,transcrib]'s ,notes ,texts pr9t$ 9 italics & blacklett] h be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores & tildes respectively4 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ ) ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,ent]$ at ,/ation]'s ,hall4 ,,zetetic ,,a/ronomy4 ,,e>? ,,n ,a ,,globe6 ,,an ,,exp]im5tal ,,inquiry ,,into ,,! ,,true ,,figure ,,( ,,! ,,e>?3 ,,prov+ ,,x ,a ,,plane1 ,,)\t ,,axial ,,or ,,orbital ,,motion2 ,,& ,,! ,,only ,,mat]ial ,,_w ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]se6 ,,by 8,,p>allax40 ,london3 ,,simpk91 ,,m>%all1 ,,& ,,co41 ,,/ation]s' ,,hall ,,c\rt4 ,ba?3 ,s4 ,,hayw>d1 ,,gre5 ,,/reet4 #ahfe4 ,! ,"r ( ,translation is ,res]v$ by ! ,au?or4 ,,ba?3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,s4 ,,hayw>d1 ,,gre5 ,,/reet4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4 ,,section ,i4 ,introduction--,exp]im5ts prov+ ! ,e>? to be a ,plane4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,! ,e>? no ,axial or ,orbital ,motion4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,! true di/ance ( ! ,sun & ,/>s4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,! ,sun moves 9 a ,circle ov] ! ,e>?1 conc5tric ) ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,,section ,v4 ,diamet] ( ,sun's pa? con/antly *ang+4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,cause ( ,day & ,night1 ,seasons1 c4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,cause ( 8,sun rise0 & 8,sun set40 ,,section ,,viii4 ,cause ( ,sun appe>+ l>g] :5 8,aris+0 & 8,sett+0 ?an :5 on ! ,m]idian4 ,,section ,,ix4 ,cause ( ,sol> & ,lun> ,eclipses4 ,,section ,x4 ,cause ( ,tides4 ,,section ,,xi4 ,con/itution1 ,condition1 & ultimate ,de/ruction ( ! ,e>? by ,fire4 ,,section ,,xii4 ,miscellanea--,moon's ,phases--,moon's appe>ance--,planet ,neptune-- ,p5dulum ,exp]im5ts z ,pro(s ( ,e>?'s motion4 ,,section ,,xiii4 ,p]spective on ! ,sea4 ,,section ,,xiv4 ,g5]al ,summ>y--,application--8,,cui ,,bono40 ,,zetetic ,,a/ronomy4 ,! t]m 8zetetic0 is d]iv$ f ! ,greek v]b zeteo2 :i* means to se>* or exam9e--to proce$ only by inquiry4 ,none c d\bt t by mak+ special exp]im5ts & collect+ manife/ & und5iable facts1 arrang+ !m 9 logical ord]1 & obs]v+ :at is naturally & fairly d$ucible1 ! result w be f> m consi/5t & satisfactory ?an by fram+ a !ory or sy/em & assum+ ! exi/5ce ( causes = :i* !re is no direct evid5ce1 & :i* c only be admitt$ 8= ! sake ( argum5t40 ,all !ories are ( ?is "*--8suppos+ in/ead ( inquir+1 imag9+ sy/ems in/ead ( le>n+ f obs]vation & exp]i5ce ! true con/itution ( ?+s4 ,speculative m51 by ! =ce ( g5ius may inv5t sy/ems t w p]haps be greatly admir$ = a "t2 ^!1 h[ev]1 are phantoms :i* ! =ce ( tru? w soon] or lat] dispel2 & :ile we are pleas$ ) ! deceit1 true philosophy1 ) all ! arts & improvem5ts t dep5d ^u x1 suff]s4 ,! real /ate ( ?+s escapes our obs]vation2 or1 if x pres5ts itself to u1 we are apt ei!r to reject x :olly z fiction1 or1 by new ef=ts ( a va9 +5uity to int]weave x ) our own conceits1 & lab\r to make x tally ) our fav\rite s*emes4 ,?us1 by bl5d+ toge!r p>ts s ill-suit$1 ! :ole comes =? an absurd composition ( tru? & error4 99 99 ,^! h n done ne> s mu* h>m z t pride & ambition :i* has l$ philosoph]s to ?9k x b5ea? !m to (f] any?+ less to ! _w ?an a complete & f9i%$ sy/em ( nature2 &1 9 ord] to obta9 ?is at once1 to take ! lib]ty ( inv5t+ c]ta9 pr9ciples & hypo!ses1 f :i* !y pret5d to expla9 all h] my/]ies40#a #a 8,an ,acc\nt ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton's ,discov]ies40 ,by ,pr(essor ,maclaur91 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ( ! ,*air ( ,ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,cop]nicus admitt$1 8,x is n necess>y t hypo!ses %\ld be true1 or ev5 probable2 x is suffici5t t !y lead to results ( calculation :i* agree ) calculations4 99 99 ,nei!r let any "o1 s f> z hypo!ses are conc]n$1 expect any?+ c]ta9 f a/ronomy2 s9ce t sci5ce c af=d no?+ ( ! k9d2 le/1 9 case he %\ld adopt = tru? ?+s feign$ = ano!r purpose1 he %\ld leave ?is /udy m fooli% ?an he came4 99 99 ,! hypo!sis ( ! t]re/rial motion 0 no?+ b an hypo!sis1 valuable only s f> z x expla9$ ph5om5a1 & n consid]$ ) ref]5ce to absolute tru? or falsehood40 ,! ,newtonian & all o!r 8sy/ems ( nature0 are little bett] ?an ! 8hypo!sis ( ! t]re/rial motion0 ( ,cop]nicus4 ,! f\ndations or premises are always unprov$2 no pro( is ev] attempt$2 ! necessity = x is d5i$2 x is consid]$ suffici5t t ! assumptions %all seem to expla9 ! ph5om5a select$4 ,9 ?is way x is t "o !ory supplants ano!r2 t sy/em gives way to sy/em z "o failure aft] ano!r compels op9ions to *ange4 ,?is w ev] be s2 !re w always exi/ 9 ! m9d a degree ( unc]ta9ty2 a disposition to look ^u philosophy z a va9 pret5sion2 a some?+ almo/ antagoni/ic to ! highe/ aspirations 9 :i* humanity c indulge1 unless ! practice ( !oris+ be giv5 up1 & ! me?od ( simple inquiry1 ! 8zetetic0 process be adopt$4 8,nature speaks to u 9 a peculi> language2 9 ! language ( ph5om5a1 %e answ]s at all times ! que/ions :i* are put to h]2 & su* que/ions are exp]im5ts40#b ,n exp]im5ts only :i* corroborate :at has previ\sly be5 assum$ to be true2 b exp]im5ts 9 e =m be>+ on ! subject ( inquiry1 be=e a conclusion is drawn or premises affirm$4 #b 8,liebig's ,agricultural ,*emi/ry10 p4 #ci4 ,we h an excell5t example ( zetetic reason+ 9 an ari?metical op]ation2 m especially s 9 :at is call$ ! 8,gold5 ,rule10 or ! 8,rule-(-,?ree40 ,if "o hundr$ weight ( any article is wor? a giv5 sum1 :at w "s o!r weight ( t article be wor?8 ,! sep>ate figures may be consid]$ z ! elem5ts or facts ( ! inquiry2 ! plac+ & work+ ( ^! z ! logical arrangem5t2 & ! quoti5t or answ] z ! fair & natural d$uction4 ,h5ce1 9 e zetetic process1 ! conclusion arriv$ at is ess5tially a quoti5t1 :i*1 if ! details be correct1 mu/1 ( necessity1 be true beyond ! rea* or p[] ( contradiction4 ,9 our c\rts ( ,ju/ice we h also an example ( ! zetetic process4 ,a prison] is plac$ at ! b>2 evid5ce = & aga9/ him is advanc$2 x is c>efully arrang$ & pati5tly consid]$2 & only su* a v]dict giv5 z c\ld n 9 ju/ice be avoid$4 ,society w\ld n tol]ate any o!r proc$ure2 x w\ld br& ) infamy :oev] %\ld assume a prison] to be guilty1 & prohibit all evid5ce b su* z w\ld corroborate ! assumption4 ,yet su* is ! "* ( !oretical philosophy6 ,! zetetic process is also ! natural me?od ( inve/igation2 nature h]self tea*es x4 ,*ildr5 inv>iably seek in=mation by ask+ que/ions--by e>ne/ly inquir+ f ^? ar\nd !m4 ,"q aft] "q 9 rapid & excit+ succession w (t5 proce$ f a *ild1 until ! mo/ pr(\nd 9 le>n+ & philosophy w feel puzzl$ to reply4 ,if !n bo? nature & ju/ice1 z well z ! common s5se & practical exp]i5ce ( mank9d dem&1 & w n be cont5t ) less or o!r ?an ! zetetic process1 :y %\ld x be ignor$ & violat$ by ! le>n$ 9 philosophy8 ,let ! practice ( !oris+ be ca/ aside z "o fatal to ! full developm5t ( tru?2 oppressive to ! reason+ p[]2 & 9 e s5se inimical to ! progress & p]man5t improvem5t ( ! human race4 ,if !n we adopt ! zetetic process to asc]ta9 ! true figure & condition ( ! ,e>?1 we %all f9d t in/ead ( its be+ a globe1 & mov+ 9 space1 x is ! directly contr>y--,a ,,plane2 )\t motion1 & unaccompani$ by any?+ 9 ! ,firmam5t analog\s to itself4 ,if ! ,e>? is a globe1 & #be1jjj miles 9 circumf]5ce1 ! surface ( all /&+ wat] mu/ h a c]ta9 degree ( convexity--e "p mu/ be an arc ( a circle1 curvat+ f ! summit at ! rate ( #h in*es p] mile multipli$ by ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,t ?is may be suffici5tly und]/ood1 ! foll[+ quotation is giv5 f ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 art4 8,levell+40 8,if a l9e :i* crosses ! plumb-l9e at "r angles be cont9u$ = any consid]able l5g? x w rise above ! ,e>?'s surface 7! ,e>? be+ globul>72 & ?is ris+ w be z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance to :i* ! said "r l9e is produc$2 t is to say1 x is rais$ eight in*es v ne>ly above ! ,e>?'s surface at "o mile's di/ance2 f\r times z mu*1 or #cb in*es1 at ! di/ance ( two miles2 n9e times z mu*1 or #gb in*es1 at ! di/ance ( ?ree miles4 ,?is is ow+ to ! globul> figure ( ! ,e>?1 & ?is ris+ is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true & app>5t levels2 ! curve ( ! ,e>? be+ ! true level1 & ! tang5t to x ! app>5t level4 ,s soon does ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true & app>5t levels become p]ceptible t x is necess>y to make an all[ance = x if ! di/ance betwixt ! two /ations exce$s two *a9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,let ,b4 ,d4 be a small portion ( ! ,e>?'s circumf]5ce1 ^: c5tre ( curvature is ,a4 & consequ5tly all ! po9ts ( ?is arc w be on a level4 ,b a tang5t ,b4 ,c4 meet+ ! v]tical l9e ,a4 ,d4 9 ,c4 w be ! app>5t level at ! po9t ,b4 & !re=e ,d4 ,c4 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! app>5t & ! true level at ! po9t ,b4 ,! di/ance ,c4 ,d4 mu/ be d$uct$ f ! obs]v$ height to h ! true diff]5ce ( level2 or ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! di/ances ( two po9ts f ! surface ( ! ,e>? or f ! c5tre ( curvature ,a4 ,b we %all aft]w>ds see h[ ?is correction may be avoid$ altoge!r 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,to f9d an expression = ,c4 ,d4 we h ,euclid1 ?ird book1 #cf prop4 :i* proves t ,b4 ,c ,c4 ,d4 7#b ,a ,d ,c ,d72 b s9ce 9 all cases ( levell+ ,c4 ,d4 is exce$+ly small comp>$ ) #b ,a4 ,d41 we may safely neglect ,c4 ,d & !n ,b ,c #b ,a4 ,d ,c4 ,d4 or ,b4 ,c ,c4 ,d ------4 #b ,a4 ,d ,h5ce ! depression ( ! true level is equal to ! squ>e ( ! di/ance divid$ by twice ! radius ( ! curvature ( ! ,e>?4 ,= example1 tak+ a di/ance ( f\r miles1 ! squ>e ( #d #af1 & putt+ d[n twice ! radius ( ! ,e>?'s curvature z 9 r\nd figures ab\t #hjjj miles1 we make ! depression on f\r miles #af #af #agfj #agf #ebh ---- ( a mile --------- y>ds --- y>ds --- feet1 #hjjj #hjjj #ej #ej or r bett] ?an #aj feet4 ,or1 if we take ! mean radius ( ! ,e>? z ! mean radius ( its curvature1 & consequ5tly #b ,a4 ,d #g1iab miles1 !n #e1bhj feet be+ #a mile1 we %all h ,c4 ,d4 ! depression 9 in*es #ebhj #ab ,b ,c ---------------- #hjjh ,b4 ,c in*es4 #giab ,! prec$+ rem>ks suppose ! visual ray ,c4 ,b4 to be a /raight l9e1 :]eas on acc\nt ( ! unequal d5sities ( ! air at diff]5t di/ances f ! ,e>?1 ! rays ( light are incurvat$ by refraction4 ,! effect ( ?is is to less5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true & app>5t levels1 b 9 su* an extremely v>iable & unc]ta9 mann] t if any con/ant or fix$ all[ance is made = x 9 =mul or tables1 x w (t5 lead to a great] error ?an :at x 0 int5d$ to obviate4 ,= ?\gh ! refraction may at a mean comp5sate = ab\t a sev5? ( ! curvature ( ! e>?1 x sometimes exce$s a fif?1 & at o!r times does n am\nt to a fifte5?4 ,we h1 !re=e1 made no all[ance = refraction 9 ! =egone =mul40 ,if ! ,e>? is a globe1 !re _c be a "q t1 h[ev] irregul> ! l& may be 9 =m1 ! wat] mu/ h a convex surface4 ,& z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true & app>5t level1 or ! degree ( curvature w\ld be #h in*es 9 "o mile1 & 9 e succe$+ mile #h in*es multipli$ by ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 !re c be no difficulty 9 detect+ ei!r its actual exi/5ce or proportion4 ,exp]im5ts made ^u ! sea h be5 object$ to on acc\nt ( its con/antly-*ang+ altitude2 & ! exi/5ce ( banks & *annels :i* produce a 8a cr[d+0 ( ! wat]s1 curr5ts1 & o!r irregul>ities4 ,/&+ wat] has !re=e be5 select$1 & _m important exp]im5ts h be5 made1 ! mo/ simple ( :i* is ! foll[+3--,9 ! c\nty ( ,cambridge !re is an artificial riv] or canal1 call$ ! 8,old ,b$=d40 ,x is upw>ds ( tw5ty miles long1 & passes 9 a /raight l9e ?r\gh t "p ( ! f5s call$ ! 8,b$=d level0 ,! wat] is ne>ly /ation]y--(t5 entirely s1 & ?r\gh\t its entire l5g? has no int]ruption f locks or wat]-gates2 s t x is 9 e respect well adapt$ = asc]ta9+ :e!r any & :at am\nt ( convexity really exi/s4 ,a boat ) a flag /&+ ?ree feet above ! wat]1 0 direct$ to sail f a place call$ 8,welney ,bridge10 to ano!r place call$ 8,wel*e's ,dam40 ,^! two po9ts are six /atute miles ap>t4 ,! obs]v]1 ) a good telescope1 0 seat$ 9 ! wat] z a ba!r 7x be+ ! summ] season71 ) ! eye n exce$+ eight in*es above ! surface4 ,! flag & ! boat d[n to ! wat]'s edge 7 cle>ly visible ?r\gh\t ! :ole di/ance6 ,f ?is obs]vation x 0 conclud$ t ! wat] did n decl9e to any degree f ! l9e ( sight2 :]eas ! wat] w\ld be #f feet high] 9 ! c5tre ( ! arc ( #f miles ext5t ?an at ! two places ,welney ,bridge & ,wel*e's ,dam2 b z ! eye ( ! obs]v] 0 only eight in*es above ! wat]1 ! highe/ po9t ( ! surface w\ld be at "o mile f ! place ( obs]vation2 bel[ :i* po9t ! surface ( ! wat] at ! end ( ! rema9+ five miles w\ld be #af feet #h in*es 7#e #h #bjj in*es74 ,?is w be r5d]$ cle> by ! foll[+ diagram3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,let ,a ,b repres5t ! arc ( wat] f ,welney ,bridge to ,wel*e's ,dam1 six miles 9 l5g?2 & ,a ,l ! l9e ( sight1 :i* is n[ a tang5t to ! arc ,a ,b2 ! po9t ( contact1 ,t1 is #a mile f ! eye ( ! obs]v] at ,a2 & f ,t to ! boat at ,b is #e miles2 ! squ>e ( #e miles multipli$ by #h in*es is #bjj in*es1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! boat at ,b w\ld h be5 #bjj in*es or above #af feet bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] at ,t2 & ! flag on ! boat1 :i* 0 #c feet high1 w\ld h be5 #ac feet bel[ ! l9e-(-sight1 ,a ,t ,l66 ,f ?is exp]im5t x foll[s t ! surface ( /&+ wat] is n convex1 & !re=e t ! ,e>? ,,is ,,n ,a ,,globe6 ,on ! ,contr>y1 ?is simple exp]im5t is all-suffici5t to prove t ! surface ( ! wat] is p>allel to ! l9e-(-sight1 & is !re=e horizontal1 & t ! ,e>? _c be o!r ?an ,a ,,plane6 ,9 diagram ,figure #c ?is is p]fectly illu/rat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,a ,b is ! l9e-(-sight1 & ,c ,d ! surface ( ! wat] equidi/ant f or p>allel to x ?r\gh\t ! :ole di/ance obs]v$4 ,al?\gh1 on acc\nt ( ! v>iable /ate ( ! wat]1 objections h be5 rais$ to exp]im5ts made ^u ! sea-%ore to te/ ! convexity ( ! flood or ebb-tide level1 none c be urg$ aga9/ obs]vations made f high] altitudes4 ,= example1--! di/ance across ! ,iri% ,sea betwe5 ,d\glas ,h>b\r1 9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 & ! ,great ,orm's ,head 9 ,nor? ,wales is #fj miles4 ,if ! e>? is a globe1 ! surface ( ! wat] w\ld =m an arc #fj miles 9 l5g?1 ! c5tre ( :i* w\ld be #a1idd feet high] ?an ! coa/ l9e at ei!r end1 s t an obs]v] w\ld be oblig$ to atta9 ?is altitude be=e he c\ld see ! ,wel% coa/ f ! ,isle ( ,man3 z %[n 9 ! diagram1 ,figure #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,x is well kn[n1 h[ev]1 t f an altitude n exce$+ #ajj feet ! ,great ,orm's ,head is visible 9 cle> wea!r f ,d\glas ,h>b\r4 ,! altitude ( #ajj feet c\ld cause ! l9e ( sight to t\* ! horizon at ! di/ance ( ne>ly #ac miles2 & f ! horizon to ,orm's ,head be+ #dg miles1 ! squ>e ( ?is numb] multipli$ by #h in*es gives #adgb feet z ! di/ance :i* ! ,wel% coa/ l9e w\ld be bel[ ! l9e ( sight ,b ,c4--,a repres5t+ ! ,great ,orm's ,head1 :i*1 be+ #fjj feet high1 its summit w\ld be #hgb feet bel[ ! horizon4 ,_m simil> exp]im5ts h be5 made across ,/4 ,george's ,*annel1 betwe5 po9ts ne> ,dubl9 & ,holyhead1 & always ) results entirely incompatible ) ! doctr9e ( rotundity4 ,aga91 x is kn[n t ! horizon at sea1 :atev] di/ance x may ext5d to ! "r & left ( ! obs]v] on l&1 always appe>s z a /raight l9e4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t has be5 tri$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,at ,brighton1 on a ris+ gr\nd ne> ! race c\rse1 two poles 7 fix$ 9 ! e>? six y>ds ap>t1 & directly opposite ! sea4 ,betwe5 ^! poles a l9e 0 tightly /ret*$ p>allel to ! di/ant horizon4 ,f ! c5tre ( ! l9e ! view embrac$ n less ?an #bj miles on ea* side1 mak+ a di/ance ( #dj miles4 ,a vessel 0 obs]v$ sail+ directly we/w>ds2 ! l9e cut ! rigg+ a little above ! bulw>ks1 :i* x did = sev]al h\rs or until ! vessel _h sail$ ! :ole di/ance ( #dj miles4 ,?is w be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! diagram1 ,figure #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,if ! ,e>? 7 a globe1 ! appe>ance w\ld be z repres5t$ 9 ,figure #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,! %ip com+ into view f ! ea/ w\ld h to asc5d an incl9$ plane = #bj miles until x arriv$ at ! c5tre ( ! arc ,a ,b1 :5ce x w\ld h to desc5d = ! same di/ance4 ,! squ>e ( #bj miles multipli$ by #h in*es gives #bff feet z ! am\nt ! vessel w\ld be bel[ ! l9e ,c ,d at ! beg9n+ & at ! end ( ! #dj miles4 ,if we /& ^u ! deck ( a %ip1 or m\nt to ! ma/ head2 or g to ! top ( a m\nta91 or asc5d above ! ,e>? 9 a balloon1 & look ov] ! sea1 ! surface appe>s z a va/ incl9$ plane ris+ up until 9 ! di/ance x int]cepts ! l9e ( sight4 ,if a good mirror be held 9 ! opposite direction1 ! horizon w be reflect$ z a well-def9$ m>k or l9e across ! c5tre1 z repres5t$ 9 diagram1 ,figure #g4 ,asc5d+ or desc5d+1 ! di/ant horizon does ! same4 ,x rises & falls ) ! obs]v]1 & is always on a level ) 8 eye4 ,if he takes a position :]e ! wat] surr\nds him--z at ! ma/-head ( a %ip out ( sight ( l&1 or on ! summit ( a small isl& f> f ! ma9l&1 ! surface ( ! sea appe>s to rise up on all sides equally & to surr\nd him l ! walls ( an imm5se amphi!atre4 ,he seems to be 9 ! c5tre ( a l>ge concavity1 ! edges ( :i* exp& or contract z he takes a high] or l[] position4 ,?is appe>ance is s well kn[n to sea-go+ travell]s t no?+ m ne$ be said 9 its support4 ,b ! appe>ance f a balloon is famili> only to a small numb] ( obs]v]s1 & !re=e x w be useful to quote f ^? :o h writt5 ^u ! subject4 8,! ,app>5t ,concavity ( ! ,e>? z se5 f a ,balloon4--,a p]fectly-=m$ circle encompass$ ! visible planisph]e b5ea?1 or r ! concavo-sph]e x might n[ be call$1 = ,i _h atta9$ a height f :i* ! surface ( ! ,e>? assum$ a regul>ly holl[$ or concave appe>ance--an optical illusion :i* increases z y rec$e f x4 ,at ! greate/ elevation ,i atta9$1 :i* 0 ab\t a mile-&-a-half1 ! appe>ance ( ! ,_w ar\nd me assum$ a %ape or =m l t :i* is made by plac+ two wat*-glasses toge!r by _! edges1 ! balloon app>5tly 9 ! c5tral cavity all ! "t ( its flight at t elevation40--,wise's ,a]onautics4 8,ano!r curi\s effect ( ! a]ial asc5t 01 t ! ,e>?1 :5 we 7 at our greate/ altitude1 positively appe>$ concave1 look+ l a huge d>k b[l1 r ?an ! convex sph]e su* z we naturally expect to see x4 99 99 99 ,! horizon always appe>s to be on a level ) our eye1 & seems to rise z we rise1 until at l5g? ! elevation ( ! circul> b\nd>y l9e ( ! sight becomes s m>k$ t ! ,e>? assumes ! anomal\s appe>ance z we h said ( a concave r ?an a convex body40--,mayhew's ,great ,_w ( ,london4 ,mr4 ,elliott1 an ,am]ican ronaut1 9 a lett] giv+ an acc\nt ( 8 asc5sion f ,baltimore1 ?us speaks ( ! appe>ance ( ! ,e>? f a balloon3-- 8,i don't "k t ,i ev] h9t$ h]et(ore t ! ronaut may well be ! mo/ sceptical man ab\t ! rotundity ( ! ,e>?4 ,philosophy imposes ! tru? ^u u2 b ! view ( ! ,e>? f ! elevation ( a balloon is t ( an imm5se t]re/rial bas91 ! deep] "p ( :i* is t directly "u "o's feet4 ,z we asc5d1 ! ,e>? b5ea? u seems to rec$e--actually to s9k away--:ile ! horizon gradually & gracefully lifts a div]sifi$ slope /ret*+ away f>!r & f>!r to a l9e t1 at ! highe/ elevation1 seems to close ) ! sky4 ,?us ^u a cle> day1 ! ronaut feels z if susp5d$ at ab\t an equal di/ance betwe5 ! va/ blue oceanic concave above1 & ! equally exp&$ t]re/rial bas9 bel[40 8,! *ief peculi>ity ( ! view f a balloon1 at a consid]able elevation1 0 ! altitude ( ! horizon1 :i* rema9$ practically on a level ) ! eye at an elevation ( two miles1 caus+ ! surface ( ! ,e>? to appe> concave in/ead ( convex1 & to rec$e dur+ ! rapid asc5t1 :il/ ! horizon & ! balloon seem$ to be /ation>y40--,london ,j\rnal1 ,july #ah1 #aheg4 ,dur+ ! important balloon asc5ts rec5tly made = sci5tific purposes by ,mr4 ,coxwell & ,mr4 ,glai%]1 ( ! ,royal ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 ! same ph5om5on 0 obs]v$-- 8,! horizon always appe>$ on a level ) ! c>40--,vide 8,glai%]'s ,report40 ,! foll[+ diagram repres5ts ?is appe>ance3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,! surface ( ! e>? ,c ,d appe>s to rise to ! l9e-(-sight f ! balloon1 & 8seems to close ) ! sky0 at ! po9ts ,h ,h 9 ! same mann] t ! ceil+ & ! floor ( a long room1 or ! top & bottom ( a tunnel appe> to approa* ea* o!r1 & f ! same cause1 viz43 t !y are p>allel to ! l9e-(-sight1 & !re=e horizontal4 ,if ! ,e>?'s surface 7 convex ! obs]v]1 look+ f a balloon1 in/ead ( see+ x gradually asc5d to ! level ( ! eye1 w\ld h to look d[nw>ds to ! horizon ,h ,h1 z repres5t$ 9 figure #i1 & ! am\nt ( dip 9 ! l9e-(-sight ,c ,h w\ld be ! greate/ at ! highe/ elevation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,_m m exp]im5ts h be5 made ?an are "h describ$1 b ! selection n[ giv5 is amply suffici5t to prove t ! surface ( wat] is horizontal1 & t ! ,e>?1 tak5 z a :ole1 its l& & wat] toge!r1 is n a globe1 has really no degree ( sph]icity2 b is 8to all int5ts & purposes0 ,a ,,plane6 ,if we n[ consid] ! fact t :5 we travel by l& or sea1 & f any "p ( ! kn[n _w1 9 a direction t[>ds ! ,nor? pol> />1 we %all arrive at "o & ! same po9t1 we are =c$ to ! conclusion t :at has hi!rto be5 call$ ! ,nor? ,pol> region1 is really ,,! ,,c5tre ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,t f ?is nor!rn c5tre ! l& div]ges & /ret*es out1 ( necessity1 t[>ds a circumf]5ce1 :i* mu/ n[ be call$ ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,region3 :i* is a va/ circle1 & n a pole or c5tre4 ,t !re is ,,"o ,,c5tre--,,! ,,nor?1 & ,,"o ,,circumf]5ce--,,! ,,s\?4 ,?is language w be bett] und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! diagram ,figure #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,n repres5ts ! nor!rn c5tre2 & ,s ,s ,s ! s\!rn circumf]5ce--bo? icy or froz5 regions4 ,t ! s\? is an imm5se r+1 or glacial b\nd>y1 is evid5t f ! fact1 t )9 ! ant>ctic circle ! mo/ exp]i5c$1 sci5tific1 & d>+ navigators h fail$ 9 _! attempts to sail1 9 a direct mann]1 completely r\nd x4 ,lieut4 ,wilkes1 ( ! ,am]ican ,navy1 aft] great & prolong$ ef=ts1 & mu* confusion 9 8 reckon+1 & see+ no prospect ( success1 0 oblig$ to give up 8 attempt & return to ! nor?4 ,?is he ackn[l$g$ 9 a lett] to ,capta9 ,sir ,james ,cl>ke ,ross1 ) ^: int5tion to explore ! s\? seas he _h become acqua9t$1 9 :i* ! foll[+ words occur3 8,i hope y int5d to circumnavigate ! ant>ctic circle4 ,i made #gj degrees ( x40 ,capta9 ,ross1 h[ev]1 0 himself greatly confus$ 9 8 attempts to navigate ! s\!rn region4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! voyage he says1 at page #if--8,we f\nd ourselves e day f #ab to #af miles by obs]vation 9 advance ( our reckon+40 8,by our obs]vations we f\nd ourselves #eh miles to ! ea/w>d ( our reckon+ 9 two days40 ,& 9 ?is & o!r ways all ! great navigators h be5 fru/rat$ 9 _! ef=ts1 & h be5 m or less conf\nd$ 9 _! attempts to sail r\nd ! ,e>? ^u or beyond ! ant>ctic circle4 ,b if ! s\!rn region is a pole or c5tre1 l ! nor?1 !re w\ld be little difficulty 9 circumnavigat+ x1 = ! di/ance r\nd w\ld be comp>atively small4 ,:5 x is se5 t ! ,e>? is n a sph]e1 b a plane1 hav+ only "o c5tre1 ! nor?2 & t ! s\? is ! va/ icy b\nd>y ( ! _w1 ! difficulties exp]i5c$ by circumnavigators c be easily und]/ood4 ,hav+ giv5 a surface or bird's-eye view ( ! ,e>?1 ! foll[+ sectional repres5tation w aid 9 complet+ ! description4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,e ,e repres5ts ! ,e>?2 ,w ,w ! 8great deep10 or ! wat]s :i* surr\nd ! l&2 ,n ! nor!rn c5tre2 & ,s ,s sections ( ! s\!rn ice4 ,z ! pres5t description is purely zetetic1 & z e fact mu/ !re=e h its fulle/ value assign$ to x1 & its consequ5ces repres5t$1 a peculi>ity mu/ be po9t$ out 9 ! =ego+ diagram4 ,x w be obs]v$ t f ab\t ! po9ts ,e ,e ! surface ( ! wat] rises t[>ds ! s\? ,s ,s4 ,x is cle>ly asc]ta9$ t ! altitude ( ! wat] 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w is mu* influ5c$ by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e--h[ev] ?is pressure is caus$--& x is well kn[n t ! atmosph]ic pressure 9 ! s\? is con/antly less ?an x is 9 ! nor?1 & !re=e ! wat] 9 ! s\!rn region mu/ always be consid]ably high] ?an x is 9 ! nor!rn4 ,h5ce ! peculi>ity ref]r$ to 9 ! diagram4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ,sir ,james ,ross's voyages1 p4 #dhc1 w corroborate ! above /atem5ts3--8,our b>ometrical exp]im5ts appe> to prove t a gradual dim9ution ( atmosph]ic pressure occurs z we proce$ s\?w>ds f ! tropic ( ,capricorn4 99 99 99 ,x has hi!rto be5 consid]$ t ! mean pressure ( ! atmosph]e at ! level ( ! sea 0 ne>ly ! same 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 z no mat]ial diff]5ce occurs betwe5 ! equator & ! highe/ nor!rn latitudes4 99 99 99 ,! causes ( ! atmosph]ic pressure be+ s v mu* less 9 ! s\!rn ?an 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]es rema9s to be det]m9$40 ,?us1 putt+ all !ories aside1 we h se5 t direct exp]im5t demon/rates ! important tru?1 t ! ,e>? is an ext5d$ ,plane4 ,lit]ally1 8,/ret*$ out ^u ! wat]s20 8,f\nd$ on ! seas & e/abli%$ on ! floods20 8,/&+ 9 ! wat] & out ( ! wat]40 ,h[ f> ! s\!rn icy region ext5ds horizontally1 or h[ deep ! wat]s ^u & 9 :i* ! e>? /&s or is support$ are que/ions :i* _c yet be answ]$4 ,9 ,zetetic philosophy ! f\ndation mu/ be well secur$1 progress mu/ be made /ep by /ep1 mak+ good ! gr\nd z we proce$2 & :5ev] a difficulty pres5ts itself1 or evid5ce fails to c>ry u f>!r1 we mu/ promptly & c&idly ackn[l$ge x1 & prep>e = future inve/igation2 b nev] fill up ! inquiry by !ory & assumption4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance !re is no practical evid5ce z to ! ext5t ( ! s\!rn ice & ! 8great deep40 ,:o %all say :e!r ! dep? & ext5t ( ! 8mighty wat]s0 h a limit1 or con/itute ! 8,_w )\t end80 ,hav+ advanc$ direct & special evid5ce t ! surface ( ! e>? is n convex1 b1 on ! contr>y1 a va/ & irregul> plane1 x n[ becomes important t ! lead+ ph5om5a ^u :i* ! doctr9e ( rotundity has be5 f\nd$ %\ld be c>efully exam9$4 ,fir/1 x is cont5d$ t because ! hull ( an outw>d-b\nd vessel disappe>s be=e ! ma/ head1 ! wat] is convex1 & !re=e ! ,e>? is a globe4 ,9 ?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 !re is an assumption involv$1 viz41 t su* a ph5om5on c only result f a convex surface4 ,inquiry w %[ t ?is is errone\s4 ,if we select = obs]vation a few miles ( /raight & level railway1 we %all f9d t ! rails1 :i* are p>allel1 appe> 9 ! di/ance to approa* ea* o!r4 ,b ! two rails :i* are ne>e/ toge!r d s m rapidly ?an ^? :i* are f>!/ asund]1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ diagram1 ,figure #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,let ! obs]v] /& at ! po9t ,a1 look+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s2 & ! rails #a4b4c4d4 w appe> to jo9 at ! po9t ,b1 b ! rail #e4f w appe> to h conv]g$ only z f> z ,c t[>ds ,b4 ,aga91 let a tra9 be wat*$ f ! po9t ,a 9 ,figure #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,! obs]v] look+ f ,a1 ) 8 eye midway betwe5 ! bottom ( ! c>riage & ! rail1 w see ! diamet] ( ! :eels gradually dim9i% z !y rec$e4 ,! l9es #a4b & #a4d w appe> to approa* ea* o!r until at ! po9t ,b !y w come toge!r1 & ! space1 includ+ ! :eels1 betwe5 ! bottom ( ! c>riage & ! rail w !re disappe>4 ,! floor ( ! c>riage w seem to be slid+ )\t :eels ^u ! rail #a4b2 b ! l9es #e4f & #g4h w yet h conv]g$ only to ,c & ,d4 ,! same ph5om5on may be obs]v$ ) a long r[ ( lamps1 :]e ! gr\nd is a /raight l9e ?r\gh\t its entire l5g? z repres5t$ 9 ,figure #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,! l9es #a4b & ,a ,d w conv]ge at ! po9t ,d & ! p$e/al ( ! lamp at ,d w seem to h disappe>$1 b ! l9e #c4d1 :i* repres5ts ! true altitude ( ! lamps1 w only h conv]g$ to ! po9t ,c4 ,a n>r[ bank runn+ along ! side ( a /raight portion ( railway1 ^u :i* poles are plac$ = support+ ! wires ( ! electric telegraph w produce ! same appe>ance1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,! bank hav+ ! altitude #a4c & #b4d w1 9 ! di/ance ( two or ?ree miles 7accord+ to its dep?7 disappe> to ! eye ( an obs]v] plac$ at ,figure #a2 & ! telegraph pole at ,figure #b w seem n to /& ^u a bank at all1 b ^u ! actual railway4 ,! l9e #c4d w m]ge into ! l9e #a4b at ! po9t ,b1 :ile ! l9e #e4f w only h desc5d$ to ! position ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,_m o!r famili> in/ances c\ld be giv5 to %[ ! true law ( p]spective2 :i* is1 t p>allel l9es appe> 9 ! di/ance to conv]ge to "o & ! same datum l9e1 b to rea* x at diff]5t di/ances if !mselves dissimil>ly di/ant4 ,?is law be+ rememb]$1 x is easy to und]/& h[ ! hull ( an outw>d-b\nd %ip1 al?\gh sail+ ^u a plane surface disappe>s be=e ! ma/-head4 ,9 ,figure #af1 let ,a ,b repres5t ! surface ( ! wat]2 ,c ,h ! l9e ( sight2 & ,e ,d ! altitude ( ! ma/-head4 ,!n1 z ,a ,b & ,c ,h are ne>] to ea* o!r ?an ,a ,b & ,e ,d1 !y w conv]ge & appe> to meet at ! po9t ,h1 :i* is ! practical1 or1 z x w\ld be bett] to call x1 ! optical horizon4 ,! hull ( ! vessel be+ conta9$ )9 ! l9es ,a ,b & ,c ,h1 mu/ gradually dim9i% z ^! conv]ge1 until at ,h1 or ! horizon1 x ent]s ! vani%+ po9t & disappe>s2 b ! ma/-head repres5t$ by ! l9e ,e ,d is /ill above ! horizon at ,h1 & w require to sail m or less1 accord+ to its altitude1 beyond ! po9t ,h be=e x s9ks to ! l9e ,c ,h1 or1 9 o!r words1 be=e ! l9es ,a ,b & ,e ,d =m ! same angle z ,a ,b & ,c ,h4 ,x w be evid5t also t %\ld ! elevation ( ! obs]v] be great] ?an at ,c1 ! horizon or vani%+ po9t w\ld n be =m$ at ,h1 b at a great] di/ance2 & !re=e ! hull ( ! vessel w\ld be long] visible4 ,or1 if1 :5 ! hull has disappe>$ at ,h1 ! obs]v] asc5ds f ! elevation at ,c to a high] position ne>] to ,e1 x w aga9 be se54 ,?us all ^! ph5om5a :i* h s long be5 consid]$ z pro(s ( ! ,e>?'s rotundity are really optical sequ5ces ( ! contr>y doctr9e4 ,to argue t because ! l[] "p ( an outw>d-b\nd %ip disappe>s be=e ! highe/ ! wat] mu/ be r\nd1 is to assume t a r\nd surface only c produce ?is effect6 ,b x is n[ %[n t a plane surface necess>ily produces ?is effect2 & !re=e ! assumption is n requir$1 & ! argum5t involv$ is fallaci\s6 ,x may "h be obs]v$ t no help c be giv5 to ?is doctr9e ( rotundity by quot+ ! prevail+ !ory ( p]spective4 ,! law repres5t$ 9 ! =ego+ diagrams is ! 8law ( nature40 ,x may be se5 9 e lay] ( a long wall1 9 e h$ge & bank ( ! roadside1 & inde$ 9 e direction :]e l9es & objects run p>allel to ea* o!r2 b no illu/ration ( ! contr>y p]spective is ev] to be se56 except 9 ! di/ort$ pictures1 o!rwise clev]ly & beautifully drawn z !y are1 :i* ab\nd 9 our public & private collections4 ,! !ory :i* affirms t p>allel l9es conv]ge only to "o & ! same po9t ^u ! eye-l9e is an error4 ,x is true only ( l9es equidi/ant f ! eye-l9e4 ,x is true t p>allel l9es conv]ge to "o & ! same eye-l9e1 b meet x at diff]5t di/ances :5 m or less ap>t f ea* o!r4 ,?is is ! true law ( p]spective z %[n by ,nature h]self2 any o!r idea is fallaci\s & w deceive :oev] may hold & apply x to practice4 ,z x is ( great importance t ! diff]5ce %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood1 ! foll[+ diagram is giv54 ,let ,e ,l 7,figure #ag7 repres5t ! eye-l9e & ,c ! vani%+ po9t ( ! l9es1 #a ,c #b ,c2 !n ! l9es #c4d4e4f1 al?\gh conv]g+ some:]e to ! l9e ,e ,l1 w n d s to ! po9t ,c1 b #c & #d w proce$ to ,d & #e & #f to ,h4 ,x is repeat$1 t l9es equidi/ant f ! datum w conv]ge on ! same po9t & at ! same di/ance2 b l9es n equidi/ant w conv]ge on ! same datum b at diff]5t di/ances6 ,a v good illu/ration ( ! diff]5ce is giv5 9 ,figure #ah4 ,!oretic p]spective w\ld br+ ! l9es #a1 #b1 & #c to ! same datum l9e ,e ,l & to ! same po9t ,a4 ,b ! true or natural law w\ld br+ ! l9es #b & #c to ! po9t ,a because equidi/ant f ! eye-l9e ,e ,l2 b ! l9e #a be+ f>!r f ,e ,l ?an ei!r #b or #c1 w\ld be tak5 beyond ! po9t ,a on t[>ds ,c1 until x =m$ ! same angle ^u ! l9e ,e ,l z #b & #c =m at ! po9t ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,! subject ( p]spective w n be r5d]$ suffici5tly cle> unless an explanation be giv5 ( ! cause & "* ( :at is te*nically call$ ! 8vani%+ po9t40 ,:y d objects1 ev5 :5 rais$ above ! e>?1 vani% at a giv5 di/ance8 ,x is kn[n1 & c easily be prov$ by exp]im5t1 t 8! range ( ! eye1 or diamet] ( ! field ( vision is #aaj2 consequ5tly ?is is ! l>ge/ angle "u :i* an object c be se54 ,! range ( vision is f #aaj to #a4 99 99 ,! smalle/ angle "u :i* an object c be se5 is ^u an av]age = diff]5t sights ! #fj? "p ( a degree1 or "o m9ute 9 space2 s t :5 an object is remov$ f ! eye #cjjj times its own diamet]1 x w only j be di/+ui%able2 consequ5tly1 ! greate/ di/ance at :i* we c behold an object1 l a %ill+1 ( an in* 9 diamet] is #cjjj in*es or #bej feet40#c ,x may1 !re=e1 be v easily und]/ood t a l9e pass+ ov] ! hull ( a %ip1 & cont9u+ p>allel to ! surface ( ! wat]1 mu/ conv]ge to ! vani%+ po9t at ! di/ance ( ab\t #cjjj times its own elevation2 9 o!r words1 if ! surface ( ! hull be #aj feet above ! wat] x w vani% at #c1jjj times #aj feet2 or ne>ly six /atute miles2 b if ! ma/-head be #cj feet above ! wat]1 x w be visible = #ij1jjj feet or ov] #ag miles2 s t x c\ld be se5 ^u ! horizon = a di/ance ( elev5 miles aft] ! hull _h ent]$ ! vani%+ po9t6 ,h5ce ! ph5om5on ( a rec$+ %ip's hull be+ ! fir/ to disappe>1 :i* has be5 s univ]sally quot$ & reli$ ^u z prov+ ! rotundity ( ! ,e>? is fairly & logically a pro( ( ! v contr>y6 ,x has be5 misappli$ 9 consequ5ce ( an errone\s view ( ! law ( p]spective1 & ! desire to support a !ory4 ,t x is valueless = su* a purpose has already be5 %[n2 & t1 ev5 if !re 7 no "q ( ! ,e>?'s =m involv$1 x c\ld n arise f ! convexity ( ! wat]1 is prov$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5t3--,let an obs]v] /& ^u ! sea-%ore ) ! eye at an elevation ( ab\t six feet above ! wat]1 & wat* a vessel until x is j 8hull d[n40 ,if n[ a good telescope be appli$ ! hull w be di/9ctly re/or$ to sight6 ,f :i* x mu/ be conclud$ t x _h disappe>$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( p]spective1 & n f hav+ sunk beh9d ! summit ( a convex surface6 ,_h x done s x w\ld foll[ t ! telescope _h ei!r c>ri$ ! l9e-(-sight ?r\gh ! mass ( wat]1 or ov] its surface & d[n ! o!r side6 ,b ! p[] ( 8look+ r\nd a corn]0 or p5etrat+ a d5se & ext5sive m$ium has nev] yet be5 attribut$ to su* an in/rum5t6 ,if ! elevation ( ! obs]v] be mu* great] ?an six feet ! di/ance at :i* ! vani%+ po9t is =m$ w be s great t ! telescope may n h p[] en\gh to magnify or enl>ge ! angle con/itut+ x2 :5 ! exp]im5t w\ld appe> to fail4 ,b ! failure w\ld only be app>5t1 = a telescope ( suffici5t p[] to magnify at ! horizon or vani%+ po9t w\ld c]ta9ly re/ore ! hull at ! great] di/ance4 #c 8,wond]s ( ,sci5ce10 by ,mayhew1 p4 #ceg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,an illu/ration or pro( ( ! ,e>?'s rotundity is also suppos$ to be f\nd 9 ! fact t navigators by sail+ due ea/ or we/ return 9 ! opposite direction4 ,"h1 aga91 a supposition is involv$1 viz41 t ^u a globe only c\ld ?is occur4 ,b x is easy to prove t x c\ld take place z p]fectly ^u a circul> plane z ^u a sph]e4 ,let x fir/ be cle>ly und]/ood :at is really meant by sail+ due ea/ & we/4 ,practically x is sail+ at "r angles to nor? & s\?3 ?is is det]m9$ ord9>ily by ! m>9]s' compass1 b m accurately by ! m]idian l9es :i* conv]ge to ! nor!rn c5tre ( ! ,e>?4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 let ,n 9 ,figure #ai repres5t ! nor!rn c5tre2 & ! l9es ,n4 ,s4 ! directions nor? & s\?4 ,!n let ! small arr[1 ,figure #a1 repres5t a vessel on ! m]idian ( ,gre5wi*1 ) its head ,w4 at "r angles1 or due we/2 & ! /]n ,e due ea/4 ,x is evid5t t 9 pass+ to ! position ( ! arr[1 ,figure #b1 :i* is /ill due we/ or squ>e to ! m]idian1 ! arc #a4b mu/ be describ$2 & 9 sail+ /ill f>!r "u ! same condition1 ! arcs #b4c1 #c4d1 & #d4a w be successively pass$ ov] until ! m]idian ( ,gre5wi*1 ,figure #a1 is arriv$ at1 :i* 0 ! po9t ( dep>ture4 ,?us a m>9]1 by keep+ ! head ( 8 vessel due we/1 or at "r angles to ! nor? & s\?1 practically circumnavigates a plane surface2 or1 9 o!r words1 he describes a circle ^u a plane1 at a great] or less] di/ance f ! c5tre ,n1 & be+ at all times squ>e to ! radii nor? & s\?1 he is compell$ to d s--because ! e>? is a plane1 hav+ a c5tral region1 t[>ds :i* ! compass & ! m]idian l9es :i* guide him1 conv]ge4 ,s f>1 !n1 f ! fact ( a vessel sail+ due we/ com+ home f ! ea/1 & vice v]sa1 be+ a pro( ( ! e>?'s rotundity1 x is simply a ph5om5on1 consi/5t ) & dep5d5t ^u its be+ a plane6 ,! subject may be p]fectly illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ simple exp]im5t3--,take a r\nd table1 fix a p9 9 ! c5tre2 to ?is atta* a ?read1 & ext5d x to ! edge4 ,call ! c5tre ! nor? & ! circumf]5ce ! s\?2 !n1 at any di/ance betwe5 ! c5tre & ! circumf]5ce1 a direction at "r angles to ! ?read w be due ea/ & we/2 & a small object1 z a p5cil1 plac$ across or squ>e to ! ?read1 to repres5t a %ip1 may be c>ri$ completely r\nd ! table )\t its "r-angl$ position be+ alt]$2 or1 ! "r-angl$ position firmly ma9ta9$1 ! vessel mu/ ( necessity describe a circle on be+ mov$ f "r to left or left to "r4 ,ref]r+ aga9 to ! diagram1 ,figure #ai1 ! vessel may sail f ! nor? t[>ds ! s\?1 ^u ! m]idian ,figure #a1 & !re turn+ due we/1 may pass ,cape ,horn1 repres5t$ by ,d1 & cont9ue its we/]ly c\rse until x passes ! po9t ,c1 or ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & aga9 rea*es ! m]idian1 ,figure #a1 ^u :i* x may return to ! nor?4 ,^?1 !n1 :o hold t ! e>? is a globe because x c be circumnavigat$1 h an argum5t :i* is logically incomplete & fallaci\s4 ,?is w be se5 at once by putt+ x 9 ! syllogi/ic =m3-- ,a globe only c be circumnavigat$3 ,! ,e>? has be5 circumnavigat$3 ,!re=e ! ,e>? is a globe4 ,x has be5 %[n t a plane c be circumnavigat$1 & !re=e ! fir/ or major proposition is false2 &1 be+ s1 ! conclusion is false4 ,?is portion ( ! subject furni%es a /rik+ in/ance ( ! necessity (1 at all times1 prov+ a proposition by direct & imm$iate evid5ce1 in/ead ( quot+ a natural ph5om5on z a pro( ( :at has previ\sly be5 assum$4 ,b a !ory w n admit ( ?is me?od1 & !re=e ! zetetic process1 or inquiry be=e conclusion1 entirely es*ew+ assumption1 is ! only c\rse :i* c lead to simple & unalt]able tru?4 ,:oev] creates or upholds a !ory1 adopts a mon/] :i* w soon] or lat] betray & enslave him1 or make him ridicul\s 9 ! eyes ( practical obs]v]s4 ,closely foll[+ ! subject ( circumnavigation1 ! ga9 & loss ( "t discov]$ on sail+ ea/ & we/ is ref]r$ to z ano!r pro( ( rotundity4 ,b ?is illu/ration is equally fallaci\s ) ! la/1 & f ! same cause1 viz41 ! assumption t a globe only c\ld produce ! effect obs]v$4 ,x w be se51 by ref]5ce to diagram1 ,figure #ai1 t ! effect mu/ take place equally ^u a plane z ^u a globe4 ,let ! %ip1 ,w ,e1 ^u ! m]idian1 ,figure #a1 at #ab at noon1 beg9 to sail t[>ds ! position1 ,figure #b1 :i* x w rea* ! next day at #ab1 or 9 #bd h\rs3 ! sun dur+ ! same #bd h\rs w h return$ only to ,figure #a1 & w require to move = ano!r h\r or m until x rea*es ! %ip at ,figure #b1 mak+ #be h\rs in/ead ( #bd1 9 :i* ! sun w\ld h return$ to ! %ip1 if x _h rema9$ at ,figure #a4 ,9 ?is way1 ! sun is m & m beh9d ! m]idian "t ( ! %ip1 z x proce$s day aft] day ^u its we/]ly c\rse1 s t on complet+ ! circumnavigation ! %ip's "t is a day lat] ?an ! sol> "t1 reckon+ to & f ! m]idian ( ,gre5wi*4 ,b ! contr>y foll[s if ! %ip sails f ,figure #a t[>ds ,figure #d1 or ! ea/1 because x w meet ! sun "o h\r e>li] ?an ! #bd h\rs :i* w\ld be requir$ = x to pass on to ,figure #a4 ,h5ce1 on complet+ ! circle #a4d4c4b4a1 ! "t at ! %ip w\ld be "o day 9 advance ( ! "t at ,gre5wi*1 or ! position ,figure #a4 ,capta9 ,sir ,j4 ,c4 ,ross1 at page #acb1 vol4 #b1 says--8,novemb] #be1 hav+ by sail+ to ! ea/w>d ga9$ #ab h\rs1 x became necess>y1 on cross+ ! #ahj? degree & ent]+ ^u we/ longitude1 9 ord] to h our "t correspond ) t ( ,engl&1 to h two days foll[+ ( ! same date1 & by ?is means lose ! "t we _h ga9$1 & /ill 7 ga9+1 z we sail$ to ! ea/w>d40 ,9 fur!r illu/ration ( ?is matt]1 & to impress ! m9d ( ! read]s ) its importance z an evid5ce 9 support ( ! !ory ( ! e>?'s sph]icity1 sev]al au?ors h giv5 ! foll[+ /ory3--,two bro!rs1 tw9s1 born )9 a few m9utes ( ea* o!r1 & !re=e ( ! same age1 on gr[+ to manhood w5t to sea4 ,!y bo? circumnavigat$ ! e>?1 b 9 opposite directions2 & :5 !y aga9 met1 "o 0 a day old] ?an ! o!r6 ,:atev] tru? !re may be 9 ?is acc\nt1 x is "h %[n to be no m fav\rable to ! idea ( rotundity ?an x is to ! opposite fact t ! e>? is a plane2 z bo? =ms w p]mit ( ! same effect4 ,ano!r ph5om5on suppos$ to prove rotundity1 is f\nd 9 ! fact t ,pol>is1 or ! nor? pol> />1 gradually s9ks to ! horizon z ! m>9] approa*es ! equator1 on pass+ :i* x becomes invisible4 ,fir/1 x is an ord9>y effect ( p]spective = an object to appe> l[] & l[] z ! obs]v] rec$es4 ,let any "o try ! exp]im5t ( look+ at a ligh?\se1 *ur* spire1 monum5t1 gas-lamp1 or o!r elevat$ object1 f ! di/ance ( a few y>ds1 & notice ! angle at :i* x is obs]v$3 on go+ f>!r away1 ! angle w dim9i% & ! object appe> l[]1 until1 if ! di/ance be suffici5tly great1 ! l9e-(-sight to ! object1 & ! app>5tly asc5d+ surface ( ! ,e>? ^u :i* x /&s w conv]ge to ! angle :i* con/itutes ! vani%+ po9t2 at a s+le y>d beyond :i* x w be invisible4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! necess>y result ( ! ev]y:]e visible law ( p]spective op]at+ betwe5 ! eye-l9e & ! plane surface ^u :i* ! object /&s2 & has no relation :atev] to rotundity4 ,x is n d5i$ t a simil> depression ( a di/ant object w\ld take place ^u a globe2 x is simply cont5d$ t x w\ld n occur ^u a globe exclusively4 ,b if ! ,e>? is a sph]e & ! pole /> hangs ov] ! nor!rn axis1 x w\ld be impossible to see x = a s+le degree beyond ! equator1 or #ij degrees f ! pole4 ,! l9e-(-sight w\ld become a tang5t to ! sph]e1 & consequ5tly sev]al ?\s& miles out ( & div]g5t f ! direction ( ! pole-/>4 ,_m cases1 h[ev]1 are on record ( ! nor? pol> /> be+ visible f> beyond ! equator1 z f> ev5 z ! tropic ( ,capricorn4 ,9 ! ,times newspap] ( ,may #ac1 #ahfb1 "u ! head ( 8,naval & ,milit>y ,intellig5ce10 x is /at$ t ,capta9 ,wilk9s di/9ctly saw ! ,s\!rn ,cross & ! pol> /> at midnight 9 #bcec degrees ( latitude1 & longitude #cedf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,?is w\ld be utt]ly impossible if ! ,e>? 7 a globe1 z %[n 9 ! diagram1 ,figure #bj4 ,let ,n repres5t ! nor? pole1 ,e ,e ! equator1 ,c ,c ! tropic ( ,capricorn1 & ,p ! pol> />4 ,x w be evid5t t ! l9e-(-sight ,c ,d be+ a tang5t to ! ,e>? beyond ! equator ,e mu/ div]ge f ! axis ,n & c\ld n by any kn[n possibility cause ! /> ,p to be visible to an obs]v] at ,c4 ,no matt] h[ di/ant ! /> ,p1 ! l9e ,c ,d be+ div]g5t f ! direction ,n ,p c\ld nev] come 9 contact ) x4 ,! fact1 !n1 t ! pol> /> has (t5 be5 se5 f _m degrees beyond ! equator1 is really an important argum5t aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! ,e>?'s rotundity4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t because a p5dulum vibrates m rapidly 9 ! nor!rn region ?an at ! equator1 ! ,e>? is !reby prov$ to be a globe2 & because ! v>iation 9 ! velocity is n exactly z x %\ld be if all ! surface ( ! ,e>? 7 equidi/ant f ! c5tre1 x has be5 conclud$ t ! ,e>? is an oblate sph]oid1 or t its diamet] is r less ?r\gh ! poles ?an x is ?r\gh ! equator4 ,! diff]5ce 0 calculat$ by ,newton to be ! #bce? "p ( ! :ole diamet]2 or t ! pol> 0 to ! equatorial diamet] z #fhi to #fib4 ,huyg5s gave ! proportion z #egg to #hge or a diff]5ce ( ab\t "o-?ird ( ! :ole diamet]4 ,o!rs h giv5 /ill diff]5t proportions2 b rec5tly ! diff]5ce ( op9ion has become s great t _m h conclud$ t ! ,e>? is really in/ead ( oblate an oblong sph]oid4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! "q :5 attempt$ to be answ]$ by measur+ arcs ( ! m]idian1 is less satisfactory ?an 0 expect$4 ,?is w be evid5t f ! foll[+ quotation f ! acc\nt ( ! ordnance survey ( ,great ,brita91 :i* 0 conduct$ by ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond1 ,col4 ,mudge1 ,g5]al ,roy1 ,mr4 ,dalby1 & o!rs1 :o measur$ base l9es on ,h\nsl[ ,hea? & ,salisbury ,pla9 ) glass rods & /eel *a9s3 8:5 ^! 7 connect$ by a *a9 ( triangles & ! l5g? comput$ ! result did n diff] m ?an "o in* f ! actual measurem5ts--a conv9c+ pro( ( ! accuracy ) :i* all ! op]ations _h be5 conduct$4 ,! two /ations1 ( ,bea*y ,head 9 ,sussex & ,dunnose 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 are visible f ea* o!r1 & m ?an #fd miles asund]1 ne>ly 9 a direction f ea/ to we/2 _! exact di/ance 0 f\nd by ! geodetical op]ations to be #cci1cig feet 7#fd miles & #adgg feet74 ,! azimu?1 or be>+ ( ! l9e betwe5 !m ) respect to ! m]idian1 & also ! latitude ( ,bea*y ,head1 7 det]m9$ by a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,f ^! data ! l5g? ( a degree p]p5dicul> to ! m]idian 0 comput$2 & ?is1 comp>$ ) ! l5g? ( a m]idional degree 9 ! same latitude1 gave ! proportion ( ! pol> to ! equatorial axis4 ,! result ?us obta9$1 h[ev]1 diff]$ consid]ably f t obta9$ by m]idional degrees4 ,x has be5 f\nd impossible to expla9 ! want ( agreem5t 9 a satisfactory way4 99 99 ,by comp>+ ! cele/ial ) ! t]re/rial arcs1 ! l5g? ( degrees 9 v>i\s p>allels 0 det]m9$ z 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,latitude ( middle po9t4 ,fa?oms4 ,arbury ,hill & ,clifton #eb #ej #bih #fj1gff ,bl5heim & ,clifton #eb #ch #efa #fj1gfi ,gre5wi* & ,clifton #eb #bh #eg #fj1gid ,dunnose & ,clifton #eb #b #aih #fj1hbj ,arbury ,hill & ,gre5wi* #ea #ea #da #fj1hdi ,dunnose & ,arbury ,hill #ea #ce #ahb #fj1hfd ,bl5heim & ,dunnose #ea #ac #ahb #fj1hij ,dunnose & ,gre5wi* #ea #b #edb #fj1hhd ,?is table pres5ts a s+ul> deviation f ! common rule2 = in/ead ( ! degrees increas+ z we proce$ f nor? to s\?1 !y appe> to decrease1 z if ! ,e>? 7 an oblong in/ead ( an oblate sph]oid4 99 99 ,! measurem5ts ( small arcs ( ! m]idian 9 o!r c\ntries h pres5t$ simil> in/ances40#d #d ,encyclop$ia ( ,geography1 by ,hugh ,murray & sev]al ,pr(essors 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,a numb] ( ,fr5* ,academicians :o measur$ above ?ree degrees ( ! m]idian 9 ,p]u1 gave z ! result ( _! lab\rs ! fir/ degree ( ! m]idian f ! equator z #ef1fec toises2 :il/ ano!r company ( ,academicians1 :o proce$$ to ,bo?nia 9 ,lapl&1 gave z ! result ( _! calculation #eg1dbb toises = ! l5g? ( a degree cutt+ ! pol> circle4 ,b a m rec5t measurem5t made by ! ,sw$i% ,a/ronom]s 9 ,bo?nia %[s ! ,fr5* to h be5 incorrect1 hav+ giv5 ! degree !re #aif toises m ?an ! true l5g?4 ,o!r obs]vations h be5 made1 b z no two sets ( exp]im5ts agree 9 result1 x w\ld be v unsatisfactory to conclude f !m t ! ,e>? is an oblate sph]oid4 ,return+ to ! p5dulum1 x w be f\nd to be equally unsatisfactory z a pro( ( ?is peculi> rotundity ( ! ,e>?4 ,x is argu$ t z ! l5g? ( a seconds p5dulum at ! equator is #ci1jbg in*es1 & #ci1aig in*es at ! nor? pole1 t ! ,e>? mu/ be a globe1 hav+ a less diamet] ?r\gh its axis ?an ?r\gh its equator4 ,b ?is proce$s ^u ! assumption t ! ,e>? is a globe hav+ a 8c5tre ( attraction ( gravitation10 t[>ds :i* all bodies gravitate or fall2 & z ! p5dulum is a fall+ body "u c]ta9 re/ra9t1 ! fact t x oscillates or falls m rapidly at ! nor? ?an x does at ! equator1 is a pro( t ! nor? is ne>] to ! c5tre ( attraction1 or ! c5tre ( ! ,e>?1 ?an is ! equatorial region2 &1 ( c\rse1 if ne>]1 ! radius mu/ be %ort]2 & !re=e ! 8,e>? is a sph]oid flatt5$ at ! poles40 ,?is is v +5i\s & v plausible1 b1 un=tunately = its "* z an argum5t1 ! ess5tial evid5ce is want+ t ! ,e>? is a globe at all6 :e!r oblate or oblong1 or truly sph]ical1 are que/ions logically misplac$4 ,x %\ld also be fir/ prov$ t no o!r cause c\ld op]ate besides great] proximity to ! c5tre ( gravity1 to produce ! v>iable oscillations ( a p5dulum4 ,?is n be+ attempt$1 ! :ole subject mu/ be condemn$ z logically insuffici5t1 irregul>1 & wor?less = its int5d$ purpose4 ,_m philosoph]s h ascrib$ ! alt]ations 9 ! oscillations ( a p5dulum to ! dim9i%$ temp]ature ( ! nor!rn c5tre4 ,t ! heat gradually & almo/ uni=mly dim9i%es on pass+ f ! equator to ! nor? is well asc]ta9$4 8,! mean annual temp]ature ( ! :ole ,e>? at ! level ( ! sea is #ej ,fah4 ,= diff]5t latitudes x is z "u3-- ,degrees4 ,in*es4 ,latitude 7,equator7 #j #hdb ,l5g? ( ,p5dulum #ci1jbg #aj #hbf #bj #gha #cj #gaa #dj #fbf 7,london7 #ej #ecf #ci1aci #fj #dej #gj #cha #hj #ccf 7,pole7 #ij #jjj #ci1aige0 #e 8,million ( ,facts10 by ,sir ,ri*>d ,phillips1 p4 #dge4 8,all ! solid bodies ) :i* we are surr\nd$ are con/antly und]go+ *anges ( bulk correspond+ to ! v>iations ( temp]ature4 99 99 ,! expansion & contraction ( metals by heat & cold =m subjects ( s]i\s & c>eful att5tion to *ronomet] mak]s1 z w appe> by ! foll[+ /atem5ts3--,! l5g? ( ! p5dulum vibrat+ seconds1 9 vacuo1 9 ! latitude ( ,london 7#ea #ca #h nor?71 at ! level ( ! sea1 & at ! temp]ature ( #fb1 has be5 asc]ta9$ ) ! greate/ precision to be #ciacibi in*es3 n[1 z ! metal ( :i* x is compos$ is con/antly subject to v>iation ( temp]ature1 x _c b happ5 t its l5g? is con/antly v>y+2 & :5 x is fur!r /at$ t if ! 8bob0 be let d[n ? ( an in*1 ! clock w lose #aj seconds 9 #bd h\rs2 t ! elongation ( ? ( an in* w cause x to lose "o second p] day2 & t a *ange ( temp]ature equal to #cj ,fah4 w alt] its l5g? ? "p & occasion an error 9 ! rate ( go+ ( #h seconds p] day1 x w appe> evid5t t "s plan mu/ be devis$ = obviat+ s s]i\s an inconv5i5ce40#f #f 8,noad's ,lectures on ,*emi/ry10 p4 #da4 ,f ^! data x is readily se5 t ! v>iations 9 ! rate ( a p5dulum z x is c>ri$ f ! equator t[>ds ! nor? are suffici5tly expla9$1 )\t suppos+ t !y arise f a peculi> sph]oidal =m ( ! ,e>?4 ,o!rs h attribut$ ! v>iable motions ( ! p5dulum to increas$ d5sity ( ! air on go+ nor?w>ds4 ,t ! condition ( ! air mu/ h "s influ5ce 9 ?is respect w be se5 f ! foll[+ extract f exp]im5ts on p5dulums by ,dr4 ,d]ham1 record$ 9 numb]s #bid & #dhj ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions3--8,! ar*es ( vibration 9 vacuo 7 l>g] ?an 9 ! op5 air1 or 9 ! receiv] be=e x 0 exhau/$2 ! enl>gem5t or dim9ution ( ! ar*es ( vibration 7 con/antly proportional to ! quantity ( air1 or r>ity1 or d5sity ( x1 :i* 0 left 9 ! receiv] ( ! air-pump4 ,& z ! vibrations 7 long] or %ort]1 s ! times 7 accord+ly1 viz41 two seconds 9 an h\r :5 ! vibrations 7 longe/1 & less & less z ! air 0 re-admitt$1 & ! vibrations %ort5$40 ,?us !re are two di/9ct & tangible causes :i* necess>ily op]ate to produce ! v>iable oscillations ( a p5dulum1 )\t suppos+ any di/ortion 9 ! suppos$ rotundity ( ! ,e>?4 ,fir/1 if ! p5dulum vibrates 9 ! air1 :i* is cold] & !re=e d5s] 9 ! nor? ?an at ! equator1 x mu/ be m or less resi/$ 9 its passage ?r\gh x2 &1 secondly1 if x vibrates 9 vacuo1 ! temp]ature be+ less1 ! l5g? mu/ be less1 ! arcs ( vibration less1 & ! velocity great]4 ,9 go+ t[>ds ! equator1 ! temp]ature increases1 ! l5g? becomes great]1 ! arcs increase1 & ! times ( vibration dim9i%4 ,ano!r argum5t = ! globul> =m ( ! ,e>? is ! foll[+3--,! degrees ( longitude radiat+ f ! nor? pole gradually increase 9 ext5t z !y approa* ! equator2 beyond :i* !y aga9 conv]ge t[>ds ! s\?4 ,to ?is x is repli$ t no actual measurem5t ( a degree ( longitude has ev] be5 made s\? ( ! equator6 ,if x be said t m>9]s h sail$ r\nd ! _w 9 ! s\!rn region & h comput$ ! l5g? ( ! degrees1 x is aga9 repli$ t su* evid5ce is unfav\rable to ! doctr9e ( rotundity4 ,x w be se5 f ! foll[+ table ( :at ! degrees ( longitude w\ld be if ! e>? 7 a globe ( #be1jjj miles circumf]5ce1 & comp>+ ^! ) ! results ( practical navigation1 t ! dim9ution ( degrees ( longitude beyond ! equator is purely imag9>y4 ,latitudes at diff]5t longitudes3-- ,latitude #a #eiii nautical miles4 #aj #eiji #bj #efch #cj #eaif #cd #digd 7,cape ,t[n7 #dj #deif #de #dbde 7,port ,jackson1 ,sydney7 #ej #cheg #ef #ccee 7,cape ,horn7 #fj #cjjj #fe #becf #gj #bjeb #ge #aeec #hj #ajdb #he #eec #hf #dai #hg #cad #hh #bji #hi #aje #ij #jjj ,accord+ to ! above table 7:i* is copi$ f a l>ge ,m]cator's *>t 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,me*anics' ,in/itute1 ,royal ,hill1 ,gre5wi*71 ! di/ance r\nd ! ,e>? at ! ,ant>ctic circle w\ld only be ab\t #i1jjj miles4 ,b practical navigators give ! di/ance f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to ,port ,jackson z #h1jjj miles2 f ,port ,jackson to ,cape ,horn z #h1jjj miles2 & f ,cape ,horn to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 #f1jjj miles1 mak+ toge!r #bb1jjj miles4 ,! av]age longitude ( ^! places is #de1 at :i* p>allel ! circuit ( ! ,e>?1 if x be a globe1 %\ld only be #ad1bhb miles4 ,"h1 !n1 is an error betwe5 ! !ory ( rotundity & practical sail+ ( #g1gah miles4 ,b !re are sev]al /atem5ts made by ,sir ,james ,cl>ke ,ross :i* t5d to make ! disp>ity ev5 great]3 at page #bcf1 vol4 #b1 ( 8,s\? ,sea ,voyages10 x is said 8,f ne> ,cape ,horn to ,port ,philip 79 ,melb\rne1 ,au/ralia7 ! di/ance is #i1jjj miles40 ,^! two places are #adc degrees ( longitude f ea* o!r4 ,!re=e ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,e>?'s circumf]5ce is a m]e ari?metical "q4 ,if #adc degrees make #i1jjj miles1 :at w be ! di/ance made by ! :ole #cfj degrees into :i* ! surface is divid$8 ,! answ] is1 #bb1feg miles2 or1 #h1ceg miles m ?an ! !ory ( rotundity w\ld p]mit4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! above di/ances are nautical measure1 :i*1 r$uc$ to /atute miles1 gives ! actual di/ance r\nd ! ,s\!rn region at a giv5 latitude z #bf1dcc /atute miles2 or ne>ly #a1ejj miles m ?an ! l>ge/ circumf]5ce ev] assign$ to ! ,e>? at ! equator4 ,b actual measurem5t ( a degree ( longitude 9 ,au/ralia or "s o!r l& f> s\? ( ! equator c alone place ?is matt] beyond dispute4 ,! problem to be solv$ might be giv5 z ! foll[+3--,a degree ( longitude 9 ,engl& at ! latitude ( #ej ,n4 is #cheg nautical or #de /atute miles2 at ! latitude ( ,port ,jackson 9 ,au/ralia1 :i* is #de ,s41 a degree ( longitude1 if ! ,e>? is a globe1 %\ld be #dbde nautical or #dieb /atute miles4 ,b if ! ,e>? is a plane1 & ! di/ances above ref]r$ to z giv5 by nautical m5 are correct1 a degree ( longitude on ! p>allel ( ,port ,jackson w be #fidd /atute miles1 be+ a diff]5ce ( #aiib or ne>ly #bj /atute miles4 ,9 o!r words1 a degree ( longitude along ! s\!rn "p ( ,au/ralia ought to be1 if ! ,e>? is a plane1 ne>ly #bj miles great] ?an a degree ( longitude on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,engl&4 ,?is is ! po9t :i* has yet to be settl$4 ,! day is surely n f> di/ant :5 ! sci5tific _w w dem& t ! "q be decid$ by prop] geodetical op]ations6 ,& ?is n altoge!r = ! sake ( det]m9+ ! true figure ( ! ,e>?1 b also = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+1 if possible1 ! cause ( ! _m anomalies obs]v$ 9 navigat+ ! s\!rn region4 ,^! anomalies h l$ to ! loss ( _m vessels & ! sacrifice ( a fe>ful am\nt ( life & prop]ty4 8,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 navigators to ,india h (t5 fanci$ !mselves ea/ ( ! ,cape :5 /ill ,we/1 & h be5 driv5 a%ore on ! ,african coa/1 :i* accord+ to _! reckon+ lay beh9d !m4 ,?is mis=tune happ5$ to a f9e frigate1 ! 8,*all5g]10 9 #ahde40g 8,assur$ly !re are _m %ipwrecks f alleg$ errors 9 reckon+ :i* may arise f a some:at false idea ( ! g5]al =m & measurem5t ( ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,su* a subject1 !re=e1 ought to be c&idly & boldly discuss$40#h #g 8,t\r ?r\gh ,creation10 by ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,miln]1 ,m4,a4 #h 8,! ,build]10 ,sept4 #bj1 #ahfb1 9 a 8review0 ( a rec5tly-publi%$ "w on ,a/ronomy4 ,x is commonly believ$ t surveyors :5 lay+ out railways & canals1 are oblig$ to all[ #h in*es p] mile = ! ,e>?'s curvature2 & t if ?is 7 n done 9 ! latt] case ! wat] w\ld n be /ation>y1 b w\ld fl[ on until at ! end ( "o mile 9 ea* direction1 al?\gh ! canal %\ld h ! same dep? ?r\gh\t1 ! surface w\ld /& #h in*es high] 9 ! middle ?an at ! ends4 ,9 o!r words1 t ! bottom ( a canal 9 :i* ! all[ance ( #h in*es p] mile _h n be5 made1 w\ld be a *ord to ! surface ( ! conta9$ wat]1 :i* w\ld be an arc ( a circle4 ,to ?is x is repli$1 t bo? 9 reg>d to railways & canals1 :]ev] an all[ance has be5 attempt$ ! "w has n be5 satisfactory2 & s irregul> 7 ! results 9 ! e>li] days ( railway1 canal1 & o!r survey+1 t1 ! mo/ em95t eng9e]s ab&on$ ! practice ( ! old 8=w>d levell+0 & all[+ = convexity2 & adopt$ :at is n[ call$ ! 8d\ble sight0 or 8back-&-=e sight0 me?od4 ,x 0 consid]$ t :e!r ! surface 7 convex or horizontal1 or :e!r ! convexity 7 m or less ?an ! suppos$ degree1 w\ld be ( no consequ5ce 9 practice if ! _s level or !odolite 7 employ$ to read bo? backw>ds & =w>ds2 = :atev] degree ( convexity exi/$1 "o 8sight0 w\ld comp5sate = ! o!r2 & if ! surface 7 horizontal1 ! same mode ( levell+ w\ld apply4 ,s important did ! ordnance dep>tm5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t consid] ?is matt]1 t x 0 deem$ necess>y to make ! ab&onm5t ( all ideas ( rotundity compulsory1 & 9 a /&+ ord] 7,no4 #f7 ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords z to ! prep>ation ( sections = railways1 c41 ! foll[+ language is us$1 8,t ! section be drawn to ! same horizontal scale z ! plan2 & to a v]tical scale ( n less ?an "o in* to e "o hundr$ feet2 & %all %[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd m>k$ on ! plan1 ! int5d$ level ( ! propos$ "w1 ! height ( e embankm5t1 & ! dep? ( e cutt+2 & a datum ,,horizontal ,,l9e1 :i* %all be ! same ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? ( ! "w1 or any bran* !re( respectively2 & %all be ref]r$ to "s fix$ po9t /at$ 9 writ+ on ! section1 ne> "s portion ( su* "w2 & 9 ! case ( a canal1 cut1 navigation1 turnpike1 or o!r c>riage road1 or railway1 ne> ei!r ( ! t]m9i40 ,no4 #dd ( ! /&+ ord]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons is simil> to ! above ord] 7,no4 #f7 ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,?us x is evid5t t ! doctr9e ( ! ,e>?'s rotundity _c be mix$ up ) ! practical op]ations ( civil eng9e]s & surveyors1 & to prev5t ! wa/e ( "t & ! de/ruction ( prop]ty :i* necess>ily foll[$ ! do+s ( "s :o 7 det]m9$ to involve ! convexity ( ! ,e>?'s surface 9 _! calculations1 ! v ,gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry has be5 oblig$ to int]f]e6 ,e survey ( ?is & o!r c\ntries1 :e!r ordnance or o!rwise1 is n[ c>ri$ out 9 connection ) a horizontal datum1 & !re=e1 z no o!r me?od proves satisfactory1 x is virtually an admission by all ! mo/ practical sci5tific m5 ( ! day t ! ,e>? _c be o!r ?an a plane6 ,an argum5t = ! ,e>?'s convexity is ?\ght by _m to be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ facts3--8,fluid or semi-fluid sub/ances 9 a /ate ( motion inv>iably assume ! globul> =m1 z ra91 hail1 dew1 m]cury1 & melt$ lead1 :i*1 p\r$ f a great height becomes divid$ into sph]ical masses1 z 9 ! manufacture ( small %ot1 c40 8,!re is abundant evid5ce f geology t ! ,e>? has be5 a fluid or semi-fluid mass1 & x c\ld n1 !re=e1 cont9ue 9 a /ate ( motion ?r\gh space )\t becom+ sph]ical40 ,)\t d5y+ t ! ,e>? has be51 at "s =m] p]iod1 9 a pulpy or semi-fluid /ate1 x is requisite to prove beyond all d\bt t x has a motion ^u axes & ?r\gh space1 or ! conclusion t x is !re=e sph]ical is premature & illogical4 ,x w be %[n 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ?is "w1 t su* axial & orbital motion does n exi/1 & !re=e any argum5t f\nd$ ^u & includ+ x z a fact is necess>ily fallaci\s4 ,9 addition to ?is1 x may be rem>k$ t ! t5d5cy 9 fall+ fluids to become globul> is ow+ to :at has be5 call$ 8attraction ( cohesion0 7n 8attraction ( gravitation071 :i* is v limit$ 9 its op]ation4 ,x is conf9$ to small quantities ( matt]4 ,if1 9 ! manufacture ( small %ot1 ! melt$ metal is all[$ to fall 9 masses ( sev]al ounces or p\nds1 in/ead ( be+ divid$ into p>ticles weigh+ only a few gra9s1 x w nev] take a sph]ical =m1 & %ot ( an in* 9 diamet] c\ld n be made by ?is process4 ,bullets ( ev5 half-an-in* diamet] c only be made by ca/+ ! metal into sph]ical m\lds4 ,9 tropical c\ntries1 ! ra9 in/ead ( fall+ 9 drops or small globules1 (t5 comes d[n 9 l>ge irregul> masses1 :i* h no approximation :atev] to sph]icity4 ,s t x is manife/ly unju/ to affirm ( l>ge masses ( matt] l ! ,e>? t :i* only belongs to m9ute portions or a few gra9s 9 weight4 ,! :ole matt] tak5 toge!r entirely fails z an argum5t = ! ,e>?'s rotundity4 ,^? :o hold t ! ,e>? is a globe w (t5 affirm1 ) visible en?usiasm1 t 9 an eclipse ( ! ,moon !re is pro( positive ( rotundity4 ,t ! %ad[ ( ! ,e>? ^u ! ,moon is always r\nd2 & t no?+ b a globe c\ld1 9 all positions1 ca/ a circul> %ad[4 ,"h aga9 ! ess5tial requirem5ts ( an argum5t are want+4 ,x is n prov$ t ! ,moon is eclips$ by a %ad[4 ,x is n prov$ t ! ,e>? moves 9 an orbit1 & !re=e takes diff]5t positions4 ,x is n prov$ t ! ,moon receives h] light f ! ,sun1 & t !re=e h] surface is d>k5$ by ! ,e>? int]cept+ ! ,sun's light4 ,x w be %[n 9 ! prop] place t ! ,e>? has no motion 9 space or on axes2 t x is n a %ad[ :i* eclipses ! ,moon2 t ! ,moon is n a reflector ( ! ,sun's light1 b is self-lum9\s2 & !re=e c\ld n possibly be obscur$ by a %ad[ f any object :atev]4 ,! subject is only introduc$ "h because x =ms "o ( ! category ( suppos$ evid5ces ( ! ,e>?'s rotundity4 ,b to call t an argum5t :]e e necess>y proposition is assum$1 is to /ultify bo? ! judgm5t & ! reason+ p[]s6 ,_m place great reliance ^u :at is call$ ! 8sph]ical excess0 obs]v$ 9 levell+1 z a pro( ( ! ,e>?'s rotundity4 ,9 ,ca/le's ,treatise on ,levell+ x is /at$ t 8! angles tak5 betwe5 any ?ree po9ts on ! surface ( ! ,e>? by ! !odolite1 are1 /rictly speak+1 sph]ical angles1 & _! sum mu/ exce$ #ahj degrees2 & ! l9es b\nd+ !m are n ! *ords z !y %\ld be1 b ! tang5ts to ! ,e>?4 ,?is excess is inappreciable 9 common cases1 b 9 ! l>g] triangles x becomes necess>y to all[ = x1 & to dim9i% ea* ( ! angles ( ! obs]v$ triangle by "o-?ird ( ! sph]ical excess4 ,to calculate ?is excess1 divide ! area ( ! triangle 9 feet by ! radius ( ! ,e>? 9 seconds & ! quoti5t is ! excess40 ,! foll[+ obs]vation z made by surveyors1 also be>s ^u ! subject3--,if a _s-level or !odolite be 8levell$10 & a giv5 po9t be read ^u a graduat$ /aff at ! di/ance ( ab\t or m ?an #ajj *a9s1 ?is po9t w h an altitude slightly 9 excess ( ! altitude ( ! cross-hair ( ! !odolite2 & if ! !odolite be remov$ to ! position ( ! graduat$ /aff & aga9 levell$1 & a backw>d sight tak5 to ! di/ance ( #ajj *a9s1 ano!r excess ( altitude w be obs]v$2 & ?is excess w g on increas+ z (t5 z ! exp]im5t or backw>d & =w>d obs]vation is repeat$4 ,f ?is x is argu$ t ! l9e ( sight f ! _s-level or !odolite is a tang5t1 & t ! surface ( ! ,e>? is !re=e sph]ical4 ,( a simil> "* is ! foll[+ obs]vation3--,if a !odolite or _s-level be plac$ ^u ! sea-%ore1 & 8levell$10 & direct$ t[>ds ! sea1 ! l9e ( ! horizon w be obs]v$ to be a giv5 am\nt bel[ ! cross-hair ( ! in/rum5t1 to :i* a c]ta9 dip1 or incl9ation f ! level w h to be giv5 to br+ ! cross-hair & ! sea horizon toge!r4 ,x is conclud$ t z ! sea horizon is always obs]v$ to be bel[ ! cross-hair ( ! 8levell$0 !odolite1 ! l9e ( sight is a tang5t1 ! surface ( ! wat] convex1 & !re=e ! ,e>? is a globe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,! conclusion d]iv$ f ! la/ ?ree obs]vations is exce$+ly plausible1 & w\ld completely satisfy ! m9ds ( sci5tific m5 z to ! ,e>?'s sph]icity if a p]fect explanation c\ld n be giv54 ,! :ole matt] has be5 specially & c>efully exam9$2 & "o v simple exp]im5t w %[ t ! effects obs]v$ d n arise f rotundity 9 ! ,e>?'s surface1 b f a c]ta9 peculi>ity 9 ! in/rum5ts employ$4 ,take a convex l5s or a magnify+ glass & hold x ov] a /raight l9e drawn across a %eet ( pap]4 ,if ! glass be s held t a "p ( ! /raight l9e c be se5 ?r\gh x1 & ano!r "p se5 outside x1 a diff]5ce 9 ! direction ( ! l9e w be obs]v$1 z %[n 9 ! diagram ,figure #ba4 ,let ,a ,b ,c repres5t a /raight l9e4 ,if a l5s is n[ held an in*1 or m1 accord+ to its focal l5g?1 ov] ! "p ( ! l9e ,a ,b1 & ! slighte/ am\nt out ( its c5tre1 t "p ( ! l9e ,a ,b :i* passes "u ! l5s w be se5 9 ! direction ( ! figures #a4b2 b if ! l5s be n[ mov$ a little out ( its c5tral position 9 ! opposite direction1 ! l9e ,b ,c w be obs]v$ at #c4d1 or bel[ ,b ,c4 ,a l5s is a magnify+ glass because x dilates or spreads out f its c5tre ! objects obs]v$ ?r\gh x ,!re=e :atev] is magnifi$ by x is se5 a little out ( its axis or c5tre4 ,?is is aga9 necessitat$ by ! fact t ! axis or actual c5tre is always occupi$ by ! cross-hair4 ,?us ! l9e-(-sight 9 ! !odolite or _s-level n be+ axial or absolutely c5tral1 reads ^u a graduat$ /aff a position :i* is necess>ily slightly div]g5t f ! axis ( vision2 & ?is is ! s\rce ( t 8sph]ical excess0 :i* has s long be5 consid]$ by surveyors z an important pro( ( ! ,e>?'s rotundity4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 z1 inde$1 9 all ! o!rs giv5 z evid5ce t ! ,e>? is a globe1 ! premises d n fully w>rant ! conclusion--:i* is premature1--drawn be=e ! :ole subject is fairly exam9$2 & :5 o!r causes are amply suffici5t to expla9 ! effects obs]v$4 ,,section #b4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,no ,,axial ,,or ,,orbital ,,motion4 ,if a ball be all[$ to drop f ! ma/-head ( a %ip at re/1 x w /rike ! deck at ! foot ( ! ma/4 ,if ! same exp]im5t be tri$ ) a %ip 9 motion1 ! same result w be obs]v$4 ,because1 9 ! latt] case1 ! ball is act$ ^u simultane\sly by two =ces at "r angles to ea* o!r--"o1 ! mom5tum giv5 to x by ! mov+ %ip 9 ! direction ( its own motion1 & ! o!r ! =ce ( gravity1 ! direction ( :i* is squ>e to t ( ! mom5tum4 ,! ball be+ act$ ^u by ! two =ces toge!r w n g 9 ! direction ( ei!r1 b w take a diagonal c\rse1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ diagram1 ,figure #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,! ball pass+ f ,a to ,c by ! =ce ( gravity1 & hav+ at ! mom5t ( its lib]ation receiv$ a mom5tum f ! %ip 9 ! direction ,a ,b1 w by ! conjo9t action ( ! two =ces1 take ! direction ,a ,d1 fall+ at ,d1 j z x w\ld h fall5 at ,c _h ! vessel rema9$ at re/4 ,9 ?is way1 x is cont5d$ by ^? :o hold t ! ,e>? is a mov+ sph]e1 a ball all[$ to fall f ! m\? ( a deep m9e rea*es ! bottom 9 an app>5tly v]tical direction1 ! same z x w\ld if ! ,e>? 7 motionless4 ,s f>1 !re ne$ be no discussion--! explanation is grant$4 ,b n[ let ! exp]im5t be modifi$ 9 ! foll[+ way3--,let ! ball be ?r[n upw>ds f ! ma/-head ( a mov+ vessel2 x w p>take z be=e ( two motions1 ! upw>d & ! horizontal1 & w take a diagonal c\rse upw>ds & ) ! vessel until ! two =ces exp5d !mselves1 :5 x w beg9 to fall by ! =ce ( gravity only1 & drop into ! wat] f> beh9d ! %ip1 :i* is /ill mov+ horizontally4 ,diagram ,figure #bc w illu/rate ?is effect4 ,! ball be+ ?r[n upw>ds 9 ! direction ,a ,c1 & ! vessel mov+ f ,a to ,b1 w cause x to pass 9 ! direction ,a ,d1 arriv+ at ,d :5 ! vessel rea*es ,b2 ! two =ces hav+ exp5d$ !mselves :5 ! ball arrives at ,d1 x w beg9 to desc5d by ! =ce ( gravity 9 ! direction ,d ,b ,h1 b dur+ its fall ! vessel w h rea*$ ! position ,s1 s t ! ball w drop f> beh9d x at ! po9t ,h4 ,to br+ ! ball f ,d to ,s two =ces w\ld be requir$1 z ,d ,h & ,d ,w2 b z ,d ,w does n exi/1 ! =ce ( gravity op]ates alone1 & ! ball necess>ily falls beh9d ! vessel at a di/ance proportionate to ! altitude atta9$ at ,d1 & ! "t occupi$ 9 fall+ f ,d to ,h4 ,! same result w be obs]v$ on ?r[+ a ball directly upw>ds f a railway c>riage :5 9 rapid motion1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ ,figure #bd4 ,:ile ! c>riage or t5d] passes f ,a to ,b1 ! ball ?r[n f ,a to ,c w rea* ! position ,d1 b :ile ! ball !n comes d[n by ! =ce ( gravity1 op]at+ alone1 to ! po9t ,h1 ! c>riage w h advanc$ to ,w1 s t ! ball w always drop m or less beh9d ! c>riage1 accord+ to ! =ce fir/ giv5 to x 9 ! direction ,a ,c & ! "t occupi$ 9 asc5d+ to ,d1 & !nce desc5d+ to ,h4 ,x is !re=e dem&$ t if ! ,e>? _h a motion ^u axes f we/ to ea/1 & a ball1 in/ead ( be+ dropp$ d[n a m9e or all[$ to fall f ! ma/ head ( a %ip1 be %ot upw>ds into ! air2 f ! mom5t ( its beg9n+ to desc5d ! surface ( ! ,e>? w\ld turn f "u its direction1 & x w\ld fall beh9d or to ! we/ ( its l9e ( desc5t4 ,on mak+ ! exp]im5t no su* effect is obs]v$1 & !re=e ! conclusion is unavoidable1 t ! ,e>? ,,does ,,n ,,move ,,^u ,,axes6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t has be5 tri$1 ) ! object ( obta9+ def9ite results4 ,if ! ,e>? is a globe1 hav+ a circumf]5ce ( #be1jjj miles at ! equator1 ! circumf]5ce at ! latitude ( ,london 7#ea7 w be ab\t #af1jjj /atute miles2 s t ! motion ( ! ,e>?'s surface1 if #be1jjj miles 9 #bd h\rs at ! equator1 9 ,engl& w\ld be m ?an #gjj feet p] second4 ,an air-gun 0 firmly fix$ to a /rong po/1 z %[n at ,a 9 ,figure #be1 & c>efully adju/$ by a plumb-l9e1 s t x 0 p]fectly v]tical4 ,on dis*>g+ ! gun1 ! ball asc5d$ 9 ! direction ,a ,c1 & inv>iably 7dur+ sev]al trials7 desc5d$ )9 a few in*es ( ! gun at ,a2 twice x fell back ^u ! v m\? ( ! b>rel4 ,! av]age "t t ! ball 0 9 ! atmosph]e 0 #af seconds2 &1 z half ! "t w\ld be requir$ = ! asc5t & half = ! desc5t1 x is evid5t t if ! ,e>? _h a motion once r\nd its axis 9 #bd h\rs1 ! ball w\ld h pass$ 9 #h seconds to ! po9t ,d1 :ile ! air-gun w\ld h rea*$ ! position ,b ,h4 ,! ball !n comm5c+ its desc5t1 requir+ also #h seconds1 w\ld 9 t "t h fall5 to ! po9t ,h1 :ile ! ,e>? & ! gun w\ld h advanc$ z f> z ,w4 ,! "t occupi$ be+ #h seconds1 & ! ,e>?'s velocity be+ #gjj feet p] second1 ! progress ( ! ,e>? & ! air-gun to ,w1 9 advance ( ! ball at ,h1 w\ld be #e1fjj feet6 ,9 o!r words1 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ! ball1 :i* always fell back to ! place ( its deta*m5t1 %\ld h fall5 #e1fjj feet1 or consid]ably m ?an "o /atute mile to ! we/ ( ! air-gun6 ,prov+ beyond all d\bt t ! suppos$ axial motion ( ! ,e>? ,,does ,,n ,,exi/6 ,! same exp]im5t ought to suffice z evid5ce aga9/ ! assum$ motion ( ! ,e>? 9 an orbit2 = x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to und]/& h[ ! behavi\r ( ! ball ?r[n f a v]tical air-gun %\ld be o!r 9 relation to ! ,e>?'s =w>d motion 9 space ?an x is 9 reg>d to its motion ^u axes4 ,besides1 if x is prov$ n to move ^u axes1 ! assumption t x moves 9 an orbit r\nd ! ,sun is useless = !oretical purposes1 & !re is no necessity = ei!r d5y+ or 9 any way giv+ x f>!r consid]ation4 ,b t no po9t may be tak5 )\t direct evid5ce1 let ! foll[+ exp]im5t be tri$3--,take two c>efully-bor$ iron tubes1 ab\t two y>ds 9 l5g?1 & place !m1 "o y>d asund]1 on ! opposite sides ( a wood5 frame1 or a solid block ( wood or masonry2 s adju/ !m t _! axes ( vision %all be p]fectly p>allel to ea* o!r1 & direct !m to ! plane ( "s notable fix$ />1 a few seconds previ\s to its m]idian "t4 ,let an obs]v] be /ation$ at ea* tube2 & ! mom5t ! /> appe>s 9 ! fir/ tube1 let a knock or o!r signal be giv51 to be repeat$ by ! obs]v] at ! second tube :5 he fir/ sees ! />4 ,a di/9ct p]iod ( "t w elapse betwe5 ! signals giv51 %[+ t ! same /> is n visible at ! same mom5t by two l9es ( sight p>allel to ea* o!r & only "o y>d asund]4 ,a slight incl9ation ( ! second tube t[>ds ! fir/ w\ld be requir$ = ! /> to be se5 at ! same mom5t4 ,if n[ ! tubes be left 9 _! position = six mon?s1 ! same /> w be visible at ! same m]idian "t1 )\t ! slighte/ alt]ation be+ requir$ 9 ! direction ( ! tubes4 ,f :i* result x is conclud$ t if ! ,e>? _h mov$ a s+le y>d 9 an orbit ?r\gh space !re w\ld at lea/ be ! diff]5ce ( "t indicat$ by ! signals1 & ! slight incl9ation ( ! tube :i* ! diff]5ce 9 position ( "o y>d requir$4 ,b z no su* diff]5ce 9 ! direction ( ! tube is requir$1 ! conclusion is unavoidable t 9 six mon?s a giv5 m]idian ^u ! ,e>? has n mov$ a s+le y>d1 & t !re=e ! ,e>? has n ! slighte/ degree ( orbital motion--or motion at "r angles to ! m]idian ( a giv5 />6 ,x w be useless to say 9 explanation t ! />s are s inf9itely di/ant t a diff]5ce 9 ! angle ( incl9ation ( ! tube 9 six mon?s c\ld n be expect$1 z x w be prov$ 9 a subsequ5t section t all ! />s are )9 a few ?\s& miles f ! ,e>?'s surface6 ,,section #c4 ,,! ,,true ,,di/ance ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,/>s4 ,z x is n[ demon/rat$ t ! ,e>? is a plane1 ! di/ance ( ! ,sun & ,/>s may readily be measur$ by plane trigonometry4 ,! base l9e 9 any op]ation be+ horizontal & always a c>efully measur$ "o1 ! process becomes exce$+ly simple4 ,let ! altitude ( ! ,sun be tak5 on a giv5 day at #ab o'clock at ! high-wat] m>k on ! sea %ore at ,brighton1 9 ,sussex2 & at ! same h\r at ! high-wat] m>k ( ! ,riv] ,?ames1 ne> ,london ,bridge2 ! diff]5ce 9 ! ,sun's altitude tak5 simultane\sly f two /ations ^u ! same m]idian1 & ! di/ance betwe5 ! /ations1 or ! l5g? ( ! base l9e asc]ta9$1 are all ! elem5ts requir$ = calculat+ ! exact di/ance ( ! ,sun f ,london or ,brighton2 b z ?is di/ance is ! hypo!nuse ( a triangle1 ^: base is ! ,e>?'s surface1 & v]tical side ! z5i? di/ance ( ! ,sun1 x foll[s t ! di/ance ( ! ,sun f t "p ( ,e>? to :i* x is v]tical is less ?an ! di/ance f ,london4 ,9 ! ,diagram1 ,figure #bf1 let ,l ,b repres5t ! base l9e f ,london to ,brighton1 a di/ance ( #ea /atute miles4 ,! altitude at ,l & at ,b tak5 at ! same mom5t ( "t w give ! di/ance ,l ,s or ,b ,s4 ,! angle ( altitude at ,l or ,b1 ) ! l5g? ( ,l ,s or ,b ,s1 w !n give ! v]tical di/ance ( ! ,sun ,s f ,e1 or ! place :i* is imm$iately und]nea? x4 ,?is di/ance w be ?us f\nd to be consid]ably less ?an #d1jjj miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,! foll[+ are ! p>ticul>s ( an obs]vation made1 a few ye>s ago1 by ! (fic]s engag$ 9 ! ,ordnance survey4 ,altitude ( ! ,sun at ,london #ee #ac2 altitude tak5 at ! same "t1 on ! gr\nds ( a public s*ool1 at ,ackwor?1 9 ,york%ire1 #ec #b2 ! di/ance betwe5 ! two places 9 a direct l9e1 z measur$ by triangulation1 is #aea /atute miles4 ,f ^! elem5ts ! true di/ance ( ! ,sun may be readily comput$2 & prov$ to be "u #d1jjj miles6 ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 an (fic] ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s1 9 ! head-qu>t]s ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 at ,s\?ampton1 has furni%$ ! foll[+ elem5ts ( obs]vations rec5tly made3-- ,s\!rn ,/ation1 ,sun's altitude1 #de ,nor!rn ditto1 #ch ,di/ance betwe5 ! two /ations1 #hjj /atute miles4 ,! calculation made f ^! elem5ts gives ! same result1 viz41 t ! actual di/ance ( ! ,sun f ! ,e>? is less ?an #d1jjj miles4 ,! same me?od ( measur+ di/ances applies equally to ! ,/>s2 & x is easy to demon/rate1 beyond ! possibility ( d\bt1 s long z assum$ premises are exclud$1 t all ! visible objects 9 ! firmam5t are conta9$ )9 ! di/ance ( #f1jjj miles6 ,f ^! demon/rable di/ances x foll[s unavoidably t ! magnitude ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 ,/>s1 c41 is v small--mu* small] ?an ! ,e>? f :i* !y are measur$2 & to :i* !re=e !y _c possibly be o!r ?an second>y1 & subs]vi5t4 ,,section #d4 ,,! ,,sun ,,moves ,,9 ,a ,,circle ,,ov] ,,! ,,e>?1 ,,conc5tric ,,) ,,! ,,nor? ,,pole4 ,z ! ,e>? has be5 %[n to be fix$1 ! motion ( ! ,sun is a visible reality2 & if x be obs]v$ f any nor!rn latitude1 & = any p]iod be=e & aft] ! "t ( s\?+1 or pass+ ! m]idian1 x w be se5 to describe an arc ( a circle2 an object mov+ 9 an arc _c return to ! c5tre ( su* arc )\t hav+ complet$ a circle4 ,?is ! ,sun does visibly & daily4 ,to place ! matt] beyond d\bt1 ! obs]vation ( ! ,arctic navigators may be ref]r$ to4 ,capta9 ,p>ry1 & sev]al ( 8 (fic]s1 on asc5d+ high l& 9 ! vic9ity ( ! nor? pole1 repeat$ly saw1 = #bd h\rs toge!r1 ! sun describ+ a circle ^u ! s\!rn horizon4 ,,section #e4 ,,! ,,diamet] ,,( ,,! ,,sun',s ,,pa? ,,is ,,con/antly ,,*ang+--,,dim9i%+ ,,f ,,decemb] #ba,,/ ,,to ,,june #ae,,?1 ,,& ,,enl>g+ ,,f ,,june ,,to ,,decemb]4 ,?is is a matt] ( absolute c]ta9ty1 prov$ by :at is call$1 9 te*nical language1 ! nor!rn & s\!rn decl9ation1 :i* is simply say+ t ! ,sun's pa? is ne>e/ ! nor? pole 9 summ]1 & f>!/ away f x 9 w9t]4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 position gives rise to ! diff]5ce ( altitude1 z obs]v$ at v>i\s p]iods ( ! ye>1 & :i* is %ewn 9 ! foll[+ table1 giv5 9 8,! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,almanack10 = #ahdh1 by ,mr4 ,glai%]1 ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*4 8,sun's altitude at ! "t ( ,s\?+1 or be+ on ! m]idian3-- ,sun's ,"t ( ,s\?+4 altitude4 ,m4 ,s4 7,common clock1 or ,london mean "t47 ,june #ae #fb #j #d be=e noon4 #cj #fa #c #ah aft]noon4 ,july #ae #ei #e #ch #ca #ef #f #d ,aug4 #ae #eb #j #aa #ca #dg #j #e ,sep4 #ae #ch #d #eh be=e noon4 #cj #ce #aj #f ,oct4 #ca #bd #af #ad ,nov4 #cj #ag #aj #eh ,dec4 #ba #ab #j #bg #ca #ae #c #bi aft]noon4 ,jan4 #a #ae #c #cf #ae #ag #i #cc #ca #ba #ac #da ,feb4 #ae #be #ad #bh #bi #cj #ab #dc ,m>* #ae ,on ! ,equator #cf #i #b at #f a4m4 #ch #j #j #ba #db #d #aj be=e noon4 ,april #ae #dh #j #h #cj #ec #b #eh ,may #ae #eg #c #ed #ca #fj #b #cg ,9 ! foll[+ diagram 7,fig4 #bg7 ,a ,a ,a repres5t ! ,sun's daily pa? on ,decemb] #ba/1 & ,b ,b ,b ! same on ,june #ae?4 ,n ! ,nor? ,pole1 ,s ! ,sun1 ,e ,great ,brita94 ,! figures #a #b #c ! ,arctic ,circle1 & #d #e #f ! ext5t ( sunlight4 ,! arr[s %[ ! direction ( ! ,sun's motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,section #f4 ,,cause ,,( ,,day ,,& ,,night1 ,,seasons1 c4 ,! ,sun ,s describes ! circle ,a ,a ,a on ! #ba/ ,decemb] once 9 #bd h\rs2 h5ce 9 t p]iod day & night occur to e "p ( ! ,e>?1 except )9 ! ,arctic circle4 ,! light ( ! ,sun gradually dim9i%+ f ,s1 to ! ,arctic circle #a #b #c1 :]e x becomes twilight1 does s accord+ to ! well-kn[n law ( radiation1 equally 9 all directions--h5ce1 ! circle #d #e #f repres5ts ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,sun's light at any giv5 "t4 ,! arc #d ,e is ! advanc+ or morn+ twilight1 & #f ,e ! rec$+ or ev5+ twilight2 to e place und]nea? a l9e drawn across ! circle ?r\gh ,s to ,n x is noonday4 ,x w n[ be easily und]/ood t z ! ,sun ,s moves 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s or f "r to left1 & completes ! circle ,a ,a ,a 9 #bd h\rs1 x w produce 9 t p]iod morn+1 noon1 ev5+1 & night to all p>ts ( ! ,e>? 9 succession4 ,on ref]r+ to ! diagram1 x w be se5 t to ,engl&1 ,e1 ! l5g? ( ! day at ?is "t ( ! ye> is ! %orte/1 ! am\nt ( light be+ repres5t$ by ! arc ,e ,e ,e2 & also t ! nor!rn c5tre ,n rema9s 9 d>kness dur+ ! :ole daily revolution ( ! ,sun1 ! light ( :i* t]m9ates at ! ,arctic circle #a #b #c4 ,?us1 morn+1 noon1 ev5+1 midnight1 ! %orte/ days1 or ! ,w9t] season1 & ! con/ant or six mon?s' d>kness at ! pole are all a "p ( "o g5]al ph5om5on4 ,z ! ,sun's pa? beg9s n[ to dim9i% e day until 9 six mon?s1 or on ! #ae? ( ,june1 x describes ! circle ,b ,b ,b1 x is evid5t t ! same ext5t ( sunlight w rea* ov] or beyond ! pole ,n1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ diagram 7,fig4 #bh71 :5 morn+1 noon1 ev5+1 & night w aga9 occur z be=e2 b ! am\nt ( light pass+ ov] ,engl&1 repres5t$ by ! arc ,e ,e ,e1 is n[ mu* l>g] ?an :5 ! ,sun 0 ^u ! circle ,a ,a ,a1 & repres5ts ! longe/ days1 or ! ,summ] season1 & ! con/ant1 or six mon?s' light at ! pole4 ,?us1 day & night1 long & %ort days1 ,w9t] & ,summ]1 ! long p]iods ( alt]nate light & d>kness at ! pole1 arise simply f ! ,sun's position 9 relation to ! nor? pole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,if ! ,e>? is a globe1 x is evid5t t ,w9t] & ,summ]1 & long & %ort days1 w be ( ! same "* & duration 9 correspond+ latitudes1 9 ! s\!rn z 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,b we f9d t 9 _m respects !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce2 = in/ance1 9 ,new ,zeal&1 :]e ! latitude is ab\t ! same z 9 ,engl&1 a rem>kable diff]5ce exi/s 9 ! l5g? ( day & night4 ,9 ! ,cook's ,/rait ,almanack1 = #ahdh1 x is /at$1 8,at ,well+ton1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,decemb] #ba1 ,sun rises #d;h4 #cam41 & sets at #g;h4 #bim41 ! day be+ #ad h\rs #eh m9utes4 ,june #ba/1 ,sun rises at #g;h4 #bim41 & sets at #d;h4 #cam41 ! day be+ #i h\rs & #b m9utes4 ,9 ,engl& ! longe/ day is #af;h4 #cdm41 & ! %orte/ day is #g;h4 #dem4 ,?us ! longe/ day 9 ,new ,zeal& is #a h\r & #cf m9utes %ort] ?an ! longe/ day 9 ,engl&2 & ! %orte/ day 9 ,new ,zeal& is #a h\r & #ag m9utes long] ?an ! %orte/ day 9 ,engl&40 ,9 a rec5tly publi%$ pamphlet1 by ,w4 ,swa9son1 ,esq41 ,attorney ,g5]al1 ! foll[+ passage occurs3--8,comp>$ ) an ,engli% summ]1 t ( ,auckl& is b little w>m]1 ?\gh mu* long]2 b ! nights 9 ,new ,zeal& are always cool & refre%+4444 ,! days are "o h\r %ort] 9 ! summ]1 & "o h\r long] 9 ! w9t] ?an 9 ,engl&6 ( twilight !re is little or none40 ,f a "w1 also rec5tly publi%$1 on ,new ,zeal&1 by ,ar?ur ,s4 ,?ompson1 ,m4,d41 ! foll[+ s5t5ces are quot$3--8,! summ] morn+s1 ev5 9 ! w>me/ p>ts ( ! colony are suffici5tly fre% to exhil>ate )\t *ill+2 & ! seasons glide imp]ceptibly into ea* o!r4 ,! days are an h\r %ort] at ea* end ( ! day 9 summ]1 & an h\r long] 9 w9t] ?an 9 ,engl&40 ,a lett] f a correspond5t 9 ,new ,zeal&1 dat$ ,nelson1 ,septemb] #ae1 #aheg1 conta9s ! subjo9$ passages3--8,ev5 9 summ] p "h h no notion ( go+ )\t fires 9 ! ev5+2 b !n1 ?\gh ! days are v w>m & sunny1 ! nights are always cold4 ,= sev5 mon?s la/ summ] we _h n "o day t ! ,sun did n %9e z brilliantly z x does 9 ,engl& 9 ! f9e/ day 9 ,june2 & ?\gh x has m p[] "h1 ! heat is n ne>ly s oppressive4444 ,b !n !re is n ! twilight :i* y get 9 ,engl&4 ,"h x is light till ab\t eight o'clock2 !n1 9 a few m9utes1 x becomes too d>k to see any?+1 & ! *ange comes ov] 9 almo/ no "t40 8,twilight la/s b a %ort "t 9 s l[ a latitude z #bh degrees1 & no soon] does ! ,sun peep above ! horizon1 ?an all ! gorge\s p>ade by :i* he is prec$$ is %ak5 (f1 & he comes 9 ^u u 9 ! mo/ abrupt & unc]emoni\s way imag9able40#i ,^! v>i\s peculi>ities c\ld n exi/ 9 ! s\!rn region if ! ,e>? 7 sph]ical & mov$ ^u axes1 & 9 an orbit r\nd ! ,sun4 ,if ! ,sun is fix$1 & ! ,e>? revolves und]nea? x1 ! same ph5om5a %\ld exi/ at ! same di/ance on ea* side ( ! ,equator4 ,b su* is n ! case6 ,:at c op]ate to cause ! twilight 9 ,new ,zeal& to be s mu* m sudd5 ?an x is 9 ,engl&8 ,! s\!rn 8hemisph]e0 _c revolve m rapidly ?an ! nor!rn6 ,! di/ance r\nd a globe w\ld be ! same at #ej s\? z at #ej nor?1 & z ! :ole globe w\ld revolve once 9 #bd h\rs1 ! surface at ! two places w\ld move und]nea? ! ,sun ) ! same velocity1 & ! light w\ld approa* 9 ! morn+ & rec$e 9 ! ev5+ 9 exactly ! same mann]2 yet ! v contr>y is ! fact6 ,! twilight 9 ,engl& 9 summ] is sl[ & gradual1 b 9 ,new ,zeal& x is rapid & abrupt2 a diff]5ce :i* is altoge!r incompatible ) ! doctr9e ( ! ,e>?'s rotundity4 ,b1 ! ,e>? a plane1 & x is a simple 8matt] ( c\rse40 ,let ,e1 9 ,figure #bh1 repres5t ,engl&1 & ,w ,new ,zeal&2 ! radius ,n ,e & ! consequ5t circle r\nd ,n is mu* less ?an ! radius ,n ,w & its consequ5t circle r\nd ! same po9t4 ,b z ! l>g] circle1 radius ,n ,w is pass$ ov] by ! sunlight 9 ! same "t 7#bd h\rs7 z ! small] circle1 radius ,n ,e1 ! velocity is proportionately great]4 ,! velocity is ! space pass$ ov] multipli$ by ! "t 9 pass+1 & z ! space ov] ,new ,zeal& is mu* great] ?an ! space ov] ,engl&1 ! velocity ( ! ,sun-light mu/ be mu* great]1 & its morn+ & ev5+ twilight necess>ily m 8abrupt & unc]emoni\s20 & !re=e1 x might be said ) /rictly logical accuracy1 ! ,e>? is a ,plane1 & _c possibly be a ,globe6 #i ,capta9 ,basil ,hall1 ,r4,n41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,section #g4 ,,cause ,,( 8,,sunrise0 ,,& 8,,sunset40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,al?\gh ! ,sun is at all times above & p>allel to ! ,e>?'s surface1 he appe>s to asc5d ! firmam5t f morn+ until noon1 & to desc5d & s9k bel[ ! horizon at ev5+4 ,?is arises f a simple & ev]y:]e visible law ( p]spective4 ,a flock ( birds1 :5 pass+ ov] a flat or m>%y c\ntry1 always appe>s to desc5d z x rec$es2 & if ! flock is ext5sive1 ! fir/ bird appe>s l[]1 or ne>] to ! horizon ?an ! la/4 ,:5 a balloon sails f an obs]v] )\t increas+ or decreas+ its altitude1 x appe>s gradually to approa* ! horizon4 ,! f>!/ light 9 a r[ ( lamps appe>s ! l[e/1 al?\gh ea* "o has ! same altitude4 ,be>+ ^! ph5om5a 9 m9d1 x w easily be se5 h[ ! ,sun1 al?\gh always p>allel to ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 mu/ appe> to asc5d :5 approa*+1 & desc5d aft] leav+ ! m]idian or noon-day position4 ,let ! l9e ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #bi1 repres5t a portion ( ! ,e>?'s surface2 ,c ,d ( ! ,sun's pa?1 & ,h ,h1 ! l9e ( sight4 ,! surface ( ! ,e>?1 ,a ,b1 w appe> to asc5d f ,b to ,h1 =m+ ! horizon4 ,:5 ! ,sun is trav]s+ ! l9e ,c ,d1 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s1 he w appe> to em]ge f ! horizon ,h1 & to gradually asc5d ! l9e ,h ,d4 ,:5 9 ! position #a1 he w appe> to be at ! po9t #b2 & :5 at #c1 ! app>5t position w be at #d2 b :5 he arrives ^u ! m]idian ,d1 8 app>5t & actual1 or noon-day position1 w be ! same4 ,b n[1 f ! po9t ,d1 ! ,sun w appe> to desc5d1 z 9 ,fig4 #cj1 & :5 he has pass$ f ,d to #a1 he w appe> at #b1 & :5 really at #c w appe> at #d2 & ?us cont9u+ 8 c\rse 9 ! direction ,d ,c1 he w rea* ! horizon at ,h1 & disappe> or 8set0 to ! obs]v] at ,h ,a4 ,?us 8,sunrise0 & 8,sunset0 are ph5om5a dep5d5t entirely ^u ! fact t horizontal l9es p>allel to ea* o!r appe> to approa* or conv]ge 9 ! di/ance1 ! surface ( ! ,e>? be+ horizontal1 & ! l9e-(-sight ( ! obs]v] & ! ,sun's pa? be+ p>allel ) x1 necess>ily produce ! obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,section #h4 ,,cause ,,( ,,sun ,,appe>+ ,,l>g] ,,:5 ,,ris+ ,,& ,,sett+ ,,?an ,,:5 ,,on ,,! ,,m]idian4 ,x is well kn[n t :5 a light ( any k9d %9es ?r\gh a d5se m$ium x w appe> l>g] ?an :5 se5 ?r\gh a light] m$ium4 ,?is w be m rem>kable :5 ! m$ium holds aque\s p>ticles 9 solution1--z 9 a damp or foggy atmosph]e ! light ( a gas-lamp w seem great] at a giv5 di/ance ?an x w "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,9 ! diagram1 ,figure #cj1 x is evid5t t ,h ,d is less ?an ,h #a1 ,h #c1 or ,h #e4 ,! latt] 7,h #e7 repres5ts ! great] am\nt ( atmosph]e :i* ! ,sun has to %9e ?r\gh :5 approa*+ ! horizon2 & z ! air ne> ! ,e>? is bo? m d5se & m damp1 or holds m wat]y p>ticles 9 solution1 ! light ( ! ,sun mu/ be dilat$ or enl>g$ z well z modifi$ 9 col\r4 ,b ! enl>g$ appe>ance ( ! ,sun :5 ris+ & sett+ is only an optical impression1 z prov$ by actual measurem5t4 8,if ! angle ( ! ,sun or ,moon be tak5 ei!r ) a tube or micromet] :5 !y appe> s l>ge to ! eye 9 ! horizon1 ! measure is id5tical :5 !y are 9 ! m]idian & appe> to ! eye & m9d b half ! size4 ,! app>5t di/ance ( ! horizon is ?ree or f\r times great] ?an ! z5i?4 ,h5ce ! m5tal mi/ake ( horizontal size1 = ! angul> dim5sions are equal2 ! fir/ #e is app>5tly to ! eye equal to #aj or #ae at #ej or #fj ( elevation2 & ! fir/ #ae fill a space to ! eye equal to a ?ird ( ! quadrant4 ,?is is evid5tly ow+ to ! #8habit ( sight1' = ) an accurate in/rum5t ! measure ( #e ne> ! horizon is equal to #e 9 ! z5i?40#aj #aj 8,million ( ,facts10 by ,sir ,ri*>d ,philips1 p4 #ecg4 ,,section #i4 ,,cause ,,( ,,sol> ,,& ,,lun> ,,eclipses4 ,an ,eclipse ( ! ,sun is caus$ simply by ! ,moon pass+ be=e x1 or betwe5 x & ! obs]v] on ! ,e>?4 ,( ?is no "q has be5 rais$4 ,b t an ,eclipse ( ! ,moon arises f a %ad[ ( ! ,e>? is 9 e respect unsatisfactory4 ,! ,e>? has be5 prov$ to h no motion1 ei!r ^u axes or 9 an orbit r\nd ! ,sun1 & !re=e x c\ld nev] come betwe5 ! ,sun & ! ,moon4 ,! ,e>? is prov$ to be a ,plane1 always und]nea? ! ,sun & ,moon1 & !re=e to speak ( its int]cept+ ! light ( ! ,sun & ?us ca/+ its own %ad[ ^u ! ,moon1 is to say t :i* is impossible4 ,besides ?is1 cases are on record ( ! ,sun & ,eclips$ ,moon be+ above ! horizon toge!r4 8,! full ,moon has sometimes be5 se5 above ! horizon be=e ! ,sun 0 set4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is k9d 0 obs]v$ at ,p>is on ! #ai? ( ,july1 #agej1 :5 ! ,moon appe>$ visibly ,eclips$ :ile ! ,sun 0 di/9ctly to be se5 above ! horizon40#aa 8,on ! #bj? ( ,april1 #ahcg1 ! ,moon appe>$ to rise ,eclips$ be=e ! ,sun _h set4 ,! same ph5om5on 0 obs]v$ on ! #bj? ( ,septemb]1 #agag40ab 8,9 ! lun> ,eclipses ( ,july #ag1 #aeij2 ,nov4 #c1 #afdh2 ,june #af1 #afff2 & ,may #bf1 #affh1 ! ,moon rose ,eclips$ :il/ ! ,sun 0 /ill app>5tly above ! horizon4 ,^? horizontal ,eclipses 7 notic$ z e>ly z ! "t ( ,pl9y40#ac ,! ,moon's entire surface1 or t portion pres5t$ to ! ,e>? has also be5 di/9ctly se5 dur+ ! :ole "t ( a total ,eclipse1 a ph5om5on utt]ly incompatible ) ! doctr9e t ! ,e>?'s %ad[ is ! cause ( x4 8,! ,moon has sometimes %[n dur+ a total ,eclispe ) an almo/ unacc\ntable di/9ctness4 ,on ,dec4 #bb1 #agjc1 ! ,moon1 :5 totally imm]s$ 9 ! ,e>?'s %ad[1 0 visible at ,avignon by a ruddy light ( su* brilliancy t "o might h imag9$ h] body to be transp>5t1 & to be enlight5$ f beh9d2 & on ,m>* #ai?1 #ahdh1 x is /at$ t s bright 0 ! ,moon's surface dur+ its total imm]sion1 t _m p]sons c\ld n be p]suad$ t x 0 eclips$4 ,mr4 ,=/]1 ( ,bruges1 /ates1 9 an acc\nt ( t eclipse1 t ! light & d>k places on ! moon's surface c\ld be almo/ z well made out z 9 an ord9>y dull moonlight night4 #aa 8,a/ronomy & ,a/ronomical ,in/rum5ts10 p4 #aje1 by ,geo4 ,g4 ,c>ey4 #ab 8,mc,culloch's ,geography10 p4 #he4 #ac 8,illu/rat$ ,london ,almanack = #ahfd10 ! a/ronomical "p 9 :i* is by ,james ,glai%]1 ,esq41 ( ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory4 8,sometimes1 9 a total lun> eclipse1 ! moon w appe> q obscure 9 "s p>ts ( its surface1 & 9 o!r p>ts w exhibit a high degree ( illum9ation4 99 99 99 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ,i witness$ "s ( ^! ph5om5a dur+ ! m]ely p>tial eclipse ( ,febru>y #g?1 #ahfj4 99 99 99 ,i prep>$1 dur+ ! aft]noon ( ,febru>y #f? = witness+ ! eclipse1 )\t any di/9ct expectation ( see+ mu* wor?y ( note4 ,i knew1 h[ev]1 t upw>ds ( eight-t5?s ( ! disc w\ld be cov]$1 & ,i 0 anxi\s to obs]ve ) :at degree ( di/9ctness ! eclips$ portion c\ld be view$1 p>tly z an int]e/+ fact1 & p>tly ) a view ( v]ify+ or discov]+ ! weak po9ts ( an engrav+ 79 :i* ,i am conc]n$7 ( a lun> eclipse4 8,aft] see+ ! increas+ d>kness ( ! p5umbra s(tly m]g+ into ! true %ad[ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! eclipse 7ab\t #a o'clock a4m41 ,gre5wi* "t7 ,i proce$$ ) p5cil & pap]1 dimly light$ by a di/ant lamp1 to note by "n ! diff]5t lun> m\nta9s & pla9s 7! s-call$ seas7 ov] :i* ! %ad[ pass$4 99 99 99 ,dur+ ! fir/ h\r & t5 m9utes ,i _h se5 no?+ unexpect$4 99 99 99 ,i _h repeat$ly writt5 d[n my obs]vations ( ! rem>kable cle>ness ) :i* ! moon's eclips$ outl9e c\ld be se51 bo? ) ! nak$ eye1 & ) ! telescope2 at #a h\r #eh m9utes1 h[ev]1 ,i sudd5ly not$ ! ruddy col\r ( a portion ( ! moon4 ,i may z well give my notes 9 ! orig9al words1 z copi$ next day 9 a m connect$ =m3--#a;h4 #ehm41 ,gre5wi* "t4 ,i am sudd5ly /ruck by ! fact t ! :ole ( ! we/]n seas ( ! moon are %[+ ?r\gh ! %ad[ ) s+ul> %>pness1 & t ! :ole region :]e !y lie has assum$ a decid$ly r$di% t+e1 atta9+ its greate/ brightness at a sort ( tempor>y pol> region1 hav+ #8,endymion' ab\t ! position ( its imag9>y pole4 ,i p>ticul>ly notice t ! #8,lake ( ,sleep' has disappe>$ 9 ?is brightness1 in/ead ( /&+ out 9 a d>k] %ade3 & ,i notice t ?is s-call$ pol> region is n p>allel ) ! rim ( ! %ad[1 b r we/ ( x4--#b;h4 #aem4 ,"s cl\ds1 ?\gh v ?9 & transp>5t1 n[ int]v5e4--#b;h4 #bjm4 ,! sky is n[ cle>$1 ,h[ extraord9>y is ! appe>ance ( ! ,moon ,r$di% is n ! ^w to express x2 x is r$--r$ hot6 ,i endeav\r to ?9k ( v>i\s r$ objects ) :i* to comp>e x1 & no?+ seems s l z a r$-hot p5ny--a r$-hot p5ny ) a little :ite-hot piece at its l[] edge1 /&+ out aga9/ a d>k-blue back gr\nd2 only x is evid5tly n a m]e disc1 b beautifully r\nd$ by %ad+4 8,su* is its appe>ance ) ! nak$ eye3 ) ! telescope its surface v>ies m 9 t9t ?an ) ! nak$ eye1 & is n ( q s bright a r$ z :5 ?us view$4 ,! r$ness cont9ues to be mo/ p]ceptible at a di/ance f ! %ad['s s\!rn edge1 & to be greate/ ab\t ! region ( #8,endymion4' ,! ,h]cynian m\nta9s 7nor? ( ,grimaldus7 are1 h[ev]1 ( r a bright r$1 & ,grimaldus %[s well4 ,m>e ,crisium & ! we/]n seas are wond]fully di/9ct4 ,n a trace to be se5 ( ,ari/>*us or ,plato4--#b;h4 #bgm4 ,x is n[ ne>ly ! middle ( ! eclipse4 ,! r$ col\r is v brilliant to ! nak$ eye4 99 99 99 ,aft] ?is1 ,i notic$ a progressive *ange ( t9t 9 ! ,moon4--#b;h4 #ejm4 ,! ,moon does n seem to ! nak$ eye ( s bright a r$ z be=e2 & aga9 ,i am rem9d$ by its t9t ( r$-hot copp]1 or r copp] :i* has begun to cool4 ,! :ole ( ,grimaldi is n[ uncov]$4 ,?r\gh ! telescope ,i notice a decid$ grey %ade at ! l[] "p ( ! eclips$ portion1 & ! v>i\s small crat]s give x a /ippl$ effect1 l ! old aqua-t9t engrav+s4 ,! upp] "p is r$di%1 b two graceful blui% curves1 l horns1 m>k ! =m ( ! ,h]cynian m\nta9s1 & ! bright region on ! o!r limb ( ! ,moon4 ,^! are visible also to ! nak$ eye4 8,at #c;h4 #em4 ! r$ness _h almo/ disappe>$2 a v few m9utes aft]w>ds1 no trace ( x rema9$1 & ere long cl\ds came on4 ,i wat*$ ! ,moon1 h[ev]1 occasionally ga9+ a glimpse ( its disc1 till a qu>t] to f\r o'clock1 :51 = ! la/ "t on t occasion1 ,i saw x fa9tly appe>+ ?r\gh ! cl\ds1 ne>ly a full ,moon aga92 & !n ,i took leave ( x1 feel+ amply repaid = my vigil by ! beautiful spectacle :i* ,i _h se540#ad #ad ,! ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,w>d1 ,trimle/on ,h\se1 ne> ,dubl91 9 8,recreative ,sci5ce10 p4 #bha4 ,mr ,walkey1 :o obs]v$ ! lun> eclipse ( ,m>* #ai?1 #ahdh1 ne> ,collumpton1 says--8,! appe>ances 7 z usual till #bj m9utes pa/ #i2 at t p]iod1 & = ! space ( ! next h\r1 in/ead ( an eclipse1 or ! %ad[ 7umbra7 ( ! ,e>? be+ ! cause ( ! total obscurity ( ! ,moon1 ! :ole phase ( t body became v quickly & mo/ beautifully illum9at$2 & assum$ ! appe>ance ( ! gl[+ heat ( fire f ! furnace1 r t+$ ) a deep r$4 99 99 99 ,! :ole disc ( ! ,moon be+ z p]fect ) light z if !re _h be5 no eclipse :atev]6 99 99 99 ,! ,moon positively gave good light f its disc dur+ ! total eclipse60#ae #ae 8,philosophical ,magaz9e10 ,no4 #bbj1 = ,augu/1 #ahdh4 ,9 ! a/ronomical portion ( ! 8,illu/rat$ ,london ,almanack = #ahfd10 by ,mr4 ,glai%]1 a beautiful t9t$ engrav+ is giv5 repres5t+ ! appe>ance ( ! ,moon dur+ ! total eclipse ( ,june #a1 #ahfc1 :5 all ! light & d>k places--! s-call$ m\nta9s1 seas1 c41 7 pla9ly visible4 ,9 ! accompany+ descriptive *apt]1 ! foll[+ s5t5ces occur3--8,at ! "t ( totality ! ,moon pres5t$ a s(t woolly appe>ance1 app>5tly m globul> 9 =m ?an :5 fully illum9at$4 ,traces ( ! l>g] & bright] m\nta9s 7 visible at ! "t ( totality1 & p>ticul>ly ! bright rays proce$+ f ,ty*o1 ,kepl]1 & ,ari/>*us4 99 99 99 ,at fir/1 :5 ! obscur$ "p 0 ( small dim5sions1 x 0 ( an iron grey t9t1 b z x approa*$ totality1 ! r$di% light became s app>5t t x 0 rem>k$ t ! ,moon #8seem$ to be on fire2' & :5 ! totality _h comm5c$1 x c]ta9ly look$ l a fire sm\ld]+ 9 its a%es1 & almo/ go+ out40 ,if !n1 ! ,sun & ,moon h _m times be5 se5 above ! horizon :5 ! latt] 0 eclips$1 h[ c x be said t ! ,e>?'s %ad[ 0 ! cause ( a lun> eclipse1 :5 ! ,e>? 0 n betwe5 or 9 a l9e ) ! ,sun & ,moon8 ,& h[ c ! ,moon's non-lum9\s surface be di/9ctly visible & illum9at$ dur+ ! v totality ( an eclipse1 if all ! light ( ! ,sun is int]cept$ by ! ,e>?8 ,aga91 if ! ,moon is a sph]e1 :i* x is decl>$ to be1 h[ c its surface reflect ! light ( ! ,sun8 ,if h] surface 0 a mass ( poli%$ silv]1 x c\ld n reflect f m ?an a m]e po9t6 ,let a silv]$ glass ball or globe ( consid]able size be held be=e a lamp or fire ( any magnitude1 & x w be se5 t in/ead ( ! :ole surface reflect+ light1 !re w be a v small portion only illum9at$4 ,b ! ,moon's :ole surface is brilliantly illum9at$6 a condition or effect utt]ly impossible if x be sph]ical4 ,! surface might be illum9at$ f ! ,sun1 or any o!r s\rce if opaque1 in/ead ( poli%$1 l an ord9>y silv]$ mirror1 b x c\ld n %9e int5sely f e "p1 & brightly illum9ate ! objects be=e x1 z ! ,moon does s beautifully :5 full & 9 a cle> firmam5t4 ,if ! ,e>? 7 admitt$ to be globul>1 & to move1 & to be capable ( ?r[+ a %ad[ by int]cept+ ! light ( ! ,sun1 x w\ld be impossible = a lun> eclipse to occur !reby1 unless at ! same "t ! ,moon be prov$ to be non-lum9\s1 & to %9e only by reflection4 ,b ?is is n prov$2 x is only assum$ z an ess5tial "p ( a !ory4 ,! contr>y is capable ( pro(1 & pro( beyond ! p[] ( d\bt1 viz41 t ! ,moon is self-lum9\s1 or %9es ) a light peculi> to h]self1 & !re=e indep5d5tly ( ! ,sun4 ,a reflector necess>ily gives (f :at x receives4 ,if a mass ( r$-hot metal be plac$ be=e a plane or concave surface1 heat w be reflect$4 ,if sn[ or ice be simil>ly plac$1 cold w be reflect$4 ,if light1 ord9>y or col\r$1 be pres5t$1 ! same w be reflect$4 ,if s\nd ( a giv5 pit* be produc$1 ! same pit* w be reflect$4 ,if ! note ,a be s\nd$ ^u a musical in/rum5t1 a reflector w\ld n return ! note ,b or ,c1 b ! same note1 alt]$ only 9 degree or int5sity1 b n 9 8pit*40 ,a reflector receiv+ a r$ light w\ld n return a blue or yell[ light4 ,a reflector collect+ ! cold f a mass ( ice1 w\ld n ?r[ (f heat2 nor ! contr>y4 ,nor c\ld ! ,moon1 if a reflector1 radiate or ?r[ d[n ^u ! ,e>? any o!r light ?an su* z %e receives f ! ,sun4 ,no diff]5ce c\ld exi/ 9 ! quality or "* ( ! light1 & x c\ld diff] 9 no respect b ! quantity or int5sity4 ,! light ( ! ,sun & ( ! ,moon are diff]5t 9 _! g5]al appe>ance--9 ! col\r & action ^u ! eye4 ,! ,sun's light is dry+ & pres]vative1 or antiseptic4 ,! ,moon's light is damp & putrefactive4 ,! ,sun's rays w put out a common fire2 ! ,moon's light w increase ! combu/ion4 ,! light ( ! ,sun fall+ ^u c]ta9 *emical sub/ances1 produces a *ange ( col\r1 z 9 photographic & o!r processes4 ,! light ( ! ,moon fails to produce ! same effect4 ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 at page #aba ( 8 excell5t "w1 8,! ,museum ( ,sci5ce10 says--8,! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ! effect ( c]ta9 rays ( sol> light 9 black5+ a light-color$ sub/ance1 is af=d$ by *loride ( silv]1 :i* is a :ite sub/ance1 b :i* imm$iately becomes black :5 act$ ^u by ! rays ne> ! violet extremity ( ! spectrum4 ,?is sub/ance1 h[ev]1 highly susceptible z x is ( hav+ its col\r affect$ by light1 is1 nev]!less1 f\nd n to be *ang$ 9 any s5sible degree :5 expos$ to ! light ( ! ,moon1 ev5 :5 t light is cond5s$ by ! mo/ p[]ful burn+ l5ses40 ,! ,sun's light :5 conc5trat$ by a numb] ( mirrors1 or a l>ge burn+ l5s1 produces a focus :i* is entirely non-lum9\s1 b 9 :i* ! heat is s great t metallic & alkal9e sub/ances are quickly fus$2 e>?y & m9]al comp\nds almo/ imm$iately vitrifi$2 & all animal & vegetable /ructures 9 a few seconds burn$ up & de/roy$4 ,b ! ,moon's light s conc5trat$ produces a brilliant focus1 s lum9\s t x is difficult to look ^u x2 & yet !re is no increase ( temp]ature6 8,if ! mo/ delicate !rmomet] be expos$ to ! full light ( ! ,moon1 %9+ ) its greate/ lu/re1 ! m]cury is n elevat$ a hair's bread?1 nei!r w\ld x be if expos$ 9 ! focus ( h] rays conc5trat$ by ! mo/ p[]ful l5ses4 ,?is has be5 prov$ by actual exp]im5t40#af 8,?is "q has be5 submitt$ to ! te/ ( direct exp]im5t4 99 99 99 ,! bulb ( a !rmomet] suffici5tly s5sitive to r5d] app>5t a *ange ( temp]ature am\nt+ to ! ?\s&? "p ( a degree1 0 plac$ 9 ! focus ( a concave reflector ( va/ dim5sions1 :i*1 be+ direct$ to ! ,moon1 ! lun> rays 7 collect$ ) great p[] ^u x4 ,n ! slighte/ *ange1 h[ev]1 0 produc$ 9 ! !rmometric column1 prov+ t a conc5tration ( rays suffici5t to fuse gold1 if !y proce$$ f ! ,sun1 does n produce a *ange ( temp]ature s great z ! ?\s&? "p ( a degree1 :5 !y proce$ f ! ,moon40#ag #af 8,all ! ,ye> ,r\nd10 by ,dick5s4 #ag ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s ,museum ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #aae4 8,! light ( ! ,moon ?\gh conc5trat$ by ! mo/ p[]ful burn+ glass1 is incapable ( rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! mo/ delicate !rmomet]4 ,m4 ,de ,la ,hire collect$ ! rays ( ! full ,moon :5 on ! m]idian1 by means ( a burn+ glass ?irty-five in*es 9 diamet]1 & made !m fall on ! bulb ( a delicate air-!rmomet]4 ,no effect 0 produc$1 ?\gh ! lun> rays by ?is glass 7 conc5trat$ #cjj times40 8,pr(essor ,=bes conc5trat$ ! ,moon's light by a l5s ?irty in*es 9 diamet]1 its focal di/ance be+ ab\t =ty-"o in*es1 & hav+ a p[] ( conc5tration exce$+ #f1jjj times4 ,! image ( ! ,moon :i* 0 only eighte5 h\rs pa/ full1 & less ?an two h\rs f ! m]idian1 0 brilliantly ?r[n by ?is l5s on ! extremity ( a commodi\s !rmo-pile4 ,al?\gh ! obs]vations 7 made 9 ! mo/ unexceptional mann]1 & 7suppos+ t half ! rays 7 reflect$1 disp]s$1 & absorb$7 ?\gh ! light ( ! ,moon 0 conc5trat$ #cjjj times1 n ! slighte/ !rmo-effect 0 produc$6#ah ,9 ! 8,lancet0 7m$ical j\rnal7 = ,m>* #ad?1 #ahef1 p>ticul>s are giv5 ( sev]al exp]im5ts1 :i* prov$ t ! ,moon's rays :5 conc5trat$ actually r$uc$ ! temp]ature ^u a !rmomet] m ?an #h degrees6 #ah ,dr4 ,noad's ,lectures on ,*emi/ry1 p4 #ccd4 8,! cold *a/e ,moon1 ! ,que5 ,( ,heav5's bright ,isles2 ,:o makes all beautiful ,on :i* %e smiles3 ,t w&]+ %r9e ( s(t ,yet icy flame1 ,:i* ev] is trans=m$ ,yet /ill ! same2 ,& w>ms n b illumes40 --,,%elley4 ,! 8pale cold ,moon0 is an expression n only beautiful poetically b evid5tly true philosophically4 ,if1 z we h n[ se51 ! v nature ( a reflector dem&s c]ta9 conditions & ! ,moon does n manife/ ^! conditions1 x mu/ ( necessity be conclud$ t ! ,moon is n a reflector1 b a self-lum9\s body4 ,if self-lum9\s h] surface c\ld n be d>k5$ or eclips$ by a %ad[ ( ! ,e>?--suppos+ su* 7 ?r[n ^u x4 ,! lum9osity in/ead ( be+ dim9i%$ w\ld be great] 9 proportion to ! great] d5sity or d>kness ( ! %ad[4 ,z ! light 9 a lant]n %9es mo/ brightly 9 ! d>ke/ places1 s w\ld ! ,moon's self-lum9\s surface be mo/ int5se 9 ! deepe/ "p ( ! ,e>?'s %ad[4 ,x is ?us r5d]$ und5iable t a ,lun> ,eclipse does n & c\ld n arise f a %ad[ ( ! ,e>?6 ,z a ,sol> ,eclipse occurs f ! ,moon pass+ ov] ! ,sun2 s f ! evid5ce x is cle> t a ,lun> ,eclipse c only arise f a simil> cause--a body semi-transp>5t & well-def9$ pass+ be=e ! ,moon1 or betwe5 h] surface & ! obs]v] on ! surface ( ! ,e>?4 ,t su* a body exi/s is admitt$ by sev]al di/+ui%$ a/ronom]s4 ,9 ! report ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society = ,june1 #ahej1 x is /at$1 8,we may well d\bt :e!r t body :i* we call ! ,moon is ! only satellite ( ! ,e>?40 ,9 ! report ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces = ,octob] #ab1 #ahdf1 & aga9 = ,augu/1 #ahdg1 ! ,director ( "o ( ! ,fr5* ,obs]vatories gives a numb] ( obs]vations & calculations :i* h l$ him to conclude t 8!re is at lea/ "o non-lum9\s body ( consid]able magnitude :i* is atta*$ z a satellite to ?is ,e>?40#ai #ai ,ref]r$ to 9 ,l>dn]'s 8,museum ( ,sci5ce10 p4 #aei4 ,p]sons :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! me?ods ( calculat+ ,eclipses & o!r a/ronomical ph5om5a1 are prone to look ^u ! correctness ( ^! calculations z p[]ful argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,e>?'s rotundity & ! ,newtonian philosophy g5]ally4 ,b ?is is errone\s4 ,:atev] !ory is adopt$1 or if all !ories are disc>d$1 ! same results may foll[1 because ! necess>y data may be tabulat$ & employ$ indep5d5tly ( all !ory1 or may be mix$ up ) any1 ev5 ! mo/ opposite doctr9es1 or kept di/9ct f e sy/em1 j z ! op]ator may decide4 ,! tables ( ! ,moon's relative positions = almo/ any second ( "t are purely practical1 ! result ( long cont9u$ obs]vation1 & may or may n be mix$ up ) hypo!sis4 ,9 ,smi?'s 8,rise & progress ( ,a/ronomy10 speak+ ( ,ptolemy1 :o liv$ 9 ! #bnd c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 x is said1 8,! 7consid]$7 defects ( 8 sy/em did n prev5t him f calculat+ all ! ,eclipses t 7 to happ5 = #fjj ye>s to come40 ,pr(essor ,p>t+ton1 at page #cgj ( 8 ,lectures on ,natural ,philosophy1 says1 8,! mo/ anci5t obs]vations ( :i* we are 9 possession1 t are suffici5tly accurate to be employ$ 9 a/ronomical calculations1 are ^? made at ,babylon ab\t #gai be=e ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 ( ?ree ,eclipses ( ! ,moon4 ,ptolemy1 :o has transmitt$ !m to u1 employ$ !m = det]m9+ ! p]iod ( ! ,moon's mean motion2 & !re=e _h probably none m anci5t on :i* he c\ld dep5d4 ,! ,*aldeans1 h[ev]1 mu/ h made a long s]ies ( obs]vations be=e !y c\ld discov] _! 8,s>os0 or lun> p]iod ( #f1ehe days1 or ab\t #ah ye>s2 at :i* "t1 z !y _h le>nt1 ! place ( ! ,moon1 h] node & apogee return ne>ly to ! same situation ) respect to ! ,e>? & ! ,sun1 &1 ( c\rse1 a s]ies ( ne>ly simil> ,eclipses occur40 ,sir ,ri*>d ,phillips1 9 8 8,million ( ,facts10 at page #chh1 says3--8,! precision ( a/ronomy arises1 n f !ories1 b f prolong$ obs]vations1 & ! regul>ity ( ! motions1 or ! asc]ta9$ uni=mity ( _! irregul>ities4 ,ephem]ides ( ! planets' places1 ( ,eclipses1 c41 h be5 publi%$ = above #cjj ye>s1 & 7 ne>ly z precise z at pres5t40 8,no p>ticul> !ory is requir$ to calculate ,eclipses2 & ! calculations may be made ) equal accuracy indep5d5t ( e !ory40#bj #bj ,som]ville's ,physical ,sci5ces1 p4 #df4 ,,section #aj4 ,,cause ,,( ,,tides4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,e>?'s rotundity be+ fallaci\s1 all ideas ( 8c5tre ( attraction ( gravitation10 8mutual attraction ( ,e>? & ,moon10 c41 c41 mu/ be giv5 up2 & ! cause ( tides 9 ! ocean mu/ be s\ght = 9 ano!r direction4 ,x is c]ta9 t !re is a con/ant pressure ( ! atmosph]e ^u ! surface ( ! ,e>? & ocean4 ,?is is prov$ by ord9>y b>ometrical obs]vations1 _m ,pneumatic exp]im5ts1 & by ! fact t dur+ ! mo/ fe>ful /orms at sea ! surface only is di/urb$2 at ! dep? ( a hundr$ feet ! wat] is always calm--except 9 ! pa? ( well-m>k$ curr5ts & local subm>9e ph5om5a4 ,! foll[+ quotations ga!r$ f casual read+ fully corroborate ?is /atem5t4 8,x is amaz+ h[ sup]ficial is ! mo/ t]rible tempe/4 ,div]s assure u t 9 ! greate/ /orms calm wat] is f\nd at ! dep? ( #ij feet40#ba #ba ,*amb]s's ,j\rnal1 ,no4 #ajj1 p4 #cgi4 8,?is motion ( ! surface ( ! sea is n p]ceptible to a great dep?4 ,9 ! /ronge/ gale x is suppos$ n to ext5d beyond #gb feet bel[ ! surface2 & at ! dep? ( #ij feet ! sea is p]fectly /ill40#bb #bb ,p5ny ,cyclopdia1 ,article ,sea4 8,! p are "u a great mi/ake :o believe t ! sub/ance ( ! wat] moves to any consid]able dep? 9 a /orm at sea4 ,x is only ! =m or %ad[ :i* hurries along l a _s1 or l a ?\ght ov] ! c\nt5ance ( ! #8great deep1' at ! rate ( "s =ty miles an h\r4 ,ev5 :5 ! #8,fly+ ,dut*man' is abroad ! great mass ( wat] cont9ues undi/urb$ & ne>ly motionless a few feet bel[ ! surface40#bc #bc ,london ,saturday ,j\rnal1 ,augu/ #h1 #ahdj1 p4 #ga4 8,! unabrad$ appe>ance ( ! %ells br\ght up f great dep?s1 & ! almo/ total abs5ce ( ! mixture ( any detritus f ! sea1 or =eign matt]1 sugge/ mo/ =cibly ! idea ( p]fect repose at ! bottom ( ! deep sea40#bd #bd ,physical ,geography ( ! ,sea1 by ,lieut4 ,maury1 p4 #bfe4 ,be>+ ?is fact 9 m9d1 t !re exi/s a cont9ual pressure ( ! atmosph]e ^u ! ,e>?1 & associat+ x ) ! fact t ! ,e>? is a va/ plane 8/ret*$ out ^u ! wat]s10 & x w be se5 t x mu/ ( necessity slightly fluctuate1 or sl[ly rise & fall 9 ! wat]4 ,z by ! action ( ! atmosph]e ! ,e>? is sl[ly depress$1 ! wat] moves t[>ds ! rec$+ %ores & produces ! flood tide2 & :5 by ! reaction ( ! resi/+ oceanic m$ium ! ,e>? gradually asc5ds ! wat]s rec$e1 & ! ebb tide is produc$4 ,?is is ! g5]al cause ( tides4 ,:atev] peculi>ities are obs]vable !y may be trac$ to ! reaction ( *annels1 bays1 headl&s1 & o!r local causes4 ,if a raft1 or a %ip1 or any o!r /ructure float+ ^u wat] be c>efully obs]v$1 x w be se5 to h a g5tle fluctuat+ motion4 ,h[ev] calm ! wat] & ! atmosph]e may be1 ?is gradual ris+ & fall+ ( ! float+ mass is always m or less obs]vable4 ,if vessels ( diff]5t sizes are float+ ne> ea* o!r !y w be se5 to fluctuate ) diff]5t velocities1 ! l>ge/ & heavie/ w move ! lea/ rapidly4 ,?is motion w be obs]vable :e!r ! vessels be held by _! an*ors1 or moor$ to buoys1 or freely float+ 9 /ill wat]4 ,a l>ge & heavily lad5 vessel w make sev]al fluctuations 9 a m9ute ( "t2 ! ,e>? once only 9 ab\t twelve h\rs1 because x is proportionately l>g]4 ,to ?is simple condition ( ! ,e>?1--! action or pressure ^u x ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! reaction or resi/ance to x ( ! wat]1 may be trac$ all ! lead+ peculi>ities ( ! tides4 ,! simultane\s ebb & fl[ ^u m]idians #ahj ap>t4 ,! abs5ce ( high & l[ wat] 9 l>ge inl& seas & lakes2 :i* be+ conta9$ )9 & fluctuat+ ) ! ,e>? _c !re=e %[ a relative *ange 9 ! altitude ( ! surface4 ,! flux & reflux obs]v$ 9 sev]al inl& wells & bas9s ?\gh f> f ! sea1 b be+ connect$ ) x by subt]ranean passages1 necess>ily %[ a relative diff]5ce 9 ! surface levels ( ! e>? & wat]4 ,& ! regul> ebb & flood ( ! wat] 9 ! great ,pol> sea rec5tly discov]$ by ,dr4 ,kane1 al?\gh x is sep>at$ f ! great tidal curr5t ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean by deep b>ri]s ( ice--z w be se5 by ! foll[+ quotation3--8,dr4 ,kane report$ an op5 sea nor? ( ! p>allel ( #hb4 ,to rea* x 8 p>ty cross$ a b>ri] ( ice #hj or #ajj miles broad4 ,be=e ga9+ ?is op5 wat] he f\nd ! !rmomet] to %[ ! extreme temp]ature ( -#fj4 ,pass+ ?is ice-b\nd region by travell+ ,nor?1 he /ood on ! %ores ( an iceless sea ext5d+ 9 an unbrok5 %eet ( wat] z f> z ! eye c\ld rea* t[>ds ! pole4 ,its waves 7 da%+ on ! bea* ) ! swell ( a b\ndless ocean4 ,! tides ebb$ & fl[$ 9 x1 & ,i appreh5d t ! tidal wave f ! ,atlantic c no m pass "u ?is icy b>ri] to be propagat$ 9 seas beyond ?an ! vibrations ( a musical /r+ c pass ) its notes a #8fret' ^u :i* ! musician has plac$ 8 f+]4 99 99 99 ,^! tides !re=e mu/ h be5 born 9 t cold sea1 hav+ _! cradle ab\t ! ,nor? ,pole2 & we inf] t mo/1 if n all1 ! unexplor$ regions ab\t ! ,pole are cov]$ ) deep wat]2 =1 7 ?is unexpect$ area mo/ly l&1 or %all[ wat]1 x c\ld n give bir? to regul> tides40#be #be ,physical ,geography ( ! ,sea1 by ,lieut4 ,maury1 p4 #agf4 ,t ! ,e>? has a vibratory or tremul\s motion1 su* z mu/ necess>ily belong to a float+ & fluctuat+ /ructure1 is abundantly prov$ by ! exp]i5ce ( a/ronom]s & surveyors4 ,if a delicate _s-level be firmly plac$ ^u a rock or ^u ! mo/ solid f\ndation :i* x is possible to con/ruct1 ! v curi\s ph5om5on w be obs]v$ ( con/ant *ange 9 ! position ( ! air-bubble4 ,h[ev] c>efully ! 8level0 may be adju/$1 & ! in/rum5t protect$ f ! atmosph]e1 ! 8bubble0 w n ma9ta9 its position _m seconds toge!r4 ,a some:at simil> influ5ce has be5 notic$ 9 a/ronomical obs]vatories1 :]e in/rum5ts ( ! be/ con/ruction & plac$ 9 ! mo/ approv$ positions _c always be reli$ ^u )\t occasional re-adju/m5t4 ,,section #aa4 ,,con/itution1 ,,condition1 ,,& ,,ultimate ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,by ,,fire4 ,*emical analysis proves to u ! important fact t ! great bulk ( ! ,e>?--mean+ !reby ! l& z di/9ct f ! wat]s--is compos$ ( metallic oxides or metals 9 comb9ation ) oxyg54 ,:5 means are adopt$ to remove ! oxyg5 x is f\nd t mo/ ( ^! metallic bases are highly combu/ible4 ,! diff]5t degrees ( aff9ity exi/+ among ! elem5ts ( ! ,e>?1 give rise to all ! rocks1 m9]als1 ores1 deposits1 & /rata :i* con/itute ! mat]ial habitable _w4 ,! diff]5t specific gravities or relative d5sities :i* ^! sub/ances are f\nd to possess1 & ! num]\s evid5ces :i* exi/ ( _! =m] pla/ic or semi-fluid condition1 af=d positive pro( t f a once comm+l$ or *aotic /ate regul> b rapid precipitation1 /ratification1 cry/allization1 & concretion successively occurr$2 & t 9 "s way n yet cle> to u suffici5t *emical action 0 produc$ to ignite a great portion ( ! ,e>?1 & to r$uce x to a molt5 inc&esc5t /ate1 ! volatile products ( :i* be+ =cibly elim9at$ h brok5 up ! /ratifi$ =mations1 & produc$ ! irregul> confus$ condition :i* we n[ obs]ve4 ,t su* an inc&esc5t molt5 /ate ( a great portion ( ! l[] p>ts ( ! ,e>? /ill exi/s is a matt] ( c]ta9ty2 & !re is evid5ce t ! heat ?us int]nally g5]at$ is gradually increas+4 8,! upp]mo/ /rata ( ! soil %>e 9 all ! v>iations ( temp]ature :i* dep5d ^u ! seasons2 & ?is influ5ce is ex]t$ to a dep? :i*1 al?\gh x v>ies ) ! latitude1 is nev] v great4 ,beyond ?is po9t ! temp]ature rises 9 proportion z we desc5d to great] dep?s1 & x has be5 %[n1 by num]\s & (t5-repeat$ exp]im5ts1 t ! increase ( temp]ature is on av]age "o degree 7,fahr5heit7 = ab\t e #ede feet4 ,h5ce x results t at a dep? ( ab\t twelve miles f ! surface1 we %\ld be on ! v]ge ( an inc&esc5t mass40#bf #bf ,rambles ( a ,naturali/1 by ,m4 de ,quatrefages4 8,s great is ! heat )9 ! ,e>?1 t 9 ,switz]l&1 & o!r c\ntries :]e ! spr+s ( wat] are v deep1 !y br+ to ! surface ! w>m m9]al wat]s s mu* us$ = ba?s & m$ic9e = ! sick2 & x is said1 t if y 7 to dig v deep d[n into ! ,e>?1 ! temp]ature w\ld increase at ! rate ( "o degree ( ! !rmomet] = e #ajj feet2 s t1 at ! dep? ( #gjjj feet1 or "o mile & a half1 all ! wat] t y f\nd w\ld be boil+2 & at ! dep? ( ab\t t5 miles all ! rocks w\ld be melt$4 99 99 99 ,a day w yet come :5 ?is e>? w be burn$ up by ! fire4 ,!re is fire1 z y h he>d1 )9 x1 ready to bur/ =? at any mom5t40#bg 8,?is e>?1 al?\gh cov]$ all r\nd ) a solid cru/1 is all on fire )94 ,its int]ior is suppos$ to be a burn+ mass ( melt$1 gl[+ metals1 fi]y gas1 & boil+ lava4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! solid cru/ :i* cov]s ?is inw>d fire is suppos$ n to be mu* m ?an f #i to #ab miles 9 ?ickness4 ,:5ev] ?is cru/ breaks op51 or is cleft 9 any place1 !re ru% out lava1 fire1 melt$ rocks1 fi]y gases1 & a%es1 sometimes 9 su* floods z to bury :ole cities4 ,f "t to "t we read ( ! e>? quak+1 trembl+1 & sometimes op5+1 & ( m\nta9s & small isl&s 7:i* are m\nta9s 9 ! sea7 be+ ?r[n up 9 a day40#bh #bg 8,! ,_w's ,bir?day10 by ,pr(essor ,gauss51 ,g5eva1 p4 #dc4 #bh 8,! ,_w's ,bir?day10 by ,pr(essor ,gauss51 ,g5eva1 p4 #db4 ,9 a p]iodical call$ 8,recreative ,sci5ce10 at ! end ( an int]e/+ article on volcanoes1 c41 ! foll[+ s5t5ce occurs3--8,! conclusion is !re=e inevitable1 t ! g5]al di/ribution all ov] ! e>? ( volcanic v5ts1 _! simil>ity ( action & products1 _! enorm\s p[] & seem+ inexhau/ibility1 _! ext5siv5ess ( action 9 _! respective sites1 ! cont9uance ( _! en]gies dur+ c\ntless ye>s1 & ! incessant burn+ day & night1 f ye> to ye>1 ( su* crat]s z ,/romboli2 & la/ly1 ! app>5t ineffici5cy ( ext]nal circum/ances 9 controll+ _! op]ations1 eruptions happ5+ b5ea? ! sea z b5ea? ! l&1 9 ! frigid z 9 ! torrid zone1 = ^! & _m less /rik+ ph5om5a1 we mu/ seek = "s great & g5]al cause1 su* only z ! c5tral heat ( ! e>? af=ds u40 ,sir ,ri*>d ,phillips says1 8at ! dep? ( #ej feet 7f ! sea level7 ! temp]ature ( ! e>? is ! same w9t] & summ]40 99 99 99 8,! deepe/ coal m9e 9 ,engl& is at ,kill+wor?1 ne> ,newca/le-^u-,tyne1 & ! mean annual temp]ature at #djj y>ds bel[ ! surface is #gg2 & at #cjj y>ds1 #gj2 :ile at ! surface x is b #dh1 be+ ab\t "o degree ( increase = e #ae y>ds4 ,h5ce1 at #c1cjj y>ds1 ! heat w\ld be equal to boil+ wat]1 tak+ #bj y>ds to a degree4 ,?is expla9s ! orig9 ( hot spr+s4 ,! heat ( ! ,ba? wat]s is #aaf1 h5ce !y w\ld appe> to rise f a dep? ( #a1cbj y>ds4 ,by exp]im5ts made at ! ,obs]vatory ( ,p>is = asc]ta9+ ! increase ( temp]ature f ! surface ( ! e>? t[>ds ! int]ior1 #ea feet1 or #ag y>ds1 corresponds to ! increase ( "o degree ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]4 ,h5ce1 ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] w\ld be at #h1bab feet1 or ab\t #a ,engli% miles "u ,p>is40 ,pr(essor ,silliman1 ( ,am]ica1 /ates 8t 9 bor+ ! ,artesian wells 9 ,p>is1 ! temp]ature increas$ at ! rate ( #a degree = e #ej feet d[nw>ds2 &1 reason+ f causes kn[n to exi/1 ! :ole ( ! int]ior "p ( ! e>?1 or1 at lea/1 a great "p ( x1 is an ocean ( melt$ rock agitat$ by viol5t w9ds40 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 9 8 address to ! ,briti% ,association1 assembl$ at ,ba?1 ,septemb]1 #ahfd1 speak+ ( hot spr+s g5]ally1 said 8,an increase ( heat is always exp]i5c$ z we desc5d into ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 99 99 99 ,! e/imate d$uc$ by ,mr4 ,hopk9s1 f an accurate s]ies ( obs]vations made 9 ! ,monkwe>m\? %aft1 ne> ,durham1 & 9 ! ,duk5field %aft1 ne> ,man*e/]1 ea* ( !m #b1jjj feet 9 dep?4 ,9 ^! %afts ! temp]ature 0 f\nd to rise at ! rate ( #a ,fah4 = e increase ( dep? ( f #fe to #gj feet40 8,! obs]vations made by ,m4 ,arago1 9 #ahba1 t ! deepe/ ,artesian wells are ! w>me/1 ?rew great light on ! orig9 ( !rmal spr+s1 & on ! e/abli%m5t ( ! law1 t t]re/rial heat increases ) increas+ dep?4 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 :i* has b rec5tly be5 notic$1 t at ! close ( ! ?ird c5tury ,/ ,patricius1 probably ,bi%op ( ,p>tusa1 0 l$ to adopt v correct views reg>d+ ! ph5om5on ( ! hot spr+s at ,c>?age4 ,on be+ ask$ :at 0 ! cause ( boil+ wat] bur/+ f ! e>?1 he repli$1 #8,fire is n\ri%$ 9 ! cl\ds1 & 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 z ,etna & o!r m\nta9s ne> ,naples may tea* y4 ,! subt]ranean wat]s rise z if ?r\gh siphons4 ,! cause ( hot spr+s is ?is3 wat]s :i* are m remote f ! subt]ranean fire are cold]1 :il/ ^? :i* rise ne>] ! fire1 are heat$ by x1 & br+ ) !m to ! surface :i* we inhabit1 an insupportable degree ( heat4'0#bi #bi 8,humboldt's ,cosmos10 p4 #bbj4 ,! inve/igations :i* h be5 made1 & ! evid5ce :i* has be5 br\ght toge!r1 r5d] x und5iable t ! l[] p>ts ( ! e>? are on fire4 ,( ! int5sity ( ! combu/ion1 no practical idea c be =m$4 ,x is fe>ful beyond comp>ison4 ,! lava ?r[n out f a volcano 9 ,mexico1 80 s hot t x cont9u$ to smoke = tw5ty ye>s2 & aft] ?ree ye>s & a half1 a piece ( wood took fire 9 x1 at a di/ance ( five miles f ! crat]40 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 l>ge isl&s h be5 ?r[n up f ! sea1 9 a r$-hot gl[+ condition1 & s int5sely heat$1 t aft] be+ =c$ ?r\gh _m fa?oms ( salt wat]1 & /&+ 9 ! mid/ ( x1 expos$ to w9d & ra9 = sev]al mon?s1 !y 7 n suffici5tly cool$ = p]sons to approa* & /& ^u !m4 8,a notable fact is ! =ce ex]t$ 9 volcanic action1 ,cotopaxi1 9 #agch1 ?rew its fi]y rockets #c1jjj feet above its crat]1 :ile 9 #agdd ! blaz+ mass1 /ruggl+ = an outlet1 ro>$ l a furnace1 s t its awful voice 0 he>d at a di/ance ( m ?an six hundr$ miles4 ,9 #agig1 ! crat] ( ,tunguragua1 "o ( ! great peaks ( ! ,&es1 flung out torr5ts ( mud1 :i* damm$ up riv]s1 op5$ new lakes1 & 9 valleys ( a ?\s& feet wide made deposits six hundr$ feet deep4 ,! /ream f ,vesuvius :i*1 9 #agcg1 pass$ ?r\gh ,torre del ,greco1 conta9$ ?irty-?ree million cubic feet ( solid matt]2 &1 9 #agid1 :5 ,torre del ,greco 0 de/roy$ a second "t1 ! mass ( lava am\nt$ to =ty-five million cubic feet4 ,9 #affi ,etna p\r$ =? a flood :i* cov]$ #hd squ>e miles ( surface1 & measur$ ne>ly #ajj1jjj1jjj cubic feet4 ,on ?is occasion ! s& & scori =m$ ! ,monte ,rossi1 ne> ,nicolosi1 a cone two miles 9 circumf]5ce1 & f\r hundr$ & fifty feet high4 ,! /ream ?r[n out by ,etna1 9 #ahai1 0 9 motion1 at ! rate ( a y>d p] day1 = n9e mon?s aft] ! eruption2 & x is on record t ! lavas ( ! same m\nta91 aft] a t]rible eruption1 7 n ?or\ghly cool$ & consolidat$ t5 ye>s aft] ! ev5t4 ,9 ! eruption ( ,vesuvius1 ,a4,d4 #gi1 ! scori & a%es vomit$ =? f> exce$$ ! entire bulk ( ! m\nta92 :ile1 9 #affj1 ,etna disgorg$ m ?an tw5ty times its own mass4 99 99 99 ,vesuvius has ?r[n its a%es z f> z ,con/ant9ople1 ,syria1 & ,egypt2 x hurl$ /ones eight p\nds 9 weight to ,pompeii1 a di/ance ( six miles2 :ile simil> masses 7 toss$ up #b1jjj feet above its summit4 ,cotopaxi has project$ a block "o hundr$ cubic y>ds 9 volume a di/ance ( n9e miles1 :ile ,sumbawa1 9 #ahae1 dur+ ! mo/ t]rible eruption on record1 s5t its a%es z f> z ,java1 a di/ance ( ?ree hundr$ miles4 99 99 99 ,9 view+ ^! evid5ces ( enorm\s p[]1 we are =cibly /ruck ) ! simil>ity ( action ) :i* !y h be5 associat$2 &1 c>ry+ our inve/igation a /ep fur!r1 ! same simil>ity ( ! produc+ p[] is h9t$ at 9 ! id5tity ( ! mat]ials eject$4 ,?us1 if we classify ! *>act]i/ics ( all record$ eruptions1 we %all f9d t ! ph5om5a are all r$ucible to upheavals ( ! e>?1 rumbl+s & explosions1 ejections ( c>bonic acid1 fi]y torr5ts ( lava1 c9d]s1 & mud1 ) accompany+ ?und] & lightn+4 ,! la/-nam$ ph5om5a are extrajudicial 9 "*2 !y are m]ely ! result ( ! atmosph]ic di/urbance consequ5t on ! escape ( great heat f ! e>?1 j z ! burn+ ( an ,am]ican =e/ causes ?und] & ra94 ,! connection t app>5tly exi/s1 too1 betwe5 neighb\r+ crat]s is /rongly confirm$ by ! fact t 9 e di/9ct volcanic locus b "o crat] is usually active at a "t4 ,s9ce ,vesuvius has resum$ 8 activity1 ! num]\s volcanic v5ts on ! o!r side ( ! bay h sunk into comp>ative inactivity2 = anci5t writ]s1 :o are sil5t respect+ ! =m]1 speak ( ! mephitic vap\rs ( ! ,lake ,av]nus z de/ructive to animal exi/5ce1 & 9 e>li] days ?an ^! ,hom] pictures ! ,phlegrean ,fields z ! entrance to ! inf]nal regions1 plac$ at ! limits ( ! habitable _w1 un5light5$ by ris+ or sett+ sun1 & envelop$ 9 et]nal gloom4 99 99 99 99 ,! e>? conta9s )9 x a mass ( heat$ mat]ial2 nay1 x is a heat$ & inc&esc5t body1 habitable only because surr\nd$ ) a cool cru/--! cru/ be+ to x a m]e %ell1 )9 :i* ! va/ int]nal fires are securely inclos$3 & yet n securely1 p]haps1 unless su* v5ts exi/$ z ^? to :i* we apply ! t]m volcano4 99 99 99 99 ,e volcano is a safety-valve1 ready to relieve ! pressure f )9 :5 t pressure rises to a c]ta9 degree ( int5sity2 or p]man5tly s]v+ = ! escape ( conflagrations1 :i*1 if n s provid$ ) escape1 might r5d ! habitable cru/ to pieces40#cj #cj ,recreative ,sci5ce1 p4p4 #beg to #bfj4 ,?us x is c]ta91 f ! ph5om5a ( e>?quakes1 subm>9e & inl& volcanoes :i* exi/ 9 e "p ( ! e>? f ! froz5 to ! tropical regions1 hot & boil+ spr+s1 f\nta9s ( mud & /eam1 lakes ( burn+ sulphur1 jets & bla/s ( de/ructive gases1 & ! *oke & fire damps ( our coal m9es1 t at a few miles only bel[ ! surface ( ! e>? !re exi/s a va/ region ( combu/ion1 ! int5sity & p[] ( :i* are indescribable1 & _c be comp>$ ) any?+ )9 ! range ( human exp]i5ce4 ,z ! e>? is an ext5d$ plane re/+ 9 & ^u ! wat]s ( ! 8great deep0 x may fitly be comp>$ to a l>ge vessel or %ip float+ at an*or1 ) h] 8,hold0 or l[] comp>tm5ts b5ea? ! wat]-l9e fill$ ) burn+ mat]ials2 &1 f our k ( ! nature & action ( fire1 x is difficult to und]/& 9 :at way ! combu/ion c be prev5t$ f ext5d+1 :5 x is kn[n to be surr\nd$ ) highly inflammable sub/ances4 ,:]ev] a fire is surr\nd$ ) het]og5e\s mat]ials--"s highly combu/ible & o!rs p>tially & indirectly combu/ible--x is n possible = x to rema9 cont9ually 9 ! same condition nor to dim9i% 9 ext5t & int5sity1 x mu/ increase & ext5d itself4 ,t ! fire 9 ! e>? is s surr\nd$ ) inflammable mat]ials is matt] ( c]ta9ty2 ! millions ( tons ( coals1 peat1 turf1 m9]al oils1 rock t>1 pit*1 asphalte1 bitum51 petroleum1 m9]al naph?a1 & num]\s o!r hydro-c>bons :i* exi/ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>?1 & mu* ( ^! f> d[n bel[ ! surface1 prove ?is condition to exi/4 ,! products ( volcanic action be+ *iefly c>bon 9 comb9ation ) hydrog5 & oxyg51 prove also t ^! c>bon comp\nds already exi/ 9 a /ate ( combu/ion1 & t z su* imm5se quantities ( ! same fuel /ill exi/1 x is q )9 ! range ( possibility t "s ( ! l[] /rata ( combu/ible matt] may take fire & ! action rapidly ext5d itself ?r\gh ! v>i\s & innum]able ve9s :i* ramify 9 e direction ?r\gh\t ! :ole e>?4 ,%\ld su* an action comm5ce1 kn[+1 z we d1 t ! rocks & m9]als ( ! e>? are b oxides ( inflammable bases1 & t ! aff9ities ( ^! bases are greatly weak5$ & almo/ susp5d$ 9 ! pres5ce ( highly heat$ c>bon1 we see cle>ly t su* *emical action or fire w\ld quickly ext5d & increase 9 int5sity until ! :ole e>? ) ev]y?+ ent]+ into its composition1 w\ld rapidly decompose1 volatilise1 & bur/ into "o va/ indescribable1 annihilat+ conflagration6 ,,section #ab4 ,,miscellanea4 ,,moon',s ,,phases4--,x has be5 %[n t ! ,moon is n a reflector ( ! ,sun's light1 b is self-lum9\s4 ,t ! lum9osity is conf9$ to "o-half its surface is suffici5tly %[n by ! fact t at 8,new ,moon0 ! :ole circle or outl9e ( ! ,moon is (t5 di/9ctly visible2 b ! d>k] outl9e is less1 or ! circle is small] ?an ! segm5t :i* is illum9at$4 ,f ?is x is easily se5 t 8,new ,moon10 8,full ,moon10 & 8,gibb\s ,moon0 are b ! diff]5t proportions ( ! illum9at$ surface :i* are pres5t$ to ! obs]v] on e>?4 ,,moon',s ,,appe>ance4--,a/ronom]s h indulg$ _! imag9ation to su* a degree t ! ,moon has be5 consid]$ to be a solid1 opaque1 sph]ical _w1 hav+ m\nta9s1 valleys1 lakes1 volcanic crat]s1 & o!r conditions analog\s to ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,s f> has ?is fancy be5 c>ri$1 t ! :ole visible disc has be5 mapp$ out1 & special names giv5 to its v>i\s peculi>ities1 z ?\gh !y _h be5 c>efully obs]v$ & measur$ by a p>ty ( t]re/rial ordnance surveyors4 ,all ?is has be5 done 9 direct opposition to ! fact t :oev] looks1 )\t previ\s bias1 ?r\gh a p[]ful telescope at ! ,moon's surface1 w be puzzl$ to say :at x is really l1 or h[ to comp>e x ) any?+ kn[n4 ,! comp>ison :i* may be made1 w dep5d greatly ^u ! /ate ( m9d ( ! obs]v]4 ,x is well kn[n t p]sons look+ at ! r\gh b>k ( a tree1 or at ! irregul> l9es or ve9s 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( m>ble & /one1 or gaz+ at ! r$ emb]s 9 a dull fire1 w1 accord+ to ! degree ( activity ( ! imag9ation1 be able to see diff]5t =ms1 ev5 ! outl9es ( animals & human faces4 ,x is 9 ?is way t p]sons may fancy t ! ,moon's surface is brok5 up into hills & valleys & o!r arrangem5ts su* z are f\nd on e>?4 ,b t any?+ really simil> to ! surface ( our own _w is any:]e visible ^u ! ,moon is altoge!r fallaci\s4 ,?is is admitt$ by "s ( ^? :o h writt5 ^u ! subject 8,"s p]sons :5 !y look into a telescope = ! fir/ "t1 hav+ he>d t m\nta9s are to be se51 & discov]+ no?+ b ^! 7previ\sly describ$7 unmean+ figures1 break (f 9 disappo9tm5t1 & h _! fai? 9 ^! ?+s r dim9i%$ ?an increas$4 ,i w\ld advise1 !re=e1 be=e ! /ud5t takes ev5 8 fir/ view ( ! ,moon ?r\gh a telescope1 to =m z cle> an idea z he c h[ m\nta9s1 & valleys1 & cav]ns situat$ at su* a di/ance ought to look1 & by :at m>ks !y may be recognis$4 ,let him seize1 if possible1 ! mo/ fav\rable p]iods 7ab\t ! "t ( ! fir/ qu>t]71 & previ\sly le>n f draw+s & explanations h[ to int]pret ev]y?+ he sees40#ca 8,:5ev] we exhibit cele/ial objects to inexp]i5c$ obs]v]s x is usual to prec$e ! view ) good draw+s ( ! objects1 accompani$ by an explanation ( :at ea* appe>ance exhibit$ 9 ! telescope indicates4 ,! novice is told t m\nta9s & valleys c be se5 9 ! ,moon by ! aid ( ! telescope2 b on look+ he sees a confus$ mass ( light & %ade1 & no?+ :i* looks to him l ei!r m\nta9s or valleys6 ,_h 8 att5tion be5 previ\sly direct$ to a pla9 draw+ ( ! ,moon1 & ea* p>ticul> appe>ance int]pret$ to him1 he w\ld !n h look$ ?r\gh ! telescope ) intellig5ce & satisfaction60#cb ,?us x is admitt$ by ^? :o tea* t ! ,moon is a sph]ical _w1 hav+ hills & dales l ! e>?1 c only see su* ?+s 9 imag9ation4 8,no?+ b unmean+ figures0 are really visible1 & 8! /ud5ts break (f 9 disappo9tm5t1 & h _! fai? 9 su* ?+s r dim9i%$ ?an increas$10 8until !y previ\sly le>n f draw+s & explanations h[ to int]pret ev]y?+ se540 ,b :o fir/ made ! draw+s8 ,:o fir/ int]pret$ ! 8unmean+ figures0 & ! 8confus$ mass ( light & %ade80 ,:o fir/ decl>$ !m to indicate m\nta9s & valleys1 & v5tur$ to make draw+s & give explanations & int]pretations = ! purpose ( bias+ ! m9ds1 & fix+ or guid+ ! imag9ations ( subsequ5t obs]v]s8 ,:oev] !y 71 !y at lea/ _h 8giv5 ! re9s to ,fancy10 & aft]w>ds took ^u !mselves to dogmatise & tea* _! crude & unw>rant$ imag9+s to succe$+ inve/igators4 ,& ?is is ! k9d ( evid5ce & 8reason+0 :i* is obtrud$ 9 our seats ( le>n+1 & spread out 9 ! num]\s works :i* are publi%$ = ! edification ( society6 #ca 8,me*anism ( ! ,heav5s10 by ,d5ison ,olm/$1 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy & ,a/ronomy 9 ,gale ,college1 ,u4,s4 #cb ,mit*ell's 8,orbs ( ,heav510 p4 #bcb4 ,,! ,,planet ,,neptune4--,= "s ye>s ! advocates ( ! e>?'s rotundity1 & ( ! ,newtonian philosophy g5]ally1 7 accu/om$ to ref] ) an air ( pride & triumph to ! discov]y ( a new planet1 :i* 0 call$ ,neptune1 z an und5iable evid5ce ( ! tru? ( _! sy/em or !ory4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is lum9>y 0 said to h be5 pr$icat$ f calculation only1 & = a consid]able p]iod be=e x _h be5 se5 by ! telescope4 ,x 0 urg$ t !re=e ! sy/em :i* w\ld p]mit ( su* a discov]y mu/ be true4 ,b ! :ole matt] subsequ5tly prov$ to be unsatisfactory4 ,t a prop] conception may be =m$ ( ! actual value ( ! calculations & _! suppos$ v]ification1 ! foll[+ acc\nt w be useful4 8,9 ! ye> #agha1 on ,m>* #ac1 ,uranus 0 discov]$ by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 :o 0 exam9+ "s small />s ne> ! feet ( ,gem9i2 & he obs]v$ "o ( !m to h a s5sible am\nt ( diamet] & less brightness ?an ! o!rs1 & x 0 soon f\nd to be a planet4 ,x1 h[ev]1 _h be5 se5 be=e--fir/1 by ,flam/ead1 on ,decemb] #bcrd1 #afij2 & betwe5 ?is "t & #agha x _h be5 obs]v$ #af times by ,flam/ead1 ,bradley1 ,may]1 & ,lemonni]2 ^! a/ronom]s _h class$ x z a /> ( ! six? magnitude4 ,betwe5 #agha & #ahbj x 0 ( c\rse v frequ5tly obs]v$2 & x 0 hop$ t at ! latt] "t suffici5t data exi/$ to con/ruct accurate tables ( its motions4 ,?is task 0 und]tak5 by ,m4 ,b\v>d1 ,memb] de ,l',academie des ,sci5ces1 b he met ) un=ese5 difficulties4 ,x 0 f\nd utt]ly impossible to con/ruct tables :i* w\ld repres5t ! #ag anci5t obs]vations1 & at ! same "t ! m num]\s mod]n ones2 & x 0 f9ally conclud$ t ! anci5t obs]vations 7 errone\s1 or t "s /range & unkn[n action di/urb$1 or _h di/urb$1 ! planet2 consequ5tly ,m4 ,b\v>d disc>d$ entirely ! old obs]vations1 & us$ only ^? tak5 betwe5 #agha & #ahbj1 9 con/ruct+ ! tables ( ,uranus4 ,= "s ye>s pa/ x has be5 f\nd t ! tables ?us con/ruct$ d n agree any bett] ) mod]n obs]vations1 ?an !y d ) ! anci5t obs]vations2 consequ5tly x 0 evid5t t ! planet 0 "u ! influ5ce ( "s unkn[n cause4 ,sev]al hypo!ses h be5 sugge/$ z to ! nature ( ?is cause2 "s p]sons talk$ ( a resi/+ m$ium2 o!rs ( a great satellite :i* might accompany ,uranus2 "s ev5 w5t s f> z to suppose t ! va/ di/ance ,uranus is f ! ,sun caus$ ! law ( gravitation to lose "s ( its =ce2 o!rs ?\ght t ! rapid flight ( a comet _h di/urb$ its regul> movem5ts2 o!rs ?\ght ( ! exi/5ce ( a planet beyond ,uranus1 ^: di/urb+ =ce caus$ ! anomal\s motions ( ! planet2 b no "o did o!rwise ?an foll[ ! b5t ( 8 incl9ation1 & did n support 8 ass]tion by any positive consid]ations4 8,?us 0 ! !ory ( ,uranus surr\nd$ ) difficulties1 :5 ,m4 ,le ,v]ri]1 an em95t ,fr5* ma!matician1 und]took to inve/igate ! irregul>ities 9 its motions4 ,8 fir/ pap] appe>$ on ! #aj? ,novemb]1 #ahde1 & 8 second on ,june #a1 #ahdf 7publi%$ 9 ! ,comptes ,r5ds74 ,9 ?is second pap]1 aft] a mo/ elaborate & c>eful inve/igation1 he proves ! utt] incompatibility ( any ( ! prec$+ hypo!ses to acc\nt = ! planet's motions1 except only t ( ! la/ "o1 viz41 t ( a new planet4 ,he !n successively proves t ?is planet _c be situat$ ei!r betwe5 ! ,sun & ,saturn1 or betwe5 ,saturn & ,uranus2 b t x mu/ be beyond ,uranus4 ,& 9 ?is pap] he asks ! foll[+ que/ions3--#8,is x possible t ! irregul>ities ( ,uranus c be ow+ to ! action ( a planet situat$ 9 ! ecliptic1 at a di/ance ( twice ! mean di/ance ( ,uranus f ! ,sun8 ,if s1 :]e is x actually situat$8 ,:at is its mass8 ,:at are ! elem5ts ( ! orbit x describes80 ,?is 0 ! problem he set himself to "w ^u1 by ! means ( solv+ ! inv]se problem ( ! p]turbations2 = in/ead ( hav+ to measure ! action ( a det]m9$ planet1 he _h to d$uce ! elem5ts ( ! orbit ( ! di/urb+ planet1 & its place 9 ! heav5s f ! recognis$ inequalities ( ,uranus4 ,& ?is problem ,m4 ,le ,v]ri] has successfully solv$4 ,9 8 second pap] he d$uces ! place 9 ! heav5s t ! body mu/ be z #cbe ( helio-c5tric longitude4 ,on ! #ca/ ,augu/ la/ he publi%$ 8 ?ird pap]4 ,9 ?is he has calculat$ t ! p]iod ( ! planet is #bag ye>s2 & t x moves 9 an orbit at ! di/ance ( m ?an #c1jjj millions ( miles f ! ,sun2 t its mean longitude on ,janu>y #a/1 #ahdg1 w be #cah #ag2 its true longitude #cbf #cb2 & t ! longitude ( its p]ihelion w be #bhd #de2 t x w appe> to h a diamet] ( #c seconds ( arc z se5 f ! e>?2 & t x is n[ ab\t #e ,e4 ( ,delta ,capricorni4 8,^! rem>kable calculations h po9t$ out a position :i* has v ne>ly prov$ to be ! true "o4 8,on ,septemb] #bc1 ,dr4 ,galle at ,b]l9 discov]$ a /> ( ! eigh? magnitude1 :i* has prov$ to be ! planet4 ,its place at ! "t 0 five degrees f ,delta ,capricorni4 ,x 0 f\nd to h a disc ( #c seconds z pr$ict$2 & its longitude at ! "t diff]s less ?an a degree f ! longitude comput$ f ! above elem5ts4 ,its daily motion1 too1 is f\nd to agree v closely ) ! pr$ict$2 &1 judg+ f ?is la/ circum/ance1 ! planet's di/ance1 z /at$ above1 mu/ be ne>ly ! tru?4 8,?us ! result ( ^! calculations 0 ! discov]y ( a new planet 9 ! place assign$ to x by !ory1 ^: mass1 di/ance1 position 9 ! heav5s1 & orbit x describes r\nd ! ,sun1 7 all approximately det]m9$ be=e ! planet _h ev] be5 se52 & all agrees ) obs]vations1 s f> z c at pres5t be det]m9$4 ,x is f\nd to h a disc1 & its diamet] _c be mu* less ?an #dj1jjj miles1 & may be m2 its motions are v sl[2 x is at pres5t 9 ! con/ellation ( ,aqu>ius z indicat$ by !ory2 & x w be 9 ! con/ellation ( ,capricornus all ! ye> #ahdg4 ,x may be readily se5 9 a telescope ( mod]ate p[]4 8,:atev] view we take ( ?is noble discov]y x is mo/ gratify+1 :e!r at ! addition ( ano!r planet to our li/2 :e!r at ! prov+ ! correctness ( ! !ory ( univ]sal gravitation2 or 9 :at view soev]1 x mu/ be consid]$ z a spl5did discov]y1 & ! m]it is *iefly due to !oretical a/ronomy4 ,?is discov]y is p]haps ! greate/ triumph ( a/ronomical sci5ce t has ev] be5 record$40#cc #cc 8,illu/rat$ ,london ,almanack = #ahdg40 ,if su* ?+s z criticism1 exp]i5ce1 & comp>ative obs]vation did n exi/1 ! tone ( exultation 9 :i* ! above article indulges might be prop]ly %>$ 9 by ! a/ronomical /ud5t2 b let ! foll[+ extracts be c>efully read1 & x w be se5 t su* a tone 0 premature & unw>rant$4 8,p>is1 ,sept4 #ae1 #ahdh4 ,! only sitt+s ( ! ,academy ( late 9 :i* !re 0 any?+ wor? record+1 & ev5 ?is 0 n ( a practical "*1 7 ^? ( ! #bi? ult4 & ! #aa? in/4 ,on ! =m] day ,m4 ,bab9et made a communication respect+ ! planet ,neptune1 :i* has be5 g5]ally call$ ,m4 ,le ,v]ri]'s planet1 ! discov]y ( x hav+1 z x 0 said1 be5 made by him f !oretical d$uctions1 :i* a/oni%$ & delight$ ! sci5tific public4 ,:at ,m4 ,le ,v]ri] _h inf]r$ f ! action on o!r planets ( "s body :i* ought to exi/ 0 v]ifi$1 at lea/ s x 0 ?\ght at ! "t1 by actual vision4 ,neptune 0 actually se5 by o!r a/ronom]s1 & ! hon\r ( ! !ori/ obta9$ additional lu/]4 ,b x appe>s f a communication ( ,m4 ,bab9et t ?is is n ! planet ( ,m4 ,le ,v]ri]4 ,he _h plac$ 8 planet at a di/ance f ! ,sun equal to ?irty-six times ! limit ( ! t]re/rial orbit2 ,neptune revolves at a di/ance equal to ?irty times ( ^! limits1 :i* makes a diff]5ce ( ne>ly two hundr$ millions ( leagues6 ,m4 ,le ,v]ri] _h assign$ to 8 planet a body equal to ?irty-eight times t ( ! e>?2 ,neptune has only "o ?ird ( ?is volume6 ,m4 ,le ,v]ri] _h /at$ ! revolutions ( 8 planet r\nd ! ,sun to take place 9 two hundr$ & sev5te5 ye>s2 ,neptune p]=ms its revolutions 9 "o hundr$ & sixty-six ye>s6 ,?us !n ,neptune is n ,m4 ,le ,v]ri]'s planet2 & all 8 !ory z reg>ds t planet falls to ! gr\nd6 ,m4 ,le ,v]ri] may f9d ano!r planet1 b x w n answ] ! calculations :i* he _h made = ,neptune4 ,9 ! sitt+ ( ! #ad?1 ,m4 ,le ,v]ri] notic$ ! communication ( ,m4 ,bab9et1 & to a great ext5t admitt$ 8 own error6 ,he compla9$ inde$ t mu* ( :at he said 0 tak5 9 too absolute a s5se2 b he ev9ces mu* m c&\r ?an might h be5 expect$ f a disappo9t$ explor]4 ,m4 ,le ,v]ri] may console himself ) ! reflection t if he has n be5 s successful z he ?\ght he _h be51 o!rs might h be5 equally unsuccessful1 & z he has /ill be=e him an imm5se field = ! ex]cise ( obs]vation & calculation1 we may hope t he w soon make "s discov]y :i* w remove ! vexation ( 8 pres5t disappo9tm5t40#cd #cd 8,times0 ,newspap]1 ,monday1 ,sept4 #ah1 #ahdh4 8,z ! data ( ,le ,v]ri] & ,adams /& at pres5t !re is a discrepancy betwe5 ! pr$ict$ & ! true di/ance2 & 9 "s o!r elem5ts ( ! planet4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 = ^! or future a/ronom]s to reconcile !ory ) fact2 or1 p]haps1 z 9 ! case ( ,uranus1 to make ! new planet ! means ( lead+ to yet great] discov]ies4 ,x w\ld appe>1 f ! mo/ rec5t obs]vations1 t ! mass ( ,neptune1 in/ead ( be+ z at fir/ /at$ "o n9e ?\s& ?ree hundr$? is only "o tw5ty ?ree ?\s&? t ( ! ,sun2 :il/ its p]iodic "t is n[ giv5 ) a great] probability at #aff ye>s2 & its mean di/ance f ! ,sun ne>ly ?irty4 ,le ,v]ri] gave ! mean di/ance f ! ,sun ?irty-six times t ( ! ,e>?2 & ! p]iod ( revolution #bag ye>s4#ce #ce 8,cosmos10 by ,humboldt1 p4 #ge4 8,may #ad1 #ahdg4 ,a ,pap] 0 read be=e ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 by ,pr(essor ,s*uma*]1 #8on ! id5tity ( ! planet ,neptune 7,m4 ,le ,v]ri]'s7 ) a /> obs]v$ by ,m4 ,lal&e 9 ,may1 #agie4'0cf #cf 8,report ( ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society10 = ,feb4 #aa1 #ahdh1 ,no4 #d1 vol4 #h4 ,su* mi/akes z ! above ought at lea/ to make ! advocates ( ! ,newtonian !ory less positive1 & m ready to ackn[l$ge t at be/ _! sy/em is b hypo!tical & mu/ soon] or lat] give place to a philosophy ! premises ( :i* are demon/rable1 & :i* is 9 all its details sequ5t & consi/5t4 ,,p5dulum ,,exp]im5ts ,,z ,,pro(s ,,( ,,e>?',s ,,motion4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> #ahea1 ! sci5tific j\rnals & ne>ly all ! newspap]s publi%$ 9 ,great ,brita9 & on ! ,cont95ts ( ,europe & ,am]ica 7 occupi$ 9 record+ & discuss+ c]ta9 exp]im5ts ) ! p5dulum1 fir/ made by ,m4 ,f\cault1 ( ,p>is2 & ! public 7 />tl$ by ! ann\ncem5t t ! results furni%$ a practical pro( ( ! ,e>?'s rotation4 ,! subject 0 ref]r$ to 9 ! ,lit]>y ,gazette1 9 ! foll[+ words3--8,ev]ybody kn[s :at is meant by a p5dulum 9 its simple/ =m1 a weight hang+ by a ?read to a fix$ po9t4 ,su* 0 ! p5dulum exp]im5t$ ^u long ago by ,galileo1 :o discov]$ ! well-kn[n law ( iso*ron\s vibrations1 applicable to ! same4 ,! subject has s9ce receiv$ a ?or\gh exam9ation1 z well !oretical z practical1 f ma!maticians & me*anicians2 & yet1 /range to say1 ! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ! ph5om5on has rema9$ unobs]v$ & :olly unsuspect$ until )9 ! la/ few weeks1 :5 a "y & promis+ ,fr5* physici/1 ,m4 ,f\cault1 :o 0 induc$ by c]ta9 reflections to repeat ,galileo's exp]im5ts 9 ! cell> ( 8 "m's h\se at ,p>is1 succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ! exi/5ce ( a fact connect$ ) x :i* gives an imm$iate & visible demon/ration ( ! ,e>?'s rotation4 ,suppose ! p5dulum already describ$ to be set mov+ 9 a v]tical plane f nor? to s\?1 ! plane 9 :i* x vibrates1 to ord9>y obs]vation1 w\ld appe> to be /ation>y4 ,m4 ,f\cault1 h[ev]1 has succe$$ 9 %[+ t ?is is n ! case1 b t ! plane is itself sl[ly mov+ r\nd ! fix$ po9t z a c5tre 9 a direction contr>y to ! ,e>?'s rotation1 i4e41 ) ! app>5t heav5s1 f ea/ to we/4 ,8 exp]im5ts h s9ce be5 repeat$ 9 ! hall ( ! obs]vatory1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,m4 ,arago1 & fully confirm$4 ,if a po9t] be atta*$ to ! weight ( a p5dulum susp5d$ by a long & f9e wire1 capable ( turn+ r\nd 9 all directions1 & ne>ly 9 contact ) ! floor ( a room1 ! l9e :i* ?is po9t] appe>s to trace on ! gr\nd1 & :i* may easily be foll[$ by a *alk m>k1 w be f\nd to be sl[ly1 b visibly1 & con/antly mov+ r\nd1 l ! h& ( a wat* dial2 & ! lea/ consid]ation w %[ t ?is ought to be ! case1 & w excite a/oni%m5t t s simple a consequ5ce z ?is is1 ( ! mo/ elem5t>y laws ( ,geometry & ,me*anics1 %\ld s long h rema9$ unobs]v$4 99 99 99 ,! subject has creat$ a great s5sation 9 ! ma!matical & physical circles ( ,p>is4 ,x is propos$ to obta9 p]mission f ! ,gov]nm5t to c>ry on fur!r obs]vations by means ( a p5dulum susp5d$ f ! dome ( ! ,pan!on1 l5g? ( susp5sion be+ a desid]atum 9 ord] to make ! result visible on a l>g] scale1 & secure great] con/ancy & duration 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,! "t requir$ = ! p]=mance ( a complete revolution ( ! plane ( vibration w\ld be ab\t #cb h\rs #h m9utes = ! p>allel ( ,p>is2 #cj h\rs #dj m9utes = t ( ,london2 & at #cj degrees f ! equator exactly #dh h\rs4 ,c]ta9ly any "o :o %\ld h propos$ n _m weeks back to prove ! rotation ( ! ,e>? ^u :i* we /& by means ( direct exp]im5t made ^u its surface w\ld h run ! risk1 ) ! mob ( g5tlem5 :o write ^u me*anics1 ( be+ ?\ght z mad z if he 7 to h propos$ reviv+ ,bi%op ,wilk9s's notable plan = go+ to ! ,nor? ,am]ican colonies 9 a few h\rs1 by ris+ 9 a balloon f ! ,e>? & g5tly float+ 9 ! air until ! ,e>?1 9 its diurnal rotation1 h turn$ ! desir$ qu>t] t[>ds ! susp5d$ ronaut1 :]eupon z g5tly to desc5d2 s necess>y & :olesome is x occasionally to reconsid] ! app>5tly simple/ & be/ e/abli%$ conclusions ( sci5ce40 ,! foll[+ is f ! ,scotsman1 :i* has always be5 di/+ui%$ = ! accuracy ( its sci5tific pap]s4 ,! article be>s ! initials 8,c4 ,m410 :i* w at once be recognis$ z ^? ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,macl>51 = _m ye>s ! accompli%$ editor ( t j\rnal3--8,! beautiful exp]im5t contriv$ by ,m4 ,f\cault to demon/rate ! rotation ( ! globe1 has des]v$ly excit$ univ]sal int]e/4 99 99 99 ,a desire has always be5 felt t "s me?od c\ld be devis$ ( r5d]+ ?is rotation palpable to ! s5ses4 ,ev5 ! illu/ri\s ,laplace p>ticipat$ 9 ?is feel+ & has left x on record4 #8,al?\gh1' he says1 #8! rotation ( ! ,e>? is n[ e/abli%$ ) all ! c]ta9ty :i* ! physical sci5ces require1 /ill a direct pro( ( t ph5om5on ought to int]e/ bo? geometricians & a/ronom]s4' ,no man ev] knew ! laws ( ! planet>y motions bett] ?an ,laplace1 & be=e p5n+ su* a s5t5ce1 x is probable t he _h turn$ ! subject 9 8 m9d1 & )\t discov]+ any process by :i* ! object c\ld be atta9$2 b x does n foll[ t if he _h appli$ ! :ole =ce ( 8 g5ius to ! task1 he w\ld n h succe$$4 ,be ?is z x may1 "h we h ! problem solv$ by a man n probably possess+ a ti! ( 8 sci5ce or tal5t2 &1 :at is v rem>kable1 aft] ! discov]y 0 made1 x 0 f\nd to be legitimately d$ucible f ma!matical pr9ciples4 99 99 99 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 ! fact comes fir/1 & takes u by surprise2 aft] :i* we f9d t we _h long be5 9 possession ( ! pr9ciples f :i* x fl[$1 & t1 ) ! clue we _h 9 our h&s1 !ory %\ld h reveal$ ! fact to u long be=e4 ,m4 ,f\cault's communication describ+ 8 exp]im5ts is 9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 = #crd ,febru>y1 #ahea4 ,8 fir/ exp]im5ts 7 made ) a p5dulum only two metres 7#f;ft4 #f;947 9 l5g?1 consi/+ ( a /eel wire f ?s to ?s ( a millimetre 9 diamet] 7! millimetre is ! #be? "p ( an in*72 to ! l[] end ( :i* 0 atta*$ a poli%$ brass ball1 weigh+ #e kilogrammes1 or #aa ,engli% p\nds4 99 99 99 ,a metallic po9t project+ bel[ ! ball1 & s direct$ z if x =m$ a cont9uation ( ! susp5sion wire1 s]v$ z an index to m>k ! *ange ( position m precisely4 ,! p5dulum hung f a /eel plate 9 su* a mann] z to move freely 9 any v]tical plane4 ,to />t ! oscillatory movem5t )\t giv+ ! ball any bias1 x 0 drawn to "o side ) a cord1 :i* held ! ball by a loop2 ! cord 0 !n burn$1 aft] :i* ! loop fell (f1 & ! vibrations 7g5]ally limit$ to an arc ( #ae or #bj degrees7 comm5c$4 ,9 "o m9ute ! ball _h s5sibly deviat$ f ! orig9al plane ( vibration t[>ds ! obs]v]'s left4 ,aft]w>ds he exp]im5t$ at ! ,obs]vatory ) a p5dulum #aa metres 7#cj feet7 long1 & latt]ly at ! ,pan!on ) "o /ill long]4 ,! advantage ( a l>ge p5dulum1 z comp>$ ) a small "o1 is1 t a long] "t elapses be=e x comes to a /ate ( re/2 = ma*9]y _c be employ$ "h1 z 9 a clock1 to cont9ue ! motion4 ,! p5dulum is susp5d$ ov] ! c5tre ( a circul> table1 ^: circumf]5ce is divid$ into degrees & m9utes4 ,! vibrations are begun 9 ! mann] above describ$1 & 9 a %ort "t x is obs]v$ t ! p5dulum1 in/ead ( return+ to ! same po9t ( ! circle f :i* x />t$1 has %ift$ to ! left4 ,if n>r[ly obs]v$1 ! *ange 9 ! plane ( vibration 7says ,m4 ,f\cault7 is p]ceptible 9 "o m9ute1 & 9 half an h\r1 8,il saute aux yeux10 x is q palpable4 ,at ,p>is ! *ange exce$s #aa degrees 9 an h\r4 ,?us1 suppos+ ! oscillations to comm5ce 9 a plane direct$ s\? & nor?1 9 two h\rs ! oscillations w po9t ,,ssw4 & ,,nne42 9 f\r h\rs !y w po9t ,,sw4 & ,,ne42 & 9 eight h\rs ! oscillations w po9t due ea/ & we/1 or at "r angles to _! orig9al direction4 ,to a spectator ! *ange seems to be 9 ! p5dulum1 :i*1 )\t any visible cause1 has %ift$ r\nd a qu>t] ( a circle2 b ! real *ange is 9 ! table1 :i*1 re/+ on ! ,e>?1 & accompany+ x 9 its rotation1 has p]=m$ a f\r? 7& some?+ m7 ( its diurnal revolution4 ,no "o anticipat$ su* a result2 & ! exp]im5t has be5 receiv$ by "s ) incr$ulity1 by all ) wond]m5t2 & "o s\rce ( ! incr$ulity arises f ! difficulty ( conceiv+ h[1 amid/ ! t5 ?\s& exp]im5ts ( :i* ! p5dulum has be5 ! subject1 s rem>kable a fact c\ld h escap$ notice s long4 ,fully admitt+ t ^! exp]im5ts h g5]ally be5 conduct$ ) p5dulums :i* _h little fre$om ( motion horizontally1 we /ill ?9k odd t somebody did n /umble ^u ! curi\s fact4 ,?\gh all ! p>ts ( ! ,e>? complete _! revolution 9 ! same space ( "t1 x is f\nd t ! rate ( horizontal motion 9 ,f\cault's p5dulum v>ies ) ! latitude ( ! place :]e ! exp]im5t is made4 ,at ! pole1 ! p5dulum w\ld pass ov] #ae degrees 9 an h\r1 l ! ,e>? itself1 & complete its circuit 9 #bd h\rs4 ,at ,ed9burgh1 ! p5dulum w\ld pass ov] #ab degrees 9 an h\r1 & w\ld complete its revolution 9 #bi h\rs #g m9utes4 ,at ,p>is1 ! rate ( motion is #aa degrees & #bj m9utes p] h\r1 & ! revolution %\ld be complet$ 9 #cb h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,let ! above figure repres5t a portion ( ! ,e>?'s surface ne> ! nor? pole ,n4 ,suppose ! p5dulum to be set 9 motion at m1 s z to vibrate 9 ! direction x y1 :i* co9cides ) t ( ! m]idian m ,n or m r4 ,! ,e>? 9 ! meantime is pursu+ its ea/]ly c\rse1 & ! m]idian l9e m ,n has come 9 six h\rs into ! position n ,n4 ,x has be5 hi!rto suppos$ t ! p5dulum w\ld n[ vibrate 9 ! new direction n ,n1 assum$ by ! m]idian1 b ?anks to ,m4 ,f\cault1 we n[ "k t ?is is a mi/ake4 ,! p5dulum w vibrate 9 a plane x n y1 p>allel to its orig9al plane at m1 z w be manife/ if ! plane ( vibration po9ts to "s object 9 absolute space1 su* z a />4 ,:ile ! m]idian l9e m ,n w 9 ! c\rse ( #bd h\rs range r\nd ! :ole circle ( ! heav5s1 & po9t successively 9 ! direction n ,n1 o ,n1 p ,n1 r ,n1 s ,n1 t ,n1 & u ,n1 ! p5dulum's plane ( vibration x y1 :e!r at m1 at n1 at o1 at p1 at r1 at s1 at t1 or at u1 w always be p>allel to itself1 po9t+ inv>iably to ! same />1 & 7 a circul> table plac$ "u ! p5dulum1 its plane ( vibration1 :ile really /ation>y1 w\ld appe> to p]=m a complete revolution4 ,?is /ation>y position ( ! plane ( vibration at ! pole seems to pres5t little difficulty4 ,we impress a peculi> motion on ! p5dulum 9 sett+ x a go+4 ,! ,e>? is at ! same "t c>ry+ ! p5dulum ea/w>d1 b at ! pole ! "o motion w n int]f]e ) ! o!r4 ,! only action ( ! ,e>? on ! p5dulum !re is t ( attract+ x t[>ds its own 7! ,e>?'s7 c5tre4 ,b ?is attraction is exactly 9 ! plane ( vibration & m]ely t5ds to cont9ue ! oscillatory motion )\t di/urb+ x4 ,x is o!rwise if ! exp]im5t is made at "s o!r po9t1 say #bj degrees di/ant f ! pole4 ,suppos+ ! vibrations to comm5ce 9 ! plane ( ! m]idian1 !n z ! t5d5cy ( ! p5dulum is to cont9ue its vibrations 9 planes absolutely p>allel to ! orig9al plane1 x w be se51 if we trace bo? motions1 t1 :ile x is c>ri$ ea/w>d ) ! ,e>? along a p>allel ( latitude1 ?is t5d5cy w op]ate to draw ! plane ( vibration away f a #8great circle' into a #8small circle' 7t is1 f a circle divid+ ! globe into two equal p>ts1 into "o divid+ x into two unequal p>ts74 ,b ! p5dulum mu/ necess>ily move 9 a #8great circle1' & h5ce to c\nt]act its t5d5cy to deviate into a #8small circle1' a correctory movem5t is con/antly go+ on1 to :i* ! l5g!n+ ( ! p]iod necess>y to complete a revolution mu/ be ascrib$4 ,at ,ed9burgh ! p]iod is ab\t #bi h\rs1 at ,p>is #cb1 at ,cairo #dh1 at ,calcutta #fc4 ,at ! ,equator1 ! p]iod /ret*es out to inf9ity4 ,m4 ,f\cault's rule is1 t ! angul> space pass$ ov] by ! p5dulum at any latitude 9 a giv5 "t1 is equal to ! angul> motion ( ! ,e>? 9 ! p]iod1 multipli$ by ! s9e ( ! latitude4 ,! angul> motion ( ! ,e>? is #ae degrees p] h\r2 & at ! latitude ( #cj1 = example1 ! s9e be+ to radius z #ejj to #ajjj1 ! angul> motion ( ! p5dulum w consequ5tly be #g degrees p] h\r4 ,x is1 !re=e1 easily f\nd4 ,x foll[s t ! motions ( ! p5dulum may be employ$ 9 a r\gh way to indicate ! latitude ( a place40#cg #cg ,supplem5t ( ! ,man*e/] ,exam9]1 ( ,may #bd1 #ahea4 ,not)/&+ ! app>5t c]ta9ty ( ^! p5dulum exp]im5ts1 & ! suppos$ exactitude ( ! conclusions d$ucible !refrom1 _m ( ! same s*ool ( philosophy diff]$ ) ea* o!r1 rema9$ dissatisfi$1 & rais$ v s]i\s objections bo? to ! value ( ! exp]im5ts !mselves1 & to ! suppos$ pro( :i* !y furni%$ ( ! ,e>?'s rotation4 ,"o writ] 9 ! ,times newspap] ( ! p]iod1 :o signs himself 8,b4 ,a4 ,c410 says1 8,i h read ! acc\nts ( ! ,p>isian exp]im5t z !y h appe>$ 9 _m ( our pap]s1 & mu/ confess t ,i /ill rema9 unconv9c$ ( ! reality ( ! ph5om5on4 ,x appe>s to me t1 except at ! pole :]e ! po9t ( susp5sion is immovable1 no result c be obta9$4 ,9 o!r cases ! %ift+ ( ! direction ( passage ?r\gh ! l[e/ po9t t takes place dur+ an excursion ( ! p5dulum1 f t po9t 9 "o direction & its return to x aga91 w be exactly comp5sat$ by ! correspond+ %ift+ 9 ! contr>y direction dur+ ! p5dulum's excursion on ! opposite side4 ,take a p>ticul> case4 ,suppose ! p5dulum 9 any latitude to be set oscillat+ 9 ! m]idian plane1 & to be />t$ f ! v]tical t[>ds ! s\?4 ,x is obvi\s t ! wire by :i* x is susp5d$ does n cont9ue to describe a plane1 b a species ( conoidal surface2 t :5 ! p5dulum has rea*$ its extreme po9t its direction is to ! s\?-we/1 & t z ! tang5t plane to ! describ$ surface ?r\gh ! po9t ( susp5sion necess>ily conta9s ! normal to ! ,e>? at ! same po9t1 ! p5dulum on its return passes ?r\gh ! same po9t 9 ! direction nor?-ea/4 ,n[1 />t+ aga9 f ?is po9t1 we h exactly ! circum/ances ( ! la/ case1 ! prim>y plane be+ %ift$ slightly out ( ! m]idian2 :51 !re=e1 ! p5dulum has rea*$ its extreme po9t ( excursion ! direction ( ! wire is to ! we/ ( ?is plane1 & :5 x returns to ! v]tical ! direction ( passage ?r\gh ! l[e/ po9t is z mu* to ! we/ ( ?is plane z x 0 9 ! =m] case to ! we/ ( ! m]idian plane2 b s9ce x is n[ mov+ f nor? to s\? in/ead ( f s\? to nor?1 z 9 ! =m] case1 its =m] deviation receives complete comp5sation1 & ! prim>y plane returns aga9 to ! m]idian1 :5 ! :ole process recurs40 ,9 ! ,liv]pool ,m]cury ( ,may #bc1 #ahea1 ! foll[+ lett] appe>$3--8,! suppos$ manife/ation ( ! ,rotation ( ! ,e>?4--,! ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 & ,european cont95tal j\rnals h giv5 publicity to an exp]im5t made 9 ,p>is ) a p5dulum2 :i* exp]im5t is said to h _h ! same results :5 made else:]e4 ,to ! facts set =? no contradiction has be5 giv51 & x is !re=e to be hop$ t !y are true4 ,! correctness ( ! inf]5ces drawn f ! facts is ano!r matt]4 ,! fir/ position ( ^! !ori/s is1 t 9 a complete vacuum beyond ! sph]e ( ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e1 a p5dulum w cont9ue to oscillate 9 "o & ! same orig9al plane4 ,on t supposition _! :ole !ory is f\nd$4 ,9 mak+ ?is supposition ! fact is ov]look$ t !re is no vibratory motion unless ?r\gh atmosph]ic resi/ance1 or by =ce oppos+ impulse4 ,p]petual progress 9 rectil9e> motion may be imag9$1 z 9 ! corpuscul> !ory ( light2 circul> motion may also be f\nd 9 ! planet>y sy/ems2 & p>abolic & hyp]bolic motions 9 ^? ( comets2 b vibration is artificial & ( limit$ duration4 ,no body 9 nature returns ! same road x w5t1 unless artificially con/ra9$ to d s4 ,! supposition ( a p]man5t vibratory motion su* z is presum$ 9 ! !ory advanc$1 is unf\nd$ 9 fact1 & absurd 9 idea2 & ! :ole affair ( ?is proclaim$ discov]y falls to ! gr\nd4 ,x is :at ! ,fr5* call a #8my/ification'--anglice a #8humbug4' ,liv]pool1 #bbnd ,may1 #ahea40 8,t40 ,ano!r writ] decl>$ t he & o!rs _h made _m exp]im5ts & _h discov]$ t ! plane ( vibration _h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! m]idian longitude nor ) ! ,e>?'s motion1 b foll[$ ! plane ( ! magnetic m]idian4 8,a sci5tific g5tleman 9 ,dundee rec5tly tri$ ! p5dulum exp]im5t1 & he says--#8t ! p5dulum is capable ( %[+ ! ,e>?'s motion ,i reg>d z a gross delusion2 b t x t5ds to ! magnetic m]idian ,i h f\nd to be a fact4'0#ch #ch ,liv]pool ,j\rnal1 ,may #ag1 #ahea4 ,9 _m cases ! exp]im5ts h n %[n a *ange at all 9 ! plane ( oscillation ( ! p5dulum2 9 o!rs ! alt]ation 9 ! plane ( vibration has be5 9 ! wrong direction2 & v (t5 ! rate ( v>iation has be5 altoge!r diff]5t to t :i* !ory indicat$4 ,! foll[+ is a case 9 illu/ration3--8,on ,w$nesday ev5+ ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,jones1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 exhibit$ ! app>atus ( ,f\cault to illu/rate ! diurnal rotation ( ! ,e>?1 9 ! ,libr>y ,hall ( ! ,man*e/] ,a!num4 ,! prep>ations 7 simple4 ,a circle ( *alk 0 drawn 9 ! c5tre ( ! floor1 imm$iately "u ! ar*$ skylight4 ,! circle 0 exactly #cfj in*es 9 its circumf]5ce1 e in* be+ int5d$ to repres5t "o degree4 ,accord+ to a calculation ,mr4 ,jones _h made1 & :i* he produc$ at ! ,philosophical ,society six weeks ago1 ! plane ( oscillation ( ! p5dulum w\ld1 at ,man*e/]1 div]ge ab\t "o degree 9 five m9utes1 or p]haps a v little less4 ,he !re=e drew ?is circle exactly #cfj in*es r\nd1 & m>k$ ! in*es on its circumf]5ce4 ,! p5dulum 0 hung f ! skylight imm$iately ov] ! c5tre ( ! circle1 ! po9t ( susp5sion be+ #be feet high4 ,at t l5g? ( wire1 x %\ld require #b seconds to make ea* oscillation across ! circle4 ,! braz5 ball1 :i* at ! end ( a f9e wire con/itut$ ! p5dulum1 0 furni%$ ) a po9t1 to enable ! spectator to obs]ve ! m easily its c\rse4 ,a long l9e 0 drawn ?r\gh ! diamet] ( ! circle1 due nor? & s\?1 & ! p5dulum />t$ s z to sw+ exactly along ?is l9e2 to ! we/w>d ( :i*1 at int]vals ( ?ree in*es at ! circumf]5ce1 two o!r l9es 7 drawn1 pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,accord+ to ! !ory1 ! p5dulum %\ld div]ge f its orig9al l9e t[>ds ! we/1 at ! rate ( "o in* or degree 9 five m9utes4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,jones expla9$1 0 a p]fection ( accuracy only atta9able 9 a vacuum1 & r>ely c\ld be approa*$ :]e ! p5dulum _h to pass ?r\gh an atmosph]e subject to di/urbances2 besides1 x 0 difficult to avoid giv+ x "s slight lat]al bias at />t+4 ,9 ord] to obviate ?is z mu* z possible1 ! /eel wire 0 z f9e z w\ld be> ! weight1 ? ( an in* ?ick2 & ! po9t ( susp5sion 0 adju/$ ) delicate nicety4 ,an iron bolt 0 screw$ into ! frame-"w ( ! skylight2 into x a brass nut 0 ins]t$--! wire pass$ ?r\gh ! nut 7! holl[ sides ( :i* 7 bell-%ap$1 9 ord] to give x fair play71 & at ! top ! wire end$ 9 a globul> piece1 !re be+ also a f9e screw to keep x f slipp+4 99 99 99 ,! p5dulum 0 g5tly drawn up to "o side1 at ! s\!rn end ( ! diametrical l9e1 & atta*$ by a ?read to some?+ ne>4 ,:5 x hung q /ill ! ?read 0 burnt asund]1 & ! p5dulum began to oscillate to & fro across ! circle4 99 99 99 ,be=e x _h be5 go+ on q sev5 m9utes1 x _h rea*$ ne>ly ! ?ird degree t[>ds ! we/1 :]eas x ought to h occupi$ a qu>t] ( an h\r 9 gett+ ?us f> f its />t+ l9e1 ev5 mak+ no all[ance = ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e40#ci #ci 8,man*e/] ,exam9]0 7,supplem5t71 ,may #bd1 #ahea4 ,besides ! irregul>ities s (t5 obs]v$ 9 ! "t & direction ( ! p5dulum vibrations1 & :i* are q suffici5t to r5d] !m wor?less z evid5ce ( ! ,e>?'s motion1 ! use :i* ! ,newtonian a/ronom]s made ( ! g5]al fact t ! plane ( oscillation is v>iable1 0 mo/ unfair & illogical4 ,x 0 proclaim$ to ! _w z a visible pro( ( ! ,e>?'s diurnal motion2 b ! motion 0 assum$ to exi/1 & !n employ$ to expla9 ! cause ( ! fact :i* 0 fir/ call$ a pro( ( ! ?+ assum$6 ,a great] violation ( ! laws ( inve/igation 0 nev] p]petrat$6 ,! :ole subject z develop$ & appli$ by ! !oretical philosoph]s is to ! fulle/ degree unreasonable & absurd--n a 8jot or tittle0 bett] ?an ! reason+ conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ lett]3--8,sir1--,all[ me to call y\r s]i\s & polite att5tion to ! extraord9>y ph5om5on1 demon/rat+ ! rotation ( ! ,e>?1 :i* ,i at ?is pres5t mom5t exp]i5ce1 & y y\rself or anybody else1 ,i h n ! slighte/ d\bt1 w\ld be satisfi$ (1 "u simil> circum/ances4 ,"s sceptical & ob/9ate individuals may d\bt t ! ,e>?'s motion is visible1 b ,i say f p]sonal obs]vation its a positive fact4 ,i don't c>e ab\t latitude or longitude1 or a vibratory p5dulum revolv+ r\nd ! s9e ( a tang5t on a sph]ical surface1 nor axes1 nor apsides1 nor any?+ ( ! sort4 ,t is all rubbi%4 ,all ,i "k is1 ,i see ! ceil+ ( ?is c(fee-room go+ r\nd4 ,i p]ceive ?is di/9ctly ) ! nak$ eye--only my sight has be5 %>p5$ by a slight /imulant4 ,i write aft] my six? g ( br&y-&-wat]1 :]e( witness my h&10--8,swigg9s0--,goose & ,gridiron1 ,may #e1 #ahea4--8,p4,s4 ,:y d two wait]s come :5 ,i only call "o80#dj #dj 8,pun*10 ,may #aj1 #ahea4 ,! :ole matt] z h&l$ by ! a/ronomical !ori/s is fully des]v+ ( ! ridicule impli$ 9 ! above quotation f ,pun*2 b because great +5uity has be5 %ewn1 & mu* ?\ght & devotion manife/$ 9 connection ) x1 & ! g5]al public !reby greatly deceiv$1 x is necess>y t ! subject %\ld be fairly & s]i\sly exam9$4 ,:at are ! facts8 ,fir/4--,:5 a p5dulum1 con/ruct$ accord+ to ! plan ( ,m4 ,f\cault1 is all[$ to vibrate1 its plane ( vibration is (t5 v>iable--n always4 ,! v>iation :5 x does occur1 is n uni=m--is n always ! same 9 ! same place2 nor always ! same ei!r 9 its rate or velocity1 or 9 its direction4 ,x _c !re=e be tak5 z evid5ce2 = t :i* is incon/ant _c be us$ 9 fav\r ( or aga9/ any giv5 proposition4 ,x !re=e is n evid5ce & proves no?+6 ,secondly4--,if ! plane ( vibration is obs]v$ to *ange1 :]e is ! connection betwe5 su* *ange & ! suppos$ motion ( ! ,e>?8 ,:at pr9ciple ( reason+ guides ! exp]im5t] to ! conclusion t x is ! ,e>? :i* moves und]nea? ! p5dulum1 & n ! p5dulum :i* moves ov] ! ,e>?8 ,:at logical "r or necessity =ces "o conclusion 9 pref]5ce to ! o!r8 ,?irdly4--,:y 0 n ! peculi> arrangem5t ( ! po9t ( susp5sion ( ! p5dulum specially consid]$1 9 reg>d to its possible influ5ce ^u ! plane ( oscillation8 ,0 x n kn[n1 or 0 x ov]look$1 or 0 x1 9 ! climax ( !oretical revelry1 ignor$ t a 8ball-&-socket0 jo9t is "o :i* facilitates circul> motion m readily ?an any o!r8 & t a p5dulum s susp5d$ 7z 0 ,m4 ,f\cault's71 c\ld n1 aft] pass+ ov] "o arc ( vibration1 return ?r\gh ! same arc )\t !re be+ _m *ances to "o t its globul> po9t ( susp5sion w\ld slightly turn or twi/ 9 its b$1 & !re=e give to ! return or backw>d oscillation a slight *ange ( direction8 ,let ! imm$iate cause ( ! p5dulum's liability to *ange its plane ( vibration be trac$2 & x w be f\nd n to h ! slighte/ connection ) ! motion or non-motion ( ! surface ov] :i* x vibrates4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( sci5ces1 8,m4 ,dehaut s5t 9 a note1 /at+ t ,m4 ,f\cault 7^: exp]im5ts on ! p5dulum effect$ a few ye>s ago at ! ,pan!on1 are ( ,european notoriety7 is n ! fir/ discov]] ( ! fact t ! plane ( oscillation ( ! free p5dulum is inv>iable2 b t ! hon\r ( ! discov]y is due to ,po9s9et de ,sivry1 :o1 9 #aghb1 /at$1 9 a note to 8 translation ( #8,pl9y1' t a m>9]'s compass might be con/ruct$ )\t a magnet1 by mak+ a p5dulum & sett+ x 9 motion 9 a giv5 direction2 because1 provid$ ! motion 7 cont9ually kept up1 ! p5dulum w\ld cont9ue to oscillate 9 ! same direction1 no matt] by h[ _m po9ts1 or h[ (t5 ! %ip might happ5 to *ange h] c\rse40 ,,section #ac4 ,,p]spective ,,on ,,! ,,sea4 ,x has be5 %[n 7at pages #be to #cd7 t ! law ( p]spective1 z commonly taught 9 our ,s*ools ( ,art1 is fallaci\s & contr>y to ev]y?+ se5 9 nature4 ,if an object be held up 9 ! air1 & gradually c>ri$ away f an obs]v] :o ma9ta9s 8 position1 x is true t all its p>ts w conv]ge to "o & ! same po9t2 b if ! same object be plac$ ^u ! gr\nd & simil>ly mov$ away f a fix$ obs]v]1 ! same pr$icate is false4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! c5tre ( ! object is ! datum to :i* e po9t ( ! ext]ior conv]ges2 b 9 ! second case ! gr\nd becomes ! datum1 9 & t[>ds :i* e "p ( ! object conv]ges 9 succession1 beg9n+ ) ! l[e/1 or t ne>e/ to x4 ,in/ances3--,a man ) light tr\s]s & black boots walk+ along a level pa?1 w appe> at a c]ta9 di/ance z ?\gh ! boots _h be5 remov$1 & ! tr\s]s br\ght 9 contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,a "y girl1 ) %ort g>m5ts t]m9at+ t5 or twelve in*es above ! feet1 w1 9 walk+ =w>d1 appe> to s9k t[>ds ! ,e>?1 ! space betwe5 :i* & ! bottom ( ! clo!s w appe> to gradually dim9i%1 & 9 ! di/ance ( half-a-mile ! limbs1 :i* 7 fir/ se5 = t5 or twelve in*es1 w be invisible--! bottom ( ! g>m5t w seem to t\* ! gr\nd4 ,a small dog runn+ along w appe> to gradually %ort5 by ! legs1 :i*1 9 less ?an half a mile1 w be invisible1 & ! body appe> to glide ^u ! e>?4 ,horses & cattle mov+ away f a giv5 po9t w seem to h lo/ _! ho(s1 & to be walk+ ^u ! out] bones ( ! limbs4 ,c>riages simil>ly rec$+ w seem to lose t portion ( ! rim ( ! :eels :i* t\*es ! ,e>?2 ! axles w seem to get l[]2 & at ! di/ance ( a few miles1 ! body w appe> to drag along 9 contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,?is is v rem>kable 9 ! case ( a railway c>riage :5 mov+ away ^u a /raight & level portion ( l9e sev]al miles 9 l5g?4 ,^! in/ances1 :i* are b a few ( :at might be quot$1 w be suffici5t to prove1 beyond ! p[] ( d\bt or ! necessity = controv]sy1 t ^u a plane or horizontal surface1 ! l[e/ "p ( bodies rec$+ f a giv5 po9t ( obs]vation w disappe> be=e ! high]4 ,?is is precisely :at is obs]v$ 9 ! case ( a %ip at sea1 :5 outw>d b\nd--! l[e/ "p--! hull1 disappe>+ be=e ! high] p>ts--! sails & ma/ head4 ,ab/ract$ly1 :5 ! l[e/ "p ( a rec$+ object ?us disappe>s by ent]+ ! 8vani%+ po9t10 x c\ld be se5 aga9 to any & e ext5t by a telescope1 if ! p[] 7 suffici5t to magnify at ! di/ance obs]v$4 ,?is is to a great ext5t practicable ^u smoo? horizontal surfaces1 z ^u froz5 lakes or canals2 & ^u long /raight l9es ( railway4 ,b ! p[] ( re/or+ su* objects is greatly modifi$ & dim9i%$ :]e ! surface is undulat+ or o!rwise moveable1 z 9 l>ge & level mead[s1 & pa/ure l&s g5]ally2 9 ! va/ prairies & grassy pla9s ( ,am]ica2 & especially s ^u ! ocean1 :]e ! surface is always m or less 9 an undulat+ condition4 ,9 ,holl& & o!r level c\ntries1 p]sons h be5 se5 9 w9t]1 skat+ ^u ! ice1 at di/ances v>y+ f t5 to tw5ty miles4 ,on "s ( ! /raight & 8level0 l9es ( railway :i* cross ! prairies ( ,am]ica1 ! tra9s h be5 obs]v$ = m ?an tw5ty miles2 b ^u ! sea ! conditions are alt]$1 & ! hull ( a rec$+ vessel c only be se5 = a few miles1 & ?is w dep5d v greatly--! altitude ( ! obs]v] be+ ! same1 ^u ! /ate ( ! wat]4 ,:5 ! surface is calm1 ! hull may be se5 mu* f>!r ?an :5 x is r\gh & /ormy2 b "u ord9>y circum/ances1 :5 to ! nak$ eye ! hull has j become invisible1 or is d\btfully visible1 x may be se5 aga9 di/9ctly by ! aid ( a p[]ful telescope4 ,al?\gh ab/ract$ly or ma!matically !re %\ld be no limit to ?is p[] ( re/or+ by a telescope a lo/ object ^u a smoo? horizontal surface1 ^u ! sea ?is limit is soon obs]v$2 ! wat] be+ v>iable 9 its degree ( agitation1 ! limit ( sight ov] its surface is equally v>iable1 z %[n by ! foll[+ exp]im5ts3--,9 ,may1 #ahfd1 on sev]al occasions :5 ! wat] 0 unusually calm1 f ! l&+ /airs ( ! ,victoria pi] at ,portsm\?1 & f an elevation ( #b ft4 #h 94 above ! wat]1 ! great] "p ( ! hull ( ! ,nab ,light-%ip 01 ?r\gh a good telescope1 di/9ctly visible2 b on o!r exp]im5ts be+ made1 :5 ! wat] 0 less calm1 no portion ( x c\ld be se5 f ! same elevation1 not)/&+ t ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes 7 employ$4 ,at o!r times half ! hull1 & sometimes only ! upp] "p ( ! bulw>ks1 7 visible4 ,if ! hull _h be5 invisible f ! rotundity ( ! ,e>?1 ! foll[+ calculation w %[ t x %\ld at all times h be5 #bd feet bel[ ! horizon3--,! di/ance ( ! light-%ip f ! pi] is #h /atute miles4 ,! elevation ( ! obs]v] be+ #cb in*es above ! wat]1 w\ld require #b miles to be d$uct$ z ! di/ance ( ! suppos$ convex horizon2 = ! squ>e ( #b multipli$ by #h in*es 7! fall 9 ! fir/ mile ( ! ,e>?'s curvation7 equals #cb in*es4 ,?is d$uct$ f ! #h miles1 w leave #f miles z ! di/ance f ! horizon to ! light %ip4 ,h5ce #f #h 94 #bhh in*es1 or #bd feet4 ,! top ( ! bulw>ks1 x 0 said1 rose ab\t #aj ft4 above ! wat] l9e2 h5ce1 d$uct+ #aj f #bd feet1 "u all circum/ances1 ev5 _h ! wat] be5 p]fectly smoo? & /ation>y1 ! top ( ! hull %\ld h be5 #ad feet bel[ ! summit ( ! arc ( wat]1 or b5ea? ! l9e ( sight6 ,?is "o fact is entirely fatal to ! doctr9e ( ! ,e>?'s rotundity4 ,b su* facts h be5 obs]v$ 9 v>i\s o!r places--! nor?-we/ light-%ip 9 ,liv]pool ,bay1 & ! light vessels ( _m o!r *annels ne> ! s\!rn1 ea/]n1 & we/]n %ores ( ,great ,brita94 ,f ! bea* ( ,s\?sea ,common1 ne> ,portsm\?1 ! obs]v] ly+ d[n ne> ! wat]1 above ! surface ( :i* ! eye 0 #b feet1 & ) a telescope look+ across ,spi!ad to ! qu>ant9e %ip ly+ 9 ! 8,roads10 betwe5 ,ryde & ,c[es1 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 a di/ance ( #g miles1 ! copp] %ea?+ ( t vessel 0 di/9ctly se51 ! dep? ( :i* 0 ab\t #b feet4 ,mak+ ! usual calculation 9 accordance ) ! doctr9e ( ! ,e>?'s convexity1 x w be se5 t an arc ( wat] ought to h exi/$ betwe5 ! two po9ts1 ! summit ( :i* arc %\ld h be5 #af feet above ! copp] %ea?+ ( ! vessel6 ,f an elevation ( #b feet above ! wat] opposite ! ,royal ,ya*t ,club ,h\se1 9 ,we/ ,c[es1 ,isle ( ,wight1 ! pile "w & prom5ade ( ! pi] at ,/ake's ,bay1 ne> ,gosport1 & ne>ly opposite ,osborne ,h\se1 7 easily di/+ui%$ ?r\gh v>i\s telescopes3 ! di/ance is #g miles1 ! altitude ( ! prom5ade #aj feet1 & ! usual calculation w %[ t ?is pi] ought to h be5 _m feet bel[ ! horizon6 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! light ( ! ,eddy/one ligh?\se is (t5 pla9ly visible f ! bea* 9 ,plym\? ,s\nd2 & sometimes1 :5 ! sea is v calm1 p]sons c see x di/9ctly :5 sitt+ 9 ord9>y r[+ boats 9 t "p ( ! ,s\nd :i* w all[ ! l9e ( sight to pass betwe5 ,drake's ,isl& & ! we/]n end ( ! ,breakwat]4 ,! di/ance is #ad /atute miles4 ,9 a li/ ( ligh?\ses 9 a "w call$ 8,! ,ligh?\ses ( ! ,_w10 by ,a4 ,g4 ,f9dlay1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 publi%$ 9 #ahfb1 by ,ri*>d ,h4 ,lawrie1 #ec1 ,fleet ,/reet1 ,london1 x is said1 at page #bh3--8;,9 ! ,tables ! height ( ! flame above ! highe/ tide high wat] level is giv51 s t x is ! m9imum range ( ! light2 to ?is elevation #aj feet is add$ = ! height ( ! deck ( ! %ip above ! sea4 ,besides ! increas$ di/ance to :i* l[ wat] w cause ! light to be se51 ! effect ( refraction w also sometimes increase _! range40 ,9 ! 8,tables0 above ref]r$ to1 at page #cf ! ,eddy/one light is said to be visible #ac miles4 ,b ^! #ac miles are nautical measure2 & z #c nautical miles equal #c /atute miles1 ! di/ance at :i* ! ,eddy/one light is visible is ov] #ae /atute miles4 ,not)/&+ t ! ,eddy/one light is actually visible at a di/ance ( #ae /atute miles1 & admitt$ to be s bo? by ! ,admiralty au?orities & by calculation accord+ to ! doctr9e ( rotundity1 v (t5 at ! same di/ance1 ! lant]n is n visible at an elevation ( #d feet f ! wat]2 %[+ t ! law ( p]spective1 previ\sly ref]r$ to1 is greatly influ5c$ by ! /ate ( ! surface ( ! wat] ov] :i* ! l9e ( sight is direct$4 ,a rem>kable illu/ration ( ?is influ5ce is giv5 9 ! ,we/]n ,daily ,m]cury1 publi%$ 9 ,plym\?1 ( ,octob] #be1 #ahfd4 ,sev]al discussions _h previ\sly tak5 place at ! ,plym\? ,a!num & ! ,devonport ,me*anics' ,in/itute1 on ! true figure ( ! ,e>?2 subsequ5t to :i* a committee 0 =m$ = ! purpose ( mak+ exp]im5ts be>+ on ! "q at issue4 ,! names ( ! g5tlem5 z giv5 9 ! above-nam$ j\rnal 7 8,p>allax0 7! au?or ( ?is "w71 8,!ta0 7,mr4 ,h5ry1 a tea*] 9 ,h] ,maje/y's ,dock-y>d1 ,devonport71 & ,messrs4 ,osborne1 ,ri*>ds1 ,rick>d1 ,mogg1 ,ev]s1 & ,pe>ce1 all ( ,plym\?4 ,f ! report publi%$ z above /at$1 ! foll[+ quotation is made3--,obs]vation #f?3 8,on ! bea*1 at #e feet f ! wat] level1 ! ,eddy/one 0 entirely out ( sight40 ,! matt] may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3--,at any "t :5 ! sea is calm & ! wea!r cle>1 ! ,light ( ! ,eddy/one1 :i* is #hi feet above ! f\ndation on ! rock1 may be di/9ctly se5 f an elevation ( #e feet above ! wat] level2 accord+ to ! ,admiralty directions1 x 8may be se5 #ac nautical 7or #ae /atute7 miles10#da or "o mile /ill f>!r away ?an ! position ( ! obs]v]s on ! above-nam$ occasion2 & yet on t occasion1 & at a di/ance ( only #ad /atute miles1 not)/&+ t x 0 a v f9e autumn day1 & a cle> back gr\nd exi/$1 n only 0 ! lant]n1 :i* is #hi feet high1 n visible1 b ! top ( ! vane1 :i* is #ajj feet above ! f\ndation 01 z /at$ 9 ! report1 8entirely out ( sight40 #da 8,ligh?\ses ( ! ,_w10 p4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,t vessels & ligh?\ses are sometimes m di/9ctly se5 ?an at o!rs2 & t ! l[] p>ts ( su* objects are soon] lo/ sight ( :5 ! sea is r\gh ?an :5 x is calm1 are items 9 ! exp]i5ce ( seaf>+ p z common z _! k ( ! *anges 9 ! wea!r2 & prom95ce is only giv5 "h to ! above case because x 0 v]ifi$ by p]sons ( diff]5t op9ions ^u ! subject ( ! ,e>?'s =m1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( sev]al hundr$s ( ! mo/ le>n$ & respectable inhabitants ( ,plym\? & ! neighb\rhood4 ,! conclusion :i* su* obs]vations necessitate & =ce ^u u is1 t ! law ( p]spective :i* is ev]y:]e visible on l&1 is modifi$ :5 obs]v$ 9 connection ) objects ^u or ne> ! sea4 ,b h[ modifi$8 ,if ! wat] ( ! ocean 7 froz5 & at p]fect re/1 any object ^u its surface w\ld be se5 z f> z telescopic or magnify+ p[] c\ld be br\ght to be> ^u x4 ,b because ?is is n ! case--because ! wat] is always m or less 9 motion1 n only ( progression b ( fluctuation1 ! swells & waves1 into :i* ! surface is brok5 op]ate to prev5t ! l9e ( sight f pass+ p>allel to ! horizontal surface ( ! wat]4 ,x has be5 %[n at pages #af to #bj1 & also at #be to #cc1 t ! surface ( ! ,e>? & ,sea appe>s to rise up to ! level1 or altitude ( ! eye2 & t at a c]ta9 di/ance ! l9e ( sight & ! surface :i* is p>allel to x appe> to conv]ge to a 8vani%+ po9t20 :i* po9t is 8! horizon40 ,if ?is horizon1 or vani%+ po9t1 7 =m$ by ! app>5t junction ( two p]fectly /ation>y p>allel l9es1 x c\ld be p5etrat$ by a telescope ( suffici5t p[] to magnify at ! di/ance2 b because ^u ! sea ! surface ( ! wat] is n /ation>y1 ! l9e ( sight at ! vani%+ po9t becomes angul> in/ead ( p>allel1 & telescopic p[] is ( little avail 9 re/or+ objects beyond ?is po9t4 ,! foll[+ diagram w r5d] ?is cle>3--,! horizontal l9e ,c ,d ,e & ! l9e ( sight ,a ,b are p>allel to ea* o!r1 & appe> to meet at ! vani%+ po9t ,b4 ,b at & ab\t ?is po9t ! l9e ,a ,b is int]cept$ by ! undulat+1 or fluctuat+ surface ( ! wat]2 ! degree ( :i* is v>iable1 be+ sometimes v great & at o!rs inconsid]able1 & hav+ to pass ov] ! cre/ ( ! waves1 z at ,h1 is oblig$ to become ,a ,h1 in/ead ( ,a ,b1 & w !re=e fall ^u a %ip1 ligh?\se1 or o!r object at ! po9t ,s1 or high] or l[] z su* objects are m or less beyond ! po9t ,h4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ! waves at ! po9t ,h1 :atev] _! real magnitude may be1 are magnifi$ & r5d]$ m ob/ructive by ! v in/rum5t--! telescope--:i* is employ$ to make ! objects beyond m pla9ly visible3 & ?us ! ph5om5on is (t5 v /rik+ly obs]v$--t :ile a p[]ful telescope w r5d] ! sails & rigg+ ( a %ip :5 beyond ! po9t ,h1 or ! optical horizon1 s di/9ct t ! v ropes are easily di/+ui%$1 n ! slighte/ portion ( ! hull c be se54 ,! 8cre/$ wat]s0 =m a b>ri] to ! horizontal l9e-(-sight1 z sub/antial z w\ld ! summit ( an int]v5+ rock or isl&4 ,9 ! report :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,daily ,m]cury1 ( ,oct4 #be1 #ahfd1 ! foll[+ obs]vations 7 also record$3--8,on ! sea-front ( ! ,cam]a h\se1 & at an elevation ( #aaj feet f ! mean level ( ! sea1 a plane mirror 0 fix$1 by ! aid ( a plumb-l9e1 9 a true v]tical position4 ,9 ?is mirror ! di/ant horizon 0 di/9ctly visible on a level ) ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,?is 0 ! simple fact1 z obs]v$ by ! sev]al memb]s ( ! committee :i* _h be5 appo9t$4 ,b "s ( ! obs]v]s rem>k$ t ! l9e ( ! horizon 9 ! mirror rose & fell ) ! eye1 z also did e ?+ else :i* 0 reflect$1 & t ?is ought to be record$ z an add5dum--grant$4 ,! surface ( ! sea appe>$ to regul>ly asc5d f ! base ( ! ,hoe to ! di/ant horizon4 ,! horizon f ! extreme ea/ to ! we/1 z f> z ! eye c\ld see1 0 p>allel to a horizontal l9e40 ,! foll[+ v]sion 0 record$ 9 ! same j\rnal1 ( ! same date1 & 0 furni%$ by "o ( ! committee :o _h manife/$ a v m>k$ av]sion to ! doctr9e t ! surface ( all wat] is horizontal3--8,a v]tical look+-glass 0 susp5d$ f ! ,cam]a & ! horizon se5 9 x1 z well z v>i\s o!r objects reflect$1 ris+ & fall+ ) ! eye4 ,! wat] 0 se5 9 ! glass to asc5d f ! base ( ! ,hoe to ! horizon4 ,! horizon appe>$ p>allel to a horizontal l9e40 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! two reports are sub/antially ! same1 & v /rongly corroborate ! rem>ks made at pages #ae1 #af1 & #ag ( ?is "w4 ,inde$ no o!r report c\ld h be5 giv5 )\t ! au?or's becom+ subject to ! *>ge ( gl>+1 ob/9ate1 & wilful misrepres5tation4 ,:at !n has aga9 be5 demon/rat$8 ,t ! surface ( all wat] is horizontal1 & t1 !re=e1 ! ,e>? _c possibly be any?+ o!r ?an a ,plane4 ,all appe>ances to ! contr>y h be5 %[n to be purely optical & adv5titi\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,ano!r pro( t ! surface ( all wat] is horizontal & t !re=e ! ,e>? _c be a globe is furni%$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 :i* 0 made 9 ,may1 #ahfd1 on ! new pi] at ,s\?sea1 ne> ,portsm\?3--,a telescope 0 fix$ ^u a /& & direct$ across ! wat] at ,spi!ad to ! pi] head at ,ryde1 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 z %[n 9 ! subjo9$ diagram4 ,! l9e ( sight cross$ a c]ta9 "p ( ! funnel ( "o ( ! regul> /eam]s trad+ betwe5 ,portsm\? & ! ,isle ( ,wight2 & x 0 obs]v$ to cut or fall ^u ! same "p dur+ ! :ole ( ! passage to ,ryde ,pi]1 ?us prov+ t ! wat] betwe5 ! two pi]s is horizontal1 because x 0 p>allel to ! l9e ( sight f ! telescope fix$ at ,s\?sea4 ,if ! ,e>? 7 a globe ! *annel betwe5 ,ryde & ,s\?sea w\ld be an arc ( a circle1 & z ! di/ance across is #d /atute miles ! c5tre ( ! arc w\ld be #dj in*es high] ?an ! two sides2 & ! /eam] w\ld h asc5d$ an incl9$ plane = #b miles1 or to ! c5tre ( ! *annel1 & aft]w>ds desc5d$ = ! same di/ance t[>ds ,ryde4 ,?is asc5t & desc5t w\ld h be5 m>k$ by ! l9e ( sight fall+ #dj in*es ne>] to ! deck ( ! /eam] :5 on ! c5tre ( ! arc ( wat]1 z repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ diagram2 b z ! l9e ( sight did n cut ! /eam] l[] d[n :5 9 ! c5tre ( ! *annel1 & no su* asc5t & desc5t 0 obs]v$1 x foll[s necess>ily t ! surface ( ! wat] betwe5 ,s\?sea & ! ,isle ( ,wight is n convex1 & !re=e ! ,e>? z a :ole is n a globe4 ,! evid5ce aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! ,e>?'s rotundity is s cle> & p]fect1 & s completely fulfils ! conditions requir$ 9 special & indep5d5t inve/igations1 t x is impossible = any p]son :o c put aside ! bias ( previ\s education to avoid ! opposite conclusion t ! ,e>? is a plane4 ,?is conclusion is greatly confirm$ by ! exp]i5ce ( m>9]s 9 reg>d to c]ta9 ligh?\ses4 ,:]e ! light is fix$ & v brilliant x c be se5 at a di/ance1 :i* ! pres5t doctr9e ( ! ,e>?'s rotundity w\ld r5d] altoge!r impossible4 ,= in/ance1 at page #ce ( 8,ligh?\ses ( ! ,_w10 ! ,ryde ,pi] ,light1 erect$ 9 #aheb1 is describ$ z a bright fix$ light1 #ba feet above high wat]1 & visible f an altitude ( #aj feet at ! di/ance ( #ab nautical or #ad /atute miles4 ,! altitude ( #aj feet w\ld place ! horizon at ! di/ance ( #d /atute miles f ! obs]v]4 ,! squ>e ( ! rema9+ #aj /atute miles multipli$ by #h in*es w give a fall or curvature d[nw>ds f ! horizon ( #ff feet4 ,d$uct f ?is #ba feet1 ! altitude ( ! light1 & we h #de feet z ! am\nt :i* ! light ought to be bel[ ! horizon6 ,by ! same au?ority1 at page #ci1 ! ,bid/on ,hill ,ligh?\se1 ne> ,liv]pool1 is #bbh feet above high wat]1 "o bright fix$ light1 visible #bc nautical or v ne>ly #bg /atute miles4 ,d$uct+ #d miles = ! height ( ! obs]v]1 squ>+ ! rema9+ #bc miles & multiply+ t product by #h in*es we h a d[nw>d curvature ( #ceb feet2 f ?is d$uct ! altitude ( ! light1 #bbh feet1 & !re rema9s #abd feet z ! di/ance :i* ! light %\ld be bel[ ! horizon6 ,aga91 at page #dj3--8,! l[] light on ! #8,calf ( ,man' is #bhb feet above high wat]1 & is visible #bc nautical miles40 ,! usual calculation w %[ t x ought to be #gj feet bel[ ! horizon6 ,at page #da ! ,crom] light is describ$ z hav+ an altitude ( #bgd feet above high wat]1 & is visible #bc nautical miles1 :]eas x ought to be at t di/ance #gh feet bel[ ! horizon6 ,at page #i x is said3--8,! coal fire 7:i* 0 once us$7 on ! ,spurn ,po9t ,ligh?\se1 at ! m\? ( ! ,humb]1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ on a good pr9ciple = burn+1 has be5 se5 #cj miles (f40 ,if ! miles "h giv5 are nautical measure !y w\ld be equal to #ce /atute miles4 ,d$uct+ #d miles z ! usual am\nt = ! di/ance ( ! horizon1 !re w rema9 #ca miles1 :i* squ>$ & multipli$ by #h in*es w give #fdj feet z ! decl9ation ( ! wat] f ! horizon to ! base ( ! ,ligh?\se1 ! altitude ( :i* is giv5 at page #db z #ic feet above high wat]4 ,?is am\nt d$uct$ f ! above #fdj feet w leave #edg feet z ! di/ance :i* ! ,spurn ,light ought to h be5 bel[ ! horizon6 ,! two ,high ,:itby ,lights are #bdj feet above high wat] 7see page #db71 & are visible #bc nautical miles at sea4 ,! prop] calculation w be #ajb feet bel[ ! horizon6 ,at page #dc1 x is said t ! ,l[] ,f>ne ,isl& ,light is visible = #ab nautical or #ad /atute miles1 & ! height above high wat] is #de feet4 ,! usual calculation w %[ t ?is light ought to be #fg feet bel[ ! horizon6 ,! ,hekk5g5 ,light1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,norway 7see page #ed71 is #ff feet above high wat]1 & visible #af /atute miles4 ,x ought to be sunk b5ea? ! horizon #cj feet6 ,! ,trondhjem ,light 7see p4 #ee71 on ! ,r+holm ,rock1 we/ coa/ ( ,norway1 is #ea feet high1 & is visible #af /atute miles2 b ought to be #de feet bel[ ! horizon6 ,! ,rond ,light1 also on ! we/ coa/ ( ,norway 7see p4 #ee71 is #afa feet high1 & is visible = #be /atute miles2 ! prop] calculation w prove t x ought to be above #acj feet bel[ ! horizon6 ,! ,eg] ,light1 on we/ po9t ( ,isl&1 s\? coa/ ( ,norway 7see p4 #ef71 & :i* is fitt$ up ) ! fir/ ord] ( ! dioptric lights1 is visible = #bh /atute miles1 & ! altitude above high wat] is #aed feet2 mak+ ! usual calculation we f9d ?is light ought to be depress$1 or sunk1 bel[ ! horizon #bcj feet6 ,! ,dunk]que ,light1 on ! nor? coa/ ( ,france 7see p4 #ga71 is #aid feet high1 & visible #bh /atute miles4 ,! ord9>y calculation w %[ t x ought to be #aij feet bel[ ! horizon6 ,! ,g\lf> ,bay ,light1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,france1 is said at page #gg1 to be visible #ca /atute miles1 & to h an altitude at high wat] ( #bgf feet1 at ! di/ance giv5 x ought to be #baj feet bel[ ! horizon6 ,at page #gh1 ! ,cordonan ,light1 on ! ,riv] ,gironde1 we/ coa/ ( ,france1 is giv5 z be+ visible #ca /atute miles1 & its altitude #bjg feet1 :i* w\ld give its depression bel[ ! horizon z ne>ly #bhj feet6 ,! ,light at ,madras 7p4 #ajd71 on ! ,esplanade1 is #acb feet high1 & visible #bh /atute miles1 :]eas at t di/ance x ought to be b5ea? ! horizon above #bej feet6 ,! ,port ,ni*olson ,light1 9 ,new ,zeal&1 erect$ 9 #ahei 7p4 #aaj71 is visible #ce /atute miles1 ! altitude is #dbj feet above high wat]1 & ought1 if ! wat] is convex1 to be #bbj feet bel[ ! horizon6 ,! ,light on ,cape ,bonavi/a1 ,newf\ndl&1 is #aej feet above high wat]1 & is visible #ce /atute miles 7p4 #aaa71 ?is w give on calculation = ! ,e>?'s rotundity1 #dia feet t ! ,light %\ld be bel[ ! horizon6 ,_m o!r cases c\ld be giv5 f ! same "w1 %ew+ t ! practical obs]vations ( m>9]s1 eng9e]s1 & surveyors1 entirely ignore ! doctr9e t ! ,e>? is a globe4 ,! foll[+ cases tak5 f miscellane\s s\rces w be int]e/+ z be>+ ^u & lead+ to ! same conclusion4 ,9 ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news ( ,oct4 #bj1 #ahdi1 an engrav+ is giv5 ( a new ,ligh?\se erect$ on ! ,iri% coa/1 ,! accompany+ descriptive matt] conta9s ! foll[+ s5t5ce3--8,ballycotton ,isl& rises #agj feet above ! level ( ! sea2 ! height ( ! ,ligh?\se is #fj feet includ+ ! ,lant]n2 giv+ ! light an elevation ( #bcj feet1 :i* is visible upw>ds ( #ce miles to sea40 ,if ! #ce miles are nautical measure ! di/ance 9 /atute measure w\ld be ov] #dj miles2 & all[+ ! usual di/ance = ! horizon1 !re w\ld be #cf miles f !nce to ! ,ligh?\se4 ,! squ>e ( #cf multipli$ by #h in*es am\nts to #hfd feet2 d$uct ! total altitude ( ! ,lant]n1 #bcj feet1 & ! rema9d]1 #fcd feet1 is ! di/ance :i* ! ,light ( ,ballycotton ought to be bel[ ! horizon6 ,9 ! ,times newspap] ( ,monday1 ,oct4 #af1 #ahed1 9 an acc\nt ( h] ,maje/y's visit to ,great ,grimsby f ,hull1 ! foll[+ p>agraph occurs3--8,_! att5tion 0 fir/ naturally direct$ to a gigantic t[] :i* rises f ! c5tre pi] to ! height ( #cjj feet1 & c be se5 #fj miles out at sea40 ,! #fj miles if nautical1 & ?is is always und]/ood :5 ref]r+ to di/ances at sea1 w\ld make #gj /atute miles1 to :i* ! fall ( #h in*es belongs1 & z all obs]vations at sea are consid]$ to be made at an elevation ( #aj feet above ! wat]1 = :i* f\r miles mu/ be d$uct$ f ! :ole di/ance1 #ff /atute miles w rema91 ! squ>e ( :i* multipli$ by #h in*es1 gives a decl9ation t[>ds ! t[] ( #b1ijd feet2 d$uct+ f ?is ! altitude ( ! t[]1 #cjj feet1 we obta9 ! />tl+ conclusion t ! t[] %\ld be at ! di/ance at :i* x is visible1 7#fj nautical miles17 m ?an #b1fjj feet bel[ ! horizon6 ,! only modification :i* c be made or all[$ 9 ! prec$+ calculations is t = refraction1 :i* is consid]$ by surveyors g5]ally to am\nt to ab\t ? ( ! altitude ( ! object obs]v$4 ,if we make ?is all[ance x w r$uce ! v>i\s quoti5ts by ?1 :i* is s little t ! :ole w be sub/antially ! same4 ,take ! la/ quotation z an in/ance--#b1fjj feet divid$ by #ab gives #bjf1 :i* d$uct$ f #b1fjj leaves #b1chd z ! correct$ am\nt = refraction4 ,,section #ad4 ,,g5]al ,,summ>y--,,application--,,cui ,,bono8 ,9 ! prec$+ sections x has be5 %[n t ! ,cop]nican1 or ,newtonian !ory ( ,a/ronomy is 8an absurd composition ( tru? & error20 &1 z admitt$ by its f\nd]1 8n necess>ily true or ev5 probable10 & t in/ead ( its be+ a g5]al conclusion d]iv$ f kn[n & admitt$ facts1 x is a het]og5e\s comp\nd ( assum$ premises1 isolat$ tru?s1 & v>iable appe>ances 9 nature4 ,its advocates are *all5g$ to %[ a s+le in/ance :]e9 a ph5om5on is expla9$1 a calculation made1 or a conclusion advanc$ )\t ! aid ( an av[$ or impli$ assumption6 ,! v con/ruction ( a !ory at all1 & especially su* z ! ,cop]nican1 is a complete violation ( t natural & legitimate mode ( inve/igation to :i* ! t]m zetetic has be5 appli$4 ,! doctr9e ( ! univ]sality ( gravitation is an assumption1 made only 9 accordance ) t 8pride & ambition :i* has l$ philosoph]s to ?9k x b5ea? !m to (f] any?+ less to ! _w ?an a complete & f9i%$ sy/em ( nature40 ,x 0 said1 9 effect1 by ,newton1 & has ev] s9ce be5 insi/$ ^u by 8 disciples--8,all[ u1 )\t pro(1 ! exi/5ce ( two univ]sal =ces--c5trifugal & c5tripetal1 or attraction & repulsion1 & we w con/ruct a sy/em :i* %all expla9 all ! lead+ my/]ies ( nature4 ,an apple fall+ f a tree1 or a /one roll+ d[nw>ds1 & a pail ( wat] ti$ to a /r+ set 9 rapid motion 7 assum$ to be types ( ! relations exi/+ among all ! bodies 9 ! univ]se4 ,! moon 0 assum$ to h a t5d5cy to fall t[>ds ! ,e>?1 & ! ,e>? & ,moon toge!r t[>ds ! ,sun4 ,! same relation 0 assum$ to exi/ betwe5 all ! small] & l>g] lum9>ies 9 ! firmam5t2 & x soon became necess>y to ext5d ?is assumption to inf9ity4 ,! univ]se 0 p>cell$ out into sy/ems--co-exi/5t & illimitable4 ,suns1 ,planets1 ,satellites1 & ,comets 7 assum$ to exi/1 inf9ite 9 numb] & b\ndless 9 ext5t2 & to enable ! !ori/s to expla9 ! alt]nat+ & con/antly recurr+ ph5om5a :i* 7 ev]y:]e obs]vable1 ^! numb]less & =-ev]-ext5d+ objects 7 assum$ to be sph]es4 ,! ,e>? we inhabit 0 call$ a planet2 & because x 0 ?\ght to be reasonable t ! lum9\s objects 9 ! firmam5t :i* 7 call$ planets 7 sph]ical & _h motion1 s x 0 only reasonable to suppose t z ! ,e>? 0 a planet x mu/ also be sph]ical & h motion--ergo1 ! ,e>? is a globe1 & moves ^u axes & 9 an orbit r\nd ! ,sun6 ,& z ! ,e>? is a globe1 & is inhabit$1 s aga9 x is only reasonable to conclude t ! planets are worlds l ! ,e>?1 & are inhabit$ by s5ti5t be+s6 ,:at reason+6 ,assumption ^u assumption1 & ! conclusion d]iv$ !refrom call$ a ?+ prov$1 to be employ$ z a tru? to sub/antiate ! fir/ assumption6 ,su* a 8juggle & jumble0 ( fancies & falsehoods1 ext5d$ & int5sifi$ z x is 9 !oretical a/ronomy1 is calculat$ to make ! unprejudic$ inquir] revolt 9 horror f ! t]rible conjuration :i* has be5 practis$ ^u him2 to /]nly resolve to resi/ its fur!r progress2 to endeav\r to ov]?r[ ! entire edifice1 & to bury 9 its ru9s ! false hon\rs :i* h be5 associat$ ) its fabricators1 & :i* /ill atta* to its devotees4 ,= ! le>n+1 ! pati5ce1 ! p]sev]ance1 & devotion = :i* !y h ev] be5 examples1 hon\r & applause ne$ n be )held2 b _! false reason+1 ! advantages !y h tak5 ( ! g5]al ignorance ( mank9d 9 respect to a/ronomical subjects1 & ! unf\nd$ !ories !y h advanc$ & def5d$1 _c b be regrett$1 & ought to be resi/$4 ,x has become a duty1 p>am\nt & imp]ative1 to meet !m 9 op51 av[$1 & unyield+ rebellion2 to decl>e t _! unoppos$ reign ( error & confusion is ov]2 & t h5ce=?1 l a fall+ dyna/y1 !y mu/ %r9k & disappe>1 leav+ ! ?rone & ! k+dom to ^? awak5+ intellects ^: numb]s are con/antly increas+1 & ^: m>* is rapid & irresi/ible4 ,! soldi]s ( tru? & reason h drawn ! sword1 & ere ano!r g5]ation has be5 educat$1 w h =c$ ! usurp] to abdicate4 ,! axe is lift$--x is fall+1 & 9 a v few ye>s w h 8cut ! cumb]] d[n40 ,! ,e>? a ,globe1 & x is necess>ily dem&$ t x has a diurnal & an annual & v>i\s o!r motions2 = a globul> _w )\t motion w\ld be useless--day & night1 w9t] & summ]1 ! half ye>'s light & d>kness at ! 8,nor? ,pole10 & o!r ph5om5a c\ld n be expla9$ by ! supposition ( rotundity )\t ! assumption also ( rapid & con/ant motion4 ,h5ce x is assum$ t ! ,e>? & ,moon1 & all ! ,planets & _! ,satellites move 9 relation to ea* o!r1 & t ! :ole move toge!r 9 diff]5t planes r\nd ! ,sun4 ,! ,sun & its 8sy/em0 ( revolv+ bodies are n[ assum$ to h a g5]al & all-inclusive motion1 9 common ) an endless s]ies ( o!r ,suns & sy/ems1 ar\nd "s o!r & 8c5tral ,sun0 :i* has be5 assum$ to be ! true axis & c5tre ( ! ,univ]se6 ,^! assum$ g5]al motions ) ! p>ticul> & peculi> motions :i* are assign$ to ! v>i\s bodies 9 detail1 toge!r con/itute a sy/em s confus$ & complicat$ t x is almo/ impossible & always difficult ( compreh5sion by ! mo/ active & devot$ m9ds4 ,! mo/ simple & direct exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 may be %[n to prove t ! ,e>? has no progressive motion :atev]2 & "h aga9 ! advocates ( ?is int]m9able & entangl+ arrangem5t are *all5g$ to produce a s+le in/ance ( s call$ pro(s ( ^! motions :i* does n involve an assumption--(t5 a gl>+ falsehood--b always a po9t :i* is n1 or _c be demon/rat$4 ,! magnitudes1 di/ances1 velocities1 & p]iodic times :i* ^! assum$ motions elim9ate1 are all gl>+ly fictiti\s1 because !y are only su* z a false !ory creates a necessity =4 ,x is geometrically demon/rable t all ! visible lum9>ies 9 ! firmam5t are )9 a di/ance ( a few ?\s& miles1 n m ?an ! space :i* /ret*es betwe5 ! ,nor? ,pole & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 & ! pr9ciple ( measurem5t--t ( plane triangulation--:i* demon/rates ?is important fact1 is "o :i* no ma!matician1 dem&+ to be consid]$ a ma/] 9 ! sci5ce1 d>e = a mom5t d5y4 ,all ^! lum9>ies !n1 & ! ,sun itself1 be+ s ne> to u1 _c be o!r ?an v small z comp>$ ) ! ,e>? we inhabit4 ,!y are all 9 motion ov] ! ,e>?1 :i* is alone immoveable1 & !re=e !y _c be any?+ m ?an second>y & subs]vi5t /ructures1 m9i/]+ to ?is fix$ mat]ial _w1 & to its inhabitants4 ,?is is a pla91 simple1 & 9 e respect demon/rable philosophy1 agree+ ) ! evid5ce ( our s5ses1 borne out by e fairly in/itut$ exp]im5t1 & nev] requir+ a violation ( ^? pr9ciples ( inve/igation :i* ! human m9d has ev] recogniz$1 & dep5d$ ^u 9 its e day life4 ,! mod]n1 or ,newtonian ,a/ronomy1 has none ( ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,! :ole sy/em tak5 toge!r con/itutes a mo/ mon/r\s absurdity4 ,x is false 9 its f\ndation2 irregul>1 unfair1 & illogical 9 its details2 & 9 its conclusions inconsi/5t & contradictory4 ,worse ?an all1 x is a prolific s\rce ( irreligion & ( a!ism1 ( :i* its advocates are1 practically1 support]s6 ,by def5d+ a sy/em :i* is directly opposite to t :i* is taught 9 connection ) all religions1 !y lead ! m critical & d>+ intellects to reject ! scriptures altoge!r1 to ignore ! wor%ip1 & d\bt & d5y ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,rul] ( ! _w4 ,_m ( ! prime/ m9ds are ?us irrep>ably injur$1 robb$ ( ^? pres5t pleasures1 & t *e]+ hope ( ! future :i* ! e>ne/ *ri/ian devotee holds z ( f> great] value ?an all e>?ly weal? & gr&eur2 or ?an ! ma/]y ( all ! philosophical complications :i* ! human m9d ev] inv5t$4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,e>?'s rotundity & motion is n[ %[n to be unconditionally false2 & !re=e ! scriptures :i* ass]t ! contr>y1 are1 9 _! philosophical tea*+s at lea/1 lit]ally true4 ,9 practical sci5ce !re=e1 a!ism & d5ial ( scriptural au?ority h no f\ndation4 ,if human !ories are ca/ aside1 & ! facts ( nature1 & legitimate reason+ alone dep5d$ ^u1 x w be se5 t religion & true philosophy are n antagoni/ic1 & t ! hopes :i* bo? enc\rage may be fully reli$ ^u4 ,to ! religi\s m9d ?is matt] is mo/ important1 x is inde$ no less ?an a sacr$ "q1 = x r5d]s complete ! evid5ce t ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian scriptures are true1 & mu/ h be5 communicat$ to mank9d by an ant]ior & sup]nal ,be+4 ,= if aft] s _m ages ( m5tal /ruggl+1 ( speculation & trial1 & *ange & c\nt]*ange1 we h at l5g? discov]$ t all a/ronomical !ories are false1 t ! ,e>? is a plane1 & motionless1 & t ! v>i\s lum9>ies above x are lights only & n worlds2 & t ^! v doctr9es h be5 taught & record$ 9 a "w :i* has be5 h&$ d[n to u f ! e>lie/ times2 f a "t1 9 fact1 :5 mank9d c\ld n h _h suffici5t exp]i5ce to enable !m to criticise & d\bt1 mu* less to inv5t1 x foll[s t :oev] dictat$ & caus$ su* doctr9es to be record$ & pres]v$ to all future g5]ations1 mu/ h be5 sup]human1 omnisci5t1 &1 to ! ,e>? & its inhabitants pre-exi/5t4 ,to ! dogg$ ,a!i/1 ^: 8m9d is made up0 n to ent] into any fur!r inve/igation1 & n to admit ( possible error 9 8 pa/ conclusions1 ?is "q is ( no m acc\nt ?an x is to an ,ox4 ,he :o c>es n to re-exam9e f "t to "t 8 /ate ( m9d1 & ! result ( 8 accumulat$ exp]i5ce is 9 no s+le respect bett] ?an ! l[e/ animal 9 creation4 ,he may see no?+ high]1 m noble1 m intellig5t or beautiful ?an himself2 & 9 ?is 8 pride1 conceit1 & vanity f9d an inc>nation4 ,to su* a creature !re is no ,god1 = he is himself an equal ) ! highe/ be+ he has ev] recognis$6 ,su* ,a!ism exi/s to an al>m+ ext5t among ! philosoph]s ( ,europe & ,am]ica2 & x has be5 ma9ly fo/]$ by ! a/ronomical & geological !ories ( ! day4 ,besides :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! language ( ,scripture & ! tea*+s ( mod]n ,a/ronomy1 !re is to be f\nd 9 ! v he>ts ( ,*ri/ian & ,jewi% congregations a sort ( 8sm\ld]+ scepticism20 k9d ( fa9t suspicion :i* causes great numb]s to manife/ a cold & visible indiff]5ce to religi\s requirem5ts4 ,x is ?is :i* has l$ ?\s&s to des]t ! cause ( e>ne/1 active ,*ri/ianity1 & :i* has =c$ ! majority ( ^? :o /ill rema9 9 ! ranks ( religion to decl>e 8t ! ,scriptures 7 n int5d$ to tea* correctly o!r ?an moral & religi\s doctr9es2 t ! ref]5ces s (t5 made to ! physical _w1 & to natural ph5om5a g5]ally1 are giv5 9 language to suit ! prevail+ notions & ! ignorance ( ! p40 ,a ,*ri/ian philosoph] :o wrote almo/ a c5tury ago 9 ref]5ce to rem>ks simil> to ! above1 says1 8,:y %\ld we suspect t ,moses1 ,jo%ua1 ,david1 ,solomon1 & ! lat] prophets & inspir$ writ]s h c\nt]feit$ _! s5tim5ts conc]n+ ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 f pure complaisance1 or be+ 9 any way oblig$ to dissemble ) a view to gratify ! prepossessions ( ! populace8 ,^! em95t m5 be+ k+s1 lawgiv]s1 & g5]als !mselves1 or always privileg$ ) access to ! c\rts ( sov]eign pr9ces1 besides ! rev]5ce & awful dignity :i* ! p[] ( div9ation & work+ ( miracles procur$ to !m1 _h great worldly & spiritual au?ority4444 ,!y _h (t5 9 *>ge to comm&1 susp5d1 rev]t1 & o!rwise int]f]e ) ! c\rse & laws ( nature1 & 7 nev] daunt$ to speak out ! tru? be=e ! mo/ mighty pot5tates on e>?1 mu* less w\ld !y be ov]aw$ by ! vox populi40 ,to say t ! ,scriptures 7 n int5d$ to tea* sci5ce tru?fully1 is 9 sub/ance to decl>e t ,god himself has /at$1 & commission$ ,8 prophets to tea* ?+s :i* are utt]ly false6 ,^? ,newtonian philosoph]s :o /ill hold t ! sacr$ volume is ! ,^w ( ,god1 are ?us plac$ 9 a fe>ful dilemma4 ,h[ c ! two sy/ems1 s directly opposite 9 "*1 be reconcil$8 ,oil & wat] alone w n comb9e--mix !m by viol5ce z we may1 !y w aga9 sep>ate :5 all[$ to re/4 ,call oil oil1 & wat] wat]1 & ackn[l$ge !m to be di/9ct 9 nature & value2 b let no 8hodge-podge0 be attempt$1 & pass$ (f z a g5u9e comp\nd ( oil & wat]4 ,call ,scripture ! ,^w ( ,god--! ,creator & ,rul] ( all ?+s1 & ! ,f\nta9 ( all ,tru?2 & call ! ,newtonian or ,cop]nican ,a/ronomy ! ^w & "w ( man1 ( man1 too1 9 8 va9e/ mood--s va9 & conceit$ z n to be cont5t ) ! direct & simple tea*+s ( 8 ,mak]1 b :o mu/ rise up 9 rebellion & conjure into exi/5ce a fanciful complicat$ fabric1 :i* be+ insi/$ ^u z true1 creates & necessitates ! d>k & horrible int]rogatives--,is ,god a deceiv]8 ,has ,he spok5 direct & unequivocal falsehood8 ,c we no long] indulge 9 ! beautiful & consol+ ?\ght t ,god's ju/ice1 & love1 & tru? are un*ang+ & reliable = ev]8 ,let ,*ri/ians--= ,sceptics & ,a!i/s may be left out ( ! "q--to :atev] division ( ! ,*ur* !y belong1 look at ?is matt] calmly & e>ne/ly4 ,let !m det]m9e to uproot ! deception :i* has l$ !m to ?9k t !y c altoge!r ignore ! pla9e/ a/ronomical tea*+ ( ,scripture1 & endorse a sy/em to :i* x is 9 e s5se oppos$4 ,! foll[+ language is quot$ z an in/ance ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! doctr9e ( ! ,e>?'s rotundity & ! plurality ( worlds int]f]es ) ,scriptural tea*+s3--8,! !ory ( orig9al s9 is confut$ 7by our a/ronomical & geological k71 & ,i _c p]mit ! belief1 :5 ,i "k t our _w is b a m]e speck1 a p]i%able atom 9 ! va/ space ( creation1 t ,god %\ld j select ?is little spot to desc5d ^u & assume our =m1 & clo! ,himself 9 our fle%1 to become visible to human eyes1 to ! t9y be+s ( ?is comp>atively insignificant _w4444 ,?us millions ( di/ant worlds1 ) ! be+s allott$ to !m1 7 to be extirpat$ & de/roy$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! orig9al s9 ( ,adam4 ,no s5tim5t ( ! human m9d c surely be m d]ogatory to ! ,div9e attributes ( ! ,creator1 nor m repugnant to ! kn[n economy ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 :o is to say1 among ! inf9ity ( worlds1 :e!r ,adam 0 ! only creature :o 0 tempt$ by ,satan & fell1 & by 8 fall involv$ all ! o!r worlds 9 8 guilt40#db #db ,encyclopdia ,lond55sis1 p4 #deg1 vol4 #b4 ,! difficulty exp]i5c$ by ! au?or ( ! above rem>ks is cle>ly "o :i* c no long] exi/1 :5 x is se5 t ! doctr9e ( a plurality ( worlds is an impossibility4 ,t x is an impossibility is %[n by ! fact t ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s are v small bodies1 & v ne> to ! e>?2 ?is fact is prov$ by actual non-!oretical measurem5t2 ?is measurem5t is made on ! pr9ciple ( plane trigonometry3 ?is pr9ciple ( plane trigonometry is adopt$ because ! ,e>? is a ,plane2 & all ! base l9es employ$ 9 ! triangulation are horizontal4 ,by ! same practical me?od ( reason+1 all ! difficulties :i*1 ^u geological & a/ronomical gr\nds1 h be5 rais$ to ! lit]al tea*+s ( ! scriptures1 may be completely de/roy$4 ,in/ances3--,! scriptures repeat$ly decl>e t ! ,sun moves ov] ! ,e>?--8,8 go+ =? is f ! end ( ! heav51 & 8 circuit unto ! ends ( x40 8,he arise? & goe? d[n1 & ha/e? to 8 place :5ce he arose40 8,! sun /ood /ill 9 ! mid/ ( heav540 8,great is ! ,e>?1 high is ! heav51 swift is ! ,sun 9 8 c\rse40 ,9 ! religi\s poems ( all ages ! same fact is pres5t$4 ,*ri/ians especially1 ( e d5om9ation1 are famili> )1 & (t5 read & s+ ) delight su* poetry z ! foll[+3-- 8,my ,god :o makes ! ,sun to "k ,8 prop] h\r to rise1 ,& to give light to all bel[ ,do? s5d him r\nd ! skies40 8,:5 f ! *amb]s ( ! ea/ ,8 morn+ race beg9s1 ,he nev] tires nor /ops to re/1 ,b r\nd ! _w he %9es40 8,god ( ! morn+1 at ^: voice1 ,! *e]ful sun makes ha/e to rise1 ,&1 l a giant1 do? rejoice1 ,to run 8 j\rney ?r\gh ! skies40 8,he s5ds ! sun 8 circuit r\nd1 ,to *e] ! fruits & w>m ! gr\nd40 8,h[ fair has ! day be56 ,h[ bright 0 ! ,sun6 ,h[ lovely & joyful ,! c\rse t he run40 ,all ! expressions ( scripture are consi/5t ) ! fact ( ! ,sun's motion4 ,!y nev] decl>e any?+ to ! contr>y4 ,:5ev] !y speak ( ! subject x is 9 ! same mann]4 ,! direct evid5ce ( our s5ses confirms x2 & actual & special obs]vations1 z well z ! mo/ practical sci5tific exp]im5ts1 decl>e ! same ?+4 ,! progressive & conc5tric motion ( ! ,sun ov] ! ,e>? is 9 e s5se demon/rable2 yet ! ,newtonian a/ronom]s insi/ ^u x t ! ,sun does n really move1 t x only appe>s to move1 & t ?is appe>ance arises f ! motion ( ! ,e>?2 t :51 z ! scriptures affirm1 ! 8,sun /ood /ill 9 ! mid/ ( heav510 x 0 ! ,e>? :i* /ood /ill & n ! ,sun6 t ! scriptures !re=e speak falsely1 & ! exp]im5ts ( sci5ce1 & ! obs]vations & applications ( our s5ses are nev] to be reli$ ^u4 ,:5ce comes ?is bold & arrogant d5ial ( ! value ( our s5ses & judgem5t1 & ! au?ority ( scripture8 ,! ,e>? or ! ,sun moves4 ,our s5ses tell u1 & ! scriptures decl>e t ! ,e>? is fix$ & t x is ! ,sun :i* moves above & ar\nd x2 b a !ory1 :i* is absolutely false 9 its gr\ndwork1 & ridicul\sly illogical 9 its details1 dem&s t ! ,e>? is r\nd & moves ^u axes1 & 9 sev]al o!r & v>i\s directions2 & t ^! motions are suffici5t to acc\nt = c]ta9 ph5om5a )\t suppos+ t ! ,sun moves1 !re=e ! ,sun is a fix$ body1 & 8 motion is only app>5t6 ,su* reason+ is a disgrace to philosophy1 & fe>fully dang]\s to ! religi\s int]e/s ( humanity6 ,*ri/ian m9i/]s & comm5tators f9d x a mo/ unwelcome task :5 call$ ^u to reconcile ! pla9 & simple philosophy ( ! scriptures ) ! mon/r\s tea*+s ( !oretical a/ronomy4 ,dr4 ,adam ,cl>k1 9 a lett] to ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,rob]ts1 ( ,ba?1#dc speak+ ( ! progress ( 8 comm5t>y1 & ( 8 endeav\rs to reconcile ! /atem5ts ( scripture ) ! mod]n a/ronomy1 says3 8,jo%ua's ,sun & ,moon /&+ /ill1 h kept me go+ = ne>ly ?ree weeks6 ,t "o *apt] has af=d$ me m vexation ?an any?+ ,i h ev] met )2 & ev5 n[ ,i am b ab\t half satisfi$ ) my own solution ( all ! difficulties1 ?\gh ,i am confid5t t ,i h remov$ m\nta9s t 7 nev] t\*$ be=e2 %all ,i say t ,i am he>tily we>y ( my "w1 s we>y t ,i h a ?\s& times wi%$ ,i _h nev] writt5 "o page ( x1 & am repeat$ly purpos+ to give x up40 #dc ,life ( ,adam ,cl>k1 #hvo ,edition4 ,! ,rev4 ,john ,wesley1 9 8 j\rnal1 writes z foll[s3--8,! m ,i consid] !m ! m ,i d\bt ( all sy/ems ( a/ronomy4 ,i d\bt :e!r we c ) c]ta9ty "k ei!r ! di/ance or magnitude ( any /> 9 ! firmam5t2 else :y d a/ronom]s s imm5sely diff]1 ev5 ) reg>d to ! di/ance ( ! ,sun f ! ,e>?8 ,"s affirm+ x to be only ?ree & o!rs n9ety millions ( miles40#dd #dd ,extracts f works ( ,rev4 ,j4 ,wesley1 #crd ,edition1 #ahbi4 ,publi%$ by ,mason1 ,london1 p4 #cib1 vol4 #b4 ,9 vol4 #c1 page #bjc1 ! foll[+ entry occurs3--8,janu>y #a/1 #agfe4--,?is week ,i wrote an answ] to a w>m lett] publi%$ 9 ! ,london ,magaz9e1 ! au?or :]e( is mu* displeas$ t ,i presume to d\bt ( ! #8mod]n a/ronomy4' ,i _c help x4 ,nay1 ! m ,i consid] ! m my d\bts increase2 s t at pres5t ,i d\bt :e!r any man on e>? kn[s ei!r ! di/ance or magnitude1 ,i w n say ( a fix$ ,/>1 b ,saturn or ,jupit]--yea ( ! ,sun or ,moon40 ,9 vol4 #ac1 page #cei1 he says3--8,& s ! :ole hypo!sis ( innum]able ,suns & worlds mov+ r\nd !m vani%es into air40 ,& aga9 at page #dcj ( same volume1 ! foll[+ words occur3--8,! planets revolutions we are acqua9t$ )1 b :o is able to ?is day1 regul>ly to demon/rate ei!r _! magnitude or _! di/ance8 ,unless he w prove1 z is ! usual way1 ! magnitude f ! di/ance1 & ! di/ance f ! magnitude4 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,rog]s has evid5tly demon/rat$ t no conjunction ( ! c5trifugal & c5tripetal =ces c possibly acc\nt = ?is1 or ev5 cause any body to move 9 an ellipsis40 ,!re are sev]al o!r incid5tal rem>ks to be f\nd 9 8 writ+s :i* %ew t ! ,rev4 ,john ,wesley 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! !n mod]n a/ronomy2 & t he saw cle>ly bo? its self-contradictory & its anti-scriptural "*4 ,x is a v popul> idea among mod]n a/ronom]s t ! /ell> univ]se is an endless cong]ies ( sy/ems1 ( ,suns & att5dant worlds peopl$ ) s5ti5t be+s analog\s 9 ! purpose & de/9y ( _! exi/5ce to ! inhabitants ( ?is e>?4 ,?is doctr9e ( a plurality ( worlds1 al?\gh x conveys ! mo/ magnific5t ideas ( ! univ]se1 is purely fanciful1 & may be comp>$ to ! 8dreams ( ! al*emi/s0 :o lab\r$ ) unhe>d ( en?usiasm to discov] ! 8philosoph]'s /one10 ! elixir vit1 & ! 8univ]sal solv5t40 ,h[ev] gr& ! fir/ two projects might h be5 9 _! realisation1 x is kn[n t !y 7 nev] develop$ 9 a practical s5se1 & ! latt] idea ( a solv5t :i* w\ld dissolve ev]y?+ 0 sudd5ly & unexpect$ly de/roy$ by ! few rem>ks ( a simple b critical obs]v]1 :o dem&$ to "k :at s]vice a sub/ance w\ld be to !m :i* w\ld dissolve all ?+s8 ,:at c\ld !y keep x 98 = x w\ld dissolve e vessel :]e9 !y s\ght to pres]ve x6 ,?is idea ( a plurality ( worlds is b a natural & reasonable conclusion drawn f ! doctr9e ( ! ,e>?'s rotundity4 ,b ?is doctr9e be+ false its (f %oot is equally s4 ,! supposition t ! heav5ly bodies are ,suns & inhabit$ worlds is demon/rably impossible 9 nature1 & has no f\ndation :atev] 9 ,scripture4 8,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! ,heav5 & ! ,e>?40 ,"o ,e>? only is creat$2 & ! fact is m especially describ$ 9 ,g5esis1 *4 i41 v4 #aj4 ,:]e1 in/ead ( ! ^w 8,e>?0 mean+ bo? l& & wat] z toge!r =m+ a globe1 z x does 9 ! ,newtonian a/ronomy1 only ! dry l& 0 call$ e>?10 & 8! ga!r+ toge!r ( ! wat]s call$ ,he seas40 ,! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s are describ$ z lights only & n worlds4 ,a great numb] ( passages might be quot$ :i* prove t no o!r mat]ial _w is ev] 9 ! slighte/ mann] ref]r$ to by ! sacr$ writ]s4 ,! creation ( ! _w2 ! orig9 ( evil1 & ! fall ( man2 ! plan ( r$emption by ! dea? ( ,*ri/2 ! day ( judgem5t1 & ! f9al consummation ( all ?+s are inv>iably associat$ ) ?is ,e>? alone4 ,! expression 9 ,hebrews1 *4 i41 v4 #b1 8by :om also he made ! worlds10 & 9 ,heb41 *4 ii41 v4 #c1 8?r\gh fai? we und]/& t ! worlds 7 fram$10 are kn[n to be a comp>atively rec5t r5d]+ f ! orig9al ,greek docum5ts4 ,! ^w :i* has be5 translat$ worlds is fully z capable ( be+ r5d]$ 9 ! s+ul> numb] z ! plural2 & previ\s to ! introduction ( ! ,cop]nican ,a/ronomy 0 always translat$ 8! _w40 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic & ! ,fr5* ,prote/ant ,bibles /ill conta9 ! s+ul> numb]2 & 9 a copy ( an ,engli% ,prote/ant ,bible pr9t$ 9 ! ye> #afjh1 ! foll[+ translation is giv53--8,?r\gh fai? we und]/& t ! _w 0 orda9$40 ,s t ei!r ! plural expression 8worlds0 0 us$ 9 lat] translations to accord ) ! a/ronomical notions !n rec5tly introduc$1 or x 0 meant to include ! ,e>? & ! spiritual _w1 z ref]r$ to 93-- ,hebrews ii41 #e--8;,= unto angels ha? he n put into subjection ! _w to come40 ,ephesians i41 #ba--8;,f> above all pr9cipality & p[]1 & might1 & dom9ion1 & e "n t is nam$ n only 9 ?is _w1 b also 9 t :i* is to come40 ,luke xviii41 #bi1 #cj--8,!re is no man t ha? left h\se1 or p>5ts1 or bre?r51 or wife1 or *ildr51 = ! k+dom ( ,god's sake1 :o %all n receive manifold m 9 ?is pres5t "t1 & 9 ! _w to come life ev]la/+40 ,mat!w xii41 #cb--8,:osoev] speake? aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 x %all n be =giv5 him1 nei!r 9 ?is _w nei!r 9 ! _w to come40 ,! ,scriptures tea* t 9 ! day ( ! ,"l 8! ,heav5s %all pass away ) a great noise1 & ! elem5ts %all melt ) f]v5t heat10 & ! 8/>s ( ,heav5 fall unto ! ,e>? ev5 z a fig tree ca/e? h] untimely figs :5 %ak5 ( a mighty w9d40 ,! ,newtonian sy/em ( a/ronomy decl>es t ! />s & planets are mighty worlds--ne>ly all ( !m mu* l>g] ?an ?is ,e>?4 ,! fix$ />s are consid]$ to be suns1 equal to if n great] ?an our own sun1 :i* is said to be above #hjj1jjj miles 9 diamet]4 ,all ?is is proveably false1 b to ^? :o h be5 l$ to believe x1 ! difficult "q arises1--8,h[ c ?\s&s ( />s fall ^u ! ,e>?1 :i* is _m times less ?an any "o ( !m80 ,h[ c ! ,e>? ) a suppos$ diamet] ( #hjjj miles receive ! num]\s suns ( ! firmam5t _m ( :i* are said to be a million miles 9 diamet]8 ,^! />s are assum$ to h positions s f> f ! ,e>? t ! di/ance is almo/ inexpressible2 figures inde$ may be arrang$ on pap] b 9 read+ !m no practical idea is convey$ to ! m9d4 ,_m ( !m are said to be s di/ant t %\ld !y fall ) ! velocity ( light or above "o hundr$ & sixty ?\s& miles 9 a second1 or six hundr$ millions ( miles p] h\r1 !y w\ld require ne>ly two millions ( ye>s to rea* ! ,e>?6 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el 9 a pap] on 8,! p[] ( telescopes to p5etrate into space10 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = ! ye> #ahjj1 affirms1 t ) 8 p[]ful in/rum5ts he discov]$ brilliant lum9>ies s f> f ! ,e>? t ! light f !m 8c\ld n h be5 less ?an "o million n9e hundr$ ?\s& ye>s 9 its progress40 ,aga9 ! difficulty pres5ts itself--8,if ! />s ( ,heav5 beg9 to fall to-day1 & ) ! greate/ imag9able velocity1 millions ( ye>s mu/ elapse be=e !y rea* ! ,e>?60 ,b ! ,scriptures decl>e t ^! *anges %all occur sudd5ly--%all come1 inde$1 8z a ?ief 9 ! night40 ,! same !ory1 ) its false & inconceivable di/ances & magnitudes1 op]ates to de/roy all ! ord9>y1 common s5se1 & scripturally au?oris$ *ronology4 ,*ri/ian & ,jewi% comm5tators1 unless a/ronomically educat$1 hold & tea* t ! ,e>?1 z well z ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s1 7 creat$ ab\t #d1jjj ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 or less ?an #f1jjj ye>s be=e ! pres5t "t4 ,b if _m ( ^! lum9>ies are s di/ant t _! light w\ld require above a million ( ye>s to rea* u2 & if1 z we are taught1 bodies are visible to u because ( ! light :i* !y reflect or radiate1 !n _! light has rea*$ u1 because we h be5 able to see !m1 & !re=e !y mu/ h be5 %9+1 & mu/ h be5 creat$ at lea/ "o million n9e hundr$ ?\s& ye>s ago6 ,! *ronology ( ! bible indicates t a p]iod ( six ?\s& ye>s has n yet elaps$ s9ce 8! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? 7 f9i%$1 & all ! ,ho/ ( !m40 ,9 ! mod]n a/ronomy1 ,cont95ts1 ,oceans1 ,seas1 & ,isl&s1 are consid]$ z toge!r =m+ "o va/ ,globe ( #be1jjj miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,?is has be5 %[n to be fallaci\s1 & x is cle>ly contr>y to ! pla91 lit]al tea*+ ( ! scriptures4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 we f9d ! foll[+ language3 8& ,god said let ! wat]s "u ! heav5 be ga!r$ unto "o place1 & let ! dry l& appe>2 & x 0 s4 ,& ,god call$ ! dry l& ,e>?1 & ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ! wat]s call$ ,he ,seas40 ,"h ! ,e>? & ,seas--,e>? & ! great body ( wat]s1 are describ$ z two di/9ct & indep5d5t regions1 & n z toge!r =m+ "o ,globe :i* a/ronom]s call 8! ,e>?40 ,?is description is confirm$ by sev]al o!r passages ( scripture4 #b ,pet]1 iii41 #e--8;,= ?is !y will+ly are ignorant (1 t by ! ,^w ( ,god ! ,heav5s 7 ( old1 & ! ,e>? /&+ out ( ! wat]s & 9 ! wat]s40 ,psalms cxxxvi41 #f--8,o give ?anks to ! ,"l ( ,lords1 t by wisdom made ! heav5s1 & t /ret*et out ! e>? above ! wat]s40 ,psalms xxiv41 #a1 #b--8,! e>? is ! ,"l's & ! fulness !re(2 ! _w & !y t dwell !re93 = he ha? f\nd$ x ^u ! seas1 & e/abli%$ x ^u ! floods40 ,h]mes 7,new ,te/am5t ,apocrypha7--8,:o ) ! ^w ( 8 /r5g? fix$ ! heav52 & f\nd$ ! e>? ^u ! wat]s40 ,job xxvi41 #g--8;,he /ret*e? out ! nor? ov] ! empty place1 & hange? ! ,e>? ^u no?+40 ,"s ?9k t ! latt] "p ( ?is v]se1 8hange? ! ,e>? ^u no?+10 fav\rs ! idea t ! ,e>? is a globe revolv+ 9 space )\t visible support2 b ,dr4 ,adam ,cl>k1 al?\gh himself a ,newtonian philosoph]1 says1 9 8 comm5t>y ^u ?is passage 9 ,job1 ! lit]al translation is1 8on ! holl[ or empty wa/e10 & he quotes a ,*aldee v]sion ( ! passage :i* runs z foll[s3 8,he laye? ! ,e>? ^u ! wat]s no?+ su/a9+ x40 ,x is n t ,he 8hange? ! ,e>? ^u no?+10 b 8hange? or laye? x ^u ! wat]s0 :i* 7 empty or wa/e1 & :]e be=e !re 0 no?+4 ,?is is 9 /rict accordance ) ! o!r expressions1 t 8! ,e>? 0 f\nd$ ^u ! wat]s10 c41 & also ) ! expression 9 ,g5esis1 8t ! face ( ! deep 0 cov]$ only ) d>kness40 ,if ! ,e>? 7 a globe1 x is evid5t t ev]y:]e ! wat] ( its surface1 ! seas1 lakes1 oceans1 & riv]s1 mu/ be su/a9$ ! l&1 ! ,e>? mu/ be "u ! wat]2 b if ! l& & ! wat]s are di/9ct1 & ! ,e>? is 8f\nd$ ^u ! seas10 !n ev]y:]e ! sea mu/ su/a9 ! l& z x does a %ip or any o!r float+ mass1 & !re is wat] bel[ ! e>?4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> z 9 all ! o!rs1 ! scriptures are beautifully sequ5tial & consi/5t3-- ,exodus xx1 #d--8,?\ %alt n make unto !e any lik5ess ( any?+ 9 heav5 above or 9 ! ,e>? b5ea?1 or 9 ! wat]s "u ! ,e>?40 ,g5esis xliv1 #be--8,! ,almighty %all bless !e ) ! bless+s ( heav5 above1 & bless+s ( ! deep t lie? "u40 ,deut4 xxxiii1 #ac--8;,bless$ be 8 l&1 = ! preci\s ?+s ( heav52 = ! dew2 & = ! deep :i* c\*$ b5ea?40 ,deut4 iv1 #ah--8,take ye !re=e good he$ unto y\rselves1 & make no similitude ( any?+ on ! ,e>?1 or ! lik5ess ( any?+ t is 9 ! wat]s b5ea? ! ,e>?40 ,! same idea prevail$ among ! anci5ts g5]ally4 ,9 ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 ,jupit]1 9 an assembly ( ! gods1 is made to say1 8,i swe> by ! inf]nal waves :i* glide "u ! ,e>?40 ,if ! e>? is a di/9ct /ructure /&+ 9 & ^u ! wat]s ( ! 8great deep10 x foll[s t1 unless x c be %[n t some?+ else su/a9s ! wat]s1 t ! dep? is fa?omless4 ,z !re is no evid5ce :atev] ( any?+ exi/+ und]nea? ! 8great deep10 & z 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans no bottom has be5 f\nd by ! mo/ sci5tific & effici5t means :i* human +5uity c\ld inv5t1 we are =c$ to ! conclusion t ! dep? is b\ndless4 ,?is conclusion is aga9 confirm$ by ! scriptures4 ,j]emiah xxxi1 #cg--8,?us sai? ! ,"l1 :i* give? ! sun = a light by day1 & ! ord9ances ( ! moon & ( ! />s = a light by night1 :i* divide? ! sea :5 ! waves !re( ro>1 ! ,"l ( ,ho/s is ,8 "n4 ,if ^! ord9ances dep>t f be=e me1 sai? ! ,"l1 !n ! se$ ( ,israel also %all cease f be+ a nation be=e me = ev]4 ,?us sai? ! ,"l3 if heav5 above c be measur$1 & ! f\ndations ( ! ,e>? se>*$ out b5ea?1 ,i w also ca/ (f all ! se$ ( ,israel40 ,f ! above x w be se5 t ,god's promises to 8 p c\ld no m be brok5 ?an c\ld ! height ( heav51 or ! dep?s ( ! ,e>?'s f\ndations be se>*$ out4 ,! fa?omless deep b5ea?--^u :i* ! ,e>? is f\nd$1 & ! inf9itude ( heav5 above1 are "h giv5 z emblems ( ! b\ndlessness ( ,god's p[]1 & ( ! c]ta9ty t all 8 ord9ances w be fulfill$4 ,:5 ,god's p[] c be limit$1 heav5 above w no long] be inf9ite2 & ! mighty wat]s1 ! f\ndations ( ! e>? may be fa?om$4 ,b ! scriptures pla9ly tea* u t ! p[] & wisdom ( ,god1 ! heights ( ,heav51 & ! dep?s ( ! wat]s "u ! ,e>? are alike unfa?omable2 & no true philosophy ev] av]s1 nor ev] did nor ev] c av]1 a s+le fact to ! contr>y4 ,9 all ! religions ( ! ,e>? ! words 8up0 & 8above0 are associat$ ) a region ( peace & happ9ess4 ,heav5 is always spok5 ( z above ! ,e>?4 ,! scriptures inv>iable convey ! same idea3-- ,deut4 xxvi41 #ae--8,look d[n f ,?y holy habitation1 f ,heav51 & bless ,?y p ,israel40 ,exodus xix41 #bj--8;,& ! ,"l came d[n ^u ,m\nt ,s9ai40 ,psalm cii41 #ai--8;,= he ha? look$ d[n f ! height ( 8 sanctu>y3 f ,heav5 did ! ,"l behold ! ,e>?40 ,isaiah lxiii41 #ae--8,look d[n f ,heav51 & behold f ! habitation ( ,?y hol9ess & ( ,?y glory40 ,psalm ciii41 #aa--8;,= z ! ,heav5 is high above ! ,e>?40 #b ,k+s ii41 #aa--8;,& ,elijah w5t up by a :irlw9d into ,heav540 ,m>k xvi41 #aj--8,s !n aft] ! ,"l _h spok5 unto !m he 0 receiv$ up into ,heav540 ,luke xxiv41 #ea--8;,& x came to pass1 :ile ,he bless$ !m1 ,he 0 p>t$ f !m1 & c>ri$ up into ,heav540 ,if ! ,e>? is a globe revolv+ at ! rate ( above a ?\s& miles an h\r all ?is language ( scripture is necess>ily fallaci\s4 ,! t]ms 8up0 & 8d[n10 & 8above0 & 8bel[10 are words )\t mean+1 at be/ are m]ely relative--indicative ( no absolute or c]ta9 direction4 ,t :i* is 8up0 at noon-day1 is directly 8d[n0 at midnight4 ,heav5 c only be spok5 ( z 8above10 & ! scriptures c only be read correctly = a s+le mom5t out ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 = be=e ! s5t5ce 8,heav5 is high above ! ,e>?0 c\ld be utt]$1 ! speak] w\ld be desc5d+ f ! m]idian :]e ,heav5 0 above him1 & 8 eye al?\gh unmov$ w\ld be fix$ ^u a po9t millions ( miles away f 8 fir/ position4 ,h5ce 9 all ! c]emonials ( religion1 :]e ! h&s & eyes are rais$ upw>ds to ,heav51 nay :5 ,*ri/ himself 8lift$ up 8 eyes to ,heav5 & said1 ,fa!r1 ! h\r is come10 8 gaze w\ld be sweep+ along ! firmam5t at rapidly v>y+ angles1 & ) su* incompreh5sible velocity t a fix$ po9t ( obs]vation1 & a def9ite position1 z indicat+ ! seat or ?rone ( 8,him t sitte? 9 ! ,heav5s0 w\ld be an impossibility4 ,aga93 ! religi\s _w h always believ$ & m$itat$ ^u ! ^w 8,heav50 z repres5t+ an inf9ite region ( joy & safety1 ( re/ & happ9ess unspeakable2 z 8! place ( ,god's resid5ce1 ! dwell+ place ( angels & ! bless$2 ! true palace ( ,god1 entirely sep>at$ f ! impurities & imp]fections1 ! alt]ations & *anges ( ! l[] _w2 :]e ,he reigns 9 et]nal peace4 99 99 ,x is ! sacr$ mansion ( light1 & joy1 & glory4#de0 ,b if !re is a plurality ( worlds1 millions ^u millions1 nay1 an 8inf9ity ( worlds10 if ! univ]se is fill$ ) innum]able sy/ems ( burn+ suns1 & rapidly revolv+ planets1 int]m+l$ ) ru%+ comets & :irl+ satellites1 all da%+ & sweep+ ?r\gh space 9 directions1 & ) velocities surpass+ all human compreh5sion1 & t]rible ev5 to contemplate1 :]e is ! place ( re/ & safety8 ,:]e is ! true & un*angeable 8palace ( ,god80 ,9 :at direction is ,heav5 to be f\nd8 ,:]e is ! lib]at$ human s\l to f9d its home--its refuge f *ange & motion1 f unc]ta9ty & dang]8 ,is x to w&] = ev] 9 a labyr9? ( roll+ worlds8 ,to /ruggle = ev] 9 a nev] end+ maze ( revolv+ suns & sy/ems8 ,to be nev] at re/1 b = ev] seek+ to avoid "s vortex ( attraction--"s :irlpool ( gravitation8 ,! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,heav51 z a region ( peace & h>mony 8ext5d+ 7above ! ,e>?7 ?r\gh all ext5t10 & beyond ! influ5ce ( natural laws & re/less elem5ts1 is jeop>dis$1 if n de/roy$1 by a false & usurp+ a/ronomy1 :i* has no bett] f\ndation ?an human conceit & presumption4 ,if ?is ill-f\nd$1 unsupport$ philosophy is admitt$ by ! religi\s m9d1 x c no long] say t-- 8,f> above ! sun1 & />s1 & skies1 ,9 realms ( endless light & love1 ,my ,fa!r's mansion lies40 #de ,crud5's ,concordance1 article 8,heav540 ,! mod]n !oretical a/ronomy affirms t ! ,moon is a solid opaque1 non-lum9\s body2 t x is1 9 fact1 no?+ less ?an a mat]ial _w4 ,x has ev5 be5 mapp$ out into cont95ts1 isl&s1 seas1 lakes1 volcanoes1 c41 c4 ,! nature ( its atmosph]e & "* ( its productions & possible inhabitants h be5 discuss$ ) z mu* fre$om z ?\gh our philosoph]s 7 q z famili> ) x z !y are ) ! diff]5t objects & localities ^u ,e>?4 ,! light1 too1 ) :i* ! ,moon s beautifully illum9ates ! firmam5t is decl>$ to be only borr[$--to be only ! light ( ! ,sun int]cept$ & reflect$ ^u ! ,e>?4 ,^! doctr9es are n only oppos$ by a =midable array ( well-asc]ta9$ facts 7z giv5 9 previ\s sections71 b !y are totally d5i$ by ! scriptures4 ,! ,sun & ,moon & ,/>s are nev] ref]r$ to z worlds1 b simply z lights to rule alt]nately 9 ! firmam5t4 ,g5esis i41 #ad1 #af--8;,& ,god said let !re be lights 9 ! firmam5t ( ! ,heav5 to divide ! day f ! night4 99 99 99 ,& ,god made two great lights--! great] light to rule ! day1 & ! less] light to rule ! night40 ,psalm cxxxvi41 #g1 #i--8,o give ?anks to ,him t made great lights3 ! ,sun to rule by day1 ! ,moon & ,/>s to rule by night40 ,j]emiah1 xxxi41 #ce--8,! ,sun is giv5 = a light by day1 & ! ord9ances ( ! ,moon & ( ! ,/>s = a light by night40 ,ezekiel1 xxxii41 #g1 #h--8;,i w cov] ! ,sun ) a cl\d2 & ! ,moon %all n give h] light40 8,all ! bright lights ( ,heav5 w ,i make d>k ov] !e40 ,psalm cxlviii41 #c--8,praise him ,sun & ,moon1 praise him all ye ,/>s ( light40 ,isaiah xiii41 #aj--8,! ,sun %all be d>k5$ 9 8 go+ =?1 & ! ,moon %all n cause h] light to %9e40 ,mat!w xxiv41 #bi--8;,imm$iately aft] ! tribulation ( ^? days %all ! ,sun be d>k5$1 & ! ,moon %all n give h] light40 ,isaiah ix41 #ai1 #bj--8,! ,sun %all be no m ?y light by day2 nei!r = brightness %all ! ,moon give light unto !e4 99 99 ,?y ,sun %all no m g d[n2 nei!r %all ?y ,moon )draw itself40 ,psalm cxxxvi41 #g to #i--8,to him t made great lights1 ! ,sun to rule by day1 ! ,moon & ,/>s to rule by night40 ,job xxv41 #e--8;,behold ev5 to ! ,moon1 & x %9e? n40 ,ecclesia/es xii41 #b--8,:ile ! ,sun1 or ! light1 or ! ,moon1 or ! ,/>s be n d>k5$40 ,isaiah xxx41 #bf--8,! light ( ! ,moon %all be z ! light ( ! ,sun2 & ! light ( ! ,sun %all be sev5fold40 ,deut]onomy xxxiii41 #ad--8;,& = ! preci\s fruits br\ght =? by ! ,sun1 & = ! preci\s ?+s put =? by ! ,moon40 ,9 ! v fir/ ( ! passages above quot$ ! doctr9e is enunciat$ t v>i\s di/9ct & indep5d5t lights 7 creat$4 ,b t two great lights 7 specially call$ into exi/5ce = ! purpose ( rul+ ! day & ! night4 ,! ,sun & ! ,moon are decl>$ to be ^! great & alt]nately rul+ lights4 ,no?+ is "h said1 nor is x 9 any o!r "p ( scripture said1 t ! ,sun is a great light1 & t ! ,moon %9es only by reflection4 ,! ,sun is call$ ! 8great] light to rule ! day10 & ! ,moon ! 8less] light to rule ! night40 ,al?\gh ( ^! two 8great lights0 "o is less ?an ! o!r1 ea* is decl>$ to %9e ) its own light4 ,h5ce 9 ,deut]onomy1 c4 #cc1 v4 #ad1 x is affirm$ t c]ta9 fruits are specially br\ght =? by ! influ5ce ( ! ,sun's light1 & t c]ta9 o!r productions are 8put =? by ! ,moon40 ,t ! light ( ! sun is influ5tial 9 enc\rag+ ! gr[? ( c]ta9 natural products2 & t ! light ( ! ,moon has a di/9ct influ5ce 9 promot+ ! increase ( c]ta9 o!r natural sub/ances1 is a matt] well kn[n to ^? :o are famili> ) horticultural & agricultural ph5om5a2 & x is abundantly prov$ by *emical evid5ce t ! two lights are di/9ct 9 "* & 9 action ^u v>i\s elem5ts4 ,?is di/9ction is beautifully pres]v$ ?r\gh\t ! sacr$ scriptures4 ,9 no s+le in/ance are ! two lights conf\nd$4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,/4 ,paul affirms ) au?ority1 t 8!re is "o glory ( ! ,sun1 & ano!r glory ( ! ,moon1 & ano!r glory ( ! ,/>s40 ,! same fact ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! two lights1 & _! indep5d5ce ( ea* o!r is ma9ta9$ 9 ! scriptures to ! la/4 8,! ,sun became black z sackclo? ( hair1 & ! ,moon became z blood40 ,if ! ,moon is only a reflector1 ! mom5t ! ,sun becomes black h] surface w be black5$ also1 & n rema9 z blood1 :ile ! ,sun is d>k & black z sackclo? ( hair6 ,aga93 ! mod]n sy/em ( a/ronomy tea*es t ?is e>? _c possibly receive light f ! ,/>s1 because ( _! suppos$ great di/ance f x3 t ! fix$ ,/>s are only burn+ sph]es1 or ,sun's to _! own sy/ems ( planets & satellites3 & t _! light t]m9ates1 or no long] produces an active lum9osity at ! di/ance ( ne>ly two ?\s& millions ( miles4 ,"h aga9 ! scriptures affirm ! contr>y doctr9e4 ,g5esis i41 #af-ag--8;,he made ! ,/>s also2 & ,god set !m 9 ! firmam5t to give light ^u ! e>?40 ,isaiah xiii41 #aj--8;,= ! ,/>s ( ,heav5 & ! con/ellations !re( %all n give _! light40 ,ezekiel xxxii41 #g--8;,i w cov] ! ,heav51 & make ! ,/>s !re( d>k40 ,joel ii41 #aj--8,! ,sun & ! ,moon %all be d>k1 & ! ,/>s %all )draw _! %9+40 ,psalm cxlviii41 #c--8,praise him ,sun & ,moon3 promise him all ye ,/>s ( ,light40 ,j]emiah xxxi41 #ce--8,?us sai? ! ,"l1 :i* give? ! ,sun = a light by day2 & ! ord9ances ( ! ,moon & ( ! ,/>s = a light by night40 ,daniel xii41 #c--8,!y t turn _m to righte\sness %all %9e z ! ,/>s = ev] & ev]40 ,^! quotations place x beyond d\bt t ! ,/>s 7 made expressly to %9e 9 ! firmam5t1 & 8to give light ^u ! ,e>?40 ,9 addition to ?is language ( scripture1 we h ! evid5ce ( our own eyes t ! ,/>s give abundant light4 8,:at beautiful />-light60 is a common expression3 & we all rememb] ! diff]5ce betwe5 a d>k & />less night1 & "o :5 ! firmam5t is z x 7 /udd$ ) brilliant lum9>ies4 ,travell]s in=m u t 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 :]e ! sky is cle> & free f cl\ds & vap\rs = weeks toge!r1 ! ,/>s appe> bo? l>g] & bright] ?an !y d 9 ,engl&2 & t _! light is suffici5tly int5se to enable !m to read & write1 & to travel ) safety ?r\gh ! mo/ dang]\s places4 ,if x be true t ! ,/>s & ! ,planets are n simply lights1 z ! scriptures affirm !m to be1 b magnific5t worlds1 = ! mo/ "p mu* l>g] ?an ?is e>?1 !n x is a v prop] "q to ask--8are !y inhabit$80 ,if ! answ] be 9 ! affirmative1 x is equally prop] to inquire 8h ! fir/ p>5ts 9 ea* _w be5 tempt$80 ,if s1 8h !y fall580 if s1 8,h !y requir$ r$emption80 ,& 8h !y be5 r$eem$80 8,has ea* _w _h a sep>ate ,r$eem]8 or has ,*ri/ be5 ! ,r$eem] = e _w 9 ! univ]se80 ,& if s1 8did ,8 suff]+ & crucifixion on ?is ,e>? suffice = ! r$emption ( ! fall5 inhabitants ( all o!r worlds8 ,or _h ,he to suff] & die 9 ea* _w successively8 ,did ! fall ( ,adam 9 ?is _w involve 9 8 guilt ! inhabitants ( all o!r worlds8 ,or 0 ! baneful influ5ce ( ,satan conf9$ to ! fir/ p>5ts ( ?is ,e>?8 ,if s1 :y s8 & if n1 :y n8 ,b1 & if1 & :y1 & aga9--b x is useless ?us to pond]6 ,! ,*ri/ian philosoph] mu/ be conf\nd$6 ,if 8 religion be to him a liv+ reality1 he w turn ) loa?+ or spurn ) indignation & disgu/1 z he w\ld a poison\s reptile1 a sy/em ( a/ronomy :i* creates 9 8 m9d s mu* confusion & unc]ta9ty6 ,b z ! sy/em :i* necessitates su* d\bts & difficulties has be5 %[n to be purely !oretical2 & to h n ! slighte/ f\ndation 9 fact1 ! religi\s m9d has really no cause = appreh5sion4 ,n a %ad[ ( d\bt rema9s t ?is ,_w is ! only "o creat$2 t ! sacr$ ,scriptures conta91 9 addition to religi\s & moral doctr9es1 a true & consi/5t philosophy2 t !y 7 writt5 = ! good ( mank9d1 at ! direct in/igation ( ,god himself2 & t all _! tea*+s & promises are tru?ful1 consi/5t1 & reliable4 ,:oev] holds ! contr>y conclusion is ! victim ( an arrogant false a/ronomy1 ( an equally false & presumptu\s geology1 or a suicidal me?od ( reason+--a logic :i* nev] dem&s a pro( ( its premises1 & :i* !re=e leads to conclusions :i* are contr>y to nature1 to human exp]i5ce1 & to ! direct tea*+ ( ,god's ^w1 & !re=e contr>y to ! deepe/ & mo/ la/+ int]e/s ( humanity4 8,god has spok5 to man 9 two voices1 ! voice ( inspiration & ! voice ( nature4 ,by man's ignorance !y h be5 made to disagree2 b ! "t w come1 & _c be f> di/ant1 :5 ^! two languages w /rictly accord2 :5 ! sci5ce ( nature w no long] contradict ! sci5ce ( scripture40#df #df ,pr(essor ,hunt4 ,,cui ,,bono4--8,( all t]rors to ! g5]\s s\l1 t ,cui bono is ! "o to be ! mo/ zeal\sly avoid$4 ,:e!r x be propos$ to f9d ! magnetic po9t1 or a passage impossible to be utilis$ if discov]$1 or a race ( m5 ( no good to any human in/itution extant1 & ( no good to !mselves2 or to seek ! ,unicorn 9 ,madagasc>1 & :5 we _h f\nd him n to be able to make use ( him2 or ! great c5tral plateau ( ,au/ralia1 :]e no "o c\ld live = c5turies to come2 or ! great ,african lake1 :i*1 = all ! good x w\ld d u ,engli% folk might z well be 9 ! ,moon2 or ! s\rce ( ! ,nile1 ! triumphant discov]y ( :i* w\ld nei!r l[] ! r5ts nor take (f ! taxes any:]e--:atev] x is1 ! ,cui bono is always a weak & c[>dly argum5t3 ess5tially %ort-sight$ too1 see+ t1 accord+ to ! law ( ! pa/1 by :i* we may always safely pr$icate ! future1 s mu* falls into ! h&s ( ! seek]1 = :i* he 0 n look+1 & ( :i* he nev] ev5 knew ! exi/5ce4 ,! area ( ! possible is v wide /ill1 & v insignificant & m9ute1 ! angle we h /ak$ out & m>k$ impossible4 ,:at d we "k ( ! p[]s :i* nature has yet 9 res]ve1 ( ! secrets %e has /ill untold1 ! weal? /ill conceal$8 ,e day sees new discov]ies 9 ! sci5ces we c inve/igate at home4 ,:at1 !n1 may n lie wait+ = ! explor]s abroad8 ,weak & %ort-sight$ comm]cially1 ! cui bono is worse ?an bo?1 morally4 ,:5 we rememb] ! p[]ful manhood1 ! pati5ce1 unselfi%ness1 c\rage1 devotion1 & nobl5ess ( aim :i* mu/ accompany a p]il\s ent]prise1 & :i* =m s great an example1 & s he>t-/irr+ to ! "y & to ! wav]+1 x is no return to b>b>ic indiff]5ce to life to say1 bett] inde$ a few dea?s = ev5 a comm]cially useless ent]prise--bett] a few he>?s made desolate1 & a few wives & mo!rs left to be> _! /ately sorr[ to ! end ( "t1 t ! future may rejoice & be /rong3 bett] a ?\s& failures1 & a ?\s& useless und]tak+s1 ?an ! loss ( national manhood or ! weak5+ ( ! national fibre4 ,quixotism is a folly :5 ! en]gy :i* might h a*iev$ conque/s ov] mis]y & wrong1 if rightfully appli$1 is wa/$ 9 fight+ w9dmills2 b to =ego any great ent]prise = fe> ( ! dang]s att5d+1 or to *eck a gr& endeav\r by ! cui bono ( ignorance & moral scepticism1 is worse ?an a folly--x is bas5ess1 & a c[>dice4#dg0 #dg ,daily ,news ( ,april #e1 #ahfe4 ,! above quotation is an excell5t g5]al answ] to all ^? :o may1 9 ref]5ce to ! subject ( ?is "w1 or to any?+ :i* is n ( imm$iate worldly int]e/1 obtrude ! cui bono8 ,b z a special reply x may be claim$ = ! subject ( ^! pages-- ,fir/1--,x is m edify+1 m satisfactory1 & 9 e s5se f> bett] t we %\ld "k ! true & detect ! false4 ,!reby ! m9d becomes fix$1 e/abli%$ ^u an et]nal f\ndation1 & no long] subject to ^? wav]+s & *anges1 ^? oscillations & fluctuations :i* are ev] ! result ( falsehood4 ,to "k ! tru? & to embody x 9 our lives & purposes our progress mu/ be safe & rapid1 & almo/ unlimit$ 9 ext5t4 ,none c say to :at x may lead or :]e x may culm9ate4 ,:o %all d>e to set b\nds to ! capabilities ( ! m9d1 or to fix a limit to human progress8 ,:atev] may be ! de/9y ( ! human race tru? alone w help & secure its realisation4 ,second1--,hav+ detect$ ! fundam5tal falsehoods ( mod]n a/ronomy1 & discov]$ t ! ,e>? is a plane1 & motionless1 & ! only mat]ial _w 9 exi/5ce1 we are able to demon/rate ! actual "* ( ! ,univ]se4 ,9 do+ ?is we are enabl$ to prove t all ! s-call$ argum5ts ) :i* s _m sci5tific b irreligi\s m5 h assail$ ! scriptures1 are absolutely false2 h no f\ndation except 9 _! own a/ronomical & geological !ories1 :i* be+ demon/rably fallaci\s1 !y fall to ! gr\nd z valueless4 ,!y c no long] be wield$ z weapons aga9/ religion4 ,if us$ at all x c only be t _! weakness & utt] wor?lessness w be expos$4 ,a!ism & e o!r =m ( ,infidelity are ?us r5d]$ helpless4 ,_! /+ is cut away1 & _! poison dissipat$4 ,! irreligi\s philosoph] c no long] obtrude 8 !ories z ?+s prov$ :]e) to te/ ! tea*+s ( scripture4 ,he mu/ n[ himself be te/$4 ,he mu/ be =c$ to demon/rate 8 premises1 a ?+ :i* he has nev] yet attempt$2 & if he fails 9 ?is respect 8 impi\s vanity1 self-conceit & utt] disreg>d ( ju/ice1 w become s cle>ly app>5t t 8 pres5ce 9 ! ranks ( sci5ce w no long] be tol]at$4 ,all !ory mu/ be put aside1 & ! que/ions at issue mu/ be decid$ by indep5d5t & practical evid5ce4 ,?is has be5 done4 ,! process--! modus op]&i1 & ! conclusions d]iv$ !refrom h be5 giv5 9 ! e>ly sections ( ?is "w4 ,!y are entirely consonant ) ! tea*+s ( scripture4 ,! scriptures are !re=e lit]ally true1 & mu/ h5ce=? ei!r alone or 9 conjunction ) practical sci5ce be us$ z a /&>d by :i* to te/ ! tru? or falsehood ( e sy/em :i* does or may h]eaft] exi/4 ,philosophy is no long] to be employ$ z a te/ ( scriptural tru?1 b ! scriptures may & ought to be ! te/ ( all philosophy4 ,n t !y are to be us$ z a te/ ( philosophy simply because !y are ?\ght or believ$ to be ! ^w ( ,god1 b because _! lit]al tea*+s 9 reg>d to sci5ce & natural ph5om5a1 are demon/rably correct4 ,x is q z faulty & unju/ = ! religi\s devotee to urge ! scriptures aga9/ ! !ories ( ! philosoph] simply because he believes !m to be true1 z x is = ! philosoph] to urge 8 !ories aga9/ ! scriptures only because he disbelieves ! "o & believes ! o!r4 ,! :ole matt] mu/ be tak5 out ( ! region ( belief & disbelief4 ,! ,*ri/ian w be /r5g!n$ & 8 m9d m completely satisfi$ by hav+ x 9 8 p[] to demon/rate t ! scriptures are philosophically true1 ?an he c\ld possibly be by ! simple belief 9 _! validity1 unsupport$ by practical evid5ce4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,a!i/ :o is met by ! ,*ri/ian ^u purely sci5tific gr\nds1 & :o is n belab\r$ ) enunciations ( :at 8 antagoni/ believes1 w be l$ to li/5 & to pay m reg>d & respect to ! reasons advanc$ ?an he c\ld possibly conc$e to ! purely religi\s argum5t1 or to an argum5t f\nd$ ^u fai? alone4 ,if x c be %[n to ! a!i/ical philosoph] t 8 a/ronomical & geological !ories are fallaci\s1 & t all ! expressions 9 ! scriptures :i* h ref]5ce to natural ph5om5a are lit]ally true1 he w ( necessity be l$ to admit t1 ap>t f all o!r consid]ations1 if ! philosophy ( ! scriptures is demon/rably correct1 !n possibly _! spiritual & moral tea*+s may also be true2 & if s1 !y may & inde$ mu/ h _h a div9e orig92 & if s !y are truly ! 8^w ( ,god10 & aft] all1 religion is a gr& reality2 & ! !ories :i* speculative adv5tur\s philosoph]s h advanc$ are no?+ bett] ?an trea*]\s quicks&s into :i* _m ( ! deepe/ ?9k]s h be5 engulph$ & lo/4 ,by ?is process _m highly intellig5t m9ds h be5 l$ to des]t ! ranks ( ,a!ism & to rejo9 ! army ( ,*ri/ian soldi]s & devotees4 ,_m h rejoic$ almo/ beyond expression t ! subject ( ! ,e>?'s true =m & position 9 ! univ]se _h ev] be5 br\ght "u _! notice2 & d\btless great numb]s w yet be induc$ to return to t allegiance :i* pla9 demon/rable tru? dem&s & des]ves4 ,to induce numb]s ( e>ne/ ?9k+ human be+s to leave ! rebelli\s cause ( ,a!ism & false philosophy2 to return to a full recognition ( ! beauty & tru?fulness ( ! scriptures1 & to a p>ticipation 9 ! joy & satisfaction :i* religion c alone supply1 is a gr& & *e]+ result1 & "o :i* furni%es ! noble/ possible answ] to ! ev] ready 8,,cui ,,bono40 ,9 addition to ! num]\s quotations :i* h be5 giv5 f sacr$ scriptures1 & prov$ to be true & consi/5t1 x may be useful briefly to ref] to ! foll[+ difficulties :i* h be5 rais$ by ! sci5tific objectors to scriptural au?ority3--8,z ! e>? is a globe1 & z all its va/ collections ( wat]--its oceans1 lakes1 c41 are su/a9$ by ! e>?y cru/ b5ea? !m1 & z b5ea? ?is #8cru/ ( ! e>?' ev]y?+ is 9 a r$-hot molt5 condition to :at place c\ld ! excess ( wat]s retire :i* are said 9 ! scriptures to h ov]:elm$ ! :ole _w8 ,x c\ld n s9k into ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 = ! fire is !re s int5se t ! :ole w\ld be rapidly volatilis$1 & driv5 away z vap\r4 ,x c\ld n evaporate1 = :5 ! atmosph]e is *>g$ ) wat]y vap\r beyond a c]ta9 degree x beg9s to cond5se & ?r[ back ! wat] 9 ! =m ( ra92 s t ! wat]s ( ! flood c\ld n s9k f ! e>?'s surface1 nor rema9 9 ! atmosph]e2 !re=e if ! e>? _h ev] be5 delug$ at all1 x w\ld h rema9$ s to ?is day4 ,b z x is n univ]sally flood$ s x nev] c\ld h be51 & ! acc\nt giv5 9 ! scriptures is false40 ,all ?is speci\s reason+ is f\nd$ ^u ! assumption t ! e>? is a globe3 ?is doctr9e1 h[ev]1 be+ false1 all ! difficulties quickly vani%4 ,! e>? be+ 8f\nd$ on ! seas0 w\ld be z readily cle>$ ( its sup]flu\s wat] z w\ld ! deck ( a %ip on em]g+ f a /orm4 ,or z a rock 9 ! ocean w\ld be cle>$ aft] ! rag+ waves :i* = a "t ov]:elm$ x _h subsid$4 8,?\ cov]$/ ! ,e>? ) ! deep z ) a g>m5t2 ! wat]s /ood above ! m\nta9s4 ,at ?y rebuke !y fl$2 & at ! voice ( ?y ?und] !y ha/$ away 444 d[n by ! valleys unto ! place :i* ?\ ha/ f\nd$ = !m40#dh #dh ,psalm civ4 8,?\ did/ cleave ! ,e>? ) riv]s2 & ! ov]fl[+ ( ! wat]s pass$ by2 & ! deep utt]$ 8 voice & lift$ up 8 h&s on high40#di #di ,hab4 iii4 #i-aj4 ,! surface ( ! ,e>? /&+ above ! level ( ! surr\nd+ seas1 ! wat]s ( ! flood w\ld simply & naturally run d[n by ! valleys & riv]s into ! 8great deep10--into :i* 8! wat]s return$ f (f ! e>? cont9ually 444 until ! t5? mon?1 & on ! fir/ day ( ! mon? 7 ! tops ( ! m\nta9s se540#ej #ej ,g54 viii4 #b-e4 ,aga92 z ! ,e>? is a ,globe & 9 cont9ual motion1 h[ c\ld ,jesus on be+ 8tak5 up into an exce$+ly high m\nta9 see all ! k+doms ( ! _w1 9 a mom5t ( "t80 ,or1 :5 8,he come? ) cl\ds & e eye %all see him10 h[ c\ld x be possible1 see+ t at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs w\ld elapse be=e e "p ( ! ,e>? w\ld be turn$ to ! same po9t8 ,b x has be5 demon/rat$ t ! ,e>? is a ,plane & motionless1 & t f a great em95ce e "p ( its surface c\ld be se5 at once2 &1 at once--at ! same mom5t1 c\ld e eye behold ,him1 :5 8com+ 9 a cl\d ) p[] & great glory40 ,,f9is4 ,s4 ,,hayw>d1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,gre5 ,,/reet1 ,,ba?4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5t & unusual spell+1 punctuation etc4 h be5 reta9$2 acc5ts on 7,fr5*7 words h n be5 correct$4 ,! inconsi/5t ne/+ & pair+ ( quote m>ks (t5 makes x difficult to det]m9e :]e a quote />ts or ends4 ,page #bj3 444 z repres5t$ 9 figure #aj 444 *ang$ to 444 z repres5t$ 9 figure #i 4444 ,page #ac1 ,a ,b is ! l9e-(-sight1 & ,c ,d ! surface ( ! wat] 4443 ,c nor ,d are depict$ 9 ! illu/ration4 ,page #bg1 ,fig4 #ae & accompany+ text3 ! numb] #d 9 ! illu/ration appe>s to be misplac$4 ,page #gg1 8,sun's altitude at ! "t ( ,s\?+ 4443 !re is no clos+ quote m>k4 ,page #adb1 #adc & ,fig4 #ca3 ! l[] case ref]5ce lett]s are pres5t z upp] case lett]s 9 ! illu/ration4 ,page #aic1 444 only ! dry l& 0 call$ e>?10 4443 ! op5+ quote m>ks are miss+4 ,page #aih1 444 /ret*et out ! e>? above ! wat]s 4443 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t2 bo? /ret*$ & /ret*e? appe> 9 o!r s\rces4 ,page #baa1 444 8did ,8 suff]+ & crucifixion 4443 ! clos+ quote m>k is lack+4 ,*anges made3 ,footnotes & illu/rations h be5 mov$ out ( text p>agraphs4 ,"s obvi\s m9or typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,t]re/ial has be5 *ang$ to t]re/rial 7#cx71 trignometry to trigonometry 7#bx71 incondesc5t to inc&esc5t 7#cx74 ,illu/ration captions = ,figs4 #bg1 #bh & #ca-cd h be5 add$4 ,page #aj3 444 to lesson ! diff]5ce 444 *ang$ to 444 to less5 ! diff]5ce 4444 ,page #ea3 444 f ,port ,jackson to ,cape ,horn z #h4jjj miles 444 *ang$ to 444 f ,port ,jackson to ,cape ,horn z #h1jjj miles 4444 ,page #fd-fe3 replicat$ text delet$4 ,page #acc3 exclamation m>k ins]t$ aft] ,neptune has only "o ?ird ( ?is volume 7z 9 surr\nd+ text74 ,page #acd3 ,pr(ess] ,s*uma*] *ang$ to ,pr(essor ,s*uma*]4 ,page #aci3 ,m4 ,f\calt's communication describ+ 8 exp]im5ts 444 *ang$ to ,m4 ,f\cault's communication describ+ 8 exp]im5ts 4444 ,page #ada3 ,ille sante aux yeux 444 *ang$ to ,il saute aux yeux 4444 ,page #aga3 444 s\? co/ ( ,norway 444 *ang$ to 444 s\? coa/ ( ,norway 4442 ,! ,tr\dhjem ,light 444 *ang$ to ,! ,trondhjem ,light 4442 ,l[] ,f>n ,isl& ,light *ang$ to ,l[] ,f>ne ,isl& ,light4 ,page #aic3 444 ! heav5ly bodies are ,sun's 444 *ang$ to 444 ! heav5ly bodies are ,suns 4444