,illustration3 ,black locust grove in   
pasture on poor soil4 ,seed sown  in    
plowed land1 in rows four feet apart4   
,nine years ago cultivated one  year1   
and since thinned twice4 #aig trees on  
one-half acre will make #ead  posts     
7#g-c74 ,photo by ,u4 ,s4 ,forest       
,service4                               
,the ,farm and the ,woodlot             
,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,barton1                   
,state ,forester of ,kentucky4          
,published by the direction of the      
,state ,board of                        
,forestry4                              
,,governor ,,james ,b4 ,,mccreary1      
,chairman4                              
,,john ,w4 ,,newman1                    
,commissioner of ,agriculture4          
,,joseph ,h4 ,,kastle1                  
,director1 ,kentucky ,experiment        
,station4                               
,,hon4 ,,johnson ,n4 ,,camden1          
,versailles4                            
,,hon4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,mackoy1                
,covington4                             

,,mrs4 ,,mason ,,maury1                 
,louisville4                            
,,the ,,farm ,,and ,,the ,,woodlot      
,,introduction4    ,undoubtedly1 one of 
the most important phases of the        
forestry work1  so far as the individual
 ,states are concerned1 is the question 
of the  woodlot and its improvement4 ,in
 the ,eastern ,statesthat is1 those east
  of the ,mississippi ,rivera very      
considerable portion of the forested    
areas within each ,state is in the form 
of woodlots which are a part  of and an 
adjunct to the farm so that in any      
comprehensive forest  policy for the    
,eastern ,united ,states a great deal of
 attention must be  focused upon this   
phase of the work4 ,this is1            
undoubtedly1 true so far  as ,kentucky  
is concerned where1 as a whole1 the land
 is held in fee  simple by the citizens 
of the ,state as farms from a few acres 
in size  up to several thousand acres4  
,by the majority of the owners of these 
farms1 the value and importance of the  

woodlot is little understood  nor has   
the practice of forestry as it applies  
to these woodlots any  significance     
whatsoever4 ,the object of this bulletin
 is to make clear  just what forestry   
is1 the relation of scientific forestry 
to the  improvement of the woodlot and  
the economical part which the farm      
woodlot plays in the industrial and     
social welfare of the ,state4 ,as a     
matter of fact1 this is one of the most 
difficult features of the work  to      
present properly1 because it is a hard  
matter to make clear to the  average    
individual just why a woodlot is an     
asset in connection with  his property  
and how the improvement and care of his 
woodlot concerns  him closely and means 
a proportional increase directly in the 
actual  money value of the material on  
hand and indirectly in ways which do not
  present themselves readily unless the 
attention is focused on themas  for     
example1 the value of a woodlot as a    
wind-break in connection with  an       

orchard or in connection with the farm  
as a whole1 or the value of  a wooded   
area on an easily eroded hillside as a  
fixative for the soil  and a            
preventative against the deterioration  
of the cultivated areas  below it4 ,the 
effort then of this bulletin will       
befirst1 to show  how the average       
woodlot may be brought to a standard of 
productivity  compatible with the       
complete utilization of the ground1 and 
second1 to  show in detail what the     
direct and indirect benefits of a       
woodlot in  connection with any farm    
will be under the best circumstances4   
,in the  preparation of this bulletin1  
free use has been made of all bulletins 
and publications on this subject1 which 
the writer has been able to get  hold of
 and acknowledgment is made to these as 
a whole1 since it would  be             
impracticable to make complete          
individual acknowledgement4             
,,what ,,is ,,forestry8    ,to the      
average individual1 forestry as a       

science does not mean  very much4 ,the  
impression is that it has to do with the
 trees1 but  to what extent and how it  
deals with this question is by no means 
thoroughly understood4 ,in the first    
place1 forestry deals with trees  as a  
community and not as an individualthat  
is1 it deals with them  in the bulk and 
in this respect differs from kindred    
sciences where  the individual tree is a
 matter of concern4 ,the forester is    
often  called upon to answer questions  
and discuss matters with relation to    
shade trees or ornamental trees1 but    
this is not a matter within his         
province properly1 but is a matter for  
the landscape architect or              
horticulturist4 ,forestry primarily     
concerns itself with the planting  and  
growing of trees for sale at a profit4  
,occasionally forestry may  concern     
itself with the growing and raising of  
trees for purposes  where the money     
value of the crop1 while it may not be  
as evident as  where the trees are      

placed on the market and sold1 is       
nevertheless1 a  real money             
consideration4 ,this is the case1 where 
certain areas are  planted for the      
purification and conservation of a city 
water supply4  ,here the actual worth of
 the forest is the value to the people  
of the  city or community of pure       
drinking water4 ,this will be the case  
in  the ,catskill ,mountains where      
enormous expenditures are being made for
  supplying ,new ,york ,city with pure  
water and where the purity of this      
water supply depends upon the           
maintenance of certain areas in forest  
growth4 ,forestry then1 so far as it    
relates to the farm and woodlot1  may be
 defined as dealing with trees as       
communities and the growing and         
marketing of these trees for a profit4  
,it is a simple proposition1 the  same  
as raising corn4 ,in raising corn1 the  
ground is prepared1 the seed  is planted
 at a certain time in the spring1 the   
necessary attention is  given during the

 growing season and in the fall it is   
harvested and  sold4 ,a certain price is
 obtained for the grain and a certain   
price for  the stalks1 usually in the   
form of fodder for stock4 ,the chief    
value  of the corn crop depends upon the
 number of bushels per acre of corn     
7grain7 that have been produced and the 
kind and quality of corn there  is to   
market4 ,the kind and quality of the    
corn crop depends on the  selection of  
seed4 ,all this is accomplished within a
 year's timethe  planting1 the          
harvesting1 the cultivation and the sale
 of the product4  ,forestry is exactly  
the same proposition4 ,the stock is     
selected1 the  trees are planted1 the   
necessary attention is given them during
 the  growing period1 and eventually the
 crop is harvested and marketed for  the
 best price obtainable4 ,the value of   
the timber crop depends on  how much    
material you raise to the acre1 the kind
 and quality of the  product you have to
 market and the demand in the market for

 the class  of material to which the    
timber crop is particularly adapted4    
,the chief  difference is this3 that1   
whereas1 the corn crop has been planted1
  harvested and marketed within one     
growing season1 a forest crop takes  a  
period of growing seasons before it is  
ready to market4 ,the precise  length of
 this period depends on the kind of     
material you are to raise1  as fence    
posts1 ties1 lumber1 etc4               
,,improvement ,,of ,,the ,,woodlot4     
,what then can be done to show the man  
most concerned1 the farmer1 the         
importance of the improvement of his    
woodlot8 ,first1 an attempt will be     
made to set forth the matter as clearly 
as possible in print1 which is  the     
object of this bulletin2 and the        
necessary steps will then be taken  to  
furnish an ocular demonstration of the  
facts herein set forth by  the          
establishment of nurseries and the      
maintenance of model woodlots4  ,on the 
big majority of farms in ,kentucky1     

there are certain areas which  are not  
good farm land and never will be for a  
variety of reasons  7inferior soil1     
rocky soil1 too steep a slope1 etc472   
but these lands  in most cases can      
produce timber crops and should be      
producing them1  since they are a       
commercial adjunct to the farm and bring
 in a revenue4  ,as ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,cook1 
of ,hickman ,county1 says1 8,it is a    
great deal more  valuable than giving   
the land over to weeds and wild briars40
    ,ordinarily1 there is little or no  
attention paid to the woodlot on a      
farm1 and without attention a woodlot is
 in much the same condition  as a corn  
field in which no attention was paid to 
the kind of corn  planted1 and which was
 not cultivated during the growing      
season4 ,you  commonly find in a woodlot
 a great variety of trees1 some of a    
valuable  species and some of more or   
less worthless species4 ,you also find  
crooked and defective and diseased      
trees1 and further you ordinarily do    

not find in any particular woodlot      
one-half the trees that the ground  will
 support1 which is about the worst      
feature of all1 since here is an        
economic waste4                         
,,purposes ,,of ,,the ,,woodlot4        
,when the improvement of the woodlot is 
seriously under consideration1  one of  
the first propositions is to determine  
just what purpose the  woodlot will     
serve in the economy of the farm4       
,ordinarily a woodlot  will be          
maintained for the following reasons3   
#a4 ,to furnish fence  posts2 #b4 ,to   
furnish fuel2 #c4 ,as a shelter belt for
 certain areas  or for the whole farm2  
#d4 ,as a protection on steep up-lands  
against  erosion2 #e4 ,as a means of    
regeneration of worn out land2 #f4 ,as  
an  investment pure and simple1 without 
regard to immediate returns2 #g4  ,for  
the aesthetic value4 ,any combination of
 these reasons may prevail  for the     
maintenance of a woodlot2 however1 each 
one of them will be  discussed in its   

turn as separate propositions4    #a4   
,probably one of the chief reasons for  
maintaining the woodlot on  farms in    
,kentucky from the purely utilitarian   
standpoint will be to  obtain fence     
posts4 ,these are a commodity on the    
farm which cannot be  dispensed with and
 for which the demand is staple4        
,concrete may and  will at some future  
date1 supersede wood as fence posts1    
especially  in rich easily accessible   
agricultural regions where farming is   
very  profitable and conducted as a     
business1 but it will do this only      
slowly in remote regions1 and at the    
present time concrete posts are  not    
extensively used in any locality4 ,a    
woodlot can then be reasonably          
maintained for the production of fence  
posts4 ,ordinarily the posts  are       
largely consumed on the home farm1 since
 they are more valuable  to the producer
 at this point than if he should sell   
them2 however1  if there is a surplus1 a
 market for this will not be lacking and

 the  price obtained will more than     
justify the cost of the establishment of
  the woodlot and its maintenance up to 
the time of harvesting the crop4  ,in   
considering the species which lend      
themselves most readily to the          
production of this class of products in 
,kentucky1 undoubtedly1 black  locust   
7,robinia pseudacacia7 sometimes locally
 called yellow locust1  lends itself    
most readily to this purpose4 ,it is    
indigenous to the  ,state1 grows fairly 
rapidly and lasts a long time in contact
 with the  soil1 three prime requisites 
of any species which is to be used in   
the  growing of this class of material4 
,other species which may be used are    
catalpa 7,catalpa speciosa71 walnut1    
osage orange1 chestnut and juniper      
7also known locally as cedar or red     
cedar74    #b4 ,as a general            
proposition1 it appears that the        
maintenance of a  woodlot for the       
growing of fuel1 so far as ,kentucky is 
concerned1  is not an important         

consideration4 ,so far as my observation
 goes  throughout the ,stateeven in the 
rural districtscoal is the general  fuel
 in use on account of the abundance of  
supply and is in a large  number of ways
 cheaper and preferable to wood as a    
fuel4 ,on this  account the woodlot will
 supply only a very small amount of fuel
 and  consideration of this matter is   
not important4 ,if it does happen that a
  supply of fuel wood is desirable or   
necessary on the farm1 undoubtedly1     
hickory and oak lend themselves most    
readily for this purpose4 ,any  species 
of hickory grows fairly rapidly1 and    
certain species of oak1 as  for instance
 red oak1 makes a reasonably rapid      
growth4 ,a woodlot for  this purpose    
would be managed as a sprout forest4    
#c4 ,the removal of forests and wooded  
areas of ,kentucky has undoubtedly      
resulted in certain climatic changes4   
,these are principally to be  noticed in
 the prevalence of high winds which     
formerly did not exist1  and such winds 

have a marked effect on certain farm    
activities1 as for  instance the        
handling of an orchard or the handling  
of stock4 ,a shelter  belt1 therefore1  
offers protection to the farm house and 
surrounding  buildings4 ,to be of use1  
the shelter belt or wind break must be  
in the  direction of the prevailing     
winds4 ,further1 since in all           
probability  a shelter belt is of most  
use and is most desirable in the winter 
time1 the component species in the      
shelter belt should be1 to a large      
extent1 evergreens1 so that the         
effectiveness may be as great in winter 
as in summer4 ,in connection with an    
orchard1 a shelter belt or wind  break1 
undoubtedly1 protects against cold and  
destructive currents of  air which      
injure the orchard in various ways      
either by injuring the  blossoms of the 
fruit1 or at a later period1 by injuring
 the fruit1  which is blown from the    
trees by the wind and left in bad       
condition for  shipping4    ,the species

 then which should compose a shelter    
belt should1 as far as  possible1 have  
these characteristics4 ,they should grow
 fast to furnish  the maximum amount of 
protection in the shortest space of     
time1 and  should have as wide a        
usefulness as possible4 ,so far as the  
majority  of instances are concerned1   
the shelter belt might have two objects4
  ,the production of useful material for
 the farm as fence posts as well  as a  
wind break4 ,in this case1 it would be  
well to plant black locust  in          
conjunction with some evergreens1 as    
white pine or ,norway spruce1  hemlock  
or yellow pine4 ,the number of          
evergreens which may be utilized  for   
this purpose in ,kentucky are limited1  
but the number of hardwoods  which lend 
themselves to this purpose is very      
great1 as for instance1  the hickories1 
ashes1 black locust1 poplars1 tulip     
poplar1 osage orange  and others4 ,beech
 also makes a good tree for the         
composition of a  shelter belt4         

,illustration3 ,chestnut plantation1    
thirty years old4 ,photo by ,u4 ,s4     
,forest ,service4    #d4 ,as a          
protection on a steep up-lands against  
erosion1 the chief thing  is to         
establish a forest cover4 ,the          
composition of the stand is more or     
less immaterial although it is always   
desirable that the most readily         
marketable species shall be used so that
 the woodlands in addition to           
performing their protective function may
 also supply an actual revenue4         
,therefore1 as far as possible1 the     
trees to be used should be the  ashes1  
oak1 chestnut1 hickories1 maples and    
other species1 whose value  in the      
lumber market is standard4 ,the chief   
feature in regard to this  protective   
woodland is that the forest cover shall 
remain unbroken4    #e4 ,as a means of  
regeneration of worn out land1          
especially hillsides1  which are liable 
to erosion and do not lend themselves   
easily to a  scientific rotation of     

crops1 a forest cover is a very         
important factor  since it furnishes to 
the soil the essential humus and1 when  
such  species as the black locust or    
honey locust are planted1 it furnishes  
the nitrogenous elements to the soil1   
since the locusts are legumes and       
produce on their roots nodules of       
nitrifying organisms similar to those   
found on the roots of alfalfa1 cow-peas 
or soy beans4    #f4 ,as a general      
proposition1 the raising of lumber or   
timber by an  individual is out of the  
question on account of the length of    
time  which it takes to grow the better 
grades of this material4 ,ordinarily1  a
 tree fifty years old will furnish only 
the poorest grades of lumber  and       
usually only small dimension stock4     
,generally speaking1 one hundred  years 
is not too small a calculation for the  
length of rotation when  lumber is the  
aim4 ,in the event that any individual  
plants trees for  the production of the 
lumber1 such planting is done as an     

investment  purely and simply since he  
can not expect to see the crop harvested
  within his life time4 ,the only       
monetary benefit that could possibly    
accrue to the owner is from the material
 which may have to be thinned  out or in
 the event that he should desire to sell
 his farm when the  existence of a grove
 or woodland of healthy young trees     
would represent  an actual money value  
to the purchaser4 ,in case planting for 
this  reason is made1 the trees should  
be those which are the most valuable    
lumber producing species1 as for        
instance1 the oaks1 the ashes1  hickory1
 sweet gum1 tulip poplar1 white and     
yellow pines1 basswood and  a few       
others4    #g4 ,it may be that in       
connection with the farm the presence of
 a  grove of trees thereon will         
represent a value from the aesthetic and
  science standpoint where the beauty of
 the landscape is a matter of           
consideration to the owner of the land1 
or to any one who might desire  to      

purchase it4 ,in this event the kind of 
tree is not so important as  the actual 
presence of trees of some kind4 ,the    
general effect is the  main             
consideration1 without regard to the    
individual features which  compose this 
effect4                                 
,,forest ,,taxation4    ,one of the most
 important factors in connection with   
the consideration  of woodlots is the   
matter of taxation1 and this is a matter
 which  so far as ,kentucky is          
concerned1 has had little attention4 ,in
 the  first place1 there is no          
classification of land within the ,state
 for  taxation purposes4 ,it is a       
generally accepted theory among experts 
in  this matter at the present time that
 there is only one fair method  of      
taxation which may be applied to land   
maintained by the owner in  forest      
growth and that is that there should be 
a tax placed on the land  which shall be
 an annual tax1 and another tax placed  
on the forest  crop when it is          

harvested4 ,in no other manner does it  
seem probable  that reforestation of    
suitable areas throughout the ,state may
 be  accomplished1 since in the first   
place1 on account of the character of   
the investment the owner of the land    
must be assured before hand just  what  
his taxes on the land are to be1 and in 
the second place the risks  attendant   
upon the raising of a forest crop1      
because of the long period  of years    
before it reaches maturity1 make it     
essential that the crop of  forest      
products shall be taxed at maturity when
 it is harvested1 rather  than that an  
annual tax shall be imposed4 ,certain   
,states have already  gone a long ways  
in this direction and ,pennsylvania has 
recently  passed three laws dealing with
 the matter of forest taxation and the  
classification of forest land which     
embrace the best features of recent     
thought on this subject4 ,the essentials
 of the recent ,pennsylvania laws  are  
as follows3    #a4 ,classification of   

suitable land set aside by the owner for
 forest  purposes as auxiliary forest   
reserves4    #b4 ,agreement with the    
,state to maintain such land in forest  
growth and  penalties for failure to    
carry out agreement4    #c4 ,assessment 
of land classified as auxiliary forest  
reserves at #a4jj  per acre annual tax4 
#d4 ,payment by owner of #aj per cent of
 the value of the forest products  when 
harvested to the county to be           
distributed among the proper county     
funds4    #e4 ,fixed charge on auxiliary
 forest reserve land of two cents per   
acre  for schools and two cents per acre
 for roads4    ,under these provisions  
it is obvious that the growing of timber
 on  suitable areas would be reduced to 
a practical business basis4             
,providing the tax question is          
sufficiently settled and definite for a 
period of years the regeneration of the 
woodlot or the establishment  of one may
 be undertaken as a safe investment4 ,so
 far as ,kentucky  is concerned1 the    

present tax laws and the manner of      
handling the  assessments in the        
counties are not such as to bear heavily
 on timbered  or wooded areas4 ,in the  
event that a new classification of land 
is made  and new tax laws enacted every 
effort should be made to bring about    
such a classification of forest land and
 such a system of taxation as  will     
encourage the reforestation of suitable 
areas and the regeneration  of the      
present woodlands4                      
,,regeneration ,,of ,,the ,,woodlot4    
,when the question of the regeneration  
of the woodlot is seriously  considered 
there are several points which stand out
 prominently as  follows3        #a4    
,protection4      #b4 ,taking of stock4 
#c4 ,removal of undesirable species4    
#d4 ,selection of desirable species4    
#e4 ,method of regeneration4      #f4   
,care and management4    #a4            
,protection4 ,it is essential that a    
woodlot shall be protected if  it is to 
be an asset to the owner and brings him 

financial returns4  ,there are two      
destructive agencies against which he   
must make  special efforts1 fire and    
stock4 ,it may seem unnecessary to point
  out the various bad effects which fire
 and stock have on woodlands1  but they 
are nevertheless here set forth in      
brief4 ,fire destroys  timber utterly1  
injures it so that it is subject to     
insect and fungi  attacks1 lowers the   
grade of the timber1 destroys or        
seriously injures  reproduction1        
destroys humus and lowers the productive
 capacity of the  soil4 ,there is no way
 in which burning over a woodland       
improves the  character of the forest4  
,stock have a very injurious effect on  
trees1  especially young growth4 ,some  
stock eat up the nuts and berries and   
seeds which are the means of reproducing
 the forest4 ,other stock browse  on the
 young trees which have started1        
destroying the young growth  altogether 
or seriously gnawing other trees thereby
 leaving them badly  malformed and      

depleted in vitality4 ,by rubbing       
against small trees  stock also do a    
great deal of harm4 ,so stock should be 
rigidly excluded  from the woodlot1 or  
at least until all the trees are well   
developed  and even then no good is     
accomplished4 ,if possible1 the woodlot 
should  be well fenced4 ,the other      
destructive agencies against which      
protection  may become necessary are    
insects and disease4 ,if fire and stock 
are  excluded1 the chances of insects   
and disease doing serious damage is     
materially decreased4 ,diseases and     
insects are best kept in check by       
keeping the wooded area clean of dead   
and decaying material4 ,in case of      
serious insect infestation it may in    
some cases pay to spray the trees1  but 
under ordinary conditions this is not   
practical4 ,the common way of  fighting 
disease and insects is to cut down and  
burn all affected trees4    #b4 ,taking 
of ,stock4 ,the next step in the        
regeneration of our woodland  is to find

 out the extent and character of the    
stock on hand1 for we  can not proceed  
intelligently without this knowledge4   
,this taking of  stock may be a purely  
ocular process or it may be a detailed  
estimate  and description1 depending on 
the extent of the woodland and the      
desires of the owner4 ,all reproduction 
should be accounted for as  well as the 
older stock on hand4 ,the taking of     
stock should also  involve the division 
of species into desirable and           
undesirable species1  by desirable      
species being meant such species as it  
is desired to  encourage because of the 
demand for it in the local market or    
because  of the use which may be made of
 it by the owner on his farm4 ,the      
desirable species will usually include  
the fast growing species4    #c4        
,removal of ,undesirable ,species and   
,trees4 ,the first actual work  in      
connection with the regeneration of the 
woodlot is the removal of  undesirable  
species4 ,when this is undertaken the   

local market and other  markets should  
be carefully studied in order that1 if  
possible1 a sale  may be found for the  
material which is removed1 so that the  
work may  pay for itself4 ,in           
determining what are undesirable species
 there are  several factors which will  
govern and no specific list of trees can
 be  cited4 ,the desire of the owner1   
the market for the material1 rapidity   
of growth and other features are among  
the important considerations4  ,such    
trees as blue beach1 horn beam1 red bud1
 service berry and others  have no      
rightful place in a woodlot since they  
take up space without  furnishing any   
product of value1 unless the wooded area
 is desired for  its aesthetic features4
 ,in a woodlot which is maintained for  
fence  posts and fuel it would be poor  
policy to retain any but those species  
which make good fence post material and 
fuel and grow rapidly4 ,in this  matter1
 common sense will go a long way4 ,also 
badly suppressed trees1  malformed and  

diseased or infected individuals should 
be removed as far  as practicable4      
#d4 ,selection of ,desirable ,species4  
,in the selection of desirable  species 
there are a large number of             
considerations1 and the first of  these 
is the purpose of the owner in          
maintaining the woodlot4 ,for  instance1
 if the owner desires fence posts1 and  
fencing material1 his  woodlot will1 in 
,kentucky1 be confined to those species 
which produce  such material quickly1 as
 for example black locust1 catalpa1     
chestnut  and walnut1 also it will be   
well to have a percentage of red cedar  
7juniper7 in the mixture1 for since red 
cedar grows comparatively  slowly1 it   
may be reserved to be cut as the second 
crop and will serve  to shade the ground
 and prevent erosion when the faster    
growing  species have been cut and      
during the restocking of the area4 ,if  
fuel as  well as fence post material is 
desired1 a mixture including hickory1   
oak and chestnut would be desirable4 ,if

 ties1 posts1 poles or other  products  
are an object1 certain species are      
desirable and are easily  grown4 ,a list
 of trees suitable for various purposes 
is herewith given4  ,no species are     
included in this list which will not    
produce marketable  material repeatedly 
within the lifetime of a single         
individual4 ,only  in unusual cases is  
the raising of trees for lumber         
recommended as a  feasible or profitable
 venture for the individual farm owner4 
,fence posts and fencing material,black 
locust1 catalpa1 chestnut1  walnut1 oak1
 red cedar 7juniper74    ,fuel,oak1     
hickory1 maple1 chestnut4               
,poles,chestnut1 catalpa1 red cedar4    
,ties,black locust1 catalpa1 chestnut1  
walnut1 oak4    ,vehicle material and   
handle stock,hickory4    #e4 ,methods of
 ,regeneration4 ,there are several      
things which must be  done to secure a  
good forest over the area4 ,if natural  
seeding is to  be depended upon for     
reproduction1 the ground must be        

prepared to  receive the seed4          
,sometimes the sod will be so thick over
 the area  that seeds get no chance to  
generate4 ,in this case1 the sod should 
be plowed up1 if possible1 or harrowed  
so that the seeds may have a  suitable  
opportunity to start4 ,to do well1 it is
 necessary that the  seeds and seedlings
 have easy access to the mineral soil4  
,it may  be that the ground is so shaded
 that seedlings do not receive the      
necessary sunlight4 ,if this be so1     
sufficiently large openings should  be  
made in the forest cover to admit the   
required light4 ,it may be that  natural
 seeding does not proceed rapidly enough
 and that this must be  supplemented by 
the sowing of seed artificially4 ,when  
artificial sowing  is resorted to it    
will be found that there are several    
methods of  sowing which recommend      
themselves3 broadcast1 sowing in        
prepared rows1  sowing in prepared seed 
spots and sowing with a corn planter    
either in  rows or spots4 ,this last    

method is recommended as being usually  
most  satisfactory and economical4      
,sowing with a corn planter can be      
resorted  to only in the case of small  
seeds4 ,large seeds1 such as walnuts1   
hickory nuts1 etc41 must be planted by  
hand1 but when this is done they  are   
liable to be eaten by squirrels or other
 rodents1 in which case it  may be      
necessary to plant such seeds in small  
protected seed beds and  then transplant
 the seedlings to the place where they  
are desired4    ,if planting is to be   
depended upon for reforesting1 the      
nursery stock  obtained should be small 
seedlings not over one or two years old 
or  transplants two to three years old4 
,if the amount of planting to be  done  
is large1 it may be wise to start seed  
beds close to the ground  where the     
planting is to be done and not to depend
 on commercial  nurseries for stock4    
#f4 ,care and ,management4 ,it will be  
found that the care and management  of  
the woodlot is relatively a simple      

matter after the forest is  well        
established and that the character of   
the stock and the amount  and quality of
 the products will improve materially   
with management4  ,there are certain    
systems of management which recommend   
themselves  for woodlots such as the    
7#a7 simple coppice 7#b7 pole wood      
coppice 7#c7  coppice with standards or 
variations of these4 ,the three methods 
here  cited are briefly described4      
,simple ,coppice4 ,this is a system of  
management wherein all the stand  is cut
 and the restocking of the area is      
secured by sprouts from the  old stumps4
 ,under this system the stand should be 
cut at an age not to  exceed twenty-five
 years and preferably about fifteen     
years1 although  this is usually        
impossible from a commercial standpoint4
 ,the cutting  should be done in the    
late fall1 winter or early spring4 ,the 
stumps  should be cut low1 smooth and   
slanting so as to shed water and prevent
  decay4 ,after a time under this system

 the sprouting capacity of the  stump is
 greatly reduced and arrangement must be
 made to secure new  individuals either 
by direct seeding or by planting4       
,pole ,wood ,coppice4 ,this system      
involves the leaving of certain trees   
until they reach the pole wood stage and
 are suitable for such products  as     
ties1 poles1 etc4 ,it is a favorite     
method of handling woodlots4    ,pole   
,wood ,standards4 ,this system involves 
the leaving of a certain  few trees     
until they are of large size4 ,such     
trees should usually be  from the seed4 
,in the management of the woodland1 it  
will be necessary to make several       
cuttings before the final cutting at the
 end of the rotation1 usually  one or   
two4 ,a thinning may early become       
necessary to give the best  specimens a 
better chance for growth4 ,sometimes two
 thinnings may be  required4 ,often a   
thinning may be required to secure      
reproduction by  opening up the forest  
cover and exposing the ground so that   

young  growth may have the opportunity  
to get started4    ,in the final        
cutting1 when all or the major part of  
the crop is cut1  the material should be
 removed from the ground as rapidly as  
possible  and the brush disposed of when
 practical4 ,the disposal of brush will 
usually take the form of lopping the    
limbs from the tops and scattering      
them1 so as to secure early decay of the
 waste material4 ,sometimes the  brush  
may be advantageously piled and burned4 
,,conclusion4    ,no attempt has been   
made in this bulletin to deal           
exhaustively with  the woodlot problem4 
,the desire has been to point the way   
for the  improvement of the woodlots in 
,kentucky4 ,individual cases deserve    
specific consideration1 and only the    
main features of the proposition  have  
been touched upon4 ,the ,state ,forester
 will cheerfully answer by  mail all    
questions relating to this subject so   
far as it is possible to  do so1 and    
will give such personal advice and      

direction as the time at  his disposal  
and the circumstances warrant4 ,a list  
of books1 bulletins  and articles       
treating this subject is appended for   
those who desire to  go more deeply into
 the matter than is possible in a       
publication of  this character4 ,the    
illustrations are from photographs      
loaned by the  ,forest ,service1 ,united
 ,states ,department of ,agriculture4   
,akerman1 ,a4 ,practical protection and 
improvement of the farm woodlot1        
illustrated4 7,bailey1 ,l4 ,h4          
,cyclopedia of ,american ,agriculture1  
#aijg1  v4 #b3 #ccj-cc47    ,akerman1   
,alfred4 ,spring work in the woodlot2   
planting white pine  seedlings4 7,new   
,england ,farmer1 ,montpelier1 ,vt41    
,april #g1 #aijf1 v4 #he1  ,no4 #ad3    
#d47    ,akerman1 ,alfred4 ,spring work 
in the woodlot4 7,new ,england ,farmer1 
,montpelier1 ,vt41 ,april #bh1 #aijf1 v4
 #he1 ,no4 #ag3 #f47    ,akerman1       
,alfred4 ,winter work in the woodlot4   
7,new ,england ,farmer1  ,montpelier1   

,vt41 ,march #c1 #aijf1 v4 #he1 ,no4 #i3
 #f47    ,akerman1 ,alfred4 ,farm       
forestry4 #bb p4 ,athens4 ,ga41 #aiji4  
7,georgia  ,forest ,association4        
,publication47    ,ames1 ,g4 ,w4        
,practical forestry for farmers4        
7,society for ,protection of  ,new      
,hampshire ,forests4 #gth annual report1
 #aiji1 p4 #db-f47    ,atkeson1 ,t4 ,c4 
,the farmer's woodlot4 7,west ,virginia 
,state ,board of  ,agriculture ,report1 
#aijh1 p4 #ig-ajc47    ,ayres1 ,p4 ,w4  
,the care of the woodlot4 7,society for 
the protection of  ,new ,hampshire      
,forests4 ,fourth annual report1        
#aije-f1 p4 #ej-a47    ,baker1 ,h4 ,p4  
,the farm woodlot in ,pennsylvania4     
7,forest ,leaves1  ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 
,oct4 #aijh1 v4 #aa3 #afc-g47    ,baker1
 ,j4 ,fred4 ,the ,michigan woodlot4 #ad 
p41 illustrated4 ,east ,lansing1        
,mich41 #aiab4 7,michigan ,agricultural 
,experiment ,station4 ,circular #ag47   
,balderson1 ,r4 ,w4 ,the farm woodlot4  
7,forest ,leaves1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41  

,april #aije1 v4 #aj3 #be47    ,besley1 
,f4 ,w4 ,woodlot forestry for ,maryland 
farmers4 #g p4 ,baltimore1  ,md4        
7,maryland ,state ,board of ,forestry   
leaflet ,no4 #e47    ,bogue1 ,e4 ,e4    
,the farm woodlot4 7,garfield1 ,c4 ,w4  
,the ,michigan forestry  commission and 
its work1 #aije1 p4 #aj-ad47    ,bogue1 
,e4 ,e4 ,woodlot thinning1 illustrated4 
7,forestry and ,irrigation1  ,aug4      
#aijf1 v4 #ab3 #che-h47    ,bradfield1  
,w4 ,standing timber in woodlots4       
7,national ,conservation  ,commission4  
,report1 #aiji1 p4 #aha-g47    ,bryner1 
,h4 ,e4 ,the improvement of farm        
woodlots4 7,forest ,leaves1             
,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,june #aiaj1 v4    
#ab1 ,no4 #i3 #acc-e47    ,campbell1 ,m4
 ,e4 ,the farm woodlot4 7,michigan      
,forestry ,commission4  ,report1        
#aije-f1 p4 #hg-ij47    ,the care of the
 woodlot4 7,school ,world1 ,farmington1 
,me41 ,sept4 #aijh1 p4  #ba-d47    ,the 
care of the farmers' woodlot4 7,michigan
 ,state ,board of ,agriculture4         

,farmers' ,institutes1 #aijc-d1 p4      
#hj-f47    ,clark1 ,judson ,f4 ,defects 
in the woodlot and how they may be      
remedied4  7,ontario ,agricultural      
,experiment ,union4 ,twenty-sixth annual
 report1  #aijd1 p4 #fc-h47    ,clark1  
,j4 ,f4 ,the farmers' woodlot1          
illustrated4 7,ontario ,forestry        
,bureau4 ,annual report1 #aijd1 p4      
#ea-h47    ,clark1 ,j4 ,f4 ,the         
propagation of trees by farmers4        
7,ontario ,bureau of  ,forestry4 ,annual
 report1 #aijd1 p4 #ccd-ej47    ,clark1 
,j4 ,f4 ,woodlot forestry4 7,michigan   
,forestry ,commission4 ,report1         
#aijc-d1 p4 #dg-ef47    ,coulter1       
,stanley4 ,suggestions for the          
improvement of ,indiana woodlots1       
illustrated4 7,indiana ,state ,board of 
,forestry4 ,twelfth annual report1      
#aiab1 p4 #he-ajf47    ,coulter1        
,stanley4 ,woodlot conditions and       
possibilities4 7,indiana ,state  ,board 
of ,forestry4 ,ninth and tenth annual   
report1 #aiji3 #cg-df2 #aiaj3  #abf-ce47

    ,davis1 ,c4 ,a4 ,woodlot studies4   
#af p4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich41 #aijf4      
,defebaugh1 ,j4 ,e4 ,relation of the    
lumber tariff to the value of farmers'  
woodlots4 7,american ,lumberman1        
,chicago1 ,feb4 #bg1 #aiji1 ,no4 #agfb3 
#ci-dj47    ,every farmer his own       
forester4 7,craftsman1 ,june #aiab1 v4  
#bb3 #cdh-ej47    ,farm forestry4       
7,forest ,fish and ,game1 ,n4 ,y41 ,june
 #aiji1 v4 #c1 ,no4 #a3  #a-bb47        
,farmer and the forest4 7,independent1  
,n4 ,y41 ,july #af1 #aijh1 v4 #fe3      
#afe-g47    ,faville1 ,e4 ,e41 and      
,reeves1 ,e4 ,the farmer and the        
woodlot4 7,iowa ,park  and ,forestry    
,association4 ,proceedings1 #aijd1 p4   
#be-cj47    ,ferguson1 ,j4 ,a4 ,the     
importance of the farm woodlot4         
7,pennsylvania ,state  ,college1 ,may   
#aiaa1 v4 #d1 ,no4 #a3 #ah-ba47         
,ferguson1 ,meade4 ,the forest and the  
farmer4 7,southern ,planter1 ,richmond1 
,march #aiac1 v4 #gd3 #cae-ba47         
,fernow1 ,b4 ,e4 ,farm woodlot1         

illustrated4 7,bailey1 ,l4 ,h4          
,cyclopedia of  ,american ,agriculture1 
#aijg1 v4 #b3 #cac-bc47    ,fisher1 ,r4 
,t4 ,forestry for ,southern ,new        
,england woodlots4 7,forestry and       
,irrigation1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41      
,march #aijc1 v4 #i1 ,no4 #c3 #abj-a47  
,foster1 ,j4 ,h4 ,improving the farm    
woodlot4 #a p4 ,durham1 ,n4 ,h41 #aiab4 
7,new ,hampshire ,agricultural          
,experiment ,station4 ,press bulletin   
#aa47    ,foster1 ,j4 ,h4 ,suggestions  
for cutting waste pine lots4 #a p4      
,durham1 ,n4  ,h4 7,new ,hampshire      
,agricultural ,experiment ,station4     
,press bulletin #bb47    ,fyles1 ,thos4 
,w4 ,the farmer's woodlot4 7,ontario    
,entomological ,society4  ,thirty-ninth 
annual report1 #aijh1 p4 #ach-de47      
,gaskill1 ,alfred4 ,let's not overlook  
the woodlots4 7,forestry ,quarterly1    
,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,march #aiac1 v4  
#aa3 #eh-fa47    ,gifford1 ,john4 ,the  
forest in relation to the farm1         
illustrated4 7,new  ,jersey ,state      

,board of ,agriculture1 twenty-third    
annual report1 #ahie1 p4  #agj-agh47    
,gifford1 ,john4 ,forestry for the farm4
 7,connecticut ,board of ,agriculture4  
,thirty-sixth annual report1 #aijb1 p4  
#he-ie47    ,goetz1 ,c4 ,h4 ,need of    
farm woodlots in the ,central ,states4  
7,forest  ,leaves1 ,april #aiaa1 v4 #ac1
 ,no4 #b3 #ba-c47    ,goetz1 ,c4 ,h4    
,practical work on the woodlot4 7,forest
 ,leaves1  ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,feb4   
#aiab1 v4 #ac3 #ajg-h47    ,graves1     
,henry ,solon and ,fisher1 ,r4 ,t4 ,the 
woodlot4 #hi p4 pl4 ,washington1  ,d4   
,c41 #aijc4 7,united ,states            
,agricultural ,department of ,forest    
,service4  ,bulletin #db47    ,haines1  
,a4 ,s4 ,a study of the chestnut        
woodlot4 7#i ,forest ,leaves1           
,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,aug4 #aija1 v4 #h1
 ,no4 #aj3 #aej-a47    ,hawes1 ,a4 ,f4  
,the farmers' woodlot4 7,vermont ,state 
,forester4 ,annual  report1 first1      
#aijh-i1 p4 #aff-gb47    ,hazard1 ,james
 ,o4 ,an example of woodlot forestry4   

#bc p4 pl4 ,trenton1 ,n4  ,j41 #aiab4   
,house1 ,h4 ,d4 ,improvement of the     
woodlot4 #ad p41 illustrated4 ,columbia1
  ,s4 ,c41 #aijg4 7,south ,carolina     
,agricultural ,experiment ,station4     
,bulletin  #abi47    ,hutt1 ,w4 ,n4     
,management of the farmers' woodlot1    
illustrated4 7,cornell  ,countryman1    
#aijg1 v4 #d1 ,no4 #e3 #abh-cd47    ,the
 importance of the farm woodlot4        
7,pennsylvania ,state ,farmer1          
,pennsylvania ,state ,college1 ,may     
#aiaj1 v4 #ccc1 ,no4 #d3 #hb-he47       
,jackson1 ,e4 ,r4 ,forestry and the     
farmer4 7,university of ,virginia4      
,alumni  ,bulletin4 ,aug4 #aiaa1 ser4   
#c1 v4 #d1 ,no4 #d3 #dag-be47           
,kellogg1 ,r4 ,s4 ,farm forestry in     
,michigan1 illustrated4 7,michigan      
,state  ,board of ,agriculture of       
,michigan ,farmers' ,institutes1        
#aijg-h1 p4 #fa-gj47    ,knechtel1 ,a4  
,making a woodlot from seed4 #g p4      
,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 #aijg4    ,meller1 ,c4
 ,l4 ,the prairie farmer's tree problem1

 illustrated4 7,country  ,gentleman1    
,dec4 #ad1 #aiab1 v4 #gg1 ,no4 #ej3     
#c-cb47    ,miller1 ,f4 ,g4 ,the farm   
woodlot in ,michigan4 7,forestry and    
,irrigation1  ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41     
,april #aijc1 v4 #i1 ,no4 #d3 #ahg-i47  
,mulford1 ,walter4 ,the improvement of  
the woodlot4 #bd p41 illustrated4       
,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 #aiab4 7,cornell      
,reading ,courses1 v4 #a1 ,no4 #ab2     
,farm  ,forestry ,series1 ,no4 #a47     
,payne1 ,w4 ,f4 ,value to a farm of a   
woodlot1 illustrated4 7,canadian        
,forestry ,journal1 ,ottawa1 ,march1    
,april #aiab1 v4 #h3 #ea-ec47    ,price1
 ,o4 ,w4 ,first principles of woodlot   
management1 illustrated4  7,farming1    
,toronto1 ,oct4 #aijf1 v4 #b3 #ic-d47   
,records1 ,p4 ,c4 ,the value of a       
woodlot4 7,northwoods1 ,st4 ,paul1      
,april  #aiac1 v4 #b3 #g-ad47           
,record1 ,samuel ,james4 ,what is the   
woodlot worth8 illustrated4 7,country   
,gentleman1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,sept4 
#g1 #aiab1 p4 #e-h47    ,reynolds1 ,l4  

,c4 ,protect the farm woodlot4 7,new    
,york ,tribune ,farmer1  ,july #af1     
#aijh1 p4 #i47    ,schwartz1 ,g4 ,f4    
,productive possibilities1 common       
deficiencies and how  to improve the    
woodlot1 illustrated4 7,in ,united      
,states ,department of  ,agriculture1   
,forest ,service4 ,bulletin #dd1 p4     
#ba-g47                         99      
99       99       99       99           
,transcriber's ,notes3     ,text in bold
 is enclosed by equals signs 7bold74    
,punctuation and spelling inaccuracies  
were silently corrected4     ,archaic   
and variable spelling has been          
preserved4     ,variations in           
hyphenation and compound words have been
 preserved4