactory & economical4
 ,s[+ ) a corn plant] c be resort$  to  
only 9 ! case ( small se$s4 ,l>ge se$s1 
su* z walnuts1  hickory nuts1 etc41 mu/ 
be plant$ by h&1 b :5 ?is is done !y    
are liable to be eat5 by squirrels or   

o!r rod5ts1 9 :i* case x  may be        
necess>y to plant su* se$s 9 small      
protect$ se$ b$s &  !n transplant !     
se$l+s to ! place :]e !y are desir$4    
,if plant+ is to be dep5d$ ^u = re=e/+1 
! nurs]y /ock  obta9$ %\ld be small     
se$l+s n ov] "o or two ye>s old or      
transplants two to ?ree ye>s old4 ,if ! 
am\nt ( plant+ to be  done is l>ge1 x   
may be wise to />t se$ b$s close to !   
gr\nd  :]e ! plant+ is to be done & n to
 dep5d on comm]cial  nurs]ies = /ock4   
#f4 ,c>e & ,managem5t4 ,x w be f\nd t ! 
c>e & managem5t  ( ! woodlot is         
relatively a simple matt] aft] ! =e/ is 
well e/abli%$ & t ! "* ( ! /ock & !     
am\nt  & quality ( ! products w improve 
mat]ially ) managem5t4  ,!re are c]ta9  
sy/ems ( managem5t :i* recomm5d !mselves
  = woodlots su* z ! 7#a7 simple coppice
 7#b7 pole wood coppice 7#c7  coppice ) 
/&>ds or v>iations ( ^!4 ,! ?ree me?ods 
"h  cit$ are briefly describ$4          
,simple ,coppice4 ,?is is a sy/em (     
managem5t :]e9 all ! /&  is cut & !     

re/ock+ ( ! area is secur$ by spr\ts f !
  old /umps4 ,"u ?is sy/em ! /& %\ld be 
cut at an age n to  exce$ tw5ty-five    
ye>s & pref]ably ab\t fifte5 ye>s1      
al?\gh  ?is is usually impossible f a   
comm]cial /&po9t4 ,! cutt+  %\ld be done
 9 ! late fall1 w9t] or e>ly spr+4 ,!   
/umps  %\ld be cut l[1 smoo? & slant+ s 
z to %$ wat] & prev5t  decay4 ,aft] a "t
 "u ?is sy/em ! spr\t+ capacity ( !     
/ump is greatly r$uc$ & arrangem5t mu/  
be made to secure new  individuals ei!r 
by direct se$+ or by plant+4    ,pole   
,wood ,coppice4 ,?is sy/em involves !   
leav+ ( c]ta9 trees  until !y rea* !    
pole wood /age & are suitable = su*     
products  z ties1 poles1 etc4 ,x is a   
favorite me?od ( h&l+ woodlots4    ,pole
 ,wood ,/&>ds4 ,?is sy/em involves !    
leav+ ( a c]ta9  few trees until !y are 
( l>ge size4 ,su* trees %\ld usually be 
f ! se$4    ,9 ! managem5t ( ! woodl&1 x
 w be necess>y to make sev]al  cutt+s   
be=e ! f9al cutt+ at ! end ( ! rotation1
 usually  "o or two4 ,a ?9n+ may e>ly   

become necess>y to give ! be/  specim5s 
a bett] *ance = gr[?4 ,sometimes two    
?9n+s may be  requir$4 ,(t5 a ?9n+ may  
be requir$ to secure reproduction by    
op5+ up ! =e/ cov] & expos+ ! gr\nd s t 
"y  gr[? may h ! opportunity to get     
/>t$4    ,9 ! f9al cutt+1 :5 all or !   
major "p ( ! crop is cut1  ! mat]ial    
%\ld be remov$ f ! gr\nd z rapidly z    
possible  & ! bru% dispos$ ( :5         
practical4 ,! disposal ( bru% w  usually
 take ! =m ( lopp+ ! limbs f ! tops &   
scatt]+  !m1 s z to secure e>ly decay ( 
! wa/e mat]ial4 ,sometimes !  bru% may  
be advantage\sly pil$ & burn$4          
,,conclusion4    ,no attempt has be5    
made 9 ?is bullet9 to deal exhau/ively )
  ! woodlot problem4 ,! desire has be5  
to po9t ! way = !  improvem5t ( !       
woodlots 9 ,k5tucky4 ,individual cases  
des]ve  specific consid]ation1 & only ! 
ma9 features ( ! proposition  h be5 t\*$
 ^u4 ,! ,/ate ,=e/] w *e]fully answ] by 
mail all que/ions relat+ to ?is subject 
s f> z x is possible to  d s1 & w give  

su* p]sonal advice & direction z ! "t at
  8 disposal & ! circum/ances w>rant4 ,a
 li/ ( books1 bullet9s  & articles      
treat+ ?is subject is app5d$ = ^? :o    
desire to  g m deeply into ! matt] ?an  
is possible 9 a publication (  ?is "*4  
,! illu/rations are f photographs loan$ 
by !  ,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,unit$ ,/ates       
,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4      ,ak]man1 
,a4 ,practical protection & improvem5t (
 ! f>m woodlot1  illu/rat$4 7,bailey1   
,l4 ,h4 ,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican           
,agriculture1 #aijg1  v4 #b3 #ccj-cc47  
,ak]man1 ,alfr$4 ,spr+ "w 9 ! woodlot2  
plant+ :ite p9e  se$l+s4 7,new ,engl&   
,f>m]1 ,montpeli]1 ,vt41 ,april #g1     
#aijf1 v4 #he1  ,no4 #ad3 #d47          
,ak]man1 ,alfr$4 ,spr+ "w 9 ! woodlot4  
7,new ,engl& ,f>m]1  ,montpeli]1 ,vt41  
,april #bh1 #aijf1 v4 #he1 ,no4 #ag3    
#f47    ,ak]man1 ,alfr$4 ,w9t] "w 9 !   
woodlot4 7,new ,engl& ,f>m]1            
,montpeli]1 ,vt41 ,m>* #c1 #aijf1 v4    
#he1 ,no4 #i3 #f47    ,ak]man1 ,alfr$4  
,f>m =e/ry4 #bb p4 ,a!ns4 ,ga41 #aiji4  

7,georgia  ,=e/ ,association4           
,publication47    ,ames1 ,g4 ,w4        
,practical =e/ry = f>m]s4 7,society =   
,protection (  ,new ,hamp%ire ,=e/s4 #g?
 annual report1 #aiji1 p4 #db-f47       
,atkeson1 ,t4 ,c4 ,! f>m]'s woodlot4    
7,we/ ,virg9ia ,/ate ,bo>d (            
,agriculture ,report1 #aijh1 p4         
#ig-ajc47    ,ayres1 ,p4 ,w4 ,! c>e ( ! 
woodlot4 7,society = ! protection (     
,new ,hamp%ire ,=e/s4 ,f\r? annual      
report1 #aije-f1 p4 #ej-a47    ,bak]1   
,h4 ,p4 ,! f>m woodlot 9 ,p5nsylvania4  
7,=e/ ,leaves1  ,philadelphia1 ,pa41    
,oct4 #aijh1 v4 #aa3 #afc-g47    ,bak]1 
,j4 ,fr$4 ,! ,mi*igan woodlot4 #ad p41  
illu/rat$4 ,ea/ ,lans+1  ,mi*41 #aiab4  
7,mi*igan ,agricultural ,exp]im5t       
,/ation4 ,circul> #ag47    ,bald]son1   
,r4 ,w4 ,! f>m woodlot4 7,=e/ ,leaves1  
,philadelphia1 ,pa41  ,april #aije1 v4  
#aj3 #be47    ,besley1 ,f4 ,w4 ,woodlot 
=e/ry = ,m>yl& f>m]s4 #g p4 ,baltimore1 
,md4 7,m>yl& ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,=e/ry       
leaflet ,no4 #e47    ,bogue1 ,e4 ,e4 ,! 

f>m woodlot4 7,g>field1 ,c4 ,w4 ,!      
,mi*igan =e/ry  commission & its "w1    
#aije1 p4 #aj-ad47    ,bogue1 ,e4 ,e4   
,woodlot ?9n+1 illu/rat$4 7,=e/ry &     
,irrigation1  ,aug4 #aijf1 v4 #ab3      
#che-h47    ,bradfield1 ,w4 ,/&+ timb] 9
 woodlots4 7,national ,cons]vation      
,commission4 ,report1 #aiji1 p4 #aha-g47
    ,bryn]1 ,h4 ,e4 ,! improvem5t ( f>m 
woodlots4 7,=e/ ,leaves1  ,philadelphia1
 ,pa41 ,june #aiaj1 v4 #ab1 ,no4 #i3    
#acc-e47    ,campbell1 ,m4 ,e4 ,! f>m   
woodlot4 7,mi*igan ,=e/ry ,commission4  
,report1 #aije-f1 p4 #hg-ij47    ,! c>e 
( ! woodlot4 7,s*ool ,_w1 ,f>m+ton1     
,me41 ,sept4 #aijh1 p4  #ba-d47    ,!   
c>e ( ! f>m]s' woodlot4 7,mi*igan ,/ate 
,bo>d ( ,agriculture4  ,f>m]s'          
,in/itutes1 #aijc-d1 p4 #hj-f47         
,cl>k1 ,judson ,f4 ,defects 9 ! woodlot 
& h[ !y may be rem$i$4  7,ont>io        
,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,union4         
,tw5ty-six? annual report1  #aijd1 p4   
#fc-h47    ,cl>k1 ,j4 ,f4 ,! f>m]s'     
woodlot1 illu/rat$4 7,ont>io ,=e/ry     

,bureau4 ,annual report1 #aijd1 p4      
#ea-h47    ,cl>k1 ,j4 ,f4 ,! propagation
 ( trees by f>m]s4 7,ont>io ,bureau (   
,=e/ry4 ,annual report1 #aijd1 p4       
#ccd-ej47    ,cl>k1 ,j4 ,f4 ,woodlot    
=e/ry4 7,mi*igan ,=e/ry ,commission4    
,report1  #aijc-d1 p4 #dg-ef47          
,c\lt]1 ,/anley4 ,sugge/ions = !        
improvem5t ( ,indiana woodlots1         
illu/rat$4 7,indiana ,/ate ,bo>d (      
,=e/ry4 ,twelf? annual report1  #aiab1  
p4 #he-ajf47    ,c\lt]1 ,/anley4        
,woodlot conditions & possibilities4    
7,indiana ,/ate  ,bo>d ( ,=e/ry4 ,n9? & 
t5? annual report1 #aiji3 #cg-df2 #aiaj3
  #abf-ce47    ,davis1 ,c4 ,a4 ,woodlot 
/udies4 #af p4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mi*41      
#aijf4    ,defebaugh1 ,j4 ,e4 ,relation 
( ! lumb] t>iff to ! value ( f>m]s'     
woodlots4 7,am]ican ,lumb]man1 ,*icago1 
,feb4 #bg1 #aiji1 ,no4 #agfb3 #ci-dj47  
,e f>m] 8 own =e/]4 7,craftsman1 ,june  
#aiab1 v4 #bb3 #cdh-ej47    ,f>m =e/ry4 
7,=e/ ,fi% & ,game1 ,n4 ,y41 ,june      
#aiji1 v4 #c1 ,no4 #a3  #a-bb47    ,f>m]

 & ! =e/4 7,indep5d5t1 ,n4 ,y41 ,july   
#af1 #aijh1 v4 #fe3  #afe-g47           
,faville1 ,e4 ,e41 & ,reeves1 ,e4 ,!    
f>m] & ! woodlot4 7,i[a ,p>k  & ,=e/ry  
,association4 ,proce$+s1 #aijd1 p4      
#be-cj47    ,f]guson1 ,j4 ,a4 ,!        
importance ( ! f>m woodlot4             
7,p5nsylvania ,/ate  ,college1 ,may     
#aiaa1 v4 #d1 ,no4 #a3 #ah-ba47         
,f]guson1 ,meade4 ,! =e/ & ! f>m]4      
7,s\!rn ,plant]1 ,ri*mond1  ,m>* #aiac1 
v4 #gd3 #cae-ba47    ,f]n[1 ,b4 ,e4 ,f>m
 woodlot1 illu/rat$4 7,bailey1 ,l4 ,h4  
,cyclop$ia (  ,am]ican ,agriculture1    
#aijg1 v4 #b3 #cac-bc47    ,fi%]1 ,r4   
,t4 ,=e/ry = ,s\!rn ,new ,engl&         
woodlots4 7,=e/ry &  ,irrigation1       
,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,m>* #aijc1 v4 #i1   
,no4 #c3 #abj-a47    ,fo/]1 ,j4 ,h4     
,improv+ ! f>m woodlot4 #a p4 ,durham1  
,n4 ,h41 #aiab4  7,new ,hamp%ire        
,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,press 
bullet9 #aa47    ,fo/]1 ,j4 ,h4         
,sugge/ions = cutt+ wa/e p9e lots4 #a p4
 ,durham1 ,n4  ,h4 7,new ,hamp%ire      

,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,press 
bullet9 #bb47    ,fyles1 ,?os4 ,w4 ,!   
f>m]'s woodlot4 7,ont>io ,entomological 
,society4  ,?irty-n9? annual report1    
#aijh1 p4 #ach-de47    ,gaskill1 ,alfr$4
 ,let's n ov]look ! woodlots4 7,=e/ry   
,qu>t]ly1  ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,m>*      
#aiac1 v4 #aa3 #eh-fa47    ,gif=d1      
,john4 ,! =e/ 9 relation to ! f>m1      
illu/rat$4 7,new  ,j]sey ,/ate ,bo>d (  
,agriculture1 tw5ty-?ird annual report1 
#ahie1 p4  #agj-agh47    ,gif=d1 ,john4 
,=e/ry = ! f>m4 7,connecticut ,bo>d (   
,agriculture4  ,?irty-six? annual       
report1 #aijb1 p4 #he-ie47    ,goetz1   
,c4 ,h4 ,ne$ ( f>m woodlots 9 ! ,c5tral 
,/ates4 7,=e/  ,leaves1 ,april #aiaa1 v4
 #ac1 ,no4 #b3 #ba-c47    ,goetz1 ,c4   
,h4 ,practical "w on ! woodlot4 7,=e/   
,leaves1  ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,feb4    
#aiab1 v4 #ac3 #ajg-h47    ,graves1     
,h5ry ,solon & ,fi%]1 ,r4 ,t4 ,!        
woodlot4 #hi p4 pl4 ,wa%+ton1  ,d4 ,c41 
#aijc4 7,unit$ ,/ates ,agricultural     
,dep>tm5t ( ,=e/ ,s]vice4  ,bullet9     

#db47    ,ha9es1 ,a4 ,s4 ,a /udy ( !    
*e/nut woodlot4 7#i ,=e/ ,leaves1       
,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,aug4 #aija1 v4 #h1
 ,no4 #aj3 #aej-a47    ,hawes1 ,a4 ,f4  
,! f>m]s' woodlot4 7,v]mont ,/ate ,=e/]4
 ,annual  report1 fir/1 #aijh-i1 p4     
#aff-gb47    ,haz>d1 ,james ,o4 ,an     
example ( woodlot =e/ry4 #bc p4 pl4     
,tr5ton1 ,n4  ,j41 #aiab4    ,h\se1 ,h4 
,d4 ,improvem5t ( ! woodlot4 #ad p41    
illu/rat$4 ,columbia1  ,s4 ,c41 #aijg4  
7,s\? ,c>ol9a ,agricultural ,exp]im5t   
,/ation4 ,bullet9  #abi47    ,hutt1 ,w4 
,n4 ,managem5t ( ! f>m]s' woodlot1      
illu/rat$4 7,cornell  ,c\ntryman1 #aijg1
 v4 #d1 ,no4 #e3 #abh-cd47    ,!        
importance ( ! f>m woodlot4             
7,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,f>m]1  ,p5nsylvania
 ,/ate ,college1 ,may #aiaj1 v4 #ccc1   
,no4 #d3 #hb-he47    ,jackson1 ,e4 ,r4  
,=e/ry & ! f>m]4 7,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia4
 ,alumni  ,bullet94 ,aug4 #aiaa1 s]4 #c1
 v4 #d1 ,no4 #d3 #dag-be47    ,kellogg1 
,r4 ,s4 ,f>m =e/ry 9 ,mi*igan1          
illu/rat$4 7,mi*igan ,/ate  ,bo>d (     

,agriculture ( ,mi*igan ,f>m]s'         
,in/itutes1 #aijg-h1 p4 #fa-gj47        
,kne*tel1 ,a4 ,mak+ a woodlot f se$4 #g 
p4 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 #aijg4    ,mell]1  
,c4 ,l4 ,! prairie f>m]'s tree problem1 
illu/rat$4 7,c\ntry  ,g5tleman1 ,dec4   
#ad1 #aiab1 v4 #gg1 ,no4 #ej3 #c-cb47   
,mill]1 ,f4 ,g4 ,! f>m woodlot 9        
,mi*igan4 7,=e/ry & ,irrigation1        
,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,april #aijc1 v4 #i1 
,no4 #d3 #ahg-i47    ,mul=d1 ,walt]4 ,! 
improvem5t ( ! woodlot4 #bd p41         
illu/rat$4  ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 #aiab4     
7,cornell ,read+ ,c\rses1 v4 #a1 ,no4   
#ab2 ,f>m  ,=e/ry ,s]ies1 ,no4 #a47     
,payne1 ,w4 ,f4 ,value to a f>m ( a     
woodlot1 illu/rat$4 7,canadian  ,=e/ry  
,j\rnal1 ,ottawa1 ,m>*1 ,april #aiab1 v4
 #h3 #ea-ec47    ,price1 ,o4 ,w4 ,fir/  
pr9ciples ( woodlot managem5t1          
illu/rat$4  7,f>m+1 ,toronto1 ,oct4     
#aijf1 v4 #b3 #ic-d47    ,records1 ,p4  
,c4 ,! value ( a woodlot4 7,nor?woods1  
,/4 ,paul1 ,april  #aiac1 v4 #b3 #g-ad47
    ,record1 ,samuel ,james4 ,:at is !  

woodlot wor?8 illu/rat$4 7,c\ntry       
,g5tleman1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,sept4  
#g1 #aiab1 p4 #e-h47    ,reynolds1 ,l4  
,c4 ,protect ! f>m woodlot4 7,new ,york 
,tribune ,f>m]1  ,july #af1 #aijh1 p4   
#i47    ,s*w>tz1 ,g4 ,f4 ,productive    
possibilities1 common defici5cies & h[  
to improve ! woodlot1 illu/rat$4 7,9    
,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t (  ,agriculture1
 ,=e/ ,s]vice4 ,bullet9 #dd1 p4 #ba-g47 
99       99       99       99       99  
,transcrib]'s ,notes3     ,text 9 bold  
is enclos$ by equals signs 7bold74      
,punctuation & spell+ inaccuracies 7    
sil5tly correct$4     ,ar*aic & v>iable 
spell+ has be5 pres]v$4     ,v>iations 9
 hyph5ation & comp\nd words h be5       
pres]v$4